l e m e . l i b r a r y . u t o r o n t o . c a

s t c t 1 4 8 7 3 0

v e r . 1 . 0  ( 2 0 1 9 )





A NEW
UNIVERSAL ETYMOLOGICAL
ENGLISH DICTIONARY:
Containing not only
EXPLANATIONS of the WORDS
IN THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE;
And the Different SENSES in which they are used;
WITH
AUTHORITIES from the BEST WRITERS, to support those which appear Doubtful;
BUT ALSO THEIR
ETYMOLOGIES
FROM THE
ANCIENT and MODERN LANGUAGES:
AND
ACCENTS directing to their Proper PRONUNCIATION;
Shewing both the
ORTHOGRAPHY and ORTHOEPIA of the ENGLISH TONGUE.
ALSO,
Full and Accurate EXPLANATIONS of the Various TERMS made use of in the several
ARTS, SCIENCES, MANUFACTURES, and TRADES.
Illustrated with COPPER-PLATES.
Originally compiled by N. BAILEY.
Assisted in the Mathematical Part by G. GORDON; in the Botanical by P. MILLER; and in the
Etymological, &c. by T. LEDIARD, Gent. Professor of the Modern Languages in Lower Germany.
And now Re-published with many CORRECTIONS, ADDITIONS, and LITERATE IMPROVEMENTS,
by Different HANDS.
The Etymology of all TERMS mentioned as derived from the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and other Asiatic LANGUAGES,
being Revised and Corrected
By JOSEPH NICOL SCOTT, M. D.

LONDON:
Printed for T. OSBORNE and J. SHIPTON; J. HODGES; R. BALDWIN;
W. JOHNSTON, and J. WARD.
M DCC LV.

















THE
PREFACE.
AFTER having expressed our Acknowledgements to the whole Body of our Subscribers, as being
the first and chief Encouragers of this New Edition of Bailey＇s Dictionary, it will be expedient to
inform the Public what Improvements are here made: only premising, that Socrates, the best and
greatest of the Gentile Sages, did (as Plato assures us) lay no small Stress upon adjusting the full
Force and Import of Words. And indeed, as Words are the Medium (or Channel of Conveyance) thro＇
which we come at TRUTH, it is of great Importance to be thoroughly acquainted with them: It is
so in every Art and Science; but perhaps no where of more Consequence than under Revealed Re­
ligion: Because here a certain BOOK is admitted for a Rule or Standard both of Faith and
Worship.
Accordingly the utmost Care has been taken, not only to trace out the first Rise and Etymology of Terms; but also
to assign their full Force and Import; and this too whether in the ancient or modern Acceptation of them; a Distinction
of too much Weight to be overlooked. And we flatter ourselves with Hopes, that our Readers will find something
here more correct of the kind, than has yet been published; having redressed not only many a Mistake in the prior
Editions of this Work; but also the Mistakes of other Writers: though under the last Head, we chose rather to leave
it with the Reader to find out this for himself, than by naming the Authors to do something that might carry with it
an Air of the invidious and unsocial kind.
But this is not all; we have endeavoured to proceed on that large and extensive Plan on which we profest to set out,
viz. Not a mere Enquiry into the Origin, and Signification of Words; but an Enquiry so circumstanced, as to include
many a useful Hint, and Remark, whether of the Historic, Poetic, Philosophic, Rhetoric, or Theologic Kind; and this
not merely in Relation to the various Shapes and Forms, which the Christian Profession has assumed; but comprehend­
ing many Things with Reference to the Jewish, the Chinese, the Magian, the Mahometan, and other Religious Systems.
And though in Collections of this Nature, ＇tis not unusual for Lexicographers to borrow from one another, of which
more hereafter; yet in this, which constitutes no small Part of our Work, we must, in Justice to ourselves, affirm,
that we are not mere Copyists from others; but hope, if fairly examined, we shall be found to be true and proper Ori­
ginals: Not taking Things upon Trust, as is too often done; but having traced them up to the Fountain-Head; and
instead of depending on Quotations provided to our Hand, consulting with all imaginable Care and Accuracy the
Ancients themselves; as will appear (in almost innumerable Instances) to any one, who considers in what Manner the
GREAT MASTERS of Antiquity are cited by us; a Rule which has been more especially observed in Subjects of the highest
Moment, i. e. where any Branch of Religion, whether Natural or Revealed, is concerned; for each of which we have en­
deavoured to secure their respective Rights and Honours; and hope the Friends of either will find themselves alike well
pleased: Not to observe, what (if duly attended to) may possibly have its Use with both, viz. That when describing
the Rise or Fall of the most celebrated States and Empires, we have, from Sir Isaac Newton, and other judicious
Writers, pointed out those ancient Scripture Prophecies, which seem to have been fulfilled in these Revolutions. Of this
Kind the Reader will find some very surprising Specimens, under the Words, PERSIAN, GRECIAN, and WESTERN
Empire; add if you please LOCUST, CONSTANTINOPLE, OTTOMAN, and YEMEN, compared.
On the other hand, we are not insensible, that two Objections will be raised against us; first, that in some Things
we have left the beaten Road: and, secondly, that we have retained many of our English Words, that are now almost
entirely out of Use. In both we confess the Charge.
Under the first we own, that we have not followed the common Track; nor have we implicitly taken our Accounts of
Antiquity (as some have done before us) from the Fathers of Trevoux, or from any other modern Writers, whether
Popish or Protestant: But (as we before observed) have examined the Originals for ourselves; and hope, by so doing,
not only to have kept free from many Mistakes which others have committed; but also to have supplied their Defects,
and set some important Truths before the Public in a more clear and distinct Point of View.
And as to the second Objection, we acknowledge, we are not for cashiering too hastily every English Word, which
some call obsolete; partly because the retaining it may be of Use for the understanding our old Authors, who are not
yet absolutely laid aside; and partly because some of these Terms are too good (on more Accounts than one) to be
lost; whether for their Force and Energy in point of SENSE, or their Felicity with Reference to Measure and Sound.
Why (for Example) should the Word Strift be given up, when in Truth it is perfectly agreeable to the Analogy of
our Tongue, as we have shewn in its proper Place; and conveys withal, a different Idea from the Word Strife; it
being a Term of a far more emphatic Kind, and made to signify, not a simple Contest, but a hard and violent Strug­
gle? Or what Reason can be assigned for rejecting the old English Verb to won? For tho＇ it must be owned, ＇tis with
many others dismissed from our ordinary Use; yet Milton himself judged it worthy of a Place in his Paradise Lost, and
Mr. Addison after him, in his Poem to Sir Godfrey Kneller.
The former, when portraying the Brute Creation, expresses himself as follows:

—————Out of the Ground up rose,
As from his Lair, the wild Beast, where he WONS
In Forest wild, in Thicket, Brake, or Den.

And the latter, when drawing that fine Comparison between the Pagan Deities and our English Monarchs, says;

Great Pan, who WONT to chace the Fair,
And lov＇d the spreading Oak, was there.

And this, by the Way, is one Instance out of many, in which we have supplied the Defects of some that have gone
before us.







In short, if we are obliged to an Author for enriching (as Horace calls it) his Mother-Tongue by the Importation
of Words from Abroad; much more may we be allowed to cultivate what belongs to our own proper Growth: And
indeed, considering how much our Language is overstocked with Terms of the harsher Kind, this Observation may as
well be applied to the Choice of Words merely for the Sake of Harmony, as to those which merit our Regards upon a
still higher Account. Nor do our Writers in Poetry want to be informed, of what Advantage it is to be furnished with
two (or more) Terms that differ in Form, but agree in Sense: For Variety, if not inelegant, will ever please; and besides
the rendering the Versification more easy to the Poet himself, when thus supplied with Words of different Measures; the
judicious Reader, if consulting his own ear, may perceive something in the Sound of the one far more expressive of the
Thing described than in the other. Not to observe, how, by the same Means, that Inconvenience is sometimes
avoided, of one Vowel＇s ungratefully opening upon another; a Gap, or Dissonance which our Fore-father＇s seem to
have provided against by more Ways than one; they did so by adding the Letter n to the Particle a, when the next
Word begins with a Vowel; and by substituting (on the like Occasion) the Relative which instead of who. In Proof
of this, we need only appeal to their Version of the first Clause in that ancient Prayer, for which the whole Christian
World professes to have the highest Esteem and Veneration.
But to proceed; As to our Style, we have chosen the plain and unadorned; as best suiting Works of this Nature;
and indeed the florid Diction is an artifice too often used to cover a poverty of Thought, and to skreen a Set of
Sentiments, which, if strip＇d of this false Colouring, would scarce bear a close Inspection. Whereas our chief
Ambition has been to advance the Truth; and not to amuse our Readers with historic Romance, and scholastic Jargon;
or (as the Poet has much better expressed it for us) with

—————Versus INOPES rerum, nugæque canoræ.

What remains is, to do Justice to some previous Writers, from whom we have taken (as is not unusual in Works of
this Sort) many Things. And here we confess ourselves to be much indebted to Jacob and Cowel, for Law; to Miller, for
Plants; to Hill, for Fossils and other Branches of Natural Philosophy; much also to Boerhaave, Galen, Hippocrates,
Bruno, Gorræus, Keill, and other Physicians, whether ancient, or modern, in Things relative to the Portraiture of
Diseases, and Structure of the human Body. In particular to the elaborate Mr. Johnson, for the different Acceptation
of Words in English Writers; tho＇ in Justice to ourselves, it should be observed, that we have inserted in this Collection
several Hundreds of Words, that are not to be found in him. And as to those Terms that are adopted from the
learned Languages, we must refer to Buxtorf, Golius, Pocock, Taylor＇s Hebrew Concordance, Hesychius, and others;
joined with what personal Acquaintance the Author of the late ESSAY ON HOMER professes to have with those Tongues,
for which he stood engaged; and who embraces this Opportunity of expressing his public Acknowledgment to the
many Gentlemen, both of the literate, and poetic Class, who were pleased to honour that Performance with their
Approbation.
But after all, there is another Writer who has deserved much of the learned World, and should not be overlooked by
us, as being one whom we have had frequent Occasion to quote; we mean the Author of the Appendix ad Thesaurum
H. Stephani, Constantini, Scapulæ, &c. who has not only published, in two Folios of a most correct Edition, several
Thousands of Greek Words, supported by their proper Authorities; which Authorities the preceding Lexicographers
had omitted: but has also thrown in about 15000 Words more, which H. Stephanus, and the rest had absolutely
overlooked; all which this learned Writer had marked out in his Course of Reading, and has accordingly given
them with their proper Authorities. And we need not say, how great a Number of Terms now in the English Use,
(terms in almost every Art and Science) are derived from the Grecian Source; and consequently their true Etymology is
only to be assigned from that Quarter.
Before we conclude, it may not be improper to subjoin a short Hint or two, which may serve for a Clue to our
Readers, with Reference to several Terms (or rather Topics) here explained. It was not unfamiliar (we find) with
Bailey, when a Run or Series of Words was to follow, of the compound Kind, to prefix in the Front of the Whole, an
Explication of THAT Term which belongs in common to them all. For Instance, in Words compounded with the Greek
Præposition, ana: Had Bailey＇s Rule here been observed, the Reader would have found a short Explication of that
Word premised, and placed in the Van of the whole Detail. But since that Rule, good and excellent as it is, was in this
Instance overlooked, we beg leave to insert it here. Ana, a Greek Præposition so called; and which, in Words
compounded with it, signifies sometimes “overagain”, sometimes “upwards”, and sometimes “a Distribution
thro＇ ”; and these three Senses may serve for a Key to the true Etymology of most (if not all) of the Words that are
incorporated with it.
Again, the Reader well knows, that in Works of this variegated Nature, it is not always feasible, under one single
Term to do Justice to a whole Subject; and therefore, if he proposes to come at a more clear and distinct Account
of Things, we must desire him, under any one given Word, to consult the REFERENCES we have there made; or
should these sometimes have been omitted by us, let him recollect (as is done with Ease) some other Term or
Terms belonging to the same Head; by consulting which he may possibly find something still more satisfactory on the
Point.
If, for Example, he wou＇d examine that Part of our Composition which relates to Poetry, perhaps he will find but
little advanced under that individual Word: not so, if he will please to compare what is said upon this Article under
the Words, BLANK VERSE, RHYME, EPIC, DRAMATIC, UNITIES of Time, Place, &c. PARODY, DISCOVERY,
PERIPETY, SPONDEE, JAMBIC, TROCHÆUS, PYRRICHIUS, and the like.
But as this Rule may possibly fail him in some few Instances, therefore we have taken Care to insert the most
material of them here as follows. For Æthiopian State or Empire, consult the Word ZERAH. For Chinese, Bonzees,
and Doctrine of Confucius, see YAU, XANCA, and XANCUM. For Jehovah, see TETRAGRAMMATON. For Jezde­
girdian Æra, see YEZDEGIRDIAN. For Logos, see WORD. For Magians, see ZOROASTRIAN. For Miltonic Nam­
bers, see PYRRICHIUS, SPONDEE, TRIBRACHUS, TROCHÆUS, VOWELS, and BLANK Verse compared. For Mon­
tanists, see CATAPHRYGIANS, XEROPHAGY, and PROBOLE. For Olympiads, see DISC, or DISK. For Palmyra,
[or Tadmor,] see ZENOBIA. For Pythagorean Philosophy, see TRANSMIGRATION of Souls. For Scale of Being, see
SUBLIME, UNBEGOTTEN, MEDIATE Agency, and CO-IMMENSE, compared. For Seljucides, [or Seljuc-Turk] see
TURK, and OTTOMAN. For Sophy of Persia, see USBEG, and USUN. For the Synechus, and Syneches Fever, see
TINEA. For Turcomans, see USUN. For Waldenses, or Valdenses, see Two WITNESSES. And if desiring a more
full Account of the Nicene Council, compare what we have said under that Word, with GOD, DITHEISM, RE­
VULSION, POTENTIAL Existence, PROBOLE, SUBSCRIPTION, UNMADE, PSATYRIANS, Apostelical CONSTITUTIONS,
and WESTERN Empire.









A
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
LANGUAGES, like all other human Acqui­
sitions, are formed, augmented, and attain
their Perfection; and, after a Series of Years,
again degenerate, and even often sink into
Oblivion: Of which, among many others, the
Gothic, allowed to be the Parent of the Saxon English
Languages, is an Instance; for it is now almost entirely
unknown, the only Monument that remains of it, being
a mutilated Copy of the Gospels preserved at Upsal.
But tho＇ the English Language owes its Origin to the
Gothic, yet the Language of the ancient Inhabitants of
this Island, before the Landing of Julius Cæsar, was very
different, being what is now known by the Name of
British or Welch, and had a very different Origin, perhaps,
from some Asiatic Language. The British Chronicle says,
That the first Inhabitants were British, who coming out of Ar­
menia settled first in the southern Parts. (Wha coman of
Armenia, and yesetan Suthwearde Bryttene arost.) These
may therefore be considered as the Aborigines of Britain,
which Cæsar says inhabited the interior Parts*Britanniæ pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos notos in Insula, ipsa memoria proditum dicunt. Cæsar de Bell. Gall. Lib. V., and their
Language the first spoken in the Island. As a Specimen
therefore of this ancient Language, we shall insert the
Lord＇s Prayer, with a verbal Translation.

The LORD＇s PRAYER in the ancient BRITISH
LANGUAGE.

Ein Tâd yr hwn wyt yn y Nefoedd, Sancteiddier dy
Our Father which art in the Heavens, be hallowed thy
Enw. Deued dy Deyrnas. Bid dy Ewyllys ar y Ddaer,
Name. Come thy Kingdom. Be thy Will upon the Earth,
megis y mae yn y Nefoedd. Dyro i ni heddyw ein Bara
as it is in the Heavens. Give to us this Day our Bread
beunyddiol. A maddeu i ni ain Dyledion fel y maddeuwn
daily. And forgive to us our Debts, as forgive
ni i＇n Dyledwyr. Ac nac arwain ni i Brofedigaeth, eithr
we to our Debtors. And not lead us into Temptation, but
gwared ni rhag Drwg, Canys eiddot ti yw＇r Deyrnas, a＇r
deliver us from Evil, For thine is the Kingdom, and the
Gallu, a＇r Gogoniant, yn oes oesoedd.
Power, and the Glory, into the Age of Ages.

After the Departure of the Romans, the ancient Britons
invited over the Saxons, to defend them against the Scots
and Picts, who made frequent Inroads into England, and
terribly harrassed them. But these Strangers, after de­
feating the Scots and Picts, turned their Arms against
their Benefactors, who were obliged to abandon their
Country, and seek Protection among the Mountains of
Wales. And hence the ancient British Language was no
longer known in England, the Saxon being universally re­
ceived.
It is however difficult, if not impossible, to discover
the Form of the Saxon Language, at the Time they en­
tered England, namely in the Year 450. They were a
barbarous and uncivilized People, treated their Enemies
with great Cruelty, especially their Prisoners whom they
took in War, sacrificing them to their Gods. Their
Learning was very superficial, and some have even
doubted whether they had any Alphabet; consequently
their Language must be rude, artless, and unconnected.
Nor have we any Reason to suppose that they made any
Progress in philosophical Studies till the Year 570, when
Augustine arrived from Rome to convert them to Chri­
stianity. But after their Conversion they improved in
Knowledge and Elegance, so that in the Year 700, Bishop
Eadfride wrote a Comment on the Evangelists, from
whence we have exracted the Lord＇s Prayer, as a Specimen
of the Language at that Time.

Fader vren ðu arð in Heofnas, sie gehalgud Noma ðin to
Father our thou art in Heaven, be hallowed Name thine,
cymeð ric ðin. sie fillo ðin suæ is in Heofne & in
come Kingdom thine be Will thine so as is in Heaven and in
Eorða. Hafl uferne oferwirtlic sel us to daeg & forgef us
Earth. Loaf our oversubstantial give us to Day and forgive us
scylða urna suæ we fosgefon Scylgum urum And ne inlead
Debts our as we forgive Debts our And not lead
urið in Costunge, Ah gefrig urich from Yfle.
us into Temptation, but deliver us from Evil.

In the Saxon Homilies said to be translated by King
Alfred, the Lord＇s Prayer ran thus:

Vren fader ðic arð in Heofnas sic gehalgud ðin noma
Our Father which art in Heavens be hallowed thine Name
to cymeð ðin ric sic ðin þilla sue is in Heofnas and
come thy Kingdom be thy Will so as in Heavens and
in Eorðo. Vren hlaf oferwirtlic sel us to dæg and
in Earth. Our Loaf supersubstantial give us to Day and
forgef us scylda urna sue we forgefan, scyldgum vrum
forgive us Debts our so we forgive Debts ours,
and no inlead vsið in custnung, Ah gefrig vrich
and do not lead us into Temptation, but deliver every one
from ifle. Amen.
from evil. Amen.

In the Year 900 the same was rendered thus:

ðv vre fader ðe eart on Heofenum, si ðin nama gehalgod cvme
ðin rice, si ðin willa on eorðen, swa swa on Heofnum.

About the same time a Translation of the Gospels ap­
peared, from whence we have extracted the following
Specimen, being the Prophecy of Zachariah, as recorded
in the first Chapter of St. Luke＇s Gospel.

Gebletsud sy Drihten Israhela God. forwam þe he geneosuda.
& his folces alysednesse dyde.
And he us hæle horn arerde on Dauides huse his cnihtes.
Swa he spræc þurh his halegra witegena muð. þa ðe of worldes
frym ðe spræcon.







& he alysde us of urum feondum. and of ealra þara handa þe us
hatedon.
Mild-heortnesse to wyrcenne mid urum fæderum. & gemunan his
halegan cydnesse.
Ðyne ny to syllene þone að we he urum fædes Abrahame swor.
Ðæt þe butan ege. of ure feonda handa alysede. him heoþian.
On halignesse beforan him eallum urum dagum.
And þu cnapa bist þæs hehstan witega genem ned. þu gæst befo­
ran Drihtnes ansyne. his wegas gearwian.
To syllene his folce hæle gewit on hyra synna forgifnesse.
Ðurh innoðas ures Godes mild-heortnesse. on þam he us ge­
neosude of eastdæle up-springende.
Onlyhtan þam þe on þystrum & on deaþætes sceade sittaþæt. ure
fet to gereccene on sibbe weg.
Sodlice se cnapa weox. & wæs on gaste gestrangod. & þæs on
þestenum oð þone dæg hys ætyþednessum on Israhel.

With regard to the Saxon Poetry, it may be observed,
that the first Specimens we meet with are without Rhyme,
and consequently all its Harmony must, like that of the
Greeks and Latins, have depended upon the Quantity of
the Syllables; but as we are ignorant both of the Laws
of their Metre, and the Quantities of their Syllables, we
have not extracted any Passages from these ancient Bards.
After the Norman Conquest, which happened in the
Year 1066, the Saxon Language began to lose its ancient
Form, and gradually exhibit some Traces of the present
English, tho＇ very few Norman Words are found in it du­
ring the first Century after the Conquest. The following
Instance is taken from a Psalter of Trinity College, in Use
about the Year 1130.

Fader me the art in heofone, sy gebletsob mame thin, swa swa on
heofne, and on earthan, broed ure degmanlich geof us to daeg and
forgeof us agletes ura Iwa swa we forgeofen agilteudum mum. And no
led us on Costunge, ac alys us from yfle. Swa beo his.

Several Pieces of Poetry appeared about the same
Time, of which the following is selected as a Specimen.

SANCTA MARGARETTA.
Olde and yonge i preit ou oure folies for to lete.
Ðenchet on god þat yef ou wit oure sunnes to bete.
Ðere mai tellen ou . wid wordes feire ant swete.
Ðe vie of one meidan . was hoten Maregrete.
Ðire fader was a patriac . as ic ou tellen may.
In auntioge wif eches i þæte false lay.
Deve godes ant doumbe . he served nitt ant day.
So deden mony oþere . þhat singet weilaway.
Theodosius was is nome . on Crist ne levede he noutt.
Ðe levede on þe false godes . þætat þeren wid honden wroutt.
Do þat child sculde christine ben . ic com him well in þoutt.
O bed wen it were ibore . to deþe it were ibroutt.
Ðe moder was an heþene wif þat hire to woman bere.
Ðo þat child ibore was . nolde ho hit furfare.
Ðo sende it into afye . wid messagers ful yare.
To a norice þat hire wiste . children aheuede seuene.
Ðe eitteþe was Maregrete . cristes may of heuene.
Tales ho ani tolde . ful fene ant ful euene.
Wou ho þholeden martirdom . Sein Laurence ant feinte Steuene.

By these Specimens it appears, that though the Lan­
guage was greatly altered, both in its Construction and
Terminations; yet it might still, with Justice, be termed
Saxon; but in the thirteenth Century a kind of interme­
diate Language between Saxon and English prevailed; as
an Instance of which the following Passage is extracted
from Robert of Gloucester.

Alfred, þys noble man, as in þe ger of grace he nom
Eyzte hondred and syxty and twelve the kynedom.
Arst he adde at Rome ybe, &, vor ys grete wysdom,
Þe pope Leon hym blessede, þo he þuder com,
An þe kynge＇s croune of hys lond, þat in þys lond zut ys:
And he led hym to be kyng, ar he kyng were ywys.
An he was kyng of Engelond, of alle þat þer come,
Þer vurst þus ylad was of þe pope of Rome,
An saþþe oþer after hym of þe erchebyssopes echon,
So þat hyuor hym pore kyng was þer non.
In þe south syde of Temese nyne batayle he nome.
Agen þe Deneys þe vorst ger of ys kynedom.
Nye ger he was þus in þys lond in batayle and in wo,
An ofte syþe above was, and bynewe oftor mo;
So longe, þat hym nere by levede bote þre ssyren in ys hond,
Hamtessyre, and Wylessyre, and Somersete, of al ys lond.

In the fourteenth Century, Sir John Mandeville wrote
his Travels; a Passage therefore from his Writings will
shew the State of the English Language at that Time:
And as the Nature of his Work obliged him to use a
great Compass of Words, we have given a pretty large
Specimen.

“Egypt is a long Contree; but it is streyt, that is to seye narow; for
thei may not enlargen it toward the Desert, for Defaute of Watre. And
the Contree is set along upon the Ryvere of Nyle; be als moche as that
Ryvere may serve be Flodes or otherwise, that whanne it slowethe, it
may spreden abrood thorghe the Contree: so is the Contree large of
Lengthe. For there it reyneth not but litylle in that Contree: and for
that Cause, they have no Watre, but zif it be of that Flood of that
Ryvere. And for als moche as it ne reynethe not in that Contree, but
the Eyr is alwey pure and cleer, therfore in that Contree ben le gode
Astronomyeres: for thei fynde there no Clouds, to letten hem. Also
the Cytee of Cayre is righte gret, and more buge than that of Babyloyne
the lesse: And it sytt aboven toward the Desert of Syrye, a lyttile aboven
the Ryvere aboveseyd. In Egipt there ben 2 parties; the Heghte, that
is toward Ethiope; and the Lowenesse, that is towardes Arabye. In
Egypt is the Lond of Ramasses and the Lond of Gessen. Egipt is a strong
Contree; for it hathe many schrewede Havenes, because of the grete
Roches, that ben stronge and daungerouse to passe by. And at Egipt,
toward the Est, is the rede See, that durethe unto the Cytee of Coston:
and toward the West, is the Contree of Lybye, that is a sulle drye Lond,
and litylle of Fruyt; for it is over moche plentee of Hete. And that
Lond is clept Fasthe. And toward the partie Meridionalle is Etheope.
And toward the Northe is the Desert, that durethe unto Syrye: And so
is the Contree strong on alle sydes. And it is wel a 15 Journeyes or
Lengthe, and more than two so moche of Desert: and it is but two
Journeyes in Largenesse. And between Egipt and Nubie, it hathe wel a
12 Journees of Desert. And Men of Nubie ben Cristene: but they ben
blake as the Mowres, for grete Hete of the Sonne.
In Egypt there ben 5 Provynces; that on highte Sahythe, that other
highte Demeseer, another Resithe, that is an Ile in Nyle, another Alisan­
dre, and another the Lond of Damiote. That Cytee was wont to be
righte strong: but it was twyes wonnen of the Cristene Men: And
therefore after that the Sarazines beten down the Walles. And with
the Walles and the Tour thereof, the Sarazines maden another Cytee
more fer from the See, and clepeden it the newe Damyete. So that now
no Man duellethe at the rathere Toun of Damyete. And that Cytee of
Damyete is on the Havenes of Egypt: and at Alisandre is that other,
that is a fulle strong Cytee. But there is no Watre to drynke, but zif
it come be Condyt from Nyle, that entreth in to here Cisternes. And
who so stopped that watre from hem, thei myghte not endure there.
In Egypt there beh but fewe Forcelettes or Castelles, be cause that the
Contree is so strong of him self. At the Desertes of Egypte was a worths
Man, that was an holy Heremyte; and there mette with hym a Mon­
stre (that is to seyne, a Monstre is a thing dissormed azen Kynde both
of Man or of Best or of ony thing elles: and that is clepad a Monstre)
And this Monstre, that mette with this Holy Heremyte, was as it hadde
ben a Man, that hadde 2 Hornes trenchant on his Forehede; and he
hadde a Body lyk a Man, unto the Nabele; and benethe he hedde the
Body lyche a Goot. And the Heremyte asked him, what he was. And
the Monstre answerede him, and seyde, he was a deadly Creature, suche
as God hadde formed, and duelled in tho Desertes, in purchasynge his
Sustynance; and besoughte the Heremyte, that he wolde preye God
for him, the whiche that cam from Hevene for to saven alle Mankynde,
and was borne of a Mayden, and suffred Passion and Dethe, (as we
well knowen) be whom we lyven and ben. And zit is the Hede with
the 2 Hornes of that Monstre at Alisandre for a Marveyle.
In Egypt is the Cytee of Elyople, that is to seyne, the Cytee of the
Sonne. In that Cytee there is a Temple made round, aftre the schappe
of the Temple of Jerusalem. The Prestes of that Temple han alle
here Wrytynges, undre the Date of the Foul that is clept Fenix: and
there is non but on in alle the World. And he comethe to brenne him
self upon the Awtere of the Temple, at the ende of 5 Hundred Zere:
for so longe he lyveth. And at the 500 Zeres Ende, the Prestes arrayen
here Awtere honestly, and putten there upon Spices and Sulphur vif and
and other thinges, that wolen brenne lightly. And than the Brid Fenix
comethe, and brennethe himself to Askes. And the first Day next aftre,
Men fynden in the Askes a Worm; and the secunde Day next aftre,
Men funden a Brid quyk and perfyt; and the thridde Day next aftre,
he fleethe his wey. And so there is no mo Briddes of that Kynde in
alle the World, but it allone. And treuly that is a gret Myracle of
God. And Men may well lykne that Bryd unto God; be cause that
there nys no God but on; and also, that onre Lord aroos frō Dethe to
Lyve, the thridde Day. This Bryd Men seen often tyme, fleen in tho
Contrees: And he is not mecheles more than an Egle. And he hathe
a Crest of Fedres upon his Hed, more gret than the Poocok hathe; and
his Nekke is zalowe, aftre Colour of an Orielle, that is a ston well
schynynge; and his Bek is coloured blew, as Ynde; and his Wenges
ben of Purpre Colour, and the Taylle is zelow and red, castynge his
Taylle azen in travers. And he is a fulle fair Brid to looken upon,
azenst the Sonne: for he schynethe fully gloriously and nobely.
Also in Egypt ben Gardyns, that han Trees and Herbes, the whiche
beren Frutes 7 times in the Zeer. And in that Lond, Men fynden
many fayre Emeraudes and y nowe. And therefore thei ben there gret­
tere cheep. Also whan it reynethe ones in the Somer, in the Lond of
Egipt, thanne is alle the Contree fulle of grete Myrs. Also at Cayre,
that I spak of before, fellen men comounly bothe Men and Wommen of
other Lawe, as we don here Bestes in the Markat. And there is a co­
moun Hows in that Cytee, that is alle fulle of smale Furneys; and
thidre bryngen Wommen of the Toun here Eyren of Hennes, or Gees
and of Dokes, for to been put into tho Surneyses. And thei that ke­
pen that Hows, coveren hem with Hete of Hors Dong, with outen
Henne, Goos or Doke or ony other Foul; and at the ende of 3 Wekes
or of a Monethe, thei comen azen and taken here Chickenes and no­
rissche hem and bryngen hem forthe: so that alle the Contree is fulle
of hem. And so Men don there bothe Wyntre and Somer.
Also in that Contree, and in others also, Men fynden longs Apples
to selle, in hire cesoun: and Men clepen hem Apples of l＇aradys; and
thei ben righte swete and of gode Savour. And thoghe zee kutte hem
in never so many Gobettes or parties, overthwart or end longes, evere­
more zes schulle fynden in the myddes, the figure of the Holy Cros of
oure Lord Jesu. But thei wil roten within 8 Days: And for that Cause
Men may not carye of the Apples to no fer Contrees. And thei han
grete Leves, of a Fote and an half of lengthe: and thei ben covenably
large. And Men fynden there also the Appulle Tree of Adam, that
han a byte at on of the sydes. And there ben also Fyge Trees, that
beren no Leves, but Fyges upon the finale Braunches: and Men cle­
pen hem Figes of Pharoov. Also besyde Gayrs, withouten that Cytee,
is the Feld where Bawine growethe: And it comethe out on smale.
Trees, that ben non hyere than a Mannes breek Girdille; and thei
semen as Wode, that is of the wylde Vyne. And in that Feld been 7
Welles, that our Lord Jesu Crist made with on of his Feet, whan he
wente to pleyen with other Children. That Feld is not so well closed,
but that Men may entren at here owne list. But in that Cesonne, that
the Bawme is growynge, Men put there to gode kepynge, that no Man







dar been hardy to entre. This Bawme groweth in no Place, but only
there. And thoughe that Men bryngen of the Plauntes, for to planten
in other Contrees, thei growen wel and fayre, but thei bryngen forthe
no fructuous thing: and the Leves of Bawme ne fallen noughte. And
Men kutten the Braunches, with a scharp Flynston or with a scharp Bon,
whanne Men wil go to kutte hem: For who so kutte hem with Iren, it
wolde destroye his Vertue and his Nature. And the Sarazines clepen
the Wode Enonch balse; and the Fruyt, the whiche is as Quybybes,
thei clepen Abebissam; and the Lycour, that droppethe frō the Braunch­
es, thei clepen Guybalse. And Men maken alle weys that Bawme to
ben tyled of the Cristenemen, or elles it wolde not fructifye; as the Sa­
razines seyn hem self: for it hathe ben often tyme preven. Men seyn
also, that the Bawme growethe in Ynde the more, in that Desert where
the Trees of the Sonne and of the Mone spak to Alisaundre. But I have
not seen it. For I have not ben so fer aboven upward: because that
there ben to many perilouse Passages. And wyte zee wel, that a Man
oughte to take gode kepe for to bye Bawme, but zif he cone knowe it
righte wel: for he may righte lyghtely be disceyved: for Men fellen a
Gōme, that Men clepen Turbentine, in stede of Bawme; and thei put­
ten there to a littille Bawme for to zeven gode Odour. And sŭme put­
ten Wax in Oyle of the Wode of the fruyt of Bawme, and seyn that it
is Bawme: and sŭme destyllen Clowes of Gylofre and of Spykenard of
Spayne and of othere Spices, that ben well smellynge; and the Lykour
that gothe out there of, thei clepe it Bawme; and thei wenen, that thei
han Bawme; and thei have non. For the Sarazines countrefeten it be
sotyltee of Craft, for to disceyven the Cristene Men, as I have seen fulle
many a tyme. And aftre hem, the Marchauntis and the Apotecaries
countrefeten it eftsones, and than it is lasse worthe, and a gret del worse.
But zif it lyke zou, I schalle schewe how zee schulle knowe and preve,
to the ende that zee schulle not ben disceyved. First zee schulle wel
knowe, that the naturelle Bawme is sulle cleer, and of Cytrine colour,
and stronge smellynge: And zif it be thykke or reed or blak, it is so­
phisticate, that is to seyne, contrefeted and made lyke it, for disceyt.
And undrestondethe, that zif zee wil putte a litylle Bawme in the Pawme
of zoure hond, azen the Sonne, zif it be fyn and gode, zee ne schulle
not suffre zoure hand azenst the hete of the Sonne. Also takethe a
Iytille Bawme, with the poynt of a Knif, and touche it to the fuyr, and
zif it brenne, it is a gode signe. Aftre take also a drope of Bawme,
and put it into a Dissche or in a Cuppe with Mylk of a Goot; and zif it
be naturelle Bawme, anon it wole take and beclippe the Mylk. Or put
a Drope of Bawme in clere Watre, in a Cuppe of Sylver or in a clere
Bacyn, and stere it wel with the clere Watre; and zif that the Bawme
be fyn and of his owne kynde, the watre schalle nevere trouble: And
zif the Bawme be sophisticate, that is to seyne countrefeted, the Watre
schalle become anon trouble: And also zif the Bawme be fyn, it schalle
falle to the botme of the Vesselle, as thoughe it were Quyksylver; For
the fyn Bawme is more heavy twyes, than is the Bawme that is sophi­
sticate and countrefeted. Now I have spoken of Bawme: and now also
I schalle speke of an other thing, that is bezonde Babyloyne, above the
Flode of Nyle, toward the Desert, between Affrik and Egypt: that is to
seyn, of the Gerneres of Joseph, that he leet make, for to kepe the
Greynes for the perile of the dere Zeres. And thei ben made of Ston,
fulle wel made of Masonnes craft: of the whiche two ben merveylouse
grete and hye; and the tothere ne ben not so grete. And every Gerner
hath a Zate, for to entre with inne, a lytille hyghe frŏ the Erthe. For
the Lond is wasted and fallen; sithe Gerneres were made. And with
inne thei ben alle fulle of Serpentes. And aboven the Gerneres with
outen, ben many scriptures of dyverse Langages. And sum Men seyn,
that thei ben Sepultures of grete Lordes, that weren somtyme; but that
is not trewe: for alle the comoun rymour and speche is of alle the peple
there, bothe fer and nere, that thei ben the Garneres of Joseph. And
so synden thei in here Scriptures and in here Cronycles. On that other
partie, zif thei werein Sepultures, thei scholden not ben voyd with inne.
For zee may well knowe, that Tombes and Sepultures ne ben not
made of suche gretnesse, ne of suche highnesse. Wherfore it is not to
beleve, that thei ben Tombes or Sepultures.

Hitherto our Language was very different from that
spoke at present; but about the Year 1350, Sir John Gower
wrote in a very different Style, and may be said to be the
first Poet in our Language; but as the famous Chaucer
wrote about the same Time, the following Specimen from
Sir John＇s Writings will be sufficient. The King, it seems,
taking his Diversion on the Thames, and seeing our
Poet in a Boat, sent for him, and commanded him to
write upon some Subject; accordingly Sir John wrote the
following Verses:

As it befylle upon a tyde,
As thynge whych shuide tho＇ betyde,
Under the Town of Newe Troye,
Whyche toke of Brute his firste Joy;
On Themse when it was flowende,
As I by bote came roende,
So as fortune his Tyme sette,
My Lyege lord perchaunce I mette,
And so befelle, as I came nygh,
Out of my Bote when he me sygh,
He bade me come into hys Barge,
And when I was with hym at large,
Amonges other thynges seyd,
He hath such charge upon me leyd.

Soon after appeared the Writings of Geoffrey Chaucer,
generally stiled the Father of English Poetry. “He be­
came, says Leland, an acute Logician, a smooth Rhe­
torician, a pleasant Poet, a grave Philosopher, an inge­
nious Mathematician, and an holy Divine.” Specimens
therefore of the Language of this ingenious Writer, both
in Prose and Verse, must not be omitted.


The Third Boke of Boethius.
BY this she had ended her songe: whan the sweetnesse of her dyte had
throughperced me, that was desyrous of herkenynge. And I asto­
nyed had yet streyght mine eres, that is to saine; to herken the bet
what she shuld say, so that a litel after I sayd thus. O thou that art
soverain comfort of coragies anguishous; so thou hast remounted and
nourished me with the weight of thy sentences, and with delite of sing­
yng, so that I trowe not that I be unperegall to the strokes of Fortune:
as who saith; I dare well now suffren al th＇ assautes of fortune, and well
defende me from her. And tho＇ remedies, which that thou saidest here
beforne, that weren right sharpe, not onelye that I am not agrisen of
＇hem nowe, but I desyrous of heryng aske gretly to heren the remedies.
Than saied she thus. That feled I well (qð she) whan that thou enten­
tife and styl ravyshedest my wordes: and I abode tyll thou haddest such
habyte of thy thought, as thou hast now, or els tyll I my selfe had
maked it to the same habite, which that is a more very thing. And
certes the remenaunt of things that been yet to say ben soch, that first
whan men take ＇hem, they been byting: but whan they ben receved
within a wight, than been they swere. But for thou saist that thou art
so desyrous to herken ＇hem, with how grete brennyng woldest thou
glowen, if thou wistes whiðer I wolde leden the. B. Whiðer is that
(qð I) P. To thilke verie blisfulnesse (qþæt she) of whiche thine hert
dremeth. But for as moche as thy sight is occupied and distourbed of
erthly thinges, thou maiest not yet sense thilke self welefulnesse. B. Doe
(qþæt I) and shew me what thilke very welfulnesse is, I pray The, with­
out tarying. P. That wol I gladly done (qþæt she) for cause of The.
But I wol first marken by wordes, and I wil enforcen me to enforme the
thilke false cause of blisfulnesse, whiche that thou more knowest: so that
whan thou hast beholden thilke false godes, and turned thin eyen so to
that other syde, thou maie knowen the clerenesse of very blysfulnesse.


The Parson＇s Tale.
OUR swete Lord God of heven, that no man woll peryshe, but woll
that we turne all to the knowledge of him, and to the blisful life
that is perdurable, amonesheth us by the prophet Jeremie, that saith in
this wise. Stondeth upon the wayes and seeth, and asketh of olde
pathes: that is to saie, of old sentences, whiche is the gode waie and
walketh in that waye, and ye shall find refreshing for your souls, &c.
Manie ben the waies espirituelles that lede solke to our Lorde Jesu
Christ, and to the reigne of glory: of whiche waies there is a full noble
waye, and full convenable, whiche maye not faile to man ne to woman,
that through sinne hath misgone fro the right way of Hierusalem cele­
stiall: and this waye is called penetence, of whiche man should gladly
herken and enquire with al his hert, to were what is penitence, and
whiche is called penitence, and howe many maners bene of actions or
werkinges of penitence, and how many species there ben of penitence,
and which thinges apertaine and behove to penitence, and which thinges
disturbe penitence.
Saint Ambrose saith, that penitence is the plaining of manne for the
gilte that he hath doen; and no more to do any thing for which him
oughte to playne. And some doctours saith, penitence is the waimen­
tinge of man that sorroweth for his sinne and paineth himself, for he
hath misdon. Penitence with certain circumstonces, is very repentaunce
of a man that holte himself in forow, and other payne for his giltes:
and for he shall be verie penitent, he shall first bewaile sinnes that he
hath done, and stedfastly purpose in his hert to have shrifte of mouthe,
and to do satisfaccion, and never to do thing, for whiche him ought
more bewayle or complaine, and continue in gode workes: or els his
repentaunce may not availe.


The Knight＇s Tale.

WHylome, as oldè stories tellin us,
There was a Duke, that hightè Thesèus,
Of Athens he was Lord and Governour,
And in his timè such a conquerour,
That greater was there non under the son:
Full many a rich countrie had he wonn,
What with his wisdome and his chivalrie,
He conquer＇d all the reign of Feminie,
That whilome was yclepid Scythia:
And weddid the Quene call＇d Hypolita,
And brought hir home with him to his countrie,
With mikill glorie and solempnitie,
And eke hir yongè sister Emelie.
And thus with victorie and melodie
Let I this worthy Duke to Athens ryde,
And all his host in armies him beside.
And certis if it n＇ere too long to here,
I would have toldè fully the manere,
How wonnin was the reign of Feminie,
By Thesèus, and by his chevalrie,
And of the gretè bataile for the nones,
Betwixt Athenis and the Amozones.
And how besegit was Hyppolita,
The feire, yonge, hardie Quene of Scythia.
And of the feste that was at their wedding,
And of the tempest at their home-coming.
But all these thynges I mote as now forbere,
I have, God wot, a large felde to ere,
And wekid ben the oxin in the plow,
The remnaunt of my tale is long inow.
I will not lettin eke none of this rout,
Let every felaw tell his tale about;
And let see now who shall the suppere win:
But there I left I woll agayn begin.










A Northern Tale of an outlandish Knight, purposely
uttered by CHAUCER in a Rhyme and Style differing
from the rest, as tho＇ he himself were not the Author,
but only the Reporter of the other Tales.

LIstenith lordinges in gode entent,
And I wol tellin verament
Of mirthe and of solas,
All of a knight was faire and gent,
In batayle and in tournament,
His name was Sir Thopas.
Iborne he was in ferre countre,
In Flaunders all beyond the see,
At Poppering in the place.
His father was a man ful fre,
And lorde he was of that countre,
As it was Godd＇is grace.
Sir Thopas was a doughty swaine,
White was his face as paine de maine,
His lippis red as rose,
His rudde is like scarlet in grain,
And I you tell in gode certain
He had a semely nose.
His here, his borde was like safroun,
That to his girdle raught adown.
His shone of cordewane.
Of Bruges were his hosen broun,
His robe was of chekelatoun,
That cost many a jane.
He couthe hunt at the wildè deer,
And ride an hawking by by＇ the rivere.
With grey goshauke on honde.
Thereto he was a gode archer,
Of wrastling was there none his pere.



CHAUCER to his empty Purse.

TO you my purse and to none other wight
Complain I, for ye be my ladie dere,
I am sorie now that ye be so light,
For certis ye now make me hevie chere,
We were as lefe be laide upon a bere,
For which unto your mercy thus I crie;
Be hevy againe, or els mote I die.
Now vouchsafin this day or it be night,
That I of you the blisful sowne may here,
Or se your colour lyke the sonne bright,
That of yelownesse ne had nevir pere,
Ye be my life, ye be my hert＇is stere
Quene of comfort, and of gode companye
Be hevy againe, or else mote I die.
Now purse, that art to me my lyv＇is light
And savyour, as downe in this worlde here,
Out of this towne helpe me by your might,
Sithin that you wol not be my tresoure,
For I am shave as nighe as any frere,
But I prayin unto your courtisye,
Be hevy againe, or els mote I die.

About the Year 1468, Caxton brought the Art of Print­
ing into England, and soon after published several Books.
What our Language was in the Year 1471, will appear
by the following Extract from the Prologue to a Book,
intituled, Recuyel of the Historyes of Troy.

“When I remember, that every man is bounden by the commande­
ment and counsel of the wise man to eschew slothe and idleness, which
is moder and nourisher of vyces, and ought to put himself into vertuous
occupacion & besyness, than (I having no great charge of occupacion
following the sayd councel) took a Frenche book & red therin many
straunge and marvellous histories, werein I had great Pleasure and delite,
as well for the noueltie of the same, as for the fayer language of the
Frenche, which was in prose, so well and compendiously set and wryten,
which methought I understood the sentence and substaunce of every
matter; and for as much as this book was new, and late made, and
drawen into Frenche, and neuer had sene it in our English tonge. I
thought in my self it should be a good busyness to translate it into our
Englishe tounge, that it might he had in the realme of Englond, as in
other lands, and also for to pass therewith the tyme, and thus concluded
in my self to begin this sayd werk, and forthwith toke pen and ynke,
and began boldly to ren forth, as blynde bayard in this worke,
which is named, The recuyle of the Troyan histories. And after­
warde; when I remembered my selfe of my simplenes and unper­
fytness that I had in both languages, that is to wete, in Frenche and in
Englishe; for in Fraunce was I never, and was borne and lerned myne
Englishe in Kent in the Weald, were, I doubt not, is spoken as brode
and rude Englishe as in any place of England, and have continued by
the space of xxx yere for the most parte in the countries of Braband,
Flanders, Holande, Zeland. And thus, when all these thynges came
to fore me, after that I had made and written a v or vi quayers, I fyl
into dispare of this worke, and purposed no more to have continued
therein, and tho quayers laid apart, and in two yeare after laboured no
more in this work, and was fully in wit to have left hit, tyll, on a time,
it fortuned, that the ryght excellent, and right vertuous prynces, my
right redoubted ladye (sister unto my soveraign lord the king of Eng­
lond and Fraunce) my lady Mergaret, by the grace of God, Duchesse
of Burgoine, of Lotryke, of Brabant, of Lymburgh and of Luxem­
burge, counties of Flaunders, of Artoice and of Burgoine, Palatine of
Hannawd, of Holande, of Zeland & of Namure, Marquesse of the holy
empire, Lady of yse, of Salins and of Mechlyn, sent for me to speke
with her good grace of dyverse maters, among the which I let her high­
ness have knowledge of the foresaid beginninge of this work, which
anon commanded me to shew the sayd v or vi quayers to her said grace.
And when she had seen hem, anon she found a defaute in mync Englyshe,
which she commanded me to amend; and moreover commanded me
sraitly to contynue and make an end of the residue than not translated,
whose dreadful commaundement I durst in no wise disobey, because I
am a seruant unto her said grace, and receive of her yerly fee, and other
many good and great benefites, and also hope many moe to receyue of
her highnes, but forthwith went and laboured in the said translacyon af­
ter my simple and poor cunning, also, nigh as I can, follow myne
auctour, mekely beseeching the bounteous hyghnes of my said lady, that
of her benevolence lyst to accepte and take in gree this symple and rude
worke here followynge, and yf there be any thing wrytten or sayde to
her pleasure, I shall think my labour well employed: And wereas there
is default, that she aret it to the sympleness of my cunnyng (which is full
small in this behalf) and require an praye all them that shall rede this said
worke, to correct it, and to hold me excused of the rude and symple
translation, and thus I end my prologue.

In the Year 1490, Caxton published a Translation of
the Boke of Eneydos, compyled by Vyrgyle: From the Preface
to it the following Extract is taken, by which it will
appear, that the Readers in those Times, were not at all
pleased with the Innovations then made in our Language.

“After dyverse werkes made, translated and atchieved, having noo
werke in hand, I sittyng in my studye, whereas laye many paunflettis
and bookys, happened that to my hande cam a lytyl book in Frenshe,
which late was translated out of Latyn by some noble clerke of Fraunce;
whiche booke is named Eneydos, made in Latyn by that noble Poete,
and grete clerke, Virgyle, which book I sawe over, and redde therein,
how after the generall destruccyon of the grete Troye, Eneas departed,
beryng his old fader, Anchises, upon his Sholdres, his lityl son Yolus on
his hond; his wyfe wyth moche other people followynge; and how he
shyped and departed, with alle thystorye of his adventures, that he had
er he cam to the atchievement of his conquest of Ytalye, as all a longe
shall be shewed in this present boke, in which boke I had gret playsyr,
bycause of the fayr and honest termes and wordes in Frenche, which I
never saw to-fore lyke, ne none so playsaunt, ne so well ordered; which
booke, as me semed, sholde be moche requysite to noble men to see, as
wel for the eloquence as the hystoryes, how wel that many hondred
yerys passed was the said booke of Eneydos, with other werkes made and
learned dayly in scolis, specyally in Ytalye and other places; whiche
historye the sayd Vyrgyle made in metre. And when I had advised me
in this sayd booke, I delybered and concluded to translate it into Eng­
lyshe, and forthwyth toke a pen and ynk, and wrote a leef or tweyne,
which I oversawe agayn to correcte it; and when I saw the fayr and
straunge termes therein, I doubted that it sholde not please some gentyl­
men which late blamed me, saying, that in my translacyons I had over
curyous termes, which coude not be understande of comyn people, and
desired me to use olde and homely termes in my translacyons, and fayn
wolde I satisfye every man. And so to do toke an olde boke and redde
therein, and certaynly the Englisshe was so rude and brood, that I coude
not wele understande it. And also my lord Abbot of Westmynster ded
do shewe to me late certain evydences wryton in old Englisshe, for to
reduce it into our Englisshe now usid; and certaynly it was wreton
in such wyse, that it was more lyke to Dutche than Englysshe.
I coude not reduce ne brynge it to be understonden. And cer­
taynly our language now used varyeth ferre from that which was
used and spoken whan I was born; for we Englissh men ben borne
under the domynacyon of the Mone, which is never stedfaste, but ever
waverynge, wexyng one season, and waneth and dyscreaseth another
season; and that comyne Englisshe that is spoken in one shyre
varyeth from another, insomuche, that in my dayes happened, that
certayn merchauntes were in a shipp in Tamyse, for to have sailed over
the see into Zelande, and for lacke of wynde they taryed atte Forland,
and went to lande for to refreshe them; and one of them, named Shef­
felde, a mercer, came into an hows, and axed for mete, and spccyally
he axcd for egges, and the goode wyf answerde, that she coude speke no
Frenshe. And the Marchaunt was angry, for he also coude speke no
Frenshe, but wolde have hadde egges, and she understode hym not:
And thenne at laste another sayd, that he wolde have eyren; thenne
the good wyf sayd, that she understode him well. Loo what sholde a
man in thyse days now wryte, egges or eyren? Certaynly it is harde to
playse every man, by cause of dyversyte and chaunge of langage; for in
these days every man, that is in ony reputacyon in his countre, will
utter his communicacyon and matters in such manners and termes, that
fewe Men shall understonde them; and som honest and grete clerkes have
ben wyth me, and desired me to wryte the moste curyous termes that I
coude find. And thus between playn, rude and curious, I stand abashed.
But in my judgmente, the comyn termes that be dayli used, ben lyghtor
to be understonde than the old and auncyent Englisshe.

Sir Thomas More wrote about the Year 1500, and as he
has been considered by several Authors as the most polite
and elegant Writer of his Age, Specimens of his Writings
must not be omitted, as they will evidently shew the
State of our Language at that Period.


A Letter from Sir Thomas More to Dr. Collet,
Dean of St. Paul＇s.

AS I was lately walking before Westminster-hall, busying myself about
other mens causes, I met by chance your seuant, at whose first
encounter I was marvelously reioysed, both because he hath bene alwaies
deare unto me, as also especially for that I thought he was not come to
London without yourselfe; but when I had learned of him, that you
were not come, nor yet minded to come of a long while, it cannot be
expressed, how suddenly my great ioy was turned into as great sorrow
and saddenesse. For what can be more grieuous unto me, then to be
depriued of your most swete conuersation? whose wholesome counsell
I was wont to enioye, with whose delightsome familiaritie I was re­
created, by whose weightie sermons I haue bene often stirred up to de­
uotion, by whose life and example I haue bene much amended in mine
owne, finally in whose very face and countenance I was wont to rest







contented. Wherefore as I haue found myselfe greatly strengthened,
whilst I enioyed these helpes, so now do I see myself much weakened
and brought almost to nothing, being depriued of them so long. For
hauing heretofore by following your footestepps almost escaped out of
hells mouth, so now like another Euridice (though in a contrarie man­
ner, for she was left there because Orpheus looked back upon her, but
I am in the like daunger, because you doe not looke upon me) fall back
againe by a certaine violence and necessitie into that obscure darknesse
I was in before. For what I pray you is there here in this Cittie which
doth moue anie man to liue well, and doth not rather by a thousand
deuises draw him back, and with as manie allurements swallow him up
in all manner of wickednesse, who of himself were otherwise well dispo­
sed and doth endeavour accordingly to clime up the painefull hill of ver­
tue? Whithersoever that anie man cometh; wat can he finde but fayned
Ioue, and the honie poyson of venemous flatterie; in one place he shall
finde cruell hatred, in another heare nothing but quarrells and suits.
Whitherfoeuer we cast our eyes, what can we see but victualinghouses,
fishmongers, butchers, cookes, pudding-makers, fishers or fowlers, who
minister matter to our bellies, and set forward the seruice of the world,
and the Prince thereof and deuil? yea the houses themselues, I knowe
not how, do bereaue us of a great parte of our sight of heauen; so as the
heighth of our buildings, and not the circle of our horizon, doth limite
our prospect. For which cause I may pardon you the more easily, that
you doe delight rather to remaine in the countrie, where you are. For
there you find a companie of plaine soules, void of all crafte, wherewith
citizens most abounde; whitherfoeuer you looke, the earth yeeldeth you
a pleasant prospect, the temperature of the ayre refresheth you, and the
cleare beholding of the heauens doth delight you; you finde nothing
there but bounteous gifts of nature; and saintelie tokens of innocence.
Yet I would not have you so carried away with those contentments, that
you should be stayed from hastening hither. For yf the discommodities
of the Cittie doe, as they may very well, displease you, yet may the
countrie about your parish of Stepney (whereof you ought also not to
have the least care) afforde you the like delights to those, which that
affordes you, wherein now you keepe; from whence you may upon oc­
casions come to London as into your Inne, where you may finde great
matter of meritt. The countrie people is most commonly harmlesse, or
at the least not loaden with great offences, and therefore anie phisician
may minister phisick unto them; but as for cittizens, both because they
are manie in number, as also in regarde of their inueterate custome in
sinning, none can helpe them but he that is verie skillfull. There come
into the pullpett at Paules diuerse men that promise to cure the diseases
of others; but when they have all doone, and made a fayre and good­
lie discourse, their life on the other side doth so jarre with their saying,
that they rather increase than asswage the griefes of their hearers. For
they cannot perswade men that they are fit to cure others when as them­
selues (God wote) are most sicke and crazie; and therefore when they
feele their fores touched and handled by those, whome they see are full
of loathsome sores themselues, they cannot but have a great auersion from
them. But if such a one be accounted by learned men most fitt to cure,
in whom the sicke man hath greatest hope, who doubteth then, but
you alone are the fittest in all London to cure their Maladies, whome
enerie one is willing to suffer to touche their woundes, and in whome
what confidence euerie one hath, and how readie euerie one is
to doe what you prescribe, both you have heretofore sufficiently tryed,
and now the desire that euerie bodie hath of your speedie returne, may
manifest the same. Returne therefore my deere Colett, either for Step­
ney＇s sake, which mourneth for your absence no lesse then children
doe for the absence of their louing mother, or else for London＇s sake,
in respect it is your native countrie, whereof you can have no lesse
regarde, then of your owne parents; and finally (although this be the
least motive) returne for my sake, who haue wholy dedicated myself
to your directions, and do most earnestly long to see you. In the mean
while I passe my time with Grocine, Linacre and Lillie; the first being
as you knowe the directour of my life in your absence; the second,
the maister of my studies; the third; my most deare Companion.
Farewell, and see you loue me as you haue donne hitherto.
London, 21 Octob.



A Letter from Sir T. More to Mr. Gunnel.
I Have receaued, my deare Gunnel, your letters, such as they are
wont to be, most elegant & full of affection. Your loue towards my
children I gather by your letter; their diligence by their owne; for
every one of their letters pleaseth me very much, yet most especially I
take ioy to heare that my daughter Elizabeth hath shewed as greate
modestie in her mother＇s absence, as anie one could doe, if she had
bene in presence; lett her knowe that that thing liked me better, then
all the epistles besides; for as I esteeme learning, which is ioyned with
vertue more then all the the threasures of kings; so what doth the fame
of being a great schollar bring us, if it be seuered from vertue, other
than a notorious and famous infamie, especially in a woman, whome
men will be readie the more willingly to assayle for their learning,
because it is a rare matter, and argueth reproche to the sluggishnesse of a
man, who will not stick to lay the fault of their naturall malice upon
the qualitie of learning, supposing all their owne unskillfullnesse by com­
paring it with the vices of those that are learned, shal be accounted for
vertue: but if anie woman on the contrarie parte (as I hope and wyshe
by your instruction and teaching all mine will doe) shall ioine manie
vertues of the minde with a little skill of learninge, I shall accounte this
more happinesse, then if they were able to attaine to Cræsus＇s wealth
ioined with the beautie of fayre Helene; not because they were to gett
great fame thereby, although that inseparably followeth all vertue, as
shadowe doth the bodie, but for that they should obtaine by this the true
rewarde of wisedome, which can neuer be taken away as wealth may,
nor will fade, as beautie doth, because it dependeth of truth and justice,
and not of the blasts of mens mouthes, then which nothing is more
foolish, nothing more pernicious; for as it is the dutie of a good man
to eschew infamie, so it is not only the propertie of a proude man, but
also of a wretched and ridiculous man to frame their actions only for
praise; for that mans minde must needes be full of unquietnesse, that
alwaies wauers for fear of other mens iudgements betweene ioy and
saddnesse. But amongst other the notable benefitts, which learning
bestoweth upon men, I accounte this one of the most profitable, that in
getting of learning we looke not for praise; to be accounted learned
men, but only to use it in all occasions, which the best of all other
learned men, I meane the philosophers those true moderators of mens
actions haue deliuered unto us from hand to hand, although some of
them have abused their sciences, ayming only to be accounted excellent
men by the people. Thus have I spoken, my Gunnel, somewhat the
more of the not coveting of vaine glorie, in regarde of those wordes in
your letter, whereby you iudge that the high spiritt of my daughter
Margarett＇s witt is not to be deiected, wherein I am of the same opinion
that you are, but I thinke (as I doubt not but you are of the same
minde) that he doth deiect his generous witt, whosoeuer accustometh
himself to admire vaine and base obiects, and he rayseth well his
spiritts that embraceth vertue and true good, they are base minded
indeede, that esteeme the shadowe of good things (which most men
greedily snatch at, for want of discretion to iudge true good from appa­
rent) rather then the truth itself. And therefore seeing I holde this the
best way for them to walke in, I haue not only requested you, my deare
Gunnel, whome of yourself I knowe would have donne it out of the
intire affection you beare unto them; neither have I desired my wife
alone, whome her motherlie pietie by me often and manie waies tryed
doth stirre them up thereto, but also all other my friends I haue intreated
manie times to perswade all my children to this, that auoyding all the
gulphes and downefalls of pride, they walke through the pleasant mea­
dowes of modestie, that they neuer be enamoured of the glisstering hue
of golde and siluer, nor lament for the want thereof, which by errour
they admire in others, that they thinke no better of themselues for all
their costlie trimmings, nor anie meaner for the want of them; not to
lessen their beautie by neglecting it, which they have by nature, nor to
make it any more by unseemlie art, to thinke vertue their chiefe happi­
nesse, learning and good qualities the next, of which those are especially
to be learned, which will auayle them most, that is to say, pietie to­
wards God, charitie towards all men, modestie and christian humilitie
in themselves, by which they shall reape from God the rewarde of an
innocent life, by certaine confidence thereof they shall not neede to feare
death, and in the mean while enioying true alacritie, they shall neither
be puffed up with the vain praises of men, nor deiected by anie slander
of disgrace; these I esteeme the true and solide fruits of learning;
which as they happen not, I confesse, to all that are learned, so these
may easily attaine them, who beginne to studie with this intent; neither
is there anie difference in haruest time, whether it was man or woman,
that sowed first the corne; for both of them beare name of a reasonable
creature equally, whose nature reason only doth distinguish from bruite
beastes; and therefore I do not see why learning in like manner may
not equally agree with both sexes; for by it reason is cultivated, and
(as a fielde) sowed with wholesome precepts, it bringeth forth excellent
fruit. But if the soyle of womans braine be of its owne nature bad, and
apter to beare fearne than corne (by which saying manie doe terrifye
women from learning) I am of opinion therefore that a woman＇s witt is
the more diligently by good instructions and learning to be manured, to
the ende, the defect of nature may be redressed by industrie. Of which
minde were also manie wife and holie ancient Fathers, as, to omitt
others, S. Hierom and S. Augustine, who not only exhorted manie
noble matrones and honourable Virgins to the getting of learning, but
also to further them therein, they diligently expounded unto them manie
hard places of scriptures; yea wrote manie letters unto tender maydes,
full of so great learning, that scarcely our olde and greatest professours
of Diuinitie can well reade them, much lesse be able to understande
them perfectly; which holie saints workes you will endeauour, my
learned Gunnel, of your courtesie, that my daughters may learne,
whereby they may chiefly knowe, what ende they ought to have in
their learning, to place the fruits of their labours in God, and a true
conscience; by which it will be easily brought to passe, that being at
peace within themselues, they shall neither be moued with praise of flat­
terers, nor the nipping follies of unlearned scoffers; but methinkes I
heare you replye, that though these my precepts be true; yet are they
too strong and hard for the tender age of my yong wenches to hearken
too: For what man, be he neuer so aged or expert in anie science, is
so constant or stayed, that he is not a little stirred up with the tickeling
of glorie? And for my parte, I esteeme that the harder it is to shake
from us this plague of pride, so much the more ought euerie one to
endeauour to do it from his verie infancie. And I thinke there is no
other cause, why this almost ineuitable mischiefe doth stick so fast in our
breasts, but for that it is engrafted in our tender mindes euen by our
nurses, asoone as we are crept out of our shelles; it is fostered by our
maisters, it is nourished and perfected by our parents, whilst that no
bodie propoundeth anie good thing to children, but they presently bidde
them expect praise as the whole rewarde of vertue; whence it is, that
they are so much accustomed to esteeme much of honour and praise, that
by seeking to please the most, who are alwaies the worst, they are still
ashamed to be good with the fewest. That this plague may the farther
be banished from my children, I earnestly desire, that you, my deare
Gunnell, their Mother and all their friends, would still sing this
song unto them, hammer it alwaies in their heads, & inculcate it unto
them upon all occasions, that vaine glorie is abiect, and to be despised,
neither anie thing to be more worthie or excellent, then that humble
modestie, which is so much praised by Christ; the which prudent cha­
ritie will so guide and direct, that it will teach us to desire vertue rather
then to upbrayde others for their vices, and will procure rather to loue
them, who admonish vs of our fault, then hate them, for their hole­
some counsell. To the obtayning whereof nothing is more auayleable,
then to reade vnto them the holesome precepts of the Fathers, whome
they knowe not to be angrie with them, and they must needes be
vehemently moued with their authorities, because they are venerable
for their sanctitie. Yf therefore you reade anie such thing vnto Marga­
rett and Elizabeth, besides their lessens in Salust, for they are of riper
iudgement by reason of their age, then John and Cecilie, you shall
make both me and them euerie day more bound vnto you; moreover
you shall hereby procure my children being deare by nature, after this
more deare for learning, but by their increase of good manners most
deare vnto me. Farewell. From the Court this Whitsuneeue.









Sir Thomas More to his Children.

THomas More to his whole Schoole sendeth greetinge. Beholde
how I have found out a compendious way to salute you all, and
make spare of time and paper, which I must needes have wasted in
saluting euery one of you particularly by your names; which would
be uerie superfluous, because you are all so deare vnto me, some in
one respect, some in another, that I can omitt none of you vnsaluted.
Yet I knowe not, whether there can be anie better motiue, why I
should loue you, then because you are scholars, learning seeming to
binde more straytely vnto you, then the nearenesse of blood. I reioyce
therefore that Mr. Drue is returned safe, of whose saftie you knowe
I was carefull. Yf I loued not exceedingly, I should enue this your
so great happiness, to have had so manie great schollars for your
maisters. For I thinke Mr. Nicolas is with you also, and that you
have learned of him much astronomie; so that I heare you have pro­
ceeded so farre in this science, that you now knowe not only the pole­
starre, or dogg, and such like of the common Constellations, but
also, which argueth an absolute and cunning astronomer, in the chiefe
planetts themselues: You are able to discerne the sunne from the moone;
goe forward therefore with this your new and admirable skill, by
which you do thus climbe vp to the starres, which whilst you daily
admire, in the meane while I admonish you also to thinke of this holie
fast of Lent, and let that excellent and pious song of Boethius sound
in your eares, whereby you are taught also with your mindes to pene­
trate heaven, least when the bodie is lifted vp on high, the soule be
driuen downe to the earth with the brute beasts. Farewell.
From the Court this 23d of March.
Thomas More to his best beloued children and to Margarett Gigs,
whome he numbreth amongst his owne, sendeth greeting: The Mar­
chant of Bristow brought vnto me your letters, the next day after he
had receaved them of you, with the which I was exceedingly de­
lighted. For there can come nothing, yea though it were neuer so
rude, never so meanely polished, from this your shoppe, but it pro­
cureth me more delight then anie other mens workes, be they neuer
so eloquent; your writing doth so stirre vp my affection towards you;
but excluding these your letters may also very well please me for
their owne worth, being full of fine witt, and of a pure latine phrase:
Therefore none of them all, but ioyed me exceedingly, yet to tell
you ingeniously what I think, my sonne John＇s letter pleased me best,
both because it was longer than the other, as also for that he seemeth
to have taken more paynes than the rest. For he not only paynteth
out the matter decently, and speaketh elegantly, but he playeth also
pleasantly with me, and returneth my ieasts vpon me againe very
wittily; and this he doth not only pleasantly, but temperately withall,
shewing that he is mindefull with whom he iesteth, to witt, his fa­
ther, whome he endeavoureth so to delight, that he is also afeared
to offende. Hereafter I expect euerie day letters from euerie one of
you; neither will I accept of such excuses, as you complaine of,
that you had no leasure, or that the carrier went away suddenly,
or that you have no matter to write; John is not wont to alleage
anie such things; nothing can hinder you from writing, but manie
things may exhort you thereto; why should you lay anie faulte vpon
the carrier, seing you may prevent his coming, and have them readie
made vp, and sealed two daies before anie offer themselves to carrie
them. And how can you want matter of writing vnto me, who am
delighted to heare eyther of your studies, or of your play: whome
you may euen then please exceedingly, when having nothing to write
of, you write as largely as you can of that nothing, then which
nothing is more easie for you to doe, especially being women, and
therefore prattlers by nature, and amongst whome daily a great storie
riseth of nothing. But this I admonish you to doe, that whether you
write of serious matters, or of trifles, you write with diligence and
consideration, premeditating of it before; neither will it be amisse, if
you first indite it in English, for then it may more easily be translated
into Latine, whilst the mind free from inuenting is attentiue to finde
apt and eloquent wordes. And although I putt this to your choice,
whether you will do so or no: yet I enioyne you by all meanes, that
you diligently examine what you have written, before you write it
ouer fayre againe; first considering attentively the whole sentence, and
after examine euerie parte thereof, by which meanes you may easily
finde out, if anie solecismes haue escaped you: which being putt out,
and your letter written fayre, yet then lett it not also trouble you to
examine it ouer againe; for sometimes the same faultes creepe in at
the second writing which you before had blotted out. By this your
diligence you will procure, that those your trifles will seem serious
matters. For as nothing is so pleasing but may be made vnsauorie by
prating garrulitie; so nothing is by nature so vnpleasant, that by in­
dustrie may not be made full of grace and pleasantnesse. Farewell my
swetest children.
From the Court this 3 of September.
Sir Thomas More to his daughter Margarett only. Thy letters
(dearest Margarett) were gratefull vnto me, which certifyed me of the
state of Shaw; yet would they have bene more gratefull vnto me, if
they had tolde me, what your and your brother＇s studies were, what
is read amongst you euerie day, how pleasantly you conferre togeather,
what themes you make, and how you passe the day away amongst you
in the sweete fruits of learning. And although nothing is written from
you, but it is most pleasing vnto me, yet those things are most sugred
sweete, which I cannot learne of but by you or your brother.——
I pray thee, Megg, see that I understande by you, what your studies
are. For rather then I would suffer you, my children, to liue idly,
I would my self looke vnto you, with the losse of my temporall estate,
bidding all cares and businesses farewell, amongst which there is
nothing more swete vnto me, then thy self, my dearest daughter,
farewell.

As a Specimen of his Poetry, the following Stanzas,
written with a Coal, while Prisoner in the Tower, to
express the Comfort he received from a Message brought
him from the King by Mr. Secretary, are added.

Ey slatering fortune, loke thou neuer so fayre,
Or neuer so plesantly begin to smile,
As though thou wouldst my ruine all repayre,
During my life thou shalt me not begile,
Trust shall I God to entre in a while
His haven of heaven sure and uniforme,
Euer after thy calme loke I for a storme.

The following Passage is extracted from the Conclu­
sion of Mr. William Tindal＇s Preface to his Translation
of the New Testament, which appeared about the Be­
ginning of the Reign of Henry VIII. and may therefore
be considered as a contemporary Piece with those of Sir
Thomas More.

“Them that are learned christenly, I beseeche; for as moche as
I am sure, and my conscience beareth me record, that of a pure en­
tent singilly and faithfully I have interpreted itt, as farre forth as God
gave me the gyfe of knowledge, and unsterstondyng; that the rudnes
of the worke now at the fyrst tyme, offende them not, but that they
consyder how that I had no man to counterfet, nether was helpe with
Englysshe of eny, that had interpreted the same, or soche lyke thinge
in the scripture before tyme. Moreover, even very necessitie and cum­
braunce (God is recorde) above strengthe, which I will not rehearse,
lest we should seem to bost our selves, caused that many thynges are
lackyng, whiche necessaryly are required. Count it as a thynge not
havynge his full schape, but as it were borne afore hys tyme, even as a
thing begunne rather than fynnysshed. In time to come (yf God have
appointed us thereunto) we will give it his full shape; and put out, yf
ought be added superfluusly; and adde to, yff ought be oversene throwe
negligence, and will enfoarce to brynge to compendeousnes that, which
is now translated at the length; and to give lyght where it is required;
and to seke in certain places more proper Englysshe; and with a table
to expound the words, which are nott commonly used; and shewe how
the scripture useth many wordes, which are wotherwyse understonde of
the common people; and to help with a declaration where one tonge
taketh nott another. And will endever ourselves, as it were to sethe
it better, and to make it more apte for the weake stomaches, desyreyng
them that are learned and able, to remember their dutie, and to help
thereunto, and to bestowe unto the edyfyinge of Christis body (which
is the congregacion of them that beleve) those gyftes, whyche they have
receaved of God for the same purpose. The Grace that commeth of
Christ be with them that love him. Pray for us.

Soon after the following Prohibition was sent by Cuth­
bert Tonstall, Bishop of London, to the Arch-deacons of
his Diocese, for the calling in of the New Testaments
translated into English.

CUTHBERT, by the permission of God, bishop of London,
unto our well beloved in Christ, the arch-deacon of London, or
to hys Officiall, health, grace and benediction. By the duty of our
pastoral office, we are bounde diligently with all our power to foresee,
provide for, roote out, and put away all those thynges, which seem to
tend to the peril, and daunger of our subjects, and specially to the
destruction of their soules. Wherefore we hauyng understanding, by
the report of diverse credible persons, and also by the evident appa­
raunce of the matter, that many children of iniquitie, maintayners of
Luther＇s sect, blynded through extreme wickednes, wandrying from the
way of truth, and the catholicke fayth, craftely have translated the
New Testament into our English tongue, entermedlyng therewith many
heretical articles, and erroneous opinions, pernicious and offensive, se­
ducyng the simple people, attempting by their wicked perverse inter­
pretations, to prophanate the majestye of the Scripture, which hitherto
hath remained undefiled, and craftely to abuse the most holy word of
God, and the true sence of the same, of the which translation there
are many books imprinted, some with glosses, and some without, con­
tayning in the Englishe that pestiferious and most pernicious poison,
dispersed throughout all our diocesse of London in great number; which
truly, without it be spedely foreseen, wythout doubt will contaminate,
and infect the stock committed to us with most deadly poyson and
heresie, to the grieuous peril and danger of the souls committed to
our charge, and the offence of God＇s divine Majesty: wherefore we
Cuthbert the bishop aforesaid, grevously sorrowyng for the premisses,
willyng to withstand the craft and subtletie of the ancient enemy, and
hys ministers, which seek the destruction of my stock, and with a
diligent care to take hede unto the stock, committed to my charge,
desiring to provide spedy remidies for the premises; we charge you
jointly and severally, and by vertue of your obedience straightly enjoin
and commaunde you, that by our authority, you warn, or cause to be
warned, all and singular, as wel exempt as not exempt, dwelling
within you arch deaconries, that within xxx dayes space, whereof x
dayes shall be for the first, x for the second, and x for the third pe­
remtory terme, under paine of excommunication, and incurring the
suspicion of heresie, they do bring in, and really deliver unto our vicare
generall, all and singular such bookes conteyning the translation of
the New Testament in the Englishe tongue; and that you doe certifie
us, or our sayd commissarye, within ii monethes after the day of the
date of these presentes, duely, personally, or by your letters, together
with these presentes, under your seals, what you have done in the
premisses, under pain of contempt. Given under our Seale the xxiii
of October, in the V yere of our consecration. Anno 1526.








Prefixed to a Quarto treatise, intitled Alphabetum La­
tino Anglicum, printed in 1534, is the following License;
which will shew what Language was wrote at that Time
in these Instruments.

HENRY VIII. by the grace of God, King of England, France
and Ireland, defendour of the feithe, and of the church of En­
gland, and also of Ireland, in erth the supreme hed, to all schoole
maisters and teachers of grammer within this realm, greeting. Emong
the manysolde busines and most weyghty affayres, appertaynyng to
our regall autoritee and offyce, we forgette not the tendre babes, and
the youth of our realme, whose good education and godly bryngyng up,
is a great furniture to the same and cause of much goodnesse. And
to the intent that hereafter they may the more readily and easily attein
the rudymentes of the Latyne toung, without the greate hynderaunce,
which heretofore hath been, through the diversities of grammers and
teachynges, we will and commande, and streightly charge al you
schoolemasters and teachers of grammer within this our realme, and
other our dominions, as ye intend to avoyde our displeasure, and have
our favour, to teach and learne your scholars this Englysshe intro­
duction here ensuing, and the Latyne grammar annexed to the same,
and none other, which we have caused for your ease, and your scholars
speedy preferment, bryefely and playnely to be compiled and set forth.
Fayle not to apply your scholars in lernyng and godly education.

In a Copy of Thucidides printed in 1550 by Thomas
Nicholls, is the following Patent granted him by Queen
Mary.

MARY by the grace of God, queene of England, Fraunce and
Ireland, defendour of the faith, and in earth of the churche of
Englande, and also of Irelande, the supreme head. To all prynters of
bookes, and bookesellers, and to all other our officers, minysters and
subjects, these our patentes hearing or seing, gretyng. Know ye, that
of our special grace and meare motion, have giuen and granted, and by
these patentes, doo geue and graunte full power, licence, autoritie, and
privilege, unto our wel-beloved subject, Jhon Wayland, citezeyn and
scrivenour of London: that he and his assignes only, and none other
person or persons shal from hensforth have auctoritie, and lybertie to
print all and such usual primers, or manual of prayers, by whatsoever
title the same shall, or may be called, which by us, our heyres, suc­
cessors, or by our clergy, by our assent shall be auctorised, set furth,
and deuysed for to be used of all our loving subjects, throughout all
our realmes, and domynyons, during the full tyme and terme of seven
years next ensuing the date of these our letters patents. And farther,
that it shall not be lawful for any maner of other persones of our said
subjects, to print, or to procure to be imprinted, anye prymers, or
manual of prayers, by whatsoever title they shall, or may be called, or
set forth, during the said tearme, nor any booke or bookes, whiche
the said John Waylande, or his assignes, at his or their costes and
charges shall first prynte, or set furthe, during the said terme of seven
years next ensuing the printing of the same booke or bookes, upon
payne of forfature, and confiscation of the prymers, manual of prayers,
and bookes, to those of us, and our successors. Wherfore we woll and
commande all you our printers, and other our subjects, that ye, nor
any of you, do presume, procure, or attempt to print, or set furth,
any maner of prymers, manuel of prayers, booke or bookes, which the
said John Wayland, or his assignes shall first print, during the tyme of
thys our privilege, and licence, upon payne of forfature and confisca­
tion of the same prymers, manuel of pryers, and bookes as aforesaide;
and as ye tender our pleasure, and will avoyde the contrary: in wytnes
whereof we have caused these our letters to be made patentes. Witnes
our self at Westminster, the 24th October, the first of our reign.

Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dorset, wrote about the Year
1553, he was celebrated for the Elegance of his Style,
and the Beauty of his Compositions; an Extract therefore
is given from a Poem of his, entitled, A Myrrour for
Magistrates.

He describes Sorrow appearing thus to him.
HER body small forwithered and forespent,
As is the stalke, that sommers drought opprest,
Her wealked face with woful tears besprent,
Her colour pale, and (as it seemed her best)
In woe and playnt reposed was her rest;
And as the stone, that droppes of water wears,
So dented were her cheeks with fall of tears.


Her eyes swollen with flowing streames aflote,
Wherewith her lookes throwen up full piteous lye;
Her forceles hands together ofte she smote,
With doleful shrikes, that echoed in the skye:
Whose playnt such sighes dyd strayt accompany,
That in my doome was never man did see
A Wight but halfe so woe begon as she.


He represents himself as conducted by Sorrow to Hell,
which he describes.
And first within the porche and Jaws of hell,
Sate diepe Remorse of conscience, al besprent
With tears; and to herselfe oft would she tell
Her wretchednes, and cursing never stent
To sob and sigh; but ever thus lament
With thoughtful care, as she that all in vayne
Would weare and waste continually in payne.


Her iyes unstedfast rolling here and there,
Whirled on eche place, as place that vengeance brought
So was her mind continually in feare,
Tossed and tormented with the tedious thought
Of those detested crimes, which she had wrought:
With dreadful cheare and lookes throwen to the skye,
Wishing for death, and yet she could not die.


Next sawe we dread al trembling how she shooke,
With foote uncertain prefered here and there:
Benumbde of speeche and with a gastly looke
Searcht every place al pale and dead for fear,
His cap borne up with staring of his heare.
Stoynde and amazde at his own shade for dreed,
And fearing greater daungers than was nede.


And next within the entry of this lake
Sate fell revenge gnashing her teeth for yre,
Devising means how she may vengeance take,
Never in rest tyll she have her desire;
But frets within so far with the fyer
Of wreaking flames, that nowe determines she
To dye by death, or vengde by death to be.


Next is a Description of Misery.
His face was leane, and sum deale pyned away,
And eke his handes consumed to the bone;
But what his body was, I cannot say,
For on his carkas rayment had he none,
Save clouts and patches pieced one by one:
With staffe in hand, and skrip on shoulders cast
His chief defence against the winter＇s blast.


His foode for most was wylde fruytes of the tree,
Unles sumtime sum crummes fell to his share,
Which in his wallet long, God wote, kept he,
As on the which full dayntlye would he fare.
His drinke the running streme; his cup the bare
Of his palme closed; his bed the hard cold grounde:
To this poor life was Miserie ybound.


Whose wretched state when we had well behelde,
With tender ruth on him, and on his feares,
In thoughtful cares, furth then our pace we helde;
And by and by another shape appears
Of greedy care, still brushing up the breres;
His knuckles knobde, his flesh deep dented in,
With tawed handes and hard ytanned skin.


The morrowe graye no sooner hath begunne
To spread his light even peeping in our iyes,
When he is up and to his worke yrunne,
But let the nightes blacke mistye mantels rise,
And with sowle darke never so much disguyse
The faire bright day, yet ceaseth he no while,
But hath his candles to prolong his toyle.


By him lay heavy slepe, the cofin of death,
Flat on the ground, and stil as any stone,
A very corps, save yielding forth a breath.
Small kepe took he whom fortune frowned on,
Or whom she lifted up into the throne
Of high renowne, but as a living death
So dead alyve, of lyef he drew the breath.


The bodyes rest, the quyete of the hart,
The travaylers ease, the still nightes feer was he;
And of our Life in earth the better parte;
Rever of Sight, and yet in whom we see
Thinges oft that tide, and ofte that never bee:
Without respect esteming equally
Kyng Cresus pomp and Irus poverty.

In the Year 1573, Ralph Lever published a Book en­
titled The Art of Reason, &c. the following extract from
his Preface will shew the Style of this Writer.

“To prove, that the arte of reasoning may be taught in Englishe,
I reason thus: first, we Englishmen have wits, as well as men of other
nations have; whereby we conceyve what standeth with reason, and is
well doone, and what seemeth to be so, and is not.—For artes are like
to okes, which by little and little grow a long time, afore they come to
their full bigness. That one man beginneth, another oft times further­
eth and mendeth; and yet more praise to be given to the beginner,
then to the furtherer or mender, if the first did find more good things,
then the following did adde. Experience teacheth, that each thing,
which is enuented by man, hath a beginning, hath an increase, and
hath also in time a full ripeness. Now, although each worke is most
commendable, when it is brought to his full perfection, yet, where the
workmen are many, there is oftimes more praise to be given to him that
beginneth a good worke, then to him that endeth it. For if ye consider
the bookes, that are now printed, and compare them with the bookes,
that were printed at the first, Lord, what a diversity is there, and how
much do the last exceed the first! Yet if you will compare the first and
the last printer together, and seek whether deserveth more praise and
commendation, ye shall find that the first did farre exceede the last. For
the last had help of manye, and the first had help of none. So that the
first lighteth the candle of knowledge (as it were) and the second doth
but snuff it.








Soon after the celebrated Sir Philip Sidney wrote his
Arcadia; and as he is universally allowed to be one of
the finest writers of his Age, the following Specimens
will sufficiently shew the State of our Language at that
Period.

“It was in the time that the earth begins to put on her new apparel
against the approach of her lover, and that the sun running a most even
course, becomes an indifferent arbiter between the night and the day,
when the hopeless shepherd Strephon was come to the sands, which lie
against the island of Cithera; where viewing the place with a heavy kind
of delight, and sometimes casting his eyes to the isleward, he called his
friendly rival, the pastor Claius unto him; and setting first down in his
darkned countenance a dolesul copy of what he would speak, O my
Claius, said he, hither we are now come to pay the rent, for which we
are so called unto by over-busie remembrance, remembrance, restless re­
membrance, which claims not only this duty of us, but for it will have
us forget ourselves. I pray you, when we were amid our flock, and
that of other shepherds some were running after their sheep, strayed be­
yond their bounds; some delighting their eyes with seeing them nibble
upon the short and sweetgrass; some med＇cining their sick ewes; some
setting a bell for an ensign of a sheepish squadron; some with more
leisure inventing new games of exercising their bodies, and sporting their
wits; did remembrance grant us any holy-day, either for pastime or
devotion? nay, either for necessary food, or natural rest? but that still it
forced our thoughts to work upon this place, where we last (alas that the
word last should so long last) did grace our eyes upon her ever flourish­
ing beauty, did it not still cry within us? Ah you base minded wretches!
are your thoughts so deeply bemired in the trade of ordinary worldlings,
as for respect of gain some paltry wooll may yield you, to let so much
time pass without knowing perfectly her estate, especially in so trouble-
some a season? to leave that shore unsaluted from whence you may see
to the island where she dwelleth? to leave those steps unkissed wherein
Urania printed the farewel of all beauty? Well then, remembrance
commanded, we obeyed, and here we find, that as our remembrance
came ever cloathed unto us in the form of this place, so this place gives
new heat to the feaver of our languishing remembrance. Yonder, my
Claius, Urania lighted, the very horse (methought) bewailed to be so
disburdened: And as for thee, poor Claius, when thou went＇st to help
her down, I saw reverence and desire so divide thee, that thou didst at
one instant both blush and quake, and instead of bearing her, wert ready
to fall down thyself. There she sate, vouchsafing my cloak (then most
gorgeous) under her: At yonder rising of the ground she turned herself,
looking back towards her wonted abode, and because of her parting,
bearing much sorrow in her eyes, the lightsomness whereof had yet so
natural a cheerfulness, as it made even sorrow seem to smile at that turn­
ing she spake to us all, opening the cherry of her lips, and Lord how
greedily mine ears did feed upon the sweet words she uttered! And here
she laid her hand over thine eyes, when she saw the tears springing in
them, as if she would conceal them from other, and yet herself feel some
of the sorrow. But wo is me, yonder, yonder, did she put her foot into
the boat, at that instant, as it were dividing her heavenly beauty, be­
tween the earth and the sea. But when she was imbarked, did you not
mark how the winds whistled, and the seas danced for joy? how the
sails did swell with pride, and all because they had Urania? O Urania,
blessed be thou Urania, the sweetest fairness and fairest sweetness.

The following Lines are selected to shew the Style of
his Versification.

A Shepher＇s tale no height of style desires.
To raise in words what in effect is low:
A plaining song plain-singing voice requires
For warbling notes from chearing flow.
I then, whose burdned breast but thus aspires
Of Shepherds two the seely cause to show
Need not the stately muses help invoke,
For creeping rimes, which often sighings choke.
But you, o you, that think not tears too dear,
To spend for harms, although they touch you not:
And deign to deem your neighbour＇s mischief near,
Although they be of meaner parents got:
You I invite with easy ears to hear
The poor-clad truth of loves wrong-order＇d lot.
Who may be glad, be glad you be not such:
Who share in woe, weigh others have as much.
There was (o seldom blessed word of was!)
A pair of friends, or rather one call＇d two,
Fram＇d in the life which no short bitten grass
In shine or storm must set the clouted shoo:
He that the other in some years did pass,
And in those gifts that years distribute do,
Was Klaius called (ah Klaius, woful wight)
The later born, yet too soon Strephon height.
Epeirus high was honest Klaius nest,
To Strephon Æoles land first breathing lent:
But east and west were joyn＇d by friendships best.
As Strephon＇s ear and heart to Klaius bent,
So Klaius soul did in his Strephon rest.
Still both their flocks flocking together went,
As if they would of owners humour be,
As eke their pipes did well, as friends agree.

Thus have we traced the Engish Language from its
Origin to the Conclusion of the sixteenth Century, when it
was nearly the same as at present, except the Style, which
was harsh and uncouth. Sir Francis Bacon, who flourished
in the Beginning of the seventeeth Century, was the
first who wrote in a Style capable of pleasing the present
Age. Milton, Algernoon Sydney, Lord Clarendon, and
others succeeded and greatly improved the Style of
Sir Francis. But it is to Dryden, Addison, Bolingbroke,
Swift, Pope, and other Writers of this Age, that we are
indebted for the present Perfection of our Language,
which is now arrived at a Degree of Eloquence and Pro­
priety unknown to our Ancestors.










A
Compendious GRAMMAR
OF THE
ENGLISH TONGUE.
GRAMMAR is the Art of speaking and writing a Lan­
guage clearly, correctly, and with Propriety.
This Art was studied with much greater Attention by
the Greeks and Romans than with us, among whom it
is almost generally neglected. But surely if the Know­
ledge of Language be valuable, the Art which renders our Access to
that Knowledge easy, merits some Esteem. And can any thing be
more excellent than that which forms the most essential Bond of hu­
man Society, being the only Means whereby we reciprocally com­
municate our Sentiments to each other? Quintilian had a very exalted
Idea of Grammar, for, he says, it is necessary to Youth, agreeable
to Age, a delightful Employment in Retirement, and of all Studies, is
the only one that is attended with more Utility than it promises*Neccessario pueris, jucunda senibus, dulcis secretorum comes, & quæ vel sola omni studiorum genere plus habet operis quam ostentationis. Quint. Lib. IV. cap. 4..
Grammar is generally divided into four Parts; Orthography, Etymo­
logy, Syntax, and Prosody.
Orthography teaches the Forms of Letters, and the Doctrine of Sylla­
bication, or the Power and Sound of Letters, as combined into Sylla­
bles, and these again into Words, in order to constitute a Sentence, of
which any Treatise or Discourse, either written or spoken, is collectively
composed: this part of Grammar, in a more extensive sense, compre­
hends also the proper use of Points, or Punctuation.
But, strictly speaking, orthography is the art of writing truly, or it is
that part of grammar which teaches how to write down every word
with the letters proper to represent it. Whereas when it refers to the
art of true speaking and giving rules for the due pronunciation of letters,
it is called orthoepy.
A letter is a particular Mark or Character of one simple Sound.
The English alphabet consists of twenty-six Letters, tho＇ it is com­
monly said to consist only of twenty-four, because i and j, as well as u
and v were anciently expressed by the same Character. But as these
letters were always of different Powers, and have now different Forms,
the number first mentioned may very justy take Place.
The English Alphabet is as follows:


 Roman 
 English 
 Italic 
 English 
 Pronounced 


 Cap. and Small. 
 Cap. and Small. 
 Cap. and Small. 
  


 A 
 a 
 A 
 a 
 A 
 a 
 a or aa 


 B 
 b 
 B 
 b 
 B 
 b 
 be 


 C 
 c 
 C 
 c 
 C 
 c 
 see 


 D 
 d 
 D 
 d 
 D 
 d 
 dee 


 E 
 e 
 E 
 e 
 E 
 e 
 ee 


 F 
 f 
 F 
 f 
 F 
 f 
 eff 


 G 
 g 
 G 
 g 
 G 
 g 
 jee 


 H 
 h 
 H 
 h 
 H 
 h 
 aitch 


 I 
 i 
 I 
 i 
 I 
 i 
 i, as eye 


 J 
 j 
 J 
 j 
 [c] 
 j cons. ja or jod i 


 K 
 k 
 K 
 k 
 K 
 k 
 ka 


 L 
 l 
 L 
 l 
 L 
 l 
 el 


 M 
 m 
 M 
 m 
 M 
 m 
 em 


 N 
 n 
 N 
 n 
 N 
 n 
 en 


 O 
 o 
 O 
 o 
 O 
 o 
 o 


 P 
 p 
 P 
 p 
 P 
 p 
 pee 


 Q 
 q 
 Q 
 q 
 Q 
 q 
 cue 


 R 
 r 
 R 
 r 
 R 
 r 
 ar 


 S 
 s 
 S 
 s s 
 S 
 s s 
 ess 


 T 
 t 
 T 
 t 
 T 
 t 
 tee 


 U 
 u 
 U 
 u 
 U 
 u 
 u, as yew 


 V 
 v 
 V 
 v 
 [c] 
 va, v cons. or ve 


 W 
 w 
 W 
 w 
 W 
 w 
 double u 


 X 
 x 
 X 
 x 
 X 
 x 
 ex 


 Y 
 y 
 Y 
 y 
 Y 
 y 
 wy 


 Z 
 z 
 Z 
 z 
 Z 
 z 
 zed, commonly iz-
 zat, izzard, uz-
 zard, or s hard. 


There are several combinations of letters used by printers, and thence
adopted in writing, as ct, st, fl, sl, sb, sk, ff, ss, si, ssi, fi, ffi, ffl, toge­
ther with & for and.
But of all the small consonants in our alphabet, the only double form
is s, s; the former s being commonly used in the beginning and middle
of words, and also in the above-mention＇d combinations; and the latter
s only at their terminations.
The letters are divided into vowels and consonants. A vowel is a letter
which makes a complete sound of itself, without the help or assistance of
any other letter: Of these the number is generally five; as, a, e, i, o, u;
tho＇ some by adding y make six vowels; but it should be remembered
that i and y have the same power when vowels, tho＇ they are represented
in a different form: It is usual to put y instead of i at the end of words;
as, shy, sly, buy, fly, mortify, destiny; and likewise before i, as in dying
from die, plying from ply; and in some other words, as plays, slays, fays,
eyes; but in most of the examples the y is retained, and only a variation
happens in the inflection. In words derived from the Greek, and writ­
ten in that language with v (upsilon) we always use y in English, as
syncrasy from σύνκρασις, dynasty from δυναστία, symptomatical from συμπ­
τοματικος. Some will have y, when coming before a vowel, to be a
consonant; as in yet and yes, and when following a consonant to become
a vowel, as thy, my, glorify.
Instead of u is frequently put w after a vowel, in order to form a dip­
thong or syllable consisting of two vowels, as slew, low, drew, and a
tripthong or syllable of three, as view.
A consonant is a letter that cannot be sounded of itself without the help
a vowel either before or after it. Of consonants, which are twenty in
number, the four following are called liquid, l, m, n, r; and the other
sixteen mute, of which j, x, and z, are called double mute consonants.
A syllable, or sound pronounced in one breath, is composed of one or
more letters; if it consist of one only, that letter is always a vowel; and
the number of letters in a syllable never exceed seven or eight, as in
breadth, strength, &c. When a word consists of one syllable only, it is
called a monosyllable; if it has two, a dissyllable; if three, a trissyllable;
and if more, a polysyllable.
All the vowels, when they end a syllable, are generally long, but
otherwise short. Y and w, when they are vowels, do not differ in
sound from i and u, and in many instances they are promiscuously used.
But before we proceed farther, it will be necessary to consider the dif­
ferent sounds of the vowels.
A is commonly reckoned to have three sounds, namely, the slender,
open and broad, and these are either short or long.
The slender or small sound is that properly belonging to the English
language, being a middle sound between the open a and the e, as in
lad, fat, gad, sad, mane, face, and in the words ending in ation. There
is a similar sound in the French word pais and their e masculine.
A open is nearly the same with the a of the Italians, as in rather,
glass, contaminate, pansy, Nansy.
A broad or full resembles the German a, and is prouounced like aa
in all the northern languages. It has in English this sound before ll in
the end of a word, as pall, stall, all, ball, fall, and in the words de­
rived from, or compounded of these, as almighty, falling. But in shall
the sound is open.
This broad sound of a is retained from the ancient way of spelling it
with au, as sault, mault, taulk for salt, malt, talk; and this method we
still follow in fault, baulk, paultry, and some other words. The Saxon
sound of a was probably the same with that still used among the rusties
in the provinces, particularly in the North, as maun, caun, haund, for
man, can, hand.
The a is either short, approaching to the open a, as in grass, lass; or
long; which, when prolonged by e final, is always slender, as name,
blame, blaze, phrase, graze.
E most frequently occurs in the English language, and is either long,
having an acute and clear sound, and is produced by e final; as in
thēme, scēne, revēre, hēre, thēre, as if written with a double e; it is the
same when preceded by i, as chief, reprieve; or short, as tĕller, macĕ­
rate, dĕn, pĕn, whĕn. It is always short before a double consonant or







two consonants, as spĕnt, contĕnt, sĕrpĕnt, smĕll, smĕlling, bĕzoar, ĕxtĕr­
minate.
E is mute in the ends of words, as in make, hate, state, except 1. In
the article the, and in he, she, be, me, we, or in proper names derived
from the learned languages, as Thisbe, Xantippe, Penelope. 2. It is used
to preserve the quantity of the foregoing vowel, or to soften or modify
the preceding consonants c, g, or th; as in dunce, ledge, mortgage,
breathe; or else to lengthen the foregoing vowel, as stag, stāge, ban,
bāne, rag, rāge, hug, hūge. But not always, as in lŏve, prŏve, lĭve,
dŏve, or to distinguish v consonant from u vowel, as have for hau. At
the end of a word it has a silent e added, as devotee; or a, as tea; or y,
as Marshalsey. E is obscure in oxen, circle, holden, sire, open, lucre. E
in the active participles before ing is left out; thus for leave-ing we write
leaving. But sometimes, to avoid confusion, the e might be retain 
as from the verb singe write singe-eth, singeing to distinging them from
singeth and singing.
The silent e in the singular is often sounded in the plural, as page, pages,
and the third person singular of verbs, as I rage, he rages. Yet in other
nouns and verbs the syllable is not increased, as hide makes hides, and
I hide, he hides.
Most words now ending in consonants had anciently an e, as head,
was formerly written heade, pear, peare, holiness, holinesse, having pro­
bably the force of the French e feminine, and forming a distinct sylla­
ble with its preceding consonant, as appears from old books, where
falle is divided fal-le, dear, dea-re, strength, streng-the: And perhaps in
poetry this e was pronounced or quiescent, as conveniency of quantity
or rhime required.
I is either long or short. The long is pronounced like the Greek ι or
ει, as in confīne, shīne, līne: it being always marked in monosyllables by
the e final, as gĭb, gībe, strĭp, strīpe, trĭp, trīpe. There is also a mixed
sound of i, like ee, as in oblige. And if at any time the sound of the
short i is to be lengthened, it is not always written with i, but com­
monly with ee, as feel, peel, seen, sometimes with ie, as shield, field.
I before r has sometimes the sound of the short u, as first, bird, squirt,
shirt, flirt. No English word ends in i, but either e is added, as noisie,
greasie, which was the old way of writing, but now y is commonly used,
and the words written noisy, greasy.
It is particularly remarkable that the short sound of i is not the long
one contracted, but a sound entirely different.
O has both a long and short sound: it is long in stōne, lōne, condōling,
and short in stŏck, dŏll, cŏndense, ŏblong. Sometimes the short sound of
o is expressed the same as au or aw, and a long, as in folly, fond, where
its sound is the same with a in fall and aw in fawn, only the last is
long and the former short; and sometimes it has the sound of a close or
obscure u, as come, done, son, love; and women is pronounced wimen.
Few English words end in o, except do, go, lo, no, so, to, too, two,
unto, into, the sound of o at the end of words being generally expressed
by ow, except in toe, foe, doe, roe.
U is either short, being pronounced with an obscure sound, as ŭs, rŭb,
bŭt, cŭrst, gŭn, decŭssation, or long by the addition of e final, and pro­
nounced like the French u, with a small or slender sound, as muse, cure,
lute, mute. It is mostly long in words of several syllables, as cūrious,
ūnion, secūrity: But in some it is obscure, as in venture, nature, adven­
ture: And its sound is rather acute than long, in brute, flute, and it is
quiescent in guard, guinea, &c.
No English words end with u, except thou, you, the sound of u being
commonly expressed by ue or ew, as ague, true, new, few, nephew,
&c. U is followed by e in virtue, but the e is quiescent.
Ue at the end of words, in imitation of the French, is sometimes mute,
as rogue, harrangue.
Y supplies the place of i, particularly at the end of words, as dy; be­
fore i, as lying, and in derivatives, where it was part of a dipthong in
the primitive, as slay, slayer, play, plays. Before a vowel y is a conso­
nant, as yet, yes; but when it follows a consonant it is a vowel, as fly,
my, chy.
In general it is to be observed, that all single vowels are short, where
only a single consonant comes after them in the same syllable, as fat,
set, sit, sot, put; and they have a long sound when e is added at the end
of a word after a single consonant, as pate, since, hence, note, cure.
A vowel in the beginning or middle of polysyllables before two conso­
nants, is short, as ŏppŏrtunity, cŏnfŏrmity.

Of the DIPTHONGS or DOUBLE VOWELS.
A dipthong is the union or coalition of two vowels into one and the
same syllable; and these are commonly divided into proper and impro­
per: The proper (so called from both the vowels being sounded in them)
are ai or ay, au or aw, ee, oi or oy, ou or ow. But when a proper
dipthong loses its natural sound and changes to any other simple sound
of some one single vowel, it becomes an improper dipthong: Except
where ou sounds like oo, as in could, should, would: For oo is likewise a
proper dipthong.
The improper dipthongs are ea, eo, ou, ie, oa, ui, and oe. In these
the sound of only one of the vowels is heard, and in most of them that of
the first vowel. Tho＇ it is very likely that both the vowels were for­
merly pronounced.
Ai or ay, as in plain, wain, day, is sounded only like the long and
slender a, not differing in the pronunciation from plane, wane.
Ai is written in the beginning and middle of words, but ay always at
the end, except in aye.
Au or aw has the sound of a broad or a German, that of w being at
present quite suppressed, as all is pronounced aul, awl; call, caul, cawl;
aw always ends a word, but au not.
Ac found in Latin words not quite naturalized, being no English dip­
thong, is written with a single e, as Cæsar, Cesar; Æneas, Eneas.
Ea is pronounced like e long, as near, or ee, as dear: thus met and
meat, set and seat, &c. have no difference in sound, only the vowel in
the former is short, and the latter is long.
Ee or ie are sounded like e long or i slender, as receive, friend, grieve,
sleep, agree.
Eu or ow sounds like u long and soft, or like ai or a long in reign,
seign, eight. Eau in beauty and its derivatives have only the sound
of u.
Eo in yeoman is sounded like e short, and in people like ee.
Ie is sounded as ee, as shield, except friend, which is pronounced
srĕnd.
Ieu and iew in lieu and view are sounded as the open u.
Oa is sounded like o long, as in boat, groan, goat.
Oe in the beginning of words, derived from the Greek, not being an
English dipthong and sounding like e long, might be neglected, as oeco­
nomy, and instead of it economy used. But oe at the end of words of an
English original being a kind of improper dipthong, as in toe, foe, woe,
the e is silent, and the o made long.
Oo has its natural sound, as in good, stood, like long o in door, floor,
but like long u in flood, blood.
Oi or oy are expressed by the open and clear o, but short, and y, as in
noise, boys, and like i long in join, anoint. Oi is used in the beginning
and middle of words, oy at the end. Oi in oil, toil, noisome, &c. uni­
ting the sounds of the two letters as far as can be without destroying
them, approaches the nearest of any coalition in our language to the
proper notion of a dipthong.
Ou or ow has the sound of the Italian u, as our, power; the sound of
o long, as in soul, bowl. These different sounds are used to distinguish
different Significations, as bow, an instrument to shoot with; bow, a
bending of the head; sow, to scatter seed on the ground, and sow, a
female hog. Ou is sounded like o soft in court, like o short in cough,
like u close in could or u open in rough, tough. Ou is used in the last
syllable of words in Latin ending in or, and in French in eur, as honor,
honeur, honour, the our being necessarily to be retained, as neither the or
nor ur gives the sound, it being a composition of both.


Of CONSONANTS.
There is no great Difficulty in pronouncing the Consonants, they hav­
ing the same Sound with us, for the most Part, as among other Na­
tions.
Consonants are divided into Mutes and Simi-vowels, or Half-Vowels,
four of the latter Division being called Liquids.
A Mute is a Letter which makes no Sound without a Vowel added to
it; and these are, b, c, d, g, p, q, t, z.
A Semi-Vowel is a Letter which makes an imperfect Sound without
some Vowel added, as f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x.
A Liquid is a Letter, Part of whose Sound is lost in another Conso­
nant joined with it; and these are l, m, n, r.
B has one unvariable sound.
It is mute in debt, debtor, climb, womb, dumb, lamb: And is used
before l and r, as blind, bridge.
C, before e, i, and y, or before (＇) an Apostrophe, denoting the
Absence of e, has the soft Sound of s, as civil, celebrate, cypher, grac＇d
for graced. When before a, o, u, l, or r, its sound is hard like k, as
cawl, college, cully, clean, cram.
If c has any where a softer sound, as in the End of a Syllable or be­
fore a Consonant, or the Vowels a, o, u, the silent e is added to render
the Sound softer, as prance, advancement, forceable.
C might very well be omitted, as one of its Sounds might be supplied
by s, and the other by k, but the Etymology of Words could not be so
well preserved; as place from the French, clement from the Latin. In
Words ending with ck, as stick, block, which were anciently written
sticke, blocke, the c is quiescent.
Ch is sounded like tsh, as church, chin, chub; in words derived from
the Greek or other Languages, like k, as chemist, Malachi, Archesilaus;
arch is sounded ark before a vowel, as archangel, and with the usual
sound when before a consonant, as archdeacon. In some Words derived
from the French, like sh, as chaise, machine, chagrin, chevalier, chi­
canery.
D has an unvaried sound, as in diamond, dy, did; and it is used be­
fore r, as drain, drub, drum; and before w, as dwell.
F, tho＇ reckoned among the semi-vowels has the quality of a mute
that it may be conveniently sounded before a liquid, as fiam, frame; it
has an uniform sound, except in of it is sometimes pronounced nearly
as ov.
G has a hard sound, as in go, gum, gull; and a soft sound, as in gem,
giant. At the end of a word it is always hard, as fling, sting, cling,
sing, song; and before i, as give, except in giant, gigantic, gibe, gin,
ginger, and some others. Before e and i the sound is generally uncertain;
before e it is soft, as gem, genealogy, generation, except gear, geese, gew­
gaw, get, gold, and the derivatives from words ending in g, as flinging,
singing, stronger; and generally before er at the end of words, as finger,
clinger. It is mute before n, as foreign, sign, design, gnash. G is used
before h, l, r, as plough, gleam, grand. Gh, beginning a word, has the
sound of hard g, as ghost, ghostly; in the middle, and sometimes at the
end it is quiescent, as though, through, height, dight, sought, fought,
pronounced as tho, thro, heit, dite, soute, foute. At the end it has
often the sound of f, as laugh, whence laughter has the same sound,
cough, slough, tough, enough. Gh was no doubt in the original pronun­
ciation a consonant deeply guttural, a sound still used among the Scots,
and in the northern dialects.
H, is a note of aspiration which shows that the following vowel is to
be strongly pronounced, as hand, ham, hung, head.
It seldom begins any but the first syllable, and is always sounded with
a full emission of the breath, except in hostler, honest, humble, heir, herb,
honour, and their derivaties. It is sometimes at the end of words, but
most quiescent, as though, length.
J, consonant, has an uniform sound like the soft g, and therefore is
a letter which might very well be spared, were it not for etymology,
as jejune, joeund ejaculation, joy, &c.
K, has the sound of hard c, and is used before e and i, where, ac­
cording to the analogy of the English, c would be soft, as ken, skirt, keep,
skeptic, and not sceptick. It is used before n, but entirely quiescent, as
knob, knell, knot. K is never doubled, but c is used before it to shorten
the vowel by a double consouant, as knŏck, sĭckle, prĭckle.
L, has the same sound as in other languages. It is customary to
double the l at the end of monosyllables only, as fill, full, dull, will,
which words having been originally written with an e at the end, as
soon as that grew quiescent and was afterwards omitted, the double l
was kept to give force to the preceding vowel; in words of more syl­
lables than one there is commonly used but a single l at the end, as devil,
evil, civil. L is sometimes quiescent, as in calf, calves, half, halves,
should, would, could, psalm, talk, falcon, salmon, palm. It is placed
after most of the consonants in the beginning of words and syllables, as
black, glance, gloom, glare, able, addle, eagle; but before none. Its
sound is clear in Abel, repel, compel; but obscure in words ending in le,







being pronounced like a weak el, the e being almost mute, as puddle, ap­
ple. The Saxons sometimes put the aspiration h before the l, as hlaf,
bread or loaf.
M, has always the same sound, as money, men, megrim, mangy; it
suffers no consonants after it in the beginning of words or syllables, un­
less in some of Greek original, as amnesty, mnemosyne, nor after any ex­
cept in the like case. The sound of n after it is not heard in autumn,
solemn.
N, has an uniform sound, as name, men, manger. It has no con­
sonant immediately after in the beginning of words and syllables, nor
any before it but g, k, and s, as gnaw, knowledge, snake. It is some­
times quiescent after m, and were it not for etymology might be omitted
in condemn, hymn, solemn.
P, has always the same uniform sound, confounded by the Welsh
and Germans with B. It is not sounded in psalm, ptolomy, pseudo, pro­
phet, psychology, ptisan, and between m and t, as tempt, contempt.
Ph is used for f in words of Greek original, as phlebotomy, philosopher,
Philander.
Q, as in other languages, is always followed by u, which the Saxons
very well expressed by cw (cw) as quash, queen, quench, quote, jonquil.
It never ends any English words.
Qu, in words derived from the French, is sounded like k, as risque,
conquer, liquor, and is never followed by u.
R has the same rough sound as in other tongues. Sometimes in
Saxon the h used to be put before it at the beginning of words. It is
aspirated by writing h after it in Greek words to answer their ρ, as in
rhapsody, rhyme, rhetorick, rheum, myrrh.
Re, at the end of some words derived from the Latin or French is
pronounced like a weak er, as sceptre, theatre, lustre.
S, has a hissing sound, as concussion, steed, symbol; but is somewhat
variable, having at the end of words a grosser sound, like that of z, as
tres, seas, bees, flies; a strong sound in yes, this, us, thus; like z before
ion, if a vowel goes before it, as invasion, delusion; and like s if it fol­
lows a consonant, as diversion. It sounds like z before e final and mute,
as concise, and before y final, as drowsy; also in wisdom, desire, prison,
present, casement, damsel.
A word seldom ends in a single s except the third person singular of
verbs, as plows, sows, and the plural of nouns, as places, tresses, caresses;
the pronouns this, his, ours, yours, us, the adverb thus; the end being
always in se, as purse; or ss, as glass, pass, lass, bess, which had an­
ciently an e final.
S may be sounded before all consonants excepting x and z, in which
it is virtually contained, the former being only ks, and the latter st, or a
hard s. And thus it holds in all languages, as well as in the English.
S is not sounded in viscount, isle, island, demesne.
T, has its proper sound in most words beginning and ending with it,
as ten, hot; when it comes before i followed by another vowel it is
sounded like s, as in nation, expatiate, contemplation, except s precedes
it, as in question, and likewise in derivatives from words ending in y as
pithy, pithier, mighty, mightier.
Th has nearly the soft sound of d, in thus, whether, then, thence, and
there, with their compounds and derivatives, as that, these, thou, thee,
thy, thine, their, this, them, though, and in all words where th comes
between vowels, as rather, gather, and between r and a vowel, as
murther, burthen. Th has a hard sound nearly approaching to that of
T, as in think, thick, thunder, faith, faithful. To soften it at the end
of a word a silent e is added, as cloath, cloathe, breath, breathe.
V, is nearly similar with f with regard to sound, as in veer, vile, vile­
ness. These two letters in the Islandic alphabet, being only distinguish＇d
by a dot or diacritical point over v.
That f and v have a near affinity appears pretty probable, because
calf in the singular easily passes into calves in the plural, knife into
knives, wife into wives, wolf into wolves. F is placed before all
vowels but no consonants, as value, vengeance, virtue, vote, vulture,
vye.
W, which in dipthongs is often an undoubted vowel, is a consonant,
as appears from its following a vowel without any hiatus, or difficulty
of utterance, as holy word, wily world. Wh. in English, has a pecular
sound, which in Saxon was better expressed by hw, as why, what,
whale, when, whiting. In whose and wholsome it is sounded like a
simple h.
It stands before all vowels except u, and is sounded at the end of
words like u; it precedes r in wrath, and follows s in swear, as also th
in thwart.
X begins no word in English, and few of those derived from the
learned languages, as Xantippe; it has the sound of ks, as axle, excom­
municate.
Y, when following a consonant is a vowel, as forty; when it pre­
cedes a vowel or dipthong it is a consonant, as ye, young, youth.
It may be observed of y, as has been already of w, that it follows a
vowel without any hiatus, as stringy yarn, chilly year.
Z begins no English word, it sounds as its name, izzard, or s hard,
imports, like an s utter＇d with a close compression of the palate by the
tongue, as puzzle, freeze, guzzle.


Of SPELLING, or the DIVISION of SYLLABLES.
Spelling is the dividing of words into convenient parts, in order to
shew their true pronunciation either in reading or writing.
The chief rules for spelling aright are, 1. To put as many letters to
one syllable as make a distinct sound of the word you would pronounce.
2. When a consonant is betwixt two vowels it should be joined to the
latter, except before x, which is always joined to the preceding vowel.
3. When two consonants of the same kind come together in the middle
of a word, to put one of them to the former and the other to the latter
syllable. 4. When two vowels come together in the middle of a word
and both are distinctly pronounced, they must be divided into distinct
syllables.
As to the writing of words, it is to be observed, 1. That capital or
large letters are only used in the beginning of words. 2. At the be­
ginning of any writing, after a period or full stop, when a new sentence
begins, and at the beginning of every verse in poetry, or in the Bible.
3. At the beginning of all proper names; as of men, women, coun­
tries, cities, rivers, and the like. 4. At the beginning of any word of
special note, as God, King, &c. And lastly, the personal pronoun I
must always be a capital letter.
The marks more strictly relating to orthography or the right writing
of words, are a hyphen (-) which serves to denote either the parting of
syllables, or to shew that two words are compounded or joined into one,
as house-breaker.
The next is an apostrophe (＇) when one or more letters are left out
for the quicker pronunciation, as I＇ll for I will.
A caret, or mark of induction (^) is used when a letter, syllable or
word happens to be left out, in order to shew where it is to come in.
An asterism (*) directs to some remark in the Margin or at the bot­
tom of the page, and on occasion it is used to denote that something is
wanting.
An index (☞) shows the passage to which it points to be very re­
markable.
An obelisk (†) is used on the like occasion as the index.
A section (§) denotes the subdivision of a chapter into lesser parts.
A paragraph (¶) denotes what is contained in a sentence or period.
A quotation (“) or (＇) double comma＇s or a single one reversed at
the beginning of a line denotes that passage to be quoted or transcribed
from some author in his own words.
The chief points, pauses or stops in a sentence for distinguishing the
sense, are a comma (,) a semicolon (;) a colon (:) and a period or full
stop (.) A parenthesis, or mark for the distinction of such an additional
part of a sentence as is not necessary to perfect the sense, marked thus ().
A parathesis is for distinction of such words as are added by way of ex­
plication, they are also often put betwixt brackets marked thus []. A
point of interrogation or erotesis denotes a question put, and is marked
thus (?). A point of admiration or ecphonesis is marked in this man­
ner (!). An emphasis shows wherein the force of the sense more pecu­
liarly consists, and was formerly expressed in Italicks or different cha­
racters.
Several abbreviations, or words made short, are used for expeditious
writing, after which a point (.) is always to be written. But these con­
tractions had better not be too much used, in order to prevent confusion.
To denote the diversity of our thoughts in any language, several
sorts of words are required, and these are reckoned eight, which by
the grammarians are called the eight parts of speech, namely, noun, pro­
noun, verb, participle, adverb, conjunction, preposition, interjection.
But we must first treat of these little words called articles, which in the
English language are certain kinds of limitations prefixed to nouns,
and these are two, viz. an or a, and the.
An is the original article, being the Saxon an or æn, one, and the
same as ein in the German and un in the French; an being used before
a vowel, and the n cut off when it comes before a consonant.
An, before the silent h, is still used, as an honest lad, an herb; but
otherwise a, as a horse, a holy man.
An, and a, have an indefinite sense, signifying one with regard to
more; as, this is a good horse, that is to say, one among the horses
that are good; he was destroyed by a lion, that is, some lion; the
country might be overrun and ravaged by an army, that is, any army.
Where a and an are used in the singular, there is no article in the
plural, as these are good horses.
The, has a definite and particular signification. As, he giveth food
to the hungry, and cloathing to the naked; that is, to those beings that
are hungry, and for their use that are naked.
The is used both in the singular and plural, as the star, the stars.
Yet proper names are used without any articles, as Robert, London,
James. Likewise names in the abstract, as darkness, love, hatred. And
lastly, words in which the mere existence of any thing is implied; as,
this is not wine, but brandy.


Of NOUNS.
Nouns are either substantives or adjectives.
A substantive is the name of the thing itself, as man, horse, house, dog,
book, &c.
An adjective is a word expressing the particular qualities or properties
of that thing, as good, bad, prudent, silly, great, small, &c.
Thus to find which are substantives and which are adjectives, if I say,
I see a man, a horse, or a house, the sense is full and intelligible; but if
I say, I see a good, a bad, or a prudent, we do not understand the mean­
ing; so that a substantive must be put to every adjective, without which
it cannot make sense; as, I see a good man, a bad man, or a prudent
man.
Nouns substantive are divided into proper and common. A proper
substantive is a word which belongs to some individual, or particular
person or thing of that kind, as John, Mary, Great-Britain, Thames,
Bedfordshire, Lebanon, Bucephalus, Triton, Ship, &c. A substantive
common, is a word which belongs to all of that kind, as man, horse,
cow, dog, kingdom, river, mountain.
The nouns in the English language are not expressed by any inflexion
of cases or terminations, but, as in most European languages, by pre­
positions, unless our nouns may be said to have a genitive case.

Singular Number.
Nom. Dominus, a Lord, the Lord.
Gen. Domini, of a Lord, of the Lord; a Lord＇s or the Lord＇s.
Dat. Domino, to a Lord, to the Lord.
Acc. Dominum, a Lord, the Lord.
Voc. Domine, Lord, O Lord.
Abl. Domino, from, with, or by a Lord, with or by the Lord.


Plural Number.
Nom. Domini, Lords, the Lords.
Gen. Dominorum, of Lords, of the Lords.
Dat. Dominis, to Lords, to the Lords.
Acc. Dominos, Lords, the Lords.
Voc. Domini, Lords, O Lords.
Abl. Dominis, from, with, or by Lords; from, with, or by the
Lords.
So that our English nouns are only declined


 Singular, 
 Plural, 


 Lord, gen. Lord＇s 
 Lords, gen. Lords 


 Servant, gen. Servant＇s 
 Servants, gen. Servants. 


These genitives are now commonly written with an elision, as lord＇s,
servant＇s, as if a contraction of his, her＇s, or its. But this will not solve all







the difficulty; for that elisive method is not only used in nouns of the
masculine gender (for which it might answer very well, as being ＇s
contracted from his) but it is put to feminine nouns, as Mary＇s love;
and collective nonus, as the people＇s rage, the army＇s courage: and we
also say, the river＇s rapidity, the sun＇s warmth, and the night＇s damp;
in which last instances indeed his may very well be understood, he and his
having formerly been used in neuters where it and its are now applied.
Yet the true reason for this termination of nouns in the forming of the
genitives and plurals, seems to be borrowed from our old writers, for in
both Chaucer and Spenser we meet with it; as, in the former, Godd＇is
for God＇s, knit＇is for knights, and lippis for lips; and in the latter, leavis
for leaves: and this is apparently taken from some of the Saxon declen­
sions, as in smið, a smith; gen. smiðes, of a smith; plur. smiðes,
or smiðas, smiths.
Numbers are divided into the singular and plural: the singular is used
when we speak but of one person or thing, as a man, a woman, a house,
the body, the hand: and the plural when of more than one, as men,
streets, houses, bodies, hands.
The plural is commonly made by adding s to the singular; as, head,
heads; hand, hands; body, bodies; or es where s could not otherwise be
sounded, as in words ending in ch, sh, ss, x; as, church, churches;
bush, bushes; glass, glasses; box, boxes. So that the genitive singular and
plural are alike.
It should be observed, that when the plural is made by putting s to
the singular, they have both the same number of syllables, as toy, mother,
and toys, mothers. But if the singular ends in se, ze, ce, or ge soft, the
plural makes another syllable, as horse, lozenge furze; horses, lozenges
furzes. A few words make the plural in n, as oxen, men, women; and
anciently eyen and shoen, for eyes and shoes, and swine contracted from
sowen.
Words ending in f and fe make the plural by changing it into ves,
as calf, calves; wife, wives; except hoof, roof, grief, handkerchief,
&c. and generally words ending in ff, which make the plural by adding
s. Nouns ending in y change it into ies in the plural.
Irregular plurals, are dice, lice, mice, geese, feet, teeth, pence, from
die, louse, mouse, goose, foot, tooth, and penny; and brethren and children,
from brother and child; tho＇ we also say brothers.
Plurals that end in s have no genitive, but we say womens foibles, and
mens wits. Some words are used alike in both numbers, as sheep,
horse, foot, &c. and some words have no singular, as bellows, scissars,
thanks, tongs; and some again have no plural, as proper names, those
of most herbs, and of several sorts of corn, except bean and pea, which
make beans and pease: so bread, wine, beer, ale, honey, milk, and
butter, want the plural; and some of these, when they signify several
sorts, are used in the plural, as wines, oils, &c.
In English, to express gender or distinction of sexes, it is done by
different words, as king, queen, lad, lass, by adding an adjective to the
word, as a male-child, a female-child; by adding another substantive to
the word, as man-servant, maid-servant: and sometimes the female sex
is distinguished from the male by the termination ess, as actor, actress;
lion, lioness: and two words in ix, as administratrix, executrix.
When we speak of the male sex we use he, when of the female she;
but when we speak of a thing that is neither of the male nor female
sex, it.



Of ADJECTIVES.
An adjective, or a word expressing some particular qualities of any
thing, is in the English language, indeclinable, having neither case,
gender, nor number and added to substantives in all relations without
any variation, as a fine day, fine days, &c.


The Comparison of ADJECTIVES.
There are three degrees of comparison, viz. 1. The positive, de­
noting a thing to be simply such, as soft wool. 2. The comparative,
which signifies that a thing is more so and so than another, as softer or
more soft wool; and 3. The superlative, denoting the thing to be most
so, as the softest or most soft wool.
The comparative degree is formed generally by adding er to the
positive, and the superlative by adding est, as fair, fairer, fairest.
Some words are irregularly compared, as good, better, best; bad
worse, worst, &c. Some comparatives form a superlative by adding
most, as upper, uppermost; former, formost: and most is sometimes added
to a substantive, as northmost, topmost. Many adjectives are only com­
pared by more and most, as virtuous, more virtuous, most virtuous. And
all adjectives that have regular comparatives and superlatives may also
be compared by more and most, as fine, finer, or more fine; finest, or
most fine: yet in these the comparative more is oftener used, than the
superlative most.
Monosyllables are commonly compared: polysyllables are seldom
otherwise compared than by more and most, as miserable, more miserable,
most miserable.
But adjectives, derived from the Latin, and ending in ain, ive, cal,
al, en, ly, less, ry, able, ing, ish, est, ous, ant, ent, ible, ed, id, ful,
dy, fy, ky, my, ny, py, ry, form or make the comparative by more and
the superlative by most: except able and handsome, which are also regu­
larly compared.
Some adjectives cannot be compared, as not admitting of any in­
crease in their signification; as such, all, one. These want the compa­
rative degree, middle, middlemost, very, veryest. Some comparatives and
superlatives are formed from prepositions; from fore comes former, fore­
most, and first, as if for＇st; from neath (obsolete) neather, neathermost;
from hind, hinder, hindermost; from late, later, latter, latest; from
moe, anciently used, more, most, as if mo＇r, mo＇st.
It should, however, be observed, that some comparatives and super­
latives are sound formed in good writers, particularly Milton, without
any regard to the preceding rules.
The termination ish, may in some measure be accounted a degree of
comparison, as denoting some diminution of the signification below the
positive, as white, whitish, and is seldom added but to words expressing
sensible qualities, and seldom to words of above one syllable; nor is it
hardly ever used in the solemn or sublime style.


Of PRONOUNS.
A pronoun is a word put or used for a noun substantive.
The English pronouns are, I, thou, he, with their plurals we, ye,
they, it, who, which, what, whether, whosoever, whatsoever, my,
mine, our, ours, thy, thine, your, yours, his, her, hers, their, theirs,
this, that, other, another, the same.
And these are personal, possessive, relative, demonstrative, and inter­
rogative.
Personal pronouns, so called as comprising all the heads of our dis­
course, are of the first person, and thus irregularly inflected.


 Sing. 
 Plur. 


 Nomin. 
 I 
 We. 


 Accus. and
 other ob-
 lique cases, } 
 Me 
 Us. 



Of the second person

 Sing. 
 Plur. 


 Nomin. 
 Thou 
 Ye. 


 Oblique cases, 
 Thee 
 You. 


You is generally in modern writers and in the language of ceremony
used for ye, where the second person plural is used for the second person sin­
gular; as, you are my father: your and yours for thy and thine. When
we speak emphatically or solemnly we use thou.

Of the third person.

 Sing. 
 Plur. 


 Nomin. 
 He 
 They } 
 applied to masculines. 


 Oblique cases, 
 Him 
 Them 


 Nomin. 
 She 
 They } 
 to feminines. 


 Oblique cases 
 Her 
 Them 


 Nomin. 
 It 
 They } 
 to neuters or things. 


 Oblique cases, 
 Its 
 Them 


Anciently for it was used he, and for its, his.
The possessive pronouns of the first person are, my, mine, our, ours; of
the 2d. thy, thine, you, yours; of the 3d. from he, his; from she, her,
and hers; and in the plural, their, theirs, for both sexes.
Our, ours, yours, hers, theirs, are used when the substantive preceding
is separated by a verb; as, these are our lands; these lands are yours and
not ours; these gowns are hers, and those are theirs: and notwithstand­
ing their seeming plural termination, they are equally applied to singular
and plural substantives.
Mine and thine were formerly used before a vowel; as, mine or thine
agreeable landlady: and which, tho＇ now disused in prose, might be still
properly retained in poetry. They are used as ours and yours when re­
ferred to a substantive preceding.
Possessive pronouns are, their and theirs, of it, and consequently ap­
plied to things.
Relative pronouns are, who, which, what, whether, whosoever, what­
soever.


 Sing. and Plur. 
 Sing. and Plur. 


 Nomin. 
 Who 
 Nomin. 
 Which. 


 Gen. 
 Whose 
 Gen. 
 Of which, or whose. 


 Obl. cas. 
 Whom 
 Obl. cas. 
 Which. 


Who is now used in relation to persons, which to things; but anciently
they were confounded: whose seems rather the poetical than the regular
genitive of which.
Which, when used in asking a question, is an interrogative pronoun;
as, which is the house?
Whether is an interrogative pronoun, used in the nom. and accus. without
a plural, commonly applied to one of two. Whether of the apples will
you have? But this is now almost obsolete.
What, relative or interrogative, is invariable.
Whosoever and whatsoever, being compounds of who, what and
soever, are inflected like their primitives.


 Sing. 
 Plur. 
  


 This 
 These } 
 without variation, and applied to persons and  things. 


 That 
 Those 


 Other 
 Others 


 Whether 
  


Others, is only used when referred to a substantive preceding; as, I
have not sent Milton＇s poems; but others.
Another, being a compound of an and other, hath no plural.
Here, there, and where, joined with in, of, by, after, with, upon,
and signifying with this, in that, &c. have the import of pronouns.
Therefore and wherefore, properly there for and where for, are con­
junctions, and still retained. The rest seem to be going into disuse,
tho＇ they are proper and analagous. They are referred both to singu­
lar and plural antecedents.
Own and self are only used in conjunction with pronouns. Own is
added to possessives, both singular and plural, emphatically, and im­
plying some kind of opposition; as, my own son; your own pleasures;
done with their own hands.
Self, in the plural selves, is added to possessive pronouns, and some­
times to personal; and then, like own, it expresses opposition, or is em­
phatical; as, thou didst this thyself: or it makes a reciprocal pronoun;
as, we plague ourselves with anxiety. Dr. Wallis justly observes, that
himself, itself, themselves, are corrupted from his self, it self, their selves;
as, he went himself; where himself must be a nominative, and not an
accusative: for when own comes between, we say, his own self, its own
self, their own selves.


Of the VERB.
A verb is a word denoting existence, action, or passion. Those verbs
which signify being or existence may be called substantive or essential,
as I am: those signifying action are called active verbs, as I love; and
those implying condition or habit, neuter verbs, as I faint. Those that
denote suffering, are called passive verbs; but strictly speaking, we have
none of these in English; that which we have being formed by joining
the participle preterite to the substantive verb, as I am loved.







The tenses, or times relating to a thing in act of performing, done or
not done, are three; namely, 1. The present time; 2. The preter, or
past time; and 3. The future time.
English verbs have only two tenses inflected in their terminations,
the present and simple preterite: the other tenses are compounded of the
auxiliary verbs, have, shall, will, let, may, can, and the infinitive of
the active or neuter verb.
The persons are three in both numbers; I, thou, or you. he or she,
for the singular; we, ye or you, and they, for the plural, and are placed
before the verbs; as, I teach, they teach; or in the 3d person by any
other substantives, as John teaches, the masters teach.
Moods in verbs are their different terminations, to express the manner
of their signifying the existence, doing or suffering of any thing. The
Latins have four moods, viz. 1. The indicative, which declares, as
I love. 2. The imperative, which commands, as let me love. 3. The
conjunctive, which depends upon some other verb in the same sentence
with some conjunction between, as he is to blame if he did so. 4. The
infinitive is used in a large undertermined sense, as to love.
In English there are properly no moods, the verb being without any
diversity of termination, tho＇ it is otherwise in the Latin, these being
expressed by the help of auxiliary verbs . for the possibility of a thing is
expressed by can or could; the liberty of doing a thing, by may or might;
the inclination of the will, by will or would; and the necessity of doing
a thing, by must or ought, shall or should.
In English there is no change made of the verb, except in the 2d
person singular of the present tense; and 2d person singular of the pre­
terite tense; as, thou lovest, thou lovedest, loved＇st: so likewise in the
3d person of the present tense, by adding the termination eth, es, ors;
as, he burneth or burns, he hath or has, from to have.
The tenses are. 1. The present time of the imperfect, as I sup, or do
sup, or I am at supper now, but have not yet done. 2. The preterite
time of the imperfect action, as I was at supper then but had not yet done
it. 3. The future time of the imperfect action, as I shall sup, or shall
be yet at supper; but not that I shall have then done it. 4. The present
time of the present action, as I have supped, and it is now done. 5. The
preterite time of the present action, as I had then supped, and it was then
done. 6. The future time of the perfect action, as I shall have supped,
and shall have done it.
The present tense is the verb itself, as burn; and the preterite is com­
monly formed by adding ed to the present, as burn, burned; love, loved.
In verbs where the present tense ends in d or t, the preterite is the
same.
There are a great many irregularities in the preterite tense and the
passive participles, which generally end in t or en, and many words have
two or more participles.
We have a form of English verbs in which the infinitive mood is
joined to the verb do in its various inflexions. But do is sometimes used
superfluously, as I do love, I did love, simply for I love, or I loved: it
is sometimes used by way of emphasis, and it is frequently joined with
a negative; as, I saw her, but I do not like her. The imperative prohi­
bitory is seldom used in the 2d person, at least in prose, without do;
as, call him, but do not detain him. Its chief use is in interrogatory dis­
course, where it is used through all the persons. Do I hear? dost thou
hear? &c. Yet do is used only in the simple tenses.
Another manner of conjugating neuter verbs, whereby they may not
improperly be denominated neuter passives, being inflected, according to
the passive form, by the verb substantive to be: and nearly answer to the
reciprocal verbs in French; as, I am risen, je me suis levé. In the same
manner we also express the present tense, as I am going. There is an­
other form of using the active participle which gives it a passive signifi­
cation, as the book is a printing, which is a vitious mode of expression,
unless a be properly for at, and printing a verbal noun signifying action.
The conjunctive mood is used among the purer writers after if, though,
ere, before, whether, except, unless, whatsoever, whomsoever, and par­
ticles of wishing; as, before the sun be up, I＇ll come.


Of the irregular VERBS.
This irregularity relates only to the native words of our tongue;
namely those which take their origin from the old Teutonic or Saxon
language; consisting of words of one syllable only, or derived from
verbs of one syllable: besides, this irregularity of verbs is only in the
formation of the preterite tense, and the passive participle.
The first irregularity which is the most general, took its rise from our
quickness of pronunciation, or from poetical license, the last syllable ed
being joined with the former by suppressing the e; as lov＇d for loved;
but after c, ch, sh, f, k, z, and the consonants s, th, when pronounced
more hard, and sometimes after l, m, n, r, when preceded by a short
vowel, or when v is changed into f, then f is used in pronunciation,
but seldom in writing, rather than d, as plac＇d, snatch＇t, fish＇d, stuff＇t;
vex＇t, wak＇t, dwelt, smelt; and left, bereft, from leave and bereave.
Such words as end in l, ll, or p, make their preterite in to even in so­
lemn language, as felt, dwelt. But this is not constant.
Sometimes when a long vowel goes before, it is either shortened or
changed into a short one, for the sake of quicker pronunciation, as wept,
lept, from weep and leap. But d remains after the consonants b, g, v,
w, z, s and th, when they are softly pronounced, and likewise after
l, m, n, r, when a long vowel goes before, as they more easily join
with d than t, as gib＇d, grudg＇d, liv＇d, plow＇d, glow＇d, clos＇d, cloath＇d,
smil＇d, flam＇d, contemn＇d and slur＇d.
But in some words, whose present tense ends in d, or t, the preterite
tense continues the same, as read and cast, the preterites from read and
cast, but probably these are contractions from ed, and for distinction＇s
sake might be written with a double d or t.
Verbs ending in y, either take a d with an apostrophe, as carry, car­
ry＇d, or else change y into ied, as carried.
Another common irregularity, but which relates only to the participle
preterite or passive, is its often being formed in en, in imitation of the
Saxons; and we have a great many of this sort, especially when the
preterite tense suffers any remarkable irregularity; but this ending may
be reckoned as another formation of the participle, as been, taken, slay＇n
or slain, know＇n or known.
Many words have two or more participles, as not only written, bitten,
but writ, bit, with numbers of the same kind.
It is not an easy matter to give any general rule concerning these dou­
ble participles, but we shall seldom err if we remember, that when a
verb has a participle distinct from its preterite, that distinct participle is
more proper and elegant; as, my leg was bitten, is better than my leg
was bit, tho＇ bit may thus be used in poetry.


Of ADVERBS.
An adverb is a part of speech, joined to a verb, an adjective, a
participle or another adverb, to denote some qualityor circumstance,
which the word to which it is put signifies.
Adverbs are divided into adverbs of time, as now, to-morrow, often;
of place, as here, hither, whither; of number, as once, twice, thrice, &c.
of quantity, as much, &c. of affirming, as yea, yes; of denying, as no,
not; of comparison, as how, how much, more, &c. and lastly, adverbs
of quality, or the manner, which mostly end in ly, and denote the same
quality as the adjectives from which they are derived, as nobly, bravely,
&c. or often, oftener, oftenest; but this last sort by more and most, admit
of comparison, as nobly, more nobly, most nobly.


Of CONJUNCTIONS.
A conjunction is a part of speech that joins sentences together, and
shews the manner of their dependence.
Conjunctions are either copulative, which serve to join two sentences
under the same affirmation, or negative; the former are and, also; and
the latter nor, neither: But besides these, there are several other kinds, as
1. Conjunctions disjunctive, which mark division or distinction, as or,
whether, either. 2. Conjunctions adversative, which mark the opposi­
tion in the second sentence with regard to the first, as but, nevertheless,
however, &c. 3. Conjunctions of exception or restriction, of which
kind are unless, but, otherwise. 4. Conjunctions conditional, which in
joining the two sentences put a condition, as if. 5. Conjunctions sus­
pensive or dubitative, marking suspension or doubt, as whether, &c.
6. Conjunctions concessive, which grant a thing, as although, &c.
7. Conjunctions declarative, which explain the thing more clearly, as
namely, to wit, for example. 8. Conjunctions interrogative, which
are used in asking a question or reason of a thing, of which kind are
why, wherefore, &c.


Of PREPOSITIONS.
A preposition is a word added to other words, to shew the relation
one thing has to another, either with regard to time or place, as above,
about, after, against, among, at, before, behind, beneath or below, be­
tween, beyond, from, in or into, of, off, on or upon, out or out of, over,
thorough or through, ＇till or until, to, toward, under, ward (which is
always set behind another word, as heaven-ward) with, within, and
without. Besides these, are prepositions inseparable, which are only used
in composition. Some are English, as a for on or in, be, for, fore, mis,
over, out, un (the original English privative), up, with; others from
the Latin ab or abs, ad, ante, circum, con from cum, contra, de, dis,
die or ex, extra, in, intro, ob, per, post, pre, pro, preter, re, retro, se,
sub, subter, trans; and words derived from the French euter or en.
The Greek inseparable prepositions are a, amphi, anti, hyper, meta,
peri, syn. Examples of all these prepositions may be seen in the body of
this dictionary, under their respective articles.


Of INTERJECTIONS.
An interjection is a part of speech expressing some sudden motion or
passion of the soul, and which may be divided into solitary and passive;
being used by us when we are alone, as heigh, hem, hy, pish, shy, ush,
ha ha ha, hoi, oh, oh, ah, ah, alack, alas, and vaugh, hau, phy, foh:
or into social and active, as immediately tending to discourse with others,
and to procure some change in the minds of the hearers, as oh, soho,
st, hush, ha, ha, now, ve, woe.


Of ETYMOLOGY.
Etymology is that part of Grammar which shews how one word is
derived from another.
Nouns are derived from verbs, either the present tense of the verb,
as from to fight, a fight; or the preterite, as from I strook, a stroke.
Many substantives, some adjectives (and other parts of speech) being
put for verbs, become verbs, the vowel being commonly made long
and the consonant soften＇d; as, from a house comes to house.
The action is the same with the participle present, always ending in
ing, as loving: the passive in ed or en, as loved, given. The agent is de­
noted by er added to the verb, as lover from to love.
Sometimes the syllable en is added, especially to verbs that come from
adjectives; as, from short comes to shorten.
From substantives are formed adjectives of plenty, by adding y, as
wealth, wealthy; full, as delight, delightful; some, but with a kind of di­
minution, as delightsome.
Many adjectives end in en, signifying the matter out of which any
thing is made, as oaken, wooden.
Less added to substantives forms adjectives signifying want, as care­
less, worthless. The same thing is also signified by un, prefixed to ad­
jectives, as wise, unwise; im or in before words derived from the Latin,
as impatient, indiscreet. Un is prefixed to all words originally English,
as untrue; to participles made privative adjectives, as undelighted; never
to a participle present to mark forbearance of an action, as unseeing, but
to a privation of habit, as unrelenting; it is also prefixed to most sub­
stantives with an English termination, as unperfectness; but if with bor­
rowed terminations, instead of un, in or im is used, as unactive, inacti­
vity, imperfect. In borrowing adjectives, if we receive them already
compounded, we usually retain the particle prefixed, as indecency; but if
we borrow the adjective, and add the privative particle, we prefix un,
as unpolite.
Dis and mis, from des and mes French, signify almost the same as un;
yet dis answering to the Latin de rather imports contrariety, than priva­
tion. Mis implies some error, as disgrace, misinform. Words derived
from the Latin with de or dis retain the same signification, as detain,
detineo, distinguish, distinguo.
Ly being a contraction of lick or like, when added to substantives, form







adjectives importing similitude or agreement, as giant, giantly. Ly ad­
ded to adjectives forms adverbs of like signification, as graceful, grace­
fully.
Adjectives diminutive, or which imply a lessening of the signification,
are formed by adding ish to adjectives, as green, greenish, thief, thievish;
but added to substantives they mostly denote likeness, as wolf, wolfish,
hog, hoggish. Some national names also end in ish, as English, Swe­
dish.
The form of diminutive substantives is mostly ing, a German termina­
tion, as gosting, duckling; also these, from hill, hillock, cock, cockerel (a
French termination) chick, chicken, man, manntkin; and thus halkin,
little hall, whence the patronimick Hawkins, Wilkin, little Will, Tom­
kin, little Tom; sip, sippet (a French termination) babe, baby, booby,
βουπαις.
Of concrete adjectives are made abstract substances, by adding the ter­
mination ness, and a few in bood or bead, as black, blackness, God, God­
head, priest, priesthood.
Other abstracts, partly derived from adjectives and partly from verbs,
are formed by adding the termination th, a small change also happening;
as, from strong, strength, weal, wealth, moon, month. Like these, some
are derived from verbs; as, from to steal, stealth; of the same form are
faith, broth, &c.
Nouns ending in ship, denote office or condition, as kingship, headship,
and worship, that is, worthship.
Some end in dom, rick, wick, denoting dominion, or at least condi­
tion, as kingdom, bishoprick, bailiwick, &c.
Ment and age are merely French terminations, and seldom oceur ex­
cept in words derived from that language, as commandment, usage.
We have many words borrowed from the Latin; but it must be re­
membered that we had these by the intervention of the French, as face,
resemble.
Verbs derived from the Latin are formed from the present tense, as
extend from extendo; others from the supines, as demonstrate from demon­
stratum.
We have some words purely French in our language, as garden, jardin,
buckler, bouclier.
With regard to several words common to us with the Germans, it is
doubtful whether the ancient Teutones (the ancestors of the Saxons) re­
ceived them from the Latins, or the Latins from them; or whether they
did not both receive them from the same common fountain, as vine,
wein, vinum, οινος.
Our ancestors formed borrowed words, however long, into monosyl­
lables, and not only cut off the terminations, but the first syllable; espe­
cially in words beginning with a vowel: they also rejected vowels in the
middle, and even consonants of a weaker sound, retaining the stronger,
or changing them for others of the same organ, transposing their order.


Of SYNTAX.
Syntax is the proper placing of words together in a sentence.
Syntax is either natural and regular, which is according to the natural
order of the words; or figurative and customary, which is used in the
forms of speech peculiar to several languages, and where there is a trans­
position or change of the words in a sentence.
The verb, as in other Languages, agrees with the nominative in num­
ber and person; as, thou runnest from me, they run to the water.
English adjectives and pronouns are invariable.
Of two substantives the noun possessive is the genitive; as, the man＇s
house, the woman＇s beauty.
Verbs transitive require an oblique case; as, I fear God, they commit
wickedness.
All prepositions require an oblique case; as, this is for you, the hat be­
longs to Peter.
Ellipsis is the leaving out of words in a sentence.


Of PROSODY.
Prosody comprises the rules of true pronunciation or orthoepy, and
likewise in poetry the laws of versification or orthometry.
The pronunciation is true when every letter has its proper sound, and
every syllable its proper accent; or, in English versification, its proper
quantity.
Versification is the arrangement of a certain number of syllables ac­
cording to particular laws.
The feet of our English are either Iambick, as alóft, or trochaick
verse, as lófty.
Our Iambic measure contains verses of four syllables, of six, of eight,
which is the usual measure for short poems; of ten, the usual measure of
heroick and tragic poetry. In all these measures the accents are to be
placed on even syllables, whereby every line is more harmonious.
Our trochaick measures are of three syllables, of five, of seven. In
these the accent is to be placed on the odd syllables.
The measures now most in use are those of seven, eight, and ten syl­
lables. Our ancient poets wrote verses of twelve syllables and of four­
teen.
The verse of twelve syllables, now called an Alexandrine, is only used
to diversify heroic lines: And the pause here must be at the sixth syl­
lable.
The verse of fourteen syllables is now broken into a measure of lines,
containing alternately eight and six syllables.
In another measure very quick and lively, much used in songs, and
which may be called the anapestic, the accent is upon every third sylla­
ble.
In this measure a syllable is often retrench＇d from the first foot. These
measures are varied sometimes by double endings, either with or without
rhyme, as in the heroick measure, in that of eight, seven, six, and in the
anapestick.
Our English versification admits only of an elision or synalœpha of e in
thee before a vowel, more rarely of o in to; and of a synnæresis, by
which two short vowels become one syllable, as bastion, filial; or a word
is contracted by the elision or expulsion of a short vowel before a liquid.

ALPHABETS of the English, Saxon, Greek and Hebrew Characters, parallell＇d for the Use of those who would acquaint themselves with the Etymological Words.

 English Capitals, 
 A 
 B 
 C 
 D 
 E 
 F 
 G 
 H 
 I 
 K 
 L 
 M 
 N 
 O 
 P 
 Q 
 R 
 S 
 T 
 V 
 U 
 W 
 X 
 Y 
 Z 


 Saxon Capitals, 
 A 
 B 
 C 
 D 
 E 
 F 
 G 
 H 
 I 
 K 
 L 
 M 
 N 
 O 
 P 
  
 R 
 S 
 T 
 V 
  
 W 
 X 
 Y 
 Z 


 Greek Capitals, 
 Α 
 Β 
  
 Δ 
 Ε,Η 
  
 Γ 
  
 Ι 
 Κ 
 Λ 
 Μ 
 Ν 
 Ο 
 Π 
  
 Ρ 
 Σ 
 Τ 
  
  
 Ξ 
 Υ 
 Ζ 


 English Small, 
 a 
 b 
 c 
 d 
 e 
 f 
 g 
 h 
 i 
 k 
 l 
 m 
 n 
 o 
 p 
 q 
 r 
 ſ s 
 t 
 v 
 u 
 w 
 x 
 y 
 z 


 Saxon Small, 
 a 
 b 
 c 
 d 
 e 
 f 
 g 
  
 i 
 k 
 l 
 m 
 n 
 o 
 p 
 ew 
 r 
 s 
 t 
 v 
 u 
 w 
 x 
 y 
 z 


 Greek Small, 
 α 
 β 
  
 δ 
 ε,η 
  
 γ 
  
 ι 
 κ 
 λ 
 μ 
 ν 
 ο 
 π 
  
 ρ 
 σ 
 τ 
 [c] 
  
 ξ 
 υ 
 ζ 


 Hebrew, 
 א 
 ב 
  
 ד 
  
 ג 
 ה 
 י 
 ק 
 ל 
 מ 
 נ 
 ו 
 פ 
  
 ר 
 ס 
 ט 
 ו 
  
  
 ז 




 Greek, 
 Ch Χ χ, Ph Φ ϕ, Ps Ψ ψ, Th Θ θ θ, Ο ο Ω ω 
 Saxon, 
 Th Ð, ð þ, That þæt, And & 


 Hebrew, 
 Ch ח, Gn, ע, Ph פ, Sh ש, Th ת, Tz צ 
 Hebrew Vowels, 
 a τ e ֶ  i. o τ: u or v ו 



ABBREVIATIONS made Use of in the following WORK.

 A. Arabic. 
 F. L. Forest Law. 
 M. P. Military Phrase. 
 Sc. Scotch. 


 B. British. 
 Fr. of Lat. French of Latin. 
 M. T. Military Term. 
 Sp. Spanish. 


 C. Br. Welsh. 
 Gr. Greek. 
 O. Old Word. 
 S. P. Sea Phrase. 


 Ch. Chaldee. 
 Goth. Gothie. 
 O. Fr. Old French. 
 S. T. Sea Term. 


 C. L. Civil Law. 
 Heb. Hebrew. 
 O. R. Old Records. 
 Syr. Syriae. 


 C. T. Chemical Term. 
 It. Italian. 
 O. S. Old Statute. 
 Teu. } Teutonick. 


 Dan. Danish. 
 Lat. Latin. 
 P. T. Physical Term. 
 Teut. 


 Du. Dutch. 
 L. P. Law Phrase. 
 Port. Portuguese. 
  


 Fr. French. 
 L. T. Law Term. 
 Sax. Saxon. 
  












A
NEW UNIVERSAL
ETYMOLOGICAL ENGLISH
DICTIONARY.

A

A  a Roman character, A a Italick, A a old English, A α
Greek, א Hebrew, are the first letters of the alphabet;
and in all languages, ancient and modern, the character
appropriated to the same sound is the first letter, except
in the Abissine.
Foreigners find it very difficult to learn how to pronounce our a, in
different words; it having three distinctly differing sounds. The first
is the slender or close sound, resembling, in some measure, the e mas­
culine of the French, as in face, place, waste, &c. The second is
the open sound, approaching nearly to the a of the Italians, as in fa­
ther, rather. The third is the broad sound like the German a, as in
talk, balk. These words were formerly written with au; thus talk
was written taulk, and balk, baulk.

A has also a long and a short sound. Thus it is short in fat, hat,
rat: and long in fate, hate, rate.

A is sometimes a noun substantive, as great A, little a.

A, in burlesque poetry, is often used to lengthen out a syllable,
without augmenting the sense.

A [among the ancients] was a numeral letter, and signified 500.

Ā or ā, with a line above it, signified 5000.

A [among the Romans] was used as an abbreviation of the word
absolvo, i. e. I acquit: it being usual for the judges to give their sen­
tence upon persons, by casting tables into a box or urn, on which tables
were the letters A, C, or N L. If they acquitted the person try＇d, they
cast into the urn a table with the letter A marked on it; if they con­
demned, with the letter C, for condemno, i. e. I condemn; if the mat­
ter was hard to be determined, with the letters N L, for non liquet,
i. e. it does not appear plain. Hence Cicero calls the letter A litera sa­
lutaris, i. e. the salutary or saving letter. A was also used by the Ro­
mans, as the first of the litteræ nundinales, in imitation of which, the
dominical letters were introduced.

A, or α, Ἄλϕα, and Ω or ω, Ὤμέγα, i. e. great O being the first
and last letters of the Greek alphabet, are used in the Revelation of
St. John, to signify the first and the last.

A is used in the Julian and Gregorian kalendars, as the first of the
seven dominical letters. It was in use among the Romans long before
the establishment of Christianity, as the first of the eight nundinal
letters, in imitation of which the dominical letters were first intro­
duced.

A [among Logicians] is used to denote an universal affirmative
proposition, according to the verse,
Asserit A, negat E; verum generaliter ambæ.
Thus, in the first mood, a syllogism, consisting of three universal
affirmative propositions, is said to be in Bar-ba-ra; the A thrice re­
peated denoting so many of the propositions to be universal, &c.

A [in abbreviations] is used for anno in the year, and artium of
arts; as A. D. anno Domini, in the year of our Lord; A. M. anno
mundi, in the year of the world; A. B. Artium Baccalaureus, i. e.
Batchelor of arts.

Ā, or ĀĀ or Æ [with Physicians] is used in prescriptions for Ana,
and denotes an equal portion of several ingredients, either in respect of
weight or measure; also Ā, or ĀĀ Æ. P. denotes simply equal parts
of the ingredients therein mentioned.

AAA [with chymists] is sometimes used to signify amalgama or
amalgamation.

A is a Saxon or Teutonic inseparable preposition, signifying on or
in, as ashore (on shore) abed (in bed): but it is often (as in Saxon)
redundant, as in abide, arise, awake, &c. for bide, rise, wake, &c.

A [a Greek preposition] in composition signifies a privation or ne­
gative, as anonymous, without name, &c.

A, the same as an, the indefinite article, placed before nouns of the
singular number, the n being added, Euphoniæ gr. when the word
begins with a vowel, as an Impression, &c. See AN.

A! or AH! is a note of acclamation, expressing joy, danger,
pain, &c.

AA, a river of the French Netherlands, which arises in Picardy,
runs N. E. cross Artois, and passing by St. Omers, continues its course
to Gravelin in Flanders, below which it falls into the English Chan­
nel.

AA, a river in Germany, which rising in the S. of Westphalia,
runs N. by Munster, and falls into the river Ems.

AACH, a town in Germany, in the circle of Swabia, 20 miles N.
W. of Constance, subject to the house of Austria. It lies in the lati­
tude of 47° 54′ N. and 9° E. longitude.

AALBERG. See ALBURG.

AAR, a river in Switzerland, which rising in the Alps runs N. by
the city of Bern, and afterwards by Soloturn, and then turning N. E.
falls into the Rhine, opposite to Waldshut, a forest town of Suabia.

AARA＇W, a town of Switzerland, situated on the river Aar, 30
miles N. E. of Bern, subject to the canton of Bern. Its latitude is
47° 20′ N. and longitude 8° 0′ E.

AARHUYS, a city and country of Jutland. See ARHUSEN.

AB, at the beginning of English Saxon names, is generally a con­
traction of abbot, i. e. abbot or abby; so that when it is prefixed to
the names of places, it may be generally concluded, that the place
belonged to a monastery elsewhere, or that there was one there.

AB, or ABS [L. from] inseparable prepositions, signifying some­
times a separation or renouncing, and sometimes (in the Latin at least)
increasing the sense of words.

A＇BACH, a town in Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, situated on
the Danube, five miles S. W. of Ratisbon. Lat. 48° 50′ N. Long.
12° 0′ E.

ABA＇CKE, adv. backwards. This word is used by Spenser, &c.
but is now obsolete.

A＇BACOT [Incert. Etym.] a royal cap of state made in the shape of
two crowns, antiently worn by the kings of England.

ABA＇CTORS [Abactores, L.] those who drive away or steal cattle in
Herds, or great numbers at once, in distinction from Fures, or those
who steal only a sheep or two.

A＇BACUS Pythagoricus [i. e. Pythagoras＇s table] a table of numbers
contrived for the more easy learning the principles of arithmetick, and
supposed to be the common multiplication table; and thence it has been
used to signify an alphabet, or A B C.

ABACUS [in architecture] is the uppermost part or member of a
column, which serves as a sort of crowning both to the capital and
column, tho＇ some erroneously make it to be the capital itself.

The ABACUS [according to Vitruvius] was originally designed to
represent a square tile laid over an urn or basket. The rise of this
first regular order of architecture is said to have happened thus. An
old woman of Athens having placed a basket covered with a tile over
the root of an acanthus [bear＇s foot] the plant shooting forth the fol­
lowing spring, encompassed the basket all round, till having met the
tile, it curled back in a kind of scrolls; which being observ＇d by an
ingenious sculptor, he formed a capital upon this plan; representing
the tile by the Abacus, the basket by the vase or body of the capital,
and the leaves by the volutes.

The ABACUS is something different in different orders. It is a flat
square member in the Tuscan, Doric, and ancient Ionic orders. In







the richer orders, the Corinthian and Composit, it loses its native
form; having its four sides or faces arch＇d or cut inward, with some
ornaments as a rose, some other flower, a fish＇s tail, &c.
But there are other liberties taken in the Abacus, by several archi­
tects. Some make it a perfect Ogee in the Ionic, and crown it with
a fillet. In the Doric, some place a cymatium over it, and so do not
make it the uppermost member: In the Tuscan order, where it is the
largest and most massive, and takes up one third part of the whole ca­
pital; they sometimes call it the die of the capital; and Scamozzi uses
the name Abacus for a concave moulding in the capital of the Tuscan
pedestal.

ABACUS [from whence abacare, Ital. to count or calculate] a table
on which the antients drew their numbers, when teaching arithmetick.
P. Richelet.

ABA＇DDON. Heb. destruction, from àbad, Heb. to perish, the
name of that angel of the bottomless pit, which in St. John＇s reve­
lation headed (as Sir Isaac Newton observes) the irruption of the
Saracens on the Greek empire, A. D. 634. Newton on Daniel and
the Apocalypse. See ABBASIDES.

ABA＇FT [of æftan, bæftan, or abftan, Sax. behind]from the
forepart of the ship, or towards the stern.

ABA＇GION, a proverb, or circumlocution.

ABAI＇SANCE [from abaiser, Fr. to humble or depress] a bow, or
act of reverence.

To ABA＇LIENATE [Abalieno, Lat. of ab, from, and alieno, to
alienate] to alienate, or make over one＇s right to another.

ABALIENA＇TION [in the Roman law] a giving up one＇s right to
another person, or making over an estate, goods or chattels by sale,
or due course of law.

To ABA＇NDON [abandonner, Fr. which Menage and Ferrari de­
rive from abandonare, Ital. which signifies, to forsake his colours]
To desert, and leave one either to shift for himself, or to come under
the absolute power and disposal of another. When used in construction
with the preposition to, it does not change its sense; but only refers to
the state, person, or thing, which takes possession of that which is
forsaken, as “abandon＇d to the spoil, to the enemy, or to any vice.”
In which last construction, the man is self-abandon＇d, self-forsaken,
and consequently wholly given up and resign＇d to the vice suppos＇d.

ABA＇NDONED. 1. Given up. 2. Deserted, or forsaken. 3. Cor­
rupted to the greatest degree.

ABA＇NDONMENT. 1. The act of forsaking utterly. 2. The state
of being forsaken.

ABA＇NDUM [old law] whatsoever is confiscated, sequestred or
forfeited.

A＇BANET or rather A＇BNET [אבנט, Heb.] a sort of girdle worn
by the Jewish priests.

ABANNI＇TION or ABANNATION [abannitis, or abannatio, Lat. from
ab, and annus, a year] a banishment for one or two years among the
ancients, for manslaughter.

ABA＇NO, a town of Italy, in the territories of Padua, situated five
miles S. W. of the city of Padua; subject to Venice. Latitude 45°
30′ N. Longitude 10° 0′ E.

ABAPTI＇STON [αβαπτιστον, from α, priv. and βαπτω, to dip] the
head of an instrument used in surgery, termed a trepan; so called,
because prevented from plunging into the brain by its circular rim.

ABA＇RCY [Abartia, Lat. of Ἀβαρτία, Gr.] insatiableness.

To ABA＇RE [abarian, Sax.] to make bare, uncover or disclose.

ABARNA＇RE [of abarian, Sax.] to detect or discover any secret crime.

ABARTICULA＇TION [abarticulatio, Lat. of ab, from, and articulus,
a joint] in anatomy, a good and apt construction of the bones, by
which they move strongly and easily, or that species of articulation
that has manifest motion.

To ABA＇SE [abaisser, Fr.] to bring down, to lower, to humble.

To ABASE [sea term] to lower or take in; as to lower or take in
a flag.

ABA＇SED [in heraldry] is a term used of the vol or wings of eagles,
&c. when the top or angle looks downwards toward the point of the
shield; or when the wings are shut; the natural way of bearing them
being spread with the top pointing to the chief of the angle.
A bend, a chevron, a pale, &c. are said to be abased, when their
points terminate in or below the centre of the shield: an ordinary is
said to be abased, when below its due situation.

ABA＇SEMENT [abbaissement, Fr. abassemento, It. Abatimiento, Sp.]
the state of being brought low; the act of bringing low. Johnson.

To ABA＇SH [of esbahir, O. Fr.] to make ashamed or confounded.
Hence

ABA＇SHMENT, the state of being made asham＇d or confounded.

ABATAME＇NTUM [law word] an entry by interposition.

To ABA＇TE, v. a. [from abbatre, Fr. to beat down] 1. To lessen,
or diminish. 2. To deject, or depress the soul. 3. In commerce,
to lessen the price.

To ABATE, v. n. To grow less. Thus we say, the storm abates.

To ABATE [in common law] is used both actively and neuterly;
as to abate a castle, to beat it down. To abate a writ is by some
exception to defeat or overthrow it. “The appeal abateth by covin,
that is, the accusation is defeated by deceit.” Cowel. In what sense
a stranger is said to abate, see ABATEMENT in law, and ABATOR.

To ABATE [in horsemanship] is said of a horse, when he works
upon curvets, putting his two hind-legs to the ground both at one
time, and always observing the same exactness.

ABA＇TEMENT [abatement, Fr.] 1. The act of lessening. 2. The
state of being abated. 3. The quantity abated, or taken away.

ABATEMENT [in law] the act of abating, defeating or disabling;
as the abatement of a writ, &c. It also signifies the entrance upon
an inheritance, by stepping in between the former possessor and his
next heir.

ABATEMENT of honour [with heralds] is an accidental mark,
which being added to a coat of arms, the dignity of it is abased, by
reason of some stain or dishonourable quality of the bearer. This
abatement is sometimes an absolute reversion or overturning of the
whole escutcheon, or else only a mark of diminution, as a point dex­
ter parted tenne, a goar sinister, a delf, &c. These marks must be
either tawney or murrey; otherwise, instead of diminutions, they be­
come additions of honour.

An ABA＇TOR [in a law sense] one who intrudes into houses or
land, that is void by the death of the former possessor, as yet not
entered upon or taken up by his heir.

A＇BATUDE [old records] any thing diminished.

A＇BATURES [a hunting term] those sprigs or grass which are thrown
down by a stag in his passing by.

ABB [among clothiers] the yarn of a weaver＇s warp.

A＇BBA [Syr. of אב, Heb.] father.

A＇BBACY [Abbut-tome, Sax.] See ABBATHY.

ABBA＇SIDES, the second line or race of the Saracen or Arabian Ca­
liphs, so called, as being descended from Abbas, uncle of Mahomet
the prophet, and who, raising themselves on the ruins of the house of
Ommiah, “built Bagdad (as Sir Isaac Newton observes) A. D. 766;
and reign＇d over Persia, Syria, Arabia, Egypt, Africa, and Spain.
They kept their empire compact and entire till A. D. 910, when it
began to split into several independent states; they became subject to
Togrul-beg, A. D. 1055.” And what shadow of power they still
held, was at length entirely overthrown, A. D. 1258, by the irrup­
tion of the Tartars in the reign of Holagu, grandson of Jingiz-
Chan. Dherbelot. Bibliot. Orient.

A＇BBATHY, an abbotship; also an abbey, monastery, or convent.

A＇BBATIS [old records] an avener or steward of the stables, an
hostler.

A＇BBESS [Gr. Abudisse, Abdisse, Du. Aebtissin, Ge. Abbesse, Fr.
Badessa, It. Abadessa, Sp. Abatissa, Lat.] a governess of a monastery,
or convent of nuns.

A＇BBEY, or A＇BBY [Abbotrice, Sax. Abdye, Du. Abtey, Ge. ab­
baie, Fr. abbatia, Lat.] a convent or monastery, a house for reli­
gious persons.

ABBEY-lubber, an idle monk, a vile, good for nought, lazy fellow.

A＇BBIES, anciently one third of the benefices in England, were by
the pope＇s grant appropriated to abbies, and other religious houses,
which when they were dissolved by king Henry VIII. and became
lay-sees, there were a hundred and ninety dissolved, whose revenues
were from 200 to 35000 l. per annum, which at a medium amounted
to 2853000 l. per annum. Burnet＇s Hist. Reform.

A＇BBOT [of Abod, Sax. Abt, Du. Ge. Abbé, Fr. Abate, It. Abad.
Sp. Abbas, Lat. of אב, Heb. father] the chief ruler of an abbey; of
which some in England wore mitres, others were

Bishop ABBOTS, abbots, whose abbies have been erected into bi­
shopricks.

Cardinal ABBOTS, abbots, who are also called cardinals.

Commendatory ABBOTS, or abbots in commendam, are seculars, and
do not perform any spiritual offices, nor have any spiritual jurisdiction
over their monks; although they have undergone the tonsure, and are
obliged by their bulls to take the orders when they come of age.

Crozier＇d ABBOTS, are such as bear the crosier or pastoral staff.

Mitred ABBOTS, are so called, because they wear a mitre when they
officiate, and are independent upon any person but the pope, being
free from the bishop＇s jurisdiction, and having the same authority
within their bounds, that the bishop hath; these mitred abbots in Eng­
land were also lords of parliament.

Regular ABBOTS, are real monks or religious, who have taken the
vows, and wear the habits.

A＇BBOTSHIP, the state or privilege of an abbot.

A＇BBOTSBURY, a small market-town in Dorsetshire, where was
formerly an abbey, situated on the sea-shore, seven miles from Wey­
mouth. The royalty of the town belongs to the family of the
Strangeways, of which the only surviving heiress, married an Hor­
ner, by whom she had (the only surviving child) a daughter, mar­
ried to Stephen Fox, Lord Ilchester. Here is, belonging to the said
royalty, a fine swanery, in which were formerly not less than seven
thousand swans, a rarity which invites strangers to see it. Here is a
market on Thursday. It is 133 measured miles from London, and
10 from Dorchester.

To ABBRE＇VIATE [abbrevio, Lat. of ab, from, and brevio, to
shorten] 1. To contract or abridge, without losing the substance.
2. To cut short.

ABBRE＇VIATED [abbreviatus, Lat.] made shorter.

ABBREVIA＇TION [abbreviation, Fr. abbreviaziore, It. abbreviación,
Sp. of abbreviatio, Lat.] 1. An expressing a thing in a fewer terms.
2. A character, &c. used for a word; or single letters substituted in
the room of as many words: As Rambam for Rabbi Moses ben
Maimon; A. M. for Magister Artium, i. e. Master of Arts.

ABBREVIA＇TOR [abbreviateur, Fr. abbreviatore, It. abbreviadór,
Sp.] one who abbreviates or abbridges.

ABBREVIATURE [abbreviatura, It. and Lat.] 1. A mark or cha­
racter used for shortness. 2. An abridgement or compendium.

ABBREUVOI＇R, Fr. [abbeveratojo, It.] a watering place.

ABBREUVOI＇R [with masons] the joint or juncture of two stones, or
the interstice of space left between two stones to put the mortar in as
they are laying.

ABRO＇CHMENT [in law] the forestalling a market, i. e. the buy­
ing up or engrossing wares, before they are brought to a market or
fair, and selling them again by retail.

ABBU＇TTALS [of aboutir, Fr. to limit or bound, or of butan, or
onbutan, Sax. beyond, without, or about] the buttings or boundings
of lands, highways, &c. either towards the East, West, North, or
South; shewing how they lie in respect to other places.

ABBY-BOYLE, a town in Ireland, in the county of Roscomon, and
province of Connaught. Its latitude is 53° 54′ N. and longitude
8° 30′ W.

ABBY-MILTON, or MILTON-ABBAS, an ancient town in Dorset­
shire, but small and meanly built. It has a market on Monday. It
is 10 miles from Dorchester; and 117 measured miles from Lon­
don.
A, B, C. 1. The alphabet. 2. A small book used in teaching the
elements of reading.

A＇BDAL [Arab. from abd, i. e. a servant, and Allah, i. e. God,
and both being put together Abdallah, a servant of God] a man
transported with the love of God, and who does extraordinary things.
The Persians call him Divanèh Khoda; as the Latins said of their
prophets and sibyls, furens Deô, i. e. raging or mad with God. There
are many of these enthusiasts among the Mahometans, and Indians; all







which are without much discernment reputed SAINTS by the common
people. Dherbelot. Bibliot. Orient. See SOFI.

ABDE＇RIAN [of abdera, where Democritus the laughing philosopher
lived] as abderian laughter, a foolish and frequent laughter.

The A＇BDERITE, Democritus the philosopher.

A＇BDEST [Pers.] This word, in the Persian tongue, properly sig­
nifies that water, which is applied to the use of washing the hands;
but with both Turks and Persians expresses the purification according
to law. Dherbelot. Bibl. Orient. “I have seen many go out of the
mosque in the midst of their devotions to take fresh abdest.” Pitt＇s
faithful account of the Mahometans.

ABDE＇VENAM [with astrologers] the head of the 12th figure of the
heavens.

To A＇BDICATE [abdiquer, Fr. abdicàr, Sp. abdico, Lat. to forsake]
to renounce or resign, to give up one＇s right.

ABDICA＇TION [abdicatio, Lat.] the voluntary act of abdicating,
disowning, renouncing, &c.

ABDICA＇TION [in law both civil and common] is used where there
is no no more than barely an implicit renunciation; as when a person
does such actions as are altogether inconsistent with the nature of his
trust, in which case he does, in effect, renounce it.

ABDICA＇TIVE [abdicativus, Lat.] belonging to, or that which im­
plies an abdication.

A＇BDITIVE [abditivus, Lat. from abdo, to hide] hidden or con­
cealed.

ABDITO＇RIUM, a place to hide and keep goods, plate, money, &c.
in. O. Rec.

A＇BDOMEN [from abdo, Lat. to hide] in anatomy, the lower belly,
or part contained between the thorax and the bottom of the pelvis of
the ossa innominata. The human body is by anatomists divided into
three great cavities or venters; the head, or upper venter, the tho­
rax, or middle venter; and the abdomen, or lower venter.

To ABDU＇CE [abduco, Lat. of ab, from, and duco, to draw] to se­
parate, or draw one part from another.

ABDU＇CENT Muscles, in anatomy, those which serve to draw back
several parts of the body.

ABDU＇CTION [abductio, Lat. of ab, from, and duco, to lead or
draw] 1. A term used by anatomists, when the ends of the bones
stand at a great distance in a fracture. 2. The act of drawing or se­
parating one part from another. 3. With logicians, an argument
leading from the conclusion to the demonstration of a proposition.

ABDU＇CTOR [abductor, Lat. of ab, from, and duco, to draw] a
name given by anatomists to several muscles, which serve to draw
back the several parts they are fixed to. As,

ABDUCTOR minimi digiti [with anatomists] a muscle of the little
finger, which draws it from the rest. It takes its rise from the liga­
mentum transversale, and fourth and third bone of the carpus, and
from the superior parts of the os metacarpi. The first of these origi­
nations ends at the superior part of the first bone of the little finger
forwards; the second at the same part of the said bone, laterally; the
third is inserted with the tendon of the extensor minimi digiti, to the
upper end of the third bone of the little finger.

ABDUCTOR minimi digiti pedis [with anatomists] a muscle of the
little toe, that arises from the external part of the os calcis, as also
from the external side of the os metacarpi of the little toe, and forming
one tendon at its insertion into the superior part of the first bone of the
little toe, externally and laterally. Its use is to draw it off from the
rest.

ABDUCTOR indicis [with anatomists] a muscle of the fore-finger,
arising fleshy from the os metacarpi, that sustains the fore-finger, and
having joined one of the lumbrical muscles, is inserted with it, toge­
ther with the tendon of the abductor pollicis. The use of it is to
draw the fore-finger from the rest.

ABDUCTOR oculi [in anatomy] a muscle of the eye, which draws
it from the nose. It is also called indignabundus, because it is made
use of in scornful resentments.

ABDUCTOR pollicis [in anatomy] a muscle of the thumb, which
rising broad and fleshy from the internal part of the ligamentum trans­
versale carpi, and descending becomes tendinous at its implantation
to the upper and external part of the second bone of the thumb, and
laterally lessens itself. Its use is to draw the thumb from the
fingers.

ABDUCTOR pollicis pedis [in anatomy] a muscle of the great toe.
It takes its rise fleshly, internally, and laterally, from the os calcis, and
in half its progress, becoming tendinous, joins with another fleshy be­
ginning, which springs from the os cuneiforme majus, which sustains
the os metatarsi of the great toe, till lastly, they both making one ten­
don, are implanted to the external part of the os sesamoides of the great
toe laterally.

ABEA＇RING, behaviour, as to be bound to a good abearing, is to be
bound to one＇s good behaviour.

ABECEDA＇RIAN [from A, B, C, the first letters of the alphabet] a
teacher or learner of the A B C.

ABECEDARY, 1. Pertaining to the alphabet. 2. Marked with the
letters of the alphabet.

ABE＇D, in bed.

A＇BELE-Tree [with botanists] a fine kind of white poplar.

ABE＇LIANS, a sect which sprung up in the African church, and
dwelt in the plain near Hippo. Their distinguishing tenet was to
take wives, and to live with them in professed abstinence from carnal
commerce. Some will have the words of St. Paul, “Let them that
have wives be as though they had none,” 1 Cor. vii. 29. to be the
foundation on which this notion was built; and that its votaries had
their name from Abel, who was killed without having any children.
This sect did not long continue, having been sometime extinct in the
days of St. Austin. Chambers.

ABELI＇TION, abolition, the licence granted to a criminal accuser to
forbear or desist from further prosecution.

A＇BER [old British] the fall of a lesser water into a greater, as of a
brook into a river, a river into a lake, or sea. The mouth of a
river; as Aberconway, &c.

ABERBRO＇THOCK, or ARDBROTHOCK, a town of Scotland, in the
county of Angus, situated on the river Tay; 40 miles N. E. of Edin­
burgh, and 15 N. E. of St. Andrews.

ABERCO＇NWAY, or CONWAY, a market-town in Carnarvonshire, in
south Wales, situated near the sea at the mouth of the river Conway;
which is here very broad and deep, and would be a noble harbour
for ships, were there any trade to employ them. It has a market on
Friday. It is 15 miles distant from St. Asaph, and 174 from Lon­
don.

ABERDE＇EN, a city of Scotland, in the county of Mar, or Aber­
deen, and chief of the sheriffdom; situated on the German ocean,
84 miles N. E. of Edinburgh. It is divided, by some fields, into
two parts, called the old and new town; was once a bishoprick, and
is still an university. The old town is situated at the mouth of the
river Donn; has a large stately cathedral, now called St. Margaret＇s,
and a college, called King＇s college. The new town is situated at the
mouth of the river Dee; it far exceeds the other towns of the north
in beauty, bigness, and trade; the streets are well paved; the houses
generally four stories high, with gardens and orchards belonging to
them. In the high street is a very handsome church, begun by
bishop Elphingston, and finished by Gauin Dunbar, bishop of this
city.

A＇BERE-MURDER [of abere, apparent, and mord, murder, Sax.]
plain or downright murder, in distinction from manslaughter and
chance medley.

A＇BERFORD, a small market-town in the West-riding of York­
shire, distant from London 180 measured miles. It is famous for
pin-making, the pins made here being much esteemed by the
ladies. Here is a weekly market on Wednesday.

ABERGAVE＇NNY, a large town in Monmouthshire, handsomely
built and well peopled, 14 miles west of Monmouth, and distant
from London 142 measured miles. Here is a considerable flan­
nel trade, and a market on Tuesday.

ABE＇RRANCE, or ABE＇RRANCY [of abbarrans, Lat. of ab, from,
and erro, to wander] a straying, erring, or wandring out of the
way, an error.

ABE＇RRANT [abbassato, It. aberrans, Lat.] straying or wandering
away from.

ABERRA＇TION, the act of wandering or deviating from the com­
mon path.

ABERU＇NCATED [from aberrunco, or (in the later reading) averrunco,
Lat. to hoe, or weed the ground] pulled up by the roots.

ABERY＇STWITH, a market-town in Cardiganshire in Wales, situated
at the mouth of the river Ystwith, on the Irish seas. Here is a weekly
market on Monday. The town is 27 miles N. E. of Cardigan, and
229 miles from London.

ABE＇SSED [of abaisser, Fr. to depress] humbled.

ABE＇STON, a stone found in Arabia, of the colour of iron, which,
if set on fire, is not easy to be quenched.

To ABE＇T [of betan, Sax. to animate] 1. To encourage, egg, or
set on. 2. To maintain, back, or uphold. 3. To aid or assist.

ABE＇TMENT [in common law] the act of encouraging or setting
another to commit any crime.

ABE＇TTER, or ABE＇TTOR [of betan, Sax.] one who advises,
eggs on, or assists any other person in doing any unlawful act, as
of felony, murder, treason, &c.

ABE＇TTORS [in law] are also those persons, who, without cause,
procure others to sue out false appeals of felony or murder against
persons, that they may thereby render them infamous.

A＇BEX, a county of Africa, south of Egypt, lying along the west
coast of the Red-sea. It is subject to the Turks.

ABEY＇ANCE [a law term] as when lands, goods, tenements, &c.
are only in posse, or expectation, and not in acta, i. e. in the in­
tendment and consideration of the law, they are said to be in abey­
ance.

ABGATO＇RIA [of abghittin, Irish] the alphabet A B C, &c.

ABGREGA＇TION [abgregatio, Lat. of ab, from, and grex, a flock]
a separation from the flock.

To ABHO＇R [abhorrer, Fr. abhorrire, It. aborrecèr, Sp. abhorreo,
Lat. of ab, from, and horreo, to shudder] to have the utmost aver­
sion for a thing or person, as if one started with a kind of shuddering
from it, to loath, hate, or detest.

ABHO＇RRENCE, or ABHO＇RRENCY [of abhorrens, Lat.] 1. A hating,
loathing, &c. 2. Hatred, or the disposition to abhor.

ABHO＇RRENT [abhorrens, Lat.] 1. That hates, loaths, is averse
to, 2. Foreign, or opposite to, inconsistent with. “It is used with
the particles from or to.” Johnson.

To ABI＇DE [of abidan, Sax. irr. v. ver heyd-en or heyd-en, Du.
hyd-a, Su. heydan, Goth.] 1. To continue, stay, or tarry in a place.
2. To dwell in a place. 3. To continue firm, not to be moved. As
“The word of the Lord abideth for ever.” 4. To continue in the
same state. 5. To wait upon, or attend.
Where many skill-full leeches him abide
To salve his hurts.———
Spencer.
6. To bear up against, or support. 7. To bear or suffer. 8. It is
used with by before a thing, or person; as to abide by his testimony,
i. e. to rely upon it, to abide by an opinion, i. e. to maintain it. “To
abide by a man, is to defend, or support him.” Johnson. All par­
taking of the primary sense, viz. a firm and steddy continuance.

An ABI＇DING [or dwelling] place.

A＇BJECT [abjectus, Lat. i. e. cast away] 1. Mean, base, vile. 2.
Without hope or regard.
To lowest pitch of abject fortune thou art fall＇n.
Milton＇s Samson Agonistes, as cited by Mr. Johnson;
though I see no necessity of departing here from the ordinary accep­
tation of the word.

An AB＇JECT [abjet, Fr. abbietto, It. abjeto, Sp. of abjectus, Lat.]
A person or being of no esteem or repute.

To ABJE＇CT, or ABJE＇CTATE [abjecto, Lat. of ab, from, and jaceo,
to cast] to cast or put away with disdain.

An ABJE＇CTION, or ABJECTNESS [Fr. of abjectio, Lat.] abject con­
dition, meanness, low estate, vileness.

A＇BJECTLY, vilely, basely.

A＇BIES [with botanists] the fir-tree, which see.

ABI＇ETINE [abietinus, Lat.] made of fir.

ABI＇GA [with botanists] the herb ground-pine. See GROUNDPINE.

ABI＇GEUS, or ABIGE＇VUS [old records] a thief who hath stolen
many cattle.








ABI＇LIMENTS [of war, of habillement, Fr. apparel or attire] ha­
biliments, or all sorts of armour and warlike stores.

ABI＇LITY [habilité, Fr. abilità, It. abilidàd, Sp. of habilitas, Lat.]
power, capacity, knowledge, riches.

Dur liberality must not exceed our ABILITY. Lat. Ne major sit be­
gignitas quam facultas. H. Ger. Sih nicht ubet dein vermogen. A
very good caution to those who are over free in bestowing or spend­
ing upon others, without considering the extent of their own or their
family＇s want; or to those, who are very free of their promises, be­
yond what they are able to perform.

A＇BINGTON, or ABINGDON, a borough town in Berkshire, situated
on the river Thames, 56 miles west of London, and 5 south from Ox­
ford; has its name from its ancient abbey; gives title of earl to
the Bertie family, and sends one member to parliament; it was in­
corporated and made a free borough by Mary I. The streets all meet
in a spacious area, in which the market is kept on Mondays. Its chief
manufacture is malt, great quantities of which are sent by the Thames
to London. The market house is equal to any building of that kind
in England, being of very curious ashler work, built on lofty pillars;
over it is a spacious hall, in which the summer assizes are generally
held.

ABINTE＇STATE [of ab, neg. and testatus, Lat.] an heir to a man
who died without a will.

ABI＇SHERISING [old law term] properly a forfeiture; a being quit
of amercements or fines for some transgression, that has been proved
before a judge.

To A＇BJUGATE [abjugo, Lat. of ab, from, and jugum, a yoke] to
unyoke, to uncouple.

To ABJU＇RE [abjuro, Lat. of ab, and juro, to swear] to forswear, to
disclaim, to renounce, or quit an opinion, subjection to a governor,
prince, &c.

ABJURA＇TION, a renouncing by oath, &c.

ABJURATION [old custom] a sworn banishment, or quitting the
land for life, sometime admitted instead of death to criminals, who
having committed murder, could get to a church, before they were
apprehended, from whence they could not be brought to take their
trial at law; but confessing their crime before a justice or coroner, and
abjuring the kingdom, were at liberty; but were to carry a cross in
their hand, till they got out of the king＇s dominions.

To ABLA＇CTATE [ablacto, Lat. of ab, from, and lac, milk] to
wean from the breast.

ABLACTA＇TION [with nursery gardeners] ne of the methods of
grafting; and according to the signification of the word, as it were
a weaning of a cyon by degrees from its mother＇s stock, not cutting it
off wholly from the stock, till it is firmly united to that on which it is
grafted.

ABLAQUEA＇TION [in gardening] an uncovering or laying bare the
roots of trees, to expose them to the air, rain and sun, in order to
their greater fertility the year following.

ABLA＇TION [ablatio, Lat.] a taking away.

A＇BLATIVE Case [ablatif, Fr. ablativo, It. of ablativus, Lat.] 1.
That which takes away. 2. In grammar, the last of the six cases of
nouns, pronouns, &c.

A＇BLE [abile, It. abil, Sp. of habilis, Lat.] capable to perform.

To A＇BLEGATE [ablego, Lat. of ab, and lego, to send, as a depu­
ty, &c.] 1. To send abroad upon some employment. 2. To send a
person one is weary of out of the way.

A＇BLENESS [from able] capableness to perform, &c.

ABLE＇PSY [αβλεψια, Gr. from α priv. and βλεπω, to see] 1. Want
of sight, natural blindness 2. Unadvisedness.

ABLIGA＇TION Sylvestre [with botanists] the flower Narcissus, white
Daffodil. Lat.

To A＇BLIGATE [abligo, Lat. of ab, from, and lego, to bind] to
bind or tye up from.

To A＇BLOCATE [abloco, Lat. of ab, and loco, to let to hire] to let
out to hire.

ABLOCA＇TION [ablocatio, Lat.] a letting out to hire.

To ABLU＇DE [abludo, Lat. of ab, from, and luo, i. e. lavo, to wash]
washing away, cleansing.

ABLU＇TION [Fr. abluzione, It. ablución, Sp. of ablutio, Lat.] 1. A
washing or rinsing. 2. The cup given without consecration, in the
Romish church. 3. Religious purification, such as is in use among the
Jews and Mahometans. See ABDEST.

ABLU＇TION [in pharmacy] the preparing of a medicine in any li­
quor, to cleanse it from its dregs or any ill quality.

ABNEGA＇TION [abnegatio, Lat. from ab, and nego, to deny] a de­
nying a matter point blank.

ABNEGATION [with divines] the renouncing of passions, pleasures,
or lusts.

ABNODA＇TION [with gardeners] the cutting away or pruning off the
knobs and knots from trees. Lat.

ABNO＇RMOUS [abnormis, Lat. of ab, ncg. and norma, rule] mishapen,
vast, huge, irregular.

A＇BO, a city of Sweden, capital of the province of Finland, situated
at the mouth of the river Aurojoki, on the Bothnic gulph, 240
miles N. E. of Stockholm. Latitude 60° 30′ N. Longitude 21°
30′ E.

ABOA＇RD [abord, Fr. a bordo, It.] or on board a ship.

ABO＇DE [from abide] 1. Habitation, or place of residence. 2. Stay
or continuance.

To ABO＇LISH [abolir, Fr. abolire, It. of abolco, Lat. to destroy]
1. To destroy a thing after such a manner, that no footsteps of it re­
main. 2. To repeal, or annul.

ABO＇LISHMENT [abolissement, Fr.] the act of abolishing.

ABOLI＇TION [Fr. abollizione, It. abolición, Sp. of abolitio, Lat.]
the act of abolishing; the same with abolishment.

ABOLITION [law term] leave granted by a judge, &c. to a crimi­
nal accuser, to forbear further prosecution of a person accused.

ABOLITION [in metaphysicks] the utter destruction of any be­
ing.

ABOMA＇SUM, or ABOMASUS [with anatomists] one of the four sto­
machs of ruminant animals, i. e. such as chew the cud; the other
three are called venter, reticulum, and omasum.

ABOMINABLE [abominabilis, Lat.] 1. Hateful, detestable, not to
be borne with. 2. It is sometimes used by comic writers as a loose
and indeterminate censure.

ABOMINABLY, extremely, excessively, &c.

To ABOMINATE [abbominare, It. abominar, Sp. of abominor, Lat.
to deprecate as ominous, of ab, from, and omen] to abhor, detest, or
hate utterly.

ABOMINA＇TION [abomination, Fr. abbominazione, It. abominación,
Sp. abominatio, Lat.] 1. Detestation, or hatred. 2. The object de­
tested. 3. Pollution, or defilement. 4. The object that is the cause
of pollution.

ABORI＇GINES [aborigines, Lat. of ab, from, and origo, original]
the primitive or original inhabitants of a country; in opposition to
colonies, or people transplanted from other parts. Thus we call the
Indians the Aborigines of America, the Welch of Britain, &c. It was
originally a proper name given to the inhabitants of the ancient La­
tium, now called Romania, who boasted of being descended imme­
diately from the gods.

A＇BON, or AVON [with the ancient Britains] signified a river, and
was a general name for all rivers.

ABO＇RS, or ABOORS [for aborigines] the ancient inhabitants of a
place.

To ABO＇RT [abortir, Fr. abortàr. Sp. abortire, It. aborto, Lat. of
ab, and orior] to miscarry or bring forth the fœtus, before it is arrived
at its maturity for birth.

ABO＇RTION [abórto, Sp. abortio, Lat.] 1. The untimely exclusion
of the fœtus, commonly called a miscarriage in women. 2. The
fœtus untimely excluded.

ABO＇RTION [with gardeners] a term used of fruits that are produced
too early before their time; as when trees happening to be blasted by
noxious winds, are subject to this malady, never bringing their fruit
to maturity.

ABO＇RTIVE, adj. [abortif, Fr. abortivo, It. and Sp. of abortivus,
Lat.] 1. Pertaining to an abortion, or untimely birth. 2. That
which comes to nothing, as an abortive design. 3. That which pro­
duces nothing.

ABO＇RTIVE, sub. A sort of fine vellum made of the skin of a cast­
calf or lamb.

ABO＇RTIVELY, before its time.

ABO＇RTIVENESS, 1. Miscarriage. 2. Unsuccessfulness.

ABO＇VE, prep. [of aboktan, or abokan, Sax. of a, and bukan;
boven, Du.] 1. More aloft, or higher in place. 2. Greater, or ex­
ceeding in quantity. 3. Higher in rank; more powerful. 4. Higher
than; not to be attained. “Things may be above our reason.” Swift.
5. Beyond; more than. “The inhabitants of Tyrol have many pri­
vileges above those of the other hereditary countries, &c.” Addison.
6. Too high for. As to be above doing any thing.

ABOVE, adv. 1. Over-head. 2. In heaven. 3. Before: as, it
was above observed.

ABOVE all, chiefly, principally, in the first place.

ABOVE-BOARD, in the sight of the whole world.

To be ABOVE, to excel.

To be ABOVE the World, to be rich.

To ABOU＇ND [abonder, Fr. abondare, It. abundar, Sp. and Port. of
abundo, Lat.] to have, enjoy, possess, to produce more than enough.

ABOU＇T [of abotan, Sax. buyten, Du. buten, O. and L. Ger.
without, q. d. from without] 1. Round about. 2. Near in time and
place. 3. Ready; as, about to go. 4. Almost. 5. Concerning,
with regard to. 6. Employed on, or engaged in. 7. Appendent to
the person. “If you have this about you.” Milton. 8. The longest
way; in opposition to the shortest.

To go ABOUT the Bush. Fr. Tourner autour du pot (to turn about
the pot) to go a round-about or a tedious way in saying or doing any
thing.

ABOU＇TED [with gardeners] a term used to denote that trees are
budded. It properly signifies a swelling formed in the human body,
which has come to a head or abscess, and is applied to trees, because
the buds of them do in like manner arise like small heads.
A. Bp. is the usual abbreviation for Archbishop.

ABRACADA＇BRA, a spell or charm, still in use and esteem with some
superstitious persons, who pretend to do wonders by it in the cure of
agues and fevers.

To ABRA＇DE [abrado, Lat. of ab, from, and rado, to scrape] to
rub off, or wear away by degrees.

A＇BRAHAMITES [Ibraimiah, Arab.] a sect which, in the ninth cen­
tury, sprung up in the east, so called from its founder, who bore the
name of Abraham [in Arab. Ibraim]. He revived at Antioch (where
he was born) the tenets of the Paulicians, and had already corrupted
great part of the Syrians: but Cyriacus, the patriarch of that church,
powerfully opposed it, and soon put an end to its success. Cyriacus
held the see of Antioch, A. D. 805, when Nicephorus was emperor
of the east, and Charlemagne of the west. Dherbelot. Bibliot. Orient.
See PAULICIANS.

ABRA＇SION, [from abrade] a shaving off; also a razing or blotting
out.

ABRASION [with surgeons] a superficial raising of the skin.

ABRASION [in a medicinal sense] the wearing away the natural
mucus, which covers the membranes, particularly those of the sto­
mach and guts, by corrosive or sharp humours.

ABRASION [with philosophers] that matter which is worn off by
the attrition of bodies one against another.

ABRA＇XAS, [or (as Baronius chose to read it) αβγαξας, Gr. brasax,
Lat.] the name, which Basilides gave to the supreme being, as in­
cluding in its Greek letters the number 365, the precise number of
heavens, which, according to his scheme of divinity, was created.
Tertull. and Iræneus. See BASILIDIANS.

ABRFA＇ST, side by side.

ABRENUNCIA＇TION, a renouncing or forsaking any thing entirely.
Fr. of Lat.

A＇BRIC [with chemists] sulphur.

To ABRI＇DGE [abreger, Fr. abbrevio, Lat.] 1. to make shorter in
words, to contract, still retaining the sense and substance. 2. To di­
minish, contract, or cut short. 3. When followed by the particle
from or of, it signifies, to take from, or deprive of.

To ABRIDGE [in law] to make a declaration, or an account short, by






















leaving out part of the plaint or demand, and praying that the defen­
dant may answer to the other.

ABRI＇DGMENT [abregement, Fr.] 1. An abridging, &c. wherein the
less material things are insisted on but briefly, and so the whole
brought into a lesser compass; an epitome or short account of a mat­
ter; a summary, or the substance of a book. 2. A diminution. 3.
Restraint; as abridgment of liberty.

ABRIDGMENT of Account; &c. [in law] is the making it shorter,
by abstracting some of its circumstances.

ABRO＇ACH, as, to set abroach, or to pierce a cask.

ABRO＇AD. 1. Without doors. 2. In a foreign country. 3. With­
out confinement. 4. Every way, in all directions.
An elm displays her dusky arms abroad.
Dryden.

To A＇BROGATE, [abroger; Fr. abrogàr, Sp. of abrogo, Lat. of ab,
against, and rogo, to bring in a bill] to disannul or abolish, especially
to repeal or make a law void, which was before in force.

ABROGA＇TION [abrogazione, It. abrogacion, Sp. of abrogatio, Lat.]
a disannulling, &c. Lat.

ABROO＇D [of bsedan, Sax. to breed] as, to sit abrood; as an hen
on eggs, to cherish.

To ABROO＇K, a word now obsolete, but used by Shakespeare, &c.
signifying, to bear, or endure.

ABROTANI＇TES [ἀβροτονίτης, Gr.] wine impregnated with southern­
wood.

ABRO＇TANUM [αβρότανον, Gr.] the herb southernwood; which see.

ABRU＇PT [abruptus, Lat.] 1. Broken off suddenly. 2. Unrea­
sonable. 3. Rough. 4. Unconnected.

The ABRUPT [abruptum, Lat.] the uneven, rough, broken, or
craggy part of the abyss. Milton.

ABRU＇PTION [abruptio, Lat.] breaking off suddenly.

ABRU＇PTLY, unseasonably, hastily.

ABRU＇PTNESS. 1. The breaking or being broken off on a sudden.
2. Cragginess of a rock, mountain, &c.

ABRU＇ZZO, a province of Naples, in Italy, bounded by the territo­
ries of the Pope on the N. and W. by the gulph of Venice on the E.
and by the Terra di Lavoro and Molise on the S.

A＇BSCESS [abscez, Fr. of abscessus, Lat. of abs; and cedo, Lat. to re­
tire; because the parts are disunited by the matter] a preternatural
tumor (or morbid cavity) in the body, in which the collected matter
degenerates into pus or sanies. Castell. See PUS and SANIES.

To ABSCI＇ND [abscindo, Lat. of ab, from, and scindo, to cut] to cut
off.

ABSCI＇SSA, or ABSCISSE, part of the diameter of a curve line, inter­
cepted between the vertex, and the point where any ordinate, or
semi-ordinate falls. Thus A B, is the abscissa of the curve D A C,
to the ordinate D B C. See Plate 1. Fig. 1.

ABSCI＇SSION [of ab, and scindo; to cut] 1. A cutting off. 2. The
state of being cut off.

ABSCISSION [with astrologers] a term used, when three planets be­
ing within the bounds of their orbs, and in different degrees of the
sign; the third comes to a conjunction with the middle planet, and cuts
off the light of the first.

To ABSCO＇ND [abscondo, Lat. of abs, from, and condo, to hide] to
hide one＇s self.

ABSENCE [absenza, It. ausente, Sp. absentia, Lat.] 1. The state of
being absent. 2. In law, want of appearance. 3. Inattention, with
regard to the present object.

A＇BSENT [Fr. assente, It. ausente, Sp. of absens, Lat. afwesend, Du.
and L. Ger. abwesend, H. Ger. from af or ab, from, and wesend or
rather seynd, being] 1. That is out of the way, missing, or wanting.
2. Inattentive, regardless of the present object.

To ABSENT one＇s self, to be voluntarily absent, not to appear, to
keep out of the way.

The ABSENT person is always faulty; or, at least, is pretended or
supposed to be so; it being but too common for people to lay the
blame of any fault or mistake upon those who, being absent, cannot
disprove it, or justify themselves.

Long ABSENT easily forgotten. To which agree, Out of sight, out
of mind, or, Seldom seen, soon forgotten; as likewise the Greek pro­
verbs, Τηλοῦ ναίοντες ϕίλοι ουκ εἰσὶ ϕἱλοι, Distant friends are no friends;
and Πολλὰς ϕιλίας ἀπροσηγορία δίελυσε, Forbearance of conversation
dissolves friendship. The Germans say, Aus den augen, aus dem
sinne, Out of sight, out of mind. This proverb is but too true and
evident in fact to need any explanation.

ABSENTA＇NEOUS [absentaneus, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to absence. 2.
Done in absence.

ABSENTEE＇, a person absent from his employment, station, or
country.

ABSI＇NTHIATED [absinthiatus, Lat.] impregnated with worm­
wood.

ABSINTHIO＇MENON [ἀψινθιόμενον, Gr.] southernwood, or worm­
wood gentle.

ABSI＇NTHITES [ἀβσινθίτης, Gr.] wine impregnated with worm­
wood.

ABSI＇NTHIUM [ἀψίνθιον, or ἀβσίνθιον, Gr.] wormwood. See WORM­
WOOD.

ABSIS. See APSIS.

To ABSI＇ST [absisto, Lat. of ab, and sisto, to stand] to cease, or
leave off.

ABSO＇LVATORY [of absolutorius, Lat.] pertaining to a discharge or
acquittal.

To ABSO＇LVE [absoudre, Fr. assólvere, It. absoler, Sp. and Port. of
absolvo, Lat. of ab, from, and solvo, to release] 1. To acquit, to dis­
charge. 2. To release, or set free. 3. In an ecclesiastical sense, to
pronounce the remission of a sin. 4. To finish or complete.
———The work begun, how soon
Absolv＇d.
Milton.

A＇BSOLUTE [absolu, Fr. assoluto, It. absoluto, Sp. of absolutus, Lat.]
1. Free from the power of, or independent on another. 2. Having
perfection in itself. 3. Unlimited. 4. Arbitrary.

ABSOLUTE [with grammarians] without regimen or government,
as an ablative absolute.

ABSOLUTE Nouns Adject. [with grammarians] Such adjectives as are
in the positive degree, as great, little, low.

ABSOLUTE Nouns Substant. Such nouns whose significations imply
a simple idea; as a man, a horse, earth, air, &c.

ABSOLUTE [in theology] is sometimes used to denote a thing being
without any cause, in which sense, God is absolute.

ABSOLUTE is also used to signify free from conditions, as the de­
crees of God are said to be absolute in respect to men.

ABSOLUTE [with Romanists] is used in opposition to declaratory,
as they hold that a priest can forgive sins absolutely; but the protestants
say only declaratively and ministerially.

ABSOLUTE Estate [in law] an estate free from all manner of condi­
tions and incumbrances.

ABSOLUTE Equation [with astronomers] is the aggregation or sum
of the eccentric, and optic equations.

ABSOLUTE Gravity [in philos. and mech.] that property in bodies,
by which they are said to weigh so much, no regard being had to any
circumstances or modification, and always is as the quantity of mat­
ter contained in it.

ABSOLUTE Motion (distinguish＇d from apparent) supposes some
change of place, or real translation from one point of space to ano­
ther.

ABSOLUTE Numbers [in algebra] a number which possesses one
intire part or side of the equation, and is always a known quantity;
and the rectangle or solid under the unknown roots in quadratics and
cubics; thus in this equation, xx + 16 x = 36, the absolute num­
ber is 36, which is equal to the square of the unknown root x, added
to 16 times x. This is called also Homogeneum Comparationis, by
Vieta.

ABSOLUTE Place, is that part of infinite and immoveable space,
that any body possesses.

ABSOLUTE Space [with philosophers] is a space, which being con­
sider＇d in its own nature, without having any regard to any external
thing, continues always the same, and is immovable.

A＇BSOLUTELY [from absolute] after an absolute manner; without
restriction or relation.

ABSOLUTELY [with logicians] is used of the terms of a preposition,
that is without relation to any thing else.

ABSOLUTELY [in opposition to terms and conditions] as God is
said not to forgive men their sins absolutely; but upon condition of re­
pentance, and future amendment of life.

ABSOLUTELY [with geometricians] is used to signify intirely,
compleatly, as a circle or sphere is said to be absolutely round, in
contradistinction to a figure that is partly so, as an oval, a sphe­
roid, &c.

A＇BSOLUTENESS, 1. Completeness, fullness. 2. Freedom from
limits, or restrictions. 3. Despoticism.

ABSOLU＇TION [Fr. assoluzione, It. absolución, Sp. of absolutio, Lat.]
1. Acquittal. 2. The pardoning, remission, or forgiveness of sins,
pronounced by a priest, &c.

ABSOLUTION [in the canon law] a judicial act, whereby a priest
as a judge, and by virtue of a power delegated to him from Christ,
remits sins.

ABSOLUTION [in the civil law] signifies a definitive sentence,
whereby a man accused of any crime is acquitted.

ABSOLUTION [in the reformed churches] is usually understood of a
sentence by which a person who stands excommunicated, is freed or
released from the excommunication.

ABSOLUTO＇RIUM [with physicians] 1. An absolute remedy, or most
effectual medicine. 2. A certain cure, or perfect recovery. Lat.

ABSOLU＇TORY, that which absolves; as an absolutory sentence.

A＇BSONANT, or A＇BSONOUS [from absonans, or absonus, Lat.] disa­
greeing, from the purpose, absurd.

ABSONATE [old law records] to detest and avoid.

To ABSO＇RB [absorbeo, of ab, from, and sorbeo, to drink up] 1. To
swallow up. 2. To suck up.

To ABSORB [with gardeners, &c.] is a term applied to those greedy
branches that, growing on fruit trees, drink up and rob the other
branches of the nutritious juice, that they stand in need of for their
nourishment and augmentation.

ABSO＇RBENTS [absorbans, Fr. of absorbentia, Lat.] in physic, a ge­
neral name for such medicines as have the power of drying up redun­
dant humours, whether applied externally to ulcers, or taken into the
stomach. The testaceous powders of all sorts, are absorbents.

ABSO＇RPT [absorptus, Lat.] supped up, &c.

ABSO＇RPTION, the act of absorbing, or swallowing up.

ABSQUE HOC [i. e. without this] words of exception made use of in
a traverse. Lat.

To ABSTA＇IN [s＇abstiner, Fr. astenersi, It. abstener, Sp. of abstineo,
Lat.] to forbear, to keep from.

ABSTE＇MIOUS [astemio, It. abstémio, Sp. of abstemius, Lat.] pro­
perly said of one who drinks no wine; moderate, temperate in
diet, &c.

ABSTE＇MIOUSLY, soberly, temperately.

ABSTE＇MIOUSNESS, sobriety, temperance.

ABSTE＇NTION [abstentio, Lat. from abstineo, to keep from] the act
of restraining, or withholding from.

ABSTENTION [in common law] a keeping or withholding an heir
from taking possession of his inheritance.

To ABSTE＇RGE [abstergo, Lat. of abs, from, and tergo, to wipe] to
wipe off, to cleanse.

ABSTE＇RGENT [abstergens, Lat.] cleansing, scowring.

ABSTE＇RGENTS [with physicians] medicines of a cleansing or
scowring quality.

ABSTE＇RSION, a wiping away.

ABSTE＇RSIVE [detersif, Fr. astersivo, It. abstersivo, Sp. abstersivus,
Lat.] that hath the power of cleansing, or wiping away.

ABSTERSIVE Medicines, such as are used to clear the skin and out­
ward parts of the body from filth.

A＇BSTINENCE [abstinentia, Lat. of abstineo, to forbear, or refrain
from] an abstaining from food, drink, pleasures, lusts, &c.

ABSTINENCE is properly represented in painting, by a woman of a
healthy constitution, holding one hand on her mouth, and in the
other a scrall, upon which are the words, utor, non ne abutar, I use,
but don＇t abuse.

ABSTINENCE from Evil, is represented by a woman crowned with







laurel, leaning on a pedestal, and looking attentively on the deca­
logue, which lies before her. Under her feet lie serpents, tortoises,
and broken arrows, and by her side stands a camel.

A＇BSTINENT [abstinente, It. abinénte, Sp. of abstinens, Lat.] refrain­
ing from, or modcrately using wine, food, &c.

ABSTO＇RTED [abstortus, Lat. of abs, from, and torqueo, to wrest]
wrung or wrested from by violence.

To ABSTRA＇CT [abstraire, Fr. astraere, It. astraer, Sp. astraho,
Lat. of abs, from, and traho, to draw] 1. To take, or substract one
thing from another. 2. To separate ideas. 3. To abridge, or re­
duce to an epitomy.

A＇BSTRACT [abstractus, Lat.] a short draught or copy of an origi­
nal writing; the abridgment of a book, record, &c. an epitomy.

ABSTRACT [with logicians] any quality, as it is considered apart,
without regard had to its concrete or subject.

ABSTRACT [in philosophy] that which is separated from some other
thing, by an operation of the mind, called abstraction.

An ABSTRACT Idea, is some simple idea, detached and separated
from any particular subject or complex idea, for the sake of viewing
and considering it more distinctly, as it is in itself, its own nature, &c.

ABSTRACT Numbers [with arithmeticians] such as are considered as
pure numbers, without being applied to any subject.

ABSTRA＇CTED Mathematicks, is used in opposition to mixed mathe­
maticks; the former signifying pure arithmetic, geometry, or al­
gebra.

ABSTRA＇CTED Nouns Substantives [with grammarians, &c.] are
such nouns as denote a thing; the existence of which is real, and in
the nature of the thing; but subsists only in the understanding; as
humanity, truth, vigilance, &c.

ABSTRA＇CTEDLY [of abstractus, Lat.] by way of abstract.

ABSTRA＇CTIVE [abstractivus, Lat.] that may be abstracted or drawn
from.

ABSTRA＇CTION [abstractio, Lat.] 1. The operation of extraction.
2. Inattention, or absence of mind. 3. Regardless of external ob­
jects.

ABSTRACTION [in philosophy] is an operation of the mind,
whereby it separates things naturally conjunct or existing together, and
forms and considers ideas of things thus separated. A power or fa­
culty which is peculiar to the mind of man, in contradistinction to the
natural capacity of brute beasts; by the help of which faculty he can
make his ideas or conceptions relating to particular things, to become
general representatives of all of the same kind. Thus if the eye re­
present to a man whiteness in a wall, he can consider abstractedly that
quality of whiteness, and find it attributable to many other things, and
plainly distinguish it from them; as snow, milk, chalk, &c.

ABSTRI＇CTED [abstrictus, Lat.] loosened, unbound.

To ABSTRI＇NGE [abstringo, Lat. of ab, neg. and stringo, to bind]
to unbind or loosen.

To ABSTRU＇DE [abstrudo, Lat. of abs, from, and trudo, to thrust]
to thrust from, to push away, or from.

ABSTRU＇SE [abstrus, Fr. astruso, It. abstrúso, Sp. of abstrusus, Lat.]
obscure, dark, not easy to be understood, deep, hidden, or far removed
from the common apprehensions or ways of conceiving.

ABSTRU＇SENESS, or ABSTRU＇SITY, 1. Obscurity in meaning, un­
intelligibleness. 2. That which is abstruse.

ABSTRU＇SELY, obscurely, unintelligibly.

To ABSU＇ME [absumo, Lat. sumo, to take] to waste away gra­
dually.

ABSU＇RD [absurde, Fr. assurdo, It. absurdo, Sp. of absurdus, Lat.]
1. Not agreeable to reason or common sense, or that thwarts or goes
contrary to the common notions and apprehensions of men. 2. In­
consistent, contrary to reason.

ABSU＇RDNESS, or ABSU＇RDITY [absurdité, Fr. assurdità, It. of
absurditas, Lat.] not agreeable to reason, impertinence, folly; an
error or offence against some generally allowed truth or principle.

ABSU＇RDLY, impertinently, foolishly.

ABU＇NDANCE [abondance, Fr. abonddanza. It. abundáncia Sp. of
abundantia, Lat.] 1. Great plenty. 2. A great many, vast numbers:
as abundance of people. 3. A great quantity: “what abundance of
noble blood has been shed, with very small benefit to the christian
state.” Sir Walter Raleigh. 4. More than sufficient.

ABU＇NDANT [abondant, Fr. abbondante, It. abúndente, Sp. of a­
bundans, Lat.] abounding, more than sufficient.

ABUNDANT Numbers [with arithmeticians] such numbers, whose
aliquot parts added together, make more than the whole number, of
which they are parts; as 20, whose aliquot parts are 10, 5, 4, 2, 1,
and make 22; and 12, whose aliquot parts are 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, which
added together, make 16.

ABUNDA＇NTIA, as an allegorical deity, was represented by the an­
cients, as a very beautiful woman, crowned with flowers, having on
a green garment embroidered with gold: in her right hand, a horn
of plenty, filled with fruits; and in her left, ears of corn, standing
in the midst of all sorts of temporal blessings.

ABUNDA＇NTLY, plentifully.

To ABU＇SE [abuser, Fr. abusare, It. abusàr, Sp. abutor, Lat. of
ab, and utor, to use] 1. To make a bad use of. 2. To impose up­
on, or deceive. 3. To affront, or treat rudely.

ABUSE [abus, Fr. abuso, It. and Sp. of abusus, Lat.] 1. The irre­
gular or ill use of a thing, or something introduced contrary to the
proper order and intention of it. 2. Bad custom. 3. Unjust
censure.

Self-ABUSE, the crime called otherwise, self-pollution. See ONA­
NIA.

ABUSIO [in rhetoric] a figure, the same as catachresis, by which
a word is not used in its strict and most proper sense, but with some
considerable reductions and abatements, as “worship, though strictly
speaking, appropriated to God by a catechresis, may be applied to
magistrates and women.” The scripture uses it in these so widely
different senses in one and the same sentence, “They worshipped God
and the king.”

ABU＇SIVE [abusivus, Lat.] affrontive, offensive, injurious.

ABU＇SIVELY, offensively, injuriously.

ABU＇SIVENESS, offensiveness, affrontingness, &c.

To ABU＇T, or ABBUTT [of aboutir, Fr.]to bound or border upon.

ABU＇TALS, or ABU＇TTALS. See ABBUTTALS.

ABU＇TMENT, that which abuts or borders upon another.

ABUTTI＇LLON [with botanists] yellow mallows.

A＇BYDOS, a town and castle of the lesser Asia, situated on the
south entrance of the Hellespont, now the southern castle of the Dar­
danells. Here the strait which divides Asia from Europe is two miles
over. Latitude 40° 00′ N. longitude 27°. 30′ E.

ABY＇SMAL, pertaining to an abyss.

A＇BYSS [abime, Fr. abisso, It. bismo, Sp. abyssus, Lat. of ἀβυσσος,
Gr. of α priv. and βυσσος, a bottom] 1. A bottomless pit or gulf,
or any prodigious deep where no bottom can be found; or is sup­
posed to have no bottom; a vast unfathomable depth of waters. 
2. In a figurative sense, that in which any thing is lost. 3. The vast
collection of waters supposed to be inclosed in the bowels of the earth.
4. Among divines, it is often used to signify hell.

ABYSSI＇NES, a people of Ethiopia, who are christians of the Greek
church.

ABYSSI＇NIA. See ETHEOPIA.

AC, AK, or AKE, at the beginning or end of a name of a town
or place is the Saxon word (ac) which signifies an oak, and generally
denotes the place to take its name of Oak, as Acton is as much as to
say Oak-town, and Austin＇s-ac, Austin＇s-oak; and as for the names
of persons of the same form, they are for the most part derived from
the places of their birth, or some atchievement there.

ACA＇CIA [in botany] Egyptian thorn, or binding-bean-tree. It
hath a tubulose flower, consisting of one leaf, with many stamina or
threads, which are many of them collected into a kind of sphere or
globe; the pointal of the flower afterwards becomes a pod, in which
are included several seeds, each of which is separated by transverse
diaphragms, and are generally surrounded with a sweetish pulp.
Miller＇s Gard. Dict.

ACACIA [with medallists] a kind of roll, resembling a bag, seen
on medals in the hands of several of the consuls and emperors, after
Anastasius.

A＇CACY [ακακια, Gr.] innocence, a being free from malice.

ACADE＇MIC, or ACADE＇MICK [academique, Fr. accademico, It. aca­
demico, Sp. of academicus, Lat.] belonging to an academy.

ACADE＇MICKS [ακαδημικοι, Gr.] the disciples of Plato, who were
so named, because they studied in the public school, called academia,
a famous school, not far from Athens, built and planted with trees,
as some say, by Cadmus the Phœnician; others by Academius,
whose great dogma was unum scio quod nihil scio, i. e. I know this one
thing, that I know nothing: a sect of sceptical philosophers, who
taught that all things were uncertain; and that men ought to doubt of
all things, and believe nothing.

ACADEMI＇CIAN, or ACADE＇MIAN, a name now used for members
of modern academies, or instituted societies of learned persons.

ACA＇DEMY [academie, Fr. accademia, It. académia, Sp. and Lat.
It was originally a public place planted with trees at Athens, so called
from one Academus, who presented it. As P. Richelet observes, and
Horace confirms the same in that line,
——Inter sylvas academi quæ rere verum.]
an university; a place where persons are taught the liberal arts and
sciences, &c. It is also used for a particular society of ingenious per­
sons, established for the improvement of learning, &c. Cæsar Ripa
represents an academy emblematically, by a heroin having a crown
of gold on her head, a garment of many colours, a file in her right
hand, with the motto DETRAHIT ATQUE POLIT; and a garland of
myrtle, laurel and ivy, representing so many different species of poe­
try, in her left: her noble aspect, to express solidity of judgment;
her crown of gold, the refining of ideas conceived in the brain by
many trials and experiments; the variety of colours in her garment,
the diversity of sciences; the file in her hand, the polishing of wri­
tings from dross and superfluity; and lastly, the garland, the honou­
rable reward due to those who excel.

ACADEMY, is also now used for a sort of collegiate school or se­
minary, where young persons are instructed in a private way, in the
liberal arts and sciences, as those of the non-conformists.

ACADEMY, or Academy Figure [with painters] is a drawing or de­
sign, done after a model, with crayon or pencil.

ACADEMY [of horsemanship] is also used to signify a riding-school,
a place where persons are taught to ride the great horse, and other
exercises, as fencing, &c.

An ACADEMY, in the canting dialect, is a brothel, bawdy-house,
or receptacle for all sorts of vagrants. Here the young ones are in­
itiated and instructed, as well in the canting language, as in their se­
veral cheats and impostures: And here they are afterwards separated
into tribes, according to their different capacities for mischief.

ACA＇DIA, or New Scotland, one of the British colonies in North
America, situated between 43 and 51 degrees of north latitude, and
between 63 and 70 degrees of west longitude. It is bounded by the
river St. Lawrence and the Atlantic ocean on the east, and by the bay
of Fundi and the seas of Acadia on the south, and by Canada and
New England on the west. The chief town is Annapolis.

A＇CAID [with chemists] vinegar.

ACALY＇PHE [ακαλυϕη, Gr.] the sea nettle, or great stinging net­
tle.

ACANA＇CEOUS [of ἀκαζω, to sharpen, or rather ἀκανθα, a thorn]
prickly; applied to all plants of the thistle kind, and sometimes also
the prominent parts of animals.

ACANTA＇BOLUS [ἀκανταβολος, of ἀκανθα, a thorn, and βαλλω, to
cast out, Gr.] a surgeon＇s instrument, described by Paulus Ægineta,
resembling tweezers, used in extracting a cariated piece of a bone,
that is loose, or thorns, or any thing extraneous in a wound, as a
tent, &c. Also in pulling away hairs from the eye-lids that are trou­
blesome and irritate the eyes.

ACA＇NTHA [ἀκανθα, Gr.] a thorn, brier, or bramble. Lat.

ACA＇NTHA [with anatomists] the most backward protuberance or
knob of the vertebra＇s of the back, otherwise called, spina dorsi.

ACA＇NTHICE [ακανθικη, Gr.] a sweet and pleasant juice, contained
in the top of pellitory or ivy. Lat.








ACA＇NTHIS [with botanists] the herb groundsel. Lat.

ACA＇NTHUS [ἀκανθος, Gr.] the herb bears-brecch, bears-foot, or
brank-ursine. The leaves are somewhat like those of the thistle. The
flowers are labiated: the under lip of the flower is divided into three
segments, which in the beginning is curled into a short tube: in the
place of the upper lip are produced the stamina, or seeds which sup­
port the pointals: the cup of the flower is composed of leaves which
are prickly; the upper part of which is bent over like an arch, which
supplies the defect of the upper lip of the flower: the fruit is of an oval
form, which is divided in the middle into two cells, each containing
one single smooth seed. Miller.

ACAPU＇LCO, a port town of North America, situated in the province
of Mexico, on a fine bay of the South Sea, from whence a rich ship
sails annually to Manilla in the Philippine islands, near the coast of
China in Asia, and another returns annually from thence to Acapulco,
laden with all the treasures of the East Indies. It was one of these
ships loaden with silver, and bound from Acapulco to Manilla, that
lord Anson took near the Philippine islands.

A＇CARON [ἀκαρον, Gr.] the plant wild-myrtle or gow; also butch­
er＇s-broom.

A＇CARUS [ἀκαρος, Gr.] in natural history; a small worm breeding
in wax.

ACA＇RPY [acarpia, Lat. of ἀκαρπια, of a priv. and καρπος, Gr.
fruit] unfruitfulness, barrenness.

ACATELE＇CTOS, or ACATALE＇CTIC Verse [ἀκαταληκτικος, Gr.] a
verse exactly perfect, in which there is not one syllable too much or too
little.

ACATALE＇PTIC [ἀκατάληπτος, Gr.] incomprehensible.

ACATALE＇PSY [acatalepsia, Lat. of ἀκαταληψία, Gr.] incompre­
hensibleness, or the impossibility of comprehending or conceiving a
thing.

ACATA＇LIS [ἀκαταλις, Gr.] the lesser kind of juniper.

ACATE＇RA [ἀκατηρα, Gr.] the greater juniper-tree.

ACATE＇RY [in the king＇s houshold] a sort of check between the
clerks of the king＇s kitchen, and surveyor.

ACATHA＇RSIA [ἀκαθαρσια, of α neg. and καθαιρω, Gr. to purge or
cleanse] that filth or impurity in a diseased body, which is not yet
purged off.

ACA＇TIA, or ACA＇CIA, a little thorn growing in Egypt, out of
the leaves and fruit of which is pressed a black juice, which being dried,
is called by the same name, and has a very astrictive quality.

ACAU＇LIS, or ACAU＇LOS [from a neg. and caulis a stalk] a term
used of plants that seem to want stalks, whose flower creeps on the
ground.

ACCAPITA＇RE [a law word] to pay relief to the chief lord.

ACCA＇PITUM [a law word] relief due to the lords of the manors.

ACCE＇DAS AD CURIAM, a writ directed to the sheriff, requiring him
to go to the court of some lord or franchise, where any false judgment
is supposed to have been made in any suit in a court of record, that a
record may be made of the same suit there, and certified into the
king＇s court.

ACCEDAS AD VICE-COMITEM, a writ directed to the coroner, re­
quiring him to deliver a writ to the sheriff, who having had a pone de­
livered to him, suppresses it.

To ACCE＇DE [accedo, Lat. of ad, to, and cedo, to yield] to come to,
to draw near to, to enter into, or to add one＇s self to something already
supposed to take place; as such a state acceeded to a war or treaty, i. e.
she join＇d the other powers, and became a party in it.

To ACCE＇LERATE [accelerer, Fr. accelerare, It. accelerár, Sp. ac­
celero, Lat. of ad, to, and celer, swift] to hasten, to quicken, to spur
on with super-added motion and expedition.

ACCE＇LERATED Motion [in mechanicks] a motion which receives
continual increments or accessions of velocity.

ACCELERA＇TION [acceleration, Fr. acceleratio, Lat. accelerament, It.
acceleracíon, Sp.] a hastening, &c.

ACCELERATION [with philosophers] a continual increase of velo­
city in any heavy bodies, tending towards the centre of the earth, by
the force of gravity.

ACCELERATION [with the ancient astronomers] a term used in re­
spect to the fixed stars, and signified the difference between the revolu­
tion of the primum mobile, and the solar revolution, which was com­
puted at 3 minutes and 56 seconds.

ACCELERATO＇RES [in anatomy] certain muscles, so called of ac­
celero, i. e. to hasten.

ACCELERATORES Urinæ [with anatomists] a pair of muscles be­
longing to the penis; they arise fleshy from the upper part of the ure­
thra, as it passes under the os pubis, and are inserted on each side of
the corpora cavernosa penis; the use of which is to expedite the pas­
sage of the urine, and the seed.

To ASCE＇ND [accendo, Lat. of ad, to, and candeo, to glow] to kin­
dle, or set on fire.

ACCE＇NSION [in philosophy] the kindling, or setting any natural
body on fire.

A＇CCENT [Fr. accento, It. acénto, Sp. of accentus, Lat. of ad, to,
and cano, to sing] the rising or falling of the voice, a tone and man­
ner of pronunciation, contracted from the country in which a person
was bred, or resided a considerable time.

ACCENT [with rhetoricians] a tone or modulation of the voice,
used sometimes to denote the intention of the speaker, with regard to
energy or force, and expressive of the sentiments and passions.

Grave ACCENT [with grammarians] is this mark (̀) over a vowel,
to shew that the voice is to be depress＇d.

Acute ACCENT is this mark (́) over a vowel, to shew that the voice
is to be raised.

Circumflex ACCENT is this mark (̃) over a vowel in Greek, and
points out a kind of undulation of the voice.

The Long ACCENT [in grammar] shews that the voice is to dwell
upon the vowel that hath that mark, and is expressed thus (̄).

The Short ACCENT [in grammar] shews that the time of pro­
nouncing ought to be short, and is marked thus (̆). The Greek
tongue has short, shorter, and shortest syllables, and in the last of
these has Homer describ＇d the stone of Sisyphus as rolling down the
hill.

ACCENT [in music] a certain modulation or warbling of the voice,
to express the passions either naturally or artificially.

To ACCE＇NT [accentuer, Fr. accentuare, It. acentuàr, Sp. from ac­
centus, Lat.] 1. To mark with an accent. 2. To pronounce with re­
gard to the accents.

ACCE＇NTOR [of ad, to, and cano, to sing] one of three singers in
parts.

To ACCE＇NTUATE [accentuer, Fr.] to pronounce in reading or
speaking according to the accent.

ACCENTUA＇TION, a pronouncing or marking a word, so as to lay a
stress of the voice upon the right vowel or syllable.

To ACCE＇PT [accepter, Fr. accettare, It. acetàr, Sp. acceitar, Port.
acceptum of accipio, Lat. of ad, to, and capio, to take] to receive fa­
vourable or kindly, to take with particular approbation, either with
or without the particle of. He will accept money, or of money. When
it denotes a particular biass, it has usually the particle of before the
person to which it relates, but sometimes without of. The former
more commonly; as, he accepts of me, or he accepts me.

ACCE＇PTABLE [acetàble, Sp. of acceptabilis, low Lat.] that may
be favourably or kindly received, agreeable to.

ACCE＇PTABLY, agreeably.

ACCEPTABILI＇TY [of acceptable] the qualification of being re­
ceived with liking and approbation. A word rarely used.

ACCE＇PTABLENESS, agreeableness, pleasantness, quality of being
agreeable.

ACCE＇PTANCE [acceptant, Fr. of acceptans, Lat.] an accepting or
receiving favourably or kindly; sometimes the meaning or manner of
taking a word, with the accent promiscuously on the first or second
syllable.

ACCEPTANCE, or ACCEPTATION [in law] a tacit agreeing to
some former act done by another, which might have been undone or
avoided, if such acceptance had not been: Thus if a man and his
wife, seized of land in right of his wife, do join in making a lease by
deed, reserving rent; the husband dying, the wife receives or accepts
of the rent, the lease shall be made good by this acceptance in her, and
shall bar her from bringing the writ cui in vita, against the tenant.

ACCEPTATION [acceptation, Fr. accettazione, It. acetación, Sp.]
1. The received meaning of a word, or the sense in which it is
usually taken. 2. Reception of any person or thing, either agreeably
or not. 3. Particular regard as to acceptableness and manner of re­
ception.

ACCE＇PTER [accept] he who accepts.

ACCEPTILA＇TION [in civil law] a discharge from the creditor to
the debtor; the same as an acquittance in the common law.

ACCE＇PTION, acceptation, or common meaning of a word.

ACCE＇SS [accès, Fr. accesso, It. acéso, Sp. of accessus, Lat.] 1. Ad­
mittance, approach or passage to a place or person. 2. License or
means of approach to any thing. 3. Of [accessio, Lat.] accession to
any thing, additional increase.

ACCESS [O. Eng. from the Fr.] return or fit of an ague or other
distemper.

ACCE＇SSARINES [accessary corrupted for accessory, which see] qua­
lity or state of being accessary.

ACCE＇SSIBLE [Fr. accessibile, It. of accessibilis, Lat.] that may be
approached, or reached at, having the particle to.

ACCESSIBLE Height, is either that which may be measured mecha­
nically, by applying a measure to it; or else it is an height whose
base can be approached to, and from thence a length measured on the
ground.

ACCE＇SSION [accession, Lat. accessio, Fr.] 1. Addition or increase, the
act whereby a thing is super-added to another; joining one＇s self to
any thing else. 2. Coming to, as the coming of a king to the crown.

A＇CCESSORILY, in the manner of an accomplice, and not as a prin­
cipal.

ACCESSO＇RIUS Willisii [with anatomists] a nerve so termed, from
Dr. Willis, who first discover＇d it. It arises from the medulla spinalis,
about the beginning of the sixth pair of the neck, and ascends to the
head; and having there enter＇d the skull, it passes out of it again, and
is totally spent on the musculus trapezius.

A＇CCESSORY [accessoire, Fr. accessorio, It. and Sp.] additional,
super-added, or that is an accomplice, not a principal.

ACCESSORY [by statute] a person, who commands, encourages,
advises, or conceals an offender, that is guilty of felony by statute.

ACCESSORY, or ACCESSARY [in civil law] any thing that of right
belongs or depends on another, although it be separated from it; as if
tiles be taken from a house to be laid on again, they are an accessary,
if the house be to be sold.

ACCESSORY, or ACCESSARY [in common law] a person guilty of
felony, though not principally, but by participation, as by advice,
command, concealment, aiding or assisting; and this may be either
before or after the fact.

A＇CCIDENCE [accidentia, Lat.] a little book, containing the first
principles of the Latin tongue.

Per ACCIDENS [with philosophers] that which does not follow
from the nature of the thing, but from some accidental quality of it.

A＇CCIDENT [Fr. accidente, It. acidente, Sp. of accidens, Lat.] a
casualty or chance; a contingent effect, or something produced
casually and without any fore-knowledge or destination of it in the
agent that produced it, or to whom it happens.
A thing is also frequently stiled an accident, in reference to its cause,
or at least as to our knowledge of it, and by this an effect either ca­
sually produced, or which appears to have been so to us, is common­
ly understood.

ACCIDENT [with logicians] is taken in a three-fold sense:
1. Whatever is not essential to a thing; but may be separated
therefrom without destroying its nature or essence in opposition to the
essence of a thing, or whatever does not really belong to a thing,
but only casually; as the clothes a person wears, the money in his
pocket, &c.
2. Many qualities are termed accidents, in contradistinction to the
essential properties of any subject; because they are there not essen­
tially, but accidentally. This the schoolmen call accidens prædicabile,
and it implies a common quality, which may or may not be in any
subject; as whiteness in a wall, &c.
3. A thing is called an accident in opposition to substance, when it
is in its essence or nature to subsist in, inhere, or cleave to some sub­






stance, and cannot be alone. This they also call accidens predicamen­
tale, and in this sense the last nine predicaments are called accidents,
or it is thus with all qualities whatsoever.

Common ACCIDENTS [with logicians] is the fifth of the universal
ideas, as are when the object is a true mode, which may be sepa­
rated, at least by the mind, from the thing of which it is said to be an
accident, and yet the idea of that thing shall not be destroyed; as
round, hard, just, prudent, &c.

Predicable ACCIDENT [with logicians] implies a common quality,
which may be, or may not be in the subject, as a particular colour,
as redness in a wall, &c.

Predicamental ACCIDENT [with logicians] is when it is in its essence
or nature to subsist in, inhere or cleave to some substance, and can­
not be alone.

Respective entitive ACCIDENT [with logicians] is relation.

Entitive ACCIDENTS [in metaphysicks] are either primary or se­
condary.

Primary entitive ACCIDENTS, are such as are absolute, as quantity
and quality.

Modificative entitive ACCIDENTS [with metaphysicians] are quando
(when), ubi (where), situs (situation), habitus (habit).

ACCIDENT [with physicians] is such as does not flow immediately
from the first cause; but from casual interpositions: some use the ex­
pression in much the same sense as symptom.

Absolute ACCIDENT [with Roman catholicks] is an accident which
does, or may possibly subsist, at least miraculously, or by some super­
natural power, without a subject.

ACCIDENT [in grammar] the particular property of a word.

ACCIDENT [with astrologers] are the most remarkable chances that
have happened to a man in the course of his life.

ACCIDE＇NTAL [accidental, Fr. accidentale, It. accidentàl, Sp. of
accidentalis, Lat.] pertaining to accidents, happening by chance.
Sometimes it denotes any thing adventitious. This last is unusual.

ACCIDENTAL Dignities and Debilities [with astrologers] certain
casual affections or dispositions of the planets, by which they are
strengthened or weakened, on account of their being in such a house
of the figure.

ACCIDENTAL Point [in perspective] a point in the horizontal line,
where lines parallel among themselves do meet, though they are not
perpendicular to the figure.

ACCIDE＇NTALLY, casually. In such a manner as not to be essen­
tial; so as to be separated.

ACCIDE＇NTALNESS [of accidentalis, Lat.] 1. The happening by
chance. 2. Quality of being accidental.

ACCI＇DIOUS [accidius, Lat.] slothful.

ACCI＇DITY [acciditas, Lat.] slothfulness.

ACCI＇NCT [accinctus, Lat.] girded, prepared, ready.

ACCI＇PIENT [accipiens, Lat.] 1. Receiving 2. A receiver.

ACCIPITRI＇NIA [in botany] the herb hawk-weed.

ACCI＇SE [accise, Fr.] excise, a tax on beer, &c.

To ACCI＇TE [accito, Lat. of ad, to, and cito, to call] a word used
by Shakespeare and others, but now obsolete, signifying, to call or
summons.

ACCLAI＇M, acclamation. Milton.

ACCLAMA＇TION, Fr. [acclamazione, It. acclamación, Sp. of accla­
matio, Lat.] a shouting of the people for joy; expressing their applause,
esteem or approbation of any thing.

ACCLI＇VIS [in anatomy] a muscle called also obliquus ascendens.

ACCLI＇VITY [acclividad, Sp. acclività, It. acclivitas, Lat.] is a
steepness reckoned upwards on a slope; as declivity is a steepness
downwards; thus AC is an acclivity, and CA a declivity. See
Plate IV. Fig. 1.

ACCLI＇VOUS [acclivis, Lat.] rising upwards with a slope.

To ACCLOY. 1. To croud, or overfill. 2. To surfeit, or satiate.

ACCLOYED [with farriers] is said of a horse that is nailed or prick­
ed in shooing.

To ACCO＇IL, to bustle, croud, or be in a hurry. See COIL.

ACCOLA＇DE, an embracing about the neck; clipping and colling;
a ceremony anciently used in the conferring of knighthood.

A＇CCOLENT [accolens, Lat.] dwelling hard by.

ACCOLLE＇ [in heraldry] collared, or wearing a collar. Fr.

To ACCO＇MMODATE [accommoder, Fr. accommodare, It. acomodàr,
Sp. of accommodo, Lat. of ad, and commodo, to suit] 1. To provide
for, or furnish with. 2. To agree or compose a difference. 3. To
fit to, to adjust, to apply.

To ACCOMMODATE [with geometricians] to adapt or fit a line or
figure into a circle, &c. according as the conditions of the proposition
or problem require.

ACCOMMODA＇TION [accommodement, Fr. accommodemente, It. acomo­
damiento, Sp.] 1. An adapting, fitting, adjusting, &c. 2. The compo­
sure or putting an end to a difference, quarrel, &c. 3. Convenience.

ACCOMMODA＇TION [in philosophy] the application of one thing by
analogy to another.

ACCO＇MPANIMENT, something attending or added as a circumstance
to another, either by the way of ornament, or for the sake of sym­
metry, or the like,

ACCOMPANIMENTS [in heraldry] are all such things as are applied
about the shield, by way of ornament, as the belt, mantlings, sup­
porters, &c.

To ACCO＇MPANY [acompagnare, It. accompannar, Sp. accompagner,
Fr.] 1. To go or come with, to wait on, to keep company with.
2. To join or unite with.

To ACCOMPANY a Voice, i. e. to play to it with proper instruments.

An ACCO＇MPLICE [It. and Sp. complice, Fr.] one who has a hand
in a matter, or who is privy to the same crime or design with another.

To ACCO＇MPLISH [compire, It. cumplir, Sp. accomplir, Fr.] 1. To
perform, finish or fulfil. 2. To execute or bring a matter or thing to
perfection. 3. To complete a period of time. 4. To obtain, or
acquire.

A Person well ACCO＇MPLISHED, one who has extraordinary parts,
and has acquired great accomplishments in learning.

ACCO＇MPLISHMENT [compimento, It. cumplimento, Sp. accomplissement,
Fr.] 1. The entire execution, archievement, or fulfilling of something
proposed or undertaking. 2. Embellishment, or ornament.

ACCOMPLISHMENTS, acquirements in literature, art, science, good
behaviour, &c.

ACCO＇MPT. See ACCOUNT.

ACCO＇RD [Fr. accordo, It. acuérdo, Sp.] 1. Agreement or compact.
2. Agreement of mind. 3. Mutual harmony, symmetry. 4. Self-
motion; as it opened of its own accord.

ACCORD [in common law] agreement between several persons or
parties, to make satisfaction for an affront or trespass committed one
against another.

ACCORD [in music] is the production, mixture, and relation of
two sounds, of which the one is grave, and the other acute.

To ACCO＇RD [accordare, It. accordàr, Sp. s＇accorder, Fr.] to agree,
to hang together.

ACCO＇RDING, or ACCORDING to. 1. Agreeable to, in proportion.
2. With regard to.

ACCO＇RPORATED [accorporatus, Lat.] joined or put to, imbodied.

To ACCO＇ST [accostare, It. of accoster, Fr.] to make or come up to
a person, and speak to him.

ACCO＇UNT [compte or conte, Fr. conto, It. cuénta, Sp. conta, Port.]
1. A computation of the number of certain things, a reckoning. 2.
The total, or result of a computation. 3. Estimation, or value. 4.
Rank, dignity, or distinction. 5. Regard, consideration, for the
sake of. As, “Sempronius gives no thanks on this account.” Addi­
son. 6. Reason, or cause. 7. Narrative, or relation. 8. Opinion,
or belief. 9. Review or examination. 10. Explanation, or assign­
ment of causes. 11. The reasons of any thing collected.

ACCOUNT [in a law sense] a particular detail or enumeration de­
livered to a court or judge, &c. of what a man has received or ex­
pended for another, in the management of his affairs. Also,

ACCOU＇NT, or ACCOMPT [in common law] a writ or action that
lies against a man, who by his office is obliged to give an account to
another, (as a bailiff to his master, &c.) and refuses to do it.

ACCOUNT of Sales [in traffic] an account in which the sale of goods
is particularly set down.

Upon no ACCOUNT, or by no means.

Upon all ACCOUNTS. 1. By all means. 2. In every respect.

To ACCOUNT. 1. To reckon, or compute. 2. To believe, or
be of opinion. 3. To esteem, or regard. See ACCOUNT.

To ACCOUNT (or give a reason) for.

ACCOU＇NTABLE [comptable, Fr. of computabilis, Lat.] liable to give
an account, answerable.

ACCOU＇NTANT, or ACCO＇MPTANT, one who is well versed in
arithmetic, or casting up of accounts, an able arithmetician.

ACCOUNTANT [in law] a person who is obliged to render an ac­
count to another.

To ACCO＇UPLE [accoupler, Fr.] to link, or join together.

To ACCOU＇TRE [accoutror, Fr.] to dress, attire, trim, especially
with warlike accoutrements.

ACCOU＇TREMENT [accoutrement, Fr.] warlike dress. See To AC­
COUTRE.

ACCRE＇TION [accretio, Lat. from ad, to, and cresco, to grow] grow­
ing to another, so as to augment it.

ACCRETION [with naturalists] an addition of matter to any body
externally; but it is frequently applied to the increase of such bodies
as are without life, and it is also called apposition or juxta-position.

ACCRETION, or A＇CCREMENT [with civilians] a vague or vacant
portion of ground, joined with grounds held or possessed by another.

ACCRE＇TIVE [from acretio, Lat.] that by which growth is increased;
that by which vegetation is augmented.

To ACCRO＇ACH [accrocher, Fr.] 1. To hook or grapple unto. 2.
To invade another man＇s right; to encroach upon.

ACCROA＇CHMENT, an encroachment, &c.

ACCROCHE＇ [in heraldry] is when one thing hooks into another.
Fr.

To ACCRU＇E, or ACCRE＇W [of accresco, Lat. or accrû from accroitre,
Fr.] 1. To be increased or added to. 2. To fall to a person by way
or accretion or accession, &c. as, great good will accrue from it.

ACCUBA＇TION [accubatio, Lat.] a sitting down, or lying at table.

ACCUBI＇TION [accubitus, Lat.] a sitting down.

To ACCU＇MULATE [It. accumulàr, Sp. accumulor, Fr. accumulo,
Lat.] to heap up, to gather together in heaps, to raise up in piles.

ACCUMULA＇TION [Fr. of Lat.] the act or state of heaping up.

ACCU＇MULATIVE [from accumulate] that which heaps up into
piles, or is so heaped up.

A＇CCURACY, or A＇CCURATENESS [accuratezza, It. accuratio, Lat.]
exactness, niceness.

A＇CCURATE [accurato, It. accuratus, Lat.] done with care, exact,
either as to persons or things; not negligent, ignorant, or deficient.

A＇CCURATELY [from accurate] with nicety; not negligently.

ACCURATENESS [from accurate] exact nicety; not carelessness.

To ACCU＇RSE, to blast or load with a curse; to doom to destruc­
tion, to imprecate curses upon.

ACCU＇RSED [of ad, d by Euphony changed into c, and curse, Sax.]
1. Lying under a curse, or excommunicated. 2. Execrable, that
which deserves execration.

ACCU＇SABLE [accusabilis, Lat.] that may be, or that deserves to be
accused.

ACCUSA＇TIO, or ACCUSATION [in the civil law] is the preferring a
criminal action against any one, before a proper judge, in order to
inflict a punishment or penalty on the person accused. Lat.

ACCUSATION [accusation, Fr. accusazzione, It. accusación, Sp. of
accusatio, Lat.] 1. A charge of some crime, an impeachment. 2. The
act of accusing.

ACCUSA＇TIVE Case [accusatif, Fr. accusativo, It. acusativo, Sp. of
accusativus, Lat. in grammar] the 4th case of a noun; it denotes the
relation of the noun, on which the action of the verb terminates.

ACCUSA＇TORY [accusatorius, Lat.] of or belonging to accusa­
tion.

To ACCU＇SE [It. accuser, Fr. acuzar, Sp. and Port. accuso, Lat.]
to charge with a crime, to inform against, indict or impeach, to cen­
sure. It has the particle of, and sometimes for, before the matter of
censure or accusation.

ACCU＇SER [from accuse] he who accuses.








ACCU＇SERS [according to Cornelius Agrippa] the eighth order of
the devils, whose prince is called Asteroth, i. e. a spy.

To ACCU＇STOM [accoutumer, Fr. accustomare, It. accostumbrar, Sp.]
to inure or use one＇s self to any thing. It hath the particle to before
the thing accustomed to.

ACCU＇STOMABLE [of accoutumé, Fr.] customary, of long habit or
custom. “Animals even of the same original extraction and species,
may be divided by accustomable residence in one climate, from what
they are in another.” Hale＇s Orig. Mank.

ACCU＇STOMABLY, according to use or custom.

ACCU＇STOMANCE [accoutumance, Fr.] habit, custom, or use. A
word that is little used.

ACCU＇STOMARILY [from accustomary] according to common custom.

ACCU＇STOMARY [from accustom] commonly practised, customary,
usually done.

A＇CE [asso, It. as, Sp. aes, Du. asz, Ger. ace, Sax. as, Fr. from
as, Lat. αζαν, Gr.] 1. That side of a dice on which the number one is
expressed; likewise the one at cards. P. Richelet. And 2. By a
figurative mode of speech, any small quantity; as, I＇ll not bate an ace
my right.

ACES [a sea term] hooks for the chains.

ACE＇POINT, the square of a dye having a single point.

ACE＇PHALI [ακεϕαλοι, of α priv. and κεϕαλος, an head, Gr. i. e.
having no head] certain ecclesiastics so called, who making profes­
sion of extreme poverty, would not acknowledge any chief, whether
layman or ecclesiastic. The councils of Mayence and Paris, &c. make
mention of them. P. Richelet. Also certain levellers mentioned in
the laws of king Henry I. who acknowledged no head.

ACEPHALI VERSUS [Poetry, Greek and Latin] verses, that begin
with a short syllable, and end with a long one.

ACE＇PHALOUS [ακεϕαλος, Gr.] without a head.

A＇CER [with botanists] the maple-tree. It hath jagged or angular
leaves; the seeds grow two together in hard winged vessels. Miller＇s
Gard. Dict.

ACE＇RB [acerbe, Fr. acerbo, It. and Sp. of acerbus, Lat.] a com­
pound taste, which consists of sour, and a degree of roughness, or a
taste between sour and bitter, such as most unripe fruits have.

To ACE＇RBATE [acerbatum, Lat.] 1. To make sour or harsh-tasted.
2. To molest or trouble.

ACE＇RBITUDE, or ACE＇RBITY [acerbità, It. acerbitàd, Sp. acerbi­
tudo, acerbitas, Lat.] 1. The rough sour taste of unripe fruit. 2. Se­
verity of temper, roughness of manners.

ACE＇RIDES [of α neg. and κηρος, Gr. wax] plaisters without wax.

ACE＇RNO, a town of Italy in the kingdom of Naples, situated 15
miles E. of Salerno, 30 S. E. of Naples. Latitude 40° 50′ N. Lon­
gitude 15° 40′ E.

ACERO＇SE [acerosus, Lat.] chaffy, full of or mixed with chaff.

ACE＇RRA [among the Romans] a kind of altar erected near the gate
of a person deceased, whereon his family and friends daily offered
incense till the time of his burial. Lat.

ACERRA, is also the name of a city of Naples, in the province of
Lavoro, situated on the river Patria, 8 miles north of Naples; the see
of a bishop. Latitude 41° 5′ N. Longitude 15° 00′ E.

ACE＇RVAL [acervalis, Lat.] belonging to a heap.

To ACE＇RVATE [acervo, Lat.] to raise up in heaps.

ACERVA＇TION, a heaping up together. Lat.

ACE＇SCENT [acescens, Lat.] tending to sourness.

ACETA＇BULA [in anatomy] certain glandules in the chorion, one
of the skins which cover a child in the womb.

ACETA＇BULUM [with botanists] the herb navelwort, which see.

ACETABULUM [with anatomists] a large cavity in a bone, which
receives another convex bone, for the convenience of a circular motion
of the joint thus articulated. Thus the large cavity formed by the ossa
innominata is particularly called, which receives the head of the fer­
mur, or thigh-bone. James＇s Med. Dict.

ACE＇TARS [acetaria, Lat.] sallads and vinegar.

AC ETIAM BILLE, the words of a writ, where the action requires
good bail. Jacob＇s Law Dict.

ACETO＇SA [with botanists] sorrel; so called from the Anglo Sax­
on sur, sour. The plant agrees with the dock in all its characters,
and only differs in having an acid taste. Miller＇s Gard. Dict.

ACETO＇SE [acetosus, Lat.] eager, sour, full of sourness.

ACETOSE＇LLA [with botanists] wood-sorrel. It hath a bell shaped
flower, consisting of one leaf, having its brim wide expanded, and cut
into several divisions: the pointal, which rises from the flower-cup,
becomes an oblong, membranaceous fruit, divided into five seminal
cells, opening outward from the base to the top, and inclosing seeds
which start from their lodges, by reason of the elastic force of the
membrane which involves them. Miller.

ACETO＇SITY, sourness, sharpness, tartness.

ACE＇TOUS [acetosus, Lat.] having the nature of vinegar, or being
somewhat like vinegar in quality.

ACE＇TUM, Vinegar, in general any sharp liquor, as spirit of salt, nitre,
vitriol, &c.

ACETUM alcalisatum [in chemistry] vinegar distilled, in which some
alcalizate salt is infused.

ACETUM Philosophorum [in chemistry] a sour liquor made by dis­
solving the butter, or icy oil of antimony in water.

ACETUM Radicatum [with chemists] the sharpest part of vinegar,
having its phlegm drawn off.

ACHA＇IA, now LIVIDA＇, a province of European Turkey, antiently
a province of Greece, of which Athens, now Settines, was the capitol.
It is bounded by Thessaly, now Jonna, on the north, by the Archipe­
lago on the east, by the Morea, from which it is divided by the gulphs
of Lepanto and Engia, on the south, and by Albania on the west.
Homer represents it as a country abounding with fine women:
_____αχαϊδα καλλιγυναικα.

A＇CHAM, a country in the East Indies, in Asia, bounded by the ter­
ritory of Boutan on the north, by China on the east, by the kingdom
of Ava on the south, and by the provinces of Patan and Jesuat, in Ben­
gal, on the west. The chief town is Chamdara.

A＇CHAMECH [in chemistry] the dross of silver.

ACHA＇T [of achat, Fr.] a purchasing or buying.

ACHAT [in common law] a contract or bargain.

ACHA＇TES [αχατης, Gr.] a precious stone, called an agate, of seve­
ral colours, the veins and spots of some of which represent various fi­
gures, as of trees, shrubs, &c.

ACHA＇TORS, purveyors, buyers.

A＇CHE [of ace, Sax. pain; ach, Du. and Ger. Interi. ah, oh, o!
but the Germans use it frequently as a substantive, and say, ein
langes ach, a long alass; ein bewegliches ach, a pathetick alass, and the
like: they likewise derive a verb from it, and say, achz (en) to sigh,
groan, lament, &c. Casaubon derives them all as well as our verb,
of αχος; Gr. pain] a continued pain or smart in any part of the body,
as the head-ache, tooth-ache, belly-ache, &c.

ACHE [with farriers] a disease in horses, causing a numbness in the
joints.

To ACHE, to have continued pain, to perceive great smart.

ACHE-BONE, part of the surloin of an ox, &c.

A＇CHEN, a considerable port town, being the capital of the kingdom
of Achen, and of the island of Sumatra, in the East Indies, in Asia,
situated on the north part of that island, 1000 miles south east of Fort
St. George, in India, and 450 miles north west of the city of Malacca,
Latitude 5° 30′ N: Longitude 93° 30′ E.

ACHE＇RNER [in astronomy] a bright fixed star of the first magnitude
in Eridanus, whose longitude is 10, 31 of ♓, and latitude 59, 18.

A＇CHERON [αχερων, of αχος, sorrow, and ῥεω, to flow, or of α priv.
and χαιρω, Gr. to rejoice, i. e. a river of sorrow:
Sad Acheron, of sorrow black and deep.
Milton.]
A river of Epirus, over which the poets feigned departed souls were
ferried. The reason why the ancients placed hell in Epirus, seems to
be, because the mines of that place had destroyed abundance of men.

ACHERO＇NTIC, of, or pertaining to Acheron.

ACHE＇RSET, an ancient measure of corn, supposed to be the same as
our quarter, or eight bushels.

To ACHIE＇VE [achever, Fr.] 1. To finish, to accomplish; to perform
some notable exploit, with success. 2. To gain or procure.

ACHIE＇VEMENT [achevement, Fr.] 1. The finishing of a notable action.
2. The ensigns armorial of a family.

ACHIE＇VER [from achieve] he that performs or achieves pros­
perously; an obtainer of some attempt, and by some great exploit.

ACHILLE＇A [αχιλλεια, Gr.] so called of Achilles, who is said to
have cured Telephus of a dangerous ulcer with it; the herb milfoil or
yarrow. P. Richelet.

ACHILLE＇IS [with anatomists] a tendon formed by the tails of se­
veral muscles, and tied to the os calcis; it takes its name from the
action in conducing to swiftness of pace: swift-footed being the epithet
by which Homer most frequently distinguishes his heroe: or shall we
say with P. Richelet, “because he died (as the story goes) by a wound
received in that part?”

ACHI＇LLES a name which the schoolmen give to the principal argu­
ment alledged by each sect of philosophers in their behalf.

ACHLY＇S [of αχλυς, Gr. a mist] a defect in the eye, accounted one
of the kinds of amblyopia.

A＇CHOLITE. See ACOLYTE.

A＇CHOR [achor, Lat. of αχωρ, Gr.] a species of the herpes.

ACHO＇RES [of α neg. and χωρος, space, Gr. because these erup­
tions have but a small vent, as Galen supposes] the plural of Achor.
Castellus Renovat says, “the achores are ulcers in the heads of in­
fants, which perforate the skin with many very small holes, through
which a thin and glutinous matter oozes.”

ACHRO＇I [αχροι, of α priv. and χρως, Gr. colour] persons having
lost their natural colour; such as have the jaundice, or any other pre­
ternatural disorder by obstructions.

ACHRO＇NICAL, or ACHRO＇NICK [achronicus, Lat. of α priv. and
χρονος, time] being out of, or without time.

ACHRONICAL [in astronomy] signifies the rising of a star when the
sun sets, or the setting of a star when the sun rises; in which cases the
star is said either to rise or set achronically; which is one of the three
poetical risings or settings. Harris.

ACI＇CULA [with botanists] the herb shepherd＇s-needle, or wild-
chervil. Lat.

A＇CID [acide, Fr. acido, It. acidus, Lat.] sour, sharp, biting.

A＇CIDS, all things that affect the organs of taste with a pungent
sourness. But the chemists call all substances acids, that make an ef­
fervescence with an alcali. This does not however seem to be a
true characteristic of acids, because some acids will make an effer­
vescence upon being mixed with acids of another kind; and also with
neutral bodies. Another mark of acids is, that they change the colour
of the juices of the heliotropium, roses, and violets, red; whereas al­
cali＇s, especially those extracted from animals, turn it green.

Natural ACIDS [with physicians] are such as have a proper sharp­
ness of their own, as juice of lemons, &c.

Artificial ACIDS [with chemists] are such as are prepared by the
fire, in chemical operations.

Manifest ACIDS, are such things as affect the tongue with a sense of
sharpness and sourness.

Dubious or latent ACIDS, are such things which have not enough of
the acid nature, to give sensible marks to the taste; but yet agree with
the manifest acids in other properties.

ACI＇DITY, or A＇CIDNESS [acidità, It. aciditas, Lat.] keenness, sharp­
ness; that taste which acid or sharp bodies leave in the mouth.

ACIDITY, or ACIDNESS [with chemists] the acidity or keenness of
any liquor that consists in keen particles of salts dissolved, and put in­
to a violent motion by the means of fire.

ACI＇DULA [in botany] an herb, a kind of sorrel.

ACI＇DULATED [aciduler, Fr.] slightly impregnated with acidity,
rendred acid, sharp, or tart.

ACI＇DULÆ [in a medicinal sense] any spaw-waters that are not hot.
The name owes its original to a supposition, that these waters were
acid, which later observations and experiments have proved to be with­
out foundation. See Hoffman＇s Works.

ACINESI＇A [ἀκινησία, Gr.] the unmoveableness of the whole body, or
of any part of it, as in an apoplexy, palsey, &c.

A＇CINI [with botanists] are taken for those grains that grow thick,
or small grains growing in bunches after the manner of grape-stones,







of which the fruits of the elder-tree, privet and other plants of the
like kind are composed.

ACINI [with physicians] the seed that is within a fruit, and thence
they in their prescriptions frequently use uva exacinata, i. e. the acini
or seeds being taken out. Lat.

ACINIFO＇RMIS Tunica [with anatomists] a coat of the eye, called
also uvea tunica.

A＇CINOS [ακινος, Gr.] the herb wild basil. It has leaves like those
of the lesser basil: the cup of the flower is oblong and furrowed: the
flowers are produced in bunches, on the top of little foot-stalks, which
arise from between the foot-stalk of the leaf, and the stalk of the plants,
in which it differs from serpyllum. Miller.

A＇CINUS [ακινος, Gr.] a grape or raisin-stone, or the kernel of a
poingrante.

To ACKNOW＇LEDGE [of ad, d changed into c cnaþan, to know, and
legan to put, Sax. q. d. to put into knowledge] 1. To confess or own. 2.
To be grateful or thankful for any benefit; sometimes with the particle
to. “In the first place therefore I thankfully acknowledge to the Al­
mighty power, the assistance he has given me, &c.” Dryden.

ACKNOW＇LEDGMENT, 1. Concession of any thing. 2. Thankful­
ness, gratitude. 3. Confession of a fault. 4. Attestant to any conces­
sion as homage.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Money, money which was paid in ancient times
by some tenants upon the death of their landlord as an acknowledgment
of the new one.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT of Sins, is emblematically described by a woman
carrying the decalogue under her arm, and holding in her hand a pome­
granate in which are rotten grains. At her feet a peacock with his tail
dragging upon the ground after him.

ACMA＇STICA [ακμαστικη, Gr.] a species of the synochus, or fever,
which, during its continuance, has no remission or abatement of its
fervor. Boerhaave and Bruno. See ACME.

ACME [with physicians] is used to denote the third degree or height
of distempers, of which many have four periods. 1. The arche or
beginning. 2. Anabasis, the increase or growth. 3. The acme,
when the distemper is at the height. 4. The paracme or declension of
the disease.

A＇COEMETES [of ἀκοιμητοι, of α neg. and κοιμαω to lie down or
sleep, Gr.] certain monks in the ancient church, who were thus called,
because divine service was performed in their churches continually, and
without interruption, they dividing themselves into three bodies, each
officiating in their turns.

ACO＇LOTHIST, or A＇COLYTE [ακολουθος, Gr. a follower or attendant]
a lower officer in the Romish church, who prepares the elements, lights
the church, keeps the sacred vessels, &c.

A＇COMAC, a country of Virginia, in America, being a peninsula,
bounded on the north by Maryland, on the east and south by the At­
lantic ocean, and on the west by the bay of Chesepeack; capc Charles,
which lies at the entrance of the bay, is the most southern promontory
of this country.

A＇CONITE, or ACONI＇TUM, [aconitum, Lat.] 1. Properly the herb
wolf＇s-bane. 2. “With poets, poison in general.” Johnson.
Wolf＇s-bane hath circumscribed roundish divided leaves: the flowers
consist of four leaves, which are shaped like a monk＇s hood: each of
these flowers are succeeded by three or more pods, which contain several
rough seeds. The most part of the species are deadly poison. Miller.

ACO＇NTIAS [ἀκοντια, Gr.] a sort of comet or blazing-star, in form
resembling a javelin or dart.

ACO＇PICA [ακοπα, of α priv. and κοπος, Gr. labour] ingredients in
medicines to relieve weariness.

A＇COPUM [ακοπον, Gr.] a fomentation made of ingredients that
are soft and warm, to allay the sense of weariness caused by hard la­
bour.

A＇COR [in medicine] a sourness at the stomach, proceeding from in­
digestion, whence flatulencies and sour belchings proceed.

A＇CORN [accorn, accern, Sax. of ac or aak an oak, and cern or
corn, Sax. a kernal grain or seed, or of akran, Goth. which signifies
fruit in general] the fruit or seed of the oak.

A＇CORNED [in heraldry] bearing acorns.

A＇CORNA [ακορνα, Gr. Theophrast.] the thistle called androsæmon, or
man＇s-blood.

A＇CORUS [ακορος, Gr.] calamus aromaticus, the sweet rush. The
flowers grow in a spike, shaped like a finger: each flower has six
petals, which are obtuse and concave, with six stamina, which are
longer than the petals: in the middle is placed the style, which after­
ward becomes a short triangular pod, inclosing small seeds. Plate I.
Fig. 2. represents the plant with its root.

ACOSMI＇A [ἀκοσμια of α priv. and κοσμος, Gr. adorned] an ill state
of health, with the loss of the natural colour in the face.

ACOU＇STICKS [acoustica, Lat. ἀκουστικα, of ακουω, Gr. to hear] 1. The
doctrine of sounds. 2. Either instruments or medicines which help
the sense of hearing.

To ACQUAI＇NT, or, to make ACQUAI＇NTED [of acointer, Fr.] 1. To
give intelligence, to inform or tell one of any matter. 2. To make
familiar with either persons or things.

ACQUAI＇NTANCE [of accointance, O. Fr.] 1. State of fellowship,
conversation, familiarity, correspondence. 2. One with whom a person
is slightly conversant or acquainted. The former sense has with.

ACQUAI＇NTED, familiarly known, not new.

ACQUE＇ST [aquet, Fr.] purchase, any thing acquired.

ACQUEST, or ACQUIST [in law] goods or effects, immoveable, not
descended or held by inheritance; but acquired either by purchase or
donation.

To ACQUIE＇SCE [acquiescer, Fr. of acquiesco, Lat.] to rest satisfied
with, to consent, to yield, to comply with tacitly, without opposition
or discontent.

ACQUIE＇SCEMENT [acquiescement, Fr.] acquiescence.

ACQUIE＇SCENCE, or ACQUIE＇SCENCY [of acquiesco, Lat.] consent,
compliance, condescension, tacit satisfaction, submission.

ACQUIETA＇NDIS Plegiis [in law] a writ which lies for a surety against
a creditor, who refuses to acquit one after payment of a debt.

ACQUIETA＇NTIA de Shiris & Hundredis [in law] a freedom from
suit and service in shires and hundreds.

ACQUIETA＇RE [law word] to pay the debts of a deceased person, as
an heir does the debts of his father.

ACQUI＇RABLE, that may be acquired.

To ACQUI＇RE [acquerir, Fr. aquistare, It. acquiro, Lat.] to attain,
to get, to purchase by one＇s labour what is not received from nature
or inheritance.

ACQUI＇REMENT [from acquire] what is gained or acquired.

ACQUI＇RER [from acquire] he who acquires or gains by labour or
industry.

ACQUISI＇TION [Fr. acquisición, Sp. aquistamento, It. acquisitio, Lat.]
an obtaining, the thing obtained.

ACQUI＇SITIVE [acquisitivus, Lat.] that which is acquired. “He
died not in his acquisitive, but native soil.” Wotton.

ACQUI＇STS [acquisita, from acquiro, Lat. acquesis, Fr.] procurements,
purchases; things acquired. See ACQUEST.

To ACQUI＇T [of acquitter, Fr.] 1. To discharge or free from.
2. To clear from guilt, not to condemn, with of or from before the
crime. 3. To discharge from any obligation.

ACQUI＇TMENT, or ACQUI＇TTAL [in law] a setting free from the
suspicion of guilt or an offence; also a tenant＇s discharge from or by a
mesne landlord, from doing service to, or being disturbed in his pos­
session by, any superior lord or paramount.

ACQUI＇TTAL [in law] is when two persons are indicted, the one as
principal, and the other as accessory; the principal being discharged,
the accessory of consequence is acquitted.

ACQUITTAL [in fact] is when a person is found not to be guilty
of the offence, with which he was charged, either by the verdict of
a jury, or by overcoming his adversary in the ancient way of trial by
battle or combat.

ACQUI＇TTANCE [of acquit, Fr. and Termination ance, quitanza, It.
quitánza, Sp. quitantie, Du. quittung or quittanz, Ger.) 1. A dis­
charge or release given in writing for a sum of money, or other duty
paid or done. 2. The writing itself.

To ACQUITTANCE, to acquit. A word not much used: only in
Shakespeare.

A＇CRA, a town of Africa, on the coast of Guinea. At this place
there is a fort and factory belonging to the English. Latitude 5°
00′ N. longitude 2° 00′ W.

ACRA＇PULA [ἀκραιπαλη, Gr.] a remedy by way of prevention of
drunkenness and surfeiting, Lat.

A＇CRASY [acrasia, Lat. of ἀκρασια, of α neg. and ακρασις, Gr.
temperament or mixture, &c.] debility, or impotency, from relaxa­
tion, or lost tone of the parts. Quincy. Bruno supports both this sense
and derivation of the word from the authority of Hippocrates. But I
suspect there is some corruption in the copies; and that the true read­
ing is ακρατιη with a τ, [from α priv. and κρατος, i. e. command or
power.] See Hippoc. Coac. Ed. Foes. p. 145, E.

A＇CRE [acere, æcyr, Sax. ager, Dan. aker, Su. acker, Du. and
Ger. akrs, Goth. a field or piece of ground for tillage, but of no de­
terminate measure, acre, Fr.] a measure of land, containing forty
perches in length, and four in breadth, or 160 square poles or
perches.
By an act of parliament made in the time of king Edward I. it was
ordained, that an acre of land should contain 160 perches or poles to
be made out square, or 4840 yards square, or 43560 feet square; but
in divers places in this kingdom this has been altered by custom, by
varying perches in the number of feet, as 18, 20, 24, and sometimes
28 feet to the perch.

ACRE, or ACRA, the ancient Ptolemais, a port town in the Asiatic
Turky, near the Levant sea, in Palestine. Latitude 33° 35′ N.
longitude 36° 00′ E. “The sultan of Egypt is said to have laid
siege to it, at the head of 160000 foot, and 6000 horse, April 5,
A. D. 1291, when it was garrisoned by the knights of St. John,
and the Templars, and took it by capitulation, being the last place
the christians possessed in the holy land.” Vertot. Histoire des Che­
valiers, &c.

ACRE＇ME [in law] ten acres of land.

A＇CRID [acer, Lat.] tasting hot and bitter, leaving a painful heat
on the tongue and palate.

ACRIDO＇PHACI [of ἀκριδες locusts, and ϕαγειν, Gr. to eat] a people
of Ethiopia, that fed principally on locusts, which they took and salted
in the spring of the year for their standing food the rest of it.

ACRIMO＇NIOUS Bodies [with philosophers] such as have a great
acrimony, and are of a corrosive quality, the particles of which fret,
and dissolve whatsoever comes in their way.

A＇CRIMONY [acrimonie, Fr. acrimonia, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. Sharp­
ness, tartness, corrosive quality. 2. Severity of disposition; sharpness
of temper.

ACRISIA, or ACRISY [with physicians] the uncertainty of the state
of a distemper, so that they cannot pass a right judgment upon it.

A＇CRITUDE [acritudo, Lat.] sharpness, biting and pungent heat
on the organs of taste.

A＇CRITY [acritas, Lat.] sharpness, tartness in taste.

ACROAMA＇TICAL [ἀκροαμαι, Gr. to hear] of or pertaining to deep
learning: the opposite of exoterical. See EXOTERICAL.

ACROA＇TICKS [ἀκροατικα, Gr.] Aristotle＇s lectures on the more nice
and principal parts of philosophy, to whom none but friends and
scholars were admitted by him.

ACROCHO＇RDON [of ακρος, extreme, and χορδη, Gr. a string] a sort
of large wart, having a small root like a string.

ACRO＇DRYA [ἀκροδρυα of ακροε, extreme, and δρυς, Gr. an oak] all
sorts of fruit having hard rinds or shells, as acorns, almonds, nuts, &c.

A＇CROE [in botany] the name given by the natives of Guinea to a
kind of shrub, which they use in wine as a restorative and analeptic.
It is of the trisoliate kind, and has somewhat of the appearance of
the corallodendious, but is not prickly; the middle, or end leaf stands
on a pedicle of an inch long, the other two leaveshave no pedicles at
all. Philos. Trans. No. 232.

ACRO＇MION [ἀκρωμιον of ἀκρος and ωμος, Gr. a shoulder] the upper
process or knop of the shoulder-blade, or the top of the shoulder, where
the neck-bones are united with the shoulder-blade.

ACRO＇MPHALUM [ἀκρομϕαλον, of ἀκρος and ομϕαλος, Gr. the navel]
the top or middle of the navel.








A＇CRON sylvaticum [with botanists]the herb milfoil or yarrow.

ACRO＇NYCHAL [from ακρος, extreme, and νυξ, night, importing
the beginning of night] a term of astronomy applied to the stars, of
which the rising and setting is called acronychal, when they either
appear above, or sink below the horizon at the time of sun-set. It is
opposed to cosmical. Johnson.

ACRO＇NYCHALLY [from acronychal] in an acronychal manner.

A＇CROPIS [of ακρος, extreme, and οψ, Gr. the voice] an inarticu­
lation of the voice arising from an imperfection in the end of the
tongue.

ACROPOSTHI＇A [of ακρος and ποστη, Gr. the extremity of the penis]
the prepuce. Suidas & Gaza apud Aristot.

ACRO＇PSILON [of ακρος and ψιλος, Gr. naked] the extremity of
the glands.

ACRO＇S [ακρος, Gr.] the top of an herb, of a finger, or any other
thing.

ACROS [in physic] the height of a disease.

ACROS [in anatomy] the prominence or knob, or top of a bone.

A＇CROSPIRE [of ακρόος, summit, and σπειρα, Gr. a spire, wreathing
or convolution of a rope or serpent] the sprout from the ends of seeds
or corn.

A＇CROSPIRED [with malsters] a term used of barley, which in
malting, sprouts at the upper or blade end.

ACRO＇SS [v. Cross] crosswise, thwartwise.

ACRO＇STICK [acrostiche, Fr. acrósticho, Sp. of acrostichis, Lat. of
ακρος the extremity, and στιχος, Gr. a verse] a kind of poetical com­
position, the verses whereof are disposed in such manner, as that the
initial letters make up some person＇s name, title, or motto, or the name
of any thing else that is made the subject thereof.

ACROSTICK, adj. containing or relating to any acrostick.

ACROSTICKS, or ACROTELEUTICS, [of ακρος and τελευτη end, Gr.]
relating to the close of a verse. Suidas. The minister beginning the
verse alone, and the people ending it with joint voices, was one
method of psalm-singing in the Greek church.” Bingham＇s Antiq.
Chr. Ch.

ACRO＇TERES [ακροτηρια, Gr.] See ACROTERIA.

ACROTERES, or ACROTERIA [in architecture] 1. Little pedestals, com­
monly without bases, placed at the middle, and both extremes of fron­
tispieces or pediments, which serve to support statues. 2. Those sharp
pinnacles or spiry battlements, standing in ranges about flat buildings,
with rails and ballusters. 3. The figures, whether of stone or metal,
which are placed as ornaments or crownings on the tops of temples and
other edifices.

ACROTE＇RIA [with anatomists] the utmost part of a man＇s body;
as his fingers ends, &c.

ACROTERIA＇SMUS [of ἀκρωτηριαζω, Gr. to cut off the extreme
parts] the amputation or cutting off any of the extreme parts.

To A＇CT [actum, sup. of ago, Lat.] 1. To do, operate or per­
form: opposed to rest. 2. To assume a borrowed character, as on
the stage, to feign, to counterfeit. 3. To influence or actuate any
thing passive.

An A＇CT [acte, Fr. atto, It. acto, Sp. of actum, Lat.] 1. A deed,
a performance. 2. A part in a play. 3. The power of producing an
effect.

ACT [in physicks] an effective application of some power or
faculty.

ACT of Faith [in the inquisition in Spain] a solemn day held by
the inquisitors, for the punishment of such as they declare hereticks,
and the absolution of the innocent accused, called by them auto de fe.

ACT [with metaphysicians] is that by which a being is in real
action: so running is an act, not as it is in the power of any one, but
as it is really performed.

ACT, a deed or decree of parliament, or other court of judicature.

ACT [at the university of Oxford] the time when degrees are taken;
the same is called commencement at Cambridge.

ACT [in law] an instrument, or other matter in writing, to declare,
or justify, the truth of a thing. In which sense records, decrees, sen­
tences, reports, certificates, &c. are called acts.

ACT also signifies matters of fact transmitted to posterity in cer­
tain authentic books, and memoirs. In which sense we say, the
acts of the apostles, &c.

ACTÆ＇A [with botanists] the herb wall-wort, or shrubby elder.
Lat.

ACTÆ＇ON, the poets tell us, that Actæon was transformed into a
buck (and torn in pieces by his own dogs) by Diana; because he
happened to see her naked bathing herself. The truth of this fable is,
Actæon was a man of Arcadia, a great lover of dogs and hunting;
and by keeping many dogs, and spending his time in hunting on the
mountains, he entirely neglected his domestic affairs. For at that time
men did their work themselves, not depending on servants, but tilled
their own land, and he was accounted the richest man, and most com­
mended, who was the most laborious: but Actæon being intent upon
hunting, neglected his family affairs, and consumed what should
have maintained him, and when all he had was wasted, was every
where called wretched Actæon, who was devoured by his own dogs,
as we call a rake a wretched man, who is brought to poverty by har­
lots. Palæphatus.

A＇CTE [with botanists] the elder tree, which see.

A＇CTIAN Games, ludi actiaci, solemn games instituted, according to
some by Augustus, in memory of the celebrated victory he obtained over
Mark Anthony, near the promontory and city of Actium; though
others say, that Augustus only restored them. They were celebrated
every fifth year, on the second of September, with great pomp, in ho­
nour of Apollo, since sirnamed Actius. Stephanus thinks they were
observed every third year, and that they consisted only of races by sea
and land, wrestling, &c. Danet＇s Antiq. Pitisci Lexicon.

ACTIAN Years, or ACTIAC Æra [in chronology] a series of years,
beginning from the conquest of Egypt by Octavius, called also the
æra of Augustus.—The Egyptians computed their time by this æra;
the Philippic æra, which commenced from the death of Alexander,
having been in use among them till the reduction of their country by
Octavius. Though this æra had its name from the Actiac victory,
thirty-one years before the christian æra, yet it did not begin till a full
year after it, that is, till Egypt was entirely reduced. This æra ought,
properly speaking, to have been called the æra of the Egyptian con­
quest, since it had its beginning from thence. But the Egyptians, to
avoid the shame of thus owning themselves conquered, chose rather to
call it the æra of the Actiac victory. Macrob. Saturnal. Dio. Cassius.

A＇CTIFS [probably so called from their activity and readiness to
perform all exercises of severe penance] a certain order of friars who
feed on roots, &c. and wear tawny-coloured habits.

ACTI＇LIA [a law term] military utensils.

A＇CTING [with logicians] is the fifth of the categories, either in it­
self, as dancing, walking, knowing, loving, &c. or out of itself, as
beating, calling, breaking, warning, &c.

Clerk of the A＇CTS, an officer of the navy, who receives and enters
the lord admiral＇s commission, &c. and registers the orders and acts of
the commissioners of the navy.

ACTINO＇BOLISM [ακτινοβολισμος of ακτιν a sun-beam, and βολη, Gr. a
plumb-line] a term given by philosophers to the diradiation, diffusion,
or spreading abroad of light or sound, by which it is carried, or flows
every way from its centre.

A＇CTION [Fr. azione, It. accion, Sp. acçaô, Port. of actio, Lat.]
1. An act or deed. 2. A particular manner of delivery in a speech,
oration, sense, &c.

ACTION [in physicks] an operation or function performed by persons,
either by the body alone, or by both body and mind, as is both volun­
tary and spontaneous.

Spontaneous ACTION [with philosophers and physicians] an action
that does not depend on the will, as the beating of the pulse, the cir­
culation of the blood, &c.

Voluntary ACTION [with philosophers] that which is directed by the
will, as handling, going, running, &c.

ACTION [in law] the process or form of a suit given to recover a
right. It is used with the particle against before the person, and for
before the thing which the action is upon.

Preparatory ACTION, or prejudicial ACTION [in law] is that which
grows from some doubt in the principal; as suppose a man sues a young­
er brother for land, descended from his father, and objection is made
that he is a bastard, the bastardy must be first tried, and thence the
action is called prejudicial.

Mixed ACTION [in law] is when the action is in part real, and in
part personal; and likewise a suit given by the law, to recover a
thing detained, and damages for the wrong sustained, as an action
for tithes, &c.

Penal ACTION [in law] such as aims at some penalty or punish­
ment to be laid on the party sued, either corporal, or by a fine on his
estate.

Civil ACTION [in law] is one that tends only to the recovery of that
which by contract, &c. is due, as money lent, &c.

Personal ACTION [in law] is an action that one man may have
against another for any wrong done to his person, or any bargain, or
money for goods.

Popular ACTION [in law] one given upon the breach of some pe­
nal statute, by which any man that will, may sue for himself and the
king, by information, &c.

Real ACTION [in law] such an one, whereby one claims a title to
lands and tenements, &c. in fee-simple, fee-tail, or for term of life.

ACTION [of a writ] is a term made use of when a person pleads
some matter, by which he shews that the plaintiff had no cause to have
the writ that he brought.

ACTION Auncestrel [in law] is an action which we have by some
right descending from our ancestors.

ACTION upon the Case [in law] a writ brought for an offence done
without force against any man; as for defamation, non-performance of
promise, or some other misdemeanor.

ACTION upon the Case for Words, is brought where a person is in­
jured and defamed, or for words spoken which affect a person＇s life,
office or trade, or to his loss of preferment in marriage, service, or
which occasion any particular damage.

ACTION upon the Statute [a law term] an action brought upon the
breach of a statute, as where perjury is committed to the prejudice of
another.

ACTION [in law] is also divided into perpetual or temporal: that
is called perpetual, whose force is by no time determined: of which
sort were all civil actions among the ancient Romans, viz. Such as
grew from laws, decrees of the senate, or constitutions of the emperors;
whereas actions granted by the prætor, died within a year. So we
have in England perpetual and temporal actions; and all may be called
perpetual that are not expressly limited; as divers statutes give actions,
so they be pursued within the time by them prescribed: thus the 1st sta­
tute of Edward VI. cap. 1. gives action for three years after the offence
is committed, and no longer; and the 7th statute of Henry VIII.
cap. 3. doth the like for four years, &c. But as by the civil law no
actions were at last perpetual, but that by time they might be prescribed
against; so our law, tho＇ actions may be perpetual, in comparison of
those expressly limited by statute, yet is there a means to prescribe
against real actions, after five years, by a fine levied, or a recovery suf­
fered. Jacob＇s Law Dict.

ACTION of a Horse [in horsemanship] is the agitation of the tongue
or mandible, by champing on the bit of the bridle, which is a token
of mettle.

ACTION [with painters and carvers] the posture of the figure, or
that which is expressed by the disposition of its parts, or the passion that
appears in the face of it.

ACTION [in poetry] is an event, or series of occurrences mutually
connected and depending on each other, either real or imaginary, which
makes the subject of a dramatic or epic poem.

ACTION [in commerce, or of a company] is a part or share in the
stock of a company; the same in France, as shares, stocks, or subscrip­
tions in England, &c. also the obligation, instrument, or bill, which
the directors of such companies deliver to those who pay money into
their stock.

ACTION [with orators, actors, &c.] is the accommodating the person
to the subject; or the management of the voice and gesture suitable to
the matter delivered.








ACTION [in metaphysicks] is an accident, by which a thing is said
to act.

ACTION Immanant [in metaphysicks] is an action that does not pass
from the agent to another subject, as understanding, thinking, &c.

ACTION Transient [in metaphysicks] is that which passes from one
subject to another, as striking.

ACTION, or Moral ACTION [in ethicks] is a voluntary motion of a
creature capable of distinguishing good and evil; whose effect therefore
may be justly imputed to the agent: or, a moral action may be more
fully defined to be whatever a man, endowed with the powers of under­
standing and willing, with respect to the end he ought to aim at, and the
rule he is to regard in acting, resolves, thinks, does, or even omits to
do, in such a manner as to become accountable for what is thus done,
or omitted, and the consequences thereof. The foundation, therefore,
of moral actions is, that they are done knowingly and voluntarily.
Dict. de Trevoux.

Necessary Moral ACTIONS [in ethicks] are when the person, to whom
the law or command is given, is bound absolutely to perform it by vir­
tue of the law of the superior.

A＇CTIONS morally good [in ethicks] such as are agreeable to the
law.

ACTIONS morally evil [in ethicks] are such as are disagreeable to the
law.

A virtuous ACTION, is emblematically described by a man having a
pleasing aspect, crowned with rays and a garland of Amaranthus; in a
coat of mail gilt, and over it an imperial mantle, shining with gold.
In his right hand holding a lance, with which he kills a serpent, and in
his left a book. With his left foot treading upon a death＇s-head.

Quantity of ACTION [in mechanics] is used for the product of the
mass of a body, by its velocity, and by the space it runs through.

A＇CTIONABLE [from action] that will bear an action, or afford cause
on which an action may be founded; punishable or amerciable le­
gally.

ACTIONA＇RE [a law term] to prosecute one at law.

A＇CTIONARY, or A＇CTIONIST, the proprietor of an action in public
stocks or share, or of a company.

ACTITA＇TION [from actito, Lat.] repeated and reiterated action in
law.

To A＇CTIVATE [from active] to render active, to actuate, to put
into activity. A word perhaps only used by Bacon. “As snow is
activated by nitre.”

A＇CTIVE [actif, Fr. activo, It. activus, Lat.] that which has the
power of acting, as opposed to passive; busy in acting, as opposed to
idle; practical, not merely speculative or in theory; nimble, quick,
apt, or forward to act.

ACTIVE Principles [in chemistry] are spirit, oil and salt, so named,
because when their parts are briskly in motion, they cause action in
other bodies.

ACTIVE Voice [with grammarians] that voice of a verb which signi­
fies action or doing, as lego, I read, audio, I hear.

ACTI＇VITY, or A＇CTIVENESS [activité, Fr. actività, It. actividàd,
Sp. of activitas, Lat.] nimbleness, readiness or propensity to act.
Activity is more usual than activeness.

Sphere of ACTIVITY of a Body, is that space which surrounds it, so
far as the virtue or efficacy of it extends and produces any sensible ef­
fect.

A＇CTIVELY [from active] 1. Nimbly. 2. In an active sense, in
grammar.

A＇CTO [old records] a coat of mail.

A＇CTOR [acteur, Fr. attore, It. of actor, Lat.] 1. The doer of any
thing. 2. One who acts some part, and represents some person upon
the stage.

ACTOR [with civilians] an advocate or proctor.

A＇CTRESS [actrice, Fr. attrice, It. actriæ, Sp. of actum, Lat.] 1. A
male that acts or does any thing. 2. A woman that acts on the stage.

A＇CTUAL [actuel, Fr. attuale, It. actualis, Lat.] comprising action;
something not merely speculative.

ACTUAL [in metaphysicks] a term used, as to be actual or in act,
is said of that which has a real existence or being, and is understood in
opposition to potential.

ACTUAL Fire [with surgeons] that which burns at first touch, as
fire itself, or searing irons.

ACTUA＇LITY, or A＇CTUALNESS [actualité, Fr. attualita, It. of
actualis, Lat.] state or quality of being actual.

A＇CTUALLY [actuellement, Fr. attualmente, It.] really in act.

ACTUA＇RIÆ Naves, a sort of brigantine, or light vessel at sea,
very light, being particularly contrived for swiftness and expedition.
—Cicero, in an epistle to Atticus, calls a ship of ten banks of rowers,
actuariola. Danct＇s Antiq.

A＇CTUARY [attuario, It. attuarius, Lat.] a clerk who registers the
canons and ordinances of a convocation.

To A＇CTUATE [of actum, Lat.] to bring into action, to move, to
quicken, to stir up.

A＇CTUOSE [from act] having got powers of action. A word not
used much.

To A＇CUATE [acuo, Lat.] to sharpen, to encrease sharpness.

ACU＇LEATE [aculeatus, Lat.] having a sting, or sharp point.

ACU＇LEI [in botany] 1. The prickles or spines of plants of the
thorny kind. 2. In zoology, it is used in the singular number (acu­
leus) for the scorpion, or the like.

A＇CUMEE. 1. A sharp point. 2. Quickness or sharpness of wit. Lat.>

ACU＇MINATED [acuminatus, Lat.] sharp-pointed.

ACUPU＇NCTURE, or ACUPU＇NCTATION, a method of curing many
diseases by pricking several parts of the body with a needle, or instru­
ment of that form. Heister.

ACU＇EE [with chemists] a liquor heightened, or made more piercing
by a stronger, as spirit of wine quickens the juice of lemons.

ACU＇TE [aigu, Fr. acuto, It. agudo, Sp. acutus, Lat.] 1. Sharp­
pointed, keen. 2. Sharp-witted, subtle. 3. Ingenious. 4. Vigo­
rous in operation or effect.

ACUTE Accent. See ACCENT.

ACUTE [in music] is understood of a sound or tone, which is shrill
or high, in respect of some other, in which sense it stands opposed to
grave. Sound, considered as acute and grave, i. e. in relation to
quantity and acuteness, constitutes what we call tune, the soundation
of all harmony. There is no such thing as a grave or acute sound, ab­
solutely so called, they are only relations; so that the same sounds
may be either acute or grave, according to that other sound they refer
to, or are compared with. The degree of gravity or acuteness, make
so many tunes or tones of a voice or sound. Grassineau＇s Music. Dict.

ACUTE Angle [in geometry] any angle less than a right angle; or
containing less than 90 degrees.

ACUTE angled Triangle [in trigonometry] a triangle which has all
angles acute.

ACUTE Angular Section of a Cone [in conic sections] a term given
to an ellipsis or oval figure by ancient geometricians, they considering
it only in that cone, the section of which by the axis is a triangle
acute-angled at the vertex.

ACUTE Disease [with physicians] a distemper that, by reason of its
vehemence, soon comes to its height, and either abates or kills the
patient.

ACU＇TENESS [from acute] 1. Sharpness. 2. Readiness of wit,
quickness of understanding. 3. Vigour of any sense. 4. Violence
and crisis of a distemper. 5. Shrillness of sound.

ACU＇TELY [of acute] sharply, subtly, ingeniously.

ACU＇TO [in music books] a direction to play or sing high or shrill.

ACYROLO＇GIA [ἀκυρολογια, Gr. of α priv. and κυρος, a noun sub­
stantive, from whence the adjective κυριος is derived, which signifies
strict, proper, as opposed to the improper or catachrestic sense of
words] an improper way of speaking; a bull.

AD, at the beginning of English proper names, signifies the same
with ad or apud with the Latins, and so adston signifies at some stone,
adhill, near or at some hill.

A. D. [as an abbreviation] signifies anno domini, in the year of our
Lord.

ADA＇CTED [adactus, Lat.] beaten or driven in by force. A word
rarely used.

A＇DAGE [adagio, It. adagium, Lat.] a proverb or old saying.

ADA＇GIAL, pertaining to a proverb, proverbial.

ADA＇GIO, ADA＇GO, or ADO＇ [in music books] denotes the slowest
time, especially if the word be twice repeated.

ADA＇LIDES, Spanish military officers. In the laws of King Alphon­
sus the Adalides are spoken of as officers, who conduct and manage the
forces in time of war. Lopez represents them as a sort of judges, who
decide the differences arising upon excursions, the distribution of plun­
der, &c. Dict. de Trevoux.

A＇DAMANT [diamant, Fr. adamante, It. diamante, Sp. adamas,
Lat. of α priv. and δαμαω, Gr. to subdue; as if not to be subdued or
broken] 1. A diamond, the hardest, most glittering and valuable of
all precious stones. 2. Sometimes ＇tis taken for a loadstone. 3. Any
thing impenetrably hard or indissoluble. See DIAMOND.

ADAMANTE＇AN or ADAMA＇NTINE [from adamant, adamantino, It.
and Sp. of adamantinus, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to or made of diamond;
hard. 2. Inflexible.

ADAMANTINE Ties, indissoluble obligations.

A＇DAMITES [Fr. adamiti, It.] a sect mentioned by St. Austin and
Epiphanius; who, in order to imitate the state of Adam before his
fall, were wont to attend naked at public worship, and (if not misre­
presented by antiquity) would caress the fair sex in as public a manner.
P. Richelet adds, that this sect revived in Flanders and Germany about
the beginning of the 15th century.

A＇DAM＇s Apple, a boss or jut out in the throat so called.

To ADA＇PT [adapter, Fr. adattare, It. adapto, Lat.] to make fit,
to apply or suit one thing to another.

To ADA＇PTATE [adaptatus, Lat.] to fit.

ADAPTA＇TION [from adapt] act of fitting, the state of fitness of one
thing to another.

ADA＇PTION [from adapt] act of fitting one thing to another.

A＇DAR [אדר, Heb. i. e. mighty] the twelfth month of the Jewish
year, which for the most part answers to part of February, and part of
March. Buxtorf says, “it answers to our February; and that every
fourth year (by intercalation) ＇tis double; and goes by the name of
adar the first, or adar the second.” Buxt. Lexic. Chald.

ADA＇RCON, a gold coin of the Jews, in value fifteen shillings sterling.

A＇DARIDGE [in chemistry] sal armoniac.

ADA＇YS [as now adays] in these times.

To ADCO＇RPORATE [adcorporo, Lat. of ad, to, and corpus, body] to
join body to body.

ADCREDULITA＇RE [a law term] to purge one＇s self of an offence by
oath.

To ADD [addo, Lat.] to join or put to any thing, either actually or
mentally.

A＇DDABLE, or A＇DDIBLE [from add] that may be added. The lat­
ter word is more analogical.

A＇DDA, a river in Italy, rising in the province of Bormia, and after
passing through the Valteline and Milanese, falls into the Po, near
Cremona.

To ADDE＇CIMATE [addecimo, Lat.] to take tithes.

To ADDEE＇M [from deem] to deem, to account. A word now in
disuse.

ADDE＇PHAGY [αδδεϕαγια, Gr.] insatiable eating.

A＇DDER [Ædder, Ætter, Ættor, Naddre, from eitter, Sax. poi­
son. adder, Du. atter, O. Ger. natter, L. and H. Ger.] a dangerous
erpent whose poison is deadly. Commonly adders and snakes are
distinguished. See VIPER.

ADDER＇s Grass. Skinner imagines this herb to be so called from
serpents lurking about it.

ADDER-Stung, a term used of cows, horses, and other cattle, that
have been bit by any venomous reptiles or adders, a hedge-hog or
shrew, &c.

ADDER＇s Tongue, an herb which has one single leaf, in the middle of
which is a small stalk like the tongue of an adder.

ADDER＇s Wort, an herb so called, as it is imagined to cure the bite
of a serpent.

A＇DDIBLE. See ADDABLE.

ADDIBI＇LITY [from addible] possibility of having continual addi­
tion made to any number. Locke coined this word.

A＇DDICE, or A＇DZE [adesa, adese, Sax. ascia or asce, It. azuéle,







Sp.] a cooper＇s instrument to chop or cut with. The latter is a cor­
ruption of the former word. The blade of the addice is made thin
and arching, and is put athwart the handle, as that of the ax is set pa­
rallel thereto; the former being ground to a basil on its inside to its
outer edge.

To ADDI＇CT [addictum, sup. of addico, of ad, to, and dico, to ap­
prove, Lat.] to give one＇s self up wholly to a thing; to apply one＇s
mind wholly to it. It is mostly used in a bad sense.

ADDICTEDNESS, [from addict] condition or quality of being ad­
dicted.

ADDICTION [addictio, Lat.] 1. The act of giving up one＇s self. 2.
the state of being given up.

ADDI＇TAMENT [additamentum, Lat.] a thing added; an advance,
an encrease.

ADDITAMENTS [with physicians] things added anew to the ordina­
ry ingredients in any composition.

ADDITAMENTS [with chemists] any thing added to a menstruum
for the rendering it more efficacious to open and dissolve any mixed
body.

ADDI＇TION [Fr. addizione, It. addición, Sp. of additio, Lat.] 1. An
adding, joining, or putting to any thing. 2. The encrease itself.

ADDITION [in arithmetic] a rule by which several numbers are ad­
ded together, that their total sum may be found out, as 2 and 2
make four, &c.

Simple ADDITION [in arithmetic] is the collecting several numbers
which express things of the same kind into one sum, as pounds, shil­
lings, pence, miles, yards, &c.

Compound ADDITION [in arithmetic] is the summing or adding up
things of different names or kinds, as pounds, shillings, pence.

ADDITION [of degree] the same as names of dignity, as duke,
earl, &c.

ADDITION [in algebra] is performed by joining together the quan­
tities proposed, preserving their proper signs, and the peculiar sign or
mark of addition, which is + and is always supposed to belong to the
quantity following it; thus if to 4 a, you add 45 a, the sum is
4 a + 45 a.

ADDI＇TIONAL [additionalis, Lat.] what is added over and above.

ADDITIONA＇LES [in civil law] addition terms or propositions to be
added to the former agreement.

ADDI＇TIONS [of estate, or quality] in a law sense, are yeoman,
gentleman, esquire, &c.

ADDITIONS [of place] as such a person of London, Bristol, &c.

A＇DDITORY [from additus, Lat.] that which adds to any thing.

A＇DDITURE, something to be added to another.

A＇DDLE [of adel, Sax. a disease, or of adlian, Sax. to be sick, or
perhaps from ydel, Sax. barren, unproductive] empty or rotten, com­
monly said of eggs that produce no chick, though laid under the hen:
and hence it is applied to a brain that yields nothing.

To ADDLE, to render addle, rotten, or barren.

To ADDLE [edlean, Du. a reward] to earn: N. C.

ADDLE, the dry lees of wine.

ADDLE-headed, or ADDLE-pated, empty-sculled, silly, stupid; hav­
ing addle-brains.

To ADDOU＇LCE, or to ADDULCE [addoucir, Fr. of ad, and dulcis, Lat
addulcire, It. addulcir, Sp.] 1. To sweeten. 2. To soften. A word
now disused.

ADDRE＇SS [of addresse, Fr. adrésso, Sp.] 1. Suitable and dextrous
behaviour in the management of an affair, prudent conduct. 2. A short
remonstrance or petition made by a parliament. 3. A verbal ap­
lication in the way of persuasion or petition, or dedication to a per­
son. 4. Courtship. 5. Manner of carrying one＇s self in company.
6. Manner of directing a letter. This last is used in the mercantile stile,
and is borrowed from the French.

To ADDRESS [of adresser, Fr. particularly in form to the king] 1.
To prepare for use. 2. To make ready, to prepare one＇s self for any
action. 3. To present a petition to. 4. To make application to a
person: sometimes without a preposition, sometimes with the particle
to, sometimes with the reciprocal pronoun.

ADDRESSER [from address] one who addresses.

ADDUB＇BED, created, made, as an addubbed knight.

ADDU＇CENT [adducens, Lat.] drawing or leading to.

ADDUCENT Muscles [from ad, to, and duco, to draw] those that
bring forward, close, or draw together, the parts of the body to
which they are fixed. As,

ADDUCTOR Oculi [with anatomists] a muscle of the eye, so called
from the drawing the pupil or apple of the eye towards the nose; the
same is called bibitorius, because it directs the eye towards the cup
when a person is drinking.

ADDUCTOR Pollicis [in anatomy] a muscle arising in common
with the abductor indicis, ascending obliquely to its insertion, at the
upper part of the first bone of the thumb. Its use is to bring the thumb
nearer to the forefinger.

ADDUCTOR Pollicis Pedis [in anatomy] a muscle of the great toe,
arising from the lower parts of the os cuneiforme tertium, and is insert­
ed into the ossa sesamoidea of the great toe, being opposite laterally to
the abductor pollicis pedis. Its use is to bring the great toe nearer to
the rest.

ADDUCTO＇RES [with anatomists] such muscles as bring to, close,
or draw together, any parts of the body to which they are joined.

ADEA, a province of Annian, on the east coast of Africa.

A＇DEB [in commerce] the name of a large Egyptian weight, used
principally for rice, and consisting of 210 okes, each of three rotolos, a
weight of about two drams less than the English pound; but this is no
certain weight, for at Rosetto the adeb is only 150 okes. Pocock＇s
Egypt.

ADE＇CATIST, [from α priv. and δεκατευω, Gr. to decimate] one not
decimated, one who is against paying tithes.

A＇DEL, the capital town of Adea, in the county of Annian, in Af­
rica, situated 300 miles south of Moco. Latitude 8° 00′ N. longi­
tude 44° 00′ E.

ADELE＇NTADO [Sp.] the deputy of a province for a king; a ge­
neral.

ADE＇LING [adeling, Sax. of ædel, excellent, and linz, a son, or
rather inz, a diminutive termination, q. d. a young excellent person] 
a title of honour among the English Saxons, belonging properly to the
heir-apparent to the crown. Thus Edward the Confessor being with­
out issue, and designing Edgar for his heir, called him Adeling.

ADE＇LPHIDES [ἀδελϕιδης Gr.] a kind of palm tree, whose fruit
has the taste of figs.

ADE＇MPTION [in civil law, of ademptum sup. of adimo, of ad, to,
and emo, to purchase] the act of taking from, revocation, privation.

A＇DEN [ἄδην, Gr. with anatomists] 1. A glandule or kernel in an
animal body; also a swelling in the groin; the same as bubo.

ADEN, a port town of Arabia Felix, in Asia, situated a little to the
east of the straits of Babelmandel. Latitude 12° 00′ N. Longitude
46° 00′ E.

ADENO＇GRAPHY [of αδην a gland, and γραϕη, Gr. a writing or de­
scription] a treatise, or description of the glands.

ADENOI＇DES [of αδην, a glandule, and ειδος, Gr. shape] an epithet
applied to the prostatæ.

ADENO＇SUS abscessus [with surgeons] a hard, unripe tumour or
swelling, which proceeds from obstructed viscidities; it has the appear­
ance of a natural gland, although in parts free from them.

ADE＇ON [among the Romans] a goddess to whom they ascribed the
care and tutelage of young children; whose charge was, that when
the child could go well, it should go to the mother, and make much
of her. Mammea, the mother of the emperor Antoninus, built her a
sumptuous edifice at Rome.

ADEO＇NA [among the Romans] a goddess worshipped for liberty of
access, i. e. for going to a person or place. Lat.

ADEPHAGI＇A, or ADDEPHAGI＇A [ἀδεϕαγια, Gr.] an eating to the
fill, greediness.

A＇DEPS, fat, tallow, grease. Lat.

ADEPS [with anatomists] the fat of the body, differing from pin­
guedo, or suet, which is a substance thicker, harder, and more earthy.

ADE＇PT, thorougly skilled in any thing, one well versed in any
matter.

ADE＇PTICK [adepticus, Lat.] easily or slightly gotten.

ADE＇PTS, or ADE＇PTITS [from adeptus, of adipiscor, Lat. to get or
obtain] q. d. the obtaining sons of art, alchemists, who by great la­
bour and industry, are said (by some of the profession) to have dis­
covered the secret of transmuting metals, or making the grand elixir,
called the philosopher＇s stone. One compleatly versed in the whole
secrets of an art, quasi adeptus artem, though originally applied to
chemists, it is now transferred to other artists.

A＇DEQUATE [adequatio, It. adequado, Sp. of adæquatus, Lat.] equal,
even or proportionate, something equal to or co-extended with ano­
ther, commonly with the particle to.

To be A＇DEQUATE, is to be every way equal, as to capacity, ex­
tent of power, and all other properties; neither falling short of it,
nor exceeding it in any part.

ADEQUATE Ideas [according to Mr. Locke] such ideas or concep­
tions as perfectly represent the antetypes of original images, which the
mind supposes them to be taken from, and which it intends them to
stand for, and whereto it refers them.

A＇DEQUATELY [from adequate] in an exact proportion, sometimes
with the particle to.

A＇DEQUATENESS [of adæquatus, Lat.] 1. Equality, exact proportion,
2. Condition of being adequate.

A＇DES [αδης, of α priv. and ἰδειν, Gr. to see, because of its invisibili­
ty, that subterraneous region in which departed spirits were supposed to
reside] the god of that region itself, or the invisible world. In which
sense that clause of the apostolic creed is now generally understood.
“He descended into hell.” See HELL.

ADESPO＇TICK [adespoticus, Lat. of α priv. and δεσποτικος, or δεσποτης,
Gr. an absolute lord or monarch]not despotick, not domineering.

ADESSENA＇RII, a religious sect, one of whose tenets is, that Jesus
Christ is really present in the eucharist; but in a manner different from
what the Romanists hold.

ADFE＇CTED [adfectus, of ad, to, and factus, Lat. made] compound­
ed, or affected.

ADFECTED Equations [in algebra] compounded equations.

ADFILIA＇TION [of ad, to, and filius, Lat. a son] adoption of a
son.

ADHA＇TODA [in botany] the Malabar nut. The leaves grow op­
posite: the cup of the flower is oblong, and consists of one leaf: the
flower is monopetalous, of an anomalous figure, and consists of two
lips: the uppermost is crooked, and is raised in form of an arch: the
upper lip is divided into three segments, and hangs downwards: the
ovarium becomes the fruit, which is in form of a club, and is di­
vided into two cells, in which are contained flat, heart-shaped seeds.
Miller.

To ADHE＇RE [adhæreo, Lat. adherer, Fr. aderire, It.] 1. To stick
fast. 2. To cleave to, to hold fast together. 3. To take part with, as
in a party or opinion.

ADHE＇RENCE, or ADHE＇RENCY [adherence, Fr. aderenza, It. of ad­
hærens, Lat.] a sticking close to the interests or opinions of others; te­
nacity, quality of sticking to any thing.

ADHE＇RENT [from adhærens, Lat. of ad, to, and hæreo, to stick]
sticking to a thing, united with it.

An ADHE＇RENT [adherent, Fr. aderente, It. adherente, Sp. of
adhærens, Lat.] one who adheres to a party, a stickler for it; a fa­
vourer or follower.

ADHE＇RER [from adhere] a person who adheres.

ADHE＇SION [aderione, It. adhæsio, Lat.] the act or state of cleaving
or sticking unto. Adhesion to a natural body is used, and adherence
to a party; but sometimes promiscuously.

ADHESION, or ADHERENCE [in natural philosophy] signifies the
state of two bodies, which are joined and fastened to each other, either
by the mutual interposition of their own parts, or the compression of
external bodies.

ADHE＇SIVE [from adhesion] of a sticking tenacious nature; generally
with the particle to.

A＇DHHA, or ADCHA [i. e. sacrifices, Arab.] a festival which the Ma­
hometans celebrate on the 12th day of the month Dhoulhegiat, which
is the 12th and last of their year. This month being particularly des­
tined for the ceremonies, which the pilgrims observe at Mecca, takes
its name from thence; for the word signifies the month of pilgrimage.







On that day they sacrifice with great solemnity at Mecca, and no where
else, a sheep, which is called by the same name as the festival. The
Turks commonly call this festival the great Beiram, to distinguish it
from the lesser, which ends their fast, and which the christians of the
Levant call the Easter of the Turks. This festival is also called in the
Arabic, jaum al-corbau, i. e. oblation; or îdo-adhhâ, i. e. feast of sa­
crifices; for any pilgrim may offer that day as many sheep as he pleases.
The Mahometans, in order to the celebrating this festival, go out of
Mecca into a village called Mina or Muna, and there, sometimes, sa­
crifice a camel. Dherbelott＇s Bibl. Orient. and Reland de Relig. Ma­
hom.

To ADHI＇BIT [adhibitus, of adhibeo, Lat.] to take to, to apply to.

ADHIBI＇TION [from adhibit, Lat.] an application to.

ADJA＇CENCY [from adjacens, of adjaceo, Lat.] 1. State of lying near
to 2. The thing itself so lying.

ADJA＇CENT [Fr. adjacente, It. adjacens, Lat.] lying near to, bor­
dering upon.

ADI＇ANTUM [αδιαντον, Gr. a compound of α priv. and διαινω to
moisten] the herb maiden-hair, so called, because its leaves take no
wet. See MAIDEN-HAIR.

ADIA＇PHORA [a compound of α priv. and διαϕερω, Gr. to admit
of a distinction or difference; and the same etymology serves for the
following words] things indifferent; neither commanded nor forbidden,
which, while they are such, persons are at liberty to do, or not do.

ADIA＇PHORIST, a moderate or indifferent person.

ADIAPHORISTS, a name given, in the 16th century, to those Luthe­
rans, who adhered to the sentiments of Melanchton, and afterwards to
those who subscribed the interim of Charles V.

ADIA＇PHOROUS, indifferent.

ADIAPHOROUS Spirit [according to Mr. Boyle] a neutral, indifferent
kind of spirit, distilled by him from tartar and some vegetables, which
spirit was neither acid, vinous, nor urinous.

ADIA＇PHORY, indifferency, a sort of easiness or cool inclination, as
to the choice of one thing before another; cool affection or behaviour
towards another person.

ADIAPNEU＇STIA [ἀδιαπνευσια, of α, and διαπνεω, Gr. to perspire]
a breathing through the pores of the body.

To ADJE＇CT [from adjectum, sup. of adjicio, from ad, to, and jacio,
to throw] to super-add, to join or throw to something else.

ADJECTI＇TIOUS Work, a work or building, &c. added to another,
thrown in on the rest.

ADJE＇CTION [adjectio, Lat.] 1. The act of adding, 2. The thing
added to another.

Noun A＇DJECTIVE [adjectif, Fr. addiettivo, It. adjectivo, Sp. of ad­
jectivum, Lat. with grammarians] a word which only sets forth the
manner of a thing or substantive, and which requires a noun substantive
to be added to it, to render the sense intelligible.
Adjectives in English are liable to no manner of change or variation
(the very easy comparison alone excepted) and yet the sense is full as
clear, as where they are clogged with an infinity of different termina­
tions, as in the Latin, the German, and all the northern tongues:
and the same may be said of our articles, which are properly adjectives;
which contributes very much to facilitate the learning of our English
grammar by foreigners.

ADJE＇CTIVELY, in an adjective sense, in the manner of an adjective.

ADIE＇U [from à Dieu, Fr.] farewel, God be with you.

ADJICIA＇LIS Cœna, or ADJICIALES Epulæ, solemn banquets or feasts
which the Romans made at the consecration of their pontifices, or on a
day of publick rejoicing. Danet＇s Antiq.

A＇DIGE, a great river in Italy, which rising in Tyrol, runs south by
Trent, then east by Verona, in the territory of Venice, and falls into
the gulph of Venice, to the north of the mouth of the Po.

AD INQUIRENDUM [in law] a judicial writ, commanding inquiry
to be made concerning any matter about a cause that depends in the
king＇s-court, for the execution of justice.

To ADJOI＇N [adjoindre, Fr. aggiungere, It. of adjungo, Lat.] to
join to, to lie next to, or neighbouring.

To ADJO＇URN [adjourner, Fr. of ad, and jour, Fr. a day, aggiornare,
It.] 1. To put off to another day, mentioning that day. 2. To make
to stay to some other time.

ADJOU＇RNMENT in eyre [a law term] an appointment of a day,
when the justices in eyre meet to sit again.

ADJOURNMENT [in common law] the putting off any court or meet­
ing, and the appointing it to be held again at another time or place.

ADIPO＇SA MEMBRANA [with anatomists] a membrane which in­
closes the cellulæ adiposæ, or a number of holes or cells full of fat; but
more particularly that in which the kidneys are wrapt up.

ADIPOSA Vena [with anatomists] a vein which arises from the de­
scending trunk of the cava, and sprcads itself on the coat and fat, co­
vering the kidneys.

ADIPOSÆ Cellulæ [with anatomists] a certain number of little cells
or holes, full of fat.

ADIPO＇SI Ductus [with anatomists] certain vessels of an animal
body, which convey the adeps or fat into the interstices of the muscles
or parts that are between the flesh and the skin.

ADIPO＇SUS, or A＇DIPOUS [adiposus, Lat.] full of adeps or fat,
greasy.

A＇DIPSA [ἀδιψα, Gr.] medicines or juleps to quench thirst.

ADIPSA＇THEON [ἀδιψαθιον, Gr.] a kind of branchy shrub full of
thorns and prickles.

ADI＇RATU [in law] a value or price set on things lost, as a com­
pensation to the owner.

ADIRBE＇ITZAN [adirbijan, in the Arabian writers] a province of
Persia, in Asia, part of the ancient Media, bounded on the north by
the province of Ghilan, on the east by the Caspian sea, on the south
by the province of Erac-Agemi (i. e. the Persian Erac) and Curdistan,
the ancient Assyria, and on the west by Turcomania.

A＇DIT [adite, It. aditus, Lat.] a passage or entry, the shaft or en­
trance into a mine.

ADI＇TION [from aditum, sup. of adeo, to go to] a going or coming
nigh to.

To ADJU＇DGE [aggiudicare, It. adjudicàr, Sp. adjuger, Fr. adjudico,
Lat.] 1. To give judgment or sentence in a court of justice, with to be­
fore the person. 2. To award, to sentence. 3. Simply to determine.

ADJUDICA＇TION [Fr. aggiudicazione, It. adjudicalio, Lat.] judg­
ment or decree in a court of justice.

To ADJU＇DICATE [aggiudicare, It. adjudico, Lat.] to adjudge, to
award by a decisive sentence.

To ADJU＇GATE [adjugo, Lat.] to yoke or couple to.

A＇DJUMENT [adjumentum, Lat.] help, relief.

A＇DJUNCT [adjunctum, Lat.] 1. Something adherent to another,
though not essentially belonging to it. Sometimes, though seldom,
the person adjoined.

ADJUNCT [adjoint, Fr. aggiunto, It. adjúnto, Sp. of adjunctus, Lat.]
joined to, immediately following upon any thing.

ADJUNCT [in civil concerns] a collegue or fellow officer, associated
to another, to assist him in his office, or to oversee him.

ADJUNCT [with logicians] a quality which belongs to any thing as
its subject; as greenness to grass, heat to fire, &c.

ADJUNCT [in philosophy] is the addition of a thing not absolutely
necessary to its existence; that is, the subject may die without it, and
yet remain of the same nature that it was before: or it is that mode which
may be separated or abolished from its subject; thus smoothness,
roughness, blackness, whiteness, motion or rest, are adjuncts to a
bowl; for these may be all changed, and yet the body remain a bowl
still: learning, justice, folly, sickness, health, are the adjuncts of a
man: motion, squareness, or any particular shape or size, are the ad­
juncts of the body.
Some divide the adjuncts into absolute, which agree to the whole
thing, without any limitation: thus the passions are absolute adjuncts of
a man—and limited, which only agree to their subject in some certain
part thereof: thus man only thinks, considered as to his mind; only
grows, as to his body. Dict. de Trevoux. Watts＇s Logic.

ADJUNCTS [in rhetoric, &c.] are certain words or things added to
others; to amplify the discourse, or augment its force.

ADJUNCTS [in physic] qualities, dispositions, and symptoms an­
nexed to a disease.

ADJUNCTS [in ethicks] popularly called circumstances, are seven,
and contained in this verse:
Quis, quid, ubi, quibus auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando.
In which verse quis denotes the person; quid, the matter; ubi, the
place; quibus auxiliis, the instruments; cur, the efficient cause and
end; quomodo, the manner how; and quando, the time. Chauvin＇s
Lex. Ration.

ADJUNCTS, or ADJOINTS, in the royal academy of sciences at Pa­
ris, denote a class of members, attached to the pursuit of particular
sciences. They were created in 1716, in lieu of the elevès: they are
twelve in number; two for geometry, two for mechanics, two for
astronomy, two for anatomy, two for chemistry, and two for botany.
The elevès not taken into this establishment, were admitted on the
foot of supernumerary adjuncts. Fontenel. Hist. Acad. Scienc.

ADJU＇NCTION [adjonction, Fr. of adjunctio, Lat.] 1. A coupling
or joining to. 2. The thing coupled.

ADJU＇NCTIVE, 1. He that joins. 2. The thing joined. Johnson.

ADJUNCTIVE [adjunctivus, Lat.] joined to.

AD JURA Regis [law term] a writ lying for the king＇s clerk against
one, who went about to put him out of possession, to the prejudice of
the title of the king in right of his crown.

ADJURA＇TION [Fr. aggiurazione, It. adjuracion. Sp. adjuratio, Lat.]
1. An earnest and solemn proposing of an oath to another. 2. The
form of oath offered.

To ADJU＇RE [adjuro, Lat. adjurer, Fr.] 1. To impose an oath to
be taken by another prescribing the form thereof, or, in God＇s name,
to put a person to his oath. 2. To command an evil spirit to quit its
possession, by the force of inchantments.

To ADJU＇ST [aggiustare, It. ajustàr, Sp. adjuster, Fr.] 1. To make
fit. 2. To set in order. To settle, to state an account. 3. To com­
pose or determine a difference. To make conformable, with to before
the thing to which the conformity is made.

ADJU＇STMENT [ajustement, Fr. aggiustimento, It.] 1. A determina­
tion. 2. A regular settlement. 3. The state of being regulated.

A＇DJUTANT [asulant, Fr. adjutante, It. agudante, Sp. of adjutans,
Lat.] one who assists or helps a superior officer in a regiment of sol­
diers, distributing their pay, exercising the men when in a collective
body, and overseeing the punishment of delinquents.

ADJUTANT General [in an army] one who attends the general of
an army, to be his assistant in affairs of council, advice, &c.

To ADJU＇TE [from adjutum, sup. of adjuvo, of ad, to, and juvo,
to help] to be assisting. A word not in use since B. Johnson＇s time.

ADJUTO＇RIUM [in the medicinal art] a means of cure, subservient
to others of more importance.

ADJUTORIUM [with anatomists] the bone of the arm usually called
the humerus, so named because of its usefulness in lifting up the arm.

ADJU＇TORY [adjutorius, Lat.] aiding, assisting, helping.

ADJUTORY Bones [in anatomy] two bones reaching from the shoul­
ders to the elbows.

ADJU＇TRIX, a female assistant. Lat.

A＇DJUVANT [adjuvans, Lat.] helping, aiding, assisting.

ADJUVANT Causes [in physic] are such as are subservient to the
principal causes.

To AD＇JUVATE [from adjuvo, Lat.] to help forward.

To A＇DLE. See To ADDLE.

AD LARGUM [law term] at large. Lat.

ADMEA＇SUREMENT [from measure] the measuring any thing exactly
by rule.

ADMEASUREMENT [in common law] a writ lying for the bringing
of those to reason, who usurp more than their part or share, which
takes effect in two cases.

ADMEASUREMENT [of dower] is when the widow of the deceased,
holds from the heir or his guardian, more, under pretence of her
dower, than she has a just title to.

ADMEASUREMENT [of pasture] is when any of them, who have
common of pasture, overcharge the common pasture, lying between
them, that have the right of it belonging to their freeholds and neigh­
bourhood, with more cattle than they ought.

ADMENSURA＇TION, admeasurement, the act of meting out to each
his proper share.








ADMr. is the usual abbreviation for Administrator.

ADMI＇NICLE [adminicule, O. Fr. of adminiculum, Lat. in law] a
term used in some ancient statutes for aid, help, support, succour. As
anno 1 Edward IV. cap. 1. Blount＇s Law Dict.

ADMINICLE [in civil law] imperfect proof.

ADMINICLE [among antiquaries] is applied to the attributes or
ornaments wherewith Juno is represented on medals. Dict. de Tre­
voux.

To ADMI＇NISTER [administrer, Fr. administrare, It. administràr, Sp.
administro, Lat.] 1. To do service for. 2. To dispense or give. 3. To
act as an agent. 4. To yield, to supply. 5. To act with somewhat
of subordination in an office, as to administer the government, or ad­
mister justice; or an oath, or the sacraments, or physick. 6. To act
as administrator in the spiritual court.

To ADMI＇NISTRATE [from administratum, sup. of administro] to
administer or perform.

ADMINISTRA＇TION [Fr. administragione, It. administración, Sp. ad­
ministratio, Lat.] 1. The management of some affair or employment.
2. The active or executive part of civil government. 3. The per­
sons therein employed. Johnson. 4. The dispensing or exhibiting the
sacraments, &c.

ADMINISTRATION [in civil law] the disposing of the estate or ef­
fects of a man who died without a will, in order and with design to
give an account thereof.

ADMINISTRA＇TIVE [administrativus, Lat.] pertaining to admini­
stration.

ADMINISTRA＇TOR [administrateur, Fr. administratore, It. admini­
strador, Sp. administrator, Lat. in common law] a person who has
the goods, &c. of a person who died without making a will, com­
mitted to his charge by the ordinary, for which he is accountable as
an executor.

ADMINISTRATOR [in polity] one who has the management of pub­
lic affairs, instead of a sovereign prince.

ADMINISTRATOR [in religion] he who administers sacred rites.

ADMINISTRA＇TRIX [in civil law] she who has the goods of a
deceased person, and power of an administrator committed to her
care. Lat.

ADMINISTRA＇TORSHIP [of administrator and ship, a termination sig­
nifying office] the office of an administrator.

A＇DMIRABLE [Fr. admirabile, Sp. of admirabilis, Lat.] 1. De­
serving admiration, marvellous, wonderful. 2. Good, rare, excellent.
Applied both to persons and things always in a good sense.

ADMIRABI＇LITY, or ADMIRABLENESS [admirabilitas, Lat.] admi­
ration, or marvellousness, wonderfulness.

A＇DMIRABLY, wonderfully, excellently.

A＇DMIRAL [amiral, Fr. ammiraglio, It. almiránte. Sp. almeyrante,
Port. derived, as some say, from amir in Arabic, a governor, and
ἀλς, Gr. the sea] a principal officer of the crown, who has the go­
vernment of the navy in chief, and thence stiled Lord High-Admiral;
he is invested with a power to determine all maritime causes, civil or
criminal—We have had no Lord High-Admiral for some years, the
office being put in commission, or under the administration of the
lords commissioners of the admiralty, who have the same power and
authority.

ADMIRAL, the chief commander of any distinct squadron or num­
ber of ships.

Rear ADMIRAL, the admiral of the third squadron in a royal fleet,
who carries his flag, with the arms of his country, in the mizen-top-
mast-head of his ship.

Vice ADMIRAL, another of the three principal officers of the royal
navy, that commands the second squadron, and carries his flag in his
ship＇s fore-top-mast-head.

Vice ADMIRAL, is also an officer appointed by the court of admi­
ralty, in divers parts of the kingdom, with judges and marshals subor­
dinate to him, for the exercising of jurisdiction in maritime affairs,
within his respective limits: There are upwards of twenty vice­
admirals; and, from their decisions and sentences appeal lies to the
court of admiralty in London. Chamberlain＇s Present State of Eng­
land.

ADMIRAL Laws, the civil laws, by which all causes are determined
in the admiralty court.

A＇DMIRALSHIP [from admiral] the office of an admiral.

A＇DMIRALTY Court [admirauté, ammirauté, Fr. ammiraglito, It.
almirántasgo, Sp.] the chief court at London of the lord high admiral,
erected for deciding maritime controversies, trial of malefactors for
crimes committed on the high sea, &c.

ADMIRALTY Office, an office near Whitehall, wherein are transacted
all maritime affairs belonging to the jurisdiction of the lord high ad­
miral, for which purpose he, or the lords commissioners of the admi­
ralty, meet on certain days, for the management of the royal navy,
the determination of all causes (which at present are heard and de­
cided at Doctor＇s Commons, or the Old Bailey) civil and criminal,
committed at sea, and the punishment of their dependants and offi­
cers, for neglect of duty, or other irregularities; and unto whom be­
longs the nomination of admirals, captains, and other officers on
board his majesty＇s ships of war. Burchet＇s Naval Hist. Stow＇s Survey.

ADMIRA＇TION [Fr. àmmirazione, It. admiración, Sp. of admiratio,
Lat.] wonder. It is generally in a good sense.

ADMIRA＇TIVE, of or pertaining to admiration.

To ADMI＇RE [admirer, Fr. ammirare. It. admirár, Sp. of admi­
ror, Lat.] 1. To behold with wonder, to be surpriz＇d at, or won­
der greatly. 2. Sometimes to regard with love in familiar language.
It is very rarely used in a bad sense. When neuter, it has the par­
ticle at.

ADMI＇RER [from admire] the person that admires.

ADMI＇RINGLY [from admire] in the manner of admiration.

ADMI＇SSIBLE [from admissum, sup. of admitto, Lat.] that may be
admitted.

ADMI＇SSION, or ADMI＇TTANCE [Fr. of admissio, Lat.] 1. The act
of admitting. 2. The state, right, or power of being admitted.
3. The allowing a position, though not proved.

ADMISSION, or ADMITTANCE [in law] is when a presentation
to a void benefice, is made by the patron; the bishop having exa­
mined the clerk, and finding him able, says, admitto te habilem. It
is properly the ordinary＇s declaration, that he accepts of the pres­
entee, to serve the cure of that church to which he is presented. Coke
Lit. 344.

To ADMI＇T, or to ADMIT of [admettre, Fr. ammettere, It. admitàr,
Sp. admitto, Lat.] 1. To receive to. 2. To grant entrance. 3. To
suffer or permit, to enter upon an office. 4. To allow of a position,
or any thing else in general; it has sometimes the particle of.

ADMIT [or allow] it be so.

ADMI＇TTABLE [perhaps admittible is better, from admit] that may
be admitted.

ADMITTE＇NDO Clerico, a writ granted to a clerk, who has recovered
his right of presentation against the bishop in the common bench.

ADMITTENDO in Socium [in law] a writ for associating several per­
sons to justices of assize, who have been appointed before.

To AD＇MIX [of ad, to, and mixtus, of misceo] to mix together.

ADMIXTI＇ON [admixtio, Lat. in physic] the mingling of any two
or more species together to unite them.

ADMI＇XTURE, 1. The act of mixing. 2. The thing mixed.

To ADMO＇NISH [ammonire, It. amonestàr, Sp. monian, or monizean,
Sax. admoneo, Lat. of ad, to, and moneo, to warn] 1. To warn of a
fault, to advise, to put in mind of some duty, to exhort. 2. To re­
prove gently; with of, or against, but the latter is more rare.

ADMO＇NISHER [from admonish] a warner; he that puts any other
in mind of his duty or faults.

ADMONI＇TION, or ADMO＇NISHMENT [Fr. of admonitio, Lat. ammo­
nizione, It. amonestación, Sp.] 1. A giving warning of duty, or advice.
2. Reproof given gently for faults. Admonishment is little used.

ADMONI＇TIONER [from admonition] a free admonisher, a vague
warner, a liberal adviser; a coined and cant word of Hooker＇s, in
ridicule of his opponents the Calvinists.

ADMONI＇TORY [from admonitorius, Lat.] admonishing, warning
gently.

To ADMO＇VE [of ad, to, and moveo, to move] to bring or move one
thing to another.

ADMO＇VENT [admovens, Lat.] moving to.

ADMURMURA＇TION, [of ad, and murmuro, to murmur] a mur­
muring, a whispering to any one.

ADNASCE＇NTIA, or ADNA＇TA [with anatomists] branches that
sprout out of the main stock, as the veins and arteries.

ADNASCENTIA, or ADNATA [with botanists] those excrescencies,
which grow under the earth, as in the lily, narcissus, hyacinth, &c.
which afterwards become true roots.

ADNATA Tunica [in anatomy] the common membrane or coat of
the eye; which arising from the skull, adheres to the external part of
the tunica cornea, leaving a round hollow space forward, that the vi­
sible species may pass there. To which another nameless coat, made
up of the tendons of those muscles which move the eye, is joined. It
is called also albuginea and conjunctiva.

ADNI＇CHILED [old law] annulled, made void, brought to nothing.

ADNI＇HILATED [adnihilatus, Lat.] reduced to nothing, frustrated.

ADNU＇BILATED [adnubilatus, Lat.] darkned or clouded.

A＇DO, or A＇DOE [from, to do, a mode copied from the French, as
in their affaire for a faire] stir, noise, pains; as much a doe; some­
times with about. It is generally used in a ludicrous sense, as import­
ing more stir about a thing than it deserves.

AD OCTO [i. e. by eight] to some ancient philosophers termed the
superlative degree, because they accounted no degree above the eighth,
according to their method of distinguishing accidents or qualities.

ADOLE＇SCENCE, or ADOLE＇SCENCY [Fr. adolescenza, It. adoléscen­
cia, Sp. of adolescentia, Lat.] the flower of youth, the state of young
persons from twelve years of age to twenty one in women; and from
fourteen to twenty five or thirty in men; or it is that period of a
person＇s age, that infancy succeeds when puberty commences, and
terminates at his full growth.

ADO＇NAI [according to some, derived from אדן, the basis or foun­
dation, because God is that by which every thing is sustained; but
the most natural derivation of it seems to be from דןך, to judge or
govern] one of the names of God. The Jews, who, either out of
respect or superstition, do not pronounce the name Jehovah, read Ado­
nai in the room of it, whenever Jehovah occurs in the Hebrew text;
but the ancient Jews were not so scrupulous. Calmet＇s Dict. Bibl.
Dict. de Trevoux.

ADO＇NIA [in antiquity] festivals celebrated in honour of Adonis;
wherein the women imitated the lamentation of Venus, for the death
of Adonis; and when they were tired with this, they changed their
notes, sung his praises, and made rejoicings, as if he were raised to
life again.

ADO＇NICK Verse [so called on account of its being a kind of verse
first composed for bewailing of Adonis] a sort of verse consisting only
of a dactyl and a spondee; and is rarely used but at the end of
every strophe or strain in sapphicks; as terruit urbem. Hor.

ADONIDIS horti, i. e. the gardens of Adonis [in botany] are
plants, flowers, &c. in pots or cases, set on the outside of windows,
in balconies, &c. Miller.

ADONIS, or Flos ADONIDIS, bird＇s-eye, or pheasant＇s-eye. The
leaves are like fennel, or chamomile: the flowers consist of many
leaves, which are expanded in form of a rose: the seeds are collected
into oblong heads. Miller.

ADO＇NIUM [with botanists] southern-wood.

To ADO＇PT [adopter, Fr. adottare, It. adoptàr, Sp. of adopto, Lat.]
to chuse a son or heir; to make one capable to inherit, that was not
so by birth.

ADO＇PTEDLY, in the manner of what is adopted.

ADO＇PTER [from adopt] he that adopts; he that chuses an heir.

ADO＇PTION [Fr. addozzione, It. adopciôn, Sp. of adoptio, Lat.]
1. The choice of a person for a son and heir. 2. The state of adop­
tion.

ADOPTION is represented by the figure of an elderly woman, em­
bracing a youth with her right arm, and holding in her left the eagle
called ossifraga, which is said to reject her young for a time, and af­
terwards to take to them again.

ADO＇PTIVE [adoptif, Fr. addottivo, It. adoptivo, Sp. of adoptivus,
Lat.] 1. Pertaining to adoption. 2. He that is adopted by ano­
ther. 3. He that adopts.








ADO＇PTIVES, or ADO＇PTIANS [in ecclesiastical history] a sect in
the eighth century, in several parts of Spain, whose distinguishing te­
net was, that Christ, as to his human nature, was not the proper or
natural, but only the adoptive son of God. They had their rise un­
der the emperor Charlemain, about the year 783. Their chiefs were
Elipand, archbishop of Toledo; and Felix, bishop of Urgil: the first
of whom wrote to the latter, to know in what sense he understood
that Christ was the son of God; and received for answer, that Christ,
according to his human nature, that is, as son of Mary, was not the
natural, but only the adoptive son of God. This doctrine was con­
demned at Narbonne, 788; at Ratisbon, 792; and at Francfort, 794.
Dict. de Trevoux. Hornius＇s Hist. Eccles.

A＇DOR, a kind of pure bearded wheat, which the ancients used in
sacrifices.

ADO＇RABLE [Fr. and Sp. adorabile, It. adorabilis, Lat.] fit or de­
serving to be adored or worshipped; if the word is at any time appli­
ed to men, it denotes worthy of all honour and respect.

ADO＇RABLENESS [of adorabilis, Lat.] worthiness to be adored.

ADO＇RABLY [of adorable] in a manner worthy of all external
respect.

A＇DORAT [with chemists] a weight of four pounds.

ADORA＇TION [Fr. adorazione, It. adoración, Sp. of adoratio, Lat.]
1. Reverence, worship. 2. Profound respect and submission to men.
Shakespeare applies it once in this last sense. But this is now a rare
use of the word, as also of adore, and all its derivations.

To ADO＇RE [adorer, Fr. adorare, It. adoràr, Sp. adoro, Lat.] 1.
To reverence outwardly, or to pay divine worship. 2. To shew
profound respect and submission to a person. 3. To admire extra­
vagantly, or dote upon: this last is a popular sense.

ADO＇REMENT [from adore] adoration. A word only used in
Brown＇s Vulgar Errors.

ADO＇RER [from adore] 1. A serious worshipper of the divinity.
2. He who adores. A low cant word, and only used among lovers.

To ADO＇RN [orner, Fr. adornare, It. adornàr, Sp. and Port. of
adorno, Lat.] 1. To deck, trim, beautify, or set off with external
ornaments. 2. Also to set off with elegant language, and fine ora­
tory.

ADORNA＇TION, or ADO＇RNMENT, beautifying.

ADOSCULA＇TION [in botany] a joining or insertion of one part of
a plant into some cavity, as it were mouth to mouth.

ADO＇UR, a river of France, which has its source in the Pyrenean
mountains, runs north by Tarbes through Gascony, then turning east,
passes by Dax, and falls, below Bayonne, into the bay of Biscay.

ADO＇WN, [for down, adv.] on the ground. It was used in the
old poetry, and thence it is now borrowed; as she sunk adown.

ADOWN, prep. from a higher to a lower place; as adown the beard.
This too is the poetical form.

AD PONDUS omnium [in physicians bills] signifies that the ingredi­
ent or medicine last prescribed, must be as much as all the rest before
prescribed.

AD QUOD DAMNUM [in law] i. e. to what damage; a writ lying
for the sheriff to enquire what damage it may prove to others, if the
king grant a market or fair, &c. or where a person or persons would
turn a common road or highway, and lay out another as conve­
nient.

A＇DRAGANT. See TRAGACANTH.

ADRA＇MIRE [a law term] to oblige one＇s self before a magistrate
to perform something.

ADREA＇D, for in a dread; in an affright. In the same manner are
formed a-slant, a-cross, a-sleep. It seems elliptical for in or on a-slant,
in or on a cross, in a sleep: and so, for the most part, of all the like
forms.

ADRECTA＇RE, or ADRETIA＇RE [O. L. Rec.] to satisfy, to make
amends.

A＇DRIA, an ancient town of Italy, in the Polesin de Rovigo, in the
territories of Venice, situated 26 miles south of the city of Venice.
Latitude 50° 45′ N. Longitude 12° 50′ E.

ADRI＇ANISTS, a sect of heretics, whereof there were two sorts;
the first a branch of the followers and disciples of Simon Magus, in
the first century, anno 34. Theoderet is the only one who hath pre­
served their names and memory; but he gives no account of their ori­
gin. It is likely that this sect, and the six others, which sprung from
the Simonians, took their names from the respective disciples of Si­
mon.—The second were followers of Adrian Hampstead, the anabap­
tist, and held some particular errors concerning Christ. Bingham＇s
Antiq. of the Christ. Church.

ADRI＇ANOPLE, a large and populous city of European Turky, be­
ing the second in that empire. It is situated in a fine plain on the river
Marizam, in the province of Romania, 150 miles N. W. of Constan­
tinople. It is eight miles in circumference, and frequently honoured
with the presence of the grand signior. Latitude 42° 00′ N. Longi­
tude 26° 30′ E.

ADRI＇FT, [elliptically for in a drift, from drive] that floats at ran­
dom, that is driven hither and thither, primarily from the promiscu­
ous impulse of the waves; and thence transferred to any thing un­
steddy or unstable.

ADRO＇IT, Fr. dextrous, ingenious, clever, ready, active.

ADROI＇TNESS [from adroit] dexterity, cleverness, readiness, in­
genuity. This word and the former seem not to be entirely adopted
into the English.

ADR＇Y [of a and drigge, Sax. droog, Du. drog, O and L. Ger.
dry] thirsty.

ADSCITI＇TIOUS [adscititius, Lat.] borrowod, added, brought in by
way of supplement, being something extrinsical.

ADSTA＇NTES. See PROSTATÆ.

ADSTRI＇CTION [adstrictio, Lat.] a binding or shutting up, a con­
traction of any thing in general.

AD TERMINUM qui præteriit [in law] a writ of entry, lying where
a man having leased lands or tenements for a term of years or life, af­
ter the expiration of which, is held by the tenant or stranger, that is
in possession, and keeps out the lessor. In this case this writ lies for
the lessor and his heirs.

To ADVA＇NCE [avancer, Fr. avanzare, It. avancàr, Sp.] 1. To step,
or go forward, with regard to place or improvement. 2. To promote
or further, as to place or motion. 3. To prefer or raise, as to honour
or improvement. 4. To give money before-hand. 5. To propose,
to offer any thing publickly.

ADVANCED Foss [in fortification] a ditch of water round the espla­
nade or glacis of a place, to prevent its being surprized by the besiegers.

ADVANCE, [from the verb] 1. Coming forward, progressive motion.
2. Tendency to meet as among lovers. 3. Gradual improvement in
any quality.

ADVANCE Guard [in military affairs] the first line or division of an
army ranged or marching in battle array, or that part which marches
first toward the enemy.

ADVA＇NCEMENT [avancement, Fr. avanzamento, It.] 1. Coming
forward. 2. Improvement in any thing.

ADVA＇NCER [from advance] he that advances.

ADVANCER [with hunters] one of the starts or branches of a buck＇s
attire, viz. that which is between the back antler and the palm.

ADVA＇NTAGE [avantage, Fr. vantaggio, It. ventája, Sp.] 1. Good,
profit, benefit, generally with of or over before the person or thing
that is excelled, or preponderated. 2. Convenient opportunity or
other favourable circumstances. 3. Gain. 4. Superiority by stra­
tagem, or any unlawful method. 5. Over measure, overplus.

To ADVANTAGE, to bring profit to, to promote.

ADVANTAGE Ground, ground where advantage for any purpose is
given.

ADVA＇NTAGED, having advantages.

ADVANTA＇GEOUS [avantageux, Fr. vantaggioso, It. ventajóso, Sp.]
1. Tending to a person＇s good or benefit. 2. Convenient, useful. It
has to generally before the person, and sometimes the thing, to which the
advantage accrues.

ADVANTA＇GEOUSLY, usefully, conveniently.

ADVANTA＇GEOUSNESS [of avantage, Fr.] profitableness.

To ADVE＇NE [advenio, Lat. from ad, to, and venio, to come] to
be superadded to something else, as not essentially thereto. A term a­
mong civilians.

ADVE＇NIENT [adveniens, Lat.] coming, as superadded to any thing.

A＇DVENT [adventus, Lat. avent, Fr. avvento, It. aviénto, Sp.] a
coming to.

ADVENT [in ecclesiastical language] a time set apart by the church
as a preparation for the approaching festival of Christmas. So called
from adventus redemptoris, the coming of our redeemer.

ADVENT Sundays, are in number four; the first of which fasts are
on St. Andrew＇s day, Nov. 30, or the next Sunday following, and
they continue to the feast of Christ＇s nativity.

ADVENTAL, a coat of mail, Ainsworth.

ADVE＇NTINE [adventum, sup. of advenio, Lat.] that comes as ex­
trinsically superadded to any thing. This seems an error of the press
in the copy of Bacon＇s works, whence Johnson took it for adventine.

ADVENTITIA dos, a dowry or portion given to a woman by some
other friend, besides her parents. Lat.

ADVENTI＇TIOUS [avventizio, It. of adventitius, Lat.] accruing to
or befalling a person, or thing from without; not essentially in­
herent.

ADVENTITIOUS [in the civil law] is applied to such goods as
fall to a person either by mere fortune, or the liberality of a stranger,
or by collateral succession, in opposition to profectitious, i. e. such
goods as descend in a direct line, from father to son.

ADVENTITIOUS Glandules [in anatomy] those kernels which are
sometimes, under the arm-holes, sometimes in the neck, as the
king＇s-evil, &c.

ADVENTITIOUS Matter [with philosophers] matter which does not
properly belong to any body, either natural or mixed; but comes to
it from some other places; as in the freezing of water, some frigori­
fick particles enter, which are adventitious to the water, either from
the air or the freezing mixture.

ADVE＇NTIVE [advenio, Lat.] whatever comes from without. See
AD VENTINE. Both words are now obsolete: and which soever of
them be genuine, it seems the mere coinage of Bacon.

AD VE＇NTREM inspiciendum [in law] a certain writ in the statute of
essoins, to see whether a woman be with child.

ADVE＇NTUAL [from advent] having relation to the season of ad­
vent. A word used by bishop Saunderson.

To ADVE＇NTURE [avanturer, Fr. ventura, It. aventurà, Sp.] 1.
To venture, or put to the venture, to hazard boldly. 2. It is used
with the reciprocal pronoun; as you adventure yourself.

ADVENTURE [avanture, Fr. avventura, It. aventura, Sp.] 1. Chance,
accidental encounter, hazard, wherein a man hath no maner of di­
rection. 2. The occasion wherein this chance is shewn; and there­
fore called an extraordinary or surprizing accident.

ADVE＇NTURER [aventurier, Fr. avventuriere, It. aventuréro, Sp.]
one who runs a hazard, or puts himself in the hands of chance.

ADVE＇NTURERS, the name of an ancient company of merchants
and traders, erected for the discovery of lands, territories, trades, &c.
unknown. This society had its rise in Burgundy, and its first esta­
blishment from John duke of Brabaut, in 1428; being known by the
name of the brotherhood of St. Thomas à Becket. It was afterwards
translated into England, and successively confirmed by Edward III.
and IV. Richard III. Henry IV. V. VI. and VII. who gave it the
appellation of Merchant Adventurers. Molly de Jur. Marit.

ADVE＇NTUROUS, or ADVEN＇TURESOM (the last is a colloquial and
low word) 1. Bold, daring, hazardous, inclined to adventures.
2. It is applied to things which therefore are called dangerous, and
require boldness.

ADVENTUROUSLY, daringly, in a bold manner.

ADVE＇NTURESOMNESS [of avanturer, Fr.] daringness, boldness.

A＇DVERB [with grammarians] [adverbe, Fr. avverbio, It. adver­
bio, Sp. of adverbium, Lat. of ad, to, and verbum, a word.] a part
of speech which, being joined to a verb or adjective, serves to express
their latitude, quantity, and degree, or other circumstances, restrain­
ing the manner of its signification.

ADVERBIAL [Fr. avverbiale, It. adverbial, Sp. adverbialis, Lat.]
1. Pertaining to an adverb. 2. Having the nature of an adverb.








ADVERBIALLY, in an adverbial sense, like an adverb.

ADVE＇RSABLE [adversabilis, Lat.] that is adverse, or contrary to.

A＇DVERSA＇RIA, a common-place book. As debtor and creditor
were, it seems, written therein in opposite columns. Lat.

A＇DVERSARY [adversaire, Fr. avversario, It. adversário, Sp. of
adversarius, Lat.] one who opposes, or is against another; one who
sues another at law; an adverse party, in verbal or judicial con­
tests. It sometimes implies an open profession of enmity, opposed to
secrecy.

ADVE＇RSATIVE [adversatif, Fr. of adversativus, Lat.] a part of
speech in grammar that signifies some opposition or variety between
what goes before and what follows; denoted by but, as this is an
honest man, but he is peevish.

ADVE＇RSE [averse, Fr. avverso, It. advérso, Sp. of adversus, Lat.]
1. Contrary, opposite. 2. Contrary to one＇s wish. Hence opposed
to prosperous; as, adverse fortune. 3. Personally opposing.

ADVERSE [with logicians] is when the two contraries have an ab­
solute and perpetual opposition one to the other.

ADVE＇RSITY [adversità, It. adversitàd, Sp. of adversité, Fr. res
adversæ, Lat.] 1. Affliction, trouble, misfortune, calamity, misery,
2. The cause thereof. The latter sense may have a plural.

To ADVE＇RT [adverto, Lat. to turn to, of ad, to, and verto, to
turn] to mark, mind, or take heed, with the particle to before the
object of regard.

ADVE＇RTENCE, or ADVE＇RTENCY [avvertenza, It. adverténcia, Sp.
of adverto, Lat.] attention, heedfulness, mindfulness.

To ADVERTI＇SE [avertir, advertir, Fr. avvertir, It. advertir, Sp.
to warn] 1. To give notice, advice or intelligence of. 2. To inform,
with of before the matter of intelligence. 3. To give public notice,
as advertising in the news-papers, or otherwise. The word is now
accented on the last syllable, but formerly on the second.

ADVERTI＇SER. 1. He who advertises. 2. The news-paper so
called. As the Daily Advertiser.

ADVERTI＇SING [from advertise] busy or active in giving notice. A
word no longer in use.

ADVE＇RTISEMENT [avertissement, Fr. avvertimento, It.] 1. Warn­
ing. 2. Information, intelligence. Advice, a putting in mind. 3.
Public notice in a news-paper or otherwise.

To ADVE＇SPERATE [advespero, Lat. of ad, to, and vesper,
evening] to grow towards the evening.

ADVI＇CE [avviso, It. aviso, Sp. and Port. of avis, advis, Fr.
adviso, low Lat.] 1. Counsel. 2. Notice, an account. 3. News.
This is a commercial sense, and somewhat low. Deliberation, hav­
ing the particle which before the person advised. 4. Mature conside­
ration. As, he went thither upon due advice.

An ADVICE, or packet boat, a boat, or ship to carry letters, and
employed for intelligence.

ADVI＇SABLE [of aviser, Fr.] 1. That may be advised about. 2. Fit
to be done; prudent.

ADVISABLENESS [of avisable, Fr. and ness, Eng. termination]
fitness to be advised, done, &c. expediency.

To ADVI＇SE [aviser, adviser, Fr. avvisar, It. avisar, Port.] 1.
To counsel or give advice, with to before the thing advised. To
give information or an account of, often with of before the thing in­
formed about. 3. To consider or weigh in mind.

To ADVISE with one, to ask his advice or counsel.

ADVI＇SED, 1. Acting with prudent deliberation. 2. Done on
purpose.

ADVI＇SEDLY, considerately, with deliberation.

ADVI＇SEDNESS [of aviser, Fr.] considerateness.

ADVI＇SEMENT. 1. Information. 2. Prudent circumspection. Both
senses are now obsolete.

ADVI＇SER, he that advises or counsels.

ADULA＇TION [adulation, Fr. of adulatio, Lat.] mean flattery, ex­
alted and towering compliments.

ADU＇LATOR [adulateur, Fr. adulatore, It. adulador, Sp. of adulator,
Lat.] a flatterer, a fawning fellow, a sycophant.

ADULA＇TORY [adulatorius, Lat.] pertaining to, or full of flattery.

ADU＇LT [adulte, Fr. adulto It. and Sp. of adultus, Lat.] that is
grown or come to full ripeness of age, beyond that of infancy and
weakness.

ADU＇LTNESS [of adultus, Lat.] the state of being grown to ripe­
ness of years.

To ADULTER [adulterer, Fr. adultero. Lat.] to commit adultery.
It is taken from B. Johnson. A word not classical. Johnson.

ADU＇LTERANT [adulterans, Lat.] adulterating.

ADU＇LTERATE, or ADU＇LTERATED [adulterato, It. adulterádo. Sp.
of adulteratus, Lat.] contaminated with the stain of adultery, accord­
ing to Shakespeare; corrupted, marred, spoiled, counterfeit, made
of a baser alloy or mixture.

To ADUL＇TERATE [adulterer, Fr. of adultero, from ad, to, and
alter, another] 1. According to Shakespeare, to commit adultery.
2. To corrupt, mar, spoil, or counterfeit, with a base admixture.

ADU＇LTERATENESS [from adulterate] baseness or counterfeitness.

ADU＇LTERATION [from adulterate, adulterazione, It. adulteración,
Sp.] a corrupting, counterfeiting, &c. The state of being corrupted.
It consists in mixing some baser matter with wines, chemical prepara­
tions, medicinal drugs, metals, &c. so that they are rendered not
genuine, or truly good.

ADULTERER [adultere, Fr. adultero, It. adulteria, Port. and Sp. of
adulter, Lat.] a man that commits adultery.

ADU＇LTRESS [adultere, Fr. adultero, It. adultera, It. Sp. Port. and
Lat.] a woman that commits adultery.

ADU＇LTERINE [adulterine, Fr. adulterinus, Lat.] counterfeit, for­
ged.

ADU＇LTERINE, or ADU＇LTRINE [in civil law] a child issued from
an adultrous amour or commerce.

ADULTE＇ROUS [of adulter, Lat. adultereux, Fr. adultero, It. and
Sp.] pertaining to, guilty of, or given to adultery.

ADU＇LTERY [adulterio, It. and Sp. of adulterium, Lat.] properly
the sin of incontinency in married persons, defiling the marriage bed;
it is adultery, if but one of them be married, in the married person;
fornication in the unmarried.

ADULTERY [with some whimsical astronomers] a term used of
an eclipse of the moon, which (as they suppose) happens in an un­
usual and irregular manner, as horizontal eclipses, where though the
sun and moon are diametrically opposite, yet by reason of the refrac­
tion, they appear as if above the horizon.

ADULTERY is painted, is represented as a lusty jolly youth, in rich
attire, holding in his right hand two serpents twined together, and in
his left a gold ring broken.

ADU＇MBRANT [adumbrans, Lat.] shadowing, slightly resembling,
imperfectly exhibiting.

To ADU＇MBRATE [adombrare, It. of adumbro, Lat. from ad, to,
and umbra, shadow] to shadow out faintly, as a shadow does the like­
ness of any body it exhibits.

ADU＇MBRATED [adombrato, It. adumbratus, Lat.] shadowed, re­
sembled.

ADU＇MBRATION [adombrazione, It.] 1. A shadowing. 2. The im­
perfect exhibition itself.

ADUMBRATION [in heraldry] is when any figure in coat-armor
is born so shadowed or obscured, that nothing is visible but the
bare purfile, or (as the painters call it) the out-line; when this hap­
pens, it is said to be adumbrated.

ADUMBRATION [with painters] a sketch, or rough draught of a
picture.

ADUNA＇TION [of ad, to, and unus, one] union, the state of being
united. A word of little use.

ADU＇NCITY [aduncitas, Lat.] crookedness, like a hook.

A＇DVOCACY [from advocate] act of pleading, defence. A word
little used.

ADU＇NQUE [it seems a French termination of aduncus, Lat.] bend­
ing inwardly like a hook or pounce.

A＇DVOCATE [avocat, Fr. avvocato, It. abogádo or avogado, Sp.
awogado, Port. of advocatus, Lat. i. e. called to] 1. A person well
skilled in the civil law; who maintains the right of such persons as
need his assistance, either by word or writing. Also any other pleader,
as a controvertist, with the particle for before that person in whose fa­
vour the plea is alledged.

ADVOCATE [in a metaphorical sense] one who pleads the interests
of another upon all occasions, in which sense Christ is said to be our
advocate in heaven. This is one of the sacred offices given our Sa­
viour in scripture.

Lord ADVOCATE [in Scotland] an officer of state, appointed by the
king to advise about the making and executing law; to defend his
right and interest in all public assemblies, to prosecute capital crimes,
&c.

College of, or Faculty of ADVOCATES [in Scotland] a college con­
sisting of 180, appointed to plead in all actions before the lords of
sessions.

Church, or Ecclesiastical ADVOCATES, signify the advocates of the
causes and interests of the church, being retained as counsellors and
pleaders to maintain the rights and properties of the church; also a
patron who has the advowson or presentation.

A＇DVOCATESHIP [of avocat, Fr. advocatus, Lat. and ship] the of­
fice of an advocate.

ADVOCA＇TION [advocatio, Lat.] 1. Office of pleading. 2. The
plea.

ADVOCATION [in the civil law] the act of calling another to our
aid, relief or defence. Pitisc. Lex. Ant. Clev. Lex. Jurid.

ADVOCA＇TIONE Decimarum [in law] a writ lying for the fourth
part of the tithes belonging to any church.

ADVOLA＇TION, or ADVOLITION [of ad, to, and volo, to fly, or vo­
lito, Lat. to fly often] a flying towards, or to.

ADVOLU＇TION [of ad, to, and voluto, Lat. to roll] a rolling to­
wards.

ADVOU＇TRY, or ADVO＇WTRY [old statute, avoutrie, Fr.] adultery.

To ADVOW, or AVO＇W [avouer, Fr.] to justify and maintain an
act formerly done: thus he is said to avow, who having taken a di­
stress for rent, &c. justifies or maintains the act, after the party di­
strained has sued a replevin to have his goods again.

ADVOWEE＇, or AVOWEE＇, one that has a right to present to a bene­
fice.

ADVOWEE Paramount, i. e. the highest patron, that is, the king.

ADVO＇WSON, or ADVO＇WZEN [in common law] the right which a
bishop, dean, and chapter, &c. or any lay patron has to present a
clerk to a benefice, when it becomes void. Those who originally got
the right of presenting to any church, were great benefactors thereto;
and are therefore in the canon law styled patroni, sometimes advo­
cati.

ADVO＇WSON Appendant, an advowson that depends on a manor, as
an appurtenance to it; thence called an incident of the kitchen.

ADVO＇WSON in gross, that right of presentation which is principal,
absolute, or sole, not belonging to any manor, as a part of its right.

To ADU＇RE [of ad, to, and uro, Lat. to burn] to burn up. Bacon.

ADU＇ST [aduste, Fr. adusto, It. and Sp. of adustus, Lat.] burnt or
parched up. It is now generally applied in medicine to the humours
and complexion of the human body.

ADUST [in a medicinal sense] said of the blood, when by reason
of its excessive heat, the thinner parts of it steam through in vapours,
the thicker remaining black, and full of dregs, as if parched or
burnt; when so, it is said to be adust.

ADU＇STED, the same with adust, and used in the same sense.

ADU＇STIBLE [of adustus, Lat.] capable of being parched, scorched,
burned.

ADU＇STION [adustione, It. of adustio, Lat.] scorching, parching, as
with fire.

A＇DY [in natural history] a name given to the palm-tree of the
island of St. Thomas. It is a tall tree, with a thick bare upright
stem, growing single on its roots; the timber is thin, light, and full
of juice. The head of this tree shoots into a vast number of branch­
es, which being cut off, or an incision made therein, afford a great
quantity of sweet juice, which fermenting, supplies the place of
wine among the Indians. Ray.

A＇DYTUM [αδυτον of α priv. and δυω to pass or go under] a secret
place or retirement in pagan temples, where their oracles were given,
into which places none but the priests were permitted to go; the
sanctuary.

A＇DZ. See ADDICE.








A E, or Æ, a dipthong very frequent in Latin, which seems im­
proper in English, seeing the Saxon e is now changed to simple e.
So that the Latin æ dipthong may, in words of Roman original, be
altered in the same manner when they are adopted into the English.

ÆA＇CEA, solemn feasts and combats celebrated in Ægina, in ho­
nour of Æacus.

Æ＇ACUS. [of ἀικιζω, to beat, or ἀιαζω, Gr. to lament] according
to the poets, was the son of Jupiter and Europa, or Egina. The Pai­
nims supposed him to be of such justice, that he was appointed by
Piuto to be one of the judges of hell, with Minos and Rhadamanthus,
to discuss the transgressions of dcad men, and to assign to them pu­
nishments according to their demerits.

ÆCHMALOTA＇RCHA [ἀικμαλοταρχης, of ἀικμαλοτιζω, Gr. to lead
captive, and αρχη, a chief] the chief or leader of captives.

ÆDI＇LES, magistrates of ancient Rome, who had the overseeing of
the buildings, both holy and prophane, baths, aqueducts, &c.

ÆDI＇LITY, [ædilitas, Lat.] the office of the ædiles, which lasted a
year.

ÆDOI＇CA Ulcera [with surgeons] ulcers or sores about the privy
parts; bubocs, shankers.

ÆGA＇GROPILI [of αιξ, Gr. a goat, &c.] balls generated in the
stomachs of animals, hard on the outside, but containing a kind of
hairy matter on the inside; generally called bezoar stones.

Æ＇GILOPS [so called, as it is supposed to cure the tumor named
ægilops, αιγιλοψ, of ἀιγος, gen. of αιξ, a goat, and ωψ, an eye, Gr.]
darnel, wild oats.

ÆGILOPS [it is so called, as the goat＇s eye is subject to this kind of
tumor, in surgery] a swelling between the nose and great corner of
the eye, which if not timely opened, the bone underneath will putri­
fy; also the fistula lacrymalis.

ÆGIPA＇NES [ἀιγιπανες, Gr. of αιξ and παν] beasts like men, hav­
ing their feet and lower parts like goats, and satyrs.

ÆGI＇PYROS [ἀιγιπυρος, of αιξ and πυρ, Gr. fire] the herb buck
wheat, rest harrow or cammock.

ÆGI＇RINON [ἀιγειρινον, Gr.] an ointment made of the black poplar
tree.

Æ＇GLOGUE [of εκλεγω, Gr. to chuse out] a pastoral dialogue in
verse, between goatherds and shepherds. See ECLOGUE.

ÆGO＇CERAS [ἀιγοκερος, Gr.] the herb fœnu-greck.

ÆGOCERAS [ἀιγοκερας, Gr.] the sign Capricorn.

ÆGOLE＇THRON [ἀιγολεθρος, Gr.] a flower, a sort of crow-foot.

ÆGO＇NICHON [ἀιγονυχον, Gr.] the herb gromwel.

ÆGOPHTHA＇LMOS [ἀιγοϕθαλμος, Gr.] a precious stone resembling
the eye of a goat.

ÆGYPTIA＇CA, ÆGYPTI＇ACUM, or ÆGYPTI＇ACUS [with botanists]
of the product or growth of Egypt.

ÆGYPTI＇ACUM, sc. Unguentum [in pharmacy] a detersive oint­
ment compounded, &c. of honey, vinegar, and verdigrease, good to
cleanse ulcers; so named, as though of the colour of an Egyptian,
but it is rather of a dusky-brown.

ÆIPATHI＇A [ἀειπαθεια, Gr.] a passion or affection of long con­
tinuance.

ÆL, EAL, or AL, in compound names, is a Saxon particle, and
signifies all, or altogether, as παν does in Greek. Ælpin signifies al­
together conqueror, Ælberd all-illustrious, Aldred altogether reve­
rend, Alfred altogether peaceful. To these Pammachius, Pancratius,
Pamphilius, do in some measure answer.

AEL, or ÆLF, a Saxon particle, which according to the different
dialects is pronounced ulf, wulf, hulf, hilf or helf, and at this day helpe
signifies help; so Alewin, is victorious help; Aelwold, an auxiliary
governor; Aelgiva, a giver of aid or assistance. With which Boetius,
Symmachus, Epicurus, bear a plain analogy.

AE＇LLO [ἀελλα, Gr. a whirlwind and storm] one of the harpies or
monstrous birds mentioned by the poets. Ovid Met. 13. 710.

Æ＇LMSFEO, Peter-pence anciently paid to the pope.

A＇EM, or AM, a liquid measure of four ankers, used at Amster­
dam, and throughout all Germany. The aem of Amsterdam is equal
to four ankers, or ⅙ of a ton, amounting to about 250, or 260 Paris
pints. The German aem is different in different places; the common
one is equal to 20 vertels, that of Heidelberg to 12. Savar. Dict.
Com.

ÆNI＇GMA [enigme, Fr. enigma, It. and Sp. of αινιγμα, Gr.] an in­
tricate or difficult question, a riddle. Lat.

ÆNIGMA＇TICAL [enigmatique, Fr. enigmatico, It. and Sp. of ἀινιγ­
ματικος, Gr.] pertaining to or full of riddles, obscurely expressed,
also darkly apprehended.

ÆNIGMATICALLY [from ænigmatical] in the manner of an
ænigma.

ÆNI＇GMATIST [from ænigma] a dealer in riddles.

ÆNITTOLO＇GIUS [in poetry] a kind of verse consisting of two
dactyls, and three trochcus＇s. Such is,
Prœlia dira placent truci juventæ.
Scal. Poet. p. z. c. 24.

ÆO＇GRAPHY [from αηρ, air, and γραϕεω, to describe] a descrip­
tion of the air, or atmosphere, its limits, dimensions, properties, &c.
Mem. de Trevoux. 1725.

ÆO＇LIC [in grammar] a name of one of the five dialects of the
Greek tongue.

ÆOLIC digamma, a name given to the letter Ϝ, which the Æoli­
ans used to prefix to words beginning with vowels, as Ϝαινος, for
οινος; also to insert between vowels, as οϜις, for οις. Verwey. Nov.
via doceud. Græe.

ÆOLIC Verse, carmen æolicum, a kind of measure, consisting first
of an iambic, or spondee, then of two anapests, divided by a syllable,
and lastly, a syllable common. It is otherwise called eulogie, and,
from the chief poets who used it, archilochian, and pindaric. Scal.
Poet.

ÆOLI＇PILE, or ÆOLI＇PILA, an hydraulic instrument, consisting of
a hollow ball of metal, having a slender neck or pipe arising from the
ball, which being filled with water, and thus exposed to the fire, pro­
duces a violent blast of wind.

ÆO＇LII SCLOPE, a wind musket, which will shoot bullets with
wind and air, as forcibly as with powder.

ÆO＇LIS, the ancient name for part of the west coast of the lesser
Asia.

AE＇ON [ἀιων, Gr. age] the duration of a thing.

AE＇ONS, from the ideas which are imagined to be in God, some
hereticks personifying them, and seigning them distinct from God, and
to have been produced by him, some male and others female, of an
assemblage of these they have composed a deity, which they called
πληρωμα, Gr. i. e. fulness.

ÆQUILI＇DRITY [æquilibritas, Lat.] equality of weight.

ÆQUILI＇DRIUM [in mechanicks] is when equal weights at equal
distances, or unequal weights at unequal distances, mutually propor­
tionable to the center, cause the arms of any ballance to hang even,
so that they do not outweigh one another; even weight and poize.

ÆQUIPO＇NDERANT [æquiponderans, Lat.] weighing equally; being
of equal weight.

A＇ER [ἀηρ, Gr.] air, one of the four elements. See AIR.

Æ＇RA is said originally to have signified a number stamped on mo­
ney, to denote the current value of it; and if so, it may come from
æs, brass, from the plural of which, æra, came the feminine singular
æra, and that because they put the word æra to each particular of an
account, as we now do item, or else because the Romans anciently
marked down the number of years in tables, with little brass nails;
and so in reference to the last mentioned custom, the word æra came
to signify the same with epocha, viz: a certain time or date from
whence to begin the new year; or some particular way of reckoning
time and years.
And in this sense the word is thought to be composed of these ini­
tial letters A. E. R. A. for annus erat regni Augusti, the Spaniards hav­
ing began their æra from his reign. There are many æras used by
chronologers, the most eminent of which are:
1. The ÆRA of the creation of the world, which began, according
to the Julian account, on the twenty-fourth day of the month of Oc­
tober, which some place 3951 years from the birth of Christ, others
reckon 3983, and Kepler 3993.
2. The Christian ÆRA, from the birth of Christ, began Dec. 25.
3. The Roman ÆRA, from the building of the city of Rome, be­
gan April 21, 752 years before Christ＇s time.
4. The Turkish ÆRA, or Hegira, which they account from Maho­
met＇s flight, began the 16th of July, A. D. 662.
5. The ÆRA of the Olympiads, began from the new moon in the
summer solstice, 777 years before the birth of Christ. This æra and
that of Iphitus is chiefly used by Greek historians.

AE＇RIAL [aeriel, Fr. aeio, It. aereo, Sp. of aerius, of aer, the air,
Lat.] 1. Pertaining to the air as made of it, or bearing some relation
or resemblance to the air. 2. Inhabiting the air. 3. Placed in the
air, and therefore high in situation.

AERIAL perspective, is that which represents bodies weakened and
diminished in proportion to their distance from the eye.

AE＇RIANS, a religious fect, so called from Aerius a priest, in the
4th century. They were nearly of the same opinions concerning the
trinity as the Arians, but had several dogmas peculiar to themselves;
such as that there is no difference between priests and bishops, but that
priesthood and the episcopate are one and the same thing. Which
opinion has been strongly contested by several modern divines.

AE＇RIE [airie, Fr.] an airy or nest of goshawks, or other birds of
prey; it imports the same for them as a nest for other birds.

AERO＇LOGY [from αηρ, air, and λογος, Gr. a discourse] the doc­
trine or science of the air, and its phænomena. Jour. de Scav. T. 24.

AERIZU＇SA [ἀηριζυσα, Gr.] a jasper-stone, resembling the air or
sky in colour.

AERO＇MANCY [ἀηρομαντεια, Gr. aerimanzia, It. aeromanzie, Fr. of
ἀηρ, the air, and μαντεια, prophecy, Gr. aeromantia, Lat.] a foretelling
future events from certain spectres or other appearances in the air, and
sometimes thus; they folded their heads in a napkin, and having placed
a bowl full of water in the open air, they proposed their question in a
small whispering voice, at which time, if the water boiled or ferment­
ed, they thought what they had spoken of was approved and con­
firmed.

AEROME＇LI [of ἀηρ and μελι, Gr.] manna, honey-dew.

AEROMETRI＇A, or AERO＇METRY [ἀηρομετρια, of ἀηρ and μτρν,
Gr. measure] the art of measuring the air, its powers and proper­
ties; it includes the laws of the motion, gravitation, pressure, elasti­
city, rarefaction, condensation, &c. of that fluid.

AERO＇SCOPY [αηροσκοπια of ἀηρ, the air, and σκοπεω, to observe]
the view, observations of, or contemplation on, the nature, properties,
&c. of the air.

A＇ERSCHOT, a town in the Dutch Netherlands, in the province of
Brabant, situated on the river Demer, 15 miles east of Mechlia, and
8 north of Lovain. Latitude 51° 5′ N. Longitude 5° 0′ East.

ÆRU＇GINEOUS, or ÆRU＇GINOUS [rugginoso, It. ærugineus, Lat.]
rusty, cankered, mildewed.

ÆRU＇GO, the green rust of copper or brass, the rust or canker of
metal. Lat.

Æ＇R USTUM, calcined copper. Lat.

A＇ESCHYNES, the name of three sects, that sprung from the Mon­
tanists, who, among other strange opinions, affirmed Christ to be both
the father and the son. Epiphanius＇s Heref.

ÆSCHYNO＇MENOUS Plants [of αισχυνομενος, modest, Gr. with bota­
nists] such as if touched by the hand or finger, shrink in or flag their
leaves, sensitive plants.

Æ＇SCULUS [with botanists] the medlar-tree. Lat.

ÆSNE＇CY. See ESNE＇CY.

ÆSTI＇FEROUS [æstifer, of æstus, Lat. any turbulent motion, and
fero, to suffer or bear] ebbing and flowing as the tide.

ÆSTI＇MATION. See ESTI＇MATION, and all the words of this class.

ÆSTIMA＇TIO Capitis [old Saxon law] the price or value set on
one＇s head. In a great assembly of the estates of the realm held at
Exeter, king Athelstan declared what sines should be paid pro æstima­
tione capitis, for offences committed against several persons, according
to their degrees of honour; thus the æstination of the king＇s was 30000
thrymsas.

ÆSTIMA＇TIVE. See ESTIMA＇TIVE.

ÆSTIMA＇TOR. See ESTIMA＇TOR.

ÆSTIMA＇TORY [æstimatorius, Lat.] pertaining to, prizing, or va­
luing a thing proportionally.








ÆSTI＇VAL [estivo, It. estival, Sp. æstivalis, of æstas, the summer,
Lat.] 1. Of or pertaining to summer. 2. Lasting for the summer.

ÆSTIVA＇LIS, ÆSTIVA＇LE, or ÆSTI＇VUS [with botanists] flow­
ering in summer time.

To Æ＇STIVATE [æstivo, Lat. of æstas, the summer] to lodge or
sojourn in a place during the summer.

ÆSTIVA＇TION [æstivatio, Lat. of æstas, summer, act of passing the
summer-season] a dwelling or residence in a place for the summer time.

ÆSTUA＇RY [æstuarium, Lat.] a frith or arm of the sea, where the
tide ebbs and flows in the mouth of a river or lake.

ÆSTUARY [with physicians] a kind of contrivance for receiving the
vapours or steam of certain drugs, herbs, &c. into the body, through a
hole made in a seat or chair.

To Æ＇STUATE [æstuo, Lat. of æstus, turbulent motion] to over­
flow, to rage like the sea in ebbing and flowing.

ÆSTUA＇TION [of æstuatio, Lat. a violent commotion, as in the
reciprocations of the sea] servent desire, a great heat.

ÆSTUO＇SE [æstuosus, Lat.] full of heat, boiling with heat.

Æ＇STURE [æstus, Lat.] turbulent agitation. This word Chapman
uses in his Odyssey. But seems to have no analogy.

Æ＇TAS, age; hence anno ætatis suæ, under the effigies of persons,
signifies in the year of their age. Lat.

Æ＇TATE Probanda, a writ which lay to enquire whether the king＇s
tenant, holding in chief by chivalry, was of full age to receive his
lands into his own hands.

ÆTE＇RNABLE [æternus, Lat.] possible to be or to become eternal.

ÆTE＇RNALES, a sort of men that maintained the eternity of the
world, a parte post, i. e. that after the resurrection it should continue
the same as it now is. But whence this sect arose is not certainly
known. Bingham＇s Ant.

A＇ETH, or A＇TH, a strong little town in the Austrian Netherlands,
in the province of Hainault, situated on the river Dender, 12 miles
N. W. of Mons, and 23 S. W. of Brussels. Latitude 50° 45′ N.
Longitude 3° 40′ E.

Æ＇THEL [ædel, Sax.] noble or famous, as Ethelred, famous coun­
sel, &c.

Æ＇THER [ἀιθηρ of ἀει θεω, to run always, or of ἀιθειν, shining
bright, or of ἀει θερων, always warming, Gr. or of ארד, Heb. illus­
trious] is most commonly used to signify a very fine, thin, diaphanous
fluid, which, as some suppose, surrounds the earth up to as far as the
interstellary world, and which easily penetrates and runs through all
things, and permits all things to run as easily through it. “D. Hook
calls that medium or fluid body, in which all other bodies do as it were
swim and move, æther.” But this some disapprove of, as savouring
too much of the Cartesian doctrine of an absolute plenum, which has
been proved an impossibility by many infallible reasons and experiments.
Therefore as we call the medium, in which we breathe and live, the
air, by which we mean an elastic, fluid body, which either has very
large interstices devoid of all matter, or else is in part filled with a
fluid, very easily moving out of them by compression, and returning
as readily into them again, when that compression is taken off; so we
also do agree to call that finer fluid æther, if it be a body, which is
extended round our air and atmosphere, above it and beyond it up to
the planets, or to an infinite distance, though we scarce well under­
stand what we mean by the word æther.

ÆTHER [in chemistry] a prodigious subtle penetrating fluid, ex­
tracted from a mixture of spirit of wine and oil of vitriol.

ÆTHE＇REAL [æthereus, Lat. of æther] 1. Pertaining to, or of the
quality of æther. 2. Having a celestial nature.

ÆTHEREAL Matter [with naturalists] a very fine, thin, transpa­
rent fluid, which (as some imagine) surrounds the earth up as far as the
firmament of fixed stars; which easily pierces and runs through all
things, and permits all things as easily to run through it. See ÆTHER.

ÆTHEREAL World, all that space above the upper element, viz.
fire, which the ancients imagined to be perfectly homogeneous, incor­
ruptible, unchangeable, &c.

ÆTHEREAL Oil, [in chemistry] a fine subtil oil, approaching nearly
to the nature of a spirit.

ÆTHE＇REOUS [æthereus, of æther, Lat.] of an ethereal or celestial
nature.

ÆTHIO＇PICUS, ÆTHIO＇PICA, or ÆTHIO＇PICUM [with botanists]
of the product of the southern parts of Africa. Lat.

ÆTHIO＇PIS [ἀιθιοπις, Gr.] an Æthiopian herb like lettice, with
which enchanters are said to open locks, and dry up rivers.

Æ＇THIOPS Mineral [of ἀιθιοψ, Gr. a blackmoor, from its colour]
a medicine prepared by incorporating running quicksilver and flour
of brimstone, by grinding them together in a marble mortar.

ÆTHO＇LICES [of ἀιθω, Gr. to burn] hot fiery pustules.

Æ＇TIANS [of Ætius of Antioch] a sect or branch of the Arians.
They held that God could be perfectly comprehended by us mortals;
denied the son to be like the father, in power, substance, or will; that
the Holy Ghost was created by the son; that Christ assumed human
flesh, but not an human soul. They also affirmed, that faith without
works was sufficient to salvation; and that no sin, however grievous,
would be imputed to the faithful. Niceph. Hist. Eccle.

ÆTIOEO＇GICA [ἀιτιολογικη, Gr.] that part of physic which explains
the causes and reasons of diseases, in order to cure them.

ÆTIO＇LOGY [Ætiologia, Lat. of ἀιτιολογια, of αιτια a cause, and
λογω, Gr. to say] a rhetorical figure, shewing a cause or reason.

ÆTIOLOGY [in medicine] the reason given of natural or preterna­
tural accidents in human bodies.

ÆTI＇TES [ἀετιτης, of ἀετος, Gr. an eagle] the eagle-stone; a
stone that when shaken rattles, having a nucleus, or small stone with­
in it. It is falsely reported to be taken out of an eagle＇s nest; for it is
found by the sides of rivers, on mountains, in the ground, &c. See Plate I.
Fig. 7, where the stone is divided to shew the nucleus.

ÆVITE＇RNI [among the Romans] certain deities, so called, because
they remained to perpetuity, to whom they always offered red oxen in
sacrifice.

AFA＇R [elliptically for from afar, or far away] 1. At, from, or to a
considerable distance. 2. With the particle off, and then it signifies
remote. As peace is afar off.

AFER [Lat.] the south-west wind.

AFEA＇RD, flighted, afraid: also having of after the object of terror.
It is now obsolete.

A＇FFA, a weight used on the gold coast of Guinea. It is equal to
an ounce, and the half of it is called eggeba. Most of the blacks on the
gold coast give these names to those weights. Postlethwayt＇s Dict. of
Trade and Commerce.

A＇FFABLE [Fr. affabile, It. afáble, Sp. of affabilis, Lat. of ad, to,
and fari, to speak] easy to be spoken to, courteous, civil. Commonly
applied to superiors when they are accessible. It is also applied by
Steele to the face, to denote serenity or mildness of countenance.

AFFABI＇LITY, or A＇FFABLENESS [affabilité, Fr. affabilità, It. af­
fabilidàd, Sp. affabilitas, Lat.] easiness to be spoken to, or of access,
gentleness, courteous or kind behaviour. Applied generally to supe­
riors.

A＇FFABLY, courteously, civilly.

AFFA＇BROUS [affaber, Lat.] artificial, compleatly made, workman­
like.

AFFABULA＇TION [affabulatio, of ad, to, and fabula, a fable, Lat.]
the moral of a fable.

AFFA＇IR [affaire, Fr. affare, It.] business, concern, matter, either
public or private.

To AFFE＇AR [affier, Fr.] it is an old law word, and is found in
Shakespeare. To confirm, to ratify. As his title is affear＇d. See
To AFFERE.

To AFFE＇CT [Fr. affettare, It. afectàr, Sp. of affecto, Lat.] 1. To
set one＇s mind upon; to have an inclination to, to love, to desire, to
hanker after. 2. To aspire to. Spoken both of persons and things.
3. To produce effects in any thing. 4. To make a pretended show
of something. 5. To imitate unnaturally and constrainedly. 6. In a
law sense, to convict of a crime. As to affect one with perfidy. 7. To
move the affections.

AFFECT [from the verb] 1. Sensation, 2. Particular quality. This
is the old word for affection.

AFFECTA＇TION [Fr. affettazione, It. afetación, Sp. affectatio, Lat.]
affectedness, formality, preciseness, artificial appearance.

AFFE＇CTED [affecté, Fr. affettato, It. But not in the first sense,
afectàdo, Sp. affectatus, Lat.] 1. Disposed or inclined to; as well or
ill affected. 2. Formal, nice, precise, as an affected way. 3. Over­
curiously done, as an affected stile. See To AFFECT.

AFFECTED [in a medicinal sense] a morbid or disorderly state of the
part seized or afflicted with a disease or malady, as the part affected.

AFFE＇CTEDLY, with affectation, hypocritically.

AFFE＇CTEDNESS, false or pretended appearances of any thing.

AFFE＇CTION [affection, Fr. of affectio, Lat.] 1. Inclination to­
wards, good will, kindness, love, with to or towards. 2. Passion
of any kind. 3. General state of the mind; as affected by any thing.

AFFECTION [with naturalists] a quality or property of some natural
being.

AFFECTION [with physicians] is used for a morbid or disorderly state
of the body.

AFFECTION [in a legal sense] signifies a making over, pawning or
mortgaging a thing, to assure the payment of a sum of money, or the
discharge of some other duty or service.

AFFECTION [in painting] a lively representation of any passion in a
figure. Wotton.

AFFECTION is represented, in painting, by a comely ancient lady
winged, holding in her hands a woodcock, at her feet a lizard. Her
age shews that she is constant; winged, because affection is produced
in an instant; the woodcock and lizard are emblems of good will by
instinct; her posture shews that benevolence between two for a long
time, becomes at last one true friendship.

AFFE＇CTIONATE [affectionné, Fr. affettuoso, affezionato, It. aficionà­
do, Sp.] full of affection, loving, warmly inclined, with the particle
to.

AFFE＇CTIONED, 1. In Shakespeare it implies the fame with af­
fected or conceited. 2. Disposed or inclined by affection or bene­
volence. As be kindly affectioned one to the other.

AFFECTIONATELY, lovingly, kindly.

AFFE＇CTIONATENESS, fullness of affection, benevolence.

AFFE＇CTIONS [with humanists] are distinguished into

Primary AFFECTIONS of Beings [in metaphysics] such are unity,
truth, and goodness.

United AFFECTIONS of Being [in metaphysics] are such as are pre­
dicated of being, singly and solely, and are convertible with it, with­
out any conjunction, as every being is good, and all good is a being.

Disunited AFFECTIONS of Being [in metaphysics] are predicated for
it with a disjunctive term, and by taking in both parts of the sentence,
are convertible with it; as, being is either necessary or contingent, and
whatsoever is either necessary or contingent is a being.

AFFECTIONS of Body [with naturalists] certain modifications of a
body occasioned or introduced by motion or any other agent, by means
of which the body comes to be so and so disposed.

AFFECTIONS of the Mind, are what are commonly called Passions.

AFFE＇CTIOUSLY [from affect] affectingly.

AFFE＇CTIVE [from affect] that which causes any strong sensation,
generally a painful one.

AFFE＇CTUOUS [affectuosus, Lat.] full of passion. As, an affectuous
oration. It is a word little used.

AFFECTUO＇SITY [affectuosus, Lat.] affectionateness.

AFFE＇CTUS, the affection, disposition, or any disorder of the mind.
Lat.

AFFECTUS [in medicine] sickness, or any disorder of the body.

To AFFE＇RE in Account [in the exchequer] to confirm it upon
oath.

To AFFERE an Amercement [in law] signifies to lessen or mitigate
the rigor of a fine.

AFFE＇RERS [in law] persons appointed by a court leet upon oath,
to settle and moderate the sines on them that have committed offences,
which may be punished arbitrarily, no statute having appointed an ex­
press penalty.

AFFE＇TTO [with musicians] that kind of music which must be per­
formed in a very tender, moving, and affecting manner, and for that
reason, rather slow than fast.

AFFETTUO＇SO, the same as affetto.

AFFEU＇RER [old records] to set the price on a thing.

AFFI＇ANCE [affiance, of affier, Fr. confidenza, It. confiança Sp.] trust,
confidence.








AFFIANCE [with divines] signifies an acquiescence of the mind, by
which it is supported against all unnecessary doubts and fears, upon
account of the divine all-sufficiency in general; but with a more spe­
cial eye to his knowledge, wisdom, and providence; and particularly
the divine promises. This is the sense that is now only used; and
that by writers on religious subjects.

AFFIANCE [in law] the plighting of troth between a man and a
woman, upon an agreement of marriage. Obsolete.

To AFFIANCE [fiancer, Fr. fidanzare, It. confiança, Sp.] to betroth,
or plight the faith by solemn promise of marriage. This sense is anti­
quated. Also to give security or assurance. In this sense Pope uses it
in his Odyss.

AFFI＇ANCER [affiance] he that affiances, he that makes a marriage
contract that is solemnly ratified.

AFFIDA＇RI, [of ad, to, and fides, faith, old records] to plight faith,
to swear fealty.

AFFIDA＇TIO Dominorum, the oath taken by the lords in parliament.

AFFIDA＇TION, a mutual contract of fidelity between one person and
another. Lat.

AFFI＇DATURE [affidatura, Lat.] mutual contract of fidelity.

AFFIDA＇TUS [old law] a tenant by fealty.

AFFIDA＇VIT [i. e. he has plighted his faith or sworn] a deposition,
or the witnessing a thing upon oath.

To make AFFIDAVIT [law term] to swear to the truth of a thing
before a magistrate.

AFFIDIA＇RI [in ancient deeds] to be inrolled and mustered for sol­
diers, upon having taken an oath of fidelity.

AFFI＇ED. See AFFY. Solemnly contracted.

AFFILI＇ATION [of ad, to, and filius, a son, Lat.] the act of adopting
or taking a son.

AFFI＇NAGE [Fr. affinamento, It.] the refining of metals by the copel.

AFFI＇NED [affinis, Lat.] related to one by affinity. Shakespeare.

AFFI＇NITY [affinité, Fr. affinità, It. affinidàd, Sp. of affinitas, Lat.]
1. Kindred or alliance by marriage. 2. The relation or resemblance be­
tween several things. It is opposed to consanguinity or relation by
blood. Having with, sometimes to, before the person so related.

To AFFI＇RM [affirmer, Fr. affermare, It. affirmàr, Sp, affirmo, Lat.]
to avouch, assure, or maintain the truth of a thing, opposed to deny.

To AFFIRM [in a law sense] signifies to ratify or confirm a former
law, decree, or sentence, in opposition to reverse, or to repeal.

AFFI＇RMABLE [from affirm] what may be affirmed.

AFFI＇RMANCE, the act of ratifying after the beforementioned
manner.

AFFI＇RMANT [Fr. of Lat.] he that affirms or declares; the same
with respect to Quakers, as deponent is with regard to others.

AFFIRMA＇TION [affirmazione, It. affirmacion, Sp. of affirmatio, Lat.]
1. An assuring or declaring any thing, in opposition to denying. 2.
The thing itself affirmed. 3. Ratification, in opposition to repealing.

AFFI＇RMATIVE [affirmatif, Fr. affermativo, It. afirmativo, Sp. af­
firmativus, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to affirmation. 2. Positive, peremp­
tory. 3. Dogmatical. Applied to persons, in which sense it is
opposed to negative.

AFFIRMATIVE, subst. [Fr. affermativa, It.] that which affirms; as,
He maintains the affirmative.

AFFIRMATIVE heretic [in the popish law] one who owns the errors
he is charged withal, and maintains the same in his examination with
firmness and resolution.

AFFI＇RMATIVELY, positively, peremptorily, not negatively.

AFFI＇RMER [from affirm] he that affirms.

To AFFI＇X [affiggere It. affixan, Sp. of affixum, Lat of ad to, and figo,
to fix] 1. To fasten to the end of a thing. 2. To set up or post up
a bill.

AFFIX [in grammar] something put to the end of a word.

AFFI＇XION, 1. A fixing or fastening to. 2. The state of being united
to a thing.

AFFLA＇TION, a blowing or breathing upon. Lat.

AFFLA＇TUS [of ad, to, and flatus, a blast] an inspiration, a blowing or
breathing upon, a communicating the power of prophecy.

To AFFLI＇CT [affliger, Fr. affliggere, It. affligir, Sp. afflicean, Port. of
affligo, Lat.] to cause grief to one, to trouble, to torment, disquiet, or vex.
The passive has at before the cause of affliction; as, I am afflicted at
your loss.

AFFLI＇CTEDNESS [of afflictus, Lat. and ness] affliction.

AFFLI＇CTER [from afflict] he that afflicts.

AFFLICTION [Fr. afflizione, It. afflicion, Sp. of afflictio, Lat.] 1. Ad­
versity, opposed to prosperity. 2. Grief, sorrow, trouble, calamity,
distress. 3. Either the cause or state of misery.

AFFLICTION was painted by the ancients as a man of a melancholy
aspect, clad in dark grey, opening with both hands his breast, and shew­
ing his heart gnawed by snakes. Or by an elderly woman in tattered
rags, her head inclining towards one shoulder, wringing her hands, her
eyes fixed on a cross standing by her; on one side of her an owl, and on
the other side, cords, whips, and other instruments of correction.

AFFLI＇CTIVE [afflictif, Fr.] causing or bringing affliction.

A＇FLOAT [à flot, Fr.] on float, borne up, or floating on the water.

A＇FFLUENCE, or A＇FFLUENCY [affluence, Fr. of affluentia, Lat.]
Wotton uses it for concourse, or the art of flowing or flocking to a
place; but it is generally used in a figurative sense for abundance, great
store, plenty, wealth.

A＇FFLUENT [affluent, Fr. affluens, Lat.] abounding, flowing to, in­
creasing.

A＇FFLUENTNESS [affluentia, Lat.] great plenty.

A＇FFLUX [affluxum, Lat.] 1. A flowing to, as of humours to or upon
any part. 2. That which flows to a place.

AFFLU＇XION [affluxio, Lat.] 1. The act of flowing to a place. 2.
The thing that flows to it.

AFFO＇DILUS [with botanists] the daffodil, a flower.

AFFORA＇RE [old law term] to set a value or price upon a thing.

AFFORCIA＇RE [law word] to add, increase, or make stronger.

AFFORCIAMENT [old records] a sort or strong hold.

AFFORCIAME＇NTUM Curiæ, the calling of a court upon some solemn
and extraordinary occasions. Old law records.

To AFFO＇RD [affourer, or affourager, Fr. some derive it of ad, at,
and board, Sax.] 1. To fodder cattle; this seems the primitive sense. 2.
To bestow, to confer on, mostly in a good sense, sometimes in a bad
sense, but improperly. 3. To be able to sell. 4. To be able to expend,
give or yield, to produce.

A＇FIELD [from field] to the open field.

A＇FLAT [from flat] on a flat, on a level.

AFO＇OT [from foot] 1. On foot, not on horseback. 2. In agita­
tion, as such a project is afoot. 3. In progressive motion.

AFO＇RE [vove, astovan, bevope voor, Du. vor, bevor, zuvor, Ger.]
an obsolete word, for which before is now generally used. 1. When a
preposition, it signifies nearer in place. 2. Sooner as to time.

AFO＇RE, adv. 1. In time past. 2. First in the way. 3. In the fore­
part or front.

AFO＇RE-hand, 1. In advance. 2. Previously prepared.

A＇FORE-going, adj. preceding.

AFO＇RE-mentioned, mentioned before.

AFO＇RE-named, named before.

AFORE-said, adj. abovesaid.

AFORE-time, adv. in former times.

To AFO＇REST [aforesto, Lat. in forest law] to lay a piece of ground
waste, and turn it into forest. It is opposed to disafforest.

AFFORESTA＇TION [from afforest] the turning any land into forest,
opposite to disafforestation.

To AFFRA＇NCHISE [affranchir, Fr. affrancare, It.] to set a person
free from bondage, to make him free, or a freeman.

To AFFRA＇Y [effrayer, effriger, which Menage derives from frayer,
Johnson, from frigus, to affright] to strike with terror. This word
is antiquated.

AFRO＇NT [from front] pointing directly to the face.

AFFRA＇Y [probably of effrayer Fr. to terrify] a fray, a skirmish, a
fight between two or more parties. Now it is called a fray.

AFFRAY, or AFFRAI＇MENT [in common law] is an affrightment put
upon one or more persons; which may be done by an open shew of vio­
lence only, without either a blow given, or a word spoken; as if a man
should appear in armour, or with weapons not usually worn, it may
strike a fear into such as are unarmed, and therefore is a common
wrong, and is enquirable in a court-leet; but differs from an assault, be­
cause that is a particular injury.

AFFREI＇GHTMENT [of fretement, hiring, or freighting, Fr.] the
freight or hire of a ship.

AFFRETAMENTUM [old law rec.] the freight of a ship. Fr.

A＇FFRA, or A＇FFRE [old records] bullocks, or beasts of the plough.

A false A＇FFER [Northumberland] a slow or dull horse; and hence the
term Aver beasts.

AFRAID [from to affray, effrayer, Fr. (properly therefore with two
ff＇s) for forden, Dan. afyrht or afærev, Sax. ver. mirret, Teut.] fearful.
He that＇s AFRAID of every grass, must not piss in a meadow.
He who＇s AFRAID of leaves, must not come into a wood.
F. Qui a peur de feuilles, ne doit aller au bois.
He that＇s AFRAID of wounds, must not go to the wars.
These proverbs have all the same signification, viz. That fearful persons
should take care to keep as much as they can out of danger.
He＇s more AFRAID than hurt. Spoken of people who are apt to make
great complaints of every insignificant danger or hurt.

AFRE＇SH [of frais, Fr. or rather of versch, or frisch, Du. frisch, Ger.
fresh] freshly, anew, over again.

AFFRI＇GHTFUL [from affright] causing terror, terrible.

To AFFRI＇CATE [frogare, It. of africo, ad to, and frico, to rub, to rub
against] to rub into powder, to crumble.

AFFRI＇CTION [affrictum sup. of affrico, of ad, to, and frico, to rub]
rubbing one thing upon another.

To AFFRI＇GHT [probably of a, frihtan, Sax.] to put into a fright
or fear, to feare. This generally implies a sudden impulse of fear. See
FRIGHT. The passive sometimes has at, sometimes with, before the
matter feared; as, be not affrighted at, or with a shadow.

AFFRI＇GHT. 1. Sudden fear. 2. The cause thereof. 3. Something
terrible. The word is chiefly poetical.

AFFRI＇GHTMENT [from affright] 1. Terror. 2. State offearfulness.

AFFRONITRE [affronitrum, Lat. of ἀϕρος froth, and νιτρον, Gr. nitre]
the spume or froth of nitre.

To AFFRO＇NT [affronter, Fr. affrontare, It. afrentàr, Sp. q. d. ad
frontem Lat. i. e. to the face] the primary sense is, to meet face to
face, which originally was indifferent to good or ill. 2. To meet face
to face in hostility. 3. To offend avowedly, to offer an open abuse;
so that it implies a justification of the insult.

An AFFRO＇NT [Fr. affronto, It. affronta, Sp.] 1. An abuse to the
face, an injury done either by words or bad usage. 2. A contemptu­
ous act in general. 3. Encounter made openly, a sense not much in
use, tho＇ analogous to the derivation. 4. Disgrace. This is peculiar
to the Scottish dialect.

AFFRO＇NTE [in heraldry] facing or fronting one another.

AFFRO＇NTER [from affront] he that affronts.

AFFRO＇NTING. That which affronts. See To AFFRONT.

AFFRO＇NTIVE, abusive, injurious.

AFFRO＇NTIVENESS, abusiveness, offensiveness.

AFRICANISM, the style or manner of writing particular to the Afri­
can writers.

To AFFU＇SE [of offundo, from ad, to, and afundo, to pour] to pour
one thing to another.

AFFU＇SION [from the verb] a pouring to, or upon.

A＇FRICA, the name of one of the four quarters of the world. It is a
peninsula joined by the narrow isthmus of Sez to Asia; situated be­
tween 37 degrees north, and 35 degrees south latitude, and between
16 west, and 60 east longitude, being 4320 miles in length, from north
to south, and 4620 miles in breadth, from east to west.—It is bounded
on the north by the Mediterranean sea, which separates it from Europe;
on the east by the Red sea, the isthmus of Sez, and the western ocean,
which divide it from Asia; on the south by the southern ocean; and
on the west by the Atlantic ocean, which separates it from America.—
It＇s situation for commerce is certainly beyond either of the other quar­
ters of the world. It stands, as it were, in the center between the
other three, and has thereby a much nearer communication with Eu­
rope, Asia, and America, than any other quarter has with the rest.—
It is furnished with the greatest and most convenient navigable rivers,
and, perhaps, with as many of them, as any other of the chief parts of
the world; such are the Nile and Nubia, on the north shore, running
into the Mediterranean sea; the Niger, or Rio Grand, running into







the Atlantic ocean, on the west side of Africa; the Congo, the Zairi,
and the Loango, three rivers of prodigious extent, south of the line,
which empty themselves into the same ocean, but below the gold
coast; also the Natal, the Prio St. Esprit, the Mclinda, and the Mo­
zambor, all rivers of very great length and breadth, which empty
themselves into the Indian ocean, on the east side of Africa. The
country is populous beyond credibility; the soil fruitful; the season,
for the greatest part, mild and temperate, and the air salubrious; and
if once a turn for industry and arts was introduced among them, a
greater quantity of the European produce and manufactures might be
exported thither, than to any country in the whole world.—The trade
of Africa is of as great advantage as any we carry on, and is, as it
were, all profit; the first cost being some things of our own manufac­
tures, and others generally purchased with them, for which we have in
return gold, teeth, wax, and negroes. Postlethwayt＇s Dict. of Trade
and Commerce.

AFRICA is represented in painting by a black-moor woman, almost
naked, with frizzled hair, a necklace and earings of coral, holding
a scorpion in her hand; on one side of her a lion, on the other an
elephant, and at her feet serpents.—Wachter, in his German Glossa­
ry, derives this word from af and rice, which, as well in the Phrygian,
as ancient northern dialects, signified a region of apes, agreeable to
Solinus in Memorabilibus Africæ; omne autem latisundium, quod inter
Ægyptum, Æthiopiam, Lybiamque diffunditur, quantumque lucis opacum
est, pariter implevit Simiarum genus. To which words Draudius has
added in the margin: Africa Simiarum Patria.

AFRICA is also the name of a port town of Tunis, on the coast of
Barbary, 70 miles south of Tunis. Latitude 36° 0′ N. Longitude
8° 20′ E.

A＇FRICANS [with gardiners] African marigolds.

A＇FT [of æstan, Sax. behind, a sea term] used to express any action;
motion, &c. done from the stem of the ship to the stern; as to go or
walk aft, is to go towards the stern; how cheer you before and aft;
how fares all the ship＇s company.

A＇FTER, adv. [æster, Sax. after, aftr, efter, Da. O G. achter,
Lat. It. and Ger. afarr, aftar or aftaro, Goth.] 1. Later in time;
2. Inseriority of place in order: it is generally put in opposition to
before.

AFTER, prep. 1. Succession in place, as he came after me; and is
generally applied to any word of motion. 2. It denotes pursuit, after
whom is the king of Israel come out. Samuel. 3. Behind. I have
sometimes placed a third prism after a second. Newton. 4. Succession
as to time. 5. According to, in proportion to. 6. Denoting imita­
tion or copying, as to draw a figure after the life.

AFTER is much used in composition, generally in the original sig­
nification. As,

AFTER Acceptation, an acceptation or sense afterwards, not before
admitted.

AFTER Ages, without a singular, posterity, succeeding times.

AFTER all, when every thing has been considered, in fine.

AFTER Birth, or AFTER Burden, a skin or membrane in which
the fœtus or child is wrapped in the matrix, and comes away after the
birth of the child.

AFTER Clap, any thing that happens unexpectedly after an affair is
done or past.

AFTER Cost, charges afterwards incurred, when the primary de­
sign has been executed.

AFTER Crop, a second crop after the first in the same year.

AFTER Dinner, the time immediately following dinner.

AFTER dinner sit a while, AFTER supper walk a mile. This pro­
verbial rhime is literally understood.

AFTER Endeavour, an endeavour after the first.

AFTER Enquiry, an enquiry made after a thing has been done.

To AFTER Eye, to keep a thing in view.

AFTER Game, any thing done, to repair what has happened be­
fore; schemes practised after a miscarriage in an affair; methods used
after a turn in any thing.

AFTER Hours, succeeding hours.

AFTER Liver, a liver in succeeding times.

AFTER Love, love succeeding the former.

AFTER Math [with husbandmen] 1. The after-grass, or second
mowings of grass. 2. Grass or stubble cut after corn.

AFTER meat comes mustard, or AFTER death the physician: the
Latins say, post bellum auxilium. (after the war comes succour.) The
Germans, wann der krancke ist todt, so konunt der artztney, (when the
patient＇s dead, comes the physician.) Spoken when a thing comes, or
a person offers his service too late; or when we have no farther occa­
sion for it.

AFTER-Noon, the time from noon till evening.

AFTER Pains, pains felt in the loins, groin, &c. after the person
is delivered, whereby the fecundines are brought away.

AFTER Race, a subsequent progeny.

AFTER Sails [with sailors] those fails which belong to the main
and mizen masts; kept the ship to the wind.

AFTER Swarms, in speaking of bees, are secondary or posterior
swarms, frequently found to quit the hives about a fortnight after the
first.

AFTER Taste, said of liquors which leave a taste after them, that
was not perceived in drinking.

AFTER Times, the succeeding times; the same with after ages.

A＇FTERWARD [æster and Heard, Sax.] in succeeding times. It is
sometimes written,

AFTERWARDS [afterwaerts, Du.] but this is less proper than after­
ward.

AFTER Wit, cunning which comes too late.

AFTER Wit, is every body＇s wit, that is, after a thing is done,
every one is wife, and knows how to have done it better. A sort of
wit most people have a pretty large share of.

AFTER Wrath, anger after the provocation is past.

A＇GA, a great officer of the grand feignior, or the chief captain,
whether of the janizaries, or any other body of men, as capi-aga,
kyzlir-aga, &c.

AGA＇I [in Holland, &c.] a term used in merchandise, which sig­
nifies the difference in Holland or Venice of the value of current mo­
ney and bank notes, which in Holland is often 3 or 4 per cent. in fa­
vour of the note.

AGAI＇N [agen, Sax. ignen or igen, Da. regen, Du. and L. Ger.
gen, gegn, or gegen, H. Ger.] 1. Another time, once more, denoting
repetition of the same thing. 2. On the other hand, signifying some
degree of opposition. 3. Transition to something else. 4. Recipro­
cation or return. 5. Restitution. And I did never ask it you again.
Shakespeare. 6. Recompence; as what the good man gives, God
will pay again. 7. Rank or succession, denoting distribution. 8. In
any other place ortime. 9. Again and again, frequently. 10. Back;
as go and bring me word again.

As big AGAIN, of twice the size.

Over AGAIN, once more.

A＇GAINST [ængeon, ongeand, or agen, Sax. gegen ist, Ger.] 1. It
denotes opposition to any person. 2. Contrariety in general to any
thing. 3. It is likewise joined to over, sometimes without over, and
then refers to the opposite position of some thing, place, or person.
4. To the prejudice or hurt of any other. 5. It signifies provision for,
or expectation of. That all things might be ready against the prince
came. Clarendon.

AGAINST the Hair, or AGAINST the Grain, with regret; against
one＇s will.

A＇GALAXY [agalaxia, Lat. of ἀγαλακτια, Gr.] want of milk to
give suck with; also abundance of milk, Greek α being either nega­
tive or redundant.

AGALLO＇CHIUM [αγαλλοχον, from αγαλλομαί, Gr. to exult or
boast, alluding to the excellence of its odour] a medicinal wood im­
ported from the East-Indies, usually in small bits, of a very fragrant scent.
It is otherwise called lignum aloes, and hyloaloe. q. d. aloes wood.

A＇GAMIST [agomus, Lat. of αγαμος, Gr.] an unmarried person; a
batchelor or widower.

AGAPÆ [ἀγαπαι, Gr.] love feasts used among the primitive chri­
stians, after the receiving of the sacrament of the Lord＇s supper, in
order the more closely to unite them in love.

AGAPE＇ [ἀγαπη, Gr.] charity, kindness, love; also alms-giving.

AGA＇PE, gape, staringly with open mouth, as happens in vulgar
admiration; or as young birds that gape for meat.

AGAPE＇T, a whoremaster; one who hunts after women.

AGAPE＇TÆ [in the ancient church] certain virgins, who associated
themselves with ecclesiasticks, out of a motive of piety and charity.

A＇GARICK, or AGA＇RICON [agaricum, Lat. ἀγαρικον, Gr.] agarick
is a sort of large excrescence or mushroom, which grows on trees.
Agarick is divided into male and female; the former is only used in
dying, the latter in medicine. See Plate I. Fig. 13, 14. The
male grows on the oak, and the female on the larch-tree. Ac­
cording to lord Bacon, the one of these mushrooms which the Ro­
mans called boletus, grew on the roots of oaks, and was among the
dainties of their table; the other medicinal, which is called agarick,
grew on the tops of oaks, though some affirm, that it also groweth at
the roots of them.

AGA＇ST [geest, Du. and L. Ger. geist, H. Ger.] struck with ter­
ror. The true word derived from agaze, has been written aghast by
later authors, from a mistaken etymology.

A＇GATE, in natural history, the name of a peculiar and very ex­
tensive genus of semi-pelucid gems; the characters of which are, that
they are variegated with veins and clouds, but have no zones like those
of the onyx. They are composed of chrystal, debased by a large
quantity of earth, and not formed, either by repeated incrustations
round a central nucleus, or made up of plates laid evenly on each
other; but are merely the effect of one simple concretion, and varie­
gated only by the disposition which the fluid they were formed in, gave
to their different coloured veins, or matters. Hill＇s Hist. Foss.

AGATE [among antiquaries] denotes a stone of this kind engraven
by art. In which sense, agates make a species of antique gems; in
the workmanship whereof we find evident proofs of the great skill and
dexterity of the ancient sculptors.

AGA＇TTON, a town in Africa, situated near the mouth of the river
Formofa, on the coast of Guinea, 8 miles S. of Benin. Latitude 8° 0′
N. Longitude 5° 0′ E.

AGA＇TY [from agate] having the nature of an agate.

AGATY＇LLIS [ἀγατυλλις, Gr.] the herb ferula, or fennel-giant,
which produces the gum called ammoniac.

To AGA＇ZE [from a redundant, and gaze formed, as amaze, &c.]
to strike with sudden terror or amazement. The word is now out of
use. Spenser uses the preterite, “A grisley thing that him agast.”

AGA＇ZED, stupified, or terrified with amazement.

A＇GDE, a town in the province of Languedoc in France, situated
near the mouth of the river Garonne, 15 miles N. E. of Condom, and
60 miles S. W. of Bourdeaux. Latitude 43° 25′ N. Long. 3° 10′ E.

A＇GE [probably of awa, Sax, i. e. always, age, Fr. anciently eage
or aage; it is deduced by Menage from ætatium of ætas; by Junius
from a a, which in the teutonick dialects signified long duration.]
1. The whole continuance of a man＇s life; or a certain state or portion
thereof. 2. A succession of men, a generation; as though the present
race of men are short lived, the next age may be much shorter. 3. The
time in which any man, or race of men lived, or shall live; as the
age of heroes. 4. Old age. 5. Maturity, or full strength of life.
6. The space of a hundred years compleat, which is divided into
four different ages, as infancy, youth, manhood, old age. Infancy
or childhood, extends from the birth to the fourteenth year. Youth,
or the age of puberty, commences at fourteen, and ends about twenty­
five. Manhood, terminates at fifty. Old age, commences from
fifty, and extends till the time of death.

AGE [in law] is used to signify those special times which enable
men and women to do that, which they could not do before, being
supposed to want judgment. Thus a man may take an oath of al­
legiance at twelve years of age, and is at age of discretion at four­
teen, being enabled to chuse his guardian, or contract a marriage;
and at full age at twenty-one. A woman, at the age of nine years, is
dowable; at twelve, she may confirm her former consent to marriage;
at fourteen, she is enabled to receive her land into her own hands;
and at twenty-one, she can alienate her lands and tenements. Cowel.

AGE Prior [in common law] is when an action is brought against
one that is under age for lands coming to him by descent, who may







then move the court, and pray that the action may be staid till he is of
full age, which is most commonly allowed; but in the civil law it is
otherwise, for that obliges them to answer by their tutors or gnardians.

Old AGE [hierogly phically] was represented by a raven, because
that bird lives in great while, and therefore to represent a man who died
in a very old age, the Egyptians painted a dead raven.

AGES of the World, are certain periods or limits of time, which
for the convenience of chronology and history are distinguished, by
those accidents and revolutions that have happened in the world; the
generality of chronologers agree in making seven ages or periods:
I. From the creation of the world to Noah＇s flood, which contains
1656 years.
II. From Noah＇s flood to the birth of Abraham, which contains
382 years.
III. From Abraham＇s birth to the departure of Moses, and the
children of Israel out of Egypt, which contains 550 years.
IV. From the Israelites going out of Egypt to the building of So­
lomon＇s temple, which contains 479 years.
V. From the laying the foundation of the temple to the reign of
Cyrus in Babylon, which contains 493 years.
VI. From the reign of Cyrus to the coming of Christ, which con­
tains 538 years.
VII. From the birth of Christ to the present year, 1755 years.
The chronologers pretty generally agree, as to the dividing the
time from the creation into seven periods or ages, yet they differ as to
the time contained in these periods; so that Chevercau, in his history
of the world, reckons more than thirty different opinions.
Again, the poets distinguish the age of the world into four periods:
the golden, the silver, the brazen, and the iron age; the golden age,
was in the reign of Saturn; the silver, that of the beginning of Ju­
piter; the brazen age, was when men began to depart from their
primitive simplicity and honesty, and to fall away to injustice and ra­
pine; and the iron age, when they grew not only covetous and un­
just, but added cruelty, savageness, and barbarities to their vices.
It is not improbable, but that this notion of the four ages was
taken from the history of the golden image, seen by Nebuchadnezzar
in a dream, mentioned in Daniel, by which the first monarchy was
denoted the golden one, the second silver, the third brazen, and the
fourth iron; and that the Greeks, who of a long time had commerce
with the Egyptians, had it from them.
The ancients represented age in general by a woman, in a garment
of different colours, to shew the variation of the mind, and purposes
of different ages; a basilisk at her feet, as a symbol of long life, and
holding in her hands extended the sun and moon, to shew that they
regulate the three principal members, head, heart, and liver, where
reside the vital, animal, and natural virtues.

The golden AGE, by a beautiful damsel, in a plain habit and a
chaplet of flowers, to shew the simplicity and purity of those times;
holding in her right hand a hive of bees, and in her left sprigs of olive,
to denote the peace and tranquillity in which people then lived to­
gether.

The silver AGE, by a maiden not quite so beautiful as the former,
but the defect of which is made up in her cloathing, ornaments, and
jewels, to shew the difference between this and the former age. She
was painted leaning with one arm on a plowshare, and holding in the
other a sheaf of corn, to shew that men began in this age to till the
ground for their sustenance.

The brazen AGE, by a woman of a cold aspect in a coat of mail, a
garment embroidered all over, a helmet with the head of a lion on
the crest, and a spear in her hand, to denote that in this age men first
began to squabble and jar, though they did not carry their enmity to
such an height as in the ensuing age.

The iron AGE, the most cruel of all, by a woman of a frightful
hideous aspect, in compleat armour, on the crest of her helmet a wolf＇s
head; in her right hand a naked sword, and in her left a shield, in the
middle of which was painted deceit, under the figure of a monster,
with the head of a man, and the body of a spotted serpent, or of a
mermaid decoying passengers in order to destroy them.

To be of AGE, to be major, or past one＇s minority.

Under AGE, or Non-AGE, minority.

AGE is a French termination, which seldom occurs but in words
derived from that language, and has the same signification with us as
with them.

A＇GED, old, in years, generally spoken of persons. It is also ap­
plied to inanimate things, with somewhat of the prosopopœia.

A＇GEDLY [from aged] in the manner of an aged person.

AGEMO＇CLANS, or rather AGEM-OGLANS, Turk. i. e. children of
tribute, or any other, that are in the seraglio, and there trained up
in the Turkish religion and exercises of war. Dherbelot.

AGE＇N, Sax. again. Agen seems, from the derivation, the truest or­
thography; but is now only used for the sake of rhime.

A＇GEN, a city of France, in the province of Agenois, situated on
the river Garonne, 15 miles N. E. of Condom, and 60 miles S. E. of
Bourdeaux. Latitude 44° 20′ N. Longitude 0° 30′ E.—It is the
see of a bishop, and the capital of Agenois. A pretty good trade is
carried on here in stockings and tanned leather. Its woollen trade
likewise is very considerable, especially in goods brought hither from
other places. These several sorts of merchandise are carried to the
fairs of Bourdeaux. The other principal articles of its trade are the
vines which grow in its neighbourhood, and the brandy made from
them. Postlethwayt＇s Dict. of Trade and Commerce.

A＇GENCY [agence, Fr.] 1. The quality or state of acting. 2. Ma­
nagement of business for another, the office of an agent. A mer­
cantile word.

A＇GENDA, Lat. [from ago, to do] 1. A pocket or memorandum
book, used by merchants, in which they set down all the business
they are to transact, during the day, either at home or abroad. 2. A
little pocket almanack, which merchants carry about them for ascer­
taining the dates of their dispatches, bills, meetings, and the like.
Postlethwayt. 3. With ecclesiastical writers, it signifies, the service,
or office of the church.

AGENFRI＇DA [of agen, own, and frida, peace, Sax. q. d. one
who enjoys his own peace] the true lord or owner of any thing.
Old Records.

A＇GENHINE [awn hine, Sax. third night] a person that comes to an
house as a guest, and lies there the third night; after which time he is
looked upon as one of the family; and if he breaks the king＇s peace,
his host is to be answerable for him. See HOGENHINE.

A＇GENOIS, a province in France. It is bounded by Condomois on
the south, Quercy on the east, Perigord on the north, and Bazadois on
the west. It is the most fruitful country of all Guenne, is watered by
many navigable rivers, and produces a great deal of corn, wine, oil,
hemp and tobacco, with which it furnislies other provinices. Postle­
thwayt＇s Dict. Trade and Com.

A＇GENT [Fr. Agente, It. Sp. and Port. of agens, Lat.] 1. An actor, a
doer. 2. A dealer or factor for another. 3. A substitute. 4. A resi­
dent at a foreign prince＇s court, who manages the affairs of his king or
republic, or of a corporation, &c.

AGENT of a regiment, the pay-master or sollicitor of a regiment.

AGENTS of the Victualling-office, officers under the commissioners,
appointed to buy, and contract for provisions, &c.

AGENT and PATIENT [law phrase] made use of when one is the
doer of a thing, and also the person to whom it is done; as when a
woman endows herself with the fairest of her husband＇s possessions.

AGENT [in physicks] that by which a thing is done or effected, or
which has a power by which it acts on another; or induces some change
in another by its action; opposed to patient.

Natural, or Physical AGENTS [with scholasticks] are such as are im­
mediately determined by the author of nature to produce one sort of
effect, with an incapacity to produce the contrary thereto, as fire,
which only heats, but does not cool.

Free, or Voluntary AGENTS [with scholasticks] are such as may
equally do any thing, or the contrary or opposite of it; as acting not
from any predetermination, but from choice; such the mind is supposed
to be, which may either will or nill the same thing.

Univocal AGENTS [with naturalists] are such agents as produce ef­
fects of the same kind and denomination with themselves.

Equivocal AGENTS [with naturalists] are such agents whose effects
are of a different kind from themselves.

AGEOMETRESI＇A [Ἀγεομετρεσια, Gr.] a want or defect in point of
geometry.

AGERA＇TIA [Ἀγηρασια, Gr.] a vigorous old age.

AGE＇RATON [Ἀγηρατον, Gr.] the herb everlasting, cotton-weed,
moth-wort, or maudlin.

AGERO＇NIA, a goddess that was supposed to cure agues, &c.

AGGENERA＇TION [of ad, to, and generatio, Lat. growing] the state
of one thing growing upon another.

To A＇GGERATE [aggero, Lat. of ad, to, and gero, carry] to heap up.

A＇GGERHUYS, a city of Norway, capital of the province of Agger­
huys, situated 30 miles north-west of Frederickshall, subject to Den­
mark. Latitude 59° 30′ N. Longitude 11° 0′ E.

To AGGLO＇MERATE [agglomitolare, It. of agglomero, Lat.] 1. To
gather up in a ball, as thread. 2. To gather together. Johnson.

AGGLOMERA＇TION, a winding on a bottom. Lat.

AGGLUTINA＇TION, is used by some astronomers to denote the meet­
ing of two or more stars in the same part of the zodiac. But it is
more peculiarly understood of the seeming coalition of several stars, so
as to form a nebulous star.

AGGLU＇TINANTS [in medicine] strengthening remedies, whose of­
fice and effect is to adhere to the solid parts of the body, and by that
to recruit and supply the place of what is worn off and wasted by the
animal actions.

To AGGLU＇TINATE [conglutinare, It. agglutino, of ad, to, and
gluten, Lat. glue] to glue together, to stick things together.

AGGLUTINA＇TION. 1. A glueing together. 2. The state of being
glued together.

AGGLUTINATION [with physicians] the addition of new substance,
or the giving a greater consistence to the animal fluids, by which they
are the more fit for nourishment.

AGGLU＇TINATIVE [from agglutinate] that which causes aggluti­
nation.

AGGOUED-BUND, the best of the six sorts of silks, that are gathered
in the great mogul＇s dominions. Postlethwayt.

To AGGRANDI＇ZE [aggrandire, It. engrandecèr, Sp. of aggrandir,
Fr.] to make great, to raise, to advance, to prefer. It is generally
applied to persons.

AGGRANDI＇ZEMENT [aggrandissement, Fr. aggrandimento, It.] 1. A
making great; but more especially in worldly condition or estate; a
making honourable. 2. The state of being made so.

AGGRANDIZER [aggrandize] he that aggrandizes.

To AGGRA＇TE. [aggratare, It.] to please, to treat civilly. It is not
used at present.

To A＇GGRAVATE [aggraver, Fr. aggravare, It. agravèr, Sp. of
aggravo, of ad, to, and gravis, Lat. heavy] 1. To enlarge upon
the heinousness of a crime by the addition of some circumstance; to
heighten. 2. To make heavy and grievous, in a metaphorical sense.

AGGRAVA＇TION [Fr. aggravazione, It. agravacion, Sp.] 1. The
act of aggravating. 2. The circumstances that extrinsically heighten
guilt or misery.

A＇GGREGATE [aggregé, Fr. aggregato, It. agregado, Sp. of aggre­
gatum, Lat.] the whole mass or result arising from the joining or col­
lecting several things together.

A＇GGREGATE, framed by the collection of any parts into one
body.

To A＇GGREGATE [aggregér, Fr. aggregare, It. agregàr, Sp. of ag­
grego, Lat.] to collect, join together unto the same body.

A＇GGREGATED Flowers [with botanists] a flower which consists of
many little flowers, meeting together to make one whole one, each
of which has its stylns, stamina, and sticking seed, and contained in
one and the same calix.

AGGREGA＇TION [Fr. aggregazione, It. agregación, Sp.] 1. A col­
lecting or uniting many things into one. 2. An aggregate. 3. The
state of being aggregated.

AGGREGATION [in physics] a species of union, by which several
things that have no natural dependance or connection one with ano­
ther, are collected together so as in some sense to constitute one mass.

To AGGRE＇SS [aggressus, of aggredior, Lat.] to begin a quarrel; to
commit the first act of hostility.








AGGRE＇SS, or AGGRESSION, the first act of assaulting, or setting
upon, Lat.

AGGRE＇SSES, or OGRESSES, [heraldry] the same as pellets and
balls.

AGGRE＇SSOR [aggresseur, Fr. aggressór, Sp. of aggressor, Lat.]
one that assails, first sets upon, or assaults. Opposed to the defen­
dant.

AGGRE＇STEIN [in falconry] a distemper in hawks proceeding from
a sharp humour.

AGGRIE＇VANCE [probably of ad and grief, Fr.] affliction, great
trouble, wrong, injury.

To AGGRIE＇VE [probably of ad and grief, Fr. subst. or adject.
grievance or grievous, or of our subst. grief, all of gravis, Lat.] It
is not improbable that to grieve was originally neuter, and to aggrieve
active, Johnson. 1. To afflict, trouble or vex. 2. To hurt a person
in his right or property.

To AGGRO＇UP [aggropare, It. grouppee, Fr.] to croud together into
one figure. A term used among painters.

AGHA＇ST [of a and ghast, Sax. a ghost or spectre] in great fright,
dismayed with fear. See AGAST.

AGIA＇DES, a kind of Turkish soldiery, employed in fortifying of
camps, smoothing of roads, and the like offices. Du Change Gloss.

A＇GIASMA, among ancient writers, is sometimes used for the whole
church, sometimes for the more sacred part, or bena, wherein mass
was said. Du Change Gloss.

AGI＇LD [agild, of a priv. and gildan, Sax, to pay] free from gild
or penalty, not subject to customary fine or imposition.

A＇GILE [Fr. and It. of agilis, Lat.] nimble, quick.

AGI＇LENESS, or AGILITY [agilité, Fr. agilità, It. agilitàd, Sp. of
agilitas, Lat.] nimbleness, activity.

A＇GILER [of a and gile, Sax.] an observer, or informer.

AGILLA＇RIUS. 1. A hayward or keeper of a herd of cattle in a com­
mon field, sworn at the lord＇s court. 2. The keeper of a herd be­
longing to the lord of the manor, &c.

A＇GINCOURT, a village of the French Netherlands, in the county
of Artois, situated seven miles north of Hesdin, where Henry V. ob­
tained a victory over the French, in 1415. Lat. 50° 35′ N. Long.
2° 0′ E.

AGIOSYMA＇NDRUM [of αγιος, holy, and σημαινω, to signify, or de­
note] a woden instrument used by the Greek and other churches, un­
der the dominion of the Turks, to call together assemblies of the peo­
ple. Hoffman＇s Lex. Univers.

A＇GIO [in Holland] two or sometimes four per cent. in favour of
the bank notes. See AGAI.

AGI＇ST [of giste, Fr.] a bed or resting-place.

To AGIST [of giste, Fr. a bed, or gister, to feed in a stable] in
common law] 1. To take in and feed strangers cattle in the king＇s
forest. 2. To collect the money for the king＇s use. 2. To take in
other men＇s cattle into any ground at a certain rate per parcel.

AGISTA＇TOR, or AGI＇STOR, an officer that takes cattle into a forest,
and receives the money.

AGI＇STAGE, or AGI＇STMENT, the herbage or feeding of cattle on a
forest or common.

AGI＇STMENT. The canon lawyers take this in another sense than
is mentioned under to agist. They seem to intend by it a modus, or
mean rate, at which some right or due may be reckoned, perhaps it
is corrupted from adoucissement, or adjustment.

A＇GISTABLE [agitabile, It. agitabilis, Lat.] capable of being agi­
tated, moved, perhaps disputed.

To A＇GITATE [agiter, Fr. agitare, It. agitàr, Sp. of agito,
Lat.] 1. To stir, to move nimbly, to tumble and toss. 2. To bandy,
to debate a question. 3. To actuate, to influence. 4. To affect
with perturbation; as the mind is agitated by various passions.

AGITA＇TIO Animalium in Foresta [in forest law] the drift of beasts
into the forest. Lat.

AGITA＇TION [Fr. agitazione, It. agitación, Sp. of agitatio, Lat.]
1. A stirring, shaking, or a reciprocal motion of a body this way and
that, a tumbling or tossing. 2. The management of a business in
hand. 3. Examination by way of discussion. 4. The state of being
agitated. 5. Violent commotion of the thoughts. 6. The state of
being deliberated upon.

AGITATION [with philosophers] a brisk intestine motion of the
corpuscles of a natural body.

AGITATION [of beasts in the forest] anciently signified the drift of
beasts into the forest.

AGITA＇TOR [agitateur, Fr. of Lat.] 1. A stirrer up. 2. One who
carries or manages an affair. In this sense the directors of the army
were called the agitators of the army.

AGITA＇TORS [in the time of the civil wars in England, A. D.
1647.] persons chosen out of every regiment to sit in council, and ma­
nage the affairs of the parliament army.

AGLAOPHO＇TIS [ἀγλαοϕωτις, Gr.] a certain herb of a glorious co­
lour, with which magicians used to call forth devils: some suppose
it to be the piony.

A＇GLET, [this word some derive from αιγλη, splendor; but it is ap­
parently to be deduced from aigulette, Fr. a tag to a point, and that
from aigu, sharp. Johnson] 1. The tag of a point, a small plate of
metal. 2. A sort of substance that grows out of some trees before the
leaves. See the next article.

A＇GLETS, or AG＇LECTS [with florists] those pendants which hang
on the tip end of the chives and threads, as in tulips, &c.

AGLOSSOSTOMOGRAPHI＇A of [α neg. γλῶσσα the tongue, στομα the
mouth, and γραϕη a description, Gr.] the title of the book of a Ger­
man author, who describes a mouth without a tongue.

A＇GMINAL [agminalis, of agmen, Lat.] belonging to a troop.

A＇GNABAT, a town of Transilvania, subject to the house of Austria,
situated 10 miles north-east of Hermanstat. Latitude 46°. 40′ N. Lon­
gitude 24°. 0′ E

A＇GNAIL [of ange, pained; and nægl, a nail] a sore which breaks
out at the root of the nails in the fingers; a whitlow.

AGNA＇TI [civil law] the male descendants of the same father in di­
rect lines.

AGNA＇TION [civil law, agnatio, of agnascor, Lat.] that line of kind­
red by blood, which is between such males as are descended from the
same father. It is distinct from cognation or consanguinity, which in­
cludes descendants from females.

AGNIGLO＇SSA [Αγνιγλωσσος, Gr.] the herb plantain, Lat.

AGNINA [with botanists] the herb lamb＇s tongue, or ribwort plan­
tain, Lat.

AGNI＇TION [agnitio, Lat.] what is known or discovered by some
mark or token, acknowledgment. It is used in speaking either of
persons or things.

To AGNI＇ZE [of agnosco, Lat.] to acknowledge, recognize, or own.
This word is now obsolete.

AGNOI＇TES [of ἀγνωητα, of ἀγνοεω, Gr. not to know] an ancient
sect, who denied that Christ knew the day of judgment.

AGNO＇MEN [with the Romans] a name additional to the sirname of
a person, on account of some particular atchievement, the sirname of
any person.

AGNOMINA＇TION [agnominatio, Lat.] a nick-name, allusion of one
word to another through a likeness of sound.

AGNOPHAGI＇TES, [agnophagitæ, of agnus, Lat. a lamb, and ϕαγειν,
Gr. to eat] feeders on lamb＇s flesh.

A＇GNUS, a lamb or young sheep under a year old. Lat.

AGNUS Castus [with botanists] the chaste tree, so called from its
imaginary virtue of preserving chastity, otherwise called the Italian
willow or Abraham＇s balm. Lat.

AGNUS Sythicus [in natural history] the name of a pretended zoo­
phite, or animal plant, said to grow in Tartary, resembling the figure
and structure of a lamb.

AGNUS DEI [i. e. lamb of God] the figure of a lamb with, or
holding a cross, stampt upon white wax, in an oval form; which be­
ing bless＇d by the pope, is either given or sold, as a precious relick.

AGO, [agan, Sax. past, whence writers formerly used, and, in
some provinces, the people still use agone for ago]. Agone, past, since,
as an hour ago, long ago. Reckoning time towards the present, we
use since, as it is a year since it happened; and reckoning from the
present, we use ago, as it happened a year ago. This is not perhaps
always observed.

AGO, as long ago, a great while since.

AGO＇G, [The French in low language have à gogo, as ils vivent a
gogo, they live to their wish. From this phrase ours, perhaps, may
be derived] as to set, or to be agog, or a longing; it denotes some
imaginary enjoyment, and often has on or for before the object of
longing.

AGO＇ING [from going] being in action.

A＇GON [ἀγων, Gr. i. e. combat or striving] a dispute or contention
for the mastery.

AGONA＇LIA [of ἀγωνιζομαι, Gr.] certain annual feasts held by the
Romans on the ninth day of January, with fighting of prizes, and
other exercises in honour of Janus. Lat.

AGO＇NE [agan, Sax.] past. See AGO.

AGONE＇A, sacrifices offered for good success in business. Lat.

AGO＇NES Capitolini [among the Romans] festivals held to Jupiter,
as protector or guardian of the capitol. At this festival poems were
sung or recited in honour of him by the poets.

AGONI＇A [of ἀγων, Gr. a struggle] a violent passion or agony.

AGONIA [of α neg. and γονη the semen, Gr.] a defect of the seed.

AGO＇NISM [ἀγωνισμα, Gr.] a trial of skill at weapons, a combat.

AGONI＇STA, or AGONI＇STES [ἀγωνιστης, Gr.] a wrestler, a cham­
pion, or a person who strives in masteries.

AGONI＇STICAL, or AGONI＇STIC, [ἀγωνιστικοος, Gr.] pertaining to
combating, or prize-fighting.

AGO＇NIUS, a god worshipped by the Romans, to bless their under­
takings. Lat.

AGONI＇ZANTS [of ἀγωνιζομαι, Gr.] certain friars who assist those
who are in agonies.

To A＇GONIZE [agoniser, Fr. agonizzare, It. agonizàr, Sp. of ἀγο­
νιζομαι, Gr.] to be in very great agony.

AGONICLI＇TES, [of α neg. γονυ the knee, and κλειω to bend,
&c.] a sect in the seventh century, whose distinguishing tenet was,
never to kneel, but to deliver their prayers standing.

AGONOTHE＇TA [ἀγωνοθετης, Gr. of ἀγων and τιθημι to place] an
overseer of activity, the judge in such games, the master of the
revels. Lat. Or rather the supreme institutor and appointer of the
games, as Achilles in Homer, or Æneas in Virgil.

AGONOTHE＇TIC, presiding at public games.

A＇GONY [agonie, Fr. agonia, It. Sp. and Lat. of ἀγωνια, of ἀγωνι­
ζωμαι, Gr.] 1. Extremity of anguish, either of body or mind, as when
nature makes the last effort against a disease. 2. The pangs of death;
properly the last struggle betwixt life and death. 3. In books of de­
votion, it denotes our Saviour＇s last conflict in the garden.

AGO＇OD [from good] in earnest.

AGORONO＇MUS [ἀγορωνομος] the clerk of a market. Lat.

AGOU＇TY [in America] a little beast of the shape and size of a rab­
bit, which has no more than two teeth in each jaw, and feeds like a
squirrel; but is a fierce creature, and when irritated, will stamp with
its hind feet, and erect its hair; when chased he flies to a hollow tree,
whence he is expelled by smoke.

A＇GRA, The principal kingdom of the mogul＇s empire. It has Ban­
do on the west, Dely on the north, Sambal on the east, Gualear and
part of Narvar on the south. Postlethwayt＇s Dict.

AGRA, the capital city of the kingdom of Agra; a place of great
traffic, being resorted to by merchants from China, Persia, all parts of
India, and by the English and Dutch. The trade is kept up by se­
veral caravans, which set out from Amadabath, Surat, and other
places, composed commonly of 400 or 500 camels, which the English,
Dutch, Moors, Turks, Arabs, Persians, and other nations, use to
carry their merchandize to that capital, and to bring back from thence
several others in return.—Besides the indigo of Agra, which is the
best in the world, they get from thence a great many stuffs and linens,
the latter of which are a fit commodity for the west and north. Thither
likewise are carried the merchandize from Bantam and Tartary; and
here also arrive in other caravans, the merchants from the inland parts
of Indostan, or the mogul＇s dominions. Postlethwayt＇s Dict.
The Mogul frequently resides at Agra. It is situated on the river
Jemma, 300 miles north-east of Surat. Latatude 26° 20′ N. Longitude
79° 0′ E.








To AGRA＇CE [from grace] to conser favours on. A word not now
in use.

AGRA＇MMATIST [ἀγραμματος, Gr. of α priv. and γραμμα a letter]
an unlearned, illiterate man.

AGRA＇RIA Lex, a law made by the Romans for the distribution of
sands among the common people. Lat.

AGRA＇RIAN [agrarius, of ager, a field] belonging to fields. It is
seldom used but when mentioning the agrarian law among the Ro­
mans. See the preceding word.

To AGRE＇ASE [from grease] to bedaub with grease or filth. A
word not now used.

AGRE＇AT [of a and great, Sax. groet, Du. groet, O. and L. Ger.]
by the great, in the gross, in the whole.

To AGRE＇E [agreer, from gré, Fr. of gratus, Lat.] 1. To be in har­
mony, not to differ. 2. To consent, to yield to, with to or upon. 3.
To make up a difference, to accord by stipulation. 4. To strike up a
bargain, as between buyer and seller. 5. To be of the same opinion.
6. To settle a point between many. 7. To be consistent, not to con­
tradict. 8. To be suitable, or accommodated to. 9. To cause no
perturbation in the body.

AGREE, for law is costly. Very good advice to litigious persons,
founded upon reason and experience; for many times the charges of a
suit exceed the value of the thing in dispute.

They AGREE like cats and dogs, that is, are always biting, snarling,
and scratching.

AGRE＇ABLE [agreable, Fr. agradable, Sp. agradável, Port.] 1.
Agreeing or suiting with, not contrary, having to or with. 2. Plea­
sant, charming, or suitable to the inclination or temper. It has some­
times the particle to.

The AGREABLE, agreeableness.

AGREABLY, suitably, pleasantly.

AGRE＇ABLENESS [qualité agreable, Fr.] 1. Suitableness, or consist­
ency with, having the particle to. 2. Quality of pleasing, pleasant­
ness; it denotes the production of satisfaction in an inferior degree,
calm and lasting below rapture. 3. Resemblance; sometimes with
the particle between.

AGRE＇ABLY [from agreable] 1. Suitably to. 2. In a pleasing
manner.

AGRE＇ED, settled by consent. See To AGREE.

AGRE＇EINGNESS [from agree] suitableness, consistency with, confor­
mity to.

AGREABLENESS is emblematically represented by a damsel of a sweet
and affable aspect, having a crown on adorned with jaspers and other
precious stones, in her hands roses of different colours, without
prickles.

AGREE＇MENT [agrement, Fr. agreamentum, Law Lat. which Coke
would derive from aggregatio mentium, Lat. tho＇ only in the first sense]
1. Agreeableness. 2. Concord, or harmony. 3. Reconcilement.
4. Articles agreed upon, bargain or contract.

AGREEMENT [in common law] a joining together or consent of
two or more minds in any thing already done, or to be done here­
after.

AGRE＇SSES. See OGRESSES.

AGRE＇ST [agreste, Fr. It. and Sp. of agrestis, Lat.] belonging to
fields, rustic, clownish.

AGRE＇STICAL, or AGRESTICK [agrestis, Lat. of ager, a field] per­
taining to the country, clownish.

AGRE＇STY [agrestis, Lat.] clownishness.

A＇GRIA, a fortified town in Upper Hungary, situated on a river of
the same name, 35 miles north-east of Buda. It is the see of a bishop;
and subject to the house of Austria. Latitude 48°. 0′ N. Longitude
20°. 0′ E.

AGRI＇A [with botanists] the shrub holly. Lat.

AGRIA [with surgeons] a scurvy scab hard to cure; an obstinate
ulcer. Lat.

AGRIACA＇NTHA [ἀκανθα ἀγρια, Gr. wild] a sort of wild thistle.
Lat.

AGRIA＇MPELOS [ἀγριαμπεγος, Gr.] a plant called wild vine.

AGRICOLA＇TION, husbandry, tillage of the ground.

A＇GRICULTURE [Fr. agricoltura, It. agricultura, Lat.] the art of
husbandry, or the improvement of land, in order to render it fertile.

AGRICULTURE, is represented by the goddess Ceres, clothed in
green, holding in her left hand the zodiack, and in her right a young
tree, which begins to sprout out; a plow at her feet.
On the reverse of some medals of the emperor Gordianus, agricul­
ture is represented by a woman stretching out her two arms towards a
lion, and a bull lying at her feet; the lion, as dedicated to Ceres, to
signify the earth; and the bull or ox, the labourer or husbandman.

AGRIELÆ＇A [ἀγριελαια, Gr.] the wild olive.

AGRIMONI＇A, or AGRIMO＇NY [agrimoine, Fr. agrimonia, It. Sp.
and Lat.] it is a plant whose leaves are rough, hairy, pennated,
and grow alternately on the branches: the flower-cup consists of
one leaf, divided into five segments; the flowers have five or
six leaves, and are formed into a long spike, and expand like a rose:
the fruit is oblong, dry, and prickly, like the burdock, in each of
which are two kernels. The species are, 1. The common or medici­
nal agrimony, which is found in the hedges. 2. The sweet-smelling
agrimony; and 3. The lesser agrimony with a white flower. Miller.

AGRIMONIA Sylvestris [in botany] silver weed, or wild tansey.
Lat.

AGRIOCARDA＇MUM [ἀγριοκαρδαμον, Gr.] a sort of water-cresses.
Lat.

AGRIOCA＇STANUM [of αγριος, wild, and καστανον, Gr.] wild-ches­
nut, the earth-nut, the pig-nut.

AGRIOCI＇NARA [with botanists] the plant ladies-thistle, or wild ar­
tichoke.

AGRIONA＇RDUM [with botanists] the herb valerian. Lat.

AGRIO＇NIA, a solemnity observed in honour of Bacchus, which
was celebrated in the night, after the manner following. The wo­
men assembled together, and made a strict search for Bacchus, and
after some time of search not finding him, said he was retired to
the muses, and had hid himself among them. This ceremony being
over, they sell to scasting, and diverting themselves with proposing
riddles and cramp questions; and ivy being looked upon as sacred to
Bacchus, great quantities of it were used at this time.

AGRIOPA＇LMA [with botanists] archangel or dead nettle. Lat.

AGRIOPASTINA＇CA [with botanists] the wild parship or carrot.

AGRYOPHY＇LLON [ἀγριοϕυλλον, Gr.] the herb hog＇s-sennel or sul­
phur-wort. Lat.

AGRIOSE＇LINUM [ἀγριοσελινον, Gr.] a flower, a sort of crow-seet.

AGRI＇OT [Fr. griotte, It.] a sour or tart cherry.

AGRI＇PPA [of ægre pedibus natus, born wrong, with the feet fore­
most] a name given to such as are born with difficulty, or their feet
foremost.

AGROU＇ND [of grund, Sax. grondt, Du. grund, Ger. the ground]
1. Upon the ground. 2. Nonplus＇d, obstructed.

AGRIPNI＇A [ἀγρυπνια, Gr.] a watching or dreaming slumber.

AGRYPNOCO＇MA [of ἀγρυπνια, watching, and κωμα, a deep sleep, Gr.]
a waking drowsiness, a disease wherein the patients are continually in­
clined to sleep, but scarce can sleep, being affected with a great drowsi­
ness in the head, a stupidity in all the senses and faculties, and many
times a delirium too. It is the same as coma vigil. Lat.

A＇GUE [probably of aigu, Fr. sharp] an intermitting fever, with
cold and hot fits alternately. Vulgarly the cold fit is called the ague,
and the hot the sever.
An AGUE in the Spring,
Is Physick for a King.
And yet few or no kings are ever covetous of it: and indeed it is accord­
ing as it goes off. The meaning of this Proverb is probably, that an ague
being a strong fermentation of the blood; and the fermentations of li­
quids tending to purify them; it may be supposed that these paroxisms
have the same effect on the blood, or, at least, that the remedies taken
for this disease (which are generally sweating during the distemper, and
purging afterwards) may at the same time cleanse and purify the
blood.

AGUE Tree, Sassafras. See SASSAFRAS.

AGUEPE＇RSE, a town of France, in the province of Lyonnois, and
territory of the Lower Avergne, 15 miles north of Clermont. Latitude
45° 55′ N. Longitude 3° 20′ E.

A＇GUED [from ague] affected with an ague, chilly, cold. A word
little used since Shakespeare.

AGUE Fit, the fit of the ague.

AGUE Proof. Proof against an ague, or against the causes that pro­
duce it.

AGU＇ISH, pertaining to, of the quality, or apt to cause agues.

A＇GUISHNESS [of aigu, Fr. sharp] agueish quality, coldness, shiver­
ingness.

AGUILLANEU＇F, the name of a certain ceremony of the French
druids, who when they were to go to gather misletoe against New­
year＇s-day, walked about the fields adjoining to their forest, crying out,
A gui l＇an neuf, i. e. To the misletoe a new year. Also the same name
was applied to a sort of begging which was used in some bishopricks for
the tapers in churches, but this custom was abolished, anno 1592.

To AGU＇ISE [from guise] to trim out, to deck. A word not used
since Spenser＇s time.

AGU＇RAH [אגורח, Heb.] a certain Hebrew coin, which Buxtorf ex­
plains by nummulus, or a small piece of money.

AGU＇TI [in zoology] the name of an American animal, resembling
the Guinea-pig, as we call it, having the characters of the rat kind,
and the voice and hair of the hog. See Plate I. Fig. 3.
It is a very voracious animal, devouring its food with extreme eager­
ness, and using its fore feet for hands, in the manner of the squirrel.
It runs very swiftly, and is very expert at digging, so that it soon buries
itself in the earth. When provoked, it raises all the hair of its back
upright, and strikes the earth with its hinder feet. Ray＇s Syn. Quad.

AGYNIA＇NI [from α priv. and γυνη, a woman] a sect who condemned
all use of flesh, and marriage, as not instituted by God, but introduced
at the instigation of the devil. They appeared about the year 694, but
were of no long continuance.

AH, an interjection. 1. Alass. Sometimes denoting dislike. As,
ah! sinful nation, in Isaiah. 2. Contemptuous exultation. Let them
not say in their hearts, ah! so we would have it. Psalms. 3. Lamon­
tation or compassion. 4. When followed by that, it marks extreme
desire; as ah that it were so.

AHA＇, AHA, interject. A word that denotes insulting or contemptu­
ous triumph.

AHE＇AD [from head] 1. More forward than something else. A sea
term. 2. With precipitation, headlong.

AHEI＇GHT [from height, of high] to a high place; to a hight, up
alost. Shakespeare.

AHME＇LLA, a name given by the Ceylonese to a plant famous for
its virtues as a lithontriptic and diuretic. It is a species of bidens or
hemp-agrimony. See Philos. Trans. No. 257.

AHOU＇AC, a plant in the continent of America. It hath funnel­
shaped flowers; the pointal is fixed like a nail to the inner part of the
flower, and becomes a pear-shaped fleshy fruit, inclosing a three-cor­
nered nut. There are two species of it, one grows to the height of a
common cherry-tree, the wood of which stinks most abominably, and
the kernel of the nut is a most deadly poison, to expel which the In­
dians know no antidote, nor will they use the wood for fuel. The se­
cond sort grows no higher than ten or twelve feet, the fruit is of a beau­
tiful red colour when ripe, and equally poisonous with the former.
Both plants abound with a milky juice. Miller.

AJAN, a coast and country of Africa, having the river Quilmanci on
the fourth, the mountains from whence the river springs on the west;
Abyssynia, or Ethiopia, and the streights of Babelmandel on the north,
and Indian Ocean on the east. The coast abounds with all necessaries
of life, and has plenty of very good horses. Postlethwayt＇s Dict.

AJA＇ZZO, a port town in the island of Corsica, in the Mediter­
ranean. It is situated 160 miles south of Genoa, is the see of a
bishop, and subject to the state of Genoa. Latitude 41° 40′ N. Lon­
gitude 9°. 0′ E.

AJAZZO, is also the name of a port town in the lesser Asia, in the
province of Cnramania, anciently Cilicia, situated on the coast of the
Mediterranean, 30 miles north of Antioch, and 50 west of Aleppo,
where the city of Issus anciently stood, near which Alexander sought







the second battle with Darius. Lat. 37° 0′ E.

AI＇CHSTAT, a city of Germany in the circle of Franconia, 14 miles
north west of Ingolstadt, and 12 north of Newburg. It is situated on
the river Aetmul, and subject to its bishop. Lat. 48° 50′ N. Long.
11° 0′ E.

AID [aide, Fr. aiuto, It. ayuda, Sp. ajuda, Port.] 1. Assistance,
help, succour, relief. 2. The person that aids; a helper.

AID [in law] a tax or subsidy; also anciently an imposition laid
by the king on tenants, &c. for marrying his daughter, or knighting
his eldest son.

To AID [aider, Fr. ajutare, It. ayudàr, Sp. adjuto, of ad, to, and
juvo, to help, Lat.] to help, to assist, to succour.

AID DE CAMP, or AID DE CON [in an army] an officer who attends
one of the generals, either the general, lieutenant-general, or major-
general, to receive their orders, as occasion shall require, and carry
them to the inferior officers.

AID PRIER [in law, i. e. to pray for aid] a word made use of in plead­
ing for a petition in court, to call in help from another person who
hath an interest in the thing contested.

AID of the King [a law term] is where the king＇s tenant prays
aid of the king, on account of rent demanded of him by others.

AID Major, or A＇DJUTANT [in an army] an officer who assists the
major in his duty, and in his absence performs it all. His post is on
the left, beyond all the captains, and behind the lieutenant-colonel,
when the battalion is drawn up.

AI＇DANCE [of aid] help, assistance, support. It is often used by
Shakespeare.

A＇IDANT, Fr. assisting, succouring. Shakespeare.

A＇IDER [of aid] one that assists, a confederate or ally.

AIDERBEI＇TZAN, [or as the Arabians call it, ADE＇REIJAN. Pocock]
a province of Persia, borders to the east on the province of Ghilan and
Tabristan; to the south, on Persian Irack; to the west and north-
west, upon Upper Armenia, and the river Aras; and, to the north,
on Schirwan. The soil of this province is fruitful, and the climate
healthy, though cold. Postlethwayt＇s Dict.

A＇IDLESS [of aid, and the inseparable particle less] having no aid.

A＇IDS [in horsemanship] are the assistances and helps that the horse­
man gives an horse, from the gentle and moderate use of the bridle,
the spur, the caveson, the poinson, the rod, the action of the legs,
the motion of the thighs, and the sound of the tongue.

AIDS DE CAMP [of the king] certain young gentlemen, whom the
king appoints in the field to that office.

AIE＇L, or AILE＇ [in law] the name of a writ, the same as ayel.
See AYEUL, or AYEL.

AI＇GHENDALE, a liquid measure in Lancashire, containing seven
quarts. Houghton＇s Collect.

AIGLE＇TTE [in heraldry] an eaglet, or a young eagle. Fr.

AI＇GRE DE CEDRE, lemon and sugar, a cooling liquor used in
France. Fr.

AIGREE＇N, the herb housleek. See HOUSELEEK.

A＇IGRIS, a stone which serves instead of current coin among the Isi­
nois, a nation of Africa, on the gold coast. It is there looked upon
as a precious stone, and yet it has nothing in it to make it very valua­
ble. It is of a greenish-blue colour, without any lustre; pretty hard,
indeed, but it does not take a good polish, or they have not skill
enough to polish it better. They are, however, very fond of it; and
give its weight in gold for it. Postlethwayt＇s Dict.

AIGUE＇ Marine. See AQUA Marina.

AIGUI＇LLON, or EGUI＇LLON, a town of France, situated at the
confluence of the rivers Garonne and Lot, in the province of Guinne,
12 miles N. W. of Agen, and 58 S. E. of Bourdeaux. Lat. 44°
15′ N. Longitude 0° 12′ E.

AIGUISCE, or EIGUISCE [in heraldry] as a cross aiguisce, signifies
a cross having two angles at the ends, cut off, so as to terminate in
points; but it is not like the cross fitchee, that goes tapering away by
degrees to a sharp point, for this cross aiguisce has only an obtuse point
made by taking of the angles.

AI＇GULET, Fr. points of gold at the ends of fringes.

To AIL [of adlian, or adlan, Sax. of adlo, Goth. probably of
ἀλυω, Gr. to be sick, or of eglan, Sax. to be troublesome.] 1. To
cause pain or trouble. 2. To affect with some inconvenience, in an
indefinite sense. 3. To feel pain, to be incommoded. 4. It is
remarkable, that this word is never used but with some indefinite
term, or the word nothing. He ails something, he ails nothing; some­
thing ails him, nothing ails him. But we never say, a fever ails
him, or he ails a fever. Johnson.

AIL, or AILMENT, a disease, or an indisposition of body. Heal thy
obscener ail. Pope.

A＇ILING [of to ail] sickly, complaining of indisposition or disease.

AILS, beards of wheat.

AI＇LSBURY. See AYL＇SBURY.

A＇IM [of esme, Fr.] 1. The direction of any thing missile. 2. That
point at which a person looks to shoot at a mark. 3. By way of fi­
gure, a purpose or design. 4. The thing aimed at; as the epistle has
but one aim. Locke. 3. Guess or conjecture; as a man may prophe­
sy, with a near aim, about the main chance. Shakespeare.

To AIM [of esmer, Fr.] 1. To direct at a mark; particularly the
act of pointing a missile by the eye, before letting it off. 2. To en­
deavour to strike with a missile, to point towards, with the particle
at. 3. To direct the view or steps toward a thing, to endeavour to
reach; with to formerly, now only with at. 4. To guess. To pur­
pose or design.

The AIM of a cross-bow, or gun, the button or mark to take
aim by.

AJOURE＇ [in heraldry] signifies some part of an ordinary, that is
so taken away, that the field appears; it is a French term, and is
derived of jour, a day or light, and signifies, that the part which should
be covered by the ordinary is so far exposed to view.

AIR [aer, Lat. of ἀηρ, Gr. ario, It. a＇yre, Sp. a＇r, Port.] 1. Is gene­
rally understood to be that fluid in which we breathe, and the earth is
inclosed, and as it were wrapped up. 2. The state of the air with re­
gard to health; as Hampstead air is finer than that of London. 3. Air
in motion, a gentle wind or breath. 4. A blast or blight. 5. Any
thing light as air, fleeting, and uncertain; he builds his hope in air of
your fair looks. Shakespeare. 6. The open weather, the air unconfined;
as the morning air. 7. Vent or emission into the air; as to give a
thing air, or to vent or publish it to the world. 8. Intelligence or in­
formation chiefly given by hints; as it grew from the airs which
they received from their agents here. Bacon. 9. The mien of a per­
son. 10. An affected manner or gesture. 11. Appearance. It was
communicated with the air of a secret. Pope.

AIR is found to have these six properties, following:
1. It is liquid, and cannot be congealed like water.
2. It is much lighter than water, but yet it is not without its gravity:
3. It is diaphanous, that is, it transmits the light.
4. It can easily be condensed and rarefied.
5. It has an elastic force.
6. It is necessary for flame and respiration.
I. It is much more liquid than water and cannot be congealed,
and that for the reasons following:
1. Because it seems to have pores much larger, full of finer matter,
of a very quick motion, whereby the particles of air are continu­
ally driven about, as it appears by this experiment, that if air be pent
up in a vessel it is easily condensed; whereas no person yet, by any
invention, has been able to condense water.
2. The particles of air are very fine and branched, so that they
leave interstices between one another, and can never be formed into a
compact body.
II. Water has been proved by experiment to be 840 times heavier
than air, from whence it will follow, that a certain bulk of air con­
tains in it 840 times less homogeneous matter than an equal bulk of
water does; and this is the reason why air may be condensed, but
not water.
III. The air is diaphanous, because having very wide pores, and
separable parts, it admits the matter whereof light consists, to flow in
right lines. And hence it is, that not only the sun and the planets shine
or reflect their light upon us, but also the fixt stars are seen by us at
an immense distance. But as deep water does not transmit all the rays
which fall upon it, because the series of light is interrupted by the
motion of the watery particles; so many of the rays, which fall upon
this prodigious bulk of air over us, must needs be broken off and in­
tercepted before they reach us; which probably may be the cause,
that where the sky is very clear, it is not quite transparent, but appears
of a more blue and waterish colour.
IV. AIR is condensed and rarefied, because it consisting of branchy
particles, those particles are easily scattered by an extraordinary quick
motion, which is called rarefaction.
Again, they are easily compressed into a less compass, while their
branches are driven together, and close one with another, and there­
by force out the liquid matter which lay between them; and this is
called condensation.
There are a multitude of experiments to prove this; as there are a
sort of guns, into which such a quantity of air may be forced, as to
shoot out a leaden bullet with great violence. See WIND-GUN.
V. That the air has an elastic force; that is, that it has a power to
return to the same state, and re-occupy the same space which it filled
before, when ever the force that compressed it into a narrower com­
pass is removed, the beforementioned experiment demonstrates.
VI. That AIR is necessary for flame or respiration. Without air,
flame and fire go out, and air seems to have a nitrous or sulphurous
matter in it, so that the air which lies upon so many plants, animals,
and minerals, upon which the heat of the sun continually operates and
extracts a good part of them, must needs carry away with it innume­
rable particles of sulphur and volatile salts, wherewith things abound,
as chemical experiments demonstrate.

AIR is represented by a damsel sitting upon a cloud with her hair
disheveled, and a loose, flying garment, with one hand stroking a
peacock, and holding under her other arm a cameleon; and all sorts
of birds flying round about her.

Pure AIR is represented by a lady of a serene and beautiful aspect,
clothed in gold; holding in one hand a white dove, the other holding
up Zephyrus, or the west wind, in the clouds, with this motto: Spirat
levis aura favoni.
This intimates the west wind to be the most healthful. The white
dove is an emblem of health, being an antidote against infection. Her
aspect and gold habit denote the same.

AIR [in chymical writers] is expressed of the character, plate IV.
Fig. 5.

AIR [in horsemanship] is a cadence and liberty of motion, that is
accommodated to the natural disposition of a horse, that makes him
work in the manage, and rise with obedience, measure and justness of
time. Others use the word air in a strict sense, to signify a manage
that is higher, slower and more artfully designed than the terra a terra.
The walk, trot and gallop are not in the general accounted airs.
Others again use the word air, for the motion of a horse＇s legs upon a
gallop.

High AIRS, are the motions of a horse that rises higher than terra a
terra, and works at curvets, balotades, croupades and capriols.

AIR [with anatomists] is supposed to be a fine aerial substance in­
closed in the labyrinth of the inward ear, and to minister to the due
conveyance of the sounds in the sensory.

AIR [with musicians, &c.] 1. Signifies the melody or the inflection
of a musical composition, whether light or serious. 2. In poetry, a
song: The repeated air of sad Electra＇s poet. Milton.

To AIR [airier, Fr.] 1. To expose to the air, to open to the air,
as clothes, provisions, &c. 2. To dry before the fire. 3. To warm
before the fire, as liquors; a term used in conversation. 4. To enjoy
the open air; with the reciprocal pronoun; as go and air yourself.

A＇IR-BLADDER [air and bladder] 1. Any vesicle filled with air.
2. The vesicle in fishes, by the contracting or dilating of which they
raise or sink themselves in the water.

AIR-BUILT [air and built] built in the air, without a solid founda­
tion, chimerical.








AIR-DRAWN [air and drawn] drawn or represented in the air.

AIRE, or A＇IRY [in faleonry] a nest of hawks or other birds of
prey, especially the nest which falcons make use of to hatch their
young in.

AIRE, the name of two towns in France; the one situated in the
province of Gascony, about 35 miles south of Bourdeaux, and the
other in Artoise, about 30 miles south-cast of Calais.

AIRE, is also the name of a sea-port town in Scotland, situated at
the mouth of a river of the same name, which discharges itself into the
firth of Clyde. Lat. 55° 30′ N. Long. 4° 40′ W.

A＇IRER [from air] he that airs or exposes to the air.

A＇IR-GUN. See WIND-GUN.

AIR-HO＇LE [air and hole] a hole to admit the air.

A＇RINESS [airy] 1. Exposure to the open air. 2. Levity, gaity:
as, The French have a talkativeness and airiness in their tongue. Felton.

A＇IRING, a jaunt or ramble to enjoy the free air.

A＇IRLESS [of air] having no communication with the open
air.

A＇IRLING [air] a young, gay, thoughtless person. Slight earlings
will be won with horses. Ben Johnson.

AIR-PUMP, a machine, by means whereof the air may be ex­
hausted out of proper vessels.
Otto de Guerick, a burgo-master of Magdeburg, was the first in­
ventor of this curious instrument; which was afterwards greatly im­
proved by Mr. Boyle, Mr. Papin and Mr. Hawksbee. That com­
monly used at present is represented in plate II. fig. 16, where a, a,
a, a, are the two brass barrels, in which the pistons c, c, move up and
down. The brass tube, or pipe, marked b, b, is called the swan＇s
neck; through which the air passes from under the receiver o, o, o, o,
by a small hole at k, in the middle of the brass plate on the top of the
pump, to a brass piece in the box d, d, which being perforated length­
ways to the middle point under each barrel, transmits the air by a
bladder-valve to be pumped out. The mercurial gauge, which com­
municates with the receiver, and the mercury in the reservoir m, m,
is marked l, l, l, l, The stop-cock n, n, serves to re-admit the air
when there is occasion. b, b, is the handle, or winch, for working
the pump. g, g, g, g, are two pillars supporting the frame of the
pump-wheel, which is screwed upon them by the two nuts e, e. The
operation of this machine depends on the elasticity of the air: for by
working the pump, the air in the receiver will expand itself; by which
means part of it will be forced into the barrel of the pump, to be ex­
hausted; but can never be wholly drawn out, so as to leave a perfect
vacuum within the vessel.

A＇IRSHAFT [shaft and air] a passage for the conveyance of air into
mines and other subterraneous places.

A＇IR-VESSELS, certain vessels or ducts, in plants, for imbibing or
conveying air to the several parts of the plant.

AIRSHIRE, a county of Scotland, the capital of which is the town of
Aire. It is bounded on the north by the shire of Renfrew; on the
south with Galloway; on the east with Clydsdale; and on the west
with the firth of Clyde. It is divided into Carrick, Kyle, and Cun­
nungham, which are reckoned the three great bailleries of Scot­
land.

A＇IRY [aerius, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to the air. 2. Full of air or life;
brisk, lively. 3. That has no substance, thin, light. 4. High in
air. Thro＇ airy channels flow. Addison. 5. Without reality, vain,
triflng. 6. Full of levity, loose, fluttering; as if composed to catch
the air.

AIRY Meteors [with astronomers] such as are bred of slatulous and
spirituous exhalations or vapours; as winds, &c.

AIRY Triplicity [with astrologers] the signs Gemini, Libra, and
Aquarius.

AISE, the herb ax-weed.

AISIA＇MENTA [Law Lat.] easements or conveniencies, including
any liberty of passage, open way, water-course, &c. for the ease and
conveniency of any tenant, of a house or land.

AISLE [Thus the word is written by Addison, but perhaps impro­
perly; since it seems deducible only from aile, Fr. a wing, or allée, Fr.
a path, and is therefore to be written aile] the wings of a quire, the
walks in a church.

AISLE＇ [in heraldry] signifies winged, or having wings. Fr.

A＇ISNE, or AISE, a river of France, which rises on the frontiers of
Lorrain, near Clermont, and falls into the Oyse, a little below Soi­
sons.

AISTHA＇LES [ἀισθαλης, Gr.] sengreen, or housleek.

AISTHE＇RIUM [of ἀισθανομαι, Gr. to perceive] the sensory of the
brain.

AI＇STHESIS [αισθησις, Gr.] the sense of feeling; also the act of
feeling.

AISTHETE＇RION, or AISTHETE＇RIUM [ἀισθητηριον, of ἀισθανομαι to
perceive, Gr.] the common sensory of the brain.

AIT, or EYGHT, [Eight, Sax. supposed by Skinner to be corrupted
from islet] a little island in a river.

AITO＇CZU, a considerable river in Lesser Asia, which rising in the
mountains of Taurus, falls into the south part of the Euxine sea.

AJUS LOCUTIUS, i. e. a speaking voice, a deity to which the Ro­
mans erected a temple.

A＇JUTAGE [ajutage, Fr.] the spout belonging to a jet d＇eau, or
pipe, which throws up water in a fountain.

AIX, the name of several places, viz. of a large city in France, the
capital of Provence; of a small town of Savoy, about 8 miles north
of Chamberry; and of an island on the coast of Gascony, between
that of Oleron, and the main land.

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, otherwise called Aach, Ach, and Aken, a city
of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, situated in a bottom encompassed
with hills; an imperial city, large and populous, much resorted to by
foreigners, as well as Germans, on account of its hot baths. The em­
peror Charlemain intended to have made it the capital of his empire,
and was buried here. Latitude 50° 45′ N. Longitude 5° 50′ E.

AI＇ZOON [ἀιζων, Gr. i. e. ever-living] sengreen or housleek.

To AKE, or To AHCE [of ace, pain or grief, or acian, Sax. of αχος
Gr. sadness, and therefore more grammatically written ache] 1. To see
a lasting pain, generally of the internal parts, distinguished from smart,
which is commonly used of uneasiness in the external parts; but this is
not always observed. 2. To be pained. 3. It is frequently applied
in an improper sense to the heart, as, the heart akes, to imply grief or
fear. Shakespeare has used it still more licentiously of the soul.

To have an AKING tooth at one, to be angry at, to have a mind to
rebuke or chastise one.

AKI＇N [of kin] 1. Allied by blood, related to: used of persons. 2.
Allied to by nature, having the same properties: used of things.

AL, ATTLE, ADDLE, seem all to be corruptions of the Saxon apel,
noble, famous, as also alling, and adling are corruptions of apeling,
noble, splendid, famous.

AL, ALD, being initials, are derived from the Saxon eald, ancient;
and so oftentimes the initial all, being melted by the Normans, is
from the Saxon eald. Gibson＇s Cambden.

A＇LKOND, an officer of justice in Persia, before whom are brought all
cases relating to orphans and widows, in regard to contracts and other
civil matters. He is the chief of the law-college, and reads lectures to
all the inferior officers. Postlethwayt＇s Dict.

ALA [with botanists] the angle which the leaves or the foot-stalks
of leaves make with the stalk or any branches of it. Lat.

ALA [in anatomy] a term used for several parts of the body, which
bear a resemblance to the figure of a wing, as the top of an auricle, &c.

ALABA＇NDICA Rosa [so named of Alabanda in Asia Minor] a sort
of damask rose with whitish leaves; some take it for the province
rose.

ALABA＇NDICAL of or pertaining to Alabandica.

ALABA＇STER [ἀλαβαστρον, Gr.] a kind of soft marble, easier to cut
and less durable than the other kinds; some is white, which is most
common; some of the colour of horn, and transparent, and some yel­
low like honey, marked with veins. The ancients used it to make
boxes for persumes. Savary.

ALABASTER, made of alabaster. I cannot forbear reckoning part
of an alabaster column of the colour of fire, so that the light passing
through, makes it look like transparent amber. Addison.

ALABA＇STRA [in botany] those little green leaves of a plant that
compass in the bottom of a flower.

ALABA＇STRITES [with naturalists] the alabaster stone.

ALABA＇STRUM, or ALABA＇STRUS [ἀλαβαστρον, Gr.] an alabaster
box of ointment.

ALABASTRUM [with botanists] the bud of a plant. See ALA­
BASTRA.

ALABU＇NDY, the same as ALABA＇NDICA Rosa.

A＇LACK. See A＇LAS; of which it seems a corruption.

A＇LACK-A-DAY, interjection; this, like the former, is for alas the
day, a word denoting sorrow and melancholy.

ALA＇CRIOUSLY [supposed to be formed from alacrious, of alacris,
Lat. cheerful] cheerfully.

ALA＇CRITY [alacritas, Lat.] briskness, airiness, liveliness, cheer­
fulness willingness, expressed by some outward token.

ALADU＇LA, a province of Asiatic Turky, being the most easterly
division of the Lesser Asia, comprehending the ancient Cappadocia, or
Armenia Minor. The land of this province is unfit for tillage, but
hath abundance of fine pasture grounds; on which the inhabitants
breed a prodigious number of cattle, especially horses and camels, be­
sides great herds of sheep and goats.

A＇LÆ [in anatomy] is used to signify the lobes of the liver, and
the nymphæ, the spongeous bodies in the pudendum muliebre; also
the cartilages of the nose which form the nostrils.

ALÆ [in military affairs] signifies the two extremes of an army
ranged in form of battle. Lat.

ALÆ ECCLESIASTICÆ, the wings or side-isles of a church. Lat.

A＇LAGANT, or A＇LIGANT, corruptly for Alicant or Alicant wine,
i. e. wine of Alicant in Spain.

ALA＇IS, a considerable town of France, in the province of Langue­
doc, situated on the river Gardon, at the foot of the Cevennes. Lat.
44° 6′ N. Long. 4° 0′ E.

ALAMI＇RE [in music] the lowest note but one in the three septena­
ries of the scale of music or gamut.

ALAMO＇DE [à la mode, Fr. i. e. after the fashion] 1. Any thing ac­
cording to the mode or fashion. 2. Among shop-keepers, a sort of thin
silk for womens hoods and scarves.

ALA＇ND, [from land] at land, on dry ground.

A＇LAND, or Alant, an island in the Baltic sea, between 18 and 20
degrees of east longitude, and between 59 and 61 degrees of north
latitude.

ALANERA＇RIUS [O. L. Rec.] a keeper of spaniels and setting dogs,
for hawking.

ALA＇RES, Musculi. See PTERYGOIDES.

ALA＇RM, or ALA＇RUM, [alarmê, à l＇arme, Fr. alarm, Du. lerm,
or larm, Ger.] 1. A signal given by loud cries, to cause people to take
arms upon the sudden arrival of an enemy. 2. A cry or notice of any
danger approaching; as an alarm by fire. 3. Any tumult or distur­
bance, metaphorically, any manner of sudden noise, &c. causing
fear, fright, or trouble. 4. A chime set in a clock or watch.

To ALARM, or ALARUM [alarmer, Fr. properly, q. d. ad arma, Lat.
to arms, lermen, or larmen, Ger.] 1. To disturb or call to arms, as at
the approach of an enemy. 2. To give an alarm, to fright, or put in
a fright, with apprehension of any danger. 3. To disturb in general.

ALARM-BEL, the bell rung at the approach of an enemy.

ALA＇RMING, terrifying, surprising; as, an alarming omen; an
alarming wound.

ALARM POST [military affairs] the ground which the quarter-master-
general appoints to each regiment, to which they are to march in case
of an alarm from the enemy.

ALA＇RUM is corrupted as it seems from alarm. See ALARM.

ALA＇SS [helas, Fr. eylaes, low Dut.] 1. An interjection of com­
plaint, or grief, when used of ourselves. 2. A word of pity, when
used of other people. 3. A. word of sorrow and concern, when used
of things.

ALAS the day, ALAS a day, or ALAS the while, interectious of sor­
row. See ALACK-A-DAY.

ALA＇TE, [late] of late, lately, not long ago.

ALATA＇MAHA, a large river of North America, which rises in the






















Apalachian mountains, runs south-east through the province of Geor­
gia, and falls below Frederica into the Atlantic ocean.

ALETE＇RNUS [with botanists] the most beautiful shrub for hedges,
of a lovely green colour, and sweet scented blossom.

ALA＇VA, a territory of Spain, being the south-east division of the
province of Biscay.

ALAU＇TA, a considerable river of Turkey in Europe, which, after
watering the south-east part of Transylvania and part of Wallachia,
falls into the Danube almost opposite to Nicopolis.

ALA＇Y [hunting term] used when fresh dogs are sent into the
cry.

ALB, or A＇LBA, [album, Lat.] a surplice or white vestment, used
by a priest, officiating at divine service; an albe or aube.

A＇LBA, a town of Italy, in the province of Piedmont, and duchy
of Montferrat, situated on the river Tanaro; the see of a bishop, and
subject to the king of Sardinia. Lat. 44° 50′ N. Long. 8° 1′ E.

ALBA JULIA, a city of Lower Hungary, situated near the Platensea,
120 miles south-east of Vienna. It is the burying place of the kings
of Hungary; and subject to the house of Austria. Lat. 47° 25′ N.
Long. 18°. 25′ E.

ALBADA＇RIA [in anatomy] the largest bone of the great toe, at the
uppermost part of the metatarsus.

ALBA FIRMA [law term] an annual rent that was payable to the
chief lord of a hundred, called alba, &c. because it was paid in silver,
called white money, and not in corn, called black mail.

A＇LBA Spina [in botany] the white thorn.

ALBE＇. See A＇LBA.

ALBA＇NIA, a province of Turky, situated on the east side of the
gulph of Venice, bounded by Dalmatia and Servia on the north, and
by Epirus on the south, Macedonia on the east, and the gulf of Ve­
nice on the west. Its soil is fruitful, especially towards the north,
producing flax, cotton, and excellent wine. The inhabitants make
tapestry, which, with their other commodities, they vend abroad.

A＇LBANS, or St. A＇LBANS, a large town in Hertfordshire, about 20
miles north-west of London. It returns two members to parliament, and
gives title of duke to the noble family of Beauclerck. It has a mar­
ket on Saturday.

ALBA＇NO, a town in Italy, in the Champagnia de Roma, about
12 miles south east of Rome. Lat. 41° 45′ N. Long. 13° E. 3′ W.

ALBA＇NY, a town of North America, in the province of New York.
situated on Hudson＇s river. Lat. 43° 2′ N. Long. 74° 3′ W.

ALBARA＇ZIN, a town of Spain, in the kingdom of Aragon, situa­
ted on the river Guadalavir, about 110 miles east of Madrid. Lati­
tude 40° 40′ N. Longitude 2° 1′ E.

ALBEI＇T [al is＇t dat, Du. altho＇ that, al spe it, L. Ger. tho＇ it be, a
coalition of the words, all be it so. Skinner] tho＇, altho＇, notwith­
standing.

A＇LBERGE [in botany] a small forward peach of a yellow co­
lour.

A＇LBEMARLE, a town in France, in the province of Normandy,
from whence the noble family of Keppel takes the title of earl. La­
titude 49° 45′ N. Longitude 2° 0′ E.

ALBEMARLE, is also the name of the most northerly district of North
Carolina.

ALBE＇NGA, a sea-port town in Italy, about 15 miles north of
Oneglia.

ALBE＇RTUS, the name of a gold coin, worth about 14 French livres,
coined during the administration of Albertus, archduke of Austria.

ALBIGE＇NSES, a sect of reformers about Thoulouse and the Albenois
in the 12th century, who opposed the discipline and ceremonies of the
church of Rome.

ALBI＇NUM [with botanists] the herb chaff-weed or cudwort.

ALBI＇TROSSE, the name of a large bird of prey in Jamaica.

ALBU＇CUM [in botany] the white daffodil.

ALBUCI＇NEA Oculi [with anatomists] a very thin tunicle or coat of
the eye, so named on account of its whiteness; called also adnata tu­
nica.

ALBUGINEA Testis [in anatomy] the white membrane or skin that
immediately covers the testicles.

ALBUGI＇NEOUS [albugineus, of albugo, Lat. the white of an egg]
of or pertaining to the white of the eye, or the white of an egg.

ALBU＇GO [with oculists] 1. A white speck in the horny coat of the
eye. 2. A pearl or web growing over the eye, whereby the cornea
contracts a whiteness: the same with leucoma. 3. The white of
the eye. 4. The white of an egg.

A＇LBUM, white, whiteness; also white rent paid in silver.

ALBUM Græcum [in pharmacy] white dog＇s turd.

ALBUM Oculi, the white of an eye. Lat.

ALBUM Ovium, the white of an egg. Lat.

ALBUQUE＇RQUE, a city of Spain, in the kingdom of Lern, and
province of Estremadura, situated on the frontiers of Portugal. La­
titude 39° 01′ N. Longitude 7° 02′ W.

A＇LBURN Colour, a brown. See AUBURN.

ALBU＇RNUM [with botanists] is esteemed by some to be the fat of
trees, that part of the trunk that is between the bark and timber, or
the most tender wood, to be hardened after the space of some years.

A＇LBY, or A＇LBI, a city of France, in the province of Languedoc.
It is situated on the river Tarne, and is the see of an archbishop.
Lat. 43° 50′ N. Longitude 0° 40′ E.

ALCA＇CER de Sal, or ALCA＇REZ, a town of Portugal, situated on
the river Cadoan, in the province of Estremadura. Latitude 38°
30′ N. Longitude 9° 2′ W.

A＇LCAHEST, an universal dissolvent, which was pretended to by Pa­
racelsus and Helmont. See ALCO＇RAD.

A＇LCAHOL, or ALCOHO＇L [in Arab. two distinct words; the
former signifies the stibium, or species of antimony; and the latter an
eye-powder, or liniment made thereof. Gol. [with chemists] the pure
substance of any thing that is separated from the more gross, but
more especially a subtil and highly refined powder; and also a very
pure spirit, as alcohol vini, the rectified spirit of wine.

ALCA＇IC Verses, Latin verses, that consist of two dactyls, and two
trochees, so named of Alcæus, the first inventor.

An ALCAIC Ode consists of four strophes, each of which contain
four verses; the two first are alcaic verses of the same kind; the third
an iambic diameter hypercatalectic, i. e. of four feet and a long syl­
lable; the fourth is an alcaic of the first kind. The alcaic strophe en­
tire is as follow:
Omnes eodem cogimur, omnium
Versatur urna, serius, ocyus
Sors exitura, & nos in æternum
Exilium impositura cymbæ.

ALCAICS, are of three species; the first consists of two dactyls and
two trochees.
Exilium impositura cymbæ.
The second consists of five feet; the first of which is a spondee or iam­
bic; the second an iambic; the third a long syllable; the fourth a
dactyl; the fifth a dactyl or amphimacer; as Horace,
Omnes eodem cogimur, omnium
Versatur urna, serius, ocyus
Sors exitura.
These two are called alcaic dactylicks; the third species has the first an
epitrite, the second and third choriambus＇s, and the fourth a bac­
chius, as
Cur timet flavum tiberim tangere? Cur olivum

ALCAL＇DE, 1. A sort of judge or minister of justice among the
Spaniards, much the same as a provost, first instituted by the Sara­
cens. Du Cange.

ALCAY＇DE [of al, Arab. the, and cayid, chief, leader, or præfect]
in Spanish it signifies the governor or constable of a castle; also a
goaler. Pinedo.

A＇LCALINE [alcalin, Fr. alcali, It.] belonging to alcali.

A＇LCALIOUS, of or pertaining to alcali.

ALCALIZA＇TION, or ALKALIZA＇TION [with chemists] the act of
impregnating a liquor with an alcaline salt.

ALCA＇NNA, the name of a drug used in dying, which comes from
Egypt, and some other parts of the Levant, being the leaves of an
Egyptian plant. The leaves make a yellow, when infused in water,
and a red, in acid liquors. The root of alcanna, though green, will
give a red stain. Brown＇s Vulgar Errors.

ALCA＇REZ, a town of New Castile in Spain, situated on the river
Guadarema, 100 miles north-west of Cartagena. Lat. 38° 3′ N.
Long. 3° 1′ W.

ALCAVA＇LA, a custom-house duty paid in Spain, and in Spanish
America. It is a duty of import, at the rate of five per cent. of the
price of merchandizes. Postlethwayt＇s Dict.

ALCHIME＇LLA, ladies-mantle, in botany, a plant, whose flower is
of the apetalous kind, being composed of a number of stamina, arising
out of a funnel-shaped cup, which is divided into several segments at
the edge. The pistil, which stands in the center of these, finally be­
comes one or more seeds, contained in a capsule, which was originally
the cup of the flower. Tournefort.

ALCHY＇MICAL [from alchymy] belonging to, or produced by al­
chymy.

A＇LCHYMICALLY [from alchymical] by way of alchymy, in the
manner of an alchymist.

ALCHY＇MIST [chymiste, Fr. alchimista, It. alquimista, Sp. alchy­
mista, Lat.] one who studies or makes profession of alchymy.

A＇LCHYMY, or A＇LCHEMY [chymie, Fr. alchimia, It. alquímia, Sp.
alchymia, Lat. of al, Arab. the, and χημεια, Gr. which Suidas calls
the art of preparing gold and silver] in the modern use it signifies that
sublimer part of chemistry that teaches the transmutation of metals,
and making the grand elixir or philosophers stone. Golcus in his
explication of this compound word, calls it chymia, and art of mak­
ing gold; as also the philosophic powder by it prepared. Some have
defined this study of alchymy to be ars sine arte, cujus principium est
mentiri, medium laborare, & finis mendicare, i. e. an art without
art, which begins with lying, is carried on with labour, and ends in
beggary. And thus it was found to his sorrow by Penotus, who
having spent his whole life and fortune in this art in vain, died
in an alms-house at Yverdon in Switzerland, and was used to say,
that had he an enemy he did not dare openly to attack, he would
recommend the study of alchymy to him.

ALCHYMY is properly represented by an ancient philosopher, in
the midst of all sort of chemical glasses, instruments, &c. who, while
blowing at his furnace, espies a glass broken, and the image of vain
hope flying out with the smoke.
There is no ALCHYMY like sading.
The Lat. say: Magnum vectigal parsimonia.
The Ger. say: Die sparsamkeit iu ein grosser zyll. (parsimony is a
great income.)

ALCHYMY is also the name of a kind of mixed metal, used in
kitchen utensils. The yellow colour may be some mixture of orpi­
ment, such as they use to brass in the yellow alchymy. White al­
chymy is made of pan brass one pound, and arsenicum three ounces;
or alchymy is made of copper and auripigmentum. Bacon.

ALCOCHO＇DON [with astrologers] i. e. the giver of life or years, the
planet which bears rule in the principal places of an astrological figure,
when a person is born; so that his life may be expected longer or
shorter, according to the station, &c. of this planet.

A＇LCOHOL [in chemistry] chiefly used to signify the purest spirit of
wine, entirely free from phlegm.

ALCOHOLIZA＇TION [from alcoholize] the reducing any substance
into a fine powder; or in liquids, the depriving liquid spirits or alco­
hols of their phlegm, or waterish quality, highly rectifying them.

To ALCO＇HOLIZE [from alcohol, in chemistry] to subtilize or reduce
to an alcohol, or to make a highly dephlegmated spirit or impalpable
powder.

ALCMANAN Verse, a sort of verse composed of three dactyls and a
long syllable, as
Munera, lætitiamque Dei.

ALCODE＇TA, the tartarous sediment of urine.

ALCO＇RAD [with astrologers] a contrariety of light in the planets.
I suspect both this and the word alcahest to be of Arabian extract;
but can find no traces of either in Golcus＇s Lexicon.

A＇LCORAN, [from al, the, and coran, of carà, to read, Arab.] the







thing to be read; the Mahometan bible, so called by way of eminence,
or that revelation which they believe was sent down from heaven to
Mahomet.

ALCORA＇NES, high slender turrets, which the Turks generally build
for use and ornament near their mosques.

ALCO＇VE [Fr. alcovo, It. alcóva, Sp.] a particular place in a
chamber, parted by an estrade, or partition of a column and other
correspondent ornaments; in which is placed a bed of state, and some­
times seats to entertain company. Dict. de Trevoux.

A＇LCYON, or HA＇LCYON, a bird called the king＇s fisher.

ALCYO＇NIA [ἀλκυονια, Gr.] Halcyon stones, a sort of stones sup­
posed to be formed of the froth of the sea, with which the birds called
king＇s fishers make their nests.

ALCYO＇NIUM [in botany] the name of a genus of submarine plants,
consisting of a rigid fibrous substance, disposed into various forms, and
sometimes coated over with a crust of a similar but more compact sub­
stance than the rest.

A＇LDBOROUGH, a sea port town of suffolk, 76 miles north-east of
London; sends two members to parliament; and has two weekly mar­
kets, Mondays and Saturdays.

A＇LDBOROUGH is also the name of a market-town in Yorkshire,
about 15 miles north-west of the city of York.

ALDE＇A, a town in Portugal, in the province of Estremadura, 10
miles south of Lisbon. Lat. 38° 40′ N. Long. 9° 20′ W.

ALDE＇BARAN [with astronomers] the name of a fixed star, called
royal, of the first magnitude, seated in the head of the constellation of
the bull, called commonly the bull＇s eye.

A＇LDER Tree [aldor, Sax. alnus, Lat.] a tree delighting to grow
in watery, boggy places. Its leaves resemble those of the hazel; the
male flowers or catkins are produced at remote distances from the fruit
on the same tree. The fruit is squamose and of a conical figure. The
species are, 1. The common or round-lea vedalder. 2. The long-leaved
alder. And 3. The scarlet alder. The wood is used by turners, and
will endure long under ground or in water. These trees are propa­
gated either by planting layers or truncheons about three feet in
length in February or March. Miller.

ALDER, first or best, as alder-best is the best of all.

ALDERLIE＇VEST [sup. of ald, old, alder, elder, and lieve, dear,
beloved] most beloved, that has held the longest possession of the
heart. As, you mine alderlievest sovereign. Shakespeare.

A＇LDERMAN [of eald, old, ealder, older, and man, hence ealder­
man, Sax. altermann, Ger. alderman, Su.] anciently one of the three
degrees of nobility among the Anglo-Saxons, being the second degree,
adelm was the first, and thane the third. The same as senator. Cowel.
Aldermen of London and other cities, &c. are now the associates of
the lord mayor, or chief magistrate of a city or corporation A gover­
nor or magistrate originally, as the name imports, chosen on account
of the experience which his age had given him.

A＇LDERMANLY, pertaining to an alderman, or like an alderman.
Altermann is still in use in several places in Germany, and is gene­
rally, in cities and republicks, a magistrate inferior and next under a
senator. In Bremen they compose a sort of separate senate, with great
privilege and power, and is properly a sort of council of commerce.

A＇LDERNEY, an island in the British Channel, separated from Cape
La Hogue, by a strait called the Race of Alderney: it is subject to the
crown of Great Britain. Lat. 49° 50′ N. Long. 2° 15′ W.

ALE [eale, Sax. ael, O. Ger. O. Dan. all signify beer in general
of all sorts, tho＇ now by us limited to sweet, unhopped beer] 1. A sort
of liquor made by infusing malt in almost boiling water, then boiling it
well off, and, after cooling it, putting yeast thereto to foment, and
tuning it up for use. 2. A merry meeting in country places. As,
Authorities at wakes and ales we bring you now. Ben. Johnson.

A＇LEBERRY, a beerage, or kind of food made by boiling ale with
spice, sugar, and sops of bread, or with oatmeal.

A＇LEBREWER, one who brews ale.

ALE-CONNER, an officer of London, whose business is to inspect the
liquid measures used in victualling-houses. Four of them are chosen or
rechosen annually by the common hall of the city; and whatever might
be their use formerly, their places are now regarded only as fine-cures
for decayed citizens.

ALE-DRAPER, a victualler, an alehouse-keeper.

ALE-HOOF [of ale-behofn, Sax. ale, and hooft] the herb ground­
ivy. See GROUND-IVY.

ALE-HOUSE [eal hus, Sax.] a house where strong drink is sold. A
tipling-house. It is distinguished from a tavern where wine is sold.

ALEHOUSE-Keeper, he that keeps ale publickly to sell.

ALE-SHOT. See SCOTALE.

ALE-SILVER, a tribute or rent paid annually to the lord mayor of
London by those that sold ale within the liberties of the city.

ALE-STAKE, a May-pole, because the country-people drew much
ale there; but not properly the common May-pole; but rather a long
stake drove into the ground with a sign on it, that ale was there to be
sold.

ALE-TASTER [ale, and taste] an officer sworn in every court-leet,
to examine and see, that there be a due size and goodness of ale, beer,
bread, &c.

ALE and Beer, a mixture of both, in which the ale predominates.

Beer and ALE, the same, in which the beer predominates.

ALECENA＇RIUM, a sort of hawk called a lanner.

ALEC＇TO [αληκτω, of α priv. and ληγω, to cease, q. d. without re­
pulse] the daughter of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine,
one of the furies of hell.

ALECTO＇RIA, or ALECTO＇RIUS [ἀλεκτωρια, Gr.] the cock-stone, or
capon-stone; a stone about the bigness of a bean, and of a crystal co­
lour, found in the maw or gizzard, or rather gall bladder of a cock.
Lat.

ALECTORO＇LOPHUS [ἀλικτωρολοϕος, Gr.] an herb that has green
leaves like tusts of feathers on the crown of a cock; cocks-comb,
rattle-grass, or louse-herb.

ALECTRYO＇MANCY, or ALECTORO＇MANCY [alectryomantia, Lat. of
ἀλεκτρυωμαντεια, of ἀλεκτωρ or ἀλεκτρυων, a cock, and μαντεια, divination,
of μαντευομαι, Gr. to soretel] an ancient divination, in which they
made use of a cock in discovering secret and unknown transactions or
future events. The method was this; they first wrote on the dust the
twenty-four letters of the alphabet, and laid a grain of wheat or bar­
ley upon every one of them; then having prepared a cock magically,
they let him loose among them, and those letters out of which he
picked the corns being put together, were thought to declare what­
ever they had a mind to know.

ALECTRYO＇MACHY [ἀλεκτρυωμαχια, of ἀλεκτωρ, a cock, and μαχη,
a fight] the sport of cock-fighting.

A＇LEGAR [qu. eager or tart ale] vinegar made of ale; as a sort of acid
vinegar is made of wine, that hath lost its spirit or become vapid.

A＇LEGER [alagre, alegre, Fr. alacris, Lat.] cheerful, sprightly. A
word used by Bacon, now obsolete. As, Tobacco, of which the Turks
are great takers, condenses the spirits, and makes them strong and
alegar.

A＇LEKNIGHT [ale, and knight] a tipler, a pot companion. A word
now obsolete. As, the old aleknights of England were well depainted in
the alehouse colours of that time. Camden.

ALE＇MBIC [alambic, Fr. lambicco, It. alambique, Sp. alembicus, Lat.
a still, a chemical vessel of pewter, copper, &c. used in distillation, in
shape something like an helmet, and having a beak or nose towards
the bottom by which the vapours descend.

ALE＇MBOR, or ALE＇MBROTH [with Paracelsians] the philosophers
salt, the key of art.

ALENGRE＇TTE, a town of Portugal, in the province of Alentego,
situated on the river Caya. Lat. 39° 0′ N. Long. 7° 50′ W.

ALE＇NGNER, a town of Portugal, in the province of Estremadura, 27
miles north-east of Lisbon.

ALENTE＇JO, a province of Portugal, lying south of the Tagus. It
is reckoned the finest and most fertile of all Portugal, abounding with
corn, wine, oil, and fruits.

ALE＇NGTH [from at length] in length, long ways, a great extent,
along the ground.

ALEOPHANGI＇NA, or ALEPHANGI＇NA [with physicians] powders of
sweet spices.

ALE＇NTOIS. See ALLANTOIS.

ALE＇NZON, a large city of Normandy, capital of the duchy of the
same name. It lies under the meridian of London. Lat. 48° 32′ N.

ALE＇PPO, a large city of Asiatic Turky. It is an inland city, built
on four hills, in the middle of a pleasant fruitful plain. It is well fur­
nished with fountains, and reservoirs of water, and their gardens and
vineyards well planted with grapes, oranges, apples, cherries, and
other excellent fruit. The Christians, who are allowed the free exercise of
their religion, have their houses and churches in the suburbs. A very
considerable trade is carried on here, particularly by the Europeans.
Lat. 36° 30′ N. Long. 37° 40′ E.

ALE＇RT [of alerte, Fr. of ala, Lat. a wing; as being ready upon
the wing. Johnson says it is probably from a l＇art, according to art
or rule.] 1. In the common acceptation; brisk, cheerful, pert, as
implying some censure or insult. 2. In military affairs, watchful,
ready at a call, upon one＇s guard.

ALE＇RTNESS [of alert] pertness, liveliness.

ALE＇SSIO, a town of European Turky, situated at the mouth of
the river Drino, near the gulph of Venice, in the province of Alba­
nia. Lat. 42° 1′ N. Long. 20° 1′ E.

ALESSA＇NO, a town of Italy, in the province of Otranto, in the
kingdom of Naples. Lat. 40° 6′ N. Long. 19° 30′ E.

ALE＇T, or ALE＇TH, a town of France, situated in the upper Lan­
guedoc, at the foot of the Pyrenees, about 32 miles west of Narbonne.

ALE＇T [in falconry] the true falcon of Peru, that never lets her
prey escape.

A＇LETUDE [aletudo, Lat.] fatness of the body.

A＇LEVAT, [from all and vat] a brewing vessel.

A＇LEWASHED [of ale and wash] steeped or soaked in ale. Used
by Shakespeare.

AL＇EWISE [of ale and wise] a woman that keeps an alehouse.

A＇LEXANDER, or ALESSANDERS, an herb. The species are; 1.
Common Alexanders. 2. Foreign Alexanders. The first, which is
prescribed in medicine by the college, grows wild in divers parts of
England. The flowers are produced in umbels, consisting of several
leaves, which are orbicular, and expand in form of a rose on the em­
palement, afterward they become an almost globular fruit, consisting
of two pretty thick seeds, gibbous and streaked on one side, and plain
on the other. Miller.

ALEXANDERS-FOOT, an herb, the root of which resembles a foot.

ALEXANDRE＇TTA. See SCANDEROON.

ALEXA＇NDRIA, a port town of Egypt, about 14 miles west of the
most westerly branch of the river Nile; subject to the Turks. Lat.
30° 40′ N. Long. 31° 15′ E.

ALEXANDRIA, is also the name of a city of Italy, in the duchy of
Milan, situated on the river Tenaro, the see of a bishop, and subject
to the king of Sardinia. Lat. 44° 45′ N. Long. 8° 52′ W.

ALEXA＇NDRINE [with poets] a kind of verse borrowed from the
French, and first used in a poem called Alexander. They consist,
among the French, of twelve and thirteen syllables in alternate cou­
plets; and among us of twelve. Being two syllables, or one foot
more than the common heroic or pentameter; as,
The same the fate of arms and arts you＇ll find,
They rose with equal pace, with equal pace declin＇d.

ALEXI＇CACON [ἀλεξικακον, of ἀλεξω, to expell or drive out, and
κακον, evil] a medicine to expel any ill humours out of the body.

ALEXIPHA＇RMIC, or ALEXIPHARMICAL [ἀλεξιϕαρμακος, of
ἀλεξω, to expel, and ϕαρμακον, poison] of a poison expelling qua­
lity.

ALEXIPHARMIC Medicines, are those used either as antidotes against
poison, or any infectious distemper; or else to fortify the spirits which
are decayed or drooping in malignant distempers.

ALEXIPYRE＇TICUM, or ALEXIPYRE＇TUM [ἀλεξιπυρετον, of ἀλεξω
and πυρετος, Gr. a fever] a medicine that drives away fevers.

ALEXITE＇RICAL, or ALEXITE＇RIC [ἀλεξιτηριον, Gr.] that expels
or fortifies against poison, and prevents the mischievous effects of it in
a human body.

ALEXITE＇RICUM [with physicians] a preservative against poison or
infection.

ALEE＇T [of alphetum, alfæt, Sax. a kettle, probably of œlan, Sax.
a cauldron] a sort of a trial of innocency by the accused person putting







his arm up to the elbow into a cauldron of scalding hot water; and if
he was hurt, he was judged to be guilty, if not, he was acquitted.

ALFE＇TUM, a cauldron or furnace.

A＇LFIELD, a town of Germany, in the bishopric of Hildesham, and
circle of Lower Saxony, about 10 miles south of Hildesham.

ALFRI＇DARY [with astrologers] a temporary power they imagine
the planets have over the life of any person.

A＇LGA [in botany] a weed or herb that grows on the sea-shore,
sea-weed or reets. Lat.

ALGA Saccharifera [with botanists] sugar-bearing sea-weed. By
hanging in the air, this plant will afford repeated efflorescences of white
sugar, as sweet as any prepared from sugar-canes. Lat.

ALGARES, a strong emetic and cathartic powder prepared of butter
of antimony.

A＇LGART [in chemistry] a preparation of butter of antimony,
washed in a large quantity of warm water till it turn to a white
powder. It is otherwise called mercurius vitæ.

ALGA＇RVA, the most southerly province of Portugal. The country
is very mountainous, but produces abundance of wine, oil; figs,
raisins, dates, pomegranates, and other fruits.

A＇LGATRANE, a sort of pitch or bituminous matter, found in a bay
on the south side of the isle Plata.

A＇LGATES [all, and gate, which denotes way] by any means,
always. The word is used by Fairfax, now obsolete.

A＇LGEBRA [it is derived of al, Arab. and Geber, Arab. a reduc­
tion of fractures to a state of soundness. Gol. Hence, says he, algebra
has its name; not from the name of its supposed inventor] the science
of quantity in general, or a peculiar method of reasoning, which
takes the quantity sought, as if it were known, and then by the
help of another or more quantities given, proceeds by undeniable
consequences, till at length the quantity first only supposed to be
known, is found to be equal to some quantity or quantities certainly
known; it is two-fold, either numeral or literal: and often called
the analytical art. This art was in use among the Arabs, long be­
fore it came into Europe, and they are supposed to have bor­
rowed it from the Persians, and these from the Indians. The first
Greek author of algebra was Diophantus, who about the year 800
wrote thirteen books. In 1494 Lucas Pacciolus, or Lucas de Burgos,
a cordelier, wrote a treatise of algebra in Italian at Venice. He never
mentions Diophantus, which makes it probable that that author was
not yet known in Europe, whose method was very different from that
of the Arabs, observed by Pacicolus and his followers. His algebra
goes no further than simple and quadratic equations; and only some of
the others advanced to the solution of cubic equations. After several
improvements by Vieta, Oughtred, Harriot, Descartes, &c. Sir Isaac
Newton brought this art to the height at which it still continues: Dict.
de Trevoux. Chambers.

Numeral ALGEBRA, or Vulgar ALGEBRA, serves to resolve arith­
metical questions: it is so called, because the quantity unknown and
sought for, is represented by some letter of the alphabet, or some other
character taken at pleasure; but all the quantities given are expressed
by numbers, called the old algebra.

Literal ALGEBRA, or Specious ALGEBRA, is a method by which
both the quantities given or known, and those unknown are, severally
expressed by letters of the alphabet; and this is useful generally in the
solving mathematical problems, and is called the new algebra.

ALGEBRA＇ICAL, or ALGEBRAIC [of algebra] 1. Relating to alge­
bra. 2. Containing operations in algebra.

ALGEBRA＇ICAL Curve [in geometry] is a curve of such a nature,
that the abscisses of it will always bear the same proportion to their re­
spective ordinates; thus if the product of any abscissæ, A P = x mul­
tiplied into the same quantity, p. be always equal to the square of the
correspondent ordinate, P M = y y, it is an algebraical curve.

ALGEBRA＇ICALLY [of algebraical] in an algebraical manner.

ALGEBRA＇IST, a person skilled in the art of algebra.

A＇LGEMA [ἀλγημα, Gr.] pain, sickness.

A＇LGENEB [with astronomers] a fixed star of the second magnitude
in the right side of Perseus, in longitude 57 degrees 17 minutes of ου,
latitude 30 degrees 5 minutes, north.

A＇LGHER, a city on the north west coast of the island of Sardinia, a
bishopric, subject to the king of Sardinia. Lat. 41° 30′ N Long.
8° 40′ E.

A＇LGID [algidus, Lat.] cold, chile.

ALGI＇DITY, or A＇LGIDNESS [algiditas, Lat.] coldness, chilness.

ALGI＇ERS, a kingdom of Africa, situated between 30 and 37 degrees
of north latitude, and between 1 degree west and nine degrees east lon­
gitude. It is bounded by the Mediterranean on the north, by the
kingdom of Tunis on the east, by mount Atlas on the south, and by
the river Mulvia, which separates it from the empire of Morocco, on
the west; extending 600 miles along the Barbary coast. The Turks,
who are masters of this kingdom, are but few in number, in comparison
of the Moors, or natives, who have no share in the government. The
Arabs, who live in tents, are distinct from either. The dey of Algiers
is an absolute, tho＇ an elective monarch. He is chosen by the Turkish
soldiers only, and is frequently deposed, or even put to death by them.
The greatest commerce of the Algerines consists in the merchandize
which they obtain by the pyratical plunder of the Christians over the
whole Mediterranean, and part of the ocean. Their corsairs are con­
tinually bringing in prizes, with great numbers of Christian slaves.

ALGI＇FIC [algificus, of algor, Lat.] making chilly, or cold.

ALGOL [in astronomy] a fixed star of the second magnitude in the
constellation of Perseus, in longitude 51 degrees 37 minutes, latitude
22 degrees 22 minutes, north, of ου; called also Medusa＇s head.

A＇LGOR, great cold, or chilness. Lat.

A＇LGORISM [with mathematicians] the practical operations in the
several parts of specious arithmetic; also the practice of common arith­
metic, by ten numerical figures.

A＇LGORITHM [with mathematicians] the art of reckoning or com­
puting by numbers, and contains the five principal parts of arithmetic,
viz. numeration, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division;
the same is called logistica numeralis.

ALGO＇SE [algosus, Lat.] full of sea weeds or reets, called alga.

ALGUA＇ZIL, a serjeant or officer in Spain, who arrests persons, and
executes the orders of the magistrate.

ALHO＇LLAND-TIDE [is a corruption of alhallows-tide or time, q. d.
the tide or time of all holy men] the first day of November, called all-
saints-day.

ALHI＇DA DA [with astronomers] the index or ruler that moves upon
the centre of an astrolabe, quadrant, or other mathematical instru­
ment, and carries the sights. Arab.

ALHA＇NDAL [in pharmacy] the Arabian name of colocynthis, as
trochiscæ alhandali, are troches composed of colocynthis, bdellium,
and gum tragacanth.

A＇LIAS, otherwise. Lat.

ALIAS, a second or further writ issued from the courts at Westmin­
ster, after a capias issued out without effect.

ALIAS is used; in law, to ascertain the name and additions of the
defendant in declarations for debt or bond, and it is often used in cri­
minal trials.

ALIBA＇NIES, cotton cloath imported into Holland from the East
Indies.

A＇LIBLE [alibilis] nourishable, nourishing.

A＇LICANDE, a tree growing in some parts of the Lower Ethiopia,
from whose bark a kind of flax is spun, of which is made a sort of
cloth almost as beautiful as that made from hemp. Postlethwayt＇s Dict.

A＇LICANT, a sea-port town of Spain, in the province of Valencia.
It has a castle on a high rock, almost impregnable. Its foreign trade
in wine and fruit, is very considerable. Lat. 38° 35′ N. Long.
0° 30′ W.

A＇LIEN [alienus, Lat.] a foreigner or stranger, one born in a fo­
reign country, who, according to the English common law, is unca­
pable of inheriting lands in England, till he is naturalized by act of
parliament.

ALIEN, adj. 1. Foreign, not of the same country or family. 2.
Estranged from, adverse to, not relating to; having properly the
particle from, not to. They encouraged persons and principles alien
from our religion and government. Swift.

To ALIEN [aliener, Fr. alieno, Lat.] 1. To transfer or convey the
property of any thing to another. 2. To turn the affections from,
to make averse to: with the particle from.

To ALIEN in Fee [a law term] is to sell the fee simple of any land
or tenement, or any incorporeal right.

To ALIEN in Mortmain [a law phrase] signifies to make over an
estate to a religious house, or any other body politic.

ALIEN Priories, certain cells of monks formerly in England, which
appertained to foreign monasteries.

A＇LIENABLE [Fr. alienabile, It.] that may be alienated.

ALIENATE [alienatus, Lat.] estranged or withdrawn from: having
the particle from.

To ALIENATE [aliener, Fr. alieno, Lat.] 1. To make over, to give
the right and property of a thing to another 2. To draw away or estrange
the affections: with the particle from; where the first possession is
named.

ALIENA＇TION [Fr. alienazione, It. of alienatio, Lat.] 1. A making
over the right and property of a thing to another. 2. The state of
alienation; as, the estate was wasted during its alienation. 3. The
drawing away or estranging the affection of one person from another.
4. Disorder of the understanding and other faculties of the mind; as
an alienction of mind, or utter absence of wit and judgment. Hooker.

ALIENATION Office, an office to which all writs and covenants of
entry, upon which fines are levied and recoveries suffered, are carried,
to have fines for alienation set and paid thereon.

ALIENI＇LOQUY [alieniloquium, of alienus, foreign, and loquor, Lat.
to speak] a talking wide from the purpose, or not to the matter in hand.

ALI＇FEROUS [alifer, Lat. of ala, a wing, and fero, to bear] bear­
ing or having wings.

ALIFO＇RMES Musculi [in anatomy] muscles in the form of a wing,
arising from the ossa pterygoidea, as also the process of the os cunei­
forme, and ending in the neck of the lower jaw.

ALIFORMES Processus [in anatomy] the prominences, or knob­
like bones of the os cuneiforme, from the forepart, and the same with
the pterygoides.

A＇LIFRED [alifred, Sax,] allowed or permitted.

ALI＇GEROUS [aliger, Lat. of ala, a wing, and gero, to carry] bear­
ing, carrying, or having wings.

To ALI＇GGE [of a and ligge, N. C. for to lay] to allay, to abate,
to quell. A word even antique in Spencer＇s time, and now quite for­
gotten.
It shall aligge this bitter blast,
And slake the winter sorrow. Spencer.

To ALI＇GHT [alihtan, Sax. aflichten, Du.] 1. To get off the back
of an horse, 2. To settle upon, as a bird. The word generally implies
resting or stopping. 3. To fall upon; denoting something falling or
thrown; as, Storms of stones on our helms alight. Dryden.

ALKADA＇RII [from al-kadar, Arab. the decree] a sect among the
Mahometans, who deny the doctrine of absolute decrees. They are
asserters of freewill; hold that man is vested with a sufficient power
to do good or ill; is capable of meriting or demeriting, and shall be
rewarded or punished accordingly. Abulpharag. Hist. Dynast.

ALI＇KE [from like, gelych, Du. O. and L. Ger. gleich, H. Ger.]
with refemblance, the fame form, or in the like manner, without any
difference.

A＇LIMA [of α priv. and λιμος, Gr. hunger] medicines which either
prevent or assuage hunger.

A＇LIMENT [Fr. alimento, It. and Sp. of alimentum, Lat.] food;
whatsoever is proper to nourish or supply the decays of nature; or to
recruit a human body; nourishment.

A＇LIMENT [in a medicinal sense] all that which may be dissolv＇d by
the ferment or natural heat or the stomach, and converted into the
juice called chyle, to repair the continual wasting of the parts of the
body.

ALIME＇NTAL. See ALIME＇NTARY.

ALIMENTALIS Ductus [with anatomists] the gullet, stomach, and
bowels, which make but one continued duct or canal.

ALIMENTA＇RINESS [of alimentarius, Lat.] nourishing quality.

ALIME＇NTARY, or ALIME＇NTAL [from aliment] pertaining to nou­
rishment, having a nourishing power or quality.

ALIMENTA＇TION [aliment] the power of nourishing, the quality of
yielding aliment. A word used by Bacon.








ALIMENTARY Duct [in anatomy] that part of the body through
which the food passes, from its reception into the mouth to its exit at
the anus, including the gula, stomach, and intestines. Also it is some­
times used for the thoracic duct.

A＇LIMONY [alimonia, Lat.] maintenance, sustenance.

ALIMONY [in law] that portion or allowance, which may be sued
for by a married woman upon any occasional separation from her hus­
band, when she is not charged with adultery or elopement.

ALIMO＇NIOUS [from alimony] that which affords aliment. A word
very little used, except by Harvey, on consumptions.

ALIO＇TICA, altering medicines.

A＇LIPEDE [alipes, Lat. of ales, a bird, and pes, a foot] nimble,
swift of foot.

ALI＇PTERY [alipterium, Lat. of ἀλειπτηριον, Gr.] a place belonging
to, or an apartment in baths, where persons were anointed.

A＇LIQUANT PART [aliquantus, Lat. in arithmetic] is part of a
number, which however repeated, will never make up the number
exactly, but is either over or under it, as 2 is an aliquant of 7, thrice 2
being 6, four times 2 making 8.

A＇LIQUOT PART [aliquot, Lat. arithmetic] a part which being ta­
ken a certain number of times precisely, makes up any number; so 3
is an aliquot part of 9, for 3 times 3 make exactly 9.

ALISA＇NDERS, the herb lovage. See ALEXA＇NDERS.

A＇LISH [from ale] being like ale, having the quality of ale. It is
used by Mortimer in his husbandry.

A＇LITURE [alitura, Lat.] nourishment, or the reparation of the
body by the addition of new, nutritious juices.

ALITU＇RGESY [aliturgesia, Lat. of ἀλειτουργησια, Gr.] a franchise­
ment, or exemption from any public office or charge.

ALI＇VE [of a, and lyf, Sax. life] 1. Living, in the world; not
dead. 2. Figuratively, unabated, in full activity or force. 3. Full
of sprightliness, vivacious. 4. In a popular sense, it is used only to
add an emphasis, like the French du monde; as, the best man alive,
that is, the best with an emphasis.

A＇LKAHEST [in chemistry] a word first used by Paracelsus, and
adopted by his followers, to signify an universal dissolvent or men­
struum, which, as some chemists pretend, will dissolve all sorts of
mixed bodies into a liquor of its own substance, and yet preserve the
power of its seeds, and also its natural essential form intire.

A＇LKAKENGI [in botany] the fruit of one of the night-shades; the
winter-cherry, the berries whereof are of use against obstructions of
the liver, the stone, and divers diseases of the kidney and bladder.
The plant bears a near resemblance to solanum or nightshade, whence
it is frequently called in Latin by that name, with the epithet of vesica­
rium. Chambers.

ALKALE＇SCENT [of alkali] that which has a tendency to the nature
of an alkali.

A＇LKALI [so called from the Arabic particle al, and kali] an
herb, called otherwise salt-wort or glass-wort, which is a kind of sea­
blite, and one of the principal ingredients in making glass, and affords
a great quantity of that kind of salt, which is opposed to acids. But
with Golius, kali signifies the ashes from salicornia, and the like burnt
plants.

ALKALI, in the modern extensive sense, is any substance, which be­
ing mixed with an acid, an ebullition, and effervescence ensues.

ALKALI Salts, are only acids concentrated in little molecules of
earth, and united with certain particles of oil by the means of fire.

Fixed ALKALIES [with chemists] are made by burning a plant, as
kali, &c. and having made a lixivium, or lee, of the ashes, filtrating
that lee, and evaporating the moisture of it by a gentle heat, so that
the fixed salt may be left at the bottom of the vessel. This white salt,
they called sal kali, or alkali. It is corrosive, producing putrefaction
in animal substances, to which it is applied. Arbuthnot. This fixed
salt being rendered very porous by the fire having passed so often thro＇
it in its calcination, and probably by fixing there some of its essential
salt; and because that many of the fiery particles do also stick in those
pores, when any acid liquor is mingled with it, causes a very great
ebullition or effervescence.

Volatile ALKALIES [in chemistry] are the volatile salts of vegeta­
bles, which are so called, because they will ferment with acids.

A＇LKALINE [of alkali] that which has the properties of an alkali.

To AKALI＇ZATE [of alkali] to change a body to an alkali, or to
mix alkalies with it.

ALKALIZATE, impregnated with an alkali, having the qualities of
an alkali.

ALKALIZATE Bodies [with chemists] are such as have their pores
naturally so formed, in such a proportion, that they are fit to be
pierced and put into a violent motion, by the points of an acid poured
upon them.

ALKALIZATE Spirits of Wine [with chemists] a very pure spirit,
that will burn all away, and even fire gun-powder.

ALKALIZA＇TION [with chemists] act of reducing or turning into an
alkali.

A＇LKANET [anchusa, Lat. with botanists] Spanish bugloss. It is a
plant, hath a red root, brought from the southern parts of France,
and is used in medicine: it will grow in any soil; and must be sown
in March. Millar.

ALKEKE＇NCI. See ALKAKENGI.

ALKE＇RMES of al, the Arabic particle, and kermes, certain red or
scarlet insects,] a confection sold by apothecaries, whereof the kermes
are the basis; the other ingredients are, pippin-cyder, rose-water,
sugar, ambergris, musk, cinnamon, aloes wood, pearl and leaf gold;
but the sweets are usually omitted. It is chiefly made at Montpelier,
which supplies most part of Europe therewith; the kermes which gives
the denomination, being no where found so plentifully as there.

ALL adj. [al, æll, æal, ealle, alle, Sax. all, Dan. Su. and Du. alle,
alles, Ger. allai, Goth. ol, Welch, ολος, Gr.] 1. The whole number,
every one. 2. The whole quantity, every part. 3. The whole du­
ration of time; as, all the day. 4. The whole extent of any place;
as, through all London.

ALL, adv. [See adj.] 1. Completely, quite: Balm shall all bedew
the roots. Dryden. 2. Wholly, altogether: Kings are all for present
money. Dryden. 3. Only, without admitting any thing else; as
Sure I shall never marry like my sister,
To love my father all. Shakespeare
4. Although: a truly Teutonic sense, but now obsolete:
Do you not think the accomplishment of it
Sufficient work for one man＇s simple head,
All were it as the rest but simply writ. Spencer.
5. Sometimes a word of emphasis, nearly the same with just; as,
A shepherd＇s swain, say, did thee bring
All as his straying flock he fed. Spencer.

ALL, subst. [See ALL adj. and adv.] 1. The whole; opposed to
part, or nothing: as, our all is at stake. Addison. 2. Every thing:
as, all the better. Shakespeare.

ALL, is much used in composition, but in most instances it is mere­
ly arbitrary; as, all-commanding, all-composing, &c. Sometimes
the words compounded with it are fixed and classical, as, almighty.
When it is connected with a participle, it seems to be a noun, as,
all-surrounding; in other cases an adverb, as, all-accomplished, or
completely accomplished.

ALL [in names proper or common] seems to be derived from cald,
Sax. old (l) according to the custom of the Normans, being liquidated
into u makes au, as auburn, anciently written aldbvrn, and alding­
ton, avnton.

An the grabe ALL are alike. Lat. æqua tellus pauperi regnumque pueris
Horat. And therefore, as we are all to be reduced to the same state in
so short a time, what a solly it is for us to puff ourselves up with pride
and vanity, on account of any superiority in this world, either of
body, mind, or estate; when we do not know but the very next mo­
ment may, and a very short time will, put us upon a level with those,
who, for their inferiority, we esteem the most mean and despicable.
What All say is as good as sealed; that is, as good as confirmed,
and may be reasonably supposed to be true.

ALL [of us] cannot do ALL (or every thing.) L. non omnes possumus
omnes. H. Ger. gin jeder kan nicht alles. We ought not therefore to
despise or think meanly of those who may not be masters just of the
same skill and knowledge we ourselves are, when perhaps they have
some qualifications superior to our own, or at least that are of some use
to mankind.

A＇LLAH Arab. [from alaha, to adore] the name by which all
the professors of mahometism oall God. It is the same with the He­
brew eloah, which signifies God.

ALLABORA＇TION, act of labouring strenuously, Lat.

ALLA＇BORATENESS, state of being well wrought.

To A＇LLATRATE [allatratum, sup. of allatro, Lat.] to bark at or
against.

ALLAU＇DABLE [allaudabilis, Lat.] praise-worthy.

ALL GOOD, the herb mercury, or good-henry.

ALL SEED, a plant so called, from its abounding with seed.

ALLANTO＇IS, or ALLANTOI＇DES [of ᾶλλας, a sawsage, and
ειδος, form, Gr.] with anatomists, one of the coats belonging to a
child in the womb, which is placed between the amnion and the cho­
rion, and receives the urine coming from the bladder, by the navel
and urachus, the same that in many brutes is called farciminalis tunica,
because of its being in the shape of a gut-pudding; but it is round in
men and some brutes.

A＇LLAR [botany] the alder-tree, Lat.

ALLA＇Y [alloy, Fr.] 1. A mixture of baser metals with gold or silver
in coins to harden them, that they may wear less. Gold is allayed with
silver and copper, two carats to a pound troy; silver with copper
only, of which eighteen pennyweights is mixed with a pound. Cowel
thinks the allay is added to countervail the charge of coining; which
might have been done only by making the coin less. 2. Any thing
which being added abates the predominant qualities of that with which
it is mixed, in the same manner as the admixture of baser metals al­
lays the qualities of the first mass: as, dark colours suffer a sensible allay
by little scattering light. Sir Isaac Newton. 3. Allay being taken
from baser metals, commonly implies something worse than that with
which it is mixed. The joy hath no allay of jealousy. Roscommon.

To ALLA＇Y [alloyer, O. Fr. to mix one metal with another, in order to
coinage. It is therefore derived by some from à la loi, according to
law, the quantity of metals being mixed according to law; by others
from allier, to unite, perhaps from allocare, to put together] 1. To
mix metals with a baser sort; in this sense most authors preserve the
original French orthography, and write alloy. 2. To asswage or ease,
to lessen pain or grief, to pacify, to repress; the word in this sense
seems not to be derived from the French alloyer, but to be the English
word lay, with a before it, according to the old form. 3. To join any
thing to another, so as to abate its predominant qualities. Allay the
burning quality of the fell poison. Shakespeare.

To ALLAY a pheasant [in carving] is to cut it up.

ALLA＇YER [from allay] that which has the power or quality of al­
laying.

A＇LLAMENT [from allay] that which has the power of allaying or
abating the force of a thing. A word used by Shakespeare.

ALLECTA＇TION, an alluring. Lat.

ALLE＇CTIVE [allectivus, Lat.] of an alluring, inticing, engaging, or
charming quality.

ALLEGA＇TION, or ALLEGE＇MENT [Fr. allegagione, It. alegación, Sp.
of allegatio, Lat.] 1. Affirmation, declaration. 2. The thing alledged.
3. An alledging, as a plea or excuse: the quoting the authority of a
book, &c. to make good any point or assertion.

To ALLE＇DGE, or ALLE＇GE [alleguer, Fr. alleguàr, Sp. It. allego,
Lat.] 1. To affirm, to declare, to maintain. 2. To produce a thing
for proof, to instauce in, to quote, to plead as an excuse.

ALLE＇GEABLE [from allege] that may be alleged; a word in
Brown＇s vulgar errors.

ALLE＇GER [from allege] he that alleges.

ALLE＇GIANCE [allegeance, ligeance, Fr.] the natural and sworn obe­
dience, which is due from all subjects to their king or sovereign
prince.

ALLE＇GIANT, conformable to loyalty, or the duty of allegiance; a
word in Shakespeare not now used. For your graces I render allegiant
thanks.








ALLEGIA＇RE [oldlaw] to excuse, defend, or justify by course of law.

ALLE＇GRO [with musicians] is used to signify that the music ought
to be performed in a brisk, lively, gay, and pleasant manner; but yet
without precipitation or hurry. It denotes one of the six distinctions of
time; and expresses the quickest motion of all, except presto.
If it is preceded by poco, it weakens the strength of its signification,
intimating that the musick must not be performed quite so briskly and
gayly, as allegro would require, if it stood alone.
If allegro is preceded by the word piu, it adds to the strength of its
signification, requiring that the music be performed brisker and gayer
than allegro standing alone requires.

ALLEGRO ALLEGRO [with masters of music] signifies much the same
as PIU ALLEGro.

ALLEGRO, ma non presto [with musicians] signifies brisk, lively,
gay, but yet not too quick.

ALLEGO＇RICK, or ALLEGO＇RICAL [allegorique, Fr. allegorico, It.
and Sp. of allegoricus, Lat. of ἀλληγορικος, Gr.] pertaining to, or
partaking of the nature of an allegory, not literal, mystical, opposed
to real.

ALLEGO＇RICALLY, in an allegorical manner.

ALLEGO＇RICALNESS [of allegorical] having an allegorical quality.

ALLEGORI＇ZE [allegoriser, Fr. allegorizzare, It. allegorizàr, Sp. of
ἀλληγορεω, Gr.] 1. To make use of allegories in speech. 2. To ex­
plain passages, according to the allegorical sense, and not the literal.

A＇LLEGORY [allegorie, Fr. allegoria, Sp. allegoria, It. and Lat.
ἀλληγορια, of ἀλλος, another, and ἀγορευω, to speak, Gr.] a figura­
tive discourse, in which something else is meant than what the words
literally taken express. It is a continued metaphor, in which words
there is something couched, different from the literal sense, and the
figurative manner of speech is carried on through the whole discourse;
or it may be defined to be a series or continuation of metaphors, as that
allegory in Horace, Lib. 1. Ode 14.
O navis referent in mare te novi fluctus, &c.
Where by the ship, is meant the common wealth; by the waves, the
civil war; by the port, peace and concord; by the oars, soldiers; by
the mariners, magistrates, &c.

ALLELU＇JAH חללוה, Heb. i. e. praise ye the Lord. A word of spi­
ritual exultation used in hymns.

ALLELUJAH, the herb wood sorrel, or French sorrel.

ALLEMAN＇DA [in music] a certain air or tune, where the measure is
good, and the movement slow.

ALLEMA＇NDE, or ALMAIN [with musicians] a sort of grave, solemn
music, whose measure is full and moving.

A＇LLEMANDS, Germans.

A＇LLENDROF, a little city in the langravate of Hesse-Cassel in Ger­
many, situated on the river Weser. Latitude 51° 30′ N. Longitude
10° 0′ E.

A＇LLER, a river which runs through the duchy of Lunenberg, and
falls into the Weser a little below Verden.

A＇LLER [Ger. alder, Sax. of all] added to the superlative degree, to
encrease or enhance it, as allerbeste, the best of all, or very best; alle­
rerst, the first of all, or very first, &c. a word used (in ancient writers)
to express the superlative degree.

ALLER SANS JOUR [law phrase] i. e. to go without a day; it signi­
fies to be finally dismissed the court, another day of appearance not
being appointed.

ALLE＇RIONS [in heraldry] are small birds painted without beak or
feet, like the martlet or martinet. Others say, they are like eagles
without beak or feet, so called, because they have nothing perfect but
the wings; that they differ from martlets, in that their wings are ex­
panded and the martlets are close; and also that the martlets are not
represented facing as the allerions are.

ALLEU. See ALLODIAL.

ALLEVIA＇RE [in old rec.] to levy, or pay an accustomed fine, &c.

To ALLE＇VIATE [aliviàr, Sp. alleviare, It. allero, Lat.] 1. To
lighten, to allay or asswage, to lessen pain or grief. 2. To extenuate,
to soften; as the fault was greatly alleviated by the excuse.

ALLEVIA＇TION [Fr. alleviazione, It. of allevatio, Lat.] 1. Act of al­
laying, or extenuating. 2. That which eases pain, or extenuates a
fault. 3. Ease, refreshment, comfort.

A＇LLEY [allée, a walk, of aller, Fr. to go] a narrow lane, a pas­
sage in a town which is not so wide as a street.

ALLEY, [in a garden] a strait parallel walk, bordered or bounded
on each hand with trees, shrubs or other low plants, as box, &c.
some distinguish an alley from a path, in that an alley must be wide
enough for two persons to walk a-breast.

ALLEY, [in a compartment] is an alley which separates the squares
of a parterre.

Counter ALLEY, a little alley by the side of a great one.

A Diagonal ALLEY, is one that cuts a square, parterre, thicket, &c.
from angle to angle.

Front ALLEY, is one which runs strait from the front of a build­
ing.

ALLEY [in perspective] is that which is larger at the entrance than
at the issue, in order to make the length appear greater.

Tranverse ALLEY, an alley which cuts a front alley at right angles.

An ALLEY in ziczac, an alley which has too great a descent, and by
reason of that is liable to be injured by floods; to prevent the ill effects
of which, it has usually platbands of turf running across it from space
to space, which are of service to keep up the gravel: also an alley in a
labyrinth or wilderness is so called, which is formed by several returns
of angles, in order to render it more solitary and obscure, and conceal
its issue.

ALL-FOURS, a game at cards, played by two: it is so named from
the four particulars, viz. High and Low, with Jack of trumps, and
the Game; and which four things, when joined in the hand of either
of the parties, are said to make All-Fours.

ALL HAIL [from all and hail, for health] all health: It is not a
compound, tho＇ generally taken for such.

ALL-HALLOW [all and hallow, to make holy] the time about All-
saints-day; as farewel Allhallown summer. Shakespeare.

ALLHALLOWTIDE, the term near All-saints, or the first of No­
vember.

A＇LLHEAL [Panax, Lat.] A plant which is a species of ironwort of
woundwort.

ALL-SAINTS-DAY, the day on which there is a general commemo­
ration of all the saints: it is the first day of November.

ALL-SOULS-DAY, the day on which supplications are made for all
souls by the church of Rome: it is the second day of November.

ALLI＇ANCE [Fr. alleanza, It. aliança Sp. alliance, of allier, Fr. of
alligo, Lat. to tie or unite together] 1. State of connection with an­
other by confederacy, a league. 2. An union or joining of families
together by marriage; of kingdoms, &c. by leagues. 3. Kindred by
marriage. 4. Relation by any form of kindred.
For my father＇s sake,
In honour of a true Plantagenet,
And for alliance sake, declare the cause
My father lost his head. Shakespeare.
5. The persons allied to each other.
I would not boast the greatness of my father,
But point out new alliances to Cato. Addison.

ALLIA＇RIA [with anatomists] an herb whose taste is like that of
garlick; called sauce alone, or jack by the hedge, ramsons. Lat.

ALLI＇ED [allié, Fr.] matched, united, also joined by league.

ALLI＇CIENCY [of alliceo, Lat. to entice] 1. Enticing quality; allur­
ingness. 2. The power of attracting a thing; magnetism. The seigned
central alliciency is but a word. Glanville scepsis scientifica.

A＇LLIER, a river in France, which has its rise in Languedoc, wa­
ters part of Auvergne and Bourbonnois, and falls into the Loire, a little
below Nevers.

A＇LLERTON [North] a town in the North Riding of Yorkshire,
situated on the river Wiske. It has a good market on Wednesday for
cattle, corn, &c. and sends two members to parliament.

To A＇LLIGATE [alligo, Lat. from ad, to, and ligo, to bind] to bind
or tye together.

ALLI＇ES [alliez, Fr. aliádos, Sp.] princes, &c. who have entered
into an alliance or league, for mutual defence and preservation.

ALLIGA＇TION [from alligate] 1. The act of tying things together.
2. The state of being tied together.

ALLIGA＇TION [arithmetic] a rule for resolving questions relating to
the mixture of drugs, simples, metals, or merchandizes of unequal
prices, one with another, so as to discover how much must be taken,
according to the tenor of the question.
It takes its name from the numbers being tyed together by circular
lines or braces; it is of two kinds.

ALLIGA＇TION alternate, is when the several rates or prices of diverse
simples being given, such quantities of them are found out, as are ne­
cessary to make such a mixture, as may make a certain rate pro­
posed.

ALLIGA＇TION medial, is when the several quantities and rates being
proposed of divers simples, the mean rate is found out of the mixture
so made.

ALLIGATOR, a kind of a West-Indian and African crocodile, an
amphibious creature, living both on land and water; they grow as
long as they live, and some are eighteen feet in length, and propor­
tionably large, they have a musky smell, so strong, that the air is
scented for an hundred paces round them, and also the water they
lie in. Notwithstanding the difference which naturalists put between
these crocodies, that one moves the upper, and the other the lower
jaw, this is now known to be chimerical, the lower jaw being equally
moved by both,

ALLIGA＇TURE [alligatura, Lat.] a ligature or link, by which
things are tied together.

ALLITERA＇TION [with rhetoricians] a repeating or playing on the
same letter.

ALLI＇OTH [in navigation] a star in the tail of ursa major, of much
use to navigators in finding out the latitude, the height of the
pole, &c.

ALLIO＇TICS [in pharmacy] those medicines which by sermentation
and cleansing purify and alter the blood.

ALLIO＇TICUM [in pharmacy] a medicine that alters and purifies the
blood by its cleansing quality.

ALLI＇SION [from allisum, sup. of allido, of ad, to, and lædo, to
hurt] the act of dashing, or striking one thing against another.

ALLIUM [with botanists] garlick. See GARLICK.

To ALLO＇O [this word is generally spoke halloo, and is used to dogs,
when they are incited to the chase or battle; it is commonly imagined
to come from the French allons; perhaps from all lo, look all, shew­
ing the object] To set on a dog by crying halloo.

ALLOCA＇TION [Fr. allogacione, It. of alloco, Lat.] 1. Act of plac­
ing or adding to. 2. The admission of an article in reckoning, and
addition of it to the account.

ALLOCATION [in the exchequer] the admitting or allowing an ar­
ticle in an account, and passing it as such.

ALLOCA＇TIONE facienda [at the exchequer] a writ directed to the
lord treasurer and barons, upon some complaint made by an accomp­
tant, requiring them to allow him such sums of money as by virtue of
his office he has reasonably and lawfully disbursed.

ALLOCU＇TION, [allocutio, Lat. of ad, to, and loquor, to speak]
1. The act of speaking to. 2. An oration or speech made by a gene­
ral to his soldiers, to encourage them to fight, and to dehort them
from sedition.

ALLO＇DIAL, or ALLOEDIAN [allodian, Fr. of allodialis, Lat.] that
which is free, or for which no rents or services are due; as allodial
lands are free lands, not feudal. There are no allodial lands in Eng­
land, all being held either mediately or immediately of the crown.

ALLO＇DIUM [in civil law] a free-hold, every man＇s own land or
estate that he possesses, merely in his own right, not yielding any ser­
vices to another, and is opposed to feodum or fee.

ALLOÆ＇THETA [with grammarians] a figure that varies from the
common rules of syntax; as pars abiêre.

ALLO＇NGE [in fencing] a thrust or pass at the enemy with a rapier;
it is so called from the lengthening of the space taken up by the
sencer.

ALLO＇PHYLUS [ἀλλοϕυλος. of ἀλλος another, and ϕυχ, tribe, Gr.]
one of another tribe or kindred; also an alien or stranger.








A＇LLOQUY [alloquium, Lat. of ad, to, and loquor, to speak] the act
of talking with another.

To ALLO＇T [of holt, Sax. lot, Du. O. and L. Ger. losz, H. Ger.]
1. To distribute or share by lot. 2. To appoint or assign. 3. To
grant. 4. To parcel out to each his share.

ALLO＇TTING of Goods [in merchandize] is when the cargo of a
ship is divided into several parcels, in order to be bought by several
persons, and their names being written on so many pieces of paper,
are by an indifferent person applied to their different lots or parcels,
so that every man has that parcel of goods which answers to the lot
with his name affixed to it.

ALLO＇TMENT [of holt, Sax.] that which is allotted, the share
or portion granted to any one.

ALLO＇TTERY [from allot] that share which is granted to any in a
distribution. Give me the poor allottery my father left me by testa.
ment. Shakespeare.

To ALLO＇W [allouer, Fr. alyfan or allefan, Sax. of allaudo, Lat.
of ad, to, and laudo, to commend] 1. To admit, not to contradict or
oppose any position. 2. To permit, grant license to. 3. To grant
one＇s title to any thing. 4. To give a sanction to, to authorize.
There is no slander in an allow＇d fool. Shakespeare. 5. To give to, to
pay to.
———We no tears allow
To him that gave us peace. Waller.
6. To appoint for, or set out aside for a certain use; as, he allowed
his son the third part of his income. 7. To make abatement or pro­
vision, or to settle any thing with some concessions or cautions, re­
lating to something else.

ALLO＇WABLE [of allow] 1. That may be allowed or granted,
without contradiction. 2. That may be licensed, lawful, not forbid­
den.

ALLO＇WABLENESS [of allow] quality of being allowable, lawful­
ness.

ALLO＇WANCE [of allow] 1. The act of allowing or admitting.
2. Sanction, licence. 3. Freedom from restraint, permission. 4.
Portion, maintenance, or settled rate; as, his allowance was a con­
tinual allowance given him, a daily rate. 11 Kings. 5. Abatement
from the strict rigour of any law or demand; as it requires the same
grains of allowance. 6. Established character, reputation. He＇s of
very expert and approv＇d allowance. Shakespeare.

ALLO＇Y, or ALLA＇Y [alloy, Fr.] 1. A certain quantity or propor­
tion of some baser metal mixed with a finer or purer. Thus the quan­
tity of copper or silver that is mixed with gold, to make it of a due
hardness for coining, is called the alloy of it; and if metal have more
of this than it ought to have, it is said to be of a greater or coarser
alloy. 2. Abatement, diminution. See ALLAY.

To ALLOY [alloyer, Fr.] to mix a baser metal with a finer or purer.
See to ALLAY.

ALLUBE＇SCENCY [allubescentia, Lat.] a willingness; also content.

To ALLUDE [alludir, Sp. and It. of alludo, Lat. of ad, to, and
ludo, to play] to point at a thing that has some resemblance, or respect
to some other matter; without the direct mention of it, to hint at. It is
used of persons as well as things. This passage alludes to the minister,
and that to his faults. It has the particle to annexed.

A＇LLUM [alumen, Lat.] See A＇LUM.

Saccharine ALLUM, a composition of alum, rose-water, and whites
of eggs boiled to the consistence of a paste.

Plumose ALLUM, a sort of saline, mineral stone, most commonly
white, inclining to green, which rises in threads and fibres, resem­
bling a feather.

Plamose ALLUM, is, also, a name given by some chemists, to a
kind of sublimate of mercury, invented by Basil Valentine, whose
name it also bears.

To ALLU＇MINATE [of allumer, Fr. to enlighten] to give grace,
light and beauty to the letters or figures painted on paper or parch­
ment.

ALLU＇MINOR, one who paints and gilds letters, &c. on paper,
parchment, &c.

To ALLU＇RE [leurrer, Fr. looren, Du. belæren, Sax.] to entice to
any thing whether good or bad, to bring or draw by enticement.

ALLURE, sub. [from the verb] something set up to draw birds or
other things to it. For this we now write lure. The rather to train
them to his allure, he told them they were over-topped and trodden
down. Hayward.

ALLU＇REMENT [from allure] 1. That which entices or allures. 2.
Incitement to pleasure.

ALLU＇RER [from allure] one that allures or entices.

ALLU＇RINGLY [from allure] in an enticing manner.

ALLU＇RINGNESS [of alluring] incitation by proposing pleasure, en­
ticingness.

ALLU＇SION [Fr. allusione, It. allusión, Sp. of allusio, Lat. of allu­
sum, sup. of alludo, ad, to, and ludo, to play] a hint, an implication,
or that which is spoken with regard to something supposed to be already
known, which is therefore not expressed. It has the particle to.

ALLUSION [in rhetoric] a speaking a thing with reference to ano­
ther. Thus an allusion is made to a custom, history, &c. when any
thing is spoken or written that has relation to it.

ALLU＇SIVE [allusum, Lat. sup. of alludo] that which hints at some­
thing not fully expressed, figurative.

ALLUSIVELY [from allusive] in the manner of an allusion.

ALLU＇SIVENESS [from allusive] the quality of having an allusion to.

ALLU＇VIA, little islets thrown up by the violence of the stream.

ALLU＇VION [alluvio, Lat. of ad, to, and luo, to wash] 1. The act
of carrying any thing to something else, by the motion of the water.
2. The thing itself so carried. The civil law gives the owner of land
a right to that increase which arises from alluvion, which is defined an
insensible increment brought by the water.

ALLUVION [in the civil law] an accession or aceretion along the sea­
shore, or the banks of large rivers, by tempests or inundations.

ALLU＇VIOUS [alluvius, Lat.] that which has been carried by water,
and lodged upon something else.

To ALL＇Y [allier, Fr.] 1. To join by kindred, interest, friendship,
or confederacy. 2. To make a relation between two things by re­
semblance or any other way. Two lines I cannot excuse; they are in­
deed remotely allied to Virgil＇s sense. Dryden.

ALLY＇ [allié, Fr.] one united to another by marriage, friendship,
confederacy, or any other means of connection,

A＇LMA [almus, of alendo, Lat. nourishing, &c.] nourishing, foster­
ing, cherishing, as alma mater Cantabrigia, the fostering mother Cam­
bridge.

ALMACA＇NTARS, or ALMUCA＇NTARS [with astronomers] circles of
altitude parallel to the horizon, the common pole of which is in the
zenith. Arab.

ALMACA＇RRON, a port town of Spain, in the province of Murcia, at
the mouth of the river Guadalentin. Lat. 37° 40′ N. Long. 1° 15′ W.

ALMACA＇NTOR Staff, al,mocantarat, Gol. [with mathematicians] an instrument of
box or pear tree, with an arch of fifteen degrees, for taking observa­
tions of the sun at his rising or setting, to find the amplitude, and
hereby the variation of the compass.

ALMA＇DE, an Indian boat made of one intire piece of timber.

ALMA＇DE, a town in Spain, in the province of Almancha, in the
kingdom of Castile, situated on the top of a mountain, where are the
most ancient as well as the richest silver mines in Europe.

ALMAGE＇ST [of Ptolemy] an excellent treatise, being a collection of
many observations and problems of the antients, relating both to
geometry and astronomy; and also another of Riccioli. Dherbelot
says it was a system of the world, composed by Ptolemy, intitled in
Greek Syntaxis Megiste, and thence called almagest by the Arabians,
who translated it.

An ALMA＇IN [allemand, Fr. or rather alle mann, Ger. q. d. All
mann.] Some will have it to signify all sorts of men, or a mish-mash
of men of all nations, but I chuse to prefer the former, as being syno­
nymous to the other most general denomination of that ancient people,
Garman (German) all man, or a whole, compleat, very man] a na­
tive German.

ALMAIN [in music] a sort of air that moves in common time.

ALMAIN Rivets, a sort of light armour, with sleeves of mail, or iron
plates rivetted with braces for defending the arms.

A＇LMANACK [almanac, Fr. almanacco, It. almanàque, Sp. almamach,
Su. It is derived by Verstegan, of almon-ac or almonaht, Sax. q. d.
all moon heed; by Scaliger of al, Arab. and μην, a month, μονακος,
Gr. the course of the months; others derive it of al, Arab. and mana,
Arab. a definitive quantity and measure of a thing. Gol. Others of
al-maen-achte, q. d. an observation of all the months; others from a
Teutonic original, al, and maan, the moon, an account of every
moon or month] an ephemeris, table or kalendar, containing the
months, the days of the week, the fasts and festivals, the changes of
the moon, &c.

ALMANDI＇NE [Fr. almandina, It.] a coarse sort of ruby, more
coarse and light than the oriental, the colour partaking more of the
granate than the ruby.

ALMA＇NZA, a little town in the province of New Castile in Spain,
50 miles north-west of Alicant, and 47 south-west of Valencia. Here
the confederate army, commanded by the Earl of Galway, was de­
feated by the combined armies of France and Spain, in 1708. Lat.
39° 0′ N. Long. 1° 15′ W.

ALMA＇RIA, the archives of a church.

ALME＇DA, a town in the province of Estremadura, in Portugal, 10
miles south of Lisbon, and on the opposite side of the river Tagus.
Lat. 38° 40′ N. Long. 9° 40′ W.

ALME＇DIA, a frontier town in the province of Tralos Montes in
Portugal, 16 miles north-west of the city of Cividad Rodrigo. Lat.
40° 41′ N. Long. 7° 1′ W.

ALME＇HRAB, a niche in the Mahometan mosques, pointing towards
the kebla, or temple of Mecca, to which they are obliged to bow in
praying.

ALME＇NE [in commerce] a weight of two pounds, used to weigh
saffron in several parts of the continent of the East Indies.

ALME＇RIA, a sea-port town of Spain, in the kingdom of Granada,
situated at the mouth of the river Almoria or Boleiduy.

ALMERIO＇LA. See ALMONARIUM.

ALMI＇GHTINESS [of almighty] omnipotence, all-powerfulness, one
of the divine attributes.

ALMI＇GHTY [of all and mihte, almihtig, Sax. alszmachtig, Su.
almaechtigh, Du. allmacchtig, Ger.] all-powerful, of unlimited
power. And in the creed it answers to παντοκρατωρ in Greek, which
signifies He that has the command over all.

A＇LMNER. See A＇LMONER.

ALMODA＇RII [a law term] lords of free manours, lords paramont.

ALMOI＇N. See FRANK ALMOIN.

A＇LMONRY, or AU＇MRY, the office or lodgings of the almoner;
also the place where alms are given.

ALMONA＇RIUM, or ALMORI＇ECUM [in old records] a safe or cup­
board to set up broken victuals in to be distributed to the poor.

A＇LMOND [amande, Fr. derived by Menage from amandala, a word
in barbarous Latin; by others, from Allemond, a German, supposing
that almonds came to France from Germany; amandel, Du. mandel,
Ger. mandola, It. almendra, Sp. amendoa, Port. amygdala, Lat.] the
nut of the almond-tree, either sweet or bitter.

ALMO＇ND Furnace, ALMAN Furnace, or ALMON Furnace [with re­
siners] called also the sweep, a furnace for separating all sorts of me­
tals from cinders, pieces of melting pots, and other refuse.

A＇LMOND [in commerce] a measure by which the Portuguese sell
their oil; twenty-six almonds make a pipe. Postlethwayt＇s Dict.

ALMOND [among lapidaries] a name given to two pieces of rock
crystal, used in adorning branch candlesticks, &c.

ALMOND Tree, a pretty tall tree resembling a peach-tree, one of
the first trees that bloom; its flowers are pentapetalous, and ranged
in the rose manner; are very beautiful; of a purple red colour, and
make a sine shew in a garden. These trees grow frequently in Ger­
many, France, and the neighbouring countries, also in the eastern
countries, especially in the holy land near the river Jordan, and the
Jordan almonds are esteemed the best; the pistil of the flower becomes
a fleshy fruit, which contains a seed, which is the almond, and which
drops out when he comes to maturity; it is of two sorts, the sweet
and the bitter.

ALMONDS of the throat, or tonsils, called improperly, Almonds of
the Ears, are a glandulous substance, placed on each side the uvula,
at the root of the tongue, resembling two kernels; these receive the







saliva or spittle from the brain, and disperse it to the tongue, jaws,
throat, or gullet, to moisten them, and make them slippery. These
being inflamed and swelled by a cold, &c. straighten the passage of
the throat, and render it painful and difficult to swallow even the
spittle. This is called a sore throat, and by some the falling of the
almonds of the ears.

A＇LMONER, or A＇LMNER [aumonier, Fr. aelmoessener, Du. almo­
senherr, Ger. a master, or distributer of alms, eleemosynarius, Lat.] an
ecclesiastical officer of the king, &c. whose office is to take care of
the distribution of alms to the poor, to visit the sick, to receive all
things given in alms; also forfeitures by mis-adventurers, and the
goods of self-murtherers, &c.

AL＇MONRY, or AU＇MRY [aumôniere, Fr.] 1. The officers of an al­
monry. 2. The place where alms are distributed. 3. The place where
almoner resides.

ALMO＇ST [al-mæst, Sax.] most part of all. Skinner. For the most
or greatest part, well nigh.

ALMOST and hard by save many a lie. The latitude of the word
almost occasions its being often strech＇d to cover untruths.

ALMOXARI＇FARGO, an old duty paid upon the British woollen ma­
nufactures in Old Spain: also a duty of 2 ½ per cent. paid in Spanish
America, upon the exportation of bull＇s hides in European vessels.
Postlethwayt＇s Dict.

A＇LMS [ælmes, Sax. almosa, Su. aelmoes, Du. almosen, Ger.
ελεημοσυνη, Gr.] that which is freely given by the rich to the poor.
(This substantive has no singular number.)
Giving ALMS never lessens the stock.
Sp. El dar limósna nunca méngua la bolsa. The blessings of heaven, so
positively promised in scripture to the charitable and compassionate
man, and the visible effect of them so often experienced, leave us no
room to call the truth of this aphorism in question. And indeed were
it but the advantage this character gives a man in the eye of the
world (though that ought to be the last motive to charity) it meets
with a more than sufficient reward.

A＇LMS-BASKET [of alms and basket] a basket in which provi­
sions are put to be given away.

A＇LMS-DEED [from alms and deed] a deed of charity.

A＇LMSFEOH [almesfeoh, Sax.] alms-money, Peter-pence, anci­
ently paid in England to Rome, by our Saxon ancestors, on the first
of August; called also romescot, romefeoh, and heorth-penny.

A＇LMS-GIVER [of alms and giver] he that gives alms to the poor.

A＇LMS-HOUSE, an house built by a private person for the poor to
live in, and most commonly endowed for their maintenance.

A＇LMSMAN [of alms and man] a man who is supported by alms or
charity.

A＇LMSTAD, a town in Sweden, in the province of Smaland, four
miles east of Christianstad.

ALMUCA＇NTARS. See ALMACANTARS.

ALMU＇GIA [with astrologers] the planets facing one another in the
zodiac.

A＇LMUG-TREE, a sort of fine wood growing on mount Lebanon. A
tree mentioned in scripture, and imported from Ophir. Of its wood
were made musical instruments, and it was also used in rails or stair­
cases. By the wood almugim, or algumin, or simply gummim, taking
al for a kind of particle, may be understood oily and gummy sort of
wood, and particularly the trees that produce gum ammoniac, or
gum arabic, and is perhaps the same with the shittim wood men­
tioned by Moses. Calmet.

ALMUNE＇CAR, a port town of Granada, in Spain, situated on the
Mediterranean, Lat. 36° 40′ N. Long. 3° 45′ W.

ALMU＇TEN [with astrologers] the lord of a figure, or the strong­
est planet in a nativity.

ALMU＇TIUM [old records] a garment that covers the head and
shoulders of a priest.

A＇LNAGAR, A＇LNEGE, or AU＇LNEGAR [of alnage q. d. a measu­
rer by the ell] a sworn officer, whose business formerly was to inspect
the assize of woollen cloth, and to fix the seals appointed upon it for
that purpose; but there are now three officers belonging to the regu­
lation of cloathing, who bear the distinct names of searcher, measurer,
and aulnegar, all which were formerly comprised in one person.

A＇LNAGE [aulnage, or aunage, Fr.] ell measure, or rather the mea­
suring by the ell or yard.

ALNE＇TUM [old records] a grove of alder-trees.

A＇LNEY, a small island formed by the branches of the Severn,
near Glocester. It is also called the Eight.

ALNI＇GHT [of all and night] there is a service which they call
alnight, which is a great cake of wax, with the wick in the midst. Bacon.

A＇LNUS, the alder-tree, a well known tree, having amentaceous
flowers, and fruit of a squamose structure, containing numerous com­
pressed seeds.

A＇LOE [in botany] a plant having a liliaceous flower, consisting of
only one tubular leaf, divided into six deep segments at the edge: its
fruit is an oblong capsule, divided into three cells, and containing a
number of angulated seeds. Plate I. Fig. 6. represents the whole plant.

A＇LOES [ἀλοη, Gr.] 1. The gum or juice of a tree growing in the
mountains of Spain, but especially in Egypt. 2. A precious wood
used in the east for perfumes, of which the best sort is of higher price
than gold. Savary. There are three sorts of aloes; as,

Caballine ALOES, is so called, because used by farriers on horses; it
is the coarser sort.

Hepatic ALOES, is so called from being of the colour of the liver.

Succotrine ALOES, is so called from Sacotra, an island near Tran­
quebar in Ethiopia. It is used to purge choler, and given those who
are troubled with the emrods.

ALOE＇TIC [of aloes] pertaining to, or consisting of aloes.

ALOE＇TICKS [with physicians] medicines compounded chiefly of
aloes.

ALO＇FT, adv. [of alle and ofer, Sax. q. d. over or above all, of
loffter, to lift up, Dan. loft, air, Icelandish, so that aloft is into the
air] a term used by mariners for on high, or in the upper part. It is
also used in poetry.

ALOFT, prep. above. The great luminary.
Aloft the vulgar constellations thick. Milton.

ALO＇GII [of α neg. and λογος, Gr. the word] such as denied that
Jesus Christ was the word, or logos of God.

ALOGO＇TROPHY [of ἀλογος, unreasonable, and τροϕη, food, Gr.]
a disproportionate nutriment, when one part of the body is nourish­
ed more or less than the other.

A＇LOGY [ἀλογια, Gr.] unreasonableness.

ALO＇NE, adj. [of al, all, and on, one, Sax. alleenes, Dan. allens,
Su. alleen, Du. and Ger. allein, H. Ger.] 1. By him or itself, with­
out another 2. Only. 3. Without any company, denoting so­
litary.
Better be ALONE, than in ill company.
This proverb contains very wholesome advice; for ill company is not
only very tedious and troublesome while we partake of it, but often
fatal in the consequences, whereas a good man is nunquam minus solus
quam cùm solus.

ALONE, adv. 1. This word is seldom used but with the word let,
if even then it be an adverb, and implies sometimes an ironical prohi­
bition to help a man who is able to manage the affair himself. Johnson.
2. To let alone, to forbear; as, let that alone.

ALO＇NG [q. d. ad longum, Lat. or all long, Fr.] 1. Forwards; as, go
or come along. In this sense it is derived frome allons, Fr. 2. At
length; as, he lay along.

ALONG, by the side of. Where Ufens glides along the lowly lands.
Dryden.

All ALONG, throughout, from the beginning to the end; as, all
along they were untoward. South. 5. In company, having the par­
ticle with; as, he to England shall along with you. Shakespeare.
6. Sometimes with is understood; as, take this along, for along
with you.

ALO＇NGST, a corruption, as it seems, from along, and has the
same sense.

ALOO＇F [al, off, that is, quite off, with mariners] a word used at
sea, speaking to the steersman, as keep your loof. 1. Generally at a
small distance, such as is within view, with the particle from. 2. Ap­
plied to persons, it often insinuates caution; as, make them stand aloof
at bay. Shakespeare. 3. It imports cunning in conversation.
He with a crafty madness keeps aloof,
When we wou＇d bring him on to some confession. Shakespeare.
4. It is used metaphorically of persons that will not be seen in a
design; as, it is necessary the queen join; for if she stand aloof, there
will be still suspicion. Suckling. 5. It is applied to things not pro­
perly belonging to each other. Love＇s not love,
When it is mingled with regards that stand
Aloof from th＇ entire point. Shakespeare.

ALOPECI＇A [ἀλωπεκια, of ἀλωπηξ, a fox, Gr. the fox-evil] a dis­
ease called the scurf, when the hairs fall from the head by the roots.

ALOPEUTROI＇DES Gramen [of ἀλωπηξ, a fox, ουρα, a tail, and
ειδος, form, Gr.] the herb fox-tail grass.

ALOPE＇CURUS [ἀλωπηκουρος, Gr.] tailed wheat, fox-tail.

ALOUD [of a, and loud] loudly, with a strong and audible voice,
with a great noise.

ALOVE＇RIUM [old. rec.] a purse.

A＇LOW [of low] in a low place, not aloft.

A＇LOWAY, a port town of Scotland, situated on the river Forth,
remarkable for the coal mines in its neighbourhood. Lat. 56° 10′ N.
Long. 3° 45′ W.

A＇LPHA [A α] the first letter in the Greek alphabet, and there­
fore used to signify the first; as I am alpha and omega, the beginning
and the ending, Rev. i. 6.

A＇LPHABET [Fr. alfabeto, It. alfhabéto, Sp. of alphabetum, Lat.
q. d. alpha, αλϕα, beta, βετα, Gr. of אלף, Heb. he taught, whence
אלוף, a leader or first of a company] the whole order of letters in
any alphabet, or the several letters of a language, disposed either in
their accustomed or natural order.

ALPHABET [in polygraphy] a duplicate of the key of a cypher,
which is kept by each of the parties who correspond together.

To ALPHABET [of the noun] to arrange in the order of the
alphabet.

ALPHABE＇TICAL, or ALPHABETICK [alphabetique, Fr. alfabetico,
It. alphabético, Sp. of alphabeticus, Lat.] pertaining or agreeable to
the order of the alphabet.

ALPHABE＇TICALLY, after, or in the order of the alphabet.

ALPHE＇TA [in astronomy] a star of the second magnitude; also
called lucida corona.

ALPHI＇TIDON [of αλϕιτον, Gr. bran or meal] an epithet which
surgeons give to a fracture, when the bones are smashed or crumbled
to pieces.

ALPHI＇TOMANCY [of ἀλϕιτον, Gr. bran or meal, and μαντεια,
divination] a sort of divination by barley meal.

ALPHO＇NSINE Tables, certain tables of astronomical calculations,
made by Alphonsus king of Arragon.

A＇LPHOS [ἀλϕος, Gr.] a sort of morphew or white speck on the
skin, differing from the leuce, in that it pierces not so deep as the
leuce.

A＇LPINE [alpino, It. of alpinus, Lat.] pertaining to the mountains
called the Alps.

ALPS, a chain of exceeding high mountains, separating Italy from
France and Germany.

ALRAME＇CA, or ALRUME＇CH [in astronomy] the name of the star
Arcturus. Arab.

ALREA＇DY [allerede, Dan. alree, alreede, Du. alrects, L. Ger.
albereit, H. Ger. of all and ready, Eng.] before this time, at this pre­
sent time. It is opposed to a future time.

A＇LRESFORD, a market town in Hampshire, 60 miles from Lon­
don, in the road to Winchester. It is an ancient borough, situated on
a little river, called by Camden, Arle, but by the country people,
and in the maps, Itching. It has a market on Thursday, chiefly for
sheep.

ALS [als, Du.] also. A word used by Spencer, but now obsolete.

A＇LSACE, a province formerly belonging to Germany, but almost
entirely ceded to France by the treaty of Munster, situated between
the Rhine on the east, and Lorrain on the west, Switzerland on the
south, and the Palatinate of the Rhine on the north.

A＇LSEN, an island in the Lesser Belt, at the entrance of the Baltic
sea, between Sleswick and Funen. Lat. 55° 12′ N. Long. 10° 1′ E.

A＇LSFIELD, or AFFIELD, a town in Germany, in the circle of







Suabia, situated 20 miles north-east of Constance; subject to the
house of Austria. Lat. 47° 46′ N. Long. 9° 35′ E.

ALSI＇NE [αλσινε, Gr.] chickweed. The flower is of the rosaceous
kind, and consists of several petals, sometimes whole, sometimes bi­
fid at the ends, disposed in a circular form. The pistil arises from
the cup of the flower, and finally becomes an unicapsular membrana­
ceous fruit, of a roundish or conic figure, and containing many seeds
affixed to a placenta. Tournefort.

A＇LSO, [of all, and so, Ger. olsaa, Dan. ealsw, Sax.] 1. So, more
over, too, likewise, in like manner. 2. Also is sometimes nearly the
same with and, serving only to conjoin the members of the sentence;
as “God do so to me and more also.” Bible.

ALT [in music] high. See ALTO.

A＇LTAHEST Paracelsi [with chemists] a mixt body reduced to its
first principles.

ALTAR [altari, It. altaros, Sp. and Port. altaere, Du. altare,
Ger. altare, Sax. altare, of altus high, or altitudo, Lat. height, be­
cause they were usually erected in high places. It is observed by
Junius, that the word altar is received with christianity in all the
European languages, and that altare is used by one of the fathers, as
appropriated to the christian worship, in opposition to the aræ of gen­
tilism] 1. The place where offerings to heaven are laid. 2. The ta­
ble in christian churches, where the communion is administred. The
ancient heathens, when they offered sacrifice to the celestial deities,
erected their altars on the brows or tops of mountains; and when they
sacrificed to the terrestrial deities, to whom they ascribed the care or
tuition of the earth, they erected their altars on the plain superficies
of the earth; but when they sacrificed to the infernal deities, they did
it in grotto＇s, caves, and other gloomy recesses.

A＇LTAR of Incense [among the Israelites] was a small table of
shittim-wood covered with plates of gold, of one cubit in length,
another in breadth, and two in height. At the four corners were
four kinds of horns, and all round a small border or crown over it.
This was the altar hidden by Jeremiah before the captivity, and up­
on it the officiating priest offered, every morning and evening, incense
of a particular composition. See Plate I. Fig. 4.

ALTAR of burnt Offerings [among the Israelites] was made of
shittim-wood, and carried upon the shoulders of the priests by staves
of the same wood, overlaid with brass. In the time of Moses this
altar was five cubits square, and three high; but in Solomon＇s tem­
ple it was much larger, being twenty cubits square, and ten in height.
It was covered with brass, and at each corner was a horn or spire
wrought out of the same wood with the altar, to which the sacrifi­
ces were tied. Within the hollow was a grate of brass, on which
the fire was made, and through which the ashes fell, and were re­
ceived in a pan below. At the four corners of the grate were four
rings, and four chains, which being fastened to the horns, supported
it. This altar was placed in the open air, that the smoke of the
burnt offerings might not fully the inside of the tabernacle. See
Plate I. Fig. 5.

ALTAR of Prothesis [among the Greeks] a small preparatory altar,
whereon they bless the bread before they carry it to the altar, where
they perform the liturgy.

A＇LTARAGE [altaragium, low Lat.] the free offerings made upon
the altar by the people; also the profits arising to the priest from the
altar, as small tithes.

A＇LTA TENORA, the English-tenure, in chief or by military
service.

ALTE＇A, a sea-port town of Spain, situated upon the Mediterra­
nean, in the province of Valencia, about 45 miles south of the city
of Valencia. Lat. 38° 40′ N. Long. 0° 15′ W.

A＇LTEMSBURG, a town of Transylvania, situated 20 miles south of
Weissenburg; subject to the house of Austria. Lat. 46° 25′ N.
Long. 0° 23′ E.

ALTE＇NA, a port town of the duchy of Holstein, in Germany, si­
tuated on the river Elb, 2 miles north-west of Hamburgh; subject to
the king of Denmark.

A＇LTENBURG, a town of Misnia, in Upper Saxony, in Germany,
situated on the river Pleisse, 25 miles south of Leipsic; subject to the
duke of Saxe Altenburg. Lat. 50° 5′ N. Long. 12° 40′ E.

ALTENBURG-OWAR, a fortified town of Lower Hungary, situated
on the Danube, and subject to the house of Austria. Lat. 48° 15′ N.
Long. 17° 20′ E.

To ALTE＇R, verb active [alterer, Fr. alteràr, Sp. altero, Lat. of
alter, another] 1. To change. It seems more properly to imply a
change made only in some part of a thing; as to alter a writing,
may be to blot or interpolate it; to change it, may be to substitute a­
nother in its place. 2. To take off from a persuasion or sect. For
the way of writing plays in verse, I am no way altered from my opi­
nion of it, with any reasons which have opposed it. Dryden.

ALTER, verb neuter, to vary, to turn, to become otherwise than it
was; as, the weather alters from fair to foul.

A＇LTERABLE [alterable, Fr. of alter] capable of being altered,
distinct from changeable.

A＇LTERABLENESS [of alterable] liableness to be altered.

AL＇TERABLY [of alterable] in such a manner as may be altered.

A＇LTERANT [alterans, Lat. alterant, Fr.] a property or power in
certain medicines, by which they induce an alteration in the body,
and dispose it for health and recovery, by correcting some indisposi­
tion, without causing any sensible evacuation.

ALTERA＇NTIA, or A＇LTERATIVES [with physicians] altering me­
dicines, such as serve to alter and restore the due mixture of the
blood, and other circulating humours. They are opposed to eva­
cuants.

ALTERA＇TION [Fr. alterazione, It. alteracion, Sp. alteration, Fr.
of Lat.] 1. The act of altering. 2. Mutation, change made.

ALTERATION [with naturalists] that motion whereby a natural
body is changed or varied in some circumstances from what it really
was before, though as to the nature and bulk, they appear to sense
the same.

ALTERCA＇TION [altercazione, It. altercation, Fr. of Lat.] conten­
tious disputes, wrangling, brawling. About higher principles time
will cause altercation to grow. Hooker.

ALTE＇RCUM [with botanists] henbane. See HENBANE.

A＇LTERN [alternus, Lat.] acting, by changes or turns, in succes­
sion each to the other.

ALTERN Base [in trigonometry] in oblique triangles, the true
base is either the sum of the sides, and then the difference of the
sides is the altern base; or else the true base is the difference of the
sides, and then the sum of the sides is the altern base.

ALTE＇RNACIES, alternations, alternate changes, changes by turns.

ALTE＇RNATE, or ALTE＇RNATIVE [of alternatif, Fr. alternativo,
It. and Sp. of alternativus, of alternus, Lat.] that are done, succeed,
or are disposed by turns, or one after another.

ALTERNATE, sub. alternate succession, vicissitude.

To ALTERNATE [alterno, Lat.] 1. To do by course or turns.
——Those, in their course,
Melodious hymns about the sovereign throne
Alternate all night long. Milton.
2. To change one thing for another reciprocally; as God alternates
the disposition of good and evil. Grew.

ALTERNATE Leaves [of plants] are those where there is a corres­
pondence between the sides of a branch, the leaves of the one fol­
lowing those of the other.

ALTERNATE Angles [in geometry] two equal angles which are
made by a line cutting two parallels, and makes the angles of those
parallels the one on one side, and the other on the other, as x and u,
z and y, are alternate angles. See Plate IV. fig. 6.

ALTERNATE Ratio, or Proportion [with geometricians] is when in
any set of proportionals the antecedents are compared together, and
the consequents together.

ALTE＇RNATELY [of alternate] in an alternate manner, in recipro­
cal succession.

ALTE＇RNATENESS, or ALTE＇RNATIVENESS [of alternate, alterna­
tife, Fr.] a succession by course or by turns.

ALTERNA＇TION [alternazione, It. alternación, Sp. of Lat.] a change
by turns. Brown uses it in his Vulgar Errors.

ALTERNATION [by some mathematicians] is used for the different
changes or alterations of order in any number of things, as the
changes rung on bells, &c.

ALTE＇RNATIVELY [alternativement, Fr.] by turns, one after ano­
ther.

ALTERNATI＇VEMENT [in musick-books] denotes to play or sing
two airs by turns, the one after the other.

ALTE＇RNITY [alternitas, Lat.] interchangeableness, vicissitude.
The alternity and vicissitude of rest. Brown＇s Vulgar Errors.

ALTHÆ＇A [ἀλθαεα of ἀλθαινω, Gr. to heal] wild, or marsh-mal­
low. These plants have a double calyx, the exterior one being di­
vided into nine segments; the fruit consists of numerous capsules, each
containing a single seed.

A＇LTHO＇, or A＇LTHOUGH [of all, and though] notwithstanding,
nevertheless, tho＇, though, however that, granting that.

A＇LTIGRADE [altigradus, Lat.] going on high, ascending aloft.

ALTI＇LOQUENCE [of altiloquens, Lat.] high speech.

ALTILO＇QUIOUS [altiloquus, Lat.] talking aloud; also of high
matters.

ALTI＇LOQUY [altiloquium, Lat.] loud talk; also a discourse of
high things.

ALTI＇METRY [of alta, high things, and metior, Lat. to measure]
a part of geometry that teaches the method of taking and measuring
heights, whether accessible or inaccessible.

A＇LTITUDE [altitudine, It. of altitudo, Lat.] 1. Height of a place,
space as measured upward. 2. Situation with regard to lower things.
Those stand by one another in equal altitude. Ray. 3. Height of
excellence, superiority. Your altitude offends. Swift. 4. Highest
point, highest degree. He is proud even to the altitude of his vir­
tue. Shakespeare.

ALTITUDE of the Pole [in astronomy and geography] is the height
or number of degrees, that the pole in any latitude is raised or appears
above the horizon.

ALTITUDE of a Triangle [in geometry] is the length of a right
line, let fall perpendicular from any of the angles on the side opposite
to that angle, from whence it falls, and may be either within or with­
out the triangle as is marked by the pricked lines C B, B D. Plate
IV. Fig. 2, 3.

The ALTITUDE of a Rhombus [in geometry] or of a rhomboides,
is a right line let fall perpendicularly from any angle on the opposite
side to that angle, and it may be either within or without the figure,
as the prick＇d lines A C, B D. Plate IV. Fig. 4.

ALTITUDE [with astronomers] the height of the sun, moon,
planets, or point of the heavens comprehended between the horizon
and parallel circle of altitude, or between a star or assigned point in
the heavens and the horizon.

ALTITUDE [in cosmography] is the perpendicular height of a
body or object; or its distance from the horizon upwards.

Meridian ALTITUDE of the Sun, an arch of the meridian, con­
tained between the sun and the horizon, when the sun is in the me­
ridian.

Apparent ALTITUDE of the Sun, &c. [in astronomy] is what it
appears to our observation.

Real ALTITUDE, or True ALTITUDE [in astronomy] that from
which the refraction has been subtracted.

ALTITUDE of the Equator [in astronomy] the complement of the
altitude of the pole to a quadrant of a circle.

ALTITUDE of the Nonagesimal [in astronomy] is the altitude of
the 90th degree of the ecliptick, reckoned from the east point.

ALTITUDE [in opticks] is the perpendicular space of place be­
twixt the base and the eye, or height of the visual point above the
base.

ALTITUDE of a Figure [with geometricians] the perpendicular dis­
tance between the vertex and the base.

ALTITUDE of motion [in mechanicks] the measure of any motion
counted according to the line of direction of the moving force.

ALTI＇VOLANT [altivolans, Lat.] flying high.

A＇LTKIRK, a town of Alsace in Germany, situated on the river
Ill. Lat. 47° 40′ N. Long. 7° 15′ E.

A＇LTMORE, a town of Ireland in the county of Tyrone, and pro­
vince of Ulster. Lat. 54° 34′ N. Long. 7° 8′ W.








A＇LTMUL, a river of Germany, which has its rise in Franconia,
runs south-east by the city of Anspach, and continuing its course east
by Papenheim and Aichstet, falls into the Danube at Kelheim, about
12 miles above Ratisbon.

A＇LTO, or A＇LTUS [in musick books] intimates that the musick
is the upper or counter tenor, and is common in musick of several
parts.

ALTO & BASSO [old law] the absolute submission of all differences,
great or small, low or high, to a judge or arbitrator.

ALTO CONCERTANTE [in musick books] the tenor of the great
chorus, or that tenor which sings and plays throughout.

A＇LTOGETHER [of all and together] 1. Completely, without ex­
ception. 2. In conjunction, in company with This is rather all
together. Join you with me. And altogether with the duke of
Suffolk. Shakespeare.

A＇LTOM, a name given, in several parts of the Turkish dominions,
to what the Europeans call a sequin.

A＇LTON, a town in Hampshire, between Farnham and Arlesford,
in the road from Winchester to London, from whence it is 50 miles.
Here is a charity-school for 40 boys and 20 girls; and a market on
Saturday.

A＇LTORF, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, situated
20 miles north-east of Constance; subject to the house of Austria.
Lat. 40° 46′ N. Long. 9° 35′ E.

ALTORF is also the name of a town in the circle of Franconia, in
Germany. Lat. 49° 23′ N. Long. 11° 20′ E.

ALTO RIPIENO [in music books] the tenor of the great chorus,
which sings and plays only now and then in some particular places.

ALTO VIOLA [in music books] a small tenor viol.

ALTO VIOLINO [in music books] a small tenor violin.

A＇LTRINGHAM, a town of Cheshire, 152 miles from London. It
is situated on the borders of Lancashire, and has a market on Thursday.

A＇LTRIP, a small town of Germany, in the diocese of Spire, situa­
ted on the Rhine, a little above Manheim.

A＇LVA DE TORMES, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon, si­
tuated on the river Tormes, about 16 miles south-east of Salaman­
ca. Lat. 41° 2′ N. Long. 6° 0′ W.

ALVA＇HAT, a province of Higher Egypt, situated under the tropic
of Cancer.

A＇LVARISTS, a branch of the Thomists, so called from Alvares,
whose method and principles they followed. The Alvarists differ
from the ancient Thomists, in that the former asserted sufficient grace,
the latter efficacious grace. The former come near to the jesuits, the
latter to the jansenists. Mem. de Trevoux. 1725.

ALU＇DEL, [of a and lutum. that is, without lute, with chemists]
a sort of pots used in sublimations; they have no bottom, and are
fitted into one another, as many as there is occasion for. At the bot­
tom, in the furnace, there is a pot holding the matter that is to be
sublimed, and at the top there is a head to receive the flowers that sub­
lime up thither. See Plate. IV. Fig. 7, where a is the furnace, b, b,
the aludels, and c the head.

ALVEA＇RIUM [alveario, It.] an alveary, a bee-hive; also a place
where bees are kept. Lat.

ALVEARIUM [with anatomists] the inward cavity or hollow of
the ear that contains the wax, near to the passage that conveys the
sound. Lat.

ALVE＇OLI Dentium [with anatomists] the holes of the jaws in
which the teeth are set. Lat.

ALVE＇OLUS, any wooden vessel made hollow, as a tray. Lat.

ALVEOLUS [in natural history] one of those waxen cells, whereof
the combs in bee-hives consist.

ALVEOLUS [in the history of fossils] a marine body not known at
present in its recent state, but frequently found fossil. It is of a co­
nic shape, and composed of several hemispheric cells, like so many
bee hives jointed into one another; and having a pipe of communi­
cation, like that in the thick nautilius. These bodies are sometimes
found perfect and whole, but more frequently truncated, or wanting a
part of their smaller end. Klein de Tabul. Marin.

ALVI＇DUCA [with physicians] loosening medicines. Lat.

ALVI FLUXUS [with physicians] a looseness of the belly.

A＇LUM [alumen, Lat.] a kind of mineral salt, of an acid taste,
leaving in the mouth a sense of sweetness, accompanied with a con­
siderable degree of astringency. There are two sorts of alum, the
natural and the factitious. The natural is found in the island of
Milo, being a kind of whitish, very light friable stone, with sleaked
filaments resembling silver. The factitious alum is prepared dif­
ferently, according the different materials of which it is made. Eng­
land, Italy, and Flanders, are the countries where alum is principally
produced; and the English roch alum is made from a bluish mineral
stone, frequent in Yorkshire and Lancashire. Alum is used in medi­
cine as an absorbent, but seldom prescribed inwardly. It is used
outwardly in astringent lotions, and is an ingredient in dentifrices and
cosmeticks. It is a principal ingredient in dying and colouring.
Chambers.

Burnt ALUM, is alum melted in a fire-shovel or crucible, where it is
allowed to bubble till it becomes a white porous substance.

Pulmose ALUM, or Plume ALUM, a kind of natural alum, composed
of a sort of shreads or fibres, resembling fibres; whence its name.

Roch ALUM, or Rock ALUM, a whitish transparent salt; so called,
because extracted from the fragments of certain rocks, or stones
calcined.

Sacchrine ALUM, a composition of common alum with rose wa­
ter and the whites of eggs, which being boiled to the consistence of a
paste, is formed into the shape of a sugar loaf, from whence it ob­
tained its name. It is used as a cosmetic.

ALUM Stone, a stone or calx used in surgery, perhaps alum calci­
ned, which then becomes corrosive. Johnson.

ALUM Water, a preparation used by painters in water colours,
prepared by dissolving common alum in water.

ALUM Waters [in natural history] are those waters impregnated
with alum.

ALUM Works, places where alum is manufactured or prepared.
These differ from alum-mines; for in the former alum is prepared
by art, and in the latter found native.

ALU＇MINATED [aluminatus, Lat.] done with alum.

ALU＇MINOUS [alumineux, Fr. aluminoso, It. of aluminosus, Lat.]
pertaining to alum, consisting of alum. A word used by Sir Thomas
Brown.

A＇LVUS [in anatomy] is sometimes used for the intestinal tube from
the stomach to the anus. Lat.

ALVUS [with physicians] is used for the state and condition of the
excrements contained within the intestinal tube.

ADWA＇RDII, a sect of Mahometans, who believe all great crime,
to be unpardonable. The Alwardii attribute more to good works,
and less to belief, than other Mahometans. Abulpharag. Hist. Dynas.

A＇LWAY, or A＇LWAYS [ealowega, Sax. allewege, Ger. of all and way,
as the Italian tuttavia] 1. Ever, at all times, opposed to sometime
and never. 2. Constantly, opposed to sometimes, or to now and then.
He is always great, when some great occasion is presented. Dryden.

ALYSSO＇IDES, the name of a genus of plants, having cruciform
flowers, consisting of four leaves. The pistil arises from the cup,
and afterwards becomes a fruit, or seed-vessel, of an elliptic figure,
very thick and turgid, and divided by an intermediate membrane in­
to two cells, which contain an orbicular, flat, and marginated seed,
in considerable quantity. Tournefort.

A＇LYSSON, mad wort, a genus of plants whose flower is of the
cruciform kind, consisting of four leaves. The pistil arises from the
cup, and becomes at length a small cup, or seed-vessel, of a pro­
tuberant shape, divided into two cells by an intermediate membrane,
and filled with small seeds of a roundish figure. Tournefort.

ALYTA＇RCHA [ἀλυταρχης, Gr.] a chief officer of the publick games
and sports among the Greeks, and particularly the priest of Antioch
in Syria, who was to see good order kept at such times.

ALZI＇RA, a town of Spain, in the province of Valencia, situated
on the river Xucar, about 18 miles south of the city of Valencia.
Lat. 39° 10′ N. Long. 20° 1′ W.

A. M. [is an abbreviation] signifies anno mundi (in the year of
the world, or since the creation) and likewise artium magister (a mas­
ter of arts) the second degree in our universities.

AM [eom, Sax.] as I am, the first person of the verb to be.

AMABI＇LITY [amabilità, It. amabilitas, Lat. of amo to love] amia­
bleness, loveliness.

AMABY＇R, or AMYA＇BYR [in ancient law] the price of virginity
paid to the Lord.

AMA＇CACHES, a people in Brazil, in south America, near the go­
vernment of Rio Janeiro.

AMACHU＇SA, an island of Japan, separated by a narrow streight
from Saiccoco, or Ximo.

AMA＇DABAT, a large populous trading city in the East Indies, the
capital of the province of Guzarat, or Cambay. Lat. 23° 40′ N.
Long. 72° 1′ E.

A＇MADAN. See HAMADAN.

AMADA＇NAGER, a town in the higher peninsula of India. Lat.
18° 1′ N. Long. 74° 15′ E.

AMA＇DIA, a city of Asiatic Turky, situated on a high mountain in
the province of Curdestan. Lat. 37° 1′ N. Long. 43° 0′ E.

AMADE＇TTO, a sort of pear, so called, says Skinner, from the
name of him who cultivated it.

A＇MADOT, a sort of pear; the same with AMADE＇TTO.

AMAFRO＇SE, the gutta serena, a disease in the eye. See AMAU­
ROSIS.

AMAI＇N [amáina, Sp. from maine or maigne, old Fr. derived from
magnus, Lat.] vigorously, vehemently. It is used of any action per­
formed with precipitation, whether of fear, courage, or of any
violent effort.

AMAIN [a sea term] at once; as let go amain, is let go at
once.

AMAIN [a sea term] made use of when one man of war gives de­
fiance to another, and commands her to yield, they say, strike amain.

To wave a naked sword AMAIN, is as much as to command another
ship to lower her topsail.

A＇MAK, or AMA＇THA, an island of Denmark, separated by a very
narrow channel from Copenhagen. Lat. 55° 29′ N. Long. 13° 5′ E.

AMA＇LFA, a city of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and pro­
vince of the hither Principato. It is the see of an arch-bishop, and
remarkable for giving birth to Flavus Blendus, the inventor of the
mariner＇s compass. Lat. 48° 50′ N. Long. 15° 20′ E.

AMA＇LGAM, or AMA＇LGAMA, a mass of mercury united and incor­
porated with some metal.

To AMALGAMATE, is to mix mercury with gold, silver, &c. to re­
duce it into a kind of paste, to be used in gilding, &c. or to change
it to an impalpable powder; also to moisten any thing into a softness,
especially for a medicinal use; this operation is denoted by chemists
by the letters AAA.

AMALGAMA＇TION, the act or operation of making an amalgama.
The manner is thus in gold, to which amalgamation of the rest of the
metals is answerable: take six parts of mercury, mix them hot in a
crucible, and pour them to one part of gold made red hot in another
crucible; stir these well that they may incorporate, then cast the mass
into cold water and wash it. Bacon.

AMA＇LOAME, any metal (except iron and copper, which will not
be amalgamated) so reduced to a soft paste.

A＇MAN, a port of Africa, in the kingdom of Morocco, on the At­
lantic Ocean, between cape Ger and cape Cantin.

AMAN, is also the name of a kingdom near the middle of the island
of Sumatra in the East-Indies.

AMA＇NCE, a town of Lorrain, about seven miles north-east of
Nancy.

A＇MAND, or St. AMAND, the name of two towns; one situated in
the duchy of Bourbon, in the province of Lionois in France; and the
other in French Flanders, about six miles north of Valenciennes.

AMA＇ND [amende, Fr. ammenda, It.] a fine or mulct.

AMANDA＇TION [amando, Lat.] a commanding or sending out of the
way; the act of sending on a message or employment.

AMA＇NSES [with chemists] jewels or precious stones.

AMANTE＇A, a sea-port town and bishop＇s see in the kingdom of
Naples, situated near the bay of Euphemia, in the province of Cala­
bria. Lat. 39° 15′ N. Long. 16° 20′ E.








AMANUE＇NSIS, a writer for another, a clerk or secretary, who
writes what another dictates. Lat.

AMAPA＇LLA, a sea-port town of Mexico, in the province of Gua­
tamala, situated on the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 12° 30′ N. Long.
93° 2′ W.

AMA＇RACUM, or AMARACUS [ἀμαρακος, of α priv. and μαραινο­
μαι, Gr. to wither] the herb sweet marjoram.

AMARANTHOI＇DES [in botany] the name of a genus of plants, with
flosculous flowers collected into a squamose head and a roundish
fruit.

AMARA＇NTHINE [from amaranth] belonging to, or consisting of
amaranth; as, amaranthine bowers. Pope.

AMARA＇NTHUS, or AMARANTUS [ἀμαραντος, q. d. not withering]
1. A beautiful, long-lasting flower of two sorts, tricolor and cocks­
comb. 2. A plant that produces large beautiful flowers. 3. Ama­
ranth in poetry is sometimes an imaginary flower; as in Milton, im­
mortal amaranth.

AMARANTHUS Luteus [in botany] flower maudlin, or baltazar with
a yellow flower. Lat.

AMARANTHUS Purpureus [in botany] flower gentle with a purple
flower. Lat.

AMARE＇LLA [in botany] feverfeu, or milkwork. Lat.

AMARU＇LENCE [amarulentia, Lat.] bitterness.

AMARI＇TUDE [amaritudo, Lat.] bitterness. Amaritude, or acri­
mony, is deprehended in choler. Harvey on consumptions.

AMA＇SIA, the northern division of the Lesser Asia, lying on the
south shore of the Euxine sea.

AMA＇SIA is also the name of the capital city of the above province,
situated about seventy miles south of the Euxine sea. Lat. 42° 1′ N.
Long. 36° 1′ E.

To AMA＇SS [of amasser, Fr.] to heap up, to hoard up; in a figu­
rative sense, to add one thing to another, generally with some share
of reproach, either of eagerness or indiscrimination. Your improve­
ments may only amass a heap of unintelligible phrases. Watts.

AMA＇SSMENT [from amass] heap, accumulation. An amassment of
imaginary conceptions. Glanville.

AMA＇STRIS, or AMA＇STRO, a city of Turky in Asia, in the pro­
vince of Bresangil, situated on the Black Sea.

To AMA＇TE [a and mate] 1. To accompany, to entertain as a
companion: it is now obsolete. They them in modest way amate.
Spenser. 2. To dishearten, to discourage, to strike with horror: In
this sense it is derived from the old French matter, to crush or subdue.
Johnson.

AMATI＇TLAN, a town in North America, situated in the valley of
Mixco, in the province of Guatimala.

AMATO＇RCULIST [amatorculus, Lat.] a trifling sweet-heart, a gene­
ral lover, a pretender to affection.

An A＇MATORY [amatorium, Lat.] a philter to cause love.

AMATORY [amatorius, Lat.] pertaining to love, lovers, causing
love; as amatory potions. Bramhall.

AMATO＇RII Musculi [with anatomists] those muscles of the eyes that
draw them sideways, and assist in the look called ogling.

AMAU＇ROSIS [ἀμαυρωσις, q. d. darkness, Gr.] a dimness, or loss of
sight, without any external fault to be seen in the eye, arising from
some distemperature of the inner parts that occasions the representations
of flies and dust floating before the eyes. The cure of this depends
upon a removal of the stagnation in the extremities of those arteries
which run over the bottom of the eye. Quincy.

AMAXO＇BIANS [ἀμαξα, a chariot, and βιος, life] a people who had
neither houses nor tents, but dwelt in chariots. Anc. Geogr.

AMAY＇L [old rec.] enamel.

To AMA＇ZE [of a and mase, Sax. perplexity] 1. To astonish or
surprize with wonder. Go, amaze and charm mankind. Smith＇s Phæ­
dra and Hippolytus. 2. To daunt or confuse with terror. 3. To put
into perplexity; as, that cannot chuse but amaze him: if he be not
amazed, he will be mocked; if he be amazed, he will every way be
mocked. Shakespeare.

AMA＇ZE [from the verb] astonishment, either of wonder or
fear.

AMA＇ZEDLY [amazed] in an amazed manner.

AMA＇ZEDNESS [of amazeo] the state of being amazed.

AMA＇ZEMENT. 1. Astonishment. 2. Wonder at an unexpected
event; as, they were filled with wonder and amazement. Acts.
2. Extreme horror. 3. Extreme dejection.
His words impression left
Of much amazement to th＇ infernal crew. Milton.
4. Height of admiration. With amazement we should read your
story. Waller.

AMA＇ZING [amaze] astonishing, surprizing.

AMA＇ZINGLY, surprizingly.

A＇MAZONS [of α priv. and μαζος, a pap] certain warlike women,
said to have been in Asia, near the river Thermadoon, who cut off
their right paps, that they might the better draw the bow; and killed
all their male children, that they might have no man among them.
In the singular number, it denotes a warlike woman, a virago. Thou
art an amazon, and fightest with the sword. Shakespeare.

AMAZON [in geography] a great river of South America, which
rising in Peru, near the equator, runs eastward a course of more than
3000 miles; and, like other rivers between the tropies, annually
overflows its banks, at which season it is about 250 miles broad, where
it falls into the Atlantic Occan.

AMBA＇GES, a circumlocution, or long detail of words remote from
the true scope of the matter; a compass or fetch about of words;
a tedious lengthening out of a story.

AMBA＇GIOUS [ambagiosus, Lat.] full of circumlocution.

AMBA＇MARJAM, or AMBARO, the capital city of Abyssinia, or
Higher Ethiopia, situated on the side of a lake, out of which the river
Nile issues. Lat. 30° 0′ S. Long. 35° 1′ E.

AMBARVA＇LIA [of ambio to surround, and arva the grounds, Lat.]
Holy-days among the Romans, wherein they used to make a solemn
procession, and deprecations, that no ill might come to their corn­
fields.

AMBASSA＇DE, [Fr. embassy] character or business of an ambassa­
dor, a word not now in use. You disgraced me in my ambassade,
Shakespeare.

AMBA＇SSADOR, or EMDA＇SSADOR [ambassadeur, Fr. ambasciadore, It.
Embaxador, Sp. Embaixador, Port. Ambasciator, low Lat. a servant, all
of ambacht, or anwacht, Teut.] a person sent by a king, prince, or so­
vereign state, to another, either to treat about some important affair, to
compliment upon some happy occasion, or to condole upon a death;
sometimes, ludicrously, a messenger from common persons. He is
supposed to represent the power from which he is sent: the person of
an ambassador is inviolate. In the juridical and formal language it
signifies particularly a minister of the highest rank residing in another
country, and is distinguished from an envoy, who is not of equal
dignity.

AMBA＇SSADRESS [ambassadrice, Fr. ambasciadrice, It.] 1. In ludi­
crous language, woman ambassador,
Well, my ambassadress,
Come you to menace war.Rowe.
2. The wife of an ambassador.

A＇MBASSAGE [from ambassador] embassy, the business of an ambas­
sador.

A＇MBE [αμβη, Gr.] the ridge or edge of a hill.

AMBE [with surgeons] a superficies jutting out of the bones; also an
instrument with which dislocated bones are set again.

A＇MBER [ambre, Fr. ambra It. ámbar, Sp. and Port.] a sort of
hard gum, of a bright yellow colour, of which there is good store in
Prussia. It is said to grow like coral on a rock in the North Sea, and
being broken off by the waves, is cast up on the shores and into the
harbours. Pliny and others will have it a resinous juice issuing from
old pines and firs, and being discharged into the sea, and having un­
dergone there some alteration, is thrown on the shores. But later
authors have discovered that it is wholly of mineral origin, and is a bi­
tumen once liquid, of the naphtha or petroleum kind, hardened into
its present state by a mineral acid of the nature of spirit of sulpher,
or oil of vitriol.

AMBER [in geography] a river which rises in the south-east part
of Bavaria, runs north-east by Lansperg and Dachan, and falls into
the Iser a little above Landshut.

AMBER-GREASE, or AMBRE GRISS [ambre gris, Fr. grey amber]
a fragrant drug, which melts almost like wax, of an ash, or greyish
colour; it is used both by apothecaries as a cordial, and by perfumers
as a scent.

Liquid AMBER, is a sort of native balsam or refin, resembling tur­
pentine, clear, of colour reddish or yellowish, of a pleasant scent, and
almost like that of Ambergrease.

AMBER-TREE, a shrub whose beauty is in its small ever-green leaves,
which grow as close as heath, and being bruised between the fingers,
emit a very fragrant odour. Miller.

AMBER-Seed, a seed brought from Martinico and Egypt, of a bit­
terish taste, and resembling millet-seed.

Oil of AMBER, is an acid liquor drawn from amber, by pulverizing
and distilling it in a sand bath, &c.

A＇MBERG, a fortified town of Bavaria, situated on the river Ils,
about 30 miles north of Ratisbon. Lat. 49° 25′ N. Long. 12° 0′
W.

A＇MBERT, a city of France, in the Lower Auvergne, remarkable
for its manufactures in paper and camblets.

A＇MBIAM, a kingdom of Ethiopia, situated between the Nile and a
river which rises out of the lake Zaffan.

AMBI＇LLON, a town of France in Touraine, remarkable for a large
mill-stone quarry.

A＇MBIDENS, a sheep that has teeth on both sides, both upper and
lower, a hogrel, a theave. Lat.

AMBIDE＇XTER [ambidextre, Fr. ambidestro, It. ambidextro, Sp. of
Lat.] 1. A person who uses both hands alike. 2. A prevaricator, a
jack on both sides. A ludicrous sense. Lat.

AMBIDEXTER [in law] a juror or jury-man, who takes money of
both parties for his verdict; the penalty of which is ten times the sum
received.

AMBIDEXTER [among gamesters] one that goes snacks in gaming
with both parties.

AMBIDEX＇TEROUS, pertaining to double and foul practices; as, am­
bidexterous dealings; having with equal facility the use of both hands;
as, ambidexterous men. Sir T. Brown.

AMBIDEXTE＇RITY, or AMBIDE＇XTEROUSNESS [of ambidexter, Lat.]
the quality of using both hands alike, double dealing.

A＇MBIENT [ambiente, It. and Sp. of ambiens, Lat.] encompassing.

AMBIENT Air [with naturalists] the encompassing air, so called by
way of eminency, because it surrounds all things on the surface of the
earth.

AMBIENT Bodies [with philosophers] the same as circum-ambient
bodies; natural bodies that happen to be placed round about, or en­
compass other bodies.

AMBIFA＇RIOUS [ambifarius, Lat.] having a double form.

AMBIGE＇NAL Hyperbola [with geometricians] is such an one that
has one of its infinite inscribed legs in it, and the other circumscribed.

AMBIGU＇ [in cookery] several sorts of meat and pulse served up in
the same dish; also a banquet of meat and fruit served together. Fr.

AMBIGU＇ITY, or AMBI＇GUOUSNESS [ambiguité, Fr. ambiguità, It.
ambiguidàd, Sp. of ambiguitas, Lat.] a double meaning, obscurity in
words.

AMBI＇GUOUS [ambigu, Fr. ambiguo, It. an Sp. of ambiguus, of am­
bo, both, and ago, to drive, Lat.] 1. Uncertain, doubtful, of a double
meaning (spoken of words) so that they may be taken several ways.
2. Applied to persons using doubtful expressions. It is applied to ex­
pressions or those that use them, not to the dubious or suspended state
of mind; as, he thus ambiguous spoke. Pope.

AMBI＇GUOUSLY, equivocally, in doubtful terms.

AMBI＇LOGY, or AMBILOQUY [ambilogium, or ambiloquium, Lat. of
ambo, both, and λογος, a word or speech] double meaning.

AMBILO＇QUOUS [ambiloquus, Lat.] double tongued, speaking doubt­
fully.

A＇MBIT [ambitus, Lat.] the compass or circumference of any thing,
likewise the compass or extent of a human voice in singing, or of the
notes which a musical instrument has.








AMBIT of a Figure [with geometricians] the sum of all the bound­
ing or encompassing lines that enclose it.

AMBI＇TION [Fr. ambizione, It. ambición, Sp.] 1. Ambition includes
a desire of something higher than is possessed at present; an immode­
rate desire after honour and promotion. 2. The desire of any thing
excellent. Wit＇s ambition longeth to the best. Sir John Davies. 3.
It is used with to before a verb, and of before a noun.

AMBITION was represented by the ancients as a young man, clad
in green and crowned with ivy, and going to clamber up a high
and steep rock, on the top of which appeared crowns, sceptres, and all
sorts of temporal blessings, a lion by his side.
The colour of his garment denotes his hope, the spur of ambition,
his chaplet of ivy, that ambition like this vegetable is always climb­
ing; and the lion may be supposed to denote either pride, which is
generally the companion of ambition, or fortitude, which is a necessary
one.

AMBI＇TIOUS [ambitieux, Fr. ambizioso, It. ambiciôso, Sp. of ambi­
tiosus, Lat.] 1. Greedy of honour, &c. full of ambition, eager after
advancement. It has of before the object of ambition. 2. Eager to
grow bigger. I＇ve seen the ambitious ocean swell. Shakespeare.

AMBITIOUSLY, with ambition.

AMBI＇TIOUSNESS [of ambitieux, Fr. ambitiosus, Lat.] an aspiring
mind, disposition or quality of being ambitious.

A＇MBITUDE [ambitudo, Lat. of ambio, to surround] a circuit.

To A＇MBLE [ambler, Fr. ambulo, Lat. to walk] 1. To move upon
an amble. 2. To move easily, without shocks or shaking. 3. In a
ludicrous sense, to move with submission and by direction.
A whimpering she
Shall make him amble on a gossip＇s message.
Rowe.
4. To walk daintily and affectedly.
I want love＇s majesty,
To strut before a wanton ambling nympth.
Shakespeare.

A＇MBLE [Fr. ambio, It. ambla, Sp. of ambulo, Lat. with horse­
men] is the pace or going of a horse; the motion of which is two legs
of a side, raised and set down together, after which the two legs of the
other side rise, and come down in the same manner; each side obser­
ving an alternate course.

A＇MBLER [from amble] a pacer, a horse taught to amble.

A＇MBLINGLY [from ambling] with an ambling motion.

AMBLE Free [with horsemen] a horse is said to amble free, that
goes a good amble when led by the halter in a man＇s hand.

A＇MBLESIDE, a town of Westmoreland, situated at the upper end of
Winander Meer, 250 miles from London. It has a market on Wed­
nesday, and is noted for a cloth manufacture.

AMBLETE＇USE, a small sea-port town of Picardy, in France,
situated about five miles north of Boulogne.

AMBLO＇SIS [ἀμβλωσις, Gr.] an abortion or miscarriage.

AMBLO＇TICKS [ἀμβλωτικα, Gr.] medicines which cause abortion.

A＇MBLYGON [of αμβλυς, blunt, and γωνια, a corner, Gr.] any plain
figure, whose sides make an obtuse angle one with another.

AMBLY＇GONAL, pertaining to an amblygon.

AMBLYO＇PIA [of ἀμβλυωπια, Gr.] dulness or dimness of sight, when
the object is not clearly discerned, at what distance soever it be placed.

A＇MBO [of ἀμβαινω, Gr. to mount] a kind of pulpit or desk an­
ciently used in churches, where the priests and deacons stood to read
and sing part of the service, and preach to the people.

AMBOHE＇TSMENES, a province in the island of Madagascar, near the
mountains of the same name.

AMBO＇ISE, a town of Orleanois, in France, situated on the river
Loire, about 10 miles east of Tours. Lat. 47° 25′ N. Long. 1° 0′
E.

A＇MBOSINE, a province of Africa, in the kingdom of Benin.

A＇MBOTE, a town of Poland, in Samogitia, upon the river War­
daria, two polish miles from Siade, and nine from the Baltic sea.

AMBOU＇LE, a large country in the island of Madagascar, to the
north of Carcanossi.

AMBO＇YNA, an island of the East Indies, lying between the Molucca
islands and those of Banda, belonging at present to the Dutch. It is
remakable for the cruel usage and expulsion of the English factors in
the reign of king James I. Lat. 3° 40′ S. Long. 126° E.

AM＇BRA [ambra, Sax. amphora, Lat.] a vessel among the Saxons.
It contained a certain measure of salt, butter, meal, beer, &c.

AMBRO＇SIA [ambrosie, Fr. ambrosia, It. Sp. and Lat. ἀμβροσια, Gr.]
the delicious and imaginary food of the gods, according to the poets;
and used for anointing to. Angelo Maria Riccio. From which every
thing eminently pleasing to the smell or taste is called ambrosia.

AMBROSIA [in pharmacy] a medicine grateful and pleasing to the
palate.

AMBROSIA [in botany] the herb called oak of Jerusalem. It has
flosculous flowers, composed of several small infundibuliform floscules,
divided into five segments. These are however barren, the fruit,
which, in some measure, resembles a club, growing on the other parts
of the plant.

AMBRO＇SIAL, or AMBRO＇SIACK [ambrosiacus, Lat.] belonging to
or of the quality of ambrosia, fragrant, delightful.

AMBROSIAN Office [of St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan] a formula of
worship used in the church of Milan.

A＇MBRY, A＇MMERY, and A＇UMBRY [a word corrupted from al­
monry] still in use in the northern counties of England. 1. The place
where the almoner resides, or where alms are distributed. 2. A
cupboard or safe for keeping cold victuals. This sense the north
country and Scotland still use. 3. A place where the vessels, plate,
and all things belonging to house-keeping, are preserved.

AMBS-A＇CE [q. d. ambo, both, and ace, ambesa, Fr.] two aces thrown
at one time by dice.

AMBU＇ILA or AMBOI＇LA, a country of Africa, in the kingdom of
Congo, between the lake Aquelonde, and St. Salvador.

AMBULA＇TION [ambulatio, of ambulo, Lat. to walk] act of walking.
From the occult motion of the muscles in station proceed more offen­
sive lassitudes than from ambulation. Brown＇s Vulgar Errors.

AMBULATION [with surgeons] the spreading of a gangrene or
mortification.

AMBULA＇TORY [ambulatoire, Fr. ambulatorio, It. of ambulatorius,
Lat.] 1. That which has the power of walking. 2. That happens
during a walk. His majesty had an ambulatory view in his travels.
Wotton. 3. Going or moving up and down, not being fixed to any
place; as, ambulatory courts.

AMBU＇RBIAL Sacrifices [among the Romans] a solemnity of lead­
ing the beasts round the city before they are sacrificed.

A＇MBURY [with farriers] a disease in horses, which causes them to
break out in spongy swellings, full of hot blood and matter.

AMBUSCA＇DE [embuscade, Fr. imboscata, It. emboscáda, Sp. of em­
bucher, Fr.] 1. An ambush or ambushment, a private post where a body
of men lye hid in a wood or some other convenient place, that they
may rush out upon or enclose an enemy unawares. 2. Act of privily
lying in wait to surprize, catch, or trap one. 3. The state of being
posted privately, or of lying in wait in order to surprize. 4. The per­
sons placed in private stations.

A＇MBUSH [embuche, from bois, Fr. wood] the same as ambuscade.

AMBU＇SHED [from ambush] lying in wait. Bands of ambushed men.
Dryden.

A＇MBUSHMENT, ambush, surprize. A word no longer in use. A
wily fox lies in ambushment. Spencer.

A＇MBUST [ambustus, Lat.] burnt round about, scalded.

AMBU＇STION [ambustio, Lat. with surgeons] a solution of the con­
tinuity of parts; a burn or scald caused by some outward burning.

A＇MBY, a town of the Austrian Netherlands, in the province of
Limburg, situated on the east side of the river Maese, opposite to
Maestricht. Lat. 50° 56′ N. Long. 5° 45′ E.

AME [of Antwerp] a vessel containing 50 stoops, each stoop 7
pints English measure.

AME＇DIANS, a sect of religious in Italy, so called from their profes­
sing themselves amantes deum, lovers of God; or rather, amati deö,
beloved of God.

A＇MEL [email, Fr.] enamel. See ENAMEL.

AMEL, among, betwixt. Sc.

AMEL Corn, a sort of grain of which starch is made.

A＇MELAND, an island of the United Provinces, in the German
ocean, near the coast of Friezland, from which it is separated by a
streight called the Wadt.

AME＇LIA, a city of Italy, situated on a mountain; about 50 miles
north-east of Rome. Lat. 42° 40′ N. Long. 13° 20. E.

AME＇N [אכזן, Heb. firmness, certainty, fidelity] verily, so be it,
usually added at the end of prayers and graces. When added at the
end of the creed, so it is.

AME＇NABLE [amesnable, of amener, Fr.] responsible, subject so as
to be liable to enquiry or account.

AMENABLE, a term used in our law-books, of a woman who may
be subject to her husband.

A＇MENANCE [perhaps from amener, Fr.] conduct, behaviour, mien.
He＇s fit for arms and warlike amenance,
Or else for wise and civil governance.
Spencer.

To AME＇ND [amender, Fr. emendar, Sp. emendo, It. and Lat.] 1. To
reform, or correct, any thing that is wrong, so as to make it better.
2. To reform the life, to leave wickedness. 3. To restore passages in
writers, which the copiers are supposed to repair. The neuter verb
signifies to grow better.
Little said, soon AMENDED, or Silence seldom does Harm.
Lat. Nulli tacuisse nocet, nocet esse locutum. H. Ger. Reden thut mehr
Schaden aes Stillschweigen. (Loquacity is more hurtful than silence)
And indeed, if we consider the fatal consequences which in all ages
have attended those who have given too great a loose to their tongue,
and the dire misfortunes this little member has brought upon mankind
in general, every wise man would be very cautious how he placed his
words. How often does the talkative man expose himself to derision,
and what pains does he not take to appear a greater sool than perhaps
he in reality is; whereas the man who speaks little, and with cau­
tion, has often a greater share of wisdom ascribed to him than he
deserves.

AME＇NDABLENESS [of amendement, Fr. or emendabilis, Lat.] capa­
bleness of being amended.

AME＇NDE [in French customs] a mulct or pecuniary punishment,
imposed by the sentence of the judge for any crime, false prosecution,
or groundless appeal. We use in a cognate sense the word
amends.

AMENDE Honourable, is where a person is condemned to come into
court, or into the presence of some person injured, and make an open
recantation: also an afflictive pain, carrying with it some note of in­
famy or disgrace; as when the person offending is sentenced to go
naked to his shirt, a torch in his hand, and a rope about his neck, into
a church, or before an auditory, and there beg pardon of God, the
king, or the court, for some delinquency.

AME＇NDER [from amend] he that amends any thing.

AME＇NDMENT [amendement, Fr.] 1. Reformation, correction,
change for the better; as, amendment of a work. 2. Reformation of
life; as, amendment of life and manners. 3. Recovery of health, as,
Your honour＇s players, hearing of your amendment,
Are come to play.
Shakespeare.

AMENDMENT [emendatio, Lat. in law] the correction of an error
committed in a process, observed before or after judgment, which also
may be amended by the justices after judgment.

AMENDMENT is represented in painting by an old man sitting pen­
sively at a table or desk, holding in his left hand a scourge, and in
his right a pen, with which he corrects a book.

AME＇NDS [of amende, Fr. of emendo, Lat. from which it seems to
be corrupted, perhaps accidentally] recompence, satisfaction, com­
pensation.

AME＇NITY [amenité, Fr. amenità, It. amenidád, Sp. of amænitas,
Lat.] pleasantness of situation. Babylon was a seat of amenity and
pleasure. Brown＇s Vulgar Errors.

AMENTA＇CEOUS, an appellation given by botanists to such flowers
as have an aggregate of apices hanging down in form of a rope or
cat＇s tail. See plate I. fig. 15.

AME＇OS [with botanists] the herb bishops-weed.

To AME＇RCE [amercier, Fr.] 1. To set a fine or forfeiture upon
one; it is adopted by other writers, tho＇ originally juridical. 2. Some­
times with in before the fine. 3. Sometimes it is used, in imitation
of the Greek construction, with the particle of.








AME＇RCEMENT, or AMERCIAMENT [of merci, Fr.] a penalty that
is assessed by the equals or peers of the party amerced for some offence
done against the king, &c. or a pecuniary punishment imposed on
offenders at the mercy of the court, and therefore they call it in our
law misericordia, i. e. mercy.

AMERCEMENTS, are different from fines in this, that amercements
are imposed arbitrarily; whereas fines are appointed expresly by statute.

AMERCEMENT Royal [in law] is where a sheriff, coroner, or other
officer of the king, is amerced by the justices for some offence com­
mitted in his office.

AME＇RCER [from amerce] he that amerces.

AME＇RGO, or MERGO, a city of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez,
three leagues from Beni-Tudis.

AME＇RICA [so called from Americus Vespusius, who made a farther
discovery than Columbus, anno 1479] the fourth part of the world,
discovered in the year 1492. It is a vast continent lying between
80° north and 58° south latitude, and between 35° and 145° west
longitude, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, which separates it from
Europe and Africa on the east; and by the Pacific Ocean, usually cal­
led the South Sea, which divides it from Asia on the west: it is divided
into two Peninsulas, called North and South America, and separated
from each other by the Isthmus of Panama. America is possessed at
present by the European nations. To Spain belongs Old and New
Mexico, Florida, Terra Firma, Peru, Chili, Patagonica, or Terra
Megallanica, Paragua; and the islands Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto-Ri­
co, and Trinidad. The Portuguese are masters of the extensive mari­
time country of Brazil. The English possess the provinces of Georgia,
North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pensilvania, the two
Jerseys, New-York, New-England, New-Scotland, New-Britain;
and the islands Jamaica, Barbadoes, St. Christopher＇s, Newfound­
land, &c. and, lastly, Hudson＇s Bay, or British Canada. The
French claim all that extent of country lying westward of the British
plantations, and are in possession of the islands of Caen, Martinico,
Guadaloupe, &c. The Dutch are possessed of Surinam, and of some
islands on the north coast of Terra Firma; as Curassow, Aruba,
Bonaire, &c. And to Denmark belongs the island of St. Thomas.
See each under its proper article.

AMERICA [Amerique, Fr. America, It. Sp. Port. and Lat.] is re­
presented in painting by a woman almost naked, of a tawny com­
plection, her head and waste adorned with feathers of diverse colours;
in one hand a bow, in the other an arrow, and a quiver on her shoul­
der; at her feet a lizard; and round about her, human limbs dismem­
bered, or a human head pierced with an arrow, to shew that some of
the inhabitants are cannibals.

AME＇RICAN, of or belonging to America.

AME＇RIMNON [ἀμεριμνον, Gr.] the herb aizoon.

AMERI＇NA Salix [of Ameria in Italy] the twig withy.

A＇MERSFORT, a town of the Dutch Netherlands, in the province of
Utrecht, situated on the river Ems, about 14 miles N. E. of Utrecht.
Lat. 52° 25′ N. Long. 5° 20′ E.

A＇MERSHAM, or AGMO＇NDESHAM, a town of Buckingshamshire,
about 27 miles west of London; having a market on Tuesday; and
sends two members to parliament.

AME＇S ACE [a corruption of ambs ace] two aces thrown on two dice.

A＇MESS, or AM＇ICE [aumice, Fr. amictus, Lat.] an ornament which
popish canons and priests wear on their arms, when they are to say mass.

AMETHO＇DICAL [amethodicus, of a, neg. part, and methodus, a me­
thod, Lat.] being without method, irregular.

A＇METHYST [of ἀμεθυσος, Gr. of α priv. and μεθυω to make
drunk] a precious stone of a violet colour and faint lustre, so called,
because it is said to prevent drunkenness.

AMETHYST [in heraldry] is the purple colour in the coats of lower
gentry, and mercury in those of sovereign princes.

AME＇THYSTINE [amethyst] resembling the colour of an amethyst.

AMETHYSTIZO＇NTES [of ἀμεθυστιζον, Gr.] the best sort of carbun­
cles or rubies.

To AMEU＇BLE [ameublir, Fr. to render moveable] a term used by
French gardeners concerning the culture of earth which has indurated
by length of time, or has a sort of crust formed over it by great
rains, storms, watering, &c. and signifies to render the earth loose
and moveable, that waterings may penetrate it.

AMFRA＇CTUOUS [amfractuosus, Lat.] full of turnings and windings.

AMFRACTUO＇SITY, or AMFRA＇CTUOUSNESS [of amfractuositas,
Lat.] fulness of turnings and windings.

A＇MHAR, or AMHA＇RA, a kingdom of Abyssinia in Africa, subject
to the Great Negas: it is bounded on the north by the kingdom of
Bajemder; on the east by that of Amgote; on the south by the king­
dom of Walaca; and on the west by the Nile, which separates it from
the kingdom of Gojam.

A＇MIABLE [amiable, Fr. amabile, It. amáble, Sp. of amabilis, Lat.
from amo, to love] 1. Lovely, deserving love, charming. 2. Pre­
tending or shewing love. Spend all, only give me so much time in
exchange, as to lay amiable siege to her honesty. Shakespeare.

AMIABLE Numbers [in arithmetic] are numbers that are mutually
equal to the whole sum of one another＇s aliquot parts, as the numbers
284 and 220; for the first number 284 is equal to the sum of the ali­
quot parts of the number 220. The aliquot parts of which are 110,
45, 44, 22, 11, 10, 5, 4, 2, 1; and 220 is equal to all the aliquot
parts of 284, viz. 142, 71, 4, 2, 1.

A＇MIABLENESS [amabilitas, Lat,] loveliness; the quality of being
amiable.

A＇MIABLY, charmingly, in an amiable manner.

AMIA＇NTUS [ἀμιαντος, Gr.] a sort of stone resembling allum, tozy
like wool, which if cast into the fire will not consume; called also sa­
lamanders hair and earth slax.

A＇MICABLE [amichevale, amigable, Sp. of amicabilis, Lat.] friend­
ly, kind, courteous, loving; it is commonly used of more than one;
but we seldom sav an amicable action, though it is used differently in
the following passage. Enter each mild, each amicable guest. Pope.

A＇MICABLENESS [from amicable] the quality of being amicable.

AMICA＇BLY, kindly, courteously, in a friendly manner.

AMICE [amictus, Lat. amict, Fr.] Du Cange says the six garments
common to a bishop and preshyteus are, amictus, alba, cingulum,
stola, manipulus, and plancta; it is the first or undermost part of a
priest＇s habit coming close found his neck and over his breast, next to
which he wears the alb. Morning came forth in amice grey. Milton.
A priest succinct in amice white. Pope.

AMI＇CIA, a cap made of goats or lambs skin, that part which co­
vered the head being square, and another part of it hanging behind
and covering the neck.

AMI＇CTUS [in ancient writ] the uppermost of the fix garments
worn by priests, tyed round the neck, covering the breast and heart.
See AMICE.

AMI＇D, or AMI＇DST [amiddan, Sax.] 1. In the midst, in the mid­
 dle. 2. Surrounded by. So hills amid the air encountred hills. Mil­
 ton. 3. Amongst, conjoined with.
What tho＇ no real voice nor sound,
Amid their radiant orbs be found. Addison.

A＇MIENS, the capital city of Picardy, in France, situated on the
river Somme; it is a beautiful town, and a bishop＇s see, under the
archbishop of Rheimes; and has a university of considerable note.
Lat. 49° 50′ N. Long. 2° 30′ E.

AMI＇SS [of a and mis, the English particle, which shews any thing,
like the Greek παρα, to be wrong; as to miscount, to count erroneously.
Amiss therefore signifies not right, or out of order; or of misz, Teut.
and Ger.] 1. Faulty, criminal.
For that which thou hast sworn to do amiss,
Is yet amiss when it is truly done. Shakespeare.
2. In an ill sense. She figh＇d withal, they constru＇d all amiss. Fair­
fax. 3. Wrong, improper. Examples have the force of counsels only
not amiss, to be followed by them whose case is the like. Hooker. 4.
Wrong, not according to the perfection of the thing.
Your kindred is not much amiss, ＇tis true,
Yet I am somewhat better born than you. Dryden.
6. Reproachful, irreverent. Every people which speak any thing
amiss against the God of Shadrach, &c. shall be cut in pieces. Daniel.
7. Impaired in health. I was somewhat amiss yesterday, but am well to­
day. 8. Amiss is marked as an adverb, tho＇ it cannot always be adver­
bially rendered, because it always follows the substantive to which it
relates. 9. Amiss is used by Shakespeare as a noun substantive.
To my sick soul, as sin＇s true nature is,
Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss.

Don＇t take it AMISS, or, Don＇t be displeased.

AMI＇SSION [of amissio, Lat.] loss.

To AMI＇T [amitto, Lat.] to lose. A word little in use. Water
when congealed into ice, amitteth not its essence, but condition of
fluidity. Brown＇s Vulgar Errors.

AMI＇TTERE legem terræ [in law, i. e. to lose the law of the land]
to be depriv＇d of the liberty of swearing in any court; in ancient times,
it was the punishment of a champion, who was either overcome or
yielded in fight; as also of jurors who were found guilty in a writ of
attaint, and of persons attainted or outlawed.

A＇MITY [amitie, Fr. amicitia, Lat.] friendship, affection, love,
whether public between nations, opposed to war, or among the peo­
ple, opposed to discord, or between private persons.

A＇MMA [some derive it of ἀπτω, Gr. to connect or join together]
a tying, knitting, a band.

AMMA [with surgeons] a truss for ruptures.

A＇MMI, or A＇MMIUM [of ἀμμος, Gr. sand] the herb bishop＇s-
weed. The flower is rosaceous, and composed of heart-like petals,
and its fruit a small, roundish, and striated capsule, containing two
striated seeds, convex on one side.

A＇MMIRAL. See A＇DMIRAL.

A＇MMIRALTY. See ADMIRALTY.

Sal A＇MMONIAC [of ἀμμος, Gr. sand] a salt made by distillation,
&c. of sand impregnated with the urine of camels. But this is factitious.
The true sort was anciently found in Lybia, where the temple of Ju­
piter Ammon stood, and is supposed to have its name from thence.

AMMONI＇ACAL [of ammoniac] having the properties of salt ammo­
niac.

AMMONI＇ACUM Gummi, gum ammoniac, a gum brought from the
East Indies, supposed to ooze from an umbelliferous plant.

Cornu AMMO＇NIS. See AMMONI＇TÆ.

AMMONI＇TÆ [in natural history] snake-stone, the name of a large
genus of fossil shells, very few, if any of which, are yet known in their
recent state, or living either on our own, or any other shores. They
are of very different sizes, as well as species, some being found of the
size of a six pence, or even less, and others of two feet in diameter.
They are all made up of several circles, like those of a snake when
rolled up, the tail lying in the centre, and the large end, where was
the mouth of the fish, at the other. Some of them are rounded, others
greatly compressed or flatted, and are, at times, found lodged in al­
most all the strata of earth or stone. They are found in many parts
of England, particularly in Yorkshire, where they are very plentiful in
the alum rocks. See Plate I. Fig, 8, 9.

AMMO＇NITRUM [ἀμμονιτρον, Gr.] a sort of nitre, i. e. nitre and sud
mixed together.

AMMUNI＇TION [munition, Fr. munizione, It. amunición, Sp.] all
sort of warlike provisions and stores, especially powder and ball.

AMMUNITION Bread, bread for soldiers in an army or garrison.

A＇MNER [aumonier, Fr.] an almoner.

A＇MNESTY [amnestie, Fr. amnestia, Sp. and Lat. of ἀμνεστια, Gr.]
an act of oblivion, or a general pardon granted by a prince to subjects,
for former offences.

AMNI＇COLIST [amnicola, Lat.] one that dwells by a river.

AMNI＇GENOUS [amnigenus, Lat.] born or bred in, of, or near a
river.

AMNI＇ON, or AMNI＇OS [ἀμνιον, Gr.] the coat or soft skin which
immediately covers the child in the womb, and after the birth is voided,
with the alantois and chorion.

AMOE＇BEAN Verses [with grammarians] verses which answer one
another by turns, as in some of the ecclogues of Virgil.

AMO＇MUM [ἀμωμον, Gr.] certain grains of a spicey smell and biting
taste; the fruit of an East Indian tree.

AMOMUM [with botanists] the herb our lady＇s rose, or rose of Je­
rusalem.

A＇MONG, or A＇MONGST [amang, onmang, or gemang, Sax. manck
or mau. O. Sp. and L. Ger.] 1. In the company of, mingled with.
2. Conjoined with, making part of the number.

AMORGI＇NE [ἀμοργινη, Gr.] pellitory of the wall.








AMO＇RGO, an island in the Archipelago, about 90 miles north of
Candia. Lat. 37° 0′ N. Long. 26° 15′ E.

A＇MORIST [amoreux, Fr. amoroso, It. of amorosus, Lat.] an amorous
person, a man professing love. The continuance of a mistress＇s kind­
ness, and her beauty, are both necessary to the amorist＇s joys and quiet.
Boyle.

AMORO＇SO, an amorous person, a gallant, a lover, a spark.

A＇MOROUS [amoreux, Fr. amoroso, It. of amorosus, Lat.] 1. Lov­
ing, in love, with of before the object beloved, in Shakespeare on. 2.
Of or pertaining to love, naturally given to love, fond.

A＇MOROUSLY [of amorous] lovingly, tenderly, passionately.

AMO＇ROUSNESS [of amorous] lovingness, fondness

AMO＇RPHOUS [of amorphus, Lat. ἀμορϕος, Gr. of α priv. and μορϕη,
form] without form or shape, ill shapen.

AMO＇RPHY. Sub. the want of beauty.

AMO＇RT [amorti, à la mort, Fr. ammortito, It.] in the state of the
dead.

ALL A MORT, a term used of a person in a melancholy or dejected
mood, q. d. quite dead-hearted. How fares my Kate? what, sweet­
ing, all a mort. Shakespeare.

AMORTIZA＇TION, or AMORTI＇ZEMENT [amortissement, Fr. in law]
the act of turning lands into mortmain, i. e. of alienating or transfer­
ring them to some corporation, guild or fraternity, and their successors,
that never is to cease. See MORTMAIN.

To AMO＇RTIZE [amortir, Fr. in law] to make over lands and
tenements to a corporation, &c. and their successors, which cannot be
done without licence of the king and the lord of the manor.

AMO＇TION [of amotio, Lat.] a moving or putting away.

To AMO＇VE [amoveo, Lat.] 1. To take out of the way, to remove
from any post. 2. To move, to remove, to alter. A sense now out
of use; as
Therewith amoved from his sober mood,
And lives he yet, said he, that wrought this act. Spenser.

To AMO＇UNT [monter, Fr. montare, It. montàr, Sp.] 1. To rise
up in value or tenor, with the particle to. It is used of several sums in
quantities added together. 2. It is used figuratively of the consequence
arising from a thing taken together. The errors of aged men amount
but to this, that more might have been done. Bacon.

AMOUNT [montant, Fr.] the total of several articles in an account,
the produce of a merchandize.

AMO＇UR, a large river of Asia, which rising in Siberia, runs east­
ward through Chinese Tartary, and falls into the bay of Corea in the
Indian ocean.

AMO＇URS [Fr. amorazzi, It. amores, Lat.] love-concerns or in­
trigues, generally used of vicious love. The ou sounds like ου in
poor.

AMO＇USES [with chymists] counterfeit gems or precious stones.

A＇MOY, an island on the south-west coast of China. Lat. 25° 0′ N.
Long. 118° 0′ W.

AMPELI＇TES [ἀμπελιτις, of ἀμπελος, Gr. a vine] a kind of black
or bituminous earth, used about vines to make them thrive the better;
it is also used to blacken the eye-brows and the hair.

AMPELODE＇SMOS [of ἀμπελος and δεσμος, Gr. a band] an herb that
the Sicilians used to tie their vines with.

AMPELOLE＇UCE [of ἀμπελος, and λευκος, Gr. white] the white
vine, or herb briony.

AMPELOME＇LANA [of ἀμπελος, and μελαινα, Gr. black] black bri­
ony.

AMPELOPRA＇SON [of ἀμπελος, and πρασον, Gr, a leek] leek wine,
bear＇s garlic or ramsons.

A＇MPELOSA＇GRIA [of ἀμπελος, and ἀγρια, Gr, wild] the wild
vine, an herb.

A＇MPER, a sort of tumour, with inflammation; a bile. A word
said by Skinner to be much in use in Essex.

AMPE＇ZO, a town in the Tyroleze, formerly belonging to the state
of Venice, but now to the house of Austria.

AMPHEMERI＇NUS [of ἀμϕι, about and ημερα, Gr. a day] a fever
or ague that comes every day.

A＇MPHI [a Gr. preposition] signifies in composition on every side,
or rather on both sides.

AMPHI＇BIOUS [amphibie, Fr. anfibio, It. amphibio, Sp. amphibius,
Lat. of ἀμϕιβιος, of ἀμϕι, both sides, and βνος, life, Gr.] that lives
both upon the land and water, as frogs, otters, bevera, &c.

AMPHI＇BIOUSNESS [of amphibius, Lat. of ἀμϕιβιος, Gr.] having an
amphibious nature, or quality of living on land and in water.

AMPHIBLESTRO＇IDES [ἀμϕιβληστροειδης, of ἀμϕιβληστρον, a net, and
ειδος, form, Gr.] a soft, white, slimy coat or skin of the eye, so cal­
led, because if it be thrown in water it will appear like a net.

AMPHIBOLO＇GICAL [amphibologique, Fr. anfibologico, It. amphibolo­
gicus, Lat. of ἀμϕιβολογια, Gr.] doubtful.

AMPHIBO＇LOGY [amphibologie, Fr. anfibologia, It. amphibologia, Lat.
of ἀμϕιβολογια, Gr. doubtful] a dark speech that has an uncertain or
doubtful meaning. It is distinguished from equivocation, which means
the double signification of a single word, as noli regem occidere, timere
bonum est, is amphibology; captare lepores, meaning by lepores, either
hares or jests, is equivocation. Johnson.

AMPHIBOLO＇GICALLY [of amphibological] doubtfully, with a doubt­
ful meaning.

AMPHI＇BOLOUS [ἀμϕιβολος, doubtful, of ἀμϕι, every way, and
βαλλω, to throw, Gr.] tossed from one to the other, striking every way.
Never was there such an amphibolous quarrel, both parties declaring
themselves for the king. Howel.

AMPHIBRA＇CHIUS [of ἀμϕι, on both sides, and βραχυς, short, Gr.]
a foot in a verse either Greek or Latin, that has a short syllable before
and after, and a long one in the middle.

AMPHIBRA＇NCHIA [of ἀμϕιβρανχια, of ἀμϕι, about, and βρανχια,
the jaws, Gr.] certain places about the glandules in the jaws that serve
to moisten the throat, stomach, &c.

AMPHIDÆ＇UM [ἀμϕιδαιον, Gr.] the summit, or top of the mouth of
the womb.

AMPHIDRO＇MIA ἀμϕιδρομια, of ἀμϕι, about, and δρομος, Gr. a
course] a festival observed in Athens by private families, upon the 5th
day after the birth of a child, it being the custom for the sponsors to run
round the fire with the infant in their arms; and then having delivered
it to the nurse, they were entertained with feasting and dancing.

AMPHI＇LOGY [ἀμϕιλογια, Gr.] an ambiguity of speech.

AMPHI＇MACER [of ἀρϕι, on both sides, and μακρος, long] a foot in
a verse that has a short syllable in the middle, and a long one on either
side, as ǣquĭtās.

AMPHIME＇TRION [of ἀμϕι, about, and μητρα, the womb, Gr.] the
neighbouring parts of the womb.

AMPHY＇POLIS, or STRY＇MON, a town in the Tyroleze, formerly be­
longing to the state of Venice, but now to the house of Austria.

AMPHIPRO＇STYLUS, or AMPHIPRO＇STYLE [ἀμϕιπροστυλος, Gr.] a
term in architecture, used of those temples in ancient times, which had
four columns or pillars in the front, and the same number behind.

AMPHISBÆ＇NA [Lat. ἀμϕισβαινα, of ἀμϕι, and βαινω, Gr. to go]
a smaller kind of serpent, which moveth forward and backward, and
is supposed to have two heads, one at either extreme. Scorpion and
asp, and amphisbæna dire. Milton.

AMPHI＇SCII [ἀμϕισκιοι, of ἀμϕι, and σκια, a shadow] those people
dwelling in climates, wherein the shadows at different times of the year
fall both ways, viz. both toward the north pole, when the sun is in
southern signs; and toward the south pole, when he is in the northern
signs. These are those who inhabit the torrid zone.

AMPHI＇SMELA, or AMPHI＇SMILE [of ἀμϕι, on both sides, and
σμιλη, a scraping-knife, Gr.] an instrument used in dissections of human
bodies, &c.

A＇MPHITANE [ἀμϕιτανη, Gr.] a precious stone of a gold colour,
having the same quality with the load-stone, attracting gold, as that
does iron.

AMPHITHE＇ATRE [Fr. anfiteatro, It. amphitreatro, Sp. amphithea­
trum, Lat. ἀμϕιθεατρον, of ἀμϕι, and θεαομαι, to behold, Gr.] an
edifice of the Romans, in form either oval or round, which contained
a great number of seats, one above another, so as some of them to hold
50, 60, or 80,000 spectators of shews, sports, fencers, wild-beasts
fighting, sea-fights, &c. The theatres of the ancients were built in
the form of a semi-circle, only exceeding a just semi-circle by one
fourth part of the diameter, and the amphitheatre is two theatres joined
together; so that the longest diameter of the amphitheatre was to the
shortest, as one and a half to one.

AMPHITHE＇ATRE [in gardening] a temple of view, erected on a
rising ground, of a semi-circular figure.

A＇MPHITRITE, the name of a small naked sea-insect, of an oblong
figure, with only one tentaculum, resembling a piece of thread.

AMPHO＇RA [amphora, Lat.] a measure of liquid things, a vessel a
foot square, having two ears or handles; the Attick amphora con­
tained seven gallons and a half, and the Italian five.

A＇MPHTHILL, a town in Bedfordshire, 43 miles from London, in
the road from thence to Buckingham. Here is a charity school, and
an hospital for ten poor men. Market on Thursday.

AMPHICTIO＇NES [so called from Amphyction the son of Helenus, who
first instituted them] magistrates of the supreme tribunal of Greece, or
the parliament of Greece; being the presidents of the members which
were sent from the seven principal cities of Greece, who determined
both public and private disputes.

A＇MPLE [Fr. ampio, It. of amplus, Lat.] 1. Of a large extent, wide.
2. Bulky. An ample tear trill＇d down her cheeks. Shakespeare. 3.
Unlimited, without any restriction. Land where and when you please
with ample leaves. Dryden. 4. Liberal, abundant; as, man＇s labours
are not required in so large and ample manner as human felicity doth
import. Hooker. Noble. 5. Large, without reservation. The earl
made ample promises. Clarendon. 6. Diffusive, not contracted; as,
an ample narrative.

A＇MPLENESS [ample, Fr.] largeness.

To A＇MPLIATE [from amplio, Lat.] to enlarge. He＇ll explain and
dilucidate, add and ampliate. Brown.

AMPLIA＇TION [Fr. ampliazione, It. of ampliatio, Lat.] 1. Enlarge­
ment, exaggeration. Odious matters admit not of an ampliation, but
ought to be restrained. Ayliffe. 2. Diffuseness. These may plead
excuse for any ampliations, or repetitions, whilst I labour to express my­
self full. Holder.

AMPLIATION [in law] a deferring or putting off judgment, till a
cause has been better examined. Lat.

To A＇MPLIFICATE [amplificatum, Lat.] to amplify, augment or
enlarge.

AMPIFICA＇TION [Fr. amplificazione, It. amplificación, Sp. of am­
plificatio, Lat.] enlargement, extension.

AMPLIFICATION [with rhetoricians] an amplifying or enlarging
upon an argument, either by aggravating a crime, heightening a com­
mendation, or enlarging a narration by an enumeration of circum­
stances, so as to excite the proper emotions in the auditors, and in
order to gain their belief of what is said.

A＇MPLIFIER [of amplify] one that enlarges or amplifies with a
large display of the best circumstances, it being usually taken in a good
sense.

To A＇MPLIFY verb act. [amplifier, Fr. amplificare, It. amplificár
Sp. of amplifico, Lat.] 1. To enlarge any corporeal substance, or ob­
ject of sense. To amplify any thing is to break it in several parts. Ba­
con. 2. To enlarge any thing incorporeal. There grew in the Ro­
man prelates a desire of amplifying their power. Raleigh. 3. To exag­
gregate a thing by representation. I would not flatter the present age
by amplifying the diligence of those servitors that laboured in this vine­
yard. Davies. 4. To encrease by new additions. My health is insuf­
ficient to encrease and amplify these remarks. Watts.

To AMPLIFY, verb neut. Frequently with the particle on. 1. To
dilate upon in many words. When you amplify on the former branches
of a discourse, you must contract the latter. Watts. 2. To make pom­
pous representations. Homer amplifies, not invents. Pope.

A＇MPLITUDE [amplitudo, Lat.] 1. Extent. Within the amplitude
of heaven and earth. Glanville. 2. Greatness, largeness. Men should
enlarge their minds to the amplitude of the world, and not reduce the
world to the narrowness of their minds. Bacon. 3. Capacity. With
amplitude of mind to greatest deeds. Milton. 4. Splendor, grandeur.
Princes may add amplitude and greatness to their kingdoms. Bacon.
5. Copiousness, fulness, abundance. Proportion the amplitude of
your matter, and the fulness of your discourse, to your design. Watts.

AMPLITUDE [in astronomy] is an arch of the horizon, intercepted
between the true east or west point thereof, and the centre of the sun or
a star at its rising or setting.








Eastern AMPLITUDE, is the distance between the point wherein the
star rises, and the true point of east, in which the equator and horizon
intersect.

Western AMPLITUDE, is the distance of the point wherein the sun
sets, and the true point of west in the equinoctial.

AMPLITUDE, of the range of a projectile, is the horizontal line, sub­
tending the path in which it moved.

Magnetical AMPLITUDE, is an arch of the horizon, contained be­
tween the sun at his rising, and the east or west point of the compass;
or it is the difference of the rising or setting of the sun from the east or
west parts of the compass. Chambers.

AMPLI＇VAGOUS [amplivagus, Lat.] that wanders wide, or far and
near, that stretches out far, having a large scope.

A＇MPLY. 1. Fully, copiously, with diffusion. 2. At large, with­
out reserve; as,
The woman＇s seed, obscurely then foretold,
Now amplier known, thy Saviour and thy Lord. Milton.
3. Largely, abundantly, liberally.

AMPU＇RIAS, a town in Spain, capital of the district of Ampouzdan
in Catalonia, situated near the sea coast, at the mouth of the river
Fulvia. Lat. 42° 15′ N. Long. 2° 50′ E.

To A＇MPUTATE [amputo, Lat. in gardening] to cut off, to lop or
prune.

AMPUTA＇TION [Fr. amputazione, It. amputación, Sp. of amputa­
tio, Lat.] a cutting off.

AMPUTATION [with gardeners] a cutting or lopping.

AMPUTATION [with surgeons] is the cutting off a corrupted or pu­
trified part of the body, or any member of it, to hinder the infection
from spreading through the whole body. The operation is begun by
an annular incision made through the skin with a scalpel, upon which
the skin is drawn upwards as much as possible. Then the flesh is di­
vided down to the bones with the crooked scalpel, the ligaments are
cut, and the periosteum separated from the bone. The last step is to
fix the saw so as that it may work easily; it must be moved gently at
the first, but when well entered, faster; and thus in one or two mi­
nutes, the amputation may be compleated.

AMSDO＇RFIANS [of Amsdorf their leader] a sect in the sixteenth cen­
tury, who maintained that good works were not only unprofitable, but
even opposite and pernicious to salvation.

A＇MSTERDAM, a large and beautiful city of Holland, situated on
the river Amstel, and an arm of the sea called Wye, a little to the east­
ward of the Zuyder-sea. The foundations of this town are laid upon
vast piles of timber drove into the Morass; ＇tis said that the stadt-house
alone has upwards of 13000 piles of wood to support its foundation.
It is computed to be half as big as London; and, in point of trade,
equal to any town of the known world; there being people of almost
every nation and every religion in Europe, who are all tolerated in
their respective persuasions, but none admitted to any share of the go­
vernment but the Calvinists; all of them, however, apply themselves
to trade with the utmost diligence, to heap up wealth, not with a view
to enjoy it, but to have the pleasure of dying rich.

A＇MULET [amelette, Fr. of amuletum, Lat.] a sort of physical com­
position or charm to wear about a person＇s neck, as a preservative
against plague, poison, enchantment, or to remove diseases, &c.

AMU＇RCA, the mother, dregs, or lees of oil, or any thing else.
Lat.

AMURCO＇SITY [amurcositas, Lat.] the quality of having lees, dreg­
giness.

To AMU＇SE [amuser, Fr.] 1. To fill with thoughts that engage the
mind, without distracting it. 2. To hold in play, to stop or stay a
person with a trifling story, to feed with vain expectations.

To AMUSE [among pickpockets, &c.] is when one rogue throws
dust or pepper into a person＇s eyes, or tells an idle story to a person in
a shop to decoy him out, while his comrades play their pranks.

AMU＇SERS [canting term] those who are trained up to these vil­
lainous arts.

AMU＇SEMENT [amusement, Fr.] that which amuses, entertainment,
making vain promises, &c. to gain time; a trifling business or employ­
ment to pass away time.

AMU＇SER [of amuse] he that amuses, as with false promises.

AMU＇SIVE [of amuse] that which has the power of amusing. This
word has only Thomson＇s authority; as, th＇ amusive arch before him
flies, then vanishes.

A＇MY [a law word] amy prochein, i. e. the next person or friend,
who is to be entrusted for an infant or orphan. Fr.

AMY＇GDALA [ἀμυγδαλη, Gr.] the almond tree or its fruit. See
ALMOND-TREE.

AMY＇GDALÆ [with anatomists] the almonds of the ears; the same as
paristhmiæ and tonsillæ.

AMY＇GDALATE [of amygdala, an almond, Lat. ἀμυγδαλη, Gr.] 1.
Made of almonds. 2. Artificial milk made of blanched almonds.

AMY＇GDALINE [amygdalinus, Lat.] of or pertaining to almonds,
resembling almonds.

AMYGDALITES [ἀμυγδαλοειδης, Gr.] an herb of the spurge kind,
having leaves like those of the almond-tree.

AMY＇NTICA Emplastra [in pharmacy] defensative, strengthening
plaisters.

AMY＇ON [of α priv. and μυς, a muscle, Gr.] a limb so emaciated
that the muscles scarce appear.

AN [an, ane, Sax. en, Dan, een, Du. and L. Ger. ein, H. Ger.]
The same as a, the indefinite article, placed before nouns beginning
with a vowel or mute H. It is likewise mostly found before nouns
beginning with an h, pronounced, tho＇, I think, wrong, the n being
seldom or never pronounced, and the euphony never requiring it. 1.
One, but with less emphasis; as yonder stands an ox. 2. Any or
some. An honest man＇s the noblest work of God. Pope. 3. Some­
times it signifies like a some particular state; but this is now disused;
as, men an hungred love to smell hot bread. Bacon. 4. An is some­
times, in old authors, a contraction of and if; as, he must speak truth;
an they will take it so; if not he＇s plain. Shakespeare. 5. Sometimes
a contraction of and before if.
The clerk will never wear hair on＇s face that had it,
——He will an if he live to be a man. Shakespeare.
6. Sometimes it is a contraction of as if. He roars an it were any
nightingale. Addison.

A＇NA [in physicians bills] is used to signify that an equal quantity
of each ingredient is to be taken in compounding the medicine. It is
written ā, or ana.

A＇NA [with schoolmen] as books in ana are collections of the me­
morable sayings or loose hints of persons of wit and learning, much of
the same kind with what we usually call table-talk. Thus the Scali­
gerana and Thuaniana.

ANA, an Indian coin, in value 1 d. 11/16 English.

AN JOUR and WASTE. See YEAR and DAY.

ANABAPTI＇STON. See ABAPTISTON.

ANABA＇PTISTS [anabaptistes, Fr. anabattisti, It. anabaptistas, Sp.
anabaptistæ, Lat. ἀνα again, and βαπτιζω to dip, Gr. i. e. rebaptizers]
a religious sect, whose distinguishing tenet is, that persons are not to
be baptized till they are able to give an account of their faith. They
are called anabaptists, i. e. rebaptizers, as being supposed to admi­
nister the ordinance of baptism upon subjects which have already re­
ceived it.

ANABA＇PTISTRY, or ANABA＇PTISM, the principles of the anabaptists.

ANABA＇SII, couriers among the ancients, who travelled either on
horseback or in chariots.

ANABA＇SIS [ἀναβασις, of ἀναβαινω, Gr. to ascend] an ascending or
getting up, an ascent or rise.

ANABASIS [in botany] the herb horse-hair or horse-tail. Lat.

ANABASIS [with physicians] the growth or increase of a disease.

ANABIBA＇ZON [in astronomy] the dragon＇s head, or the node of
the moon where she rises from north to south latitude.

ANABROCHI＇SMUS [ἀναβροχισμος of ἀνα, upwards, and βροχος, a
halter or loop, Gr.] a particular way or method of drawing out the
pricking hairs of the eye-lids, which are turned inwards, by a fine
silk doubled in a needle, which the hair is put through, and so drawn
out.

ANA＇BROSIS [ἀναβρωσις, of ἀναβρωσκω to eat through, Gr.] a cor­
or eating away.

ANABROSIS [in surgery] a consuming or wasting away of any part
of the body by sharp humours.

ANACÆ＇NOSIS [ἀνακαινωσις, of ἀνα, again, and καινος, new, Gr.] a
renovation.

ANACALYPTE＇RIA [of ἀνακαλυπτω, Gr. to reveal] a feast kept a
day after a wedding, when the bride put off her veil, that all might
see her face, which till then was covered.

ANACA＇MPSEROS [of ανα, again, and καμπτω, to turn, and ερως, love,
Gr.] an herb, which being touched, is said to be efficacious in recon­
ciling lovers or friends that are fallen out.

ANACA＇MPTICAL, or ANACA＇MPTICK [of ἀνακαμπτω, Gr. to
bend back, to reflect, commonly said of echoes, which are sounds
produced anacamptically, or by reflection] reflecting, or returning
back again.

ANACA＇MPTICKS, a branch of opticks called catoptricks, a sci­
ence which explains the properties of reflected light. It has no
singular.

ANACA＇RDIUM, a bean in Malacea, growing in the form of a sheep＇s
heart.

ANACATHAR＇SIS [ἀνακαθαρσις, of ἀνα, above, and καθαιξω, to purge,
Gr.] a medicine that purges or discharges nature by some of the up­
per parts.

ANACATHA＇RTICK Medicines [pharmacy] such as cause vomiting.

ANACEPHALÆ＇OSIS [ἀνακεϕαλαιωσις, Gr.] a brief recapitulation or
summing up the heads of any matter, which is either spoken or writ­
ten, a short repetition or summary of what went before.

To ANACE＇PHALIZE [of ἀνακεϕαλαιω, Gr.] to repeat the heads of
a matter.

ANACHI＇TES, a diamond, a sort of precious stone, said to have the
virtue of driving away distempers of the mind, and to defend against
poison.

ANACHORE＇TA, ANA＇CHORETE, or ANA＇CHORITE, sometimes vi­
ciously written ANCHORITE [anacoreta, It. anachorita, Sp. anachoreta,
Lat. ἀναχωρετης, of ἀναχωρεω to retire, Gr.] a monk who, with the
leave of his superior, retires from the convent in order to lead a more
austere and solitary life.
Here love doth sit
Vow＇d to this trench like an anachorite. Donne.

ANA＇CHRONISM [anachronisme, Fr. anachronismo, It.] properly it
denotes a fault or error in chronology, or a computation of time,
when an event is placed earlier than it really was; but it is generally
used for any error in chronology. Johnson. But after all, here seems
to be some confusion in the account given of this word, which may
possibly be redressed, by considering more closely its Greek extract,
from ανα, which frequently signifies, in compounds, over-again, and
χρονισμος, a fixing of time; q. d. a fixing of time over again, i. e.
the assigning some new point of duration to an event, and (hence by
an easy transition) contrary to that in which it really stood; an error
in chronology; or, when an event is placed earlier or later than
the time in which it truly happened.

ANACLA＇TICKS [of ἀνα and κλαω, to break, and in compound, to
break back, to refract, Gr.] a branch of optics that treats about all
sorts of refractions, the same with dioptricks; it has no singular.

ANACLETE＇RIA [of ἀνα and καλεω, Gr. to call] festivals in honour
of kings and princes, when they took upon them the administration of
the state.

ANACOLLE＇MATA [of ἀνακολλαω, Gr. to glew together] a medicine
to be applied to the forehead, in diseases of the eyes, to restrain
fluxions. Bruno. And to the nostrils in hæmorrhages; also that will
conglutinate parts, and produce flesh in a wound or ulcer. Blan­
card.

ANACO＇LYTHON [ἀνακολουθος, of ἀνα and κολουθεω, Gr. to follow] an
inconsequence, a figure in rhetoric when a word is not expressed which
is to answer another.

ANACREO＇NTICK Verse [of Anacreon, a lyric poet] a sort of verse
consisting of seven syllables, and is not tied to any certain rule, &c. of
quantity.

ANACTO＇RION [ἀνακτοριον, Gr.] the herb sword-grass.

ANADENDROMA＇LACHE [ἀναδινδρομαλαχη, Gr.] the rose mallowtree.

ANADE＇SMA [of ἀνα and δισμος, a band, Gr.] a swathe or bandage
to bind up wounds.

ANADI＇PLOSIS ἀναδιπλωσις, of ἀναδιπλοω, to redouble, Gr. with







rhetoricians] a redoubling, a figure, when the same word that ends a
sentence is repeated in the beginning of the next; as,
He preserved his innocence amidst these temptations;
Temptations which none but he could overcome.

ANADIPLOSIS [with physicians] the redoubling of fits of agues,
fevers, &c.

ANA＇DOSIS, [of ἀνα and διδωμι, to give, Gr. with physicians] the
conveyance of the chyle through its proper vessels; also a vomit.

ANA＇DROMOUS Fish, a name given, by ichthiologists, to all fish
which, at stated seasons, go from the fresh waters into the sea, and
afterwards return back again.

ANAGA＇LLIS [ἀναγαλλις, Gr.] the herb pimpernel. The flower is
monopetalous, multifid, and orbicular; the fruit is a globose capsule,
containing only one cell, and dividing horizontally into two hemis­
pheres; the seeds are numerous and angular.

ANAGALLIS Aquatica [in botany] sea-purslain or brook-lime.

ANAGALLIS Sylvestris [in botany] the herb calves-snout.

ANAGA＇RSKAYA, a city of Muscovite Tartary, in the province of
Dauria, near the source of the river Amour.

ANAGLY＇PTICE [ἀναγλυπτικη, Gr.] the art of engraving, chasing,
or imbossing.

ANA＇GNI, a town of Italy, in the Campagne di Roma, situated
about 32 leagues east of Rome. Lat. 42° 1′ N. Long. 13° 45′ E.

ANAGO＇GE [ἀναγωγη, of ἀνα and αγω, Gr. to lead] a rapture or ele­
vation of the soul to things celestial and eternal; an exciting or raising
of the mind, to search out the hidden or mysterious meaning of any
passage, especially of the holy scripture.

ANAGOGE＇TICAL [anagogeticus, Lat. ανα, in composition, some­
times implies a distribution through, sometimes it signifies upwards,
and sometimes again, and these three senses afford a key to the seve­
ral compositions of this word] 1. Pertaining to high matters. 2. Per­
taining to mysteries, mystical, mysterious, that has an exalted or un­
common signification. 3. That exalts the mind to divine contem­
plations.

ANAGO＇GICAL [anagogique, Fr.] mysterious, raising the mind to
things eternal and divine.

ANAGOGICALLY, mysteriously, with religious and spiritual elevation.

A＇NAGRAM [anagramme, Fr. anagramma, It. anagrama, Sp. ana­
gramma, Lat. ἀναγραμμα, Gr.] a conceit arising from the transposition
of αγα, and γραϕω, to write the letters of a name or title, in order to
set forth something to the praise of the person; as this of W,i,l,l,i,a,m
N,o,y attorney general to king Charles I, a very laborious man, I
moyl in law.

ANAGRA＇MMATISM, or METAGRAMMATISM [ἀναγραμματισμος, Gr.]
is a dissolution of a name truly written into its letters as its elements,
and a new connexion or distribution of it by artificial transposition,
without addition, subtraction, or change of any letter into different
words, making some perfect sense applicable to the person named.
Camden.

ANAGRA＇MMATIST [ἀναγραμματιζω, of ἀνα and γραϕω, Gr. to write]
a maker or writer of anagrams.

To ANAGRA＇MMATIZE, [ἀναγραμματιζω, Gr. anagrammatiser, Fr.]
to make anagrams.

ANAGRA＇PHE [ἀναγραϕη, Gr.] 1. A recording or registring affairs,
a commentary. 2. An inventory, &c.

ANA＇GYRIS [ἀναγυρις, Gr.] bean trefoil, an herb.

ANAISTHESI＇A [of ἀνα and ἀισθησις, Gr. sense] a loss of, or defect
of sense, as in such as have the palsy.

ANALE＇CTA [of ἀναλεκτα, of ανα and λεγομαι, to gather, Gr.]
1. Fragments or crumbs, gathered up from the table. 2. Collections
or scraps collected out of authors.

ANALE＇MMA [with astronomers] an orthographical projection of
the sphere, on the plane of the meridian, the eye being supposed to
be at an infinite distance, and either in the east or west points of the
horizon.

ANALEMMA [in astronomy] an instrument, a kind of astrolabe,
made either of brass or wood; consisting of the furniture of the same
projection, with an horizon or cursor fitted to it, used for finding the
sun＇s rising and setting, &c.

ANALEP＇TICKS [ἀναληπτικα, of ἀναλαμβανω, Gr. to receive again,
to re-establish or restore] in physic, restorative medicines, such as are
good to restore the body, when wasted and emaciated either by the
want of food, or the continuance of a disease.

ANA＇LGESY [analgesia, Lat. ἀναλγησια, Gr. of α priv. and αλγος,
pain] an indolency, freedom from pain and grief.

ANALO＇GICAL [analogique, Fr. analogo, It. anologico, Sp. of analo­
gicus, Lat. ἀναλογικος, of ἀνα and λογος, Gr. a word, reason, or ra­
tio] 1. Used by way of analogy, relation, or agreement. It seems pro­
perly distinguished from analogous, as words from things. Analogous
signifies having relation, and analogical having the quality of repre­
senting relation. Johnson. When a word, which originally signifies
any particular idea or object is attributed to several other objects, not
by way of resemblance, but on the account of some evident reference
to the original idea, this is peculiarly called an analogical word; so a
sound pulse and sound sleep are so called, with reference to a sound
and healthy constitution; but if you speak of sound doctrine, this is
by way of resemblance to health, and the word is metaphorical. Watts.
2. Analogous, having reference or resemblance; as, minerals partici­
pate something analogical to the inanimate and vegetable province.
Sir Matthew Hale.

ANALO＇GICALLY [of analogical] in an analogical or analogous man­
ner. Some universal principle runs through the whole system of crea­
tures analogically, and congruous to their relative natures. Cheyne.

ANALO＇GICALNESS [of analogical] the quality of being analogical,
fitness for the illustration of some analogy.

ANA＇LOGISM [ἀναλογισμος, of ἀνα and λογιζω, Gr.] to reason, with
logicians] a cogent or forcible argument deduced from the cause to
the effect, so as to imply an unavoidable necessity.

ANALOGISM [with physicians] a comparison of causes relating to a
disease.

To A＇NALOGIZE [of ἀνα and λογιζω, Gr. to reason] to illustrate by
way of analogy. Systems of material bodies, if separately consi­
dered, represent the object of the desire, which is analogized by at­
traction or gravitation. Cheyne.

ANA＇LOGOUS [analogus, Lat. ἀναλογος, Gr. of ἀνα and λογος, a
word] 1. Pertaining to analogy, answerable in proportion, resembling
or bearing relation to. 2. It has to before the thing to which the
analogy is referred.

ANA＇LOGY [analogie, Fr. analogia, It. Sp. and Lat. ἀναλογια, of
ἀνα and λογιζω, Gr.] 1. A like reason, proportion, correspondence,
relation which several things in other respects bear to one another.
2. When the thing, to which the analogy is referred, happens to be
mentioned, analogy has after it to or with. And when both things
are mentioned after analogy, between or betwixt is used. The body
politick hath analogy to the natural. Dryden.By analogy, with all
other liquors, the form of the chaos could not be the same with that
of the present earth. Burnet. If we make him express the customs
of our country, rather than of Rome, it is when there was some ana­
logy betwixt the customs. Dryden.

ANALOGY [with grammarians] the declining of a noun, or the
conjugation or a verb, according to its rule or standard, or the agree­
ment of several words in one common mode; as, from love, is formed
loved; from hate, hated; from grieve, grieved.

ANALOGY [with mathematicians] the comparison of several ratios
of numbers or quantities one to another.

ANA＇LYSIS [analyse, Fr. analysia, It. analysis, Lat. ἀναλυσις, Gr.
of ἀνα and λυσις, a solution] the dividing, parting, or severing a
matter into its parts.

ANALYSIS [in anatomy] an exact and accurate division of all the
parts of a human body, by a particular dissection of them.

ANALYSIS [with chemists] the decompounding of a mixed body,
or the reducing any substance into its first principles.

ANA＇LYSIS [with logicians] is the method of finding out truth;
and synthesis is the method of convincing others of a truth already
found out. It is the attention the mind gives to what it knows in a
question, which helps to resolve it, and in which the analysis princi­
pally consists: all the art lying in extracting a great many truths,
which lead us to the knowledge of what we seek after.

ANALYSIS [with mathematicians] is the art of discovering the
truth or falshood of a proposition, by supposing the question to be
always solved, and then examining the consequences, till some known
or eminent truth is found out; or else the impossibility of the present
proposition is discovered.

ANALYSIS of finite Quantities [in mathematicks] that which is
called specious arithmetick or algebra.

ANALYSIS of Infinites, is the method of fluxions, or differential
calculus, called the new analysis.

ANALYSIS, a table or syllabus of the principal heads or articles of a
continued discourse, disposed in their natural order and dependency.

ANALY＇TICAL, or ANALY＇TICK [analytique, Fr. of analyticus, Lat.
ἀναλυτικος, Gr.] pertaining to analysis, or the method of resolving
things.

ANALYTICAL Method [in logick] is the method of resolution, shew­
ing the true way by which the thing was methodically or primarily
invented.

ANALY＇TICALLY [of analytical] by way of analysis.

ANALY＇TICKS, or ANALY＇TICAL ART [ἀναλυτικα, Gr.] a name
commonly given to algebra, as being nothing else but a general ana­
lysis of pure mathematicks; or else because it teaches how to solve
questions, and demonstrate theorems, by searching into the fundamen­
tal nature and frame of the thing; which to that end is, as it were,
resolved into parts, or taken all to pieces, and then put together again.

To A＇NALYZE [of ἀνα and λυω, Gr. to loosen] to resolve any com­
pound into its constituent parts. When the sentence is distinguished
into subject and predicate proposition, argument, act, object, cause,
effect, adjunct, opposite, &c. then it is analyzed, analogically and
metaphysically. This last is what is chiefly meant in the theological
schools, when they speak of analyzing a text of scripture. Watts.

To ANALYZE Bodies [with chemists] is to resolve or dissolve them
by means of fire, in order to discover the several parts of which they
are compounded or made.

ANALYZER [of analyze] as that which analyzes. I doubt whe­
ther fire be the true and universal analyzer of mixt bodies. Boyle.

ANA＇MNESIS [ἀναμνησις, of ἀνα and μναομαι, Gr. to remember]
remembrance.

ANAMNESIS [with rhetoricians] a figure, when the orator mentions
or calls to mind what is past.

ANAMNE＇STICKS [in pharmacy] medicines proper to restore a de­
cayed memory.

ANAMO＇RPHOSIS [of ἀνα and μορϕωσις, of μορϕη, Gr.] form or
shape] a monstrous projection in perspective and painting; or the re­
presentation of some figure or image, either upon a plane or curved
surface in a deformed shape, which, at a proper distance, shall appear
regular and in proportion.

ANA＇NAS [in botany] the name of a distinct genus of plants,
called in English, the pine-apple, from its resembling cones of the
pine-tree. The flower consists of only one infundibuliform petal, di­
vided into three segments at the edge; its fruit is of a turbinated form,
containing a number of kidney-like seeds. No fruit equals the ana­
nas in delicious flavour. It is propagated with us in stoves, and
should be gathered and eaten as soon as ripe, which may be known
by its strong and agreeable smell, and also by its softness.

ANANAS, wild. See PENGUIN.

ANANCÆI＇ON [ἀναγκειον, Gr.] a figure in rhetoric that proves the
necessity of a matter.

ANANTOPO＇DOTON [ἀναντοποδοτον, of α priv. and ἀνταποδιδαμι, Gr.
to render or give by way of return] a figure in rhetoric, when an
oration wants some parts.

ANAPÆ＇STUS [with grammarians] a foot or measure in Greek or
Latin verses, that has the two first syllables short, and last long, as
piĕtās.

ANAPÆ＇STICK Verses, such verses that have the forementioned feet.

ANA＇PHORA [ἀναϕορα, of ἀνα and ϕερω, Gr. to bear] a repetition,
or figure, when several clauses of a sentence begin with the same
word; as “where is the wise, where is the scribe, where is the disputer
of this world?”

ANAPHORA [with ancient astronomers] an ascension of rising up of
the twelve signs of the zodiack, from the east, by the daily course of
the heavens.

ANAPLE＇ROSIS [ἀναπληροσις, of ἀναπληροω, to fill up, Gr.] a filling
up or supplying.








ANAPLEROSIS [with surgeons] that part of surgery that restores ci­
ther what nature has denied, or is any other way decayed.

ANAPLE＇ROTICK, having the quality to fill up.

ANAPLE＇ROTICKS [ἀναπληροτικα, Gr.] medicines proper to fill up
uleers and wounds with new flesh.

ANA＇QUITO, a country in Peru, in south America, in the govern­
ment of Quito.

A＇NARCH [ἀναρχος, of α priv. and ἀρχη, Gr. government] an
author of confusion; as, in Milton, the anarch old. Johnson.

ANARCHI＇CAL [of anarch] pertaining to anarchy, having no go­
vernment. This anarchical and rebellious state of nature. Cheyne.

A＇NARCHY [anarchie, F. anarchia, It. Sp. and Lat. ἀναρχια, Gr.]
being without rule, want of all government in a state or nation, there
being no supream governor; so that all affairs thereof are in dis­
order and confusion.

ANA＇RETA [in astrology] the fatal planet, the threatener of death
in a nativity.

ANARRHI＇NON [of ἀνα and ῥιν, Gr. the nostril] an herb like pimper­
nel, calves-snout.

ANASA＇RCA [ἀνασαρκα, of ἀνα and σαρξ, Gr. flesh] a certain sort of
dropsy, being a white, soft, yielding swelling of some parts, or of the
whole body, that dents in when pressed.

ANASA＇RCOUS [of anasarca] relating to, or partaking of the na­
ture of an anasarca. A woman laboured of an anascites, with an ana­
sarcous swelling on her legs. Wiseman.

ANASTOECHIO＇SIS [ἀναστοιχειωσις, Gr.] a resolution of mixt bodies
into their first principles by chemical operations.

ANASTOMA＇TICKS, or rather ANASTOMO＇TICKS [of ἀναστομωσις, of
ἀνα and στομα, Gr. the month, or ἀναστομοω, to open or unstop] medi­
cines for the opening of the pores and passages, as those medicines are
that provoke sweat, urine, &c. Blancard.

ANASTO＇MOSIS [ἀναστομωσις, Gr.] 1. A loosening or opening such
an aperture in the vessels as lets out their contents. 2. A mutual
connexion, inosculation, and opening of arteries and veins one into
another. Lat.

ANASTOMOSIS [with physicians] a flux or flowing out of the na­
tural humours of a human body, &c. as blood, chyle, lympha, at
the places where are such vessel, as are not well closed.

ANA＇STROPHE [ἀναστρεϕη, of ἀναστροϕω, Gr.] a turning the contrary
way, or inversion the contrary way.

ANASTROPHE [with grammarians] a figure, when that word which
should follow is set foremost, as, italiam contra.

ANA＇TASIS [ἀνατασις, of ανατεινω, Gr. to extend upwards] a stretching,
reaching out in extension upwards.

ANATASIS [with surgeons] an extension of the body towards the
upper parts.

ANA＇THEMA [anatheme, Fr. anatema, It. and Sp. anathema, Lat.
αναθεμα, Gr. in Hesych.] επαρατος ακοινωνητος, i. e. accursed, cut off
from communion: but according to its strict and proper etymology, it
signifies the act of devoting, or what is devoted; and this both in a
good and bad sense. In the former it is used for any kind of gift or
offering, given or set apart to God or the church; or things that were
by the Pagans consecrated to mere idols, and which were commonly
hung on the walls, &c. of their temples. In the latter, that is, the
ill sense, it signifies the devoting to destruction, or, at least, to some
great evil supposed to ensue; in which latter sense it has been applied
to ecclesiastical excommunication.

ANATHEMA＇TICAL [of anathema] relating to, or having the pro­
perties of an anathema.

ANATHEMA＇TICALLY [of anathematical] in a cursing manner.

To ANATHE＇MATIZE [anathematiser, Fr. anatematizare, It. anate­
matizàr, Sp. of anathematizo, Lat. ἀναθεματιζω, Gr.] to put under a
curse, to excommunicate. They were to be anathematized, and with de­
testation branded and banished out of the church. Hammond.

ANATHYMIA＇SIS [of ἀνα and θυμιαμα, Gr.] a perfume, vapour,
or exhalation,

ANA＇TIC [of ἀνα, Gr.] of or pertaining to equal quantities of each
medicament.

ANATIFE＇ROUS [of anates, ducks, and fero, to bear, Lat.] pro­
ducing ducks. If there be anatiserous trees, whose corruption breaks
out into barnacles, yet if they corrupt, they degenerate into maggots,
which produce not them again. Brown.

ANA＇TOCISM [ἀνατοκισμος, of ἀνα and τικτω, Gr. to bring forth]
compound interest, or use upon use, the renewing use-money annually,
so that the interest becomes the principal; interest upon interest; com­
pound interest: a species of usury generally forbidden. But why in­
terest that is due at a certain time, and is not paid, should not be ad­
ded to the original sum as a part thereof, to bear interest for the en­
suing year, there seems to be no reason.

ANATO＇MICAL [anatomique, Fr. anatomico, It. and Sp. anatomicus,
Lat. of ἀνατομικος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to anatomy; as, an anatomi­
cal knife. 2. Considered as the object of anatomy, or proceeding
upon principles taught thereby. There is a natural distortion of the
muscles, which is the anatomical cause of laughter. Swift. 3. Dis­
sected, separated. The continuation of solidity, if we look into the
minute anatomical parts of matter, is little different from hardness.
Locke.

ANATO＇MICALLY [anatomical] according to the rules of anatomy,
in an anatomical manner.

ANA＇TOMIST [anatomiste, Fr. notomista, It. anatomista, Sp. and
Lat.] a person well versed or skilled in anatomy.

To ANA＇TOMIZE [of ἀνα and τεμνω, Gr. to cut] 1. To dissect an ani­
mal, or to divide a body into its component parts. To anatomize
every particle of that body which we are to uphold. Hooker. 2. To
lay any thing open, dissinctly, and by its minute parts. Should I
anatomize him to thee as he is, I must blush. Shakespeare.

ANA＇TOMY [anatomie, Fr. anatomia, It. Sp. and Lat. of ἀνατομη,
Gr.] 1. A curious, dextrous, and neat dissection, or taking to pieces,
the solid parts of an animal body, for the discovery of its several parts,
in order to explain the original, nature, and use, for the better im­
provement of physic and natural philosophy. 2. The doctrine of
the structure of the body learned by dissection. Let the muscles be
inserted according to the knowledge of them which is given us by
anatomy. Dryden. 3. The act of dividing a thing either corporeal or
intellectual. To amplify any thing is to break it, and make anatomy
of it in several parts. Bacon. 4. The body stripped of its integu­
ments, a skeleton.

O that my tongue were in the thunder＇s mouth—
I＇d rouze from sleep that fell anatomy. Shakespeare.
5. Ironically a thin meagre person.
A mere anatomy. Shakespeare.

ANATO＇RICA, a small city of Greece, upon the river Asopa, five
miles from the straits of Negropont.

ANATRI＇PSIS [ἀνατριψις, of ἀνα and τριβω, Gr. to wear] 1. Act
of rubbing against or upon. 2. Act of bruising.

ANATRIPSIS [in surgery] the bruising or breaking of a bone, the
breaking of the stone in the kidnies or bladder.

A＇NATRON [ἀνατρον, Gr.] 1. A sort of salt extracted from the water
of the river Nile. 2. A nitrous juice, which condenses in vaults, ar­
ches, and subterraneous places. 3. A volatile salt, skimmed off the
composition of glass when in fusion. 4. A compound salt made of
quicksilver, alum, common salt, and nitre.

ANAXIMA＇NDRIANS, an ancient sect of philosophical atheists, who
admitted of no other substance in nature but body; so called from
Anaximander their founder.

ANA＇ZZIGO, a town in the province of Barri, in the kingdom of
Naples. It is sometimes called Gnazi.

A＇NBAR, a city of Asia, situated upon the Euphrates, twenty leagues
from Bagdat. It is called by the natives Haschemiah.

A＇NBURY [with farriers] a sort of wen or spongy wart, full of
blood, growing in any part of the body of an horse. See AM­
BURY.

ANCARA＇NO, a small city of the ecclesiastical state, in the marqui­
sate of Ancona.

ANCE＇NIS, a town of France, in the province of Britany, 17 miles
north-east of Nantz. Lat. 47° 20′ N. Long. 1° 5′ W.

A＇NCESTOR [ancestre, Fr.] a forefather; one from whom a person
descends by the father or mother.

ANCESTOR [in common law] the difference between ancestor and
predecessor is this; ancestor is applied to a natural person, as A B,
and his ancestors; and predecessor may be used of the persons that
were prior in time, as to a corporation or body politick, as a bishop
and his predecessor.

ANCE＇STREL [in law] pertaining to ancestors; as, homage ances­
trel, i. e. homage done by ancestors.

ANCE＇STRY, 1. Aseries of ancestors, the persons who compose it, a
lineage; as, a wise and virtuous ancestry. Addison. 2. The honour
of birth or extraction. 3. Descent. Title and ancestry render a good
man illustrious. Addison.

A＇NCHENTRY [of ancient, and therefore should be written ancien­
try] antiquity of a family, appearance or proof of antiquity. Wed­
ding is a measure full of state and anchentry. Shakespeare.

A＇NCHOR [ancre, Fr. ancora, It. Sp. and Port. ancker, Du. and
Ger. ankar, Su. ancer, Sax. anchora, Lat. of αγκυρα, Gr.] an in­
strument to hold a ship in the place she rides; also metaphorically it
denotes any thing that confers stability or security. Which hope we
have as an anchor of the soul, both sure and stedfast. Hebrews. The
forms in which it is commonly used are, to cast anchor, to lie or ride
at anchor.

ANCHORS, there are several sorts of anchors, as the sheet anchors,
best and second, bower anchor, kedge anchor, grapples, creeper, &c.

The Parts of an ANCHOR are, the shank, the stooks, both of heavy
iron; the wooden stock, and the iron ring.

ANCHOR [hieroglyphically] represents hope, hope being, as it were,
the anchor that holds us firm to our faith in adversity.

To Boat the ANCHOR, is to put it into the boat.

The ANCHOR is foul [a sea phrase] is when the cable, by the turn­
ing of the ship, is hitched about the fluke.

The ANCHOR is a Cock-bell [a sea phrase] used when the anchor
hangs right up and down by the ship＇s side.

The ANCHOR is a Peck [a sea phrase] is when it is just under the
hause or hole in the ship＇s stern, through which the cable runs out,
that belongs to it.

To cast an ANCHOR, to let fall an ANCHOR, or to drop an ANCHOR
[a sea phrase] is to put or let it down into the sea, in order to make the
ship ride.

The ANCHOR comes Home [a sea term] used when it cannot hold the
ship, but that it drives away by the violence of the wind or tide.

To fetch Home the ANCHOR, or to bring Home the ANCHOR, [a sea
term] is to drag it after the ship.

ANCHOR. Shakespeare seems to have used this word for anchoret,
or an abstemious recluse person. Johnson. As,
To desperation turn my trust and hope,
An anchor＇s cheer in prison be my scope.

To ANCHOR [ancrer, Fr. ancorar, Port.] to cast anchor, to rest on.
My intention anchors on Isabel. Shakespeare.

To Shoo an ANCHOR [a sea term] is to case the flook of it with
boards, that it may better take hold in soft ground.

A＇NCHORAGE, or A＇NCHORING [ancrage, Fr.] 1. Ground apt or fit
to hold the anchor of a ship, so that she cannot drive, but ride it out
with safety, the hold of an anchor. All our anchorage would be loose,
and we should but wander in a wild sea. Watts. 2. The set of anchors
belonging to a ship. She weighed her anchorage. Shakespeare.

ANCHORAGE [in law] a duty paid to the king for the privilege of
casling anchor in a pool or haven.

ANCHORA＇LIS Processus [with anatomists] the process or shooting
forth of the shoulder bones like a beak, called coracoides and corni­
cularis.

A＇NCHORED [in heraldry] as a cross anchored is so called, because
the sour extremities of it resemble the stook of an anchor.

A＇NCHORET, A＇NCHORITE, or ANA＇CHORITE, [anacorete, Fr. ana­
coreta, It. See ANACHORITE] a hermit, &c. who leads a solitary
life in a desart, to be farther out of the reach of the temptation of the
world, and to be more at leisure for meditation.

A＇NCHORHOLD [of anchor and hold] 1. The hold of the anchor.
2. Figuratively, security. The old English called religion most signifi­






cantly ean-fastness; as, the one and only assurance and fast anchorhold
of our souls health. Camden.

A＇NCHORSMITH [of anchor and smith] the forger of anchors.

ANCHO＇VIES [anchois, Fr. anciughe, It. anchovas, Sp. as some say,
ancho fish, i. e. caught in the river Ancho] a small fish caught on the
coast of Catalonia, Provence, &c. which comes to us in pickle, used
in sauces.

ANCHU＇SA [ἀγχουσα, Gr.] a species of bugloss. See BUGLOSS.

ANCHY＇LE [ἀγκυλη, Gr.] a curvature or bending of the joints;
also a morbid contraction.

A＇NCHYLOPS, a certain swelling between the great corner of the
eye and the nose; a species, or rather degree, of the fistula lacry­
malis.

A＇NCIENT, or A＇NTIENT [ancien, Fr. anziano, It. anciàno, Sp.]
1. Old, of former time, and particularly as opposed to late or mo­
dern. Ancient and old are distinguished; old relates to the duration
of the thing itself; as, an old coat, a coat much worn: and ancient,
to time in general; as, an ancient dress, an habit used in former
times; but this is not always observed, for we mention old custom:
but though old be sometimes opposed to modern, ancient is seldom
opposed to new. 2. That has been of long duration; as, with the
ancient is wisdom, and in length of days is understanding. Job.
3. Past, former; as, we shall begin our ancient buketings. Shakespeare.

ANCIENT Demesn [in law] a tenure whereby all manors apper­
taining to the crown were held in the times of king Edward the Con­
fessor, and William the Conqueror. The number and names of
which manors, as all others belonging to common persons, the con­
queror caused to be written in a book, after a survey made of them,
now remaining in the Exchequer, and called doomsday-book.

ANCIENT, or ANSHENT, a flag or streamer, set up in the stern of
a ship, and formerly of a regiment.

ANCIENT, subst. the bearer of a flag; as, was ancient pistol, now
called ensign.

A＇NCIENTLY [anciennement, Fr.] in ancient times.

A＇NCIENTNESS [ancienneté, Fr.] oldness, antiquity.

A＇NCIENTS [in the Middle Temple] such as are past their reading,
and do not read.

ANCIENTS, subst. they who lived in old time were called ancients,
in opposition to the moderns; as,

And tho＇ the ancients thus their rules invade,
Moderns beware. Pope.

ANCIENTS [in Grey＇s Inn] the society consists of ancients, bar­
risters, benchers, and students under the bar.

A＇NCIENTRY [of ancient] this word Spencer and Shakespeare use.

A＇NCIENTY [ancienneté, Fr. anzianità, It. anciania, Sp. in law]
ancientness, seniority, eldership, dignity of birth.

A＇NCLAM, a town of Pomerania, in Germany, situated on the
river Pene, about 45 miles north-west of Stetin. Lat. 54° 0′ N.
Long. 14° 0′ E.

A＇NCLE, or ANKLE [ancleow, Sax. anckel, Du.] the lowermost
joint of a human leg, which joins the leg to the foot.

A＇NCON [αγκων, Gr.] the elbow, the top or the point of the elbow.

ANCON [in anatomy] the backward and larger shooting forth of the
bone of the arm, called ulna.

ANCO＇NA, a port town of Italy, the capital of the marquisate of
the same name, situated on the gulph of Venice, 130 miles north-east
of Rome, and 15 miles north of Loretto, subject to the Pope. Lat.
43° 20′ N. Long. 15° 01′ E.

A＇NCONE [with surgeons] a sort of boil, sore, foul ulcer, or swel­
ling, that breaks out in the fleshy parts.

ANCONE [with architects] the coins or corners of walls; such as
meetings, or bowing of elbows; cross beams, rafters.

ANCONÆ＇US Musculus [in anatomy] the sixth muscle of the elbow,
arising from the lower and back part of the os humeri, and is inserted
into the lateral part of the brachæus externus, a little below the ole­
cranium; it helps to stretch the elbow.

A＇NCONY [in the iron mines] is when metal is wrought in the finery
forge, from a four square mass or bloom, to a bar of any shape,
about three feet in length, leaving a square rough piece at each end,
to be wrought at the chafery.

A＇NCUD, a province of Chili, in South America; it is bounded on
the west by an Archipelago of the same name; on the east by the An­
des; on the north by the country of Osorno; and on the south by the
country of Magellan.

ANCY＇LE. See ANCHYLE.

ANCYLOBLE＇PHARUM [ἀγκυλοβλεϕαρον, of ἀγκυλοος, crooked, and
βλεϕαρον, an eyelid, Gr.] a disease when the eyelids grow to the tunica
cornea, or albuginea, so that they close and stick together. Blancard.

ANCYLOGLO＇SSUM [ἀγκυλογλωσσον, [of ἀγκιλος and γλωσσα, Gr.
the tongue] the quality of being tongue-tied, that is a disease or defect
of the tongue, which, according to Bruno, is either, first, from the birth,
and arises from the inferior membranes which bind that organ being
somewhat too hard and short; or secondly, accidental, when an ulcer
under the tongue has contracted too hard a cicatrice.

ANCYLOGLO＇SSUS [ἀγκυλογλωσσος, Gr.] one who has an empedi­
ment in his speech, tongue-tied, &c.

ANCYLO＇MELE, a crooked probe.

ANCYLO＇SIS, the same as ANCYLOGLO＇SSUM.

ANCYLO＇TOMUS [of ἀγκυλη and τομη, Gr.] a small knife to cut the
string under the tongue.

ANCYROI＇DES [ἀγκυροειδες, of ἀγκυρα, an anchor, and ειδος, form,
Gr.] the shooting forth or process of the shoulder bone, resembling a
beak.

AND [and, Sax. en or ende, Du. unnde, O. and L. Ger. und,
H. Ger.] 1. A conjunction, by which sentences or terms are joined,
but not easy to explain by any synonimous word. 2. And sometimes
signifies though, and seems a contraction of and if; as, extreme self-
lovers will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.
Bacon. 3. In and if, the and is redundant, and is omitted by all late
writers; as,

I pray thee launce, an＇ if thou seest my boy,
Bid him make haste. Shakespeare.

ANDABA＇TÆ [for αναβατης, by inserting the b, according to Vos­
sius, from αναβαινω, Gr. to ascend, among the ancients] a sort of gla­
diators who fought hood-winked.

ANDALU＇SIA, the farthest province of Spain towards the south-west;
having Estremadura and New-Castile on the north; and Granada;
the streights of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south.

New ANDALUSIA, a province of South America, lying on the
coast of the Atlantic, opposite to the Leeward Islands, having the
river Oronoko on the west.

A＇NDAMAN, the name of some small islands situated on the east side
of the Bay of Bengal; in the East-Indies.

ANDA＇YE, a town of France, situated on the Spanish frontiers,
within two leagues of St. Jean de Luz.

A＇NDELI, a town of Normandy in France, situated upon the Seine,
between Paris and Rouen.

ANDE＇NA, a swathe in mowing; also as much ground as a man
could stride over at once.

ANDE＇NES, an island near the coast of Norway, in the North Sea,
inhabited only by fishermen.

A＇NDERNACHT, a city of Germany, situated on the Lower Rhine,
about 30 miles south of Cologn. Lat. 51° 25′ N. Long. 7° 1′ E.

ANDE＇RNO, a sea-port town of Spain, in the province of Biscay;
about 60 miles west of Bilboa. Here the Spaniards build and lay up
some of their men of war. Lat. 43° 20′ N. Long. 4° 30′ W.

A＇NDES, a vast ridge of mountains, which runs almost the whole
length of South America. They are esteemed the highest in the
world, being covered with snow in the warmest climate, and from
thence called the Sierras Nevada, or the snowy mountains.

ANDEVA＇LLO, a small country of Spain in Andalusia, upon the
frontiers of Portugal and Spanish Estremadura.

ANDI＇RONS (q. d. hand-irons, according to Skinner; irons that may
be moved by the hand, or may supply the place of a hand] irons
placed before the grates of a kitchen chimney, for the spits to turn in,
or in a chamber to lay wood on in the chimney. The former are
likewise called racks, and the latter, dogs.

A＇NDOVER, a large market town in Hampshire; about 10 miles
from Winchester and 62 from London. Here is a good market on
Saturday, and a great malting trade, and a manufacture of shalloons;
it sends two members to parliament, and gives title of viscount to the
earl of Berkshire.

ANDO＇VILLE [in French cookery] a sort of chitterlings, either of
calves or hogs guts, the one stuffed with pork, and the other with ud­
der, calves chaldron, &c.

ANDOVILLE＇T [in French cookery] minced veal, bacon, and other
ingredients rolled into paste, or of eels and carps minced and pounded.

ANDRA＇CHNE [ἀνδραχνη, Gr.] purslain. See PURSLAIN.

St. A＇NDREW, the patron of Scotland, on account, as is said; of a
vision before a battle, supposed to be won by the Picts against the En­
glish or Northumbrian Danes.

A＇NDREW, as knights of St. Andrew, an order of knighthood,
established by Archiacus, king of Scotland, A. C. 809, called also,
Knights of the thistle.

Knights of St. ANDREW, is also an order instituted by Peter the
Great, of Muscovy, in 1689.

St. ANDREWS [in geography] the name of a city in the county of
Fife in Scotland, situated on the German Ocean, about 30 miles north­
east of Edinburgh. It was formerly an archbishop＇s see; but at pre­
sent is chiefly remarkable for its university.

St. ANDREWS, is also the name of a town of Corinthia, in Ger­
many, situated about 100 miles south of Vienna. Lat. 47° 0′ N.
Long. 15° 1′ E.

AN＇DRIA, the name of a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples,
about 26 miles west of Barry; it is the see of a bishop. Lat. 41° 6′ N.
Long. 17° 0′ E.

ANDRODA＇MAS [ἀνδροδαμας, of ἀνερ, a man, and δαμαω, to tame,
Gr.] a kind of hard, heavy blood-stone, which is said to bleed when
rubbed on a whetstone; also a precious stone, bright as silver, like a
diamond, in many squares.

ANDRO＇GYNAL [of ἀνηρ, a man, and γυνη, Gr. a woman] having two
sexes, hermophraditical.

ANDRO＇GYNALLY [of androgynal] in the manner or form of an
hermophradite, with two sexes. The examples hereof have un­
dergone no real transexion, but were androgynally born, and under
some kind of hermophradites. Brown.

ANDRO＇GINOUS [of ἀνηρ, a man, and γυνη, a woman] androgy­
nal, hermophraditical.

ANDRO＇GYNUS [ἀνδρογυνος, of ἀνηρ, a man, and γυνη, a woman] an
hermophradite, who is both man and woman, having the natural parts
of both sexes.

ANDROGYNUS [astrology] such a planet as is sometimes hot and
sometimes cold.

ANDROI＇DES [of ἀνηρ, a man, and ειδος, form, Gr.] an automaton,
in the form of a man, which by means of certain springs, &c. justly
contrived, walks, speaks, &c.

ANDROLE＇PSY [ἀνδρολεψια, of ἀνηρ, a man, and λαμβανω, Gr. to
take] a custom among the Athenians, that if an Athenian were killed
by a citizen of some other place, and the city refused to deliver up
the citizen to punishment, it was lawful to take three inhabitants of
such city, and punish the homicide in them.

ANDROME＇DA [astronomy] a northern constellation consisting of
twenty seven stars.

ANDRO＇SÆMON [ἀνδροσαιμον, of ἀνηρ, a man, and αιμα, blood, Gr.]
St. John＇s wort, or tutsan. See St. JOHN＇S WORT.

ANDRO＇SPHYNGES [of ἀνδροσϕυγξ, of ἀνηρ, a man, and σϕυγξ, a
sphynx, Gr.] statutes in the form of a man and a sphynx.

ANDRO＇TOMY [of ἀνηρ and τομη, a dissection, Gr.] an anatomical
diffection of human bodies.

A＇NDUXAR, a city of Andalusia in Spain, situated on the river
Guadelquiver, about 32 miles east of Corduba. Lat. 37° 50′ N.
Long. 4° 1′ W.

To ANE＇AL, to bake or harden glass, tiles, &c. in the fire.

ANE＇CDOTE [ἀνεκδοτος, of α priv. and εκδοτος, published] something
yet unpublished, a secret history, such as relates to the secret affairs
of kings and princes; speaking with too much freedom or too much
sincerity, of the manners and conduct of persons in authority.

ANE＇CDOTON, or ANE＇KDOTON [ἀνεκδοτον, Gr.] a thing not given
forth, produced, or made public.








ANELA＇CIUS, a short knife or dagger.

ANE＇MIUS Furnus [with chemists] a wind furnace, for strong fires,
for distilling or melting.

ANEMO＇METER [of ἀνεμος, the wind, and μετρον, Gr. measure] an
instrument or machine for measuring the strength of the wind. There
are various kinds of anemometers; the following is that given us by
Wolfius: A, B, C, D, (Plate II. Fig. 11.) are vanes, like those of a
windmill; which rise a weight, L. this weight receding farther from
the center of motion the higher it goes, by sliding along the arm K M,
fitted on the axis of the vanes, becomes heavier and heavier, and pres­
ses more and more on the arm, till being a counterpoise to the force of
the wind on the vanes, it stops the motion thereof. An index, M N,
fitted upon the same axis at right angles with the arm, by its rising or
falling points out the strength of the wind, on a plate divided into de­
grees. O, P, Q, R, is a broad piece of wood to keep the machine in
a true position.

ANE＇MONE, or ANE＇MONY [ἀνεμωνη, Gr.] the emony or wind-flower.
The principal colours in anemonies are, white, red, blue, and some­
times purple, curiously intermixed.

ANEMO＇SCOPE [of ἀνεμος, the wind, and σκοπεω, to view, Gr.] a
machine or device invented to shew the change of the air.

A＇NENT [prob. of εναντιον, Gr.] over-against.

ANENT, about, concerning; it is properly a Scotch præp.

ANE＇S, or AWNS, the spires or beards of barley, or any other beard­
ed grain.

A＇NETHUM [ἀνεθον, Gr.] the herb dill. See DILL.

A＇NEURISM, or ANEYRISM [ἀνευρισμος, of ἀνα, and, ευρυνω, to di­
late, Gr.] a morbid dilatation of an artery, attended with a con­
tinued pulsation and tumor, which yields if pressed by the finger, but
instantly recoils. Barbette.

ANE＇W [of a neuw, Du. neu, Ger.] 1. Again, over again, the se­
cond time. This is the most common use; as, to shew how well
you play, then play anew. Prior. 2. Newly, in a new manner;
as, he who begins late must form anew the whole disposition of his
soul. Rogers.

ANFE＇LDTHYDE, or ANFEA＇LTHYDE, [anfeldthyde, Sax.] a sim­
ple or single accusation. Thus it was among the Saxons, when the
oath of the criminal and two more was sufficient to discharge him;
but his own oath, and the oath of five more, were required to free
him from the triplex accusatio.

ANFRA＇CTUOSE, or ANFRA＇CTUOUS [anfractus, Lat.] mazy, full
of turnings and windings; as, behind the drum are several vaults
and anfractuose cavities in the car-bone. Ray.

ANFRA＇CTUOUSNESS [anfractuosité, Fr. of anfractus, Lat.] the qua­
lity of being full of turnings and windings.

ANFRA＇CTURES [of anfractus, Lat.] a turning and winding.

ANGARI＇A, the pressing of teams, horses, men, &c. for public
service.

ANGARIA [old rcc.] any vexatious or troublesome service or duty,
done by a tenant to his lord.

ANGASMA＇GO, a river of South America, which, during the reign
of the Incas, bounded the kingdom of Peru on the north.

ANGEIO＇GRAPHY [of ἀγγειον, a vessel, and γραϕη, a description,
from γραϕω, to write or describe, Gr.] a description of vessels in the
human body, i. e. the nerves, veins, arteries, and lymphatics.

ANGEIOMONOSPE＇RMOUS Plants [of ἀγγειον, a vessel, μονος, alone
or single, and σπερμα, Gr. seed] such plants as have but one single
seed in the seed pod.

ANGEIOSPERMOUS Plants [of ἀγγειον and σπερμα, Gr.] such as
have seed pods.

ANGEIO＇TOMY [ἀγγειοτομια, of ἀγγεα, vessels, and τομη, of τεμνω,
Gr. to cut] the art of cutting open the vessels, as in the opening a vein
or artery.

A＇NGEL [engl, Teut. angel, Dan. Du. and Ger. ange, Fr. angelo,
It. angel, Sp. anjo, Port. accilus, or aggilus, Goth. ἀγγελος, of ἀγ­
γελλω, Gr. to do a message, angel, Sax.] 1. Originally a messenger
or bringer of tidings, and is most properly and generally applied to
those immaterial and intellectual beings, which are used by God as his
ministers to execute the orders of divine providence. 2. It is some­
times used in a bad sense; as, the angel of the bottomless pit. Reve­
lations. 3. It sometimes, in scripture, means a man of God, a pro­
phet; and, in Revelations, the bishop or chief pastor of a church.
4. It is used, in the stile of love, for a beautiful person; as,

Thou hast the sweetest face I ever look＇d on;
Sir, as I have a soul, she is an angel. Shakespeare.
5. A gold coin, in value ten shillings, having the figure of an
angel stampt on it; in memory of an observation of pope Gregory,
that the pagan Angli, or English, were so beautiful, that if they were
christians they would be angeli, or angels. Johnson.

ANGEL, adj. resembling an angel, angelieal; as angel whiteness in
Shakespeare, and angel powers in Pope.

ANGEL GOLD, gold of the same fineness as that of the coined an­
gels.

ANGEL-LIKE, resembling an angel.

ANGEL SHOT, chain shot, being a cannon bullet cut in two, and
the halves joined together by a chain.

ANGEL BED, an open bed without bed-posts.

ANGE＇LICA [ab angelica virtute] the name of a well known plant,
of which the species are; 1. Common or manured angelica. 2.
Greater wild angelica. 3. Shining Canada angelica. 4. Mountain
perennial angelica with columbine leaves. The common angelica is
used in medicine, as are its seeds; and the confectioners make a
sweetmeet with its tender stalks cut in May. Miller.

ANGELICA [angelique, Fr. angelico, It. and Spa. of ἀγγελικη, Gr.]
a famous dance among the Greeks.

ANGE＇LICAL, or ANGE＇LIC [angelicus, Lat. ἀγγελικος of ἀγγελος,
Gr. an angel] 1. Pertaining to angels. 2. Partaking of the nature of
angels. 3. Resembling angels.

ANGELICAL Garment. a monkish garment, which men put on a lit­
tle before their death, that they may receive the benefit of the prayers
of the monks.

ANGE＇LICALNESS [of angelical] the quality of being angelical, an­
gelical nature. &c.

ANGE＇LICI, a sect so denominated, from their yielding extravagant
worship to angels.

ANGE＇LICUS Pulvis [in pharmacy] a distinction that Schroder gives
to mercurius vitæ.

A＇NGELITES, the name of a sect, whose distinguishing tenet was,
that the Persons of the Trinity have no distinct subsistence, but par­
take in common of the same divine essence.

A＇NGELO, or St. ANGELO, a sea-port town of Apuglia, in Naples,
situated on the Gulph of Venice. Lat. 41° 20′ N. Long. 16° 25′ E.
It is also the name of two other small towns in Italy, one situated in
the kingdom of Naples, and the other in the province of Urbino.

A＇NGELOS, a fine city of Mexico, situated about 75 miles south
west of Mexico. Lat. 19° 0′ N. Long. 103° 1′ W.

A＇NGELOT, the name of a gold coin struck at Paris, whilst subject
to the English; so called from its having on one side an angel sup­
porting the arms of England and France.

A＇NGER [of angre, Dan. angra, Su. to repent, or, as Casaubon will
have it, of ἀγριος, or οργη, Gr. a word of uncertain etymology, but,
with most probability, is derived by Skinner from ange, Sax. vexed,
which, however, seems to come originally from the Latin ango]
1. Ire, wrath, or an uneasiness or discomposure of the mind, upon
the receipt of any injury, with a present purpose of revenge. Locke.
Or anger is, according to some, a transient hatred, or at least very
like it. South. 2. Pain or smart of a sore or swelling: in this sense it
is plainly deducible from angor, Lat. as, there my pain began, and
there the greatest anger and forcness continued. Temple.

To ANGER, to make or render angry, to put in a passion or
rage.

ANGER is described in painting or sculpture, by a woman of a
fierce aspect, in armour, leading a dragon which spits fire, holding in
one hand a sword, and in the other a flaming torch. Or, according to
others, with a sword in her hand, in a posture as if thrusting at some­
body; Cupid at the same time presenting her an arrow. Near her
a table, upon which stand bottles, glasses, dice, and cards, and at
her feet a hedge-hog.

ANGER is also represented by a young man, round shouldered, his
face bloated, with sparkling eyes, a round brow, a sharp nose, wide
nostrils; he is armed; his crest is a boar＇s head, from which issues
fire and smoke, a drawn sword in one hand, and a lighted torch in the
other, all in red. Youth is subject to anger: the boar is an animal
much inclined to wrath: the sword intimates that anger presently lays
hold of it; the puffed checks, &c. that anger often alters the face,
by the boiling of the blood, and inflames the eyes, distorts the fea­
tures, &c.

A＇NGERLY [of anger] passionately, in an angry manner; as, you
look angerly. Shakespeare.

AN＇GERMUND, a town in the duchy of Berg, in Germany, situated
on the east side of the Rhine, about 9 miles north of Dusseldorp,
subject to the Elector Palatine. Lat. 51° 10′ N. Long. 6° 20′ E.

ANGERO＇NA [among the Romans, so called of angina, the squin­
sey, as having cured the Romans of that distemper] the goddess of
patience or silence; her statue was placed on the altar of pleasure.

ANGERONA＇LIA, feasts celebrated to Angerona, the goddess of pa­
tience and silence.

A＇NGERS, a large city of France, capital of the province of An­
jou, situated on the river Loire: it is a bishop＇s see, and has a royal
academy, chiefly for the study of the law. Lat. 47° 30′ N. Long.
30′ W.

ANGHIE＇RA, a town of the Milanese, in Italy, situated on the east
side of the Laco Maggiore, about 40 miles west of Milan. Lat. 45°
40′ N. Long. 9° 1′ E.

A＇NGI [in surgery] those swellings or tumours in the groin called
buboes.

ANGIGLO＇SSI, persons who stammer in their speech and tongue,
especially such as with great difficulty pronounce the letters, K, L,
and R.

A＇NGILD [of an and gild, Sax. payment] the bare single valuation
or compensation of a criminal; the satisfaction made for a man or
thing; a mulct or fine.

ANGI＇NA [with surgeons] the quinsey, an inflammation of the
jaws and throat, attended with a continual fever, and a difficulty of
breathing and swallowing. Lat.

A＇NGINA LINI [in botany] dodder. See DODDER.

ANGIO＇GRAPHY. See ANGEIO＇GRAPHY.

ANGIO＇LOGY [ἀγγιεολογια, of ἀγγεικ, vessels, and λεγω, Gr. to say]
a treatise or discourse of the vessels of a human body, as of the veins,
arteries, sinews, &c.

ANGIO＇TOMY. See ANGEIOTOMY.

An ANGLE [Fr. angolo, It. angulo. Sp. angel, Du. and Ger. angel,
Sax. angulus, Lat.] 1. A corner. 2. A rod with line and hook for
fishing.

ANGLE [in geometry] a space comprehended between the meet­
ing of two lines, which is either greater or less, as those lines incline
to one another, or stand farther distant asunder; these angles are
either plain or spherical.

A Plain ANGLE [in geometry] is the distance or opening of two
lines that touch one another in the same plane; but so as not to make
one strait line, and the lines that form it are called legs; or it is a
space bounded by the meeting of two lines, which cut one another on
a plane, and are either right-lined, curvilinear, or mixed.

A Right-lined ANGLE, is that which is formed by two right lines;
as A B C. Plate IV. Fig. 8.

Curvilineal, or Curvilinear ANGLE [in geometry] or crooked­
lined angle, is made by the intersection or mutual cutting one another
of two crooked lines; as A B C. Plate IV. Fig. 9.

Mixt ANGLE [in geometry] is made by the meeting of a right line
with a crooked or curved line; as A B C. Plate IV. Fig. 10.

A Spherical ANGLE [in geometry] is an angle made by the meet­
ing of two angles of great circles, which intercept or mutually cut
one another on the surface of the globe or sphere; as A C B. Plate
IV. Fig. 11.

ANGLES, whether plain or spherical, may be considered, as right,
acute, and obtuse.

A Right ANGLE [in geometry] is an angle made by a line falling







perpendicularly on another, or that which subtends an arch of 90 de­
grees, or a fourth part of a circle, as in the figure, all circles being
commonly divided into 360 parts, called degrees; as C G H. Plate
IV. Fig. 11.

An Acute ANGLE [in geometry] is an angle that is less than a right
angle, or than 90 degrees, as in the figure, and is so called, because the
angular point is sharp; as A B C. Plate IV. Fig. 8.

An Obtuse ANGLE [in geometry] is one which has its angular
point blunt or broad, and is greater than a right one, its angular point
consisting of more than 90 degrees; as A B C, Plate IV. Fig. 11.
which is so much more than 90 degrees, as CBD is less than 90, both
together making a semi-circle or 180 degrees.

Right ANGLED Triangle, is one which has one right angle, as the
angle A. Plate IV. Fig. 13. the other two, B and C, being both
acute, and making both together but 90 degrees.

Oblique ANGLE, is a name used in common to both acute and obtuse
angles.

ANGLES have also several other names according to their different
positions, their relations to the respective figures they are in, and the
lines that form them; as,

Adjacent, or Contiguous ANGLES [in geometry] which have one
leg, common to both angles, and both taken together are equal to
two right ones, as A B C, C B D; C B D, D B E; D B E, E B A,
are contiguous angles. Plate IV. Fig. 14.

Opposite, or Vertical ANGLES [in geometry] are such as are made
by two right-lines crossing each other, and which only touch in the
angular point; they are vertical, on account of their being opposed
ad verticem, or at the top, as the angles A and B are vertical or op­
posite angles, as likewise C and D. Plate IV. Fig. 15.

An ANGLE also in a triangle is said to be opposite to the side that
subtends it, as the angle A is opposite to the side B C, and the angle
C to the side A B, and the angle B to the side A C. Plate IV.
Fig. 13.

Internal, or Opposite ANGLES [in geometry] if a line cuts two
others that are parallel, the angles C and D are called internal and op­
posite, in respect to the external ones A and B, to which they are res­
pectively equal. Plate IV. Fig. 16.

Alternate ANGLES [in geometry] are the angles E and D, and F
and C, which are respectively equal to one another. Plate IV.
Fig. 16.

External ANGLES [in geometry] are the angles of any right-lined
figure without it, when all the sides are severally produced and length­
ened: and all being taken together, are equal to four right angles.

Internal ANGLES [in geometry] are all angles made by the sides
of any right-lined figure within.

ANGLE at the centre of a circle, is an angle whose vertex is at the
center of the circle, and whose legs are two radii of a circle; as A B C.
Plate IV. Fig. 17.

An ANGLE in the segment of a circle, is that which is included be­
tween two chords, that flow from the same point in the periphery; as
A B C. Plate IV. Fig. 19.

A Solid ANGLE [in geometry] is contained under more than two
planes, or plain angles, not being in the same place, and meeting in a
point.

Equal Solid ANGLES [in geometry] are such as are contained under
plain angles, equal both in multitude and magnitude,

ANGLE of Contact [in geometry] is that which a circle or other
curve makes with a tangent at the point of contact.

Horned ANGLE [in geometry] an angle made by a right line, either
a tangent or a secant, with the periphery of a circle.

Homologous ANGLES [in geometry] are such as in two figures, re­
tain the order from the first in both figures, O X. Plate IV. Fig. 18.

ANGLE at the Periphery of a Circle [in geometry] is comprehend­
ed between the two chords A B and B C, and stands on he arch A C.
Plate IV. Fig. 19.

Cissoid ANGLE [in geometry] the inner angle which is made by two
convex spherical lines intersecting each other.

Pelecoid ANGLE [in geometry] an angle in the shape and figure of
an hatchet.

Sistroid ANGLE [in geometry] an angle in the form of a sistrum.

ANGLES [in anatomy] are understood of the corner of the eye, or
canthi, where the upper eye-lid meets with the under.

ANGLE of a Wall [in architecture] is the point or corner, where the
two faces or sides of a wall meet.

ANGLES [in astrology] certain houses of a scheme of the heavens;
the first house or horoscope is called the angle of the east, the seventh
the angle of the west, the fourth house the angle of the north, the
tenth house the angle of the south.

ANGLE of Longitude [in astronomy] is the angle which the circle
of a star＇s longitude makes with the meridian at the pole of the
ecliptic.

ANGLE of the same Position [in astronomy] an angle that is made
by the meeting of an arch of a meridian line with an arch of the
azimuth, or any other great circle that passes through the body of the
sun.

ANGLE of Elongation [in astronomy] is the difference between the
true place of the sun, and the geocentric place of the planet.

ANGLE of Commutation [in astronomy] is the difference between
the true place of the sun, seen from the earth, and the place of a planet
reduced to the ecliptic.

ANGLE of Incidence [in catoptricks] is the lesser angle made by an
incident ray of light with the plane of a speculum, or if the speculum
be concave or convex with a tangent in the point of incidence, or, as
others define it, an angle made by a ray of light falling on a body
with any tangent line of that body that is next the luminous body.

ANGLE of Incidence [in dioptricks] is an angle made by an incident
ray with a lens or other refracting surface.

ANGLE of or at the Centre [in fortification] is the angle G K N
(Plate IV. Fig. 20.) which is formed by the concurrence of two strait
lines drawn from the angles of the figure F N.

ANGLE of the Circumference [in fortification] is the next angle made
by the arch, which is drawn from one gorge to the other.

ANGLE of the Counterscarp [in fortification] is formed by the two
sides of the counterscarp meeting before the middle of the courtin.

ANGLE of the Courtin [in fortification] or the angle of the flank
B A E is formed by or contained between the courtin and the flank in
any piece of fortification.

ANGLE of the Complement of the Line of Defence [in fortification] is
the angle proceeding from the intersection of the two complements the
one with the other.

Diminished ANGLE [in fortification] is the angle B C F, which is
formed by the meeting of the outermost sides of the polygon, and the
face of the bastion.

ANGLE of the exterior Figure [in fortification] is the same as the an­
gle of the polygon, and is the angle F C N formed at the point of the
bastion C, by the meeting of the two outermost sides or bases of the
polygon F C and C N. Plate IV. Fig. 20.

ANGLE of the interior Figure [in fortification] is the angle G H M,
which is formed in H the center of the bastion by the meeting of the
innermost sides of the figure G H and H M. Plate IV. Fig. 20.

ANGLE flanking [in fortification] is the angle which is made by the
two rasant lines of defence, viz. The two faces of the bastion pro­
longed.

ANGLE flanking upwards [in fortification] is the angle G H C
formed by the flanking line and the courtin. Plate IV. Fig. 20.

Flanked ANGLE [in fortification] is the angle B C S, which is made
by the two faces B C, C S (Plate IV. Fig. 20.) and is the utmost part
of the bastion, most exposed to the enemy＇s batteries, and is therefore
called by some, the angle of the bastion, or the point of the bastion.

ANGLE forming the Flank [in fortification] is that which consists in
one flank and one demi-gorge; or it is composed by the flank and that
side of the polygon, running from the flank to the angle of the poly­
gon, and, were it extended, would cross the bastion.

ANGLE forming the Face [in fortification] is an angle made of one
flank and one face.

ANGLE of the Moat [in fortification] is an angle which is made be­
fore the curtain where it is intersected.

Re-entring, or Re-entrant ANGLE [in fortification] is an angle
which retires inwards towards the place.

Saliant ANGLE [in fortification] is an angle which advances its
point towards the field.

ANGLE of the Epaule, or ANGLE of the Shoulder [in fortification] is
the angle A B C, which is formed by the lines of the face B C, and the
flank A B. Plate IV. Fig. 20.

ANGLE flanking outward, or ANGLE of the Tenaille [in fortification]
is formed by the two lines fichant in the faces of the two bastions ex­
tended, till they meet in an angle towards the curtain, and is that
which always carries its point in towards the work, and is called also
the dead angle, or angle of the moat.

ANGLE of Elevation [in mechanics] an angle comprehended be­
tween the line of direction of a projectile, and a horizontal line.

ANGLE of Direction [in mechanics] an angle comprehended between
the lines of direction of two conspiring forces.

ANGLE of Incidence [in mechanics] an angle made by the line of
direction of an impinging body in the point of contact.

ANGLE of Reflection [in mechanics] an angle made by the line of
direction of a reflected body, in the point of contact from which it re­
bounds.

ANGLES of a Battalion [in military affairs] are made by the last
men at the ends of ranks and files.

Front ANGLES [in military affairs] the two last men of the first
rank.

Rear ANGLES [in military affairs] the two last men of the rear
rank.

ANGLE of the East [in Astronomy] the same with the nonagesimal
degree. See NONAGESIMAL.

Optic ANGLE, is that which is contained or included between two
rays drawn from the extreme points of an object to the center of the
pupil.

ANGLE of Inclination [in optics] is the angle made by a ray of
incidence, and the axis of incidence.

ANGLE of the Interval of two Places [in optics] an angle that is
subtended by the lines directed from the eye.

ANGLE of Reflection [in optics] is an angle form＇d by the reflected
ray, at the point of reflection, with the other part of the tangent
line.

ANGLE refracted [in optics] is an angle between the refracted ray
and the perpendicular.

ANGLE of Refraction [in optics] is an angle made by the ray of
incidence, extended through another medium (as out of the air into
the water) and the ray of refraction.

Optic ANGLE, or Visual ANGLE [in optics] is an angle included
between two rays, drawn from the two extreme points in an object to
the center of the pupil, as A B C, which is comprehended between the
rays A B and B C. Plate IV. Fig. 21.

ANGLE [in dialling] an angle that is made by the strait line, pro­
ceeding from the sun to the dial plane.

To ANGLE [angelen, Du. angeln, Ger. of angel, Sax. an hook]
1. To fish with an angling rod. 2. To endeavour to gain by some
artifice, as fish are caught by a bait.

By this face did he win
The hearts of all that he did angle for. Shakespeare.

To ANGLE with a silver Hook, to give a bribe, or to bestow more
to obtain a thing than it is worth.

A＇NGLER [of angel, Sax.] one who fishes with an angle.

A＇NGLE-ROD, the stick to which the line and the hook are fastened;
as, the 2d is used for angle-rods. Bacon.

A＇NGLERS [among petty rogues] are those who go about the streets
with a stick and a hook at the end of it, to fish any thing within reach
out of shops or windows.

A＇NGLESEY, an island on the coast of North Wales. It sends one
member to parliament.

A＇NGLIA, that part of Great Britain called England.

A＇NGLICISM [anglicisme, Fr. of anglicus, Lat.] a diction in the
idiom, or a manner of speech peculiar to the English tongue.

ANGLICUS Sudor, i. e. the English Sweat [with physicians] an epi­
demical colliquative fever, rife in England, in the time of Hen­
ry VII. Lat.








ANGLO-SAXON, an appellation given to the language spoken by the
English Saxons, in contradistinction from the true Saxon, as well as
from the modern English.

A＇NGOL, a city of Chili, in South America, situated 125 miles north
of Baldivia.

ANGO＇LA, a large maritime country on the south-west side of Africa,
situated between 5 and 16 degrees of south latitude, and 10 and 15 de­
grees of east longitude. It is inhabited chiefly by negroes, and thither
most European nations resort to purchase slaves for their American
plantations.

ANGOULE＇SME, a city of France, situated on the top of a mountain
surrounded with rocks, at the foot whereof runs the river Charent,
220 miles south-west of Paris. It is the see of a bishop, and capital of
the province of Angoumois.

A＇NGOUMOIS, a province of France, bounded by Poictou on the
north, by Limosin on the east, by Perigord on the south, and by San­
toign on the west.

ANGOU＇RA, or ANCYRA, a large and populous city of Natolia, in
Asiatic Turky, situated on the river Melus, 150 miles east of Constan­
tinople. Lat. 41° 5′ N. Long. 0° 33′ E.

A＇NGRA, the capital of the island of Tercera, one of the Azores or
Western Islands, subject to the king of Portugal.

ANGRO＇GNA, a town of Picdmont, 7 miles west of Pignerol; subject
to the king of Sardinia.

A＇NGRILY, in an angry manner.

ANGRY. 1. Moved with the passion of anger, being in anger, in a
passion. See ANGER. 2. It hath generally the particle at before a thing,
and with before a person. 3. Having the effect or appearance of an­
ger; as, an angry countenance. 4. In surgery, inflamed, smarting;
as, the part grows red and angry.

ANGUE＇LLES [with falconers] small worms ejected by sick hawks.

ANGUI＇FER, or ANGUI＇TENENS [in astronomy] a constellation or
cluster of stars, the figure of which on the globe represents a man hold­
ing a serpent.

ANGUI＇LLA, one of the Caribbee Islands in America, situated in the
Atlantic Ocean, 100 miles north of St. Christophers, subject to the
English. Lat. 18° 15′ N. Long. 63° 0′ W.

ANGUI＇NEAL Hyperbola, an hyperbola, which cuts its assymptote
with contrary flexions, and is produced both ways into contrary legs.

A＇NGUISH [angor, Lat. angoisse, Fr. angoscia, It. angst, Du. and
Ger.] excessive pain of body, or grief of mind. It is seldom used to
signify other passions than the pain of sorrow.

A＇NGUISHED [of anguish] seized with anguish, very much pained;
as,

Feel no touch, and be
Anguish＇d, not that ＇twas sin, but that ＇twas she. Donne.

A＇NGULAR [angulaire, Fr. angolare, It. of angularis, Lat.] pertain­
ing to, or having angles or corners.

A＇NGULARLY [of angular] in an angular manner, with angles.

ANGULAR Motion [in mechanics] a compound sort of motion,
wherein the moveable both slides and revolves at the same time.

ANGULAR Motion [with astronomers] is the increase of the distance
of any two planets, revolving round any body as the common center
of motion.

ANGULA＇RITY [of angularis, Lat.] the quality of having angles
and corners.

A＇NGULARNESS [angulaire, Fr. angularis, Lat.] the quality of hav­
ing corners.

A＇NGULATED [angulatus, of angulas, Lat.] formed with angles,
cornered. Topazes shot into angulated figures. Woodward.

ANGULO＇SITY [with philosophers] the quality of that which has se­
veral or many angles; angularity.

A＇NGULOUS [of angulus, Lat.] angular. Solid bodies are held to­
gether by hooks and angulous involutions. Glanville.

A＇NGUS, a shire or county of Scotland, bounded on the north by the
shire of Merns; on the east by the German Ocean; on the south by the
Frith of Tay, which divides it from the shire of Fise; and on the west
by the Perth. This county, which is exceeding fertile, is otherwise
called Forfarshire, from its capital Forfar.

A＇NGUST [angusto, It. and Lat. of angustus, Lat.] narrow.

ANGU＇STNESS [of angustus, Lat.] narrowness, straitness.

ANGUSTA＇TION [angustatus, of angustus, Lat.] 1. The act of ma­
king narrow. 2. The state of being straitened; as, the cause may be
an obstruction in its passage by some angustation upon it by part of the
tumor. Wiseman.

ANGU＇STITY [of angustitas, O. Lat.] straitness or narrowness of
place; also straitness of circumstances, poverty, &c.

ANHA＇LT, a province of the circle of Upper Saxony, in Germany,
on the south side of the duchy of Magdeburg.

ANHALTI＇NA [with physicians] medicines that promote respira­
tion.

ANHELA＇TION [of anhelo, Lat.] act of panting, a difficulty of
breathing, shortness of breath, state of being out of breath.

ANHE＇LITUS, a shortness and thickness of breath, as in an asthma.
Lat.

ANHELO＇SE [anhelosus, Lat. of anhelus] fetching breath quick and
short; pussing and blowing.

ANHELO＇TE [in old law] a term used to signify that every one
should pay his respective part and share, as Scot and Lot, according to
the custom of the country.

A＇NIAN, a large maritime country on the eastern coast of Africa,
lying between the 12° north lat. and between 40° and 50° east long.

ANIAN, is also the name of a streight, supposed to lie between the
north-east of Asia, and north-west of America.

ANICE＇TUM [ἀνικητον, Gr.] anise-seeds.

ANIE＇NTED [anneantir, Fr.] made void, frustrated.

A＇NI＇GHTS [of a or at night, or of ＇snachts, Ger.] by night, in the
night-time; as, you must come in earlier anights. Shakespeare.

A＇NIL, the plant from which indigo is procured. See INDIGO.

ANI＇LENESS, or ANILITY [anilitas, Lat.] the state of being a very
old woman, old age of a woman.

A＇NIMA, the breath, also the principle of life in the rational, sensi­
tive or vegetative soul. Lat.

ANIMA, or ANIMATO [in music books] signifies with life and
spirit, and is much the same as vivace, which is a degree of move­
ment between largo and allegro.

ANIMA Hepatis [with chemists] sal martis, i. e. salt of iron or
steel. Lat.

ANIMA Articulorum [with physicians] hermodactyls, so called, be­
cause of their efficacy in disorders of the joints. Lat.

ANIMA Pulmonum [with physicians] crocus or saffron, so called on
account of its being good for the lungs. Lat.

ANIMA Saturni [i. e. the soul of lead] the extract of lead. Lat.

ANIMA Mundi [called by Plato ψυχη του κοσμου, the soul of the
world, or of the universe, with naturalists] is a certain pure, ethereal
substance or spirit, which is diffused through the mass of the world,
which informs, actuates, and unites the divers parts of it into one
great, perfect, organical, or vital body. Lat.
The modern Platonists explain the anima mundi to be a certain ethe­
real, universal spirit; which exists perfectly pure in the heavens, but
pervading elementary bodies on earth, and intimately mixing with all
the minute atoms of it, assumes somewhat of their nature, and thence
becomes of a peculiar kind.
Some again define it to be a certain ignific virtue, or vivific heat
infused into the chaos, and disseminated through the whole frame of
it, for the conservation, nutrition, and vivification of it.

A＇NIMABLE [animabilis, Lat.] that which may be put into life, or
is capable of being animated.

ANIMA＇CHA, a river of India, in the kingdom of Malabar. It rises
in the kingdom of Calicut, and falls into the ocean six leagues from
Cranganor. It is also the name of a town on the same river.

ANIMADVE＇RSION [Fr. of animadversio, Lat.] a severe reproof or
censure. He dismissed them with severe and sharp animadversions.
Clarendon. 2. Punishment, with on or upon before the object of ani­
madversion. When a bill is debating in parliament, the controversy is
handled by pamphlets, without the least animadversion upon the au­
thors. Swift. 3. In the civil and canon law. An ecclesiastical cen­
sure, and an ecclesiastical animadversion, are different things; for a cen­
sure has a relation to a spiritual punishment, but an animadversion has
only a respect to a temporal one, as degradation and delivering the
person over to the secular court. Ayliffe.

ANIMADVE＇RSIVE [of animadverto, Lat.] That has the power of
considering, judging, or reflecting. The soul is the only animadver­
sive principle. Glanville.

ANIMADVE＇RSIVENESS [of animus and adverto, Lat.] the animad­
versive faculty, the power of judging.

To ANIMA＇DVERT [animadverto, Lat.] 1. To pass censure upon,
should not animadvert on him who was a severe observer of decorum.
Dryden. 2. To inflict punishment. In both senses with upon. The
author of the universe animadverts upon men here below. Grew.

ANIMA＇DVERTER [of animadvert] he that censures, he that inflicts
punishment. God is a strict observer of, and a severe animadverter
upon, such as presume to partake without preparation. South.

A＇NIMAL [Fr. Sp. Port. and Lat. animale, It. i. e. a living crea­
ture] is by some defined to be a being, which besides the power of
growing, increasing, and producing its like (which vegetables also
have) is further endowed with sensation and spontaneous motion.
Others define animal to be an organical body, consisting of vesse＇s
and juices, and taking in the matter of its nutriment by a part called
the mouth, whence it is convey＇d into other vessels called intestines,
having (as it were) roots, whereby it draws in its nourishment, after
the manner of plants. Animals are divided into sanguineous, that is,
such as have blood, and which breathe through lungs or by gills, as all
sanguineous fishes, except the whale kind; into exsanguineous or with­
out blood, which may be divided into greater and lesser, into hoofed,
clawed, or digitate, having many sore teeth or cutters in each jaw, or
only two large and remarkable fore teeth, all which are phytivorous,
and are called the hare kind. Ray. By way of contempt, we say of
a stupid man, that he is a stupid animal.

ANIMAL, adj. [animalis, Lat.] pertaining to living creatures, or to
life.

ANIMAL Faculty [with philosophers] is defined to be that faculty by
which a man exercises sense, motion, and the animal functions of the
mind, as imagination, memory.

ANIMAL Secretion [in medicine] is the act whereby the divers juices
of the body are separated or secreted from the common mass of blood
by means of the glands.

ANIMAL Motion, is the same that is called muscular motion.

ANIMAL Part of Man [with moralists] the sensible fleshy part, in
opposition to the rational part, which is the understanding.

ANIMAL Spirits, a fine subtil juice or humour in animal bodies, sup­
posed to be the great instrument of muscular motion, sensation, &c.
as distinguished from natural and vital.

ANIMAL Functions, are those without which we cannot will, re­
member, &c. as imagination, passions, voluntary motion, &c.

ANIMA＇LCULA [as diminutive of animal] a minute creature, scarce
discernable by the naked eye; but may be discovered by the help of a
microscope in most liquors. Of these there are prodigious numbers in
black pepper water, and water in which wheat, &c. have been steeped
for four or five days. They all come of the seed of animalcules of their
own kind, that were before laid there. Ray.

ANIMA＇LITY, or A＇NIMALNESS [animalitas, Lat.] the animal fa­
culty, the state of animal existence. The word therefore signifies hu­
man animality, and in the minor proposition, the animality of a goose.
Watts.

ANIMALS, there was nothing so remarkable in the Egyptian reli­
gion, as the preposterous worship that nation paid to animals, such as
the cat, the ichneumon, the dog, the ibis, the wolf, the crocodile,
and several others; which they had in high veneration, as well dead
as living. While they were living, they had lands set apart for the
maintenance of each kind; and both men and women were employed
in feeding and attending on them; the children succeeding their pa­
rents in that office, which was looked upon as an high honour, wear­
ing certain badges or ensigns, by which being distinguished at a di­
stauce, they were saluted by bending of the knee, and other demon­
stratious of respect. To these, and to the deities to which they were
sacred, the inhabitants of the several cities, where they were worship­






ped, offered up their prayers, and in particular for the recovery of
children from sickness, whose heads they shaved all over, or in part,
and putting the hair into one ballance, and silver into the other, when
the silver over-ballanced, they gave it to the keepers of the animals,
who therewith provided food for them, which was usually fish cut in
pieces; but the ichneumons and cats were sometimes fed with bread
and milk. The extravagant worship which the Egyptians paid to these
deities, as to the bulls at Memphis and Heliopolis; the goat at Mendis,
the lion at Leontopolis, and the crocodile at the lake Mæris, and at
many others, at different places, exceeds all belief. For they were
kept in consecrated inclosures, and well attended on by men of high
rank, who at a great expence provided victuals for them, which con­
sisted of the greatest dainties. They were washed in hot baths, anointed
with the most precious ointments, and perfumed with the most odori­
ferous scents; they lay on the richest carpets, and other costly furni­
ture. When any of the animals died, they lamented them as if they
had been their dearest children, and frequently laid out more than they
were worth in their funeral. In the reign of Ptolemy, the son of La­
gus, the apis dying of old age at Memphis, his keeper bestowed no less
than 50 talents of silver, or almost 130000 crowns over and above all
his substance, in the burying of him. And it is also related, that some
keepers of those creatures, have squandered away 100000 talents, an
immense sum, in the maintenance of them. The dead bodies of the
sacred animals were wrapped up in fine linnen, and carried to be
embalmed, and being anointed with oil of cedar, and other aromatic
preparations, to preserve them from putrefacton, were buried in sacred
coffins.

To A＇NIMATE [animer, Fr. animare, It. animàr, Sp. animo, Lat.]
1. To give life to, to enliven or quicken; as, man must have been
animated by a higher power. 2. To heighten the powers, to encrease
the effect of any thing.

But none, ah! none can animate the lyre,
And the mute strings with vocal souls inspire. Dryden.
3. To encourage, to hearten, to abet, egg, or set on. The more to
animate the people, he stood on high. Knolles.

ANIMATE [animatus, Lat.] animated, endued with animal life, in
contradistinction to inanimate, or such things as have not life.

ANIMATE Power [in mechanics] is used to signify a power in man
or brute, in contradistinction to an inanimate one, as that of springs,
weights, &c.

ANIMA＇TED, vigorous, lively. Warriors she fires with animated
sounds. Pope.

ANIMATED Mercury [with chemists] quicksilver impregnated with
some subtil and spirituous particles, so as to render it capable of grow­
ing hot, when mixed with gold.

ANIMATED Needle, a needle touched with a loadstone.

A＇NIMATENESS [of animé, Fr. animatus, Lat.] the state of being
animated.

ANIMA＇TION. 1. The act of enlivening or quickening in general.
2. The act of informing, furnishing or supplying an animal body with
a soul. As a fœtus or child in the womb, is said to become to its anima­
tion, when it begins to act like a true living creature; or after the mo­
ther (according to the usual expression) is quick. 3. The state of be­
ing enlivened.

ANIMA＇TIVE, having the nature or faculty of animating.

ANIMA＇TOR [school Lat.] that which imparts life. Those bodies
receive the impressions of their motor, and conform themselves to situa­
tions wherein they best unite to their animator. Brown.

A＇NIMÆ, or Gum A＇NIMA [in natural history and pharmacy] a kind
of gum, or rather resin, being of a friable substance, inflammable and
soluble in oil. There are two kinds, the oriental and occidental: the
oriental is a dry resin, brought in large casks, of a very uncertain co­
lour, some being greenish, some reddish, and some of the colour of
myrrh. The occidental is a yellowish white, resembling frankincense
in colour. Both kinds are used in perfumes; and in medicine exter­
nally, for cold flatulent affections of the head, nerves, and joints, pal­
sies, contractions, contusions, &c.

ANIME＇ [in heraldry] is when the eyes, &c. of any rapacious
creature, are borne of a different tincture from the creature itself.

ANIMO＇DAR [with astrologers] one of the methods some use of
rectifying nativities, as to find out artificially the exact minute ascend­
ing at a person＇s birth.

ANIMO＇SE [animosus, Lat.] couragious; also stomachful, hot, ve­
hement.

ANIMOSENESS [animosité, Fr. animositas, Lat.] the quality of hav­
ing an animosity; heat, vehemence of disposition.

ANIMO＇SITY [animosité, Fr. animosità, It. animositàd, Sp. of ani­
mositas, Lat.] quarrel, contention, heart burnings, vehemence of ha­
tred. It implies rather the disposition to break out into outrage, than
the outrage itself.

A＇NJOU, a county, or rather earldom of France, bounded by the
province of Main on the north, by Jourain on the east, by Poictou on
the south, and by Britany on the west.

AN JOUR and WAST [a law term] a forfeiture, when a man has
committed petty treason and felony, and has lands held of some com­
mon person, which shall be seized for the king, and remain in his
hands a year and a day, next after the attainder, and then the trees
shall be pulled up; except he, to whom the lands should come by es­
cheat or forfeiture, redeem it of the king.

ANISCA＇LPTOR. [of anus and scalpo, Lat. to scratch, or ANISCAEP­
TORIS Musculi par in anatomy] a muscle called also latissimus dorsi;
from its largeness, q. d. the broadest of the back, a pair of muscles,
so called from that action that is performed by the help of it, it serving
to draw the arm backwards and downwards.

A＇NISE, anisum [in the materia medica] a small seed of an oblong
shape, ending each way in an obtuse point, with a surface very deeply
striated, and of a lax and brittle substance. The plant that produces
it is a species of the apium. See APIUM.

A＇NKER, Du [at Amsterdam] a liquid measure, the fourth part of
the awn, containing two stekans, each stekan containing sixteen min­
gles, the mingle two Paris pints.

ANKLE [enckle, Du. ancleoþ, Sax.] the joint between the foot and
the leg.

A＇NKLEBONE, the bone of the ankle.

A＇NKRED [in heraldry] a sort of cross borne in coats of arms, the
ends of which are in the shape of the flooks of an anchor. See AN­
CHORED.

ANKY＇LOSIS, the same as ANCHYLE. Blanchard.

A＇NNA, a city of Arabia Petrea, situated on the western shore of
the river Euphrates. Lat. 33° 30′ N. Long. 41° 35′ E.

ANNA＇ACIOUS, a people of Brasil in America, whose country bor­
ders on the government of Porto Seguro.

A＇NNABERG, a small town of Germany, in the province of Misnia,
situated near the river Schop, about eleven German miles from
Leipsick.

ANNA＇GH, the name of two towns in Ireland; one in the province
of Ulster, and the other in the county of Downe.

ANNA＇LES [Fr. annali, It. análes, Sp.] histories or chronicles of
things done, from year to year. Lat.

ANNALES [old records] yearlings, or young cattle of the first
year. Lat.

A＇NNALIST, or ANNALISTE, Fr. [of annals, and that from annus,
Lat. a year] a writer of annals.

A＇NNALS [annales, Lat.] annual or yearly chronicles, or a chro­
nological account of remarkable passages, that happen in a kingdom
or republick from year to year. Annals are different from history in
this respect, because history descants on the events and the causes of
them. This substantive has no singular number.

ANNAMABO＇E, an English factory on the gold coast in Guinea in
Africa.

A＇NNAND, the capital of the shire of Annandal in Scotland, situa­
ted upon a river of the same name. Lat. 54° 40′ N. Long. 3° W.

ANNA＇POLIS, the capital of Maryland, a British colony in North
America. Lat. 39° 25′ N. Long. 78° W.

ANNAPOLIS is also the name of the capital of Nova Scotia. Lat.
45° N. Long. 64° W.

A＇NNATS, or ANNA＇TES [cannon law, Lat.] 1. The first fruits of
ecclesiastical benefices, being the value of one year＇s profit, formerly
paid to the pope, but now to the king. This substantive has no sin­
gular. 2. Masses said in the Romish church for the space of a year,
or for any other time; either for the soul of a person deceased, or for
the benefit of a person living. Ayliffe.

ANNE, or St. ANNE＇s Day, a festival of the christian church, ce­
lebrated by the Latins on the 26th of July, but by the Greeks on the
9th of December.

A＇NNEAL [probably of on-ælan, Sax. to burn, &c.] a commodity
brought from Barbary, and used in dying, painting, &c.

To ANNE＇AL [of ætan, Sax. to heat] 1. To heat glass after it is
blown, that it may not break. 2. To heat any thing in such a man­
ner, as to give it the true temper.

ANNEA＇LING, is a method or art of baking glass, so that the colour
can or it may penetrate quite through; also a particular way of baking
tiles.

A＇NNECY, a town of the duchy of Savoy, situated upon a lake of
the same name; subject to the king of Sardinia. Lat. 46° N. Long.
6° 10′ E.

To ANNE＇X [annexer, Fr. anexàr, Sp. annexum, of annecto, Lat.
of ad, to, and necto, to tie] 1. To join or unite one thing with another,
at the end; as, he annexed a codicil to his will. 2. To unite a
smaller thing to a greater; as, he annexed a province to his kingdom.
3. To unite à posteriori, annexion always presupposing something.
Concerning fate, learned men have thereunto annexed and fastened
an inevitable necessity. Raleigh.

ANNEX, the thing annexed, additament. He assumed the annexes
of divinity. Brown.

ANNEXA＇TION [of annex] the act of conjoining, or making addi­
tion to. If we return to charity and peaceable mindedness, all other
christian virtues will, by way of concomitance or annexation, attend
them. Hammond.

ANNEXA＇TION [in law] the uniting of land or rents to the crown;
also coalition of church-lands; as, the annexations of benefices.

ANNE＇XION [of annexus, Lat.] the act of joining to. To engage
the fears of men, the annexion of penalties will over-balance temporal
pelasure. Rogers.

ANNE＇XMENT [of annex] 1. The act of annexing. 2. The thing
annexed.

———When it falls,
Each small annexment, petty consequence
Attends the boist＇rous ruin. Shakespeare.

ANNI＇HILABLE [of annihilate] that which is capable of being an­
nihilated.

To ANNI＇HILATE [annichilare, It. aniquilàr, Sp. of annihilatum,
Lat. of ad, to, and nihil, nothing] 1. To reduce or bring any created
being to nothing, to utterly destroy it. 2. To destroy so, as to make
the thing otherwise than it was. The flood hath altered, or rather
annihilated this place, so as no man can find any mark thereof. Ra­
leigh. 3. To annul, to destroy the effect of. There is no reason that
any one commonwealth should annihilate that whereupon the whole
world has agreed. Hooker.

ANNIHILA＇TION [annihilazione, It. of annihilatio, Lat.] 1. Act of
reducing a substance to nothing, &c. or a total destroying or taking
away its existence. 2. The state of being annihilated.

A＇NNI NUBILES [in law] the marriageable age of a virgin, before
which time she is said to be infra nubiles annos; the time is at twelve
years of age.

ANNIVE＇RSARY, adj. [anniversaire, Fr. anniversario, It. and Sp. of
aniversarius, Lat.] done annually or every year at a certain time, ce­
lebrated every year.

ANNIVERSARY, sub. the act of celebration in honour of the anniver­
sary day Donne makes Mrs. Drury immortal in his admirable anni­
versaries. Dryden.

An ANNIVERSARY [with Romanists] a yearly obit or service said
by a popish priest once every year, for a person deceased. Celebrated
not only once a year, says Ayliffe, but which ought to be said daily
through the year.

ANNIVERSARY Days [with the ancient Anglo-Saxons] 1. Certain
days appointed to be observed solemnly yearly, in commemoration of
the death or martyrdom of Saints. 2. Days at the return of the







year, on which people used to pray for the souls of their friends de­
ceased; which custom the Romanists still retain.

A＇NNO DOMINI [i. e. in the year of our Lord] that computation
of time, from the birth of our Saviour, which is used to form the
date of publick deeds and writings in England, with the addition of
the year of the king＇s reign; as, Anno Domini, or A. D. 1755, i. e.
the seventeenth hundredth and fifty-fifth year, from the birth of our
Lord.

ANNOI＇SANCE [of annoy, in law] nusance; a hurt or offence either
to a publick place, as a high way, bridge, or common river; or to a
private one, by laying any thing that may breed infection; by en­
croaching, or the like. For anoisance we now use nusance, which see.

ANNOISANCE, the name of a writ brought upon this transgression.

ANNO＇LIS [in America] an animal about the bigness of a lizard,
whose skin is of a yellowish colour. It continually proles about the
cottages for food in the day time, and lies under-ground at night,
making a loud noise.

ANNO＇NAY, a town of France, in the Upper Virares, situated on
the river Deume. Lat. 45° 15′ N. Long. 5° 22′ E.

ANNO＇SITY [annositas, Lat. annosus, of annus, ayear] a godness.

A＇NNOT, a small city in the mountains of Provence in France, in
Lat. 44° 4′ N. Long. 7° E.

ANNOTA＇TION [Fr. annotatione, It. anotácion, Sp. of annotatio,
Lat.] an observation, a remark written on books, an explanatory
note.

ANNOTA＇TOR, Lat. a commentator, a writer of scholiums or notes.

To ANNOU＇NCE [annoncer, Fr. annunziare, It. anunciàr, Sp. an­
nuncio, Lat.] to notify, publish, declare, to pronounce judicially.
Those annonce or life or death. Prior.

To ANNO＇Y [probably of nuire, Fr. to hurt, damage, &c.] to
hurt, to vex, to teaze, to molest.

ANNOY, molestation, injury.

After ANNOY comes Joy. H. Ger. Auf schmertzen, schertzen. After
rain, sun-shine, Post nubila phœbus. A saying people are apt to com­
fort themselves with in trouble, upon a supposition, that as sun-shine
follows rain, so good fortune must necessarily succeed evil fortune.

ANNOY＇ANCE [from annoy] 1. That which annoys. A grain, a
dust, any annoyance in that sense. Shakespeare. 2. The act of an­
noying, the state of being annoyed.

ANNO＇YER [from annoy] he that annoys.

ANNOYLING [Unc. Etym.] unction.

Extreme ANNOYLING, extreme unction. Burnet＇s Introduction to
the 39 Articles, p. 13.

A＇NNUAL [annuel, Fr. annuale, It. anuál, Sp. of annuus, from
annus, Lat. a year] 1. That comes every year, yearly; as, annual for
me the grape, the rose renew. Pope. 2. That is reckoned by the
year. A thousand pound a year, annual support. Shakespeare. 3. That
lasts only a year; as, an annual plant.

ANNUAL Equation [in astronomy] is the equation of the mean
motion of the sun and moon, and of the apogee and nodes.

ANNUAL Leaves [in botany] such as are put forth in the spring of
the year, &c. but perish in the winter.

ANNUAL Pension [in law] a writ by which the king, having an
annual pension duc to him from an abbot or prior for any of his chap­
lains, used to demand it, &c.

ANNUA＇LA, a yearly stipend, anciently assigned to a priest for ob­
serving the anniversary, or saying continued masses one year, for the
soul of the deceased person.

ANNUA＇LIA, oblations made by the relations of deceased persons,
on the day of their deaths every year, which day our forefathers
called the year＇s-day, or year＇s-mind, on which mass was solemnly
celebrated.

ANNUALLY, yearly, every year.

ANNUALS [with botanists] plants that are to be raised every year,
such as die away in the winter.

ANNUA＇TES Musculi [with anatomists] a pair of muscles so called,
because they cause the head to nod directly forward; they are seated
at the root of the transverse vertebræ of the back.

ANNUITANT, one who has an annuity.

ANNUI＇TY [annuité, Fr. of annuus, Lat. yearly] 1. A yearly in­
come or rent that is to be paid for term of life or years; an annuity
is different from a rent in this, that the former only charges the
granter or his heirs, that have assets by descents; whereas a rent is
payable out of land. The 2d difference is, that for the recovery of
an annuity, no action lies, but only the writ of annuity against the
granter or his successors; but of a rent, the same actions lie as do
of land. The 3d difference is, that an annuity is never taken for
assets, because it is no freehold in law, nor shall be put in execution
upon a statute merchant, statute staple, or elegit, as a rent may.
2. An allowance by the year; as, he supplied his expence beyond
what his annuity from his father would bear. Clarendon.
Dr. Halley, in his observations on the Breslaw bills of mortality,
shews, that it is 80 to 1 a person of 25 years of age does not die in a
year; that it is 5½ to one, that a man of 40 lives 7 years; and that
one of 30 may reasonably expect to live 27 or 28 years: so great a
difference there is between the life of man at different ages, that it is
100 to 1, that one of 20 dies not in a year; and but 38 to 1, for one
of fifty years of age.
When and from some other observations, he has constructed the fol­
lowing tables, shewing the value of annuities from every 5th year of
life to the 70th.  Age  Y.  Pur.  1  10,  28  5  13,  40  10  13,  44  15  13,  33  20  12,  78  25  12,  27  30  11,  72  35  11,  12  40  10,  57  45  9,  91  50  9,  21  55  8,  51  60  7,  60  65  6,  54  70  5,  32 

To ANNU＇L [annullare, It. anulàr, Sp. of annuller, Fr. of nullus,
Lat. none] 1. To abolish, to repeal, to make void. 2. To oblite­
rate, to reduce to nothing.

Light to me＇s extinct,
And all her various objects of delight
Annul＇d. Milton.

A＇NNULAR [annularis, Lat. of annulus, a ring] pertaining to a ring,
having the form of a ring.

ANNULAR Cartilage [in anatomy] the second cartilage of the top
of the wind-pipe, or larynx, encompassed by it, as it were by a
ring.

ANNULAR Ligament [in anatomy] a strong ligament encompassing
the carpus or wrist after the manner of a bracelet.

ANNU＇LARIS Digitus, the ring-finger, that which is betwixt the
middle finger, and the little finger. Lat.

ANNULARIS Processus [with anatomists] a certain bunch or knob
made by the meeting of the processes of the medulla oblongata, un­
der its side. Lat.

ANNULARIS Protuberantia [in anatomy] that part of the human
brain that lies between the cerebellum and the two backward promi­
nences or parts bunching out.

A＇NNULARY [annularis, Lat. of annulus, a ring] like, with, or in
the form of a ring.

A＇NNULET [of annulus, Lat.] a little ring.

ANNULET [in heraldry] a small ring, which, being a mark of
distinction, the 5th brother of any family ought to bear in his coat
of arms.

ANNULETS [with architects] are small square parts, turned about
in the Doric capital, under the quarter round or echinus; others
define an annulet to be a narrow flat moulding, which is common to
other parts of a column, the bases, &c. as well as the capital; and
is the same member which sometime is called the fillet, a listel, a
coincture, a liste, a tænia, a square, a rabit, and a supercilium.

ANNULETS, are also a part of the coat-armour of several fami­
lies; they were anciently reputed a mark of nobility and jurisdiction,
it being the custom of prelates to receive their investiture per bacu­
lum & annulum.

To ANNU＇MERATE [annumero, Lat.] to reckon into the number,
to add to something beforementioned.

ANNUMERA＇TION, act of putting or adding to a former number.
Lat.

ANNUNCIA＇DA, as knights of the annunciada, an order of knight­
hood in Savoy, in memory of the annunciation of the virgin Mary,
instituted by Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, anno domini, 1350.

To ANNU＇NCIATE [annunciatum, sup. of annuncio, Lat.] to bring
tidings to. A word not in popular use.

ANNUNCIA＇TION [Fr. annunziatione, It. annunciatiò, Sp. of annun­
ciatio, Lat. the delivery of a message] it is generally applied to the
tidings that the angel brought to the virgin Mary, concerning the in­
carnation of Jesus Christ.

ANNU＇NTIATE, or ANNUNTIA＇DA, a denomination that is com­
mon to several orders, both religious and military, among the Roman
catholicks, so named on account of the annunciation of the virgin
Mary.

The Feast of the ANNUNTIATION, Lady-day, the 25th of March.

A＇NNUS Climactericus, the years 63 and 81, on which there went
a notion that men must needs die; the two numbers consist of nines,
as seven times nine is 63, nine times nine is 81.

ANO＇DYNE [anodin, Fr. anodymus, Lat. ἀνωδυνος, of α priv. and
οδυνη, Gr. pain] a medicine which either alleviates or quite takes away
pain, called also a paregoric.

To A＇NOINT [oindre, enoindre, particip. oint, enoint, Fr. ugnere, It.
of ungo, unguo, Lat.] 1. To rub over, to smear with any unctuous
substance, as oil or unguent. 2. To consecrate by anointing. In his
anointed flesh stick boarish fangs. Shakespeare.

ANOI＇SANCE, NOI＇SANCE, or NU＇SANCE [of nuisance, Fr.] any in­
jury, damage, or hurt done to a public place, bridge, highway, &c.
or to a private one by encroachment, by laying in it any thing that
may breed infection, &c.

ANOMÆANS [from α priv. and ομοιος, like, Gr.] the name by
which a considerable part of the christian world were, in the fourth
and succeeding centuries, characterised; who, with Eunomius, would
not admit, that the second person of the Trinity (and much less the
third) was of like essence with God the Father. See EUNO­
MIANS.

ANOMALI＇SM [anomal, Fr. anomalo, It. and Sp. anomalus, Lat.
ἀνωμαλος, Gr.] an irregularity, an anomaly. See ANOMALOUS.

ANOMALI＇STICAL Year [in astronomy] is the space of time
wherein the earth passes through her orbit, distinct from the tropi­
cal year.

ANO＇MALOUS, or ANO＇MALAR [ἀνωμαλος, of α neg. and ομαλος,
Gr. smooth, or equal] out of rule, irregular, uneven, unequal, that
deviates from the true order and method. In grammar it is applied
to words deviating from the common rules of inflection; and in astro­
nomy, to the seemingly irregular motions of the planets.

ANO＇MA＇LY [anomalie, Fr. anomalia, Lat.] an irregularity. This
is a peculiar anomaly and baseness of nature. South.

ANOMALY [in grammar] an irregularity in the conjugation of verbs,
or declension of nouns, &c.

ANOMALY [with astrologers] an inequality in the motions of the
planets.

ANOMALY [in astronomy] the distance of a planet from the aphe­
lion or apogee; or an irregularity of a planet, whereby it deviate,
from the aphelion or apogee.

ANOMALY of a Planet mean or equal [in the new astronomy] is the
area, which is contained under a certain line drawn from the sun to
the planet.

Mean ANOMALY of the Sun or Planet [with astronomers] is an
arch of the ecliptic, between the mean place of it, and its apogee.
In the modern astronomy it is the time wherein the planet moves from
the aphelion to the mean place or point of its orbit.

The true ANOMALY of the Center [in astronomy] an arch of the
zodiac bounded by the true motion of the center of the new astro­







nomy; it is an arch of the eccentric circle, included between the
aphelion, and a right line, drawn through the center of the planet,
perpendicular to the line of the absides.

True or equated ANOMALY [in astronomy] is the angle at the sun
which a planet＇s distance from the aphelion appears under; or it is
the angle of the area taken proportional to the time in which the pla­
net moves from the mean place to its aphelion.

ANOMALY of the Orbit [in astronomy] is the arch or distance of a
planet from its aphelion.

ANOMOEO＇MEROS [of α neg. ομοιος and μερος, Gr. a particle] that
which consists of several and different particles.

ANOMORHOMEOI＇DIA, in natural history, a genus of crystalline
spars, of no determinate form, easily fissile, but cleaving more rea­
dily in an horizontal, than in a perpendicular direction, their plates
being composed of irregular arrangements of short and thick rhom­
boidal concretions.

A＇NOMY [of ἀνομια, from α neg. and νομος, Gr. a law] breach
or transgression of a law. If sin be good, it is no more sin, no
anomy. Bramhall.

ANO＇N [Junius imagines it to be an elliptical form of speaking for
in one, that is, in one minute. Skinner derives it from a, and nean or
near; Minshew from on on, by and by] soon, quickly, sometimes,
now and then, at other times; as, ever and anon.

A＇NONIS, in botany, restharrow, a genus of plants, the flower of
which is papilionaceous, and its fruit a turgid villose pod, containing
a few kidney-like seeds. This genus belongs to the diadelphiade-can­
dria class of Linnæus, who calls it ononis.

ANO＇NIUM, archangel, or dead nettle, an herb. Lat.

ANO＇NYMAL, or ANO＇NYMOUS [anonyme, Fr. anonimo, It. anóny­
mo, Sp. anonymus, Lat. of ἀνωνυμος, from α priv. and ονομα, Gr. a
name] nameless, or being without a name. Anonymous is the pro­
per word.

ANO＇NYMOUS Spirit [with chemists] a kind of spirit that may be
separated from tar, &c. and several sorts of wood, the same as neutral
or adiaphorous spirit.

ANO＇NYMOUSLY [of anonymous] without a name. The edition
comes out anonymously. Swift.

ANOREXI＇A, or ANO＇REXY [ἀνορεξια, of α priv. and ορεξις, Gr. desire]
a want of appetite, a loathing of food, caused by an ill disposition
of the stomach.

ANO＇THER [of an and other, from ofre, Sax.] 1. One more, as
being a new addition to a former number. A fourth—another yet?
A seventh! Shakespeare. 2. Not the same. We must find another
rise of government than that. Locke. 3. Any one else. If one man sin
against another, the judge shall judge him. Samuel. 4. Not one＇s
self. A man can weep his sorrows with another＇s eyes, when he has
another heart besides his own to share his grief. South. 5. Quite dif­
ferent. The soul when beaten from its station, becomes quite ano­
ther thing from what it was before. South.

ANO＇THERGAINES, of another sort, of a different kind. An ob­
solete word. I might have anothergaines husband than Dametas.
Sidney.

ANO＇THERGUESS, of a different sort. It means the same as ano­
thergaines in Sidney. Matters use to go in anotherguess manner in thy
time. Arbuthnot.

A＇NOUT, a small island in the Schagerrack, or that part of the
sea of Denmark which has Norway on the north, Jutland on the
west, Sweden on the east, and the isle of Zealand on the south; it
lies in Lat. 56° 36′ N. Long. 13° E.

ANS is set as an abbreviation of answer, swar, Dan. and Su. ori­
ginally a word to which the Saxon, and from them we have added
the Gothic particle and, Teut. ant.

A＇NSA, a river in Friuli in Italy, which discharges itself into the
gulph of Venice.

A＇NSA, the handle of a cup or other vessel. Lat.

A＇NSÆ, or A＇NSES, [with astronomers] are those apparently promi­
nent parts of the ring of the planet Saturn, discovered in the opening
of it, and seeming like handles to the body of the planet.

ANSA＇TED [ansatus, Lat.] having handles.

A＇NSE, a small town of France in the Lyonois, four leagues north
of Lyons.

A＇NSCOTE [in ancient law books] the same as angild.

A＇NSER [Lat. a goose, in astronomy] a star of the fifth or sixth
magnitude, in the milky way, between the swan and eagle.

ANSERI＇NA [in botany] wild tansy.

ANSIA＇NACTES, a people of Africa, in the western part of the isle
of Madagascar.

A＇NSLO, a sea-port town of Norway and Province of Aggerhuys,
in Lat. 59° 30′ N. Long. 10° 12′ E.

A＇NSPACH or OANSPACH, a city of Germany, and circle of Fran­
conia, in Lat. 49° 22′ N. Long. 10° 36′. It is the capital of the
marquisate of Anspach, of which family was the late queen Caroline.

ANSPESA＇DES [of lansa spezzada, It. i. e. a broken lance] in the
French foot-soldiery, a sort of inferior officers above common centi­
nels, yet below corporals.

ANSTRU＇THER, Easter and Wester, two royal burghs of Scotland,
situated on the south-east coast of the county of Fife, in Lat. 56°
0′ W. Long. 2° 25′ W.

An A＇NSWER [andswere, or answare, Sax.] 1. A response. Wha
is said in speaking or writing, in return to a question, or any other
position. 2. In law, a confutation of any charge exhibited against
one.

To ANSWER [the etymology is uncertain, the Saxons had
dswarian, but in another sense, and the Dutch have antwoorden.
Johnson] to give an answer or response, to speak in return to a ques­
tion; as, answer these questions. Dryden. 2. To speak in opposition;
as, no man could answer him a word. St. Matthew. 3. To be ac­
countable for, having commonly for before the matter or person to be
accounted; as, some men have sinned, &c. and must answer for not be­
ing men. Brown. 4. To give an account, with to; as, they cannot an­
swer to God or man. 5. To be correspondent with, or suitable to; as,
in water, face answereth to face. Proverbs. 6. To stand for somewhat
else, to be equivalent to; as, money answereth all things. Ecclesi­
asticus. 7. To satisfy any demand or petition; as, to answer all
the debt he owes. Shakespeare. 8. To act upon reciprocally; as, do
the strings answer to thy noble hand? Dryden. 9. To stand as op­
posite or correlative to; as, perfection and usefulness create love, to
which answer, on our part, admiration and desire. Taylor. 10. To
bear proportion to. Weapons, which must be dangerous things, if
they answered the bulk of so prodigious a person. Swift. 11. To
perform what is endeavoured or intended by an agent; as, choose
objects the most likely to answer the ends of our charity. Atterbury.
12. To gratify or comply with; as,

He dies that touches of this fruit,
Till I and my affairs are answer＇d. Shakespeare.
13. To produce the desired event, to succeed to expectation; as, to
her counsel the event answer＇d. 14. To appear to any call, or au­
thoritative summons, in which sense, though figuratively, the follow­
ing passage may be perhaps taken. Johnson. Thou wert better in thy
grave, than to answer with thy uncover＇d body this extremity of the
skies. Shakespeare. 15. To be over-against any thing; as,

Fire answers fire, and by their paly beams,
Each battle sees the other＇s umber＇d face. Shakespeare.
16. To vindicate in a justificatory way, with for. It made little im­
pression on me, but I cannot answer for my family. Swift. 17. To be
security, for any person, action, or thing.

A＇NSWERABLE [of answer] 1. That which may be answered.
2. Obliged to answer to an accusation; accountable for or to. Every
chief of every kindred should be answerable and bound to bring forth
every one of that kindred, at all times to be justified. Spenser. 3. Cor­
respondent; as, a likeness answerable in some features. Sidney. 4.
That has the same relation to; as, it is not requisite, that to every
petition there should be some answerable sentence of thanks provided.
Hooker. 5. Proportionate; as, add deeds to thy knowledge answe­
rable. Milton. 6. Suitable or suited. It is answerable to that which a
great person himself professeth. Bacon. 7. Equal; as, no kings whose
means are answerable unto other mens desires. Raleigh.

A＇NSWERABLENELS, quality of being answerable.

A＇NSWERABLY, proportionably, suitably, correspondently.

A＇NSWERER [of answer] 1. He that answers or speaks in return
to what has been spoken. 2. He that manages the controversy a­
gainst one that wrote first; as, ignorance and malice in any writer
gives his answerer double work. Swift.

A＇NSWERJOBBER, he that makes a trade of writing answers. An­
swerjobbers have no conscience. Swift.

ANT [æmett, Sax. which Junius imagines, not without probabili­
ty, says Johnson, to have been first contracted to æmt, and then soft­
ned to ant] an insect so called; an emet or pismire. The ant is an
emblem of industry.

AN＇T [instead of and it, or and if it] as, an＇t please you.

A＇NTBEAR, a quadruped that feeds on ants; as, two sorts of ta­
manduas feed upon ants, which therefore are called in English ant­
bears. Ray.

ANT-HILL, a little heap of earth, in form of a hill, thrown up by
ants.

A＇NTA, or A＇NTE [with ancient architects] a square column or pi­
laster placed at the corners of the walls of temples, &c.

A＇NTA [in geography] a little city, with a harbour on the coast of
Guinea in Africa.

ANTACHATES, a precious stone of the agate kind, which being
burnt, sends forth a scent of myrrh.

ANTA＇CIDA [q. d. anti acida, i. e. against acids] certain things
which destroy acidity.

ANTA＇GONIST [antagoniste, Fr. of antagonista, Lat. of ἀνταγονιστης,
of ἀντι, against, and ἀγωνιζω, Gr. to strive] 1. One that strives for the
mastery, and to outvie another; an adversary. 2. A disputant who
opposes another in arguing. It implies generally a personal and par­
ticular opposition. Johnson.

ANTAGONIST, or ANTAGONI＇STA [with anatomists] a muscle that
has an opposite situation to another, or a contrary function, as the ad­
ductor of the cubitus, which serves to pull the arm back, and the
abductor that stretches it out.

ANTA＇LGICS [of ἀντι, against, and αλγος, Gr. pain] medicines
good for assuaging pain.

ANTANA＇CLASIS [ἀντανακλασις, of ἀντι and ἀνακλαω, Gr. to strike
back again] a reflecting or beating back.

ANTANACLASIS [in rhetorick] 1. A figure, when a word spoken
in one sense is handsomely turned to another. In youth learn
some craft, that in old age thou may＇st live without craft; where the
first craft denotes some lawful occupation, and the second deceit.
2. It is also a returning to the matter at the end of a long parenthesis;
as, shall that hand (which after performing such noble feats in de­
fence of my king and country) shall that hand, I say.

ANTANAGO＇GE [ἀνταναγωγη, of ἀντι against, and ἀγωγος, Gr. a lead­
er] properly a going forth to meet an enemy; also a producing on
the contrary side.

ANTANAGOGE [with rhetoricians, &c.] a figure when the orator
not being able to answer the accusation of an adversary, returns the
charge, by loading him with the same crime.

ANTAPHRODI＇SIACK [of ἀντι, against, and ἀϕροδισιος, Gr. venereal]
anti-venereal; a term applied to such medicaments as cool or extin­
guish venereal desires.

ANTAPHRODI＇TICKS [of ἀντι, against, and ἀϕροδιτη, Gr. Venus]
medicines efficacious against the venereal disease.

ANTA＇POCHA [of ἀντ and αποχη, Gr.] the counter-part of a
deed or writing; a counter-bond.

ANTAPO＇DOSIS [ἀνταποδοσις, of ἀντι, against, ἀπο, from, and διδω­
μι, Gr. to give] a returning or paying on the other side, or by
turns.

ANTAPODOSIS [with rhetoricians] the counter-part or clause of a
similitude answering to the former; as the ground is improved by til­
lage, so is the mind by good discipline.

ANTAPOPLE＇CTICK, or ANTIAPOPLE＇CTIC [of ἀντ, against, and
ἀποπληκτικος, Gr.] good against an apoplexy.








ANTA＇RCTIC [of ἀντι and αρκτος, Gr. the bear] being over-
against or opposite to the northern constellation, called the bear.

ANTA＇RCTIC Pole [in astronomy] the southern pole or end of the
earth＇s axis, exactly opposite to the north or arctic pole.

ANTA＇RCTIC Circle [antartique, Fr. antarcticus, Lat. with astrono­
mers] one of the lesser circles drawn on the globe or sphere, which is
23 degrees and a half from the antartic or south pole.

ANTA＇RES [with astronomers] the scorpion＇s heart, a fixed star of
the first magnitude, in the constellation Scorpio, in long. 5° 26′ 04″
of ♐. lat. 4° 31′ 26″ S.

ANTARTHRI＇TICS [of ἀντι, against, and ἀρθριτικος, Gr. what relates
to the joints] remedies against the gout.

ANTASTHMA＇TICS [of ἀντι, against, and ἀσθματικος, what relates to,
a difficulty of breathing, Gr.] remedies against the phthisic or short­
ness of breath.

ANTE, Lat. in the composition of English words, signifies, as in
its original, before.

AN＇TEACTS [ante acta, Lat.] past acts.

ANTEAMBULA＇TION [of ante and ambulatio, from ambulo, to walk]
a walking before. Lat.

To ANTECE＇DE [from ante, before, and cedo, to go] to go before.
The fabric of the world did not long antecede its motion. Sir Mat­
thew Hale.

ANTECE＇DENCE [antecedens, Lat.] act or state of going before; as,
there necessarily is a pre-existence of the simple bodies, and an
antecedence of their constitution, preceding the existence of mixed bo­
dies. Hale.

ANTECEDENCE [with astronomers] is when a planet appears to
move contrary to the usual course or order of the signs of the zodiac,
it is said to be in antecedence, or antecedentia, as when it moves from
Taurus to Aries; but if it moves from Aries to Taurus, and so to Ge­
mini, they say it goes in consequence, or consequentia.

ANTECE＇DENT, adj. [Fr. antecedente, It. and Sp. antecedens, Lat.]
foregoing, going before in time; but precedent is generally used with
regard to time and place, having to before the thing that follows.

ANTECEDENT subst. [with grammarians] a word to which the rela­
tive refers, as the man who speaks.

ANTECEDENT [with logicians] is the first proposition of an en­
thymeme, or a syllogism that consists but of two members; as, if
there be no fire, there will be no smoke: the first part of these propo­
sitions, or that wherein the condition is contained, is called the ante­
cedent, the other is called the consequent. Watts.

ANTECEDENT Decree, a decree preceding some other decree, or
some action of the creature, or the provision of that action.

ANTECEDENT of the Ratio [with mathematicians] is the first term
of comparison in a proportion, or that which is compared to another:
thus if the ratio or proportion were of B to C, or 8 to 16, B or 8 is
the antecedent, and C or 16 the consequent.

ANTECEDENT [with physicians] those signs or symptoms of dis­
order that are observed before a disease.

ANTECEDENTIA [in astronomy] when a planet appears to move
westward, contrary to the order or course of the signs, is is said to
move in antecedentia.

ANTECEDENTLY [of antecedent] the state of going before, in a
previous manner.

ANTECE＇SSOR [antecessore, It. antecessor, Lat.] one who goes be­
fore, or leads another.

A＇NTECHAMBER, or ANTICHAMBER [antichambre, Fr. anticamera,
It. antecámara, Sp. of ante camera, Lat.] an outer chamber before
the principal chamber of an apartment, where servants wait, and
strangers stay, till the person is at leisure to whom they would speak;
it is generally written, but improperly, antichamber.

ANTECU＇RSER, a forerunner. Lat.

A＇NTEDATE [antidate, Fr. antidata, It.] an older date than ought
to be.

To ANTEDATE [antidatare, It. of antedater, Fr. from ante, before,
and datum, the sup. of do, Lat. to give] 1. To date a letter, bond, or
other writing before the real time, in order to give it a fictitious anti­
quity. Wilt thou then antedate some new made vow. Donne. 2. To
take before the due time.

Our joys below it can improve,
And antedate the bliss above. Pope.

ANTEDILU＇VIAN [antediluvianus, of ante, before, and diluvium,
the flood, Lat.] 1. Existing before the deluge; as, the antediluvian
earth. 2. Pertaining to things that existed before Noah＇s flood; as the
antediluvian chronology.

ANTEDILU＇VIANS [antediluviani, Lat.] those generations from
Adam that were before Noah＇s flood; and e contra, the descendants
from Noah are called postdiluvians.

ANTEDILU＇VIAN EARTH, is the earth that was, before it was de­
stroyed by the flood, and which the ingenious and learned Dr. Thomas
Burnet conceives to have been very different from ours in form, con­
stitution, figure, and situation, that it was round, smooth, even, and
uniform.
But Dr. Woodward, on the contrary, in his Natural History of the
Earth, undertakes to prove,
1. That the face of the earth was not, as Dr. Burnet imagines,
smooth, even, and uniform, but, as it now is, unequal, distinguished
into mountains and dales, and having a sea, lakes, and rivers; that
the sea was then salt as ours is; that it was then subject to tides, and
possessed nearly the same space that it now does; that the antediluvian
earth was stocked with animals, metals, minerals, &c. that it had the
same position with respect to the sun that our earth now hath, and that
of consequence there was the same succession of weather, and the
same vicissitudes of seasons that are at present.

ANTE＇GO, one of the Caribbee islands in the Atlantic or American
Ocean, situated in Lat. 17° 30′ N. Long. 62° W. it is about 20 miles
long, and as many broad.

ANTEJURAME＇NTUM [in old times] an oath which the accuser was
obliged to take before trial, to prosecute the accused, and that the
accused was obliged to make oath on the very day he was to undergo
the ordeal, that he was innocent of the fact which he was charged
with. If the accuser failed, the criminal was set at liberty; if the
accused, he was supposed to be guilty.

A＇NTELOPE [the etymology is uncertain. Johnson] an animal of the
goat kind, of which there are three known species; but that generally
known by this name is the gazella africana strepsicheros Plinii: its
horns are slender and erect, they are black, transversely radiated, and
twisted into the appearance of spiral lines; tho＇ these are in reality so
many annular circles, they are, toward the middle, bent a little out­
wards, and thence they turn in again, representing, in some measure,
the ancient lyre. See Plate I. Fig. 16.

ANTELU＇MINARIES [from ante, before, and lumen, light] lights
that precede any thing: it is sometimes, by mistake, written ANTILU＇­
MINARIES.

ANTEMERI＇DIAN [antemeridiano, It. antemeridianus, of ante, before,
and meridies, the noon, Lat.] pertaining to the time before mid-day
or noon.

ANTEME＇TICS [of ἀντι, and εμετικος, from εμεω, to vomit, Gr.]
medicines against vomiting, and that have the power to calm the
stomach.

ANTEMU＇NDANE [of ante, before, and mundanus, Lat. of mundus,
the world] that which was before the beginning or creation of the
world.

ANTENDEI＇XIS [of ἀντι, against, and ενδεικνυμι, to show, Gr.] a
contrary indication, sign, or symptom of a disease, forbidding that to
be used which before seemed to be proper by a former indication.

ANTENICENE [Lat. of ante, before, and nicene, i. e. what belongs
to the city of Nice, where the first general council was held] a term
by which the primitive Christians, and indeed any rite, doctrine or
thing relative to church-history, in being before the Nicene council,
may be denominated.

ANTENU＇MBER [of ante, Lat. before, and number] any number
that goes before another.

ANTEPAGME＇NTA, or ANTIPAGME＇NTA [with ancient architects]
the jaumbs of a door, the lintels of a window.

AN＇TEPAST [antipasto, It. of ante, before, and pastus, Lat. fed] a
foretaste, someting taken before the due time. Were we to expect our
bliss only in satiating our appetites, it might be reasonable, by fre­
quent antepasts, to excite our gust for that profuse perpetual meal. De­
cay of Piety.

ANTEPENU＇LTIMA, or A＇NTEPENULT [with grammarians] the
third syllable of a word from the end, or the last syllable but two.

ANTEPILE＇PTICS [of ἀντι, and επιλεπτικος, what relates to the
epilepsy, Gr.] remedies against the epilepsy, or falling sickness: of
the same kind of etymology are anti-hydropic, anti-hectic, &c.

To A＇NTEPONE [antepono, Lat.] to put or set one thing before an­
other.

ANTEPREDI＇CAMENTS [with logicians] certain previous matters ne­
cessary to be known before-hand, in order to the better understanding
or a more clear and easy apprehension of the doctrine of predica­
ments or categories, as definitions of univocal, equivocal, and de­
monstrative terms.

ANTE＇RIDES [ἀντηριδες, Gr.] a name given by ancient architects to
buttresses against walls, to bear up the building.

ANTE＇RIOR, or ANTERIOUR [anterieur, Fr. anteriore, It. of ante­
rior, Sp. and Lat.] that which goes before another in respect of place
or time.

ANTERIO＇RITY [anteriorità, Sp. anteriorité, Fr. of Lat.] priority
of time or place.

A＇NTEROS, the best sort of amethyst, a precious stone.

A＇NTES [in husbandry] the foremost or uttermost ranks of vines.
Lat.

ANTES [with architects] pillars or vast great stones set to underprop
the front of a building, also those square pilasters which anciently were
placed at the corners of the walls of temples.

ANTE＇STATURE [in fortification] a small retrenchment made of
palisadoes, or sacks of earth set up in haste, in order to dispute the
remainder of a piece of ground, part of which hath been already
gained by the enemy.

A＇NTESTOMACH [ante, Lat. before, and stomach] a bag that leads
into the stomach. In birds the meat is immediately swallowed into a
kind of antestomach. Ray.

ANTEVIRGI＇LIAN [in husbandry] an appellation given by Mr. Tull
to his new method of horsehoing husbandry.

ANTHE＇DON [ἀνθεδων, Gr.] a kind of medlar-tree, which bears a
flower like that of an almond-tree, and a delicious fruit.

ANTHE＇LIX [of ἀντι and ελιξ, Gr. the extreme border of the ear]
the protuberance or knob of the ear, or the inner circle of the auricle,
called thus on account of its opposition to the outer circle, called the
helix.

ANTHELMI＇NTICS [of ἀντι and ελμινς, Gr. a worm] medicines
which destroy worms in human bodies.

A＇NTHEM [antienne, Fr. anthema, It. q. of ἀντι and υμνος, Gr. a
hymn] a sacred song, performed in a cathedral, &c. by the choristers,
divided into two chorus＇s, who sing alternately; and hence the name
anthem, which should rather be written anthym.

A＇NTHEMIS [ἀνθεμις, Gr.] the herb camomile.

A＇NTHERÆ [in botany] those little tufts or knobs which grow on
the tops of the stamina of flowers.

ANTHESPHORI＇A [of ἀνθος, a flower, of εις, into, and ϕερω, Gr. to
carry] a festival celebrated in Sicily in honour of Proserpine, in me­
mory of the goddess being forced away by Pluto, while she was gather­
ing flowers in the fields.

ANTHESTE＇RIA [ἀιθεστηρια, of ἀνθος, Gr. a flower] a festival cele­
brated by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus.

ANTHOLO＇GION, a church book; also a breviary or mass book,
with the offices to Christ, the Virgin Mary, saints, and martyrs. See
ANTHOLOGY.

ANTHO＇LOGY [ἀνθολογια, of ἀνθος, a flower, and λεγω, to speak,
and in the middle voice to select, or gather, Gr.] 1. A treatise of
flowers, or a collection of flowers. 2. A collection of devotions in the
Greek church. 3. A collection of poems or epigrams.

ANTHOMANI＇A [of ἀνθος, a flower, and μανια, Gr. madness] an
expensive and extravagant fondness for curious flowers, so as to give







ten or fifteen pounds sterling for a fine tulip root, which was once the
foible of some florists.

St. ANTHONY＇S Fire. See ERYSI＇PELAS.

ANTHONY, or Knights of St. ANTHONY, a military order instituted
by Albert, duke of Bavaria, Holland, and Zealand, when he de­
signed to make war against the Turks, in 1382: the knights wore a
collar of gold made in form of a hermit＇s girdle, from which hung a
stick cut like a crutch, with a little bell, as they are represented in St.
Anthony＇s pictures.

ANTHOPHY＇LLI [in botany] a large sort of cloves.

ANTHO＇RA, or ANTI＇THORA [in botany] the plant, healing-wolf＇s
bane, a species of aconite. See ACONITE.

AN＇THOS [ἀνθος, Gr.] a flower, but appropriated by way of ex­
cellency, to rosemary flowers.

ANTHRACITES [of ἀνθραξ, Gr,] a precious stone in which appears
as it were sparks of fire.

ANTHRACO＇SIS [ἀνθρακωσις, of ἀνθραξ, Gr. a coal] a distemper in
the eyes caused by a corrosive ulcer, accompanied with a general swel­
ling of the parts about the eye. Bruno defines it to be a carbuncle
either in the bulb of the eye, or on the eyelid.

ANTHRA＇COTHEI＇OSALENI＇TRUM [of ἀνθραξ, a coal, θειον, sulphur,
ἀλς, salt, and νιτρον, nitre, Gr.] all the ingredients of gunpowder.

A＇NTHRAX [ἀνθραξ, Gr.] a live coal; a carbuncle, Castell. renov.

ANTHROPO＇LOGY [of ἀνθρωπος, a man, and λεγω, to discourse, Gr.]
a discourse, a description of a man＇s body; the doctrine of anatomy.

ANTHROPO＇LOGY [in theology] a way of speaking of God after
the manner of men, by attributing to him human parts, as hands,
eyes, &c.

ANTHRO＇POMANCY [of ἀνθρωπος, and μαντεια, divination, Gr.] di­
vination performed by the inspecting the viscera of a deceased per­
son.

ANTHROPOME＇TRIA [of ἀνθρωπος, and μετρεω, Gr. to measure] the
consideration of a man anatomically.

ANTHROPOMORPHI＇TICAL, of or pertaiuing to Anthropomorphites.

ANTHROPOMO＇RPHITES [ἀνθρωπομορϕιται, of ἀνθρωπος, and μορϕη,
Gr. form] some mistaken Christians, so called, in the 5th century,
who attributed to God the figure of a man.

ANTHROPOMO＇RPHUS [ἀνθρωπομορϕος, Gr.] the mandrake, a kind
of plant.

ANTHROPO＇PATHY [ἀνθρωποπαθεια, of ἀνθρωπος, and παθος, Gr.
passion] the affections and passions of man.

ANTHROPO＇PHAGI [ἀνθρωποϕαγος, of ἀνθρωπος, a man, and ϕα­
γειν, Gr. to eat] men-eaters, cannibals or savages who eat man＇s
flesh.

The cannibals that each other eat,
The Anthropophagi. Shakespeare.

ANTHROPOPAGI＇NIAN, a formidable word coined by Shakespear
from anthropophagi. Go knock and call; he＇ll speak like an anthro­
pophaginian unto thee. Shakespeare.

ANTHROPO＇PHAGY, the act of eating man＇s flesh.

ANTHROPO＇SOPHY [of ἀνθρωπος, a man, and σοϕια, wisdom,
Gr.] the knowledge of the nature of man.

A＇NTHUM, [in botany] a name used in some ancient writers for the
epithymum.

ANTHYPNO＇TICS [of ἀντι, against, and υπνος, Gr. sleep] medi­
cines that prevent sleep, or are efficacious against lethargy.

ANTHYPOCHONDRI＇ACA [of ἀντι, and υποχονδριακος, Gr. hypo­
chondriac] medicines good against diseases of the hypochondria.

ARTHYPO＇PHORA [ἀνθυποϕορα, Gr.] a rhetorical figure, in which
the objections and insinuations that an adversary may make, are fairly
answered.

A＇NTI [a Greek preposition] in the composition of English words,
signifies against, or instead.

A＇NTI [in affairs of literature] pieces written by way of answer to
others, whose names are commonly annexed to the anti.

ANTIA＇CID [of ἀντι, Gr. against, and acidus, Lat.] that which is con­
trary to acidity, alkaline.

ANTI＇ADES [ἀντιαδες, Gr. the tonsils] the glandules or kernels
usually called the almonds of the ears; also an inflammation in those
parts.

ANTIADIA＇PHORISTS [of ἀντι and ἀδιαϕορος, of α priv. and δια­
ϕερω, Gr. to differ] those who are opposite to the adiaphorists.

ANTIAPHRODI＇TICKS [of ἀντι, and ἀϕροδιτη, Venus, Gr.] remedies
for allaying the heat of lust.

ANTIARTHRI＇TICKS [of ἀτι, and ἀρθριτις, the gout, Gr. of ἀρθρον,
a joint] remedies against the gout.

ANTIASTHMA＇TICKS [of ἀντι, and ἀσθμα, Gr.] remedies against
the asthma.

ANTIAXIO＇MATISM [of ἀιτι, and ἀξιομα, Gr.] that which opposes
or contradicts any known axiom.

ANTIBA＇CCHUS [in ancient poetry] a foot that has the two first
syllables long, and the third short.

ARTIBALLO＇MENA [of ἀντι, and βαλλω, to cast, Gr.] medicines that
are of similar powers, and which consequently may be cast, or substi­
tuted one for another. Blanc.

ANTI＇BES, a sea-port town of Provence in France, situated on the
Mediterranean, in Lat. 43° 40′ N. Long. 7° E.

ANTICACHE＇CTICS [of ἀντι and καχεξια, an ill disposition, of κα­
κος, bad, and εχω, to have, Gr.] remedies for correcting the ill dispo­
sition of the blood.

ANTIOA＇RDIUM [ἀντικαρδιον, of ἀντι, against, and καρδια, the heart,
Gr.] the pit of the stomach, or heart-pit.

A＇NTICHAMBER. See ANTECHAMBER.

A＇NTICHEIR [of ἀντι, instead of, and χειρ, the hand, Gr.] the
thumb, so called, because it is of as much use as the rest of the
hand.

ANTICHRE＇SIS [ἀντιχρησις, of ἀντιχραω, to give in turn something
to be used, Gr. in the civil law] a covenant or convention between
the debtor and the creditor, as to a loan of money upon a mortgage or
pawn.

A＇NTICHRIST [antechrist, Fr. anticristo, It. antechristo, Sp. anti­
christus, Lat. of ἀντιχριστος, of ἀντι, against, and Χριστος, Christ, Gr.]
1. One who is an adversary to Christ, a seducer; one who puts himself
in the room and stead of Christ. 2. A term applied in St. John＇s
writings to the first corrupters of the christian faith in general; and by
way of eminence to such as, with Cerinthus, explained away a true
and proper incarnation of the son of God. John. Epist. I. c. 2. v. 18.
c. 4. v. 3. c. 2. v. 22. See CERINTHIANS.

ANTICHRI＇STIAN [antichretien, Fr. anticristiano, It. of antichri­
stianus, Lat.] of or pertaining to Antichrist, opposite or contrary to
christianity; as, these ministers the world would make antichristian,
and so deprive them of heaven. South.

ANTICHRI＇STIANISM [antichristianisme, Fr. antichristianismus, Barb.
Lat.] the principles or practices of Antichrist, opposition or contra­
riety to christianity. Have we not seen many whose opinions have
fastened upon one another the brand of antichristianism? Decay of
Piety.

ANTICHRISTIA＇NITY, or ANTICHRISTIANNESS [of ἀντι, against, and
Χριστος, Christ, Gr.] oppositeness, or contrariety to the doctrine of
Christ, or the principles, &c. of Christians. See ANTICHRIST.

ANTICHO＇LICA, or ANTICO＇LICA [of ἀντιχολικα, of ἀντι and χολη,
choler, Gr.] remedies against the cholic.

ANTICHRO＇NISM [ἀντιχρονισμος, of ἀντι, and χρονος, time] a false
chronology, or chronicling; contrariety to the true order of time.

ANTI＇CHTHONES [ἀντι, against, and χθων, the earth, Gr.] those
people which inhabited countries opposite to each other. The same as
antipodes,

To ANTI＇CIPATE [anticiper, Fr. anticipàr, Sp. and It. anticipo,
Lat.] 1. To take up before hand, or before the time, at which a thing
might have been duly had. I have anticipated already, and taken up
from Boccace before I come to him. Dryden. 2. To forestal, to pre­
vent one that comes after from taking a thing. God has taken care
to anticipate and prevent every man, to draw him early into his
church. Hammond. 3. To have a foretaste or previous impression of
something that is not yet; as, to anticipate the happiness of heaven or
pains of hell. 4. To preclude or prevent any thing by stepping in be­
fore it; as, I will not anticipate the counsel of my betters.

ANTICIPA＇TION [Fr. anticipazione, lt. of anticipatio, Lat.] 1. The
act of taking up a thing before its proper time. 2. Foretaste, or pre­
vious impression of a thing that is not yet, as if it really were; as, I
taste happiness by anticipation and forethought. 3. An opinion im­
planted as if by nature or instinct.

ANTICK [antique, Fr. antico, It. and Sp. antiguo, Port. probably of
antiquus, old, Lat.] ridiculously wild, odd; as, an antick face or pos­
ture, and an antick sight, or show.

An ANTICK, a buffoon, he that plays tricks; as, he＇s the veriest an­
tick in the world.

ANTICK, or ANTICK Work [with painters and carvers] an odd ap­
pearance, a device of several odd figures or shapes of men, beasts, flow­
ers, &c. formed rudely one out of another, according to the fancy of
the artist, affording a grateful variety to the eye of the beholder; as,

A work of rich entail and curious mold,
Woven with anticks and wild imagery. Spencer.

To dance ANTICKS, is to dance after an odd manner, making ridicu­
lous gestures.

To ANTICK; to make antick or odd; as, mine own tongue splits what
it speaks; the wild disguise hath almost antickt us all. Shakespeare.

A＇NTICKLY [of antick] in an antick way, with fantastical gestures
and whimsical postures. Go antickly, and shew an outward hideous­
ness. Shakespeare.

ANTICNE＇MION, or ANTICNE＇MIUM [of ἀντι; and κνημη, the great
bone of the leg, Gr.] the fore part of the leg.

ANTICLI＇MAX [of ἀντι, against, and κλιμαξ, a ladder, gradation,
ascent, Gr.] a figure, says Addison, unknown to the ancients, where
the last part of a sentence, instead of rising, falls lower than the first.
As if we should invert the order of ideas in that verse of Virgil＇s,
Ære ciere viros, martemque accendere cantû.
Or in these of Addison:
The growth of meadows, and the pride of fields,
The food of armies, and support of wars,
Rides in the whirlwind, and directs the storm.
Which I the rather mention, as these excellent lines are most injudi­
ciously produced in the art of sinking, as so many instances of that
very fault.

ANTICONVU＇LSIVE [of ἀντι, Gr. and convulsive] that which is good
against a convulsion; as, an anti-convulsive medicine.

A＇NTICOR [of ἀντι, against, and cor, the heart, Lat. with horse doc­
tors] a dangerous disease in horses, being a preternatural swelling of a
round figure, occasioned by a sanguine and bilious humour, and ap­
pearing in a horse＇s breast opposite to his heart, whence the name an­
ticor. It may kill a horse unless it be brought to a suppuration by pro­
per remedies.

ANTICO＇STE, an American island, situated before the mouth of the
river St. Lawrence in Lat. 49° 52′ N. Long. 64° W.

ANTICOU＇RTIER [of ἀντι, Gr. against, and courtier] an opposer of the
court and their measures.

ANTIDA＇CTYLUS [of ἀντι, and δακτυλος, Gr.] a foot in verse con­
trary to a dactyl, consisting of the two first syllables short, and the last
long, as Pĭĕtās.

ANTIDIA＇PHORISTS [of ἀντι, and διαϕερω, to differ, Gr.] those who
are opposite to the diaphorists.

ANTIDICOMA＇RIANS [of ἀντι, or antidico, and Mary] such persons
who are against, or speak against the Virgin Mary, asserting that she
had several children by Joseph.

ANTIDI＇NICA [of ἀντι, and δινη, a whirlwind, Gr.] remedies against
dizziness in the head.

ANTIDO＇TAL [of antidote] having the power of an antidote, effica­
cious against poison or infection. That bezoar is antidotal, we shall
not deny. Brown＇s Vulgar Errors.

A＇NTIDOTE [Fr. antidoto, It. and Sp. antidotus, Lat. ἀντιδοτος, of
ἀντι and διδωμι, Gr. to give] a remedy against deadly poison, a counter­
poison.








ANTIDYSENTE＇RICA [of ἀντι and δυσεντερικος, Gr.] medicines that
are efficacious against the dysentery. See DYSENTERY.

ANTIELMI＇NTHICS [of ἀντι, against, and ελμινθος, Gen. of ελμιης, Gr.
a worm] medicines efficacious in destroying worms in human bodies.

ANTIEME＇TICS [of ἀντι and εμετικος, Gr.] remedies that stop vomit­
ing. See EMETIC.

ANTIEPILE＇PTICS [of ἀντιεπιληπτικος, Gr.] remedies against the epi­
lepsy or falling-sickness. See ANTEPILEPTICS.

ANTIEPILE＇PTIC Elixir [in pharmacy] a spirit drawn from human
skull mixed with an equal quantity of the spirit of wine, in which opium
has been dissolved.

ANTIFE＇BRILE [of ἀντι, Gr. against, and febrilis, of febris, Lat. a
fever] being good against a fever; as, antifebrile medicines.

ANTIGO＇NIA, the name of two cities, one in Epirus, now called
Castro Agiro, the other in Macedon, now Cologna.

ANTIHE＇CTICS [of ἀντι and εκτικος, of ἐχω, Gr. to have] medicines
against an hectic fever or consumption. See HECTIC.

ANTIHE＇CTICUM Poterii [with chemists] a medicine prepared of a
mixture of tin, with the martial regulus of antimony, and fixed with
salt-petre.

ANTIHYPNO＇TICS [of ἀντι and υπνοτικος, of υπνος, Gr. sleep] medica­
ments that hinder sleep.

ANTIHYPOCHO＇NDRIACS [of ἀντι, against, and υποχονδριακος, Gr.
hypochondriac] remedies against melancholy. See HYPOCHON­
DRIAC.

ANTIHYSTE＇RICS [of ἀντι and υστερικος, Gr.] remedies against hy­
steric passions, or fits of the mother.

ANTILEGO＇MENA [ἀντιλεγομενα, Gr.] contradictions.

ANTILO＇BIUM [of ἀντι, against, and λοβος, Gr. a lobe] the bottom of
the ear.

ANTILOI＇MICA [of ἀντι, against, and λοιμος, Gr. the pestilence]
medicines against the plague.

ANTILO＇GARITHM [ἀντιλογαριθμος, of ἀντι, against, and λογαριθμος,
Gr. a logarithm] is the complement of the logarithm of any sign, tan­
gent, or secant, to the logarithm of 90 degrees. See LOGARITHM.

ANTI＇LOGY [ἀντιλογια, of ἀντι, against, and λεγω, Gr. to speak] a
contradiction between any words and passages in an author.

A＇NTILOPE, a kind of deer. See ANTELOPE.

ANTI＇LOQUIST [antiloquus, Lat. of ἀντι, Gr. and loquor, Lat. to
speak] a contradictor.

ANTIME＇NSIA, a sort of consecrated table-cloth, occasionally used
in the Greek church, in lieu of a proper altar.

ANTIME＇TRICAL [of ἀντι and μετρικος, of μετρον, Gr. measure] con­
trary to the rules of metre or verse.

ANTIME＇RIA [ἀντιμερεια, of ἀντι, instead, and μερος, Gr. a part] a
figure in rhetoric, when one part of speech is put for another.

ANTIMETA＇BOLE [ἀντιμεταβολη, of ἀντι, against, and μεταβαλλω,
Gr. to transpose] a rhetorical figure, where there is a change of words
in the same sentence, into a different tense, person or case; as, non
vivo ut edam, sed edo ut vivam.

ANTIMETA＇STASIS [of ἀντι and μετατασις, Gr. a mutation] a tran­
slating or changing to the contrary part.

ANTIMONA＇RCHICAL, or ANTIMONARCHIAL [of ἀντι and μοναρχι­
κος, of μονος, alone, and ἀρχη, dominion] that is against monarchy or
kingly government.

ANTIMONA＇RCHICALNESS [of ἀντι and μοναρχικος, Gr.] the quality
of being an enemy to government by a single person.

ANTIMO＇NIALS [of antimony] preparations of antimony, or such
medicines wherein antimony is the basis or principal ingredient.

A＇NTIMONY [antimoine, Fr. Basil Valentine, a German monk,
having thrown some antimony to the hogs, observed that, after it had
purged them heartily, they immediately fattened, and therefore he
imagined his fellow monks would be the better for a like dose. The
experiment however succeeded so ill, that they all died. Thence for­
ward the medicine was called antimoine or antimonk. Antimonio, It.
and Sp. antimonium, Lat.] a mineral which consists of a sulphur like
common brimstone, and of a substance that comes near that of metals.
Alchymists call it the red lion, because it turns red, and also the philo­
sopher＇s wolf, because it consumes all metals except gold; or, as others
define it, a semi-metal, being a fossil glebe, composed of some unde­
termined metal, combined with a sulphureous and stony substance. It
consists of three different parts: 1. Common sulphur. 2. Sulphur
which in the fire yields a poisonous smoke, and renders metals friable.
3. Metal, tho＇ of what kind is not certainly known. The third cha­
racter denotes gold at bottom, and a corrosive acid at the top. It is
found in all mines of metal, but especially those of silver and lead: that
in gold mines is reckoned the best. It is found in clods of several
sizes, nearly resembling black lead. Its texture is full of little shining
veins or threads like needles, brittle as glass. Sometimes veins of a red
or golden colour are intermixed, which is called male antimony, that
without them being denominated female antimony. When dug out of
the earth, it is put into large crucibles, fused by a violent fire, and
then poured into cones, which make the crude antimony of the shops.
It destroys and dissipates all metals fused with it, except gold, and is
therefore useful in refining. It is a common ingredient in burning
concaves, serving to give them a siner polish. It makes a part in bell­
metal, and renders the sound more clear. It is mingled with tin, to
make it more hard, white, and sound, and also with lead in the casting
of printers letters, to render them more smoth and firm. In pharmacy
it is used under various forms, chiefly as an emetic. Chambers.

Calx of ANTIMONY, or Ceruse of ANTIMONY, is a white powder
produced of the regulus, distilled with spirits of nitre in a sand sur­
nace.

Cinnabar of ANTIMONY, is prepared of a mixture of sulphur, mer­
cury, and antimony, sublimed in a luted bolt head, and a naked sire.

Crocus of ANTIMONY, or Liver of ANTIMONY. See Crocus METAL­
LORUM.

Butter of ANTIMONY, a white, gummous liquor, prepared either of
crude, or regulus of antimony, and corrosive sublimate, pulverized,
mixed, and distilled by a gentle heat.

Golden Sulphur of ANTIMONY, or Precipitate of ANTIMONY, is pre­
pared from the scoria, arising in preparing the regulus, by boiling,
filtration, and adding distilled vinegar.

Magistery of ANTIMONY, is a yellowish powder prepared from crude
antimony, digested in aqua regia, which becomes an insipid matter,
by many repeated ablutions in water.

Crude ANTIMONY, is the native mineral antimony, melted down,
and cast into cones; called also Antimony in substance.

Prepared ANTIMONY, is that which has passed under some chemical
process, by which the nature and powers of it have been altered and
abated.

Regulus of ANTIMONY, a ponderous, metallic powder, which, upon
fusing some of the mineral in its crude state, sinks to the bottom,
leaving the scoria or impurities on the top.

Glass of ANTIMONY, is the crude antimony ground and calcined
by a very vehement fire, in an earthen crucible, till it leaves off fu­
ming, and then vitrified in a wind furnace.

Flowers of ANTIMONY, are the volatile parts that stick to the subli­
ming pot, after having been pulverised and sublimed in aludels.

ANTIMO＇NIUM Diaphoreticum [with chemists] a medicine prepared
of one part of antimony and three of salt-petre, pulverised and detonated
together, so that the sulphurs being fixed by the salt-petre, are hin­
dered from operating any other way, but by sweat.

ANTIMO＇NIUM Medicamentosum [with chemists] a composition of
five ounces of antimony, four ounces of salt-petre, and one ounce of
salt of tartar, fluxed together into a regulus, which is afterwards pul­
verised and washed.

ANTIMONIUM Resuscitatum [with chemists] is a composition of
equal parts of antimony and sal armoniac, sublimed together thrice;
after which, it is washed with distilled vinegar to get out the salt.

ANTINEPHRI＇TICS [of ἀντι and νεϕριτικος, Gr. what relates to a kid­
ney] medicines good against diseases of the reins and kidneys.

ANTINOMA＇SIA [of ἀντι, instead, and ονομαζω, Gr. to name] a fi­
gure in rhetoric a sort of metonymy, which is the applying the pro­
per name of one thing to many others, as when we call a voluptuous
man a Sardanapalus, a cruel man a Nero, because Nero the emperor
was so; or, on the contrary, when we apply a name common to seve­
ral to a particular man; as the Orator for Cicero. With Budæ­
us, it is a figure in rhetoric, whereby instead of the proper name,
some other term is used, whether epithet or patronymic, as ἀντιθεος
(a match for gods) instead of Polypheme; or Pelides (son of Peleus)
instead of Achilles.

ANTINO＇MIA [ἀντινομια, of ἀντι and νομος, Gr. law] the repugnance
or contrariety between two laws.

ANTINO＇MIANS [of ἀντι, against, and νομος, Gr. a law] a name by
which all such are distinguished who maintain justification before saith,
in virtue of Christ＇s satisfaction for the elect; that exhortations to be­
lieve and repent are improper, upon account of moral impotence; and
by these and the like tenets they profess to hold the most perfect and
consistent Calvinism.

A＇NTINOMY, a contradiction between two laws or two articles of the
same law, see ANTINOMIA.

A＇NTINOUS [in astronomy] a part of the constellation, named
Aquila, or the eagle.

A＇NTIOCH, a town of Syria, formerly its capital, but now in a
ruinous condition, situated on the river Orantes. Lat. 36° 0′ N.
Long. 37° 1′ E.

ANTIO＇ECI, vide ANTOE＇CI.

ANTIPAGME＇NTA [with architects] the garniture of posts and pil­
lars.

ANTIPARALY＇TIC [of ἀντι and παραλυσις, Gr. the palsy, of παρα­
λυω, to dissolve] efficacious against the palsy.

ANTIPARASI ASIS, a rhetorical or logical figure, where one grant­
ing something to his adversary, thereby turns it to deny more strongly.

ANTIPARA＇STASIS [ἀντιπαραστασις, of ἀντι, against, παρα and ιστημι,
Gr. to stand] a figure in rhetoric, when one grants what the adversary
says, but denies his inference.

ANTIPATHE＇TICAL, pertaining to antipathy.

ANTIPATHE＇TICALNESS [of antipathetical] the quality or state of
having an antipathy, or antipathetical quality.

ANTI＇PATHY [antipathie, Fr. antipatia, It. and Sp. of antipathia,
Lat. of ἀντιπαθεια, of ἀντι, against, and παθος, Gr. passion or feel­
ing] 1. A natural aversion, a contrariety of natural qualities between
some creatures and things, so as to shun involuntarily; or rather
any strong aversion, whether natural or acquired. 2. It has
sometimes against before the object; as, I had a mortal antipathy
against standing armies in times of peace. Swift. 3. Sometimes to;
as, the strong antipathy of good to bad. Pope. 4. Formerly with,
but improperly; as, tangible bodies have an antipathy with air. Ba­
con.

ANTIPATHY [in a medicinal sense] 1. A contrariety of humours
in the body; also of medicines. 2. A loathing any thing without a
just cause.

ANTIPELA＇RGIA [antipelargia, Lat. of ἀντιπελαργια, of ἀντι, in­
stead, and πελαργος, Gr. a stork, because of the gratitude of storks, who
are said to feed their sires or dams when old] a mutual thankfulness
or requital of a benefit; but especially a child＇s nourishing a parent in
old age.

ANTIPE＇NDIUM [with the Romanists] a silver skreen, which co­
vers the front of an altar, which is hanged on with screws upon a fes­
tival day.

ANTIPERI＇STATIC, belonging to antiperistasis.

ANTIPERISTA＇LTIC [of ἀντι, against, and περισταλτικος, of περιστιλλω,
Gr. to compress or embrace; and in the physical sense, for the sake
of concoction. Galen.] The anti-peristaltic motion of the guts is the
worm like, wave-like motion of them (by which the food is com­
pressed and thrust down) inverted, or an irregular motion of them
from the bottom to the top, contrary to their natural course.

ANTIPERI＇STASIS [antiperistase, Fr. antiperistasio, It. antiperistasis,
Lat. ἀντιπεριστασις, Gr. of ἀντι, against, περι, about, and ιστημι, to
stand] the opposition or action of some contrary quality, by which
the quality opposed becomes more intense. Hence wells in winter time
were supposed to become warm, and lime grows hot by pouring cold
water upon it. And by a beautiful figure, Cowley says,
Th＇ antiperistasis of age
More inllam＇d his am＇rous rage.








ANTIPESTILE＇NTIAL [of ἀντι, Gr. against, and pestilential] good
against the pestilence.

ANTIPHA＇RMACUM [of ἀντι and ϕαρμακον, Gr.] a remedy against
poison, or any disease, an antidote.

ANTI＇PHONE [antifona, It. antifona, Sp. antiphona, Lat. ἀντιϕονια,
of ἀντι, against, or instead of, (and, by the way, this twofold sense of
the præposition ἀντι, explains most of its compounds) and ϕωνη, Gr.
the voice] a singing by way of answer, when the choir on one side
answers to the choir on the other, one singing one verse, and the other
another.

ANTI＇PHRASIS [antiphrase, Fr. antifrase, It. antiprasis, Lat. ἀντι­
ϕρασις, of ἀντι and ϕρασις, of ϕρασσω, to speak] a figure in gram­
mar, when a word has a meaning contrary to the original or proper
sense; also a figurative speech that has a contrary meaning to what
it appears to be; as, they were called high courts of justice only by an­
tiphrasis.

ANTIPHRA＇STICALLY [of antiphrasis, Lat. of ἀντιϕρασις, Gr.]
by way of antiphrasis.

ANTIPHTHI＇SICA [of ἀντι and ϕθισις, Gr.] remedies against the
phthisic or consumption.

ANTIPLEURI＇TICUM [of ἀντι and πλευριτις, Gr. a pleurisy] a me­
dicine against the pleurisy.

ANTIPODA＇GRICA [of ἀντι and ποδαγρα, Gr. the gout] medicines
against the gout.

ANTI＇PODAL [of antipodes] relating to the countries of the anti­
podes. A word used substantively by Brown; as, the Americans are
antipodals to the Indians.

ANTI＇PODES [Fr. Sp. and Lat. antipodi, It. of ἀντι and πους ποδος,
Gr. a foot, contrary or opposite as to the foot, without a singular
in geography] such inhabitants of the earth who dwell in opposite
parallels of latitude, and under the opposite half of the same meridian,
and walk with their feet directly opposite to one another. The anti­
podes have the same length of day and night, but at contrary times;
when it is noon with the one, it is midnight with the other; and the
longest day with one, is the shortest with the other; they have likewise
the same degree of heat and cold; as also their summer and winter,
the rising and setting of the stars, quite contrary one to another.

A＇NTIPOPE [antipape, Fr. antipapa, It. of ἀντι and papa, Lat. the
pope] a false pope set up by a particular faction against one who is
duly elected. This house is famous in history, for the retreat of an
antipope, who called himself Felix V. Addison.

ANTI＇PTOSIS [ἀντιπτωσις, of ἀντι and πτωσις, a case] a grammati­
cal figure, when one case of a noun is put for another.

ANTIPYRE＇UDICUM, or ANTIPYRE＇TICUM [of ἀντι and πυρετος, a
fiery heat] a medicine that allays the heat of fevers.

ANTIQUARTANA＇RIUM, or ANTIQUA＇RTIUM a remedy against
quartan or fourth-day agues inclusive from fit to fit.

AN＇TIQUARY, subst. [antiquare, Fr. antiquarius, Lat.] a person
that is well skilled in, or who applies himself to the study of antiquity
or ancient coins, medals, statues, sculptures, inscriptions, &c.

ANTIQUARY, adj. an improper word; but used by Shakespeare.
Here＇s Nestor,
Instructed by the antiquary times.

To A＇NTIQUATE [antiquo, Lat.] to make obsolete, to bring into
disuse; as, to antiquate a word, or to antiquate some law.

A＇NTIQUATEDNESS [of antiquate] the state of being grown out of
use, or of being obsolete.

ANTI＇QUE, adj. [Fr. antico, It. and Sp. of antiquus, Lat. This
word was formerly pronounced according to the English analogy, with
the accent on the first syllable, but now, after the French, with the
accent on the last, at least in prose; the poets use it variously. John­
son.] 1. Ancient, not modern; as, an old and antique song. 2. Of
genuine antiquity. The seals remaining of Julius Cæsar which we
know to be antique, have the star of Venus over them. Dryden.
3. Old fashioned; as,

Array＇d in antique robes down to the ground,
And sad habiliments right well beseen. Spenser.
4. Odd, fantastical, wild; as,

Name not these living death-heads unto me,
For these not ancient but antique be. Donne.

ANTIQUE, subst. a remain of antiquity, an ancient rarity. I leave
to Edward, now earl of Oxford, my seal of Julius Cæsar, and another
supposed to be a young Hercules; both very choice antiques. Swift.

ANTIQUE is chiefly used by architects, carvers, painters, &c. and
is applied to such pieces of work as were performed at the time when
those arts were in the greatest perfection among the Greeks and Ro­
mans, or after the time of Alexander the Great, to the irruption of
the Goths, and also the intaglia＇s within that time, and is used in
opposition to modern.

ANTIQUE, is sometimes used in contradistinction to ancient, which
latter is used to signify a less degree of antiquity, when the art was
not in its utmost purity.

ANTIQUENESS [of antique] the quality of being antique, an ap­
pearance of antiquity. We discover something venerable in the an­
tiqueness of the work. Addison.

ANTI＇QUITY [antiquité, Fr. antichità, It. antiquidà, Sp. of anti­
quitas, Lat.] 1. Ancientness, the state of old things; as, this cathe­
dral is venerable for its antiquity. 2. Old times; the time long
since past Cicero was the most consummate statesman of all antiquity.
Addison. 3. The ancients, those that lived in old times. That such
pillars were raised by Seth, all antiquity has avowed. Raleigh. 4. It
is frequently used in respect to the remains and monuments of the an­
cients. As to Gregory the Great＇s extinguishing all heathen antiqui­
ties, I do not find that those zeals last long; as it appeared in the suc­
cession of Sabinian, who did revive the former antiquities. Bacon.
5. Old age. This is a ludicrous sense; as, is not your voice broken,
your chin double, and every part about you blasted with antiquity?
and will you yet call yourself young? Shakespeare.
The great Lord Bacon (de augm. Scient.) observes; that antiquities
may be looked upon as the planks of a shipwreck, which industrious
and wise men gather and preserve from the deluge of time.

A＇NTIQUO Modern, a term used of old Gothic buildings, to distin­
guish them from the Roman and Greek ones.

ANTIRRHINUM, the name used by botanical writers for a genus of
plants called in English snapdragon. See SNAPDRAGON.

ANTISABBATA＇RIANS [of ἀντι and σαββατον, Gr.] such as are
against the keeping of the sabbath.

ANTI＇SCII [ἀντισκιοι of ἀντι and σκια, Gr. a shadow] being contrary
as to shadow.

ANTI＇SCII [with geographers] those people who dwell in two
places opposite to one another, the one on the north-side of the equa­
tor, and the other on the south, so that their shadows fall different
ways at noon, one directly opposite to the other.

ANTI＇SCIONS [with astrologers] certain degrees in the zodiac which
answer to one another.

ANTI＇SCION SIGNS [in astrology] signs which with reference to
each other, are equally distant from the two tropical signs Cancer and
Capricorn; so that when a planet is in such a station, it is said to cast
its antiscion, i. e. to give a virtue or influence to another star or oppo­
site sign.

ANTISCORBU＇TICS [antiscorbutiques, Fr. of ἀντι, Gr. and scorbu­
tus, Lat. the scurvy] medicines good against the scurvy; as, warm
antiscorbutics.

ANTISCO＇RODON [of ἀντι and σκοροδον, Gr. garlic] a sort of garlic
called allium cyprium.

ANTISE＇PTICS [of ἀντι, against, and σηπτικος, of σηπω, Gr. to
putrify] among physicians, a denomination given to all substances
that resist putrefaction.

ANTISI＇GMA [of ἀντι and σιγμα, Gr.] a note or mark in the an­
cient writings, where the order of the verses is to be changed; also
a sigma reversed.

ANTI＇SOPHIST [of ἀντι and σοϕιστης, of σοϕος, wise] a counter so­
phister, one who disputes on the contrary part, or that argues and
declaims against another.

ANTI＇SPASIS, [of ἀντι, against, and σπαω, Gr. to draw] the re­
vulsion of any humour into another part.

ANTISPASMO＇DICS [of ἀντι and σπαστμος, Gr. the cramp] medi­
cines good against the cramp, the shrinking of the sinews, or convul­
sions.

ANTISPA＇STICS [of ἀντι and σπαστικος, of σπαω; Gr. to draw] me­
dicines which divert the humours to other parts

ANTI＇SPASTOS [ἀντισπαστος, Gr. with grammarians] a foot com­
posed of four syllables, of which the first and fourth are short, the se­
cond and third long. Scap.

ANTISPLENE＇TICS [of ἀντι, against, and splenetic] medicines that
open obstructions of the spleen, and that are good in all diseases thereof.

ANTI＇SPODA, or ANTISPODI＇A [of ἀντι and σποδιον, Gr.] certain
drugs that have the same quality, and perform the same operation
as spodium, and are used instead of it; also a sort of medicinal
ashes made of certain herbs.

ANTI＇STERNON [of ἀντι, opposite to, and στερνον, Gr. the breast] the
back-bone.

ANTISTI＇TIUM [in old writings] a monastery.

ANTISTOICHON [ἀντιστοιχον, of ἀντι and στοιχειον, letter] a gram­
matical figure, when one letter is put for another, as promuscis for pro­
boscis, when m is put for b, and u for o.

ANTI＇STROPHE [ἀντιστροϕη, of ἀντι and στροϕη, Gr. a turning] a rhe­
torical figure, when a turn or change is made between two terms,
which have dependence the one on the other, q. d. the master of the
work, or the work of the master.

ANTISTROPHE, a counter-turn. In stage plays among the antients,
a term used to signify the turning of the chorus or the choir the con­
trary way; the strophe or first turn of the singers, being on one side
of the stage, and the antistrophe or counter-turn on the other.

ANTISTROPHE [in lyric poetry] is used of an ode, which is gene­
rally divided into its strophe and antistrophe: in an ode supposed to be
sung in parts, the antistrophe is the second stanza of every three, or
sometimes every second stanza, and is so called because the chorus
turned about.

ANTISTRUMA＇TIC [of ἀντι, Gr. and struma, Lat. a scrophulous swel­
ling] efficacious against scrophulous humours, good against the king＇s-
evil; as, I prescribed antistrumatics.

ANTITACTÆ [of ἀντιταττω, Gr. to oppose or be contrary to] a sort
or sect of Gnostics, who held that God the Creator of the universe, was
good and just; but that one of his creatures had created evil, and en­
gaged mankind to follow it, in opposition to God; and that it is the
duty of mankind to oppose this author of evil, in order to avenge God
of his enemy.

ANTITA＇SIS, an extending to the contrary side, resistance, reluctancy.

ANTITASIS [with anatomists] an opposite placing of parts in the
body, as that of the liver and spleen, &c. But if anatomists use the
word in this sense, ＇tis by corruption of the Greek antitasis. The
proper derivation of antitasis being from ἀντιτεινω, to extend or stretch
to the contrary side. And accordingly with Bruno the antitasis signi­
fies the drawing of bones to the opposite side or part; or where, upon
a dislocation, they are first pulled backward, in order to be advanced
forward.

ANTITHE＇NAR [of ἀντι and θεναρ, Gr.] one of the muscles which ex­
tend the thumb; it is also a muscle of the great toe, which arising from
the inferior part of the third os cuneiforme, and passing obliquely, is
inserted into the ossa sessamoidea.

ANTI＇THESIS [antithese, Fr. antitese, It. antithesis, Lat. of ἀντιθεσις,
Gr.] a setting one thing against another, opposition.

ANTITHESIS, a sort of rhetorical flourish, when contraries are inge­
niously opposed to contraries in the same period or sentence. A sort of
contrast, either of words or sentiments; as, he gain＇d by losing, and
by falling rose. Pope has antitheses in the plural; as, all arm＇d with
points, antitheses, and puns.

ANTITHETA＇RIUS [ἀντιθετος, of ἀντιτιθημι, to oppose] one that en­
deavours to discharge himself of a fact of which he is accused, by
charging the accuser with the same fact.

A＇NTITHETS [ἀντιθετα, Gr.] contraries, opposites.

ANTITRA＇OUS [of ἀντι and τραγος, Gr.] a little knob of the ear,
seated at the lower end of the anthelix, and opposite to the tragus.

ANTITRINITA＇RIANS, those who deny the trinity. See TRINITY.

A＇NTITYPE [ἀντιτυπον, of ἀντι and τυπος, Gr.] an example or copy
like to the pattern, or that which answers or is prefigured by a type,
that of which the type is a representation; as, the sacrament of the
Lord＇s supper is with respect to the paschal lamb or Jewish passover; or,
as the sanctuary is said to be an antitype of heaven.








ANTITY＇PICAL [of ἀντι and τοπικος, of τυπος, Gr. a type] pertain­
ng to an antitype, that which explains the type.

A＇NTIVARI, a sea-port town of Albania, situated on the gulf of Ve­
nice in Lat. 42° 10′ N. Long. 19° 40′ E.

ANTRIVE＇TRIA, a province or subdivision of Terra Firma in South
America, lying southwards of Carthagena.

ANTIVENE＇REAL Medicines [of ἀντι, Gr. and venereus, of Venus]
medicines efficacious against the venereal disease.

ANTIVENE＇REALNESS [of ἀντι, Gr. and venereus, Lat.] the quality of
being useful against venereal distempers.

A＇NTLERS [andouillers, Fr.] 1. Starts or branches of a deer＇s at­
tire, properly the first branches; as, grown old they first lose their
brow antlers. 2. But popularly and generally any of the branches;
as, and branching antlers of stags. Prior.

Bes-ANTLER, the start or branch next above the brow antler.

Sur-ANTLER, the top-start or branch.

Brow-ANTLER, the start or branch next the head.

A＇NTOCOW [with horse doctors] a round swelling about half as big
as a man＇s fist, breaking out in the breast of a horse, directly against
his heart. The same with ANTICOR; which see.

ANTO＇ECI, or ANTIO＇ECI [of ἀντι, over-against or opposite to, and
οικεω, to dwell] a name given by geographers to those inhabitants of
the earth, who dwell under the same meridian, but under opposite pa­
rallels, being at the same distance from the equator; the one toward
the north, and the other to the south. Hence they have the same lon­
gitude, and their latitude is also the same, but of a different denomina­
tion; so that they inhabit in the same zone and the same climate, but
under different poles, and have their noon and midnight at the same
time, but at different seasons, it being summer with the one, while it
is winter with the other.

ANTONOMA＇SIA [ἀντονομασια, of ἀντι, instead of, and ονομαξω, Gr.
to name] a figure in rhetoric, where an appellative or common name
is used instead of a proper name; as when it is said the apostle instead
of Paul, the philosopher instead of Aristotle; or also when the proper
name of one person or thing is applied to several others; also on the
contrary, when the names of several things are applied to one, as when
any cruel person is called a Nero, and a voluptuous person a Sardana­
palus.

A＇NTRE [Fr. antrum, Lat.] a cave, a den.

Of autres vast, and deserts idle,
It was my hent to speak. Shakespeare.

A＇NTRUM, a cave or den. Lat.

ANTRUM [in anatomy] the beginning of the pylorus, or lower
mouth of the stomach, where its coats are thickest.

ANTS [hieroglyphically] were used by the ancients to represent la­
borious persons, diligent and industrious in their callings. For ants
are very laborious, industrious creatures, and also ready to give as­
sistance to their fellows. And the Egyptian priests, in order to signify
a country destroyed by sickness or war, put a few ants near the herb
origanum, the scent of which they cannot endure. And it is related
of the eastern farmers, that in order to preserve their corn from ants,
they were wont to cover it with origanum.

A＇NTWERP, a beautiful city of the Austrian Netherlands, and ca­
pital of the marquisate of the same name. It stands on the eastern
shore of the river Scheld, about twenty-five miles north of Brussels,
in Lat. 51° 15′ N. Long. 4° 15′ E.

A＇NVIL [aenbeeldt, Du. ambosz, H. Ger. ænfille, anfile, Sax.] 1.
A massy iron instrument on which smiths, &c. hammer their work. 2.
Any thing on which blows are laid; as,

Here I clip
The anvil of my sword, and do contest
Hotly, and nobly. Shakespeare.
3. Figuratively, when the matter is said to be upon the anvil, it
means to be a forming and preparing, by deliberation, for execution
or accomplishment.

A Rising ANVIL, an anvil having two nooks or corners, for round­
ing any piece of metal.

A＇NUS [in anatomy] the extremity of the intestinum rectum, or the
orifice of the fundament; also a small hole in the third ventricle of
the cerebellum.

ANWEI＇LLER, a small city of France, in the Lower Alsace, upon
the river Queich.

ANXI＇ETY [anxieté, Fr. ansietà, It. of anxietas, Lat. angst, Du.
Ger.] 1. Anguish, vexation, sorrow, great trouble of mind, as un­
certain about something future; solicitous perplexity, uneasy suspence;
as, to be happy is not only to be freed from the pains of the body,
but from anxiety and vexation of spirit. Tillotson. 2. In physick it
means a depression or lowness of spirits; as, in anxieties which at­
tend fevers, when the cold sit is over, a warmer regimen may be al­
lowed. Arbuthnot. Anxiety is described in painting and sculpture,
by a woman clad in red and green, holding in her right hand a
torch, and in her left a spur.

ANXI＇FEROUS [anxifer, Lat.] bringing or causing anxiety.

A＇NXIOUS [anxius, Lat.] 1. Sad, sorrowful, much concerned,
thoughtful, doubtful about some uncertain event.

With beating hearts the dire event they wait,
Anxious and trembling for the birth of sate. Pope.
2. Full of inquietude, creating anxiety. Discoloured sickness, anxi­
ous labour come. Dryden. 3. Careful as of something of impor­
tance; as, if you knew the meaning of some writings, you need be
less anxious about others. 4. Generally it has for or about before the
object, sometimes of; as, who anxious of neglect, suspecting change,
Consults her pride, and meditates revenge. Granville.

ANXIO＇USLY, with concern or thought, in an anxious manner.

A＇NXIOUSNESS [of anxieté, Fr. of anxius, Lat.] the quality of
being anxious, susceptibility of anxiety.

A＇NY [anig, enig, Sax. cenigh, Du. cenig, cenich, or yennich, O.
Ger. cenig, L. Ger. cinig, H. Ger.] 1. Every, whoever or what­
ever; in all its senses it is applied indifferently to persons or things;
as, any time these fifteen hours. You are as capable of prefer­
ment as any one whosoever. 2. Whatever and whoever, as distin­
guished from some other; as, what warmth is there in your affection
towards any of these princely suitors that are already come. Shakespeare.
3. It is used in opposition to none; as, to this question is there any
here? The answer is, none.

A＇NZAR, a city of Turquestan, near Catai, where Tamerlane
died.

ANZE＇RMA, a town of South America, in the kingdom of Popa­
jan, upon the river Cama, situated in Lat. 40° S. Long. 47° W.

AONI＇DES. See MUSES.

A＇ORIST [in grammar, ἀοριστος, Gr. indef. of α priv. and οριζω, to
define] a tense in the Greek.

AO＇RTA [αορτη, Gr.] the great artery proceeding from the lest
ventricle of the heart, which beats continually, and conveys the blood
through the whole body.

AOU＇ST, a town of Piedmont in Italy, capital of the duchy of the
same name, situated about fifty miles north of Turin, in Lat. 45°
45′ N. Long. 7° 10′ E.

APA＇CE [from a and pace that is, with a great pace] 1. Fast,
quick, speedily. It is used of things in motion. Johnson. As, she flies
apace, and weeds grow apace. 2. With speed; applied to some
action; as, the baron now his diamonds pours apace. Pope. 3. Ha­
stily, spoken of progression from one state to another.
Shall lead their lives, and multiply apace. Milton.

APÆRE＇SIS [with rhetoricians] a figure when some matter is called
in question, which we willed the judge to remember.

A＇PAGMA [from α priv. and πηγνυμι, Gr. to make compact] the
thrusting of a bone or other part out of its proper place.

APAGO＇GUAL, or APAGO＇GICAL Demonstration [of ἀπαγωγη, of
ἀπο, from, and αγω, Gr. to lead, with logicians] is such as does not
prove the thing directly, but shews the impossibility and absurdity of
it, or which arises from denying it; and thence it is called also reduc­
tio ad absurdum aut impossibile.

APAGO＇REUSIS [ἀπαγορευσις, Gr.] a figure in rhetorick, called an
interdiction or forbidding.

APALA＇CHIAN Mountains, a ridge of mountains of North Ame­
rica, lying westward of the British plantations, and extending from
Lat. 30° to 40° N.

APAME＇A, or HA＇MA, a town of Syria, situated on the river O­
rontes, in Lat. 34° N. Long. 38° 30′ E.

APAMEA is also the name of a town of Phrygia, upon the river
Marysas; of a town of Media, consining upon Parthia; and of a
town of Bithynia, called by the Turks Myrlea.

APA＇NAGE. See APPANNAGE.

APA＇RINE, cleavers, in botany, a genus of plants, with a cam­
panulated monopetalous flower, very wide at the mouth. Its fruit is
a kind of dry berry, formed of two small globose bodies adhering
together, and containing a single roundish seed.

APA＇RT, 1. Separately, from the rest in place. They resolved to
have another army apart, that should be at their devotion. Clarendon. 2. In a state of distinction; as, to set a thing apart for some use.
3. Distinctly; as, I will treat of earth and sea, each apart. 4. Aside,
at some distance, as retired from the other company.

So please you madam,
To put apart these your attendants, I
Shall bring Emilia forth. Shakespeare.

APA＇RTHROSIS [of ἀπο, from, and αρθρον, Gr. a joint] the same
as abarticulatio.

APA＇RTMENT [apartement, Fr. appartamento, It.] that part of a
great house, where one or more persons lodge separately by them­
selves.

APATHE＇TICALNESS [of apathia, Lat. of ἀπαθεια, Gr.] a freedom
from passion, an insensibility of pain.

A＇PATHY [ἀπαθεια, of α priv. and παθος, Gr. passion] 1. Qua­
lity of not feeling, and of being absolutely void of all passions or af­
fections; a moral insensibility. 2. A freedom from all perturbation
of mind.

APATISA＇TIO [old rec.] an agreement or contract made with ano­
ther.

APATU＇RIA [ἀπατουρια, Gr.] festivals held in Athens in honour
of Bacchus; Æthra having made an ordinance, that the Troezenian
virgins should, before marriage, offer up their girdles to Pallas
Apaturia.

APA＇UME [in heraldry] signifies any hand opened or extended,
with the full palm appearing, and the thumb and fingers at full
length. Fr.

A＇PE [apa, Sax. aap, O. and L. Ger. asse, H. Ger. ap, cppa, G. B.
ape, Iceland. Johnson] 1. A kind of monkey, that imitates whatever
he sees. 2. Any one who imitates, generally in a bad sense; as,
Julio Romano would beguile nature of her custom, so perfectly he is
her ape. Shakespeare.

APE [hieroglyphically] was used by the Egyptians, frequently to
express the vices of men; and they painted an ape pissing and co­
vering his excrements, to represent a dissembler or crafty fellow, that
would conceal the vices and weaknesses of his person: for this animal
is very careful to hide and bury his excrements. An ape is also a
symbol of an impudent and wicked fellow, and one who admires
himself.

An APE is an APE, a barlet＇s a barlet, tho＇ he be cloarh＇d in silk
or scarlet. Or according to another proverb: The higher the APE
goes, the more he shelos his rail. Plus le singe s＇eleve, plus il decouvre
son cul pelé, Fr. That is, dignities serve but to make persons ridicu­
lous, who are not worthy of them, or don＇t know how to behave
themselves in them.

To APE one, to imitate or mimick any one; either (as is gene­
rally supposed) of the substantive ape, because that creature is apt to
mimick or imitate the actions of men; or perhaps, with greater pro­
hability, (at least originally) of ab, abe, af or afe, which in most of
the ancient, and some of the modern northern tongues, is an adverb
of similitude, from whence the Germans have their verbs ap (en) ast
(en) to imitate. And thence the substantive, because that creature
bears the greatest resemblance to human kind.

APEA＇K, or APE＇CK, adv. [probably from a pique, Fr.] in a pos­
ture to pierce the ground. Johnson. It is a sea-term; as, the anchor
is apeak.

APECHE＇MA [of ἀπο and ηχω, Gr. i. e. an echo] a contrafissure,







when a blow is given on one side, and the fracture made on the
other.

APE＇LLITÆ, they who taught that Christ left his body dissolved in
the air; and so ascended into heaven without it.

A＇PENNIN, a vast ridge of mountains which runs through the mid­
dle of all Italy, from Savona, to the very streight that separates Italy
from Sicily.

A＇PENRADE, a town of Sleswic, or South Jutland, situated on a
bay of the Baltic sea, in Lat. 55° N. Long. 10° E.

A＇PENZEL, a town of Switzerland, capital of the Canton of the
same name, and situated in Lat. 47° 30′ N. Long. 9° E.

A＇PEPSY [ἀπεψια, of α and πεπτω, Gr. to concoct] a want of di­
gestion, a defect in the stomach.

A＇PER [from ape] a ridiculous mimick.

APE＇RIENS palpebram rectus [in anatomy] a muscle arising in the
orbit of the eye, near the entrance of the optick nerve, which passes
over the attollent muscle of the eye, and at last is inserted into the
whole superior part of the upper eye-lid; the use of it is to open it.

APERI＇ENT [of aperiens, from aperio, Lat. to open] opening.

APERIENT Seeds [in medicine] are grass madder, eryngo, capers,
and cammock, called the lesser; smallage, fennel, asparagus, parsley,
and butcher＇s broom, called the five greater ones.

APERIE＇NTIA [in medicine] aperient medicines, aperitives, such as
open the obstructed passages of the small vessels, glands and pores, and
by that means promote a due circulation of the contained juices.

APE＇RITIVE [of aperio, Lat. to open] having the nature and
quality of opening obstructions in the body; as, aperitive herbs.

APE＇RT [apertus, Lat.] open.

APE＇RTIO Portarum [in astrology] i. e. an opening of the gates;
some great and manifest change of the air, upon certain meetings of
planets and configurations. Lat.

APE＇RTION, or A＇PERTURE [apertus and apertura, from aperio,
Lat. to open, with architects] 1. Is the openings in a building, as
doors, windows, chimnies, stair-cases, or other conduits; in short, all
inlets and outlets for light and smoke. 2. The act of opening, the
state of being opened; as, the extravasation of blood happens by
ruption or apertion of the vessels. Wiseman.

APE＇RTLY [of apert] openly.

APE＇RTNESS [of apert] openness. The freedom or apertness,
and vigour of pronouncing, and the closeness of speaking, render
the sound different. Holder.

APERTU＇RA Feudi [in civil law] the loss of a feudal tenure, by
the default of issue of him to whom the see was first given or grant­
ed. Lat.

APERTU＇RA Tabularum [a law term] the breaking up of a last
will and testament. Lat.

A＇PERTURE, or APERTION [apertura, Lat.] 1. The opening of
any thing, or a hole clest, in some subject otherwise solid or contigu­
ous. 2. The act of opening; as, from an appulse in speaking
to an aperture, is easier than from one appulse to another. 3. An
open place or gap. 4. Enlargement, explication. A sense seldom
found; as, it is made intricate by explications, and difficult by the
aperture and dissolution of distinctions. Taylor.

APERTURE [with geometricians] the space left between two lines,
which mutually incline towards each other to form an angle.

APERTURE [in opticks] the hole next to the object glass of a te­
lescope or microscope, through which the light and image of the
object come into the tube or pipe, and are thence carried to the eye;
also that part of the object-glass itself which covers the former, and is
left pervious to the rays.

APE＇TALOUS [of α priv. and πεταλον, Gr. a leaf] without the
leaves called petala.

APETALOUS Flowers [with florists, &c.] such as want the fine co­
loured leaves called petala; these are reckoned imperfect flowers, and
are also called stamineous.

APE＇TALOUSNESS [of aptalous] being without leaves.

A＇PEX [apices the plura] the tip, point, vertex, summit, or upper­
most part of any thing.

APEX [in geometry] the top of a cone, or any such like figure,
ending in a sharp point.

APHÆ＇RESIS [ἀϕαιρεσις, of ἀϕαιρεω, Gr. to take away] a gram­
matical figure, that takes away a letter or syllable from the beginning
of a word, as ruit for cruit. So atrophy, amorphy, and the like, all
of Greek extract, and when adopted into English, receiving a diffe­
rent termination.

APHE＇LION, or APHE＇LIUM, aphelia, plur. [ἀϕηλιον of ἀπο, from,
and ηλιος, Gr. the sun] a name given by astronomers to that point of
the orbit of the earth or a planet, in which it is at the farthest dis­
tance from the sun that it can be; thus a planet A in Plate IV. Fig. 21.
is in its utmost distance or aphelion at S.

APHE＇TICAL, pertaining to apheta.

APHE＇TA [with astrologers] the name of the planet, which they
take to be the giver or disposer of life.

APHILA＇NTHROPY [aphilanthropia, Lat. ἀϕιλανθρωπια, of α priv.
ϕιλος, a lover, and ἀνθρωπος, Gr. a man] the want of love to man;
the contrary to the love or delight in mankind; the first approaches
of melancholy, when a person first begins to dislike conversation and
company.

APHONIA [ἀϕωνια, of α priv. and ϕωνη, Gr. the voice] a loss of
speech or voice.

APHO＇NY, the same same with APHO＇NIA.

A＇PHORISM [aphorisme, Fr. aforisma, It. aforismo, Sp. aphorismus,
Lat. ἀϕορισμος, Gr.] a maxim, general rule or principle of any art
or science, especially such as are experienced for a truth, or relate to
practice; or a brief sentence, comprehending a great deal of matter
in a few words.

APHORI＇STICAL [ἀϕοριστικος, of ἀϕορνζω, Gr. to separate] pertain­
ing to, or having the form of an aphorism. Hawke.

APHORI＇STICALLY [of aphoristical] in the manner of an aphorism,
by way of aphorism. Hippocrates does likewise aphoristically tells us.
Harvey.

APHRODISI＇A [of ἀϕροδιτη, Venus] the venereal intercourses of
both sexes.

APHRODISIA Phrenitis [with physicians] a violent and mad love-
passion in maids.

APHRODISI＇ACAL, pertaining to Venus, or the venereal disease.

APHRODI＇SIACKS [ἀϕροδισιακα, Gr.] things that promote venery;
also things that relate to the venereal disease.

APHRODISIUS Morbus, the venereal disease. Lat.

APHRODITA＇RIUM [with physicians] a dry medicine made of an
equal part of frankincense, pomegranate, meal and scales of brass.

APHRO＇GALA [ἀϕρογαλα, of αϕρος, froth, and γαλα, Gr. milk,
with physicians] milk beat into an entire froth.

A＇PHRON [of ἀϕρον, Gr.] a sort of poppy.

APHRONI＇TRON [of ἀϕρος, froth, and νιτρον, Gr. nitre] a kind of
nitre, supposed by the ancients to be the spume or subtilest and lightest
part of it, emerging at the top.

APHROSCO＇RODON [ἀϕροσκοροδον, Gr.] a sort of large garlick.

A＇PHTHÆ [αϕθαι, Gr.] the thrush, especially in children; certain
wheals, ulcers, or pimples about the inward parts of the mouth, and
other parts.

APHTHARDO＇CITES [of ἀϕθαρτος, incorruptible, and δοκεω, Gr. to
think, &c.] such as held that the body of Jesus Christ was incorrup­
tible and impassible. I suspect, from the etymology of this word,
that its true reading is apthartodoeites.

APHYLLA＇NTHES, the blue Montpelier pink [in botany] a genus of
plants with liliaceous flowers, and a capsular fruit, containing three
oblong oval seeds. This genus belongs to the hexandrio monogynia
of Linnæus.

APHYXI＇A, a cessation of the pulse through the whole body, being
the highest degree of swooning, next to death. As I can find no
traces of this word in Gorreus, Bruno, Blancard, and Æccnom. Hip­
pocrat. Foes. nor in any Greek dictionary, I suspect the true reading
to be asphuxia, from α priv. and σϕοζω, to move as a pulse.

A＇PIARY [apiarium, of apis, Lat. a bee] a place where bees are
kept. When they see a foreign swarm of bees approaching to plun­
der their hives, they have a stick to divert them into some neighbour­
ing apiary. Swift.

APIA＇STRUM, balm-gentle, mint. Lat.

A＇PICES of a Flower [in botany] small knobs growing on the top
of the stamina, or fine threads in the middle of the flowers, which are
usually of a dark purple colour; by the microscope they have been
discovered to be a sort of capsulæ seminales or seed vessels, containing
in them small globular, and often oval particles, of various colours,
and exquisitely formed.

API＇CIAN Art [so called of Apicius, a famous voluptuary] volup­
tuousness, or voluptuous cookery.

APIE＇CE, adv. [a and piece, a share] to the part or share of each;
as, they had six or seven wives apiece.

APIFA＇CTURE [of apis, a bee, and factura, Lat. the making] the
workmanship of bees, i. e. the making wax and honey.

A＇PIOS, Gr. the horse-raddish-root.

A＇PIS was a god of the Egyptians. When the apis died; and his
funeral pomp was over, the priests who had this office, sought out
for another with the same marks, and when they had found one, the
lamentations immediately ceased; and the priests lead the calf first
into the city of Nile, where he was fed for forty days, from thence
he was transported in a vessel with a gilded cabin to Memphis, as their
god, and turned into the grove of Vulcan.
The reason they gave for this worship was, because the soul of Osi­
ris, as they pretended, transmigrated into a bull of this sort, and by
a successive transmigration passed from one to another, as often as one
died, and another was found.
The apis was consulted as an oracle: the manner of consulting him,
was by observing into which chamber, of the two that were prepared
for him, he entered; his going into the one of them being construed
as a good omen; and into the other, as a bad one: or else they of­
fered him food, and from his accepting or refusing it, concluded the
answer favourable, or the contrary.

A＇PISH [of ape] 1. Given to mimick, imitative like an ape, full of
ridiculous mimickry; as,
Whose manners still our tardy apish nation
Limps after, in base aukward imitation. Shakespeare.
2. Foppish, affected; as, duck with French nods and apish courtesy.
Shakespeare. 3. Trifling, insignificant; as, all this is but apish sophistry.
4. Wanton, wild, sportive.
Apish folly with her wild resort. Prior.

A＇PISHLY [of apish] in an apish manner, with foppery, with con­
ceit, ridiculously.

A＇PISHNESS [of apish] mimically, playfulness, &c.

API＇TPAT, adv. [a word formed from the motion, Johnson] with
quick palpitation. It is otherwise written pit-a-pat-é.
My heart has gone apitapat for you. Congreve.

API＇UM, Parsley, [in botany] a genus of umbelliferous plants,
with rosaceous flowers, and an oval fruit, containing two seeds of an
oblong oval shape, convex and striated on one side, and plain on
the other.

APIUM Palustre [in botany] smallage. Lat.

APLA＇NES [ἀπλανης, of α priv. and πλανη. Gr. error, i. e. settled,
free from rambling] the fixed stars, so called in contradistinction to
the planets:

APLU＇STRE, Lat. the ensign or flag anciently carried in ship.
The one holds a sword in her hand to represent the Iliad, as the
other has an aplustre to represent the Odyssey, or voyage of Ulysses.
Addison:

APNOE＇A [ἀπνοια, a want of breath, from α priv. and πνεω, Gr.
to breathe] an impairing, lessening, or utter loss of the faculty of
breathing, at least as to sense, as in swoons, &c.

APOBATE＇RION [of ἀποβαινω, Gr. to depart] a farewel speech or
poem, upon a person＇s going out of his own country or some other
place, where he had been kindly entertained.

APO＇CALISM. See APOCHYLISMA.

APO＇CALYPSE [Fr. apocalisse, It. apocalypsi, Sp. apocalypsis, Lat.
ἀποκαλυψις of ἀποκαλυπτω, Gr. to reveal or discover] a revelation
or vision, the name of a book in the new testament, to which it is
solely applied.

APOCALY＇PTICAL [ἀποκαλυπτικος, Gr.] pertaining to revelation,
vision; containing revelation. If we could understand that scene, at
the opening of this apocalyptical theatre. Burnet＇s Theory of the Earth.

APOCAPNI＇SMOS [of ἀπο and καπνος, Gr. smoak] sumigation.








APOCHA＇PHARSIS [αποκαθαρσις, of απο and θακαιρω, Gr. to purge]
a purging both upwards and downwards.

APOCHYLI＇SMA [of ἀπο and χυλισμος, of χυλιζω, Gr. to draw out
juice] any juice boiled or thickened with honey or sugar, into a hard
consistence. It has other names, as rob, rohob, and succago.

APOCLA＇SM [ἀποκλασμα, of ἀποκλαω, Gr. to break off] a break­
ing off or asunder, the breaking of any part of the body.

APOCO＇METRY [of ἀπο and μετρεω, Gr. to measure] the art of mea­
suring things at a distance. This should be Apomecometry. Which see.

APO＇COPE [ἀποκοπη of ἀποκυπτω, Gr. to cut off] a cutting off, a
grammatical figure, in which the last syllable or letter of the word is
cut off, as vide＇ne for videsne, di for dii.

APOCRI＇SIA, or APOCRI＇SIS [ἀποκρισις, of ἀποκρινω, Gr. to separate]
among physicians, signifies a voiding or ejection of superfluities out of
the body.

APOCRISIA＇RIUS [of ἀποκρισις, an answer, of ἀποκρινω, Gr. to an­
swer] a surrogate, commissary or chancellor to a bishop, an office first
established in the time of Constantine the Great.

APOCRO＇USTICKS [apocroustica, Lat. of ἀπο and κρουω, Gr. in com­
pound, to beat off] medicines which obstruct the flowing of the hu­
mours into any particular part of the body, and repel them that are
beginning to flow.

APO＇CRYPHA [apochryphes, Fr. apocrifi, It. apocrifas, Sp. of apocry­
pha, Lat. q. d. hidden or dark, of ἀποκρυπτω, Gr. to hide] certain
books of doubtful authority, not received into the canon of the holy
scriptures, though commonly appended thereto. We hold not the
apocrypha for sacred, as we do the holy scripture, but for human com­
positions. Hooker.

APO＇CRYPHAL [ἀποκρυϕος, Gr. hidden] of doubtful authority,
not cononical; pertaining to those books, called the apocrypha, or
any others, whose original is not known. Jerom, who saith, that all
writings not canonical are apocryphal, uses not the title apocryphal; as,
the rest of the fathers whose custom is so to name, only such as might
not publickly be read or divulged. Hooker. 1. Relating to the apo­
crypha. 2. Contained in the apocrypha; as, the apocryphal writers,
or apocryphal writings. 3. It is sometimes used for any precarious
account or news of uncertain credit; as, all that story or news is
apocryphal.

APO＇CRYPHALLY [of apocryphal] hiddenly, doubtfully, uncer­
tainly.

APO＇CRYPHALNESS [of ἀποκρυϕος, Gr.] hiddenness, uncertainty.

APO＇CYNON [ἀποκυνον, Gr.] dog＇s-bane.

APODACRI＇TICA [of ἀποδακρυω, Gr. to drop like tears] medicines
which provoke tears. Lat.

APODI＇CTICAL [of ἀποδειξις, of ἀποδεικνυμι, Gr. to shew clearly]
an apodictical argument or syllogism, is a demonstration or clear con­
vincing proof of a thing. Holding an apodictical knowledge, and an
assured knowledge of it. Brown.

APODI＇OXIS [ἀποδιωξις, Gr. an expulsion] an expelling or drawing
out.

APODIOXIS [with rhetoricians] a figure when any argument or ob­
jection is rejected with indignation, as absurd.

APODI＇XIS [ἀποδειξις, Gr.] an evident demonstration, or plain
proof.

APO＇DOSIS [ἀποδοσις, of ἀπο and διδωμι, Gr. to restore] a giving
again, or recompensing.

APODOSIS [with rhetoricians] a rhetorical figure called reddition,
and is the application or latter part of a similitude.

APO＇GÆON, APOGÆ, or APOGÆUM [ἀπογαιον, of ἀπο, from, and
γαια, Gr. the earth] that part in the orbit of the sun or a planet which
is farthest distant from the earth.

Thy sin is in his apogæon placed,
And when it moveth next, must needs descend. Fairfax.
It is not agreed in what time the apogeum absolveth one degree. Brown.

Mean APOGE＇E of the Epycicle [with astronomers] a point where
the epicycle is cut above a right line drawn from the center of it, to
the centre of the equant, or that point of the epicycle most remote
from the earth.

APOGEE of the Equant [with astronomers] is the farthest distance
of the equant from the earth, or the point where the equant is inter­
sected by the line of the apses, in the remotest part of the diameter.

APO＇GRAPHON [ἀπογραϕον, of ἀπο, and γραϕω, to write] an in­
ventory of goods, a copy or transcript of some book or writing, a
pattern or draught.

A＇POLEPSY [apolepsia, Lat. of ἀποληψις, of ἀπο and λαμβανω, Gr.
to receive] a receiving or recovering, an intercepting or prevent­
ing.

APOLEPSY [in medicine] a stoppage in the course of the blood or
animal spirits.

APOLLINA＇RIANS, or APOLLINARISTS, a considerable part of the
christian world, (so called in the fourth century from Apollinarius,
the learned bishop of Laodicea) who would not admit of two intelli­
gent natures in the one person of Christ; but affirmed the divine lo­
gos to be the only νοος, spirit, or intelligent principle, that resided in
our Saviour＇s body, though animated, like other bodies, with a vital
soul. Suidas. In plain terms, they supposed (as did many ancient
writers) man to be a compound of three, soul, spirit, and body; and
that the divine logos answered to the spirit or intellectual part. The­
odorit adds (lib. 5. c. 3.) that he also espoused degrees (βαθμους) of
dignity in the divine nature; meaning, that the Son was superior in
dignity to the Spirit, and God the Father to them both; or, as Ter­
tullian express＇d it long before him, tres non statû, sed gradû. Now
both Tertullian and Apollinarius were consubstantialists; and by com­
paring this account Theodorit gives us of Apollinarius, with the whole
strain of Tertullian＇s writings, it appears that not every espouser of con­
substantiality maintained with it an absolute co-equality. This remark
may possibly throw some light on the controversy, as it stood in the
4th and preceding centuries.

APOLLINARIAN Games [with the Romans] solemn games held an­
nually in honour of Apollo, on account of a shower of darts and
arrows that (as the tradition goes) fell on their enemies, who suddenly invaded them, at the first celebration of these games, and by this
means the Romans being victors, soon returned to their sports.

APOLLÒ [Απολλων, Gr.] the proper name of the God so called;
and whom Homer derives from Jupiter and Latona, and who received
from his father the gift of prophecy.
There were four Apollo＇s; the most ancient of which, in the judg­
ment of Vossius, was Jubal the relation of Tubalcain (unless of more
ancient date) and a famous musician. All the other Apollo＇s were
deified, and referred chiefly to the sun. B. Herbert de Relig. Gentil.
The author of the late Essay towards a Translation of HOMER＇s
Works in Blank Verse has suggested, that how much soever Apollo and
the sun were in process of time confounded together, in HOMER they
are constantly represented as distinct deities; and Dionys. Halicarn.
seems to say as much. Speaking of the epithets or appellations which
that poet gives to his gods, “he stiles Jupiter the counsellor, and
high-thunderer; the sun he calls υπεριων, i. e. he that ascends; and
Apollò he stiles Phœbus. Dionys. Halic. περι της ομκρου ποιησεως, c. 6.
As to the prophetic powers of this god, see DELPHIAN Oracle.

APOLLO＇NIA [in geography] a promontory of Africa, upon the
coast of guinea, near the mouth of the river Mancu.

APO＇LLYON [ἀπολλυον, of ἀπο and ολλυω, Gr. to destroy] a de­
stroyer, a scripture name for the devil.

APOLOGE＇TICAL, or APOLOGE＇TICK [apologetique, Fr. apologetico,
It. and Sp. apologeticus, Lat. ἀπολογητικος, Gr.] pertaining to an
apology or excuse, or to any thing that is said or written by way of
excuse.

APOLOGE＇TICALLY [of apologetical] by way of apology.

APO＇LOGER, or APO＇LOGIST [apologiste, Fr. apologista, It. apologus,
Lat. of ἀπολογεω, Gr.] one who makes an apology, or pleads for
another man.

To APOLOGIZE [of ἀπολογιζομαι, Gr.] 1. To excuse, or make a de­
fence for a thing done, or for a person; as, it will be more seasona­
ble to reform than apologize. 2. It has for before the matter of apo­
logy; as, I＇ll apologize for that indiscretion.

APOLO＇GUE [Fr. apologo, Sp. apologus, Lat. ἀπολογος, of ἀπολεγω,
Gr. to utter] an instructive fable, or a feigned relation intended to re­
form and amend the manners, by teaching some moral truth; as, the
apologues of Æsop.

APO＇LOGY [apologie, Fr. apologia, It. Sp. and Lat. ἀπολογια, of
ἀπολογεω, Gr.] a defence or excuse. Apology generally signifies
rather excuse than vindication, and tends rather to extenuate the
fault than prove innocence. This is however sometimes unregarded
by writers. Johnson. It has for before the object of excuse.

APO＇LUSIS [ἀπολυσις, Gr.] the exclusion of any thing, as of the
birth, the fæces, or the like; a kind of relaxation, by means of which
the whole is debilitated.

APOMEOO＇METRY [of ἀπομηκος, length or distance, and μετρεω, Gr.
to measure] an art shewing how to measure things at a distance, or
to find how far they are off from us.

APONEURO＇SIS [ἀπονευρωσις, of απο and νευρον, Gr. a nerve] the
extremity of a muscle, which is called a tendon. Bruno. When a cyst
rises near the orifice of the artery, it is formed by the aponeurosis that
uns over the vessel, which becomes excessively expanded. Sharp.

APO＇PHASIS [ἀποϕασις, of ἀποϕημι, Gr. to deny] a rhetorical fi­
gure, whereby the orator, speaking ironically, seems to wave what he
would plainly infinuate; as, I will not act against you with the utmost
rigor.

APOPHO＇RETA [ἀποϕορετα, of ἀποϕερω, Gr. to bear away] presents
anciently made at feasts, to be carried away by the guests.

APOPHLE＇GMATIC Medicine, or APOPHLEGMATISMS [of ἀποϕλεγμα­
τιζω, to purge phlegm] medicines that have the faculty of purging off
cold phlegmatic humours by the nose, mouth, &c.

APO＇PHTHEGM [apophthegme, Fr. apotegma, It. apophtegma, Sp.
apophthegma, Lat. ἀποϕθεγμα, of ἀπο and ϕθεγγομαι, Gr. to pro­
nounce] a remarkable saying, a valuable sentence; especially of some
eminent and grave person, uttered on some sudden occasion; as, many
apophthegms, or reputed replies of wisdom, are in Laertius. Brown.

APOPHTHORA [ἀποϕθορα, of ἀποϕθειρω, Gr. to corrupt] an abor­
tion, the bringing forth a child putrified in the womb.

APOPHYGE＇ [ἀποϕυγη, Gr.] a flight or escape.

APOPHYGE [in architecture] that part of a column, where it begins
to spring out of its base, and shoot upwards, and is as a protuberance
commonly at the end of a bone; but this apophyge originally was
really no more than the ring or ferril anciently fastened at the extre­
mities of wooden pillars, to keep them from splitting, and which af­
terwards was imitated in stone work. Sometimes it is called the spring
of the column.

APOPHYGE [in anatomy] a protuberance at the end of a bone.

APO＇PHYSIS [ἀποϕυσις, of ἀπο, from, and ϕυω, Gr. to grow] a
process or part of a bone growing out beyond its surface; as, the apo­
physis, or head of the os tibia, makes the knee. Wiseman. Also, a
knob in a bone, made by the fibres being lengthened. The latter is
properly an epiphysis, or somewhat adhering to a bone of which it is
not properly a part.

APO＇PHYSES Mammillares [in anatomy] are the beginnings of the
olfactory nerves, as far as the os cribrosum, where they divide into
small fibres which pass through those bones, and spread throughout
the upper part of the nose.

APOPHYSIS Mammularis, APOPHYSIS Mastoideus [in anatomy] one
of the external eminences of the os petrosum.

APOPLE＇CTICAL, or APOPLECTIC [apoplectique, Fr. apopletico, It.
ἀποπληκτικος, Gr.] pertaining to or subject to the apoplexy; as, an
apoplectical person, and an apoplectical case.

A＇POPLEX, for APOPLEXY, Dryden, in poetry, for the sake of
measure, cuts the last syllable off, which ought not to be imitated; as,
Repletious, apoplex, intestate death.

APOPLEXY [apoplexie, Fr. apoplessia, It. apoplexia, Sp. and Lat.
ἀποπληξια, of ἀποπληττω, to strike or astonish] a disease, which is a
sudden privation of all the senses, and sensible motions of the body,
those of the heart and lungs being excepted, and is attended with a
depravation of the principal faculties of the soul, by reason that the
passages of the brain are stopt, and the course of the animal spirits
hindered, through the nerves destined for those motions.

APO＇REMA, APO＇RIME, or A＇PORON [from ἀπορεω, Gr. to doubt]
a problem in the mathematics, which, tho＇ it is not impossible, is ne­







vertheless very difficult, to be resolved, and has not actually been re­
solved; such as the squaring of the circle, &c.

APO＇RIA [ἀπορια, Gr.] an intricate business, perplexity of mind,
doubtfulness.

APORIA [Gr. with rhetoricians] a figure where the orator is at a
stand what to do; as, shall I speak out, or be silent?

APORIARE [in old records] to be brought to poverty; also to shun
or avoid.

APORRHO＇E, or APORHOE＇A [ἀποῤῥοη and ἀποῤῥοια, of ἀποῤῥεω, Gr.
to flow out or down] sulphurious effluvia＇s or exhalations, which are
sent forth from the earth and subterraneous bodies; as, this he endea­
vours to make out by atomical apporrhæa＇s, which pass from the cruen­
tate weapon to the wound. Glanville.

APORRHOE [with physicians] a streaming out of vapours thro＇ the
pores of the body.

APORRHOE [with astrologers] a term used of the moon, when
she separates from one planet and applies to another.

APOSIOPE＇SIS [ἀποσιωπησις, of ἀποσιωπαω, Gr. to hold one＇s peace]
silence, reticency.

APOSIOPESIS [with rhetoricians] a figure when the orator, as in a
passion, or from any emotion, leaves out some word or part of a sen­
tence, or breaks off in a discourse, but nevertheless so that it may be
understood what he meant; as, I might say much more, but modesty
forbids.

APOSPHACE＇LIS [of ἀπο and σϕακελος, Gr.] a mortification.

APO＇STACY [apostasie, Fr. apostasia, It. apostacía, Sp. apostasia, Lat.
ἀποστασια, of ἀϕιστημι, to depart, or ἀποστατεω, Gr.] a revolting or falling
away from what a man has professed; it is generally applied to the true
religion; sometimes with from; as, an apostacy from the faith, or from God.

APOSPA＇SMA [ἀποσπασμα, Gr.] part of a thing drawn or pulled
off.

APOSPASMA [with surgeons] the drawing off one part from another,
which naturally stuck to it; as when the skin is separated from a mem­
brane; a membrane from a muscle; one muscle from another, &c.

APOSTA＇RE Leges, or APOSTATA＇RE Leges [old Latin records] wil­
fully to transgress or break the laws. Lat.

APO＇STASIS [ἀποστασις, of ἀϕιστημι, Gr. to revolt or fly off] an ab­
scess; also some fractures of the bones where the parts break off.

APOSTATA Capiendo, a writ which in ancient times lay against one,
who having entered into and made a profession of some religious order,
broke out again, and rambled about contrary to the rules of that or­
der.

APO＇STATE [apostat, Fr. apostata, It. Sp. and Lat. ἀποστατης, of
ἀποστατεω, Gr. to depart from] a revolter from his profession, generally
applied to one that has forsaken his religion. It has from before the
person or thing forsaken; as, he is an apostate from God and goodness.

APOSTA＇TICAL [of αpostata, Lat. of ἀποστατης, Gr.] of or pertain­
ing to an apostate.

To APO＇STATIZE [apostasier, Fr. apostatàr, Sp. of ἀποστατεω, Gr.]
to desert or abandon one＇s profession; it is commonly used of forsaking
the true religion. It has from before the person or thing forsaken.

APOSTEMA＇TION [from apostemate] the formation of an abscess,
aposteme, or purulent hollow ulcer. Impostumation is sometimes used,
but it is an improper word. Many ways nature hath provided for
preventing or curing fevers, as vomitings, apostemations, &c. Grew.

APOSTE＇MA, APOSTE＇ME, or APOSTU＇ME [of ἀποστημα, of ἀϕιστημν,
Gr. to depart] a preternatural tumour or swelling, caused by a cor­
rupt matter collected together in any part of the body, commonly cal­
led an imposthume; but neither this nor apostume is proper. Ulcers
of the lungs and apostemes of the brain. Brown.

To APOSTEMATE, or APOSTUME, to turn to an apostemation.
See IMPOSTHUME.

APOSTE＇MA Hepatis, an aposteme in the liver, proceeding from a
fall or bruise, or in women from being too strait-laced.

APO＇STLE [apôtre, Fr. appostolo, It. apóstol, Sp. apostolus, Lat. apo­
stel, Du. and Ger. ἀποστολος, of ἀποστελλω, Gr. to send on an errand]
a person sent as a messenger or ambassador. It is particularly applied
to those disciples of Jesus Christ whom he especially commissioned to
preach the gospel, and propagate it in several parts of the earth; as, the
twelve apostles.

APO＇STLESHIP, or APO＇STOLATE [apostolat, Fr. appostolato, It.
apostoládo, Sp. of apostolatus, Lat.] the office, dignity, or ministry of an
apostle.

APOSTO＇LICAL, or APOSTO＇LIC [of apostolique, Fr. appostolico, It.
apostólico, Sp. of ἀποστολικος, Gr.] belonging to the apostles, or taught
by them; as, apostolical practices and apostolic tradition; and hence by a
catachresis, what has primitive antiquity; in which last sense some un­
derstand that title which is given to the most ancient of all the three
creeds.

APOSTO＇LICALLY [of apostolical] after the manner of an apostle.

APOSTO＇LICALNESS, the quality of being of apostolical appoint­
ment and authority.

APOSTOLO＇RUM Unguentum [with physicians] an ointment so na­
med, because it consists of twelve drugs, according to the number of
the apostles.

APO＇STROPHE [Fr. apostrofo, It. apostrofe, Sp. apostrophe and apo­
strophus, Lat. ἀποστροϕη, a turning away, of ἀποστρεϕω, Gr. to turn away
from] a figure in rhetoric, whereby the orator in an extraordinary com­
motion turns his discourse from the audience, and directs it to some
other person or thing. This is many times done abruptly. In this
things animate or inanimate may be addressed unto, as if sensible; per­
sons absent as well as present may be appealed to, as if they were pre­
sent.

APOSTROPHE [with grammarians] an accent or mark that shews
there is a vowel cut off, and is expressed thus (＇) and set at the head
of the letter; as ev＇n for even; as, they abbreviate words with apo­
strophes, and lop polysyllables.

To APOSTROPHE a Word, to put an apostrophe over it.

To APO＇STROPHIZE [from apostrophe] to speak to by a rhetorical
apostrophe. A word used by Pope. There is a peculiar manner in
Homer＇s apostrophizing Eumæus, and speaking of him in the second
person, which is generally applied only to men of account.

APO＇STUME. See APO＇STEMA; as, an apostume in the mesentery.
Harvey.

APO＇SYRMA [ἀποσυρμα, of ἀποσυρω, Gr. to draw, pull, or take
off] that which is drawn, shaved or pared off.

APOSYRMA [with surgeons] a shaving of the skin or of a bone.

APOTA＇CTITÆ, or APOTA＇CTICI [of ἀποτασσω or ἀποταττω, Gr. to
renounce] a sect, who antiently affected to follow the evangelical
counsels of poverty, and the examples of the apostles and primitive
christians, by renouncing all their effects and possessions.

APO＇TELESM [apotelesma, Lat. of αποτελεσμα, of ἀπο and τελεω,
Gr. to finish] a declaration of the signification of the stars in a nati­
vity; a calculation of a nativity.

APOTELESMA＇TICS [apotelesmatici, Lat. of ἀποτελεσματικοι, of
ἀποτελεω, Gr. to perfect] mathematicians who calculate nativities by
the stars, and hold all things subject to the power of the planets.

APO＇THECARY [of apothicaire, Fr. Boticario, Sp. and Port. apo­
theca, Lat. of ἀποθηκη, a repository, of ἀποτιθημι, Gr. to lay up] one
who practises pharmany, or that part of physic which consists in the
preparation and composition of medicines which are for sale at his
shop. Such is the primary and original import of this term; but, as
the sense of words frequently changes with time, it now signifies also
a lower kind of practitioner in the art of healing; and whose advice is
taken, in cases supposed to be of a slighter class; or in the most
threatening, where a regular physician can＇t so conveniently be had.

APO＇THECARIES, having separated themselves from the ancient so­
ciety of grocers, grew so much in favour with king James I. that he
used to call them his company, and gave them a charter or incorpora­
tion, in the fifteenth year of his reign. Their arms are argent. Apollo
arm＇d with a bow and arrow, surmounted a Python. Their supporters
two unicorns, and the crest a rhinoceros surmounting a torce and hel­
met. The motto Opifer per orbem dicor.

APO＇THECTS, the medicines, &c. which furnish an apothecary＇s
shop.

APO＇THEGM, improperly for APOPHTHEGM; which see.

APOTHE＇OSIS [ἀποθειοσις, of ἀπο and θεος, a god or divine perso­
nage, whether supreme or subordinate] the act or rite, among the hea­
thens, of deifying or adding one to the number of the gods, or a con­
secration of emperors, the manner of their performing which was as
follows: When the body of an emperor had been buried according to
the custom, his effigies of wax was placed at the entry of the palace,
upon a large bed of ivory, sumptuously adorned, and the physicians
visited it for seven days, treating it, as if it had been alive in a fit of
sickness. In the mean while all the senate and nobility of Rome were
present in mourning habits. After the expiration of these seven days,
he was held for dead, and then they removed him to a public place,
where the magistrates quitted their offices.
There the new emperor ascended upon a high pulpit called rostra,
because it was adorned with the sterns of ships, taken from the enemies
in sea-fights; and thence he made a funeral oration in praise of the de­
ceased.
When this was ended, they carried the image of the deceased em­
peror out of the city to the field of Mars, where there was erected a
stately pile of aromatic wood to burn it; the Roman gentry having rid
round the pile several times in order, the new emperor with a torch set
fire to the pile of wood: and then an eagle was let fly from the top of
it, which was imagined to carry the soul of this new god into heaven:
When an empress was thus burnt, they let fly an eaglet instead of an
eagle.
Allots the prince of his celestial line,
An apotheosis and rites divine. Garth.

APOTHEOSIS, of an emperor, was hieroglyphically represented on a
medal, by an eagle ascending up to heaven out of the flame of their
funeral pile.

APO＇THESIS [of ἀπο and τιθημε, Gr. to place] the reduction of a
dislocated bone.

APO＇TOME [ἀποτομια, of ἀποτεμνω, Gr. to cut off] act of cutting away.

APOTOME [in mathematics] is the remainder or difference of two
incommensurable quantities.

APOTOME [in music] the difference between the greater and lesser
semitones, or the part of a whole tone which remains, when a greater
semitone is taken from it.

A＇POZEM [ἀποζεμα, of ἀποζεω, Gr. to boil] a physical decoction,
a diet-drink, or an infusion made by boiling of roots, herbs, woods,
barks, flowers, seeds, &c.

To APPA＇L, or APPA＇LE [of áppalir, Fr. to make pale.] To affright
or terrify. Appal wasthe old word; as,
Her great words did appal
My feeble courage, and my heart oppress,
That yet I quake and tremble over all. Spenser.
But now appale is the word commonly used; tho＇ Pope has it,
Does neither rage inflame nor fear appal. Pope.

APPA＇LEMENT [from appale] consternation, astonishment, sudden im­
pression of fear; as, the furious slaughter of them was a great discou­
ragement and appalement to the rest. Bacon.

APPA＇NAGE. See APPE＇NNAGE.

APPARA＇TUS [of ad, to, and paro, to provide] a formal preparation
for some action, solemn or public; as, the apparatus of a coronation,
the apparatus for a war.

APPARATUS also signifies the tools of a trade, the utensils of a
kitchen, &c.

APPARATUS also is used to signify the utensils pertaining to a ma­
chine, as, the apparatus of a microscope, air-pump, &c.

APPARATUS [with surgeons] the bandages, medicaments and dres­
sings of a part.

APPARATUS Major and Minor [with lithotomists] the greater and
lesser preparation, two different methods of cutting for the stone. Lat.

High APPARATUS [with lithotomists] is performed by making an
incision above the groin along the linea alba into the bladder; and
through that they extract the stone.

The Small or Low APPARATUS, is performed by thrusting the two
fore-fingers up the fundament till they touch or come against the stone,
and with them drive it to the neck of the bladder, and extract it from
thence, thro＇ an incision in the permæum.

APPA＇REL, without any plural [of appareil, Fr.] 1. Clothing, rar­
ment, habit; as, women in mens apparel. 2. External decoration; as,

Our late burnt London in apparel new,
Shook off her ashes to have heated you. Waller.








APPAREL of a Ship, the tackle, falls, rigging, &c.

To APPAREL [appareiller, Fr.] 1. To dress, fit, or prepare with
apparel, to clothe; as, with such robes were the king＇s daughters,
that were virgins, apparelled. Samuel. 2. To decorate, to trim out
with clothes; as, she did appapel her apparel, and with the precious­
ness of her body made it most sumptuous. Sidney. 3. To set off any
thing with external decorations, figuratively, the body being decked
with clothes. You may have trees apparelled with flowers, by boring
holes in them, and putting into them earth, and setting seeds of vio­
lets. Bacon.

APPA＇RENT [Fr. apparente, It. aparente, Sp. apparens, Lat.] 1.
Plain, manifest, evident; as, the main principles of reason are in them­
selves apparent. 2. Visible, opposed to secret; as, what secret ima­
ginations we entertained is known to God: this is apparent that we
have not behaved, as if we preserved a grateful remembrance of his
mercies. Atterbury. 3. Openly discoverable, that which may be
known.

As well the fear of harm as harm apparent,
Ought to be prevented. Shakespeare.
4. Certain, not presumptive. 5. Being in appearance, seeming, op­
posed to real.

APPARENT Heir, is one whose title is clear beyond dispute or contra­
diction. Apparent is used ellyptically for heir apparent. Draw thy
sword—as apparent to the crown. Shakespeare.

APPARENT Conjunction [in astronomy] is when the right line sup­
posed to be drawn thro＇ the centres of two planets, does not pass thro＇
the centre of the earth, but thro＇ the spectator＇s eye.

APPARENT Declination. See DECLINA＇TION.

APPARENT Horizon [in astronomy] is that great circle, which li­
mits our sight; or that place where the heavens and earth seem to us
to meet.

APPARENT Place of an Object [in optics] is that which appears,
when seen thro＇ one or more glasses, and differs from the real place,
being occasioned by the various refractions of the rays.

APPARENT Place of a Planet or Star [with astronomers] is the vi­
sible place of it, or that point of the heaven in which it seems to be, by
the right line which proceeds from the eye to it.

APPARENT Colours [according to the old natural philosophy] those
colours that are often seen in clouds, before the rising or after the set­
ting of the sun; or those in the rainbow, &c. But these they will not
allow to be true colours, because they are not permanent or lasting.
These are called also emphatical colours.

APPA＇RENTLY [of apparent] visibly, evidently; as, vice apparently
tends to disease.

APPA＇RENTNESS [of apparent] plainness to be seen.

APPARI＇TION [Fr. apparizione, It. apparitio, Lat. of appareo, to
appear] 1. An appearance of any thing, its visibility; as,

When suddenly stood at my head a dream,
Whose inward apparition gently mov＇d
My fancy. Milton.
2. The thing appearing; as,

A thousand blushing apparitions
Start into her face. Shakespeare.
3. A spirit, a ghost, or spectre; as goblins, spectres and apparitions
fright children. 4. Being only in appearance, not real; as,

Nor can I yet distinguish,
Which is an apparition, this or that. Denham.

APPARI＇TION [with astronomers] is the visibility of a star or other
luminary which before was hid; opposed to occultation; as, the
month of apparition is the space wherein the moon appeareth. Brown.

APPA＇RITORS, or APPA＇RATORS [apparitor, of appareo, Lat. to give
attendance] 1. Such persons as are at hand to execute the proper orders
of the magistrate or judge of any court of judicature. 2. The lowest
class of officers in the spiritual court, messengers who cite persons to
appear; as, they swallowed all the Roman hierarchy from the pope to
the apparitor. Ayliffe.

APPARITOR [in the university] a sort of beadle, who carries the
mace before the masters, faculties, &c.

APPAR＇LEMENT [in common law] likelihood, likeness or resem­
blance; as, apparlement of war.

APPARU＇RA [in old records] furniture and implements. Lat.

APPARURA Carruccarum [in old law] plough-tackle, all manner of
implements belonging to plough.

To APPA＇Y [probably of appayer, Fr.] to satisfy; as, well appaid,
contented, satisfied, pleased; ill appaid, the contrary. So only can
high justice rest appaid. Milton＇s Paradise Lost, Book 12. l. 401.

To APPEA＇CH, the same as to impeach. 1. To accuse one of any
crime, to enter an information against one in any court; as, he did,
amongst many others, appeach Sir William Stanley. Bacon. 2. To
stain with accusation or reproach, to censure; as, the foul reproach
which them appeached. Spenser.

Nor can＇st, nor durst thou, traitor, on the pain,
Appeach mine honour, nor thine own maintain. Dryden.

APPEA＇CHMENT [of appeach] an impeachment or accusation against
any one; as, the duke＇s answers to his appeachment, in number thir­
teen, I find civilly couched. Wotton.

A＇PPEAL [of appellatio, Lat. whence appel, Fr.] 1. The removing
a cause from an inferior judge or court to a superior, in order to rectify
something amiss in a sentence passed by an inferior judge. This has to
and from. There are distributers of justice from whom there lies appeal to
the prince. Addison. 2. In the common law it is an accusation or decla­
ration of the crime of any person; particularly and more commonly
used for the private accusation of a murderer by a person who is in­
terested in the party murdered, and of any felon by one of his accom­
plices in the fact; as,
Hast thou brought hither Hereford
Here to make good the boisterous late appeal
Against the duke of Norfolk? Shakespeare.
3. A summons to answer an accusation; as,
Nor shall the sacred character of king,
Be urg＇d to shield me from thy bold appeal. Dryden.
4. A call upon one as a witness, with to; as, lifting up the hands is
an appeal to the deity.

APPEAL by Bill [in law] is where a man of himself gives up his
accusation in writing, offering to undergo the burden of appealing the
person therein named.

APPEAL by Writ [in law] is when a writ is purchased out of chan­
chery by one to another, to the intent he appeal a third person of some
felony committed by him, finding pledges that he shall do it.

APPEAL of Mayhem [a law term] the accusing of one who hath
maimed another.

APPEAL of wrong Imprisonment, an action of wrong or false impri­
sonment.

To APPEAL [appeller, Fr. apelàr, Sp. appello, Lat.] to make an
appeal, to transfer one＇s cause, in general, from one person to another.
It has to and from; as, from the ordinary therefore they appeal to
themselves. Hooker. 2. To bring a cause from an inferior court to a
superior one. It has to and from; as, where there is no superior on
earth to appeal to for relief. Locke. 3. To call another as witness;
with to; as, whether the soul always thinks, I appeal to mankind.
Locke. 4. To charge with a crime; to accuse; with of. Johnson.
As, you come t＇appeal each other of high treason. Shakespeare.

APPEALANT, or APPEA＇LER, he that appeals. Vide APPE＇LLANT.
As, lords appealants your differences shall all rest. Shakespeare.

To APPE＇AR [apparire, It. aparacer, Sp. of appareo, Lat.] 1. To
be in sight, to be visible; as, the leprosy appeareth in the skin. Leviti­
cus. 2. To be seen as a ghost or spirit; as, I appeared unto thee to
make thee a minister. Acts. 3. To stand in the presence of another,
generally a superior; as, when shall I come and appear before God?
Psalms. 4. To become the object of notice, to be observed; as, let
thy work appear unto thy servants. Psalms. 5. To come before a
court of justice; as, this morning see you do appear before ＇em.
Shakespeare. 6. To be evident, to be plain from proof, and beyond
contradiction; as, this appears from ancient records, or from what fol­
lows. 7. To look, to seem, opposed to reality; as, his first care being
to appear unto his people such as he would have them be, and to be
such as he appeared. Sidney.

APPEA＇RANCE [apparence, Fr. apparenza, It. apparenzà, Sp. appa­
rentia, Lat.] 1. The act of becoming visible; as, the sudden appearance
of the rebels. 2. The thing visible; as, the appearances in the sky. 3.
Semblance, seemingness, opposed to reality; as, the substance, not the
appearance of virtue. 4. The exterior surface of a thing; or that which
first strikes the sense or the imagination; outside show; as, under a fair
and beautiful appearance, there should ever be the real substance of good.
Rogers. 5. Exhibition, or entry into any state or company; as, justice
will be done us hereafter by those who shall make their appearance in
the world, when this generation is no more. Addison. 6. An apparition,
visibility of a spectre; as, the appearance of spirits. 7. Open circum­
stance of a case; as,

Appearances were all so strong,
The world must think him in the wrong. Swift.
8. Mein, look, presence. Wisdom enters the last, and so captivates with
her appearance, that he gives himself up to her. Addison. 9. Probabi­
lity or likelihood; as, that story hath no appearance to be true.

To save APPEARANCES, is seemingly to discharge one＇s duty, or to
acquit himself of the formalities or externals of it, so as to save his
character, and avoid giving offence or scandal.

APPEARANCE [in perspective] is the representation of a figure,
body, or the like object, upon the perspective plane.

APPEARANCE [in law] is the exhibition of the person to answer to
a cause or action, enter＇d against him in some court of judicature; as,
I will not my appearance make in any of their courts. Shakespeare.

APPEARANCES [with astronomers] are more usually called phœno­
mema, and these are the qualities of any thing visible; as, experimental
knowledge shows such appearances.

APPE＇ARER [of appear] he that appears; as, that owls and ravens are
the ominous appearers, was an augurial conception. Brown.

APPEA＇SABLE [of appease] that may be pacified.

APPEA＇SABLENESS, capableness of being pacified.

To APPEASE [of appaiser, Fr.] 1. To put into a quiet or peaceable
state; as, the civil wars were appeased, and peace setled. Davies. 2. To
pacify, to allay or asswage wrath. 3. To reconcile; as, to appease
th＇incensed deity, in Milton.

APPEA＇SED, part. pret. pacified, &c.

APPEA＇SEMENT, pacification, a state of peace; as, they partly by
authority, partly by entreaty, were reduced to some good appease­
ments. Sir John Hayward.

APPE＇LLANT [appellans, of appello, Lat. to call, in law] he or
she that brings an appeal against another, from a lower to a higher
court; as, come I appellant to this princely presence. Shakespeare.
Called also Appellour and Approver. See APPEALANT. 2. He that
challenges another to answer in the lists; as

Answer thy appellant,
Who now defies thee thrice to single fight. Milton.

APPE＇LLATE [appellatus, Lat. in the civil law] the party appellate
is the person against whom an appeal is lodged.

APPELLA＇TION [Fr. appellazione, It. apelación, Sp. of appellatio,
Lat.] a particular name; a term by which any thing is called; as
good and evil commonly operate upon the mind of man by respective
names and appellations by which they are notified. South.

APPE＇LLATIVE, or Noun APPE＇LLATIVE [appellatif, Fr. appella­
tivo, It. apelativo, Sp. of appellativus, Lat. with grammarians and
logicians] a common name, or a name which is applicable to all things
of that kind, in opposition to a proper name, which belongs only to
an individual.

APPELLA＇TIVELY [from appellative,] according to the manner of
an appellative name.

APPELLA＇TORY [appellatorius, Lat. in law] that which contains
an appeal; as, an appellatory libel.

APPELLE＇E, one who is appealed against or accused.

APPELLOUR, or APPELLANT [in old law] one who having con­
fessed a crime, appeals, i. e. accuses others who were his accomplices.
Vide APPE＇AL and APPE＇LLANT.

APE＇LLOUR, also signifies a challenger.

To APPE＇ND [appendre, Fr. appendo, Lat.] to hang any thing upon
another; as, the inscription was appended to the column. Johnson.







2. To put to another thing as an appendage or accessory, not a prin­
cipal part; as, that codicil was appended to his last will.

APPE＇NDAGE [of appendo, Lat.] 1. Any thing which is added to
another, without being essential thereto, and only considered as an ac­
cessory or less principal part thereof; as, modesty is the appendage of
sobriety, and is to chastity, &c. as the fringes are to a garment. Taylor.

APPE＇NDANT [appendens, Lat.] 1. Hanging to some other thing;
as, that silk bag was appendant to his hair. 2. Annexed to, conco­
mitant; as, despise the world and all its appendant vanities.

APPENDANT [in law] as by prescription depending on or belong­
ing to another that is principal; as accessorium principali, with civi­
lians, and adjunctum subjecto, with logicians; as an hospital may be
appendant to a manor, &c.

APPE＇NDANT, subst. that which is an adventitious part of another
thing, an accessory; as, a word, a look, a tread, will strike, as they
are appendants to external symmetry, or indications of the beauty of
the mind. Grew.

APPE＇NDENT Remedies [in medicine] are such as are outwardly ap­
plied by hanging about the neck.

To APPE＇NDICATE [of appendo, Lat.] to add or append to some
other thing; as, in a palace there is the case, or fabric of the struc­
ture, and there are certain additaments, as various furniture, and cu­
rious motions of divers things appendicated to it. Sir Matthew Hale.
But this word does not seem analogical.

APPENDICA＇TION [of appendicate] the thing appended or annexed;
as, there are considerable parts and integrals and appendications to this
mundus aspectabilis, impossible to be eternal. Hale. Vide preceding
word.

APPENDI＇CULA, a little appendix. Lat.

APPENDICULA Vermiformis [in anatomy] the intestinum cœcum, or
blind gut, so called on account of its figure and situation; because in
some creatures it hangs down like a worm, and is not filled with
ordure as the others are.

APPENDI＇TIA [in ancient deeds] the appendages or appurtenances
of an estate.

APPENDIX, [Lat. appendices, plur.] 1. A thing accessory to or depen­
dent on another; as, the cherubims were only appendices to another
thing. Stillingfleet. 2. Something concomitant; both senses have to
before the thing to which an appendix is made. It is principally used
in matters of literature for an additional discourse placed at the end of
a book or treatise, either to explain some things, or to draw conclusions
therefrom.

APPENDIX [with anatomists] a part which is in some measure de­
tached from another part to which it adheres.

APP＇ENNAGE, or APP＇ANNAGE [apanȃge, Fr. apanagium, proba­
bly, says Johnson, of panis, bread; vide APANAGE; which seems
more proper, as being the analogous word to the derivation] the for­
tune, or portion which a sovereign prince gives to his younger son or
children. The younger sons of England have no certain appennages,
but only what the king is pleased to bestow upon them; but in France
the king＇s younger sons have (by virtue of the law of appannage)
duchies, counties, or baronies granted to them and their heirs, the
reversion reserved to the crown, and all matters of regality, as coin­
age, levying taxes, &c. as the earldom of Chester was a kind of ap­
pannage to Wales, and used to go to the king＇s son. Bacon.

APPE＇NSA, [from appendo, Lat.] things hanged up or weighed.

APPENSA [with physicians] the same as periapta, things hanged
about the neck of diseased persons, to cure some distempers.

APPENSU＇RA [old records] the payment of money at the scale or
by weight.

To APPERTA＇IN [appartenir, Fr. appartenere, It. pertenecér, Sp.
of ad and pertineo, Lat.] 1. To have a dependence upon, to belong
to, as of proper right; as, this doctrine appertains to Mahomed. 2.
As by nature or appointment; as, if the soul of man did serve only
to give him being in this life, then things appertaining to this life would
content him. Hooker. Both senses have to.

APPERTA＇INMENT [of appertain] that which belongs to any digni­
ty; a word used by Shapespeare; as,
We lay by
Our appertainments, visiting of him.

APPE＇RTENA＇NCE, APPERTENANCY, APPERTENANCES, or AP­
PURTENANCIES [appartenance, Fr. appartenenza, It. pertinéncia, Sp.
of ad and pertinentia, Lat.] things both corporeal, i. e. belonging to
another thing as their principal, as court-yards, drains, &c. to an
house; and incorporeal, as liberties and services of tenants; as, the
doubtful appertenances of arts. Brown.

APPE＇RTINENT, adj. [of ad, to, and pertinens, Lat. belonging] re­
lating to. It is substantively used by Shakespeare; as, all appertinents
belonging to his honour.

A＇PPETENCE, or APPETENCY [appetentia, of appeto, Lat.] earnest
desire, great inclination; it is generally applied to sensual desires; as,
in Milton, the taste of lustful appetence.

APPETIBI＇LITY [of appetible] quality of being desirable; as, the
appetibility of the object. Bramhall.

APPE＇TIBLE [appetibilis, Lat.] that which may be desired, or may
excite appetite; as, a power to slight the most appetible objects. Bram­
hall.

APPE＇TIBLENESS [of appetible] worthiness to be desired.

A＇PPETITE [appetit, Fr. appetito, It. apetito, Sp. appetitus, of ap­
peto, Lat. to desire strongly] 1. The affection of the mind, by which we
are incited to any thing that is good, the natural appetence we have
to seek sensible pleasure; as, the object of appetite, is whatsoever sen­
sible good may be wished for; the object of will is that good which
reason does lead us to seek. Hooker. 2. Inordinate desire, sensual
lust; as, bestial appetite in change of lust. Shakespeare. 3. Eager
longing, earnest appetence of any thing; as, Hopton had an extra­
ordinary appetite to engage Waller. Clarendon. 4. The desire of nou­
rishment, or a stomach to victuals and drink; as, one cause of appe­
tite is a contraction of the stomach. 5. It sometimes has of before
the object; as, he needed some restraint to his immoderate appetite
of power. Clarendon. 6. Sometimes to; as, we have generally such
an appetite to praise, that we greedily suck it in. Government of the
Tongue.

APPETITE [by philosophers] is defined a desire of enjoying some­
thing wanted, or a complacency in the enjoyment of a thing present:
it is distinguished into voluntary and natural.

Voluntary APPETITE [with schoolmen] is the will itself acting un­
der a competent knowledge or information of the matter in hand, as
the desire of happiness.

Natural APPETITE [with schoolmen] a sort of instinct, whereby
we are mechanically pushed on to consult our own preservation.

A good APPETITE needs no sauce. Fr. A bon appetit il ne faut point
de sauce. The Lat. say; Optimum cibi condimentum fames. The Ger.
Hunger ist de der beste loch. (Hunger is the best sauce or cook.) The
meaning is, that a good appetite makes our food go down more sa­
vourily than the best sauces without it, and where the former is, the
latter ought to be avoided, as very destructive to our constitution.

APPETI＇TION [appetitio, of appeto, Lat.] an earnest desire, or eager
pursuit after; as, the actual appetition or fastening our affections on
him. Hammond.

APPE＇TITIVE [appetitivo, It.] of or belonging to the appetite,
having the power or quality of desiring; as, the will is not a bare ap­
petitive power, as that of the sensual appetite, but a rational appetite.
Hale.

APPETI＇TUS Caninus [with physicians] an inordinate, extravagant
hunger to the degree of a disease, so that persons devour every thing
like dogs.

To APPLAU＇D [applaudir, Fr. aplaudir, Sp. of applaudo; of ad,
to, and plaudo, to clap, Lat.] 1. To commend highly, as it were, with
clapping of hands; to approve well of any thing done. 2. To
praise in general; as, worlds applaud that must not yet be found.
Pope.

APPLAU＇DER [of applaud] he that applauds; as, the noise of a
multitude of applauders. Glanville.

APPLAU＇SE, [applauso, It. aplauso, Sp. of applausus, Lat.] a clap­
ping of hands as a sigh of joy or congratulation; publick praise,
great commendation loudly expressed; as, kings fight for kingdoms,
madmen for applause. Dryden.

A＇PPLE [appel, O. and L. Ger. apsel, H. Ger. aplo, Su. æppel,
Sax.] botanists give the name of apple not only to the fruit of the ap­
ple tree, but also to all sorts of fruit; as well of herbs as trees, that
are round; as, a pine apple, &c.
An APPLE, an egg, and a nut,
You may eat after a slut.
L. Poma, ＇ova atque nuces, si det tibi sordida, gustes.
Because the first is pared, and the two latter are taken out of their shells
before they are eaten.

The APPLE, pupil, or ball of the eye: He kept them as the apple
of his eye. Deuteronomy.

A＇PPLE of love [with botanists] an herb, a kind of nightshade; of
this there are, three sorts; the most common having long trailing
branches, with rough leaves and yellow joints, succeeded by apples, as
they are called, at the joints, not round, but bunched, of a pale
orange shining pulp, and seeds within. Mortimer.

APPLEGRAFT, a graft or twig of an apple-tree, grafted on some
other stock; we have seen three and twenty applegrafts upon the same
old plant. Boyle.

A＇PPLETART, a tart made of apples; up and down carved like an
appletart. Shakespeare.

APPLE-TREE, the fruit of this tree is for the most part hollow
about the footstalk, the cells inclosing the seed are separated by car­
tilaginous partitions, the juice is sourish, the tree large and spreading,
the flowers of five leaves expand like a rose: the fruit for the dessert
are the white juneting, margaret apple, summer pearmain, summer
queening, embroidered apple, golden reinette, summer whitte colville,
summer red colville, silver pippin, aromatic pippin, grey reinette, la
haute bonté, royal russeting, Wheeler＇s russet, Sharp＇s russet, spice
apple, golden pippin, nonpareil and capi: those for the kitchen, are,
codling, summer marigold, summer red pearmain, Holland pippin,
Kentish pippin, the hanging body, Loan＇s pearmain, French reinette,
French pippin, royal russet, monstrous reinette, winter pearmain,
pomme violette, Spencer＇s pippin, stone pippin, oakenpin: and those
used for cyder, are, Devonshire royal wildings, redstreaked apple,
the whitsour, Herefordshire underlecy, johnapple, &c. Miller.

A＇PPLEWOMAN, a woman who sells apples; as, two applewomen
scolding.

APPLEBY, the chief town of the county of Westmoreland, situated
on the river Eden: it has a market on Saturday, and sends two mem­
bers to parliament.

APPLI＇ABLE, or A＇PPLICABLE [of apply or applicable, Fr. applica­
bile, It. aplicable, Sp. of applicabilis, Lat.] that may be applied, that
properly has relation to, any thing conformable; for appliable we
now generally use applicable; as, the varieties of the matter where­
unto principals are appliable. Hooker. What he says of the portrait of
any person is applicable to poetry. Dryden.

APPLI＇ANCE [of apply] the act of applying, the thing applied; as,
Diseases desperate grown,
By desperate appliance are relieved. Shakespeare.

APPLICABI＇LITY [of applicable] the quality of being fit to be ap­
plied; as, the action of cold consists of two parts, the one pressing,
the other penetration, which require applicability. Digby.

A＇PPLICABLENESS [of applicable] fitness of being applied; as, the
knowledge of salts may, by that little which we have delivered of its
applicableness, be of use. Boyle.

A＇PPLICABLY, in a manner proper to be applied.

A＇PPLICATE [with geometricians] is a right line drawn across a
curve, so as to bissect the diameter; in a conic section, it is called
the ordinate or semi-ordinate.

APPLICATE Ordinate [conic sections] is a right line applied at
right angles to the axis of a conic section, and bounded by the
curve.

APPLICA＇TION [applicazione, It. applicación, Sp. of applicatio,
Lat.] the act of applying one thing to another, by approaching or
bringing them together, with to; as, the headach was relieved by
the application of leeches to the temples. 2. The thing applied; as,







he cures the leprosy by means of a new application. 3. The making
an address to a person, as a petitioner; as, a patent passed upon the
application of an obscure mechanic. Swift. 4. The act of employ­
ing any means for some end; as, if a right course be taken with child­
ren, there will not be much need of the application of the common re­
wards. Locke. 5. Attention of mind, diligence, study; as, by fre­
quent attention and application of our thoughts to their business, we get
the habit of attention and application. 6. Attention to some particu­
lar matter, with to; as, his continued application to public affairs di­
verts him from pleasure. Addison. 7. The condition of being used as
means towards some end; as, there is no stint which can be set to
the merit of Christ＇s sacrificed body, bounds of efficacy unto life it
knoweth none, but is also itself infinite in possibility of application.
Hooker.

APPLICATION [with divines] is used for the act whereby our Sa­
viour transfers or makes over to us what he had purchased by the
sanctity of his life and death.

APPLICATION [in astrology] the approaching of two planets to­
wards each other.

APPLICATION [with geometricians] is sometimes used for di­
vision.

A＇PPLICATIVE [applicatus, Lat.] that which applies; as, the di­
rective command for council is in the understanding, and the applica­
tive command for putting in execution, is in the will. Bramhall.

A＇PPLICATORY, adj. [applicatus, Lat.] comprising the act of ap­
plication.

APPLICATORY, subst. that which applies; as, saith is the inward
applicatory of the death of Christ. Taylor.

To APPLY＇ [applicuer, Fr. aplicàr, Sp. and Port. applico, Lat. of
ad, to, and plico, to sold] 1. To put, set, or lay one thing to another,
having to; as, he said, and to the sword his throat apply＇d. Dryden.
2. To lay medicines on a diseased part; as, apply some speedy cure,
prevent our fate. Addison. 3. To use as relative and proper to any
thing, with to; as, I repeated the verses which I formerly applied to him. Dryden. 4. To bestow upon some uses; as, the profits thereof
might be applied towards the support of the year. Clarendon. 5. To
use as means to an end; as, these are instruments in God＇s hands
who applies their services. Rogers. 6. To have recourse to a person as
a petitioner, having to; as, I had no thought of applying to any but
himself. Swift. 7. To take to, or give one＇s self up to, to fix the
attention on, to study; having to or unto; as, apply thine heart unto
instruction. Proverbs. 8. To endeavour to influence or operate upon,
with to; as, God knows every faculty and passion, and in what man­
ner they can most successfully be applied to. Rogers. 9. To keep
busy, or at work: an antiquated sense, says Johnson; as, she was
skilful in applying his humours; never suffering fear to fall to despair,
nor hope to hasten to assurance. Sidney. And, their flying feet so fast
their way apply＇d. Spencer.

To APPLY [by geometricians] is used in several senses; to fit
quantities, the areas of which are equal, but the figures different, so
that they shall conform one to another. Again,

To APPLY, is used for to transfer or inscribe a line given, into a cir­
cle or any other figure, that it may be so fitted or accommodated there,
as that its extremities may touch the circle.

To APPLY [with geometricians] is used to express division, and
thus they say, applica 8 ad 24, when they would have 24 divided by
8. And also,

APPLY is used for to multiply by the same writers. Thus they say,
app. 8 in 12, when they would have 12 multiplied by 8.

APPODIA＇RE [old word] to lean on or prop up any thing.

To APPOI＇NT [of appointer, Fr.] 1. To fix the precise time for a
transaction; as, the time appointed by the Father. Galatians. 2. To
settle a thing by prior agreement; as, appoint me thy wages and I
will give it. Genesis. 3. To order, to determine or establish by de­
cree; as, the Lord chose me before thy father, &c. to appoint me ruler.
Samuel. Anciently used for furnishing soldiers with warlike necessaries;
as, the English being well appointed, did so entertain them, that their
ships departed terribly torn. Hayward.

APPOINTE＇E [in France] a foot soldier, who for his long service
and singular bravery, not only receives more pay than private centinels,
but stands fair for promotion.

APPOI＇NTER, he that appoints.

APPOI＇NTMENT [of appointement, Fr.] the act of appointing or sti­
pulating something between two or more persons; as, they made an
appointment together to come to mourn with him. Job. 2. Order,
direction; as,

That good fellow,
If I command him, follows my appointment. Shakespeare.
3. Decree; as, he alone hath power over all flesh, and unto his
appointment we ought with patience meekly to submit. Hooker. 4. State
of being furnished or equipped, in a military or naval sense; as,

They have put forth the haven: further on;
Where their appointment we may best discover Shakespeare.
5. A pension or salary given to persons of merit, particularly to pub­
lic officers.

APPON＇ERE [old rec.] to pledge or pawn.

To APPO＇RT [apporto, of ad, to, and porto, Lat. to carry] to bring
or carry to.

APPO＇RTION [of ad, d mut. in p, and portio, Lat.] to proportion, to
divide into convenient proportions or lots (law term) as, to apportion
time, in Bacon; an office cannot be apportioned out like a common,
and shared among distinct proprietors. Collier.

APP＇ORTIONMENT [apportionamentum, law Lat.] a dividing of
rent into two parts or portions, according as the land whence it issues
is divided among two or more: thus if a man have rent service issu­
ing out of land, and he purchases part of the land, the rent shall be
apportioned according to the value of the land.

APPO＇RTUM [old rec.] a corrody or pension allowed out of a reli­
gious house; also the revenue, gain, or profit which a thing brings
unto its owner.

APPO＇SAL of sheriffs, is the charging them with money received
upon their account in the exchequer.

To APPO＇SE [apposni, preterperf. of appono] to put questions to:
this word is not now in use, except that in some schools to put gram­
matical questions to a boy is called to pose him; and we now use
pose for puzzle. Johnson. As, some procure themselves to be found
doing somewhat which they are not accustomed, to the end they
may be apposed of those things which of themselves they are desi­
rous to utter. Bacon.

APPO＇SER, an examiner.

A＇PPOSITE [appositus, Lat.] well adapted pat, or what is said or
done to the purpose, and according to time, place, and circum­
stances. The duke＇s delivery of his mind, was not so sharp, as solid
and grave and apposite to the occasion. Wotton.

A＇PPOSITELY, in a proper manner; as, ask a question appositely.

A＇PPOSITENESS [of apposite] fitness for the purpose, congruity,
suitableness; as, judgment is concerning the rightness and appositeness
of things.

APPOSI＇TION [Fr. apposizione, It.] act of putting to and applying
properly, a laying a thing by the side of another. Lat.

APPOSITION [in grammar] is the putting two or more substantives
together in the same case, and without any conjunctive copulate between
them; as, caput infantis filiæ, the head of the infant my daughter.

APPOSITION [with philosophers] an addition of matter to any
body outwardly; but it is usually applied to the encrease of bodies
without life; and is called also accretion, and juxta position; as, a
mass grows bigger by the apposition of new matter.

To APPRAI＇SE [apprezzare, It. probably of ad and pretium, Lat. a
price, or of apprecier, Fr.] to value, rate, or set a price on goods in
order for sale.

APPRAI＇SER, a valuer of goods, he that appraises goods to be
sold.

APPRAI＇SEMENT, the valuation of any thing to be sold.

To APPREHE＇ND [apprehender, Fr. apprehendo, Lat.] 1. To lay hold
of; as, we have two hands to apprehend a thing. 2. To seize or ar­
rest, in order to bring one to trial or punishment; as, the governor
was desirous to apprehend me. Corinthians. 3. To conceive, com­
prehend, or understand; the good which is gotten by doing, causeth
not action, unless apprehending it is good, we like and desire it. Hooker.
4. To suspect or fear, to think on with terror; as, from my grand­
father＇s death I had reason to apprehend the stone. Temple.

APPREHE＇NDER [of apprehend] he that apprehends or conceives;
as, gross apprehenders may not think it strange. Granville.

APPREHE＇NSIBLE [of apprehensum, sup. of apprehendo, Lat.] that
which can be conceived; as, the north and southern poles are incom­
municable, whereof the one is not apprehensible in the other. Brown.

APPREHE＇NSION [apprehensione, It. of apprehensio, Lat. in law]
1. The act of seizing upon; as,

Go we, brothers, to the man that took him,
To question of his apprehension. Shakespeare.
Bare perception, understanding, or the mere contemplation of things
without affirming or denying concerning them; so we think of a
horse, &c. Watts. Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul＇s
naked intellection of an object, without either composition or deduction.
Glanville. 2. Preconceived sentiments, received opinion; as, it is
according to the vulgar apprehensions and conceptions of things: con­
ception, understanding. 3. The faculty of conceiving any new idea;
as,
—And understood
Their nature; with such knowledge God endu＇d
My sudden apprehension. Milton.
4. Suspicion of something to happen or to be done. That he might
take away the apprehension that he meant suddenly to depart, he sent out
orders to send proportions of corn to Basinghouse. Clarendon. 5. Fear,
dread, terror; as, after the death of his nephew, Caligula, Claudius
was in no small apprehension about his own life. Addison.

APPREHE＇NSION, is painted as a young, sprightly and active dam­
sel, clad in white, and in a listening posture, holding in one hand a
camelion, and in the other a looking-glass. Youth denotes her apt­
ness to apprehend and learn; in white because it is the ground of all
colour; on tip-toe shews the readiness she is in to apprehend, learn
and understand; the glass because she imprints on herself, and makes
all she hears and sees her own.

APPREHE＇NSION [with logicians] the first idea which the mind
forms of any thing abstractedly of its particular qualities.

APPREHE＇NSIVE, quick of apprehension, sensible; as, if conscience
be naturally apprehensive and sagacious, certainly we should rely upon
the reports of it. South. 2. Suspicious of something bad to happen,
fearful; with of; as, the inhabitants were extremely apprehensive of
seeing Lombardy the seat of war. Addison.

APPREHE＇NSIVELY, sensibly; also timorously.

APPREHE＇NSIVENESS [of apprehensivus, Lat.] aptness to apprehend,
sensibleness; by salling upon the vowels last, which are more difficult
to be taught, you will find great help by the appehensiveness already
gained by learning the consonants. Holder.

APPRE＇NDRE [in ancient law books] a see or profit to be taken or
received.

APPRE＇NTICE [apprentisse, apprentif, apprenti, Fr. of apprendre, Fr.
or apprehendo Lat. to learn] a youth who is bound by indenture, &c.
to serve a person of trade for a term of years, upon condition that the
tradesman or artificer shall in the mean time endeavour to instruct him
in his art and mystery; as, the painter ought not to subject himself ser­
vilely, and be bound like an apprentice to the rules of his art. Dryden.

APPRE＇NTICED [of apprentice] put out as an apprentice to a master;
him portion＇d maids, apprentic＇d orphans blest. Pope.

APPRE＇NTICEHOOD [of apprentice] the time of an apprentice＇s ser­
vitude; as, to serve a long apprenticehood.

APPRE＇NTICESHIP [of apprentice] the time of an apprentice＇s ser­
vice; as, many rushed into the ministry, as being the only calling
that they could prosess, without serving any apprenticeship. South.

To APPRI＇ZE [appris, of apprendre, Fr. to learn] to inform, to ac­
quaint; with of; as, it is fit that he be apprized of a few things.

To A＇PRICATE [apricor, Lat.] to set or sit abroad in the sun.

APPRO＇ACH [appreche, Fr. approccio, It.] act of coming near or
advancing. Our eyes, after a long darkness,
Are dazzled at th＇ approach of sudden light. Denham.
2. Access, admission to; as, honour hath in it the vantage ground to







do good, the approach to kings and principal persons. Bacon. 3. Ad­
vance, in hostility; as,

For England his approaches makes as fierce
As waters to the sucking of a gulf. Shakespeare.
4. Means of making advances; as,

Hills pil＇d on hills, on mountains mountains lie,
To make their mad approaches to the sky. Dryden.

To APPROACH, verb neut. [of approcher, Fr.] 1. To draw nigh to,
or come near, with regard to place; as, the powers of the kingdom
approach apace. Shakespeare. 2. With regard to time; as, the hour
of attack approaches. Gay. 3. To make advance towards, in a figura­
tive sense, as mentally; with to, towards, or unto; as, who is this that
engaged his heart to approach unto me. Jeremiah: And, he was
an admirable poet, and thought even to have approached Homer.
Temple.

To A＇PPROACH, verb act. to bring near to; having to: this sense
is rather French than English. Johnson. As, by plunging paper
thoroughly in weak spirit of wine, and approaching it to a candle,
the spirituous parts will burn, without harming the paper. Boyle.

APPRO＇ACHER [of approach] he that approaches; as, bid welcome
to knaves and all approachers. Shakespeare.

APPROA＇CHABLE [of approach] that may be come near to.

APPROA＇CHABLENESS [of approachable] easiness of being ap­
proached.

APPROA＇CHES [in fortification] the several works made by the be­
siegers for advancing or getting nearer to a fortress or besieged place.

APPROA＇CHING, [in gardening] the inoculating or ingrafting the
sprig of one tree into another, without cutting it off from the parent
tree. This is also called inarching.

APPROA＇CHLESS [of approach] that cannot be approached.

APPROA＇CHMENT [of approach] act of coming near: a word used
by Sir Tho. Brown; as, ice will not concrete, but in the approach­
ment of the air.

APPROBA＇TION [Fr. approbazione, It. approbación, Sp. of approba­
tio, Lat.] 1. Act of approving, or expressing one＇s self to be pleased.

That not past, me but
By learned approbation of my judges. Shakespeare.
2. The liking of any thing, acquiescence in it; as, there is no posi­
tive law of men, whether received by formal consent, as in counsels, or
by secret approbation, as in customs, but may be taken away.
Hooker. 3. Open attestation, explicite support; as,
How many now in health
Shall drop their blood in approbation
Of what your reverence shall incite us to. Shakespeare.

APPROBA＇TORY, adj. [from approbation, of the same form with
commendatory, and the like] what relates to approbation.

APPRO＇OF [from approve; as proof from prove] approbation: a
word rightly derived, tho＇ old. Johnson.
That bear one and the self same tongue,
Either of condemnation or approof. Shakespeare.

To APPRO＇PERATE [approperatum, Lat.] to hasten to, to set for­
ward.

To APPROPI＇NQUATE [appropinquarsi, It. apropinquar, Sp. of ap­
propinquo, Lat.] to draw nigh unto; to approach.

To APPROPI＇NQUE [appropinquo, Lat.] the same with appropin­
quate; as,
The clotted blood within my hose,
That from my wounded body flows,
With mortal crisis doth portend
My days to appropinque an end. Hudibras.

APPRO＇PRIABLE [from appropriate] that may be appropriated or
restricted to some particular thing; as, this conceit applied unto the
original of man, and the beginning of the world, is more justly appro­
priable unto its end. Brown.

APPROPRI＇ARE Communam [in law] signifies to discommon, i. e.
to separate or inclose any parcel of land, which before was com­
mon.

APPROPRIARE ad Honorem [in law] is to bring a manor within the
extent and liberty of such an honour.

APPRO＇PRIATE, or APPRO＇PRIATED [appropriatus, Lat.] a term
used by philosophers, of something which is peculiarly restricted and
consigned to some particular purpose or person; as, he instituted a
band of fifty archers, and, that it might not be thought any matter
of diffidence appropriate to his own case, he made an ordinance to
hold in succession for ever. Bacon.

To APPROPRIATE [approprier, Fr. appropriàr, Sp. of appropriare,
It and Lat.] 1. To usurp the property of a thing, to engross, to exer­
cise a right exclusively: all the sences have to
To themselves appropriating
The spirit of God, promis＇d alike and giv＇n
To all believers. Milton.
2. To set aside any thing for the use of any one, to consign it for a
particular purpose; as, things sanctified were so appropriated unto God,
as that they might never afterwards be made common. Hooker. 3. To
apply particularly, to annex peculiarly to something; as, his system
that has appropriated some verses of sacred scripture to the orthodoxy
of his church, makes them irrefragable arguments. Locke. 4. In
law, to alienate a benefice. Vide APPROPRIATION. Before Richard II.
it was lawful to appropriate the whole fruits of a benefice to any abbey,
which horrid evil that prince redressed. Ayliffe.

APPRO＇PRIATE [in law] signifies a church or benefice, the patro­
nage of which is annexed to some church dignity, so that the person
receives the tithes.

APPRO＇PRIATENESS [of appropriate] fitness to some other thing, &c.

APPROPRIA＇TION [Fr. appropriazione, It. appropriación, Sp. of ap­
propriatio, Lat. from appropriate] 1. The application of something to a
particular use; as, the mind should have distinct ideas of the things, and
retain the particular name with its peculiar appropriation to that idea.
Locke. 2. The exclusive claim of any thing; as, he doth nothing but
talk of his horse, and make a great appropriation to his good parts,
that he can shoe him himself. Shakespeare. 3. The fixing a particular
signification to a word; as, the name of faculty may, by an appropriation
that disguises its true sense, palliate theabsurdity. Locke. 4. When the
advowson of a parsonage or the profits of a church-living, are made
over to the proper and perpetual use of some bishop, dean, chapter,
college, religious house, &c. and their successors; so that the body or
house are both patron and parson, and some one of the members of­
ficiates as a vicar; because as parsons ordinarily have no right of fee­
simple, these, by reason of their perpetuity, are accounted owners of
the fee-simple; and therefore are called proprietors. To the appro­
priation or severing of a benefice ecclesiastical, after the licence obtain­
ed of the king in chancery, the consent of the diocesan, patron and
incumbent are necessary, if the church be full; but if the church be
void, the diocesan and the patron, upon the king＇s licence, may con­
clude. Cowel.

APPROPRIA＇TOR [of appropriate] the possessor of an appropriated
benefice; as, these appropriators are called proprietors. Ayliffe.

APPRO＇VABLE [of approuver, Fr. approbo, Lat.] that may be ap­
proved; as, the confirmed experience of any men is very approvable
in what profession soever. Brown.

APPRO＇VAL [of approve] approbation: a word not much used.
There is a censor of justice and manners, without whose approval no
capital sentences are to be executed. Temple.

APPRO＇VANCE [of approve] approbation: a word not much used;
it is found in Shakespeare.

To APPRO＇VE [approvare, It. aprovàr, Sp. and Port. of approbo,
Lat. whence approuver, Fr.] 1. To like, to be pleased with. 2. To
allow of, to express liking for; as, an approved writer. 3. To shew,
to justify; as, to approve one＇s skill. 4. To experience. Johnson.

Oh, ＇tis the curse in love, and still approv＇d,
When women cannot love where they＇re belov＇d. Shakespeare.
5. To render one＇s self recommendable and worthy of approbation;
with to. 6. With of before the object; as, to approve of a thing.

To APPRO＇VE [in common law] as to improve or increase.

APPRO＇VEMENT [of approve] approbation: a word in Hayward.

APPROVEMENT [approveamentum, law Lat.] is used for improve­
ment by ancient writers.

APPROVEMENT of Land [law term] signifies the making the best
advantage of it by increasing the rent; also a lord＇s inclosing waste
ground for himself, yet leaving sufficient ingress for the commoners to
the common.

APPRO＇VER [from approve] 1. One, who approves or allows of.
2. He that makes trial; as,
—————Will make known
To their approvers, they are people such. Shakespeare.

APPROVER [in law] a felon who confessing felony of himself, ap­
peals or accuses his accomplices as guilty of the same crime with him.
He is so called because he must prove what he hath alledged, in his ap­
peal.

APPRO＇VERS, are also certain persons who are sent into several
counties, there to increase the farms of the hundreds, &c. which in
ancient times were let at a certain rate to the sheriffs, who let them to
others.

APPROVERS [of the king] such persons who in small manors have
the letting of the king＇s demesns or lands.

APPROVERS [in the Marches of Wales] those persons who had li­
cense to sell and buy cattle in the parts of Wales.

APPRO＇XIMATE [of ad, to, and proximus, Lat. next] near to,
contiguous to.

APPROXIMA＇TION [approssimazione, It. of ad, to, and proximus,
Lat. next,] a coming near to. The sun＇s gradual approximation to­
wards the earth. Hale.

APPROXIMATION [in arithmetic and algebra] is a continual ap­
proach nearer and nearer to the root or quantity sought, without a
possibility of ever arriving at it exactly.

APPROXIMATION [in natural magic] is one of the methods of
transplanting, or the removing a disease from one creature to another,
or from an animal to a plant.

APPUI [Fr. with horsemen] is the stay upon the horseman＇s hand, or
the reciprocal sense between the horse＇s mouth and the bridle hand;
or the horse＇s sense of the action of the bridle in the horseman＇s
hand.

A more than full APPUI [with horsemen] a term they use of a
horse that is stopped with some force, but still so that he does not
force the horseman＇s hand.

APPU＇LSE [appulsus, Lat.] the act of striking against; as, in all
consonants there is an appulse of the organs. Holder.

APPULSE [with astronomers] the approach of a planet to a con­
junction.

APPU＇RTENANCE [appurtenance, Fr.] See APPE＇RTINANCES.

APPURTENANCE of a Lamb, a lamb＇s pummace.

APRICA＇TION, a basking or lying in the sun. Lat.

APRI＇CITY [apricitas, of apricus, sunny] sun-shine, the warmth of
the sun in the open air.

A＇PRICOT [abricot, of apricus, Lat. sunny] a sort of wall fruit
that requires much sun to ripen it: the ordinary sorts cultivated in
England, are, 1. The masculine apricot. 2. The orange apricot. 3.
The Algier apricot. 4. The Roman apricot. 5. The Turky apricot.
6. The transparent apricot. 7. The Breda apricot. 8. The Brussels
apricot. They are propagated by budding them on plumb-stocks of
any sort, provided the stock be thriving. Miller.

A＇PRIL [Avril, Fr. Aprile, It. Abril, Sp. and Port. Aprilis, of ape­
riendo, Lat. opened, because the pores of the earth are then opened]
the fourth month, beginning at January. The ancients painted this
month like a young man cloathed in green, with a garland of myrtle,
and hawthorn buds, winged, holding in one hand primroses and vio­
lets, and in the other the celestial sign Taurus.

APRIL showers bring forth May-flowers.
When APRIL blows his horn,
(i. e. when it thunders)
It is good both for hay and corn.

A＇PRON [of aforan, Sax. a word of uncertain etymology, but sup­
posed by some to be contracted from afore-one. Johnson] part of a
woman＇s garment, worn before, to keep her other dress clean.

APRON [in gunnery] a piece of lead that covers the touch-hole of
a gun.

APRON, of a goose, in popular language, the fat skin that covers
the belly.

A＇PRON-MAN, a man that wears an apron, a working mechanic.








A＇PRONED [of apron] wearing an apron.

A＇PSIDES [of ἀψις, Gr. a vault or arch] so called, because vaulted
over, a kind of private oratories or chapels in great churches; also
called doxalia or doxologia, and is used in the Low-countries for a kind
of choir or place beyond the altar, where the religious sit and sing the
office, without being seen by the people.

A＇PSIS, or ABSIDES, plur. [ἀψις, Gr. with astronomers] two points
in the orbit of a planet, in which it is at the greatest and the least dis­
tance from the sun or earth, the higher of which is called the apogee
or aphelion, and the lower the perigee or perihelion.

A＇PSYCHY [apsychia, Lat. of α priv. and ψυχη, Gr. the soul, &c.]
a swooning or fainting away.

APSY＇CTOS [of α and ψυκτος, of ψυχω, Gr. to grow cold] a pre­
cious stone, which, when hot, will keep so seven days.

APT [atto, It. apto, Sp. of aptus, Lat.] 1. Fit, proper, meet,
convenient; as, an apt instrument. 2. Having a tendency to any
action; as, apt or inclinable to do this or that. 3. Propense, or for­
wardly inclined to; as, we are apt to think well of ourselves. 4.
Ready, ripe, quick; as, an apt scholar. 5. Trained up to, qualified
for; as, all that were strong and apt for war, even them the king
of Babylon brought captive to Babylon. Kings.

To APT [apto, Lat.] 1. To adapt, to fit; it is a word used by B.
Johnson. 2. To fit, to qualify; as, apted for any ill impressions.
Denham.

To A＇PTATE [aptatum, sup. of apto, Lat.] to make fit.

To APTATE a Planet, [with astrologers] is to strengthen the pla­
net, in position of house and dignities, to the greatest advantage, in
order to bring about the desired end.

A＇PTHA [ἀϕθαι, Gr.] certain ulcers which breed in the uppermost
part of the mouth.

AP THANES [in Scotland] the higher nobility, anciently so called,
in contradistinction to the lower sort, or under thanes.

A＇PTITUDE [Fr. attitudine, It. atitúd, Sp. of aptitudo, Lat.] 1.
Fitness; as, aptitude or fitness for any end. 2. Tendency; as, by
abortion an aptitude to miscarry is acquired. 3. A natural disposition
to do any thing. He that is about children, should study their nature
and aptitudes. Locke.

A＇PTLY [from apt] 1. Properly, conveniently, fitly, with due cor­
respondence; as, a thing was aptly performed. 2. Pertinently, just­
ly; as, that was aptly remarked. 3. With readiness, with acuteness;
as, the boy aptly learned it.

A＇PTNESS [from apt] 1. Fitness, suitableness. 2. Disposition to a
thing. 3. Readiness of parts, acuteness. 4. Tendency to. Such re­
flections, as have an aptness to improve the mind. Addison.

A＇PTOTE [ἀπτωτος, of α and πτωσις, Gr. a case] a noun which is
not declined with cases.

APY＇REXY [ἀπυρεξια, of α priv. and πυρεσσω, Gr. to be sick of a
by fire.

APY＇ROTOS [ἀπυρωτος, of α priv. and πυρ, Gr. fire] the best sort
of a carbuncle, which glows as though burning, yet cannot be hurt
fever] the intermission of a fever. Blanc.

A＇PYRUM Sulphur (ἀπυρος, of α priv. and πυρ, Gr. fire, in medicine]
sulphur that has not felt the fire, or has not been burnt.

A＇QUA, water, rain; also waterish humour. Lat.

AQUA Chrysulca. See AQUA Regia.

AQUA Cælestis [with chemists] heavenly water, i. e. rectified
spirit of wine.

AQUA DISTILLATA, distilled Water, a water drawn by distilling
any kind of herbs and drugs.

AQUA omnium Florum [with physicians] i. e. water of all flowers;
the water distilled from the dung of cows when they go to grass, es­
pecially in the month of May.

AQUA FORTIS, i. e. strong Water, a corrosive liquor serving as a
menstruum wherewith to dissolve silver, and all other metals, except
gold. It is made of a mixture of purified nitre, or salt-petre; vi­
triol calcined, or rectified oil of vitriol, and potters earth or clay,
distilled in a close reverberatory. The liquor, which rises in fumes
as red as blood, condensing in the receiver, is the aqua fortis. But if
sea-salt, or sal ammoniac be added to aqua fortis, it commences aqua
regia, and will then dissolve, no metal but gold. Aqua fortis is ser­
viceable to refiners, in separating silver from gold and copper; to the
workers in mosaic, for staining their wood; to dyers in their colours,
particularly scarlet; to other artists, for colouring bone and ivory;
to diamond cutters, for separating diamonds for metalline powders;
and it is also used in etching copper and brass plates. Chambers.

AQUA Intercutis [with physicians] the dropsy. Lat.

AQUA Marina, a precious stone of a sea-green or bluish colour.
Lat. Woodward says, it seems to be the beryllus of Pliny.

AQUA Mirabilis, Lat. the wonderful Water. It is prepared of
cloves, galangals, cubebs, mace, cardamums, nutmeg, ginger, and
spirit of wine digested twenty-four hours, then distilled. It is a good
and agreeable cordial.

AQUA Pericardii [with physicians] that liquor or humour, that is
collected about the heart, serving to cool it.

AQUA Regia, or AQUA Regalis, i. e. royal Water, a liquor made
by dissolving sal armoniac in aqua fortis, or spirit of nitre, and so
called because it dissolves gold. See AQUA FORTIS.

AQUA Secunda [with surgeons] a liquor made of common water,
and the powder or precipitate of silver; it is used to cause an escar to
fall off in shankers, and to consume proud flesh. Lat.

AQUA Stygia. See AQUA Regia.

AQUA-TETRACHYMA＇GOGON [of aqua, Lat. τετρα, in compounds,
sour, χυμος, humour, and ἀγωγος, Gr. a leader] a medicine purging
the four humours of the body.

AQUA-VITÆ, i. e. Water of Life, a sort of cordial liquor formerly
made of brewed beer, strongly hopped, and well fermented; now it
is commonly understood of spirits, Geneva, and the like.

A＇QUABIBE [of aqua, water, and bibo, Lat. to drink] a water-
drinker.

A＇QUÆDUCT [aqueduct, Fr. aquìdotto, It. aquatócho, Sp. of aquæ­
ductus, Lat.] a conveyance of water by pipes, a conduit of water; it is
a construction of stone or timber made on uneven ground, to preserve
the level of the water, and convey it by a canal from one place to
another.

AQUÆDUCT [with anatomists] a passage or perforation, partly
membranous, and partly cartilaginous, leading out of the bony pas­
sage of the internal ear into the palate.

A＇QUAGE [aquagium, Lat.] a water-course.

AQUA＇GIUM [old rec.] an aquage or water-course.

AQUALI＇CULUS [with anatomists] the lower part of the belly or
paunch, called also hypogastrium; by some the pubes. Bruno.

AQUA-MARINE, sea-water.

AQUA＇RIANS, a sect of christians who used nothing but water in
the sacrament.

AQUA＇RIUS [with astronomers] a constellation of the zodiac
marked thus ♒, and consists, according to Mr. Flamstead, of 99
stars.

AQUARIUS [the water-bearer] this seems to be called Aquarius
from its form. He stands holding a bason in one hand, and seems
to pour out much water. Some will have it, that this is Ganymedes,
and suppose that it is sufficient ground for that conjecture, because the
picture bears some resemblance to one pouring out wine, and they
bring the poet for an evidence, who says, that Ganymedes was snatch­
ed up to Jupiter to be his cup-bearer, and was by the gods accounted
worthy of the office, on account of his great beauty, and because he
gave to men immortality, which was unknown to them before. That
the pouring forth is supposed to resemble Nectar (the drink of the
gods) and that this is the resemblance of that drink. The con­
stellation has two obscure stars on the head, one great one on each
shoulder, one on each elbow, one bright one on the extreme part of
his right hand, one on each pap, one on the left hip, one on each
knee, upon his right leg one; in all seventeen. The pouring out of
water is on the left hand. It has ninety-nine stars, of which one is
of the first magnitude, and four of the third, the rest obscure.

AQUA-SPARTA, a small city of Italy, in the duchy of Spolctto.

AQUA＇TIC, or AQUA＇TILE [aquatique, Fr. aquatico, It. and Sp. of
aquaticus, and aquatilis, from aqua, Lat. water] growing, inhabiting
or breeding in the water. Aquatic is a word frequently used,
but aquatile rarely occurs.

AQUA＇TICS, trees or plants which grow on the banks of rivers
and marshes, and watery places.

AQUE＇DUCT. See AQUÆDUCT.

A＇QUEOUS [aqueux, Fr. acquoso, It. aquosus, of aqua, Lat.] waterish,
like water, watery.

AQUEOUS Ducts [in anatomy] certain ducts whereby the aqueous
humour is supposed to be conveyed into the inside of the membranes
which inclose that liquor.

AQUEOUS Humour [with oculists] one of the humours of the eye,
the outmost of the three humours being transparent and of no colour.
It fills up the space between the tunica cornea, and chrystalline hu­
mour.

A＇QUEOUSNESS, or AQUO＇SENESS [of aquosus, Lat.] waterishness.

A＇QUI, or AQUI＇TA, a city and province of Japan, in the island
of Niphon.

AQUIFO＇LIUM [with botanists] the holly-tree. See HOLLY.

AQUI＇GAN, one of the Marian islands in the eastern ocean.

AQUI＇GIRES, a people of Brasil in south America, in the province
of the Holy Ghost.

A＇QUILA Alba [with chemists] the white eagle, the same as mer­
curius dulcis.

AQUILA [in astronomy] the eagle, a constellation consisting of 70
stars, according to the British catalogue. This is the eagle (according
to the poets) that carried Ganymedes up to heaven, and presented
him to Jupiter to be his cup-bearer, although it was placed among
the stars upon another account, i. e. when the gods made a distribu­
tion of the birds among themselves, Jupiter chose the eagle; and also
because he of all other birds can fly against the sun, and is not dazzled
by his rays, and therefore obtains the first place among them. It is
represented with expanded wings, as though it were flying. Aglaos­
thenes relates, that Jupiter was brought up in Crete, and when he was
diligently sought after there, he was caught up and carried to Naxos,
and after he came to the age of manhood, took upon him the king­
dom of the gods; and that going from Naxos on the expedition a­
gainst the Titans, he had the eagle for his companion, and it proving
fortunate to him, he made the eagle sacred, and placed it among the
stars. And this is the reason of the honour that the eagle has obtained
in heaven.

AQUILA [in geography] a large city of Abruzzo, in the kingdom
of Naples, situated in Lat. 42° 40′ N. and long. 14° 20′ E.

AQUILA Philosophorum [with alchymists] the philosopher＇s eagle,
is the reducing metals to their first matter.

AQUILE＇GIA, or AQUILE＇IA, the plant Columbine. A genus of
plants with polypetalous anomalous flowers, and a fruit consisting of
several capsules, collected into a sort of head.

AQUI＇LEIA, a patriarchal city of Italy, near the end of the gulph
of Venice. Lat. 46° 20′ N. and Long. 13° 30′ E.

AQUILI＇NE [aquilinus, of aquila, Lat. an eagle] something belong­
ing to an eagle, when applied to the nose, hooked as an aquiline
nose, i. e. a hooked nose like an eagle＇s beak, an hawk＇s nose.

A＇QUILO, a furious and extreme cold wind, by the poets feigned to
be the offspring of Æolus and Aurora, was painted with the tail of
a serpent, and hoary hair.

AQUI＇NO, a ruinous city in the province of Lavoro, in the kingdom
of Naples, situated in Lat. 41° 30′ N. Long. 14° 30′ E.

AQUO＇SE [aquosus, of aqua, Lat.] watery, or like water.

AQUO＇SI DUCTUS [with anatomists] the watery passages, the chan­
nels of the veins that carry the watery humours, called lympha. Lat.

AQUULA [in medicine] a small watery bladder in the liver, spleen;
or some other bowel. Lat.

A. R. (as an abbreviation) signifies anno regni; in the year of the
reign of any king.

A＇RA [with astronomers] the altar, a constellation containing S
stars.

ARA＇BANT ad Curiam Domini [old records] a phrase used of those
who held by the tenure of ploughing and tilling the lord＇s lands with­
out the manor. Lat.

ARABE＇SK [so called from the Arabs, who used this kind of orna­
ments, their religion forbidding them to make any images or figures
of men or animals] a term applied to such painting, ornaments of







freezes, &c. which consisted wholly of imaginary follages, plants,
stalks, &c. without any human or animal figures.

ARA＇BIA, a large country of Asia, having Turky on the north,
Persia and the gulph of Persia on the east, the Indian ocean on the
south, and the Red-sea and isthmus of Suez on the west; and situated
between Lat. 12° and 30° N. and between Long. 35° and 60° E.
Arabia, though subject to a great many different princes, is only con­
sidered by geographers as subdivided into the three grand divisions of
Arabia, Felix, Arabia Deserta, and Arabia Petræa.

ARA＇BIAN, of or pertaining to Arabia, or the Arabs.

A＇RABIC [Arabicus, Lat.] belonging to the Arabians.

A＇RABIC Figures, or ARABIC Characters [so called, because
borrowed from the Arabs] are the numeral characters commonly
made use of in large computations, as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, not
used in England till the 11th century, i. e. after the spread of learn­
ing with the Arabian conquests in Europe.

ARA＇BICUM Gummi, a transparent kind of gum brought from Ara­
bia, a gum which distils from a species of acaia. It is very common
among us, but little is to be met with genuine; that is accounted
the best which is in smaller pieces, and almost of a white colour. It
is good in all kind of fluxes, particularly catarrhs.

A＇RABIS [in botany] a herb called candy thistle.

A＇RABISM, an idiom or manner of speaking, peculiar to the Arabs
or Arabians.

A＇RABLE [arabile, It. aráble, Sp. of arabilis, Lat. from aro, to
plough] fit for tillage, productive of corn; as, arable land, is land fit
to be ploughed or tilled.

ARA＇BUS Lapis, a stone white as ivory, the powder of which is a
dentifrice.

A＇RACAN, the capital city of a small kingdom, situated on the
north-east part of the gulph of Bengal, in Lat. 20° 30′ N. and Long.
93° E.

To A＇RACE [of arracher, Fr.] to rase.

ARA＇CH, the chief city of Arabia Petræa, situated in Lat. 30°
20′ N. and Long. 49° E.

ARA＇CHNE [ἀραχνη, Gr.] the spider, an insect; also a cobweb.

ARACHNOI＇DES [ἀραχνοειδης, of ἀραχνη, and ειδος, Gr. shape, in
anatomy, so called from their resemblance to a cobweb] a fine, thin,
transparent membrane, which lies between the dura and pia mater,
and is supposed to invest the whole substance of the brain; also one of
the tunics of the eye, the same as aranea tunica.

A＇RAC, or A＇RRAC, a spirit procured by distilling from a vegeta­
ble juice called toddi, which flows from the cocoa-nut tree, having in­
cisions made in it, like our birch-juice.

A＇RAD, a city of Upper Hungary, situated upon the banks of the
Marisch.

ARÆO＇METER [of ἀραιος, thin, and μετρον, Gr. measure] an instru­
ment to measure the density or gravity of fluids.

ARÆO＇STYLOS [of ἀραιος, thin, and στυλος, Gr. a column] a sort of
building, where the pillars are set at a great distance one from another.

ARÆO＇TICS [with physicians] medicines which tend to open the
pores of the skin, and render them large, for the morbific matter＇s
being carried off by sweat, or insensible perspiration.

A＇RAFAT, a mountain of Arabia, near Mecca, where the Maho­
metans believe that Abraham offered to sacrifice Ishmael.

A＇RAGON, a province of Spain, having Biscay and the Pyrenean
mountains on the north, Catalonia on the east, Valencia on the south,
and the two Castiles on the west.

ARA＇HO, as in araho conjurare [old law] to make oath in the
church, or some other holy place.

ARAIGNEE [in fortification] the branch, return, or gallery of a
mine.

ARA＇LIA [in doomsday-book] arable or ploughed land.

A＇RAMONT, a city of Languedoc in France, situated in Lat. 43°
54′ N. and Long. 5° E.

A＇RANDA de Duero, a city of Old Castile in Spain, situated on the
Duero, between Osma and Valladolid; so called to distinguish it
from another city of the same name, situated upon the Ebro.

ARA＇NEA Tunica [with anatomists] a coat of the eye, which sur­
rounds and encloses the crystalline humour; so called from its light
and thin contexture, like that of a spider＇s web.

ARA＇NEOUS [araneosus Lat.] full of spiders; also having the re­
semblance of a cobweb; as, the araneous membrane of the eye.

ARA＇NEUS [with physicians] 1. A low pulse. Galen. 2. A flaky
urine, having films in it like cobwebs.

A＇RANJUEZ, a palace belonging to the king of Spain, beautifully
situated on the bank of the Tagus, about fifteen or sixteen miles
eastward of Madrid.

ARA＇RAT, the ancient name for part of mount Caucasus, between
the Euxine and Caspian seas.

A＇RASH, a city of the province of Asgar, in the kingdom of Fez,
where the river Luca falls into the western ocean.

A＇RASSI, a maritime city of Italy, in the state of Genoa, in Lat.
44° 3′ N. and Long. 8° E.

ARA＇TION [aratio, of aro, Lat. to till] the act, or occupation of
plowing.

ARA＇TORY [aratorius, of aro, Lat. to plow] belonging, or con­
ducive to tillage.

ARA＇TRUM Terræ [old records] as much land as can be tilled
with one plough.

ARA＇TURE [aratura, Lat.] ploughing, tillage.

ARAU＇CO, a city of Chili, in south America, situated on a river
of the same name, in Lat. 37° S. and Long. 78° W.

ARA＇W, a city of Switzerland in the Argow, situated on the ri­
ver Aar, in Lat. 47° 25′ N. and Long. 8° E.

ARA＇XES, or ARRAS, a river of Persia.

A＇RAY, or ARA＇YING [probably of arrayer, O. Fr.] dress, garb,
raiment; also order. See ARRAY.

To A＇RAY, to set in order, &c.

ARA＇YA, one of the most celebrated capes in South America, form­
ing the north point of the river Oronoko.

ARAY＇D, dressed, &c.

A＇RBALET [of arcus, Lat. a bow, and βαλλω, Gr. to throw] a kind
of weapon, vulgarly called a cross-bow.

A＇RBALIST [of arcus and ballista, Lat. an engine to throw stones,
of βαλλω, Gr. to throw] a cross-bow; as, the arcuballista or arbalist
was first shewn the French by our Richard I. Camden. So that the lat­
ter word is a contraction of the former.

A＇RBE, an island in the gulph of Venice, situated near the coast of
Morlachia, in Lat. 45° N. and Long. 16° E.

A＇RBITER [arbitre, Fr. arbitro, It. and Sp. of arbiter, Lat.] 1. An
arbitrator, an umpire; a person chosen by mutual consent of two
parties to decide controversies, to whose determination they voluntarily
submit. 2. He who has the power of deciding or regulating, a judge;
as, an arbiter of the affairs of Europe.

A＇RBITRABLE [of arbitror, Lat.] 1. Arbitrary, depending upon the
will; as, offerings bestowed in such arbitrable proportion as devotion
moveth. Spelman. 2. That may be left to, or decided by, arbi­
tration.

A＇RBITRABLY, at discretion, arbitrarily.

A＇RBITRAGE, the decree or sentence of an arbitrator. Fr.

A＇RBITRAL [arbitral, Fr.] of or pertaining to an arbitrator or ar­
bitration.

ARBI＇TRAMENT [arbitror, Lat.] free-will, choice. It is used by
Milton.

A＇RBITRARILY [of arbitrio, Lat.] after ones own will or pleasure,
despotically, absolutely.

A＇RBITRARINESS [of arbitrarius, Lat.] state or quality of acting
merely according to one＇s own will and pleasure, tyranny, despoti­
calness.

ARBITRA＇RIOUS [arbitrarius, Lat.] arbitrary, depending on one＇s
own mere will, precarious.

ARBITRA＇RIOUSLY [of arbitrarious] at one＇s mere will and plea­
sure, arbitrarily.

A＇RBITRARY [arbitrarie, Fr. arbitrario, It. and Sp. of arbitrarius,
Lat.] dependent altogether on one＇s will and choice; not being un­
der controul, absolute.

To A＇RBITRATE, verb act. [of arbitror, Lat.] 1. To decide any
thing, to determine finally. 2. To judge of.
Yet where an equal poise of hope and fear
Does arbitrate th＇ event. Milton.
3. To award, give sentence, to adjudge; to act as an arbitrator.

To ARBITRATE, verb neut. to give judgment.

ARBITRA＇TION [from arbitror, Lat.] the act of arbitrating; the put­
ting an end to a difference by arbitrators, mutually agreed on be­
twixt the parties.

ARBITRA＇TOR, 1. A person chosen indifferently, by the mutual
consent of two parties, to decide any controversy. 2. A governor,
he who presides; as, heav＇ns high arbitrator. Milton. 3. He who
determines or puts an end to an affair; as, the arbitrator of despairs,
just death. Shakespeare.

ARBITRATOR [with civilians] is understood differently from an
arbiter. An arbitrator being left wholly to act according to his own
discretion, without solemnity of process or course of judgment;
whereas an arbiter is obliged to act according to law and equity.

ARBITRA＇TRIX, a female arbitrator.

ARBI＇TREMENT, determination, it is a power given by two or more
parties contending, to some person to decide the matter in dispute, to
which decision they are obliged to stand under a certain penalty. It is
the same as an award, compromise, reconcilement; as, they accommo­
date points of religion by middle ways, as if they would make an ar­
bitrement betwixt God and man. Bacon.

ARBI＇TRESS, n. sub. feminine, of arbiter.
——While over head the moon
Sits arbitress ————— Milton.

A＇RBO, or A＇RBOGEN, a city of Sweden, in the province of West­
mania, situated upon a river of the same name.

A＇RBOIS, a town of Franchecompte in France, situated in Lat. 46°
50′ N. and Long. 5° 40′.

A＇RBON, a town of Swabia in Germany, situated in Lat. 47° 40′ N.
and Long. 9° 30′ E.

ARBOR [in mechanics] the principal part of a machine which
serves to sustain the rest; also a spindle or axis on which a machine
turns. Lat.

ARBOR Dianæ, Diana＇s tree. Lat. See DIANA.

ARBOR Genealogica, i. e. the tree of consanguinity; is used to sign­
fy a lineage drawn out under the form or resemblance of a root, stock
branches, &c. Lat.

ARBOR Hermetis [Hermes＇s tree] a chymical process, in the revi­
vification of mercury. Lat.

ARBOR Judæ [Judas＇s tree] a tree so called by botanists, being
supposed to be the kind of tree Judas hanged himself upon. Lat.

ARBOR Martis [with chemists] coral, it being supposed to grow
like a tree or plant under the water of the sea. Lat.

ARBOR Porphyriana, otherwise called scala prædicamentalis [with
schoolmen] a scale of beings, or a figure that consists of three rows or
columns of words, the middlemost of which contained the series of ge­
nera and species, bearing some analogy to the trunk, and the extreams
contain the differences of the branches of the tree, thus,  SUBSTANCE  Thinking  Extended  BODY  Inanimate  Animate  ANIMAL  Irrational  Rational  MAN  This  That  PLATO. 

ARBOR Vitæ [in botany] the Tree of Life, a kind of tree fre­
quently planted for the pleasantness of its green leaf. Lat.

ARBOR Vitæ, a medicine, by the efficacy of which, it was re­
ported, that life would shoot out again like a tree. Van Helmont.

A＇RBORARY [arborarius, Lat.] belonging to trees.

ARBO＇REOUS [arboreus, Lat.] pertaining to trees.

ARBOREOUS [with botanists] a term applied to mushrooms or mosses







that grow upon trees, as agarick, which grows on the larch-tree, is
called an arboreous mushroom.

A＇RBORET [of arbor, Lat. a tree] a little tree, a shrub. It is found
in Spenser and Milton.

A＇RBORIST [of arbor, Lat. a tree] a person well skilled in the several
kinds and natures of trees. A word used by Howel.

A＇RBOROUS [of arbor, Lat. a tree] belonging to trees; as, shady
arborous roof. Milton.

A＇RBOUR [arboratum, of arbor, Lat. but Skinner derives it of
hereberga, Sax. a mansion] a bower in a garden, a shady place
made by green branches of trees, to sit in and take the air.

A＇RBOR-Vine, a species of bindweed.

A＇RBOURG, a city of Switzerland in the canton of Bern, situated in
Lat. 47° 10′ N. and Long. 8° E.

ARBU＇STIVE [arbustivo, It. of arbustivus, Lat.] shrubby, like, or
pertaining to shrubs.

ARBU＇TE [arbutus, Lat.] the strawberry-tree. The word is found
in May＇s Georgicks.

ARBU＇TUS, the strawberry-tree. Lat. In botany, a genus of plants
with a one-leaved bell-fashioned flower, and a berry or fruit resembling
a large strawberry.

ARC [Fr. arcus, Lat.] 1. A segment of a circle, not more than
half of it. This word is used in the sciences. 2. An arch. So Pope
writes it. See ARCH.

ARC-BOU＇TANT [Fr. of arc and bouter, Fr. to abut] in architecture,
signifies a flat arch abutting against the reins of a vault, in order to sup­
port it, and prevent its giving way.

ARCA Cyrographica, Lat. A common chest with three locks and keys,
kept by certain Christians and Jews, wherein all the contracts, mort­
gages and obligations, belonging to the Jews, were kept to prevent
fraud, by order of our king Richard the first.

ARCA＇CHON, or ARCA＇SSON, the name of a gulph between the
mouth of the Garonne and that of the Adour.

ARCA＇DIA, a sea-port town of European Turky, situated on the
western coast of the Morea, in Lat. 37° 20′ N. and Long 22° E.

ARCA＇DE, Fr. A continued arch, a walk arched over. Pope uses it.

ARCA＇NUM [plur. arcana, a secret] a name given by some authors
to chemical preparations, or medicinal compositions, that they have
kept secret, and not discovered.

ARCANUM Corallinum [with chemists] a preparation of red preci­
pitate, made by distilling it with spirit of nitre, and repeating the
distillation again and again, till a red powder is procured.

ARCANUM Duplicatum [with chemists] is prepared of the caput mor­
tuum of aqua fortis, by dissolving it in hot water, filtrating and evapo­
rating it to a cuticle.

ARCANUM Juviale, or ARCANUM Jovis [with chemists] is an
amalgama made of equal parts of tin and mercury, powdered and di­
gested with good spirit of nitre; the dry mass being powdered again,
after the spirit has been drawn off in a retort, and lastly digested in spi­
rit of wine, till the powder is become tasteless.

ARCEO＇NIS [in old records] a saddle-bow.

ARCEU＇THOS [ἀρκευθος, Gr. in botany] the juniper-tree.

An ARCH [of arcus, Lat. a bow, as an arch bends in form of a
bow] 1. The sky, the vault of heaven. So it is called in poetry;
as, the vaulted arch. 2. [from ἀρχων, Gr.] a chief. Now obsolete.
The noble duke, my master,
My worthy arch and patron, comes to night. Shakespeare.

ARCH, or ARK [in geometry] is any part, not more than its half,
of the circumference of a circle or curved line, lying from one point to
another, by which the quantity of the whole circle or line, or some
other thing sought after, may be gathered.

ARCH [in astronomy] as the diurnal arch of the sun, is part of a
circle parallel to the equator, which is described by the sun in its
course between rising and setting.

ARCH of Progression, or ARCH of Direction [in astronomy] is an
arch of the zodiac, which a planet seems to pass over, when the motion
of it is according to the order of the signs.

ARCH of Retrogradation [in astronomy] is an arch of the zodiac, de­
scribed while a planet is retrograde, or moving contrary to the order of
the signs.

ARCH of Vision [in astronomy] is the depth of the sun below the
horizon, at which a star begins to rise again, which before was hid in
his rays.

An ARCH [in architecture] is a concave or hollow building raised
on a mould, in form of a curve or semicircle, and serving as the in­
ward support of any superstructure, as a bridge, &c.

To ARCH [arcuo, Lat.] 1. To raise or build an arch. 2. To cover
with arches.

ARCH-WISE, in the form or manner of an arch.

ARCH, adj. [probably of ἀρχος, Gr. chief] of the first class.

ARCH [arg, Ger.] roguish, waggish, trivially mischievous. This
signification it seems to have gained by being frequently applied to
the boy most remarkable for his pranks; as, the arch rogue, &c.
Johnson.

ARCH, an augmentative particle [of ἀρχων, Gr. a chief or governor]
chief power, being affixed to any word, signifies chief, as arch-angel,
arch-bishop, arch-duke, &c. We likewise say, arch-knave, arch­
traitor, arch-wag, arch-heretic. It is pronounced variously with re­
gard to the ch, which, before a consonant, sounds as in cheese, as
archdeacon, before a vowel like k, as archangel.

A＇RCHAL [ertz, Ger. ærce, Sax. with botanists] Derbyshire liver­
wort.

ARCHA＇ISM [ἀρχαισμος, of ἀρχαιος, old] the retaining old obso­
lete words.

ARCHA＇NGEL [archange, Fr. arcangelo, It. arcángel, Sp. archange­
lus, Lat. ἀρχαγγελος, of ἀρχων, a chief, and ἀγγελος, Gr. an angel]
1. The chief, or prince of angels, as Michael is called; an angel of
the prime order. 2. The name of an herb, called also dead nettle,
lamium in Latin.

ARCHA＇NGEL [in geography] a city in the province of Dwina in
Russia, situated four miles from the White Sea, in Lat. 64° 30′ N. and
Long. 40° 12′ E.

ARCHANGE＇LICA [in botany] the herb water-angelica. Lat.

ARCHANGE＇LICAL, or ARCHANGELIC [from archangel] pertaining
to the order of archangels.

ARCHBEA＇CON [of arch and beacon] the chief place of prospect or
signal by beacon; as, the Cornish archbeacon Hainborough. Carew.

ARCHBI＇SHOP [of arch, and bishop, archevéque, Fr. arcivescuo, It.
arçbiscopo, Sp. and Port. archicpiscopus, Lat. of ἀρχιεπισκοπος, of
ἀρχων and επισκοπος, Gr.] a chief bishop that has power over other
bishops, as his suffragans.

ARCHBI＇SHOPRICK [archiepiscopatus, Lat.] the extent of the jurisdic­
tion; also the dignity and benefice of an archbishop.

ARCH-CHA＇NTER, the chief or president of the chanters of a church.

ARCH-CHYMICK, as arch-chymick sun, the chief chymist the sun.
Milt.

ARCH-DRU＇ID, the chief or pontiff of the ancient Druids.

ARCHDA＇PIFER [of arch and dapifer, Lat.] the principal fewer,
one of the chief officers of the emperor of Germany.

ARCHDEA＇CON [archidiacre, Fr. arcidiacono, It. arcediáno, Sp. ar­
chidiaconus, Lat. of ἀρχιδιακονος, of ἀρχων and διακονεω, Gr. to mini­
ster to] a dignified clergyman, whose office is to visit two years in
three, and who supplies the bishop＇s place in such matters as belong
to the episcopal function. The law stiles him the bishop＇s vicar or
vicegerent.

ARCHDEA＇CONRY [archidiaconat, Fr. archidiaconato, It. arcedianás­
go, Sp. of arch and diaconatus, Lat.] the extent of the spiritual juris­
diction of an archdeacon.

ARCHDEA＇CONSHIP, the office and dignity of an archdeacon.

ARCHDU＇KE [archiduc, Fr. arciduca, It. archiduque, Sp. of archi­
dux, Lat.] one who has pre-eminence above other dukes: a title given
to some sovereign princes, as the archdukes of Austria and Tuscany.

ARCHDU＇KEDOM, the territory and jurisdiction of an archduke.

ARCHDU＇CHESS [archiduchesse, Fr. arciducessa, It.] an archduke＇s
lady; also a daughter of the emperor of Germany, as he is archduke
of Austria.

ARCH-Flamines, the chief priests among the Romans.

ARCH-Heretic, a chief or ring-leader of heretics.

ARCH-Philosopher, the chief philosopher.

ARCH-Prelate, the chief prelate.

ARCH-Pirate, a principal rover, a chief or principal pirate.

ARCH-Presbyter, or ARCH-Priest [archipretre, Fr. arciprete, It.
archipréste, Sp. archipresbyter, Lat. ertz-priester, Ger.] a chief presby­
ter or priest, or a rural dean.

To ARCH over, to cover with an arch.

ARCHE [αρχη, Gr. in medicine] the beginning of a distemper.

A＇RCHED [of arch] bent in the form of an arch.

A＇RCHED Legs [with farriers, &c.] an imperfection in a horse,
when being in his natural position, he has his legs bent forward, and
the whole leg makes a kind of arch or bow.

Water A＇RCHER, an herb.

ARCHER [Fr. of arcus, Lat. a bow] one that shoots with a bow, a
bowman.

A＇RCHERS, were persons skilled in archery; a kind of militia or sol­
diery armed with bows and arrows, in battle.

A＇RCHERY. 1. The use of the bow; as, among English artillery,
archery challengeth pre-eminence. 2. The act of shooting with the
bow; as, hit with Cupid＇s archery. 3. The art of one who shoots in
a long bow. 4. An ancient service of keeping a bow for the use of
the lord, to defend his castle.

Dean of the A＇RCHES, or Official of the ARCHES, the chief judge of
the court of the arches, who has a peculiar jurisdiction over thirteen
parishes in the city of London, termed a deanery, being exempted
from the authority of the bishop of London, and belonging to the arch­
bishop of Canterbury, of which the parish of Bow is one. Some others
say, that he was first called dean of the arches, because the official to
the archbishop, the dean of the arches, was his substitute in his court,
and by that means the names became confounded. The jurisdiction of
this judge is ordinary, and extends through the whole province of Can­
terbury. So that, upon any appeal, he forthwith sends out his cita­
tion to the party appealed, and his inhibition to the judge from whom
the appeal is made. Cowel.

ARCHES, or Court of ARCHES [so called, because it is kept in the
church of St. Mary le Bow in Cheapside, the top of the steeple of
which was in former times raised with stone pillars, built arch-wise
like so many bent bows] the chief and most ancient consistory belong­
ing to the archbishop of Canterbury for the debating of spiritual
causes.

Similar ARCHES [in geometry] are such as contain the same number
of degrees of unequal circles.

Semicircular ARCHES [in architecture] are those which make an
exact semicircle, and have their centre in the middle of the chord of the
arch.

Scheme ARCHES [in architecture] arches that are less than a semi­
circle, and of consequence are flatter, containing 80, 70, or 60 de­
grees.

ARCHES of the third and fourth Point [in architecture] are such as
consist of two arches of a circle, ending in an angle at the top, and are
drawn from the division of a chord into three or four parts at plea­
sure.

Eliptical ARCHES [in architecture] consist of a semi-elipsis, and
have commonly a key-stone, and chaptrels or imposts: they were for­
merly much in use for mantle-trees in chimneys.

Strait ARCHES [in architecture] are arches, the upper and under
edges of which are strait; as, they are curved in others, and also those
two edges parallel, and the ends and joints all pointing to the centre:
they are used over windows, doors, &c.

A＇RCHETYPE [architype, Fr. arcetipo, It. archetypo, Sp. archetypum,
Lat. of ἀρχετυπος, of ἀρχη, the original, and τυπος, pattern] the ori­
ginal pattern or model by which any work is formed, or which is co­
pied after to make another like it.

ARCHE＇TYPAL, pertaining to the great original.

ARCHETYPAL World [with the Platonists] the world as it existed in
the divine mind, or in the idea of God before the creation.








ARCHE＇US [ἀρχαιος, Gr. ancient] it is used to denote the ancient
practice of physic, concerning which a treatise was written by Hip­
pocrates.

ARCHEUS, the principle of life and vigour in any living creature.
The ancient chemists used by this term to express some certain princi­
ple of life and motion; as the cause of all the effects observable in na­
ture, and it has been applied by them to very different things; some
use it to signify the fire lodged in the centre of the earth, and ascribe
to it the generation of metals and minerals, and suppose it also to be
the principle of life in vegetables; others understand by it a certain uni­
versal spirit, which (as they imagine) is diffused throughout the whole
creation, and is the active cause of all the phænomena of nature, others
give it the name of anima mundi, i. e. the soul of the world; and
some call it the vulcan or heat of the earth: they suppose there is a share
of this archeus in all bodies, which, when it is corrupted, produces
diseases, which they stile archeal diseases.

ARCHEUS [with chemists] the highest and most exalted spirit that
can be separated from mixed bodies.

ARCHIACO＇LUTHOS [ἀρχιακολυθος, Gr.] the chief of the acolythi,
who were certain ministers in cathedral churches.

ARCHAIO＇LOGIC [archaiologicus, Lat. of ἀρχαιολογικος, of ἀρχαιος,
old, and λογος, Gr. a discourse] treating of or belonging to archaio­
logy.

ARCHAIO＇LOGY [archaiologia, Lat. of ἀρχαιολογια, Gr.] a discourse
or treatise of antiquities.

ARCH PRIOR, the master of the order of the knights templers.

ARCHAIA＇TER, or ARCHIA＇TROS [of ἀρχιατρος, of ἀρχος and ιατρος,
a physician] the principal or chief physician to a king, &c.

ARCHIDIA＇CONAL [archidiaconus, Lat. ἀρχιδιακονος, Gr.] belonging
to an archdeacon; as, an archidiaconal visitation.

ARCHIEPI＇SCOPAL [archiepiscopus, Lat.] pertaining to an arch­
bishop; as, the archiepiscopal see.

ARCHIGE＇NII Morbi, Lat. [with physicians] acute diseases.

ARCHIEU＇NUCH, the chief of the eunuchs.

ARCHIGA＇LLUS, the chief of the priests of Cybele.

ARCHIGRAMMA＇TEUS, the principal secretary or chief clerk of an
office. Lat.

ARCHI＇GRAPHER [ἀρχιγραϕος, of ἀρχη and γραϕω, Gr. to write]
a chief secretary.

ARCHI＇GRAPHY [archigraphia, Lat. of ἀρχιγραϕια, Gr.] secretari­
ship.

A＇RCHIPOTE [archipota, Lat.] the chief or master drinker.

ARCHIHERE＇TICAL [of ἀρχη and ἀριεσις, Gr.] heretical, or false in
the highest and most dangerous degree.

ARCHILO＇CHIAN Verses, a sort of verses whereof Archilochus was the
inventor.

ARCHIMA＇NDRITE [ἁρχιμανδριτης, of ἀρχη, the chief, and μανδρα,
a monastery, or rather stall for horses and oxen. Hesych.] the superior of
a monastery, much the same as is now called an abbot.

ARCHIMI＇ME [ἀρχιμιμος, of ἀρχη and μιμος, a buffoon] an arch­
buffoon.

ARCHIPE＇LAGO [either of ἀρχος, chief, and πελαγος, the sea, or,
as others say, a corruption of ἀγιοπελαγος, q. d. the holy sea] a main
sea or large gulph, containing a cluster of small islands one near ano­
ther, and several little seas which take their names from those islands.
It is particularly applied to that between Greece and Asia.

ARCHISTRA＇TEGUS [ἀρχιστρατηγος, of ἀρχος and στρατηγος, a leader
of an army] the generalissimo, captain-general, or lord general of an
army.

ARCHISYNAGO＇GUS [ἀρχισυναγωγος, Gr.] the chief ruler of a syna­
gogue.

A＇RCHITECT [architecte, Fr. architetto, It. architecto, Sp. archi­
tectus, Lat. of ἀρχη and τεκτων, an artificer] 1. A master-builder, he
who professes the art of building. 2. A contriver of a building, he
who builds. 3. The maker of any compound body; as, the divine
architect of the human body. 4. A contriver, a plotter in general;
as, chief architect and plotter of these woes. Shakespeare.

ARCHITE＇CTIVE [from architect] belonging to architecture, that
by which the work of architecture is performed; as, architective mate­
rials. Derham.

ARCHITE＇CTONICE [ἀρχιτεκτονικη, Gr.] the art or science of build­
ing.

ARCHITECTO＇NIC [ἀρχιτεκτονικος, of ἀρχη and τεκτων, artificer]
having the power or skill of building a thing up regularly according
to the nature and properties of it; that which can form any thing.

ARCHITECTO＇NIC Nature, or ARCHITECTONIC Spirit [with philo­
sophers] that forming nature, power or spirit, that hatches the ova or
eggs of females into living creatures of the same kind. This word is
found in Boyle.

ARCHITE＇CTURE [Fr. architettura, It. architetúra, Sp. architec­
tura, Lat.] 1. The art of building, i. e. of erecting edifices proper
either for habitation or defence. 2. The effect resulting from the art
of building. 3. The performance itself; as, this earth is a piece of
divine architecture.

Civil ARCHITECTURE, the art of contriving and erecting commo­
dious buildings for the uses of civil life. This art is divided into five
orders, the Tuscan, the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite;
which took their rise from the different proportions that the different
kinds of buildings rendered necessary, according to the bulk, strength,
delicacy, richness, or simplicity required.

Military ARCHITECTURE, discovers the best way of raising fortifi­
cations about cities, towns, camps, sea-ports, &c.

Naval ARCHITECTURE, is an art that teaches the construction of
ships, gallies, and other floating vessels for the water; with ports,
moles, docks, &c. on the shore.

Counterfeit ARCHITECTURE, is that wherein the projectures are
painted either with black or white, or coloured after the manner of
marble; also called scene-work in the painting of columns, &c. that
seem to stand out in relievo in theatres.

ARCHITECTURE [in perspective] a sort of building, the members
of which are of different measures and modules, and diminish in pro­
portion to their distance, to make the building appear longer and larger
to the view than it really is.

ARCHITECTURE is represented in painting and sculpture as a woman
sitting upon a piece of a pillar, having all sorts of tools and instruments
about her, and looking earnestly upon a draught or design which lies in
her lap. Behind her a person representing reason, looking likewise
upon the draught, on her head a helmet, in her left hand Pallas＇s
shield, and in her right Mercury＇s caduceus.

Military ARCHITECTURE is represented as a woman in her prime
of life, her raiment parti-coloured, a gold clain, with a diamond pen­
dant about her neck, holding in her right hand a swallow, and in her
left the draught of a regular fortification: at her feet a pick-ax, spade,
and other instruments: the explanation of these two are very easy and
natural.
The parti-coloured vestments denote the understanding of divers
contrivances in this art; the golden chain and diamond denote dura­
bility and excellency: for fortification is the best jewel of princes, secu­
rity from enemies; the swallow is remarkable for the artificial building
her nest.

A＇RCHITRAVE [of ἀρχη, Gr. the chief, and trabs, Lat. a beam]
that part of a column or order of columns that is above or lies imme­
diately upon the capital. It is the lowest member of the frieze, and
even of the whole entablature; it is supposed to represent the principal
beam in timber-buildings. It is sometimes called the reason-piece, as
in portico＇s, cloisters, &c. the master-piece in chimneys, and hyper­
thyron over the jambs of doors or lintels of windows.

ARCHITRAVE Doors [with architects] such as have an architrave
on the jambs, and over the door, upon the cup-piece, if strait, or if
the top be curved, on the arch.

ARCHITRAVE Windows [with architects] are commonly an ogee
raised out of the solid timber, with a list over it.

ARCHIVAU＇LT [archivolte, Fr.] the inner contour of an arch, or a
frame set off with mouldings, running over the faces of the arch stones,
and bearing upon the imposts.

ARCHI＇VES, having no singular [Fr. archivos, Sp. archiva, Lat.
of ἀρχειον, Gr.] a place where ancient records, charters, or evidences
are kept, as the office of the master of the rolls in chancery or the ex­
chequer. It is sometimes used for the writings themselves; as, look
a little into the Mosaic archives. Woodward.

A＇RCHNESS, waggishness, petty dexterousness in management, craf­
tiness in trivial mischief.

ARCHO＇NTES [ἀρχωντες, Gr.] the chief magistrates of the city of
Athens, after the kingly government had been abolished.

ARCHO＇NTICKS, some misguided Christians, in the 4th century, who
are said to have denied the resurrection, and held the world to be the
work of some powers, which they called archontes, i. e. rulers or
princes.

ARCIGO＇VINO, a province of Dalmatia, bounded by Bosnia, Man­
tenero, and the Adriatic sea, and called by the Italians Santa Sabata.

ARCI-LEU＇TO [in music books] a very large and long lute, and but
a little different from a theorbo lute, used by the Italians for playing a
thorough bass.

A＇RCO [in music books] a bow or fiddle-stick. It.

ARCO, a town of the bishopric of Trent in Italy, situated about six­
teen miles south-west of Trent, in Lat. 46° N. Long. 10° 46′ E.

A＇RCOS, the name of a town in Andalusia in Spain, and of one in
Old Castile, upon the river Xalon.

A＇RCTIC [artique, Fr. artico, Sp. arcticus, Lat. of ἀρκτικος, of
ἀρκτος, Gr. the bear] northern, northward, belonging to, lying un­
der the bear.

ARCTIC Circle [in astronomy] one of the lesser circles of the
sphere, distant 23 degrees and a half from the north pole.

ARCTIC Pole [in astronomy] the northern pole of the world, i. e.
of both earth and heaven, so named of arctos, a cluster or constellation
of stars near it.

ARCTOS Minor [in astronomy] the lesser bear.

ARCTO＇PHYLAX [ἀρκτοϕυλαξ, of ἀρκτος, a constellation called the
bear, and ϕυλαξ, a keeper] the poets tell us, that Arctophylax was
the son of Jupiter and Calistho, an Arcadian, whom Lycaon cut in
pieces, and set before Jupiter to eat at a banquet; and that Jupiter
overthrew the table, and out of abhorrence to Lycaon＇s cruelty, burnt
his house with a thunder-bolt, but joining together the Arcadian＇s di­
vided limbs, placed him among the stars. Eratosthenes.

ARCTOSCO＇RODON [with botanists] the herb ramsons.

ARCTOSTA＇PHYLOS [with botanists] the bilberry.

ARCTU＇RUS [ἀρκτουρος, of ἀρκτος and ουρα, the tail] a star of the first
magnitude in the constellation Arctophylax or Bootes.

A＇RCUATE [arcuatus, Lat.] bent in the manner of an arch or bow;
as, sounds that move in oblique and arcuate lines. Bacon.

ARCUA＇RIA Ossa [in anatomy] the bones of the sinciput, or, as
some will have it, of the temples. Lat.

ARCUATI＇LE [arcuatilis, Lat.] bowed or bent.

ARCUA＇TION [of arcuate] act of bending or fashioning like an arch
or bow, the state of being incurvated, crookedness.

ARCUATION [with gardeners] the raising of trees by layers. It is
so called from bending down to the ground the branches which spring
from the off-sets after planting.

ARCUATION [in surgery] the bending of bones.

ARCU＇ATURE [arcuatura, Lat.] the bowing or bending of an arch.

ARCUBA＇LISTER, or ARCUBALLISTER [of arcus, a bow, and bal­
lista, Lat. an engine, of βαλλω, Gr. to throw] he who bears a cross­
bow. A word used by Camden.

A＇RCULUS [among the Romans] a deity who opposed thieving,
whereas the goddess Laverna was an encourager of it.

ARD [ard, Sax. aerd, Du. art, Ger.] 1. Natural disposition or
temper; as, Barnard, filial affection. 2. Quality or habit; as drunk­
ard, dullard, &c.

A＇RDENBURG, a fortified town of Dutch Flanders, situated about
twelve miles north east of Bruges, in Lat. 51° 15′ N. Long. 3°
20′ E.

A＇RDENCY, or A＇RDENTNESS [of ardens, Lat. of ardeo, to burn, or
be very hot] ardour, eagerness of desire, warmth of affection; as,
ardency of love.

A＇RDENT [Fr. ardente, It. and Sp. of ardens, Lat.] 1. Hot,
as it were burning, very hot; vehement, fierce; as, ardent eyes.
2. Eager, affectionate, generally used of desire; as, ardent vows to a
mistress.








ARDENT Spirits [with chemists] such spirits as being distilled from
fermented vegetables, &c. will take fire and burn; as brandy, &c.

A＇RDENTLY [of ardent] with warmth, with eager affection.

ARDEBI＇L, or ARDEVI＇L, the burying place of some of the ancient
kings of Persia, situated in Lat. 36° N. Long. 64° 20′ E.

A＇RDMENACH, a district of the county of Ross, in Scotland, being
a kind of peninsula, lying westward of Cromarty; the natives com­
monly call it the Black Island.

A＇RDOCH, a small town of Perthshire, in Scotland.

A＇RDOR, or ARDOU＇R [ardeur, Fr. ardor, It. ardor, Sp. and Lat.]
a burning heat.

ARDOR, vehemence, fervency, earnest desire.

ARDOR, the person ardent. This is only used by Milton; as,
thousand celestial ardors.

ARDOR [in a medicinal sense] a very great heat raised in a human
body.

ARDOR Ventriculi, a pain in the stomach usually called heart-burn­
ing. Lat.

ARDOR Urinæ, a heat of urine. Lat.

A＇RDRA, or ARDRE＇S, is the capital of a country on the slave coast
of Guinea, in Africa, situated near the river Lagos. Lat. 5° N.
Long. 4° E.

ARDRE＇S a town of the province of Picardy, in France, situated
about 10 miles south of Calais. Lat. 50° 45′ N. Long. 2°. E.

ARDU＇ITY [arduitas, of arduus, high, Lat.] height, steepness; also
difficulty.

A＇RDUOUS [arduo, It. and Sp. of arduus, Lat.] difficult; also high,
and hard to climb.

A＇RDUOUSNESS [of arduous] difficulty; also height.

ARE, the plural of the present tense of the verb to be. See To BE.
as, we, ye, they, are.

A＇RE, or ALAMI＇RE [in music] the name of one of the eight notes
in the seale, and is the lowest note but one in that of Guido; as is ex­
emplified in the following lines:
Gamut I am, the ground of all accord,
Are, to plead Hortensio＇s passion;
Bmi, Bianca take him for thy lord,
C faut, that loves with all affection. Shakespeare.

A＇REA, Lat. any plain open surface whereon we walk; as, the
floor of a room, the open part of a church, the vacant part of an
amphitheatre or stage; any inclosed place; as, a cockpit, or bowling-
green, &c.

AREA [in building] the extent of a floor.

AREA [with geometricians] the surface or superficial content of
any figure.

AREA [with physicians] a disease that makes the hair fall off.

AREA [with gardeners] a bed or quarter in a garden.

AREA [with astronomers] a circle about the moon and some stars,
otherwise called Halo. Lat.

AREA [in fortification] the superficial content of any rampart or
other work.

A＇REBON, a town of Guinea, in Africa, situated at the mouth of
the river Formosa. Lat. 5° N. Long. 5° E.

ARE＇CA, the fruit of a kind of a palm tree that grows in the East-
Indies. The properties ascribed to it, are, that it strengthens the
stomach, and carries off every thing that might corrupt the gums.

To ARE＇AD, or ARE＇ED [prob. of red (en) Ger. to speak, redere,
Sax. a speaker, or red, or ared, Sax. a sentence, or aredan, Sax.
to counsel. Johnson] to advise, to direct. It is an old word used
by Spencer and Milton.

ARE＇CHE [old word] to divulge.

AREFAC＇TION [arefactio, of arefacio, Lat. to dry] 1. The act of
drying. 2. The state of being dry. It is used by Bacon.

To A＇REFY [arefacio, Lat.] to make dry, to exhale moisture from
any thing. Bacon uses it.

ARE＇GON [ἀρεγων, Gr.] an ointment of a dissolving, loosening, and
thinning quality.

A＇REMBERG, a city of Germany, situated about twenty five miles
south of Cologn. Lat. 50° 30′ N. Long. 6° 25′ E.

ARE＇NA, sand, gravel, grit. Lat.

ARENA [with physicians] gravel bred in a human body, which is
made up of a great deal of salt and earth, and often grows into a
stone.

ARENA [sand, so called because the place was strewed with sand, to
hide from the view of the people the blood spilt in the combat] the
pit or space in the middle of the circus or amphitheatre of the Romans,
where the gladiators had their combats; and sometimes it was used
for the circus or amphitheatre itself; and sometimes for the campus of
the soldiers and army.

ARENA＇CEOUS [arenaceus, of arena, Lat.] sandy, or having qua­
lities like sand; as, an arenaceous friable substance. Woodward.

ARENA＇RIA [in botany] an herb, a sort of buckthorn. Lat.

ARE＇NARY [arenarius, Lat.] of, or belonging to sand or gravel.
A word rarely used.

ARENA＇TION [of arena, Lat. sand, with physicians] a sort of dry
bath, when the patient sits with his feet upon hot sand.

ARENO＇SE [arenosus, of arena, Lat.] sandy, full of sand or gravel.

A＇RENSWALD, a town of Germany, in the marquisate of Bran­
denburg, upon the confines of Pomerania.

ARENTA＇RE [old rec.] to rent out, to let at a certain rent.

ARE＇NULOUS [of arenula, Lat. grit] gritty, full of small sand.

ARE＇OLA, a little bed in a garden, a small court-yard. Lat.

AREOLA Papularis [with anatomists] the circle about the nipple or
teat.

AREO＇METER [of ἀηρ, the air, and μετροω, Gr. to measure] an in­
strument usually made of fine thin glass, which having had as much
running quicksilver put into it, as will serve to keep it upright, is
sealed up at the top: so that the stem or neck being divided into de­
grees, the heaviness or lightness of any liquor may be found by its
sinking more or less into it.

AREO＇PAGITES, or AREOPA＇GITES, [ἀρειοπαγιτης, of ἀρης, Mars,
and παγος, a hill] judges of a court in the Areopagus of Athens, in­
stituted by Solon for the trial of malefactors.

AREOPA＇OUS [ἀρειοπαγος, of ἀρης, Mars, and παγος, a hill, so
called from the god Mars being sentenced there upon the accusation
Neptune brought against him for killing his son] a court of Athens,
which stood on an hill near the city.

AREO＇STYLE, a building where the columns stand a little too thick;
or, as others say, at a convenient distance.

AREOTECTO＇NICS [of ἀρης, Mars, and τεκτονια, Gr. a structure]
that part of fortification which directs how to attack an enemy safely,
and fight advantagiously.

AREO＇TIC Medicines [of ἀραιος, Gr.] such as open the pores of the
skin, and render them large enough for matter, causing a disease, to
be carried off by sweat or insensible perspiration.

AREQUI＇PPA, a city of Peru, in South America, situated in Lat.
17° Long. 73° W.

ARE＇RISEMENT [old law] affright, surprize.

ARETO＇LOGY [of ἀρετη, virtue, and λεγω, Gr. to discourse] that
part of moral philosophy that treats of virtue, its nature, and the
means of arriving at it.

ARE＇ZZO, a city of Tuscany, in Italy, situated in Lat. 43° 15′ N.
Long. 13° 15′

A＇RGAL, or A＇RGOL, more commonly called red tartar, the hard
lees sticking to the sides of red wine vessels.

A＇RGAN, a city of New Castile, in Spain, in the diocese of To­
ledo.

ARGE＇A, or ARGE＇I, human figures made up of rushes, which the
vestal virgins at Rome threw away annually into the river Tiber.

ARGE＇MA, or ARGEMON [ἀργεμα, or ἀργεμον, of ἀργος, Gr. white]
a little ulcer of the eye in the circle called iris, having its seat in a part
of the black of the eye.

ARGEMO＇NE [ἀργεμωνη, Gr.] wild tansey, silver weed, an herb like
a poppy, good against the argema.

ARGE＇NDAL, a small town of Germany, in the palatinate of the
Rhine, between Simmerin and Bacherac.

ARGE＇NT, adj. [Fr. of argentum, Lat. silver] bright like silver; as,
argent fields, in Milton.

ARGENT [in heraldry] is commonly a white colour used in the
coats of gentlemen, knights and baronets; the white colour in the
coat of a sovereign prince is called luna, and that in the arms of the
nobility, pearl; all such fields being supposed to be silver, and is one
of the metals, and charged with the colours. In engraving of ar­
moury, the field argent is represented by the whiteness of the paper,
without any strokes on it, as all other colours have. See Plate IV.
Fig. 22.

ARGENT, or White, signifies [of virtues and spiritual qualities]
humility, purity, innocence, felicity, temperance and truth; [of wor­
thy good qualities] beauty and genteelness of behaviour; [of the pla­
nets] the moon; [of the four elements] the water; [of precious
stones] the pearl and chrystal; [of human constitutions] the phleg­
matic; [of beasts] the ermin, which is all white without any spot;
[of the parts of a man] the brains and [of his age,] the old.

ARGENT also signifies in a woman, chastity; in a maid, virtue; in
judges, justice; and in the rich, humility.

A＇RGENTAC, a town of France, in the Limousin, situated upon the
Dordogne, in Lat. 45° 5′ N. Long. 2° E.

A＇RGENTAN, a city of France, in the Lower Normandy, upon the
Orne. Lat. 48° 34′ N. Long. 35′ E.

ARGENTA＇NGINA [of argentum, silver, and angina, Lat. a quinsey]
a term made use of when a counsellor that is to plead at the bar being
bribed, feigns himself ill, and not able to speak. Under such a fic­
titious malady Demosthenes is once said to have laboured; whence
came the greek proverb βους επι γλωττης, meaning, that he had an At­
tic coin, on which was stamped the figure of an ox, upon his
tongue.

ARGENTA＇TION [argentatus, of argentum, Lat.] a gilding, or overlay­
ing with silver.

ARGENTI＇ERE, a small island in the Archipelago, situated about sixty
miles east of the Morea, in Lat. 37° N. Long. 25° E.

ARGENTIERE, is also the name of a small town of Languedoe in
France, in Lat. 44° 30′ N. Long. 4° E.

ARGENTI＇NA [with botanists] the herb silver-weed or wild tan­
sey. Lat.

ARGE＇NTINE [argentin, Fr.] sounding like silver.

ARGENTI＇NUS [among the Romans] the deity of silver coin.

ARGE＇NTON, a town of France, situated about forty five miles
south-west of Bourges, in Lat. 46° 40′ N. Long 1° 35′ E.

ARGENTO＇SE [argentosus, Lat.] full of silver, as is in white earth
like chalk.

ARGE＇NTUM, silver. Lat.

ARGENTUM album [in doomsday book] silver coin, current mo­
ney. Lat.

ARGENTUM Dei [God＇s money] money given as earnest upon
making of a bargain, Lat. Such money being in many countries, as
in Holland and Germany, always given to the poor.

ARGENTUM vivum [with chemists] mercury, quick-silver, &c.

ARGI＇L [argilla, Lat. ἀργιλλος, Gr. in natural history] white clay;
a sat soft kind of earth, of which potters vessels are made.

ARGI＇LLOUS [argillosus, of argilla, Lat.] made of clay, full of
clay, clayey. This word is found in Brown.

ARGO NAVIS [in astronomy] the ship Argo, a southern constellation,
consisting of twenty-four stars.

ARGONA＇UTICS, poems on the expedition of Jason and his com­
panions, in fetching the golden fleece.

ARGONAU＇TS, the companions of Jason, who accompanied him on
an expedition to Colchis, in order to fetch the golden fleece, as is
commonly supposed; but, in reality, says Sir Isaac Newton, to in­
duce the northern nations to shake off their connexion with the Egyp­
tian state.

A＇RGOS, a sea port town of European Turkey, in the Morea, situ­
ated on the bay of Napoli de Romania, in Lat. 37° 30′ N.
Long. 23° E.

A＇RGOSY [derived by Pope from argo, the name of Jason＇s ship] a
large vessel for merchandise, a Venetian carrac; as, argosies with port­
ly sail. Shakespeare.

A＇RGOW, a country of Switzerland that adjoins to the lake Con­
stance, so called from the river Aar.








To A＇RGUE, verb neut. [arguire, It. arguir, Sp. of arguo or argu­
mentor, Lat.] 1. To reason or discourse, by offering arguments or rea­
sons for any thing; with for; as, scholars argue for her. 2. To per­
suade one by reasoning; with into; as, I would argue you into a
liking of virtue. 3. To dispute or debate; having with or against
before the antagonist, and against before the thing contested.

To ARGUE, verb act. 1. To make any thing to appear, to shew or
prove a thing by argument, to debate any question; as, to argue a
cause. 2. To prove, to conclude as an argument; as, so many laws
argue so many sins. Milton. 3. To charge with any crime, with of;
as, which can be truly argued of obscenity. Dryden.

To ARGUE a priori [with logicians] is to prove effects by their
causes. Lat.

To ARGUE a posteriori [with logicians] is to prove causes by their
effects. Lat.

A＇RGUED, part. pret. of argue.

A＇RGUER, the person who argues; as, a weak arguer. Decay of Piety.

A＇RGUIN, an island on the coast of Negritia. It lies in the Atlantic
Ocean, about Lat. 20° north.

A＇RGUMENT [Fr. argomento, It. argumento, Sp. of argumentum,
Lat.] 1. Reason or proof alledged for or against any thing. 2. The
subject of a discourse or treatise. 3. The summary of the contents of
any work; as, the argument of the work, that is, its principal action,
and the œconomy of it. Dryden. 4. Debate, controversy; as, in ar­
gument upon a case. 5. Sometimes it has to, but generally for, before
the thing to be proved; as, an argument to patience. Tillotson. Best
argument for a future state. Atterbury.

ARGUMENT [with logicians] a probability invented to create be­
lief, or any subject or matter laid down, as a foundation whereon to
argue.

ARGUMENT [with painters, &c.] the persons represented in a land­
skip, in contradistinction to the country or prospect.

ARGUMENT of the moon＇s Latitude [with astronomers] is the dis­
tance of the moon from the dragon＇s head or tail, q. d. where her orb
is cut by the ecliptic in two points diametrically opposite; by means of
which the quantity of real darkness in eclipses, or how many digits are
darkened, is discovered.

ARGUMENT [with astronomers] an arch, whereby we seek another
unknown arch, and proportional to the first.

ARGUMENT of inclination [in astronomy] is an arch of the or­
bit intercepted between the ascending node and the place of the planet
from the sun, numbered according to the succession of the signs.

ARGUME＇NTAL [argumentalis, Lat.] of or belonging to argument.
Oppress＇d with argumental tyranny. Pope.

ARGUMENTA＇TION [Fr. argomentazione, It. of argumentatio, Lat.]
act of reasoning or proving by arguments; a proving for or
against.

ARGUMENTA＇TION [in logic] the art of inventing or framing ar­
guments; of making inductions or drawing conclusions. Argumenta­
tion is that operation of the mind whereby we infer one proposition,
which before was unknown or doubtful, from two or more propositions
premised, that are more known and evident; so when we have judged
that matter cannot think, and that the mind of man doth think, we
conclude that therefore the mind of man is not matter. Watts.

ARGUME＇NTATIVE, containing arguments, or consisting of them;
as, the argumentative part of my discourse. Atterbury.

ARGUME＇NTATIVELY [of argumentative] by way of argument.

ARGUMENTO＇SE [argumentosus, Lat.] full of argument, reason,
matter or proof; pithy, full of wit or skill.

ARGUMENTO＇SUS [old writings] ingenuous.

A＇RGUN, a river of Tartary, in Asia, serving as a boundary be­
tween the Chinese and Russian empires.

A＇RGUN is also a city of Asiatic Tartary, situated on the above river,
in Lat. 51° 30′ N. Long. 104° E.

A＇RGUS, having a head full of eyes [hieroglyphically] represented
this great world, because the eyes of our creator are every where,
and therefore do, as it were, take notice, and are witnesses of our be­
haviour.

ARGUS-SHELL, a species of porcelane shell, beautifully variegated
with spots, resembling in some measure those in a peacock＇s tail.

ARGUTA＇TION [argutatio, Lat.] a proving by argument, a dis­
puting for and against, a subtil point of reasoning.

ARGU＇TE [arguto, It. argutus, Lat.] subtile, witty, sharp; also
shrill.

ARGY＇LESHIRE, a county of Scotland, lying westward of Glasgow,
and comprehending the counties of Lorn, Cowal, Knapdale, Kin­
tyre; together with the islands Mull, Jura, Isla, &c. It gives the title
of Duke to the noble family of Campbel.

ARGYRA＇SPIDES, [of ἀργυρος, silver, and ἀσπις, Gr. a buckler]
soldiers armed with silver bucklers.

ARGYRI＇TIS [ἀργυριτις, Gr.] the scum or foam which rises from sil­
ver, or lead that is mixed with silver, in the refining furnace.

ARGYROCO＇ME [with botanists] the herb cud-weed.

ARGYROCO＇MES a comet of a silver colour, differing very little
from the solar comet, except that it is of a brighter colour, and shines
with so great a lustre as to dazzle the eyes of beholders.

ARGYRO＇DAMAS [of ἀργυρος, silver, and ἀδαμας, a diamond] a
precious stone of a bright silver colour.

ARGYROLI＇THOS [of ἀργυρος, silver, and λιθος, a stone] talek, a
sort of mineral stone.

ARGYROPE＇A [of ἀργυρος, silver, and ποιεω, to make] the art of
making silver.

ARHU＇SEN, a city of Jutland, in Denmark, situated at the entrance
of the Baltic sea. Lat. 56° N. Long. 10° 20′ E.

A＇RIA Theophrasti [with botanists] the wild service-tree with ash­
leaves. Lat.

A＇RIA [music books] an air, song, or tune. Ital.

ARIA＇NA, a town of the kingdom of Naples and province of Prin­
cipata, situated about fifteen miles east of Benevento. Lat. 41° 16′
N. Long. 15° 35′ E.

A＇RIANISM, the doctrine of Arius, a presbyter in the church of
Alexandria, who flourished about the beginning of the fourth century,
and espoused some notions with reference to Christ＇s pre-existent state,
that were afterwards condemned by the Nicene counsel. See NICENE.

A＇RIANS, such as are of the same opinion with Arlus.

A＇RICA, a sea-port town of Peru, in South America, situated on
the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 18° 20′ S. Long. 70° 20′ W.

ARICI＇NUM [in botany] the headed leek.

ARIDAS, a kind of taffety, manufactured in the East-Indies, from a
shining thread which is got from certain herbs, whence they are styled
aridas of herbs.

A＇RID [aride, Fr. arido, It. and Sp. of aridus, Lat.] dry, parched.
Arbuthnot and Pope seem to mention it as a word in the language of
pedantry; as, my complexion is become adust, and my body arid,
by visiting lands. Thompson says, an arid waste.

ARI＇DITY, or A＇RIDNESS [aridité, Fr. aridità, It. of ariditas,
Lat.] 1. Dryness, want of moisture, siccity; it is used by Arbuthnot.
2. Among divines, an insensibility in devotion, opposite to a feeling
or melting sense of religion; as, strike my soul with lively apprehen­
sions of thy excellencies, and bear up my spirit under the greatest ari­
dities and dejections with the delightful prospect of thy glories. Norris.
This is a word not much used, and perhaps aridness never.

ARIE＇RE-BAN [Fr. of here, an army, and ban, an edict, Teut.] a
proclamation of the French king, to summon all who hold of him to
the wars. See ARRIERE-BAN.

ARIES [in astronomy] the first sign of the zodiac which the sun
enters in March, in the figure of a ram, and is a constellation of sixty-
five stars, and is commonly expressed by this character ♈.
The poets feign that this ram carried Pyrrhus and Helle through
the sea. It was also immortal, and was given to them by their mo­
ther Mephelc. It had a golden fleece, as Hesiod and Pherecydes
write. But when it carried them over that narrow sea, the ram
threw her into the sea, and lost his horn. But Helle was saved by
Neptune, who on her begat a son called Pæon, and Phryxus escaping
to the Euxine sea, came to Æetes, to whom he gave the golden fleece
in the temple of Jupiter, that the memory of it might be preserved.
But he ascended up among the stars, and is beheld but obscurely.

ARIETA＇TION [arietate] 1. The act of butting like a ram. 2. The
act of butting with a military engine, called aries, or the ram. Bacon
uses it in this sense. 3. The act of conflicting in general, a shock, a tu­
multuary concussion; as, such tumultuary motions and arietations of
other particles. Glanville. This word is but little used.

ARIE＇TTA [in music] a little short air, song or tune. Ital.

ARIE＇TUM Levatio [old law] a sportive exercise, as it should seem,
a kind of tilting or running at the quintain. Lat.

ARI＇GHT [of a and right, areht, Sax. reght, or regt, O. and L.
Ger. recht, H. Ger. just or true] 1. Well, truly, in conformity to truth.
2. In conformity to moral rectitude, without a crime; as, a genera­
tion that set not their heart aright. Psalms. 3. With direction to the
aim or end designed; as, direct my dart aright. Dryden.

ARI＇MOA, an island of Asia, near New Guinea.

ARIOLA＇TION [ariolatio, or, hariolatio, Lat.] a soothsaying. A
word used by Sir T. Brown.

ARIO＇SE, or ARIO＇SO [in music] the movement or tune of a com­
mon air, song, or tune. Ital.

A＇RIPO, a fortress in Asia, upon the western coast of the isle Ceylon,
belonging to the Dutch.

A＇RISH, a Persian long measure, containing about 38 English inches.

ARIS, the Indian name for the plant which produces rice.

To ARI＇SE, preter. arose aras, Sax. part. pass. arisen [of arisan,
Sax. risen, Du.] 1. To rise upward, as the sun or the day. 2. To
get up, as from sleep, or from any state of rest. 3. To come into pub­
lic notice, or into view, as from obscurity; as, false prophets shall
arise. St. Matthew. 4. To revive from the dead; as, the dead shall
arise. 5. To take rise, or proceed from, as an original; as, the
persecution that arose about Stephen. Acts. 6. To enter upon some
new state; as,
Another Mary then arose,
And did rig＇rous laws impose. Cowley.
7. To commence hostilities; as, he arose against me. Samuel. See
RISE.

ARI＇SING, part. pres. of arise.

ARI＇STA [with botanists] that long needle-like beard that grows
out from the husk of corn or grass, called also the awn. Lat.

ARISTALTHÆ＇A [with Botanists] the herb marsh mallows, or
white mallows. Lat.

ARISTO＇CRACY [aristocracie, Fr. aristocrazia, It. aristocracia, Sp.
of aristocratia, Lat. ἀριστοκρατεια, of ἀριστος, best, and κρατος, power,
of κρατεω, Gr. to command or govern] a form of political govern­
ment where the supreme power is lodged in the hands of the princi­
pal persons, senators, &c. without a king, and exclusively of the
people.

ARISTOCRACY has been painted as a middle aged woman, richly
cloathed, sitting with majesty on a throne, in her right hand a bundle
of rods, and in her left a helmet. At her seet, heaps of gold, silver,
coins, jewels, &c. and near them an axe. By all which are repre­
sented her dignity, stability; and power, in rewarding the good, or
punishing offenders.

ARISTOCRA＇TICAL, or ARISTOCRA＇TIC [aristocratique, Fr. aristo­
cratico, It. and Sp. aristocraticus, Lat. ἀριστοκρατικος, Gr.] pertaining
to aristocracy, or that form of government by the nobles.

ARISTOCRA＇TICALNESS [of aristocratical] the act or state of being
aristocratical, or governed by the nobility.

ARISTOLOCHIA [aristoloche, Fr. of ἀριστος, best, and λοχεια, or λο­
χια, Gr. the cleansing of the womb after the birth] the herb birth-
worth, or hart-wort. Lat.

ARISTOTE＇LIAN, of, or pertaining to Aristotle

ARISTOTE＇LIANISM, Aristotle＇s philosophy, or the dogmas and
opinions of that philosopher, which are contained in his four books
de Cælo, and his eight books of physics.

ARISTOTE＇LIANS, a sect of philosophers following Aristotle, other­
wise called Peripatetics.

ARI＇THMANCY [of ἀριθμος, number, and μαντεια, divination, Gr.]
a soothsaying, or foretelling future events by numbers.

ARITHME＇TICAL [arithmetique, Fr. arithmetico, It. aritmetico, Sp.
arithmeticus, Lat. ἀριθμητικος, Gr.] of, or pertaining to arithmetic,
according to the rules thereof.

ARITHMETICAL Compliment of a Logarithm, is what that logarithm
wants of 100000000.








ARITHMETICAL Progression, or ARITHMETICAL Proportion. See
PROGRESSION and PROPORTION.

ARITHMETICALLY [from arithmetical] by means, or by rules of
arithmetic.

ARITHMETI＇CIAN [arithmeticien, Fr.] one skilled in arithmetic, a
master of numbers; one versed in numbers or casting up accounts.

ARI＇THMETICK, or ARI＇THMETIC [arithmetique, Fr. arithmetica,
It. arithmética, Sp. and Port. ars arithmetica, Lat. of ἀριθμετικη,
of ἀριθμεω, to number, Gr.] a science which teaches the art of ac­
counting by numbers.

Theoretical ARITHMETIC, is the science of the properties, relations,
&c. of numbers considered abstractedly with the reasons and demon­
strations of the several rules.

Practical ARITHMETIC, is the art of computing; that is, from
certain numbers given, of finding certain others, whose relation to
the former is known.

Instrumental ARITHMETIC, is that where the common rules are
performed by the means of instruments contrived for ease and dis­
patch, as Neper＇s bones, &c.

Logarithmetical ARITHMETIC, is that which is performed by ta­
bles of logarithms.

Numeral ARITHMETIC, is that which gives the calculus of num­
bers, or in determinate quantities, by the common numeral quantities,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0.

Specious ARITHMETIC, is that which gives the calculus of quanti­
ties, by using letters of the alphabet instead of figures.

Decadal ARITHMETIC, is that which is performed by a series of
ten characters, so that the progression is from one to ten; the same
with numeral arithmetic.

Dyadic ARITHMETIC, is that where only two figures, 1, and 0,
are used.

Tetractic ARITHMETIC, is that wherein only the figures 1, 2, 3, 0,
are used.

Vulgar ARITHMETIC, is that which is conversant about integers
and vulgar fractions.

Decimal ARITHMETIC, is the doctrine of decimal fractions.

Sexagesimal ARITHMETIC, is that which proceeds by sixties, or
the doctrine of sexagesimal fractions.

Political ARITHMETIC, is the applying of arithmetic to political
subjects, as the strength and revenues of kings, births, burials, the
number of inhabitants, &c.

ARITHMETIC of Infinites, is the method of summing up a series
of numbers consisting of infinite terms, or of finding the ratio＇s
thereof; instead of this, the doctrine of fluxions, which is far more
general, and performs the same things much easier, is now more ge­
nerally practised.

ARITHMETIC, is iconologically described by a very beautiful but
pensive woman sitting, and having the numeration table before her,
her garment of divers colours and strewed with musical notes, on the
skirts of it the words, par & impar (even and odd) her beauty denotes
that the beauty of all things result from her; for God made all things
by number, weight and measure: her perfect age shews the perfection
of this art; and the various colours, that she gives the principles of
all parts of the mathematics.

ARITHMO＇MANCY, the same as arithmancy, a kind of divination, or
method of foretelling future events by means of numbers.

ARK [arche, Dan. ark, Su. earc, Sax. arche, Fr. arca, It. Sp.
and Lat.] a large chest; as, Moses＇s ark, or the ark of the covenant,
the chest in which the stone tables of the ten commandments, written
by the hand of God, were laid up: this chest or coffer was of shit­
tim wood, covered with plates of gold, being two cubits and a half
in length, a cubit and a half wide, and a cubit and a half high; it
had two rings of gold on each side, through which the staves were put
for carrying it; upon the top was a kind of gold crown all around it,
and two cherubims were fastened to the cover. Also a vessel to swim
upon the water, usually applied to that in which Noah was preserved
from the universal deluge; as, Noak＇s ark.

ARK [of arcus, Lat.] a part of a bowed or curved line or figure.

ARK, or ARCH [with geometricians] some part of the circumfe­
rence of a circle, ellipsis, &c. See ARC and ARCH.

ARK of Direction, or ARK of Progression [with astronomers] is that
ark of the zodiac, which a planet appears to describe, when its mo­
tion is forward according to the order of the signs.

ARK of the Epicicle [in the Ptolemaic system] is the same as be­
fore.

ARK of the first and second Station [in astronomy] is the arch which
a planet describes in the former or latter semi-circumference of its
epicycle, when it appears stationary.

ARK of Retrogradation [in astronomy] is that arch a planet de­
scribes when it is retrograde, or moves contrary to the order of the
signs.

A＇RKI, a town of Turkey in Europe, between Belgrade and Za­
grow.

A＇RKLOW, a sea-port town in Ireland, situated in the county of
Wicklow, about 13 miles south of the city of Wicklow. Lat. 52°
55′ N. Long. 60° 20′ W.

ARLES Penny, earnest money given to servants, or in striking any
bargain.

A＇RLES, a city of Provence, in France, situated on the eastern
shore of the river Rhone. Lat. 43° 32′ N. Long. 4° 45′. E.

ARLEU＇X, a town of Hainault, in the French Netherlands, situated
about six miles south of Douay. Lat. 50° 20′ N. Long. 3° E.

A＇RLON, a town of the duchy of Luxemburg, in the Austrian
Netherlands. Lat. 49° 45′ N. Long. 5° 30′ E.

An A＇RM [Earm, corm, Sax. arm, Dan. Su. Du. and Ger. arms,
Goth.] A member of the body, adjoining to the shoulder, and
reaching to the hand.
Stretch your ARM no farther than your sleeve will reach.
The Lat. say: Metiri se quamque suo modulo ac pede verum est. The
H. Ger. Btreche dich nach der Deche. (Stretch your legs according to
your coverlet.) The It. Li bisogna tagliare il vestito secondo il panno.
(We must cut our coat according to our cloth.) All cautions against
undertaking what we are not able to go through with, or spending
beyond one＇s income.
He is my right ARM, or what I have most to depend on.

ARM [figuratively] is used to signify power, might, as the secu­
lar arm, for the power of the civil magistrate; as, cursed be the man
that maketh flesh his arm. Jeremiah.

ARM [with gardeners] is used for branch or bough, in speaking of
trees; also of cucumbers, melons, &c.

ARM [with geographers] 1. A branch of a river, or inlet of wa­
ter from a sea; as, an arm of the sea. 2. A firth.

ARM is used adjectively; as, arm-hole, arm-pits, arm-full, &c.

The ARM-Pit, the hole under the arms.

An ARM, [or Elbow-chair] a chair with arms, or for the arms to
rest on.

ARMS-END. A phrase taken from boxing, in which the weaker
man may overcome the stronger, if he can keep him from closing.
Johnson. As, keep him at arms-end. Sidney.

To ARM, verb act. [armer, Fr. armar, Sp. and Port. armo, Lat.]
1. To put into, or furnish with armour of defence, or weapons of of­
fence. 2. To plate with iron, or whatever may add strength; as, the
steeds armed heels. Shakespeare. 3. To fit up, to furnish; as, to
arm a loadstone, is to put rings of iron round it, in order to increase
its magnetic virtue, and distinguish its poles with the greater facility;
and in physic, to arm a tent with digestives.

To ARM, verb neut. 1. To take up arms; as, arm to meet him.
2. To prepare beforehand, or be provided against any thing; as,
his servant thoroughly armed against such coverture reported. Shake­
speare.

To ARM a Shot [in gunnery] is to roll oakham, rope-yarn, or old
clouts about one end of the iron spike or bar that goes through the
shot, that it may be the better rammed home to the powder, and to
prevent it catching in any honey-combs of the piece to endanger its
bursting.

To ARM [in the manage] is said of a horse, when he endeavours
to defend himself against the bit, to prevent obeying, or being check­
ed by it.

A＇RMA Dare, to dub or make a knight. Lat.

ARMA Deponere [a law term] to lay down arms. A punishment
enjoined when a man had committed an offence. Lat.

ARMA Moluta [old rec.] sharp, cutting weapons, in contradistinc­
tion to those that only break or bruise.

ARMA Reversata, inverted arms, as when a man is found guilty of
treason or felony. Lat.

ARMA, the name of a city and province of south America, in the
kingdom of Popajan.

ARMA＇DA [Sp. armata, It.] a navy well armed or manned; a sea­
armament, a fleet of war. It is often erroneously spelt armado. Johnson.

ARMA＇DABAT, a very large city of Asia, the metropolis of the
kingdom of Guaarat.

ARMADI＇LLO, Sp. a West-Indian animal, particularly in Brazil, that
is four-footed, as big as a cat, with a snout like a hog, a tail like a
lizard, and feet like a hedge-hog; he is armed all over with hard
scales, of a bony or cartilaginous substance, like armour, that cannot
easily be pierced. Hence he takes his name, and he retires under his
scales like a tortoise. He is of the amphibious kind. When he is
caught, he draws up his feet and head to his belly, and rolls himself
up in a ball, which the strongest hand cannot open; and he must be
brought near the, fire before he will show his nose. His flesh is
white, fat, tender, and more delicate than that of a sucking pig. He
hides himself a third part of the year under-ground; and he feeds
upon roots, sugar-canes, fruits, and poultry. See Plate I. Fig. 12.

ARMA＇GH, once a considerable city of Ireland, but now much
reduced; situated about thirty miles south of Londonderry. Lat. 54°
30′ N. Long. 6° 45′ W. It is still the see of the primate of Ire­
land, and gives name to the county of Armagh.

ARMA＇GNAC, a district or territory in the north-cast part of Gas­
cony in France.

A＇RMAMENT [of armamentum, Lat.] the arms and provisions of a
navy; a force equipped for war, generally a naval force; as, the
great naval armaments of the English and French.

ARMAME＇NTARY [armamentarium, Lat.] an armoury or store­
house, where war-furniture is kept, a magazine, an arsenal.

A＇RMAN [with farriers] a confection for horses, of white bread,
cinnamon, honey of roses, &c. to restore a lost appetite.

ARMA＇RIUM Unguentum [weapon salve] by which (it is said) wounds
may be cured at a distance, only by dressing the weapon. Lat.

An A＇RMARY [armarium, Lat.] a tower.

A＇RMATURE [armatura, Lat.] armour, harness; as, others should
be armed with prickles, and the rest have no such armature. Ray.

A＇RMED [armaturus, Lat. part. pass.] furnished with arms.

ARMED [in heraldry] is a term used of beasts and birds of prey,
when their teeth, horns, feet, talons, beaks, &c. are of a different
colour from the rest.

ARMED [spoken of a loadstone] is when it is cased or capped, i. e.
set in iron, to add to its magnetism, and the better to distinguish the
poles. See To ARM.

ARMED Cap-a-pee, armed all over, or from top to toc.

ARMED Chair, an elbow chair with arms, or a chair for one＇s arms
to rest on.

ARMED Ship, one which is fitted out and provided in all respects
for a man of war.

ARME＇NIA, a large country of Asia, comprehending Turcomannia,
and part of Persia.

ARMENIA＇CA, apricot [in botany.] See APRICOT.

ARME＇NIAN Bole, a native bole or earth, brought from Armenia,
commonly called bole armoniac. It is a fatty medicinal kind of earth,
of considerable use as an absorbent, astringent, and vulnerary.

ARMENIAN Stone, a kind of mineral stone, or earth which nearly
resembles the lapis lazuli, except that it is softer, and intermixed with
veins of green instead of gold. Boerhaave ranks it among semi­
metals, and supposes it composed of a metal and earth. Woodward
says, it owes its colour to an admixture of copper. Its chief use is
in Mosaic work, though it has some place also in physic.

ARME＇NIANS [so called of Armenia, the country which they an­
ciently inhabited] they are of two sects; the one catholicks, who have







an archbishop in Persia, and another in Poland; the other make a
peculiar sect, and have two patriarchs in Natolia.

ARME＇RIA [with botanists] the herb sweet-william.

A＇RMGAUNT [of arm and gaunt] slender as the arm; as, he did
mount an armgaunt steed. Shakespeare.

ARM-HOLE [of arm and hole] the hollow under the arm. Bacon.

A＇RMIGER [of arma and gero, Lat. to bear] a title of dignity
properly signifying an armour-bearer to a knight; an esquire, an es­
quire of the body. Lat.

ARMI＇GEROUS [armiger, Fr.] bearing arms or weapons.

ARMI＇LLA, a bracelet or jewel wore on the arm or wrist; and also
a ring of iron, a hoop in a brace, in which the gudgeons of a wheel
move. Lat.

ARMILLA Membranosa [in anatomy] the annular ligament; a li­
gament, band, or string, which comprehends the other ligaments of
the hand in a sort of circle. Lat.

ARMI＇LLAR [armillaire, Fr. armillare, It. of armillaris, Lat.] like
a hoop or ring, resembling a bracelet. The following word is the
more usual.

ARMI＇LLARY Sphere, is when the greater and lesser circles of the
sphere being made of brass, wood, &c. and put together in their
natural order, so as to represent the three positions of those circles in
the heavens, as in Plate IV, Fig. 23, where P represents the north
pole, and P the south pole; a b the arctic circle, and x y the antarc­
tic circle, each 23° 29′ distant from its respective pole; and the
two tropics as far removed from the equator, as the polar circles are
removed from the poles. The tropic of Cancer is represented by ♋, that
of Capricorn by ♑, the ecliptic by A B, and the horizon by H O.
Those circles that pass through both poles, are called meridians. The
earth is represented by the small ball in the center of the sphere, and the
sphere itself is made to turn round the earth agreeable to the Ptole­
maic system; and by this sphere the positions, viz. a right sphere,
an oblique sphere, and a parallel sphere (which see under the several
words) are truly represented according as the several inhabitants of
the earth enjoy them; also the several problems belonging to the
sphere, viz. the time of rising, setting, and culminating of the pla­
nets in any latitude, and consequently the length of their days and
nights.

ARMI＇LLATED [armillatus, Lat.] wearing bracelets.

ARMILU＇STRIUM [among the Romans] a feast wherein they sacri­
ficed, being armed at all points.

A＇RMINGS [in a ship] the same as waste cloaths, being red cloaths
hung about the outside of the ship＇s upper works, fore and aft, and
before the cubbridge heads. Some are also hung about the tops, cal­
led top-armings. Chambers.

ARMI＇NIANISM [arminianisme, Fr.] the doctrine of Arminius, a
celebrated professor in the university of Leyden, A. C. 1603, and who
advanced some tenets with reference to the divine decrees, free will,
and the extent of Christ＇s atonement, that were afterwards condemned
by the synod of Dort. See Synod of DORT.

ARMI＇NIANS, those that embrace the doctrine of James Arminius.

ARMI＇POTENT [armipotens, Lat.] mighty in arms, puissant in war;
as, the armipotent soldier. Shakespeare.

ARMISA＇LII [of arma, arms, and salio, Lat. to dance, among the
Romans] a sort of dancers in armour, who danced the Pyrrhic dance,
keeping time by striking their swords and javelins against their bucklers.

ARMISCA＇RE [old records] any sort of punishment.

A＇RMISTICE [Fr. armistizio, It. armisticie, Sp. of armistitium,
Lat.] a cessation of arms for a little time, a short truce.

A＇RMLET. 1. A little arm, as of the sea. 2. A piece of ar­
mour for the arm. 3. A bracelet for the arm; as, rings and armlets.
Donne.

ARMO＇MANCY [of armus, Lat. a shoulder, and μαντεια, Gr. divi­
nation] divination by the shoulders of beasts.

ARMONIAC, or AMMO＇NIAC, a sort of volatile salt, of which
there are two sorts, ancient and modern. Armoniac is written er­
roneously for Ammoniac. See AMMONIAC.

Volatile Sal ARMONIAC, is made by subliming it with salt of
tartar.

Flowers of Sal ARMONIAC, are made by subliming of it.

A＇RMOR, or ARMOUR [in law] any thing that a man either wears
for his defence, or that he takes into his hand in his fury or rage, to
strike or throw at another.

ARMORA＇CIA [among botanists] crow-flower. Lat.

ARMORA＇RIA [in botany] horse-radish. Lat.

ARMO＇RIAL, Fr. belonging to the coats or escutcheons of families;
as, ensigns armorial.

A＇RMORIST [armoriste, Fr. with heralds] a person well-skilled in
the knowledge of armory or coats of arms.

A＇RMOUR [armure, Fr. armadura, It. of armatura, Lat.] warlike
harness, defensive armour for covering the body.

Coat ARMOUR, there being, as it were, a kind of sympathy be­
tween the arms, and the persons to whom they belong, he who uses
or bears the arms of any person, that do not of right belong to him,
seems to affront the person of the bearer.

ARMOUR-BEARER [of armour and bear] he that carries the ar­
mour of another.

A＇RMOURER [armainolo, It. armero, Sp. armamentarius, Lat. armu­
rier, Fr.] 1. One that makes or sells armour. 2. He that dresses
another in armour; as, his armourer put on his back-piece before.
Camden.

The A＇RMOURERS were incorporated in the beginning of the reign
of Henry VI, the king himself being pleased to be free of their com­
pany; their arms are argent on a chevron gules, a gantlet between
four swords in saltire, on a chief sable, a buckler argent, charged
with a cross, gules betwixt two helmets of the first. Their crest is a
man demi-armed at all points, surmounting a torce and helmet.

A＇RMOURY, or A＇RMORY [armarium, Lat. armoirie, Fr. armeria,
It. and Sp.] 1. A store house of armour, a particular place where
arms are laid up and kept, a magazine of warlike weapons. 2. Arms
themselves, weapons of defence; as, celestial armoury, shields, helms,
and spears. Milton. 3. Coat armour, ensigns armorial; as, well wor­
thy be you of that armory. Spenser.

A＇RMS, without a singular [armes, Fr. armi, It. armas, Sp. and Port.
arma, Lat.] 1. All manner of weapons made use of by men, either
for defending themselves, or for attacking others. 2. State of being
actually in arms as an enemy; as, they are all in arms. 3. War in
general; as, arms and the man I sing. Dryden. 4. The act of taking
arms; as, to arms the matin trumpet sung. Milton.

ARMS [with falconers] the legs of a bird of prey from the thigh
to the foot.

ARMS [in heraldry] the ensigns armorial of any family so named,
because they are borne chiefly on the buckler, cuirass, banners, &c.
They are used for marks of dignity and honour, being composed re­
gularly of certain figures or colours, given or authorised by sovereign
princes to be borne in coats, shields, banners, &c. for the distinction
of persons, families, and states.

Charged ARMS [in heraldry] are such as retain their ancient inte­
grity, with the addition of some new honourable charge or bearing.

ARMS of Courtesy, or ARMS of Parade, those arms anciently used in
justs and tournaments, as swords without edge or point, and sometimes
wooden swords, and also canes; lances not shod, &c.

Intire ARMS, or Full ARMS [in heraldry] are such as retain their
primitive purity, integrity, and value, without any alterations, dimi­
nutions, or abatements.

Pass of ARMS [among the ancient cavaliers] a kind of combat so
named.

Vocal ARMS [in heraldry] such wherein the figures bear an allusion
to the name of the family.

A＇RMY [armée, Fr.] a great number of armed men or soldiery,
gathered together into one body, consisting of horse, foot, and dra­
goons, with artillery, ammunition, provisions, &c. under the com­
mand of one general.

The Vanguard, Body, Rear, and Wings of an ARMY.

ARMY, figuratively denotes any great number; as, an army of good
words. Shakespeare.

ARNA＇LDIA, or ARNO＇LDIA [old writ.] a disease which causes the
hair to fall off. Lat.

ARNA＇ULT [in geography] the modern or Turkish name of Al­
bany.

A＇RNAY le Duc, a town of Burgundy in France, situated on the
river Arroux. Lat. 47′ N. Long. 4° E.

A＇RNEBERG, a town of Germany upon the Elbe, between Anger­
mund and Werben.

ARNE＇DO, a town of South America, upon the Pacific Ocean in
Peru.

ARNHEI＇M, a large city of Guelderland, in the United Nether­
lands, situated on the river Lech, about ten miles north of Nimeguen.
Lat. 52° N. Long. 5° 50′ E.

A＇RNO, a river of Italy, which, after watering Tuscany, falls into
the Mediterranean below Pisa.

ARNO＇DI [of ἀρνος, gen. of ἀρς, a lamb, and ωδη, Gr. a song]
the same with rhapsodi. See RHAPSODI.

ARNO＇GLOSSUM [ἀρνογλωσσον, Gr.] the plant ram＇s-tongue, or
rib-wort. Lat.

ARNO＇LDISTS, a sect so called of Arnold of Bresse, who declaimed
against the great wealth and possessions of the church, and preached
against baptism and the eucharist.

A＇RNSTADT, a town of Germany in Thuringia, upon the river
Gora. Lat. 50° 54′ N. Long. 11° E.

A＇ROBE [in Portugal] a measure for sugar, containing twenty-five
bushels.

A＇ROCUM [with botanists] an artichoke. Lat.

A＇ROLEC, an American weight, equal to twenty-five of our
pounds.

AROMA＇TICA Nux, a nutmeg. Lat.

AROMA＇TICAL, or AROMA＇TIC [aromatíque, Fr. aromatico, It.
and Sp. aromaticus, Lat. ἀρωματικος, Gr.] having a spicey smell,
sweet and high scented, fragrant, strong scented.

AROMA＇TICALNESS, or AROMA＇TICNESS [from aromatical] spi­
ciness.

AROMA＇TICS, subst. spices; as, they were furnished for exchange
of their aromatics and other commodities. Raleigh.

AROMA＇TICUM Rosatum [in medicine] a compound officinal pow­
der made of red roses, aloes-wood, liquorice, spikenard, ambergrease,
musk, and other ingredients, used in cordial and cephalic prescrip­
tions. Lat.

AROMATI＇TES [ἀρωματιτης, Gr.] 1. Hippocrass, or sweet wine
brewed with spices. 2. A sweet stone smelling like spices. Lat.

AROMATIZA＇TION [of aromatize, in pharmacy] the art of ming­
ling a due proportion of aromatic spices or drugs with any medi­
cine.

To ARO＇MATIZE [aromatizo, Lat. ἀρωματιζω, Gr.] 1. To scent
with spice, to season with spices. Brown uses it in this sense. 2. To
perfume, to scent. Brown also uses it in this sense.

AROMATO＇POLA [of ἀρωματα, spices, and πολεω, Gr. to sell] a sel­
ler of spices, a grocer, a druggist.

A＇RON, or A＇RUM [αρον, Gr. aron, Lat.] the herb wake-robin,
cuckoo pint, or ramp.

ARO＇NA, a fortified town of the Milanese, situated on the south-
west part of the lake Maggior. Lat. 45° 40′ N. Long. 8° 50′ E.

ARO＇OL, a city of Russia, upon the river Occa. Lat. 51° 48′ N.
Long. 38° 50′ E.

ARO＇SE, preter. of arise. See To ARISE.

A＇ROT and MA＇ROT, [or rather Harût and Marût] two angels men­
tioned in the coran, book 2. And what we sent down to the two
angels at BABEL, HARUT, and MARUT. On which the traditionary
comment of some Mahometan writers is to this effect; that these two
angels being stationed as judges on the earth, they suffered themselves
to be captivated by the planet Venus descending in a human form:
Or, (as others say) by a real woman; analogous to the opinion of
the Persian Magi, Jews, and several of the Christian fathers, who
gave much the same turn to those words in Genesis, and the sons of
God saw the daughters of men. Sale＇s Coran.

ARO＇UND, adv. [of a and round, a and ront, Dan. rond, Du. rund,
Ger.] 1. In a round, or circle; as, Atlas turns the rowling heaven＇s
around. Dryden. 2. On every side.








AROUND, prepos. about. Around his brows. Dryden.

To ARO＇USE [of a and rouse] 1. To wake one out of sleep. 2. To
raise up or excite in general; as, woes aroused rage. Thompson.

ARO＇W, ellyptically, for in a row, abreast; as, home lasses walk
arow. Sidney. Dryden also uses it.

ARO＇YNT, adv. [a word of uncertain etymology, but very ancient
use. Johnson] begone, away, a word of driving away, or avoiding;
as, aroynt thee, witch, aroynt thee. Shakespeare.

A＇RPAGUS [probably of ἀρπαζω, Gr. to ravish, or snatch away sud­
denly, in ancient inscriptions] a child that died in the cradle.

ARPE＇GGIO [in music books] intimates that the several notes or
sounds of an accord are not to be heard together, but one after ano­
ther, always beginning at the lowest. Ital.

A＇RPENT [old deeds] an acre or furlong of ground.

ARQUA＇TUS Morbus [of arquus, or arcus cælestis] the jaundice, a
disease so named from its colour, resembling that of a rainbow. Lat.

ARQUEBUSA＇DE [archibusata, It.] a shot of an arquebuse.

A＇RQUEBUSE, [Fr. of arcobusio, or arcuabuso, It. of arco, a
bow, and busio, a hole, because the touch-hole of an arque­
buss succeds to the use of the bow among the ancients; it is falsely
spelt harquebuss] a large hand-gun, something larger than our musket.
It seems to have anciently meant much the same as our carabine or
fusee. Johnson. It is used by Bacon.

ARQUEBUSE a croc, a sort of small fire-arms, which carries a ball
of about an ounce and a half.

A＇RQUEBUSIER [of arquebuse] one armed with an arquebuse. Fif­
teen thousand arquebusiers Knolles.

A＇RRACH [in botany] an herb of two sorts; the first a garden
herb, called orach, or orrage. See ORACH. It is one of the quickest
plants both in coming up and running to seed. Its leaves are very
good in broth. It should be used as soon as it peeps out, because it
decays quickly. The other herb is

Dog＇s A＇RRACH, or Goat＇s A＇RRACH, stinking arrach, or stinking
mother-wort.

A＇RRAC. See ARAC.

A＇RRADS, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Tunis, upon the
road from the Golett to Tunis.

ARRAIA＇TIO Peditum [old deeds] the act of arraying foot sol­
diers. Lat.

To ARRA＇IGN [arranger, Fr. to put in order, a law term] 1. To
set a thing in order, or in its place. 2. To condem in controversy or
satire, to charge with faults in general; as, he arraigns and condemns
his neighbour in his heart. 3. It has for before the fault; as, to ar­
raign one for ignorance.

To ARRAIGN a Writ in a County [in law] to fit it for trial before
the justices of the circuit.

To ARRAIGN the Assize [a law phrase] is to cause the tenant to be
called to make the plaint, and to set the cause in such order, as the
tenant may be forced to answer unto it.

To ARRAIGN a Prisoner in a Court of Justice, is to bring a prisoner
forth in order to his trial, as he stands at the bar to read his indict­
ment to him, and to put the question to him, whether he be guilty or
not guilty.

ARRA＇IGNMENT [arrangement, Fr.] the act of arraigning a pri­
soner, a charge of faults in general; as, that is an arraignment of all
women.

ARRA＇N, an island of Scotland, situated in the frith of Clyde, be­
tween Cautire and Cunningham.

A＇RRAND, or E＇RRAND, a message; as, a sleeveless errand, i. e. a tri­
fting message.

To ARRA＇NGE, [arranger, Fr.] to set in due order for any pur­
pose; as, to arrange a battalion or army.

ARRA＇NGEMENT, Fr. the rangement or disposition of the parts of
any whole into a certain order; either the act of arranging, or the state
of being arranged. It is used by Cheyne.

A＇RRANGES, ranges or arrangements, ranks.

A＇RRANT [probably of arer, Sax. honour, q. d. famous among others
of the same stamp. Johnson says it is of uncertain etymology, but
probably from errant, which being at first applied in its proper signifi­
cation to vagabonds, as an errant or arrant rogue, that is, a rambling
rogue, lost, in time, its original signification, and being, by its use,
understood to imply something bad, was applied at large to any thing
that was mentioned with hatred or contempt] bad in a high degree,
mere, downright; as, an arrant coward, an arrant sot, an arrant
bawd.

A＇RRANTLY [of arrant] basely, shamefully.

A＇RRAS Hangings [so called of the town of Arras, in the province
of Artois in Flanders, where made] a sort of rich tapestry hangings,
in which figures are woven.

ARRAS, a large fortified town of the French Netherlands, capital of
the province of Artois, situated in Lat. 50° 20′ N. Long. 2° 50′ E.
It is from this city that the tapestry, called Arras hangings, takes its
denomination.

ARRAS, or ARAXES, is also the name of a river of Georgia, which
discharges itself into the Caspian Sea.

ARRAU＇GHT [a word used by Spenser in the preter tense, of which
I have not found the present, but suppose he derived arrcach from
arracher, Fr. Johnson] seized by violence.

ARRA＇Y [of arraye, arroy, O. Fr. arreo, Sp. arredo, It. from reye,
Teut.] order.

ARRAY [in common law] the ranking or setting forth of a jury or
inquest of men, impannelled upon a cause.

ARRAY [a military art] is the drawing up, or ranking soldiers in
order of battle. To this it is chiefly applied.

ARRAY, dress; as, gorgeous or rich array.

To ARRAY [of arroyer, O. Fr.] 1. To draw up and dispose an
army in order of battle. 2. To dress, to decorate the person, having
with; as, array thyself with beauty. Job.

To ARRAY a Pannel [a law phrase] is to rank, order, or set forth
a jury impannelled upon a cause.

To quash an ARRAY [a law phrase] is to set aside the pannel of
the jury.

ARRA＇YERS, Commissioners of ARRAY [of arraiatores, law Lat.] cer­
tain officers, whose business anciently it was to take care of the
arms of the soldiery, and to see that they were duly accoutered, and
dressed in their armour.

ARRE＇AR, adv. [arriere, Fr.] behind. This is the primitive mean­
ing of the word, which tho＇ not now in use, we find in Spenser; as,
to leave one arrear.

ARREAR, subst. The remainder unpaid, tho＇ due. The plural is
more commonly used, as

ARRE＇ARANCES, or ARRE＇ARS [arrerages, Fr.] are the remainders
of any rents or monies unpaid at the due time; the remainders of a
debt or reckoning.

ARRE＇ARAGES [in law] is the remainder of an account of a sum of
money in the hands of an accountant, or more generally any money
unpaid at the time it was due; as, arrearages of rent. Cowel. Ar­
rearages is a word little used.

ARRECTA＇RIA [in architecture] beams, posts, pillars or stones in
buildings, which stand erect or upright to bear the weight among
them. Lat.

ARRECTA＇TUS [a law term] suspected, accused of, or charged
with a crime.

ARRE＇CTED, noun adj. pricked up, erected, from arrectus, Lat.

ARRE＇NATUS [a law term] arraigned, or brought forth in order to
a trial.

ARRENTA＇RE [in the practic of Scotland] signifies to set lands to
any one for a yearly rent.

ARRENTA＇TION [of arrendare, Sp.] a licensing one who owns lands
in a forest to inclose them with a low hedge and a little ditch, paying
an annual rent. Forest Law.

Saving the ARRENTATIONS [a law phrase] signifies the reserving a
power to grant such licenses.

ARREPHO＇RIA [ἀῤῥηϕορια, of ἀῤῥητα and ϕερειν, Gr. to bear myste­
rious things. Hesych.] a solemnity in honour of Minerva, when four select
noble virgins, not under seven nor above eleven years of age, apparelled
in white, and set off with ornaments of gold, had a ball-court appro­
priated for their use in the acropolis, wherein stood a brazen statue of
Isocrates on horseback. It was the custom to choose, out of these, two
to weave a veil for Minerva, which they began on the 30th day of
Panoplion.

ARREPTI＇TIOUS [arreptitius, Lat.] snatched away; also crept in
privily.

ARRE＇ST [arreste, Fr. arresto, It.] 1. Stopping a person. 2. Any
caption or restraint in general; as, to the rich man it was a sad arrest,
that his soul was surprized the first night. Taylor. 3. A stop; as, the
stop and arrest of the air. Bacon.

ARREST [in law] a judgment, decree, or final sentence of a
court.

ARREST [in common law] a stopping or seizing of a man＇s person
by order of some court or some officer of justice. By an arrest a man
is deprived of his own will, and is bound to become obedient to the
will of the law; and it may be called the beginning of an imprison­
ment.

To ARREST [arrester, Fr. arrestare, It. arrestàr, Sp.] 1. To stop
or stay, to seize as above. Thus, a man apprehended for debt is said
to be arrested. 2. To seize any thing by law; as, his horses are ar­
rested. 3. To seize on, lay hands on; as, age arrests, seizes and
reminds us of our mortality. South. 4. To hinder, to with-hold, to put
a stop to the progress of any thing; as, this defect arrested and stopped
the course of the conquest. Sir J. Davies. 5. To stop motion parti­
cularly in fluids; as, we have arrested the fluidity of new milk. Boyle.

To plead in ARREST of Judgment, is to shew cause why judgment
should be staid, although a verdict has been brought in.

ARRESTA＇NDIS bonis ne dissipentur [in law] a writ which lies for
him whose cattle or goods are taken by another, who during the con­
troversy does make, or is like to make them away, and hardly seems
able to make satisfaction afterwards.

ARRESTA＇NDO ipsum qui pecuniam recepit ad proficiscendum in obse­
quium regis [in law] a writ which lies for the apprehending of him,
who hath taken pressed money for the king＇s wars, and hides himself
when he should go.

ARRE＇STO facto super bonis mercatorum alienigenorum [in law] a
writ lying for a demur against the goods of strangers of another coun­
try found within this kingdom, in recompence for goods taken in that
country from a native of ours, after he has been denied restitution
there.

ARRE＇STS [with farriers] mangey humours upon the sinews of the
hinder legs of a horse, between the ham and the pastern.

A＇RRESTS, the small bones of a fish. A word rarely used.

ARRE＇T, Fr. A proclamation or law among the French, equiva­
lent to one of our acts of parliament.

ARRE＇TTFD [arrectatus, law Lat. accused] summoned before a judge,
and charged with a crime; and sometimes it is used to signify, imputed
or laid to; as, no solly may be arretted to one under age. Cowel.

ARRHA [arrhe, erres, Fr. ἀῤῥαβων, Gr. arrabon, Heb.] an earnest,
money given in part, as a pledge of fulfilling any bargain.

ARRHABONA＇RII [of ἀῤῥαβων, Gr. a pledge] a sect who held that
the eucharist was neither the real flesh and blood of Christ, nor yet the
sign of them, only the pledge or earnest of them.

To ARRI＇DE [arrideo, Lat. of ad, to, and rideo, to laugh] 1. To
simper or laugh at. 2. To look pleasantly upon.

ARRI＇ERE [arriere, Fr.] behind, the last body of an army, for
which we now use the rear. The two other parts of an army by which
they are distinguished, are the avantguard, and the battail or main
body. Arriere is used by Hayward.

ARRIERE BAN [Casseneuve derives this word from ban, which de­
notes the convening of the noblesse or vassals who hold sees imme­
diately of the crown, and from arriere, which signifies those who only
hold of the king mediately; in the French customs] is a general pro­
clamation, whereby the king summoneth to the wars all that hold of
him; both his own vassals, i. e. the noblesse, or nobility, and their
vassals. See ARIEREBAN.

ARRIERE FEE, a fee dependant on some other superior fee. These
fees commenced, when the dukes and counts, rendering their govern­
ments hereditary in their families, distributed to their officers part of
the royal domains, which they found in their respective provinces; and
even permitted those officers to gratify the soldiers under them in the
same manner.








ARRIE＇REGUARD [of arriere and guard] the rear of an army.

A＇RRIER Vassal or Tenant, the vassal or tenant of another vassal or
tenant.

ARRI＇SION [arresio, of arrideo, Lat.] a smiling upon.

ARRI＇VAL [of arrivée, Fr. arrivo, It. arribóda, Sp.] act of com­
ing to any place; figuratively, the attainment of any design.

ARRI＇VANCE [of arrive] company coming, arrival; as, expectancy
of more arrivance. Shakespeare.

To ARRIVE [arriver, à la rive, Fr. arrivare, It. arribáda, Sp.]
1. To come to a place by water, to come to a bank or shore, with
upon or on. 2. To reach to a place by travelling, with upon or at;
as, from St. Albans we arrived at London. 3. To reach any point,
with at; as, when we arrived at the farthest port. 4. To attain to,
to compass a thing, with at; as, to arrive at heaven. 5. The thing
we attain to, or arrive at, is always supposed to be good. 6. To hap­
pen; with to before the person. This sense seems not proper. Johnson.
As,
Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives. Waller.

ARRO＇BA, a weight used in Spain, in Portugal, at Goa, and
throughout all Spanish America. In all these places they are scarce
any otherwise like each other but in name, being very different in
weight, and in their proportion to the weight of other countries.

To ARRO＇DE [arrodo, of ad, to, and rodo, Lat. to gnaw] to gnaw
about, to nibble.

A＇RROGANCE, A＇RROGANCY, or A＇RROGANTNESS [arroganza, It.
arrogáncia, Sp. arrogance, Fr. of arrogantia, Lat.] the act or qua­
lity of taking too much upon one＇s self, that kind of haughtiness, pride,
presumption, or self-conceit, which consists in exorbitant claims.

ARROGANCE is iconologically described by a woman of a haughty
disdainful aspect, with the head lifted or tossed up, cloathed in a green
garment, with asses ears, as a mark of folly, because she ascribes to
herself what is not her due; with her right arm extended, and point­
ing with her fore-finger, to shew she ridicules and despises every thing
but her own; and under her left arm a peacock, as an emblem of self­
conceit.

A＇RROGANT [Fr. arrogante, It. and Sp. of arrogans, Lat.] that as­
sumes too much, apt to make exorbitant claims, proud, haughty.

A＇RROGANTLY [of arrogant] proudly, haughtily, in an arrogant
manner.

To A＇RROGATE [s＇arroger, Fr. arrogarsi, It. arrogàr, Sp. of arrogo,
Lat. of ad, to, and rogo, to demand] to claim, challenge, or attribute
to one＇s self, vainly and proudly to take upon one, to assume unjustly
and exorbitantly; as, being merely prompted by pride.

ARROGA＇TION [of arrogate] act of claiming to one＇s self proudly
and unjustly.

ARRONDE＇E [in heraldry] as a cross arondie, i. e. rounded. It is
a cross, whose arms are composed of sections of a circle not opposite to
each other, so as to make the arms bulge out thicker in one part than
another; but both the sections of each arm lying the same way, so
that the arm is every where of an equal thickness, and all of them ter­
minating at the end of the escutcheon, like the plain cross. Fr.

ARRO＇SED [arrosus, of arrodo, Lat.] gnawed or pilled.

ARRO＇SION [of arrosus, Lat.] act of gnawing.

A＇RROW [arwe, arewe, Sax. The makers are called fletchers, from
fleche, an arrow, of which there is a company in London] the pointed
weapon shot from a bow. Darts are thrown by the hand, but in
poetry, they are confounded. Johnson.

ARROW [hieroglyphically] signifies speed or dispatch.

ARROW-HEAD, a water-plant so called, because the leaves of it re­
semble the head of an arrow.

A＇RROWY [of arrow] consisting of arrows. Sharp sleet of arrowy
shower. Milton.

A＇RRURA [in old records] days work of ploughing.

A＇RSCHIN [in commerce] a long measure used in China to measure
stuffs. Four arschins make three yards of London.

A＇RSCHOT, a town of the Austrian Netherlands, situated about four­
teen miles east of the city of Mechlin. Lat. 51° 5′ N. Long. 4° 45′
E.

ARSE [earse, Sax, arsz, Su. aers, Du. and L. Ger. arsch, H. Ger.]
the breech, the buttocks or fundament, the hind part.

To hang an ARSE, to be backward of one＇s promise, to be sluggish
or tardy. This is found in Hudibras, but is a vulgar and mean phrase.

ARSE of a Block, &c. [in a ship] the lower end of that through
which any rope runs.

ARSE-FOOT, a kind of water-fowl, a didapper.

ARSE-SMART [persicana, Lat. with herbalists] the herb water-
pepper.

ARSE-VERSY [of arse and versus, Lat. turned] heels over head,
topsy-turvy, preposterously, without order. ＇Tis a very vulgar low
phrase.

ARSE-VERSE [i. e. avertere ignem; for in the dialect of Tuscany,
arse is used for avertere, and verse signifies ignem, i. e. fire, or of ar­
sus, of ardeo, Lat. to burn] a spell written upon an house to preserve it
from being burnt.

A＇RSENAL [Fr. of arsenale, It. and Sp.] a public storehouse for
arms, and of all sorts of warlike ammunition; a place for keeping
every thing necessary either for defence or assault; a magazine.

ARSE＇NICAL, consisting of or pertaining to arsenic.

ARSENICAL Magnet [with chemists] is a preparation of antimony
with sulphur and white arsenic.

A＇RSENIC [arsenic, Fr. arsenico, It. and Sp. arsenicum, Lat.] a
ponderous mineral body which is volatile and inflammable, it gives a
whiteness to metals in fusion, and proves a violent corrosive poison; it
consists of much sulphur, and some caustic salts of three sorts, white,
red, and yellow.

Yellow, or Native ARSENIC, is of a yellow or orange colour, chiefly
found in copper mines in a sort of glebes or stones; it is found to con­
tain a small portion of gold, but so little, that it will not quit the cost
of separating it; it is thence called auripigmentum, or orpiment.

Red ARSENIC, the native yellow arsenic rubified by fire, called real­
gal; or it is a preparation of the white, made by adding to it a mineral
sulphur.

White ARSENIC is drawn from the yellow by subliming it with a
proportion of sea-salt, and called crystalline arsenic.

Caustic Ore of ARSENIC, is a butyrous liquor, prepared of arsenic
and corrosive sublimate; it is like butter of antimony.

Regulus of ARSENIC [with chemists] a composition of nitre, tar­
tar, orpiment, scales of steel and corrosive sublimate, which prepared,
in substance resembles butter.

Ruby of ARSENIC [with chemists] a preparation of arsenic with
sulphur or brimstone, by several repeated sublimations, by means of
which it receives the tincture of a ruby. The smallest quantity of any
arsenic being mixed with any metal, renders it white, but absolutely
destroys its malleability.

A＇RSIS [ἀρσις, of ἀιρω, Gr. to lift up] the raising of the voice in
pronunciation. It is rarely used.

ARSIS and THESIS [with musicians] a term used of compositions: as
when a point is turned or inverted, it is said to move per arsin and the­
sin; that is to say, when a point rises in one part and falls in another:
or e contra.

A＇RSURA [in old Lat. records] the trial of money by fire after it
has been coined.

ART [Fr. arte, It. Sp. and Port. of ars, Lat. of ἀρετη, virtue, or,
as others say, from ἀρος, Gr. profit] is variously defined. 1. The school­
men define it to be a habit of the mind operative or effective, accord­
ing to right reason; or a habit of the mind prescribing rules for the
production of certain effects. Others define it a proper disposal of
the things of nature by human thought and experience, so as to make
them answer the designs and uses of mankind; as that which is per­
formed by the wit and industry of men; also a collection of rules, in­
ventions and experiments, which being observed, give success to our
undertakings in all manner of affairs; or it is that to which belong
such things as mere reason would not have attained to. 2. It is opposed
to nature or instinct; as, to breathe is natural, but to dance well is
art. 3. Skilfulness, dexterity; as,
The art of our necessities is strange,
That can make vile things precious. Shakespeare.
4. Cunning, artifice. 5. Speculation, opposed to practice; as,
I have as much of this in art as you. Shakespeare.

ART, the second person singular of to be, as, I am, thou art. Vide
To BE.

ARS Notoria, a way of acquiring sciences (as is pretended) by
infusion, without any other application than a little fasting, and the
performance of a few ceremonies.

St. Anselm＇s ART, a superstitious art, or (pretended) method of
curing wounds by only touching the linen wherewith those wounds
had been covered.

ART and PART [in the north of England, &c.] is when a person is
charged with a crime, they say, he is art and part commencing the
same, i. e. he was both a contriver and acted a part in it.

A Term of Art, a word that has a meaning beyond its general or
scientifical one. A word appropriated to the use of a certain liberal art
or profession.

Transcendent ART. This is also called Raymond Lully＇s art. An
art by which a man may dispute whole days on any topic in nature,
without understanding the least title of the thing in dispute. This art
chiefly consists in disposing the several sorts of beings into divers scales
or climaxes, to be run down in a descending progression. As, let the
subject be what it will, he will say, it is a being true, good, perfect,
and then, it is either created or uncreated, and so on.

Angelic ART, a method of coming to the knowledge of any thing
desired, by the means of an angel, spirit, or rather a demon.

The liberal ARTS [artes liberales, Lat.] are those which are noble
and ingenuous, and worthy to be cultivated, without any regard being
had to lucre or gain: These are architecture, grammar, military art,
music, navigation, painting, poetry, &c. They are generally limited
to seven, called the seven liberal arts.

Mechanic ARTS [artes mechanicæ, Lat.] are such arts wherein the
hand and body are more concerned than the mind, and which are ge­
nerally cultivated for the sake of the gain or profit that accrues from
them; such as trades, weaving, turnery, masonry, &c.

The black ART, magic.

Active ARTS, such as leave an external effect after their operation,
as carving, graving, painting, &c.

Factive ARTS, such as leave no external effect behind them after
their operation, as music, dancing, &c.

ART, is represented in painting or sculpture by a comely man, clad
in a rich embroidered vestment, leaning with his right arm on a ship＇s
rudder, and with his left hand pointing to a bee-hive:
Or, by some, as an agreeable woman with a pleasing aspect, cloathed
in green, having in one hand a hammer, graving instrument and pen­
cil; and with the other arm leaning upon a pale stuck in the ground
for the support of a young plant.
The agreeableness of her countenance declares the charms of art at­
tracting all eyes to it, and causing the author to be approved and com­
mended; the instruments are for imitating nature; the stake supplies
nature＇s defects in holding up the tender plant.

A＇RTA, or LA＇RTA, a sea-port town of Epirus, in European Turky,
situated in Lat. 39° N. Long. 22° E.

ARTEMI＇SIA, Lat. mugwort [in botany] a genus of plants with
flosculous flowers, comprehending not only the mugworts, but worm­
wood and southernwood, which all belong to the syngenesia polygamia
class of Linnæus.

A＇RTERY [artere, Fr. arteria, Lat.] a hollow fistulous conical ca­
nal, appointed to receive the blood from the ventricles of the heart,
and to distribute it to all parts of the body, for the maintaining heat
and life, and conveying the necessary nourishment. Each artery consists
of three coats, of which the first seems to be a thread of fine blood-vessels
and nerves, for nourishing the coats of the artery; the second coat
is made up of spiral fibres, which have a strong elasticity; the third and
inmost coat is a fine transparent membrane, which keeps the blood
within its canal, that otherwise, upon the dilatation of an artery, would
easily separate the spiral fibres from one another. The coats of the
veins seem only to be continuations of the capillary arteries.







Plate III. Fig. 1. represents the arteries of the human body.
1. Aorta, cut from its origin at the lest ventricle of the
heart.
2,2. Trunks of the coronal arteries.
3. The three semilunar valves.
4,4. Subclavian arteries.
5,5. Carotid arteries.
6,6. Vertebral arteries.
7,7. Arteries of the tongue, &c.
8,8. Temporal arteries.
11,11. Occipital arteries.
13,13. Contortions of the carotids.
15,15. Ophthalmic arteries,
16,16. Arteries of the cerebellum.
18,18. Ramifications of the arteries within the skull.
19,19. Arteries of the larynx.
21,21. Mammary arteries.
23,24,25,26. Arteries of the arm.
27. Arteries of the hand and fingers.
28,28. Descending trunk of the aorta.
29. Bronchial artery.
31,31. Intercostal arteries.
32. Trunk of the cœlic artery.
33,33,33. Hepatic arteries.
34. Arteria cystica.
35,36,37,38,39. Arteries of the stomach, pyloris, and
epipls.
40,40. Phrenitic arteries.
41. Trunk of the splenic artery.
43,44,45,46,47. Mesenteric arteries.
49,49. Emulgent arteries.
51,51. Spermatic arteries.
52. Arteria sacra.
53,53. Iliac arteries.
54,54,58,58. Iliaci externi.
55,55,59,59. Iliaci interni.
56,56. Umbilical arteries.
57,57. Epigastric arteries.
60,62. Arteries of the penis and pudendum.
61,61. Arteries of the bladder.
69,69,70,70. Crural arteries.
72. Arteries of the leg.
73. Arteries of the foot.

ARTE＇RIA Aorta, or ARTERIA Magna [in anatomy] the great ar­
tery, a vessel consisting of four coats, and continually beating, which
by its branches carries the spirituous blood from the left ventricle of the
heart to all parts of the body.
Plate III. Fig. 3. represents part of the trunk of the aorta turned
inside out.
a,a. The internal, or nervous tunic.
b,b. The musculous tunic.
c,c. The glandulous tunic.
d. The external, or vasculous tunic.

ARTERIA Aspera, or ARTERIA Trachea [in anatomy] (q. d. the
rough artery) the wind-pipe, a gristly vessel, consisting of several parts
and rings; the use of which is to form and convey the voice, to take
in breath, &c.
Plate III. Fig. 2. represents the membranes of the asperia arteria
separated from each other.
a,a. The glandulous membrane.
b,b. The vasculous membrane.
c. The internal tunic.

ARTERIA Venosa [in anatomy] the vein of the lungs. Lat.

ARTE＇RICA Medicamenta [in pharmacy] medicines good against
diseases of the wind-pipe, and which help the voice. Lat.

ARTE＇RIAL, or ARTE＇RIOUS [arterial, Fr. arteriale, It. of arte­
rialis, Lat.] belonging to the arteries, contained in the arteries; as,
the arterial blood, and the arterial road of the blood. Arterious is
rarely used.

ARTERIO＇TOMY [of ἀρτηρια and τομη, a cutting, of τεμνω, Gr. to
cut] a chirurgical operation of opening an artery, or of letting blood
by the arteries, used only in some extraordinary cases, being a very
dangerous operation; but is often used by the French.

A＇RTFUL [of art and full] 1. Done with art. 2. Artificial, as
opposed to natural. 3. Cunning, dextrous, skilful, crafty; as, artful
in speech, in action, and in mind Pope.

A＇RTFULLY [of artful] cunningly, ingeniously, dexterously, with art.

A＇RTFULNESS [from artful] 1. Skill, dexterity; as, with artfulness
his bulk and situation is contrived. Cheyne. 2. Craft, cunning.

ARTHA＇MITA [with botanists] the herb sow-bread. Lat.

A＇RTHEL, or A＇RDEL [old British] a voucher to clear a person of
felony.

ARTHE＇TICA [in botany] the cowslip or ox-lip, or primrose, a
flower, Lat.

ARTHRE＇MBOLUS [of ἀρθρον, a joint, εν, in, and βαλλω, Gr. to cast]
the reduction of a dislocation. Lat.

ARTHRI＇TICAL, or ARTHRI＇TIC [of ἀρθριτικος, Gr.] 1. Relating
to the joints; as, worms, &c. tho＇ some want bones and all extended
articulations, yet have they arthritical analogies. Brown. 2. Per­
taining to, or troubled with the gout; as, arthritic diseases.

ARTHRI＇TIS [ἀρθριτις, of ἀρθρον, Gr. a joint, the chief seat of the
distemper being in the joints] the gout.

ARTHRI＇TIS Planetica, or ARTHRITIS Vaga [with physicians] the
wandering gout, which moves and flies about, causing pain sometimes
in one part, and sometimes in another.

ARTHRO＇DIA [ἀρθροδιω, of ἀρθρον and διχομαι, Gr. to receive] a
species of articulation in anatomy, wherein a flat head of one bone is
received into the shallow socket of another. Barhette.

A＇RTHROSIS [ἀρθρωσις, of ἀρθροω, Gr. to articulate] articulation,
as when the round head of one bone is received into the hollow of
another; a juncture of two bones designed for motion.

A＇RTICHOKE [artichot, Fr. artisoch, Du. artichocha, Sp. of artis­
chock, Teut.] a plant very like the thistle, but hath large scaly heads
like the cone of the pine-tree, the bottom of each scale, as also at the
bottom of the florets, is a thick, fleshy, eatable substance. The specie
are, 1. The garden artichoke, with prickly and smooth leaves. 2.
Garden artichoke without prickles, and with reddish heads. 3. The
wild artichoke of Bœotia. There is at present but one sort of artichoke
cultivated in the gardens near London, commonly called the red arti­
choke. It is propagated from slips or suckers taken from the old roots
in February or March. Miller＇s Gard. Dict.

Jerusalem ARTICHOKE, a plant, the root of which resembles a po­
tatoe, and has the taste of an artichoke.

A＇RTICK is sometimes spelt, as from the French, artique for arctic;
which see. In the following example it is, contrary to custom, not
only spelt after the French manner, but accented on the last syllable.
Methinks all climes should be alike,
From tropic e＇en to pole artique. Dryden.

A＇RTICLE [Fr. articolo, It. articulo, Sp. of articulus, Lat.] 1. A
condition in a covenant or agreement. 2. Terms, stipulations. 3. A
particular part of a discourse, treatise, account, &c. a clause or small
member of a sentence. 4. A precise point of time. Clarendon uses
this sense.

ARTICLE [with grammarians] a small word serving to distinguish
the genders of nouns, as hic hæc hoc, Lat. ὀ ἡ τὸ, Gr. the an a in
English.

Definite ARTICLE [in grammar] the article (the) so called, as fix­
ing the sense of the word it is put before to one individual thing.

Indefinite ARTICLE [in grammar] the article (A) so called, because
it is applied to names, taken in their more general signification.

ARTICLE [Fr. with anatomists] a joint or juncture of two or more
bones of the body. This sense is seldom used in English.

ARTICLE [with arithmeticians] signifies 10, with all other whole
numbers that may be divided exactly into 10 parts, as 20, 30, 40,
50, &c.

ARTICLE of Faith [in theology] some point of christian doctrine,
which we are obliged to believe, as having been revealed by God; or
rather, any point of belief relative to religion, whether natural or re­
vealed; for both are alike from God; and as He never contradicts
Himself, nothing can be an article of faith in the one, which is mani­
festly inconsistent with the other.

ARTICLE of Death, the precise time of departure hence, the last
pangs or agony of a dying person.

To ARTICLE, verb neut. [articuler, Fr.] to enter into terms or arti­
cles.

To ARTICLE [verb act.] to draw up or make particular articles,
terms or stipulations.

ARTICLES [of the clergy] certain statutes or ordinances, made con­
cerning ecclesiastical persons and causes.

ARTI＇CLED [part.] having entered into or signed articles or writings
of agreement.

ARTI＇CULAR [articulàr, Sp. of articularis, Lat.] of or pertaining to
the joints, intesting the joints.

ARTICULA＇RIS Morbus [in medicine] a disease of the joints, the
gont. Lat.

ARTI＇CULATE [articulé, Fr. articolato, It. articuládo, Sp. of arti­
culatus, of articulus, Lat. an article] 1. Distinct, as the parts of a
limb by joints, not continued in one tone; as, articulate sounds are
such sounds as are varied at proper pauses, in opposition to the voice of
animals, which admit no such variety. 2. Branched into articles.
This is a sense little in use. His instructions were extreme curious
and articulate, and in them more articles touching inquisition than ne­
gociation. Bacon.

ARTI＇CULATELY, distinctly, with an articulate voice; as, a word
articulately spoken.

ARTI＇CULATENESS, distinctness, the quality of being articulate, as
when words are so clearly pronounced, that every syllable may be
heard.

To ARTI＇CULATE [articuler, Fr. articolare, It. articolàr, Sp.] 1. To
pronounce distinctly, to form words or articulate sounds like a man.
2. To draw up in articles. These things indeed you have articulated,
Proclaim＇d at market crosses. Shakespeare.
3. To make stipulations. The two last senses are unusual. Johnson.
Send us to Rome,
The best with whom we may articulate. Shakespeare.

ARTICULA＇TION [Fr. in anatomy] a junction or connexion of two
bones designed for motion.

ARTICULATION [with grammarians] is that part of grammar that
treats first of sounds and letters, and afterwards of the manner of their
combination or joining together, to compose syllables and words. Ar­
ticulation is a peculiar motion and figure of some parts belonging to the
mouth, between the throat and lips. Holder.

ARTICULATION [with botanists] the joints or knots that are in some
hulls or cods, as those of the herb ornithopodium polygonaton, and
the joints in cane.

ARTICULO＇SE [articulosus, Lat.] full of joints.

ARTI＇CULUS, a joint in the body of an animal; a joint or knot in
plants or vegetables; also a knuckle of the fingers. Lat.

ARTICULUS, an article or condition in a covenant, &c. also a chief
head in a discourse. Lat.

ARTICULUS [in ancient writ] an article or complaint presented by
way of libel in a spiritual court.

A＇RTIFICE [Fr. artificium, Lat.] 1. A trick, slight, or knack;
a cunning fetch or crafty device. 2. Art, trade. Johnson.

ARTIFICE is commonly described by a comely man, whose garment
is richly embroidered, he lays his hand upon a screw of perpetual mo­
tion, and by his right hand shews a hive of bees. He is nobly cloathed,
because art is noble of itself; his hand upon the screw shews that en­
gines have been contrived by industry; that by that incredible things,
like the perpetual motion, have been performed; the hive indicates
the industry of bees, which, tho＇ they are inconsiderable in themselves,
are nevertheless great by their conduct.

ARTI＇FICER [artifice, Fr. artefice, It. artifice, Sp. artifices, Port. of
artifex, Lat.] 1. One who prosesses some art or trade; a workman, a
handicrafts-man, one by whom any thing is made. 2. One who
sorges or contrives; as, the artificer of fraud. Milton. The artificer
of lies. Dryden. 3. A dextrous or artful fellow. Let you alone cun­
ning artificer. Ben Johnson.

ARTIFI＇CIAL [artificiel, Fr. artificiale, It. artificioso, Sp. of artifi­
cialis, Lat.] 1. Done according to the rules of art; something made






















by art, not produced naturally or in the common course of things.
2. Fictitious, as opposed to genuine or sincere.
And cry, content, to that which grieves my heart,
And wet my cheeks with artificial tears. Shakespeare.
3. Contrived with skill or art.

ARTIFICIAL Day. See DAY.

ARTIFICIAL Argument [with rhetoricians] all those proofs or con­
siderations that proceed from the genius, industry or invention of the
orator; such are definitions, causes, effects, &c. which are so called
in contradistinction to laws, authorities, citations, and the like, which
are said to be inartificial arguments.

ARTIFICIAL Lines [on a sector or scale] are lines so contrived as
to represent the logarithmetical lines and tangents, which, by the as­
sistance of the line of numbers, will solve all questions in trigonometry,
navigation, &c.

ARTI＇FICIAL Numbers [in mathematics] are logarithms or loga­
rithmetical numbers, relating to signs, tangents and secants.

ARTIFICI＇ALLY, 1. After an artificial manner; with skill, with
contrivance; as, a palace artificially contrived. Ray. 2. By art, not
naturally. Like powder artificially sifted. Addison.

ARTIFI＇CIALNESS [from artificial] artfulness.

ARTI＇LLERY, without a plur. [artillerie, Fr. artigliera, It. artil­
leria, Sp.] 1. Weapons of war. Jonathan gave his artillery unto
his lad. Samuel. 2. The heavy equipage of war, comprehending all
sorts of great fire arms, with what belong to them, as canons, mor­
tars, &c. the same that is called ordnance.

ARTILLERY [Company of London] a band of infantry, or company
of citizens, who train and practise military discipline in the Artillery­
ground.

Park of ARTILLERY [in a camp] that place set apart for the artil­
lery or large fire arms.

Train of ARTILLERY, a set or number of pieces of ordnance,
mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, fit for marching.

ARTILLERY, is also used for what is called Pyrotechnia, or the art
of fire-works, with all the appurtenances of it; this is not an usual
sense.

A＇RTI-NATURAL [of ars and naturalis, Lat.] of or pertaining to
nature imitated by art.

A＇RTISAN [Fr. artista, It. and Sp.] 1. An artificer, a low mecha­
nic. 2. An artist, or professor of an art.

A＇RTIST [of artiste, Fr.] 1. A master of any art, generally a ma­
nual art. 2. An ingenious workman, not a novice.

A＇RTLESS. 1. Plain, being without art, contrived without skill;
as, an artless story. 2. Unskilful; sometimes having of; as, artless
of war. 3. Being without deceit; as, an artless man.

A＇RTLESSLY, plainly, naturally, in an artless way.

ARTO＇IS, a province of the French Netherlands, situated between
Flanders and Picardy.

ARTOTY＇RITES [of ἀρτος, bread, and τυρος, Gr. Cheese] a sect of
the second century, who used bread and cheese in the eucharist; but,
if true, a very insignificant body: I no not remember their having
been taken notice of by any ante-nicene writer whatever.

To A＇RTUATE [artuatus, Lat.] to divide by joints, to quarter, to
dismember, to tear limb from limb.

ARTUO＇SE [artuosus, Lat.] strong made, well jointed or limbed.

A＇RTZBOURG, a town of Bavaria, in Germany, upon the Da­
nube.

A＇RVAL, or A＇RVIL, burial or funeral solemnity, hence arvil-bread,
loaves distributed to the poor at funerals.

ARVAL [arvalis, Lat.] belonging to land that is sowed. A word
rarely used.

ARVAL BROTHERS [among the old Romans] twelve priests, who,
beside their office of performing sacrifices, were appointed judges of
land-marks.

A＇RULA [Lat. i. e. a little altar, with astronomers] a constellation
of eight stars. This (according to the poets) is the altar by which
the gods swore when Jupiter went on his expedition against Saturn,
and, gaining their point, placed it among the stars, in perpetual re­
membrance of it; also men are wont to have this in their drinking
clubs, and to perform solemn rites to it; those who engage in these
societies, touch it with their right-hands, and imagine that to be a
token of remembrance. It has four stars in the fire-hearth, and four
on the basis, in all, eight. Eratosthenes.

A＇RUM [ἀρον, Gr.] the herb wake-robin; a genus of plants, the
flower of which consists of one petal, resembling, in some measure,
a hare＇s ear; and its fruit is a roundish unilocular berry, containing
several seeds of the same shape: the root of arum is esteemed good in
scorbutic cases, in the asthma, obstructions of the bronchia, &c.

A＇RUNDEL, a town of Sussex, situated on a river of the same name.
Lat. 50° 45′ N. Long, 30′ W. It gives the title of earl to the noble
family of the Howards, and sends two members to parliament.

ARUNDE＇LIAN, noun adj. what belongs to Arundel; as, arunde­
li an marbles, or those noble collections of ancient chronology, which,
according to Sir Isaac Newton, were composed sixty years after the
death of Alexander the Great, an. 4 Olympiad, 128, and yet men­
tion not the Olympiads, but reckon backward from the time then pre­
sent. Newton＇s Chron. p. 47.

ARUNDINE＇TUM [doomsday-book] a ground or place where reeds
grow.

A＇RURA [old rec.] a day＇s work at plow.

A＇RUSPICE [aruspicium, Lat.] a soothsaying, or divination by in­
spection into the entrails of beasts.

ARU＇SPICES [aruspicii, It. of aris inspiciendis, i. e. inspecting the
altars] soothsayers, who predicted from the entrails of beasts offered
in sacrifice, and from the several circumstances of them, divined the
will of their gods, and what might be hoped for: the superstition was
first invented by the Hetrurians; but Romulus first instituted a college
of Aruspices.

ARYTÆNOI＇DES [ἀρυτεινοιεδες, of ἀρυταινα, a cup or vessel used in
pouring oil into lamps, and ειδος, shape] two cartilages, the third
and fourth of the larynx, situate under the thyroides, called also gut­
turales; they serve to render the voice more shrill or deep; they are so
called, because when their processes are joined together, they represent
the mouth of an ewe, or the indented lip of a cup or vessel.

ARYTÆNO＇IDEUS [in anatomy] one of the muscles that serves to
close the larynx, so called, because it derives its origin from the pos­
terior and inferior part of the arytænoides.

ARY＇THMUS, or ARRYTHMUS, [ἀρρυθμος, of α, priv. and ρυθμος,
rhythmus, order, proportion, Gr.] a pulse that observes no rhythmus,
order, and proportion. Bruno.

A＇RZEL [with horsemen] a name or title they give to a horse that
has a white mark upon the far-foot behind. Some are so superstitious
as to fancy, that by an unavoidable fatality, such horses are unfortu­
nate in battles, and therefore some cavaliers are so biassed with pre­
judice, that they do not care to use them.

ARZI＇LLA, a sea-port town of the empire of Morocco, situated about
fifteen miles south of Tangier. Lat. 35° 40′ N. Long. 5° 40′ W.

AS, conjunct. [Teut. Du. and Ger. als] 1. In the same manner
with something else; in singing, as in piping, you excel. Dryden.
2. In the manner that; mad as I was. 3. That, in a consequential
sense; the mariners were so conquered by the storm, as they thought
it best to yield. Sydney. 4. In the state of another; madam, were I as
you, I＇d take her counsel. Ambrose Phillips. 5. Under some particular
consideration or respect; it concerneth men as men. 6. Like, of the
same kind, for example or instance; a simple idea is one uniform
idea, as sweet, bitter. Watts. 7. In the same degree with; you are as
matter blind. Blackmore. 8. Ellyptically, for as if, in the same man­
ner; the wall shook as it would fall. Spenser. 9. According to what;
the case is as follows. 10. As it were, in some sort; he took them
to be but as of the king＇s party. Bacon. 11. While, at the same
time that; it whistled as it flew. Dryden. 12. Because, by reason
that; they are obliged, as without them the thing could not have
been done. Taylor. 13. As being; the kernels draw out of the
earth juice fit to nourish the tree, as those that would be trees them­
selves. Bacon. 1. Equally.
A hundred doors a hundred entries grace,
As many voices issue. Dryden.
15. How, in what manner; men contradict others, and even them­
selves, as they please. Boyle. 16. With, answering to like or same;
Whither away so fast?——
Upon the like devotion as yourselves. Shakespeare.
17. In a reciprocal sense, answering to; every offence committed in a
state of nature, may be punished as far forth as it may in a common­
wealth. Locke. 18. Going before, as in a comparative sense, the first
as is sometimes understood; Sempronius is as brave a man as Cato.
Addison. 19. Answering to such; there should be such a governor of
the world as designs our happiness, as would govern us for our advan­
tage. Tillotson. 20. Having so to answer it, in a conditional sense;
as far as they carry conviction to any other man＇s understanding, so far
my labour may be of use. 21. So is sometimes understood; as I have
endeavoured to extinguish prejudice, I am still desirous of doing some
good. Spectator. 22. Answering to so conditionally;
So may th＇ auspicious queen of love,
To thee, O sacred ship, be kind;
As thou, to whom the muse commends
The best of poets and of friends,
Dost thy committed pledge restore. Dryden.
23. Before how it is sometimes redundant, but this is in low language;
as how, dear Syphax? Addison. 24. It seems redundant before yet,
to this time; that war continued nine years, and this hath as yet lasted
but six. 25. Comparatively followed by so.
As when a dab-chick waddles through the copse,
On feet and wings, and flies, and wades, and hops;
So lab＇ring on, with shoulders, hands and head,
Wide as a windmill all his figure spread. Pope.
26. As for, with respect to; as for the rest, they deserve no notice.
27. As though, as if, as well as, equally with, in the same manner
that it would be, if. Answering them; as if they needed it. 28. As
to, with respect to;
I pray thee speak as to thy thinkings,
As thou dost ruminate. Shakespeare.

AS, a Roman pound weight, containing twelve ounces; or any in­
teger divided into twelve parts; also a copper coin, in value about
three farthings, English money. Lat.

AS [in proper names] at the beginning, shews, that the name owes
its original to the Saxon word æsc, an ash-tree, or indeed generally
any sort of tree, as, Ashton, Aston, &c.

A＇SA Dulcis, the gum benzoin, or benjamin. See BENZOIN.

ASA fætida, Lat. a gum, or resin, brought from the East Indies, of
a sharp taste, and a strong offensive smell, which is said to distil du­
ring the heat of summer from a little shrub frequent in Media, Persia,
Assyria, and Arabia: it melts under the fingers like wax; it is of
known efficacy in some uterine disorders; but the rankness of its smell
occasions it to be seldom used but by farriers; yet in the East-Indies
it makes an ingredient in their ragouts. Chambers.

A＇SAPH, or St. ASAPH, a city of Flintshire, in North Wales, situ­
ated about twentymiles north-west of Chester. It is the see of a bishop,
whose arms are delineated on Plate IX. Fig. 6.

ASAPHI＇A [ἀσαϕεια, of α priv. and σαϕης, Gr. plain, manifest, or
open] a hoarseness or lowness of voice, proceeding from an ill frame
or disposition of the organs of speech, or from some disorder of the
mind. Castell. renov.

ASAPPI, or ASAPPES, a part of the turkish troops so called. See
AZAPES.

A＇SAPHATUM, a kind of impego, serpigo, or running itch. Lat.

ASA＇RUM, or ASARABA＇CCA [in botany] a genus of plants without
any flower leaves, and belonging to the dodecandria monogynia class
of Linnæus. Its fruit is a coriaceous capsula, divided into six cells,
and containing a great many oval seeds. Asarum is a powerful em­
menagogue, and recommended by some in the gout, dropsy, and many
other chronic complaints. This plant is delineated on Plate I.
Fig. 17.

ASA＇ROTON [ἀσαρωτον, Gr.] a sort of fine pavement in the dining
rooms of the Romans, made of small tiles of several colours, so artfully
contrived and inlaid, that the room looked as if it were swept, but
that the scraps were left on the floor.

ASBE＇STINE, having the nature or quality of asbestinum.

ASBE＇STINUM [ἀσβεστινον, of α priv. and σβεννυω, Gr. to extinguish]







a sort of linen or cloth made of a stone called asbestos, sit to be spun
as wool or flax, of which the ancients made napkins, which when
they were foul, they cast into the fire, and they became as white as
they were before; but received no injury by the fire, and little or no
diminution. When they burnt the bodies of their dead, to preserve
their ashes, they wrapt them up in this sort of cloth, which trans­
mitted the fire to the bodies, and preserved the ashes by them­
selves.

ASBE＇STOS, a sort of native fossile stone, which may be split into threads
and filaments, very fine, brittle, yet somewhat tractable and silky, not
unlike talck of Venice; of this cloth was made, that would not burn
nor waste but very inconsiderably, though thrown into the fire. Not­
withstanding the common opinion, in two trials before the Royal So­
ciety, a piece of cloth made of this stone was found to lose a drachm of
its weight each time. Chambers. Paper as well as cloth has been made
of this stone. It is found in many places of Asia and Europe, par­
ticularly in the island of Anglesey, in Wales, and in Aberdeenshire,
in Scotland.

ASCALO＇NIA [of Ascalon, a city of Palastine] a scallion, a sort of
onion.

ASCA＇RIDES [ασκαριδες, Gr.] little worms that infest the lower part
of the rectum, and beginning of the sphincter, and excite a great
itching in those parts. Gorræus.

ASCAU＇NCE. See ASKA＇NCE.

To ASCE＇ND, verb. neut. [of ascendo, Lat.] 1. To go, or
mount upwards; as, our Saviour ascended. 2. To proceed from one de­
gree of knowledge to another. By these steps we shall ascend to more
just ideas of the glory of Christ. Watts. 3. In genealogy, to be in
the higher line, opposed to the descending line: Broome uses it in
this sense.

To ASCE＇ND, verb act. to climb up any thing. They ascend the
mountains, they descend the vallies. Delane.

The ASCE＇NDANT, subst. [Fr. ascendens, Lat.] 1. As, to gain the as­
cendant of a person, is to obtain a power over him, to have an over­
ruling or powerful influence over a person. 2. Height, elevation.
Sciences that were there in their highest ascendant. Temple.

ASCENDANT [with astrologers] that degree of the equator, or that
part of the heaven, which rises or is coming above the horizon in the
east, when any person is born; called also the angle of the first house
in a scheme, or an horoscope.

ASCENDANT, or ASCENDANTS [with genealogists] signify such re­
lations as have gone before us, being reckoned upwards. Bastards,
begotten between ascendants and descendants. Ayliffe. Or those that
were or are nearer the root of the family.

ASCENDANT, adj. superior, overpowering. 1. Christ shews an as­
cendant spirit over Moses. 2. With astrologers, being above the ho­
rizon. Pegasus which is about that time ascendant. Brown.

ASCENDANT [in architecture] an ornament in masonry and joiners
work, which borders the three sides of doors, windows, and chim­
neys. It differs according to the several orders of architecture, and
consists of three parts, the top, which is called the traverse, and the
two sides, which are called the ascendants. The same as Cham­
branle.

ASCE＇NDENCY [of ascend] influence, power over.

ASCE＇NDING [with astronomers] signifies those stars or degrees of
the heavens, &c. which are rising above the horizon in any parallel of
the equator.

ASCENDING Latitude [in astronomy] the latitude of a planet, when
going towards the poles.

ASCENDING Node [in astronomy] is that point of a planet＇s orbit,
wherein it passes the eclyptic to proceed to the northward.

ASCENDING Signs [in astrology] are those signs which are upon the
ascent or rise, from the nadir to the zenith.

ASCENDING [by anatomists] a term applied to such vessels as carry
the blood upwards, or from the lower to the higher parts of the
body.

ASCE＇NSION [Fr. ascensione, It. ascensión, Sp. of ascensio, Lat.]
1. The act of rising, going, or getting upwards; it is commonly ap­
plied to the visible elevation of our Saviour into heaven. 2. The
thing rising up. Men err in the theory of inebriation, conceiving the
brain doth only suffer from vaporous ascensions from the stomach. Brown.

ASCENSION-Day, a festival observed in the christian church ten days
before Whitsuntide, in remembrance of our Saviour＇s ascending into
heaven; it is commonly called Holy Thursday, being the Thursday
but one before Whitsunday.

ASCE＇NSIONS and descensions of signs [in astronomy] are arches of
the equator rising or setting with such a sign or part of the zodiac,
or with any planet or star that happens to be in it, and are either right
or oblique.

Right ASCENSION [in astronomy] is that degree of the equator
reckoned from the beginning of Aries, which rises with either the
sign, sun or star, on the horizon of a right sphere; or it is that de­
gree and minute of the equinoctial, that comes to the meridian with
the sun or star, or with any point of the heavens, on the horizon of
an oblique sphere.

Oblique ASCENSION, is an arch of the equator intercepted between
the first point of Aries and that point of the equinoctial which rises
together with the object in an oblique sphere; in order to find the ob­
lique ascension, we must first find the ascensional difference.

ASCE＇NSIONAL Difference [in astronomy] is the difference between
the right and oblique ascension, or it is the space of time the sun
rises or sets before or after six a clock.

ASCE＇NSIVE [from ascend] being in a state of ascending. Though
the sun be then ascensive and returning from the winter tropic. Brown.

ASCE＇NT [ascensus, Lat.] 1. The motion of a body tending from be­
low upwards, act of ascending or going up. 2. The way by which
one ascends. The temple and the several degrees of ascent whereby
men did climb up to it. Bacon. 3. The steepness of an hill, a rising
ground, an eminence.

A＇SCENT [with logicians] a sort of reasoning, in which the reason­
er proceeds from particulars to universals.

ASCENT of Fluids [with philosophers] is their rising above their
own level, between the surfaces of the nearly contiguous bodies, or in
slender capillary glass tubes, &c.

To ASCE＇RTAIN [ascertere, It. of ad and certus, Lat. or perhaps of
acertener, O. Fr.] to assert for certain, to establish, to fix, to make
confident, to take away all doubt; it has often of. This ascertains
me of his goodness.

ASCERTA＇INER [from ascertain] he that ascertains, or assures.

ASCERTA＇INMENT [from ascertain] stated rule, settled standard. It
is used by Swift.

ASCE＇TIC, adj. [ἀσκητικος, of ἀσκεω, Gr. to exercise, ascetique,
Fr.] of or belonging to religious exercises, as meditation, prayer,
mortification. A constant ascetic course of the severest abstinence and
devotion. South.

ASCETICS, subst. [ἀσκηται, Gr.] persons who in the primitive times
devoted themselves to exercises of piety and virtue, in a retired life,
and especially to prayer and mortification, hermits.

ASCETE＇RIUM, a monastery.

ASCHA＇FFENBURG, a city of Germany, situated on the river
Mayne, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, about twenty miles east of
Frankfort. Lat. 50° 15′ N. Long. 9° E.

ASCHE＇RLEBEN, a little city of Saxony, in Germany, in the prin­
cipality of Anhalt upon the Wiber.

ASCHYNO＇MENE [of ἀισχυνομαι, Gr. to be ashamed] a plant or
herb, that takes its name from blushing; because when any person
comes near it, it gathers in its leaves.

A＇SCII, having no singular, [ἀσκιοι, of α priv. and σκια, Gr. a
shadow, in geography] those inhabitants of the globe, who at certain
times in the year, have no shadow at twelve o＇clock, such are the in­
habitants of the torrid zone, by reason that the sun is vertical to them,
or twice a year in their zenith.

ASCI＇TÆ. See ASCODRI＇GILES.

A＇SCITES [ἀσκιτης of ἀσκος, Gr. in medicine] a species of dropsy;
affecting chiefly the abdomen or lower-belly, and the depending parts,
proceeding from an extravasation and collection of water got out
of its proper vessels, by means of obstruction and the weakness of the
glands and the viscera; a water dropsy, which causes the lower belly
to swell. This case, when certain and inveterate, is universally al­
lowed to admit of no cure but by means of the manual operation,
and hardly then.

ASCITUAL, or ASCITIC [of ascites] pertaining to, or troubled
with the dropsy, dropsical; as, a tumour either anasarcous, or as­
citical. Wiseman.

ASCITI＇TIOUS [ascititius, ascitus, of ascisco, Lat. to call in] ad­
ventitious, accidental, supplimental, not inherent, not original.
Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name, from some accident of
his life. Pope.

ASCLE＇PIAS [with botanists] swallow-wort, or silken cicely.

ASCLEPIA＇DEAN Verse [from Asclepias, the inventor] or achoriam­
bic verse, as it has two choriambic feet, is a sort of verse, either
Greek or Latin, that consists of four feet, a spondee, a choriambus,
and two dactyls; or a spondee, two choriambus＇s, and a pyrrycheus,
as Horat. Lib. 1. Od. 1.
Mecænàs atavis edite regibus.

ASCODROU＇GILES, some misguided Christians in the second century,
who pretended they were replenished with Montanus＇s paraclete; and
who (if we may believe all their adversaries have said) introduced the
Bacchanals into their churches, where having a buck＇s skin full of
wine, they danced round it; saying, this is the vessel of the new wine,
spoken of in the Gospel.

ASCODRO＇UTES, a sect in the second century, who, it is said, rejected
the use of all sacraments, on this notion, that incorporeal things can­
not be communicated by visible and corporeal.

ASCO＇LI, a city in the marquisate of Ancona, in Italy, situated on
the river Tronto. Lat. 42° 50′ N. Long. 15° E.

ASCOLI is also a city of the kingdom of Naples, situated in the
province of Capitonata. Lat. 41° 15′ N. Long. 16° 30′ E.

ASCO＇LIA [ἀσκωλια, of ἀσκος, a bladder, and ἀλλομαι, to leap]
festivals which the Attic peasants celebrated to Bacchus, in which they
sacrificed a buck, as the destroyer of their vines, &c. and made a
bottle or bag of the victim＇s skin, and filling it with oil and wine, en­
deavoured to leap upon it with one foot, and he that first fixed himself
upon it, had the bottle for his reward: but before this happened, the
many unsuccessful attempts of the boors to perform it, afforded the
spectators abundant matter of laughter.

ASCRI＇BABLE [of ascribe] That which may be ascribed. Those
phenomena are more fitly ascribable to the spring of the air. Boyle.

To ASCRI＇BE [ascrivere, It. of ascribo, Lat.] 1. To attribute, to
impute a thing to, as a cause or reason; it has to before the cause.
2. To attribute to, as being possessed of, to assign it to any thing, as
receiving properties; it has to. These perfections may be much better
ascribed to God. Tillotson.

ASCRI＇PTION [ascriptio, of ad, to, and scribe, Lat. to write] the
act of ascribing.

ASCRIPTI＇TIOUS [ascriptitius, Lat.] registered, enrolled, super­
added.

ASCY＇RON [ἀσκυρον, Gr. in botany] the herb St. Peter＇s wort.

ASH [æsc, Sax. aoke, Dan.] a tree which hath peunated leaves
ending in an odd lobe: the male flowers growing remote from the fruit,
have no petals, but consist of many stamina; the ovary becomes a
seed vessel, containing one seed at the bottom, shaped like a bird＇s
tongue. The species are: 1. The common ash tree. 2. The striped
ash. 3. The manna ash, &c. The first is common in England: the
third sort is supposed to be the tree from which the true Calabrian man­
na is taken. The timber of the ash is very useful to wheelwrights and
cartwrights. Miller＇s Gardener＇s Dictionary.

ASH [in proper names] at the beginning generally denotes that the
name was derived from the ash-tree, as Ashby, Ashton, &c. See
As.

ASHA＇RIENS, a Mahometan sect, so called from a celebrated doctor,
named Ashari, who flourished at Bagdad in the 10th century. Their
tenets are, that God, being a general and universal agent, is also the
creator and AUTHOR of all the actions of men: but that men being
free, they do not cease to acquire merit or demerit, according as their
WILL is concerned in obeying or transgressing the law. Dherbelot.

He adds, that they are opposed to another sect, called the Motazales,
and are reputed for very ORTHODOX people. See MOTAZALES.








ASHA＇MED, adj. [of scamian, Sax. schsem (en) Du. scham (en) Ger.]
put to shame, bashful, having a sense of shame. Commonly having
of before the cause of shame. You need not be ashamed of your
profession.
Be not ASHAMED at table (and some add) or in bed.
Verecundari neminem apud mensam decet, Lat. The French say, Qui
a honte de manger, a honte de vivre (he who is ashamed to eat, is
ashamed to live.) The Italians with us, A tauola ed in letto non bi­
sogna aver vergogne. Some people are so over mannerly, or ridiculously
complaisant, as to refuse what is offered them at table, till after several
invitations; and to such this admonition is directed. In some coun­
tries, as in Holland, Germany, &c. it is looked upon as ill manners
to accept of any thing at first offering: but the freedom of the English
nation, has pretty well delivered us from the tyranny of such trouble­
some ceremonies. The Germans say indeed as we, Bey tische soll
man nicht schamhoft seyn. But it would be a great ease to them, if
they practised it more.

A＇SHBURTON, a town of Devonshire, situated about twenty-two
miles south-west of Exeter. It sends two members to parliament.

A＇SHBY de la Zouch, a market-town of Leicestershire, situated about
fifteen miles north-west of Leicester.

ASH-COLOUR, the colour of ashes, or rather of the leaves or bark
of an ash-tree.

ASH-COLOURED [of ash and colour] coloured between brown and
grey, like the bark of ashen branch. Johnson. Unless this be a cine­
ritious colour, or like that of ashes, and then it is a contraction of ashes
and colour. The clay was ash-coloured. Woodward.

A＇SHEN [acsch, Ger. esche, Du. ask, Su. ash, Eng.] pertaining to
an ash-tree, made of ash-timber; as, his ashen spear. Dryden.

A＇SHES [having no singular, aske, Dan. aska, Su. aschen, Du.
asche, Ger. azeo, Goth. aska, Teut. asca, asan, or axan, Sax.] the
earthy part of wood, or other combustible bodies, remaining after
they are burnt; properly the earth and fixt salts of the fuel, which
the fire cannot raise. Also the remains of a human body, often used
in poetry for the corps, from the ancient practice of burning the dead.

Poor key-cold figure of a holy king!
Pale ashes. Shakespeare.

ASH-FIRE [in chemistry] the mildest fire used in chymical opera­
tions, when the vessel containing the matter to be heated is covered
underneath, and on all sides, with ashes, sand, or the filings of iron;
the same is called sand-fire.

A＇SHFORD, a market town of Kent, situated about twelve miles
south-west of Canterbury.

A＇SHLAR [with masons] free-stones, as they come out of the quar­
ry, of different lengths, breadths, and thicknesses.

A＇SHLERING [with builders] is a name given to the quartering, to
tack to in garrets, in height about two and a half, or three feet perpen­
dicular to the floor, up to the inside of the rafters.

ASH-WEDNESDAY, the first day of Lent, so called from an ancient
custom of the church, of fasting in sack-cloth with ashes on their
heads, as a sign of humiliation; or of sprinkling ashes on the heads
of penitents, admitted to do penance.

ASH-WEED [from ash and weed] an herb.

A＇SHY, full of ashes, of the colour of ashes, pale, inclining to a
whitish grey.
Oft have I seen a timely parted ghost,
Of ashy semblance, meagre, pale, and bloodless. Shakespeare.

A＇SIA [Asie, Fr. Asia, It. Sp. Port. and Lat. of As in several of the
ancient northern dialects, god, q. d. the country of the gods] one of
the four grand divisions of the earth, situated between longitude
25° and 148° E. and between the equator and latitude 72° N.
It is bounded by the Frozen Ocean on the north, by the Paci­
fic Ocean on the east, by the Indian Ocean on the south, by the Red
Sea on the south-west, and by the Mediterranean and Euxine Seas, &c.
on the west and north-west, being 4800 miles long from east to west,
and 4300 broad from north to south. Asia is subdivided into the
eastern, middle, and western divisions; the first comprehending the
empire of China, Chinese Tartary, and the Asiatic islands, lying
fouth and eastward of China: the second or middle comprehending
India, Usbec Tartary, Calmuc Tartary, and Siberia: and the third, or
western division, comprehending Persia, Arabia, Astracan, Circassian
Tartary, and Turky in Asia.

Lesser ASIA, the same with NATOLIA, which see.

ASIA is represented in painting by a woman in a rich and em­
broidered garment, and crowned with a garland of flowers and fruits;
holding in her right hand sprigs of the sundry spices it affords, and in
her left a censer smoaking with them. At her feet a camel.
The garland denotes that Asia produces delightful things necessary
for human life; her garments the great plenty of those rich materials;
the sprigs of spices, that she distributes them to other parts of the
world; the censer signifies the odoriferous gums and spices it pro­
duces. The camel is proper to Asia.

ASIA＇TICS, the inhabitants of Asia.

ASI＇DE [assaydes, Su. aen der zyde, Du. heyscite,, or auf der feite,
Ger. a and side, Eng.] 1. To or on one side, not perpendicularly,
sideling, awry. The flames were blown aside. Dryden. 2. Out of
the due direction, to some other part.
As Marian bath＇d, by chance I passed by,
She blush＇d, and at me cast aside—long eye. Amb. Philips.

ASIDE [in a play] is something that an actor speaks apart from
company, or as it were to himself.

A＇SIMA, a deity of some of the ancient eastern people, who was
worshipped, as some say, under the image of an ape, or, as others
say, of a goat or a ram. They were wont to worship the sign in the
zodiac called Aries, and on this account the Egyptians abhorred the
other nations, who killed those creatures that they adored.

ASINA＇RA, a small island, situated near the western coast of Sardi­
nia. Lat. 41° N. Long. 9° E.

ASI＇SIO, or ASITIO, a city of the pope＇s territories in Italy, situa­
ted about sixteen miles south-east of Perugia. Lat. 43° N. Long.
13° 35′ E.

ASK [of the Saxon æsc, and ask. See As and ASH] as some writers
say, was the name of the first man, and thence signifies mankind, as
æschwine signifies a friend to man, escwig a couragious man, or a
leader of an army.

To ASK [acs, and axigian, Sax. or according to Casaubon of
ἀξιοω, Gr.] 1. To beg, to petition. Sometimes with an accusative
only; as, ask him blessing; sometimes with for, as ask for bread:
sometimes of; as, ask forgiveness of him. 2. To enquire, to question,
with for, or sometimes of, before the thing. Ask for the old paths,
and ask of the days that are past. Bible. 3. To demand, to claim.
Ask me never so much dowry and gift and I will give it. Genesis. 4. To
enquire, with after; as, ask after my name. 5. To require, as phy­
sically necessary or requisite to any thing. If you bring it to the top of
the earth will ask six men to stir it. Bacon. That asks a much longer
time. Addison.
Ask my comrade whether I am a thief.
The Germans say: Eine rabe hacket sein andern kein auge ans. (One
raven won＇t pluck another＇s eyes out.) The meaning of it is, we are
not to be too ready in giving credit to what any one says in justifica­
tion of his companion or intimate. It is chiefly made use of in an­
swer to those persons who refer to a comrade or friend for the truth of
what they aver.

To ASK People in the Church, to publish their Bannes.

To ASK the Question, at quadrille.

A＇SKANCE, A＇SKAUNT, or A＇SKAUNSE, fideways, or obliquely; as,
to look askance, to turn askance, and eyes fixt askaunt. When applied
to the countenance or eyes, it expresses some disdain or contempt,
and probably may be of the same original with askew, which see.

A＇SKER [of ask] 1. He who asks, requests, or petitions. 2. He who
enquires for satisfaction about any thing.

ASKER, a sort of newt, or est. Salamandria aquatica.

ASKERMO＇RKEM, a city of Asiatic Turky, situated in Lat. 34° N.
Long. 55° E.

A＇SKEW [of a and schew, Teut. disdain] disdainfully, obliquely.

To ASLA＇KE [of a and slake or slack] to slacken, to remit, to abate.
A word used by Spenser.

ASLA＇NT [of a and slant] on one side, obliquely, not perpen­
dicularly.

ASLEE＇P of a and slæwan, Sax. slaep (en), Du. schlap (en), H.
Ger. O. and L. Ger.] 1. Sleeping, in sleep, or rest. They are at
this hour asleep. 2. To sleep or rest; as, fall asleep, and lulled asleep.

ASLO＇PE [of a and slap, Du. a and slope, Eng.] awry, slanting, on
one side.

ASMATO＇GRAPHER [ἀσματογραϕος, ασματος, gen. of ασμα, a song,
and γραϕω, Gr. to write] a composer of songs.

ASMATO＇GRAPHY [of ασμα, a song, and γραϕω, Gr. to write] the
composition of songs.

A＇SMER, a province of India, on this side the Ganges.

ASMODÆ＇US, an evil spirit, mentioned in the apocryphal writings,
a friend to lechery.

ASO＇MATOUS [of ἀσοματος, of α priv. and σωμα, Gr. body] incor­
poreal, or being without a body.

A＇SOLA, a city of Lombardy in Italy, belonging to the Venetians,
situated in Lat. 45° 15′ N. Long. 10° S.

A＇SOLO, a town of Italy, in the Trevisan, situated in Lat. 45° 49′ N. Long. 12° E.

A＇SOPH, a city of Coban Tartary, situated on the south shore of the
river Don, near its mouth. Lat. 47° 15′ N. Long. 44° E.

ASOTI＇A [ἀσωτια, Gr.] riotousness, intemperance, prodigality.

ASP, or A＇SPIC [aspic, Fr. aspide, It. and Sp. aspid, Port. aspis,
Lat. ἀσπις, Gr.] a kind of very small serpent, peculiar to Egypt and
Lybia, whose bite is deadly. Its poison is so quick in its operation,
that it kills without a possibility of applying any remedy. Those that
are bitten by it die within three hours; and the manner of their dying
being by sleep and lethargy, without any pain, Cleopatra chose it as
the easiest way of dispatching herself. Calmet.

ASP [asp, Dan. elpe, Du. from ewse, Sax. trembling. Somner] the
aspen-tree, a kind of white poplar, the leaves of which are small,
and always tremble.

ASPA＇LATHUM, or ASPA＇LATHUS [ἀσπαλαθος, Gr.] the wood of
a prickly tree, heavy, oleaginous, somewhat sharp and bitter to the
taste, of a strong scent. Of this wood there are four kinds. Aspa­
lathus affords an oil of admirable scent, reputed one of the best per­
sumes. It is called lignum rhodium. See Plate I. Fig. 18. Also a
plant called the rose of Jerusalem, or our lady＇s rose.

ASPA＇RAGUS [asperge, Fr. asparago, It. espárragos, Sp. asparagus,
Lat. ἀσπαραγος, Gr.] a plant so called. Of this there are twelve
species, and all but the two first are exotics. 1. Garden asparagus.
2. Wild asparagus, with narrow leaves. The first sort is cultivated
for the table, and propagated by the seeds, which should be sown in
the beginning of February; the next year they should be planted
out; the third spring after planting, they may be begun to be cut,
and so continued ten or twelve years in cutting. Miller. This word is
vulgarly pronounced sparrowgrass, and by contraction, grass.

ASPA＇RAGUS, the first sprout or shoot of a plant, that comes forth
before the unfolding of the leaves. Lat.

ASPARAGUS Sylvestris [in botany] wild sperage. Lat.

A＇SPECT [Fr. aspetto, It. aspecto, Sp. aspectus, Lat. it anciently,
had the accent on the last syllable, now on the first] 1. Look, appear­
ance; as, the true aspect of a world lying in its rubbish. Burnet. 2.
Looks, the air of one＇s countenance; as, an open, sincere, aspect. 3.
Act of beholding, glance; as, an amourous aspect. 4. Direction or
position towards any point, view, prospect; as, the south aspect of a
wall. 5. Respect, relation of any thing to something else; as, the
various aspects and probabilities of things. Locke.

ASPECT [with astrologers] is when two planets are joined with, or
behold each other; or when they are placed at such a distance in the
zodiac, that they (as it is said) mutually help or assist one another, or
have their virtues or influences encreased or diminished.

ASPECT [with astronomers] signifies the situation of the stars or
planets in respect to each other; or certain configurations or mutual
relations between the planets, arising from their situation in the zodiac.

Double ASPECT [in plainting] i. e. when a single figure represents
two or more different objects.

To ASPE＇CT [aspecto, Lat.] to look upon, to behold, a word not
common.







Happy in their mistake, those people, whom
The northern pole aspects. Temple.

ASPE＇CTABLE [aspectabilis, Lat.] that which is looked upon, or
visible, being the object of sight; as, the aspectable world. Ray.

ASPE＇CTION [of aspect] the act of beholding. Upon aspection of the
picture. Brown.

Partile A＇SPECTS [in astrology] is when planets are distant just
such a number of degrees, as 30, 36, 45, &c.

Platic ASPECTS [in astrology] are when the planets do not regard
each other from these very degrees; but the one exceeds as much as
the other wants.

A＇SPEN Tree [aspen, Goth.] See ASP.

ASPEN, adj. 1. Belonging to the asp-tree. 2. Made of asp-timber.

A＇SPER, a Turkish coin, in value about three farthings.

ASPER, Lat. rough, rugged. A word used by Bacon; as, all base
notes, or very treble notes, give an asper sound.

A＇SPERA ARTERIA [with anatomists] the rough artery, the wind­
pipe, a gristly vessel, which consists of several rings and parts, the of­
fice of which is to take in the breath, and to form and convey the
voice. See ARTERIA.

To A＇SPERATE [asperatum, sup. of aspero, from asper, Lat. rough]
to make rough, or uneven. Those corpuscles, of colour insinuating
into all the pores of the body to be dyed, may asperate its superficies.
Boyle.

ASPERA＇TION [from asperate] act of making rough. Lat.

ASPERIFO＇LIOUS Plants [with botanists] rough-leaved plants, such
as have their leaves placed alternately, or in no certain order on the
stalks, and whose flower is monopetalous, or but one single leaf cut
or divided into five partitions, as comfry, wild bugloss, hounds­
tongue, &c.

ASPE＇RITY [apreté, Fr. asprezza, It. asperidàd, Sp. of asperitas,
Lat.] 1. The inequality or roughness of the surface of any body,
whereby some parts of it stick out beyond the body, so as to hinder
the hand from passing over easily and freely. 2. Roughness of sound
or pronounciation; as, the asperity of the voice. 3. Crabbedness of
disposition, severity of temper, opposed to mildness of nature; as,
avoid all unseemliness and asperity of carriage. Rogers.

ASPERNA＇TION [aspernatio, of asperno, Lat.] the act of despising,
disregard.

A＇SPEROUS [asper, Lat.] rough, unequal, not even; as, black and
white are the most asperous and unequal of colours, black is the most
rough. Boyle.

To ASPE＇RSE [aspersum, sup. of aspergo, ad, to, and spargo, Lat.
to sprinkle] to defame or slander, to speak evil of, to cast a blemish
on a person＇s reputation, to bespatter with calumny.

ASPE＇RSION [Fr. aspersione, It. a sprinkling, of aspersio, Lat.] 1.
The act of sprinkling. Some little aspersion of the old conceits for taste＇s
sake. Bacon. 2. The thing sprinkled. No sweet aspersions will the
heav＇ns let fall. Shakespeare. 3. Slander, calumny, false imputation;
as, the aspersion of a woman＇s character.

ASPE＇RULA [with botanists] the herb wood-row, or wood-roof, li­
ver-wort, or stare. Lat.

ASPHALITES [of ἀσϕαλιζω, Gr. to strengthen] the fifth vertebra of
the loins.

ASPHA＇LTIC [of asphaltos] bituminous.
And with asphaltic slime broad as the gate, Milton.

ASPHA＇LTOS [ἀσϕαλτος, Gr.] a sort of bitumen, or a solid, brit­
tle, black, bituminous, inflammable substance, resembling pitch, ga­
thered off the lake Asphaltites, or Dead Sea, a lake in Judea, of so
pestilential a quality, that the vapours that arise out of it kill any
birds that fly over it, nor will the waters suffer any creature to live in
it. This lake is 580 furlongs long, and 150 broad, and the river Jor­
dan falls into it. It is surrounded by hills, and is the place where
Sodom and Gomorrha are said to have been situated. This bitumen
is cast up from time to time in the nature of liquid pitch, from the
earth, at the bottom of this sea, and swims upon the water like other
fat bodies, condensing gradually from the salt that is in it. It burns
with great vehemence. The Arabs use it for pitching their ships; and
much of it was employed in imbalming the ancients. Calmet.

ASPHA＇LTUM, Lat. a sort of bituminous stone found near the anci­
ent Babylon, which, mixed with other matters, makes an excellent
cement, impenetrable by water, and incorruptible by air, supposed to
be that celebrated mortar, of which the walls of Babylon were built;
it being first liquid, hardens in the air, and is brought to us in a firm
consistent mass.

ASPHO＇DELUS [ἀσϕοδελος, Gr. with botanists] the flower aspho­
del, called daffodil, or vulgarly, daffy-down-dilly. Lat.

ASPHO＇DEL [lilio-asphodelus, Lat.] a plant called day-lily, of which
there are two species. 1. The yellow asphodil; and 2. The red as­
phodil. These two sorts are very common in most of the English
gardens: The first is often called the yellow tuberose from its agree­
able scent; but the other is called the day-lily, or the tuberose orange­
lily, in most places. Asphodels were by the ancients planted near
burying places, in order to supply the manes of the dead with nou­
rishment.
By those happy souls who dwell
In yellow meads of asphodel. Pope.

A＇SPIC. A serpent. See ASP. The envenom＇d aspic＇s rage. Ad­
dison.

Oil of ASPIC, an inflammable oil, drawn from a plant resembling
lavender.

ASPILA＇TFS [ἀσπιλατης, Gr.] a precious stone of a silver colour,
good against lunacy.

ASPILOGI＇A [of ἀσπις, a shield, and λογος, Gr. description] a trea­
tise of spears, or shields. Spelman.

To A＇SPIRATE [of aspiro, from ad, to, and spiro, to breathe] to
pronounce with an aspiration. See ASPIRATION.

ASPIRATE, adj. [aspiratus, Lat.] pronounced with an aspiration;
as, our w and h aspirate. Dryden.

ASPIRA＇TION [Fr. aspirazione, It. aspiracion, Sp. of aspiratio, Lat.]
1. The act of breathing after, or a vehement wish, an earnest warm
desire, generally after celestial blessings. Watts uses it in this sense.
2. The act of aspiring at what is great and high.
He rises on his toe, that spirit of his
In aspiration lists him from the earth. Shakespeare.
3. The pronunciation of a vowel with a strong breath. H, is only a
guttural aspiration, that is, a more forcible impulse of the breath from
the lungs. Holder.

ASPIRATION, or ASPERATE [in grammar] the character (＇)
over a Greek letter, which has the force and sound of an h. Aspira­
tion is a grammatic term, says P. Richelet, and which signifies that
we ought to pronounce the letter h in certain words, and that the let­
ter before the h is not lost. The example he gives suits better the
French language than ours; but I was the more willing to insert it,
as conveying a sentiment pretty extraordinary for a man living under
an absolute monarchy. The word Hollande, says he, is pronounced
with an aspiration; for the vowel that goes before it, is not lost; we
say, la Holland [and not l＇Hollande] est une heureux païs. Holland is
a happy country, because she is rich, and enjoys an adorable liberty.

To ASPI＇RE [aspirer, Fr. aspirare, It. aspiràr, Sp. of aspiro, ad, to,
and spiro, Lat. to breathe] 1. To seek after something great and high,
to desire with earnestness; sometimes with to. 2. Sometimes with
after. 3. To rise higher.
It flames as high as fancy can aspire. Waller.

ASPI＇RING, subst. ambition, &c.

ASPIRING, noun adj. ambitious, &c.

A＇SPIS, an aspic, or asp, a most venemous serpent, whose eyes are
not in the forehead, but in the temples; one kind of them kills by
thirst, another by sleep, and a third by bleeding; the parties bitten
by them, dying either of thirst, sleeping, or bleeding. See ASP and
ASPIC.

ASPLE＇NION [ἀσπληνιον, Gr.] the herb ceterach, miltwaste, or
spleen-wort.

ASPRENE＇LLA [in botany] the herb great shave-grass, or horse­
tail. Lat.

ASPS [hieroglyphically] were used as an emblem of sacredness;
and accordingly the kings of Egypt had them on their crowns, to inti­
mate the sacredness of their persons; that none might presume or at­
tempt to dishonour or injure them, without expecting a signal punish­
ment; as though they signified, that he that rose up against his prince,
did encounter with a serpent, and was like to meet with nothing but
deadly and venomous repulses.

ASQUI＇NT [of a and squint] askew, or awry, not in the straight line
of vision; as, to look asquint.

ASS [asinus, asina, Lat. ane, anesse, Fr. asino, asina, It. asno, asna,
Sp. and Port. ezel, Du. esel, Ger. asen, Dan. asns, Su. esil, Teut.
assa, Sax. asil, Goth.] 1. A beast of burden, well known for its
sluggishness, patience, hardiness, coarseness of food, and long life.
2. Applied to a stupid fellow, a dolt, one of a heavy dull brain. I
am made an ass. Shakespeare.
Who drives an ASS, and leads a whore,
Hath pain and sorrow evermore.
The French say: Qui femme croît (believe a woman) & âne mene
(leads an ass) ne sera jamais sans peine. The French proverb is some­
thing more unmannerly than ours: but the design of both, is to shew
how difficult it is to manage a stupid, stubborn, and incorrigible
person.

An ASS (fool) may ask more questions in an hour, than a wise man
can answer in a year.
Plus rogabit asinus, quam respondeat Aristoteles, Lat. Ein narr kan
mehr Fragens denn zehn weisen berichten, H. Ger. (one fool can ask
more questions, than ten wise men can answer.)

Better ride an ASS that carries me, than a horse that throws we.
Medio tutissimus ibis, Lat. A medium is in every thing the safest and
best.

An ASS [hieroglyphically] was used by the ancients to represent a
stupid and ignorant fellow, an enemy to piety and religion.

ASSES Head, and ASSES Ears, on a human body, represented an
ignorant fellow, who was unacquainted with the world. For the E­
gyptians were wont to put the heads of animals on human bodies, to
express the inclinations and dispositions of those persons who were like
such beasts.

ASS-HERD, a keeper or feeder of asses; also a company of asses.

ASSA Dulcis, gum benzoin. See BENZOIN.

ASSA Fætida. See ASA.

A＇SSACH, or A＇SSART [in Wales] an ancient way of purgation,
where the person accused of a crime, cleared himself by the oath of
300 men.

ASSA＇I [in music books] is always joined with some other word,
to weaken the strength or signification of the word to which it is
joined. Thus, for example, when it is joined with the words vivace,
allegro, or presto, all which denote a quick movement; it signifies that
the music must not be performed quite so brisk or quick, as each of
these words, if alone, would require: again, being joined to either of
the words, adagio, grave, or largo, which all denote a slow move­
ment, it intimates that the music must not be performed quite so slow,
as each of those words, if alone, would require.

To ASSAI＇L [of assaillir, Fr. assalire, It.] 1. To assault, to attack,
to set upon, to invade in a hostile manner. 2. To attack with argu­
ment, censure, reproach, or from motives applied to the passions.

ASSA＇ILABLE [from assail] that which may be assailed. A word
used by Shakespeare.

ASSAI＇LANT, subst. Fr. one who assaults another, opposed to depen­
dant.

ASSAILANT, adj. invading, making an attack on.
And as ev＇ning dragon came
Assailant on the perched roosts. Milton.

ASSAI＇LER [from assail] he who assails or attacks. Palladius pur­
sued our assailers. Sidney.

ASSAPA＇NIC, a little creature of Virginia, in America, a sort of
flying squirrel, that is said to fly by stretching its shoulders and skin.

ASSARA＇BACCA. See ASARUM.

A＇SSART [assartum, law Lat.] a tree pulled up by the roots.

To ASSART [of essartir, Fr. to make plain, which Spelman derives
from exertum, Lat.] to pluck up by the roots.

ASSART [in law] an offence committed in the forest by pulling up
the woods, which serve as thickets, or a covert for the deer, and by
making them as plain as arable land.

ASSART, a parcel of land assarted.








ASSART Rents, rents paid to the crown for lands assarted.

ASSASIA＇RE [in ancient deeds] to take assessors or fellow-judges.

An ASSA＇SSINATE, or an ASSA＇SSIN [assassin, Fr. assassino, It. and
Sp. ab assassinator, middle Lat. A word brought originally, as Mr
Johnson well observes, from Asia. As to its etymology, see ASSASSI­
NIANS] one that kills privily by treachery or sudden violence. Assas­
sinate is now less frequently used. It is found in Wotton.

ASSA＇SSINATE, murder, the crime of assassinating. Assassinates and
popular insurrections. Pope.

To ASSASSINATE [assassiner, Fr. assassinare, It. assassinàr, Sp.] 1.
To murder privately or barbarously, to take off by treachery or vio­
lence. 2. To lay in wait for, to take by treachery. This sense is
perhaps peculiar to Milton. Johnson.
Such usage as your honourable lords
Afford me, assassinated and betrayed.

ASSASSINA＇TION [of assassinate] the act of murdering by violence.

ASSASSINA＇TOR, an assassin, he that kills another by treachery or
violence.

ASSASSI＇NIANS [an asiatic, barbarian state, much spoken of by the
writers of the holy war, whose prince they style the ancient of the
mountains] Dherbelot says, that the sheick-al gebal, i. e. prince or
ancient of the mountain, ruled over a people inhabiting the Persian
Irâk (called al-gebal, i. e. the hilly country) who devoted them­
selves at the hazzard of life to murder all those whom their princes
regarded as enemies. Now the first founder of this state being
named Hassan, as was also their then present prince in the time of the
holy war, it may be inferred, that the whole state or people were
called the Hassanîn [Arab] and (by Europæan corruption) assassins from
him. Unless we should say with Abbè Vertot, that the poignard,
they used on these occasions, being called in the Persian language
hassisin; the appellation took its rise from thence. They seem, in
process of time, to have possessed themselves of the mountains of
Phœnicia, between Antaradus, and the city of Tripoli; in which
latter situation only they are taken notice of by Abbè Vertot, and
other writers of the holy war. Dherbelot and Abbè Vertot compared.
Hence, those that are ready to execute bloody designs are called assassins.

ASSA＇TION [assatus, from asso, Lat. to roast, in pharmacy] 1. The
preparing or dressing of medicaments in their own juices, without the
addition of any foreign moisture. 2. The act of roasting in general.
The egg in assation or roasting will sometimes abate a drachm. Brown.
It is opposed to elixation, or the act of boiling.

A＇SSATURE [assatura, Lat.] a roast, or roasted meat.

ASSAU＇LT [assault, assaut, Fr. assalto, It. asálto, Sp.] hostile on­
set, attack from an enemy, opposed to defence.

ASSAULT [in a law sense] a violent kind of injury done to a man＇s
person, by offering to give a blow, or by threatening words. With
upon.

ASSAULT [in military affairs] 1. An attack or effort made upon a
place to gain it by main force. 2. Storm, as opposed to siege or
sap. Having upon. 3. Violent shock.
They cruel combat joined in middle space,
With horrible assault and fury fell. Spenser.
4. Encroachment, invasion. With upon; as, assaults upon the pre­
rogative.

To ASSAULT, or to make an ASSAULT [faire assaut, and assailir,
Fr. assaltare, It. assultar, Sp.] to set upon hostilely, to attack with
violence.

ASSA＇ULTER [from assault] he who assaults another violently. It
is found in Sidney.

ASSA＇Y [essaye, essai, Fr. From which the ancient writers borrow­
ed assay, according to the sound, and the latter essay according to the
writing: but the senses now differing, they may be considered as
two words. Johnson.] 1. Trial, proof, examination. This cannot
be by no assay of reason. Shakespeare. 2. In law, the examination of
weights and measures by the clerk of the market. 3. Foretaste, first
entrance upon a thing.
So glorious bait
Would tempt his guest to take thereof assay. Spenser.
4. Assault, trouble. It is found in the old writers, and in Milton.

ASSAY Master [of the Mint] an officer who weighs the bullion,
and takes care that it be standard.

To ASSAY [essoyer, Fr.] 1. To try or prove by experiment. 2. To
apply to; as, the touchstone assays metals. 3. To endeavour, to
try. David girded his sword upon his armour, and he assayed to go,
for he had not proved it. Samuel.

ASSA＇YER of the King [from assay] an officer indifferently ap­
pointed between the master of the Mint, and merchants who bring
silver thither for exchange, for the due trial of silver.

ASSA＇YING [with musicians] a flourishing before they begin to play.

ASSECURA＇RE [old records] to make secure by pledges, or any
solemn interposition of faith,

ASSECU＇TION [assecutus, of asquor, Lat. to obtain] act of obtain­
ing, acquisition. A first benefice is void by the assecution of a se­
cond. Ayliffe.

ASSEDA＇TION [a law term] a taxing of the king＇s farms.

ASSE＇MBLAGE, Fr. act of uniting or joining of things together, or
the things so united or joined. It differs from assembly, by being
applied only or chiefly to things; assembly being used only or gene­
rally of persons. Johnson.

To ASSE＇MBLE, verb act. [assembler, Fr, of ad, to, and simul, Lat.
together] to bring together into one place. It is used both of persons
and things.

To ASSEMBLE, verb neut. To come or meet together.

ASSE＇MBLEE [in heraldry] a duftail or more to hold the two parts
of the escutcheon together, where the partition line is, being counter­
charged, is some of the metal, and some of the colour of the es­
cutcheon. Fr.

ASSE＇MBLY [assemblée, Fr. assemblea, It. assambléa, Sp.] a concourse
or meeting together of people.

Unlawful ASSEMBLY [in a law sense] is the meeting together of three
or more persons for the committing of an unlawful act, although they
do not effect it.

ASSEMBLY [with military men] is a particular beat of the drum, or
sound of the trumpet, and is an order for the soldiers to repair to their
colours.

ASSEMBLY [with the beau monde] a stated and general meeting of
persons of both sexes, for conversation, gaming, gallantry, &c.

To ASSE＇NT [assentio, Lat. assentir, Sp.] to yield consent or agree to.

A＇SSENT [assensus, Lat.] 1. Act of agreeing to a thing, consent.
Upon the whole the understanding determines its assent. Locke. 2.
Approbation. The religious assent of Christian belief. Hooker.

Actual ASSENT, is a judgment whereby the mind perceives a thing
to be true.

Habitual ASSENT consists of certain habits induced into the mind by
repeated acts.

ASSE＇NTAMEN [in botany] Virginian pink.

ASSENTA＇TRIX, a woman flatterer. Lat.

ASSE＇NTMENT [from assent] consent. Their arguments subsist upon
the charity of our assentments. Brown.

To ASSE＇RT [asserire, It. of assero, Lat.] 1. To affirm; as, he as­
serts it for truth. 2. To maintain, to hold, to defend by word or
action; as, to assert a party. 3. To claim a title to, to vindicate.
Nor can the groveling mind—
Assert the native skies. Dryden.

ASSE＇RTION [Fr. asserzione, It. of asserting] act of asserting, bold,
affirmation, conclusion; and opinion produced and maintained.

ASSERTION [with scholastics] a proposition which is advanced,
which the advancer avows to be true, and is ready to maintain in public.

ASSE＇RTIVE [of assert] positive, peremptory, confident; as, he
proposed them not in a confident assertive form, but as probabilities.
Glanville.

ASSE＇RTOR [from assert] he that asserts, maintains or affirms.

To ASSE＇RVE [asservio, Lat.] to serve, help, or second.

To ASSE＇SS [from assessare, It. to make an equilibrium or balance.
Johnson] To rate, tax, or appoint what every one has to pay in a
certain proportion.

ASSE＇SSION [assessio, Lat.] a sitting down, at or by, or together, an
assisting.

ASSE＇SSMENT. 1. The act of assessing or rating. 2. The rate itself.

ASSE＇SSOR [assesseur, Fr. assessore, It. assessor, Sp. and Lat.] 1. One
who sits by and assists another in office and authority; a judge lateral or
assistant. And lives and crimes with his assessors hears. Dryden. 2. He
that sits as next in dignity to another. His son, the assessor of his
throne. Milton. 3. One who makes the assessment or rate for the
payment of public taxes.

A＇SSETS, without a sing. [assez, Fr. i. e. satis, enough] effects suf­
ficient to discharge the burden laid on an executor or heir for satisfying
the testators or ancestors debts or legacies.

Real ASSETS [in law] are where a man dies possessed of lands in
fee simple.

Personal ASSETS [in law] are where a man dies possessed of any
personal estate.

ASSETS per Descent [in law] are where a man enters into bonds,
and dies seized of lands in fee simple, which descend to his heirs, and
therefore chargeable as assets in his hands.

ASSETS entre mains [in law] is when a man dies indebted, leaving
to his executors sufficient wherewith to discharge his debts and lega­
cies. Fr.

ASSE＇U, ASSEW, or ASE＇W, spoken of a cow when her milk is dried
up, or becomes salt, some time before her calving; then she is said to
go asseu, or that it is time to let her go asseu.

To ASSE＇VER, or to ASSEVEATE [asseveratum, of assevero, Lat.] to
avouch, to affirm boldly, to avow, to assure, with great solemnity, as
upon oath.

ASSEVERA＇TION [asseverazione, It. asseveración, Sp. of asseveratio,
Lat.] an earnest or solemn affirmation, as upon oath, avouching.

ASSEWIA＇RE [old latin writers] to draw water from marshy
grounds.

A＇SSHEAD [of ass and head] a blockhead, a dullard. A word
found in Shakespeare.

ASSI＇DEANS, or rather CHASI＇DEANS, a most religious sett of Jews,
so called from the Hebrew word Chasid; which in its strict, proper,
and primary sense, answers to the word, kind and benign with us:
(as true goodness is essential to holiness) in its secondary sense, it means
a saint, or holy one; and so ＇tis for the most part rendered by our tran­
slators. The Chasideans, says Reland, were so conscientious as to of­
fer daily a trespass offering for the dubious offence. He adds, that this
sacrifice was called from them Asham Chasidim, i. e. the trespass-offer­
ing of the Chasideans; and lastly, that the Pharisees are said to have
been a branch or revulsion from them. Reland. Antiq. Sacræ.

ASSIDE＇NTIA Signa [according to Galen] those symptoms that are
sometimes present to a disease, but not always so. Lat.

ASSIDE＇RE, or ASSIDA＇RE [in old records] to tax annually.

ASSIDU＇ITY [assiduité, Fr. assiduità, It. of assiduitas, Lat.] con­
tinual care, constant application or attendance, great diligence.

ASSIDUITY, is emblematically described by an elderly woman,
holding an hour-glass in both hands, and standing by a rock encom­
passed with ivy.
Her age denotes, that time and labour are continually destroying us;
and therefore she holds an hour-glass, which requires her diligence in
turning and often moving it, lest it stop.
ASSIDU＇ITY makes all things easy.
It. Assiduità genera Facilta. The Latins say, Gutta cavat lapidem.
(A drop can hollow a stone in time.) The Germans, Mit gemach
gehem kimmt man auch weit. (Fair and softly goes far.) There is
hardly any thing, tho＇ at first appearance it may seem ever so difficult,
but what time and application will overcome; witness innumerable
particulars in the sciences, as well as in the common occurrences of
life, now made easy, which have been formerly thought impractica­
ble.

ASSI＇DUOUS [assidu, Fr. assiduo, It and Sp. of assiduus, Lat.] dili­
gent, close at business, constant in application.

ASSI＇DUOUSLY [of assiduous] with assiduity, with constant appli­
cation.

ASSIE＇NTO [Sp. an agreement] a contract between the kings of
Great Britain and Spain, for furnishing the Spanish West Indies with
Negroe Slaves. This contract was transferred from the French to the
English south-sea company, by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, for the
space of 30 years. They were also permitted to send a register ship







of 500 tons yearly to the Spanish settlements, laden with European
goods.

To ASSI＇GN [assigner, Fr. assignare, It. assignar, Sp. assinar, Port.
of assigno, Lat.] 1. To appoint, to allot, to mark out. 2. to appoint
or set forth, to fix, with regard to value or quantity. Any assigned
quantity of one thing is not constantly worth any assigned quantity of
another. Locke.

To ASSIGN [in law] in general to appoint a deputy, or to make
over a right to another, also in particular to appoint or set forth; as,
to assign errors, is to shew where the errors are committed.

To ASSIGN false Judgment [a law phrase] is to shew how and where
the jugment is unjust.

To ASSIGN the Cessor [a law phrase] to shew how the plaintiff has
cessed or given over.

To ASSIGN Waste [a law phrase] is to shew especially wherein the
waste is committed.

ASSIGN [assigné, Fr. of assignatus, Lat.] a person who is appointed
or deputed by another, either to perform any business, or to enjoy any
thing.

ASSI＇GNABLE [of assign] that may be assigned. According to Ari­
tle, there was no instant assignable of God＇s eternal existence, in which
the world did not also co-exist. South.

ASSINA＇TION [Fr. assegnazione, It. assignacion, Sp. of assignatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of making over a thing to another. 2. An appoint­
ment to meet, generally used of appointments made by lovers.

ASSIGNE＇E [assigné, Fr.] a person to whom a thing is legally as­
signed or made over, or who is appointed to act for another, either by
law or deed,

ASSIGNEE [in law] is a person whom the law makes so without any
appointment of the person concerned; so an executor is an assignee in
law to the testator.

ASSIGNEE by Deed, is one who is appointed by a person, as when
the lessee of a term assigns the same to another, then he is assignee by
deed.

ASSI＇GNER [from assign] he who assigns.

ASSI＇GNMENT [of assign] 1. Destination, appointment to some end.
2. The act of assigning or setting over the interest of any thing to ano­
ther, as the assignment of a lease, &c.

ASSIGNMENT of Dowor [in law] the setting out the marriage por­
tion or dower of a woman by the heir, according to the establishment
before made.

ASSI＇MILABLE [of assimilate] that which may be assimilated or ren­
dered of the same nature with another thing. It is substantively used
by Brown. Spirits finding no assimilables wherein to react their na­
tures, must certainly participate such natural desolations.

To ASSI＇MILATE [of assimilo, Lat.] 1. To turn to the same nature
with another. 2. To render like, to bring to a resemblance. A fe­
rine life would assimilate the next generation to barbarism. Hale.

ASSIMILA＇TION [assimilazione, It. of assimilate] 1. The act of con­
verting any thing to the substance of another. 2. The state of being
so converted. 3. The act whereby things are rendered similar, or like
to one another.

ASSIMILATION [in philosophy] a sort of motion by which some
bodies are changed into other bodies, aptly disposed into a nature like
or homogeneous to their own; as, the operation of nature, by which the
nutricious juice is rendered like the substance of that animal body, into
which it is to be changed and united; the mutation of the chyle into
blood.

ASSIMILA＇RE [in old records] to put together. Lat.

To ASSI＇MULATE, to feign, to counterfeit.

ASSIMULA＇TION, act of making the false likeness, a counterfeiting.

ASSI＇SA [in law] originally signified a court where the judges heard
and determined causes; but now it is applied to other courts of judica­
ture besides the county courts, which are held by judges itinerant,
which courts are commonly called the assizes.

ASSI＇SA Cadere [a law phrase] to be nonsuited.

ASSISA Nocumenti [a phrase in law] assize of nuisance. Lat.

ASSISA Continuanda [in law] a writ directed to the justices to take
an assize for the continuance of a cause, where certain records alledged
cannot he procured by the party in time. Lat.

ASSISA Panis & Cerevisiæ [a law phrase] signifies the power or
privilege of adjusting or assigning the weight and measure of bread and
beer. Lat.

ASSISA Judicium [a law phrase] signifies a judgment of the court
given either against the plaintiff or defendant for default. Lat.

ASSISA Propaganda [a law phrase] a writ directed to the justices for
the stop of proceedings, by reason of the king＇s business, in which the
party is employed. Lat.

ASSISA cadit in Juratum [a law phrase] is where the thing that is
in controversy is so doubtful, that it must of necessity be tried by a
jury.

ASSISA de utrum [in law] lies for a person against a layman, or
e contra, for lands or tenements, doubtful whether they be in lay fee or
free alms.

ASSISA Capi in modum Assisæ [a law phrase] is when the defendant
pleads to the assize without taking any exception, to either the court,
declaration or writ. Lat.

ASSI＇SOR, the same as assessor.

ASSISORS [in Scotland] the same as jurors in England.

To ASSIST [assister, Fr. asister, Sp. assisto, Lat.] to stand by, to
help, to aid or succour.

ASSI＇STANCE [Fr. assistenza, It. assisténcia, Sp.] help, aid, suc­
cour.

ASSISTANCE has been described by an elderly man cloathed in white,
with a mantle of purple, crowned with rays, a heart hanging at a
chain of gold round his neck; his right hand stretched out, and open;
on his left side a vine supported by a stake, and at his right a stork.
His age is an emblem of prudence, as his white raiment and purple
mantle is of sincerity and power. His chaplet of olive shews his ten­
dency to peace, the rays it is invironed with, the assistance of the su­
preme being, and the posture of his arm and hand, his readiness; the
vine supported by a stake is his antitype, and the stork an emblem as
well of perternal as filial duty and affection.

ASSI＇STANT [Fr. assistens, Lat.] assisting, aiding, helping, succour­
ing.

An ASSISTANT [Fr. assistente, It. and Sp. of assistens, Lat.] 1. A
helper, an auxiliary, not a principal. 2. Sometimes only a softer word
for an attendant in the management of an affair.
The pale assistants on each other star＇d. Dryden.

ASSISTA＇TA [with logicians] arguments or assertions impossible to
be true; as, to accuse an infant of adultery; to says a person holds his
peace, and yet that he is talking.

ASSI＇SUS Lapis [of Assus a town of Mysia where they were digged]
a sort of stone wherewith coffins were made by the antients, that wasted
the dead body.

ASSISUS [in the old law.] demised or farmed out for a certain assessed
rent either in money or provisions.

ASSI＇ZE [assizes, Fr. of assideo, Lat. to sit by or at] 1. A sitting of ju­
stices by virtue of their commission, to hear and determine causes. 2. The
meeting of substantial men, with the bailiff or justice, at a certain time
and place; and the court so held is called the assize. 3. Any court of
justice.
And there shall God the last assizes keep. Dryden.
4. Anciently measure, rate; now we use size.
A stately frame,
An hundred cubits high by just assize. Spenser.

ASSI＇ZE, or ASSI＇SE, a writ directed to the sheriff for the recovery of
possession of things immoveable, of which yourself or ancestors have
been disseised.

ASSIZE [of bread, ale, &c.] a statute or ordinance relating to the
price, weight, measure, or order of several commodities; also the mea­
sure or quantity itself; thus it is said, when wheat, &c. is of such a
price, the bread shall be of such assize.

ASSI＇SE [in law] a four-fold writ for the recovery of lands, tene­
ments, &c. of which one has been dispossessed; also the jury sum­
moned upon such writs.

ASSIZE of darraign Presentment [a law term] a writ lying where a
man and his ancestors have presented a clerk to a church, and after­
wards, it being void by his death, a stranger presents a clerk to the
same church in opposition to the former patron.

ASSISE of the Forest [in forest law] a statute concerning orders to be
observed in the king＇s forest.

ASSIZE de mort de Ancestril [a law phrase] a writ that lies where my
father, brother, uncle, &c. held in see simple, and after their death a
stranger abates.

ASSIZES were originally used for extraordinary sittings of superior
judges in the inferior courts depending on their jurisdiction, to enquire
whether the subaltern judges and officers did their duty.

ASSISE of Novel Disseizin [in law] a writ lying where a tenant in see
simple, see tail, or for life, is lately disseis＇d of his lands or tenements,
rent-service, rent-seck or rent-charge, common of pasture, common
way, &c.

General ASSIZES are those hold by the judges twice a year, in their
several circuits.

Special ASSIZE, a particular commission granted to several persons,
to take cognizance of some one or two cases, as a disseizin or the like.

Clerk of ASSIZE, an officer of the court who sets down all things ju­
dicially done by the justices of assize in their circuits.

To ASSIZE [of assise, Fr. set] to adjust weights and measures, to fix
their rate by assize or writ.

ASSI＇ZER of Weights and Measures, an officer who has the care and
oversight of those matters.

ASSO＇CIABLE [of associabilis, Lat.] sociable, that may be associated
or joined with.

ASSOCIABLENESS, socialness, fitness, or agreeableness for company
or conversation.

An ASSO＇CIATE [of associé, Fr. of ad and socius, Lat.] a companion,
a partner.

To ASSO＇CIATE [associer, Fr. associàr, Sp. of associo, Lat.] 1. To
unite with as confederate, generally having with. 2. To bring into
some society or fellowship as a friend, upon equal terms.
Associate in your town a wand＇ring train. Dryden.
3. To join or keep company with.
Friends should associate friends in grief and woe. Shakespeare.

An ASSOCIA＇TION [Fr. associaciòn, Sp. of associatus, Lat.] 1. Act
of entering into society with others, union, conjunction; as, as a bond
of association. 2. A confederacy, the act of joining to perform some
particular act or purpose; as, a league of association. 3. Partnership
with any. Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God, and by
making you his partner, interests you in all his happiness. Boyle. 4.
Apposition, or union of nature; as, the various separations and new
associations and motions of the parmanent particles. Newton.

ASSOCIATION [in law] a patent from the king to the justices of as­
size, to admit other persons for collegues and fellows in that affair.

ASSOCIATION of Ideas [in philosophy] is where two or more ideas
constantly and immediately succeed one another in the mind, so that
one shall almost infallibly produce the other; whether there be any na­
tural relation between them or not. A sort of connection.

To ASSOI＇L, or ASSOY＇L [absoudre, Fr. assolvere, It. absolvèr, Sp.
of absolvo, Lat.] to absolve, deliver, or set free from an excommuni­
cation, or from any accusation.

A＇SSONANCE, Fr. reference of one sound to another resembling it.

ASSONANCE [in rhetoric and poetry] is used where the words of a
phrase or verse have the same sound or termination, and yet make no
proper rhyme.

A＇SSONANT [Fr. assonans, Lat.] agreeing in sound.

ASSONANT Rhymes [in poetry] a kind of verses common to the Spa­
niards, where the resemblance of sound serves instead of natural
rhymes.

To ASSO＇RT [assortir, Fr.] to arrange in proper classes according to
the sorts.

To ASSOT [assoter, Fr. from sot] to besot. A word now obsolete.
That monstrous error which doth some assot. Spenser.

To ASSU＇AGE, verb act. [The derivation of this word is uncertain.
Minshew deduces it from adsuadeo or assuavio, Junius from ssœs,
Sax. sweet, whence Skinner imagines aspæsan, Sax. was formed]







1. To mitigate, to allay; as, to assuage heat. 2. To pacify, to ap­
pease; as, to assuage malice or fear. 3. To give ease to; as, that
medicine assuages pain.

To ASSUAGE, verb neut. To grow less, to abate; as, the waters
assuaged. Genesis.

ASSUA＇GEMENT [of assuage] any thing that softens or gives mitiga­
tion. It is found in Spenser.

ASSUA＇GER [of assuage] he that assuages or appeases.

ASSUA＇SIVE [of assuage] mitigating.
If in the breast tumultuous joys arise,
Music her soft assuassve voice applies. Pope.

To ASSU＇BJUGATE [of ad, to, and subjugo, Lat. to subdue] to sub­
mit a thing to.
Nor by my will assubjugate his merit,
By going to Achilles. Shakespeare.

ASSUEFA＇CTION [affuefactus, from assuefacio, of assuesso, to accustom,
and facio, Lat. to make] state of being accustomed to any thing. Right
and left are differenced from use and assuefaction. Brown.

ASSU＇ETUDE [assuetudo, Lat.] custom, assuefaction. Assuetude of
things hurtful doth make them lose the force of hurt. Bacon.

To ASS＇UME [assumo, Lat.] 1. To take again; as, to assume his
form. 2. To take upon one＇s self; as,
He assumes the god,
Affects to nod. Dryden.
And Christ assumed, or took upon himself, our nature, when he became
incarnate, and dwelt in a human body. 3. To arrogate, claim or
seize unjustly. Assuming in conversation. Collier. 4. To suppose some­
thing granted without proof. In every hypothesis something is al­
lowed to be assumed. Boyle. 5. To appropriate or apply to one＇s self.
His Majesty might well assume the complaint and expression of king
David. Clarendon.

ASSU＇MER [from assume] he who assumes what is not his due, an
arrogant person. High assumers and pretenders to reason. South.

ASSU＇MING [from assume] haughty, insolent, arrogant; as, an as­
suming air.

ASSU＇MPSIT [from assumo, in law] a naked contract, a voluntary
promise by word of mouth, by which a man assumes and takes upon
him to perform or pay any thing to another.

ASSU＇MPTION [assomption, Fr. assumciòn, Sp. of assumptio, Lat.] 1.
The act of taking any thing to one＇s self; as Christ＇s assumption of
the human nature, of flesh, of a body. His assumption of our flesh
to his divinity. Hammond. 2. The act of supposing any thing with­
out farther proof. These by way of assumption. Norris.

ASSUMPTION [with logicians] the postulate or thing supposed, the
minor or second proposition of a syllogism.

ASSUMPTION [in geography] a city of South America, situated
near the mouth of the river Plata, and on the opposite shore to Buenos
Ayres, in Lat. 34° S. Long. 60° W.

ASSUMPTION [with Roman catholics] a festival observed by them in
honour of the Virgin Mary＇s being taken up into heaven.

ASSU＇MPTIVE [of assumptivus, Lat.] that may be assumed.

ASSUMPTIVE Arms [with heralds] are such as a man hath a right to
assume to himself by virtue of some action; as if a man, who is no
gentleman by blood, and has no coat of arms, shall in war take a
lord, &c. prisoner, he is entitled to bear the shield of such prisoner,
and to enjoy it to him and his heirs.

ASSU＇RANCE [assurance, Fr.] 1. Certain expectation. Hope is a
lower and lesser thing than assurance. South. 2. Sureness, secure
confidence or trust. Boasts vain assurance of mortality. Spenser. 3. Cer­
tainty, freedom from doubt. Proof from the authority of man＇s judg­
ment, is not able to work that assurance which doth grow by a stronger
proof. Hooker. 4. Firmness, undoubting steadiness. Courage and
assurance in the duties of our profession. Rogers. 5. Confidence, want
of modesty, exemption from fear. My affection ill hid hath given you
this last assurance. Sidney. 6. Ground of confidence (as πιτις in Greek)
Acts xvii. 31.) security given. Desire is desirous of perfect assurance.
Sidney. 7. Spirit, intrepidity. With all th＇ assurance innocence can
bring. Dryden. 8. Readiness to hope, disposition to harbour sanguine
expectations. This is not the grace of hope, but a good natural assu­
rance or confidence. Hammond. 9. Testimony of credit.
And from some knowledge and assurance of you,
Offer this office. Shakespeare.
10. Conviction. An assurance of things, as will make men careful to
avoid a lesser danger. Tillotson.

ASSURANCE also signifies the same with insurance. See INSURANCE.

ASSURANCE is a faculty of possessing a man＇s self, or of saying and
doing indifferent things, without any uneasiness or emotion of mind.
That which generally gives a man assurance is a moderate knowledge
of the world; but, above all, a mind fixed and determined in itself to
do nothing against the rules of honour and decency, and an open
and assured behaviour is the natural consequence of such a resolution.
A man thus armed, if his words or actions are at any time misinter­
preted, retires within himself, and from a consciousness of his own in­
tegrity assumes force enough to despise the little censures of ignorance
or malice.
Such an assurance a man ought to cherish and encourage in him­
self.

Modest ASSURANCE is the just mean between bashfulness and impu­
dence; and as the same person may be both modest and assured, so it
is also possible for the same person to be both impudent and bashful.
Spectator.

Policy of ASSURANCE, is a contract whereby one or more persons
oblige themselves to make good any damages that goods, a house,
ship, &c. may sustain by fire or the sea, pirates, &c.

To ASSU＇RE [asseurer, Fr, assicurare, It. assegurar, Sp. and Port.
assecuro, low Lat.] 1. To give confidence by a firm promise. He assured
them with many words that he would restore them. Maccabees. 2.
To secure to another, with of. I＇ll assure her of her widowhood.
Shakespeare. 3. To make confident, to free from fear and doubt, to
bestow security. We are of the truth, and shall assure our hearts be­
fore him. 1 John. 4. To make secure, with of. Or who can him
assure of happy day? Spenser. 5. To marry or betrothe, with to. He
swore I was assured to her. Shakespeare.

ASSU＇RED, part. passive [of assure] 1. Unquestionable, certain; as,
an assured experience. 2. Not doubting, certain.
I am well assured,
That I did so, when I was first assured. Shakespeare.
3. Impudent, viciously confident.

ASSU＇REDLY [from assured] with certainty, without doubt.

ASSU＇REDNESS [of assured] the state of being assured, certainty.

ASSU＇RER, a person who assures, or gives assurance; also he who
gives security to make good a loss.

To ASSWA＇GE. See To ASSUA＇GE.

ASSU＇RITANI [in church history] a branch of the donatists, who
held that the Son was inferior to the Father, and the Holy Ghost to
the Son: they re-baptized those who embraced their sect, and asserted
that good men only were within the pale of the church. But this infe­
riority of the third person to the second, and of both to the first (if I am
not mistaken) they held in common with the main body of the Dona­
tists, and therefore should not be distinguished by this circumstance
from them. See DONATISTS.

ASSY＇RIA, an ancient empire of Asia, comprehending the modern
provinces of Curdistan, Dearbec, and Irac-Arabic.

ASSY＇RIAN, what belongs to Assyria.

ASSYRIAN Empire, an empire founded, according to Sir Isaac New­
ton (who rejects the history of Ctesias as fabulous) by Paul the father
of Tiglath Pilassar, in the year 790, before Christ. In the reign of
Senacherib and Asserhadon it seems arrived at its greatness, containing
Assyria, Media, Mesopotamia, Chaldæa, Syria, Palestine, Egypt,
Ethiopia, and other countries; but fell at length by the revolt of Na­
bopolasser, commander in chief in Chaldæa, whose son Nebuchadnez­
zar marrying the daughter of Astyages the Mede, joined his force with
Cyaxares the son of Astyages, and destroyed Nineveh about the year
609 before Christ.

A＇STA, a city of the kingdom of Visapour in India, between Visa­
pour and Daboul; and also the name of a river of Spain, in the king­
dom of Leon.

A＇STABAT, a city of Armenia in Asia, in Lat. 39° N. Long.
47° E.

ASTA＇TI [of α priv. and ιστημι, Gr. to stand firm, q. d. unstable]
a sect of Christians in the 9th century, who adopted the heresy of the
Manichees.

ASTEI＇SMUS [with rhetoricians] a figure wherein some pleasant jest
is expressed, a kind of irony.

ASTEIO＇LOGY [ἀστειολογια, Gr.] according to Gataker, it signifies a
certain elegance or festivity of speech; the study of which is most aptly
joined with rhetoric and poetry. Appendix ad Thesaurum Græcæ Linguæ,
Hen. Stephani Constantini, &c. per D. Scott, J. V. D.

A＇STER [αστηρ, Gr. in botany] the herb start-wort, share-wort, or
cod-wort. Lat.

ASTERA＇EAT, a city of Persia, capital of a province of the same
name, situated on the southern shore of the Caspian sea, in Lat. 37°
30′ N. Long. 54° E.

ASTERA＇MIUM [in botany] the herb master-wort or pellitory of
Spain. Lat.

ASTE＇RIAS [ἀστεριας, Gr.] a precious stone that shines like a star. It
is generally called cat＇s-eye. See CAT＇S-Eye.

ASTE＇RICUM [in botany] the herb pellitory of the wall.

ASTE＇RION [ἀστεριον, Gr.] the herb crow-parsnip.

A＇STERISK [asterique, Fr. asterisco, It. and Sp. astericus, Lat. of
ἀστερισκος, of ἀστηρ, Gr. a star] a little mark in a book, or writing in
form of a star (*) set over any word or sentence to shew the want of
something; or that something is more especially to be taken notice of,
or to refer to the margin.

A＇STERISM [asterisme, Fr. asterismus, Lat. ἀστερισμος, of ἀστηρ, Gr. a
star] 1. A constellation or cluster of fixed stars, which on globes is
commonly represented by some particular figure of a living creature,
&c. in order to the more easily distinguishing of their places, as aries
the ram, taurus the bull, and the rest of the signs of the zodiac;
also ursa major, and ursa minor, the two bears. 2. An asterisk or
mark. This is very improper. Dwell particularly on passages with
an asterism*. Dryden.

ASTE＇RITES [ἀστηριτης, Gr.] a precious stone, a kind of opal, which
sparkles with beams like a star.

ASTE＇RN [of a and stern] a sea-term for the hinder part of the ship,
towards the stern. Opposed to a-head, or towards the prow.

To ASTE＇RT [a word used by Spenser, for start, or startle] to fright,
to terrify. No danger there the shepherd can astert.

A＇STHMA [asthme, Fr. asma, It. asthma, Lat. of ἀσθμα, of ἀω or
ἀημι, to breathe, or blow] a frequent breathing, but, with us, of the
morbid kind; whereas the Greeks used it for a shortness of breath in
general, as Homer says of Ajax, in the battle of the ships:
Αιει δ᾿ αργαλιω εχετ᾿ ασθματι———
Difficulty in fetching breath, together with a rattling sound and a
cough; shortness of breath, a wheezing Phthisic.

ASTHMA＇TICAL, or ASTHMA＇TIC [asthmatique, Fr. asmatico, It.
asthmaticus, Lat. ἀσθματικος, Gr.] pertaining to or troubled with an
asthma; pursy.

A＇STI, a city of Piedmont in Italy, situated upon the river Panaro,
about thirty miles east of Turin, in Lat. 44° 40′ N. Long. 8° 15′ E.

To ASTI＇PULATE [astipulatus, Lat.] to contract or bargain with, to
assent, to agree to, to accord.

ASTIPULA＇TION, a contract, &c. mutual consent or agreement be­
tween several parties.

ASTO＇NIED [part. passive] used in our bible for astonished.

To ASTO＇NISH [attono, Lat. etonner, estonner, O. Fr.] to cause an
extraordinary surprise and admiration, to confound with any sudden
passion.

ASTO＇NISHINGNESS [from astonish] of a nature or quality to sur­
prize.

ASTO＇NISHMENT [estonnement, O. Fr.] extreme surprize, amaze­
ment, from fear or wonder.

ASTO＇RGA, a city of the province of Leon in Spain, situated on the
river Inerto, about thirty miles south-west of Leon, in Lat. 42° 20′ N.
Long. 6° 20′ W.

A＇STOUR [in commerce] a term in the East Indies for what in Eng­
land we call discount.

A＇STRACAN, a city of Asiatic Russia, and capital of a kingdom of
the same name. It is situated on the eastern shore of the river Wolga,







about 80 miles north of the Caspian Sea, in Lat. 47° N. Long.
52° E.

To ASTOU＇ND [estonner, Fr.] to astonish, to amaze. Milton. This
word is now somewhat obsolete.

ASTER. P. [is an abbreviation] signifies astronomiæ professor, pro­
fessor of astronomy.

ASTRA＇DDLE [of a and straddle] with one＇s legs across any thing.
See STRADDLE.

ASTRÆ＇A, the daughter of Jupiter, and Themis, the goddess of
justice, who came from heaven to dwell upon the earth; but the im­
pieties and injustice of that age, forced her to return to heaven, and
become the sign Virgo (or as others will have it, Libra) so justice fled
to heaven. This goddess was painted by the ancients in a crimson
mantle trimmed with silver, a pair of scales in one hand, and a sword
in the other.

A＇STRAGAL [ἀστραγαλος, the ankle, or ankle-bone, with architects]
a member or round moulding like a ring or bracelet, serving as an or­
nament on the tops and at the bottoms of columns, or a ring that in­
circles the bases, cornices or architraves of pillars, according to the
several orders; the French call it Talon, and the Italians, Tondino.
The astragal is used to seperate the fasciæ of the architrave; in which
case it is wrought in chaplets or beads and berries. It is also used
both above and below the lists, adjoining immediately to the square or
die of the pedestal.

ASTRAGAL [in gunnery] the cornice ring of a piece of ord­
nance.

ASTRA＇GALUS [with anatomists] the ankle-bone. Lat.

ASTRAGALUS [in botany] pease earth-nut. Lat.

ASTRAGALUS Sylvaticus [in botany] wood-peas or heath-peas.
Lat.

A＇STRAL [of astrum, Lat. a star] belonging to the stars, starry.
Some astral forms I must invoke. Dryden.

ASTRAL Year. See Solar YEAR.

ASTRA＇LISH [with miners] a term used of that ore of gold, which
as yet lies in its first state and condition.

ASTRA＇PIAS [ἀστραπη, Gr. lightening] a precious stone, whose lustre
resembles flashes of lightening.

ASTRA＇RIUS hæres [old rec.] is where the ancestor by conveyance
hath set his heir apparent and his family in a house in his life-time.

ASTRA＇Y [of a and stray] out of the right way, a-wandering.

To go ASTRAY [astraviare, It.] 1. To ramble or wander out of
the way. 2. To take ill courses.

To ASTRI＇CT [of astringo] To contract by applications: opposed to
relax. Constringe is more commonly used. The solid parts were to
be relaxed or astricted. Arbuthnot.

ASTRI＇CTION [astrictio, from astringo, Lat. to bind to] the act or
quality of contracting or constringing a thing by applications. Astric­
tion is found in things of a harsh taste. Bacon. Astriction of the belly.
Arbuthnot.

ASTRI＇CTIVE [of astrict] having a binding quality, being styptic.

ASTRICTO＇RIA [in physic] medicines that are astringent or of
binding quality. Lat.

ASTRI＇CTORY [astrictorius, Lat.] binding, apt to bind.

ASTRI＇DE, or ASTRA＇DDLE [stræde, Sax. of a and stride, Eng.]
astraddle, one leg on one side of a horse, and the other on the other,
with the legs open.

ASTRI＇GEROUS [astriger, Lat.] bearing or carrying stars, adorned
with stars.

ASTRIHI＇LTHET, or ATRIHI＇LTHET [Sax. law term] a forfeiture
of double the damage.

To ASTRI＇NGE [astringo, Lat.] to bind to, to tye to, to knit or tye
hard, to press by contraction. Contraction, by consequence, astringeth
the moisture of the brain. Bacon.

ASTRI＇NGENCY [from astringe] the power of contracting; opposed
to the power of relaxation. By astringency, oil of vitriol will keep
fresh water long from putrifying. Bacon.

ASTRI＇NGENT [Fr. astringente, It. of astringens, Lat.] binding,
contracting; opposed to laxative.

ASTRINGE＇NTS [astringentia, Lat.] those medicines which by the
asperity and figure of their small parts, force and bind together the
parts of the body.

ASTRO＇BOLAS, a precious stone resembling the eye of a fish, taken
by some to be the asterias.

ASTRO＇BOLISM [ἀστροβολισμος, of ἀστρον, a star, and βαλλω, to cast]
the act of blasting or planet striking.

ASTRO＇GRAPHY [from ἀστρον, a star, and γραϕω, to describe] the
science of describing the stars.

ASTROI＇TES [Lat. ἀστροριτες, of ἀστρον, Gr. a star] a precious stone,
a kind of tecolite; also the star stone, so named, because it is set off
with little blackish stars on all sides. It is controverted among na­
turalists, whether they are parts of a petrified marine animal, or, as is
more probable, a species of corals bruised in the earth; the corals
forming these stars are sometimes round, sometimes angular, and
their columns are sometimes separated, and sometimes the striærun
into one another. See Plate I. Fig. 10, 11.

ASTROLA＇BE [Fr. astrolabio, It. and Sp. astrolabium, Lat. of ἀστρο­
λαβιον, of ἀστηρ, a star, and λαμβανω, Gr. to take] a mathematical in­
strument, chiefly used by navigators, to take the height of the pole,
sun, or stars at sea. The astrolabe is now rarely used, because the
motion of the ship renders it impossible to keep it in a perpendicular
direction, and consequently the altitude obtained from it cannot be
depended upon; but this defect is now happily supplied by that useful
instrument, contrived by the learned J. Hadley, Esq; called Hadley＇s
quadrant.

ASRTOLABE, is also a stereographic projection of the sphere, either
on the plane of the equinoctial, the eye being supposed to be placed in
the pole of the world, or on the plane of the meridian, when the eye
is supposed in the point of interfection of the equinoctial and ho­
rizon.

ASTROLO＇GE [in botany] the herb birthwort or hartwort.

ASTRO＇LOGER [astrologue, Fr. astrologo, It. and Sp. astrologus, Lat.
of ἀστρολογος, of ἀστρον, a star, and λογος, of λεγω, to say] 1. One that
professes astrology, or one who, supposing the influences of the stars
to have casual power, pretends to tell fortunes or future events, depend­
ing on their influences. 2. Anciently one who understood or explained
the motions of the planets, without including predictions. A worthy
astrologer, by the help of perspective glasses, hath sound in the stars
many things unknown to the ancients. Raleigh.

ASTROLO＇GIAN [astrology] an astrologer. The twelve houses of
heaven, in the form which astrologians use. Cambden.

ASTROLO＇GIC, or ASTROLO＇GICAL [astrologique, Fr. astrologico, It.
and Sp. astrologicus, Lat. of ἀστρολογικος, of ἀστρον, a star, and λογος,
Gr. speech] pertaining to astrology, professing astrology.

ASTROLO＇GICALLY, by astrology, in an astrologic manner.

To ASTROLOGI＇ZE [ἀστρολογια, Gr.] 1. To profess or practise astro­
logy. 2. To prognosticate or foretel future events from the motions
and aspects of the planets.

ASTRO＇LOGY [astrologie, Fr. astrologia, It. Sp. Port. and Lat. of
ἀστρολογια, of ἀστρον, a star, and λογος, Gr. speech] an art that teaches,
or pretends to judge of, the influences or effects of the stars, and to
foretel future events from the motions and aspects of the planets, &c.
one to another. Both the art and its professors are now generally ex­
ploded, as ridiculous and without any foundation; tho＇ much culti­
vated among the Arabians, and perhaps spread with their conquests
into Europe.

Natural ASTROLOGY, is the art of predicting natural effects from
the stars or heavenly bodies, as weather, winds, storms, floods, earth­
quakes, thunder, &c.

ASTROLOGY is described in painting and sculpture, as a woman
crowned with stars, having on a rich vestment embroidered with the
same, a sun upon her breast, in her right hand a scepter, and in her
left a cælestial globe; at her feet an eagle.

ASTRO＇NOMER [astronome, Fr. astronomo, It. and Sp. astronomus,
Lat. of ἀστρονομος, of ἀστρον, a star, and νομος, Gr. a law or rule] a
person skilled in the science of astronomy, he that studies the motions
of the heavenly bodies, and the rules by which they are governed.

ASTRONO＇MIC, or ASTRONO＇MICAL [astronomique, Fr. astronomico,
It. and Sp. astronomicus, Lat. of ἀστρονομικος, Gr.] pertaining to
astronomy.

ASTRONOMICAL Calendar, an instrument that consists of a board,
on which is pasted an engraven and printed paper, with a brass slider,
which carries a hair, and shews upon sight the meridian altitude, right
ascension, amplitude and declination of the sun.

ASTRONOMICAL Houses, are such as are reckoned from the noon or
mid-day, to the noon or mid-night of another.

ASTRONOMICAL Place of a Star or Planet, is the longitude of the
star, or place in the ecliptic, reckoned from the beginning of aries,
according to the natural order of the signs, or in consequentia.

ASTRONOMICAL Quadrant, a mathematical instrument curiously
framed, having the degrees divided exactly by means of a skrew on
the edge of the limb, and fitted with telescopes, &c. for taking ob­
servations of the sun, moon and stars. See Plate IV. Fig. 24.

ASTRONOMICAL Year. See YEAR.

ASTRONOMICALLY [astronomical] by astronomy, in an astronomi­
cal manner.

ASTRONO＇MICALS, i. e. astronomical numbers, sexagesimal fractions,
so named, because formerly they were wholly used in astronomical
calculations.

ASTRO＇NOMY [astronomie, Fr. astronomia, It. Sp. Port. and Lat.
ἀστρονομια, Gr.] a mixed mathematical science, which treats concern­
ing the heavenly bodies or stars; shewing their magnitudes, order, and
distances of them; measuring and shewing their motions, the time
and quantities of eclipses, &c. In a more extended sense it is under­
stood to signify or comprehend the doctrine of the system of the world,
or theory of the universe and primary laws of nature; but this seems
rather a branch of physics, than of the mathematics.

ASTRONOMY, was painted by the ancients like a goddess, with a sil­
ver crescent on her forehead, clothed in an azure mantle, and a
watchet-scarf, spangled with golden stars. She has been likewise paint­
ed in the same manner as astrology, (see above) only with a table of
astronomical figures in her left hand, instead of a cœlestial globe.
And sometimes as a lady in a starry habit; her eyes looking up to
heaven, in her right hand holding an astrolabe, and in her left, a table
of astronomical figures. Her garment denotes the night to be the
most proper to see the stars in; her eyes and thoughts always elevated,
and intent upon cœlestial bodies; the astrolabe measures the distance
of them.

ASTROP-WELLS, in Northamptonshire, springs of medicinal water
recommended eighty years ago by the physicians, Willis and Clever,
for the cure of the scurvy, asthma, &c.

ASTRO＇SCOPY [of ἀστρον, a star, and σκοπεω, Gr. to view] the ob­
servation of the stars, or the theory of the planets, positions of the
heavens, &c.

ASTRO-THEOLOGY [of ἀστρον, Gr. or astrum, Lat. a star, and θο­
λογια, Gr. or theologia, Lat. divinity] a demonstration of the being
and attributes of God from the consideration of the heavenly bo­
dies.

A＇STRUM [of ἀστρον, Gr. a star] a constellation or sign composed of
several stars. Lat.

ASTRUM [in old rec.] was used for an house, habitation, or place
of abode.

ASTU＇RCO, Sp. an ambling nag, a Spanish gennet.

ASTU＇RIA, a maritime province of Spain, lying along the bay of
Biscay, with Gallicia on the west, and Biscay on the east. It gives the
title of prince to the eldest son of Spain.

ASTY＇LIS [ἀστυλις, Gr. in botany] a kind of lettuce that restrains
venery.

ASU＇NDER [of asundran, Sax. sonder, Dan. affsonder, Su. sunder,
Ger. single] in two parts, singly, not together.

ASY＇LUM [Lat. ἀσυλον, of α priv. and συλη, Gr. spoil] a place of
refuge, built by Romulus, in the sacred grove, to which place, if
a person guilty of a crime made his escape, he was safe, and
could not be taken from thence; a sanctuary. The Jews had their
cities of refuge, and the popish countries still have them, their churches
being sanctuaries; and also king＇s palaces have been the protection of
such as sted to them. So sacred was the church to some, that it had
the right of an asylum or sanctuary. Ayliffe.








ASYMBO＇LICAL, or ASYMBO＇LIC [of ἀσυμβολος, of α priv. and
συμβολον, a shot, or part of a reckoning, of συμβαλλω, to contribute]
shot-free, scot-free.

ASYMBO＇LUS [Lat. ἀσυμβολος, Gr.] one that goes shot-free with­
out paying his reckoning.

ASY＇MMETRAL [of ἀσυμμετρος, Gr.] the same as incommensurable;
thus quantities are said to be asymmetral, when there is no common
measure between them.

ASY＇MMETRY [of α priv. and συμμετρια, of συν, with, and μετρον,
Gr. measure] 1. A want of, or contrariety to symmetry or proportion,
disproportion. The asymmetries of the brain, and deformities of the
face may be rectified. Grew. 2. In the mathematics it is sometimes ap­
plied to incommensurableness; that is, when between two quantities
there is no common measure.

ASY＇MPHONY [ἀσυμϕωνια, of a α priv. and συμϕονια, Gr. harmony]
a disorder, a disagreement in descant.

ASY＇MPTOTES, [of α priv. συν, with, and πιπτω, to fall, or coincide,
Gr. q. d. that do not fall together properly] in geometry they are streight
lines, which continually draw nearer to the curve, to which they are
said to be asymptotes; but if they and their curves were continued
infinitely, would never meet. There are several sorts of these, as the
curve of the conchoid or cissoid are the asymptotes in conic sections.

ASYMTO＇TIC, or ASYMPTO＇TICAL [in mathematics] pertaining to
an asymptote; two curves are said to be asymptotical, when they con­
tinually approach to one another, but if infinitely continued, can
never meet.

ASY＇NDETON [ἀσυνδετον, of α priv. and συνδεω, to bind together,
Gr.] a grammatical figure, implying a deficiency or a want of con­
junctions in a sentence, or a figure in which comma＇s are put instead
of conjunctions; as, veni, vidi, vici, where the conjunction et (and)
is left out, and is used by the best orators and poets, in cases where
some impetuosity of passion, or rapidity of motion, or great emphasis
is described. A figure opposed to polysundeton, where there is a re­
dundency of conjunctions.

ASY＇STATON [ἀσυστατον, Gr. of α priv. and συνιστημι, to consist] re­
pugnant or contradictory, &c.

ASYSTATON [with logicians] a trifling inconsistent story that does
not hang together, but contradicts itself.

AT, prep. [æt, Sax., at, in Dan. and Su. is signum infinitivi, as our
to, at, Goth.] 1. At, before any place, denotes the nearness of that
place; as, at sea, at land. 2. At, before a word that signifies time,
denotes the coexistence of the time with the event; the word time is
sometimes understood or included in the adjective. We thought it at
the first a sign of cold affection. Hooker. But the word time is most
commonly mentioned. At the same time that the storm beat. Addison.
3. At, before a causal word, signifies almost the same as with.
Much at the sight was Adam in his heart
Dismay＇d. Milton
4. At, before a superlative, denotes in the state; as, at most, in the
state of most perfection. 5. At, before a person, is seldom used
otherwise than ludicrously; as, he wanted to be at him, i. e. to at­
tack him. 6. At, before a substantive, sometimes signifies the par­
ticular condition of that thing; as, at peace, in a state of peace; at war,
in a state of war. Hence walk＇d the fiend at large in spacious field.
Milton. 7. At, before a substantive, sometimes denotes employment
or attention. The creature＇s at his dirty work again. Pope. 8. At,
sometimes is the same with the French à, and denotes furnished or
provided with; as, a man at arms. Shakespeare. 9. At, sometimes
signifies the place where any thing is or acts; as, your husband is at
hand. Shakespeare. He, in tracing the vessels, began at the heart. Grew.
10. At, sometimes signifies in consequence of; as, impeachments at the
prosecution of the house of commons. Hale. 11. At, sometimes marks
the effect proceeding from any cause or act; as, rest in this tomb,
rais＇d at thy husband＇s cost. Dryden. 12. At, sometimes nearly the
same as in, denoting position; as, to place at the head of the rebels.
13. At, sometimes points out the occasion, like upon or on.
—Beware, brave youth, beware!
At this he turn＇d, and as the bull drew near,
Shun＇d, &c. Dryden.
14. At, sometimes seems to signify in the power of, or obedience to.
Art least at my command, and most my foe. Dryden. 15. At, some­
times notes the relation of a man to some action. To make pleasure
the vehicle of truth, is a doctor at it in good earnest. Collier.
This is somewhat ludicrous. 16. At, sometimes signifies the manner
of an action. At once comes tumbling down. Dryden. 17. At, like
the French chez, denotes sometimes relation to, or dependance upon.
The worst authors might endeavour to please us, and in that endeavour
deserve something at our hands. Pope. 18. At all, in any degree or
manner. No character at all. Pope.

AT, in the proper names of places has the same signification as apud
with the Latins; as, at-hill, such a place near or on a hill; at-wood,
near or in a wood; and sirnames of persons are frequently taken from
places.

A＇TABAL, a kind of tabor used among the Moors: probably a
word of Moorish extraction.
Children shall beat our atabals and drums. Dryden.

ATARAXI＇A, or ATARA＇XY [ἀταραξια, of α priv. and ταραξις,
perturbation, Gr.] a stoical term, used to signify that calmness and
tranquility, and that firmness of judgment, which sets us free from any
agitations or emotions of the mind. The sceptics affected an indif­
ferent equiponderous neutrality, as the only means to their ataraxia
and freedom from passionate disturbances. Glanville.

ATAXI＇A [ἀταξια, of α priv. and ταξις, Gr. order] irregularity,
want of order.

ATAXIA [with physicians] the confounding of critical days.

To ATCHIE＇VE [achever, Fr. to finish] in speaking of some notable
performance or enterprize, significes to perform, to execute, to com­
pass or bring about. This word and its derivatives according to ana­
logy, should be written achieve. See ACHIE＇VE.

ATCHIEVE＇MENT [achevement. Fr. a finishing] a noble exploit,
a notable performance.

ATCHIEVEMENT [in heraldry] which is corruptly called hatch­
ment, is the coat of arms of a nobleman, gentleman, &c. duly mar­
shalled with supporters, helmet, wreath and crest, with mantles and
hoods. Such as are hung out on the fronts of houses, after the death
of noble persons.

ATE, preterite of eat. See To EAT. His steed the grassy forage
ate. Spenser.

ATE＇CHNY [atechnia, Lat. of ἀτεχνια, of α priv. without, and τεχνη,
art Gr.] ignorance, unskilfulness, inartificialness.

ATE＇GAR [of aeton, Sax. to fling or throw] a weapon, a sort of
hand dart.

ATERA＇MNES, a weed in fat ground, that grows among beans and
kills them.

AT GAZE [of gesean, Sax. to look upon] a-gazing, a-staring, or
a-looking earnestly.

ATHA＇MADULET, the prime minister of the Persian empire, as the
grand vizier is of the Turkish empire.

ATHANASI＇A [Lat. ἀθανασια, of α priv. without, and θανατος, Gr.
death] immortality, the epithet of certain boasted antidotes, so called.
Bruno.

ATHANA＇SIAN, adj. what relates to Athanasius, from Athanasius, a
bishop of Alexandria, and strenuous defender of the [το ομοουσιον]
Homoüsion, or consubstantial doctrine, i. e. that the substance, or es­
sence of the Son and Spirit was (as in human generations) the same in
KIND, or rather SPECIES, with that of God the Father. Athanas. de
Synodis Arimin. p. 928, &c. Basil, Ep. 300. A doctrine which has
greatly spread since the 4th century in the Christian world, but which
in process of time was by the schoolmen and Lateran council EX­
CHANGED for another, viz. that the substance of the three persons is
not specifically but numerically the same. A doctrine, says the learned
Cudworth, which seemeth not to have been owned by any public
authority in the Christian church, save that of the Lateran council
only: no such thing was ever entertained by the Nicene fathers. p.
604. and which indeed is the very doctrine of Sabellius, revived un­
der another name. See HOMOÜSIAN, NICENE-COUNCIL, and SA­
BELLIANISM.

ATHANA＇SIAN-CREED, a creed which goes by the name of Atha­
nasius; but which [creed] bishop Burnet very justly observes, that,
“as it was none of his, so it was never established by any general
council.” Burnet＇s Exposition of the thirty nine Articles. p. 107. And
the learned Dupin still more strongly says, “Now all the world agrees,
that it was none of his; but some authors that lived a long time after
him.” He adds, that father Quesnel conjectures, very probably, that
it was the work of Vigilius Tapsensis, so famed for his forging many
books under the names of the fathers, and particularly under the
name of St. Athanasius; but be that as it will, ＇tis certainly, says
he, the work of a Latin author, which has since been translated into
Greek, which is the reason why the Greek copies differ among them­
selves. Dupin＇s Eccles. Hist. Tome 2d. p. 34 and 35.

ATHANA＇SIANS, they who are of the same opinion about the doc­
trine of the trinity with Athanasius; tho＇, as I before observed, under
covert of his name, many a Sabellian notion has been advanced,
which Athanasius disowns, and indeed opposes in his most authentic
and genuine writings.

ATHA＇NATI [ἀθανατοι, Gr. immortal] a body of persian cavalry,
consisting of 10,000 men, always compleat, because when one of them
died, another was immediately put in his place.

ATHANA＇TOS [ἀθανατος] the herb rose campion.

A＇THANOR [of al, Arab. the, and tannor, Arab. the l being ab­
sorbed, an oven] a large digesting furnace, built with a tower, and so
contrived as to keep a constant heat for near a month, &c. or the
heat may be either encreased or slackened at pleasure, by opening or
shutting some apertures made on purpose with shelves over them, called
registers.

ATHA＇RER [with astrologers] a term used of the moon, when it is
in the same degree and minute with the sun.

A＇THE [of athe, or othe, Sax. an oath] a privilege of administer­
ing an oath in some cases of right and property.

ATHEI＇SM, [atheisme, Fr. ateismo, It. and Spa. atheismus, Lat. of
α priv. without, and Θεος, Gr. God.] the opinions and practice of
those who deny the being of a God, the disbelief of a deity. It is
only of two syllables in poetry.

A＇THEIST subst. [athée, Fr. ateista, It. and Spa. atheus, Lat. of
ἀθεος, of α priv. without, and Θεος, Gr. God] one who denies the
being, and disbelieves the existence of God, or a providence, and
who has no religion, true or false.

A＇THEIST, adj. denying or disbelieving a God, atheistical. The
atheist crew. Milton.

A＇THEISTIC, or A＇THEISTICAL [ateistico, It. and Sp.] of or per­
taining to an atheist, given to atheism, impious.

ATHEI＇STICALLY [of atheistical] in an atheistical manner.

ATHEI＇STICALNESS. [of atheistical] quality of being atheistical.
Profaneness and atheisticalness. Hammond.

A＇THEL, A＇THELING, A＇DEL, or Æ＇THEL [atheling, Sax. See ADE­
LING, of adel, Ger.] noble, a title which in the Saxon times was usually
given to the king＇s eldest son, as that of prince of Wales is in our
time. So Æthelred is noble for counsel; Æthelard, a noble genius;
Æthelbert, eminently noble; Æthelward, a noble protector. Cambden.

ATHENATO＇RIUM, [with chymists] a thick glass cover fixed to a
cucurbit in some sublimations. Lat.

ATHENÆ＇A. See PANATHENÆA.

A＇THENÆUM [ἀθηναιον Gr. of ἀθηνα, Minerva] a place in Athens
in Greece, consecrated to Minerva the goddess of wisdom, where the
Greek poets used to make an offering of their works; where also the
rhetoricians declaimed, and the poets rehearsed their verses.

ATHE＇NIAN, of or pertaining to the city of Athens in Greece;
also curious after novelties.

ATHE＇NREE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Galway and pro­
vince of Connaught, situated about ten miles eastward of the city of
Galway. Lat. 53° 14′ N. Long. 8° 50′ W.

A＇THENS, a city of Greece, and capital of the province of Livadia,
called by the Turks Setines. It is situated in a large plain near the
river Ilissus, about forty miles east of the isthmus of Corinth. Lat.
38° N. Long. 24° 15′ E. and is still four miles in circumference.

ATHE＇OUS [ἀθεος, Gr. of α priv. and θεος, God] atheistical, god­
less. The hypocrite or atheous priest. Milton.

ATHE＇ROMA [ἀθηρωμα, of ἀθηρα, Gr. pulse or pap, in physic] a
swelling contained in a membraneous coat, proceeding from a thick







and tough humour, like sodden barley, or milk curds.

ATHERO＇MATOUS [of atheroma] having the qualities of an athe­
roma. Feeling the matter I thought atheromatous. Wiseman.

A＇THERSTON on the Stour, a town in Warwickshire, situated on the
Stour 103 miles from London. Here was formerly a monastery of
mendicant friars.

ATHI＇RST [of a and thirst] a-dry, in want of drink.

ATHLE＇TIC [athleticue, Lat. of αθλετικος, Gr.] pertaining to the
art of wrestling; also champion-like, lusty, strong of body, vigorous.
Athletic soundness and vigour of constitution. Athletic brutes whom
undeservedly we call heroes. Dryden.

A＇THOL, a district of Perthshire in Scotland, whence the ancient
and noble family of Murray takes the title of Duke.

A＇THOS, a mountain of Macedon, in Greece, called by the na­
tives Agios Oros, and by the Italians Monte Santo.

ATHWA＇RT, prep. [a and thwart.] See THWART. 1. Across,
transversely, as, a bridge athwart the Thames. 2. Through.
Now, athwart the terrors that thy vow. Addison.

ATHWART, adv. 1. In a cross, vexatious, and perplexing manner.
All athwart there came
A post from Wales, loaden with heavy news. Shakespeare.
2. Wrongly.
The baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart
Goes all decorum. Shakespeare.

A＇THY, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, and province
of Leinster, situated on the river Barrow, about ten miles fouth of
Kildare. Lat. 53° N. Long. 7° 5′ W.

ATHYMI＇A [ἀθυμια, of α priv. and θυμος, Gr. the mind] dejec­
tion or trouble of mind, sadness, despondency, despair.

ATHYMIA [with physicians] a dejection or lowness of mind, or
spirits. Lat.

A＇TIA [ἀιτια, Gr.] a writ of inquiry, whether a person be com­
mitted to prison on just cause of suspicion.

ATI＇GNY, a small town of Champaign in France, situated on the
river Aisne, about twenty miles south of Rheims. Lat 49° 25′ N.
Long. 4° 40′ E.

A＇TILIA [old records] utensils, or country implements.

ATI＇LT [of a and tilt] 1. With the action of a tilter, or of one
who makes a pass at another; as, to run atilt at one. 2. In the po­
sition of a vessel tilted behind, to make the liquor run. 3. Figu­
ratively, in the manner of a barrel atilt. Such a man is always a­
tilt, his favours come hardly from him. Spectator.

ATI＇NIA, Lat. [of Atina in Italy] a kind of lofty elm-tree.

ATIZO＇ES, Lat. a precious stone found in Judea and Perfia, that
shines like silver.

ATLANTE＇AN, of or pertaining to Atlas.

ATLA＇NTES [with architects] certain images of men bearing up
pillars, or supporting the pile of building. See ATLASSES.

ATLA＇NTIC Ocean, the ocean or great sea lying between Europe
and Africa on the west, and America on the east, and divides the two
former from the latter. It is generally 3000 miles wide.

ATLANTIC Sisters [in astronomy] the stars and constellation called
the pleiades by the Greeks, vergiliæ, or seven stars, by the Latins.
Milton.

ATLA＇NTIDES, the seven daughters of Atlas, whose names were
Maja, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Merope, Halcyone, and Cæleno,
all which are said to have had children by heroic princes, or the
gods themselves. Their sons were the first ancestors of several na­
tions, and builders of many cities. The Atlantides were in great re­
putation for wisdom and justice, and therefore were adored as god­
desses, and fixed in the constellation of the seven stars, and called
pleiades.

ATLA＇NTIS, an island spoken of by Plato and other writers, with
extraordinary circumstances, which the controversy among the mo­
derns concerning it, has rendered famous.

A＇TLAS [ἀτλας, of α redund. and τηλημι, Gr. to carry, in anato­
my] the first vertebra of the neck, which supports the head.

ATLAS, 1. A collection of maps, so called probably from a pic­
ture of Atlas supporting the heavens prefixed thereto. 2. A large
square folio; so called from those folios, which containing maps, were
made large and square. See ATLASSES.

ATLAS [in geography] the name of a ridge of mountains, run­
ning from east to west, through the north of Africa, whence the At­
lantic Ocean took its name.

ATLA＇SSES [in architecture] figures or half figures of men used, in­
stead of columns or pilasters, to support any member of architecture,
as a balcony, &c.

ATLASSES, is also the name of a rich kind of womens silk or stuff.
Dutch atlasses with gold and silver, or without. Spectator.

A＇TMOSPHERE [ἀτμοσϕαιρα, of ἀτμος, a vapour, and σϕαιρα, Gr.
a sphere] that region or space round about the earth, into which ex­
halations and vapours are raised either by reflection from the sun＇s
heat, or by being forced up by subterraneous fire; or, as others de­
fine it, to be an appendage of our earth, consisting of a thin, fluid,
elastic substance called air, surrounding the terraqueous globe, to a
considerable height. It is generally supposed to be forty-five miles
high.
By atmosphere is generally understood the whole mass of ambient
air. But more accurate writers restrain atmosphere to that part of the
air next the earth, which receives vapours and exhalations, and is
terminated by the refraction of the sun＇s light.
The higher spaces, although perhaps not wholly without air, are
supposed to be possessed by a siner substance called æther, and are thence
called the ethereal region.
The atmosphere insinuates itself into all the vacuities of bodies, and
so becomes the great spring of most of the mutations here below, as
generation, corruption, dissolution, &c.

ATMOSPHERE of consistent Bodies [according to Mr. Boyle] are ef­
fluvia, or particles of matter which exhale or steam out from many,
or probably all solid, firm and consistent bodies; as glass, stones, and
metals, which being rubbed against one another, strongly emit sensi­
ble and often offensive smells.

ATMOSPHE＇RICAL, of or pertaining to the atmosphere.

ATOCI＇A [of α priv. and τοκος, of τικτω, Gr. to bring forth] bar­
renness, a being without children. Lat.

ATO＇CIUM, Lat. [ἀτοκιον, of α priv. or without, and τικτω, Gr.
to bring forth] any medicament that prevents conception or birth.

A＇TOM [atome, Fr. atomo, It. and Sp. atomus, Lat. of ἀτομος, of α
priv. and τεμνω, Gr. to cut or divide] 1. A part, or particle of mat­
ter so minute or small, as to be physically indivisible. There are sup­
posed to be, by the Epicureans, the first rudiments, or component
parts of all bodies. 2. Applied to any thing extreamly small.
It is as easy to count atoms, as to resolve the propositions of a lover.
Shakespeare.

ATO＇MICAL [of atom] 1. Relating to atoms. 2. Consisting of
atoms.

ATOMICAL Philosophy, the doctrine of atoms, or the method of
accounting for the origin and formation of all things, from the suppo­
sition of atoms endued with gravity and motion, called also the Epieu­
rean or Cartesian philosophy.

A＇TOMISTS [from atom] such as adhere to the principles of the
atomical philosophy.

ATO＇MY, a diminutive, factitious or obsolete word for atom.
Drawn with a team of little atomies. Shakespeare.

To ATO＇NE, verb neut. [q. d. at one, i. e. to be friends again.
This derivation is much confirmed by the following passage] 1. To
be in concord, to agree, to accord.
He and Aufidius can no more atone.
Than violentest contrariety. Shakespeare.
2. To be as an equivalent for something else, particularly applied to
expiatory sacrifices, with for before the thing for which something
else is given.

To ATONE, verb act. to appease the divine anger, to answer for,
to expiate, having with before the equivalent. Or each atone his
guilty love with life. Pope.

ATO＇NEMENT, 1. Reconciliation or appeasing of anger, agreement,
concord.
He seeks to make atonement
Between the duke of Glo＇ster and your brothers. Shakespeare.
2. Expiation, expiatory equivalent: with for.

ATONEMENT Money or Money of ATONEMENTS, the half-shekel
that was raised on every Jewish head, whenever the people was num­
bered, and which is called an offering to the Lord, to make atonement
for their souls. Exod. xxx. 12—15. By which (and indeed by every
other) application of this word in the books of Moses, it appears that
neither the idea of equivalents, nor that of vicarious punishment be­
longs to the proper body of this term, [atonement.] In plain terms,
it refers to the benefit or blessing of divine reconciliation itself, whate­
ver be the way, instrument, or means by which God thinks fit it shall
be procured or administred. And in this particular case, the meaning
of the law was, as Sykes well observes, that when this tribute [εισ­
ϕορα, Septuag. vers.] was paid by the Jews, the dominion of their
God and King was recognized; and he on his part engaged, “that
there should be no plague amongst them.” Syke＇s Essay on Sacrifices,
p. 309.

ATONI＇A, or A＇TONY [ἀτονια, of α priv. or without, and τεινω, Gr.
to stretch] a want of tone or tension, a loosening of the fibres and
sinews; a failing or decay of strength, infirmity, weakness, faintness.

ATO＇P [of a and top] on, or at the top.

ATRABILA＇RIAN, or ATRABILA＇RIOUS [atra bilis, Lat. black cho­
ler] melancholic, full of black choler. The atrabilarian constitution
or a black, viscous, pitchy consistence of the fluids. Arbuthnot.
From this black adust state of the blood, they are atribalarious.
Arbuthnot.

ATRABILA＇RIOUSNESS [of atrabiliarious,] the state of being affect­
ed with the humour called atra bilis, repletion with melancholy.

A＇TRA BI＇LIS, black or adust bile or choler, melancholy. Lat.

ATRAME＇NTAL, or ATRAME＇NTOUS [of atramentum, Lat. ink]
inky, black like ink. If we enquire in what part of vitriol this
atramental and denigrating condition lodgeth, it will seem especially
to lie in the more fixt salt thereof. Brown. Black and atramentous
spots. Brown.

ATRAPHA＇XIS [of ἀτραϕαξις, Gr. with botanists] the herb orrach or
arrache.

A＇TRETUS, Lat. [ἀτρητος, Gr. q. d. not perforated] one whose
fundament or privy parts are not perforated.

A＇TRI, a town of the farther Abruzzo in the kingdom of Naples,
situated in Lat. 42° 40′ N. Long. 15° 20′ E.

A＇TRIPLEX, Lat. [with botanists] orrach or golden herb.

ATRIPLEX Lutifolia, Lat. [in botany] the herb goose-foot or sow­
bane.

ATRIPLEX Olida, or ATRIPLEX Fætida, Lat. [in botany] stinking
orrach, or notch-weed.

A＇TRITY [atritas, Lat.] blackness.

A＇TRIUM, Lat. [old records] a court before a house; also a
church-yard.

ATRO＇CIOUS [atroce, Fr. and It. atroz, Sp. atrocis, Gen. of atrox,
Lat.] highly wicked, horribly criminal, extremely enormous; as, an
atrocious offence.

ATRO＇CIOUSLY [of atrocious, Lat.] with great wickedness, in an
atrocious manner.

ATRO＇CIOUSNESS [of atrocious, and atrocite, Fr. atrocità It. of
atrocitas, Lat.] heinousness, the quality of being horribly criminal.
The very horror and atrocity of the fact. Wotton. Atrocity of their
crimes. Clarendon.

A＇TROPHUS [ἀτροϕος, of α priv. and τρεϕω, Gr. to nourish] one
that receives no nourishment by his food.

A＇TROPHY [atrophie, Fr. atrophia, Lat. ἀτροϕια, of α priv. with­
out, and τροϕη, of τριϕω, Gr. to nourish] a disease, a kind of con­
sumption, when the body, or any particular member of it, is not nou­
rished by food, but decays and wastes away insensibly. Pining atro­
phy. Milton. The person falleth into an atrophy. Arbuthnot.

A＇TROPOS [ἀτροπος, i. e. unchangeable or inexorable, of α priv.
or without, and τριπω, to turn] one of the three destinies, who, as
the poets feign, cuts the thread of man＇s life.

To ATTA＇CU [attacher, Fr. a law term, to bind or fasten] 1. To
lay hold on.







Who am myself attach＇d with weariness,
To th＇ dulling of my spirits. Shakespeare.
2. To seize to apprehend. France hath attach＇d our merchants
goods. Shakespeare. 3. To arrest, or take by power of a writ or
precept; sometimes with of, but now it is not used. Of capital trea­
son I attach you both. Shakespeare. 4. To win, to gain over, to
charm, to enamour.
And charming spmphonies attach＇d the heart. Milton.
5. To fix; as, power or wealth attaches the multitude to the great and
rich.

To ATTACH a Person to one [in a figurative sense] to lay under ob­
ligation, to engage or fix to one＇s interest by good offices, or other
means, with to.

ATTACH [attaché, Fr.] tie, obligation, respect, inclination.

ATTACHIAME＇NTA Bonorum [old law term] a distress taken upon
the goods and chattels of any one sued for personal estate or debt, by
the legal attachers or bailiffs, as a security to answer the action.

ATTACHIAME＇NTA de spinis & bosco, a privilege granted to the
officers of a forest, to take for their own use, thorns, brush and wind­
fall, within that particular precinct or liberty committed to their
charge.

ATTA＇CHMENT [attachement, Fr.] adherence, particular attention or
regard to any person or thing, with to; as, attachment to the govern­
ment, and to one＇s king and country.

ATTACHMENT [in law] is different from an arrest, an arrest lying
on the body of a person; and it is different from a distress, which
seizes on lands, tenements, or goods; whereas an attachment is some­
times on both goods and body.

Foreign ATTACHMENT [a law term] is the attaching the goods of a
foreigner, found in some liberty or city, to satisfy some creditor of his
within the same city, &c.

ATTACHMENT of the Forest, is one of the three courts held in the
forest, it is the lowest; the next or middle swainmote; the highest, the
justice in eyre＇s seat.

ATTACHMENT of Privilege, is by virtue of a man＇s privilege to call
another to that court, to which he himself belongs, and in respect
whereof he is obliged to answer some action.

To ATTA＇CK [attaquer, Fr. attacare, It. atacàr, Sp.] 1. To charge
or encounter in hostility, to set or fall upon as an enemy. 2. To im­
pugn with satire, confutation, censure, or in some such manner; as,
to attack one＇s reputation.

To ATTACK in Flank [a military term] is, in a siege, to attack both
sides of the bastion.

ATTACK [attaque, Fr. attacco, It.] onset, attempt, charge, encoun­
ter with an enemy.

ATTACK [a military art] the general assault or onset that is made
to gain a post, or upon a body of troops.

ATTACK of a Siege, are the works which the besiegers carry on, as
trenches, galleries, mines, &c. in order to take the place by storm.

Regular ATTACK, is an attack made in due form, according to
the rules of art, called also right or droit.

To gain a Place by right ATTACK, is to gain the place by formal
attack and regular works, without a general storm.

False ATTACK, is an effort of the besiegers, in order to make them­
selves masters of the place, but managed less vigorously than a true
attack; being designed only to give a diversion to the besieged.

ATTA＇CKER [of attack] he that attacks.

To ATTAI＇N, verb neut. [atteindre, Fr. attineo, of ad, to, and teneo,
Lat. to hold] 1. To get or obtain, to compass a thing; as, to attain
an end by proper means. 2. To overtake or come up with. A sense
now little used. The earl hoping to have overtaking the Scottish
king, but not attaining him in time, set down before Aton. Bacon.
3. To reach, to equal. The first precedent is seldom attained by
imitation. Bacon. 4. To come to, to enter upon.
Canaan he now attains. Milton.

To ATTAIN, verb neut. 1. To come to a certain state. Milk after
twelve days attains to the highest degree of acidity. Arbuthnot. 2.
To arrive at. Both senses have to.

ATTAIN [from the verb] the thing attained. A word not used at
present; as, terrene attains in Glanville.

ATTAI＇NABLE [from attain] that may be attained or procured.

ATTAI＇NABLENESS [from attainable] quality of being attainable.
It is used by Cheyne.

ATTAI＇NDER [atteindre, Fr.] 1. The act of attainting in law, convic­
tion of any crime. It is a word used of one on whom judgment is
passed for treason or felony; for then his blood is said to be attainted,
i. e. corrupted, and if he were noble before, his posterity are hereby
degraded and made base, nor can his children be his heirs. 2. Taint.
So smooth, he daub＇d his vice with shew of virtue,
He liv＇d from all attainder of suspect. Shakespeare.

ATTAINDER by Appearance [in law] is either by battle, by confes­
sion, or by verdict.

ATTAINDER by Battle, is when the party appealed by another ra­
ther chooses to try the truth by combat than by jury, and is van­
quished.

ATTAINDER by Confession, is either by pleading guilty at the bar be­
fore the judges, and not putting himself upon the trial by the jury; or
before the coroner in sanctuary, where, in ancient times, he was ob­
liged to abjure the realm.

ATTAINDER by Verdict, is when the prisoner at the bar pleads not
guilty to the indictment, and is pronounced guilty by the jury.

ATTAINDER by Process, ATTAINDER by Default, or ATTAINDER
by Outlawry, is when a person flies and does not appear, after he
has been five times called into the county court, and is at last pro­
nounced outlaw＇d.

Bill of ATTAINDER, a bill brought into the parliament for the at­
tainting, condemning, and executing a person for high-treason, &c.
The ends in calling a parliament were to have the attainders of all of
his party reversed, and to attaint by parliament his enemies. Bacon.

ATTAI＇NMENT, 1. Act or power of obtaining. Things necessary
for the attainment of eternal life. Hooker. 2. A thing attained or
gotten. Our attainments are mean. Grew.

ATTAI＇NT [from the verb] 1. Any thing troublesome or injuri­
ous, as illness or weariness. This sense is now out of use.
Nor doth he dedicate one jot of colour
Unto the weary and all-watched night;
But freshly looks and overbears attaint
With cheerful semblance. Shakespeare.
2. Stain, spot. No man hath an attaint, but he carries some stain
of it. Shakespeare.

ATTAI＇NT [in law] it is so called, because the party that obtains
it endeavours thereby to stain or taint the credit of the jury with per­
jury. A writ lying against a jury who have given a false verdict in
any court of record, if the debt or damages amount to more than for­
ty shillings; the penalty of which is, that their meadows shall be
ploughed, their woods grubbed up, their houses pulled down, and all
their lands and tenements be forfeited to the king, and also their per­
sons imprisoned.

ATTAINT [atteint, Fr.] is a hurt or knock on an horse＇s leg.

To ATTAINT [atteindre, Fr.] 1. Particularly to find a person
guilty of some crime or offence, especially felony or treason. 2. To
taint, to corrupt, to stain.
My tender youth was never yet attaint
With any passion of inflaming love. Shakespeare.
See ATTAINDER and ATTAINT, subst.

ATTAI＇NTED found guilty of treason or felony.

ATTAI＇NTURE [from attaint] a corruption of blood, &c. by be­
ing attainted, reproach, imputation; her attainture will be Hum­
phry＇s fall. Shakespeare.

A＇TTAL Sarisin [q. d. the leavings of the Sarisins, Sassins, or Sax­
ons] the ancient inhabitants and miners of Cornwal, thus called an
old deserted mine.

To ATTA＇MINATE, sup. [ataminatum, of attamino, Lat.] to de­
file, to corrupt, to spoil.

ATTE＇GIA [of adtegendo, Lat. old records] a little house.

ATTELLA＇NÆ [so called of Atella, a city of Tuscany, where they
were first represented] a kind of comic and satyrical pieces presented
on the Roman theatre, not so grave and serious as the Greek and La­
tin comedies and tragedies, and less ludicrous than the farces on the
English stage.

To ATTE＇MPER [temperer, Fr. temperare, It. attamperatum, of at­
tempero, of ad, to, and tempero, Lat. to temper] 1. To temper, to al­
lay, to qualify, to moderate.
Smiling eyes attempering ev＇ry ray. Pope.
2. To dilute, to weaken by the admixture of something. Nobility
attempers sovereignty, and draws the eyes of the people somewhat
aside from the line-royal. Bacon. 3. To mix in a due proportion.
A banquet dight,
Attempered, goodly, well for health. Spenser.
4. To fit or accommodate to another thing.

Let arts of heroes old
Attemper＇d to the lyre, your voice employ. Pope.

To ATTE＇MPERATE [attemperatum, sup. of attempero, Lat. to pro­
portion] to make fit or meet for something else. Hope must be pro­
portioned and attemperate to the promise; if it exceed that temper
and proportion, it becomes a tumor and tympany of hope. Hammond.

To ATTE＇MPT [tenter, attenter, Fr. tentare, It. tentar, Sp. of at­
tento, of ad, to, and tento, Lat. to try] to make an attack or effort,
to venture upon; as, to attempt the mind. Milton. To endeavour,
to undertake, to try; as, I attempted to send unto you. Maccabees.

ATTEMPT [from the verb] 1. A hostile attack or invasion; sometimes
with upon. If we be always prepared to receive an enemy, we shall
long live without any attempts upon us. Bacon. 2. Endeavour, essay
to do a thing.
He wou＇d have cry＇d,
Amazement ty＇d his tongue, and stop＇d the attempt. Dryden.

ATTE＇MPTABLE [from attempt] that may be attempted, liable to
be attacked or invaded. She＇s less attemptable than the rarest of our
ladies. Shakespeare.

ATTE＇MPTER [from attempt] 1. He that attempts, or hostilely in­
vades. Th＇ attempter of thy father＇s throne. Milton. 2. He that
endeavours, with for. You are no factors for treasure, but disinte­
restd attempters for the universal good. Glanville.

To ATTE＇ND, verb act. [attendo, of ad, to, and tendo, Lat. to stretch,
attendre, Fr. to wait, attendér, Sp.] 1. To bend the mind to, to take
heed, or have regard to. 2. To wait on a person, as a companion or
inferior.

His companion, youthful Valetine,
Attends the emperor in his royal court. Shakespeare.
3. To accompany as an enemy. He was strong enough to have
stopped or attended Walter in his expedition. Clarendon. 4. To be
appendant to, to accompany.
England is so idly king＇d,
That fear attends her not. Shakespeare.
5. To expect. A French sense. So dreadful a tempest, as all at­
tended the end of the world. Raleigh. 6. To wait on as a charge
committed.
The fifth had charge sick persons to attend. Spenser.
7. To be consequential upon, having with. That descent was af­
terwards attended with unfortunate attempts. Clarendon. 8. To a­
wait, to be in store for. The state that attends one after this. Locke.
9. To lie in wait for. Thy interpreter, full of despite, attends thee
at the orchard. Shakespeare. 10. To be busy or bent upon any thing.
Their care attends,
The doubtful fortune of their absent friends. Dryden.
11. To stay for.
In the womb he staid,
Attending nature＇s law. Shakespeare.

To ATTEND, verb neut. 1. To give heed, or attention, some­
times with to. Speak! for I attend. 2. To be present upon a sum­
mons, with upon. If he refus＇d, he was required to attend upon the
committee. Clarendon. 3. To stay, to delay, with for.

She cannot here so well and truly see.
For this perfection she must yet attend,
Till to her Maker she espoused be. Davies.

ATTE＇NDANCE, 1. The act of attending, waiting upon, or serving
another; sometimes with at or upon. I dance attendance here. Shakes­







peare. 2. Service. Receive attendance from those that she calls ser­
vants. Shakespeare. 3. A train of servants, a retinue, the persons
serving.
Attendance none shall need nor train. Milton.
4. Heed, attention. Give attendance to reading. 1 Timothy. 5. Ex­
pectation. A sense now disused. It savours of the French attendant.
That which causeth bitterness in death, is the languishing attendance
and expectation thereof, ere it comes. Hooker.

ATTE＇NDANT, adj. Fr. accompanying, as subservient or subor­
dinate. Other suns with their attendant moons. Milton.

ATTENDANT, subst, [attendant, Fr.] 1. One who attends or waits
upon another, a follower, a servant. Dismiss your attendant there.
Shakespeare. 2. One who belongs to a particular train.
Murmurs rise
Among the sad attendants. Dryden.
3. One that waits another＇s pleasure, as a messenger, suitor, or agent.
My reader shall not wait long; to give an attendant quick dispatch
is a civility. Burnet＇s Theory. 4. One that is present at any tran­
saction or meeting, sometimes with at. He was a constant attendant
at all meetings. Swift. 5. That which is united with another, a
concomitant or consequent. It is hard to take a view of all the at­
tendants or consequences of a question. Watts. 6. And sometimes
used (like many other English substantives) in form of an adjective, as
attendant-nymphs, i. e, nymphs who attend upon another.

ATTENDANT [in law] one owing duty or service to, or who de­
pends on another after some manner.

ATTE＇NDER [from attend] he who attends, a companion.
The gypsies were there
With such their attenders. Ben Johnson.

ATTE＇NT, adj. [attento, It. atténto, Sp. of attentus, Lat. the old
word for attentive] intent, heedful; sometimes having unto, to, or
upon. Mine ear shall be attent unto thy prayer. 2. Chron. It will
make you more attent upon your prayers. Taylor.

A＇TTENTATES [attentatus, Lat. in law] proceedings in a court of
judicature, pending suit, and after an inhibition is decreed and gone
out. Those things which are done after an extrajudicial appeal, may
likewise be stiled attentates. Ayliffe.

ATTE＇NTION [Fr. attenzione, Sp. atencion, Sp. of attentio, Lat.]
the act of heeding, or attending.

ATTENTION of Mind [with moralists] an act of the will, by which
it calls off the understanding from the consideration of other objects,
and directs it solely to the thing in hand.

ATTENTION as to Hearing, is the straining the membrana tympani,
so as to make it more capable of receiving sounds, and more prepared
to catch even a weak agitation of the air.

ATTE＇NTIVE [attentif, Fr.] hearkening diligently to, heedful,
mindful; also intent or bent upon a thing, with to.

ATTE＇NTIVELY [from attentive] heedfully, mindfully.

ATTE＇NTIVENESS [attention, Fr. of Lat.] heedful attention, the
state of being attentive. Shakespeare uses it.

To ATTE＇NUATE [attenuer, Fr. attenuare, It. atenuàr, Sp. of atte­
nuo, of ad, to, and tenuo, Lat. to make small or slender] to make
thin; also to weaken or lessen.

ATTENUATE, the old part. for attenuated [from the verb] made
thin or slender. Vivification consisteth in spirits attenuate, which the
cold congeals. Bacon.

ATTENUA＇NTIA, Lat. attenuating medicines, i. e. such as with
their sharp particles open the pores of the body, cut the thick and vis­
cous humours, so that they can pass easily through the vessels.

ATTENUA＇TION [Fr. attenuazione, It. of attenuatio, Lat.] the act
of thinning or rendering more fluid; as, the making any fluid thinner
and less consistent than it was before: also lessening, rendering more
slender. The elision or attenuation of the air is only between the ham­
mer and the outside. Bacon.

ATTENUATION [in medicine] is a lessening the power or quantity
of the matter, causing diseases.

ATTER [of ater, ator, or attre, Sax. venom] corrupt matter.
A word much used in Lincolnshire. Skinner.

ATTE＇RMINING [of atterminé, Fr.] a time or term granted for pay­
ment of a debt; the purchasing or gaining a longer time for payment
of a debt, old records.

To ATTE＇ST [attester, Fr. atestar, or atestiguar, Sp. attestor, of ad,
to, and testor, to bear witness, Lat.] 1. To witness, to certify, to assure,
to vouch credibly. 2. To call to witness, to invoke as conscious. The
sacred streams heav＇n attests in oaths. Dryden.

ATTE＇ST [from the verb] witness, attestation.
With the voice divine such high attest was given. Milton.

ATTESTA＇TION [Fr. attestazione, It. atestacion, Sp. of attestatio,
of ad, to, and testor, Lat. to witness] witness, testimony of the truth
of any thing, evidence, sometimes with to.

A＇TTICISM [atticisme, Fr. atticismus, Lat. of ἀττικισμος, Gr.] a
short concise expression or manner of speaking; so named from the
people of Attica, or Athens, who used such a manner.

To A＇TTICISE [atticisso, Lat. ἀττικιζω, Gr.] to imitate the speech
of the Athenians, especially in elegancy and conciseness.

A＇TTIC, or A＇TTICK [attique, Fr. atticus, Lat. of ἀττικος, Gr.]
belonging to Attica in Greece.

ATTICK [in architecture] the name of a basis, which the modern
architects have given to that of the Doric pillar.

ATTICK [with English architects] a small order placed on a larger,
having only pilasters of a particular form, instead of pillars.

ATTICK [in architecture] also signifies a kind of building wherein
there is no roof or covering to be seen; used at Athens.

ATTICK Order [in architecture] a sort of small order raised upon
another that is larger, by way of crowning, or to finish the building.

ATTICK Base [in architecture] a peculiar kind of base, used by an­
cient architects in the lonic order, and by others in the Doric.

ATTICK of a Roof [in architecture] a sort of parapet to a terrace,
platform, &c.

ATTICK continued [in architecture] is that which encompasses the
whole pourtour of a building, without any interruption, following all
jets, the returns of the pavillions, &c.

ATTICK interposed [in architecture] is that which is situate between
two tall stories, and sometimes adorned with columns and pilasters.

ATTICK Salt, a delicate poignant sort of wit and humour, peculiar
to the Athenian authors.

ATTICK Muse, an excellent muse.

ATTICK Witness, one incapable of being corrupted.

ATTI＇GUOUS [attiguus, Lat.] joining or touching, lying near or by
any thing.

ATTI＇GUOUSNESS [of attiguous] the act or state of touching or join­
ing, or of being near.

A＇TILA, or A＇TILE [old records] the rigging of a ship; also im­
plements and tools pertaining to husbandry: it was also sometimes
understood of warlike harness or accoutrements.

ATTI＇LLATUS Equus [old law records] a horse dressed in his geers
or harness, for the business of the cart or plough.

To ATTI＇NGE [attingo, Lat. of ad, to, and tango, to touch] to
touch lightly or softly.

ATTI＇RE [from the verb, of attour, Fr.] Cloaths, apparel, dress,
either of men or women.

To ATTI＇RE [attirer, Fr.] to dress, to adorn, to habit, to array.

ATTIRE [in heraldry and hunting] the horns of a buck or stag.

ATTIRE [with botanists] the third part belonging to the flower of a
plant, of which the two former are the empalement and the foliation,
and is called either florid or semiform.

Florid ATTIRE [in botany] is commonly called thrums, as in the
flowers of marigolds, tansey, &c. These thrums Dr. Grew calls suits,
which consist of two, but most commonly of three pieces, the outer
part of the suit is the floret, the body of which is divided at the top,
like the cowslip flower, into five parts or distinct leaves.

Semiform ATTIRE [in botany] this consists of two parts, i. e. the
chives (which by some are called stamina) and semets or apices, one
upon each attire.

ATTI＇RER [from attire] he that attires or dresses another.

ATTI＇RING, dressing, adorning.

ATTIRING [with sportsmen] the branching horns of a buck.

A＇TTITUDE, Fr. [in painting, statuary, &c. attitudini, of atto, It.]
the posture of a figure or statue, or the disposition of its parts, by which
we discover the action it is engaged in, and the very sentiment supposed
to be in its mind.

A＇TTLEBURY or ATTLEBO＇ROUGH, a market town of Norfolk,
about 93 miles north-east of London, in the road from Thetford to
Norwich. It has a market on Thursday, and once a fortnight for fat
cattle.

A＇TTOCK, a city on the eastern frontiers of Persia, capital of a pro­
vince of the same name, and situated on the river Attock. Lat. 33°
N. Long. 72° E.

ATTO＇LLENS, raising or lifting up. Lat.

ATTO＇LLENS Auriculam [with anatomists] a muscle that draws up
the ear; it is joined to that part of the membrane of the skull, called
pericranium, and is inserted into the upper part of the second cartilage
of the ear. Lat.

ATTOLLENS Nares [in anatomy] a muscle of the nose, serving to
draw up the nostrils. Lat.

ATTOLLENS Oculum [with anatomists] one of the six pair of mus­
cles of the eye, also called superbus.

ATTO＇LLENT [attollens, Lat.] that which lists or raises up; as the
atollent and depriment muscles. Derham.

ATTOLLE＇NTES [with anatomists] a pair of muscles, which, acting
both together, draw the upper lip intire, upward and outward; but if
but one of them moves, one side of the lip only is drawn obliquely.
Lat.

ATTO＇NITUS Stupor, or ATTO＇NITUS Morbus [in physic] the disease
called an apoplexy; also a being blasted or planet-struck. Lat.

ATTORNA＇RE Rem [a law term] to turn over money or goods, i. e.
to appoint them to some particular use or service.

ATTORNA＇TO faciendo vel recipiendo [a law phrase] a writ which a
man, who owes suit to a county or hundred, wapentake, &c. and de­
siring to constitute an attorney to appear for him, obtains to command
the sheriff or other officer to admit him.

ATTO＇RNEY, or ATTU＇RNEY [attornatus, atturnatus, law Lat. of
ad and tourner, of tour, Fr. a turn, qui vien à tour d＇utrin, q. d. he
who comes in the turn or place of another] anciently a person ap­
pointed by another to do something in his stead.
Why should calamity be full of words,
Windy attorneys to their client woes. Shakespeare.
But now only a person who sollicits and carries on a suit in one＇s ab­
sence.

ATTORNEY [in common law] is nearly the same with proctor in the
civil law, and solicitor in courts of equity. Attorneys sue out writs or
process, or commence, defend, or carry on actions in the names of
other persons, in the courts of common law. None are admitted to
act without having served a clerkship for five years, taking the proper
oath, being inrolled and examined by the judges.

ATTORNEY General, is one who is appointed by general authority
to manage all our affairs or suits.

ATTORNEY General [of the king] one who, by the king＇s letters
patent, manages all law affairs of the crown, either in criminal prose­
cutions or otherwise; especially in matters of treason, sedition. He is
nearly the same with procurator Cæsaris in the Roman empire. To him
come warrants to make out patents, pardons, &c.

ATTORNEY special, or ATTORNEY particular, is one who is em­
ployed in one or more causes particularly specified. There are also, in
respect of the divers courts, attorneys at large, and attorneys special,
belonging to this or that court only.

ATTORNEY of the Court of the Dutchy of Lancaster. The second of­
ficer in that court, being for his skill in law placed there as assessor to
the chancellor of that court.

A Letter of ATTORNEY, a full power to act for another.

To ATTO＇RNEY [from the noun] 1. To perform as an attorney or
proxy. It is now no longer used as a verb. Their encounters, tho＇
not personal, have been attornied with interchange of gifts. Shakespeare.
2. To employ as an attorney or proxy.
As I was then,
I am still attornied to your service. Shakespeare.

ATTO＇RNEYSHIP, procuration, also the office of an attorney.
Marriage is a matter of more worth,
Than to be dealt in by attorneyship. Shakespeare.








ATTO＇RNMENT, or ATTOU＇RNMENT [attournement, Fr. in law]
is when the tenant attourns to, or acknowledges, a new lord; or a trans­
ferring those duties he owed to his former lord to another; otherwise
he that buyeth or obtaineth any lands or tenements of another, which
are in the occupation of a third, cannot get possession.

To ATTRA＇CT [attractum, sup. of attraho, of ad, to, and traho,
Lat. to draw] 1. To draw to. Amber attracteth straws. 2. To al­
lure, to entice, to invite, sometimes with to. Attract all to that pro­
fession. Hammond. Lovely to attract thy love. Milton.

ATTRACT, subst. [from the verb] attraction, the power of draw­
ing.
Feel darts and charms, attracts and flames,
And woe and contract in their names. Hudibras.

ATTRA＇CTICAL [from attract] having the power of drawing to.
Not an usual or analogous word. Some stones are endued with an
electrical or attractical virtue. Ray.

ATTRA＇CTION [Fr. attrazione, It. of attractio, Lat.] 1. The act
or power of drawing one thing to another. 2. The power of enticing
or inviting. Setting the attraction of my good parts aside, I have no
other charms. Shakespeare.

ATTRACTION [in mechanics] the act of a moving power, whereby
a moveable is brought nearer to the mover. The power opposite to
attraction is called repulsion.

ATTRACTION [in natural philosophy] that universal tendendency
that all bodies have towards one another, from which a great many of
the surprizing phœnomena of nature may be easily accounted for.
I use attraction to signify any force by which bodies tend towards one
another. Newton.

ATTRA＇CTIVE [attractif, Fr. attrattivo, It. atrativo, Sp. of at­
tractivus, Lat.] 1. Apt to attract or draw. 2. Alluring, inviting.
She hath blessed and attractive eyes. Shakespeare.

ATTRA＇CTIVE Force [in physics] is a natural power inherent in
certain bodies, whereby they act on other distant bodies, and draw
them towards themselves. This by the Peripateticks is called, the mo­
tion of attraction, and sometimes suction. But a few modern philoso­
phers explode this notion of attraction, asserting that a body can­
not act where it is not, and that all motion is performed by mere im­
pulsion.

ATTRACTIVE Power [according to Sir Isaac Newton] is a power
or principle whereby all bodies, and the particles of all bodies, mu­
tually tend towards each other. Or, attraction is the effect of such
power whereby every particle of matter tends towards every other par­
ticle. This attractive force decreases in proportion to the squares of the
distances.

ATTRA＇CTIVE, subst. that which draws or invites, a charm, allure­
ment; except that attractive is of a good or indifferent sense, and
allurement generally bad. Johnson. The gospel speaks nothing but
attractives and invitation. South.

ATTRA＇CTIVELY [attractivo, from the adj.] by attraction.

ATTRA＇CTIVENESS [of attractive] the drawing or attracting qua­
lity.

ATTRA＇CTOR [from attract] he that attracts or draws. Straws in
oil amber draweth not, where they adhere so, that they cannot rise
unto the attractor. Brown.

ATTRA＇HENT, subst. [from attrahens, Lat.] that which draws or
attracts. Our eyes inform us of the motion of the steel to its attra­
hent. Glanville.

ATTRAHE＇NTIA [in physic] attracting or drawing medicines, such
as by their minute particles open the pores of the body, so as to dis­
perse the humours, cause the parts to swell, and draw blisters in the
skin. Lat.

ATTRECTA＇TION [attrectatio, Lat.] a frequent handling or feeling.

ATTRI＇BUTABLE [of attribute] that which may be attributed, or
imputed. A word used by Sir Matthew Hale.

To A＇TTRIBUTE [attribuer, Fr. attribuire, It. attribûir, Sp. of at­
tribuo, Lat. of ad, to, and tribuo, to give] 1. To grant, to ascribe, to
yield, to give. To their bare judgment somewhat a reasonable man
would attribute. Hooker. 2. To impute a thing, as to a cause. Both
senses have to. The imperfection of telescopes is attributed to sperical
glasses. Sir I. Newton.

A＇TTRIBUTE [attribut, Fr. attributo, It. atributo, Sp. of attribu­
tum, of attribuo, Lat.] 1. A property which agrees to some person or
thing, or a quality which determines something to be after a certain
manner. 2. An adherent; as a judge must have such and such attri­
butes. 3. Any thing belonging to another, an appendant, with to.
His sceptre shews the force of temporal power.
The attribute to awe and Majesty. Shakespeare.
4. Reputation, honour.
It takes
From our atchievements, tho＇ perform＇d at height,
The pith and marrow of our attribute. Shakespeare.

A＇TTRIBUTES [with divines] certain properties or glorious excel­
lencies, ascribed to God, as that he is self-existent, immutable, eternal,
infinitely wise, good, almighty, for God cannot be without them.

ATTRIBUTE [with logicians] an epithet given to any subject, or it
is any predicate thereof, or whatever may be affirmed or denied of any
thing.

ATTRIBUTE [in metaphysics] a certain formal reason subsequent to
the reason of the subject, and proceeding from it; but yet so as not to
be really distinct from the subject.

Positive ATTRIBUTE, such as gives a thing somewhat, as when we
say of man, that he is animate.

Negative ATTRIBUTE, that which denies or takes away somewhat,
as when we say of a stone, that it is inanimate.

Common ATTRIBUTE, is that which agrees to several different things,
as animal.

Proper ATTRIBUTE, such as agrees to one kind only; as, reason to
mankind.

ATTRIBUTES communicable of God [with divines, belonging to the
divine faculties of acting] are power and dominion.

ATTRIBUTES communicable of God [belonging to the divine will]
are justice, goodness, faithfulness.

ATTRIBUTES communicable of God [belonging to the divine under­
standing] are knowledge, wisdom, providence.

ATTRIBUTES incommunicable of God, are his self-existence, abso­
lute independency, absolute infinitude, and supremacy; or what the
scripture means by his being the one God and Father of all, who it
above all.

ATTRIBUTES [in painting and sculpture] are symbols added to se­
veral figures to intimate their particular office and character; as an
eagle to Jupiter, a peacock to Juno, a caduceus to Mercury, a club to
Hercules, and a palm to victory.

ATTRIBU＇TION [from attributio, Lat.] commendation.
If speaking truth were not thought flattery,
Such attribution would the Douglas have,
As none should go so current. Shakespeare.

ATTRIBU＇TORY, subst. [from attribution] what relates to attribution.
A word of the same form with Commendatory, and the like.

ATTRI＇TE [attritus, Lat.] ground worn by rubbing.
Or by collision of two bodies, grind
The air attrite to fire. Milton.

ATTRI＇TENESS [of attritus, Lat.] the state of being much worn.

ATTRI＇TION [Fr. attrizione, It. atrición, Sp. attritio, of attero,
Lat. of ad, against, and tero, to rub] the act of rubbing things
together, or wearing them; also that motion of the stomach that as­
sists in digestion.

ATTRITION [with divines] a sorrow or regret for having of­
fended God, arising from the apprehension of having incurred the loss,
of heaven and punishment; or, as others define it, the lowest degree
of repentance, a slight and imperfect sorrow for sin.

ATTRITION [in philosophy] a triture or friction, such a motion of
bodies against one another, as strikes off, by that means, some su­
perficial particles, whereby they become less and less.

To ATTU＇NE [from tune] 1. To make a thing musical. Airs at­
tune the trembling leaves. Milton. 2. To set or tune one thing by,
another, with to. As he attunes his voice to his harp.

ATTU＇RNEY. See ATTORNEY.

ATWE＇EN, or ATWI＇XT, the old words for between and betwixt, in
the midst of two things. Her locks
Sprinkled with pearl and perling flowers atween. Spenser.
He with his body barred the way atwixt them twain. Spenser. See
BETWEEN and BETWIXT.

A＇VA, a kingdom of India, beyond the Ganges, situated on the
north-east part of the bay of Bengal, between the countries of Arracan
on the north, and Pegu on the south.

AVA＇GE, or AVI＇SAGE [in old law] a rent or duty which every te­
nant of the manour of Writtle in Essex, paid to the lord on St. Leo­
nard＇s day, for liberty of pannage or feeding hogs in his wood.

To AVA＇IL, verb act. [avalere, It. avaliàr, Sp. of ad and valeo,
Lat. or of valoir, Fr. to avail being nearly the same thing with faire
valoir, Fr. Johnson] 1. To turn to profit, with the reciprocal pronoun,
and of before the thing used. Then shall they seek to avail themselves
of names. Milton. 2. To promote, to prosper.
Explore———
What means might best his safe return avail. Pope.
3. To be profitable, serviceable, or advantageous to.
Nor can my strength avail.
Unless by thee endu＇d with force. Dryden.

AVAIL [from the verb] profit, advantage. Yet would he further
none but for avail. Spenser.

AVA＇ILABLE. 1. That may be profitable, that may avail or turn
to good account, with to. Things available to our bliss. Hooker. 2.
Powerful efficacious, in force. Laws human are available by consent.
Hooker.

AVA＇ILABLY [from available] profitably, powerfully.

AVA＇ILABLENESS [of available] conduciveness, power of promoting
the end intended by it. It is a word used by Hale.

AVAI＇LMENT [from avail] usefulness, profit, advantage.

To AVA＇LE [from avaler, Fr.] to sink, to become or fall low.
But when his latter ebb ＇gins to avale,
Huge heaps of mud he leaves. Spenser.
A word now out of use.

AVA＇NT [Fr. avanto, It.] before, forward.

AVANT [a term of disdain] away, be gone, out of my sight. See
AVAUNT.

AVANT-Foss, Fr. [in fortification] a moat or ditch full of water,
running round the counterscarp on the outside next the country, at the
foot of the glacis.

AVA＇NTGUARD [of avant and guard, avantgarde, Fr.] the van or
first body of an army, the next is the battail or main body, and the last
is the arriere or rear.

AVANT-Mure [avant-mur, Fr. in fortification] an outward wall.

AVANT-Peach, an early ripe peach.

AVANT-Ward, the van-guard or front of an army.

AVANTA＇GIUM [in old records] profit or advantage.

A＇VARICE [Fr. avarizia, It. avaricia, Sp. avaritia, of aveo, Lat.
to crave] covetousness, an inordinate insatiable desire of money, or of
any thing else; as, avarice of wealth, and avarice of praise. Ava­
rice is insatiable, and so he went still pushing on for more. L＇Estrange.

AVARICE is represented by a hideous pale-faced old woman, with a
discontented and dejected aspect, and a swoln belly, upon which she
lays one of her hands as if in pain, and in the other she gripes a purse
close tied, on which her eyes are fixed; by her side stands a meager
wolf, as an emblem of voracity. Her paleness proceeds from her
envy, which torments her to see her neighbours richer than herself; her
eyes are fixed on her purse, it being her chief delight. The wolf de­
notes the voracious humour of the covetous, who would have other
mens goods by hook or by crook.

AVARI＇CIOUS [avaricieux, Fr. avaro, It. avaricióso, Sp. of avarus,
Lat.] covetous, insatiably desirous.

AVARI＇CIOUSLY [from avaricious] covetously.

AVARI＇CIOUSNESS [from avaricious] the quality of being covetous.

AVAROUS [avarus, Lat.] covetous, pinching, miserable.

AVA＇ST [probably of hasta, It. and Sp. of a and haestan, Du. hold,
it is enough, a sea word] hold, stop, stay.

AVAU＇NGERS, or AVAU＇NCHERS [with huntsmen] the second
branches of a hart＇s horn.

AVAU＇NT, interj. of abhorrence [avant, Fr.] be gone, away,
Avant—is Aristarchus yet unknown? Pope.

AVAU＇X, a country of Champagne in France, in the neighbourhood
of Rheims.








AUBA＇DE, Fr. morning music, such as is played at break of day,
before a door or window, a serenade.

AUBA＇GNE, a town of Provence, in France, situated about seven
miles south-east of Marseilles. Lat 43° 15′ N. Long. 5° 30′ E.

AUBA＇IN [in France] the act of inheriting after a foreigner, that
dies in a country where he is not naturalized. Fr.

AUBE, a river of France, which, arising in the south-east part of
Champagne, runs north-west, and falls into the Seine below Plancy.

AUBE＇NAS, a town of Languedoc in France, upon the river Ar­
desche, situated at the foot of the Cevennes. Lat 44° 40′ N. Long.
5° 0′ E.

AUBE＇NTON, a town of Picardy in France, upon the river Aube.
Lat. 43° 30′ N. Long. 4° 0′ E.

AUBETE＇RRE, a town of France in the Angomois, situated on the
Dronne. Lat. 45° 15′ N. Long. 0° 40′ E.

AUBI＇GNI, a town of France, in the province of Berry, and govern­
ment of Orleans. Lat. 47° 3′ N. Long. 2° 20′ E.

A＇UBIN, or ST. AUBIN, a town of Britany in France. Lat. 48° 15′
N. Long. 1° 3′ W.

A＇UBIN [with horsemen] a broken going or pace of a horse, be­
tween an amble and a gallop. Fr.

AU＇BURN, or AU＇BURNE [adj. perhaps of brun obscur, or obscur brun,
or from aubour, aubier, Fr. the inner rind or bark of a tree] of a dark,
brown or chesnut colour, of a tan colour.
Barley infus＇d, an auburne drink compose. J. Philips.

AUBU＇SSAN, a town of France, in the province of Marche, and go­
vernment of Lyonois. Lat. 45° 55′ N. Long. 2° 15′ E.

AU＇CTION [auctio, Lat.] 1. Any public or open sale of goods,
wherein the highest bidder is the buyer. 2. The things sold by auc­
tion. Ask you why Phrine the whole auction buys. Pope.

To AUCTION, to sell by public sale or auction.

AUCTION [with physicians] the nourishment of a body, whereby
more is restored than was lost or decayed; an increase of vigour and
strength.

AUCTIONA＇RII, Lat. [in old records] regraters, retailers of commo­
dities.

A＇UCTIONARY [from auction] relating or belonging to an auction.
With auctionary hammar in thy hand,
Provoking to give more, and knocking thrice. Dryden.

AUCTIONE＇ER [from auction] one who sells or manages a sale by
auction.

A＇UCTIVE [auctus, of augeo, Lat. to increase] of an augment­
ing, increasing quality.

AUDA＇CIOUS [audace, It. audàz, Sp. of audax, audacis, Lat. whence
audacieux, Fr.] confident, impudent, over-bold, daring; always in a
bad sense.

AUDA＇CIOUSLY [from audacious] impudently, boldly, daringly.

AUDA＇CIOUSNESS [audace, Fr. audacia, It. and Sp.] impu­
dence.

AUDA＇CITY [audaciter, audacis, Lat.] confidence, spirit, bold­
ness, courage. For want of that freedom and audacity, necessary
in commerce with men, his personal modesty overthrew all his public
actions. Tatler.

AUDE, a river of France, which taking its rise in the Pyrenees, runs
northward by Alet and Carcossene; and from thence turning east­
ward through Languedoc, falls into the Mediterranean, a little to the
north-east of Narbonne.

A＇UDIBLE [audibilis, Lat.] 1. That which may be perceived by the
ear. Bacon uses it substantively. Audibles work on the places of
eccho; a liberty not unfamiliar with Milton, in this of converting ad­
jectives into substantives; who, the better to raise his style above prose,
has adopted this and many other classic forms. 2. That which is loud
enough to be heard. Speaking softly over a well, the water re­
turned an audible eccho. Bacon.

A＇UDIBLENESS [of audibilis, Lat.] capableness of being heard.

A＇UDIBLY [from audible] in a manner to be heard.

AU＇DIENCE [Fr. audienza, It. audiéncia, Sp. of audientia, from audio,
Lat. to hear] 1. The act of hearing or attending to any thing. His
discourse had audience. Milton. 2. The liberty of speaking granted,
a hearing given. Give men audience. Hoooker. 3. A company or
assembly of people, hearkening to somewhat spoken, an auditory.

AUDIENCE [in polit. affairs] the ceremonies practised at court at
the admitting ambassadors and public ministers to a hearing, the recep­
tion of a solemn messenger. On seat of audience old Latinus sat. Dry­
den.

AUDIENCE Court, a court appertaining to the archbishop of Canter­
bury, which, though inferior in antiquity and dignity to the court of
arches, is of equal authority. The original of this court was, because
the archbishop of Canterbury heard several causes extrajudicialy at
home in his own palace; in which, before he would finally determine
any thing, he usually committed them to be discussed by men learned
in the civil and canon laws, whom thereupon he called his auditors;
and so in time it became the power of the man who is called Causarum
negotiorumque audientiæ Cantuariensis auditor, seu officinalis. Cowel.

AUDIENDO & terminando [in law] a writ or rather commission, di­
rected to certain persons for the trying and punishing such persons as have
been concerned in a riotous assembly, insurrection or other heinous mis­
demeanour.

AUDIE＇NTES, or AUDITO＇RES, Lat. catechumens or persons newly
instructed in the mysteries of the Christian religion, and not yet ad­
mitted to be baptized.

AUDIT [Lat. he heareth] a hearing and examining, an account
finally.

To AUDIT an Account, 1. To take a final account. If they which
weigh all things, receive our audit, the sum which truth amounteth
to will appear to he this. Hooker. 2. To examine it finally. Bishops
ordinaries audit all accounts. Ayliffe.

AUDITA Querela [in law] a writ that lies against him who having
taken a statute merchant, or recognizance, or where judgment is given
against, &c. upon his complaint, shewing some just cause, why exe­
cution should not be granted; as a release or other exception.

A＇UDITOR [auditeur, Fr. auditore, It. auditor, Sp. and Lat.] an
examiner of an account finally, a hearer of a lecture, sermon, or pub­
lic oration. You that were last day so high in the pulpit against lovers,
are you now become so mean an auditor? Sidney.

AUDITOR [in law] an officer of the king or some other great person,
who yearly examines the accounts of under-officers accountable, and
makes up a general book with the difference between their receips and
charges, and their allocations or allowances; also an allowance paid
by each merchant, according to his cargo, to a master of a ship upon
special occasions, when he suffers damages.

AUDITOR [in the ecclesiastical law] the archbishop used to commit
the discussing of causes to certain persons learned in the law, stiled his
auditors. Ayliffe. See A＇UDIENCE Court.

AUDITO＇RIUS Meatus, Lat. [in anatomy] the passage which con­
veys the air to the auditory nerve.

AUDITORS Conventual, or AUDITORS Collegiate, officers anciently
appointed by the religious to examine and pass the accounts of the
house.

AUDITORS of the Exchequer, officers who take the accounts of those
who collect the revenue, taxes, &c.

AUDITORS of the Mint, those persons who take the accounts there,
and make them up.

AUDITORS of the Prest or Imprest, officers of the exchequer, who
make up the accounts of Ireland, Berwick, the mint, customs, ward­
robe, &c.

AUDITOR of Receipts [in the exchequer] an officer who files the
bills of the tellers, enters them, &c.

A＇UDITORY, adj. [auditorius, auditores, Lat.] pertaining to the
sense of hearing, having the power of hearing.

AUDITORY Nerves [with anatomists] a pair of nerves, arising from
the medulla oblongata, and distributed the one to the ear, the other to
the tongue, eye, nose, lips, &c.

AUDITORY subst. [auditoire, Fr. auditorio, It. and Sp. auditorium,
Lat.] 1. A place where lectures, orations, &c. are heard. 2. An as­
sembly of hearers, an audience.

AU＇DITRESS [auditrix, Lat.] a female hearer.
Adam relating, she sole auditress. Milton.

AVE＇IN, a town in the dutchy of Luxemburgh, remarkable for a
victory which the French obtained over the Spaniards, in 1635.

AVEI＇RO, a sea-port town of Portugal, situated near the ocean, at
the mouth of the river Vouga, about twenty miles south of Oporto.
Lat. 40′ 32′ N. Long. 9° 8′ W.

To AVE＇LL [avello, Lat. of a and vello, to pull] to pull and tear
away. Brown uses the word.

AVE＇LLA, a city of Italy, in the Terra di Lavoro, four miles from
Nola, and fifteen for Naples.

AVELLA＇NA, the filbert, a nut. Lat.

AVELLA＇NE [in heraldry] as a cross avellane is a sort of cross, that
is so called from its figure, resembling four filberts in their husk or
case, joined together at the great ends.

AVELLI＇NO, a town in the kingdom of Naples, and province of
Principata, about 25 miles east of the city of Naples. Lat. 41° N.
Long. 15° 20′ E.

AVE Maria, or AVE Mary [i. e. hail Mary] the first words of the
salutation of the Virgin Mary. A form of worship to the Virgin Mary
in the Romish church. He numbers ave maries on his beads. Shake­
speare.

A＇VENAGE [Fr. of avena, Lat. oats] a certain quantity of oats paid
to a landlord instead of some other duties, or as a rent by the tenant.

AVE＇NCHE, or AVA＇NCHE, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Bern. Lat. 46° 50′ N. Long. 7° 37′ E. The Germans call it
Wifflisburgh.

To AVE＇NGE [venger, Fr.] 1. To revenge, to take vengeance on an
offender; having the reciprocal pronoun and of, sometimes upon before
the object revenged. I will avenge me of my enemies. Isaiah. I will
avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu. Hosea. 2. To
punish.
Till Jove no longer patient took his time,
T＇ avenge with thunder their audacious crime. Dryden.

AVE＇NGEMENT [from avenge] revenge, vengeance; sometimes
with on before the object of revenge. ＇Tis an old word.
Work avengement for his shame,
On those two caitives. Spenser.

AVE＇NGER [from avenge] 1. He that punishes. The Lord is the aven­
ger of all such. 1. Thessalonians. 2. He that revenges or takes ven­
geance. The just avenger of his injured ancestors. Dryden.

AVENGERS [according to Cornelius Agrippa] the fourth order of
angels, whose prince is Asmodæus, the executioner of justice.

A＇VENOR, an officer belonging to the king＇s stables, an under­
master of the horse, who provides oats, &c. and swears in all the offi­
cers that belong to the stables.

A＇VENS [caryophyllata, Lat. in botany] an herb, the same with
bennet. The species are, 1. Common avens. 2. Mountain avens,
with large yellow flowers, &c. The first sort grows wild in Britain
and Ireland; but the second sort came from the Alps. The first is
used in medicine, and in consectionary for seed-cakes. The seeds of
this plant are formed into a globular figure, each having a tail, the
roots are perennial and smell sweet. Miller.

AVE＇NTURÆ, Lat. [in ancient writers] voluntary feats or trials of
skill at arms, tournaments, or military exercises on horseback.

AVE＇NTURE, or ADV＇ENTURE [in law] a mischance, causing the
death of a man without felony; as when he is drowned by falling into
the water, or burnt by falling into the fire accidentally.

A＇VENUE [avenne, of avenir, Fr.] a passage, entrance, or way ly­
ing open to a place. It is sometimes accented on the second syllable,
but generally on the first.

AVENUE [in a garden] a walk or row of trees, &c. or a walk
planted on each side with trees before a house.

AVENUE [in military art] a space left for a passage into a camp,
garrison, or quarter; an opening or inlet into any fort, bastion, or
other work.

A＇VER, a labouring beast.

A＇VER Corn, a rent anciently paid in corn to religious houses, by
their tenants, &c.








AVER Land, such land as the tenant did plough and manure, cum
averiis suis, for the use of a monastery or the lord of the soil.

AVER Silver [in old records] a custom or rent formerly so called.

AVER Penny, a contribution of money towards the king＇s averages
or carriages, to be quit of that duty.

To AVE＇RR [averer, Fr. averare, It. averàr. Sp. from verum, Lat.
true] to assert a thing positively, to affirm or avouch it peremptorily.

AVE＇RA [in doom＇s-day book] a day＇s work, or ploughman＇s
wages, i. e. eight pence.

AVERAGE [averia, It. and Sp. averie, Fr. averie or haverie, Du.
and Germ. in navigation and commerce] 1. Signifies the damage which
the vessel or the goods or loading of it sustains, from the time of its
departure to its return. 2. The charge or contribution towards de­
fraying such damages, or the losses of such as have their goods cast
overboard for the safety of the ship, or of the goods and lives of those
in the ship in a tempest. 3. The quota or proportion which each mer­
chant or proprietor in the ship or loading is adjudged, upon a reasona­
ble estimation, to contribute to a common average. This contribu­
tion seems to be so called, because it is so proportioned, after the rate
of every man＇s average or goods carried. 4. A small duty, which
those merchants who send goods in another man＇s ship, pay to the
master for his care of them, over and above the freight.

A＇VERAGE [averagum, barb. Lat. in common law] that service
which the tenant owed the lord, to be performed by horses or car­
riages.

AVERAGE [with husbandmen] a pasture or fodder for cattle, espe­
cially the eddish or grass after mowing or reaping.

AVE＇RIA [barb. Lat. of avoir, Fr. to have, or aver, cattle, in law]
signifies oxen and horses for the plough; also sometimes any cattle or
personal estate, as catalla does all goods and chattels.

AVERA＇NCE, a sea-port in Normandy, in France. Lat. 48° 40′ N.
Long. 1° 20′ W.

AVERDUPOIS. See AVOIRDUPOIS.

AVE＇RIIS Captis in Withernamium [in law] a writ for the taking
cattle to his use, who has had his cattle illegally seized by another,
and driven out of the country where they were taken, so that they can­
not be replevied.

AVE＇RMENT [averamento, It. from averr] an assertion of a thing
to be true, an affirming positively; establishment of a thing by evidence.
To avoid the oath for averment of the continuance of some estate, the
party will sue a pardon. Bacon.

AVERMENT [in law] an offer of the defendant to make good or
justify an exception pleaded in abatement or bar of the plaintiff＇s
action; also the act.

General AVERMENT [in law] is the conclusion of every plea to the
writ, or in bar of replications of other pleadings.

Particular AVERMENT [in law] is when the life of a tenant for life,
or a tenant in tail is averred, and the averment contains as well the mat­
ter as the form.

A＇VERNAT, a sort of grape.

AVE＇RNI [Lat. with ancient naturalists] lakes, grottoes, and other
places, which infect the air with poisonous steams and vapours.

To AVERRU＇NCATE [averrunio, Lat. of ab, ex, and runco, to weed]
to root or tear up by the roots as in weeding.
Sure some will come on it,———
Or force we averruncate it. Hudibras.

AVERRUNCA＇TION [from averruncate, in husbandry] the act of
scraping, cutting, or lopping off the superfluous branches of trees, or
of rooting any thing up.

AVERRU＇NCI, Lat. [among the Romans] a certain order of deities,
whose office was to avert dangers and evils.

AVE＇RSA, a town of Naples, in the province of Lavoro, situated
about seventeen miles south of Capua. Lat. 14° 45′ N. Long. 14°
45′ E.

AVE＇RSABLE [aversabilis, Lat.] that may be turned away from.

AVERSA＇TION [aversatio, of aversor, Lat. to turn from] 1. Act or
state of hating, abhorring, refusing, or turning away from, with dete­
station. Hatred is the passion of defiance, and there is a kind of aver­
sation and hostility included in its essence. South. 2. Having from most
properly before the object of abhorrence. 3. Sometimes less properly
with to. A general aversation to contempt. Government of the Tongue.
4. Sometimes with towards, but very improperly. A secret hatred and
aversation towards society. Bacon.

AVE＇RSE [averse, Fr. averso, Sp. of aversus, Lat.] 1. Malign, not
favourable. Pallas, now averse, refus＇d her aid. Dryden. 2. That
dislikes or cannot endure a thing; not willing to.
By turns averse and joyful to obey. Prior.
3. Most properly with from before the object of aversion. Averse from
all obedience. 4. It is frequently with to, but improperly. Averse to
any advice of the council. Clarendon.

AVE＇RSELY [from averse] 1. With aversion or unwillingness.
2. Backward. Secretion is emitted aversely or backward. Brown.

AVE＇RSENESS [from averse] dislike to, backwardness, unwilling­
ness. Averseness to entertain friendship. Atterbury.

AVE＇RSION, or AVE＇RSENESS [Fr. aversione, It. aversion, Sp. of
aversio, Lat.] 1. Hatred, dislike. 2. A state of being averse from,
or a turning away from, as detestable. Most properly with from;
sometimes with to, but not so properly. Aversion to subjection.
Addison. 4. Sometimes with for, but less properly. A state for which
they have great aversion. Addison. 5. Sometimes towards, but very
improperly. Aversion towards the house of York. Bacon. 6. The
cause of hatred. They were the Aversion of the long robe. Arbuthnot.

To AVE＇RT [avertere, It. averto, Lat. of a, from, and verto, to turn]
1. To turn off, to turn aside; as, to avert one＇s eyes. 2. To put by,
to turn away, as a calamity: with from. Avert from us those things
which are displeasing to him. Sprat.

AVE＇RTI [in horsemanship] a French word used in the manage, as
applied to the pace or motion of a horse, that is enjoined, regulated,
and required in the lessons.

A＇VERY [of avena, Lat. oats] the place where the oats or proven­
der of the king＇s horses are kept.

AUFF, or ÆLF [probably of alf, Du.] a fool or silly fellow; auff
is a word common in Yorkshire.

AU＇GAR, or AU＇GER [probably of abeger, egger. Du.] a carpen­
ter or cooper＇s tool for boring holes. The auger hath a handle and
bit. When you use it, the stuff you work upon is commonly laid low
under you, that you may the more easily use your strength; for in
twisting the bit about by the force of both your hands, on each end of
the handle one, it cuts great chips out of the stuff. Moxon.

AUGE [a word of Persic origin, and which signifies altitude, the
contrary to hebût, i. e. depression. Gol. ＇Tis commonly called aux,
Do. with astronomers] that point of the orbit of a planet, in which a
planet being, is farthest distant from the central body, about which
it rolls, and is then slowest in its motion.

AUGE＇A [in ancient deeds] a cistern for water.

AU＇GELOT [with vine-dressers] as to plant vines à la augelot, is to
dig small trenches in the form of a little trough, to place the slips or
shoots, which are afterwards covered with earth. Fr.

AU＇GES [in astronomy] two points in a planet＇s orbit, otherwise
called apsides.

AU＇GHT pron. [of auht, awht; Sax. ichte, or ichtwas, Ger.] any
thing. It is often used, but sometimes improperly written, ought.

To AU＇GMENT, verb act. [augmenter, Fr. augmentare, It. augmen­
tàr, Sp. of augmento, Lat.] to enlarge, to encrease, to make more.

To AUGME＇NT, verb neut. To grow bigger, to increase. His
heat with running did augment. Sidney.

AUGMENT [augmentum, from augeo, Lat. to encrease] 1. Encrease.
This augment of the tree, is without the diminution of one drachm of
the earth. Walton. 2. State of encrease. Discutients are improper in
the beginning of inflammations, but proper in the augment. Wiseman.

AUGMENTA＇TION [Fr. from augment, augmentamento, It. auménto,
Sp.] 1. The act of increasing, enlarging, or making bigger. As,
an augmentation of troops. 2. State of being made bigger. One
embryo is capable of vast augmentation. Bentley. 3. The thing
added to render it bigger. He doth not receive any augmentation of
glory at our hands. Hooker.

AUGMENTATION Court, a court erected by king Henry VIII. for
the increase of the revenues of his crown by the suppression of mo­
nasteries, &c.

AUGMENTA＇TIONS [in heraldry] are additional charges frequently
given as a particular mark of honour, and generally borne either on
an escutcheon or canton.

AUGME＇NTUM, growth, increase. Lat.

AUGMENTUM syllabicum [in gram.] is when a letter or syllable is
added at the beginning of a word, so that the number of syllables is
increased, as τυπτω, ετυπτον, ετυϕα, τετυϕα.

AUGMENTUM temporale [in gram.] is when a short vowel is
changed into a long one, or a dipthong into a longer.

AUGMENTUM febricum [with physicians] a computation from what
time the heat of a continual fever has seized upon the whole mass of
blood, till it came to the height.

AU＇GRE, or AW＇GRE, a tool for boring round holes. See AUGAR.

AU＇GRE-BORE, or AU＇GRE-HOLE, a bore, or hole made by an
augre.
Your franchises confined into an augre＇s-bore. Shakespeare.
Were our fate hid within an augre-hole. Shakespeare.

A＇UGSBURG, a considerable city of Swabia, in Germany; it is an
imperial city, and remarkable for being the place where the Lutherans
presented their confession of faith to the emperor Charles V. at the
diet of the empire, held in 1550; from hence denominated the Augs­
burg confession.

A＇UGUR, or AUGURE [Fr. auguri, It. augur, Lat. augurs were
so called either of avium gestu, the gesture or flying of birds, or avium
garritu, the chirping and chattering of birds, by which omens, par­
ticularly by the entrails of beasts in sacrifices, they pretended to pre­
dict future events, whether prosperous or adverse. Romulus the
founder of Rome was himself a great proficient in the art of augury,
and as he divided the city into three tribes, so he appointed three augurs,
one for each tribe.] The principal order of the old Roman priests, who
divined by the flight of birds. Their manner was to stand on a high
tower, holding their lituus or divining staff in their hand, and with
that they, by a motion, as it were, dividing the heavens into several
quarters, made their observations, from which of these quarters the
birds appeared, and on that quarter offered sacrifice and made prayers,
and afterwards gave their judgment; they were at first but three, but
afterwards were augmented to fifteen, their persons were inviolable,
and their character unimpeachable on any crime or cause whatso­
ever.

AU＇GURAL, or AU＇GURICAL [auguraris, Lat.] belonging to an
augur, relating to soothsaying. Soothsayers in their augurial and tri­
pudiary divinations. Brown.

To A＇UGUR, verb neut. [from the subst.] to conjecture by signs,
Auguring hope. Shakespeare. Auguring mind. Dryden.

To AU＇GURATE, or to AUGURE, verb act. [augurer, Fr. of augu­
ro, Lat.] to judge by augury.

AUGURA＇TION [auguratus, Lat.] the practice of augury or fore­
telling events by omens. Claudius Pulcher continued the tripudary
augurations. Brown.

AU＇GURER, same with augur. The persuasion of his augurers.
Shakespeare.

To AU＇GURIZE, to practise divination by birds.

AU＇GUROUS [from augur] predicting, foreboding; as, augurous
hearts. Chapman.

AU＇GURY [augure, Fr. augurio, It. of augurium, Lat.] 1. The act
of divining by the flight of birds. 2. The rules of augurs. You are
excluded out of all auguries. L＇Estrange. 3. An omen, a presage, a
prediction. If my augury deceive me not. Shakespeare.

Good AUGURY, is represented in painting by a young man cloathed
in green, a star over his head, and he hugging a swan. Green is a
token of hope, and consequently of good luck, because green promises
a plentiful crop; the star denotes good success; the whiteness of the
swan is a sign of good luck, as a black crow betokens bad.

AU＇GUST [août, Fr. agosto, It. Sp. and Port. of augustus, Lat.] the
eighth month in the year, beginning at January, so called from the
emperor Augustus, who having conquered Ægypt, and put an end
to the civil war, entered that month into his second consulship. It
was before called Sextile, being the sixth month in the course of the
year, beginning at March.








AUGUST, the ancients painted August like a young man, with a
fierce countenance, dressed in a flame-coloured robe, having his head
adorned with a garland of wheat, and having a basket of summer fruit
on his arm, and a sickle at his belt, bearing a victim.

AUGUST, adj. [augustus, Lat.] imperial, royal, majestic, sacred, ve­
nerable. Antiquity renders it august and excellent. Glanville. Au­
gust in visage, and serencly bright. Dryden.

AGU＇STA, or AU＇STA, an island in the Gulph of Venice, on the
coast of Dalmatia. Lat. 42° 35′ N. Long. 17° 40′ E.

AUGUSTA＇LIA, festivals instituted in honour of Cæsar Augustus, on
the 12th of August, because in this month he returned to Rome, adorn­
ed with laurels of victory and conquest, having left all the provinces
of the empire in peace.

AUGUSTA＇LIS, Lat. [among the Romans] 1. A title given to the
pontiff or priest, who directed or superintended the games performed
in honour of Augustus. 2. A title given by the Romans to all the
officers of the emperor＇s palace. 3. To certain magistrates in cities.
4. To the leader of the first ranks in an army.

AUGU＇STAN, adj. what belongs to Augustus or to Augusta; as, Au­
gustan age, Augustan poets, &c.

AUGUSTAN Confession, a confession of Christian faith made by the
protestants in Augusta, i. e. Augsburg, in Germany, A. C. 1550.

AUGU＇STIN Friars, a sect of black friars, of the order of St. Au­
gustin.

AUGUSTI＇NIANS, a sect who held that the gates of heaven were
not opened till the general resurrection.

AUGU＇STNESS [of august] majesticalness, venerableness, loftiness of
mien or visage.

A＇VIARY [aviarium, of avis, a bird] a place inclosed where birds
are kept. In aviaries of wire, to keep birds of all sorts, the Italians
include great scope of ground. Wotton.

AVI＇DITY [avidité, Fr. avidità, It. of aviditas, of avidus, cove­
tous] greediness, eagerness, insatiable or immoderate desire.
There stands avidity with ardent eye. Table of Cebes.

AVI＇GLIANO, a small town of Piedmont, in Italy, situated about
seven miles west of Turin.

AVI＇GNON, a large city of Province, in France, situated about 20
miles south of Orange, on the east side of the river Rhone: it is an
archbishop＇s see, and, with the whole district of Venaissine, subject
to the pope. Lat. 43° 50′ N. Long. 4° 40′ E.

A＇VILA, a beautiful city of Old Castile, in Spain, situated 55 miles
north-west of Madrid. Lat. 40° 50′ N. Long. 5° 20′ W.

AVI＇SO, It. advice, intelligence, or advertissement of something.

A＇VITOUS [avitus, Lat.] that which came to us by our ancestors;
ancient, of long standing.

AVISAME＇NTUM [old rec.] advise, counsel.

To AVI＇SE, or To AVIZE [aviser, Fr.] 1. To advise or counsel
any one. The husbandman ＇gan him avize. Spenser. 2. In a reci­
procal form, s＇aviser, Fr. to bethink one＇s self. But him avizing,
he that deed forbore. Spenser. 3. To consider. The careful knight
＇gan well avize. Spenser. This word is now obsolete.

AU＇KLAND, a market town, in the bishopric of Durham, near the
conflux of the Were with the Gaunless, 12 miles from Durham, and
148 from London.

AUK, or rather AWK [a contraction of aukward] odd, out of
order. We have heard arrant jangling in the pulpits, professors
ringing as awk as the bells. L＇Estrange.

AU＇KWARD, or A＇WKWARD [æwasd, æwerd, Sax. cross, perverse,
backward] 1. Inclegant, unhandsome, unpolite, ungenteel.
Their manners our tardy apish nation,
Limps after in base awkward imitation. Shakespeare.
2. Untoward, perverse; with to
A kind and constant friend
To all that regularly offend,
But was implacable and aukward
To all that interlop＇d and hawker＇d. Hudibras.
3. Unhandy, clumsy, unready. He was aukward at a trick. Dry­
den.

AU＇KWARDLY, unhandily, ineligantly. He never knew man go
more aukwardly to work. Sidney. When any thing is done aukwardly,
the common saying will pass upon them, that is suitable to their breed­
ing. Locke.

AUK＇WARDNESS [of æward, Sax.] unhandiness, inelegance, odd­
ness. Aukwardness, in the Italians, discovers their airs not to be na­
tural. Addison.

AU＇LCESTER, a market-town in Warwickshire, 105 from London.

AU＇LD [ald, Sax.] an obsolete word signifying old; the Scots still
use it. Take thine auld cloke about thee. Shakespeare.

AU＇LA [old rec.] a court Baron.

AU＇LIC Court [aulicus, Lat. of aula, of ἀυλη. Gr. a court] one of
the supreme courts of the German empire; it has a concurring ju­
risdiction with the chamber of the empire, over all the subjects there­
of, in all processes entered there, and from which redress may be
had by petition to the emperor himself. It is composed of a presi­
dent, who must be a nobleman, a vice-chancellor, who is presented
by the elector of Mentz, to whom he takes an oath, as do the pro­
thonotaries, and the secretaries of chancery, and sixteen assessors or
counselors; but how many of these should be protestants, is not set­
tled by the peace of Westphalia, though complaints have been made
on that head by the protestant states: it is held at Vienna, where the
emperor generally resides. The assessors take an oath of allegiance
to the emperor only, and they are divided into the class of the nobles
and the class of the commoners; the president likewise swears allegiance
to the emperor.

AULIC [aulique, Fr. in some foreign universities] an act which a
young divine maintains upon the admission of a new doctor of divinity.

AULN [aulne, Fr. in France] a measure at Rouen; it is equal to
an ell English; at Lions, 1. 016. at Calais, to 1. 52. and at Paris, to
0. 95.

AULPS, a town of Provence, in France, in the diocese of Frejus.
Lat. 43° 40′ N. Long. 7° 5′ E.

To AUMA＇IL [from maille, Fr. the mesh of a net; whence a coat of
amail, a coat with network of iron. Johnson. An obsolete word] to
figure, to variegate.
In golden buskins of costly cordwaine,
All hard with golden bendes, which were entail＇d
With curious anticks and full fair aumail＇d. Spenser.

AU＇MBRY [armoire, Fr. armaro, It. of armarium, Lat.] a cup­
board for victuals. See A＇MBRY.

No sooner up, but the head in the AU＇MBRY; a reprimand, parti­
cularly to children and servants, who are eating as soon as they get out
of bed.

AUNE, or AWME, a German measure of Rhenish wine, contain­
ing 40 gallons English. See AWME.

AU＇MELET, or A＇MELET [amelette, Fr.] a pancake made of eggs,
after the French way.

AU＇MONE [aumosne, Fr.] a law word for alms.

Tenure in AU＇MONE [law term] is where lands have been given to
a church or religious house, on condition that some sort of service be
performed; as that prayers be said for the good of the soul of the
donor.

AU＇MONER, Fr. a distributer of alms, an almoner.

AU＇NCEL Weight [probably q. d. handsale weight] an ancient sort
of weight or balance, with scales pendant, or hooks hanging to each
end of a beam, which being raised upon the forefinger or hand,
shewed the difference between the thing weighed and the weight.
But this, by reason of deceit used in it, was forbidden and quite pro­
hibited, 22 Charles II.

AU＇NCIATUS [old rec.] antiquated.

AU＇NCIS, a maritime province of France, on the western shore of
the bay of Biscay, having the province of Poictou on the north, and
Santoigne on the south.

AUNT [tante, Fr. amita, Lat.] the father＇s or the mother＇s sister;
the corrorelative is nephew and niece.

AVOCA＇DO [Sp. persica, Lat.] a tree that grows in great plenty in
the Spanish West-Indies, as also in Jamaica, and hath been transplan­
ed into the English settlements in America, upon account of its fruit,
which is very necessary for the support of life: it is of itself very in­
sipid, for which reason they eat it with the juice of lemons and sugar.
Miller.

To A＇VOCATE [avocatum, sup. of avoco, of a, from, and voco, Lat.
to call] to call away from business. Their divesture of mortality dis­
penses them from labours and avocating duties. Boyle.

AVOCA＇TION [avocatio, of avoco, Lat.] 1. The act of calling
away. The avocations of our senses are impediments. Glanville.
2. The call that summons away, the business that calls aside. 3. With
from. God injects into the soul, powerful avocations from sin.
South.

AVOCATO＇RIA, Lat. a mandate of the emperor of Germany, to a
private subject of the empire, to stop his unlawful proceedings.

To AVO＇ID, verb act. [vuider, Fr. to empty, when it signifies to
void, or rather of eviter, Fr. which has exactly the same proper signi­
fication, which is to shun; evitare, It. evitàr, Sp.] 1. To shun, to
escape. Avoid what God forbids. Tillotson. 2. To endeavour to
shun. The fashion of the world is to avoid cost, and you encounter it.
Shakespeare. 3. To quit or leave, to avacuate; as, avoid the house.
Shakespeare. Avoid the country, avoid the room. Bacon. 4. To op­
pose or hinder the effect of a thing. Removing that which causeth
putrefaction, doth prevent and avoid putrefaction. Bacon.

To AVOID, verb neut. 1. To withdraw, to retire. David avoided
out of his presence. 1 Sam. 2. To become vacant. Bishoprics are
not included under benefices; so that if a person takes a bishopric, it
does not avoid. Ayliffe. For avoid, in this sense, we commonly use void.

To AVOID [in a physical sense] to discharge or cast forth by urine,
stool, &c.

AVO＇IDABLE [from avoid] that which may be avoided. Want of
exactness is scarce avoidable. Boyle.

AVO＇IDANCE [from avoid] 1. The act of avoiding. Avoidance of
what is hurtful. Watts, 2. The course by which any thing is con­
veyed and carried off. For avoidances and drainings of water we shall
speak. Bacon.

AVOI＇DANCE [in law] is when a benefice becomes void of an in­
cumbent, which is either in fact or law.

AVOIDANCE [in fact] is by the death of the incumbent.

AVOIDANCE [in law] may be by cession, plurality, deprivation,
designation, &c.

AVO＇IDER [from avoid] 1. He that avoids or shuns any thing.
2. He that carries any thing away. 3. The vessel in which a thing is
carried away.

AVO＇IDLESS [from avoid] that which cannot be avoided or shunned.
That avoidless ruin in which the empire would be involved. Dennis.

AVOIRDUPO＇IS [Fr. i. e. to have full weight] a weight of 16
ounces to the pound, commonly used in weighing grocery, and most
commodities that have waste or refuse; one pound averdupois being
equally to 14 oz. 11 pen. 15 gr. troy weight. Probably the Romans
left their ounce in Britain, which is now our averdupois ounce; for
our troy ounce we had elsewhere. Arbuthnot.

AVOIRDUPOIS [in law] such merchandises as are weighed by this
weight, and not by troy weight.

AVOLA＇TION [Fr. avolatum, sup. of avolo, Lat. to fly] the act of
flying away, escape; Brown and Glanville use the word: in chemi­
stry, the act of evaporating.

A＇VON, a river of England, which taking its rise in Wiltshire, runs
by Bath, where it becomes navigable, and continues its course by
Bristol, below which it falls into the sea.

AVON, is also the name of a river in Leicestershire, running south by
Warwick and Evesham, and falling into the Severn at Tewksbury in
Gloucestershire.

AVO＇SETTA, a bird called a scooper.

To AVOU＇CH [avouer, Fr.] 1. To affirm, to assert or maintain
peremptorily; for avouch we now commonly use vouch. They boldly
avouched that they only had the truth. Hooker. 2. To produce in fa­
vour of any person, to vouch or answer for another. Such antiquities
could have been avouched for the Irish. Spenser. 3. To vindicate, to
justify. You will think you made no offence, if the duke avouch the
justice of your dealing. Shakespeare.








AVOUCH [from the verb] evidence, declaration. The try＇d avouch
of mine own eyes. Shakespeare.

AVOU＇CHABLE [from avouch] that may be avouched.

AVOU＇CHER [from avouch] he that avouches.

To AVO＇W [avouer, Fr.] to own with confidence, not to dissem­
ble, to justify peremptorily and openly.

To AVOW [in law] to justify a thing already done.

AVOW＇ABLE [from avow] that which may be avowed or openly
declared.

AVOW＇AL [from avow] open declaration.

AVO＇WEDLY, openly, manifestly, in an avowed manner. Wilmot
could not avowedly except against the other. Clarendon.

AVOWE＇E, or ADVOWE＇E [avoué, Fr. law term] he to whom the
right of advowson of any church belongs, so that he may present
thereto in his own name; and is distinguished from those who present
in another＇s name, as a guardian for his ward, &c.

AVO＇WRY [advouerie, Fr.] is when a distress has been taken for a
rent, &c. and the party distrained sues a replevin; the taker shall have
avowry, or justify his plea for what cause he took it.

AVOW＇SAL [from avow] a confession.

AVOW＇TRY [avolterio, It.] adultery. See ADVOU＇TRY.

AUPISA＇LLER, a phrase sometimes used by English writers, to sig­
nify at the worst. Fr.

AU＇RA, a gentle gale or blast of wind; an airy exhalation or va­
pour, a gentle breeze, or cool air. Lat.

AU＇RACH, a town of Swabia, in Germany, situated about 15 miles
east of Tubingen. Lat. 48° 25′ N. Long. 9° 20′ E.

AURA＇NCHES, a large, strong, and well situated city of France, in
Lower Normandy. Lat. 48° 41′ N. Long. 1° 16′ W.

AURA＇NTIUM [of aurum, Lat. gold] an orange so called from its
colour.

AU＇RAY, a sea-port town of Brittany, in France, about 18 leagues
south-east of Port-Lewis. Lat. 47° 40′ N. Long. 2° 45′ W.

AURA＇TUS Eques, Lat. a knight batchelor.

AU＇REA Alexandrina [Lat. in medicine] a sort of opiate or anti­
dote.

AU＇REATE, a sort of pear.

AURE＇LIA [Lat. in botany] the herb golden floramour or gold
Stæchados.

AURELIA [Lat. with naturalists] the first apparant change of the
eruca, or maggot of any insect.

AURENGA＇BAD, a large city in the province of Visiapour, in India,
on this side the Ganges. Lat. 19° 15′ N. Long. 75° 30′ E.

AURE＇OLA [Lat. with Romish schoolmen] a special reward bestow­
ed on martyrs, virgins, doctors, and other saints, on account of their
having performed works of supererogation.

AUREO＇LA [Lat. with painters, &c.] a crown of glory with which
saints, martyrs, and confessors are adorned, as a mark of their having
obtained victory.

AURE＇US [Lat. from aurum, Lat. gold] called also solidus aureus,
a gold coin current among the ancient Romans, equivalent to 25 de­
narii, or 100 sesterces. According to Dr. Arbuthnot the aureus weigh­
ed double the denarius, and therefore must have been worth 1l. 0s. 9d.

AU＇RES, an ancient punishment among the Saxons, of cutting off
the ears of church robbers, and other felons.

AURICHA＇LCUM [ορειχαλκον] a fictitious metal, commonly called
brass, made of copper and lapis calaminaris.

AU＇RICLE [in anatomy] 1. The external ear, or that part of it that
is prominent from the head. 2. Two appendages of the heart, being
two muscular caps or bags covering the two ventricles thereof, and
seated at its basis; they move regularly like the heart, only in an in­
verted order, their systole corresponding to the diastole of the heart.

AURI＇COMUM [in botany] a kind of crowfoot. Lat.

AURI＇CULA, a little ear, the outside of the ear. Lat.

AURICULA [with botanists] the herb borage; also the flower called
bear＇s-ear, or ricolus.

AURICULA Judea [in pharmacy] jew＇s-ear, a sort of substance that
grows on the trunk of the elder tree. Lat.

AURICULA Leporis [in botany] hare＇s-ear, or scorpion-wort. Lat.

AURICULA Muris [in botany] the herb mouse-ear. Lat.

AURICULÆ Cordis [with anatomists] the two auricles of the heart,
seated at the basis, over the ventricles; their use is to receive the ve­
nal blood from the vena cava and pulmonaris, and as it were to mea­
sure it into the ventricles.

AURI＇CULAR [auriculaire, Fr. auriculare, It. auriculàr, Sp. of au­
ricularis, of auricula, of auris, the ear, Lat.] 1. That is within the
sense or reach of hearing. You shall hear us confer, and by an auri­
cular assurance have your satisfaction. Shakespeare. 2. That is
spoken in the ear; as,

AURICULAR Confession [with Roman catholics] such as they whis­
per in the ears of their priests and fathers confessors.

AURICULA＇RIS Digitus, the little-finger so called, because it is used
commonly to pick the ear. Lat.

AURICULARIUS, Lat. a secretary, old rec.

AURI＇CULARLY [from auricular] in a secret manner, in the ear.
These confess not auricularly, but in a loud voice. Decay of Piety.

AURI＇CULUM, a case that contains gold, or gold calcin＇d to
powder.

AURI＇FEROUS [aurifer, Lat.] producing or bearing gold.
Mountains big with mines,
Whence many a bursting stream auriferous plays. Thomson.

AU＇RIFLAM, or AU＇RIFLAMBE, the purple standard of St. Denis,
borne formerly in the wars against infidels, but lost in Flanders.

AURI＇GA, a carter, a waggoner or charioteer; also a northern con­
stellation, consisting of 68 stars. Lat.

AURI＇GO [with physicians] the yellow jaundice. Lat.

AURIPIGME＇NTUM, a sort of arsenic of a gold colour, yellow orpi­
ment. Lat.

AURI＇GRAPHY [of aurum and γραϕη, Gr. writing] a writing with
gold.

AU＇RILLAC, a neat and well built city of France, in the Upper
Auvergne, noted for its trade in bone lace. Lat. 54° 44′ N.
Long. 3° 31′ E.

AU＇RIS [in anatomy] the ear. See EAR.

AURISCA＇LPIUM [from auris, the ear, and scalpo, Lat. to pick] an
ear-picker.

AURO＇RA, a species of crow-foot.

AURORA, Lat. The morning twilight, the dawn or break of day;
which begins to appear, when the sun is come within 18 degrees of the
horizon, and ends when it is risen above it. 2. The goddess that
opens the gates of day: poetically, the morning.
Aurora sheds
On Indus＇ smiling banks the rosy shower. Thompson.

AURORA was feigned by the ancients the daughter of the sun and
the moon, and was painted a virgin of a ruddy complexion, having
wings, and with a yellow garment. In one hand holding a torch,
and with the other strewing flowers, generally sitting in a chariot of
massive silver.

AURORA borealis [i. e. the northern twilight] an extraordinary
meteor of luminous appearance, which is visible in the night-time, in
the northern parts of the heavens. By the vulgar called streamers.

AURO＇SE, n. adj. [aurosus, Lat.] full of gold; of the same form
with argentose, but alike obsolete.

AU＇RULENT, n. adj. [aurulentus, Lat.] flowing with gold; of the
same form with turbulent, virulent, but obsolete.

AU＇RUM [in chemistry] gold. See GOLD.

AURUM fulminans [with chemists] i. e. thundering gold, a powder
made of gold dissolved in aqua regalis, and precipitated with volatile
spirit of sal armoniac, or oil of tartar; they call it also saffron of gold,
and fulminans, because that being inflammable, not only by fire, but
by a gentle warmth, heated over the fire in a spoon, it fulminates, or
gives a report like thunder. Lat. Some aurum fulminans the fabric
shook. Garth.

AURUM mosaicum, or AURUM musivum, [with chemists] a compo­
sition made use of by painters and statuaries, and sometimes in me­
dicine. It is compounded of a mixture of quicksilver, sal armo­
niac, tin, and sulphur, sublimed all together. Lat.

AURUM potabile [i. e. drinkable gold] gold rendered liquid, or, as
some define it, a medicine made of the body of gold, reduced (with­
out any corrosive) into a substance, blood red, gummy, or like ho­
ney, which gummy substance, steeped in spirit of wine, acquires a
ruby colour, and is called tincture of gold.

AURUM potabile [with physicians] some rich cordial, with pieces
of leaf-gold in it. Lat.

AURUM Reginæ, Lat. [i. e. queen＇s gold] a certain revenue pecu­
liar to a queen, consort of Great-Britain.

AU＇SPEX [quasi avispex, of aves aspicio, Lat. to look upon birds]
a diviner by birds. The manner of his performing this divination
was thus: the auspex stood upon a tower, with his head covered with
a gown peculiar to his office, which was called læna, and turning his
face towards the east, holding a short strait rod in his hand, only a
little turning at one end, called lituus; he marks out the heavens in­
to four quarters; having done this, he stays and waits for the omen,
on which quarter the birds fly on.

AU＇SPICE, auspicia, plur. of auspicium, Lat. or AU＇SPICE [of
avis, a bird, and aspicio, to behold or observe] 1. Observations
and predictions by omens, taken from birds. 2. Protection, fa­
vour shewn from above, or from any superior or prosperous person to
any other.
Great father Mars, and greater Jove,
By whose high auspice Rome hath stood. Ben Johnson.
3. Influence; good derived from the piety of a patron or protector to
his client.
May he live long, that town to sway
Which by his auspice they will nobler make,
As he will hatch their ashes by his stay. Dryden.

AUSP＇ICIA [Fr. auspicio, It. and Sp. of auspicium, Lat.] a kind of
soothsaying among the Romans by the flight, chirping, &c. of birds;
also protection. Some of these auspicia or omens were taken from
the chattering or singing of birds, and others from their flying: the
former they called oscines, the latter præpetes; of the first sort were
crows, pies, owls, &c. of the second, eagles, vultures, and the
like.
These auspicia were also taken from chickens in a coop, or penn,
and the manner of divining from them was as follows: the auspex or
augur, made his observation early in the morning, and commanding
a general silence, ordered the coop to be opened, and threw down a
handful of corn or crumbs to them, and by their actions afterwards
took the omens.
If the chickens immediately ran fluttering to the meat, if they scat­
tered it with their wings, if they past by it without taking notice of it,
or if they flew away; they accounted the omen to be unfortunate,
and to portend nothing but danger or mischance.
But if they leaped immediately out of the coop, and fell to picking
up the meat so greedily, as to let some of it drop out of their mouths
upon the pavement, they looked upon it as an omen of assured hap­
piness and success.

AUSPI＇CIAL [auspicialis, Lat.] pertaining to soothsaying or divi­
nation.

AUSPI＇CIOUS, or AUSPI＇CIAL [auspicium, auspicialis, Lat.] 1. Hap­
pily begun, having omens of success foreboding good. With happy
and auspicious beginnings you are forming a model of charity. Sprat.
2. Fortunate, prosperous, applied to persons; as, auspicious chief.
3. Favourable, propitious, kind, applied to persons.
Fortune play upon thy prosp＇rous helm
As thy auspicious mistress. Shakespeare.
4. Lucky, applied to things.
Calm seas, auspicious gales. Shakespeare.

AUSPI＇CIOUSLY [from auspicious] prosperously, with happy o­
mens.

AUSPI＇CIOUSNESS [from auspicious] prosperousness, happiness.

AU＇STER, Lat. 1. The south wind. 2. The south part of the
world. This wind was feigned by the poets so extreamly hot, that
it sometimes set fire to towns and ships: according to some, the off­
spring of Astreus and Heribea; and as others feign, of Æolus and
Aurora.

AUSTE＇RE [Fr. austero, It. and Sp. of austerus, Lat. of ἀυστηρος,







Gr.] severe, rigid, crabbed, stern of countenance; also sour of
taste, harsh.

AUSTERE Taste, a taste, which leaves some roughness on the mouth
and tongue, as of unripe fruits, vitriol, &c.

AUSTE＇RELY [from austere] severely, crabbedly.

AUSTE＇RENESS [austeritè, Fr. austerità, It. of austeritas, Lat.] se­
verity, strictness, rigour; also roughness in taste.

AUSTE＇RITY [ἀυστηροτης, Gr. austerite, Fr.] 1. Severity, strictness,
mortified life. What is your sour austerity sent t＇explore. Ben John­
son. This prince lived in the convent with all the rigour and auster­
ity of a capuchin. Addison. 2. Harsh and cruel discipline. Let not
austerity breed servile fear. Roscommon.

AU＇STERLITZ, a small city of Germany in Moravia, capital of a
district of the same name.

AUSTE＇RULOUS [austerulus, Lat.] somewhat harsh.

AU＇STRAL [australis, Lat.] southern.

AUSTRAL Signs [in astronomy] are the six southern signs of the
zodiac, viz. Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius,
and Pisces.

To AU＇STRALIZE [from austral] to tend southward. Good iron
septentriates at one extreme, and australizes at another. Brown.

AU＇STRIA, a circle of Germany, comprehending the archduchy of
Austria, Styria, Corinthia, Carniola, Tyrol, Trent, and Brixen. It
is bounded by Bohemia and Moravia on the north; by Hungary,
Sclavonia, and Croatia on the east; by the dominions of Venice on
the south; and by Bavaria on the west.

AUSTRI＇NE [austrinus, Lat.] southern, southerly.

AUSTU＇RCUS, ASTU＇RCUS, or OSTU＇RCO, a goshawk; hence a fal­
coner, who keeps these kind of hawks, is called an ostringer.

AUTA＇NGELIST [ἀυταγγελος, of ἀυτος, himself, and αγγελος, Gr.
a messenger] a person who does his own message.

AU＇TER DROIT [Fr. a law term] is where persons sue, or are
sued in another＇s right, as executors, administrators, &c.

AU＇TERFOIS Acquit [Fr. in law] a plea by a criminal, that he was
heretofore acquitted of the same treason or felony.

AUTHE＇NTICAL, or AUTHE＇NTIC [authentique, Fr. autentico, It.
and Sp. authenticus, Lat. ἀυθεντικος, of ἀυθεντια, Gr. original au­
thority] that which is of good authority; as, an authentic register. And
Milton speaking of the divine Being, says,
——His great authentic will.
Unless that learned poet uses the term in much the same sense with
the word authentics, i. e. to imply what has its authority from itself,
and not (as in the case of delegated power) from another. See AU­
THENTICS. In which acceptation it answers to the word, αυθενετεω,
αυθεντης, αυθεντια, in Greek; and to original underived authority, in
English. Του μεν Πατρος αυθεντουντος καὶ δωρουμενου την χαριν; του δε νιου
ταυτῃ διακονουμενου, i. e. the Father, by his original underived authori­
ty, appointing and bestowing the grace; and the Son administring it.
Euseb. de Eccles. Theol. lib. 3. And St. Epiphanius does not scruple to
apply the word αυθεντια to that unoriginated manner of existence,
which is peculiar to God the Father. Epiph. Hæres. p. 73. See BAP­
TIZE, and AUTOTHEISM, and John, c. 5. v. 30. compared with
c. 6. v. 38. and c. 16. v. 13.

AUTHE＇NTICALLY, or AUTHE＇NTICKLY [from authentical, or au­
thentic] credibly, after an authentic manner. This point is dubious,
and not authentically decided. Brown.

AUTHE＇NTICALNESS [of authentical] genuineness, the quality of
being supported by good authority. Virtuoso＇s descant upon the va­
lue, rarity, and authenticalness of medals. Addison.

AUTHENTI＇CITY, or AUTHENTI＇CKNESS [from authentic] genu­
ineness, quality of being authentic.

AUTHE＇NTICS, the title of the third volume of the Roman civil
law, so termed, because it has its authority from itself, as proceeding
from the mouth of the emperor. It is a tome of new constitutions ap­
pointed by the emperor Justinian after the code, and introduced into
the body of the law under one book, and called the novels of Justinian.

AU＇THOR [auteur, Fr. autore, It. autor, Sp. and Port. of author,
auctor, Lat.] 1. One who is the first beginner or mover of a thing,
that to which it owes its original. The author of that which causeth
another thing to be, is author of that thing also which thereby is
caused. Hooker. 2. The composer or writer of a book, as contra­
distinguished from a compiler and a translator. An author has the
choice of his own thoughts and words, which a translator has not.
Dryden. 3. The head of a party, faction, &c. The strength of
their amity shall prove the immediate author of their variance.
Shakespeare. 4. He that produces any thing from his loins, the effici­
ent cause. New authors of dissension spring. John Philips.
5. A writer in general.
Their own authors faithfully affirm,
That the land Salike lies in Germany. Shakespeare.

AU＇THORESS, a female author.

AUTHO＇RITATIVE [from authority] 1. Having due authority. 2.
Having but the air of authority. This seems a ludicrous sense. The
mock authoritative manner of the one, and the insipid mirth of the
other. Swift.

AUTHO＇RITATIVELY [from authoritative] by or with a shew of
authority only. No foreign law binds here in England, till it be re­
ceived and authoritatively engrafted into the law of England. Sir Mat­
thew Hale.

AUTHO＇RITATIVENESS [of authoritative] the acting by authority;
also an authoritative appearance.

AUTHO＇RITY [authorité, Fr. autorità, It. autoridàd, Sp. of aucto­
ritas, Lat.] 1. Legal power.
If law, authority, and power deny not,
It will go hard with poor Antonio. Shakespeare.
2. Power, rule, pre-eminence. Suffer not a woman to usurp authority
over the man. 1 Timothy. 3. Credit, with influence upon; as, the
authority of example. 4. Open support, justification, countenance.
Dost thou expect th＇ authority of their voices,
Whose silent wills condemn thee? Ben Johnson.
5. Testimony. This I would be glad to find, by so sweet an authority
confirmed. Sidney 6. Credibility, weight of evidence; as, the sa­
cred authority of scriptures. Hooker.

AUTHORITY is represented by a woman half naked, holding in one
hand a sphere, with the 12 signs of the zodiac; and in the other an
image, which holds in one hand a branch of palm, and in the
other a garland.
Sometimes as a matron, seated in a noble chair, clothed with a
gold embroidered garment, holding a sword in her right hand, and a
double trophy of books and arms by her side. Her age denotes au­
thority, as does also the throne; her splendid habit, the pre-emi­
nence persons in authority have over others; the sword lifted up, shews
the sovereign power; the scepter is likewise, in all nations, a badge
of authority.

AUTHORIZA＇TION, Fr. confirmation or reception by authority. The
obligation of laws arises from their admission and reception, and au­
thorization in this kingdom. Hale.

To AU＇THORIZE [authoriser, Fr. autorizzare, It. autorizàr. Sp.]
1. To impower, to give power or authority to any person. She au­
thorized herself much with making us see, that all power depended
upon her. Sidney. 2. To make a thing lawful. First bid me love,
and authorized my flame. Dryden. 3. To establish a thing by au­
thority. Those forms are best, which have been longest received and
authorized by custom. Temple. 4. To countenance, to justify, or
prove a thing to be right. Their reason does not authorize that de­
sire. 5. To gain credit to any person or thing. A person in vogue
with the multitude, shall authorize any nonsense. South.

AUTO＇CHTHONES [ἀυτοχθωνες, of ἀυτος, self, and χθων, Gr. the
earth] the aborigines, the original and first inhabitants of any coun­
try, q. d. sprung out of the very earth itself, and particularly the most
ancient people of Athens in Greece were so named.

AUTO＇CRASY [of ἀυτος, self, and κρατος, Gr. power] independent
power, and in one＇s self, supremacy.

AUTOCRA＇TICAL, or AUTOCRATO＇RIAL [of ἀυτοκρατορικος, Gr.]
self-powerful, supreme.

AU＇TO DE FE, Sp. an act of faith in the Romish church, is that
solemn punishing of those who are accused of heresy. Upon a Sun­
day or festival, being brought from prison to church, where a sermon
is preached on the subject of faith, and dressed in a frightful manner,
they are delivered over to the civil power to be burnt.

AUTOGE＇NEAL [of ἀτογενης, Gr.] self-begotten, produced by 1 self.

AUTOGRA＇PHICAL [of ἀυτος, one＇s self, and γραϕω, Gr. to write]
of or pertaining to a person＇s own writing.

AUTO＇GRAPHY [autographum, Lat. ἀυτογραϕον, of ἀυτος, self, and
γραϕω, Gr. to write] a person＇s own hand-writing; also the original
of any treatise or discourse, in contradistinction to a copy of it.

AUTO＇LOGY [ἀυτολογια, Gr.] a speaking of or to one＇s own self.

AUTOMA＇TICAL, or AUTO＇MATOUS [of ἀυτοματος, Gr.] self-
moving, belonging to an automaton.

AUTO＇MATON, plur, AUTOMATA [automate, Fr. automato, It. au­
tomaton, Lat. ἀυτοματον, of ἀυτοματος, Gr. spontaneous] a self-moving
engine; a machine which has the principle of motion within itself,
going either by a vice, screw, spring, or weight; any piece of me­
chanism that seems to move of itself, as clock, jack, watch, &c. The
Almighty governs the motions of the great automaton. Glanville.
The automata of this kind. Wilkins.

AUTOMATON [with physic writers] the motion of the heart, the
working of the bowels.

AUTO＇NOMY [ἀυτονομια, of ἀυτος and νομος, Gr. law] the living
according to one＇s mind or prescription.

AUTO＇PSY [autopsia, Lat. of ἀυτοψια, of ἀυτος, self, and οπτομαι,
Gr. to view] the view of any thing taken by the sight; or the seeing
with one＇s own eyes. Ocular demonstration, ocular inspection, au­
topsy convinceth us. Ray.

AUTO＇PTICAL [of ἀυτοπτης, Gr.] perceived by a person＇s own eyes.

AUTO＇PTICALLY [of autoptical] by means of one＇s own eyes. It
autoptically silences that dispute. Brown. The telescope autoptically
confuted it. Glanville.

AUTO＇PHOROS [, ἀυτοϕορος, of ἀυτος and ϕερω, Gr. to bear] 
civil law] in thea thief taken in the very fact, or having the thing he stole
about him.

AUTOTHE＇ISM, the principle or opinion of God＇s subsisting of Him­
self, and independent of all will and production; or that manner of
existence by which the first cause and FATHER of the universe is dis­
tinguished from all other beings. See SELF-EXISTENCE and ATHA­
NASIANS.

AUTOTHE＇IST [of ἀυτος and Θεος, Gr. God] one who believes
God＇s self-subsistence.

AU＇TUMN [automne, Fr. autunno, It. otonno, Sp. outono, Port. of
autumnus, Lat.] harvest, the time from the sixth of August to the sixth
of November, the season which is between summer and winter. It
begins astronomically, when the sun enters the sign Libra, making
equal day and night. The Egyptians used to express autumn [hiero­
glyphically] by a serpent distilling venom into the body of a man.

AUTUMN Calvile, a sort of apple.

AUTUMN, as an allegorical deity, was represented by the ancients
as a woman, comely, though ripe in years, richly clad, crowned with
a garland of vine leaves, having in one hand a bunch of grapes, in
the other a cornu copiæ filled with fruit.
It is also represented by a man in perfect age, clothed like the au­
tumn, and likewise girt with a starry girdle; he holds in one hand a
a pair of scales equally poised, with a globe in each; in the other a
bunch of divers fruits and grapes. Most of these are declared in the
autumn, they being the same age denotes the perfection of this season,
when fruits are ripe, The balance or libra is one of the twelve signs
of the zodiac.

AUTUMN is likewise frequently represented by the goddess Pomona.

AUTUMN [with alchymists] the time or season when the operation
of the philosopher＇s stone is brought to maturity.

AUTU＇MNAL [automnal, Fr. autumnale, It. otonàl, Sp. of autumna­
lis, Lat.] of or pertaining to autumn, produced in autumn; as, au­
tumnal star, and autumnal sun, in Milton and Pope.

AUTUMNAL Point [in astronomy] is one of the equinoctial
points; being that from which the sun begins to descend towards the
south pole.

AUTUMNAL Equinox [in astronomy] the time when the sun is in
the autumnal point.

AUTUMNAL Signs [in astronomy] are those through which the sun
passes during the autumn season; they are Libra, Scorpius, and Sa­
gittarius.








AUTUMNA＇LIA, those fruits of the earth that are ripe in autumn or
harvest. Lat.

AUTU＇MNITY [autumnitas, Lat.] the time of harvest, the fall of
the leaf.

AU＇TUN, a city of Burgundy in France, situated on the river Ar­
roux. Lat. 46° 50′ N. Long. 4° 15′ E.

AUTU＇RGY [auturgia, Lat. ἀυτουργια, of ἀυτος, self, and εργον, Gr.
work] self-working, an operation performed by a man＇s own hands;
it is opposed to what he does by the instrumentality of another.

AVU＇LSION, [avulsio, of avello, Lat.] act of pulling or plucking
away or from any thing else. The avulsion of two polished superfi­
cies from one another. Locke.

AUX. See AUGE.

AUX, the capital city of Gascony in France. It is one of the
richest archbishop＇s sees in that kingdom. Lat. 43° 40′ N. Long. 0°
20′ E.

AU＇XERRE, a city of Burgundy in France, on the river Yonne.
Lat. 47° 40′ N. Long. 3° 35′ E.

AUXE＇SIS [αυξησις, Gr. increase, with rhetoricians] a magnifying
or enlarging upon any thing too much, or an exornation, when a
more grave and magnificent word is put instead of the proper word.

AUXI＇LIAR, or AUXILI＇ARY, adj. [auxiliaire, Fr. ausiliario, It.
of auxiliaris, Lat.] that come to aid or assist; helpful, confederate.
The giant brood mixt with auxiliar gods. Milton.
Their tractates are little auxiliary unto ours. Brown.
Aid he craves
To help him with auxiliary waves. Dryden.

AUXILIAR, or AUXILIARY, subst. a helper, a confederate.

AUXI＇LIARIES [in military affairs] are auxiliary forces, or regi­
ments raised in the city of London upon some extaordinary occasion,
to assist the trained bands; also the forces of a foreign prince sent to
the assistance of another. Underling auxiliars to the difficulty of a
work called commentators. Pope.

AUXI＇LIARY Verbs [with grammarians] are such as help to form
or conjugate others, as, to have, am, to be, in English; estre, avoir,
in French.

AUXI＇LIUM, aid, help, succour, supply. Lat.

AUXILIUM [with physicians] any medicine that is good against a
disease. Lat.

ANXILIUM Curiæ [old records] a precept or order of court, for
the citing and summoning one party at the suit of another. Lat.

AUXILIUM facere alicui in Curiâ Regis [i. e. to be the assistant to
and sollicitor for another in the king＇s court] an office in ancient times,
solemnly undertaken by some courtiers for their dependants. Lat.

AUXILIUM ad filium militem faciendum, aut filiam maritandam, a
writ directed to the sheriff of every county to levy or collect a reaso­
nable aid toward knighting the king＇s son, or marrying his daugh­
ter.

AUXILIUM Patere [a law term] to pray aid or suit in a cause; as
when an inferior tenant is impleaded, and is incapable to defend the
right in his own name, he prays aid of the superior lord to assist and
justify his plea. Lat.

AUXILIUM Regis, money raised for the king＇s use, and service.
Lat.

AUXILIUM Vicecomitum, the aid or customary duties paid to the
sheriff, for the better support of his office. Lat.

AUXO＇NE, a small city of Burgundy, in France, situated on the
river Soane, seven miles west of Dol. Lat. 47° 15′ N. Long. 5°
22′ E.

AWAI＇T [in ancient statutes] a way-laying, or lying in wait to
do mischief. Thousand perils lie in close await. Spenser.

To AWAIT [of a and wait, wachten, Du. or warten, or aufwarten,
Ger.] 1. To wait for, to expect.
He awaits the falling of the murd＇ring knife. Fairfax.
2. To attend upon, to be in store or reserve for.
Reward awaits the good. Milton.

To A＇WAKE, irr. ver neut. [op-wecken, Du. aufwecken, H. Ger.]
to come out of a sleep, to cease from sleeping.

To AWAKE, to AWAKEN, or to WAKE, verb act. preter. awoke,
now more commonly awaked [aweccean, weccian, Sax. wecken, Du.
and Ger.] 1. To rouse any one out of a sleep. I go that I may a­
wake him out of sleep. St. John. 2. To raise from the dead, or any
state resembling sleep.
It rais＇d up his head,
As awak＇d from the dead. Dryden.
3. To put any thing into new action.
Repairs her smiles, awakens ev＇ry grace,
And calls forth all the wonders of her face. Pope.
N. B. This verb active is regular.

AWAKE, adj. not sleeping.

AWA＇RD [from the verb] generally is any judicial sentence, but
properly it is applied to the judgment or determination of a person
who is neither appointed by the law, nor by any judge, to compose a
difference between persons, but chosen by the persons at variance; a
sentence or judgment of arbitrators.

To AWARD [of a and werd, Sax. towards, so derived by Skinner,
somewhat improbably. Johnson] to give a judgment or determining
sentence judicially; as, the court awards it.

To AWARD, verb. neut. to determine or judge in general.
Th＇ unwise award to lodge it in the tow＇rs. Pope.

To AWARD [or bear off] a blow.

A＇WARE, adj. [bare, Dan. gewaer, Du. gewahr, Ger. gehawian,
Sax.] foreseeing, watchful, attentive. Ere I was aware, I had left
myself nothing but the name of king. Sidney.

AWA＇Y, adv. [aweg, Sax. wech, Du. weg, Ger.] 1. Absent. 2. To
go from any person or place. I have a pain here—＇twill away again.
Shakespeare. 3. Come let us go.
Away, old man, give me thy hand, away. Shakespeare.
4. Begone away, and glister like the god of war. Shakespeare. 5.
Out of one＇s own power into that of another. It concerns every one
who will not trifle away his soul. Tillotson. 6. It is often used with a
verb, and denotes fooling idly, till any thing be gone. He play＇d his
life away. Pope. 7. On the way, on the road. Perhaps this is the
original import of the following phrase.
Sir Valentine, whether away so fast? Shakespeare.
8. Perhaps the phrase he cannot away with, may mean, he cannot
travel with, he cannot bear the company of any. She never could
away with me.—She could not abide master Shallow. Shakespeare.
9. Away with; throw or take away.
Away with your sheephooks, and take to your arms. Dryden.

To bear AWAY [æweg bæran, Sax.] to carry away.

To drive AWAY [æweg drifan, Sax.] to drive off or from a
place.
When the rat is AWAY, the mice play.
Quand il n＇y a point de chat, les rats se promenent à leur aise. Fr. The
Latins say: Oculus domini saginat equum. The Germans: Des herrn
auge mastet das pferd. (The masters eye makes the horse fat.) The
Spanish: Vánse los gátos, estiend ense los rátos.
These proverbs are applied to servants, who, in their masters ab­
sence, are but too apt to spend their time in playing, junketting, and
revelling.

AWE [properly of achte, Ger. heed, care, ege, oga, Sax. Johnson]
reverential fear, dread, observance, respect. Awe without amaze­
ment, and dread without distraction. South.

To stand in AWE, to be in fear, have a great respect for any one.

To AWE, to strike with reverential fear.

An AWE-BAND [of awe and band] a check upon one.

A＇WFUL [of achte, Teut. and full, Sax. of awe and full] 1. Apt to
strike with awe or reverence. Thy awful brow, more awful they
retir＇d. Milton. 2. Worshipful, as being invested with authority or
dignity. This sense is obsolete.
Ungovern＇d youth
Thrust from the company of awful men. Shakespeare.
3. Struck with awe, scrupulous. This sense is rare. It is not nature
and strict reason, but a weak and awful reverence for antiquity.
Watts.

A＇WFULLY, in a manner proper to awake awe in a reverential
way.

A＇WFULNESS, 1. Quality of striking with awe, reverential solem­
nity. Night heightens the awfulness of the place, and pours out her
horrors upon every thing. Addison. 2. The state of being struck with
reverential awe. It produces in us reverence and awfulness to the di­
vine majesty. Taylor.

To AWHA＇PE [this word I have only met with in Spenser, nor can
I discover whence it is derived; but imagine, that the Teutonic
language had anciently wapen to strike, or some such word, from
which weapons, or offensive arms, took their denomination. Johnson]
To strike, to confound.
Ah my dear gossip, answer＇d then the ape,
Deeply do your sad words my wits awhape,
Both for because your grief doth great appear,
And eke because myself am touched near. Spenser.

AWHI＇LE. [This word generally reputed an adverb, is only a­
while] sometime, some space of time.

AWK. See A.

A＇WKWARD [æwerd, Sax.] unhandy at doing any thing; also un­
toward. See AUKWARD.

AWL [æle, all, Sax. ael, Du. aal or aale, Ger. alene, Fr.] a sharp­
pointed tool used by shoemakers, and others.

A＇WLESS [from awe, and the neg. less] 1. Having no reverence
or awe
He claims the bull with awless insolence. Dryden.
2. Not having the power to strike with awe.
Insulting tyranny begins to jut
Upon the innocent and awless throne. Shakespeare.

AWME, or AUME, a Dutch measure of capacity for liquids, con­
taining eight steckans, or twenty verges or venteels, answering to
what in England is called a tierce, or one sixth of a ton of France,
or one seventh of an English ton. Arbuthnot.

AWN of wine, 350 pounds. See AULN.

AWN, or ANE [arista, Lat. with husbandmen] the spire or beard
of barley, or other bearded grain; also the beard that grows out of
the husk of corn or grass.

A＇WNING [on board a ship] a piece of tarpawling, sail, &c. hung
about the decks, over any part of a ship, to skreen persons from the
weather, sun, rain, &c. Of these boards I made an awning over
me. Robinson Crusoe.

A＇WNSEL Weight. See AUNCEL WEIGHT.

AWO＇KE, pret. of awake. See To AWAKE.

AWO＇RK, adv. [of a and work] in a state of work, on work.
The condition sets us awork to the performances of it. Hammond.

AWO＇RKING, in a state of working.
They never met,
Adventure, which might them aworking set. Spenser.

AWRY＇ [of a and wry] 1. Not in a strait line, in a distorted way,
obliquely.
A violent cross wind from either coast,
Blows them transverse; ten thousand leagues awry. Milton.
2. Asquint. With oblique vision.
It suffices not one look to glance awry. Spenser.
3. Not in a level, not evenly. I step awry where I see no path.
Brerewood. 4. Not equally between a certain point. Her manteau＇s
pinn＇d awry. Pope. 5. Perversely, not rightly. All awry, wit a­
bused to feign reason why it should be amiss. Sidney. See WRY.

AX, or AXE [axe, or aissiou, Fr. asso, It. exe, Sp. eixe, Port. axis,
Lat. acse, eax, Sax. daxe, Dan. axe, Du. and L. Ger. axi, Ger.
akizi, Goth. all of ecge or aegge, Celt. the edge, point, or sharpness
of a thing, of ἀξινη, Gr.] a tool used by carpenters, and other
workmen. It consists of an iron head, with a sharp edge, and is
fitted on a helve or handle, in order to cut timber with.

A＇XBRIDGE, a market-town in Somersetshire, so called from the
river Axe, by which it is watered. It is 8 miles from Wells, and
130 from London.

AXEL, or AXEL-Tree. See AXIS.

AXEL, a small fortified town of Dutch Flanders, situated about 20
miles west of Antwerp. Lat. 51° 20′ N. Long. 3° 40′ E.

AX VETCH, an herb.








AXI＇LLA [in anatomy] the cavity under the upper part of the arm,
commonly called the arm-pit. Lat.

AXI＇LLARY Artery [in anatomy] is that part of the subclavian
branches of the ascending trunk of the aorta, which is got out of the
chest, and passes into the arm-pits.

AXILLARY Veins [in anatomy] the two branches of the ascending
trunk of the vena cava, called also rami subclavii, which run ob­
liquely under the claviculæ, and having passed them go up to the
arm-pits.

A＇XIM, a town on the gold-coast of Guinea, where the Dutch have
a fort and factory, called St. Anthony. Lat. 5° 0′ N. Long. 4°
0′ W.

AXINOMA＇NCY [axinomantia, Lat. of ἀξινομαντεια, of ἀξινη, a hatch­
et, and μαντεια, Gr.] divination by an ax or hatchet, which they fixed
so exactly upon a round stake, that neither end might outpoise or
weigh down the other; then they prayed and repeated the name of
those they suspected; and the person, at whose name the hatchet
made any the least motion, was pronounced guilty.

A＇XIOM [axiome, Fr. assioma, It. axioma, Sp. and Lat. αξιωμα, of
αξιοω, Gr. to demand as proved; or rather, as what is worthy to be
received immediately, and without the being proved, as being clear of
itself] 1. A self-evident truth, or a proposition whose truth every
person perceives at the first sight. 2. A maxim, a general received
ground, principle, or rule in any art or science, that cannot be made
plainer by a demonstration. Their affirmations are unto us no axioms.
Brown.

AXIOMA＇TICS [axiomatici, Lat. of ἀξιοματικοι, Gr.] persons wor­
thy of some dignity or publick office.

A＇XIS, an axle-tree of a cart, coach, waggon, &c.

AXIS, properly signifies a line or long piece of iron or wood, pas­
sing through the centre of a sphere, which is moveable upon the
same.

AXIS [with anatomists] the third vertebra or turning joint from the
scull.

AXIS [with botanists] (by a metaphor taken from the axis of a wheel,
which is that smooth part by which it turns) is the smooth part in the
center of some fruits about which the other parts are disposed.

AXIS [in architecture] a straight line conceived to proceed from the
vertex or top of a figure to the base.

AXIS of the Earth [in geography] is an imaginary right line, upon
which the earth performs its daily rotation.

AXIS of a Planet [in astronomy] is a right line drawn through the
center of the planet, and about which it revolves.

AXIS of a Circle, or AXIS of a Sphere [in astronomy] is a strait
line passing through the center from one side to another, and is the
same as diameter.

AXIS of Rotation, or AXIS of Circumvolution [in geometry] an
imaginary right line, about which any plane figure is conceived to
revolve, in order to generate a solid.

AXIS [in architecture] is otherwise called cathetus, as

AXIS [of the Ionic capital] is a line passing perpendicular through
the middle of the eye of the volute.

Spiral AXIS [in architecture] is the axis of a twisted column drawn
spirally, in order to trace the circumvolutions without.

AXIS of a Magnet, is a line passing through the middle of a magnet
length-wise, in such manner that however the magnet is divided, the
loadstone will be made into two loadstones, if the division be according
to a plane wherein such line is found.

AXIS [in Peritrochio] a machine for the raising of weights, consist­
ing of a cylindrical beam A (Plate IV. Fig. 25) which is the axis,
lying horizontally, and supported at each end by a piece of timber,
and somewhat about it, it hath a kind of tympanum, or wheel B,
which is called the peritrochium, in the circumference of which are
made holes to put in staves (like those of a windless or capstan) in or­
der to turn the axis round the more easily, to raise the weight by a
rope that winds round the axis.

AXIS [in conic sections] is a line that goes through the middle of
the figure, and cutting all the ordinates at right angles, as A P, Plate
IV. Fig. 26.

Transverse AXIS [of an ellipsis or hyperbola] is the axis A P last
defined. It is also called the first or principal axis, in contradistinction
to the conjugate or secondary axis.

Conjugate AXIS, or Secondary AXIS [of an ellipsis] is the line F E
(Plate IV. Fig. 26.) drawn from the center of the figure C, parallel to
the ordinate M N, and perpendicularly to the transverse axis A P.

AXIS Determinate [in an hyperbola] is a right line drawn between
the vertexes or tops of the opposite sections.

AXIS Indeterminate [of an hyperbola] is a right line, which divides
into two equal parts, and at right angles, an infinite number of lines
drawn parallel to one another within the hyperbola.

AXIS [in mechanics] as the axis of a ballance, is the line upon
which it turns or moves.

AXIS of a Cylinder [in mechanics] is that quiescent right line, about
which the parallelogram is turned, which by its revolution forms the
cylinder.

AXIS of a Cone, is the right line or side upon which the triangle
turns or makes its motion in forming the cone.

AXIS [in optics] is the ray, which of all that are sent to the eye,
falls perpendicularly on it, and which consequently passes through the
center of the eye.

Common AXIS, or Mean AXIS [in optics] is a right line drawn
from the point of concourse of the two optic nerves, through the mid­
dle of the right line, and joins the extremity of the optic nerves.

AXIS of a Lens [in optics] is a right line passing along the axis of
that solid, whereof the lens is a segment.

AXIS of any glass [in optics] is a right line drawn perpendicularly
through the center of the glass, and if it be a convex glass, through
the thickest part; or if it be a concave glass, through the thinnest
part (which in each of them is termed the pole of the glass) directly
on the center of the sphere, of which the glass figure is a segment.

AXIS of Oscillation, is a right line parallel to the horizon, passing
through the center about which a pendulum vibrates.

AXIS [in anatomy] is the tooth-like eminence in the second ver­
tebra of the neck.

AXIS of Incidence [in dioptrics] is a right line drawn thro＇ the point
of incidence perpendicularly to the refracting surface.

AXIS of Refraction, is a right line continued from the point of inci­
dence or refraction, perpendicular to the refracting substance, along
the farther medium.

AXIS of the World [in astronomy] is an imaginary line, supposed
to pass thro＇ the centre of the earth from one pole to the other.

AXIS of the Zodiac [in astronomy] is a line conceived to pass thro＇
the earth, and to be bounded in the poles of the zodiac.

A＇XLE, or AX＇LETREE, that part which passes thro＇ the middle of
any wheel, on which its rotations are made.

A＇XMINSTER, a market town of Devonshire, so called from the ri­
ver Axe, on which it stands, and a minster erected here by king Athel­
stan. It is 146 miles from London.

AXU＇NGE, or AXU＇NGIA, Lat. a kind of fat, old lard, or suet, the
softest and moistest of any that is in the bodies of animals; also the
swarf or grease in the axle-tree of a wheel; boar＇s grease.

AXUNGIA [of glass] called also the salt or gall of glass, is a scum
which is taken off from the top of the matter of glass before it is vitri­
fied.

AY, adv. [perhaps from aio, Lat. Johnson] 1. Yes, answering
affirmatively. Opposed to no. Return you thither? Ay, madain.
Shakespeare. 2. Even, yes, certainly, more than that. It enforces
the sense. Remember it, and let it make thee crest-fall＇n;
Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride. Shakespeare.

A＇YAMONTE, a sea-port town of Andalusia in Spain, situated near the
mouth of the river Guadiana. Lat. 37° 0′ N. Long. 8° 5′ W.

AYDU＇NI, a town of Sicily in the valley of Noto, twenty miles
west of Catania.

AYE, adv. [awa, Sax.] always, ever; as, for aye, for ever.

A＇YEL [ayeul, Fr. a law word] a writ that lies where the grandfa­
ther dying possessed of lands or tenements in see simple, and a stranger
abates, so as to dispossess the heir.

AY＇LSBURY, AILSBURY, or ALSBURY, the best market town in
Buckinghamshire, 44 miles from London. It gives the title of earl to
the noble family of Bruce, and sends two members to parliament.

A＇YGREEN, a plant. The same with houseleek.

AY＇LESHAM, a market town in the county of Norfolk, about 11
miles north-east of Norwich, and about one mile distant from Blichlin,
the seat of the worthy Hobart family: it has a most delightful situation,
as though placed in the garden of Norfolk; and is supplied from na­
ture with a mineral water, not unfrequented by invalides.

A＇YRY [eyer, Du. and Ger. eggs, because at that time they are
hatched of eggs] a nest or company of hawks. See AIRY.

AYZAME＇NTA [barb. Lat. in law] easements in grants of convey­
ance, including any liberty of passage, highway, water-course, &c.
for the ease of the tenant.

AZA＇LDUS [in old records] a poor sorry horse, a jade.

A＇ZAMOR, a maritime city of Africa, in the kingdom of Morocco,
and province of Duquela. Lat. 32° 50′ N. Long. 6° 30′ W.

A＇ZAPES [in the Turkish army, of azib, Arab. illiberal, ignoble,
unstrenuous, Gol. the same with asappi [see ASAPPI] the name by
which the Turks distinguish their new-raised soldiery from the Janizaries
and other veteran troops. Dherbelot and Golius compared.

A＇ZEM [by corrupt pronunciation of adim, Arab. great, magnifi­
cent, of high esteem] the appellation given by the Turks to their
grand vizier, vizier-azem. See VIZIER.

A＇ZEROLE [with botanists] a kind of medlar-tree, the leaves of
which are like parsley, the flowers grow in clusters, and have several
leaves, which appear rosewise, the fruit is smaller than a medlar, red,
and of an agreeable taste.

A＇ZIMEN [Arab. of azama, Arab. the year, or fortune is adverse,
and particularly by way of scarcity of corn, Gol.] with astrologers cer­
tain degrees in the zodiac, so termed, because they pretend that per­
sons born when any of them ascend, are commonly afflicted with
blindness, lameness, or some other natural imperfection.

A＇ZIMUTH [in astronomy] is an arch of the horizon comprehended
between the meridian of the place and the azimuth or vertical circle
passing through the centre of the object, which is equal to the angle at
the zenith, formed by the meridian and vertical circle.

AZIMUTH Compass, an instrument used at sea for finding the sun＇s
magnetical azimuth.

AZIMUTH Dial, one whose style or gnomen is at right angles to the
plane of the horizon.

Magnetical AZIMUTH [in astronomy] is the apparent distance of
the sun from the north or south point of the compass.

A＇ZIMUTHS [in astronomy] are great vertical circles, which cut one
another in the points called zenith and nadir, as the meridians or hour
circles do in the poles, and pass through all the degrees of the horizon
at right angles. See ZENITH.

AZO＇NES [of α priv. and ζωνη, Gr. a zone or country: with mytho­
logists] such gods as were not divinities, of any particular country, but
were acknowledged as gods in every country, and were worshipped by
every nation.

AZO＇RES, islands of the Atlantic Ocean in 40 degrees of north lati­
tude, where some geographers place the first meridian for the longi­
tude.

AZO＇TH [with alchymists] 1. The first matter of metals. 2. An
universal medicine. 3. The mercury of a metal.

A＇ZURE, adj. [of azur, Fr. azurro, It. or azul, Sp. which signifies
blue, or of lapis lazulus, Lat.] also a saint blue, such is the colour of
the sky.

AZURE [in heraldry] i. e. blue; this colour, Guillim says, consists
of much red and a little white, and represents the colour of the sky in a
clear, sun-shiny, day, and in engraving is expressed by lines drawn
across the shield, as in Plate IV. Fig. 27.
This colour signifies justice, chastity, humility, loyalty, and eternal
felicity; of worldly virtues, beauty, praise, meekness, humility, vic­
tory, perseverance, riches, vigilance, and recreation; of the planets
Venus and Jupiter; of metals, tin; of precious stones, the Turky
stone; of the months of the year, September; of the days of the week,
Wednesday and Friday; of trees, the poplar; of flowers, the violet;
of four-footed animals, the cameleon; of fowls, the peacock; of hu­
man constitutions, the sanguine; and of the ages, youth.








The AZURE, the sky or firmament. Milton.

A＇ZYGOS [ἀζυγος, Gr. of α priv. without, and ζυγος, a yoke] a
notable vein proceeding from the vena cava, and passing to the verte­
bra of the back, it takes its name from its being single within the tho­
rax on the right side, and having no fellow on the left; hence the name
azygos and vena sine pari.

A＇ZYMA [of ἀζυμος, of α, priv. without, and ζυμη, Gr. leaven] the
feast of unleavened bread observed by the Jews for seven days before
the passover, during which time it was unlawful to eat leavened bread.

A＇ZYMITES [ἀζυμιτες, Gr.] persons who communicate of the eucha­
rist with unleavened bread. Query if this was not (in imitation of
Christ＇s example) observed by the primitive churches in general?












B.

B B Roman, B b Italick, B b English, B β Greek, ב He­
brew, are the second letters of these alphabets.

B is pronounced, as in most other European Languages,
by pressing the whole length of the lips together, and forcing
them open with a strong breath; and therefore is one of the
labials: as a mute it hath a middle power between the smooth sound of
p, and the rougher sound of f or v. The Spaniards in most words use
b or v indifferently,

B, in English words, is not heard or pronounced after m, in the
same syllable, as climb, dumb, rhumb, thumb, &c. and in some words
after m, it takes the place of e, quiescent, to lengthen the syllable,
as in climb, comb, womb, &c.

B is used as an abbreviation of several words, as B. A. Baccalaureus
Artium, a batchelor of arts; B. V. Beata Virgo, i. e. the blessed vir­
gin, sc. Maria.

B [in quotations of authors] stands for book.

B [with the ancients] a numeral denotes 300.

B, with a dash over it, signifies 3000.

B [in music books] signifies bass or basso.

B. C. [in music books] denote basso continuo, It.

B MI [in the scale of music] is the third note.
Foreigners learning the English tongue, must take care to distinguish
very well between p and b, there being a great many words of very
different significations, which have no other distinction; as ball, pall;
bear, pear; bill, pill; blot, plot; brawn, prawn; bull, pull, &c. The
High Germans are very apt to confound these two letters as they do
in their own tongue, and when they have occasion to name them, for
fear of being misunderstood, they say hard p, or soft b.

BAA, the cry of a lamb or sheep.

To BAA [balo, Lat.] to cry like a sheep or lamb. A word taken
from the sound.
Like a lamb, whose dam away is set.
He treble baas for help, but none can get. Sidney.

BA＇AL [Heb. lord] the name of a false god or idol, so called in
scripture. Have not bow＇d the knee to Baal. Kings.

BA＇ALBEC [by corruption Balbec] a city of Syria or Cœlosyria,
about 18 French leagues from Damascus. Dherbelot. See BALBEC.

BAA＇LIM, or BAALIMS [בעלים, Heb. i. e. lords] Buxtorf ex­
plains the word by dii tutelares, i. e. tutelary gods; and the learned
Mr. Mede (when explaining 1 Cor. viii. 4—6) has given us the full
force of the word: “Tho＇ there be GODS MANY, says he, (that is,
many celestial and sovereign deities) and LORDS MANY (that is, many
BAALIMS, lords-agents, and presidents of earthly things) yet to us
Christians there is but one sovereign God, the Father of whom are all
things, and we [εις αυτον, as it is in the Greek] to Him (i. e. to
whom, as supreme, we are to direct all our services) and but one Lord
Jesus Christ, one Lord-agent, (instead of their many BAALIMS, and
dæmon-mediators) by whom are all things which come from the Fa­
ther to us, and through whom alone we find access to Him.” The
allusion methinks is passing elegant, and such as cannot (I think) be
well understood without this distinction of superior and inferior deities
in the divinity of the Gentiles; they having a plurality in both sorts,
and we but ONE in each, as our apostle affirms. Mede＇s Discourse on
2 Peter ii. 1.

BA＇ANITES [from one Baanes their ring-leader] a christian sect in
the ninth century, who taught the errors of the Manicheans.

BA＇AR, a country of Suabia in Germany, in the principality of
Fursteinburg, near the source of the Danube and the Necker.

BA＇ARD [in old records] a sort of sea vessel or transport ship.

BA＇BA, a city of European Turky, upon the Black Sea, between
Prostoviza and Catie.

To BA＇BBLE [babiller, Fr. babbelen, Du. and O. Ger.] 1. To prattle
imperfectly like a child. My babbling praises I repeat no more. Prior.
2. To prate or talk foolishly or idly. Hard words John used to babble
indifferently in all companies. Arbuthnot. 3. To talk without think­
ing, to blab secrets. There is more danger in a silent friend than in a
babbling enemy. L＇Estrange. 4. To talk much. The babbling eccho
mocks the hounds. Shakespeare.

B＇ABBLE [babil, Fr.] simple talk, idle prate, mere prattle.

BA＇BBLEMENT [of babble] foolish prate. Deluded with ragged no­
tions and babblements, while they expected worthy and delightful
knowledge. Milton.

BA＇BBLER [un babillard, Fr.] a prater, a foolish talker.

BA＇BBLER, an enemy to good manners, and a profane person [hie­
roglyphically] were represented by a grunting hog, the filthy disposi­
tion of which caused it to be hated by all the eastern people, insomuch
that it was a great crime for some priests, who waited upon the altars
of their gods, to touch a hog.
Such a person was likewise represented by a woman holding a grass­
hopper in one hand, and in her other arm a child playing upon a bag­
pipe.

BABE, or BA＇BY [baban, Wel. babaert, Du. derived, as some think,
of bambino, It. or as others, of bab, one of the first words used by chil­
dren, and of an easy pronunciation. It is by some derived of poppe,
Du. puppe, Ger. poupée, Fr. a baby to play with. Others again derive
it of baba, Sp. drivel or slaver, or of babia, Sp. folly] 1. A little or
young infant, of either sex. 2. The form of a child in wood or wax
for children to play with.

BABELMA＇NDEL, a little island at the entrance of the Red Sea,
from the Indian ocean; from whence the streights of Babelmandel take
their name.

BA＇BERY [from babe] toys, as pictures, little images, &c. for chil­
dren to play with, finery to please them.
Trim books in velvet dight,
With golden leaves and painted babery
Of seely boys. Sidney.

BA＇BEWRIES, strange, odd, antic works.

BA＇BISH [from babe] childish.
If he soon blush, they call him a babish and ill brought up thing.
Ascham.

BABOO＇N [probably of babouin and babion, Fr. babbuino, It. but
others derive it of babe, by the termination on making it signify a great
babe, by reason of its resembling human kind] a large kind of mon­
key.

BA＇BY. See BABE.

BA＇BYHOOD, noun subst. the state of being a baby. Clarissa.

BA＇BYLON, a celebrated city of antiquity, supposed to have been
situated on the river Euphrates, tho＇ not in its present channel. But
of this once so flourishing a city, there are now no remains: it was the
metropolis of an empire, which takes its name from it. See BABYLO­
NIAN. And in the book of Revelations it means the city of Rome.

BABYLO＇NIAN, noun adj. what belongs to Babylon; as, Babylonian
empire. The Babylonian empire was, according to Sir Isaac New­
ton, founded on the ruins of the Assyrian. [See ASSYRIAN.] When
Nineveh was taken by the confederate force of the Babylonians and
Medes in the year 609 before Christ, and, after a short duration, fell
itself beneath the joint arms of the Medes and Persians (as was pre­
dicted by Daniel and other prophets) in the year before Christ 538.
Or take it more distinctly thus: By the fall of the Assyrian empire,
says Sir Isaac Newton, the kingdoms of the Babylonians and Medes
grew great and potent; which accordingly he considers as two cotemporary
and independent states. In the year before Christ 606, Nebuchadnezzar
invaded Syria and Judæa. In 588 he laid the temple of Solomon
in ruins. In 569 he invaded Egypt, and made many conquests, which
are so much the more worthy of our notice, as being so many accom­
plishments of scripture prophecies. This empire began, as was before
observed, in the year before Christ 609; and Babylon itself was taken
by the Medes and Persians in the year before Christ 538. See ASSY­
RIAN, EGYPTIAN, and PERSIAN.

BA＇CA [in old records] a hook or line of iron.

BA＇CA, a town of Granada in Spain, about 48 miles north-east of
the city of Granada. Lat. 37° 30′ N. Long. 3° 0′ W.

BA＇CCA [in botany] a berry. Lat.

BA＇CCALARE, a self-conceited pretending spark. Shakespeare.

BACCALAUREA＇TUS, the degree of a batchelor. Lat.

BACCALAU＇REUS [i. e. the berry of a laurel] a batchelor of arts in
an university, as of divinity, law, physic, and music, &c. See BACHE­
LOR.

BACCA＇SERAI, the capital city of Crim Tartary, situated about 80
miles west of the streights of Kaffa. Lat. 45° 15′ N. Long.
35° 1′ E.

BA＇CCATED [baccatus, of bacca, Lat. a berry] beset with pearls,
also having many berries.

BA＇CCEM, or BA＇CIAIM, a sea-port town of Cambaya, in the hither
peninsula of India, belonging to the Portuguese. Lat. 19° 20′ N.
Long. 73° 0′ E.

BACCHANA＇LIA [Lat. of Bacchus] a festival in honour of Bacchus,
celebrated with much solemnity by the ancient Greeks and Romans;
these feasts were also called orgia, οργια, of οργη, Gr. fury or trans­
port, by reason of the madness and enthusiasm that the people seemed
to be possessed with at the time of their celebration: as also Liberalia
and Dionysia, from two other names of Bacchus; they were held in
autumn by men and women promiscuously, and attended with all man­
ner of debauchery and drunkenness.

A BACCHANA＇LIAN [of bacchanalia, Lat.] a riotous person, a
drunkard.

BA＇CCHANALS [of bacchanalia, Lat.] the drunken feasts and revels of
Bacchus, the god of wine. Shall we dance Egyptian Bacchanals, and
celebrate our drink. Shakespeare.

BACCHA＇NTES, the priestesses and priests of Bacchus, who celebrated
his festivals with cymbals, drums, timbrels, noise and shouts, running
about in a frantic manner, crowned with ivy, vine twigs, &c. and
carrying in their hands a thyrsis, or staff wreathed with the same plants.
Lat.








BA＇CCHAR [in botany] the herb lady＇s gloves. Lat.

BA＇CCHARACH, or BA＇CCARAC [q. bacchi ara, i. e. the altar of
Bacchus] a small town in the lower Palatinate on the Rhine, about
24 miles west of Metz, famous for excellent wines called by that
name. The states high and mighty,
With baccharach and aqua vitæ. Hudibras.

BA＇CHIAN, one of the Molucca islands, situated under the equator,
and in 125° east longitude. It belongs to the Dutch.

BA＇CCHIC [bacchicus, Lat. of Bacchus] pertaining to Bacchus, mad, frantic.

BA＇CCHIUS [in grammar] a foot in Greek and Latin verse, con­
sisting of three syllables, the first short, and the other two long, as
hŏnēstēs.

BA＇CCHUS, a Pagan deity so called, son of Jupiter and Juno. All
the great gods of Greece and Rome were imported, as Sir Isaac shews,
from Egypt; and the first rise of this kind of idolatry, consisted in
their deifying their deceased kings. He shews also that the Egyptian
Osiris and Bacchus were one and the same person under different names,
and both coincide with the ancient Sesostris, or scripture-Sesac, viz. the
son of Ammon, who reigned over all that part of Lybia, anciently cal­
led Ammonia; and from whom the Egyptian Thebes was called No­
Ammon, the city of Ammon, and by the Greeks Diospolis, the city of
Jupiter Ammon. This Bacchus, or Sesac, in the fifth year of Reho­
boam, son of Solomon, came out of Egypt with a great army, and
reduced Judæa into servitude; and went on conquering, first eastward
toward India, and then westward as far as Thrace: for “God had
given him the kingdoms of the countries,” 2 Chron. xii. 2, 3, 8. In this
expedition he slew Lycurgus, king of Thrace, who opposed his pas­
sage over the Hellespont: he took prisoner and carried back with him
into Egypt, Tithonus the elder brother of Priam, king of Troy; on
which return he left part of his men in Colchis and at mount Caucasus
under Æetes and Prometheus; and his women (the Lybian amazons)
upon the river Thermodon near Colchis, under their new queens Mar­
thesia and Lampeto. He was therefore the founder of the Egyptian
empire, which, in Sir Isaac＇s account, preceded the Assyrian conquests
made by Pul, the father of Tiglath-pileser. Newton＇s Chronology,
p. 196, &c. See EGYPTIAN, ASSYRIAN, AMAZONS, and ARGO­
NAUTIC Expedition.

BA＇CCHUS Bole. A flower not tall, but full and broad-leaved, of a
sad light purple, and a proper white.

BACCI＇FEROUS Plants [of bacca, Lat. a berry, and fero, to bear.
In botany] such shrubs, &c. as bear berries. There are four kinds
of bacciferous trees: 1. Such as bear a caliculate or naked berry; the
flower and calyx both falling off together, and leaving the berry bear,
as the sassafras tree. 2. Such as have a naked monospermous fruit,
that is, containing in it only one seed, as the arbutes. 3. Such as
have polyspermous fruit; that is, contain two or more kernels or seeds
within it, as the jasminum, ligustrum. 4. Such as have their fruit
composed of many acini, or round soft balls, set close together like a
bunch of grapes, as the uva marina. Ray.

BACCI＇NUM [old records] a basin.

BACCI＇VOROUS [of bacca, Lat. a berry, and voro, to devour] eat­
ting or devouring berries, as

BACCIVOROUS Animals, arc such as feed on berries.

BACCI＇LLI, or BA＇CCULI [with physicians] medicines of a cylin­
drical figure like a stick, long, round lozenges.

BA＇CHELOR, BA＇CHELER, or BA＇TCHELOR [bacchelier, Fr. bacca­
laureus, Lat. bacceliere, It. bachillér, Sp. in the sense of the proverb
below. This is a word of very uncertain etymology, it not being
well known what was its original sense. Junius derives it from βακη­
λος, Gr. foolish; Menage from bas chevalier, Fr. a knight of the
lowest rank; Spelman from baculus, Lat. a staff; Cujas from buccella,
Lat. an allowance of provision. The most probable derivation seems
to be from bacca laurus, Lat. the berry of a laurel or bay: batchelors
being young, are of good hopes like laurels in the berry. Johnson.] a
single or unmarried man: it is opposed to a married man. Anciently
it signified an inferior knight. But this is a sense now little used.

BACHELORS wives and maids children are always well taught. The
design of this proverb is ironically against batchelors and maids, when
the former undertake to direct married men how to manage their wives,
and the latter pretend to teach mothers how to bring up their chil­
dren.

BACHELOR of Arts, one who takes the first degree in the profession
of any art or science in an university; as, bachelor of divinity, bachelor
of physic.

BACHELOR [of a company] a young member rising towards the
state of those who sit in the court of assistants.

BACHELORS Buttons, an herb, a kind of crowsoot, a species of cam­
pion.

BA＇CHELORSHIP [baccalaureat, Fr. baccalaureatus, Lat.] the estate
or condition of a man never married. She was the first fruit of my
bachelorship. Shakespeare. Also the degree of bachelor in an university.

BACHILE＇RIA [in ancient deeds] the commonalty, in distinction to
the nobility.

BACI＇LLI, or BACULI, Lat. little staves or sticks. In pharmacy,
are such medicines as are formed in a cylindrical figure.

BACI＇NA. See BACCI＇NIUM.

BA＇CCIFER, or BACCI＇FERA [with botanists] which bears berries. Lat.

BACCI＇FERÆ, or BACCI＇FERI [with botanists] bearing berries. Lat.

BACK, subst. [bac or boce, Sax. bach, Ger.] 1. The hinder
part of the body, from the neck to the thighs. Opposed to the
front or sore part of the body. 2. The hinder part of the hand. Op­
posed to the palm. Love gave your hands, the backs and palms to
kiss. Donne. 3. That part of the body which requires cloathing. Op­
posed to the belly; as, a constant drudgery to back and belly; which
is a phrase that is commonly applied to whatever the body requires as
to cloathing and eating. 4. The rear of an army, as opposed to the
van. Walter would be upon the king＇s back, as his Majesty was upon
his. Clarendon. 5. The place behind any one. At their backs a
mighty Trojan throng. Dryden. 6. That part of a thing which serves
in the nature of a back; as, chimney-backs. 7. The thick part of a
tool, opposed to the edge; as, backsword, or sword with a back.
8. To turn the back upon one, is a common phrase that signifies, to
forsake or neglect one. 9. To turn the back; a common phrase that
denotes a person＇s going away and not being present, so as to have
personal knowledge of what passes. His back was no sooner turn＇d,
than they returned to their rebellion. Davies.

BACK, seems to be the same with bach, Ger. in Dutch beke, a brook
or rivulet, and so it is still used in the north of England.

BACK, adv. [bag, Dan. baack, Du.] 1. To the place whence one
came; back you shall not to the house. Shakespeare. 2. Backward, from
the station one is in. I＇ve been surpris＇d, but must not now go back.
Addison. 3. Noting hindrance or restraint, not coming forward.
I thought to promote thee, but the Lord kept thee back from honour.
Numbers. 4. Towards things past: opposed to forward. I look back
into the sources of things. Burnet＇s Theory. 5. In return. She takes
and gives back affairs. Shakespeare. 6. Again, a second time, noting
return to a former state.
That ungrateful age,
By losing him, went back to blood and rage. Waller.
What is got over the devil＇s
BACK, is spent under his belly.
The French say: Ce qui vient par la flute, s＇en retourne par le tombour.
(What is got by the flute, goes by the drum.) Or, lightly come,
lightly go. The Italians say: Beni malamente acquistati non fanno pre.
(Ill gotten goods never thrive.) And so the French: Le bien mal
acquis, s＇en va comme il est venu. These proverbs explain one another.

To BACK a Horse. 1. To mount on the back of a horse. 2. To
ride, or train a horse to bear on his back.
Direct us how to back the winged horse,
Favour his flight, and moderate his course. Roscommon.
3. To put or place on the back. Jupiter on his eagle back＇d. Shakespeare.

To BACK a Person or Design. 1. To assist, support, second and
sustain the person that undertakes it, to strengthen. Both were back＇d
with men at arms. Hayward. 2. To justify, to support by evidence.
They endeavour to back their experiments with reason. Boyle.

BACK Bear, or BACK Carry [in forest law] one of the four cases
wherein a forester may arrest an offender against vert and venison,
when he is found bearing it on his back. The other three cases are
stable-stand, dog-draw, and bloody-hand.

BACK-BERIND, or BACK-BEROND [bac-berond, Sax.] the same as
back-bear.

To BA＇CKBITE [of bac and bitan, Sax.] to speak ill of a person
absent.

BA＇CKBITER, one who speaks ill of, or slanders a person behind his
back, or privily.

BACKBITING, slandering, &c.

BACK-BOARD [with navigators] as, to leave a land on back-board,
is to leave it behind the ship.

BACK-BONE, the bone of the back.

BA＇CCARRY, carrying on the back. See BACK-BEAR.

BACK-DOOR, a door behind the house, as a privy passage.

BA＇CKED [of back] having a back. Lofty neck＇d and broadly
back＇d. Dryden.

BACK-FRIEND, a friend backwards, a secret enemy; as, tale­
bearers and back-friends. L＇Estrange.

BACK-GAMMON [from bach gammon, Wel. a little battle. Johnson.]
a play or game at tables, with box and dice.

BACK-HOUSE, the buildings behind the house, office houses. Their
back-houses, as kitchens, stables. Carew.

BACK-PIECE, the piece of armour that covers the back. He put on
his backpiece before, and his breast-plate behind. Camden.

BACK-ROOM, a room behind, not in the front of a house.

BACKSIDE. 1. The hinder part of any thing: opposed to the fore­
side. 2. The hind part of any animal, its breach. 3. A yard, or
any ground behind a house. The wash of pastures or backsides are of
advantage to land. Mortimer.

BACK-SINEWS, of a horse. Sinews at the pastern.

To BACKSLI＇DE [of back and slidan, Sax.] to fall off from the true
religion, &c. A word only used in divinity.

BACKSLI＇DER, one who falls off from the true religion.

BACKSLI＇DING, falling away from, &c.

BACK-STAFF, or BACK-QUADRANT, as in taking an observation,
the observer＇s back is turned towards the sun [in navigation] an in­
strument by the French called the English quadrant, invented by cap­
tain Davis, for taking the sun＇s zenith distance at sea, by the help of
which the latitude is presently known.
It consists of two arches, the arch x (See Plate IV. Fig. 28.) of the
least radius contains 60 degrees, and that of y, having the sargest radius,
contains thirty degrees. It has also three vanes; the vane at h is called
the horizon vane, that at S the shadow vane, and the vane at E is cal­
led the sight vane.

The BACK (or Private) STAIRS, those leading to a prince＇s or great
man＇s apartment, backwards.

BACK-STAYS [in a ship] certain ropes or stays pertaining to the
main and fore-mast, which go down on either side of the ship, and stay
the mast from pitching forward or over the head.

BA＇CKWARD, or BACKWARDS, adv. [bacweard, Sax.] 1. On the
back. She cast him backward as he strove to rise. Dryden. 2. At, or
towards the back. The arms are first cast backwards and then for­
wards. Bacon. 3. With the back forwards. They went backwards,
and their faces were backward. Genesis. 4. Regressively; as, rays bend
backwards and forwards with a motion like that of an cel. Newton.
5. From the present station to the place that is behind the back. We
might have beat them backward home. Shakespeare. 6. Towards some­
thing past. There is no argument to that which looks backwards. South.
7. Reflexively, by reflection, out of the progressive state.
The mind can backward cast
Upon herself her understanding light. Davies.
8. From a better to a worse state.
The work went backward, and the more he strove
T＇advance the suit, the farther from her love. Dryden.
9. In time past. Look upon it some reigns backward. Looke. 10. Per­
versely, wrongly, from the wrong end. She would spell man back­
ward. Shakespeare.








BA＇CKWARD, adj. 1. Unwilling, averse, loth.
Brutes are backward to be slaves. Pope.
2. Hesitating, scrupulous.
All things are ready, if our minds be so;
Perish the man whose mind is backward now. Shakespeare.
3. Sluggish, dilatory. The mind is backward to undergo fatigue.
Watts. 4. Not quick or apprehensive, dull, heavy. The backward
learner. South.

BA＇CKWARD, subst. the state of things past. The dark backward,
or abysm of time. Shakespeare.

BA＇CKWARDLY, adv. 1. Unwillingly, with the back forwards.
Like Numid lions by the hunters chas＇d,
Though they do fly, yet backwardly do go. Sidney.
2. Wrongly, perversely. Does he think so backwardly of me. Shake­
speare.

BA＇CKWARDNESS [badweardnesse, Sax.] an unreadiness or unwil­
lingness; also a defectiveness of proficiency in any attainment; as,
backwardness to good works. Atterbury.

BA＇CO [old rec.] a fat hog, or bacon hog.

BA＇CON [of baco bach, backe or baecke, Teut. originally the back
of a hog or swine, but after taken, pars pro toto, the whole beast:
or of baccwn, Cambr. Br. or else, of becen, Sax. a beech-tree, be­
cause hogs are fatted with beech-mast, probably from baken, that is,
dried flesh] hogs flesh salted and dried.

A Flitch(or Side) of BACON.

A Gammon [jambon, Fr.] or Leg, of BACON.

To save one＇s BACON, or to look to one＇s self, also to come off un­
hurt; a phrase borrowed from the care of houswives in the country,
where they have seldom any other provision in the house than dried
bacon, to secure it from the marching soldiers. Johnson.

BA＇CTILE [of baculum, Lat. a stick] a candlestick.

BA＇CULE, or BA＇SCULE [in fortification, a swipe, Fr.] a gate made
like a pit-fall, with a counterpoise, and supported by two large stakes;
a sort of portcullice; it is usually made before the corps de garde, ad­
vancing near the gates.

BACULO＇METRY [either of baculus, Lat. a staff, and μετρον, Gr. mea­
sure] the art of measuring distances or lines, accessible or inaccessible,
by one or more staves.

BA＇CULUS Divinatorius [Lat. i. e. a divining staff or rod] a branch
of hazel-tree forked and used for the discovery of mines, springs, &c.

BAD [bad, bæd, Sax. baud, Goth. quaad, Du.] evil, the opposite
of good, a general word to denote physical faults of things, or moral
faults of men. Politics make the best scheme of government a bad
one. Pope. 2. Naught, corrupt, vitious.
Thou one bad act with many deeds well done,
May＇st cover. Milton.
3. Unfortunate, unlucky.
The sun
Good days contracted, and enlarg＇d the bad. Dryden.
4. Hurtful, not healthful, with for. Reading was bad for his eyes.
Addison. 5. Sick; as, he is very bad a-bed.

BAD, or BADE, preter. of to bid: See To BID.

WORSE, WORST, (Irr. compar. and superl.)

A BAD Bush is better than the open Field. That is; it is better to
have a friend, tho＇ he be able to afford us but little help, than to be
left quite destitute to the wide world.

A BAD Shifr is better than none. That is; it is better to do a
thing tolerably, or as well as we can, if we cannot do it as it should
be, than to leave it quite undone.

BA＇DEN, [the name of several towns] 1. Of one about twenty
miles north of Strasbourgh, capital of the margraviate of the same
name, and remarkable for its hot baths. 2. Of another town of Swa­
bia, in the Brisgow, where are likewise several hot baths. 3. Of one
in Switzerland, about fourteen miles north-east of Zurich. 4. Of one
in the circle of Austria, about fifteen miles south of Vienna.

BA＇DENOCH, an inland country of Inverness-shire, in Scotland, ly­
ing between Aberdeen-shire and Lochaber.

BA＇DGE [incert. etym. derived by Junius from bode or bade, a mes­
senger, and supposed to be corrupted from badage, the credential of a
messenger; but taken by Skinner and Minshew from bagghe, Du. a
jewel, or bague, Fr. a ring] 1. Any cognisance, or coat of arms,
worn by some servants of noblemen; now worn by parish pensioners.
For whose sweet sake that glorious badge he wore. Shakeseeare. 2. A
sign or token by which any one is known; as, white is the badge of
innocence. 3. The mark of any thing. Let him not bear the badges
of a wreck. Dryden.

To BADGE [from the noun] to mark as with a badge. Their hands
were badg＇d with blood. Shakespeare.

BA＇DGER [bedour, Fr. some derive it of back, Du. and Goth. the
cheek or jaw-bone, q. backer, a beast with strong jaws, it being a bi­
ting animal] a creature living in holes in the sides of rivers, and often
feeding on berries, a brock, it is used to be hunted. That a brock,
or badger, hath legs of one side shorter than the other, is generally re­
ceived. Brown.

BADGER [probably of bagagier, Fr.] a carrier of luggage.

BADGER [in a law sense, perhaps from bajulus, Lat. a carrier, but
by Junius derived from the badger, a creature who stows up his pro­
visions] a huckster, who has a licence to buy corn or other provisions
in one place and to carry them to another to sell: a word much used
in the north, for those who buy corn, and having converted it into
meal, sell it out so.

BA＇DGER-LEGGED, having unequal legs, as a badger is supposed to
have.

BA＇DGERS [among the canting crew] desperate varlets, who rob
and murder near any river, into which they throw the dead bodies
after they have stripped them.

BA＇DLY [of bad] evilly, not well.

BA＇DNESS [badnesse, Sax.] want of natural or moral qualities,
naughtiness.

BÆ＇ZA, or BAE＇ZA, a large city of Andalusia, in Spain, situated
on the river Guadalquiver. Lat. 37° 40′ N. Long. 3° 15′ W.

BAFFIN＇S-Bay, a gulph of North-America, running north-east
from Cape Farewell in west Greenland, from 60° north latitude to 80.

To BA＇FFLE [probably either of befler, Fr. to supplant or cheat,
to mock or banter, or baffoüer, Fr. to abuse or affront] 1. To elude.
They break the precept and baffle the curse. South. 2. To confound by
perplexing or amusing reasons, to put to a nonplus: To baffle is some­
times less than to conquer. He brings to Turnus＇ aid his baffled host.
Dryden. Every intricate question will not baffle the mind. Locke.
3. To dissappoint or baulk; to crush.

BAFFLE, defeat. The skill of the disputant keeps off a baffle. South.

BA＇FFLER [from baffle] he who baffles, he who confounds or de­
feats. Experience that great baffler of speculation. Government of
the tongue.

A BAT [belge, Sax. whence, perhaps, by dropping, as is usual,
the harsh consonant, came bege, bage, bag. Johnson. Probably of
bulga, Lat.] 1. A sack, a pouch, to put money, corn, or any thing else
in. 2. A cyst, that part in any animal that contains some particular
juices. The swelling poison shall burst its bag. Dryden. 3. An orna­
mental purse of silk, commonly black silk, wherein the hair or the tail
of a wig is tied. He had on a bob-wig and black silken bag tied to it.
Addison.

BAG [in traffic] a particular quantity of some sort of commodities,
as of pepper from 1 to 3 hundred weight, or hops.

To BAG, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To put into a bag; as, to
bag hops. 2. To load with a bag.
Like a bee bag＇d with honey＇d venom,
He brings it to your hive. Dryden.

To BAG, verb neut. to strut or swell, like a full bag. They drain
two bagging udders. Dryden.

To give one the BAG to hold, to over-reach one, [perhaps of bagge,
Du. a jewel or medal.]

BA＇GA [old law rec.] a bag or purse.

BA＇GATELLES, plur. [of baggatelle. Fr.] toys or trifles, things of no
value. Rich trifles, serious bagatelles. Prior.

BA＇GAVEL, or BETHU＇GAVEL [with the citizens of Exeter] a cer­
tain tribute or toll granted to the citizens upon all manner of wares
brought to that city to be sold, towards the paving of the streets, re­
pairing of the walls, and maintenance of the city.

BA＇GDAT, or BAGDAD, a strong town of Turky, on the frontiers of
Persia, situated on the river Tigris, in the province of Iraca-arabie;
it was formerly the capital of the Saracen empire, when governed
by the house of Abbass. Lat. 33° 20′ N. Long. 43° 0′ E. It was
the residence of the Abbasside chaliphs. See ABBASSIDES, and
ABADDON.

BA＇GGAGE [bagage, Fr. and Sp. bagaglio, It.] 1. Soldiers furniture
and necessaries; the furniture and necessaries for an army. 2. Goods
to be carried away; as, pack up bag and baggage.

BAGGAGE [of carrying a bag or knapsack] a soldier＇s trull; a camp-
whore; also a sorry wench, in French bugaste; so called, because
such women follow camps. Johnson. Suffer not such a baggage to
win away any thing. Sidney.

BA＇GNOGER, the capital of Golconda, in the hither peninsula of In­
dia; formerly the residence of the kings of Golconda, now subject
to the mogul. Lat. 16° 30′ N. Long. 77° 30′ E.

BAGNE＇RES, a town of France, in the country of Bigorre, in Gas­
cony, situated on the Adour. Lat. 43° 30′ N. Long. 0° 42′ E.

BAGNIA＇LUCK, a large city of Bosnia, in European Turky. Lat.
44° 1′ N. Long. 18° 15′ E.

BA＇GNIO [bagno, It.] a hot house, a place with conveniencies for
bathing, sweating, and otherwise cleansing the body.

BAGNOLE＇NSES or BAGNO＇LIANS [of Bagnols a city of Languedoc]
a sect in the eight century, in reality Manichees; they rejected the
Old Testament and part of the New, maintained that God foresaw
nothing of himself, and that the world had no beginning, and that
God did not create the soul, when he infused it into the body.

BAG-PIPE [from bag and pipe] the wind being received in a bag]
a musical wind-instrument: it consists of a leathern bag, which blows
up like a foot-ball, by means of a portvent or little tube fixed to it
and stopped by a valve, and three pipes or flutes, the first pipe called
the great pipe or drone, and the second the little one, which pass the
wind out only at the bottom; the third has a reed, and is plaid on
by compressing the bag under the arm, when full, and opening or
stopping the holes, which are eight, with the fingers: some of them
are filled with wind, and compressed by means of a pair of bellows.
The bagpipe takes in the compass of three octaves. This instrument
is chiefly used in Scotland, Ireland, and the north of England. Bad
bagpipes instead of drum and fife. Sidney.

BA＇GPIPER he that plays on a bagpipe. They laugh like parrots
at a bagpiper. Shakespeare.

BAGUE＇TTE [with architects] a small round moulding, less than an
astragal, sometimes carved and inriched with foliages, ribbands
laurels, &c.

BAHA＇DUM [old rec.] a chest or coffer.

BAHA＇MA, or LUCAYA-ISLANDS, a number of islands in the Atlan­
tic Ocean, so called from Bahama, one of the largest of them; they
lie between 21° and 27′ north latitude, and between 73° 81′ of west
longitude.

BA＇HAR [in the East-Indies] a weight of 386 lb. avoirdupois, at
Mocha; the lesser, 625 lb. at Molucca, and the greater 6250 lb.

BA＇HUS, a city of Sweden, capital of a province of the same name,
and situated about 20 miles north-west of Gottenburgh. Lat. 58° 20′
N. Long. 11° 1′ E.

BA＇JA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and province of
Lavoro. Lat. 41° 6′ N. Long. 14° 45′ E.

BA＇JADOR, a cape on the west coast of Africa. Lat. 27° 0′ N.
Long. 15° 0′ W.

BAJARDOU＇R [in ancient writings] one who bore, or carried any
burden.

To BAIGNE [bagner, Fr.] to soak, to drench. A word now obso­
lete. The women baigne them with a worse perfume than Jugurth
found in the dungeon. Carew.

BA＇IL [bail, Fr. a lease or farming, or of bailler, Fr. to deliver up]
the freeing or setting at liberty one arrested or imprisoned (upon any
action either civil or criminal) by sureties taken for his appearance at a
day and place appointed. There is common and special bail; com­
mon bail is in actions of small prejudice, or slight proof, called com­
mon, because any sureties in that case are taken; whereas upon cases
of greater weight or apparent speciality, special bail or surety must be
taken. There is a difference between bail and mainprise; for he that
is mainprised, is at large until the day of his appearance; but where a







man is bailed, he is always accounted by the law to be in their ward
or custody for the time, and they may for that time keep him in ward
or in prison. Cowel.

BAIL [in a forest] a limit or bound, according as a forest is divided
into the particular charges of several foresters.

BAIL [with mariners] hoops to set up over the stern of a boat to
support a tilt.

BAIL, the semicircular iron handle of a pail or kettle.

To BAIL [bailler, Fr. to give or deliver up] 1. To set a person ar­
rested, imprisoned, &c. at liberty, by being sureties for him, to give
bail for one.
Let me be their bail,——
Thou shalt not bail them. Shakespeare.
2. To admit to bail. When they had bailed the twelve bishops in
the Tower, the commons caused them to be recommitted. Cla­
rendon.

To BAIL a Boat. See BALE. To lade the water out of a
boat.

BAI＇LABLE [from bail] that may be set at liberty by bail or sure­
ties.

BAI＇LIFF, or BAI＇LY [a word of uncertain etymology in itself, but
borrowed by us from baillie, Fr. Johnson. It originally signified a
guardian] 1. A fort of subordinate magistrate or officer appointed
within a particular province or precinct to keep the peace, and secure
the people from wrongs and vexations. 2. An officer in a corpo­
ration.

BAILIFFS [of husbandry] those who gather the profits for lords of
manors, &c. give an account, and dispose of under-servants.

BAILIFFS, are also officers who arrest persons for debt.

BAILIFFS Errant, sheriffs officers, appointed by him to go about
the country to serve writs, to summons county sessions, assizes, &c.

BAILIFFS [of franchises] officers appointed by every lord to do
such offices within his liberty or precinct, as are done by the bailiff er­
rant in the county.

BAI＇LIWIC [of baillie, Fr. and wic Sax.] the place of the jurisdiction
of a bailiff within his hundred or the lord＇s franchise. It is not only
taken to signify the county, but generally that liberty which is exemp­
ted from the sheriff of the county, over which the lord of the liberty
appointeth a bailiff, with such powers within his precinct, as an un­
der-sheriff exerciseth under the sheriff of the county. A proper officer
is to walk up and down his bailiwic. Spenser.

BAI＇LMENT [law term] the delivery of things, as writings, goods,
&c. sometimes to be delivered back to the baillor, sometimes to the
use of the baillée, and sometimes to a third person.

BAILLE＇E [in law] the person to whom such goods are deli­
vered.

BAI＇LLOR [in law] the party who delivers such goods.

BAI＇N, a bath, or hot house, Fr.

BAI＇RAM [Turk. a solemn feast, and which, Pitts (who resided
many years in the Mahometan countries) pronounces Byram] with the
Turks, a festival which they celebrate (after the fast of Ramazan) for
three days together; in which no work is done, but presents are sent
from one to another, with manifestations of joy. At the celebration
of this feast, after their usual worship in their mosques, they conclude
with a solemn prayer against the infidels, that christian princes may
be rooted out, or that they may be armed one against another; that
they may extend the bounds of the observation of their law. Dher­
belot adds, that it is called the little Bairam, in contradistinction to
the grand Bairam, or feast of sacrifices, held at Mecca, and which
has been already described under the word ADHHA. See ADHHA, and
read there, “the day of oblation.”

BAI＇RMAN [q. d. a bare or naked man] a poor, insolvent debtor,
left bare and naked, who was obliged to swear in court, that he was
not worth above five shillings and five pence.

A BAIT. 1. An allurement for any animal, meat put on a hook. Fish
greedily devour the treacherous bait. Shakespeare. 2. A tempta­
tion, an allurement. Beauty＇s a bait such wretches to beguile. Spen­
ser.

To BAIT, verb act. [of batan, Sax. or bitan, Sax. to bite, or of
baitzen, H. Ger. to hawk, or set hawks a flying at other birds, from
batre, Fr. to beat, to attack with violence] to set beasts a fighting to­
gether;
As chained bear, whom cruel dogs do bait. Spenser.
Also to vex or teaze.

To BAI＇T, verb neut. [probably of baten, Sax. to allure, with an­
glers] to put a bait or meat on an hook; to allure or entice fishes or
other animals by a bait.

To BAIT, verb neut. [of batan, Sax.] to stop upon a journey to
drink, eat, or take some refreshment. Perhaps this word is more
properly bate, to abate speed. Johnson.
A baiting place is all our portion. Sidney.

A BAIT, a refreshment on a journey.

To BAIT, [with falconers] is said of a hawk, who when she claps
her wings or stoops at her prey, is said to bait. Kites bait and beat,
and will not be obedient. Shakespeare.

A BAITING, a teazing, vexing; also a fighting with, as a bull­
baiting.

BAI＇VA, a deity of the Laplanders, which some take to be the
sun, and others the fire; being worshipped as the lord of light and
heat.

BAIZE, or BAYSE [probably either of bay, Tent. or base, Engl. q. d.
coarse cloth] freeze, of the town of Baia, in Naples, or Colchester,
in England. It is a kind of coarse open cloth fluss with a long nap,
sometimes frized on one side, and sometimes not frized, according to
the uses it is intended for. This stuff is without wale, and woven like
flannel.

To BAKE, verb act. part. pass. baked or baken [of bacian and bæ­
can, Sax. backen, Du. and Ger. baka, Su. beken, Teut. All which
Wachter derives from bek, Phryg. bread, from whence likewise wek
is in some parts of Germany used for some particular sorts of bread]
1. To prepare dough and other victuals, for eating, to heat it in a
close place, generally in an oven. 2. To harden a thing in the fire,
or with heat. Whatsoever the fire baketh, time dissolveth. Bacon.
Dusty summer bakes the crumbling clods. J. Philips. 3. To do the
work of baking. I brew, bake, scour, and dress meat. Shakespeare.

BA＇KEHOUSE, a house where bread and other victuals are baked.

BA＇KEN, part. [of to bake] baked.

BA＇KER [of bacian, Sax. backer, Du. becker, Ger. backare, Su.
bekers, Teut.] a maker of bread, he that bakes.

BAKER-legg＇d, straddling with the legs bowing outwards.

White BA＇KERS, this company is of great antiquity: they were a
company the first of Edward II. had a new charter 1. Henry VII.
confirmed by Henry VIII. and Edward VI. queen Mary, queen
Elizabeth, and king James. Their arms are gules, three garbs or on
a chief, an arm issuing out of a cloud proper, holding a pair of scales
or, between three garbes of the first.

Brown BAKERS, were incorporated the 19th of king James I.
Their arms are gules, a hand issuing out of the clouds proper, holding
a pair of scales, an anchor in a chief, barry wavy or and azure on a
cheveron gules, between three garbes.

BA＇KEWELL, a large market town on the west side of the peak in
Derbyshire. It stands on the Wye, 114 miles from London, and its
market is chiefly for lead.

BA＇LA, a market town of Merionethshire, about sixteen miles south
from Denbigh.

BALAGA＇NSKOI, a town of Muscovitish Siberia, situated on the
river Angara. Lat. 59° 0′ N. Long. 79° 0′ E.

BALA＇GNA, a town of Muscovy, in the province of Novogorod,
situated on the river Walga. Lat. 56° 30′ N. Long. 45° 0′ E.

BALA＇MBUAN, a sea-port of the isle of Java, in Asia, which gives
name to the channel, called the Straits of Balambuan.

BA＇LANCE, or BALLANCE [probably of bilanx, Lat. or balance, Fr.
bilancia, It.] one of the six simple powers in mechanics, used princi­
pally for determining the equality or difference of weight in heavy bo­
dies; they are of several forms, as scales, steel-yards, &c. 2. A pair
of scales. A balance of power without or within a state is best con­
ceived by considering what the nature of a balance is. It supposes, first,
the thing that is held, together with the hand that holds it, and then
the two scales, with whatever is weighed therein. Swift. 3. Meta­
phorically, the mind employed in comparing one thing with another.
I＇ve it in equal balance justly weigh＇d. Shakespeare. 4. The act of
comparing two things, as if in a balance. Comfort arises from this
inference upon the balance, that we suffer only the lot of nature.
L＇Estrange. 5. Equipose; as, balance of power.

BALANCE, or BALLANCE [with astronomers] called in Latin Libra,
of which this ♎ is the characteristic, is one of the twelve signs of the
zodiac, into which the sun enters at the autumnal equinox in Septem­
ber; the constellation consists of 49 stars, represented on a globe by
the form of a balance or pair of scales.

BALANCE [of the air] the weight of that fluid, whereby, accord­
ing to its known property, it presseth where it is least resisted, till it is
equally adjusted in all parts.

BALANCE [of trade] is the difference or excess between the value
of commodities imported from foreign countries, and the value
of those of our own native production exported to those coun­
tries.

BALANCE of a Watch, &c. the part of it that by its motion regu­
lates and determintes the beats.

BALANCE [in merchants accounts] is when a debtor and creditor
account is made even.

To BALANCE, verb act. [balancer, Fr.] 1. To weigh in a balance.
2. To regulate the weight in a balance.
Heav＇n, that hath plac＇d this island to give law,
To balance Europe, and her states to awe. Waller.
3. To counterpoise, to make equal to in weight. The attraction
of the glass is balanced by the contrary attraction of the liquor. New­
ton. 4. To poise or make even weight; to make an account even
by stating it on both sides. Judging is balancing an account, and de­
termining on which side the odds lie. Locke. 5. To pay what is
wanting to make two accounts equal.
Balance th＇ account of Blenheim＇s day. Prior.
6. To consider or weigh in mind, as by a balance.

To BALANCE, verb neut. To hesitate, to fluctuate between two;
as, a balance plays when charg＇d with equal weights. Why should
you balance a moment about printing it? Atterbury.

BA＇LANCER [from balance] he that weighs any thing.

BALA＇NI [Lat. with naturalists] certain excrescences which usually
grow or stick to the shells of sea-fish of the larger kinds.

BALANI＇TES [βαλανιτης, Gr.] a precious stone, greenish, and some­
what resembling Corinthian brass.

BALANI＇TIS [of βαλανος, Gr.] a kind of round chesnut.

BALA＇NUS [βαλανος, Gr.] a kind of mast or acorn; also any fruits
which have round heads, as a walnut, &c.

BALANUS [with physicians] a suppository in the shape of an acorn,
for loosening the belly. Lat.

BALANUS [with anatomists] the nut of the penis in men, or clitoris
in women. Lat.

BALANUS Myrepsica [in pharmacy] the fruit called ben; but others
take it for the nutineg.

BA＇LASS Ruby [balas, Fr. supposed to be an Indian term. Johnson]
Balass ruby is of a crimson colour with a cast of purple, and seems best
to answer the description of the ancients. Woodward.

BALA＇SSIUS, the same with balass ruby.

BA＇LAST. See BALLAST.

BALATRO＇NES [balatrones, Hor.] an ancient name given to wicked
and lewd persons, from Servilius Balatro, a debauched libertine,
whence, probably, the French have derived their Poltron.

BALAU＇STIUM [βαλαυστιον, Gr.] the wild pomegranate flower, or
the tree itself. Lat.

BALBA＇STRA, a city of Arragon, in Spain, situated on the river
Sirica. Lat. 42° 1′ N. Long. 0° 15′ W.

BA＇LBEC, or rather BAAL-NEC, a town of Asiatic Turky, situated
at the foot of Mount Libanus. Lat. 33° 0′ N. Long. 37° 30′ E.
Dherbelot says, that in the Syriac lexicon of Issa Bar Aly, it is affirm­
ed to have been the ancient Heliopolis, or city of the sun: but there
are those, says he, who pretend it was the ancient Palmyra, or Tad­
mor, where Zenobia reigned in the time of the emperor Aurelian;
and whose ruins are the study of the present age [but their longitudes
greatly differ.] He adds, that Balbec was a very powerful city under
the chaliphat of the house of Ommich [See ABBASIDES] and has
been often taken and retaken in the wars of Syria and the Holy Land.
Dherbelot Biblioth. Abulpharagius tells us, that she entered very
early into alliance with the Saracens on their irruption into Syria, after
Abu-Obeid [by corruption Abudah] their commander in chief had
taken Damascus: and, as tho＇ her fate was still to follow that city, in
the same historian we find her many years after submitting to the arms
of Saladin, upon a similar occasion. See BAALBEC and PAL­
MYRA.

BALCH, a city of Usbec Tartary, on the frontiers of Persia. Lat.
37° 0′ N. Long. 65° 20′ E.

BALCO＇NY [balcon, Fr. and Sp. balcone, It.] a frame of iron, wood
or stone, before the window of a room, commonly on the first floor, to
take the air in, and to see at a distance.

BA＇LD [bald, Sax. bold, balle, Fr. bala, Port. bale, Du. ball, Ger.
probably of bal. C. Brit. tho＇ Minshew rather chooses to derive it of
bald, Teut. quick; because old men are prone to boldness, &c.]
1. Having no hair on the head. 2. Without natural covering, 3. Wi­
thered, decayed. An oak＇s top bald with dry antiquity. Shakespeare. 4.
Not having the usual covering. They stand bald before him. Shakes­
peare. 5. Not adorned, unpolished, inelegant. Hobbes＇ bald translation
of the Ilias. Dryden. 6. It also signifies bold, the same as the Latin
audax, and is still so used in the northern counties of England, and
thence comes Baldwin, and by transposition Winbald, i. e. a bold
conqueror, Eabald, happily bold; Ethelbald, nobly bold, &c. 7.
Thread-bare, simple, mean, poor, naked, without dignity or value.
What should the people do with these bald tribunes. Shakespeare.

BA＇LDACHIN, BA＇LDACUM, or BA＇LDAQUIN [baldaquin, Fr. balda­
chino, It. with architects] an edifice, or piece of architecture in the
shape of a canopy, or crown, supported by, or set over several pillars,
as a covering to an altar; also a canopy carried over the host by the
Romanists. Some also use it to signify a shell over the front-door of a
house.

BA＇LDERDASH [probably of bald, Sax. bold, and dash, to mingle,
q. d. any thing jumbled together without judgment] 1. A mingle-
mangle, or rude mixture. 2. A paltry confused discourse.

To BALDERDASH, to mix or adulterate any liquor.

BALDI＇VIA, a sea-port town of Chili, in South America, on the
South Sea. Lat. 40° 1′ S. Long. 80° 2′ W.

BA＇LDLY [of bald] poorly, meanly, nakedly, without elegance.

BA＇LDMONY, an herb. The same as gentian. See GENTIAN.

BA＇LDNESS [baldnesse, Sax.] 1. The want of hair. 2. The loss
of hair.
Happening on the skin to light,
Spreads leprosy and baldness round. Swift.
3. In regard to speech, unpoliteness. 4. In regard to writing, inele­
gance, or want of delicacy.

BA＇LDOC, a pretty large market town of Hertfordshire, 38 miles
from London.

BA＇LDRIC [of uncertain etymology, unless from baudier, Fr. a long
belt] 1. A girdle; by some dictionaries it is explained a bracelet, but
I have not found it in that sense. Johnson.
Athwart his breast a baldric brave he wore. Spenser.
A radiant baldric o＇er his shoulders ty＇d,
Sustain＇d the sword that glitter＇d by his side. Pope.
2. Applied to the zodiac, as it encompasses the heavens like a belt or
zone.
The twins of Jove,
That deck the baldric of the heavens bright. Spenser.

BA＇LE, a town in the county of Norfolk, which lies about five
measured miles south-west of Holt, and as many from Walsingham;
well known for its so much celebrated oak, called Bale oak, a tree in
girt, in the least part, eleven yards round, and near its roots, about
twenty; the diameter of its top being thirty yards, and circumference
about ninety: its trunk being hollow, has contained twenty grown up
people within it. Thomas Gay, Esq;

BALE [balle, bale, Fr.] 1. A bundle or pack of commodities of
different sorts and quantities, as silk, cloth, tea. The bales in which
bohea tea was brought over. Woodward. 2. The handle of a
pail.

BALE [bæl, Sax. bale, Da. bal, bol, Iceland] calamity, misery.
Light she hated as the deadly bale. Spenser.
Waen BALE is highest, boot (help) is nighest.
This proverb is very ancient: the signification of it is; that when
things are at the worst they will mend.

To BALE [probably of balayer, Fr. to sweep] to scoop or lade water
out of the hold of a ship with buckets, or out of a wherry with an old
hat, to lave it out, in contradistinction to pumping it.

To BALE [emballer, Fr. imballare, It.] to make up into a bale.

BA＇LEFUL [of bæl-full, Sax.] sorrowful, woful, full of misery.
I feel the bitter baleful smart. Spenser.
His baleful eyes,
That witness＇d huge affliction and dismay. Milton.
2. Mischievous, destructive.
He search＇d his baleful books. Spenser.
Baleful breath. Dryden. Baleful toad. Philips.

BA＇LEFULLY, sorrowfully, woefully, mischievously.

BALEU＇GA [ancient deeds] a territory, a precinct.

BA＇LI, an island in the East-Indies, lying about a mile from the
east end of the island Java, forming a very difficult strait.

BALISO＇RE, a small sea port town of the hither India, situated at
the north-west part of the bay of Bengal. Lat. 21° 30′ N. Long.
85° 15′ E.

BALI＇VO amovendo, a writ for removing a bailiff out of his office,
for non-residence in his bailiwic.

To BA＇LK. 1. To disappoint, to frustrate.
Balk＇d are the courts, and contest is no more. Pope.
2. To miss, to discourage, to pass by or take no notice of.
About his head he lets it walk,
Nor doth he any creature balk,
But lays on all he meeteth. Drayton.
3. To refuse a thing.
This was look＇d for at your hand, and this was balkt. Shakespeare.
4. To heap, as on a ridge. Three and twenty knights balk＇d in their
own blood, did Sir Walter see. Shakespeare.

A BALK [probably of valicare, It. to pass over] a ridge of land
left between two furrows, or a piece of ground left unploughed at the
end of a field.

BALK, or BAWK [balck, Du. and Ger. among bricklayers] a great
beam, such as is used in building; also a pole or rafter over an out­
house or barn

BA＇LKERS [in fishery] men who stand on a cliff or high place on
the shore, and give a sign to the men in the fishing-boats, which way
the passage or shole of herrings is. The pilchards are pursued by a big­
ger fish, called a plusher, who leapeth above water, and bewrayeth
them to the balker. Carew.

BALK-staff, a quarter staff.

BALL [bal, Du. ball, Ger. ball, or boll, Su. palla, It. pela, Port.
pila, Lat. βολος, Gr. a round ball, whence the English bowl, bell, and
boll, which the Welch term bêl; whatever was round, and in parti­
cular the head, was called by the ancients bâl, bêl, bôl, and bül.
Baxter.] 1. Any round thing. 2. A round thing to play with the
hand, foot, or a racket.
Balls to the stars and thralls to fortune＇s reign. Sidney.
3. A small round thing, with some mark thereon by which votes are
given or lots cast.
Round in his urn the blended balls he rolls. Dryden.
4. A sphere or globe; as, the ball of the earth. 5. A globe borne in
the hand, as an ensign of royalty and sovereignty. He by right ought
to hold the ball of a kingdom. Bacon. 6. Any part of the body
that approaches to roundness; as, the eye-ball, the thumb-ball.
7. With printers, the skin laid over a hollow piece of wood, stuffed
with hair or wool, which they dip in ink, and beat over the letters in
the press.

BALL [bal, Fr. ballo, It. of ballare, It. ballo, low Lat. βαλλιζω,
Gr. to dance] a public dancing meeting, at which the preparations
are generally made at the expence of some particular person.

BALLS [in heraldry] a common bearing in coats of arms; but al­
ways by heralds called by other names, according to their different
colours; as oggresses, besants, golps, guzes, hurts, pellets, plates,
pomeis, orenges, torteauxes; which see in their proper places.

BALL and SOCKET [with mathematicians] a device made of a brass
ball fitted to a concave semiglobe, so as to be moveable every way, and
fixed with a perpetual screw, for holding any telescope, quadrant, or
other instrument on a staff, for astronomical uses, surveying, &c.

BA＇LLANCE. See BALANCE.

BA＇LLAD, or BA＇LAD [balade, Fr. ballata, Sp.] a song. Ballad
once signified a solemn and sacred song, as well as a trivial one;
whence Solomon＇s song was called the ballad of ballads; but now it
is applied to nothing but trifling verse. Watts.

To BALLAD [of the noun] to make or sing ballads.
Scall＇d rhimers ballad us out of tune, Shakespeare.

BA＇LLAD-SINGER, one that sings ballads in the streets.
Not ballad-singer plac＇d above the croud
Sings with a note so shrilling, sweet and loud. Gay.

BA＇LLAST [ballast, Du. and Ger.] 1. A quantity of gravel, sand
or stones, or any weight laid in the bottom of a ship, to make it sail
steady or right, and to keep it from over-setting. 2. In general, what­
ever is put to keep a thing steady.
His lading little, and his ballast less. Swift.

To trench the BALLAST [sea phrase] is to divide or separate it.

BALLAST Shot [sea term] used of a ship, when the ballast has run
from one side to another.

To BALLAST a Ship. 1. To furnish it with ballast. If this ark he
ballasted. Wilkins. 2. In general, to add that which keeps any thing
steady.
Whilst thus to ballast love I sought,
And so more steadily have gone,
I saw I had love＇s pinnnace overfraught. Donne.

BALLE＇TTE, Fr. a dance in which some history is represented.

BA＇LLIARDS [of ball, and yard, a stick to push it with, now corrupt­
ly called billiards. Johnson.] a play, at which a ball is driven on a
table with the end of a stick.
With dice, with cards, with balliards. Spenser.

BALLICO＇NNEL, a town of Ireland, about 11 miles north-east of
Cavan. Lat. 54° 6′ N. Long 7° 50′ W.

BALLISHA＇NNON, a large town of the county of Donnegal and pro­
vince of Ulster, in Ireland, about ten miles south of the town of Don­
negal. Lat. 54° 25′ N. Long. 8° 30′ W.

BALLI＇STA, Lat. a machine used by the ancients in sieges, to
throw large stones, darts and javelins. It resembled our cross bow,
but was much larger and superior in force.

BALLI＇STÆ Os [ballista, Lat. a warlike engine to throw, of βαλλω,
Gr. to cast, and os, Lat. a bone] the sling bone, the same with astra­
galus.

BA＇LLISTER, or BA＇LLUSTER [balustre, Fr. balaustro, It. balaus­
trum, low Lat. a bathing place. Du Cange] the lateral, or side part
of a scroll, which forms the curl-tuft in the capital of a pillar of the
Ionic order.

BALLISTER, or BALLUSTER [in architecture] also a little pillar or
rail, such as are on the outside of cloisters, terrasses, Galleries, &c.
This should have been planched over, and railed about with ballusters.
Carew.

BA＇LLUSTRADE, or BALUSTRADE, subst. [from baluster] an assem­
blage of one or more rows of little turned pillars, called balusters,
fixed on a terrass or top of a building, for separating one part from an­
other.

BA＇LLISTERS [in a church] an inclosure of pillars which rails in the
communion table.

To BA＇LLISTER, to inclose with ballisters.

BA＇LLISTICS [of ballistæ, cross-bows, or engines for casting jave­
lins, great stones, &c. Lat.] the art of making such engines.








BALLI＇VA [old deeds] a whole county under the jurisdiction of a
sheriff; also a hundred, with respect to the chief constable, or a ma­
nor, with respect to the steward.

BA＇LLIUM, a sort of fortress or bulwark. Low Lat.

BALLO＇N, or BALLO＇ON [ballov, Fr. ballone, It.] a foot-ball; also
a large ball, used to play withal by noblemen.

BALLON [with chemists] a large round short-necked mattrass, or
vessel for receiving what is distilled or drawn off by the means of
fire.

BALLON [with architects] a round globe placed on the top of a pil­
lar, by way of ornament.

BALLON, [in fireworks] is a ball of pasteboard, filled with com­
bustible matter, which, when fired, mounts to a considerable height
in the air, and then bursts into bright sparks of fire, resembling
stars.

BA＇LLOT [balote, Fr. balota, Sp.] 1. A little ball or ticket, with
particular marks, used in giving of votes, being privately put into a
box or urn. 2. The act of voting by ballot.

To BALLOT [balloter, Fr. pallotare. It.] to vote in such manner,
so that by counting the balls, the result is known without any disco­
very by whom each vote was given.
Giving their votes by balloting, they lie under no awe. Swift.

BALLO＇TA, or BALLO＇TE [βαλλωτη, Gr.] the herb stinking hore­
hound. Lat.

BALLOTA＇TION, or BA＇LLOTING [of ballot] a particular method of
voting at elections, by means of little balls of several colours, when
every one who has a vote puts in such a ballot according to the diver­
sity of the candidates. The election is curious, consisting of ten several
ballotations. Wotton.

BALM [beaume, Fr. balsamo, It. and Sp. of balsamum, Lat.] 1. The
juice of a shrub, growing in Palestine or Egypt, remarkably odorife­
rous, very precious, and of a very sanitive quality. 2. Any valuable or
fragrant ointment. Thy balm wash＇d off, wherewith thou wast anoint­
ed. Shakespeare. 3. Any thing that allays pain. Balms applied to
you. Shakespeare.

BALM, or BALM MINT [melissa, Lat. in botany] an herb of a fra­
grant smell. The species are; 1. Garden balm. 2. Garden balm
with yellow variegated flowers. 3. Stinking Roman balm, with softer
hairy leaves. The first sort is cultivated in gardens for medicinal and
culinary uses. A plant remarkable for the strong, balsamic scent of
its leaves when bruised: whence some have supposed, erroneously,
that the balm of Gilead was taken from this plant. Miller.

BALM-APPLE and GENTIL, a plant.

BALM of Gilead, the juice drawn from the balsom tree, by making
incisions in its bark: its colour is first white, soon after green; but
when it comes to be old, it is of the colour of honey: the smell is
very penetrating, the taste bitter, sharp, and astringent. The balm
sold by the merchants (as little issues from the plant by incision) is
made of the wood and green branches of the tree distilled by fire,
which is generally adulterated with turpentine. Calmet. The zori of
Gilead, which we render in our English bible by balm, was not the
same with the balsam of Mecca, but only a better sort of turpentine
then in use, for the cure of wounds and other diseases. Prideaux.

To BALM [from the noun] 1. To anoint. Balm his foul head
with warm distilled waters. Shakespeare. 2. To allay, to assuage.
Opprest nature sleeps,
This rest might yet have balm＇d thy senses,
Which stand in hard cure. Shakespeare.

BA＇LMY [of balm] 1. Of the nature of, or resembling balm; as,
balmy sleep. Milton. 2. Productive of balm. 3. Soft, mild, pleas­
ing. Their balmy slumbers wak＇d with strife. Shakespeare. 4. Sweet
smelling, fragrant.
Those rich perfumes which, from the happy shore,
The winds upon their balmy wings convey＇d. Dryden.
5. Assuaging, mitigating.
Oh balmy breath! that dost almost persuade
Justice to break her sword. Shakespeare.

BA＇LNEARY, adj. [balnearius, Lat.] belonging to baths, &c.

BALNEARY, subst. [balnearium, Lat.] a bathing place. Brown uses
the word.

BALNEA＇TION [balneum, Lat.] The art of bathing. It is used by
Brown.

BALNEA＇TORY [balneatorius, Lat.] belonging to a bath or stove.

BA＇LNEUM, a bath, a washing place, a bain, a hot-house or stew.
Lat.

BALNEUM [with physicians] a bathing of the whole body, or the
lower parts only.

BALNEUM Arenæ, or BALNEUM Arenosam [with chemists] a sand­
bath, where flowers, fruit, and other medicinal ingredients, are put
into a cucurbite and infused, the vessel being set in hot sand, &c.

BALNEUM Mariæ [with chemists] is, when a cucurbite, that con­
tains any matter to be distilled, being stopped close, is set in a vessel of
water, so as to be gently and gradually heated. Some corruptly call
it Balneum Maris. i. e. a sea-bath.

BALNEUM Vaporis, or BALNEUM Vaporosum [with chemists] the va­
porous bath is, when the vessel that contains the matter is set in another,
half full of water, boiling hot, and is heated by the vapours or steams
that arise from it.

BALNEUM Sulphureum, a bath having the virtues of brimstone.

BA＇LOTADES [in horsemanship] are the leaps of a horse between two
pillars, or upon a strait line made with justness of time, with the aids
of the hams, the calves of the legs, and in such a manner, that when
his fore-feet are in the air, he shews nothing but the shoes of his hin­
der feet, without yerking out. A balotade differs from a capriole;
for when a horse works at caprioles, he yerks out his hinder legs with
all his force.

BA＇LSAM [balsamico, It. balsamum, Lat. βαλσαμον, Gr. which He­
sychius explains by ανθος αρωματικον, i. e. an aromatic flower] the
juice of the balsam, or balm, and some other natural balsam, as of
Tolu, Peru, &c. Dr. Alsten, professor of botany and the materia
medica, in the university of Edinburgh, observes of the balsam Ju­
daic, Gilead, Egyptian opobalsam, &c. that it is a liquid resin,
which flows from the tree either spontaneously, or after an incision
made. That a thicker kind of balsam (but of less virtue) is formed
by decocting the leaves, and branches: and that the virtue of the
balsams, in general, consists in resisting putrefaction; in preserving the
tone of the fibres; in blunting acrimony, particularly that of the al­
caline kind; and by their stimulus promoting secretions.

BALSAM [with chemists] a name given to several preparations; as,

BALSAM of Saturn, a solution of saccharum saturni, i. e. the sugar
of lead, made with spirit or oil of turpentine, and digested till the mat­
ter has assumed a red tincture.

BALSAM of Sulphur [with chemists] the oily parts of common brim­
stone dissolved in oil of turpentine, or some other distilled oil.

BALSAM [in pharmacy] an ointment being thicker than oil, and
softer than a salve; it consists of certain liquors extracted or drawn
from gums and rosiny substances; as, nervous balsam, sciatic balsam,
Lucatellus＇s balsam, &c.

Apoplectic BALSAM, a sweet-scented spirituous substance, of the con­
sistence of an ointment.

BALSAM Apple [momordico, Lat.] an annual Indian plant.

BALSAM Tree, a shrub that scarce grows taller than the pomegra­
nate-tree; the wood is gummy, and of a reddish colour; the blos­
soms are like small stars, white, and very fragrant, whence spring
out little pointed pods, inclosing a fruit like an almond, called carpo­
balsamum, as the wood is called zylobalsamum, and the juice opo­
balsamum. This tree is cultivated in Arabia and Judæa, but must
not be multiplied without the grand seignior＇s permission.

BA＇LSAMATED [balsamum, Lat.] anointed with balsam.

BALSAMELLA, or BALSA＇MINA [of βαλσαμον, Gr.] the herb of
which balsam is made.

BALSA＇MICAL, or BALSA＇MIC [balsamique, Fr.] pertaining to, or
having the qualities of balsam, only mild. Balsamical humour of
the blood heals a wound. Hale. It renders the humours oily and bal­
samic. Arbuthnot.

BALSA＇MICS, medicines endued with soft, gentle, attenuating prin­
ciples, and very friendly to nature.

BALSA＇MINA Mas [with botanists] the male balsam-apple. Lat.

BALSA＇MINA Fæmina [with botanists] the female balsam-apple,
Lat.

BALSA＇MITA [with botanists] the herb costmary.

BALSA＇MITOR, an herb, so named of its balsamic smell.

BA＇LSAMUM [βαλσαμον, Gr.] the balsam or balm-tree, or the juice
that drops from it, that is of a most fragrant scent. Lat.

BA＇LTIC Sea, the sea lying between Sweden on the north, and
Germany and Livonia on the south.

BA＇LTIMORE, a town in the county of Cork, and province of
Munster, in Ireland, situated about five miles north of Cape Clear.
Lat. 51° 15′ N. Long. 9° 15′ W.

BA＇LUSTER. See B A＇LLISTER. The former is the proper or­
thography.

BA＇LUSTRADE. See BA＇LLUSTRADE.

BAM, or BEAM, at the beginning of the names of places in Great-
Britain, denotes the quality of the place that is either now or formerly
was woody, from the Saxon beam, which signifies a piece of timber,
as Bamfield, Bambridge, Bambury.

BAM, a sham, or cheat, or knavish contrivance to amuse or de­
ceive.

BA＇MBA, a town and province of the kingdom of Congo in
Africa.

BA＇MBERG, a city of Franconia, in Germany. The bishop of
Bamberg is sovereign of the city and district round it, for 60 miles in
length, and 40 in breadth. Lat. 50° 15′ N. Long. 10° 56′ E.

BA＇MBOO [bambou, Fr. bamboccia, It.] a plant of the reed kind in
the West-Indies. It has several shoots larger than our ordinary reeds,
which are knotty, and separated by joints. They are said by some,
to contain sugar, but this is a mistake.

To BAMBO＇OZLE [a cant word] to sham, cheat, or deceive. Nick,
hamboozled about the money. Arbuthnot.

BAMBO＇OZLER [from bamboozle] a cheating fellow. Banterers and
bamboozlers play such tricks. Arbuthnot.

BAMFF, a town in Scotland, which gives name to a county, lying
between Aberdeenshire and Murray, along the southern bank of the
river Spey. The town is situated at the mouth of the river Dovern.

BA＇MMA [εμβαμμα, Gr.] a tincture or dye; also a liquor in which
any thing is dipped or soaked. Lat.

BA＇MPTON, a market town of Oxfordshire, on the river Isis, 10
miles from Oxford, and 66 from London.

BAMPTON, is also a market-town of Devonshire, on a branch of
the river Ex, 21 miles from Exeter, and 160 from London.

BAN [bannum, low Lat. ban, Teut. a public proclamation, as of pro­
scription, interdiction, excommunication, or public sale] 1. Public notice
given whereby a thing is commanded or forbidden. This word we use,
especially in publishing matrimonial contracts in the church before
marriage, to the end, that if any man can say against the intention
of the parties, in respect of kindred or otherwise, they may take their
exceptions in time. And in the canon law, banna sunt proclamationes
sponsi & sponsæ in ecclesiis fieri solitæ. Cowel. I contradict your bans.
Shakespeare. 2. An excommunication, a curse. With Hecate＇s ban
thrice blasted. Shakespeare. 3. Interdiction.
Much more to taste it, under ban to touch. Milton.
4. Ban of the empire. A public act of the Germanic body, whereby
any state of the empire is subjected to all the severities of military
law. He was profered to have the imperial ban taken off. Howel.

BAN, a proclamation made at the head of an army or body of
troops, either by sound of trumpet, or beat of drum, requiring the
observance of martial discipline, for declaring a new officer, or for
punishing a soldier.

To BAN, verb act. [bannen, Du. to curse] to execrate. Doth it
ban the work which they leave behind them. Hooker. It is uncertain
whether this word in the foregoing passage is to be deduced from ban,
to curse, or bane, to poison. Johnson. He cast scrowls of paper
on each side, wherein he cursed and banned the christians. Knolles.

Arriere BAN. See ARRIERE.

BA＇NANA Tree,a species of plantain. See PLANTAIN.








BANA＇RA, a city of Asia, in the kingdom of Bengal. Lat. 26° 20′
N. Long. 84° 30′ E.

BA＇NBURY, a large market-town in Oxfordshire, on the river Char­
well, 17 miles from Oxford, and 77 from London. It has a fine
large church, a free-school, two charity schools, and a workhouse;
gives title of earl to the lord viscount Wallingford, and sends one
member to parliament.

BA＇NCA, an island of the East-Indies, separated from the south-east
part of Sumatra, only by a very narrow channel. Lat. 3° 0′ S.
Long. 150° 0′ E.

B＇ANCAL [in East India] a weight containing 9/10 of a dram aver­
dupoise.

BANCA＇LIA [in ancient writers] cushions or such like coverings
for benches, &c.

BANCA＇LIS, a Dutch settlement on the east coast of Sumatra. Lat.
2° 0′ N. Long. 99° 1′ E.

BA＇NCUS [low Lat.] a bench, table, or stall, on which goods are
exposed to sale.

BAND [band, Sax. bende, Du.] 1. A tie, a bandage, by which one
thing is joined to another. The band that ties their friendship toge­
ther. Shakespeare. 2. A chain, by which a man or other animal is
held in restraint. So wild a beast buxom to his bands. Spenser. His
wife you hold in bands. Dryden. 3. Any means of union betwixt two
or more persons.
Here＇s eight that must take hands,
To join in hymen＇s bands. Shakespeare.
4. An ornament or cloathing for the neck, &c. It is now restrained
to a neckcloth of particular form, worn by clergymen, lawyers, and
students in colleges. 5. That which is bound round any thing.
A good face needs no BAND:
That is, it wants no ornament to set it off. Some are so ill-natured
as to add to this proverb: And a bad one deserves none.

BAND [bande, Fr. banda, It.] a troop or company of persons join­
ed together in one common cause.
Unite
Your troop of horsemen with his bands of foot. Shakespeare.

BAND of Pensioners [of the king] a particular company of gentle­
men bearing halberds, and attending the person of the king upon so­
lemn occasions.

BAND [in architecture] any flat, low member, or moulding fascia,
which is also called face, or plinth.

To BAND [banden, Sax.] 1. To unite into one body or troop,
sometimes with the reciprocal pronoun.
Banding themselves in contrary parts,
They pelt at one another＇s pates. Shakespeare.
2. To bind over with a band or tie. His eyes were banded over.
Dryden.

Nave BANDS [with gunners] hoops of iron binding the nave of
a gun-carriage at both ends; and the swathe-band for infants. The
feet of old statues of stone were bound with leaden bands. Bacon.

Train BANDS, or Trained BANDS [of a city, &c.] certain regi­
ments composed of the inhabitants of it, trained up to bear arms, and
instructed in military discipline.

BANDS of a Saddle, are two pieces of iron nailed upon the bows of
the saddle, to hold them them tight.

B＇ANDA, or LA＇NTOR, the chief of the Banda Islands, in the
East Indies, where the nutmegs grow. Lat. 4° 30′ S. Long. 128°
1′ E.

BA＇NDAGE, Fr. the bands that bind any thing up.

BANDAGE [with surgeons] a linnen cloth conveniently fitted for
the binding up and dressing sores, broken bones or wounds; also the
application of a fillet, roll, or swathe to any part.

BA＇NDBOX, a slight box used for bands, and other light things.

BANDEE, an Irish measure, two feet in length.

BA＇NDELET, Fr. a small fillet, band, or string.

BANDELET [with architects] any line or flat moulding, as that
which crowns the Doric architrave; it encompasses a pillar quite round
about like a ring, is greater than a list, but less than a platband.

BA＇NDILEERS, or BA＇NDOLEERS [bandoulieres, Fr. bandoliere, It.
bandoléras, Sp.] small wooden cases covered with leather, each of
them containing powder that is a charge for a musket, which hang to
the number of twelve on a shoulder-belt or collar.

BA＇NDIT [Fr. banditti, It.] an outlaw. No savage fierce, bandit,
or mountaineer. Milton.

BANDI＇TTO, in the plur. BANDI＇TTI [bandit, Fr. of bandito, It.]
outlaw＇d persons in Italy turned robbers; highwaymen, cut-throats.
A Roman sworder and banditto slave,
Murder＇d sweet Tully. Shakespeare.

BA＇NDOG [of band and dog.] The original of this word is very
doubtful. Caius de canibus britannicis derives it from band, that is, a
dog chained up. Skinner inclines to deduce it from bana, Sax. a
murderer. May it not come from ban, a curse, as we say a curst
cur; or rather from baund, swelled or large, a Danish word: whence,
in some countries, they call a great nut a ban-nut. Johnson.] a kind
of large dog.

BANDO＇RA, the capital of the island Salset or Conorin, on the west
coast of the hither India; subject to the Portuguese. Lat. 19° 1′ N.
Long. 72° 30′ E.

BA＇NDORA [pandore, Fr. pandora, It. bandúrria, Sp. pandura, Lat.
παεδουρα, Gr.] a kind of musical instrument. Hesychius.

BA＇NDROL [banderol, Fr. bandernola, It. banderilla, Sp.] a little
flag or streamer; also the little fringed silk flag, that hangs on a
trumpet.

BA＇NDY [bander, Fr. prob. of bending] a club or stick turned round
at bottom to play at ball with.

To BANDY, verb act. [bander, Fr. or of bandy, the instrument to
toss, push, or beat to and fro, which being crooked, is named from
the term bander un arc, Fr. to string or bend a bow. Johnson] 1. To
toss to and fro, or from one to another. They from one hand to
another bandy the service like a tennis-ball. Spenser. 2. To debate
or canvass, to toss about. This hath been much bandied among us.
Locke. 3. To exchange reciprocally. Do you bandy looks with me?
Shakespeare.

To BANDY, verb neut. to make up a party at the play of bandy-
wicket, to gather into a faction. One fit to bandy with thy lawless
sons. Shakespeare.

BANDY Leg [of bander, Fr. and leg, Eng.] a crooked leg. Your
bandy leg or crooked nose. Swift.

BA＇NDY legged, having crooked or bent legs.

BANE [of bana, Sax. a murderer] 1. Poison. My bane and anti­
dote are both before me. Addison. 2. That which causes great mis­
chief, ruin, destruction. False religion is the greatest bane and de­
struction to government. South.

To BANE [from the noun] to poison.
What if my house be troubled with a rat,
And I be pleas＇d to give ten thousand ducats
To have it ban＇d. Shakespeare.

Rat＇s BANE, arsenic, a poisonous mineral.

Wolf＇s BANE, aconita, the deadly night-shade; the same with
bane-wort.

BA＇NEFUL, 1. Poisonous. 2. Destructive.

BA＇NEFULNESS, poisonous; also destructiveness.

BA＇NERET. See KNIGHT.

BA＇NES [bans, Fr.] the publication of matrimony.

BANE-WORT, the herb night-shade.

BANG [from the verb] a blow, a thump. It is a low word.
With many a stiff twack, many a bang,
Hard crab-tree and old iron rang. Hudibras.

To BANG [bancke, Dan. or of bengel, Goth. vengolen, Du.
Johnson] 1. To beat with a cudgel, to thump. It is a low, fa­
miliar word. He met with them handsomely, and bang＇d them to
good purpose. Howel. 2. To treat roughly, or with violence in
general. The desperate tempest hath bang＇d the Turks. Shakespeare.

BA＇NCLE eared, having long and broad flapping ears.

BA＇NGOR, a city of Carnarvonshire, in North Wales. It is the see
of a bishop, and situated on the sea-side, about 30 miles west of St.
Asaph. See the arms of this bishoprick on Plate IX. Fig. 15.

BA＇NGORIAN, n. adj. what belongs to Bangor; as, Bangorian contro­
versy a dispute relating to the extent or due limitation of ecclesiastic
authority; so called from a worthy bishop of that diocese, well known
for the generous stand he has made in defence of liberty both civil
and religious.

BA＇NIALUCH, or BA＇GNALUCH, a city of European Turky, the
capital of Bosnia, upon the frontiers of Dalmatia, near the river Se­
tina. Lat. 44° 20′ N. Long. 18° 20′ E.

BA＇NJAR, a river in the island of Borneo, in the mouth of which
is a floating island, where the East-India company have a factory.

To BA＇NISH [abannan, Sax. bannir, Fr. bandire, It. bandir, Sp.
bannen, Du. verbannen, Ger. banio, low Lat. probably from ban,
Teut. an outlawry or proscription. See BANN] 1. To send or turn
out of one＇s native country to foreign parts. 2. To drive or chace
away. 3. Generally with out, of, or from. Wicked men banish the
thoughts of God out of their minds. Tillotson. Banish from his breast
his country＇s love. Pope.

BA＇NISHER [from banish] he that banishes or condemns one to leave
his country. To be full quit of those my banishers. Shakespeare.

BA＇NISHING ill thoughts, is represented emblematically by a man
holding a little babe by the legs, as if he had a mind to dash it against
a rock, and below are some dead that have been so dashed; the in­
fants intimate that we should drive away bad thoughts, while they are
young, by dashing them against the rock Christ.

BA＇NISHMENT [bannissement, Fr.] 1. The act of sending away into a
foreign country, on account of having been found guilty of some crime
or misdemeanour. 2. The state of banishment, exile.
Round the wide world in banishment we roam. Dryden.

The State of BA＇NISHMENT was represented by the ancients by a
man in a pilgrim＇s habit, in his right hand a pilgrim＇s staff, and in
his left a falcon.

BA＇NISTERS. See BA＇LLISTER.

BANK [banc, Sax. banck, Du. and Ger. banco, Sp.] 1. A little
hill or rising ground, on the side of a river, we say properly the
shore, of the sea; and the banks of a river, brook, or small wa­
ter. Yet Shakespeare applies it to the sea-shore. 2. A heap of
earth any how piled up, as a shelf in the sea, particularly in a siege.
They besieged him, and cast up a bank against the city, and it stood
in the trench. 2 Samuel. 3. [from banc. Fr. a bench] A seat of
rowers. Supplies the banks with twenty chosen oars. Dryden.

BANK [banqué, Fr. banco, It. and Port. banck, Du. and Ger.] 1.
A place where great sums, of money are taken in and let out on inte­
rest, a stock of money laid up, to be called for occasionally. Let it
be no bank or common stock. Bacon. 2. The company concerned in
naging a bank.

To BANK [from the noun] 1. To lay money in a bank. 2. To
inclose with banks. The burning sands that bank the shrubby vales.
Thomson.

BANK-BILL, a note for money laid up in a bank, at sight of which
it is paid.

BA＇NKERS [banquier, Fr. banchiere. It. banquéro, Sp.] traders in
money, or those that keep a bank, or give bills for the payment of
money from place to place; money-goldsmiths vulgarly.

BA＇NKRUPCY, or BA＇NKRUPTCY, 1. The act of breaking, i. e. be­
coming insolvent in trade. 2. The state of being bankrupt.

BA＇NKRUPT, subst. [banqueroute, Fr. bancorupto, It. banquerota, Sp.
of bancus ruptus, Lat. the bank or stock being broken or exhausted]
a tradesman who breaks, and is unable, or pretends inability to pay
his debts.

BANKRUPT, adj. being in debt beyond the power of paying. The
king＇s grown bankrupt like a broken man. Shakespeare.

BANN [bando, It. bann, Sax. ban, Teut. a cry] public procla­
mation. See BAN.

BANNS of Matrimony, or BANES [of ban, a cry] is the publishing
of marriage contracts in the church, before the performance of the
marriage ceremony.

To BANN [bannen, Du. verbannen, Ger. banna, Su. gebannian,
Sax. all which, as well as bannum, Lat. barb. bandire, It. and ban­
nir, Fr. Wachter derives from fan, Goth. the lord, head, or chief
of a people or republic, who alone could compel by commanding,







which was the original signification of the verb bannen,] to curse, to
exclaim against. See To BAN.

BA＇NNAGHER, a town of Ireland, in the King＇s County, and pro­
vence of Leinster, situated on the river Shannon. Lat. 53° 10′ N.
Long. 8° 1′ W.

BA＇NNER [banair, Wel. banner, C. B. banniere, Fr. bandiera, It.
bandéra, Sp. bannier, Ger. pannier, Teut. panner, Goth.] 1. An en­
sign, flag, strcamer, or military standard. 2. A streamer borne at the
end of a lance, or elsewhere.

The BANNER [of mother church] was a cross given to a felon or
murderer, who having recovered a church or church-yard, before he
was apprehended, could not be taken out thence to take his trial at
law, but having confessed his crime before the justice or coroner,
and abjured the kingdom, was to carry this cross in his hand through
the highways, till he was got out of the king＇s dominions; but this
privilege, and the use of sanctuaries, was taken away in the 21st of
king James I.

BA＇NNERET, a knight made in the field, with the ceremony of cut­
ting off the point of his standard, and making it a banner. They are
next to barons in dignity, and were anciently called by summons to
parliament. Blount.

BA＇NNEROL, or, which is more proper, BA＇NDEROLE [banderole, Fr.]
a little streamer. King Oswald had a bannerol of gold and purple
set over his tomb. Camden.

BA＇NNIAN, a man＇s vestment for an undress, instead of a morning­
gown; such as is worn by the Bannians, in the East-Indies.

BANNIANS, a religious sect among the Indians, who believe a trans­
migration of souls, and therefore eat no living creature, nor will kill
even noxious animals; they are so cautious of having communication
with other nations, that if one of a different religion has drank out
of, or touched their cup, they break it. If one of themselves hap­
pens to touch another, they wash and purify themselves before they
eat or drink, or enter into their houses: they wear about their necks
a stone called tamberan, about the bigness of an egg, which is per­
forated, and has three strings run in it; this stone, they say, represents
their great god, and upon this account the Indians shew them very
great respect.

BANNI＇ATUS foris [old rec.] one judicially banished or outlawed.

BANNIMUS, i. e.we banish [in the university] which is done by
pasting up the sentence in some public places.

BANNITUS [in old deeds] a banished man, an outlaw.

BANNOCK [bannach, Highlandish] a kind of oaten, barley, or pease
cake, mixed with water, and baked upon the embers; but more
commonly against a stone, called the bannock-stone, laid before the
fire, against which the bannock is set, and turned till it is thoroughly
done. This sort of cake is much used in the North of Scotland, among
the middling and lower people. In some places it is dressed upon an
iron plate, called a girdle, which is set over the fire.

BANNUM, or BANLE＇GUA [old records] the utmost bounds of a
manor or town.

BA＇NQUET [banquet, Fr. banchetto, It. vanqueto, Sp.] a feast or en­
tertainment.

BA＇NQUET [of a bridle] is that small part of the branch of a bri­
dle that is under the eye, which is rounded like a small rod, and ga­
thers and joins the extremities of a bit to the branch, so that the ban­
quet is not seen, but is covered by the cap, or that part of the bit
that is next the branch.

BANQUET House, or BA＇NQUETING House, a house where banquets
are held.

BANQUET LINE [of a bridle] is an imaginary line drawn by bit­
makers, along in form of a bit, and prolonged upwards and down­
wards, to adjust the designed force or weakness of a branch, in or­
der to make it stiff or easy.

To BANQUET, verb act. [from the noun banqueter, Fr. banchettare,
It. banqueteàr, Sp.] to treat one with a feast or entertainment.

To BANQUET, verb neut. to feast, or junket, to fair daintily.

BA＇NQUETER [of banquet] 1. One that fares daintily. 2. One
that makes feasts or banquets.

BANQUE＇TTE [in fortification] a small bank at the foot of the pa­
rapet, for the soldiers to mount upon when they fire.

BA＇NSTICLE, a small fish, called a stickle-back.

BA＇NTAM, the capital of a large kingdom, and a port town of
great trade, situated on the north-west coast of the island of Java.
Lat. 6° 36′ S. Long. 105° E.

BA＇NTAM-WORK, a kind of painted or carved work, resembling
that of japan, but more gaudy.

To BA＇NTER [a barbarous word, without etymology, unless it be
derived from badiner, Fr. Johnson] to jest or jeer, to play upon, to
ridicule.

A BANTER [from the verb] a jeering, a rallying, by way of di­
version, or ridicule.

BA＇NTERER [of banter] he who banters, a droll.

BA＇NTLING. [if it has any etymology, it is perhaps corrupted from
the old word bairn, bairnling, a little child. Johnson] a young child,
an infant. Some distinguish by this word a child born before mar­
riage. It is a low word.
They seldom let the bantling roar,
In basket at a neighbour＇s door. Prior.

BA＇NTON, one of the Philippine Islands.

BA＇NTRY, a town of Ireland, situated on a bay of the same name,
in the county of Cork, and province of Munster. Lat. 51° 30′ N.
Long. 9° 20′ W.

BA＇NZA, a city of Africa, the capital of the kingdom of Congo.

BAPAU＇ME, a fortified town of the French Netherlands, about 12
miles south-east of Airas.

BA＇PTISM [baptesme, or bâtême, Fr. battesmo, It. bantismo, Sp. bap­
tisma, Lat. of βαπτισμα, or βαπτισμος, from βαπτω, Gr. to dip] in
strictness of speech, that kind of ablution or washing, which consists
in dipping; and when applied to the christian institution, so called, it
was used by the primitive christians, in no other sense than that of
dipping; as the learned Grotius and Casaubon well observe; But (as
new customs introduce new significations of words) in process of time
it admitted the idea of sprinkling, as in the case of CLINICAL baptism;
and now signifies that rite, or ordinance (by which we are received
into the christian community) in whatever form it is administred,
whether by dipping or by sprinkling. See CLINICAL.
As to the baptism of suffering, which is also mentioned in scripture,
the word is here used in a metaphoric sense, and is easily explained
by attending to the original, and proper import of the word, com­
pared with Psalm xviii. 26; or with that response which the Delphian
oracle gave, when consulted by Theseus, ασκος βαπτιζη, δυναι δε τοι
ου θεμις εστιν, i. e. you may be baptized or dipped like a bladder; but
you shall not sink, or go to the bottom.

BAPTISM [a cant low word in sea language] is a ceremony per­
formed in merchant ships, which pass the tropic or line for the first
time, both upon ships and men. The baptism of ships, is only the
washing them throughout in sea-water.
The BAPTISM of passengers is performed with many ceremonies;
but in performing either of them, the ship＇s crew are generally made
drunk, for the sailors pretend to a customary right to cut off the beak­
head of the ship, unless the captain or master redeem it.
The ceremony is as follows: The eldest of the ship＇s crew, who has
past the line or tropic, having dressed himself fantastically, with a gro­
tesque cap on his head, his face blacked, comes carrying in his hand
a waggoner, or some other sea book, followed by the rest of the sai­
lors, disguised like himself, each of them bearing in his hand some
kitchen utensil, with drums beating; the leader places himself very
gravely on a seat prepared on the decks, at the foot of the main mast;
and each sailor or passenger swears before this antic magistrate, that
he will see that this ceremony be performed, whenever it comes to
his turn. The sailors are commonly heartily drenched with whole
buckets of water poured upon them; but passengers, and those that
will give a little money, are more favourably treated, being only
sprinkled with a little water. Ship boys are commonly put into a cage
and drenched at discretion, and are afterwards obliged to whip one
another, which they usually do very smartly.

BAPTI＇SMAL [Fr. baptesimale, It. of baptisma, Lat.] of or pertain­
ing to baptism; as, a baptismal vow.

BA＇PTIST [baptiste, Fr. baptista, It. bautista, Sp. baptista, Lat.
βαπτιστης, Gr. i. e. a baptizer] he who baptizes; thus St. John, the
forerunner of our Saviour, was called; also one whose principle is,
that baptism ought to be performed by dipping the adult, and not
sprinkling infants. Or take it thus: A baptist is one that maintains,
the ordinance of baptism ought to be administred in no other form
than that of dipping, and on no other subject than what makes pro­
fession of faith in Christ. The best defence of this cause, which I have
yet seen, is Dr. Gale＇s reflections on Mr. Wall＇s history of infant­
baptism. And the fullest tract upon the subject of baptism in general,
which I have yet seen, is Gerardi Johannis Vossi de Baptismo Disputat.
xx. Amstelodam. 1648.

BAPTI＇STERY [βαπτιστηριον, Gr. baptisterium, Lat.] a font for the
sprinkling or baptizing infants, also a vessel to wash the body in, a
bath.

To BAPTI＇ZE [baptiser, or bâtiser, Fr. battezzare, It. bautisar, Sp.
baptizo, Lat. of βαπτιζω, Gr.] to christen, to administer the sacrament of
baptism. Mat. xxviii. 18, 19. All power is given unto me in heaven and
in earth. Go ye therefore and teach [or disciple] all nations, baptizing
them in [or into] the name of the Father [the one God and Father of
all, who originally gave that power] and of the Son [the one Lord,
who reigns invested with it] and of the Holy Ghost [the comforter,
who acts by commission from both.] See AUTHENTIC. As to the
rites used by the ancients in administring this ordinance; see
RITES.

BAPTI＇ZER [from baptize] he who baptizes, or christens.

BAR, is the usual abbreviation for baron.

BARt [as an abbreviation] stands for baronet.

A BAR [barre, Fr. sharra, It.] 1. A long, narrow piece of wood or
iron for various uses, particularly laid across to hinder entrance. He
made the middle bar to shoot through the boards. Exodus. 2. A bolt
either of wood or iron fastened to a door, and entering into the post
or wall to hold it. They set up the doors, locks, and bars. Nehe­
miab. 3. Any thing made use of for prevention. Lest examina­
tion should let your proceedings, behold for a bar against that impe­
diment, one opinion newly added. Hooker. 4. A bank of sand be­
fore the mouth of a harbour. 5. Any thing by which a structure is
held together. The earth with her bars was about me. Jonah.

BAR [of a court of judicature] a place bounded by a bar, to hin­
der the crowd from incommoding the court, where the council and
serjeants at law stand to plead causes; hence the bar, by a figure, is
used for the profession or foundation itself; as also where prisoners stand
to be tried. Some at the bar with subtlety defend. Dryden.

BAR [in a law sense] is a peremptory exception against a demand,
or plea brought by the defendant in an action that destroys the ac­
tion of the plaintiff for ever. It is divided into a bar to common in­
tent, and a bar special.

BAR to common Intendment [in law] is a general or ordinary bar,
which usually disables the plaintiff＇s action or plea.

Special BAR [in law] is that which is more than ordinary, and falls
out in the case in hand, upon some special circumstance of the fact.
Bastardy is laid in bar of something that is principally commenced.
Ayliffe.

BAR [in heraldry] one of the honourable members of a coat of
arms, which is divided by it into two equal parts, so called, as it
goes cross the escutcheon like the fess, but contains only the fifth part
of the field. See Plate IV. Fig. 36.

BAR GEMEL [in heraldry] is a double bar, or bars that stand by
couples, as in Plate IV. Fig. 37.

A BAR [or ingot] of gold and silver. It is a wedge from the
mines, melted down into a certain mould, and not wrought.

BAR [in heraldry] is also a fish called a barbel.

To BAR a Vein [with farriers] is to strike it or open it above the
skin, and after it has been disengaged, and tied above and below, to
strike between the ligatures. This is done to stop the malignant hu­
mours.

To fall foul of the BAR [with horsemen] is when a horse, standing







in a stable, entangles his legs upon the partition-bar that is placed to
separate two horses.

BAR [sea word] a rock or bank of sand lying before a harbour or
river, that ships cannot sail over but upon the flood; as, Tinmouth­
bar.

BAR of the Port [in a ship] a billet or stake for fastening up the
port-holes.

BAR [in music] a line drawn perpendicular through the note lines,
to bar in or comprise a certain number of notes.

BAR, or leaver.

BAR, excepting; as, bar wine, England abounds in every thing.

BAR, of a public house, tavern, or coffee-house; an inclosed or
railed place, near the door, where somebody sits to keep account of
and receive reckonings.

BAR also signifies hindrance, or any obstacle in general that obst­
ructs. Had his heir surviv＇d him in due course,
What bar?—what world could have resisted? Daniel.

To BAR [barrer, Fr.] 1. To shut or fasten with a bolt or bar.
Tho＇ their injunction be to bar my doors. Shakespeare. 2. To hinder
or obstruct.
When law can do no right,
Let it be lawful, that law bar no wrong. Shakespeare.
3. To prevent or put a stop to. The houses were yet not so far off, as
that it barred mutual succour. Sidney. 4. To debar or keep out from.
I am their mother, who shall bar them from me? Shakespeare. 5. To
exclude from a claim. God hath abridged it, by barring us from some
things. Hooker. 6. To forbid.
The law of arms doth bar,
The use of venom＇d shot in war. Hudibras.
7. To except.
Well, we shall see your bearing———
Nay, but I bar to-night Shakespeare.
8. In law. To hinder the process of any suit.
No time, nor trick of law their action bars. Dryden.

BAR, or BAR-LE-DUC, a duchy belonging to France, lying north-
west of Lorrain, on both sides the river Maese, whereof Bar-le-duc is
the principal town.

BAR, is also the name of two other towns in France, the one in
Champaign upon the Aube, the other in Bugundy upon the Seine,

BA＇RACK. See BARRACK.

BAR-FEE, a fee of one shilling and eight pence, which every pri­
soner, acquitted of felony, used formerly to pay to the goaler.

BAR-Jonah [Syr. of bar, Syr. a son, and Jonah] a son of Jonah.
Matthew xvi. 17.

BAR-SHOT [at sea] two half-bullets joined together by an iron bar;
used in sea engagements for cutting down the masts and rigging.

BARS of a Horse, the upper part of the gums betwixt the tusks and
grinders, which bear no teeth, and to which the bit is applied, and
by its friction the horse governed.

BARA＇TTA, a sort of balsam brought from the West Indies.

BARABI＇NSKOI a country of Tartary, tributary to the Muscovites.

BAR-MASTER [with miners] the person who keeps the gage or dish
for measuring the ore.

BARACO＇A, a town in the north-east part of the island of Cuba, in
North America. Lat. 21° 0′ N. Long. 76° W.

BARA＇NCA, a port town of Terra Firma, in South America, situated
about 30 miles up the river Grande. Lat. 11° N. Long. 75° 30′ W.

BARANWAHR, a town of lower Hungary, not far from the Danube.
Lat. 46° 20′ N. Long. 20° 1′ E.

BA＇RA-PICKLET, a sort of bread made of fine flour, and kneaded
up with yeast or barm.

BARALI＇PTON [with logicians] the first indirect mood of the first
figure of syllogisms, being a syllogism of two universals, and a parti­
cular affirmative, where the middle term is the subject of the first, and
predicate of the second proposition:

BA, every evil ought to be feared.

RA, every violent passion is an evil.

LIPTON, therefore something that ought to be feared is a violent
passion.

BARA＇LLOTS, a religious sect at Bologna in Italy, who had all
things in common, even their wives and children.

BA＇RANGS [among the Greeks of the lower empire] officers who
stood at the door of the emperor＇s bed-chamber and dining-room,
armed with axes; others say, they were officers who kept the keys of
the gates of the city, where the emperor resided, and suppose they
were Englishmen, who were so called of the English word to bar, i. e.
to shut fast.

BA＇RATOR, or BA＇RRATOR [barat, Fr. from which is still retained
barateur, a cheat. Johnson] a wrangler, an encourager and promoter
of lawsuits. The analogous spelling is with a single r. Turn a bar­
rator in thy old days, a stirrer up of quarrels among thy neighbours.
Arbuthnot.

BA＇RATRY [of barator] the practice or crime of a barator, foul
practice in law.
＇Tis arrant barratry that bears
Point blank an action ＇gainst our laws. Hudibras.
In common law: is where the master of a ship cheats the owners or
insurers, either by running away with the ship, or embezzling the goods.

BARB [barba, Lat. a beard] 1. Any thing that grows in the place
of the beard. The barbel so called, by reason of his barb or wattles
at his mouth under his chaps. Walton. 2. The points that stand back­
ward in an arrow or fishing-hook, to hinder them from being drawn
out easily. The shining barb appear＇d above the wound. Pope. 3. A
sort of armour for horses. Their horses were naked without any
barbs; for albeit many brought barbs, few regarded to put ＇em on.
Hayward.

A BARB [barbe, Fr. barbaro, It. contracted from Barbary] a horse of
that country, much esteemed for vigour and swiftness. A Barbary
horse is commonly of a slender light size, and very lean and thin,
usually chosen for a stallion. The vigour and mettle of barbs never
cease but with their life. Farrier＇s Dict.

To BARB [from the noun] 1. To shave or trim the beard.
Shave the head and tie the beard, and say it was the desire of the pe­
nitent to be so barbed before his death. Shakespeare. 2. To furnish
horses with armour. On barbed steeds they rode in proud array. Dry­
den. 3. To jag with hooks.
Shafts on their barbed points,
Alternate ruin bear. John Philips.

To BARB a Lobster [in carving] is to cut it up.

BA＇RBA, a beard, the hairy part of the chin and lips. Lat.

BARBA Caprina, Lat. [i. e. goat＇s beard] an herb, the flowers of
which resemble the beard of a goat.

BARBA Jovis [i. e. Jupiter＇s beard] the herb sengreen or house­
leek. Lat.

BA＇RBACAN [barbacane, Fr. barbacana, It.] a canal or opening left
in a wall for water to come in and go out at, when buildings are erected
in places liable to be over-flowed, or to drain the water off a terras.

BARBACAN [barbacane, Fr. in ancient fortification] 1. A watch-tower,
a sort of fort placed before the walls of a town.
Within the barbican a porter sat,
Day and night duly keeping watch and ward. Sperser.
2. A fortress at the end of a bridge. 3. An opening in the wall thro＇
which the guns are levelled.

BARBA＇DOES, one of the British Caribbee Islands, in the Atlantic
Ocean. It is 25 miles in length, and 15 in breadth, producing sugar,
rum, cotton, indigo, and ginger. Lat. 13° 1′ N. Long. 59° 30′ W.

BARBA＇DOES Cherry [malphygia, Lat.] a plant. In the West Indies it
rises to be fifteen or sixteen feet high, where it produces great quanti­
ties of a pleasant tart fruit: it is propagated in gardens there, but in
Europe it is a curiosity.

BARBADOES Tar, a bituminous substance, differing little from the
petroleum, floating on several springs in England and Scotland. Wood­
ward.

BA＇RBARA [with logicians] a syllogism in barbara is one, all the
propositions of which are universal and affirmative, the middle term
being the subject in the first proposition, and the attribute in the se­
cond.

BAR, every wicked man is truly miserable.

BA, all tyrants are wicked men.

RA, therefore all tyrants are truly miserable.

BARBARE＇A, Lat. [in botany] rochet or winter cresses.

BARBA＇RIAN, subst. [barbare, Fr. barbaros, Sp. barbaro, It. bar­
barus, Lat. of βαρβαρος, Gr. It seems to have signified at first only
foreign, or a foreigner; but in time implied some degree of wildness
or cruelty. Johnson.] 1. A wild, rude, uncivilized and untaught
person.
Proud Greece all nations else barbarians held. Denham.
2. A foreigner.
I would they were barbarians, as they are,
Though in Rome litter＇d. Shakespeare.
3. A brutal monster. A word of reproach.
Thou fell barbarian!
What could provoke thy madness,
To assassinate so great, so brave a man! Philips.

BARBARIAN, adj. pertaining to barbarians, savage. Barbarian
blindness. Pope.

BARBA＇RIC [barbaricus, Lat.] foreign, far fetched.
The gorgeous east, with richest hand,
Show＇rs on her kings barbaric pearl and gold. Milton.

BA＇RBARISM [barbarisme, Fr. barbarismo, It. and Sp. barbarismus,
Lat. βαρβαρισμος, Gr.] 1. An impropriety of speech, a rudeness in
language. A term contrary to purity and exactness therein. The
language is as near to it, as our modern barbarism will allow. Dryden.
2. Ignorance of the liberal arts, want of learning. The genius of Ra­
phael succeeded to the times of barbarism and ignorance. Dryden. 3.
Brutality, incivility of manners. Bring the Irish from their delight of
licentious barbarism, into the love of goodness and civility. Spenser.
4. Cruelty, barbarity, unrelentingness of heart.
They must perforce have melted,
And barbarism itself have pitied them. Shakespeare.

BARBA＇RITY [barbarìe, Fr. and It. barbaridàd, Sp. barbaries, Lat.]
1. Savageness, incivility. 2. Inhumanity, cruelty. They treated
him with all the rudeness, reproach, and barbarity imaginable. Cla­
rendon. 3. Barbarism, impropriety of speech.
At best a pleasing sound and sweet barbarity. Dryden.

BA＇RBAROUS [barbare, Fr. barbaro, It. Sp. and Port. βαρβαρος, Gr.
barbarus, Lat.] 1. Savage, wild, rude. 2. Cruel, fierce. 3. Im­
proper with respect to speech. 4. Ignorant, unacquainted with the
liberal arts.
This word in its original, if, according to several German glosso­
graphers, it be derived of barbar, Teut, and that be a vox hybrida, or
word made of two languages, viz. bar, Celt. a man, and BAR, Syr.
made or procreated abroad, signifies no more than foreign or extra­
neous.

BA＇RBAROUSLY [from barbarous] 1. Cruelly, inhumanly. 2. Ig­
norantly, without knowledge, or art, or ingenuity. 3. Improperly,
in a manner contrary to the rules of speech.

BA＇RBAROUSNESS [of barborous] 1. Outrageousness, cruelty. 2.
Clownishness, unpoliteness, want of good breeding. The barbarous­
ness of the Goths. Temple. 3. Impropriety of language. As touching
the pureness of speech, it is outgrown with barbarousness. Brerewood.

BA＇RBARY, a large tract of Africa, on the southern shore of the
Mediterranean sea, comprehending the kingdoms of Algiers, Tunis,
Tripoli, and Barca.

BARBARY Falcons, a kind of hawks commonly taken in Barbary,
they making their passage through that country; this bird is less than
the tiercel-gentle, but very bold; it is plumed with red under the
wings, and is armed with long talons and stretchers.

BA＇RBE Robert [in cookery] a particular way of dressing hog＇s
ears.

To fire en BARBE [military term] signifies to discharge the cannon
over a parapet, instead of putting it through the loop-holes.

BARBE, Fr. A beard.

BARBE, the armour of the horses of the ancient knights and soldiers
who were accoutred at all points. See BARB.

To BA＇RBECUE, a term in cookery, used in the West-Indies for
dressing a hog or a pig whole: which, being split to the back-bone, is
laid flat upon a large gridiron, raised about two foot above a char­
coal fire, with which it is surrounded.
Oldfield, with more than harpy throat endu＇d,
Cries, send me, Gods, a whole hog barbecu＇d. Pope.








BARBECUE, a hog dressed whole in the West Indian manner.

BA＇RBED [barbelé, Fr. of barba, Lat.] 1. Covered with barbs, or
armour; as, barbed steeds. Shakespeare. 2. Bearded like a fish-hook;
as, a barbed dart or arrow.

BARBED and CRESTED [in heraldry] is in plain English wattled
and combed, and signifies the comb and gills of a cock, when parti­
culariz＇d for being of a different tincture from the body.

BARBE＇E [in heraldry] as croix barbée, Fr. i. e. barbed-cross, be­
ing at the extremities like the barbed irons that are used for striking
fish, or other weapons or instruments commonly called barbed, which
being struck into any thing, cannot be drawn out again, without cut­
ting a hole to make a passage for the beards.

BA＇RBEL [barbeau, Fr. barbio, It. barbo, Sp. of barbus, Lat.] a
fish sound in rivers, that is large and strong, but coarse; so named,
from a beard or wattles under its chaps or nose; also knots of superflu­
ous flesh growing up in the channels of the mouth of a horse. The
same with barbes.

BA＇RBELO [as from the Greek βαρβηλωθ, Grabe on Irenæus,
p. 106] a branch or species either of the gnostic figments, or gnostic
body so called. Grabe and Jerom. See GNOSTICS.

BA＇RBER [barbier, Fr. barbiere, It. barbero, Sp. barbeyro, Port. of
barba, Lat. barbier, Du. balbierer, Ger. All which the German
glossographers derive from the Scythian berber, yet used in the Persian
tongue] one who shaves or trims the beard.

BARBER-Chirurgeon, or SURGEON, one who joins the practice of
surgery to the barber＇s trade. Such were all surgeons formerly. But
now surgeons and barbers being two distinct companies, a barber-
surgeon denotes only a low practiser of surgery.

BARBER-Chirurgeons. They were incorporated by king Edward IV
but confirmed by most kings and queens since with enlargement of
privileges. Their arms are a cross quartered gules, a lion passant,
gardant or, in the first quarter a chevron between three, in the second
party per pale argent & vert, a rose crowned with an imperial crown,
the first as the fourth, the second as the third.

To BARBER [from the noun] to trim, dress, and powder out. Be­
ing barber＇d ten times o＇er, goes to the feast. Shakespeare.

BA＇RBERMONGER, a word of reproach in Shakespeare, which seems
to signify a fop, a man decked out by his barber.
You whoreson cullionly barbermonger draw.

BA＇RBERRIES [berberi, It. barberis, Sp. and Lat.] the fruit of the
barberry-tree or shrub.

BARBERRY-Tree [berbero, It. of barberis, Lat.] pipperidge-bush; a
prickly shrub, bearing a long red berry of a sharp taste. It grows in clu­
sters. The species are: 1. The common barberry. 2. The bar­
berry without stones. The first sort is very common in England, and
often planted for hedges. The second sort is counted the best. Miller.

BA＇RBES, or BA＇RBLES [with sarriers] a disease in horses, usually
known by two paps under the tongue, which, when enflamed, proves
hurtful.

BARBES [with husbandmen] a distemper in black cattle, known by
a superfluous piece of flesh on their tongues, which sometimes hin­
ders them from eating their meat.

BA＇RBICAN [bnrg, kenning, Sax, q. d. the surveying-place of the
city, &c.] a fortress built on an eminence to overlook a city; also any
outwork belonging to a building. See BARBACAN.

BARBI＇GEROUS [barbiger, of barba, a beard, and gero, Lat. to carry]
bearded, or wearing a beard.

BARBI＇GANAGE [in old records] money given for the maintenance
of a barbican or watch-tower.

BA＇RBORA, a maritime city of Africa, in the kingdom of Adel,
upon the streights of Babelmandel.

BARBOTI＇NE [in medicine] a grain, otherwise called semen fanto­
nicum, or worm-seed.

BARBS, plur. of Barb [barbes, Fr.] a sort of armour for horses, an­
ciently in use, which covered the neck, breast, shoulders, and crup­
per. See BARB.

BARBU＇DA, one of the British Caribbee Islands, about 20 miles
long, and twelve broad. Lat. 18° 1′ N. Long. 61° W.

BARBU＇SINSKOI, a city of Asia in the Russian empire, situated on
the eastern bank of the lake Baikal.

BA＇RCA, a country lying in the Mediterranean, between Tripoli
and Egypt. It is for the most part a barren desert.

BARCA＇RIA [in old records] a barkary or tan house.

BA＇RCARIE [bergerie, Fr.] a sheep-cote, a sheep-walk.

BARCELO＇NA, the chief city of Catalonia, in Spain. It is situated
in a large plain along the shore of the Mediterranean, 300 miles east
of Madrid. It is the seat of the vice-roy of the province, a bishop,
and university, and enjoys a good foreign trade. Here are manufac­
tures both of silk and woollen, and also of iron and steel. They like­
wise make good wine, which they export in large quantities.

BA＇RCLAS, a town of the province of Entre-Minho-Duro, in Portu­
gal, about 30 miles south of Porto. Lat. 41° 20′ N. Long. 9°
15′ W.

BA＇RCO Longo, a little low long sea vessel, without a deck, using
both oars and sails. Span.

BARCO＇CHBAH [Syr. of bar, a son, and cochab, a star] the name of
a Jewish impostor in the second century, who applied to himself that
prophecy of Balaani, Numbers xxiv. 17. There shall come a star out of
Jacob; and drew (as was foretold by the true Messiah) great numbers
after him. The emperor Adrian, the better to repress the seditious
spirit of the Jews, (which still subsisted, notwithstanding the destruction
of their city and temple by Titus, A. D. 70.) rebuilt Jerusalem, A. D.
132, which he called Ælia Capitolina, and placed there a colony,
and built also a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus, on the very place, where
the temple of God had stood. Upon which the Jews, under the con­
duct of Barcochbah, rose up in arms against the Romans; and in that
war had fifty cities demolished; 985 of their best＇towns destroyed; and
580000 men slain by the sword, and in the end of the war, A. D. 136,
were banished Judæa on pain of death; and thenceforward the land
remained desolate of its old inhabitants. Newton and Petavius com­
par＇d———A branch of history, the more worthy of our notice, as it
contains a most exact fulfilment of our Saviour＇s prediction, Matth.
c. xxiv, v. 15—28. See DE＇LPHIAN Oracle, and SCRIPTURE Pro­
phecies.

BARD [bardd, C. Brit. so called of Bardus the son of Druis, who
reigned over the Gauls] a poet. The word was first applied to cer­
tain poets among the ancient Gauls and Britains, who set forth in
verse the brave actions of the great men of their nation. There is,
amongst the Irish, a kind of people called bards, which are to them
instead of poets; whose profession is to set forth the praises or dis­
praises of men in their poems or rhimes; the which are had in high
regard and estimation among them. Spenser.

To BARD, or BEARD, to cut off the head and neck from the rest of
the fleece.

BARDA＇CH, or BARDA＇SH [bardache, Fr. bardacscio, It.] a catamite.

BARDA＇NA [with botanists] the plant burdock. Lat.

BARDE＇SANISTS, so called of Bardesanes of Mesopotamia, who hav­
ing embraced christianity, distinguished himself by his knowledge in
philosophy, but afterwards adhered to the errors of the Valentinians,
adding to them others of his own; and asserted that the actions of
mankind depended on sate; denying the resurrection of the dead; as
indeed most of the old currupters of the Christian faith, denied the re­
surrection of the BODY.

BARDS [in cookery] are thin broad slices of bacon, with which
capons, pullets, &c. are covered, in order to be roasted, baked, or
stewed, &c.

BARDE＇LLE [bardella, It. with horsemen] a sort of saddle made
in the shape of a great saddle, but only of cloth stuffed with straw,
and tyed tight down with packthread, without either wood, lead, or
iron.

BA＇RDENICK, a town of Lower Saxony in Germany, about seven
miles north of Lunenburg, subject to the elector of Hanover. Lat.
53° 40′ N. Long. 10° 6′ E.

BA＇RDOUS [bardus, Lat.] blockish, foolish, stupid, simple.

BARDT, a port-town of Pomerania in Germany, subject to Sweden.
Lat. 54° 20′ N. Long. 13° 20′ E.

BARE [bare, Sax. and Dan. baar, Su. of the Gothic termination
bar or baer, yet in use with the Germans, which being added to a
word, denotes its being open, evident or manifest] 1. Naked, with­
out covering. 2. Uncovered as to the head, noting respect. The lords
used to be covered whilst the commons were bare. Clarendon. 3. Plain,
simple, unadorned.
Their manners then were bare and plain,
For th＇ antique world excess and pride did hate. Spenser.
4. Detected, not concealed.
These varnish＇d colours failing,
Bare in thy guilt, how foul must they appear. Milton.
5. Poor, being without plenty, destitute of every necessary. Should
the clergy be left as bare as the apostles, when they had neither staff
nor scrip. Hooker. Sometimes with of before the thing taken away.
Leave them bare of gold. Dryden. 6. Mere. They live by your bare
words. Shakespeare. 7. Threadbare, much worn; as, a bare coat.
8. Unassisted, not united with any thing else. The determination of
bare and naked scripture. Hooker.

A BARE, a place free from grass, made even and smooth to bowl in,
especially in the winter.

To make BARE [barian, Sax. bearn, Goth.] to make naked, to
uncover.

A BARE Pump [on ship-board] a piece of hollow wood or metal,
to pump beer or water out of a cask.

BARE walls make giddy (or rather idle) housewives. That is, when
women have no work at home, they are apt to gad abroad in quest of
diversion; and so in time contract a habit of idleness. The French
say, Vuides chambres font les dames folies; much to the same purpose.
The Latins say, Haud facile emergunt quorum virtutibus obstar res
angusta domi.

BARE, or BORE, pret. of to bear. See To BEAR.

To BARE [from the adj. of abarian, Sax. to make bare] to strip,
to make bare or naked; as, to bare the breast.

BAREBONE, so lean that the bones appear. Here comes lean Jack;
here comes barebones. Shakespeare.

BA＇REFACED. 1. With the face uncovered or not masked. French
crowns have no hair, and then you will play barefaced. Shakespeare.
2. Shameless, unreserved, having no disguise. The parties appear＇d
barefaced against each other. Clarendon. Barefaced bawdry. Dryden.

BAREFA＇CEDLY [of barefaced] openly, shamefully, without reserve
or disguise. Profligate wretches own it barefacedly. Locke.

BAREFA＇CEDNESS [of barefaced] assurance, effrontery.

BA＇REFOOT, having no shoes on the feet. I must dance barefoot.
Shakespeare.

BA＇REFOOTED, having no shoes on. He himself came barefooted.
Sidney.

BA＇REGNAWN, eaten, or gnawn bare.
My name is lost,
By treason＇s tooth baregnawn and canker-bit. Shakespeare.

BA＇REHEADED, having the head uncovered out of respect. Two
men went bareheaded. Bacon.

BARE＇ITH, a town of Franconia in Germany, in the margravate of
Culbach. Lat. 50° N. Long. 12° 20′ E.

BA＇RELY [from bare] 1. Nakedly. 2. But just, or even so much
or many, merely, only. The admission of this word is as well by
reading barely the scripture, as by explaining the same. Hooker.
3. Poorly, slenderly.

BARENESS. 1. Nakedness.
You have our roses,
And mock us with our bareness. Shakespeare.
2. Leanness. For their poverty I know not where they had that, and
for their bareness they never learned that of me. Shakespeare. 3. Po­
verty, want of necessaries. Made like the primitive church for its
bareness as its purity. South. 4. Meanness of clothes; as, the bareness
of his cloke.

BARFLE＇UR, a town and Cape of Normandy in France, about 12
miles east of Cherburg. Lat. 49° 47′ N. Long. 1° 15′ W.

A BA＇RGAIN [bargen, C. Brit. barguigue, Fr.] 1. A contract or
agreement concerning the sale of something. 2. The thing bought or
sold. Give me my price for the other two, and you shall have that
into the bargain. L＇Estrange. 3. Stipulation made. The duke＇s
courtesies might have ends of utility and bargain, whereas their ma­






ster＇s could not. Bacon. 4. An unexpected reply, tending to ob­
scenity. Where sold he bargains, Whipstitch? Dryden. For selling
bargains fam＇d. Swift. 5. An upshot, an event. I am sorry for
your misfortune, but we must make the best of a bad bargain. Arbuth­
not. A low proverbial sense.

A BARGAIN, as much as to say, done, agreed.

A BARGAIN is a BARGAIN. What is done cannot be undone.
The Germans say: was geschehen, ist geschehen. The French: ce
qui est fait est fait (what is done is done) as the Ital. Quel ch＇ è fatto
è fatto. These proverbs are spoken to people, who, after having
made any agreement or promise, are for retracting their word.

A good BARGAIN is a pick-purse. Fr. Bon marché tire l＇argent hors
de la bourse. That is (tho＇ it may seem a paradox) what is cheap is
dear, because (according to the French) it draws our money out of
our pockets, and often tempts us to buy what we don＇t want. The
Germ. say, as the Fr. Ein wohlfeiler kauf locket einem das geld aus
dem beutel. And the Ital. Il buon mercato vuota la borsa, (a cheap
bargain empties the purse.)

Make the best of a bad BARGAIN, or, awhat can＇t be cured must be en­
dur＇d. It is certainly prudent to turn every misfortune or disappoint­
ment to the best advantage we can; and not, by indolently repining
at what cannot be helped, to make bad worse.

To sell one a BARGAIN, to put a sham upon one.

BALGAIN and SALE [com. law term] a contract or agreement
made for manors, lands, tenements, &c. and also a transferring the
property of them from the bargainee to the bargainer.

To BARGAIN [of borgen, C. Brit. or barguigner, Fr.] to contract
or make an agreement either for buying or selling any thing; often
with for.

BARGAINE＇E, he or she who accepts a bargain.

BA＇RGAINER, [barguigneur, Fr. a haggler or chafferer] the person
who profers or makes such a bargain.

BA＇RGE [barque, Fr. barca, It. and low Lat. bargie, Du.] a sort of
large fine boat, commonly used for state or pleasure. The barge she
sat in like a burnish＇d throne. Shakespeare. Also a larger luggage
vessel, used in carrying goods, &c.

BARGE couples [with architects] a beam, &c. mortised into another
to strengthen the building.

BARGE COURSE [in architecture] that part of the tiling of an
house that projects over the principal rafters, where there is either
a gable or a gerkin-head.

BA＇RGER [of barge] the manager of a barge; as, London
bargers. Carew.

BA＇RGE Master [at the mines] a surveyor.

A BARGH Mote [of Berg, an hill, and gemot, an assembly, Sax.]
a court held to manage the affairs of mines.

BA＇RK [barck, Dan. barque, Fr. barca, It. low Lat. and Sp.] a
small sort of ship, or sea vessel, with but one deck, and pointed or
triangular sails.

BARK [barck, Dan. barck or borck, D. O. and L. G. and Su.]
the rind or outermost covering of a tree.

The BARK, [so called by way of eminence] “a capital medicine,
says Dr. Alston, imported from Peru, and of which the Europeans
had no knowledge before the year 1640; when it was sent to the
viceroy＇s wife, ill of a tertian; and it cured her: the viceroy brought
the powder with him into Europe, and made it known. But the Je­
suits bringing it to Rome, and distributing it among the poor, it was
called from them, the Jesuit＇s bark or powder.” To which I may add,
that this is one of the THREE medicines, which, for their most exten­
sive usefulness, that good practitioner, Dr. Sydenham, calls the χειρες
Θεου, i. e. the hands of GOD.

To BARK [prob. of barcker, Dan.] 1. To pull off the bark of a tree.
Trees, after they are barked, are tumbled down. Addison. 2. To
make a noise at, to pursue with reproaches, to carp at.
An envy base, to bark at sleeping fame. Spenser.

To BARK as a Dog [beorcan, Sax.] to make the noise of a dog,
when he threatens.

To BARK [said of foxes] to make a noise at rutting time.

To BARK at the moon, or to BARK where one cannot bite. French,
aboyer à la lune. The design of this proverb is to expose the folly of
those, who are given to threaten or rail at their superiors, or those
who are out of their reach, to as little purpose as it is for a dog to
pretend to insult or terrify the moon by barking.

BARKING dogs seldom bite. Fr. Tout chien qui aboye ne mord pas.
Lat. Canes timidi vehementiùs latrant quàm mordent. Ital. Can chi ab­
baia non morde. H. Ger. Cin bellender hand beisset nicht leicht. All
which imply, that huffing, hectoring, bouncing fellows, who are ever
quarrelling and insulting, where they think they shall meet with no op­
position, are rarely or ever endowed with a true generous courage;
but are generally cowards and pusillanimous souls, who dare hardly
look a man of honour in the face.

BARK-burning [in husbandry] a distemper in trees, commonly cu­
red by slitting or cutting along the grain of the bark.

BARK-Fat [with tanners] a tub, wherein they put bark for tanning
leather.

BARK-GALLING [in husbandry] an injury received by trees being
bound to stakes.

BARK-BARED, stripped of the bark. Excorticated and bark-bared
trees may be preserved by nourishing up a shoot from the foot, cutting
the body of the tree sloping off, and it will quickly heal and be covered
with bark. Mortimer.

BA＇RKAN, a town of Hungary, remarkable for two victories ob­
tained over the Turks, the one in 1664, and the other in 1683.

BA＇RKER [of bark] one that clamours or makes a noise. What
hath he done more than a base cur? barked and made a noise. But
they are rather enemies of my fame than me, these barkers. Ben.
Johnson.

BA＇RKERS, in low cant language, are salesmens servants, who walk
before their shops, and invite customers in by their importunate soli­
tations.

BARKER [from bark of a tree] one employed in stripping trees.

BARKHA＇MSTEAD, a market town in the west part of Hertfordshire,
18 miles west of Hertford.

BA＇RKING, a market town of Essex, 10 miles from London; on a
creek that leads to the Thames. Here was formerly a nunnery, the
richest and oldest in England, being founded by a son of Offa, king
of the West Saxons, in 680.

BA＇RKLEY, a market town in Gloucestershire, about 15 miles south-
west of Gloucester.

BA＇RKWAY, a market-town of Hertfordshire, three miles from
Royston, and 35 from London.

BA＇RLEDUC. See BAR.

BA＇RLEMONT, a town of Hainault, in the French Netherlands,
situated on the river Sambre, 15 miles south of Mons. Lat. 50° 10′
N. Long. 3° 40′ E.

BARLE＇TTA, a port town of Barri, in the kingdom of Naples,
situated on the gulph of Venice, 22 miles west of Barri. Lat. 41° 0′
N. Long. 17° 0′ E.

BARKY [of bark of a tree] consisting of bark, belonging to bark.
Ivy so enrings the barky fingers of the elm. Shakespeare.

BA＇RLEY [probably בר, Heb. bread-corn] a sort of grain; it hath
a thick spike, the calyx, husk, awn and flower, are like those of
wheat or rye; the seed is swelling in the middle, and ends in a sharp
point, to which the husks are closely united. The species are;
1. Common long eared barley. 2. Winter, or square barley, by
some called big. 3. Sprat barley, or battledoer barley: the big is
chiefly cultivated in the north of England; and in Scotland they call
it bear, and is hardier than the other sorts. Millar. Barley is
emollient, moistening, and expectorating; it was chosen by Hippo­
crates as proper food in inflammatory distempers. Arbuthnot. But
with this caution (if my memory does not fail me) not to take it be­
fore a just expectoration begins, in the inflammation of the lungs and
pleura.

BA＇RLEYBRAKE, a kind of country play.
She went abroad,
At barleybrake, her sweet swift feet to try. Sidney.

BA＇RLEYBROTH, a cant word, sometimes applied to strong beer.
Can sodden water,
A drench for surreyn＇d jades, their barley broth,
Decoct their cold blood to such valiant heat. Shakespeare.

BARLEY Corn, a corn of barley. It is the least of our English long
measures, three of which are supposed to make an inch.

BARLEY Mow, the place where reaped barley is laid up.

BARM [beorm, Sax. burm, Wel.] yeast, the head or workings out
of ale or beer; it is used as a ferment, and, put into bread, it lightens
and swells it.

BA＇RMY [from barm] containing barm or yeast.
Goblets
Of windy cyder, and of barmy beer. Dryden.

BA＇RMOTE [in the hundred of the Peak in Darbyshire] a court held
for the regulation of the affairs of the miners. See BARGHMOTE.

B＇ARN [bern, Sax.] a place or house for laying up any sort of
grain, hay, or straw, &c.

BARN [bearn, Scot. born, Dan. barn, Su. bearn, Sax. barn, Goth.]
a child.

The BARN is full, a low phrase, for a woman＇s being big with
child.

BARN Teams, a cant word for broods of children.

BA＇RNABITES, a sect of religious or regular priests, of the con­
gregation of St. Paul; their office is to instruct, catechize and serve in
missions.

BA＇RNACLE [with farriers] a kind of bit or curb for an horse.

BARNACLE [prob. of bearn, Sax. a child, and aac, Sax, an oak]
a Soland goose, fabulously said to be bred out of the rotten wood of
trees in Scotland.
As Barnacles turn Soland geese,
In the islands of the Orcades. Hudibras.
Surely it is beyond an atheist＇s impudence to affirm that the first men
might grow upon trees, as the story goes about barnacles. Bentley.

BARNACLE [with mariners] a long red worm in the sea, that will
eat through the planks of a ship, if it be not sheathed.

BA＇RNACLES [prob. of bearn, Sax. to bear, and neck] irons put
on horses noses to cause them to stand quietly when they shoe them or
make any incision.

BARNACLES [among the canting crew] irons, fetters.

BA＇RNARD-CASTLE, a market town in the bishopric of Durham,
situated on the river Tees, 185 miles from London.

BA＇RNET, a market town of Hertfordshire, 10 miles from London.

BA＇RNSTABLE, a market town of Devonshire, situated on the river
Taw, 30 miles from Exeter, and 194 from London. The word is
compounded of bar, which, in the British language signifies the mouth
of a river; and staple, which in the Saxon is a mart of trade.

BARO＇CO [with logicians] one of the barbarous words by which
they express the syllogistic moods, and in this mood the first proposi­
tion must always be an universal affirmative, and the others particular
and negative, and the middle term the attribute of the two first.

BARO＇METER [barometre, Fr. barometro, Sp. βαρομετρον, of βαρος,
weight, and μετρον, Gr. measure] an instrument for estimating the
weight of the atmosphere, and the several minute variations of its
weight, by which the various changes of the weather are deter­
mined.
The first inventor of it was Torricelli, at Florence, in 1643, from
whence father Mersenne brought it into France the year following,
1644, and monsieur Pascal tried it in 1646, and gave an account of it
in a piece printed in 1647; the uses of this instrument are to discover
the gravitation of the incumbent atmosphere (one of the noblest philo­
sophic discoveries) the changes of the weather, &c.
The mechanism of the barometer is as follows: a glass tube A B,
(Plate II. Fig, 1.) hermetically sealed in A, having its diameter
about 1/12 of an inch, and its length at least 13 inches, is filled with
mercury so justly, as not to have any air over it, nor any bubbles ad­
hering to the sides of the tube, which is best done by means of a
glass funnel, with a capillary tube; the orifice of the tube, filled after
this manner, so as to overflow, is closely pressed by the finger, so as
to exclude any air betwixt it and the mercury, and thus immerged in
a wooden vessel of a convenient diameter, so, however, as not to







touch the bottom: at the distance of 28 inches from the surface of the
mercury, are fixed two plates, C E, and D F, divided into inches,
and these again subdivided into any number of smaller parts: lastly,
the tube is inclosed in a wooden frame, L. M. to prevent its being broke,
and the bason open, tho＇ secured from dust.
A barometer differs from a baroscope, which latter only shews that
the air is heavier at one time than another, without specifying the dif­
ference.
Many attempts have been made to render the changes in the baro­
meter more sensible, and so to measure the atmosphere more accurate­
ly; which has given rise to a great number of barometers of different
structures. Hence comes the wheel borometer, diagonal barometer,
horizontal barometer, pendant barometer, &c.

Horizontal BAROMETER, is a barometer, as A B C D (Plate II.
Fig. 2.) the tube whereof is bent into the form of a square, B C D,
at the top of its perpendicular leg it is joined to a vessel, or cistern,
A B; and its variation accounted on the horizontal leg C D.

Diagonal BAROMETER, where the space of variation is considerably
larger than that in the common barometer, and yet the rise and fall
more regular. Its foundation is this; that in the Torricellian tube,
B C (Plate II. Fig. 3.) inclined at any angle to the horizon, the cy­
linder of mercury equivalent to the weight of the atmosphere, is to a
cylinder of mercury equivalent to the same, placed in a vertical tube,
as the length of the tube B C, to the perpendicular height D C.
Hence, if the height D C, be subtriple, subquadruple, &c. of the
length of the tube, the changes in the diagonal barometer will be
double, triple, &c. of the changes in the common barometer.

A Marine BAROMETER, is only a double thermometer for conve­
niency at sea. See THERMOMETER.
Observations for the Use of the BAROMETER.
I. The motion of the mercury in the tube does not exceed three
inches in its rising and falling.
II. The rising of the mercury generally presages fair weather, and
its falling, foul; as rain, snow, high-winds and storms.
III. The falling of the mercury in very hot weather presages
thunder.
IV. The rising of the mercury in winter, foreshews frost, and
if the mercury falls three or four divisions in frosty weather, a thaw
will certainly follow; but if the mercury rises in a continued frost,
snow will follow.
V. If soon after the falling of the mercury foul weather enfues,
there will be but little of it, and on the contrary, if the weather proves
fair soon after the mercury has risen, the same will happen.
VI. If the mercury rise much and high in foul weather, and con­
tinues so for two or three days before the foul weather is over, then
continued fair weather will ensue.
VII. If the mercury falls much and low in fair weather, and con­
tinues so for two or three days before the rain comes, then you may
expect a great deal of wet, and very probably high winds.
VIII. If the mercury be unsettled in its motion, it denotes uncer­
tain and changeable weather.
IX. As to the words that are graved near the divisions of the in­
strument, though for the most part the alterations of the weather will
agree with them, yet they are not so strictly to be minded, as in the
rising and falling of the mercury according to the foregoing observa­
tions; for if the mercury stands at much rain, and then rises up to
changeable, it then foreshews fair weather, altho＇ not to continue so
long, as it would have done if the mercury were higher; also places
which are more northerly have a greater alteration of the rife or fall of
the mercury, than those that are more southerly.

BAROME＇TRICAL [of barometer] relating to the barometer; as,
barometrical instruments and experiments.

BA＇RON [the etymology of this word is very uncertain. Baro,
among the Romans, signified a brave warrior, or a brutal man; and
from the first of these significations, Menage derives baron, as a term
of military dignity. Fr. and Sp. barone, It. baraõ, Port. baro, Lat.
beorn, Sax. a nobleman; and all of bar, baaren, or baren, Teut. a
free gentleman free-born. The Germans to this hour call a baron a
freyherr, a free gentleman. But perhaps the original of this word is either
of bar, Celt. a man, or of bar, Teut. free, and perhaps the French ter­
mination on for homme, or l＇homme, as on dit for homme dit, man says,
men say, or as it is said, in which sense baron or varon is still used by
the Spaniards; and to confirm this conjecture, our law yet uses baron
and femme, instead of husband and wife. Others deduce it from her, an
old Gaulish word, signifying commander. Some think it a contraction
of par homme, Fr. or peer, which seems the least probable. Johnson.] A
degree and title of nobility next to a viscount, who being barons of the
realm, are peers and sit in the house of lords. It is probable, that anciently
in England all those were called barons, that had such seigniories as
we now call court barons; and after the conquest, all such came to the
parliament, and sat as nobles in the upper house. But when it ap­
peared that the parliament was too much crouded, it became a custom,
that none should come but such as the king, for their extraordinary
wisdom or qualities, thought good to call by writ, which ran thus;
hac vice tantum. After that, men seeing that this slate of nobility
was but casual, obtained of the king letters patent of this dignity, to
them and their heirs male; and these were called barons by letters pa­
tent, or by creation; whose posterity are now those barons that are
called lords of the parliament; of which kind the king may create
more at his pleasure: it is nevertheless thought, that there are yet
barons by writ, as well as by letters patent, and that they may be
discerned by their titles; the barons by writ being those, that to the
title of lord have their own surnames annexed; whereas the barons by
letters patent are named by their baronies. These barons which were
first by writ, may now justly also be called barons by prescription;
for that they have continued barons in themselves and their ancestors
beyond the memory of man. There are also barons by tenure; as the
bishops of the land, who, by virtue of baronies annexed to their
hishoprics, have always had place in the upper house of parliament,
and are called lords spiritual. Cowel.

BARONS of the Exchequer, to the king, the principal of which is
called lord chief baron, and the three others are his assistants, whose
office is to look to the king＇s accounts, and being judges between the
king and his subjects, determine in all causes of justice belonging to the
exchequer.

BARONS of the Cinque Ports, there are two to each of the seven
towns, Hastings, Winchester, Rye, Rumney, Hithe, Dover, and
Sandwich, that have a place in the house of commons.

BARON and Feme [in law books] a man and his wife.

BARON and Feme [in heraldry] a term used when the coats of a
man and his wife are borne par pale in the same escutcheon, the man＇s
being always on the dexter side, and the woman＇s always on the sini­
ster. Fr.

A BARON of Beef [in familiar language] is, when the two sirloins
are not cut asunder, but joined together by the end of the back­
bone.

BA＇RONAGE. 1. The body of barons and peers. Charters of the
liberties of England, and of the forest, were with difficulty gained
by his baronage at Staines. A. D. 1215. Hale. 2. The title or dig­
nity of a baron. 3. A tax or subsidy of aid to be raised for the
king＇s use, out of the bounds or precincts of baronies. 4. The lands
which give title to a baron.

BA＇RONESS [baronne, Fr. baronessa, It. baroneza, Sp. and Port. of
baronissa, Lat. See BARON] a baron＇s lady.

BA＇RONET [Fr. baronetto. It. of baron, and et, diminutive termina­
tion] the lowest degree of honour that is hereditary; it is below
a baron, and above a knight; and has the precedency of all other
knights, except the knights of the garter. It was first founded by
king James I. A. D. 1611, when 200 baronets were created; to
which number they were always to be restrained; tho＇ they are now
near four times that number. They had several privileges given
them, with an habendum to them and their heirs male. The reason
for creating this degree was partly martial; for tho＇ themselves were
not enjoined personal service in the wars, yet each baronet was to
maintain 30 foot soldiers for three years in Ireland, after the rate of
three pence a day, for the defence of that kingdom, and chiefly to
secure the plantation of Ulster; or to pay into the exchequer 1095l.
which with fees commonly arise to 1200l. See KNIGHTS. But
it appears by the following passage, that the term was in use before,
tho＇ in another sense. King Edward III. being bearded and crossed
by the clergy, so as he could not reform things, was advised to direct
out his writs to certain gentlemen of the best abilities, entitling them
therein, barons in the next parliament; by which means he had so
many barons in his parliament as were able to weigh down the clergy;
which barons were not afterwards lords, but baronets, as sundry of
them do yet retain the name. Spenser.

BA＇RONY [baronnie, Fr. baronia, It. Sp. and Lat. beorny, Sax.]
that honour or lordship, that gives title to a baron, and comprehends
not only the fees and lands of temporal barons; but also of lords spi­
ritual or bishops. Sir William Temple observes, that baronies were
originally the larger shares of the land of conquered countries, which
the northern invaders, as the Goths, &c. used to divide among their
generals and chief commanders.

BA＇ROSCOPE [of βαρος, weight, and σκοπεω, Gr. to view] an in­
strument to shew the alteration in the weight of the atmosphere;
the barometer determines what that alteration is. See BAROME­
TER.

BARR [in heraldry] an ordinary in form of the fess, but smaller.
See Plate IV. Fig. 29, The barr-gimel, or double barr, is represented
Plate IV. Fig. 31.

BA＇RRA, one of the Scotch western islands. Lat. 56° 40′ N.
Long. 10° 0′ W.

BA＇RRACAN [barracan, or bouracan, Fr.] a sort of coarse cam­
blet.

BA＇RRACH, or BA＇RRACK [barraque, Fr. baracca, It. barráca, Sp.]
originally were little cabins made by the Spanish fishermen on the sea­
shore, or huts or cottages for soldiers to lodge in a camp, when they
have no tents, or when an army lies long in a place in bad weather;
now barracks are edifices or several houses built contiguous with con­
veniences of lodging soldiers at home; as, the barracks in Ireland and
Scotland.

BA＇RRATOR, or BA＇RATOR [of barrateur, Fr. a cheat, of barat,
Fr. fraud.] a common wrangler, an exciter of differences; one who
sets persons at variance, wrangling and brawling with others, one
who is continually unquiet. See BARATOR.

BA＇RRATRY [from barrator, in law] the crime of a barrator.

BARRATRY, or BA＇RRETRY [in commerce] is the master of a ship
cheating the owners or insurers, either by running away with the ship,
sinking of her, or embezzling her cargo.

BA＇RREL [barril, C. Brit. and Fr. barile, It. barril, Sp. and Port.]
1. A cylindrical, but somewhat bulging, wooden vessel, to be
stopped close. 2. A liquid measure, containing, of ale 32 gallons,
of beer 36, of oil and wine 31 gallons and a half, and of beer vine­
gar 34 gallons. 3. A Cylinder; frequently that cylinder about which
any thing is wound; as, the barrel of a watch. See FUZEE. 4. Any
thing hollow; as, the barrel (or tube) of a gun, that which holds
the shot.

BARREL [a dry measure] of Essex butter contains 106 pound, of
Suffolk 256, a barrel of herrings should contain thirty two gallons,
wine measure, holding usually a thousand herrings.

BARREL of the Ear [with anatomists] a large cavity behind the
tympanum of the ear, in depth about three or four lines, in width
five or six, covered with a very fine membrane, on which are several
veins and arteries.

BARRELS of Earth [in an army] 1. A sort of half hogsheads
filled with earth, which are used as breast works for covering the sol­
diery; also to break the gabions made in the ditch, and to roll into
breaches.

Thundering BARRELS [with gunners] barrels filled with bombs,
granadoes, and other fire-works, to be rolled down a breach.

To BARREL, or BARREL up [from the noun] to put into a barrel
for preservation.

BA＇RREL-BELLIED, having a large belly. Sharp-headed, barrel­
bellied, broadly back＇d. Dryden.








BA＇RREN [unberend, Sax. unbearing, bare, Sax. naked, proper­
ly applied to trees or ground unfruitful. Johnson.] 1. Not pro­
ducing its kind; applied to animals. There shall not be male or
female barren among you. Deuteronomy. 2. Unfruitful, sterile;
applied to ground; as, that soil is barren, empty, dry, sorry, poor.
3. Scanty, not plentiful. Some schemes appear barren of fruits,
but prove fruitful. Swift. 4. Jujune, unmeaning, wanting spirit,
dull, not inventive. There be that will make themselves laugh,
to set on barren spectators to laugh too. Shakespeare.

BARREN Ivy, the herb creeping ivy.

BA＇RRENLY [of barren] unfruitfully.

BA＇RRENNESS [of barren] 1. Want of the power of procreation;
applied to creatures.
I pray＇d for children, and thought barrenness
In wedlock a reproach. Milton.
2. Unfruitfulness, a state of not bearing; applied to the earth or
trees. Lands have diverse degrees of value, through the diversity of
their fertility or barrenness. Bacon. 3. Want of inventing or pro­
ducing any thing new; applied to the mind. Ulysses＇ adventures are
imitated in the Æneis, tho＇ the accidents are not the same, which
would have argued him of a total barrenness of invention. Dryden.
4. Want of materials, dryness of any subject. We dwell longer than
the barrenness of so poor a cause could require. Hooker. 5. In divi­
nity, a want of fervour, or of sensibility in devotion. Saints some­
times are fervent, and sometimes feel a barrenness of devotion. Taylor.

BA＇RREN-SIGNS [with astrologers] the signs Gemini, Leo, and
Virgo, so called, because when the question is asked, whether such
a person shall have children or not? if one of those signs be upon the
cusp, or first point of the first house, they take it for granted, that
the person enquiring shall have none.

BA＇RRENWORT [epimedium, Lat.] a plant with leaves shaped like
ivy.

BA＇RRI, a city of the kingdom of Naples, and capital of a pro­
vince of the same name; situated on the gulph of Venice. Lat. 40°
40′ N. Long. 17° 40′ E.

BA＇RRFUL [of bar and full] full of obstructions; as, a barrful
strife. Shakespeare.

BA＇RRICADE, or BARRICADOE [barricade, Fr. barricata, It. barri­
cada, Sp.] 1. A kind of intrenchment or defence, made in haste, of bar­
rels filled with earth, carts, trees cut down, or any thing else to keep
off an attack. 2. Any stop or obstruction. Such a barricade would
stop the currents of the atmosphere. Derham.

To BARRICA＇DE [of barricader, Fr. barricare, It.] to inclose or
shut up with bars or barricadoes. A new volcano discharged matter
till then barricaded up and imprisoned in the earth. Woodward. Also
to stop any passage. The mixt hurry barricades the street. Gay.

To BARRICA＇DO [of the noun] to bar or stop up. See to BARRICADE.
Fast shut the gates, and barricado＇d strong. Milton.

BARRICA＇DOES [in regular fortification] are trees cut with six faces,
and crossed with battoons of the length of half pikes, bound with iron
at the feet, to be set up in passages or breaches, to keep back either
horse or foot.

B＇ARRIER [barriere, Fr. and It. It is sometimes accented on
the last syllable, but more properly on the first. Johnson] 1. An en­
trenchment or barricade.
An ocean flows
Around our realm, a barrier from the foes. Pope.
2. A strong fortified place, on the frontiers of any country. The
Dutch have possession of the barrier. Swift. 3. An obstruction or stop.
If you value yourself as a man of learning, you build a most unpassa­
ble barrier against all improvement. Watts. 4. A boundary, what­
ever marks the limits of any thing.
＇Twixt that and reason what a nice barrier;
For ever sep＇rate, yet for ever near. Pope.
5. A sort of warlike exercise or sport of armed men fighting with
short swords, within certain bars or rails, set up for separating them
from the spectators. For justs, tourneys, and barriers, their glories
are in the chariots. Bacon.

BA＇RRIERS [in fortification] are great stakes, set up about ten feet
distant one from another, and about four or five feet high, having
transoms, or overthwart rafters, to stop such as would violently force
their way in. These are usually erected in void spaces between a
citadel and the town, in half-moons and other works.

BA＇RRISTERS [from bar at which they plead] are pleaders of the
causes of clients at the bar of a court of judicature; called advocates
or licentiates in other countries and courts; they are now usually de­
nominated counsellors at law, and are of two sorts; either outward or
outer, or inner.

Outward BARRISTER, or Outer BARRISTER, is one, who after long
study of the law, at least seven years, is called to public practice, and
admitted to plead, standing without the bar.

Inner BA＇RRISTER, one, who being a serjeant at law, or else an
attorney of the king or prince, or any of the king＇s, &c. council,
benchers, or those who have been readers, are allowed out of respect
to plead within the bar.

VACATION BARRISTERS, pleaders newly called to the bar, who
are obliged to attend the exercise of the house for the six following va­
cations. viz. in Lent and Summer.

BA＇RROW [bearwe, Sax. a grove] whether it stands singly by itself,
or is added to the name of a place, signifies something relating to a
grove; and several words beginning with bar, seem to have been an­
ciently written barrow, so that bartons seems to be but a contraction
of barrow-town, i. e. a town in or near a grove.

BARROW [beorg, Sax.] a little hill or mount of earth, such as are
cast up in several parts of England, and are supposed to be Roman bu­
rying places; it is likewise used in Cornwall for a hillock, under
which in old times bodies have been buried.

BARROW [barella, It. baar, Ger. supposed by Skinner to come
from to bear] any instrument or carriage moved by the hand, to carry
stones earth, &c.

A hand-BARROW, such an instrument to carry in the hand.

A Wheel-BARROW, the like driven upon one wheel.

BARROW-Hog, a boar-hog, that has been gelded.

BARRU＇LY, or BA＇RRY [in heraldry] we understand it to be a shield
divided transverse into four, or six, or more equal parts, and consisting of
two or more tinctures interchangeably disposed. See Plate IV. Fig. 32.

BARRY BENDY [in heraldry] is a shield equally divided into four,
six, or more equal parts, by lines drawn transverse and diagonal, in­
terchangeably varying the tinctures of which it consists. Plate IV.
Fig. 33.

BARRY Pily [in heraldry] another particular way of blazoning or
dividing a coat armour, which is to consist of six or more pieces.

To BA＇RTER, verb neut. [baratter, Fr. to trick in traffic, of barat,
a fraud or cheat, barrattare, It.] To traffic by exchanging commo­
dities one for another, in opposition to buying with money.
They scorn＇d to trade or barter,
By giving or by taking quarter. Hudibras.

To BARTER, verb act. 1. To truck or exchange one commodity
for another of a different kind, having with.
With a baser man they would have bartered me. Shakespeare.
2. Sometimes with away. If they barter away their time, they
should have ease in exchange. Decay of Piety.

BARTER [of the verb] the act of exchanging goods in traffic; also
sometimes the thing given in exchange. For china, old cloaths is fair
barter. Felton.

BA＇RTERER [of barter] he that barters or exchanges one kind of
goods for another.

BA＇RTERY [of barter] exchange of commodities. Cambden has
used it.

BARTHO＇LOMEW, or St. BARTHOLOMEW, one of the Caribbee
islands, subject to France. Lat. 18° 6′ N. Long. 62° 5′ W.

BA＇RTLEMIES, q. d. Bartholomew days, so named from the cruel­
ties, slaughters and massacres, that have been committed upon them.

BA＇RTON, a market town of Lincolnshire, situated on the southern
shore of the Humber, 35 miles from Lincoln, and 163 from Lon­
don.

BARTON. 1. A coop for keeping poultry 2. A backside, out­
house, &c.

BARTON [in Devonshire and elsewhere] the demesne lands of a ma­
nor, and sometimes the manor house itself; and also out-houses, fold­
yards and backsides.

BA＇RTRAM, the name of a plant; the same with pellitory.

BA＇RULES, a sect of heretics, who held that our Saviour had only
a phantom of a body.

BA＇RULET [in heraldry] is a fourth part of the bar, or half of the
closet.

BARYCOI＇A [of βαρυς, dull, or heavy and ἀκουω, Gr. to hear] a
dulness, thickness, hardness of hearing.

BARYCO＇CALON [with botanists] the thorn-apple.

BARYPHONI＇A [βαρυϕωνια, Gr.] a difficulty of speaking.

BA＇S, low, shallow, mean. Fr.

BA＇S CHEVALIERS, low or inferior knights, by a tenure of a bare
military fee, so called in distinction from bannerets and baronets, who
were superior knights: whence, it is probable, comes our knights
batchelors; and it is not improbable that the name of batchelor＇s de­
gree in the university had the same rise.

BASA＇LTES [βασαλτης, Gr.] a sort of marble of an iron colour; also
the hardest black marble. Lat.

BASA＇NITES [of βασανιζω, Gr. to examine diligently] a touch­
stone or whetstone. Lat.

BA＇SE, adj. [bas, Fr. basso, It. baxo, Sp. baixo, Port. bassus, low
Lat. βασις, Gr.] 1. Mean, low, vile, worthless. The harvest white
plumb is a base plumb. Bacon. 2. Disingenuous, having a mean or
illiberal spirit. Shall that heart lifted up to such a height be counted
base? Sidney. 3. Of mean station, of low account, having no ho­
nour. If the lords degenerate, what shall be hoped of the peasants
and baser people. Spenser. 4. Base born, born out of wedlock, and
therefore not of honourable birth. Why bastard? Wherefore base?
Shakespeare. 5. Having no value; money of less value than it ought
to be; commonly applied to all metals, except gold and silver. A
guinea is pure gold, if it has nothing but gold, without any alloy or
baser metal in it. Locke. 6. Deep, grave, applied to sounds; this
is frequently written bass, tho＇ the comparative baser seems to require
base; as, a base sound. Bacon.

BASE, subst. [Fr. basa, It. and Sp. basis, Lat. of βασις, Gr.] 1. The
bottom of any thing, commonly the lower part of a building or co­
lumn. The cliff beetles o＇er his base into the sea. Shakespeare.
2. The pedestal of a statue. Little statues set on great bases. Bacon.
3. That part of an ornament that hangs down as, housing. Phalantus
was in white, having his bases and caparison embroidered. Sidney.
4. From bas, Fr. stockings, or perhaps the armour for the legs.
———Wight
With gauntlet blue, and bases white. Hudibras.
5. The place from which racers or tilters run, the bottom of the field.
To their appointed base they went,
And starting all once, the barrier leave. Dryden.
6. The string that yields a base sound.
At thy well sharpen＇d thumb
The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar. Dryden.
7. The broad part of any body; as, the bottom of a cone. 8. An
old country play; Skinner writes it bays. Lads like to run the coun­
try base. Shakespeare.

BASE [with gunners] the smallest piece of ordnance, four feet and
a half long, the diameter at the bore an inch and a quarter, it weighs
200 pounds, carries a ball one inch and an eighth in diameter, and five
or six ounces weight.

BASE [in architecture] the foot of a pillar, which supports it, or
that part which is under the body, and lies upon the zocle or pedestal.

BASE [in fortification] is the level line on which any work stands,
and which is even with the campaign.

BASE [in an escutcheon] is the lower part, consisting of the dex­
ter, middle, and sinister base points.

BASE, a fish, otherwise called the sea-wolf.

BASE [of a conic section] a right line in the hyperbola and para­
bola, arising from the common intersection of the secant plane, and
the base of the cone.

BASE of a solid Figure [in geometry] is the lowermost side, or that
on which it stands.








BASE of a Triangle [with geometricians] is any side of it; but
usually and most properly that side, which lies parallel to the horizon.

BASE distinct [in optics] is that precise distance from the pole of a
convex glass, in which the objects, which are beheld through it, ap­
pear distinct, and well defined; and is the same with what is called
the focus.

BASE Line [in perspective] is the common section of the picture
and the geometrical plane.

BASE Ring [of a cannon] is the large ring next to, and just behind,
the touch-hole.

BASE Court [a law term] an inferior one, which is not a court of
record; as the court-leet, court-baron, &c.

BASE Estate, or BASE Fee [in law] land or tenements held at the
will of the lord of the manor.

BASE Tenants, tenants that perform service in villenage to their
lord.

BASE Tenure [a law term] is holding by villenage or other custo­
mary service, in distinction from the higher tenure in capite, or by mi­
litary service.

To BASE, verb act. [from the adj.] to make base or less valuable
by alloy, or the mixture of meaner metals. Have men sufficiently re­
fined metals, which we cannot base. Bacon.

BA＇SEBORN, born out of wedlock; as, a baseborn child.

BASECOURT, a lower court, not the principal one that leads to a
house.
In the basecourt he doth attend. Shakespeare.

BA＇SELY [of base] 1. In a base, mean, dishonourable manner.
The king is basely led by flatterers. Shakespeare.
2. In bastardy. Two brethren basely born. Knolles.

BA＇SEMINDED, worthless, meanspirited.
It signifieth abject, baseminded, coward, or nidget. Camden.

BA＇SENESS [of base] 1. Meanness, vileness, badness. Your soul＇s
above the baseness of mistrust. Dryden. 2. Worthlessness of metal.
3. Bastardy.
Why brand they us
With base? with baseness? bastardy? Shakespeare.
4. Gravity or deepness of sound. The proportion of air percussed
towards the baseness or trebleness of tones. Bacon.

BA＇SEVIOL, commonly written BA＇SSVIOL, a musical instrument
used in concerts for its base sound.

To BASH, verb neut. [for abash] to be ashamed.
His countenance was bold, and bashed not. Spenser.

BA＇SHAW, or PA＇SHAW, a man of command. Turk. And accord­
ingly it is used, not only for the great officers of the porte, as the ca­
pudan bashaw, i. e. commander at sea or admiral; bostangi-bashaw,
the chief of the gardeners; the bashaw of bagdad, i. e. governor of
the city and province so called: but is also applied [I suppose by
way of compliment] to the inferior officers of the army; and some­
times to simple janizaries. Dherbelot. See BA＇SSA.

BA＇SHFUL [of abashed, made ashamed, and full. This word, with
all of the same race, are of uncertain etymology. Skinner imagines
them derived from base or mean. Minshew from verbaesen, Du. to
strike with astonishment. Junius from βασις, which he finds in Hesy­
chius, to signify shame. The conjecture of Minshew seems most pro­
bable. Johnson] 1. Shamefaced, timorous, modest. 2. Sheepish;
modest to a fault. He looked with a bashful modesty, as if he
feared the eyes of men. Sidney.

BA＇SHFULLY, shamesacedly, timorously, modestly.

BA＇SHFULNESS, 1. Shamefacedness, timorousness, modesty, as
shewn in the outward appearance. 2. Faulty, or rustic shame. O­
thers have not so much of this foolish bashfulness, to ask every one＇s
opinion. Dryden.

BASHFULNESS was painted by the ancients as a virgin, cloathed in
white, as a token of chastity, veiled, to shew that a virtuous woman
ought not to expose her beauty; in her hand a lilly, as the emblem of
modesty; and standing on a tortoise, to shew that chaste women should
not be given to rambling.

BASIE＇NTO, a river of the kingdom of Naples, which rises near
Potenza, in the Basilicate, waters that province, and runs into the
gulph of Tarento.

BA＇SIL [basilic, Fr. bassilico, It. basílico, Sp. basílica, Port. ocymum,
Lat.] an herb. The species of this plant are eight: 1. Common basil.
2. Common basil, with dark green leaves and white flowers. 3. Les­
ser basil, with narrow serrated leaves. 4. The least basil, commonly
called the bush-basil, &c. The first sort is prescribed in medicine;
but the fourth is esteemed for its beauty and scent. Miller The herb
sweet Basil.

BASIL [in joinery] the sloping edge of a chissel, or of the iron of
a plane, the angle to which it is ground away.

BASIL, the skin of a sheep tanned.

To BASIL [from the noun] to grind the edge of a tool to a cer­
tain angle. These chissels are not ground to such a basil, as the
joiners chissels on one of the sides, but are bassiled away on both the
flat sides; so that the edge lies between both the sides, in the middle
of the tool. Moxon.

BASIL; a city and canton of Switzerland, near the confines of Al­
face, situated on both sides the river Rhine. The city is large, po­
pulous, and fortified. Lat. 47° 40′ N. Long 7° 40′ E.

BASILA＇RE Os [in anatomy] See SPHENOIDES.

BA＇SILIC [basilique, Fr. basilica, It. and Sp. βασιλικη, Gr.] a large
hall, having two ranges of pillars, and two isles or wings, with gal­
leries over them. These basilics were at first made for the palaces of
princes, and afterwards converted into courts of justice, and at last into
churches; whence a basilic is generally taken for a magnificent church,
as the basilic of St. Peter at Rome. Basilics, with the writers of the
4th century, signify those noble piles or structures, in which the bo­
dies of the saints and martyrs were now placed; and unto which,
upon account of the superstitions (not to say idolatrous) worship there
observed, the Eunomians would not enter. See EUNOMIANS.

BASILIC Constitutions, an abridgment and reform of the emperor
Justinian＇s laws, made under Basilius and Leo, whence they were
named.

BA＇SILICA, Lat. or BA＇SILIC Vein [in anatomy] the middle vein
of the arm, the liver vein. It is called basilica by way of pre-emi­
nence, and the name is likewise applied to many medicines for the
same reason.

BASILICAL [βασιλικος, Gr.] king-like, royal.

BA＇SILICAL, or BA＇SILIC [from basilica] belonging to the basilic
vein. Aneurisms follow upon bleeding the basilic vein. Sharp.

BASI＇LICON, Lat. [βασιλικον, Gr.] an ointment, called also tetra­
pharmacon. I put a pledget of basilicon over it. Wiseman.

BASI＇LICUS [in astronomy] a fixed star in the constellation Leo,
called cor leonis.

BASILI＇DIANS, a sect so called, from Basilides, their ringleader in the
second century, and cotemporary with Saturninus, who flourished at
Antioch, Basilides in Alexandria. And the new scheme of theology
which he advanced, was as follows: That the supreme God, whom he
stiled Abraxas, [See ABRAXAS] begot the nûs, or understanding; from
the nûs, was the logos derived; from the logos, Phronesis (or, as Tertul­
lian translates it) providence; from Phronesis, Sophia, and Dynamis,
i. e. wisdom and power; from Sophia and Dynamis sprung powers,
principalities, and angels whom he calls the first; by which angels
was the first heaven created; and then from them, by way of deri­
vation, other angels arose, who made another heaven, which resem­
bled like an antitype, the first; and in like manner, one generation of
angels after another (with their respective heavens) existed; till the
number of heavens amounted to 365; all made by them, in honour
of the chief God, whose name [Abraxas] contains that number
within itself. And that the angels who were possessors of the last
heaven, (whose head they affirmed to be the God of the Jews) crea­
ted our world, and all things therein.—That this God of the Jews,
aiming to subject the nations to that people, was opposed by the rest.
That the mission of Christ, who was the first-begotten nûs, was in­
tended to rescue his followers from the power of them that created the
world; that He did not become truly incarnate, but only appeared in
a human form; and that Simon the Cyrenian was by the Jews mis­
taken for him, and crucified in his stead; and in a word, that by the
knowledge of this most excellent scheme, we are delivered from the
powers which created the world.—The Basilidians confined salvation
to the soul; the body being by nature corruptible. They did not
scruple to eat things offered to idols, and are charged with the use of
incantations, and universal uncleanness. Iræneus and Tertullian. I
have dwelt the longer on this sect, as their system affords us a clear
instance of what the scripture means by heresy, i. e. not a mere mis­
take of judgment, but (as St. Paul stiles it) a work of the flesh. See
HERESY, ABRAXAS, CERINTHIANS.

BA＇SILISK [basilic, Fr. basilisco, It. Sp. and Port. basiliscus, Lat. of
βασιλισκος, of βασιλευς, Gr. a king] a kind of serpent called also a
cockatrice, not above three palms long, and differenced from other
serpents by having a white spot on the head, as a sort of diadem or
crown, that rolls not up himself in foles as others do, but bears his
body erect, as far as the middle; this serpent is said to drive away
all others with his hissing, to destroy animals and fruits, &c. by his
infectious breath, to burn herbs, and to break stones.
Make me not slighted like the basilisk;
I＇ve look＇d on thousands who have sped the better
By my regard, but kill＇d none so. Shakespeare.

A BASILISK, having the head and eyes of a hawk [hieroglyphically]
among the ancient Egyptians, was used to represent the providence
of God, because no other creature is fuller of spirit and vigour. This
creature is said to kill at a distance, only by sending out of its eyes a
secret poison, which it conveys to the creature with whom it is dis­
pleased.

BASILISKS were frequently placed by the ancients in the presence
of their gods, either at their feet, about their middle, or winding
their tails about their heads, as a symbol of their immortality, be­
cause this serpent is very long lived.

BASILISK [basilic, Fr. basilisco, It. in gunnery] a long and large
piece of ordnance, or cannon.

BA＇SIN. See BASON; which is the more frequent spelling, but
not according to etymology.

BA＇SINETS, an herb.

BASINGSTO＇KE, a market-town of Hampshire, 16 miles from Win­
chester, and 48 from London.

BASIOGLO＇SSA [with anatomists] a pair of muscles arising from the
basis or root of the bone hyoides, which serve to depress or keep
down the tongue.

BASIS, Lat. 1. The foundation of a column or building. Para­
dise, being raised to this height, must have the compass of the whole
earth for a basis and foundation. Raleigh. 2. The lowest of the three
principal parts of a column, which are the basis, shaft and capital.
Coming to the bottom we observed an English inseription upon the
basis. Addison. 3. That on which any thing is raised.
Thy gentle height made only proud
To be the basis of that pompous load,
Than which a nobler weight no mountain bears. Denham.
4. The ground-work, or first principle, of any thing.
Build me thy fortune on the basis of valour. Shakespeare.

BASIS [with anatomists] the upper and broader part of the heart
opposite to the muero or point; also the bottom of the bone hyoides
at the root of the tongue.

BASIS, Lat. [in architecture] the foot that supports a pillar, the pe­
destal. Cæsar on Pompey＇s basis lies along. Shakespeare.

To BASK, verb act. [perhaps of backaren, Du.] 1. To warm by ly­
ing in the heat; almost generally applied to animals.
Strech＇d out all the chimney＇s length,
Baskt at the fire his hairy strength. Milton.
2. To keep or lie in a warm place exposed to the sun, or any other
heat.
Birds bath＇d within, or bask＇d upon its side. Dryden.

BA＇SKET [bagawd, C. Br. bafged, Wel. bascauda, Lat. Barbara de
pictis venit bascauda britannis. Martial.] A vessel made of twigs,
rushes, or some other slender substance interwoven.

BASKET-HILT, the hilt of a sword, so made, as to contain the hand
and defend it.
His puissant sword
With basket-hilt that would hold broth,
And serve for sight and dinner both. Hudibras.
They in their basket-hilts their bev＇rage brew＇d. Dr. King.








BASKET-WOMAN, a woman who plies in a market with a basket,
to carry any thing home that is bought.

BASNETUM [old law] an helmet.

BA＇SON [bassin, Fr. bacino, It. basia, Sp. bacia, Port.] 1. A small
vessel for washing hands in, and other uses. 2. Any hollow place capa­
cious of liquids.
The rapid motion would eject,
The stones the low capacious caves contain,
And from its ample bason cast the main. Blackmore.
3. A dock for repairing or building ships. 4. A concave piece of
metal, by which glass-grinders form the convex-glasses. 5. A round
shell or case of iron placed over a furnace, in which hatters mould
the matter of a hat into form. 6. A place near the sea, inclosed in
rocks, with a narrow entrance, where ships may lie in safety.
The jutting land two ample bays divides,
The spacious basons arching rocks inclose,
A sure defence for every storm. Pope.

BASON [with anatomists] a round cavity in the form of a tunnel,
situate betwixt the anterior ventricles of the brain, and ending at the
point of the glandula pituitaria.

BASONS of a Balance, two pieces of brass or of other matter, fas­
tened to the extremities of the strings of a balance, the one to hold the
weight, and the other for the thing to be weighed.

BASON of a Jet d＇Eau, a reservatory of water, a small pond.
On one side of the walk is a hollow basin. Spectator.

BASS [basse, Fr. in music] the lowest of all its four parts, which
serves as a foundation to the other. It is grave and deep. See BASE.

BASS, BASSOCK, or HASSOCK [supposed by Junius to be derived,
like basket, from some British word, signifying a rush; but perhaps
more properly written boss, from the French bosse. Johnson] a sort of
cushion made of straw, a mat used in churches to kneel on. Hav­
ing woollen yarn, bass mat, or such like, to bind them. Mortimer.

BASS, a collar for cart-horses made of straw, rushes, sedge, &c.

BASS Relief [of bas and relief, Fr.] raised work. See BASSO Re­
lievo. Felibien distinguishes three kinds of bass relief; in the first,
the front figures appear almost with the full relief; in the second,
they stand out no more than one half; and in the third, much less, as
in coins.

BASS Viol, or Bass Violin, a musical stringed instrument, of the
same form with the violin, but much longer. One of the muses plays
on a bass-viol. Dryden.

BA＇SSA, a Turkish governor so called. See BASHAW.

BASSA Tenura [in old deeds] base tenure, or holding by villenage,
or other customary service, in distinction from alta tenura, the high­
est tenure in capite, i. e. in chief, or by military service, &c.

BASSA＇IM, or BA＇CCEIM, a port town of the hither India, subject
to the Portuguese. Lat. 19° 30′ N. Long. 71° 5′ E.

BA＇SSE Enceinte, or BA＇SSE Inclosure [in fortification] the same as
false bray. Fr.

BASSE＇E, a town of French Flanders, on the confines of Artois.
Lat. 50° 33′ N. Long. 3° 30′ E.

BA＇SSET [Fr. bassetta, It.] a sort of game at cards, said to be first
invented at Venice. Gamesters would no more blaspheme, and lady
Dabcheek＇s basset bank would be broke. Dennis.

BA＇SSETTO [music books] a bass viol or violin of the smallest size,
so called in distinction from bass viol, or violin of a larger size.

BASSI＇GNY, the south-east division of the province of Champaign,
in France.

B＇ASSO [in music] for the most part signifies the bass; but some­
times in pieces of music for several voices, the singing bass is more
particularly so called. It.

BASSO Concertante [in music] the bass of the little chorus, or the
bass that plays throughout the whole piece.

BASSO Continuo [in music] the thorough bass or continual bass,
which is commonly distinguished from the other basses by figures over
the notes in music books, which figures are proper only to the organ,
harpsichord, spinet, and theorbo-lute.

BASSO Recitante [music book] the same as basso concertante.

BASSO Repieno [in music] the bass of the grand chorus, or the bass
that plays now and then in some particular places. It.

BASSO Viola [in music] a base viol. It.

BASSO Violino [music books] the bass for the bass violin. It.

BASSO Relievo [in masonry, carving, casting, &c.] i. e. bass or low
relief, or imbossed work, is when only half the bodies or figures are
represented, or when the work is low, flat, or but a little raised; as
when a medal or coin has its figure or impress low, thin, and hardly
distinguishable from the plane, it is said that the relief is low and
weak; but when it is much raised, the relief is said to be bold and
strong. See BASS Relief.

BA＇SSOCK, the same with bass, a hassock.

BASSOO＇N [basson, Fr. bassone, It.] a musical wind instrument, of the
wind kind. It is blown with a reed, and has eleven holes, which are stop­
ped like other large flutes; its diameter at bottom is nine inches, and
it serves for the bass in concerts of hautboys, &c.

BASSO＇RA, a large city of Asia, situated on the conflux of the Ti­
gris and Euphrates. Lat. 30° 20′ N. Long. 53° E.

BAST, lime-tree wood made into ropes and mats.

BA＇STARD, subst. [in civil and canon law] 1. One born of a wo­
man unmarried, so that the father is not known, according to order
of law. 2. Any thing spurious or false.
Speak with words, bastards, and syllables,
Of no allowance to your bosom＇s truth. Shakespeare.

BASTARD, adj. [bâtard, F. of base and tardon, C. Br. qu. basely
descended, bastardd, Wel. of low birth, bastardo, It. Sp. and Port.]
1. Begotten out of wedlock; as, bastard children, bastard-born. 2.
Not true or genuine, counterfeit, false. In this sense, whatever bears
some relation or resemblance to another, is called spurious or bastard.
Men pursue their own designs of power, and such bastard ho­
nours as attend them. Temple.

BASTARD brood is siways proud. How far this proverb is true, I
shall not undertake to determine: but, where it is so, the reason is
probable, because such people knowing themselves exposed to public
reproach, they, for their own ease, get the mastery of shame and mo­
desty, to which pride and insolence naturally follow.

To BASTARD [from the noun] to stigmatize with bastardy, to
convict of bastardy. Not an usual word. Her two sons were de­
posed from the crown, bastarded in their blood, and murdered. Bacon.

BASTARD-Cedar-Tree, called quazuma in the West Indies. It grows
plentifully in the low lands of Jamaica, where it rises to the height of
forty or fifty feet, and has a large trunk. The timber is cut into staves
for cases of all sorts, and used for many other purposes. The fruit is
eaten by cattle as it falls from the tree, and is esteemed very good to
fatten them. Miller.

To BA＇STARDIZE [abâstardir, Fr. imbostardire, It.] 1. To make
one a bastard, to convict of bastardy. 2. To beget a bastard. I had
been what I am, had the maidenliest star in the firmament twinkled on
my bastardizing. Shakespeare.

BA＇STARDLY, adv. [of bastard] in the manner of a bastard, spu­
riously.
Good seed degenerates, and oft obeys
The soils disease, and into cockle strays.
Let the mind＇s thoughts but be transplanted so
Into the body, and bastardly they grow. Donne.

BA＇STARDY [from bastard] the condition of a bastard; defect of
birth, objected against a person born out of wedlock: it disables the
bastard, both according to the laws of God and man, from succeeding
to an inheritance. Ayliffe.

BASTARDY [bastardigia, It. bastardia, Sp.] an enquiry, examina­
tion or trial at law, whether one be a bastard or not.

To BASTE. 1. To moisten meat with butter or dripping, by falling
on it, while it is roasting on a spit. The fat of mutton falling on the
birds will baste them. Swift. 2. To drip any thing on meat that is
roasting. The meat wants what I have, a basting. Shakespeare.

To BASTE a flint with butter. That is, to do a thing to no pur­
pose, for baste it as long as you will, it will never be soft.

To BASTE [bâtir, Fr. to make long stitches, imbastire, It.] to sew
slightly with stitches.

To BASTE [of bastonner, bâtonner or battre, Fr. Bazata, in the Ar­
moric dialect, signifies to strike with a stick; from which perhaps ba­
ston, a stick, and all its derivatives or collaterals may be deduced.
Johnson. Participle basted or basten] To beat or bang soundly with a
cudgel.

BASTI＇LE [in Paris in France] formerly a royal castle, now chiefly
a prison for state offenders.

BA＇STIA, the capital city of the island of Corsica. It is a good port,
and situated on the north-east part of the island. Lat. 42° 20′ N.
Long. 9° 40′. E.

BASTIME＇NT＇OS, small islands on the coast of Darien, in South Ame­
rica, situated a little to the eastward of Porto Bello.

BA＇STINADE, or BASNINA＇DO [bastonade, Fr. bastonata, It. basto­
nada, Sp.] 1. Blows given with a stick. 2. The act of cudgelling, or
beating with a cudgel. This courtesy was worse than a bastinado to
Zelmane. Sidney. Harsh and rugged sounds of bastinadoes. Hudibras.
3. Sometimes applied to a punishment among the Turks, by beating
an offender on the buttocks, or on the soles of his feet.

To BASTINADE, or To BASTINADO [bastonner, bâtonner, Fr. basto­
nare, It.] to beat with a stick or cudgel. Nick with a cudgel began to
bastinàdo old Lewis. Arbuthnot.

BA＇STION [Fr. and Sp. bastione; It. in fortification] a mass of earth,
sometimes faced or lined with sods or brick, and seldom with stone,
which generally advances towards the country, and stands out from a
rampart, of which it is a principal part, the bounding lines of it being
two faces, two flanks, and two demigorges. This is what, in the an­
cient fortification, was called a bulwark.

BASTION Composed [in fortification] is when the two sides of the in­
ner polygon are very unequal, which causes that the gorges also are
very unequal.

BA＇STION Cut, or BASTION with a Tenaille [in fortification] a ba­
stion, the point of which is cut off, so as to make one angle inwards,
and two points outwards; this is done, when water, &c. obstructs the
carrying on the bastion to the full extent of it, or when it would other­
wise be too sharp.

BASTION Deformed, or Irregular BASTION [in fortification] a bastion
that wants one of its demigorges, by reason that one side of the interior
polygon is very short.

Demi BASTION [in fortification] a bastion which has but one face
and flank, and is commonly raised before the horn or crown-work,
called also an empaulement.

BASTION Detached [in fortification] one that is separated from the
body of the works.

Double BASTION [in fortification] one which has another raised
higher on the plain of the great bastion, twelve or eighteen feet being
left between the breast-work of the lower, and the foot of the higher.

Hollow BASTION, or Voided BASTION [in fortification] a bastion
having only a rampart and a parapet, ranging about its flanks and
faces; so that a void space is left towards the center, and the ground
is there so low, that if the rampart be taken, no intrenchment can be
made in the center, but what will lie under the fire of the besieged.

Flat BASTION, or Plat BASTION [in fortification] a bastion which
is built on a right line, in the middle before a curtain, when it is too
long to be defended by the bastion at its extremes; that is, when the
distance between the angles of the interior polygon is double the usual
length: but it generally has this disadvantage, that unless there be an
extraordinary breadth allowed to the mote, the turning angle of the
counterscarp runs back too far into the ditch, and hinders the sight and
defence of the opposite flanks.

A regular BASTION [in fortification] is that which has its due pro­
portion of faces, flanks and gorges.

A solid BASTION [in fortification] is a bastion filled up intirely, and
has the earth equal to the height of the rampart, without any void
space towards the center.

BASTION de France, a fortress in the kingdom of Tunis, subject to
France. It is situated about 80 miles west of the city of Tunis.

BASTOI＇GNE, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Luxem­
bourg. Lat. 50° N. Long. 5° 26′ E.

BASTO＇N, or BATTO＇ON [of bâton, Fr. a staff] 1. A staff or club.
We saw people with bastons in their hands. Bacon.







Shoulders with batoon,
Claw＇d and cudgel＇d to some tune. Hudibras.
2. A truncheon, or the earl marshal＇s staff, a badge of military ho­
nour. 3. One of the wardens of the sleet; being an officer who at­
tends the king＇s courts with a red staff, for taking such into custody
who are committed by the court.

BASTONA＇DO. See BASTINADE.

BASTO＇ON, or BATTO＇ON [in architecture] the same as torus, a
round member encompassing the base of a pillar between the plinth
and the list.

BASTO＇N, BATO＇N, BATOO＇N, or BATU＇NE [in heraldry] does not
go from side to side as the bend or scarf does, and is in the form of a
truncheon, and a note of bastardy, and ought not to be borne of any
metal, unless by the bastards of princes; nor ought it to be removed,
till three generations, with which they bear the coat armour of their
fathers, and when they leave it off, they must bear some other mark,
according as the king of arms thinks fit, or else he may alter the whole
coat. See Plate IV. Fig. 34.

BAT [bat, Sax. this word seems to have given rise to a great number
of words in many languages, as battre, Fr. to beat, baton, battle, beat,
batty, and others. It probably signified a weapon that did execution
by its weight, in opposition to a sharp edge; whence whirlbat and
brickbat. Johnson] 1. A club to strike a ball with at the play called
cricket. Their bones were broken with bats. Hakewill. 2. A walk­
ing-stick.
A handsome bat he held,
On which he leaned, as one far in eld. Spenser.

A BAT, a small bird that bears some resemblance in its body
to that of a mouse; it has the wings of a bird, not with feathers,
but a sort of skin extended. It lays no eggs, but brings forth its young
alive and suckles them. It never grows tame, feeds upon flies, infects,
and fatty substances, and flies only in summer evenings, when the
weather is fine. Calmet. Some animals are placed in the middle be­
twixt two kinds, as bats, which have something of birds and beasts.
Locke.

BAT, as brickbat, a piece of brick.

BAT Fowling, a particular manner of bird-catching in the night­
time, while they are at roost, upon perches, trees, or hedges; they
light torches or straw, and then beat the bushes; upon which the
birds flying towards the flames, are caught either with nets or other­
wise. We＇d go a bat-fowling. Shakespeare.

BATABLE Ground [from bate, i. e. disputable ground] land which
lies between England and Scotland, and which was in question to
whom it belonged before the union of the two kingdoms.

BATACA＇LO, a fort and town on the castern coast of the island of
Ceylon. Lat. 8° N. Long. 81° E.

BATARDI＇ER [batardiere, Fr. in husbandry] a place in a garden
prepared for the placing of fruit-trees that are afterwards to be removed,
a nursery, a seed-plot.

BA＇TASACK, a town of the Lower Hungary, situated on the Danube,
about 70 miles south of Buda.

BATA＇VIA, the capital of all the Dutch colonies and settlements in
the East Indies. It is situated on the east part of the island of Java,
and has an excellent harbour. Lat. 6° S. Long 106° E.

BATA＇VIANS [of batavia, Lat.] the people of Holland.

BATA＇LLION. See BATTA＇LLION.

BATCH [probably from bake] 1. The quantity of bread baked at
a time. The joiner puts the boards into ovens after the batch is
drawn. Mortimer. 2. A quantity of any thing made at once, so as to
be of the same quality. Except he were of the same meal and batch.
Ben Johnson.

BA＇TCHELOR, the original of this word is much controverted by cri­
tics; some derive it from bacca laurea, Lat. i. e. laurel berry, in allu­
sion to the ancient custom of crowning poets with laurel, bacca lauri;
others, of baculus or bacillus, Lat. a staff, because (they say) a staff was
put into the hand of batchelors at their commencement, as a symbol of
their authority, of their studies being finished, and of the liberty they
were restored to. Hence the title of batchelor of arts, divinity, music,
&c. See BACHELOR.

BATCHELOR [is by others derived of bas Chevaliers, Fr. q. d. knights
of the lower order] See KNIGHTS Batchelors.

BATCHELOR, in ancient times, was also a title given to a young ca­
valier who had made his first campaign, and received the military
girdle.

BATCHELOR [of baculus, Lat. a staff] a title given to young military
men, on account that the young cavaliers exercised themselves with
staves and bucklers; hence they were called bacculares and baccularii,
in the time of king Richard II. by Odorick and Walsingham. Hence

BA＇TCHELORSHIP, the state or condition of a batchelor.

BA＇TCHELORS of Arms, was a title anciently given to those who
came off victors in their first engagement.

BATE [probably of beaten, Sax. to beat, or contracted from debate.
Johnson] strise, contention; as, a make-bate.

To BATE, verb. act. [rabatre, Fr.] 1. To lessen or retrench any
thing. Shall I bend low, and
With bated breath and whispering humbleness,
Say this? Shakespeare.
2. To abate, or take off from a reckoning or price of a commodity
sold, &c. As, he bates labourers wages. 3. To cut off, to take
away. Bate but the last, and ＇tis what I would say. Dryden.

To BATE, verb neut. To grow less, to fall away, to be diminished
as to plight of body. Am not I sallen away? do I not bate? do I not
dwindle? Why my skin hangs about me. Shakespeare. 2. To remit
speed or ardour; with of before the thing remitted.
Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine. Dryden.
Bate seems to have been once the preter of bite, as Shakespeare
uses biting saulehion; unless in the following lines it may be ra­
ther deduced from beat. Johnson.
Yet there the steel staid not, but inly bate
Deep in his flesh, and opened wide a red slood-gate. Spenser.

To BATE [with falconers] a hawk is said to bate or haid, when
she flutters with her wings either from perch or fist; as it were striving
to get away.

BATE, the texture of wood.

BA＇TEFUL [of bate and full] contentious, oceasioning debate or quar­
rel. He taught his sheep her sheep in food to thwart,
Which soon as it did bateful question frame,
He might on knees confess his guilty part. Sidney.

BA＇TEMENT [in carpentry] the waste of a piece of stuff in forming
it to a designed use. To abate, is to waste a piece of stuff. Instead of
asking how much was cut off, carpenters ask what batement that piece
of stuff had. Moxon.

BA＇TENBOURG, a town of the United Provinces, situated on the
Maese, between Ravenstein and Megen.

BATH [bæth, bað, Sax. badt, Du. bad, Ger. badh, Su.] 1. A place
to wash in, or a spring of medicinal waters. A bath is either hot or
cold, either of art or nature. Artificial baths have been in great esteem
with the ancients, especially in complaints to be relieved by revulsion,
as inveterate head-aches, by opening the pores of the fect, and also in
cutaneous cases: But the modern practice has greatest resource to the
natural baths, most of which abound with a mineral sulphur, as ap­
pears from their turning silver or copper blackish. Cold baths were
by the ancients held in great esteem, and the present age can boast of
abundance of noble cures performed by them.
Hot baths, called by the ancients thermæ, produce the most salutary
effects in a great number of diseases. The chief hot baths in England
are those at Bath near Wells in Somersetshire, and those at Bux­
ton and Matlock in Derbyshire. The latter however are rather warm
or tepid, than hot. In the city of Bath are four hot baths; one trian­
gular, called the cross bath, from a cross which formerly stood in the
middle, the heat of which is more gentle than the others, because it has
fewer springs. The second is the hot bath. The other two are the
king and queen＇s baths, divided only by a wall, the latter having no
spring, but receiving its waters from the king＇s bath. The bath waters
owe their heat to a mixture of steely and sulphureous particles, and
their healthful effects to a greater proportion of steel. Of the three hot
European waters of note, the Aix la Chapelle, Bourbon, and Bath;
the first abounds more eminently in sulphur, which makes its heat,
nauseousness, and purgative faculty so great, that few weak stomachs
can bear it. The Bourbon are of a middle nature between the other
two, and are less hot, nauseous and purgative than the Aix la Cha­
pelle; but more than the Bath waters. The Bath partake less of the
sulphur, and more of the steel, than either of these two, and are by far
the most pleasant, of a milky taste, never purge, except they be drank
either too fast, or in too great quantities, and always mend the appe­
tite, and raise the spirits. 2. A state in which great outward heat is
applied to the body, for some particular use. In the height of this
bath, when half stew＇d in grease, to be thrown into the Thames.
Shakespeare. 3. In chemistry, a vessel of water in which another
is placed, that requires a softer heat than the naked fire. This is
a balneum maris, a sea or water bath. A sand heat is sometimes
called balneum siccum or cinereum. Quincy. 4. A sort of Hebrew
measure, containing the tenth part of an homer or seven gallons and
four pints, as a measure for things liquid; and three pecks and three
pints as a measure for things dry.

BATH [in geography] a city of Somersetshire, situated on the river
Avon, ten miles east of Bristol; famous for its hot baths. See the
preceding article.

BATHS [in architecture] were large pompous buildings among the
ancients, erected for the sake of bathing.

A Knight of the BATH. See KNIGHT.

BATH [bath, Heb.] a Hebrew liquid measure, containing three
seaks, or the tenth part of a homer= 7 Gall. 4 Pints 15 Sol. Inc.

To BATHE, verb act. [bathian or bawan, Sax. baden, Du. and
Ger.] 1. To wash in a bath. Others on lakes bath＇d their breasts.
Milton. 2. To soak, to supple with warm liquors. Bathe them, and
keep their bodies soluble. Wiseman. 3. To wash with any thing.
Fresh from her wound her bosom bath＇d in blood. Dryden.

To BATHE, verb neut. To be in water, or in any thing like a bath.
They meant to bathe in recking wounds. Shakespeare. They bathe
in summer. Waller.

BA＇THING [with falconers] is when a hawk is made to wash herself
either in a small river or brook, or at home in a bason, to strengthen
her, sharpen her appetite, and render her more bold and hardy.

BA＇THMIS [with anatomists] a bone, the same as troclea; a cavity
in the bone of the arm or shoulder on each side one, that receives the
process of the undermost and lesser of the two bones of the cubit, when
the whole hand is stretched out and bent.

BA＇THRUM [βάθρον, Gr.] an instrument contrived for the ease and
security of laxated joints after they have been reduced.

BATHYPI＇CRON [with botanists] broad-leaved wormwood.

BA＇TING, or ABA＇TING [of bate or abate, prep. This word, tho＇
a participle in itself, seems often used as a preposition. Johnson.] Ex­
cept. Children bring not many ideas with them, bating perhaps, some
faint ideas of hunger and thirst. Locke.

BA＇TLET [of bat] a square piece of wood with a handle, used in
beating linen taken out of the buck. I remember the kissing of her
batlet. Shakespeare.

BA＇TMA [at Smyrna] a quantity containing six oaks, each oak
weighing 400 drams.

BA＇TON [in architecture] a large ring or moulding in the base of a
column, otherwise called the tore.

BATON [in heraldry] See BASTON.

BATOO＇N [baston or bâton, Fr. formerly spelt baston] See BASTON.

BATRACHI＇TES [Lat. βατραχιτης, Gr.] a stone, in colour and shape
nearly resembling a green frog.

BATRA＇CHIUM [of βατραχιον, Gr.] the flower crow-foot, gold­
knap, or yellow-craw.

BATRACHOMYO＇MACHY [batrachomyomachia, Lat. of βατραχος, a
frog, μυς, a mouse, and μαχη, Gr. a fight] the battle between the
frogs and mice.

BA＇TTAIL [in common law] an ancient trial by combat, which the
defendant might chuse in an appeal of murder, robbery or felony, in
order to fight a duel with the accuser or appellant, to prove whether
he was guilty or not. This practice was founded on this notion, that
if the accused person was guilty, he would be slain or overcome by the
appellant, but if innocent, not; but this is now wholly laid aside. Fr.








BA＇TTA, a province of the kingdom of Congo in Africa, watered
by the river Barbela.

BATTA＇LIA [of battaille, Fr. battaglia, It. batalia, Sp.] battle
array, order of battle. The king put his army into battalia. Claren­
don.

BATTA＇LLION [battallion, Fr. battaglione, It. batalliòn, Sp.] 1. A
body of foot-soldiers consisting of 5, 6, 7, or 800 men, two thirds of
which were commonly musqueteers, ranged on the left and right wings,
and the other third were wont to be pike-men, posted in the middle.
Some regiments consist of one battallion, others of two. In this bat­
tallion were two officers. Tatler. 2. An army. But this sense is no
longer in use. Seven thousand is their utmost power. Shakespeare.
Why our battalion trebles that account.

To draw up BATTALLIONS [a military term] 1. Is to range a body
of foot in the most advantageous place and form for engaging an enemy.

BATTAI＇LLOUS [battaille, Fr.] warlike, having the appearance of a
battle. Sun bright arms and battaillous array. Fairfax. A region in
battailous aspect. Milton.

To BATTEL, to feed as cattle do; also to grow fat.

BA＇TTEL, a market-town in Sussex, six miles from Hastings, and
57 from London. Its old name was Epitan; but took the present
from the battle fought on Heathfield, between this and Hastings,
wherein Harold was defeated and killed by William of Normandy.

BA＇TTELER [in an university] a student that battles, or goes on
score for his diet.

To BA＇TTEN, verb act. [q. d. to fatten, or of batten, Teut. to be­
nefit. A word of doubtful etymology. Johnson] 1. To make fat.
Batning our flock with the fresh dew. Milton. 2. To make fertile, to
fertilize. The meadows here with batt＇ning ooze enrich＇d. John Phi­
lips.

To BATTEN, verb neut. To welter or roll about in any thing, to
live in indulgence, to fatten or get flesh; commonly with on or in. Bat­
ten on cold bits. Shakespeare.

A BATTEN [in carpentry] a scantling of wooden stuff from two to
four inches broad, and seldom above an inch thick; the length is in­
definite.

BATTER [with builders] a term used to signify that a wall, a piece
of timber, or the like, does not stand upright, but leans from you ward;
but when it leans towards you, they say it over hangs, or hangs
over.

BATTER [q. d. matter, or of battuo, Lat. to beat] water, flour,
eggs, salt, spice, &c. mixed together for making pancakes. It is so
called from its being much beaten.
Turkey poults fresh from the egg in batter fry＇d. King.

To BATTER, verb act. [battre, Fr. of batuo, Lat.] 1. To beat
down or demolish; frequently used of walls thrown down by the vio­
lence of warlike engines. Those words
Have batter＇d me like roaring cannon shot. Shakespeare.
2. To wear with beating. Batter the saucepan well. Swift. 3. Applied
to persons; to wear out with service. This is only used in the pas­
sive participle; as batter＇d veteran strumpets. Soutberne.

To BATTER, verb neut. A word used only among artificers. The
side of a wall or any timber that bulges from its bottom or foundation,
is said to batter. Moxon.

BA＇TTERER [from batter] he that batters.

BA＇TTERING Rams, were used by the ancients before the invention
of gunpowder, for battering the walls of places besieged. They were
large beams of timber with great iron horns like those of a ram at the
end, which were slung to a height proportionable to the wall to be
batter＇d, so that they could swing backward and forward, which was
done by the main strength of a great many men.

BA＇TTERY [batterie, Fr. of batuo, Lat, or from batter] 1. The act
of violent battering of any thing.
Strong wars they make, and cruel battery bend,
＇Gainst fort of reason, it to overthrow. Spenser.
2. The instrument or engine with which a place is battered, set in or­
der for action. Where is the best place to make our battery next. Shake­
speare.

BATTERY [batterie, Fr. bateria, Sp. in fortification] a place raised
to plant great guns to play upon the enemy.

BATTERY Master [in an army] an officer whose business it is to see
to the raising of the batteries, which office is now suppressed in Eng­
land, but is still kept up elsewhere.

BATTERY of a Camp [a military term] a place where cannon are
planted, being commonly surrounded with a trench, and pallisadoes at
the bottom, and with a parapet on the top, having as many holes as
there are cannon; they have also redoubts on the wings, or certain
places of arms for covering the soldiery appointed to defend it.

BATTERY d＇Ensilade [in fortification] a battery which scours or

BATTERY en Echarpe [in fortification] a battery that plays on a
sweeps the whole length of the line.
work, obliquely or sideways.

BATTERY de Revers [in fortification] a battery that beats upon the
back of any place, called also a murdering battery.

Joint BATTERY, or BATTERY per Ecamerade [in fortification] is
when several cannon fire upon the same place at one time.

Sunk BATTERY, or Buried BATTERY [in fortification] is a battery
the platform of which is sunk into the ground, so that trenches must be
cut into the earth against the muzzles of the cannon, to serve as loop­
holes to fire out at; these batteries are used to beat down the breast-
work of a place, at making the first approaches; the French call it en
terre and ruinaute.

Cross BA＇TTERIES [in fortification] a couple of batteries at a consi­
derable distance from each other, which play athwart one another at
the same time; and upon the same point forming right angles; where
what one bullet shakes, the other beats down.

BATTERY en Rouage [in fortification] a battery used to dismount
the enemy＇s cannon.

BATTERY [in law] an act that tends to the breach of the peace of
the realm, by violently striking or beating a man; who may therefore
indict the other person, or have his action of trespass, or assault and
battery. There may be an assault without battery, but battery always
implies an assault.

BATTEURS d＇Estrade [a military term] scouts, horse sent out before
and on the wings of an army, two or three miles, to make a discovery,
and give an account to the general. Fr.

BA＇TTEWBURY, a town of Dutch Guilderland, situated on the
north shore of the river Maese, almost opposite to Ravenstein. Lat.
51° 45′ N. Long. 5° 30′ E.

BA＇TTING Staff, an instrument used to beat linen.

BATTITU＇RA [in smithery] the flakes or scales of iron, which fly
off from it, when it is either first taken out of the fire, or beaten on
an anvil.

BA＇TTLE, or BA＇TTEL [battaille, Fr. battaglia, It. batalla, Sp.
batalha, Port. all probably of bat, Sax. a club or cudgel, from
whence likewise the French, bâton] the engagement or general fight of
two opposite armies. We say, a battle of many, and a combat of
two; a body of troops, a division of an army. The king divided
his army into two battles, whereof the vanguard only came to fight.
Bacon.

Main BATTLE [a military term] the main body of an army, the se­
cond of the three lines, the van being the first, and the rear or reserve
the third. The main body is singly called the battle. Hayward. We
say, to join battle, to give battle.

BATTLE-Array, array or order of battle. Two parties drawn up in
battle-array. Addison.

BATTLE Axe, a weapon used anciently, probably the same with
bill. Tinners as they were working found battle-axes. Carew.

BATTLE-Royal, or BATTLE-Array [in cock-fighting] a battle or
fight between three, five, or seven cocks, all engaged together, so
that he that stands the longest, gets the victory.

To BATTLE, verb. neut. [battailler, Fr.] to join battle, to con­
tend in fight.
＇Tis yours to meet in arms, and battle in the plain. Prior.

BA＇TTLEDORE [battoir, Fr. so called from door, taken for a flat
board, and battle, or striking. Johnson] 1. An instrument to play at
shuttlecock or tennis with. 2. A horn-book, because it has much
the same shape.

To BA＇TTLE, to take up victuals upon tick, &c. in the college­
book at the university of Oxford.

BA＇TTLEMENTS [generally supposed to be formed of battle, as the
parts whence a building is defended against assaillants; perhaps only
corrupted from batiment, Fr. Johnson] a wall raised on the top of a
building, breast-work, or other edifice, with indentures or notches, in
the form of embrasures to be looked through, and to annoy the enemy.
Make a battlement for thy roof. Deuteronomy. He fix＇d his head upon
our battlements. Shakespeare.

BATTO＇LOGIST [βαττολογος, Gr. of βαττος, Battus, and λεγω, to
speak] a vain babbler.

BATTO＇LOGY [of Battus, a pitiful poet, and λεγω, Gr. to speak
Battus (according to Hesycbius and Suidas) was the proper name of a
man famed for his impediment of speech: but others (and perhaps
more probably) derive the word from a poet of that name, who in his
compositions repeated the same thing over and over again] a needless
repetition of words over and over; a multiplying words unnecessarily.

BATTOO＇N [bâton, Fr.] a short thick stick or club; also a truncheon
or marshal＇s staff. See BA＇STON and BATOO＇N.

BATTU＇TA [in music] the motion or beating of the hand or foot,
in beating and directing the time. It.

B＇ATUS [in old records] a boat.

BATUS, an Hebrew liquid measure. See BATH.

BAVA＇RIA, one of the circles of the German empire, lying between
Austria on the east, and Swabia on the west. The duke of Bavaria is
one of the nine electors.

BAVA＇Y, a small town in the province of Hainault in French Flan­
ders, about 12 miles north-west of Mons.

BA＇TTY [of bat] pertaining to a bat.
O＇er their brows death counterfeiting sleep,
With leaden legs and batty wings doth creep. Shakespeare.

BA＇VAROY, a kind of cloke or surtout.
Let the loop＇d bavaroy the fop embrace,
Or his deep cloke be spatter＇d o＇er with lace. Gay.

BAUBE＇E [in Scotland and N. C. It seems a corruption of baby or
babe, meaning the king＇s head, or face that is stamp＇d upon one side
of it] a Scots half-pennp. A copper otho, or a Scotch baubee.
Bramston.

BA＇UCIA [with botanists] the wild parsnip.

BA＇VINS, a larger sort of brush faggots; also a stick like those bound
up in faggots, that are used by bakers; a piece of waste wood that
soon kindles, and is soon burnt. Shallow jesters and bavin wits. Shake­
speare. Mounted on a hazel bavin,
A cropt malignant baker gave him. Hudibras.

A BAULK, a disappointment.

To BAULK [uncertain etymology] to disappoint. See BALK.

BA＇WBLE [any thing valuable but not necessary, probably from
beau, Fr. Johnson. Babiole. Fr.] a trifle, a play-thing, a gew-gaw,
a thing more showy than useful. It is in general, whether applied to
persons or things, a term of contempt or of flight regard. She haunts
me in every place. I was on the sea-bank, and thither comes the baw­
ble. Shakespeare.
Presents you now a bawble of a play. Glanville.

BA＇WBLING [of bawble] trifling, being contemptible, and of little
use. A word now only used in conversation.
A bawbling vessel was he captain of,
For shallow draught and bulk unpriz＇d. Shakespeare.

BA＇WCOCK, a familiar word, which seems to signify the same as
fop or fine fellow. Why, how now my bawcock? how dost thou,
chuck? Shakespeare.

BAWD, or BAUD [of baude, O. Fr. impudent] a lewd woman, a
procuress, who makes it her business to debauch others for gain. Our
author calls colouring lena fororis, the bawd of her sister design; she
deifies her up, she paints her, she procures for the design, and makes
lovers for her. Dryden.

BA＇WDILY [of bawd] filthily, lewdly, smuttily.

BA＇WDINESS, lewdness, obscene discourse or action.

BA＇WDRICK. 1. A cord or thong for a bell-clapper. 2. A sword-






belt. The youths gilt swords, wore at their thighs, with silver baw­
dricks bound. Chapman. 3. An old fashioned jewel.

BA＇WDRY [contracted from bawdery the employment or trade of a
bawd.] 1. A wicked practice of bringing whores and rogues together.
Ayliffe. 2. Obscenity; unchaste language.
I have no salt, no bawdry he doth mean,
For witty, in his language, is obscene. Ben Johnson.
This infamous profession was represented by the ancients as an old
woman having a letter-case at her girdle, and at her feet a basket fil­
led with flowers, jewels, and other toys; blowing up with a pair of
bellows two hearts, which Cupid is kindling with his torch.

BA＇WDY [from bawd] sinutty, filthy, lewd; generally applied to
filthy words or discourse.

BAWDY-HOUSE, a bordel, a brothel-house, a house that keeps and
entertains whores; a place where wickedness and debauchery are pro­
moted between the sexes.

To BAWD, to act the part of a bawd, to procure. Addison and
Swift use the word.

To BAWL, verb neut. [probably of balo, Lat. to bleat as a sheep, or,
according to Casaubon, of βοαω, Gr.] 1. To make a great noise,
or to cry loudly, to hoot much either for joy or pain. ＇Tis always
used in contempt.
Loud menaces were heard, and foul disgrace,
And bawling infamy in language base,
Till sense was lost in sound, and silence left the place. Dryd.
2. To cry frowardly as a child. A little child was bawling. L＇Estr.

To BAWL, verb act. To proclaim publickly in the streets as a crier.
Labours which had cost so much were bawled about by common haw­
kers. Swift.

BA＇WREL [with falconers] a kind of hawk, as to size and shape
like a lanner, but has a longer body and tail.

BAWSIN, an otter, an amphibious animal.

BAY [byge, Sax. baye, Du. baye, Fr. baya, Sp.] an arm of the sea
that comes up into the land, where the water is shut in on all sides
except at the entrance; also a small gulph near some harbour, bigger
than a creek, where ships may ride safely.

BAY, a pond-head raised a great height, to keep in store of water
for driving the wheels of an iron, or any other mill.

BAY [abboi, Fr. signifies the last extremity; as, innocence est reduit
aux abboins, innocence is in the utmost distress. It is taken from abboi,
the barking of a dog at hand, and thence signified the condition of a
stag, when the hounds were almost upon him. Johnson] with fow­
lers, when a dog detains a pheasant by barking till she be shot, he
is said to keep her at bay: so that it generally denotes the state of any
thing being surrounded with enemies, and obliged to face them by an
impossibility of escape.

To keep at BAY, to amuse.

BAY [with architects] 1. A space left in a wall for a gate, door or
window; so that a bay window is a window which juts outward, and
therefore forms a kind of bay or hollow in the room. 2. A round
window, or one made archwise. 3. A part of a barn at the end, where
corn, &c, is laid, denoting the magnitude of any building: thus if a
barn consists of a floor and two heads, where they lay corn, they say a
barn of two bays. These bays are from fourteen to twenty feet long,
and the floors from ten to twelve broad, and usually twenty feet long,
which is the breadth of the barn. Builders Dict. If this law hold in
Vienna, I＇ll rent the fairest house in it at three-pence a bay. Shake­
speare.

BAY of Joists [with architects] the space betwixt two beams.

BAY [in fortification] an hole in a parapet to receive the mouth of
a cannon.

BAY Colour [bai, baye, Fr. bajo, It. báyo, Sp. badius, Lat. proba­
bly of ϕαιος, Gr. ash-coloured] a light-brown, reddish colour in horses.
A bay horse is what is inclining to a chesnut, and this colour is either
a light bay, or a dark bay, according as it is more or less deep. There
are coloured horses that are called dapple bays. All bay horses are
generally called brown by the common people. Bay horses have black
manes, which distinguish them from the sorrel, that have reddish or
white manes. There are gilded bays, which are somewhat of a yel­
lowish colour. The chesnut bay is that which comes nearest to the
colour of the chesnut.

BAY Tree [laurus, Lat. abbajane, It.] the female laurel-tree. This
tree hath a flower of one leaf. The male flowers, which are produced
on separate trees from the female, have eight stamina, the ovary of the
female flowers becomes a berry inclosing a single seed. The species
are, 1. The common bay with male flowers. 2. The common fruit­
bearing bay tree. 3. The gold-striped bay tree, &c. The first and
second sorts are old inhabitants of the English gardens. Miller. I have
seen the wicked in great power, and spreading himself like a green bay­
tree. Psalms.

BAY, more commonly used in the plural, bays [among poets] an
honorary crown or garland, as a prize for any victory or excellence.
Beneath his reign shall Eusden wear the bays. Pope.

To BAY, verb neut. [of abbayer, Fr.] 1. To bark as a dog at a
thief, or at game he pursues.
All the while she stood upon the ground,
The wakeful dogs did never cease to bay. Spenser.
The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bay＇d. Dryden.

To BAY, verb act. To bark at, to pursue with barking.
They bay＇d the bear with hounds of Sparta. Shakespeare.
2. To shut in, to inclose.
We are at the stake, and bay＇d about with many enemies. Shakes.

To BAY [beeler, Fr. beelare, It.] to cry or bleat as a lamb.

To BAY [a hunting term] used of deer who are said to bay, when
having been hard run, they turn head against the hounds.

BA＇YA, a town of Hungary. Lat. 46° 42′ N. Long. 19° 50′ E.

BA＇YAUD [of bay, and card, Teut. nature] a bay horse.

BAYED＇X, a city of Normandy in France, about fifteen miles north-
west of Caen. Lat. 49° 20′ N. Long. 50′ E.

BA＇YON, a town of Lorrain upon the Moselle, five leagues from
Nancy.

BA＇YONET [bayonnette, Fr. bajonetta, It. bayonéta, Sp.] a broad
dagger without a guard, with a tube or handle to six on the end of a
musket, yet hinders not charging or discharging it, used instead of a
pike to receive the attack of horse.

BAYO＇NNE, a large city of Gascony in France, situated on the river
Adour, near the bay of Biscay. Lat. 43° 30′ N. Long. 1° 20′ W.

To Play, or To Run at the BAYS, an exercise used at Boston in Lin­
colnshire.

BAYZ, or BAYZE, a sort of woollen cloth, having a long nap some­
times fuzzed on one side and sometimes not. See BAIZE. There are
large quantities of bayz exported to Spain, Portugal, and Italy.

BAYS. The making of bays, says, serges, &c. was brought into
England by the Flemings, who fled hither to avoid the persecution of
the duke of Alva, about the fifth of queen Elizabeth.

BAY Salt, so called from its brownish colour. It is salt made of sea­
water, which receives its consistence from the heat of the sun. The
greatest quantity of this salt is made in France, on the coast of Bre­
tagne, &c. from the middle of May to the end of August, by letting
the sea-water into square pits or basons, where, by the rays of the sun,
it becomes convered over with a slight crust, which hardening by the
continuance of the heat, is wholly converted into salt, the water in this
condition being scalding hot, and the crystallization perfected in eight,
ten, or at most fifteen days. Chambers. See SALT.

BAY-YARN, a denomination applied promiscuously to woollen yarn.

BA＇ZAR [in Persia] a market-place.

BA＇ZAS, a town of Guienne in France, about 30 miles south of
Bourdeaux. Lat. 44° 20′ N. Long. 25′ W.

BDE＇LLIUM [ברלח, Heb. of βδελλιον, Gr.] the gum of a black tree
in Arabia, about the size of an olive-tree, resembling wax, of a dusky
brownish colour; it is somewhat pellucid, moderately heavy, and con­
siderably hard. It is met with in single or loose drops or granules, of
a very irregular size; it is of a bitterish taste, but a sweet smell; it is
used as a medicine and a perfume. Bdellium is mentioned by the an­
cient naturalists, and in scripture. Its medicinal virtues are to mollify
hard swellings, and the stiffness of sinews, and it is used against the
biting of venomous beasts. This bdellium is a tree of the bigness of an
olive, whereof Arabia hath great plenty, which yieldeth a certain gum
sweet to smell to, but bitter in taste, called also bdellium. The He­
brews take the loadstone for bdellium. Raleigh.

BE, a preposition common to the Teutonic, German, and Saxon,
&c. dialect; also now to the English; as, to bespatter, to besprinkle,
to besmear, &c. that is, to do so all over.

To BE [beon, Sax. irreg. verb] the signification and use of this
verb have so vast a latitude, that it would be too tedious wholly to ex­
emplify it here.
It is remarkable that this verb substantive is the most irregular of
any in all the modern, as well as the Latin and several other tongues,
and yet more so, that even in this irregularity they discover a certain
affinity or analogy one to the other. In the English tongue it is the
only verb which is irregular in the first person singular of the præs. tense
of the indicative mood. The irregularity being so remarkable, I shall
here give the simple tenses, with the derivation of each person sing.
PRÆS. INDIC.
I AM [eom, eam or am, Sax. ηιμι, Gr.] Thou ART [eart or arth,
Sax.] He is [ys or is, Sax. is, Du. O. and L. Ger. ist, H. Ger.]
Plur. We, you, they ARE [aron, Sax. ere, Dan. are, Su.]
Imperfectum.
I WAS [wæs, Sax.] Thou WAST, warest or warst, Ger.] or Thou
WERT [were, Sax. waert, Du.] He WAS [was, Sax. was, Du.] We,
you, they WERE [wærum or wæron, Sax. ware, Dan. waren, Du. and
Ger.] By this tense is to be observed, that tho＇, as in other verbs, we
speak to single persons with the pronoun in the plural, yet we often
take the verb in the singular; as, you was, for you were.
PRÆS. CONJ.
Is in English irregular. [I BE, beo, Sax. Thou BEEST, bist, Sax.
He BE, beo, Sax. We BE, &c. beon, Sax.]
Imperfectum.
I &c. WERE in all persons and both numbers [wære, Sax. var, Dan.
ware, Du. waere, Ger.] Some use WERT in the second person singular,
but as it makes the verb irregular without a cause, it is to be avoided.
The perfect and plusquamperfect tenses of this verb have, and not as
the Germans and Italians, with the present and imperfect tenses of it­
self. 1. To have some certain condition, quality, or accident. Let
them shew the former things what they be. Isaiah. 2. It is the auxi­
liary verb by which the verb passive is formed.
The wine of life is drawn, and the mere lees is left. Shakespeare.
3. To have existence. To be, contents his natural desires. Pope. 4.
To have something by rule or appointment; but this seems to be only
the subjunctive mood. If all political power be deriv＇d only from
Adam, and be to descend only to his successive heirs, this is a right
antecedent to all government. Locke.

BEEN [irreg. part. passive, either of beon, Sax. the infinitive, or of
ben, Du. or bin, Ger. the first person pres.] have been.

A BEACH, the shore, particularly that part of it which is sometimes
dashed upon by the waves; the strand, or a landing-place on it; the
cape or point. They find the washed amber further out upon the
beaches and shores, where it has been exposed. Woodward.

BEA＇CHED [from beach] exposed to the waves, having a beach.
The beached verge of the salt flood;
Which once a day with his embossed froth.
The turbulent surge shall cover. Shakespeare.

BEA＇CHY [of beach] having a beach.
See the beachy girdle of the ocean,
Too wide for Neptune＇s hips. Shakespeare.

BEACHY-Head, a cape or promontory on the coast of Sussex in Eng­
land, between Hastings and Shoreham.

BEA＇CONFIELD, a market town of Buckinghamshire, 22 miles west
of London. Lat. 51° 30′ N. Long. 30′ W.

BEA＇CON [of beacon, Sax. of ken, to discover, and by, an habitation,
or of been, a signal, and becnan, or beckon, Eng. to make a signal to,
beconian, Sax. to shew by a sign; whence bahen, Du. bash, L. Ger.]
a long pole set upon a rising ground near the sea coasts, on which
pitch barrels are fixed, to be ready to be fired in the night, or by
making a large smoke in the day, on the approach of an enemy, in
order to alarm the country.







Two broad beacons set in open fields,
Send forth their flames. Spenser.
Also lights erected in the night, as signs to direct sailors in their
courses, to prevent shipwrecks on rocks, shelves and sand banks; and
on large heaths, to direct travellers.

BEA＇CONAGE, money paid for the maintaining beacons.

BE＇AD [beade, Sax. a prayer] 1. Small balls of glass, or other
substance, strung upon a thread, and used by the Romans for count­
ing their prayers by a rosary; whence the phrases to tell beads, and
to be at one＇s beads, denote to be at prayer. She all this while was
busy at her beads. Spenser. 2. A little round ball, of which neck­
laces are made for women. Scarfs, fans, amber-bracelets, beads.
Shakespeare. 3. Any globular body in the form of a bead. Beads of
sweat have stood upon thy brow. Shakespeare.

BEAD [in joinery] a little round moulding on the edge of a shelf,
&c.

BEAD [in architecture] a round moulding in the Roman and Co­
rinthian orders, carved in short embossments like beads of necklaces;
sometimes an astragal is thus carved.

BEAD＇s-Man, or BEAD＇s-Woman [gebedman, of bidden, Sax. to
pray] persons devoted to prayer, who, in a chantry or religious house,
(in popish times) said a certain sett of prayers for patrons, having an
allowance for performing the said office.
An holy hospital,
In which sev＇n beadsmen, that had vowed all
Their life to service of high heaven＇s king. Spenser.

BEAD-ROLL, or BED-ROLL, a catalogue or list of those that are
wont to be prayed for in the church. The king did use to have them
cursed by name amongst the bead-roll of his enemies. Bacon.

BEAD-ROLL, now is used to signify any long, tedious lift, or a con­
fused reckoning up of many things together.

BEAD-Tree, a certain shrub bearing a roundish and fleshy fruit, that
contains a hard furrowed nut; the outside pulp in some countries is
eaten, but the nut is, by religious persons, bored through and strung
as beads, whence it takes its name: it produees ripe fruits in Italy
and Spain.

BEA＇DLE [bydel, Sax. a messenger. bedeau, Fr. bedelle, Du. bi­
dello, It. bedel, Sp. and Port. boedel, Dan. badel, Su. bedell and but­
tel, Ger. the latter generally signifies a hang man] 1. A messenger, ser­
vitor, or apparitor of a court, who summons persons to appear there.
2. A parish officer, who acts under the church-warden, and punishes
petty offenders.
Beadle, hold thy bloody hand; why dost thou lash that whore?
Shakespeare.
3. An officer in an university, whose place is to walk before the masters
with a mace at all public processions.

BEADLE [of a forest] an officer who makes garnishments for
the courts, as also proclamations, and executes all the processes
there.

BEADLE [of a company] an officer or messenger who carries sum­
mons for the members to meet, &c.

BEA＇GLE [probably of bigle, of beugler, Fr. to low or make a
noise] a sort of hunting dog that makes a great noise and hunts
hares.
To plains with well-bred beagles we repair,
And trace the mazes of the circling hare. Pope.

BEAK [beck, Du. bec. Fr. becco, It. pico, Sp. pig. Wel.] 1. The bill
of a bird, the horny mouth of a bird. Ravens with their horny beaks.
Milton. 2. Any thing ending in a point like a beak; as, the spout
of a cup, the beak of an alembic, &c. 3. A prominence or promon­
tory of land. Cuddenbeak, from a well advanced promontory
which entitled it beak, taketh a prospect of the river. Carew.

BEAK [in architecture] a little fillet left on the edge of a larmier,
which forms a canal, and makes a kind of pendant.

Chin BEAK [in architecture] a moulding, the same as the quarter
round, except that its situation is inverted.

BEAK [with falconers] the upper and crooked part of the bill of
an hawk.

BEAK, or BEAK Head [of a ship] that part of it, which is without,
before the fore-castle, that is fastened to the stem, and supported by
the main knee, and is the chief ornament and grace of the ship.
It was a piece of brass like a bird＇s beak, fixed at the head of the
ancient shipping, with which they pierced the enemy＇s vessels. It
shakes them from the rising beak in drops. Dryden.

BEAK, [with farriers] is a little shoe at the toe, about an inch long,
turned up and fastened in upon the fore part of the hoof.

BE＇AKED [of beak] having a beak, being in the shape of a beak.
——With beaked prow secure. Milton.
He question＇d every gust of rugged winds
That blows from off each beaked promontory. Milton.

BEAKED [in heraldry] is a term used to express the beak or bill of
a bird; and when the beak and legs of a fowl are of a different tinc­
ture from the body, in blazoning, it is common to say beaked and
membred, or armed.

BE＇AKER [probably of beker, Du. becker, Ger. baker, Teut. whence
bacrio, Lat.] the bill or nip of a bird, also a drinking cup, having
a spout like a bird＇s beak.
They into pikes and musqueteers
Stampt beakers, cups and porringers. Hudibras.

BEA＇KING [with cock-fighters] a term used of the fighting of
cocks with their bills; or their holding with their bills, and striking or
spurring with their heels.

A BEAL [bolla, It.] a whelk, push, or pimple.

To BEAL [from the noun] to gather matter, to ripen and come to
a head, as a sore does,

BEAM [beam, beom, Sax. a tree, boom, Du. O. and L. Ger. baum,
H. Ger.] 1. The largest piece of timber used in buildings; it always
lies cross the walls, serving to support the principal rafters of the roof,
and into which the feet of the principal rafters are framed: no build­
ing has less than two beams, one at each head; into these the girders
of the garret floor are framed; and if the building be of timber, the
teazle tenons of the posts are framed. The proportions of beams in
or near London, are fixed by act of parliament: a beam fifteen feet
long, must be seven inches on each side its square, and five on the other;
if it be sixteen feet long, one side must be eight inches, the other six,
and so in proportion to their lengths. 2. Any large and long piece
of timber: a beam must have more length than thickness, by which
it is distinguished from a block or log. He snatches at the beam he
first can find. Dryden. 3. The pole of a chariot or coach, that
piece of wood that runs between the horses.
Forc＇d from the beam her brother＇s charioteer. Dryden.
4. Among weavers, a cylindrical piece of wood belonging to the
loom, on which the web is gradually rolled as it is wowen. The staff
of his speare was like a weaver＇s beam. 1 Chron. 5. By a meta­
phor, a great fault, or moral blemish of the first magnitude. “Thou
hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye, and then shalt
thou see clearly to cast the mote out of thy brother＇s eye.” Mat. vii. 5.

The BEAM(or travers) of a balance, that part of a balance, at the
ends of which the scales are suspended. If the length of the sides in
the balance and the weights at the ends be both equal, the beam will
be in a horizontal situation. Wilkins.

The Sail-BEAM of a windmill, that on which the sail is sup­
ported.

BEAMS [in a ship] are those large cross timbers, that hinder the
sides of the ship from falling together, and also bear up the decks.

BEAM [of a deer＇s head] that part of it that bears the antlers,
royals, and tops, a dear＇s horn.
He taught the woods to eccho to the stream,
His dreadful challenge and his clashing beam. Denham.

BEAM [sunne beam, Sax. a ray of the sun] a ray of light pro­
ceeding from the sun, or any other luminous body, &c. that is re­
ceived by the eye.

BEAM [in heraldry] is used to express the main horn of a stag or
buck.

BEAM, a sort of fiery meteor in shape of a pillar.

BEAM, a fish, a sea monster resembling a pike, a terrible enemy to
a man, whom he scizes like a blood-hound, and holds him fast, if he
ever catches hold; the teeth of this monster are so venomous, that
the least touch is mortal, except some antidote be applied imme­
diately.

BEAM Antler [of a deer] the same as brow antler.

BEAM [of an anchor] the longest part of an anchor, called also the
shank, to which the hooks are fastened.

To BEAM [from the noun] to emit beams or rays.
Each emanation of his fires
That beams on earth, each virtue he inspires. Pope.

BEAM Compasses [with diallists] a wooden or brass instrument with
sliding sockets, to carry several shifting points, as pencils, for drawing
circles with long radii for large projections, or the furniture on wall
dials.

BEAM Feathers [with falconers] the long feathers of the wing of a
hawk.

BEAM Filling [with architects] the filling up the vacant space be­
tween the raison and roof with stones or bricks, laid betwixt the raf­
ters or the raison, and plaistered on with loom.

BE＇AM-TREE, a species of wild service.

BEA＇MY 1. Radiant, shining, casting forth beams or rays. Sun,
hide in night thy beamy head. Smith. 2. Resembling a beam or
large piece of timber.
His double biting ax and beamy spear,
Each asking a gigantic force to rear. Dryden.
3. Having deers horns or antlers.
Rowze, boars, and beamy stags in toils engage. Dryden.

BE＇AN [bean, Sax. boone, Du. bohn, Ger. boena, Su. faba, Lat.]
an edible pulse, of which there are several sorts; as, common garden
beans, horse beans, kidney, or French beans. Beans have a papi­
lionaceous flower, succeeded by a long pod, filled with large flat kid­
ney-shaped seeds, the stalks are firm and hollow, the leaves grow by
pairs, and are fastned to a midrib. The principal sorts which are cul­
tivated in England, are the Mazagan, the small Lisbon, the Spanish,
the Tokay, the Sandwich, and Windsor beans. The Mazagan bean is
brought from a settlement of the Portuguese on the coast of Africa, of
the same name; and is by far the best sort to plant for an early crop;
a great bearer, and also an excellent tasted bean. The broad Spanish,
Tokay, Sandwich, and Windsor beans, are for the latter crops.
Miller.
Every BEAN has its black.
This proverb is an emblem of human frailty and imperfection; and
intimates, that it is as natural for every man to have his failings, as it
is for a bean to have its black eye; experience has in all ages but
too sufficiently evinced the truth of it in the wisest and best of men.
The Latins say: nemo sine crimine vivit. With which agrees the
French: il n＇y a personne sans défaut. But Horace goes farther, and
comes nearer to our proverb: vitiis nemo sine nascitur (no one is born
without vice.) Gr. πἀσησι κορυδάλοισι χρη λοϕον εγγυεθαι. The Ger.
say: es ist kein mensch ohne ein aber (no man is without a but, or an
exception.) or: auch die sonne hat ihre flecken (even the sun is not
without spots.) See BLACK.

BEAN Caper [fabago, Lat.] a fruit of a plant, also the plant it­
self.

BEAN Tressel, an herb.

BEA＇R [bear, bera, Sax. beyr, Du. baer, O and L. Ger. baer, H.
Ger. beœrn, Su. all of bar or bær, Celt. or Scyth. which signified in
general a beast, wild or tame, whence, by various flexions, changes,
and additions, ϕηρ, Gr. fera, verres, aper, porcus, Lat. the several
northern words for a bear, as above, as likewise barch, borch, or bork,
Teut. porcus, Lat. pork, Eng. &c. in all which there is an affinity in
sound, and signification. Nor are we to wonder, that the various
names of so many different animals are derived from the same spring;
greater variations than this are to be found in almost every tongue]
1. A rough and savage wild beast. Every part of the body of these
animals is covered with thick shaggy hair of a dark brown colour, and
their claws are hooked, which they use in climbing trees: they feed
upon fruits, honey bees, and flesh. Some have falsely reported, that
they bring their young into the world shapeless, and that their dams
lick them into form: they go no longer than thirty days, and gene­
rally bring forth five young ones. In the winter they lie hid and asleep,
the male forty days, and the female four months; and so soundly for







the first fourteen days, that blows will not wake them. In the sleepy
season they are said to have no nourishment but from licking their
feet; for it is certain they eat nothing; and at the end of it the
males are very fat. This animal has naturally a hidious look, but
when enraged it is terrible; and as stupid and rough as it seems to be,
it is capable of discipline; it leaps, dances, and plays a thousand lit­
tle tricks. They abound in Poland, Museovy, Lithuania, and the
great forests in Germany, and also in the remote northern countries,
where the species is white. Calmet. 2. Applied to any person of a
savage nature.
Call hither to the stake my two brave bears,
Bid Sal＇sbury and Warwick come to me.
Are these thy bears? we＇ll bait thy bears to death,
And manacle the bearward in their chains. Shakespeare.
You dare as well take a BEAR by the tooth. That is, you dare not at­
tempt it.
If it were a BEAR it would bite you. Spoken to those who say they
can＇t find a thing, tho＇ it be close by them.
To go like a BEAR to the stake; that is, very unwillingly.
He has as many tricks as a dancing BEAR; that is, he is full of idle,
ridiculous, phantastical tricks.

BEAR [in hieroglyphicks] was used by the ancient Egyptians, to
represent a good proficient, whom time and labour has brought to per­
fection, because bears are said to come into the world with mishapen
parts, and that their dams do so lick the young, that at last the eyes,
ears and other members appear.

BEARS are said to search much after bee hives: but, this, as some
are idly of opinion, is not from a desire of the honey, so much as it is
to provoke the bees to sting their bodies, and let out the corrupt blood
that troubles them.

To sell the BEAR＇s skin before he is caught. Ital. vender la pelle del
orso inanzi che sia presi. H. Ger. die bæren-haut verkauffen ehe der
bær gestoechen. The Lat. say; ante lentem auges ollam. We say like­
wise: to reckon the chickens before they are hatcht. The Fr. say: ven­
dre le peau de l＇ours avant qu＇il soit pris; or, conter sans l＇hôte (to reckon
without the host) these proverbs are all designed to expose the folly
of building upon, or bragging of uncertain things to come, than
which nothing is more deceiving.

BEAR Garden, a place set a part for baiting of bears, &c. or the
diversion (it is to be hoped) chiefly of the vulgar; for which and
some other the like barbarous entertainments, the English nation is by
foreigners esteemed cruel. I could not forbear going to a place of
renoun for the gallantry of Britons, namely, to the bear-garden.
Spectator. It also denotes any place of tumult or unruliness.

BEAR-Garden Discourse, in familiar or low language, signifies vul­
gar, rude, and turbulent; thus a bear-garden fellow is a man rude
enough to be a fit frequenter of the bear-garden: bear-garden sport is
used for gross inclegant entertainment.

BEAR, or BIE＇R [bcre, Teut.] a thing made use of to carry a dead
corpse upon. See BIER.

To BEAR, verb act. pret. bare or bore, part. pass. bore or borne;
[bcoran, Sax. to bring forth children, gebairan, Goth. beran, Fran­
con. fru freslt beran einan alaunaltentan (thou shalt bear an almighty,)
whence perhaps pareo, Lat. to bring forth, and prob. all of bar, Goth.
open, manifest. See BARE; for what is bearing or bringing forth,
but bringing to light. It was likewise in its original used for the act
of procreation: Abraham gibar (begot) Isaken, Isak gibar (begot)
Jacobin, &c. Bear is founded like hare, or the are in care and dare.]
It is a word used with such latitude, that it is not easily explained:
we say, to bear a burthen, to bear sorrow or reproach, to bear a name,
to bear a grudge, to bear fruit, or to bear children. The word bear
is used in very different senses. Watts. 1. To carry as a burthen.
They bare him upon the shoulder. Isaiah. 2. To convey, transmit
or carry.
My message to the ghost of Priam bear. Dryden.
3. To carry as an ensign of authority. The sword you us＇d to bear.
Shakespeare. 4. To carry as a mark of distinction. He may not bear
so noble an image of the divine glory, as the universe in its full system.
Hale. 5. To carry, as in shew or external appearance.
Look like the time; bear welcome in your eye. Shakespeare.
6. To carry, as in trust and confidence. He had the bag, and bare
what was put therein. St. John. 7. To support, to prop, to keep
from falling; both literally and figuratively, commonly with up; as,
to bear up the state of religion. Hooker. Samson took hold of the two
middle pillars, upon which the house stood, and on which it was borne
up. Judges. 8. To keep afloat; sometimes with up. The waters
encreased and bare up the ark, and it was lifted up above the earth.
Genesis. 9. To support with proportionate strength whatever is
taken into the stomach. Animals that use much labour, can bear
and ought to have stronger food. Arbuthnot. 10. To have in the
mind; as, to bear one love or hatred. 11. To endure, as pain,
without sinking. It was not an enemy that reproached me, for then
I could have borne it. Psalms. 12. To suffer, to undergo, as pu­
nishment or loss. I have borne chastisement. Job. What was torn
of beasts, I bare the loss of it. Genesis. 13. To permit, to suffer
without resentment.
Not angry Jove will bear
Thy lawless wand＇ring walks in upper air. Dryden.
14. To admit, to be capable of. To reject all orders of the church
which men have established, is to think worse of the laws of men,
than the judgment of wise men alloweth, or the law of God itself
will bear. Hooker. 15. To produce, as fruit. Some plants bear no
flower, and yet bear fruit. Bacon. 16. To produce, as a child;
sometimes with to. The queen that bore thee. Shakespeare.
Æneas, whom sair Venus bore
To fam＇d Anehises. Dryden.
17. To give birth to.
Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore. Dryden.
18. To possess, as honour or authority.
Impious men bear sway. Addison.
19. To gain, to win. Greek and Latin have ever borne away the
prerogative from all other tongues. Cambden. 20. To keep up, to
maintain. He finds a pleasure in bearing a part in the conversation.
Locke. 21. To support any thing, good or bad, as fortune. I ob­
served how they did bear their fortunes. Bacon. 22. To exhibit pub­
lickly. Ye Trojan flames your testimony bear. Dryden. 23. To be
answerable for. If I bring him not to thee, let me bear the blame for
ever. Genesis. 24. To supply. Somewhat that will bear your charges
in your pilgrimage. Dryden. 25. To be the object of. Let me but
bear your love, I＇ll bear your cares. Shakespeare. 26. To behave, or
act in character.
Some good instruction give,
How I may bear me here. Shakespeare.
27. To hold, to restrain. Do you suppose the state of this realm to
be now so feeble, that it cannot bear off a greater blow than this?
Hayward. 28. To impel, to push. Truth is borne down. Swift.
29. To conduct, to manage. So to bear through and out the consul­
ship. Ben. Johnson. 30. To press. Cæsar doth bear me hard.
Shakespeare. 31. To incite, to animate.
But confidence then bore thee on; secure
Either to meet no danger, or to find
Matter of glorious trial. Milton.
32. To bear a body. A colour is said, by painters, to bear a body,
when it is capable of being ground so fine, and mixing with the oil so
intirely, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same colour. 33. To
bear date; to carry the mark of the time, when any thing was
written. 34. To bear a price; to have a certain value. 35. To bear
in hand; to deceive or amuse with false pretences. It is no wonder,
that some would bear the world in hand, that the apostle＇s design and
meaning is for presbytery, tho＇ his words are for episcopacy. South.
36. To bear off; to carry away by main force. We＇ll snatch this
dainsel up, and bear her off. Addison. 37. To bear out, to justify, to
support, to maintain.
——— I do not doubt
To find friends that will bear me out. Hudibras.
38. To bear out, to bear through; to conduct, to manage.
My hope is,
So to bear out and through the consulship,
As spite shall ne＇er wound you. Ben. Johnson.

To BEAR, verb neut. 1. To suffer pain or other inconvenience.
Man is born to bear ———
And the good suffers while the bad prevails. Pope.
2. To be patient. I cannot, cannot bear; ＇tis past, ＇tis done. Dry­
den. 3. To be prolifie; as, to bear fruit. 4. To have effect or suc­
cess; as, I will bring matters to bear. 5. To behave, to act in cha­
racter.
Instruct me,
How I may formally in person bear
Like a true friar. Shakespeare.
6. To tend, to be directed to any point [in sea language] as, to bear
up to one another, to bear away, to bear in or with any point.
7. To be prominent, to appear plainer or stronger; with out. In a
convex mirror, the figures, and all other things, bear out with more
life than nature itself. Dryden. 8. To act as an impellant, or a re­
ciprocal force, generally with upon or against; sometimes with upon
in a passive form.
We are encounter＇d by a mighty rock,
Which being violently borne upon,
Our helpless ship was splittled. Shakespeare.
The sides bearing one against the other. Burnet. 9. To bear upon,
to act upon. Spinola with his shot did bear upon those within. Hay­
ward. 10. To stand sirm, without falling. Nature bears up with this
exercise. Shakespeare. It shews a greatness of soul, that persons in
distress bear up against the storms of fortune. Broome. 11. To bear
with, to endure any thing unpleasing; as, to bear with one＇s
folly.

To BEAR [in heraldry] as one who has a coat of arms is said to
bear in it the several charges or ordinaries, that are contained in his
eseutcheon; as, to bear three lions rampant; this is in the sense of
bearing, as a mark of distinction. See 4th sense of verb. act.

To BEAR [with gunners] a piece of ordnance is said to come to
bear, when it lies right with, or directly against the mark.

To BEAR a good Sail [sea term] is said of a ship when she sails up­
right in the water.

To BEAR Ordnance, to carry great guns.

To BEAR in with the Harbour [sea term] used when a ship sails into
the harbour before the wind, or with the wind large.

The Ship BEARS [spoken as to her burthen] when she having too
lean or slender a quarter, sinks too deep into the water, her freight be­
ing light, and so of consequence can carry but a small burthen.

To BEAR in with Land [sea phrase] is to sail towards, or approach
the shore.

To BEAR under another Ship＇s Lee [sea phrase] is, when a ship,
which was to the windward, comes under another ship＇s stern, and so
gives her the wind.

To BEAR off from Land [sea phrase] is when a ship keeps off
from it.

To BEAR up round [sea term] is a direction to let the ship go be­
tween her two sheets, directly before the wind.

To BEAR [spoken of places] to be situate; as, such a cape bears
off so and so from such a cape.

BEA＇RS [in astronomy] two constellations, called Ursa major and
minor, the greater and lesser bear; in the tail of the lesser is the pole
star.

BEAR＇S Breech, [acanthus, Lat.] the herb brank ursin, or bears­
breech. The species are; 1. The smooth-leaved garden bears­
breech. 2. The priekly bears-breech. 3. The middle bears-breech
with short spines, &c. The first is used in medicines, and supposed
to be the mollis acantbus of Virgil. The leaves of this plant, which
are like those of the thistle, are cut upon the capitals of the Corin­
thian pillars, and were formerly in great esteem with the Romans.

BEARS Ears [auricula ursi, Lat.] flowers called auricula, or, vul­
garly, riccolusses, which are shaped like a funnel; it is also called
sanicle.

BEARS Foot, an herb, called also setterwort, a species of helle­
bore.

BEARSWORT, a kind of herb.








BEAR up the Helm, a direction to the steersman to let the ship go
more at large before the wind.

BEARA＇LSTON. a borough of Devonshire, situated on the river Ta­
mar, about ten miles north of Plymouth.

BEARD [beard, Sax. baert, Du. bahrt, O. and L. Ger. bart, H.
Ger. barbe, Fr. barba, It. Sp. Port. and Lat.] 1. Hair that grows
on the chin and lips. 2. It denotes the face: to do a thing to one＇s
beard, is to do it in defiance, or to one＇s face. 3. It signifies virility,
or old age.
This ancient russian, Sir, whose life I spar＇d, at suit of his grey beard.
Shakespeare.
Some thin remains of chastity appear＇d
Ev＇n under Jove, but Jove without a beard. Dryden.
4. The barb of an arrow.

BEARD [with botanists] the under lip of a labiated flower, and in
corn or grass that hair or bristle, which serves to defend the ear, as in
barley, rye, wheat, and oats.

BEARD [of a comet] the rays which a comet emits towards that
part of the heavens to which its proper motion seems to direct it, as
contradistinguished from the tail, and is understood of the rays emit­
ted towards that part from whence its motion seems to carry it.
Harris.

BEARD [of a horse] or under beard, is the chuck or that part un­
der the lower jaw, on the outside, and above the chin, which
bears the curb of the bridle.

To BEARD [from the noun] in contempt, to take or pluck one by
the beard.
No man so potent, but I＇ll beard him. Shakespeare.

To BEARD Wool, is to cut off the head and neck from the rest of the
fleece.

To BEARD [or affront] one, to do or say an injury to his beard or
face, to set him at open defiance. He, whensoever he should swerve
from duty, might beard him. Spenser.

BEARD Pique d＇avant, a pique-beard.

BE＇ARDED [from beard] 1. Having a beard; as, a bearded man.
2. Having a beard, as corn. A field bends her bearded grove of ears.
Milton. 3. Barbed, or jagged.

BEARDED-Husk [with storists] as that of a rose, or other such husk,
being hairy on the edges.

BEARDED Creeper, a sort of herb.

BE＇ARDLESS [beardleas, Sax.] 1. Having no beard. 2. Youth­
ful. Admir＇d with clamours of the beardless rout. Dryden.

BEA＇RER [of bear] 1. One that conveys a message from one place
or person to another. Forgive the bearer of unhappy news. Dryden.
2. A person that carries any thing; as, a bearer of burthens. 3. One
who wears any thing. O majesty, thou dost pinch thy bearer. Shake­
speare. 4. Such as carry the dead to burial. 5. A tree that yields
fruit; as, some roses are good bearers.

BEARERS [in architecture] posts or brick walls, which are trimmed
up between two ends of a piece of timber, to shorten its bearing, or
to prevent its bearing with the whole weight at the ends only.

BEARERS [in heraldry] See SUPPORTERS.

BEARERS [in a law sense] persons that bear down or oppress
others, maintainers, or abettors.

BE＇ARHERD [of bear and herd] one that keeps or tends bears. This
word is formed, as shcepherd, swineherd, &c. of sheep, swine,
and herd.

BE＇ARING, subst. [from bear] mien, gesture. That is Claudio; I
know him by his bearing. Shakespeare.

BEARING [in geography and navigation] the situation of one place
from another, that is, with respect to the degrees of the horizon,
which by navigators are divided into thirty-two equal parts, called
points of the compass, therefore when they have found what point
of the compass will carry them from one place to another, they call
that the bearing of that place with respect to the other. Bearing
therefore is the angle which a line drawn thro＇ the two places would
make with the meridian of each.

BEARING Claws [with cock-fighters] the foremost toes of a cock,
on which he goes, so that if they happen to be hurt or gravelled, he
cannot fight.

BEARING [in heraldry] the same as charge, and signifies those
things which fill the escutcheon.

BEARN [bearn, Sax.] a child; a word used in the north.

BEARN, a province in the south of France, bounded by Gascony on
the north, and by the Pyrenean mountains, which separate it from
Spain, on the south.

BEARNS, children. Shakespeare.

BEA＇RWARD [of bear and ward] he that keeps bears. See BEAR,
subst.

BEAST [beste, béte, Fr. beest, Du. bestie, Ger. bestia. It. Sp. and
Lat.] 1. An animal, as distinguished from birds, fishes, insects, and
man. 2. A brute creature, void of reason, as opposed to man, who
is endued with that faculty. 3. Metaphorically, a brutal or inhuman
man or woman, as acting in any manner unwerthy of a rational crea­
ture. See BEASTS.

The word BEAST, or rather WILD-BEAST [θηριον] in the prophetic
style, signifies some political state, or empire; Dan. vii. 23. and Rev.
xiii. 1. and the beast, or wild-beast, in the 11th verse of that chapter,
is supposed by Sir Isaac Newton, to signify a certain ecclesiastic body,
of a very corrupt and antichristian kind; a beast which had two
horns, like a lamb; but spoke like the dragon. See DRAGON.

BEAST [with gamesters] a game at cards like loo.

BE＇ASTINGS. See BEESTINGS.

BE＇ASTILY, brutally.

BE＇ASTLINESS, brutality, the practice of any thing contrary to the
rules of humanity.

BE＇ASTLY. 1. Brutish, nasty, contrary to the nature and dignity
of a man; commonly a term of reproach.
With leud, prophane, and beastly phrase,
To catch the world＇s loose laughter. Ben. Johnson.
2. Having the nature or form of a beast. Beastly divinities and droves
of gods. Prior.

BEASTS of Chace [in forest law] are five; the buck, doe, roe, fox,
and martern.

BEASTS of the forest, or BEASTS of venery, are five in number; the
hart, hind, hare, boar and wolf.

BEASTS and fowls of Warren [forest law] are, the hare, coney;
the pheasant and partridge.

BE＇AT [Irr. Imp.] did beat.

BEAT, or BE＇ATEN [Irr. part. p.] have, or am beat or beaten.

To BEAT [beatan, Sax. battre, Fr. battere, It. batír, Sp. batuo,
Lat.] 1. To strike or knock, to bang, by laying on blows; as, he
beat his breast. 2. To punish with stripes or blows. A child only beat
for obstinacy. Locke. 3. To strike an instrument of music; as, to
beat a drum. 4. To overcome or get the better of, either at fighting
or play. 5. To thresh, as corn; with out. She gleaned in the
field, and beat out that she had gleaned. Ruth. 6. To mix things by
long agitation; as, to beat the white of an egg. 7. To batter with
warlike engines; commonly with down. He beat down the tower of
Penuel. Judges. 8. To dash, as water, or brush, as wind.
A Continent
Lies dark and wild, beat with perpetual storms. Milton.
9. To tread a path laboriously and incessantly; as, I beat a painful
way. 10. To make a path by marking it with tracts. He that will
know the truth, must leave the common and beaten track. Locke.
11. To harrass, to overlabour; as, to beat one＇s brains. 12. To
lay or press, as standing corn, with the wind or weather. Her foes
shake like a field of beaten corn. Shakespeare. 13. To crush by re­
peated opposition; generally with down; as, to beat down boldness
with severity. 14. To drive by violence from any place. Twice
have I sally＇d, and was twice beat back. Dryden. 15. To move
with fluttering agitation; as, to beat the wing.

To BEAT down, to sink or lessen the value of any thing. Usury
beats down the price of land.

To BEAT up, to attack suddenly, to alarm; as, to beat up an ene­
my＇s quarters.

To BEAT, verb neut. 1. To move in a pulsitory manner. I＇d
gladly see it beat the first pulse. Collier. 2. To knock at a door.
They beat at the door. Judges. 3. To dash, as a flood or storm.
Envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon ministers. Bacon. 4. To move
with frequent repetitions of the same act or stroke. Pulse shall surcease
to beat. Shakespeare. 5. To throb, to be in agitation, as a sore
swelling. 6. To fluctuate, to be in agitation.
The tempest in my mind
Doth from my senses take all feeling else,
Save what beats there. Shakespeare.
7. To try different ways, with intenseness or anxiety; to search. I
am always beating about in my thoughts for something. Addison.
8. To act violently upon. The sun beat upon the head of Jonah.
Jonah. 9. To repeat frequently, to enforce by repetition. They
beat more and more upon these words. Hooker. 10. To beat up for
soldiers; up seems redundant; a military phrase, for beating on a
drum, to invite people to enter into the king＇s service.

BEAT, subst. [of the verb] 1. A stroke. 2. The manner of strik­
ing. A base string of a viol, tho＇ turned to an unison with a treble,
makes a broader sound, as making a broader beat upon the air.
3. The manner of being struck; as, the beat of a drum or of a pulse.
See BEATS, in a watch or clock.

To BEAT upon the hoof, to go a foot.

To BEAT, or tap [with hunters] hares or coneys are said to beat or
tap, when they make a noise at rutting time.

To BEAT up and down [hunting phrase] is to run first one way and
then another.

To BEAT or cry like a hare.

To BEAT an alarm, [milit. phrase] is to give notice, by beat
of drum, of some sudden danger, that the soldiers may be all in readi­
ness.

To BEAT to Arms, [milit. phrase] is to beat a drum for soldiers that
are dispersed to repair to their arms.

To BEAT a Charge [milit. phrase] a beat of drum, that is, a signal
to charge or fall upon the enemy.

To BEAT a March [milit. term] is to beat a drum, to give notice to
the soldiers actually to move.

To BEAT a Parley [milit. term] to make a signal to demand a con­
ference with the enemy.

To BEAT a Retreat [milit. phrase] to give a signal to draw off or
retreat from the enemy.

To BEAT the General, [milit. phrase] is to give notice to the forces
that they are to march.

To BEAT the Reveille [milit. phrase] to give leave to come out of
quarters at day break, to give them notice of the approach of day.

To BEAT the Tat-too [milit. phrase] to order all to repair to their
quarters at night.

To BEAT the troop, [milit. phrase] is to order the soldiery to repair
to their colours.

To BEAT upon the Hand, [with horsemen] is when a horse tosses
up its nose, and shakes it all of a sudden, to avoid the subjection of the
bridle.

To BEAT the dust, [with horsemen] is when a horse at each
time or motion does not take in way or ground enough with his fore­
legs.

To BEAT any place, to rouze game by striking bushes or grounds;
as, one BEATS the bush, and another catches the bird: the Lat. say;
alii sementem faciunt, alii metunt (one sows, and another reaps:) the
Ger. say; der eine macht beutel, der andere schneidit lie ab (one makes
the purse, and another cuts it off) or, einer puantzer den baum, und
der andere isset die aepffel (one plants the tree, and another eats the
apple.)

BE＇ATEN. See To BEAT.

BEATEN Road, one much frequented by travellers.

Weather BEATEN, defaced by the weather.

BEATER [of beat] 1. An instrument with which any thing is
pounded or mixed. Beat your mortar with a beater three or four
times. Mortimer. 2. He that beats, or gives blows; one much ad­
dicted to striking. The best school-master of our time was the greatest
beater. Ascham.

BEATERS [with printers] ink-balls, with which they beat the letters
in the chace or forme.








BEATI＇FIC, BEATI＇FICAL, or BEATIFICK [beautifique, Fr. beatifico,
It. and Sp. beatificus, low Lat. of beatus and facio, Lat.] having the
power of making happy or blessed; also belonging to the blessed in
heaven after death, in which sense it is now generally used; as, the
beatific, or beatifical vision, i. e. of GOD, but which (in the Judg­
ment of Irenæus, and other ancient writers) does not take place be­
fore the saints resurrection from the dead, and reception into glory;
in support of which they cite 1 Cor. xv. 28. with many other texts.
Iræneus Advers. Heresies, Ed. Grabe. Lib. 5. p. 451, 452, 458, 460.

BEATIFICA＇TION [Fr. beatificatione, It. of beatificatio, low Lat.]
the act of making or rendering happy or blessed.

BEATIFICATION [with Romanists] the act whereby the Pope de­
clares a person to be blessed after his death; it is distinguished from
canonization. Beatification is an acknowledgment made by the pope,
that the person beatified is in heaven, and therefore may be reverenced
as blessed; but it is not a concession of the honours due to saints,
which are conferred by canonization.

To BEA＇TIFIE, or To BEA＇TIFY [beatificand, It. beatifico, Lat. be­
atificus, low Lat. of beatus, blessed] 1. To make blessed, to grant
the full enjoyment of heavenly bliss. 2. Among Romanists, to in­
roll among the blessed; to establish the character of a person, by
publickly acknowledging that he is received in heaven, though not ca­
nonized or invested with the honours due to a saint. There stands a
large hospital erected by a shoemaker, who has been beatified, tho＇
not sainted. Addison.

BEATI＇LLES, Fr. [in cookery] tit, or tid-bits; such as cock＇s­
combs, goose-giblets, ghizzards, livers, &c. to be put into pies and
pottages.

BEA＇TING, subst. [of beat] correction by blows.
Playwright, convict of public wrongs to men,
Takes private beatings, and begins agen. Ben Johnson.

BEATING in the Flanks [with husbandmen] a distemper incident to
black cattle.

BEA＇TITUDE [beatitudo, Lat.] blessedness, happiness, bliss, bliss­
fulness, commonly applied to the joys of heaven; also, a declaration
of blessedness made by our Saviour to particular virtues.

BEATS [in a watch or clock] are the strokes made by the sangs or
palets of the balance spindle, or of the pads in a royal pendulum.

BEAU, a spruce gentleman, a spark, a fop, a finical fellow, whose
chief care and ambition is dress, and to please the ladies. Fr. It is pro­
nounced like bo, and sometimes the French plural beaux, like bos.

BEAU Monde, the fair sex; also the gay part of mankind, the
beaux.

BEAUCAI＇RE, a town of Languedoc, situated on the western shore
of the river Rhone, about seven miles north of Arles. Lat. 43° 40′ N.
Long. 4° 40′ E.

BEAUCE, the northern division of the province of Orleanois in
France.

BEA＇VER [bievre, Fr.] an amphibious, four-sooted animal, like an
otter, also called the castor, remarkable for his art in building his
house. His skin is very valuable on account of the furr. The beaver
is common in the northern parts of America, whence its skin is im­
ported by the Hudson＇s-bay company. There are two sorts of it;
the coat beaver, which has been worn sometime by the savages as a
garment, and the parchment beaver, which is just as it is taken from
the beast.

BEAVER, a hat of the best kind, so called, as being made of the
hair or furr of this animal.

BEAVER, [baviere, Fr.] the visor or sight-piece of a helmet, that
part which covers the face.
His dreadful hideous head,
Close couched on the beaver, seemed to throw
From flaming mouth bright sparkles fiery red. Spenser.

BEA＇VERED [of beaver] wearing, or covering with a beaver hat.
His beaver＇d brow a birchen garland bears. Pope.

BEAU＇FET, erroneously for buffet. See BUFFET.

BEAU＇FORT, a town of the duchy of Anjou in France, situated
fifteen miles cast of Angers. Lat. 47° 30′ N. Long. 15′ E.

BEAUFORT is also a town of Savoy, about thirty miles east of Cham­
berry. Lat. 45° 30′ N. Long. 6° 40′ E.

BEAU＇GENEY, a town of Orleanois in France, situated on the ri­
ver Loire, about fifteen miles south-west of Orleans. Lat. 47° 48′ N.
Long. 1° 36′ E.

BEAU＇JEN, a town of the Lyonois in France, about twenty-five
miles north-west of Lyons. Lat. 46° 15′ N. Long. 4° 30′ E.

BEAUJO＇LOIS, the south-east division of the Lyonois, and so called
from Beaujen.

BEAU＇ISH, spruceish, sparkish, like a beau, soppish.

BEAUMA＇RIS, a market-town of Anglesey in Wales, situated about
nine miles north of Bangor. Lat. 53° 25′ N. Long. 4° 15′ W.

BEAUMO＇NT, a town of Hainault, about seventeen miles south-east
of Mons. Lat. 50° 20′ N. Long. 4° 15′ E.

BEAUMONT is also a town of France, about sixteen miles south of
Alençon. Lat. 48° 20′ N. Long. 5′ E.

BEAUNE, a town of Burgundy in France, situated in Lat. 47° 2′
N. Long. 5° 20′ E.

BEAU＇TEOUS, and BEAU＇TIFUL [of beauty, or of beautes, Fr. and
sull, Sax.] handsome, comely, fair of form, pleasant to one＇s self.
Beauteous is chiefly a word used in poetry.
To keep the beauteous foe in view,
Was all the glory I desired. Prior.
It is sometimes used analogically. Tragedy is more beautiful than co­
medy. Dryden.

BEAU＇TEOUSLY [from beauteous] beautifully. Look upon plea­
sures not upon that side next the sun, or where they look beauteously.
Taylor.

BE＇AUTEOUSNESS [from beauteous] the quality or state of being
beautiful.
From less virtue and less beautiousness,
The gentiles fram＇d them gods and goddesses. Donne.

BEAU＇TIFULLY, handsomely, formed in a beautiful manner.
Fine by degrees, and beautifully less. Prior.

BEAU＇TIFULNESS, handsomeness, quality of being beautiful.

To BEAU＇TIFY, verb act. [of beauty, and fio or facio, Lat.] to
render beautiful, to set off, to adorn, to set out, to grace; as, to
beautify the face.

To BEAUTIFY, verb neut. to become beautiful, to advance in
beauty. It must be a prospect pleasing to God, to see his creation for
ever beautifying in his eyes, and drawing nearer to him by greater
degrees of resemblance. Addison.

BE＇AUTY [beauté, F.] 1. Comeliness, handsomeness. Beauty con­
sists of a certain composition of colour and figure, causing delight in
the beholder. Locke.
He view＇d their twining branches with delight,
And prais＇d the beauty of the pleasing sight. Pope.
2. Some particular feature or ornament. Wherever you place a
patch, you destroy a beauty. Addison. 3. Some particular excellency of
a thing, above the rest of that with which it is combined; as, the
beauties of an author or an historian. She is a beauty.

BEAUTY [with architects] is that agreeable form and pleasing ap­
pearance, that a building represents to the eye of the beholder.

A BEAUTY [une beauté, Fr.] a beautiful woman.

BEAUTY is no inheritance. H. Ger. ichoenheit ist kein erb-guth.
Or, schoenheit verliehrt sich bale. (Beauty is but a blossom, and soon
fades.) The instability of beauty ought to be a lesson to the fair sex,
not to fix all their hopes and views on the power or success of that
alone, as but too many do, but constantly to endeavour at such other
qualities as are more durable, and will stand them in stead, when their
beauty is no more.

Heavenly BEAUTY has been represented by an exceeding fine wo­
man naked, standing upright, with her hand reaching the clouds,
and encompassed with rays, holding in one hand a lily, and in the
other a cœlestial globe.

To BEAUTY, verb act. [from the noun] to adorn, to beautify; a
word used by Shakespeare. The harlot＇s cheek beautied with plas­
t＇ring art.

BEAU＇TY-SPOT [of beauty and spot] a patch or spot put on the
face to heighten some feature, or to direct the beholder＇s eye to some­
thing else. The filthiness of swine makes them the beauty-spot of the
animal creation. Grew.

BEAU＇VIN, a city of Burgundy in France, about fifteen miles north
of Chalons. Lat. 47° N. Long. 2° E.

BEAUVOI＇R, a port town of France, about twenty-five miles south-
west of Nants. Lat. 47° N. Long. 2° W.

BEAUVOI＇S, a city of the isle of France, about forty-three miles
north of Paris. Lat. 49° 30′ N. Long. 2° 20′ E.

BEAV＇Y. See BEVY.

BECABU＇NGA, Lat. the herb sea-purslain or brook lime.

BECAFI＇CO [of becafigo, Sp. q. d. the fig-eater] a bird like a wheat­
ear, or a kind of ortolan.
The robin red-breast, till of late, had rest,
Till becaficos sold so dev＇lish dear. Pope.

To BECA＇LM [probably of be and kalm, Du.] 1. To render calm,
to still the elements. 2. To appease, or quiet the disturbance of the
mind. Soft whisp＇ring airs becalm the mind,
Perplex＇d with irksome thoughts. John Philips.
3. Calm and becalm differ in this, that to calm is to stop motion,
and to becalm is to with-hold from motion. Johnson.

To BECALM [a sea term] used by sailors, when any thing keeps
the wind off a ship, but especially when the shore does so. Also one
ship is said to becalm another, when she comes up with her on the
weather-side.

BECA＇LMED [with sailors] a term used when the water is so very
smooth, that the ship has scarce any motion, or at best but a very slow
one; as, one becalmed at sea.

BECA＇ME [irr. imp.] did become.

BECA＇NER, the capital of the territory of Becar in India, situated
on the river Ganges. Lat. 28° N. Long. 83° E.

BECAU＇SE, conj. [à cause, Fr. or of by and cause] by reason of this,
upon this account that, for this cause that. Men do not so agree in
the sense of these as of the other, because their lusts are more con­
cerned in the one than the other. Tillotson. It also has, in some sort,
the force of a preposition; but as because is compounded of a noun,
it has of after it. Johnson. Infancy demands aliment, because of the
state of accretion. Arbuthnot.

BECAUSE is a woman＇s reason. Spoken to those people, who being
asked why they did such a thing, answer, because they would, and
nothing else.

To BECHA＇NCE, verb neut. [of be and chance] to fall out, or hap­
pen to; a word proper, but now in little use. Johnson. Some­
times the particle to is inserted, and sometimes it is understood. God
knows what has bechanced them. Shakespeare. All happiness bechance
to thee. Shakespeare.

BE＇CHICKS [βηχικος, of βηχος, gen. of βηξ, a cough, of βηττω, Gr.
to cough] medicines proper for easing or curing a cough.

BE＇CHIN, a town of Bohemia. Lat. 49° 14′ N. Long. 15° E.

BECK [beck or beke, Du. bach, Ger.] a small river or brook.

BECK 1. A nod or sign made by the motion of the head.
Haste thee, nymph, and bring with thee,
Nods and becks, and wreathed smiles. Milton.
2. A nod of authority. A well obeyed master, whose beck is enough
for discipline. Sidney.

To BECK [bee, Fr. becn, beacn, Sax.] to make a sign with the head.
Her eye beck＇d forth my wars, and call＇d them home. Shakespeare.

To be at any one＇s BECK, to depend on one.

BE＇CKENRIEDT, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Under­
waldt.

To BE＇CKON, verb act. [of becennan, or beacnian, Sax. or of beck,
Eng.] to make signs by the motion of the finger, head, &c. With
her hands she signs did make, and beckon＇d him. Spenser.

To BECKON, verb neut. to make a sign. Alexander beckoned with
the hand, and would have made his defence. Acts.

BECLI＇PPING [of be, and clyppan, Sax.] embracing, encompassing,
surrounding, &c.

BECO＇ME [irr. part. p. becomen, Sax.] are become.

To BECOME, verb neut. [of be and come, pret. became, or have







become, part. pass. become] 1. To enter into some state, by a change
from another, either better or worse. The Lord God breathed into
his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul. Genesis.
2. To become of; to be the fate, end, or final condition of it. It is
observable that this word is never or very seldom used, but with the
interrogative what. Johnson. 3. In the following passage, the
phrase, where is he become, is used for, what is become of him.
I cannot joy, until I be resolv＇d,
Where our right valiant father is become. Shakespeare.

To BECOME, verb act. [of be, or by, Shakespeare, and cweman,
Sax. to please, or bequemen, Ger. to adapt or make fit, or bequem,
Ger. fit, or of bekommen, Ger. to thrive or agree with] 1. Appli­
ed to persons, when they make an appearance suitable to some­
thing.
If I become not a cart as well as another. Shakespeare.
2. Applied to things, to befit any person＇s appearance, character, or
circumstances, so as to adorn, or add grace to him.
She bowed low that her right well became,
And added grace unto her excellence. Spenser.

BECO＇MING, part. [of become] that which pleases, or is graceful by
an elegant propriety. It sometimes has of, but generally without,
as, becoming graces. Their discourses are such as are becoming of
them, and of them only. Dryden.

BECOMING, subst. [of become] behaviour; a word not now used.
—————Forgive me,
Since my becomings kill me when they do not,
Eye well to you. Shakespeare.

BECO＇MINGLY [of becoming] in a becoming or proper manner.

BECO＇MINGNESS [of becoming.] See BECOME; decency, suitableness
either of dress, gesture, or manners. Nor is the majesty of the di­
vine government greater in its extent, than the becomingness thereof
in its form. Grew.

BE＇CZAU, a town of Bohemia, upon the river Tople.

BED [bed, Sax. bedde, Du. bedd, O. and L. Ger. bette, H. Ger.
bad, Goth.] 1. Something made to sleep on, a conveniency to lie or
rest on. 2. The bottom or channel of a river, or any hollow.
Down sunk a hollow bottom broad and deep,
Capacious bed of waters. Milton.
3. A lodging or convenient place for one to sleep in. Vouchsafe me
raiment, bed and food. Shakespeare. 4. Marriage. George, the se­
cond son of this bed, was well brought up. Clarendon. 5. The place
where any thing is generated or reposited.
See hoary Albula＇s infected tide,
O＇er the warm bed of smoaking sulphur glide. Addison.
6. To bring to bed. It is used in no other form, but passively in
this sense; as, she was brought to bed of a son and daughter. 7. To
make the bed; to put the bed and bed-cloaths in order, after it has
been lain in.

BED Mouldings [with architects] the members of a cornish that are
placed below the coronet or crown.

BED [with gardeners] a piece of made ground, raised above the
level of the rest, for things to grow in. Remove herbs out of beds
into pots. Bacon.

BED [with masons] a course or range of stones.

BED of Minerals, certain strata or layers of them disposed over each
other. The strata or beds within the earth lie as even. Burnet＇s
Theory.

BED [of a mill] the nether millstone.

BEDS are of several sorts, as a pallet-bed, truckle-bed, settle-bed,
canopy-bed, couch-bed, table-bed, though these are properly so many
kinds of bed-steads.
Of BEDS there are straw-beds, flock-beads, feather-beds, down­
beds.

BED of a Mortar [with gunners] is a solid piece of oak in the
form of a parallelopepid, hollowed a little in the middle, to receive
the breech and half the trunnions.

BED of a Gun [with gunners] that thick plank, which lies imme­
diately under the piece, being, as it were, the body of the carriage.

BEDS of Snakes, a knot of young ones.

To BED, verb act. 1. To go to bed with, said of new married per­
sons on the first night of marriage.
They have married me,
I＇ll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her. Shakespeare.
2. To put solemnly into bed, as in marriage. She was publickly
contracted, stated as a bride, and solemnly bedded. Bacon. 3. To
make partaker of the marriage-bed. A doubt was ripp＇d up, whether
Arthur was bedded with his lady. Bacon. 4. To plant or set in earth.
Lay some of your best mould to bed your quick in. Mortimer. 5. To
lay in a place of rest or security, commonly with the reciprocal pro­
noun.
Let coarse bold hands from slimy nest,
The bedded fish in banks outwrest. Donne.
A snake bedded himself under the threshold. L＇Estrange. 6. To lay in
order, as strata.
As the sleeping soldiers in the alarm.
Your bedded hairs, like life in excrements,
Start up and stand on end. Shakespeare.
7. To lie together in the same bed. If he be married, and bed
with his wife, he may fancy that she infected him. Wiseman.

To BED, verb neut. to cohabit.

To BED [with hunters] a term made use of concerning a roe,
when she lodges in a particular place.

To BEDA＇BBLE [of dabble] to wet, to besprinkle. It is general­
ly applied to persons, in a sense of inconvenience.
Bedabbled with the dew. Shakespeare.

To BEDA＇GGLE [of bedeagan, Sax. to dye or colour] to dip or
dirty the bottom or skirts of a garment, to bemire them in dirt.

BE＇DAL, a market-town of Yorkshire, eight miles south of Richmond.

To BEDA＇SH [probably of dash, Du. a blow or stroke, or דוש,
Heb. to thresh] to dash or wet by beating water, &c. on one, to be­
mire, by throwing dirt.
All the standers by had wet their cheeks,
Like trees bedash＇d with rain. Shakespeare.

BED-ALE, or BID-ALE, a friendly appointment, or the meeting of
neighbours at the house of a bridegroom or bride, or other poor peo­
ple, that drink and be merry, by a contribution made by the guests.

To BEDA＇WB. See To DAWB. To dawb over, to soil, by spread­
ing any viscous body over a thing.
A coarse all bedawb＇d in blood. Shakespeare.

To BEDA＇ZZLE [of dazzle] to dim the sight by too much lustre.
My eyes bedazzled by the sun,
That every thing I look on seemeth green. Shakespeare.

BE＇DCHAMBER. 1. The chamber appropriated to rest. 2. Lords or
gentlemen of the bedchamber are persons of the first rank, being ten
in number, whose office is, each in his turn, to attend a week in the
king＇s bedchamber, lying on a pallet bed all night, and to wait on
the king when he eats in private. The first of these is called the
groom of the stole.

BE＇DCLOATHS, having no singular, coverlets spread over a bed.

BE＇DDER, or BEDE＇TTER, the nether stone of an oil-mill.

BEDDING, subst. [of bed] materials of a bed, a bed for man or
beast. There be no inns where meet bedding may be had, so that his
mantle serves for a bed. Spenser.
Spread with straw the bedding of thy fold. Dryden.

BEDEA＇DED [of be and dead, Sax.] made dead, having the life
taken away.

BEDE-House [of bede, Sax. a prayer, and house, Eng.] an hospital
or alms-house for bede＇s people, or poor people, who were to pray
for their founders and benefactors.

To BEDE＇CK [of deck] to deck, to grace. Female bedeck＇d, or­
nate and gay. Milton.

BE＇DEL, or BE＇DLE [bydel, of bidden, Sax. to bid or summons]
a beadle; also a cryer or apparitor.

BE＇DELAR, the jurisdiction or precinct of a beadle.

BEDE＇LLER. See BE＇DDER.

To BEDE＇W [of be and dew, from deawian, Sax.] to wet or
sprinkle gently, as with the fall of dew; as, to bedew grass, a herse,
or the face.

BE＇DFELLOW [of bed and fellow] one that lies in the same bed
with another.

BE＇DFORD, the county-town of Bedfordshire, situated on the river
Ouse, about twenty-two miles south-west of Cambridge, and forty­
seven from London. It sends two members to parliament; and
gives title of duke to the noble family of Russel.

To BEDI＇GHT [from dight] to set off, to adorn. A maiden fine
bedight he hapt to love. Gay.

To BEDI＇M [of dim] to make dim, to cloud, to darken. I have
bedim＇d the noontide sun. Shakespeare.

To BEDI＇ZEN [from dizen] to dress, to adorn or trim humou­
rously or slatternly.

A BE＇DLAM, subst. [of Bethlehem, formerly a religious house in
Moorefields, London, now converted into an hospital] 1. A mad­
house, or place appointed for the cure of lunacy. 2. A madman, a
lunatic. Let＇s follow the old earl and get the bedlam,
To lead him where he would, his roguish madness
Allows itself to any thing. Shakespeare.

BE＇DLAM, adj. belonging to a mad-house, fit for a mad-house.
Bedlam beggars with roaring voices,
Strike in their numb＇d and mortify＇d bare arms
Pins, sprigs of rosemary. Shakespeare.

A BE＇DLAMITE [from Bedlam] a lunatic, an inhabitant of Bed­
lam. If wild ambition in thy bosom reign,
Alas! thou boast＇st thy sober sense in vain,
In these poor bedlamites thyself survey. Lewis＇s Misc.

BE＇DMAKER [of bed and make] a person in the universities, whose
office it is to make the students, &c. beds, and clean their cham­
bers. I was deeply in love with my bedmaker, upon which I was
rusticated for ever. Spectator.

BE＇DMATE [of bed and mate] a bedfellow, one partaking of the
same bed.
Had I so good occasion to lie long
As you, prince Paris, nought but heav＇nly business,
Shou＇d rob my bedmate of my company. Shakespeare.

BE＇D-MOULDING, or BE＇DDING-MOULDING [in joinery] those mem­
bers below a cornice, which are below the coronet or crown. As it
is now common for joiners to have their bed-moulding to consist of
these four members, viz. 1. below an O G. 2. a list. 3. a large boul­
tin, and 4. another list under the coronet. This is what they call
a bed-moulder.

BEDRE＇PE, or BIDREAP, a duty or vassalage of some tenants, to
reap their landlord＇s corn.

BE＇DPOST [of bed and post] one of the four posts at the corners of
a bed, that supports the tester or canopy.

BE＇DPRESSER [of bed and press] a lumpish, heavy fellow. This
sanguine coward, this bedpresser, this horseback-breaker, this huge
hill of flesh. Shakespeare.

To BEDRA＇GGLE [of be and draggle] to soil one＇s cloaths in walk­
ing, by carelessly letting them reach the dirt.
Poor Patty Blount, no more be seen
Bedraggled in my walks so green. Swift.

To BEDRE＇NCH [of be and drench] to drench, to soak with mois­
ture. Far off from the mind of Bolingbroke
It is, such crimson tempest should bedrench
The fresh green lap of fair king Richard＇s land. Shakespeare.

BE＇DRID, or BED-RIDDEN [of bed and ride] a term used of a per­
son who is so weak, by old age or sickness, as not to be able to rise
from the bed.
Norway impotent and bedrid. Shakespeare.

BE＇DRITE [of bed and rite] the privilege of the marriage bed.
No bedrite shall be paid,
Till hymen＇s torch be lighted. Shakespeare.

To BEDRO＇P [of be and drop, of droppan, Sax.] to besprinkle, to
distinguish or adorn with round spots like drops.
The yellow carp in scales bedrop＇d with gold. Pope.

BE＇DSTEAD [of bed and stead] the frame on which a bed lies.








BE＇DSTRAW [of bed and straw] straw laid under a bed to make
it soft.

BE＇DSWERVER [of bed and swerve] one false to the marriage-bed;
one that swerves from one bed to another promiscuously. Shake­
peare uses it.

BE＇DTIME [of bed and time] the time of rest, or of going to bed.

To BEDU＇NG [of be and dung, of dingan, Sax.] to dawb or soul
with dung; also to cover, to manure with dung.

To BEDU＇ST [of be and dust, of dust, Sax.] to sprinkle or bedawb
with dust.

BE＇DWARD, adv. [of bed and ward] toward bed.
As merry as when our nuptial day was done,
And tapers burnt to bedward. Shakespeare.

To BEDWA＇RF [of be and dwarf] to stunt in growth.
＇Tis shrinking, not close weaving, that has thus,
In mind and body both bedwarfed us. Donne.

BE＇DWORK [of bed and work] work that is done in bed, without
the labour of the hands.
The still and mental parts,
That do contrive how many hands shall strike,
They call this bedwork, map＇ry, closet wear. Shakespeare.

BEE [of by, Sax. a dwelling place] added to the end of a name,
denotes a habitation, as Applebee, &c.

BEE, flower, wort, &c. certain plants. Beeflower is a species of
foolstones.

A Gad BEE, a gad flie.

A BEE [beo, Sax. bie, Du. biene, Ger. by, Su. of byan, Teut. and
Sax. to dwell] an insect that makes honey and wax; see HONEY
and WAX; remarkable for its art and industry. Also, in familiar
language, it is applied to any careful and industrious person.

BEES [hieroglyphically] represent a kingdom or subjects in obedi­
ence to their lawful sovereign. For they have amongst them a most
ingenious commonwealth, and a good government; for they are all
obedient to their queen, and never revolt from her authority. They
submit to her sentence, obey her commands, follow her motions and
conduct.

Where BEES are, there will be honey. That is, where there are
industrious people, there will be riches: For the hand of the diligent
makes a nation wealthy. The truth of this saying is very visible in
all trading nations, who live in affluence and plenty, while their indo­
lent, lazy neighbours, are ready to perish for want.

BEECH [bece, boe, Sax.] a beech-tree. There is but one species
of this tree at present known, except two varieties with striped leaves.
It will grow to a considerable stature, though the soil be barren and
stony, as also upon the declivities of mountains. The shade of this
tree is very injurious to most sorts of plants that grow near it; but is
generally believed to be very salubrious to the human body. The
timber is of great use to turners and joiners. The fruit or mast, which
consists of two triangular nuts, inclosed in a rough hairy rind, is very
good to fatten swine and deer, and by expression affords a sweet oil,
and has supported some families with bread. Miller.

BEE＇CHEN [of beech, or bucene, Sax.] belonging to the beech­
tree, consisting of beech-wood; as, a beechen-vessel, beechen-nut.

BEE-EATER, a bird that eats, or feeds on bees.

BEEF, subst. [of beuf, Fr. bovis, Lat.] 1. The flesh of a cow or
ox when killed, both before and after it is dressed for food. 2. A
cow or ox considered as fit for food, in which sense the plural beeves
is most commonly found, seldom the singular; as, flesh of mutton,
beeves, goats. Shakespeare.
On hives of beeves,
Sad spoils of luxury, the suitors sat. Pope.
Beef was first ordered to be sold by weight, in the reign of king
Henry VIII, in the year 1523, at a half-penny per pound, and mut­
ton at three farthings.

BEEF, adj. [from the subst.] consisting of the flesh of black cattle;
as, a beef stake.

BEEF Alamode [in cookery] beef well beaten, larded and stewed
with lemon, pepper, mushrooms, white wine, &c.

BEEF-Eaters [of beef and eat] a nick-name given the yeomen of
the guard, because their commons is beef, when on waiting.

BEE＇GARDEN [of bee and garden] a place for setting hives of bees,
an apiary. Mortimer uses it.

BEE-HIVE, a mansion for bees, a box or ease to set bees in.

BEE＇LZEBUD [or (as it stands in the original of the three gospels,
which alone mention the name) Beelzebul] a compound Hebrew
word, of baal, a lord, and zebul, dung, i. e. a term of contempt, by
which the Jews expressed idolatry; the lord of dung, or lord of idolatry.
He has Beelzebub, (in the original Beelzebul) and by the prince of de­
vils he casts out devils, Math. iii. 22. Lightfoot. Horæ Hebraicæ in
Math. p. 169. Beelzebub, in Milton, is the devil, supposed by that
poet, to be next in station and command to SATAN himself.

BEE＇MASTER [of be and master] one that owns or keep bees.
Mortimer uses this word.

BEE＇MOL [a musical term, a flat note, a half note, of mollis, Lat.
soft] There be intervenient in the rise of eight, in tones, two bee­
mols, or half notes; so as if you divide the tones equally, the eight is
but seven whole and equal notes. Bacon.

BEEN [of beon, Sax.] part. pret. of to be; as, had been. See To BE.

BEER [bir, Wel. bere, Sax. bier, Du. and Ger. biere, Fr. of bibo,
Lat. to drink] a drink made of malt and hops. It is distinguished
from ale, which is a softer malt liquor, as it is older or stronger, as
stale or strong beer; or smaller, as small beer.

BEER [with weavers] 19 ends of yarn, running all together out
of the trough, all the length of the trough.

BEE＇SOM [besm, Sax. besem, Du. besen, Ger.] a broom to sweep
with. See BESOM.

BEE＇ASTINGS, or BRE＇ASTINGS [of bysting, Sax.] the first milk
of a cow after calving. See BIESTINGS.

BEET [beta, Lat.] a garden herb and root, which is thick and
fleshy. The species are, 1. The common white-beet. 2. The com­
mon green-beet. 3. The common red-beet. 4. The turnip-rooted
red-beet. 5. The great red-beet. 6. The yellow-beet. 7. The
swiss or chard-beet. The two first are preserved in gardens, for the
sake of the leaves, as potherbs. The other sorts for their roots,
that are boiled as parsnips. The red-beet is commonly used in gar­
nishing dishes. The swiss-beet is by some much esteemed. Miller.

BEET Rave, or BEET Radish, a sort of red-beets, whose roots are
used in sallets and garnishing dishes. See BEET.

BEE＇TLE [bitel, Sax.] an insect, distinguished by having hard
sheaths; under which it folds its wings.

As blind as a BEETLE (or mole,) Cæcior talpâ, Lat. Avoir les yeuæ
a talon, Fr. (To have one＇s eyes in one＇s heels) to be very blind, or
see but very little.

BEETLE [bytel, Sax.] a heavy mallet, or wooden instrument, used
for driving piles, stakes, wedges, &c.

BEETLE, a wooden instrument used by paviours, to drive the stones.

BEETLE [for military uses] a great sledge or hammer for driving
down of palisadoes, or for other uses in fortification.

To BEETLE, verb neut. [from the noun] to jut out, to hang over.
The dreadful summit of the cliff,
That beetles o＇er his base into the sea. Shakespeare.

BEETLE-BROW＇D, whose eye-brows hang over, or figuratively, four­
look＇d, out of humour.

BEETLE-HEAD, a dull, stupid person.

BEETLE-HEADED [of beetle and head] having a stupid head, like
a wooden beetle.
A beetle-headed, slap-ear＇d knave. Shakespeare.

BEETLE-STOCK [of beetle and stock] the handle of a beetle.
To crouch, to please, to be a beetle-stock,
Of the art master. Shakespeare.

BEE＇VES, plur. [of beef.] See BEEF.

To BEFA＇L, pret. it besel, or hath befallen [of be and fall, or feo­
lan, Sax. or of be and ballen, Du. or fallen, Ger. to fall] 1. To hap­
pen to any person, generally used of ill. Left harm befal thee. Mil­
ton. 2. To happen to a person, as good. 3. Sometimes with to be­
fore the person to whom any thing happens. 4. To happen, to fall
out. 5. To befal of, to be the state of, to become of; a phrase little
used. Dilate at full what hath befall＇n of them. Shakespeare.

To BEFI＇T, to become, to fit or agree to.

To BEFOO＇I. [of be and fool, Eng. or folle, Fr.] to make a fool of,
to fool, to deprive of understanding.

BEFO＇RE, prep. [beforan, Sax. fotend, for, and foer, Dan. voor
Du. vor, befor, Ger.] denotes, 1. Priority of time. Advantages it has
before all books that appeared before it. Dryden. 2. Situation on­
ward, as to place. They took no further before them than the next
line. Dryden. 3. It signifies preserence to. We should but presume
to determine which should be the fittest, tili we see he hath chosen
some one, which one we may then boldly say to be the fittest, be­
cause he hath taken it before the rest. Hooker. 4. Nearer to any
thing, prior to; as, the eldest son is before the younger in succession.
Johnson. 5. Superior to; as, he is before his competitors both in
right and power. Johnson. 6. In the front of, not behind; as, I＇ll
go before you as your guide. 7. In the presence of, noting autho­
rity or conquest.
Great queen we fall before thee!
Prostrate we adore thee! Dryden.
8. In the presence of, noting respect. Blushing and casting down the
eyes are more when we come before many. Bacon. 9. In the sight
of. Before the eyes of both our armies here,
Let us not wrangle. Shakespeare.
10. Under the cognizance of, noting jurisdiction. If a suit is begun
before an archdeacon, the ordinary may licence the suit to a higher
court. Ayliffe. 11. In the power of, noting the right of choice.
Give us this evening, thou hast morn and night,
And all the year before thee for delight. Dryden.
12. By the impulse of something behind; as, to go before the wind.
He that looks not BEEORE, finds himself behind. The man who has
no forecast in the management of his concerns, nor considers the e­
vent of things till they befal him, will in the end find himself (as the
proverb says) behind; that is, behind-hand in the world. It is com­
mendable, and no more than our duty, to trust to, and depend upon
Providence; but we are nevertheless bound to be vigilant, and to
study, foreseeing the consequences of things for our guidance.

BEFORE, adv. 1. Sooner than, earlier as to time.
Heavenly born
Before the hills appear＇d. Milton.
2. In time past. Such plenteous crop they bore,
As Britain never knew before. Dryden.
3. In some time lately past. I shall resume somewhat which has been
before said, touching the question beforegoing. Hale. 4. Previously
to, in order to. Before this treatise can be of use, two things are
necessary. Swift. 5. To this time, hitherto.
The peaceful cities undisturb＇d before,
Are all on fire. Dryden.
6. Already. You tell me what I knew before. Dryden. 7. Farther
on as to place. Thou＇rt so far before,
The swiftest wing of recompence is slow
To overtake. Shakespeare.

BEFO＇REHAND, adv. [of before and hand] 1. Noting preoccupation,
or anticipation, having with; as, he was beforehand with me in that af­
fair. 2. Previously, by way of preparation or introduction. It would
be resisted by such, as had beforehand resisted the general proofs of the
gospel. Atterbury. 3. Noting accumulation, or increase of wealth,
so that more has been received than expended. His house is at this
time rich and much beforehand, for it hath laid up revenue these thirty­
seven years. Bacon. 4. At first, before any thing is done. A man＇s
contending with insuperable difficulties, is but the rolling of Sisyphus＇s
stone up the hill, which is soon beforehand to return upon him
again. L＇Estrange.

BEFO＇RETIME [of before and time] formerly, of old time. A word
used in the bible.

BEFO＇RT, a town of Alsaec, subject to France, and situated about
fifteen miles north of Basil, in Lat. 47° 35′ N. Long. 7° E.

To BEFO＇RTUNE [of be and fortune] to fall out, or happen to.
I reck as little what betideth me,
As much I wish all good befortune you. Shakespeare.

To BEFOU＇L [of be and foul, or befolan, Sax.] to make foul, to
dawb, to dirty.








To BEFRI＇END [of be and friend] to favour, to shew friendship or
kindness to.

To BEFRI＇NGE [of be and fringe] to decorate as with fringes.
When I flatter, may my dirty leaves
Cloath, spice, line trunks, or flutt＇ring in a row,
Befringe the rails of Bedlam and Soho. Pope.

To BEG, verb neut. [beggeren, Teut. and Ger.] to live upon alms,
or by asking charitable relief of others. I cannot dig, to beg I am
ashamed. St. Luke.

To BEG, verb act. 1. To ask, to crave a thing with entreaty. He
went to Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus. St. Matthew. 2. To
take a thing for granted, without adducing any proof. We have not
begged any principles for the proof of this, but taken that common
ground which Moses and all antiquity present. Burnet＇s Theory.

BEG from beggars, and you＇ll never be rich. Spoken when we ask
that from a person, who is desiring the same from another.

BEGA＇N, irr. imp. did begin. See BEGIN.

To BEGE＇T, irr. verb the pret. I begot or begat, I have begotten or
have begot [begettan, Sax. to obtain. See GET] 1. To generate, to
become the father of children. 2. Sometimes it is used as if with
two accusatives, but only elliptically; as, who begat me these, Isaiah,
for who begat these for me, or to me. 3. Sometimes with of, on, or
upon. Thou wast begot of them. Ecclesiasticus
Begot upon
His mother Martha, by his father John. Spectator.
4. To produce as an effect; this is sometimes elliptically used.
If to have done the thing you gave in charge,
Beget you happiness, be happy then. Shakespeare.
5. To produce as an accident. Each minute begets a thousand dan­
gers. Derham. 6. To produce, but generally speaking in the same
nature; as, ‘Isaac begat Jacob.＇ See BEGOTTEN.

BE＇GETTER [of beget] he that begets or procreates, the father.
Dryden and Locke use it.

BE＇GGAR [probably of beggeren, or beggar, of bag, Sax. be­
cause of their putting the victuals given them in bags, from beg. It
is more properly written begger; but the common orthography is re­
tained, because the derivatives all preserve the a.] 1. One that sup­
plicates or petitions for any thing; for this beggar is a harsh and con­
temptuous term. Johnson.
What subjects will precarious kings regard?
A beggar speaks too softly to be heard. Dryden.
2. One who assumes or takes a thing for granted, without giving any
proof. These shameful beggars of principles, assume to themselves to
be men of reason. Tillotson. 3. He or she that begs for alms, and
have nothing but what is given them.

The BEGGAR may sing before a thief. Cantabit vacuus coram la­
trone viator. Lat. (Because he has nothing to lose.) But the custom
of modern street-robbers and highway-men beating those who are so
cautious as to go empty, spoils the proverb; it is therefore prudent to
carry as much about one, as will amuse these hungry gentlemen, and
bespeak their favour.

Set a BEGGAR on horseback, and he＇ll ride to the d——I. Aspe­
rius nihil est humili cùm surgit in altum. Lat. Il n＇est orgueil que de
pauvre enrichi. Fr. (There is no pride comes up to that of a beggar who
is grown rich.) Il vilan nobilitado non counosce il parentado. It. (A
beggar enobled forgets his own kindred.) Kein messer schaerffer
schiert, als wann ein baur, ein edelmann wird. H. Ger. [No razor can
shave closer (be more imposing) than a peasant turned gentleman.]
Quando el villano está en el mulo, non conoze a diós, ni al mundo. Sp.
(When a poor man is got upon a mule, he knows neither heaven nor
earth.) These proverbs explain one another.
It is one BEGGAR＇s wo, to see another by the door go.
Και πτωχος πτωχω ϕθονει. Hes. Etiam mendicus mendico invidit. Lat.
The Lat. say likewise: Figulus figulo invidet, faber fabro. (The
potter envies the potter, the smith the smith.) Or as we say: Two
of a trade can never agree. Which sufficiently explains the fore­
going.

BEGGARS must not be choosers. A qui en dan no escóge. Sp. A re­
proach to those who find fault with what is given them. We say like­
wise in the same sense: We must not look a gift horse in the mouth; that
is, enquire after his age.

BEGGARS breed, and rich men feed. Les gueux font les enfans, &
les riches les entretiennent. (Beggars get children, and rich men main­
tain them.) But it may as well be understood, that poor men being
by necessity confined to a temperate course of living, are the best qua­
lified to procreate; whereas the rich, by intemperance or overfeeding,
destroy, or at least debilitate, the procreative faculty.

A haughty BEGGAR is represented by a damsel with a lofty counte­
nance, in a pompous, red mantle, adorned with several jewels, under
which is a poor ragged petticoat; having a peacock in her hand, stand­
ing with one foot upon a bowl, and with the other seeming, on her
left, to precipitate herself.
The red garment denotes the heat of blood, causing ambition;
the pitiful ragged petticoat, that the haughty at the bottom are no­
thing worthy of esteem. Her posture shews the ticklish place she
stands on, being ready to fall into misery.

To BEGGAR [from the noun] 1. To reduce to beggary, to impo­
verish; as, to beggar one＇s family. 2. To deprive, passively with of.
Necessity, of matter beggar＇d,
Will nothing stick our persons to arraign. Shakespeare.
3. To exhaust. For her person,
It beggar＇d all description. Shakespeare.

BE＇GGARLINESS [of beggarly] state of being beggarly, extreme
poverty.

BE＇GGARLY, adj. [of beggar] poor, mean, despicable, indigent, be­
ing in the condition of a beggar, applied both to persons and things;
as, a bankrupt beggarly fellow. Cromwel. South. A poor beggarly town. Addison.

BEGGARLY, adv. [from beggar] meanly, indigently. Hath God
revealed that it is his delight to dwell beggarly? and taketh no plea­
sure to be worshipped, saving only in poor cottages? Hooker.

BE＇GGARY, the lowest degree of poverty. So bare a house, that
it was the picture of miserable happiness and rich beggary. Sidney.

BEGH, BEK, or BEY [a lord, Turk.] and in compound, Sangiac­
begh lord of the banner, i. e. commander of a certain number of
spahees, or Turkish horsemen. All the provinces in Turky are di­
vided into several of these sangiacks or banners; and as all these san­
giac-begs, or banner-lords, are subject to one commander in chief
of the whole province, he is stiled beghiler begh, i. e. lord of lords.
Dherbelot.

To BEGI＇N, verb neut. pret. I began, begun, or have begun [be­
ginnan, Sax. from be or by to, and gangan, gaan, or gan, Sax. to
go, beginnen, Teut.] 1. To enter upon something new, applied to
persons. Begin every day to repent. Taylor. 2. To make a begin­
ning of any action or state, to make the first step, from not doing to
doing; sometimes having at, upon, or from. They began at the an­
cient men. Ezekiel. 3. To enter upon existence. As the world began,
the practice began. Johnson. 4. To have its original.
The hard and stubborn race of man,
From animated rock and flint began. Blackmore.
5. To take rise. The song began from Jove. Dryden.
6. To come into act.
Now and then a sigh he stole,
And tears began to flow. Dryden.

To BEGIN, verb act. 1. To do the first act of a thing.
Ye nymphs of Solyma begin the song. Pope.
2. To trace from a thing as the first ground. The apostle begins our
knowledge in the creatures, which leads us to the knowledge of God.
Locke. 3. To begin with, to enter upon, to fall, to work upon. A
lesson which requires so much time to learn, had need be early begun
with. Government of the Tongue.

BEGI＇NNER [from begin] 1. He that gives the first cause or original
to any thing. Socrates maketh Ignatius the first beginner thereof, even
under the apostles. Hooker. 2. One in his rudiments, a young practi­
tioner, an unexperienced attempter. They are to beginners an easy in­
troduction. Hooker. A sermon of a new beginner. Swift.

BEGI＇NNING. 1. The first cause or original. The beginning of
motion, whether from the head or the heart. Swift. 2. Entrance into
act, or being. We may our end by our beginning know. Denham.
3. The state in which any thing is at first. Mighty things from small
beginnings grow. Dryden. 4. Rudiments, first grounds. Whether or
not the mind will have these beginnings and materials of knowledge, is
not in its own power. Locke. 5. The first part of any thing. The
causes and designs of an action are the beginning; the effects of these
causes, and the difficulties that are met with in the execution of these
designs, are the middle; and the unraveling and resolution of these
difficulties, are the end. Pope.

A good BEGI＇NNING makes a good ending. Fr. De commencement à
bon fin. At least it is always a fair step towards it.

To BEGI＇RD, v. a. I begirt, or begirded [of be and gird, or of be
and gyrdan, Sax. I have begirt] 1. To gird, to bind about, as with
a girdle. With winning charms begirt t＇enamour. Milton.
2. To encompass. Begird the almighty throne beseeching. Milton.
3. To invest, to block up by a siege; as, the place was closely be­
girt.

To BE＇GIRT this is, I think, only a corruption of begird, perhaps
by the printer. Johnson. See To begird.
Lentulus, begirt you Pompey＇s house. Ben Johnson.

BE＇GLERBEG [a Turkish word i. e. lord of lords] the chief gover­
nor of a Turkish province, who has the command of the sangiacks,
and other inferior officers. The sultan gives each beglerbeg three en­
signs, for a mark of their royalty. See BASHA and BEGH.

To BEGNAW [of be and gnaw] to eat away, to nibble.
His horse begnawn with the bots. Shakespeare.

BEGO＇NE, interj. [only a coalition of be and gone] go hence, haste
away, quick depart.

BEGO＇T, or BEGO＇TTEN [part. passive of beget] See To BE­
GE＇T, what is produced by another, and, generally speaking, in
the same species or common nature: And in this sense the old Athana­
sians understand the word, when applied to the production of the Son
of God before all worlds; I mean, to imply a real communication of
existence; and where a distinct intelligent Being or Spirit was pro­
duced; but of the same kind, species, or common nature with God the
Father. “We [i. e. We Athanasians] says St. Basil, affirm, that,
according to the relation of CAUSES to the things which are from
them, the Father must have the pre-eminence before the Son: Not so
according to difference of nature and priority in time.” Contra Eunom.
Lib. I. Again, he says, the Father and the Son are [εν ειδος] one spe­
cies. Hom. 27. Vol. I. And calls it a wicked blasphemy to affirm
(which was indeed the doctrine of Sabellius) εν το υποκειμενον, one sub­
ject or identical substance in the three Persons, Hom. 16. And ex­
plaining the consubstantiality, he says, “one and the same THING is
not consubstantial to itself; but one thing to another, Ep. 30. How far
this explication of the Son＇s production was espoused by part of the
Nicene Council, in that clause, “begotten, not made,” tho＇ rejected
long before by the council of Antioch; and how far in process of time,
it was abandoned by the main body of modern divines; See ATHANA＇­
SIAN, NICE＇NE Council, HOMOU＇SIAN, and PAULI＇CIANS. As to
the common acceptation of the word, in which ALL sides, whether
unitarians or consubstantialists, agreed, it meant something produced
by the WILL and POWER of God the Father. This appears from the
writings of Justin Martyr, Tatian, Tertullian, Novatian, Clemens
Alex. Origen, Hyppolytus, &c. in the preceeding centuries: and in
the 4th century, from both the Gregories, from St. Hilary, Eusebius,
Eunomius, and the whole orthodox council of Sirmium, which de­
clares, “If any one says, the Son was begotten without the will of the
Father, let him be anathema.” For the Father did not beget the son
by a physical necessity of nature, without the operation of his will; but
he at once will＇d and produced Him from Himself——As to the pro­
duction being from eternity, or in time; and the Scripture-Use of these
and the like terms; see SON, FIRST-BORN, and ETERNAL Generation.
Only-BEGOTTEN. “God so loved the world, that he gave
his only-begotten Son, &c.” This, if understood, as it was by
all who believ＇d our Saviour＇s pre-existent state (Marcellus of Ancyra
only excepted) of his production before all worlds, implies something
PECULIAR to the Son himself. A production by the Father＇s will and
power, he has in common with all other beings; but to be produced
by the Father ALONE, and without the intermediate agency of any







other cause impowered and commissioned by Him, was peculiar to
the Son: in this he has no compeer, God having produced all other
beings by [or thro＇] Him. Even the Spirit himself proceeds both
from the Father and the SON; and as he derived his existence from the
Son, He is accordingly represented in scripture as subject and subordi­
nate to him. As therefore there is one Unbegotten [or self-existent]
Father, of whom are all things; so there is one [and but one] only-
begotten Son, thro＇ whom are all things; and whose Godhead or do­
minion extends over all, “He only excepted, that did put all things
under Him.” See PROCE＇SSION. An article, which tho＇ rejected by
the modern Greeks, was maintained by their so much boasted fathers
of the fourth century; by the ante-Nicenes, and (which is of more
consequence to us than both) by the Scripture itself.

To BEGRE＇ASE [of be and grease, graisser, Fr.] to dawb or smear
with grease, or any fat substance.

To BEGRI＇ME [of be and grime, begrommeln, Du.] to soil deep
with dirt or grime, as the black of a porridge-pot, chimney-foot. See
GRIM and GRIME.
Her name that was as fresh
As Dian＇s visage, is now begrim＇d and black
As my own face. Shakespeare＇s Othello.

To BEGUI＇LE [of be and guile, probably of begalian, Sax. to bewitch,
or be and wile, Eng. nothing being more common than to change ga
into w, and vice versâ] 1. To deceive, impose upon, cheat, or co­
zen, to evade, to frustrate.
Misery could beguile the tyrant＇s rage,
And frustrate his proud will. Shakespeare.
2. To amuse, to deceive in a pleasing manner.
Fain I would beguile
The tedious day with sleep. Shakespeare.

BEGUI＇NES [of St. Begga] an order of religious women, who, with­
out any vow or obligatory profession, agreed to live together in charity
and devotion. There was formerly a residence of these female devo­
tees in the town of Hitchin in Hertfordshire; where a considerable
boarding-school for the education of youth has been since kept; called
from thence the Beguin, and, by corruption, the Biggin-school. It
flourished for many years; but fell with its late worthy master
Mr John Newman.
—————Quô non præstantior alter,
Scripta colens veterum, veneres aperire latentes.
There are yet societies of the Beguines in several of the protestant
parts of Germany, particularly at Bremen.

BEGUN [irreg. part, passive of begin, begunnen, Sax. begunnen, Ger.]
did, have or had begun.

BEHA＇LF [of be and half, Sax. This word Skinner derives from
half, and interprets it for my half, or for my part. It seems to me ra­
ther corrupted from behoof, profit, the pronunciation degenerating ea­
sily to behafe; which, in imitation of other words so sounded, was
written by those who knew not the etymology, behalf. Johnson] 1. Part,
side, interest, account, favour, cause, fake; as, this was in my be­
half. 2. Support, vindication, defence. He might defy all Arcadian
knights in the behalf of his mistress＇s beauty. Sidney.

To BEHA＇VE, verb. act. [of be and have, of happan, Sax. hebben,
Du. and L. Ger. haben, H. Ger.] 1. To carry or demean one＇s self;
used almost always with the reciprocal pronoun. 2. It seems formerly
to have had the sense of to govern, manage, or subdue by discipline;
but this is not now used.
He his limbs with labours, and his mind
Behaves with cares. Spenser.
With such sober and unnoted passion
He did behave his anger ere it was spent. Shakespeare.

To BEHA＇VE, verb neut. to conduct one＇s self. It is used either in
a good or bad sense.

BEHA＇VIOUR [of behave] 1. Manner of carriage or demeanour, ei­
ther good or bad; manners in general. Curious in any thing but her
own good behaviour. Sidney. 2. External appearance. He changed
his behaviour before them, and feigned himself mad in their hands.
1 Samuel. 3. Manner of gesture or action, as adapted to particular
occasions. Witnessing the most submissive behaviour that a thralled
heart could express. Sidney. 4. Gracefulness of carriage, ellegance.
He mark＇d in Dora＇s dancing good grace and handsome behaviour.
Sidney. 5. Conduct, general practice, course of life. The state that
attends men after this life, depends on their behaviour here. Locke.
6. To be upon one＇s behaviour, in familiar language, denotes a state
that requires great caution, on account of bad consequences that might
otherwise ensue.

To BEHEA＇D [from be and head, of beheafdian, Sax.] to kill by
cutting the head off, to decapitate. A sort of death among us, ap­
propriated to persons of rank. Beheading was first used in England, in
the year 1072, in the time of William the conqueror, Waltheof, earl
of Huntington, being the first nobleman that was beheaded here.

BEHELD [irreg. part. pass. of behold, of behealdan, Sax.] looked
upon or beholden. See to BEHOLD.

BEHE＇MOTH [בחמות, Heb.] a creature whose particular properties
are described at large in the book of Job. chap. xl. 15. Bochart has
taken much pains to make it appear to be the hippopotamus or the river­
horse. Sanctius thinks it is an ox. The fathers suppose the devil to
be meant by it. But we agree with the generality of interpreters, in
their opinion that it is the elephant. Calmet. Behold in plaited mail
Behemoth rears his head. Thomson. But the arguments which Bochart
has produced in favour of Job＇s leviathan being the crocodile, and
Behemoth the river-horse, I＇ve not yet seen overthrown. The descrip­
tions seem best to suit these animals; which (by the way) are both of
the amphibious kind; and both belonging to a country that bordered
close on that in which the writer lived. See LEVIATHAN.

BL＇HEN, or BEN [in botany] the root of either red or white vale­
rian; also a kind of fruit resembing the tamarisk, from which perfu­
mers extract an oil.

BLHE＇ST [of be and hese, hæs, Sax.] command, strict injunction,
mandate. Her youth obediently lived under her parents behest. Sidney.
On high behest, his angels pass＇d. Milton.

To BEHI＇GHT, verb. act. pret. behot, part. behight [from hatan,
Sax. to promise] 1. To promise.
Sir Guyon mindful of his vow yplight,
Uprose from drowsy couch and him addrest
Unto the journey which he had behight. Spenser.
2. To commit to one＇s care, to entrust.
That most glorious house,
Whereof the keys are to thy hand behight,
By wise Fidelia. Spenser.
3. Perhaps to call or name: hight being often, in old authors, for
named, or was named. Johnson.

BEHI＇ND, prepos. [of hindan, Sax.] 1. At the back of another. Two
hundred harquebusiers his horsemen took behind them on their horses.
Knolles. 2. On the back part, the direct opposite to before. The
accusative is understood, unless it be an adverb. She came in the press
behind (for behind him) and touched, &c. St. Mark. 3. Noting to­
wards the back. The Benjamites looked behind them. Judges. 4. It
denotes following any other. Her husband went weeping behind her.
2 Samuel. 5. Remaining after the departure of another. He left be­
hind him myself and a sister. Shakespeare. 6. Remaining after the
death of those to whom it belonged. What he gave me to publish, was
but a small part of what he left behind him. Pope. 7. At a distance
from something that went before.
Such is the swiftness of your mind,
That like the earth＇s, it leaves our sense behind. Dryden.
8. It notes inferiority as to excellence. After the overthrow of the
first house of God, a second was erected; but with so great odds, that
they wept which beheld how much this latter came behind it. Hooker.
9. On the other side of something.
From light retir＇d behind his daughter＇s bed,
He for approaching sleep compos＇d his head. Dryden.

BEHIND, adv. 1. Out of sight, not yet brought to view, still remain­
ing. We cannot be sure that we have all the particulars before us, and
that there is no evidence behind, and yet unseen. Locke. 2. Most of the
senses under the preposition may become adverbial, by suppressing the
accusative case.

BEHIND-Hand, adv. [of behind and hand] 1. In a state in which
rents or other advantages being anticipated, there is less to be received
or more performed than the natural proportion. Your trade would suf­
fer, if your being behind-hand has made the natural use so high, that
your tradesman cannot live upon his labour. Locke. 2. Not upon equal
terms as to forwardness. It has with. Consider whether it is not bet­
ter to be half a year behind-hand with the fashionable part of the world,
than to strain beyond his circumstances. Spectator. 3. Shakespeare
uses it as an adjective, but licentiously, for backward or tardy.
Thy officers,
So rarely kind, are as interpreters
Of my behind-hand slackness. Shakespeare.

BEHI＇THER, adv. on this side.

BEHO＇LD, an interject. A word of shewing or admiration. See LO.

To BEHOLD [irreg. verb act. pret. I beheld, have beheld, or have
beholden, behealdan, Sax. The accusative is sometimes suppressed]
to look upon, to view, to see. Behold with thy eyes, and hear with
thy ears. Ezekiel.

BEHO＇LDEN, or BEHO＇LDING, part. adj. [of be and healdan, Sax. to
hold, q. d. holden of another, gehouden, Du.] under an obligation to
a person for favours bestowed; with to before the person obliging, and
for before the thing, sometimes in. It is very corruptly written behold­
ing. I would not be beholden to fortune for any part of the victory.
Sidney. In that I acknowledge myself much beholden to you. Bacon.
I think myself mightily beholden to you for your reprehension. Addison.

BEHO＇LDING, adj. See BEHO＇LDEN.

BEHOLDING, subst. Obligation. Love to virtue, and not to any par­
ticular beholdings, hath expressed this my testimony. Carew.

BEHO＇LDINGNESS [from beholding, for beholden, with to or unto]
the state of being obliged. The king invited us to his court, so as I
must acknowledge a beholdingness unto him. Sidney.

BEHOO＇F [of behoove, behofan, Sax. behof, Dan. need] advan­
tage, that which behooves or is profitable. Her majesty may alter the
thing for her own behoof, and for the good of the people. Spenser. It
would be of no behoof. Locke.

To BEHOO＇VE [behofan, Sax. it is a duty] to be the duty of, to be
sit or meet, with respect to duty, necessity or convenience. It is only
used impersonally, with it. It behooveth the very well-spring to
be discover＇d. Hooker.

BEHOO＇VABLE, or BEHOO＇VEFUL [of behofan, Sax. and able] 1. To
be done as a duty, profitable, useful. Behooveful is somewhat anti­
quated. Johnson. And ＇tis questionable whether behoovable be a pro­
per word. It is very behooveful in Ireland, where there are waste de­
serts full of grass, that the same be eaten down. Spenser. 2. It has some­
times to or unto and for. That which is supposed behooveful unto men,
proveth oftentimes most pernicious. Hooker. Necessaries behooveful for
our state. Shakespeare.

BEHOO＇VEFULLY [behooveful] profitably, usefully. Spenser uses it.

BEHO＇T, pret. [as it seems of to behight, to promise] promised.
To the earth him drove as stricken dead,
Ne living wight would have him life behot. Spenser.

To BEHO＇WL [of be and howl] 1. To howl at. Now the wolf
behowls the moon. Shakespeare. 2. Perhaps to howl over, or lament
clamorously. Johnson.

BE＇JA, a city of Alentejo in Portugal. Lat. 37° 55′ N. Long. 8° 40′ E.

BEI＇CHLINGEN, a city of Thuringia, in the circle of Upper Saxony
in Germany. Lat. 51° 20′ N. Long. 11° 25′ E.

BEI＇LA, a town of Piedmont in Italy, about 32 miles north of Tu­
rin. Lat. 45° N. Long. 7° 45′ E.

BEI＇LSTEIN, a town of the landgraviate of Hesse in Germany, situ­
ated about 32 miles north of Mentz. Lat. 50° 30′ N. Long. 8° E.

BE＇ING, the part. pass. of to be. See To BE.

BE＇ING, subst. a dwelling or mansion, as house and home, in familiar
language; existence. Opposed to non-entity. Of him all things re­
ceived their first being. Hooker. 2. A particular state or condition.
Those happy spirits, which ordain＇d by fate
For future being, and new bodies wait. Dryden.
3. The person existing. It is folly to seek the approbation of any be­
ing, besides the supreme. Addison.








BEING [in metaphysics] is distinguished into positive, negative, or
privative being, rational or real, actual or potential.

A Positive BEING, is that which has a real existence in the course of
nature.

A Negative BEING, is that which destroys this existence, and if it
destroys it absolutely, it is a perfect negative being.

A Privative BEING, is that which only prevents its being in a sub­
ject, which was capable to receive it.

A Rational BEING [in metaphysics] is the mere product of reason,
and has no existence, but in the mind in idea; and ceases to be, when
it is not thought upon.

A Real BEING [in metaphysics] is a being that is not produced by
the strength of imagination or fancy; but has a real existence in nature,
before any thought or conception of the mind.

An Actual BEING [in metaphysics] is such a being that actually
does exist in the order of nature, whether it depends upon any cause in
order to produce it, as an infant; or whether it be before all cause, as
God.

A Potential BEING [in metaphysics] is a being that may be produ­
ced by the power of some agent,

BEING [conj. of be] since, or seeing that, &c.

BEIT-OLLAH(or as Pitts pronounces it, the Beat-ollah) Arab. the
house of God. The name given by the Mahometans to the temple of
Meccha, at which the hagges, i. e. pilgrims, from all quarters of the
Mahometan territories, make their rendezvous in four great caravans
once a year. The best account of which we have in Relandi Relig.
Mahommed. and Pitts＇s Faithful Account: The latter was upon the
spot; and as being an eye-witness both of the place and rites there per­
formed, was hereby enabled to rectify some considerable mistakes in
other European writers. See ADHA and BAIRAM.

BE IT so, a phrase of anticipation, suppose it be so; or of permis­
sion, let it be so.

BEI＇RA, a province of Portugal, lying between Entre-minho-duro
on the north, and Estremadura on the south.

BEL, a false god or idol so called in Babylon, and which Sir Isaa
Newton supposes to be the same with Pul, the first founder of the As­
syrian empire, and deified after his decease: [See ASSYRIAN.] Whence
Babylon itself, as being first built by him, was called by an ancient
poet, —τυριου βπλοιο πολισμα, the city of the Tyrian Belus.
———Quó Belus & omnes
A Belo soliti. Virg.
But how far the argument Sir Isaac offers in favour of this conjecture
(p. 265, 266, of his chronology) is conclusive, I must leave the rea­
der to determine.

BE＇LAC, a small city of La Marche in the Lyonois. Lat. 46° 15′ N.
Long. 1° 15′ E.

To BELA＇BOUR [of be and labour] to beat or bang soundly. A
low word.

To BELA＇CE [a sea term] to fasten any rope.

To BELA＇CE, the same as to belabour, in low language.

BELA＇GGED [of be and lag] left behind.

To BELA＇M [probably of lamin, Du. and Ger. to make lame] to
beat or bang soundly. A low word.

BE＇LAMIE [bel amie, Fr.] a friend, an intimate. Spenser uses it,
but it is now obsolete.

BE＇LAMOUR [bel amour, Fr.] a gallant, a paramour, a consort.
Spenser uses it, but ＇tis now obsolete.

BELA＇NDE, or BELA＇NDRE, a kind of sea-vessel having sails and
tackle like a hoy; but broader and flatter, seldom above 24 tun, and
used to carry merchants goods. Fr.

BELA＇TED [of be and late, Sax.] late out at night, benighted.
Fairy elves belated peasant sees,
Or dreams he sees. Milton.

To BELA＇Y [of belewen, Sax. to betray; or of be and lay] 1. To
way-lay, to be in wait, to lay wait for. To block up or stop up
the passage.
The speedy horse all passages belay,
And spur the smoking steeds to cross their way. Dryden.
2. To place in ambush.
＇Gainst such strong castles needeth greater might,
Than those small forces ye were wont belay. Spenser.

To BELAY a rope [sea term] to fasten any running rope so, that when
it is haled it cannot run out again.

BELCA＇STRO, a city of Calabria in the kingdom of Naples. Lat.
39° 15′ N. Long. 17° 15′. E.

To BELCH, verb neut. [balcædan, balcettan, Sax.] 1. To break
wind upwards from the stomach. The symptoms are blelchings and
distensions of the bowels. Arbuthnot. 2. To issue out by eructation.
With belching flames chimæra burn＇d. Dryden.

To BELCH, verb act. To throw any thing out from the stomach; to
eject from a hollow place. This word implies coarseness, hatefulness,
or horrour.
They are all but stomachs, and we all but food,
They eat us hungerly, and when they＇re full,
They＇ll belch us. Shakespeare.
The bitterness I belch from my heart. Shakespeare.
The gates belching outrageous flame. Milton.

BELCH [from the verb] 1. The act of eructation, or breaking
wind from the stomach. 2. To cast wind forth with violence.

BELCH [among the vulgar] a cant word for malt liquor. A sud­
den reformation would follow, porters would no longer be drunk with
belch. Dennis.

BE＇LCOE, a town of Ireland situated on Loughninny in the county of
Farmanagh and province of Ulster. Lat. 54° 5′ N. Long. 8° 6′ W.

BE＇LDAM [of belle and dame, which in the old French signified pro­
bably an old woman; as, belle age, Fr. old age. Johnson] 1. Gene­
rally a term of contempt, marking the last degree of old age, with all
its faults and miseries.
Then sing of secret things that came to pass,
When beldam nature in her cradle was. Milton.
2. A hag, ugly, decrepit, or ill behaved.
Why, how now, Hecat, you look angerly—
Have I not reason, beldam, as you are
Saucy and over bold. Shakespeare.
The resty sieve wagg＇d ne＇er the more,
I wept for woe, the testy beldam swore. Dryden.

To BELEA＇GUER [belegeren, Du. belageren Ger.] to besiege, a
town, to lie before it, and block it up.
The Trojan camp beleaguer＇d by Turnus. Dryden.

BELEA＇GUERED, besieged, afflicted, oppressed; as, beleaguered with
poverty or sickness.

BELEA＇GUERER [from beleaguer] he that besieges a place.

BE＇LEM, a fortress on the north side of the river Tagus, about three
miles west of Lisbon.

BELEMNI＇TES [of βελος, Gr. a dart] the arrow-head, thunder-stone;
or finger-stone; a kind of stone of a whitish and sometimes a gold­
colour, so named because of its resemblance to the point of an ar­
row.

BELEMNO＇IDES [of βελος, a dart, and ειδος, Gr. shape] a bone
fixed in the basis of the skull, the same as styloides.

BEL-ESPRIT, Fr. A genius refined by conversation, reflection, and
reading of the most polite authors.

BELZE＇RO, the capital of a province of the same name in Russia, si­
tuated on the south-east shore of the White Lake. Lat. 60° 50′ N.
Long. 36° E.

BELFA＇ST, a port town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim and
province of Ulster. Lat. 54° 38′ N. Long. 6° 15′ W.

BE＇LFRY [either of beffroy, Fr. a watch-tower, or bell, Sax. and
fero, Lat. to bear. Beffroy was perhaps the true word, till those who
knew not its original, corrupted it to belfry, because bells were in it.
Johnson] that part of a steeple in which the bells hang.

BELGA＇RD [bel egard, Fr.] a soft glance, a kind look. ＇Tis an old
word now wholly disused.
Upon her eye-lids many graces sat,
Working belgards and amorous retreats. Spenser.

BE＇LGÆ, the inhabitants of Belgium; or the Low Countries.

BE＇LGÆ, the name of the ancient inhabitants of that part of Eng­
land now called Somersetshire and Wiltshire, so named, because they
came thither originally out of Gallia Belgica.

BE＇LGIAN, or BE＇LGIC, pertaining to Belgium or the Low Coun­
tries. So Belgian mounds. Addison＇s Campaign.

BE＇LGIUM, the Low Countries, the seventeen united provinces of
the Netherlands.

BELI Oculus [i. e. Belus＇s eye] a kind of precious stone that resem­
bles an eye.

To BELI＇E [of be and lie] 1. To counterfeit, feign or mimic.
With martial brass belie the thunder＇s sound. Dryden.
2. To give the lie to, to charge with falshood.
Sure there is none but fears a future state;
And when the most obdurate swear they do not,
Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues. Dryden.
3. To calumniate or raise false reports of a man.
Thou dost belie him,
He never did encounter with Glendower. Shakespeare.
4. To represent any thing falsely.
And not bely＇d his mighty Father＇s name. Dryden.

BELIE＇F [from believe, geleaf, Sax. beloove, Du. glaube, H. Ger.]
1. Trust, credit, given to any thing which we know not of ourselves,
on account of the authority by which it is delivered.
Those comforts that shall never cease,
Future in hope, but present in belief. Wotton.
2. The christian virtue of faith, or firm confidence of the truths of re­
ligion. No man can attain belief by the bare contemplation of heaven
and earth, for they give not the least spark of light concerning the my­
steries of our faith. Hooker. 3. Religion, the body of tenets held by
christian believers. To general persecution christian belief was subject
upon the first promulgation. Hooker. 4. Persuasion or opinion.
Hope would fain subscribe, and tempts belief. Milton.
5. The object of belief. Superstitious prophecies are the belief of
fools. Bacon. 6. The creed, or the articles of faith.

BELIE＇VABLE [of believe] that may be credited or believed.

To BELIE＇VE, verb act. [geleafan or geliefan, Sax. gloven or ge­
loven, O. and L. Ger. glauben, H. Ger. all of galauben, Goth.] 1. To
credit a thing of which we have not a personal knowledge, upon the
authority of another, or some other motive. Ten thousand things we
believe upon the authority or credit of those who have written them.
Watts. 2. To confide in the veracity of one. The people may hear
when I speak with thee, and believe thee for ever. Exodus.

To BELIEVE, verb neut. 1. To have firm trust or persuasion of a
thing. They may believe that the Lord God appeared unto thee. Ge­
nesis. 2. To exercise the christian virtue of saith. With the heart man
believeth unto righteousness. Romans. 3. To hold as an object of
faith; with in. Believe in the Lord. 2 Chron. 4. To trust and fully
confide: with upon or on. Them that believe on his name. John 5. I
believe is sometimes used as a way of slightly noting want of certain­
ty or exactness. They are, I believe, as high as most steeples in En­
gland. Addison.

He would make me BELIEVE the moon is made of green cheese: that
is, he would persuade me black is white, or any other incredible or
impossible thing.

BELIEVER [from believe] 1. He that believes or credits. Churches
had been believers of it. Hooker. 2. A professor of the Christian
faith. Infidels did discern when believers did well, when otherwise.
Hooker.

BELIE＇VINGLY [from believe] after a believing manner.

BELI＇KE, adv. [of be and like; as, by likelihood] 1. Probably, per­
haps, likely. An old word. 2. Sometimes used in a sense of irony; as,
we are to suppose.

BELI＇VE, adv. [belive, Sax. probably from bi and life, in the sense
of vivacity, speed, quickness. Johnson] speedily, quickly. A word
now obsolete.
The direful dames to drive
Their mournful chariot, fill＇d with rusty blood.
And down to Pluto＇s house are come belive. Spenser.

BELL-SAVAGE, a sign of a man standing by a bell. The spectator
tells us he was formerly very much puzzled upon the conceit of it, till
he accidentally fell into the reading of an old Romance, translated out
of the French, which gives an account of a very beautiful woman, who







was found in a wilderness, and is called in the French la belle savage,
and is every where translated by our countryman, the bell savage.

BE＇LIAL, Heb. very wicked, profligate, mischievous. [Taylor＇s
Hebrew Concordance.] The name of a devil in Milton.

BELL [of belle, Du. bielle, Su. bell, of bellan, Sax. supposed by
Skinner to come from pelvis, Lat. a basin; bellen, Ger. to roar] 1. A
musical instrument of percussion, or loud sounding hollow vessel made of
cast metal, which makes a noise by means of a clapper, or hammer, or
some other instrument striking against it. 2. Any thing in the form of
a bell, as the cups of flowers.
In a cowslip＇s bell I lie. Shakespeare.
3. A small hollow globe of metal perforated, and containing a solid
ball, which when shaken against the sides, gives a sound, as the bells
tied to the first horses that draw a waggon, and also to hawks. 4. The
first horse of a drove, that carries bells on his collar. The Italians
have carried away the bell from all other nations by their books and
works. Hooker. 5. To shake the bells. A phrase in Shakespeare,
taken from the bells of a hawk.
Neither the king, nor he that loves him best,
Dares stir a wing, if Warwick shakes his bells.

To BELL [from the noun] to grow in buds or flowers like a bell.
Hops in the beginning of August bell. Mort.

BELL-FASHIONED [from bell and fashion] having the form of a
bell; as, bell-fashioned flowers.

To bear the BELL, that is, to rule, govern, or lead, as the bell­
wether does the whole flock.

Wisdom bears the BELL; that is, wisdom bears a superiority over
every thing, or (like the bell-wether) is, or ought to be, our guide in
all our actions and motions.

BELL Flower [of bell and flower, because of the resemblance of this
flower to a bell, companula, Lat. with florists] a pleasant flower, of
which there are several sorts, called also blue bells: 1. The tallest
pyramidal bell-flower, which is cultivated to adorn chimneys, halls,
&c. in summer. It produces sometimes twelve branches, four or five
feet high, with large beautiful flowers, almost the whole length of the
stalks. 2. The blue peach-leaved bell-flower. 3. The white peach­
leaved bell-flower, which are very hardy, and flower very strong.
4. Garden bell-flower, with oblong flowers and leaves, commonly
called Canterbury bells, which are biennial. 5. Canary bell-flower, with
orrach leaves, and a tuberose root. This is one of the most beautiful
plants of the green-house, yielding its flowers in December, January,
and February. 6. Blue bell-flower with edible roots, commonly cal­
led rampions; it was formerly in greater esteem in England than at
present. 7. Venus looking-glass bell-flower, &c. The sorts of Ve­
nus looking-glass are annual. Miller.

BELL-Founder [of bell and found] he that founds or casts bells.

BELL-Metal, a metal made by a mixture of five parts of copper with
one of tin, or pewter and brass, for casting bells.

BELL-Pear, a pear called also a gourd pear.

BELLA＇SSISE [belle assise, Fr.] a pleasant situation.

BELLADO＇NA [with botanists] deadly night-shade. Lat.

BELLE, plur. belles [beau, belle, Fr.] a young lady.
What motive could compel
A well-bred lord t＇assault a gentle belle. Pope.

BELLES LETTRES, Fr. Polite literature, the knowledge of languages
and sciences. It has no singular.

BE＇LLIBONE [belle and bonne, Fr. of bellus, beautiful, and bonus, Lat.
good] a woman excelling in beauty and goodness. A word no longer
used. Tis found in Spenser. Pan begot such a bellibone.

BELLICO＇SE [bellicosus, of bellum, Lat. war] valiant in arms, warlike.

BELLI＇FEROUS [bellifer, of bellum, war, and fero, to bring, Lat.]
that bringeth war.

To BELLI＇GERATE [belligeratum, of bellum, war, and gero, Lat. to
wage] to make or wage war.

BELLI＇GEROUS [belliger, Lat.] making or waging war.

BE＇LLING [a hunting term] spoken of a roe, when she makes a
noise at rutting time.

BELLI＇POTENT [bellipotens, of bellum, war, and potens, Lat. power­
ful] mighty or potent in war.

BELLIS, Lat. [in botany] the white daisy.

BELLI＇SLE, an island on the coast of Britany in France. Lat. 47°
20′ N. Long. 30° W.

BELLISLE is also an island of America on the coast of New Britain.
It gives name to the streights which separate Newfoundland from New
Britain. Lat. 52° N. Long. 58° W.

BE＇LLITUDE [bellitudo, Lat.] fairness, fineness.

BELLO＇NA [in the heathen mythology] the goddess of war, fister
and companion of Mars.

BELLONA＇RIA, Lat. [of Bellona] sacrifices to Bellona, which her
priests offered to her in their own blood, cutting their shoulders, and
running about with their drawn swords as being mad and trans­
ported.

BELLO＇SE [bellosus, Lat.] warlike, &c.

To BE＇LLOW [bellan, Sax. bellen, Ger.] 1. To make a noise as bulls,
oxen and cows do; some also say the hart bellows. 2. To make
any violent outcries.
He bellow＇d out as he＇d burst heaven. Shakespeare.
3. To clamour with vociferation. A word of contempt. He roars
and bellows so loud that he frightens us. Tatler. 4. To make any
frightful continued noise, as the roaring of the wind, or of the sea in a
storm.

BELLOWS [bilig, blæst-belg, Sax. i. e. blast-bag, blacs-balch,
Du. blase-balg, Ger. perhaps it is corrupted from bellies, the wind
being contained in the hollow or belly. Johnson. It has no singular,
for we generally say a pair of bollows] 1. A machine for blowing the
fire, and other uses. 2. Dryden, in the following passage, uses it in
the singular:
Thou neither like a bellows swell＇st thy face,
As if thou wert to blow the burning mass
Of melting orc. Dryden.

BELLS, are proclaimers of joyful solemnities, and are commonly
aflixed to churches, where, besides their use for the service of God,
by calling people to it, they are by some supposed to have a virtue to
dispel storms and tempests, which some attribute to their breaking the
air by their sound; but others will have it to be inherent to their being
blessed. They were first ordained to call people together in the year
603.
The sound of bells placed on a plain may be heard further than
those on hills, and those in vallies farther than on plains; the reason
of which is not difficult to be assign＇d, because the higher the sonorous
body is, the rarer is the medium (i. e. the air) and consequently it
receives the less impulse, and the vehicle is the less proper to convey it
to a distance.
The city of Nankin in China has been famous for its bells; one of
which is twelve feet high, and computed to weigh 50,000 pounds:
And at Pekin, father le Compe says, there are seven bells, each of
which weighs 120,000 pounds; but the sounds of them are very poor,
being struck with a wooden clapper.
The first ring of bells that was completed in England was at Croy­
land Abbey; for Turketule, abbot of that place, having caused a bell
of prodigious largeness to be made, which he called Guthlae; Egel
succeeding him, did, about the year 976, add two large ones, called
Bartholomew and Bertelin, and also two mean ones, called Turketule
and Tolwin, and also two little ones called Pega and Bega, being se­
ven, which being of proportionable sizes, made together a most de­
lightful harmony, not to be equalled in the whole kingdom.

BELLUI＇NE [belluinus, of bellua, Lat. a wild beast] of or pertaining
to beasts, beastly, brutal; as, the animal and belluine life. Atterbury.

BE＇LLUM, Lat. war, the state of war.

BELLUM, Lat. [in a law sense] an old customary way of trial by
arms, a combat or duel.

BELLU＇NA, the capital of the Bellunese in the dominions of Venice,
about 40 miles north of Padua. Lat. 46° 20′ N. Long. 12° 40′ E.

BE＇LLY [bælig, Sax. balg, Du. bol, bola, Wel.] 1. That part of the
body from the breast to the thighs, that contains the guts, bladder,
liver, &c. 2. In beasts, it denotes in general that part of the body
next the ground. The Lord said unto the serpent, upon thy belly shalt
thou go. Genesis. 3. The womb. In a familiar and ludicrous sense.
I shall answer that better than you can, the getting up of the negroes
belly. Shakespeare. 4. That part of man that requires food, in opposi­
tion to back that requires cloathing; as, ＇tis good for back and belly.
5. Belly is also used of inanimate things, that swells out into a large
capacity; as, the belly of a bottle, lute, &c. 6. Any place in which a
thing is inclosed. Out of the belly of hell cried I. Jonah.

The belly has no ears. [From Venter non habet aures, Lat. The
French say: Ventre affamé n＇a point d＇oreilles.] This proverb inti­
mates, that there is no arguing the matter with hunger, the mother of
impatience and anger: It is a prudent caution not to contend with
hungry persons, or contradict their quarrelsome tempers, by ill timed
apologies or persuasions to patience: It is a lecture of civility and dis­
cretion, not to disturb a gentleman at his repast. There is one reason,
why the belly should have no ears, since neither words, nor even music,
will satisfy it. The Germans say: Guts worte machen einen nicht satt.

When the BELLY is full the bones would be at rest: That is, after
meals, or when we are satisfied with food, we are drowsy and heavy,
or inclinable to sleep.

Your eyes are bigger than your BELLY. Spoken to those who over­
load their plates, or covet more of any thing than they can eat.

A belliful is a BELLY full: Whether it be of dainties or plain
wholesome food, and the latter is, beyond dispute, most conducive to
health.

BELLY-Ache [of belly and ache] the cholic.

BELLY-Bound [in men or cattle] diseased, so as to be costive and
shrunk in the belly.

BELLY-Fretting [in horses] is the fretting of that part with the fore­
girt; also a great pain in a horse＇s belly caused by worms, &c.

BELLY-God, an epicure, a gluttonous or luxurious person, that
makes a god of his belly. Apicus was a famous belly-god. Hooker.

BELLY-Timber, food, victuals, meat and drink, materials to keep
up or support the belly.
Where belly-timber, above ground,
Or under, wasn＇t to be found. Hudibras.

BE＇LLYFULL [of belly and full] as much food as satisfies the appe­
tite or fills the belly.

BELLY-Pinched [of belly and pinch] starved; as, the belly-pinch＇d
wolf. Shakespeare.

BELLY-Roll [of belly and roll] a levelling roll so called, as it seems,
from entering into the hollows. On each side of the ridge they harrow
right up and down, and roll it with a belly-roll, that goes between the
ridges. Mortimer.

A BELLY-Friend, a parasite.

BELLY-Worm [of belly and worm] a worm that breeds in the
belly.

To BELLY, or To BELLY out, to strut, to jut or hang out into a
larger capacity. The bellying canvas strutting with the gale. Dryden.

To BELLY, to grow fat.

BE＇LMAN [of bell and man] 1. He who gives notice of any thing
in towns by ringing his hand-bell. 2. Any thing that gives notice as
a belman. It was the owl that shriek＇d, the fatal belman,
Which gives the sternest good night. Shakespeare.

BE＇LMETAL. See BELL-Metal.

To BELO＇CK [of be and lock] to fasten as with a lock.
This hand, with vow＇d contract,
Was fast belock＇d in thine. Shakespeare.

BE＇LOMANCY [βελομαντεια, of βελος, a dart, and μαντεια, Gr. divi­
nation] a kind of divining or foretelling future things by arrows.
Belomaney, or divination by arrows, hath been in request with Scythians,
Alans, Germans, &c. Brown.

To BELO＇NG [belangeu, Du. aubelangeu, Ger. to concern] 1. To
appertain, to be the property of. All the senses have to. 2. To be
the business or province of.
There is no need of any such redress,
Or if there were, it not belongs to you. Shakespeare.
3. To be adherent, or appendent to. A desart belonging to Bethsaida.
St. Luke. 4. To have relation to. To whom belongest thou? whence
art thou? 1 Samuel. 5. To be the qualities or attributes of. The
faculties belonging to the supreme spirit. Cheyne. 6. To be referred to.
He careth for things that belong to the Lord. 1 Corinthians.








BELONOI＇DES [of βελονοιδης, of βελονη, a needle, and ειδος, form]
a styloïd process infixed into the basis of the skull. Blanc.

BELO＇VED, part. [of be and lofian, Sax. to love, loved by or dear
to another. It is observable, that tho＇ the participle be of very fre­
quent use, the verb is feldom or never admitted: as we say, you are
much beloved by me, but not I belove you] loved, dear.

BELO＇W, adv. [of be and low, of laegh, low.] 1. In the lower
place. 2. On earth, in opposition to heaven. One bless＇d above,
immortaliz＇d below. Smith, on J. Philips. 3. In the regions of the
dead, in hell; opposed to heaven and earth; as, the regions below.

BELOW, præp. [of be and low, of laegh, Du. low] underneath,
or beneath; under in place, not so high.
He＇ll beat Rufidius＇ head below his knee,
And tread upon his neck. Shakespeare.
See BENEATH. 2. Noting inferiority in rank or dignity. The noble
Venetians think themselves but one degree below kings. Addison.
3. Inferiority as to excellence. His Idylliums of Theocritus, are as
much below his Manilius, as the fields are below the stars. Felton.
4. It denotes unworthy of, or unbefitting. ＇Tis much below me on his
throne to sit. Dryden.

To BELO＇WT [of be and lowt] a word of contempt; to call
names, to give opprobrious language. Sieur Gaulard, when he heard
a gentleman report, that at a supper, they had not only good cheer,
but also favoury epigrams, and fine anagrams, returning home, rated
and belowted his cook, as an ignorant scullion, that never dressed him
either epigrams or anagrams. Camden.

BELLSWA＇GGER, a low word for a bully, a swaggering fellow, a
hectoring blade; also a cant word for a whoremaster. You are a
charitable bellswagger; my wife called out fire, and you called for
engines. Dryden.

BELT [beld, belt, belte, Sax. belle, Du. belte, Su. balteus, Lat.]
1. A girdle to hang a sword or other weapon in. 2. A distemper in
sheep.

BELTI＇STAN, n. adj. [of βελτιστος, Gr. the best.] Beltistan scheme,
i. e. that scheme or constitution of things, which the author of na­
ture, when creating the world, is supposed to have chosen out of many
that might present themselves to his understanding, as being the best
upon the whole, and consequently worthy of a preference.

BELTS [in astronomy] two girdles or fasciæ, observed round the
body of the planet Jupiter.

BELTU＇RBET, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cavan and pro­
vince of Ulster, situated upon the river Earn, about eight miles north
of Cavan. Lat. 54° 7′ N. Long. 7° 35′ W.

BELTZ, the capital of a palatinate of the same name in the pro­
vince of Red Russia, in Poland. Lat. 50° 5′ N. Long. 24° E.

BELVIDE＇RE [i. e. pleasant to behold] 1. The name of a place
in Rome belonging to the pope. 2. A pavilion on the top of a build­
ing. 3. An artificial eminence in a garden. Lat.

BELVIDERE [in botany] the herb broom-toad flax. Lat.

BELVIDERE [in geography] the capital of a province of the same
name, on the western coast of the Morea. Lat. 37° N. Long.
22° E.

BELWE＇THER [of bell and wether] a sheep or wether that leads the
flock with a bell round his neck.

BELU＇LCUM [of βελος, a dart, and ελκω, Gr. to draw] an instru­
ment to draw out the head of an arrow from a wound.

To BELY＇ [beleegan, Sax. beliegen, Du. belügen, Ger.] to speak
falsely of. See To BELIE.

To BEMA＇D [of be and mad] to make or turn a person mad.
Unnatural and bemadding sorrow
The king hath cause to plain. Shakespeare.

To BEMI＇RE [of be and mire, of moyer, Du.] to daub or befoul one
with mire.
The loving couple well bemir＇d,
The horse and both the riders tir＇d. Swift.

BE＇MBER, a chain of mountains dividing India from Tartary.

To BEMO＇AN [of be and moan, of bæmœan, Sax.] to make
moan or to lament for; as, to bemoan his pain.

BEMO＇ANER [of bemoan] he that bemoans.

To BEMO＇IL [of be and moil, of mouiller, Fr. to wet] to bemire or
bedaggle with dirt.
In a miry place, how she was bemoiled. Shakespeare.

To BEMO＇NSTER [of be and monster] to make monstrous.
Thou chang＇d and self converted thing, for shame
Bemonster not thy feature. Shakespeare.

BEMU＇SED [of be and muse] overcome with musing, dreaming;
a word of contempt.
Is there a parson much bemus＇d in beer. Pope.

BE＇MSTER, a market town of Dorsetshire, about twelve miles
north-west of Dorchester.

BEN, or BEHN, the fruit of a tree resembling the tamarisk, about
the size of a filberd; which perfumers bruise to get an oil out of; this
oil, tho＇ not very sweet of itself, is apt to receive any kind of scent.
See BEHEN.

BENAVA＇RRE, or BENHUA＇RRI, a town of Arragon, in Spain, situ­
ated in Lat. 42° 5′ N. Long. 10′ E.

A BENCH [benc, or bænce, Sax. benck, Dan. bænck, Su. banck,
Du. and Ger. banc. Fr. banco, It. Sp. and Port.] 1. A feat to sit
on; distinguished from a stool by its greater length. 2. A feat of
justice, a seat where judges sit. He plucks down justice from your
awful bench. Shakespeare. 3. The persons sitting on a bench; as,
the whole bench decreed it: the bench, by a figure of speech, signifies
the function of a judge: so the bar and the pulpit are used for their
several functions. See BAR.

The King＇s BENCH, a court of justice at Westminster, and a prison
in Southwark that belongs to the said court.

To BENCH [from the noun] 1. To furnish with a bench. ＇Twas
bench＇d with turf. Dryden. 2. To seat on a bench.
His cupbearer, whom I from meaner form
Have bench＇d, and rear＇d to worship. Shakespeare.

BE＇NCHER [of bench, from bænce, Sax.] a lawyer of the oldest
standing in the inns of court. Benchers are those gentlemen who have
been readers, and been admitted to plead within the bar, called inner
barristers; they are the seniors of the house, who have the government
and direction thereof, and out of whom a treasurer is annually
chosen.

BENCOO＇LEN, a town and fort on the southwest coast of Sumatra,
belonging to the East-India company, whence great quantities of pep­
per are imported. Lat. 4° S. Long. 101° E.

To BEND, irr. v. pret. & part. bended and bent [bendan, Sax.
bander, Fr. according to Skinner, from pando, to make crooked]
1. To bow or crook; as, to bend a bow. 2. To direct to a certain
point.
They came down upon us with a mighty power,
Bending their expedition towards Philippi. Shakespeare.
3. To stretch out, to put any thing in order for use, a metaphor from
bending the bow. I bend up each corporal agent to this seat. Shake­
speare. 4. To incline. To mischief mortals bend their will. Pope.
5. To subdue; as, famine will bend our foes. 6. To bend the brow,
to frown, to knit the brows. 7. To stretch out.

To BEND, verb neut. 1. To be crooked; as, that stick bends.
2. To jut over.
There is a cliff, whose high and bending head
Looks fearfully on the confin＇d deep. Shakespeare.
3. To resolve or determine; this is generally as an adjective, or only
used in a passive form; sometimes with on or upon, and against. They,
bent on mischief, bear the waves before. Dryden. 4. To yield or stoop,
to be submissive. They that afflicted thee, shall come bending into
thee. Isaiah. See BENT.
It is best to BEND, while it is a twig.
Fr. Ce qui poulain prend en jeunesse,
Il le continue dans la vieillesse.
(What the colt learns the horse seldom forgets.) This proverb is de­
signed as a lesson to parents to bring up their children (as Solomon
says) in the way they are to go, while they are young, and not, by a
supine neglect, or a too easy carriage towards them, to suffer them to
contract evil habits, which it will be very difficult to break them of,
or to imbibe principles, which won＇t be easily effaced in more advanced
years.

To BE＇ND the Mind, to apply to, to be earnest in or studious in any
thing. Men will not apply their wits to examine. Hooker.

To BEND the Cable to the Anchor, [sea phrase] is to make it fast or
secure it to the ring of the anchor with ropes.

To BEND two Cables, [sea language] is to tie them together, and
so to make their own ends fast upon themselves.

To BEND the Main Sail, [with mariners] is to make it fast to the
yard in its proper place.

BEND [from the verb] 1. Flexure.
That same eye, whose bend did awe the world,
Did lose its lustre. Shakespeare.
2. The crooked timbers that form the ribs of a ship. Skinner.

BEND [in heraldry] is one of the ten honourable ordinaries, which
contains a third part of the field when charged, and a fifth when plain.
When it is expressed in blazoning bend, without any addition, it is also
supposed to be the bend dexter: tho＇ the word dexter is generally ex­
pressed to prevent mistakes; because there is also a bend sinister, this
bend dexter is formed by two lines drawn from the upper part of the
shield on the right hand, to the lower part on the left diagonally or
athwart. It is supposed to represent a shoulder-belt or scarf, worn
over the shoulder. See Plate IV. Fig. 35.

BEND Sinister [in heraldry] is like the former, only that it comes
from the left side of the shield to the right, as the dexter does from
the right to the left. See Plate IV. Fig. 35.

In BEND, [in blazonry] is a term used when any thing borne in
coat-armour is placed obliquely, or athwart, from the upper corner to
the opposite lower, as the bend lies.

Per BEND [in blazonry] or Party Per Bend, signifies being parted
from the upper corner to the opposite lower by a diagonal line, and
per bend without any addition signifies the same.

BEND voided, [in heraldry] is when two strait lines, drawn within
the bend, run nearly parallel to the outward edges of it.

B＇ENDABLE [of bend, from bendan, Sax.] that may be bended.

BE＇NDLETS [in heraldry] are the half of a bend in breadth, but
extending the whole length. These the French call cotises. See
COTISES.

BE＇NDER, a town of Bessarabia, in European Turkey, situated on
the river Neister. Lat. 46° 40′ N. Long. 29° E.

BE＇NDERICK, a sea-port town situated on the Persian gulph.

BENDI＇LLO, a town of the Mantuan, in Italy, situated near the
south shore of the river Po, about twelve miles south-east of Mantua.
Lat. 45° N. Long. 11° 20′ E.

BENDS [of a ship] the outermost timbers of the side, to set the feet
on in climbing up the side; they are reckoned from the water, the
first, second, and third bend, and are of great service in strengthening
the ship, and into them the beams, knees and foothooks are bolted.

BE＇NDY [in blazonry] signifies the field divided into four, six, or
more parts diagonally, or, as it is said above, in the bend and varying
in metal and colour. It is the general practice in England to make
an even number; but in other countries, they do not regard whether
the number be even or odd. See Plate IV. Fig. 36.

BE＇NDWITH, an herb.

BENEA＇PED [of be and neap, Sax. fcarce, fcanty, benedeu, Du.
benetten, O. and L. Ger.] a ship is said to be beneaped, when the wa­
ter does not flow high enough to bring her off the ground, over a bar
or out of a dock.

BENE＇ATH, prepos. [beneow or benywan, Sax.] 1. Under, below.
It is generally used as an opposite to above, in respect to place or situ­
ation. 2. It denotes inferiority of condition in any kind. There are
far more species of creatures above us than there are beneath. Locke.
3. Under, as if overborne by some pressure. Our country sinks be­
neath the yoke. Shakespeare.

It is BENEATH him, it is unbeseeming, or unworthy of him.

BENEATH, adv. 1. In a lower place; opposed to above. I de­
stroyed his fruits from above, and his roots from beneath. Amos.
2. Below, as opposed to heaven. In heaven above, or in the earth
beneath. Exod.

BE＇NEDICT [benedictus, Lat.] having mild and wholsome qualities,
not malignant; an old physical term. It is not a small thing won in







physic, if you can make rhubarb, and other medicines that are bene­
dict, as strong purgers as those that are not without some malignity.
Bacon.

BENEDI＇CTA LAXATIVA, the name of a purging electuary.

BENEDI＇CTINES, an order of monks founded by St. Benedict, who
prosess to follow his rule. Pere Richelet adds, that their habit is of a
black colour; that they are divided into several congregations, of
which the most knowing are those of St. Maur and St. Vannes.

BENEDI＇CTION [benedizione, It. benedícion, Sp. of benedictio. Lat.]
1. Blessing, a decretory declaration of happiness; as, the divine bene­
diction.
His unkindness stript her from his benediction. Shakespeare.
2. The advantage thereby conferred. The New Testament carrieth
the greater benediction. Bacon. 3. Thanks, grateful acknowledg­
ments for favours received.
Could he less expect
Than glory and benediction, that is, thanks? Milton.
4. The form of instituting an abbot. What consecration is to a bishop,
the benediction is to an abbot, but in a different way; for a bishop is
not properly such ＇till consecration; but an abbot being elected and
confirmed, is properly such before benediction. Ayliffe. 5. Blessing;
especially that given by parents to children.

BENEFA＇CTION [benefactum, sup. of benefacio, from bene, well,
and facio, to do, Lat.] 1. The act of confering a benefit. 2. The
benefit conferred. This is the more usual sense. One part of the
benefactions was an expression of a generous and grateful mind. Atter­
bury.

BENEFA＇CTOR [bienfaiteur, F. benefattore, It. of benefacio, Lat.]
a doer of good offices, he that confers benefits; frequently applied to
a contributor to public charities.

BENEFA＇CTRESS [bienfaitrice, Fr. benefattrice, It.] a female bene­
factor.

BE＇NEFICE [Fr. beneficio, It. and Sp. of beneficium, Lat.] advan­
tage conferred on another; originally it was used to signify funds
given to soldiers, as a reward for their services; but in time it passed
into the church, and signified funds given for the subsistence of the
clergy; a church living, whether a dignity or not.

BE＇NEFICED [of benefice] having a benefit or church preferment.
The usual rate between the beneficed man and the religious person was
one moity of the benefice. Ayliffe.

BENE＇FICENCE [Fr. beneficenza, It. beneficéncia, Sp. of beneficentia,
Lat. of bene, well, and facio, to do, Lat.] the doing of good offices,
a delight in doing good to others, active kindness.

BENE＇FICENCE is emblematically described by a damsel of an agree­
able pleasant aspect; young, because the remembrance and acknow­
ledgment of benefits should never grow old; beautiful, because bene­
ficence charms every one; naked, to shew that it ought to be without
interest or ostentation; holding in one hand a bag of gold, and vari­
ety of jewels, as ready to distribute them, and in the other a chain of
gold, to signify that beneficence ties and obliges.

BENEFICENCE [say the moralists] is the highest and utmost strain
of humanity, when a man out of a pure inclination that arises either
from a native generosity of soul, or from pity and compassion to a per­
son in distress, is at some pains or charge in bestowing freely upon
another, what may relieve his necessity or promote his advantage.
The virtue that answers to beneficence in the giver, is gratitude in the
receiver.

BENE＇FICENT [beneficus, beneficentior, Lat.] kind, doing good. It
differs from benign, as the act from the disposition, beneficence being
kindness or benignity exerted in action. Johnson.
Phœbus, to man beneficent,
Delights in building cities. Prior.

BENEFICES are parsonages, vicarages, or donatives; parsonages
are churches endowed with glebe, manse, tythes, and all other duties
payable by the parishioners. Vicarages, are benefices which were
created for the maintenance of such clergymen as served in churches,
where some or all the tithes were impropriated: by degrees some vi­
cars got a settled maintenance, distinct from the impropriator, which
consisted of a manse and a glebe, and some portions of tythes usually,
and these are what the law calls perpetual vicars, or vicars endowed:
in some places vicars have only a pension from the impropriator. Do­
natives are such, as, being exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary,
are visitable only by the king, or the secular patron, who puts his
clerk in possession of the benefice, by virtue of an instrument under
hand and seal, without any institution or induction, and without any
examination by the ordinary.

Simple BENEFICES, are such, where the persons are only obliged to
read prayers, &c.

Sacerdotal BENEFICES, are such, where they are charged with the
cure of souls, &c.

BENEFI＇CIAL [beneficialis, of beneficium, a benefit, Lat.] 1. That yields
benefit, advantageous, profitable, useful; with to before the person
benefitted. 2. Helpful, medicinal. In the first access of such a dis­
ease, any deobstruent, without much acrimony, is beneficial. Ar­
buthnot.

BENEFICIAL, an old word for a benefice, which we find in
Spenser.

BENEFI＇CIALLY, advantageously, profitably, helpfully.

BENEFICIALNESS [of beneficial] usefulness, profitableness, helpful­
ness. Hale uses it.

BENEFI＇CIARY, adj. [beneficiarius, Lat.] holding something in sub­
ordination to another, having a dependent and secondary possession,
without sovereign power, feudatory. The duke of Parma was temp­
ted with no less promise than to be made a feudatory or beneficiary
king of England, under the seniority in chief of the Pope. Bacon.

BENEFICIARY, subst. he that holds or is in possession of a benefice.
In a benefice with cure of souls, if annexed to another, the beneficiary
is obliged to serve the parish church in person. Ayliffe.

BENEFI＇CIO Primo Ecclesiastico Habendo, a writ directed from the
king to the lord chancellor or lord keeper, to bestow the benefice that
shall first fall in the king＇s gift, being either above or under such a
value, upon a particular person.

BENEFI＇CIUM Cedendarum Actionis [civil law] is the right which one
surety hath, who is fued for the whole debt, to force the creditor to as­
sign over his action to the rest of the sureties, or else he shall not force
that one to pay the debt. Lat.

BENEFICIUM Divisionis [civil law] is a right by which the creditor
shall be forced by way of exception to fue each surety for their share
and proportion, especially when the rest of the sureties are under the
jurisdiction of the same judge, and are able to pay. Lat.

BENEFICIUM Ordinis & Excussionis [civil law] a right by which the
surety can, by way of exception, force the creditor to fue the princi­
pal debtor before he shall recover against him as the security; except
the surety was given judicially in a cause depending.

BE＇NEFIT [bienfait, Fr. beneficio, It. and Sp. of beneficium, Lat.]
1. Kindness, favour, or act of love conferred. Bless the Lord, and for­
get not all his benefits. Psalms. 2. Advantage, profit, use. Hamlet was
to be acted for his benefit. Tatler.

BENEFIT of the Clergy, a privilege that was formerly peculiar to
clerks, but in after times made common also to lay-men, who were
convicted of certain crimes, such as this benefit is granted for, espe­
cially manslaughter. The mode of this privilege is thus: the ordi­
nary, his commissioner, or deputy, gives the prisoner at the bar a
Latin book in a black Gothic character, and puts him to read a verse
or two. And if the ordinary, or his deputy, who stands by, says,
legit ut clericus, i. e. he reads like a clergymen or scholar, he is only
burnt in the hand, and set free for the first time, otherwise he must
suffer death.

BENEFIT, or Benefit-ticket, that which wins a prize.

BENEFIT at the play house, is when an actor or poet has the profit
of a play, for one or more nights.

To BENEFIT, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To do good to, to ad­
vantage. He was so far from benefiting trade, that he did it a great
injury. Arbuthnot. 2. To profit, to gain advantage. To tell you
what I benefitted therein, I shall spare. Milton.

BENE＇MPT, [the obsolete pret. and part. perhaps for benamed]
named, bequeathed, appointed, marked out.
Much greater gifts for Guerdon thou shalt gain,
Than kid or cosset which I thee benempt. Spenser.

BENEPLA＇CITY [beneplacitum, Lat.] well-pleasing.

BENE＇RTH, [law-term] a service which anciently the tenant rendered
to his lord with his plough and cart.

BE＇NESCHAU, the name of two towns, the one in the kingdom of
Bohemia, and the other in Silesia.

BENEVE＇NTE, a town of Leon on Spain, situated on the river Ista,
about forty miles south of the city of Leon. Lat. 42° 10′ N. Long.
6° W.

BENEVE＇NTO, the capital of the farther principato in the kingdom
of Naples, about thirty-four miles north-east of the kingdom of Na­
ples. Lat. 41° 15′ N. Long. 15° 30′ E.

To BENE＇T [of be and net] to ensnare or surround, as with nets or
toils.
Benetted round with villains. Shakespeare.

BENE＇VOLENCE, or BENE＇VOLENTNESS [bienveillance, Fr. benivo­
lenza, It. benevoléncia, Sp. of benevolentia, Lat. of bene, well, and
volens, willing, Lat.] 1. Good-will, favour; that kind of love that
disposes one man to confer a kindness upon another. 2. The good
done, the charity given. 3. A kind of tax which might originally
have been a voluntary gratuity, or a present given by subjects to their
sovereign. This tax called a benevolence, was devised by Edward IV.
Bacon.

BENE＇VOLENT [benivolente, It. benévolo, Sp. of benevolens, benevo­
lentis, Lat.] bearing good will, favourable, kind.

BENE＇VOLENT Planets [in astrology] such as afford a favourable
influence; as Jupiter and Venus.

BENEVOLENTIA Regis habenda, the form in ancient fines and sub­
missions to purchase the king＇s pardon and favour, in order to be re­
stored to estate, title or office.

BENFIELD, a town of Alsace in Germany, about 15 miles south of
Strasburg, Lat. 48° 25′ N. Long. 7° 30′ E.

BENGA＇L [of Bengal, in the East-Indies] a sort of a thin slight
stuff made of silk and hair for womens wear.

BENGAL, the most easterly province of the Mogul＇s empire, lying at
the bottom of a large bay, which takes its name from this province.
It is one of the most fertile provinces in India, being yearly over­
flowed by the Ganges, as Egypt is by the Nile.

BENGI＇CELA, a kingdom upon the western coast of Africa, between
Angola and Jaga; it is also the name of the capital of that king­
dom.

BE＇NJAMIN, or BE＇NZOIN [benjoin, Fr. benzoinum, Lat. in phar­
macy] a dry solid resin, brought to us from the East-Indies in masses
of various sizes, composed of small granules of a whitish or yellowish
colour, with a purplish cast on the surface: it is very inflamable, and
diffuses a fragrant smell while burning. The kingdom of Siam and
the islands of Java and Sumatra afford it in great abundance; America
furnishes us with no benjamin, but the tree which produces it in the
cast is common there. When the benjamin trees are six years old, the
natives cut them in several places in an oblique direction, wounding
them to the wood; the benjamin flows from these wounds. Benja­
min is a powerful expectorant: it is given with success in asthmas, in­
farctions of the lungs, and inveterate coughs: the flowers are how­
ever oftener given in these intentions than the resin in substance. The
flowers of benjamin are prepared by putting a quantity of benjamin
in gross powder into a subliming vessel, and placing the vessel, with
its head not luted, in a sand heat; the flowers will presently rise into
the head, which must be often taken off, and the flowers brushed out
upon white paper with a feather. Benjamin is also much in use with
perfumers, and in making sweet bags, &c. The tree was brought
from Virginia into England.

To BENI＇GHT [of night] 1. To cover in darkness, to bring on
night, to embarrass for want of light. Dark shades, that benight it,
vanish. Boyle. 2. To surprize, prevent, or overtake with the com­
ing on of night. Being benighted, the sight of a candle directed me.
Sidney.

BENJA＇R, the most considerable river in the island Borneo, which
arising near the middle of that island, runs southwards, and falls into
the Great South Sea.








BENI＇GHTED [of be and night, of nihte, Sax.] overtaken by the
night or darkness; also darkened, blinded. See To BENIGHT.

BENI＇GN [benin, Fr. benigno, It. and Sp. of benignus, Lat. it is
pronounced without the g, as if it were written bening; but the g is
preserved in benignity] kind, good-natured, courteous, actually good,
liberal. See BENEFICENT. Creator bounteous and benign. Milton.
2. Wholsome, not malignant; as, salts of a benign mild nature.
Arbuthnot. 3. Favourable; especially applied to the influence of the
stars; as, abenign aspect.

BENIGN Disease, [with physicians] is a favourable one, that has no
irregular or dreadful symptoms; but only such as are agreeable to the
nature of it.

BENIGN Medicines, are those which are gentle and mild.

BENI＇GNITY, or BENI＇GNNESS [benignité, Fr. benignidàd, Sp. of be­
nignitas, Lat.] 1. Sweetness of disposition, goodness, kindness, courtesy.
2. Wholesome quality, friendliness to vital nature. The benignity of
the serum sendeth out better matter for a callus. Wiseman.

BE＇NIN, the capital of a country of the same name on the coast of
Guinea. Lat. 7°. 30′ N. Long. 5° E.

BE＇NISON [benisson, Fr. of benir, Fr. to bless] benediction, blessing;
as, the traveller＇s benison. Milton.

BENNET, an herb, the same with avers. See AVERS.

BENNE＇TTING, the cooing or courting of pidgeons.

BE＇NSHEIM, a town of Germany, situated on the east side of the
river Rhine, about ten miles east of Worms. Lat. 49° 40′ N.
Long. 8° 30′ E.

BENT [bend, of bendan, Sax.] prone, inclined to, resolved upon;
also bowed, crooked. See To BEND.

BENT, subst. [from to bend] the state of being bent, or the state
of flexure, incurvation.
Strike gently, and hold your rod at a bent. Walton.
2. Degree of curvity or flexure. There are divers enquiries concern­
ing the strength required to the bending them, the force they have in
the discharge according to the several bents. Wilkins. 3. Declivity,
slopingness.
Beneath the low＇ring brow, and on a bent,
The temple stood. Dryden.
4. Utmost stretch or power; as, of a bent bow. Thy affection can­
not hold the bent. Shakespeare. 5. Close application of the mind,
strain of the understanding. Knotty parts of knowledge try the
strength of thought, and full bent of the mind. Locke. 6. Incli­
nation of the mind, disposition towards something; as, the bent of
nature. 7. Determination, fixt resolution. This unbelief we may
impute to the wilful bent of their obstinate hearts against the means.
Hooker. 8. Turn of the temper, superinduced by art.
They wear their faces to the bent
Of the king＇s look. Shakespeare.
9. Tendency, particular direction. The mind applies itself more
dexterously to bents and turns of the matter in all its researches.
Locke.

BENT, a grass called bentgrass.
His spear a bent, both stiff and strong,
And well near of two inches long. Drayton.

BE＇NTING time [of bent, the grass] the time when pidgeons feed
on bents, before pease are ripe. Bare benting times and moulting
months may come. Dryden.

BENTHEI＇M, the capital of a county of the same name, in the circle
of Westphalia. Lat. 52° 25′ N. Long. 7° 15° E.

BENTIVO＇GLIO, a town in the territory of Bologna, in Italy, about
ten miles north of the city. Lat. 44° 30′ N. Long. 12° E.

To BENU＇M, or to BENU＇MB [benyman, Sax.] 1. To render numb
or torpid, to take away the sensation or use of any part by pinching,
cold, or other obstruction; as, benumed limbs. 2. To stupify.
Creeping death benum＇d her senses. Dryden.

BENZO＇IN. See BENJAMIN.

BERON [beorn, Sax. a prince, or other chief man] it is a poetical
word, and from it proceeds beornred, chief in council, beorunod, a
princely mind.

To BEPAI＇NT [of paint] to cover or do over with paint. A maiden
blush depaint my cheek. Shakespeare.

To BEPI＇NCH [of pinch] to mark with pinching.
In their sides, arms, shoulders, all bepinch＇d,
Ran thick the weals, red with blood ready to start out.
Chapman.

To BEPI＇SS [of be and piss, of pisser, Dan. pissen, Du. and Ger.]
to wet with urine; as, to bepiss himself.

BEPI＇ST, part. [of bepiss] wetted with piss.

To BEQUE＇ATH [of be and crewan, Sax. to say, ewiw, Sax. will]
to give or leave a thing to one by last will or testament; or by word
of mouth only, as was the manner of wills in the earlier and more
simple ages; with to before the person to whom the bequest is made.

BEQUE＇ATHMENT, a legacy.

BEQUE＇ST [in law] a legacy, any thing left by will. Hale
uses it.

BERA＇R, an inland province of India, on this side the Ganges,
lying westward of Orixa.

To BERA＇TTLE [of rattle] to rattle off, to make a noise at, in
contempt. These berattle the common stage. Shakespeare.

BERA＇UM, a town of Bohemia. Lat. 50° 2′ N. Long. 14° E.

BERA＇Y, a town of Normandy, in France. Lat 49° 6′ N. Long.
1° 20′ W.

To BERA＇Y. See To BEWRAY.

BE＇RBERIS [with botanists] the barberry-tree. Lat.

BERBE＇RRY, sometimes written BARBERRY [berberis, Lat.] a berry
of a sharp taste.

BERCA＇RIA, or BERCE＇RIA [in old writings] a sheep fold, sheep
pen, or any sort of inclosure for keeping sheep.

BERCO＇VET [in Russia] ten pood or 137⅓ pounds avoir du pois
weight.

BERE＇ANS, or BERÆANS, the inhabitants of Beræa, a city of Mace­
donia, now called Veria Cluver: and whose name is immortalized in
the scripture history for an unbiassed turn of mind, or that love of
truth, which, surmounting the prejudices of education, and every sini­
ster view, disposes men to a fair enquiry after truth, and candid exa­
mination of principles opposite to their own. See Acts xvii. 10, 11.
Happy had it been for the Christian world, if this truly noble spirit
(as it is stiled by the sacred historian) had been more encouraged from
the apostolic age down to ours.

To BERE＇AVE irr. ver. pret. bereaved, have bereft, part. bereft.
[bereafan, Sax. berooven, Du. berauven, O. and L. Ger. verauben,
H. Ger. berofwa, Su.] 2. To deprive or rob one of a thing, generally
with of before the thing taken away. You have bereft me of all words.
Shakespeare. 2. Sometimes of is not used, but this seems elliptical.
Bereave me not thy aid. Milton. 3. To take away from.
All your interest in those territories
Is utterly bereft you, all is lost. Shakespeare.

BERE＇AVEMENT [of bereave] a deprivation, state, act of, or being
bereaved or stripped of any thing.

BERECY＇NTHIA [so called of berecynthus, a mountain in Phrygia,
where she was worshipped] Cybele, or the mother of the gods; she
appears in her greatest magnificence, when she makes her progress
through the cities of Phrygia, riding in her chariot drawn by lions,
her head crowned with towers, and adorned with all the beauteous
objects the earth produces, attended by an hundred celestial gods,
being all of them her divine ofspring, whence she is called Mater De­
orum, also Rhea and Vesta; which see.

BERE＇FT [irr. pret. and part. p.] bereaved, or bereft. See To
BEREAVE.

BERENGA＇RIANS, a religious sect of the XI century, adhering to
the opinions of Berengarius, who asserted that the bread and wine in
the eucharist is not really and essentially, but only figuratively changed
into the body and blood of Christ.

BERERE＇GIS, a market town in Dorsetshire about 10 miles north-
east of Dorchester.

BERESO＇WA, a town of Muscovy in Samogitia, situated upon the
river Oby.

BERG, BORG, BURG, or BYRG [of πυργος, Gr. with the ancient
Phrygians περγ, according to Mr. Baxter] signifies a castle of a city,
or a mountain fortified with a castle, a city, any place of habitation,
a seat. See BURGH, BURROW, and BOROUGH.

BERG, a dutchy of Westphalia, in Germany, lying on the eastern
shore of the river Rhine, which separates it from Cologne.

BERGA＇MO, a town in the territories of Venice, in Italy, about
25 miles north-east of Milan. Lat. 45° 40′ N. Long. 10° E.

BERENI＇CIE＇S Hair [in astronomy] a constellation called coma bere­
nices, in the northern hemisphere, consisting of forty stars. It is near
the lion＇s tail.

BERGAMO＇T [bergamote, Fr. bergamotto, It.] a sort of fragrant and
cordial essence, called also essentia de cedro, extracted from a fruit pro­
duced by ingrafting the lemon tree on the stock of a bergamot pear
tree. This essence is got by cutting the external rind of the fruit into
small pieces, and squeezing them into a glass vessel, in the same
manner as we squeeze orange peel to perfume a glass of wine, by
this means an ætherial oil, very subtile, and of a charming smell, is
produced.

BERGAMO＇TE, or BURGAMOTE, a species of pear; it is vulgarly
pronounced burgamy pear: bergamote, is only snuff made of tobacco,
with a little of the essense rubbed into it.

BERG-MASTER [berg, Sax. and master, Eng. bergmeister, H. Ger.]
the bailiff or chief officer among the miners in Derbyshire.

BE＇RGAS, a town of European Turkey, in Romania. Lat. 41° 17′
N. Long. 28° E.

BE＇RGEN, the see of a bishop, and the capital of a province of the
same name in Norway; it is a considerable port town on the Ger­
man ocean. Lat. 60° N. Long. 6° E.

BERGEN, the capital of the isle of Rugen, on the coast of Pome­
rania. Lat. 54° 15′ N. Long. 14° E.

BERGEN-OP-ZOOM, a fortified town of Dutch Brabant, about 20
miles north of Antwerp. Lat. 51° 30′ N. Long. 4° 5′ E.

BE＇RGERAC, a city of Guienne, in France, situated on the river
Dordonne, about forty miles east of Bourdeaux. Lat. 44° 55′ N.
Long. 20° E.

BERGMO＇TE [of berg, a mountain, and mote, a meeting, Sax.]
a court vulgarly called barmote, held on a hill for deciding controver­
sies betwixt the Derbyshire miners.

BE＇RGZABERN, a town of Lower Alsace, about five miles south of
Landau. Lat. 49° 5′ N. Long. 8° E. It is subject to France.

To BERHY＇ME [of be and rhyme] to celebrate in rhyme or verses,
in contempt.
Poems I heeded, now berhym＇d so long,
No more than thou, great George, a birth-day song. Pope.

BE＇RIA, or BE＇REA [old Lat. rec.] a flat, wide plain or heath;
and from hence several large meadows or open grounds are still called
beries or berifields. Hence the terminations of many names, as Thorn­
bury and bury.

BE＇RKSHIRE, a county of England, lying on the south side of the
river Thames, opposite to Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire. It
gives the title of earl to a branch of the Howard family.

BE＇RLIN, the capital of the king of Prussia＇s dominions in Germany,
situated on the river Spree, in the marquisate of Brandenburg. Lat.
52° 30′ N. Long. 14° E.

BERLIN, a sort of travelling carriage, chair, chariot, &c. such as
is used at Berlin in Prussia; much used of late, being higher and less
apt to be overturned than a chariot.

BERM [berme, Fr. in fortification] is a small space of ground four
or five feet wide, left without, between the foot of the rampart and
side of the moat, to receive the earth that rolls down from thence, and
to hinder it from falling into the moat, the same as foreland, pas de
souris, relais, and retraite; sometimes, for more security, it is palli­
sadoed.

BERMU＇DA Islands, a cluster of very small islands in the Atlantic
Ocean, lying almost in the shape of a shepherd＇s hook. Lat. 32° 30′
N. Long. 65° W.

BERN, a town of Bohemia, about 15 miles west of Prague. Lat.
50° N. Long. 14° E.

BE＇RN, is also a city and canton in Switzerland, the former being
situated in lat. 47° N. Long. 7° 20′ E. The canton of Bern is by







far the most extensive and powerful of all Switzerland: their govern­
ment is aristocratical, and their religion protestant, according to the
calvinistic or presbyterian form.

BERNA＇RDINES a certain religious order of monks among the Ro­
manists, founded by Robert, abbot of Moleme, and reformed by St.
Bernard; they differ but very little from the Cistercians.

BERNA＇RD＇s College [in Oxford] a college rebuilt by Sir Thomas
White, citizen of London, afterwards named St. John the Bap­
tists.

BE＇RNAW, the name of three towns in Germany; one in the elec­
torate of Brandenburg, another in the bishopric of Ratisbon, and the
third in the Upper Palatinate.

BE＇RNBURG, a town of Anhalt, in the circle of Upper Saxony.
Lat. 51° 50′ N. Long. 12° 20′ E.

BE＇RNERA, one of the western isles of Scotland. Lying in lat.
56° 48′ N.

To BERO＇B [of be and rob] to plunder, rob, or take any thing
from another by stealth or violence; with of before the thing taken
away.
What evil star on you hath frown＇d,
That of yourself you thus berobbed are? Spenser.

BE＇RRY [berir, of berian, Sax. to bear, baer, Su. beere, Ger.
by botanists] is defined to be a small round fruit, for the most part co­
vered with a thin skin, containing one or more stones or rather seeds,
in a soft pulp, as in the elder, holly, &c.

To BERRY [from the noun] to bear berries.

BERRY, or BURY, the same as borough. See BURY. As cunny­
berry or burrow, from beorg, a strong mount or hillock, of beorgan,
to defend, bergen, Teut. to hide. Skinner.

BERRY [in geography] a territory in the Orlenois, having Tou­
rain on the west, and the Nivernois on the east.

BE＇RRYBEARING Cedar [cedrus baccifera, Lat.] a tree whose leaves
are squamose, somewhat like those of the cypress. The katkins, or
male flowers are produced at remote distances from the fruit, which is
a berry inclosing three hard seeds: the species are; 1. Yellow berry­
bearing cedar; and 2. The Phœnician cedar. They are propagated
by sowing the berries, which are brought from the Streights, in light
sandy earth; but they are at present very rare. The wood is of great
use in the Levant, being large timber, and may be thought the Shit­
tim wood mentioned in scripture, of which many of the ornaments in
Solomon＇s temple were made. It is accounted excellent for carving;
and esteemed equal almost to any sort of timber for its durableness.
Miller.

BE＇RRYPOINT, a cape, at the entrance of Torbay in Devon­
shire.

BE＇RRYIN-Head, a threshing floor.

BE＇RRYTHATCH, litter for horses.

BE＇RSA, [old rec.] a limit, bound, or compass.

BERSA＇RE [old rec.] to shoot, Teut. perhaps at butts.

BERSA＇TRIX [prob. q. d. versatrix] one who rocks young children
in the cradle. Old Rec.

BERSELE＇TTA [old rec.] a hound or hunting dog.

BERSE＇LLO, or BRESE＇LLO, a town of the Modenese in Italy, situ­
ated on the river Po, about fourteen miles north-east of Parma. Lat.
44° 40′ N. Long. 11° E.

BERT, Sax. the same with bright, Eng. illustris & clarus, Lat.
so Egbert, eternally famous or bright; Sigbert, famous conqueror;
and she who by the Germans was termed Berthares, by the Greeks
called Eudoxia, as is observed by Lintprandus. Of the same sort
were these; Phœdrus, Epiphanius, Photius, Lampridius, Fulgentius,
Illustrius. Gibson＇s Camden.

BERTH [with mariners] convenient sea room to moor a ship, that
it may ride safely at anchor.

BE＇RTHINSEC, or BERDINSEC [Scotch law] a privilege that a man
shall not be hanged for stealing a sheep or calf that he can carry away
in a sack.

BERTINO＇RO, a town of Italy, in the Romagna. Lat 44° 8′ N.
Long. 10° 17′ E.

BE＇RTON [barton, Sax.] a great farm, also a great barn for bar­
ley.

BERTONA＇RII, Lat. farmers or tenants of bertons.

BE＇RTRAM [pyrethrum, Lat. πυρεθρον, Gr. of πυρ, fire] an herb,
called also bastard pellitory.

BERTRA＇ND, or St. BERTRA＇ND, a city of Gascony in France,
situated on the river Garonne, about 45 miles south of Toulouse.
Lat. 43° 15′ N. Long. 30° E.

BER＇TYING a Ship [sea language] the raising up of the sides of it.

BE＇RWICA [dooms-day-book] a village.

BE＇RVY, a sea port town and borough of Scotland, situated on the
German ocean, about 22 miles south-west of Aberdeen. Lat. 56°
40′ N. Long. 2° 5′ W.

BE＇RWICK, a borough town on the borders of England and Scot­
land, situated on the north-side of the river tweed. Lat. 55° 40′ N.
Long. 1° 40′ W. It sends two members to parliament.

North BERWICK, a town of Scotland, situated at the entrance of
the frith of Forth, about 17 miles east of Edinburgh. Lat. 56° 5′
N. Long. 2° 27′ W.

BERU＇LIANS, a sect in the 12th century, who affirmed that all hu­
man souls were created in the beginning of the world.

BE＇RYL [beril, Fr. berillo, It. berilo, Sp. beryllus, Lat. of βηρυλλος,
Gr.] a precious stone of a faint or bluish green colour, which the an­
cients called by this name, tho＇ they generally call it aqua marina, or
the egg or eagle marine. The beryl of our lapidaries is only a sine
sort of cornelian, of a more deep bright red, sometimes with a cast
of yellow, and more transparent than the common cornelian. Wood­
ward. “The beryl of the ancients was a sine soft sea-green, very
transparent, the aqua marine of the moderns.” Crisp.

BES, or BE＇SSIS [with the Romans] the weight of eight ounces,
being  of the As, or pound; also a Roman long measure, the eighth
part of an acre, divided into 12 parts. Lat.

BESA＇ILE [of besayeul, Fr. one＇s grand-father＇s grandfather] a
writ for an heir, whose grand father dying possessed of lands or tene­
ments in fee-simple, a stranger abates and enters upon the premisses,
and keeps out the said heir.

BESA＇NCON, the capital of Franche Comte, in France, situated in
Lat. 47° 20′ N. Long. 6° E.

BE＇SANT, BE＇SANCE, or BESANTI＇NE [of Byzantium, i. e. Con­
stantinople, where coined, in the time of the christian emperors] an
ancient gold coin, of long time out of use, and the value unknown.
Hence the gold offered by the king of Great Britain at the altar, is
called besant or bisant.

BESCA [in old Lat. rec.] a spade or shovel, as una besca terræ, i. e.
a piece of land turned up with a spade.

To BESCRE＇EN [of be and screen] to cover with a screen, to shel­
ter or conceal with any thing.
Bescreen＇d in night. Shakespeare.

To BESEE＇CH, verb act. [secan or gesecan, Sax. olim beseck,
Skinner, berssoccken, Du. ersuchen, Ger. to entreat, irr. perf. I
besought, I have besought, part. besought] 1. To pray, or humbly en­
treat; sometimes before a person. I beseech you, Sir, pardon me.
Shakespeare. 2. To beg, to ask; before a thing. Eve fell humble,
and besought his peace. Milton.

To BESEE＇M [beziemen, Teut. and Du.] to become, to appear fit
or decent. Cast by their brave beseeming ornaments. Shakespeare.

BESE＇EN, part. [from be and see, from sien, Du. This word I have
only found in Spenser. Johnson] adapted, becoming.
Armed in antique robes,
And sad habiliments, right well beseen. Spenser.

To BESE＇T [besittan, Sax. besetten, Du. besetzen, H. Ger.] 1.
To encompass, to surround, as with a siege. 2. To perplex much
by embarrassment, without any means of extricating one＇s self.
Thus Adam, sore beset, reply＇d. Milton.
Grief besets her hard. Rowe.
3. To way-lay, to inclose; as, beset with thieves. 4. To fall actu­
ally upon, and harrass with any thing.
Both with greedy force
At once upon him ran, and him beset
With strokes of mortal steel. Spenser.

BESE＇TMENTS, those things that befal a person.

To BESHI＇TE [of be and disttan, Sax. beschyten, Du. O. and L.
Ger. bescheissen, H. Ger.] to befoul with dung or ordure.

To BESHRE＇W [probably of beschreyen, Teut. to inchant. The ori­
ginal of this word is somewhat obscure; as it evidently implies to wish
ill, some derive it from beschryen, Ger. to enchant. Topsel, in his book
of animals, deduces it from the shrew mouse, an animal, says he, so
poisonous, that its bite is a severe curse. A shrew likewise signifies
a scolding woman; but its origin is not known. Johnson] 1. To
wish, accurse, or use imprecations to.
I beshrew us both,
If I believe a saint upon his oath. Dryden.
2. To happen ill to; as, beshrew your heart, i. e. ill luck attend
you.

BESI＇DE, or BE＇SIDES, prepos. [of be and side, Sax. zyde, Du.
syde, O. and L. Ger. seite, H. Ger.] 1. On the side of, or near to
another. 2. Over and above any thing else, more than. Wise and learned
men, beside those whose names are in the christian records, took care
to examine our Saviour＇s history. Addison. 3. Not according to,
though not contrary. God doth act, præter & contra naturam, besides
and against nature. Bramhall. 4. Out of, in a condition of wan­
dering from.
Enough to put him quite besides his patience. Shakespeare.
Of vagabonds we say,
That they are ne＇er beside their way. Hudibras.
5. Out of, before a reciprocal pronoun; as, beside himself, out of
his senses, distracted.

BESIDE, or BESIDES, adv. 1. Over and above, more than that.
2. Not in this number or class, not included in this. The men said,
unto Lot, hast thou any here besides? Genesis.

BESI＇DERY, a kind of baking-pear.

To BESIE＇GE [of be and siege, of assieger, Fr.] to invest or surround
a city, &c. with military forces, ammunition, &c. to endeavour to
win it by that means, and force the defendants, by violence or famine,
to give the assailants admission.

BESIE＇GED [in astrology] a planet is by them said so to be, when
placed between the bodies of the two malevolent, ill-boding planets,
Saturn and Mars.

BESIE＇GER [from besiege] he who besieges.

To BESLU＇BBER [of be and slubber] to dawb, to smear with any
thing that sticks; as, to beslubber our garments with blood. Shake­
speare.

To BESMEA＇R [of be and smear, of smeran, Sax. bescbmeeren,
Du. beschmieren, H. Ger.] 1. To daub or smear over with any thing
that sticks on. Besmear＇d with blood. Milton. 2. To foul, to soil.
My honour would not let ingratitude
So much besmear it. Shakespeare.

To BESMI＇RCH, to soil, to discolour.
No soil of cautel doth besmirch,
The virtue of his will. Shakespeare.
Our gayness and our gilt are all besmirch＇d
With rainy marching. Shakespeare.

To BESMOA＇K [of be and smoke, of smacian, Sax. of smuycken, or
smoocken, Du.] 1. To make smoaky, or smoaked, to soul with smoke.
2. To dry or harden in smoke.

To BESMU＇T [besmitan, Sax. besmetten, Du. beschmutten, O. and
L. Ger. beschmutzen, H. Ger.] to daub or smear over with smut,
smoke, or soot.

BE＇SOM [besm, besma, Sax.] 1. An instrument to sweep with.
2. Whatever produces an effect like a besom. I will sweep it with the
besom of destruction. Isaiah.

To BESO＇RT [of be and sort] to suit, to become, to besit. Such
as besort your age. Shakespeare.

BESO＇RT [from the verb] attendance, train, proper company of
retinue.
I crave sit disposition for my wise,
With such accommodation and besort,
As levels with her breeding. Shakespeare.

To BESO＇T [of be and sot, Sax. besotten, Du.] 1. To render sot­
tish or stupid, to take away the senses.







He is besotted, and has lost his reason. South.
2. To make to doat, with on. Besotted on that face and eyes. Dryden.

BESOU＇GHT. See To BESEECH.

BESOUGHT, [irr. perf. and part. pass. of beseech] have besought.
Hasten to appease—
While pardon may be found in time besought. Milton.

To BESPA＇NGLE [of be and spangle] to decorate with spangles,
to besprinkle with any thing shining or sparkling.
Not Berenice＇s locks first rose so bright,
The heavens bespangling with dishevel＇d light. Pope.

To BESPA＇TTER [of be and spatter, of spædan, Sax. besprienlen,
Du. besprütten, O. and L. Ger. besprützen, H. Ger.] to soil, dash,
or dawb with dirt, to sprinkle; as, to bespatter the face; figurative­
ly, to defame or slander.
Fair Britain in the monarch blest,
Whom never faction could bespatter. Swift.

To BESPA＇WL [of be and spawl, of spayen, Teut.] to dawb, or
make filthy by spitting.

To BESPE＇AK [of be and speak, of spæcan, Sax. pret. I spoke,
spake, have bespoke, or have bespoken, part. pass. bespoke, bespoken]
1. To entreat, to speak for something, to give order for it beforehand.
The cap your worship did bespeak. Shakespeare. 2. To make way by
a previous apology. My preface looks as if I were afraid of my rea­
der, by so tedious a bespeaking of him. Dryden. 3. To forbode, or
tell something beforehand. Thy started fears bespoke dangers, and
formed ominous prognostics to scare the allies. Swift. 4. To speak
to, to address; chiefly poetical. Her knight she thus bespake. Spen­
ser. 5. To betoken, or shew. The abbot of St. Martin, when
born, had so little of the figure of a man, that it bespoke him rather
a monster. Locke.

BESPE＇AKER [from bespeak] he that bespeaks a thing beforehand.
They mean not with love to the bespeaker of the work, but delight in
the work itself. Wotton.

To BESPE＇CKLE [of be and speckle, of specce, Sax. a spot] to
mark, or set off with speckles or spots.

To BESPE＇W [of be and spew, of spouwen, Du. speyen, Ger.] to
dawb with vomit or spew.

To BESPI＇CE [of be and spice] to season with spice.
Thou might＇st bespice a cup,
To give mine enemy a lasting wink. Shakespeare.

To BESPI＇T [of be and spit, of spitan, Sax. pret. I bespot or be­
spit, I have bespit or bespitten; part. p. bespit or bespitten] to dawb
with spittle.

BESPO＇KE [irr. part. and part. pass. did bespeak] have bespoke,
bespoken. See To BESPEAK.

To BESPO＇T [of be and spot, from spot, Teut. ignominy] to mark
with spots. Mildew rests on the wheat, bespotting the stalks with a
different colour from the natural. Mortimer.

To BESPREA＇D [of be and spread] to spread or cover over.
—————His nuptial bed
With curious needles wrought, and painted flowers bespread.
Dryden.

To BESPRI＇NKLE [of be and sprinkle] of sprenken, Teut. sprengen,
or sprenkelen, Dut. sprengen, Ger.] 1. To sprinkle over, to scatter over.
A purple flood
The bed besprinkles, and bedews the ground. Dryden.
2. Figuratively, to do any thing like sprinkling. He imitating the
father poet, whose life he had written, hath besprinkled his work with
many fabulosities. Brown.

To BESPU＇E. See To BESPE＇W.

To BESPU＇TTER [of be and sputter, from sputo, Lat.] to spirt or
flirt spittle upon, to sputter a thing over.

BESSARA＇BIA, a province of Turkey in Europe, lying about the
several mouths of the Danube.

BE＇SSE, a sea-fish, otherwise called the wolf-fish.

BEST, superl. [from good, comp. bet, betewa, betewe, superl. be­
test by contraction, best, besta, Sax. beste, Du. and Ger.] 1. Most
good, the choicest, the most excellent or valuable. 2. The best,
the utmost power or endeavour, the most, the highest perfection. Let
each man do his best. Shakespeare. 3. To make the best, to improve
to the utmost; as, to make the best of any thing.
BEST is best-cheap, L. Ger. (Best is best koop.) The French say:
On n＇a jamais bon marché de mauvaise marchandise. (Bad goods are
never cheap.) And good ones always bring to the buyer most credit
and most service.

BEST, adv. [of well] in the highest degree of goodness or per­
fection. He shall dwell where it liketh him best. Deuteronomy.

BEST is sometimes used in composition; as, best-be-trust-spies, in
Bacon, best-natured, &c.

BE＇STAIL [Fr. a law term] all kinds of beasts or cattle.

To BESTA＇IN [of be and stain] to mark with stains, to bespot.
We will not line his thin bestained cloke
With our pure honours. Shakespeare.

To BESTEA＇D, pret. bested, or have bested, part. bested [of stead]
1. To profit, to advantage.
Hence vain deluding joys,
How little you bestead,
Or fill the fixed mind with all your toys. Milton.
2. To accommodate, to treat with proper necessaries. They shall pass
through it hardly bestead and hungry. Isaiah.

BE＇STIAL [bestialis, of bestia, Lat. a beast] 1. Pertaining to a
beast, being in the class of beasts.
His wild disorder＇d walk, his haggard eyes,
Did all the bestial citizens surprize. Dryden.
2. Brutal, being below the dignity of reason and humanity, having
the qualities of wild beasts, carnal. Urge his bestial appetite in change
of lost. Shakespeare. 3. Beastly, brutish.

BESTIAL Signs [with astrologers] are signs of the zodiac, called
Aries, Leo, Taurus, Capricornus, and Sagittarius; because they are
on globes represented by four-footed beasts.

BESTIA＇LITY, or BEASTLINESS [of bestial, of bestialidad, Sp. bes­
tialitas, Lat.] beastly quality, filthiness, degeneracy from humanity.
What can be a greater absurdity, than to affirm bestiality to be the
essence of humanity. Pope and Arbuthnot.

BE＇STIALLY [of bestial] in a brutal manner, so as to be below
humanity.

BESTIA＇RII [among the Romans] those men who combated with
wild beasts.

To BESTI＇CK [of be and stick, pret. I bestuck or have bestuck,
part. pass. bestuck] to stick over with points or spots here and there.
Truth shall retire,
Bestuck with sland＇rous darts. Milton.

To BESTI＇R [of be and stir, from stirran, Sax.] 1. To move
one＇s self about briskly, to labour strenuously. It is seldom used o­
therwise than with the reciprocal pronoun; as, bestir yourselves. La.
Shakespeare uses it with another word, not the reciprocal pronoun;
you have bestirred your valour.

To BESTO＇W [of be and stow, Sax. a place, Skinner, strooyen, Du.
streuen, Ger. besteden, Du. Minshew] 1. To lay up, to stow, or place.
He took them from their hand, and bestowed them in the house.
2 Kings. 2. To employ, to apply. The sea was not Marlborough＇s
element, otherwise the whole force of the war would have been be­
stowed there. Swift. 3. To give, to confer upon; generally with upon.
His nature was such, as to bestow praise upon himself, before any could
give it. Sidney. Clarendon uses it with the particle to. Places he
bestowed to such persons as he thought fit. 4. To give as charity. Not
a cup of cold water, bestowed for his sake, should be without reward.
Hooker. 5. To give in marriage; sometimes with upon. I could be­
stow her upon a fine gentleman. Tatler. 6. To give as a present.
Pure oil and incense on the fire they throw,
And fat of victims which their friends bestow. Dryden.
7. To lay out upon; it has commonly for before the thing purchased.
Bestow that money for oxen. Deuteronomy.

BESTO＇WER [from bestow] he that bestows, disposes, or confers
any thing upon another. Some beings are the bestowers of thrones,
but subordinate to the Supreme. Stillingfleet.

BESTRAU＇GHT, part. [of this participle I have not found the verb;
by analogy we may derive it from bestract, perhaps it is corrupted
from distraught. Johnson] distracted, mad, being out of one＇s senses
or wits. It is found in Shakespeare.

To BESTRE＇W [of strew, of streþian, Sax. pret. bestrewed, have
bestrown, part. pass. bestrown] to strew over, to scatter about.
Thick bestrown,
Abject and lost lay these, cov＇ring the flood. Milton.

BESTRI＇CIA, a city of Transylvania, remarkable for the gold mines
near it. Lat. 48° N. Long. 22° E.

BESTRID, or BESTRIDDEN [irr. part. pret. of bestride] have be­
strid, or bestridden.

To BESTRI＇DE [of be and stride, from stræden, Sax.] 1. To have
a thing between one＇s legs.
He doth bestride the narrow world
Like a colossus. Shakespeare.
2. To step over.
More dances my rapt heart.
Than when I first my wedded mistress saw
Bestride my threshold. Shakespeare.
3. Often used of riding. To get astride upon a horse. 4. Some­
times used of a man standing over something he defends.
—————He bestrid
An o＇er press＇d Roman, and i＇the consul＇s view
Slew three opposers. Shakespeare.

To BESTU＇D [of be and stud] to set off with studs or shining
knobs. And so bestud with stars. Milton.

To BET [weddian, to wager, red, Sax. a wager, from which the
etymologists derive bet. I should rather imagine it to come from be­
tan, Sax. to mend, encrease, or better; as, a bet encreases the origi­
nal wager. Johnson. werten, Ger.] to lay wagers when gamesters
are at play, in favour of one side against the other, to wager.

BET, a wager, something to be won on certain conditions.

BET, old preter. of to beat. The hammer wrought, and bet the
party more pliant. Bacon.

BE＇TA [βητα, B, β, Gr.] the second letter of the Greek alphabet;
also the herb beet. Lat.

To BETA＇KE [from take, of betæcan, Sax. batage, Dan. betacnia,
or betaga, Su. perf. betook, have betaken, part. pass. betaken] 1. To
take to, to seize, a sense now obsolete; generally with to. To his
hands that writ he did betake. Spenser. 2. To have recourse to;
with the reciprocal pronoun and to. Betake thee to nothing but des­
pair. Shakespeare 3. To apply, with the reciprocal pronoun. And
to ourselves to action we betake. Dryden. 4. To remove, with the re­
ciprocal pronoun and to. She betook her to the groves. Milton.

BETA＇NCOS, a city of Gallicia in Spain. Lat. 43° 15′ N. Long.
8° 50′ W.

To BETEE＇M [of teem] to bring forth, to bestow. So would I
fain beteem to you his sword, you to defend. Spenser.

To BETHI＇NK [from think, of bethencan, Sax. bedencken, Du.
and Ger. betæncke, Dan.] to recall to mind, to consideration, or
recollection, with the reciprocal pronoun and of, before the matter of
thought.

BETHO＇UGHT irr. perf. and part. of bethink; which see.

BE＇THLEHEM, or BE＇THLEHEMITE, the same with bedlam and bed­
lamite; which see.

BETHLEHEM, once a flourishing city of Palestine, but now only a
poor village. It is still much frequented, as being the place of our
Saviour＇s birth. Lat. 31° 30′ N. Long. 36° E.

BETHLEHEM is also a town of Brabant, in the Austrian Nether­
lands, about two miles north of Loavain. Lat. 51° N. Long. 4°
35′ E.

BE＇THLEHEMITES [of Bethlehem, of בית לחם, Heb. the house
of bread] certain fryars who wore the figure of a star on their breasts,
in memory of the star that appeared to the wisemen, and conducted
them to Bethlehem.

To BETHRA＇L [of be and thrall] to enslave, to conquer.
She is that did my lord bethral. Shakespeare.

To BETHU＇MP [of be and thump] to beat or lay upon. In a lu­
dicrous sense. I was never so bethumpt with words. Shakespeare.

BE＇THUNE, a little fortified town of Artois, in the French Ne­






therlands, about thirteen miles north of Arras. Lat. 50° 32′ N.
Long. 2° 35′ E.

To BETI＇DE, pret. it betided or betid, part. pass. betid [of be and
tide, of tid, Sax.] 1. To befal, to happen to, whether good or bad.
2. Sometimes having to.
Neither know I what is betid to Cloten. Shakespeare.
3. To come to pass.
A strange adventure betided,
Betwixt the fox and ape. Spenser.
Woeful ages long ago betid. Shakespeare.
4. To become, having of. If he were dead, what would betide of
thee. Shakespeare.

BETI＇ME, or BETI＇MES [of be and time, of tima, Sax.] 1. Early,
seasonably. Stop the rage betime. Shakespeare. 2. Soon, before much
time has passed. Over early ripeness fadeth betimes. Bacon. 3. Early
in the day; as, betimes in the morning.

BE＇TLE, or BETRE, an Indian plant, called water pepper.

BE＇TLIS, a city in the north of Curdistan, situated on a steep
rock, at the south end of the lake Van, on the frontiers of Persia
and Turkey. Lat. 37° 30′ N. Long. 45° E.

To BETO＇KEN [of be and token] from tacnian, Sax. or beteeken,
Teut.] 1. To shew by tokens or signs any thing beforehand. This
betokens a storm. 2. To represent, to mark; as, ceremonies fit to be­
token actions.

BETOO＇K [irr. pret. of betake.] See To BETAKE.

BE＇TONY [betoine, Fr. bettonica, It. betonica, Sp. Port. and Lat.]
a medicinal herb. The species are; 1. Common, or wood betony.
2. Betony with a white flower. 3. Greater Danish betony. The
first is greatly esteemed as a vulnerary herb.

To BETO＇SS [of be and toss] to disturb, or put into violent mo­
tion; as, my betossed soul. Shakespeare.

To BETRA＇Y [betrager, Dan. trahir, Fr. tradire, Ital. traysionar,
Sp. traysoar, Port. trado, Lat.] 1. To be false, to deliver one up
treacherously into an enemy＇s hands. 2. To discover or disclose what
has been entrusted as a secret. 3. To discover somewhat that had
better not; as, to betray ignorance. 4. To make liable, to fall into
inconveniencies; with to, or into, and the reciprocal pronoun; as,
great confidence betrays one to great errors. 5. To discover. In a
neutral sense.
Not after length of years a stone betray,
The place where once the very ruins lay. Dryden.

BETRA＇YER [of betray] he that betrays.

To BETRI＇M [of be and trim] to set off, to decorate; as, thy banks
April betrims.

To BETRO＇TH [probably of betrowen, Du. or be and troth, O.
and L. Ger. bezeichnen, H. Ger.] 1. To contract to any one, to give
one party to another by a solemn matrimonial contract; with unto, or
to. 2. To make sure, or promise in marriage; as, he betrothed a
wife. 3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to consecration. If
any be consecrated a bishop to that church, whereunto he was not
before betrothed, he shall not receive the habit of consecration, as
not being canonically promoted. Ayliffe.

To BETRU＇ST [of be and trust] to entrust to any person in confi­
dence of fidelity; commonly having with before the thing, and to
before the person; but it is sometimes understood; as, betrust him
with that; and betrust a thing to you memory.

BETTEE＇ [probably q. d. betty, probably a cant word without
etymology. Johnson] an instrument made use of by house-breakers to
break open doors and windows.

BE＇TTER, adj. irr. comp. of good [better, Sax. bedre, Dan. bat­
ter, or bartre, Su. berter, Du. beeter, O. and L. Ger. besser, H. Ger.]
more good, excellent, advantageous, convenient, than any else. See
BEST.

BETTER never begun than never ended. A thing begun and not
accomplished, exposes a man not only to needless expence, but to
ridicule.

BETTER hold at the brim, than hold at the bottom.
It is better to be sparing while we have something, than to spend all
prodigally and want afterwards. The Latins say: Sera est in fundo
parsimonia.

BETTER wise than wealthy, or

BETTER wit than wealth. Though very few now a-days can be­
lieve so: every man＇s endeavour is after wealth, but few in compa­
rison seek after wisdom.
There is another proverb, the reverse of this:

BETTER be happy than wise; us＇d by those who place happiness in
wealth.

The BETTER day, the BETTER deed. Bon jour, bon ouévre. Fr. What
the design of this proverb is, seems not very easy to conceive; no
more than how a good day can justify an evil action.

BETTER one word in time, than afterwards two. To know how
to place our words right is one of the grand arts of life, which we
can＇t too much study the attainment of.

BETTER one eye than quite blind. Princeps hiscus inter cæcos. Lat.
(Among the blind the one-ey＇d is a prince.) Of a thing so valuable
as sight, the very least share is infinitely preserable to none at all.

BETTER, subst. [from the adj.] one superior to another, in a good
quality, or other excellence; sometimes applied to a superior in rank
or authority; as our betters or superiors.

The BETTER, in the room of a substantive, or a substantive under­
stood. 1. The advantage or superiority over any person or thing,
with of; as, we have had the better of the Spaniards. 2. For the
better, for the improvement of any thing.

BETTER, adv. [the comparative of well] well in a greater degree.
Then it was better with me than now. Hosea.

To BETTER [bette, Dan. battia, Su. bettern, O. and L. Ger.
bettern, H. Ger.] 1. To mend or render better, opposed to worse;
as, to better one＇s fortune. 2. To surpass or exceed. Nature aims
at that which cannot be bettered. Hooker. 3. To advance, to pro­
more. His honour would suffer, daring a treary, to better a party.
Bacon.

BE＇TTERMENT, the act of making or being rendered better. A
bad word.

BE＇TTOR [of bet] he that bets or wagers. A stranger, though a
fair bettor, no body would take him up. Addison.

BE＇TTY 1. Half a flask of Florence wine. 2. The same with better;
which see. An instrument to break open doors. Record the nocturnal
scalades of needy heroes, describing the powerful betty, or the artful
picklock. Arbuthnot.

BETWEE＇N, prepos. [betwynan, or betweonan, Sax.] 1. In the mid­
dle or midst of two things, times and places. 2. From one to ano­
ther; noting intercourse; as, things go so between them. 3. De­
noting partnership between two persons. Castor and Pollux, with
only one soul between them. Locke. 4. Bearing relation to two. If
there be any discord between them and any, they are compounded.
Bacon. 5. Noting distinction of one from another. There＇s a wide
difference between some men. Locke. 6. Between is properly used of
two, and among of more. But perhaps this accuracy is not always
preserved. It likewise serves to denote society or union; also a par­
taking and a privacy.

To be BETWEEN hawk and buzzard, that is, at an uncertainty; also
to be in a dangerous situation.

BETWI＇XT [betwyx, or betweox, Sax.] 1. Between, in the midst
of two. Betwixt two aged oaks. Milton. 2. From one to another.
As marriage betwixt me and her. See BETWEEN.

BE＇TULA [with botanists] the birch-tree. Lat.

BE＇VECUM, a town of Brabant in the Austrian Netherlands, about
seven miles south of Louvain. Lat. 50° 45′ N. Long. 4° 45. E.

BE＇VEL [with masons, joyners, &c.] a kind of square, one leg
whereof is frequently crooked, according to the sweep or arch of a vault.
It is moveable on a point or centre, and so may be set to any angle.

BEVEL [with architects] an instrument for adjusting angles.

BEVEL Angle, signifies any angle that is neither 90 nor 45 degrees.

BEVEL [in heraldry] signifies broken, or opening like a carpen­
ter＇s rule; as, he bears argent a chief bevile vert, by the name of
beverlis. See plate IV. Fig. 37.

To BEVEL [from the noun] to cut to a bevel angle. Rabbets on
the groundsel are bevelled downwards, that rain may fall off. Maxon.

BE＇VELAND, the name of two islands, in the province of Zealand,
in the United Netherlands, lying between the eastern and western
branches of the Scheld.

BE＇VER [probably of bevere, It. to drink] a small collation betwixt
dinner and supper; also the visor or sight of an head-piece. See
BEAVER.

BE＇VERAGE [beveraggio, It. beverage, Old Fr.] 1. Any drink in ge­
neral. Scarce deny beverage, for the bees provides. Dryden. 2. Beverage,
or water-cyder, is made by putting the mure into a fat, adding water as
you desire it stronger or smaller. This should stand forty-eight hours on
it before you press it, when it is pressed, tun it up. Mortimer. 3. But
the more common acceptation of the word is, that of a mingled draught,
to which sense, I suppose, the correct and ingenious author of the
Table of Cebes refers in those lines:
Error and ignorance infus＇d compose
The fatal beverage, which her fraud bestows. Table of Cebes.

To pay BEVERAGE [a phrase] to give a treat of wine, drink, &c.
upon wearing a new suit of clothes; also garnish money in a prison.

BEVERCHES [old records] customary services done at the bidding
of the lord by his inferior tenants.

BE＇VERLY, a borough town of Yorkshire, about seven miles north
of Hull. It gives title of marquiss to the duke of Queensbury, and
sends two members to parliament.

BE＇VY of Roe Bucks [with hunters] a herd of them.

BEVY Grease, the fat of a roe buck.

BEVY of Patridges [with fowlers] three in a flock.

BEVY of Quails [in fowling] a flock or brood of them. Hence.

BEVY [in a metaphorical sense] is a knot or company of persons;
as, a bevy of fair women, of gossips, of knaves, &c.

To BEWA＇IL [of be and wail, from wan, of wanian, Sax. to la
ment for] to bemoan, to lament.

To BEWA＇RE [of be and ware, or wary, gesarian, Sax. waren,
Dan. bewara, Su. bewahren, H. Ger.] 1. To take care, or be upon
one＇s guard from, with of; as, beware of that man. 2. It is only
used in these forms; he may beware, let him beware, he will beware,
but not, he did beware, or he has been ware.

BEWARE of had I will, (or known.)

BEWARE of the geese when the for preaches.
Wienn der fuchs prediget so nimm die caense in acht, H. Ger. (When
the wicked man preaches up righteousness, it is a sure sign he has
mischief in hand.)

BEWA＇ILABLE, that may or deserves to be bewailed.

BE＇WDLY, a borough-town of Worcestershire, about twelve miles
north of worcester. It sends one member to parliament.

To BEWE＇EP [of be and weep] to weep over, to shed tears plenti­
fully upon. Eyes beweep this cause again. Shakespeare.

To BEWE＇T [of be and wet] to moisten, bedew, or wet. His
napkin with tears bewet. Shakespeare.

To BEWI＇LDER [of be and wild, from wildernesse, Sax. a wilder­
ness] to put into confusion, to puzzle, to confound for want of a plain
path; as, bewilder＇d in a wood. Sometimes with the reciprocal pro­
noun; as, we bewilder ourselves in such fludies.

To BEWI＇TCH [of be and witch, from wicce, Sax.] 1. To injure by
witchcraft or enchantment. 2. To charm or please in an irresistible
manner. The charms of poetry our souls bewitch. Dryden. With
such bewitching tenderness. Addison.

BEWI＇TCHERY [from bewitch] charm, fascination, resistless force or
prevalence. There is a bewitchery or fascination in words, which
makes them operate with a force beyond what we can give an account
of. South.

BEWI＇TCHMENT [from bewitch] power of charm, fascination. The
bewitchment of some popular man. Shakespeare.

BEWI＇TS [with falconers] pieces of leather made broadish, to which
the hawk＇s bells are fastened, and buttoned on their legs.

To BEWRA＇Y [of bewregan, Sax.] 1. To discover, or reveal with
perfidy, as a secret. 2. To shew or make visible. This word is now
little used.

BEWRA＇YER [from bewray] he that bewrays perfidiously. A be­
werayer of secrets. Addison.








BEY, or BEG, a governor of a maritime town or country in the
Turkish empire.

BEYO＇ND, prep. [of bigeondan, or begeond, Sax.] 1. Before, at a
distance not yet reached.
Fame＇s a fancy＇d life in others breath,
A thing beyond us. Pope.
2. Farther, more onward than; as, beyond the mark on the land. 3. It
denotes superiority as to excellence. His satires are beyond Juvenal＇s.
Dryden. 4. Excess, over any thing as to degree; as, beyond all won­
der. 5. On the other side, in which sense it＇s opposite is behither,
or on this side; as, beyond the sea. 6. Past, out of the reach of.
Beyond the reach of mercy. Shakespeare. 7. It notes remoteness from,
or not being within the sphere of. Nor joy nor grieve too much for
things beyond our care. Dryden.

To go BE＇YOND, to deceive, to circumvent. He thought he went
beyond her. Sidney. That no man go beyond, nor defraud his brother.
1 Thessalonians.

BE＇ZANT. See BE＇ZANTS.

BEZA＇NTLER [in blazonry] signifies the second branch of a horn
of a hart or buck, that shoots out from the beam, or main horn, be­
ing next above the antler.

BE＇ZANTS, or BE＇SANTS [in heraldry] are round and flat pieces of
bullion without impress, and represent the current coin of Bizantium,
now called Constantinople. These are introduced in coat-armour (as
is supposed) by those who were in the holy war; but since, they shew
the rise of honest treasurers, receivers of the customs, &c. they are
always of metal, and when blazon＇d (according to the custom of
foreign heralds) ought to be expressly said to be or or argent, though
with us they are always of gold; but foreigners have them of silver
also. See Plate IV. Fig. 38.

BEZANTY＇ [in heraldry] a cross bezanty, is a cross made of be­
zants.

BE＇ZEL, or BE＇ZIL, the upper part of the collet of a ring, which
encompasses and fastens the stone in it.

BEZE＇STAN [among the Turks and Persians] a burse or exchange.

BE＇ZOAR, a medicinal stone brought from both the East and West­
Indies, accounted a sovereign counter-poison, and an excellent chearer
of the heart: it is found in the stomach of an animal called pazan, of
the goat kind. The oriental bezoar is very uncertain in its size,
shape, and colour, but it is always smooth and glassy on the surface,
and when broken, is found to be composed of a great number of
crusts, and often formed upon a piece of stick, or a seed for a nucle­
us or basis. Its great price has taught people to counterfeit this be­
zoar. The occidental bezoar is formed in the stomach of a quadruped
of the deer kind; it possesses all the virtues of the oriental, but in a
more remiss degree. These Dr. Slare, in a late treatise, endeavours
to prove fictitious.

Oriental BEZOAR, is that which comes from several parts of the
East Indies, and of Persia.

Occidental BEZOAR, is what is brought from the West Indies, Mex­
ico, and Peru, and is found in the stomach of several animals peculiar
to that country.

Monkey BEZOAR, is a rare and valuable stone found in the stomach
of a species of monkey, common both to the East Indies and Ame­
rica.

Porcupine BEZOAR, a stone found in the gall-bladder of the porcu­
pine, and are properly no other than gall-stones, being of a yellow or
brownish colour.

German BEZOAR, is found in the stomach of an animal of the goat
kind, called chamois or rupi-capra. Some weigh 18 ounces, but is
not of much esteem in medicine.

BEZOAR Animale [with chemists] the livers and hearts of vipers
dried in the sun and pulverized.

BEZOAR Minerale [with chemists] a preparation of butter of anti­
mony fixed by spirit of nitre, and pulverized. Then the matter is
powdered and calcined in a crucible, after which it is edulcorated by
washing, and spirit of wine burnt on it three or four times.

BEZOA＇RDIC, or BEZOA＇RTIC [in medicine] cordial remedies,
or antidotes against poison or infectious distempers; so called as being
compounded with bezoar.

BEZOA＇RDICUM Joviale [in medicine] bezoar of Jupiter; a regulus
made by melting of three ounces of regulus of antimony, and two of
block tin, which being reduced to a powder, and fixed with corrosive
sublimate, and distilled off in a kind of butter; this butter is after­
wards dissolved in spirit of nitre, and the solution is distilled three
times, till the bezoar remain at the bottom.

BEZOARDICUM Lunale, or BEZOAR of the Moon [in chemistry] is
made by fixing eight ounces of rectified butter of antimony, and one of
fine silver, which is dissolved by pouring it in fresh and fresh on spirit
of nitre, till the ebullition cease, after which the spirit is drawn off,
and the bezoar is powdered, washed, and edulcorated with spirits of
wine, till it grows insipid.

BEZOARDICUM Martiale [in chemistry] a solution of crocus martis,
made by a reverberation in butter of antimony, and then spirit of nitre
is poured on it, and the further procedure is the same with that of other
bezoardic preparations.

To BE＇ZZLE [q. d. to beastle] to tipple, to guzzle, to drink
hard.

BIA＇NGULATED [biangulatus, Lat.] two-cornered.

BIA＇NGULOUS [biangulus, Lat.] having two corners.

BI＇ARCH [biarchus, Lat. of βιαρχος, of βιος, life, and ἀρχος, a su­
perintendant] a caterer, he who provides victuals, a suttler.

BIA＇RCHY [biarchia, Lat. βιαρχια, Gr.] the office of caterer, &c.

BIA＇FAR, a kingdom of Africa, in Nigritia, bounded on the west by
the kingdom of Benin, on the north by that of Medra, and on the east
and south by the kingdom of Mujac.

BIALO＇GOROD, a town of Bessarabia, upon the Neister; it is also
called Akerman. Lat. 46° 24′ N. Long. 32° 20′ E.

BIA＇RU, a cape on the north-east part of the island of Macassar, in
the Indian ocean.

BI＇AS [biais, Fr. said to come from bihay, an old Gaulish word sig­
nifying cross or thwart. Johnson] 1. A weight on one side of a playing
bowl, turning the course of the bowl from a right line. 2. That
which turns a man to any particular course, or directs his measures.
This is that boasted bias of thy mind,
By which one way to dulness ＇tis inclin＇d. Dryden.
3. Propension or inclination. He seems to have little bias towards the
opinions of Wickliffe. Dryden. 4. A bent, and inclination of mind.
5. Bias in the following passage seems to be used adverbially, conforma­
bly to the French, mettre une chose de biais, to give any thing a wrong
interpretation. Johnson. Athwart, across, aslant of.
Every action trial did draw,
Bias and thwart, not answering the aim. Shakespeare.

To BIAS [biaiser, Fr.] to set a bias upon, to incline or prepossess a
person to some side.

BIATHA＇NATOI [of βια, violence, and θανατος, death] persons ta­
ken away by a violent death.

To BIB [of bibo, Lat.] to drink or sip often, to tipple; as, he was
constantly bibbing. Locke.

BIB [probably of bibo, Lat. or of babadero, Sp.] a piece of linen for
the breast of a child, to keep his cloaths clean. Why not write on a
bib and hanging sleeves, as well as on the bulla and prætexta? Addison.

BIBA＇CIOUS [bibacis, gen. of bibax, Lat.] much given to drinking.

BIBA＇CITY [bibacitas, Lat.] the quality of great or hard drink­
ing.

BI＇BBER [biberon, Fr. of bibo, Lat.] a tippler of liquors, he that
drinks often.

BIBERO＇T, minced meat, of the breasts of partridges and fat pul­
lets, &c.

BI＇BERSBERG, a town of the Upper Hungary, 15 miles north of
Presburgh. Lat. 48° 35′ N. Long. 17° 30′ E.

BIBE＇SY [bibesia, Lat.] a too earnest desire after drink, actual tip­
pling.

BI＇BITORY Muscle [with anatomists] a muscle that draws the eye
down towards the cup.

BI＇BLE [Fr. biblia, Sp. Port. and Lat. bibel, Du. and Ger. of βιβ­
λιον, Gr. a book] the divine collection of the books of the Old and
New Testament, so called by way of eminence; an etymology similar
to that of the Mahometan coran; sometimes called the al-kitàb, i. e.
THE book; and sometimes al-coràn, i. e. THE thing to be read. See
AL-CORAN and BERÆANS, compar＇d with Acts xvii. 11.
The first translation of the book of the Old Testament was out of
the Hebrew into the Greek, by the LXXII interpreters, and thence
is called the Septuagint, and from the Septuagint it was translated into
Latin, which is called the old Latin version.
The Latins have various modern versions; but only two that are an­
cient, the first is that which is called the Italick, and the second that of
St. Jerome, which is called the Vulgate, because it was confirmed by
the council of Trent for vulgar use.
The bible was translated into the English Saxon tongue about the
year 940, and was first translated into English by William Tindal, in
the 21st year of the reign of Henry VIII. and then printed.
It was again translated in the reign of king James I. about the year
1603; the division of the bible into chapters was made in the year 1252.

BIBLIO-ICONO-CLAST [of βιβλιον, a book, εικων, an image, and
κλασης, a breaker] a destroyer of books with pictures in them.

BIBLIO＇GRAPHER [βιβλιογραϕος, of βιβλιον, a book, and γραϕω, Gr.
to write] a writer of books, a copist.

BIBLIO＇POLIST [βιβλιοπωλης, of βιβλιον, and πωλεω, Gr. to fell] a
bookseller.

BIBLIOTA＇PHIST [of bibliotaphus, Lat. of βιβλιοταϕος, of βιβλιον, a
book, and ταϕη, Gr. a sepulchre] an hider or burier of books. Happy
had it been for the cause of truth and knowledge, if the spirit of bi­
gotry and misguided zeal had stopped here: For books, which are only
hid, may in process of time be brought to light; but what think ye of
falsifying and corrupting the books themselves? a practice which, had
not St. John foreseen would be too prevalent in the Christian world,
he might have spared that solemn protest against it, Revel. c. xxii.
v. 18, 19. See FO＇RGERY and INTERPOLA＇TION.

BIBLIO＇THECA [βιβλιοθηκη, of βιβλιον and θηκη, Gr. a repository] a
place where books are kept, a library, a study; also the books them­
selves. Lat.

BIBLIO＇THECAL [bibliotheca, Lat.] of or belonging to a library.

BIBLIO＇THECARY [bibliothecarius, Lat.] a library-keeper.

BI＇BRACK, an imperial city of Swabia in Germany, about 20 miles
south of Ulm. Lat. 48° 12′ N. Long. 9° 30′ E.

BI＇BULOUS [bibulus, Lat.] given to bibbing or drinking much or
often, having the quality of sucking up moisture as a spunge, the sea­
sand, &c. This is the most usual sense.
Strow＇d bibulous above, I see the sands. Thomson.

BICA＇NER, a city of Asia, in the country of the Mogul, upon the
Ganges, and capital of the province of Bacar. Lat. 28° 40′ N.
Long. 87° 20′ E.

BICA＇PSULAR, adj. [bicapsularis, of binus, two, and capsula, Lat.
a case or capsule] a term applied to plants, whose seed-vessels are divided
into two parts.

BICAPSULA＇RIS, or BICAPSULA＇TUS [with botanists] a plant is said
to be so, whose seed vessel is divided into two parts, as in verbascum,
mullein, scrophularia, figwort, euphrasia, eye-bright, &c. Lat.

BICE, a sort of painting colour, either green or blue. Take green
bice, and order it as you do your blue bice. Peacham.

BI＇CEPS [in anatomy] a name given to several muscles so called
from their having two heads. Lat.

BICEPS Cubiti [with anatomists] a muscle of the elbow so named,
because it has two heads, the outmost or first arising from the upper
part of the brink of the acetabulum scapulæ, and being both united,
make a large fleshy belly, and are inserted to the tubercle at the upper
head of the radius.

BICEPS Femoris [in anatomy] a muscle of the leg, which also has
two heads, of which the upper and longest has its rise from a knob of
the os ischium, and the other from the linea aspera of the os femoris,
immediately beneath the end of the glutæus maximus; these being
united, go on to the outward appendix of the thigh bone, and are im­
planted to the upper apophysis of the fibula.

BICEPS Tibiæ [in anatomy] a muscle of the leg, so called on ac­
count of its having two heads, the one proceeding from the tuberosity
of the ischium, and the other from the middle of the linea aspera, both
which unite and are inserted by one tendon in the superior and external







part of the perone. The use of it is to help to bend the tibia, and turn
the leg, foot, and toes outward, when a person sits down.

BICI＇PITAL, or BICI＇PITOUS [bicipitis, of biceps, Lat. two-headed]
1. Having or pertaining to that which has two heads; as, bicipitous
conformation in Brown＇s Vulgar Errors. 2. It is applied to one of the
muscles of the arm; as, the bicipital muscle of the arm. Brown.

To BI＇CKER [probably of bicre, C. Brit. a contest, or perhaps of
bickeren, Du. to play at dice, which often gives occasion to wrangling
and quarrelling] 1. To tilt, to skirmish, without a set battle, to fight off
and on. They fell to such a bickering, that he got a halting. Sidney.
2. To quiver, to play backwards and forwards.
Fierce effusion roll＇d,
Of smoke and bickering flame, and sparkles dire. Milton.

BI＇CKERER [of bicker] he that bickers or skirmishes.

BI＇CKERN [apparently corrupted from beakiron] an iron ending in
a point. A blacksmith＇s anvil is sometimes made with a pike, bickern,
or beakiron, at one end. Moxon.

BICO＇RNE, the bone of the tongue, called also hyoides.

BICO＇RNE, or BICO＇RNOUS [bicornis, Lat.] that hath two horns,
forked; the letter Y, or bicornous element of Pythagoras. Brown.

BICO＇RPORAL [bicorpor, of bis and corporalis, Lat.] having two bo­
dies.

BICORPORAL Signs [in astrology] such signs of the zodiac that have
double bodies.

To BID [irr. verb, perf. I bid, bad, bade, I have bid or bidden;
part. pass. bid, bidden, beodan, Sax. gebieden, Du. bieten or gebieten,
Ger. bindan, Goth.] 1. To denounce; as, to bid battle, or to bid
defiance. 2. To proclaim or make known publickly; as, to bid the
bans. 3. To pray; as, to bid prayer; to bid farewel or adieu. 4.
To wish; as, to bid good speed, to bid good morrow. 5. To declare
or pronounce; as, to bid welcome. 6. To desire, to ask, to invite;
as, to bid him to dinner. 7. To order or command before things or
persons; as, he bid her alight.
He bade his willows learn the moving song. Pope.

To BID Money for any Goods,&c. [of biddan, Sax.] to offer mo­
mey.

To BID a Boon, to make a request.

BID, or BAD [irr. pret. bead, Sax.] hath bid.

BID, or BIDDEN [irr. part. pass. budne, Dan.] 1. Being bid, or
bidden, invited. 2. Commanded; as, a bidden blush. Pope.

BI＇DALE [a western word for help all. Martin] an invitation of
friends to drink at the house of a poor man, and there to contribute
charity.

To BIDE, verb act. [bidan, Sax.] to endure or suffer. Shake­
speare and Dryden both use it.

To BIDE, verb neut. 1. To dwell, to inhabit. All them that bide
in heaven. Milton. 2. To remain in any place. Safe in a ditch he
bides. Shakespeare. 3. To continue in any state or condition. They
also, if they bide not still in unbelief, shall be grafted. Romans. 4. It
has probably all the significations of abide: but it being grown obso­
lete, the examples of its various meanings are not easily found.

BIDE＇NTAL [bidentis, of bidens, Lat.] having two teeth. The ill
management of forks is not to be helped, when they are only bidental.
Swift.

BIDE＇NTALS [among the Romans] priests instituted for the perfor­
mance of certain ceremonies on occasion of a thunderbolt＇s falling on
any place. They were so called of bidental (i. e. a sheep of two years
old having teeth on each side) which they offered in sacrifice.

BI＇DDEN. See To BID.

BI＇DDER [from bid] he that bids a price. Dresses hung there ex­
posed to the purchase of the best bidder. Addison.

BI＇DDING, subst. [of bid] order or command.

BIDDING of the Beads, a charge or warning anciently given by parish
priests to their parishioners, at some particular prayers, for the soul of
some deceased friend.

BI＇DING [from bide] residence, dwelling:
At Antwerp has my constant biding been. Rowe.

BI＇EL, a town of the canton of Bern in Switzerland, situated at the
mouth of a lake, to which it gives name, about 15 miles north-east of
the city of Bern. Lat. 47° 15′ N. Long. 7° E.

BIE＇LSKI, a town of Polachia, in Poland, about 62 miles south of
Grodno. Lat. 53° N. Long. 24° E.

BIE＇NNIAL [biennis, of binus, two, and annus, Lat. a year] that is
of two years continuance, two years old. Some are long-lived, others
only annual or biennial. Ray.

BIER, or BEER [bare or beer, Sax. barr, Su. bere, Teut. biere, Fr.
from to bear, as feretrum from fero, Lat. Johnson] a woodden frame
to carry a dead body upon to burial.

BIE＇STINGS [bysting, Sax.] the first milk taken from a cow after
calving, which is thick, and of a yellow tinge. See BEESTINGS.

BIFA＇RIOUS [bifarius, Lat.] two-fold, or that may be taken two
ways.

BI＇FID [bifidus, Lat. among botanists] is applied to whatever is
divided in two; split in two, opening with a cleft.

BI＇FEROUS [biferus, Lat. of bis, twice, and fero, to bear] bearing
double; also bearing fruit twice a year.

BI＇FIDATED [bifidatus, Lat.] cut or cleft in two parts, cloven in
two.

BI＇FIDUS, BI＇FIDA, or BI＇FIDUM [with botanists] a leaf, &c. of a
plant is so called, when it is cut or divided into two parts. Lat.

BI＇FOLD [of binus, Lat. two, and fold, Eng.] twofold. Bifold
authority. Shakespeare.

BIFO＇LIUM [with botanists] the herb two-blade. Lat.

BIFO＇RMED [biformis, Lat. of binus, two, and forma, a shape] hav-
two forms or shapes.

BIFO＇ROUS [biforis, of bis, twice, and fores, Lat. a door] having
double doors.

BIFU＇RCATED [bifurcus, of binus, two, and furca, Lat. a fork]
having two forks or prongs. A piece bifurcated or branching into
two. Woodward.

BIFURCA＇TION, division into two parts. A bifurcation or division
of the root into two parts. Brown.

BIG [buce, Sax. a belly, buyck, Du. This word is of uncertain or
unknown etymology; Junius derives it from βαγαιος, Skinner from
bug, which in Danish signifies the belly. Johnson] 1. Great or large
in bulk; opposed to small. 2. Teeming, great with young; having
the particle with; as, big with young. 3. Some times of, but rarely.
His gentle lady big of this gentleman. Shakespeare. 4. Full of some­
thing, desirous, ready, or about to vent something; having with.
———The day,
Big with the fate of Cato and of Rome. Addison.
5. Swoln, ready to burst: used often of the effects of any passion.
Thy heart is big, get thee apart and weep. Shakespeare.
6. Haughty, swelling, surly in mien or talk; as, he looks big, or he＇s
a man of big looks, and he speaks big, or is a man of big words. 7.
High in spirit, lofty, brave.
Have not I
An arm as big as thine? a heart as big? Shakespeare.

BI＇GA [of bis, twice, and jugum, Lat. a yoke, in old records] a cart
with two wheels.

BI＇GAMIST [bigamus, low Lat. bigame, Fr.] one that has two wives.
By the papal canons, a clergyman that has a wife cannot have an ec­
clesiastical benefice, much less can a bigamist. Ayliffe.

BI＇GAMY [bigamie, Fr. bigamia, It. Sp. and low Lat. of bis, Lat.
twice, and γαμος, Gr. marriage] 1. The crime of having two hus­
bands or two wives at the same time; as, loath＇d bigamy. Shakespeare.
2. In the canon law; the marriage of a second wife, or of a widow,
or a woman already debauched, which, in the church of Rome, some­
what incapacitated a man from ecclesiastical benefits.

BIGAMY [in common law] an impediment that hinders a man from
being a clerk, on account that he has been twice married.

BIGA＇RRADE, Fr. A kind of great orange.

BI＇GAT, an ancient Roman coin, stamped with the figure of a cha­
riot drawn by two horses abreast, in value equal to the Denarius, or
seven-pence halfpenny English money.

BIG-Bellied [of big and belly] being with child or with young; as,
a big-bellied woman.

BI＇GENOUS [of bigens and bigenus, Lat.] born of parents of two
different nations; also of parents of different kinds.

BIGGE, a pap or teat. O.

BI＇GGEN, the name of a kingdom and city in the island Niphon, in
Japan.

BI＇GGER [comp. of big] greater in bulk.

BI＇GGEST [super. of big] greatest in bulk.

BI＇GGIN [beguin, Fr.] a sort of linen coif to tie round the forehead,
or a cap for a young child. His brow with homely biggin bound.
Shakespeare.

BI＇GGLESWADE, a market town in Bedfordshire, situated on the ri­
ver Ivel, about eight miles from Bedford, and 45 from London.

BIGHT, or BITE [a sea word] any turn or part of a cable or rope
that lies compassing or rolled up.

To hold by the BIGHT [a sea phrase] is to hold by that part of the
rope that is coiled or rolled up.

BIGHT, or BOUGHT [of an horse] is the inward bend of the cham­
brel, and also the bend of the fore-knee.

BI＇GLY [of big] in a haughty blustering manner. Bigly to look.
Dryden.

BI＇GNESS [of big] 1. Largeness, greatness, magnitude of bulk.
2. Size, whether greater or smaller. Rays make vibrations of several
bignesses, which excite sensations of several colours. Newton.

BI＇LBOA, the capital of the province of Biscay, in Spain, situated
near the mouth of the river Ibaicabal, which falling into the sea a lit­
tle below it, forms a good harbour. Lat. 43° 30′ N. Long. 3° W.

BILEDU＇LGERID, one of the divisions of Africa, having Barbary on
the north, and Zaara, or the desert, on the south.

BI＇LEVEST, a town of Westphalia, in Germany, about seven miles
south-east of Ravensburgh, subject to the king of Prussia. Lat. 52° N.
Long. 8° 15′ E.

BI＇GOT [bigot, Fr. in religion or philosophy. The etymology of
this word is unknown; but it is supposed by Cambden and others to
take its rise from some occasional phrase. Johnson] a person devoted to
a party, prejudiced or attached in favour of some opinions, a blind zea­
lot; as, he＇s a bigot to his party;

BI＇GOTED, or BIGO＇TTED [of bigot] become a bigot, zealously and
obstinately adhering to a party or principle in religion, or any thing
else; with to.

BI＇GOTRY. 1. Prejudice, unreasonable warmth or blind zeal, in favour
of any opinions; with to; as, bigotry to tenets. 2. The practice, the
tenet of a bigot; as, we persist in those bigotries. Pope. The several
shapes in which this unreasonable prejudication appears, are as follows:
1. A bigot cannot bear to hear his own tenets and principles opposed by
another, and it is still worse, if, 2dly, He will not examine for himself:
But worst of all, when, 3dly, He conceives uncharitably of those that
differ from him, bears them an ill will, and is disposed to do them ill
offices. This last turn of mind is the perfection of bigotry, and where
it has got power, and the secular arm on its side, soon breaks out into
open persecution. See BIBLIOTAPHIST and BERÆANS.

BI＇GOTTISM, a stiff adherence to a party or opinion, though without
reason, or even against it.

BI＇GSWOLN [of big and swoln] ready to burst, swoln very much.
Might my bigswoln heart,
Vent all its griefs, and give a loose to sorrow. Addison.

BI＇G-UDDERED [of big and uddered] having big udders, or dugs
swoln with milk; as, big udder＇d ewes. Pope.

A BITE, a trick or cheat upon a person; also the person who tricks
or cheats.

BITES, or BI＇TERS, a race of men who are perpetually employed in
laughing at those mistakes, which are of their own production, such as
are the making April fools every day in the year. Spectator.

BIJOU＇TERIE, a word imported from the French language, and
which signifies trinkets and jewels of all kinds. The original word is
bijou, which Pere Richelet explains by gems, precious stones, bracelets,
and all the like ornaments.

BIJU＇GOUS [bijugus, of bis, twice, and jugum, Lat. a yoke] yoked
or coupled together.

BIJU＇GUS, BIJU＇GA, or BIJU＇OUM [with botanists] a plant is so
called, when two leaves are joined to the same stalk at the same place,
over-against one another, as in mint, lychnis, &c.








BILA＇NCIIS Deferendis [in law] a writ directing the corporation to
carry weights to a particular haven, to weigh the wool that a person
has licence to export. Lat.

BI＇LANDER. See BELANDRE, which is the true orthography. A
small vessel, of about eighty tons burden, for the carriage of goods.
It is a kind of hoy, with masts and sails like it. They are chiefly
used in Holland, as being fit for the canals there.
Like bilanders to creep
Along the coast, and land in view to keep. Dryden.

BILARIUS Ductus [with anatomists] a channel with which the ductus
cysticus makes the ductus communis choledochus, which passes ob­
liquely to the lower end of the gut duodenum, or beginning of the je­
junum: it is called also ductus hepaticus. It is a considerable appen­
dage of the liver.

BI＇LBERRY [from bilig, Sax. a bladder, and berry, Eng. Skinner]
the fruit of a small creeping bush, about the higness of a juniper-berry,
but of a purple colour, and sharp, though sweetish taste: the same with
whortleberry.
Pinch the maids as blue as bilberries. Shakespeare.

BI＇LBO [corrupted from Bilboa, where the best tempered weapons
are made] a sword or rapier. To be compassed like a good bilbo, in
the circumference of a peck, hilt to point, heel to head. Shakespeare.

BI＇LBOES [a sea word] a sort of punishment at sea, by laying the
offender in irons, or putting him in a sort of stocks. Shakespeare uses
it in Hamlet.

BILE [bilis, Lat.] the gall or choler; an humour of the body,
partly saline, of a yellow colour, which is separated from the blood of
animals in the liver, and is received into two vessels, viz. the gall­
bladder, and the porus biliarius, and thence discharged by the common
duct into the duodenum. Its use is to sheathe or blunt the acids of the
chyle, because they, being entangled with its sulphurs, thicken it so,
that it cannot be sufficiently diluted by the pancreatic juice to enter the
lacteals. In its progression, soon the labour＇d chyle
Receives the confluent rills of bitter bile;
Which by the liver sever＇d from the blood,
And striving through the gall-pipe, here unload
Their yellow streams. Blackmore.

BILE [bile, Sax. bitter, perhaps from bilis, Lat.] an inflammatory
tumor. See BOIL.
This is generally spelt boil, but I think less properly. Johnson.

BILGE, or BI＇LLAGE [with mariners] the bottom of the floor of a
ship, the compass or breadth of its bottom.

BILGE-Pump, the same as bur-pump.

BILGE-Water [a sea term] that water which, by reason of the
breadth of the ship＇s bilge, cannot come to the well in the hold of the
ship.

To BILGE, or BULGE [with mariners] a ship is said to bilge or
be bilged, when she has struck off some of her timber against a rock,
an so springs a leak and lets in water.

BI＇LIARY [bilis, Lat.] belonging to the bile or gall; as, the biliary
duct.

BI＇LINGSGATE, a cant word, borrowed from Bilingsgate in London,
a place where there is always a crowd of fish-women and other low
people, remarkable for frequent brawls and notorious foul language.
Shameful Bilingsgate her robes adorn. Pope.

BILI＇NGUIS [in law] is used of a jury that is impannelled on a so­
reigner, of which part are English, and part those of his own coun­
try.

BILI＇NGUOUS [bilinguis, of binus, two, and lingua, Lat. a tongue]
that can speak two languages; also double-tongued, deceitful.

BI＇LIS ATRA, Lat. [with physicians] black choler, or melancholy.

BI＇LIOUS [bilieux, Fr. bilioso, It. and Sp. of biliosus, of bilis, Lat.]
full of bile or choler, choleric. The marks which Boerhaave gives of
the bilious temperament or constitution, are large veins, with a great
and quick pulse, a dusky complexion, leanness, hardness, and plenty
of black and crispy hair; and yet HOMER has given the yellowish kind
of hair to his heroe, as that of Hector was brown—
Ξανθης δε κομης ελε πηλειωνα. Iliad, Book I. line 197.

BILIOUS Fever, that kind of fever where the bile is supposed chiefly
in fault; which Dr. Mead conjectures to hold true of intermittents in
general. Monita & Præcepta Med. p. 39.

To BILK [probably of bilk, Teut. derived by Mr. Lye from the
Gothic bilaican] to disappoint or deceive, to gull, to bubble, to cheat
by running in debt and not paying.

To BILK a Coachman, to sharp and cheat him of his hire.

BILL [bille, twibille, Sax. a two-edged ax] a sort of edged tool, or
hatchet with a hooked point for lopping of trees, making hedges, &c.
if short, called a hand-bill; if long, an hedging-bill. It is so called
from its resemblance to the bill of a bird of prey. Servants use the
sickle or the bill. Temple.

BILL [billet, Fr. biglietto, It.] a note or writing of any kind. The
bill invites them all alike. Shakespeare. Of which there are various
sorts, as

BILL [in law] a process or declaration, in writing, that expresses
the grievance or injury the plaintiff has suffered by the defendant, or
some fault the person complained of has committed against some statute
or law of the realm. It is mostly offered to the lord chancellor. It
contains the fact complained of, the damages thereby sustained, and
petition of process against the defendant for redress; as, to find a bill
against one.

BILL of Credit, that which a merchant gives a person whom he can
trust, whereby he is impowered to receive money from his correspon­
dents abroad. Tho＇ bills of credit be different from bills of exchange,
yet they enjoy the same privileges; for the money paid in consequence
of them is recoverable by law.

BILL of Debt [in commerce] is the same as a bond or writing obli­
gatory; only being drawn in English, it is called a bill; but when in
Latin, a bond; or a bill is a single bond without any condition an­
nexed; whereas a bond has a penalty and condition.

BILL, an account of money. Ordinary expence ought to be limited
by a man＇s estate, that the bills may be less than the estimation
abroad.

BILL of Divorce. See DIVORCE.

BILL of Entry [in commerce] is a bill containing an account of
goods entered at the custom-house, both inward and outward.

BILL of Exchange, a short note, ordering the payment of a certain
sum of money in one place to any person appointed by the remitter, or
drawer, in consideration of the like value paid to the drawer in another
place.

BILL of Lading, a deed or instrument signed by the master of a ship,
acknowledging the receipt of the merchants goods, and obliging him­
self to deliver the same in good condition, at the place to which they
are consigned. Of these bills are three, one given to the merchant,
one to the factor, and the other is kept by the master of the ship.

BILL of Parcels [with tradesmen] a particular account of the quan­
tities, sorts and prices of goods bought, given by the seller to the
buyer.

BILL, a physician＇s prescription; as, the doctor＇s bill.

BILL, an advertisement posted for any purpose, particularly public
notice given what play and entertainments are to be acted; as, a play­
house bill.

BILL of Mortality, an account of the numbers that have died in
any particular district; as, the weekly bills of mortality in London and
Westminster, and ten miles round.

BILL of Fare, an account of such provisions as are in season, or an
account of the dishes at a feast.

BILL of Reviver. See REVI＇VER.

BILL of Review. See REVIE＇W.

BILL [in parliament] a paper containing propositions offered to the
houses to be passed, and then presented to the king to pass into an act
or law. In parliament bills are prepared and presented to the two
houses. Bacon.

BILL, an act of parliament. That way no bills can preclude,
nor no kings prevent. Atterbury.

BILL of Sale, is when a person having occasion for a sum of money,
delivers goods as a security to the lender, to whom he gives this bill,
impowering him to sell the goods, in case the sum of money borrowed
is not repaid with interest at the time appointed.

BILL of Store, a sort of licence granted at the custom-house to
merchants, to carry such stores and provisions as are necessary for their
voyage, custom-free.

BILL of Sufferance, a licence granted at the custom-house to a mer­
chant, to give him a permission to trade from one English port to ano­
ther.

Bank BILL, or Bank NOTE, an instrument whereby private persons
become entitled to a part in the bank stock.

BILL [bile, Sax.] the beak of a bird. See BALL.

A BILL, a halberd or battle-ax, anciently used by the foot.
Distaff women manage rusty bills. Shakespeare.

To BILL, verb neut. [from bill, a beak] to caress as pigeons do, to
be fond. Still amorous and fond and billing.
Like Philip and Mary on a Shilling. Hudibras.

To BILL, verb act. [from bill, a writing] to publish by an adver­
tisement. A cant word. His master-piece was a composition he billed
about under the name of a sovereign antidote. L＇Estrange.

BILLA Vera [in law] i. e. a true bill, signifies the indorsing or
writing on the backside of a presentment by the grand jury, when they
find the matter probably true, and deserving further consideration.

BI＇LLAGE [a sea word] the breadth of a ship＇s floor, when she lies
on the ground.

BI＇LLARD, an imperfect or bastard capon. Also in some parts of
the kingdom, the young fish of the gradus kind are so called.

BI＇LLEMENTS [of habiliments] womens apparel, or ornaments of
any kind.

BI＇LLERCAY, a market town in Essex, four miles from Brentwood,
and 23 from London.

BI＇LLET [billot, Fr,] 1. A stick or small log of wood cut for fuel; as,
a faggot or billet for the fire. 2. An ingot of gold or silver.

BILLET [billet, Fr.] 1. A ticket for quartering of soldiers. 2. A
small paper or note folded up. A little billet, in which was only
written, remember Cæsar. Clarendon.

BILLET Doux [Fr. pronounced billé doo, plur. billets doux, pro­
nounced billé doos] a short love letter, sent by a gallant to his mistress,
or a lover to his sweet-heart, and e contra.

To BILLET [from the noun] 1. As, to billet soldiers, is to order them
to be quartered in particular houses, by a billet or small ticket. 2.
To quarter soldiers as a grievance. Charging the kingdom by billet­
ting soldiers. Raleigh.

BI＇LLETE, [in blazonry] signifies that the escutcheon is all over
strewed with billets, the number not ascertained; for if it be, the num­
ber must be expressed, and their position, and then the term billety is
not used.

BI＇LLETTED [in heraldry] charged with billets; as, he bears ar­
gent billette, Fr. a cross ingrailed gules

BI＇LLETS, little islands.

BILLETS [in heraldry] bilettes, Fr. a bearing in form of a long
square, supposed to represent cloth of gold or silver. Guillim is of
opinion, that those represent billets doux; but most authors take them
for bricks, and say that many English families settled in France, bear
them to denote their extraction from England, where so many bricks
are made; but to this others object, that England has never been fa­
mous for brick-making, and so it might as well suit many other coun­
tries as England. But Columbiere mentions briques or bricks separately
from billets, and says, that the difference between them is, that briques
are drawn so, as to represent thickness, whereas the billets have only a
flat superficies, which plainly intimates that billets represent letters
or folded papers, whether of love or otherwise. See Plate IV. Fig. 39.

BI＇LLETTY [in heraldry] a bearing in form of a long square, billets
were anciently of pieces of cloth of gold or silver, longer than broad,
placed at a distance by way of ornament on clothes.

BI＇LLIARDS, without a sing. [of billard, Fr. of billa, Lat. the balls
made use of. Of billiard the French language has no etymology, and
therefore they probably derived from England both the play and the
name, which is corrupted from balyards, yards or sticks with which a
ball is driven along a table. Thus Spenser, balyards much unfit. John­
son] a game played on an oblong table, exactly level, and covered with
cloth, with ivory balls, which are struck or driven with sticks made
bending, on purpose to drive the antagonists ball into holes, called ha­
zards or pockets, on the edge and corners of the table. The art of the
game lies in putting one ball into the pockets, so as not to pocket your
own.








BI＇LLITING [among hunters] the ordure or dung of a fox.

BI＇LLON [in coinage] a sort of base metal, either of gold or silver,
in the mixture of which copper predominates.

BILLON [in geography] a town of the lower Auvergne, in the
Lyonois, in France, about 10 miles south-east of Clermont. Lat. 45°
40′ N. Long. 3° 25′ E.

BI＇LLISDON, a market town of Leicestershire, about seven miles from
Leicester, and 72 from London.

BI＇LLON [q. d. bixmillions, Eng. or millions twice] a term used by
arithmeticians in numeration, intimating that the word millions is twice
mentioned, as 6,6666,600000.

BI＇LLOW [probably of bellen, to roar, or bilg, Teut. a wave. John­
son says of bilge, Germ. bolg, Dan. probably of the same original with
bilig, Sax. a bladder] a surge of the sea, a great rolling wave.
His tumbling billows roll with gentle rore. Spenser.
But when loud billows lash the sounding shore,
The hoarse rough verse should like the torrent roar. Pope.

To BILLOW [from the noun] to swell or roll as a wave. Billowing
snow. Prior.

BI＇LLOWY [of billow] swelling, wavy. Descends the billowy
foam. Thomson.

BI＇LSEN, a town of Germany, about six miles west of Maestricht.
Lat. 51° N. Long. 5° 30′ E.

BIMA＇RICAL, or BIMA＇RIAN [bimaris, of binus, two, and mare, Lat.
the sea] of or pertaining to two seas.

BIME＇DIAL [with mathematicians] is when two medial lines, com­
mensurable only in power, containing a rational rectangle, are com­
pounded, the whole line shall be irrational, and is called a first bime­
dial line.

BIMLI＇PATAN, a town of Golconda, in India, situated on the west
side of the bay of Bengal. The Dutch have a factory here. Lat. 18°
N. Long 83° E.

BIN [binne, Sax. a manger] a great chest or wooded frame to
put corn, &c. in. The most convenient way of picking hops is into
a long square frame of wood called a bin. Mortimer.

BINA＇RIOUS, or BI＇NARY [binarius, of binus, Lat. two] of or per­
taining to two, double.

BINARY Arithmetic, an arithmetic, or method of computation pro­
posed by Mr. Leibnitz, in which, instead of the ten figures in the com­
mon arithmetic, and the progression from 10 to 10, only two figures are
used, the two figures are 0 and 1, and the cypher multiplies every thing
by 2, as in common arithmetic by 10. Thus 1 is one, 10, 2, 11, 3,
and 100, 4, &c. This method appears to be the same with that used
by the Chinese four thousand years ago.

BI＇NARY Number, one composed of two units.

BINARY Measure [in music] is a measure wherein you beat equally,
or the time of rising is equal to that of falling.

BI＇NBROKE, a market town of Lincolnshire, about 25 miles from
Lincoln, and 115 from London.

BINCH, a small but fortified town of Hainault, 10 miles east of
Mons. Lat. 50° 30′ N. Long. 4° 20′ E.

To BI＇ND, verb act. [irreg. pret. I bound, or have bound; part.
pass. bound or bounden; bindan, Sax. binde, Dan. binda, Su. binden,
Du. and Ger. bindan, Goth.] 1. To tie with bonds, to chain. Wilt
thou bind him for thy maidens? Job. 2. To gird, enwrap, or in­
volve with something. Who hath bound the waters in a garment. Pro­
verbs. 3. To fasten to any thing. Bind this line of scarlet thread in
the window. Joshua. 4. To tye up or fasten together. Gather toge­
ther the tares, and bind them in bundles. St. Matthew. 5. To cover a
wound with dressings and bandages. Having filled up the bared cra­
nium with our dressings, we bound up his wounds. Wiseman. 6. To
compel or constrain. Imperial constitutions, which have not been re­
ceived here, do not bind. Hale. 7. To oblige by stipulation or oath;
as, to bind one＇s self by bond, and to bind an apprentice. 8. To
oblige by duty or law, in the passive form, with to.
Tho＇ I am bound to every act of duty,
I am not bound to that all slaves are free to. Shakespeare.
9. To oblige by kindness, with to; as, that good-natured action will
bind him to you. 10. To confine, to hinder, sometimes with in, and
up emphatical.
Now I＇m cabin＇d, crib＇d, confin＇d, bound in,
To saucy doubts. Shakespeare.
You will sooner by imagination bind a bird from singing than from eat­
ing. Bacon. The only cause that binds up the understanding, and con­
fines it to one object, from which it will not be taken off. Locke. 11.
To hinder the flux of the belly, to make costive, not to loosen the
body. Parts that purge, and parts that bind the body. Bacon. 12. To
restrain; with up emphatical. The more we are bound up to an exact
narration, we want more life and fire to animate the story. Felton. 13.
To border or edge with something; as, to bind a garment. To bind
a book, to put it in a cover. 14. To bind to, to oblige, to serve one.
Still thou art bound to vice, and still a slave. Dryden.
15. To bind to; to contract with any body. Art thou bound to a
wife? seek not to be loosed. 1 Corinthians. 16. To bind over (in law)
to oblige to make appearance; as, to bind one over to the sessions.

To BIND, verb neut. 1. To grow stiff and hard. To have the parts
contracted together. If the land rise full of clots, and if it is a binding
land, make it sine by harrowing. Mortimer. 2. To be of a costive
nature, not laxative; as, that diet binds. 3. To be obligatory. Bar­
gains for truck between a Swiss and an Indian are binding to them.
Locke.

A BIND [of eels] two hundred and fifty, or ten strikes, each con­
taining 25 eels.

BI＇NDER [from bind] 1. He that binds books. 2. He that binds
sheaves of corn. Three binders stood and took the handfuls reapt.
Chapman. 3. A sillet or shred of linnen, or any thing else, to bind or
tye with. A double cloth I cut from each end to the middle into three
binders. Wiseman.

BI＇NDING [of bind] 1. A bandage. Take off the binding of his eyes.
Tatler. 2. A sort of tape to few round the edges of garments, to pre­
vent their ravelling or tearing.

BI＇NDING [with falconers] is a tiring, or when a hawk seizes.

BI＇NDIND Joists [in architecture] joists in a floor, into which the
trimmers of stair-cases, and chimney-walls, are framed.

BIND WEED [convolvulus, Lat.] an herb; it hath mostly culing
stalks, and a flower like a bell. The species are thirty-six: 1. The
common white great bindweed, vulgarly called bearbind, which
is a very troublesome weed in gardens. 2. Lesser field bind­
weed, with a rose-coloured flower, vulgarly called gravel-bind. This
is still a worse weed than the former. 3. Common sea bindweed, with
round leaves. It is commonly found upon gravelly or sandy shores,
where the salt water overflows: this is a strong purge often used in
medicine. 4. Great American bindweed, with spacious yellow sweet­
scented flowers, commonly called Spanish arbour vine, or Spanish
woodbine. It is common in the hot parts of America. It will grow
to the length of sixty or an hundred feet, and produce great quantities
of side branches. 5. White and yellow Spanish potatoes. 6. Red
Spanish potatoes. These two are much cultivated in the West Indies
for food, and from the roots a drink is made called mobby, which is a
sprightly liquor, but not apt to fly into the head, nor will it keep be­
yond four or five days. These roots have been brought from America,
and cultivated in Spain and Portugal, but not so well liked as the com­
mon potatoe, being too sweet and luscious. 7. The jalap, &c. The
root of this has been long used in medicine, is a native of the province
of Italapa, about two days journey from La Vera Cruz.

BING [in the alum works] a heap of alum thrown together in order
to drain.

BI＇NGEN, a town of the electorate of Mentz, about 16 miles west of
that city. Lat. 50° N. Long. 7° 20′ E.

BI＇NGHAM, a market town of Nottinghamshire, 108 miles from
London.

BINNA＇RIUM [in old records] a stew or pond for keeping or breed­
ing of fish.

BI＇NOCLE [q. d. bini oculi, Lat. a pair of eyes] in optics, a double
telescope, i. e. consisting of two tubes joined together, by which a re­
mote object may be viewed with both eyes at once.

BINO＇CULAR [of binus, two, and oculus, eye, Lat.] having two eyes.
Derham uses it.

BINO＇MIAL Root [in the mathematics] is a root composed of two
parts joined by the sign + or −: Thus x+y, or a+b, or 3+4,
or 5−2, is a binomial root, consisting of the sum or differences of
two quantities: If it has three parts, as x+y+z, it is called a tri­
nomial; and any root consisting of more than three parts, is called a
multinomial.

BINO＇MINOUS [binominis, of binus, two, and nomen, Lat. a name]
that hath two names.

BIO＇GRAPHER [of βιος, life, and γραϕω, Gr. to describe] one who
writes the lives of particular persons, not the history of nations. Grub­
street biographers watch for the death of a great man, like so many un­
dertakers, to make a penny of him. Addison.

BIO＇GRAPHY [of βιος, life, and γραϕω, Gr. to write] the writing of
the lives of eminent persons.

BIOLY＇CHNIUM [of βιος, life, and λυχνος, Gr. a candle] the vital
flame, natural heat or life of animals, particularly that which is com­
municated to a child in the womb.

BI＇ORNBURG, a town of Finland, situated on the eastern shore of
the Bothnic gulph. Lat. 62° N. Long. 21° E.

BI＇OVAC, BI＇HONAC, or BIVO＇UAC [wey wach, Ger. a double
guard; in the art of war] an extraordinary guard kept by the whole
army, when it is drawn out every evening from their tents or huts, ei­
ther at a siege, or lying before an enemy; and they continue all night
under arms before the lines or camp, to prevent a surprize.

To raise the BIOVAC [a military term] is to order the army to return
to their tents some time after break of day.

BI＇PAROUS [biparus, Lat. of binus, two, and pario, to bring forth]
bringing forth two at a birth.

BI＇PARTIENT [bipartious, of bis, twice, and partior, Lat. to divide,
with arithmeticians] a number which divides another equally into two
parts, leaving no remainder; so 4 to 8, 6 to 12, 8 to 16, are bipar­
tients.

BI＇PARTITE [bipartitus, of binus, two, and partior, Lat. to divide]
divided into two parts, having two correspondent and equal parts.

BIPARTI＇TION [of bipartite] the act of dividing into two parts, or
of making two correspondent and equal parts. Lat.

BI＇PATENT [bipatens, of bis, twice, and pateo, Lat. to be open]
lying open on both sides.

BI＇PED, subst. [bipedis, gen. of bipes, from binus, twice, and pes, a
foot] an animal having two feet. Brown has used it.

BI＇PEDAL [bipedalis, of binus, two, and pes, Lat. a foot] of two
feet long, wide, &c. also having two feet.

BIPEDA＇LITY [bipedalitas, Lat.] the length of two feet.

BIPEDA＇NEOUS [pipedaneus, of bis, twice, and pes, Lat. a foot] two
foot thick, deep, or hollow, within the ground.

BIPE＇NNATED [of binus, two, and penna, Lat. a wing] having
two wings. Bipennated insects have poises joined to the body. Der­
ham.

BIPE＇TALOUS [of bis, Lat. twice, and πεταλον, Gr. a flower leaf]
consisting of two flower leaves.

BIPENE＇LLA [with botanists] saxifrage or pimpernel. Lat.

BIPU＇NCTUAL [bipunctualis, Lat.] having two points.

BIQUA＇DRATE [of bis and quadratus, Lat.] a double quadrate or
square.

BIQUA＇DRATE, or BIQUADRA＇TIC [in arithmetic or algebra] the
fourth power arising from the multiplication of a square number or
quantity by itself; so 9, the square of 3, multiplied by itself, produces
the biquadrate 81. In algebra any equation consisting of not more
than four terms, and where the unknown quantity of one of the terms
has four dimensions; as, x4 + a x3 + b x2 + c x + d = o is a be­
quadratic equation, because the term x4 is of four dimensions.

BIQUI＇NTILE [with astronomers] an aspect of the planets, so called,
because it consists of two fifths of the whole circle, or 144 de­
grees.

BIRCH [birce, bire, Sax. bercken, Du. bircken, Ger. betula, Lat.]
a tree whose leaves are like those of the poplar, the katkins are pro­
duced at remote distances from the fruits, the fruit becomes a squa­
mose cone, the seeds are winged, and the tree casts its outer rind







every year; it is propagated by suckers, and delights in a poor soil:
the timber is used in making chairs, hop-poles, hoops, and brooms,
&c. Miller.

BI＇RCHEN [of birch] made of birch; as, a birchen garland. Pope.

BI＇RD [probably of bredan, Sax. to breed, or of bird, Sax. the
young of any tame beast or bird, or brid, Sax. a chicken. Johnson]
a general term for the feathered kind; a fowl, small or large. In com­
mon talk, fowl is used for the larger, and bird for the smaller kind of
feathered animals.

To BIRD [from the noun] to go a birding, or catching of birds.

BIRD Bolt [of bird and bolt] a small shot or arrow shot at birds.
Take those things for bird-bolts, that you deem cannon bullets.
Shakespeare.

BIRD-Cage [of bird and cage] a contrivance or frame, generally
made of small wire, to keep birds in.

BIRD-Call [of bird and call] a whistle or pipe to decoy birds.

BIRD-Catcher [of bird and catch] one that catches or takes birds.

BI＇RDER [of bird] a bird-catcher.

BI＇RDING [of bird] the act of catching birds.

B＇IRDING-Piece [of bird and piece] a gun to shoot birds; a fowling­
piece. It is used by Shakespeare.

BIRD-Lime [of bird and lime] a glutinous matter, made of the bark
of holly, which being spread upon twigs, entangles the birds that
light upon them.

BIRD-Man [of bird and man] a bird catcher; a fowler. It is used
by L＇Estrange.

A BIRD in the hand is worth two in the bush. The Lat. say: Ego
spem pretio non emo (I won＇t give ready money for hopes.) The Fr.
Un tien vaut mieux que deux tu l＇auras (one thing in possession is better
than two in view.) Ital. E meggtio haver hoggi un uovo, che dimani
una gallina (better an egg to day than a hen to-morrow.) Gr. Νη­
πιος ος τα ετοιμα λιπων τ᾿ ἀνετοιμα διωκει. Hes. He that leaves a cer­
tainty and sticks to chance, when fools pipe may chance to dance. All
those proverbs are so many lessons of caution not to neglect present
offers or opportunities, for uncertain future prospects. The Ger. say:
Ein vogel in der hand ist besser als zehen über land; (ten in the field) or,
besser ein spatz (a sparrow) in der hand, als ein storch (stork) auf dem
dache. (on the house-top.) See BUSH.

BIRDS of a feather flock together. The Lat. say: Peres cum pani­
bus facillimè congregantur. To which agrees the H. Ger. Gleich und
gleich gesellet sich gern. And the Fr. Chacun cherche son semblable.
(Every one seeks his fellow.) Young men delight in the com­
pany of the young; old of old; learned of learned; wicked of wick­
ed, &c. The Lat. say likewise: Cicada cicadæ chara; formica for­
micæ (the grashopper loves the grasshopper, the ant the ant.) And
the Greeks: Αιει κολοιος προς κολοιον ιζανιε.

BIRD＇s-Eye [adonis, Lat.] the name of a plant, whose leaves re­
semble those of fennel or camomile.

BIRD＇s-Foot [ornithopodium, Lat.] the name of a plant, of which
there are two species.

BIRD＇s-Nest [of birds and nest] 1. The nest, or place where birds
hatch their young. 2. The name of an Indian composition, of a spicy
smell and taste.

BIRD＇s-Tongue, the name of a plant.

BI＇RGANDER, the name of a water fowl; a kind of wild goose.

BI＇RT, a kind of fish, the same with turbot. See TURBOT.

BI＇RKENFIELD, a town of Germany, about 40 miles west of Mentz.
Lat. 49° 45′ N. Long. 6° 40′ E.

BI＇RMINGHAM, a large populous town of Warwickshire, famous
for all kind of iron and steel-wares. It is about 109 miles from Lon­
don; and gives title of baron to lord Dudley and Ward.

BI＇RTH [beorwe, or birt, Sax.] 1. The act of being born; as, at
a person＇s birth. 2. Extraction, descent, lineage. Virgin born of
heavenly birth. Spenser. 3. Rank inherited by descent. I am too
great of birth. Shakespeare. 4. The condition or circumstances in
which one is born.
Halesus came,
A foe by birth to Troy＇s unhappy name. Dryden.
5. The person or thing born, the production.
Unfather＇d heirs and loathly births of nature. Shakespeare.
Others hatch the eggs and tend the birth, till it is able to shift for it­
self. Addison. 6. The act of bringing forth.
At her next birth much like thee,
Thro＇ pangs fled to felicity. Milton.
7. Rise, beginning; as, it gave birth to that report.

BIRTH is much, but breeding more. Lat. Nobilitas sola est atque
unica virtus. H. Ger. Tugend für dem adel geher: adel mit tugend
gatz bestehet. And indeed great birth without breeding makes but a
scurvy figure. The Fr. say: Nourriture passe nature. The Ital. La
vera nobilità son i costumi.

BIRTH [sea term] convenient sea room for ships at anchor, or a
fit distance for ships under sail to keep clear, so as not to fall foul on
one another; also a convenient place to moor a ship in.

The BIRTH of a mess [on shipboard] the proper place for a mess to
put their chests in.

BIRTH, a litter among beasts.

BIRTH-DAY [of birth and day] 1. The day on which a person is born,
or thing produced. Birth-day of heaven and earth. Milton. 2. The
day of the year in which one was born, annually observed.

BI＇RTHDOM [this is, erroneously, I think, printed in Shakespeare
birthdoom; it is derived from birth and dom. Johnson] privilege of
birth. Our downfall＇n birthdom. Shakespeare.

BI＇RTH-NIGHT [of birth and night] 1. The night in which any was
born; as, on my birth-night. 2. The night annually kept in memory
of a person＇s birth; as, a birth-night beau. Pope.

BI＇RTH-PLACE [of birth and place] the place where a person is
born; as, our birth-place and climate. Swift.

BI＇RTHING [with ship-builders] is said of ships when their sides
are raised or brought up.

BI＇RTH-RIGHT [of birth and right, from beorwe, and riht, Sax.]
the honour or estate, and the other privileges belonging to the first­
born, his right. By merit more than birth-right, son of God. Mil­
ton.

BI＇RTH-STRANGLED [of birth and strangle] suffocated in being
born. Finger of birth-strangled babe. Shakespeare.

BI＇RTH-Wort. [of birth and wort; I suppose from a quality of
hastening delivery. Johnson. aristolochia, Lat.] the name of an herb.
The species are: 1. The roundrooted birthwort. 2. The climbing
birthwort. 3. The Spanish birthwort, &c.

BI＇RZA, a town of Samogitia, in Poland, about 42 miles south-east
from Mittau. Lat. 56° 35′ N. Long. 25° E.

BI＇SCAY, the most northerly province of Spain, from which the
Bay of Biscay takes its name.

BI＇SCHWELLER, a fortress of Alsace, subject to the French; situ­
ated about five miles west of Port Lewis. Lat. 48° 40′ N. Long.
7° E.

BI＇SCOT [q. d. double scot] a fine of two-pence for every perch of
land, to be paid on default of repairing banks, ditches, &c.

BI＇SCOTIN [with confectioners] a confection made of fine flower,
powdered sugar, marmalade, the whites of eggs, &c.

BI＇SCUIT, BI＇SKET, or BI＇SQUET, [of bis, Lat. twice, and cuit, Fr.
baked; biscuit therefore seems the most analogous spelling] 1. A kind
of hard dry bread, not fermented, that is made to be carried to sea;
it is baked for long voyages four times. 2. A composition, among
confectioners, of fine flower, almonds and sugar.

To BISE＇CT, or to BISSE＇CT [of bis and seco, Lat.] to divide or
cut into two parts.

BISE＇CTION [from the verb] a cutting into two parts. Lat.

BISE＇GMENT [in geometry] one of the parts of any line divided
into equal parts.

BISE＇RTA, a port town of the kingdom of Tunis, in Africa, situated
on the mediterranean, near the place where the ancient Utica stood,
and about 40 miles north of Tunis. Lat. 37′ 0° N, Long. 9° 0′ E.

BI＇SHOP [biscop, Sax. of επισκοπος, Gr. which was afterwards
softened into bishop, bistchop, Du. and L. Ger. bistchoff, H. Ger. bis­
kop, Su.] 1. A chief officer of the christian church, who has the
charge of a diocese. But the better to adjust the signification of this
word, its etymology should be considered. ＇Tis originally a Greek
word, derived from the verb επισκοπεω, to inspect or oversee; and is
accordingly so rendered by our translators, Acts xx. v. 17-28. Having
sent for the elders [or governors] of the church, he said to them,
Take heed therefore to yourselves and all the flock, over which the Holy
Ghost has made you [bishops or] overseers. And in much the same sense
Homer styles Hector the bishop of Troy, as having, I suppose, the
chief inspection, care, and defence of that city. Iliad, book. 24. l. 729.
And from the aforecited passage in the Acts, compared with Philippians,
c. 1. v. 1. it should seem, that in those days there were in some
churches more bishops [or overseers] than one; as also that as yet the
churches had but two stated orders; BISHOPS and DEACONS. And
does not St. Clement in his epistle, p. 98. suggest as much? “The
apostles (says he) preaching in countries and cities, appointed their
first fruits (after having well examined and approved them by the
spirit) for BISHOPS and DEACONS of those who should believe.” And
yet it is apparent from Rev. ii. v. 1. compared with Ignatius＇s epistle
to the Ephesians, that there was in that church one person, called by
St. John, the angel, and by Ignatius, the bishop, by way of eminence
above all other bishops or overseers; and the same distinction has
continued in the christian world ever since. This is the προεστως in
Justin Martyr; the Præpositus in St. Cyprian; the Summus Sacerdos,
or chief priest, in Tertullian; and is so called, as contradistinguished
from the presbyters [those other elders of the church] “Who might
baptize, but not without permission from the bishop, ob ecclesiæ ho­
norem.” Tertull. de Bapt. As to the extent of Jurisdiction which has
been, in process of time, annexed to this office, and that chimæra of a
UNIVERSAL bishop, which the church of Rome has advanced, these
things have no connection with the etymology of the word; I shall
only observe, that when pope Stephen was aiming at something like
a supremacy, St. Cyprian treats it with the utmost contempt, both in
his epistle to Quirinus, and in his speech before the council at Car­
thage. A bishop is an overseer or superintendant of religious matters
in the christian church. Ayliffe. 2. A cant word, for a mixture of
wine, oranges and sugar.
Fine oranges,
Well roasted, with sugar and wine in a cup,
They＇ll make a sweet bishop, which gentlefolks sup. Swift.

Suffragan BISHOP, or Titular BISHOP, one who is subordinate or
assistant to a bishop, or one who has the title and style of a bishop,
and is consecrated by the archbishop of the province to execute such
power, jurisdiction, and authority, and to receive such profits as are
specified in his commission.

To BISHOP [from the noun] To confirm, to admit solemnly into
the church by the benediction of a bishop.
They are prophane, imperfect, oh! too bad,
Except confirm＇d and bishoped by thee. Donne.

BI＇SHOPRIC [biscoprice, of biscop, and ric, a kingdom, Sax.]
the diocese, or district, over which the jurisdiction of a bishop
reaches.

BI＇SHOPING [with horse coursers] the sophistications used by them
to make an old horse appear young, a bad one good, &c.

BI＇SHOP＇S CASTLE, a borough town in Shropshire, situated on the
river Clun, about 15 miles from Shrewsbury, and 150 from London.
It has its name from its belonging formerly to the bishops of Hereford.
It sends two members to parliament.

BI＇SHOP＇s Leaves, the name of an herb.

BISHOP＇s Weed [ammi, Lat.] an umbelliferous weed with small
striated seeds; those of the great bishop＇s weed are used in medi­
cine.

BISHOP＇s Wort, the plant called also catherine＇s flower.

BISI＇LIQUUS, BISI＇LIQUA, or BISI＇LIQUUM [with botanists] plants
are so called, whose seed is contained in two distinct pods succeeding
one flower, as in apocinum; dogs bane, perevinca, periwinkle, &c.

BISIGNA＇NO, a city of the Higher Calabria, in the kingdom of Na­
ples. Lat. 39° 50′ N. Long. 16° 45′ E.

BISK [bisque, Fr. in cookery] a rich kind of pottage made of
quails, capons or pullets.
A prince who in a forest rides astray,
Talks of no pyramids, or fowl, or bisks of fish. King.








A BISK of pigeons, a dish of pigeons dressed after that manner.

BISK, or BISQUE [bisque, Fr.] odds at tennis-play, a stroke allowed
as gained to the weakest player, to render both parties equal.

BI＇SQUET [probably of bis, twice, and coctus, baked, or biscuit,
Fr. biscotto, It. which have the same signification] a sort of hard
baked bread or cake. See BISCUIT,

BI＇SKET, or BISQUET [with confectioners] biscuit, Fr. biscottiuo,
It. biscòcho, Sp.] a composition of fine flower, eggs, sugar, &c.

BISMI＇LLAH [Arab. in the name of God] the term with which
Mahomet begins his coran, and with which [in imitation of their
prophet] the mahometans are wont to preface deeds, patents, &c. It
is a compound word, of bi, in; ism, a name; and allah, God. Arab.

BI＇SMUTH, the same with marcasite, a mineral body, half metallic,
found at Misnia, composed of the first matter of tin, while yet im­
perfect, and found in tin mines, called also tin glass; it is a species of
that sort of mareasite, that approaches nearest to the nature and co­
lour of silver, used by pewterers to beautify their work; there is also
an artificial bismuth made for the shops of tin.

To BISSE＇CT. See To BISECT.

BISSE＇XTILE [bissextilis, of bis, twice, and sextilis, of sextus, Lat.
the sixth] leap year, which happens every fourth year, so called, be­
cause among the ancient Romans, the sixth of the calends of March,
or twenty-fourth of February, was twice counted. And thence once
in every four years a day is added, arising from the six hours, by
which the course of the sun annually exceeds the number of 365
days; this day is inserted after the twenty-fourth of February, and
called an intercalary day. Towards the latter end of February is the
bissextile, or intercalar day, called bissextile, because the sixth of the
calends of March is twice repeated. Holder.

BI＇SSON [derived by Skinner from by and sin] blind.
What harm can your bisson conspectuities glean out of this
character. Shakespeare.
With bisson rheum. Hamlet.

BI＇STOURY [bistouri, Fr.] a surgeon＇s instrument, used in making
incisions, of which there are three sorts; the blade of the first turns
like that of a lancet; but the streight bestoury has the blade fixt in
the handle; the crooked bestoury is shaped like a half-moon, hav­
ing the edge on the inside. Chambers.

BI＇STER, or BI＇STRE [Fr. with painters, &c.] a colour made of
the soot of chimneys boiled, and afterwards diluted with water, to
wash their designs.

BI＇STORT [bistorta, Lat. with botanists] the herb snake-weed,
adder＇s-wort, English serpentary.

BI＇SUS, or Panis Bisius [ancient deeds] a brown loaf, or brown
bread. Lat.

BISU＇LCOUS [bisulcus, Lat.] cloven-footed, forked. Swine, altho＇
multipacous, yet being bisulcous, and only cloven-footed, are farrowed
with open eyes, as other bisulcous animals. Brown.

BIT by BIT, i. e. piece-meal.

BIT [bitole, Sax. Bebit, Du. Bebisz, Ger.] the whole machine of
the iron appurtenances of the bridle of an horse; as, the bit-mouth,
the oranches, the curb, the sevil holes, the tranchefil, and the cross­
chain; but sometimes it is used to signify only the bit-mouth in parti­
cular, or that part of the bridle which goes athwart the horse＇s
mouth.

BIT [irr. imp.] See To BITE.

BIT [bita, Sax. beeten, Du. beyten, O. and L. Ger. biszgen, H.
Ger. from bite. Johnson] 1. As much meat as is put into the mouth
at once; as, a savoury bit. 2. A little piece of any thing.
Clap four slices of pilaster on＇t,
That lac＇d with bits of rustic makes a front. Pope.
3. A Spanish West-Indian silver coin, valued at seven-pence half­
penny. 4. In the smallest degree; as, a bit the better or worse, a
bit clearer. 5. The iron part of a piercer, augur, or the like.

BIT, of a key, that part which contains the ward.

All to BITS, broken to pieces.

A BIT in the morning is better than nothing all day.
The truth of which is not disputable; but it is generally made use of
as an excuse for taking unnecessary bits or whets at unreasonable or
improper times.

To BIT [from the noun] to put the bridle on a horse.

BI＇TCH [biece, bitge, Sax.] a female of the dog, fox, wolf, otter,
&c. kind; also an abusive word, or a word of reproach given to
women.

A Salt BITCH, one that is proud.

To BI＇TE on the Bridle, to be reduced to streights.

To BITE, pret.I bit or have bitten, part. pass. bit, bitten [bitan, Sax.
byten, Du. O. and L. Ger. beiszen, H. Ger.] 1. To press, crush, or
pierce with the teeth; as, the dog bit me. 2. To give or cause pain
by cold. Biting winter＇s blast. Rowe.
3. To wound or pain with reproach. One praises, one instructs, one
bites. Roscommon. 4. To wound, to cut; among mechanics it de­
notes the action of a sharp body on other substances; as, the file
bites iron. Biting falchion. Shakespeare. 5. To make the mouth
smart with a sharp or a rid taste. The second will have more of the
taste, as more bitter or biting. Bacon. 6. Severe, strict.
Strict statntes, and most biting laws. Shakespeare.
7. To bite off, to snap or cut off by biting. They show＇d their teeth
as if they would bite off my nose. Arbuthnot. 8. To trick, to cheat.
—— The knight had wit,
So kept the diamond, and the rogue was bit. Pope.

BI＇TER [of bite] 1. He that bites or pierees with the teeth. Great
barkers are no biters. Camden. 2. A fish that takes the bait. He
will invade one of his own kind, and you may therefore believe him
to be a bold biter. Walton. 3. A tricker, he that deceives. A biter
is one who tells you a thing, and, if you give him credit, laughs in
your face, and triumphs that he has deceived you. Spectator.

If you cannot BITE, never shew your teeth. Fr. A quoy bon montrer
les dents, quand on ne peut pas mordre. The meaning is, that it is a
folly to threaten, when we want power to execute our threats.

A BITE [from the verb] 1. An hurt made by the teeth, the sei­
zure made by them.
Their venom＇d bite and scars indented on the flocks. Dryden.
2. The act of a fish that takes the bait. I have known a fisher angle
for a carp, and not have a bite. Walton. 3. A quantity bitten off
at once, 4. A cheat, a tricker, a sharper. 4. A sharping trick, a
fraud, in low and vulgar language.
Let a man be ne＇er so wise,
He may be caught with sober lyes;
For take it in its proper light,
＇Tis just what coxcombs call a bite. Swift.

BI＇TINGNESS [of bite] sharpness of taste; also pungency of words
&c.

BIT-MOUTH [with horsemen] a piece of iron forged in order to be
put into a horses＇s mouth, to keep him in subjection.

BITONTO, a city of the province of Barri, in the kingdom of Na­
ples, about eight miles south of Barri. Lat. 41° 20′ N. Long. 17° 4′E.

BITS [in a ship] two main pieces of timber that stand pillarwise be­
hind the manger in the loof of the ship, which serve to belay or
fasten the cable, when the ship rides at anchor.

BI＇TT. See BIT.

BITTEN, or BIT [irr. pret. part. & pass. of bite] have or am bit or
bitten. See to BITE.

B＇ITTACLE [in a ship] a frame of timber in the steerage, where the
compass and glasses are placed.

BI＇TTER [biter, Sax. bitter, Da. Su. Du. and Ger. baitraba, Goth.
bither, Persian of Seythian] 1. Having a hot, acrid or biting quality,
like wormwood. 2. Sharp, cruel, severe; as, bitter enmity. 3. Cala­
mitous, miserable.
The consequence
Will prove bitter, black and tragical. Shakespeare.
4. Grievous, painful, inclement; as, a bitter blast. 5. Sharp, re­
proachful, satirical.
In the breath of bitter words. Shakespeare.
6. Mournful, affected, distressed; the bitter in soul. Job. 7. Any
way unpleasing or hurtful. Bitter is an equivocal word; there is bit­
ter wormwood, there are bitter enemies; and a bitter cold morning.
Watts.

BITTER Sweet. 1. The herb nightshade. 2. An apple which has
a compound taste of bitter and sweet. It is but a bitter-sweet at best.
South.

BITTER End [of a cable] that part which is round about the bits
when the ship lies at anchor.

BI＇TTERLY [from bitter] 1. With a bitter taste. 2. Grievously,
in a bitter manner, calamitously; as, to weep bitterly. 3. Sharply,
with severity; as, to censure errors bitterly.

BI＇TTERN [butour, Fr.] a bird of the size of a common heron,
with long legs and a long bill, which feeds upon fish, remarkable for
the noise he makes, usually called humming. See BITTOUR. Fish
have enemies enough, besides such unnatural fishermen, as otters, the
cormorant, and bittern. Walton.
The bittern knows his time, with bill ingulpht,
To shake the sounding marsh. Thompson.

BITTERN [in the salt works] a certain very bitter liquor, which
drains off in making common salt, and is used in the preparation of
Epsom salt. Quincy.

BI＇TTERNESS [of biten and nesse, Sax.] 1. A bitter taste a
particular flavour of sensation, supposed to result from this, viz. that
all the particles of the bitter body are broken, blunted and dimi­
nished, so that none of them remain long and rigid; which notion is
confirmed by this experiment, that foods being burnt, and their par­
ticles much comminuted and broken by the fire, become bitter] 2. Ma­
lice, grudge, implacability; as, bitterness and animosity between per­
sons. 3. Sharpness, severity of temper and manners.
Shall we be thus afflicted in his wreaks,
His fits, his frenzy, and his bitterness? Shakespeare.
4. Satire, keenness, or poignancy of reproach. Some think their
wits have been asleep, except they dart out somewhat piquant and to
the quick, there＇s difference between saltness and bitterness. Ba­
con. 5. Sorrow, affliction. They shall be in bitterness for him, as
one that is in bitterness for his first-born. Zechariah.

BI＇TTERVETCH [orobus, Lat.] a plant of an apulonaccous flower,
that becomes a round pod full of oval shaped seeds. Miller.

BI＇TTOUR. See BITTERN, which is the common name, but per­
haps as properly bittour. A bittour bumps within a reed. Dryden.

BITU＇ME [bitumen, Lat.] See BI＇TUMEN. Hellebore and black
bitume. May＇s Georgics.

BITU＇MEN, an inflammable matter, fat and unctuous, which natu­
ralists distinguish into three sorts, hard, soft, and liquid or oily; some
bitumens are fossils, others are found floating on lakes, and others
spring out of the earth like fountains; one kind of it is a sort of slime,
clammy like pitch, and smelling something like brimstone. The an­
cients used it instead of mortar for building, and also instead of oil for
lamps. It is an imperfect fatty sulphur, consisting of an oil and a
vague acid combined. Bitumen, mingled with lime and put under wa­
ter, will make an artificial rock, the substance becometh so hard. Ba­
con. Bitumen readily takes fire, yields an oil, and is soluble in water.
Woodward.

BITUMEN Judaicum. See ASPHALTOS.

BITU＇MINOUS [bituminosus, of bitumen, Lat.] pertaining to, or par­
taking of the quality or nature of bitumen, compounded of bitumen.
Naphtha, which was the bituminous mortar used in the walls of Ba­
bylon, grows to an entire and very hard matter like a stone. Bacon.

BIVA＇LVE [bivalvis, of binus, two, and valvæ, valves, having
two valves, or shutters] a term used of sea fishes that have two shells,
as oisters, cockles, muscles, &c. substantively. In the cavity lies
loose the shell of some sort of bivalve. Woodward.

BIVALVE [with botanists] seed pods of those plants which open all
their whole length to discharge their seeds, as peas, beans, &c.

BIVA＇LVULAR [of bivalve] being bivalved, having two valves.

BIVE＇NTER [Lat. with anatomists] the sixth muscle of the jaw, and
last of those that serve to open it; it is called biventer, on account of
its having as it were two bellies for its two extremities, and a tendon
in the middle.

BI＇VENTRAL [of bis and venter, Lat. the belly] having two bellies.

BIX-WORT, the name of an herb.








BIZA＇NTINE [more properly spelt byzantine, from byzantium] a
large piece of gold, valued at fifteen pounds, which the king offereth
upon high festival days. It is yet called a bizantine, which anciently
was a piece of gold coined by the emperors of Constantinople. Cam­
den.

To BLA＇B, verb act. [probably of blapperen, Teut. to prattle, blab­
beren, Du.] 1. To tell or discover any thing that ought to be concealed;
it usually implies rather thoughtlessness than treachery; but may be
used in either sense; as, rash folly blabs a secret. 2. To tell in a
good sense.
That delightful engine of her thoughts,
That blab＇d them with such pleasing eloquence,
Is torn from forth that pretty hollow cage. Shakespeare.

To BLAB, verb neut. to tattle, to tell tales.
Your mute I＇ll be,
When my tongue blabs, then let mine eyes not see.
Shakespeare.

BLAB, a prating fellow, one who tells all he knows; a thought­
less babbler, a treacherous betrayer of secrets. Who will open him­
self to a blab or babbler? Bacon.

BLA＇BBER [of blab] a tell-tale or tatler.

To BLABBER, to whistle to an horse. Skinner.

BLA＇BBER-LIPED. See BLOBBERLIPED.

BLA＇CK adj. [blac, or blæc, Sax. black, L. Ger. ink] 1. Of a co­
lour like that of night. 2. Dark. The heven was black with clouds.
1 Kings. 3. Cloudy of countenance, sullen. She look＇d black upon
me. Shakespeare. 4. Horrible wicked, attrocious, heinous; as, a
black deed. 5. Dismal, mournful.
The consequence
Will prove as bitter, black and tragical. Shakespeare.
6. Black and blue, the colour of a bruise or pinch. Mrs. Ford is
beaten black and blue, that you cannot see a white spot about her.
Shakespeare.

BLACK, is somewhat opaque and porous, which imbibing all the
light falling on it, reflects none, and for that reason exhibits no co­
lour.
A BLACK plumb is as sweet as a white.
And a black woman as agreeable (at least to some, for beauty is just
what fancy makes it) as a fair one.
A BLACK hen lays a white egg. And so may a black woman bear
a fair child.

As BLACK as the devil. Upon a supposition of his being so.

BLACK, subst. 1. A black colour. 2. Mourning. 3. A black-a­
moor. 4. That part of the eye which is black; as, the black, or
sight of the eye.

To BLACK [from the noun] to make black.

To give under BLACK and white, to give in writing, or under one＇s
hand.

BLA＇CKAMOOR [of black and moor] a man naturally of a black com­
plexion, a negro.

BLACK-BANK, a town of Ireland, about seven miles south of Ar­
magh. Lat. 54° 12′ N. Long. 6° 50′ W.

BLACK-BERRIED Heath [petrum, Lat.] a plant that hath leaves
like those of the heath; the flowers are male and female; the male
have no petals, the female are succeeded by blackberries. This little
shrub grows wild in the mountains of Staffordshire, Devonshire, and
Yorkshire. Miller.

BLACK-BERRY Bush, a species of bramble.

BLACK-Berries [of black and berry of blæce berian, Sax.] the
fruit of the blackberry bush.

BLACK-BIRD [of black and bird] a bird well known.

BLACK-BOOK, a certain book kept in the court of exchequer.

BLACK BROWED [of black and brow] having black eye-brows,
gloomy, threatening; as black-brow＇d night. Shakespeare.

BLACK-BRYONY [tamnus, Lat.] a plant that is male and female in
different plants, the embryos produced on the female plants become
oval berries, the male flowers are barren; they have no clasper, as
the white briony hath. The species are: 1. The common black­
bryony. 2. Black-bryony of Crete, with a trifid leaf, &c. The first
grows wild under hedges, and is gathered for medicinal use.
Miller.

BLA＇CKBURN, a market town of Lancashire, on the river Darwent,
from the blackness of whose water here it has its name, about nine
miles from Preston, and 154 from London.

BLACK-CAP, the name of several birds, as the pewit, &c.

BLACK Cattle, oxen, bulls and cows.

BLACK Earth, it is every where obvious on the surface of the
ground, and what we call mould.

To BLA＇CKEN, verb act. [of blaccian, Sax.] 1. To make black.
2. To darken; as, to blacken the heavens. 3. To asperse, defame,
or make infamous. Let us blacken him. South.

To BLA＇CKEN, verb neut. to grow black. Air blacken＇d, roll＇d
the thunder. Dryden.

BL＇ACK-guards [of black and guard, a cant word, by which is im­
plied a dirty fellow of the meanest kind] dirty tattered boys, who ply
the streets to clean shoes.

BLACK Jack, a leather jug to drink out of.

BLA＇CKISH [of black] somewhat black; as, a blackish oil.

BLACK-LEAD [of black and lead] a mineral found in the leadmines
much used for pencils: it is not fusible, or, at least, not without a
great heat.

BLACK-MAIL, a link of mail or small pieces of money; also rents
anciently paid in provisions of corn or flesh.

BLACK-MAIL [in the northern counties] a certain payment of rent
in corn, cattle, or money, to some persons in power, who dwell upon
the borders, in alliance with moss troopers or known robbers, to be
protected from their ravages.

BLACK Monday, Easter Monday, in the year 1359, when hail-stones
killed both men and horses in the army of our king Edward III in
France.

BLA＇CKMOOR [of black and moor] a negro. Chus is not the ha­
bitation of blackmoors, but the country of Arabia, especially the Hap­
py and Stony. Brown.

BLA＇CKNESS [blacnesse, Sax.] 1. A black colour. This seems
to arise from such a peculiar texture and situation of the superficial
parts of any black body, that doth as it were deaden and absorb the
light falling upon it, and reflects none, or very little of it outwards to
the eye; as, sooty blackness. 2. Darkness; as, the blackness of
night.

BLA＇CK-PUDDING [of black and pudding] a sort of food made of
blood, grain, fat, and spices, stuffed into an intestine.
Fat black-puddings, proper food,
For warriors that delight in blood. Hudibras.

BLACK Rod, the usher who belongs to the order of the garter, so
named from a black rod with a golden lion at the top, which he carries
in his hand. He attends on the king＇s chamber, and the house of
lords in parliament; and all noblemen, who are called in question for
any crime, are committed to his charge.

BLACK Sulphur [with chymists] a particular preparation of sulphur.
See SULPHUR.

BLACK-SMITH [of blac and smith, Sax.] a worker in iron, so called
from being very smutty.

BLA＇CKS, a nation of people, also called negroes, from the colour
of their skin.

BLACK SEA, the same with Euxine sea. See EUXINE SEA.

BLACK-TAIL [of black and tail] a fish, a kind of perch, by some
called ruffs or popes.

BLA＇CRTHORN [of black and thorn] a species of thorn, which pro­
duces the sloe.

BLACK-WATER, the name of two rivers in Ireland, one of which
runs thro＇ the counties of Cork and Waterford, and falls into Youghal
bay; and the other, after watering the county of Armagh, falls into
the Lough Neagh.

BLADA＇RIUS [old records] a corn-chandler or meal-monger. Low
Lat.

BLA＇DDER [bladr, blædr, bladdre of blawan, Sax. to blow, blader,
Du. a membranous hollow vessel] 1. The vessel that receives the urine
of animals, to keep and discharge it, as nature requires. 2. To it,
when filled with wind, frequent allusions are made; as, a bladder
filled with air. 3. Those that learn to swim, usually support them­
selves with blown bladders.
Wanton boys that swim on bladders. Shakespeare.
4. A blister, a pustule.

BLADDER Nut [staphylodendron, Lat.] a plant bearing leaves like
the elder-flowers, and after them a membranaceous fruit somewhat like
the inflated bladder, of a greenish colour, containing seeds in form
of a scull. The species are: 1. The common wild bladder-nut.
2. Three leaved Virginian bladder-nut, &c. The first is found wild
in the woods and shady places in the north of England. The second
sort is a native of America, but so hardy as to endure the severest
cold of our climate. Miller.

BLA＇DDER Sena [colutea, Lat.] a plant of a papilionaceous flower,
succeeded by pods resembling the inflated bladder of fishes, in which
are contained several kidney shaped seeds. The species are five.
Miller.

BLADE [blæd, blad, Sax. a leaf, bladt, Du. blatt, Ger. bled, blé,
Fr.] a leaf, with botanists, the first sprout of a plant, that comes
out of the ground, so long as it is easy to be cropped; the spire of
grass before it grows to seed; the green shoots of corn. [This seems
to me the primitive signification of the word blade, from which, I
believe, the blade of a sword was first named, because of its similitude
in shape, and from the blade of a sword, that of other weapons or
tools. Johnson]

BLADE [blatte, Ger. blad, Du.] the cutting part of a sword or
knife, distinct from the handle. It is usually taken for a weapon,
and so called, problably, from the likeness of a sword blade to a
blade of grass. Johnson.

BLADE, a bravo, an hector; also a spruce fellow, a beau; both
are so called in contempt; so we say, mettle for courage.

BLADE of the Shoulder, or BLADE bone, the bone called by anato­
mists the scapula, or scapular bone.
The broiled relicts of a shoulder of mutton, commonly called a
blade-bone. Pope.

To BLADE, verb act. [from the noun] to furnish with a blade.

BLA＇DED [from blade] having spires or blades. Bladed grass.
Shakespeare and Dryden.

To BLADE it, verb neut. to go flaunting or vapouring.

BLA＇DIER [old law] an engrosser of corn.

BLÆ＇SUS [βλαισος, Gr.] having a particular kind of distortion of
the feet, much the same as valgus, Lat. Anat.

BLAIN [bleyne, Du. blegene, Sax. with surgeons] a pustule, a
botch, an angry pimple somewhat resembling the small pox, but redder
and more painful, and is one of the symptoms of the plague.
Botches and blains must all his flesh imboss. Milton.

BLAIN [in cattle] a distemper, being a bladder full of wind and
water, rising from the root of the tongue, which grows large, and
will at last stop the breath of the beast.

BLAKES [biasmare, It.] Cow-dung dried for fuel.

BLA＇MABLE [blamable, Fr.] that may be blamed, or deserving of
blame.

BLAM＇ABLENESS [of blamable] fault, the state of being liable to,
or deserving of blame.

BLA＇MABLY [of blamable] in a manner liable to censure, cul­
pably.

To BLAME [blamer, Fr.] 1. To find fault with, to charge with a
fault; it generally implies a slight censure. 2. It has usually for be­
fore the fault. 3. Sometimes, but rarely, of. Tomoreus he blamed
of inconsiderate rashness. Knolles.

BLAME [from the verb] 1. Fault, imputation of a fault; as, the
blame of misadventures he charged upon one. Hayward. 2. Crime,
that which produces or deserves censure. Discharged of all blame,
being confest to have no great fault. Hooker. 3. Hurt.
A large share it hew＇d out of the rest,
And glancing down his shield, from blame him fairly bless＇d.
Spenser.
4. There is a peculiar structure of this word, in which it is not very
evident whether it be a noun or a verb; but I conceive it to be the







noun. To blame, in Fr. à tort. Johnson. As, you are to blame.
5. Reproach.

BLA＇MEFUL [of blame and full] criminal, deserving blame.
Is not the causer of these timeless deaths
As blameful as the executioner? Shakespeare.

BLA＇MELESS [of blame] 1. Guiltless, innocent, being without
blame. 2. Sometimes with of. We will be blameless of this thine
oath. Joshua.

BLA＇MELESSLY [of blameless] in a manner without blame, inno­
cently. Hammond.

BLA＇MELESSNESS [of blameless] the state of not deserving blame,
innocence, freedom from censure. Having resolved that all is charge­
able on Jupiter and fate, they infer the blamelessness of the inferor
agent. Hammond.

BLA＇MER [of blame] he that blames or finds fault.
Mistaught by blamers of the times, they married. Donne.

BLAMEWO＇RTHY [of blame and worthy] blamable, worthy of
blame or censure. The same should be blameworthy. Hooker.

BLA＇MONT, a town of Lorrain, about 28 miles south-east of Nancy.
Lat. 48° 38′ N. Long. 6° 45′ E.

BLA＇NCOS, a maritime town of Spain, in Catelonia, near the
mouth of the river Tordera.

BLA＇NDFORD, a market town of Dorsetshire, 10 miles from Pool,
and 107 from London. It gives name to one of the five divisions of
the county, and title of marquiss to the duke of Marlborough.

BLA＇NKENBURG, a town of Dutch Flanders, eight miles north-
east of Ostend. Lat. 51° 20′ N. Long. 3° E.

BLANKENBURG. is also the name of a town in Lower Saxony,
about 45 miles south-east of Wolfembuttle. Lat. 51° 51′ N. Long.
11° 15′ E.

To BLANCH, verb act. [blanchir, Fr. bianchire, It.] 1. To whiten or
render white, by changing from some other colour; as, to blanch the
cheek with fear, to blanch wax. 2. To peel such things as have
husks; as, to blanch almonds, is to take off the skins. 3. To oblite­
rate, to wash out, to pass over.
One might express his malice, and blanch his danger. Bacon.

To BLANCH, verb. neut. to evade, to speak soft.
Books will speak plain, when counsellors blanch. Bacon.

BLANCH [i. e. white or fair] a christian name of women.

A BLA＇NCHER [blanch, of blanchisseur, Fr.] a whitener.

BLA＇NCHERS [of the mint] workmen who anneal, boil, and cleanse
the money.

BLA＇NCH-FARM, a farm, where the rent was paid in silver, not in
black cattle.

BLA＇NCHING [of blanch] the act of whitening.

BLANCH-LYON [i. e. white-lyon] the title of one of our pursuivants
at arms.

BLAND [blandus, Lat.] soft, mild, gentle.
Bland words. Milton. Zephyrs bland. Thompson.

BLANDI＇LOQUENCE [blandiloquentia, Lat.] a fair and flattering
speech; courteous discourse; compliment.

To BLA＇NDISH [blandor, Lat.] to flatter or sooth up with fair
speeches, to smooth, or sosten. I have met with this word in no
other passage. Johnson.
Must＇ring all her wiles,
With blandish＇d parleys, feminine assaults,
Tongue-batteries, she surceas＇d not. Milton.

BLA＇NDIMENT [blandimentum, Lat.] soothing, softness.

BLA＇NDISHMENTS [blandissement, Fr.] 1. The act of fondness, ex­
pression of tenderness by gesture.
The little babe up in his arms he hent,
Who with sweet pleasure and bold blandishment
＇Gan smile. Spenser.
Cow＇ring low with blandishment. Milton.
2. Kind treatment, alluring caresses.
Him Dido now with blandishment detains. Dryden.
3. Flattering discourse, soft words, kind speeches. He was well and
fair spoken, and would use strange sweetness and blandishment of
words, to persuade any thing that he took to heart. Bacon.

BLANK Manger [in cookery] a sort of jelly made of calves-feet,
and other ingredients, with pounded almonds, &c.

BLANK [blanc, Fr. derived by Menage from Albianus, thus; al­
bianus, albianicus, blanicus, blancus, blanco, blanicus, blancus, blanc;
by others, from blanc, which in Dan. signifies shining; in confor­
mity to which the Germ. have blancker, to shine, the Sax. blæcan,
and the Eng. bleach, to whiten. Johnson] 1. White, pale, wan.
Blank moon. Milton. 2. Casaubon derives it of ἀβακης, Gr. mute,
out of countenance, confused, crushed, depressed.
Adam, soon as he heard
The fatal trespass done by Eve, amaz＇d,
Astonied stood and blank, Milton.
3. Being without any writing, free of all marks; as, blank paper.
4. Without rhyme; as, blank verse.

A BLANK [blanque, Fr. blanca, It. blanco, Sp.] 1. A void space
left in writing. 2. A ticket in a lottery not entitling to any benefit.
3. A paper from which the writing is effaced.
It is lots to blanks
My name hath couch＇d your cars. Shakespeare.
She has left him
The blank of what he was;
I tell thee, eunuch, the has quite unmann＇d him. Dryden.
4. A paper unwritten, any thing without marks or characters.
An universal blank
Of nature＇s works, to me expung＇d and raz＇d. Milton.
5. The point to which an arrow or other missile was directed, so
called, because, to be more visible, it was marked with white.
Slander
(Whose whisper o＇er the world＇s diameter, as level as the can­
non to his blank)
Transports its poison＇d shot. Shakespeare.
6. Aim, shot.
Beyond my aim, out of the blank
And level of my brain. Shakespeare.
7. Object to which a thing is directed.
See better, Lear, and let me still remain
The true blank of thine. Shakespeare.
8. Among minters, a piece of metal ready for coining.

To BLANK, [of blank, adj. blanchir, Fr.] 1. To damp, dispirit, or
confuse.
Each opposite blanks the face of joy. Shakespeare.
With confusion blank his worthippers. Milton.
2. To efface, to eraze, to annul. All former purposes were blancked,
the governor at a bay, and all that charge lost and cancelled. Spenser.

BLANK Verses, verses without rhimes. “Rhime (as Milton ob­
serves) being no necessary adjunct or true ornament of poetry (in
longer works especially) but the invention of a barbarous age to set
off wretched matter and lame metre [may not I add too, as lame ex­
pression?] not without cause, therefore, some, both Italian and Spa­
nish poets of prime note, have rejected rhime; as have also, long
since, the best of our English tragedies, as a thing of itself, to all ju­
dicious ears, trivial, and no true musical delight; which consists only
in APT numbers, fit quantity of syllables, and the sense vari­
ously drawn out from one verse into another; not in the jingling sound
of like endings; a fault avoided by the learned ancients in poetry
and all good oratory.” Mons. Voltaire makes it a proof or instance
of the superiority of the English tongue to the French, that we are
able to raise our poetic style above prose, without the assistance of
rhime. And for the same reason, blank verse (as Mr. Addison ob­
serves) is the most difficult of the two; as it consists not merely in
avoiding rhime; but is obliged to support itself on all those beauties
and excellencies, with which the French critic confesses our language
to be better stocked than his own: among which the aptitude of num­
bers, the transposition of words, and almost endless variety of pauses,
are not the least. See NUMBERS, TRANSPOSITION, and PAUSES.

Point BLANK, down-right.

BLA＇NKET [blanchete, Fr.] 1. A woolen covering soft and loosely
wove, spread commonly on a bed over the sheets, for procuring
warmth. 2. A kind of pear: sometimes written blanquet.

BLANKET [with printers] a woollen cloth used to cause the letters
to appear in proofs.

To BLANKET [from the noun] 1. To cover with a blanket.
Blanket my loins. Shakespeare.
2. To toss in a blanket, by way of penalty or contempt.
What lane but knows,
Our purgings, pumpings, blanketings and blows? Pope.

BLA＇NKLY [from blank] in a blank manner, with whiteness, pale­
ness, or confusion.

BLA＇NKNESS, paleness, &c. as being out of countenance or
abashed.

BLA＇NQUET Pear, a sort of pear.

BLA＇NQUILLE, a small silver coin, current in Morocco and all that
coast of Barbary, worth about three half-pence English.

BLARE, a small copper coin of Bern, nearly of the same value with
the ratz.

To BLARE [prob. of blaren, Du. blarren, Ger. to weep] 1. To
sweal or melt away, as a candle. 2. To bellow, to roar. Skinner.

BLAPSE＇CULA, Lat. [of βλαπτω, Gr. to hurt] the cyanus or blue
bottle, so named because it turns the edge of the mower＇s scythe.

BLAPSIGONI＇A [βλαψιγονια, Gr. of βλαπτω, to hurt, and γονη, Gr.
what is produced by generation] a disease in bees, when they do not
breed, or their young ones miscarry.

BLA＇REGNIES, a town of the Austrian Netherlands, about seven
miles south of Mons. Lat. 50° 30′ N. Long. 3° 55′ E.

BLAS, the motion of the stars. Van Helmont.

BLASE. See BLAZE.

BLASPHEMATO＇RINESS [from blaspheme] blasphemousness.

BLASPHE＇MATORY, or BLA＇SPHEMOUS [blasphematoire, Fr. blas­
femo, Sp. blasphemus, Lat. of βλασϕημος, Gr. Blasphemous is usually
accented on the first syllable, but by Milton on the second] impiously
irreverent in speaking or writing, with regord to God.
This attempt bolder than that on Eve,
And more blasphemous.

To BLASPHE＇ME, verb act. [blasphemer, Fr. blasfemàr, Sp. blas­
phemo, Lat. of βλασϕημειν, Gr.] 1. To speak with impious irreve­
rence of God or holy things, to revile, to curse; as, to blaspheme
the great God and religion. 2. To speak evil of in general.
Blaspheme their feeder, and forget their Lord. Pope.

BLASPHE＇MER [blasphemateur, Fr. blasfemador, Sp. blasphemator,
Lat.] one who speaks blasphemy, or in impious terms of God.
Should each blasphemer quite escape the rod,
Because the insult＇s not to man, but God. Pope.

BLA＇SPHEMOUSLY, in a blasphemous manner.

BLASPHE＇MOUSNESS, blasphemy.

BLA＇SPHEMY [blaspheme, Fr. blasfemia, Sp. blasphemia, Lat. βλασ­
ϕημια, Gr.] an uttering of reproachful words, tending to the dis­
honour of God. Blasphemy, strictly and properly, is an offering of
some indignity or injury unto God himself, either by words or writ­
ing. Ayliffe. But the better to unfold the signification of this word,
its etymology should be carefully discussed. It is a Greek word, com­
pounded of βλαπτω, to hurt, or rather of βαλλω, to hit by a cast, and
ϕημη, reputation; and accordingly it may be applied to an indignity
offered to any character, whether supreme or subordinate, divine or
human. See Matth. xii. 31. Coloss. iii. 8. 1 Tim. i. 13. 2 Pet.
ii. 11. Apocalyps. xiii. 6. Rom. iii. 8. in all which places, we
have the same word in the original, though differently rendered by our
translators; see HERESY. The blasphemy against the Holy Ghost,
consisted in the ascribing those miracles which Christ wrought by the
Holy Ghost, to Beelzebub, or prince of devils. Matth. xii. 24, 31.
compared with Mark iii. 30.
Blasphemy was represented by the ancients, in painting, by a wo­
man with a dismayed countenance, holding in her left hand a flaming
torch, and with her right dragging by the hair a naked child, which
at the same time listed up its hands to heaven. At her feet a ba­
silisk.

BLASPHEMY [in law] “By an act made in the 9th and 10th year
of William the IIId, is when any one having been educated in,







or having at any time made profession of the christian religion,
shall deny any one of the persons in the Holy Trinity to be God;
or shall assert, there are more Gods than one.” But whether the
two following clauses of the act, viz. a person so circumstanced de­
nying the christian religion to be true, or the holy scripture, of the
old and new testament, to be of divine authority, are made by this
act, blasphemy, or only simple prophaneness, we must leave the lawyers
to determine.

To BLAST [blæstan, Sax. blasten, Teut.] 1. To strike with some
sudden calamity; as, lightning blast her pride. Shakespeare. Thun­
der blast the man. Addison. 2. To spoil, or cause fruits to wither.
Seven thin ears blasted with the east wind. Genesis. 3. To disappoint
a design or undertaking, to hinder from coming to maturity; as, his
enterprize was blasted. Arbuthnot. 4. To spoil or marr any thing, to
wound or ruin a person＇s rreputation; as, to blast one＇s credit. 5.
To confound, to strike with terror.
Trumpeters,
With brazen din, blast you the city＇s ears. Shakespeare.

BLAST [blast, Sax.] 1. A puff of wind. 2. The sound made
by blowing any wind instrument.
He blew his trumpet, th＇ angelic blast
Fill＇d all the regions. Milton.
3. The stroke of a malignant planet, the infection of any thing pes­
tilential, the blight of corn. By the blast of God they perish. Job.

To BLAST, with miners, is to tear up rocks which lie in their way,
by the force of gunpowder.

BLA＇STINGS, winds and frosts which immediately succeed rain, and
are destructive to fruits.

BLA＇STMENT [of blast] blast, sudden stroke of infection; a word
not at present in use. Contagious blastments. Shakespeare.

BLA＇TA BYZANTIA [of Byzantium, Lat. Constantinople, the place
from whence brought] the upper part of a shell, called by the Latins
conchilium: these shells are of different sizes, but the form of them
universally, is that of the claw of a wild beast. It is used in physic.

BLA＇TANT [blatitant, Fr.] bellowing like a calf. You learn＇d
this language from the blatant beast. Dryden.

BLATERA＇TION, noise, senseless roar, or babbling. Lat.

BLATTA＇RIA [in botany] the herb moth-mullen. Lat.

To BLA＇TTER [of blatero, Lat. to roar] to make a senseless noise.
A word no longer used. Envy lists to blatter against him. Spenser.

BLA＇WBUREN, a town of Swabia in Germany, about eleven miles
east of Ulm. Lat. 48° 24′ N. Long. 3° W.

BLAYE, a fortress of Guinne, in France, situated on the river Ga­
ronna, 21 miles north of Bourdeaux. The intention of it is to
hinder any ship from going to Bourdeaux without permission.

A BLAZE [blæse, or blase, Sax. a torch] 1. A light flame or
fire; blaze implies more the light than the heat. Johnson; as, a blaze
of glory. 2. Publication or wide diffusion of a thing. What is
glory but the blaze of fame. Milton. 3. A white mark in a horse＇s
face, descending from the forehead, almost to the nose; it is also
called a star.

To BLAZE, verb neut. [blæsian, Sax.] 1. To flame or make a
shining light; as, a blazing star, or comet with a brilliant tail. 2.
To be conspicuous.

To BLAZE, verb act. 1. To publish; as, to blaze his marriage
abroad. 2. To blazon, to give an account of ensigns armorial in
proper terms; now an obsolete word. This was called a fierce, and
you should have blazed it thus: he bears a fierce, fable, between two
fierces. Peacham. 3. To inflame, to fire; not a proper use of the
word. Pall＇d, thy blazed youth
Becomes assuaged. Shakespeare.

BLA＇ZER [from blaze] one that spreads reports abroad.
Babblers of folly, blazers of crime. Spenser.

BLA＇ZON, 1. The art of explaining coat armour. Teach me what
I ought to observe in the blazon of beasts. Peacham. 2. Publication.
This eternal blazon must not be,
To ears of flesh and blood. Shakespeare.
3. Celebration.
Thy tongue, thy face, thy limbs, action and spirit,
Do give thee five-fold blazon. Shakespeare.

BLA＇ZON [in heraldry] is an obsolete word, and a certain author
says, signifies the blowing or winding of an horn, as is introduced in­
to heraldry from an ancient custom, that the heralds (who were
judges at justs and tournaments) practised of winding an horn, when
they explained and recorded the atchievements of those knights that
exercised, and by custom the word has obtained to signify description
in heraldry; for to blazon is to describe the things borne in coat­
armour as they ought to be, with their proper significations and in­
tendments.

To BLAZON [blasonner, Fr.] 1. To describe, paint, or explain in
proper characters or terms, coats of arms. The coat of arms I am
not herald enough to blazon into English. Addison. 2. To deck or
adorn. Then blazons in dread smiles her hideous form. Garth.
3. To display, to set forth.
Thyself thou blazen＇st
In these two princely boys. Shakespeare.
4. To celebrate. One that excels the quirk of blazoning pens.
Shakespeare. 5. To blaze abroad, to publish.
What＇s this but libelling against the senate,
And blazoning our injustice every where? Shakespeare.

BLA＇ZONRY [blason, Fr.] signifies the same as blazon, which is the
art of blazoning, of which the most general rules are:
I. To name the metal or colour of the field; as or, argent, gules,
fable, &c.
II. The manner of the division of the escutcheon by line, whether
it be downright or bendwise, &c. and also the difference of the line,
viz. indented, ingrail＇d, &c.
III. The charge that is on the field.
IV. Name the principal part of the field first, if there be more
than one occupied by the charge.
V. Name the charge that is in the chief-part of the field first, if
there be more than one kind of charge in it.
VI. Use no repetition of words in blazoning the same coat, especi­
ally these words, of, or, and with.
VII. There are three forms of blazon:
1. By metals and colours for gentlemen, who have no title of
dignity.
2. By precious stones for nobility, as dukes, earls, &c.
3. By planets, for emperors, kings, and princes; however, the
French, from whom we had our heraldry, and all other nations, re­
ject this variety of forms, and use none but metals and colours for all
degrees.
VIII. You must observe, that metal upon metal, and colour upon
colour, is false heraldry. Yet there is an exception to this rule, as in
the arms of Jerusalem, which are argent, a cross potent between four
croslets or; being metal upon metal.

BLE, BLEA, or BLEE [in husbandry] the inward bark of a tree,
or that part of the wood, which was last formed.

To BLEACH, verb act. [probably of bletsen, Teut. bleeten, Du. or
æblecen, Sax. bleechen, Ger.] to whiten, commonly to whiten in the
sun, or open air.

To BLEACH, verb neut. to become white.
The white sheet bleaching in the open field. Shakespeare.

BLEA＇CHINGLY, a borough town of Surry, five miles from Rye­
gate, and twenty from London. It sends two members to parlia­
ment.

BLEAK [blac, blæc, Sax. bleech, Du. cold, bleich, Ger. pale, bleest,
Su.] 1. Chill or cold; as, the bleak winds. 2. Pale, wan.

A BLEAK [from his white or bleak colour] a little fish, called also
a blay. The bleak, or fresh water-sprat, is ever in motion, and
therefore called by some the river-swallow. His back is of a pleasant
sad sea-water green; his belly white and shining like the mountain
snow. Bleaks are excellent meat, and in best season in August.
Walton.

BLEA＇KLY, palely.

BLEA＇KNESS, paleness.

BLEAKNESS, coldness of the wind, chilness. The inhabitants of
Nova Zembla go naked, without complaining of the bleakness of the
air. Addison.

BLEA＇KY [from bleak] bleak, cold, chill. The bleaky top of
rugged hills. Dryden.

BLEAR, adj. [blaer, Du. a blister] 1. Dim with rheum, watery,
sore with rheum. Blear eyes affect sound eyes. Bacon. 2. Obscure
in general; causing dimness.
Cheat the eye with blear illusion,
And give it false presentments. Milton.

To BLEAR [from the adj.] 1. To make the eyes watery or sore
with rheum.
Bleared sights are spectacled to see him. Shakespeare.
2. To dim or obscure the eyes in general. A pretty superficial ar­
gument to blear our eyes, and lull us asleep in security. Raleigh.

BLEAR Ey＇d, 1. Having the external covering of the eyes red, and
turned outwards. 2. Having blear or watery eyes, or eyes sore with
rheum; as blear-ey＇d fathers.

BLEAR＇EDNESS [from bleared] the state of being bleared. The
defluxion falling upon the edges of the eyelids, makes a blearedness.
Wiseman.

To BLEAT [blætan, Sax.] to cry like a sheep or lamb.

BLEAT [from the verb] the cry of a sheep or lamb. The bleat of
fleecy sheep. Chapman. With dying bleats resound. Dryden.

BLEA＇TING [of blætan, Sax.] the crying of sheep.

BLEB, noun subst. a knot or blister in glass.

A BLEB [blacn, Ger. to swell] a blister, a blain; also a bubble or
bladder in the water.

BLE＇CHNON [βληχνον, Gr.] wild penny-royal.

BLED [irr. pret. and part. pass. of bleed] have bled.

To BLEED, verb neut. pret. I bled, or have bled; part. pass. bled
 [irr. verb, blædan, Sax. bloeden, Du. and L. Ger. bluten, H. Ger.]
1. To evacuate or lose blood, to run with blood. Bleed, bleed, poor
country. Shakespeare. 2. To die a violent death. The lamb thy
riot dooms to bleed to day. Pope. 3. To drop as blood; it is applied
to any thing that drops. For me the balm shall bleed, and amber
flow. Pope.

To BLEED, verb act. to take away or let blood.
That from a patriot of distinguish＇d note,
Have bled and purg＇d me to a simple vote. Pope.

To BLEED [among farmers] denotes to yield; as, the corn bleeds
well, i. e. yields well in threshing.

To BLEED [among gardeners] is to draw out the sap of plants, the
same as tapping.

To BLEED freely, a very low phrase, to part with one＇s money freely.

BLEE＇DING, letting out of blood.

BLEEDING Cull [among sharpers] one who, when he is once stuck,
i. e. has lost some money in gaming, will not give over till he has
lost all.

BLEIT, BLATE, or BLEAT [of blœd, Ger. and that of ploden, Teut.
to fear] bashful. N. C.

A toom (empty) purse makes a BLEIT (shamefac＇d) merchant. This
proverb is Scottish, as are the words toom and bleit; but it is very na­
tural to conclude, a man will have little courage in buying, when he
has no money to pay.

A BLEIT cat makes a proud mouse. That is, when parents or
masters are too moderate in reproving their children or servants, it ge­
nerally makes the former unruly and disobedient, and the latter saucy
and impertinent.

A BLE＇MISH [probably of bleme, Fr. pale or white. Skinner] 1. A
stain, a mark of deformity, a diminution of beauty, a spot. In di­
viding, if you leave a remediless blemish. Wiseman. 2. A sault or dis­
grace, a reproach. Clear she died from blemish criminal. Spenser.
3. A soil, turpitude, or stain. Is conformity with Rome a blemish un­
to the church of England? Hooker.

To BLEMISH [from blame. Junius; probably of blemir, Fr. to
grow pale] 1. To stain or spot with any deformity. Likelier that
my outward face might have been disguised, than that the face of so
excellent a mind could have been thus blemished. Sidney. 2. To
wound or prejudice a person＇s reputation or good name. By defama­
tion to blemish a character. Addison.

BLEMISH [with hunters] a term used, when the hounds or beagles







having found where the chance has been, only make a proffer to en­
ter and return.

To BLENCH, verb neut. to shrink or fly off.
I＇ll tent him to the quick; if he＇ll but blench,
I know my course. Shakespeare.

To BLENCH, verb act. to hinder or obstruct. Carrying great trusses of hay before them to blench the defendant＇s sight. Carew.

BLENCH [in the Scotch law] as, to hold land in blench, i. e. to hold
it by the payment of a sugar-loaf, a couple of capons, a bever-hat, a
rose, or such like thing, if demanded.

To BLEND, pret.I blended, anciently blent [blendan, Sax. blenda,
Du. and Su.] 1. To mix or mingle together.
＇Tis beauty truly blent, whose red and white
Nature＇s own sweet and cunning hand hath laid on. Shakespeare.
They were no otherwise mingled, than but blended, but not united.
Boyle. 2. To confound, sometimes with the reciprocal pronoun.
The times and seasons of the year blend themselves by disordered and
confused mixture. Hooker. 3. To pollute, spoil or corrupt. This
signification was anciently much used, but now quite obsolete.
He burnt with jealous fire,
The eye of reason was with rage yblent. Spenser.

BLEND Water, a distemper incident to black cattle.

BLE＇NDER [from blend] he that blends or mingles.

BLE＇NHEIM, a village of Swabia in Germany, famous for the vic­
tory obtained by the allied army, commanded by the duke of Marl­
borough and prince Eugene, over the French and Bavarians, com­
manded by the duke of Bavaria, and the Marshals Tallard and Mar­
sin. It is situated on the west side of the Danube, three miles north-
east of Hockstet, and twenty-seven north-east of Ulm.

BLE＇NNA [βλεννα, Gr.] an excrementitious humour, somewhat crass
and concocted, that flows down through the palate and nostrils.
Castell. renovat.

BLENT, obsolete, part. of blend; which see.

BLEPHA＇RIDES [βλεϕαριδες, of βλεϕαρον, Gr. an eye-brow] that
part of the eye-lids where the hair grows, or the hairs themselves.
Anatom.

BLE＇PHARO [of βλεϕαρος, Gr.] one who has great brows or eye­
lids, beetle-brow＇d.

BLE＇PHARON [βλεϕαρον, Gr.] an eye-lid.

BLEPHAROXI＇STUM [of βλεϕαρον and ξυω, Gr. to scrape off] an
instrument for pulling hairs out of the eye-lids.

BLE＇RA [old law rec.] pete or earth digged up and dryed for
fuel.

To BLESS [of blessian, Sax.] 1. To make happy, to felicitate,
to prosper.
It is twice bless＇d,
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes. Shakespeare.
2. To wish happiness to, to pronounce a blessing upon. The man
of God blessed the children of Israel. Deuteronomy. 3. To praise, to
glorify. The Creator alone to be blessed, adored, and honoured. Hooker.
4. It seems, in one passage of Spenser, to signify the same as to wave,
brandish, or flourish. His sparkling blade about his head he blest.

BLE＇SSED, part. [of bless] happy, possessed of celestial felicity; as,
the blessed in heaven.

BLESSED Thistle. A plant with flosculous flowers, consisting of
many florets. The species are: 1. The blessed thistle, which is cul­
tivated for the herb which is dried for medicinal uses, but of late less
used than formerly. 2. The yellow distaff thistle. Miller.

BLE＇SSEDLY [from blessed] happily. Clitophon＇s taking had bles­
sedly procured their meeting. Sidney.

BLE＇SSEDNESS [from blessed] 1. Felicity, happiness. The blessed­
ness of being little. Shakespeare. 2. Sanctity.
Earthlier happy is the rose distill＇d,
Than that which withering on the virgin thorn,
Grows, lives and dies in single blessedness. Shakespeare.
3. Heavenly beatitude. Being begun in grace, it passes into glory,
blessedness, and immortality. South. 4. Divine favour.

The BLESSEDNESS of a marry＇d State has been represented by a
very beautiful woman, having on her breast, instead of a jewel, two
hands holding a flaming heart, and in her right hand a yoke, which
she looks upon with a friendly aspect.

BLE＇SSER [from bless] he that blesses, prospers, or gives a blessing.
Return praise to God, the giver of the gift, or blesser of the
action. Taylor.

BLE＇SSING, subst. 1. Benediction, a prayer by which happiness is
implored. 2. A declaration, by which it is promised in a prophetic
or authoritative manner; as, the father layeth his hand upon his
head, and giveth the blessing. Bacon. 3. Any of the means of hap­
piness, advantage, gift, or benefit. The most valuable blessings of
society. Addison. 4. Divine savour. He shall receive the blessing
from the Lord. Psalms. 5. The Hebrews, under this name, often
understand the presents which friends make to one another, in all pro­
bability, because they are generally attended with blessings and com­
pliments both from those who give, and those who receive. Receive
my present at my hand, take, I pray thee, my blessing that is brought
to thee. Genesis.

BLEST, part. the same with BLESSED, happy. Blest in thy geni­
us, in thy love too blest. Pope.

BLEW, prct. [of to blow] See To BLOW.

BLEW Mantle, or BLUE Mantle, a title peculiar to one of the
pursuivants or marshals at arms.

BLEYME [with sarriers] a disease in horses, a kind of inflamma­
tion, proceeding from bruised blood, between the sole and the bone
of the foot.

BLIGHT, or a BLAST [the etymology of blight is unknown. Johnson]
1. Mildew, according to Skinner; but it seems taken, by most wri­
ters, in a general sense, for any cause of the failure of fruits; or, as
some blight of the spring. 2. Any thing blastling or nipping. The
first blight of frost shall strip you of all. L＇Estrange. 3. A disease in­
cident to plants, that affects them variously; the whole plant some­
times, and at other times only the leaves or blossoms, being withered
or smutted.

To BLIGHT [from the noun] 1. To corrupt with mildew. It
blasts vegetables, blights corn and fruits. Woodward. 2. To blast in
general, to hinder fertility; as, to blight corn.
Lest harsh care the lover＇s peace destroy,
And roughly blight the tender buds of joy,
Let reason teach. Lyttleton.

BLIND, adj. [blind, Sax. blind, Dan. Su. and Ger. blindt, Du.
blinda, Goth.] 1. Deprived of sight. 2. Mentally dark, ignorant,
unable to judge, with to before the thing unseen. All authors to their
own defects are blind. Dryden. 3. Sometimes of Blind of the fu­
ture. Dryden. 4. Not seen, out of public view, private, generally
with some tendency to contempt or censure. Any blind or secret
corner is judged a fit house of common prayer. Hooker. 5. Not easily
discernible, hard to find, obscure.
Blind mazes of this tangl＇d wood. Milton.
On the blind rocks are lost. Dryden.

To BLIND [blindan, Sax. verblenden, Ger.] 1. To make blind.
2. To obscure, to darken to the eye. Darkness blinds the sky. Dry­
den. 3. To darken to the understanding; as, to blind and confound
the state of a controversy.

BLIND, subst. 1. Something to hinder the sight. Civility casts a
blind over duty. L＇Estrange. 2. Something to mislead the eye or un­
derstanding. These discourses set an opposition between his command
and decrees; making the one a blind for the execution of the other.
Decay of Piety.

BLIND, a feint, shift, or artifice; to make a person believe a falsity.

BLIND men can＇t judge of colours. Il ciec non giudicadi colori. It.
The Greeks say: Τιτυϕλω καὶ κατοπτρω. The Latins say: Quid cæco
cum speculo? (What has a blind man to do with a looking-glass.) We
should not be forward in giving our opinions on things we can＇t be
supposed to have any skill in, lest this proverb be hit in our teeth.
The Germans say: Ein blinder kan von der faibe nicht urtheilen.

Who so BLIND as he that will not see? Spoken of those who pre­
tend they can＇t see what they have no mind to see.

BLIND Cancer. See Primitive CANCER.

BLIND Nettle, an herb.

A Man＇s BLIND Side, his foible or weakness.

BLIND Vessels [with chemists] such as have no opening but on
one side.

BLI＇NDFOLD [from blind, of blind and fealdan, Sax.] having the
eyes covered.

BLI＇NDLY [from blind] 1. Without sight. 2. Implicitely, with­
out examination; as, blindly to swallow nonesense. 3. Fortuitously,
without direction or judgment.
How seas, earth and air, and active flame
Fell thro＇ the mighty void, and in their fall
Were blindly gather＇d in this goodly ball. Dryden.

BLINDLY, without seeing or considering.

BLINDMAN＇S Buff. A play in which one is to be blindfold, and
to hunt out some of the rest of the company. At Blindman＇s-buff to
grope his way. Hudibras.

BLI＇NDNESS [blindnesse, Sax.] 1. Want of sight, a privation of the
sensation of sight, arising from some defect in the organ itself, or in
the optic nerve, and blood-vessels belonging to it. Milton alludes to
both these causes in those lines;
So thick a drop serene has quench＇d their orbs,
Or dim suffusion veil＇d. Parad. Lost, B. III. l. 25, &c.
If the reader would see this compleatly explained, he may consult
H. Boerhav. æconomia animal. ÆREIS tabulis illustrat. Ed. Londin.
and also Monita & Precepta Medica. Mead. 2. Ignorance, mental
darkness. We discover nothing but our own blindness and igno­
rance. Locke.

BLINDNESS of Heart, in general, has been represented by a woman
clad in green, standing in the midst of a meadow, in which are all
sorts of beautiful flowers, with which she is so delighted and taken
up, that she don＇t observe the danger of a snake under her feet, nor
her own state, by a mole among the flowers. The mole intimates
blindness; her head inclined towards fading flowers, worldly delights;
which allure and busy the mind to no purpose: for whatever the flat­
tering world promises, yet all is but a clod of earth, covered, not
only under the false hope of short pleasures, but with many dangers
all our days.

BLINDS [in fortification] are bundles of osiers bound at both ends,
and set up between two stakes; also branches of trees, or pieces of
wood laid across upon the trenches, to bear up the bavins or hurdles
laid over with earth, which serve to cover them, and sometimes can­
vass, and sometimes planks erected, to obstruct the enemy＇s prospect.

BLINDWORM [of blind and worm] a small viper, the least of our
English serpents, but venomons. Newts and blindworms do no harm.
Shakespeare. The greater slow-worm, called also the blindworm, is
commonly thought to be blind, because of the littleness of his eyes.
Grew.

To BLINK [blinck, Su. blinchen, Dan.] 1. To wink or twinkle with
the eyes. To trepan the one to think.
The other blind, both strove to blink. Hudibras.
2. To see obscurely. Shew me thy chink, to blink thro＇ with mine
eyne. Shakespeare. One eye was blinking, and one leg was lame.
Pope.

BLI＇NKARD [from blink, of blinker, Dan.] 1. One that winks or
twinkles with his eyes, one that has bad eyes. 2. Something that
twinkles. In some parts we see many glorious stars, and in some
none but blinkards and obscure ones. Hakewill.

To BLINK Beer [probably of blinnan, Sax.] to keep it unbroached
till it is grown tart or sharp. N. C.

BLINKS [with hunters] boughs torn from trees, and cast over­
thwart the way where a deer is likely to pass, to stop his speed.

BLISS [blisse, of blissan, blidasian, Sax. to rejoice] 1. The
highest degree of happiness, generally used of the felicity of blessed
souls. 2. Happiness in general. Bliss is the same in subject or in
king. Pope.

BLI＇SSFUL [of bliss and full] 1. Happy in the highest degree. 2.
Joyous, full of joy.
Windsor＇s blissful plains. Pope, 3. Applied to the felicity
of the blessed; as, the blissful vision. Hammond.

BLI＇SSFULLY [of blissful] happily.

BLI＇SFULNESS [of blissen and fall, Sax.] happiness, fulness of
joy.








To BLI＇SSOM, to leap as a ram does upon an ewe, to caterwal, to
be lustful.

BLI＇SSOMING, the act of generation between a ram and an ewe.

BLI＇STER [blester, It. blistor, Sp. blestar, Fr. bluyster, Du.] 1. A
pustule in the skin, formed by raising the cuticle from the cutis, and
filled with serum. 2. Any swelling made by the separation of any
film or skin from the other parts. Upon the leaves there riseth a tu­
mour like a blister. Bacon. 3. The plaister itself that raises a blister.
It is made partly of Spanish flies.

To BLISTER, verb neut. [bluyster, Du.] to rise in a blister.
Let my tongue blister. Shakespeare.

To BLISTER, verb act. 1. To raise blisters by a burn, rubbing, or
any other cause that hurts. 2. To raise pustules with a medical
intention; as, to blister the head.

BLITES, a kind of beet, an herb that has scarce any taste or scent.

BLITH, a market town of Nottinghamshire, about 18 miles from
Newark, and 130 from London.

BLITHE [blithe, Sax.] pleasant, jocund, merry, gay, not heavy;
as a blithe aspect.

A BLITHE heart makes a bloomy bisage. The joy of the heart is
easily discovered in the countenance; as on the contrary, Tristitia
corrugat vultum, sorrow wrinkles the face.

BLI＇THLY [of blithe] briskly, merrily.

BLI＇THNESS, or BLI＇THSOMNESS [of blithnesse, Sax.] the quality
or state of being very pleasant or merry.

BLI＇THSOME [of blithe] cheerful, gay.
Frosty blasts deface the blithsome year. J. Philips.

BLOACH, a pustule, wheal, or small swelling.

To BLOAT, verb act. [probably from blow. Johnson.] to swell
with wind; with up emphatical.
Bloat him up with praise. Dryden.
Virgins bloated up. Addison.

To BLOAT, verb neut. to become swoln. If a person of a firm
constitution begins to bloat, his fibres grow weak. Arbuthnot.

BLO＇ATEDNESS [of bloat] swelling, tumour. Bloatedness and scor­
butical spots are symptoms of weak fibres. Arbuthnot.

BLO＇BBER [of blob] in some counties denotes a bubble. There
swimmeth in the sea a round slimy substance, called a blobber, re­
puted noisome to the fish. Carew.

BLO＇BBERLIP [of blobber, or blob and lip] a thick lip. His blob­
berlip and beetle brows commend. Dryden.

BLO＇BLIPPED, or BLO＇BBERLIPPED, having swoln or thick lips.
A bloblipped shell, which seemeth a kind of mussel. Grew.
Flatnosed and blobberlipped. L＇Estrange.

BLOCK [block, Du. and Goth. bloc, Fr.] 1. A heavy piece of timber,
rather thick than long. 2. A mass of matter, a piece of marble as
it comes out of the quarry. 3. A massy body.
For want of a block, he will stumble at a straw. Swift.
4. A rude piece of timber; in contempt. An image cleft out of the
trunk of some tree, a divine block. Stillingfleet. 5. The piece of
wood on which hats are modelled. 6. The piece of wood on which
criminals are beheaded. 7. An obstruction or stop. No crime is
block enough in our way to stop our flight. Decay of Piety. 8. A
pully. 9. A block-head, a fellow of remarkable stupidity.
There men become beasts, and prone to all evils,
In cities blocks. Donne.

BLOCK [with falconers] the perch whereon the hawk is kept.

BLOCK Land, a piece of land anciently, that which is now called
free-hold land.

BLOCK and BLOCK [a sea term] a phrase used when two blocks
meet, in haling any tackle or hallyard, having such blocks belonging
to them.

Fish BLOCK [in a ship] is a block hung in a knot at the end of a
davit; the use of it is to hale up the flooks of the anchor to a
ship＇s prow.

Snatch BLOCK [in a ship] is a large block with a shiver in it, and
a notch cut through one of its cheeks, for the more ready receiving
in of any rope. It is used for the fall of the winding tackle.

BLOCK [among bowlers] denotes the small bowl, used as a mark
to bowl at.

To BLOCK [bloquer, Fr.] to shut up, to inclose, so as to hinder e­
gress. Troops to block it up from infesting the great road. Clarendon.

BLOCKA＇DE [blocus, Fr. bloccato, It. military art] a sort of siege,
when armed troops are posted at all the avenues or passages leading to
the place, so that no supplies or provisions can be brought into the
place; it being the design of the besiegers to starve it out; and not
to take it by regular attacks or storm.

To BLOCKADE, or BLOCK up [bloquer, Fr. bloccare, It. military
term] 1. To stop or shut up all the avenues and passages, and hinder
all intelligence being sent into or out of the town or fort, so that it
may receive no relief. 2. To stop up in general.
Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door. Pope.

BLO＇CKHEAD [of block, Teut. and heafod, Sax. the head] a stu­
pid, ignorant fellow, a dolt, one without parts.

BLOCKHEADED [from blockhead] stupid, heavy, dull; as, a block­
headed boy. L＇Estrange.

BLOCK-HOUSE, a sort of fortress to block up a pass. Under the
protection of some blockhouses. Raleigh.

BLO＇CKISH [of block, Teut.] ignorant, stupid, dull. Blockish Ajax.
Shakespeare.

BLO＇CKISHLY [from blockish] ignorantly, stupidly.

BLO＇CKISHNESS [from blockish] stupidity.

BLOCKS [of a ship] are a kind of wooden pullies, having shivers
in them, i. e. little wheels fixed with a cock and a pin, on which
running ropes go.

Double BLOCKS [in a ship] are such as are used when much strength
is required, because they will purchase with more ease than single
blocks, though much slower.

BLO＇CKTIN [from block and tin] that tin which is most pure and un­
mixed, and as yet unwrought. Boyle.

BLOIS, a beautiful city, the capital of the territory of Blasois, in
Orleanois, in France, situated on the north side of the river Loire,
30 miles south-west of Orleans. Lat. 47° 35′ N. Long. 1° 20′ E.

BLO＇MARY [at the iron mills] the first forge, through which the
metal passes, after it has been melted out of the mine.

BLO＇NKET, subst. [I suppose for blanket. Johnson]
Our blonket livery＇s being all too sad
For thilke same season, when all is yclad
With pleasance. Spenser.

BLO＇NIC, a town of Poland, about 20 miles west of Warsaw. Lat.
52° 0′ N. Long. 20° 30′ E.

BLOOD [blod, Su. and Dan. blood. Du. O. and L. Ger. blut, H.
Ger. bloth, Goth.] 1. A warm, red liquor or humour, circulating by
means of arteries and veins, through every part of the body; by mi­
croscopes the blood appears to consist of little red globules swimming
in an aqueous liquor, supposed to be the cruor and serum. 2. Child,
progeny. Thou art my flesh, my blood, my daughter. Shakespeare.
3. Family, kindred.
A friend of our own blood, a brother kind. Waller.
4. Descent, lineage. Not running in a blood, like the perpetual
gentleness of the Ormond family. Dryden. 5. Blood-royal, regal li­
neage. A prince o＇ the blood, a son of Priam. Shakespeare. 6. Birth,
noble extraction. A gentleman of blood. Shakespeare. 7. Murder, vio­
lent death. Blood will have blood. Shakespeare. 8. Life. When
wicked men have slain a righteous person, shall I not require his blood
at your hand? 2 Samuel. 9. For blood; a low phrase. Tho＇ his life
or blood were at stake. In the same sense, for his heart, is used. A crow
lay battering upon a muscle, and could not, for his blood, break the
shell. L＇Estrange. 10. The carnal part of man, as opposed to the
spiritual. Flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my fa­
ther which is in heaven. St. Matthew. 11. Temper of mind, state
of the passions.
Will you, great Sir, that glory blot,
In cold blood, which you gain＇d in hot. Hudibras.
12. Hot spark, a man of fire. The news put divers young bloods
into a fury. Bacon. The juice of any thing. The blood of grapes.
Genesis.

To BLOOD [from the noun] 1. Sometimes to let blood medically.
2. To stain with blood. He was blooded up to his elbows by a couple
of Moors, whom he had been butchering with his own imperial
hands. Addison. 3. To enter upon the game, to enure to blood as a
hound. Ye were blooded in a yielded prey. Spenser. 4. To heat, to
exasperate. Matters grew more exasperate, the auxiliary forces of
French and English were much blooded one against another. Bacon.

BLOO＇D-BOLTERED [from blood and bolter] blood sprinkled.
The blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me. Shakespeare.

BLOO＇D-FLOWER [hæmanthus, Lat.] a plant originally brought from
the cape of Good Hope, and many years preserved in the curious
gardens in Holland, but in England it is still very rare. Miller.

BLOOD-GUILTINESS [from blood and guilty] murder, the crime of
shedding blood. With blood-guiltiness to heap offence. Spencer.

BLOOD-HO＇T [of blood and hot] hot in the same degree with the blood
circulating in the body. Warm the beer blood-hot. Locke.

BLOOD-HOUNDS, a kind of hunting-dogs, so called for their
most exquisite scent; for though the game happen to be dead, or if
wounded it makes its escape from the huntsmen, or if it be killed,
and never so clearly removed away, yet they will find their way to it,
and they seize with great fierceness.
These rav＇ning blood-hounds that pursue
In a full cry, gaping to swallow me. Southerne.
A blood-hound will follow the tract of the person. Arbuthnot.

BLOO＇DINESS [of blodignesse, Sax.] a being bloody in body; also
bloody-mindedness.

BLOO＇DLESS [blodles, Sax.] 1. Having no blood, dead. The blood­
less carcass of my Hector sold. Dryden. 2. Without slaughter.
Beauty with a bloodless conquest finds
A welcome sovereignty in rudest minds. Waller.

To BLOOD-LET [of blood and let] to bleed, to open a vein. It
is known by experiments of blood-letting. Arbuthnot.

BLOOD-LE＇TTER [of blood and to let] he that bleeds or lets blood.
The ignorance of the blood-letter in letting blood. Wiseman.

BLOOD-LETTING, noun subst. the taking away of blood.

BLOOD Red-hot [with smiths] the last degree of heat given to
their iron in the forge.

BLOOD Running-itch [with farriers] a disease in horses, proceeding
from an inflammation of the blood, caused by being hard rid, or
over-hard laboured; so that the blood gets between the skin and the
flesh, which makes a horse rub and bite himself, and, if not cured,
will turn to a mange.

BLOO＇DSHED. 1. The crime of spilling of blood, murder. Abhor­
red bloodshed and tumultuous strife. Spenser. 2. Slaughter.
So by him Cæsar got the victory,
Thro＇ great bloodshed. Spenser.

BLOO＇DSHEDDER [from blood and shed] a murderer, or a shedder of
blood. He that defraudeth the labourer of his hire, is a blood-shedder.
Eccles.

BLOO＇DSHOT, or BLOO＇DSHOTTEN [of blood and shot] a distemper of
the eyes, when the blood-vessels are very much distended, so as to
make the eyes appear red. That is occasioned by an extravasation of
blood-redning clouds reflect his bloodshot eye. Garth.

BLOOD Spavin [with farriers] a distemper in horses, being a soft
swelling, that grows through the hoof, and is usually full of blood.

BLOOD Stone, a stone effectual in stopping bleeding, called also
hæmatites. The blood-stone worn is thought to be good for them that
bleed at the nose, which is by astriction and cooling of the spirits.
Bacon. The blood-stone is green, spotted with a bright blood-red.
Woodward.

BLOOD Strange, or BLOOD Wort, two sorts of herbs.

BLOOD Sucker [of blood and suck] 1. A leech, a fly; any thing
that sucks blood. 2. A murderer, a cruel man. A knot you are
of damned blood-suckers. Shakespeare.

BLOOD Wite [of blod and wita, Sax.] an amerciament or custo­
mary fine, paid as a composition and atonement for the shedding or
drawing of blood.

Like BLOOD like good. This short proverbial rhime alludes to
equality in marriage, and teaches us, that where people of a different
state or condition (we may add age, temper, religion, principles, &c.)
come together, nothing but jarring and uneasiness ensues. The La­
tins say: Æquolem uxorem quære. Or according to Ovid: Si qua







voles aptè nubere, nube pari. Juvenal censures the marrying a wo­
man superior in riches as an unsufferable evil. Intolerabilius nihil est
quàm fæmina dives.

BLOO＇DILY [from bloody] in a bloody or cruel manner, with a dis­
position to shed blood; bloodily butcher＇d. Shakespeare. Bloodily in­
clin＇d. Dryden.

BLOODING, a blood or black pudding.

BLOO＇DTHIRSTY [of blood and thirst] desirous of shedding blood.
The image of God the bloodthirsty have not. Raleigh.

BLOOD VESSEL [of blood and vessel] a vessel appropriated by nature
for conveying the blood thro＇ the body.

BLOO＇DY [blodig, Sax. blutig, H. Ger.] daubed or besmeared with
blood.
What bloody man is that? he can report,
As seemeth by his plight, of the revolt
The newest state. Macbeth, Act 1. Scene 2.
2. Cruel, murderous, bloodthirsty; applied to men or facts. I grant
him bloody. Shakespeare. The bloody fact will be aveng＇d. Milton.

BLOO＇DY Hand [in forest law] the crime of a trespasser in a forest
against venison, when he is taken with hands or other parts bloody,
by which he is judged to have killed a deer, altho＇ he is not found
chasing or hunting.

BLOODY Flux [with physicians] an exulceration of the guts, with
frequent and bloody ejections.

BLOODY-Minded [of blood and mind] cruel, inclined to bloodshed.
This bloody-minded colonel. Dryden.

BLOOM [probably of bloem, Du. or blosm, Sax. bluhum, Ger.] 1.
The blossom or flower of a tree, &c. which precedes the fruit.
The bee
Sits on the bloom, extracting liquid sweet. Milton.
2. The state of immaturity, the state of any thing ripening to higher
perfection.
My youth in bloom, your age in its decay. Dryden.
3. The blue colour upon plumbs and grapes just gathered.

A BLOOM [in the iron works] a piece of iron wrought by the first
hammering to a square mass, two foot long, called blomary.

To BLOOM, to put forth blooms or blossoms. If you do not pull
off some blossoms the first time a tree bloometh, it will blossom itself to
death. Bacon. 2. To produce in the same manner as blossoms are
produced. Rites, now superstitious, when the strength of devout or
charitable affection bloomed them, no man could justly have condemned
as evil. Hooker. 3. To be in a state of youth and improvement.
Beauty, frail flower, that every season fears,
Blooms in thy colours for a thousand years. Pope.

BLOO＇MERS, blooming buds.

BLOO＇MING, or BLOO＇MY [of bloom] full of blooms, flowery.
Bloomy spray. Milton and Pope.

BLORE [from blow] act of blowing, a blast.
Outrush＇d with an unmeasur＇d roar,
Those two winds, tumbling clouds in heaps, ushers to ei­
ther＇s blore. Chapman.

To BLO＇SSOM [blotsmian, Sax. bloessemen, Du.] to put forth blos­
soms as a tree.

A BLO＇SSOM [blosme, Sax. bloessem, Du.] the flower of a tree or
plant, previous to the seed or fruit.

BLO＇SSOMLESS, without blossoms.

BLOSSOM Colour, or PEACH Colour [in a horse] is such, as when
the hair is white, but intermixed all over with sorrel and bay hairs.

BLOT. 1. A spot or stain upon paper with ink. 2. An oblitera­
tion of something written.
Let flames on your unlucky papers prey,
Your wars, your loves, your praises be forgot,
And make of all an universal blot. Dryden.
3. A spot in reputation, a disgrace, a reproach.
It is no vicious blot, murder or foulness. Shakespeare.

A BLOT in Back-gammon [bloet, L. Ger.] when a single man lies
open to be taken up; whence to hit a blot. A blot which may so ea­
sily be hit. Dryden.

To BLOT [blottir, Fr. to hide or couch like a partridge] 1. To spot
with ink or any thing else, so that the writing is obliterated, or ren­
dered not legible. The last and greatest art, the art to blot. Pope. 2.
To make black spots on paper, to blur. Heads over-full of matter be
like pens over-full of ink, which will sooner blot, than make any fair
letter. Ascham. 3. To disgrace, to disfigure. It blots thy beauty,
as frosts bite the meads. Shakespeare. 4. To darken. He sung how
earth blots the moon＇s gilded wane. Cowley.

To BLOT (or stain)a man＇s reputation.

To BLOT out, to erase, to obliterate, to efface. One act like this
blots out a thousand crimes. Dryden.

To BLOT out of one＇s memory, to forget.

BLOTCH [from blot] a pustule, wheal, or bladder on the Skin.
Spots and blotches of several colours. Harvey.

To BLOTE [from blot] to swell, to puff up; also to sit smoaking or
drying by the fire as bloted herrings. See To BLOAT.

BLO＇TED Herrings, herrings dried in the smoke, red herrings.

BLOTED, pussed up, swelled.

A BLOW [blowe, Du.] 1. A stroke. 2. The stroke of death. As­
suage your thirst of blood, and strike the blow. Dryden. 3. A single
action, a sudden accident or event. If once defeated, they lose a pro­
vince at a blow. Dryden. 4. The act of a fly, by which she lodges
eggs in flesh. With the blows of flies,
His brass inflicted wounds are fill＇d. Chapman.

To BLOW, verb act. [irreg. verb pret. blew; part. pass. blown,
blawan or blowan, Sax.] 1. To move with a current of air. 2. Some­
times impersonally with it; as, it blew a tempest. 3. To pant, to
puff, to be almost breathless; as, she＇s sweating and blowing. 4. To
breathe. 5. To sound by being blown. Ethereal trumpet from on
high ＇gan blow. Milton. 6. To sound or play musically by wind.
Blow an alarm. Numbers. 7. To blow over. To pass away without
effect. The storm is blown over; and storms blow over. Both in an
active and passive form.

To BLOW [blowan, Sax.] to open as a flower, to bloom, to blos­
som.

To BLOW up, to blow into the air by the force of gun-powder. The
enemy＇s magazines blew up. Tatler.

To BLOW, verb act. 1. To drive away by the force of the wind.
Trees blown down. Shakespeare. Blow away those mists. Denham.
2. To inflame with wind. The smith bloweth the coals in the fire.
Isaiah. 3. To swell, to puff into bulk.
No blown ambition doth our arms unite. Shakespeare.
4. To form a thing by blowing it into shape.
Spherical bubbles boys blow with water. Boyle.
5. To warm with the breath. Dick the shepherd blows his nails.
Shakespeare. 6. To spread by report. See BLOWN.

To BLOW out, to extinguish by wind or the breath. Blow out all
the stars that light the skies. Dryden.

To BLOW up, to raise or swell with breath. It blows a man up
like a bladder. Shakespeare.

To BLOW up, to raise into the air by the force of gun-powder; as,
to blow up a mine or rock.

BLO＇WER, a kind of whale, which spouts forth a great deal of wa­
ter; also a melter of tin. The blowing-house with the blowers. Ca­
rew.

BLO＇WING-Houses [at tin works] furnaces where the tin oar is
melted and cast.

BLOWING Snake [of Virginia] a kind of viper, which blows and
swells the head exceedingly, before it gives the bite.

BLOWN Milk, skimmed or flotten milk.

BLOWN [irreg. part. pass. of blow] being blown.

BLOWN [blowan, Sax.] having the flower-leaves open.

BLOWN [in boiling of sugar] is when the sides of the copper-pan,
in which the sugar has been boiled for a considerable time, is beaten
with the skimmer; and a person blowing through the holes of it from
one side to the other, certain sparks or small bubbles fly out, which is
an indication that the sugar is come to that degree of boiling.

BLOWN upon, divulged, seen by several, despised, slighted.

It is BLOWN, it is discovered, or made public.

BLOW-Pipe [of blow and pipe] a hollow tube used by several arti­
ficers in blowing with the mouth.

BLOW-Point, a child＇s play.
Boys shall not play
At span-counter or blow-point. Donne.

BLOWTH [of blow] bloom or blossom. Ambition and cove­
tousness being but green and newly grown up, the seeds and effects
were as yet but potential, and in the blowth and bud. Raleigh.

BLOWZE, a fat red-faced bloted wench.

BLO＇WZY, sunburnt, high coloured.

BLU＇BBER, the fat of a whale before it is boiled. See BLOBBER.

To BLUBBER, to weep, so as to swell the cheeks. Blubbering and
weeping, weeping and blubbering. Shakespeare.

BLU＇BBERED, adj. 1. Swelled with weeping; as, blubber＇d face and
blubber＇d cheeks. 2. Swelled big: applied commonly to the lip; as,
blubber＇d lip.

BLUBBER-Lipp＇d, having great or swelled lips.

BLU＇DGEON, an oaken or other short stick or club, with one end
loaded, used as an offensive weapon to knock one down.

BLUE [bleu, Fr. blazaine, Du. blau, Ger. blaa, Su. blew, bleo, or
bleoth, Sax.] one of the seven original colours.

BLUE-Bottle, a flower of the bell-shape, a species of bottle-flower;
also a large sort of fly with a blue belly.
What blue-bottle alive,
Did ever with such fury drive? Prior.

BLUE-Cap, a species of salmon, with a broad blue spot on its
head.

BLUE as a Razor, corrupted for blue as azure.

BLUE-Mantle, the title of one of our pursuivants at arms.

Turnsole BLUE, a blue used by painters, by boiling a quarter of a
pound of turnsole in a pint and a half of water.

BLUE-EYED [of blue and eye] having bue eyes; as, blue-ey＇d maid.

BLUE-HAIRED [of blue and hair] having blue hair. His blue-hair＇d
deities. Milton.

BLU＇ELY [of blue] with a blue colour.

BLU＇ENESS [of blue] the quality of being blue.

BLUFF, surly, blustering; as, to look bluff or big. Black brow＇d
and bluff. Dryden.

To BLUFF, to swagger, to look big.

BLUFF-Headed [ship] one whose rake is small forward, and her
stern too strait up.

BLU＇ING of Metals [with gilders] is the heating any metal till it has
assumed a blue colour.

BLU＇ISH [of blue] blue in some degree. A bluish tinsel. Shakespeare.

BLU＇ISHNESS [of bluish] a small degree of blue colour. I could
make with crude copper a solution without the bluishness. Boyle.

To BLU＇NDER, verb neut. [blunderen, Du. perhaps from blind.
Johnson] 1. To mistake grossly and stupidly, to err very widely. It
implies contempt. 2. To flounder, to stumble.
He who now to sense, now nonsense leaning,
Means not, but blunders round about a meaning. Pope.

To BLUNDER, verb act. To mix foolishly or blindly. He blunders
and confounds all together. Stillingfleet.

BLU＇NDER, a gross mistake, a shameful oversight.

BLU＇NDER-BUSS [donder-buso, Du.] a short brass gun, of a large
bore; also a careless person, who commits mistakes and blunders.

BLU＇NDERER, one apt to make gross mistakes or blunders, a block­
head.

BLU＇NDER-HEAD [of blunder and head] a stupid fellow. This
thick-scull＇d blunder-head. L＇Estrange.

BLU＇NKET, a sort of light blue colour.

BLU＇NT [Casaubon derives it of αμβλυς, Gr. but the etymology seems
uncertain] 1. Having a dull edge or point, not sharp, dull in under­
standing, not quick. Whitehead was of a blunt stoical nature. Bacon.
2. Rough, not delicate, not civil, not nice. The mayor came to seize
them in a blunt manner. Wotton. Blunt truths more mischief than nice
falshoods do. Pope. 3. Abrupt, not elegant. To use too many cir­
cumstances e＇er one come to the matter, is wearisome, to use none at all
is blunt. Bacon. 4. Hard to penetrate. This sense is improper.

To BLUNT. 1. To dull the edge or point of any thing. 2. To re­
press or weaken any desire of the mind. Blunt not his love. Shake­
speare.








BLU＇NTLY [from blunt] 1. In a blunt manner, without sharpness.
2. Coursely, plainly, roughly. Deliver a plain message bluntly.
Shakespeare.

BLU＇NTISH, something blunt, not very sharp.

BLU＇NTNESS. 1. Want of edge or point. 2. Coarseness, roughness
of manners, rude sincerity. His silence grew wit, his bluntness inte­
grity, his beastly ignorance, virtuous simplicity. Sidney.

BLUNT-WITTED [of blunt and wit] dull, stupid. Blunt-witted
lord, ignoble in demeanour. Shakespeare.

BLUR [borra, Sp. a blot. Skinner] a blot or stain with ink, &c.
or a blemish upon a man＇s reputation. Man once fallen, has nothing
but a great blur, a total universal pollution. South.

To BLUR [from the noun] 1. To blot or stain paper with ink, to
efface, to obscure.
Such an act,
That blurs the grace and blush of modesty. Shakespeare.
2. To blot or stain in general.
Sarcasms may eclipse thine own,
But cannot blur my lost renown. Hudibras.

BLU＇RRED, that which is blotted or stained.

To BLUR a Trumpet, to make a hoarse jarring sound.

To BLURT [without etymology. Johnson] to speak rashly and
inconsiderately. They cannot hold, but blurt out those words, which
afterwards they are forced to eat. Hakewell.

To BLUSH [prob. of blosen, Du.] 1. To redden in the face, either
by reason of modesty, shame, or surprize. Shame causeth blushing,
blushing is the resort of the blood to the face, altho＇ blushing will be
seen in the whole breast, yet that is but in passage to the face. Bacon.
2. To carry a red or any soft and bright colour. And bears his blush­
ing honours thick upon him. Shakespeare. 3. With at before the cause
of shame. Pages blush＇d at him. Shakespeare.

To get a BLUSH [or glimpse] of a thing. Purely identical proposi­
tion, obviously and at first blush, contain no certain instruction. Locke.

BLUSH, or BLU＇SHING [from the verb] 1. A redness in the face
proceeding from modesty, shame, or confusion. 2. A red or purple
colour. Here the roses blush so rare,
Here the mornings smile so fair,
As if neither cloud nor wind,
But wou＇d be courteous, wou＇d be kind. Crashaw.

BLU＇SHING, a phænomenon in the animal œconomy, excited from a
sense of shame, &c.

BLU＇SHY [from blush] having the colour of a blush; as, a blushy
colour in the face.

To BLU＇STER [probably of blæst, Sax. q. d. blaster] 1. To make
a noise, as a boisterous wind, to be violent and loud.
So now he storms with many a sturdy stoure,
So now his blustering blast each coast doth scour. Spenser.
2. To swagger, puff, or bully; as, to huff and bluster. 3. To keep a
stir, or make a great noise.

BLU＇STER [from the verb] 1. Roar, noise, tumult.
The skies look grimly,
And threaten present blusters. Shakespeare.
2. Boisterousness, turbulence, boast, fury; as, to make a great bluster.

BLU＇STERER [of bluster] a swaggerer, a bully, a turbulent noisy
fellow.

A BLU＇STRING Fellow, a rude, rattling, troublesome fellow.

BLU＇STROUS [from bluster] tumultuous, noisy, not mild.
The ancient heroes were illustrious,
For being benign and not blustrous. Hudibras.

BMI [in music] the third note in the modern scale.
Gamut, I am the ground of all accord,
Bmi, bianca, take him for thy lord. Shakespeare.

B MOLLA＇RRE, or B MO＇LLE, one of the notes of the scale of mu­
sic, usually called soft or flat, in opposition to sharp.

BO, interj. a word of terror [from Bo, an old northern captain of
such fame, that his name was used to terrify the enemy. Temple] as,
he can＇t say bo to a goose.

BO＇A, Lat. a kind of serpent, mentioned by Pliny, that follows
herds of cattle, and sucks the dugs of cows, some of which have
grown to that largeness, that a young child was found in the belly of
one in the time of the Emperor Claudius.

BOA [with physicians] a disease, wherein red pimples arise in the
flesh like the measles or small-pox. Lat.

BOANE＇RGES [Syr. of bonai, sons, and reges, a report or noise, par­
ticularly of thunder, and in compound, sons of thunder] a title which
our Savioru gave to the apostles James and John.

A BOAR [bar, Sax. beer, Du.] a male swine.

To BOAR, or To BORE [with horsemen] a horse is said to boar or
bore, when he shoots out his nose as high as he can.

BOARD [baurd, Goth. boræd, bord, Sax.] 1. A plank, a piece
of wood of more length and breadth than thickness; as, boards and
planks. 2. A table. 3. Entertainment, food; as, at bed and board.
4. A table at which a council or court is held. Better acquainted with
affairs than any other who sat at that board. Clarendon. 5. The as­
sembly seated at a table; a court of jurisdiction. I wish the king
would be present at that board. Bacon.

BOARD [bord, Fr. bordo, It.] deck or floor of a ship; as

To go a (or on) BOARD [aborder, Fr. abbordare, It.] to enter into a
ship.

BOARD-Wages, money given servants in lieu of their diet, and to
find themselves victuals.

To BOARD, verb act. 1. To cover or lay with boards. 2. To diet
or entertain. 3. To place as a boarder in another house. When thus
at Gaze the palmer ＇gan to board. Spenser. 4. To attack or make the
first attempt upon one, aborder quelqu＇un, Fr.

To BOARD, verb neut. 1. To be dieted. 2. To live in a house
where a certain rate is paid for eating. We at first did board with
thee. Herbert.

To BOARD [a sea phrase] signifies to draw nigh to a ship during a
fight, and to enter men in any part of her; to enter a ship by force,
the same as to storm, when applied to a place at land.

BOARD and BOARD, a term used of two ships lying close together, or
side by side.

To be within BOARD [a sea term] is to be within a ship.

To be without BOARD, is to be without the ship.

To throw over BOARD, is to throw out of the ship into the sea, &c.

To slip by the BOARD, is to slip down by the ship＇s side.

To make a BOARD, or To BOARD it up to [a sea phrase] to turn the
ship up to the windward, sometimes on one tack and sometimes on
another.

To make a good BOARD [a sea phrase] used of a ship, when she has
advanced much to the windward at one tack or turning.

BOA＇RDER [of board] one who diets or tables with another at a set­
tled rate.

BOA＇RDING-School [of board and school] a school where the scholars
live and diet with the master.

BO＇ARISH [of boar] swinish, cruel, brutal. Boarish phangs. Shake­
speare.

BOA＇RISHNESS [of barisc and nesse, Sax.] swinish disposition.

BOA＇RSPEAR [of boar and spear] a spear used in hunting the boar.

To BOAST, verb neut. [probably of bosno, C. Brit. bost, Wel.
boan, Sax.] to brag, vaunt, display one＇s worth or actions in big
words; with of. 2. Sometimes with in. Boasting in that which was
their shame. Wiseman. 3. To exalt one＇s self. You have boasted
against me, and multiplied your words. Ezekiel.

To BOAST, verb act. 1. To brag of or display a thing with often­
tatious words. If I have boasted any thing to him of you, I am not
ashamed. 2 Corinthians. To boast the interest they had in him. Atter­
bury. 2. To magnify, to exalt; with the reciprocal pronoun and in.
Boast themselves in the multitude of their riches. Psalms. Boast them­
selves of idols. Id.

BOAST [from the verb] 1. Cause of boasting, occasion of pride, the
thing boasted.
Not Tyro nor Mycene match her name,
Nor great Alcmena, the proud boasts of same. Pope.
2. A brag, a vaunt, or bounce, an ostentatious proud speech. The
boast will be censur＇d, when the great action that occasion＇d it is for­
gotten. Spectator.

Great BOAST, small roast. Briareus esse apparet, cùm sit lepus, Lat.
Βριαρεος ϕαινεται ων λαγως, Gr. Grands venteurs, petits faiseurs, Fr.
(Great boasters, little doers:) Wel hrehlens und nichts dahinrer: or,
Grosz prahlin aber kein bezahlen. (Great boast but no payment.) The
Italians say: Gran vigna e poca uva. (A great vineyard, but few
grapes.)

BOA＇STER [of boast] a bragger, an ostentatious vaunter of any
thing.

BOA＇STFUL, ostentatious, bragging, apt to boast. Boastful and
rough your first son is a squire. Pope.

BOA＇STING, adj. [of boast] bragging, vaunting.

BOA＇STINGLY, in a boasting, vaunting manner. A pitch of impiety
boastingly to avow our sins. Decay of Piety.

BOAT [bate, Sax. boot, Du. bot, Ger. baat, Su. bateau, Fr.
batelle, It.] a vessel to pass the water in. It is usually distinguished
from other vessels by being smaller and uncovered, and commonly
moved by rowing.

BOATS are of many sorts; as, a ship-boat or skiff, a long-boat, a
ferry-boat, &c. Some have likewise the name of boats which go to
sea; as, a passage-boat, packet-boat, and advice-boat, fly-boat, &c.
These are ships of a small size.

To fend the BOAT [a sea phrase] is to keep her from dashing or beat­
ing against the rocks, ship＇s side, or shore.

Free the BOAT [a sea term] is to cast water out of her.

Man the BOAT [a sea term] is to put the men into her, that are
called the boat＇s gang.

To swift the BOAT [sea language] is to make fast a rope round
about the boat by the gunwale, and to fasten the boat-rope to it, in
order to strengthen the boat to endure her tow.

BOAT-Rope [with sailors] that rope by which the ship tows her boat
at the stern.

To trim a BOAT, is to keep her even.

To wind a BOAT, is to turn her head about.

BOA＇TION [boatus, Lat.] roar, loud noise. In Messina insurrection
the guns were heard as far as Augusta and Syracuse, about an hundred
Italian miles, these distances being, in a short time, in loud boations.
Derham.

BOA＇TMAN, or BOA＇TSMAN [of boat and man] he that manages a
boat. An ill-bred boatman, rough as waves and wind. Prior.

BOA＇TSWAIN of a Ship [Bosseman, Fr. of bootsman, Du. and L.
Ger. badswan, Sax.] an officer who has charge of her rigging, ropes,
cables, anchors, sails, flags, colours, pendants, &c. He also takes
care of the long-boat and her furniture, and steers her, either by him­
self or his mate. He calls out the several gangs on board to their
watches, works, &c. and is also a sort of provost-martial for punish­
ing offenders, sentenced either by the captain or a court-martial of the
fleet. A boatswain＇s mate has the peculiar command of the long-boat,
for the setting forth of anchors, weighing or fetching home an anchor,
warping, towing or mooring; and is to give an account of his store.

To BOB, verb act. [of uncertain etymology. Johnson] 1. To cut.
Junius. 2. To beat, drub, or bang.
In their own land beaten, bob＇d, and thump＇d. Shakespeare.
3. To cheat, to defraud, to trick out of a thing.
Gold and jewels that bob＇d from him. Shakespeare.

To BOB, verb neut. to play backward and forward, or loosely
against any thing.
Sometimes lurk I in a gossip＇s bowl,
In very likeness of a roasted crab,
And when she drinks against her lips I bob. Shakespeare.
A birth-day jewel bobbing at their ear. Dryden.

BOB, a cut or short perriwig.

BOB [from the verb neut.] 1. Something that hangs so as to play
loosely, generally an ornament at the ear; as, a pendant or ear-ring.
The gaudy gossip when she＇s set agog,
In jewels drest, and at each ear a bob. Dryden.
2. The word repeated at the end of a stanza: a low word. To bed,
to bed, will be the bob of the song. L＇Estrange. 3. A blow. I am
sharply taunted, yea sometimes with pinches, nips, and bobs. Ascham.
4. The ball of a short pendulum.

A dry BOB, a taunt or scoff, in low language.

Royal BOB [a very low word] the strong waters called geneva.








BOB-Tail [with archers] is the steel of an arrow or shaft, that is
small breasted and large towards the head.

BOB-Tail [among the canting crew] a light woman; also an eu­
nuch, or impotent fellow.

BO＇BBIN [bobine, Fr. from bombyx, Lat.] little tools used in making
bone-lace, being small pins of wood, with a notch to wind the thread
about; also for winding silk or worsted, &c. for throwing. Knit or sit
down to bobbins or bone-lace. Tatler.

BOBBIN, a round white tape used by women to tye their head­
cloaths with.

BOBBIN-Work [of bobbin and work] work woven with bobbins.
Not netted nor woven with warp and woof, but after the manner of
bobbin-work. Grew.

BOB-CHERRY [of bob and cherry] a play among children, in which
the cherry is hung so as to bob against the mouth. Bob-cherry teaches
patience and constancy. Pope and Arbuthnot.

BOB-Tail [of bob, in the sense of to cut, and tail] cut tail, short
tail. Avaunt, you curs,
Be thy mouth or black or white,
Or bob-tail like, or trundle-tail. Shakespeare.

BOB-Tailed [of bob-tail] having a cut or short tail.
A bob-tailed cur cried in a gazette. L＇Estrange.

BOB-Wig [of bob and wig] a short wig.
A bob-wig, and a silken bag tied to it. Spectator.

BO＇BBIO, a town of the Milanese, in Italy, about 28 miles south-
east of Pavia. Lat. 44° 35′ N. Long. 10′ E.

BOCA-CHICA, the entrance of the harbour of Carthagena in South
America.

BOCHA＇RA, a large town of Usbec Tartary, situated on the river
Oxus, about 60 miles west of Sarmacand. Lat. 40° N. Long.
65° E.

BOCARDO [with logicians] the fifth mode of the third figure. In
a syllogism in bocardo, the first proposition is particular and negative,
the second universal, and the middle term the subject in the two first
propositions; as,
1. Some animal is not man.
2. Every animal is endued with sensation.
3. Therefore there is something endued with sensation besides man.

BOCCASI＇NE, a sort of linnen cloth, a fine buckram.

BO＇CHIA [with chemists] a glass vessel with a great belly like a cu­
curbite.

BO＇CKELET, or BOC＇KERET [in falconry] one of the kinds of long­
winged hawks.

BO＇CKHOLT, a town of Munster, in Westphalia. Lat. 51° 40′ N.
Long. 6° 20′ E.

BO＇CKHORD [boc-hord, Sax.] a book-hoard, a place where books,
writings, &c. are laid up.

BO＇CKLAND [boc-land, Sax. i. e. book-land] land held by charter
or instrument in writing, and not to be made over to another, ei­
ther by sale or gift, but left intire to the next heir; an hereditary
estate.

To BODE, verb act. [bodian, Sax.] to foretel, to be the omen of
either good or bad; as, this bodes me no good. This bodes some strange
eruption to our state. Shakespeare.

To BODE, verb neut. to foreshew, to be an omen.
Whatever now
The omen prove, it boded well to you. Dryden.

BO＇DEMENT [from bode] portent, omen. This foolish dreaming
superstitious girl makes all these bodements. Shakespeare.

To BODGE [a word in Shakespeare which is perhaps corrupted from
boggle. Johnson] to boggle, to stop, to fail.
With this we charg＇d again; but out, alass!
We bodg＇d again, as I have seen a swan
With bootless labour swim against the tide. Shakespeare.

BO＇DICE, or BO＇DIES [of bodige, Sax. the stature or body] womens
stays, or a kind of waistcoat stiffened with whalebone, tho＇ not so much
as what is commonly called womens stays.
Her bodice half way she unlac＇d. Prior.
Ignorant nurses and bodice-makers. Locke.

BO＇DILESS [from body] without a body, having no body, incorpo­
real. Which bodiless and immaterial are,
And can be only lodg＇d within our minds. Davies.
Phantoms bodiless and vain. Swift.

BO＇DILY, adj. 1. Corporeal, containing body; as, bodily dimen­
sions. 2. Relating to the body, not the mind. They whose bodily
necessities gave occasion of seeking relief. Hooker. 3. Real, actual,
not imaginary.
Whatever hath been thought on in this state,
That could be brought to bodily act. Shakespeare.

BODILY, adv. Corporeally, or as in union with matter. It is his
human nature, in which the Godhead dwells bodily. Watts.

BO＇DKIN [botekin, prob. C. Brit. boddiken, a small body. Skinner]
1. A long sort of pin, on which women used to roll their hair.
—You took constant care,
The bodkin, comb, and essence to prepare. Pope.
2. A sharp pointed instrument with a handle, to make holes in hard
things. Each of them had bodkins in their hands, wherewith conti­
nually they pricked him. Sidney. 3. An eyed instrument to draw a
thread or ribband thro＇ any thing.
Wedg＇d whole ages in a bodkin＇s eye. Pope.

BODKIN-Work, a sort of trimming, anciently used for women＇s
gowns, which was made of tinsel or gold threads. Pursle.

BODLE＇IAN Library [in Oxford] a library founded by Sir Thomas
Bodley, and famous through all Europe, for its prodigious stock of
books and manuscripts.

BO＇DMIN, a borough town of Cornwall, 263 miles from London.
It was formerly a bishop＇s see, but since transferred through St. Ger­
mains and Creti to Exeter. It gives title of viscount to the earl of Rad­
nor, and sends two members to parliament.

BO＇DY [bodige, Sax. It originally signified the height and stature of a
man. Johnson] 1. As desined by naturalists, a solid, extended, palpable
substance, composed of matter, form, and privation, according to the
Peripateticks: Of a system or association of solid, massy, hard, impe­
netrable, moveable particles, ranged or disposed in this or that man­
ner, according to Sir Isaac Newton; whence result bodies of this
or that form, distinguished by this or that name; others define body to
be that which has extension, resistance, and is capable of motion. 2.
With regard to animals, it is used in opposition to the soul, viz. for that
part composed of bones, muscles, canals, juices, nerves, &c. in which
sense the body makes the subject of anatomy. They took the body of
Saul, and the bodies of his sons, from the wall. 1. Sam. 3. Matter,
opposed to spirit. As all things are comprised under body and spirit.
4. The main part, the bulk; as, the hull of a ship, the body of a coach,
the body of a fortress, the body (or globe) of the sun or moon, the body of
the church, the body of a tree, &c. Navigable rivers run up into the body
of Italy. Addison. 5. A corporation or number of men united by some
common tie. A body (or society) of people, a body politic, the parlia­
ment in a body, a body of the civil law, a body of divinity, &c. 6. A
person or human being. Whence somebody and nobody. A wise body＇s
part it were not to put out his fire. Hooker. Unworthy body as I am.
Shakespeare. Reason obliged every body to submit. Clarendon. 7. A col­
lective mass or joint power. The whole body of mankind. Hooker.
Form themselves into a body. Addison. 8. Reality, opposed to re­
presentation or type. A shadow of things to come, but the body is of
Christ. Colossians. 9. The main army, the battle, as distinct from or
opposed to the van and arriere. The van was led by the general; in
the body was the king. Clarendon. 10. The outward condition. I ve­
rily, as absent in body, have judged. Corinthians. 11. A substance;
as, a metalline, vegetable, or animal body. 12. With chemists, the
vessel which holds the matter to be distilled.

BODY [with geometricians] is a magnitude that has three dimen­
sions; length, breadth, and thickness.

Regular BODY [in geometry] one which has all the angles and
sides, as also all the planes which compose the surface, alike and
equal; of which there are no more than five kinds: the dodecaedron,
consisting of 12 pentagons; icosaedron, of 20; octaedron, of 8 pen­
tagons, and tetraedron, of 4 angles; the hexaedron, or the cube, of
6 squares: these are called Platonic bodies.

Irregular BODIES [in geometry] are solids which are not bounded
by equal and like surfaces.

Mixed BODIES [with chemists] are such bodies as naturally grow
and increase; as, metals, minerals, animals, and plants.

BODY [of wine, &c.] as wine, &c. of a good body; i. e. of a
good consistence, or strength.

BODY CLOATHS [of body and cloaths] cloathing for horses that are
dieted. Several asses are kept in body-cloaths, and sweated every
morning upon the heath. Addison.

To BODY, verb act. [from the noun] to produce in some bodily
form; as,
Imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poets pen
Turns them to shape. Shakespeare.

BOEDROMI＇A [βοηδρομια, of βοηδρομειν, Gr. to run at a cry, i. e. to
come to help] an Athenian festival, instituted in memory of Jon, the
son of Xuthus, who came to the assistance of the Athenians, in the
reign of king Erectheus, when they were invaded by the son of
Neptune.

BOEDRO＇MION, Gr. a month so called by the Greeks, and answer­
ing to our March. Demosth. Olynth. B. p. 81. Ed. Mount. Where
the scholiast says; the [month] hecatombæon, i. e. January; — then
metageitron, i. e. February; — then boedromion, i. e. March. Ap­
pend. ad Thesaurum H. Stephani, Constantini, &c.

BOG [some derive it of baagen, Du. to bend, because it gives way
when it is trod upon, or quayg, Eng. or rather gwæg, Sax. and guac,
armoric, tender and soft. Baxter. Bog, soft, Irish. Johnson.] a marsh­
ground full of water and mud; a ground too soft to bear the weight
of the body; a quagmire.
A land of bogs
With ditches fenc＇d; a heav＇n fat with fogs. Dryden.

Bog-Landers, a nick-name given to Irish-men.

BOG-Trotters [of bog and trot] one that lives in a boggy country;
also, formerly, Scotch or North-country troopers, or highwaymen,
now used as a nick-name for Irish-men.

BOG-HOUSE, a necessary-house, a house of easement.

BO＇GDOI, a great nation of Tartary, in Asia. The Chinese call
them Eastern Tartars; and in the Mogul＇s empire they are called Niu­
chi, or Nuchi.

To BO＇GGLE [perhaps of bog, of bogil, Du. a spectre, bugbear, or
phantom. Johnson.] 1. To start back, to be afraid to come forward.
You boggle shrewdly, ev＇ry feather starts you. Shakespeare. 2. To
waver, to be uncertain what to do, to scruple, to hesitate.
Never boggle to restore
The members you deliver o＇er. Hudibras.
3. To play fast and loose, to dissemble. When summoned to his last
end, it was no time for him to boggle with the world. Howel.

BO＇GGLER [of boggle] one that boggles or doubts, a timorous, scru­
pulous man.
You have been a boggler ever. Shakespeare.

BO＇GGY [of bog] marshy, swampy.
Their country was very narrow, low, and boggy. Arbuthnot.

BO＇GGLE BOE, a bugbear to fright children, a scare crow.

BO＇GHO, or BU＇EIL, a town in the county of Nice, in Piedmont,
situated on the frontiers of France, about 25 miles north-east of
Nice. Lat. 44° 12′ N. Long. 6° 45′ E.

BOGOMI＇LES [of bog, God; and milia, have mercy, in the Bulga­
rian languages, according to Du Cange] a sect who held that the
world was created by evil angels, and that it was the arch-angel Ga­
briel that became incarnate. They rejected the books of Moses, ad­
mitted but seven books of scripture, and held that there was no resur­
rection but repentance, that all churches, the sacrament of the supper,
and all prayers, except the Lord＇s prayer, should be abolished.

BOHE＇A [an Indian word] a species of tea, of a deeper colour and
more astringent taste than the green tea; of this there are three species.
See TEA.
To part her time ＇twixt reading and bohea. Pope.








BOHE＇MIA, a kingdom subject to the house of Austria, bounded by
Saxony on the north, by Poland and Hungary on the east, by Austria
on the south, and by Bavaria and part of Saxony on the west.

BOJA＇NO, a city of Molise, in the kingdom of Naples, about 15
miles north of Benevento. Lat. 41° 20′ N. Long. 15° 20′ E.

BOI＇ARS [in Muscovy] certain great lords of the Czar＇s court, who
administer justice, try causes, and are the ministers of state.

BOICINI＇NGA, an animal in America called the rattle-snake,
whose bite is deadly, except a speedy remedy be applied.

To BOIL, verb neut. [bouiller, Fr. bollire, It. bullio, Lat.] 1. To
be agitated with heat to bubble as a pot does. 2. To be hot, fervent,
or effervescent: as, boiling youth, and boiling blood. Dryden. 3. To
move with an agitation, like that of boiling water.
Then headlong shoots beneath the dashing tide,
The trembling fins the boiling waves divide. Gay.
4. To cook by boiling; as, roasting and boiling. 5. To boil over,
to run over the vessel by means of the heat. Melted matter, as it
boiled over, ran down. Addison.

To BOIL, verb act. 1. To heat by putting into boiling liquor, to
seeth. 2. To make tender or fit to be eaten, by being in hot liquor.
Fill it of a fenny snake,
In the caldron boil and bake. Shakespeare.

A BOIL, or A BILE [of bilis, Lat. choler] a sort of swelling or sore.
See BILE.

BOI＇LARY, or BU＇LLARY [at the salt works] a place where the salt
is boiled.

BOI＇LER [of boil] 1. He that boils any thing. The boilers of salt­
petre. Boyle. 2. The vessel in which any thing is boiled. There
are generally several pots and boilers before the fire. Woodward.

BO＇ILING [in physic] the agitation of a fluid body, arising from
fire being applied to it.

BOISLEDU＇C, called by the Dutch Hertogenbosch, a large fortified
town of Dutch Brabant, situated on the river Bommel, about 23
miles north-east of Breda. Lat 51° 55′ N. Long. 5° 20′ E.

BOI＇STEROUS [as Minsevus supposes, of beswen, Sax. a tempest;
or of byster, Du. furious. Johnson.] 1. Loud roaring, stormy, tem­
pestuous, vehement; as, a boisterous storm, and a boisterous sound.
2. Turbulent, unruly, fierce. Harsh and boisterous tongue of war.
Shakespeare.
The brute and boisterous force of violent men. Milton.
3. Unweildy.
His boisterous club, so buried in the ground,
He could not rearen up again so light. Spenser.
4. Woodward uses it of heat. When the sun hath gained a greater
strength, the heat becomes too powerful and boisterous for them.
Woodward.

BOI＇STEROUSLY [of boisterous] tempestuously, vehemently, fiercely,
violently.

BOI＇STEROUSNESS [of boisterous] tempestuousness, unruliness, tur­
bulence.

To BOKE, to belch; also to make a motion as if a person would
vomit; to nauseate. N. C.

BO＇LBONACH [in botany] the plant satten-flower.

BOLD [baud, C. Brit. bald or beald, Sax. baldenzoso, Ital.] 1. Cou­
rageous, undaunted, stout. 2. Executed with spirit, not meanly
cautious. These nervous, bold; those languid and remiss. Roscom­
mon. The cathedral is a very bold work, and a masterly piece. Ad­
dison. 3. Confident, not scrupulous or timorous; as, I can be bold
to say. 4. Impudent, rude. He will be bold over thy servants. Ec­
clefiasticus. 5. Licentious, shewing great liberty of fiction. This
no bold tales of gods or monsters swell. Waller. 6. Standing out to
the view, striking to the eye; as heightenings and shadows are in
painting to make the figures bolder and stand off to sight. Dryden.
7. Open, level; a term among sailors. Her dominions lie scattered,
and have bold accessible coasts. Howel.

To make BOLD, to take freedoms. [A phrase not grammatical, tho＇
common. To be bold is better; as, I was bold to speak. Johnson.]
Making so bold,
My tears forgetting manners to unseal
Their grand commission. Shakespeare.
I durst not make bold with Ovid. Dryden.

To BO＇LDEN [of bold] to make bold, to give confidence. Ready
speakers, being boldened with their present abilities, use less study.
Ascham.

BOLD-FACE [of bold and face] impudence, sauciness; a word of re­
proach and contempt: it seems generally applied to the person that is
impudent. How now, bold-face, cries an old trot. L＇Estrange.

BO＇LD-FACED [of bold and face] impudent. The bold-faced atheists
of this age. Bramhall.

BO＇LDLY, 1. Couragiously, undauntedly, with spirit. 2. Perhaps
sometimes used in a bad sense for impudently. Johnson.

BO＇LDNESS [baldnesse, Sax.] 1. Undauntedness. 2. Exemption
from caution or scrupulous nicety. The boldness of the figures is to
be hidden. Dryden. 3. Freedom, liberty; as, boldness of speech.
4. Confident trust in God. That boldness which becometh saints.
Hooker. 5. Assurance, freedom from fear. Wonderful is the case of
boldness in civil business, what first, boldness? boldness. What second
and third? Boldness. Bacon. 6. Impudence. Moderation useth to
suppress boldness. Hooker.

BOLE, or BOAL [with husbandmen] the main body or stock of a
tree.
All fell upon the high hair＇d oaks, and down the curled brows
Fell bursting to the earth; and up went all the boles and bows.
Chapman.
The smoother bole from knots is free. Dryden.

BOLE [in medicine] is used in general for several kinds of earth
that are used in galenical preparations. The species are white, red,
yellow, brown, or grey.

BOLE ARMENIAC [in medicine] a sort of earth of great efficacy and
virtue. Bole Armeniac is an astringent earth, which takes its name
from Armenia, the country from which we have it. Woodward.

BOLE, or BOLL, a measure of corn used in Scotland, that is equi­
valent to fourteen pecks, Scotch; containing six English bushels. Of
good barley put eight boles; that is, about six English quarters. Mor­
timer.

BOLE＇TUS [of βωλος, Gr.] the richest and best sort of mushroom.
Lat.

BO＇LIS [Lat. βολις, Gr.] a great fiery ball swiftly hurried through
the air, and generally drawing a tail after it. Aristotle calls it capra.
There have often been immense balls of this kind. Muschenbroeck.

BOLL, a round stalk or stem; as, a boll of flax; also the seeds of the
poppy.

To BOLL [from the noun] to rise up into stalk; as, bolled, flax.
Exodus.

BO＇LLANDISTS, certain jesuits of Antwerp, who have been many
years, and are still, employed in collecting the lives of Romish
saints.

BO＇LLY-MONG, or BOLL-MONG, a kind of grain called buck-wheat;
also a medley of several kinds of grain together, called also mastin or
mong-corn.

BOLO＇GNA, a city of Italy, 50 miles north of Florence; it is about
five miles in circumference, and is remarkable for its magnificent
churches and monasteries, as well as for its university, which is one of
the most considerable in Europe. Lat. 44° 30′ N. Long. 11°
40′ E.

BOLO＇NIAN stone [so called of Bologna, in Italy, where found] a
weighty, grey, soft, sulphureous stone, about the size of a large
walnut, which when it is broken has a kind of crystal or sparry
talk within it. A shoe-maker having found some of these stones at
the foot of Mount Palermo, calcined them, hoping to extract silver
out of them; but tho＇ he was disappointed in his expectation, yet
he discovered this strange phœnomenon, that when the stone was
exposed to light, it would retain it, and afterwards shine in the
dark.
If these stones after calcination be exposed to the light in the air,
as in one＇s hand out of a window (but not to the sun-beams) for the
space of a minute, and then carried into a dark place, they will ap­
pear like kindled coals for some time without any sensible heat: this
light will gradually abate, but may be renewed again by being ex­
posed again to the light of the day as before; and this quality they
will retain for three or four years; and when lost, it may be renewed
again by calcination.
And if any figures be drawn on paper with the white of an egg,
and the crust of this calcined stone, powdered, be strewed on it while
wet, and afterwards dried in the shade and the picture put in a frame
with glass before it, and then be exposed to the light with the glass
cover on, it will at any time shine, if removed into a dark place.

BOLSE＇NNA, a town of the pope＇s territories in Italy, situated at the
north-end of a lake, to which it gives name, about 45 miles from
Rome. Lat. 42° 40′ N. Long. 13° E.

BO＇LSLAW, a town of Bohemia, situated on the river Sizera, about
30 miles north-east of Prague. Lat. 50° 24′ N. Long. 14° 45′ E.

BO＇LSTER [of bolster, Sax. bolster, Du.] 1. A sort of cushion to lay
the head on in bed. Commonly a tick bag stuffed with down or fea­
thers. 2. A pad or quilt to keep pressure off, or fill up a vacuity.
Off she slips
The bolsters that support her hips. Swift.
3. A compress to be laid on a wound. The bandage is the girt, which
hath a bolster in the middle. Wiseman.

To BOLSTER 1. To support the head with a bolster. 2. To bear
up, stay, or support him. 3. To maintain; with up or out.
To further the truth, not to bolster error. Hooker.
Bolstering out of unjust causes. Hakewell.
To bolster up their crazy doating consciences with confidences.
South.
4. To afford a bed to.
Mortal eyes do see them bolster
More than their own. Shakespeare.
5. To hold wounds together with a compress.
Bolster the cheeks forwards. Sharp.

The BO＇LSTERS of a saddle [in horsemanship] 1. Are those parts
raised upon the bows before and behind, to hold the rider＇s thighs.
Farrier＇s Dictionary.

BO＇LSWAERT, a town of West-Friezland, in the United Provinces,
about 18 miles south-east of Lewarden. Lat. 53° 10′ N. Long.
5° 20′ E.

BOLT [bolt, Sax. boult, Du. βολις, Gr.] 1. The bar of a lock,
of the same use as the bolt of a door. 2. A dart or javelin, an ar­
row shot from a cross bow; as, cupid＇s bolt. 3. Lightning; as, a
thunderbolt. 4. Bolt upright; upright as a bolt or arrow. Striæ,
about the thickness of a small knitting needle bolt upright like bris­
tles. Grew. I stood bolt-upright upon one end. Addison. 5. An
iron fastening to a door, the bar of a door, so called from being
straight like an arrow; now we say, shoot the bolt, when we speak
of fastening or opening a door. Johnson. 6. An iron to fasten the
legs of a prisoner. Away with him to prison; lay bolts enough upon
him. Shakespeare. 7. A spot or stain. (In the same sense as blood­
boltered. See BLOOD-BOLTERED.) Look into the bolts and stains of
right. Shakespeare.

BOLT [old records] a narrow piece of stuff.

A BOLT [of canvas] contains twenty-eight ells.

He has shot his BOLT, he has said what he has to say, or he has
done his worst.

A fool＇s BOLT is soon shot. Fr. Un foll a biontôt dit sa pensée. Ital.
Un matto dice presto quel che pensa (Indiscrete persons are generally too
free in discovering their minds.)

A BOLT Boat [with mariners] a strong boat that can well endere
a rough sea.

BOLT Ropes [on shipboard] those ropes on which the sails are sewed
or fastened.

BOLT-HEAD [with chemists] a long straight necked glass vessel
for distillations, which being fitted to the nose of an alembic, or still,
is called a receiver or mattrass; and when the neck of one is well join­
ed to the neck of another, it is called a double vessel. Put the liquor
into a bolt-head, with a long and narrow neck. Boyle.








Fend BOLTS, or Fender BOLTS [in a ship] are a sort of bolts made
with long and thick heads, and struck into the uttermost wales or
bends of the ship, to save the sides of her from hurts, gallings, and
bruises.

Set BOLTS [in a ship] are a sort of bolts used for forcing the planks
and other works, and bringing them close together.

Ring-BOLTS [in a ship] are bolts made use of for bringing to of
the planks, and those parts, to which the breeches and tackles of the
ordnance are fastened.

Transum BOLTS [with gunners] are bolts which go betwixt the
cheeks of a gun-carriage to strengthen the transums.

Prise BOLTS [with gunners] large knobs of iron on the cheek of a
carriage, which prevent the handspike from sliding, when it is poising
up the breech of the piece.

Traverse BOLTS [with gunners] two short bolts, put one into each
end of an English mortar-carriage, which serve to traverse the mor­
tar.

Bracket BOLTS [with gunners] bolts, which go through the cheeks
of a mortar, and, by the help of the coins, keep it fixed to the ele­
vation given her.

Rag BOLTS [in a ship] are such as have jags or barbs on each side
to keep them from flying out of the hole in which they are.

Clench BOLTS [in a ship] bolts that are clenched with a rivetting-
hammer, at the end where they come through.

Drive BOLTS [in a ship] are long pieces of iron, which are used
to drive out other bolts, tree-nails or the like.

Forelock BOLTS [in a ship] are those, which have a forelock of iron
at the end driven in, to keep it from starting back.

To BOLT, verb act. [of bold, Sax.] 1. To fasten a door or window
with a bolt. 2. To blurt out, blab, or throw out rashly.
I hate when vice can bolt her arguments,
And virtue has no tongue to check her pride. Milton.
3. To fasten with a bolt; to pin or keep close together.
That I could reach the axle, where the pins are
Which bolt this frame, that I might pull them out. Ben.
Johnson.

To BOLT [bluter, or bentelen, Ger. with bakers] to sift meal in a
bolting mill or sieve, to separate it from the bran. He boulted all the
flour. Spenser.

To BOLT, verb. neut. to sift or pump a thing out of any body 1. To
sift, try-out, or find by examining. Occasional questions beat and
bolt out the truth better. Hale. 2. To purify or purge.
The fanned snow,
That＇s bolted by the northern blast twice o＇er. Shakespeare.

To BOLT [or jump] in or out, with speed, or on a sudden; as,
with the swiftness of an arrow. I have reflected on those who from
time to time have shot into the world; some bolting out upon the
stage with vast applause, and others hiss＇d off. Dryden.

To BOLT [hunting term] used of a coney, which is said to be
bolted, when she is first raised or started.

BOLT-Augur, a large borer or piercer, used by ship carpenters to
bore the holes for the bolts.

A BO＇LTER [of bolt] a sieve, bag, or cloth, for bolting or sifting
meal from the bran or husks, or to separate finer parts from coarser.
These hakes are taken with threads, and some of them with the bolter,
which is a spiller of a bigger size. Carew.
Filthy dowlas: I have given them away to bakers wives, and
they have made bolters of them. Shakespeare.
Superciliously he sifts
Thro＇ coursest bolter, others gifts. Hudibras.

BO＇LTING [in Gray＇s-Inn, and other inns] formerly a kind of ex­
ercise of arguing cases among the students. An ancient and two bar­
risters sat as judges, and three students bringing each a case, out of
which the judges chose one to be argued; the students first began to
argue it, and after them the barristers; it was inferior to mooting.

BO＇LTING-HOUSE [of bolt and house] the place where meal is sifted.
As white and as powdered, as if she had been at work in a bolting-
house. Dennis.

BO＇LTING Hutch [with mealmen, &c.] a sort of trough or chest to
bolt meal in.

BO＇LTON, a market town of Lancashire, eight miles from manches­
ter, and 237 from London.

BO＇LT-SPRIT, or BOW-SPRIT, a sort of mast standing at the head
of a ship, sloping and pointing forwards; the but-end is generally
set against the foot of the foremast, so as to be a stay to each other.
The length, without board, is sufficient to let its sails hang clear of
all incumbrances. If the bolt-sprit fails in bad weather, the fore­
mast cannot hold long after. Bowsprit is, perhaps, the right spelling.
Sea Dictionary.
The top-mast,
The yards, and bolt-sprit. Shakespeare.

BO＇LUS, [Lat. βωλος, Gr.] a clod or mass of earth; a lump of
metal.

BOLUS [with physicians] a medicine prepared of a consistence,
somewhat thicker than honey; and of a quantity, which being pre­
scribed for one dose, can easily be receiv＇d by the mouth. Blan­
card. Lenitive boluses of cassia and manna. Wiseman.

BOLUS [according to Dr. Grew] a sort of earth, supposed to be a
bed, and as it were the prima materia of stones and metals.

BOLUS Armeniacus, i. e. bole armeniac, a sort of crumbling earth
or stone found in Armenia, used by physicians and painters.

BO＇MAL, a town of Luxemburg, in the Austrian Netherlands, situ­
ated on the river Ourt, about 20 miles south of Liege. Lat. 50° 20′ N.
Long. 5° 30′ E.

BOMB [bombus, Lat.] a loud noise. An upper chamber sup­
ported by a pillar of iron, of the bigness of one＇s arm in the midst,
which if you had struck, would make a little flat noise in the room,
but a great bomb in the chamber underneath. Bacon.

BOMBS [bombes, Fr. and Sp. bombe, It. in gunnery] hollow balls or
shells of cast iron, having large vents to receive the fusees or tubes, (B
Plate VIII. Fig. 9.) which are made of iron, and filled with com­
bustible matter, sometimes nails, old iron, &c. to be thrown out
from a mortar. After the bomb has been filled, the fusee is driven
into the vent within an inch of the head, and pitched over to preserve
it, they uncase the fusee, A, when they put the bomb into the mortar
and cover it with gun-powder dust, which having taken fire by the
flash of the powder in the chamber of the mortar, burns all the time
the bomb is in the air, and the composition in the fusee being spent,
it fires the powder in the bomb, which breaks the bomb in pieces with
great violence, blowing up whatever is about it; and the great height
it goes into the air, and the force with which it falls, makes it go deep
in the earth. Bombs are used in besieging towns, to annoy the garri­
son, fire magazines, &c. The largest bombs are seventeen inches in
diameter, two inches in thickness, carry forty-eight pounds of powder,
and weigh about 490 pounds. By whom they were invented is not
known, and the time is also uncertain.

To BOMB [from the noun] to bombard, to fall upon with bombs.
Our king thus trembles at Namur,
Whilst Villeroy, who ne＇er afraid is,
To Brussels marches on secure,
To bomb the monks and scare the ladies. Prior.

A BOMB [hieroglyphically] represents calumny, because it spares
none.

BOMB Chest [with gunners] a wooden chest filled with gun-powder
and bombs, sunk under ground in order to blow up into the air those
that happen to come on the place under which it is buried. This me­
thod is now disused.

BOMB-KETCH, or BOMB VESSEL, a small ship or vessel, strength­
ened with large beams, for carrying and using mortars at sea.
An ordinary fleet with bomb-vessels could not hope to succeed. Ad­
dison.

BOMBA＇RD [It. bombarde, Fr. bombarda, Lat. barb.] a great gun
anciently in use, very short and thick, and large in the bore, some of
which carried balls of 300 pound weight; to load them they made use
of cranes. A word now obsolete. With twelve great bombards they
threw huge stones into the air, which falling down into the city might
break down the houses. Knowles.

To BOMBA＇RD [bombarder, Fr. bombardare, It. bombardeàr, Sp.]
to shoot bombs into a besieged place, to annoy the inhabitants, blow
up the magazines, &c. as, to bombard a town. Addison.

BOMBARDE＇ERS, or BOMBARDIE＇RS, they are twenty-five in number,
one chief and twenty-four under him, established in the office of ord­
nance at a yearly salary; their employment is about the mortars, they
drive in the fusee, fire the bomb, load and fire the mortars, work with
the fire-workers on all sorts of fire-works.

BOMBA＇RDMENT [of bombard] an attack made upon a place by
throwing bombs into it. Genoa is not yet secure from a bombard­
ment. Addison.

BOMBA＇RDO [in music books] a musical instrument, much the same
with our bassoon, or the bass to an hautboy. Ital.

BO＇MBASIN [Fr. bambagino, It. bombycinus, silken, from bombyx,
Lat. a silk worm] a sort of slight silken stuff for mourning; also a cros­
sed stuff of cotton.

BOMBA＇ST [with botanists] the cotton-plant, whose seed is like the
treddles or dung of a rabbit, used in physical compositions.

BOMBA＇ST [among manufacturers] a kind of stuff made of cotton.

BOMBA＇ST, subst. [in a figurative sense. This word seems to be
derived from Bombastius, one of the names of Paracelsus, a man re­
markable for sounding professions and unintelligible language. John­
son] affected language; swelling, blustering nonsense, big words
with no meaning. Fustian pedants, motly tongues, soldiers bombast,
Donne. Are all the flights of heroic poetry to be concluded bombast,
unnatural, and mere madness? Dryden. The bombast, in other
words, is the false sublime, or (if I may be allowed the comparison)
it is to the sublime what affectation is to elegance, e. g. A Greek poet
in the Anthologia, speaking of the Roman conquests, bids Jupiter to
shut the gates of Olympus, and defend the citadel of the gods. See
SUBLIME. In that instance which Longinus [Edit. Lond. p. 8.] has
given of the bombast, there is (to use his expression) not only a foul
and surbid sort of Style, but also a confusion of images, and MIXED
metaphor; and were each particular closely inspected (says he) sinks
from the grand to the contemptible.

BOMBA＇ST. noun adj. [from the subst.] high sounding, having no
meaning.
Evades them with a bombast circumstance,
Horribly stuff＇d with epithets of war. Shakespeare.

To BOMBA＇STE, to beat or bang soundly; a low word.

BOMBA＇STRY, noun subst. bombast.

BOMBA＇STIC [of bombast] pertaining to bombast.

BOMBYCI＇NOUS, or BOMBYCI＇NE [bombycinus, of bombycis genit. of
bombyx, a silk-worm, Lat. βομβυκινος, Gr.] made of silk, silk yarn,
or silken cloth.

BOMBILA＇TION [bombus, Lat.] sound, noise, report. How to abate
the vigour or silence the bombilation of guns, a way is said to be, by
borax and butter, mixed in a due proportion, which will almost take
off the report, and also the force of the charge. Browne.

BO＇MENE, a port town of Zealand, in the United Provinces, situ­
ated on the north side of the island Schoven, opposite to the island of
Goree. Lat. 51° 50′ N. Long. 4° E.

BO＇MMEL, a town of Dutch Guelderland, situated on the northern
shore of the river Waal, about four miles north-east of Nimeguen.
Lat. 52° N. Long. 5° 50′ E.

BON, a town in the electorate of Cologn, in Germany, situated on
the western shore of the river Rhine, about 12 miles south of Cologn.
It is a small, but well fortified town, and has a fine palace, where the
elector of Cologn usually resides. Lat. 50° 35′ N. Long. 7° E.

BON Chrétien [with fruiterers] an excellent large French pear. So
called, probably, from the name of a gardener. Johnson.

BO＇NA, a port town of the kingdom of Algiers, in Africa, about
200 miles east of the city of Algiers. Lat. 36° N. Long. 8° E.

BON GOUST, good or fine taste. Fr.

BON MIEN, good behaviour and address. Fr.

BO＇NA Fide [i. e. with or in good faith] an expression used when a
thing is done really, without fraud or deceit; also a kind of oath,
Lat.

BO＇NA Notabilia [in law] such goods as a man when he dies has
in another diocese, at some distance from that in which he dies, which







at least amount to the value of five pounds; in which case his will
must be proved before or at the administration granted by the arch­
bishop of the province. Lat.

BONA Patria [in law] a term used, when twelve men or more are
elected out of the county to pass upon an assize, these are also called
jurors or juratores. Lat.

BONA ROBA [It. a fine gown] a harlot or common whore. We
knew where the bona roba＇s were. Shakespeare.

BONA TOTA [with botanists] the herb all-good, or Bonus Hen­
ricus.

BONA＇IRE, an island near the coast of Terra Firma, in South Ame­
rica, subject to the Dutch, who trade from thence to the Caraccao­
coast. Lat. 12° 30′ N. Long. 67° W.

BONA＇NA tree [with botanists] a tree that grows in most of the Ca­
ribbee islands belonging to America, in height five or six yards, whose
leaves are four feet and a half long, and a foot and half broad; the
fruit of it has a medicinal quality.

BONA＇SUS [βονασος, Gr.] a buffalo, a wild beast of the horned
kind mentioned by Aristotle. Hist. Animal. 2 book 2 c. 1.

BONAVE＇NTURE [of bonne aventure, Fr. bona aventura, It. good
luck.

BONAVENTURE Missen [in a ship] a second missen mast, added
in some large foreign ships, and which stands next the poop.

BONAVI＇STA, one of the Cape de Verd islands, on the coast of
Africa, subject to Portugal. Lat. 16° 30′ N. Long. 23° 0′ W.

BOND [bond, Sax. bound, Eng. It is written indifferently in many
of its senses bond or band; see BAND] 1. An obligation or covenant
in writing, to pay any sum, or perform any contract.
Go with me to a notary, seal me there
Your single bond. Shakespeare.
Bonds without a date are void. Dryden.
2. Cords or chains with which one is bound.
Left me and my man both bound together,
Till gnawing with my teeth my bonds asunder,
I gain＇d my freedom. Shakespeare.
3. Ligament that holds any thing together. What conceivable hoops,
what bond can hold this mass of matter in so close a pressure together.
Locke. 4. In masonry, union, connexion. In working up the walls,
let no part be wrought up above the other, before the next adjoining
wall be wrought up to it, so that they may be all joined together, and
make a good bond. Mortimer. 5. Chains, imprisonment; captivity.
Nothing laid to his charge worthy of death or of bonds. Acts. 6. Ce­
ment, or cause of union, link of connexion.
Wedding is great Juno＇s crown;
O blessed bond of board and bed. Shakespeare.
7. Obligation, or law by which one is obliged.
I love your majesty,
According to my bond. Shakespeare.
Bonds of government and obedience. Locke.

BOND, adj. [from bind perhaps for bound, from gebonden, Sax.
Johnson] captive, being in a state of servitude. Whether we be bond
or free. 1 Cor.

BOND [in carpentry] as to make good bond, signifies to fasten two
or more pieces together, either with tenoning, or mortifing, or dove­
tailing.

BO＇NDAGE [of bond, Sax.] servitude, slavery, imprisonment, or
state of restraint.
Would you not suppose,
Your bondage happy to be made a queen?—
To be a queen in bondage is more vile,
Than is a slave in base servility. Shakespeare.

BO＇ND-MAID [of bond, captive, and maid] a woman slave. Make
a bond-maid and a slave of me. Shakespeare.

BOND-MAN [of bond and man] a manslave. Amongst the Romans,
in making a bond-man free, was it not wondered wherefore so great
ado should be made, the master to present his slave in some court, to
take him by the hand, and not only to say, in the hearing of the pub­
lic magistrate, I will that this man become free; but after those so­
lemn words uttered, to strike him on the cheek, to turn him round,
the hair of his head to be shaved off, the magistrate to touch him
thrice with a rod; in the end, a cap and a white garment given him.
Hooker.

BONDSE＇RVANT [of bond and servant] a slave, a servant not hav­
ing liberty to quit his master. Thou shalt not compel him to serve as
a bondservant. Leviticus.

BONDSE＇RVICE [of bond and service] the state of a slave or bond­
servant. A tribute of bondservice. 1 Kings.

BO＇NDSLAVE [of bond and slave] a slave; either man or woman in
slavery. No apprentice, no bondslave could ever be by fear more
ready at all commandments. Derham. Of a freewoman she is become
a bondslave. 1 Maccabees.

BO＇NDSMAN, one bound, or giving security for another.

BO＇NDSMEN, those who have bound themselves by covenant to serve
their lord and master. No mercy upon their poor bondsmen and
beasts.

BO＇ND SOCOME [in common law] a custom of the tenants being
bound to grind their corn at the lord＇s mill.

BO＇NDSWOMAN [of bond and woman] a woman slave. The sena­
tors are sold for slaves, and their wives for bondswomen. Ben Johnson.

BONE [ban, Sax. been, Dan. Su. Du. O. and L. Ger. bein, H.
Ger.] 1. The solid parts of the body of an animal, white, hard, and
brittle, not distendible and void of sensation; affording support and
form to the whole fabrick. Bones are made up of hard fibres, tied
one to another by small transverse fibres; in a sœtus they are porous
and soft; but as their pores fill with a substance of their own nature,
they also increase, harden, and grow close to one another. They
are all spongy, and full of little cells; or they are of a considerable
firm thickness, with a large cavity, except the teeth; also with an
oily substance, called marrow. They are covered with an exceeding
sensible membrane, called the periosteum. Bones are joined various
ways, according to the various purposes they are to serve; some be­
ing intended for motion, others for rest and support of the incumbent
parts only. The bones in the human body are generally reckoned
to be about 250, 61 in the head, 67 in the trunk, 62 in the arms
and hands; and 60 in the legs and feet. 2. A fragment of meat, and
a bone with as much flesh as adheres to it. Like Æsop＇s hounds con­
tending for the bone. Dryden. 3. To be upon the bones of one, to
attack, to fall upon: Puss had a month＇s mind to be upon the bones of
him, but was not willing to pick a quarrel. L＇Estrange. 4. Bones, dice.
Watch the box, for fear they should convey,
False bones, and put upon me in the play. Dryden.

BONE Breaker, a kind of eagle.

BONE Spavin [with farriers] a distemper in horses, being a large
crust, growing on the inside of the hoof, or on the heel; as hard as
a bone, and frequently causes lameness.

To carry a BONE in her Mouth [a sea phrase] used of a ship which
is said so to do, when she makes the water foam before her in sailing.

BONES, a sort of bobbins made of trotter bones for weaving bone­
lace.

To BONE [from the noun] to take out the bones from the
flesh.

BONE-ACE, a sort of game at cards.

He made no BONES (or scruple) of it.

The nearer the BONE, the sweeter the flesh.

There＇s a BONE for you to pick, that is, a question to answer, or a dif­
ficulty to overcome.

BONE-LACE, lace made with such bobbins, as are frequently made
of bones; such flaxen lace as women wear on their linen.
Sit down to bobbins or bone-lace. Tatler.

BO＇NELESS [of bone, of banleas, Sax.] being without bones. Bone­
less gums. Shakespeare.

To BO＇NESET [of bone and set] to restore a disjointed bone to its
place, or join a broken bone to the other part. A fractured leg set
in the country by one pretending to bonesetting. Wiseman.

BO＇NESETTER [of bone and set] a chirurgeon, one that professes
to set luxated or broken bones. A good bonesetter. Denham.

BONFIRE [bon, Fr. good, and fire, Eng.] a fire for some public
cause of joy.

BO＇NGO, or BA＇NGO, the capital of one of the islands of Japan, to
which it gives name. It is a sea-port, situated on the east-side of the
island, opposite to the island of Tonsa, from which it is separated
by a narrow channel. Lat. 32° 30′ N. Long. 132° E.

BONGO＇MILES [so called of Bongomilus a monk] he held that God
had a human form, made no account of the sacrament, called churches
the devil＇s temples, and pretended that they could conceive and bring
forth the word, as well as the virgin Mary.

BO＇NGRACE [of bonne grace, Fr.] a kind of hat-skreen or shelter,
which children use to wear on their heads to keep them from tanning;
a forehead-cloth, or covering for the forehead. Skinner. Pearls rang＇d
in rows about her cawl, peruke, bongrace, and chaplet. Hakewell.

BONGRACE [in a ship] is a frame of old ropes or junks of cables,
commonly laid out at the bows, sterns, and fides of ships that go in­
to cold latitudes, to prevent them from being injured or fretted by the
great flakes of ice, which float about in these northern seas, &c.

BONIFA＇CIO, a port town of Corsica, situated at the south-end of
that island. It is one of the best towns of Corsica, and gives name
to the streight between that island and Sardinia.

BONIS non amovendis [in law] a writ directed to the sheriffs of Lon­
don, &c. to require of them, that one condemned by judgment in an
action, and prosecuting a writ of error, be not permitted to remove
his goods till the error be tried.

BO＇NITY [bontè, Fr. bontà, It. of bonitas, Lat.] goodness.

BO＇NNET [Fr. bonéte, Sp. and Port.] a sort of cap, a hat, a cover­
ing for the head. They had not probably the ceremony of veiling
the bonnet in the salutations, for in medals they still have it on their
heads. Addison.

BONNET [in fortification] a small work or graveling, that is com­
posed of two faces, having only a breast-work, and no ditch, with
two rows of pallisadoes, about ten or twelve feet distance: these are
usually raised before the saliant angle of a counterscarp, and have a
communication with the covert way.

BONNET à Prêtre [in fortification] the priest＇s cap, an outwork
which has three saliant angles at the head, and two inwards; it differs
from the double tenaille, because its sides, instead of being parallel,
grow narrow at the gorge, and open wider at the front.

BONNETS [in a ship] small sails set upon the courses on the
mizzen, main-sail, and fore-sail, when they are too narrow or too
shallow to clothe the mast, or in order to make more way in calm
weather.

The ship has her course and BONNET abroad [a sea phrase] is as
much as to say, she has the bonnet added to her course, which before
she had not.

BO＇NNEVILLE, a town of Savoy, situated on the north-side of the
river Arve, about 20 miles south-east of Geneva. Lat. 46° 18′ N.
Long. 6° 10′ E.

BO＇NNILY [from bonny] prettily, gaily, handsomely, plumply.

BONNY Clabber [in some countries of England] sour buttermilk.
We scorn, for want of talk, to jabber
Of parties o＇er our bonny-clabber. Swift.

BONNY [Scotch] 1. Beautiful, handsome. The bonny beast he lov＇d
so well. Shakespeare. Bonny Susan. Gay. 2. Frolicksome, blithe,
gay. Be you blithe and bonny. Shakespeare.
3. It seems to be generally used in conversation for plump. Johnson.
The Scottish bonny seems rather to denote what is handsome, neat,
and genteel; as, a bonny lass.

BONNY [with miners] a bed of oar distinct, which hath no commu­
nication with any vein, that differs from a squat, as being round,
whereas the squat is flat.

BO＇NIFORM [of bonus, good, and forma, Lat. a shape] of a good
form or shape.

BO＇NUS HENRICUS [i. e. Good Henry] the herb Mercury.

BO＇NUM MAGNUM, a species of plum.

BONY [from bones] 1. Full of bones. 2. Consisting of bones. A
membrane fastened to a round bony limb, stretch＇d like a drum, there­
fore called tympanum. Ray.








BONYNESS, quality of being bony, or full of bones.

BO＇NZES, Indian priests, who wear a charlet of 100 beads round
their necks, and carry a staff, at the end of which is a wooden bird.
They live upon alms.

BOO＇BY [not improbably of bouvier, Fr. a cow-herd, or bobolco, It.
one who plows with oxen. A word of no certain etymology. Hen­
shaw thinks it a corruption of bull-beef. Junius finds bowbard to be
an old Scottish word for a coward, a contemptible fellow, from
which he naturally deduces booby; but the original of bowbard is not
known. Johnson] a dull stupid fellow, a lubber; a great filly fellow,
for such are commonly very clownish and ignorant; a fool.
Starve himself to see the booby dine. King.

BOOK [boc, probably of bocce, Sax. a beech-tree; the ancients
using to write on plates or boards of beech, as liber, Lat. from the
rind of a tree, bog, Dan. book, Su. boeck, Du. O. and L. Ger.
buch, H. Ger. boc, or boec, Sax. bok, or boks, Goth.] 1. A volume
to read or write in. 2. A particular part of a work; as, the first
book we divide into sections. 3. The register in which a tradesman
keeps an account of his debts.
Such gain the cap of him that make them fine,
Yet keeps his books uncross＇d. Shakespeare.

BOOK of Rates [of customs] a book, shewing what rate goods
that pay poundage shall be valued at, in order to pay for exportation
or importation at the custom-house.

To learn without BOOK, or by heart, by memory, without reading.
Sermons read they abhor in the church, but sermons without book,
sermons which spend their life in their birth. Hooker.

To be in any one＇s BOOKS, or to be in his debt.

To be in one＇s BOOKS, to be in kind remembrance. I was so much
in his books, that at his decease he left me the lamp, by which he used
to write his lucubrations. Addison.

To BOOK a Debt, to note it down in a book, to register in a book.
Let it be booked with the rest of this day＇s deeds. Shakespeare.

BOOKBI＇NDER [of book and bind] one whose business is to bind
books.

BOO＇KFUL [of book and full] full of notions gathered from books,
stuffed with undigested knowledge.
The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,
With loads of learned lumber in his head,
With his own tongue still edifies his ears. Pope.

BOO＇KISH, addicted to books, acquainted only with books; used
generally in contempt. A bookish man who has no knowledge of
the world. Spectator.

BOO＇KISHNESS [of bookish] disposition to read books much, over­
studiousness, much application to books.

BOO＇K-KEEPING [of book and keep] the art of keeping accounts, or
recording the transactions of a man＇s affairs, so that he may know at
any time the true state of the whole, or any part of them, with clear­
ness, ease, and expedition.

BOO＇K-LEARNED [of book and learned] versed in books or litera­
ture. It implies some slight contempt.
Whate＇er these book-learned blockheads say,
Solon＇s the veri＇st fool in all the play. Dryden.

BOO＇KLEARNING [from book and learning] skill in learning, ac­
quaintance with books. It denotes some contempt. They might
talk of book-learning what they would, but for his part, he never saw
more nufeaty fellows than great clerks. Sidney. Neither does it re­
quire so much book-learning and scholarship, as good natural sense
to distinguish true and false. Burnet.

BOO＇KMAN [of book and man] a man whose profession is to study
books. This civil war of wits were much better us＇d
On Navarre and his bookmen. Shakespeare.

BOO＇KMATE [of book and mate] a school-fellow.
One that makes sport
To the prince and his bookmates. Shakespeare.

BOO＇KSELLER [of book and sell] he whose business is to sell books.

BOOK-WORM [of book and worm] 1. A little insect which breeds and
eats holes in books, especially when damp. My lion, like a moth
or book-worm, feeds upon nothing but paper. Addison. 2. Or figu­
ratively, a person who is always pouring over books, a reader without
judgment. In the university I wanted but a black-gown and a sa­
lary, to be as mere a book-worm as any there. Pope.

BO＇OLY [an Irish word] The Tartars and the people about
the Caspian Sea, which are naturally Scythians, live in herds, being
the very same that the Irish boolies are, driving their cattle continually
with them, and feeding only on their milk and white meats. Spenser.

BOOM [probably of beam, Sax.] a tree, boom, Du. boem, O. and
L. Ger. baum, H. Ger. in sea language] 1. A long pole to spread
out the clew or corner of the studding sail. 2. A pole with bushes
or baskets set out as a mark, directing how to steer into a channel,
when a country is overflown.

BOOM [of a haven, &c.] a cable stretched athwart the mouth of
a harbour or river, with yards, top masts, battlings, spars, &c. of
wood, lashed to it, to hinder an enemy＇s ship from coming in; or an
iron chain, or large piece of timber. Who took the Dutchman, and
who cut the boom? Dryden.

BOO＇MING [a sea term] used of a ship when she makes all the
sail she can, and is then said to come booming. Booming billows
clos＇d above my head. Pope.

BOON [bonum, Lat. bene, Sax. a petition] a grant, gist, benefac­
tion; as, to ask a boon.
Vouchsafe me for my need but one stern look,
A smaller boon than this I cannot beg,
And less than this I＇m sure you cannot give. Shakespeare.

BOON, adj. [bon, Fr. buon, It. of bonns, Lat. good] gay, merry;
as, a boon companion.
Satiate
And height＇ned, as with wine, jocund and boon. Milton.

BOOR [gebur, Sax. bawer, Teut. boer, Du.] a country clown, a
boorish man; as, a boor of Holland.

BOO＇RISH [of boor, of bawrisch, Teut.] clownish, rude, untaught,
uncivilized. You clow abandon, which is in the vulgar, leave the
society, which is, in the boorish, company of this female. Shake­
speare.

BOO＇RISHLY [of boorish] clownishly, rudely.

BOO＇RISHNESS [of boorish] clownishness, rudeness of manners.

BOO＇SE [bosig, Sax.] an ox-stall or cow-stall.

BOO＇SY, a low word for being somewhat merry with liquor.

BOOT [from bote, Sax. a compensation] 1. Profit, gain, advan­
tage.
My gravity
Wherein, let no man hear me, I take pride,
Could I with boot change for an idle plume. Shakespeare.
2. It seems, in the following lines, used for booty or plunder. John­
son.
Others, like soldiers, armed in their stings
Make boot upon the summer＇s velvet buds. Shakespeare.

BOOT Haler, a free-booter, or robber.

BOOT Tree, or BOOT Last, two pieces of wood made in the shape of
a leg, to be driven into boots with a wedge, to stretch and widen
them.

BOOT, a kind of torture for criminals, to extort a confession from
them, by means of a boot or stocking of parchment, wetted and put
on the leg, and then brought near the fire, in shrinking it squeezes
violently, and causes intolerable pain.

BOOT [in Scotland] a sort of rack, by putting an iron bar on the
leg of a criminal, and driving an iron peg on his shin bone; also four
thick, strong boards, bound round with cords; of which, two are put
between the legs of an offender, and the two others placed one on
one side and the other on the other, so that the legs being squeezed by
the boards with cords break the leg. This is now left off both in
England and Scotland.
The BOOT of a coach, the space under the coachman, and between
him and the body of the coach, where things in a journey are usu­
ally put.

To BOOT [boden, Sax. bothan, Goth. baten, Du. to profit; bot,
in Sax. is recompence, repentance, or fine paid by way of expiation;
botan is to repent or compensate; as,
He is wis bit and bote
And bet bivoren dome. Johnson.] 1. To profit. 2. To
give over-and-above, into the bargain; as, what will you give me to
boot?

BOOTES [Lat. βους, an ox, and ωθεω, Gr. to drive, i. e. the oxdriver]
the name of a northern constellation, containing 45 stars, called also
arctophylax, and in English, king Charles＇s wain.

BOOTS, the plant called also marigolds.

BOOTS [as some think of voot, Du. a foot; others of boteau, Fr.
a wreath, because in ancient unpolished times they used to wreathe
straw about their legs instead of boots, bottes or bottines, Fr. botaes,
Sp. bottas, Armor. and Port. botes, Wel.] coverings for the legs of
horsemen in travelling.

BOOTH [bode, Sax. bloth, C. Brit. boede, Du. O. and L. Ger.
bude, H. Ger. bodb, Su.] a small cottage or place erected with boards,
or boughs, that is to stand but a short time, for selling wares at fairs,
for shews, &c. Such as had their booths standing in the fair. Camden.
At Bartholomew fair the fall of a booth. Swift.

To BOOTH-hale, to pillage, to steal, or rob. N. C.

BOO＇TING. See BOOT.

BOOTING Corn [of bote, Sax. a recompence] certain rent-corn an­
ciently paid, and so called, probably, because tenants paid it as a re­
compence to their lord for signing their leases.

BOO＇TLESS [boteleas, Sax.] 1. Unprofitable, useless. Their
bootless pains and ill succeeding night. Spenser. Bootless prayers.
Shakespeare. 2. Being without success, perhaps being without booty,
Shakespeare having in another place used the word boot for booty. John­
son. I sent
Him bootless home, and weather-beaten back. Shakespeare.

BOO＇TY [butin, Fr. or of beute, or bute, Du. byte, Su.] prey,
spoil, pillage, prize, gained from the enemy.
Fair oxen and fair kine their booty. Milton.
2. Things got by robbery.
She drops booties in my mouth. Shakespeare.

To play BOOTY, to prevaricate, to play a losing game, or disho­
nestly, with an intent to lose; to draw in others to play. [The French
say, je suis botté, when they mean to say, I will not go. Johnson.

BO＇PEEP [of bo and peep] to look out and draw back as if frighted,
or on purpose to fright some other.
That such a king should play bopeep,
And go the fools among. Shakespeare. See BO.

BORA＇BLE [from bore] that may be bored.

BORA＇CHIO [boracho, Sp.] 1. A certain wine-vessel made of the skin
of a pig or hog, with the hair turned inwards, or dressed with rosin
and pitch, used to bring down the wine from the top of the moun­
tains in Spain. 2. A drunkard. How you stink of wine? D＇ye
think my niece will ever endure such a borachio! You＇re an absolute
borachio. Congreve.

BO＇RAGE [bourache, Fr. borrágine, It. burraja, Sp. borragems, Port.
of borago, Lat.] an herb, the leaves of which are broad and rough;
the flowers consist of one leaf. This plant is often used in the kitch­
en, and for a cool tankard in the summer time, and the flowers are
used in medicinal cordials. Miller.

BO＇RAMEZ, the Scythian lamb, generally known by the name of
agnus Scythicus. Much wonder is made of the boramez, that strange
plant, animal, or vegetable lamb of Tartary, which wolves delight
to feed on; which hath the shape of a lamb, affordeth a bloody
juice upon breaking, and liveth while the plants be consumed about
it. Brown.

BO＇RAX, a mineral, hard, transparent, and shining earth, used by
goldsmiths, &c. in soldering, brazing, and casting of metals. It is
a native salt of a very extraordinary kind; it is very fusible by fire,
and in cold coagulates again and shoots into globes of a prismatic
figure. It is sometimes used in medicine as an emetic, and a pro­
moter of delivery.








BORBORY＇GMUS [Lat. βορβορυγμος, Gr.] a rumbling or croaking of
the guts.

BORD Service, a tenure of bord lands, where the tenants are to pay
so much per acre, in lieu of finding provisions for their lord＇s board or
table.

BO＇RDAGE [bordagium, law Lat.] the tenure or manner of holding
bord-lands.

BORDA＇RIA [of bord, Sax.] a cottage.

BORDA＇RII, such tenants as possessed bord-lands; a sort of meaner
farmers, who had a bord, i. e. a cottage allowed them.

BO＇RDEL [bordeel, Teut. bordel, Armoric] a brothel, a bawdy-
house. Making his own house a stews, a bordel, and a school of
lewdness. South. See BORDELLO.

BORDE＇LLO [It. bordel, Fr. bord, Sax.] at first was used to signi­
fy any small cottage, some of which having become infamous by be­
ing made common ale houses, and bawdy-houses, and harbours for
strumpets; by transposition was made brothel from bordel, and used
to signify a stew or bawdy-house. On the south bank of the river of
Thames, westwards of the bridge, and next to the bear-garden, was
sometime the bordello or stews; a place so called of certain stews or
houses privileged there, for incontinent men to repair to incontinent
women, for which privilege there was an act of parliament made in
the reign of king Henry II, in which these were some of the orders:
That no stew-holder or his wife should hinder any single woman from
going and coming freely at all times when they list; nor to keep any
woman at board; but that she should board abroad at her pleasure:
That they should take no more for the woman＇s chamber than four­
teen-pence a week: That they should not keep open their doors on
holy days: That no single woman should be kept against her will:
That they should not receive any woman of religion, nor any man＇s
wife: That no single woman take money to lie with any, but she may
lie with him all night till the morrow: That no stew-holder keep
any woman that hath the perilous infirmity of burning; nor sell bread,
ale, flesh, fish, wood, coal, or any victuals, &c. These stew-houses
were permitted in the time of king Henry VI, but were prohibited in
the reign of king Henry VII, and the doors shut up, but set open
again; but were entirely put down in the time of king Henry VIII,
in the year 1546.

BO＇RDER [bordure, bord, Fr. bord, Ger.] 1. The end or edge of a
garment, which is generally set off with needle-work or ornaments.
2. The march or edge of a country, the confine. If a prince keep
his residence on the border of his dominions, the remote parts will
rebel. Spenser. 3. The outer part or edge of any thing. Looking-
glasses border＇d with broad borders of crystal. Bacon.

BO＇RDER, Eng. BO＇RDURE, Fr. [in heraldry] is an ordinary, so
called, because it borders round, and as it were hems in the field.
The French heralds reckon this the 9th among their honourable
pieces; but the English heralds don＇t admit it as such, but only as
a difference, though they do allow of the orle its diminutive as such,
and is represented as in Plate IV. Fig. 40.
The border or bordeure is accounted the symbol of protection, fa­
vour and reward, and is bestowed by kings on such as they have a
value for, as a sure defence against their enemies.

BORDER [with printers] an ornament of flowers, scrolls, &c. set
about the edges of small compositions.

BORDER [with botainsts] are the middle leaves that stand about the
thrum of flowers.

BORDERS [with gardeners] the edging of garden-beds, made
with box, thrift, &c. From bed to bed, from one to other border.
Spenser. With a border of rich fruit-trees crown＇d. Waller.

To BORDER [border, Fr.] 1. To set any thing either for use or or­
nament about the edges or skirts of any thing, to adorn with a bor­
der. 2. To reach, touch or confine upon. Sheba or Raamah, are
those parts of Arabia which border the sea called the Persian gulf.
Raleigh. And from hence the participle passive border＇d, and in com­
pound imborder＇d, as in that clause of Milton,
———And flow＇rs
Imborder＇d on each bank the head of Eve,
i. e. flowers set (as her handy-work) by way of ornament, along
the edge of the bank. Had Dr. Bentley attended to this etymology,
he would scarce have substituted the word, “Imbroider＇d. See IM­
BORDER.

To BORDER a Pasty [with carvers] is to cut it up.

To BORDER upon, verb neut. 1. To lie or be situate contiguous to
or near, to confine upon; as, it borders upon England. 2. To ap­
proach nearly to; as, it borders upon prophaneness.

BO＇RDERER, he that inhabits the borders or outmost bounds of any
place, borderers on the sea, borderers on Italy.

BORD HALF PENNY [old custom] a duty paid in fairs and markets,
for setting up boards, stalls, &c. for vending wares.

BORD-LANDS [bord land, Sax.] the demesnes or estate which lords
of manors kept in their hands for the maintenance of their boards or
tables.

BORD-LODGE [bord-lode, Sax.] the quantity of food or provision,
which was paid by the bordarii or bordmen for their bordlands.

To BO＇RDRAGE [of border] to plunder and ravage the borders.

BORDRA＇GING, the act of ravaging the borders.
Long time in peace his realm established,
Yet oft annoy＇d with sundry bordragings
Of neighbour Scots. Spenser.

To BORE, verb act. [borian, Sax. boren, Du. bohren, Ger. bors,
Su.] to pierce in a hole; as, to bore the trunk of a tree through.

To BORE, verb neut. 1. To make a hole; as, to bore a hole. 2.
To push forward towards a certain point.
Boring to the west, and hov＇ring there,
With gaping mouths they draw prolific air. Dryden.

To BORE [spoken of a horse] to carry his nose near the ground.

BORE, subst. [from the verb] 1. The hole made by boring. 2. The
instrument with which a hole is bored.

BORE [with gunners] the hollow on the inside of a piece of ord­
nance, the fuze of any hole. Ball and cartridge sorts for ev＇ry bore.
Dryden.

BORE, the pret. of bear. See To BEAR.

BORE Tree, a kind of shrub.

BO＇REE, a sort of French dance.
Dick cou＇d neatly dance a jig,
But Tom was best at borees. Swift.

BO＇REAL [horealis, of boreas, Lat.] northern.
Before the boreal blasts the vessels fly. Pope.

BO＇REAL Signs [in astronomy] the six northern signs of the zodiac,
viz. Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, and Virgo.

BO＇REAS [βορεας, Gr.] the north wind. Aulus Gellius says, that
Boreas is the north-east wind; and that he blows from the summer sol­
stitial part of the east, for which reason some suppose him to have been
called αιθρηγενετης (may not I also add, and αιθρηγενης?) by Homer.
Both these epithets, being used by that author in the passive sense, and
in the present composition signify, “that which is begotten by a clear
sky;” not that which begets or produces it.
Boreas and Cæcias and Argestes loud,
And Thrascias rend the woods and seas upturn. Milton.

BOREA＇SMOI [βορεασμοι, Gr.] an Athenian festival in honour of Bo­
reas (i. e. the north wind) who had an altar in Attica, and was thought
to bear some relation to the Athenians, having married Orithya, the
daughter of Erectheus; for which reason, when in a sea-fight a great
many of their enemies ships were destroyed by a north wind, the
Athenians imputed to it the kindness Boreas had for his wife＇s native
country.

BO＇RER [of bore] a piercer or instrument to bore holes with. Try
all the foundations with a borer, such as well-diggers use to try what
ground they have. Mortimer.

BO＇RGO DE SAINT SEPU＇LCHRO, a town of Tuscany, situated near
the head of the Tiber, about 50 miles east of Florence, subject to Au­
stria. Lat. 43° 30′ N. Long. 13° E.

BORGOFO＇RTE, a town of Mantua in Italy, situated at the confluence
of the rivers Po and Menzo, 8 miles south of Mantua. Lat. 44°
50′ N. Long. 11° E.

BORIA, a city of the province of Arragon, in Spain, 35 miles north-
west of Saragosa. Lat 41° 40′ N. Long. 2° W.

BORI＇STHENES, or NIE＇PER, one of the largest rivers in Europe; it
rises in the province of Moscow in Russia, and running west by the
city of Smolensko, bends its course to the south, till it passes by the
city of Kiof, and then running south-west thro＇ the country of the Cos­
sacks, falls into the Black Sea between Oczacow, and Little Tartary.

BO＇RITH [ברית, Heb.] an herb, or sort of a soap which fullers use
in scouring cloths.

BO＇RMIO, a territory of the Grisons, in Italy, having the dominions
of Venice on the south.

BORN [part. pass. of bear] See To BEAR.

To be BORN [part. pass. derived from the verb to bear, in the sense
of bringing forth: boren or geboren, Sax. gebohren, Ger.] 1. To
come into the world, or into life. It is usually spoken with regard to
circumstances; as, a prince or princess born, a new-born babe. 2.
Usually with of before the mother; as, born of my father＇s first-wife.

He that is BORN to be hang＇d will never be drown＇d.

He that is BORN under a three-penny planet will never be worth s
groat. The first spoken either when any untoward person has actually
escaped drowning, or any other imminent danger, or in general ironi­
cally when any person has either escaped, or is in fear, or in the way
of danger, intimating that his destiny will bring him to the gallows at
last. The latter, when nothing a person undertakes prospers, laying
the fault upon fate, when in reality it is owing to his own mismanage­
ment.

Still-BORN, born dead.

BO＇RNEO, a large island in the East Indian ocean; it is computed
to be 2500 miles in circumference. The East India company have a
factory on this island, at the mouth of the river Banjar.

BO＇RNHOLM, an island in the Baltic sea, about 43 miles north-east
of the island of Rugen. Lat. 55° 15′ N. Long. 15′ E.

BO＇ROUGH, or BU＇RROW [borhoe and burg, boru, byrig, Sax.
bourg, Fr. borgo, It. burgo, Sp.] 1. It signified anciently a surety, or a
man bound for others. A borough, as I here use it, and as the old
laws still use, is not a borough town, that is, a franchised town, but a
main pledge of an hundred free persons, therefore called a free bo­
rough, or, as you say, franc plegium: For both in old Saxon signifieth
a pledge or surety; and yet it is so used with us in some speeches, as
Chaucer saith, St. John to borch, that is, for assurance and warranty.
Spenser. 2. A corporate town that is not a city; a large village that
sends members to parliament.

BO＇ROUGHBRIDGE, a borough town of the north riding of Yorkshire,
15 miles from York, and 170 from London. It sends two members to
parliament.

BOROUGH-Master [borhoe, mægsder, Sax.] a mayor, bailiff, or
governor of a town.

BOROUGH-Head [borhoe, heafod, Sax.] anciently signified a mem­
ber of parliament.

BOROUGH English [at Stamford in Lincolnshire] signifies a custo­
mary descent of lands or tenements, in some places to the younger
son; or if the owner have no issue, to the younger brother.

BOROUGH Holder, or BO＇RSHOLDER, the same with the borough­
head, or head-borough, who was anciently chosen by the rest to speak
and act in their behalf.

BO＇RREL, subst. [it is explained by Junius without etymology] a
mean fellow.
Siker, thou speaketh like a lewd borrel,
Of heaven, to deemen so;
Howbe I am but rude and borrel,
Yet nearer ways I know. Spenser.

To BO＇RROW [borgian, Sax. borgen, Du. and Ger. borgan, Su.]
1. To take money or any thing else upon credit. 2. To ask of ano­
ther the use of a thing for a time. 3. To take something of another.
A borrowed title hast thou bought too dear. Shakespeare.
Verbal signs they borrow from others. Locke. 4. To use as one＇s own,
tho＇ not belonging to one.
Cruel to deceive your son,
In borrow＇d shapes. Dryden.

He that goes a BORROWING, goes a sorrowing. H. Ger. Borgen
macht sorgen. The Latins say: Æris alieni atque lites comes miseria
est. (The companion of debt and strife is misery.)








BORROW [from the verb] the thing borrowed.
Of your royal presence I＇ll adventure
The borrow of a week. Shakespeare.

BO＇RROWER [of borrow, of borgian, Sax.] 1. One who borrows or
takes money upon trust. 2. He that takes that which is another＇s, and
uses it as his own. Some say that I am a great borrower, however
none of my creditors have challeng＇d me. Pope.

BORY＇PTES, a gem or jewel of a black colour, with spots of red and
white.

BO＇SA, or BO＇SSA, a town of Sardinia, situated on the west coast of
the island, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 32 miles north
of Oristagni. Lat. 40° 15′ N. Long. 8° 30′ E.

BO＇SCAGE [Fr. bocage, Sp. bosechetto, It. boscagium, law Lat.] a
grove or thicket, a place set with trees.

BOSCAGE [in forest law] mast, such food as trees and woods yield to
cattle.

BOSCAGE [with painters] a picture representing much wood and
trees, representation of woods. A land flat to our sight, and full of
boscage. Bacon. Landskips and boscage, and such wild works in open
terraces. Wotton.

BO＇SCUS [in old law] all manner of wood.

BO＇SKY [bosque, Fr.] woody.
My bosky acres and my unshrub＇d down. Shakespeare.
Every bosky bourn. Milton.

BOSKY, half or quite fuddled. A low word.

BOSNA SERAJO, the capital of the province of Bosnia, situated on
the frontiers of European Turky, 120 miles south-west of Belgrade.
Lat. 44° N. Long. 10° E.

BO＇SNIA, a frontier province, divided between the house of Austria
and the Turks; that part which lies on the west side of the river Unna
belonging to the former, and that part on the east side to the latter.

BO＇SOM [bosm, bosme, bosom, Sax. boesem, Du. busem, Ger.]
1. That part of the body which incloses the heart, &c. 2. The heart,
the breast. Lay comforts to your bosom. Shakespeare. 3. The embrace
of the arms, holding any thing to the breast. 4. The inclosure. They
that live within the bosom of that church. Hooker. 5. The folds of the
dress that cover the breast. Put thy hand into thy bosom, and he put
his hand into his bosom. Exodus. 6. The tender affections, kindness.
To pluck the common bosoms on his side. Shakespeare.
O son, in whom my soul hath chief delight,
Son of my bosom. Milton.
7. Inclination, desire.
If you can pace your wisdom,
In that good path that I could wish it go,
You shall have your bosom on this wretch. Shakespeare.

BOSOM, in composition, implies intimacy, confidence, fondness; as,
bosom-interest in Shakespeare, bosom-thieves, and bosom-friends.

To BOSOM [from the noun] 1. To inclose in the bosom. Bosom up
my counsel. Shakespeare. 2. To conceal in privacy.
Towers and battlements it sees,
Bosom＇d high in tufted trees. Milton.
Convents bosom＇d deep in vines. Pope.

BO＇SON [corrupted from boatswain] Dryden uses it.

BO＇SPHORUS, Lat. [βοσϕορος, of βους, an ox, and ϕερω, to bear; from
the poetical fable, that Ino being transformed into a cow, passed this
streight] a streight or narrow neck of the sea, which separates two
continents; by which means a gulf and a sea, or two seas, have a
communication one with another.

BOSS [bosse, Fr.] 1. A knob, a bunch, a stud, a shining prominence,
used as an ornament. Gaudy bosses. L＇Estrange. Bosses of a bridle.
Broome. 2. The part that rises in the midst of any thing. The thick
bosses of his bucklers. Job. 3. A thick body in general. A boss
made of wood, with an iron hook to hang on the laths. Moxon. If a
close appulfe be made by the lips, then is framed M; if by the boss of
the tongue to the palate, near the throat, then k. Holder.

BO＇SSAGE [with architects] is a term used of any stone that has a
projecture, and is laid in its place in a building, uncut, to be after­
wards carved into mouldings, capitals, &c. Also that which is called
a rustic work, and consists of stones, seeming to advance beyond the
nakedness of a building, by reason of indentures or channels left in
the joinings. These are chiefly in the corners of edifices, and called
rustic quoins.

BOSSE [probably of bosse, Fr.] a conduit built after the manner of a
gor-bellied or tun-bellied figure.

BO＇SSED, studded, embossed.

BO＇SSINEY, a borough town of Cornwall, three miles from Camel­
ford, and 189 from London. It is partly situated on an isthmus, and
partly on an island, which in ancient times was joined by a bridge to
the main land. It sends two members to parliament,

BOSSO＇RA. See BASSO＇RA.

BO＇SSUPT, a town of the Austrian Netherlands, in the province of
Brabant, eight miles fouth of Lovain. Lat. 50° 52′ N. Long. 4° 30′ E.

BO＇STON, a port town of Lincolnshire, situated near the mouth of
the river Witham, 114 miles from London. The name is a contrac­
tion of Botolph＇s town, from one Botolph a Saxon, who had a mo­
nastery here, and supposed to have been its founder. Its church is
reckoned the largest parochial church, without cross isles in the uni­
verse, being 300 feet long within the walls, and 100 feet wide. Its
tower is 282 feet high, at the top of which is a beautiful octagon
lanthorn, which is the guide of mariners as they enter the dangerous
channels of Lynn and Boston deeps. It gives title of viscount to the
earl of Grantham, and sends two members to parliament.

BOSTON, is also the name of the capital of New England in Ame­
rica, and is one of the most flourishing towns of trade in North Ame­
rica. Lat. 42° 24′ N. Long. 71° W.

BOSTRYCHI＇TES, Lat. [of βοστρυχος, Gr. a bush of hair] a gem or
jewel representing a lock or bush of a woman＇s hair.

BO＇SVEL, a species of crowfoot.

BO＇SWORTH, or MA＇RKET-BOSWORTH, a market town in Leicester­
shire, 11 miles from Leicesler, and 104 from London. It is rendered
memorable for the battle fought there, in 1485, between king Ri­
chard III, and Henry, earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII.
wherein king Richard lost his life and crown.

BO＇TA [in old law] a boot, such as the monks used to wear.

BOTA＇NICAL, or BOTA＇NIC [botanique, Fr. botanicus, Lat. βοτανι­
κος, of βοτανη, Gr. an herb, of βοτος, victuals, of βοσκω, to feed]
pertaining to herbs; skilled in plants; as, botanical critics. Addison.

BO＇TANIST [botaniste, Fr. botanistà, It. botanicus, Lat.] an herba­
list, one skilled in plants, and studies their species; as, a diligent bo­
tanist.

BOTANO＇LOGY [βοτανολογια, of βοτανη and λεγω, Gr.] a descrip­
tion of herbs and plants.

BOTA＇NOMANCY [βοτανομαντεια, of βοτανη, an herb, and μαντεια,
Gr. divination] a divination by herbs, and especially by those of sage
or the fig-tree. The persons that consulted, wrote their own names
and their questions upon leaves, which they exposed to the wind, and
as many of the letters as remained in their own places were taken up,
and being joined together, were accounted an answer to the question.

BOTA＇NO-Sophists, persons skilled in botany, or the knowledge of
plants, &c.

BO＇TANY [βοτανη, Gr.] the science of simples, which teaches
how to distinguish the several kinds of plants, as trees, shrubs,
herbs, &c. one from another; and their several sorts, forms, virtues,
and uses.

BOTA＇RGO [botargue, Fr. bottarga, It. botarga, Sp.] a fausage made
of eggs, and the blood of a sea mullet, a large fish, common in the
Mediterranean. The best kind comes from Tunis in Barbary. It must
be chosen dry and reddish. The people of Provence in France use a
great deal of it, the common way of eating it being with olive oil and
lemon juice. There is a great consumption of botargo throughout all
the Levant.

BOTCH [bozza, pronounced botza, It.] 1. A piece of stuff
clumsily sewed to old clothes. 2. An adventitious part clumsily ad­
ded. Both those words are notorious botches. Dryden. 3. A clumsy
piece of work, so ill finished as to appear worse than the rest.
Leave no rubs or botches in the work. Shakespeare.

BOTCH [probably of bosse, Fr. a blister] a swelling, or eruptive
discoloration on the skin, a pocky ulcer or sore, especially in the groin.
Botches and blains. Milton.

To BOTCH [from the noun, probably of boesten, Du. to mend] 1.
To mend clothes or other things by patching them clumsily.
Coats from botching newly brought. Dryden.
2. To do any work ill-favouredly, to mend any thing aukwardly.
To botch up what th＇ had torn and rent,
Religion and the government. Hudibras.
3. To put together unsuitably or unskilfully.
Many fruitless pranks
This ruffian has botch＇d up. Shakespeare.
Treason botch＇d in rhyme will be thy bane. Dryden.
4. To mark with a botch.
Hylas botch＇d with stains too foul to name. Garth.

BO＇TCHER, 1. A clumsy workman. 2. A mender of old clothes; the
same to a taylor, as a cobler to a shoe-maker.
Botchers left old clothes in the lurch,
And fell to turn and patch the church. Hudibras.

BO＇TCHY [of botch] marked with botches or ulcers. A botchy sore.
Shakespeare.

BOTE [bote, Sax. an obsolete word] 1. Compensation, recompence,
or amends for a man slain, which is bound or given to another. 2. It
was used for any payment.

BO＇TESCARL [bate-carl, Sax.] a boatswain.

BOTH, adj. [of batwa, butu, q. d. be and tu, Sax. two, bade, Dan.
baoled, Su. beyde, Du. and Ger. ba, or bai, Goth. tho＇, some will de­
rive it of ambo, Lat.] the one and the other; l＇un & l＇autre, Fr. It
is used only of two.

BOTH, conj. [from the adj.] as well. It has the conjunction and to
correspond with it.

BO＇THA [in old law] a booth or tent set up in a fair or market.

BOTHA＇GIUM [in the old law] duties paid to the lord of the manor
for setting up booths.

BOTHE＇NA [in old law] a barony, lordship, or sheriffwick.

BO＇THNIA,  the name of two provinces in Sweden, distinguished by
the epithets of east and west, and lying on each side of the Bothnic
gulph, which takes it name from them.

BO＇THER [in medicine] certain pimples in the face which spread
about, but soon suppurate, run with matter, and disappear; also pim­
ples in other parts; the small-pox or meazles. Lat.

BO＇THRION [βοθριον, Gr. a little ditch] a kind of hollow, narrow
ulcer in the tunica cornea; also the socket of the teeth. Bruno ob­
serves of the aforesaid ulcer, that it resembles round punctures, and is
deeper than an ulcusculum, as described by Galen, and after him by
P. Æginct. T. 3. c. 22. who adds, that ＇tis pure.

BOTRYO＇RD [βοτρυοειδης, of βοτρυς, a grape, and ειδος, Gr. form]
having the form of a bunch of grapes, knobby. Thick set with botry­
ord efflorescencies, or small knobs. Woodward.

BO＇TRYS [βοτρυς, Gr.] the herb called oak of Jerusalem.

BO＇TTLE [bouteille, Fr.] 1. A small vessel of glass generally, or other
matter, with a narrow mouth and long neck. 2. A quantity of wine
usually put into a great bottle. Stay and take t＇other bottle. Specta­
tor.

BOTTLE of Hay or Straw, a truss, or the weight of 56 pounds, a
quantity of hay, grass, or straw, bundled up.
But I should wither in one day, and pass
To a lock of hay, that am a bottle of grass. Donne.

To BOTTLE Liquor, to put it into bottles.

BOTTLE is often used in composition; as, bottle-friend, bottle-com­
panion. Sam is a very good bottle-companion. Addison.

BOTTLE-Flower [cyanus, Lat.] a plant. The species are: 1. The
greater broad-leaved blue-bottle, commonly called globe flower. 2.
The greater narrow-leaved blue-bottle or globe-flower. 3. The pur­
ple sweet sultan. 4. Corn-bottle with a white flower. Miller.

BOTTLE-Screw [of bottle and screw] a screw to pull the cork out of
a bottle.

BO＇TTOM [botm. Sax. bodem, Du. boden, Ger. botn, Su.] 1. The
ground under the water.
Shallow brooks that flow＇d so clear,
The bottom did the top appear. Dryden.
2. The lowest part of any thing. 3. The foundation, the ground­






work. My reasonings proceed, and cannot be affected by objections
which are far from being built on the same bottom. Atterbury. That
fruitful bottom. Addison. 3. The part most remote from view, the
deepest part; as, to examine an argument to the bottom. 4. Bound,
limit. There＇s no bottom, none
In my voluptuousness. Shakespeare.
5. The utmost extent or profundity of a man＇s capacity.
I do see the bottom of justice Shallow. Shakespeare.
6. The last resort, remotest cause, first motion. He was at the bottom of
many excellent counsels in which he did not appear. Addison. 7. A
ship, a vessel for navigation.
Grapple did he make,
With the most noble bottom of our fleet. Shakespeare.
Ghost, in his thin bottom bears. Dryden.
8. A chance, adventure, or security.
Too much to venture in one bottom. Clarendon.
Embarked with them on the same bottom. Spectator. 9. A valley, a
dale, a low ground. 10. A ball or roll of thread, worsted, or wound
up. Bottoms of thread wound up. Bacon.

BOTTOM of a Lane, the lowest or farther end of it.

BOTTOM of Beer, the grounds, dregs, or lees.

To BOTTOM off [a drinking term] to drink the last draught of a
pot of drink, or the last draught of a bottle of wine.

To BOTTOM, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To build upon, to fix
upon as a support, to lay as upon a bottom. The grounds upon which
we bottom our reasoning. Locke. 2. To wind upon something, as
thread. As you unwind your love for him,
Lest it should ravel, and be good for none,
You must provide to bottom it on me. Shakespeare.

To BOTTOM, verb neut. to rest as upon a support. Find out upon
what foundation any proposition, advanced, bottoms. Locke.

BO＇TTOMED [of bottom] having a bottom. It is commonly com­
pounded; as, a flat-bottomed boat.

BO＇TTOMLESS [of bottom] having no bottom, fathomless; as, a bot­
tomlēss pit. Sidney. And, bottomless perdition. Milton.

BO＇TTOMRY, or BO＇TTOMAGE [in commerce] is when a master of
a ship borrows money on the bottom or keel of it, to be paid with in­
terest of 20, 30, or 40 per cent. at the ship＇s safe return, and this on
pain of forfeiting the ship; but if the ship miscarry, the lender loses his
money.

BOTONE＇ [in heraldry] as a cross botoné terminates at each end in
three buts, knots, or buttons, resembling in some measure the three­
leaved grass; by some French authors so called, croix treffle. See
Plate IV. Fig. 41.

BOTTS, or BOTS without a sing. [probably of bigan, Sax. to bite.
Martin, with farriers] worms or grubs, that breed in the strait gut of
an horse, near the fundament, perhaps answering to the ascarides in
human bodies. Pease and beans are as dank here as a dog, and that is
the next way to give poor jades the botts. Shakespeare. Also worms,
&c. that destroy the grass in bowling-greens, &c.

BO＇TZEN, a very beautiful town of Germany, in the Tyroleze.

BO＇TZENBERG, a town of Germany, situated on the Elbe, in the
dutchy of Mecklenburgh. Lat. 53° 34′ N. Long. 11° 23′ E.

BO＇VA, a town of the kingdom of Naples, in Italy, about 20 miles
south-east of Reggio. Lat. 38° 20′ N. Long. 16° 15′ E.

BO＇VATA Terra [in old law] as much land as one ox can till, or
28 acres, an ox-gate.

BO＇UCAAIN, a fortified town of Hainault, in the French Nether­
lands, about 7 miles north of Cambray. Lat. 50° 30′ N. Long. 3°
15′ E.

BOUCE of Court, or BOWGE of Court [a law term] a certain quan­
tity of provisions allowed to a servant in a prince＇s palace; also an al­
lowance of victuals, &c. from the king or noblemen to their knights,
esquires, &c. who attended them in any warlike expedition.

BOUCHE, Fr. a mouth.

BO＇UCHET, a sort of pear like the besidery.

BOUDS, infects that breed in malt, called also weevils or popes.

BO＇UGONS [with cooks] steaks of veal with thin slices of fat bacon
rolled up together.

BOVE＇RIA, or BOVE＇RIUM [in old writings] an ox-house or ox-stall;
a neat-house, or cow-house.

BOVE＇TTUS [in old law] a young steer, or cut bullock. Lat.

To BOUGE out [probably of bouge, Fr. of bulga, Lat. a bag] to
stick out rounding with a belly.

To BOUGE [bouger, Fr. to stir] as, don＇t bouge, don＇t stir, or don＇t
go away. See BUDGE.

BO＇UGES, Fr. the middle or belly of a cask.

BOUGH [of bog, bogan, Sax. to bend] the gh is not pronounced.
An arm or large shoot, bigger than a branch of a tree; yet not al­
ways distinguished from it.

BOUGHT [pret. and part. pass. of buy] purchased. See To BUY.

BOUGHT, subst. [from to bow] 1. Atwist, link, or knot.
His huge long tail wound up in hundred solds,
Whose wreathed boughts whenever he unfolds,
And thick entangled knots adown does slack. Shakespeare.
In notes with many a winding bought,
Of linked sweetness, long drawn out. Milton.
2. A flexure. The flexure of the joints is not the same in an elephant
as in other quadrupeds, the bought of the fore-legs not directing back­
ward, but laterally, and sometimes inward. Brown.

BO＇UGIE, Fr. filum inceratum. a candle of white wax. P. Richelet.
An instrument sometimes made use of by surgeons in venereal cases.

BOVI＇LLANS [with cooks] small pies made of the breasts of roasted
capons minced with calves-udder, &c. Fr.

BOVI＇LLON [with farriers] is a lump of flesh or excrescence, grow­
ing either upon or just by the frush, which makes the frush shoot out
like a lump, which is called the flesh blowing upon the frush, and
makes a horse halt. Fr.

BOUI＇LLON [in cookery] broth made of several sorts of boiled meat,
soup. Fr.

BO＇VINES, a small town in the province of Namur, in the Austrian
Netherlands, about 10 miles south of Namur. Lat. 50° 20′ N.
Long. 4° 50′ E.

BO＇VINO, a small city of the Capitonate, in the kingdom of Naples,
about 60 miles east of the city of Naples. Lat 41° N. Long, 16°
15′ E.

BOU＇LDER Walls [in architecture] certain walls built of round
flints or pebbles, laid on a strong mortar; used where the sea has a
beach cast up, or where there are plenty of flints.

BOU＇LETE [with horsemen] a term used of a horse, when the fet­
lock or pastern joint bends forward, and out of its natural situa­
tion. Fr.

To BOULT. See To BOLT.

BOU＇LOGNE, or BO＇LOGNE, a port town of France, in the province
of Picardy, on the English channel. Lat. 50° 40′ N. Long. 1° 30′ E.

BOULTI＇NE [with architects] a convex moulding, whose convexity
is but ¼ of the circle, and is placed next below the plinth in the Tus­
can and Doric capital.

BOUNCE [perhaps of boung, Sax. ostentation] 1. A sudden crack
or noise, as of gunpowder. Cannon fire, and smoke and bounce.
Shakespeare. 2. A boast, a threat; in low language. 3. A strong
sudden blow.
The Bounce burst ope the door. Dryden.

To BOUNCE [a word formed, says Skinner, from the sound] 1. To
brag, to vapour or speak boastingly. A sense used only in familiar
speech. 2. To fall or fly against any thing with great force, so as to
rebound.
Another bounces as hard as he can knock. Swift.
3. To spring, to leap suddenly. High nonsense is like beer in a bot­
tle, which has in reality no strength and spirit, but frets and flies and
bounces. Addison. 4. To be bold or strong. The bouncing Amazon.
Shakespeare.

BOU＇NCER [from bounce] a boaster, a bully.

A BOU＇NCING Lass, a lusty, jolly girl.

BOUND, part pret. of bind [of bindan, Sax.] 1. Obligated; as, bound
very much to one. 2. Tied.

To BOUND, verb neut. [probably of bondir, Fr.] 1. To spring, to
move forward by leaps. Leaping and bounding on the billows heads.
Dryden. Bounding stag. Pope. 2. To rebound or leap back.
A bounding valour, in our English.
That being dead, like to the bullets grazing,
Breaks out into a second course of mischief. Shakespeare.
3. To limit or set bounds to, to confine, to restrain.
Take but degree away, untune that string,
The bounded waters would lift their bosoms higher than the
shores. Shakespeare.

To BOUND, verb act. [from the noun] to limit, or terminate.
Phlegethon surrounds,
Whose fiery flood the burning empire bounds. Dryden.

To BOUND, or border upon.

BOUND, adj. [of doubtful etymlogy, Johnson; prob. of abunden,
Sax. ready: a metaphor taken from soldiers, who when they are
about to march, bind or truss up their baggage] destined; intend­
ing to come to any place. Whether are you bound? a phrase used
as to voyages or journies by land.

BOUND, subst. [from bind] 1. Limit, boundary marches of a
country.
Illimitable ocean, without bound,
Without dimension. Milton.
2. A limit, by which any excursion or inroad is restrained.
Stronger and fiercer by restraint he roars,
And knows no bound. Denham.
3. A leap, jump, or spring. Colts fetching mad bounds. Shakespeare.
4. A rebound, a repercussion of any thing, flying back by the force
of a blow.

BOU＇NDARY [from bound] that which serves to set out the limits or
bounds of a country: bound or limit in general; both in a natural and
a figurative sense; as, the boundaries of law, and the boundaries of duty.

BOU＇NDEN part. pret. of bind [of bond, Sax.] pertaining to obliga­
tion, &c. as, a bounden duty.

BOU＇NDING-STONE, or BOUND-STONE, a stone to play with.
I＇m past a boy;
A sceptre＇s but a play-thing, and a globe
A bigger bounding-stone. Dryden.

BOU＇NDLESS [bondleas, of bond, Sax.] unlimited. Boundless in
his desires. South.

BOU＇NDLESNESS [of boundless] the state of having no bounds or
limits. Boundlesness of voluptuous desires. South.

BOUNGRACE [with seamen] a bongrace; or bonnet.

BOU＇NTEOUS, or BOU＇NTIFUL [of bounty, of bonus, Lat.] 1. Gene­
rous, liberal, free, beneficent. Bounteous is used chiefly in poetry for
bountiful.
Her soul abhorring avarice;
Bounteous, but almost bounteous to a vice. Dryden.
2. It has of before the thing given, and to before the person receiving.
Our king spares nothing to give them the share of that felicity, of
which he is so bountiful to his kingdom. Dryden.

BOU＇NTEOUSLY, or BOU＇NTIFULLY, generously, liberally. Boun­
ously bestowed. Dryden.
Poor starvling bountifully fed. Donne.

BOU＇NTEOUSNESS [of bounteous] quality of giving plenteously; libe­
rality.

BOU＇NTIFULNESS, quality of being bountiful. Enriched to all
bountifulness. 2 Cor.

BOU＇NTIHEAD, BOUNTIHEDE, or BOUNTIHOOD [from bounty and
head or hood] a word now wholly obsolete. True bountihead, and
great bountihood. Spenser.

BOU＇NTY [bonté, Fr. bonta, It. bondàd, Sp. bonitas, Lat.] 1. Libera­
lity, generosity.
Those god-like men, to wanting virtue kind,
Bounty well plac＇d preferr＇d. Dryden.
2. It seems distinguished from charity, as a present from an alms; be­
ing used, when persons, not absolutely necessitous, receive gifts, or
when gifts are given by great persons. Her majesty did not see this
assembly so proper to excite charity and compassion, tho＇ I question
not but her royal bounty will extend itself to them. Addison. 3. In
commerce, a premium paid by the government to the exporters of cer­
tain British commodities.








BOU＇RBON, Fr. the name belonging to the first king of that house or
family, which is now in possession of the crown of France; and who
(as nearest in relation) fucceeded the Valesian house, extinct [A. D.
1589] by the assassination of Henry III. Hence we read of the house
of Bourbon; and by a figure of speech, the word may be applied to
Lewis I, or to any other king of France, belonging to that line.
“The son of ADAM and of EVE.
Can BOURBON, or NASSAU go higher?” Prior.

BOURBON, or MASCARE＇NHA, an island in the Indian ocean, about
100 miles east of Madagascar; subject to France. Lat. 21° S. Long.
54° E.

BOU＇RBON-ARCHEBAUT, the capital of the dutchy of Bourbon, in
the Lyonois, in France. Lat. 46° 35′ N. Long. 3° 10′ E.

BOU＇RBON-LANCY, a town of Burgundy, in France. Lat. 46°
33′ N. Long. 3° 46′ E.

BOU＇RBOURG, or BOU＇RBORCH, a town of the French Nether­
lands, about 10 miles south-east of Dunkirk. Lat. 50° 50′ N.
Long. 2° 10′ E.

BOU＇RDEAUX, the capital city of Guienne and Gascony, situated
on the river Garonne. Lat. 44° 50′ N. Long. 0° 40′ W.

BOU＇RDINES, a town of the Austrian Netherlands, 10 miles north-
east of Namur. Lat. 50° 35′ N. Long. 5° E.

BOURG, the capital of the island of Carjenne, a French colony on
the coast of Guiana, in South America. Lat. 5° N. Long. 52° W.

BOU＇RG-EN-BRASS, the capital of Bresse, in the province of Bur­
gundy, in France, 36 miles west of Geneva, and 32 north of Lyons.
Lat. 46. 20′ N. Long. 5° 5′ E.

To BOU＇RGEON [bourgeonner, Fr.] to bud, to shoot, to put forth
buds. Long may the dew distil upon them, to make them bourgeon
and propagate. Howell.
Oh, that I had the fruitful heads of Hydra,
That one might bourgeon where another fell. Dryden.

BOURI＇GNOMISTS, a sect among the Low Country protestants, follow­
ers of Antoinette Bourignon, a native of Lisle, and who came off from
the Romish religion: she was a great enthusiast. The principles of this
sect nearly resemble those of the quietists, quakers, or tanatus audultus
themselves, by pretended revelations.

BOU＇RGES, the capital of the territory of Berry, in the Orleanois,
in France, situated about 50 miles south-east of Orleans. Lat. 47° 10′
N. Long. 2° 30′ E.

BOURN [borne, Fr. bourn, Du. burn, or born, Sax. brunn, Ger.]
1. A limit or bound.
Bourn, bound of land. Shakespeare.
Ever the bosky bourn. Milton.
2. A rivulet or brook; whence several towns situated on brooks,
add bourn to their names; as, Sittingbourn, Milbourn; it is not used
in either sense with us at present, tho＇ in the latter it is still used
among the Scots.
My little boat can safely pass this perilous bourn. Spenser.

BOURGEOI＇SE [in Cookery] as veal dressed à la bourgeoise, i. e.
after the city fashion, veal stakes larded, spiced, and stewed with thin
slices of bacon, &c.

BOU＇RGO, an island in the Indian ocean, subject to the Dutch.
Lat. 3° 30′ S. Long. 124° E.

To BOUSE [from buysen, Du.] to drink lavishly, to toap.
A bousing cann of which he sipt. Spenser. See To BOWSE.

BO＇USY [from bouse] drunken, fuddled.
This in his cups the bousy poet fings. Dryden.
Each bousy farmer with his simp＇ring dame. King.

BOUT [botta, It. of behtan, Sax. to beat, buyten, Du. buten, L.
Ger.] attempt, trial, a turn, as much of an action as is performed at
one time without interruption.
Pas durst not Cosma chace,
But did intend next bout with her to meet. Sidney.
If he chance to ＇scape this dismel bout. Dryden.

BOUT [with horsemen] a term used of a horse when he is over­
done, and quite spent with fatigue.

BOU＇TEFEU, an incendiary, a wilful firer of houses; a sower of
strife and dissension; a fire-brand of sedition. John a Chamber, a
very boutefeu, who bore much sway among the vulgar, they entered
into open rebellion. Bacon.

BOU＇TI-SALE [I suppose from bouty, or booty, and sale. Johnson]
a sale at a cheap rate, as booty or plunder is commonly sold. The
great boutisale of colleges and chantries. Hayward.

BOU＇TON, 1. A button for a garment. 2. A bud of plants. 3. A
pimple or rising in the skin. Fr.

BOU＇TON [in cookery] a dish of bards of bacon, covered with a
farce and ragoo, and baked between two fires. Fr.

BOUTS-RIMEAUX [in French poetry] a term signifying certain
rhimes, disposed in order, and given to a poet, together with a sub­
ject, to be filled up with verses ending in the same word and in the
same order.

BOU＇VILLON, a city of Luxemburg, in the Austrian Netherlands,
about 40 miles west of Luxemburg. Lat. 49° 55′ N. Long. 5° E.

BOW, pronounced as grow, no, without regard to the w, [boga,
of bygan, Sax. to bend, boghe, Du. bogen, Ger. boge, Su. βιος, Gr.]
an instrument for shooting arrows; it is made by holding wood, horn,
or metal, &c. bent by means of a string tied at each end, which
shoots arrows with great force.
A Cross BOW, a bow to shoot a bullet with.
A BOW long bent grows weast at last.
Lat. Arcus nimis intensus rumpitur.
Ital. L＇arco si rompe se stà troppo tesa.
This may be applied either to the body or the mind; for too much
about weakens the one, and too much study impairs the other.
Otia corpus alant, animus quoque pascitur illis.
Immodicus, contra, carpit, utrumque labor.
This proverb is likewise applicable to inanimate bodies, for whatever
is strained beyond its strength will suffer.
The Germans say: wen mau den bogen zu barte spannt so bricht er.
The Ital. chi troppo l＇assotiglia, la spezza. (Strain a thing too much,
and it will break.)

He has two strings to his BOW. Fr. il a deux cordes à son arc. The
Lat. say: duabus anchoris nititur. (He is moored with two anchors)
The Germ. er hat eine fuk-muble. (He has got a pocket-mill.) The
Span. say: mus valendos camisones que uno. (Two frocks are better
than one.) Spoken when a man has more than one dependence.

BOW, [from the verb] a reverence, or act of submission, by
bending the body; pronounced like the verb, or how, now; an awk­
ward bow.

BOW, 1. An instrument to play with upon a violin.
Instruments were various in their kind,
Some for the bow, and some for breathing wind. Dryden.
2. A rainbow. I do set my bow in the cloud. Genesis. 3. The
doubling of a string in a slip knot. Make a knot, and let the second
knot be with a bow. Wiseman. 4. A yoke. The ox hath his bow,
sir, the horse his curb. Shakespeare. 5. Bow of a saddle. The bows
are two pieces of wood laid archwise, to receive the upper part of a
horse＇s back, to give the saddle its due form, and to keep it tight.
Farriers Dictionary.

BOW [among artificers] so called from its figure, for making a drill
go; among turners, the name of that pole fixed to the ceiling, to
which they fasten the cord that wheels round the piece to be turned.

BOW [with mathematicians] an instrument made of wood, former­
ly used in navigation to take the height of the sun; it consisted of a
large arch of ninety degrees graduated, a shank or staff, a shade-fight,
and horizon vanes.

BOW [with shipwrights] a beam of wood or brass, with three long
screws that direct a lath of wood or steel to any part, commonly used
to make draughts of ships, &c.

BOW of a ship [with shipwrights] is her broadest part before, be­
ginning at the stem, and compassing about towards the stern, and end­
ing at the sternmost part of the forecastle.

A Bold BOW [of a ship] is a broad bow.

A Lean BOW [of a ship] is a narrow thin bow.

BOW Pieces [in a ship] are the pieces of ordnance at her bow.

BOW Anchors, or BOWERS, anchors that are carried in the ship＇s
bow.

BOW-BEARERS [in a forest] certain under officers.

BOW-BENT [of bow and bent] crooked, or bent like a bow.
A Sibyl old, bow-bent with crooked age. Milton.

To BOW, verb act. [bugan, Sax. boye or bucke, Dan. buysen, Du.
beugen, biegen, and bucken, Ger.] 1. To bend. Some bow the
vines. Dryden. 2. To make a reverence, to stoop, to bend the body
in token of reverence. They bowed themselves to the ground before
him. 2 Kings. 3. To bend or incline in condescension. Bow down
thine ear to the poor, and give him a friendly answer. Ecclesiasticus.
4. To depress or crush.
His heavy hand hath bow＇d you to the grave; added woes
may bow me to the ground. Pope.

To BOW, verb neut. 1. To make a reverence.
Admir＇d, ador＇d by all the circling crowd;
For wheresoe＇er she turn＇d her face they bow＇d. Dryden.
2. To bend, to be inflicted. The people bowed down upon their
knees to drink water. Judges. 4. To sink down under any pressure.
They stoop, they bow down together, they could not deliver the bur­
den. Isaiah.

Better to BOW than to break. Fr.  il vaut mieux plier que rompre.
Ital. vel meglio piegarsi che rompersi. That is, it is better to submit to
the will or opinion of another, than, by obstinently persisting in our
own, to break off or ruin any transaction or undertaking, tho＇ even
in this the consequences are to be considered, before we give way to
what may be of prejudice to ourselves or others.

To BO＇WEL [from the noun] 1. To take out the bowels. 2. To
pierce the bowels; as, the bowell＇d cavern. Thomson.

BOW＇ELS [of bouyan, Fr. or of botulus, Lat. a pudding] 1. The
guts, the vessels within the body, the intestines. 2. The inner parts
of any thing. The bowels of ungrateful Rome, and the bowels of
the battle. Shakespeare.
Fountains in the bowels of the mountain. Addison.
3. Figuratively; compassion, commiseration. He cared not for
money, having no bowels in the point of running in debt. Clarendon.
4. This word is seldom used in the fingular, except among anatomical
writers.

BOW＇ER [from bough, a branch, or from the verb to bow or bend.
Johnson. Of bur or bure, Sax. a parlour] 1. An arbour made or
covered with trees or greens interwoven, and generally bent. 2. It
seems to signify in Spenser, a blow or stroke, bourrer, Fr. to fall upon.
Johnson. His raw-bone army, whose mighty brawned bowers were
wont to rive steel plates. Spenser. 3. [From the bow of a ship] the
same with bow anchors. See BOW Anchors.

To BOW＇ER [from the noun] to embower, to inclose in a bower.
Thou didst bower the spirit,
In mortal Paradise, of such sweet flesh. Shakespeare.

BOW＇ERY [from bower] like a bower, covered with trees. Bowery
grotto. Tickell. Bowery walk. Thomson.

The Celestial BOW＇ER, the sky or firmament.

BOW＇ERS, or BOW＇ET [in falconry] a young hawk so called, when
she draws any thing out of her nest, and covets to clamber up the
boughs.

To BOWGE. See to BOUGE.

BOWGE [with mariners] a rope fastened to the middle of the out­
side of a sail, serving to make it stand closer to the wind.

A BOWGE of Court. See BOUGE.

BOW-HAND [of bow and hand] the hand that draws the bow. He
shoots wide on the bow-hand, and far from the mark.

To BOWL [jouer à la boule, Fr.] to play with bowls on a bowling-
green, &c.

A BOWL [prob. or bulla, Lat. a bubble, or of βωλος, Gr. a round
clod, or bouce, Fr. of boll, Du. it is pronounced as bowl or cow] a
round ball of wood, iron, or the like, for the play of bowls.

A BOWL [buelin, Wel. which signifies, according to Junius, any
thing made of horn, as drinking cups anciently were. bolla, Sax.
boule, Fr. It is pronounced bole] 1. A vessel or cup of wood, metal,
or earthenware, to drink out of, rather wide than deep; distinguished







from a cup, which is rather deep than wide; as, a bowl of wine.
2. The hollow part of any thing; as, the bowl, or head of a tobacco­
pipe; the bowl, or broad and hollow end of a spoon. 3. A basin or
fountain. Convey the water, as it never may stay in the bowl or cis­
tern. Bacon. 4. A small wooden hollow vessel that serves to lade
liquids from one place to another.

BOWL [of a ship] a round space at the head of the mast, for the
head to stand in.

BOWL [with gunners] a box to fill with small shot, and fire out of a
cannon at the enemy, when near at sea.

To BOWL [from the noun] 1. To play at bowls. 2. To throw
bowls at any thing.
Bowl＇d to death with turnips. Shakespeare.

BOW＇LDER-STONES, lumps or fragments of stones or marble, broken
from the adjacent cliffs, rounded by being tumbled too and again by
the action of the water, whence the name. Woodward.

BOW-LE＇GGED [of bow and leg] having crooked legs, being ban­
dy-legged.

BOW＇LER [of bowl] he that plays at bowls.

BOW-LINE, or BOWLING [bouling, Fr. bolina, Sp. with mariners]
a rope made fast to the leech of the outside of a sail, by two, three, or
four other ropes, like a crow＇s foot, which is called the bowling-bridle.
Its use is to make the sails stand sharp, or close by a wind.

Sharp the BOW-LINE [sea term] signifies, hale it tight, or pull it
hard.

Hale up the BOW-LINE [sea term] signifies, hale it harder, for­
ward on.

Check the BO＇W-LINE, Ease the BOW-LINE, or Run up the BOW-LINE
[sea terms] which import, let it be more slack.

BO＇WLING-Green, a place to play at bowls in. It is a level piece
of ground, green, and kept smooth.

BO＇WLING Knot [with sailors] a sort of knot that will not slip, by
which the bowling bridle is fastened to the crengles.

To BOWLT a Coney [hunting term, of bouter, Fr. to put up] to start
or put up a coney.

BOW＇MAN [from bow and man] he that shoots with a bow, an
archer. The noise of the horsemen and bowmen. Jeremiah.

To BOWSE [some derive it of bayten, Du. but Vossius of buo, Lat.]
to drink hard, or stoutly. See BOUSE.

BOWSY, drunk. See BOUSY.

BOWSE away [with sailors] a term used, when they would have all
the men, haling at any rope, pull together.

BOW＇SER [boursier, Fr.] the purser or treasurer of a college in an
university.

BOW＇SHOT [of bow and shot] the space an arrow may pass in its
flight from the bow. Not a bowshot off. Boyle.

BOW＇SING, [with falconers] is when a hawk drinks frequently,
but yet is continually thirsty.

BOW＇SING upon the Tack [with sailors] signifies haling upon the
tack.

BOW＇SPRIT [from bow of a ship; generally spelt boltsprit.] See
BOLTSPRIT.

To BOW＇SSEN [probably of the same original with bouse, but found in
no other passage. Johnson] The water sell into a close walled plot,
upon this wall was the frantic person set, and from thence tumbled
headlong into the pond, where a strong fellow tossed him up and down,
until the patient, by foregoing his strength, had somewhat forgot his
fury; but if there appeared small amendment, he was boussened again
and again, where there remained in him any hope of life for recovery.
Carew.

BOW＇STRING [of bow and string] the string by which a bow is
bent.

BOW-WAUGH, a word invented to express the barking of a dog.

BOW＇YER [from bow, Eng. prob. of boga, Sax.] 1. An archer,
he that uses a bow. 2. A maker of bows.

BOW＇YERS, this company was incorporated Anno 1623; but had
been a fraternity long before; and the company, doubtless, more
eminent when the long bow was more in use, before the invention of
gun-powder. Their arms are argent upon a chevron between three
floats, and as many mullets.

BOWZE [with the vulgar] any sort of strong liquor.

BOX [box, Sax. bouis, Fr. bosco, or busso, It. box, Sp. buxo,
Port. buxus, Lat. busse, Du. bucks, Ger.] the box-tree, or box-wood.
The tree hath pennated and ever-green leaves. It hath male flowers
at remote distances from the fruit, which is shaped like a porridge­
pot inverted. Of this tree there are seven species. The wood is very
useful for engravers and mathematical instrument-makers, being so
hard, close and ponderous, as to sink in water. There is a dwarf-
box, and a taller sort that grows to a considerable height. The dwarf-
box is very good for bords, and is easily kept in order with one
cliping in the year. Mortimer.

BOX [boxe, Sax. boite, Fr. buste, Ger.] 1. A wooden vessel, small
and great, or a case made of any other materials, to hold any thing;
as, a money-box: it is distinguished from a chest, as the less from the
greater. It is supposed to have taken its name from the box-wood.
Johnson. 2. The case of the mariners compass. 3. The chest into
which money given is put. To give largely to the box refus＇d.
Spenser. 4. Particular seats in a playhouse, where the ladies chiefly
sit; as front boxes. 5. A little partitioned seat in a public house.

BOX [in traffic] certain different quantities and weights of certain
commodities.

BOX and Needle [with mathematicians] a small compass, applied to
a theodolite, or other instrument used in surveying, &c. to find
out how any place is situated, by the point of a needle touched with
a loadstone, pointing towards the north.

A BOX [bock, Wel. a cheek] a blow with the hand or fist, on the
ear. Addison.

To be in the wrong BOX, to be mistaken or deceived.

To BOX, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To strike with the fist.
2. To inclose in a box.
Box＇d in a chair the beau impatient sits. Swift.

To BOX, verb neut. [from the noun] to fight with the fists. Box­
ing matches. Spectator. They boxed themselves a weary. L＇Estrange.

BO＇XEN [from box] made of box-wood. Tablets of boxen wood.
Dryden.

BO＇XER [of box] a man who fights with his fists.

BO＇XTEL, a town of Dutch Brabant, situated on the river Bommel,
about eight miles south of Boisleduc.

BO＇XTHUDE, a town of the dutchy of Bremen in Germany, about
15 miles west of Hamburg; subject to the elector of Hanover.

BOY [probably of παις, Gr. but Minshew derives it of vube, Teut.
bub, Ger. The etymology is not agreed on. Johnson] 1. A male-
child, a lad, not a girl. 2. One in the state of adolescence, older
than an infant, yet not arrived at manhood.
The nurse＇s legends are for truths receiv＇d,
And the man dreams but what the boy believ＇d. Dryden.
3. In contempt, young men, as denoting their immaturity. Boys
who yet need the care of a tutor. Locke.
The pale boy senator. Pope.

To BOY [from the noun] to act like a boy with apish tricks.
I shall see
Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness. Shakespeare.

BO＇YAR, a grandee of the upper nobility in Russia and Tran­
sylvania.

BOYAU [in fortifications] a gut or branch of the trenches, or a
ditch covered with a parapet, serving for a communication between
two trenches. It runs parallel to the works of the body of the place,
and serves as a line of contravallation, not only to hinder the sallies
of the besieged, but also to secure the miners; also a line drawn
winding about, in order to inclose several tracts of ground, or to at­
tack some works.

BO＇YHOOD [from boy] the state of a boy, not manhood. If you
should look at him in his boyhood, thro＇ the magnifying end of a per­
spective, and in his manhood through the other, it would be impossi­
ble to spy any difference. Swift.

BO＇YISH [from boy] 1. Belonging to a boy. My boyish days.
Shakespeare. 2. Childish, trifling. Boyish troops. Shakespeare. They
imitate an English poet without knowledge when he is defective,
boyish, and trifling. Dryden.

BO＇YISHLY [from boyish] childishly, triflingly.

BOY＇ISHNESS, the quality of acting like a boy, childishness, trivi­
alness.

BOY＇ISM [of boy] puerility, childishness. He complained he was
farther off, by being so near, and a thousand such boyisms. Dryden.

BOYS will have toys. H. Ger. Kinder haben kindliche anschlge.
This proverb has little in it but the jingle, unless it be used tauntingly
to a person who is guilty of childish actions.

BO＇ZOLO, a town of the dutchy of Mantua, about 12 miles south-
west of that city.

BP. is used as an abbreviation for bishop.

BRA＇BANT, To called of Brabo, a noble Roman, and relation to
Julius Cæsar, who attended him in his Gallic expedition. A dutchy
in the Netherlands, subject to the house of Austria.

To BRA＇BBLE [of brabbelen, Du.] to wrangle, or braw].

BRABBLE [from the verb] a noisy contest or broil.
Here in the streets, desperate in shame and state,
In private brabble did we apprehend him. Shakespeare.

BRA＇BBLER [from brabble] a quarrelsome noisy fellow.

BRA＇BBLING curs neber want sore ears. That is, men who are
giving to quarrelling must expect blows and hurts.

BRA＇CCIANO, a town of St. Peter＇s patrimony, about 12 miles
north of Rome, situated on the west-side of a lake, to which it
gives name.

BRA＇CCO [old law] a large fleet-hound, or hunting dog.

To BRACE [probably of embrasser, Fr.] 1. To tie, bind close, or
encompass with bandages. The women of China, by bracing and bind­
ing them from their infancy, have very little feet. Locke. 2. To
draw tight together with some cord-string, &c. 3. To make tense, to
strain up as a drum is braced.

BRACE [of uncertain etymology, Johnson. a hunting term] 1. A cou­
ple or pair, as of bucks, dogs, foxes, hares. Fifty brace of phea­
sants. Addison. 2. In contempt, applied to men.
But you my brace of lords. Shakespeare.
3. We say also a brace of pistols, a brace of hundred pounds, &c. It
is not braces, but brace in the plural.

BRACE [at Milan] a measure equal to two or three ells English.

BRACE [at Venice] a measure equal to 1, 96 ells English.

BRACE [from the verb] 1. A bandage. 2. That which holds a
thing tight; as, the braces of a drum. 3. Warlike preparation. It
is borrowed for bracing the armour, as we say, girded for the battle,
It stands not in such warlike brace. Shakespeare. 4. Tension, tight­
ness. The tympanum has lost its brace or tension. Holder.

BRACE [in carpentry] a piece of timber framed in with bevil joints,
to keep the frame, &c. from swerving either way.

BRACE [in printing] A crooked line inclosing a passage which
ought to be taken together, commonly used at the end of triplets.
Wherever else she lets him rove, }
To shun my house, and field, and grove;
Peace cannot dwell with hate and love. Prior.

To BRACE the Yard [a sea phrase] is to bring the yard to either side.

BRA＇CED, fastened together, or joined with a brace.

BRACED [in heraldry] the intermingling of three cheveronels, as
azure, a chief or and three cheveronels, braced in the base of the es­
cutcheon. See Plate IV. Fig. 42.

BRA＇CELET [brosselet, Fr. bracaleto, It. of brachium, Lat. the arm]
an ornament for the wrists of men or women.
Tie about our tawny wrists,
Bracelets of the fairy twists. Ben Johnson.

BRACELET [in military affairs] a piece of defensive armour for the
arm. Fr.

BRACELETS [old records] hounds or beagles of the smaller and
slower kind.

BRACENA＇RIUS [antient deeds] a huntsman or master of the hounds.

BRA＇CER [from brace] that which braces; a bandage. When they
affect the belly, they may be restrained by a bracer. Wiseman.








BRA＇CES [with architects] are irons that fasten beams, or cramp­
irons to hold stones together. When a brace is framed into the prin­
cipal rasters, it is called by some a strut.

BRA＇CES [in a ship] are ropes which belong to all the yards, two
to each yard, except the missen. They have a pendant seized to the
yard-arm, two braces to each yard; and at the end of the pendant
a block is seized, through which the rope called the brace is reeved.
The use of which is to square or transverse the yard, i. e. to set it
square, or across the ship.

BRACES [of a coach] thick thongs of leather on which the coach
hangs.

BRACE＇TUS, or BRACHETUS [old law] the beagle, or smaller
hound.

BRACH [braque, Fr.] a bitch, or female dog. Shakespeare.

BRACHE＇TA [old law] a bitch.

BRACHE＇RIUM, a truss used in ruptures.

BRA＇CHIA [in botanic writers] the arms of trees, &c. are those
thicker branches into which the trunk is divided, by way of simili­
tude, taken from the arms of an human body. Lat.

BRA＇CHIÆUS Externus [with anatomists] a muscle of the cubitus,
which seems to be the third beginning of the gemellus; and which
is inserted with it in the cavity of the shoulder-bone, which receives
the olecranium. Lat.

BRACHIÆUS Internus [with anatomists] a muscle of the elbow,
arising from the inner part of the shoulder-bone, at the insertion of
the deltoides and coraco-brachialis muscles, is inserted into the upper
and fore-part of the bone ulna. Lat.

BRA＇CHIAL [Fr. of brachium, Lat. an arm] pertaining to the
arm.

BRA＇CHIALE [of brachium, Lat. an arm] the wrist; also a bracelet
or bracer, a wristband.

BRACHIA＇TED. 1. Having arms. 2. Wearing sleeves.

BRACHIOLUM [with mathematicians] a member of an instrument
used upon astrolabes, &c. and usually made of brass, with several
joints, that the end or point may be set to any degree of the astrolabe,
sometimes called a creeping index.

BRA＇CHIUM [with anatomists] a member of the body, consisting
of the arm, properly so called, the elbow and the hand.

BRACHIUM [with botanists] the arm or bough of a tree, a branch.
Lat.

BRA＇CHMANS, BRA＇MENS, or BRA＇MINS [so called of Brachman or
Bramha, the prescriber of their rites or laws] priests or learned men
in East India, anciently a sort of philosophers, which from their go­
ing naked, were called by the Greeks gymnosophists, and were to the
Indians, as the Chaldees to the Assyrians, and the Magi to the Per­
sians, and the Druids to the ancient Britons and Gauls. They were
had in great reverence by the people, living for the most part austere
and solitary lives, in caves and deserts, feeding upon herbs, being
poorly apparelled, and for a time abstaining from carnal pleasures.
Mr. Bayle says, “They believed the world had a beginning, and
would have an end; and that GOD. who made and governed it, pe­
netrates it every where.” He cites also a passage from Clemens Alexan­
drinus, wherein that father affirms, “That they despised death, and set
no value upon life, as believing there is a παλιγγενεσια, i. e. a REGE­
NERATION, or state of restitution of all things.” [See Math. xix. 28.]
Mr. Bayle observes still further, “That the Brachmans subsist still in
the East, in China, Bengal, Siam, Coromandel, and Indostan; the
last of which have very ancient books, which they call sacred, and
which they affirm, God gave to the great prophet Brahma. They
preserve the language of those books, and use no other in their divine
and philosophical explications, by which means they preserve them from
the knowledge of the vulgar. They believe the transmigration of souls,
and eat no flesh. They say, that the production of the world consist­
ed in this, that all things came out of the BOSOM of GOD, and that
the world shall perish by the return of those same things to their first
original. The Brachmans of Siam and Coromandel both maintain,
that our earth shall be destroyed by fire; and the former add, that
another shall spring out of its ashes, in which there shall be no sea,
nor change of seasons, but one eternal spring.” [See Revel. xxi. 1.
compared with 2 Pet. iii. 12, 13.] It has been reported, that they
build (perhaps from their belief of transmigration) hospitals for lame
and decayed beasts, and buy birds of the Mahometans to set them at
liberty. They allow of rewards and punishments after this life. They
have preserved some noble fragments of the knowledge of the ancient
Brachmans; they are skilful arithmeticians, and calculate, with great
exactness, eclipses of the sun and moon. By their austere lives, great
fastings, teaching the people, and expounding the mysteries of their
religion to them, they have gotten a very great awe over the people,
all over the Indies, and especially upon the Malabar coasts; and the
brides are committed to the Bramens to be blessed by them, that the
marriage may be happy.

BRA＇CHYCA＇TALE＇CTON [βραχυκαταληκτον, of βραχυς, short, κατα,
and λεγω, Gr. to say] a kind of verse that wants a syllable at the end.
Aristoph. Plut. v. 1043. Schol. The brachycatalecton, as it is said,
is what falls short of a whole soot, for the compleating the composi­
tion of the feet. Vesp. v. 248. Schol. The ithyphallus has a tro­
chaic dimetre brachycatalectic composition. Append. ad Thesaurum.
H. Stephani, Constantini, &c.

BRACHY＇GRAPHY [βραχυγραϕια, of βραχυς, short, and γραϕη, Gr.
writing] the art of short-hand writing, or inconcise characters. Cir­
cumscribed by as small a circle as the creed, when brachygraphy had
confined it within the compass of a penny. Glanville.

BRACHY＇LOGY [βραχυλογια, of βραχυς and λογος, Gr.] brevity,
shortness of speech, or conciseness of expression.

BRACI＇NUM, the quantity of ale brewed at one time.

BRACK [of break, Eng. of brecan, Sax. to break] a flaw, or some­
thing broken in any thing, a broken part. The place was but weak,
and the bracks fair. Hayward. Many bracks and short ends cannot be
spun into an even piece. Digby.

BRA＇CKET [bracietto, It. with carpenters] a sort of prop or stay
for a shelf, &c.

BRACKETS [on ship-board] small knees of timber which serve to
support the galleries; also those timbers which support the gratings at
the head.

BRACKETS [in gunnery] the checks of the carriage of a mortar,
made of strong planks of almost a semicircular figure, and bound
round with thick iron plates; they are fixt to the beds by four bolts,
called bed-bolts; they rise up on each side of the mortar, and serve
to keep her at any elevation, by means of strong iron bolts, called
bracket bolts, that go through these cheeks or brackets.

BRA＇CKISH [probably of brack, Du. saltish or brinish, like sea-wa­
ter] saltish, somewhat salt, used particularly of the water of the sea;
as, brackish waters.

BRA＇CKISHNESS of brackish, of brack, Du. salt] saltishness; as,
a brackishness in salt water. Cheyne.

BRA＇CKLAW, the capital of the palatinate of Bracklaw, in Podo­
lia, in Poland, situated on the river Bog, 110 miles east of Ka­
mineck.

BRA＇CKLEY [so called, according to Camden, from the adjacent
country being full of brake, or fern] a borough-town of Northamp­
tonshire; it is about 37 miles from Northampton, and 57 from Lon­
don; and sends two members to parliament.

BRAD, being an initial, signifies broad, spacious, from the Saxon,
brad, and the Gothic, braid. Gibson＇s Camden.

BRAD, a town of Sclavonia, situated on the north-side of the river
Save, 18 miles south of Posega.

BRADS, a sort of slender nails without heads, to floor rooms with.
They are about the size of a ten-penny nail, but have not their heads
made with a shoulder over their shanks, as other nails, but are made
pretty thick towards the upper end, that the very top may be driven
into, and buried in the board they nail down; so that the tops of
these brads will not catch the thrums of the mops, when a floor is
washing. Moxon.

BRA＇DFIELD MAGNA, a market town of Essex, 14 miles from
Chelmsford, and 38 from London.

BRA＇DFORD [so called from its broad ford, where there is now a
bridge over, that which is called the Lower Avon] a market-town of
Wiltshire, about 9 miles from Devizes, and 98 from London.

BRA＇DFORTH, a market-town of the west-riding of Yorkshire, 7
miles from Hallifax, and 183 from London.

BRADYPEPSI＇A [βραδυπεπσια, of βραδυς, slow, and πεψια, Gr. di­
gestion] a too slow digestion, proceeding from a depraved disposition
of the acid ferments in the stomach.

To BRAG [probably of braguer, Fr. or braggeren, Du. to walk in
state] 1. To boast or vaunt, to tell a story ostentatiously.
Thou coward, art thou bragging to the stars? Shakespeare.
They intended, as they already bragged, to come over. Clarendon.
2. With of before the thing boasted. Knowledge, the only thing
whereof we poor old men can brag of. Sidney. Brags of his impu­
dence, and scorns to mend. Roscommon. 3. On is used but improperly.
In me what authors have to brag on. Pope.

BRAG [from the verb] 1. A boast.
He made not here his brag,
Of came, and saw, and overcame. Shakespeare.
Avellaneda made great brags. Bacon. 2. The thing boasted.
Beauty is nature＇s brag, and must be shewn. Milton.
3. A game at cards.

BRAG＇S a good dog, but holdfast＇s a better. This proverb is a
taunt upon braggadochio＇s, who talk big, boast and rattle: it is also
a memento for such who make plentiful promises to do well for the
future, but are suspected to want constancy and resolution to make
them good. The Germans say, Uersprechen ist gut, aber halten ist
better. (Promising is good, but performing better.)

BRAG＇S a good dog if he well be set on. That is, if it have a good
foundation, or a capacity to support it.

BRA＇GGART, subst. or BRAGGADO＇CHIO, [of brag, Eng. brag­
gaert, Du.] a bragging, vaunting, vain-glorious fellow.
Who knows himself a braggart,
Let him fear this; for it will come to pass,
That ev＇ry braggart shall be found an ass. Shakespeare.
Braggadocio＇s are easily detected. L＇Estrange. A braggadocio captain.
Dryden.

BRAGGART, adj. [of brag] vainly boastful. Huffing, braggart,
puft nobility. Donne.

BRA＇GGER from brag] a boaster.

BRA＇GGET [bragod, C. Br.] a sort of drink made of malt, honey,
and spices, much used in Wales.

BRA＇GLESS [from brag] being without a boast.
The brint is Hector＇s stain, and by Achilles——
If it is so, bragless let it be. Shakespeare.

BRA＇GLY, adv. [from brag] finely, in such a manner as to be
bragged of.
Seeft not thilk hawthorn stud,
How bragly it begins to bud. Spenser.

To BRAID [brædan, Sax. breyden, Du.] to weave or plait toge­
ther.
The serpent sly,
Insinuating wove with Gordian twine
His braided train. Milton.
Wands braided into a basket. Boyle.

BRAID [from the verb] 1. A knot, or complication of something
woven together.
In twisted braids of lilies knitting
The loose train of thy amber-dropping hair. Milton.
2. A small lock or west of hair. 3. A sort of edging or narrow lace.

BRAID, adj. [to BREDE, in Chaucer, is to deceive. Johnson] an old
word, which seems to signify deceitful. Frenchmen are so braid.
Shakespeare.

BRAI＇DED, faded, having lost its colour.

BRAIL, or panel of an hawk.

BRAILS [in a ship] are small ropes, put through blocks or pullies,
fastened on either side of the ties, so that they come down before the
sails: the use of them is to hale up the bunt, when the sail is across,
that it may either be taken up, or let fall the more easily.

Hail up the BRAILS, or BRAIL up the Sails [a sea phrase] is a com­
mand to hail up the sails, in order to be furled, or bound up close to
the yard.

BRAIN [brægen, Sax. breyne, Du. bregen, O. and L. Ger.] 1. That
large, soft, whitish mass, inclosed in the cranium or scull, wherein
all the organs of sense terminate, and where the soul is supposed prin­






cipally to reside; and perceives and judges of the sensation of all the
sentient parts, out of which it communicates the animal spirits, and
distributes them throughout the body. The brain is composed of the
cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata, surrounded by three
membranes, called meninges, or mats, as the dura mater, the arach­
noides, and pia mater. The cerebrum is that part of the brain which
possesses all the upper and forepart of the cranium, being separated
from the cerebellum by the second process of the dura mater, under
which the cerebellum is situated. The substance of the brain is distin­
guished into outer and inner; the former is called corticalis, cenerea,
or glandulosa; the latter, medullaris, alba, or nervea. Cheselden.
2. That part in which the understanding is supposed to be
placed, and therefore metaphorically is used for the wit or judgment.
A man is first a geometrician in his brain, before he be such in his
hand. Hale. 2. Sometimes the affections. Had he a hand to write
this, a heart and brain to breed it in? Shakespeare.

To BRAIN, to dash out the brains, to kill by beating out one＇s
brains. ＇Tis a custom with him in the afternoon to sleep; there thou
may＇st brain him. Shakespeare. Fit to be shot and brain＇d. Dryden.
Headlong cast brain＇d on the rock. Pope.

To break one＇s BRAINS [or disorder one＇s senses] with to much
study.

Crack-BRAINED, disordered in the mind.

Hair-BRAINED, heedless.

Shuttle BRAINED, unconstant, fickle, wavering.

BRAI＇NISH [from brain] hot-headed, furious. Brainish apprehen­
sion. Shakespeare.

BRAIN-LE-COMPTE, a town of Hainault, in the Austrian Nether­
lands, 15 miles south-east of Brussels, and 19 north of Mons.

BRA＇INLESS [of brain] witless, thoughtless. Brainless men. Hooker.
Brainless stripling. Tickell.

BRA＇INPAN [from brain and pan] the skull containing the brains.
He blows
New fire into my head: my brainpan glows. Dryden.

BRA＇INSICK, crazy headed, diseased or disordered in the under­
standing, giddy.
Cassandra＇s mad, her brainsick raptures
Cannot distaste the goodness of a quarrel. Shakespeare.
Brainsick men, who could not endure the government of their king.
Clarendon.

BRA＇INSICKNESS [from brainsick] giddiness, indiscretion.

BRAI＇NTREE, a market-town of Essex, 12 miles from Chelmsford,
and 42 from London.

BRAI＇SES [in cookery] meat dressed à la braise, is either meat boil­
ed upon the coals, or else baked in a campaign oven, between two
fires, one above and the other below. Fr.

BRAIT [with jewellers] a rough diamond.

BRAKE, or BRA＇KEN [brachan, Sax. of uncertain etymology.
Johnson] female fern, a thicket of brambles or thorns. ＇Tis but the
fate of place, and the rough brake that virtue must go thro＇. Shakes­
peare. In brakes and brambles hid. Dryden.

BRAKE [braeck, Du.] 1. An instrument for dressing flax or hemp.
2. The handle of a ship＇s pump. 3. A baker＇s kneading trough. 4.
A sharp bit, or snaffle for horses.

BRAKE, the preterite of to BREAK. See To BREAK.

BRA＇KY [from brake] thorny, prickly, rough. Redeem arts
from their rough and braky seats, where they lie hid and over grown
with thorns, to a pure open light. Ben Johnson.

BRA＇MANT, a town of Savoy, 35 miles north-west of Turin.

BRA＇MBER, a borough-town of Sussex, 16 miles from Grinstead,
and 45 from London. It sends two members to parliament.

BRA＇MBLE [bræmble, bremlas, Sax. rubus, Lat.] 1. A prickly
shrub. The flower of this plant consists of five leaves, in the centre
of which rises the pointal, which afterwards becomes the fruit, con­
sisting of many protuberances, and full of juice. Miller reckons up
nine species of bramble. 2. It is taken, in popular language, for
any rough prickly shrub. The bush my bed, the bramble was my
bow＇r. Spenser.

BRAMBLE Net [with fowlers] a sort of net for catching birds.

A BRA＇MBLING, a kind of bird, a mountain chaffinch.

BRA＇MINS, priests among the Indian idolators, the successors of the
ancient Brachmans. See BRACHMANS.

BRA＇MPORE, a town of the higher peninsula of India.

BRA＇MPTON, a market-town of Cumberland, on the river Irthing,
6 miles from Carlisle, and 287 from London.

BRAN [brann, C. Brit. brenna, It.] the husk of ground corn.

BRAN [of born, Sax. a river] at the beginning or end of the
names of places, denotes it to be a place at or near a river; as Bran­
ston.

BRA＇NCA Ursina [in botany] brank-ursine, or bear＇s-foot. Lat.

BRANCH [branche, Fr.] 1. A shoot from a main bough of a tree.
2. Any part from the stock of a pedigree, descending in a collateral
line. His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock, planted in
Somersetshire. Carew. 3. Any part of the whole, any distinct arti­
cle or section. On this so many branches of christian piety depend.
Hammond. 4. Any part that shoots out from the rest. Branches of
veins may be resembled to waters carried by brooks. Raleigh. 5. A
smaller river, as running into, or proceeding from a larger. If from
a main river any branch be separated, then where that branch doth
first bound itself with new banks, there is that part of the river where
the branch forsaketh the main stream, called the head of the river.
Raleigh. 6. The offspring, the descendant of a family.
Thou mighty branch of emperors and kings. Crashaw.
7. The antlers or shoots of a stag＇s horn. 8. The branches of a
bridle are two pieces of bended iron, that bear the bit-mouth, the
chains, and the curb, in the interval between the one and the other.
9. A horn of a stag＇s-head. 10. A shoot or part of a branched can­
dlestick.

BRANCH, a canary-bird of the first year, brought up by the old one.

A Fruit BRANCH [with gardeners] that which shoots out of the cut
of the preceeding year, and is naturally of a considerable thickness.

A BRANCH half Wood [with gardeners] is one that is too gross for a
fruit branch, and too slender for a wood branch.

BRANCH [by botanists] is defined to be the division of a stalk of a
plant; in trees it is often called a bough.

Spurious Wood BRA＇NCHES [with gardeners] are such as come other­
wise than from the cuts of the preceeding year; because branches should
never come, but from those of the last cut.

To BRANCH, verb neut. 1. To spread in branches; as, a tree
branches. Her arms shot out, and branching into boughs. Addison.
2. To spread into separate and distinct parts and subdivisions.
Branch out on all sides into several divisions. Addison. The long
range of Appenines we should not branch into farther distinctions.
Locke. 3. To speak with diffuse distinction of the parts of a discourse.
I have known a man branch out into a large dissertation upon the edg­
ing of a petticoat. Spectator. 4. To have horns shooting out into ant­
lers.
The swift stag from under ground,
Bore up his branching head. Milton.

To BRANCH, verb act. to divide as into branches.
Branched in canals, as blood is. Bacon.
2. To adorn with needle-work that represents flowers or sprigs.
The train whereof loose far behind her stayed,
Branched with gold and pearl, most richly wrought. Spenser.

To BRANCH out, to spread or be divided into branches.

To BRANCH Stand [with falconers] to make a hawk to take the
branch, or leap from tree to tree, till the dog springs the partridge.

BRA＇NCHED [in heraldry] denotes any thing spread into branches.

BRA＇NCHER [from branch, branchier, Fr.] 1. One that shoots out
into branches. The child is not such a speedy spreader and brancher,
like the vine. Wotton. 2. A young hawk or other bird newly out of
the nest, and that flies from one branch to another. The eires, the
brancher, and the two sorts of lentners. Walton.

BRA＇NCHES [with architects] the arches of Gothic vaults, which
arches traverse from one angle to another, diagonal-wise form a cross
between the two arches, which make the sides of the square, of which
the arches are diagonals,

BRA＇NCHIA [βρονχος, of branchiæ, Lat. the throat] the gills of
fishes, which are composed of cartilages and membranes in the form of
a leaf, which serve instead of lungs to respire by.

BRA＇NCHILET [of branch] a small branch.

BRA＇NCHINESS, the fulness or spreading of branches.

BRA＇NCHON, a town of the Austrian Netherlands, about eight miles
north of Namur.

BRA＇NCHLESS [from branch] 1. Without shoots or boughs. 2.
Without any valuable product, naked.
If I lose mine honour,
I lose myself; better I were not yours,
Than yours so branchless. Shakespeare.

BRA＇NCHY [of branch] full of branches.
Sudden full twenty on the plain are strow＇d,
And lopp＇d and lighten＇d of their branchy load. Pope.

BRAND [brand, Sax. Su. and Ger. brant, Du.] 1. A piece or stick
of burning wood, or one fit to be lighted in the fire.
This little brand will serve to light your fire. Dryden.
2. Anciently a sword [brandar runic.]
Wav＇d over by that flaming brand. Milton.
3. A thunderbolt.
The sire omniponet prepares the brand,
By Vulcan wrought, and arms his potent hand,
Then flaming hurls it. Glanville.
4. A mark made with a red hot iron; a note of infamy or disgrace;
as, a brand of infamy.

To BRAND [of brandan, Sax. branden, Du.] to mark with a hot
iron, to set a mark of infamy upon; as, a note of infamy. Brand
not their actions with so foul a name. Dryden.
Our Punic faith
Is infamous and branded to a proverb. Addison.

BRAND Goose, or BRANT Goose [brand-gans, Du. q. d. a greyish
goose] a kind of wild fowl, somewhat less than a common goose, so
called from its dark colour, like a burnt coal, on the breast and wings.

BRA＇NDEIS, a town of Bohemia, situated on the river Elbe, 10
miles north-east of Prague.

BRA＇NDENBURG, a city of the marquisate of Brandenburg, in
Germany, situated on the river Havel, 26 miles west of Berlin. It was
once the capital of Brandenburg, but being since supplanted by Ber­
lin, is now on the decline. Lat. 52° 25′ N. Long. 13° E.

BRANDEUM, a little bit of cloth, wherewith the bodies of saints and
martyrs had been touched, put in a box, and sent as a relic to such as
desire it; or a piece of the corporal on which the eucharist or host had
been laid. This superstition was introduced as early as the year 600.
But in truth, Mede and Newton have traced these superstitious practices
much higher: as high as those grand corrupters of the faith, in the
FOURTH century, who introduced the invocation of the dead, grounded
(as St. Paul foretold, 2 Tim. iv. 1, 2. compared with 2 Thess. ii. 9) on
many a lying wonder; and, in particular, on those tales of miraculous
cures performed in the basilics of the saints, or by touching their relics.
Newton＇s Observations on Daniel and Apocalypse, from p. 209 to
p. 231; and Mede, p. 637, 673, 679, 680, 690. “In propagating
these superstitions (says he, p. 215) the ring-leaders were the MONKS,
and Antony was at the head of them, whose dying speech (as related
by his biographer St. Athanasius) could not but inflame the whole body
of the monks with devotion towards the saints, as the ready way to be
receiv＇d by them into eternal tabernacles after death. Hence came that
noise about the miracles done by the relicks of saints in the time of Con­
stantius: hence came the dispersion of the miracle-working relics into
all the empire; Alexandria setting the example, and being renowned for
it above all other cities. Hence it came to pass in the days of Julian,
A. D. 362, that Athanasius, by a prophetic spirit, (as Ruffinus tells
us) hid the bones of John the Baptist from the heathens, not in the
ground to be forgotten; but in the hollow wall of a church, that they
might be profitable to future generations.” See BASILICS, EUNOMI­
ANS, and INVOCATION of Saints.

To BRA＇NDISH [of brand, Eng. branler, Fr, brandire, It.] 1. To
shake to and fro in the hand as a sword.
Brandishing at once his blade. Dryden.







2. To flourish, to play with. He who shall employ all the force of his
reason only in brandishing of syllogisms, will discover very little.
Locke. 3. To make glitter with shaking.

BRA＇NDLING [with anglers] a small worm, called also the dew­
worm.

BRA＇NDRITH, a rail or fence about a well; also a trivet, or other
iron, to set any thing on over the sire.

BRA＇NDON, a town of Suffolk, 10 miles north of Bury. It gives
title of duke to his grace the duke of Hamilton.

BRA＇NDY [contracted from brandy wine, or burnt wine. Johnson.
as, a dram of brandy; brande vin, Fr. probably of branden, Du. to
burn, brande-wyn, Du. brantwein, Ger.] a strong water, or spirituous,
inflammable liquor, distilled off from the lees of wine. &c.

BRA＇NGLE [uncertainly derived. Johnson] wrangle, squabble.

To BRANGLE [from the noun; or probably of abælgen, Sax. or bal­
gen, Teut. to be angry] to bicker, quarrel, brawl, or wrangle.
Brangling disputers. Swift.

BRA＇NGLING, or BRA＇NGLEMENT, a bickering, quarrelling, or
brawling.

BRANK, the grain or plant called also buck-wheat.

BRANK Ursin. See BRANCA Ursina.

BRA＇NNY [of bran] having the likeness of bran. Covered with
white branny scales. Wiseman.

BRA＇SED [in heraldry] said of three kids passing one another cross­
wise. See BRACED.

BRASIA＇TOR [in old statutes] a brewer. Lat.

BRASIA＇TRIX, a woman brewer. Lat.

BRA＇SIER [of brass] 1. One whose business is to manufacture brass.
2. A pan to hold coals (probably from embracer, Fr. Johnson) They
had no chimneys, but were warmed with coals on brasiers. Arbuthnot.

BRASI＇L, or BRAZI＇L, a large maritime country of South America,
lying between the equator and thirty-five degrees of south latitude; and
between thirty-five and sixty degrees west longitude. It is bounded by
the Atlantic and the river Amazon on the north; and by the same
ocean on the east; by the river Plata on the south; and by Para­
guay on the west. It is about 2500 miles in length, and 700 in
breadth. The Portuguese have now the sole dominions of this exten­
sive country, from whence his Portuguese majesty draws a very consi­
derable revenue; for, besides sugar and tobacco, there are rich mines
of gold and diamonds.

BRASIL, or BRASIL Wood, an American wood, supposed to have
been thus denominated, because first brought from Brasil. The tree
is very thick and large, usually crooked and knotty. The wood is
red and heavy, and is used by turners, taking a good polish, but
chiefly in dying.

BRASI＇NA, or BRASINA＇RIA [in old statutes] a brew-house.

BRASMA＇TIAS, a kind of earthquake, when the earth moves directly
upwards.

BRA＇SLAW, the capital of a palatinate of the same name, in the pro­
vince of Lithuania, in Poland. Lat. 56° 20′ N. Long. 26° E.

BRASS [bræs, bras, Sax. prés Wel.] 1. A factitious metal made
of copper melted with lapis calaminaris. It denotes, in popular lan­
guage, any kind of metal in which copper has a part. 2. Impudence;
as, a front of brass.

BRA＇SSETS, Fr. armour for the arms.

BRA＇SSICA [brassarts, Fr. braccialetti, It. braçales, Sp.] betany,
colewort; also colli-flower. Lat.

BRA＇SSICOURT, or BRA＇CHICOURT [with horsemen] an horse whose
fore-legs are bended naturally.

BRA＇SSINESS [of bræsinesse, Sax.] quality of being brassy.

BRA＇SSY. 1. Partaking of brass. 2. Hard as brass. 3. Impudent.

BRAST, part. [of burst] broken, burst. Obsolete. Furies which
their chains have brast. Spenser.

BRAT [bratt, Sax. a blanket, from which perhaps the modern
signification may have come. Johnson] 1. A young child, so called
by way of contempt.
This brat is none of mine. Shakespeare.
The friends that got the brats. Roscommon.
Can make a beggar＇s brat a peer. Swift.
2. The offspring. Two late conspiracies were the brats and offspring
of two contrary factions. South. 3. A child born of mean parentage.
4. A coarse apron (in low language.)

BRAVA＇DO [bravade, Fr. bravata, It. braváda, Sp.] vainglorious
boast, vaunting, or vapouring, a brag.

BRAVE, adj. [Fr. bravo, It. and Sp.] 1. Couragious, stout. 2.
Having a noble mein, graceful, gallant.
I wear my dagger with a braver grace.
3. Magnificent, grand.
Rings put upon his singers,
And brave attendants near him. Shakespeare.
4. Excellent, noble. It is an indeterminate word, used to express the
super-abundance of any valuable quality in persons or things.
Old wood inflamed doth yield the bravest sire. Sidney.
Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth. Bacon.

BRAVE, subst. [un faux brave] 1. A bully, a hectoring blade, a swag­
gering fellow.
Morat＇s too insolent, too much a brave. Dryden.
2. A boast, challenge, defiance.
There end thy brave, and turn thy face in peace,
I grant thou caust outscold us. Shakespeare.

Oh BRAVE! [bravo, It.] bravely done.

To BRAVE it, verb neut. [braver, Fr. bravare, It. braveàr, Sp.]
1. To act the bravo.

To BRAVE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To dare, to hector, to
defy, to challenge.
He made him brave me upon the watch. Shakespeare.
A rock that braves
The raging tempest and the rising waves. Dryden.
2. To carry a boasting appearance of. Persons and factions are apt
enough to flatter themselves, or at least to brave that which they be­
lieve not. Bacon.

BRA＇VELY [of brave] courageously, gallantly. Swart, with his
Germans, performed bravely. Bacon.

BRA＇VERIES, brave actions, noble exploits.

BRA＇VERY [braverie, Fr.] 1. Courage, valour, gallantry, finery.
Juba, to all the bravery of a hero,
Adds softest love. Addison.
2. Magnificence, splendor.
All the bravery that eye can see. Spenser.
3. Show, ostentation. Such as love business rather upon conscience
than upon bravery. Bacon. 4. Bravado, unmanlike bravery. Sidney.
For a bravery upon this occasion, they crowned their new king. Bacon.

BRA＇UGH-WAM, a Lancashire dish, made of cheese, eggs, bread
and butter, boiled up together.

BRAUNA＇U, or BRANA＇U, a town of Bavaria in Germany, about
25 miles south-west of Passau.

BRAU＇NSBERG, a town of Prussia, situated on the Baltic sea, about
30 miles south-west of Koningsburgh.

BRA＇VO, It. one who murders for hire. Boldless, like the bravoes
and banditti, is seldom employed but upon desperate services. Govern­
ment of the Tongue.
No bravoes here profess the bloody trade. Gay.

BR＇AVO, one of the Cape de Verd islands.

BRAURO＇NIA [βρασρωνια, Gr.] an Athenian festival, celebrated in
honour of Diana, called brauronia, of Brauron, an Athenian borough,
where was the famous statue of this goddess, which was brought from
Scythia Taurica by Iphigenia. The victim offered in sacrifice was a
goat, and certain men sung one of Homer＇s iliads. The most re­
markable persons at this solemnity were young virgins, about ten years
of age, habited in yellow gowns, and consecrated to Diana.

To BRAWL [probably of braeler, Dan. or brullen, Du. to bellow,
or of brailler, brouiller, brauler, Fr,] 1. To chide, wrangle, or scold
aloud, and indecently.
What are you brawling here. Shakespeare.
She gives licence to her tongue,
Loquacious brawling. Dryden.
2. To make a scolding noise, to speak loud and indecently.
His divisions, as the times do brawl. Shakespeare.
3. To make a noise.
The brook that brawls along this wood. Shakespeare.

BRAWL [from the verb; or of brouillerie, Fr.] a squabble, a wrang­
ling, a noisy scolding.
Controversies are made but brawls. Hooker.
Stout polemic brawl. Hudibras.

BRAWL [brawle, Fr.] a sort of dance.

BRAWN [of uncertain etymology. Johnson. but very probably of
barrun, of bar, a boar, and run, Sax. hard, q. d. the hardest and
firmest flesh of a boar] 1. The musculous or fleshy part of the body.
His rising muscles and his brawn commend. Dryden.
2. The arm so called, as being musculous.
In my vantbrace puts this wither＇d brawn. Shakespeare.
3. Bulk, muscular strength.
Brawn without brain is thine. Dryden.
4. The flesh of a boar soused or pickled.
Geld the boar, or sell him for brawn. Mortimer.
5. A boar.

BRA＇WNER [from brawn] a boar killed for the table.
Then if you would send up the brawner＇s head,
Sweet rosemary and bays around it spread. King.

BRA＇WNINESS [of brawn] hardness; strength.

BRA＇WNY [probably of barsuning, Sax.] full of brawn or sinews;
fleshy, lusty, strong.
Only made for brawny bulk. Dryden.

To BRAY, verb act. [of bracan, Sax. to bruise, or broyer, braier,
Fr.] 1. To pound in a mortar. 2. To temper ink, as printers do.

To BRAY, verb neut. [barrio, Lat. braire, Fr.] 1. To make a
noise or cry like an ass. 2. To make a disagreeable noise.
Arms on armour clashing, bray＇d horrible discord. Milton.

To BRAY a foot in a mortar; or, according to another proverb, To
wash a blackamoor white. The French say: Laver la téte à un âne.
(To wash an ass＇s head) The Italians say: Pestar l＇aqua nel mortajo.
(To beat water in a mortar.) The Germans say: In die lufft
schlaern. or enin lufft-streich thun. (To beat the air) The signifi­
cation of all which is, to do a thing to no purpose, or to attempt doing
an impossibility.

BRAY [from the verb] noise, disagreeable sound.
Harsh resounding trumpets dreadful bray. Shakespeare.

False BRAY [fausse bray, Fr. falsa braga, Sp.] a false trench to hide
a real one.

BRAY [in the ancient Gaulish language] signifies wet or marshy
ground, and is sound in many French names of places; as, Follunbray,
Guibray, Vaunbray, &c.

BRAY [in falconry] a pannel or piece of leather slit, to bind up the
wings of an hawk.

BRAY, a town of Champaign in France, about 16 miles north of
Sens.

BRAY is also the name of a port town of the county of Wicklow, and
province of Lemster, in Ireland.

BRA＇YER [from bray] 1. One that brays like an ass.
Sound forth my brayers. Pope.
2. With printers, an instrument to temper the ink.

To BRAZE [of brass, of bras, Sax.] 1. To cover or solder with brass.
You may try that before it is brazed in. Moxon.
2. To harden in impudence. I have so often blush＇d to acknowledge
him, that now I am brazed to it. Shakespeare.

BRA＇ZED [in heraldry] as, three cheverous brazed, i. e. one clasp­
ing another, it is derived of the French word bras, which signifies an
arm; mens arms being often folded one with another.

BRA＇ZEN. 1. Made of brass. 2. Proceeding from brass. A poeti­
cal use.
Trumpeters,
With brazen din blast you the city＇s ear. Shakespeare.
3. Impudent; as, a brazen face.

To BRAZEN out a thing, to persist in a thing impudently, to bully,
and be impudent.








BRA＇ZEN-FACE [of brazen and face] an impudent wretch.
Brazen-face, hold it out. Shakespeare.

BRA＇ZEN-FACED [of brazen and face] impudent, having no
shame.
What a brazen-fac＇d varlet art thou, to deny thou knowest me.
Shakespeare.

BRA＇ZENNESS [of brazen] 1. Appearance like brass. 2. Impu­
dence.

BRA＇ZIER, one who makes or sells brass wares. See BRASIER.

BRA＇ZZA, a town and island on the coast of Dalmatia, in the gulph
of Venice.

BREACH [from break, of brecan, Sax. to break, brecke, Fr.]
1. The act of breaking any thing. 2. The state of being broken.
Cure this great breach in his abused nature. Shakespeare.
3. The violation of a law or contract. Breaches of the law of na­
ture and nations. Bacon. Breach of duty. South. 4. The opening
in a coast. The utmost sandy breach they shortly fetch. Spenser.
5. The act of breaking of peace or friendship, falling out, quarrel.
6. Infraction, injury. This breach upon his kingly power was with­
out a precedent. Clarenden.

BREACH [in fortification] the ruin of any part of the works or
walls, beaten down by cannon, or blown up by mines, in order to
take the place by assault or storm.

BREAD [bread or breod, of bredan, Sax. to nourish, broedt, Du.
O. and L. Ger. brodt, H. Ger. brodh, Su. or of βρωτον, Gr. food] 1.
Food made of ground corn, such as nature requires. 2. Food in general;
as, to get or want bread. 3. Support of life at large. Is the re­
ward of virtue bread? Pope.

He knows on which side his BREAD is buttered; that is, he knows
what he has to do, or his own interest.
No butter will stick on my BREAD. This proverb is used generally
by people when they meet with no success in their undertakings, or
when nothing will thrive with them.

BREAD of Treet [Stat. of assize 51 Henry III.] house-hold bread.

BREAD Room [in a ship] the room where the biskets or bread is
kept.

To BREAD [brædan, Sax. breeten, Ger.] to spread abroad, N. C.

BREAD-CHIPPER [from bread and chip] one that chips bread, a
baker＇s servant. Pantler and bread-chipper. Shakespeare.

BREAD-CORN [of bread and corn] corn of which bread is made.
Their bread and bread-corn sufficed not for fix days. Hayward.

BREADTH [brad, broad, Sax. breedte, Du. breite, Ger.] broad­
ness, wideness, the measure from side to side, not the length. The
breadth multiplied by the length, produces a surface.

To BREAK, verb act. pret. I broke, or brake; part. pass. broke, or
broken [brecan, Sax. brechen, Du. and Ger. bræcka, Su. of brecan,
Goth.] 1. To part by violence. Let us break their bonds asunder.
Psalms. 2. To burst, or open by force. The fountains of the earth
were broke open. Burnet. 3. To peirce, or divide, as light does
the darkness.
By a dim winking lamp, which freely broke
The gloomy vapours, he lay stretch＇d along. Dryden.
4. To destroy by violence. When God breaketh down, none can
build up again. Burnet. 5. To overcome or surmount.
Into my hand he forc＇d the tempting gold,
While I with modest struggling broke his hold. Gay.
6. To batter, to make breeches in. My mouth no more were broken
than those boys. Shakespeare. 7. To crush or destroy the strength of
the body. Have not some of his vices weakened his body, and broke
his health? Tillotson. 8. To fink, or appal the spirit. Thou shalt
see, Phœnix, how I＇ll break her pride. Philips. 9. To subdue.
With how much care he forms himself to glory,
And breaks the fierceness of his native temper. Addison.
10. To crush, to disable, to incapacitate.
Your hopes without are vanish＇d into smoke;
Your captains taken and your armies broke. Dryden.
11. To weaken the mind. If any dabbler in poetry dares venture
upon the experiment, he will only break his brains. Felton. 12. To
tame, or train up to obedience.
Make human nature shine, reform the soul;
And break our fierce barbarians into men. Addison.
13. To make bankrupt. The king＇s grown bankrupt, like a broken
man. Shakespeare. 14. To crack, or open the skin, so that the
blood flows out. She break her heart! she＇ll sooner break your head.
Dryden. 15. To violate a contract or promise. I never more will
break an oath with thee. Shakespeare. 16. To infringe a law. Un­
happy man! to break the pious laws. Dryden. 17. To intercept,
or hinder the effect of. She held my hand, the destin＇d blow to
break. Dryden. 18. to interrupt. Sometimes in broken words he
sigh＇d his care. Gay. 19. To separate company. Did not Paul and
Barnabas dispute with that vehemence, that they were forced to break
company? Atterbury. 20. To dissolve any union. It is a great folly,
as well as injustice, to break off so noble a relation. Collier. 21. To
reform, with of. The French were not quite broken of it, until some
time after they became christians. Grew. 22. To open something
new, or propound something by an overture.
Of whence she was, yet fearful how to break
My mind, adventur＇d humbly thus to speak. Dryden.
23. To break the back; to strain, or dislocate the vertebræ with too
heavy burdens. 24. To break the back; to disable one＇s fortune.
Many have broke their backs, by laying manors on them. Shake­
speare. 25. To break a deer; to cut it up at table. 26. To break fast;
to eat for the first time in the day. 27. To break ground; to plow.
When the price of corn falleth, men generally give over surplus tillage,
and break no more ground than will serve to supply their turn. Carew.
28. To break ground; to open trenches, in order to besiege a place.
29. To break the heart; to destroy with grief. 30. To break a jest;
to utter a jest unexpected. 31. To break the neck; to dislocate or put
out the joints of the neck. 32. To break off; to put a sudden stop
to. 33. To break off; to preclude by some obstacle suddenly inter­
posed. And break off all its commerce with the tongue. Addison.
34. To break up; to dissolve, or put an end to. Break up the meet­
ing. Arbuthnot. 35. To break up; to lay open. The shells being
thus lodged among this mineral matter, when this comes now to be
broke up, it exhibits impressions of the shells. Woodward. 36. To break
up; to separate, or disband. Solyman returning to Constantinople,
broke up his army. Knolles. 37. To break upon the wheel; to stretch a
criminal on the wheel, and break his bones with bats. 38. To break
wind; to give vent to wind in the body. 39. To break bulk; to take
part of the ship＇s cargo out of the hold.

To BREAK, verb neut. 1. To part in two. Whispers the o＇er­
fraught heart, and bids it break. Shakespeare. 2. To burst.
The clouds are still above; and, while I speak,
A second deluge o＇er our heads may break. Dryden.
3. To burst by dashing, as waves on a rock. That tumult in the Ica­
rian sea, dashing and breaking among its croud of islands. Pope.
4. To open and discharge matter as a swelling. 5. To open as the
morning. They are apt to vanish, as soon as the day breaks about
him. Addison. 6. To burst forth; to exclaim.
A thing inspir＇d; and not consulting, broke
Into a general prophesy. Shakespeare.
7. To become bankrupt. Cutler saw tenants break, and houses fall.
Pope. 8. To decline in health and strength. See how the dean be­
gins to break. Swift. 9. To make way with some kind of sudden­
ness, impetuosity, or violence. And break upon thee in a flood of day.
Pope. 10. To issue out with vehemence. While from his breast the
dreadful accents broke. Pope. 11. To come to an explanation. I
am to break with thee of some affairs. Shakespeare. 12. To fall out;
to be no longer friends.
Sighing, he says, we must certainly break,
And my cruel unkindness compels him to speak. Prior.
13. To discard. When I see a great officer broke. Swift.
14. To break from; to separate from, with some vehemence. Thus
radiant from the circling cloud he broke. Dryden. 15. To break in;
to enter unexpectedly, without proper preparation. The doctor is a
pedant, that, with a deep voice and magisterial air, breaks in upon
conversation, and drives down all before him. Addison. 16. To break
loose; to shake off all restraint. 17. To break loose; to escape from
captivity. Who would not, finding way, break loose from hell. Milton.
18. To break off; to desist suddenly. Do not peremptorily break off
in any business. Bacon. 19. To break off from; to part from with vio­
lence. 20. To break out; to discover itself by sudden effects. A
violent fever broke out in the place. Addison. 21. To break out; to
have eruptions appear on the body, as pustules, sores, &c. 22. To
break out; to become dissolute. He broke out into great excesses. Dry­
den. 23. To break up; to cease, to intermit. Upon that very day,
when the river first riseth, great plagues in Cairo used suddenly to break
up. Bacon. 24. To break up; to dissolve itself. The mistiness scat­
tereth, and breaketh up suddenly. Bacon. 25. To break up; to begin
holidays, or be dismissed from business.
——— Like a school broke up,
Each hurries tow＇ards his home and sporting-place.
Shakespeare.
26. To break with; to part friendship with a person. Whosoever
breaks with his friend upon such terms, has enough to warrant him in
so doing. South. 27. It is to be observed of this extensive and per­
plexed verb, that, in all its significations, whether active or neutral,
it has some reference to its primitive meaning, by implying either de­
triment, suddenness, or violence.

BREAK, [from the verb.] 1. The state of being broken; opening.
They must be drawn from far, and without breaks, to avoid the mul­
tiplicity of lines. Dryden. 2. A pause, an interruption. 3. A line
drawn, denoting that the sense is suspended. All modern trash is set
forth with numerous breaks and dashes. Swift. We have a fine in­
stance of this beauty in that line of Virgil.
Quos ego———sed motos præstat componere fluctus.
And still finer, in that reflection which the good bishop of Ely made on
the unhappy winding up of Queen Anne＇s war with France. “Never
did seven years together pass over the head of any English monarch,
nor cover it with so much honour: such was the fame of her admi­
nistration of affairs at home; to such a height of military glory did her
great general and her armies carry the British name abroad: when
God, for our fins, permitted the spirit of discord to go forth; and
by troubling sore the camp, the city, and the country (and oh! that
it had altogether spared the places sacred to his worship!) to spoil for
a time this beautiful and pleasing prospect, and give us in its stead
——— I know not what ——— Our enemies will tell the rest with
pleasure.”
BREAK my head and give me a plaister. The Scotch say: break my
head and draw on my hoo (night cap) [prob. of hiwe, L. Ger. a wo­
man＇s cap] they are both taunting proverbs, spoken to such as pre­
tend favour and kindness to us after they have done us a greater pre­
judice and more harm than they are able to make amends for.

BREA＇KER [from break] 1. He that breaks any thing; as, the
breaker of a law. 2. A wave broken by rocks or sand-banks.

BRE＇AKEAST, subst. [of break and fast] 1. The first meal in the
day. 2. The thing eaten at this first meal. Hope is a good break­
fast, but it is a bad supper. Bacon. 3. Food, or a meal in general.
The Wolves will get a breakfast by my death. Dryden.

To BREAKFAST, to eat the first meal in the day.

BRE＇AKNECK [of break and neck] a fall by which one＇s neck is
broke, a steep place endangering the neck.
I must
Forsake the court; to do it or no is certain
To me a breakneck. Shakespeare.

BRE＇AK-PROMISE [of break and promise] one that makes a prac­
tice of breaking his promise. Shakespeare.

BRE＇AK-VOW [of break and vow] he that practices the breach of
vows. Shakespeare.

BREAM [breme, brame, Fr. abramo, It. brasem, Ger. brama, Lat.]
a kind of fish. The bream at full growth is a large fish, he will
breed in rivers and ponds, but loves best to live in ponds: he is by
Gesner taken to be more elegant than wholsome: he is long in grow­
ing, but breeds exceedingly in a water that pleases him; and in many
ponds so fast as to overstock them, and starve the other fish. He is
very broad, with a forked tail, and his scales set in excellent order: he
hath large eyes, and a narrow sucking mouth, two sets of teeth, and a
lozing bone to help his grinders: the male is observed to have two large







melts, and the female two large bags of eggs or spawn. Walton.
A broad bream to please some curious taste,
While yet alive in boiling water cast. Waller.

BREAST [broest, Sax. borst, Du. burst, L. Ger. brust, H. Ger.
bryst, Dan. brost, Su. brusts, Goth.] 1. One of the three venters, or
hollow spaces in an animal body, which contains the heart and lungs,
&c. 2. The teats of women which contain the milk. They pluck
the fatherless from the breast. Job. 3. The part of a beast that is un­
der the neck between the forclegs; as, a breast of mutton. 4. The
heart, the conscience, the disposition of the mind. The law of man
was written in his breast. Dryden. 5. The affection, the regard.
Margafita first possess＇d, if I remember well, my breast. Cowley.

To BREAST [from the noun] to meet in front, to oppose breast to
breast.
The threaden sails
Draw the huge bottoms thro＇ the furrow＇d sea,
Breasting the lofty surge. Shakespeare.

BRE＇AST-BONE [of breast and bone] the sternum, the bone of the
breast.

BREAST Caskets [with mariners] the largest and longest caskets,
which are a sort of strings placed in the middle of the yard.

BREAST Fast [in a ship] a rope fastened to some part of her for­
ward on, to hold her head to a warp, or the like.

BREAST-HIGH [of breast and high] being up to the breast. The
river gave way unto her, so that she was straight breast-high. Sidney.

BREAST Hooks [with shipwrights] are the compassing timbers
before, that help to strengthen her stem and all the forepart of the
ship.

BREAST-KNOT [of breast and knot] a knot of ribbands worn on
women＇s breasts.

BREAST Pain [with farriers] a disease in horses.

BREAST-PLATE [of breast and plate] armour for the breast. What
stronger breast-plate than a heart untainted. Shakespeare.

BREAST Plough [with husbandmen] a plough used for parting turf
for denshiring land, and driven by the breast. The breast-plough a
man shoves before him. Mortimer.

BREAST Ropes [of breast and rope, sea term] those ropes in a ship
which fasten the yards to the parrels, and with the parrels hold the
yards fast to the mast.

BREAST Work [in fortification] works thrown up as high as the
breast of the defendants. Astley cast up breast-works and made a re­
doubt for the defence of his men. Clarendon. The same as parapet.
See PARAPET.

A-BREAST, side by side; as, to march or walk a-breast.

BREATH [brathe, or brethe, Sax.] 1. The air received and discharged
by human or animal bodies, by dilatation, and compression of the lungs.
2. Life. No man has more contempt than I of breath. Dryden. 3. The
state or power of breathing freely; opposed to that in which one is
spent and breathless; as, to be scarce in breath, and to take breath.
4. Respiration, the power of breathing. Too much breathing put
him out of breath. Milton. 5. Respite, pause. Give me some
breath, some little pause. Shakespeare. 6. Breeze, moving, air.
Unruffl＇d as a summer＇s sea,
When not a breath of wind flies o＇er its surface. Addison.
7. A single act, an instant. You menace me and court me in a breath.
Dryden.

Spare your BREATH to cool your pottage, that is, you may as well
hold your tongue.

To BREATH linen, is to air, or dry it at the fire.

BRE＇ATHABLE, that may be breathed, or drawn into the lungs by
breathing; as, a breathable air.

To BREATHE, verb neut. [of breath, prob. of brathian, Sax.] 1. To
receive and discharge the air from the lungs. True to his friend＇s em­
brace had breath＇d his last. Pope. 2. To live.
Let him breathe between the heavens and earth,
A private man. Shakespeare.
3. To take breath, to rest. He followed the victory so hot upon the
Scots, that he suffered them not to breathe, or gather themselves
again. Spenser. 4. To pass by breathing.
Stifled in the vault,
To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in.
Shakespeare.

To BREATHE, verb. act. 1. To inspire air into one＇s own body,
and expire it out again; as, to breathe the vital air. 2. To inject or
infuse by breathing. And breath＇d into his nostrils the breath of life.
Genesis. 3. To eject by breathing. Cains, the son of vulcan,
breath＇d out nothing but flame. Spectator. 4. To exercise, to keep in
breath. Thy greyhounds are as swift as breathed stags. Shakespeare.
5. To inspire, to move or act upon by breath. They breathe the
flute. Prior. 6. To exhale or send out as breath.
His altar breathes
Ambrosial odours. Milton.
7. To utter privately. I have tow＇rd heaven breath＇d a secret vow.
Shakespeare. 8. To give air or vent to; as, to breathe, or open a vein,
to let blood.

BREATHLESS [of breath] 1. Spent with labour, being out of breath;
as, breathless and faint. 2. Utterly void of breath, dead.
Breathless thou
And pale shalt lie, like what thou buriest now. Prior.

BRE＇CCA, a breach, decay, or any other want of repair. O. L.
Deeds.

BRE＇CHIR, a borough town of the county of Angus, in Scotland,
about 15 miles north cast of Dundee.

BRECK [prob. of brecan, Sax. to break] an hedge, a break.

BRE＇CON or BRE＇CRNOCK, a borough town of Brecknockshire, in
Wales. It sends one member to parliament; the county of Brecon
also sends one member.

BRED irr. pret. and part. pass. of to breed.

What is BRED in the bone, will never out of the flesh. According
to father Tarteron:
Quand, la fourche à la main, nature on chesseroit,
Nature, cependant, toûjours rotourneroit.
From Hor. Naturam expellas furcâ licet usque recurret.
Ital. Chi l＇ha per natura fin alla fossa dura. (What a man has by na­
ture, lasts to his grave.) The Greeks say likewise: Ουποτε ποιησεις τον
καρκινον ορθα βαδιζειν. Arist. You will never teach a crab to go strait
forwards. The Ger. say: arth læszt bon arth nicht. (There is no op­
posing nature.) Or: die katze læcszt das mausen nicht. (The cat won＇t
leave off mousing.)

BREDE. See BRAID. A knot of something woven together. A
curious brede of needlework. Addison.

BRE＇DWITE [bread pite, Sax.] an imposition of amerciaments or
fines for defaults in the assize of bread.

BREECH [supposed from bræcan, Sax. Johnson. Prob. of brecce,
or of broek, Du. and L. Ger.] 1. The back, or lower part of the body.
2. Breeches: the word in this sense is not now used in the singular.
That you might still have worn the petticoat,
And ne＇er have stol＇n the breech from Lancaster. Shakespeare.

His BREECH makes buttons. Spoken to people who are supposed
to be under great fear, which is apt to cause a relaxation of the sphine­
ter ani. And the word buttons in allusion to the form of the excre­
ments of some animals.

Between two stools the BREECH  falls to the ground. Fr. Entre deux
selles le cu à terre.

BREECH, [in gunnery] the hindermost part of a piece of ordnance.
So cannons when they mount vast pitches,
Are tumbled down upon their breeches. Hudibras.

To BREECH 1. To whip 2. To put into breeches; as, the boy is
not yet breeched. 3. To fit any thing with a breech; as, to breech a
cannon.

BREE＇CHES [of brecce, from bracca, an old Gaulish word: so
that Skinner imagines the name of the part covered with breeches to
be derived from that of the garment. Johnson.] The clothing or
garment for men＇s thighs, from the waist to the knees. This substan­
tive has no singular number in this sense.

Wine wears no BREECHES. Fr. Le Vin n＇a point de chassure.
That is, it discovers a man＇s nakedness.

To wear the BREECHES, or have the mastery, is when the wife as­
sumes the authority of her husband.

BREE＇CHINGS [sea term] ropes in a ship, by which the guns are
lash＇d fast to the sides of the ship.

To BREED, verb act. [bredan, Sax. pret. I bred or have bred;
part. pass. bred] 1. To produce, as animals, more of the same spe­
cies.
None fiercer in Numidia bred. Roscommon.
2. To occasion, cause, or produce; as, to breed horror, to breed infir­
mities and diseases. 3. To hatch, plot, or contrive.
A heart and brain to breed it. Shakespeare,
4. To produce from one＇s self; as, children breed their teeth. 5. To
give birth to, to be the native place of. The worthiest divine Chri­
stendom hath bred. Hooker. 6. To educate, train or qualify by in­
struction; as, to breed one＇s son up to virtue. 7. To bring up in any
manner.
Pillagers to rapine bred. Dryden.
Bred up in grief, can pleasure be our theme. Prior.
8. To bring up, to take care of from infancy.
To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed. Dryden.

To BREED, verb neut. 1. To be with young. Lucina was breed­
ing. Spectator. 2. To increase by new productions.
But could youth last, and love still breed. Raleigh.
3. To be produced, to have birth.
Where they most breed and haunt, I have observ＇d
The air is delicate. Shakespeare.
4. To raise a breed. Choose such swine to breed of, as are of long
large bodies. Mortimer.

BREED [from the verb] 1. Cast, kind, subdivision of species; as,
a horse of the best breed: Nor is the word confined to the brutal spe­
cies; but applied by our poets to subjects of the noblest kind; as in
that high encomium which Shakespeare has given of the British isle.
This happy breed of men, this little world.
And again:
This nurse, this teeming womb of royal kings,
Fear＇d for their breed, and famous for their birth.
And Mr. Pope after him, applies the verb in much the same manners
Say next, O muse, of all Achaia breeds,
Who bravest fought——— Iliad, B. II. l. 924.
2. Progeny, offspring.
If thou wilt lend this money, lend it not
As to thy friend; for when did friendship take
A breed of barren metal of his friend? Shakespeare.
3. A hatch, a number produced at once. She lays them in the sand,
where they are hatch＇d, above an hundred at a breed. Grew.

BREED-BATE [of breed and bate] a person that breeds quarrels, a
make-bate, an incendiary. I warrant you no tell-tale nor no breed­
bate. Shakespeare.

BREED [with horsemen] a place where mares for breed, and stal­
lions are kept, in order to raise a stud.

BREE＇DER [from breed] 1. That which produces any thing.
Time is the nurse and breeder of all good. Shakespeare.
2. The person that trains or brings up another. Italy and Rome have
been the best breeders and bringers of the worthiest men. Ascam.
3. A female that is prolific.
He＇d recommend her for a special breeder. Dryden.
4. One that takes care to raise a breed; as, a breeder of cattle.

BRE＇EDING [breed, of bredan, Sax.] 1. Education, qualifications.
A gentleman of blood and breeding. Shakespeare.
2. Manners, with acquaintance of knowledge, of ceremony; as, a
man of breeding. 3. Nurture, care of bringing up from the infant
state.
My breeding order＇d and prescrib＇d,
As of a person separate to God. Milton.

BREESE [brioza, Sax.] an infect called the gad-fly, or horse-fly.
The infect breese,
Is but the mongrel prince of bees. Hudibras.
A fierce loud buzzing breese, their stings draw blood,
And drive the cattle gadding through the wood. Dryden.








BREEZE [brise, Fr, brezza, It.] a gentle gale of wind blowing from
the sea or land alternately for some certain hours of the day or night; a
soft wind. These hottest regions, seated under the equinoctial line, are
so refresh＇d with a daily gale of easterly wind, which the Spaniards
call breeze, thatdoth evermore blow strongest in the heat of the day.
Raleigh.
From land a gentle breeze arose by night. Dryden.

BREEZY [of breeze] fanned with gales. Breezy shore. Pope.

BREGE＇NTO, or BE＇RGENTS, a town situated at the east end of the
lake of Constance, in the county of Tyrol, in Germany.

BRE＇GMA [βρεγμα, Gr.] the fore part of the head; or, as some
say, the forehead bone, or the side and shelving bone of the cranium
on each side of the fagittal future.

BRE＇HON [an Irish word] a judge; whence the Irish law is called
the brehone law. In the case of murder, the brehon, that is, their
judge, will compound between the murderer and those of the party
murdered which prosecute the action, that the malefactor shall give
unto them, or to the child or wife of him that is slain, a recompence
which they call an erick. Spenser.

BREME, adj. [bremman, Sax. to rage or fume. Johnson; an old
word] cruel, sharp, severe.
When you count you freed from fear,
Comes the breme winter with chamfred brows,
Full of wrinkles and frosty furrows. Spenser.

BRE＇MEN, the capital of the dutchy of the fame name, in Lower
Saxony, situated on the river Weser. Both the city and dutchy belong
to the elector of Hanover. Lat. 53° 35′ N. Long. 8° 20′ E.

BRE＇MERVHOID, a fortified town of the dutchy of Bremen, about
17 miles north of Bremen.

BREMGA＇RTEN, a town of Switzerland, in the county of Baden,
about 12 miles west of Zurich.

BRENT, adj. [brennan, Sax. to burn] burnt. Obsolete.
What flames when I thee present see,
In danger rather to be drent than brent. Spenser.

BRENT, a market town of Devonshire, 6 miles from Ashburton,
and 198 from London.

BRENTE, a river, which taking its rise in the bishoprick of Trent,
in Germany, runs south-east through the Venetian territories, and falls
into the Adriatic sea, opposite to Venice.

BRE＇NTFORD, a market-town of Middlesex, 10 miles from Lon­
don.

BRE＇NTWOOD, or BU＇RNTWOOD, a market town of Essex, about 15
miles from London.

BREPHO＇TROPY [brephotrophia, Lat. βρεϕοτροϕια, of βρεϕος, a babe,
and τροϕη, Gr. nourishment] an hospital for orphans; also a bringing
up of orphans.

BRE＇SCIA, a city of Italy, about 30 miles north of Cremona.

BRESE＇LLO, a town of the dutchy of Modena in Italy, situated on
the southern shore of the Po, 25 miles from Modena.

BRE＇SLAW, the capital of Silesia, situated on the river Oder. Lat.
51° 15′ N. Long. 16° 50′ E.

BRE＇SSE, a territory of Burgundy in France: It is bounded by
Franche Compte on the north, by Savoy on the east, by Dauphine on
the south, and by the Lyonnois on the west.

BRESSVI＇RE, a town of Poictou, in the Orleannois, in France, situated
about 35 miles north-west of Poictiers.

BREST, an excellent port town of Britany in France. Lat. 48°
25′ N. Long. 4° 30′ W.

BREST, or BRESSICI, the capital of the palatinate of Bressici, si­
tuated on the river Bag, about 80 miles east of Warsaw. Lat. 52°
N. Long. 24° E.

BREST [in architecture] that member of a column called also the
thorus or tore.

BREST Summers [in architecture] pieces in the outer parts of tim­
ber buildings, and the middle floors, into which the girders are fra­
med.

BRET [bretoneau, Fr.] a fish of the turbot kind, called also burt or
brut.

BRETE＇SSE [in heraldry] is in French what they frequently call
des bastonades, and the English call embattled, counter-embattled, that
is, embattled on both sides.

BRE＇THREN [the plural of brother] See BRO＇THER.

BRE＇TON, or Cape BRE＇TON, an American island, subject to the
French, and separated from Nova Scotia by a narrow channel, called
the streight of Canso; it is about 100 miles in length, and fifty in
breadth.

BRETO＇YSE, the law of the marches, anciently used among the Bri­
tons or Welch.

BRETVE＇IL, a town of Normandy, in France, about 35 miles south
of Rouen.

BRETVEIL, is also the name of a town in Picardy, about 6 leagues
from Amiens.

BRE＇UBURG, a country and town of Germany, in the circle of
Franconia, situated on the banks of the Maine.

BREVE, Lat. [in law] a writ directed to the chancellor, judges,
&c. so termed, because it is expressed in few words.

BREVE [in music] a note or character of time, in the form of a
diamond-square, without any tail, and equivalent to two measures or
four minims. Lat.

BREVE Perquirere, Lat. to purchase a writ or licence of trial in the
king＇s court, whence arises the custom of paying six shillings and eight
pence, if the debt be forty pounds; ten shillings and eight pence, if an
hundred, and so upwards.

BREVE de Recto, Lat. [in law] a writ of right, or a licence for an
ejected person to sue for the possession of an estate that is detained from
him.

BREVE Vas, Lat. [with anatomists] a short vessel or vein, which
passes from the stomach to the veiny branch of the spleen.

BRE＇VIARY [breviaire, Fr. breviario, It. and Sp. of breviarium,
Lat.] 1. An abridgment, or epitomy.
Cresconius has given us a breviary thereof. Ayliffe. 2. A book that
contains the daily service of the Romish church.

BREVIAT [breviatum, of brevis, Lat. short] an extract or copy of a
process, deed or writing, comprised in few words; a short compen­
dium. The whole counsel of God, as far as it is incumbent for man
to know, is comprised in that one breviat of evangelical truth. Decay
of Piety.

BRE＇VIATURE [of breviat] an abbreviation.

BREVIBUS & Rotulis Liberandis [in law] a mandate or writ directed
to a sheriff, requiring him to deliver the county, with the appurte­
nances, rolls, briefs, &c. pertaining to that office, to the new sheriff
that is chosen in his room.

BREVIE＇R, a small sort of printing letter; so called probably from
being originally used in printing a breviary. Johnson. The following
verses are in brevier letter:
Serenely shone the stars, the moon was bright,
And the sea trembl＇d with her silver light. Dryden.

BRE＇VIS, or BRE＇VE, Lat. [in botanic writers] short.

BRE＇VIOR, or BRE＇VIUS, Lat. shorter.

BREVIS Musculus [with anatomists] a muscle of the radius, which
arises from the superior and posterior part of the humerus, and helps to
stretch out the hand forward. Lat.

BREVIS Palmaris [with anatomists] lies under the aponeurosis of
the palmaris, arising from the bone of the metacarpus, which sustains
the little finger, and passes traversely from the bone and that of the
carpus, which lies above the rest, and is inserted into the eighth bone
of the carpus. The use of it is to make the palm of the hand concave
or hollow.

BREVIS Radii [in anatomy] comes from the outward and superior
part of the ulna, and passes round the radius, and is inserted into the
superlor and fore-part of it below the tendon of the biceps. Its use is
to turn the palm of the hand upwards.

BREVI＇LOQUENCE [breviloquentia, of brevis, short, and loquor, Lat.
to speak] short or concise speaking.

BREVI＇SSIMUS Oculi [in anatomy] the shortest muscle of the eye,
called obliquus inferior. Lat.

BRE＇VITY [brevité, Fr. brevità, It. brevedàd, Sp. of brevitas, bre­
vis, Lat.] briefness, conciseness, or shortness of expression. Virgil
studying brevity, could bring those words into a narrow compass. Dry­
den.

To BREW, verb act. [briwan, or browan, Sax. brouwen, Du.
brauen, H. Ger.] 1. To make ale, beer, &c. by mixing several in­
gredients. 2. To prepare by mixing things together.
Brew me a pottle of sack finely. Shakespeare.
3. To contrive or plot. The most malicious and frantic surmise that I
think had ever been brewed from the beginning of the world. Wotton.
As you BREW you shall drink. Lat. Ut sementem feceris, ita &
metes. Fr. Vous recueillerez selon vous aurez semé. H. Ger. So ge­
saeer so gemaher. It. Qual semini, tal mieterai. (As you sow you
shall reap.) Or, Chi la fà, la paga. (He that does it must pay
for it.)

To BREW, verb. neut. to perform the office of a brewer. I keep
his house, and wash, wring, brew, bake. Shakespeare.

BREW [from the verb] manner of brewing; also the thing brewed.
Trial would be made of the like brew with potatoe roots. Bacon.

BRE＇WAGE [of brew] mixture of several things together.
Go brew me a pottle of sack finely—
With eggs, Sir?———
Simple of itself: I＇ll no pullet sperm in my brewage. Shakesp.

BRE＇WER [from brew] a man whose business it is to make beer.

BREWERS were incorporated anno 1424, the sixth year of Henry VI.
and confirmed the second of Queen Elizabeth; their arms are gules,
on a chevron argent between three faltires of garbs, or as many tuns
sable.
Their hall is situate on the north side of Addle-street.

BREWER＇S HAVEN, a good harbour at the north end of the island of
Chiloe, on the coast of Chili, in south America.

BRE＇WESS, or BRE＇WISS, thin slices, or crusts of bread soaked in fat
pottage, made of salted meat.

BRE＇WHOUSE [of brew and house] a house for brewing.

BRE＇WING [of brew] quantity of liquor brewed. A brewing of
new beer set by old beer, maketh it work again. Bacon.

BREY, a town of the bishopric of Liege, in Germany, about 16
miles north of Maestricht.

BRI＇ANCON, a town of Dauphiny, in France, about forty-five miles
south-east of Grenople.

BRIAR. See BRIER.

BRIBE [bribe, Fr. originally signifies a piece of bread, and applied
to any piece taken from the rest: It is therefore likely that a bribe ori­
ginally signified among us, a share of any thing unjusty got. Johnson]
a gift given to corrupt a person, or to gain him to one＇s interest.

A BRIBE enters without knocking. Fr. La porte n＇est jamais fermé
aux presens; that is, he who comes with a bribe in his hand, needs
never fear a denial. It is indeed generally so; but there is no rule
without an exception.

To BRIBE [probably of βραβειον, Gr. a reward or prize, or of
briber, Fr. from bribe, a piece of bread, or of bribar, Sp. to beg,
bribes being always attended with some request] to corrupt with gifts,
to gain with bribes, to give bribes to bad purposes. It is seldom, and
then not properly, used in a good sense.
The wind and tide
You brib＇d to combat on the English side. Dryden.

BRI＇BER [from bribe] he that bribes or pays for infamous purposes.
Affection is still a briber of the judgment. South.

BRI＇BERY [from bribe] 1. The act of bribing or tampering by bribes.
No bribery of courts, or cabals of sactions, or advantages of fortune,
can remove him from the solid foundations of honour. Dryden. 2. The
act or crime of taking bribes or rewards for evil purposes. A law was
made by the Romans against the bribery and extortion of the gover­
nors of provinces. Bacon.

BRIBERY [in law] is when any man belonging to a court of justice,
or great officer, takes any fee, gift or reward for doing his office, of any
person except of the king only.

BRI＇BORS, or BRI＇BOURS [in law] such persons as pilfer, filch, or
embezzle the goods of other men.

BRICK [bricke, Du. brique, Fr. from imbrex, Lat. whence brica,
Menage] 1. A clayey earth, tempered, moulded into a long square,
and burnt; it is used in building. 2. A loaf, almost in the form and
size of a brick.

To BRICK, or lay with bricks. Whether his grave is to be plain or
brick＇d. Swift.








BRI＇CKBAT [probably of bricke, Du. or bryc, Sax. and batu, Fr.
beaten, or broken off] a piece of a brick. Bacon.

BRI＇CKCLAY [of brick and clay] the clay used for making bricks.
Woodward.

BRI＇CKDUST [of brick and dust] dust made by pounding bricks.

BRI＇CKEARTH [of brick and earth] earth used in making bricks.
They grow very well on the hazelly brickearths and gravel. Mortimer.

BRICK-KILN [of bricke, Du. and cyln, Sax.] a place for burning
bricks.

BRI＇CKLAYER [of brick and lay] a brick-mason, one whose trade is
to build with bricks.

BRI＇CKLAYERS were incorporated anno 1586. Their armorial en­
signs are azure, a chevron or between a flower de lys argent between 3
brick axes in chief and a bundle of lathes in base or crest and armed,
holding a brick ax, or. Their motto, In God is all our trust.

BRICO＇LE, or BRICO＇LL [at tennis play] the rebound of a ball after
a side stroke.

BRICO＇LS, Fr. engines anciently used for battering the walls of
towns or castles.

To BRICO＇LE [bricoler, Fr. briglia, It. brida, Sp.] to give a bricole,
to pass a ball, to toss it sideways.

BRI＇DAL, adj. [from bride] pertaining to a wedding, nuptial; as,
the bridal chamber, bridal lamp, and bridal bed.

BRIDAL, subst. the nuptial festival.
In death＇s dark bow＇rs our bridals we will keep. Dryden.

BRIDE [brid, perhaps of bredan, Sax. to cherish or keep warm,
brude, Dan. brudh, Su. bruydt, Du. bruht, O. and L. Ger. braut, H.
Ger. bruth, Goth. brut, Teut. brudur in Runic signifies a beautiful
woman. Johnson] a new-married woman.

BRIDE-BED [of bride and bed] marriage-bed.

BRIDE-CAKE [of bride and cake] a cake distributed among the guests
at a wedding.
Divide the broad bride-cake
Round about the bride＇s stake. Ben Johnson.
An handsome slice of bride-cake he placed conveniently under his pillow.
Spectator.

BRIDE-GROOM [of bride and groom, Sax. a servant; because up­
on the wedding-day it was the custom for him to serve at table, or of
bruynegom, Du. and L. Ger. bræutigam, H. Ger. brudgommen, Dan.
brudhgumme, Su. brydguma, Sax.] the spouse or husband of a bride,
a new married-man.
Happy bride-groom,
Why dost thou steal so soon away to bed? Dryden.
The bridegroom, in scripture, signifies the person of Christ,
as being expressive of a far more close and intimate relation to the
church, than was borne by any other prophet and messenger of
God. John iii. 29. 2 Cor. ii. 2. Rev. xxi. 9. compared with
Psalm xlv. 11. Ephes. v. 25——32; all which passages the an­
cients understood of the Son of God incarnate. The children of
the bridegroom, in scripture, Math. ix. 15; or, as it should have
been rendered, the SONS [οι υιοι του νυμϕωνος] of the bride­
groom, were (as Lightfoot observes) his friends and attendants,
at the nuptial feast and ceremony, called by the Jews banè chofah,
and (in the counterpart of the allegory) answer to Christ＇s immediate
disciples. N. B. The word son, in the Jewish style, signifies not
merely the relation commonly so called, but is often used in a far
greater latitude; as, sons of thunder, sons of death [i. e. rei mortis, or
liable to die for some crime, whether real or supposed;] sons of God,
of the devil, of the resurrection, of perdition, and the like. See SON.

BRIDE-MEN, and BRIDE-MAIDS, young men and maidens attending
the bride and bridegroom on the wedding-day.

BRIDE-STAKE [of bride and stake.] It seems to be a post set in
the ground to dance round, like a maypole. See BRIDECAKE.

BRI＇DEWELL [the place built near St. Bride＇s or Bridget＇s well,
was turned into a workhouse. Johnson] a house of correction. He
would contribute more to reformation, than all the workhouses and
bridewells in Europe. Spectator.

BRIDGE [brigge, bric, Sax. brugge, Du. brücke, Ger.] a passage
of wood or stone, &c. made over a river.

The BRIDGE of the Nose, the gristle which parts the nostrils, the
ridge of the nose. The raising gently the bridge of the nose, doth
prevent the deformity of a saddle nose. Bacon.

The BRIDGE [or supporter of the strings] in a lute, and other
string-instruments.

BRIDGE of Boats [in military affairs] are boats made of copper,
and joined side by side, till they reach cross a river, which being co­
vered with planks, are passed over by the soldiery.

BRIDGE of Rushes [military art] one that is made of great bundles
of rushes bound fast together, over which planks being laid and
fastened, are laid over marshy places, to be passed over either by foot
or horse.

Draw BRIDGE [in fortification] one that is fastened with strong
hinges at one end only, so that the other may be drawn up, and then
the bridge stands upright, to obstruct the passage over a ditch or
moat.

Flying BRIDGES [in an army] are boats with planks and ne­
cessaries for joining and making a bridge in a very short time, being two
small bridges laid over one another, in such manner, that the upper­
most stretches or runs out by certain cords running through pullies
placed along the sides of the under-bridge, which push it forwards,
till the end of it reach to the place it is designed to be fixed in. It
is also made of large boats, with planks laid over them, and other
necessaries.

BRIDGE of Communication [in fortification] is a bridge made over
a river, by means of which, two armies, or two sorts, that are sepa­
rated by the river, have a free communication one with the other.

BRIDGE [with gunners] the two pieces of timber, which go between
the two transums of a gun-carriage, on which the bed rests.

Floating BRIDGE [military art] a bridge made in form of a work
in fortification, called a redoubt, consisting of two boats covered with
planks, which are solidly framed, so as to bear either horse or cannon.

To BRIDGE [from the noun] to raise a bridge over any place.
Over Hellespont,
Bridging his way, Europe with Asia join＇d. Milton.

BRIDGES [in heraldry] may intimate that the bearers have formerly
obtained them for their arms, either for having built bridges for the
service of the public, or in allusion to the name, as Trowbridge.

BRIDGE＇NORTH, a borough-town of Shropshire, on the river Se­
vern, about 15 miles from Shrewsbury, and 135 from London. It
sends two members to parliament.

BRIDGE-TOWN, the capital of the island of Barbadoes. It has
very commodious wharfs for unloading goods; also some forts and ca­
stles for the defence of the place. Lat. 13° N. Long. 56° W.

BRIDGEWA＇TER, a borough-town of Somersetshire, on the river
Evil, 143 miles from London. It sends two members to par­
liament.

BRIDLE [bridle, breydel, Sax. bride, Fr.] 1. A head-stall with reins
to hold in and guide an horse. 2. A restraint, curb, or check. The
king resolved to put that place, which some men fancied to be a bridle
upon the city, into the hands of such a man as he might rely on.
Clarendon. A bridle upon the tongue. Watts.

To BRIDLE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To restrain, to guide by
a bridle.
I bridle in my struggling muse with pain,
That longs to launch into a bolder strain. Addison.
2. To put a bridle upon any thing.
The queen of beauty stop＇d her bridled doves. Prior.
3. To restrain, to govern. Them law may at all times bridle.
Hooker. With a strong and yet a gentle hand,
You bridle faction, and our hearts command. Waller.

To BRIDLE, verb neut. to hold up the head; as, she goes bridling
along.

To swallow the BRIDLE, or to drink the BRIDLE [with horsemen]
are terms used of a horse that has too wide a mouth, and too narrow
a bitmouth, so that the bit rises too high, and gathers and furls the
lips, and misplaces itself above that place of the bars, where the
pressure should be, by which means the curb is misplaced and shoved
too high.

BRIDLE Hand [in horsemanship] the hand which holds the bridle
in riding gently, the left hand. In the turning one might perceive
the bridle-hand something gently stir, but indeed so gently, as it did
rather distil virtue, than use violence. Sidney.

BRI＇DLINGTON, or BURLINGTON, a market-town of the east-riding
of Yorkshire, 30 miles from Spurnhead, and 205 from London. It
gives title of earl to the noble family of Boyle.

BRI＇DPORT, a borough-town of Dorsetshire, 6 miles from Lyme,
and 145 from London. It sends two members to parliament.

BRIEF adj. [brief, Fr. breve, It. and Sp. of brevis, Lat. short]
1. Short, concise; now seldom used but of words. A play there is, my
lord, some ten words long, which is as brief as I have known a play.
Shakespeare. The brief stile is that which expresseth much in little.
Ben Johnson. 2. Contracted, narrow.
The shrine of Venus or straight pight Minerva
Postures beyond brief nature. Shakespeare.

BRIEF, subst. [brief or brevet, Fr. brieve or breve, It. brief, Du. and
Ger. a letter, breef, Su.] 1. A writing of any kind.
There is a brief how many sports are ripe. Shakespeare.
2. A short extract or epitome. I shall make it plain, as far as a
sum or brief can. Bacon. 3. The writings given the pleaders or coun­
sel, that contains the case.
The brief with weighty crimes was charg＇d,
On which the pleader much enlarg＇d. Swift.
4. Letters patent, or licence to any sufferer for collecting the charita­
ble benevolence of the people, for any private or public loss.

BRIEF, or BREVE [in law] a writ, whereby a man is summoned
or attached to answer any action; or it is taken in a larger sense, for
any writ issued out of the king＇s courts of record at Westminster,
whereby any thing is commanded to be done, in order to justice, or
the execution of the king＇s command.

Apostolical BRIEF, a letter which the pope sends to princes and o­
ther magistrates, concerning any public affairs. Some apostolical
letters are called briefs, because they are comprised in a short and
compendious way of writing. Ayliffe.

BRIEF [in music] a measure of quantity, which contains two
strokes down in beating time, and as many up. It is not now
often used.

BRIE＇FLY, in few words, concisely.

BRIE＇FNESS [of brief] brevity, conciseness. Camden.

BRI＇ER [brær, Sax. supposed of bræcan, Sax. to break, because
it sears the skin] a prickly plant. The sweet and wild sort are spe­
cies of the rose.

He is in the BRI＇ERS, or, overwhelmed with trouble.

BRIE＇RY [from brier] thorny, full of briers, rough.

BRIEZE [brise, Fr. brezza, It.] a chilly or cool wind.

BRIEZ of Wind, a soft, gentle gale of wind. See BREEZE.

BRIG, and possibly also BRIX, is derived from the Saxon. brig,
a bridge, which to this day, in the northern counties, is called a brigg
and not a bridge. Gibson＇s Camden.

BRI＇GA [brigue, Fr. briga, It. old law] contention, quarrel.

BRIGA＇DE [Fr. brigata, It. brigadà, Sp. a military art] a party or
division of forces, a body of soldiers, consisting of several squadrous
of horse, and battalions of foot. Fronted brigades. Milton.

BRIGADE [of horse] is a body of 8, 10, or 12 squadrous.

BRIGADE [of foot] a body of 4, 5, or 6 battalions, commanded
by a brigadier.

BRIGADEE＇R, or BRIGADIE＇R [brigadier, Fr. brigatiere, It. briga­
déro, Sp.] an officer in an army, who commands a brigade.

BRIGA＇DEMAJOR. An officer appointed by the brigadier to assist
him in the ordering of his brigade, and he there acts as a major ge­
neral does in an army. Harris.

BRIGA＇DIER General, an officer who commands a brigade of horse
and foot in an army, next in rank below a major-general.

BRI＇GAND, Fr. a highway man, one belonging to a gang of rob­
bers. There might be a rout of such barbarous thievish brigands in







some rocks, but it was a degeneration from the nature of man, a po­
litical creature. Bramhall.

BRI＇GANDINE, or BRI＇GANTINE [of brigand] a coat of mail, or a
sort of ancient defensive armour, consisting of thin, joined scales or
plates, pliant and easy to the body. Fr.
Put on all thy gorgeous arms, thy helmet,
And brigantine of brass. Milton.

BRI＇GANTINE, or BRI＇GANDINE [Fr. brigantino, It. bergantìn, Sp.
probably of brigand, because first used by pyrates] a small; light ves­
sel, with two masts; going sometimes both with sails and oars, either
for fighting or giving chase.
Like as a warlike brigandine applied,
To fight lays forth her frightful pikes afore,
The engines which in them sad death do hide. Spenser.

BRI＇GBOTE, or BRU＇GBOTE [of brigge, and bote, Sax.] a contri­
bution towards repairing or building of bridges.

BRIGHT [beorht, bryht, Sax. bairht, Goth. Cambr. Br. bereht,
Teut. brecht, of brechen, a very ancient Teutonic word, signifying to
shine, glitter, or glister] 1. Lucid, shining, light.
A radiant shrine,
Dark with excessive bright, thy skirts appear. Milton.
2. Clear, evident. He may with more ease, with brighter evidence,
and with surer success, draw the learner on. Watts. 3. Illustrious,
glorious; as, a bright period of time. 4. Witty, acute, subtle; as,
a bright genius.

To BRI＇GHTEN, verb act. [from bright] 1. To make bright, to
make to shine or glitter.
Her celestial eyes
Adorn the world, and brighten all the skies. Dryden.
2. To dispel gloom, to make luminous by light from without.
An ecstasy that mothers only feel,
Plays round my heart, and brightens up my sorrow,
Like gleams of sunshine in a low＇ring sky. Amb. Philips.
3. To make gay or alert.
Hope elevates, and joy
Brightens his crest. Milton.
4. To make glorious or illustrious, not to darken. The queen
would brighten her character, if she would exert her authority to in­
stil virtues into her people. Swift.
Yet time enobles or degrades each line;
It brighten＇d Craggs＇s, and may darken thine. Pope.
5. To make acute or witty; as, conversation brightens his genius.

To BRIGHTEN, verb neut. to grow bright, to clear up; as, the
day brightens.

BRIGHTHE＇LMSTONE, a sea-port town of Sussex, about 12 miles
from Lewes, and 50 from London.

BRI＇GHTLY, [from bright] lucidly, shiningly.
Safely I slept, till brightly dawning shone
The morn, conspicuous on her golden throne. Pope.

BRI＇GHTNESS [bryghtnesse, Sax.] 1. Lustre, glirter. The bla­
zing brightness of her beauty＇s beam. Spenser. Rust shall deface its
brightness. South. 2. Acuteness, wittiness, subtlety; as, brightness of
parts.

BRI＇GIDIANS, an order of religious persons founded by Brigidia, a
princess of Sweden.

BRIHU＇EGA, a town of New Castile, in Spain, about 40 miles
north-east of Madrid.

BRI＇LLIANCY [of brilliant] lustre, glittering splendor.

BRI＇LLIANT, subst. [with lapidaries] a diamond cut artificially,
and formed into angles, so as to refract the light, and so shine the
more.
This brilliant is so spotless and so bright,
He needs not foil, but shines by his own proper light. Dryden.

BRILLIANT, adj. [Fr. brillante, It. brilhante, Port.] glittering,
sparkling, bright, shining.
So have I seen in larder dark,
Of veal a lucid loin;
Replete with many a brilliant spark,
As wise philosophers remark,
At once both stink and shine. Dorset.
This adjective is sometimes used (agreeably to the genius of our
language) for a noun substantive, as “the brilliant, i. e. a bright and
sparkling kind of thought or style.
———So the sublime, the obscure, &c.

BRILLIANT [with horsemen] a brisk, high-mettled, stately horse,
that has a raised neck, a high motion, excellent haunches, upon
which he rises, though never so little put on. Fr.

BRILLIA＇NTE [in music] intimates, that they are to play in a brisk,
lively manner.

BRILLI＇ANTNESS [of brilliant] lustre, splendor.

BRILLS, the hair on the eye-lids of an horse.

BRIM [brim, Iceland. Johnson, brimme, Sax.] 1. The utmost edge;
as, the brim of a hat. 2. The upper edge of any vessel; as, a
glass, plate, cup, &c. 3. The top of any liquor; as, the brim of
the water. 4. The bank or edge of a fountain.
It told me it was Cynthia＇s own,
Within whose chearful brims,
That curious nymph had oft been known,
To bathe her snowy limbs. Drayton.

BRIM [q. a contraction of brimstone] a common strumpet. A
very low word.

To BRIM, verb act. [from the noun] to fill to the brim or top.
Then brims his ample bowl. Dryden.

To BRIM, verb neut. to be full to the brim. The brimming glasses
now are hurl＇d. John Philips.

To BRIM; as, to go to brim; said of a sow, when she is ready or
inclined to take the boar.

BRI＇MFUL [of brim and full, of brimme and full, Sax.] full up
to the brim. Eyes brimful of tears. Addison.

BRIMFU＇LNESS [of brimful] fulness to the brim or top.
Pouring like a tide into a breach,
With ample and brimfulness of his force. Shakespeare.

BRI＇MMER, a glass or cup filled up to the brim with any li­
quors.
When healths go round, and kindly brimmers flow. Dryden.

There is no deceit in a BRIMMER. The meaning, I suppose, is
when a glass is full, there can be no more in it, and so a man can＇t
be deceived of his quantity; otherwise brimmers seldom fail of de­
ceiving men into drunkenness and folly.

BRI＇MMING, adj. [of brim] full to the top. Store the dairy with
a brimming pail. Dryden.

BRIMMING, the act of generation between a boar and a sow.

BRI＇MSTONE [corrupted from brin, or brenstone, that is, fiery stone,
of bryn, and stan, Sax. a stone] a mineral, the same with sulphur;
which see. Enrolled in dusky smoke and brimstone blue. Spenser.

BRI＇MSTONY, dawbed with, or of the nature of brimstone; full of
brimstone, sulphurous.

BRIN, a city of Moravia, dependent on Bohemia; about 30 miles
south-east of Olmutz.

BRI＇NDED, or BRI＇NDLED [of brin, Fr. a branch] variegated, or
being of divers colours; tabby, marked with branches; as, brinded
cat; brinded lioness.

BRI＇NDICE, or BRE＇NDICE [brinde, Fr. brindisi, It.] a health; as,
to drink a brindice, or health to one.

BRINDI＇SI, a port-town of the kingdom of Naples, situated on the
gulph of Venice, about 35 miles north-west of Otranto.

BRI＇NDLE [from brindled] the state of being spotted. A natural
brindle. Clarissa.

BRINE [of bryne, Sax. the salt-sea] 1. Salt liquor or pickle; any
water impregnated with salt. Brine, when salt enough, will bear an
egg. Bacon. 2. Used by the poets for the sea. The soaming
brine. Shakespeare. Level brine. Milton. 3. Also used by poets for
tears.
What a deal of brine
Hath wash＇d thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline. Shakespeare.
4. Salt-water, after a proper evaporation, of which salt is made.

BRI＇NEPIT [of brine and pit] a pit of salt-water. The fresh springs,
brinepits, barren place, and fertile. Shakespeare.

To BRING, pret. I brought, part. pass. brought [bringan, Sax.
brengen, Du. bringen, H. Ger. brings, Su. all of briggan or brican,
Goth.] 1. To cause to come. The folly of mankind brought in the
images of gods. Stillingfleet. Bring back gently in wandering minds
by going before them. Locke. 2. To conduct. The understanding
should be brought to the knotty parts of knowledge by degrees. Locke.
3. To fetch from a place, to convey in one＇s own hand, not to send
by another. He should not send the peace, but bring. Dryden.
Distinguished from to carry or convey to a place. As she was going
to fetch it, he called to her, bring me a morsel of bread. 1 Kings.
4. To produce, to procure; as, to bring one honour. 5. To in­
troduce. Since he could not have a seat among them, he would bring
in one who had more merit. Tatler. 6. To reduce, to recal; as, to
bring one to a sense of guilt. 7. To attract, to draw along. In dis­
tillation, the water brings over something with it. Newton. 8. To put
into any particular state, to make liable to any thing; as, to bring the
mind to any study, and to bring an offender to justice. 10. To re­
cal, to recollect; as, to bring to mind. 11. To induce, to prevail
upon. He＇s brought to reflect on a thing. 12. To bring about, to bring
to pass, to effect. 13. To bring about several great events, for the ad­
vantage of the public. Addison. 14. To bring forth, to give birth
to, to produce; as, to bring forth a son. Idleness and luxury bring
forth poverty. Tillotson. 15. To bring forth, to bring to light. The
thing that is hid, bringeth he forth to light. Job. 16. To bring in,
to reduce by main force; as, to bring in the rebels. 17. To bring
in, to afford gain; as, to bring in trade or plenty. 18. To bring
in, to introduce; as, to bring in something in discourse. 19. To
bring off, to clear, or procure to be acquitted, to cause to escape;
as, to bring one off at the bar. 20. To bring on, to engage in an
action; as, to bring a person on in any scheme. 21. To bring over,
to convert, to draw to a new party; as, to bring one over to his par­
ty. 22. To bring out, to exhibit, to shew. Make this cheat bring out
another. Shakespeare. 23. To bring under, to subdue, to repress; as, a
sharp course to bring under rebels. Spenser. 24. To bring up, to in­
struct, to form; as, to bring up children. 25. To bring into practice
or fashion; as, to bring up a ceremony or custom. 26. To bring
up, to cause to advance. Bring up your army. Shakespeare.

To BRING in a Horse [with horsemen] is to keep down the nose of
a horse that bores, and tosses his nose up to the wind.

To BRING up [with bricklayers] signifies to raise or build; as,
bring up the wall.

BRI＇NGER [from bring] he that brings any thing. Bringer of
unwelcome news. Shakespeare.

BRINGER up, an instructor. Breeders and bringers up of the wor­
thiest men. Ascham.

BRINGERS up [a military term] the whole last men in a battalion
drawn up, or the last men in every file.

BRI＇NINESS [of brynenesse, Sax.] saltness, like the sea.

BRI＇NISH, or BRI＇NY [of bryne, Sax.] pertaining to, or of the
quality of brine, having the taste of salt.
Some envious surge
Will in his brinish bowels swallow him. Shakespeare.
Then briny seas and tasteful springs farewel. Addison.

BRI＇NISHNESS [of brinish] saltness, tendency to saltness.

BRINK [brink, Dan.] the edge of any place; as, the brink of a
river, precipice, &c.

To be upon the BRINK [or point] of one＇s ruin.

BRI＇ONNE, a town of Normandy, in France, situated on the Rill,
about 10 leagues from Rouen.

BRI＇ONY. See BRYONY.

BRI＇SAC, a fortified town of Swabia, in Germany, situated on the
eastern shore of the river Rhine, about 30 miles north of Strasburg.

New BRISAC, a fortress on the western shore of the Rhine, oppo­
site to Old Brisac. It stands in Alsace, and belongs to the French.

BRISE [in husbandry] a sort of ground which has lain long un­
tilled.

BRISE [in blazonry] a French term, which signifies broken, and







in their way of blazon implies an ordinary, that has some part of it
broken off. Fr.

BRI＇SGOW, a territory of the circle of Swabia, in Germany, situa­
ted on the east-side of the Rhine, opposite to the Upper Alsace,
whereof Frebourg and Brisac are the chief towns.

BRISK [brusque, Fr. probably of frisch, Teut.] 1. Vigorous, lively,
sprightly, merry, jovial, applied to men.
Kind and brisk, and gay like me. Denham.
2. Powerful, spirituous, applied to things; as, brisk wine, brisk cyder,
the brisk acting of any object. 3. Vivid, bright, applied to things;
as, to make an object appear more brisk and pleasant.

To BRISK up, verb neut. to come briskly up.

BRI＇SKET [brichet, Fr.] that part of the breast which lies next to
the ribs. See the brisket skin be red. Mortimer.

BRISKET of a Horse, is the fore-part of the neck at the shoulder.

BRI＇SKLY [of brisk] vigorously, lively, &c.

BRI＇SKNESS [of brisk] 1. Liveliness, sprightliness, quickness; as,
to allay the vigour and briskness of one＇s spirit. 2. Gaiety; as,
briskness, jollity, and good humour.

BRI＇STLE [bristl, Sax. borstel, Du. borste, Ger.] strong hair stand­
ing erect on a boar＇s back. Bristles seem to be nothing else but a
horn split into a multitude of little ones. Grews.

To BRISTLE, verb act. [bristlian, Sax. borstelen, Du. borsten,
Ger.] 1. To erect the hairs on the back like an enraged boar. 2.
To make to rise in bristles.
Boar with bristled hair. Shakespeare.
Dogged war bristles his angry crest. Shakespeare.
3. To bristle a thread, to fasten a bristle to it.

To BRISTLE, verb neut. to stand up like bristles.
With chatt＇ring teeth and bristling hair upright. Dryden.

BRISTLE Tails, a kind of flies.

BRI＇STLY [of bristle] having, or full of, bristles.

BRISTOL, a city and port-town of England, situated on the river
Avon, 12 miles from Bath, 30 from Gloucester, and 115 from Lon­
don. It has the greatest foreign trade, except London, of any place
in England. It is a bishop＇s see, sends two members to parliament,
and gives title of earl to the noble family of Hervey.

New BRISTOL, the capital of the county of Bucks in Pensilvania,
about 20 miles north of Philadelphia. It is situated on the river De­
lawar.

BRI＇STOL Milk, sherry wine or sack of Xeres.

BRISTOL Stones, a kind of soft diamonds, found amongst the rocks,
and in the cavities of iron ore, near the city of Bristol.

BRI＇SURE [of briser, Fr. to break] in fortification, a line of four
or five fathom in length, parallel to the line of defence, which, ac­
cording to Vauban, is for making a hollow tower, or to cover the
concealed flank, that the enemy＇s guns may not overturn the guns
placed upon the concealed flank.

BRISURE [in blazonry] is in French derived from briser, to break,
because they seem to break the principal figure, what the English ex­
press by differences, and is used to distinguish between the elder and
younger brothers and bastards in a coat of arms, as a label, half
moon, &c.

BRI＇TAIN [Britannia, Lat. Βρεττανια, Gr.] the kingdom of Eng­
land. Diod. Sic. Bibl. lib. 5. p. 209, 22. ——την καισαρος γενο­
μενην στρατειαν εις βρεττανιαν. Appendix ad Thesaur. H. Stephani, Con­
stantini, &c.

BRI＇TANNIC, noun adj. [Britannicus, Lat. Βρεταννικος, Gr.] be­
longing to Britain. Diod. Sic. Bibl. lib. 1. p. 4, 5. προεβιβασε δε
[sc. J. Cæsar] την ηγεμονεαν της ρωμης μεχρι των βρεταννικων νησων, i. e.
Cæsar extended the Roman empire as far as the British isles. Append.
ad Thesaur. H. Stephani, Constantini, &c.

BRITA＇NICA [in botany] the great water-dock, &c.

BRIT, the name of a fish. The pilchards pursue the brit, upon
which they feed, into the havens. Carew.

BRI＇TANY, a province of France, bounded by the English channel
and the bay of Biscay on the north, west, and south, and on the east
by the province of Orleanois.

To BRITE, or To BRIGHT [among husbandmen] barley, wheat,
hops, &c. are said to brite when they grow over-ripe or shatter.

BRI＇TISH, of or pertaining to Great-Britain.

BRI＇TTLE [britend, brittan, Sax.] apt to break, weak, frail, not
tough; as, a brittle wood, a brittle stone. Brittle goods that break
like glass. Granville.

BRI＇TTLENESS [of brittle] aptness to break, not toughness. Sharp
without brittleness. Ascham.

BRI＇XEN, a city of Tyrol, in Germany, about 50 miles north­
east of Trent.

BRI＇ZA, the plant dinkle-thorn.

BRIZE, the gadfly.
Brize, a scorned little creature,
Thro＇ his fair hide his angry sting did threaten. Spenser.

BRIZE Vents [in gardening] shelters on the north-side of melon­
beds, where there are two walls.

BROACH, the name of a wind instrument, the sounds of which are
made by turning round a handle.

BROACH [broche, Fr.] a spit for roasting meat on. He was
taken into service to a base office in his kitchen, so that he turned a
broach who had worn a crown. Bacon. Drop their fatness from the
hazle broach. Dryden.

BROACH [with hunters] a start of the head of a young stag, grow­
ing sharp like the end of a spit.

To BROACH [brocher, Fr.] 1. To spit meat, to pierce as with a
spit. Sometimes he broached a great number of them upon his pike,
as one would carry birds spitted upon a slick. Hakewell. 2. First to
publish or set abroad, to invent a story, doctrine, or heresy; as, to
broach an error. 3. To tap beer, to pierce a vessel, in order to draw
the liquor. 4. To open any store. I will open the old armories,
broach my store, and bring forth my stores. Knolles. 4. To let out.
Blood was ready to be broach＇d. Hudibras.

BRO＇ACHER [of broach] 1. A spit. On five sharp broachers rank＇d
the roast they turn＇d. Dryden. 2. He that first opens, or utters any
thing; as, the broacher of an opinion.

BROAD [broad, brad, Sax. bred, Dan. bredh, Su. breedt, Du.
breid, O. and L. Ger. breit, H. Ger. all of brait, Goth.] 1. Wide,
large in breadth, distinguished from being narrow; as, a broad
bottom. 2. Large, palpable. Cunning has always a broad mixture
of falshood. Locke. 3. Clear, open; as, broad day-light, broad sun­
shine. 4. Gross, coarse.
The broad-speaking, gap-toothed wise of Bath. Dryden.
Broad nonsense. Pope. 5. Fulsome, tending to obscenity. As chaste
and modest as he is esteemed in some places, he is broad and fulsome.
Dryden. 6. Bold, not delicate. Who can speak broader than he that
has no house to put his head in? Such may rail against great buildings.
Shakespeare.

BROAD, noun subst. a large collection of standing water.

BROAD [or quite] awake.

BROAD-ALBIN, a district or county of Perthshire, in Scotland, bor­
dering on Argyleshire. It gives title of earl to the noble family of
Campbell.

BROAD as long. A family phrase, for equal upon the whole.

BRO＇ADCLOTH [of broad and cloth] a fine kind of cloth.

To BRO＇ADEN [of broad] to become broad. I know not where
this word occurs, but in the following passage.
Low walks the sun, and broadens by degrees,
Just o＇er the verge of day. Thomson.

BROADEYED [of broad and eye] having a wide prospect or survey.
Broadeyed watchful day. Shakespeare.

BROADLEAVED [of broad and leaf] having broad leaves; as, a
broadleaved plant.

BROA＇DLY, as to speak broadly, or in a coarse dialect; likewise to
speak openly or freely.

BRO＇ADNESS [of broad] 1. Breadth, extent from side to side, not
length. 2. Coarseness, fulsomeness. I have used the cleanest me­
taphor I could find, to palliate the broadness of the meaning. Dryden.

BROAD Piece, a golden coin, some suppose worth 23 shillings, and
others 25.

BRO＇ADSHOULDERED [of broad and shoulder] having broad shoulders.

BRO＇ADSIDE [of broad and side] 1. The side of a ship, as distin­
guished from the head or stern. From her broadsides a ruder flame is
thrown. Waller. 2. The volley of cannon fired at once from the
side of a ship.

To give a BROAD Side [q. d. board side, or from the whole side of
the ship, bordée, Fr. bordata, It. sea-language] is to discharge all the
great guns that are on one side of the ship at once.

BROAD Side [with printers] a sheet of paper, containing one large
page printed.

BROCA＇DE, BROCA＇DO, or BROCCA＇DO [brocard, Fr. broccato, It.
brocado, Sp. Obrîc. Arab. (as many of the Spanish words are bor­
rowed from the Arabians, once masters of Spain) and which Golius
explains by a vest or garment made of a thicker sort of silk; but leaves
it undetermined, whether we must trace its etymology still further,
viz. into the Persian language; or acquiesce in the Arabic extract,
from the verb baraca, which signifies to flash like lightning] a stuff or
cloth of gold, silver, or silk, raised and enriched with flowers, folia­
ges, or other figures; as, rich brocade.

BROCADED, adj. [of brocade] 1. Drest in brocade. 2. Woven in
the manner of a brocade.
The rich brocaded suit unfold,
Where rising flowers grow stiff with frosted gold. Gay.

BRO＇CAGE, or BRO＇KERAGE [of broke] 1. The hire, pay, or re­
ward of a broker, i. e. one who sells goods for another, the business
of trade, the gain got by promoting bargains.
Got him small gains, but shameless flattery,
And filthy brocage, and unseemly shifts,
And borrow base. Spenser.
Merchants brocage for goods. 2. The hire taken for unlawful
usury. Brocage of an usurer. Bacon. 3. The trade of dealing in
old things.
Poor poet ape, that would be thought our chief,
Whose works are e＇en the frippery of wit,
From brocage is become so bold a thief. Ben Johnson.

BROCCA＇RII [Scotch law] mediators in any affair, business, bar­
gain, or transaction.

BROCE＇LLA [old records] a thicket or covert of bushes; thence
comes the brousing of cattle, and brouse of wood.

BROCH, or BROOCH, an old fashioned piked ornament of gold, an­
ciently worn.

BRO＇CHA, an awl, a large packing needle.

To BROCHE [brocher, Fr.] to fix on a broche or spit. He broched
these feetless birds. Camden.

BROCHE＇TTE, a skewer to stick on, or in meat.

BROCHETTE, Fr. [in cookery] a particular way of frying chickens.

BRO＇CHIA [old law] a large can or pitcher.

BROCK [brock, Sax.] a badger.

BROCK, or BRO＇CKET [brocart, Fr.] a buck or hart of two years
old, or of the third year.

BRO＇CKET＇s Sister, a hind of the third year.

BRO＇COLI, an Italian plant of the colly-flower kind, a kind of
cabbage for the use of the table. Ital.

BROD, a town of Sclavonia, situated on the river Save, about 16
miles south of Posega.

BRO＇DEHALFPENNY, or BRO＇DHALPENY, an exemption from pay­
ing a certain toll to the lord of the manor, &c. for setting up boards
in a fair or market.

BRO＇DERA, or BRO＇DRA, a city of Asia, in the country of the
Mogul, and kingdom of Guzurat, where there is a great trade in
cotton cloths. Lat. 22° 25′ N. Long. 73° 30′ E.

BRO＇DI, a sortified town of the kingdom of Poland, in Wolhinia.

BRO＇GLIO, a town of Piedmont, in Italy, near the confines of
Provence, about 25 miles north-east of Nice.

To BROGUE, or To BROGGLE [probably of brouiller, Fr. to trou­
ble] to fish for ecls by troubling the water, because by doing so they
are the more easily taken.

BROGUE on the Tongue [probably of the Irish brogues, a sort of
Shoes, and at first was applied most usually to them who are very te­
nacious of their Irish idioms, &c.] a defect incident to most foreigners
in pronouncing the English tongue, or other acquired language, ei­






ther with the accent, idiom, phrase, or air of their own tongue. A
cant word.

BROGUES, [brog, Irish] shoes of horse or any other coarse leather,
worn by the Irish, and Highlanders.
My clouted brogues from off my feet, whose rudeness
Answer＇d my steps too loud. Shakespeare.
We must take three half-pence, or eat our brogues. Swift.

To BROI＇DER [broder, Fr.] to embroider, to adorn with figures of
needle work. Mantles broider＇d o＇er with gorgeous pride. Tickell.

BROI＇DERER [un brodeur, Fr.] an embroiderer.

BROI＇DERY [of broider] embroidery, needle-work, some orna­
ments raised on cloth. The golden broidery tender Milkah wove.
Tickell.

To BROIL, verb act. [either of broel, Sax. a wood, or of brouil­
ler, Fr.] to roast meat on the coals.

To BROIL, verb neut. to be in the heat. Where have you been
broiling?——among the crowd in the abbey. Shakespeare. And to
broil in the sun.

BROIL [brouillerie, Fr. imbroglio, It.] disturbance, trouble, falling
out, a quarrel.

BROITSCHI＇A, a city of Asia, in the kingdom of Indostan, about
12 leagues from Surat.

BROKE, or BRAKE [bræc, Sax. brach, Ger.] irr. pret. of break.

BROKE, or BRO＇KEN [brocan, Sax. gebrochen, Ger.] irr. part. pret.
of break.

To BROKE [of uncertain etymology. Skinner seems inclined to
derive it from to break, because broken men turn factors or brokers,
Casaubon from πραττειν, to act or do. Skinner thinks again that it
may be contracted from procurer. Mr. Lye more probably deduces it
from bruccan, Sax. to be busy. Johnson] To transact business for or
by others; it is sometimes used in reproach.
Brokes with all that can, in such a suit,
Corrupt the tender honour of a maid. Shakespeare.
Broke by servants and instruments to draw them on. Bacon.

BRO＇KEN [of bracan, Sax. to break, gebrochen, Ger.] parted by
breaking; as, broken meat, fragments of cut meat.

BRO＇KEN-HEARTED [of broken and heart] having the spirits depres­
sed by fear or grief. To bind up the broken-hearted. Isaiah.

BROKENLY, adv. [of broken] without regular series. Hopkins
hath done something of this kind, but brokenly and glancingly, in­
tending chiefly a discourse of his own voyage. Hakewell.

BROKEN Radiation [in catoptrics] is the breaking of the beams of
light, as seen through a glass that is cut into several panes or
pieces.

BROKEN-RAY [in dioptrics] Ray of refraction is a right line,
whereby the ray of incidence chuses its rectitude or straitness, and is
broken in passing thro＇ the second medium, whether it be thicker or
thinner.

BRO＇KER [probably of procurator, Lat. on account of their procuring
chapmen to others, and e contra, or of brecan, Sax. to break, be­
cause in former times none but bankrupts were permitted to follow
that employment] 1. A kind of factor employed by merchants, that
does business or makes bargains for others. 2. A pimp, or match­
maker. A goodly broker! dare you presume to harbour wanton lines?
Shakespeare.

Exchange BROKERS, are such who make it their business to be ac­
quainted with the course of exchange, to give information to mer­
chants how it goes, and to notify to such persons who have either
money to receive or to pay beyond sea, who are proper persons
to negociate the exchange with; their premium is two 8ths per
cent.

Pawn BROKERS, are such as lend money to necessitous people upon
pawns. Also such as buy and sell old houshold goods, are called
brokers.

Stock BROKERS, are such as buy and sell shares of joint stocks of a
company or corporation for other persons, as the Bank, South-sea,
East-India company, &c.

BRO＇KERAGE [of broker] the pay or reward of a broker. See
BROCAGE.

BRO＇MAS [βρομος, Gr.] a sort of grain called wild oats.

BRO＇MESGROVE, a market town of Worcestershire, about 10 miles
north of Worcester, and 118 from London.

BRO＇MLEY, a market town of Kent, on the river Ravensbourn,
nine miles from London.

BRON, or BRONNO, a town of the territory of the Milanese, in
Italy, situated on the south side of the river Po, about 12 miles south
of Pavia.

BRO＇NCHANT [in blazonry] is a French term, and signifies sur­
mounting or appearing; as, bronchant sur le tout, is standing out, or
shewing itself over all. As when an escutcheon is semé, or strewed all
over with fleurs de lis, or the like, and over them a beast and other
things, that seems to cover so many of those things, that the escutcheon
is supposed to be strewed with all over; but that they are hid by that
other bearing which stands before them, it is called bronchant.

BRO＇NCHIA [Lat. βρογχια, of βρογχος, the throat] certain hollow
pipes dispersed thro＇ the lungs which are branches of the wind­
pipe.

BRO＇NCHIAL, or BRO＇NCHIC, belonging to the throat. Inflam­
mation of the lungs may happen in the bronchial or pulmonary ves­
sels. Arbuthnot.

BRO＇NCHIALE, Lat. [with anatomists] a particular artery of the lungs,
so called from its supplying the bronchia.

BRO＇NCHIC Muscles, the sternothyroides.

BRONCHOCE＇LE [of βρογχος, the throat or wind-pipe, and κηλη, a
swelling, Gr.] a rupture of the throat; a strumous tumour, great,
hard, and round; rising in the aspera arteria, or about the fauces.
Castel. Renovat.

BRONCHO＇TOMY [βρογχοτομια, of βρογχος, the wind-pipe, and τεμ­
ιω, Gr. to cut] an operation of cutting into the wind-pipe, in a mem­
braneous part between two rings, to prevent suffocation, &c. in a
squinancy.

BRO＇NCUS [Lat. βρογχος, Gr.] the wind-pipe, the forepart of
which is composed of so many little rings. ＇Tis divided into its
trunk and branches; of which we have a curious portraiture (as of
many other parts of the human MECHANISM) in Boerhav. Oeconomiæ
Animalis Æreis tabulis illustrata. Ed. Londin.

BROND, the same with brand.
Foolish old man, should then the pagan wrath
That weenest words or charms may force withstond,
Soon shalt thou see, and then believe for troth,
That I can carve with this enchanted brond. Spenser.

BRONTE＇A [Lat. of βροντη, Gr. thunder] a brass engine in theatres,
by which they imitate the thunder.

BRO＇NTES [Lat. of βροντη, Gr. thunder] one of the Cyclops or
Vulcan＇s journeymen, who made thunderbolts for Jupiter.

BRO＇NTEUS [Lat. of βροντη, Gr.] an appellation of Jupiter, and
also of Bacchus, on account of the noise of drunken quarrels.

BRO＇NTIAS [of βροντη, Gr.] a sort of precious stone, supposed to
fall with thunder.

BRONTO＇LOGY [βροντολογια, of βροντη, and λογος, Gr. discourse] a
treatise or discourse of thunder, wherein an explication of its causes
and phenomena, &c. is given.

BRONZE, Fr. 1. A compound metal; two thirds of which con­
sists of copper, and one third of brass. 2. Brass. Imbrown＇d in
native bronze, lo Henley stands. Pope. 3. A medal.
Little gives thee joy or pain;
A print, a bronze, a flower, a root. Prior.

BROOCH [broche, Fr. broke, Du.] a collar of gold formerly worn
about the necks of ladies, a jewel, an ornament of jewels.
He is the brooch indeed,
And gem of all the nation. Shakespeare.

BROOCH [with painters] a painting all in one colour.

BROOD [brod, of bredan, Sax. broedinge or broedsel, Du. brüte,
Ger.] 1. A number of chickens hatched by or going with one hen.
A hen followed by a brood of ducks. Spectator.
2. Offspring, progeny. Mine own brood that on my bowels feed,
Milton. 2. Generation. Its tainted air, and all its broods of poison.
Addison. 4. Something brought forth, a production. Such things
become the hatch and brood of time. Shakespeare. 5. The act of
covering the eggs.
Something＇s in his soul,
O＇er which his melancholy sits on brood;
And I doubt the hatch and the disclose
Will be some danger. Shakespeare.

To BROOD, verb neut. [of bredan, Sax. to cherish, broeden, Du.
brüten, Ger.] 1. To sit on eggs, as a hen or fowl does, to hatch
them.
With mighty wings outspread,
Dovelike, sat＇st brooding on the vast abyss,
And mad＇st it pregnant. Milton.
2. To cover chickens under the wing. Brooding darkness spreads his
jealous wings. Milton. They breed, they brood. Dryden. 3. To
watch, to consider a thing with anxiety and solicitude.
Sit brooding on unprofitable gold,
Who dare not give. Dryden.
4. To mature any thing by care. There was ever amongst nations a
brooding of a war. Bacon.

To BROOD, verb act. to cherish by care, to hatch. You＇ll sit and
brood your sorrows on a throne. Dryden.

BRO＇ODY [of brood] being in a state of sitting on the eggs, inclined
to sit and hatch. The common hen all the time she is broody, sits, and
leads her chickens, and uses a voice which we call clocking. Ray.

BROOK [broc or broca, Sax.] a rivulet, a running water which is
less than a river. Springs make little rivulets; these united make
brooks; and those coming together make rivers, which empty them­
selves into the sea. Locke.

To BROOK, verb act. [brucan, Sax. to digest, bruge, Dan. bruka,
Su. bruycken, Du. bruchen, L. Ger. brauchen, H. Ger. to use, have
occasion, or bear with] as, to brook an affront, i. e. to bear it with
patience, to put it up.

To BROOK, verb neut. to endure, to be content. He could not
brook, that the worthy prince Plaugus was, by his chosen Tiridates, pre­
ferred before him. Sidney.

BROOK-LIME [of brooc lim, Sax.] an herb; a sort of water speed­
well, very common in ditches.

BROOM [brom, Sax. brem, Du.] a shrub so called; it hath a pa­
pilionaceous flower, which becomes a short roundish swelling pod con­
taining a kidney shaped seed in each.

BROOM, a besom, an utensil for sweeping a house, stable, &c. so
called of the shrub it is often made of.

BROOM Rape, a plant whose root is like that of a turnip, growing at
the root of a broom.

BROOMING, or BREAMING [a ship] is a burning off the filth she
hath contracted on her sides, with broom, straw, reeds, &c. when
she is on a careen, or on the ground.

BRO＇OM-LAND [of broom and land] land that bears broom. Sheep
cured of the rot, when they have not been far gone, by being put into
broomlands. Mortimer.

BRO＇SSUS [Lat. old law] bruised or hurt with blows, bruises, or
other casualties.

BROTH [broth, Sax. brodo, It. or of βρωτον, Gr. food] the liquor
in which flesh, &c. is boiled, and thickened with oatmeal, &c.
As good eat the O—I, as the BROTH he is boiled in.
That is, it is the same thing to be actually guilty of a fact, as to be ac­
cessary to it.

BROTHEL [bordel, Fr. bordello, It. burdél, Sp.] a lewd house, a
bawdy-house.
From its old ruins brothel-houses rise,
Scenes of lewd loves, and of pulluted joys. Dryden.
See BORDELLO.

BRO＇THER [brodor, of breed, or of bredan, Sax. q. d. of the
same brood, brodre, Dan. broder, Su. broer or broeder, Du. O. and
L. Ger. bruder, H. Ger. all of brothr or brothar, or brader, Pers. of
Scyth.] 1. A male born of the same father and mother. 2. Any one
closely united.
He to day that sheds his blood with me,
Shall be my brother. Shakespeare.
3. Any one resembling another in manner, form or profession. He







also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster.
Proverbs. 4. Brother, in the theological sense, denotes man in ge­
neral.

BROTHER, irr. plur. brethren, tho＇ seldom otherways than in a the­
ological sense.

Consanguineous BROTHERS, are brothers who have only the same fa­
ther, but two mothers.

Uterine BROTHERS, are such as are only descended by the same
mother, but not the same father.

BROTHER of the Quill, properly a brother author or writer; but
taken in general for one of the same profession or fraternity as the per­
son speaking, be it who it will.

BROTHER of the String, an itinerary, strolling musician.

BRO＇THERHOOD [of brother and hood] 1. The state or quality of being
a brother. A right to govern, whether you call it supreme father­
hood or supreme brotherhood, will be all one. Locke. 2. A society
of men for any purpose, a fraternity. A fraternity of men at arms,
called the brotherhood of St. George, erected by parliament. Davies.
3. A class of persons of the same kind. He became as conspicuous as
any of the brotherhood. Addison.

BRO＇THERLY, adj. like or pertaining to a brother, fraternal or na­
tural; as, brotherly love.

BROTHERLY, adv. [of brother] with the affection of a brother;
as, in a brotherly manner.

BROU＇AGE, a fortress in the territory of Santoign, in France, situ­
ated on a bay of the sea, about 18 miles south of Rochelle.

BROUGHT, pret. & part. pass. of to bring.

BROUERSHA＇VEN, a port town of Zeland, in the United Provinces,
situated on the north side of the island Schonen, about nine miles south-
west of Helvoetsluys.

BROUI＇LLER [with horsemen] a word used in the French riding
academies, to signify that a horse plunges, traverses, and appears in
disorder, when he is put to any manage.

BROU＇VETS, soops made of meat. Fr.

BROW [browa, Sax. brouwe, Du. braun, or aug-braun, Ger. the
eye-brow] 1. That part of the face, or the row of hairs that is above
the eye. 2. The forehead.
Vast beams express the beast,
Whose shady brows alive they drest. Waller.
3. The general air of the countenance. Face to face, and frowning
brow to brow. Shakespeare.

BROW of an Hill [of browa, Sax.] the top of an hill hanging over
the edge of any high place.

BROW Antler [a hunting term] the first start that grows on the head
of a stag, to which the beam antler is the next.

To BROW [from the noun] to bound or limit, to be at the
edge of.
Hard by i＇th＇ hilly crofts
That brow this bottom glad. Milton.

To BROW beat [of browa-beotan, Sax.] to look disdainfully or
haughtily upon; to snub, to depress, or keep under with stern brows.
Count Tariff endeavoured to browbeat the plaintiff while he was
speaking. Addison.

BRO＇WBOUND [of brow and bound] having the head encircled with
a crown.
He prov＇d the best man i＇th＇ field, and for his meed
Was browbound with the oak. Shakespeare.

BROW Post [with carpenters] an overthwart or cross beam.

BROWN [brun, Fr. bruno, It. and Sp. brun, Sax. brun, Su. Dan.
and L. Ger. braun, H. Ger.] an obscure dark colour; it is compound­
ed of black and any other colour.

BROWN George, ammunition-bread.

To be in a BROWN Study, or pensive; to be in gloomy meditations,
study in which the thoughts are directed to no certain point. They
doze away their time in drowsiness and brown-studies. Norris

BROWN [of brunna, Sax. a river or fountain] signifies a river, or
the place or person to be denominated from a river or fountain.

BROWN-BILL [of brown and bill] the ancient weapon of the En­
glish foot. Why it is called brown, I have not discovered; but we
now say brown musquet from it. Johnson.
Brownbills levied in the city,
Made bills to pass in the committee. Hudibras.

BRO＇WNISH, something brown.

BRO＇WNNESS [of bron, Sax.] a brown colour.

BRO＇WNISTS [so called from one Robert Brown, born at North­
ampton] a sect in England; and were reckoned of the more rigid
kind of Separatists; as contradistinguished from the Semi-separatists,
or Robinsonians; from whom, as it is said, the present independents
are derived. Hom. Eccles. Hist. See INDEPENDENTS and CONGRE­
GATIONAL. They equally disliked episcopacy and presbyterianism:
they condemned the solemn celebration of marriages in churches;
maintaining, that matrimony, being a political contract, the con­
firmation of it ought to proceed from the civil magistrate. They
rejected all forms of prayer; and held that the Lord＇s prayer was
not to be recited as a prayer, being given only as a model upon which
to form our prayers.

BROWSE, or BRO＇WSEWOOD [prob. of brosse, Fr. a twig, or rather
of broute, Fr. which has the same signification] the young sprouts of
trees which shoot forth early in the spring; branches, or shrubs sit for
the food of goats, and other animals.
The goats their shrubby browse gnaw pendant. John Philips.

To BROWSE, verb act. [βρωσχω, Gr. brouter, Fr. bruscare, It.] to
feed, as cattle, by nibbling, or knapping off the young sprigs of
trees.
Trod in the durt
Of cattle, and brows＇d and sorely hurt. Spenser.
Like the stag, when snow the pasture sheets,
The bark of trees thou browsed＇st. Shakespeare.

To BROWSE, verb neut. to feed; with on; as, to browse on ivy;
to browse on shrubs; to browse on herbage.

BRO＇WSICK [of brow and sick] dejected, hanging the head.
A gracious influence from you,
May alter nature in our browsick crew. Suckling.

BRUCHBOTE, or BRUGBOTE. See BRIGBOTE.

BRUE＇RIA [old records] brush, heath, briars or thorns.

BRU＇GES, a city and port town of Flanders, 11 miles east of Ostend,
from whence there is a navigable canal. It has still the best foreign
trade of any town in Flanders.

BRUELLE＇TUS [old records] a small copse or thicket, a little wood.

BRUISE [bryse, Sax.] a contusion, a hurt with something.

To BRUISE [of bruisan, Sax. broyer, Fr.] to crush or spoil the
form of a thing, by any blow or hard compressure; to beat into gross­
powder.
They beat their breasts with many a bruising blow. Dryden.

BRU＇ISE-WORT, an herb; the same with comfrey.

BRUIT, a report, rumour, common talk. Fr. A bruit ran from
one to the other, that the king was slain. Sidney.

Buch BRUIT, little fruit. A great cry and a little wool, &c. See
under WOOL.

To BRUIT [from the noun] to report or spread a thing abroad.
It is now obsolete.

BRU＇MAL [brumalis, Lat.] pertaining to winter. The brumal sol­
stice. Brown.

BRUMA＇LIA [of bruma, Lat. winter, or of Bromius, the name of
Bacchus] a feast of Bacchus, celebrated by the Romans for thirty days,
beginning on the 24th of November, and ending the 26th of De­
cember.

BRU＇MALIS [of Brumus, a name of Bacchus] a festival among the
Romans, observed the 18th of February and 15th of August, in ho­
nour of Bacchus.

BRUN, BRAN, BROWN, BOURN, and BURN [all derived from
the Saxon born, bourn, bruna, burna, Sax. all signifying a river
or fountain] intimates the place to be called from a river or fountain;
as, Brunburn.

BRUNE＇TTE, Fr. a woman with a brown complexion. The olives
and the brunettes. Addison.

BRU＇NION [brugnon. Fr. prugna, It.] a sort of plum.

BRU＇NSWICK, the capital of the dutchy of Brunswick, in the cir­
cle of Lower Saxony, in Germany, situated on the river Ocker, about
ninety-five miles east of Hanover. The elector of Hanover is stiled
duke of Brunswick, though he has no property in, or dominion of
the city of that name, which belongs to the duke of Brunswick Wolf­
enbuttle.

BRUNT [prob. of brunst, Teut. heat.] 1. Shock, violence; as,
to bide the brunt in Sidney; and the brunt of battle in Milton. 2. As­
sault, onset, blow, stroke. Too feeble I＇ll abide the brunt so strong.
Spenser. An heavy brunt of cannon ball. Hudibras.

BRU＇NT-ISLAND, a parliament town on the coast of Fife in Scotland,
about 10 miles north-west of Edinburgh.

BRU＇SCUM [with botanists] 1. A bunch or knob in a maple tree.
2. An arbour or hedge made of briars and thoras bound together.
Lat.

BRU＇SCUS, a shrub, of whose twigs brushes were made in ancient
times. Lat.

To BRUSH, verb act. [probably of brosser, Fr.] 1. To cleanse, rub,
or sweep with a brush; as, to brush a hat or cloaths. 2. To strike with
quickness, as in brushing.
The wreathful beast about him turned light,
And him so rudely passing by did brush
With his long tail, that horse and man to ground did rush.
Spenser.
Has Somnus brush＇d thy eye-lids with his rod? Dryden.
3. To paint with a brush.
You have commission＇d me to paint your shop,
And I have done my best to brush you up. Pope
4. To carry away by an act, like that of brushing. From the bough,
brush off the evil dew. Milton.
5. To move as the brush.
A thousand nights have brush＇d their balmy wings
Over these eyes. Dryden.

To BRUSH, verb neut. to move with haste; ludicrously applied to
men. Nor took him down, but brush＇d regardless by. Dryden.

To BRUSH off. 1. To run off. Off they brush＇d, both foot and
horse. Prior. 2. To skim lightly, to fly over.
Awakes the sleepy vigour of the soul,
And brushing o＇er, adds motion to the pool. Dryden.

BRUSH [of burstle, Teut. a bristle, because brushes are made of
hog＇s bristles, or brosse, Fr. bruscus, Lat.] 1. An utensil for cleansing
things from dust and soil, by rubbing; it is commonly made of bristles
set in wood. 2. The larger and stronger pencils used by painters; as,
pencils and brushes. 3. A bundle of small sticks to light a fire. 4.
A brunt, a rude assault, rough treatment; which by the same meta­
phor, we call scouring.
Else when we put it to the push
They had not giv＇n us such a brush. Hudibras.

BRUSH [hunting term] a drag, the tail of a fox.

BRU＇SHER [from brush] he that uses a brush. Wotton used to say
that critics were like brushers of noblemens cloaths. Bacon.

BRU＇SHMENT, or BRUSHWOOD [of brush and wood. I know not
whether it may not be corrupted from browsewood. Johnson] 1. Small
wood or small sticks for fewel. 2. Rough, low, close and shrubby
thickets. With brushwood and with chips she strengthens these.
Dryden.

BRU＇SHY [of brush] rough and shaggy like a brush. Blood wiped
off by the brushy substance of the nerve from the knife wherewith it
was cut. Boyle.

BRUSK [in heraldry] a kind of tawny colour, otherwise called
tenne.

BRU＇SOLES [in cookery] veal stakes, or those of other meat well
seasoned, stewed between thin slices of bacon, and between two fires,
with ragoos, &c.

To BRU＇STLE [of brustlian, Sax. borstelen, Du. borsten, Ger.
q. d. to erect the bristles like an enraged boar] to go vapouring up to
one; to rustle, as armour, stiff garments, silk, &c. do.

BRU＇TAL, or BRUTISH [brutal, Fr. bruto, It. Sp. and Port. of bru­
talis, Lat.] 1. Belonging to a brute, what we have in common with







brutes; as, brutal force. 2. Inhuman, beastly, cruel. The brutal busi­
ness of the war. Dryden.

BRUTA＇LITY, or BRU＇TISHNESS [brutalité, Fr. brutalità, It. brutali­
dàd, Sp. of brutalitas, Lat.] beastliness, inhumanity, savageness.
Courage in an ill-bred man, has the air of brutality. Locke.

To BRU＇TALIZE, verb neut. [brutaliser, Fr.] to grow brutal or sa­
vage. He mixed with his countrymen, and brutalized with them in
their habit and manners. Addison.

To BRUTALIZE, verb act. to make brutal.

BRU＇TALLY, adv. [from brutal] inhumanly, cruelly. John threw
a knife at her head, very brutally indeed. Arbuthnot.

BRUTE, adj. [brutus, Lat.] 1. Senseless, unconscious. Not walking
statues of clay, nor the sons of brute earth. Bentley. 2. Savage, ir­
rational, ferine; as, brute animals make use of this way. Holder. 3.
Bestial, being in common with beasts.
Brute violence and proud tyrannic pow＇r. Milton.
4. Rough, uncivilized.
The brute philosopher, who ne＇er has prov＇d
The joy of loving, or of being lov＇d. Pope.

BRUTE, subst. [brute, Fr. bruto, It. brutum, Lat.] a beast, an animal
that wants the use of reason. Brutes may be considered as aerial, ter­
restrial, aquatic or amphibious. I call those aerial which have wings
wherewith they can support themselves in the air; terrestrial are those
whose only place of rest is upon the earth; aquatic are those whose
constant abode is upon the water. Locke. To these three present im­
pulses of sense, memory, and instinct, most, if not all, the sagacities
of brutes may be deduced. Hale.

To BRUTE [wrongly written for bruit] to report, to spread abroad.
It is used by Knolles.

BRU＇TENESS [of brute] brutally. Obsolete. Spenser uses it.

To BRU＇TIFY [from brute] to make a man a brute. O thou sala­
cious woman! am I then brutified? Ay; feel it here; I sprout, I bud,
I blossom. Congreve.

BRUTISH [of brute] 1. Bestial, resembling a beast.
Wandering gods disguis＇d in brutish forms. Milton.
2. Having the qualities of a brute, rough, savage; as, brutes and
brutish men. Grew. 3. Gross, carnal; as, to act over a brutish
scene. South. 4. Untaught, uncivilized, ignorant. They were not so
brutish, that they could be ignorant to call upon God. Hooker.

BRU＇TISHLY [of brutish] in a brutal manner.

BRU＇TON, a market town in Somersetshire, about 10 miles from
Wells, and 115 from London.

BRY＇A, Lat. [βρυα, Gr.] a little shrub like birch, with which
brushes and brooms were made. But, if we may credit Hesychius, it
was anciently applied to a far nobler use; for he says, that it grows
upon rocks, and is also styled scaphos, and scaphis, and was used (with
other plants) by way of purification.

BRYA Sylvestris, Lat. [in botany] sweet broom, heath, or ling.

BRY＇ONY [brioine, Fr. brionia, Lat. of βρυωνια, Gr.] the herb
white-vine. It has a climbing stalk, with spines, the leaves are like
those of the vine; the flowers in the female plants are succeeded by
round berries, growing on footstalks; the flowers of the male plants
are barren. The roots of this plant have been formerly cut into a hu­
man shape, carried about, and shewn as mandrakes. Miller.

BUB [of bibo, Lat. to drink] a cant word for strong malt liquor, or
any other strong drink.
He loves cheap port and double bub,
And settles in the humdrum club. Prior.

To BU＇BBLE [probably of bulla, Lat.] to chouse, or cheat.

BUBBLE [bobbel, Du. probably of bolla, It. babiya or borbollòn, Sp.
of bulla, Lat.] 1. A bladder in water; a film of water filled with air.
Bubbles are in the form of a hemisphere, air within, and a little skirt of
water without. Bacon. 2. Any thing that wants solidity, any thing
more specious than real. Honour＇s but an empty bubble. Dryden. 3. A
filly fellow or cully. 4. A cheat, a tricking project to deceive and draw
in the unwary, by a false prospect of gain. In the year 1720 the city of
London, and almost all the trading cities of Holland and several other
parts, were so full of them, and the minds of the people so intent on
them, and insatuated with them, that fair trading seemed to be hardly
worth their care: witness the fatal South-sea bubble, &c.
The nation then too late will find,
Directors promises but wind,
South-sea at best a mighty bubble. Swift.
5. The person cheated.
Gany＇s a cheat and I＇m a bubble. Prior.

To BUBBLE, verb neut. [from the noun [brouillonner, Fr. bollire, It.
barbullàr, Sp.] 1. To rise up in bubbles or bladders.
Like a hell-broth boil and bubble. Shakespeare.
2. To run with a gentle noise.

To BUBBLE, verb act. to cheat.

BU＇BBLER [from bubble] a cheat. Jews, jobbers, and bubblers.
Digby to Pope.

BUBBLING. 1. A rising or swelling up in bubbles. 2. A chousing or
cheating: a cant word. She has bubbled him out of his youth. Addison.

BUBBLES [in commerce] a name given to certain projects in the
year 1720, of raising money on imaginary funds.

BUBBLES [in physics] little round drops or vesicles of any fluid,
filled with air, and formed on its surface upon the addition of more of
the fluid, as in raining; or in its substance upon a vigorous intestine
commotion of its parts.

BUBBY, a woman＇s breast. Why don＇t you go and suck the bubby.
Arbuthnot.

BU＇BO [βουβων, Gr. the groin] that part of the body from the bend­
ing of the thigh to the scrotum, and therefore all tumours on that part
are called buboes.

BUBO [with surgeons] a tumor with inflammation, being a kind of
boil or blotch in the glandulous or kernely parts of the body, as the
groin, armpits, &c.

Pestilential BUBO, a plague-sore or botch.

Venereal BUBO, a gross imposthume or swelling arising in the groin,
occasioned by the venereal disease.

BUBO＇NA [among the Romans] the tutelar goddess of greater cattle.

BUBONO＇CELE [βουβονοκηλη, of βουβων and κηλη, a tumour] a tumour
arising in the groin, caused by the descent of the epiploon or intestines.
When the intestine or omentum falls thro＇ the rings of the abdominal
muscles into the groin, it is called hernia inguinalis, or if into the
scrotum, scrotalis: These two, tho＇ the first only is properly so called,
are known by the name of bubonocele. Sharp.

BUCANI＇ERS, or BOUCANI＇ERS [it is said to be derived from the in­
habitants of the Caribbee islands, who used to cut the prisoners taken
in war in pieces, and lay them on hurdles of Brazil wood erected on
sticks, with fire underneath, and when so broiled or roasted, to eat
them, and this manner of dressing was called boucaning hence our bou­
caniers took their name; because when hunting they dressed their meat
after this manner.] A cant word for certain pirates in the West Indies,
free-booters, rovers, that used at first to go a pirating on the Spaniards
only; also the ungovernable rabble of Jamaica.

BUCARI＇ZA, a town of the kingdom of Hungary, in Croatia, upon
the Adriatic sea, in the gulph of the same name.

BU＇CCA, Lat. the hollow inward part of the cheek that stands out
by being blown.

BUCCA＇LES Glandulæ [in anatomy] glands dispersed over the inner
side of the cheeks and lips, which separate a spittle serviceable in ma­
stication and digestion. Lat.

BUCCANE＇ERS, those who dry and smoke flesh or fish after the man­
ner of the Americans; so called from Buccan, the place where they
smoke them. This name is particularly given to the French inhabi­
tants of St. Domingo, whose whole employment is to hunt bulls or
wild boars, in order to sell the hides of the former, and the flesh of
the latter.

BUCCA＇RI, a town of Istria, upon the Adriatic sea, belonging to the
house of Austria.

BUCCARI, or BOU＇CHARI, is also the name of a large province of
Asiatic Tartary; situated between lat. 34° and 44° N. and between
75° and 90° east longitude.

BUCCELLA＇TION [buccella, Lat. a mouthful; with chemists] the
act of dividing into gobbets or large pieces.

BUCCINA＇TOR, Lat. a trumpeter, one that sounds a trumpet, or
winds a horn.

BUCCINATOR [with anatomists] a round circular muscle of the
cheeks, arising from the fore-part of the processus coronæ of the lower
jaw, and sticking to the gums of both jaws, is inserted into the corner
of the lips. It is called buccinator from its forcing out the breath of
trumpeters.

BU＇CCULA, Lat. [with anatomists] the fleshy part under the chin.

BUCENTAU＇RUS [βουκενταυρος, of βου, an augmentative particle, and
κενταυρος, a centaur] a sort of carrack or huge ship, having the sign
or figure of a centaur.

BUCENTO＇RO [βουκενταυρος, &c.] the name of a large vessel or stately
galley, used by the Venetians in the ceremony of espousing the sea,
when the doge and senate go annually on ascension-day with much
pomp, and throw a ring into it.

BUCE＇PHALUS [of βους, an ox, and κεϕαλη, the head, i. e. bull＇s
head] the horse of Alexander the Great, so called on account of having
the mark of a bull＇s head upon his shoulder: When he had his saddle
on and harness, he would suffer none but Alexander to ride him, and
would as it were kneel down to take him up, and being wounded in the
battle with Porus, he carried the king to a place of safety, and imme­
diately dropped down dead. Alexander built a magnificent tomb for
him, and founded a city to his memory, calling it Bucephalia, in the
place where he first fell, which is supposed to be now called Lahor, the
capital of Pengah in Indostan or Rauci, now a fine populous city.

BU＇CERAS [βουκερας, Gr.] the herb fœnugreek.

BU＇CERISM, the doctrine of Bucer, a protestant divine, born at
Schelestadt, A. D. 1491, and who died at Cambridge, 1551. He
was embarrassed between the two opinions of Luther and Zuinglius,
and chose rather to acquiesce in general and ambiguous expressions, to
procure a good understanding between them both. “If we might vary
from scripture, says Calvin, I know very well how much more tole­
rable BUCERISM [Bucerismus] is than CALVINISM.” See a more full
account of him in Bayle: Who adds, from Melchior Adams, that Pe­
ter Martyr conformed himself for some time to Bucer＇s language, and
afterwards left it, when he saw the dangerous consequences of it; which
were, that on the one hand it did not satisfy the Lutherans, and, on the
other, gave offence to the weak and perplex＇d, and embarrass＇d them
in such a manner, that they could not tell what to believe on that
point.

BUCH, a town of Guienne, in France, which gives name to a terri­
tory called Le Capitulat de Buch.

BU＇CHAN, a county or district of Aberdeenshire, in Scotland: it
gives title of earl to the noble family of Erskine.

BUCHA＇W, an imperial city of Swabia, in Germany, about 25
miles south-west of Ulm.

BU＇CHORN, a city of Swabia, in Germany, situated on the east side
of the lake of Constance, and about 12 miles east of the city of Con­
stance.

BU＇CINAM [with botanists] the herb king＇s confound.

BUCK [bucca, Sax. bwch, Wel. bouc, Fr. becco, It. bock, Su. and Ger.
a he-goat.] a male deer of the fallow kind; a male rabbet, goat, &c.

BUCK [bauche, Ger. suds or lye, bucato, It.] a lye made of ashes.
Buck? I wou＇d I cou＇d wash myself of the buck. Shakespeare. 2. The
clothes washed in the lye. Not able to travel with her furred pack,
she washes bucks here at home. Shakespeare.

To BUCK, verb neut. to copulate as bucks and does; as, bucking-
time.

To BUCK Clothes [imbuccutare, It.] to wash linnen with lye.
Throw foul linen upon him, as if going to bucking. Shakespeare.

To take BUCK, to admit the buck to copulation.

BUCK of the first Head [a hunting term] a buck in the fifth year.

A great BUCK [with hunters] one in the sixth year.

BUCK-BASKET [of buck and basket] the basket in which foul clothes
are carried to be washed. They convey＇d me into a buck-basket, ram＇d
me in with foul shirts. Shakespeare.

BU＇CKBEAN [of bocksboonen, Du.] a plant which is a species of tre­
foil. The bitter nauseous plants; as, centaury, buckbane. Floyer.

BUCK-Mast, the mast of the beech tree.

BUCK-Stall [in old law] a deer hay, a toil, a large net to catch
deer in.

BU＇CKSHORN Plantain [coronopus, Lat. from the form of the leaf]
a plant that agrees in flower and fruit with the plantain, but its leaves







are deeply cutin on the edges, whereas those of the plantain are either
entire, or but slightly indented. The species are four: The gar­
den buckshorn plantain, or hartshorn, &c. This species, tho＇ entitled
a garden plant, is found wild on most commons, where it appears
to be very different from the garden kind, as being little more than a
fourth part so large. It was formerly cultivated as a sallad herb, but
at present wholly disused. Miller.

BUCK-Thorn [rhamnus, Lat. supposed to be so called from bucc,
Sax. the belly] a shrub with a funnel-shaped flower, of one leaf,
whose berries are of a purging quality, which inclose four seeds. The
species are three: The first, which is called common purging buck­
thorn, is very common in hedges, the berries of which are used in me­
dicine, particularly for making a syrup, which was formerly in great
use. Miller.

BUCK-Weed, a herb.

BUCK-Wheat [buckweitz, Ger. fagopyrum, Lat.] a sort of grain that
is excellent food for swine and poultry. The flowers grow in a spike,
or branched, from the wings of the leaves. The species are: 1. Com­
mon upright buckwheat. 2. Common creeping buckwheat. The
first is cultivated in England, and is a great improvement to barren
land. The second grows wild. Miller.

BU＇CKET [of buc, Sax. a flagon, or baquet, Fr.] 1. A kind of pail
made of leather, and commonly used for carrying water to quench
fires in houses.
Some run for buckets to the hallow＇d quire. Dryden.
2. A pail of wood with an handle; the vessel in which water is drawn
out of a well.
A deep well owes two buckets. Shakespeare.

BUCKET-Rope [on shipboard] a rope fastened to the bucket for
drawing water up the sides of the ship.

BU＇CKINGHAM, a borough town of Buckinghamshire, on the river
Ouse, about 17 miles from Aylesbury, and 57 from London, It is the
county town of Buckinghamshire, and sends two members to parlia­
ment.

BU＇CKINGHAMSHIRE, an inland county, having Northamptonshire
on the north, Bedford, Hertford, and Middlesex, on the east; Berk­
shire, from which it is divided by the river Thames, on the south,
and Oxfordshire on the west. It sends two members to parliament.

BU＇CKLE [boucle, Fr. bwccl, Wel. and the same in the Armoric,
buchel, Teut. probably of bugan, Sax. to bend] 1. A square or round
hoop, with a tongue fastened with a thong or strap of leather, for sad­
dles, shoes, and other uses. 2. A curl of hair; the state of the hair
crisped and curled.
He lets his wig lie in buckle. Addison.

To keep BUCKLE and Tongue together, or to make both ends meet;
that is, to have just wherewithal to subsist and no more.

To BUCKLE, verb act. [of boucler, Fr. or bugan, Sax.] 1. To
fasten with buckles. 2. To prepare to do any thing. A metaphor
taken from buckling on armour.
Catching up in haste his three-square shield,
And shining helmet, soon buckled him to the field. Spenser.
3. To join in battle. The foot of the avant-guard were buckled with
them in front. Hayward. 4. To confine.
How brief the life of man
Runs his erring pilgrimage,
That the stretching of a span
Buckles in his sum of age. Shakespeare.
5. To put hair into buckle.

To BUCKLE, verb neut. [bucken, Ger.] 1. To bend, to bow.
Fever-weaken＇d joints,
Like strengthless hinges, buckle under life. Shakespeare.
2. To buckle to, to apply to, to attend. Go buckle to the law.
Dryden. Make them buckle to the thing propos＇d. Locke. 3. To
buckle with, to engage with, to encounter.
For single combat thou shalt buckle with me. Shakespeare.

BU＇CKLER [bwcclad, Wel. bouclier, Fr.] a sort of defensive armour
to skreen the body from the blows of the enemy. It was buckled on
the arm: figuratively, defence, protection. Their dictator Fabius,
the old Romans called the buckler of Rome.

BUCKLER of Beef, a piece cut off from the surloin.

To BUCKLER [from the noun] to support, to defend.
I＇ll buckler thee against a million. Shakespeare.

BUCKLER-Thorn, an herb called Christ＇s thorn.

BU＇CKNHAM, or BU＇CKENHAM, a market town of Norfolk, on the
river Wavency, about nine miles from Thetford, and 79 from Lon­
don.

BU＇CKOR, a province of the East Indies, situated on the river Indus,
having the province of Multan on the north, and Tatta on the south.

BU＇CKRAM [bougran, Fr. buckerame, Ital.] a sort of strong linnen
cloth stiffened with gum, used by taylors, stay-makers, &c.

BU＇CKRAMS, an herb, called wild garlic.

BU＇CKSOM, or BU＇XOM [bucsom, Sax. from bugan, to bend. It
originally signified obedient, as John de Trevisa, a clergyman, tells his
patron, that he is obedient and buxom to all his commands. In an
old form of marriage used before the reformation, the bride promised
to be obedient and buxom in bed and at board, from which expression,
not well understood, its present meaning seems to be derived. Johnson]
1. Obedient, obsequious. He did countenance the Irish, thinking
thereby to make them more tractable and buxom to his government.
Spenser.
He with broad sails
Winnow＇d the buxom air. Milton.
A fresh child of the baxom morn. Crashaw.
Filled her with thee, a daughter fair,
So buxom, blithe, and debonair. Milton.
2. Jolly, propense, or forward to amour, amorous, wanton, &c.
And to the buxom god the virgin vow＇d. Dryden.

BU＇CKSOMELY, amorously, wantonly.

BU＇CKSOMENESS, propensity to amour, &c.

BUCOLIC, adj. [bucolique, Fr.] pastoral.

BUCO＇LICS, subf. [bucoliques, Fr. buccolice, It. βουκολικα, of βουκολος, Gr.
a cow herd] pastoral songs or poems, in which herdsmen and country
swains, &c. are represented discoursing concerning their amours or
country matters.

BUCRA＇NIUM, Lat. [in botany] the herb calves-snout.

BUD [bouson, Fr. buttone, It. botòn, Sp.] a young sprout, the first
shoot or gem of a plant.
As the most forward bud
Is eaten by the canker e＇er it blow,
Even so by love the young and tender wit
Is turn＇d to folly, blasting in the bud,
Losing his verdure even in the prime. Shakespeare.
Also a weaned calf of the first year, so called because its horns are in
the bud.

My dear BUD [my deary, hony, &c.] an endearing expression from
a wife to her husband. See the play call＇d the Country Wife.

To BUD, verb neut. [boutonner, Fr.] 1. To put forth young shoots
or buds as trees do. Bud forth as a rose. Ecclesiast.
And felt for budding horns on their smooth foreheads rear＇d. Dryden.
2. To be in the bloom, or a growing.
Young budding virgin, fair and fresh and sweet,
Whither away! Shakespeare.

To BUD, verb act. to inoculate, or graft, by inserting a bud into
the rind of another tree. Of apricots, the largest masculine is much
improved by budding upon a peachstock. Temple.

BUDA＇, the capital of Lower Hungary, about 130 miles south-east
of Vienna: It stands on the side of a hill, on the south-west side of the
Danube, and is well fortified and defended by a castle, esteemed one
of the strongest fortresses in Hungary.

BU＇DDESDALE, or BO＇TESDALE, a market town of Suffolk, near the
borders of Norfolk, 81 miles from London.

To BU＇DDLE [a mining term] to wash and cleanse lapis calaminaris.

BUDGE, subs. the dressed skin or furr of lambs.

To BUDGE [bouger, Fr.] to move or stir off a place. A low word.
The mouse ne＇er shun＇d the cat, as they did budge,
From rascals worse than they. Shakespeare.

BUDGE, adj. [of uncertain etymology] surly, stiff, formal.
O foolishness of men! that lend your ears
To those budge doctors of the stoics. Milton.

BUDGE Batchelors, a company of poor old men cloathed in long
gowns lined with lambs furr, who attend on the lord mayor of the city
of London, at the solemnity of the public shew on the first day that he
enters upon his office. Every freeman called upon the livery, and re­
fusing it under the pretext of incapacity, is obliged to make one of
the number, if required.

BUDGE Barrel [in ships] a small tin barrel to hold gunpowder,
having a case or purse of leather covering the head, to hinder the pow­
der from taking fire.

BU＇DGER [from the verb] he that stirs from the place.
Let the first budger die the other＇s slave. Shakespeare.

BU＇DGET [bougette, Fr.] 1. A bag or snapsack, such as may be
easily carried.
Tinkers may have leave to live,
And bear the sowskin budget. Shakespeare.
2. It is applied to a store or stock. Nature brought off the cat, when
the fox＇s whole budget of inventions fail＇d him. L＇Estrange.

BU＇DINGEN, the capital of a country of the same name in Germany,
situated in the circle of the Upper Rhine, about 20 miles north east of
Frankfort.

BUDO＇A, a city of Dalmatia; it is a bishop＇s see, and situated on the
gulph of Venice.

BUDWE＇IS, a town of Bohemia, situated on the river Muldaw,
about 65 miles south of Prague.

BU＇DZIACK TA＇RTARY, a country subject to the Turks, situated on
the rivers Neister, Bog, and Nieper; having Poland and Russia on the
north, Little Tartary on the east, the Black Sen on the south, and
Bessarabia on the west.

BU＇ENOS-AYRES, one of the most considerable Spanish ports on the
east coast of South America, situated on the southern shore of the river
Plata, and about 50 leagues from its mouth; and yet here the river
is full seven leagues broad. It has a good trade, and is strongly for­
tified. Lat. 36° S. Long. 60° W.

BUFF [buffalo, of buffle, Fr. so called from the likeness it bears to
the skin of an ox] 1. A sort of thick tanned leather, prepared from the
skin of the buffalo; used for sword-belts and waist-belts.
A visage rough,
Deform＇d, unseatur＇d, and a skin of buff. Dryden.
2. The skin of elks and oxen dressed in oil, and prepared after the
same manner as that of the buffalo. 3. A military coat made of thick
leather, so that a blow cannot easily pierce it.
Pitiless and rough,
A wolf, nay worse, a fellow all in buff. Shakespeare.
4. Sout, resolute; as, to stand buff against all misfortunes: pro­
bably from the toughness of that leather.

To BUFF [buffe, Fr.] to strike: It is now obsolete.
A shock,
To have buff＇d out the blood
From ought but a block. Ben Johnson.

BU＇FFALO, BUFF, or BU＇FFLE [bouffle, Fr. bufolo, It. bufalo, Sp.]
a wild ox, or wild beast like an ox, that abounds in America.
Buffaloes, sat goats, and hungry cows. Dryden.

BUFFE＇T [buffette, Fr.] a repository or sort of cupboard for plate,
glasses, china-ware, &c. also a large table in a dining-room, called
a side-board, for the plates, glasses, bottles, &c. The rich buffet well
colour＇d serpents grace. Dryden.

BU＇FFET [buffetto, It. bofetàda, Sp.] a blow or box on the car, or
slap on the face with the fist.
Round his hollow temples and his ears,
His buckler beats, the son of Neptune, stun＇d
With these repeated buffets, quits the ground. Dryden.

To BUFFET, verb act. from the noun [abofateàr, Sp.] to beat or
box, to strike with the hand.
The torrent roar＇d, and we did buffet it
With lusty sinews, throwing it aside. Shakespeare.

To BUFFET, verb neut. to play at a boxing match. If I might
buffet for my love, I could lay on like a butcher. Shakespeare.

BU＇FFETER [of buffet] a boxer, one that buffets.

BU＇FFLE [bouffle, Fr.] the same with buffalo.

To BUFFLE, to be puzzled, to be at a loss. This was the utter ruin
of that poor, angry, buffling, well-meaning mortal, Pistorides. Swift.








BU＇FFLE-Head [bufle, Fr. and head] a senseless stupid fellow.

BUFFLE-Headed [of buffle and head] having a large head like a
buffalo, dull, foolish.

BUFFOO＇N [bouffon, Fr. bouffone, It. bufòn, Sp. but Salmafius chuses
to derive it from bufo, Lat. a toad, because such persons in their buf­
foonery, swell themselves like toads] 1. A common jester, a droll, a
merry andrew, a jack-pudding, who uses low jests and antic gestures.
Proclamation canvass＇d on a public stage, and become the sport of
buffoons. Wotton. 2. He that practises indecent raillery.
The bold buffoon, whene＇er they tread the green,
Their motion mimics, but with jest obscene. Garth.

BUFFOO＇NERY [bouffonnerie, Fr. buffoneria, It. bufoneria, Sp.] 1. The
art or practice of jesting, drolling. Learning becomes pedantry, and
wit buffoonery. Locke. 2. Ridiculous pranks, scurrile mirth. Dryden
places the accent improperly on the first syllable.
Whilst it lasts, let buffoonery succeed
To make us laugh, for never was more need. Dryden.

BUFO＇NIUS Lapis, the toad-stone, a stone falsely imagined to be bred
in the head of a toad. Lat.

BUG, a stinking insect that infects bedsteads, &c. Pope erroneously
ascribes wings to it.
Let me flap this bug with gilded wings,
This painted child of dirt, that stinks, and stings. Pope.

May BUG [bruco, It.] a flying insect.

BUG, or BU＇GBEAR [it is derived by some from big, by others from
pug: bug in Welch has the same meaning] an imaginary frightful ob­
ject or spectre, generally used for a false terror.
Each trembling leaf and whistling wind they hear,
As ghastly bug their hair on end does rear. Spenser.
Such bugbear thoughts once got into the tender minds of children, sink
deep. Locke.

BU＇GEN, a town of Japan, the capital of the kingdom of that name
in the isle Ximo.

BU＇GEY, a territory in France, being the south division of Bresse,
in Burgundy, on the frontiers of Savoy.

To BU＇GGER [bougeronner, Fr. bujaronneàr, Sp. but Menage chuses
to derive it from Bulgarians, a people infamous for unnatural lust]
to copulate with a beast; also with a man or woman unnaturally.

BU＇GGERER [bougre, Fr, bujarròn, Sp.] one who copulates beast­
lily.

BU＇GGERY, any unnatural copulation of species or sexes.

BU＇GGINESS, abounding with, or having buggs plentifully.

BU＇GGY [of bug] full of buggs.

BU＇GIA, a port town of the kingdom of Algiers, in Africa, situated
about 60 miles east of the city of Algiers.

BU＇GIE, a port town of Egypt, situated on the western shore of the
Red Sea, almost opposite to Zidon; it is the port town to Mecca, and
about 100 miles west of it.

BU＇GLE [of bucula, Lat. an heifer] a kind of wild ox.

BU＇GLER [bugula, Lat.] a kind of herb with a flower of one leaf,
that become so many oblong seeds shut up in a husk; the flowers are
placed in whorles round the stalk. The bugle is greatly esteemed as a
vulnerary herb, and is used both externally and internally.

BU＇GLES, a sort of glass beads, of a shining black colour; as, bugle
bracelets, and bugle eye-balls. Shakespeare.

BUGLE, or BUGLE-Horn [of bugen, Sax. to bend. Skinner. of bu­
cula, Lat. an heifer. Junius. Or from bugle, the bonasus, and horn]
a sort of hunting horn.
The horny bugle small,
Which hung adown his side in twisted gold. Spenser.
Hang my bugle in an invisible baldric. Shakespeare.
His gave his bugle-horn a blast. Tickell.

BU＇GLOSS [buglose, Fr. buglossa, It. buglosa, Sp. buglosus, Lat. of
βουγλωσσον, Gr.] the herb ox-tongue, whose flowers are small and tu­
bulous, expanded in a round form, the seeds are like the head of a
viper. The flowers are used in medicinal cordials. Miller.

BUGLO＇SSUM Vinum, Lat. wine made of bugloss, and used in me­
dicine.

To BUILD [pret. I built or have built; part. pass. built; bilden, Du.
bytlian, Sax. irreg. verb act.] 1. To erect or make houses, barns,
churches; to raise any edifice from the ground. 2. To rear up in ge­
neral. The head dress was built up in a couple of cones and spines,
which stood excessively high on the side of the head. Spectator. 3. To
raise any thing on a support, with on or upon.
Love built on beauty, soon as beauty, dies. Donne.

To BUILD, verb neut. to rest on, to rely upon.
To build on the interpretations of an author. Addison.

BUI＇LDER [of build] he that builds, an architect.
Fore-accounting oft makes builders miss. Sidney.

BUI＇LDING, subst. [of build] a fabric, an edifice. I could not but
take particular notice of such ancient coins as relate to any of the build­
ings or statues still extant. Addison.

Fools BUILD houses, and wise men buy them. Because so many
people ruin themselves with the itch of building, that buyers seldom fail
of an opportunity of buying at half cost. The Italians say: Casa fatta,
e Vigna posta, non si paga quanto costa. (A house when it＇s built,
and a vineyard when planted, never answers the cost.)

Regular BUILDING, one whose plan is square, its opposite sides
equal, and its parts disposed with symmetry.

Irregular BUILDING, that which is not contained within equal and
parallel lines, and whose parts have not a just relation one to the other
in the elevation.

Insulated BUILDING, one which is not attach＇d, joined or contiguous
to any other, or is encompassed with a square, as the Monument,
St. Paul＇s, &c.

Engaged BUILDING, one encompassed, having no front towards any
street or public place, nor communication but by a narrow passage.

Interred BUILDING, or Sunk BUILDING, such, the area of which is
below the level or surface of the place on which it stands, and of which
the lowest courses of stone are hidden.

BUILT, a word used for Building, as the built of a ship, &c. the
make, form, or fashion. A word used among work people.
As is the built, so different is the fight. Dryden.
No country has so little shipping as Ireland, the reason must be, the
scarcity of timber proper for this built. Temple.

BUILT [irr. part. and part. pass.] has, or is, built.

BU＇LAC, a town of Egypt, on the eastern shore of the river Nile;
about two miles west of Grand Cairo, of which it is the port-town.
It is a place of great trade, as all the vessels going up and down the
Nile, make some stay here: it is also near this place that they cut
the banks of the Nile every year, in order to fill their canals, and
overflow the neighbouring grounds; without which the soil would
produce neither grain nor herbage.

BULA＇PATHUM [βουλαπαθον, Gr.] the herb patience or great dock.

BULB [bulbe, Fr. bulbo, It. bulbus, Lat. of βολβος, Gr.] the round root
of a plant that is wrapped about with many coats, peels, or skins one
over another, as an onion; or else set round with many little scales,
and sending out many fibres from the bottom of the root. Autumnal
tulips, and bulbs. Evelyn.

The BULB [or apple] of the eye. The bulb or ball of the eye
has its exterior membrane or coat made thick and tough. Ray.

BULBA＇CEOUS [bulbaceus, Lat.] full of little round heads in the
root.

BULBI＇CE [with herbalists] an herb having leaves like leaks, and
a purple flower, dog＇s leek.

BULBOCA＇STANUM [βουλβοκαστανον, Gr.] earth-nut or pig-nut.

BU＇LBOUS [bulbeux, Fr. bulbóso, It. bulbosus, Lat.] containing bulbs,
consisting of bulbs; applied to plants, whose roots have round-heads,
and are thence called bulbous plants.

BULBS [with florists] the round spired beards of flowers.

BU＇LGA [old Lat.] a budget, mail, or portmanteau.

BU＇LGAR, the capital of the province of Bulgar, in Russia, situa­
ted on the river Wolga.

BULGA＇RIA, a province of European Turkey, bounded by the ri­
ver Danube, which divides it from Wallachia and Moldavia on the
north, by the Black Sea on the east, by Romania on the south, and
by Servia on the west.

To BULGE [spoken of a ship. It was originally written bilge:
bilge was the lower part of the ship, where it swelled out, from billig,
Sax. a bladder. Johnson] 1. To split, by striking upon a rock or
anchor.
Thrice round the ship we tost,
Then bulg＇d at once, and in the deep was lost. Dryden.
2. To be prominent, or jut out; a word mostly used among work­
men. Timber that bulges from its foundation, is said to batter or
hang over it. Moxon.

BU＇LIMY [bulimie, Fr. bulimia, It. βουλιμια, of βους, an ox, or βου,
a term of augmentation, and λιμος, hunger; called also bovina fa­
mes, or canina fames, Lat. and κυνορεξια, Gr.] an inordinate appetite,
attended with faintness and coldness of the extremities.

BULK [buce, Sax. bulcke, Du. the breast, or largest part of a man＇s
body] 1. Bigness, size, quantity; as, ships of great bulk. 2. Great­
ness, largeness. Objects cannot enter into the mind by their own
natural bulk, but they are taken in by their ideas. South. 3. The
gross, majority, or greater number. Wise men disagree from the
bulk of the people. Addison. The bulk of the debt must be lessen＇d.
Swift. 4. Main fabric.
He rais＇d a figh so piteous and profound,
That it did seem to shatter all his bulk,
And end his being. Shakespeare.

BULK [bielcke, Dan. abeam] 1. A part of a building that juts out;
as, to lay a thing upon a bulk. 2. A stall before a shop.

BULK [bulto, Sp. bulck, bulg, or bolg, the belly or roundness of a
ship] the whole content of a ship in her hold.

BULK HEADS [in a ship] are partitions made athwart a ship with
boards, whereby one part is divided from another.

To break BULK [a sea term] is to take out part of the ship＇s cargo
or lading out of the hold.

BULK of Goods [with sailors] the whole parcel, or cargo in a
ship.

BULK Head afore [in a ship] a partition between the forecastle and
grating in the ship＇s head.

To BULK out, to jut out.

BU＇LKINESS [of bulky] bigness of stature or size. Wheat cannot
serve instead of money, because of its bulkiness. Locke.

BU＇LKY [of bulk, buce and nesse, Sax.] big, gross, massy, large
of stature or size. Latreus, the bulkiest of the double race. Dryden.
Bulky and high ships. Arbuthnot.

BULL [bull, or bullence, Sax. bolle, or bulle, Du. bull-ochse, L.
Ger.] 1. The male to the cow, the he of black-cattle, which, when
castrated, is called on ox. 2. In the scripture it denotes an enemy,
powerful, fierce, and violent. Many bulls have compassed me, strong
bulls of Bashan. Psalms. 3. One of the signs in the zodiac.
At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun,
And the bright bull receives him. Thomson.

BULL [bull, Du. or bulla, Lat. probably a golden ornament for
children] a letter dispatched from the Roman chancery, sealed with
lead, answering to the edicts, letters patents, &c. of secular princes.
If these bulls be letters of justice and executory, the lead is hung on
a hempen cord; but if letters of grace, the lead is hung on a silken
thread. A bull is letters called apostolic by the canonists, strengthen­
ed with a leaden seal, and containing in them the commands and de­
crees of the pope. Ayliffe. There was a sort of ornament wore by the
young nobility, called bullæ, being round, or of the figure of a heart,
were hung about their necks, like diamond crosses. Those bullæ
came afterwards to be hung to the diplomas of the emperors and
popes, whence they had the name of bulls. Arbuthnot.

He who BULLS the cow must keep the calf. That is, he who be­
gets a bastard must keep it; or, he who lies with a woman, is in dan­
ger of being obliged to keep the child, whether he be the father or
not.

BULL, or Town BULL, a name given opprobriously to whore-mas­
ters. A low and cant word.

BULL, or Bulla Cœnæ Domini, a bull of excommunication and
anathema, read before the people on holy Thursday, against
all that the papists call hereticks, after which the pope throws a torch







as his thunder. Those crimes which are condemned by this bull, are
not to be absolved by any but the pope.

BULL, impropriety of speech, or blunder, some sort of contradic­
tion. It is what the English call a bull in the expression, though the
sense be manifest enough. Pope.

BULL, in composition, generally denotes the large size of any
thing; as, bull-head, bull-front, and therefore is only an inclusive
particle, without much reference sometimes to its original signification.
Johnson.

Golden BULL, an ordinance or statute made by the emperor Charles
V. A. D. 1536. it treats concerning the form or manner of electing
an emperor of Germany. It is so called from a golden seal which
hangs to it.

BULL-BAITING [of bull and bait] the sport of baiting bulls with
dogs. Trajan was in the 5th year of his tribuneship, when he en­
tertained the people with a horse-race or bull-baiting. Addison.

BULL-BEEF [of bull and beef] coarse beef, or the beef of a bull.
Their porridge and their fat bull-beeves. Shakespeare.

To look like BULL-BEEF, to look big. A cant phrase.

BULL-BEGGARS [q. d. bold-beggars. This word probably came from
the insolence of those who beg＇d, or raised money by the pope＇s
bull. Johnson] Something terrible to frighten children. These
fulminations from the vatican were turned into ridicule, and as they
were called bull-beggars, they were used as words of scorn and con­
tempt. Ayliffe.

BULL-CALF [of bull and calf] a he-calf.
Still ran and roared, as ever I heard bull-calf. Shakespeare.

BULL-DOG [of bull and dog] a dog of a particular form, remarka­
ble for his courage. He is used in bull-baiting; and this species is
so peculiar to Britain, that they are said to degenerate when they
are carried to other countries. Johnson. The harmless part of him is
no more than that of a bull-dog; they are tame no longer than they
are not offended. Addison.

BULL-FEAST, a festival observed in Spain and Portugal, at which
wild bulls are encounter＇d by men on horseback, armed with lances.

BULL-FINCH, a small bird, that has neither song nor whistle of
its own, yet is very apt to learn, if taught.
The black-bird whistles from the thorny brake,
The mellow bull-finch answers from the groves. Thomson.

BULL-FLY, or BULL-BEE, an insect. Bull-bee seems a corrup­
tion of bum, or humble-bee.

BULL-HEAD [of bull and head] 1. An insect. 2. A stupid fellow,
a blockhead. 3. The miller＇s-thumb, or bull-head, is a fish of no
pleasing shape, with a head big and flat, much greater than suitable
to its body; a mouth very wide, and usually gaping: he is without
teeth, but his lips are very rough, much like a file; he hath two fins
near to his gills, which are roundish or crested; two fins under his
belly, two on the back, two below the vent, and the fin of his tail is
round. Nature hath painted his body with whitish, blackish, and brown­
ish spots. They are usually full of spawn all the summer, which
swells their vents in the form of a dog. The bull-head spawns in
April; in winter we know no more what becomes of them, than of
eels or swallows. Walton. 4. A little black water vermin.

BULL-TROUT, a species of trout. There is in Northumberland a
trout called a bull-trout, of a much greater length and bigness than
any in these southern parts. Walton.

BULL-WEED, an herb, the same with knapweed.

BULL＇S-WORT, or BISHOP＇S-WEED [ammi, Lat.] an umbelli­
ferous plant, with small striated seeds, which are used in medicine.
Miller.

BU＇LLACE [probably, q. bulls-eye] the name of a plum.

BU＇LLARY, a salt house, salt-pit, or other place where salt is
boiled.

BULLA＇TED [ballatus, Lat.] boiling and bubbling.

BU＇LLEN, stalks of hemp piled.

BU＇LLENGRR [old Saxon] a sort of little sea-vessel or boat.

BU＇LLET [boulet, Fr. probably from bolus, Lat. a round clod of
earth] a round ball of iron or lead for cannon, musket, &c.

Red hot BULLETS [in the art of war] bullets heated red hot in a
forge, and then put into a piece of ordnance, that has had a good
stopple or turf first rammed down it, to be discharged into a besieged
town to fire the houses, &c.

BU＇LLIMONG, or BU＇LLIMONY, a mixture of several sorts of grain
together, as pease, oats, vetches, &c.

BU＇LLION [probably of billon, Fr. or bellon, Sp. copper, with
some silver in it to make money] gold or silver in the mass, or bil­
let, unwrought and uncoined; also the place where they are brought
to be tried and exchanged for the king. But if the remark made by a
most judicious critic, on that clause in Milton, be right,
——And seum＇d the bullion dross——
the true etymology of the word should be from bullio, Lat. to boyle.
“The word bullion, says he, does not signify purified ore, as Dr.
Bentley imagines, but ore boiled or boiling; and when the dross is
taken off, then it is purified ore. Milton makes bullion an adjective
here; a thing very frequent with him; and so bullion dross may sig­
nify dross which came from the metal, as Spencer expresses it; or the
dross that swam on the surface of the boiling ore.” A Review of
the Text of Milton＇s Paradise Lost, p. 44.

BULLION [of copper] is copper set on by way of ornament on the
breast-plates and bridles of horses.

BU＇LLITION [bullio, Lat.] the act or state of boiling. Bacon.

BU＇LLOCK [of bull, bullence, Sax.] a young bull gelt.

BU＇LLY, or BULLY ROCK [probably, q. d. of burly, as a corrup­
tion in the pronunciation. Skinner. This is very probably right; or
from bulky, or bull-eyed, which are less probable. May it not
come from bull, the pope＇s letter, implying the insolence of those
who came invested with authority from the papal court? Johnson]
1. A blustering, quarrelling fellow; generally a man that has only
the appearance of courage. What says my bully rock? Shakespeare.
A scolding hero is a more tolerable character than a bully in petticoats.
Addison. 2. In vulgar language it denotes a person that attends
strumpets, and defends them in their night rambles. In comes a crew
of roaring bullies, with their wenches. L＇Estrange.

To BULLY, verb act. [from the noun] to overbear with noise, to
bluster with menaces.
＇Prentices, parish clerks, and hectors meet,
He that is drunk, or bully＇d, pays the treat. King.

To BULLY, verb neut. to be noisy and quarrelsome; as, how the
fellow bullies and blusters.

BULLY Fly, a horned beetle. It seems the same with bull-fly.

BU＇LRUSH [of bull and rush, bull-rise, Sax.] a plant. It is a large
rush, such as grows in rivers, without knots, though Dryden has
given it the epithet of knotty, confounding it probably with the reed.
The knotty bulrush next in order stood. Dryden.

BU＇LTEL, the branny part of meal that has been boulted and bruised.

BULWARK [q. d. round work, of boll and werck, Ger. bolwetk, Su.
balvarte, Sp. bolwarcke, Du. probably only from its strength and
largeness. Johnson] 1. Fortification, citadel; as, earthern bulwarks
＇gainst the ocean flood. Fairfax. Our naval strength is a general bul­
wark to the British nation. Addison. 2. A security. Some make the
wars their bulwark. Shakespeare.

To BULWARK [from the noun] to fortify, to strengthen with bul­
warks. No bulwark＇d town. Addison.

BUM [probably of bodem, Du. the bottom, or bomm, Du. a drum]
that part of the body that persons sit on, the buttocks.

BUM, in composition, denotes any thing mean and low; as, a bum­
bailiff.

BUM-BAILIFF [of bum and bailiff] a bailiff of the meanest kind,
one employed in arrests. Scout for him at the corner of the orchard,
like a bum-bailiff. Shakespeare.

BUM-FODDER, a paper for a necessary use. A very low word.

BU＇MBARD, wrongly for BO＇MBARD, a great gun, a large barrel.
Yond same black cloud, yond huge one looks
Like a foul bumbard that would shed its liquor. Shakespeare.

BUMBASI＇N [bombasin, Fr. bambagino, It.] a kind of stuff made of
silk and cotton.

BUMBA＇ST, falsely spelt from BOMBAST [the etymology of which
I am now very doubtful of, bombast and bombasine being mentioned
with great probability by Junius, as coming from boom, a tree, and
sein, silk, the silk or cotton of a tree, Johnson.] 1. A cloth made by
the sewing one stuff upon another, patchwork. The usual bumbast of
black bits sew＇d into ermine. Grew. 2. Linen stuffed with cotton,
stuffing.
Pleasant jest and courtesy
As bumbast, and as lining to the time. Shakespeare.
3. Linen interwoven with flax, linsey-woolsey.

BUMBAST Words or Stile, a high flown, unintelligible way of
expression; jargon.

To BUMBA＇STE [of bum and baste] to beat or bang; a low word.

BUMICE＇LLI [among the Africans] a sect of Mabometans, said to
be great sorcerers, who pretend to fight against the devil, and fre­
quently run about covered with blood and bruises in a terrible fright.
Sometimes they counterfeit a combat with him at noon-day, for the
space of two or three hours, and that in the presence of numbers of
people, using darts, javelins and scimitars, &c. laying about them in
a desperate manner, till they fall down on the ground, as oppressed
by blows. And having rested a little, recover their spirits and walk
off. I must here, in justice to the reader, observe once for all with
reference to Mr. Bailey＇s accounts of the Mahometan sects; that
they are not much to be depended on, where he has not given his
vouchers: for want of which, it is not easy always to rectify the mis­
takes, though done in MANY places, where not only the Mahometan,
but also the Jewish and Christian theology are concerned.

BUMP [perhaps from bum, as being prominent. Johnson] a rising
or swelling, a standing out of a thing beyond the level surface. In
bumps his forehead rises. Dryden.

To BUMP [bombus, Lat.] to make a loud noise or bomb; see
BOMB. It is applied, I think, only to the bittern. Johnson. A bit­
tern bumps within a reed. Dryden.

BU＇MPER [from bump] a cup filled till the liquor runs over the
brim. Places his delight
All day in plying bumpers. Dryden.

BU＇MKIN [this word is of uncertain etymology; Dr. Henshaw de­
rives it of pumpkin, or pompions, a kind of worthless gourd or melon,
or other ordinary fare, as the meaner sort of country people eat; others
chuse to derive it of boomken, Du. a little tree; and a blockhead in
Latin is called stipes, the stock of a tree; bump is used amongst us
for a knob or lump, may not bumpkin be much the same with clod­
pate, loggerhead, block and blockhead? Johnson] a country clown,
an aukward, heavy rustic.
A heavy bumpkin, taught with daily care,
Can never dance three steps with a becoming air. Dryden.

BU＇MPKINGLY, adj. [from bumpkin] having the manners and ap­
pearance of a clown. He gives an air of bumpkingly romance to all
he tells. Clarissa. This word is probably found no where else.

BUNCH [buncker, Dan. the crags of the mountains, Johnson. Pro­
bably of bugno, It. a knot or wen] 1. A bump, a hard lump, or
knob. The bunches of camels. Joshua. Little round balls or bunches, like
hard boiled eggs. Boyle. 2. A cluster, many things of the same sort
growing together; as, a bunch of grapes. 3. A number of things
tied together; as, a bunch of keys, or a bunch of radish. 4. Any
thing bound into a knot.
Upon the top of all his lofty crest,
A bunch of hairs. Spenser.

BUNCH [in surgery] an outward disjointing of the vertebræ, or
turning joints of the back.

To BUNCH [from the noun] to swell out in a bunch, to grow out
in prominences; as, bunching out into a large round knob at one
end.

BU＇NCHBACKED [of bunch and back] having a bunch on the back.
This pois＇nous bunchback＇d toad. Shakespeare.

BU＇NCHED Pods [with botanists] those pods that stand out in knobs,
and in which the seed is lodged.

BUNCHED Roots [in botany] all such round roots as have knobs or
knots in them.








BU＇NCHES, a disease in horses, consisting of knobs, warts, and wens,
caused by eating foul diet.

BU＇NCHINESS, the quality of being bunchy, or growing in bunches.

BU＇NCHY [from bunch] growing into bunches, knotty. A bunchy
tail. Grew.

BU＇NDLE [of bundle, Du. bündel, Ger. bindela, Su. bindela, byn­
dle, Sax. from bynd, Sax.] 1. A parcel of any things rolled or bound
up together; as, a bundle of hemp, &c. 2. A roll, any thing rolled
up in the form of a cylinder. A great bundle of Flanders lace. Spec­
tator.

To BUNDLE, or truss up in parcels, to tie in a bundle; with up.
Several things will not be bundled up. Locke.

BU＇NDLES [law term] a sort of records of chancery, lying in the
office of the Rolls, as the files of bills and answers in Chancery, &c.

BUNG [probably of bung, Sax. bing Wel. bondon, Fr. but in an­
other sense] a stopple of the hole in the upper part of a barrel. Pull
out the bung-stick, or plug. Mortimer.

To BUNG [bondonner, Fr.] to stop up with a bung.

BUNG-HOLE [from bung and hole] the hole at which a barrel is
filled, and then stopped with a bung.

To BUNGLE, verb neut. to perform any thing awkwardly or clum­
sily.
When men want light,
They make but bungling work. Dryden. See BUNGLER.

To BU＇NGLE, verb act. to cobble, to botch.
Their int＇rest is not finely drawn and hid,
But seams are coarsely bungled up and seen. Dryden.

BU＇NGLE [from the verb] a botch, a clumsey performance, awk­
wardness. Errors and bungles are committed when the matter is inapt.
Ray.

BU＇NGLER [bwngler, Wel. q. bôn y glêr. i. e. the last or lowest of
the profession. Davies.] an awkward cobling workman, &c. a man
without any skill.
Hard features ev＇ry bungler can command;
To draw true beauty shews a master＇s hand. Dryden.

BU＇NGLINGLY [from bungling] awkwardly, coblingly, &c. Exe­
cuted but bunglingly. Bentley.

BU＇NGLINGNESS [of bungling] the awkwardness of doing a thing,
&c.

BU＇NIAS [βουνιας, Gr.] the turnip-root. Dioscorid. Lib. 2. C. 159.
Budæus.

BUNN [prob. of bunnélas, Sp. a sort of fritters, or of bonus, Lat.
good; q. d. a well relished cake] a sort of cake of sweet bread.

BUNT [corrupted, according to Skinner, from bent] a swelling
part, an increasing cavity. The Wear is a frith, having in it a bunt
or cod, with an eye-hook, where the fish entering, upon the coming
back with the ebb, are stopped. Carew.

BUNT of a Sail [in a ship] the pouch or middle part of it, which
serves to catch and keep the wind.

The BUNT holds much leeward wind [sea term] i. e. the middle of
the sail hangs too much to the leeward.

BUNT Lines [in a ship] small lines fastened to the bottom of the
sails in the middle part of the bolt ropes, used to hale up the bunt of
the sail, in order to furl it up the better.

To BUNT [from the noun] to swell out; as, the sail bunts.

BU＇NTER, a cant word for one who picks up rags about the
streets; and, by way of contempt, applied to any low vulgar wo­
man.

BU＇NTING, a bird, a sort of lark. I took this lark for a bunting.
Shakespeare.

A Goss-Hawk strikes not a BUNTING. The Lat. say: aquila non
capet muscas. (an eagle don＇t catch flies.) The Germ. say: grosze
leute derachten klaine schmach (great persons despise small affronts.)
The meaning is, that great and generous persons think it beneath them
to take notice of or resent every little injury offered them, by such
who are as much inferior to them in character, reputation, or parts, as
a bunting, or the least of birds, is inferior to an eagle.

BU＇NTINGFORD. a market town of Hertfordshire, built on the ford
of the little river Rib, 12 Miles from Hertford, and 32 from Lon­
don.

BUOY [boue, boye, Fr. boya, Sp.] a piece of wood or cork, and
sometimes an empty cask or barrel, so fastened as often to float direct­
ly over the anchor, shewing where it lies; it is also placed upon sands
as a sea mark.
Like buoys that never sink into the flood,
On learning＇s surface we but lie and nod. Pope.

To strain the Buoy [sea term] to let the anchor fall, while the ship
has way.

To BUOY, verb act. [from the noun; the u is mute in both] to
keep afloat, to bear up by specific lightness. The water would have
marched directly up into the atmosphere, wherever there was heat
enough in the air to continue its ascent and buoy it up. Wood­
ward.

To BUOY, verb neut. to sloat. Rising merit will buoy up at last.
Pope.

To BUOY one up [in a figurative sense] to uphold, encourage, or
support him.

To BUOY up a cable [sea term] is to make fast a piece of wood to
it, pretty near the anchor, so that the cable may not touch the ground,
when it is suspected to be foul or rocky, to hinder it from being fretted
or cut.

BUO＇YANCE, or BUO＇YANCY [of buoyant] the quality of floating.

BUO＇YANT [of boye Fr.] buoying or bearing up, not sinking. I
swam with the tide, and the water under me was buoyant. Dryden.

BUPHO＇NON [βουϕονον, Gr.] the herb chamæleon.

BU＇PHTHALMUS [βουϕθαλμος, Gr.] the herb ox-eye, or wild ca­
momil.

BUGUO＇I, a town of Artois, in the French Netherlands, on the
confines of Picardy.

BUR, BOUR, or BOR, come from the Sax. bur, an inner chamber
or place of shade and retirement. Gibson＇s Camden.

BUR, or BURDO＇C [bourre, Fr. down, the bur being filled with a
soft tomentum or down. Johnson.] A rough head of a plant, which
sticks to one＇s hair or cloaths. Knotty burs. Dryden. A fellow stuck
like a bur, that there was no shaking him off. Arbuthnot. See BURR.

BUR, a broad ring of iron, behind the hand, or the place made for
the hand, on the spears, that were used by knights or esquires for­
merly in tilting, which bur was brought to rest when the tilter charged
his spear, and served there to secure it and make it the more easy.

The BUR of an ox, &c. the sweet-bread.

BU＇RBOT, a fish full of prickles.

BURCHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the Lower Bavaria, on the
river Saltz.

BURDELA＇Y, a species of grape.

BU＇RDEN, or BUR＇THEN [byrthen, Sax. and therefore properly
written burthen; it is supposed to come from burdo, Lat. a mule, as
onus, from ονος, Gr. an ass, byrde, Dan. burde, Ger. boerde, Su.
burthon, Teut. which Wachter derives from borden, Pers.] 1. A load
or weight of any thing. 2. Something grievous. To all my friends
a burthen grown. Swift. 3. A birth: now obsolete.
Thou hadst a wife once, called Æmilia,
That bore thee at a burthen two fair sons. Shakespeare.

The BURDEN [or repetition of the latter part] of a song.

No one knows the weight of another＇s BURDEN. To which answers
another English proverb: None knoweth where the shoe pincheth, so
well as him that weareth it. Generally used when people make
light of others misfortunes, or think them not so great as they in re­
ality are. Something grievous or wearisome. None of the things
they are to learn, should ever be made a burthen to them. Locke.

BURDEN of Gad-steal, 180 pound weight.

BURDEN [of burdon, Fr. a staff, or a pipe in the form of a staff] in
in some musical instruments, the drone or the base, and the pipe that
plays it; hence that part of a song that is repeated at the end of every
stanza, is called the burden of it.

BURDEN [of a ship] so many tun weight as she will stow or carry
in quantity of goods.

BU＇RDENER [from burden] an oppressor, he that loads.

BU＇RDENOUS [from burden] 1. Grievous, oppressive, wearisome,
not light, not easy. Let not that be light to thee, which to me is
so burdenous. Sidney. 2. Useless.
To sit idle on the houshold hearth,
A burd＇nous drone. Milton.

BURDENSOME [of burden] heavy or troublesome to be borne. Lack
of load made his life burdensome. Milton.

BU＇RDENSOMNESS [of burdensome, of byrdensomnesse, Sax.] hea­
viness, or troublesomness to bear, uneasiness to be borne.

BURDO＇CK. See BUR and DOCK.

BURDU＇GNO, a town of the Morea, situated near Misitra, on the
river Vasilipotomo.

BUREAU＇, or BUROE＇ [bureau, Fr.] a cabinet, or chest of drawers,
or scrutoir for depositing papers of accounts; also a buffet for setting
plate, China ware, &c. It is pronounced as if spelt buro.

BU＇RELLE [in blazonry] is a French term, which, as Columbiere
says, should be called barry of nineteen pieces. But if there be more
than ten, the number is to be expressed, and the pieces in burelle must
be even numbers; for if the number be odd, and the field have more
parts than are in the charge, then the pieces that are charged in the
field must be called by the name of trangles.

BURE＇N, a town of Dutch Guelderland, 16 miles east of Nume­
guen.

BUREN, is also the name of a town of Westphalia, in Germany,
about five miles south of the city of Paderborn.

BU＇RFORD, a market town of Oxfordshire, on the river Windrush,
about 15 miles from Oxford, and 85 from London. It gives title of
earl to the noble family of Beauclerc.

BURG [of berg, Ger. borge, Du. a mountain] signifies a city, town,
castle, or camp, because anciently towns were built upon hills. Hence,
our histories inform us, that the inhabitants have often removed their
towns from hills, on which they had been first built, into vallies,
where they now stand for the better conveniency of water. Of which
Salisbury, formerly called Salesburg, is a remarkable instance.

BURG, a town of Zutphen, in the Dutch Netherlands, situated on
the Old Issel, about 18 miles east of Nimeguen.

BU＇RGACE [bourgage, Fr. in law] a tenure by which the inhabi­
tants of cities, boroughs and towns held their lands and tenements of
the king, or some lord, for an annual rent. The gross of the borough
is surveyed in the beginning of the county; but there are some par­
ticular burgages thereof, mentioned under the titles of particular mens
possessions. Hale.

BURGAMO＇T [burgamotte, Fr.] a species of pear.

B＇URGANET, or BU＇RGANOT [bourguinete, Fr. in heraldry] so cal­
led from the Burgundians wearing it. A sort of steel-cap formerly
worn by foot-soldiers in battle. Upon his head his glittering burganet.
Spenser.
The demi Atlas of this earth, the arm
And burganet of man. Shakespeare.
Carrying after him his pike and burganot. Hakewell.

To BU＇RGEON [of bourgeon, Fr. a tender twig] to grow big about
or gross, spoken of trees.

BOURGEO＇IS [bourgeois, Fr.] 1. A citizen, a burgess. 2. A type
of a particular sort, probably so called from him who first used it.

BU＇RGERSHIP, or BU＇RGESSHIP [burh-scipe, Sax. burgerschafft,
Ger.] the dignity or privilege of a burgher.

BU＇RGESS [of burgh, Sax. bourgeois, Fr. borgese, It. borger, Du.
burger, Ger.] 1. An inhabitant of a burgh or borough 2. One
who serves in parliament for a burgh; as, knights of shires, and burgesses
of towns.

BURGH [burg, Sax.] 1. A borough, corporate town, a common­
alty. Several of the Cornwall burghs send two burgesses. Grant.
2. Anciently, a town having a wall or some inclosure about it.

BURGH BOTE [of burg and bote, Sax.] a contribution towards re­
pairing of castles, also an exemption from paying it.

BURGH BRECH [burghbryce, Sax.] a fine imposed on the commu­
nity of a town, for breach of the peace, &c.

BU＇RGHER [of burgh, of burer, Teut.] a citizen, a townsman. A
burgher is one who has a right to certain privileges in this or that place.
Locke.








BU＇RGHGRAVE, or BU＇RGRAVE [burgrasf, Teut.] a title of honour
in Germany, a count or chief governor of a city or castle.

BU＇RGHMASTER, or BU＇RGOMASTER [bourgue-maïtre, Fr. bargo­
maestro, It. borgermeester, Du. burgermeister, Ger.] a chief magistrate
of the towns in the low countries, and other places in Germany and
Switzerland. They chuse their councils and burgomasters out of the
burgeois. Addison.

BU＇RGHMOTE burg-gemot, Sax.] a court of a borough or city.

BU＇RGHWARE, a burgess or citizen.

BU＇RGLAR [of burg, a castle, and latro, Lat. or larron, Fr. thief,
q. d. a thief in a castle; every man＇s house being his castle] a break­
er of houses in the night-time.

BU＇RGLARY [from burglar] a breaking dwelling houses or ware­
houses in the night time (i. e. after the day-light is shut in in the even­
ing, and before it appears in the morning) with a felonious intent.
The natural signification of the word is nothing but the robbing of
a house; but as it is a term of art, our common lawyers restrain it to
robbing a house by night, or breaking in with an intent to rob or do
some other felony; the like offence, committed by day, they call house­
robbing, by a peculiar name. Cowel. Burglary is but a venal sin
among soldiers. Dryden.

BU＇RGLESS, a town of Transilvania, about 30 miles north of Clau­
senburgh; subject to the house of Austria.

BU＇RGOMASTER. See BURGHMASTER.

BU＇RGOS, the capital of Old Castile, in Spain, about 110 miles
north of Madrid.

BU＇RGOW, a town of Swabia, in Germany, about 20 miles west of
Agusburg.

BU＇RGUNDY, or BU＇RGOGNE, a province of France, having Cham­
paign on the north, and Dauphiny on the south. It is famous for
wines.

BU＇RICK, a town of the dutchy of Cleves, in the circle of West­
phalia, in Germany, situated on the river Rhine, about 20 miles
south of Cleves.

BU＇RIABLE [from bury] that may be fit to be buried.

BU＇RIAL [from bury, of byrigian, Sax.] 1. The act of burying; a
funeral solemnity or interment. 2. The act of placing any thing un­
der earth or water. Great lakes, both salt and fresh, we use for bu­
rials of some natural bodies: for we find a difference of things buried
in earth and things buried in water. Bacon. 3. The church service
for funerals; as, the burial service.

BU＇RIER [of bury] he that buries or performs the act of sepulture.
Darkness be the burier of the dead. Shakespeare.

BU＇RIN [burine, Fr.] a graver or ingraving tool.

To BURL, to dress cloths as fullers do.

To BURL, or pick out the straws or threads of cloth which have
not taken the dye, as cloth-drawers do.

BU＇RLACE, corruptly written for burdelais. See BURDELAIS.

BURLE＇SQUE, or BURLE＇SK, subst. [burlesque, Fr. of burlesco, from
burlare, It. and Sp. to jest] ludicrous language and ideas, ridicule.
They are very apt to fall into burlesque. Addison. Also, particularly,
a kind of poetry, merry, jocular, and bordering on ridicule, which is a
sort of verse proper for lampoon. Pere Richelet says, that Le Berni,
among the Italians, was the first author in burlesque, and has best suc­
ceeded in that kind of writing; but adds, ＇tis now much out of vogue;
and not without cause. “Cannot we laugh in good French, says
Mons. Balzac, and in a rational stile? We may travestiè and confound
at pleasure during the CARNAVAL, but a CARNAVAL should not con­
tinue through the whole year.”

BU＇RLESQUE, adj. jocular, ludicrous, tending to raise laughter by
unnatural or unsuitable language or images. Homer, in his character
of Vulcan and Thersites, &c. has lapsed into the burlesque character,
and departed from that serious air essential to the magnificence of an
epic poem. Addison.

To BURLESQUE, to turn into burlesque or ridicule. Otherwise
Homer would burlesque his own poetry. Broome.

BU＇RLINESS [of boor, Du. a peasant] 1. Bigness, largeness of body,
&c. 2. Bluster.

BU＇RLING-Iron, a sort of pincers or nippers for that use.

BURLINGTON, a sea port town in the east riding of Yorkshire. See
BRIDLINGTON.

New BU＇RLINGTON, the capital of New Jersey, in North America,
situated on an island in Delawar river, about 20 miles north of Phila­
delphia.

BU＇RNHAM MARKET, a sea-port town of Norfolk, 25 miles from
Norwich, and 90 from London.

BU＇RLY [Junius has no etymology, of boor like, clownish, and
gebur like, Sax. Skinner.] big, gross, heavy, tumid. burly boned
clown. Shakespeare. It was the orator＇s own burly way of nonsense.
Cowley. Too burly and too big to pass my narrow gate. Dryden.
Her husband being a very burly man, she thought it would be less
trouble to bring away little Cupid. Addison.

To BURN irr. verb act. pret. & part. burnt, more rarely burned
[byrnan and bærnan, Sax. burnen, Du. brennen, Ger.] 1. To hurt,
marr, consume or destroy with fire. 2. To hurt or wound with fire or
heat, to scorch. Foot for foot, burning for burning. Exodus.

To BURN, verb neut. 1. To be on fire, or kindled; as, the light
burns blue. Shakespeare. 2. To be inflamed with passion. I burnt in
desire to question them. Shakespeare. 3. To act as fire. Burning
shame detains him. Shakespeare.
Raleigh, the scourge of Spain! whose breast with all
The sage, the patriot, and the hero burn＇d. Thomson.
4. To be hot.
He shot by me
Like a young hound upon a burning scent. Dryden.

BURN [in a medicinal sense] a solution of the continuity of the
parts of a body, made by the impression of fire; a hurt caused by fire;
as, a remedy against burns; also a mark remaining upon the thing
burnt.

BURN [in surgery] an impression of fire made upon a part, in
which there remains much heat, with blisters, and sometimes an escar,
according as the fire has had more or less effect.

BURN [burna, Sax. a river or fountain] at the beginning or end of
a word, signifies the place to take its name from a river or fountain;
as, Burnham.

BURN beating [in husbandry] a method of manuring land, by cut­
ting off the peat or turf, and then laying it on heaps and burning it to
ashes.

BU＇RNER [from burn] a person that burns any thing.

A BURNT child dreads the fire. This proverb intimates that it is
natural for all living creatures, whether rational or irrational, to con­
sult their own security and self preservation; and whether they act by
instinct or reason, it still tends to some care of avoiding those things
that have already done them an injury, and there are a great many old
sayings in several languages according to the purport of this proverb:
The Greeks: παθων δενηπιος εγνω. The Latins: piscator ictus sapit.
And the French say: chien échaussé craint l＇eau froide. The Ital.
con scoltoto da l＇aqua calda ha paura poi della fredda. (the scalded dog
fears cold water) The Spa. gata escaldado del aqua fria hamieao.
(The scalded cat fears cold water.)

BU＇RNET [of burn, Eng. pimpinella, Lat.] the herb pimpernel: it
is sound wild in great plenty upon dry chalky hills, yet is often cul­
tivated in gardens for medicinal use. Miller. The freckled cowslip,
burnet, and green clover. Shakespeare.

Thorny BURNET, a kind of shrub.

BU＇RNING, subst. [of byrneng, Sax.] flame, fire, state of inflam­
mation; as, the burnings of a fever.

BURNING the dead. Tho＇ the custom of burying the dead was the
most ancient, yet that of burning succeeded very early, and is said to
have been introduced by Hercules. And it appears that burning the
dead was used by the Greeks and Trojans in the time of the Trojan war.
The manner of burning the bodies was thus: the body was placed
upon the top of the pile, but was rarely burnt without company; for
besides the various animals they threw upon the pile, persons of quality
were seldom burnt without a number of slaves or captives; they also
poured into the fire all sorts of precious ointments and perfumes; and
they also covered the body with the fat of beasts, that it might con­
sume the sooner; for it was looked upon as a singular blessing to be
quickly reduced to ashes.
It was also the custom to throw into the fire the arms of those that
were soldiers, and the garments that the deceased had worn while
living; and the Athenians were very profuse, in so much that some
of their law-givers were forced to restrain them, by severe penalties,
from defrauding the living by their liberality to the dead. The fune­
ral pile was commonly lighted by some of the deceased＇s nearest rela­
tions, who made prayers and vows to the winds to assist the flame,
that the body might quickly be reduced to ashes.
At the funerals of generals and great officers, the soldiers, with the
rest of the company, made a solemn procession three times round the
pile, to express their respect to the deceased; during the time the pile
was burning, the friends of the deceased person stood by, pouring forth
libations of wine, and calling upon the deceased. When the pile had
burnt down, and the flame had ceased, they extinguished the remains
of the fire with wine, which having done, they collected the bones and
ashes. The bones were sometimes washed with wine and anointed
with oil.
To distinguish the reliques of the body from those of the beasts and
men burnt with it, this was done by placing the body of the person in
the middle of the pile; whereas the men and the beasts burnt with it,
lay on the sides. These bones and ashes thus collected, they put into
urns, made either of wood, stone, earth, silver, or gold, according
to the quality of the person deceased.

BURNING of Women, it was the custom of the ancient Britains, that
when any great man died (if there was any occasion to be suspicious
as to the manner of his death) his relations made enquiry among his
wives concerning it, and if any of them were found guilty, they were
punished with fire and other torments.

BURNING [with philosophers] is defined to be the action of fire upon
some pabulum or fuel, whereby the minute or very small parts of it
are torn from each other, put into a violent motion, and assuming the
nature of fire itself, fly off in orbem, &c.

BURNING [or, as I think, it was once called the brenning] a name
formerly given to an infectious disease, gotten in the stews, by con­
versing with lewd women; supposed to be the same with that now
called the pox.

BURNING Glass, a glass so wrought, that the rays of the sun are col­
lected into a point, and by that means the force and effect of them is
heightened to that degree, so as to burn such objects as it is placed
against.
O diadem, thou centre of ambition,
Where all its different lines are reconcil＇d,
As if thou wert the burning-glass of glory. Dryden and Lee.

To BU＇RNISH, verb act. [burnir, Fr. brunir, It. brunnir, Sp.] to
smooth, polish, or brighten any metal, &c. by a violent rubbing it
with any thing; as, burnished steel.

To BURNISH, verb neut, to grow bright, to become glossy.
I＇ve seen a snake in human form,
All stain＇d with infamy and vice,
Leap from a dunghill in a trice,
Burnish, and make a gawdy show. Swift.

To BU＇RNISH, verb neut. [of uncertain etymology. Johnson] to
grow, to spread out.
To shoot and spread and burnish into man. Dryden.
Mrs. Primly＇s great belly; she may lace it down before, but it burnishes
on her hips. Congreve.

To BURNISH [with hunters] the term used of a hart＇s spreading its
horns after they have been fray＇d or new rubbed.

BURNISHER [of burnish] 1. He that burnishes or polishes. 2. The
tool with which book-binders give a gloss to the leaves of books: It is
commonly a dog＇s tooth set in a stick.

BU＇RNLEY, a market-town of Lancashire, about 27 miles from Lan­
caster, and 153 from London.

BURNT [irreg. imp. and part. pass.] did burn, have or is burnt.
See To BURN.








BURNT-Offering, a sacrifice in which the whole victim was consum＇d
with fire.

BURR [probably of burre, Fr. a lock of wool] the round knob of
horn next a deer＇s head; also the lobe or tip of the ear.

BURR [bardane, Fr.] the plant called also burdock. See BUR.

BURR-Pump [in a ship] a pump by the side of the ship, into which
a staff seven or eight foot long is put, having a burr of wood at the
end, which is drawn up by a rope fastened to the middle of it; this is
called a bilge-pump.

BU＇RREL, a sort of pear, otherwise called the red butter pear, from
its smooth, delicious and soft pulp, which is ripe in September. Phi­
lips.

BURR-Seed, the herb bur-flag.

BU＇RRAS-Pipe [with goldsmiths and surgeons] an instrument used
to keep corroding powders in, as vitriol, precipitate, &c.

BU＇RREGREG, a considerable river of the kingdom of Fez, in Africa,
which taking its rise in the Atlas mountains, falls into the ocean, not
far from the Streights of Gibraltar.

BU＇RREL-Fly [from bourreler, Fr. to execute, to torture] an insect
called also ox-fly, gad-bee, or breeze.

BURREL-Shot [from bourreler, Fr. to execute, and shot; with gun­
ners] small bullets, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, &c. put into
cases, to be discharged out of ordnance or murdering pieces; case­
shot.

BU＇RROCK, a small wear or dam, where wheels are laid in a river
for the catching of fish.

BU＇RROW, BOROUGH, BERG, BURG, or BURGH [from the Sax.
burg, byrg, a city, tower, or castle. Gibson＇s Camden] 1. A corporate
town, not a city, but such as sends burgesscs to parliament. All places
that in former times were called borough, were such as were fenced and
fortified. Cowel. Possession of land was the original right of election
among the commons: and burrows were entitled to sit, as they were
possessed of certain tracks. Temple.

BU＇RROW [of bure, a parloir, or byrgena, Sax. a sepulchre, or of
verborgen, Ger. hidden] a rabbet hole, &c. in a warren. Out of
their burrows like conies after rain. Shakespeare.

To BURROW [from the noun] to make holes in the ground as rab­
bets, to mine. Sand among their corn prevents mice and rats burrow­
ing in it. Mortimer.

BU＇RROWBRIDGE [so called from its fine bridge of stone over the Ure]
a borough town of Yorkshire, 209 miles from London. It sends two
members to parliament.

BU＇RSA PASTO＇RIS, Lat. [with botanists] the herb shepherd＇s-purse
or pouch.

BURSA, or PUR＇SA, the capital of Bithinia, in Asia Minor, situated
in a fine fruitful plain, at the foot of mount Olympus, about 100 miles
south of Constantinople. Dherbelot says it was taken from the Greeks
by Orcan, the second sultan of the Turks, A. D. 1356, and was
made the SEAT of his [yet infant] empire. He adds, that this city is
in reputation for its baths of mineral waters; and that there is a great
resort to it from all parts of Turky.

BURSA＇LIS, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the inside of the
thigh, so called from its resemblance to a purse, in Latin, bursa.

BURSA＇RIA, Lat. [in ancient deeds] the treasury of a collegiate or
conventual church; the place of accounting, receiving and paying by
the bursers.

BU＇RSAR, the treasurer of a monastery or college.

BURSARS, youths in Scotland, sent once a year as exhibitioners to
the universities, by each presbytery; by whom they are allowed at the
rate of 100l. Scots for four years. Besides these there are also many
others upon foundations in the colleges themselves, for the same term
of years, both for the study of philosophy and divinity.

BURSE [bourse, Fr. borse, Du. borg, Sax. of borsa, Lat. a purse,
or from byrsa, Lat. the exchange at Carthage] an exchange where
merchants meet, and shops are kept, so called because the sign of the
purse was formerly set over such places: Whence the exchange in the
Strand was termed Britain＇s burse by James I. Philips.

To BURST, verb neut. [of burstan, Sax. boorste, Dan. bersten, Du.
and Ger.] 1. To break or fly open. Thy presses shall burst out with
new wine. Proverbs. 2. To break asunder.
If my heart were great, ＇twould burst at this. Shakespeare.
3. To break away, to spring suddenly.
You burst, ah cruel, from my arms,
And swiftly shoot along the mall. Pope.
4. To come suddenly.
A resolved villain,
Whose bowels suddenly burst out. Shakespeare.
5. To come by violence.
The passions of thy heart burst out. Shakespeare.
The river Euphrates bursting out by the vallies of the mountain Anti­
taurus. Knolles. 6. To begin or break out into any action violently.
She burst into tears. Arbuthnot.

To BURST, verb act. to break suddenly, to make a quick and vio­
lent disruption. If the juices were to cause an ebullition, they would
burst the vessels. Arbuthnot.

BURST, subst. [from the verb] a sudden and violent action of any
kind. Burst of thunder. Shakespeare and Milton.
With a mighty burst whole mountains fall. Addison.

BURST, or BU＇RSTEN, part. adj. [from burst] diseased with a rup­
ture, or hernia; as, burst or bursten belly.

BU＇RSTENNESS [of burst] a hernia.

BURST-WORT [of burst and wort, herniaria, Lat.] an herb good
against ruptures.

BU＇RSTNESS, a being broken asunder.

BURT, a flat fish, of the turbot kind.

BU＇RTHEN, or To BU＇RTHEN. See BURDEN.
The sad burden of some merry song. Pope.

BU＇RTON, the name of two market-towns, one in Westmorland,
and the other in Lincolnshire. The former is about 244 miles from
London; and the latter 149.

BURTON upon Trent, a market town of Staffordshire, on the river
Trent, 18 miles from Stafford, and 123 from London.

BURTON [on shipboard] a small tackle to be fastened any where at
pleasure; consisting of two single pullies; the use of it is to hoist small
things in and out,

BU＇RY, or BE＇RRY [of burgh, Sax.] a dwelling place or court,
and is a termination added to the names of many places; as, Alder­
manbury.

BU＇RY, subst. [corrupted from burrow. Grew uses it] See BURROW.

BURY, a market-town of Lancashire, on the river Irwell, 30 miles
from Lancaster, and 183 from London.

BURY St. Edmunds, a borough town of Suffolk, 10 miles from New­
market, and 75 from London. It sends two members to parliament.

To BURY [burigian, or birian, or of birigen, Sax. bergen, Ger.
to hide] 1. To interr, to put into a grave.
After your way his tale pronounc＇d, shall bury
His reasons with his body. Shakespeare.
2. To interr with the rites of sepulture.
To bury decently the injur＇d maid,
Is all the favour. Waller.
3. To conceal, to hide.
This is the way to make the city flat,
And bury all, which yet distinctly ranges,
In heaps and piles of ruin. Shakespeare.
4. To place one thing within another.
A tearing groan did break
The name of Antony; it was divided
Between her heart and lips; she render＇d life,
Thy name so bury＇d in her. Shakespeare.

BU＇RYING-Place, a place for the sepulture of dead bodies. Several
marks of graves and burying-places. Spectator.

BUSCH, or BU＇SCUS [old law records] brush-wood, under-wood.

BUSE＇LINUM, Lat. [βουσελινον, Gr.] a kind of great parsly.

BUSH [probably of busch, Teut. or buisson, Fr. busk, Dan. bos, Du.]
1. Any sort of thick shrub; as, a gooseberry-bush, &c. a rose-bush.
2. A bough of a tree fixed up at a door, to show that liquors are sold
there.

BUSH [a hunting term] the tail of a fox.

One bird in the hand is worth two in the BUSH.
This proverb intimates, possession is a mighty matter, and precautions
us not to run the hazard of a certain loss for an uncertain gain: and
teaches us that FUTURITIES are liable to disappointments; no depend­
ing on shall or will HEREAFTER, and no commanding things out of our
hands five tenses distant from fruition. Fr. Mieux vaut un tenez, que
deux vous l＇aurez.

To BUSH [from the noun] to grow thick.
The roses bushing round. Milton.
The bushing alders form＇d a shady scene. Pope,

BU＇SHEL [boisseau, Fr. bursellus, low Lat.] an English dry measure,
containing four pecks or eight gallons land measure, and five pecks
water measure, a strike. It is used in common language for any inde­
finitely large quantity. The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest
pictures with bushels of gold, without counting the weight or number
of pieces. Dryden.

To measure another man＇s corn by one＇s own BUSHEL.
The French say: Mesurer les autres à son aune. The Italians: Mi­
surare gli altri col suo bassetto. (To measure others with one＇s own ell.)
All signifying to judge of another man＇s actions or circumstances by
one＇s own.

BUSHELS of a cart-wheel, [of bouche, Fr. a mouth] certain irons
within the hole of the nave, to preserve it from wearing.

BU＇SHINESS [of bushy, busson, Fr. a bush] the quality of being
bushy.

BU＇SHMENT [of bush] a cluster of bushes, a thicket. Raleigh uses
it.

BU＇SHY [of bush] 1. Full of bushes. The bushy plain. Dryden.
2. Thick, full of small branches.
In the shadow of a bushy briar. Spenser.
3. Thick like a bush. A thick bushy beard. Addison.

BU＇SILESS [of busy] not busy, being at leisure, unemployed. Shake­
speare uses it.

BU＇SILY [of busy] with an air of business, hurry, and importance,
actively.
Too busily they will enquire
Into a victory. Dryden.

BU＇SINESS [of busy, byrgian, Sax] 1. Employment, work, &c.
It is pronounced as if it were written bissiness. 2. Multiplicity of affairs.
Must business thee from hence remove? Donne. 3. An affair. In this
sense it has the plural. Bestow
Your needful counsel to our businesses,
Which crave the instant use. Shakespeare.
4. The subject of business, the object of care. The great business of
the senses is to take notice what hurts or advantages the body. Locke.
5. Serious engagement. Opposed to trivial transactions. I never knew
one, who made it his business to lash the faults of other writers, that
was not guilty of greater himself. Addison. 6. Right of action. What
business has a tortoise among the clouds. L＇Estrange. 7. A point or
matter to be examined or considered. Fitness to govern is a perplex＇d
business. Bacon. 8. Something to be transacted. They were far from
the Zidonians, and had no business with any one. Judges. 9. Some­
thing required to be done. As for those countries nearer the poles, a
perpetual spring will not do their business, they must have longer days.
Bentley. 10. To do one＇s business; to kill or ruin him.

BUSK [probably of busque, Fr.] a sort of stick of whale-bone, iron,
wood, &c. worn formerly by women to keep down their stomachers,
and stiffen their stays. Off with that happy busk. Donne.

BU＇SKIN [probably either of borzacchino, It. or brosken, Du. bro­
dequin, Fr.] 1. A sort of boot or stocking in the manner of a little boot,
covering the foot and mid-leg, and tied beneath the knee. The foot
was dressed in a short pair of crimson velvet buskins, in some places
open. Buskins to her knee. Spenser. A holiday shepherd strutting in
his country buskins. Dryden. 2. A kind of high shoe, used anciently
by tragedians to raise their stature.
Great Fletcher never treads in buskins here. Dryden.

BU＇SKINED, wearing buskins, dressed in buskins.
The buskin＇d stage. Milton.
Buskin＇d virgins trac＇d the dewy lawn. Pope.








BU＇SKY [written more properly by Milton, besky, which see]
woody, over-grown with trees. Busky hill. Shakespeare.

BUSS [buso, Du.] a small ship or sea-vessel, used by the Dutch in
the herring-fishery. Build boats and busses. Temple.

BUSS, Irish [the mouth] a kiss, a salute with the lips; as, a smack­
ing buss. Pope.

To BUSS [probably of buciare, It. besàr, Sp. basio, Lat. whence
baiser, Fr. and bocsen, Du.] to kiss, to salute with the lips.
Yond towers, whose wanton tops do buss the clouds,
Must kiss their feet. Shakespeare.

BUST [buste, Fr. busto, It.] a term in sculpture, used for the figure
or portrait of a person in relievo, shewing only the head, shoulders,
and stomach, the arms seeming to have been lopt off, usually placed
on a pedestal. A Caligula is a common coin, but a very extraordi­
nary bust. Addison.

BUST [bustum, Lat.] a pyramid or pile of wood, whereon ancient­
ly the bodies of the dead were placed, in order to be burnt.

BU＇STAL [bustalis. Lat.] of or belonging to graves or tombs.

BU＇STARD [outarde, bistarde, Fr. ottarda, It. abutarda, Sp.] a fowl
of a sluggish nature; a wild turkey. Hakewell.

BU＇STCOAT, soft bread, eaten with butter.

To BU＇STLE [of uncertain etymology; perhaps from busy. Johnson.
Cr, probably, of brustlian, Sax. to rustle in armour] to make a stir,
noise or hurry, to be busy. Vane was a busy, bustling man. Cla­
rendon.

BU＇STLE, stir, noise or hurry. A combustion, a noise and bustle
for opinions. Glanville.

BU＇STLER [of bustle] an active stirring man.

BU＇STROPHE, or BUSTRO＇PHEDON [of βους, an ox, and στροϕη, Gr.
a turning, q. d. the turning of oxen in ploughing ground] a term
used to express a manner of writing of the ancient Romans, which
was as it were in furrows; the first line began at the left hand, and
ended at the right; and the second line began at the right, and pro­
ceeded to the left, so that the whole bare a representation of plough­
ed land.

BUSTUA＇RII, a kind of gladiators among the Romans, who fought
about the bustum or funeral pile of a person deceased, in the ceremo­
ny of his obsequies.

BUSY, or BUSIED, adj. [bysy, gebysgod, Sax. both the adjective
and verb are pronounced as if written bissy] 1. Sedulously employed;
as, my mistress is busy. 2. Active, meddling, and bustling.
She waking looks
On meddling monkey, or on busy ape. Shakespeare.
Religious motives are busy in the heart of every reasonable creature.
Addison.

As BUSY as a bee. This proverbial simile is very adequate.

As BUSY as a hen with one chicken. Spoken of people who make
a great deal of work and stir about very trivial affairs.

Who more BUSY than they who have least to do. They who have
no business of their own, are generally bustling about, and troubling
themselves with other peoples. According to another proverb.

BUSY folks are always meddling. Spoken of those officious per­
sons who are always thrusting themselves into other peoples concerns.
The character of such a one is very well expressed in a play called
the busy-body.

To BU＇SY [bysgian, probably of bisa, Sax. a throng, q. d. a
throng of business] 1. To employ sedulously, to engage, to make
or keep busy. The ideas it is busied about should be natural. Locke.
2. With the reciprocal pronoun. He does not busy himself, by en­
tering deep into any party. Swift.

BUSY-BODY [of busy and body] a vain, meddling, fantastical, per­
son; as, tattlers and busy-bodies.

BUT, conj. [bute, butan, Sax. i. e. none besides or except him]
1. Except, besides. Who can it be, ye gods, but perjur＇d Lycon?
Smith. 2. Yet, nevertheless. It sometimes is only emphatical to
yet. Then let him speak, and any that shall stand without shall hear
his voice plainly; but yet made extreme sharp and exile. Bacon. 3.
The particle which introduces the minor of a syllogism: now. God will
one time or another make a difference between the good and the
evil; but there is little or no difference made in this world, therefore
there must be another world, wherein this difference shall be made.
Watts. 4. Only, nothing more than.
What nymph soe＇er his voice but hears,
Will be my rival, tho＇ she have but ears. Ben Johnson.
5. Than. The full-moon was no sooner up and shining, but he
open＇d the gate. Addison. 6. But that, without this consequence
that. Frosts that constrain the ground,
Do seldom their usurping power withdraw,
But raging floods pursue their hasty hand. Dryden.
7. Otherwise than that. It cannot be but nature hath a director of
infinite power, to guide her in all her ways. Hooker. 8. Not other­
wise than. A genius so elevated and unconfined, as Mr. Cowley＇s,
was but necessary to make Pindar speak English. Dryden. 9. By any
other means than. Out of that will I cause those of Cyprus to mutiny,
whose qualification shall come into no true taste again, but by trans­
planting of Cassio. Shakespeare. 10. If it were not for this, if this
were not.
I here do give thee that with all my heart,
Which but thou hast already, with all my heart
I would keep from thee. Shakespeare.
11. However, howbeit.
I do not doubt but I have been to blame,
But to pursue the end for which I came,
Unite your subjects first. Dryden.
12. It is used after no doubt, no question, and the like, and signifies the
same with that. It sometimes is joined with that. I fancied to myself a
kind of ease in the paroxysm, never suspecting but that the humour
would have wasted itself. Dryden. There is no question but the king
of Spain will reform most of the abuses. Addison. 13. That. This
seems improper. It is not impossible but I may alter the complexion
of my play. Dryden. 14. Otherwise than.
I should sin,
To think but nobly of my grandmother. Shakespeare.
15. Even, not longer ago than. Beroe but now I left. Dryden. 16.
A particle, by which the meaning of the foregoing sentence is bound­
ed or restrained.
Thus fights Ulysses, thus his same extends,
A formidable man, but to his friends. Dryden.
17. An objective particle; yet it may be objected.
But yet madam———
I do not like but yet. Shakespeare.
18. But for, without, had not this been.
Her head was bare,
But for her native ornament of hair. Dryden.
19. It has the force of the Greek adversative αλλα, and is in like
manner opposed to the negative particle in the preceding clause; as,
not the speech, but the power, 1 Cor. iv. 19. Yet not I, but the Lord,
1 Cor. vii. 10. Yet not I, but the grace of God that was with me.
1 Cor. xv. 10.
20. The word BUT has also the construction of a noun substantive, e. g.
What avails it for Cæsar＇s biographer to tell us, “He was a man
of great abilities, wise, valiant, and indefatigable in all his under­
takings? when after all there comes in an unlucky BUT, and he is
forced to add, But he raised his greatness upon the ruin of his
country.”

BUT subst. [boute, Fr. the end] 1. A boundary to any thing; as, to
play at but. 2. The extreme and thick part, or that upon which it
rests; as, of a musket.

BUT-END [of but and end] the blunt end.

BU＇TCHER [boucher, Fr.] 1. A killer of cattle, and seller of their
flesh. 2. One that is delighted with blood. Conquerors for the
most part are but the butchers of mankind. Locke.

To BUTCHER [from the noun] to kill, to murder.

BU＇TCHER＇s Broom, or KNEEHOLY [ruscus, Lat.] an herb. The
flower-cup consists of one leaf, out of which is produced a globular,
bell-shaped flower, that afterwards becomes a soft roundish fruit. The
roots are sometimes used in medicine, and the green shoots are cut
and bound into bundles, which the butchers use for sweeping their
blocks, whence it has the name of butcher＇s-broom. Miller.

BU＇TCHERLINESS [of butcherly] butcherly nature or action, the
quality of being butcherly.

BU＇TCHERLY [from butcher] bloody, barbarous.

BUTCHER-RO＇W [boucherie, F. beccheria, It.] a row of butchers
shops, a shambles.

BU＇TCHERS. This company was not incorporated till the 3d of
king James I, then they were made a corporation by the name of
master, wardens, and commonalty of the art and mystery of butchers;
yet the fraternity is ancient: their arms azure, two axes saltirewise
argent between three bulls heads cowpered, attired or, a boar＇s head
gules, betwixt two garbes vert.

BU＇TCHERY [boucherie, Fr. beccheria, It.] 1. The trade of a but­
cher. This man, so ignorant in modern butchery, has cut up half an
hundred heroes. Pope. 2. A great slaughter, cruelty.
Can he a son to soft remorse unite,
Whom goals, and blood, and butchery delight? Pope.
3. The place where blood is shed. This is no place, this house is
but a butchery. Shakespeare.

BUTE, an island of Scotland, lying in the mouth of the firth of
Clyde, south of Cowal in Argyleshire. It gives title of earl to a
branch of the Stuart family. Bute and Cathness send only one
member of parliament between them, each choosing in its turn,
whereof Bute has the first.

BU＇TLER [bouteiller, Fr. boteler, boteller, O. Eng. from bottle, he
being employed in the care of bottling liquors] a servant in a family
who is employed in furnishing the table with wine, and particularly
is intrusted with the care of the cupboard and the cellar; an officer
in noblemens and princes houses, who keeps the wine, beer, and
houshold stores.

BU＇TLERAGE [from butler, in law] a certain impost upon sale­
wines imported, which the king＇s butler might require of every ship,
containing less than 40 ton. Bacon.

BU＇TLERSHIP [of butler, bouteiller, Fr.] the office of a butler.

BU＇TMENT [aboutement, Fr.] that part of the arch of a bridge,
which joins to the upright pier.

BUTRI＇NTO, a port-town of Epirus, or Canina, in European Tur­
key, situated opposite to the island of Corsu, at the entrance of the
gulph of Venice. Lat. 39° 45′ N. Long. 20° 40′ E.

BU＇TSECARI, or BUTE CARL [butescarl, Sax.] a boatswain or
mariner.

To BUTT [buttare, It. botten, Du. bouter, Fr. to thrust from] to
push at or against with the horn, as bulls, goats, &c. Two harmless
lambs are butting one the other. Wotton.

BUTT [butce, Sax. bobt, Ger. botte, Fr. and It.] a large
vessel for liquids, containing of wine 126 gallons, of beer 108 gal­
lons, of currans from 15 to 22 C. weight.

BUTT [probably of butte, Sax. or of bute, or but, Fr.] 1. The
place on which the mark to be shot at is set up. The groom his fel­
low groom at butts defies. Dryden. 2. A mark to shoot at.
Here is my journey＇s end, here is my butt,
The very sea mark of my journey＇s end. Shakespeare.
3. The object of aim, the thing against which any attack is directed.
The papists were the most common place, and the butt against whom
all the arrows were directed. Clarendon. 4. A man upon whom the
company breaks their jests. A butt, with these accomplishments, fre­
quently gets the laugh on his side, and returns the ridicule upon him
that attacks him. 5. A stroke given in sencing.
To prove who gave the fairer butt,
John shews the chalk on Robert＇s coat. Prior.

A BUTT [a sea word] the end of any plank which joins to another
on the outside of the ship under water.

To spring a BUTT [a sea phrase] a ship is said to spring a butt,
when a plank is loosened at one end.

A stupid BUTT, a cant phrase for a person only sit for the conversa­
tion of ordinary people: men of wit require one that will give them
play, and bestir himself in the absurd parts of his behaviour.

BUTTS, says the Spectator, are a particular sort of men, who are
such provokers of mirth in conversation, that it is impossible for a club







or merry meeting to subsist without them; by which, says he, I mean
those honest gentlemen, that are always exposed to the wit and raillery
of their well-wishers and companions; that are pelted by men, wo­
men, and children, friends and foes; and, in a word, stand as butts
in conversation, for every one to shoot at that please. I know, says
he, several of these butts, who are men of wit and sense, though by
some odd turn of humour, some unlucky cast in their person or beha­
viour, have always the misfortune to make the company merry. The
truth of it is, says he, a man is not qualified for a butt, who has not
a great deal of wit and vivacity, even in the ridiculous side of his
character.

BU＇TTENS, or BU＇TTONS [a hunting term] the burrs or knobs of
a deer＇s-head, called otherwise seals.

BU＇TTER [beure, Fr. butiro, It. botter, O. and L. Ger. butter, Ger.
boter, Du. buttewe, Sax. βουτυρον, Gr. whence butyrum, Lat.] an
unctuous substance, made of the cream of milk churned, whereby the
oil is separated from the whey.

They who have good store of BUTTER may spread much on their
bread. Lat. Cui multum est piperis etiam oleribus immiscet. The mean­
ing is, that they who have enough and to spare of any thing, may be
freer in the use of it, than those who are but sparingly provided.

His money melts like BUTTER in the sun. That is, he spends it
prodigally. The French say: Sa bourse a le flux. (His purse has a
looseness.) The Italians say: La sua borsa non hà fondo. (His purse
has no bottom.)

BUTTER is gold in the morning, silver at noon, lead at night. This
saying points at the advantages and inconveniencies of using any thing
properly or unseasonably.

BUTTER Boxes, a nick-name given the Dutch, because they are
great butter-eaters. A cant word.

To BUTTER [from the noun] 1. To smear or oil with butter.
2. [Among gamesters] To double, and continue doubling, the bet
or wager, in order to recover all losses at once. Congreve com­
pares a writer to a buttering gamester, that stakes all his winning upon
one cast. Addison.

BUTTER of Antimony [in chemistry] a mixture of the acid spirits
of sublimate corrosive with the regulus of antimony. This is a great
caustic.

BUTTER of Tin [with chemists] a compound made of one part of
tin reduced to powder, and three parts of sublimate corosive. This
composition has this strange property, that it is continually sending
forth fumes.

BU＇TTERBUMP, a fowl, the same with bittern. See BITTERN.

BU＇TTERBUR [petasites, Lat.] a plant with a flosculous flower, con­
sisting of many florets sitting on the embryo, which afterwards be­
comes a seed furnished with down, and the flowers appear before the
leaves. It is used in medicine, and grows wild by the sides of ditches.
Miller.

BU＇TTERFLOWER, a yellow flower, with which the fields abound
in May.

BU＇TTERFLY [buttere slege, Sax.] a beautiful insect so named,
because it first appears at the beginning of the season for butter. John­
son. That which seems to be a powder upon the wings of a butter­
fly, is an innumerable company of extreme small feathers, not to be
discerned without a microscope. Grew.

BU＇TTERIS, an instrument of steel, set in a wooden handle, used
in pairing the foot, or cutting the hoof of a horse. Farriers Dict.

BU＇TTERMILK [of butter and milk] the whey separated from the
cream, after butter has been made.

BU＇TTERPRINT [of butter and print] a piece of carved wood, used
to mark butter.

BU＇TTER-TEETH [of butter and teeth, butten-tothas, Sax.] the
great, broad fore-teeth.

BU＇TTER-WOMAN [of butter and woman] a woman that sells
butter.

BU＇TTER-WORT [so called, because it feels as if it were smeared
with butter] the plant Yorkshire sanicle.

BU＇TTERY subst. [of buttere, Sax. or, according to Skinner, from
bouter, Fr. to place or lay by] a place where victuals are set up. Cel­
lars, pantries, and butteries to the north. Wotton.

BUTTERY, adj. [of butter] having the qualities or appearance of
butter. Milk, has its whiteness from the caseous fibres, and its buttery
oil. Floyer.

BU＇TTES, the ends or short pieces of ploughed lands lying in ridges
and furrows.

BU＇TTOCK [Dr. T. Honshaw derives the word of bout, Du. the
bolt of the bone, and hoh, Sax. the hough, supposed by Skinner to
come from aboutir, Fr. inserted by Junius without etymology] the
breech or haunch, the part next the tail.

BUTTOCK [of a ship] is that part of her which makes her breadth,
right a stern from the tuck upwards,

Broad BUTTOCK [of a ship] one built broad at the transum.

BU＇TTON [bouton, Fr. buttone, It. butòn, Sp. botom, Port. bottwn,
Welch] 1. A catch or hold generally in a round form for fastening
mens garments. 2. Any knob or ball fastened to a smaller body.
Bright with the gilded button tipt its head. Pope.
3. The bud of a plant.
The canker galls the infants of the spring,
Too oft before their buttons be disclos＇d. Shakespeare.
4. The sea-urchin, which is a kind of crab-fish, that has prickles in­
stead of feet. Ainsworth.

To BUTTON [boutonner, Fr. abbottonare, It.] 1. To fasten with
buttons. 2. To dress, to cloath. He gave his legs, arms and breast
to his ordinary servant, to button and dress him. Wotton.

BUTTON-HOLE [of button and hole] the loop in which the button
of the cloaths is caught.

BU＇TTON＇s Bay, the name of the north part of Hudson＇s-bay, in
North America, thro＇ which Sir Thomas Button attempted to find a
north-west passage to the East-Indies.

BU＇TTRESS [in architecture] 1. A kind of butment built archwise,
or a mass of stone or brick serving for the support of the sides of a
building, wall, &c.
We inhabit a weak city here,
Which buttresses and props but scarcely bear. Dryden.
2. A prop or support in general. This plea our adversaries are still
setting up, as the ground-pillar and buttress of the good old cause of
nonconformity. South.

BUTTRESS, or BUTTRICE [with farriers] an instrument for pier­
cing the hoof, or the sole of an horse＇s foot, that is over-grown, or for
paring the hoof, in order to shoe it.

To BUTTRESS [from the noun] to prop, to support.

BU＇TWINK, the name of a bird.

BUTYRA＇CEOUS [of butyrum, Lat. butter] having the qualities of
butter. Floyer uses it.

BU＇TYROS [of butyrum, Lat.] having the properties of butter. It
is used by Floyer.

BUTY＇RUM Saturni [with chemists] butter of lead, a chymical pre­
paration called sweet liquor of lead.

BU＇XEOUS [buxeus, Lat.] of or like box.

BUXI＇FEROUS [buxifer, Lat.] bearing box.

BU＇XOM [bocsom, probably of bugen, Sax. to bend] 1. Obe­
dient, flexible. 2. Gay, lively. 3. Amorous, wanton. See BUCK­
SOME.

BU＇XOMELY [of buxom] wantonly, amorously.

BU＇XOMNESS, wantonness, amorousness.

BU＇XUS [in botany] the box-tree or wood. Lat.

To BUY [bycgean, Sax. irr. verb pret. bought, or have bought,
and part. pass. bought] 1. To purchase with money, or something
equivalent; to gain by sale, not gift or theft; as, to buy up corn.
2. To procure some advantage by something that deserves it, or at
some price.
Pent to linger
But with a grain a day, I would not buy
Their mercy at the price of one fair word.
Shakespeare.
3. To manage by money; as, to buy off conscience. South.

To BUY, verb neut. to treat about a purchase.

Better BUY than borrow. When a man can; but when money is
wanting, he must either borrow or go without, unless he be so vile
to do worse.
He that BUYS land BUYS many stones;
He that BUYS flesh BUYS many bones:
He that BUYS eggs BUYS many shells.
But he that BUYS good ale BUYS nothing else.
A favourite old proverbial rhime among topers.

To BUY a pig in a poke. To buy a thing without seeing or look­
ing on it. The French say: Acheter chat en poche. The Italians
say: Comperar la gatta in sacco. (To buy a cat in a bag.) That is,
to buy a thing without looking at it, or enquiring into the value
of it.

BU＇YER [of buy] he that buys or purchases.

The BUYER wants 100 eyes, the seller but one. It. Chi compra hà
bisogno di cent＇ occhii, chi vende u＇ hà assai di uno. Or, according
to the Latins: Caveat emptor. (Let the buyer look to himself.) The
seller knows the good or bad qualities of his commodities, and has
more need of his tongue than his eyes. Whereas the buyer can＇t be
too watchful in this deceiving age, in which tricking in trade is but
too much looked upon as warrantable cunning, and over-reaching
passes for wit.

BUYS, a town of Dauphine, in France, on the confines of Pro­
vence.

BU＇ZO [old records] the shaft of an arrow, before it is fearheerd.

To BUZZ, verb neut. [a word derived from the similitude of the
sound to the action, bizzen, Teut. to growl. Junius] 1. To hum or
make a noise like bees, &c. A swarm of drones that buzz＇d about
your head. Pope. 2. To whisper often, to prate, or speak often to
a person about the same thing; as, the buzzing multitude.

To BUZZ, verb act. to spread abroad privately, to whisper. They
might buzz and whisper it one to another. Bentley.

BUZZ [from the verb] a hum, a whisper, a talk. I found the
whole outward room in a buzz of politics. Addison.

BU＇ZZARD [busard, Fr. bozzago, It. busart, Ger.] 1. A kind of large
hawk or kite, a degenerate and mean species. 2. A stupid, senseless
fellow; as, a blind buzzard.

To be between hawk and BUZZARD. Some interpret this proverb
to signify being a trimmer or time-server; others, to be wavering or
unsettled in one＇s mind; and again, others, the being in a dangerous
situation, or being environed with dangers on all sides.

BU＇ZZER [of buzz] a secret whisperer. Shakespeare.

A BU＇ZZING [from buzz, of bourdonnement, Fr.] a humming noise
like that of bees.

BY, prep. [big, bi, Sax. by, Du. O. and L. Ger. bey, H. Ger.] 1.
Beside or nigh to, noting proximity of place. The king lies by a beg­
gar, if a beggar dwells near him. Shakespeare. 2. It notes the agent.
The Moor is with child by you. Shakespeare. 3. It notes the instru­
ment, and is always used after a verb neuter, where with would be
put after an active; as, he was killed with a sword, he died by the
sword. By Pelides＇ arms, when Hector fell,
He chose Æneas. Dryden.
4. It notes the cause of any event. This sight had the more weight,
as by good luck not above two were fallen asleep. Addison. 5. The
means by which any thing is done. If we give you any thing, we
hope to gain by you. Shakespeare. 6. It shews the manner of an
action.
Seize her by force, and bear her hence unheard. Dryden.
7. It notes the method in which any successive action is performed, with
regard to time or quantity. Re-examine the cause, and try it even,
point by point, argument by argument. Hooker. 8. It denotes the
quantity had at one time. Bullion will sell by the ounce for six shil­
lings and five-pence unclipped money. Locke. 9. According to;
noting permission. It is lawful by the laws of nature. Bacon. 10. Ac­
cording to; denoting proof. The present system of the world can­
not possibly have been eternal, by the first proposition. Bentley. 11.
After, according to; denoting imitation or conformity. The gospel
gives us laws to live by. Tillotson. 12. From; denoting judgment or
token.
The son of Hercules he justly seems
By his broad shoulders and gigantic limbs. Dryden.







13. It denotes the sum or the difference between two things com­
pared.
She stands provided of another Laius,
More young and vig＇rous too by twenty springs. Dryden.
14. It denotes co-habitation, or co-operation. By her he had two
children. Shakespeare. 15. For, denoting continuance of time: this
sense is now obsolete. The Moors were in possession of Granada by
the space of seven hundred years. Bacon. 16. As soon as, not later
than, denoting time. By that time a siege is carried on two or three
days, I am altogether lost and bewildered in it. Addison. 17. Beside,
noting passage. The town appears much longer than it is to those
that fail by it. Addison. 18. Before himself, herself, or themselves,
it denotes the absence of all others. Sitting in some place by himself,
let him translate into English his former lesson. Ascham. 19. It marks
the solemn form of swearing. His godhead I invoke, by him I swear.
Dryden. 20. At hand. He kept some of the spirit by him. Boyle.
21. It is used in forms of adjuring or obtesting. Which avert by you
ætherial light. Dryden. 22. It denotes specification and particula­
rity. Cruel calls the gods, and cruel thee, by name. Dryden. 23. By
proxy of, noting substitution. The gods were said to feast with Ethio­
pians; that is, they were present with them by their statues. Broome.
24. In the same direction with. They are striated by the length. Grew.
25. It is used for at, or in, noting place; as, by land, and by sea.

Above all, it should be observed, that this preposition [by] in
our language, is used to express any agency, whether SUPREME or
subordinate; as we say, “All things were made by God; and God
spake by his prophets: and, consequently, unless this double accepta­
tion of the word be carefully attended to, an English reader may be
in danger of being led off from the true sense of the original, when
consulting the translations of Greek writers; as will appear by
comparing John i. 2. with Ephes. iii. 9. and (what is the true key to
both) 1 Cor. viii. 6. See BAALIM, AUTHENTIC; and the prepositions
OF, THROUGH and FROM.

BY, adj. 1. Near, at some small distance.
In it lies the god of sleep;
And snoring by
We may descry
The monsters of the deep. Dryden.
2. Beside, noting passage. Who was＇t came by? Shakespeare. 3. In
presence. I＇ll not be by the while. Shakespeare.

BY and BY, in a short time. The noble knight alighted by and by.
Spenser.

BY, subst. [from the prepos.] something not the direct object of re­
gard or consideration. There is, upon the by, to be noted, the per­
colation of the verjuice through the wood. Bacon.

BY [in composition] implies something out of the direct way, and
consequently some obscurity; as, a by road; something irregular; as,
a by-end; something collateral; as, a by-concernment; or something
private; as, a by-law. This composition is used at pleasure, as will be
stood by the examples following.

BY-COFFE-HOUSE, a coffee-house in an obscure place. Addison.

BY-CONCERNMENT, an affair which is not the main business. Un­
derplots or by-concernments. Dryden.

BY-DEPENDENCE, an appendage, something accidentally depend­
ing on another. Shakespeare.

BY-DESIGN, an incidental purpose. Used by Hudibras.

BY-END, private interest, secret advantage. Used by L＇Estrange.

BY-GONE, a Scotch word, signifying past. The by-gone day.
Shakespeare.

BY the BY, privately.

BYASS. See BIASS.

BY BY [Casaubon derives it of βανβαν, Gr. to sleep] sung by
nurses to lull their children asleep.

BY BY, used familiarly, and chiefly to children, instead of good
by, or, God be with you.

BY-BLOW, a merry begotten child, a bastard.

BYE [of by, Sax. a dwelling place, by, Dan. byy, Su. a town]
at the end of a name signifies a habitation; as, Southerby, &c.

BYE-BEE, come immediately from the Saxon by, bying, i. e. a
dwelling. Gibson＇s Camden.

BY-ENDS, selfish ends or designs.

BY＇GHOF, or BY＇GOW, a city of Lithuania in Poland, situated on
the river Nieper.

BY-INTEREST, interest distinct from that of the public. Atter­
bury.

BY-LAW [in the practice of Scotland] a law established by the con­
sent of neighbours unanimously elected in the courts called.

BY-LAW Courts, courts something resembling our courts leet, or
courts-baron.

BY-LAWS, laws made in court-leets, or courts-baron, by common
consent, or by particular companies or corporations, for the better
regulation of their affairs, farther than the public law binds. Cowel.

BY＇LANDER [so called, on account of its coasting or sailing near
the land] a kind of small swift sailing vessel used in Flanders, &c.
for exporting merchandises to England, &c.

BY-MATTER, something accidental. Bacon.

BY-NAME, a nick-name, name of reproach, or accidental appella­
tion.

To BY-NAME, to call by a nick-name. Robert, the conqueror＇s
eldest son, used short hose, and thereupon was by-named Court-hose.
Camden.

BYNE [βυνη, Gr.] barley-steeped, malt.

BY-PAST, past, a term in the Scotch dialect.

BY-PATH, a private or obscure path.

BY-RESPECT, private end or view. It is used by Carew and Dry­
den.

BY-ROAD, an obscure unfrequented path. Used by Swift.

BY-ROOM, a private room within another. Used by Shakespeare.

BY＇RAM [among the Turks] a solemn festival, a sort of car­
naval.

BYRA＇MLIC [among the Turks] a present in the nature of a new­
year＇s-gift, given at the time of that festival. See BAIRAM, and
ADHHA.

By-SPEECH, an accidental speech, not directly relating to the point.
Used by Hooker.

BY＇SSINE [byssinus, Lat.] silken, like silk.

BY-STANDERS, lookers on, persons unconcerned. L＇Estrange.

The BY-STANDER sees more than the gamester. Fr. Un regardant
vaut plus qu＇un joueur. A gamester very often overlooks his game by
a too great attention, or perhaps by being ruffled or discomposed at
fortune＇s going against him, whereas a person, who looks on with un­
concern, has his thoughts and mind freer to observe and consider every
circumstance and incident.

BY＇THUS [βυθος, Gr. profundity] one of the names by which the
Valentinians characterised the supreme God, and first cause of all
things; if, on their scheme, there could be any. For to him they
joined a certain fictitious, but co-existent, co-eternal, unoriginated per­
sonage, called ENNOIA, i. e. Thought, or CHARIS, and SIGE, i. e.
Grace and Silence. And from this Syzygy, or conjunction of two,
they derived their whole system of Æons; and from them all other
beings, whether of the material or immaterial kind. Iræneus and Ter­
tullian. See GNOSTICS and VALENTINIANS.

BY-STREET, an obscure street. Used by Gay.

BY-VIEW, private, self-interested purpose. Used by Atterbury.

BY-WALK, a private walk, not the main road.

BY-WAY, a private and obscure way.

BY-WEST, westward, to the west of. Whereupon grew that by-word
used by the Irish, that they dwelt by-west the law, which dwelt be­
yond the river of the Barrow. Davies.

BY-WORD, a saying, a proverb. We are become a by-word among
the nations. Addison.

BY-WORK. See LANDSKIP.

BYZA＇NTINE [of Byzantium, i. e. Constantinople] belonging to
Byzantium. See BIZANTINE.

BYZA＇NTINUS, BYZA＇NTINA, BYZA＇NTINUM [in botanic writers]
growing about Constantinople.












C.

C c, Roman, C c, Italic, C c, English, are the third let­
ters; and K κ, Greek, the tenth; and ב, Hebrew, the
eleventh of their respective alphabets.

C. [in English] before the vowels i, o and u, and before
a consonant, is generally pronounced as k; as, cap, corpse,
cup, &c.

C [in English] before e, i, ee, ei, and y, is sounded like s; as,
cellar, city, exceed, ceiling, cyprus.

C [in English] generally goes before k; as, back, beck, thick, lock,
muck; but if a vowel follows k, the c is not set before it; as, cake,
peke, strike, stroke, duke.
It is better to express the French que by ck, and not, as some do,
write publique, for publick; musique, for musick; tho＇ others chuse to
leave the k quite out, and to write public, music; and indeed the k is
superfluous.

C [in the titles of books, inscriptions on tombs, under statues, &c.]
is an abbreviation of centum, Lat. an hundred, and is repeated for
each hundred; as, CCCC, four hundred.

C is also an abbreviation of Christi, as A. C. i. e. Anno Christi,
Lat. in the year of Christ.

CC are abbreviations of Corporis or Corpus Christi, Lat. i. e. of the
body of Christ; as, a student of CC, Corpus Christi college in Ox­
ford.

CA＇ABA, or CA＇BA, Arab. the name of the Beit-ollah, or house
of God, in Mecca; so called from its quadrangular, or rather its cubic
form; caaba in Arab. signifying to make in the form of a cube. And
We [i. e. God] gave to Abraham the Site of the Caaba for an Abode,
saying, do not associate any thing with Me. Coran. chap. 22. God
gave it him for a place of religious worship; shewing him (as the Ma­
hometan commentators add) the spot where it had stood, and also the
model of the old building, which had been taken up to heaven at the
stood. Sale＇s Coran, p. 276. In plain terms, the Mahometans (who
are all strenuous asserters of the divine UNITY) affirm their religion to
be as old as the creation; and, accordingly, they enrol Adam, Noah,
Abraham, Moses, and CHRIST himself, in the number of its profes­
sors. See BETT-OLLAH and CARAVAN.

CAB [קב, Heb.] a measure of the Hebrews, the sixth part of a
seah, containing three English pints, and 10 solid inches. See BATH,
and read there SEAHS

CABA＇L, a meeting together or consultation privately on some
party matter or intrigue; as, a cabal of men or women. 2. The per­
sons caballing; a body of men united in some close design. A cabal







differs from a party, as few from many. She often interposed her au­
thority to break the cabals against her first ministers. Addison.

To CABAL [cabaler, Fr.] to make small parties, to plot privately,
to form close intrigues.
What those caballing captains may design,
I must prevent. Dryden.

CABA＇LA [cabale, Fr. cabala, It. and Sp. cabala, Heb. a receiving, of
càbal, Heb. to receive] a traditional or mysterious doctrine among the
cient Jews, which, they say, was delivered by word of mouth to
Moses, and by him to the fathers, and so transmitted from generation
to generation; and at length collected into a body called Mishna;
which, with the commentaries and glosses of their doctors and rabbies,
composes the work called the Talmud. R. Solomon defines the Caba­
la to be “the tradition and custom which we have received from our
rabbies;” and Buxtorf adds, that it is divided into the practic and
theoretic. But as to its divine authority, we may see what our Saviour
judged concerning it, when he charges the rabbies of his own age,
with making void by their traditions the law of God. How far both
Christians and Mahometans have copied after the Jews in this scheme
of a Mishna, or secondary law, see TRADITION and SONNITES; see
also MISHNA and TALMUD.

CABALA [by Christians] is taken for the use, or rather abuse, which
magicians made of some part of the passages of scripture, and all the
words, magic figures, letters, numbers, charms, &c. and also the
hermetical science, are comprized or understood under this name Ca­
bala.

CA＇BALIST [cabaliste, Fr. cabalista, It. Sp. and Lat.] a person ver­
sed in the Jewish cabala.

CABALI＇STIC, or CABALI＇STICAL [cabalistique, Fr. cabalistico, It.
and Sp. cabalisticus, L. B.] of or pertaining to the cabala, having
some occult meaning. The letters are cabalistical, and carry more in
them than it is proper for the world to be acquainted with. Ad­
dison.

CABA＇LLER [caballeur, Fr.] one who joins in cabals, or close in­
trigues. A close caballer. Dryden.

CABA＇LLINE [caballinus, Lat.] of or belonging to an horse.

CABALLINE Aloes [of caballinus, Lat.] a coarser sort of aloes used
in medicines for horses.

CABA＇LLUS [according to the poets] the winged horse Pegasus,
who, as he flew to Mount Helicon, by a blow of his hoof caused a
great fountain to rise out of a rock, which was thence called Hippo­
crene. This fountain was consecrated to Apollo and the muses: and
thence it is, that it is feigned, that the poets drank of that water, to
make their poems to be more admired and approved.

CABARE＇T, Fr. a tavern. It is used by Bramhall.

CA＇BARIC, an herb, otherwise called harlewort.

CA＇BBAGE [cabus, of cavolo cabuccio, Ital. brassica, Lat.] an edible
plant for the pot: the leaves are large, fleshy, and of a glauceous co­
lour: the flowers consist of four leaves, which are succeeded by long
taper pods. The species are twenty-two: 1. The common white
cabbage. 2. The red cabbage. 3. The Russian cabbage. 4. The
flat-sided cabbage. 5. The sugar loaf cabbage. 6. The early Bat­
tersea cabbage. 7. The white Savoy cabbage. 8. The green Savoy
cabbage. 9. The boorcole. 10. The green brocoli. 11. The
Italian brocoli, 12. The turnip-rooted cabbage. 13. The cauli­
flower. 14. The turnip cabbage. 15. Curled colewort. 16. The
musk cabbage. 17. Branching-tree cabbage, from the sea coast.
18. Brown brocoli. 19. Common colewort. 20. Perennial alpine
colewort. 21. Perfoliated wild cabbage, with a white flower. 22.
Perfoliated cabbage, with a purple flower. Miller.

CABBAGE, whatever is purloined by taylors and mantua-women
from the garments they are to make up. See a very ludicrous account
of it in the Tale of a Tub.

CABBAGE of a Deer＇s Head [with hunters] the burr which parts
where the horns take their rise.

To CABBAGE. 1. A cant word, signifying to purloin, in the mak­
ing of cloths. Your taylor, instead of shreds, cabbages whole yards of
cloth. Arbuthnot. 2. To gather to a head.

CABBAGE-TREE, a species of palm-tree. It is very common in
the Caribbee islands, where it grows to a prodigious height: the
leaves envelop each other; so that those which are inclosed, being de­
prived of the air, are blanched, which is the part the inhabitants cut
for plaits for hats, &c. and the genuine or young shoots are pickled
and sent into England by the name of cabbage. Miller.

CABBAGE Worm, an insect.

CABENDA, a port-town of Conge, in Africa, subject to the Portuguese.

CA＇BBIN [cabane, Fr. cuppana, It. chabin, Wel. a cottage] 1. A
small room.
In secret cabbin there he held
Her captive. Spenser.
2. A cottage, hut or booth. 3. In a ship, a little room or closet to
lie in, a lodging or apartment for officers. 4. A cottage or small
hut. 5. A tent. Some of green boughs their slender cabbins frame.
Fairfax.

To CA＇BIN, verb neut. [from the noun] to live in a cabin. Cabin
in a cave. Shakespeare.

To CABIN, verb act. to confine in a cabin. I＇m cabbin＇d, cribb＇d,
confin＇d, bound in. Shakespeare.

CA＇BINED, adj. [of cabin] belonging to a cabin. Cabined loop­
hole. Milton.

CA＇BINET [Fr. gabinetto, It. gavinéte, Sp. gabinete, Port.] 1. A
closet in a king＇s palace, or in the house of a nobleman; or a pri­
vate room where consultations are generally held; as, a cabinet coun­
cil. 2. A sort of chest of drawers for curiosities, a private box.
Who sees a soul in such a body set,
Might love the treasure for the cabinet. Ben. Johnson.
3. A kind of little trunk to put things of value in.
Thy breast hath e＇er been the cabinet
Where I have lock＇d my secrets. Denham.
4. In Spenser it seems to signify a hut or house.
Harken a while in thy green cabinet,
The laurel song. Spenser.

CABINET-COUNSEL, that which is held with unusual privacy and
confidence.

CABINET-MAKER [of cabinet and maker] one that makes nice work
in wood.

CABINET Organ, a small portable organ.

CABI＇RIA, feasts held by the Greeks of the island of Lemnos and
Thebes, in honour of some Samothracian deities, called Cabines.

CA＇BLAN, the name of a kingdom in India, beyond the Ganges.

CA＇BLE [Fr. and Sp. kabel, Du. and L. Ger. cabl, Wel.] a great
rope, with three strands, which is fastened to the anchor to hold a
ship fast, when she rides.

To unbend the CABLE [sea term] to take it away.

To serve the CABLE, or to keckle the CABLE, [sea term] is to bind
it about with ropes or clouts, in order to keep it from galling in the
hoses.

To pay cheap the CABLE, [sea term] is to put or hand it out a
pace.

Pay more CABLE, [with sailors] is to let it more out from the ship,
that the boat that carries the anchor may the more easily drop it into
the sea.

The CABLE is well laid [sea term] signifies it is well wrought or
made.

Veer more CABLE [with mariners] signifies to put more out.

Shot off a CABLE [with sailors] is two cables spliced or fastened to­
gether.

Sheet Anchor CABLE [of a ship] is the largest cable that belongs
to it.

CABLE＇s Length [with sailors] 120 fathom.

To quoil the CABLE, [sea phrase] is to roll it up round in a
ring.

To splice a CABLE, [sea term] is to join or make two pieces fast to­
gether, by working the several strands of it into one another.

CABLE＇E [in heraldry] as, a cross cableé is a cross made of two
ends of a ship＇s cable.

CABLE Tire [sea term] the several rolls of a cable, as they lie one
upon another.

CA＇BLED Flutes [in architecture] such flutes as are filled up with
pieces in form of cables.

CA＇BLISH [forest law] brush-wood or wind-fallen wood.

CABO＇CHED, or CABO＇SSED, [in heraldry] is when the heads of
beasts are borne in an escutcheon, without any part of the neck, full­
faced. Of the French caboche, a head.

CA＇BUL, the capital city of a province of the same name, on the
north-west of India. Both the town and province of Cabul were ceded
to the Persians in 1739.

CA＇BURNS [with sailors] small lines made of rope-yarn or spun­
yarn, which serve to bind the cable of a ship, and to make up the
sails to the yard arms.

CACAFUE＇GO [i. e. shite-fire] a boaster, a bragging or vapouring
fellow. Span.

CACA＇O, a tree like an orange tree, as to its size and shape
of its leaves. The fruit of it is like a melon, but full of small
nuts, less than an almond, and is called cacao. Of this chocolate is
made.

CACATO＇RIA Febris [with physicians] a sort of intermitting fever,
attended with a violent looseness, &c.

CACE＇MPHATON, or CACEPHATON [κακεμϕατον, of κακος, evil, and
ϕημι, to say, Gr.] an harsh sound of words; and thus it is of much
the same purport with cacophony. Or where some rule of modest decency
is transgressed, and then it answers to our obscenity. Aristoph. Ran.
v. 48. επεβατευον Schol. κακεμϕατως Appendix ad Thesaur. H. Ste­
phani, &c.

CACE＇RES, a town of Estremadura, in Spain, about 17 miles south
east of Alcantara.

CA＇CHAN, a city of Persia, remarkable for its manufactures of gold
and silver stuffs, and for a certain kind of fine earthen-ware. It is
situated in a large plain, about 20 leagues from Ispahan.

CACHA＇O, or KECHIO, the capital of the kingdom of Tonquin,
situated on the western shore of the river Domea. Lat. 22° 30′ N.
Long. 105° E.

CACHE＇CTIC, or CACHE＇CTICAL [of cachexy] having an ill habit
of body, shewing an ill habit; as, a cachectic person. See CACHEXY.

CACHE＇CTUS, or CACHE＇CTICUS, Lat. [καχεκτος, Gr.] one having
an ill habit of body.

CA＇CHEMIRE, a province of Asia, in the country of the Mogul.

CACHEMIRE, is also the name of the capital city of the above pro­
vince. Lat. 34° 30′ N. Long. 76° E.

CA＇CHET, Fr. a seal; thence lettre de cachet, a sealed or secret let­
ter.

CACHE＇XY [καχεξια, of κακος, evil, and εξις, Gr. habit] an ill ha­
bit or disposition of body, a general word to express a great variety
of symptoms: Most commonly it denotes such a distemperature of the
humours, as hinders nutrition, and weakens the vital and animal
functions, proceeding from weakness of the fibres, and an abuse of the
nonnaturals, and often from severe acute distempers. Arbuthnot.

CACHINNA＇TION, [cachinatio, of cachinnus, Lat.] a great and un­
measurable laughter.

CA＇CHOU, an aromatic drug, reckoned among perfumes, called
also Terra Japonica.

CA＇CHRYS [καχρυς, Gr.] the catlin that grows on nut-trees, gos­
lins on willows, &c. maple-chats or ash-keys.

To CACK [kacken, Du. and Ger. cacare, Lat.] to ease the body
by going to stool.

CA＇CKEBEL [of caco, Lat.] a fish of a loosening quality.

To CA＇CKLE [probably of kackelen, Du.] 1. To make a noise or cry
as a goose. Every goose is cackling. Shakespeare.
Rob the Roman geese of all their glories,
And save the state by cackling to the tories. Pope.
2. Sometimes it is used for the noise of a hen when she has laid an
egg, &c. This woful cackling cry with horror heard. Dryden.
3. To laugh, to giggle. Nic grinned, cackled, and laughed. Ar­
buthnot.

CACKLE [from the verb] the noise of a goose or other fowl.

CA＇CKLER [of cackle] 1. A prater, a tell-tale, a noisy person. 2.
A fowl that cackles, a humorous word for capons or fowl.








CACOCHY＇LIA [of κακος, bad, and χυλος, Gr. chyle] a bad chyli­
fication, when the humour called chyle is not duly made.

CACOCHY＇MIC, or CACOCHY＇MICAL [of cacochymy] having the hu­
mours corrupted; as, cacochymical blood. It is used by physical wri­
ters.

CACOCHY＇MY [cacocimia, It. cacochymia, Lat. κακοχυμια, of κακος,
bad, and χυμος, Gr. humour] abundance of corrupt humours in the
body, caused by bad nourishment or ill digestion: a depravation of the
humours from a sound state to what the physicians call by the general
name of a cacochymy. Spots and discolourations of the skin are signs
of weak fibres; for the lateral vessels, which lie out of the road of cir­
culation, let gross humours pass, which could not happen, if the vessels
had their due degree of stricture. Arbuthnot.

CACODÆ＇MON [κακοδαιμων, of κακος and δαιμων, Gr. a spirit] an
evil spirit, a devil.

CACODÆMON [in astrology] the twelfth house of a scheme or figure
of the heavens, so termed, on account of the dreadful significations of
it, as great losses, imprisonment, &c.

CACOE＇THES [with surgeons] a boil, botch, or sore, hard to be
cured; a malignant disease.

CACO＇LOGY [of cacologia, Lat. of κακος, and λογος, Gr. a word] an
evil speaking.

CACO＇PHONY [cacophonie, Fr. cacofonia, It. cacophonia, Lat. κακο­
ϕωνια, of κακος, and ϕωνη, Gr.] a bad tone of the voice, proceeding
from the ill disposition of the organs; or a certain harshness of sound
arising from the improper mixture of the vowels and consonants among
themselves. Strabo Geog. Lib. 13, p. 918. “Theophrastus was
first called Tertamus; but Aristotle changed it into Theophrastus,
partly to avoid the cacophony of the former name, and partly ———
Append. ad Thesaur. H. Stephani, &c.
N. B. The cacophony becomes a beauty when applied to a harsh sub­
ject, as in Homer＇s description of the butchery of Ulysses＇s comrades
by the Cyclops, which Dionys. Halicarn. so much admires for the
ROUGHNESS of the sounds:
Συν δε δυω μαρψας, ωστε σκυλακας———
Or in the effusion of the bowels from a wound:
Χυντο χαμαι χολαδες——
Not so, when a Chloris or Venus is introduced; it being a standing rule
with the father-poet, to change his sounds and numbers as his subject
varies.

CACOPHY＇XIA, Lat. a bad pulse. See CACOPHY＇XY.

CACOPHY＇XY [cacophyxia, Lat. of κακος and σϕυξις, Gr. the pulse]
a bad pulse. By corruption from cacosphyxy. See APHYXIA.

CACORY＇THMUS, Lat. [of κακος, bad, and ρυθμος, Gr. the pulse]
an unequal pulse.

CACOSI＇STARA [with logicians] arguments proposed between two
persons, that will serve as well for the one as the other; as, you ought
to forgive him because he is a child———No, for that reason I will beat
him, that he may be better hereafter.

CACOSY＇NTHETON [κακοσυνθεσια, of κακος and συνθεσις, Gr.] a
faulty composition or joining together of words in a sentence.

CACO＇TROPHY [κακοτροϕια, of κακος, and τροϕη, Gr. nourishment]
a bad nutriment, proceeding from a depravation of the blood.

CACO＇TECHNY [cacotechnia, Lat. of κακος, and τεχνη, Gr. art] a
hurtful art or invention.

CACO＇TYCHE [with astrologers] i. e. bad fortune; the sixth house
of an astrological figure.

CACOZE＇LIA, Lat. [κακοζηλια, of κακος, and ζηλος, Gr. zeal] an
evil zealousness.

CACOZELIA, Lat. [in rhetoric] perverse imitation, affectedness.

CACOZE＇LIUM, Lat. [a term used by rhetoricians] when a speech
is faulty by impropriety of words, want of coherence, redundancy,
obscurity, &c.

CA＇CTOS [κακτος, Gr. a kind of thistle] an artichoke.

CACU＇BALUM, Lat. [κακουβαλον, Gr.] an herb good to heal the
biting of serpents, chickweed.

To CACU＇MINATE [cacuminatum, cacumino, of cacumen, Lat.] to
make sharp or coned, to make pyramidical.

CADA＇VER, Lat. a dead carcass.

CADA＇VEROUS [cadaverosus, Lat.] like, or belonging to a dead
carcass, having the qualities of a dead carcass. Brown uses it, and
other physical writers.

CADA＇RIANS, a sect of mahometans who attribute the actions of men
to men alone, and not to any secret power determining the will; con­
trary to the rest of the Musulmen, who are strict predestinarians. They
are so called, says Abulpharagius, from Cadr, Arab. a decree; not
because they maintain, but deny the doctrine of [absolute] decrees.
Abulph. Histor. Dynast. Text. p. 168. Pocock＇s Versio, p. 105. See
ADWARDII, and read there Al-waïdii, or Al-waïdians. See also
ASHA＇RIANS.

CA＇DBATE Fly, or CAD-Worm, an insect which is a good bait for
most sorts of river fish.

CA＇DDIS. 1. A kind of tape or ribbon. He hath ribbons of all co­
lours of the rainbow, inkles, caddises, cambrics. Shakespeare. 2. A
kind of worm or grub sound in a case of straw. The May-sly is bred
of the cad-worm or caddis. Walton.

CADE, subst. [of cadus, Lat.] a sort of barrel or cask. A cade of her­
rings. Shakespeare.
Let none persuade to broach
Thy thick, unwholsome, undigested cades. J. Philips.

CADE, adj. [it is deduced by Skinner from cadeler, Fr. an old
word, which signifies to bring up tenderly. Johnson] tame, delicate;
as, a cade-lamb is a young lamb, weaned and brought up tenderly in a
house.

To CADE [from the adj.] to breed up in softness.

CADE＇LESHER, or CADE＇LISHER [among the Turks] a chief magi­
strate or rather judge, the one over Lesser Asia, and the other over
Greece. M. Thevenot says, that originally there were but two; the
one of Natolia, and the other of Romelich, or European Greece: but
that after sultan Selim had conquered Egypt, he created a third, who
is the cadelesquer of Egypt. They have under them the cadies, which
are judges, and comme bailiffs ou prevosts; ＇tis before them they de­
cide differences, marry, give liberty to slaves, &c. Voyage de Levant.
See CA＇DI.

CA＇DENCE, or CA＇DENCY, Fr. [cadenza, It. cadéncia, Sp. cadentia,
Lat.] 1. The fall of the voice. The sliding in the close or cadence hath
an agreement with the figure in rhetoric called prater expectatum. Ba­
con. 2. Fall, state of sinking, decline. The sun in western cadence
low. Milton. 3. The flow of verses or periods. The cadency of one
line must be a rule to the next. Dryden. 4. The tone or sound.
With hoarse cadence lull
Seafaring men. Milton.
Pere Richelet observes, that cadence in rhetoric is a certain harmonious
chute [or fall] of a period, or of part of a period. Is it possible, says
Balzac, we should labour the structure and cadence of a period, with as
much zeal and earnestness as if life was at stake! He adds, that ca­
dence, as a term in poetry, signifies different measures of the verse, ac­
cording to the difference of the verse: all which I the rather cite, as
squaring with some things already advanced; at least, as shewing what
ideas the French affix to this word.

CADE＇NCES [in singing] are the same with points and virgula＇s in
discourse.

CADENCE [with horsemen] is an equal measure or proportion ob­
served by a horse in all his motions, when he＇s thoroughly managed,
and works justy at gallop, terra a terra, and the airs, to that his mo­
tions or times have an equal regard to one another, that one does
not embrace or take in more ground than the other, and that the horse
observes his ground regularly.

CADENCE [in dancing] is when the steps follow the notes and mea­
sures of the music.

CADENCE [with orators] when the sounds end agreeable to the
ear.

CADENCE [with poets] a certain measure of verse varying as the
verse varies.

CADENCE [in music] is a kind of conclusion of the tune, which is
made of all the parts together in several places of any key. See
CLOSE.

CA＇DENT [cadens, Lat.] falling down.

CADENT Houses [with astrologers] are the third, sixth, ninth, and
twelfth houses of a scheme or figure of the heavens; they being those
that are next from the angles.

CADE＇T, or CADEE＇. 1. A younger brother of a family. 2. The
youngest brother. Joseph was the youngest of the twelve, and David
was the eleventh son and the cadet of Jesse. Brown. 3. A volunteer
who serves in the army without being entered in the list, and in ex­
pectation of a commission. Fr.

CA＇DEW, a straw-worm. See CADDIS.

CADGE, a round frame of wood, on which hawks are carried by
the cadgers, in order to be sold.

CA＇DGER, a huckster, one who brings butter, eggs, and poultry,
from the country to market.

CA＇DI [among the Turks, &c.] a magistrate, or sort of Justice of
peace. We lay the accent on the first syllable; but ＇tis wrong; for
the word is of Arabian extract, from cadá, to decree, and in the se­
cond conjugation, to constitute a judge; from whence is derived cadáo,
a decree or sentence of judgment, and cadì, qui prompti indicat, i. e.
one apt and ready in giving sentence. Golius. To which I may add,
that from hence (in compound of cádi, a judge, and esher, Arab, a
camp or army) is formed cadi-lesher, and, by corruption, cadelesher.
See CADE＇LESHER.

CADI＇LESHER [among the Turks] a chief justice. See CADE＇LE­
SHER.

CADI＇LLAC, a sort of pear.

CA＇DIZ, a city and port-town of Andalusia, in Spain, situated on
the north-west end of the island of Leon, or Lyon, opposite to port
St. Mary, on the continent, about 60 miles south-west of Seville, and
40 miles north-west of Gibraltar. The island it stands on is about 18
miles in length; the south-west end is about nine broad, but the other
end, where the city stands, not above two. It has a communication
with the continent by means of a bridge; and, with the opposite shore,
forms a bay of 12 miles long, and six broad. About the middle of this
bay there are two head-lands or promontories, one on the continent,
and the other on the island, which advance so near together, that a
sort upon each, one called the Puntal, and the other Matagorda, com­
mand the passage; the harbour being within these sorts, and therefore
impossible to be entered by an enemy, without first taking the sorts.
This is a place of as great trade, as most in the kingdom of Spain. It
stands in lat. 36° 30′ N. and long. 6° 40′ W.

CADIZA＇DELITE, a kind of stoic sect among the Mahometans, who
affect an extraordinary gravity in word and action. They avoid feast­
ing and diversion. Those of them who inhabit on the frontiers of Hun­
gary, &c. agree in many things with the Christians. They read the
bible in the Selavonic translation, as well as the alcoran; and hold,
that Mahomet was the Holy Spirit, who descended on the apostles in
the day of Pentecost.

CA＇DMA, the least pig which a sow has at one farrow.

CA＇DMIA [καδμια, Gr.] a mineral, whereof there are two sorts, na­
tural and artificial.

Natural CADMIA, is either that which contains metallic parts, and
is called cobalt, or that which contains none, called lapis calaminaris.

Artificial CADMIA, is prepared from copper in furnaces, and is of
five sorts. The first is called botrytis, being in form of a bunch of
grapes; the second ostricitis, because it resembles a sea shell; the third
placetis, because it resembles a crust; the fourth caprillis; and the
fifth calamites, which hangs round the iron rods with which they stir
the copper in the furnace.

CADMIA Officinarum, tutty.

CA＇DMITES, a precious stone having blue specks in it.

CA＇DRITES, a kind of religious among the Mahometans, who live
a kind of monastic life. On Friday nights they pass the greatest part
of the night in running round, holding each others hands, incessantly
crying out Hbai, i. e. living, one of the names of God; in the mean
time one of their number plays on the slute. They are allowed 10 quit
their monastic life, and marry if they please; but upon condition of
wearing black buttons on their garment to distinguish them. They
have a convent at Tophana in Constantinople; and derive their name,
as Paul Ricant observes, from Abdallah Cadir, the founder of their







order, and who was cotemporary with Holagu, grandson of Jingiz­
chan. See A＇BBASIDES.

CADUCA Bona, Lat. [in civil law] escheats, goods fallen or for­
feited to the king.

CADU＇CEAN, of or pertaining to the caduceus or Mercury＇s wand.

CADU＇CEUS, Lat. a staff or white wand, which heralds or ambas­
sadors carried when they went to treat of peace.

CADUCEUS, the wand or rod that Apollo gave to Mercury, in ex­
change for the seven-stringed harp. The poets to this rod ascribe the
virtue of appeasing differences; and also two other properties, as con­
ducting souls to hell, and delivering them from thence, and to cause
and disturb sleep. But as to the first of its virtues or properties, my­
thologists say, that it means no more than the power of eloquence,
which satisfies the mind, composes the heart, and brings men first to
reason, and then to peace.

CADU＇CUS Morbus, Lat. [with physicians] the falling sickness, a
disease so named, because those affected with it fall down on a sud­
den.

CADU＇KE [caduque, Fr. caduco, It. caducus, Lat.] crazy.

CÆ＇CIAS [καικιας, Gr.] a wind from the north quarter.
From the north,
Boreas and Cæcias, and Argestes loud,
And Thrascias, rend the woods. Milton.

CÆ＇CUM Intestinum, Lat. [in anatomy] the blind gut, so called, be­
cause one end of it is shut up, so that the ordure and chyle both pass
out, and come in at the same orifice.

CÆLIA＇CA, Lat. the arteries of the stomach, which accompany the
branches of the great vein.

CÆLI＇COLIST [cælicola, of cœlum, heaven, and colo, Lat. to inha­
bit] a saint, an inhabitant of heaven.

CÆLI＇FEROUS, or CÆLI＇GEROUS [cælifer, or cæliger, of cœlum,
heaven, and fero, to bear, or gero, to carry] bearing or upholding
heaven.

CÆLI＇POTENT [cælipotens, of cœlum and potens, Lat.] 1. Mighty
in heaven. 2. Having the sovereignty of heaven.

CÆLO＇STOMY [κοιλοστομια, of κοιλος, hollow, and στομα, Gr. the
mouth] is when the word is as it were obscured or pent within the
mouth, as in a cave, and is heard in the recess.

To CÆ＇MENT [with Paracelsians] is to calcine after a peculiar
manner with corrosive liquors; but Van Helmont more properly calls it
luting. See CE＇MENT.

CÆ＇PA, Lat. an onion.

CÆRU＇LEOUS [cæruleus, Lat.] being of a blue azure colour, like the
sky.

CAE＇RLEON, a market town of Monmouthshire, on the river Uske,
about 16 miles south-west of Monmouth.

CAERMA＇RTHEN, the capital of Caermarthenshire, in South Wales,
situated on the river Tivy, about five miles from the sea. It sends one
member to parliament. The county of Caermarthen also sends one
member.

CAERNA＇RVON, the chief town of Caernarvonshire, in North
Wales, situated on the river Menay. It sends one member to par­
liament. The county of Caernarvon also sends one member.

CAE＇RWIS, a market town in Flintshire, in North Wales, about
five miles east of St. Asaph.

CÆ＇SAR [of cæsura, Lat. a cutting] a title or name given to the
twelve emperors of Rome who succeeded Julius Cæsar.

CÆSA＇RIAN, noun adj. 1. Belonging to Cæsar. 2. One of his
party.

CÆSARIAN Operation, or CÆSAREAN Section [in surgery] a cutting
open the belly of the mother, in order to the taking out the child, be­
cause Cæsar was thus born.

CÆ＇SURA, Lat. a cut, a gash, a notch.

CÆSURA [in Greek and Latin poetry] a poetic liberty, when, after
a foot is compleated, a short syllable in the end of the word is admit­
ted in the place of a long one; as Pēctŏrĭbŭs ĭnhĭāns———Virg.
P. Richelet says, that, in French poetry, ＇tis that pause which (with
them) is so necessary to be observed in the middle of a great verse.
The opening of one vowel upon another has been condemned by our
best writers, as offensive to the ear, and consequently improper; and
so doubtless it often is; except where a pause is intended; as in that
line of Virgil＇s:
Ter sunt conati—imponere Pelio Ossam.
And I suspect the Cæsura of the antients is best accounted for on this
hypothesis; e. g. What if we should read
Pectoribus———inhians, in Virgil?
And,
Ιλι—ου προπαροιθε, πυλα—ων τε σκαια—ων, in Homer?
A judicious ear will soon discern a solemnity in the pause, well adapted
to the SOLEMNITY of the occasion.

CA＇FFA, or KAFFA, a city and port-town of Crim Tartary, situated
on the south-east part of that peninsula. It is the most considerable
town in the country, and gives name to the Streights of Caffa, which
run from the Euxine or Black Sea, to the Palus Meotis, or sea of
Azoph.

CAFFA＇RIA, the country of the Caffers or Hottentots, being the
most southern part of Africa. It lies in the form of a crescent, about
the inland country of Monomopata, between 35 deg. south latitude,
and the tropic of capricorn; and bounded on the east, south, and
west, by the Indian and Atlantic oceans. Most part of the sea-coast
of this country is subject to the Dutch, who have built a fort near the
most southern promontory, called the Cape of Good Hope.

CA＇FTAN, Pers. a persian vest or garment.

CAG [of caque, Fr.] a vessel of wood containing about 4 or 5 gal­
lons: there are some of a less size; their form is that of a barrel.

CAGE, Fr. [probably of cavea, Lat. a pit, gabbia, It. jaula, Sp.
gayola, Port.] 1. A device, an inclosure made of twigs or wire for
keeping birds in. 2. A place for wild beasts, inclosed with palisadoes,
3. A prison for petty malefactors.

To CAGE [from the noun] to inclose in a cage.
He swoln and pamper＇d with high fare,
Sits down and snorts, cag＇d in his basket chair. Donne.

CAGE-Work [in a ship] the uppermost carved work of the hull.

CA＇GIA [in old records] a bird-cage or coop of hens.

CA＇GLI, a town in the province of Urbino, in the Pope＇s territories,
about 25 miles south of the city of Urbino.

CAGLIA＇RI, the capital of the island of Sardinia, situated on a bay
of the sea, in the southern part of that island. Lat. 39° N. Long.
9° 12′ E.

CAHE＇RAH, or AL-CAHE＇RAH, the capital of Egypt, which we call
Grand Cairo. See CAI＇RO.

CA＇HORS, the capital of the territory of Querci, in the province of
Guienne, in France, about 45 miles south of Thoulouse. It is a bi­
shop＇s see, and has an university.

CAJA＇NABURG, the capital of the province of Cajania, or East Both­
nia, in Sweden, situated on the north-east part of the lake Cajania,
about 300 miles north-east of Abo.

CAJA＇ZZO, a town of the province of Lavoro, in the kingdom of
Naples, about 16 miles north-east of the city of Naples.

CAI＇FUM, a city of China, in the province of Honan, on the river
Crocceus, 350 miles north-west of Nanking.

CAI＇MACAM, or CAI＇MACAN [in the Ottoman empire] a lieutenant,
an officer of great dignity, of which there are three: one attends the
grand signior, another the grand vizir, and the third is governor of
Constantinople.

CAI＇MAN, or CAI＇MAN Islands, certain American islands lying south
of Cuba, and north-west of Jamaica, in 21 deg. of north latitude,
and between 81 and 86 deg. of west longitude.

CAIMAN, a crococile, so called in America.

CAI＇NITES, so called of Cain, because they esteemed him as their
father; a sect of ancient heretics.

To CAJO＇LE [cajoler, Fr.] to flatter, to sooth, to coax, wheedle,
court, or fawn upon. The one affronts him, while the other cajoles
and pities him. L＇Estrange.

CA＇JOLER [from cajole] a wheedler, coaxer, &c.

CAJO＇LERY [cajolerie, Fr.] a fawing upon, vain praise, flattery.

CAI＇SSON, a covered waggon or carriage for provisions and ammu­
nition for an army.

CAISSON [in gunnery] a wooden chest, containing 4 or 6 bombs;
or filled only with powder, which the besieged bury under ground, in
order to blow up a work that the besiegers are like to be masters of.
Thus after the bonnet has been blown up by the mine, they lodge a
caisson under the ruins of it, and when the enemy has made a lodg­
ment there, they fire the caisson by the help of a saucis, and blow up
that post a second time.

CAI＇RO, or GRAND CAIRO [al-cahirat, Arab. the victorious] the
capital of Egypt, situated in a plain, at the foot of a mountain, about
two miles east of the Nile, and about 100 south of the mouth of that
river. The town is ten miles in cirumference, and full of inhabitants.
The castle stands on the summit of a hill, at the south end of the town,
and is three miles round. The British and other European kingdoms,
have their consuls here for the protection of trade. It is subject to the
Turks. Lat. 30′ N. Long. 32° E.

CAI＇ROAN, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, in Africa, on the ri­
ver Magrida, about 80 miles south of Tunis.

CAI＇TIF [cattivo, It. a slave, chetif, Fr. vile, despicable; whence it
came to signify a bad man, with some implication of meanness, as
knave in English and fur in Latin; so certainly does slavery destroy
virtue. A slave and a scoundrel are signified by the same words in
many languages] a miserable slave, a lewd wretch; a pitiful sorry fel­
low.
Vile Caitif, vassal of dread and despair. Spenser.
The wicked＇st caitif. Shakespeare.

CAI＇TIFLY, adv. [from caitif] wickedly, &c.

CAKE [kacken, C. Brit. kag, Dan. cuch, Teut.] a kind of delicate
bread, or flat loaf, made with fruit, spice, milk, &c. In general,
any thing of a form rather flat than high, by which it is sometimes di­
stinguished from a loaf. Cakes of rustling ice came rolling down the
flood. Dryden.

To CAKE [from the noun] to harden as dough in the oven, to join
or melt together into one, as coals do in burning. This burning mat­
ter, as it sunk very leisurely, had time to cake together. Addison.

CA＇LABASH Tree; it hath a flower consisting of one leaf, which af­
terwards becomes a fleshy fruit, having an hard shell. They rise to
the height or twenty-five or thirty feet in the West Indies. The shells
are used by the negroes for cups, as also for making instruments of
music, by making a hole in the shell, and putting in small stones,
with which they make a sort of rattle. Miller.

CA＇LABER, the fur of a small creature in Germany, called a cala­
ber.

CALA＇BRIA, the most southerly province of the kingdom of Naples,
situated over-against Sicily. There are two provinces of this name,
called the Higher and the Farther Calabria, with respect to the city of
Naples; Cosenza is the capital of the former, and Reggio of the
latter.

CALA＇DE [with horsemen] is the descent or sloping declivity of a
rising manage ground; being a small entrance upon which a horse is
rid several times round, being put to a short gallop, with his fore-hams
in the air, to make him learn to ply or bend his haunches; and for his
stop upon the aids of the calves of the legs, and the stay of the bridle
and cavesson seasonably.

CALA＇EN, an East Indian mineral, lately discovered.

CALAHOI＇RA, a city of Old Castile, on the river Ebro, near the
confines of Navarre, about 60 miles north-west of Saragossa.

CA＇LAIS, a port-town of Picardy, in France, situated on the En­
glish Channel, about 22 miles south-east of Dover.

CALAMA＇NCO [a word derived probably by some accident, from
calamancus, Lat. which, in the middle ages, signified a hat. Johnson]
a kind of woollen stuff.

CALA＇MARY [calemar, Fr. calamajo, It.] a sort of fish.

CALAMAGRO＇STIS [καλαμαγρωστος, Gr.] the herb sheer-grass. In
Latin, Gramen Tomentosum.

CALAME＇LANOS, sweet mercury.

CALAMINA＇RIS Lapis, Lat. the calamine stone, a kind of fossile
bituminous earth, which, being mixed with copper, changes it into a
yellow metal called brass, and adds a weight to it; but diminishes its
malleability; it is found in veins or seams, running between rocks, and







is dug like lead ore. It is often found in lead ores, or has lead mixt
with it. They use it as an absorbent and drier in outward medicinal
applications, but is seldom given inwardly. We must not omit load­
stones, whetstones of all kinds, limestones calamine, or lapis calami­
naris. Locke.

CA＇LAMINE [calamine, Fr. calamina, It.] the same as lapis calami­
naris. See CALAMINARIS.

CA＇LAMINT [calament, Fr. calamento, It. calamintha, Lat. καλα­
μινθη, Gr.] the herb mountain-mint, it hath long tubulous flowers.
These are produced from the joints of the stalks, at the footstalks of
the leaves, in bunches. This plant grows wild, and is used in me­
dicine. Miller.

To CALAMI＇STRATE [calamistratum, Lat.] to curl or frizzle the
hair.

CALA＇MITES, or Rana viridis, a green frog.

CALA＇MITOUS [calamiteux, Fr. calamitoso, It. and Sp. of calamito­
sus, Lat.] 1. Miserable, wretched, applied to persons; as, a necessi­
tous and calamitous person. 2. Full of misery, distressful, applied to
outward circumstances; as, a sad and calamitous condition.

CALA＇MITUS [old law] a gag to be put into the mouth of dogs, to
hinder them from barking.

CALA＇MITY [calamité, Fr. calamità, It. calamidàd, Sp. calamitas,
Lat.] misfortune, cause of misery, wretchedness, affliction. Another
ill accident is drought, and the spindling of the corn; insomuch as the
word calamity was first derived from calamus, when the corn could not
get out of the stalk. Bacon,

No CALAMITY so grievous as to be without money. Sp. No ay
mal tan lastimero, cómo no tenér dinéro. This proverb is probably
founded upon a supposition, that money can purchase every satisfaction,
and remove every inconveniency; but as there are several calamities
which all the money in the world can＇t remedy, they are more grie­
vous than the want of money itself.

CA＇LAMUS Aromaticus, a kind of rush growing in the Levant, about
the bigness of a goose-quill, called also acorus. See ACO＇RUS; also a sort
of reed, or sweet-scented wood, mentioned in scripture. It is a knotty
root, reddish without, and white within, which puts forth long and
narrow leaves, and is brought from the Indies. The prophets speak
of it as a foreign commodity of great value. These sweet reeds
have no smell when they are green, but when they are dry only.
Spices of pure myrrh, of sweet cinamon, and of sweet calamus.
Exodus.

CALAMUS Scriptorius, a writing pen. Lat.

CALAMUS Scriptorius [with anatomists] a space or dilation about
the fourth ventricle of the brain, so called, because the form of it re­
sembles that of a quill.

CALA＇NGIUM [antient writers] challenge, claim or dispute.

CALA＇SH, or CALO＇CH [caleche, Fr. calesca, It.] a small, open
chariot. The ancients used calashes, the figures of several of them be­
ing to be seen on ancient monuments. They are very simple, light,
and drove by the traveller himself. Arbuthnot.

CALA＇TAJUD, a city of Arragon, in Spain, situated on the river
Xalo, about 50 miles west of Saragossa.

CALATHIA＇NA [in botany] a sort of violet flower, which has no
scent, and springs in autumn. Lat.

CALATRA＇VA, a city of New Castile, in Spain, on the river Gua­
diana, 45 miles south of Toledo.

CALCA＇NEUS, or OS CALCIS [in anatomy] the heel-bone, it lies
under the astragulus, to which it is articulated by ginglimus, and
behind it is a large protuberance that makes the heel.

CALCA＇NTHUM, vitrol rubefied. Lat.

CA＇LCAR, a spur. Lat.

CALCAR [with chemists] a calcining furnace.

CALCAR [with botanists] is when the bottom of a flower runs out
into a point, as delphinium, lark＇s-heel, &c.

CALCA＇RIA [old records] a canldron or copper.

CALCA＇TRIPHA [with botanists] the herb lark-spur. Lat.

CALCE＇A [antient deeds] a road or high-way kept up with stones
and rubbish.

CALCEA＇RUM Operatio [old records] the work of repairing high­
ways, done by servile tenants.

CALCEA＇TA, or CALCE＇TUM [old deeds] a causey or causeway.

CA＇LCEATED [calceatus, Lat.] shod, or fitted with shoes.

CALCEDO＇NIUS, Lat. a sort of precious stone. Calcedonius is of the
agat kind, and of a misty grey, clouded with blue or with purple.
Woodward.

CALCHOIDE＇A [in anatomy] are three little bones in the foot, which
with others, make up that part of the foot next under the ankle, the
same that Fallopius calls cunciformia, because they are shaped like
wedges.

CALCI＇FRAGA [of calcis, gen. of calx or calculus, a stone, and
frango, Lat. to break] a kind of herb, a sort of saxifrage. Lat.

To CA＇LCINATE. See To CALCINE.

CALCINA＇TION [Fr. calcinazione, It.] is the solution of a mixt bo­
dy into powder, by the help of fire, or any corroding things, as
mercury, aqua fortis, &c. being such a management of it, as renders
it reducible to powder; wherefore it is called chemical pulverization.
This is the next degree of the power of fire, beyond that of fusion.
This may be effected, but not without a calcination, or reducing it by
art into a subtle powder. Brown.

CALCINATION Phiosophical, is when horns, hones, hoofs, &c. are
hanged over boiling water (or other liquor) till they have lost their
mucilage, and will easily be powdered.

CALCINATION [of lead] is performed by melting the lead in an
earthen pan unglazed, keeping it stirring over the fire with a spatula,
till it is reduced to a powder.

CALCINATION [of tin] is performed by putting the metal into a
large earthen pan unglazed on a great fire, stirring it from time to
time for 36 Hours, then taking it oft, and letting it cool.

CALCI＇NATORY [from calcinate] a vessel to calcine metals in.

To CALCI＇NE, verb act. [calciner, Fr. calcinare, It. calcinàr, Sp.
of calcis, the gen. of calk, Lat.] 1. To burn to a calx or cinder. In
hardening by baking without melting, the heat first endurateth, then
maketh fragile; and, lastly, it doth calcine. Bacon. 2. To burn up.
Fiery disputes that union have calcin＇d. Denham.

To CALCINE, verb neut. to become a calx or friable substance,
by means of heat. This crystal is a pellucid fissile stone, enduring a
red heat, without losing its transparency, and in a very strong heat
calcining without fusion. Newton.

To CALCINE [in chymical writers] is to reduce a substance to
powder, either by burning, or a corrosive menstruum.

CALCITRA＇PA [with botanists] the star-thistle.

To CA＇LCITRATE [calcitratum, Lat.] to kick.

CALCITRO＇SE [calcitrosus, Lat.] kicking or spurning much.

CALCO＇GRAPHIST [of χαλκογραϕος, of χαλκος, brass, and γραϕω,
Gr. to engrave] an engraver in brass.

CALCO＇GRAPHY [χαλκογαϕια, of χαλκος, brass, and γραϕω, Gr.
to write] engraving in brass.

To CA＇LCULATE [calculer, Fr. from calculus, Lat. a little stone or
bead used in operations of numbers. Johnson. Calcolare, It. calculàr,
Sp. calculo, Lat.] 1. To cast accounts, to compute or reckon. 2.
To compute the situation of the planets at any time; as, to calculate
an eclipse. 3. To frame or model, adjust to some certain end. Re­
ligion is upon all accounts calculated for our benefit. Tillotson.

CALCULA＇TION [Fr. of calculatio, Lat.] 1. The practice or man­
ner of casting of accounts, or reckoning, and is either algebraical or
numerical. Cypher, that great friend to calculation, or rather which
changeth calculation into easy computation. Holder. 2. The result
of arithmetical or algebraical operations, the reckoning. Being dif­
ferent from calculations of the ancients, their observations confirm not
ours. Brown.

CALCULA＇TOR [of calculate] a computer, he that reckons.

CALCULA＇TORY [of calculate] belonging to calculation.

CA＇LCULE [calcul, Fr. calcolo, It. calculo, Sp. of calculus, Lat.]
computation, reckoning.

CA＇LCULI [in anatomy] little stones in the bladder and kidneys.
Lat.

CA＇LCULOSE, or CALCULOUS [calculosus, of calculus, Lat.] full of
stones or gravel, gritty; as, stones or calculose concretions in the
kidney or bladder. Brown.

CALCULO＇SITY [calculositas, calculosus, of calculus, Lat.] fulness of
stones, &c.

CA＇LCULUS, Lat. 1. A small pebble or gravel stone. 2. A counter
to cast account with. 3. The stone in the bladder or kidneys of a
human body. The last is the most usual sense.

CALCULUS Differentialis [with mathematicians] is a method of
differencing quantities, or of finding an infinitely small quantity, which
being taken infinite times, shall be equal to a given quantity.

CALCULUS Exponentialis [with mathematicians] a method of dif­
ferencing exponential quantities, and summing up the differentials or
fluxions of exponentials.

CALCULUS Integralis [with mathematicians] is a method of inte­
grating or summing up fluxions or differential qualities, i. e. from a
differential quantity given to find the quantity, from whose differen­
cing the given differential results.

CALCULUS Situs [with mathematicians] a new kind of calculus,
founded on the consideration of the situation of quantities, and not of
their magnitudes.

CA＇LDRON [chauldron, Fr. from calidus, Lat.] a boiler, a kettle.
See CAULDRON.

CA＇LECHE. See CALASH.

CALEFA＇CTION [calefazione, It. of calefactio, from calefacio, Lat.
to warm] the act of heating or warming; also the state of being
heated.

CALEFACTION [with philosophers] is the exciting or producing
heat in a mixt body.

CALEFACTION [in pharmacy] is a way of preparing simple or
compound medicines by a moderate heat of the sun, fire, &c.

CALEFA＇CTIVE [calefacus, Lat.] heating, making any thing hot.

CALEFA＇CTORINESS [of calefactio, Lat.] warmth, a being made
hot.

CALEFA＇CTORY, subst. [calefactorium, Lat.] a room in a monas­
tery, where the religious persons warm themselves.

CALEFACTORY, adj. [of calefactio. Lat.] heating, making hot.

To CA＇LEFY, verb neut. [of calefacio, Lat.] to grow hot; to be
heated. Crystal will calefy into electricity. Brown.

CA＇LENBURG Castle, the capital of the dutchy of Calenburg, in
Lower Saxony in Germany, situated on the river Leine, about fif­
teen miles south of Hanover. Lat. 52° 20′ N. Long. 9° 4′ E.

CA＇LENDAR [calendrier, Fr. calendario, It. and Sp. calender, Du.
and Ger. calendarium is derived of calendæ, Lat. i. e. the first day;
of every month] an annual book commonly called an almanack,
wherein the days of the month, the festivals, the sign the sun is in,
the sun＇s rising and setting, the changes of the moon, &c. are ex­
hibited.
There have been several corrections and reformations of the calen­
dar, the first was made by Numa Pompilius, and this was afterwards
much improved by Julius Cæsar, and thence was called the Julian
account, which is called old stile.
It was again reformed by pope Gregory XIII, which account he
commanded to be received, and it is in most Roman catholic countries,
and is called the Gregorian calendar, and by us new stile; which
begins eleven days before the old, which latter was retained in Great
Britain, till by act of parliament the new stile was adopted among us,
by reckoning the 2d day of September 1752, the 14th, which com­
putation was, by the same act, appointed to be kept throughout all
the British dominions for the future; and the beginning of the year
to be reckoned from the 1st of January immediately following.

CA＇LENDER [calendre, Fr.] a little insect.

CALENDER, an engine to calender with.

To CALENDER [calendrier, Fr.] to press, smooth, and set a gloss
upon linen.

A CA＇LENDRER, the person whose trade it is thus to smooth linen.

CA＇LENDS [calendes, Fr. calendi, It. calendas, Sp. calendæ, Lat. of
καλεω, Gr. to call] the first day of every month among the Romans,
who anciently counting their months by the motion of the moon,
had a priest appointed, whose business it was to observe the times of
the new moon, and when he had seen it, gave notice to the president
over the sacrifices, who called the people together, and declared to
them how they were to reckon the days until the nones, pronouncing
the word καλεω five times, if the nones happened on the fifth day; or







seven times, if they happened on the seventh day of the month.
This substantive has no singular number.

At the Greek CALENDS. Lat. Ad Græcas calendas, or, according
to our English proverbs: At latter Lammas; or, when two Sundays
come together: That is, never. The Germans say: An St. Nim­
mermehrs-tage. (On St. Never＇s-day.) Or, zü pfingsten auf dem eyse.
(At Whitsuntide on the ice.) Or, Wenn der teufel fromm wird. When
the d——l becomes righteous.)

CALE＇NDULA [among botanists] marygolds.

CAL＇ENTURE [from caleo, Lat. with physicians] an inflammatory
fever, attended with a delirium, common in long voyages at sea, in
which the diseased persons fancy the sea to be green fields; and, if
they are not hindered, will leap over-board.
So by a calenture misled,
The mariner with rapture sees,
On the smooth ocean＇s azure bed,
Enamel＇d fields and verdant trees:
With eager haste he longs to rove
In that fantastic scene, and thinks
It must be some enchanted grove;
And in he leaps, and down he sinks. Swift.

CALE＇SH. See CALASH.

CALF [in the plur. calves, calf, kealf, Sax. kalf, Du.] 1. The
young of a cow.
Ah Blouzelind, I love thee more by half,
Than does their fawns or cows the new-fall＇n calf. Gay.
2. Calves of the lips, mentioned by Hosen, signify sacrifices of prayers
and praises which the captive Jews of Babylon addressed to God, being
no longer in a condition to offer sacrifices in his temple. Calmet. 3.
The thick plump part of the leg; as, the calf of the leg.

CALF [a hunting term] a male hart, or a hind of the first year.

Sea-CALF, a large fish with a velvet spotted, black skin, the flesh of
which is like that of a sucking pig.

He who will steal a CALF, will steal a cow. H. Ger. Wer ein kalb
stiehlt, stiehlt auch eine kuhe. We say likewise: He that will steal a
pin, will steal a pound. That is: He, whose conscience will let him
take any thing unjustly, though of never so small a value, won＇t bog­
gle at stealing things of a greater value, if they fall in their way.

CA＇LIBER [calibre, Fr.] the bore of a gun, the diameter of a bullet.

CA＇LIBRED [in gunnery] measured with caliber or caliper com­
passes, to find the bore of the piece or diameter of the bullet.

CA＇LICE [calicis, gen. of calix. Lat. a cup] the cup used in
the holy communion. Drinking the sacred calice. Taylor.

CA＇LICO [of Calicut in the East-Indies] a sort of cotton cloth
brought from thence, sometimes stained with beautiful colours. I am
all in calicoes, when the finest are in silks. Addison.

CA＇LICUT, a town situated on the Malabar coast, in the hither
peninsula of India, subject to its own prince. This was the first port
in India, the Portuguese made, after sailing round the cape of Good­
Hope.

CA＇LID [caldo, It. of calidus, Lat.] hot, ardent burning.

CALI＇DITY, or CA＇LIDNESS [calidità, Ital. caliditas, Lat.] heat.
Ice doth not only submit unto an actual heat, but not endure the po­
tential calidity of many waters. Brown.

CA＇LIDUCT [caliductus, Lat.] pipes and canals disposed along the
walls of houses and rooms, to convey heat to several remote parts of
the house from one common free.

CA＇LIDUM innatum [in the modern philosophy] or innate heat, is
that attrition of the parts of the blood, which is occasioned by its cir­
cular motion, and especially in the arteries.

CALIGA＇TION [from caligo, Lat. to be dark] dimness of sight,
darkness, cloudiness. In the mole, instead of caligation or dimness,
we conclude a cecity or blindness. Brown.

CALI＇GINOUS [caliginosus, Lat.] full of obscurity or darkness, dim.

CALI＇GINOUSNESS, darkness, obscurity.

CALI＇GRAPHY [καλιγραϕια, of καλος. beautiful, and γραϕω, Gr.
to write] beautiful writing. This language is incapable of caligraphy.
Prideaux.

CA＇LIPER, or CALIVER [with gunners] the diameter of a piece
of ordnance, or any other fire arms, at the bore or mouth.

CALIPER Compasses [in gunnery] an instrument for finding the di­
ameter of a ball, and bore of a gun.

CALIPERS [in gauging] an instrument like a sliding rule, to em­
brace two heads of any cask to find the length.

CA＇LIPH, or CA＇LIF [khalifa, Arab. a substitute or successor] a ti­
tle assumed by the successor of Mahomet among the Saracens, who
were vested with absolute power in matters both civil and religious.
N. B. This is not true, but under certain restrictions; for Othman
(the third from Mahomet) aiming at too absolute a disposal of the
public money, and places of trust, fell a victim to his people＇s re­
sentment; who broke into his palace, and poignarded him, while he
had the CORAN in his lap——and which (if I am not mistaken) was
sprinkled with his blood.

CA＇LIPHATE, noun subst. [the power of the same kind of etymo­
logy with consulate] the power or office of a caliph. The chief
point of debate between the Turks and Persians, is to whom of right
the immediate succession belonged; whether to Aly, first cousin of the
prophet, and who married Fatima his daughter; or (where it actually
fell) to Abubeker, &c.—The Turks, who espouse the latter (tho＇
not exclusive of Aly in his turn) stile the four first successors of Ma­
homet (i. e. Abubeker, Omar, Othman, and Aly) colafâ râshedun,
or the right caliphs; and, by way of reproach, call the Persians rafi­
dites, i. e. deserters; because they reject the three first. See SONNI­
TES and SHIITES.

CALIPO＇DIUM [old records] a sort of galoshes, or cases to wear
over shoes.

CA＇LIVER [from caliber] a small hand gun used at sea, a har­
quebuse, a musket, formerly in use.
Manage me your caliver. Shakespeare.

CA＇LIX [with botanists] the green cup out of which comes the
flower. Lat.

CALI＇XTINS [among the Roman catholics] a name given to such
of them as communicate of the sacraments in both kinds; and also
to those of the sentiments of Calixtus.

To CALK, or To CAUK [calfader, Fr. calafatare, It. calafateàr, Sp.
halfaetern, Du. and L. Ger. with shipwrights] is to drive cakum or
spun yarn into all the seems, rends, &c. of a ship, to keep out
the water, or stop a leak. There is a great error in the manner of
calking his majesty＇s ships, which being done with rotten oakum, is
the cause that they are leaky. Raleigh.

CA＇LKER [from calk] the workmen that stop the leaks in a ship.
The ancients of Gebal were in thee thy calkers, Ezekiel.

CA＇LKING, subst. [in painting] a term used where the backside of
the design is covered with black-lead, or red chalk, and the lines
traced through on a waxed plate, wall, or other matter, by passing
lightly over each stroke of the design with a point, which leaves an
impression of the colour on the plate or wall. Chambers.

CA＇LKING Irons [with shipwrights] a sort of iron chizzels, which
being well laid over with hot pitch, are used to drive the oakum into
the seams between the planks.

To CALL, verb act. [kalder, Dan. probably of καλεω, Gr.] 1. To
name, to determinate. God called the light day. Genesis. 2. To
summon, to invite to or from any place, thing, or person. Call all
your sense to you. Shakespeare. Call off the dogs. Addison. 3. To
summon together; as, to call a common council. 4. To summon ju­
dicially; as, to call to account for miscarriages. 5. To summon by
command. The Lord called to weeping. Isaiah. 6. In the theolo­
gical sense, to inspire with fervours of piety, or to summon into the
church. Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle.
Romans. 7. To invoke, to appeal to. I call God for a record.
2 Cor. 8. To proclaim, to publish. Parish clerk who calls the psalm
so clear. Gay. 9. To make a short visit. I called in at St. James＇s.
Addison. 10. To excite, to put in action, to bring into view. And
calls new beauties forth from every line. Pope. 11. To stigmatize
with some opprobrious denomination; as, to call names. 12. To
call back; to revoke, or retract. He will not call back his words.
Isiah. 13. To call for; to demand, require or claim.
For master or for servant her to call,
Was all alike. Dryden.
14. To call in; to resume money at interest; as, to call in all one＇s
money. 15. To call in; to resume in general any thing that is in
other hands. If clip＇d money be called in all at once, it will stop
trade. Locke. 16. To call in; to summon together, to invite. Call
in the powers, good cousin. Shakespeare. 17. To call on; to solicit
for a favour or debt. I would be loth to pay him before his day:
what need I be so forward with him, that calls not on me? Shakes­
peare. 18. To call on; to repeat solemnly. Thrice call upon my
name. Dryden. 19. To call over; to read a list or muster roll aloud.
20. To call out; to challenge, to summon to fight. Their sovereign＇s
quarrel calls them out. Dryden. 21. To call upon; to implore, to pray
to. Call upon me in the day of trouble. Psalms.

CALL [from the verb] 1. A vocal address.
But would you sing and rival Orpheus＇ strain,
The wondring forests soon should dance again;
The moving mountains hear the powerful call. Pope.
2. Requisition. Death comes not at call. Milton. 3. Divine voca­
tion, summons to true religion. St. Paul believed he did well, and
that he had a call to it, when he persecuted the christians. Locke. 4. A
summons from heaven, an impulse.
How justly then will impious mortals fall,
Whose pride would soar to heav＇n without a call. Roscommon.
5. Authority, command. I wish he were within my call or yours.
Denham. 6. Demand, or claim Dependance is a perpetual call
upon humanity, and a greater incitement to pity than any other mo­
tive. Addison. 7. A calling, vocation, or employment.
Still cheerful, ever constant to his call,
By many followed. Dryden.
8. A nomination. Upon the 16th was held the serjeants feast at Ely­
place, there being nine serjeants of that call. Bacon.

CALL [among fowlers] a sort of artificial pipe made for catching
quails, &c.

CALL, a sort of whistle used by boatswains on board of ships.

CALL [with hunters] a lesson blown upon the horn to comfort the
hounds.

CA＇LLAIS, a precious stone like a sapphire, of a bright green co­
lour.

CA＇LLAT, or CALLET, a trull.
He call＇d her whore; a beggar in his drink
Could not have laid such terms upon his callet. Shakespeare.

CA＇LLIBER, or CA＇LLIBRE [with architects] the bulk, thickness,
volume or diameter of any round thing.

CALLIBLE＇PHARUM [of καλος, beauty, and βλεϕαρον, Gr. the eye­
brow] a medicament with which women use to make their eye-brows
black, to render them more beautiful.

CALLICRE＇AS, or CALLICRE＇ON [καλλιχρεας, καλλιχρεον. Gr. with
anatomists] a glandulous substance in the mesentry, lying near the
bottom of the stomach: in a hog it is called the sweetbread, in beasts
the burr. Lat. See PANCREAS.

CA＇LLID [callidas, Lat.] crafty, cunning.

CALLI＇DITY, or CALLIDNESS [calliditas, Lat.] craftiness, cunningness.

CALLIFO＇RNIA, a large country of North America, on the South­
Sea, situated between 23° and 46° of north latitude, and between
116° and 138° of west longitude. But whether it be a peninsula or
island is uncertain.

CALLI＇GONON [καλλιγονον, Gr.] the herb knot-grass.

CALLI＇GRAPHY [καλλιγραϕια, of καλλος, beauty and γραϕη, Gr.
writing] fair, handsome writing. See CALIGRAPHY.

CALLI＇LOGY [callilogia, Lat. of καλλιλογια, Gr.] an elegancy of
diction. Dionys. Hal. 11, 27, 40. οσα καλλιλογιαν, &c. What­
ever terms carry with them a callilogy, or grandeur, or gravity. Ap­
pend. ad Thesaur. H. Stephani, &c.

CALLIPÆDI＇A [of καλλος, beauty, and παιδια, Gr. children] the
art of begetting fair and beautiful children.

CA＇LLING, subst. 1. Vocation, profession trade; as, to follow our
callings. I left no calling for this idle trade. Pope. 2. Proper station,
or employment. The Gauls found the Roman senators ready to die
with honour in their callings. Swifts. 3. Class of persons united by
the same employment or profession. It may be a caution not to im­
pose celibacy on whole callings, and great multitudes of men or wo­
men, who cannot be supposeable to have the gift of continence. Ham­






mond. 4. Divine vocation, invitation, or impulse to the true religion.
St. Peter was ignorant of the calling of the Gentiles. Hakewell.

CALLI＇OPE [καλλιοπη, of καλλος, beauty, and οψ, Gr. voice] the
mother of Orpheus, and one of the muses, supposed to be the patro­
ness of heroic verse.

CA＇LLIPERS. See CALIPER and CALIVER. [Of this word I know
not the etymology, nor does any thing more probable occur, than that
perhaps the word is corrupted from clippers, instruments with which
any thing is clipped, inclosed and embraced. Johnson.] compasses
with bowed shanks. Callipers measure the distance of any round, cy­
lindric, conical body, either in their extremity, or any part less than
the extreme; so that when workmen use them, they open the two
points to their described width, and turn so much stuff off the intended
place, till the two points of the callipers fit just over the work.
Moxon.

CALLI＇PPIC Period, a period or cycle of 76 years, which was in­
vented by Calippus, to improve that of Meton.

CA＇LLITHRIX [among botanists] the herb maiden-hair.

CALLO＇SITY [callosité, Fr. callosità, It. calosidàd, Spa. callositas,
Lat.] callousness, hardness and thickness of the skin, produced com­
monly by much labour. This is a kind of swelling without pain; and
therefore when wounds or the edges of ulcers grow so, they are said to
be callous. The fibres harden and produce callosities. Arbuthnot.

CA＇LLOUS [calleux, Fr. calloso, It. callosus, of callus, Lat.] 1. Hard,
brawny, having a thick skin, having the pores shut up. 2. Hardened,
insensible; as, the conscience is grown callous. L＇Estrange.

CA＇LLOUSNESS [of callous] 1. Hardness of the fibres, brawniness.
The oftner we use the organs of touching, the more of these scales are
formed, and the skin becomes the thicker, and so a callousness grows
upon it. Cheyne. 2. Insensibility. If they let go their hope of ever­
lasting life with willingness, and entertain final perdition with exulta­
tion, ought they not to be esteemed destitute of common sense, and
abandoned to a callousness and numbness of soul? Bentley.

CA＇LLOW, unfledged, i. e. not covered with feathers; spoken of
birds; as, callow young. Milton.

CA＇LLUS, hard flesh; also brawn, or hardness of skin.
The wretch is drench＇d so deep,
His soul is stupid, and his heart asleep;
Fatten＇d in vice, so callus and so gross,
He sins, and sees not; senseless of his loss. Dryden.

CALLUS [with surgeons] a kind of nodus or ligature, which joins
the extremities of a fractured bone, a sort of glewy substance, which
grows about broken bones, and serves to solder them.

CALM, adj. [calme, Fr. calmo, It. kalm, Du.] 1. Qiet, still, serene,
not stormy; applied to the elements.
Calm was the day, and through the trembling air
Sweet breathing zephyrs did softly play,
A gentle spirit. Spenser.
2. Undisturbed; applied to the passions. It is no wise congruous that
God should be frightning men into truth, who were made to be
wrought upon by calm evidence and gentle methods of persuasion.
Atterbury.

CALM, subst. [sea term] 1. Used when there is not a breath of wind,
sernity, freedom from violent motion. The waters stood rather in a
quiet calm, than moved with any raging or over-bearing violence.
Raleigh.
Nor God alone in the still calm we find,
He mounts the storm, and walks upon the wind.
2. Freedom from disturbance, quiet; applied to the passions. A calm
before a storm, is commonly a peace of a man＇s own making; but a
calm after a storm, a peace of God＇s. South.

To CALM [calmer, Fr. calmare It. acalmàr, Sp.] 1. To still, to
quiet, to appease; as, to calm a storm. 2. To pacify. Jesus, whose
bare word checked the sea, as much exerts himself in silencing the
tempests, and calming the intestine storms within our breasts. Decay of
Piety. To calm Minerva＇s wrath. Pope.

CA＇LMER, that which has the power of quieting, whether it be
person or thing. Angling was a diverter of sadness, a calmer of un­
quiet thoughts. Walton.
In a CALM sea, every man is pilot.
That is, where there is no want of skill, every man has enough,
or every one has knowledge enough till he be put to the trial. It is
generally applied to those, who are ever bragging of their great skill,
where they know they can＇t be disproved, or where there is no op­
portunity of trying them.

CA＇LMLY, quietly, stilly, with serenity, without storms. 1. In na­
ture, things move violently to their places, and calmly in their place.
Bacon. The gentle stream which calmly slows. Denham. 2. Quietly,
without passions.
The nympth did like the scene appear,
Serenely pleasant, calmly fair;
Soft fell her words, as flew the air. Prior.

CA＇LMNESS [of calm] 1. Stilness, serenity.
While the steep, horrid roughness of the wood,
Strives with the gentle calmness of the flood. Denham.
2. Composure of mind, mildness, freedom from passions.
Lay by those terrors of your face,
Till calmness to your eyes you first restore,
I am afraid. Dryden.

CA＇LMY [from calm] peaceful.
It was a still
And calmy bay, on the one side shelter＇d
With the broad shadow of an hoary hill. Spenser.

CALNE, a borough town of Wiltshire, 12 miles from Marlborough,
and 88 from London. It sends two members to parliament.

CA＇LOMEL [calomelas, a chymical word] mercury six times subli­
med, murcurius dulcis, or sweet sublimate.

CALORI＇FIC [calorificus, Lat.] making hot; heating. Calorific
principle, is either excited within the heated body, or transferred to it.
Grew.

CALO＇TTE, a cap, or coif of hair, sattin, or other stuff, now used
as an ecclesiastical ornament in France; a red calotte is the badge of
a cardinal.

CALOTTE [with architects] a round cavity or depressere, in form
of a cap, lathed and plaistered, to lessen the rising of a moderate
chapel, &c. which else would be too high for other pieces of the
apartment.

CALO＇YERS, or CALOGERS, monks, or religious, in Greece, and
elsewhere, who live a retired, austere life, fast much, eat no bread till
they have earned it, and spend most of the night in weeping.

CA＇LSOUNDS, a sort of linen drawers worn by Turks.

C＇ALTHA [καλθη, Gr.] the plant called a marigold.

CA＇LTROPS [coltræppe, Sax. chausse-traps, Fr.] See CHAUSSE­
TRAPS. An instrument made with three spikes, so that which way
soever it falls to the ground, one of them points upright, to wound
horses feet. The ground about was thick sown with caltrops, which
very much incommoded the shoeless Moors. Dr. Addison＇s Account of
Tangiers.

CALTROPS, an herb, which is very common in the south of France,
Spain, and Italy, where it grows among corn, and is very trouble­
some to the feet of cattle, as the fruit is full of strong prickles, which
run into them. This is certainly the plant mentioned in Virgil＇s
Georgies, under the name of tribulus. Miller.

CA＇LQUING, or CA＇LKING [with painters] is where the backside of
any design is covered with a black or red colour, and the strokes or
lines are traced through on a copper plate, wall, or any other matter.
See CALKING.

CALVA [Lat. with anatomists] the scalp, or upper part of the head,
so named, because it first grows bald.

CALVA＇RIA, the same as calva. Lat.

CALVARY [in heraldry] as a cross calvary, is set on steps, to re­
present the cross on which our Saviour suffered on Mount Calvary. See
Plate IV. Fig. 43.

To CALVE [from calves, plur. of calf] to bring forth a calf;
spoken of a cow. It is used metaphorically for any act of bringing
forth: sometimes of men, in contempt.
I wou＇d they were Barbarians, as they are,
Tho＇ in Rome litter＇d, not Romans: as they are not,
Tho＇ calv＇d in the porch o＇th＇ capital. Shakespeare.
The grass clods now calv＇d. Milton.

CALVES SNOUT, a kind of herb, snap-dragon.

CA＇LVI, a town of the province of Lavoro, in the kingdom of
Naples, situated near the sea, and about 15 miles north of the city of
Naples.

CALVI, is also the name of a sea-port in the island of Corsica, situ­
ated in a bay, on the west side of the island, about 40 miles south-
west of Bastia.

CA＇LVILLE, a sort of apple. Fr.

CA＇LVINISM [calvinisme, Fr. calvinismo, It.] the doctrine and sen­
timents of Calvin and his followers, as to matters of religion. Cal­
vin was one of the principal reformers in the sixteenth century, and
cotemporary with M. Luther; from whom he not only differed on the
the article of the eucharist [See EUCHARIST] and other branches of
public worship, but seems also to have admitted more of St. Austin＇s
system to his belief; and, in a word, he advanced that doctrine of
absolute decrees, efficacious grace, &c. which was afterwards attacked
by Arminius; but confirmed and ratified by the synod of Dort. See
ARMINIANISM, SYNOD of Dort, ANTINOMIANS, and (what may
throw the best light on this and every other religious controversy) the
scripture-use of the words in debate; such as ELECTION, GRACE, &c.

CA＇LVINIST [calviniste, Fr. calvinista, It. and Sp.] one who holds
the tenets of John Calvin.

CA＇LVINISTICAL, of or pertaining to Calvin, or his opinions.

CA＇LVITY [calvitas, Lat.] baldness of the head.

CALVI＇TIES [in medicine] baldness, the falling off of the hair,
without being able to grow again.

CA＇LUMET, or Pipe of peace [among the Virginian Indians] is a
large tobacco-pipe made of red, black, or white marble; the head is
finely polished, and the quill, which is commonly two feet and a half
long, is made of a pretty strong reed or cane, adorned with feathers
of all colours, interlaid with locks of womens hair; they tye to it two
wings of the most curious birds they can find, which makes their ca­
lumet something resemble Mercury＇s wand. This pipe is a pass and
safe conduct among the allies of the nation who has given it; and in
all embassies the ambassador carries it as the symbol of peace; and
they are generally persuaded that a great misfortune would befal them,
if they violated the public faith of the calumet.
All their enterprizes, declarations of war, or conclusions of peace,
as well as all the rest of their ceremonies, are confirmed with this calu­
met; they fill that pipe with the best tobacco they have, and then pre­
sent it to those with whom they have concluded any great affair, and
then smoke out of the same after them.

To CALU＇MNIATE, verb neut. [calomnier, Fr. calunniare, It. ca­
laniar, Sp. calumnio, Lat.] to accuse or charge falsely, to alledge ma­
liciously against a person. He mixes truth with falshood, and has not
forgotten the old rule of calumniating strongly, that something may re­
main. Dryden.

To CALUMNIATE, verb act. to slander. One trade or art, even
those that should be the most liberal, disdain and calumniate another.
Sprat.

CALUMNIA＇TION [from calumniate] That which we call calumni­
ation, is a malicious and false representation of an enemy＇s words or
actions, to an offensive purpose. Ayliffe.

CALUMNIA＇TOR [calumniateur, Fr. calonuiatore, It. of calumniator.
Lat.] a slanderer, a forger of false accusations. At the same time that
Virgil was celebrated by Gallus, Bavius and Mævius were his declared
foes and calumniators. Addison.

CALU＇MNIOUS [calomnieux, Fr. calumniose, It. of calumniosus, Lat.]
full of cavils and malicious accusations, falsely reproachful, slan­
derous.
With calumnious art
Of counterfeited truth, thus held their ears Milton.

CALU＇MNIOUSLY, falsely, slanderously.

CA＇LUMNY [calumnie, Fr. calumnia, It. calumnia, Sp. and Lat. cal­
led by the Greeks διαβολη, whence comes the Latin diabolus, and devil
in English, the father of all calumny] 1. An Athenian deity, in honour
of whom they built a temple. 2. Slander, groundless accusation.

CALX, chalk, burnt lime, mortar. Lat.

CALX viva, quick-lime, used in caustic medicines.








CALX VIVA [in chymical writers] is expressed by this character, C.

CALX [in chymistry] a kind of ashes, or fine friable powder, which
remains of metals, minerals, &c. after they have undergone the vio­
lence of fire for a long time, and have lost all their humid parts. Gold,
that is more dense than lead, resists peremptorily all the dividing power
of fire, and will not at all be reduced into a calx, or lime, by such
operation as reduces lead into it. Digby.

CALX [with anatomists] the heel, or the second bone in that part
of the foot which lies immediately under the ankle.

CA＇LICLE [caliculus, Lat. with botanists] a small bud of a plant.

CA＇LYX [Lat. καλυξ, Gr. with botanists] the cup of the flower of
a plant; also the small green leaves on the top of the stalks of herbs,
which first cover the blossom, and afterwards inclose the seed; it is
also taken for the flower itself, when the shape of it is like that of a rose
bud, before the leaves are spread out.

CAM, a river anciently called Gaunt, which, arising in Hertford­
shire, runs north-east by Cambridge, and afterwards continues its
course northwards, to the isle of Ely, where it falls into the river
Ouse.

CAMAI＇EU [of camechuia, with the Asians, who so call the onyx
when they find it in preparing for another, q. d. a second stone]
a stone on which is found various figures and representations of land­
skips.

CAMAI＇EU [basso relievos are commonly expressed by it] so painters
call such paintings in which there is but one colour, and where the
lights and shadows are made on a ground of gold or azure.

CAMA＇IL [Fr. camaglio, It.] a purple ornament which a bishop
wears over his rochet.

CAMA＇ROSIS [in architecture] a rising with an arch or vault.
Lat.

CAMAROSIS [with surgeons] a blow or fracture upon the skull,
whereby some part of the bone is left hanging up or struck into the
form of an arch. So called of καμαρα, Gr. a vaulted roof. Castell.
Renovat. Who adds, that from hence the moderns call those greater
sort of fractures, which have the intermediate part exalted, camero­
mata.

CAMBA＇IA, a city of the province of Cambaia, or Guzaret, in the
hither peninsula of India. It is a large city, and had once a great
trade, but it is now removed to Surat. Lat. 23° 30′ N. Long. 72° E.

CAMBO＇DIA, the capital of a kingdom of the same name in India,
beyond the Ganges. Lat. 12° 30′ N. Long. 104° E. The king­
dom of Cambodia is bounded by that of Laos on the north, by
Cochin-china on the east, the Indian ocean on the south, and by the
bay of Siam on the west.

CAMBRA＇Y, a city in the French Netherlands, situated on the river
Schelde, near its source. It is a large and well-built city, considera­
ble for its linen manufacture, especially cambrics, which took their
names from hence. Lat. 50° 15′ N. Long. 3° 25′ E.

CA＇MBRIDGE, the county town of Cambridgeshire, situated on the
bank of the Cam, which divides the city into two parts, which are
joined by a bridge, from whence its name. It is 60 miles from Ox­
ford, and 52 from London. Cambridge is most remarkable on ac­
count of its university, which consists of twelve colleges and four
halls, wherein are educated about fifteen hundred students. There are
fourteen parishes in the town, which are said to contain 6000 inhabi­
tants. It sends four members to parliament, two for the University,
and two for the town.

New CAMBRIDGE, a town of New-England, about three miles
west of Boston; also remarkable for an university.

CAMBRIDGE-SHIRE is an inland county, having Lincolnshire on the
north, Huntingdonshire on the west, Norfolk on the east, and Essex
and Hertfordshire on the south. It sends two members to parlia­
ment.

CA＇MBER Beam [with architects] a piece of timber cut arch-wise,
or with an obtuse angle in the middle, commonly used in platforms.
Camber, is a piece of timber cut arching, so as a weight considerable
being set upon it, it may, in length of time, be induced to a straight.
Moxon. See CAMBERING.

CA＇MBERING, or CA＇MBING [sea term] used of a deck when it
does not lie level, but higher at the middle than at either end. A
word mentioned by Skinner, as peculiar to ship-builders, who say
that a place is cambering, when they mean arched.

CA＇MBIUM, the exchanging or bartering commodities; also an ex­
change-place where merchants meet. Lat.

CA＇MBIUM [in old physical writings] one of three humours which
nourish the body, the other being called gluten and ros.

CA＇MBREL, or CA＇MBREN [cambr, C. Brit.] a crooked stick with
notches in it, on which butchers hang carcasses, of mutton, &c.

CA＇MBRIA [of Camber, son of Brutus] Wales. Lat.

CA＇MBRICK [of Cambray, in the Low Countries] a sort of fine
linen cloth; used for ruffles, handkerchiefs, womens sleeves, aprons,
and caps, &c.

CAME, preterite of to come. See To COME.

CA＇MEL [chameau, Fr. camello, It. and Sp. camelo, Port. kemel, Du.
kameel, Ger. camell, Sax. camelus, Lat. of καμηλος, Gr.] a beast of
burthen, common in Asia, one sort of which is large and full of flesh,
which has one bunch on its back, and is able to carry 1000 pound
weight, and subsist ten or twelve days without eating or drinking;
another sort have two bunches upon their backs, like a natural saddle;
a third kind is leaner and of a smaller size, called dromedary, because
of their swiftness, generally used for riding by men of quality. Ca­
mels have large solid feet, but not hard; in the spring their hair falls
entirely off in less than three days time, when the flies are extremely
uneasy to them. Notwithstanding what is reported, of a camel＇s hav­
ing a very large ventricle with many bags closed within the coats of
it for reserving the water for their refreshment, the Jesuits in China,
having dissected several, found no such bags. When a camel is upon
a journey, his master follows him singing and whistling, and the
louder he sings the better the camel goes. The flesh of camels is
served up at the best tables among the Arabians, Persians, and other
Orientals, but the use of them was forbid the Hebrews, they being
ranked by Moses among the unclean creatures, in Deuteronomy.
Calmet.
Patient of thirst and toil,
Son of the desert! e＇en the camel feels,
Shot thro＇ his wither＇d heart, the fiery blast. Thomson.

CAMEL [hyeroglyphically] was used to intimate filial reverence, be­
cause it has that respect for its parents, that it refuses copulation with
them: It is also used to signify a rich man and a good subject, that
submits to the command of his superior, being an animal very strong,
laborious and docile.

CA＇MELFORD, a borough town of Cornwal, near the river Camel,
or Alan, 20 miles from Lanceston, and 250 from London. It sends
two members to parliament.

CAME＇LEON, Fr. [cameleonte, It. cameleon, Sp. of χαμαιλεων, of
χαμαι, on the ground, and λεων, Gr. a lion] a little creature resembling
a lizard; but that the head of it is bigger and broader; it is a quadru­
pede, having on each foot three toes; and a long tail, by which it will
fasten itself upon trees, as well as by its feet. It frequents the rocks,
lives upon flies, gnats, &c. and lays eggs; the common colour of it
is a whitish grey, but if it be exposed to the sun, or set upon other
colours, some parts of the skin change their colour after a pleasant man­
ner.

CA＇MELINE [camelinus, Lat.] of or belonging to a camel.

CAME＇LINA, Lat. [with botanists] treacle or wormseed.

CAMEL＇S-HAY, a sort of sweet-smelling rush, growing in the eastern
countries.

CAMELOPA＇RDALIS, or CAMELOPA＇RDUS [καμηλοπαρδαλις, of κα­
μηλος, a camel, and παρδαλις, Gr. a panther, camelus and pardus, Lat.]
a beast of Abyssinia, taller than an elephant, but not so thick. He is
so called, because he has a neck and head like a camel, and is spotted
like a panther, or pard; but his spots are white upon a red ground.
The Italians call him giaraffa.

CAMELOPO＇DIUM [of καμηλος, and ποδος, gen. of πους, a foot] a
genus of plant, a sort of hore-hound.

CA＇MEO, subst. a brooch or picture of one colour. See BROOCH.

CA＇MELOT. See CA＇MLET.

CA＇MERA, Lat. [in architecture] a vault, roof, or upper gallery.

CA＇MERATED [cameratus, Lat.] vaulted, ceiled, arched.

CAMERA OBSCURA [in optics] a room darkened every where, but
only at one little hole, in which a double convex is fixed to convey
the rays of objects opposite to the glass, and which are represented in­
verted on a frame of paper or white cloth placed in the focus of the
glass.
A camera obscura is constructed in the following manner: Darken
the room E F [Plate IV. Fig. 52] leaving only one little aperture
open, in the window, at V, on the side I K, facing the prospect
A B C D. Fit a lens to this aperture, either plain, convex, or con­
vex on both sides. At a proper distance, to be determined by expe­
rience, spread a paper or white cloth G H (unless there be a white
wall at a proper distance, which will answer the purpose) and the de­
sired objects A B C D, will be finely delineated thereon, but in an in­
verted position.
Besides the above camera obscura, there is another machine called
by the same name, used by designers in taking prospects: it is made
of various forms, as that of a box or chest, whose sides fold out, &c.
for the convenience of carrying it from place to place. In one of the
sides of the machine is fixed a lens, and white paper on an opposite
glass at a proper distance; and a small hole made near the glass, thro＇
which the images of the objects are seen delineated on the paper in a
beautiful manner.

CAMERA [in old records] any winding or crooked plat of ground.

CAMERA [in the title of music books] signifies chamber music, or
music for private concerts, in contra-distinction from music used in cha­
pels or public concerts.

CA＇MERADE, or CO＇MRADE, Fr. [camerata, It. of camera, Lat. a
chamber] a chamber-fellow, a fellow-soldier, an intimate companion.
By corruption we now use comrade.

CA＇MERATED [cameratus, Lat.] arched, roofed slopewise.

CAMERA＇TION, a vaulting or arching.

CAMERA＇TION [cameratio, Lat. with surgeons] is a term used when
some part of the bone of the skull is left suspended like an arch, by a
blow upon it.

CAMERO＇NIANS [in Scotland] field conventiclers, great outward
zealots among the presbyterians, who take their name from one Came­
ron, who was a teacher among them, and from whom a Scots regi­
ment, in which he was their chaplain, or where they were all Came­
ronians, was called the Cameronian regiment.

CA＇MERY, a disease in horses, called also the frounce, when small
warts or pimples arise in the palate of the mouth.

CAMES [with glaziers] the small, slender rods of cast lead, of
which they make their turned or milled lead, for joining the panes or
quarrels of glass.

CA＇MICA [in old law] camelot, or a sort of fine stuff made of camel＇s
hair.

CAMI＇NHA, a port-town of Portugal, situated at the mouth of the
river Minho, about 10 miles north of Viana.

CAMISA＇DO [camisade, Fr. camisa, a shirt, incamiciata, It. encami­
sáda, Sp. camiscum, low Lat.] an attack made upon an enemy by
night, the soldiers having their shirts over their apparel and arms, to
be seen and known of each other. They appointed the same night,
whose darkness would have encreased the fear, to have given a cami­
sado upon the English. Hayward.

CA＇MISARD, a French Calvinist of the Cevennes.

CAMISA＇TED [camisatus, Lat. camisa, It.] cloathed with a linen gar­
ment, surplice, or shirt outwards.

CAMLET, or CA＇MELOT [from camel, Eng. camelot, Fr. ciambel­
lato, It. camelote, Sp. probably of zambelot, a term used in the Levant
for stuff made of goat＇s hair] a sort of stuff originally made of camel＇s
hair and silk mixed; but it is now made of wool and silk. A gown
of a kind of water camlet of azure colour. Bacon. This habit was
not of a camel＇s skin, nor any course texture of its hair, but rather
some finer weave of camelot, grogram, &c. inasmuch as these stuffs are
supposed to be made of the hair of that animal. Brown.

CAMLE＇TTO, or CAMLETTEE＇N, a sort of fine worsted camlets, or
camelots.








CA＇MMIN, a port town of Brandenburg-Pomerania, in Germany,
situated at the eastern mouth of the river Oder, about 30 miles north
of Stetin.

CA＇MMOCK [cammoc, Sax.] the herb rest-harrow, or petty-whim.
Its flower is papisionaccous, and succeeded by a swelling pod, filled
with kidney-shaped seeds. There are many species of this plant, of
which four sorts grow wild in England; and that called the prickly
harrow is used in medicine. The roots of this plant spread far under
ground, and are so tough as, in ploughing, often to stop oxen. Mil­
ler.

CA＇MOMILE [camomille, Fr. camamilla, It. camomild, Port. camo­
mila, Lat. of καμαιμηλον, Gr.] a fragrant herb.

CA＇MOYS [camus, Fr.] flat, depressed. It is only used of the nose.
Many Spaniards of the race of Barbary Moors, tho＇ after frequent com­
mixture, have not worn out the camoys nose. Brown.

CAMP [campo, It. and Sp. campe, Sax. of campus, Lat. a field, all
of kamp, kampe or kampf, Teut. and that of camp, Celt. a fight. It is
not the case of the Latin word campus alone; a vast number of other
Latin words have a double signification, one very ancient, but by
degrees obliterated, and the other more modern, and properly owing
to the Augustan age: and these significations are very easily distin­
guished, as Perizonius, in his answer to Kuster, very well observes] a
spot of ground where an army rests, intrenches itself, or plants a piquet
watch, that they may lodge secure in tents or barracks. We use the
phrase, to pitch a camp, to signify to encamp.

CAMP-FIGHT, an old word for combat. For their tryal by camp­
fight, the accuser was, with the peril of his own body, to prove the
accused guilty. Hakewell.

CAMP-VOLANT, a flying camp, a strong body of horse or dragoons,
and sometimes foot, always in motion, both to cover a garrison, and
keep the enemy in continual alarm. It is commanded by a lieutenant
general.

To CAMP [camper, Fr. accamparsi, It. acampàr, Sp.] to incamp, to
form a camp.

CAMPAIGN, CAMPAIN, or CAMPANIE [campagne, Fr. campagna,
campania, It. campanna, Sp.] 1. A plain, a champion or open country,
a large level tract without hills. Vast campania＇s. Temple.
Those grateful groves that shade the plain,
Where Tiber rolls majestic to the main,
And fattens as he runs the fair campaign. Garth.

CAMPAIN [in military affairs] the space of time during which an
army is kept in the field, without entering into quarters, a summer＇s
war. An iliad rising out of one campaign. Addison.

CAMPAIGN OVEN, a portable oven made of copper, of a convenient
length, and about three or four inches high, being raised on feet, so
that fire may be kindled underneath; and on the cover or lid of it are
ledges to hold fire also.

CAMPANA＇LOGY [of campana, Lat. i. e. a bell, and λογος, Gr. a
speech] a treatise concerning the art of casting and ringing of bells.

CAMPA＇NIFORM [of campana, a bell, and forma, shape; with bota­
nists] shaped something like a bell, as the campanula, convolvulus, &c.

CAMPA＇NULA, Lat. [in botany] the herb rope-weed or wood­
bind.

CAMPANULA Sylvestris, Lat. [in botany] the flower blue-bell, or
Canterbury bells, &c.

CAMPA＇NULATE Flower, the same as campaniform.

CAMFA＇RIUM [in old law] any part or portion of a larger piece of
ground.

CAMPE＇CHIO, a West Indian wood, logwood.

CAMPE＇STRAL, or CAMPE＇STRIAN [campestris, Lat.] belonging to
a plain field or champion country, growing in fields. The mountain
beech is the whitest; but the campestral or wild beech is of a blacker
colour, and more durable. Mortimer. Wild in the above passage is
evidently misprinted for field.

CA＇MPHIRE-Tree [camphora, Lat.] it hath leaves like those of the
pear-tree, but full of ribs, and grow alternately on the branches; the
flowers consist of one leaf, the fruit is shaped like a nut, the shell tender,
and the kernel bifid. There are two sorts of this tree; one is a native
of the isle of Borneo, from which the best camphire is taken, which is
supposed to be a natural exsudation from the tree, where the bark has
been wounded or cut. The other sort is a native of Japan, which
Dr. Kempser describes to be a kind of bay, bearing black or purple
berries, whence the inhabitants prepare camphire, by making a simple
decoction of the root and wood, cut into small pieces. But this sort of
camphire is of eighty or a hundred times less value than the true Bor­
nean camphire. Miller.

CA＇MPHOR, or CA＇MPHIRE [camphre, Fr. canfora, It. and Sp. cam­
phora, Lat.] the gum or rosin of a tree much like a walnut tree,
that grows on some mountains near the sea in the East Indies, and
also in the island Borneo. Dr. Alston observes, that ＇tis a pure, solid,
white, transparent resin, of a hot penetrating taste, and fragrant smell;
that ＇tis refined by sublimation from the camphor-tree; that the cam­
phor from Borneo is not so volatile and pungent, as what we commonly
use; and lastly, that we are obliged to the Arabians for the knowledge
of camphor. Abulpheragius tells us, that when the Arabians made
themselves masters of Madain in Persia, they found there great stores of
camphor or casur (for so the Arabians pronounce the word) and that,
mistaking it for salt, they mixed it with their flour: but the bread was
so bittered as rendered it unfit for use.

CAMPHORA＇TA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb lavender-cotton or
garden-cypress.

CA＇MPHORATED [camphoratus, Lat.] mixed or impregnated with
camphire; as, saline and camphorated liquors.

CA＇MPIONS [lychnis, Lat. among botanists] an herb that bears a
pretty flower, either tubulous or swelling; the flower consists of five
leaves, which expand in form of a clove gilliflower, and are generally
heart-shaped. It becomes a conical fruit with one cell filled with
seeds, which are roundish, angular, and kidney-shaped. Miller.

Rase CAMPION, a kind of lychnis or batchelor＇s buttons.

CAMPO-MAJOR, a town of Alentejo, in Portugal, about ten miles
north of Elvas, and eleven north-west of Bajadox.

CAMPO-SANTO, a village of the dutchy of Modena, in Italy, si­
tuated on the eastern shore of the river Panario, near half way between
Modena and San Felix.

CA＇MPULUM, Lat. [of καμπτω, Gr. to twist about] a distortion of
the eye-lids.

CAMPUS Martii, or CAMPUS Maii [in ancient customs] an anni­
versary assembly of our ancestors on May day, where they confederated
together to defend the kingdom against foreigners and all enemies.

CA＇MUS, a person with a low, flat nose, hollowed or sunk in the
middle. See CA＇MOYS.

CAN [a defective and irregular verb neut. which has only the pre­
sent and imperfect tenses; konnen, can, Sax. kand, Dan. kan, Du.
and Ger. present tense, is able; imperfect tense, was able. Can is
sometimes, tho＇ rarely, used alone; but is in constant use as an expres­
sion of the potential mood; as, I can do, thou canst do, &c. I could
do, thou could＇st do, &c. It has no other terminations. Johnson] 1. To
have power, or be able. In evil, the first best condition is not to will,
the second not to can. Bacon.
Mæccnas and Agrippa, who can most
With Cæsar, are his foes. Dryden.
2. It expresses the potential mood; as, I can do that. 3. It is distin­
guished from may, as power from permission. I can do it, it is in my
power: I may do it, it is allowed me: But in poetry both are con­
founded. 4. Can is used of the person with the verb active, where
may is used of the thing with the verb passive; as, I can do it, it may
be done.

CAN, subst. the name of a wooden mug used by sailors, and from
hence, I suppose, is derived

CA＇NAKIN, subst. And let me the canakin clink. Othello, Act II.
Scene XI.

CAN [canne, Sax.] a cup, generally of metal or wood. Coco-tree
affordeth stuff for housing, cloathing, shipping, meat, drink, and
can. Grew.
They who CAN＇T do as they will, must do as they CAN.
According to the Latin of Terence: Quoniam id fieri, quod vis, non
potest, velis id quod possit; or, as the French say: Quand on ne peut pas
faire comme on veut, il faut faire comme on peut. This Proverb teaches
us not only that it is prudent to make a virtue of necessity, for there is no
kicking against the pricks: but that a non-compliance frequently in the
sequel turns to our own disadvantage, according to another proverb.
He that will not when he may,
When he will he shall have nay.
The Germans say: Wenn man keine kautzen hat, muse man mit
eulen baitzen. (He that has no howlets coots, must hawk with owls.)
The latter English proverb is an admonition not to let slip an oppor­
tunity when it is offered us, left it be refused us when we would be
glad to accept of it.

CANA＇ANITES, subst. the original inhabitants of Canaan, whom the
Hebrews, on their departure from Egypt, received (as they relate) di­
vine commission to extirpate; not merely for the sin of idolatry, as is
too often, but partially enough supposed; but for many execrable
vices and barbarities rampant amongst them; some traces of which
were (some ages after) to be found on the coast of Afric, whither
many of them, when expelled by Joshua, fled; and in particular that
most detestable practice of human sacrifices.

CA＇NADA, or NEW FRANCE, an extensive tract of North America,
bounded on the north by New Britain, and the British colonies on Hud­
son＇s Bay; on the east and south by the river of St. Lawrence, the
Iroquois, or five Indian nations, the Huron and Illonois lakes; and
on the west by unknown lands. Its chief town is Quebec.

CANA＇RA, the name of a kingdom of Asia, on the coast of Malabar.

CANAI＇LLE, Fr. the mob or rabble, the dregs of the people. A
word of reproach among the French.

CANA＇L, Fr. [canale, It. canàl, Sp. canalis, Lat.] 1. An artificial
river, a long pond, or in a garden or park, a bason of water. 2. Any
tract or course of water made by art; as, the canals in France.

CANAL [with anatomists] a conduit or passage thro＇ which any
juices of the body flow.

CANAL of a Larmier [in architecture] the hollow platfond or sofiit
of a cornice, which makes the pendant mouchette.

CANAL of the Volute [in architecture] this is the face of the circum­
volutions inclosed by a list in the Ionic capital.

CANAL-COAL, a fine sort of coal dug up in England. Our canal­
coal nearly equals the foreign jet. Woodward.

CANA＇LES Semicirculares [in anatomy] three canals in the labyrinth
of the ear.

CANALI＇CULATED [canaliculatus, Lat.] channelled, made like a
pipe or gutter.

CANA＇LIS Arteriosus, or CANALI＇CULUS [in anatomy] a vessel ob­
served in Fœtus＇s, but which, after delivery, grows useless and disap­
pears. It is a small tube, which joining the pulmonary artery and
aorta, serves to convey the blood out of one into the other, without
passing through the lungs.

CANA＇RIA [of canis, Lat. a dog, with botanists] the herb called
hounds-grass, with which dogs provoke vomiting.

CANA＇RIES [of canes, Lat. dogs; so called, because many dogs were
found in it when first discovered] Islands in the Atlantic sea, anciently
called the Fortunate Islands, from whence come the Canary wines.

To CANARY, verb neut. a cant word which seems to signify to fro­
lic. Jigg off a tune at the tongue＇s end, canary to it with your feet,
humour it with turning up your eye-lids. Shakespeare.

CANARY-Bird, an excellent singing bird of a green colour, for­
merly bred in the Canaries, and no where else; now bred in great
numbers in several parts of Germany, especially about Nurenburg.

CANARY-Bird, an arch, knavish fellow. A cant word.

CANARY-Grass, the name of an herb.

CANARY-Wine. See CANARIES.

CANCA＇MUM, an Arabian gum, much like myrrh.

To CA＇NCEL [of cancello, Lat. canceller, Fr. cancelar, Sp.] 1. To can­
cel (cancellis notare, Lat. to mark with a cross line) is properly to bar
an obligation by passing the pen across it, or from top to bottom,
which makes a kind of lattice or cheequer, which the Latins call can­
celli, to raze, cross, or blot out a writing. 2. To deface, to obliterate in
general.
Cancel my debt, too great to pay,
Before the sad accounting day. Roscommon.








CA＇NCELLATED, adj. [cancellatus, Lat.] cross-barred, marked with
lines crossing each other. The tail of the castor is cancellated with some
resemblance to the scales of fishes. Grew.

CANCELLA＇TION [cancellatus, Lat.] according to Bartolus, is an
expunging or wiping out of the contents of an instrument by two lines
drawn in the manner of a cross. Ayliffe.

CA＇NCELLER [with falconers] is when a light flown hawk in her
stooping turns two or three times upon the wing to recover herself be­
fore she seizes.

CANCE＇LLI, Lat. are lattices, windows made with cross bars of
wood or iron; ballisters or rails, to compass in the bar of a court for
proceedings in law; also the chancel of a church.

CA＇NCELLING [some derive it from κιγκλιζω, Gr. to encompass or
pale a thing round] in the civil law, is an act whereby a person con­
sents that some former act be rendered null and void.

CA＇NCER, Lat. a crab-fish.

CANCER [with astronomers] one of the twelve signs of the zodiac,
which the sun enters in the month of June. It is the sign of the sum­
mer solstice. The characteristic of it with astrologers, &c. is this
(♋), and is represented on the celestial globe by the figure of a crab-fish.

CANCER, or Aselli and Præsepe: Cancer is said to have been placed
among the stars by the good offices of Juno, because when Hercules
had conquered the hydra, and was assisted by Iolaus, Cancer alone
leaping out of the lake, bit Hercules on the foot, as Panyasis relates in
Heraclea. But Juno doing Cancer great honour, put him into the
number of the twelve signs. There are in this constellation, stars which
the Greeks call ονοι, i. e. asses, which Bacchus placed among the stars;
they have also adjoined to them præsepe, i. e. the manger.

Tropic of CANCER [with astronomers] an imaginary line in the hea­
vens, parallel to the equinoctial, through the beginning of which line
the sun passes in June, and makes our longest day: it is called the
northern tropic.

CANCER [so called, because its puffed veins resemble the feet of a
crab, in surgery] a hard, painful and ulcerous swelling; or a virulent
fore that cannot be cured, sometimes full of puffed up veins, and is of
two sorts, primitive and degenerate.

Primitive CANCER, is one which comes of itself, appearing first
about the bigness of a pea, causing an inward, continual pricking
pain.

Degenerate CANCER, a cancer which succeeds an imposthume or
swelling that is either obstinate or ill dressed, and has never been an
occult or blind one.

CANCER of the Bone [with surgeons] a disease in a bone, caused by
a sharp humour, and succeeded by an ulcer of the flesh and skin.

Ulcerated CANCER [with surgeons] is a cancer when it has grown
larger than a primitive one, and has been opened.

Blind CANCER, Latent CANCER, or Occult CANCER [with surgeons]
is a primitive cancer, before it is grown large and opened, which is
one that comes of itself, and appears at first about the bigness of a pea,
causing an internal, continual and pricking pain.

To CA＇NCERATE [canceratum, Lat. of cancer, Eng.] to spread
abroad like a cancer, to grow cancerous. Striking his fist upon the
point of a nail in the wall, his hand cancerated. Wiseman.

CANCERA＇TION, a spreading abroad cancerously, a growing can­
cerous.

CA＇NCEROUS [from cancer] having the virulent qualities of a can­
cer.

CA＇NCEROUSNESS [of cancer] the state of being cancerated.

CA＇NCRINE, adj. [of cancer] having the qualities of a crab.

CANCRINI Versus, Lat. [with grammarians] Latin verses which may
be read either backwards or forwards, and are the same as
Roma tibi subito, motibus ibit amor.

CA＇NDAHOR, the capital of the territory of the same name, subject
to Persia.

CANDELA＇RIA [from candela, Lat. a candle] the plant called torch­
herb or wood-blade, long-wort or mullens. Lat.

CA＇NDENT [candens, Lat.] hot, in the highest degree, next to fu­
sion; waxing white, shining, clear. If a wire be heated only at
one end, according as that end is cooled upward or downward, it
respectively acquires a verticity as we have declared in wires totally
candent. Brown.

CA＇NDIA, the modern name of Crete, an island situated in the Me­
diterranean sea, between 35 and 36 deg. north latitude, and 27 and
28 deg. east longitude. There is no river of consequence in the whole
island, but abundance of rivulets, whereof Lethe is one. Here too is
mount Ida, so much celebrated by the ancients. Its capital is also
called Candia, or Mutium, and is situated on the north side of the
island.

CAN＇DICANCY [candicantia, Lat.] a whitening or making fair, &c.

CA＇NDICANT [candicans, Lat.] waxing white.

CA＇NDID [candidus, Lat.] 1. White. This sense is very rare.
The box receives all black; but pour＇d from thence,
The stones came candid forth, the hue of innocence. Dryden.
2. Sincere or upright, without deceit or malice, open, fair, inge­
nuous; as, a candid reader, a candid judge.

CA＇NDIDATE [candidat, Fr. candidato, It. candidado, Sp. candida­
tus, Lat. so called from their wearing a white habit at their assemblies]
1. One who stands for some post, or aspires after an office, or to be
a member of any body or society, a competitor. One would be sur­
prized to see so many candidates for glory. Addison. 2. It has gene­
rally for before the thing sought. Art thou, fond youth, a candidate
for praise? Pope. 3. Sometimes of. A young probationer, and can­
didate of heav＇n. Dryden.

CA＇NDIDLY [from candid] sincerely, uprightly, without malice or
design, fairly; as, to deal candidly with us. Swift.

CA＇NDIDNESS [from candid] sincerity, ingenuity, openness of tem­
per, purity of mind; as, the candidness of a man＇s principles, and the
sincerity of his intentions. South.

To CA＇NDIFY [candefacere, Lat.] to make white, to whiten.

CA＇NDIOT, belonging to the isle of Candia.

CANDISA＇TION, the candying and crystallizing of sugar, after it has
been dissolved in water and purified.

CANDITEE＇RS [in fortification] a sort of frames to lay faggots and
brush-wood upon, for covering the men while at work.

CA＇NDLE [candle, Sax. chandelle, Fr. candeya, Port. candela, It.
Sp. and Lat.] 1. A long roll or cylinder made of tallow, wax, &c. in
which is included a wick of flax or cotton, and sometimes a rush, for
giving light. 2. A light or luminary in the heavens. These blessed
candles of the night. Shakespeare.

The CANDLE burns at both ends. Said when husband and wife
are both spendthrifts.

His CANDLE burns in the socket. That is, he is an old man. It
is common to compare man＇s life to the burning of a lamp or candle;
because the vital heat is always preying upon the radical moisture,
which, when quite consumed, the man dies.

CA＇NDLEBERRY-TREE, a species of sweet-willow.

CA＇NDLE-HOLDER [of candle and hold] 1. One that holds a candle.
2. One that remotely assists in any thing, as one does who holds a
candle to another.
I am proverb＇d with a grandsire phrase,
To be a candle-holder, and look on. Shakespeare.

CANDLE-LIGHT [of candle and light] 1. The light of a candle.
2. The necessary candles for use. I shall find him coals and candle­
light. Molineux.

CA＇NDLEMAS-day [candelmæsse dæg, Sax.] the festival observed
in commemoration of the purification of the Virgin Mary, on the se­
cond of February, so named, either as it was formerly celebrated
with a great number of lights in the churches, or on account of the
candles consecrated on that day to serve the whole year.

CA＇NDLESTICK [candlestæf, Sax. chandellier, Fr. candelliere, It.
candelero, Sp. candieiro, Port. of candelabrum, Lat. but the English
most probably of candle, and stick, to set it upon; which, tho＇ im­
properly said of a brass or silver candlestic, is no more than to say a
brass or silver inkhorn] an instrument to set or stick a candle in.

CA＇NDLE-STUFF [of candle and stuff] kitchen stuff, grease, tallow.
Bacon uses it.

CA＇NDLE-WASTER [of candle and waste] that which wastes candle,
a spendthrift.
Patch grief with proverbs, make misfortune drunk
With candlewasters. Shakespeare.

CA＇NDOCK, a weed that grows in rivers. To kill the waterweeds,
as water Iillies, candocks, reate, and bulrushes. Walton.

CA＇NDOUR [candeur, Fr. candore, It. candor, Lat.] sincerity, up­
rightness, plain dealing; frankness, courtesy, sweetness of temper,
serenity of mind; as, candor and sweetness of temper. Watts.

To CA＇NDY [probably from candare, a word used in latter times for
to whiten. Johnson] 1. Properly signifies to make any thing white.
2. To thicken and chrystallize sugar on fruits, as confectioners do.
3. To conserve with sugar, so as that it lies in flakes or breaks into
tangles. They have in Turky confections like to candied conserves,
made of sugar and lemons. Bacon. 4. To form a thing into conge­
lations.
Will the cold brook,
Candy＇d with ice, cawdle thy morning toast,
To cure thy o＇ernight＇s surfeit. Shakespeare.
5. To incrust with congelations.
Since when those frosts that winter brings,
Which candy ev＇ry green,
Renew us like the teeming springs. Dryden.

CANDY Alexander, a kind of herb.

CA＇NDY-LION＇S-FOOT [catanance, Lat.] a plant. The cup of the
flower is squamose; the seeds are wrapt up in a leafy or downy sub­
stance.

CANDY, adj. [candi, Fr.] as, sugar-candy.

CANE [canne, Fr. canna, Sp. It. and Lat.] 1. A kind of strong In­
dian reed, of which walking sticks are made. 2. The plant which
yields the sugar. This cane or reed grows plentifully in the East and
West Indies. The skin of the sugar cane is soft, and the spongy mat­
ter, or pith it contains, very juicy. Sugar canes, when ripe, are
quite full of a white succulent marrow, from which is expressed the
liquor of which sugar is made: when ripe, they are cut, their leaves
cleared off, and they are carried in bundles to the mills, which consist
of three wooden rollers covered with steel plates. Chambers.
The sweet liquor on the cane bestow,
From which, prepar＇d, the luscious sugars flow. Blackmore.
3. A lance, a dart made of cane; whence the Spanish inego de cannas.
The flying skirmish of the darted cane. Dryden. 4. A read in ge­
neral. Food may be afforded to bees by small canes or troughs.
Mortimer.

CANE [of Genoa] for silk, is nine palms, 100 of which make 26
yards English.

CANE [of Genoa] for linen and woollen, is 10 palms, which make
2⅞ yards English.

CANE [of Leghorn] is four braces, which makes two ells English,
and eight braces is five yards English.

CANE [of Marseilles] is 2½ yards English.

CANE [of Messina] is 2½ yards English.

CANE [of Rome] contains eight palms, and 30 canes is 55½ ells
English.

To lay CANE upon Abel, a senseless saying, alluding to the names of
Cain and Abel, which signifies to beat a man heartily; a low phrase.

To CANE [from the noun] to beat with a cane.

CA＇NEL [canelle, Fr. canela, Lat.] a spice.

CA＇NEL BONE [with anatomists] the neck or throat bone, so termed
from its resemblance to a canal or gutter.

CANE＇LLA, the spice called cinnamon. See CINNAMON.

CANE＇LLE [in heraldry] See INVECTED.

CANEPHO＇RA [of καοηϕσρος, Gr.] a young maid, who in the ancient
sacrifices bore a basket, wherein was contained all things necessary for
the sacrifice.

CANEPHO＇RIA [of κανηϕορια, Gr.] a ceremony among the Athenians
which made part of a festival, which the maids celebrated on the eve
of their marriage day. But Hesychius does not stop here; he says, in
general, that εν ταις πομπαις, &c. in the public [religious] processions,
the virgins of the first rank and character bore the basket, as in the
panathenæa; nor was that HONOUR allowed to every one.








CANESTE＇LLUS [old records] a basket.

CA＇NIA [in botany] a small stinging nettle. Lat.

CA＇NIBALS, men-eaters, a people in the West-Indies, anciently in­
habiting the Caribbee islands, who used to feed on man＇s flesh.

CANI＇CULA, a little dog or bitch; also the dog-fish. Lat.

CANI＇CULAR [canicularis, of canis, Lat. a dog] belonging to the
dog-star; as, the canicular, or dog-days.

CANICULA＇RES [with astronomers] the dog-days, commonly called
dies caniculares, Lat. are days wherein the dog-star rises and sets with
the sun; during which time the weather is very sultry and hot. These
dog-days begin about the 24th of July, and end the 28th of August.

CANICULA＇RIS [with botanists] the herb henbane.

CA＇NIFORM [caniformis, of canis, a dog, and forma, Lat. shape]
shaped like a dog.

CA＇NINA FAMES, a dog＇s appetite, a disease; an inordinate hunger,
attended with looseness and vomiting. Lat.

CA＇NINE [caninus, It. and Sp. of caninus, Lat.] belonging to or like
a dog, having the properties of a dog. A third kind of women are
made up of canine particles. Addison.

CANINE Hunger [in medicine] is an appetite which cannot be satis­
fied. It may occasion an exorbitant appetite of usual things, which
they will take in such quantities till they vomit them up like dogs,
whence it is called canine. Arbuthnot.

CA＇NINI DENTES [among anatomists] the dog teeth, two teeth in
each jaw, one on each side the incisivi.

CA＇NINUS [among anatomists] a muscle of the lip, serving to draw
it upward.

CANIS Major [with astronomers] a constellation called the Greater
Dog, consisting of 32 stars, and is drawn on the globe in the form of
a dog.

CANIS Minor [the lesser dog] a constellation painted in the form of a
dog, near the greater dog; it has a bright star in his neck,
and another in his thigh, called Procyon.

CA＇NISTER [canistrum, Lat.] 1. A small basket. 2. A small ves­
sel in which any thing, such as tea or coffee, is laid up.

CA＇NITUDE [of canas, Lat. hoary] hoariness.

CANK, dumb, C. B.

CANK Heath, i. e. the heath of the people called Ceangi.

CA＇NKDORE, a woful case. An obsolete word.

CA＇NKER [cancer, Lat. it seems to have the same meaning and
original with cancer, but to have been accidentally written with a k,
when it denotes bad qualities in a less degree; or canker might come
from chancre, Fr. and cancer from the Latin. Johnson. Canchero, It.]
1. An eating, spreading sore, or humour.
Heal th＇ inveterate canker of one wound,
By making many. Shakespare.
2. The rust of iron, brass, &c. 3. A disease in trees. 4. A worm
that preys upon and destroys fruits. That which the locust hath left,
hath the canker-worm eaten. Joel. 5. A fly that preys upon fruit.
There be of flies, catterpillars, cankerflies, and bearflies. Walton.
6. Any thing that corrupts or consumes. Sacrilege may prove an
eating canker and consuming moth. Atterbury. 7. A kind of wild
rose. Draw a single or canker rose. Peacham. 8. Corrosion, viru­
lence.
As with age his body uglier grows,
So his mind with cankers. Shakespeare.

To CANKER, verb neut. [from the noun] to become sullied. Sil­
vering will sully and canker more than gilding. Bacon.

To CANKER, verb act. 1. To corrupt, to corrode. A tythe pur­
loin＇d cankers the whole estate. Herbert. 2. To infect, to polute.
An honest man will enjoy himself better in a moderate fortune that is
gained with honour and reputation, than in an overgrown estate that
is cankered with the acquisitions of rapine. Addison.

CA＇NKERBIT, part. adj. [of canker and bit] bitten with an enve­
nomed tooth.
Thy name is lost,
By treason＇s tooth baregnawn and cankerbit. Shakespeare.

CANN-HOOK, an iron hook made fast to the end of a rope, whereby
weighty things are taken in and out of a ship.

CA＇NNA MAJOR [in anatomy] the greater bone of the leg, called
also focile majus and tibia.

CANNA MINOR, the lesser bone of the leg, the same with focile mi­
nus and fibula.

CA＇NNÆ. See CANNA MAJOR, &c.

CANNABA＇CEOUS, or CANNABINE [cannabinus, cannabaceus, Lat.
of κανναβινος, Gr.] hempen.

CA＇NNABAL, a man eater, an anthropophagite. See CANABALS.
Cannabals, that each other eat. Shakespeare.

CA＇NNIBALLY, adj. [of cannabal] in the manner of a cannabal.
Had he been cannibally given, he might have broil＇d and eaten him.
Shakespeare.

CA＇NNINGTON, in Somersetshire, so called from the Cangi, a small
people of the Belgie Britons, that came and dwelt there.

CA＇NNIONS [of canon, Fr.] boot-hose, an old fashioned garment for
the legs.

CA＇NNIPERS [corrupted from callipers] an instrument for measuring
the diameter, &c. of spherical bodies. The square is taken by a pair
of cannipers, or two rulers clap＇d to the side of a tree, measuring the
distance between them. Mortimer.

CA＇NNISTER, an instrument used by coopers in racking off wines.

CA＇NNISTER, or CA＇NISTER of Tea [canistrum, Lat.] a quantity
from 75 to 100 pound weight. See CANISTER.

Tea CANNISTER, a small vessel of silver, tin, &c. to hold tea.

CA＇NNON [canon, Fr. from canna, Lat. a pipe, meaning a large
tube. Johnson. Canone, It. cannon, Sp. canám, Port.] 1. A piece of
ordnance, or great gun for battery. 2. A gun larger than can be ma­
naged by the hand, of which there are different sizes; as, demi-can­
non, whole cannon, &c. the sizes are so many, that they differ in the
bore, from a ball of 48 pounds to a ball of five ounces. The first
that was used was on the coast of Denmark, in the year 1304, and
afterwards became common in the wars between the Genoese and Ve­
netians, in the year 1380; and in 1386 were used in England, the
first being discharged at the siege of Berwick.

CANNON Royal, or CANNON of Eight, a great gun 12 feet long, of
8000 pound weight. A whole cannon weighs commonly eight thou­
sand pounds, a half cannon five thousand, a culverin four thousand five
hundred, a demi culverin three thousand; which, whether it be in
iron or brass, must needs be very costly. Wilkins.

CANNON BALL, CANNON BULLET, and CANNON SHOT [from can­
non, ball, bullet, and shot] The balls which are shot from great guns.

To CANNONA＇DE, verb neut. [from cannon; cannonare, It. aconno­
neàr, Sp. cannoner, Fr.] to batter or attack with cannon, to play great
guns. Both armies cannonaded all the ensuing day. Tatler.

To CANNONADE, verb act. to fire upon the enemy, or any place,
with cannon.

CANNONA＇DE [cannonata, It. cannonada, Sp. cannonade, Fr.] can­
non shot.

CANNONEE＇R [from cannon; cannonier, Fr. cannoniere, It. canno­
néro, Sp.] a cannonader, a gunner who discharges the cannon, an en­
gineer that manages the cannon. A third was a most excellent canno­
neer, whose good skill did much endamage the forces of the king.
Hayward.

CA＇NNOT, a word compounded of can and not.

CANO＇A, or CANO＇E, a little vessel or boat used by the Indians,
made all of one piece, of the trunk of a tree hollowed. Others de­
vised the boat of one tree, called the canoa, which the Gauls upon
the river Roan used in assisting the transportation of Hannibal＇s army.
Raleigh. They maintained a war against Semiramis, in which they
had four thousand monoxyla, or canoes, of one piece of timber. Ar­
buthnot.

CA＇NON [of κανων, Gr. a law] 1. A rule or law. They are rules and
canons of that law which is written in all mens hearts. Hooker. 2. The
laws made by ecclesiastical councils.

CA＇NON [in music] is a short composition of one or more parts, in
which one part leads and the other follows.

CANON, or CANON BIT [among horsemen] is that part of the
horse-bit which is let into the mouth.
Could manage fair
His stubborn steed with canon-bit. Spenser.

CA＇NON [with printers] a large sort of printing letter. Probably
so called from being first used in printing a book of canons, or per­
haps from its size, and therefore properly written cannon. Johnson.

CANON [among surgeons] is an instrument used in sewing up
wounds.

CANON of the Scripture, is that body of books of the holy scrip­
ture, which serves for a rule of faith; or containing history and good
moral instruction. Query, If this DISTINCTION is not sufficiently sup­
ported, not only on the nature and reason of the thing, but also on
the following texts? 1 Cor. vii. 25. 1 Thes. iv. 15. compared with
1 Cor. i. 14, 16, and 1 Tim. iii. 16, as the vulgate and Syriac ver­
sion, and some ancients, read it. Not, “All scripture is divinely in­
spired, and profitable: but all DIVINELY INSPIRED scripture is profit­
able, &c. See note in lord Shaftesbury＇s Characteristics, vol. III.
page 245.

CANON of the Old Testament, Dupin, in his Preliminary Disserta­
tion, vol. I. page 28. says, “The first catalogue we find of the books
of scripture amongst the Christians, is that of Melito, bishop of Sar­
dis, set down by Eusebius; ＇tis intirely conformable to that of the
Jews, and contains [as does Josephus＇s account] but twenty-two
books; in which number Esther is not reckoned, and the book of
Ruth is distinguished from that of Judges”: he adds, “That Origen＇s
collection too (as produced by Eusebius) reckons twenty-two books,
and joins the book of Ruth with that of Judges”. To which I may
add, that both Melito＇s catalogue, and that drawn up afterwards by
Origen, include the book of Canticles. But Dupin proceeds to ob­
serve, that Melito＇s collection is followed by the council of Laodicæa
[held about the year 375] the first synod which determined the number
of canonical books; but withal including Esther; as also by St. Cy­
ril, St. Hilary, &c. and that the first catalogue, where they added
some books to the Jewish canon, is that of the third council of Car­
thage, held A. D. 397; tho＇ with this postil (says he) which is VERY
remarkable: Let the church beyond the sea be consulted before this canon
is confirmed. De confirmandô istô canone ecclesia transmarina consu­
latur”. The books ADDED are Judith, Tobit, the Wisdom of Solomon.
Ecclesiasticus, and the two books of the Maccabees. “A catalogue (as
he subjoins) since confirmed by pope Innocent I. by a Roman council,
held under Gelasius, A. D. 494, and which is followed by the holy
council of Trent.” I shall now subjoin Melito＇s catalogue in his own
words, as contained in his letter to Onesimus, which noble fragment
of antiquity Eusebius gives us in the fourth book of his history, chap.
26 Ed. Rob. Stephan. p. 43. “Having travelled, says Melito, into
the east, and being on the very spot, where these things were both
preach＇d and done; and having accurately informed myself concerning
the books of the Old Testament, I have subjoined and sent them to
you, as follows: of MOSES, five; Genesis. Exodus, Leviticus, Num­
bers, Deuteronomy; of Joshua Navè, Judges, Ruth; four [books]
of Kings [including under that title, as I suppose, the two of Sa­
muel of the [παραχειπομενα] supplements, two; David＇s Psalms;
of Solomon, Proverbs, Wisdom, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs; Job;
of the prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah; of the twelve [i. e. other pro­
phets] in one book: Daniel; Ezechiel; Esdras. N. B. The Latin
version of Valesius agrees with this, excepting that he makes Proverbs
and Wisdom to be one and the same. But also, there must have
been (I suspect) something either inserted or lest out of the text; and
indeed Origen＇s catalogue (which Eusebius gives us, Hist. lib. 6. c.
25) mentions no more than the proverbs of Solomon, and is entirely
silent about any book called by the name of Wisdom. He joins (as
before observed) Ruth and Judges in one book, called by the Jews
Sófetim. He does the same by the first and second book of Kings; for
he says “They make but one book called Samuel.” So the third and
fourth of the kings “in one book.” So the first and second of the
Supplements [i. e. Chronicles] “one book.” So the first and second of
Esdras “in one book, called Ezrah.” And, when mentioning Jere­
miah, he adds, “With Lamentations and the Epistle in one book, called
Jeremiah.” And observes, that the whole collection constitutes (ως
εβραιοι παραδιδοασιν, i. e. as the Jews deliver) two and twenty books.







Josephus (in that passage of his, to which we are referred, and
which Eusebius gives us, Hist. lib. 3. c. 10.) affirms, that the Jews
had but twenty-two books; five of which he ascribes to Moses; and
says, “They contain the laws and tradition of human generation
[ανθρωπογονιας παραδοσιν] as far as his decease: and that from the de­
cease of Moses to that of Artaxerxes, who succeeded Xerxes in the Per­
sian throne, the prophets, who flourished after Moses, wrote the things
done in their times in thirteen books: and the other four contain
hymns in honour of God, and precepts of life for men.” But as to
the books from Artaxerxes to his own days, he observes, “That they
have not been counted worthy of the like faith with the former, be­
cause there was not an accurate succession of prophets.” The reader
will observe, that Josephus carries the canon as far as the decease of
Artaxerxes, which entirely overthrows that supposition of Mons. Du­
pin, as tho＇ Josephus had left out the book of Esther; but for no bet­
ter a reason than this, that Josephus places her history under the reign
of that king; and though, it must be confest, he does not mention it
by name, Mons. Dupin, somewhat too hastily inferred, that he re­
jected it; because he might include it under the then common title of
some other book which had a first and second part; as Judges included
Ruth; or as Nehemiah, I suppose, was included under Ezrah. And
by the way, the only difference between St. Jerom＇s catalogue and
Josephus lies here, that Josephus places all the historic books, to the
number of thirteen, amongst the PROPHETS, adding to St. Jerom＇s nine,
Daniel, Chronicles, Ezrah, and Job; and consequently he sets in the
third rank, no more than the Psalms and the three books of Solomon.
It should not be dissembled, that Sir Isaac Newton has given us an
arrangement that differs from both, and which the reader will find in
his observations upon Daniel and the Apocalypse, page 12, with some
other remarks worthy of being duly considered.
The CANON of the New Testament, as given us by Eusebius, in the
third book of his Ecclesiast. Hist. chap. 25, is as follows: “Among
the first, says he, should be placed the holy Quaternity of the Gospels;
after which comes the Acts of the Apostles; next to these the Epistles
of Paul; then the first Epistle of John; we must receive as alike au­
thentic, that of Peter: and after these should we arrange (ειγε ϕανειη,
which Valesius renders si ita videbitur) the Apocalypse of John, of
which we shall, in its proper place, assign what things have been
thought. And these are in the class of books confessed. Of those
which are controverted (but withal admitted by many) is the epistle enti­
tled of James, and that of Jude; and the second epistle of Peter; and
that which is called the second and third of John, whether belonging
to the evangelist [i. e. the apostle] or to some other of the same
name.” Dupin observes, that all, except the Apocalypse, are found in
the canon of the council of Laodicea, which St. Cyril follows; in that
of Carthage, and at Rome under Pope Innocent, and all the other
Greek and Latin authorssince Eusebius; and that, as to the epistle of the
Hebrews, “there were only a few Latins that questioned its autho­
rity, because they did not believe it to be written by St. Paul.” And
thus that book, which, perhaps of all others, carries with it the fullest
proofs of divinity, from such a series of prophecies, long since accom­
plished, I mean the Apocalypse; a book which St. Justin, Irenæus,
Cyprian, Clemens Alexand. Origen, and other anti-nicenes, so often
cite, and attribute it to the apostle John, was so little understood by
the good and learned Eusebius, as to occasion his expressing himself in
so dubious a manner concerning it. A circumstance which affects me
much more than the mere silence of a council, “of whose history we
know nothing at all”, says Dupin; a council, whose first canon admits
persons joined in second marriage to the communion only by way of in­
dulgence; and which, in the twentieth, forbids a deacon to sit, without
first obtaining leave, in the presence of a presbyter. See Gothofred
Notæ, in Philostorg. p. 325. See more on this head under the words
CONSTITUTIONS, SPURIOUS, and REVELATION* See CANON of the Old Testament, line 9, read but takes in Esther, and joins, &c. Line 32, after Deuteronomy, read Joshua [son] of Navè; Line 34, after Samuel; read of the [παραλειπομενα] Line 39, read, But after all, there has been (I suspect) here something, &c..

CANON [in trigonometry and algebra] a general rule for the solu­
tion of all cases of a like nature with the present enquiry.

Pascal CANON, a table of the moveable feasts, shewing the day of
Easter, and the other feasts depending upon it, for a cycle of nineteen
years.

Natural CANON [in trigonometry] is the canon of natural sines,
tangents and secants taken together.

Artificial CANON, is the canon of artificial sines, tangents and se­
cants taken together, i. e. cosines, cotangents, &c.

CA＇NONESS [canonissa, low Lat. with the Romanists] a maid who
enjoys a prebend, affected by the foundation to maids, without being
obliged to renounce the world, or make any vows. There are in
popish countries, women which they call secular canonesses, living after
the example of secular canons. Ayliffe.

CANO＇NICAL [canonique, Fr. canonico, It. and Sp. of canonicus, Lat.
of κανονικος, Gr.] 1. Belonging or agreeable to the canons or church
laws. 2. Constituting the canons of scripture. Public readings there
are of books and writings not canonical. Hooker. 3. Spiritual, ec­
clesiastical, relating to the church; as, canonical obedience.

CANONICAL Hours, stated, regular times appointed by the canons
of the church for divine service.

CANO＇NICALLY [of canonical] in a canonical manner; agreeably
to the canons. A friar, on a fasting day, bids his capon be carp, and
then very canonically eats it. Government of the Tongue.

CANO＇NICALNESS, agreeableness or conformity to the canons of
the church.

CA＇NONIST [canonista, It. canonicus, Lat. canoniste, Fr.] a pro­
fessor or doctor of the canon law, a man versed in the ecclesiastical
laws.
Of whose strange crimes no canonist can tell
In what commandment＇s large contents they dwell. Pope.

CANONIZA＇TION [canonisation, Fr. canonizazione, It. canonizacion,
Sp. of canonizatio, Lat.] the act of sainting, or declaring a man a
saint. The interests of particular families or churches have a great
sway in their canonizations. Addison.

To CA＇NONIZE [canoniser, Fr. canonizzare, It. canonízàr, Sp. of
canonizo, Lat.] to pronounce and declare one to be a saint. The
king, desirous to bring into the house of Lancaster celestial honour, be­
came suitor to pope Julius to canonize Henry VI. for a saint. Bacon.

CANON LAW, a rule of ecclesiastical discipline, and particularly the
decrees of a council; or it is a collection of ecclesiastical constitutions,
definitions and rules taken from the ancient councils, the writings of
the fathers, the ordinances of the popes, &c. Canon law is that law
which is made and ordained in the general council or provincial sy­
nod of the church. Ayliffe. See CONSTITUTION.

CANONS, a dignity in a cathedral church. Deans and Canons, or
prebends, of cathedral churches, in their first institution, were to be of
counsel with the bishop, for his revenue and for his government, in
causes ecclesiastical. Bacon.

CANONS Regular, are canons who still live in community, and
who, to the practice of their rules, have added the profession of
vows.

CANONS Secular, are lay canons, such among the laity as, out of
honour and respect, have been admitted into some chapters of ca­
nons.

CANONS [in logic] are such as these: every part of a division singly
taken, must contain less than the whole, and a definition must be pe­
culiar and proper to the thing defined. Watts.

CA＇NONSHIP, or CA＇NONRY [of canon] the title of a benefice pos­
sessed by a canon. An ecclesiastical benefice in some cathedral or
collegiate church, which has a prebend, or stated allowance out of
the revenues of such church commonly annexed to it. Ayliffe.

CANO＇PUS, a fabulous god of the Egyptians, much adored by the
common people.

CA＇NOPY [canopeum, low Lat. κανοπειον, of κωνωψ, Gr. a gnat,
&c. q. some net or thin thing spread over the face to defend it from
gnats or flies] a cloth of state over a throne or bed, a covering spreads
over the head.
Placed under a stately canopy,
The warlike parts of both those knights to see. Spenser.

The CANOPY of Heaven, the sky, the firmament. Now spread
the night her spangled canopy. Fairfax.

To CANOPY [from the noun] to cover with a canopy.
The birch, the mirtle, and the bay,
Like friends did all embrace;
And their large branches did display,
To canopy the place. Dryden.

CANO＇ROUS [canorus, Lat.] musical, tuneful. Birds that are most
canorous, and whose notes we most commend, are of little throats.
Brown.

CANO＇ROUSNESS [of canorus, Lat.] tunefulness, musicalness.

CA＇NSO, a port town of Nova Scotia, in North America, situated
on a narrow strait, which separates Nova Scotia from Cape Breton.

CANT, subst. [probably from cantus, Lat. implying the odd tone of
voice used by vagrants, but imagined by some to be corrupted from
quaint. Johnson] 1. Corrupt dialect used by beggars and vagabonds.
2. A particular form of speaking peculiar to some certain class or bo­
dy of men; as, to write or speak the cant of any profession. That
cant and hypocrisy in the time of the great rebellion. Addison. 3. A
whining pretension to goodness in formal and affected terms. Preach­
ing in the self-denying cant. Dryden. 4. Barbarous jargon. The af­
fectation of some late authors to introduce cant words, is the most
ruinous corruption in any language. Swift. 5. Auction; as, to sell
by cant or auction; which see. Swift uses it.

CANT, or CANTER [a low word] an hypocrite, a dissembler, a
whining person, said to be derived from one Andrew Cant, a preach­
er in Scotland, who was wont to harangue his audience in such a tone,
and through the nose, and in such a dialect, that he was understood by
none, but those of his own congregation, and not by all of them.
But since Mr. Cant＇s time, says the Spectator, it has been understood
in a larger sense, and signifies all sudden exclamations, whinings, un­
usual tones in praying, preaching, &c.

To CANT, to talk in the jargon of particular professions; after the
manner of gypsies, rogues, &c. to use any affected or formal kind of
speech, or with a peculiar studied tone. That uncouth, affected garb
of speech or canting language, they have of late taken up. Saunderson.
Men cant endlessly about materia & forma. Glanville.

To CANT [in carpentry] signifies to turn; as, when a piece of
timber comes the wrong way, they say, cant it, i. e. turn it about.

CA＇NTABLE [in music books] is to play in a kind of a chanting
or singing manner.

CANTA＇BRICA [of Cantabria in Spain, where it was first found]
the wild gilliflower.

CANTA＇LIVER Cornice, is a cornice with cantalivers or modillions
under it.

CANTALIVERS [in architecture] pieces of wood framed into the
front or other side of a house, to sustain the moulding and eaves
over it.

CANTA＇O [at Alicant, &c.] a measure containing three gallons
English wine measure.

CA＇NTAR [in Arabia] is 15 fracelloes, every fracelloe being 25
pound 12 ounces.

CANTAR [at Constantinople] is 120 pound English.

CANTAR [at Messina] about 127 pound English.

CANTAR [in Spain] wine measure, is about two gallons.

CANTAR [in Turky in Asia] 100 rotelloes, about 418 pound a­
verdupoise.

CANTAR [at Tunis] 114 pound.

CANTA＇TA, It. [in music books] signifies a piece of vocal music,
for 1, 2, 3, or more voices, and sometimes with one or more mu­
sical instruments of any kind, composed after the manner of opera＇s,
and consisting of grave parts and airs, intermixt with one another.

CANTA＇TION [of canto, Lat.] the act of singing.

CA＇NTEL [a law term] a lump or mass.

CANTEL [probably q. d. quantillum, how little] a little piece.

CANTER. See CANTERBURY-GALLOP.

CANTER [from cant] a term of reproach for hppocrites, who talk
formally of religion, without obeying it. See CANT.

CANTE＇RBURY Bells, a flower. See BELFLOWER.

CANTERBURY-GALLOP [in horsemanship] the hard gallop of an
ambling horse, commonly called a canter; and probably derived from
the monks riding to Canterbury on easy ambling horses.








CANTERBURY, the metropolitan see of all England, and a city
and county of itself, said to have been built 900 years before the birth
of Christ. It is sixteen miles from Dover, and 56 from London. It
is a large, populous, and trading city, has a good silk manufactory,
and sends two members to parliament.

CANTHA＇RIDES, Lat. certain venemous green flies, used for raising
blisters; Spanish flies. The flies cantharides are bred of a worm or
caterpillar, but peculiar to certain fruit trees, as are the fig-tree, the
pine-tree, and the wild-brier: all which bear sweet fruit, and fruit
that hath a kind of secret biting or sharpness. Bacon.

CANTHA＇RIUS [of κανθαρος, Gr. a beetle] a stone having the fi­
gure of a beetle on it.

CA＇NTHERUS [with carpenters] a tressel or horse to saw or cut tim­
ber on. Lat.

CANTHERUS [in architecture] a rafter or joist of a house that
reaches down from the ridge to the eaves; a transum, a spar; also a
leaver. Lat.

CA＇NTHUS [κανθος, Gr.] the angle or corner of the eye, and is ei­
ther the external or lesser, or internal or greater. A tumor in the
great canthus, or angle of her eye. Wiseman.

CANTHUS [with chymists] the lip, or that part of the mouth of a
vessel which is a little hollowed or depressed, for the easy pouring out
of a liquor.

CA＇NTICLE [cantiques, Fr. cantiche, It. canticos, Sp. canita, Lat.
a song] it is generally used for the book of Solomon＇s song in scrip­
ture.

CANTI＇LIVERS. See CANTA＇LIVERS.

CA＇NTIN, or Cape-CANTIN, a promontory in the Atlantic Ocean,
on the coast of Morocco in Africa. Lat. 33° N. Long. 10° W.

CA＇NTING-Coins [in a ship] are small short pieces of wood cut
with a sharp ridge to lie between the casks, and prevent them from
rolling one against another.

CANTING-Crew, beggars, gypsies and vagabonds, who make use
of a particular jargon, or canting speech.

CA＇NTLE [kant, Du. a corner, eschatillon, Fr. a piece, Johnson;
probably of canton, Fr.] a piece of any thing; as, a cantle of bread
and cheese, is a piece of bread and cheese. Skinner.
See how this river comes me crankling in,
And cuts me from the best of all my land
A huge half-moon, a monstrous cantle out. Shakespeare.

To CANTLE out, to cut in pieces, to divide or distribute into parts
or parcels.
For four times talking, if one piece thou take,
That must be cantled, and the judge go snack. Dryden.

CA＇NTLET [from cantle] a little piece, a fragment.
Repeats his blows,
Nor shield nor armour can their force oppose;
Huge cantlets of his buckler strew the ground. Dryden.

CA＇NTO [in music books] 1. A song, or the treble part of it. 2.
A division or book in any poem, as a chapter or section in prose.

CANTO Concertante [in music books] signifies the treble of the little
chorus, or the part which sings throughout. Ital.

CANTO Ripieno [in music books] is the treble of the grand chorus,
or that which sings only now and then, in some particular places. It.

CA＇NTON [Fr. cantone, It. from κανθος, Gr. the corner of the eye;
and hence came the cantons of the Switzers. Johnson. It is the re­
ward of a prince given to an earl. Peacham] 1. A division,
small parcel, or part of a country, in form of a province; as, the
XIII cantons of Switzerland. Only that little canton of land, called
the English pale, containing four small shires, did maintain a war
with the Irish. Davies. 2. A small community, or clan. The same
is the case of rovers by land, such as yet are some cantons in Arabia,
and some petty kings of the mountains. Bacon.

CANTON, a sort of additional curtain to a bed.

CANTON [in heraldry] signifies a corner, and is one of the nine or­
dinaries, and of great esteem. He bears guiles, a cross argent, can­
toned with four scollop shells. Guillam.

CANTON, a large, populous, wealthy, and port-town of China, si­
tuated on the river Ta, about 50 miles from the Indian Ocean. It is
a fortified place, within the walls of which no christians are permit­
ted to enter, notwithstanding their great trade thither; it being from
thence that they import all manner of Chinese goods, as china-ware,
tea, cabinets, raw and wrought silks, gold-dust, &c. Lat. 23° 25′
N. Long. 112° 30′ E.

To CANTON [from the noun] to divide into little parts, to par­
cel out. It would be for the good of mankind to have all the mighty
empires canton＇d out into petty states. Addison.

To CANTON [se cantonner, Fr. in military affairs] is to retire into
a canton or quarter; to fortify one＇s self in a place.

CA＇NTONE [in the Molucca islands] a measure of about five half
pints English measure.

CA＇NTONED [in architecture] is when the corner of a building is
adorned with a pilaster; an angular column, rustic quoins, or any
thing that projects beyond the naked of a wall.

CANTONE＇E [in heraldry] is used by the French, to express the
position of such things as are borne with a cross, &c. between them.

To CA＇NTONIZE, to divide into cantons, to parcel out into small
divisions. Thus was all Ireland cantoniz＇d among ten persons.
Davies.

CA＇NTRED, or CA＇NTREFF [of hani, an hundred, and hreff, C.
Brit. a town] is the same in Wales that in England is called an hun­
dred, an hundred villages. The king regrants to him all that pro­
vince, reserving only the city of Dublin, and the cantreds next ad­
joining. Davies.

CA＇NTUS, a song. Lat.

CANTUS [in music books] the mean or counter-tenor.

CANTZ, or CANTH, a town of Silesia, about 6 miles west of
Breslaw.

CA＇NVASS [canevas, Fr. canavaccio, It. canamázo, Sp. hamvao, Du.
kanevass, Ger. cannabis, Lat.] a sort of coarse, linen cloth, woven for
several uses, as sails, painting, cloths, tents. Like mainyards with
canvass lin＇d. Spenser. Their canvass castles up they quickly rear.
Fairfax.
Thou Kneller, long with noble pride,
The foremost of thy art hast vy＇d;
With nature in a generous strife,
And touch＇d the canvass into life. Addison.

CANVASS [among the French] is a word used to signify the model
or first words whereon a piece of music or air is composed and given
to a poet to regulate and compleat.

CANNASS Bags [in fortification] bags of earth for raising a parapet
in haste, or to repair one that has been beaten down.

To CANVASS, verb act. [cannabasser, Fr. to beat hemp, which
being very laborious, it is used to signify to search diligently into.
Skinner.] 1. To scan, sift, or throughly examine a matter. I have
made careful search on all hands, and canvassed the matter with all
possible diligence. Woodward. 2. To debate, to controvert. The
curs discovered a raw hide in the bottom of a river, and laid their
heads together how to come at it: they canvassed the matter one way
and t＇other, and concluded, that the way to get it, was to drink
their way to it. L＇Estrange.

To CANVASS, verb neut. to solicit, to put in, sue, or stand for an
office. This crime of canvassing or soliciting for church-preferment,
is, by the canon law, called simony. Ayliffe.

CA＇NULA, or CA＇NNULA [with surgeons] a little tube or pipe,
which they leave in wounds or ulcers, that they either dare not, or
chuse not to heal up.

CA＇NUM, or CA＇NA [in the Scotch law] a duty paid to a superior
or lord of the land; especially to bishops and churchmen.

CA＇NY [from cane] 1. Full of canes. 2. Consisting of canes.
Chineses drive
With sails, and wind their cany waggons light. Milton.

CANZO＇NE [in music books] a song or tune.

CANZONE, added to a piece of instrumental music, signifies much
the same as sonata.

CANZONE, added to a piece of vocal music, signifies much the same
as cantata.

CANZONE, added to any part of a sonata, is much the same as al­
legro, and only denotes, that the movement of the part to which it is
put, should be after a gay, brisk, lively manner.

CANZONE＇T [canzonetta, It.] a little song or tune, one of the di­
visions of Italian lyric poetry, in which every several stanza answers
both as to the number and measure of the verses, though every
canzonet varies in both at pleasure. Vecchi was most pleasing, as
well for his madrigals as canzonets. Peacham.

CA＇OROLO, an Italian island at the bottom of the gulph of Ve­
nice, about 20 miles south-west of Aquileia.

CAP [cæppe, Sax. the head, capitium, a hood or night-cap, pro­
bably of caput, Lat. cappe, Ger. and Fr. cappa, It. capa, Sp. kappe,
Da. and Du.] 1. A covering for the head of various sorts. 2. The
ensign of the cardinalship; as, the cardinal＇s cap. 3. The topmost
or highest. Thou art the cap of all the fools alive. Shakespeare. 4.
A reverence made by uncovering the head.
They more and less came in with cap and knee,
Met him in borroughs. Shakespeare.
Should the want of a cap or cringe discompose him. L＇Estrange. 5.
A vessel in form of a cap. A barrel or cap, whose cavity contains
eight cubical feet of air, will not serve a diver above a quarter of an
hour. Wilkins.

CAP of a great Gun, a piece of lead laid over the touch-hole of a
piece of ordnance to preserve the prime from being spoiled or wasted.

CAP of Maintenance [kap, Du. kappe, Ger. a hood] is one of the
regalia or ornaments of state, carried before the king of Great Bri­
tain at the coronation, and other great solemnities; also before mayors
of several cities in Britain.
If his CAP be made of wool. This saying is very ancient. In for­
mer times caps of wool were the common wear, and hats of rabbits or
bever＇s fur were hadly known. So that it signified no more than
most certainly; or as sure as the cloths on his back.

CAP [in a ship] a square piece of timber placed over the head or
upper end of a mast, in which is a round hole to receive the flag­
staff; so that by these caps, the top-mast and top-gallant masts are
kept steady and firm in the tressel-trees.

CAP A PEE＇, or CAP-A-PI＇E [de pié au cap, Fr.] from head to foot;
as, arm＇d cap-a-pe, or from head to foot, q. d. a capite ad pedem, Lat.
from head to foot. Arm＇d at all points exactly cap-à-pè. Shakespeare.

To CAP [from the noun] 1. To cover on the top. The bones
next the joint are cap＇d with a smooth cartilaginous substance. Derham.
2. To snatch the cap off. If one take any thing from another, as
boys sometimes cap one another, the same is felony. Spenser.

To CAP [a sea term] used of a ship, in the trials of the running
or setting of currents.

To CAP one, to put him to a non-plus.

To CAP Verses, an exercise of the memory for school-boys, when
standing in a row or ring, one repeats a Latin verse, and the next to
him is obliged immediately to repeat another, beginning as the for­
mer ended, and so on.
Where Henderson and th＇ other masses,
Were sent to cap texts and put cases. Hudibras.
There is little need of any other faculty but memory to cap texts.
Government of the Tongue.

CAP Merchant, the purser of a ship, who has the charge of all
the merchandise or cargo.

CAP-Paper, a sort of thick brown paper. Filtred thro＇ cap-paper.
Boyle.

CAP. [in the quotation of authors] stands for caput, Lat. chapter.

CAPABI＇LITY [of capable] the quality of being capable, capacity.

CA＇PABLE, Fr. [capace, It. capaz, Sp. and Port. of capax, Lat.]
1. Being in a condition, or qualified to do a thing, able, apt, fit,
having powers equal to any thing; as, a capable judge. 2. Intelligent,
able to understand.
His form and cause conjoin＇d, preaching to stones,
Wou＇d make them capable. Shakespeare.
3. Capacious, able to receive or understand; with of. God hath en­
dued you with one capable of the best instruction. Digby. 4. Suscepti­
ble, with of.







The soul, immortal substance to remain,
Conscious of joy, and capable of pain. Prior.
5. Qualified for, having no natural impediment; with of. God hath
made some things for as long a duration as they are capable of. Tillotson.
6. Qualified for, having no legal impediment; with of. Of my land,
loyal and natural boy, I＇ll work the means to make thee capable.
Shakespeare. 7. It has of before a noun; as in the three preceeding
senses.
How capable of death for injur＇d love. Dryden.
8. Hollow. This sense is now disused.
Lean but upon a rush,
The cicatrice and capable impressure
Thy palm some moments keeps. Shakespeare.

CA＇PABLENESS, or CAPA＇CITY [of capable, Eng. capacité, Fr. ca­
pacità, It. capacidàd, Sp. of capacitas, Lat.] 1. Ability, power. The
world＇s wide frame does not include a cause with such capacities en­
du＇d. Blackmore. 2. Sufficiency, skill, reach of wit, force or power
of the mind; as, the capacity and prudence of a general: (In a logi­
cal sense) an aptitude, faculty, or disposition to retain or hold any
thing. 3. The power of containing or holding any thing. Space
considered in length, breadth, and thickness, may be called capacity.
Locke. 4. Room, space; as, in the capacity of the exhausted receiver
are little rooms or spaces devoid of air. Boyle. 5. State, condition,
particular character. A revolution, reducing many from the head of a
triumphant rebellion to their old condition of masons, smiths, and
carpenters, that, in this capacity, they might repair what, as colonels,
they had ruined and defaced. South.

CAPA＇CIA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, in the hi­
ther Principate, about 16 miles south of Salerno.

CAPA＇CIOUS [capacis, gen. of capax, Lat.] 1. Capable to receive
or hold. 2. Spacious, vast, large; as, a capacious reservoir. 3. Ex­
tensive as to knowledge or great design; as, a good genius and capa­
cious mind. Watts.

CAPA＇CIOUSNESS [of capacious] largeness, power to receive or hold
much; as, the capaciousness of a vessel.

To CAPA＇CITATE [capacitare, It.] to render capable, to qualify
or enable. By this instruction we may be capacitated to observe those
errors. Dryden.

CAPA＇CITY, capableness. See CAPABLENESS.

CAPACITY [in a logical sense] an aptitude, faculty or disposition
to retain or hold any thing.

CAPACITY, or CAPABI＇LITY [in a law sense] is when a man or
body politic is able or has a right to give or take lands or tenements,
&c. or to sue actions; as, an alien born, has a sufficient capacity to
sue in any personal action; but not in a real one.

CAPACITY [in geometry] is the solid content of any body, and
thence our hollow measures for beer, wine, salt, &c. are called mea­
sures of capacity.

CAPA＇RISON, or CAPA＇RASON [caparasson, Fr. caparazon, Sp. a
great cloke] a sort of horse-cloth or cover for the trappings or furniture
of a horse. Their horses cloath＇d with rich caparison. Dryden.

To CAPA＇RISON [caparassonner, Fr. caparasonàr, Sp.] 1. To adorn
or dress in caparisons.
The steeds caparison＇d with purple stand,
With golden trappings. Dryden.
2. To dress with pomp: in a ludicrous sense. Tho＇ I am caparison＇d
like a man, I have a doublet and a hose in my disposition. Shake­
speare.

CAPE [cap, Fr. capo, It. cábo, Sp. caput, Lat.] 1. A headland, any
mountain, point or tract of land, running out into the sea; a pro­
montory; as, the cape of Good Hope. 2. The neck-piece of a
cloke.

CAPE, Lat. i. e. take [in law] a judicial writ relating to plea of
lands or tenements, and is of two sorts, viz. grand cape, and petit cape,
both which take hold of things immoveable, and differ chiefly in this,
that grand cape lies before appearance, and petit cape after it.

CAPE Magnum [in law] is where a man hath brought a præcipe quod
reddat of a thing that touches plea of land, and the tenant makes
default at the day to him given in the original writ; then this writ
shall be for the thing to take the land into his hands; and if the tenant
comes not by the day given him in the writ, he loses his land.

CAPE Parvum, Lat. [in law] a writ lying where the tenant is sum­
moned in plea of land, and comes at the summons, and his appearance
is recorded; and at the day given him prays the view, and having it
granted makes default.

CAPE ad Valentiam, Lat. [in law] a kind of grand cape, or a writ
of execution that lies where one is impleaded of certain lands, and he
vouches to warrant another; but the vouchee does not come at the day
given: Then if the demandant recover against the tenant, he shall
have this writ against the vouchee.

CAPE-COAST-CASTLE, the principal British fort and settlement on
the gold-coast of Guinea, situated under the meridian of London, in
5 degrees north latitude.

CAPE＇LE, a disease in horses, when the tip of the neck is moveable,
and more swelled than ordinary.

CA＇PELINE, a woman＇s hat or cap, adorned with feathers.

CAPELINE [with surgeons] a kind of bandage used in the operation
of cutting off the leg.

CAPE＇LLA, Lat. a chapel or church.

CAPELLA, Lat. [with astronomers] the little goat, a star of the first
magnitude in the shoulder of auriga.

CAPELLA [in music books] either the music or musicians belonging
to a chapel or church.

CAPELLA de Floribus, Lat. [in old writings] a chaplet or garland
of flowers for the head.

CAPERS [capres, Fr. capperi, It. alcapáras, Sp. capparis, Lat. καπ­
παρις, Gr.] 1. Te flowers or buds of a shrub growing in Spain, &c.
pickled. 2. In the singular; a tart pickle. We invent new pickles
which resemble the animal ferment in taste and virtue, as mangoes,
olives, and capers. Floyer.

CAPER [capre, Fr. probably of caper, Lat, a goat, a mischievous
creature, or of capio, Lat. to take] a privateer or pirate-ship.

CAPER [cabriole, Fr. capriola, It. cabrióla, Sp. of caper, Lat.
a goat, a frisky creature] an agile or brisk and high leap in dancing;
as, to cut a caper.

To CAPER [cabrioler, Fr. capriolare, It. capriolar, Sp. of caprisso,
Lat.] 1. To dance frolicksomely. He that will caper with me for a
thousand marks, let him lend me the money, and have at him.
Shakespeare. 2. To cut a caper, to leap briskly, high and wantonly.
The family tript it about, and caper＇d like hailstones bounding from a
marble-floor. Arbuthnot. 3. To dance; in contempt.
No dance,
Nor capering Monsieur from active France. Rowe.

CAPERA＇TED [caperatus, of caper, Lat. a goat] wrinkled like a
goat＇s horn.

CA＇PERER [from caper] a dancer; in contempt.
The tumbler＇s gambols some delight afford,
No less the nimble caperer on the cord. Dryden.

CA＇PERQUEEN, a town of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, and
province of Munster, situated on the river Black-water.

CA＇PHAR [in Aleppo, &c.] a poll or duty imposed on Christian
merchants, who carry or send merchandises from Aleppo to Jerusalem.

CAPI AGA, the chief groom of the grand signior＇s bed-chamber,
and introducer of addresses. Dherbelot has given us the true etymo­
logy of this word, and from thence a far more correct and extensive
idea of the office. “Aga, says he, is a term in the Mogal and Turkish
languages, which signifies a commander. Thus the Janisary-Aga is
the commander (in chief) of the Janisaries. Capi signifying a gate,
the capi-aga is the commander or master of the gate, i. e. of the se­
raglio, the principal officers of which, are (as in most other Asiatic
courts) eunuchs; and the capi-aga, who is a white, commands, as
Paul Ricaut observes, all the pages and white eunuchs of the palace:
He has under him the lord chamberlain, who commands the gentle­
men of the bed-chamber; the lord steward of the houshold, who over­
sees the chambers of the grand signior＇s pages; the lord treasurer, not
of the whole state, but of the palace; and other officers. See KUZ­
LIR or KY＇ZLIR-Aga, and SERA＇GLIO.

CA＇PIAS, Lat. [in law] a writ, of which there are two sorts; one
before judgment, called capias ad respondendum in a personal action,
where the sheriff, upon the first writ of distress, returns nihil habet in
balliva nostra; and the other a writ of execution, after judgment.

CAPIAS Conductos ad Proficiscendum, Lat. [in law] a writ lying for
the taking up such soldiers as, having received pressed money to serve
the king, slink away, and do not come at the time.

CAPIAS pro Fine, Lat. [in law] is where one being by judgment
fined to the king upon some offence against a statute, does not discharge
it according to the judgment; and by this writ therefore his body is
to be taken, and committed to prison till he pay the fine.

CAPIAS ad Satisfaciendum, is a writ of execution after judgment;
that lies where a man recovers in an action personal, as for debt, da­
mage, &c. and he against whom the debt is recovered, has no lands
or tenements, nor sufficient goods, whereof the debt may be levied:
in which case this writ issues to the sheriff, commanding him to take
the body of him against whom the debt is recovered, and to keep him
in prison till he make satisfaction.

CAPIAS Utlagatum, L. [in law] a writlying against one outlawed upon
any action, personal or criminal; by which the sheriff apprehends the
party outlawed for not appearing on the exigent, and keeps him in safe
custody till the day of the return; when he presents him to the court,
to be there further ordered for his contempt.

CAPIAS Utlagatum & Inquiras, &c. Lat. [in law] a writ the same
with the former, but that it gives a farther power to the sheriff, besides
the apprehension of the body of the offender, to enquire of his goods
and chattels.

CAPIAS in Withernam, &c. Lat. [in law] a writ which lies for cat­
tle in Withernam.

CAPIAS in Withernamium, &c. Homme, &c. a writ which lies for
a servant in Withernam.

CAPILLA＇CEOUS, the same with capillary: which see.

CAPI＇LLAMENT [capillamentum, Lat.] a brush of hair, a peruke.

CAPILLAMENTS [capillamenta, Lat. with botanists] the strings or
threads about the roots of herbs, or those fine threads or hairs, called
stamina, which grow up in the middle of a flower, and are adorned
with little knobs at the top.

CAPI＇LLAMENTS of the Nerves, are the fine filaments or fibres,
whereof the nerves are composed.

CAPILLA＇RIA Vasa, Lat. See CAPILLARY.

CAPI＇LLARIES. See CAPI＇LLARY Plants and Vessels.

CAPI＇LLARINESS [capillaire, Fr. of capillaris, Lat. capillary, Eng.]
hairiness, likeness to hairs.

CAPI＇LLARIS, Lat. [with botanists] Venus-hair, maiden-hair.

CAPI＇LLARY [capillaris, of capillus, Lat. the hair] pertaining to,
or like hair.

CAPILLARY, or CAPILLA＇CEOUS Plants [in botany] are such as
have no principal stock or stem with branches; but grow to the ground
as hairs to the head; and which bear their seeds in small tufts and
protuberances, on the back-side of their leaves, and have no flowers.

CAPILLARY Tubes [in anatomy] are little pipes, whose canals are
the narrowest that possibly can be, or such whose diameter does not
exceed that of a common hair.

CAPILLARY Vessels [with anatomists] are the least, minutest rami­
fications of the veins and arteries, like hairs, which, when broken or
cut, yield but very little blood, so called, of capillus, Lat. the hair of
the head, by reason of their smallness. Ten capillary arteries in the
brain are not equal to one hair. Arbuthnot.

CAPILLA＇TION [of capillus, Lat. the hair] a vessel like a hair, a
small ramification of vessels. Nor is the humour contained in smaller
veins or obscurer capillations, but in a vesicle. Brown.

CAPILLATION [with surgeons] a sort of fracture or breaking of the
skull, so small that it can scarce be found, yet often occasions death.

CAPI＇LLATURE [capillatura, Lat.] a brush of hair; also a frizzling
of the hair.

CAPILLO＇SE [capillosus, Lat.] hairy, abounding with hair.

CAPILLUS Veneris, Lat. [with botanists] the herb maiden-hair.

A CAPI＇ROTADE [in cookery] a French dish, made of several rem­
nants of meat; also a kind of minced meat.








CA＇PISTRATED [capistratus, Lat. of capistrum, a halter] muzzled,
bridled.

CA＇PISTRUM, Lat. [with surgeons] a sort of bandage for the
head.

CA＇PITAL, adj. [Fr. capitale, It. capitàl, Sp. of capitis, gen. of ca­
put, Lat. the head] 1. Principal, chief, or great; as, a capital article
of religion. 2. Relating to the head.
Needs must the serpent now his capital bruise
Expect with mortal pain. Milton.
3. Criminal in the highest degree, so as to touch life; heinous, worthy
of death; as, capital treason. 4. Affecting life. In capital causes
wherein but one man＇s life is is question, the evidence ought to be
clear, much more in a judgment upon a war, which is capital to thou­
sands. Bacon. 5. Chief, metropolitan.
This had been
Perhaps thy capital seat, from whence had spread
All generations. Milton.

CAPITAL of a Balluster [in architecture] that part that crowns the
balluster, something resembling the Ionic capitals.

CAPITAL City, the principal city of a kingdom.

CAPITAL Crime, is such a crime as subjects the offender to the loss
of either head or life.

CAPITAL Ship, a ship of war of the line.

CAPITAL Lees [with soap-boilers] the strong lees made from pot­
ashes.

CAPITAL Line [in fortification] is a line drawn from the angle of
the polygon to the point of the bastion, or from the point of the bastion
to the middle of the gorge.

CAPITAL Letters [with printers] are large letters, such as the ini­
tial letters, wherein titles, &c. are composed, and all periods, verses,
&c. commence. Our most considerable are always present like capital
letters to an aged and dim eye. Taylor.

CAPITAL Medicines, are the principal preparations of the shops of
apothecaries; as, Venice-treacle, &c.

CAPITAL of a Niche [in architecture] a sort of small canopy over
a shallow niche, covering a statue.

CAPITAL Stock [in trade, &c.] is the stock or fund of a trading
company, or the sum of money they jointly contribute to be employed
in trade.

CAPITAL of a Triglyph [in architecture] a plat-band over the Tri­
glyph.

CAPITAL, subst. 1. The uppermost part of a column or pi­
laster, serving for the head or crowning of it, placed immediately
over the shaft, and under the entablature. You see the volute of the
Ionic, the foliage of the Corinthian, and the novoli of the Doric,
mixed, without any regularity, on the same capital. Addison. 2. The
chief city of any state or kingdom.

CAPITAL [in architecture] is a principal and essential part of an
order of columns or pilasters; and is different in different orders, and is
that which chiefly distinguishes and characterizes the orders.

Angular CAPITAL [in architecture] is that which bears the returns
of the entablature at the corner of a projecture of a frontispiece.

The Corinthial CAPITAL, is much the richest, it has no ovolo, and
its abacus is very different from those of the Doric, Ionic, and
Tuscan. It has its face circular, hollowed inwards, having a rose in
the middle of each sweep. It has only a brim, and a vase instead of
an ovolo and annulets; the neck being much lengthened and enriched
with a double row of eight leaves in each, bending their heads down­
wards, small stalks arising between, from whence the volutes spring;
but they resemble not those of the Ionic capital, which are 16 in this,
instead of four in the Ionic, on each side 4 under the 4 horns of the
abacus, where the four volutes meet in a Small leaf, which turns back­
wards towards the corner of the abacus. These leaves are divided,
each making three ranges of lesser leaves, whereof they are composed;
again each lesser leaf is sometimes parted into three, called laurel leaves,
but generally into five, called olive-leaves. The middle leaf, which
bends down, is parted into 11. In the middle over the leaves is a
flower, shooting out between the stems and volutes, like the rose in
abacus. The height of this capital is 2 ⅔ modules, and its projec­
ture 1 2/8.

The Tuscan CAPITAL, is the most simple and unadorned. Its mem­
bers or parts are no more than three; an abacus, and under this an
ovolo or quarter-round, and under that a neck or collarine.

Composite CAPITAL, takes its name from its being composed of mem­
bers borrowed from the capitals of other columns.
From the Doric, it takes a quarter-round or ovolo; from the Ionic,
an astragal under this, together with volutes or scrolls: from the Co­
rinthian, a double row of leaves, and in most other things resembles
the Corinthian, generally consisting of the same members and the same
proportion.
There is a flower in the middle of the abacus, and leaves which run
upwards under the horns, as in the Corinthian. It has flowers instead
of stalks in the Corinthian, lying close to the vase or bell, which twist
themselves round towards the middle of the face of the capital. The
height of this capital is two modules ⅛, and its projecture one module
⅔, as in the Corinthian.

The Doric CA＇PITAL, besides an abacus and an ovolo, and a neck
in common with the Tuscan, has three annulets or little square mem­
bers underneath the ovolo; instead of the astragal in the Tuscan, and
over the abacus, a talon, cima or ogee, with a fillet. The height of
this capital is one module, and its projecture 37 minutes and half.

The Ionic CAPITAL, is composed of three parts; an abacus, which
consists of an ogee and a fillet; and under this a rind which produces
the volutes or scrolls, which is the most essential part of this capital.
The astragal, which is under that ovolo, belongs to the shaft, and the
middle part is called a rind or bark, because of its bearing some resem­
blance to the bark of a tree laid on a vase, the brim of which is repre­
sented by the ovolo, and seems to have been shrunk up in drying, and
to have twisted into the volutes; the ovolo is adorned with eggs, so
called from their oval form. The height of this capital some reckon
18 minutes, its projecture one module 2/16.

CA＇PITALNESS [capital, Fr. of capitalii, Lat.] the bing great,
chief.

CA＇PITALLY, in a capital manner.

CAPITA＇TÆ Plantæ [with botanists] are such plants whose flowers
are composed of many edged and hollow little flowers, and Mr. Ray
calls them by this name, because their scaly calix most commonly
swells out into a large and round belly, containing within it a pap­
pous seed, as carduus, centaury, &c.

CAPITA＇TION [Fr. capitazione, It. of capitatio, from capitis, gen.
of caput, Lat. the head] 1. The act of numbering by heads. He
suffered also for not performing the commandment of God concerning
capitation, that when the people were numbered, for every head they
should pay unto God a shekel. Brown. See ATONEMENT Money.
2. A tax or imposition on each person, in consideration of his labour,
industry, office, rank, &c. See POLL Money.

CAPITA＇TUS, a, um [with botanic writers] is used of plants, whose
flower is composed of like hollow flowers, rising out of a round
scaly head or button, as jacea, knapweed, cyanus, &c. Lat.

CA＇PITE [in botany] with a round knob called caput. Lat.

CA＇PITE [in law] a tenure by which a person held of the king
immediately, as of his crown, either by knight＇s service or soccage;
and not of any honour, castle, or manor belonging to it, and there­
fore it is otherwise called a tenure, that holdeth merely of the king;
because as the crown is a corporation and seigniory in gross, as the
common lawyers term it, so the king that possesseth the crown, is, in
account of law, perpetually king, and never in his minority, nor
ever dieth. Cowel. But by a statute 12 Charles II, all such tenures
are abolished.

CA＇PITOL [capitole, Fr. campidoglio, It. capitóléo, Sp. of capitolium,
Lat.] the capitol, a castle on the mons capsolum at Rome, was conse­
crated to Jupiter Imperator, was built upon the Tarpeian mountain;
was a very famous structure, the richest and most noted in all Italy.
It was beautified with the statues and images of all the gods, with
the crowns of victory, and spoils of the nations which the Romans
had conquered.
It was erected by Tarquinius Priscus and Servius Tullius, two kings
of Rome, and afterwards enlarged by following generations.

CAPI＇TOLADE [in cookery] a particular way of dressing capons,
patridges, and other sorts of fowls.

CAPITO＇LINE Games, combats instituted in honour of Jupiter Ca­
pitolinus, in commemoration of the capitol＇s not being conquered by
the Gauls.

CAPI＇TULA AGRI [old Latin writers] the had-lands, or head-lands,
that lie at the upper ends of the grounds or furrows.

CAPITULA Ruralia, Lat. chapters or assemblies held by the rural
dean and parish clergy, within the bounds or precincts of every re­
spective deanery.

CAPI＇TULAR, adj. [capitulaire, Fr. capitularis, of capitulum, Lat.
an ecclesiastical chapter] pertaining to a chapter.

CAPI＇TULARS, subst. 1. Ordinances or injunctions of either kings or
bishops, concerning ecclesiastical affairs, a body of the statutes of a
chapter. That this practice continued to the time of Charlemayn,
appears by a constitution in his capitular. Taylor. 2. A member of
an ecclesiastical chapter. Canonists do agree, that the chapter makes
decrees and statutes, which shall bind the chapter itself, and all its
members or capitulars. Ayliffe.

To CAPI＇TULATE [capituler, Fr. capitolare, It. capitulàr, Sp. of
capitulatum, from capitulum, Lat.] 1. To draw any thing up in
heads or articles.
York, Douglas, and Mortimer,
Capitulate against us, and are up. Shakespeare.
2. To treat upon terms, make articles of agreement, to parley or
treat with a besieger about the surrender of a place upon conditions,
to yield up on certain stipulations. I still pursu＇d, and about two
o＇clock she thought fit to capitulate. Spectator.

CAPITULA＇TION [Fr. capitulazione, It. capitulaciòn, Sp. of capitu­
latio, Lat.] an agreement, terms, conditions. It was not a compleat
conquest, but rather a dedition upon terms and capitulations, agreed
between the conqueror and the conquered. Hale.

CAPI＇TULUM [Lat. a little head, in architecture] the chapiter or
top of a pillar.

CAPITULUM, a chapter or assembly of a dean and prebends, be­
longing to a cathedral or collegiate church.

CAPITULUM [with florists] the flowering top of a plant, which is
composed of many flowers and threads closely joined together in a
globular, circular, or discous figure, as the flowers of blue-bottles,
carduus, scabius, &c.

CAPI＇TZY, or CAPI＇GY, officers who guard the gate of the grand
signior＇s palace. See CAPI.

CAPI＇VI-Tree [copaiba, Lat.] It hath a flower consisting of five
leaves, which expand in form of a rose; it afterwards becomes a
pod, containing one or two seeds, surrounded with a pulp of a yel­
low colour. This tree grows near a village called Ayapel, in the
province of Antiochi, in the Spanish West-Indies, about ten days
journey from Carthegena. The trees grow to the height of sixty
feet, but some of them do not yield any balsam, those that do, are
distinguished by a ridge which runs along their trunks. These trees
are wounded in their centre, and they apply vessels to the wounded
part, to receive the balsam which will all slow out in a short time.
One of these trees will yield five or six gallons of balsam. Miller.

CAPNI＇AS [καπνιας, Gr.] a kind of jasper, so called, because it
seems as if it were blackened by smoke.

CAPNI＇TIS [καπνιτις, Gr.] a sort of cadmia or brass-ore.

CAPNO＇MANCY [of καπνος, smoke, and μαντεια, Gr. divination] a
divining or soothsaying by smoke, arising from an altar, where in­
cense and poppy seeds are hurnt; the rule was, when the smoke was
thin and light, and rose strait up, it was a good omen; when the
contrary, an ill one.

CA＇PNOS [καπνος, Gr.] the herb fumitory.

CA＇PO, the head. It.

CA＇PON [Sp. chapon, Fr. cappone, It. capani, Port. capo, Lat. καν­
πων, Gr. all probably of capbau, Teut. and that of happen, to cut off,
and han, Teut. a cock] a castrated cock, generally fatted for the spit.
Whence

CAPON [in a figurative sense] an effeminate fellow, so called by
way of derision; also an eunuch.








CAPONNIE＇RE [Fr. capponiera, It. in fortification] a covered lodg­
ment four or five feet broad, encompassed with a small parapet about
two feet high, serving to support several planks laden with earth.
This lodgment is usually placed at the end of the counterscarp, being
wide enough to receive 20 or 30 musketeers, who fire through loop­
holes in the sides.

CAPO＇T [Fr. capotta, It. capóte, Sp. at the game of picket] is
when all the tricks of cards are won.

To CAPOT [at the game of picket] to make one capot, is when
one party wins all the tricks of cards. At picket he is said to have
capoted his antagonist.

CAPO＇UCH [capuce, Fr.] a monk＇s hood.

CAPPADI＇NE, a sort of silk, wherewith the shag of some rugs is
made.

CAPPA＇RIS [καππαρις, Gr.] the shrub that bears the fruit called
capers.

CA＇PPER [from cap] one who makes or fells caps.

CA＇PRA, a she-coat; also a constellation. Lat.

CA＇PRÆ SALTANTES [with metereologists] a fiery meteor or ex­
halation, which sometimes appears in the atmosphere, and is not fired
in a strait line, but with windings and inflections in and out. Lat.

CAPRARO＇LA, a town of St. Peter＇s patrimony in Italy, about 20
miles north of the city of Rome, and 8 south of Viterbo.

CA＇PREA, a roe, roe-buck or deer. Lat.

CAPREOLA＇RIA Vasa [with anatomists] those vessels that twine a­
bout like the capreoli, or tendrils of vines; as the blood-vessels in the
testicles, &c. Lat.

CAPREO＇LATE Plants [from capreolus, Lat. a tendril of a vine, in
botany] such plants as turn, wind, and climb along the surface of the
ground, by means of their tendrils; as cucumbers, gourds, me­
lons, &c.

CAPREO＇LUS, a young buck, a chevrel. Lat.

CAPREOLUS, Lat. [with botanists] is the clasp or tendril, by which
vines and other creeping plants fasten themselves to those things which
are intended for their support.

CA＇PRI, or CAPRE＇A, a city in an island at the entrance of the
gulph of Naples, about 20 miles south of that city. The island is
only four miles long, and one broad. The city is a bishop＇s see,
situated on a high rock at the west-end of the island.

CA＇PRICE, or CAPRI＇CHIO [caprice, Fr. capricio, It. caprícho, Sp.]
1. A foolish fancy, whimsey, freak, or sudden change of humour.
2. The shifts, windings, and unexpected caprichios of distressed nature,
when pursued close. Glanville. Each folly and caprice. Pope. 3.
Pieces of poetry, painting, and music, where the force of imagina­
tion goes beyond the rules of art.

CAPRI＇CIOUS [capricieux, Fr. capriccioso, It. caprichóso, Sp.] hu­
moursome, fantastical, freakish, whimsical.

CAPRI＇CIOUSLY [from capricious] fantastically, whimsically.

CAPRI＇CIOUSNESS [from capricious] the quality of being led by hu­
mour and caprice. He must tax his prince with capriciousness and in­
constancy. Swift.

CA＇PRICORN [with astronomers] one of the signs of the zodiac,
marked thus ♑, represented on globes in the form of a horned goat,
the sun enters this sign in the midst of winter, about the 21st of
December.

CAPRIFICA＇TION, a dressing of wild fig-trees. Lat.

CAPRI＇FICUS [with botanists] a wild fig-tree. Lat.

CAPRIFO＇LIUM [with botanists] the shrub wood bind or honey­
suckle. Lat.

CAPRI＇GENOUS [caprigenus, Lat.] born of a goat, or the goat­
kind.

CAPRIO＇LA [with botanists] the herb dog＇s-tooth.

CAPRIO＇LE, a caper or leap in dancing, a goat-leap. Fr.

CAPRIOLES [with horsemen] are leaps of firma à firma, or such as
a horse makes in one and the same place, without advancing forwards,
and that in such a manner, that when he is in the air, and at the
height of his leap, he yerks or strikes out with his hinder legs even
and near. A capriole is the most difficult of all the high manage or
raised airs. It is different from the croupade in this, that the horse
does not shew his shoes, and from a balotade, in that he does not
yerk out in a balotade. Farrier＇s Dictionary.

CA＇PRIPEDE [capripes, Lat.] having feet like a goat.

CAPRI＇ZANT Pulse [pulsus caprizans, Lat.] an uneven or leaping
pulse.

To CAPRI＇ZATE [caprizatum, Lat.] to leap like a goat.

CAPSQUARES [in gunnery] a name given to that strong plate of
iron which comes over the trunnions of a gun; and keeps her in her
carriage; it is fastened by a hinge to the prize-plate, that it may lift
up and down; it forms a piece of an arch in the middle, to receive a
third part of the trunnions, for two thirds are let into the carriage,
and the other end is fastened by two iron wedges, which are called the
forelocks and keys.

CA＇PSTAN, or CA＇PSTERN, corruptly called capstern [probably of
cabestan or capestan, Fr. or cos and stæng, Sax. abar] a large piece of
timber instead of a windlass, commonly placed behind the main-mast,
being a cylinder with levers; the use of which is to weigh anchors,
to hoist up, or strike down top masts; to heave any thing that is
weighty, or to strain a rope that requires great force. The weighing
of anchors by the capstan is also new. Raleigh.
No more behold thee turn my watch＇s key,
As seamen at a capstan anchors weigh. Swift.

CAPSTAN Barrel, is the main-post of it.

CAPSTAN Bars, the bars, levers, or pieces of wood put in the
capstan holes, in order to wind any thing.

Come out CAPSTAN, Launce the CAPSTAN [a sea-term] is used
when the mariners would have the cable that they heave be slacked.

Jeer CAPSTAN, is the machine placed between the main-mast and
the fore-mast; it is made use of to heave upon the jeer-rope or upon
the viol, and to hold off by, when the anchor is weighing.

Main CAPSTAN, is the machine or capstan placed behind the main­
mast.

Paul the CAPSTAN [a sea term] is to place so many men at it, as
can stand to heave and turn it about.

Spindle of a CAPSTAN, is the main-body of it.

Whelps of a CAPSTAN, are short pieces of wood made fast to it, to
hinder the cable from coming too nigh, in turning it about.

CAPSULA, a little coffer or chest, a casket. Lat.

CAPSULA Communis [in anatomy] a membrane or skin that comes
from the peritonæum, and incloses both the porus biliarius, and the
vena portæ, in the liver. Lat.

CAPSULA Cordis [with anatomists] the membrane that encompasses
the heart, the same as pericardium. Lat.

CA＇PSULA Seminalis [with botanists] that little cup, case or husk;
which contains the seed of any plant. Lat.

CA＇PSULÆ Atrabiliariæ [with anatomists] certain glandulous bo­
dies, situated above the reins, for the reception of the juice called
lympha, with which the blood in its return from the reins, being too
thick and destitute of serum, may be diluted, and circulate more flu­
idly. Lat.

CAPSULÆ Seminales [in anatomy] the utmost cavities or hol­
low parts of the vessels, which convey the semen into the body of an
animal.

CAPSULA [with chemists] an earthen vessel in form of a pair,
wherein things, which are to undergo a violent operation by fire, are
put.

CAPSULA [with botanists] a seed-vessel. Lat.

CA＇PSULAR, or CA＇PSULARY [capsularis; of capsula, Lat.] 1. Per­
taining to a coffer, chest or casket. 2. Hollow like a chest. It as­
cendeth not directly into the throat, but ascending first into a capsuldry
reception of the breast bone, it ascendeth again into the neck. Brown.

CA＇PSULATE, or CA＇PSULATED Pods [from capsula, Lat. with her­
balists] the little short seed-vessels of plants, inclosed or locked up, as
in a chest or box. The heart lies immured or capsulated, in a cartilage
which includes the heart. Derham.

CA＇PSULATENESS [of capsulatus, Lat.] the being inclosed in any
thing, as a walnut in its green husk.

CA＇PTAIN [capitaine, Fr. capitano, It. capitán, Sp. capitam, Port.
capiteyn, Du. capitain, Ger. probably of caput, Lat.] 1. A head of­
ficer. 2. The commander in chief of a company of foot, or a troop
of horse or dragoons
The grim captain, in a furly tone
Cries out, pack up the rascals, and be gone. Dryden.
3. The commander of a ship of war at sea. Spenser writes it capi­
tain. And evermore their cruel capitain,
Sought with his rascal routs t＇inclose them round.
Fairy Queen.

CAPTAIN Reformed [military term] one who upon the reduction of
forces loses his company; but yet is continued captain, either with­
out post, or as second to another.

CAPTAIN Lieutenant [military term] the commanding officer of a
colonel＇s company, or troop, in every regiment; and commands as
youngest captain.

Lieutenant CAPTAIN, the captain＇s second, or the officer who com­
mands the company under the captain, and in his absence.

CAPTAIN General [Military term] is the general or commander in
chief of an army.

CAPTAIN [in a gaming house] one who is to fight any man who
is out of humour, or peevish at the loss of his money. A cant
word.

CAPTAIN [of a merchantship] the master of it, who has the com­
mand or direction of the ship, crew, lading, &c.

CA＇PTAINRY [from captain] the power over a certain district,
chieftanship. There should be no rewards taken for captainries of
counties. Spenser.

CA＇PTAINSHIP. 1. The dignity or office of a captain. The lieu­
tenant of the colonel＇s company might well pretend to the next vacant
captainship. Wotton. 2. The condition or post of a captain.
Please thee to return with us,
And of our Athens, thine and ours to take
The captainship. Shakespeare.
3. The chieftanship of a clan, or government of a certain district.
To diminish the Irish lords, he did abolish their pretended and usurped
captainships. Davies.

CAPTA＇TION [of capto, Lat.] the practice of catching at favour or
applause, flattery, courtship, ambition; as, captation of popular fa­
vour. Those dresses or popular captations which some men use in
their speeches. King Charles.

CA＇PTION [from capio, Lat. to take, in law] the act of taking
any person, by any judicial process; also when a commission is exe­
cuted, and the commissioners names subscribed to a certificate, declar­
ing when and where the commission was executed.

C＇APTIOUS [captieux, Fr. captiosus, Lat.] 1. Apt to take exceptions,
censorious, quarrelsome; as, captious ways of talking. 2. Full of
craft or deceit, ensnaring. She taught him likewise how to avoid sundry
captious and tempting questions which were like to be asked of him.
Bacon.

CA＇PTIOUSLY [of captious] 1. Craftily, deceitfully. 2. With an
inclination to cavel or object. Use your words as captiously as you
can. Locke.

CA＇PTIOUSNESS [of captious] aptness to take exception, or to find
fault with, peevishness. Captiousness is a fault opposite to civility;
it often produces misbecoming and provoking expressions and carriage.
Locke.

To CA＇PTIVATE [captiver, Fr. cattivare, It. cativàr, Sp. of cap­
tivatum, Lat.] 1. To take captive, to enslave. He deserves to be a
slave, that is content to have the rational sovereignty of his soul, and
the liberty of his will, so captivated. King Charles. 2. To charm,
to overpower with excellence, to subdue; a word usually applied to
the affections of the mind; as, captivated in love. Wisdom enters,
and so captivates him with her appearance, that he gives himself up to
her. Addison. 3. To enslave; with to. They lay a trap for them­
selves, and captivate their understandings to mistake. Locke.

CA＇PTIVATION, the act of making one a captive.

CA＇PTIVE, subst. [captif, Fr. cattivo, It. cautivo, Sp. captivo,
Port. of captivus, Lat.] 1. One who is taken by an enemy, a prisoner
of war. 2. With to before the captor. Was captive to the cruel
victor made. Dryden. 3. One charmed or ensnared by beauty or
other excellence.







My woman＇s heart
Grossly grew captive to his honey words. Shakespeare.

CA＇PTIVE, adj. made prisoner in war, kept in bondage or con­
finement. Nine circling streams the captive souls inclose. Dryden.

To CA＇PTIVE, verb act. [from the noun] formerly accented on
the last syllable, now on the first Rather than fly, or be captiv＇d,
herself she flew. Spenser.
Their carcasses
To dogs and fowls a prey, or captiv＇d. Milton.

CAPTI＇VITY [captivité, Fr. cattività, It. cautividàd, Sp. of capti­
vitas, Lat.] 1. Subjection by the fate of war. There in captivity he
lets them dwell. Milton. 2. The condition or state of a captive,
slavery. Men tied and led by authority, as it were with a kind of
captivity of Judgment. Hooker.
＇Tis not a fault to love;
The strong, the brave, the virtuous, and the wise,
Sink in the soft captivity together. Addison.

CA＇PTOR [from capio, Lat. to take] he that takes a prisoner; one
that makes a prize or capture.

CA＇PTURE [Fr. cattura, It. captura, Lat.] 1. The act or practice
of taking any thing. Many artifices used by birds in the investigation
and capture of their prey. Derham. 2. A prize, a prey, a booty.

CAPTURE [in law] a taking, an arrest, a seizure.

CA＇PUA, a city of the province of Lavoro, in the kingdom of Na­
ples, situated on the river Volturno, about 15 miles north-west of the
city of Naples.

CAPU＇CHE [capuchon, Fr. cappuccio, It.] a monk＇s hood or cowl.

CAPU＇CHED [of capuche] covered with a monk＇s hood. They are
differently cucullated and capuched upon the head and back. Brown.

CAPUCHI＇N, a cloke with a head to it, worn by women, and made
in imitation of the dress of capuchin monks, whence the name is
borrowed.

CAPUCHIN Capers, the plant called also nasturces.

CAPUCHINS [capucins, Fr. capuccio, It.] so called from their capuch
or hood sewed to their habits, and hanging down their back. An
order of Franciscan friars. The first convent of their order was built
by the dutchess Catharina Cibo, at Camerino; they were received in­
to France in the reign of Charles IX, and at that time had nine pro­
vinces in that kingdom, and a great number of monasteries.

CAPUCHO＇N [in heraldry] signifies a hood, and it differs from
chaperon, in that it is not open as the other is, but all closed every
way. Fr.

CA＇PUT. 1. The head, a part of the body. 2. The sum or principal
point of a discourse. 3. An article or clause. Lat.

CAPUT Anni [old law] the head of the year, i. e. new-year＇s-day.
Lat.

CAPUT ARGOL [in astronomy] a planet of malignant fortune.

CAPUT BARONIÆ [old deeds] the chief mansion-house of a noble­
man. Lat.

CAPUT Draconis [in astronomy] the Dragon＇s-head, the name of
the moon＇s ascending node. Lat.

CA＇PUT Gallinaginis [in surgery] i. e. cock＇s-head, a kind of sep­
tum or spongious border at the extremities or apertures of each of the
vesiculæ seminales; serving to hinder the seed coming from one side,
from rushing upon and so stopping the discharge of the other.

CAPUT mort, or CAPUT mortuum [with chemists] the fæces of any
body, remaining after all the volatile and humid parts, viz. phlegm,
spirit, salt, &c. have been extracted from it by force of fire.

CAPUT PU＇RGIA [in medicine] purgers of the head. Lat. Bar.

CAR [car, Wel. karre, Du. cræt, Sax. carrus, Lat.] 1. A small
carriage of burthen, usually drawn by one horse or two. When a lady
cames in a coach to our shops, it must be followed by a car loaded with
Wood＇s money. Swift. 2. A kind of rolling throne, used in triumphs,
and the splended entries of princes. 3. In poetry, a chariot. 4. In
astronomy, the bear, or Charles＇s wain; a constellation. The pleiads,
hyads, and the northern car. Dryden.

CAR, or CHAR [in the names of places] is a contraction of kaer, Brit.
and signifies a city; as, Carlisle, Carleon, &c.

CAR, also signifies a low watery place, where elders grow; or a
pool; as, Cardew.

CARABE＇, yellow amber reduced to powder.

CARABI＇NE, or CARBI＇NE [Fr. carabina, It. and Sp. Carabiner,
Ger.] a fire-arm or little harquebuss, a sort of short gun between a
musket and a pistol, having its barrel two feet and a half long. It is
shorter than a fusil, and carries a ball of 24 in the pound; hung by the
light horse at a belt over the left shoulder.

CARABINI＇ERS [from carabine, Eng. carabinerós, Sp.] horsemen
who carry carabines longer than the rest; sometimes used by foot.

CA＇RACK [caraque, Fr. caracca, It. caráco, Sp.] a large Portuguese
ship; a ship of burthen, the same with what are now called galleons.
In which river the great carack of Portugal may ride afloat. Ra­
leigh.

CA＇RACOL [with architects] a stair-case in a helix or spiral form.

CA＇RACOL [Fr. caracolla, It. with horsemen] is an oblique piste or
tread, traced out in semi-rounds, changing from one hand to another,
without observing a regular ground. Sometimes in an army, when
the horse advance to charge the enemy, they ride up in caracols, with
a design to perplex them, and put them into doubt whether they de­
sign to charge them in front or flank.

CARACOL [with the Spaniards] signifies a motion, which a squa­
dron of horse makes, when in an engagement, as soon as the first rank
has fired their pistols, wheeling one to the right, and the other to the
left, along the wings of the body to the rear, to give place to the next
rank to fire, and so on.

To CARACO＇LE [caracollare, It. caracolcar, Sp. with horsemen] is
to go in the form of half-rounds.

CA＇RACT. See CARAT.

CA＇RAGE, of lime, 64 bushels.

CA＇RAITES [of קרא, Heb. he read] a sect among the Jews, so
called, from their strict adherence to the letter of the five books of
Moses, rejecting all interpretations, paraphrases, and commentaries
of the rabins.

CARAMA＇NIA, a province of Natolia, in Asia, situated on the Me­
diterranean sea, opposite to the island of Cypius.

CARAMA＇NICO, a large well peopled town of the kingdom of Na­
ples, in the higher Abruzzo,

CARAMA＇NTA, the name of a province of South America, bounded
on the north by a district of Carthagena; on the cast by New Gra­
nada; and on the south and west by Popayan. The capital is also
called by the same name.

CA＇RAMEL [with confectioners] the sixth and last degree of boiling
of sugar, when, if a little of it be taken up with the tip of the singer,
and put between the teeth, it will break and crackle without sticking
to them at all; also a curious sort of sugar-work.

CARAMOU＇SEL, a large ship of burthen.

CA＇RAT of Gold, Fr. [carato, It.] is properly the weight of 24
grains, or 1 scruple 24 carats make one ounce. If the gold be so fine
that in purifying it it loses nothing, or but very little, it is said to be
gold of 24 carats; if it loses one carat, it is said to be gold of 23 ca­
rats, &c. A mark being an ounce troy, is divided into 24 equal
parts, called carats, and each carat into four grains: By this weight
is distinguished the different fineness of their gold; for if to the finest
of gold be put two carats of alloy, both making, when cold, but an
ounce or 24 carats, then this gold is said to be 22 carats fine. Cocker.

CARAT [in weighing of diamonds, &c.] is a weight consisting of
four grains.

CA＇RAVAN [caravane, Fr. caravana, It. and Sp. all derived from
cairawân, Arab. a band of travellers] an associated body of travellers
in general; and, in particular, of hagges, i. e. pilgrims, which, from
all quarters of the Mahometan territories, visit once a year the caaba or
beit-ollah, i. e. the house of God, in Mecca, and perform their devo­
tions there. According to Pitts there are four such great bodies or ca­
ravans, and they all meet at Mecca within three or four days one of
another. First, the Moggarib [i. e. western] caravan, from the coun­
try of Fez, Morocco, and the whole coast of Barbary, with which
Pitts himself travelled from Algiers. The second, i. e. Misri [or
Egyptian] caravan, from Grand Cairo, in Egypt; this also bears the
new COVERING, which the grand signior presents every year to the
house of God. The third, i. e. Sham [or Syrian] caravan, which
comes from Tartary, Natolia, and all Turkey. The fourth, or Hind
[i. e. Indian] caravan, which comes thro＇ Persia to the East Indies,
and brings many rich and choice goods for merchandize. He adds,
that every caravan has its chief commander, called the emir-bagge, or
commander of the PILGRIMS, and who makes his entrance in
every town through which he passes, with flags, kettle-drums, and
much pomp; and happy he that obtains the favour of kissing his
hand or garment. See BEIT-Ollah, and Pitt＇s Faithful Account.

CARAVAN [of merchants] a company of merchants that meet toge­
ther at certain places, and at certain times, to travel together for their
greater safety; because of robbers that infest those countries through
which they are to pass; they have commonly about 1000 camels, and 7
of them are under the conduct of one camel-driver; the travellers, or
merchants, habit themselves agreeably to the countries into which they
travel; they have a captain that orders their marches, and decides con­
troversies of any differences which arise in the journey. When they
had lost their most holy son, they sought him in the retinues of their
kindred, and the caravans of the Galilæan pilgrims. Taylor.

CARAVA＇NSERY, or CARAVA＇NSARY, an inn or house of entertain­
ment among the Turks and Persians, for the reception of travellers.
The inns which receive the caravans in Persia, and the eastern coun­
tries, are called by the name of caravansaries. Spectator.
N. B. The true Asiatic reading is caravan-saraï, a word compounded
of caravan and saraï, Turk. a great house, i. e. a great house for the
reception of a caravan. But they do not answer to our inns. On the
contrary, the Asiatics carry their own provisions along with them, and
find here only a fountain of water, and shelter for horse and man.

CARAVANSERA＇SKIRE, the director, steward, or intendant of a cara­
vansera.

CA＇RAVEL, or CARVEL [caravelle, Fr. caravalla, It. caravela, Sp.]
a light, round, old-fashioned ship, with a square poop, rigged like a
gally, of about 120 tuns burden; formerly used in Spain and Portu­
gal. See CARVEL.

CARA＇NNA, a hard, brittle, resinous gum, of an aromatic flavour,
brought from the West Indies.

CA＇RAWAYS [carvé, Fr. and It. alcaravéa, Sp. carravéa, Port.] a
plant bearing an aromatic seed. The plant hath winged leaves, and
placed opposite on the stalks, having no foot-stalks; the seeds are long,
slender, smooth, and furrowed. It is sometimes found wild, especially
in Holland and Lincolnshire. The seeds are used in medicine, and
in the confectionary. Miller.

CA＇RBO. See CA＇RBUNCLE.

CARBONA＇DO [carbonade, Fr. carbonata, It. carbonáda, Sp. of char­
bon, Fr. charbone. It. coals. carbo, Lat. a coal] a sleak cut across and
scotched to be broiled on the coals. Let him make a carbonado of me.
Shakespeare.

To CARBONADO [from the noun] to cut or hack.
I＇ll carbonado your shanks. Shakespeare.

CA＇RBUNCLE [escarboucle, Fr. carbunculo, It. and Sp. carbcl.
Port. of carbunculus, Lat. of carbo, Lat. a live coal] a precious stone
of the colour of a burning coal, a large ruby. Carbuncle is a stone of
the ruby kind, of a rich blood-red colour. Woodward.

CARBUNCLE [in heraldry] one of the precious stones. It was re­
presented by the ancients in an escutcheon, designing thereby to express
the beams or rays, that issue from the center, which is the transcen­
dent lustre of the stone.

CARBUNCLE [with surgeons] a fiery botch or plague-sore, with a
black crust of scab, which, falling off, leaves a deep and dangerous
ulcer, called also anthrax. There followed no carbuncle, no purple
or livid spots. Bacon.

CAR＇BUNCLED, adj. [from carbuncle] 1. Set with a carbuncle
stone. Carbuncled with holy Phœbus＇ car. Shakespeare. 2. Marked
or spotted with red pimples.

CARBU＇NCULAR [from carbuncle] of or belonging to a carbuncle;
also red, or of the colour of a carbuncle.

CARBUNCULA＇TION [carbunculatus, Lat. [in horticulture] the blast­
ing of new sprouted buds of trees, proceeding either from excessive
cold, or excessive heat. Lat.








CA＇RCANET [of carcan, Fr.] a chain for the neck. Bedeck＇d all
over with emeralds, pearls, and a carcanet about her neck. Howel.

CA＇RCASE, or CARCASS [carcasse, Fr. q. d. caro cassa vitâ, i. e.
flesh without life] 1. A dead body of any animal. 2. Body.
How many would have given their honours,
To＇ve sav＇d their carcasses. Shakespeare.
3. The remains, ruins, or decayed parts of any thing.
A rotten carcass of a boat, not rig＇d,
Nor tackle, sail nor mast. Shakespeare.
4. The main parts, considered as naked or incomplete; as, the
walls or shell of a house. What motive to have had an eternal carcass
of an universe, wherein the materials and positions were eternally laid
together? Hale.

CA＇RCASSES [carcasses, Fr. carcasse, It. carcassos, Sp. in gunnery] a
sort of bomb of an oval form, made with ribs of iron, and afterwards
filled with a composition of meal powder, salt-petre, broken glass,
shavings of horn, pitch, turpentine, tallow, linseed oil, and after­
wards coated over with a pitch-cloath, and being primed with meal
powder and quick match, is fired out of a mortar, in order to set
houses on fire: there is also another sort for sea-service, which is the
same as a bomb, only that it hath five holes in it, all primed with
powder and quick match, and being discharged out of the mortar,
burns violently out of the holes.

CARCASS [in carpentry] the timber-work, as it were a shell of an
house, before it is lathed and plaistered.

CA＇RCASSONE, a town of Languedoc, in France, situated on the
river Ande, about 25 miles west from Narbonne.

CA＇RCELAGE [of carcer, Lat. a prison] prison-sees.

CA＇RCHEDONY [carchedonius, Lat. of καρχηδων, Gr. so called, be­
cause first brought out of the Indies to Africa] a sort of precious stone;
a calœdon.

CA＇RCHESIUM [in a ship] the tunnel on the top of a mast, above the
sail-yards.

CARCHE＇SSUM [with surgeons] a sort of bandage, consisting of two
branches that may be equally stretched out.

CARCI＇NETHRON, Lat. [καρκινετρον, Gr.] the herb knot-grass.

CARCINO＇DES [καρκινωδης, of καρκινος, Gr. a crab-fish] a certain
tumour like a cancer.

CARCINO＇MA [καρκινωμα, Gr.] the καρκινος, i. e. cancer, is what we
now call the carcimona. Hesych. Gorræus adds, that the term is of­
ten restrained by the Greeks to a morbid affection in the cornea tunica
of the eye, if to this there is a concourse of veins full of blood, and of a
livid colour. Castell. Renovat.

CARCINO＇MATOUS [from carcinoma, Lat.] cancerous, tending to a
cancer.

CARD [kaerd, Du. karte, Ger. carte, Fr. and It. cartas, Sp. and
Port. charta, Lat.] a paper painted with figures, used in games, to
play with.

CARD [charta, Lat.] 1. A sea-chart. 2. The paper on which the
winds are marked under the mariners needle.
The very points they blow,
All the quarters that they know,
In the shipman＇s card. Shakespeare.

CARD [carte, Fr. kaarte, Du.] the instrument with wire teeth to
tieze or work wool for spinning.

To CARD, verb. act. [carder, Fr. cardare, It. cardàr, Sp.] to tieze
wool with cards. Go card and spin. Dryden.

To CARD, verb neut. to play much at cards, to game.

CARDAMA＇NTIDA, Lat. [καρδαμαντη, Gr.] See NA＇STURTIUM.

CA＇RDAMINE, Lat. a plant, a kind of water-cresses; called also
lady＇s smock.

CARDAMO＇MUM [καρδαμωμον, q. d. καρα δαμα, Gr. taming the
head] a spicy seed of a pleasant hot taste, brought from the East In­
dies; one kind of which is called, grains of paradise.

CA＇RDAMON, or CA＇RDAMUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb gar­
den-cresses.

CA＇RDER [from card] 1. One that cards wool. Spinsters, carders,
fullers, weavers. Shakespeare. 2. One that plays much, or games, at
cards.

CA＇RDIA [καρδια, Gr.] the heart, one of the principal parts of an
animal body, appointed for the circulation of the blood.

CARDIAC. See CA＇RDIACAL.

CA＇RDIACA, Lat. [with anatomists] the median or liver-vein.

CANDIACA [with botanists] the herb mother-wort, good in hypo­
chondriacal diseases, &c.

CARDIACA [with physicians] a suffocation or stuffing of the heart
by a polypus or some clotted blood.

CARDI＇ACAL, or CA＇RDIAC [cardiacus, Lat. of καρδιακος, of καρ­
δια, Gr. the heart] 1. Pertaining to, or good for the heart. 2. Cor­
dial, or invigorating.

CA＇RDIACE [καρδιακη, Gr.] a precious stone in the shape of a
heart.

CA＇RDIACUM, a cordial medicine that comforts or strengthens the
heart.

CA＇RDIAC Line [in palmistry] the line of the heart which incircles
the mount of the thumb; which is also called the line of life.

CA＇RDIACS [in medicine] those medicines which are good for the
heart, cordials.

CARDI＇ACUS Dolor, Lat. a pain at the mouth of the stomach, which
is also called the heart-burn.

CA＇RDIACUS Plexus [with anatomists] a branch of the par vagum,
or eighth pair of nerves, which about the first and second rib is sent
from its descending trunk, and bestowed upon the heart, with its ap­
pendage. Lat.

CARDI＇ALGY [cardialgia, Lat. καρδιαλγια, of καρδια, the heart,
and αλγος, Gr. pain] a gnawing at the stomach, commonly called the
heart-burn. This pain rises from the stomach sometimes up to the
œsophagus, and is occasioned by some acrimonious matter.

CA＇RDIFF, a borough town of Glamorganshire, in South Wales,
situated on the river Tave, about two miles from Landaff. It sends
one member to parliament.

CA＇RDIGAN, the county town of Cardiganshire, situated near the
Irish Channel, and the mouth of the river Tivy, about 30 miles from
Pembroke. It gives title of earl to the noble family of Brudenel, and
sends one member to parliament. The county of Cardigan also sends
one member.

CARDIO＇GMUS [καρδιωγμος, Gr.] a pain at the heart or stomach;
the heart-burn.

CARDINAL [Fr. cardinael, Du. cardinal, Ger. cardinale, It. cardé­
nal, Sp. of cardinalis, Lat.] a person of high dignity in the Romish
church, one of its chief governors, of which there are 70 in number;
namely, six bishops, fifty priests, and fourteen deacons, who constitute
the sacred college, and are chosen by the pope: By these the pope is
elected out of their own number. A cardinal is so stiled, because ser­
viceable to the apostolic see, as an axle or hinge on which the whole
government of the church turns; or, as they have, from the pope＇s
grant, the hinge and government of all the affairs of the Romish church.
Ayliffe.

CA＇RDINAL, adj. [Fr. cardinale, It. cardinalis, of cardo, Lat. a
hinge] principal, chief. His cardinal perfection was industry. Cla­
rendon.

CARDINAL Flower [rapuntium, Lat. with florists] a flower that is
very red, like a cardinal＇s robe, a sort of bell-flower or throat-wort.
The flower consists of one leaf, hollowed like a pipe, and channelled:
the flower-cup turns to a fruit, full of small seeds. The species are,
1. Greater rampions, with a crimson spiked flower, commonly called
the scarlet cardinal＇s flower, which is greatly prized for the beauty of
its rich crimson flowers. 2. The blue cardinal＇s flower. Miller.

CARDINAL Numbers, are such as express the numbers of things; as,
one, two, three, &c.

CARDINAL Points [with astrologers] are the first, fourth, seventh
and tenth houses in a scheme or figure of the heavens.

CARDINAL Points [of the compass] are the east, west, north, and
south; also the equinoctial and solstitial points of the ecliptic. The
cardinal intersections of the zodiac, that is, the two equinoctials and
both the solstitial points. Brown.

CARDINAL Points [in cosmography] are the four intersections of the
horizon, with the meridian and the prime vertical circle.

CARDINAL Virtues [with moralists] are prudence, temperance, ju­
stice, and fortitude; so called by Ethic writers, from cardo, Lat. a
hinge; because they consider them as hinges, upon which all other
virtues turn.

CARDINAL Winds, those winds that blow from the four cardinal
points of the compass.

CA＇RDINALATE, or CA＇RDINALSHIP [cardinalat, Fr.] the office or
dignity of a cardinal. Advanced to a cardinalate. L＇Estrange.

CARDINAME＇NTUM. See GI＇NGLYMUS.

CARDIOGNO＇STIC [καρδιογνωστικος, of καρδια, the heart, and γινωσκως
Gr. to know] knowing the heart.

CA＇RDMAKER [of card and make] one that makes cards.

CARD-MATCH [of card and match] a match to light with, made by
dipping slips of card-paper in melted brimstone. Venders of card­
matches. Addison.

CA＇RDO, Lat. a hinge of a door.

CA＇RDO [with anatomists] the second vertebra of the neck, so
termed, because the head turns upon it.

CARDO＇NNA, a city of Catalonia, in Spain, situated on a river of the
same name, about 40 miles north-west of Barcelona.

CARDOO＇N [cardon, Fr. cardone, It. cardon, Sp. of carduus, Lat.] a
plant which sometimes resembles an artichoke, the leaves of which be­
ing white, are eaten as a sallet.

CARDOON Thistle, an herb, the stalk of which is eatable.

CARDU＇EL, a province of Georgia, in Asia, lying between the Cas­
pian and the Euxine seas, the capital whereof is Teflis. It belongs
partly to the Turks, and partly to the Persians.

CA＇RDUUS, Lat. [with botanists] the thistle, or fuller＇s thistle.

CARDUUS Benedictus, Lat. [i. e. blessed or holy thistle] a plant
which bears yellow flowers, surrounded with red prickles.

CARE [care, cara, Sax. cura, It. and Lat.] 1. Anxiety, concern.
Nor sullen discontent, nor anxious care. Dryden. 2. Caution, heed,
wariness; as, have a care of yourself. 3. Regard, charge, in order
to protection and preservation. God takes care of us. Tillotson. 4. It
is used in a loose and vague sense, implying attention or inclination,
more or less. We take care to flatter ourselves with imaginary scenes
of future happiness. Atterbury. 5. The object of care, caution, or
love. Your safety, more than mine, was then my care. Dryden.
CARE will kill a cat. That is, will, in the end, kill even those who
seem the best able to withstand it; for a cat is supposed to have nine
lives. The Latins say: Cura facit canos. The Germans say; Die
sorge machet dor der zeit grau. (Care makes a man grey before his
time.)
A pound of CARE will not pay an ounce of debt. Ital. Cento carre di
pensieri (a hundred cart-loads of thoughts) non pageranno un uncia di
debito. H. Ger. Ein pfund sorgen bezahlet kein quintgen borgen.
By care, in this proverb, is meant unreasonable trouble, vexation
and concern, such as are rather a hindrance than a furtherance to bu­
siness; and by no means assiduity and industry, which are the pro­
perest means to bring a man out of debt.

To CARE [from the noun] 1. To be solicitous about any thing. She
cared not what pain she put her body to. Sidney. 2. To be inclined or
disposed; with for or to. He would not care for being praised at the
expence of another＇s reputation. Addison. The two sexes did not care
to part. Addison. 3. To be affected with, to have a regard to; with
for. You dote on her that cares not for your love. Shakespeare.

CAREBA＇RIA, a distemper, the heaviness of the head.

CA＇RECRAZED [from care and craze] broken with care or anxiety.
A carecrazed mother of a many children. Shakespeare.

CARE＇CTA, or CARECTA＇TA [in old records] a cart, or a cart-load.

CARECTATA Plumbi [in old records] a pig or mass of lead, weigh­
ing 128 stone, or 2100 pounds.

To CAREE＇N a Ship, verb act. [of carina, Lat. a keel, cariner, Fr.]
is to fit or trim the sides or bottom, to caulk her seams, or to mend
any fault she has under water; a ship is said to be brought to a careen,
when the greatest part of her lading being taken out, she is made so
light, that by means of another lower vessel laid near her, she may be
brought down on one side, to the 3d, 4th, or 5th strake, as low as
occasion requires, and there kept by ballast, to be caulked, trimmed,
&c.








To CAREEN, verb neut. to be in a state of careening.

A Half CAREEN, is when they cannot come at the bottom of the
ship, and so can only careen half of it. Fr.

CAREE＇NAGE, Fr. a careening-place; also the pay for careening.

CARE＇ER [carriere, Fr. carriera, It. carréra, Sp.] 1. A course, a
race. Down the hills he holds his fierce career. Shakespeare. 2. The
ground on which a race is run. They had run themselves too far out
of breath, to go back again the same. career. Sidney. 3. A running
full speed, swift motion; as, a horse running in his full career. 4.
Course of action, uninterrupted proceedure. Shall quips and sentences,
and these paper bullets of the brain, awe a man from the career of his
humour? Shakespeare.

To CAREER [from the noun] to run with swift motion.
The wheels
Of beryl and careering fires between. Milton.

CA＇REFUL [careful, Sax.] 1. Anxious, full of concern. Martha,
thou art careful and troubled about many things. St. Luke. 2. Dili­
gent, heedful, wary, cautious; with of or for. Thou hast been care­
ful for us with all this care. 2 Kings. 3. Watchful; with of. It con­
cerns us to be careful of our conversations. Ray, 4. Subject to per­
turbations, exposed to troubles.
By him that rais＇d me to this careful height,
From that contented hap which I enjoy＇d. Shakespeare.

CA＇REFULLY [of careful] 1. In a manner that shews care.
Envy, how carefully does it look? how meagre? Collier.
2. Heedfully, warily, cautiously, attentively; as, to consider a mat­
ter carefully.

CA＇REFULNESS [carefulnysse, Sax.] 1. Heedfulness, wariness, cau­
tiousness. The death of Selymus was with all carefulness concealed.
Knolles. 2. Anxiousness.

CARELESS [from care] 1. Heedless, negligent, unmindful; with
of or about. A woman, the more curious she is about her face, is com­
monly the more careless about her house. Ben Johnson. 2. Cheerful,
undisturbed.
Thus wisely careless, innocently gay,
Cheerful he play＇d. Pope.
3. Unheeded, unconsidered, thoughtless. The freedom of saying as
many careless things as other people, without being so severely re­
marked upon. Pope. 4. Unmoved by, unconcerned at; with of.
Careless of thunder from the clouds that break,
My only omehs from your looks I take. Granville.

CA＇RELESSLY [from careless] heedlessly, negligently. There he
found him all carelessly display＇d. Spenser.

CA＇RELESSNESS [from careless] heedlessness, negligence.
I, who at sometimes spend, at others spare,
Divided between carelessness and care. Pope.

CA＇RELSCROON, a port-town of the province of Gothland, in Swe­
den, situated on the coast of the Baltic sea. The Swedes lay up their
navy here, being an excellent harbour. Lat. 56° 20′ N. Long. 15°
E.

To CARESS [caresser, Fr. accarezzare, It. accariciar, Sp. and Port.
from carus, Lat. dear] to make much of, to treat very obligingly; to
court, to sooth, to endear. If I can feast, please, and caress my mind
with the pleasures of worthy speculations, or virtuous practices, let
greatness and malice abridge me if they can. South.

CARESS [caresses, Fr. carezze, It.] endearing expressions of love
and friendship; extraordinary compliments. Conjugal caresses. Mil­
ton.

CA＇RET [i. e. it wanteth] a character in printing or writing in this
form (^), which denotes there is something to be inserted or included,
which ought to have come in where the character is placed.

CA＇RFAX, a place where four several streets or ways meet together,
particularly the name of the market-place at Oxford.

CA＇RFVE [in husbandry] ground unbroken or untilled.

CA＇RGAISON, Fr. [cargaçon, Sp.] a cargo. My body is a cargason
of ill humours. Howel.

CA＇RGO [carico, It. cárga, Sp. charge, Fr.] 1. The lading or
freight of a ship. A ship whose cargo was no less than a whole
world. Burnet＇s Theory. 2. A quantity. Fitted out for the uni­
versity, with a good cargo of Latin and Greek. Addison. 3. An
invoice of the goods wherewith a ship is laden. 4. The loading of
a horse, of 300 or 400 pounds.

CARIA＇TI, a town of the hither Calabria, in Italy, on the gulph of
Tarento. It is a bishop＇s see.

C＇ARAIATIDES. See CARYATIDES.

CARI＇BBEE Islands, several islands in the West Indies, the chief of
which are Barbadoes, St. Christopher＇s, Nevis, &c. now in the pos­
session of the English, called also, canibal islands, from the ancient in­
habitants feeding on man＇s flesh.

CA＇RICA, Lat. a kind of dry fig, a lenten fig.

CARICATU＇RA [in painting] signifies the concealment of real beau­
ties, and the exaggeration of blemishes, but still so as to preserve a re­
semblance of the object.

CA＇RICOUS Tumour [from carica, Lat. with surgeons] a swelling re­
sembling the figure of a fig.

CA＇RIES, Lat. rottenness; properly in wood that is worm-eaten.

CARIES [with surgeons] a kind of rottenness peculiar to a bone, a
gangreen or ulcer, when the substance is putrified.

CARI＇GNAN, a sortified town of Piedmont, situated on the river
Po, about 7 miles south of Turin.

CA＇RINA, Lat. the keel, or long piece of timber that runs along the
bottom of the ship from head to stern.

CARINA [in anatomy] 1. The beginning of the entire vertebræ,
or turning joints. 2. The first rudiments or embryo of a chick, when
in the shell.

CARINA [in botany] the lower petalum or leaf of a papillionacious
flower.

CA＇RISTA. See CHARISTIA.

CARI＇NATED [with botanists] bending or crooked like the keel of
a ship, of carina, Lat. so the leaves of the asphodelus are said to be.

CARI＇NTHIA, a dutchy in the circle of Austria, in Germany,
bounded by the archbishopric of Saltzburg, on the north; and by
the archbishopric of Carniola, and the dominions of Venice, on the
south. It is subject to the house of Austria.

CARIO＇NOLA, a city of the province of Lavoro, in the kingdom of
Naples, about 20 miles north of the city of Naples.

CA＇RIOSITY [from carious] rottenness. Cariosity and ulcers of the
bones. Wiseman.

CA＇RIOUS [from cariosus, Lat.] rotten. A carious tooth. Wiseman.

CARK [ceark, Sax.] care, solitude; now obsolete. Klains ta­
king for his younglings cark. Sidney. His heavy head devoid of
careful cark. Spenser.

CARK, a quantity of wool, 30 of which make a sarplar.

To CARK [cearcan, of care, Sax. care] to be careful, anxious;
now obsolete; and if used it is only in an ill sense. Carking agonies.
Sidney. To lie carking for the unprofitable goods of this world.
L＇Estrange.

CA＇RKANET, or CA＇RKNET [of carcan, Fr.] a bracelet or neck­
lace, an iron collar, put about a person＇s neck as a punishment. See
CARCANET.

CA＇RKINGNESS, anxious care.

CARL [ceorl, Sax.] a churl, a clown, a rude man; we now
generally use churl instead of carl. Answer thou carl, and judge
this riddle right. Gay.

CARL Cat [of carle, Sax. male, and cat] a boar or he-cat.
N. C.

An old CARL [either of cerl, C. Brit. or ceowl, Sax. kerl, Ger. a
churl] an old doting covetous hunks, a surly niggard. The editor
was a covetous carl, and would have his pearls of the highest price.
Bentley.

CA＇RLINE Thistle [from carlina, Lat.] a plant so named by the
emperor Charles the Great, whose army was preserved by the root of
it from the plague, and is said to have been discovered to him by
an angel. It is placed in the catalogue of simples, in the college
dispensary, but rarely ordered in medicine. Miller.

CA＇RLING Knees [in a ship] are timbers going athwart the ship,
from the sides to the hatch way, serving to sustain the deck on both
sides.

CA＇RLINGS [in a ship] timbers which lie along fore and ast from
one beam to another, and bear up the ledges on which the planks of
the deck are fastened.

CA＇RLISHNESS [from carl] churlishness.

CARLI＇SLE, the capital city of Cumberland, situated near the mouth
of the river Eden, and the Solway Frith; 80 miles from Berwick,
and 301 from London. It is a bishop＇s see, the arms of which are
represented on Plate IX. Fig. 18; and sends two members to par­
liament.

CA＇RLOWITZ, a town of Sclavonia, situated on the west-side of
the Danube, about 35 miles north-west from Belgrade.

CA＇RLSTADT, the capital of Croatia, a frontier town of Chri­
stendom against the Turks. It is subject to the house of Austria.
Lat. 45° 5′ N. Long. 16° E.

CARLSTADT, is also the name of a town in the bishopric of Wurts­
burg, in the circle of Franconia, situated on the river maine, about
14 miles north of Wurtsburg.

CARMA＇GNIOL, a fortified town of Piedmont, situated on the river
Po, about 10 miles south of Turin.

CA＇RMAN [of car and man] a driver of a cart. Sturdy carmen
shall thy nod obey. Gay.

CARMA＇RTHEN. See CAERMARTHEN.

CA＇RMEL, a military order of knighthood, Instituted by the empe­
ror Henry IV, under the title of our lady of Carmel.

CA＇RMELITE, Fr. a sort of pear.

CARMELITES, a certain order of monks founded by Almerius, bi­
shop of Antioch, at mount Carmel in Syria, anno 1122.

CA＇RMELUS, the god of mount Carmel in Judea; Tacitus makes
mention of him, and relates how his priest foretold Vespasian that he
should be emperor.

CARMENTA＇LIA, feast days in honour of Carments, the mother of
Evander.

CA＇RMINACH, a city of Great Tartary, in Asia, in the country of
Bocara. Lat. 39° 30′. N. Long. 71° E.

CARMINA＇NTIA [with physicians] carminative medicines, i. e. such
as are efficacious in dispersing and driving out wind. Lat.

CARMI＇NATIVES [carminativa, Lat. carminativi, It. of carmen, a
verse, so termed, because some pretenders to physic pretended to cure
windy distempers by carmina, verses, invocations, or inchantments;
though others derive it from carmino, Lat. to card wool, and cleanse
it] medicines which disperse the wind. Carminatives are such things
as dilute and relax, because wind occasions a spasin or convulsion.
Whatever promotes perspiration is carminative; for wind is perspira­
ble matter retained in the body. Arbuthnot.

CARMINE, a powder of a very beautiful red colour, used by pain­
ters in miniature. It is an extract from cochineal, and other ingredi­
ents, by means of water.

CARMO＇NA, a town of Andalusia, in Spain, about 17 miles east of
Seville.

CARMOU＇SAL, a Turkish merchant-ship.

CA＇RNA, or CA＇RNEA, a heathen deity, to whom they ascribed
the preservation of the inward part of men.

CARNA＇DOE, a Spanish coin, of which fix make a marveid, and 54
marveids a ryal, equal in value to 6 d. English.

CA＇RNAGE [Fr. of carnis, gen. of caro, Lat. flesh] 1. A massacre
or great slaughter. He brought the king＇s forces upon them rather
as to carnage, than to sight. Hayward. 2. Heaps of flesh.
Such a scent I draw
Of carnage, prey innumerable! Milton.
His ample maw with human carnage fill＇d. Pope.

CARNAGE [carnagio, It. with hunters] that flesh that is given dogs
after the chace. Fr.

CA＇RNAL [charnel, Fr. carnale, It. carnàl, Sp. of carnalis, low
Lat. of carnis, gen. of caro, Lat. flesh] 1. Pertaining to the flesh,
fleshly, sensual, not spiritual.
Spiritual laws by carnal pow＇r shall force
On every conscience. Milton.
2. Lustful, lecherous.
This carnal cur
Preys on the issue of his mother＇s body. Shakespeare.








CA＇RNALIST, one given to carnality.

CARNA＇LLY [from carnal] sensually, fleshly, not spiritually. In the
sacrament we do not receive Christ carnally, but spiritually. Taylor.

CA＇RNALNESS, or CARNA＇LITY [carnalità, It. carnalidàd, Sp. of
carnalitas, Lat.] 1. Fleshliness, addicted to fleshly lusts. They wal­
low and sleep in all the carnalities of the world. South. 2. Grossness
of mind; as, the carnality of his heart. Tillotson.

CARNA＇RVON, a borough-town of Carnarvonshire, in South Wales,
about five miles south-west of Bangor. It gives title of earl to the
noble family of the Bridges, and sends one member to parliament.
The county of Carnarvon also sends one member to parliament.

CARNA＇TION [of caro, Lat. flesh] a flesh colour; also a flower of
that colour, whence perhaps it takes its name.

CARNATION [among painters] the naked flesh; and when the
bare flesh is expressed to the life, and naturally coloured, they say, the
carnation is very good.

CA＇RNAVAL [Fr. carnavale, It. either of carnis intervallum, Lat.
or carn-a-val, by reason that flesh then is plentifully devoured, to
make amends for the abstinence ensuing] a season of mirth and re­
joicing observed with great solemnity by the Italians and Venetians, it
commences from XIIth day, and holds till Lent. Feasts, balls, o­
pera＇s, concerts of music, and intrigues, &c. are then general.

CA＇RNEL, a small Spanish ship, which goes with missen instead of
main sails.

CARNEL Work [with ship-wrights] the buildings of ships first with
their timbers, and afterwards bringing on the planks, is so called in
contra-distinction to clinching of works.

CARNE＇LION, a precious stone. The common carnelion has its
name from its flesh colour; which is in some of these stones paler,
when it is called the female carnelion; in others deeper, called the
male. Woodward.

CA＇RNEOL, a sort of precious stone; also a kind of herb.

CA＇RNEOUS [of carneus Lat.] fleshy; as, carneous papillæ. Ray.

CA＇RNEY [in horses] a disease, by which their mouths become so
furred and clammy, that they cannot feed.

To CARNI＇FICATE [carnifico, Lat.] to quarter, to cut in pieces as a
hangman.

To CA＇RNIFY [from carnis, gen. of caro, Lat. flesh] to turn nou­
rishment into flesh, to breed flesh. I digest, I sanguify, I carnify.
Hale.

CA＇RNIVAL. See CARNAVAL. The whole year is but one mad
carnival. Decay of Piety.

CARNI＇VOROUS [carnivorus, Lat. of caro, flesh, and voro, to de­
vour] feeding upon or devouring flesh; as, carnivorous birds or beasts.

CARNO＇SE [of carnosus, Lat.] full of flesh, fleshy.

CARNO＇SITY [carnosité, Fr. carnosità, It. carnosidàd, Sp. of carno­
sitas, Lat.] a piece of flesh growing in and obstructing any part of
the body, a tubercle or excrescence. The ulcers are healed, and that
carnosity resolv＇d. Wiseman.

CA＇RNOUS, the same with carneous; a thick and carnous covering.
Brown.

CARNOU＇SE [with gunners] the base-ring about the breech of a
gun.

CA＇RNOUSNESS, fleshiness, fulness of flesh.

CA＇RNULENT [carnulentus, Lat.] fleshy, full of flesh.

CA＇RO, Lat. [with anatomists] the flesh of animals, which they de­
fine to be a similar, fibrous body, soft and thick which, together
with the bones, is the main prop of the body.

CARO Musculosa Quadrata [in anatomy] the muscle more commonly
called palmaris brevis. Lat.

CARO [with botanists] the substance under the peel or rind of
trees; the pulp or soft substance contained within any plant or its
fruit; as the pulp of cassia, tamarinds, prunes, &c.

CA＇ROB, or St. John＇s bread [filiqua, Lat.] a plant having a petalous
flower, which becomes a fruit or pod, which is plain and fleshy, con­
taining several roundish plain seeds. This tree is very common in
Spain, some parts of Italy, and the Levant, where it grows in the
hedges. The pods are thick, mealy, and of a sweetish taste, which
are often eaten by the poorer inhabitants. Miller.

CAROB [in commerce] a small weight, the 24th part of a grain.

CAROB Bean, a sort of fruit, whose taste is like that of chesnuts.
This is the fruit of the carob.

CARO＇CHE [carosse, Fr.] a coach. It is used in the comedy of Al­
bumazar. But now it is obsolete. Johnson.

CA＇ROL [carola, It. choreola, or carolle, Lat. or of ceorl, or carl,
Sax. rustic, q. d. a rural song; or, as others will have it, of χαρα,
Gr. joy] 1. A song of joy. If you listen to David＇s harp, you shall
hear as many herse-like airs as carols. Bacon. 2. A sort of hymn or
song of devotion. No night is now with hymn or carol blest. Shake­
speare. 3. A song in general sung at Christmas, in honour of the
birth of our blessed Saviour. The carol they began that hour.
Shakespeare.

To CAROL, verb neut. [carolare, It. to sing in joy] to sing ca­
rols. She sung and carol＇d out. Dryden.

To CAROL, verb act. to praise.
The shepherds at their festivals
Carol her goodness loud in rustic lays. Milton.

CA＇ROLA [old records] a little pew or closet.

CA＇ROLI [in surgery] venereal excrescences in the private parts.

CAROLI＇NA, the name of two colonies in North America.

CAROLI＇NES, the four books, composed by the order of Charle­
maign, to refute the 2d council of Nice. And a gallant stand it was,
which the French clergy then made against the worship of images,
though strenuously espoused by the bishop of Rome.

CA＇ROLINE [of Naples] a coin equal to a Julio.

CAROLOSTA＇T, a town of Gothland, in Sweden, situated at the
north-end of the Wener-lake, about 140 miles west of Stockholm.

CA＇ROLUS, a broad piece of gold made by king Charles I. for 20
shillings; but is worth 23 shillings, in proportion to guineas at 21
shillings.

CA＇ROS [καρος, Gr.] a lethargy or deep sleep, in which the person
affected, being pulled, pinched, or called, scarce discovers any sign
of feeling or hearing: this distemper is without a fever, being in de­
gree greater than a lethargy, but less than an apoplexy.

CARO＇TA [with botanists] the plant called wild-carot. Lat.

CAROTE＇EL, of mace, about three pound; of nutmegs, from six
to seven pounds and a half; of currants, from five to nine pounds
weight.

CA＇ROTID, adj. belonging to the carotides; as, the carotid veins
and arteries.

CARO＇TIDES [Lat. καρωτιδες, of καρος, Gr. sleep] two arteries of
the neck, one on each side, serving to convey the blood from the
aorta to the brain; so called, because when they are stopt, they pre­
sently incline the person to sleep.

CA＇ROTINESS [from carroty, of carrot, a red-root] quality of be­
ing red-haired. See CARROT.

CARO＇USAL [of carouse; it seems more properly accented on the
second syllable, though Dryden accents it on the first] a festival.
This game, these carousals Ascanius taught. Dryden.

CARO＇USE [carousse, Fr.] 1. A drinking bout. Ply the early feast,
and late carouse. Pope. 2. A hearty dose of liquor. He could not
drink a full carouse of sack. Davies.

To CAROUSE, verb neut. [carousser, Fr. or of tarausz, Teut. to fill
it all out] to drink plentifully, to quaff, to drink hand to fist.
Now hats fly off and youths carouse,
Healths first go round, and then the house. Suckling.

To CAROUSE, verb act. to drink. Carous＇d potations pottle deep.
Shakespeare.

CARP [carpe, Fr. carpione, It. carpa, Sp. and Port. karpe, Du. and
L. Ger. karpffe, H. Ger. carpio, Lat.] a fresh-water pond-fish.

CARP Stone, a stone of a triangular form; found in the palate of a carp.

To CARP [carpo, Lat.] to censure or blame; to cavil, to find
fault with; having at before the person or thing cavil＇d at. Tertul­
lian carpeth injuriously at me. Hooker.

CARPA＇THIAN Mountains, the mountains which divide Hungary
and Transilvania from Poland.

CA＇RPENTER [charpentier, Fr.] an artificer or worker in wood, a
builder of houses and ships. He is distinguished from a joiner, as
the carpenter performs larger and stronger work.

CARPENTERS were incorporated, anno 1476. Their arms are ar­
gent, a cheveron ingrayl＇d between three pair of compasses pointing
towards the base, and a little extended. Their hall is situated on the
north side of London wall, over-against Bethlehem.

CARPENTO＇RAS, a city of Provence, in France, about 17 miles
north-east of Avignon. It is subject to the pope.

CA＇RPENTRY [charpenteries, Fr. carpintero, Sp. carpintegro, Port.
probably of carpentum, Lat. carved work] the trade or art of a car­
penter. Moxon uses it.

CA＇RPENTUM [with astrologers] the throne or seat of a planet,
when set in a place where it has most dignities. Lat.

CA＇RPER [from to carp] he that carps, a caviller. The cunning
of a carper. Shakespeare.

CARPE＇SIUM [of καρϕος, Gr. a beam] a kind of plant that
bears a fruit called cubebs.

CA＇RPET [carpetta, It. karpet, Du.] 1. A covering of various co­
lours for a table or floor. 2. Ground variegated with flowers, being
level and smooth. The grassy carpet of this plain. Shakespeare. 3.
Any thing in general that is variegated. The whole dry land is co­
vered over with a lovely carpet of green grass and other herbs. Ray.
4. It is used proverbially for a state of ease. As carpet knight, a
knight who has not known the field of action, but distinguish＇d him­
self at the table. Shakespeare uses it.

To be upon the CARPET [sur le tapis, Fr.] i. e. to be under consi­
deration.

To shave the CARPET [in horsemanship] is to gallop very close or
near to the ground.

CA＇RPETED, covered with a carpet. A fair chamber richly hang＇d,
and carpeted under foot. Bacon. The dry-land surface carpeted over
with grass. Derham.

CA＇RPHOS [καρϕος, Gr.] the herb fœnugreek.

CARPI＇NEOUS [carpineus, Lat.] made of horn-beam.

CA＇RPING, part. adj. [from to carp] captious, cavilling, censorious.
Lay aside therefore a carping spirit. Watts.

CA＇RPINGLY [of carping] captiously.

CA＇RPINUS [with botanists] the plant hedge beech, or horn­
beam.

CA＇RPMEALS, a kind of coarse cloth, made in the north of Eng­
land. Philips.

CARPOBA＇LSAMUM [καρποβαλσαμον, Gr.] the fruit of balm or bal­
sam-tree, very much like that of the turpentine, in shape, size and
colour.

CARPOCRA＇TIANS [so called of Carpocrates their ring-leader, A. D.
120.] a sect of heretics, who owned one sole principal and father of
all things; held that the world was created by angels; they denied the
divinity of Christ, but owned him a man possessed with uncommon
gifts, which set him above other creatures; taught a community of
women; and that the soul could not be purified till it had committed
all kinds of abominations.

CARPOPHY＇LLON [καρποϕυλλον, Gr.] a kind of laurel. Lat.

CARPO＇PHOROUS [καρποϕορος, of καρπον, fruit, and ϕερω, Gr. to
bear] fruit bearing.

CA＇RPUS Lat. [with anatomists] the wrist, consisting of eight
little bones, by which the cubit is joined to the hand. These bones
are of different figures and thickness, placed in two ranks, four in
each rank. They are strongly tied together by the ligaments that
come from the radius, and by the annulary ligament. Quincy.

CA＇RPY [of carpinus, Lat.] the horn beam-tree.

CA＇RRACK, or CA＇RRICK [carracco, carrico, It.] a vast large ship,
a ship of burthen. See CARACK.

CA＇RRAT. See CARAT.

CA＇RRE, a hollow place where water stands.

CARREE＇R [carriere, Fr.] a riding or driving a chariot, &c. full
speed. See CAREER.

CA＇RREL [old records] a closet or pew in a monastery.

CARRE＇TTA, or CARRE＇CTA [old law] a cart or waggon load.

CA＇RRIAGE [cariage, Fr.] 1. A vehicle for carrying of goods and
merchandizes. 1. A kind of covered waggon. What carriage can
bear away the loppings of a branchy tree at once? Watts. 2. The







act of carrying or bearing any thing. Winds are material to the car­
riage of sounds. Bacon. 3. Conquest, acquisition. Solyman re­
solved to besiege Vienna, in hope, that by the carriage away of that,
the other cities would without resistance be yielded. Knolles. 4. Con­
duct, measures; as, to use discretion in one＇s carriage. 5. Manage­
ment, manner of transacting. The manner of carriage of the busi­
ness was as if there had been secret inquisition upon him. Bacon.
6. Mien, behaviour, personal manners. The carriage of his youth
expressed a natural princely behaviour. Bacon.

CARRIAGE [of a cannon] a sort of a long narrow cart for carrying
of cannon. He commanded the great ordnance to be laid upon car­
riages. Knolles.

Block CARRIAGES [with gunners] a sort of strong carts for carrying
mortars, and their beds, from one place to another.

Truck CARRIAGES [with gunners] are two short planks of wood,
borne by two axle-trees, having four wooden trucks or wheels about
a foot and a half, or two feet diameter, for carrying mortars or guns
upon a battery, where their own carriages cannot go.

CARRIAGE [in husbandry] a furrow cut for the conveyance of water,
to overflow ground.

CA＇RRICK, the most southerly division of the shire of Aire, in Scot­
land.

CA＇RRICK on the Sure, a town of the county of tipperary, and pro­
vince of Munster, in Ireland, about 14 miles north-west of Water­
ford.

CA＇RRICK-FERGUS, a town in the county of Antrim, and province
of Ulster, in Ireland, about 85 miles north of Dublin.

CA＇RRIER [from to carry] 1. One who carries something. The
air is a carrier of sounds. Bacon. 2. One who drives waggons from
country to town, and carries goods for others. The roads were
crouded with carriers laden with rich manufactures. Swift. 3. One
who carries a message; as, the carrier of good news. 4. A species of
pigeons, so called from the reported practice of some nations, who
send them with letters tied about their necks. Of tame pigeons there
are croppers, carriers, &c. Walton.

CARRIER [in the manage] a place inclosed with a barrier, wherein
they run the ring.

CARRIER [in falconry] a flight or tour of the bird 120 yards; if
it mount more, it is called a double carrier.

CARRIE＇RING, running or passing full speed. Milton. See CA­
REER.

CA＇RRION, subst. [charogne, Fr. carona, Sp. caronna, It.] 1. Any
stinking flesh, so corrupted as not to be fit for food.
Not all thy tricks and slights to cheat,
Sell all thy carrion for good meat. Hudibras.
2. The carcass of a dead beast, or of something not fit for food.
They did eat the dead carrions. Spenser. 3. A name of reproach for
a worthless woman. Shall we send that foolish carrion Mrs. Quickly
to him? Shakespeare.

To CARRION will kill a crow. That is, no meat is too course for
them who are used to it.

CARRION, adj. [from the substantive] relating to carcasses, feeding
upon them. Carrion kites and crows. Shakespeare.

CA＇RROON, a rent received for the privilege of driving a car or cart
in the city of London.

CA＇RROT [carote, Fr. daucus, Lat.] a fleshy root; the leaves are
divided into narrow segments, the petals of the flower are unequal,
and shaped like a heart, the seeds are hairy, and in shape of lice.
The species are; 1. Common wild carrot. 2. Dwarf wild carrot
with broader leaves. 3. Dark red rooted garden carrot. 4. The
orange coloured carrot. 5. The white carrot. The first grows wild
upon arable land, which should be used in medicine, for which the
druggists commonly sell the seeds of the garden carrot: the third and
fourth sorts are commonly cultivated for the kitchen; as is the fifth,
tho＇ not so common in England. Miller.

CA＇RROTTINESS [of carroty] redness of hair.

CA＇RROTY, adj. [from carrot] spoken of red hair, on account of its
resemblance in colour to carrots.

CA＇RROW [an Irish word] The Carrows are a kind of people that
wander up and down to gentlemens houses, living only upon cards
and dice; who, tho＇ they have little or nothing of their own, yet will
they play for much money. Spenser.

CARROU＇SEL [Fr. carosello, It.] a magnificent festival, made upon
occasion of some public rejoicing, consisting of a cavalcade or solemn
riding on horseback of great personages, richly arrayed, courses of
chariots and horses, public shews, games, &c. Lat.

To CA＇RRY, verb act. [charier, Fr. from carrus, Lat.] 1. To
bear or remove from a place; opposed to bring or convey to
a place. Devout men carried Stephen to his burial. Acts. 2. To
transport. Sound will be carried twenty miles upon the land. Bacon.
3. To bear or have about one. Surgeons I have met who carry
bones about in their pockets. Wiseman. 4. To take, to have with
one. The ideas of liberty and volition are carried along with us in
our mind. Locke. 5. To convey by force. Carry Sir John Fal­
staff to the fleet. Shakespeare. 6. To effect any thing; as, to carry
our main point, or win a cause or suit. 7. To gain in competition;
as, to carry an election; to carry the day, to obtain the victory 8. To
gain after resistance; as, after a long siege, he carried the place.
9. To prevail; with it; [le porter, Fr.] as, the majority carries it.
10. To bear out, to outface. If a man carrirs it off, there is so much
money saved. L＇Estrange. 11. To preserve external appearance.
My niece is already in the belief that he＇s mad; we may carry it thus
for our pleasure and his penance. Shakespeare. 12. To manage, to
transact. The senate carries its resolutions so privately, that they are
seldom known. Addison. 13. To behave, to conduct; with the re­
ciprocal pronoun. He carried himself so insolently, that he became
odious. Clarendon. 14. To bring forward, to advance in any pro­
gress. It is not to be imagined, how far constancy will carry a man.
Locke. 15. To urge, to bear on with some external impulse. Ill-na­
ture, passion, and revenge, will carry a man too far. Locke. 16. To
bear, to have, to obtain; as, to carry some analogy to a thing. 17. To
exhibit to view. The aspect of every one in the family carries so much
satisfaction, that it appears he knows his happy lot. Addison. 18. To
contain. He thought it carried something of argument in it. Watts.
19. To imply or import; as, it carries too great an imputation of ig­
norance. Locke. 20. To have any thing joined or annexed; as, to carry
the divine stamp with any thing. 21. To convey or bear any thing
united or adhering by a communication of motion. Sounds are carried
with wind. Bacon. 22. To move or continue any thing in a certain
direction. His chimney is carried up thro＇ the whole rock. Addison.
23. To trace up far, to push on ideas in a train. Manethes carried
up the government of the Egyptians to an incredible distance. Hale.
24. To receive, to endure. There is nothing, but some can wrap it
into a tale, to make others carry it with more pleasure. Bacon.
25. To support, to sustain. Carry camomile upon sticks, as you do
hops upon poles. Bacon. 26. To bear, as vegetables. They will
carry more shoots upon the stem. Bacon. 27. To fetch and bring;
as a dog. 28. To carry off, to kill; as, a fever carried him off.
29. To carry on, to promote, to help forward. It carries on the same
design that is promoted by authors of a graver turn. Addison. 30. To
carry on, to continue, to advance from one stage to another. The
administration of grace, begun by our blessed Saviour, was carried on
by his disciples. Sprat. 31. To carry on, to prosecute, not to inter­
mit a thing; as, to carry on a war. 32. To carry through, to sup­
port, to keep from failing, or from being conquered. Grace will car­
ry us through all difficulties. Hammond.

To CARRY, it high, verb neut. to be proud.

To CARRY Coals to Newcastle, to carry or send things where they
are plentiful.

To CARRY, verb neut. [with falconers] is said of a hawk that flies
away with the quarry.

To CARRY, verb neut. [with hunters] a hair when she runs on
rotten ground, or on frost, and it sticks to her feet, they say she car­
ries.

To CARRY a Bone [sea term] is said of a ship, when she makes the
water foam before her.

To CARRY well, verb neut. [with horsemen] is a term used of a
horse, whose neck is raised or arched, and who holds his head high,
without constraint, firm and well placed.

To CA＇RRY low, verb neut. [with horsemen] is a term used of a
horse that has naturally a soft, ill-shaped neck, and lowers his head too
much.

CA＇RRY-TALE [from carry and tale] a talebearer.
Some carry-tale, some pleaseman, some slight zany,
Told our intents. Shakespeare.

He CA＇RRIES fire in one hand, and water in the other. Lat. Alterâ
manu fert aquam, alterâ ignem. Gr. Τη μερο υδωρ ϕεριε, &c. Plut.
Fr. Il porte le feu et l＇eau Plaut. says; alterâ manu fert lapidem, al­
terâ panem ostentat (in one hand he carries a stone, and in the other
shews bread.) This proverb gives the character of a fawning deceit­
ful person, who speaks us fair, while he is machinating mischief
against us in his heart: or, according to another proverb; Who laughs
in one＇s face, and cuts one＇s throat.

CARS, or KARS, a city of Turcomania, or the Greater Armenia,
situated on a river of the same name; subject to the Turks. Lat. 41°
30′ N. Long. 44° E.

CARS, or CARS of Gowry, is also the name of a district of Perth­
shire, in Scotland, lying eastward of Perth, on the northern bank of
the Tay.

CART [charette, Fr. càrretta, It. carreta, Sp. chæretta, Port. cur­
rus, Lat. crat, cræt, Sax.] 1. A carriage in general.
Triptolemus, so sung the nine,
Strew＇d plenty from his cart divine. Dryden.
2. A wheel carriage used commonly for luggage. Packing all his goods
in one poor cart. Dryden. 3. A small carriage with two wheels,
used by husbandmen; distinguished from a waggon, which has four
wheels. 4. The vehicle in which sentenced criminals are carried to
execution; as, he was put into the fatal cart, and carried to Ty­
burn.

To set the CART before the horse. Fr. Mettre la charette devant le
bœuss. Lat. Currus bovem trahit. H. Ger. Die pferde hinter den
wagen spannen. Ital. Metter il carro inanzi a i buoi. This proverb
is chiefly used when any one speaks improperly, or places his words
in a wrong order of construction: and we are apt to apply it to fo­
reigners, who, in learning the English tongue, place our words in the
same order and construction as is natural to them in their own lan­
guage.

To CART, verb act. [from the noun] to expose in a cart, by way
of punishment.

To CART, verb. neut. to use carts for carriage. Mortimer uses it.

CART-HORSE [of cart and horse] a coarse unwieldy horse, fit only
for a cart. Knowles uses it.

CART-JADE [of cart and Jade] a vile horse, sit only for a cart.
Clowns horsed on cart-jades. Sidney.

CART-LOAD [of cart and load] 1. A quantity of any thing piled on
a cart; as, a cartload of carrots. 2. A quantity sufficient to load a
cart.

CART-RUT [of cart and rut, of route, Fr. a way] the track made
by a cart-wheel.

CART-TAKERS, officers of the king＇s houshold, who, when the
court travels, have charge to provide carts, waggons, &c. for carry­
ing the king＇s baggage.

CART-WAY [of cart and way] a way, thro＇ which a carriage may
conveniently travel.

CARTAMA, a town of Granada, in Spain, about 10 miles north­
west of Malaga.

CARTE Blanche, Fr. a blank paper, seldom used but in this phrase,
to send one a carte blanche, for him to fill up with what conditions he
pleases.

CA＇RTEL [chartel, Fr. chartello, It. of chartula, Lat.] 1. A challenge
to a duel, a letter of defiance 2. An agreement between persons at
war for the exchange and redemption of prisoners, certain stipulations.
There should be a cartel settled. Addison.

CA＇RTER [of cart, Eng. charretier, Fr. carrettiere, It. carretero,
Sp. carrociro, Port.] one who drives a cart.

CA＇RTERET, a county of South Carolina, in North America.

CARTE＇SIAN, of or pertaining to Cartesins, a modern famous French
philosopher, who opposed Aristotle.








CARTE＇SIANS, a sect of philosophers, who adhere to the philoso­
phy advanced by Des Cartes, and founded on the two following prin­
ciples; the one metaphysical; I think, therefore I am: the other phy­
sical; that nothing exists but substance. Substance he makes of two
sorts; the one a substance that thinks, the other a substance extended:
whence actual thought and actual extension constitute the essence of
substance. The first of these articles is refuted by Mr. Locke, who
shews that thinking is not essential to the soul; the other from the
principles of the Newtonian philosophy.

CA＇RTHAGE, once the most famous city of Africa, built by queen
Dido, some time before Rome, according to Justin, 11, 10. but, as
early as Æneas＇s sail from Troy, with Sir Isaac Newton. It was a
powerful and flourishing state, till at last, after a long contest with
the power of the Romans, in the third Punic war, it was utterly sub­
dued by Scipio (who was thence called Africanus) and the city itself,
by order of the Roman senate, quite demolished. In Adrian＇s time it
was rebuilt, and from him called Adrianopolis; but afterwards again
ruined by the Saracens. It was situated about ten leagues from the
modern Tunis.

New CARTHAGE, the capital of Costania, in Mexico, 360 miles
west of Panama.

CA＇RTHAMUS [Lat. with botanists] wild or bastard saffron.

CA＇RTHAGENA, a large city; with one of the best harbours in Spain,
situated in the province of Mercia, about 20 miles south of that city.
It is the see of a bishop.

CAR＇THEGINA, or New CA＇RTHEGINA, is the capital of a pro­
vince of the same name, in South America, situated on a kind of pe­
ninsula. It is one of the largest and best fortified town, in South Ame­
rica. Lat. 11° N. Long. 77° W.

CARTHU＇SIANS, an order of monks founded by Bruno, a canon of
Rheims, A. D. 1080. Their rules are very severe.

CA＇RTILAGE [cartillage, Fr. cartilagine, It. of cartilago, Lat. by
anatomists] is defined to be a similar white part of an animal body,
which is harder and drier than a ligament, but softer than a bone; the
use of it is to render the articulation or joining of the bones more easy,
and defends several parts from outward injuries. In a cartilage are no
cells for containing of marrow, nor is it covered over with any mem­
brane, to make it sensible, as the bones are. The cartilages have a
natural elasticity.

CARTILAGI＇NEOUS, CARTILAGINO＇SE, or CARTILA＇GINOUS [car­
tilagineux, Fr. cartilaginoso, It. cartilaginosus, of cartilago, Lat.] be­
longing to or consisting of cartilages or gristles.

CARTILA＇GO ensiformis [with anatomists] the tip or extremity of
the sternum. Lat.

CARTILAGO innominata [in anatomy] the second cartilage of the
larynx. Lat.

CARTILAGO scutiformis [in anatomy] a cartilage, the prominences
of which are discernable outwardly in the throat, and take their name
from their resemblance to an helmet.

CA＇RTMEL, a market town of Lancashire, near the Kentsands,
192 miles from London. It has a harbour for boats, and had formerly
a priory.

CARTO＇N, or CARTO＇ON [carton, Fr. and Sp. pastboard, in paint­
ing] a design made on strong paper, to be afterwards calked through;
and transferred on the fresh plaister of a wall to be painted in fresco, a
pattern for working in tapestry, mosaic, &c. as, the cartoons of Ra­
phael Urbin, at Hampton-Court, which are said to be drawn for
tapestry, but uncoloured.

CARTOU＇CH, a case of wood three inches thick at the bottom, girt
round with marlin, and holding 48 musket balls, and six or eight iron
balls of a pound weight; it is fired out of a hobit or small mortar, and
is proper for defending a pass. Harris.

CARTOU＇SE, or CARTOU＇CH [cartouche, Fr. cartoccio, It. cartucho,
Sp.] the charge or load of a fire-arm, wrapped up in a thick paper,
&c. to be conveyed into the piece the more readily. See CARTRAGE,
or CARTRIDGE, tho＇ it seems but a corruption of the Fr. car­
touche.

CARTOU＇SE, or CARTOUCH [cartoccio, It.] an ornament in archi­
tecture, sculpture, &c. representing a scroll of paper; it is most com­
monly a flat member with wavings, on which is some inscription or
device, cypher, ornament of armory, &c.

CARTOU＇ZES [with architects] much the same as modilions, except
that these are set under the cornish in wainscotting, and those under the
cornish at the eaves of a house, they are sometimes called dentiles or
teeth.

CA＇RTRAGE, or CAR＇TRIDGE [cartouche, Fr.] a case of paper or
parchment, filled with gun-powder, used for the greater expedition of
charging guns. Ball and cartrage sorts for every bore. Dryden.

CA＇RTULARIES [of charta, Lat. paper] papers wherein the contracts,
sales, exchanges, privileges, immunities, exemptions, and other acts that
belong to churches and monasteries are collected and preserved; also
places where papers or records are kept.

CA＇RTWRIGHT [of cart and wright, Eng. and Du.] a wheelwright,
he that makes carts.

CARVA, or CARVE [old law] carve land, the same with caru­
cata.

CARU＇CA [old law] a plough.

CARUCA＇GE [in agriculture] the ploughing of land.

CARUA＇GE [in law] a certain tax laid on a carve of land; also an
exemption from that tribute.

CARUCA＇TA [of charue, Fr. a plough] a plough land, or as much
land as may be plowed in a year by one plough; also four cart
load.

CARUCATA＇RIUS [old law] one who held land by carue or plough
tenure.

CARUCA＇TA boum [old law] a team of oxen for ploughing or
drawing.

To CARVE, verb act. [of ceorfan, Sax. or kerven, Teut. and Du.]
to cut up meat at a table, to divide fowls or other meat into por­
tions.

To CARVE, verb act. [of ceorfan, Sax. &c.] 1. To cut wood,
stone, or other matter, into forms of animals, flowers, and other
curious figures. 2. To make any thing by carving or cutting.
In sculpture exercis＇d by happy skill,
And carv＇d in ivory a maid so fair. Dryden.
3. To engrave.
Carve on every tree
The fair. Shakespeare.
4. To chuse one＇s own part. His soldiers could easily have carv＇d
themselves their own food. South. 5. To hew, cut or hack; as;
to carve a passage out with a sword.

To CARVE, verb neut. 1. To exercise the trade of a sculptor. 2. To
perform at table the office of supplying the company from the
dishes.
Things handsomely were serv＇d;
My mistress for the strangers carv＇d. Prior.

CA＇RVEL, a small ship, a fly boat. See CARAVEL. I ordered, if
they found any Indians, to send in the little fly-boat, or the carvel,
into the river. Raleigh.

CA＇RVER. 1. A cutter or maker of figures in wood, stone, &c. a
sculptor. 2. He that cuts up meat at a table.
The carver, dancing round each dish, surveys
With flying knife; and, as his art directs,
With proper gestures ev＇ry fowl dissects. Dryden.
3. He that chuses for himself.
In braving arms
Be his own carver, and cut out his way. Shakespeare.

CA＇RVING, subst. [from carve] sculpture; figures carved; as, car­
vings in wood.

CA＇RVIST [with falconers] a hawk in the beginning of the year;
so termed from its being carried on the fist.

CARU＇NCLE [caroncle Fr. caruncula, Lat.] a little piece of flesh; it
it is either natural or preternatural, as those small excrescencies in
the uninary passages in venereal cases. Caruncles are a sort of loose
flesh arising in the urethra by the erosion made by virulent acid matter.
Wiseman.

CARU＇NCULÆ cuticulares [in anatomy] the nymphæ. Lat.

CARUNCULÆ lachrymales [among anatomists] caruncules of the eye,
certain glandules or kernels placed at each corner of the eye; which
separate moisture for moistening it; the same with tears. They are
also called carunculæ oculi.

CARU＇NCULÆ myrtiformes [in anatomy] a wrinkling of the vagina
or passage of the womb.

CARU＇NCULÆ papillares [in anatomy] ten small bodies or little
protuberances on the inside of the pelvis of the kidneys, made by the
extremities of the tubes, which bring the serum from the glands in the
exterior parts to the pelvis.

CA＇RUS, or CAROS [καρος, Gr. a sleep] a sort of lethargy, in which,
if the person affected be pulled, pinched, and called, he scarce shews
any sign either of feeling or hearing. The carus, according to Bru­
no, is that species of a veternus [or drowsy disease] which is greater
than a lethargy, but somewhat less than an apoplexy; to which it
bears so great an affinity as often to pass into it, but with a respira­
tion as yet somewhat freer.

CARNE＇AR, a town on the coast of Malabar, in the hither India,
60 miles south of Goa. Our East-India company have a factory here,
from whence they import their pepper.

CARYA＇TES, or CARIA＇TIDES [in architecture] an order of pillars
shaped like the bodies of women with their arms cut off, clothed
in a robe reaching down to their feet, and set to support the en­
tablature.

CARIOCA＇STINUM [with apothecaries] an electuary so denominated
from its ingredients, viz. cloves and costus.

CARYOPHILATA [with botanists] the herb avens. Lat.

CARYOPHI＇LLUM [with florists] the clove-july-flower. Lat.

CARYOPHILLUM aromaticum, the clove, an Indian spice. Lat.

CARY＇PTIS [in botany] a kind of spurge.

CASA＇L, the capital of the dutchy of Montferrat, in Italy, situated
on the river Po, 40 miles east of Turin. Lat. 45° N. Long. 8°
35′ E.

CASAL MAJOR, a town of the Milaness, situated on the north side
of the river Po, about 20 miles east of Cremona.

CASA＇N, or KASAN, a province of Russia, lying between the pro­
vince of Moscow on the west, and Siberia on the east.

CA＇SBIN, or CASWIN, a city of Persia, in the province of Eyrac-
Agem, about 180 miles north of Ispahan.

CA＇SCABEL, the pummel or hindermost round knob at the breech
of a great gun.

CASCA＇DE, Fr. [cascata, It. cascada, Sp. from casco; low Lat. to
fall] a fall of waters from a rock into a lower place, or an artificial
water fall, such as is made in gardens, a cataract. The river Tiverone
throws itself down a precipice, and falls by several cascades from one
rock to another. Addison.

CA＇SCAIS, a town of Estremadura, in Portugal, situated at the mouth
of the river Tagus, 17 miles east of Lisbon.

CASCA＇NES [in fortification] cavities in form of wells, made in the
terreplain, hard by the rampart, whence a gallery dug under ground is
conveyed, to give air to the mine of an enemy.

CASCARI＇LLA, the bark of an Indian tree.

CASCA＇W, or CASSOVIA, a city of Upper Hungary, situated on
the river Horat, 78 miles north-east of Buda.

CASE [cas, Fr. caso, It. of casus, Lat.] 1. Condition as to outward
circumstance; as, make the case yours. 2. The state of things; as,
the case now stands. 3. (In physic) State of the body; as, hypo­
chondriacal or venereal cases. 4. Condition, with regard to health or
plight of the body. This is ludicrously applied.
If the sire be faint or out of case,
He will be copy＇d in his famish＇d race. Dryden.
The priest was pretty well in case. Swift.
5. Contingence. The atheist, in case things should fall out contrary
to his belief, hath made no provision for this case. Tillotson. 6. Que­
stions relating to particular persons or things; as, appeal to this judge
in all cases. 7. Representation of any fact or question; as, the law­
yers cases. Bacon.

CASE [caisse, Fr. capsa, Lat.] 1. A little box, or covering of any
thing, a sheath. 2. The outer part of a building. The case of the holy







house is nobly design＇d. Addison. 2. A building unfurnished, a repo­
sitory for something else. He had a purpose to raise in the university a
fair case for such monuments, and to furnish it with other choice col­
lections from all parts. Wotton.

CASE [of casa, It. an house, or as being a case to contain] a house
where thieves, pick-pockets, whores, house-breakers, highway-men,
and all the loose, idle, suracious crew, meet and drink, sing, dance,
and revel. A cant word.

To CASE [from the noun] 1. To put into cases or covers. Case
ye, case ye, put on your vizors. Shakespeare. 2. To cover as a case;
as, the casing air. Shakespeare. 3. To cover on the outside with differ­
ent materials from those on the inside; as, to case houses with marble.

To CASE, verb neut. To put cases, to contrive representations of
sacts. They sell to reasoning and casing upon the matter. L＇Estrange.

To CASE a Hare [in cookery] is to flea and take out the bowels.

To CASE-Horden [of case and harden] 1. To harden on the outside,
2. To make obdurate.

CASE-HARDENED, obdurate, harnened in impiety.

CASE-HARDENEDNESS, obduracy, impudence, &c.

CASE-HARDENING, 1. A method of making the outside of iron hard
by a particular method of putting it into a case of loam, mixed with dried
hoofs, salt, vinegar, &c. and heating it red hot in the forge, and af­
terwards quenching it in water. The manner of case-hardening is thus:
Take cow-horn or hoof, dry it thoroughly in an oven, then beat it to
powder; put about the same quantity of bay salt to it, and mingle them
together with stale chamberlye, or else white-wine vinegar. Lay
some of this mixture upon loam, and cover your iron all over with it;
then wrap the loam about all, and lay it upon the hearth of the sorge
to dry and harden. Put it into the fire, and blow up the coals to it till
the whole lump have just a blood red heat. Moxon. 2. Sometimes fi­
guratively, the rendering obdurate.

CASE of Conscience, a question or scruple about some matter of reli­
gion, which the person that is dissatisfied, is desirous to have re­
solved.

CASE of Glass [of Normandy] consisting of 120 feet.

CASE Reserved [with Romanists] sins of consequence, the absolu­
tion of which are reserved for the superiors or their vicars.

CASES [in grammar] are the accidents of a noun, that shew how it
varies in declining in the Latin. They are six in number, viz. the
nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, and ablative;
which see in their proper places alphabetically. The several changes
which the noun undergoes in the Latin and Greek tongues, in the se­
veral numbers, are called cases, and are designed to express the several
views or relations under which the mind considers things with regard to
one another; and the variation of the noun for this purpose, is called
declension. Clark.

In CASE [nel caso, It.] if it should happen, upon the supposition
that. A form of speech now little used.

CASE Knife [of case and knife] a large kitchen knife. The king
always acts with a great case-knife stuck in his girdle. Addison.

CASE Shot, small bullets, nails, pieces of lead, iron, &c. put into
cases to be shot off out of murdering pieces. Guns charged with case­
shot. Clarendon.

CA＇SEMATE [Fr. casamatta, It. casamáta, Sp.] a vault formerly
made to separate the platforms of the lower and upper batteries; also
a well with several subterraneous branches, dug in the passage of a
bastion, till the miner is heard at work, and air given to the mine.

CASEMATE [in fortification] a kind of vault of mason＇s work, in
that part of the flank of a bastion next the curtain, serving for a battery,
to defend the face of the opposite bastion, and the moat or ditch.

CA＇SEMENT [casamento, It.] a part of a window that opens upon
hinges to let in air.

CA＇SEOUS [cascus, Lat.] cheesy, resembling cheese; as, the caseous
parts of the chyle. Floyer.

CA＇SERNS or CA＇ZERNS [casernes, Fr. casérnas, Sp.] little rooms,
apartments or lodgments erected between the ramparts and houses of
fortified towns, or on the ramparts themselves, to serve as lodgings for
the soldiers of the garrison.

CA＇SEWORM [of case and worm] a grub that makes itself a case.
Cadishes or caseworms are found in several countries, and several little
brooks. Floyer.

CASH [of caisse, Fr. a chest, cassa, It. caixa, Port. kasse, Du.
kasten, Ger.] money, properly ready money, or money in the chest
or at hand.

CA＇SHEWNUT, the name of a tree. The flower consists of one leaf,
which is divided into five long, narrow segments. The ovary in the
bottom of the calyx becomes a pear-shaped fruit, upon the apex of
which grows a vessel, in which is contained one kidney-shaped seed.
This tree is very common in Jamaica and Barbadoes, where it grows
very large, but in England will rarely stand through our winters. Mil­
ler.

CA＇SHAN, or KA＇SHAN, a city of the province of Eyrac-Agem, in
Persia, about 100 miles north of Ispahan.

CA＇SHELL, or CA＇SHILL, a city of the county of Tipperary, in Ire­
land, about 80 miles south-west of Dublin. It is a bishop＇s see.

CASHI＇ER [caisseur, Fr. cassiere, It. caixciro, Port. cassierer, Ger.]
a cash-keeper of a merchant or society, he that has charge of the mo­
ney.

CASH-KEEPER [of cash and keep] he that is entrusted with the money.
Dispensator was properly a cash-keeper or privy purse. Arbuthnot.

To CASHI＇ER, or To CASHI＇RE [casser, Fr. cassar, Sp. and It. of
casso, low Lat.] 1. To disband or discharge soldiers; to turn out of office,
place, or employment; to discard with reproach. They cashiered se­
veral of their followers as mutineers. Addison. 2. It seems in the fol­
lowing passages to signify the same as to annul, to vacate, which is
sufficiently agreeable to the derivation. If we should find a father cor­
rupting his son, we must charge this upon a peculiar baseness of nature,
if the name of nature may be allowed to that which seems to be utter
cashiering of it, deviation from, and a contradiction to the common
principles of humanity. South. Some cashier, or at least endeavour to
invalidate, all other arguments. Locke.

CA＇SHOO [cachou, Fr. casciu, It.] the gum or juice of an East In­
dian tree.

CASING of Timber Work, is the plaistering the house all over with
mortar, and striking it while whet with a corner of a trowel by a ruler,
to make it resemble the joints of free stone.

CA＇SINGS, dried cow-dung for fuel.

CASK [cadus, Lat. casque, Fr.] 1. A barrel or vessel for containing
liquor, commonly made of wood. 2. It has cask in a kind of plural
sense, to signify the commodity or provision of casks. Bad cask com­
monly ill season＇d. Raleigh.

CASK, or CASQUE [cassis, Lat. casque, Fr.] an helmet or armour
for the head: a poetical word. Their casques are cork. Dryden.

CA＇SKET [casset, Fr. cassetta, It. cóxa, Sp.] a little cabinet or
chest for jewels or things of value.
Pack＇d up his choicest treasure
In one dear casket. Otway.

To CASKET [from the noun] to put in a casket. I have writ my
letters, casketted my treasure. Shakespeare.

Breast CASKET [in a ship] is the longest of the caskets, in the mid­
dle of the yard, just between the ties.

CA＇SPIAN Sea, a large sea, or lake of Asia, bounded by the pro­
vince of Astracan, and the country of the Calmuc Tartars, on the
north, by the Bochara＇s and part of Persia on the east, by another part
of Persia on the south, and by another part of Persia and Circassia on
the west. It is upwards of 400 miles long from north to south, and
300 miles broad from east to west.

CASQUE, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies an helmet. See CASK.

CASSAMUNA＇IR, an aromatic vegetable, a species of galangal brought
from the east, and highly valued as a nervous and stomachic simple.
Quincy.

CASSA＇NO, a fortress of the Milanese, in Italy, situated on the river
Adda, about 12 miles north of Milan.

To CA＇SSATE, or To CASS [cassatum, sup. of casso, low Lat. cas­
ser, Fr.] to render void, to abrogate, to disannul. Ray uses it.

CASSA＇TION [Fr. cassazione, It. of cassatio, Lat.] the act of making
null or void.

CASSA＇TUM, or CASSA＇TA [in old law] a house with land belong­
ing to it, sufficient to maintain one family.

CA＇SSAVI, or CA＇SSADA, an American root, which being dried,
and divested of its milky juice, then ground to flour, and made into
cakes, is the common bread of the natives. The plant has a short
spreading bell-shaped flower, consisting of one leaf, whose pointal be­
comes a roundish fruit. The species are six: 1. The common cassavi.
2. The most prickly cassavi, with a chaste tree leaf, &c. The fruit
is cultivated in all the warm parts of America. The last sort is not
venomous, even when the roots are fresh and full of juice, which the
negroes frequently dig up, roast, and eat, like potatoes, without any
ill effects. Miller.

CA＇SSAWARE, a very large bird of prey in the East Indies, with fea­
thers like the hairs of a camel.

CA＇SSEL, the capital of the landgravate of Hesse-Cassel, &c. in the
circle of the Upper Rhine, in Germany, situated on the river Fulde.
Lat. 51° 20′ N. Long. 9° 20′ E.

CASSEL, is also the name of a town in French Flanders, about 15
miles south of Dunkirk.

CASSERO＇LE, a copper stew-pan. Fr.

CASSEROLE [in cookery] a loaf stuffed with a farce of chickens or
pullets, and dressed in a stew-pan. Fr.

CA＇SSIA Fistula, Lat. cassia in the cane, a reed of a purging qua­
lity. The tree hath a cylindrical, long, taper, or flat pod, di­
vided into many cells, in each of which is one hard seed lodged in a
clammy black substance, which is purgative. The flowers have five
leaves, disposed orbicularly. The species are nine; but only two used.
1. The American cassia. 2. The purging cassia, or pudding pipe
tree, &c. The 2d sort grows to be a very large tree, not only in
Alexandria, but also in the West Indies. This is what produces the
purging cassia of the shops. Miller.

CASSIA Lignea, Lat. the sweet wood of a tree much like cinnamon.
A sweet spice mentioned by Moses, as an ingredient in the composition
of the holy oil, used for the consecration of the sacred vessels of the ta­
bernacle. This aromatic is said to be the bark of a tree very like cin­
namon, and grows in the Indies without being cultivated. Calmet.

CASSIA Flos (or prepared cassia) a harmless and gentle purge.

CA＇SSIDONA, or STRI＇CKADORE [Fr. strekas, Lat. with botanists]
a plant called cast me down, and lavender.

CASSIA＇GO, Lat. the herb plantane.

CASSIME＇RE, the capital city of a province of the same name, in the
hither India. It was once the capital of a kingdom, and is still some­
times the residence of the Mogul. Lat. 35° N. Long. 75° E.

CASSI＇NE, a farm-house, where a number of soldiers have posted
themselves, in order to make a stand against the approaches of an
enemy.

CA＇SSIOWARY, the same as CA＇SSAWARE. The two cassiowaries in
St. James＇s park. Locke.

CASSI＇QUE, a chief governor or sovereign lord of a particular di­
strict or country in some parts of America.

CA＇SSOCK [casaque, Fr. probably a wide coat; casacca, It. of casa,
Lat. an house, q. d. a long vestment to be worn in casa, within doors,
or of casula, Lat.] a certain sort of close garment, now commonly
worn by clergymen under their growns.

CASSONA＇DE, or CASTONA＇DE, cask sugar, sugar put up into casks
or chests, after the first purification.

CA＇SSUTA, Lat. [in botany] the weed, dodder.

CASS-WEED [with botanists] a common weed, also called shep­
herd＇s pouch.

To CAST, verb act. pret. and part. pass. cast [probably of kaster,
Dan.] 1. To sling or throw with the hand; as, to cast a dart. 2. To
throw away as useless or hurtful; as, to cast aside; or cast by any opi­
nion. 3. To throw dice or lots. Joshua cast lots. Joshua. 4. To
throw from a high place; as, to cast one down a rock. 5. To throw
in wrestling. Being too strong for him, though he took my leg, yet
I made a shift to cast him. Shakespeare. 6. To throw as a snare or
net. 7. To drop or let fall; as, to cast anchor. 8. To expose; as,
to cast bread to the dogs. 9. To drive by violence of weather, mostly
in the passive form. We must be cast upon a certain island. Acts. 10.







To build by throwing up earth, to raise; as, to cast up a mount,
bank, or trench. 11. To put into any state. John was cast into pri­
son. St. Matthew. 12. To condemn capitally in a trial; as, to cast
a criminal; tho＇ the passive form be generally used; as, he was cast.
13. To condemn in a lawsuit (of caster, Fr.) as, he was cast in dama­
ges and costs. 14. To defeat.
No martial project to surprize,
Can ever be attempted twice,
Nor cast design serve afterwards,
As gamesters tear their losing cards. Hudibras.
15. To cashier, to discard. You are but now cast in his mood, a pu­
nishment more in policy than malice. Bacon. 16. To leave behind in
a race.
So swift your judgments turn and wind,
You cast our fleetest wits a mile behind. Dryden.
17. To shed, to moult, to lay aside; as, to cast feathers or leaves.
18. To lay aside as no longer fit to be worn. Giving cast clothes to be
worn by valets, has a very ill effect upon little minds. Addison.
19. To bring forth before the due time, as an abortion; as, to cast
their young. 20. To over-weigh, to make, to preponderate; as, to
cast the balance. A cobler had the casting vote for the life of a crimi­
nal. Addison. 21. To reckon as an account, to compute, or calculate.
Here＇s now the smith＇s note for shoeing and plow-irons;
Let it he cast and paid. Shakespeare.
I have been casting in my thoughts the several unhappinesses of life.
Addison. 22. To contrive, to plan out; as, that spot was cast for an
orange-house. Wotton. 23. To judge, to consider in order to judg­
ment.
Doctor, cast
The water of my land, find her disease,
And purge it. Shakespeare.
24. To fix the parts in a play. Our parts in the other world will be
new cast, and mankind will be ranged in different stations of superio­
rity. Addison. 25. To glance, to direct the eye; as, to cast the eyes.
26. To form by casting in a mould, as founders do; as, to cast great
guns. 27. To melt any metal into figures; as, to cast brass into a
mould. 28. To model, to form; as, to cast all logical learning into
a mathematical method. Watts. 29. To communicate by reflection
or emanation.
So divine a grace,
The glorious Daphnis casts on his illustrious race. Dryden.
We may find a fairer light cast over the same scriptures. Watts. 30.
To yield or give up without reserve or condition; as, to cast ourselves
upon God. 31. To inflict; as, to cast blame on a person.

To CAST Away, to shipwreck; as, he wast cast away upon the
rocks.

To CAST Away, to lavish profusely, to turn to no use.
Our father will not cast away a life
So needful to us all. Addison.

To CAST Away, to ruin. States, by an over-sight in some one act
or treaty between them and their potent opposites, may utterly cast
away themselves for ever. Hooker.

To CAST Down, to deject the mind. Let him see you are much
cast down and afflicted for the ill opinion he entertains of you. Ad­
dison.

To CAST Off, to discard, to put away; as, to cast off a mistress.

To CAST Off, to reject; as, to disown, and cast off a rule.

To CAST Off, to disburthen one＇s self of; as, to cast off care, shame,
or subjection. They never fail to exert themselves, and to cast off the
oppression. Addison.

To CAST Off, to leave behind. Away he scours cross the fields,
casts off the dogs, and gains a wood. L＇Estrange.

To CAST Off [among hunters] to let go or set loose; as, to cast off
the dogs in a chace.

To CAST Out, to reject, to turn out of doors. Thy brat hath been
cast out, like to itself, no father owning it. Shakespeare.

To CAST Out, to vent, to utter, with some intimation of negli­
gence or vehemence.
Why dost thou cast out such ungenerous terms,
Against the lords and sovereigns of the world. Addison.

To CAST Up, to compute, to calculate; as, to cast up an account,
and to cast up the cost of an undertaking before hand.

To CAST Up, to vomit; as, to cast any thing up from the stomach.
Cast up the poison that infects thy mind. Dryden.

To CAST, verb neut. 1. To turn the thoughts, to think or contrive;
as, to cast in mind. 2. To admit of a form by casting or melting. It
will not run thin, so as to cast and mould. Woodward. 3. Among
workmen, to warp, to go out of form. Stuff is said to cast or warp,
when by its own draught, or moisture of the air, it alters its flatness or
straitness. Moxon.

CAST, irreg. pret. and part. pass. I cast or have cast; being cast.

CAST, pret. imp. convicted of any crime; also the having lost a
civil process.

CAST, subst. 1. Motion of the eye. Pity causeth a flexion or cast of
eye aside, which cast of the eye is a gesture of aversion or loathings to
behold the object. Bacon. 2. (Of the eye) An ogle. 3. (In popu­
lar language) squinting. 4. The throw of the dice; as, his cast was
duce and tres. 5. Chance from the cast of dice. It is an even cast
whether I do or not. 6. Venture from throwing dice. When you
have brought them to the last cast, they will offer to come to you. Spen­
ser. Venture all this fortune at a cast. Dryden. 7. A mould or form.
An heroic poem, but in another cast and figure. Prior. 8. A shade, or
tendency to any colour; as, a cast of red, or of green. 9. Exterior
appearance. New names, new dressings, and the modern cast. Den­
ham. 10. Manner, air, mien. A neat cast of verse, and the very
cast of the periods. Pope. 11. A throw, the act of casting.
This deadly fray,
A cast of dreadful dust will soon allay. Dryden.
12. The thing thrown. Some sow rye on it with a broad cast; some
only with a single cast, and some with a double. Mortimer. 13. State
of any thing cast or thrown. Plato compares life to a game at tables;
there what cast we shall have is not in our power, but to manage it
well, that is. Norris. 14. The space through which any thing is thrown;
as, a stone＇s cast from one. 15. A stroke, a touch. This was a cast of
Wood＇s politics. Swift.

CAST [in falconry] a flight, a couple or sett of hawks dismissed
from the fist. A cast of merlins, which flying of a gallant height
over certain bushes, would beat the birds that rose down into the
bushes, as falcons will do wild fowl over a river. Sidney.

CAST of the Country [with miners] the colour of the earth.

To be CAST Down, to be afflicted.

To be at the last CAST, or at one＇s wit＇s end.

To CAST a Hawk to the Perch [in falconry] to put her upon it.

To CAST a Point in Traverse [in navigation] is to prick down on a
chart any point of the compass that any land bears from you, or to
find what way the ship has made, or on what point the ship bears at
any instant.

CASTA＇NEA, Lat. a chesnut-tree, or the fruit.

CA＇STANETS [castagnettes, Fr. castagnette, It. castannétas, Sp.] a
sort of snappers, which dancers of sarabands tie about their fingers, to
keep time with when they dance. They had gone together by the
ears like a pair of castanets. Congreve.

CA＇STAWAY, subst. [of cast and way] a person abandoned by pro­
vidence. Lest when I have preached to others, I myself should be a
castaway. Corinthians. Or rather, rejected and thrown aside, like an
adulterate coin. In the original αδοκιμος.

CASTAWAY, adj. [from the subst.] useless, of no value. We only
remember, at our castaway leisure, the imprison＇d, immortal soul.
Raleigh.

CA＇STED, part. pass. of to cast; but improperly, and found perhaps
only in the following passage:
When the mind is quicken＇d, out of doubt,
The organs, tho＇ defunct and dead before,
Break up their drowsy grave, and newly move,
With casted slough, and fresh legerity. Shakespeare.

CASTA＇NOVITZ, a town of Croatia, situated on the river Unna,
which divides Christendom from Turky; subject to the house of Au­
stria. Lat. 45° 40′ N. Long. 17° 20′ E.

CA＇STEL-ARAGONESE, a fortress of Sardinia, situated on the north-
west coast of that island.

CA＇STEL-BAR, a town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, and pro­
vince of Connaught, about 38 miles north of Gallway.

CA＇STEL-BANCO, a city of the province of Beira, in Portugal,
about 95 miles north-east of Lisbon.

CA＇STEL DE VIDE, a town of Alentejo, in Portugal, about 12 miles
east of Portalegre, and 35 west of Alcantara.

CA＇STEL-RODRIGO, a town of Portugal, in the province of Tra­
losmontes, situated 30 miles north-east of the city of Rodrigo.

CASTE＇LLA, a town of the Mantuan, in Italy, about 5 miles north-
east of the city of Mantua.

CASTELLAI＇N [chatellain, Fr. castellano, It. and Sp.] a constable or
keeper of a castle.

CASTE＇LLAMENT [confect.] a march-pane castle.

CASTE＇LLAN [in the West Indies] a piece of money, in value
something more than a ducat.

CASTE＇LLANY [chatellenie, Fr. castellania, It.] the manour apper­
taining to a castle, the extent of its land and jurisdiction.

CA＇STELLATED [from castle] inclosed within a building of stone,
&c. as, a fountain, conduit, or cistern canstellated.

CASTELLA＇TIO, Lat. [a law term] the building of a castle without
the leave of the king.

CASTELLO＇RUM Operatio, Lat. [in old records] service of work
and labour, to be done by inferior tenants for the repair or building
of castles.

CASTI＇GLIONE, a fortified town in the dutchy of Mantua, about
20 miles north-west of the city of Mantua.

CASTI＇LE, the name of two inland provinces of Spain, situated al­
most in the middle of that kingdom; that towards the south is called
New Castile, and the other Old Castile; Madrid being the capital of
the former, and Burges of the latter.

CASTILLA＇RA, a town of the Mantuan, in Italy, situated six miles
north-east of the city of Mantua.

CASTI＇LLON, a town of Perigort, in the province of Guienne, in
France, situated on the river Dordonne, 16 miles east of Bourdeaux.

CA＇STER, CA＇STOR, or CHE＇STER [of ceaster, Sax. of castrum, a
camp. or castellum, Lat. a camp or castle] set at the end of a name of
a place, intimates there had in that place been a camp, castle, &c.
of the Romans; as, Lancaster; the Saxons chusing to fix in those
places.

CA＇STER [from to cast] 1. He that throws or casts.
If with this throw the strongest caster vye,
Still, further still, I bid the discus fly. Pope.
2. One that calculates fortunes. A caster of fortunate figures. Addison.

CASTI＇FIC [castificus, Lat.] making chaste.

CA＇STIGABLE [castigabilis, of castigo, to chastise] worthy to be
chastised.

To CA＇STIGATE [castigare, It. castigar, Sp. castigatum, Lat.] to
chastise, to correct. To castigate thy pride. Shakespeare.

CA＇STIGATED, noun adj. chaste, correct, pure; as, a castigated
stile.

CASTIGA＇TION [Lat. castigatione, It. castigatio, Lat.] 1. Penance,
discipline.
Fasting and prayer,
With castigation, exercise devout. Shakespeare.
2. Chastisement, punishment, correction. The ancients had these
conjectures touching their floods and conflagrations, so as to frame
them into an hypothesis for the castigation of the excesses of generation.
Hale. 3. Emendation. Their castigations were accompanied with en­
couragements. Boyle.

CASTIGA＇TORY, of or pertaining to chastisement; punitive, in order
to amendment. Penalties inflicted either probatory, castigatory, or
exemplary. Bramhall.

CA＇STING of Drapery [in painting] signifies a free, easy, negligent
way of cloathing any figure.

CASTING of Timber Work. See CA＇SING of Timber Work.

CA＇STING [in foundery] is the running of melted metal into a
mould prepared for that purpose. See To CAST, verb neut.








CASTING [in falconry] is any thing given an hawk to purge and
cleanse his gorge.

CASTING [with joiners] wood is said to cast or warp, when it
shoots or shrinks by moisture, air, sun, &c. See To CAST, verb
neut.

CA＇STING-NET [of cast and net] a net to be thrown into the water.
Casting-nets did rivers bottoms sweep. May.

CA＇STLE [castellum, Lat. chateau, Fr. castello, It. castillo, Sp. cas­
tell, Port.] 1. A strong place fortified by nature or art, or both, against
an enemy＇s assaults. 2. Castles in the air [chateaux d＇ Espagne] pro­
jects imaginary and without reality; as,
To build CASLES in the air.
Lat. In summa inamitate versari. Fr. Faire des chateaux en Espagne
(in Spain.) H. Ger. Schloesser in die luft bauen. It. Far castelli in
aria. That is, to have our dependance on impossibilities, or at least
improbabilities: or to form vain projects which have no grounds,
and to build our hopes of success on such unstable foundations.

Prow CASTLE [in a ship] is the rise or elevation of the prow over
the uppermost deck towards the mizzen.

Stern CASTLE [in a ship] the whole elevation that ranges on the
stern over the last deck, where the officers cabins and places of assem­
bly are.

To CASTLE, a term used at chess play.

CA＇STLED, adj. [from castle] provided or furnished with castles.
Castled elephants o＇erlook the town. Dryden.

CASTLES [in heraldry] are emblems of grandeur and magnificence;
they also denote sanctuary and safety; they are given for arms to such
as have reduced them by main force, or have been the first that mount­
ed their walls; either by open assault, or by escalade: also to one that
has defeated some enemy, or taken some prisoner of note, who bore
them in his banner or shield.

CA＇STLE SOAP [I suppose corrupted from Castile soap. Johnson.] A
sort of soap. I have a letter from a soap-boiler, desiring me to write
upon the present duties on castle soap. Addison.

CAS＇TLE-CA＇REY, a market town of Somersetshire, three miles
from Wincanton, and 125 from London. Here is a mineral water,
of the same kind as that of Epsom.

CA＇STLE-RI＇SING, an ancient borough town of Norfolk, situated
near the sea-coast, three miles from Lynn, and 97 from London. It
gives title of baron to the duke of Norfolk, and sends two members
to parliament.

CA＇STLE Ward, or CASTLE Guard [of castle and ward or guard]
an imposition or tax laid upon such as dwell within a certain compass
of any castle, towards the maintaining of those who watch and ward
in the same; also the circuit itself inhabited by such as are subject to
this service.

CA＇STLING [from cast] the young of any beast brought forth un­
timely. An abortive, rather rely upon the urine of a castling＇s bladder.
Brown.

CA＇STON, or CA＇NESTON, a market town of Norfolk, on the river
Bure, 128 miles from London.

CA＇STOR [Fr. Sp. Port. and Lat. castore. It.] 1. A wild beast, call­
ed a bever. 2. A fine hat made of the furr of a beaver.

CASTOR [in astronomy] a fixed star of the second magnitude in
Gemini.

CASTOR and POLLUX [in meteorology] a fiery meteor which at sea
appears sticking sometimes to a part of the ship, in form of one, two,
or even three or four balls. When one is seen alone it is more pro­
perly called helena, which portends the severest part of the storm to
be yet behind; two are denominated Castor and Pollux, and some­
times Tyndarides, which portend a cessation of the storm. Cham­
bers. These meteors have lately been found to be electrical fire.

CASTOR [in geography] a market town of Lincolnshire, 120
miles from London, built by Hengist, on a tract of ground, which he
encompassed with an ox＇s hide cut into thongs, pursuant to a grant of
Vortigern, and was thence called Thuang-Castor, i. e. Thong-
Castle.

CASTO＇REUM [in pharmacy] a medicine made of the liquor con­
tained in little bags near the beaver＇s groin; good in convul­
sions, and used to fortify the head and the nervous parts. These
bags are about the bigness of a goose＇s egg, and found indifferently in
males and females; when taken off, the matter condenses, so as to be
reduced to a powder, which is oily, of a sharp bitter taste and strong
disagreeable smell.

CASTRAMETA＇TION [of castra, camp, and metior, Lat. to measure]
a pitching of tents, or the art of encamping an army.

CASTRA＇NGULA [with botanists] the herb brown-wort or water­
betony. Lat.

To CA＇STRATE [chatrer, Fr. castrare, It. castràr, Sp. of castrato,
Lat.] 1. To geld or cut an animal. 2. To take away the obscene part
from an author＇s work.

CASTRA＇TION [of castrate] 1. The act of gelding. The largest needle
should be used in taking up the spermatic vessels in castration. Sharp.
2. The taking away from an author＇s work.

CA＇STRATURE [castratura, Lat.] a castration or gelding.

CA＇STRES, a city of Languadoc, in France, about 35 miles east
of Tholouse.

CA＇STREL, or KA＇STREL [cercerelle, Fr. with falconers] a kind of
hawk, which in shape very much resembles a lanner; but as to size
like the hobby: the game proper to it is the growse, a fowl com­
mon in the north of England, and elsewhere.

CASTRE＇NSIAN [castrensis, of castrum, Lat.] belonging to a camp.

CA＇STRO, the capital of the isle of Chiloe, on the coast of Chili,
in South America.

CASRTO, is also the name of a town, in the territory of Otranto,
in the kingdom of Naples, about seven miles south of Otranto.

CA＇STRO-MARINO, a town in the province of Algarva, in Portugal,
situated near the mouth of the river Guadiana, on the consines of Au­
dalusia.

CA＇SU Consimili [in law] a writ of entry granted where a tenant in
courtesy, or tenant for term of life, or for the life of another, alien­
ates, or makes over land in see, or in tail, or for the term of another＇s
life. Lat.

CASU Matrimonii prælocuti [in law] a writ which lies against a man
for refusing in reasonable time to marry a woman, who hath given
him lands upon that condition.

CASU proviso, a writ of entry given by the statute of Gloucester, in
case where a tenant in dower aliens in fee, or for term of life, or in
tail, and lies for him in reversion against the alien. Lat.

CA＇SUAL [casuel, Fr. casuale, It. casuàl, Sp. of casualis, Lat.] hap­
pening by chance, accidental, not certain. That which seemeth most
casual and subject to fortune, is yet disposed by the ordinance of God.
Raleigh.

CA＇SUALLY [of casual] accidentally, by chance, without design.
One advantage I now casually remember. Dryden.

CA＇SUALNESS [of casual] accidentalness.

CA＇SUALTY [of casual] 1. An unforeseen accident, that falls out
ly by chance, not design; as, it happened by mere casualty. 2.
Chance that produces unnatural death. In particular nations, within
the space of two or three hundred years, notwithstanding all casualties,
the number of men doubles. Burnet＇s Theory.

CASUALTY [with tinners] a strong matter which is separated from
tin ore by washing.

CA＇SULE, or CA＇SUBLE [chasuble, Fr.] a vestment for a mass­
priest.

CA＇SUIST [casuiste, Fr. casuista, It. and Sp. of casus, Lat.] one
skilled in resolving cases of conscience. Casuists too rigid and too lax
are equally dangerous. St. Evremond.
Who shall decide, when doctors disagree.
And soundest casuists doubt. Pope.

CASUI＇STICAL [of casuist] of or pertaining to a casuist, relating to
cases of conscience, containing the doctrine thereof. The practical,
casuistical, that is the principal vital part of their religion, favours very
little of spirituality. South.

CA＇SUISTRY [of casuist] the doctrine of cases of conscience; the
science of a casuist. Chicane in furs, and casuistry in lawn. Pope.

CA＇SURE [casura, Lat.] a falling.

CAT [catus, Lat. chat, Fr. Gatto, It. Gato, Sp. and Port. katte,
Du. and L. Ger. katz, H. Ger.] a domestic creature that kills mice;
which naturalists commonly reckon the lowest order of the leonine
species.
When candles are out, all CATS are grey. Fr. Dans la nuit, tous
chats sont gris. It. Ogni cuffia (coife for women) é buona per la notte.
(is good in the dark.) This proverb is generally meant of women,
intimating that in the dark all are alike.
A scalded CAT fears cold water. Fr. Chat échauffé crain l＇cau froide:
or, a burnt child dreads the fire. See BURNT.
You can have no more of a CAT than her skin.
That is, you must not expect more of a person than he is capable
of performing.
A muffled CAT is no good mouser. Catta guantata non piglia sorice.
It. Spoken to them who set about their work with their gloves, or
any thing else on that is cumbersome.
The CAT loves fish, but she is loth to wet ber feet.
Fr. Le chat aime le poisson, mais il n＇aime pas a mouiller le patte.
Taken from the observation of cats being very cautious or treading in
wet places.
A CAT may look at a king.
This is a saucy proverb, generally made use of by pragmatical per­
sons, who must needs be censuring their superiors, take things by the
worst handle, and carry them beyond their bounds; for tho＇ peasants
may look at and honour great men, patriots and potentates, yet they
are not to spit in their faces.
Before the CAT can lick her ear, that is, never.
CAT, a ship or sea vessel so called.
To turn CAT in pan, to change party.

CAT in the Pan [imagined by some to be rightly written catipan, as
coming from catipani, revolted governors. An unknown correspon­
dent imagines very naturally, that it is corrupted from cate in the pan.
Johnson.] There is a cunning which we in England call, the turning
of the cat in the pan; which is, when that which a man says to ano­
ther, he lays it as if another had said it to him. Bacon.

CAT [hieroglyphically] represents false friendship, or a deceitful
flattering friend.

CAT [in heraldry] is an emblem of liberty, because it naturally
hates to be shut up; and therefore the Burgundians, &c. bore a cat in
their banners, to intimate that they could not endure servitude. It is
a bold and daring creature, and also cruel to its enemy, and never
gives over till it has destroyed it, if possible. It is also watchful, dex­
terous, swift, pliable, and has such good nerves, that if it falls from a
place never so high, it still alights on its feet; and therefore may de­
note those who have so much foresight, that whatsoever befals them
they are still upon their guard. In coat armour they must always be
represented full-faced, and not shewing one side of it, but both their
eyes and both their ears. Argent three cats in pale sable, is the coat
of the family of Keat of Devonshire.

CAT-A-MOUNT, or CAT-A-MOUNTAIN, a mongrel or wild cat.

CAT-CALL, a very disagreeable sort of pipe or squeaking whistle, of
late years but too well known at the play-houses, for condemning plays.
A young lady at the theatre conceived a passion for a notorious rake
that headed a party of catcalls. Spectator.

Gib CAT, a boar cat.

CAT-HEAD [in a ship] a piece of timber with shivers at one end,
with a rope and iron hook, to trice up the anchor from the hause to
the top of the fore-castle.

CAT-MINT [with botanists] a plant which cats much delight to
cat.

CAT-o＇nine-tails, a whip with nine lashes knotted, and used for the
punishment of crimes, particularly among soldiers and sailors.
You dread reformers of an impious age,
You awful cat-a-nine-tails to the stage,
This once be just. Prologue to Vanbrugh＇s False Friend.

CAT-PEAR, a pear in shape like a hen＇s egg, which ripens in Oc­
tober.

CATS-FOOT [with botanists] an herb, otherwise called ale-hoof.

CATS-TAIL [with botanists] a sort of long, round substance, which
in winter time grows upon nut-trees, pine-trees, &c. also a kind of







reed, which bears a spike like the tail of a cat; which some call reed
mice.

CATS [with the ancient Egyptians] a cat was the hieroglyphic of
the moon, and on that account, cats were so highly honoured among
them, as to receive their sacrifices and devotions, and had stately tem­
ples erected to their honour. But Sir Isaac Newton says, that from the
hieroglyphical way of writing, so familiar to the Egyptians, it came to
pass, that upon the division of Egypt into nomes, by Sesostris, the
great men of the kingdom (to whom the nomes were dedicated) were
represented in their sepulchres or temples of the nomes by various hie­
roglyphics; as, by an ox, a cat, a dog, a goat, a lyon, a scarabœus,
an ichneumon, a crocodile, a hippopotamus; an ibis, a crow, a hawk, a
leek; and were worshipped by the nomes in the shape of these creatures.
Newton＇s Chronol. p. 228. See BACCHUS and BEHEMOTH, compared
with Romans i. 22, 23. and Jackson＇s Antiq. Vol. III. p. 215.

CATABA＇PTIST [of κατα, against, and βαπτιστης, Gr. a baptist]
one averse from, or that refuses baptism; or rather, perhaps, from
κατα, downward, and βαπτιζω, to dip, a term of reproach, as I sus­
pect, given to them, who administered the ordinance in that form. See
Gothofred Not. in Philostorg. p. 366.

CATABIBA＇ZON [in astronomy] i. e. descending, the south node or
dragon＇s-tail, so called, because it goes down exactly against the dra­
gon＇s-tail.

CATACATHA＇RTICS [of κατα and καθαρτικα, Gr.] medicines which
purge downwards.

CATACAU＇STIC [κατα and καυστικα, Gr.] causticks by reflection.

CATACAU＇STIC Curve [in catoptricks] a curve or crooked line,
which is formed by joining the points of concourse of several reflected
rays.

CATACHRE＇SIS [Lat. καταχρησις, Gr. abuse, in rhetoric] a figure
of the same import with abusio, the use of a word out of its more strict
and proper acceptation. See ABUSIO, and read there, “as worship,
tho＇ strictly speaking appropriated to God, by a catachresis may be ap­
plied to magistrates and women.” See CATACHRESTICAL.

CATACHRE＇STICAL [καταχρηστικος, Gr. abusive] contrary to pro­
per use, far fetched, strained. A catachrestical and far derived simili­
tude it holds with men. Brown.
Pind. Pyth. od. Δ. v. 253. Schol. He calls the mother somewhat
catachrestically, a cow. — one cow instead of one woman. Append.
ad Thesaurum H. Stephani Constantin. &c.

CATA＇CLASIS [κατακλασις, of κατακλαω, Gr. to break] a frac­
ture; it is sometimes used for a distortion, and sometimes for a con­
vulsion of the muscles of the eye.

CATACLEIS [of κατα, below, and κλεις, Gr. the scapula] the first
rib, so called, because of its situation near the clavicula.

CATA＇CLIDA [in anatomy] the rib otherwise called the subclavian.

CATA＇CLYSM [κατακλυσμος, Gr.] a deluge, an inundation or over­
flowing with water; used generally of the universal deluge.

CA＇TACOMBS [not improbably of κατακοιμω, Gr. to cause sleep]
certain grottos about three leagues from Rome, where the primitive
christians are said to have hid themselves in time of persecution; and
there also to have buried the martyrs; and on that account they are
now visited out of a principle of devotion: but anciently the word ca­
tacomb was only understood of the tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul;
and Mr. Monro, in the Phil. Trans. supposes the catacombs to have
been originally the sepulchres of the first Romans. P. Richelet, who
understands the word in its first reference, i. e. to martyrs, says, that
reliques are convey＇d from thence into all catholic countries, after hav­
ing been christened by the name of some saint. See BRANDEUM.

CATACO＇NUM [Lat. in ancient architecture] a term used when the
chapiter of a pillar is not of height proportionable to its breadth.

CATACOU＇STICS [of κατα and ἀκουστικα, of ἀκουω, Gr. to hear] a
science which treats of reflected sounds, or that explains the nature and
properties of echoes; otherwise called cataphonics.

CATADIO＇PTRICAL Telescope [with astronomers] is the same as a
reflecting telescope.

CA＇TADROME [catadromus, Lat. καταδρομος, of δρομος, Gr. a race]
a tilt or place where horses run for prizes; also an engine like a crane,
anciently used by builders in raising or letting down any great
weight.

CA＇TADURES, places where the waters of a river fall with a great
noise.

CATAFA＇LCO [in painting, sculpture, or architecture] a decora­
tion raised on a scaffold of timber, to shew a coffin or tomb in a fune­
ral solemnity.

CATA＇GMA [καταγμα, of κατα, Gr. præp. which in composition
often augments the sense; and αγνυμι, Gr. to break; with surgeons]
the breaking of bones, or a separation of the continuity of the hard
parts of the body.

CATAGMA＇TICS [καταγματικα, Gr.] remedies proper for the con­
solidating and knitting broken bones. A catagmatic emplaister. Wise­
man.

CA＇TAGRAPH [καταγραϕη, Gr.] the first draught of a picture.

CATALE＇CTIC Verse, a Greek or Latin verse, wanting one syl­
lable; it is called carmen pendulum by Trapezuntius; and is derived
from καταληγω, Gr. to stop or cease. See BRACHYCATALECTIC and
HEMISTIC.

CATALE＇PSIS [καταλειψις, of κατα and λαμβανω, Gr. to take]
comprehension.

CATALEPSIS [with physicians] a disease so called; this is a lighter
species of apoplexy or epilepsy. There is a disease called a catalepsis,
wherein the patient is suddenly seized without sense or motion,
and remains in the same posture in which the disease seizeth him.
Arbuthnot.

CATA＇LLA [in law] chattels.

CATA＇LLIS captis nomine districtionis, a writ lying for rent due in a
borough or house, and warrants a man to take the gates, doors or
windows by way of distress.

CATALLIS reddendis, a writ which lies, where goods having been
delivered to any person to keep for a time, are not delivered upon de­
mand at the day appointed.

CA＇TALOGUE [catalogus, Lat. καταλογος, Gr.] a list of names either
of persons or things, one by one; as, a printed catalogue of books, &c.

CATALO＇NIA, a province of Spain, bounded by the Pyrenean
mountains, which divide it from France, on the north; by the Me­
diterranean on the east and south; and by the provinces of Arragon
and Valencia on the west.

CATAME＇NIA [καταμηνια, Gr.] womens monthly courses, the
menses.

CA＇TAMITE [catamitus, Lat. of κατα and μιθος, Gr. hire] a boy
kept for unnatural practices.

CATAMOU＇NTAIN [of cat and mountain] a fierce animal resembling
a cat. The glaring catamountain. Pope and Arbuthnot.

CATA＇NIA, a city and sea-port town of Sicily, about 35 miles north
of Syracuse, near the foot of Mount Ætna; by the eruptions from
whence it suffered greatly in the years 1669, and 1693; the cathe­
dral and great part of the city were overturned in a moment by the
last, and 18000 people perished. It is a bishop＇s see.

CA＇TAPASM [καταπασμα, of καταπασσω, Gr. to sprinkle, and from
thence (by a figure) to variegate] a dry medicine made of powders,
and sprinkled upon the skin for diverse purposes. Castel. Renov.

CATAPE＇LTA [among the ancients] an instrument of punishment.
It consisted in a kind of press, composed of planks, between which the
criminal was crush＇d.

CA＇TAPHRACT [cataphractus, Lat.] a horseman in complete ar­
mour. Archers and slingers cataphracts and spears. Milton.

CATAPHO＇NICS. See CATACOUSTICS.

CATA＇PHORA [καταϕορα, Gr.] a disease in the head, which causes
heaviness and deep sleep, the same as coma.

CATAPHRY＇GIANS [so called of Phrygia their country] they held
many extravagant opinions broach＇d by Montanus, an impostor in the
latter part of the second century, who under covert of those PROPHE­
TIC gifts, with which he pretended to be endued, revived (as Sir
Isaac Newton observes from Eusebius, &c.) the exploded errors of
Tatian, and the Encratites; but, withal, refined upon them by mak­
ing second marriages only unlawful: he also introduced [in Eusebius
ενομοθετησε, i. e. enacted by law] frequent fastings, and annual fasting
days — and feeding upon dried meats. He adds, that the Cataphry­
gians brought in also several other superstitions; such as were the doc­
trine of ghosts, and of their punishment in purgatory, and oblations
for mitigating that punishment, as Tertullian teaches in his books De
Animâ & De Monogamiâ. All these superstitions, says he, the apos­
tle refers to, 1 Tim. iv. 1, 2, 3. and then adds, that tho＇ some stop was
put to the Cataphrygian christianity, by provincial councils, till the
fourth century; yet, the Roman emperors then turning christian, and
great multitudes of heathens coming over in outward profession, these
found the Cataphrygian christianity more suitable to their old principles
of placing religion in outward forms and ceremonies, holy days, and
doctrines of ghosts, than the religion of the sincere christians; where­
fore they readily sided with the Cataphrygian christians, and established
that christianity before the end of the fourth century. Newton＇s Ob­
servations on Daniel and Revelat. p. 196, 200—202. But after all,
there is another, and perhaps a more important query, belong­
ing to this affair. Dupin and Spanheim tell us (and the latter sup­
ports it on the assertion of Epiphanius) that Montanus made no inno­
vation in the faith: but, with submission to both, Tertullian, and
those other cotemporary authors from whom Eusebius has borrowed
his account of Montanism, are far better authorities than so late (not
to say so interested) a writer as Epiphanius: I say interested, for a rea­
son which I shall soon assign. Montanus (says the author cited by
Eusebius) when under his prophetic fit and extasy, began “λαλειν καν
ξενοϕωνειν, i. e. to throw out strange and novel expressions.” — And
speaking of his two gifted sisters, he says, “Their mind was laid
asleep from the true FAITH; — and that they also in their fits spake
αλλοτριοτροπως, i. e. in a foreign way”. And speaking of the ensu­
ing councils, by which their prophetic claim was examined, he says,
“They examined these προσϕατους λογους, i. e. new [or novel] speeches,
and found them to be profane, and rejected the HERESY.” It should
not be dissembled, that some of these strange or novel expressions which
Montanus and his associates threw out, may relate to their condemn­
ing marriage, and commanding to abstain from meats; but that some­
thing more was at the bottom, I suspect, for the following reasons.
Tertullian (who flourished about the close of this century) in his tract
De velandis Virginibus (which he wrote after he turned Montanist)
says, “That in Montanus, Christ fulfilled that promise; When He,
the spirit of truth, is come, He shall lead you into ALL truth; and that,
by this spirit, not only directions are given with reference to discipline,
but also that the SCRIPTURES are explained, and the intellect reformed;
and, in a word, that the dispensation of the spirit under Montanus,
was to that of the Jewish prophets and the gospel, what maturity [or
adult age] is to infancy and youth.” And accordingly, in his treatise
against Praxeas, on the TRINITY, he confesses more than once, that
he was jam instructior, i. e. now better qualified and furnished to write
on that subject than before.—But what taint he (and others from him)
might receive from this seducing spirit on that head [Socrat. Histor. ed.
Steph. lib. 1. c. 23.] shall be considered elsewhere. I would only add,
that Epiphanius, and the main body of the consubstantialists, in the
fourth and succeeding centuries, rejecting the prophetic claim of Mon­
tanus, and yet admitting his explication of the Trinity for true, would
of course suppose that he made no innovation here. See the words
BRANDEUM, MONTANISM, and GNOSTICS.

CATAPLA＇SM [cataplasme, Fr. cataplasmo, It. cataplasmus, Lat.
καταπλασμα, of κατα and πλασσω, Gr. to mix, or rather to form]
a poultice, a soft moist application. Warm cataplasms discuss. Ar­
buthnot.

CATAPO＇TIUM [Lat. καταποτιον, Gr.] a mixture to be swallowed
without chewing, a pill.

CATA＇PTOSIS [Lat. καταπτωσις, Gr.] a disease like to, or a sym­
tom of, the falling sickness.

CA＇TAPULT [catapulta, Lat.] an engine used anciently for throw­
ing stones. The balista violently shot great stones and quarrels, as also
the catapults. Camden.

CATAPU＇LTA [Lat. καταπελτης, Gr.] a military machine, used
among the ancients, for throwing large darts or javelins.

CATAPU＇TIA [in botany] a medicinal plant called the lesser
spurge.

CA＇TARACT [καταρακτης, Gr.] a cascade, a high steep place or
precipice in the channel of a river, caused by rocks or other obstacles
stopping the course of its stream, so that the water falls with great







impetuosity and noise; as, the cataracts of the Nile, Danube, &c. also
a stood-gate, a sluice or lock in a river.
All the cataracts
Of heav＇n set open, on the earth shall pour
Raln day and night. Milton.

CATARACT [with occulists] is a suffusion of sight, arising from a
little film, or speck, which swimming in the aqueous humour of the
eye, and getting before the pupil, intercepts the rays of light; and is
of two sorts, either

Incipient CATARACT, or beginning, is only a suffusion, when little
clouds, motes and flies, seem to hover before the eyes.

Confirmed CATARACT, is when the apple of the eye is either wholly
or in part, covered and overspread with a little thin skin, so that the
rays of light cannot have due admittance to the eye; also a disease in
the eyes of a hawk. Saladine hath a yellow milk, which hath likewise
much acrimony; for it cleanseth the eyes: it is good also for ca­
taracts. Bacon.

CATA＇RO, the capital of a territory of the same name in the Vene­
tian Dalmatia, about 25 miles south east of Ragusa.

CATA＇RRH [catarrhus, Lat. of καταρρεος, of καταρρεω, Gr. to flow
down] a flux or defluction of a sharp, serous humour from the glands
about the head and throat, upon the parts adjacent; generally occa­
sioned by a diminution of insensible perspiration, or cold, whereby
what should pass by the skin ouzes out upon those glands, and occasi­
ons irritations.

CATARRH of the Spinal Marrow, a falling out of the marrow of
the back-bone, happening when certain lymphatic vessels are broken,
which surround that bone.

CATA＇RRHAL, or CATA＇RRHOUS [from catarrh] relating to a ca­
tarrh, proceeding from a catarrh; as, a catarrhal fever, and a ca­
tarrhous leucophlegmatic constitution. Wiseman.

CATA＇RRHUS Suffocatorius, Lat. a suffocating rheum, seated in the
larynx and epiglottis, which it constringes, so that the glandules a­
bout the throat are swelled, whereupon a difficulty of breathing
ensues, and danger of being stifled.

CATASA＇RCA [κατασαρκα, Gr.] a kind of dropsy, the same as a­
nasarca.

CATASCHA＇SMOS [of κατα, and σχαζω, Gr. to scarify] a scarifi­
cation.

CATA＇STASIS, Lat. [in anatomy] an extension or stretching out of
an animal body towards the lower parts.

CATASTASIS [καταστασις, Gr.] a state, or constitution.

CATASTASIS [in a physical sense] is applied to the constitution of
the air, or seasons of the year; the disposition of the body, to the
constitution or state of any thing (for such is its general import); and
in particular, it signifies the restitution of a bone or member to its
pristine place.

CATA＇STROPHE [Lat. καταστροϕη, of καταστρεϕω, of στρεϕω, Gr. to
turn] 1. The change or revolution of a dramatic poem, or the turn
which unravels the intrigue, and terminates the piece. That philo­
sopher declares for tragedies, whose catastrophes are unhappy with re­
lation to the principal characters. Dennis. 2. The end or issue of a
business, the fatal or tragical conclusion of any action; or of a man＇s
life. Here was a mighty revolution, the most horrible and portentu­
ous catastrophe that nature ever yet saw; an elegant and habitable earth
quite shatter＇d. Woodward.

CATATHU＇MPTON, or KATATHUMPTON, an humourous word used
by way of ridicule, to signify a strong or forcible argument. A very
low word, and unworthy to be adopted.

To CATCH, irr. verb active; pret. I catch＇d, or caught; I have
catch＇d, or caught; part. pass. catched, or caught [probably of
capto, Lat. or of ketsan, Du. to pursue close] 1. To lay hold of
with the hand, to snatch, intimating the suddenness of the action.
When he rose against me, I caught him by his beard and smote him.
1 Samuel. 2. To stop a thing flying, to receive any thing as it passes;
as, to catch the breeze of breathing air. Addison. 3. To overtake,
to seize any thing by pursuit. I say him run after a gilded butterfly,
and, when he caught it, he let it go again. Shakespeare. 4. To stop
any thing falling. A shepherd diverted himself with tossing up eggs,
and catching them again. Spectator. 5. To ensnare, to entangle or
hold in a trap. These methods of reasoning are more adapted to
catch and entangle the mind, than to instruct. Locke. 6. To receive
suddenly; as, to catch fire or flame. 7. To fasten suddenly upon, to
seize. His head caught hold of the oak 2 Samuel. 8. To seize un­
expectedly. To catch something out of his mouth, that they might
accuse him. St. Luke. 9. To seize eagerly. They have caught up
every thing greedily, with busy minute curiosity. Pope. 10. To seize
upon the affections, to please, to charm.
And want the soothing arts that catch the fair,
But caught myself, lie struggling in the snare. Dryden.
11. To receive any infection or disease.
I cannot name the disease, and it is caught
Of you that yet are well. Shakespeare.
Ladies expose their necks and arms to the open air, which the men
could not do, without catching cold. Addison. 12. To catch at; to
endeavour suddenly to lay hold on. Make them catch at all oppor­
tunities of subverting the state. Addison.

To CATCH, verb neut. 1. To be contageous, to spread infection;
see CATCHING.
Does the sedition catch from man to man,
And run among the ranks. Addison.
2. Applied to the sudden spreading and communication of flame or
fire to any thing adjacent.
When the yellow hair in flame should fall,
The catching fire might burn the golden cawl. Dryden.
The palace of Deipshobus ascends
In smoky flames, and catches on his friends. Dryden.

CATCH [from the verb] 1. Seizure, the act of seizing whatever
hides or flies.
Taught by his open eye,
His eye that ev＇n did mark her trodden grass,
That she would fain the catch of Strephon fly. Sidney.
2. The act of taking quickly from another. Several quires placed
one over against another, and taking the voice by catches anthem­
wise, give great pleasure. Bacon. 3. A prize or booty; 4. A short and
witty song sung in succession, where one catches it from another.
Catches were sung, and healths went round. Prior. 5. Watch, the
posture of seizing. Both lay upon the catch for a great action. Ad­
dison. 6. Advantage, taken hold, laid on; as, a catch of wit.
Fate of empires, and the fall of kings,
Should turn on flying hours, and catch of moments. Dryden.
7. The thing caught, profit, advantage. Hector shall have a great
catch, if he knock out either of your brains. Shakespeare. 8. A short
interval of action, a snatch. It has been writ by catches with many
intervals. Locke. 9. A taint, a slight contagion. We retain a catch of
those pretty stories. Glanville. 10. Any thing that catches and holds
as a hook.

CATCH, a sort of swift sailing sea-vessel, lesser than a hoy, so
built, that it will ride in any sea whatsoever.

CATCHES [in a clock] those parts that hold by hooking and catch­
ing hold of.

CATCH-FLY, a flower, the stalks of which are so clammy, that
they are frequently a trap for flies.

CATCH and HOLD [with wrestlers] a running and catching one
another.

CATCH Land [in Norfolk] some ground so called, because it is
not known to what parish it belongs; and that minister that first gets
the tithes of it, enjoys it for that year.

CATCH-Poll [of catch and poll] a serjeant or bailiff. Though now
it be used as a word of contempt, yet, in ancient times, it seems to
have been used without reproach, for such as we now call serjeants of
the mace, or any other that uses to arrest men upon any cause. Cowel.
Another monster,
Sullen of aspect, whom the vulgar call
A catch-poll, whose polluted hands the gods,
With force incredible, and magre charms,
Erst have endu＇d, if he his ample palm
Should haply on ill-fated shoulders lay,
Of debtor. John Philips.

CATCH-Word [a term in printing] the last or single word at the bot­
tom of a page, which begins the next page.

CA＇TCHER [of catch] 1. He that catches. 2. That in which any
thing is caught. Scallops will move so strongly, as to leap out of the
catcher wherein they are caught.

CA＇TCHING, contagious; as, a catching or contagious distemper.
See To CATCH.

Mocking is CATCHING. A reprimand of mockery.

CATECHE＇TICAL, pertaining to catechising, consisting of questions
and answers. Socrates introduced a chatechetical method of arguing;
he would ask his adversary question upon question, till he convinced
him out of his own mouth. Addison.

CATECHE＇TICALLY [from catechetical] by way of question and
and answer, &c.

To CA＇TECHISE [catechiser, Fr. catechizzare, It. catechisàr. Sp.
catechisare, Lat. κατηχιζειν, of κατα and ηχεω, Gr. to sound] 1. To
instruct in the fundamental articles of faith, by asking questions. I
will catechise the world for him, that is, make questions, and bid
them answer. Shakespeare. 2. To question, to examine by interroga­
tories.
There flies about a strange report,
Of some express arriv＇d at court;
I＇m stop＇d by all the fools I meet,
And catechis＇d in ev＇ry street. Swift.

CATECHI＇SER [from catechise] he who catechises.

CA＇TECHISM [catechisme, Fr. catechismo, It. catacismo, Sp. cate­
chismus, Lat. κατηχισμος, of κατηχιζω, Gr.] a short system of in­
structions of what is to be believed and practised in religion, by
questions and answers. For the first introduction of youth, to the
knowledge of God, the Jews, even till this day, have their cate­
chisms. Hooker.

CA＇TECHIST [catechiste, Fr. catechista, Sp. and Lat. κατηχιστης,
Gr.] one who catechises or instructs in the catechism.

CA＇TECHU, a juice pressed out of several East-Indian fruits, of an
astringent quality; called also terra japonica.

CATECHUME＇NICAL, of or belonging to catechumens, or the places
where the catechumens stood.

CATECHU＇MENS [catechumenes, Fr. catecumini, It. catecuménos, Sp.
calechumeni, Lat. καταχουμενοι, Gr.] in the ancient christian church
were Jews and Gentiles, who were instructed and prepared to re­
ceive the ordinance of baptism; persons yet in the first rudiments
of christianity, the lowest order of christians in the primitive
church. These persons were instructed by persons appointed by
the church for that service; and also had a particular place in it,
called the place of the catechumens. When these had been instructed
some time, they were admitted to hear sermons, and then were called
audientes; and afterwards were allowed to be present, and concerned
in some parts of the prayers, and then were called orantes and genu­
flecteutes; and there was also a fourth degree of catechumens, who
were such as desired baptism, and were called competentes. But.
N. B. I can＇t yet find, after the closest examination of the most
ancient writers, that this term catechumens extends further than to
converts or proselytes from other religious; I mean, so as to include
the children of the FAITHFUL; a circumstance, which may possibly
deserve their consideration, who call in question the legality of infant­
baptism. See BAPTISTS.

CATEGO＇REM [κατηγορημα, of κατηγορεω, Gr. to argue] the same
as predicament.

CATEGOREMA＇TICAL. Word [with logicians] is a word that signifies
something of itself; as, a man, a horse, an animal.

CATEGO＇RICAL [categorique, Fr. categorico, It. and Sp. categoricus,
Lat.] positive, affirmative, being to the purpose, absolute, adequate
to the thing to be expressed; as, a categorical answer.

CATEGORICAL. Syllogism [with logicians] is a syllogism wherein
both propositions are categorical or positive; as for example:
Every vice is odious.
Drunkenness is a vice.
Therefore drunkenness is odious.








CATEGO＇RICALLY [of categorical] positively, expressly; as, to af­
firm a thing categorically.

CA＇TEGORIES, are reckoned by logicians 10, substance, quantity,
quality, relation, acting, suffering, where, when, situation, having.

CA＇TEGORY [categorie, Fr. categoria, It. Sp. and Lat. κατηγορια,
of καταγορεω, Gr. to argue] a term in logic for order and rank, pre­
dicament. Absolute infinitude quite changes the nature of beings,
and exalts them into a different category. Cheyne.

CA＇TENA Lat. a chain. And (in a figurative sense) the title of a
book so called, catena patrum, a chain, series, or collection of fa­
thers, or of fragments from them.

CATENA [in anatomy] a muscle, otherwise called tibialis anticus.

CATENA＇RIA [of catena, Lat. a chain, in mechanical geometry]
is the curve or crooked line, which a rope, hanging freely between
two points of suspension, forms itself into.

CATENA＇RIAN [catenarius, of catena, Lat. a chain] belonging to
the catenaria curve.

To CA＇TENATE [catenatus, of cateno, Lat.] to chain.

CATENA＇TION [of catenatus, from catena, Lat. a chain] a chain­
ing; also a link, a regular connexion. Brown uses it.

To CATER [cates, Eng. probably of acheter, Fr. to buy] to pro­
vide, or buy in victuals.
He that doth the ravens feed,
Yea, providently caters for the sparrow,
Be comfort to my age. Shakespeare.

CATER, subst. [from the verb] a provider or collector of victuals.
The taste is cater for the stomach. Carew.

CA＇TER [quatre, Fr.] four at cards or dice.

CATER-Cousin, a corruption of quatre-cousin, from the ridiculousness
of calling cousin or relation to so remote a degree. Johnson. As, they
are not cater-cousins; that is, they are not good friends. Shakespeare
and Rymer use it.

CATER-Point [on dice] the number 43 a corruption of the French
quatre.

CA＇TERER [Minshew chuses to derive it from cates, Goth. dainties,
or rather of acheteur, Fr. a buyer] a pourveyor or provider of vic­
tuals, or other necessaries, in a king＇s or nobleman＇s house, or for
any family. He made the greedy ravens to be Elias＇ caterers, and
bring him food. King Charles.

CA＇TERESS [from cater] a woman employed to provide victuals.
Imposture! do not charge innocent nature,
As if she would her children should be riotous
With her abundance? She, good cateress,
Means her provision only to the good. Milton.

CA＇TERLAGH, a town of Ireland, in the county of Caterlagh, and
province of Leinster, situated on the river Barrow, about 16 miles
north-east of Kilkenny.

CA＇TERPILLAR [This word Skinner and Minshew are inclined
to derive from chatte peluse, Fr. a weasle: It seems easily deducible
from cates, food, and piller, Fr. to rob the animal that eats up the
fruits of the earth. Johnson. Probably of chair peluse, Fr. i. e. hairy
flesh; or of chatte peluse, Fr. hairy as a cat] an insect that devours
leaves and fruits of trees, flowers, &c.

CA＇TERPILLER [with botanists] a kind of plant, which is esteem­
ed for its seed-vessels, which resembles green worms or caterpillars.
It hath a papilionaceous flower, whose pointal becomes a jointed
pod.

To CA＇TERWAUL. 1. To make a noise, as cats when rutting.
2. To make any disagreeable or odious noise.
What a caterwauling do you keep here? Shakespeare.
Was no dispute between
The caterwauling brethren? Hudibras.

CATES, without a singular [of uncertain etymology. Skinner
imagines it may be corrupted from delicate; which is not likely, be­
cause Junius observes that the Dutch have kater in the same sense with
our cater. Johnson. cates, Goth.] food, dish of meat: It generally is
used to signify delicacies, dainty victuals, niceties.
The fair acceptance, Sir, creates,
The entertainment perfect not the cates. Ben Johnson.
O wastful riot, never well content
With low-priz＇d fare; hunger ambitious
Of cates by land and sea, far fetcht and sent. Raleigh.

CA＇TFISH. A sea-fish in the West-Indies, so called from its round
head, and large glaring eyes. Philips.

CATHÆ＇RESIS [of καθαιρεω, Gr. to bring down] a kind of consump­
tion of the body, which happens without any manifest evacuation.

CA＇THÆRETIC [Gr. of the same etymology] a name, says Bru­
no, given to such medicines as lessen and eat away excresscent flesh;
and which differ only in degree from caustics and escarotics. See CA­
THERETICS.

CATHA＇RIANS, or rather CA＇THAI [καθαροι, Gr. pure] a title
which the Novatians assumed, as observing a stricter church discipline
than the rest of the christian world, and consequently keeping their
churches more pure than others. See NOVATIANS.

St. CA＇THARINE＇S Flower, a plant.

CATHA＇RISTS, the name of a religious sect of heretics; a branch of
the Manichees.

CA＇THARMA [καθαρμα, of καθαιρω, Gr. to cleanse or purge] a sa­
crifice to the gods, to avert pestilence, or any other calamity; and as
the worst of men were judged fittest to be made thus a public exam­
ple of, hence it is used in an ill sense, to signify men of such infa­
mous characters; and as such [in compound] it is applied by St.
Paul to himself, when alluding to that hatred and detestation which
both Jews and Pagans bore him, for his zealous defence of truth.
“We are, says he, as the filth [περικαθαρματα] of the world, and
off-scouring of all things, 1 Cor. iv. 13. For after the way which
some call HERESY, so worship I the God of my fathers”.

CATHA＇RPINGS [in a ship] small ropes running in little blocks or
pullies, from one side of the shrowds to the other, near the deck;
the chief use of them is to set the shrowds taught or stiff, for the
casting and securing the masts when the ship rolls.

CATHA＇RTIC, or CATHA＇RTICAL, having a purging quality.

CATHA＇RTICALNESS [of cathartical] purging quality.

CATHA＇RTICS [καθαρτικα, of καθαιρω, Gr. to purge] 1. Such medi­
cines as work downwards, and purge by stool only. Emetics ranch
and keen cathàrtics scowr. Garth. 2. Figuratively, for what has an ef­
fect on the mind similar, to the effect of purgatives on the body.
Plato has called mathematical demonstrations the cathartics or purga­
tives of the mind. Addison.

CA＇THEAD, 1. A kind of fossil. These nodules with leaves in
them, called catheads, seem to consist of a sort of iron stone, not
unlike that which is found in the rocks near Whitehaven in Cumber­
land, where they call them catscaups. Woodward. 2. A piece of
timber, projecting over the bow, for keeping the anchor clear of the
ship, when it is heaving up by the tackle.

CATHE＇DRAL, subst. [cathedrale, Fr. cattedrale, It. catedràl, Sp. and
Port. of cathedra, Lat.] the episcopal church of any place, or a church
wherein is a bishop＇s see or seat.

CATHEDRAL, adj. [cathedralis, of cathedra, Lat. a seat or chair
of authority, an episcopal see] 1. Episcopal, containing a bishop＇s
see. A cathedral church is that wherein there are two or more per­
sons, with a bishop at the head of them, that do make as it were
one body politic. Ayliffe. 2. Of or pertaining to a cathedral; as,
cathedral service.

CATHEDRA＇TIC [a law word] the sum of two shillings paid by the
inferior clergy to the bishop, in token of subjection.

CATHE＇DRATIC Medicines [of καθαιρεω, Gr. to destroy] such as
consume carnosities arising in wounds, as proud flesh, &c.

CATHEMERI＇NA Febris, Lat. [καθημερινος, of κατα and ημερα, Gr.
a day, with physicians] a quotidian, or ague that comes every day.

CATHERE＇TICS, medicines which take away superfluities. See
CATHÆRETIC.

CA＇THERINE Pear, a well-known species of pear.

CATHE＇RPLUGS, the same as catharpings.

CATHE＇TER [καθητηρ, of καθιημι, Gr. to let or send down] a kind
of probe or fistulous instrument to thrust up into the bladder to provoke
urine, when suppressed by the stone or gravel; or for conveying a­
nother instrument called itinerarium, to find out the stone in the bladder.

CATHE＇TERISM, the operation of injecting or squirting any medi­
cinal liquor into the bladder, by a catheter or syringe.

CATHE＇TI [in trigonometry] are the two legs of a right angled tri­
angle, including the right angle. Lat.

CATHE＇TUS [καθητος, Gr.] a side; also a perpendicular.

CATHETUS [in architecture] is taken for a line, supposed directly
to traverse the middle of a cylindrical body; as of a balluster or
pillar.

CATHETUS [of an Ionic capital] a line falling perpendicularly,
and passing through the center of the voluta.

CATHETUS of Obliquation [in catoptrics] a right line drawn per­
pendicular to the speculum in the point of incidence or reflection.

CATHETUS [in catoptrics] is a line drawn from the point of reflec­
tion, perpendicular to the plane of the glass or polished body.

CATHETUS [in geometry] a line of a triangle that falls perpendi­
cularly; the bottom being called the base, and the other leg the hy­
pothenuse. Lat.

CATHETUS of Incidence, is a right line drawn from a point of the
object perpendicular to the reflecting line.

CATHETUS of Reflection, or CATHETUS of the Eye, is a right line
drawn from the eye, perpendicular to the reflecting line.

CATHIDRU＇SIS [of καθιδρυω, Gr. to place together] the reduction
of a fracture.

CA＇THNESS, the most northerly county of Scotland, having the
Caldonian Ocean on the north, east, and south-east, and the shire of
Sutherland on the south and west.

CAT-HOLES [in a ship] certain holes astern above the gun-room
ports, through which, upon occasion, a ship is heaved a-stern, by
means of a stern-fast, to which a cable or hawser is brought for that
purpose.

CAT-HOOK [in a ship] a hook to raise or hoise up the anchor from
the top to the fore castle.

CAT-PIPE [of cat and pipe] a cat-call, a pipe that makes a squeak­
ing noise. Put some songsters out of their road once, and they are
mere cat-pipes. L＇Estrange.

CAT-ROPE, a rope used in haling up the anchor to the cat-head.

CAT-SILVER, a kind of fossile. It is composed of plates generally
plain and parallel, flexible, and elastic; and is of three sorts; the yel­
low or golden, the white or silvery, and the black. Woodward.

CA＇TSUP, a sort of pickle made from mushrooms.
For our home-bred British cheer,
Botargo, catsup, and cavier. Swift.

CAT-TAIL. 1. The same with CATLING, or CA＇TKIN, which see.
2. A kind of reed which bears a spike like the tail of a cat. Phillips.

CATHO＇LICISM [catholicismus, Lat. of καθολικος, Gr.] 1. Adherence
to the true catholic church. 2. The Roman catholic profession, as dis­
tinguished from that of protestants.

CATHOLIC, adj. [catholique, Fr. cattolico, It. católico, Sp. catholicus,
Lat. καθολικος, of κατα and ολον, Gr. the whole] 1. Universal, general.
The church of Christ is called catholic, because it extends throughout
the world, and is not limited by any place or time. And in ancient
times, when heresies and schisms arose, it signified that part (and as
yet the far greater part) of the christian world, which adhered to
the true primitive faith and worship: But is since (by a most prepos­
terous abuse of the word) appropriated by the church of Rome to
herself and her adherents, as coutradistinguished from the whole bo­
dy of the Greek church, and from all other professors of the christian
cause: Whilst we protestants (by as strange an inconsistency on the
other hand) though rejecting her pretensions, are so wise as to retain
the name. We compliment her votaries with the title, at the same
time that we disown the thing. 2. Some truths are said to be catho­
lic, because they are received by all the faithful. 3. Catholic is of­
ten opposed to heretic, sectary, or schismatic. N. B. As the seven cá­
tholic or canonical epistles; as, that of St. James, two of St. Peter,
three of St. John, and that of St. Jude, are called catholic, because they
are directed to all the faithful, and not to any particular church; and
canonical, because they are receiv＇d into the canon [see CANON] of
the New Testament; and in the 17th line of that page, read “And
tho＇ Melito, it must be confess＇d, does not &c.

CATHOLIC, subst. 1. One of the true universal church. 2. It is
generally used for a person adhering to the tenets of the church of
Rome.








CATHOLIC Furnace [with chemists] a little furnace, so disposed, as
to be fit for all operations, except such as are done by a violent
fire.

The CATHOLIC King, a title the king of Spain assumes.

CATHO＇LICON [καθολικον, Gr.] an universal remedy; as, a purging
electuary proper for dispersing all ill humours; also, as well properly
as figuratively, a plaister for all sores. Preservation against that sin,
is the contemplation of the last judgment. This is indeed a catholicon
against all. Government of the tongue.

CATHY＇PNIA, Lat. [of καθυπνοω, Gr. to sleep sound] a deep or
profound sleep, such as persons are in by taking opiates, or in a le­
thargy.

CA＇TIAS [of καθιημι, Gr.] an instrument to pull a dead child out
of the womb.

CA＇TKINS [kattekens, Du. with botanists] 1. An assemblage of
imperfect flowers, like a rope or cat＇s-tail, that serve as male blos­
soms, by which trees are produced. 2. A kind of substance that
grows on nut-trees, pine-trees, birch-trees, &c. in winter-time, and
falls off when the trees begin to put forth their leaves.

CA＇TLIKE [of cat and like] resembling a cat. Lay couching head
on ground, with catlike watch. Shakespeare.

CA＇TLING [with surgeons] a sort of dismembering knife, used in
the cutting off any corrupted member or part of the body.

CATLINGS [in botany] the down or moss growing about walnut­
trees, resembling the hair of a cat.

CATLINGS [in music] small cat-gut strings, for musical instruments.
The fidler Apollo get his finews to make catlings of. Shakespeare.

CAT Mint [cataria, of catus, Lat. a cat] an herb. The leaves are
like those of the nettle or betony, hoary, and of a strong scent. The
flowers are collected into a thick spike. It grows wild, and is used
in medicine. Miller.

CATOCATHA＇RTICS, or CATORE＇TICS [of κατω, downwards, and
καθαρτικα, Gr.] medicines which purge by stool.

CATO＇NIAN [of Cato the Senator] grave, severe.

CATO＇PSIS [κατοπσις, Gr.] the science of reflex vision; that part
of the science of optics, which shews after what manner objects may
be seen by reflection; and explains the reason of it.

CATO＇PTER [κατοπτρον, Gr.] an optical instrument used in reflex
vision.

CATO＇PTRIC, or CATO＇PTRICAL [κατοπτρικος, Gr.] relating to ca­
toptrics, or to vision, by reflection. A catoptrical or dioptrical heat
vitrifies the hardest substance. Arbuthnot.

CATO＇PTRICAL Cistula, a machine or apparatus, whereby little
bodies are represented large; and near ones extremely wide and dif­
fused through a vast space, and other agreeable phænomena, by means
of mirrors disposed by the laws of catoptrics in the concavity of a kind
of chest.

CATO＇PTRICAL Dial, one which exhibits objects by reflected rays.

CATOPTRICAL Telescope, a telescope that exhibits objects by reflec­
tion.

CATO＇PTRICS, that part of optics that treats of vision by reflection.

CATO＇PTROMANCY [of κατοπτρον, a speculum or looking-glass, and
μαντεια, Gr. divination] divination by looking in a mirrour.

CATO＇PTRON [κατοπτρον, Gr.] a kind of optic glass.

CATORE＇TICS, the same as cathartics.

CATS, or CAT Heads [in a ship] a large piece of timber fastened
aloft over the hawse, in which are two shivers at the end, which is put
through a rope with a block or pully, having a great iron hook, cal­
led a cat-hook; the use of it is to hoise up the anchor from the hawse
to the fore-castle.

CATS-EYE, a stone of a glistering grey, interchanged with a straw­
colour. Woodward.

CATS-FOOT, an herb; the same with ale-hoof or ground-ivy.

CATS-HEAD, a large apple. By some called the go-no-farther. It
is a very large apple, and a good bearer. Mortimer.

CATTA＇RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb cat-mint.

CA＇TTA [of Bantam] thin plates of lead on a string, 200 of which
make a sata, which is in value three farthings English.

CATTEE＇ [of Bantam] 200 7-8ths ounces English.

CATTEE [of China] 16 tail, about 20 ounces, 3-4ths averdu­
pois.

CATTEE [of Japan] about 21 ounces averdupois.

CATTEE [of Siam] 26 tail, or 1 and 1-2 ounce Lisbon.

CATTEE [of Sumatra] 29 ounces avordupois.

To CATTER WAWL [probably of gutter-wawl, i. e. to cry among
gutters] to cry or make a noise as cats do when they are proud. See
CA＇TERWAWL.

CA＇TTLE [a word of common use, but of doubtful or unknown ety­
mology. It is derived by Skinner, Menage, and Spelman, from ca­
pitalia, quæ ad caput pertinent, personal goods; in which sense
chattels is yet used in our law. Mandeville used catele for price.
Johnson.] 1. Beasts, but generally understood of horned beasts, beasts
of pasture, not wild nor domestic. 2. Applied to human creatures in
contempt. Boys and women are for the most part cattle of this colour.
Shakespeare.

CATULI＇TION [catulitio, Lat.] a going a sault, or being proud as
bitches.

CATULO＇TICA [of κατουλοω, Gr. to skin over] medicines which ci­
catrize wounds.

CATZENE＇LLIROGEN, a city of Hesse, situated on the Upper Rhine,
in Germany, about 16 miles north of Mentz. It is the capital of a
country of the same name.

CATZU＇RUS [in old records] a hunting horse.

CAVA VENA, Lat. [in anatomy] i. e. the hollow vein, the largest
vein in the body, descending from the heart. It is so named from its
large cavity, and into it, as into a common channel, all the lesser
veins, except the pulmonaris, empty themselves.

CA＇VALCADE [Fr. cavalcata, of cavallo, It. a horse, cavalgáda, Sp.]
a formal pompous march or procession of horsemen, carriages, &c. by
way of parade or ceremony. A numerous cavalcade. Addison.

To CAVALCADE, to skirmish, as horsemen when they march, and fire
at one another by way of diversion.

CAVALCA＇DOUR [at the court of France] the equerry that is master
of the horse.

CAVALI＇ER, or CAVALEE＇R, subst. [cavalier, Fr. cavaliere, It. ca­
valléro, Sp. of caballas, Lat. a horse] 1. A horseman, or person
mounted on horse-back, a knight. 2. A gay sprightly military man.
Follow
These cull＇d and choice drawn cavaliers. Shakespeare.

CAVALIER [with horsemen] a term used in the manage for one
who understands horses, and is well practised in the art of riding
them.

CAVALIER [in fortification] a terrace or platform that commands all
around the place, being a heap of earth raised in a fortress, to lodge
the cannon for scouring a field, or opposing a commanding-work.

CAVALIER, adj. [from the subst.] 1. Gay, sprightly, warlike.
2. Brave, generous. The people are naturally not valiant, and not
much cavalier. Now it is the nature of cowards to hurt, where they
can receive none. Suckling. 3. Disdainful, haughty.

CAVALIE＇RLY, adv. [of cavalier] with haughtiness, arrogantly.

CAVALIERS [in the civil wars] a name by which the party of king
Charles I. was distinguished from the parliament party, the round­
heads. Each party grows proud of that appellation which their ad­
versaries at first intend as a reproach: of this sort were the Guelfs and
Gibelines, Hugenots and cavaliers. Swift.

CA＇VALRY [cavalerie, Fr. cavalleria, It. and Sp.] soldiers that
serve and fight on horse-back; a body of horse in an army. Their
cavalry in the battle of Blenheim, could not sustain the shock of the
British horse. Addison.

CAVA＇N, the capital of a county of the same name, in Ireland,
situated about 60 miles north-west of Dublin.

To CA＇VATE [cavatum, sup. of cavo, Lat.] to make hollow, to
dig into a hollow.

CAVA＇TENESS, or CA＇VOUSNESS [of cavatus, Lat.] hollowness.

CAVAZI＇ON [from cavo, Lat. to hollow; with architects] the hol­
lowing or underdigging of the earth for cellarage; allowed to be
the sixth part of the height of the whole building. Phillips.

CAU＇CALIS, Lat. [καυκαλις, Gr.] the herb bastard-parsley, or herb­
parsley.

CA＇UCON, Lat. the herb horse-tail.

CA＇UDA LU＇CIDA, Lat. [with astronomers] the lion＇s-tail, a fixed
star of the first magnitude.

CAUDA TERRA [in ancient deeds] a land＇s end; the bottom or out­
most part of a ridge or furrow in ploughed lands.

CAU＇DEBEC, a city of Normandy, in France, situated on the north
side of the river Seine, about 16 miles west of Rouen.

CAUDEBEC [caudebec, Fr.] a sort of light hats, so called from a
town in France, where they were first made. Phillips.

CA＇UDLE [chaudeau, of chaud, Fr. hot] a drink made of milk, with
ale, wine, eggs, sugar, and spice. A hempen caudle. Shakespeare.
He had good broths, and caudle. Wiseman.

To CAUDLE [from the noun] to make caudle, to mix as caudle.
Will the cold brook,
Candied with ice, caudle thy morning taste,
To cure thy o＇er-night＇s surfeit? Shakespeare.

CAVE [cave, Fr. a cellar, cuéva, Sp. of cavea, Lat.] 1. A cavern, a
den, an habitation under the earth, generally running parallel with
the horizon, or dark hollow place under ground. The cave of the
quarry. Wotton. 2. A hollow place in general. The cave of the
eye. Bacon.

To CAVE, verb neut. [from the noun] to haunt caves, to dwell in
a cave. We cave here, haunt here, are outlaws. Shakespeare.

CAVEA, Lat. [in palmistry] a hollow in the palm of the hand, in
which three principal lines, called the cardiac, cephalic, and hepatic,
make a triangle.

CA＇VEAT, Lat. [i. e. let him beware] a caution or warning. A
caveat is an intimation given to some ordinary or ecclesiastical judge
by the act of man, notifying to him, that he ought to beware how he
acts in such or such an affair. Ayliffe.

CAVEAT [with civilians] a bill entered into the ecclesiastical court,
to stop the proceedings of such, who would prove a will to the preju­
dice of another party, &c.

CA＇VEDOC [a measure of Persia] the longest is an inch longer than
the English yard; the shortest is 3-4ths of the longer.

CA＇VERN [caverne, Fr. caverna, It. Sp. and Lat.] a natural cave
or hollow place in a rock or mountain; a den or hole under ground.
A cavern dark. Shakespeare.

CA＇VERNED [from cavern] full of caverns, hollowed; as, the ca­
vern＇d ground. Philips. The cavern＇d rock. Pope. 2. Dwelling in a
cavern. Cavern＇d hermit. Pope.

CAVERNO＇SE [cavernosus, Lat.] full of caverns or holes.

CAVERNO＇SA Corpora, Lat. [with anatomists] two cavernous bo­
dies of an undeterminate length and thickness, whereof the penis is
principally composed.

CAVERNO＇SA CORPORA Clitoris [with anatomists] are two nervous
or spongy bodies, like those of the penis; having their origin from the
lower part of the os pubis, on each side, and uniting together, consti­
tute the body of the clitoris.

CAVERNO＇SUM Corpus Urethræ [in anatomy] a third spongious body
of the penis; so called because the urethra or urinary passage of the
penis is inclosed therewith.

CA＇VERNOUS [cavernosus, Lat.] full of caverns. Countries moun­
tainous, and consequently stony and cavernous underneath. Wood­
ward.

CAVE＇RNOUSNESS [of cavernous] fulness of holes.

CA＇VERS [among miners] thieves who steal oar out of the mines.

CAVE＇SSON [with horsemen] is a sort of nose-band, sometimes of
iron, sometimes of leather or wood, sometimes flat, and sometimes hollow
or twisted, which is clapped upon a horse＇s nose to wring it, to forward
the suppling and breaking of the horse. An iron cavesson saves the
mouths of young horses when they are broke; for by the help of it,
they are accustomed to obey the hand, and to bend the neck and
shoulders, without hurting their mouths or spoiling their bars with the
bit. Farrier＇s Dict.

CA＇VETTO [with architects] a moulding containing the quadrant of
a circle, the effect of which is just contrary to that of a quarter round.

CAUGHT [pret. and part. pass. of to catch] See To CATCH.








CA＇VIARE, CA＇VIARY, CAVEE＇R, or CAVI＇ER [caviare, Fr. ca­
viero, It. the etymology uncertain, unless it come from garum, Lat.
sauce or pickle made of fish salted. Johnson] a sort of eatable made
of the roes of several sorts of fish pickled; but especially of the spawn
of sturgeons, taken in the river Volga in Muscovy, which both in co­
lour and substance looks much like green soap. The eggs of a stur­
geon being salted and made up into a mass, were first brought from
Constantinople by the Italians, and called caviare. Grew. Cavier is
a corruption of caviare. Botargo, catsup and cavier. Swift.

CAUF, a chest with holes on the top to keep fish alive in the water.

To CA＇VIL, verb neut. [caviller, Fr. cavillo, Lat.] 1. To argue cap­
tiously, to play the sophister, to wrangle, to find fault with, by frivo­
lous objections. I＇ll cavil on the ninth part of a hair. Shakespeare.
2. Sometimes with at before the person or thing found fault with; as,
he cavils at him, and at his tenets. South.

To CAVIL, verb act. to receive with objections.
Wilt thou envy the good,
Then cavil the conditions. Milton.

CAVIL, subst. [cavilla, Lat.] a captious argument, a quirk, a shift, a
false and idle objection. How subject the best things have been unto
cavil, when wits, possess＇d with disdain, have set them up as their
mark to shoot at. Hooker.

CAVILLA＇TION [cavillazione, It. cavillacion, Sp. of cavillatio, Lat.]
a wrangling, the disposition to raise captious objections, the practice
of cavilling. Very cavillation itself might be satisfied. Hooker.

CAVILLATION [with school-men] a sophistical and false argument;
a particular manner of disputing, grounded on nothing but quirks and
contentious niceties.

CA＇VILER [of cavil] a man fond of making objections, a captious
disputant. Candour distinguishes a critic from a caviler. Addison.
Room left for a caviller to misrepresent my meaning. Atterbury.

CA＇VILINGLY, adv. [from cavil] in a captious, caviling man­
ner.

CA＇VILOUS [from cavil] fond or full of cavils or objections. Those
persons are said to be cavilous and unfaithful advocates, by whose fraud
and iniquity justice is destroy＇d. Ayliffe.

CAVILLON, a town of Provence, in France, situated on the river
Durance, about 15 miles south of Avignon. It is a bishop＇s see, and
subject to the pope.

CA＇VIN, a hollow way. Fr.

CAVIN [in military art] a natural hollow place proper to favour the
approaches of a fortress, so that men may advance therein to the ene­
my under covert, as it were in a trench.

CA＇VITY [cavité, Fr. cavità, It. concavidàd, Sp. of cavitas, Lat.]
hollowness, hollow place. An instrument with a small cavity, like a
small spoon. Arbuthnot.

CA＇VITIES [with anatomists] great hollow places in the body, con­
taining one or more principal parts.

Greater CAVITIES of the Body [with anatomists] are the head for the
brain, the chest for the lungs, &c. the lower belly for the liver, spleen,
and other bowels.

Lesser CAVITIES of the Body [with anatomists] are the ventricles of
the heart and brain; also the hollow parts of bones. The cavities of
the skull. Addison.

CAUK, a coarse talky spar. Woodward.

CA＇UKY [from cauk] Of the nature of cauk. A white, opake,
cauky spar, shot or pointed. Woodward.

CA＇UKING [with architects] act of dove-tailing a cross.

CAUL [of uncertain etymology. Johnson. probably of caul, C.
Brit.] 1. A membrane in the abdomen, covering the guts, the integu­
ment, called the omentum. The caul serves for warming the lower
belly, like an apron or piece of woollen cloth. Ray. 2. The hinder
part of a woman＇s head-dress, or of a peruke; a kind of net under
which a woman＇s hair is tied. They had despoil＇d her tire and caul.
Spenser.
Her head with ringlets of her hair is crown＇d,
And in a golden caul the curls are bound. Dryden.
3. Any kind of small net. An Indian mantle of feathers, and the
feathers wrought into a caul of packthread. Grew.

CAU＇LDRON [chaudron, Fr. calderone, It. caldaròn, Sp.] a kind of
large kettle, copper or boiling vessel. See CALDRON.

CAU＇LEDON [with surgeons] a term used for the breaking of a bone
a-cross, when the parts of it are separated so, that they will not lie
strait. Lat.

CAULI＇COLI, Lat. [in botany] little stalks.

CAULI＇CULI, or CAULI＇COLES [with architects] are 8 lesser stalks
or branches springing out from the four principal cauls or stalks in the
Corinthian capital.

CAULI＇FEROUS Plants [from caulis, a stalk, and fero, Lat. to bear;
in botany] are such as have a true caulis or stalk, which a great many
have not.

CAU＇LIFLOWER [of caulis, Lat. the stalk of a plant. It is spoken as
if written colliflower] a species of cabbage.

CA＇ULIS, Lat. [with botanists] the stalk of a plant.

To CAULK. See To CALK.

CAULO＇DES [καυλωδης, Gr.] a kind of broad-leaved colewort.

CA＇VOUS [cavus, Lat.] hollow.

CAU＇PES, or CA＇PES [in the Scotch law] any gift that a man gives
in his own life-time to his patrons; especially to the head of a clan or
tribe for his maintenance and protection.

To CAU＇PONATE [cauponatus, of caupo, Lat.] to sell wine or vic­
tuals, to keep a victualing-house.

CAU＇SABLE, that may be caused or effected by a cause. Brown uses
it.

CAU＇SAL [causalis, Lat.] pertaining to a cause, implying or con­
taining causes. The whole method of causal concatenations. Glan­
ville.

CAUSAL Propositions [with logicians] are propositions containing
two propositions joined together by a conjunction causal (because that,
or to the end that) as, blessed are the peace-makers, because they shall
see God.

CAUSA＇LITY [causalitas, school Lat. in metaphysics] is the action
or power of a cause in producing its effects. The soul of your God is
the soul of your causalities, and the essential cause of their existences.
Brown. The interposal of more immediate causalities. Glan­
ville.

CAU＇SALLY, adv. [from causal] according to the series or order of
causes; in the manner of a cause. It may be more causally made out.
Brown.

CAU＇SALTY [with tin-miners] the earth, or stony matter, which is
separated from the tin ore in the stamping mill, &c. by washing before
it is dried and goes out to the crazing mill.

CAU＇SAM Nobis Significes, Lat. [in law] a writ that lies to the
mayor of a town or city, who being formerly commanded by the king＇s
writ to give the king＇s grantee possession of any lands or tenements,
forbears to do it, requiring him to shew cause, why he so delays the
performance of the command.

CAU＇SA Matrimonii Prælocuti, Lat. [in law] a writ lying where a
woman gives lands to a man in fee-simple, to the intent he should
marry her, and he refuses so to do in a reasonable time, the woman
requiring him so to do.

CAUSA＇TION [causo, low Lat. from causa, a cause] the act or power
of causing. Besides the allowable actions of meteors, ascribing effects
thereunto of independent causation. Brown.

CAUSA＇TIVE [causativus, Lat.] a term in grammar that expresses a
cause or reason.

CAUSA＇TOR [from causo, low Lat.] he that causes or produces an
effect. The invisible condition of the first causator. Brown.

CAUSE [cawza, Port. It. and Sp. of causa, Lat.] cause is that
which produces an effect, or that by which a thing is; an effi­
cient.

CAUSE [in law] a trial or an action brought before a judge to be
examined and disputed, subject of litigation.
It is a bad CAUSE which none dare speak in.

Efficient CAUSE. An efficient cause, in strictness of speech, is the
only true and proper cause, as it implies the effect being produced by
the will and power of the agent. Among men (says Dr. Clarke) a
son does not, properly speaking, derive his being from his father;
father, in this sense, signifying merely an instrumental, not an efficient
cause: But God, when he is stiled Father, must necessarily be under­
stood to be [αιτια] a true and proper cause, really and efficiently giving
life. Clark＇s Scripture Doctrine, p. 267.

An Equivocal CAUSE, is that which is of a different kind and deno­
mination from its effect.

An Instrumental CAUSE, the instrument with or thro＇ which the ef­
fect is produced.

A Free CAUSE, that which has it in its own free will and option,
whether to produce the effect, or not.

A Natural CAUSE, is that whose effect grows out of the constitution
of nature.

Necessary CAUSE, is that which is concerned in producing an effect;
not by any will, or principle of motion within itself; but only by a
necessity of nature; as, the SUN emitting rays, or a fountain its stream:
And in this sense the whole orthodox council of Sirmium condemned
those who affirmed the second person in the Trinity was produced
without the will of the first. The light (says Eusebius) does not
shine forth by the will of the luminous body, but by a necessary pro­
perty of its nature: but the Son, by the intention and will of the Fa­
ther, received his subsistence. For by his will did God become the Fa­
ther of the Son, and caused to subsist a second light, in all things like
unto himself. Demonstr. Evangel. Lib. IV. c. 3. His production
(as St. Hilary, when commenting upon the council, says) being ex
voluntate atque consilio, i. e. from the Father＇s will and counsel: Non
ex corporalis passione naturæ, i. e. not (as in corporeal productions)
from mere passive nature. See BEGOTTEN, and read the last clause in
that citation from the council, thus; “He at once will＇d and begot
him without time, and in an impassive manner from Himself.

Accidental CAUSE, that produced by accident; as, the sun that kills
a man by its heat.

The Final CAUSE [among logicians] is the end for which a thing
is, or the motive which induced a man to act. This again is distin­
guished into principal ends and accessory ends. The principal ends
are those that are principally regarded, and the accessory ends are con­
sidered only as over and above.

CAUSE [in metaphysics] is an active principle influencing the thing
caused.

Internal CAUSE, is that which partakes of the essence of the thing
caused, viz. matter and form.

External CAUSE, is that which has an outward influence, viz. ef­
ficient and final.

The Material CAUSE [among logicians] is that out of which things
are formed; as, silver is the matter of a silver cup.

The Formal CAUSE [with logicians] is that which makes a thing
what it is, and distinguishes it from others; as, a stool, a table, &c.

First CAUSE, that which gave being to all things without exception.
And this (in conjunction with self-existence, supremacy, &c.) is the
characteristic by which the ancients represent GOD the FATHER.
He is the [η πρωτη αιτια] the first cause; so stiled, not only in con­
tradistinction to the Son, in the works of creation and providence,
whom they stiled [δευτερα αιτια] the second cause: But as the Father
is the cause and author of the Son HIMSELF: Thus Justin Martyr,
who constantly resolves the production of the Son into the Father＇s
will; when commenting on those words, “And the Lord rained fire
from the Lord out of heaven,” says, “and the LORD who was then in
heaven, is the LORD of that LORD who was then on earth, as being
[his] Father and GOD, and AUTHOR [or efficient cause] of his
being both mighty, and Lord, and God.” Justin. Dialog. cum Tryphon.
Ed. Rob. Stephan. p. 121. and even the post-Nicene writers confest
as much. St. Hilary, when speaking of the Son＇s original production
before all worlds, says, “Etidcirco est Deus ejus, quia ex Deo in Deum na­
tus est. i. e. the Father for this reason is his God; BECAUSE He was be­
gotten of Him to be a God. Hil. de Trinit. Ed. Erasm. p. 61, 234, 235.
Nay more; on this very plan the consubstantialist (when maintaining
three coequals) endeavoured to extricate themselves from the charge of
tritheism, not by making (says Athanasius) one Spirit out of three [ουκ
εν πνευμα εκ τριων συντιθεις] not by saying with Sabellius, that the Father







and the Son have one and the same individual essence (for that were
to overthrow, says St. Athanasius, the very existence of the Son) but
by saying “there is one God; because there is but one FATHER, one
μονας and αρχη, one sole principle and underived ORIGINAL of all
things, viz. God the Father. Athanas. contra Sabell. Ed. Paris. p.
661, 662, compared with p. 655, 656, and Cudworth＇s Intellect. Syst.
p.611. Both the Son and Spirit, as St. Gregory expressed it, Orat. 29,
εις εν αιτιον αναϕερομενων, i. e. being referred up to him, as to the one
cause. Or, as St. Clemens Alexandrinus, long before them, “η πρω­
τη και πρεσβυτατη αιτια, ητις τοις αλλοις απασιν αιτια και του γενεσθαι,
καιγενομενους ειναι, i. e. the first and most ancient cause, and which to all
other things, is the cause, both of their coming into being, and, when
in being, of their continuing to exist. See ATHANASIANS, BEGOTTEN,
and CIRCUM-INCESSION.

To CAUSE [causer, Fr. causare, It. causar, Sp. of causa, Lat.] to
be the cause of, to effect, to produce as an agent.
What unforeseen misfortune caus＇d her care
To loath her life. Dryden.

CAU＇SELESSLY, adv. without cause or reason. Taylor.

CAU＇SELESS, adj. 1. Being without cause, original to itself, not pro­
duced by a cause. His causeless power the cause of all things known.
Blackmore. 2. Having no just ground or motive.
My fears are causeless and ungrounded,
Fantastic dreams and melancholy sumes. Denham.

CAU＇SER [from cause] he that causes, the agent by which effects
are produced.
The causer of these timeless deaths,
As blameful as the executioner. Shakespeare.

CAU＇SEY, or CAU＇SWAY [probably of caussie, O. Fr. chaussée, Fr.
kassye, Du. kassyen, to pave, to strew with chalk or flint. This word,
by a false notion of its etymology, has been lately written causeway.
Johnson] 1. A way raised and paved, a way raised above the rest of the
ground near it.
The other way satan went down
The causeway to hell gate. Milton.
2. A bank raised in marshy ground for foot passage.

CAUSI＇DICS [causidici, Lat.] lawyers or pleaders of causes.

CAUSO＇DES [καυσωδης, καυσοω, of καιω, Gr. to burn] a continual
burning fever. Lat.

CAU＇SON, or CAU＇SUS [καυσος, of καιω, Gr. to burn] a burning
fever, one attended with greater heat than other continued fevers, an
intolerable thirst, and other symptoms, which indicate an extraordi­
nary accension of the blood. Lat.

CAU＇STIC, adj. [caustique, Fr. caustico, It. and Sp. causticus, Lat.
καυστικος, of καιω, Gr. to burn] burning or corroding; the same with
caustical; as, caustic stone.

CAUSTIC Stone [with surgeons] a composition of several ingre­
dients for burning or eating holes in the part to which it is applied.

CAUSTIC Curve [in the higher geometry] a curve formed by the
concourse or co-incidence of the rays of light reflected or refracted
from some other curve.

CAU＇STIC, subst. [in surgery] a thing which burns the skin and flesh
to an escar. Corrosives and caustics are but artificial fires. Temple.

CAU＇STICAL [καυστικος, of καιω, Gr. to burn] a term applied to me­
dicaments, which, by their violent activity and heat, destroy the texture
of the part to which they are applied, and eat it away, or burn it into
an escar.

CAU＇STICNESS [of caustic] having a caustic quality.

CAU＇TEL [cautela, Lat.] caution, scruple. A word now in difuse.
Now no soil of cautel doth besmerch
The virtue of his will. Shakespeare.

CAU＇TELOUS [cauteloso, It. and Sp. cauteleux, Fr. cautus, Lat.] 1.
Wary, cautious, heedful. Palladio doth wish, like a cautelous artisan,
that the inward walls bear some good share in the burthen. Wotton.
2. Cunning, treacherous. Of themselves they are so cautelous and
wily-headed. Spenser.

CAU＇TELOUSLY [of cautelous] warily, cautiously, slily, trea­
cherously.

CAUTERIZA＇TION [of cauterize] an artificial burning made by a
cautery. Wiseman uses it.

To CAU＇TERIZE [cauteriser, Fr. cauterizzare, It. cauterizar, Sp.
cauterio, Lat. καυτηριαζειν, Gr.] to apply a cautery, to burn with a
caustic. Cantharides have a corrosive and cauterizing quality. Ba­
con.

CAU＇TERY [cautere, Fr. cauterio, It. and Sp. καυτηριον, of καιω, Gr.
to burn] a burning application; cautery is either actual or po­
tential.

Actual CAUTERY [so called, because it hath an actual power of burn­
ing any thing, and has an immediate operation] fire, or an instru­
ment made of gold, silver, copper, or iron heated in the fire; the ac­
tual cautery is generally used to stop mortification, by burning the dead
parts to the quick, or to stop the effusion of blood by searing up the
vessels.

Potential CAUTERY [so called, because it has a certain power of
burning, &c. and produces the same effect, but in a longer time] a
caustic-stone, or composition made of quicklime, soap, calcined tar­
tar, &c.

Silver CAUTERY [so called, because made of silver, dissolved in
three times its weight of spirit of nitre, and prepared according to
art] this is accounted the best sort of cautery, and will continue for
ever, if it be not exposed to the air, and is otherwise called the infernal
stone,

CAU＇TING Iron [with farriers] an iron to burn or sear the parts of
a horse which require burning.

CAU＇TION [Fr. of cautio, Lat.] 1. Heed, wariness, heedfulness, pru­
dence with respect to danger. 2. Security, assurance for. Such con­
ditions, and cautions of the conditions, as might assure the people.
Sidney. To give caution by the means of sureties. Ayliffe. 3. Pro­
vision or security against, direction. In despite of rules or cautions of
government, vices will come off. L＇Estrange. 4. Provisionary pre­
cept. Attention to the symptoms affords the best cautions and rules of
diet by way of prevention. Arbuthnot. 5. Warning or notice before­
hand.

To CAU＇TION [cautioner, Fr.] to give notice of, to advise or warn
of any danger. You caution＇d me against their charms. Swift.

CAU＇TIONARY [of caution] given as pledge or pawn; as, cautionary
towns. Swift.

CAUTIO＇NE Admittenda [Lat. in law] a writ lying against a bishop,
holding an excommunicate person in prison for contempt, notwith­
standing that he offers sufficient caution or pledges to obey the commands
of the church for the future.

CAU＇TIOUS [cautus, Lat.] provident, heedful, wary, well advised:
with of. Be cautious of him, for he is sometimes an inconstant lover.
Swift.

CAU＇TIOUSLY [of caution] heedfully, advisedly. Their oaths and
vows are cautiously believ＇d. Dryden.

CAU＇TIOUSNESS [of cautious] wariness, circumspection, prudence
with respect to danger. We should act with great cautiousness and cir­
cumspection in points where it is not impossible that we may be de­
ceived. Addison.

To CAW [borrowed from the sound] to cry, as the chough, rook,
raven, or crow. The rooks and crows upon the tops, seem to be
cawing in another region. Addison.

CAW＇KING Time [with falconers] the treading time of hawks.

CAWK Stone, a kind of mineral, a-kin to the white, milky mineral
juices of lead mines.

CAXAMA＇LCA, the name of a town and district of Peru, in South
America, where there was a most magnificent palace belonging to the
Yncas, and a celebrated temple dedicated to the sun. It was at this
town that Pizarro put to death Othualpha, their last king.

CAYA [of cæg, Sax. kaey, Du. key, Ger.] a key or water-lock,
Old Law.

CAYA＇GIUM, a toll or duty paid for landing goods at some key or
wharf.

CAY＇MAN, a kind of crocodile or allegator. This is its American
name.

CA＇ZEROM, or CAZERÛN, Arab. a city of Persia, the capital of the
province of Kurch Schabour. Lat. 29° 15′ N. Long. 70° E.

CA＇ZIMI [with astrologers] the centre of the sun. A planet is said
to be in cazimi, when it is not above 70 degrees distant from the body
of the sun.

To CEASE, verb neut. [cesser, Fr. cessar, Sp. and Port. cesso, Lat.] 1.
To leave off or give over, to be at an end, to stop, to desist. The lives
of all who cease from combat spare Addison. 2. To fail, to be extinct.
The poor man shall never cease out of the land. Deuteronomy. The
soul being removed, sense and intellection cease. Hale. How the
wonder ceases. Dryden. 3. To rest. The ministers of Christ have
ceas＇d from their labours. Sprat.

To CEASE, verb act. to put an end or stop to.
Importune him for monies, be not ceas＇d
With slight denial. Shakespeare.
Cease then this impious rage. Milton.

CEASE, subst. [from the verb] extinction, failure.
The cease of majesty
Dies not alone. Shakespeare.

CEA＇SELESS [of cease] without ceasing, incessantly, having no
pause nor stop; as, ceaseless praise. Milton.

CE＇CA [at Corduba in Spain] a religious house, from whence the
Spaniards have framed this proverb, to go from Ceca to Mecca, i. e. to
turn Turk or Mahometan.

CE＇DAR [cedre, Fr. cedro, It. and Sp. ceder, Ger. of cedrus, Lat. of
κεδρος, Gr.] a large tree, ever-green, delighting in cold and moun­
tainous places; the leaves are much narrower than those of the pine­
tree, it hath male flowers or katkins; the seeds are produced in large
cones, squamose and turbinated; the extension of the branches is very
regular, the ends of the shoots declining, and thereby shewing their
upper surface: the wood is of a very bitter taste, and by reason of its
bitterness is distasteful to worms, and is by that means almost incor­
ruptible. The saw-dust of cedar is thought to be one of the secrets
used by the mountebanks who pretend to have the embalming my­
stery. This wood is also said to yield an oil, which is famous for pre­
serving books and writings, and the wood is thought by my lord Ba­
con to continue above a thousand years sound. This sort of timber is
very dry and subject to split. Miller.

CE＇DMATA [Lat. κεδματα, Gr.] humours that fall into the joints,
especially about the hips.

CE＇DRATED [cedratus, Lat.] anointed with juice or oil of cedar­
trees.

CEDRELA＇TE [Lat. κεδρελατη, Gr.] the large sort of cedar, which
grows as big as a fir tree, and yields rosin or pitch as that does.

CE＇DRIA [Lat. κεδρια, Gr.] the rosin or pitch that runs out of the
great cedar.

CEDRI＇NE [cedrinus, of cedrus, Lat. a cedar] of or belonging to the
cedar-tree.

CE＇DRIUM, the oil or liquor that issues out of the cedar-tree, with
which the ancients used to anoint books and other things to preserve
them from moths, worms, and rottenness; the Egyptians used it for
embalming dead bodies.

CE＇DROSTIS [Lat. κεδροστις, Gr.] the white vine which grows in
hedges, briony.

CE＇DRUS, the cedar-tree. See CEDAR.

CE＇DUOUS [cæduus, of cædo, Lat. to lop or cut trees] as, ceduo
trees, are such as are used to be cut or lopped.

CE＇GINA [in astronomy] a fixed star in the left shoulder of bootes.

To CEIL [cælo, Lat.] to cover with a cieling, to overlay with
something the inner roof of a room; as, a house ceil＇d with cedar.

CEI＇LINO [prob. of cælum, Lat. heaven] the upper part or roof of
a lower room; or a lay or covering of plaister over laths, nailed on
the bottom of the joists that bear the floor of an upper room, &c.
Now the thicken＇d sky
Like a dark ceiling stood. Milton.

CE＇LANDINE [chelidonia, It. chelidonia, Sp. and Lat. χελιδονια, of
χελισδονες, Gr. swallows] the herb otherwise called swallow-wort, on
account of a tradition, that swallows make use of it as a medicine
for the eye-sight. Of this plant there are two species: 1. The greater
celandine, whose flower has four leaves that are expanded in form of a







rose. It grows wild, and is used in medicine. 2. The lesser celandine,
or pilewort. It hath a gramose or granulose root, the leaves are
roundish, the flower stalks trail on the ground. Miller.

CELARE＇NT [with logicians] a fyllogism, whose second proposi­
tion is an universal affirmative, and the rest universal negatives.

CE＇LASTROS [of κηλαστρος, Gr.] the staff-tree, a plant.

CE＇LATURE [cælatura, Lat.] the art of engraving, or cutting in
metals.

CELE＇ [κηλη, Gr.] anciently (says H. Stephan.) a swelling or tu­
mour in any part of the body; but, in process of time, confined to
the SCROTUM. It answers, says Bruno, to the hernia, or rupture;
and hernias (I may add) are not only in the scrotum, but in the umbi­
licus, the thigh, and the groin.

CELE＇BRABLE [celebrabilis, Lat.] that may be, or that is worthy to
be performed with much solemnity.

CELE＇BES, or Macasser, an island of the Indian ocean, situated be­
tween 116° and 124° of east longitude, and between 2° north and 6°
south latitude.

To CE＇LEBRATE [célébrer, Fr. celebrare, It. celebràr, Sp. celebra­
tum, supposed of celebro, Lat.] 1. To honour a person with praises, in­
scriptions, monuments or trophies, to make famous. Pieces of poetry
that adored or celebrated the Supreme Being. Addison. 2. To keep
a solemn ordinance or festival, to distinguish by solemn rites. In a
large room the feast is celebrated. Bacon. 3. To mention solemnly,
and in a set form either of joy or sorrow.
This pause of pow＇r ＇tis Ireland＇s hour to mourn,
While England celebrates your safe return. Dryden.

CE＇LEBRATED [celebrato, It. celebrádo, Sp. of celebratus, Lat.]
1. Highly honoured; renownedly famous. 2. Solemnized.

CE＇LEBRATEDNESS, CELEBRA＇TENESS, or CELE＇BRIOUSNESS [of
celebrated] famousness, renownedness.

CELEBRA＇TION [Fr. celebrazione, It. celebracíon, Sp. of celebratio,
Lat.] 1. The act of celebrating, or doing a thing with solemnity and
ceremony; solemn remembrance; as, celebration of a birth-day or
of marriage. 2. Praise, renown, memorial. His memory deserves
a particular celebration. Clarendon.

CELE＇BRIOUS [celebris, Lat.] celebre, Fr. and It.] famous, &c.
The Jews, Jerusalem, and the temple, were always celebrious. Grew.

CELE＇BRIOUSLY [of celebrious] famously.

CELEBRI＇OUSNESS, renown, fame.

CELE＇BRITY [celebrité, Fr. celebrità, It. of celebritas, Lat.] fa­
mousness, public repute; fame, magnificence, pomp. The manner
of her receiving, and the celebrity of the marriage, were performed
with great magnificence. Bacon.

CELE＇RIAC, also called turnip rooted celery, a species of parsley.

CELE＇RITY [célérité, Fr. celerità, It. celeridàd, Sp. of celeritas, Lat.]
swiftness, expedition, speed.
With imagin＇d wings our swift scene flies,
In motion with no less celerity
Than that of thought. Shakespeare.

CELERITY [in mechanics] is an effection of motion, by which any
movable runs through a given space in a given time.

CELERITY is emblematically represented by a damsel of a brisk,
sprightly, countenance, holding in her right hand thunderbolts, a dol­
phin in the sea on one side of her, and on the other a hawk in the air;
all emblems of swiftness.

CELE＇RRIMI Descensus Linea [with mathematicians] is the curve of
the swiftest descent of any natural body; or that curved or crooked
line, in which an heavy body, descending by its own gravity or weight,
would move from one given point to another, in the shortest space or
time.

CE＇LERY [celeri, Fr. selleri, It.] an herb much used in winter sallads;
a species of parsley.

CELE＇STIAL, adj. [celeste, Fr. celestiale, It. celestial, Sp. of cœle­
stis, Lat.] 1. Heavenly, divine, relating to the superior regions; as,
the twelve celestial signs. 2. Heavenly, as relating to the state of the
blessed.
I sit meditating
On the celestial harmony I go to. Shakespeare.
3. Heavenly, with regard to excellence.
His bloomy face
Glowing celestial sweet, with godlike grace. Pope.

CELESTIAL, subst. [from the adjective] an inhabitant of heaven.
And to the dome th＇unknown celestial leads. Pope.

CELE＇STIALLY [from celestial] divinely, excellently, in a heavenly
manner.

CELE＇STIALNESS [of celestial] heavenliness.

To CELE＇STIFY, to give a heavenly nature to something. Heaven
but earth terrestrified, and earth but heaven celestified. Brown.

CELE＇STINES, an order of monks founded by one Peter, a Samnite,
who was afterwards pope by the name of Celestin V.

CE＇LIAC [κοιλιακος, from κοιλια, the belly] relating to the lower
belly; as, the celiac and mesenteric arteries.

CELIAC Passion, a kind of flux of the belly, wherein the food does
not indeed pass perfectly crude, but half digested.

CE＇LIBACY, or CE＇LIBATE [celibat, Fr. celibato, It. and Sp. cæli­
batus, Lat.] the state or condition of unmarried persons, a single life.
They look on celibacy as an accursed state, and are married before
twenty. Spectator. Where polygamy is forbidden, the males oblige
themselves to celibate. Graunt.

CELIBA＇TENESS, or CELIBA＇TESHIP [of cælibatus, Lat. celibat, Fr.]
batchelorship.

CELI＇COLI [i. e. heaven-worshippers] certain vagabonds, condemn­
ed in the rescripts of the emperor Honorius, among heathens and here­
tics, A. D. 408. This was that Honorius, who, at the request of the
African bishops, made it death by law to dissent from the established
church. And the judicious Gothofred has given us, in his notes on Phi­
lostorgius, p. 364, the best account of this appellation, which was
applied, by way of contempt and scoff, to such christians as chose, rather
than conform to the court-religion, to hold their assemblies in the most
obscure and secret places. Hence they were called [τρωγλοδυται] trog­
lodites, i. e. cave-haunters, and ouranoboscæ, Gr. q. d. those who feed
on celestial pastures; from whence the Latins borrowed their cœlicoli;
i. e. not meaning heaven-worshippers, but inhabitants of heaven.
And such in truth they were; though in a very different sense from
what these proud scoffers intended. I shall only add, that this wa
the age (as Sir Isaac Newton has shewn in his observations on the
Apocalypse) when the Woman, which in that prophetic vision perso­
nates the christian church, was flying into the wilderness, and accord­
ingly her true genuine seed were in much the same state with that men­
tioned Heb. xi. 36. 37. They had trial of cruel mockings. They wan­
dered in deserts and in mountains, and in dens and CAVES of the earth.
See BASILICS and BRANDEUM, with the PASSAGES there referred to,
in Mede and Newton.

CELL [cellule, Fr. cellâ, It. célda, Sp. of cella, Lat.] 1. The
apartment or chamber of a monk or nun in a monastery or cloister.
2. A small cavity, a hollow. The brain contains ten thousand cells.
Prior. 3. A small and close apartment in a prison; as, the cells in
Newgate. 4. Any small place of residence.
Mine eyes he clos＇d, but open left the cell
Of fancy. Milton.

CELL [in geography] a town of Triers, in the circle of the Lower
Rhine, situated on the eastern shore of the Moselle, 26 miles north-
east of tries; subject to the elector of Triers.

CE＇LLA [some derive it of בלא, Heb. a prison, or where any
thing is shut up] a cell, a privy chamber, a partition in a monastery,
where a monk lies, &c. Lat.

CE＇LLAR [cellier, Fr. celle, It. kelder, Du. and Dan. keller, Ger.
kellerio, Teut. Store-houses, cellarium, Lat.] a place in the lowest part
of a building, under ground; generally a repository for stores.

C＇ELLARAGE [from cellar] 1. Cellar-room. 2. That part of a
building which makes the cellars. You hear this fellow in the cellar­
age. Shakespeare. A good ascent makes a house wholsome, and gives
opportunity for cellarage. Mortimer. 3. The rent to be paid for the
use of a cellar

CE＇LLARIST [celeriar, Fr. cellarius, Lat.] one who keeps a cellar or
buttery; the butler in a religious house or monastery.

CELLS [with anatomists] are little bags or bladders where fluids or
matter of different sorts are lodged, common both in animals and ve­
gitables.

CELLS [with botanists] are the partitions or hollow places in the
husks or pods of plants, in which the seed is contained.

CELLS [cella, Lat.] the little divisions or apartments in honey­
combs, where the young bees and honey are distributed.

CE＇LLULA, a little cell or buttery. Lat.

CE＇LLULÆ Adiposæ [in anatomy] the loculi or little cells wherein
the fat of bodies that are in good habit is contained.

CELLULÆ Intestini Coli [with anatomists] the cavities or hollow
spaces in the gut colon, where the excrements lodge for some time,
that they may cherish the neighbouring parts with their heat, and di­
gest any crudities.

CELLU＇LAR, adj. [cellula, Lat.] consisting of little cells or small ca­
vities. The muscles and cellular membranes. Sharp.

CELOTO＇MIA [of κηλη, a rupture, and τομη, Gr. a cutting] the
operation of the hernia.

CE＇LSA [a barbarous term of Paracelsus] a small collection of va­
grant spirits that endeavour to make their exit by their continual mo­
tion at any part of the body.

CE＇LSITUDE [celsitudine, It. celsitudo, Lat.] height, highness, tall­
ness.

CE＇MENT [of cimént, Fr. cimiéno, Sp. cæmentum, Lat.] 1. A strong
cleaving sort of mortar or solder, with which two bodies are made to
cohere. There is a cement becometh hard as marble. Bacon. 2. Bond
of union. In friendship the band or cement that holds together all the
parts of this great fabric is gratitude. South.

CEMENT [commonly pronounced simmon] a compound of pitch,
brick-dust, plaister of Paris, &c. used by chasers, repairers, and other
artificers, to be laid under their work to make it lie firm to receive
impressions made by punches.

CEMENT [with chemists] any lute or loam, by which vessels used in
distillation are joined or cemented together.

CE＇MENT Royal, a particular manner of purifying gold, by laying
over it beds of hard paste, made of a composition of one part of sal ar­
moniac, and two of common salt, and four of potters earth or brick­
dust, the whole being moistened well with urine.

CEMENT [in chymical writers] is expressed by this character, Z.

To CEMENT, verb act. [from the noun; cimenter, Fr. cimentàr,
Sp. cemento, Lat.] 1. To unite by something interposed. Liquid bodies
have nothing to cement them. Burnet＇s Theory. 2. To unite one in a
bond of friendship. Edgar cemented all the long contending powers.
John Philips. 3. To join, to fasten together, to fill with cement or
fimmon.

To CEMENT, verb neut. to become conjoined; to cohere. The
parts of a wound, if held in close contact, reunite by inosculation and
cement, like one branch of a tree ingrafted on another. Sharp.

CEMENTA＇TION, [from cement] the act of cementing or close join­
ing with cement.

CEMENTATION [with chemists] the purifying of gold made up
into thin plates with layers of royal cement.

CE＇METERY [cemeterium, Lat. κοιμητηριον, of κοιμαω, to sleep] a
place where the dead are reposited. The souls of the dead appear in
cemeteries about the places where their bodies are buried. Addison.

CEN and CIN, Sax. denote kinsfolk; so cinulph, is a help to his
kindred; cenehelm, a protector of his kinsfolks; cinburg, the defence
of his kindred; cenric, powerful in kindred. Gibson＇s Camden.

CE＇NADA, a town of the Venetian territories in Italy, situated about
32 miles north of Padua.

CE＇NATORY adj. [from ceno, Lat. to sup] relating to supper.
The Romans wash＇d, were anointed, and wore a cenatory garment.
Brown.

CE＇NCHRIAS [of κελχρος, Gr. millet] a spreading inflammation,
called shingles or wild-fire; called cenchrias from its figure, re­
sembling the seed of millet or hirse, and is the same with herpes
miliaris.

CE＇NCHRIS [cencro, It.] a green snake.

CENCHRI＇TIS [κελχριας, Gr.] a precious stone, all speckled as it
were with millet seeds.

CE＇NCHROS [κεγχρος, Gr.] millet or hirse, a small grain.

CENCRIUS [κεγκρος, Gr.] a species of herpes. See CENCHRIAS.








CE＇NDULÆ [in old Latin records] shendles or shingles, small pieces
of wood to cover the roof of an house, instead of tiles.

CENEANGI＇A [κενεαγγια, of κενοω, to empty, and αγγος, Gr. a ves­
sel] an evacuation of vessels by opening a vein, a letting blood.
With Hippocrates it signifies emptying the vessels by any cause, whe­
ther manifest or occult; and in particular by abstinence.

CENE＇LLÆ [old law] acorns.

CE＇NOBITE. See COINOBITE.

CENOBI＇TICAL [Lat. of κοινος, common, and βιος, Gr. life] living
in community. Such were the associated monks, as contradistinguished
from anchorite. See ANCHORITE.

CE＇NOSIS [κενωσις, Gr.] an emptying or voiding.

CENOSIS [in medicine] a discharging of humours out of the whole,
or some part of the body.

CE＇NOTAPH, or CENOTA＇PHIUM [κενοταϕιον, of κενος, empty, and
ταϕος, Gr. sepulchre] an empty tomb, set up in honour of the dead;
especially when the body lies in another country or place. The
Athenians, when they lost any man at sea, raised a cenotaph or empty
monument. Pope. Such was the tomb which Æneas made for his
friend Deiphobus.
Tunc egomet tumulum Rhæteô in littore inanem
Constitui, & magnâ Manes ter voce vocavi.
Æneid. lib. vi. line 505.

CENSA＇RIA [old records] a farm or house let ad censum, i. e. at a
standing rent.

CENSA＇RII [in doomsday book] such persons as may be assessed or
taxed.

CENSE [census, Lat.] public rates. Floods of treasure have flow­
ed into Europe, so that the cense or rates of Christendom are raised.
Bacon.

To CENSE [q. d. to incense, encenser, Fr. incensare, It. incendo, Lat.
to burn] to perfume with incense.
The Salii sing, and cense his altars round
With Saban smoke. Dryden.

CE＇NSER [q. d. incenser, encensoir, Fr. incensiore, It. encensario, Sp.]
a perfuming-pan, a vessel to burn incense in.
Of incense clouds,
Fuming from golden censers hid the mount. Milton.

CE＇NSOR [Lat. censeur, Fr. censore, It. censòr, Sp. and Lat.] 1. A
magistrate among the Romans, who valued and taxed men＇s estates,
and made every fifth year a general review of the Roman people, in
order to ascertain a just resource both of men and finances. Abbé Ver­
tot Histoire des Revolutions de la Repub. Romaine, liv. vi. p. 127. 2.
One who is given to censure. Ill natur＇d censors of the present age.
Roscommon.

CENSO＇RIAN [of censor] belonging or relating to the censor. The
Star-chamber had the censorian power for offences under the degree of
capital. Bacon.

CENSO＇RIOUS [censorius, Lat.] 1. Apt to censure, or find fault with,
severe, addicted to invective. Too many believe no zeal to be spiri­
tual, but what is censorious and vindictive. Sprat. 2. Sometimes with
of; as, a man censorious of his neighbour. 3. Sometimes on or upon.
Rigorously and universally censorious upon all his brethren. Swift.

CENSO＇RIOUSLY [from censorious] in a severe reflecting manner.

CENSO＇RIOUSNESS [of censorious] aptness to censure, habit of re­
proaching. Censoriousness and sinister interpretation of things render
the conversation of men grievous. Tillotson.

CE＇NSORSHIP. 1. The office of a censor. 2. The time in which
the office of censor is borne. It was brought to Rome in the censor­
ship of Claudius. Brown.

CE＇NSURABLE [from censure] liable to be censured, worthy of
censure, culpable. Taunted for something censurable. Locke.

CE＇NSURABLENESS [from censurable] liableness to be censured,
blamableness.

CE＇NSURAL, pertaining to assessments or valuation.

CENSURAL Book, a register of taxations.

CE＇NSURE [Fr. censura, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. Reproof, reprimand,
blame, reproach.
Enough for half the greatest of these days
To ＇scape my censure, not expect my praise. Pope.
2. Judgment, opinion.
Will you go
To give your censures in this weighty business? Shakespeare.
3. Judicial sentence.
To you, lord governor,
Remains the censure of this hellish villain. Shakespeare.
4. A spiritual punishment inflicted by some ecclesiastical judge; as,
the censures of the church. Ayliffe.

CENSURE [in some manors in Cornwal and Devonshire] a custom
whereby all the resiants above the age of 16, are required to swear
fealty to the lord, to pay two-pence per poll, and one-penny per
annum.

To CENSURE [censurer, Fr. censurare, It.] 1. To find fault with,
to blame, to brand publickly. The like censurings and despisings
have embittered the spirits of learned men one against another. San­
derson 2. To condemn by a judicial sentence; as, the court censured
that as a libel.

CE＇NSURER [from censure] he that censures, blames, or reproach­
es. A statesman of real merit, should look upon his political censures
with the same neglect that a good writer regards his critics. Addison

CENT [Fr. a hundred, or an abbreviation of centum, Lat. an hun­
dred] as, money lent at 5 per cent. i. e. 5 pounds for the use of 100.

CE＇NTAURE [centaure, Fr. centaurno, It. centauro, Sp. κενταυρος,
Gr.] Eustathius, in his comment on Nestor＇s first speech in the Iliad,
supposes the mountain savages there mentioned, to be the people called
Centaurs, and says, that they dwelt about mount Peliou and Orta;
being derived, according to the fabulous account of the Greeks,
from Ixion, and the cloud which he embraced; in allusion to which
action of his [απο του κεντειν την αυραν, ητοι αεριαν νεϕελην] their name
is supposed to have been given. And as to their history,—by com­
paring that passage in Iliad, Book 1, with Odyssey, Book 21, line
295—304, it appears, that the indecencies committed by them at the
feast of Pirithous, occasioned the war between the Lupithæ and them,
which issued in their everthrow and extirpation. N. B. Their being
portrayed by some later poets, under the compound form of a man
and horse, is said to have risen from a bestiality committed by Ixion＇s
son, too gross to name.——But after all, if the Greek etymology be
fairly examined [i. e. of κεντεω, to goad, and ιππος, a horse] the
Hippo-centaurs, and [by contraction] the centaurs, may signify no
more then men, dexterous in the management of the fleed, and per­
haps the first in those countries which fought on horse-back.
Down from the waist they are centaurs, tho＇ women all above.
Shakespeare.
Feats, Thessalian centaurs never knew. Thomson.

CE＇NTAUR [with astronomers] the archer in the zodiac, a southern
constellation, represented on a globe in that form, and consisting of
nineteen stars in Ptolemy＇s catalogue.
The cheerless empire of the sky,
To capricorn the centaur archer yields. Thomson.

CE＇NTAURY [centauria, Lat.] an herb of great virtue for the
spleen or liver. Of this plant there are two kinds: 1. The greater
centaury. 2. The lesser centaury. The greater is one of the plantæ
capitulæ, or of those plants whose flowers are collected into a head,
as the thistle, and hath a perennial root. Its leaves are without spines,
and sawed on the edges. One of the species, with cut leaves, is
used in medicine. The leaves of the lesser centaury grow by pairs,
opposite to each other; the flowers consist of one leaf funnel-shaped.
The feed-vessel is of a cylindric form. It grows wild, and is used
in medicine. Miller. With Cecropian thyme strong-scented centaury.
Dryden.

CE＇NTENAR [centenaer, Du. centner, Ger.] a foreign weight of
100, 112, 125, 128, 132, 140 pound weight.

CENTENA＇RIOUS [centenarius, Lat.] belonging to 100 years.

CE＇NTENARY, adj. [centenaire, Fr. centinario, It. of centenarius,
Lat.] of or pertaining to an hundred.

CENTENARY, subst. [from the adj.] the number of a hundred; as,
a centenary of years. Hakewell.

CE＇NTER. See CENTRE.

CENTE＇SIMAL [centesimus, Lat.] hundredth; the next step of pro­
gression after decimal in fractions. The neglect of a few centesimals
in the side of the cube would bring it to an equality, with the cube
of a foot. Arbuthnot.

CE＇NTESM, in the decimal divisions of degrees, feet, &c. is the
hundredth part of an integer.

CENTICI＇PITOUS [centiceps, of centum, a hundred, and caput, Lat.
the head] having a hundred heads.

CENTI＇FIDOUS [centifidus, of centum, a hundred, and findo, Lat.
to split] divided into an hundred parts or ways.

CENTIFO＇LIOUS [centifolius, of centum, a hundred, and folium,
Lat. a leaf.] having or producing a hundred leaves.

CE＇NTINEL [sentinelle, Fr. sentinella, It. centinela, Sp. sentinela,
Port.] a soldier appointed to watch at a certain post or place. This
should be written sentinel.

CE＇NTINODY [centinodia, of centum, a hundred, and nodus, Lat. a
knot] an herb.

CE＇NTIPEDE [centipes, of centum, a hundred, and pedis, gen. of
pes, Lat. a foot] a worm, &c. having a hundred feet; also a poisonous
insect in the West-Indies, commonly called by the English forty feet.

CE＇NTNAR [at Lubeck] is 8 lispounds, and a lispound is 28
pounds.

CE＇NTO, a patch＇d garment made up of divers shreds. Lat.

CENTO, a poem composed of several pieces, picked up and down
out of the works of other persons. It is quilted out of shreds of
divers poets, such as scholars call a cento. Camden.

CENTONA＇LIS [with botanists] wild rue. Lat.

CENTONA＇RII [among the Romans] were officers, whose business
was to provide tents, and other warlike furniture, called centones; or
else officers whose business it was to quench the fires that the enemies
engines had kindled in the camp.

CE＇NTRAL [Fr. centralis, Lat.] of, or pertaining to, or seated in,
the center or middle; as, the central parts, the central earth.

CENTRAL Fire [with chemists] that fire which they imagine to be
in the center of the earth, the fumes and vapours of which make
the metals and minerals, and ripen and bring them to perfection.

CENTRAL Rule, a rule invented by Sir Thomas Baker, to find the
center of a circle, design＇d to cut the parabola in as many points, as
an equation to be constructed has real roots.

CE＇NTRALLY, adv. [from central] with regard to the centre; as,
to rest centrally upon any thing.

CENTRA＇TION [with Paracelsians] the principal root or foundation
of any thing; as, the brain is of the spirits, and the heart of life.

CE＇NTRE [centre, Fr. centro, It. and Sp. of centrum, Lat. of κεντρον,
Gr.] the middle point of any thing, especially of a circal or sphere,
from whence all lines drawn to the circumference are equal.

CENTRE of a Sphere, is a point from which all the lines drawn
to the surface are equal.

CENTRE of a Dial, is that point where the axis of the world in­
tersects the plane of the dial; and so in those dials that have centres,
that point wherein all the hour lines meet. If the dial plane be pa­
rallel to the axis of the earth, it will have no centre at all; but all the
hour lines will be parallel to the stile, and to one another.

CENTRE of a Conic Section, is the point where all the diameters
concur.

CENTRE of the Equant [old astronomy] is a point in the line of
the aphelion, being so far distant from the centre of the eccentric to­
wards the aphelion, as the fun is from the centre of the eccentric to­
wards the perihelion.

CENTRE of an Ellipsis, or CENTRE of an Oval [in geometry] a
point in that figure, where the two diameters, called the transverse and
the conjugate, intersect mutually one another.

CENTRE of an Hyperbola, is a point in the middle of the transverse
axis, which is without the figure, and common to the opposite
section.

CENTRE of the Gravity of two Bodies [in geometry] is a point in
a right line, which joins their centres together, and so placed in that
line, that the distances from it shall be reciprocally, as the weight of
those bodies is. And if another body shall be set in the same right
line, so that its distance from any point in it be reciprocally, as the
weight of both the former bodies taken together, that point will be
the common centre of gravity of all three, &c.








CENTRE of Oscillation, the centre of the swing of a pendulum; so
that if the pin of the pendulum, fastened above, be taken for the
centre of the circle, whose circumference divides the ball or bob into
two equal parts, the middle point of the arch, so dividing the ball,
is the centre of oscillation.

CENTRE [with masons, &c.] a wooden mould to turn an arch on.

CENTRE of the Body, the heart, from which, as from the middle
point, the blood continually circulates round all the other parts.

CENTRE of Magnitude of a Body [with geometricians] a point a­
bout which a body being fastened, is distant as equally as possible from
its extremities or ends.

CENTRE of Gravity [in mechanics] a point on which a body
being suspended or hung up from it, all its parts will be in an equal
balance one to the other.

CENTRE of heavy Bodies, in our globe, is the same as the centre of
the earth, towards which all such bodies naturally endeavour to
descend.

CENTRE of a regular Polygon, &c. is the same with the centre
of a circle or sphere drawn within such a body, so as to touch all
its sides.

CENTRE of a Parallelogram, the point wherein its diagonals in­
tersect.

CENTRE of a Bastion, a point in the middle of the gorge of the
bastion, whence the capital line commences.

CENTRE of a Batallion, the middle of a batallion, where there is
usually a square space left.

CENTRE of Attraction [in the new astronomy] that point to which
the revolving planet or comet is attracted or impelled by the force or
impetus of gravity.

CENTRE of Percussion [with philosophers] is that point of a body
in motion, wherein all the forces of that body are considered as united
in one.

CENTRE of a Curve of the highest kind, is the point where two dia­
meters concur.

To CENTRE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To place on a centre.
One foot he centred, and the other turn＇d
Round through the vast profundity obscure. Milton.
2. Figuratively, to fix, as on a centre.
By thy each look, and thought and care, ＇tis shown,
Thy joys are centred all in me alone. Prior.

To CENTRE, verb neut. 1. To rest on, as bodies when in equilibrio.
2. To meet in a point, as lines in a centre. Where there is no visible
truth wherein to centre, error is as wide as mens fancies, and may
wander to eternity. Decay of Piety. 3. To be placed in the centre.
As God in heaven
Is centre, yet extends to all; so thou
Centring, receiv＇st from all those orbs. Milton.

CENTRE-FISH, a kind of sea-fish.

CE＇NTRIC [from centre] placed in the centre.
Some that have deeper dig＇d in mine than I,
Say where this centric happiness doth lie. Donne.

CENTRI＇FUGAL [of centrum, the centre, and fugio, Lat. to fly] ha­
ving the quality which bodies that are in motion acquire, of receding
from the centre.

CENTRIFUGAL Force [with mathematicians] is the endeavour of
any thing to fly off from the centre in the tangent. For all moving
bodies endeavour after a rectilinear motion, because that is the easiest,
shortest, and most simple. And if ever they move in any curve, there
must be something that draws them from their rectilinear motion, and
detains them in the orbit, whenever the centripetal force ceases, the
moving body would strait go off in a tangent to the curve in that very
point, and so would get still farther from the centre or focus of the
motion. They described an hyperbola, by changing the centripetal
into a centrifugal force. Cheyne.

CENTRIPE＇TAL [from centrum, the centre, and peto, to tend to]
having a tendency to the centre, having gravity.

CENTRIPETAL Force [with philosophers] is that force by which any
body, moving round another, is drawn down or tends towards the
centre of its orbit; and is much the same with gravity. The direction
of the force whereby the planets revolve in their orbits, is towards
their centres; and this force may be very properly called attractive, in
respect of the central body; and centripetal, in respect of the revolving
body. Cheyne.

CENTROBA＇RICAL [of κεντρον, centre, and βαρος, Gr. weight] of, or
pertaining to the centre of gravity.

CENTROBA＇RIC Method [in mechanics] a certain method of deter­
mining the quantity of a surface or solid by means of the centre of gra­
vity of it.

CENTROPHA＇GIA, Lat. [with botanists] penny-royal.

CE＇NTRUM, Lat. a centre.

CENTRUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb clary.

CENTRUM Phonicum, Lat. [in acoustics] is the place where the
speaker stands in polysyllabical echoes.

CENTRUM Phonicampticum, Lat. is the place or object that returns
the voice in an echo.

CENTRUM Tendinosum, Lat. [with anatomists] a point or centre
wherein the tails of the muscles of the diaphragm meet; this centre is
perforated towards the right side of the vena cava, and towards the
left backwards: the fleshy part of it gives way to the gula. Between it,
and its two inferior processes, the descending trunk of the great artery,
thoracic duct, and vena azygos, do pass.

CE＇NTRY, or SE＇NTRY [probably contracted of sanctuary] a centi­
nel or private soldier, posted so as to prevent being surprized by an
enemy. See SE＇NTINEL.
The thoughtless wits shall frequent forfeits pay,
Who ＇gainst the centry＇s box discharge their tea. Gay.

CENTRY [with architects] a mold for an arch.

CENTRY Box, a wooden hutch, to screen a centinel from the inju­
ries of the weather.

CE＇NTRUM, Lat. an hundred.

CENTUMGE＇MINOUS [centumgeminus, Lat.] an hundred fold.

CENTU＇MVIRAL, of or pertaining to the centumvirate.

CENTU＇MVIRATE, the quality, office, or rank of the centumviri.

CENTU＇MVIRI, Lat. [among the Romans] a court of 100 judges;
they were at their first institution 105 in number, and this number was
afterwards augmented to 180; but yet always retained the same
name.

CENTUNCULA＇RIS, or CENTU＇NCULUS, Lat. [with botanists] the
herb cudweed, chaffweed, periwinkle, or cotton-weed.

CENTU＇PLE [Fr. centuplicato, It. of centuplex, Lat.] an hundred­
fold.

To CENTU＇PLICATE [centuplicatum, of centum and plico, Lat. to
fold] 1. To make an hundred-fold. 2. To multiply by a hun­
dred.

CENTU＇RIÆ [among the Roman people] certain parties consisting
each of a hundred men. Thus divided by Servius Tullius, the sixth
king of Rome, who divided the people into six classes. The first class
had 80 centuries, and they were the rich: he also ranged under
this first class all the cavalry, of which they made 12 centuries, consist­
ing of the richest and principal persons of the city: the second, third,
and fourth, consisted each of 20 centuries; the fifth consisted of 30; and
the sixth class was counted but one century, and comprehended all
the meaner sort of people. Abbè Vertot adds, that Servius, by this
regulation, dexterously enough transferred into the hands of the first
class, composed of the Great, all the authority of the government,
and, without depriving the plebeians of their vote, knew how, by this
disposition, to render it useless. Revolut. Romaines, Liv. I. p. 40.

To CENTU＇RIATE [centuriatum, of centuria, Lat. a century] to di­
vide into hundreds, to distribute into bands.

CENTURIA＇TORS [of centuria, Lat.] four protestants divines of
Magdeburg in Germany, who divided the church-history into centuries
of years, which is generally the method of ecclesiastical historians.
The centuriators of Magdeburg were the first that discovered this grand
imposture. Ayliffe.

CENTU＇RION [Fr. and Sp. centurione, It. of centurio, Lat.] a com­
mander or captain among the Romans, over an hundred soldiers. The
centurions and their charges dictinctly billeted already in the entertain­
ment, and to be on foot at an hour＇s warning. Shakespeare.

CE＇NTURY [centuria, Lat.] 1. An hundred, usually applied to specify
time; as, an age containing 100 years, it is called a century. The
lists of bishops are filled with greater numbers than one would expect;
but the succession was quick in the three first centuries, because the bi­
shop very often ended in the martyr. Addison. 2. A band of a hundred
foot soldiers. It is sometimes used simply for a hundred. Romulus
did divide the Romans into tribes, and the tribes into centuries or hun­
dreds. Spenser. A century of pray＇rs. Shakespeare.

CE＇OL, an initial in the names of men, which signifies a ship or ves­
sel, such as those the Saxons landed in. Gibson＇s Camden.

CENU＇, a town of Terra Firma, in South America, about 80 miles
south of Carthagena.

CE＇PA, or CE＇PE, Lat. [with botanists] an onion.

CEPÆ＇A [Lat. κηπαια, Gr.] sea-purslain, or brook-lime.

CEPHA＇LIA [Lat. κεϕαλαια, Gr.] an obstinate head-ach.

CEPHALA＇LGICA [κεϕαλαλγικα, Gr.] medicines good for the head­
ach.

CE＇PHALALGY [cephalalgia, of κεϕαλαλγια, of κεϕαλη, the head,
and αλγος, Gr. pain] any pain in the head; but some appropriate it
chiefly to a fresh head-ach; one that proceeds from intemperance, or
an ill disposition of the parts.

CEPHALA＇RTICS [of κεϕαλη, the head, and καθαρτικος, purging]
medicines which purge the head.

CEPHALIC [cephalique, Fr. cefalico, It. cephálico, Sp. of κεϕαλη, Gr.
the head] belonging to the head; as, the cephalic vein, medicinal to
the head. Cephalic medicines are all such as attenuate the blood, so
as to make it circulate easily through the capillary vessels of the brain.
Arbuthnot.

CEPHALIC Line [in chiromancy] the line of the head or brain.

CEPHA＇LIC Medicines [with surgeons] medicines applied to fractures
of the head.

CEPHA＇LICA, Lat. [with anatomists] the cephalic vein, is the out­
ermost vein that creeps along the arm, between the skin and the mus­
cles; it is called the cephalic vein from κεϕαλη, Gr, a head, because
the ancients used to open it rather than any other for diseases of the
head; but since the discovery of the circulation of the blood, it is ac­
counted equal, whether the blood be taken from the cephalica, me­
diana, or basilica.

CEPHA＇LICS, medicines good for distempers in the head.

CEPHALO＇IDES [in botany] a term used by some who ascribe vir­
tues to plants from their signatures, applied to those plants which bear
any resemblance to a head; as, the poppy, piony, &c.

CEPHA＇LOMANCY [cephalomantia, Lat. of κεϕαλομαντεια, of κεϕαλη,
the head, and μαντεια, Gr. divination] a divination by the head of an
ass, which they broiled on the coals, and after having muttered a few
prayers, they repeated the persons names, or the crime, in case only one
was suspected, at which, if the jaws made any motion, and the teeth
chattered against one another, they thought the person that had done
the ill deed sufficiently discovered.

CE＇PHALON, Lat. [with botanists] the date-tree.

CEPHALO＇NIA, the capital of an island of the same name, situated
in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Epirus, subject to the Vene­
tians. Lat. 38° 30′ N. Long. 21° E.

CEPHALOPHARYNGÆI [with anatomists] are the first pair of mus­
cles of the upper part of the gullet; they proceed from beside the head
and neck, and are more liberally bestowed upon the coat of the gul­
let. Lat.

CE＇PHALOPHARYNGÆUM, Gr. [with anatomists] is a muscle arising
from that part, where the head joins to the first vertebra of the neck,
from whence it descends down and spreads with a large plexus or fold
of fibres about the pharynx, and seems to make its membrane.

CEPHALO＇PONY [of κεϕαλη, the head, and πονος, Gr. pain] a pain
or heaviness in the head.

CE＇PI Corpus [a law term] a return made by the sheriff that upon
an exigent, or other process, he has taken the body of the party
sued.

CEPIO＇NIDES, Lat. certain precious stones as clear as crystal, in
which a person may see his face.

CEPI＇TES, Lat. a precious stone of the agate kind.

CERA, Lat. [of κερας, Gr. an horn resembling a tail] a sort of itch­
ing scab, the same as achor; also the horns of the uterus in brutes,
in which the fætus, or young, is usually formed.








CERACHA＇TES, Lat. [κεραχατης, Gr.] an agate-stone of a wax­
colour.

CERAMI＇TES, Lat. [κεραμιτης, Gr.] a precious stone of the colour of
a tile.

CERA＇STES, Lat. [κεραστης, of κερας, Gr. an horn] a sort of serpent
that has horns, or is supposed to have them.
Cerastes horn＇d, hydrus and elops drear. Milton.

CERA＇SUM, Lat. [κερασιον, Gr.] a cherry.

CERA＇SUS [κερασος, Gr.] a cherry-tree.

CERATACHA＇TES [of κερας, an horn, and ἀχατης, Gr. an agate] a
sort of agate-stone, the veins of which resemble the shape of an horn.

CERATAMA＇LGAMA [of κηρος, Gr. wax, and amalgama] a mol­
lifying composition made of wax and other ingredients.

CE＇RATE [ceratum, of cera, Lat. wax] an external medicine, made
of wax, oil, or some softer substance, of a middle composition, be­
tween an ointment and a plaster, a cere-cloth.

CERA＇TED [ceratus, of cera, Lat. wax] covered with wax.

CERA＇TIAS [κερατιας, Gr.] the plant capers.

CERATI＇NE [ceratinus, Lat. of κερας, Gr. an horn] horned, cor­
nuted; also sophistical.

CERATINE Arguments [with logicians] sophistical, subtile or intri­
cate arguments; as, what a man has not lost he has; but he has not lost
horns, ergo, he has horns.

CERA＇TION [with chemists] the rendering of a substance fit to be
melted or dissolved.

CERATI＇TES [with botanists] the horned poppy.

CERATOI＇DES Tunica [with anatomists] the horny coat of the eye.

CERATOGLO＇SSUM [of κερας, an horn, and γλωσσα, Gr. the tongue]
the proper pair of muscles which belong to the tongue, proceeding
from the horns of the bone called hyoides, and are joined to the sides of
the tongue.

CERA＇TIUM, Lat. [with botanists] the tree caract or carob, or the
fruit of it.

CERATO＇NIA, Lat. [with botanists] the carob-tree, or bean-tree.

CERA＇TUM [with surgeons] a cerate or cere-cloth.

CERA＇TURE [ceratura, Lat.] a dressing.

CERAU＇NIAS [κεραυνιον, Gr.] the thunder-stone.

CERAU＇NIUM [κεραυνιον, Gr.] a kind of puff or mushroom, so called,
because it grows plentifully after thunder. Lat.

CERAUNOCHRY＇SOS [of κεραυνος, thunder, and χρυσος, Gr. gold]
a sort of chemical powder.

CERCELE＇ [in heraldry] as, a cross cercele, is a cross which, open­
ing at the end, turns round both ways, like a ram＇s horn.

CE＇RCHNOS, Lat. [κερχνος, Gr. with physicians] a roughness in the
throat, when it feels as if there were berries sticking in it, and occasions
a little dry cough.

CE＇RCIS [κερκις, Gr. with anatomists] the second bone of an elbow,
otherwise called radius, and both from its shape resembling a weaver＇s
shuttle, or the spoke of a wheel.

CE＇RCLE [in heraldry] signifies within a circle or diadem.

CERDO＇NIANS [so called of Cerdo their ring-leader] a sect of here­
tics who maintained most of the errors of Simon Magus, and other
gnostics. Cerdo taught, that the GOD whom the law and prophets
preached, was not the FATHER of our Lord Jesus Christ. Iren. adv.
Hæreses. Ed. Grabe, p. 103. See CERINTHIANS, and BASILIDIANS.

CE＇RCOSIS [of κερκος, Gr. a tail] a piece of flesh, growing out of
the mouth of the uterus.

To CERE [from cera, Lat. wax] to wax, to rub over with wax.
A strong thread cered. Wiseman.

CE＇REAL [cerealis, Lat. of the goddess Ceres] pertaining to Ceres,
or bread-corn; to sustenance or food.

CEREA＇LIA, solemn feasts to Ceres. In the festival of Ceres, her
worshippers ran up and down with lighted torches in their hands, be­
cause that she is related to have ran about the world in this manner to
seek for her daughter Proserpine.
The inhabitants of Eleusis in Greece appointed this ceremony,
which was to be performed only by women, who in the temple of
Ceres acted a thousand shameful pranks: and because Ceres did not
reveal her secrets, nor discover her design, until she heard of the wel­
fare of her daughter, it was not lawful to declare what was acted in her
temple during the festival.

CE＇REBEL [cerebellum, Lat.] part of the brain. Derham uses it.

CE＇REMENT [from cere, of cera, Lat. wax] cloth dipped in melted
wax, with which dead bodies were wrapped after embalming.
Canoniz＇d bones, hears＇d in earth,
Have burst their cerements. Shakespeare.

CEREBE＇LLUM, Lat. [in anatomy] the lesser brain, or the hinder
part of the brain, which consists (as the brain itself does) of an ash­
coloured, barky substance, and a white marrowy one; wherein the
animal spirits arc supposed to be generated, which perform involuntary
or mere natural actions.

CE＇REBRATED [cerebratus, Lat.] having one＇s brains beat out.

CE＇REBROSE [cerebrosus, Lat.] brain-sick, mad-brained, wilful,
stubborn.

CEREBRO＇SITY, brain sickness.

CE＇REBRUM, Lat. [with anatomists] the brain, properly so called,
which takes up the fore part of the cavity of the skull, and is divided
by the skin called meninges, into right and left parts. The substance
of it is of a peculiar sort to itself, and is wrought with many turnings
and windings, in which those animal spirits are supposed to be gene­
rated, on which involuntary actions do chiefly depend. But, if I am not
mistaken, this DISTINCTION of the functions of the cerebrum and cere­
bellum has been called in question by some later anatomists, after having
more carefully traced the nerves (which serve the supposed voluntary and
involuntary motions) to their respective origins: N. B. I said the sup­
posed voluntary and involuntary motions, because this distinction also
has been since debated. Dr. Mead, and Porterfield, resolving every
movement in the animal machine into the will and operation of the
animating soul: and Monroe, if I remember right, differs only from
Dr. Porterfield in this, that he will not affirm with him, that the soul,
in moving the heart or lungs, acts ex arbitrio, or at pleasure; but by
a necessity laid upon her by the author of nature.

CE＇REBRUM Jovis [with chemists] burnt tartar.

CERE-Cloth [of cere and cloth] cloth smeared over with glutinous
matter; sometimes applied to wounds, bruises, or sores. The ancient
Egyptian mummies were shrouded in a number of folds of linen, De­
smear＇d with gums, in manner of cere-cloth. Bacon. See CEROTUM.

CEREFA＇CTION, Lat. a making of wax.

CEREFO＇LIUM, Lat. [with botanists] the high chervil.

CERELÆ＇UM [of cera, wax, and oleum, Lat. oil] an ointment made
of wax and oil.

CEREMO＇NIAL, adj. [céremonial, Fr. ceremoniale, It. of ceremonialis,
Lat.] 1. Pertaining to, or consisting of ceremonies or external rites.
Christ did take away the external ceremonial worship that was among
the Jews. Stillingfleet. We are to improve a ceremonial nicety into a
substantial duty, and the modes of civility into the realities of religion.
South. 2. Formal, precise, observant of set forms.
With dumb pride, and a set formal face,
He moves in the dull ceremonial track,
With Jove＇s embroider＇d coat upon his back. Dryden.

CEREMONIAL, subst. [from the adj.] 1. External rite or form. 2.
The order for rites and forms in the church of Rome.

CEREMO＇NIALNESS [of ceremonial] the quality of being ceremo­
nial, over much nicety and preciseness in ceremonies.

CEREMONIOUS [ceremonieux, Fr.] 1. Consisting of outward rites.
God was more tender of the shell and ceremonious part of his worship.
South. 2. Ceremony, awful.
O the sacrifice,
How ceremonious, solemn and unearthly
It was i＇th＇ offering. Shakespeare.
3. Attentive to the rites of religion.
You are too senseless, obstinate, my lord,
Too ceremonious and traditional. Shakespeare.
4. Civil, according to the strict modes of good breeding, formally,
respectful. A sett of ceremonious phrases that run thro＇ all ranks. Addi­
son. 5. Observant of the rules of civility and good breeding.
Let us take a ceremonious leave
And loving farewel of our several friends. Shakespeare.
6. Civil and formal to a fault, full of formalities. 7. Fond of cere­
monies to an excess. The old caitiff was so ceremonious, as he would
needs accompany me some miles. Sidney.

CEREMO＇NIOUSLY [from ceremonious] in a ceremonious manner,
with formal respect.
Ceremeniously let us prepare
Some welcome for the mistress. Shakespeare.

CEREMO＇NIOUSNESS [of ceremonious] fulness or fondness of ceremo­
nies, too much use of ceremonies.

CE＇REMONY [ceremonie, Fr. ceremonia, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. The out­
ward part of religion or worship, a sacred rite or ordinance.
Bring her up to the high altar, that she may
The sacred ceremonies partake. Shakespeare.
2. Compliment, forms of civility. Not to use ceremonies at all, is to
teach others not to use them. Bacon. 3. Solemnities, outward forms
of State.
A coarser place,
Where pomp and ceremonies enter＇d not,
Where greatness was shut out, and bigness well forgot. Dryden.

To make no CE＇REMONY of a thing, is to do it without hesitation, or
much entreaty.

CE＇RIGO, or CY＇THEREA, an island of the Archipelago, on the
eastern coast of the Morea, and 50 miles north of the island of Candia.
It is full of mountains, and between 40 and 50 miles in circum­
ference. Lat. 36° N. Long. 23° 40′ E.

CE＇RIGON, a wild creature in America, having a skin under the
belly like a sack, in which it carries its young ones.

CERI＇LLA, Lat. [with printers] a mark set under the letter c in
French, Spanish or Portuguese (ç) to denote it to be pronounced as
an s.

CERI＇NTHIANISM, the doctrine of Cerinthus.

CERI＇NTHIANS, a sect of ancient heretics, who took their name
from Cerinthus, who was contemporary with St. John. The account
which Irenæus gives of him is as follows: “Cerinthus (whose resi­
dence was in Asia) taught, that the world was not made by the FIRST
God, but by a certain power [valdè separatá & distante] which had
no communication and connexion with that principality which is OVER
all; nay more, and was ignorant of that God which is OVER ALL.
[By all which terms, Irenæus and other ancient writers expressed the
person of GOD the FATHER] He maintained also, that Jesus was not
born of a virgin (for this he judged impossible) but that he was the son
of Joseph and Mary; and that after his baptism, the CHRIST [or Sa­
viour from above] descended into him in the form of a dove
from that principality which is OVER ALL; and then revealed the [be­
fore] unknown Father, and performed the miracles: and that in the
end this Christ [or Saviour from above] flew back again from Jesus;
and so Jesus [the man Jesus] suffered and rose again. But the CHRIST
[i. e. in our modern stile, the divine nature of our Lord] remained im­
possible, as being SPIRITUAL [and consequently, in the nature of
things, uncapable of suffering] Iven. adv. Hereses, Ed. Grabe, p. 102.
Now, in opposition to the first part of Cerinthus＇s scheme, viz. an
operation independent of that God, or principality which is over all,
Irenæus tells us, p. 212, that “He who is God over all, made
and constituted all things by his WORD, which [says he, just before] is
our Lord Jesus Christ; and p. 212, commenting on that text, He
SPAKE and it was done; He commanded, and it stood fast, he says.
Cui ergo præcepit? to whom gave He the command?—To his own
logos. And, p. 333, 334, he calls the Son and Spirit the hands of
God, and copiosum & inenarrabile ministerium, i. e. his copious and
unutterable ministry. What is all this but to affirm, that they should be
considered, not (as on Cerinthus＇s hypothesis) like so many indepen­
dent agents; but as persons most closely connected with God, and acting
by commission from him? [See AUTHENTIC.] And as to that other no­
tion of Cerinthus, which supposes a duplicity of minds, or two intelli­
gent principles in our Saviour＇s person, the one human, and the other
divine; he says, that St. John, foreseeing these greatly affrontius
rules [in the text blasphemas has regulas] by which, as far as in
them lies, they divide our Lord, affirming that He is made of
different substances [whereas, in Irenæus＇ judgment, He was but
one, one single intelligent substance or spirit united to flesh, p. 241
and 294] St. John testifies so and so; and then cites (p. 241) those







passages from St. John＇s first epistle, which the reader will find
collected under the word antichrist [See ANTICHRIST.] And again
“they＇ll confess (says he) to a man, that there is but one Lord
Jesus,” tho＇ (as he subjoins) whatever unity is professed in words,
is in reality explained away.—“For if it were true that the one
suffered, and the other remained uncapable of suffering; and if the
one was born, and the other descended into Him that was born,
and again left Him [meaning at his approaching sufferings] Here
appears (says Irenæus) to be not ONE; but TWO persons; whereas
the scripture knows but ONE, and that He has suffered for us. And
again, “If we must form a judgment as of two, He will appear to be
the far better person of the two, who, in the midst of his wounds, and
buffetings, and other indignities which he received, expressed so much
mildness and forgiveness: not he that flew away [and consequently suf­
fered nothing on this occasion] See page 241, 243, 247. Above all,
consult the 18th and 19th chapters of the third book; in which (this
ancient writer) proves at large, that Christ is one single intelligent sub­
stance, or Spirit united to a body; and not (as Cerinthus, and Valen­
tinus after him affirm＇d) a COMPOUND of two or more. I have dwelt
the longer on these citations from this truly apostolic writer; as they point
out where, in his judgment, lay the dangerous consequences of Ce­
rinthianism; as being first subversive of natural religion, and which (be­
sides the injury done by it to our Saviour＇s person) explained away
that fundamental article of his religion, a true and proper incarnation;
and resolved the redemption of mankind into the obedience and suffer­
ings, not of the son of God united to flesh; but of a mere mortal man
like ourselves. Should the reader judge it worth his while to exa­
mine what may be offered still further on this head, he may consult the
following words: DIMERITES, COMMUTATION of Idioms, EUTY­
CHIANISM, NESTORIANISM, and INCARNATION.

To CERI＇NTHIANIZE, to advance a doctrine which approaches very
near to that of Cerinthus, if not in effect the same.

CERI＇NTHE, Lat. [κηρινθη, of κηρος, Gr. wax] an honey-suckle that
has the taste of honey and wax.

CERNE-Abbey, a market town of Dorsetshire, built by St. Austin,
5 miles from Dorchester, and 99 from London.

CERNU＇LIA, Lat. a festival of Bacchus, in which they danced on
one foot upon blown bladders, that by falling down they might cause
laughter.

CERO＇GRAPHY [cerographia, Lat. of κηρογραϕια, Gr.] a painting or
writing in wax.

CE＇ROMA [κηρωμα, Gr.] a composition of oil and wax, with which
wrestlers anciently anointed their bodies, to make their limbs more
sleek, pliable, and fit for exercise. Lat.

CE＇ROMANCY [ceromantia, Lat. κηρομαντεια, of κηρος, wax, and μαν­
τεια, Gr. divination] divination by wax. The manner was thus: they
melted wax over a vessel of water, letting it drop within three definite
spaces, and observed the figure, situation, distance and concretion of
the drops.

CEROMA＇TIC [ceromaticus, Lat.] anointed with ceroma.

CEROSTRO＇TUM [κηροστρωτον, Gr.] a kind of inlaying, when many
pieces of horn, ivory, timber, &c. of divers colours, are inlaid in ca­
binets, chess-boards, &c.

CE＇ROTE [cerotum, of cera, wax] the same with cerate. A cerote
of oil of olives with white wax. Wiseman.

CERO＇TUM, Lat. [with surgeons] a plaster made mostly with wax,
a cere-cloth.

CERT Money [probably pro certo letæ, i. e. for the certain keeping
of the court-leet] a common fine paid yearly by the inhabitants of se­
veral manors to their lords.

CE＇RTAIN [Fr. certo, It. and Port. cierto, Sp. certus, Lat.] 1. Sure,
undoubted. Those things are certain which cannot be denied without
obstinacy and folly. Tillotson. 2. Confident or assured, undoubting;
with of.
This form before Alcyone present,
To make her certain of the sad event. Dryden.
3. Fixed or settled, resolved.
I with thee have fix＇d my lot,
Certain to undergo like doom of death,
Consort with thee. Milton.
4. In an indefinite sense, some; as, a certain person.

CERTAINLY [of certain] 1. Surely, undoubtedly; as, a thing
certainly known. 2. Without fail; as, I will certainly come to you.

CE＇RTAINTY, or CERTAINNESS [of certain] 1. Full assurance,
sureness. Certainty is the perception of the agreement or disagreement
of our ideas. Locke. 2. That which is real and fixed.
Doubting things go ill, often hurts more,
Than to be sure they do; for certainties,
Or are past remedies, or timely knowing
The remedy then born. Shakespeare.

He who leaves CERTAINTY and sticks to chance,
When fools pipe, will surely dance.
The Scots say: It is good to be sure, quoth the miller, when he moulter＇d
(took toll) twice.

CERTA＇TION, Lat. debate, striving, contention.

CERTIFICA＇NDO de Recognitione, &c. [in law] a writ directed to
the mayor of the staple, &c. requiring him to certify the chancellor of
a statute of the staple taken before him, between such and such, in the
case where the party himself detains and refuses to bring it.

CE＇RTES, adv. Fr. certainly, in truth. An obsolete word. Certes,
Sir knight, you＇ve been too much to blame. Spenser.

CERTI＇FICATE [certificat, Fr. certificato, It. certificat, low Lat. he
certifies] 1. A writing made in any court, to give notice to another
court of any thing done therein. Cowel. 2. A testimony of the truth of
a thing. I can bring certificates, that I behave myself soberly before
company. Addison.

CERTIFICA＇TION of Assize of Novel Disseisin [in law] a writ granted
for the re-examining of a matter passed by assize before any justices.

To CE＇RTIFY [certifier, Fr. certificàr, Sp. and Port. certificare, It.
and Lat.] 1. To ascertain, declare for certain, or assure; to acquaint
certainly with a thing. They certified the king that he was not to ex­
pect any aid. Bacon. 2. It has of before the thing told or certified.

CERTIORA＇RI [in law] a writ issuing out of chancery to an inferior
court, to call up the records of a cause depending there, upon com­
plaint made by bill, that the party who seeks the same writ hath had
hard usage in the said court.

CE＇RTITUDE [Fr. certitudine, It. certinidàd, Sp. of certitudo, Lat.]
Certainty, freedom from doubt; it is properly a quality of the
judgment of the mind, importing an adhesion of the mind to the pro­
position we affirm; or the strength wherewith we adhere to it. The
certitude of sense. Dryden.

CE＇RTITUDE Metaphysical, is that which arises from a metaphysical
evidence; such an one as a geometrician has of the truth of this propo­
sition, that the three angles of a triangle are equal to two right ones.
I should rather have called this mathematic certainty, or that assurance,
which is founded in demonstration. Whether metaphysics deserve so
great a compliment, I must leave with them, who understand it better,
to determine.

CERTITUDE Moral, is such a certitude as is founded on moral evi­
dence, such as that a criminal has, who hears his sentence read.

CERTITUDE Physical, is that which arises from physical evidence;
such as a person that has fire on his hand, when he feels it burn, or sees
it blaze.

CE＇RVELAS, or CE＇RVELAT [cervelat, Fr. in cookery] a large sort
of sausage.

CE＇RVIA, a city and port-town of Romania, in Italy, situated on the
gulph of Venice, about 10 miles south-east of Ravenna, subject to the
Pope.

CE＇RVICAL [cervicalis, of cervicis, gen. of cervix, Lat. the neck]
belonging to the neck.

CERVICAL Vessels [in anatomy] are the arteries and veins, which
pass thro＇ the vertebræ and muscles of the neck up to the skull; as, the
cervical and auxiliary arteries.

CERVICARIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb throat-wort.

CERVIX, Lat. [with anatomists] the hinder part of the neck.

CERU＇LEAN, or CERU＇LEOUS [cæruleus, Lat.] blue, having a sky
colour. A light touch of sky colour, but nothing near so high as the
ceruleous tincture of silver. Boyle.
From thee the saphire solid either takes
The hue cerulean. Thomson.

CERULI＇FIC [of cæruleus, blue, and facio, to make] having the
power to produce a blue colour. The several species of rays; as, the
rubific, cerulific, &c. Grew.

CE＇RUMEN, Lat. the wax or excrementitious matter of the ear.

CE＇RURA [in old law] a mound or fence.

CE＇RUSE, or CE＇RUSS [ceruse, Fr. cerussa, It. and Lat.] a prepara­
tion of lead with vinegar, commonly called white lead; whence many
other things resembling it in that particular are by chemists called ce­
ruse; as, the ceruse of antimony, &c.

CESA＇RIAN Section [from Cæsar] See CÆSARIAN. The Cesarian
section is cutting a child out of the womb either dead or alive, when it
cannot otherwise be delivered. Which circumstance, it is said, first
gave the name of Cæsar to the Roman family of that name. Quincy.

To CESS [of ceseno, Lat.] to assess or tax, to rate or lay charge upon.
We are to consider how much land is in all Ulster, that, according to
the quantity thereof, we may cess the said rent and allowance issuing
thereout. Spenser.

CESS [probably corrupted from cense, tho＇ imagined by Junius to
be derived from saisire, to seize. Johnson. Census, Lat.] 1. A tax or
levy made upon any inhabitants, rated according to their property.
The like cess is also charged upon the country for victualling the sol­
diers. Spenser. The land-tax is still in Scotland denominated the cess.
2. The act of levying rates or taxes. 3. [from cesse, Fr.] It seems to
have been used by Shakespeare for bounds or limits. Johnson. Beat
Cutt＇s saddle, put a few flocks in the point; the poor jade is wrung in
the withers out of all cess. Shakespeare.

CESSA＇TION [Fr. and Sp. cessazione, It. of cessatio, Lat.] 1. A leaving
or giving over; a leaving off, stop, intermission, vacation, rest, cessa­
tion from labour. The rising of a parliament is a kind of cessation
from politics. Addison. 2. A pause from hostility; thus,

CESSATION [of arms] is when a governor of a place besieged, find­
ing himself reduced to the last extremity, so that he must either surren­
der, or himself, garrison, and inhabitants would be sacrificed, or at
least lie at the mercy of the enemy, erects a white flag on the breach,
or beats a chamade for a capitulation, at which both parties cease firing,
and all other acts of hostilities cease, till the proposals made are heard,
and either agreed to or rejected.

A CESSA＇VIT, Lat. [in law] a writ lying against one who for two
years has neglected to perform such service, or to pay such rent, as he
is bound to by his tenure, and has not sufficient goods or chattels upon
his lands or tenements to be distrained.

CESSE, or CEA＇SSE [a law term] an exacting provisions at a certain
rate for the family of a deputy, or soldiers of a garrison.

CESSIBI＇LITY [cessum, sup. of cedo, Lat. to yield] a liableness or
aptness to yield or give way without resistance. If the subject strucken
be of a proportionate cessibility, it seems to dull and deaden the stroke;
whereas if the thing strucken be hard, the stroke seems to lose no force,
but to work a greater effect. Digby.

CE＇SSIBLE [from cessum, sup. of cedo, Lat. to give way] easy to
recede or give way. Digby uses it.

CE＇SSION [Fr. and Sp. cessione, It. of cessio, Lat.] 1. Retreat, the act
of giving way. Sound is not produced without some resistance; for if
there be a mere yielding or cession, it produceth no sound. Bacon. 2.
The act of giving up, resigning or yielding any thing to another; as,
peace was obtained by a cession of Flanders to the enemy.

CESSION [in law] is an act whereby a person surrenders up, and
transmits to another person, a right which belonged to himself.

CESSION [in the ecclesiastical law] is when an ecclesiastic takes a
benefice without a dispensation, or otherwise unqualified, in which case
the benefice is said to become void by cession.

CESSION [in the civil law] a voluntary and legal surrender of one＇s
effects to his creditors, to avoid an imprisonment.

CE＇SSIONARY Bankrupt [cessionaire, Fr. a law term] one who has
yielded up his estate to be divided among his creditors.

CE＇SSMENT [from cess] an assessment, a tax.

CE＇SSOR, a censor, assessor, imposer of taxes.

CESSOR [in a legal sense] one who ceases or neglects too long to
perform his duty, that by ceasing he is become liable to a suit, and







may have the writ cessavit brought against him, for ceasing to do that
which he is bound to do by his land or tenement.

CE＇SSURE [in law] a giving over, or giving up.

CE＇STRON, Lat. [κεστρον, Gr.] the herb betony.

CE＇STUI qui trust [in common law] one who has a trust in lands or
tenements committed to him for the benefit of another.

CESTUI qui vie [in common law] one for whose life any land or te­
nement is granted.

CESTUI qui use [in common law] he to the use of whom another
person is infeoffed in, or admitted to, the possession of any lands or te­
nements.

CE＇STUS, Lat. [κεστος, Gr.] 1. A marriage-girdle, that of old times the
bride used to wear, and the bridegroom unloosed on the wedding­
night. 2. A leathern gauntlet garnished with lead, used by combatants,
or in the exercises of the athletæ. 3. The girdle of Venus and Juno,
according to the poets. Venus, without any ornament but her own
beauties, not so much as her cestus. Addison.

CETA＇CEOUS [of cetaceus, of cetæ, Lat. whales] of or belonging to
a whale, or of the whale kind; as, cetaceous animals, and cetaceous
fishes.

CETTE, a port town of Languedoc, in France, situated on a bay
of the Mediterranean. Lat. 43° 25′ N. Long. 3° 16′ E.

CE＇TUS [with astronomers] a southern constellation, consisting of
23 stars. Lat.

CE＇VA, a town of Piedmont, in Italy, situated on the river Tanaro,
near the confines of the republic of Genoa, and about 40 miles south-
east of Turin.

CEVA＇DO, or COBIT [of India] the shorter measure for silk and
linen, 27 inches English.

CEVADO lesser [of Agra and Delli] contains 32 inches.

CEVADO lesser [at Cambaia] 35 inches.

CEVADO lesser [at Surate] 35 inches.

CEVE＇NNES, a ridge of mountains in the province of Languedoc,
in France.

CEU＇TA, or SEBTAH, Arab. a city of the kingdom of Fez, in Af­
rica, situated on the south side of the straits of Gibraltar, and almost
opposite to it; it is a strong fortress, and in possession of the Spaniards.

CEY＇LON, an island in the Indian ocean, about 250 miles long, and
200 broad. The Dutch, who are in possession of all the sea coast,
monopolize all the cinnamon produced in the island, the king being
obliged to keep in his capital of Candy, which is situated near the
centre of the island.

C＇FAUT, a note in the scale of music.
Gamut I am, the ground of all accord,
A re to plead Hortensio＇s passion;
B mi, Bianca, take him for thy lord,
Cfaut that loves with all affection. Shakespeare.

CH have a particular sound in English words, which it is hard to
describe; as, arch, march, rich, roch, tench, perch, ditch, Dutch,
change, charge, &c. in some words derived from the French, it has
the sound of Sh; as, chaise.
The Spaniards and Portugueze have the same sound in their ch like­
wise, and the Italians in their simple c, when placed before e or i; to
the French it is best explained by putting a t before ch, and to all the
northern nations, by putting a t before sch.

CH, at the end of a syllable, has often a t before it, as some say to
harden the sound, tho＇ properly speaking it makes no alteration in the
sound, and seems only but to shew the syllable is short, as in notch,
botch, catch, hatch, &c.

CH is used as an abbreviation for chapter.

CH, in some words of a Greek derivation, is sounded as before;
as, archbishop, architecture, &c. in some others it is sounded like k; as
archangel, choleric, &c.

CH, in words of a Hebrew derivation, is most commonly sounded
as k; as, Cham, Rachab, Michael, Nebuchadnezzar: this holds true
of us English; but if there be any Europeans whose organs of speech
are more familiarized to gutterals than ours, they may approach much
nearer to the true pronunciation; which is only to be acquired by us
from conversing with the Jews: but in some it is sounded as in En­
glish; as, Chittim, Rachel, &c.

To CHACE [chasser, Fr. cacciare, It. caçar, Sp.] to follow, to hunt,
to give chace to.

To CHACE, [at tennis play] is when the ball falls in a part of the
court, beyond which the opposite party must strike the ball the next
time to gain the stroke.

CHACE, the gutter of a cross-bow. See CHASE.

A good CHACE [sea term] a ship is said to have a good chace, when
she is built so forward on, or a stern, as to carry many guns, to shoot
right forward or backward.

Foot in CHACE [sea term] to lie with a ship＇s fore-foot in the
chace, is to sail the nearest course to meet her, and to cross her in her
way.

CHACE [of the verb to chace] a station for the wild beasts in a
forest, larger than a park, which yet may be possessed by a subject,
which a forest cannot.

CHACE [with gunners] is the whole bore or length of a piece of
ordance in the inside.

To give CHACE to a Ship [sea term] is to follow, pursue, or fetch
her up.

CHACE Guns, or CHACE Pieces, those guns which lie either in the
head or stern of a ship; the one of use when she is pursued, and the
other when she pursues.

To CHACK [with horsemen] a term used of a horse that beats
upon the hand, when his head is not steady, but he tosses up his
nose, and shakes it all of a sudden, to avoid the subjection of the
bridle.

CHA＇CKSHIRES, or SHA＇CKHIRES [among the Turks] a kind of
breeches that reach from the waist down to the heels.

CHACO＇NDE, or CHACOO＇N [of ciacona, It.] a dance in the air of
a saraband, borrowed from the Moors.

CHAD, or SHAD, a fish. Of round fish there are, brit, sprat,
whiting, chad, cels, congar, and millet. Carew.

CHÆROPHY＇LLUM [χαιροϕυλλον, Gr.] the herb chervil or sweet
icly.

To CHAFE, verb act. [of chausser, Fr. to make hot, and that pro­
bably of calefacio, Lat.] 1. To make hot with rubbing, to rub with
one＇s hand. They fell to rub and chafe him, till they brought him to
recover breath. Sidney.
He does begin
To rub her temples, and to chafe her skin. Spenser.
2. To heat, to agitate by violent motion.
Have I not heard the sea, puff＇d up with winds,
Rage like an angry boar, chafed with sweat. Shakespeare.
3. To purfume, to scent any thing.
Lillies, more white than snow
New fall＇n from heav＇n, with violets mix＇d did grow;
Whose scent so chaf＇d the neighbour air, that you
Would surely swear Arabic spices grew. Suckling.
4. To make angry. Her intercession chaf＇d him. Shakespeare. He
was inwardly chafed with the heat of youth and indignation against
his own people. Knolles.

To CHAFE, verb neut. 1. To grow hot or angry. 2. To fume or
fret; to boil, to rage.
Be lion mettled, proud, and take no care
Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are. Shakespeare.
How did they fume, and stamp, and roar, and chafe,
And swear; not Addison himself is safe. Pope.
3. To fret upon or against any thing.
Once, upon a raw and gusty day,
The troubled Tyber chafing with his shores. Shakespeare.
4. To gall; as, to chafe (among mariners) a rope is said to chafe,
when it galls or frets, by rubbing against any rough or hard thing;
and, the cable is chafed in the hawse, signifies it is fretted, or begins
to wear out there.

CHAFE [from the verb] heat, a rage, fret, a storm of passion.
When Sir Thomas More was speaker of the parliament, with his
wisdom and eloquence he so crossed a purpose of cardinal Wolsey＇s,
that the cardinal, in a chafe, sent for him. Camden.
At this the knight grew high in chafe,
And staring furiously at Ralph. Hudibras.

CHAFE Wax, an officer in the court of chancery, who prepares
the wax for the sealing of writs, and other instruments to be sent out.

CHA＇FER [ceofor, Sax. keber, Du.] an insect, a kind of yellow
beetle.

CHA＇FERY [of an iron mill] a sort of forge, where the iron is
wrought into compleat bars, and brought to perfection.

CHAFF [ceaf and ceafa, Sax. kaf, Du.] 1. The husks of corn when
threshed and winnowed. 2. Figuratively, it denotes any thing
useless.

Did birds are not caught with CHAFF. Old, experienced and
wary people are not easily to be imposed on, or will not bite at every
bait. Take the corn and leave the chaff behind.

CHAFF-WEED, a sort of herb.

CHA＇FFERS [old law] wares or merchandises.

To CHAFFER, verb neut. [probably of kauffer, Teut. kauffen, Ger.
to buy] to beat down the price, to bargain, to haggle.
Nor rode himself to Paul＇s the public fair,
To chaffer for preferments with his gold,
Where bishoprics and sinecures are sold. Dryden.

To CHA＇FFER, verb act. 1. To buy.
He chaffer＇d chairs in which churchmen were set,
And breach of laws to privy farm did let. Spenser.
2. To exchange.
He never staid to greet,
He chaffer＇d words, proud courage to provoke. Spenser.
Both senses are now obsolete.

CHA＇FFERER [from chaffer] he that chaffers, or bargains and
haggles.

CHA＇FFERN [echaúfferre, Fr.] a vessel for heating water in.

CHA＇FFINCH [of chaff and finch] a bird so named for delighting to
eat chaff, and by some much admired for its song. Phillips. Morti­
mer uses the word.

CHA＇FFLESS [from chaff] being without chaff.
The love I bear him
Made me to fan you thus; but the gods made you,
Unlike all others, chaffless. Shakespeare.

CHA＇FF-WEED [gnaphalium, Lat.] an herb; the same with cud­
weed.

CHA＇FFY [of chaff] full of chaff; light like chaff. Straws light
and chaffy. Brown.

CHA＇FING Dish [of échauffer, Fr. to warm or heat] an utensil for
warming meat, &c. a portable grate for coals. Bacon uses it.

CHAGRIN [commonly so written, because it retains the sound of
the original, called shagreen, Fr. cigrino, It.] 1. A sort of grained lea­
ther, chiefly used for the covers of pocket-books, letter-cases, &c. 2.
A sort of silk. See Shagreen.

CHAGRI＇N [chagrine, Fr. it is pronounced shagreen] 1. Trouble,
vexation, peevishness. 2. A being out of humour, fretfulness.
Here me, and touch Belinda with chagrin,
That single act gives half the world the spleen. Pope.

To CHAGRIN a Person [chagriner, Fr.] to vex, to put out of hu­
mour; to trouble, to grieve.

CHAIN [chaine, Fr. cadena, Sp. and that of catena, It. and Lat.]
1. Links of iron, &c. fastened within one another for various uses.
He put a gold chain about his neck. Genesis. 2. A bond, fetter,
or manicle, with which prisoners are bound.
Still in constraint your suff＇ring sex remains,
Or bound in formal, or in real chains. Pope.
3. A line of iron links, with which land is measured; as, a surveyor＇s
chain to measure land.
4. A series linked together; as, a chain of reasonings. Those so
mistake the christian religion, as to think it only a chain of fatal de­
crees, to deny all liberty of man＇s choice. Hammond.

CHAINS [in a figurative sense] signify bonds, bondage, or sla­
very.

CHAINS of a Ship, are strong iron plates bolted into the sides of a
ship, by the timbers called chain-wales, to which the shrouds are fas­
tened.








CHAIN Pumps [of chain and pump, in a ship] a sort of pumps made
of chains of burrs or spunges going in a wheel; a sort of pump which
is used in large English vessels; some are double, so that one rises as
the other falls. Not long since, the striking of the topmast hath been
devised, together with the chain pump, which takes up twice as much
water as the ordinary did. Raleigh.

CHAIN-SHOT [of chain and shot] two bullets, or half bullets, fas­
tened together by a chain, which, when they fly open, cut away what­
ever is before them. The calf of the leg torn by a chain-shot. Wise­
man.

CHAIN Wales of a ship, broad timbers jutting out of its sides, serv­
ing to spread the shrouds, that they may the better support the
masts.

CHAIN-WORK [of chain and work] work with open spaces like the
links of a chain. Wreaths of chainwork for the chapiters. 1 Kings.

To CHAIN [from the noun] 1. To fasten with chains. The mari­
ners he chained in his own galleys. Knolles. 2. To bring into
slavery.
This world, ＇tis true,
Was made for Cæsar, but for Titus too:
And which more bless＇d? who chain＇d his country, say,
Or he whose virtue sigh＇d to lose a day. Pope.
3. To put on a chain. The mouth of the harbour chained. Knolles.
4. To unite; as, the links of a chain.
I do bend mine knee with thine,
And in this vow do chain my soul with thine. Shakespeare.

CHAIR-[chaire, Fr. cedégra, Port. probably from cathedra, Lat.] 1.
A seat with a back, a moveable seat. If a chair be defined a seat for
a single person with a back belonging to it, then a stool is a seat for
a single person without a back. Watts. 2. A seat of justice or au­
thority. The chairs of justice supply with worthy men. Shakespeare.
3. A sedan, a vehicle borne by men. View with scorn two pages
and a chair. Pope.

CHAI＇RMAN, a carrier of a sedan; also the president of a commit­
tee, society, club, &c. as, a chairman of a committee, or other as­
sembly.

CHAISE, a sort of light, open chariot, drawn usually by one horse.
The ch retains the sound of the original. Fr.

CHA＇LASTICS [χαλαστικα, of χαλαζω, Gr. to loosen] such medi­
cines, which, by their temperate heat, have the faculty of softening
or relaxing the parts, which, on account of their extraordinary ten­
sion or swelling, occasion pains.

CHA＇LAZA [Lat. χαλαζα, Gr. hail] the treadle of an egg, which
are longish bodies something more concrete than the white, and knot­
ty; have some sort of light, as hail, whence they take their name;
because the chalazæ (for there are two of them) consist as it were of
so many hail-stones, separated from one another by that white. Every
egg (as has been said) has two of them, one in the acute, and the
other in the obtuse end; one of them is bigger than the other, and
further from the yolk; the other is less, and extends itself from the
yolk towards the acute end of the egg; the greater is composed of two
or three knots, like so many hail stones, which are moderately distant
from each other, the less in order to succeed the greater.

CHALAZA, or CHALAZION [Lat. of χαλαζα, Gr.] a little swelling
in the eye-lids like a hail-stone.

CHALAZOPHY＇LACES [of χαλαζα, hail, and ϕυλασσω, to preserve,
Gr.] certain priests among the Grecians, who pretended to divert hail
and tempests, by sacrificing a lamb or a chicken; or, if they had not
these, by cutting their finger, and appeasing the anger of the gods by
their blood.

CHA＇LBOT, or CHABOT [in heraldry] a kind of fish called a mil­
ler＇s thumb, or bull-head.

CHALCA＇NTHUM [χαλκανθος, of χαλκος, copper or vitriol, and
ανθος, the flower] vitriol or copperas.

CHALCANTHUM Rubefactum [with chemists] vitriol calcined to a
redness.

CHALCEDO＇NIUS [with jewellers] a defect found in some precious
stones; when in turning them they find white spots, or stains, like
those of the chalcedony.

CHA＇LCEDONY [calcedoine, Fr. calcidonio, It. chalcedo, Lat. of χαλ­
κεδων, Gr.] a sort of agate or onyx-stone. It was a semi-opake stone,
whitish and clouded with faint colours. Crisp.

CHALCI＇TES [χαλκιτης, Gr.] a precious stone of the colour of
brass.

CHALCI＇TIS [χαλκιτις, Gr.] brass, or the stone out of which brass
is got; also red vitriol.

CHALCIDIC [with ancient architects] a large stately hall belonging
to a court of justice.

CHALCO＇GRAPHER [χαλκογραϕος, of χαλκος, brass, and γραϕευς,
an engraver] an engraver in brass.

CHALCO＇GRAPHY [χαλκογραϕια, Gr.] the act or art of engraving
in brass.

CA＇ALÆAN, noun adj. belonging to Chaldæa, the Chaldæan, or
Babylonian empire. See BABYLONIAN.

CHA＇LDER, CHA＇LDERN, CHA＇LDRON, or CHAU＇DRON, a dry En­
glish measure for coals, containing 36 bushels, heaped measure, ac­
cording to the sealed measure kept at Guildhall, London. The chau­
dron should weigh 2000 lb. Also the entrails of a calf.

CHALCOLI＇BANUM [χαλκολιβανον, Gr.] a sort of fine brass. Lat.

CHA＇LCIDIC, or CHA＇CIDICUS [of χαλκος, brass, and δικη, Gr.
justice] a magnificent hall belonging to a tribunal, or court of
justice.

CHALCO＇PHONUS [χαλκοϕωνος, of χαλκος, brass, and ϕωνη, Gr. a
voice] a black stone that sounds like brass.

CHALCOSMA＇RAGDUS [χαλκοσμαραγδος, Gr.] the bastard emerald.

CHA＇LDEA, or BABYLONIA, the ancient name of a country of
Asia, now called Eyrac Arabî. See EYRAC ARABI.

CHA＇LDRON, a measure of coals, containing 36 bushels.

CHA＇LICE [calice, Fr. and It. cáliz, Sp. of calix, Lat. kelck, Du.
kelch, Ger. calic, cælc, or cælic, Sax. kalcke, Dan. and Su.] 1. The
communion-cup used at the sacrament of the eucharist, in general. 2. A
cup, a bowl.
When in your motion you are hot,
And that he calls for drink, I＇ll have prepar＇d him
A chalice for the nonce. Shakespeare.

CHA＇LICED [from calicis, gen. of calix, Lat. the cup of a flower]
applied by Shakespeare to a flower; but now obsolete.
Phæbus gins arise
His steeds to water at these springs,
On chalic＇d flowers that lies. Shakespeare.

CHALK [chaux, Fr. of calx, Lat. kalck, Du. and Ger. ceale,
cealcstan, Sax. calck, Wel. kalck, Su.] a kind of white fossil, of
which lime is made. It is used in medicine as an absorbent,
Chalk is of two sorts; the hard, dry, strong chalk, which is best for
lime; and a soft unctuous chalk, which is best for lands, because it
easily dissolves with rain and frost. Mortimer.
Chalk is the simplest and driest of all earths, as having no dis­
cernable share of fatness at all; it is by some accounted a stone, but
wants much of the weight and consistence of a real stone.

It is no more like than CHALK is like cheese. Said when two things
have no manner of resemblance.

To CHALK [from the noun] 1. To rub with chalk. 2. To ma­
nure with chalk; as, land that is chalked. 3. To trace out; as, by
marks of chalk I might have chalk＇d out a way for others to amend my
errors. Dryden.

CHALK-CUTTER [of chalk and cut] a man that digs chalk. Shells,
by the seamen called chalk-eggs, are dug up in chalk-pits, where the
chalk-cutters drive a great trade with them. Woodward.

CHALK-PIT [of chalk and pit] a pit in which chalk is dug.

CHA＇LKY [from chalk] 1. Consisting of chalk, white with chalk;
as, chalky cliffs. 2. Impregnated or saturated with chalk; as, chalky
water.

To CHA＇LLENGE [challenger, old Fr.] 1. To give defiance to one,
to call him to answer for an offence by combat; as, to challenge a
person to single fight. 2. To call to a contest.
Thus form＇d for speed, he challenges the wind. Dryden.
3. To except against in law, to object to one＇s impartiality. Twenty­
four are returned, to supply the defects of those that are challeng＇d
off. Hale. 4. To accuse.
Were the grac＇d person of our Banquo present,
Whom I may rather challenge for unkindness. Shakespeare.
5. To claim as due.
These white flakes did challenge pity. Shakespeare.
That still would recommend the more to Cæsar,
And challenge better terms. Addison.
6. To call one to the performance of conditions; with of before
the thing challenged. I will challenge you of your promise, to give
me certain rules. Peacham.

To CHALLENGE [with hunters] a term used when hounds or
beagles, at first finding the scent of their game, presently open or cry.

CHA＇LLENGE [from the verb] 1. A summons to fight a duel, a de­
fiance.
I never in my life
Did hear a challenge urg＇d more modestly. Shakespeare.
2. A claim, a demand of something as due. There must be no
challenge of superiority. Collier.

CHALLENGE [in common law] an exception against. A prisoner
at the bar, arraigned for felony, may except against jurors or jury­
men, upon supposition of their being partial.

Principal CHALLENGE, Peremptory CHALLENGE, is what is allowed
by law, without cause alledged, or further examination, and the pri­
soner may except against twenty-one, and in cases of high-treason
thirty-five.
You are my enemy, I make my challenge,
You shall not be my judge. Shakespeare.

CHALLENGE upon Reason, is when the prisoner does alledge some
reason for his exception, and such as is sufficient, if it be true.

CHA＇LLENGED [in cock-fighting] is when the sport is managed
with ten staves of cocks, and to make out of them twenty-one battles
more or less, the odd battle to have the mastery.

CHALLE＇NGER [from challenge] 1. One that defies or summons ano­
ther to combat; as, he＇s a general challenger. 2. One that claims
superiority.
Whose worth
Stood challenger, on mount of all the age,
For her perfections. Shakespeare.
3. A claimant, one that requires something as due of right. Earnest
challengers there are of trial by some public disputation. Bacon.

CHA＇LLONS on the Marne, the capital of the Challonois, in the
province of Champaign, in France, situated 82 miles east of Paris,
and 30 south-east of Rheims.

CHALLONS on the Soan, a city of Burgundy, in France, 32 miles
south of Dijon. It is the see of a bishop.

CHALY＇BEATE [of chalybs, Lat. steel] of or pertaining to steel,
having the temper or quality of steel, impregnated with iron or steel;
as, chalybeate waters.

CHALYBEATE Crystals of Tartar [with chemists] see CREAM of
Tartar.

CHALYBEATES [in medicine] preparations or medicines prepared
with steel.

CHAM, the title of the emperor or sovereign prince of Tartary. It
should seem to be a European corruption of the word Chan or Han,
i. e. sovereign prince or lord; hence we read of Jingiz-chan, Timur­
chan, and Tartar-han: One and the fame guttural being by us dif­
ferently pronounced. See CH. And, if not judged too foreign to the
present occasion, I would beg leave to observe here once for all, that
the ch in French answering to our sh, we ought (if willing to secure
the true pronunciation of many a name, incorporated from their dic­
tionaries into ours) to substitute the latter. I mean, the sh. e. g. See
CACHAN, and read CASHAN. It is likewise applied to the principal
noblemen of Persia.

CHAM [in geography] a town of the Bavarian Palatinate, situated
on a river of the same name, about 25 miles north-east of Ratisbon.

CHAMA＇DE [in military affairs] a beat of drum, or sound of trum­
pet, which is given the enemy as a kind of signal to inform them con­
cerning some proposition to be made to the commander, either to ca­
pitulate, to have leave to bury their dead, or make a truce, &c.
They beat the chamade, and sent us charte-blanche. Addison.

CHAMÆA＇CTE [Lat. χαμαιακτη, Gr.] a kind of low elder-tree,
the plant wall-wort, or dame-wort.








CHAMÆBA＇LANUS [Lat. of χαμαι, on the ground, and βαλανος,
Gr.] peas or earth-nut.

CHAMÆ＇BATOS [Lat. χαμαιβατος, Gr.] the heath-bramble.

CHAMÆ＇BUXUS [Lat. with botanists] bastard dwarf-box.

CHAMÆCE＇DRYS [Lat. of χαμαι, and κισσος, Gr.] ground-ivy,
hare＇s-foot, periwinkle.

CHAMÆCY＇PARISSUS [Lat. χαμαικυπαρισσος, Gr.] the dwarf cy­
press tree or heath.

CHAMÆDA＇PHNE [Lat. of χαμαι, and δαϕνη, Gr. the laurel] a sort
of laurel or lowry.

CHAMÆ＇DRYS [Lat. of χαμαι, and δρυς, Gr. an oak] the herb
germander, or English heath.

CHAMÆFILIX, Lat. female dwarf-fern, stone-fern.

CHAMÆI＇RIS, Lat. dwarf flower-de-luce.

CHAMÆI＇TEA, Lat. dwarf-willow.

CHAMÆ＇LEON [Lat. χαμαιλεων, of χαμαι, the ground, and λεων, Gr.
a lion] a little beast like a lizard, which for the most part lives on
flies, &c. See CHAMELION.

CHAMÆLEON [Lat. with botanists] a thistle which is said to
change colour with the earth it grows in, like that animal called
cameleon.

CHAMÆLE＇UCE [Lat. of χαμαι, and λευκη, Gr.] the herb colt＇s-foot,
or asses foot.

CHAMÆLINUM [Lat. of χαμαι, and λινον, Gr.] dwarf wild-flax.

CHAMÆMELON [Lat. of χαμαι, and μηλον, Gr. an apple, ground­
apple] the herb chamomil.

CHAMÆME＇SPILUS [Lat. with botanists] the dwarf medlar.

CHA＇MÆMORUS [Lat. with botanists] the knot berry-bush.

CHAMÆPERICLY＇MENUM, Lat. the dwarf honey-suckle.

CHAMÆPI＇TIS [Lat. of χαμαι, and πιτυς, Gr.] the herb ground­
pine; also the herb St. John＇s-wort. See the etymology of all these
compounds, explained under CHAMÆBALANUS.

CHAMÆPLA＇TANUS [Lat. with botanists] the dwarf rose-bay.

CHAMÆRODE＇NDROS [Lat. in botany] the dwarf rose-bay.

CHAMÆSY＇CE [Lat. with botanists] spurge-time.

CHA＇MBER [chambre, Fr. câmera, Sp. camera, It. and Lat. kamer,
Du. O. and L. Ger. kammer, H. Ger.] 1. An apartment or room in
a house, generally that appropriated for lodging in. 2. Any retired
room. The dark caves of death, and chambers of the grave. Prior.
3. Any cavity, or hollow. Petit has, from an examination of the
figure of the eye, argued against the possibility of a film＇s existence, in
the posterior chamber. Sharp. 4. A court of justice; as, the imperial
chamber. 5. A species of great guns. Names given them, as can­
nons, demi-cannons, chambers, arquebuse musket. Camden.

CHAMBER [with gunners] that part of a piece of ordnance, as far
as the powder and shot reach when it is loaded; also a charge made of
brass or iron, to be put in at the breech of a sling or murdering piece.

The CHAMBER [or treasury] of the city of London.

To CHAMBER a Gun, is to make a chamber in it.

Bottled CHAMBER [of a mortar-piece] that part where the powder
lies, being globular, with a neck for its communication with the cy­
linder.

CHAMBER [of a mine] the place where the powder is confined, and
is generally of a cubical form.

Powder CHAMBER [on a battery] a place sunk into the ground,
for holding the powder or bombs, &c. where they may be out of
danger, and preserved from rain.

To CHAMBER. 1. To be wanton, to intrigue. See CHAMBERING.
2. To reside, as in a chamber. The best blood chamber＇d in his veins.
Shakespeare.

CHAMBERDE＇KINS [i. e. chamber deacons] certain Irish beggars,
who being clothed in the habit of poor scholars in the university of
Oxford, frequently committed robberies and murders in the night, and
were banished by stat. 1. Henry V.

CHA＇MBERER [from chamber] a man of intrigue.
I have not those soft parts of conversation,
That chamberers have. Shakespeare.

CHA＇MBERFELLOW [of chamber and fellow] one that lies in the
same chamber. A chamberfellow, with whom I agree very well.
Spectator.

CHA＇MBERING, debauchery, rioting, effeminacy, luxury. Not in
chambering or wantonness. Romans.

CHA＇MBERLAIN [chambellan, Fr. camerlingo, It. cameréro, Sp.] a
name given to several officers.

Lord Great CHAMBERLAIN of England, the 6th officer of the
crown, a considerable part of his function is at a coronation, who has
the government of the palace of Westminster, and provides all things
for the house of lords, during the sitting of the house, with livery
and lodging in the king＇s-court; he disposes of the sword of state;
under him are the gentleman-usher of the black-rod, yeomen-ushers,
and door-keepers.

Lord CHAMBERLAIN of the King＇s Houshold, an officer who
looks to the king＇s chambers and wardrobe, and governs the under­
officers, and has the oversight of the physicians, surgeons, the serjeants
at arms, chaplains, and apothecaries, &c. except the precinct of the
bed-chamber.
A patriot is a fool in every age,
When all lord chamberlains allow the stage. Pope.

CHAMBERLAIN, 1. The waiter above-stairs of an inn, the servant
who makes the guests beds at a public inn. 2. A receiver of rents
and revenues; as, chamberlain of the Exchequer, of Chester, and of
the city of London.

CHA＇MBERLAINS of the Exchequer, two officers who formerly used
to have the controlment of the pells of receipts, and payments, and
kept certain keys of treasury and records.

CHA＇MBERLAINSHIP [of chamberlain] the office of a chamberlain.

CHAMBERLA＇RIA, or CHAMBERLANGL＇RIA [in old Latin records]
chamberlainship, or office of a chamberlain.

CHA＇MBER-LYF, urine.

CHA＇MBERMAID [of chamber and maid] a maid, whose business is
to dress a lady, and wait on her in her chamber.

CHA＇MBERRY, the capital of the dutchy of Savoy, in Italy, situa­
ted 90 miles north-west of Turin, and 45 south of Geneva. Lat. 45°
40′ N. Long. 5° 45′ E.

CHA＇MBERS of the King [in old records] the ports or have
England.

To CHA＇MBLET [from camelot] to variegate, to vary. Some have
the veins more varied and chambleted, as oak. Bacon.

CHAMBRA＇NLE [in architecture] an order in masonry and joiner＇s
work, which borders the three sides of doors, windows and chim­
neys. It is different, according to the different orders of architecture,
and is composed of three parts, viz. the top called traverse, and the
two sides called the ascendants.

CHA＇MBREL [of an horse] the joint or bending of the upper part of
the hinder leg.

CHAME＇LEON. See CHAMÆLEON. The chameleon hath four feet,
and on each foot three claws; its tail is long; with this, as well as
with its feet, it fastens itself to the branches of trees. Some have as­
serted, that it lives only on air; but it has been observed to feed on
flies, catched with its tongue, which is about ten inches long, and three
thick. This animal is said to assume the colour of those things to
which it is applied; but our modern observers assure us, that its na­
tural colour, when at rest, and in the shade, is a bluish grey; though
some are yellow, and others green, but both of a smaller kind.
Calmet. A chameleon is a creature about the bigness of an ordinary
lizard. Bacon.
The thin chameleon, fed with air, receives
The colour of the thing to which he cleaves. Dryden.

CHAME＇LION [in hieroglyphics] represents an hypocrite, and a
time-server, one that is of any religion, and takes any impression that
will serve his present turn; for it is related of this creature, that it
can change itself into any colour but white and red. The late au­
thor of the history of the POPES has given us plenty of these change­
lings in religion, and court-serving characters in the councils held under
the christian emperors of the fourth and succeeding centuries. See
COUNCILS.

To CHA＇MFER [cambrer, Fr.] to channel or make hollow.

CHAMFER, or CHAMFRET [with architects] a small furrow or gut­
ter on a pillar, an ornament consisting of half a scotia.

CHA＇MFERED [with botanists] the stalks of some plants are said to
be chamfered, when they have impressions upon them like furrows.

CHA＇MFERING, or CHAMERA＇INING [in carpentry, &c.] is the
cutting the edge or end of any thing aslope or level.

CA＇MLET [camelot, Fr. of camelus, Lat. a camel] camlet, a stuff
originally made of camel＇s hair; see CAMELOT. To make a camlet,
draw five lines, waved overthwart, if your diapering consist of a dou­
ble line. Peacham.

CHA＇MOIS, or CHA＇MOYS Leather, commonly called shammy, the
skin of a kind of wild-goat. The wild ox and the chamois. Deu­
toronomy.

CHA＇MOMILE [χαμαιμηλον, Gr.] an odoriferous plant. It hath a
fibrose root; the leaves are cut into segments. This plant was for­
merly in great request for making green walks, and is still cultivated
for medicinal use. Miller. See CAMOMILE.

CHA＇MOS, or CHE＇MOSH [כתוש, Heb.] an idol of the Moabites,
which, according to the opinion of some, was the same with Baal-
Phegor, or Priapus; but others take it to be Bacchus.

To CHAMP, verb act. [champayer, O. Fr.] 1. To chew or bite as
a horse does the bit.
The steeds caparison＇d with purple stand,
And champ betwixt their teeth the foaming gold. Dryden.
2. To devour. The pieces of a tobacco-pipe left such a delicious
roughness on my tongue, that I champed up the remaining part.
Spectator.

To CHAMP, verb neut. to perform frequently the action of biting;
as, the frequent motion and champing with the jaws. To champ upon
the bit. Hooker.

CHAMPAI＇GN [in geography] a province of France, bounded by
Picardy on the north; by Lorrain on the cast; by Burgundy on the
south; and by the isle of France on the west. Its capital is Troyes.

CHA＇MPAIN, or CHA＇MPION [of champagne, Fr. campagna, It.] a
large plain, open country. With shadowy forests, and with cham­
pains rich＇d. Shakespeare.

A Point CHAMPAI＇N [in heraldry] an abatement or mark of dis­
honour in the coat of one, who unmanly kills a prisoner of war in
field, after he has craved quarter.

CHA＇MPAIN Lychnis [in botany] a kind of rose, in colour either
red or white.

CHAMPA＇RTY, or CHAMPE＇RTY [champart, probably of champ,
a field, and partir, Fr. to divide] a term used in the common law, for
the maintenance of a person in a suit depending, upon condition to
have part of the lands and goods when recovered.

CHAMPE＇RTORS [in common law] those who move law suits at
their proper costs, to have part of the lands or goods sued for, or part
of the gain.

CHAMPI＇GNION, a red gill＇d, edible mushroom. Fr.
He viler friends with doubtful mushrooms treats,
Secure for you himself champignions eat. Dryden.

CHA＇MPION [Fr. campio, low Lat. campione, It. campiòn, Sp. prob.
of cempa, Sax. a soldier, of kaemper, Teut. kaempsser, H. Ger. a du­
elist or prize-fighter, kaempen, kaempssen, to fight. From whence,
likewise, prefixing sieg, Teut. a victory, the Sicambri, a warlike peo­
ple dwelling formerly on the banks of the Rhine, q. d. sieg kampsser
or fighters for victory. See CAMP] 1. One who fights a duel, or under­
takes a cause by single combat; as, a matter tried by duel between two
champions. 2. A hero, a stout warrior; as, a zealous champion for
truth. 3. In common law, champion is taken no less for him that tri­
eth the combat in his own cause, than for him that fighteth in the
cause of another. Cowel.

CHA＇MPION of the King, an officer, whose business it is, at the corona­
tion of a king of England, to ride into Westminster-ball, armed capa­
pe, while the king is at dinner, and to throw down his gauntlet by
way of challenge; proclaiming by a herald, that if any man shall deny
or gainsay the king＇s title to the crown, he is there ready to defend it
in single combat, &c. which done, the king drinks to him, sending
him a gilt cup with a cover, full of wine, which the champion drinks,
and has the cup for his see.








To CHAMPION [from the noun] to challenge one to combat.
The seed of Banquo, kings!
Rather than so, come fate into the list,
And champion me to th＇ utterance. Shakespeare.

CHANCE, subst. 1. Fortune, the cause of fortuitous events.
We profess
Ourselves to be the slaves of chance. Shakespeare.
Chance is only a compendious way of speaking, whereby we would
express, that such effects as are commonly attributed to chance, were
verily produced by their true and proper causes, but without their
design to produce them. Bentley. 2. The act of fortune or chance;
as, leave him to take his chance. 3. Hazard, or fortune; a term we
apply to events, to denote that they happen without any necessary
cause; fortuitous event, casual occurrence, A chance or casualty, as
it relates to second causes, signifies no more than that there are some
events besides the knowledge and power of second agents. South.
4. Success, event, luck.
How we＇ll together, and the chance of goodness
Be like our warranted quarrel. Shakespeare.
5. Misfortune, misluck, unhappy accident. Common chances com­
mon men could bear. Shakespeare. 6. Possibility of any thing hap­
pening.
But chance may lead where I may meet
Some wand＇ring spirit. Milton.

CHANCE [as an allegorical deity with the ancients] was confounded
sometimes with destiny, and sometimes with fortune, and represented
as a god.

CHANCE [in metaphysics] many things happen by chance in the
world, with regard to second causes; but nothing at all happens by
chance, in regard to the first cause (God.) And such is that truly
sublime sentiment which Milton puts into the mouth of the supreme
FATHER.
———My goodness, which is free
To act, or not. Necessity and chance
Approach not me; and what I will is fate.
Parad. Lost, B. 7. I. 171.
See AUTHENTIC and NECESSARY Cause.

CHANCE, is also used for the manner of deciding things, the con­
duct or direction whereof is left at large, and not reducible to any de­
terminate rules or measures, or where there is no ground or pretence,
as at cards, dice, &c.

CHANCE, adj. [seldom used but in composition] happening by
chance. They met like chance-companions on the way. Dryden.
The next chance-comer. Dryden.

CHANCE-MEDLEY [in law] the accidental killing of a man, not
without fault of the killer, but without any evil intent. It is also
termed manslaughter by misadventure; for which the offender shall
have his pardon of course, in case he was doing a lawful act; but if
an unlawful one, it is felony.

To CHANCE, to fall, to happen. Tell us what hath chanc＇d to day.
Shakespeare.

CHA＇NCEABLE [from chance] accidental. The chanceable coming
thither of the king of Iberia. Sidney.

CHA＇NCEL [probably of cancelli, Lat. grates] is properly an in­
closed or separated place, surrounded with bars, to defend judges and
other officers from the press or crowd of the people.

CHANCEL of a Church [from cancelli, Lat. lettices, with which the
chancel was inclosed. Johnson. Probably of cantlel, Du. kantzel, Ger.
a pulpit, or place elevated, from whence any thing is read or pub­
lished] 1. Part of the choir, betwen the altar and communion table,
and the ballustrade or rails that inclose it, where the minister is placed
at the celebration of the communion. 2. The eastern part of the church,
in which the altar is placed.

CHA＇NCELLOR [chancellier, Fr. cancelliero, It. chancillèr, Sp. can­
celier, Du. cantzler, Ger. cancellarius, Lat. from cancellare, literas vel
scriptum lineâ per medium ducta damnare, and seemeth of itself likewise
to be derived a cancellis, which signifies the same with κιγκλιδες, a let­
tice] an officer supposed originally to have been a notary or scribe un­
der the emperor, and named cancellarius, because he sat behind a lat­
tice, to avoid being pressed upon by the people.

Lord High CHANCELLOR [of Great-Britain] the chief person next
to the sovereign, for the administration of justice in civil affairs; who
has an absolute power to moderate and temper written law according to
equity: he is constituted by the king＇s delivering to him the great seal,
and by taking an oath.
Go, buckle to the law. Is this an hour
To stretch your limbs? You＇ll ne＇er be chancellor. Dryden.

CHANCELLOR [of the Exchequer] an officer constituted to qualify
extremities, and order matters in that court; he has also power, with
others, to compound for forfeitures upon penal statutes, bonds, and
recognizances, acknowledged to the king; he has great authority in
managing the royal revenue, and in matters of first fruits. The court
of equity is in the exchequer chamber, and is held before the lord trea­
surer, chancellor and barons, as that of common law before the barons
only.

CHANCELLOR [in the ecclesiastical court] a bishop＇s lawyer; a man
trained up in the civil and canon law, to direct the bishop in matters
of judgment, relating as well to criminal as to civil affairs in the
church.

CHANCELLOR of a Cathedral, a dignitary whose office it is to super­
intend the regular exercise of devotion.

CHANCELLOR [of the Dutchy of Lancaster] is the chief officer in
that court, constituted a judge to try and determine all causes and
controversies between the king and the tenants of the dutchy land,
and otherwise to direct all the kings affairs pertaining thereto.

CHANCELLORS, there are also a chancellor of the order of the gar­
ter; a chancellor of an university; a chancellor of the first fruits; of a
diocese, &c.

CHANCELLOR [of an university] seals the deplomas or letters of de­
crees, provision, &c. given in the university.

CHANCELLOR [of Oxford] is their magistrate, whom the students
themselves elect; his office is to govern the university durante vitâ, to
preserve and defend the rights and privileges of it, to call together
assemblies, and to do justice among the members under his juris­
diction.

Vice CHANCELLOR [of Oxford] is nominated annually by the chan­
cellor, and elected by the university in convocation, to supply the ab­
sence of the chancellor.

Pro Vice CHANCELLORS, four persons chosen out of the heads of
colleges, by the vice-chancellor, to one of which he deputes his power
to act in his absence.

CHANCELLOR [of Cambridge] much the same with the chancellor
of Oxford, saving that he does not hold his office durante vitâ, but
may be elected every three years.

Vice CHANCELLOR [of Cambridge] is annually chosen by the
senate out of two persons nominated by the heads of colleges and
halls.

CHANCELLOR [of the order of the garter, and other military orders]
an officer who seals the commissions of the chapter, and assembly of
the knights; keeps the register, and delivers the acts under the seal of
the order.

CHA＇NCELLORSHIP [of chancellor] the office or dignity of a chan­
cellor. The next Sunday after Sir Thomas More gave up his chan­
cellorship of England, he came himself to his wife＇s pew, and used the
usual words of his gentleman usher, madam, my lord is gone. Cam­
den.

CHA＇NCERY [chancellerie, Fr. cancelleria, It. chancelleria, Sp. of
cancelli, Lat. cantzley, Ger.] the grand court of equity and conscience,
instituted to moderate the rigour of the other courts, which are tied
down to the strict letter of the law; of this the lord chancellor of
England, or the lord keeper of the great seal, is chief judge.

CHANCERY-Court, was first ordained by William the Conqueror,
who also appointed or instituted the courts of justice, which always re­
moved with his court.

CHA＇NCRE, an ulcer usually arising from venereal maladies. Fr.

CHA＇NCROUS [of chancre, ulcerous] having the qualities of a chan­
cre. A chancrous callus. Wiseman.

CHA＇NDELEER [in gunnery] a frame of wood of two large planks,
six or seven feet asunder, but parallel, on each of which is raised two
pieces of wood perpendicularly, between which fascines are laid,
which form a parapet; they are made moveable from place to place,
according as there shall be occasion, in order to cover workmen.

CHA＇NDELIER, a branch for candles. Fr.

CHA＇NDLER [of candela, Lat. a candle, whence chandelier, Fr. can­
diéyro, Sp.] a maker or seller of candles; he is distinguished by tal­
low-chandler.
The chandler＇s basket on his shoulder borne,
With tallow spots thy coat. Gay.
It is also applied to several sorts of trades; as a seller of several sorts of
small wares is called a chandler; as, a chandler＇s shop, a ship chandler,
one who sells things used for shipping; and corn chandler, one who
sells corn.

CHA＇NDRY, an apartment in the house of a king or nobleman,
where candles, &c. are kept.

CHANFRA＇IN BLANC [with horsemen] is a white mark upon a horse,
descending from the fore-head almost to the nose. Fr.

CHA＇NFRIN [with horsemen] is the fore-part of a horse＇s head, ex­
tending from under the ears along the interval, between the eye-brows
down to the nose.

CHANGE [from the verb] 1. Alteration of the state of any
thing.
Since I saw you last,
There＇s a change upon you. Shakespeare.
2. Variety, a succession of one thing in the place of another; as,
change and variety of company. 3. The time of the moon when it
begins a new monthly revolution; as, the change of the moon.
4. Novelty.
Our fathers did for change to France repair,
And they for change will try our English air. Dryden.
5. In ringing, an alteration of the order in which a set of bells is
rung. Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing, and five bells
an hundred and twenty. Holder. 6. That which makes a variety,
which may be used for another of the same kind; as, changes of gar­
ments.

CHANGE, or EXCHANGE; as, to go to Change, meaning to go to
the Royal-Exchange in London.

CHANGE, or a return of small money out of a piece of greater value
given; as, silver for change of a guinea.

CHANGE [hunting term] is when a stag, met by chance, is taken
for that which has been dislodged and pursued sometime before.

To CHANGE, verb act. [changer, Fr. cangiare, It. of cambio, Lat.
and that of cham (vide. Lex Sal.) ham, han, hand, the hand: and
so the Germ. of hand kave kandeln, to trade or deal, bargains
being anciently confirmed by joining hands] 1. To put one thing in
the place of another; as, to change servants often. 2. To resign one
thing for the sake of another; with for. They change for better, but
we change for worse. Dryden. 3. To convert or discount a piece of
money into smaller, or others of equal value; as, to change a guinea.
4. To give or take reciprocally; having with; as, I will not change
fortune or condition with you. 5. To alter; as, his countenance
changed. 6. To transform, to metamorphose; as, Actæon was
changed into a stag. 7. To exchange or barter; as, they change of
one kind of goods for another. 8. To mend the disposition.
I would she were in heaven, so she could
Intreat some pow＇r to change this currish Jew. Shakespeare.
9. In horsemanship. To change a horse, or to change hands, is to
turn or bear the horse＇s head from one hand to the other, as from the
left to the right, or from the right to the left. Farrier＇s Dic­
ionary.

To CHANGE, verb neut. 1. To undergo an alteration; as, his mind
may change, or the times may change. 2. To begin a new monthly
revolution; as, the moon changes.

CHA＇NGEABLE [from change] 1. Apt to change, or subject to
alter; unconstant, fickle, changeable; as, a changeable humour. 2.
Possible to be changed. Vascular parts of vegetables seem scarce
changeable in the alimentary duct. Arbuthnot. 3. Having the qua­
lity of exhibiting various appearances; as, changeable taffata.

CHA＇NGEABLENESS [of changeable] liable or aptness to change; in­
constancy, fickleness. There is no temper of mind more unmanly







than that changeableness with which we are justly branded. Addison.
2. Susceptibility of change: opposed to immutability. Concerning
the changeableness or immutability of laws, consider their nature and
quality. Hooker.

CHAN＇GEABLY [from changeable] unconstantly.

CHA＇NGEFUL [from change and full] full of change, inconstant,
fickle. Changeful orders are devized for her good. Spenser.
Britain, changeful as a child at play,
Now calls in princes, and now turns away. Pope.

CHA＇NGELING [from change; the word arises from an old supersti­
tious opinion, that the fairies steal away children, and put others, that
are ugly and stupid, in their stead] 1. A child changed or left in the
room of another.
And her base elfin breed there for thee left,
Such men do changelings call, so chang＇d by fairies theft.
Spenser.
2. A fool, or silly fellow; an ideot, a natural. Changelings and fools
of heaven. Dryden. 3. One apt to change, he who wavers.
They had turn＇d from side to side,
And as they changelings liv＇d, they dy＇d. Hudibras.

CHA＇NGER, an officer of the mint, who changes money for gold or
silver.

Money CHANGER, a banker, one who deals in the receipt and
payment of money.

CHA＇NNEL [canel, Fr. and Sp. canale, It. cannel, Port. canael, Du.
canal, Ger. canalis, Lat.] 1. The middle or deepest part of any sea,
harbour or river; the hollow bed of running waters; as, the chan­
nel, of a river. 2. Figuratively, the course of any thing established
thro＇ use or custom. It is not easy, now that things are grown into an
habit, and have their certain course, to change the channel, and turn
the streams another way. Spenser. 3. Any hollow or cavity drawn
lengthwise. Scalding tears wore a channel where they fell. Dryden.
4. A strait or narrow sea between two lands, &c. as that of St. George,
between Great-Britain and Ireland; and the British channel, between
France and Britain.

CHANNEL [of a horse] is the hollow between the two bars or the
nether jaw bones, in which the tongue is lodged.

CHANNEL [with architects] a gutter or furrow of a pillar.

CHANNEL [in architecture] a channel in the Ionic chapiter, is a
part which lies somewhat hollow under the abacus, and open upon
the echinus, and hath its contours or turnings on each side to make the
volutas or scrolls.

CHANNEL of the Larmier, is the soffit of a cornice, which makes
the pendant mouchette.

CHANNEL of the Volute [in the Ionic capital] is the face of its
circumvolution.

To CHANNEL [from the noun] to cut any thing in channels or fur­
rows. No more shall trenching war channel her fields. Shakespeare.
This column is perpetually channel＇d, like a thick plaited gown.
Wotton.

CHANT [cantus, Lat.] 1. The vocal music of churches. 2. Song
or melody in general. Chant of tuneful birds resounding loud.
Milton.

To CHANT, verb act. [chanter, Fr. cantàr, Sp. cantare, It. and
Lat.] 1. To sing.
The cheerful birds of sundry kind
Do chant sweet music. Spenser.
2. To celebrate, praise, or extol by song. The poets chant, it in the
theatres. Bramhall. 3. To sing in cathedral service.

To CHANT, verb neut. to sing or make melody with the voice.
They chant to the sound of the viol. Amos.

CHA＇NTER [chanteur, Fr. cantore, It. chántre, Sp. of cantator, Lat.]
1. The chief singer in a cathedral, church, or chapel, the master of a
choir. 2. A singer, a songster in general.
You curious chanters of the wood,
That warble forth dame nature＇s lays. Wotton.

CHA＇NTICLEAR, or CHA＇NTICLEER [of chant and clear, Fr. clear
or shrill] a name sometimes given to a cock, on account of his clear
loud crow. For crowing loud the noble chanticleer. Dryden.

CHA＇NTLATE [in architecture] a piece of wood fastened near the
ends of the rafters, and projecting beyond the wall for supporting two
or three rows of tiles, to prevent the rain-water from trickling down
the sides of the wall.

CHA＇NTRESS [from chant] a woman singer. Chantress of the woods.
Milton.

CHA＇NTRY [chanterie, Fr.] a chapel anciently joined to some ca­
thedral or parish church, and endowed with annual revenues for the
maintenance of one or more priests, to sing mass daily for the souls of
the founders and others.

CHAO＇LOGY [of χαος and λεγω, Gr.] the history or description of
the chaos.

CHAO＇MANCY [of χαος, air, and μαντεια, Gr. divination] the skill
of prognosticating, by observations made on the air.

CHAOMA＇NTICA Signa [with Paracelsians] prognostics which were
taken from observations made of the air.

CHA＇OS [Lat. χαος, Gr. confus＇d substance. Philo. Jud.] 1. Ac­
cording to the heathen philosophers, a dark and rude mass of matter, or
an irregular system of the elements, and all sorts of particles mixed and
jumbled together; out of which they suppose the world to have been
formed at first. And does not MOSES himself suppose the same? Or what
difference between his “Earth without form, and void” and OVID＇S
rudis indigestaque moles? Tho＇, in justice to Moses, it should be ob­
served, that he does not, like some philosophers, suppose the eternity
(much less self-existence) of matter; but represents this unformed and
undigested chaos as the effect of a divine cause: for he had said just
before “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.”
Other artists can work only on materials already produced to their
hand: but the supreme agent can provide his own; or, as Irenæus
strongly expressed it, “Est omnium SUBSTANTIA voluntas ejus.”
The universe would have been a confused chaos, without beauty or
order. Bentley. 2. Confusion, irregular mixture. I could not have
brought church and state to such a chaos of confusions. King Charles.
3. Any confused or disorderly heap of things, wherein the parts are
undistinguished.
Pleas＇d with a work where nothing＇s just or sit,
One glaring chaos and wild heap of wit. Pope.

CHAO＇TIC [from chaos] of or belonging to a chaos; also resem­
bling a chaos, confused, jumbled, undistinguished. The terraqueous
globe was in a chaotic state. Derham.

To CHAP [kappen, Du. to cut. This word seems originally the
same with chop; nor were they probably distinguished at first, other­
wise than by accident; but they have now a meaning something dif­
ferent, tho＇ referable to the same original sense. Johnson. Probably a
corruption of to gape] to break into gapings, chinks, cracks, flaws;
or openings; as, heat chaps the ground in a drought.
Then would unballanc＇d heat licentious reign,
Crack the dry hill, and chap the russet plain. Blackmore.

CHAP, a chink, hiatus or opening. What chaps are made in
the earth, are filled up. Burnet＇s Theory.

CHAP [of ceapan, Sax. to buy] a corruption or contraction of
chapman.

CHAP, the upper or lower part of a beasts mouth; seldom used in
the singular, but among anatomists. Froth fills his chaps, he sends a
grunting sound. Dryden. The nether chap in the male skeleton is
half an inch broader than in the female. Grew.

CHAPS, in low language, is applied to the human mouth; as, he
licks his chaps at it.

CHAPE [chappe, Fr. chapa, Sp. a thin plate of any metal] 1. A steel
or silver tip or ease that strengthens the end of the scabbard of a
sword. Phillips. 2. The catch of any thing by which it is held in
its place; as, the hook of a scabbard by which it is held in the belt.
3. The points by which a buckle is held to the back strap. This is
monsieur Parolles, that had the whole theory of the war in the knot
of his scarf, and the practice in the chape of his dagger. Shakespeare.

CHAPE [with hunters] the tip at the end of the tail of a fox.

CHAPEA＇U [in heraldry] a cap of state of velvet, of a scarlet co­
lour, lined with ermine, worn by dukes. The crest of noblemens
coats of arms is borne on this cap as on a wreath, and is parted by it
from the helmet; which no crest must immediately touch.

CHA＇PEL [chapelle, Fr. cappelle, It. capillà, Sp. capella, Port. capel,
Du. capelle, Ger. capella, Lat. prob. of καπηλεια, Gr. tents or booths]
a sort of little church served by an incumbent, under the denomina­
tion of a chaplain.

CHAPEL of Ease, is a chapel that stands at a distance from the pa­
rish church, where the parish is large; being built for the ease of the
parishioners that live a great distance from the mother church, and
is served by a curate at their charge.

Free CHAPEL, is a chapel of ease, which has a settled revenue for
the perpetual maintenance of the curate, so as not to be any charge
either to the rector or the parishioners. A free chapel is such as is found­
ed by the king of England. Ayliffe.

CHAPEL [with printers] a work-room or printing-office; so called,
because printing in England was first performed in a chapel at West-
minster-Abbey.

CHA＇PELESS [from chape] having no chape. An old rusty sword,
with a broken hilt, and chapeless, with two broken points. Shake­
speare.

CHAPEL in the Frith, a market town of the peak in Derbyshire,
26 miles from Derby, and 149 from London.

CHA＇PELETS [with horsemen] a couple of stirrup leathers, each of
them mounted with a stirrup, and joined at top in a sort of leather
buckle, called the head of the chapelet, by which being adjusted to
the rider＇s length and bore, they are made fast to the saddle.

CHA＇PELLANY [from chapel] A chapellany is usually said to be that
which does not subsist of itself, but is built and founded within some
other church, and is dependent thercon. Ayliffe.

CHAPELO＇NIANS [a cant word made from chapel] the members or
workmen pertaining to a printing office, who have paid a certain
fine, &c.

CHA＇PELRY [chapelerie, Fr.] the jurisdiction or bounds of any
chapel.

CHA＇PERON, a hood or cap; especially that worn by the knights
of the garter, being part of the habit of that order. The honourable
habiliments; as, robes of state, parliament robes, chaperons, and
caps of state. Camden.

CHA＇PERON [of a bit-mouth] a name which horsemen give to
seatch-mouths, and all others that are not canon-mouths, and signifies
the end of the bit that joins to the branch, just by the blanket. Fr.

CHA＇PFALN [of chap and fallen] having the mouth or chap struck
or fallen.
A chapfaln beaver loosely hanging by
The cloven helm. Dryden.

CHA＇PITER [chapiteau, Fr. capitello, It. with architects] the head,
crown, capital, or upper part of a pillar. He overlaid the chapiters
and the fillets with gold. Exodus.

CHAPITERS with Mouldings [in architecture] are those that have no
ornaments, as the Tuscan and Doric.

CHAPITERS with Sculptures [in architecture] are those which are
set off with leaves and carved works, the finest of which is that of the
Corinthian order.

CHAPITERS [in law] certain articles, comprizing a short account
of such matters as are to be enquired into, or presented before the jus­
tices of the peace of assize, or eyre, in their session.

CHA＇PLAIN [chapelain, Fr. cappellano, It. capellan, Sp. capelain,
Port. cabellan, Ger. capellanus, Lat.] he who performs divine service
in a chapel.

CHA＇PLAIN [in a law sense] one who attends upon the king or
other person of quality, in order to instruct him and his family in mat­
ters of religion, by reading prayers and preaching.

CHA＇PLAINSHIP. 1. The office of a chaplain. 2. The profession
or revenue of a chaplain.

CHAPLESS [from chap] having no flesh about the mouth.
A charnel house,
With reeky shanks, and yellow chapless bones. Shakespeare.

CHA＇PLET [chapelet, Fr.] 1. A wreath or garland to he worn about
the head. Chaplets green upon their foreheads plac＇d. Dryden. 2.
The tust of Feathers on the head of a peacock.








CHAPLET, 1. [In architecture] a kind of ornament, a fillet, being a
little moulding carved into round beads, pearls, or olives. 2. [In horse­
manship] a couple of stirrup leathers, mounted each with a stirrup,
and joining at top in a sort of leather buckle, which is called the head
of the chaplet, by which they are fastened to the pummel of a saddle,
after they have been adjusted to the length and bearing of the rider.
They are made use of to avoid the trouble of taking up or letting down
the stirrups every time a person mounts on a different horse and saddle,
and so supply the want of academy saddles. Farrier＇s Dictionary.

CHAPLETS [with Roman Catholics] a certain number of beads,
threaded like a bracelet, by which they count their daily pater-nosters
and ave-Maria＇s. A different sort of chaplets is used by the Mahome­
tans.

CHA＇PMAN [koopman, Du. O. and L. Ger. kauffman, H. Ger. kob­
mand, Dan. koepman, Su. all which signify a merchant, of ceapan,
cypman, copeman or ceepman, Sax. a buyer] one who cheapens or
offers to purchase.
Their chapmen they betray,
Their shops are dens, the buyer is the prey. Dryden.

CHA＇PMANRY [of ceapman and ric, Sax. a kingdom] the employ­
ment or dealings of a chapman, or buyer.

CHA＇PMANSHIP, the occupation of buying or selling.

CHAPPE [in heraldry] signifies cloaked, and is represented by di­
viding the chief by lines drawn from the centre, at the upper edge to
angles below into three parts. The sections on the sides being of a dif­
ferent metal or colour from the rest. Some call it a chief party per
bend dexter or sinister, or both.

CHA＇PPERONNE [in heraldry] signifies hooded, of chapperonne, an
hood, which covers the head, such as friars wear, with as much hang­
ing down as covers the shoulders, and part of the arms closed every
way.

CHAPPEROO＇NS, or SHAFFEROO＇NS, are those little shields contain­
ing death＇s heads, and other funeral devices, placed on the foreheads
of horses that draw hearses at funerals. The reason of their being so
called, is because these devices were anciently fastened to the chappe­
ronnes, that those horses used to wear with their other coverings of
state.

CHA＇POURNET, a little hood, the figure of which is used by heralds,
for a bearing in a coat of arms.

CHAPS [probably of gaping] See CHAP. 1. The mouth of a
beast of prey.
Their whelps at home expect the promis＇d food,
And long to temper their dry chaps in blood. Dryden.
2. It is applied, in contempt, to the mouth of a man.

CHAPT, or CHA＇PPED [part. pass. of to chap] having clests or fis­
sures gaping.

CHA＇PTER [chapitre, Fr. capitolo, It. capitulo, Sp. capittel, Du.
capitel, Ger. capitulum, of caput, Lat. the head] 1. A division or part
of a book. 2. Hence comes the proverbial phrase, to the end of the
chapter, that is, throughout, to the end of any thing. L＇Estrange uses
it.

CHA＇PTER [capitulum, Lat. in the common as well as canon or ci­
vil law, from which it is borrowed] 1. An assembly of the whole
body of the clergymen appertaining to a cathedral, collegiate or con­
ventual church; the place of their assembly. 2. The place where de­
linquents receive correction. Ayliffe. 3. A decretal epistle. Ayliffe.

CHAPTER House, a building contiguous to, or near a cathedral or
collegiate church, where the chapter is held.

CHA＇PTRELS [probably from chapitre, Johnson. with architects]
the same as imposts, i. e. those parts on which the feet of arches stand;
the capitals of pillars or pillasters on which they are supported. Let
the key-stone break without the arch, so much as you project over the
jaums with the chaptrels. Moxon.

CHAR [in the British tongue] is used for caer, which signifies a city,
and being adjoined to the names of places, signifies the city of that
place.

CHAR [of uncertain derivation. Johnson] a fish found only in Wi­
nander-meer in Lancashire.

CHAR [cyrre, work, Sax. lye. It is is derived by Skinner from
charge, Fr. business, or care, Sax. care, or keeren, Du. to sweep] a
single job, work done by the day.
The maid that milks,
And does the meanest chars. Shakespeare.
To char-work did aspire,
Meat, drink, and two-pence, were her daily hire. Dryden.

To CHAR [from the noun] to do jobs by the day, without being
hired.

To CHAR, to make charcoal of wood of oak, alder, lime-tree, &c.
by cutting it into convenient lengths, and piling it up in the form of a
pyramid in a deep pit, made in the ground for that purpose, having a
little hole to put in the fire; to burn wood to a black coal. Wood­
ward uses it.

CHAR-WOMAN, a woman employed occasionally for odd jobs or for
single days. Swift uses it.

CHA＇RACTER [caractére, Fr. carattere, It. caráter, Sp. character,
Lat. of χαρακτηρ, Gr.] 1. A mark, stamp, or representation.
Less expressing
The character of that dominion given
O＇er other creatures. Milton.
2. A certain manner of air or assemblage of qualities, which result from
several particular marks, which distinguish a thing from any other, so
as it may be thereby known; a representation of any man as to his
personal qualities; as we say, the character of Alexander, Cicero, &c.
3. The person with his assemblage of qualities. Homer has excelled
in the multitude and variety of his characters. Addison. 3. Personal qua­
lities, particular constitution of the mind.
Most women have no characters at all. Pope.
4. The hand or manner of writing; as, you know the character of this
hand writing. 5. An account of any thing, as good or bad. This
subterraneous passage is much mended, since Seneca gave so bad a
character of it. Addison.

CHARACTER [with poets] is the result of the manners, or that
which is proper to each person, by which he is singular in his manners,
and distinguishable from others.

CHARACTER [with Romish divines] a certain indelible mark or
impression, which is left behind them by certain sacraments in those
that receive them.

CHARACTER, is used for certain visible qualities which claim reve­
rence or respect from those that are vested with them; adventitious
qualities impressed by any office; as, the dignity of the character of a
bishop, of an ambassador, &c.

Nominal CHARACTERS, are those properly called letters, in
writing or printing, which serve to express things.
But his neat cookery!
——He cut our roots in characters. Shakespeare.

Real CHARACTERS, are such as express things and ideas instead of
names.

Emblematical CHARACTERS, are such as not only express the things
themselves, but, in some measure, personate them and exhibit their
form; such as the Egyptian hieroglyphics.

CHARACTER [with the canting crew] signifies burnt in the hand;
as, he has got the character; that is, he has been burnt in the hand.

To CHARACTER [from the noun] to inscribe, or engrave.
There trees shall be my books,
And in their barks my thoughts I＇ll character. Shakespeare.

CHA＇RACTERISM [χαρακτηρισμος, or χαρακτηρισμα, Gr.] the de­
scription or setting out of a person by a character. Append. ad Ihesaur.
H. Steph.

CHARACTERI＇STIC, or CHARACTERI＇STICAL, adj. [from to characte­
rize] that which constitutes the character, or marks the peculiar pro­
perties of any person or thing; as, to prefix a characteristic distinction;
and the characteristical virtues of a hero.

CHARACTERISTIC [of a logarithm] is the same as the index or ex­
ponent of it.

CHARACTERISTIC Letter [in a Greek verb] that consonant which
immediately precedes the varying termination.

CHARACTERISTIC, subst. [characteristique, Fr.] that which consti­
tutes the character; a distinguishing mark or sign of any person or
thing. It is the great and peculiar characteristic which distinguishes
him from all others. Pope.

CHARACTERISTIC Triangle of a Curve [in the higher geometry] is
a rectilinear right-angled triangle, whose hypothenuse is a part of the
curve, not sensibly different from a right line.

CHARACTERI＇STICALNESS [of characteristical] the quality of having
characteristics, or being characteristical, or peculiar to a character.

To CHA＇RACTERIZE [charactériser, Fr. caratterizzare, It. of cha­
racterizo, Lat. of χαρακτηριζω, Gr.] 1. To give a character or description
of the peculiar and personal qualities of a man or woman; as, to
characterize any person. Swift. 2. To imprint, to engrave. Senti­
ments characterized and engraven in the soul. Hale. 3. To mark
with a particular stamp or token. African and Grecian faces are cha­
racterized. Arbuthnot.

CHA＇RACTERLESS [from character] having no character, being with­
out a character.
Mighty states characterless are grated
To dusty nothing. Shakespeare.

CHA＇RACTERY, impression, mark, distinction. Fairies use flowers
for their charactery. Shakespeare.

CHA＇RAG [a word of Arabian extract, and which signifies the in­
come or revenue of a kingdom. Golius.] the tribute which Christians
and Jews pay to the grand signior.

CHA＇RCAS, the southern division of Peru, in South America, re­
markable for the silver mines of Potosi.

CHARD, a market town of Somersetshire, 140 miles from London.
In the reign of Henry III. it was made a free borough, and sent mem­
bers to parliament nine times; but lost that privilege by its own negli­
gence.

CHA＇RBON [with horsemen] is that little black spot or mark which
remains after a large spot in the cavity of the corner teeth of a horse,
about the 7th or 8th year, when the cavity fills, and the tooth being
smooth and equal, is said to be raised.

CHA＇RCOAL [of kerkolen, Du. q. d. coals brought in carts, in di­
stinction to sea coals, which are carried to the Dutch in ships. Minshew.
It is imagined by Skinner to be derived from char, business; but by
Mr. Lye, from to chark, to burn] coal made of wood burnt under
turf.
Love is a fire that burns and sparkles
In men as naturally as in charcoals,
Which sooty chemists stop in holes,
When out of wood they extract coals. Hudibras.

CHARDS of Artichoke [with gardeners] the leaves of fair artichoke
plants, wrapt up and bound in straw till they lose some of their bit­
terness and grow white.

CHARDS of Beets [with gardeners] are white beets, being trans­
planted into white beds prepared for them, where they produce large
tops, with a great, white, downy, main shoot, which is the true
chard. Mortimer.

CHARE [probably of cære, Sax. care] a job or small piece of work;
also the name of a fish, a char. See CHAR.

CHARE-WOMAN, a woman hired by the day to do houshold work.
See CHAR and CHAR-WOMAN.

CHARE＇A [in old Lat. records] a charr, carr, or cart.

CHA＇RENTE, a river of France, which arising in the Limosin, runs
westward by Angoulesme and Saintes, and falls into the bay of Biscay,
opposite to the isle of Oleron.

CHA＇RENTON, the name of two towns in France, the one on the
Marmuade, in the Bourbonnois; the other in the isle of France, near
the confluence of the Marne with the Seine, about three miles south-east
of Paris.

CHARGE [Fr. a burden or load, carico, It. cargo, Sp. and Port.]
1. Management, care, trust, custody; as, to have any thing in charge.
2. Mandate, command. St. Paul giveth charge to beware of philoso­
phy. Hooker. 3. Office, employ or trust conferred. True to his charge,
a loyal swain, and kind. Pope. 4. Anciently it had sometimes over
before the person or thing entrusted. I gave my brother charge over
Jerusalem. Nehemiah. 5. It has of before the subject of trust or com­
mand.







Hast thou eaten of the tree,
Whereof I gave thee charge thou should＇st not eat? Milton.
6. With upon before the person charged. Love is the highest point
of our duty, and of God＇s charge upon us. Taylor. 7. An accusation,
impeachment, imputation; as, what crime does he lay to my charge?
8. The person or thing committed to care.
The starry guardian drove his charge away
To some fresh pasture. Dryden.
9. Exhortation of a judge to a jury; as, the chief justice gave the
charge. 10. An engagement, fight, or onset. Honourable retreats
are not inferior to brave charges. Bacon. 11. A signal for an onset;
as, to sound a charge. 12. The posture of a weapon fitted for attack
or combat.
Their armed staves in charge. Shakespeare.
13. Expence or cost. Their charge was borne by the Queen. Bacon.
14. In later times it is commonly used in the plural. The last Pope
was at considerable charges to make a little harbour. Addison.

CHARGE [in painting] called also over-charge, is an exaggerated
representation of any person; wherein the likeness is preserved, but
ridiculed; by picking out and heightening something already amiss in
the face, whether by way of defect or redundancy: Thus, v. g. If
a man has a nose a little larger than ordinary, and the painter makes it
extravagantly long; or if very short, the painter makes it a mere
stump, and the like of any other part.

CHARGE [in gunnery] a certain measure of powder and ball, pro­
portionable to the size of the fire-arms for which it was allotted.

CHARGE [with farriers] an external remedy applied to the body of
an horse or other beast. It is a sort of ointment of the consistence of a
thick decoction for shoulder splaits, inflammations and sprains.

CHARGE [in heraldry] is whatsoever is borne in the field of an
escutcheon, whether it be an animal, a plant, or any other representa­
tion or figure; but some give the name of charges to those things that
serve to express rewards or additions of honour in a coat of arms, as
cantons, flasks, gyrons, quarters, &c. The charge is that which is
borne upon the colour, except it be a coat divided only by partition.
Peacham.

CHARGE of Lead, 36 pigs, each containing 6 stone, wanting two
pounds.

CHARGE [sea term] a vessel is said to be a ship of charge, when she
draws much water, or swims deep in the sea; sometimes it is used of
an unweildy ship, which will not ware or steer.

To CHARGE, verb act. [charger, Fr. caricare, It. from carrus, Lat.
the Ital. however only in the last sense; carrerr, Port.] 1. To com­
mand or give orders. I charge thee stand. Dryden. 2. To accuse or
lay to one＇s charge, to censure. I am far from charging you as guilty
in this matter. Wake. 3. It has with before the crime. His angels
he charged with folly. Job. 4. To load or burden. The heart is
sorely charg＇d. Shakespeare. It only charges the stomach. Temple. 5.
To entrust, to commission for some certain purpose. 6. It has with be­
fore the thing entrusted. The captain of the guard charged Joseph
with them. Genesis. 7. To impute as a debt, with on before the per­
son indebted, or the thing charged. Charge the bill on me. Dryden.
All must be charged on the account of labour. Locke. 8. To impute;
with on. Charge all their crimes on absolute decree. Pope. 9. To im­
pose as a task; having with. The gospel chargeth us with piety to­
wards God. Tillotson. 10. To challenge. To charge me to an answer
as the Pope. Shakespeare. 11. To attack, to make an onset. With
fury charge us and renew the fight. Dryden. 12. To sill. It is pity
the obelisks in Rome had not been charged with several parts of the
Egyptian histories. Addison. 13. To load any piece with powder and
ball.

To CHARGE an Enemy, is to attack, encounter, or fall upon him.

CHARGEABLE. 1. Costly, burdensome, expensive; as, a charge­
able war. 2. Imputable as a debt or crime; as, an account
chargeable on me; and a fault chargeable on all, 3. Accusable, sub­
ject to accusation. Your papers would be chargeable with something
worse than indelicacy. Spectator.

CHA＇RGEABLENESS [of chargeable] costliness, dearness, expence.
Not their chargeableness, but their unsatisfactoriness, most deters.
Boyle.

CHA＇RGEABLY [from chargeable] at great cost or expence. Not
chargeably bought, but liberally given by his means. Ascham.

CHA＇RGED [in heraldry] signifies the figures represented on an escut­
cheon, by which the bearers are distinguished one from another. Too
many charges in an escutcheon are not accounted so honourable as
fewer.

CHARGED Cylinder [with gunners] is that part of a cannon or piece
of ordnance, which contains the powder and shot; and is the same as
chamber.

CHA＇RGER [from charge] a large sort of dish.
Tributes land and sea affords,
Heap＇d in great chargers load our sumptuous boards. Denham.

CHARIENTI＇SMUS [Lat. χαριτντισμος, Gr.] gracefulness, or a good
grace in speaking. [In rhetoric] a figure in which a taunting expres­
sion is softened with a jest or pleasant piece of raillery; or which bites
with pleasantry (says Russin.) See Quintil. l. 8. c. 6.

CHA＇RILY [from chary] with a great deal of regard and care, wa­
rily, frugally.

CHA＇RINESS [of chary] choiceness, caution, nicety, scrupulousness.
To act villany against him that may not fully the chariness of our ho­
nesty. Shakespeare.

CHA＇RIOC, a kind of herb.

CHA＇RIOT [car-rhod, Wel. a wheeled carr; for it is known the Bri­
tons fought in such chariots; charette, Fr. carreta, It. kerre, Su.] 1.
A sort of light coach, with only back seats. 2. A carriage for plea­
sure or state.
Anthony
Shall set thee on triumphant chariots. Shakespeare.
3. A carr in which men of arms were anciently placed.

To CHARIOT, verb act. [from the noun] to convey in a chariot. A
word seldom used.
In a fiery column charioting
His god-like presence. Milton.

CHARIOTE＇ER [of chariot] a chariot-driver. It is used only in
speaking of the ancient military chariots.
The gasping charioteer beneath the wheel
Of his own carr. Dryden.

CHARIOT-RACE [of chariot and race] an ancient sport where cha­
riots were driven for prizes, as horses now run races. A wonderful
vigour and spirit in the description of the horse and chariot-race. Addi­
son.

CHARISTA [among the Romans] a festival solemnized on the 11th
of the calends of March; wherein the relations by blood and mar­
riage, met in order to preserve a good correspondence, and that if
there happened to be any differences among them, they might be more
easily accommodated by the good humour and mirth of the entertain­
ment.

CHARI＇STICARY, a sort of commendatory or donatory, of a person to
whom the enjoyment of the revenues of a monastery, benefice, &c.
was given.

CHARISTOLO＇CHIA, Lat. [with botanists] mugwort.

CHA＇RITABLE [Fr. charitatevole, It. charitativo, Sp. and Port.]
1. Loving, kind in judging others, benevolent; as, a charitable con­
struction of any action. 2. Kind in giving alms, bountiful, liberal to
the poor; as, a charitable person.

CHA＇RITABLY [of charitable] 1. Lovingly, without malignity.
Charitably let the dull be vain. Pope. 2. Kindly, liberally, with
inclination to relieve the poor.

CHARITA＇TIVE [in canon law] as, charitative subsidy, aid, &c. a
moderate allowance granted by a council to a bishop, to bear his ex­
pences to a council.

CHA＇RITIES [χαριτες, Gr. i. e. the graces] Aglaia, Thalia, and
Euphrosyne, the daughters of Jupiter and Autonoe, or of Jupiter and
Eurymone. One of these was painted with her back towards us, and
her face fromward, as proceeding from us; and the other two with their
faces towards us, to denote that for one benefit done we should receive
double thanks; they are painted naked, to intimate that good offices
should be done without dissembling and hypocrisy; they were repre­
sented young, to signify that the remembrance of benefits should never
wax old; and also laughing, to signify that we should do good to
others with chearfulness and alacrity. They are represented linked
together arm in arm, to instruct us that one kindness should provoke
another, so that the knot and bond of love should be indissoluble. The
poets tell us, that they used to wash themselves in the fountain Aci­
dalius, because benefits, gifts and goods turns, ought to be sincere and
pure, and not base, sordid, and counterfeit.

CHA＇RITY [charité, Fr. caritò, It. charidàd, Sp. caridade, Porr.
charitas, Lat.] 1. Tenderness, kindness, love.
Relations dear, and all the charities
Of father, brother, son. Milton.
2. Benevolent, disposition to think and judge well of others; as, cha­
rity to mankind. 3. The theological virtue of universal love, the
love of our brethren, or a kind of brotherly affection of one towards
another. The rule and standard, that this habit is to be examined and
regulated by among Christians, is the love we bear to ourselves, or
that Christ bore to us; that is, it must be unseigned, constant, and
out of no other design but their happiness. The final object of
charity is that incomprehensible beauty which shineth in the face of
Christ. Hooker.
Add love,
By name to come call＇d charity, the soul
Of all the rest. Milton.
Charity, or a love of God, which works by a love of our neighbour,
is greater than faith or hope. Atterbury. 4. Liberality to the poor or
distressed. The heathen poet, in commending the charity of Dido to
the Trojans, spoke like a christian. 5. Alms, relief given to the
poor; as, to refuse charity to one in distress.
CHARITY begins at home.
Fr. Charité bien ordonnée (well disposed) commence par soi-meme.
The Latins say: Omnes sibi malunt meliùs esse quam alteri: Or, Prox­
imus sum egomet mihi. Ter. Gr. Φιλει δε εαυτου μαλλον ουδεις ουδενα, &c.
Erasme Ad. All apologies for serving ourselves before our neighbours:
We say likewise in the same sense; The priest christens his own child
first. The Germans say; Ein jeder ist ihm selbst das beste schuildig
(every one owes himself the best.) We have other proverbs to the
same purpose in English; as, My coat is nearer than my cloak. The
shift is nearer than the petticoat. Near is my shirt, but nearer is my
skin, &c. The Germans say: Das hemd ist nacher als der rock. (The
shirt is nearer than the coat.)

CHARITY [in hieroglyphics] is represented by a pelican, because
she nourishes her young with her own blood.

CHARITY is generally represented in painting and sculpture by a
beautiful woman of a friendly aspect, clad in red, a flame proceeding
from the crown of her head: a child sucking at her breast, and one on
each side of her, embracing her with seemingly pleased countenances.
Beautiful, because no character is more so in either sex; of a friendly
aspect, because true charity and friendliness are inseparable; the gar­
ment of red shews her sprightliness, as the flame does her activity.
The number of children are limited to three, to signify the triple power
of charity, for, without her, we are taught, that faith and hope are no­
thing.

To CHARK, or To CHARR, to burn wood to a black cinder, to make
charcoal. A fever, like fire in a strong water shop, burns a man down
to the ground, or, if it flames not out, charks him to a coal. Grew.

CHA＇RLATAN [Fr. ciarlatano, It. from ciarlare, to chatter] a
mountebank, empiric or quack; a coaxing cheat. Saltim banchoes.
quack-salvers, and charlatanes, deceive them. Brown.

CHARLATA＇NICAL [of charlatan] quackish, empirical, ignorant,
pretending. A cowardly soldier, and charlatanical doctor. Cowley.

CHARLES＇S Wanc, seven stars in ursa major.

CHA＇RLEMONT, a town of the province of Namur, in the Austrian
Netherlands, about 18 miles south of Namur.

CHARLEMONT, is also the name of a town in Ireland, situated on
the river Blackwater, in the county of Armagh, and province of Ul­
sler, about 6 miles south-east of Dungannon.








CHA＇RLEROY, a strong town in the province of Namur, in the Au­
strian Netherlands, situated on the river Sambre, about 18 miles west
of Namur.

CHARLES-TOWN, the capital of South Carolina, in North America,
situated on a peninsula, formed by Ashley and Cooper rivers, the for­
mer of which is navigable for ships twenty miles above the town.
Lat. 32° 30′ N. Long. 79° W.

CHA＇RLEY, a market-town of Lancashire, situated on a rivulet that
falls into the Yarrow, and 154 miles from London.

CHA＇RLOCK, a kind of herb that grows among the corn, with a
yellow flower; a species of mithridate mustard

To CHARM [charmer, Fr.] 1. To bewitch. 2. To make power­
ful by charms or enchantment. Arcadia was the charmed circle where
all his spirits for ever should be enchanted. Sidney. 3. To please or
delight extremely, to subdue the mind by pleasure.
Tell me where thy strength doth lie;
Where the pow＇r that charms us so,
In thy soul, or in thy eye? Waller.
4. To subdue by some secret power, to amaze.
I in mine own woe charm＇d,
Cou＇d not find death, where I did hear him groan. Shakespeare.
5. To fortify with charms against evil.
Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests,
I bear a charmed life, which must not yield
To one of woman born. Shakespeare.

CHARM [charme, Fr. of carmen, Lat. a verse] 1. An enchantment,
spell, being philtres or characters, imagined to have some occult, unin­
telligible power; certain verses or expressions, which by some are
supposed to have a bewitching power; as, magic charms. The smiles
of nature, and the charms of art. Addison. 2. Certain particular
graces in writing; as, the charms of eloquence, of poetry, &c. 3.
Allurement; something that is of power to subdue opposition, and gain
the affections.

CHA＇RMER [charmeur Fr. from charm] a person who charms, in­
chants, or bewitches.
She was a charmer, and could almost read
The thoughts of people. Shakespeare.

CHA＇RMING [of charmant, Fr.] engaging, alluring, delighting in
the highest degree. For ever all goodness will be most charming, and
all wickedness most odious. Sprat.

CHA＇RMINGLY [from charming] in such a manner as to please
very much. She smiled very charmingly. Addison.

CHA＇RMINGNESS [from charming] the power of charming, that de­
lighting quality.

CHA＇RNEL, adj. containg flesh, or dead carcasses.
Thick and gloomy shadows damp,
Oft found in charnel vaults and sepulchres. Milton.

CHARNEL-House [carnis, gen. of caro, Lat. flesh, charnier, Fr.] a
place under churches, where the sculls and bones of the dead are laid
up. In those charnel houses, every one was placed in order. Taylor.

CH＇ARRE, or CH＇ARE, a kind of fish, resembling a trout, which
breeds only in Winnandermere and some few other places in the
north. See CHAR.

CHARRE of Lead, a quantity consisting of 30 pigs, weighing six
stone, wanting two pound, and every stone weighing 12 pound.

CHARTA [Lat. in old records] paper, a charter or deed in writing,
also an evidence or token by which an estate is held.

CHARTA Pardonationis se Defendendo, Lat. the form of a pardon
for killing another man in his own defence.

CHARTA Pardonationis Utlagariæ, Lat. the form of a pardon of an
outlaw＇d man.

CHARTA Simplex, Lat. a deed-poll; a simple or single deed or in­
strument.

CHA＇RTEL [cartel, Fr.] a letter of defiance or challenge to a duel,
used in ancient times, when combats were allowed for the determina­
tion of difficult controversies in law.

CHA＇RTER [chartre, F.] 1. An instrument or written evidence of
things done between one party and another; but especially a writing,
or letters patent, whereby the king grants privileges to towns, cor­
porations, &c. 2. Any writing that bestows privileges. The great
charter, whereby God bestowed the whole earth upon Adam. Ra­
leigh. 3. Privilege, exemption.
I must have liberty,
Withal as large a charter as the wind,
To blow on whom I please. Shakespeare.

CHARTER [of the forest] an instrument in which the forest laws
are comprised, and expressed particularly.

CHARTER-House [chatreux, Fr.] a convent of Carthusian monks;
now a college founded and nobly endowed by Thomas Sutton, Esq;

CHARTER Land [in law] such land as a man holds by charter, i. e.
evidence in writing, otherwise called freehold.

CHARTER [of pardon] a deed or instrument hy which one is for­
given of a felony or other offence, committed against the king＇s crown
or dignity.

CHARTER Party [q. charta partita, Lat. chartre partie, Fr.] an
indenture between merchants or owners, and masters of ships, con­
taining the particulars of their covenants and agreements, of which
each party has a copy. Charter parties, or contracts made upon the
high sea. Hall.

CHA＇RTERED [of charter] invested with privileges by charter.
When he speaks,
The air, a charter＇d libertine, is still. Shakespeare.

CHA＇RTERER [from charter] a freeholder.

CHARTERS were first confirmed by the broad seal, in the time of
king Edward the Confessor, who was the first king of England that
made use of that large and stately impression.

CHA＇RTIS Reddendis [in law] a writ that lies against one who is
intrusted with the keeping of charters of feoff, and refuses to deliver
them.

CHA＇RTRES, a large city of France, in the province of Orleanois,
situated on the river Eure, about 42 miles south-west of Paris. It is
the see of a bishop.

CHA＇RTREUX, Carthusian monks. See CHARTER-House.

CHARTS [chartœ, Lat. papers] descriptions or draughts of coasts,
hydrographical maps, or projections of some part of the sea in piano,
for the use of sailors. A chart is distinguished from a map, by repre­
senting only the coasts.

Chorographic CHARTS, are a description of particular countries.

Geographic CHARTS, general draughts of the whole globe of the
earth upon a plain, commonly called maps of the world,

Heliographic CHARTS, descriptions of the body of the sun, and of
the maculæ or spots observed in it.

CHARTS Hydographic, CHARTS Marine, or Sea CHARTS, are sheets
of large paper, on which several parts of the land and sea are de­
scribed, with their respective coasts, harbours, sounds, flats, shelves,
sands, rocks, &c. together with the longitude and latitude of each
place, and the points of the compass.

Reduced CHART, is that wherein the meridians are represented by
right lines, converging towards the poles; and the parallels by right
lines parallel to one another, but unequal.

Selenographic CHARTS, particular descriptions of the parts, appear­
ances and maculæ of the moon.

Topographic CHARTS, are draughts of some small part of the earth
only, or of some particular places without regard to its relative situa­
tion, as London, York, &c.

CHA＇RTULARY [chartularius, of charta, Lat. paper] a keeper of a
register-roll, &c.

CHA＇RVIL. See CHERVIL, &c.

CHA＇RY [of char; which see] careful, frugal, sparing of. Over
his kindred he held a wary and chary care. Carew.

CHARY＇BDIS, [a word of Phœnician, i. e. Hebrew extract, as the
learned Bochart has proved, of chôr, a hole, and abaddon, perdi­
tion, and in compound, chor-obdan, the hole of perdition] the name
of a dangerous gulph or vortex, in the entry of the Sicilian streights;
of which the author of the late Essay towards a Translation of HO­
MER in Blank Verse, has given us the true portraiture from that inimi­
table writer. The Phœnicians (who were great sailors) affixed
names to many things, people, and places, which they met with in
their voyages; and (as is well observed in the Enquiry into the Life
and Writings of Homer) “the passage in the mouth of the Faro being
narrow, and there being often a great sea rolling in it, it is very
probable they have sometimes smarted for venturing through it. On
the one hand is a dangerous vortex; and, on the other, stands Scylla＇s
rock, a threatening precipice, exactly such as Homer describes it,
tow＇ring, steep, and its top in the clouds. It is joined to the land by
a flat isthmus, upon which, it should seem, the inhospitable Barbari­
ans used to pass, and lurking among the cliffs, set upon, and mur­
dered sea-faring people, who had taken shelter under it, to shun the
whirlpool on the other side. For this reason Scylla [or destruction] a
monster with many heads and hands, lived at the foot of it, and op­
posite to it was CHARYBDIS, or the chasm of perdition”. See SCYLLA
and CIMMERIANS.

To CHASE [chasser, Fr. cacciare, It.] 1. To hunt. 2. To pursue,
as a foe. Abimelech chas＇d him, and he fled. Judges. 3. To drive
or fright away. Chased by their brother＇s endless malice, from prince
to prince. Knolles.
The following morn had chas＇d away
The flying stars. Dryden.

To CHASE [in law] to drive cattle to or from a place.

To CHASE [enchasser, Fr. with goldsmiths, &c.] is to work plate
after a particular manner, in relievo, by means of punches, called
chased-work. See ENCHASE.

CHASE [from the verb] 1. Hunting, pursuit of game.
Hast＇ning in the chase it seems,
Of this fair couple. Shakespeare.
2. Appropriation to game or sport. The beasts of chase, whereof the
buck is the first. Shakespeare. 3. Pursuit of an enemy, or of some­
thing hurtful; as, to give chase. 4. Pursuit of something as desira­
ble. This mad chase of fame by few pursu＇d. Dryden. 5. Hunting­
match. France will be disturb＇d with chases. Shakespeare. 6. The game
itself that is hunted. Seek thee out some other chase. Shakespeare. 7.
Open ground stored with beasts to be hunted, a receptacle for deer
and game. A chase differs from a forest in this, because it may be in
the hands of a subject, which a forest, in its proper nature, cannot;
and from a park, in that it is not inclosed, and hath not only a
larger compass, and more store of game, but likewise more keepers
and overseers, Cowel; as, Enfield chace. 8. The chase of a gun is
the whole bore or length of a piece, taken with inside. 9. In sea af­
fairs, the ship chased.

Stern CHASE [a sea term] is when the chase is right a head with
the chaser.

To lie with a Ship＇s fore-foot in the CHASE [a sea term] is to sail the
nearest way to meet her, and so to cross her in her way.

A Ship of a good forward CHASE [a sea phrase] a ship that is so
built forward on a-stern, that she can carry many guns, to shoot right
forwards or backwards; called also a ship of a good stern chase.

CHASE Guns [of a ship] are such whose ports are either in the head
(and then they are used in chasing of others) or in the stern, and are
used only when they are chased or pursued by others.

CHA＇SEABLE [from chase] that may be chased or hunted.

CHA＇SER [from chase] he that hunts, drives, or pursues.
Make survey,
At once the chaser, and at once the prey. Pope.

CHASER [a sea term] the ship in pursuit of the chase.

CHASM [χασμα, G.] 1. A wide gap or opening, a breach un­
closed. Certain hiatuses and chasms pass betwixt it and the bottom
of the ocean. Woodward. 2. An empty space, a place unfilled.
Such whose supine felicity but makes
In story chasms, in epochas mistakes. Dryden.

CHASMA＇TICAL, of or belonging to a chasm.

CHA＇SSELAS, Fr. a species of grape.

CHA＇SSERY, a kind of pear like the ambret, ripening in December.

CHA＇SSY [of the French word chassis, which P. Richelet says, does
signify in general whatever incloses or enchases a thing] the frame of
a window.

CHASTE [chaste, Fr. casto, It. Sp. and Port. of castus, Lat.] 1.
Pure from all commerce of sexes; as, a chaste maiden. 2. Continent,
true to the marriage-bed. Love your children, be discreet, chaste.
Titus. 3. Uncorrupted, pure, not mixt with barbarism, as to lan­






guage. 4. Being without obscenity. Some words are chaste, others
obscene. Watts.

CHASTE Tree [vitex, Lat.] the flower consists of one leaf, which
becomes an almost spherical fruit. The leaves are fingered like those
of hemp. This tree will grow to be eight or ten feet high. Miller.

CHASTE Wood, a plant or herb so called.

CHA＇STELAIN, Fr. a governor of a castle, &c.

CHASTELE＇T, Fr. the common goal or sessions-house of Paris in
France.

To CHA＇STEN [castigo, Lat. chátier, Fr.] to correct or punish such
as have committed a fault, to mortify.

To CHASTI＇SE [châtier, Fr. castigare, It. castigàr, Sp. and Port.
castigo, Lat. It was anciently accented on the first syllable, but now
on the last] 1. To inflict punishments, to correct by punishment, to
afflict for faults. I will chastise this high-minded strumpet. Shakes­
peare. Like you commission＇d to chastise and bless. Prior. 2. To re­
duce to obedience, to bring back to order.
Chastis＇d with the sober eye of dull Octavia. Shakespeare.
The gay social sense,
By decency chastis＇d. Thomson.

CHASTI＇SEMENT [from chastiment, chatiment, Fr.] punishment, cor­
rection. The verb and noun are commonly, though not always,
used of domestic, or parental punishment; as, the chastisement of the
rod. He receives sickness as the kind chastisement and discipline
of his heavenly father. Bentley.

CHASTISEMENTS [with horsemen] are corrections of the severe and
rigorous effects of the aids; for when the aids are given with severity
they become punishments.
He who CHASTISES one amends many.
For one being by reproof and chastisement amended, will give a
good example, and thereby amend many others. This consideration
ought to be of great weight to parents and masters, not to be too su­
pine in this duty.

CHASTI＇SER [from chastise] the person that chastises, a punisher or
corrector.

CHA＇STITY, or CHA＇STNESS [chasteté, Fr. castità, It. castidàd, Sp.
castidado, Port. of castitas, Lat.] 1. Abstinence from unlawful plea­
sures of the flesh, and use of lawful ones with moderation, purity of
the body. Chastity is either abstinence or continence; abstinence is
that of virgins or widows; continence of married persons. Taylor.
2. Freedom from obscenity.
There is not chastity enough in words,
Without offence to utter them. Shakespeare.
3. Freedom from bad mixture of any kind.

CHASTITY is represented in painting and sculpture, by a woman of
a modest aspect, holding in one hand a whip, as a mark of chastise­
ment, clad in white like a vestal, to shew her purity and innocence.
At her feet Cupid blinded, and his bow and arrows lying broken by
him, to denote that she has subdued concupiscence, and that the pas­
sion of love has no more dominion over her.
Or, her face cover＇d with a veil of lawn, holding in her right hand
a scepter, and in her left two turtle-doves.
With others she has been represented by the goddess Pallas, keeping
down Cupid (who is striking fire into a heart) with a yoke; at her
fect an ermin.

Conjugal CHASTITY, by an agreeable damsel, whose robe is em­
broidered with lillies; holding in one hand a sprig of laurel, and in
the other a turtle-dove.

CHA＇STLY [from chaste] purely, undefiledly, without incontinence;
as, to live chastly.

CHA＇STNESS [from chaste] See CHASTITY.

CHA＇SUBLE, Fr. a priest＇s cope used at mass.

To CHAT [caquetter, Fr. Skinner; perhaps, from achat, purchase,
or cheapning, on account of the prate naturally produced in a bar­
gain; or only, as it is most likely, contracted from chatter. Johnson] to
chatter or talk like a jay, to prate idly, to prattle, to converse at ease.
To chat a while on their adventures pass＇d. Dryden.

CHAT [caquet, Fr.] prating, childish, idle talk. The dle chat of a
soaking club. Locke.

CHA＇TELLANY [chatelenie, Fr.] the district under the jurisdiction
of a castle. Towns and forts of great importance with their chatella­
nies and dependencies. Dryden.

CHA＇THAM, a port town of Kent, adjoining to Rochester, situated
on the river Medway, 30 miles from London. It is one of the prin­
cipal stations of the royal navy, and many ships are built and re­
paired here. It gives title of baron to the duke of Argyle.

CHA＇TTELS [katheyls, Du.] personal goods; see CATTLE. She is
my goods, my chattels. Shakespeare.

CHATTELS Personal, are such goods as being wrongfully with-held,
cannot be recovered but by personal action; or such as appertain im­
mediately to a man＇s person, as a horse, &c.

CHATTELS Real, goods which do not belong to the person, but de­
pend upon some other thing, as apples upon a tree; a box contain­
ing charters of lands, &c. or such as issue out from some moveable
thing pertaining to a person, as a lease or rent for a term of years, &c.

To CHA＇TTER [probably of caqueter, Fr. or querteren, Du. to prate
or babble] 1. To make a noise, as some birds do; as, the pie or
crow chattereth. 2. To prate, to prattle; as, impertinent chattering.

To CHATTER [probably of citteren, Du. or zitteren, H. Ger. to
tremble or shake] to hit one against the other, as the teeth do when
a person shivers with cold. With chatt＇ring teeth and bristling hair
upright. Dryden.

CHATTER [from the verb] 1. Noise like that of a pie or mon­
key. The mimic ape began his chatter. Swift. 2. Idle prattle.

CHATTER Pie, a mag pie.

CHA＇TTERER [from chatter] an idle prater, a tatler.

CHA＇TTIGAN, a port town of India, in the provence of Bengal,
situated at the mouth of the eastermost branch of the Ganges; sub­
ject to the Mogul.

CHATS [with botanists] the keys of trees; as, ash-chats, sycamore­
chats, &c.

CHAT Wood, small slicks sit for fuel.

CHA＇VENDER, or CHEVIN [chevesne, Fr.] a fish, called otherwise
a chub.

CHAUMONTE＇LLE, Fr. a species of pear.

CHAU＇NTRY. See CHANTRY.

CHAU＇SSE TRAPS [in military affairs] machines of iron having four
points, of about three or four inches long, so made, that which ever
way they fall, there is still a point up, they are to be thrown upon
breaches or in passes, where the horse are to march, to annoy them,
by running into their feet and laming them.

CHAUSSE trop haut [with horsemen] a white-footed horse, when
the white marks run too high upon his legs. Fr.

CHAUSSE [in heraldry] signifies shod, and in blazon denotes a sec­
tion in base, the line by which it is formed proceeding from the ex­
tremity of the base, and ascending to the side of the escutcheon, which
it meets about the fesse-point; as if a chief had shoos, the same being
a division made in it by lines drawn from the centre of the lower line
of the chief, to the middle parts of the sides thereof, and so is said to
represent shoos, as emanche is said to represent sleeves.

CHAUSES [in fortification] the level of the field, the plain ground.

To CHAW [kawen, Ger.] to champ between the teeth, to chew.
He swallows us and never chaws. Donne.

CHAW [from the verb] the upper or under part of a beast＇s mouth,
the chap. I will turn the back, and put hooks into thy chaws.
Ezekiel.

CHA＇WDRON, entrails.
Add thereto a tyger＇s chawdron.
For th＇ ingredients of our cauldron. Shakespeare.

CHE＇ADLE, a market town of Staffordshire, near the source of the
Dove, 138 miles from London.

CHEAP, subst. [of ceapan, cyppan, Sax. koopen, Du. to buy or
sell: cheping is an old word for market] purchase, bargain; as good
cheap; a bon marche, Fr. it also denotes the place＇s name to which it
is added, to be or have been a market town or place; as, Cheafside,
Eastcheap, Westcheap, &c.
They buy goods CHEAP who bring nothing home.
Or who buy nothing at all. Spoken to persons who, to shew their
skill, are finding fault with the prices of what every one but them­
selves buy. The Lat. say; nullus emptor difficilis bonum emit opsonium.
The buyers of bargains, hinted at in this proverb, are but too apt,
according to another saying, to bely their own pockets, that is, to say
they have bought things cheaper than they have.

CHEAP adj. [ceap, of ceapan, Sax. to buy, signifies price in general,
as do koop, Du. kaep, O. and L. Ger. kauff, H. Ger.] 1. Sold for a
small price, had at a low rate; as, cheap meat. 2. Of inconsider­
able value, easy to be got, not regarded nor respected; as, to make
one＇s self cheap.

CHEAP Gild [old law term] a restitution made by the hundred or
county, for any wrong done by one who was in plegio, or for the
good behaviour of whom sureties were put in.

To CHEA＇PEN [ceapan, Sax. koopen, Du. and L. Ger. to buy] 1.
To ask the price of any thing, to bid for it. Pretend to cheapen goods,
but nothing buy. Swift. 2. To beat down the price of a commodity,
to lessen the value. My profer＇d love has cheapen＇d me. Dryden.

CHE＇APLY [of cheap] at a low price; as, cheaply bought.

CHE＇APNESS [from cheap] smallness of price, low rate; as, cheap­
ness and plenty of the country.

CHEAR. See CHEER.

CHE＇ASEPEAK-BAY, a large frith, or arm of the sea, which runs up
about 300 miles into the country between Maryland and Virginia, in
North America; it is navigable almost all the way for large ships, be­
ing about 20 miles broad at the entrance between Charles Cape and
Cape Henry, and between 20 and 30 miles broad afterwards.

To CHEAT [of uncertain derivation, probably from acheter, Fr. to
purchase, alluding to the tricks used in making bargains. See the
noun] 1. To defraud, to trick; it is applied commonly to low cun­
ning; as, to learn to cheat another. 2. It has of before the thing
taken away by cheating. Cheated of feature, by dissembling na­
ture. Shakespeare.

CHEAT [probably of cetta, Sax. some think it abbreviated
from escheat, because many fraudulent measures being taken by the
lords of manors in procuring escheats, cheat, the abridgment, was
brought to convey a bad meaning. Johnson.] 1. Deceit, sham, trick,
imposture, knavery.
Empiric politicians use deceit,
Hide what they give, and cure but by a cheat. Dryden.
2. A deceitful person, who makes it his business to cheat, chowse,
or cozen; as, a known and notorions cheat.

CHE＇ATER [from cheat] 1. One who cheats or practises deceit.
Disguised cheaters, prating mountebanks. Shakespeare.
2. In the following passage it is used for escheater, I will be cheater
to them both, and they shall be exchequers to me. Shakespeare.

CHE＇ATINGNESS [from cheating] defraud, or defrauding quality.

CHFATI＇NQUAMINS, or CHECHI＇NQUAMINS, an Indian fruit, re­
sembling a chesnut.

CHECK [echec, Fr.] 1. Censure or reproof; a slight.
This life
Is nobler than attending for a check.
Richer than doing nothing for a bawble. Shakespeare.
2. Dislike, sudden disgust, something that stops the progress.
Say I should wed her, would not my wise subjects
Take check, and think it strange? Dryden.
3. A term used at chess play, when one party obliges the other either
to move or guard his king. 4. Stop, rebuff; as, to have a check or
arrest in one＇s fortune. 5. Restraint, curb, government; as, a check
of conscience.
Some, free from rhyme or reason, rule or check,
Break Priscian＇s head and Pegasus＇s neck. Pope.
6. The cause of restraint; the person that checks; a stop; as. I use
him as a check upon another. 7. The correspondent cypher of a
bank bill.

To CHECK, verb act. [of echec, Fr. chess; whence we use, at that
game, the term checkmate, when we stop our adversary from carrying
on his game any farther] 1. To restrain, to curb, to interrupt; as, to
check one＇s pride. 2. To chide, to reprove; as, to check one for a fault.
3. To compare a bank note, or other bill, with the correspondent
cypher. 4. To controul by a counter reckoning.








To CHECK, verb neut. 1. To make a stop, to be at a stop; with at.
The mind checks at any vigorous undertaking. Locke. 2. To interfere,
to clash. If love check once with business, it troubleth mens fortunes.
Bacon.

CHECK [with falconers] is when rooks, pies, or other birds, come
within view of the hawk, and she forsakes her natural flight to follow
them.

Clerk of the CHECK, an officer of the court, so stiled, because he hath
the check and controlment of the yeomen of the guard, and all ushers
belonging to the king, queen, or prince.

Clerk of the CHECK, in the king＇s dock-yards, is also the name of
an officer there, invested with like power.

CHECK MATE [echec & mat, Fr. at chess play] a term used when
the king is so close shut up, that there is no way left for his escape, by
which means an end is put to the game; also a movement that kills
the opposite men, or hinders them from moving.
Love they him call that gave me the checkmate,
But better might they have behote him hate. Spenser.

CHECK Roll, or CHECKER Roll, a roll or book which contains the
names of such as are in attendance and pay to the king, &c. as their
houshold servants. Bacon uses checkroll.

To CHE＇CKER, or to CHEQUER [from echecs, Fr. chess] to diver­
sify in the manner of a chessboard. In the chess-board, the use of
each chessman is determined only within that checquered piece of wood.
Locke. Our minds are chequered with truth and falshood. Ad­
dison.

CHE＇CKER Work [of échequier, Fr.] work that is checkered or set
out with divers colours or materials. Nets of checker work. 1 Kings.

CHECKY [in heraldry] is one of the most noble and most ancient fi­
gures that are used in armoury; and a certain author says, ought to
be given to none but valiant warriors, in token of their nobility.
For the chess-board represents a field of battle, and the pawns and
men on both sides represent the soldiers of the two armies; which
move, attack, advance, or retire, according to the two gamesters
that are their generals. This figure is always composed of metal and
colour, and some authors would have it reckoned among the several
sorts of surs. See plate IV. Fig. 44.

CHECKERE＇LLI Panni [old law] cloth checkered or diversified in
weaving.

CHE＇DDER Cheese, Chedder cheeses [so called from the place, near
Wells in Somersetshire, where they are made] are so large as some­
times to require more than one man to set them on the table; it is said
they are so large that the whole town contribute their milk to make
one of those cheeses.

CHEEK [chece, ceac or ceoca, Sax] 1. The side of the face below
the eye. Death in thy cheeks, and darkness in thy eye. Donne. 2. A
general name among mechanics for almost all those pieces of their
instruments that are double and perfectly alike. Chambers.

CHEE＇K-BONE [of cheek and bone] the bone of the cheek.

CHEEK BY JOLE, close together, side to side.

CHEEKS [in a ship] are two pieces of timber on each side of the
mast to strengthen it at the top.

CHEER [chere, Fr. entertainment, cara, Sp. the countenance. It
seems to have, in English, some relation to both these senses. Johnson.
Probably of καρα, Gr. joy] 1. Entertainment, good fare; provisions
served at a feast. Pursuit of good cheer, poignant sauces, and deli­
cious wines. Locke. 2. Invitation to gaiety.
My noble lord
You do not give the cheer, the feast is sold
That is not often vouch＇d. Shakespeare.
3. Gaiety, jollity.
I have not that alacrity of spirit,
Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have. Shakespeare.
4. Air of the countenance. Pale at the sudden flight she chang＇d
her cheer. Dryden. 5. Perhaps temper of mind in general. Then
were they all of good cheer, and they also took some meat. Acts.
When good CHEER is lacking, friends will be packing.
Lat. Cum fortuna perit, nullus amicus erit. And so the Germ. Mit
dem glucke verscvwinden aüch die freunde (fortune and friends disap­
pear together.) Daily experience so sufficiently evinces the truth of
this proverb, that it needs no illustration.

CHEER [in sea language] fare; as, how cheer you, how fare
you? what cheer? what state of health, &c. are you in?

To CHEER, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To encourage, encite,
or enspirit. He cheer＇d the dogs to follow. Dryden. 2. To comfort.
Cheer thy heart, and be thou not dismay＇d. Shakespeare. 3. To
gladden.
Hark! a glad voice the lonely desert cheers,
Prepare the way; a God, a God appears! Pope.

To CHEER, verb neut. to become gay, to grow gladsome. At
sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up. Ambrose Philips.

CHEE＇RER [from to cheer] one that gladens, a giver of gaiety,
either person or thing; as, a cheerer of the spirits.

CHEE＇RFUL [of cheer and full] 1. Gay, full of life; as, the cheer­
ful birds. 2. Having an appearance of gaiety. A merry heart mak­
eth a cheerful countenance. Proverbs.

CHEE＇RFULLY [of cheerful] with gaiety, willingly; as, to look
cheerfully.

CHEE＇RFULNESS [of cheerful] 1. Gaiety, freedom from dejection;
as, to do any thing with resolution and cheerfulness. 2. Freedom
from gloominess. I marvell＇d to see her receive my commandments
with sighs, and yet do them with cheerfulness. Sidney.

CHEE＇RLESS [of cheer and less] comfortless, having no gaiety; as,
cheerless night.

CHEE＇RLY, adj. [of cheer] 1. Gay, cheerful; as, to render habi­
tations more comfortable and cheerly in winter. Ray. 2. Not gloomy.

CHEERLY, adv. [of cheer] with cheerfulness, gladly. Cheerly on,
couragious friends. Shakespeare.

CHEE＇RY, adj. [of cheer] gay, having the power to make gay.
Let us hie and quaff a cheery bowl. Gay.

CHEESE [cese, cyse, Sax. cacio, It. queso, Sp. quésso, Port. caseus,
Lat.] an eatable made by pressing the curds of coagulated milk, and
suffering the mass to dry.
Would you make me believe the moon is made of green CHEESE?
The Scots say: would you make me trow (believe) that spade shafts
bear plumbs? Both made use of when any one would grossly impose
upon our senses, and endeavour to persuade us to the belief of things
impossible in their nature. The Lat. say: nil intra est oleum, nil ex­
tra est in nuce, duri. The Germ. say: er will mich bereden das wasser
lanfft den berg hinnen. (he would persuade me the water flows up hill.)
The Fr. que les etoiles sont depapillotes (that the stars are spangles).

CHEESE-Cakes, a sort of cakes made of curds, sugar, butter, and
other ingredients.

CHEESE Running, the herb red-straw.

CHEE＇SELIP, an insect, a sow or hog-louse.

CHEESELIP [cyshb, Sax.] a bag in which rennet for cheese is
made and kept; being the stomach-bag of a young sucking calf
that has never tasted any other food but milk, when the curd was in­
digested.

CHEE＇SE-MONGER [of cheese and monger] one who sells cheese.
Ben. Johnson uses it.

CHEE＇SEPRESS [of cheese and press] the press in which the curds for
cheese are pressed. The cleanly cheese-press she could never turn.
Gay.

CHEE＇SEVAT [of cheese and vat] the wooden case in which the
curds are put to be pressed into cheese.

CHEE＇SY [of cheese] having the nature or form of cheese. Arbuth­
not uses it.

CHEF [in heraldry] the same as chief. Fr.

CHELIDO＇NIA [in botany] celandine or swallow-wort. Lat.

CHEI＇LOCACE [of χειλος, a lip, and κακος, Gr. evil] a canker in
the mouth or lips.

CHELM, a town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same
name, situated in the province of Red Russia, 110 miles south-east of
Warsaw.

CHE＇LMER [corruptly for kill mar, Brit. i. e.] the reflux of the
sea.

CHE＇LMSFORD, the county town of Essex, and has a bridge over the
Chelmer, whence its name. It is 28 miles from London, and sends
two members to parliament.

CHELO＇NE [of χελωνη, Gr. a tortoise] an instrument to make a
gradual extension in any fractured member, in which motion it re­
sembles the flowness of a tortoise.

CHELO＇NION [of χελωνη, Gr.] a hump-back, so called from its re­
semblance to a tortoise.

CHELONI＇TES [χελιδων, Gr. a swallow] a stone found in the bellies
of young swallows, supposed to be good against the falling sick­
ness.

CHE＇LTNAM, a market town of Gloucestershire, 95 miles from
London. The brook Chilt runs thro＇ it, whence its name. It is
chiefly remarkable for its mineral waters, of the same kind with those
of Scarborough.

CHE＇LY [chela, Lat.] the claw of a shell fish. A lobster often hath
the chely, or great claw, of one side longer than the other. Brown.

CHE＇MA, or CHEME [χημη, Gr.] a measure among the ancients,
containing two small spoonfuls.

CHE＇MIA [ἀπα του χυω, Gr.] the same as chemistry; which see.

CHE＇MICE, the art of casting figures in metals.

CHE＇MIN, way or road. Fr.

CHEMIN des Rondes [in fortification] the way of the rounds, a space
between the rampart and the lower parapet, for the rounds to go about.
See FALSE BRAY.

CHE＇MISE, a shirt or shift, a lining or a casing with stone. Fr.

CHEMISE [with masons] the solidity of a wall from the talus or stope
to the stone row. Fr.

Fire CHEMISE, a piece of linen cloth steeped in a composition of oil
of petreoleum, camphor, and other combustible matters, used at sea to
set fire to an enemy＇s vessel.

CHEMISE [in fortification] a wall with which a bastion or any work
of earth is faced or lined for its greater support or strength.

CHEMIC, or CHEMICAL [chymicus, Lat.] 1. Made by chemistry;
as, chemic gold. 2. Belonging to chemistry; as chemic art.

CHE＇MICALLY [of chemical] in a chemical manner.

CHE＇MIST, a professor of chemistry, a philosopher by fire.

CHE＇MISTRY [derived by some from χυμος, juice, or χυω, Gr. to
melt; by others from an oriental word, kema, black; and according
to the etymology it is written with y or e.] an art whereby sensible bo­
dies contained in vessels (or at least capable of being contained therein
and rendered sensible) are so changed by means of certain instruments,
and especially fire, that their several powers and virtues are thereby
discovered; with a view to the uses of medicine, natural philosophy,
and other arts and occasions of life. Operations of chemistry fall short
of vital force. Arbuthnot.

CHE＇MOSIS, a swelling of the white coat of the eye, called albugi­
nea tunica, that makes the appearance of a hiatus or gap between the
black part and the white.—Gal. in defin. Tho＇ sometimes it is used
for a red and carnous inflammation of the tunica cornea. Castell. Re­
novat. Who subjoins, that its true reading in Greek is χημωσις, tho＇
corruptly sometimes χυμωσις. To which I may add, that the former
(according to Hesychius) answers to the Greek word χασμη, i. e. a
chasm or gap; the latter signifies a bare flux of humours.

CHENO＇PUS [χηνοπους, Gr.] the herb goose-soot.

CHE＇QUER. See CHECKER.

CHEPE＇LLOW, an island in the bay of Panama and province of Da­
rien, in South America, about three leagues from the city of Panama,
which it supplies with provisions.

CHE＇PSTOW, a market town in Monmouthshire, situated near the
mouth of the river Wye, over which it has a sine wooden bridge. It
is 16 miles from Bristol, and 131 from London.

CHE＇RBURY, a port town of France, in the province of Normandy,
situated on a bay of the English Channel. Lat. 49° 45′ N. Long.
1° 40′ W.

CHE＇RIF, or CHEQ, a title of dignity among the Saracens and
Moors, one who is to succeed the calif or sovereign prince.

To CHE＇RISH [cherir; Fr.] to make much of, to maintain, to sup­






port, to forward with encouragement, help or protection, to nourish,
to shelter, to nurse up; as, to cherish religion.

CHE＇RISHER [of cherish] one who cherishes, an encourager, a sup­
porter. The maintainers and cherishers of a regular devotion. Sprat.

CHE＇RISHMENT [of cherish] encouragement, support, comfort.
An obsolete word used by Spenser.

CHE＇RMES, a kind of small insect. See KERMES.

To CHERN. See To CHURN.

CHERNI＇TES [χερνιτης, Gr.] a stone like ivory, used by the ancients
to preserve dead bodies in.

CHE＇RRY [cerasum, Lat. cerise, Fr. ciriegia, It. cereza, Sp. ceréije,
Port. κερασος, Gr.] the tree hath large shining leaves, the fruit grows
on long pedicles, and is roundish or heart-shaped. The species are;
1. The common red or garden cherry. 2. Large Spanish cherry.
3. The red heart cherry. 4. The white heart cherry. 5. The
bleeding heart cherry. 6. The black-heart cherry. 7. The May
cherry. And many other sorts; as, the amber cherry, lukeward,
corone, Gascoigne, and the morello, which is chiefly planted for pre­
serving. This fruit was brought out of Pontus, at the time of the
Mithridatic victory by Lucullus, in the year of Rome 680, and was
brought into Britain about 120 years afterwards, A. D. 55; and was
soon afterwards spread thro＇ most parts of Europe. Miller.

CH＇ERRY, adj. [from the substantive] resembling a cherry in co­
lour. A cherry lip. Shakespeare.

CHE＇RRY-BAY, a species of laurel.

CHE＇RRY-CHEEKED [of cherry and cheek] having ruddy cheeks.
Cherry-cheeked country girls. Congreve.

CHERRY-PIT [of cherry and pit] childrens play, in which they
throw cherry-stones into a small hole. Man! ＇tis not fit for gravity to
play at cherry-pit. Shakespeare.

CHERSE＇TUM [old Lat. records] any customary offering made to
the parish priest, or to the appropriators of a benefice.

CHE＇RSO, the capital of an island of the same name in the gulph
of Venice; subject to the Venetians.

CHERSONE＇SE [χερσονησος, Gr. in geography] a peninsula, a tract
of land almost encompassed with the sea, but joined to the continent
by a narrow neck or isthmus.

CHERT [from quartz, Ger.] a kind of flint. Flint is most com­
monly found in form of nodules; but it is sometimes found in thin
strata, when it is called chert. Woodward.

CHE＇RTSEY, a market town of Surry, 19 miles from London, on
the river Thames, over which it has a bridge to Shepperton.

CHE＇RUB, plur CHE＇RUBIM [כרוב, Heb. i. e. fulness of know­
ledge, plur. כרבימ] the second of the nine orders of angels, placed
next in order to the seraphim. It is sometimes written in the plural,
improperly, cherubims.

CHERU＇BIC [of cherub] belonging to the cherubim. Cherubic
songs by night from neighb＇ring hills. Milton.

CHERUBI＇MICAL, of, pertaining to, or like a cherubim.

CHE＇RUBIN, adl. [of cherub] angelical. Her cherubin look. Shake­
speare.

CHE＇RVIL [cerfüil, Fr. cerfoglio, It. chærephyllum, Lat. karbel, Ger.
cerville, Sax.] an herb. It is an umbelliferous plant, whose leaves
are divided into many segments. The species are, 1. Garden chervil.
2. Wild perennial chervil or cow-weed. The first is cultivated for
sallads.

To CHE＇RUP [from cheer; perhaps from cheer up, corrupted to
cherip. Johnson] to chirp, to use a cheerful voice.
The birds
Frame to thy song their cheerful cheruping. Spenser.

CHE＇RWEL, a river which, taking its rise in Northamptonshire,
runs southwards by Banbury, and unites its waters with those of the
Isis, near Oxford.

To CHE＇RWIT, to cry like a partridge.

CHE＇SHAM, a market town of Buckinghamshire, 11 miles from Ayles­
bury, and 29 from London.

CHE＇SHIRE, a maritime county of England, bounded by Stafford­
shire on the east, and by the Irish sea on the west: Its chief commo­
dities are salt and cheese. It sends two members to parliament.

CHE＇SLIP, a small vermin that lies under stones or tiles. Skinner.

CHESS [echees, Fr.] a game performed with little round pieces of
wood, on a board divided into 64 squares, where art and sagacity are
so indispensibly requisite, that chance seems to have no place; and a
person never loses but by his own sault. Each side has 8 men and as
many pawns, which are to be moved and shifted according to certain
laws and rules of that game.
So have I seen a king on chess,
His rooks and knights withdrawn,
His queen and bishops in distress,
Shifting about grow less and less,
With here and there a pawn. Dryden.

CHESS-APPLE, a species of wild service.

CHESS-BOARD [of chess and board] the board on which the game of
chess is played. Cards are dealt and chess-boards brought. Prior.

CHESS-MAN [of chess and man] a puppet for chess. Locke uses
it.

CHESS-PLAYER [of chess and play] one that plays at chess. Like a
skilful chess-player, by little and little he draws out his men, and makes
his pawns of use to his greater persons. Dryden.

CHE＇SSOM. The tender chessom and mellow earth is the best, being
mere mould, between the two extremes of clay and sand, especially if
it be not loomy and binding. Bacon.

CHESS-TREES [in a ship] two small pieces of timber on each side
of it, a little before the loof; having a hole in them, through which
the main tack runs, and to which it is haled down.

CHEST [cœst, cirte or cyste, Sax. kiste, Du. and Dan. hista,
Ger. caisse, Fr. cassa, It. cista, Lat. kirz, Pers. of Seyth.] 1. A sort
of box, coffer or trunk, made of wood or other materials, in which
things are laid up. 2. A chest of drawers, a case with boxes or
drawers.

CHEST [in anatomy] the breast, that hollow part of a human body,
which contains the heart and lungs, the trunk of the body, or cavity
from the shoulders to the belly. The largeness of his chest, and breadth
of his shoulders. Pope.

To CHEST [from the subst.] to lay up in a chest, to board up.

CHE＇STED [from chest] having a trunk or chest; as, broad-chested.

CHESTER, the capital city of Cheshire, 182 miles from London.
It is a large, ancient, populous, and wealthy city, with a noble bridge,
having a gate at each end, and 12 arches, over the Dee. It is a bi­
shop＇s see, gives title of earl to the prince of Wales, and sends two
members to parliament.

New CHESTER, the capital of a county of the same name, in Pen­
sylvania, in North America, situated on the river De-la war.

CHE＇STERFIELD, a market town of Derbyshire, 9 miles from Bake­
well, and 116 from London. It gives the title of earl to a branch of
the noble family of Stanhope.

CHESTING, the filling dead bodies with spices to preserve them.

CHEST-Traps, boxes or traps for catching pole-cats and other ver­
min in.

CHEST-Foundering. See FOUNDERING. A disease in horses. It
comes near to a pleurisy or peripneumony in a human body. Farrier＇s
Dictionary.

CHE＇STNUT, [cyrtbean, Sax. castanea, Lat. chataigne, Fr. cas­
tagnea, It. castanna, Sp. castanhas, Port.] 1. The chestnut-tree. It
hath katkins placed at remote distances from the fruit. The outer
coat of the fruit is very rough, and has two or three nuts included in
each husk. The old buildings in London were of this timber, which is
equal in value to the best oak, and for many purposes far exceeds it,
particularly for making vessels for liquors; for when once seasoned
thoroughly, it is not subject to shrink or swell like other timber. Miller.
2. The fruit of the chesnut-tree. 3. The name of a brown colour.
Morali＇s long hair was glossy chestnut brown. Cowley.

CHE＇STON, a species of plum.

CHEST-ROPE [with mariners] a rope added to the breast rope, when
the boat is towed at the stern of the ship, to keep her from shearing or
swinging to and again.

CHE＇VAGE, or CHI＇VAGE [of chéf, the head] a sum of money paid
by villains to their lords as an acknowledgment of their subjection.
L. T.

CHE＇VALIER [with horsemen] is when a horse in passaging upon a
walk or trot, is far fore-leg crosses or overlaps the other fore-leg every
time or motion. Fr.

CHEVALI＇ER, Fr. a knight, a gallant brave man. Cannot help the
noble chevalier. Shakespeare.

CHE＇VALRY [of chevalier, Fr.] knighthood.

CHEVA＇NTIA [in old law] a loan of money upon credit.

CHE＇VAUX DE FRIZE [the singular, cheval de frize, is seldom
used; in military affairs] a sort of turnpikes or tournequots, cal­
led the friesland horse; being spars of wood about ten or twelve
foot long, and a foot diameter, cut into six faces, and bored through;
each hole is armed with a short spike, shod with iron at each end about
an inch diameter, six foot long, and six inches distant one from ano­
ther; so that it points out every way, and is used in stopping small
overtures or open places, or placed in breaches; also as a defence
against horse. See Plate IV. Fig. 47.

CHEVE＇LLE [in heraldry] signifies streaming, i. e. a stream of light
darting from a comet or blazing star, vulgarly called the beard.

CHEVRE＇TTE, Fr. [in military affairs] an engine for raising guns or
mortars into their carriages; it is made of two pieces of wood about
four foot long, standing upright upon a third, which is square; they
are about a foot asunder and parallel, being pierced with holes exactly
opposite to one another, with a bolt of iron, which being put through
these holes higher or lower at pleasure, serves, with a hand-spike,
which takes its poise over this bolt, to raise the gun or mortar. See
Plate IV. Fig. 46.

CHEVELEU＇RES [with French botanists] the fibres or strings of trees
or plants.

CHE＇VERIL Leather [chevereau, Fr. a kid] a sort of soft tender lea­
ther, made of the skin of wild goats; kid-leather.

CHE＇VERILLUS [in old law] a young cock or cockling.

CHE＇VILS [in a ship] small pieces of timber nailed on the inside of
it, to fasten it to the ropes called sheets or tacks.

CHE＇VIN, or CHE＇VEN [chevesne, Fr.] a river fish; the chub.

CHE＇VISANCE [Fr. of chevir or visier a chef, Fr.] atchievement,
enterprize. A word now obsolete.
Fortune, the foe of famous chevisance,
Seldom, said Guyon, yields to virtue＇s aid. Spenser.
Also an unlawful contract in point of usury, or a composition between
debtor and creditor. F. L. Term.

CHEVI＇TIÆ, or CHE＇VISÆ [in old law records] heads of ploughed
lands.

CHE＇VRON, or CHE＇VERON, Fr. [in heraldry] one of the honoura­
ble ordinaries, formed of a two-fold line, spire-wise or pyramidical,
the foundation being in the dexter or sinister base-points of the
escutcheon, and the acute point of the spire, near to the top of the
escutcheon. See Plate IV. Fig. 48.
This ordinary resembles a pair of barge-couples or rafters, such as
carpenters set on the highest part of a house for supporting the roof,
and betokens the atchieving some business of moment, or finishing
some chargeable or memorable work. Some say it represents protec­
tion; some constancy; and others the spurs of knights.

Per CHEVRON [in heraldry] or party per chevron, is when the field
is divided only by two single lines, rising from the two base-points,
and meeting in a point above, as the chevron does.

CHEVRON Abaised [in heraldry] is when its point does not ap­
proach the head of the chief, nor reach further than the middle of the
coat.

CHEVRON Broke, is when one branch is separated into two pieces.

CHEVRON Cloven, is when the upper point is taken off, so that the
two pieces only touch at one of the angles.

CHEVRON Couched, is when the point is turned downwards on one
side of the escutcheon.

CHEVRON Divided, is when the branches are of several metals, or
when metal is opposed to colour.

CHEVRON Inverted, is when the point is towards the point of the
coat, and it branches towards the chief.








CHEVRON Mutilated, is when it does not touch the extremes of the
coat.

CHEVRONED [in heraldry] is when it is filled with an equal num­
ber of chevrons.

Counter CHEVRONED [in heraldry] is when a chevron is so divided,
that colour is opposed to metal.

CHE＇VRONEL [in heraldry] is the diminutive of chevron, and as
such contains only half of the chevron.

CHEVRONNE＇, or CHE＇VRONNY, signifies the parting of the shield
several times chevron-wise.

To CHEW, verb act. [ceowian, or ceawen, Sax. kaüwen, Du.
kauen, Gr. It is very frequently pronounced chaw, and perhaps pro­
perly. Johnson] 1. To grind or break the food between the teeth.
2. To meditate, to ruminate in the mind. He chews revenge, ab­
juring his offence. Prior. 3. To taste without swallowing.
Heaven＇s in my mouth,
As if I did but only chew its name. Shakespeare.

To CHEW, verb neut. To champ upon, to ruminate. Old politi­
cians chew on wisdom past. Pope.

To CHEW the Cud upon a Thing, that is, to consider or reflect upon
a thing.

CHEWD Meat, a name given to minced pyes.

CHEWING Balls [with farriers] certains balls composed of several
sorts of drugs, to be chewed by horses for the recovery of a lost appe­
tite.

CHIA＇MPA, the south division of Cochin-China, a country of the
East-Indies.

CHIA＇PA, the capital of a province of the same name, in Mexico,
situated about 300 miles east of Aquapulco.

CHIA＇RASCO, a fortified town of Piedmont, in Italy, situated on the
river Tanaro, 20 miles south of Turin; subject to the king of Sardi­
nia.

CHIARE＇NRA, a port-town on the north-west coast of the Morea,
opposite to the island Zant, in the Mediterranean; subject to the Turks.

CHIA＇RI, a town of Italy, in the province of Bresica, in the territo­
ries of Venice, about 27 miles east of Milan.

CHI＇ARO OBSCURO. See CLARO OBSCURO.

CHIAVE＇NNA, a town of the Grisons, situated to the north of the
lake of Como, in Italy, 35 miles south of Coire.

CHIAVE, Ital. a key. [in music books] is a cliff, a term or cha­
racter of music.

CHIAUS, an officer of the Turkish cuurt, who does the duty of an
usher; and also an ambassador to foreign courts.

CHIBOL [ciboule, Fr. zippel, L. Ger. zwiebel, H. Ger.] a small sort
of onion.

CHICANE, or CHICA＇NRY [chicane, chicanerie, Fr. of cicum, the
skin of a pomegranate, according to Menage, whence the Spaniards
derive their chico, little, slender: chicane being conversant about tri­
fling things] 1. (in law) it is an abuse in judiciary proceedings, either
with a design to delay the cause, or to impose on the judge or the con­
trary party; a wrangling, crafty manner of pleading a cause with
tricks, quirks, and fetches; the perplexing or splitting a cause, peti­
fogging. His attornies have hardly one trick left; they are at an end
of all their chicane. Arbuthnot. 2. Artifice in general. This sense is
only in familiar language.
He strove to lengthen the campaign,
And save his forces by chicane. Prior.

CHICANE, or CHICANRY [in the schools] is used to import vain
sophisms, subtleties and distinctions, with design to obscure truth and
protract disputes.

To CHICANE [chicaner, Fr.] to perplex or puzzle a cause; to use
quirks, tricks, or fetches; to prolong a contest by tricks.

CHICA＇NER [from chicaneur] a wrangler, a trifling disputant. The
way to distinguish a logical chicaner from a man of reason. Locke.

CHICA＇NERY. See CHICA＇NE. The chicanery and futility of the
practice. Arbuthnot.

CHI＇CHAR [ככר, Heb. In general what is of a flat round form;
as, a loaf of bread, a level tract of land encompassed with hills, a round
piece of lead, a round mass of silver or gold] a talent. A talent of
silver, according to Dr. Cumberland, weighed 3000 shekels, and
was, in our money, 353 l. 1 s. 10 d. The talent of gold was of the
same weight, and, in our money, 5075 l. 15 s. 7 d. Taylor＇s Hebrew
Concordance.

CHI＇CHESTER, the capital city of Sussex, 63 miles from London.
It was called Cissa＇s cester, i. e. Cissa＇s city; because it was rebuilt by
Cissa, king of the West Saxons, after it had been burnt to the ground
by certain Saxons and Norwegians. It was the royal seat of the
South Saxon kings, is now the see of a bishop, which was translated
hither in the conqueror＇s time from Selsey; and sends two members to
parliament. See the arms of this bishopric. Plate IX. Fig. 13.

CHI＇CKLINGS, or CHI＇CKLING-Vetch [lathyrus, Lat.] the pulse cal­
led everlasting pease. Plants of this species produce abundance of
flowers which are very ornamental in basins or pots. In Germany
they are cultivated and eaten as pease, tho＇ neither so tender nor well
tasted. Miller.

CHICK, or CHI＇CKEN [cicean, Sax. kiecken, Du. kuchen, L.
Ger. kuchlein, H. Ger.] 1. The young of a hen, or small bird. 2.
A word of tenderness.
My Ariel, chick,
This is thy charge. Shakespeare.
3. A term for a young girl.
Pursue your trade of scandal-picking,
And hints that Stella is no chicken. Swift.
4. (Metaphorically) a feeble, mean-spirited creature, a dastard. This
is only used in composition; as, chicken-hearted.
Tho＇ the for runs the CHICKEN has wings.
That is, as wise as the deceitful may think themselves, innocence is
seldom so unguarded, but it has some defence or protection; and if no
other, always that of providence.
To reckon one＇s CHICKENS before they are hatch＇d.
Lat. Ante victoriam encomium canere, Pl. in Lys. (to sing triumph
before the victory) and so the French, Canter le triomphe avant la
victoire. The Germans say; Ih rufft haase, ehe dann er im netze
liegt. (You cry out hare before he is in the net.) To be too forward
in one＇s dependance.
Children and CHICKEN must always be picking.
That is, must eat often (because the body growing, requires a con­
tinual nourishment) and but a little at a time. Not to oppress their
weak stomachs, and extinguish the natural heat, as too much oil will
quench a flame, when a little, and often repeated, nourishes and keeps
it alive.

CHICKEN-Pox, an exanthematous distemper, so called from its be­
ing of no very great danger.

CHI＇CKLING [of chick] a small chicken.

CHICK-Pease [of chick and peas] a plant. It hath a papilionaceous
flower, succeeded by short swelling pods. It is seldom cultivated in
England.

CHI＇CKWEED [of chick and weed] a plant. Green mint or chick­
weed are common applications, and of good use, in all the hard swel­
lings of the breast, occasioned by milk. Wiseman.

To CHIDE, irreg. verb. act. pret. chid or chode, part. pass. chid or
chidden [cidan, or chidan, Sax.] 1. To reprove, to check, to correct
by words, to rebuke or taunt; applied to persons; as, to chide one
for faults. 2. To drive away with reproof.
Margaret my queen and Clifford too,
Have chid me from the battle. Shakespeare.
3. To blame; applied to things. Fountains o＇er the pebbles chid
your stay. Dryden.

To CHIDE, verb neut. 1. To clamour, to scold; as, to chide at
one. 2. To quarrel with.
The business of the state does him offence,
And he does chide with you. Shakespeare.
3. To make a noise; as, the chiding flood. Shakespeare.

CHID [irreg. perf. imp. cid, or chid, Sax.] I have chid.

CHID, or CHI＇DDEN, irreg. part. pret. having chid or chidden

CHIDER [cidere, Sax.] a reprehender, a rebuker. Shakespeare.

CHI＇DING [of cidan, Sax.] rebuke, &c.
Wo to the house where there is no CHIDING.
Where the masters or heads of families, or parents of children, are
so remiss as never to find fault or correct, libertinism will gradually
creep into and get the upper hand, and in such families woe will as
certainly ensue.

CHIEF, adj. [chef, Fr.] 1. First, principal, being above the rest in
any respect. Your country, chief in arms, abroad defend. Pope. 2.
Eminent, extraordinary. A whisperer separateth chief friends. Pro­
verbs. 3. Capital of the first order, that to which other parts are in­
ferior or subordinate; as, the chief heads of a treatise. 4. It is some­
times used in the superlative degree; but I think improperly; the
comparative is never found. Our chiefest courtier, cousin, and our
son. Shakespeare. He denied admission to the chiefest officers of the
army. Clarendon.

CHIEF, subst. [in military affairs] 1. A commander in chief, a general,
a leader. Such chiefs, as each an army seem＇d alone. Dryden. And in
construction with the preposition [in] as, “To him in chief, i. e.
to him chiefly; or in character of a chief, as in that line of Milton:
Each warrior single, as in chief, expert
When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway
Of battle———— Paradise Lost, B. 6. l. 233.
2. Without a superior. 3. In Spenser it seems to signify somewhat
like atchievement; a mark of distinction. The coloured chaplets
wrought with a chief. Spenser.

CHIEF [chef, Fr. in heraldry] is an honourable ordinary, and
that which takes up the upper part of the escutcheon, and represents a
man＇s head, and the ornaments used both by ancients and moderns.
The chief, as all other honourable ordinaries do, must take up just
one third part of the escutcheon, especially if they be alone in the
shield; but if there be more of them, they must be lessened in propor­
tion to their number, and the same when they are cantoned, attended
and bordered upon some other figures. See Plate IV. Fig. 49.

In CHIEF, signifies any thing borne in the chief part or top of the
escutcheon.

A CHIEF Chevroned, Bended or Paled, is when it has a chevron,
pale, or bend, contiguous to it, and of the same colour with itself.

A CHIEF Supported, is when the two thirds at the top are of the co­
lour of the field, and that at bottom of a different colour.

CHIEF Point [in heraldry] is the uppermost part of an escutcheon,
and is three-fold dexter, middle, and sinister chief point.

CHIEF Pledge, the same as headborough.

CHIE＇FLESS [of chief] being without a head, being without a lea­
der. And chiefless armies doz＇d out the campaign. Pope.

CHIE＇FLY [of chief] principally, more than common.

CHIE＇FRY [of chief] a small rent paid to the lord paramont. They
shall be well able to live upon those lands, and to yield her majesty
reasonable chiefry. Spenser.

CHIE＇FTAIN [from chief, subst.] 1. A captain, a leader, a captain
or general. Their chieftan Humber named was aright. Spenser. 2.
The head of a clan. Lords and chieftains of the Irishry. Davies.

CHIE＇GO [among the Barbadians] a small insect that gets into the
feet, and is very troublesome.

CHI＇ERE [with florists] the leucoium luteum, or wall-flower.

CHIE＇RI, a fortified town of Piedmont, in Italy, situated 8 miles
east of Turin.

CHIE＇SE [in music books] is a mark set to music to distinguish that
designed for churches, from that which is designed for chambers or
private consorts; as, sonata di chiesa, is a sonata for the chapel or
church. It.

CHIE＇VANCE [probably from achevance, Fr. purchase] traffic in
which money is extorted, as discount. A word now obsolete. Laws
against unlawful chievances and exchanges, which is bastard usury.
Bacon.

CHI＇LBLAIN [of chill and blain; so that Temple seems mistaken in
his etymology, or has written it wrong to serve a purpose. Johnson]
a sort of swelling sores occasioned by cold.
I remembered the cure of childblanes when I was a boy,
Which may be called the children＇s gout,
By burning at the fire. Temple.

CHILD, plur. children [cild, Sax.] 1. An infant, a very young
person, either a son or a daughter. The stroke of death is nothing,
children endure it. Wake. 2. One in the line of filiation, as opposed
to the parents; as, children and parents. A long increase of chil­






dren＇s children told. Addison. 3. In the language of scripture, descen­
dants, however remote, are called children; as, the children of Israel.
The elect and blessed are called children of light and children of God.
In the New Testament believers are called the children of God. 4. A
female child.
A very pretty bearne!
A boy, or child, I wonder. Shakespeare.
5. Any thing the effect of product of another.
This noble passion,
Child of integrity. Shakespeare.
He has neither CHILD nor chick.
Fr. Il a ni enfans ni suivans; that is, he is a single man.
The CHILD said nothing but what he heard at the fire.
To which pretty nearly answers another proverb.
What CHILDREN hear at home soon flies abroad.
Those proverbs are both design＇d as warnings to us, to be cautious
how we talk of any thing, we would have kept in private, before chil­
dren.

To CHILD [from the subst.] to bring children. The childing au­
tumn, angry winter change. Shakespeare. And childing women. Ar­
buthnot.

CHI＇LD-BEARING, part. subst. [from child and bear] the act of bear­
ing a child. Irresolute Sylvia has demurred, till she＇s past child-bearing.
Addison.

CHILD-BED [of child and bed] the state of a woman bringing forth
a child, or being in labour; as, the pain of child-bed.

CHILD-BIRTH [of child and birth] travail, labour, the time, the
act of bringing forth; as, the pains of child-birth.

CHI＇LDED, adj. [from child] furnished with a child.
That which makes me bend makes the king bow.
He childed as I father＇d. Shakespeare.

CHI＇LDERMASS-Day [of child, a child, and mæss, Sax. the mass]
a feast observed on the 28th of December, in commemoration of the
children of Bethlehem, murdered by Herod. The day of every
week throughout the year answering to this day, weak and super­
stitious people imagine to be unlucky. As ominous to the fisherman,
as the beginning of a voyage on the day when childermass-day fell,
doth to the mariner. Carew.

CHI＇LDHOOD [child-had, Sax.] 1. The state of a child or infant; ac­
cording to others, the time in which we are children; as, from or in
our childhoods. 2. The time of life between infancy and puberty.
Infancy and childhood demand thin aliment. Arbuthnot. 3. The pro­
perties of a child.
Their love in early infancy began,
And rose as childhood ripen＇d into man. Dryden.

CHI＇LDING, bringing forth children, childbearing.

CHILDING [with botanists] a term used of plants, when their
offspring exceeds the number of their ordinary kind; as, childing
daisies, &c.

CHI＇LDINGNESS [cild, Sax. a child] the frequent bearing chil­
dren.

CHI＇LDISH [cildisc, Sax.] 1. Like a child, having the properties
of a child, trifling, ignorant. Learning hath its infancy, when it is
but beginning, and almost childish. Bacon. 2. Becoming only chil­
dren, trivial; as childish fear, and childish play. 3. Imprudent, silly.

CHI＇LDISHLY [from childish] sillily, imprudently, in a childish
manner; as, to do a thing rashly and childishly.

CHI＇LDISHNESS [cildiscnes, Sax.] 1. Simplicity, trifling, pueri­
lity; as, actions of childishness. 2. Harmlessness.
Boy,
Perhaps thy childishness will move him. Shakespeare.

CHI＇LDLESS [of child] being without children, having no issue;
as, childless men and women.

CHI＇LDLIKE [of child and like] becoming a child; as, childlike
obedience and duty.

CHI＇LDREN, irr. pl. of child. See CHILD.
CHILDREN are poor men＇s riches.
That is, e＇en as they prove, and this, in a great measure, as they are
educated. Let a man be ever so poor, he is at least capable of giving
good instruction, and setting a good example.
CHILDREN are certain cares, uncertain comforts.
The truth of this proverb, it is to be seared, is but too well
grounded.

CHILDREN, when little, make parents fools, when great, mad.
The first, because we are apt to be fond of them even to folly and ridi­
cule; the latter by their disobedience and untowardliness.

CHI＇LDWIT [Sax. law term] a power to take a fine of one＇s bond­
woman, that has been gotten with child without one＇s consent; this
was 3 s. 4d. in the manor of Writtle in Essex.

CHI＇LIAD [χιλιαδος, of χιλιας, Gr.] the number of 1000, whence
tables of logarithms are also called chiliads.

CHILIAEDRON [χιλια, a thousand, and εδρα, base] a figure of a
thousand sides.

CHI＇LIARCH [χιλιαρχος, of χιλιας and αρχος, Gr.] a governor, a
commander of a thousand men, a colonel.

CHI＇LIASTS [chiliastæ, Lat. of χιλιας, Gr.] a sect of christians cal­
led from the Latin millenaries, who hold that before the last or general
judgment, Christ shall come and reign personally 1000 years with his
saints on the earth. This sect (as it is herecalled) was, if we may credit
the account given by Justin Martyr, in his dialogue with Trypho, no
less than the main body of the true christian church in his days. Διαλογ.
προς τρυϕωνα, Ed. Steph. p. 81, 89. See MILLENNIUM.

Anti-CHI＇LIASTS, they who oppose the article of a Millennium.

CHILIA＇GON [χιλιας, a thousand, and γονια, Gr. a corner] a plain
figure, having 1000 sides and angles.

CHILIFA＇CTIVE, adj. [from χυλος, Gr. chyle, and factus, Lat. made;
and therefore should be written chylifactive] making chyle. Chilifac­
tive mutation. Brown.

CHILIFA＇CTORY, for CHYLIFA＇CTORY, having the quality of mak­
ing chyle. A chilifactory menstruum. Brown.

CHILIFICA＇TION, or CHYLIFICA＇TION, the art of making chyle.
Tendence to chilification. Brown.

CHILIODY＇NAME [of χιλιας, a thousand, and δυναμις, power or
virtue, Gr.] an herb having a thousand virtues, a sort of gentian.

CHILIOPHY＇LLON [χιλιοϕυλλον, of χιλιας. 1000, and ϕυλλον, Gr. a
leaf] the herb milfoil, yarrow, or thousand leaf. Lat.

CHILL, adj. [of cele, Sax. kuhl, Ger.] 1. Cold to the touch.
Blasting vapours chill. Milton.
2. Sensible of cold, shivering with cold. My heart and my chill veins
now freezing with dispair. Rowe. 3. Depressed, discouraged.

CHILL, subst. [from the adjective] coldness, chilness. A sort of chill
about his præcordia and heart. Derham.

To CHILL, verb act. 1. To make cold; as, rheums chill the winter.
Prior. 2. To depress, to discourage; as, to chill the gaiety of one＇s
spirits. 3. To blast with cold.
By snows immod＇rate chill＇d,
By winds are blasted, or by light＇ning kill＇d. Blackmore.

CHI＇LLINESS [from chilly] coldness, sensation of cold. A chilliness
or shivering affects the body. Arbuthnot.

CHILLY, adj. [from chill] somewhat cold.
A chilly sweat bedews
My shudd＇ring limbs. John Philips.

CHI＇LLNESS [from chill] coldness, want of warmth. A chilness or
shivering in all the body. Bacon.

CHILOCA＇CE [of χειλος, the mouth or lip, and κακος, bad, in sur­
gery] a canker in the mouth, frequent in young children.

CHILO＇NIAN, or CHILONIC [of Chilo, one of the seven wise men
of Greece, whose sentences were very short] a brief compendious
way of writing; as, a chilonic stile.

CHIMÆ＇RA [chimere, Fr. chimera, It. Sp. and Lat. of χιμαιρα, Gr.]
1. A monster feigned to have the head of a lion, the belly of a goat,
and the tail of a serpent: it is a certain fabulous monster, mentioned
by Homer. Iliad, book 6. l. 179—183. and as some fact or moral
is supposed to have been couched under most of these poetic fictions,
Eustachius, in his comment, piles one conjecture upon another, and
among the rest he tells us “that, in the judgment of some writers, it
was a mountain in Lycia, which had in its middle [εν τω μεσω] erup­
tions of fire, to be seen (says he) in the present times; and about its
extremities or summits [τα ακλα] abounding with wild beasts.” On
which hypothesis (I suppose) the ensuing account given by Bailey, is
founded. 2. A mere whimsey, a castle in the air, an idle fancy.
The force of dreams is of a piece,
Chimæras all, or more absurd or less. Dryden.

CHIMÆRA [χιμαιρα, Gr.] a vulcano or mountain of Lycia, that
vomitted fire. The truth of the fable is; the top of the mountain be­
ing inhabited by lions, the middle abounding with pastures for goats,
and at the bottom by serpents; this gave place to the fable, that chi­
mæra was a monster that vomitted flames, had the head and breast of
a lion, the belly of a goat, and the tail of a dragon; and because Bel­
lerophon rendered this mountain habitable, he is said to have slain the
chimæra.

CHIMÆRA [in geography] a port town of Turkey in Europe, situ­
ated at the entrance of the gulph of Venice, in the province of Epirus,
about 32 miles from the city of Corfu, near which are the mountains
Chimæra, which divide Epirus from Thessaly.

CHI＇MAY, the name of a large lake, lying in the province of
Acham, between the East-Indies and China.

CHIMAY, is also the name of a town in the French Netherlands,
about 20 miles south of Charleroy.

CHIMB, or CHINE [kime, Du.] the end of a barrel, tub, &c. as,
chine hoop is the hoop next the end.

CHIME＇RICAL [from chimera] pertaining to such a chimera, ima­
ginary, that has no ground of truth, fantastic, wildly conceived.
Persons of a chimerical existence. Spectator.

CHI＇MERICALLY [from chimerical] whimsically, imaginary, wildly.

CHIME [The original of this word is doubtful: Junius and Min­
shaw suppose it corrupted from cimbal; Skinner from gamme, or ga­
mut; Henshaw from chiamare, to call, because the chime calls to
church. Perhaps it is only softened from chirme or churme, an old
word for the sound of many voices or instruments making a noise to­
gether. Johnson.] 1. The harmonical sound of many correspondent
instruments. The sound
Of instruments that made melodious chime. Milton.
2. The correspondence of sound.
Love first invented verse and form＇d the rhime,
The motion measur＇d, harmoniz＇d the chime. Dryden.
3. A kind of periodical music, produced at certain seasons of the day,
by a particular apparatus added to a clock, when the bells are not
rung by ropes but struck by hammers; in this sense it is always used
in the plural, chimes; as, the chimes at midnight. Shakespeare. 4. The
correspondence of proportion or relation. The conceptions of things
are placed in their several degrees of similitude, as in several propor­
tions, one to another; in which harmonious chimes, the voice of rea­
son is often drowned. Grew.

To CHIME, verb neut. 1. To sound in consonance or harmony.
To make the rough recital aptly chime,
Or bring the sum of Gallia＇s loss to rhime,
Is mighty hard. Prior.
2. To correspond in relation or proportion. Correlative terms do
readily chime, and answer one another. Locke. 3. To fall in with,
to agree with; as, to chime in with a person＇s discourse. 4. To suit
with, to agree. Any sect, whose reasoning, interpretation, and lan­
guage, I have been used to, will of course make all chime that way.
Locke. 5. To jingle, to clatter.
But with the meaner sort I＇m forc＇d to chime,
And, wanting strength to rise, descend to rhyme. Smith.

To CHIME, verb act. to move, strike, or sound harmonically, or
with just consonancy.
With lifted arms they order ev＇ry blow,
And chime their sounding hammers in a row,
With labour＇d anvils Ætna groans below. Dryden.

CHI＇MIN. See CHEMIN.

CHI＇MINAGE [of chemin, Fr. a way] a toll paid for passage through
a forest. Old law.

CHI＇MLEY, a market town of Devonshire, on the river Taw, 184
miles from London.

CHI＇MMAR, or SIMAR, a kind of vestment without sleeves, worn
by bishops between their gown and their rochet.

CHI＇MNEY [caminus, Lat. whence cheminée, Fr. cammino, It. chi­
minea, Sp. chimenée, Port. kamin, Ger.] 1. A fire-hearth, the fire­
place. The fire which the Chaldeans worshipped for a god, is crept







into every man＇s chimney. Raleigh. 2. The funnel or passage for the
conveyange of smoke from the fire in a house. Chimnies with scorn
rejecting smoke. Swift. 3. The turret raised above the roof of a
house for conveyance of smoke.
Where we lay
Our chimnies were blown down. Shakespeare.

CHIMNEY Corner [of chimney and corner] the seat at each end of
the fire-place; usually, in proverbial language, denoting the place of
idlers. Denham uses it.

CHIMNEY Piece [from chimney and piece] the ornamental piece of
stone or wood set over the fire-place.

CHIMNEY Sweeper [of chimney and sweep] 1. One whose business
is to clean chimnies foul with soot. 2. Proverbially it denotes one of
a mean and vile occupation.
Golden lads and girls all must,
As chimney-sweepers come to dust. Shakespeare.

CHIMNEY Money, an imposition or tax of two shillings per annum,
formerly laid upon every fire-hearth, &c.

CHIN [kinne, Du, kinn, Ger. kind, Dan. and Su. tho＇ Casaubon
chuses to derive it of γενειον, Gr. cmne, and chinne, Sax.] the lower
part of the face, that part of the face below the under lip.
he has good swimming who is held up by the CHIN.
That is, it is no wonder if a man thrives, who is supported and as­
sisted by others who have both the will and the capacity to do it.

CHIN Scab, a scabby disease in sheep, the same that is by shepherds
called the dartars.

CHI＇NA, including Chinese Tartary, is a large empire of Asia,
being accounted 2000 miles in length, and 1500 in breadth; it is
bounded by Russian Tartary on the north, by the Pacific ocean on the
east and south, and by Tonquin, Tibet, and the territories of Russia,
on the west. It is usually divided into 16 provinces; in which are
computed to be 155 capital cities, 1312 of the second rank, 2357
fortified towns, and upwards of ten millions of families, which may
amount to about fifty millions of people. The principal commodities
of this country are silk, tea, China-ware, Japan-ware, and gold-dust;
of all which the maritime states of Europe import great quantities,
sending them silver in return.

CHINA, a sort of fine earthen ware made in China, a part of
the East-Indies: porcelain. A species of vessels dimly transparent,
partaking of the qualities of earth and glass; they are made by
mingling two kinds of earth, of which one easily vitrifies, and the
other resists a very strong heat; when the vitrifiable earth is melted in­
to glass, they are completely burnt. Mistress of herself, tho＇ china
fall. Pope.

CHINA Orange [of china and orange] the sweet orange, supposed to
have come originally from China. Not many years has the China
orange been propagated in Portugal and Spain. Mortimer.

CHINA Root [from China and root] a medicinal root, brought to us
from both the Indies.

CHI＇NCA, a port town of Peru, in South America, situated in an
extensive valley, on a river of the same name, about 60 miles South
of Lima.

CHINCH [chinche, Sp.] a sort of insect; a bug.

CHINE [echine, Fr. schiena, It. spina, Lat. cein, Armor.] 1. That
part of the back in which the spine or back bone is found. She
strake him such a blow upon his chine, that she opened all his body.
Sidney. 2. The back-bone or ridge of the back of a horse. 3. A
piece of the back of any eatable animal. Cut out the burly bon＇d clown
in chines of beef. Shakespeare. The tusky head and chine. Dryden.

To CHINE, verb act. [from the substantive] to cut into chines.
He that in his line did chine the long-rib＇d Appennine. Dryden.

To CHINE a Beast [echiner, Fr.] to cut him down quite through
the back-bone.

A CHINE of Pork, a certain joint so cut.

CHINE Cough, or CHIN Cough, [perhaps more properly kincough, of
kin-khoest, Du. from kincken, Du. to pant and cough] a violent and
convulsive cough to which young children are incident.

CHI＇NEY, a city of the Austrian Netherlands, on the confines of the
bishopric of Liege, about 12 miles south-west of Namur.

CHINK [cink, from cinan, Sax. to gape] a small aperture length­
wise, a gap between the parts of any thing; as, a chink in a wall,
board, &c. also (in a canting sense) money, so call＇d because it chinks
in the pocket.

To CHINK, verb act. [derived by Skinner from the sound] To
shake any thing so as to make a noise. He chinks his purse. Pope.

To CHINK, verb neut. to make a noise, as money or pieces of
any metal do when shaken. Not a guinea chink＇d. Swift.

CHI＇NKY [from chink] full of holes, opening into narrow clefts.
Plaister thou the chinky hives with clay. Dryden.

CHINTS, a fine Indian painted calico.
Let a charming chints and Brussels lace,
Wrap my cold limbs, and shade my lifeless face. Pope.

CHI＇OPPINE [from chapin, Sp.] a high shoe, formerly worn by la­
dies. Your ladyship is nearer heaven than when I saw you last by the
altitude of a chioppine. Shakespeare.

CHI＇O, CHI＇AS, XIO, SCIO, an Asiatic island, lying near the coast
of Ionia, in Natolia, or lesser Asia, about 100 miles west of Smyrna.
It is about 100 miles in circumference, and chiefly inhabited by chris­
tians of the Greek church; but subject to the Turks, who call it Sa­
kisaduci. Its capital is also called Chio.

CHIO＇ZZO, a town on an island of the same name, in the Gulph of
Venice, by which there is a passage into the Lagunes; it is about
12 miles from Venice.

CHIP [from the verb] 1. A bit chipt off from wood, or any thing
else, by a cutting instrument. Of chips and serewood was the second
row. Dryden. 2. A little piece in general, however made; as, chips
of stone.

A CHIP of the same block. That is, a son who is like his father,
either in person or qualities; tho＇ it is almost always taken in an ill
sense.

Like a CHIP in potage, that is, does neither good nor harm.

To CHIP [probably corrupted from to chop. Johnson] to cut to chips
or small pieces, to lessen by cutting away a little at a time. Our statue
in the block of marble we see sometimes only begun to be chip＇d, some­
times rough hewn. Addison.
The critic strikes out all that is not just,
And ＇tis ev＇n so the butler chips his crust. King.

CHIP [from cyppan, or ceapan, Sax. to buy and sell] shews that the
place, to which it is added, either is or was a market town; as, Chip­
nam, Chippenham, &c. See CHEAP, subst.

CHI＇PPING [of cyppan or ceapan, Sax. to buy or sell] signifies the
place, to the name of which it is added, to be or have been a market­
town or place; as, Chipping-Norton, Chipping Wicomb, &c.

CHIPPING, or CHERPING-MERRY, that is, very pleasant over a
glass of good liquor.

CHIPPING, subst. [from to chip] a fragment cut off. They dung
their land with the chippings of soft stone. Mortimer.

CHI＇PPINGHAM, a borough town of Wiltshire, on the river Avon,
over which it hath a bridge of 16 arches. It was the seat of Alfred
and other west Saxon kings; is 94 miles from London, and sends two
members to parliament.

CHIPPING-NORTON, a market town of Oxfordshire, 76 miles from
London.

CHIPPING-ONGAR, a market town in Essex, 20 miles from Lon­
don.

CHIPPING-WICOMB, or HIGH-WICOMB. a borough town of Buck­
inghamshire, on the river Wick, 32 miles from London; it sends two
members to parliament.

CHIQUE [at Smyrna] a weight for weighing of goats wool, con­
taining 500 drams, or two okes, which is five pounds 10 ounces seven
drams.

CHIRA＇GRA [χειραγρα, of χειρ, a hand, and αγρα, a capture or
seizing] the gout in the hands. Lat.

CHIRA＇GRICAL [of chiragra] having the gout in the hands. Brown
uses it.

CHIRA＇PSY [χειραψια, of χειρ, a hand, and απτω, Gr. to touch]
a touching or feeling with the hand.

CHIRCHEGE＇MOTE, or CIRCGEMO＇TE [old law] a certain ecclesi­
astical court.

CHI＇ROGRAPH, or CHIRO＇GRAPHUM [χειρογραϕον, of χειρ, a hand,
and γραϕω, Gr. to write] a hand writing, a bond or bill of one＇s own
hand.

CHIROGRAPHUM [with the English Saxons] a public conveyance
or deed of gift. Lat.

CHIRO＇GRAPHER [of χειρ, the hand, and γραϕω, Gr. to write; in
the Common Pleas] an officer who engrosses the fines acknowledged
in that court. Bacon uses it.

CHIRO＇GRAPHIST, the same with chirographer. [It is used in the
following passage, I think improperly, for one that tells fortunes by ex­
amining the hand: the true word is chirosophist or chiromancer. John­
son] Let the chirographists behold his palm. Arbuthnot and Pope.

CHIRO＇GRAPHY [chirografo, It. chirographus, Lat. χειρογραϕια, Gr.]
a writing under one＇s own hand, the art of writing.

CHIRO＇LOGY [χειρολογια, of χειρ, a hand, and λογος, a speech;
Gr.] a talking by signs made by the hands.

CHI＇ROMANCER [chiromancier, Fr.] one who pretends to tell for­
tunes by the hand, or by that art which is commonly called pal­
mistry.
To chiromancers cheaper art repair,
Who clasp the pretty palm; to make the lines more fair. Dryden.

CHI＇ROMANCY [chiromancie, Fr. chiromanzia, It. chiromancia, Sp.
chiromantia, Lat. χειρομαντεια, of χειρ and μαντεια, Gr.] a ridiculous
kind of divination, whereby they pretend to discover the constitution
and tempers of persons, and to predict future events by the lines,
wrinkles and marks in the hand. There is not much considerable in
that doctrine of chiromancy, that spots in the tops of the nails do sig­
nify things past, in the middle things present, and at the bottom
events to come. Brown.

CHIROMA＇NTICAL, of or pertaining to chiromancy.

CHIRO＇NES [of χειρες, Gr. the hands] a sort of wheals arising in the
palms of the hands; the same as sirones.

CHIRO＇NIA Vitis [in botany] the wild or blank vine briony, so
called from Chiron.

CHIRO＇NION, the herb centaury.

CHIRO＇NIUM Ulcus, a boil or sore, which comes especially on the
thighs and feet, so named, because it has need of such an one as Chiron
to cure it.

CHIRO＇NOMY [chironomia, Lat. of χειρονομια, of χειρ, the hand,
and νομος, Gr. law] a gesture with the hand either in orators or dan­
cers, &c.

CHIRO＇THESY [chirothesia, Lat. of χειροθησια, of χειρ, the hand,
and τιθημι, to place] a laying on of the hands.

CHIROTONI＇A [χειροτονια, of χειρ, the hand, and τεινω, Gr. to ex­
tend] the imposition of hands in conferring any priestly orders.

To CHIRP, verb neut. [probably formed from the likeness of the
sound, perhaps contracted from cheer up; the Du. have circken] to
make a cheerful noise, as birds do when they call without singing; as,
a chirping lark.

To CHIRP, verb act. [this seems apparently corrupted from cheer
up. Johnson.] to make cheerful; as, a

CHIRPING Cup [i. e. a cheering cup] a cup of good liquor.

CHIRP [from the verb] the voice of birds, and some insects. Chirp
went the grashopper under our feet. Spectator.

CHI＇RPER [from chirp] one that chirps or is cheerful.

To CHIRRE, verb neut. [ceorian, Sax.] to coo, as a pigeon. Ju­
nius. See CHURME.

CHIRRICHO＇TE, a word used by the Spaniards, in derision of the
French, who pronounce cherri for kyry.

CHIRU＇RGION [chirurgien, Fr. chirurgo, It. cirujano, Sp. chirurgus,
Lat. χειρουργος, of χειρ, the hand, and εργον, Gr. work] one who
practises the art of chirurgery; one who cures ailments, not with inward
medicines, but by outward applications. It is now generally pro­
nounced, and by many written, surgeon.

A good CHIRURGEON must hade an eagle＇s (or piercing) eye, a lion＇s
(or undaunted) heart, and a lady＇s (or soft) hand. These three natu­
ral qualities are certainly, if not absolutely requisite, yet very proper
and of great use in the practice of surgery.

CHIRU＇RGERY [χειρουργια, of χειρ, a hand, and εργον, Gr. work]







is the third branch of the curative part of medicine, and teaches how
fundry diseases of the body of man may be cured by manual ope­
ration; it is vulgarly pronounced and written surgery.

CHIRU＇RGIC, or CHI＇RURGICAL [of chirurgeon, or the manual part
of healing, chirurgique, F. of chirurgicus, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to the
art of surgery. 2. Having qualities useful in external applications to
hurts; as, chirurgical or physical virtues. 3. Manual in general, con­
sisting in operations of the hand. This sense, though the first, accord­
ing to etymology, is now scarce found. Johnson. The chirurgical or
manual doth refer to the making instruments, and exercising particu­
lar experiments. Wilkins.

CHI＇SEL, or CHI＇ZZEL [cisello, It. ciseau, Fr. probably of scissum,
sup. of scindo, Lat. to cut, q. scissellum] a tool with which stone or
wood is chip＇d or pared away. The rude chisel does the man begin.
Dryden.

To CHISEL, verb act. [from the noun] to cut with a chisel.

To CHIT [from the subst. with husbandmen] spoken of seed,
which is said to chit, when it first of all shoots its small root into the
earth. Mortimer uses it.

CHIT [according to Dr. Hickes, from kind, Ger. a child; per­
haps from chico, Sp. little. Johnson: probably either of cito, It. a little
boy, or of kitten, Du. a young cat] 1. A child, a baby, generally
used of young persons in contempt. 2. A little sniveling boy or girl.
These will appear such chits in story,
＇Twill turn all politics to jest. Anonymous.
3. A freckle, from chick-pease. In this sense it is seldom used. 4.
The shoot of corn from the end of the grain. A cant term among
maltsters. Barley couched four days, will begin to shew the chit or
sprit at the root end. Mortimer.

CHIT CHAT. 1. A corrupted reduplication of chat. A word only
used in ludicrous conversation; as, the chit chat club. Spectator. 2.
Trifling or gossipping talk, idle prate.

A CHIT Lark, a bird.

CHI＇TTEFACE [either of chiche, Fr. meagre, or chiche-faci, Chau­
cer] a meagre, starveling child, a puny child with a little face.

CHI＇TTERLINGS, without a singular [from schyterling, Du. Min­
shew, from kuttelin, Ger. Skinner, probably for shitterlings, because
the excrements are contained in them, or of kuttels, Teut. the in­
wards] 1. Hog＇s guts dressed for eating. 2. A sort of pudding or sau­
sage. 3. The guts, the bowels. Skinner.

CHI＇TTY [from chit] 1. Freckly, having freckles. 2. Childish,
like a baby.

CHITTY Face, one having a little face, or opprobriously a simple
body, an ideot.

CHI＇VALROUS [from chivalry] relating to chivalry, or errant
knighthood, knightly, warlike, daring; a word now obsolete. Brave
pursuit of chivalrous emprise. Spenser.

CHI＇VALRY [chevallerie, Fr. of cheval, a horse, cavalleria, It.
and Sp.] 1. Knighthood, a military dignity. There be now
for martial encouragement some degrees and orders of chivalry.
Bacon. 2. The qualifications of a knight, horsemanship, valour;
as, deeds of chivalry, i. e. mighty feats of arms, notable exploits.
3. The general system of knighthood.
By the faith which knights to knighthood bore,
And whate＇er else to chivalry belongs,
He would not cease. Dryden.
4. An adventure, an exploit. Doing acts more dangerous, tho＇ less
famous, because they were but private chivalries. Sidney. 5. The
body or order of knights.
All the chivalry of England move
To do brave acts. Shakespeare.

CHIVALRY [Servitium Militare, in a law sense] a particular tenure
or manner of holding lands, by which the tenant is obliged to per­
form some noble or military office to his lord; a tenure by knight＇s
service. There is no land but is holden mediately or immediately of
the crown, by some service or other; and therefore are all our free­
holds, that are to us and our heirs, called feuda, fees, as proceeding
from the benefit of the king. As the king gave to the nobles large
possessions for this or that rent and service, so they parceled out these
lands as they thought good: and those services are by Littleton di­
vided into chivalry and socage. The one is military, the other rus­
tic. Chivalry, which holds only of the king, is properly called fer­
geantry, and this is subdivided into grand or petit, i. e. great or
small. Chivalry that may hold of a common person, as well as of
the king, is called seutagium. Cowel. It ought properly to be writ­
ten chevalry. It is a word now not much used, but in old poems or ro­
mances.

CHI＇VE, CHI＇VES, or CHI＇EVES [cive, Fr. Skinner, with botanists]
the fine threads of flowers, or the little knobs, which grow on the
tops of those threads.

CHI＇VES [cives, Fr.] a sort of small onions. Skinner.

CHIVES tipt with Pendants [in botany] is when the horn or thread
of a flower has a seed hanging and shaking at the point of it, as in
tulips, &c.

CHIVETS [with botanists] the small parts of the roots of plants, by
which they are propagated.

CHLEUASMUS, Lat. [χλευασμος, of χλευαζω, Gr. to jeer] a laugh­
ing to scorn, a mocking, a jeering or scoffing, a rhetorical figure used
to that purpose.

CHLO＇RITIS [χλωριτις, Gr.] a precious stone green as grass.

CHLORO＇SIS, Lat. [χλωροτης, of χλωριζω, Gr. to appear green or
yellowish] the green-sickness.

CHO＇ANE, Lat. [of χοανη, Gr. a funnel] a kind of tunnel in the
basis of the brain, by which the serous excrements are brought down
from the ventricles to the primary glandule: also the pelvis or bason
of the reins, perhaps so called for the same reason; viz. as like an
insundibulum, or tunnel, it discharges the urine into that canal, which
conveys it to the bladder. But as to the first use of this word, viz.
when applied to the brain, Bartholin says, it is nothing else than an
orbicular, and sometimes triangular, cavity, made by the pia mater,
where it invests the basis of the brain, and from whence its ventricles
are lined. Barth. Anat. l. 3. c. 6.

CHOA＇SPITES [of χοασπιτης, Gr.] a precious stone of a green co­
lour, that glitters like gold.

To CHOCK, or To CHUCK [probably of choquer, Fr. to strike,
dash, or beat against] to give a person a light touch with the fingers
under the chin, as a token of kindness; also to play at pitching
money, &c. into a hole. See CHUCK.

CHO＇COLATE [Fr. and Sp. chioccolato, It.] 1. The nut of the ca­
cao-tree. The tree hath a rose flower, with many petals, which be­
comes a fruit somewhat like a cucumber. It is a native of America,
and in great plenty in several places between the tropics, and grows
wild. 2. The cake or mass made by grinding the kernel of the
cacao-nut, with other substances, to be dissolved in hot water. 3. A
drink made of the Indian cocoa-nut. Chocolate is much the best li­
quor; its oil seems to be rich, alimentary, and anodine. Arbuthnot.

CHOCOLATE Houses [from chocolate and house] a house where the
company drinks chocolate.

CHODE, obsolete, pret. of to chide. Jacob was wroth, and chode
with Laban. Genesis.

CHOE＇NICIS. See TEREBELLUM.

CHOE＇RAS, Lat. [of χοιρος, Gr. a hog] the struma, so named, because
hogs are subject to swellings of the like nature. Celsus, lib. 5. says,
these swellings, like glands, appear chiefly about the neck; but are
found also in the arm-pits, groin, and sides.

CHOE＇NIX [of χοινιξ, Gr.] a measure in use among the ancients. It
was one of the attic measures for things dry, and contained three co­
tylæ, being itself equal to Pint 1½ Sol. 0. Inch. 72. See COTYLA.

CHOICE, subst. [choix, Fr.] 1. Election, the act of chusing, de­
termination between different things proposed; as, I make choice of
this preferably to that. 2. The power of chusing; as, to have any
thing in one＇s choice. 3. Care in chusing, curiosity in distinguishing;
as, to collect materials with judgment and choice. 4. The thing chosen
preferably to any other.
Let fame exalt her voice,
Nor let thy conquests only be her choice. Prior.
5. The best part of any thing that is more properly the object of
choice; as, the choice and flower of every thing. 6. Several things
proposed at once, as objects of judgment and choice.
A braver choice of dauntless spirits
Did never float upon the swelling tide. Shakespeare.
7. To make choice of; to chuse from several things proposed.

Hobson＇s CHOICE, that or none. This proverb is said to have had
it＇s rise from one Hobson, an innkeeper at one of the universities,
who let horses to students, but would always oblige them to take
that horse which was next in turn, were he good or bad, or would
let them none.

CHOICE, emblematically represented. See ELECTION.

CHOICE, adj. [choisi, Fr.] 1. Rare, excellent, chosen and prefe­
rable to others; as, choice wine and fruit. 2. Chary, wary, careful;
used of persons. He that is choice of his time, will also be choice of
his company. Taylor.

CHOICE＇LESS [from choice and less, neg.] not having the power or
right of chusing, not free; as, a dead, choiceless cylinder. Hammond.

CHOI＇CELY [from choice] 1. With exact choice; as, soldiers
choicely collected. 2. Excellently. It is choicely good. 3. With
great care, dearly, preciously.

CHOI＇CENESS [of choice] rareness, excellency, nicety. Plants for
their choiceness reserved in pots. Evelyn.

CHOIR [chorus, Lat. of χορος, Gr.] 1. The quire of a church,
that place where divine service is said or sung by the choristers. 2.
A band of singers; as, the choir of angels. 3. The fingers in di­
vine worship; as, the choir sung te deum.

To CHOKE [aceocan, probably of ceoca, Sax. the mouth or the
cheek-bone, because the halter is fixed under the cheek-bone of
criminals] 1. To stop the breath, to kill, by stopping the passage of
respiratio; to stifle or strangle. 2. To stop up, to obstruct or block
up a passage; as, to cleanse the ports, and keep them from being
choked up. Addison. 3. To hinder by obstruction. Mists and clouds
do choke her window light. Davies. 4. To suppress.
The gain propos＇d,
Chok＇d the respect of likely peril fear＇d. Shakespeare.
5. To overpower, to bear under. Chok＇d with cares and riches. St.
Luke.

CHOKE [from the verb] the filamentous or capillary part of arti­
choke. A cant word.

CHOKE Pear a rough tasted pear; in a figurative sense, a shock or
rub in one＇s way, any sarcasm or aspersion by which another is put
to silence; a low word. Pardon me for going so low, as to talk of
giving choke-pears. Clarissa.

CHO＇KER [from choke] 1. One that chokes or stifles another. 2.
One that puts another to silence. 3. Any thing that cannot be an­
swered.

CHOKY [from choke] that which has the power of suffocating.

CHO＇LAGOGUES [cholagoga, Lat. χολαγωγος, of χολη, choler, and
αγω, Gr. to bring away] such medicines as purge the bile or choler,
and discharge it downwards.

CHOLE＇DOCHUS Ductus [of χολη, bile, and δεχομαι, Gr. to receive]
is the uniting of the ductus bilarius with the ductus cysticus into one
passage; this passage goes obliquely to the lower end of the gut duo­
denum, and conveys the gall to those parts.

CHO＇LER [collera, It. and Port. chólera, Sp. cholera, Lat. of χολε­
ρα, from χολη, Gr. bile] 1. The bile. Such a feeding animal, and so
subject to diseases from bilious causes, should want a proper convey­
ance for choler. Brown.
The bile is a juice secreted from the blood in the viscus of the
liver, and from thence thrown into its proper reservoir, the gall­
bladder; it is, according to Boerhaave, composed of an oil, salt,
and spirits diluted with water; it is, accordingly, of a saponaceous,
abstergent, and most powerfully dissolvent quality, and greatly assists
digestion. Bocrkav. Occonom. Animalis. Ed. Lond. p. 32. May not I
add, that it is alcalescent, though not alcaline; and as being the most
acrid of all our juices, it must, when in its peccant state (which under
the word choler is generally intended) create much tumult and disorder
in the animal œconomy? See BILF; and if there be any mistake there,
the reader will easily rectify it from hence.
2. The hamour, which by its super abundance, is supposed to pro­






duce irrrascibility. It engenders choler, planteth anger. Shakespeare.
3. Anger, rage.
He methinks is no great scholar,
Who mistakes desire for choler. Prior.

CHO＇ERA Morbus, Lat. a disease in the stomach and guts, whereby
the dregs of that humour are voided in great abundance, both up­
wards and downwards.

CHO＇LERIC [collerico, It. colérico, Sp. of cholericus, Lat.] 1. A bound­
ing with choler. The one choleric and sanguine, the other phlegma­
tic and melancholic. Dryden. 2. Hasty, passionate, prone to anger,
applied to persons. An honest, plain-dealing fellow, choleric, bold.
Arbuthnot. 3. Angry, offensive; applied to words or actions; as cho­
leric haste. Sidney. Choleric speech. Raleigh.

CHO＇LERICKNESS [of choleric] passionateness, peevishness.

CHO＇LIAMBI, Lat. a sort of iambic verse, having a spondee in the
6th or last place.

CHO＇LIC. See COLIC.

CHO＇MER, or CO＇RON [חומר, Heb.] a measure, containing 75
gallons, 5 pints, and 7 sol. inch.

CHO＇NAT, a town of Hungary, on the river Merish, about 13
miles east of Segedon; subject to the house of Austria.

CHONDRI＇LLA, Lat. [χονδριλλη, Gr.] rush, or gum succory, called
also wild endive.

CHO＇NDRIS, Lat. [in botany] the herb false or bastard dittany.

CHONDROGLO＇SSUM, Lat. [with some anatomists] a very small pair
of muscles of the tongue.

CHO＇NDROS, Lat. [χονδρος, Gr.] a grain, as of salt, frankincense,
&c.

CHONDROS [with anatomists] a cartilage or gristle, the most earthy
and solid part of the body, next to a bone.

CHONDROSY＇NDESMOS, Lat. [χονδροσυνδεσμος, of χονδρος, a carti­
lage, συν, with, and δεσμος, a band, of δεω, Gr. to bind] a cartilagi­
nous ligament, or the joining of bones together, by means of a car­
tilage or gristle.

To CHOOSE, verb act. [of choisir, Fr. or ceosan, Sax. kiesen, Du.
and Ger. keesa, Su. irr. ver.] 1. To select, to pick out of a number
Choose you a man for you. 1 Samuel. 2. To take by way of pre­
ference of feveral things offered. I may neither choose whom I would,
nor refuse whom I dislike. Shakespeare. 3. To take, not to refuse.
Let us choose to us judgment. Job. 4. Among divines, to elect for
eternal happiness.

To CHOOSE, verb neut. to have the power of choice between dif­
ferent things. It is generally joined with a negative, and signifies,
must necessarily be; as, he cannot choose but prosper.

CHO＇OSER [from choose] he that has the power or office of choosing;
I might be my own chooser. Hammond.

To CHOP [couper, Fr. kappen, Du. probably of κοπτω, Gr. to cut]
1. To cut, to cut small or mince; as chapters and verses are so chop＇d
and minced, and stand so broken. Locke. 2. To cut with a quick blow;
as, to chop off a head. 3. To devour eagerly, with up; as, to chop
up a meal. 4. To break into chinks; as, chop＇d hands.

To CHOP, verb neut. to do a thing with an unexpected motion;
as, the wind chops about, that is, changes suddenly. He chops at the
shadow, and loses the substance. L＇Estrange.

To CHOP, verb act. [of ceawan, Sax. koopen, Du. to buy] to
purchase generally by an exchange, barter, or truck; as the chopping
of bargains. 2. To put one thing in the place of another.
Affirm the trigons chop＇d and chang＇d,
The watry with the fiery rang＇d. Hudibras.
3. To altercate, to bandy, to return one thing or word for another:
as, chopping of logic.

To CHOP upon, to light or happen upon.

To CHOP [pop or come] in suddenly.

A CHOP. 1. A cut, a crack or cleft; as, the chops in a wooden bowl.
2. A piece chop＇d off. See CHIP. Sir William Capel compounded
for sixteen hundred pounds, yet Empson would have cut another chop
out of him, if the king had not died. Bacon. 3. A small piece of
meat, commonly of mutton.

CHOP-Church [old law term] an exchanging of benefices or churches
between two persons.

CHOP-HOUSE [of chop and house] a house of entertainment, where
chops of mutton are chiefly sold ready dressed.

CHO＇PIN, Fr. a liquid measure, that contains, according to Lemery,
sixteen ounces and a half; also, in Scotland, a measure for a quart
of Winchester measure.

CHOPPING, part. adj. [in this sense, of uncertain etymology] an
epithet frequently applied to infants, by way of ludicrous commen­
dation of their sturdiness; imagined, by Skinner, to signify lusty,
from cas, Sax; by others, to mean a child that would bring money at
a market; perhaps a greedy hungry child, likely to live. Johnson.

CHO＇PPING-BLOCK [of chop and block] a log of wood, on which
any thing is laid to be cut in pieces.

CHOPPING-KNIFE [of chop and knife] a knife with which cooks
mince their meat. A chopping-knife under his girdle. Sidney.

CHO＇PPINGS, a fort of Venetian shoes, with very high heels.

CHOPPY [from chop] full of cracks or clefts.
Her choppy finger laying
Upon her skinny lips. Shakespeare.

CHOPS, or CHAPS, without a singular. 1. The mouth of
a beast. 2. The mouth of a man in contempt. Unseam＇d him
from the nape to the chops. Shakespeare. 3. In familiar language,
the mouth of any thing; as, the chops of a river; the chops of a
channel; the chops of a smith＇s vice.

CHO＇RAL [choralis, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to the choir of a church;
as, a choral vicar, i. e. one who is admitted to perform divine service
in the choir. 2. Composing a choir or concert. Choral symphonies.
Milton. 3. Singing in a choir. Choral seraphs sung the second day.
Amhurst.

CHO＇RASSAN, a province of Persia, on the north-east, adjoining to
Usbec Tartary; this was the ancient Bactaria, and the native country
of the late Thames Kouli Kan.

CHORD [chorda, Lat. χορδη, Gr. when it signifies a rope or string
in general, it is written cord: when its primitive signification is pre­
served the h is retained. Johnson] 1. The string of a musical instru­
ment.
Who mov＇d
Their stops and chords, was seen. Milton.
2. A right line in geometry, which joins the two ends of any arch
of a circle, otherwise called a subtense, or it is one right line that cuts
a circle into two parts.

To CHORD [from the noun] to string, to furnish with chords.
The chorded shell. Dryden.

CHORDA, Lat. [χορδη, Gr.] 1. A bowel, a gut. 2. The string of a
musical instrument made of a gut.

CHORDA, Lat. [with anatomists] 1. A tendon or nerve. 2. A pain­
ful extension of the penis.

CHORDA Membranæ Tympani [with anatomists] a nerve that comes
from the third branch of the fifth pair, and is extended above the mem­
brane of the tympanum or drum of the ear. Lat.

CHORDA＇PSUS [of χορδαψος, Gr.] griping or wringing pains of the
small guts; so that they being twisted, or their peristaltic or worm­
like motion being inverted, the ordure is thrown up at the mouth only.
This distemper is also called by the names of ileus, iliaca passio, vol­
vulus, and miserere mei.

CHORDA＇TA Gonorrhæa, Lat. [with surgeons] a malady, when, to­
gether with the effusion of the semen, the urethra or urinary passage is
bent like a bow, with pain.

CHORDE＇E [from chorda, Lat. in surgery] an inflammation and
contraction of the frœnum.

CHORE＇A. Sancti Viti [i. e. St. Vitus＇s dance, so called because this
frenzy often feized on those people that used annually to pay a visit to
the chapel of St. Vitus, near the city of Ulm in Sweden] a sort of mad­
ness which anciently was very common among some people, those
who were affected with it ran up and down dancing night and day till
they died, if they were not hindered by force. Why it should be called
a madness, I know not, unless from the ridiculous gestures attending it.
＇Tis no more than a certain paralytic affection; and is accordingly dis­
pelled by cold-bathing and chalybeat medicines. Monita & Præcepta
Medica. Mead.

CHOREPI＇SCOPI [of χωρος, the country, and ἐπισκοπος, a bishop]
rural bishops, anciently appointed by the prime diocesan.

CHORE＇US [χορειος, Gr.] a foot in Greek or Latin verse, consisting
of three short syllables, or else of two syllables, the one short, the
other long.

CO＇RGES, or GEO＇RGES, a town of Dauphiny, in France, about 6
miles east of Gap.

CHORIA＇MBIC [of χοριαμβος, Gr.] a foot in verse consisting of four
syllables, two long at each end, and two short in the middle; as,
ebrietas.

CHO＇RION [χοριον or χωριον, of χωρεω, Gr. to contain] the outmost
membrane or skin that covers the fœtus or child in the womb, being
pretty thick and smooth within, but tough on the outside, where
the placenta sticks.

CHO＇RISTER [chorista, from chorus, Lat.] 1. A singing man or boy in
a cathedral; usually a singer of the lower order. 2. A singer in a con­
cert. This sense is mostly confined to poetry.
With hollow throats,
The choristers the joyous anthem sing. Spenser.
Of airy choristers a numerous train. Dryden.

CHO＇RO, or CHO＇RUS [in music books] is when all the several
parts of a piece of music are performed together, which is commonly at
the conclusion.

CHOROBA＇TES [of χωροβατειν, Gr. to over-run a country] a level
used by the ancients with a double square in the form of a T.

CHO＇ROGRAPHER [chorographer, Fr. corografo, It. chorographus, Lat.
of χωρογραϕευς, of χωρος, a country, and γραϕω, to describe] a describer
of particular countries.

CHOROGRA＇PHICAL [of χωρογραϕια, of χωρος, a country, and γρα­
ϕω, Gr. to describe] descriptive of particular countries, laying down
their boundaries. A chorographical description of this terrestrial para­
dise. Raleigh.

CHOROGRA＇PHICALLY, according to the art of chorography, in a
chorographical manner.

CHO＇ROGRAPHY [chorographie, Fr. corografia, It. and Sp. chorogra­
phia, Lat. χωρογραϕια, of χωρος, a region, or country, and γραϕω, Gr.
to describe] a part of geography which treats of the description of
particular countries, or of one country or province, or laying down the
boundaries of particular provinces. Its object is less than that of
geography, and greater than that of topography.

CHOROGRAPHY, in painting or sculpture, is represented by a wo­
man in a habit of a changeable colour, plain and short; in her right
hand a measuring square, and in her left a pair of compasses. By her
side a globe, with some part of it designed.
Her changeable habit denotes the different taking of situations, as
the shortness of it does their being taken briefly. The use of the instru­
ment and compasses are obvious.

CHORO＇IDES Plexus, or CHOROEI＇DES, the folding of the carotid
artery in the brain, in which is the glandula pinealis; also the uvea tu­
nica, which makes the apple of the eye.

CHORO＇METRY [χωρομετρια, of χωρος, a country, and μετρεω, Gr.
to measure] the art of surveying, or measuring countries.

CHO＇RUS, [Lat. of χορος, Gr.] 1. The company of singers and dan­
cers in a stage-play, or of persons singing together in concert; a
choir. The Grecian tragedy was at first nothing but a chorus of singers.
Dryden. 2. The persons who are supposed to behold what passes in the
acts of a tragedy, and sing their sentiments between the acts.
For supply,
Admit me chorus to this history. Shakespeare.
3. The song between the acts of a tragedy. 4. Verses of a song, in
which the company join the singer. See CHORO.

CHOSE in Action [a law term] a thing that has not a body; being
only a right; as, an annuity, a covenant, a bond, &c. Chose in
action may also be called chose in suspence, as having no real existence,
and not being properly in possession.

CHOSE Local [a law term] a thing fixed to a place, as a mill, &c.

CHOSE Transitory [a law term] this is likewise called chose in sus­
pence, as having no real existence, and not being properly in possession
a thing that is moveable, or that may be carried from one place to
ther.








CHOSEN, or CHOSE [irreg. imp. and part. pass, of to choose] See
To CHOOSE.

CHO＇TZIM, the frontier town of Moldavia, on the confines of Po­
land, situated on the river Neister, and subject to the Turks.

CHOUGH [ceo, Sax. choucas, provincial Fr.] a bird like a jack­
daw, but bigger, that frequents the rocks by the sea-side. Hanmer.
Crows have a resemblance with ravens, daws, and choughs. Bacon.

CHOULE [commonly pronounced and written jowl] the crop of a
bird. The choule or crop, adhering into the lower side of the bill, and
so descending by the throat, is a bag or sachel. Brown.

To CHOUSE, or To CHOWSE [the original of this word is much
doubted by Skinner, who tries to deduce it from the French, gosser, to
laugh at, or joucher, to wheedle; and from the Teutonic, rosen, to prat­
tle. It is perhaps a fortuitous and cant word, without etymology.
Johnson. Probably of gausser, Fr. to banter] 1. To cheat, to cozen,
to defraud, to trick, to impose upon.
Freedom and zeal have chous＇d you o＇er and o＇er,
Pray give us leave to bubble you once more. Dryden.
2. With of before the thing defrauded.
When geese and pullen are seduc＇d,
And sows of sucking pigs are chous＇d. Hudibras.

A CHOUSE, or A CHOWSE [from the verb. This word is derived
by Henshaw from kiaus or chiaus, a messenger of the Turkish court,
who, says he, is little better than a fool] 1. A cheat, sham, or
trick. 2. A filly fellow, a bubble, a tool, who may easily be imposed
upon, a mere bubble.
A sottish chouse,
Who can a thief has rob＇d his house,
Applies himself to cunning men. Hudibras.

To CHO＇WTER, to mumble and mutter as stubborn children do.

CHRE＇MNITZ, or CHREMNITS, the principal of the mine-towns in
Upper Hungary, about 68 miles north-east of Presburg; subject to
the house of Austria.

CHRISM [chrisma, Lat. of χρισμα, Gr. an unguent, from χριω, to
anoint] 1. Unction. It is only applied to sacred ceremonies. Christ＇s
eternal priesthood denoted especially by his unction or chrism. Hammond.
2. A composition of oil and balsam consecrated by a bishop, to be used
in the ceremonies of baptism, confirmation, extreme unction, corona­
tions, &c. See BAPTISM and RITES.

CHRISMA＇LE [in old records] a chrisom cloth laid over the face of a
child at baptism.

CHRI＇SMATIS Denarii, chrisom pence, money paid to a bishop by
the parish clergy for their chrism, which is consecrated at Easter for
the year ensuing. Lat.

CHRI＇SMATORY, a vessel in which the chrism is kept.

CHRI＇SOM [of χρισμα, Gr.] an unction of infants, an ancient cu­
stom of anointing children as soon as they were born, with some aro­
matic unguent, and putting on their heads a cloth dawbed with it,
this was worn till they accounted them strong enough to endure bap­
tism, which being performed, it was left off. Hence formerly in the
bills of mortality such infants who die before baptism were called
chrisoms.

CHRI＇SOM, or CHRYSOM-Cloth, the face-cloth or piece of linen, laid
upon the head of a child that was newly baptized, which of old time
was a customary due to the priest of the parish.

CHRISOM Calf, a calf killed before it is a month old.

CHRISOMS, set in the bills of mortality as a distemper, to signify
children that die within the month. When the convulsions were but
few, the number of chrisoms and infants was greater. Graunt.

CHRIST [ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ, Gr. i. e. anointed] the name of the ever
blessed redeemer of the world: And which perhaps is best explained
by comparing its etymology with the following texts, Daniel ix. 24.
Acts x. 38. John iii. 34. All which passages seem to refer to the ef­
fusion of the Holy Spirit on our Saviour＇s person in his incarnate state.
Tho＇ (to prevent mistake) it may not be improper to observe, that
how much soever our Lord, in his pre-existent sphere and station, fur­
passed all other beings, whom GOD produced by him: yet, when be­
coming man, and when made (for our sakes) a little lower than the an­
gels, he came, like all other prophets of God, under the conduct of the
prophetic SPIRIT, by whom himself (during his abode on earth) was
led, by whom he taught, and cast out devils. And yet, when alluding
to his state of exaltation, he says of this very Spirit; But when the
Comforter is come, whom I＇ll SEND from the Father: And again, He
shall glorify me; for he shall RECEIVE of mine, and shew it unto you—
All that the FATHER has is mine. From these and the like texts, the
ancients inferred (as bishop Pearson on the creed observes, p. 324) not
only the present subordination of this truly divine and glorious SPIRIT to
God＇s only-begotten son; but also that he originally received his very essence
from him. But to proceed:—Kings and priests were anointed as well as
prophets: And accordingly we read in scripture, “God, even thy God, has
anointed THEE with the oil of gladness above thy fellows;” so that a THREE­
FOLD character seems contained in the etymology of this word, when
applied to Jesus, the prophet, priest, and king; and under all, he is
become the AUTHOR of eternal salvation to them that obey him.

CHRI＇STLING, noun subst. A name which the learned Mede gives,
by way of contempt, to the new mediators, which the superstition of
the fourth century introduced. See BRANDEUM.

CHRIST＇S, or CHRISS-Cross-Row, the alphabet, because in chil­
drens horn-books a cross is generally put before it.

To CHRI＇STEN [cristman, Sax.] 1. To baptize a person, to enter
into the communion of the christian church, to initiate into christianity
by water. 2. To name, to denominate in general. Christen the
thing what you will, it can be no better than a mock millenium. Bur­
net＇s Theory.

CHRI＇STENDOM [of christian and the termination dom] all those
countries throughout the world, where the christian religion is profes­
sed; the collective body of christians; as, that is received over all chri­
stendom.

Anti-CHRISTENDOM, noun subst. A word by which the judicious
Mede, in his comment on the apocalypse, characterises all those na­
tions which adhere to the apostate church of Rome, as supporting (in
his judgment) a whole system of religion diametrically opposite to that of
CHRIST.

CHRI＇STENING, subst. [from the verb] the ceremony of baptizing,
or first initiation into christianity.

CHRI＇STIAN, subst. [chrétien, Fr. cristiane, It. christiáno, Sp. chri­
stianus, Lat. of χριστιανος, Gr.] one who professes the christian re­
ligion.

CHRISTIAN, adj. [derived as the subst.] of or pertaining to chri­
stianity.

A CHRISTIAN Name, the name which is given to a person in bap­
tism at the font, distinct from the surname or gentilitious name.

CHRI＇STIANISM [christianisme, Fr. christianismus, Lat.] 1. The
christian religion. 2. The nations professing christianity.

CHRISTIA＇NITY [chretientè, Fr. christianitas, Lat.] the religion of
christians.

CHRIST-CHURCH, a borough town of Hampshire, at the conflux of
the Avon and Stour, and was therefore anciently called Thunam­
bourne; but had its present name from a collegiate church, built here
in the time of the West Saxons, and first called Trinity, but afterwards
Christ-church. It is 100 miles from London, and sends two members
to parliament.

CHRISTIA＇NITATIS Curia [an old law term] the court christian, or
ecclesiastical administration, in opposition to the civil court or lay tribu­
nal, also stiled curia domini regis.

To CHRI＇STIANIZE [from christian] to make christian, to convert
to christianity. The principles of Platonic philosophy as it is now
christianized. Dryden.

CHRI＇STIANLY [of christian] after a Christian manner.

CHRIST＇s-Thorn, or CHRIST＇s-Wort, a plant that flourishes about
Christmas; so called, as Skinner fancies, because the thorns have
some likeness to a cross. It hath long sharp spines; the flower has
five leaves in the form of a rose, which becomes a fruit, shaped like a
bonnet, having a shell almost globular. This is by many persons sup­
posed to be the plant from which our Saviour＇s crown of thorns was
composed. Miller.

CHRISTIA＇NA, a town of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys,
situated on a bay of the sea, 100 miles north of Gottenburg.

CHRISTIANO＇PLE, a port-town of Sweden, on the Baltic Sea, in the
territory of Blecking, and province of South Gothland, 13 miles
north-east of Carelscroon.

CHRI＇STIANSBURG, a Danish factory on the gold coast of Africa,
near Acra.

CHRI＇STIANSTADT, a town of Sweden, on the river Helles, in the
territory of Blecking, and province of South Gothland, 45 miles west
of Carelscroon.

CHRI＇STMAS [q. d. Christi Missa, i. e. the mass of Christ] a festi­
val celebrated on the 25th day of December, in commemoration of
the birth of Christ, by the particular service of the church.

CHRISTMAS-BOX [from christmas and box] a box in which little
presents are collected at Christmass. Gay uses it.

CHRISTMAS-FLOWER, a species of hellebore.

CHRYSTI＇COLIST [christicola, Lat.] a worshipper of Christ, a
Christian.

CHRISTOPHORIANA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb Saint Christo­
pher.

CHRI＇STOLYTES [of χριστος, Christ, and λυω, Gr. to resolve or dissolve]
some wild and greatly misguided Christians (so called, as is here sup­
posed) from their dissolving Christ, by maintaining that he descended
into hell body and soul, and that he left both there, ascending to hea­
ven with his divinity alone. I remember Irenæus tells us of some an­
cient heretics, whose scheme bore some kind of resemblance to Hesiod＇s
THEOGONY: and I could almost have said, the authors of this
hypothesis (if there were ever such) were as much oblig＇d to Ho­
mer;——who tells us, that Ulysses, when visiting the infernal world,
conversed there with the form of Hercules; while Hercules himself
was regaling with the gods in heaven.
Τον δε μετ᾿ εισενοησα βιην Ηρακληειην,
Ειδωλον· αυτος δε μετ᾿ αθανατοισι θεοισι
Τερπεται εν θαλιῃς, και εχει καλλισϕυρον Ηβην.
Odyss. Lib. xi. l. 600.
See BUMICELLI and ADRIANISTS.

CHRI＇STOPHERS, or ST. CHRISTOPHERS, one of the Caribbee islands,
to which Columbus gave his Christian name. It is about 20 miles
long, and seven broad; and has an high mountain in the middle,
from whence some rivulets have their rise, It is a British colony;
produces sugar, cotton, ginger, indigo, &c. and lies about 60 miles
west of Antegua.

CHRO＇MA [χρωμα, Gr] colour.

CHROMA [in music] a graceful way of singing with quavers and
trilloes.

CHROMA [with rhetoricians] a colour, a set off or fair pretence.
The chroma, with Dionys. Halicarn. is that figure which expresses
what the speaker intends; but where also elegance [ευπρεπεια] is re­
quisite. Dionys. Halic. Ed. Sylburg., Tom. II. p. 43.

CHROMA＇TIC [in painting] the colouring. The third part of paint­
ing is called the chromatic or colouring. Dryden.

CHROMATIC [chromatique, Fr. cromatico, It. chromatico, Sp. chro­
maticus, Lat. of χρωματικος, Gr.] 1. Relating to colour. 2. (In music)
relating to an ancient species thereof, now unknown; which, according
to some, consists in keeping the intervals close, so as to make the me­
lody the softer and sweeter. He never touch＇d his lyre in such a
truly chromatic and enharmonic manner as upon that occasion. Ar­
buthnot and Pope. Dionys. Halicar. makes these to be two kinds of
melody, absolutely distinct from one another; “The Dithyrambic
writers, says he, both change the manners [τροπους] by introducing the
Dorian, the Phrygian, the Lydian, into their song; and vary the melo­
dies, by making them sometimes enharmonic, sometimes chromatic, and
sometimes diatonic. Dion. Halicarn. Ed. Sylburg. Tom. II. p. 19.

CHROMA＇TICS [chromatica, Lat.] a delightful and pleasant sort of
music.

CHRO＇MATISM [χρωματισμος, Gr.] the natural colour and tincture of
any thing.

CHROMATISM [with physicians] the natural tincture or colour of
the blood, spittle, urine, &c.

CHROMATO＇GRAPHY [χρωματογραϕια, of χρωμα, colour, and γραϕω,
Gr. to describe] a treatise of colours; also the art of painting in co­
lours.








CHROMATOPO＇IA [χρωματοποια, Gr.] the art of making or mixing
and compounding colours.

CHRO＇NIC [chronicus, Lat. of χρονικος, of χρονος, Gr. time] of or
pertaining to time, or that is of long continuance.

CHRO＇NICAL [chronique, Fr. cronico, It. chronicus, Lat. of χρονικος,
Gr.] of or pertaining to time, or that it is of long continuance.

CHRONICAL Diseases [with physicians] are such distempers as do
not come presently to a height and terminate; but in which the pa­
tient lingers on and continues many years; as, the gout, stone, drop­
sy, &c. A chronical distemper is of length. Quincy.

CHRO＇NICALNESS [of chronical] quality of being of long conti­
nuance.

CHRO＇NICLE [chronique, Fr. cronica, It. chrónica, Sp. chronyck, Du.
chronick, Ger. chronicon, Lat. χρονικον, Gr. of χρονος, time] 1. A re­
gister or account of events, according to the order of times, or of
things done from time to time.
＇Tis a chronicle of day by day,
Not a relation for a breakfast. Shakespeare.
2. A history; as, the Irish and British chronicles.

To CHRONICLE [croniquer, Fr.] 1. To record in a chronicle or hi­
story; as, to chronicle kings. 2. To register, to record in general.
He that is so yok＇d by a fool,
Methinks should not be chronicled for wise. Shakespeare.

CHRONICLER [from chronicle] a writer of chronicles, a recorder of
events in order of time. Gathering chroniclers. Donne.

CHRO＇NICLES [of χρονικα, of χρονος, Gr. time] the name of two
books in the Old Testament; but which the septuagint version calls the
supplement, viz. of the two books of Kings.

CHRO＇NODIX [of χρονος and δεικνυμι, Gr. to shew] a sort of dial or
instrument to shew the passing away of time.

CHRO＇NOGRAM [of χρονος, time, and γραμμα, Gr. a letter] a sort
of verse in which the figurative letters being joined together, make up
the year of our Lord; an inscription, including the date of any action,
as in the following example:
Gloria lausq; Deo sæCLorUM in sæcVla sunto.

CHRONOGRA＇MMATICAL [of chronogram] belonging to a chrono­
gram. A chronogrammatical verse, which includes not only this year
1660, but numerical letters enough to reach above a thousand years
further until the year 2867. Howel.

CHRONOGRAMMA＇TIST, a writer of chronograms. There are fo­
reign universities where, as you praise a man in England for being an
excellent philosopher or poet, it is an ordinary character to be a great
chronogrammatist. Addison.

CHRONO＇LOGER or CHRONO＇LOGIST [chronologiste, Fr. cronologista,
It. chronologista, Lat. of χρονολογος, of χρονος, and λεγω, Gr.] one
skilled in, or a writer of chronology.

CHRONOLO＇GICAL [of chronologius, Lat.] pertaining to chrono­
logy.

CHRONOLO＇GICALLY, according to chronology.

CHRONOLO＇GICS [chronologica, Lat.] books which treat of chrono­
logy.

CHRONO＇LOGY [chronologie, Fr. cronologia, It. and Sp. chronologia,
Lat. of χρονολογια, of χρονος, time, and λογος, Gr. a word, &c.] the art of
computing time from the creation of the world for historical uses, and
preserving an account of remarkable transactions, so as to date truly
the beginnings and ends of the reigns of princes, the revolutions of
kingdoms and empires, signal battles. &c. All nations, says Sir Isaac
Newton, before they began to keep exact accounts of time, have been
prone to raise their antiquities; and this humour has been promoted by
the contentions between nations about their originals. Newton＇s Chro­
nology, p. 43. And this is one ground or reason, out of many, on
which that judicious writer has made so considerable a change in fixing
the date of facts preceding the war between the Greeks and Persians;
“so fixing them, says he, p. 8, as to make chronology suit with the
course of nature, with astronomy, with SACRED history, with Herodotus,
the father of history, and with itself.” [See TROJAN War.] But—Haud
nostri est tantas componere lites.

CHRONO＇METER [of χρονος, time, and μετρον, Gr. measure] an in­
strument for the exact mensuration of time; as, a pendulum chronome­
ter. Derham.

CHRONO＇METRUM, Lat. [of χρονος and μετρον, Gr.] the same as a
pendulum to measure time with.

CHRO＇NOSCOPE [of χρονος, time, and σκοπος, a mark] the same as
a pendulum to measure time.

CHRY＇SALIS, Lat. [from χρυσος, Gr. gold, because of the golden
colour in the nymphæ of some insects; with naturalists] properly the
same as Aurelia, the same as the nymphæ of butterflies and moths; the
first apparent change of the maggot of any species of insects.

CHRYSA＇RGYRUM [of χρυσος, gold, and αργυριον, Gr. silver] a tri­
ciently levied on courtesans, &c.

CHRYSA＇NTHEMUM [of χρυσανθεμον, Gr.] a plant having snining
yellow flowers; crow-foot or gold knaps.

CHRYSELE＇CTRUM [of χρυσος, gold, and ηλεκτρον, Gr. amber] amber
of a golden or yellow colour.

CHRY＇SEUS [of χρυσειος, Gr.] a sort of comet.

CHRYSI＇TIS [of χρυσιτις, Gr.] gold foam, the foam that rises from
refined lead, being of a yellow colour like gold.

CHRY＇SITIS, Lat. the herb milfoil or yarrow.

CHRYSOBERI＇LLUS, Lat. [of χρυσος and βηριλλος, Gr.] a sort of
crystal stone that shines like gold.

CHRYSOCA＇RPUM [of χρυσοκαρπον, Gr.] a kind of ivy, whose ber­
ries are of a golden colour.

CHRYSOSERAU＇NIUS Pulvis, Lat. [with chemists] a powder made
of gold, the same as pulvis fulminans.

CHRYSO＇COLLA, Lat. [χρυσοκολλα, of χρυσος, gold, and κολλα, Gr.
glue] gold solder, a mineral like a pumice stone, found in copper,
gold and silver mines; one sort of which is called borax, and used for
soldering gold.

CHRYSO＇COME, Lat. [of χρυσος, and κομη, Gr. the hair] the herb
milfoil.

CHRYSOLA＇CHANUM, Lat. [χρυσολαχανον, Gr.] a kind of orach.

CHRYSOLA＇MPIS, Lat. [of χρυσολαμπις, Gr.] a precious stone
which shines by night like a fire, but looks pale by day.

CHRY＇SOLITE, or CHRYSO＇LITHES, Lat. [chrysolite, Fr. grisolito, It.
crisolità, Sp. and Port. of χρυσολιθος, Gr.] a precious stone of a trans­
parent gold colour with green; a chrysolite. The chrysolite was a fine
gold-yellow; the modern topaz. Crisp. The modern chrysolite is of a
dusky green with a cast of yellow. Woodward.

CHRYSOPOE＇IA, Lat. [of χρυσος, and ποιεω, Gr. to make] the art of
making gold.

CHRYSO＇PRASUS, Lat. [χρυσοπρασος, of χρυσος, and πρασον, Gr. a
leek] a precious stone of a yellow colour, approaching to green. The
tenth a chrysoprasus. Revelations. Not unlike the modern chrysolite;
but of a deeper green and yellow. Crisp.

CHRYSO＇PTERUS, Lat. [of χρυσος and πτερον, Gr.] a kind of topaz.

CHRYSO＇SPASTUS, Lat. [χρυσοσπαστος, Gr.] a precious stone,
sprinkled as it were with gold sand.

CHRYSO＇SPERMON, Lat. [χρυσοσπερμον, Gr.] the herb semper
vivum.

CHRYSOSPE＇RME, Lat. [of χρυσος, gold, and σπερμα, Gr. the seed]
the seed of gold.

CHRYSO＇SPSIS, Lat. [of χρυσος and οψ, Gr.] a precious stone like
gold.

CHRYSO＇RCHIS [with physicians] an absconding of the testicles in
the belly. I take this to be a corruption of the word chrypsorchis, of
κρυπτω, to hide, and ορχις, a testicle.

CHRYSO＇THALES [in botany] the lesser sort of wall penny-royal,
penny-wort.

CHRY＇STAL. See CRYSTAL.

CHRYSTAL [in heraldry] in blazonry by precious stones is some­
times allowed a place among them, tho＇ it is not properly one; and is
used instead of argent or silver, and most frequently pearl.

CHRYSTA＇LLINE Humour [Lat. of χρυσταλλος, of χρυσος, Gr.
gold] the transparent humour of the eye.

CHRYSU＇LCA [of χρυσος, gold, and ελκω, Gr. to draw] a water with
which refiners wash gold off when mixed with other metals; aqua
fortis; also a chymical liquor which dissolves gold.

CHUB [from cop, Sax. a great head. Skinner.] a sort of river fish
that has a great head; a chevin. The chub is in prime from Mid-may
to Candlemas, but best in winter. Walton.

CHUB [cob, Sax. a jolt-head] a great headed, chub cheeked fel­
low; likewise; among sharpers, an ignorant, unexperienced game­
ster. Both low senses.

CHU＇BBED, adj. [from chub] big headed, like a chub.

CHU＇BBEDNESS [of chub] the quality of having full cheeks.

CHUBMESSA＇HITES, or CHUPMESSAHITES, a Mahometan sect.
who believe that Jesus Christ is God, and the true messiah, the re­
deemer of the world, but without rendering him any public or de­
clared worship. Paul Rycaut (from whom this account is in part ta
ken) flatters himself with hopes, that this sect may, in time, prepare
the way for the admission of christianity among the Turks: but, I fear,
there is no great prospect of it, till those OBSTACLES against the con­
version both of Mahometans and Jews, referred to under the word
Caaba or Caba, are removed out of the way. See CAABA, First CAUSE,
and ATTRIBUTES Incommunicable.

CHUCK [from the verb] 1. The voice or call of a hen. He made the
chuck that people use to make to chickens when they call them. Temple.
2. A word of endearment, corrupted from chickin or chick. Come,
your promise.—What promise, chuck? Shakespeare. 3. A sudden small
Noise. 4. Among boys, a play, at which the money falls with a
chuck or sudden noise into the hole beneath. Arbuthnot uses it.

To CHUCK, verb neut. [A word, probably, formed in imitation
of the sound that it expresses, or, perhaps, corrupted from chick.
Johnson] 1. To make a noise like a hen calling her chickens. 2. To
cry like a partridge. 3. To give a gentle blow under the chin, so as
to make the mouth strike together. Chuck the infant under the chin.
Congreve.

To CHUCK, verb act. to call, as a hen calls her young.
Then crowing, clapp＇d his wings, th＇ appointed call
To chuck his wives together in the hall. Dryden.

To CHU＇CKLE, to burst out every now and then into laughter, to
laugh by fits and starts.

To CHU＇CKLE, verb neut. [schaccken, Du.] to laugh vehemently,
to laugh convulsively. She chuckled when a baud was carted.
Prior.

To CHUCKLE, verb act. [from chuck] 1. To call, as a hen does her
young. If these birds are within distance, here is that will chuckle
them together. Dryden. 2. To cocker, to fondle. Your confessor,
that parcel of holy guts and garbidge, he must chuckle you, and moan
you. Dryden.

A CHU＇CKLE, or CHU＇CKLE Head, a noisy, rattling, empty fellow;
a low word.

CHU＇ET [probably from to chew. Johnson.] an old word, as it
seems, for forced meat. Chuets, which are likewise minced meat.
Bacon.

CHU＇DLEIGH, a market town of Devonshire, near the river Teign,
182 miles from London. It is noted particularly for giving title of
baron to the noble family of Clifford, ever since the reign of Charles
the second.

A CHUFF [a word of uncertain derivation, perhaps corrupted from
chub, or derived from kwf, Wel. a stock. Johnson.] a coarse, fat head­
ed, blunt clown, a clownish fellow.
Hang ye, gorbelly＇d knaves, are you undone?
No, ye fat chuffs, I would your store were here. Shakespeare.

CHU＇FFILY [from chuffy] surlily, in a churlish manner.

CHU＇FFINESS [from chuffy] clownishness, surliness.

CHU＇FFY [from chuff] blunt, surly, fat; also rough, clownish, rude.

CHUM [chom, Armoric. to live together] a chamber-fellow to a stu­
dent at the university.

CHUM [among the vulgar] tobacco to chew.

CHUMP, a thick, short piece of wood, less than a block; as, a
chump of wood. Moxon.

CHURCH [kerch, Du. and L. Ger. kerche, H. Ger. kyrichia, Su. chirich,
Teut. cyric, circe, Sax. of κυριακη, Gr. scil. οικια, i. e. the Lord＇s house]
1. A temple built and consecrated to the honour of God, set apart for
divine worship. Church doth signify no other thing than the Lord＇s
house. Hooker. 2. A particular assembly or congregation of christian peo­
ple under the care of a minister; or, as it is much better defined by our
articles, “A congregation of faithful men, in which the pure word
of God is preached, and the sacraments be duly administered, according







to CHRIST＇s ordinance, in all those things that of necessity are requisite
to the same.” Had you asked any of the primitive christians, whe­
ther the assemblies of the Basilidians, Marcionites, or Cerinthians,
were churches of Christ? they would have answered “No;—but
nurseries of the most execrable errors. [See BASILIDIANS, CERIN­
THIANS, &c.] And, accordingly, they generally rebaptized all that
came over to them from these quarters, till the bishop of ROME, by his
influence, made a change here, as he has done in many other ancient
customs. The church is a religious assembly, or the large fair build­
ing where they meet; and sometimes the same word (by a bold kind of
catachresis) means only a fynod of bishops or of presbyters; and, in
some places, it is the pope and a general council. Watts.

Anti-CHURCH, noun subst. A church opposite to the true church of
Christ. Mede.
The nearer the CHURCH, the farther from God.
Fr. Près de l＇Eglise, loin de Dieu. Spoken to those who neglect an
advantage when they might easily have it. The Italians say likewise:
vicino alla chiesa, lontana da Dio. It is likewise hit in the teeth of
those, who living near the church, or having every opportunity of
frequenting divine service, do yet neglect it.

To CHURCH a Woman, to perform, with her, the office of returning
thanks in the church, for any signal deliverance, particularly recovery
out of childbed.

CHURCH Militant, the assemblies of the faithful throughout the earth.

CHURCH Triumphant, the church or company, supposed to be of
the faithful already in glory. See BEATIFIC Vision.

Greek CHURCHES, or Eastern CHURCHES, the churches of all those
countries formerly subject to the Greek or Eastern empire.

Latin or Western CHURCHES, comprehends all the churches of
France, Spain, Italy, Africa, the north, and all other churches where
the Latins carried their language, or rather in countries belonging the
Western empire.

Church [in architecture] a large building, extended in length with
nave, choir, isles, steeple, belfroy, &c.

Catholic CHURCH, the whole body of the faithful, throughout the
whole world, of which Christ is head.

Simple CHURCH, one which has only a nave and a choir, with isles;
that which has a row of porticoes in form, with vaulted galleries, and
has a chapel in its pourtour.

CHURCH in a Greek Cross, one, the length of whose cross is equal to
that of the nave, in which form most of the Greek churches are built.

CHURCH is used frequently in conjunction with other words; as,
church-member, the member of a church; church-power, spiritual, or
ecclesiastical authority.

CHURCH-ALE [from church and ale] a wake or feast, commemo­
ratory of the dedication of the church. For the church-ale two young
men of the parish are yearly chosen to be wardens, who make collec­
tion among the parishioners of what provision it pleaseth them to be­
stow. Carew.

CHURCH-ATTIRE [from church and attire] the habit in which men
officiate at divine service. Church-attire, which with us is used in
public prayer. Hooker.

CHURCH-AUTHORITY [of church and authority] ecclesiastical power,
spiritual jurisdiction. Atterbury uses it.

CHURCH-BURIAL [of church and burial] burial according to the
rites of the church. The bishop has the care of seeing that all chris­
tians, after their death, be not denied church-burial. Ayliffe.

CHURCH-FOUNDER, he that builds or endows a church. Emperors
and bishops in those days were church-founders. Hooker.

CHURCH-MAN [of church and man] 1. A clergyman, one that mi­
nisters in sacred things. 2. An adherent to the church of England.

CHURCHESSET, or CHURCH-SCOT [q. d. churches seed] a certain
measure of seed, which anciently every man ought to give to the
church on St. Martin＇s day.

CHURCH Service, the common-prayer, collects, &c. used in the
church.

CHURCH Service, was first sung in English in the time of king Ed­
ward VI. in the year 1548, who pursuing the reformation his father
had begun, commanded it so to be.

CHURCH STRETTON, a market town of Salop, 131 miles from
London.

CHURCH-Wardens, officers annually chosen by the ministers and
vestry, to take care of the church, church-yard, parish accounts, &c.
to take notice of the behaviour of the parishioners, and to present
such persons as commit offences, appertaining to the jurisdiction of the
ecclesiastical court.

CHURCH-YARD [of church and yard] the ground adjoining to the
church, in which the dead are interred.

CHURL [carl, or ceorl, Sax. a clown, karel. Du. kerl, H. Ger.
or, as Casaubon will, of κουρος, Gr. a youth, carl, in Ger. is strong;
rustics being always observed to be strong bodied. Johnson] 1. A rustic,
a countryman, a labourer. One of the baser sort they call churls.
Spenser. 2. An ill-natured, morose, surly, ill bred man. A churl＇s
courtesy rarely comes but for gain or falshood. Sidney. 3. A selfish
person, a covetous person, a niggard.
O churl, drink all, and leave no friendly drop
To help me after. Shakespeare.
4. With our Saxon ancestors, a free tenant at will.
To put the CHURL (carl, or clown) upon the gentleman.
To drink small beer after strong, or ale after wine.

CHU＇RLISH [ceorlisc, Sax.] 1. Clownish, ill-natured, surly, harsh,
rough, brutal, unkind; as, a churlish answer to any question; a churl­
ish beast. 2. Selfish, niggardly. The man was churlish. 1 Samuel.
3. [Applied to things] cross-grained, unmanageable, not yielding.
The body of the metal will be hard and churlish. Bacon. Churlish
clay. Mortimer. 4. Intractable, vexatious. Spain found the war
churlish and longsome. Bacon.

CHU＇RLISHLY [of churlish] clownishly, rudely, brutally. Howel
uses it.

CHU＇RLISHNESS [cyrlisnesse, Sax.] surliness, ill-naturedness,
ruggedness of manners; as, the churlishness of a man.

CHURM [more properly chirm, from the Sax. cyrme, a c＇amour or
noise, as, to chirre, is to coo as a turtle. Johnson] a confused noise or
sound. He was convey＇d to the tower with the churm of a thousand
taints. Bacon.

To CHURN [cernan, Sax. kernen or keernen, Du. O. and L. Ger.]
1. To shake any thing with a violent motion. Churn＇d in his teeth the
foamy venom rose. Addison. 2. To agitate cream in a churn, in
order to make butter. The churning of milk bringeth forth butter.
Proverbs.

A CHURN [properly chern, from cerene, Sax. kerne, or keern, Du.
O. and L. Ger.] a vessel wherein butter is made, by a long and vio­
lent agitation.

CHURR Worm [of cyrran, Sax. to turn] an insect that turns about
nimbly; called also a fancricket.

CHU＇SAN, or CHEU＇XAN, an island on the eastern coast of China,
near the province of Chekiam.

To CHUSE. See To CHOOSE.

CHU＇SISTAN, a province in the south-west part of Persia, bounded
by the gulph of Persia on the south, and by the province of Eyraca-
Agem on the north.

CHYLA＇CEOUS [from chyle] belonging to chyle, consisting of chyle;
as, the chylaceous mass. Floyer.

CHYLE [chile, Fr. chilo, It. cuilo, Sp. chylus, Lat. of χυλος, Gr. with
naturalists] is a white juice in the stomach and bowels, which proceeds from
a light and easy dissolution of the victuals. It is in fact the finer and
more nutritious part of the aliment, which is received into the lacteal
vessels, &c. whose orifices have a communication with the bowels;
while the grosser parts are thrust forward in order to their expulsion at
the anus. Monroe does not account for the entring of the chyle into
these ducts by a mere mechanic power, “for, if so, says he, it could
be done equally in dead animals as in living; [it will indeed in fowls;
but not in men and quadrupeds] but by that power, by which all the
vegetable kingdom take in their juices, which we call ABSORPTION; I
say, whilst in a living state; for all depends on life.” He means,
that this wonderful process in the body is performed in much the same
manner as the extreme fibres of the roots of plants imbibe their nou­
rishment from the ground; nor will a dead plant produce any such ab­
sorption or circulation.

CHYLIFA＇CTOUS [of chylus and facio, Lat.] causing chylification.

CHYLIFICA＇TION [Fr. chilificazione, It.] the action or faculty of
changing the food into chyle.

CHYLIFA＇CTIVE [from chylus and facio, Lat. to make] having the
power of making chyle.

CHYLOPOE＇TIC [from χυλος, chyle, and ποιεω, to make] having
the power or office of making chyle, chylofactive. The force of the
chylopoetic organs. Arbuthnot.

CHYLO＇SIS [in physic] the action whereby the aliment is converted
into chyle. Lat.

CHY＇LOUS [from chyle] consisting of chyle, partaking of chyle.
Milk is the chylous part of an animal already prepared. Arbuthnot.

CHYME [χυμη, Gr.] the same as chyle, tho＇ some distinguish be­
tween chyle and chyme, and restrain chyme to the mass of food while
in the stomach.

CHYME＇RE, a kind of coat or jacket; also a herald＇s coat of arms.

CHY＇MIA [Lat. of χυω, Gr. to melt] is a resolution of mixt bo­
dies into their elements; and again, when it can be done, coagulation
or redintegration of the same elements into the bodies which they con­
stituted before; there are two parts of it, solution and coagulation; by
the addition of the Arabic particle al, it is called alchymy. See AL­
CHYMY.

CHY＇MICA, or CHYMICA＇LIA [Lat. of χυμα, of χυω, Gr.] medicines
prepared by chemists, to be taken in a less or more grateful quan­
tity.

CHY＇MICAL [chymique, Fr. chimico, It. quimico, Sp. chymicus, Lat.]
pertaining to chymistry. See CHEMICAL.

CHYMICAL Flowers, the subtiler parts of bodies separated from the
more gross by sublimation in a dry form.

CHY＇MICALLY [from chymical] in a chymical manner.

CHY＇MIST [chymiste, Fr. alquimista, Sp. chymicus, Lat.] one that
practises or is versed in the art of chymistry. See CHEMIST.

CHY＇MISTRY [χυμια, of χυμος, Gr. a juice, or the purer substance
of a mixed body, or, as some will have it, from χυω, to melt] an
art which teaches how to separate the different substances that are found
in mixt bodies; as, animals, plants, metals, or minerals, and to re­
duce them to their first principles. See CHEMISTRY.

CHY＇MOSIS, by corruption from chemosis. Bruno. See CHEMOSIS.

CHYMOSIS, the art of preparing or making chyme, or the second
concoction made in the body.

CHY＇MUS [χυμος, Gr.] any kind of juice, but especially that of
meat, after the second digestion, which, being mixed with the blood,
runneth through the veins, and repairs the waste of every part.

CIACO＇NA [in music books] a chacoon, a particular kind of air,
always in triple time, containing a great variety of humour, contrived
to a bass, to eight bars, play＇d several times over; but not so confined
as the bass of a ground; is allowed to vary every time, to humour
the triple, and sometimes to imitate it. These airs are commonly
play＇d in a brisk, lively manner.

CIBA＇RIOUS [cibarius, Lat. from cibus, food] pertaining to meat or
food, useful for food, edible.

CIBO＇L [ciboule, Fr. zipyle, L. Ger. zwiebel, H. Ger.] a kind of
small degenerate onion used in sallads. This word is common in the
Scottish dialect, but the l is not pronounced. Ciboules, or scallions are
a kind of degenerate onions. Mortimer.

CIBOU＇LET [from cibol] a young cibol.

CI＇CATRICE, or CI＇CATRIX [Fr. Ital. and Lat.] 1. A scar, seam,
or mark, remaining after a great wound or ulcer is healed. Spurio,
with his cicacrice, an emblem of war here on his sinister cheek. Shake­
speare. 2. A mark, an impression. So used by Shakespeare, less
properly.
Lean but upon a rush
The cicatrice and capable impressure,
Thy palm some moment keeps. Shakespeare.

CICATRICO＇SE [cicatricosus, Lat.] full of, or having many scars.

CICATRI＇SANT, subst. [of cicatrice with physicians] an application
that induces a cicatrice; deficcative, and tending to form a cicatrix,
having the qualities proper to cicatrize.

CICATRI＇CULA [Lat. with naturalists] a little fear, a small whitish
speck in the coat of a yolk of an egg, where the first change towards







the formation of the chick appears in a hatched egg, and is commonly
called the treddle.

CI＇CATRIX [Lat. with surgeons] a scar of a wound. See CICA­
TRICE.

CICATRISA＇NTIA [Lat. with surgeons] such things as by drying,
binding and contracting, fill up ulcers with flesh, and cover them with
a skin.

CICATRIZA＇TION [from cicatrize] 1. The act of healing the wound;
as, the conglutination and cicatrization of a vein. Harvey. 2. The
state of being healed and skinned over.

To CI＇CATRIZE [cicatriser, Fr. cicatrizzare, It. cicatrisàr, Sp. of
cicatrix, Lat.] 1. To close up a wound, to bring it to an escar, to
enduce a skin over a sore. We incarned, and in a few days cicatri­
zed it with a smooth cicatrix. Wiseman. 2. To apply such medi­
cines to wounds or ulcers, as heal and skin them over. Quincy

CI＇CELY, or Sweet CI＇SELY [with botanists] an herb.

CI＇CER, or CI＇CERA [in botany] a sort of pulse, like chicklings,
chiches or vetches. Lat.

CICERA Tartari, pills made of turpentine and cream of tartar.
Lat.

CICERBI＇TA, a plant, a sort of sow-thistle. Lat.

CICERO＇NIAN Stile, an eloquent, pure, rhetorical stile, or manner of
expression, such as Cicero, the Romon orator, used.

CICH [chiches, pois chiches, Fr. cece, It. cicers, Du. richer, Ger.] a
sort of pulse called cich peas.

CI＇CHLINGS [from cich] little ciches.

CICHORA＇CEOUS [from cichorium, Lat.] having the qualities of suc­
cory. Testaceous and bitter cichoraceous plants. Floyer.

CI＇CHORY, or SUCCORY [chicoree, Fr. cicorea, It. chicorin, Sp. chi­
corea, Port. cichorea, Lat. κιχωριον, Gr.] the plant wild endive.

To CI＇CURATE [cicuratum, sup. of cicuro, from cicur, Lat. tame]
to make tame and tractable, to reclaim from wildness. Poisons retain
some portion of their natures, yet are so refracted, cicurated, and sub­
dued, as not to make good their destructive malignities. Brown.

CICURA＇TION [from cicurate] the act of taming or reclaiming from
wildness. This holds not only in domestic and mansuete birds; for
then it might be the effect of cicuration or institution; but in the wild.
Ray.

CICU＇TA, an herb, much like our hemloc. Lat.

CICUTA＇RIA, common hemloc, cow-weed, or cicely. Lat.

CID, a valiant man, a great captain.

CI＇DER [cidre, Fr. cidra, It. sidra, Sp. and Port. sicera, Lat. σικερα,
Gr. שכר, Heb.] But it is impossible, from the nature of derivations,
that this Greek, Latin, and Hebrew etymology should agree with
the word cider. Not to observe that shekar, in Hebrew, signifies any
inebriating liquor in general, not wine excepted, tho＇ distinguished
from common wine. Buxtorf Lex. Heb.* N. B. Sakar, in arabic, signifies a wine made of dates. Golius CI＇DERIST [from cider] one who deals in or manages cider. Mortimer uses it.] 1. All kinds of strong
liquors, except wine. This sense is now entirely obsolete. 2. Liquor
made of the juice of fruits pressed. Good wine of the grape, a kind
of cider made of a fruit of that country. Bacon. 3. Drink made from
the juice of apples, expressed and fermented.
To the utmost bounds of this
Wide universe, Silurian cider borne,
Shall please all tastes, and triumph o＇er the vine.
John Philips.

CI＇DERKIN, [of cider and kin, a diminutive termination, q. d. little
or small cider] a liquor made of the gross matter or cores and rinds of
apples, after the cider is pressed out, and a convenient quantity of
boiled water added to it; the whole infusing for about forty eight
hours. Ciderkin is made for common drinking, and supplies the place
of small-beer. Mortimer.

CIDA＇RIS, a cap of state, used among the ancient Persians.

CIE＇LING. See CEILING.

CIERGE, a wax taper, such as are burnt in some churches, and car­
ried in processions. Fr.

CI＇LIARY [of cilium, Lat.] belonging to the eye-lids. The ciliary
processes, or rather the ligaments observed in the inside of the schero­
tic tunicles of the eye, do serve instead of a muscle, by their contrac­
tion, to alter the figure of the eye. Ray.

CILE＇RIE [with architects] drapery work on pillars, like the tops
of leaves.

CI＇LIA [in anatomy] the eye-brow or eye-lids. Lat.

CILIA＇RE Ligamentum, or CILIA＇RIS Processus [Lat. with anato­
mists] a collection of small, slender filaments or threads, that take
rise from the tunica uvea of the eye, and run upon the fore part of the
glassy humour, to the edges of the chrystalline, like lines drawn from
the circumference to the centre. See Boerhaave Oeconom. Animal.
ÆREIS tabulis illustrat. Ed. Lond. By the contraction of these fibres,
the forepart of the eye is made more prominent, and the retina pressed
farther back from the chystalline humour; or the axis of vision is
lengthened, when objects are placed too near the eye. Keil＇s Ana­
tomy.

CILI＇CIAN [of cilicium, Lat.] of or pertaining to hair-cloth.

CILI＇CIOUS [from cilicium, Lat. hair-cloth] made of hair. A gar­
ment of camel＇s hair; that is, made of some texture of that hair, a
coarse garment. A cilicious, or sackcloth habit, suitable to the austerity
of his life. Brown.

CI＇LIUM [in anatomy] the eye-lid, properly the utmost edge of it,
out of which the hairs grow.

CILLEY, the capital of a territory of the same name in Stiria, and
the circle of Austria, in Germany.

CI＇MA [with architects] a moulding something like an Ss, what is
now called an O G.

CI＇MAR. See SIMAR.

CIMA＇TIUM, or CIMA＇TUM [with architects] an O G, with the
hollow downwards, part of the ornament of the Doric capital; it
stands just above the square, or hath a fillet over it.

CIME＇LIARCH [of κειμηλιαρχης, of κειμηλιον, Gr. whatever is laid
up as rich and curious, and αρχη, ruler] the chief keeper of plate, vest­
ments, &c. belonging to a church; a church-warden.

CIME＇LIARCHY [cimeliarchium, Lat. κειμηλιαρχιον, Gr.] 1. A jewel
house. 2. A vestry in a church. See BASILICKS and CIMELIARCH,
compared with Daniel. c. ix. v. 38.

CIME＇LIUM [Lat. κειμηλιον, Gr.] a repository for medals.

CIMICA＇RIA [with botanists] the herbflea-bane. Lat.

CI＇METER [cimitarra, Sp. and Port. from chimeteir, Turkish. Blu­
teau＇s Portuguese Dictionary.] a sword in use among the Turks, short,
heavy and recurvated, or bent backward. This word is sometimes
erroniously spelt scimitar and scymeter; as, this scimitar that slew the
sophy. Shakespeare.
Our idle scymiters
Hang by our sides for ornament, not use. Dryden.

CIMME＇RIAN, adj. [of cimrir, Heb. and in plur. cimrerê yôm, an
uncommon gloominess, or blackness of day] obscure, dark, that sees
no sun; so called from the Cimmerii, a people of Scythia, so envi­
roned with hills, woods, and thick clouds, that the sun never pe­
netrated to them; whence comes the proverb Cimmerian darkness, i. e.
great obscurity. But the ingenious author of An enquiry into the life
and writings of Homer, gives us a far more correct account of things,
by saying, “that in these countries which lay north, or north-east of
Greece, the winter-days are shorter, and the sky more cloudy than in
Egypt and Greece: from whence that poet has taken occasion to feign a
strange nation covered with perpetual darkness, and never visited by
the beams of the sun. Their seats he has not certainly assigned; but
leaves them among the out of the world wonders, which Ulysses saw
in his peregrinations.” He adds, and not improbably, that “our
author might have received some broken accounts of this people from
the Phœnicians, who were great sailors, or from the Argonautic ex­
pedition.” [See ARGONAUTIC] And, by the way, this perpetual ana­
logy, which the names imposed by the Phœnicians, and Cananites,
on things and places, bear to our present Hebrew, betrays its true ori­
ginal; I mean, that ＇twas the language originally used in those coun­
tries, and not imported (as some have imagin＇d) by ABRAHAM, when
removing thither from Chaldæa; a fact that deserves the consideration
of our modern Hutchinsonians. See CHARYBDIS, SUFFETIM, HE­
BREW and COLOBARSIANS.

CI＇NA, or CI＇NÆ, the same as quinquina, or the jesuit＇s bark.

CINA＇LOA, a province of Mexico, in America, lying on the Pacific
Ocean, opposite to the south end of California.

CI＇NAN, a city of China, the metropolis of the province of Xantug,
30 miles east of Pekin.

CINE＇A, a river of Spain, which arising in the Pyrencan mountains,
and running south-east thro＇ Arajon, fall into the river Ebro.

CINA＇RA, or CYNARA, the artichoke. Lat.

CINCA＇TER, or CINQUATER [quinquaginta, Lat.] a man of fifty
years of age.

CI＇NCTURE [ceinture, Fr. cintura, It. cinctura, Lat. from cinctum,
sup. of cingo, to surround] 1. A girdle, or something worn round
the body.
Happy he whose cloke and cincture
Hold out this tempest. Shakespeare.
Girt with feather＇d cincture. Milton.
2. An inclosure. The court and prison being within the cincture of one
wall. Bacon.

CINCTURE [in architecture] a ring, list, or orlo, at the top and
bottom of a column, dividing the shaft at one end from the base, and
at the other from the capital. It is supposed to be in imitation of the
girths or ferrils anciently used to strengthen and preserve the primitive
wood columns.

CI＇NDER [sinder, Sax. or of cendres, Fr. ceneri, It. ceníra, Sp. ci­
neres, Lat. ashes] 1. A mass ignited and quenched, but not reduced to
ashes; as, smith＇s cinders. 2. A hot coal that ceases to flame.
If from adown the hopeful chops,
The fat upon a cinder drops,
To stinking smoke it turns the flame. Swift.

CINDER-Wench, or CINDER-Woman [from cinder and wench or wo­
man] a woman who rakes in heaps of ashes for cinders.
＇Tis under so much nasty rubbish laid,
To find it out＇s the cinder-woman＇s trade. Essay on Satire.
She had above five hundred suits of sine cloaths, and yet went abroad
like a cinder-wench. Arbuthnot.

CINERA＇TION, or CINERIFA＇CTION [from cineres, Lat. with che­
mists] the act of reducing into, or burning to ashes.

CINERES Claviculati, Lat. [in chemistry] ashes made of tartar, or
the lees of wine burnt.

CINERI＇TIA, Lat. the same as cineritious substance.

CINERI＇TIOUS [cinerinus, Lat.] having the form of ashes, being in
the state of ashes.

CINERI＇TIOUSNESS [of cineritius, Lat.] ashiness, likeness to ashes.

CINERI＇TIOUS Substance [in anatomy] the outward, soft, glandu­
lous substance of the brain, so named from its ashy colour. Cheyne.

CINE＇RULENT [cinerulentus, of cineres, Lat.] full of ashes.

CI＇NGLE [sangle, Fr. cinghia, It. cingulum, a belt, from cingo, Lat.
to environ] a horse-girth.

CI＇NGULUM Veneris [in chiromancy] the girdle of Venus, the fi­
gure of a semicircle drawn from a space between the middle finger, to
the space between the middle finger and ring finger.

CI＇NNABAR [cinnabre, Fr. cinabro, It. Zinober, Ger. cinnabaris,
Lat.] vermilion, a mineral consisting of mercury and sulphur.
Cinnabar is the ore out of which quicksilver is drawn, and consists
partly of a mercurial and partly of a sulphureo-ocherous matter. Wood­
ward.

CINNABAR Artificial [with chemists] is a composition of brim­
stone and quick-silver sublimed together. Cinnabar is native or fac­
titious, the factitious is called.

CI＇NNABAR of Antimony, a mixture of equal parts of powdered anti­
mony and sublimate corrosive chemically prepared.

CINNABAR Native, is a mineral, which, while it is in the lump, is
of a brownish colour; but when pulverized, is of a very high red
colour, and called vermilion. It is found in all quick-silver mines,
and it also has mines of its own; it may be esteemed the marcasite of
quick-silver. The particles of mercury uniting with the particles of
sulphur, compose cinnabar. Newton.

CINNAMON [קנמו, Heb. κινναμωμον, Gr. cinnamomum, Lat. cena­
mo, It.] a spice, the fragment bark of a low tree growing in the island
of Ceylon, possessed by the Dutch in the East Indies. Its leaves resem­
ble those of the olive, the fruit resembles an acorn or olive, and has







neither the smell nor taste of the bark. When boiled in water it yields
an oil, which, as it cools and hardens, becomes as firm and white as
tallow. Cinnamon is chiefly used in medicine as an astringent. The
cinnamon of the ancients was different from ours. Chambers.

CINNAMON-Water, is made by distilling the bark, first infused in
barley-water, in spirit of wine or white-wine.

CINO＇LOA, or CINA＇LOA, the capital of the province of Cinaloa, in
North America, about 30 miles east of the bay of California.

CINQUA＇IN [a military term] is an ancient order of battle, by draw­
ing up five battalions so as to make eight lines, viz. van, main body,
and rear, in manner following; the second and fourth battalions form
the van, the first and fifth the main body, and the third the rear guard
or body of reserve. Fr.

CINQUE, Fr. the number of 5 on dice; it is used alone only in
games, but it is often compounded with other words.

CINQUE-Foil [of cinq and feüilles, Fr.] five-leaved grass.

CI＇NQUEFOILS [in heraldry] are five-leaved grass, and signify vert
or green.

CI＇NQUEPACE [of cinque, five, and pas, Fr. pace] 1. A kind of grave
dance. Wooing, wedding, and repenting, is a Scotch jigg, a mea­
sure, and a cinquepace. The first suit is hot and hasty like a Scotch
jigg, and full as fantastical; the wedding mannerly and modest, as a
measure full of state and gravity; and then comes repentance, and
with his bad legs falls into the cinquepace faster and faster, till he sinks
into his grave. Shakespeare.

CI＇NQUE-Port, Fr. a sort of fishing-net, so named from the five en­
trances into it; being very convenient to be used in any river or pond
of swift or standing water.

CINQUE Ports, five remarkable havens lying on the east parts of
England, and opposite to France, viz. Dover, Hastings, Hithe,
Romney, and Sandwich, to which are added as appendages, or ad­
ded to the first institution by some later grant, Rye and Winchelsea.
These havens lying towards France, have been thought by our kings
to be such as ought most vigilantly to be observed against invasions.
They are under the jurisdiction of the constable of Dover-castle, called
by his office, lord warden of the cinque-ports. William the conqueror
first established these for the security of the coast, and the inhabitants of
them have many immunities and privileges; as that they are exempted
from paying subsidies; lawsuits are tried within their own liberties;
their mayors and barons carry the canopy over a king, &c. at coro­
nations; and are placed at a table on the king＇s right hand, for the
greater dignity.
They that bear
The cloth of state above her, are sour barons
Of the cinque-ports. Shakespeare.

Lord Warden of CINQUE Ports, a governor of those havens, who
has the authority of an admiral among them, and issues out writs in his
own name.

CI＇NTRA, a cape and mountain of Portugal, usually called the
rock of Lisbon, situated on the north side of the river Tagus. Lat.
39° N. Long. 10° 15′ W.

CI＇ON [scion, Fr.] the same as the uvula or little fleshy cover of the
orifice of the windpipe.

CION [sion or scion, Fr. with gardeners] 1. A young sprout, sprig,
or fucker from any plant. The stately Caledonian oak newly fettled
in his triumphant throne, begirt with cions of his own royal stem.
Howel. 2. The shoot engrafted or inserted into a stock. The cion
over-ruleth the stock quite; and the stock is but passive only. Ba­
con.

CI＇PEROUS, a kind of bulrush.

CI＇PHER [chifre, Fr. cifra, low Lat. zifra, It. zypher, Du. ziffer,
Ger. a number] 1. An arithmetical character by which some number
is noted, a figure. 2. An arithmetical mark, expressed thus (0), a
note or character which signifies nothing of itself, yet being set after
any other figures, it encreases their value by tens. You cannot make
them nulls or ciphers. Bacon. In accounts, ciphers and figures pass for
real sums. South. 3. An intermixture of letters engraved, usually on
plates.
O＇er the throne,
Arms and the man in golden cyphers shone. Pope.
4. A character in general. This wisdom began to be written in cyphers,
and characters, and letters, bearing the form of creatures. Raleigh.
5. Flourishes of letters comprising a person＇s name, or some short sen­
tence. 6. A secret character agreed on between two persons for the
writing of letters to give intelligence, &c.
This book, as long liv＇d as the elements,
In cipher writ or new-made idioms. Donne.
He commanded me to send and receive all his letters, and I was fur­
nish＇d with cyphers towards them. Denham.

CIPHER [with a single key] is one in which the fame character is
constantly used to express the same word or letter.

CIPHER [with a double key] is one in which the alphabet or key is
changed in each line or each word, and wherein are inserted characters
of no significancy to amuse or perplex the meaning.

To CIPHER, verb neut. [chisser, Fr.] to number or cast up accounts,
to practise arithmetic. You have been bred to business: you can ci­
pher. Arbuthnot.

To CIPHER, verb act, to write in occult characters. He frequented
sermons and pen＇d notes; his notes he cipher＇d with Greek characters.
Hayward.

CI＇PPUS, Lat. [with architects] a pillar with an inscription, or
a grave-stone.

CIPPUS [with antiquaries] a little low column erected in great
roads or other places, with an inscription to direct the way to travel­
lers, or to preserve the memory of something remarkable.

CIPPUS [in antiquity] a wooden instrument wherewith criminals
and slaves were punished.

CIRCA＇SSIA, the name of a country, bounded by Russia on the north,
by Astracan and the Caspian sea on the east, by Georgia and Da­
gestan on the south, and by the river Don and the Paolus Meotis on
the west. The Circastian Tartars form a kind of republic, but some­
times put themselves under the protection of Persia, sometimes Russia,
and sometimes of the Turks. We are beholden to this ingenious peo­
ple (who traffic in female slaves) for the invention of INOCULATION;
from whom, not the Turks, as is generally supposed, but the Greeks
and Armenians derived it; and we from them. Mead, de Variolis.

CIRCE＇NSIAN Games, certain exercises or plays, exhibited by the
ancients in the circus at Rome, in imitation of the olympic games in
Greece.

To CI＇RCINATE [circinatum, Lat. sup. of circino] to make a circle
with a pair of compasses.

CI＇RCINATED [of circinate] turned or compassed round.

CIRCINA＇TION [circinatio, Lat.] a circling or turning round.

CI＇RCUS, Lat. a whirlwind.

CI＇RCLE [cercle, Fr. circulo, It. and Sp. circkel, Du. zirckel, Ger.
cireol, Sax. circulus, Lat.] 1. A compass or ring. 2. The space in­
cluded in a circular line. 3. A round body or orb. It is he that sit­
teth upon the circle of the earth. Isaiah. 4. Compass, enclosure.
A great magician,
Obscur＇d in the circle of the forest. Shakespeare.
5. A company or assembly. The whole circle of beauties disposed
among the boxes. Addison. 6. Any series ending as it begun, and
perpetually repeated.
Thus in a circle runs the peasant＇s pain,
And the year rolls within itself again. Dryden.
7. Circumlocution, an indirect form of words.
Has he given the lie,
In circle, or oblique, or semicircle,
Or direct parallel? Fletcher.

CIRCLE [in geometry] a plain figure bounded with one only line,
and to which all the lines that can be drawn from a point in the mid­
dle of it are equal to another.

CIRCLE of Perpetual Apparition, one of the lesser circles parallel to
the equator, being described by any point of the celestial sphere, which
toucheth the northern point of the horizon, and is carried about with
the diurnal motion; all the stars included within this circle never set,
but are always visible above the horizon.

CIRCLE of perpetual Occultation [in astronomy] a circle of a like
distance from the equator, and contains all those stars which never ap­
pear in our hemisphere.

CIRCLE of the Equant [in the Ptolemaic system] a circle described
in the centre of the equant; the chief use of which is to find the varia­
tion of the first inequality.

CIRCLES of Excursion, are circles parallel to the ecliptic, and at such
a distance from it, that the excursions of the planets towards the poles of
the ecliptic may be included within it; which are fixed at ten de­
grees.

CIRCLES of Altitude, otherwise called almicanters, are circles paral­
lel to the horizon, having their common pole in the zenith, and still
diminishing as they approach the zenith.

CIRCLES of Latitude [in astronomy] are great circles parallel to the
plain of the ecliptic, passing thro＇ every star and planet.

CIRCLES of Longitude [on globes] are great circles passing through
the star and the pole of the ecliptic, where they determine the longi­
tude of the star, reckoned from the beginning of aries. On these cir­
cles are reckoned the latitudes of the stars.

Horary CIRCLES [in dialling] are the lines which shew the hours
on dials, tho＇ these are not drawn circular, but nearly strait.

CIRCLES of Position, are circles passing thro＇ the common intersec­
tions of the horizon and meridian, and through any degree of the
ecliptic, or the centre of any star or other point in the heavens, and
are used for finding out the situation and position of any star.

Diurnal CIRCLES [in astronomy] are immovable circles supposed to
be described by the several stars and other points of the heavens in their
diurnal rotation round the earth.

Polar CIRCLES [in astronomy] are immoveable circles parallel to
the equator, and at a distance from the poles equal to the greatest decli­
nation of the ecliptic.

Parallel CIRCLES, are such as are described with the same point, as
a pole in the superficies of the sphere, the greatest of all these parallels
is a great circle, and the nearear they are to one of their poles, the less
they are.

Vertical CIRCLES [in astronomy] are great circles of the heavens,
intersecting one another in the zenith and nadir, and consequently are
at right angles with the horizon,

CIRCLE of the Heavens [hieroglyphically] was adored by the an­
cient Egyptians as an expression of the divine Majesty. The round­
ness of the elements being a resemblance of his power and perfections;
the light, of his wisdom; and the celestial heat, of the tenderness of his
love. If this be true, which is here affirmed of the Egyptians, I＇m
apt to think a somewhat clearer explication may be assigned [See First
CAUSE, and SCALE of Being.] The Egyptian Hierophants, says the
learned Jackson, by their mystic symbols, endeavoured to impress upon
the mind ideas and exemplars, agreeably to which they thought the
divine Mind operated in the universal system. Jackson＇s Chronolog.
Antiq. Vol. III. p. 215.

CIRCLE [in physics] is understood among the schoolmen of the vi­
cissitude of generations arising one out of another.

CIRCLE [in logic] the fault of an argument that supposes the prin­
ciple it should prove, and afterwards proves the principle by the thing
it seemed to have proved. So that the foregoing proposition is proved
by the following, and the following proposition inferred from the fore­
going. That heavy bodies descend by gravity; and again, that gra­
vity is a quality whereby an heavy body descends, is an impertinent
circle. Glanville.

CIRCLES of the Empire, are the provinces or divisions of the empire
of which there are ten in number.

Formal CIRCLE [in logic] is that which in two reciprocal syllogisms
begs the medium, which is the next cause of the greater extreme.

The Material CIRCLE [in logics] consists of two syllogisms, the for­
mer whereof proves the cause by the effect; and the latter the effect by
the cause.

CIRCLE at Court, the assembly of gentlemen or ladies who surround
the king or queen at their levee, or in the withdrawing room.
And, foremost in the circle, eye a king. Pope.

A CIRCLE is a proper emblem of the duration of things.

To CIRCLE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To move round any
thing. Other planets circle other sons. Pope. 2. To inclose, to
surround. These fond arms thus incircling you. Prior. 3. To circle
in, to confine, to keep together.








To CIRCLE, verb neut. to move circularly, to end where it begins.
The well fraught bowl
Circles incessant. John Philips.

CI＇RCLED, adj. [from circle] round, having the figure of a cir­
cle.
Th＇ inconstant moon,
That monthly changes in her circled orb. Shakespeare.

CI＇RCLET [from circle] 1. A circle, an orb.
Hesperus display＇d
His golden circlet in the western shade. Pope.
2. A kitchen utensil to set a dish on the table.

CIRCLING, part. adj. [from circle] having the form of a circle,
circular.
The circling canopy
Of night＇s extended shade. Milton.

CIRCOCE＇LE [κιρκοκηλη, of κιρκος, a circle, and κηλη, Gr. a tu­
mor] a swelling of the seed-vessels in the scrotum.

CI＇RCOS [κιρκος, Gr. a circle] a dilatation or swelling of the veins
crooking or winding, and arising in one or more parts of the body, so
much that the veins threaten a rupture.

CI＇RCUIT [Fr. circuito, It. and Sp. circuitus, Lat.] 1. The act of
going round any thing. The circuit of the cynosura about the pole.
Davies. 2. The space inclosed in a circle, an inclosure.
A woody mountain, whose high top was plain,
A circuit wide inclos＇d. Milton.
3. A compass, extent measured by travelling round a place. The
lake of Bolsena is reckoned one and twenty miles in circuit. Addison.
4. A ring, a diadem, or that by which a thing is incircled. The
golden circuit on my head. Shakespeare. 5. The extent of coun­
try visited by the judges; the journies of the judges twice a year, to
administer justice in several counties, by holding assizes. The circuits
of the judges were first appointed by king Henry II, who, in the
21st year of his reign, divided the whole kingdom into six circuits, ap­
pointing three judges to every circuit, who should twice every year
ride together, and hear and determine causes; which custom is still
observed, though there is some alteration in the number of the judges,
and shires of the circuits.

CIRCUIT of Action [in law] a longer course of proceeding, to re­
cover the thing sued for, than is needful.

To CIRCUIT, verb neut. [from the noun] to move in a circle.
The cordial cup perpetual motion keep,
Quick circuiting. John Philips.

CIRCUITE＇ER [from circuit] one that travels a circuit. Like your
fellow circuiteer the sun, you travel the round of the earth. Pope.

CIRCUI＇TION [of circuitio, Lat.] 1. The act of going round any
thing. 2. A fetching a compass, or going about. Maze, or compass
of argument, comprehension, intricate circuitions of discourse, and depth
of judgment. Hooker.

CIRCU＇ITY of Action [a law term] a longer course of proceeding
than is necessary to recover any thing sued for.

CI＇RCULAR [circulaire, Fr. circulare, It. circulàr, Sp. circularis,
Lat.] 1. Round, that is in the form of a circle, circumscribed by
a circle. Huge moles running round in a kind of circular figure.
Addison. 2. Successive in order, always returning.
Th＇ innumerable race of things,
By circular successive order springs. Roscommon.
3. Vulgar, mean, circumforaneous. Had Virgil been a circular poet,
and closely adher＇d to history, how could the Romans have had Dido?
Dennis.

CIRCULAR Letters, letters directed to several persons who have the
same interest in the same affair.

CIRCULAR Lines [with mathematicians] are such strait lines as are
divided in the divisions made in the arch of a circle, such as fines,
tangents, secants, &c.

CIRCULAR Numbers [in arithmetic] are such whose powers end in
the roots themselves; as 5, whose square is 25, and cube 125; and 6,
whose square is 36, and cube 216.

CIRCULAR Sailing, is that which is performed in the arch of a great
circle.

CIRCULAR Velocity [in the new astronomy] a term signifying that
velocity of any planet, or revolving body, that is measured by the
arch of a circle.

CIRCULA＇RITY [from circular] a circular form. Brown uses it, of
the heavens.

CIRCULA＇RLY [from circular] 1. In a circular manner or form.
Elements cast circularly about each other. Burnet. 2. With a circular
motion. Trade, which like blood, should circularly flow. Dryden.

CI＇RCULARNESS [of circular] roundness.

To CI＇RCULATE, verb neut. [circulatum, sup. of circulo, from circu­
lus, Lat. a circle] to go or move round. Our knowledge, like our
blood, must circulate. Denham.

To CIRCULATE, verb act. to put round.

CIRCULA＇TION [Fr. circolazione, It. of circulatio, Lat.] 1. The mo­
tion of that which circulates or moves in a circle; as, the circulation
of the blood. 2. A series in which the same order is always ob­
served, and things always return to the same state. Continual circu­
lation of human things. Swift. 3. A reciprocal interchange of mean­
ing. When the apostle saith of the Jews, that they crucified the
Lord of glory; and when the son of man being on earth, affirmeth
that the son of man was in heaven at the same instant, there is in
these two speeches the mutual circulation before-mentioned. Hooker.

CIRCULATION [with chemists] a particular motion given to liquors;
which is excited by fire, and causes the vapours to rise and fall to
and fro.

CIRCULATION of the Blood, a continual motion of it, passing from
the heart through the arteries, and returning back to the heart through
the veins.

CIRCULA＇TORIUM, Lat. [with chemists] a glass-vessel, wherein the
liquor infused, by its ascending and descending, rolls about as it were
in a circle.

CI＇RCULATORY, subst. [from circulate] a chemical vessel, in which
the vapour arising from the vessel on the fire, is collected and cooled
in another fixed upon it, and falls down again.

CIRCULATORY, adj. [circulatorius, Lat.] that circulates thro＇ the
veins; as, circulatory motion.

CIRCULATORY Letters, the same as circular letters.

CIRCULATUM Minus [with chemists] the spirit of wine.

CI＇RCULUS [with chemists] a round instrument made of iron, for
the cutting off the neck of glass-vessels: The operation is performed
thus: The instrument being heated, is applied to the glass-vessel, and
is kept there till it grows hot, and then with some drops of cold wa­
ter, or a cold blast upon it, it flies in pieces. And this is the way
they cut off the necks of retorts and cucurbits.

CIRCULUS Decennovenalis [with astronomers] the golden number,
or a period or revolution of 19 years, invented to make the lunar
year agree with the solar; so that at the end of it the new moons hap­
pen in the same months, and on the same days of the month, and
the moon begins again her course with the sun. This is called cir­
culus Metonicus, from Meton the inventor of it, and sometimes en­
nedecateris.

CIRCUM, is a Latin preposition, used in the composition of English
words, and signifies about, as in the following examples.

CIRCUMAGE＇NTES Musculi, Lat. [with anatomists] certain oblique
muscles of the eyes, so called from their helping to wind and turn the
eyes round about.

CIRCUMA＇MBIENCY [from circumambient] the act of encompas­
sing. Brown uses it.

CIRCUMA＇MBIENT [circumambiens, of circum, about, and ambio,
Lat. to encompass] encompassing round, surrounding, inclosing; an
epithet most commonly applied to the air, and other fluids. Circu­
mambient coldness. Wilkins.

CIRCUMA＇MBIENTNESS [from circumambient] the state or quality
of encompassing round.

To CIRCUMA＇MBULATE [circumambulatum, of circum, and ambulo,
Lat. to walk] to walk round about.

CIRCUMCE＇LLIO, Lat. a vagrant.

CIRCUMCELLIO＇NES, a sect of christians in Africa, in St. Augustin＇s
time, who strolled about from place to place, and in order to gain
repute, would either lay violent hands on themselves, or get others to
kill them. That Africa, or any other country famed for prodigies,
might produce a handfull of lunaticks, so called, I should not won­
der. But to admit, that a christian SECT should be ever formed on
this plan, credat Judæus apella. See BUMICELLI, and CÆLICOLÆ.

To CI＇RCUMCISE [circoncire, Fr. circoncidere, It. circuncidàr, Sp.
circumcisum, sup. of circumcido, of circum, round, and cædo, to cut]
to cut round about; to cut the prepuce or foreskin, according to the
Jewish law. A reinforcement from the circumcised. Swift.

CIRCUMCI＇SION [circoncision, Fr. circoncisione, It. circumcisiòn, Sp.
of circumcisio, Lat.] a cutting round about, commonly used for the
rite or act of cutting away a part of the prepuce, a ceremony in use
among the Jews and Turks.
The Jews, by divine appointment, perform the rite on the 8th day
from the birth: but the Mahometans (who derive the custom from
Ismael, the great progenitor of their prophet) in general adjourn it to
between the 13th and 16th year; though sometimes they administer
the ordinance in the 6th or 7th year, provided the subject is able to
make profession of his faith, in the wonted form: “La ilah ill-allah;
wa-Mohammed resul-illah, i. e. there is no God, besides THE God,
[O Θεος, Gr.] i. e. God absolutely so called; and Mahomet is his mes­
senger.” Reland. de relig. Mohammed, p. 75. [See CABA or CA­
ABA, and CHUB-MESSAHITES.] And by the way, if this derivation
of the rite among the Arabians, from Ismael, be true, what shall we
make of that remark of Herodotus? who says, “That of all men,
the Colchians, Egyptians, and Ethiopians alone circumcise the prepuce
ab origine: The Phænicians, and Syrians which reside in PALESTINE,
confessing, that they learnt it from them.”—Herod lib. 2. c. 104.

CIRCUMCLU＇SION, Lat. a shutting or enclosing all about.

To CIRCUMDU＇CT [circumductum, sup. of circumduco, from circum,
about, and duco, Lat. to lead] to contravene, to nullify. Acts of
judicature may be cancel＇d and circumducted. Ayliffe.

CIRCUMDU＇CTILE [circumductilis, Lat.] easy to be let about.

CIRCUMDU＇CTION [from circumduct] 1. Nullification, cancellation.
Ayliffe uses it. 2. The act of leading about.

CIRCUMERRA＇TION, Lat. a wandering about.

CIRCU＇MFERENCE [circonference, Fr. circonferenzo, It. circumferén­
cia, Sp. of circumferentia, Lat.] 1. Circuit or compass, the line inclu­
ding any thing.
Extend thus far thy bounds,
This be thy just circumference, O world! Milton.
2. The space inclosed in a circle.
Inclos＇d for beasts a level ground,
The whole circumference a mile round. Dryden.
3. The external part of an orbicular body. The bubble looked on
by the light of the clouds reflected from it, seemed red at its appa­
rent circumference. Newton. 4. An orb, any thing circular or orbi­
cular.
His pond＇rous shield, large and round,
Behind him cast; the broad circumference
Hung on his shoulders like the moon. Milton.

CIRCUMFERENCE [in geometry] is the outermost bounding line of
any plain figure; but it more properly belongs to the perimeter of a
circle.

The CIRCUMFERENCE of every Circle [among geometricians] is
supposed to be divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees, which
are supposed to be divided into 60 equal parts, called minutes, and
these into 60 equal parts, called seconds, &c.

To CIRCU＇MFERENCE, verb act. [from the noun] to include in a
circle, or circular space. Brown uses it.

CIRCUMFERE＇NTOR [of circum, about, and fero, Lat. to carry] an
instrument used in surveying of land for measuring angles, consisting
of a brass circle, an index with sights, and a compass, and mounted
on a staff, with a ball and socket. See Plate V. Fig. 12.

CI＇RCUMFLEX [circonflexe, Fr. circonflesso, It. circumflexe, Sp. of
circumflexus, Lat.] bowed or bended about.

A CIRCUMFLEX [with grammarians] an accent which being
placed over a syllable, as (~) in Greek, and (^) in Latin, regulates
the pronounciation it includes, or participates of the acute or grave
accent. The circumflex keeps the voice in a middle tune, and there­
fore in the Latin is compounded of both the other. Holder.








CIRCUMFLU＇ENT, or CIRCU＇MFLUOUS [circumfluens, or circumfln­
us, of circum, about, and fluo, Lat. to flow] flowing about any thing.
He the world
Built on circumfluous waters. Milton.
I rule the Paphian race,
Whose bounds the deep circumfluent waves embrace. Pope.
Girt with circumfluous tides. Pope.

CIRCUMFLU＇OUSNESS [of circumfluns, Lat.] the flowing round
about.

CIRCUMFORA＇NEOUS [circumforaneus, of circum, about, and forum,
Lat. a market, &c.] that which goes or is carried about markets,
&c. also wandering from house to house; as, a circumforaneous fidler,
one that plays at doors. Johnson.

To CIRCUMFU＇SE [circumfusus, of circum, about, and fundo, Lat.
to pour] to pour, spread, or shed round about.
Earth with her nether ocean circumfus＇d
Their pleasant dwelling-house. Milton.
With all his winding waters circumfus＇d. Addison.

CIRCUMFU＇SILE [of circum, about, and fusiles, Lat. that may be
melted] that which may be poured or spread round any thing.
Artist divine, whose skilful hands unfold
The victim＇s horn with circumfusile gold. Pope.

CIRCUMFU＇SION. 1. The act of pouring round about. 2. The state
of being spread round.

To CIRCUMGY＇RATE [circumgyratum, sup. of circumgyro, of cir­
cum, about, and gyrus, Lat. circuit] to roll round. Vessels curled,
circumgyrated, and complicated together. Ray.

CIRCUMGYRA＇TION [from circumgyrate] the wheeling motion of
any body round a centre. Cheyne uses it of the sun＇s rotation.

CIRCUMJA＇CENT [circumjacens, of circum, about, and jaceo, to lie]
lying round about.

CIRCUMINCE＇SSION [of circum, about, and incedo, Lat. to go in­
to] a term used to express the reciprocal existence of the three persons
of the trinity in each other.
The old Athanasians (as the learned Cudworth observes) disclaimed
a Monoüsian trinity, i. e. a trinity of one singular or numerical essence:
this, says he, according to them, being not a real trinity, but a trinity
of MERE names; and which, in effect, destroyed the existence of the
Son and Spirit, instead of explaining it. Cudworth＇s Intellect. Syst.
p. 611, compared with Athanas. Ed. Paris, Tom. I. p. 241, 928,
925, 561, 562, cum multis aliis. In opposition to which, they main­
tained [as appears from the places above-cited] three distinct beings, but
all of the same kind, and, as such (i. e. in respect of their common na­
ture) COEQUAL to one another. But now, as this laid them open to
the charge of tritheism, they endeavoured to bring themselves off by
various ways. I have already given their best solution under the word
First CAUSE. And this of an εμπεριχωρησις or circumincession, was
another. A term indeed strange and new to christian ears; for it was
invented (as Cudworth tells us) by the latter Greek fathers; and he
explains it by a mutual in-existence or in-being in each other, p. 617.
By all which, if they meant no more than a metaphysical pervading
one another＇s substances, [Bull Defens. fid. Nicen. p. 497.] we are
not one jot the wiser: Because three absolutely infinite and coequal
ruling minds or spirits do not cease to be three Gods, if no better rea­
son than this can be assigned, that they all alike fill the same infinite
space. But let us see, what Athanasius has said on this head. He
tells us, that we must not conceive of three separated [or independent]
powers: But as there is one and the same form, and consequently mu­
tual in-being, between the KING, and the picture taken from him;
as there is one and the same water in the FOUNTAIN and in its stream;
one and the same light in the SUN and in its rays; one and the same
thought in the human UNDERSTANDING, and in the word spoken, which
conveys it to us: Such is the communication of divinity from the
Father to the Son, and such their mutual in-being in one another.
Athan. Tom. I. p. 275, 241. All which, if rightly understood, were
defensible enough: For the Father is, in truth, the great archetype,
and fountain of all perfection and glory; and it pleased the FATHER
that in Christ all fulness [of divine power and godhead] should dwell.
But Athanasius forgetting (what himself elsewhere allows, p. 488.)
that all this was the Father＇s GIFT; and reasoning more closely from
metaphors than from facts, and the nature of things, p. 456, 517, he
threw out entirely the WILL of God, and made the productions alike
necessary in both cases. Not so the main body of his cotemporaries,
who indeed admitted the closest union and connexion of the divine
personages; but (with the first council of Sirmium) rejected this doc­
trine of necessary productions, as being in their judgment incompatible
with God＇s free agency; and which, in effect, reduced the FATHER
of the universe to a level with mere abject and passive matter. So­
crat. Histor. Ed. Steph. p. 204, compared with p. 197, and with
St. Hilary＇s Comment on that very council. Hilar. de Synodis, “He
at once willed [εβουληθη] and begot Him without [or before] time,
and in an impossive manner from Himself.” Such are the express
words of the council; and the reader will find St. Hilary＇s comment
under the word BEGOTTEN.

CIRCUMJOVIA＇LISTS [with astronomers] Jupiter＇s satellites, certain
stars that attend on the planet Jupiter.

CICUMI＇TION [circumitum, sup. of circumeo, of circum, about, and
eo, Lat. to go] the act of going round.

CIRCUMLIGA＇TION, Lat. the act of binding or tying round a­
bout; also the bond with which any thing is tied.

CIRCUMOSSA＇LIS, the same as periostæum. Lat.

CIRCUMLOCU＇TION [circonlocution, Fr. circonlocuzione, Ital. circum­
locuciòn, Sp. of circumlocutio, Lat.] 1. A circuit or compass of words,
used either when a proper term is not at hand to express a thing natu­
rally and immediately by, or when a person chuses not to do it out
of respect, &c. the use of indirect expressious. These people are
not to be dealt withal, but by a train of mystery and circumlocution.
L＇Estrange. 2. A periphrasis. A translator cannot render without
circumlocutions. Dryden.

CIRCUMMU＇REN, adj. [from circum, about, and mnrus, Lat. a wall]
walled round, surrounded with a wall. A garden circummured with
brick. Shakespeare.

CIRCUMNA＇VIGABLE [of circum, about, and navigable] that which
may be failed round. Rendering the whole terraqueous globe circum­
navigable. Ray.

To CIRCUMNA＇VIGATE [of circum, about, and navigo, Lat. to
sail] to sail round.

CIRCUMNAVIGA＇TION [of circumnavigate] the act of sailing round.
The circumnavigation of Africa, from the Straits of Gibraltar to the
Red Sea. Arbuthnot.

CIRCUMPLICA＇TION [circumplico, of circum, about, and plico, to fold]
1. The act of enwrapping on every side, a folding, winding, or rol­
ling about. 2. The state of being enwrapped.

CIRCUMPO＇LAR Stars [of circum and polar, with astronomers] are
such stars as being pretty near our north pole, move round it, and in
our latitude do never set or go below the horizon.

CIRCUMPOSI＇TION [of circum and position] the act of laying a
thing round about. Lat.

CIRCUMPOSITION [in gardening] a kind of laying, when the
mould is borne up to the bough, which is to be taken off by an old
hat, root, or strong piece of old coarse-cloth. Season for circumposi­
tion by tiles or baskets of earth. Evelyn.

CIRCUMPOTA＇TION [of circum and poto, Lat. to drink] a drink­
ing round from one to another.

CIRCUMRA＇SION [circumrasio, of circum, and rado, Lat. to pare]
the act of shaving or pairing round.

CIRCUMRESI＇STENCY [of circum and resistence] a resistance round
about.

CIRCUMROTA＇TION [of circum about, and roto, Lat. to whirl] 1.
The act of whirling round like a wheel, circumvolution. 2. The
state of being whirled round.

To CIRCUMSCRI＇BE [circonscrire, Fr. circonscrivere, It. circumscribo,
of circum, about, and scribo, Lat. to write] 1. To inclose in certain lines
or boundaries. 2. To limit, to confine. The external circumstan­
ces which accompany mens acts, are those which do circumscribe and
limit them. Stillingfleet.

CIRCUMSCRIBED [with geometricians] a figure is said to be cir­
cumscribed, when either the angles, sides, or planes of the outward
figure touch all the angles of the figure which is inscribed.

To be CIRCUMSCRIBED locally [with philosophers] is said of a body,
when it has a certain and determinate ubi, or place, with respect to
the circumambient or encompassing bodies. It is the same as to be in
place circumscriptively.

CIRCUMSCRIBED Hyperbola [with mathematicians] an hyperbola
that cuts its own asymptotes, and contains the parts cut off within
its own proper place.

CIRCUMSCRI＇BEDNESS [of circumscribe] the state of being cir­
cumscribed.

CIRCUMSCRI＇PTION [circonscrizione, It. of circumscriptio, Lat.] 1.
The act of circumscribing 2. The determination of particular figure or
magnitude. In the circumscription of many leaves, flowers, fruits and
seeds, nature affects a regular figure. Ray. 3. Limitation, confine­
ment.
I would not my unhoused, free condition,
Put into circumscription and confine. Shakespeare.

CIRCUMSCRIPTION [with philosophers] is the termination, of certain
limits or bounds of any natural body.

External CIRCUMSCRIPTION, is referred to the place in which
any body is confined, and is otherwise termed local.

Internal CIRCUMSCRIPTION, is that which appertains to the essence
and quality of every body, whereby it hath a determinate extension,
bound, and figure.

CIRCUMSCRI＇PTIVE [from circumscribe] inclosing the superficies,
marking the limits on the outside. Stones regular are distinguished by
their external forms; such as is circumscriptive or depending upon the
whole stone, as in the eagle-stone, and this is properly called the figure.
Grew.

CIRCUMSCRI＇PTIVELY [of circumscriptive] a thing is said to be
in a place circumscriptively, when it has a certain or determinate ubi,
or place, with respect to the circumambient or encompassing bodies.

CI＇RCUMSPECT [circonspect, Fr. circonspetto, It. circonspto, Sp. of
circumspectus, Lat.] considerate, wary, cautious, attentive to every
thing; as, to be circumspect and watchful not to be imposed upon.

CI＇RCUMSPECTION [circonspection, Fr. circonspecion, It. of circum­
spectio, Lat.] wariness, a marking and considering diligently, watch­
fulness on every side.

CIRCUMSPE＇CTIVE [circumspectum, sup. of circumspicio, Lat. to look
round] attentive, vigilant every way.
No less alike the politic and wise.
All fly, slow things, with circumspective eyes. Pope.

CIRCUMSPE＇CTIVELY [of circumspective] cautiously vigilant every
way.

CIRCUMSPE＇CTLY, circumspect, considerately, warily.

CIRCUMSPE＇CTNESS [of circumspect] circumspection, watchfulness
every way. Wotton uses it.

CIRCUMSPI＇CUOUS [circumspicuus, Lat.] that may be seen on all
sides.

CI＇RCUMSTANCE [circonstance, Fr. circonstanza, It. circunstáncia, Sp.
of circumstantia, Lat.] 1. something appendant or relative to a sact.
the same to a moral action, as accident to a natural substance; a par­
ticularity that accompanies any action, as time, place, &c. By pick­
ing out circumstances of contempt, they do kindle their anger much.
Bacon. 2. The adjuncts of a fact which make it more or less crimi­
nal, or an accusation more or less probable.
Of these supposed crimes, give me leave,
By circumstance, but to acquit myself. Shakespeare.
3. Accident, something adventitious which may be taken away, with­
out the annihilation of the principal thing considered.
Sense outside knows, the soul thro＇ all things sees
Sense, circumstance; the doth the substance view. Davies.
4. Condition; that is, under or attended with circumstances, placed
in a particular situation or relation to things. We ought not to con­
clude, that if there he rational inhabitants in any of the planets,
they must therefore have human nature, or be involved in the cir­
cumstances of our world. Burnet.








CI＇RCUMSTANCES, the incident, event, or the particularities that
accompany an action, generally of a minute and subordinate kind.
He defended Carlisle with very remarkable circumstances of courage.
Clarendon. 2. Condition, state of affairs; it is frequently used with
respect to wealth or poverty; as, one in good or bad circumstances.
When men are easy in their circumstances, they are enemies to innova­
tions. Addison.

CIRCUMSTANCES [with moralists] such things, that tho＇ they are
not essential to any action, do yet some way affect it.

CI＇RCUMSTANCES properly moral [in ethics] are such as do really
influence our actions, and render them more good or evil than they
would be without such circumstances. Which writers of ethics sum up
in this verse,
Quis, quid, quibus auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando.

CIRCUMSTANCES purely physical [in ethics] such as do not connect
any moral good or evil with the action; as, if a person kills another,
whether he kills him with the right hand or the left.

CI＇RCUMSTANT [circumstans, Lat.] surrounding, environing. It
gives motion to all circumstant bodies. Digby.

CI＇RCUMSTANTIAL, adj. [circumstanciàl, Sp. circumstantialis, low
Lat.] 1. Relating to, or attended with circumstances; accidental, not
essential.
This fierce abridgment
Hath to it circumstantial branches. Shakespeare.
2. Addison uses it substantively or elliptically. Who would not prefer
a religion that differs from our own in circumstantials, before one that
differs from it in the essentials. 3. Incidental, casual.
Virtue＇s but anguish when ＇tis several,
By occasion wak＇d, and circumstantial. Donne.
4. Full of small events, minutely detailed. Tedious and circumstan­
tial recitals of affairs. Prior.

CIRCUMSTANTIA＇LITY, or CIRCUMSTA＇NTIALNESS [from circum­
stantial] the quality of that which is circumstantial, the appendage of
circumstances.

CIRCUMSTA＇NTIALLY [of circumstantial] particularly, with cir­
cumstances minutely related, exactly. Lucian agrees with Homer in
every point circumstantially. Broome.

To CIRCUMSTA＇NTIATE [circonstancier, F.] 1. To describe a thing
by or with its circumstances, to invest with particular accidents or ad­
juncts. If the act were otherwise circumstantiated, it might will that
freely, which now it wills freely. Branhall. 2. To place in a parti­
cular condition, as, with regard to wealth or power. A number in­
finitely superior, and the best circumstantiated imaginable. Swift.

De CIRCUMSTA＇NTIBUS [Lat. i. e. of those standing about] a
term used for the supplying and making up the number of juries, in
case any of those empanelled do not appear, or those who do appear
are challenged by either prosecutor or prisoner. Law term.

CIRCUMVA＇GANT [circumvagans, Lat.] wandering about.

To CIRCUMVA＇LLATE [circumvallo, Lat.] to intrench round about,
to inclose with fortifications.

CIRCUMVALLA＇TION [circonvallation, Fr. circonvallazione, It. cir­
cunvalaciòn, Sp. of circumvallo, Lat.] 1. The act or art of casting up
fortifications round a place. The Czar practised all the rules of cir­
cumvallation and contravallation at the siege of a town in Livonia.
Watts. 2. In fortification, the line of circumvallation, is a line or
trench usually about twelve feet wide, and seven feet deep, cut by
the besiegers, and bordered with a parapet or breast-work, so as to en­
compass all their camp, to defend it against any army that may at­
tempt to relieve the place, and also to stop deserters. Stupendious cir­
cumvallations and barricadoes reared up by sea and land to begirt Pe­
trina. Howel.

CIRCUMVE＇CTION [circumvectio, Lat.] 1. The act of carrying round.
2. The state of being carried round.

To CIRCUMVE＇NT [circonvenir, Fr. circonvenire, It. circumventum,
supine, of circumvenio, from circum, about, and venio, to come] to
deceive, to delude, to impose upon. Fearing to be betrayed or cir­
cumvented by his cruel brother, he fled to Barbarossa. Knowles.

CIRCUMVE＇NTION [circonvention, Fr. circonvenzione, It. of circum­
ventio, Lat.] 1. Cheat cozenage, deceit. He must avoid haranguing
against circumvention in commerce. Collier. 2. Prevention, pre-oc­
cupation. This sense is now obsolete.
Whatever hath been thought on in this state,
That could be brought to bodily act, ere Rome
Had circumvention. Shakespeare.

To CIRCUMVE＇ST [circumvestio, Lat.] to clothe about, to cover
round with a garment.
Who on this base the earth didst firmly found,
And mad＇st the deep to circumvest it round. Wotton.

CIRCUMUNDULA＇TION [of circum, about, and undulatus, of unda, a
wave, Lat.] a flowing or rolling about, after the manner of waves.

CIRCUMVOLA＇TION [from circumvolo, Lat.] flying round about.

To CIRCUMVO＇LVE [circumvolvo, Lat.] to roll or turn round about.
To ascribe each sphere an intelligence to circumvolve it, were unphi­
losophical. Glanville.

CIRCUMVOLU＇TION [Fr. circonvoluzione, It. of Lat.] 1. The act
of rolling, wheeling, or turning about. 2. The state of being rolled
round. The twisting of the guts is really either a circumvolution or in­
sertion of one part of the gut within the other. Arbuthnot. 3. The
thing rolled round another. Consider the obliquity or closeness of these
circumvolutions. Wilkins.

CIRCUMVOLU＇TIONS [in architecture] the turns of the spiral line of
the Ionic order.

CI＇RCUS, or CIRQUE [Fr. in Rome] a spacious place between the
mounts Palatine and Aventine, invironed with buildings in the form
of a circle, for the exhibition of public plays; round it was the amphi­
theatre, in which were galleries and boxes for the spectators to sit or
stand in. This was first began to be built by Tarquinius Priscus;
but was afterwards adorned and rendered more stately and beautiful by
the emperors Claudius, Caligula, and Heliogabalus. A pleasant val­
ley, like one of those circuses, which in great cities somewhere doth
give a pleasant spectacle of running horses. Sidney. See the cirque,
falls, the unpillar＇d temple nods. Pope.

CIRENCE＇STER, commonly called CI＇CESTER, a borough town of
Gloucestershire, on the river Churn, 15 miles from Gloucester, and
85 from London. It was of great note both under the Romans and
Saxons; and the latter are said to have built the abbey here, of which
two old gate-houses still remain. It sends two members to parliament,
and is by some reckoned the largest, as well as the oldest town in the
county.

CI＇RRA, curls, or locks of hair curled or frizzled; also the crest of
feathers on the heads of some birds. Lat.

CIRRI [with botanists] those fine hairs or sprigs by which some
plants fasten themselves, in order to support them in creeping along,
as ivy, &c.

CIRRI＇GEROUS [cirriger, of cirrus, a lock, and gero, Lat. to bear]
bearing curled locks or crests of feathers.

CIRSOCE＇LE [Lat. κιρσοκηλη, of κιρσος, a dilatation of a vein,
and κηκη, Gr. a rupture] a dilatation of the spermatic veins, or a
swelling of the vessels about the testicles, that prepare the semen.

CI＇RSOS [Lat. κιρσος, Gr.] a crooked swollen vein, a sort of swel­
ling, when a vein, by reason of the softness of its coat, is stretched
out with much thick blood, and seems as if it would burst.

CISA＇LPINE, on this side of the Alps.

CI＇SARS, or CI＇SERS [ciseaux, Fr. cesoje, It.] an instrument of steel
for cutting. It has no singular number.

CISSI＇TES, a white and shining precious stone, having the figure of
ivy leaves all over it. Lat.

CISSA＇METHOS [Lat. with botanists] the herb called helxine.

CISSA＇NTHEMUS [Lat. κισσανθεμος, Gr.] the herb briony, or wild
vine.

CISSOI＇D [in geometry] an algebraic curve, peculiarly called the
cissoid of Diocles, its inventor.

CI＇SSOS [κισσος, Gr.] the herb ivy; especially that which grows
without a support. Lat.

CI＇STA, a chest or coffer. Lat.

CISTA, CIST, or CI＇STUS [Lat. with surgeons] a tumour, where
the obstructed matter collects as in a bag.

CISTA GRATIÆ [old law] i. e. the chest of grace, a church coffer,
where the alms money was kept.

CISTE＇RCIAN Monks, an order of monks founded in the year 1098,
by St. Robert, a Benedictine.

CI＇STED [from cist] inclosed in a cist or bag.

CI＇STERN [cisterne, Fr. and Ger. cisterna, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. A
place under, or in the ground, for the preserving of rain water. 2. A
vessel of lead, to keep a stock of water for houshold use. 3. An uten­
sil to put bottles or glasses in. 4. A reservoir, an inclosed fountain.
In the wide cisterns of the lakes. Blackmore. 5. Any watry recep­
ticle or repository in general.
Your matrons and your maids could not fill up
The cistern of my lust. Shakespeare.

CISTERN [with confectioners] a portable instrument in form of a
box, into which creams or jellies are put, in order to be iced over.

CIS＇TUS, a plant, the same with rock rose. Lat.

CIT, for citizen, generally used approbriously, a pert low citizen,
a pragmatical trader. Your family will dwindle into cits or ＇squires,
or run up into wits or madmen. Tatler. Barnard, thou art a cit
with all thy worth. Pope.

CI＇TADEL [citadella, It. citadelle, Fr. ciudadéla, Sp.] 1. A castle or
place of arms in a city. 2. A sort of four, five, or six bastions,
erected near a city on the most advantageous ground, that it may
command it, in case of a rebellion. Stranger soldiers in citadels, the
nests of tyranny and murderers of liberty. Sidney.

CI＇TAL [from cite] 1. Reproof, impeachment.
He made a blushing cital of himself,
And chid his truant youth. Shakespeare.
2. Summons, citation to a court. 3. Quotation, citation.

CITA＇TION [Fr. citazione, It. citaiòn, Sp. of citatio, Lat.] 1. In
law, a summons to appear before an ecclesiastical judge. The calling
a person before the judge, for the sake of trying the cause of action
commenced against him. Ayliffe. 2. The act of citation, a citing or
quoting a passage out of a book, the adduction of any passage from an­
other author, or of another man＇s words. 3. The passage or words
quoted, a quotation. The letter-writer cannot read these citations
without blushing. Atterbury. 4. Enumeration, mention. These causes
effect a consumption endemic to this island, there remains a citation of
such as may produce it in any country. Harvey.

CI＇TATORY [from cite] having the power or form of a citation; as,
letters citatory. Ayliffe.

To CITE [cito, Lat. citer, Fr. citàr, Sp.] 1. To quote. That
passage of Plato which I cited before. Bacon. 2. In law, to summon
to appear at an ecclesiastical court, or to answer at any court. This
power of citing and dragging the defendant into court, was taken
away. Ayliffe. 3. To enjoin, to call upon another authoritatively.
This, sad experience cites me to reveal. Prior.

CI＇TER [from cite] 1. One who cites into a court. 2. One who
quotes. I must desire the citer to inform us of his editions too. At­
terbury.

CI＇TESS [from cit] a city woman. A word peculiar to Dryden.
Cits and citesses raise a joyful strain. Dryden.

CI＇THERN [cithara, Lat.] a kind of harp; a musical instrument.
Dedicated with songs and citerns and harps and cymbals. 1 Mac­
cabees.

CI＇TIZEN [civis, Lat. cittoyen, Fr. cittadino, It. cindadano, Sp. ci­
dadam, Port.] 1. An inhabitant of a city, a freeman of it; not a fo­
reigner, not a slave. All inhabitants within these walls are not pro­
ly citizens, but only such as are called freemen. Raleigh. 2. A towns­
man, a man of trade, not a gentleman.
When he speaks not like a citizen
You find him like a soldier. Shakespeare.
3. An inhabitant in general, a dweller in any place.
Far from noisy Rome secure he lives,
And one more citizen to Sibyl gives. Dryden.

CITIZEN, adj. having the qualities of a citizen; as, cowardice,
meanness.
So sick I am not, yet I am not well;
But not so citizen a wanton, as
To seem to die ere sick. Shakespeare.

CI＇TIZENSHIP [of citizen] the dignity or privilege of a citizen.








CITRA＇GO, the herb balm. Lat.

CITRI＇NE, adj. [of citrinus, Lat.] of, or pertaining to, or of the
colour of a pome-citron, lemon-coloured, of a dark yellow. Its wings
painted with citrine and black. Grew.

CI＇TRINE, subst. [citrinus, Lat.] A species of crystal of an extreme­
ly pure, clear, and fine texture, generally free from flaws and ble­
mishes. It is ever found in a slender column, from one to four or
five inches in length, irregularly hexangular, and terminated by an
hexangular pyramid. These erystals are of an extremely beautiful
yellow, with a very elegant brightness and transparence. This stone
is very plentiful in the West-Indies. Our jewellers have learned from
the French and Italians to call it citrine; and often cut stones for
rings out of it, which are generally mistaken for topazes. Hill.

CI＇TRON [Fr. cedrone, It. cidron, Sp. cidram, Port. citrum, Lat.]
a large kind of lemon.

CITRON-TREE [citrus, Lat.] It hath broad stiff leaves, like those
of the laurel: the flower consists of many leaves, which becomes a
fleshy fruit very full of juice. Genoa is the great nursery of Europe
for these sorts of trees. One sort, with a pointed fruit, is sold at
Florence for two shillings each; which is not to be had in perfec­
tion in any part of Italy but the plain between Pisa and Leghorn.
Miller.
May the sun
With citron groves adorn a distant soil. Addison.

CITRON-WATER, a spirit distilled with the rind of citrons.

CI＇TRUL [citrouille, Fr. citrulum, Lat.] a large kind of pumpkin,
or cucumber of a pumkin colour; so named from its yellow colour.

CI＇TRUS [in botany] the citron tree.

CI＇TTERN [cistre, Fr. cetâra, It. cítola, Sp. cyster, Du. citnar, Ger.
of cithara, Lat.] a kind of musical instrument. See CITHERN.

CI＇TY, subst. [civitas, Lat. cité, Fr. citta, It. ciudàd, Sp. cidada,
Port] 1. A great walled town, with a large collection of houses and in­
habitants. City, in a strict and proper sense, means the houses inclosed
within the walls; in a larger sense, it reaches to all the suburbs. Watts.
2. In the English law it is more especially applied to a corporate town,
that has a bishop＇s see and a cathedral church.
This distinction between city and town is not always observed; for
we say, the town of Ely, tho＇ a bishop＇s see, and the city of West­
minster, tho＇ none. The inhabitants of a certain city, as distinguish­
ed from other subjects.
What is the city but the people?—
True, the people are the city. Shakespeare.

CITY, adj. 1. Relating to the city; as, city wives. 2. Resem­
bling the manners of the citizens. Make not a city feast of it, to let
the meat cool ere we can agree upon the first cut of it. Shakespeare.

CI＇TTA [κισσα, and in the Attic dialect κιττα, Gr. with physicians]
a fault in the appetite, as when women long for things that are not fit
to be eaten, as chalk, coals, &c. the green-sickness.

CI＇VES, a sort of wild leeks.

CI＇VET [civette, Fr. zibetto, It. civet, Du. zibet, Ger. of zibethum,
Lat. zibetta, Arab. scent] a perfume like musk, taken from a bag
under the tail of the civet-cat. The civet-cat is a little animal, but
very unlike our cat, resembling the wolf or dog. It is a native of the
Indies, Peru, Brasil, Guinea. The perfume is formed like a kind of
grease, in an aperture or bag under its tail, between the anus and pu­
dendum. It is much used by perfumers and confectioners, but sel­
dom prescribed in medicine.

CIVET [with French cooks] a particular way of dressing chickens,
hares, &c. first frying them brown in lard, and then stewing them
in broth.

CI＇VIC [civique, Fr. civio, It. civicus, Lat.] belonging to a city,
relating to civil honours or practices, not military.

CIVIC Crown, a garland that was given by the Romans to a brave
soldier, who had saved the life of a fellow citizen, or reseued him after
he had been taken prisoner. This crown was made of oaken leaves,
with the acorns on them, if they could be had; because that tree was
dedicated to Jupiter, who was esteemed the protector of cities and their
inhabitants.
With equal rays immortal Tully shone
Behind, Rome＇s genius waits with civic crowns,
And the great father of his country owns. Pope.

CI＇VIDAD de las Palmas, the capital of all the Canary island, situated
on the island of Canary.

CIVIDAL Real, a city of Spain, in the province of New Castile:
it is the capital of La Mancha; situated on the river Guadiana, 60
miles south of Toledo.

CIVIDAD Rodrigo, a city of Spain, in the province of Leon, near
the confines of Portugal, situated on the river Aynada, 45 miles south-
west of Salamanca.

CI＇VIL, subst. [Fr. Sp. and Port. civile, It. of civilis, Lat.] cour­
cous, well-bred, civilized, not rude. He was civil and well-natured;
never refusing to teach another. Dryden.

CIVIL, adj. [in law] 1. Not criminal; as, this is a civil case, not
a criminal case. 2. Not ecclesiastical; as, the civil courts controul
the ecclesiastical.

CIVIL. 1. In its general sense, is something that respects the policy,
public good, or repose of the citizens, city or state, relating to the com­
munity; political. God gave them laws of civil regimen. Hooker.
2. Relating to any man, as a member of a community; as, a thing
out of the reach of one＇s natural or civil power. 3. Not wild, not in
anarchy, not without government.
For rudest minds with harmony were caught,
And civil life was by the muses taught. Roscommon.
4. Not foreign, intestine; as, civil war, a war carried on between
two factions in the same kingdom or state. Not natural; as, civil
death, is, when a person is cut off from civil society, by being sen­
tenced to perpetual banishment, to the gallies, or to work in the
mines, but does not suffer a natural death. 5. Not military; as, the
martial power ought to he subservient to the civil magistrate. 6. Ci­
vilized, not barbarous. England was very rude and barbarous; for it
is but even the other day since England grew civil. Spencer. 7.
Grave, sober, not gay, not shewy.
Thus night oft see me in thy pale career,
Till civil suited morn appear. Milton.

CIVIL Day [with astronomers] is one that contains just 24 hours,
reckoned from twelve o＇clock at noon or night, to twelve o＇clock the
next noon or night; in which space of time the equinoctial makes
daily one revolution on the poles of the world.

CIVIL Law [in a proper sense] is the peculiar law of any state,
country, or city.

CIVIL Law [in its general sense] is understood of a body of
laws, composed out of the best of the Roman and Grecian laws, which
in the main was received throughout all the Roman dominions for up­
wards of 1200 years, and is still observed in several parts of Europe.
This body of the civil law is divided into three volumes; viz. the
pandects, or digests, the code, and the institutes; to which the au­
thentics are added; these authentics were the institutions of the empe­
ror Justinian, called also novellæ, or novels.

CIVIL Year, is the legal year, or that which is appointed by every
state to be used within its dominions, so termed, in contradistinction to
the natural year, which is exactly measured by the revolution of the
heavenly bodies; and thus the year begins with us at the first of
January, and always contains 365 civil days, except in the leap-year,
which contains 366.

CIVI＇LIAN [of civilis, Lat.] a doctor, professor or student of the
civil or old Roman law. The professors of that law are called civi­
lians, because the civil law is their guide. Bacon.

CIVILISA＇TION [a law term] an act of justice, or judgment,
which renders a criminal process civil; which is done by turning an in­
formation into an inquest, or the contrary. Harris.

CIVI＇LITY, or CI＇VILNESS [civilité, Fr. civilità, It. civilidàd, Sp.
of civilitas, Lat.] 1. Courteous behaviour, gentleness, politeness, com­
plaisance. He, by his great civility and affability, wrought very much
upon the people. Clarendon. 2. Freedom from barbarity, state of be­
ing civiliz＇d. Divers great monarchies have risen from barbarism to
civility. Davies. 3. Rule of decency, practice of politeness.
Love taught him shame, and shame with love at strife,
Soon taught the sweet civilities of life. Dryden.
The ancients represented civility, or a courteous behaviour, by a
child sitting on a dolphin; or by a woman handsomely and modestly
cloathed, and her face covered with a veil.

To CI＇VILIZE [civiliser, Fr. civilizare, It.] to make civil, cour­
teous or tractable; to soften or polish manners, to reclaim from savage­
ness and barbarism. The Bacchus of the ancients is reported to have
civilized the Indians. Arbuthnot.

CI＇VILIZER [from civilize] he that civilizes.
The civilizers!——the disturbers; say— Amb. Philips.

CI＇VILLY [from civil] 1. Courteously, gently, without rudeness. I
will deal civilly with his poems: nothing ill is to be spoken of the
dead. Dryden. 2. In a manner relating to government. That a
multitude should, without harmony amongst themselves, concur in the
doing of one thing, for this is civilly to live, or should manage com­
munity of life, it is not possible. 3. Not naturally, not criminally.
That accusation which is public, is either civilly commenced for the
private satisfaction of the party injured, or else criminally, that is, for
some public punishment. Ayliffe. 4. Without gaiety or showy colours.
The chambers were handsome and chearful, and furnished civilly.
Bacon.

CIZE, subst. [perhaps from incisa, Lat. shaped or cut to a certain
magnitude. Johnson] the quality of any thing with regard to its exter­
nal form. Often written size. If no motion can alter bodies, that is,
reduce them to some other cize or figure, then there is none of itself to
give them the cize and figure which they have. Grew.

CI＇VITA-CASTELLANA, a city of Italy, in St. Peter＇s patrimony, si­
tuated near the river Tiber, 25 miles north of Rome.

CI＇VITA VECCHIA, a port-town and fortress of Italy, in St. Peter＇s
patrimony, situated on a bay of the mediterranean, 30 miles north-
west of Rome. It is the station of the gallies belonging to the Pope,
who hath lately declared it a free port.

To CLACK, verb neut. [clestian, C. Brit. claquer, Fr. quacekclen, Du.
klatschen, Ger. to rattle, to make a noise. Johnson] 1. To rattle, snap,
or make a shrill elinking noise. 2. To let the tongue run.

CLACK-GEESE. See BARNACLES.

CLACK. 1. Any thing that makes a lasting and importunate noise;
generally used in contempt for the tongue.
But still his tongue ran on,
And with its everlasting clack,
Set all mens ears upon the rack. Hudibras.
2. It is sometimes transferred to a prattler, a talkative person.

The CLACK of a Mill, a bell that rings when more corn is required
to be put into the hopper.
Just at the hopper will I stand,
And mark the clack, how justly it will sound. Betterton.

To CLACK, verb act. As, to clack wool, is to cut off the sheeps
marks, by which it weighs less, and yields less custom to the king.
Powel.

CLACKMA＇NNAN, the capital of Clackmannanshire in Scotland, si­
tuated on the northern shore of the Forth, about 25 miles north-west
of Edinburgh. The county of Clackmannan is joined with that of
Kinross, which each in their turn elect a member to represent them in
parliament.

CLAD [the pret. and part. of to clothe. This participle, which is
now referred to clothe, seems originally to have belonged to cloden, or
some such word, like kleeden, Du. Johnson] cloathed, garbed. He
had clad himself with a new garment. 1 Kings.
The slow＇ry dale of Sibma clad with vine. Milton.

CLADUS, Lat. [in old records] a wattle or hurdle.

CLA＇GENFURT, or CLA＇GENFORT, the capital of Carinthia, in the
circle of Austria, in Germany, 120 miles south-west of Vienna.

To CLAIM [clamer, O. Fr. of clamo, Lat. to cry aloud] to lay
claim to, to challenge, authoritatively to demand, as of right due; as,
to claim obedience.
Poets have undoubted right to claim,
If not the greatest, the most lasting same. Congreve.

A CLAIM [from the verb] 1. A challenge or demand of any thing, as
due. Will he not submit to a master who hath no immediate laim
upon him, rather than to another who hath already revived several
claims upon him? Swift. 2. A title to any privilege or possession in the







hands of another. Every father of a family had been as good as a
prince, and had as good a claim to royalty as these. Locke.

CLAIM [in law] a challenge of interest to any thing, that is in
the possession of another, or at the least out of his own; as, claim by
charter, claim by descent. A claim made from time to time within a
year and a day to land or other thing, which on some accounts cannot
be recovered without danger. The phrases are commonly to make
claim, or to lay claim. The king of Prussia lays in his claim for Neuf­
chatel. Addison.

CLAI＇MABLE [from claim] that may be claimed as due.

CLAI＇MANT [from claim] he that demands any thing as unjustly
detained by another.

CLA＇IMER [from claim] he that claims.

The CLAIRE OBSCURE, Fr. [with painters] it is that judicious dis­
tribution of light and shade, by which not only the principal object in a
groupe of figures is rendered the more conspicuous; but also many
other beauties in that designing art are secured. See the draughts taken
from Titian＇s Pluto and Proserpine, or his Jupiter and Iǒ.

To CLAMBER [probably corrupted from climb; as, climber, clam­
ber. Johnson. of clyman, Sax.] to climb or get up with difficulty, as
with both hands and feet. They were forced to clamber over so many
rocks. Addison.

CLAME＇A Admittenda in Itinere [in law] a writ whereby the
king commands the justices in eyre to admit one＇s claim by an attor­
ney, who is employed in the king＇s service, and cannot come in his
own person.

To CLAMM [in some provinces to cleam, from clæmian, Sax. to
glue together] to clog with any glutinous matter. Wasps got into a
honey-pot, and there they cloyed and clammed themselves, till there
was no getting out. L＇Estrange.

CLAMMINESS [of clammy] quality of being clammy, viscosity, ropi­
ness. A greasy pipkin will spoil the clamminess of the glue. Moxon.

CLA＇MMY [of clamean, Sax. to dawb with clammy matter] gluish,
sticking, ropy, viscous, tenacious.
Bodies clammy and cleaving. Bacon.
Cold sweats in clammy drops. Dryden.
An unctuous clammy vapour rises from the stum of grapes. Addison.

CLA＇MOROUS [clamosus, Lat.] noisy, full of clamour, turbulent.
None are so clamorous as papists. Hooker.
The clamorous race of busy human kind. Pope.

CLA＇MOROUSLY, in a noisy turbulent manner.

CLA＇MOROUSNESS [of clamorous] noisiness.

To CLA＇MOUR [of clamo, Lat.] to make a noise, complain of, or
cry out against loudly, to roar turbulently.
Th＇ obscure bird clamour＇d the live-long night. Shakespeare.
To clamour counsels, not to inform them. Bacon.

CLAMOUR [clameur, Fr. clamore, It. clamor, Lat.] 1. A noise, an
outcry, a bauling, vociferation. The people grew exorbitant in their
clamours for justice. King Charles. 2. It is used sometimes, but less
fitly, of inanimate things.
Here the loud Arno＇s boisterous clamours cease,
That with submissive murmurs glides in peace. Addison.

CLAMP. 1. A little picee of wood, in the fashion of a wheel, used instead
of a pulley in a mortice. 2. A quantity of bricks. To burn a clamp
of brick of sixteen thousand, they allow seven ton of coals Mortimer.

CLAMP, Fr. [in a ship] is a piece of timber applied to a mast or
yard to strengthen it, and hinder the wood from bursting.

CLA＇MPING [with joiners] a particular manner of letting boards
one into another to keep them from warping. When a piece of board
is fitted with the grain to the end of another piece of board cross the
grain, the first board is clamped. Thus the ends of tables are com­
monly clamped, to preserve them from warping. Moxon.

CLAMPONIE＇R [with horsemen] a long jointed horse, one whose
pasterns are long, slender, and over-pliant.

CLAN [probably of Scottish original; klaan in the highlands signifies
children. Johnson. Not improbably of klann, C. Brit, a plat of ground,
i. e. those that dwell upon the same spot of ground] 1. A family or tribe
among the Scots. 2. Any family or race in general: Milton was the
poetical son of Spenser, and Mr. Waller of Fairfax: for we have our
lineal descents and clans, as well as other families. Dryden. 3. A
body or set of people; in a contemptuous sense. Partridge and the
rest of his clan may hoot me for a cheat, if I fail. Swift.

CLA＇NCULAR [clancularius, Lat.] secret, private, obscure, clan­
destine. Let us withdraw all supplies from our lusts, and not by any
secret reserved affection give them clancular aids to maintain their re­
bellion. Decay of Piety.

CLANDE＇STINE [clandestin, Fr. clandestino, It. and Sp. clandestinus,
Lat.] done in secret, private; in an ill sense.
Tho＇ nitrous tempests and clandestine death,
Fill＇d the deap caves and num＇rous vaults beneath. Blackmore.

CLANDE＇STINELY [from clandestine] privately, in secret. Two
printed papers clandestinely spread about, whereof no man can trace the
original. Swift.

CLANG [clangor, Lat.] 1. A sharp shrill noise.
Such a horrid clang,
As on mount Sinai rang. Milton.
Seamews clang. Milton.
Drums and trumpets clang. John Philips.
2. The sound of a trumpet.

To CLANG, verb neut. [clango, Lat.] to make a loud shrill noise.
Have I not in a pitched battle heard
Loud larums, neighing steeds, and trumpets clang? Shakespeare.
Clanging swords and shields they beat. Prior.

To CLANG, verb act. To strike together with a noise.
Clang＇d their sounding arms,
Industrious with the warlike din to quell
Thy infant cries. Prior.

CLA＇NGOUR [clangor, Lat.] the same with clang.
With joy they view the waving ensigns fly,
And hear the trumpets clangor pierce the sky. Dryden.

CLA＇NGOUS [from clang] making a clang. The cranes and birds of
long necks have not any musical, but harsh and clangous throats. Brown.

CLANK, a loud, shrill, sharp noise like that of fetters or irons, or by
the collision of hard and sonorous bodies. They were joined by the
melodious clank of marrow-bones and cleaver. Spectator.

To CLANK, to give or make a loud shrill nose.

To CLAP [clappan, Sax. klappen, Du. kloppen, O. and L. Ger.
klopffen, H. Ger. klappa, Su.] to beat with the hand, to strike
together with a quick motion, to make a noisy sound by hitting
against any thing.

To CLAP one. 1. To clap the hands by way of applause.
He crowing clapt his wings. Dryden.
Glad of a quarrel, straight I clapt the door. Pope.
2. To celebrate or praise by clapping the hands. I have heard the sta­
tioner wishing for those hands to take off his melancholy bargain;
which clapped its performance on the stage. Dryden. 3. To give one
the venereal disease.
Who＇d force his pepper where his guests are clapt. King.

To CLAP. 1. To lay any thing on, or together, to add one thing
to another, implying the idea of something unexpected.
To mitigate the smart,
He clap＇d his hand upon the wounded part. Dryden.
As absurd as to say he clap＇d spurs to his horse at St. James＇s, and gal­
lop＇d away to the Hague. Addison. 2. To do any thing with a hasty
motion, or unexpectedly. A scambling soldier clap＇d hold of his bri­
dle. Wotton. His friends would have clap＇d him into Bedlam. Spec­
tator.

To CLAP up, or hasten any thing, suddenly, without much precau­
tion; as, to clap up a match, to clap up a peace.

To CLAP, verb neut. 1. To move nimbly with a noise.
A whirlwind rose that with a violent blast,
Shook all the dome, the doors around me clapt. Dryden.
2. To enter with briskness upon any thing.
Come, a song——
Shall we clap into＇t roundly, without saying we are hoarse? Shakespeare.
3. To strike the hands together in applause.
All the best men are ours; for ＇tis ill hap
If they hold when their ladies bid them clap. Shakespeare.

A CLAP [clapoir, Fr. with surgeons] a venereal infection a swelling
in the groin and privities.

CLAP [from the verb] 1. A loud noise by hitting against. Give the
door such a clap as you go out, as will shake the whole room. Swift.
2. A sudden or unexpected act or motion. It is monstrous to me that
the south-sea should pay half their debts at one clap. Swift. 3. An
explosion; as, a clap of thunder. 4. An act of applause; as, the
claps on the stage.

CLAP [with falconers] the nether part of the beak of an hawk.

CLAP-BOARD, a board ready cut for the cooper＇s use.

CLAP-NET, &c. a device for catching of larks.

CLAP-TRAP, a name given to the rant and rhimes that dramatic
poets, to please the actors, let them go off with; as much as to say,
a trap to catch a clap by way of applause from the spectators at a
play.

CLA＇PPER [from clap] one who claps or applauds with his
hands.

CLAPPER [klepel, Du. kloeppel, Ger.] a hammer or striker of a
bell, the tongue of a bell. He hath a heart as sound as a bell, and his
tongue is the clapper; for what is heart thinks his tongue speaks.
Shakespeare.

The CLAPPER of a Mill [klapper, Ger.] a piece of wood for shaking
the hopper.

CLAPPERDU＇GEONS, beggars born and bred so.

CLAPPERS of Coney [clapier, Fr.] a place under-ground, where rab­
bets breed.

To CLAPPER-CLAW [from clapper and claw] to scold, to tongue­
beat.
They＇ve always been at daggers-drawing,
And one another clapper-clawing. Hudibras.

CLA＇PPING [of clappan, Sax.] a striking together of the hands,
&c.

CLA＇RA, or ST. CLARA, an island of Peru, in South America,
situated in the bay of Guiaquil, 70 miles south-west of the city of
Guiaquil.

CLARE, a market town of Suffolk, on the river Stour, 14 miles
from St. Edmondsbury, and 61 from London. It gives the titles of
viscount, earl, and marquis, to the duke of Newcastle.

CLARE, is also the capital of a county of the same name, in the
province of Conaught, in Ireland, situated about 17 miles north-west
of Limerick.

CLA＇RENCEUX, or CLA＇RENCIEUX, the second king at arms ap­
pointed by king Edward IV. on the death of his brother the duke of
Clarence: his office is to marshal and dispose the funerals of all knights
and esquires on the south of the river Trent.

CLAREN＇ZA, the capital of a dutchy of the same name, in the Mo­
rea; it is a sea port town, situated on the Mediterranean, 26 miles
south of Petras.

CLARE OBSCURE [from clair, Fr. and obscure, or clarus, bright, and
obscurus, Lat. dark] light and shade in painting.
As masters in their clare obscure,
With various light your eyes allure;
A flaming yellow here they spread,
Draw off in blue, or charge in red;
Yet from those colours odly mixt,
Your sight upon the whole is fixt. Prior.

CLA＇RET [clairet, Fr. probably of clarus, Lat. clear] a general name
of the red wines in France, particularly a wine of a clear pale red co­
lour. Red and white wine are confounded into claret. Boyle.

CLARE＇TUM [in old law] a liquor made of wine and honey, clari­
fied by boiling.

CLA＇RICORD [from clarus and chorda, Lat.] a kind of musical in­
strument. A musical instrument in form of a spinnet, but more ancient.
It has forty-nine or fifty keys, and seventy strings. Chambers.

CLARIFICA＇TION [clarificazione, It. clarificaciòn, Sp. of clarifica­
tio, Lat. in pharmacy] the act of making liquors and juices clear from
impurities. To know the means of accelerating clarification, we must
first know the causes of clarification. Bacon.

To CLA＇RIFY [clarifier, Fr. chiarificare, It. clarificàr, Sp. of clari­
fico, Lat.] 1. To render liquors, syrups, &c. clear, to separate impurities.
Apothecaries clarify their syrups by whites of eggs, beaten with the







juices which they would clarify, which whites of eggs gather all the
dregs and grosser parts of the juice to them. Bacon. 2. To brighten,
to illuminate: this sense is rare. The will was then ductile and pli­
ant to all the motions of right reason; it met the dictates of a clarified
understanding half way. South.

CLARIGA＇TION [in the Roman law] a demand of satisfaction for
an injury offered or done, and a proclaiming of war thereupon;
also a letter of mart or reprisal. Lat.

CLARINE [in French heraldry] a term used to express a collar of
bells round the neck of any beast.

CLA＇RION [clairon, Fr. chiarina, It. clarîn, Sp. of clarus, Lat.]
a loud sort of shrill trumpet, a wind instrument of war.
With shams and trumpets, and with clarions sweet. Spenser.
Let fuller notes th＇ applauding world amaze,
And the loud clarion labour in your praise. Pope.

CLARION [in heraldry] a bearing resembling an old-fashioned
trumpet. See Plate IV. Fig. 45.

CLARISO＇NOUS [clarisonus, Lat.] sounding loud or shrill.

CLA＇RITUDE [claritudo, Lat.] clearness, splendor, brightness.

CLA＇RITY [clarté, Fr. chiarità, It. of claritas, Lat.] clearness,
brightness. A light by abundant clarity invisible. Raleigh.

CLARMA＇RTHEN [Scotch law] a term used for the warranting
stolen goods.

CLARO OBSCURO, the same as clair obscure; also a design consisting
of only two colours, black and white, or black and yellow.

CLA＇RY [clarea, It. and Sp.] a sort of herb. It hath a labiated
flower of one leaf. It grows wild on dry banks. Miller.

To CLASH, verb neut. [klesten, Du. not improbably of κλαζω, Gr.]
1. To make a confused noise, to beat against one another; as, the
clashing sound of arms. 2. To act with contrary direction. Neither
was there any queen-mother who might clash with his counsellors for
authority. Bacon. 3. To contradict, to oppose. Wherever there are
men, there will be clashing some time or other. L＇Estrange.

To CLASH, verb act. 1. To strike one thing against another so as
produce a noise. The nodding statue clash＇d his arms. Dryden.
2. To wrangle, to disagree.

CLASH [from the verb] 1. A noisy collision of two bodies.
The clash of arms and voice of men we hear. Denham.
2. Opposition, contradiction.
Then from the clashes between popes and kings,
Debate like sparks from flints collision springs. Denham.

CLA＇SHING, 1. A noise of two swords, &c. one hitting against ano­
ther. 2. Disagreement.

CLA＇SIS, Lat. [of κλαω, Gr. to break; in anatomy] a fracture.

To CLASP [prob. of cleowan, Sax. or of gespen, Du. to buckle] 1.
To shut up with a clasp.
There Caxton slept, with Wynkin at his side,
One clasp＇d in wood, and one in strong cow-hide. Pope.
2. To catch and hold by twining.
Direct
The clasping ivy where to twine. Milton.
3. To hold with the hands extended, to inclose between the hands;
as, the belly of a bottle is hard to clasp. 4. To embrace.
Now, now, he clasps her to his panting breast. Smith.
5. To inclose.
Boys with womens voices,
Strive to speak big, and clasp their female joints,
In stiff unweildy arms. Shakespeare.

CLASP [gespe, Du. a buckle] 1. A sort of fastening for a garment,
a sleeve, &c. as a buckle. Opening the clasps of the parchment co­
ver, he spoke, Arbuthnot and Pope. 2. An embrace; in contempt.
The gross clasps of a lascivious moor. Shakespeare.

CLA＇SPERS [with botanists] those tendrels, ligaments or threads,
wherewith certain plants take hold of trees or other things near them,
for their support.

CLASP-KNIFE [of clasp and knife] a knife whose blade folds into
the handle.

CLASP Nails, nails whose heads are brought into a narrow compass,
so that they will sink into the wood.

CLASS [classe, Fr. It. and Sp. of classis, Lat.] 1. A form in a
school, where a number of boys learn the same lesson; as, the lower
and higher class. 2. An order or rank of persons. Segrais has distin­
guished the readers of poetry, according to their capacity of judging,
into three classes. Dryden. 3. A distribution of persons and things ac­
cording to their several degrees and natures. Among this herd of
politicians, any one sett make a very considerable class of men. Addi­
son. 4. An assembly of divines in the protestant church of France.

To CLASS [from the noun] to range in different ranks. By the
classing and methodizing such passages, I might instruct the reader.
Arbuthnot.

CLA＇SSIC, or CLA＇SSICAL, adj. [classique, Fr. classico, It. and Sp.
of classicus, Lat.] 1. Of or pertaining to the first order and rank.
Mr. Greaves may be reckoned a classical author on this subject. Ar­
buthnot. 2. Relating to antique authors, relating to literature.

CLA＇SSICAL Authors, such as are of credit and authority in the
schools. With them the genius of classical learning dwelleth. Felton.

CLASSIC, subst. [classicus, Lat.] an author of the first rank, usually
taken from ancient authors.

CLA＇SSIS, Lat. order, sort. He had declared his opinion of that
classis of men. Clarendon.

CLA＇THRATED [clathratus, of clathrum, a bar] cross-barred.

To CLA＇TTER, verb neut. [prob. of klatteren, Du. kloeteren, O.
and L. Ger. klotrunge, Sax. a rattle] 1. To make a rattling noise,
by striking two sonorous bodies frequently together.
The fierce riders clatter＇d on their shields. Dryden.
2. To utter a noise hy being struck together.
His arms and clattering shield on the vast body sound. Dryden.
3. To talk fast and idly, to prattle; as, a noise and clattering of
words.

To CLATTER, verb act. 1. To strike any thing so as to make it sound
and rattle.
When all the bees are gone to settle,
You clatter still your brazen kettle. Swift.
2. To dispute, jar, or clamour. Martin. A low word.

CLATTER [of cleadur, Sax. klater, Du. kloeter, O. and L. Ger.]
1. A rattling noise made by the quick and frequent collision of sonorous
bodies. A clatter is a clash often repeated with great quickness, and
seems to convey the idea of a sound sharper and shriller than rattle.
See To CLATTER. As, the clatter dishes and plates make when they
fall. Swift. 2. It is applied to any confused and tumultuous noise.
Grow to be short,
Throw by your clatter. Ben Johnson.

CLA＇TTERING [cladrunge, Sax.] a clatter or rattling noise,

CLAVA＇TED, adj. [clavatus, of clava, Lat. a club] knobbed, set
with knobs. These appear plainly to have been clavated spikes of
some kind of echinus ovarius. Woodward.

CLA＇UDENT [claudens, Lat.] shutting or closing.

CLAUDENT Muscles [in anatomy] certain muscles which shut the
eye-lids, being placed between the inner membrane of that part, and
the fleshy membrane.

CLAUDE＇RE, Lat. [in ancient deeds] to turn open fields into closes
or inclosures.

To CLAU＇DICATE [claudico, Lat.] to halt, to limp.

CLAUDICA＇TION, Lat. the act or habit of halting or going lame.

CLAVE, the pret. of cleave. See To CLEAVE.

CLAVECY＇MBAL [clavio-cymbolo, It.] a harpsichord.

CLAVE＇LLATUS, Lat. [with botanists] the herb trinity or heart＇s­
ease.

CLAVELLATED, adj. [clavellatum, low Lat.] made with burnt tar­
tar; a chemical term. Chambers.

CLA＇VER Grass, or CLO＇VER Grass [clœfer wyrt, Sax. klever,
Du. klee, or klee-viadt, or klee-grasz, Ger.] a kind of three leaved
grass, that bears a flower. This word is now universally written clo­
ver, tho＇ not so properly.

CLA＇VES Insulæ, [Lat. q. d. the keys of the island] a term used in
the Isle of Man, for twelve persons, to whom all doubtful and weighty
cases are referred.

CLA＇VIA [Lat. old law] a mace; as, Serjentia claviæ, the serjean­
cy of the mace.

CLAVI＇CLES [with anatomists, clavicula, Lat.] the two channel
bones; two small bones which fasten the shoulder-bones and breast­
bone, and are as it were a key situated at the basis or bottom of the
neck, above the breast, the collar-bone. Some quadrupeds can bring
their fore feet unto their mouths, as most that have the clavicles or
collar-bones. Brown. Homer, who represents Hector as receiving
his death＇s wound just above this part, has given us no inaccurate de­
scription of it.
Φαινετο δη κληιδες απ ωμων ανχεν εχουσι λευκανιης. Iliad, Lib. 22.
L. 324. —— i. e. Where the clavicles keep off the neck from either
shoulder. And from the chasm appearing about that place in Achilles＇
armour (for Hector then wore it) Eustathius acutely enough infers, that
Hector was broader about the shoulders than Achilles.

CLAVI＇CULA [with botanists] the tendril or young shoot of a vine,
which takes hold of any thing it can reach. Lat.

CLAVI＇CULÆ [with anatomists] two little bones, that are situated
at the basis of the neck, above the breast, on each side one; the cla­
vicles.

CLAVI＇GEROUS [of clava, a club, or clavis, a key, and gero, to
bear, Lat.] bearing a club; or bearing a key.

CLA＇VIS, a key; also the direction to the opening and decyphering
a cypher, or any secret writing.

CLAVIS [with physicians] a pain in a small part of the head, usu­
ally a little above the eyes, which seems as if the part were bored with
an augre.

CLA＇VUS, a nail, or spike. Lat.

CLAUSE [Fr. clausula, It. and Sp. clausa, clausula, Lat.] 1. A sin­
gle part of a discourse, a sub-division of a larger sentence; as, a spe­
cial clause or sentence of scripture. 2. An article, a proviso or con­
dition made in a contract, or put into any instrument. When sent to
Jews and Gentiles we find not this clause in their commission. South.

CLAUSE Rolls, certain rolls or deeds laid up in the Tower of London,
and containing such records as were committed to close writs.

CLAU＇SENBURG, a large city of Transilvania, situated on the river
Samos, about 55 miles north-west of Hermanstat.

CLAU＇SIC, or CLAW-SIKE, the claw-sickness, or foot-rot in sheep.

CLAU＇STRAL [Fr. claustrale, It. claustralis, of claustrum, Lat.] a
bar, pertaining to a cloister or religious house.

CLAUSTRAL Priors, are such as preside over monasteries, next to
the abbot or chief governor in such religious houses. Ayliffe.

CLAUSTU＇RA [old law] brush-wood for sences or hedges.

CLUA＇SUM-Fregit [Lat. law term] which signifies as much as an
action of trespass, and so stiled, because in the writ such an one is sum­
moned to answer, quare clausum fregit, why he committed such a tres­
pass, as to break an inclosure.

CLAUSUM Paschæ [old statutes] the utas, or eighth day after Easter,
so called, because it finishes or closes that festival.

CLAU＇SURE [clausura, Lat.] 1. An inclosure. 2. Confinement.
3. The act of shutting. 4. The state of being shut up. In some
monasteries the severity of the clausure is hard to be borne. Geddes.

CLA＇VIS [Lat. with oculists] a little hard swelling in the corner of
the eye.

CLAVIS [among the Romans] a band or fillet of purple, either
broader or narrower, according to the dignity of the person.

CLA＇VUS [Lat. with physicians] the same as clavis.

To CLAW [clapan, Sax. klauwen, Du. kleyen, Ger. klas, Su.]
1. To tear with nails or claws. Look if the wither＇d elder hath not
his poll claw＇d like a parrot. Shakespeare. 2. To pull, as with nails.
Adding to the former, these many changes that have happened since.
I am afraid we shall not so easily claw off that name. South. 3. To
scratch or tear in general.
But we must claw ourselves with shameful
And heathen stripes by their example. Hudibras.
4. To scratch or tickle. I must laugh when I am merry, and claw
no man in his humour. Shakespeare. 5. To slatter. An obsolete
sense. See CLAWBACK. 6. To claw off, or away. To rail at, to
scold. You thank the place where you found money; but the jade
Fortune is to be claw＇d away sor＇t, if you should lose it. L＇Estrange.

To CLAW it off [or away] to do any thing briskly or with diligence.








A CLAW [clawe, of clawan, Sax. klau, Ger. klauw, Du. or klo or
kloe, Teut.] 1. A beast＇s or fowl＇s foot, armed with sharp claws;
or the holders of a shell-fish. 2. Sometimes applied to a hand, in con­
tempt. 3. Any thing analogous to a claw.
He softens the harsh rigour of the laws,
Blunts their keen edge, and grinds their harpy claws. Garth.

CLA＇WA [old records] a close or small inclosure.

CLAW-Back [of claw and back] a flatterer, a wheedler, a syco­
phant. The pope＇s clawbacks. Jewel.

CLA＇WED, adj. [from claw] furnished or armed with claws. Of
all the clawed, the lion is the strongest. Grew.

CLAY [glaise, Fr. kley, Du. clai, Wel.] 1. A sort of fat, clammy
earth. Clays are earths firmly coherent, weighty, and compact; stiff,
viscid, and ductile to a great degree; while moist, smooth to the
touch, not easily breaking between the fingers, nor readily diffusible
in water; and, when mixed, not readily subsiding from it. Hill.
2. Earth in general. So it is applied in poetry.
Why should our clay,
Over our spirits so much sway. Donne.

To CLAY [from the substantive] to cover or manure with clay.
Mortimer uses it.

CLAY-COLD [of clay and cold] lifeless, cold; as, unanimated
earth. I wash＇d his clay-cold course with holy drops. Rowe.

CLAY-PIT [of clay and pit] a pit where clay is dug.

CLAY [in geography] a market town of Norfolk, eight miles from
Walsingham, and 115 from London.

CLA＇YES [in fortification] a sort of wattles made of stakes inter­
woven with osiers, &c. having earth heaped upon them, to cover
lodgments; they are also laid in ditches that have been drained, and
on marshy grounds to render them firm and passable.

CLA＇YISH [from clay] partaking of clay, containing particles of
clay. A thick, muddish, and clayish water, which the brewers covet.
Harvey.

CLAY-MARL [of clay and marl] a whitish chalky clay. Claymarl
resembles clay, and is near a-kin to it; but is more fat, and sometimes
mixt with chalk-stones. Mortimer.

To CLEAM [clamian, Sax.] a word very much in use Lincolnshire,
signifying to glue together, or fasten with glue.

To CLEAN, verb act. [from the adj.] to free from dirt. Their
tribes adjusted, clean＇d their vig＇rous wings. Thomson. See To CLEANSE.

CLEAN, adj. [clæne or clen, Sax. glan, Wel. Casaubon chuses
rather to derive it of κενος, Gr. empty, void; because we use it some­
times in that sense] 1. Pure, free from moral impurity, guiltless, chaste.
2. Free from filth; as, clean hands. 3. Elegant, not encumbered
with any thing useless or disproportioned. The timber and wood are
in some trees more clean, in some more knotty. Bacon. Thy waist
is strait and clean. Waller. 4. Not foul with any loathsome disease,
not leprous. If the plague be somewhat dark, and spread not in the
skin, the priest shall pronounce him clean. Leviticus.

CLEAN, adv. Quite, completely. This sense is now little used. A
philosopher pressed with the same objections, shapes an answer clean
contrary. Hakewell.

He has lick＇d himself CLEAN. That is, he has managed a bad bar­
gain, so as to get off without loss.

CLE＇ANLILY [from cleanly] in a cleanly manner.

CLEA＇NLINESS [clæanicnefse, Sax.] 1. Cleanness, freedom from
filth. The cleanliness of its streets. Addison. 2. Purity, neatness of
dress; opposed to negligence and nastiness.
No adorning but cleanliness. Sidney.
Such cleanliness from head to heel;
No humours gross. Swift.

CLE＇ANLY, adj. [clænlic, Sax.] 1. Clean, pure in the person, free
from dirtiness, careful to avoid filth. An ant is a very cleanly insect.
Addison. 2. That which makes cleanliness.
The fair,
With cleanly powder dry their hair. Prior.
3. Pure, innocent. Sweetly relishing and cleanly joys. Glanville.
4. Nice, artful. We can secure ourselves a retreat by some cleanly
evasion. L＇Estrange.

CLEANLY, adv. [from clean] neatly, with elegance, not nastily.
I＇ll have sack, and live cleanly as a nobleman should. Shakespeare.

CLE＇ANNESS [clænnesse, Sax.] 1. Pureness, freedom from filth. 2.
Easy exactness, natural and unaffected justness, unlaboured correctness.
He shew＇d no strength in shaking of his staff, but the fine cleanness of
bearing it was delightful. Sidney. The clearness of his satire, and
the cleanness of expression. Dryden. 3. Innocence, purity. The
cleanness and purity of one＇s mind is never better proved than in dis­
covering its own faults at first view. Pope.

To CLEANSE [clænsian, Sax.] 1. To make clean, or free from
filth, by washing or rubbing.
Cleanse the pale corpse with a religious hand,
From the polluting weed and common sand. Prior.
2. To purify from guilt.
Not all her od＇rous tears can cleanse her crime. Dryden.
3. To free from noxious humours by purging.
Cleanse the stuff＇d bosom of that perilous shift
Which weighs upon the heart. Shakespeare.
A saponaceous and cleansing oil. Arbuthnot. 4. To free from lepro­
sy. Shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing. St. Mark.
5. To scour, to rid of all offensive things. This river the Jews prof­
fered the pope to cleanse, so they might have what they found. Addison.

CLEA＇NSER [clænsere, Sax.] that which has the quality of evacu­
ating any foul humours, or digesting a sore. If there happens an
imposthume, honey, and even honey of roses taken inwardly, is a
good cleanser. Arbuthnot.

CLEAR [clair, Fr. chiaro, It. claro, Sp. and Port. of clarus, Lat.
transparent, klaer, Du. klar, Ger. and Dan.] 1. Fair, free from
clouds, serene; as, a clear day and night, a clear sky. 2. Fine,
bright, transparent, tranflucent, without cloudiness, not dark; as,
clear, (or transparent) as crystal.
The stream is so transparent, pure, and clear,
That had the self-enamour＇d youth gaz＇d here,
He but the bottom, not his face had seen. Denham.
A polish＇d mirror shone not half so clear. Dryden.
3. Perspicuous, not hard to be understood, not ambiguous, or obscure.
4. Undeniable, indisputable.
Remain＇d to our almighty foe
clear victory. Milton.
5. Apparent, not hid, evident; as, clear (or evident) as the sun at
noon. Unto God, who understandeth all their secret cogitations, they
are clear and manifest. Hooker. 6. Unspotted, guiltless. In action faith­
ful, and in honour clear. Pope. 7. Impartial, unprepossessed. One
look, in a clear Judgment, would have been more acceptable than all
her kindness. Sidney. 8. Free from distress, prosecution, or imputed
guilt.
The cruel corp＇ral whisper＇d in my ear.
“Five pounds, if rightly tipt, would set me clear.” Gay.
9. Free from deductions or incumberances; as, clear gains in any
branch of trade. 10. Unincumbered, without hindrance, unobstruc­
ted; as, to leave the way clear for one. 11. Out of debt; as, he is
clear of all the world. 12. Unintangled, being at a safe distance
from danger or enemy; as, to get or keep clear of a ship, &c. 13.
Sounding plainly, and articulately; as, clear (in sound) as a bell;
that is, giving a sound without any jarring or harshness. The qualifica­
tions of a good aspect, and a clear voice. Addison. 14. Free, guilt­
less; with from; as, clear from blood; clear from faults in writing.
15. Sometimes with of. The air is clear of gross and damp exhala­
tions. Temple. 16. Used of persons. Distinguishing, judicious,
intelligible. This is scarcely used but in conversation; as, a man of
a clear head.

CLEAR [with architects] the inside-work of an house.

CLEAR, adv. Clean, quite, completely. A low word; as, to bite
an ear clear off. L＇Estrange.

To CLEAR, verb act. [éclaircir, Fr. schiarire, It, aclaràr, Sp. of
claro, Lat.] 1. To make clear, to brighten by removing opacous bodies.
He sweeps the skies and clears the cloudy north. Dryden.
2. To free from obscurity, perplexity, or ambiguity. By mystical
terms and ambiguous phrases, he darkens what he should clear up.
Boyle.
Many knotty points there are,
Which all discuss, but none can clear. Prior.
3. To justify, to purge from imputation of guilt, to defend; often
with from before the thing; as, to clear another from partiality. 4. To
cleanse; with of.
My hands are of your colour, but I shame
To wear a heart so white;
A little water clears us of this deed. Shakespeare.
5. To discharge, to remove incumbrance or embarrassment; as, to
clear ground; to clear away earth. Multitudes will furnish a
double proportion towards the clearing of this expence. Addison.
6. To free from any thing offensive or noxious; with of, sometimes
from; as, to clear the palace from the foe; to clear the sea of pirates.
7. To clarify; as, to clear liquors. 8. To gain, without deduc­
tion. He clears but two hundred thousand crowns a year, after having
defrayed all the charges. Addison. 9. To confer judgment or know­
ledge. Our common prints would clear up their understandings, and
animate their minds with virtue. Addison. 10. To clear a ship, at
the Custom-house, is to obtain the liberty of sailing, or of selling a
cargo, by satisfying the customs.

To CLEAR, verb neut. 1. To grow bright. So foul a sky clears
not without a storm. Shakespeare. 2. Sometimes with up.
The mist that hung about my mind clears up. Addison.
3. To be disengaged from incumberances, or entanglements. He
that clears at once, will relapse; for finding himself out of straits, he
will revert to his customs: but he that cleareth by degrees, induceth a
habit of frugality. Bacon.

To CLEAR [military term] as, to clear the trenches, is to beat out
those that guard them.

CLE＇ARANCE, or CLEARING [from clear] of a ship at the Custom­
house; a certificate that a ship has been cleared.

CLE＇ARER [from clear] a brightener, an enlightner, a purifier.
Gold is a wonderful clearer of the understanding; it dissipates every
doubt and scruple in an instant. Addison.

CLEAR Sighted [of clear and sight] having a sharp ready wit; per­
spicuous, having a piercing judgment.
Clear-sighted reason wisdom＇s judgment leads,
And sense, her vassal, in her footsteps treads. Denham.

CLEAR Vision [in optics] is caused by a great quantity of rays in
the same pencil, enlightening the correspondent points of the image
strongly and vigorously.

Cape CLEAR, a promontory in a little island on the south-west coast
of Ireland.

CLE＇ARLY [of clear] 1. Plainly, evidently, without obscurity or
ambiguity; as, to prove any point clearly to the world. 2. Brightly,
luminously. Those mysteries which were but darkly disclosed unto
them, have unto us more clearly shined. Hooker. 3. With discern­
ment, acutely, without perplexity or embarrassment of mind. No
man but sees clearlier and sharper the vices in a speaker than the vir­
tues. Ben. Johnson. 4. Without entanglement or distraction of
affairs. He that doth not divide, will never enter into business; and
he that divideth too much, will never come out of it clearly. Bacon.
5. Fairly, honestly. Take not into consideration any sensual or
worldly interest, but deal clearly and impartially with yourselves. Til­
lotson. 6. Without deduction or cost; as, what did he clearly gain?
7. Without reserve, without subterfuge. By a certain day they should
clearly relinquish unto the king all their lands and possessions. Da­
vies.

CLE＇ARNESS [of clear] 1. Brightness, transparency. Percolation
doth not only cause clearness and splendor, but sweetness of savour.
Bacon. 2. Splendor, lustre. Love more clear than yourself, with
the clearness, lays a night of sorrow upon me. Sidney. 3. Distinct­
ness, perspicuity. He does not know how to convey his thoughts to
another, with clearness and perspicuity. Addison.

CLEARNESS [in painting] is described by a youth of an agreeable
aspect, naked, surrounded by bright rays of glory, and holding the
sun in his right hand.

To CLEAR-STARCH [from clear and starch] to stiffen with starch.
He took his lodgings at the mansion-house of a taylor＇s widow, who
washes and can clear-starch his bands. Addison.

CLEAT [in a ship] a piece of wood fastened on the yard-arm, to
prevent the ropes from slipping off the yards.








To CLEAVE, irr. verb. neut, pret. I clave; part. cloven [cleofan,
Sax. klieben, or. kleben, Du. kleben, Ger. klyfwa, Su.] 1. To stick
fast, to hold to. Water in small quantity cleaveth to any thing that is
solid. Bacon. 2. To unite aptly, to fit.
New honours come upon him
Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould
But with the aid of use. Shakespeare.
3. To unite in concord or interest. The apostles did thus conform to
the Christians, according to the pattern of the Jews, and made them
cleave the better. Hooker. 4. To be concomitant to, to join with.
We cannot imagine in breeding or begetting faith, his grace doth
cleave to the one, and utterly forsake the other. Hooker.

To CLEAVE, verb act. pret. I clove, clave, or cleft; part. p. cloven
or cleft [cleofan, Sax. klowen, Du.] 1. To split, to part forcibly
into pieces. The fountains of it are said to have been cloven, or burst
open. Burnet＇s Theory.
Not half so swift the trembling doves can fly,
When the fierce eagle cleaves the liquid sky. Pope.
2. To divide. Every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the
cleft into two claws. Deuteronomy.

To CLEAVE, verb neut. 1. To be parted asunder. The ground
clave asunder. Numbers. He cut the cleaving sky. Pope. 2. To
suffer division. It cleaves with a glossy, polite substance. Newton.

CLEAVER [of clefan, Sax.] one who cleaves; also a butcher＇s
chopping knife to cut carcasses into joints. Ringing the changes on
butchers cleavers. Arbuthnot.

CLEA＇VERS, an herb, called also clivers, but improperly writ­
ten so.

CLE＇BURY, a market town of Suffolk, near Clee-hill, on the north
side of the Ternd, 118 miles from London.

CLE＇CHE, or CLETCHE＇E [in heraldry] a cross-cletchee; some say
it is an ordinary pierced throughout, i. e. when the whole figure is so
perforated, that the chief substance is lost, and nothing is visible but
the very edges: but Colombierc says, it is a cross, spreading from
the center towards the extremities, which are very wide, and then end
in an angle, in the middle of the extremity, by lines drawn from the
two points that make the breadth, till they come to join: as repre­
sented, Plate IV. Fig. 51.

CLE＇DONISM [of κληδων, Gr.] a sort of divination among the an­
cients, supposed to be much the same with ornithomancy, by flight of
birds. But the learned and elaborate author of the Appendix ad The­
saur. H. Stephan, &c. has, from Hesychius, suggested a very diffe­
rent sense, and more agreeable to the etymology of the word. Κληδο­
νησαι, ϕημην τινα μαντευσασθαι: i. e. to divine by some report or speech,
like that good omen which Æneas took from the speech of Ascanius.
———Eheu! mensas consumimus, inquit julus.
Or that which HOMER makes Ulysses receive in his own house
from what he overheard the handmaid saying when at the mill; and
where by the way the poet gives us this very term.
———χαιρεν δε κλεηδονι διος οδυσσευς. Odyss. Lib. 20. L. 120.

CLEES, the two parts of the foot of beasts, which are cloven footed.
Skinner. A country word for claws.

CLEF [Fr. a key] in music, a mark at the beginning of the lines of
a song, which shews the tone or key in which the piece is to begin.
Chambers.

CLEFT, pret. and part. p. of to cleave. See To CLEAVE.

CLEET, or CLOVEN, irr. part. p. being cleft or cloven, from to
cleave. See To CLEAVE.

A CLEFT [from cleave] a cleaved place, an opening or chink,
crack, or crevise. The clefts and cracks of rocks. Addison.

CLEFTS [in horses] a disease in the heels. Clefts appear on the
bought of the pasterns, and are caused by a sharp and malignant hu­
mour, which frets the skin; and it is accompanied with pain and a noi­
some stench. Farrier＇s Dictionary.

To CLE＇FTGRAFT [of cleft and graft] to engraft by cleaving the
stock of a tree and inserting a branch. Filberts may be cleftgrafted on
the nut. Mortimer.

A CLEICK, subst. a parson. Shakespeare.

CLEI＇DES [κλειδες, Gr. keys; in anatomy] the clavicles or channel
bone, joined on each side to the top of the breast, and to the shoulder­
blade; the neck, collar, or throat-bone.

CLEI＇DION [κλειδιον, Gr.] the same as clavicula.

To CLEM, to starve with hunger. A country word.

CLE＇MA, or CLEMATI＇TIS [κλημα, Gr.] a twig or spray of a tree,
a young branch or shoot. Lat.

CLEMAPITIS [with botanists] is more especially applied to several
plants that are full of twigs, as the vine, &c.

CLEMATITIS Daphnoides [in botany] the herb periwinkle. Lat.

CLEMATITIS Passa Flora, the passion flower. Lat.

CLEMATITIS [κληματιτης, Gr.] an herb, whose leaves are like ivy,
a sort of birth-wort. Lat.

CLE＇MENCY [clemence, Fr. clemenza, It. cleméncia, Sp. of clementia,
Lat.] gentleness, graciousness, mercifulness, remission of severity,
tenderness in punishing. I have stated the true notion of clemency,
mercy, compassion, good-nature or humanity. Addison.

CLEMENCY, has been iconologically described, by a beautiful vir­
gin, crowned with a crown of gold, over which was seen a radiant sun;
holding in her arms a pelican.

CLEMENCY [clementia, Lat.] was esteemed as a goddess, and
the Roman senate ordered a temple to be dedicated to her after
the death of Julius Cæsar. The poets describe her as the guardian
of the world; she is represented holding a branch of laurel and a
spear, to shew that gentleness and pity belonged principally to victo­
rious warriors.

CLE＇MENT [Fr. clementó, It. and Sp. of clemens, Lat.] mild, ten­
der, merciful, gentle, compassionate.

CLE＇MENTNESS [of clement] gentleness, mercifulness.

CLE＇MENTINE, one who has been nine years a superior, and af­
terwards ceases to be so, and becomes a private monk under a su­
perior.

CLE＇MENTINES, a certain body of the canon law, being cer­
tain decretals or constitutions of pope Clement, enacted in the
council of Vienna, and added to the end of the third volume, called
fextum.

To CLENCH, to bend or fasten by beating down the point of a nail,
bolt, &c. See To CLINCH.

CLENCH Bolts [in a ship] iron pins clenched at the end where they
come through.

CLENCH Nails, a sort of nails, that will drive without splitting the
board, and also draw without breaking.

CLENCH, a pun or quible. See CLINCH.

CLEO＇MA [with botanists] the herb spear-wort or bane-wort.
Lat.

CLEP [Scotch law term] a form of claim, libel or petition.

CLEPED [of clepian, Sax. to call] called or named.

CLEPSY＇DRA [κλεψυδρα, Gr. of κλεπτω, to steal or do privately,
and υδωρ, water] an instrument anciently in use to measure time, by
the gentle running of water through a passage out of a vessel into an
hour glass.

CLERGY [clergé, Fr. clero, It. clerezla, Sp. clerus, Lat. of κληρος,
Gr. lot or patrimony] the whole body of the churchmen, who take
upon them the ministerial function; being set apart by due ordination
for the service of God. Suidas defines the word κληρος, to be συσ­
τημα, i. e. the collection or main body of deacons and presbyters:
and he has traced its etymology to its true source, Deuteronomy c. x.
v. 8. Levi had no part nor inheritance with his brethren; the LORD is
his inheritance; and, accordingly, we find in the prayer upon the or­
dination of a bishop [Apost. Constitut. Book VIII.] the following
clause. Και διδοναι τους κληρους κατα το προσταγμα σου.

Benefit of CLERGY [in Law] the appeal of a clerk or clergy, or
his appeal to an indictment; for in ancient times a clergyman being
convicted of felony before a secular judge, was allowed the privilege
to pray his clergy; that is, to pray that he might be delivered to his
ordinary to clear himself; but this privilege afterwards was allowed to
all persons convicted of such felony, as this benefit was granted for.
This privilege was, that if the prisoner being set to read a verse or
two in a Latin book, in a Gothic black character, commonly called a
neck verse, and the ordinary answered, legit ut clericus, i. e. he
reads like a clerk or scholar, he was only burnt in the hand, and set
free; in late acts of parliament, the clergy, or benefit of the clergy,
has been taken away in most cases, except bigamy and manslaughter.

An ounce of mother-wit is worth a pound of CLERGY. This proverb
is Scottish; in English we say:

The greatest CLERKS (or scholars) are not always the wisest
men.
The meaning is, that natural parts, without learning, are by much
to be preferred to learning without a good natural genius; for the
latter can at best but produce a learned pedant. The Lat. say: Merus
scholiasticus, merus asinus. (A mere scholar, a mere ass.)

CLE＇RGYMAN [of clergy and man] a man in holy orders, set apart
for ministration of holy things; not a layman.

CLE＇RICAL [clericus, Lat.] of or pertaining to a clergyman; as, a
clerical man, a man in orders. In clericals the keys are lined, and in
colleges they use to line the tablemen. Bacon.

CLERICAL Crown, anciently a round list of hair shaved off around
the head.

CLE＇RICO Admittendo [Lat. in law] a writ directed to the bishop
for the admitting of a clerk to a benefice upon a re-admittas, tried and
found for the party who procured the writ.

CLERICO capto per statutum, &c. [Lat. in law] a writ directed to
the bishop, for the delivery of a clerk out of prison, who is in custody
upon the breach of a statute merchant.

CLERICO convicto commisso, &c. [Lat. in law] a writ for delivering
a clerk to his ordinary, who was formerly convicted of felony, by
reason his ordinary did not challenge him according to the privileges
of clerks.

CLERICO infra sacros ordines, &c. [Lat. in law] a writ directed to
the bailiffs, &c. who have thrust a bailiwie or beadleship upon one in
holy orders, charging them to release him.

CLE＇RICUS, a clerk, or clergyman.

CLERICUS, sometimes signified a secular priest, as distinguished
from a religious or regular one.

CLERICUS Sacerdotis, a parish-clerk, or inferior assistant to the
priest, who formerly used to take an oath of sidelity from such a ser­
vant. Lat.

CLERK [clerc, Fr. clérigo, Port. cleric, or cleroc, Sax. klark, Su.
of clericus, Lat.] 1. A title appropriated to the clergymen, or
ministers of the church. All persons were stiled clerks that served in
the church of Christ, whether they were bishops, priests, or deacous.
Ayliffe. 2. A scholar, a man of letters. They might talk of book­
learning what they would; but for his part, he never saw more
unseaty follows, than great clerks were. Sidney. 3. Such as by
their function or course of life, use their pen in any courts. 4. A
man employed under another as a writer; as, a justices clerk. 5. A
petty writer in public offices: an officer of various kinds.
Many may remark,
Who＇s now a lord, his grandfire was a clerk. Granville.
6. The layman who reads the responces to the congregation in the
church to direct the rest, and gives out the psalm to be sung.

The CLERK forgets that ever he was sexton. Lat. Honores mutant
mores. H. Ger. Anderer stand andire Grreu (Honours change man­
ners.) People raised out of the dust to high stations are very apt to
forget their former conditions, as well as their former friends and ac­
quaintance: they think grandeur consists in a haughry carriage, and
lording it over those, who, perhaps, before were their superiors. Un­
happy is the condition of a man of honour, who is under a necessity
of having any sort of dependances on such despicable wretches; who,
having no merit of themselves, but what their riches and power give
them, are blind to all real merit in others.

CLERK attaint [in law] a clerk who has his clergy allowed him,
having prayed it alter judgment.

CLERK Ceviel, is one who prays his clergy before judgment.

CLERK [in a gaming house] one who is a check upon the puff, to
take care that he sinks none of the money given him to play with. A
cauting, gambling word.

CLERK [of the acts belonging to the navy] an officer, who re­
ceives and enters the commissions and warrants of the lord admi­






ral, and registers the acts and orders of the commissioners of the
navy.

CLERK [of assize] an officer who writes all things judicially done
by the justices of assize, in their circuit.

CLERK of the Check [in the king＇s court] an officer who has the
check and controlment of the yeomen of the guard, and all other or­
dinary yeomen or ushers belonging to the king, &c. either giving
leave or allowing their absence or attendance, or diminishing their
wages.

Six-CLERKS, officers in chancery, next in degree below the twelve
masters, whose business is to enrol commissions, pardons, patents,
warrants, &c. which pass the great seal. They are also attornies for
parties in suits depending in the court of chancery.

CLERK [of the crown] an officer of the court of king＇s bench, who
frames and records all indictments against traitors, felons, and other
offenders there arraigned upon any public crime.

CLERK of the Crown [in the court of chancery] an officer who con­
tinually attends upon the lord chancellor, or lord keeper, either in his
proper persons or his deputy, upon special matters of state: as all gene­
ral pardon upon grants of them at the king＇s coronation; or at a par­
liament. The writs of parliament, &c. are returned into his office;
he also makes special pardons, and writs of execution upon bond of
statute staple forfeited.

CLERK of the Errors [in the king＇s bench] an officer who transcribes
and certifies the records of such causes in that court, into the exche­
quer, if the cause or action were by bill.

CLERK of the Estreats [in the office of the exchequer] an officer
who receives the estreats out of the lord treasurer＇s remembrancer＇s of­
fice, and writes them out to be levy＇d for the king.

CLERK of the Hamper, or CLERK of the Hanaper [in the chancery]
an officer who receives all money due to the king＇s majesty for the sales
of charters, patents, commissions, and writs; and likewise fees due to
the officers for enrolling and examining the same. He is oblig＇d to
attend on the lord chancellor, or lord keeper, in term time daily, and
at all times of sealing.

CLERK of the Juries, or CLERK of the Curata Writs [in the court of
common pleas] an officer who makes out the writs called habeas cor­
pora, and distringas, for the appearance of the jury either in court or at
the assizes, after that the jury is impannelled or returned upon the ve­
nire facias.

CLERK Martial [of the king＇s house] an officer who attends the
marshal in his court, and records all his proceedings.

CLERK of the Market [of the king＇s house] an officer whose duty is
to take charge of the king＇s measures, and to keep the standards of
them; that is, examples of all the measures that ought to be through
the land.

CLERK of the Nichils [in the exchequer] an officer who makes a
roll of all such sums as are nichiled by the sheriff, upon their estreats of
green wax, and delivers them into the office of the lord treasurer＇s re­
membrancer, in order to have execution done upon them for the
king.

CLERK of the Parliament, one who records all things done in the
court of parliament, and engrosses them fairly in parchment rolls, for
the better preserving them to posterity. There are two of these, one of
the house of lords, and the other of the commons.

CLERK of the Outlawries [in the court of common pleas] an officer
who is deputy to the king＇s attorney-general, for making out the writs
of capias ut legatum.

CLERK of the Peace [belonging to the sessions of the peace] an of­
ficer who in the sessions reads the indictments, enrolls the acts, draws
the process, &c.

CLERK of the Pell [in the exchequer] an officer who enters the tel­
lers bills into a parchment-roll called pellis receptorem, and also makes
another roll of payment called pellis exituum, in which he enters down
by what warrant the money was paid.

CLERK of the Petty Bag [in chancery] of these officers there are
three, and the master of the rolls is their chief; their office is to record
the return of all inquisitions out of every shire; all liveries granted in
the court of wards; all ouster les mains; to make all patents for custo­
mers, gaugers, comptrollers, &c. summons of the nobility and bur­
gesses to parliament; commissions to knights of the shire for seizing of
subsidies, &c.

CLERK of the Pipe [in the exchequer] is an officer who receives all
the accounts and debts due to the king, being drawn out of the remem­
brancer＇s office, and enters them down into the great roll, and writes
summons to sheriffs to levy the said debts.

CLERK of the Pleas [in the exchequer] is an officer in whose office
the officers of the court upon special privileges belonging to them
ought to sue or be sued upon any action.

CLERK of the Privy Seal; of these officers there are four, who at­
tend the lord keeper of the privy seal, or the principal secretary, if
there be no privy seal; and also makes out privy seals upon any spe­
cial occasion of his majesty＇s affairs.

CLERK of the Sewers, an officer belonging to the commissioners of
sewers, who is to write down all things that they do by virtue of their
commission.

CLERK of the Signet, an officer who continually attends upon the
principal secretary of state, and has the custody of the privy signet,
which is as well for sealing his majesty＇s letters, and also such grants as
pass his majesty＇s hand by bills signed; of these there are four.

CLERK of the King＇s Silver [in the court of common pleas] an officer
who receives all the fines, after they have been with the custos bre­
vium, &c.

CLERK of the Treasury [in the court of common pleas] an officer
who has the charge of keeping the records of nisi prius, has the fees
due for all searches, the certifying of all records into the king＇s bench,
when writs of error are brought; makes out writs of supersedeas de
non molestando.

CLERK of the King＇s Great Wardrobe, an officer of the king＇s house
that keeps an account in writing of all things belonging to the king＇s
wardrobe.

CLERK of the Warrants [in the court of common pleas] an officer
who enters all warrants of attorney for plaintiff and defendant, and en­
rols all deeds of indentures of bargain and sale, acknowledged in court,
or before any judge of the court.

CLERK of the Supersedeas, an officer of the court of common pleas;
who make out writs of supersedeas (upon the defendant＇s appearing to
the exigent) whereby the sheriff is forbid to return to the exigent.

CLERKS, the company of clerks, called parish clerks, is ancient, and
stands registered in the books of Guild-hall. They were incorporated
the 17th of Henry III. Their arms are azure, a flower de-luce or,
on a chief gules, a leopard＇s head betwixt two books or: Their crest
an arm extended, surmounted on a torce and helmet, holding a singing
book open.

CLE＇RKSHIP [from clerk] 1. The office of a clerk of any kind.
2. Scholarship.

CLE＇ROMANCY [of κληρος, a lot, and μαντεια, Gr. divination] a
soothsaying or fortune-telling by lots.

CLERO＇NOMY [cleronomia, Lat. of κληρονομια, of κληρος, patrimony,
and νεμω, Gr. to distribute] an heritage.

CLEVE, CLIF, or CLIVE, at the beginning or end of the proper
name of a place, denotes it to be situated on a rock or side of a hill, as
Cleveland, Clifton, Sancliff.

CLE＇VER [of no certain etymology. Johnson. Probably of leger, Fr.]
1. Having the knack of doing ordevising a thing, skilful, dextrous, neat­
handed; as, a clever fellow, one that has a knack of doing or devising
any thing dexterously, ingeniously, &c. I read Dyer＇s letter more
for the stile than the news. The man has a clever pen, it must be
owned. Addison. 2. Just, fit, commodious.
I can＇t but think ＇twou＇d sound more clever,
To me and to my heirs for ever. Pope.
3. Well-shaped, handsome. The girl was a tight clever wench as
any. Arbuthnot. 4. This in all the senses is a low word, scarcely
ever used but in burlesque or conversation; and applied to any thing a
man likes, without any settled meaning.

CLE＇VERLY, adv. [from clever] skilfully, dexterously, fitly, hand­
somely. A rogue upon the high-way may have as strong an arm, and
take off a man＇s head, as cleverly as the executioner. South.

CLEVERNESS [from clever] dexterity, accomplishment.

CLEVES, or CLEF, the capital of the dutchy of Cleve, in the cir­
cle of Westphalia, in Germany, situated near the western shore of the
river Rhine; subject to the king of Prussia.

CLE＇VELAND, a district in the north riding of Yorkshire, from
which the noble family of Fitzroys take the title of duke.

CLEW [clype, Sax. klouwe, klouwen, Du.] 1. Yarn, thread, wound
on a bottom; a ball of thread.
While guided by some clew of heavenly thread,
The perplex＇d labyrinth we backward tread. Roscommon.
They see small clews draw vastest weights along. Dryden.
2. Guide, direction, because men direct themselves by a clew of
thread in a labyrinth.
Is there no way, no thought, no beam of light,
No clew to guide me thro＇ this gloomy maze? Smith.

CLEW of the Sail of a Ship, is the lower corner of it, which reaches
down to the earing, where the tackles and sheets are fasten＇d. Har­
ris.

To have a great CLEW [sea term] said of a sail, when it comes
goring or sloping off by degrees, and is broader at the clew than at the
earing, which is the end of the bolt-rope, in which the sail is sew＇d.

To spread a great CLEW [sea term] is said of a ship that las a very
long yard, and so takes up much canvas in her sails.

CLEW Garnet [in a ship] a rope which is made fast to the clew of a
sail, and from thence runs in a block or pully fastened to the middle of
the main and fore-yard; the use of it is to hale up the clew of the sail
close to the middle of the yard, in order to its being surled.

CLEW Line [in a ship] is the same to the top-sails and sprit-sails,
that the clew-garnet is to the main and fore-sail.

To CLEW [from clew; a sea term] to clew the sails is to raise them
in order to be furled, which is done by a rope fastened to the clew of
a sail, called the clew garnet. Harris.

CLEY, a hurdle for penning and folding a sheep.

CLE＇YES [q. claws, or of χλαι, Gr. crabs claws] the claws of a
lobster. See CHELI.

To CLICK, or To go CLICK Clack [probably of klicken, Du.
cliqueter, Fr.] to make a sharp, small, successive noise, as a watch, &c.
does.
A solemn death-watch click＇d the hour she dy＇d,
And shrilling crickets in the chimney cry＇d. Gay.

CLI＇CKER, a servant to a salesman, shoe-maker, &c. who stands
at the shop-door to invite customers.

CLICKET [cliquet, Fr.] the knocker of a door. Skinner.

CLI＇CKETING [with hunters] a term used of a fox, who is said to
go a clicketing when he is desirous of copulation.

CLI＇ENT [Fr. clientolo, It. cliente, Sp. cliente, Ger. cliens, Lat.]
1. One that retains a lawyer on process to plead his cause. Advocates
must deal plainly with their clients, and tell the true state of their case.
Taylor. 2. It may be perhaps sometimes used for a dependent in a
more general sense.
I do think they are your friends and clients,
And fearful to disturb you. Ben Johnson.

CLIENT, a Roman citizen, who put himself under the protection of
some great man, who was stiled his patron.

CLI＇ENTED, part. adj. [from client] supplied with clients. This
due occasion of discouragement, the worst conditioned and least cliented,
petivoguers, do yet, under the sweet bait of revenge, convert to a more
plentiful prosecution of actions. Carew.

CLIENTE＇LE [of clientela, Lat.] the condition or office of clients,
or persons who were under protection and vassalage. A word scarcely
used.
There＇s Varus holds good quarters with him,
And under the pretext of clientele,
Will be admitted. Ben Johnson.

CLI＇ENTSHIP [of client] the condition of a client. Patronage and
clientship among the Romans always descended: the plebeian houses
had recourse to the patrician line, which had formerly protected them.
Dryden.








CLIFF, or CLIFT, [clif, cliof, Sax. of clivus, Lat.] the side or
pitch of a hill, a steep rock, a cragged mountain or broken rock on
the sea-coasts. The Leucadians did use to precipitate a man from a
high cliff into the sea. Bacon. Craggy cliffs of Tetrica. Dryden.

CLIFF [in music] a certain character or mark placed on one side
of the lines, from the site of which the proper places of all other notes
in any tune or song are discovered by proving the said notes from
thence, according to the scale of the gam-ut, in which are contained
three septenaries of letters, G. A. B. C. D. E. F. Which letters, set at
the beginning of every rule and space, serve to express as many cliffs
or keys; but only four of these are used, and placed at the beginning
of the staves of every lesson. This comes from the French, and should
be written clef.

CLIFT, the same with cliff. Now obsolete.
Down he tumbled like an aged tree,
High growing on the top of rocky clift. Spenser.

CLIFT [with horsemen] is a deficiency in the new, soft and rough,
uneven hoof, that grows on horses feet upon the hoof-cast.

CLIMA＇CTER [κλιμακτηρ, Gr.] a certain space of time, or progress­
sion of years, which is supposed to end critically and dangerously.
Elder times, settling their conceits upon climacters, differ. Holder.

CLIMACTE＇RICAL [climaterique, Fr. climatterico, It. climatérico, Sp.
climactericus, Lat. κλιμακτηρικος, Gr.] ascending like a ladder.

CLIMACTE＇RICAL Years, are certain critical years, wherein, accord­
ing to astrologers, there is some very notable alteration in the body to
arise, and a person stands in great danger of death, as the 7th year,
the 21st (made up of 3 times 7) the 27th (made up of 3 times 9)
the 49th (made up of 7 times 7) the 63d (being 9 times 7) and the
81ft (made up of 9 times 9.) Thus every 7th or 9th year is said
to be climacterical.

Grand CLIMACTE＇RICS, are the 63d and 81st years, wherein, if any
sickness happens, it is looked upon to be very dangerous. Your lord­
ship being now arrived at your great climacteric, yet give no proof
of the least decay of your excellent judgment. Dryden.

CLIMATE, or CLIME [clima, It. Sp. and Lat. climat, Fr. of κλιμα,
Gr. a region] a part or portion of the earth, lying between two
circles parallel to the equator, in each of which portions, ascending
from the equator to the poles, there is half an hour＇s difference in the
longest day in summer, from that nearer to the equator. From the
polar circles to the poles, the climates are measured by the increase of
a month.

CLIME, or CLIMATE [with astronomers] for the distinction of
places and different temperature of air, according to their situation,
the whole globe is divided into 48 climates, 24 northern, and 24
southern, according to the increase of half an hour in the longest day
in summer.
Betwixt th＇ extremes two happier climates hold,
The temper that partakes of hot and cold. Dryden.

To CLI＇MATE, verb neut. [from the noun] to inhabit. A word
perhaps used only by Shakespeare.
The blessed gods
Purge all infection from our air, whilst you
Do climate here. Shakespeare.

CLIMA＇TIAS [κλιματιας, Gr.] a kind of earthquake that moves
sidelong, and lays all flat that is before it.

CLIMA＇TURE, the same with climate; and now obsolete.
Such harbingers preceding still the fates,
Have heav＇n and earth together demonstrated
Unto our climatures and countrymen. Shakespeare.

CLI＇MAX [κλιμαξ, Gr. a ladder] a rhetorical figure, called in La­
tin, gradatio, i. e. a proceeding step by step, or gradually from one
thing to another, as that of Cicero to Cataline: Nihil agis, nihil mo­
liris, nihil cogitas; quod ego non audiam, quod ego non videam, planeque
sentiam: Thou do＇st nothing, mov＇st nothing, think＇st nothing; but
I hear it, I see it, and perfectly understand it.
Some radiant Richmond ev＇ry age has grac＇d,
Still rising in a climax, till the last,
Surpassing all, is not to be surpast. Granville.
I am persuaded my reader will excuse me, if I refer them to that
noble instance of this figure, which occurs in 1 Cor. iii. 22, 23; or
which, if possible, is still more sublime, 1 Cor. xv. 24—28. See
ANTICLIMAX; and instead of that line,
Rides in the whirlwind, &c.
which through mistake of memory I there inserted, substitute this
verse,
Cover＇d with tempests, and in oceans drown＇d.
Addison＇s Campaign. Ed. Tonson, p. 67.

To CLIMB, verb neut. pret. and part. pass. climbed; old pret. and
part. clomb [clyman, or clymbam, Sax. klimmen, Du.] it is pro­
nounced as if written clime, to creep, or to mount up by little and little,
or step by step, by means of some hold or footing. It implies la­
bour and difficulty, together with successive efforts. Jonathan climb＇d
up upon his hands and upon his feet. 1 Samuel.
No rebel Titan＇s sacrilegious crime,
By heaping hills on hills, can thither climb. Roscommon.

To CLIMB, verb act. to ascend or go up any place.
Climb＇d the steep mountain. Prior.
A high CLI＇MBING, a sleep coming down.
Fr. Aprés grande Montée, grande vallé.
The Italians have a very good proverbial rhime to the same
purpose:
Ai voli alti e repentini
Sogliono i præcipizi esser vicini.
(High and hasty slights are generally attended with precipitate
falls.)
Those that rise suddenly from a mean state to riches or honour, ge­
nerally fall as precipitately; and one great reason perhaps is, because
so sudden a change is apt to beget pride and rash solly, and that to
produce envy and enmity: It is therefore prudent to think of ano­
ther saying;
He who never CLIMBFD, never sell. And they who never attempt at
higher things than becomes them in their stations, they generally ad­
vance by degrees, or at least stand their ground.

CLI＇MBER [from climb] 1. One that scales any place, a mounter
2. In the following passage, Carew uses it ser going down, but it is
by gradation.
I wait not at the lawyer＇s gates,
Ne shoulder climbers down the stairs. Carew.
3. A plant that creeps or climbs upon other supports. Ivy, briony,
honey-suckles, and other climbers. Mortimer. 4. A particular herb.
It hath a perennial fibrose root; the leaves grow opposite upon the
stalks. The flowers mostly of four leaves, in form of a cross; in
the center of the flower are many hairy stamina surrounding the
pointal, which becomes a fruit, in which the seeds are gathered into a
little head, ending in a rough plume: whereas it is called by the
country people old man＇s beard. There are twelve species, two of
which grow wild. Miller.

Virginian CLIMBER [with botanists] a shrub, the Virginian ivy.

CLIME [contracted from climate, and therefore properly poetical]
climate, tract of earth.
We shall meet
In happier climes, and on a safer shore. Addison.
Temperate climes. Atterbury.

To CLINCH [clyniga, Sax. to knock. Junius. Clingo, in Festus,
to encompass. Minshew] 1. To gripe hard with the fist, to hold fast
in the hand with the fingers bent over any thing.
Simois rolls the bodies and the shields
Of heroes, whose dismember＇d hands yet bear
The dart aloft, and clinch the pointed spear. Dryden.
2. To double the hand, to contract the fingers into a fist. The tops
I could but just reach with my fist clinched. Swift. 3. To bend the
point of a nail in the other side. 4. To confirm, to fix; as, to clinch
an argument. See CLENCH.

CLINCH [from the verb] a word used in a double meaning, a pun,
a quibble, a duplicity of meaning, with an indentity of expression.
Such as they are, I hope they will prove, without a clinch luciferous
searching after the nature of light. Boyle. Here one poor word a hun­
dred clinches makes. Pope.

CLI＇NCHER [from clinch] 1. A person who deals in clinches or
puns, one who makes smart repartees. 2. From to clinch; a cramp,
a holdfast, a piece of iron bent down to fasten planks.
The wimbles for the work Calypso found;
With those he pierc＇d them, and with clinchers bound. Pope.

CLINCHER [a sea term] a small ship, bark, or boat, whose planks
are laid one over another.

CLI＇NCHING [a sea term] the slight calking of a vessel, when foul
weather is expected about the harbour, which is by driving a little
oakam into the seams to keep out the water.

To CLING, irr. verb neut. pret. I cling, or have clung; part. pass.
clung [of klinger, Dan. klinge, Su. of clingo, Lat.] 1. To stick
close to, to hold fast upon. Two spent summers that do cling toge­
ther. Shakespeare. Two babes of love close clinching to her waist.
Pope. 2. To dry up, consume, or waste [beclungen treow, Sax. a
withered tree. Johnson]
If thou speak＇st false,
Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive,
Till famine cling thee. Shakespeare.

CLI＇NGING, or CLI＇NGY [of clingens, Lat.] apt to cling, clammy.

CLI＇NIC [of κλινη, Gr. a bed] it is now used for a quack or nurse,
who pretends to have learnt the method of curing diseases, by attend­
ing on the sick.

CLINIC, subst. [κλινικος, Gr.] a physician or nurse who attends bed­
rid persons; also a bearer who carries the dead to the grave.

CLI＇NICE [of κλινη, Gr.] that part of physic that respects bed rid
people.

CLI＇NICAL, or CLI＇NIC, adj. [κλινικος, of κλινω, Gr. to lay down]
of or pertaining to bed-rid people, or those that are fick past hopes of
recovery. A clinical convert, one that is converted on his death-bed.
Taylor. This word often occurs in his works.

CLINIC, or CLINICAL Baptism, i. e. baptisin administred on a subject
confined to the bed of sickness. Thus Novatian, “being sick and
near death, as was supposed, received the ordinance in his bed by
perfusion, or pouring on of water.” Euseb. Ed. Steph. l. 6. p. 70. Some
indeed questioned the validity or good effect of such a baptism; but
St. Cyprian, in its defence, not only reasons from the moral purport
of this christian institution in general; but also appeals to the practice
of the church itself, which did not administer this ordinance afresh on
those who had thus received it. Cyp. Epist. ad Magn. Ed. Erasin.
p. 132, 133. See BAPTIZE.

To CLINK, verb act. [perhaps softened from clank, or corrupted
from click. Johnson. klincken, Du. klingen, Ger.] 1. To strike a
thing so as to make a small sharp noise. Five years! a long lease
for the clinking of pewter. Shakespeare. 2. To ring or sound like metal.
Submissive, clink against your brazen portals. Prior.
Clinking patterns. Gay.

To CLINK, verb neut. to give a small, sharp, interrupted noise.

CLINK [from the verb] 1. A sharp successive noise, a knocking.
He heard the clink and fall of swords. Shakespeare.
2. It seems in Spenser to have some unusual sense.
Tho＇ creeping close, behind the wicket＇s clink,
Privily he peeped out thro＇ a chink. Spenser.

CLI＇NKER, a crasty, tricking fellow. A cant low word.

CLINKERS [with the canting crew] fetters.

CLINKERS, those bricks, which by having much nitre in them, and
lying next the fire in the clamp or kiln, by the violence of the fire,
run and are glazed over.

CLINOI＇DES Apophyses, Lat. [of κλινη, a bed, and ειδος, Gr. form]
are four processes on the middle of the os sphenoides, forming a ca­
vity, called sella turcica, in the middle of that bone in which the
glandula pituitaria is seated.

CLINOPO＇DIUM [of κλινη, a bed, and πους, Gr. the foot] the herb
puliol.

CLI＇NQUANT, subst. Fr. embroidery, spangles, false glitter, tinsel,
finery. To day the French,
All clinquant, all in gold, like heathen gods,
Shone down the English. Shakespeare.

CLI＇O [κλειω, Gr.] one of the nine muses, feigned to be the first
inventress of history, and heroic poetry.








To CLIP, verb act. [clippan, Sax. klippon, Du. klippa, Su.] 1. To
embrace, by throwing the arms round one, to hug, to enfold in the
arms.
He that before shun＇d her, to shun such harms,
Now runs and takes her in his clipping arms. Sidney.
Neptune＇s arms, who clippeth thee about. Shakespeare. 2. To cut
about, or to cut small, to cut with sheers [klipper, Dan. klippen, Du.
apparently from the same radical sense, since sheers cut by inclosing
and embracing. Johnson] Your sheers came too late to clip the bird＇s
wings, that already is flown away. Sidney. 3. Sometimes with off;
as, to clip off a hair. 4. It is particularly used of those that pare
the edges of coin; as, to clip, or diminish coin. 5. To curtail, to
cut short; as, to clip the king＇s English, not to speak plain, as people
who are drunk, or learning a language. 6. To confine, hold, or
contain.
Where is he living clipt in with the sea,
Who calls me pupil? Shakespeare.

To CLIP, verb neut. a phrase in falconry.
Some falcon stoops at what her eye design＇d,
And with her eagerness the quarry miss＇d,
Straight flies at check, and clips it down the wind. Dryden.
To CLIP any one＇s wings.
Lat. Pennas incidere alicui. To keep any one from soaring too high.
The French say likewise, Rogner les aíles a quelqu＇un.

CLI＇PPER [from clip] one that debases or diminishes coin, by
cutting.
It is no English treason to cut
French crowns, and to morrow the king
Himself will be a clipper. Shakespeare.

CLI＇PPING, a small piece clipt off from any thing; as, the clip­
pings of the beard.

CLITO＇RIS [with anatomists] a part in the pudendum muliebre, a­
bout the size of the uvula, which is seated before, and whose sub­
stance consists of two spongy bodies, like those of the penis; the end
of it being also called præputium.

CLI＇VER, an herb, more properly written cleaver. It grows wild,
the seeds sticking to the cloaths of such as pass by them. It is some­
times used in medicine. Miller.

CLI＇VUS, the steep descent of an hill, a clif. Lat.

CLOAK, or CLOKE [Minshew derives it from καλυπτω, Gr. to co­
ver; but Skinner, of lach, Sax.] 1. An upper loose garment, worn
over the clothes in rainy, cold weather. Their clokes were cloath
of silver. Dryden. 2. A concealment, a covering, blind or pre­
tence. Not using your liberty for a cloak of maliciousness. St. Peter.
Cut your CLOAK according to your cloth.
This proverb contains good advice to people of several ranks and
degrees, to balance accounts betwixt their expences and their incomes,
and not to let their vanity lead them; as, we say, To out-run the con­
stable: and so say the Latins, Sumptus censum ne superet; and the
French, Fol est qui plus despend, que sa rente ne vaut: Or, La dêpense
ne doit pas excéder la recepte. (Our expences must not exceed our in­
come.) Or, Selon le pain il faut la couteau. (Our knife must be ac­
cording to our bread.) The Italians say according to the second
French proverb, Faciamo la spesa secondo l＇entrata. Or as we; Bisog­
na tagliare il vestito secondo il panno: or in a proverbial rhime, Amiro
mio cortese, secondo l＇entrate fatté le spese.

To CLOKE [from the noun] 1. To cover with a cloak, 2. To con­
ceal, to palliate or hide. She sought for helps to cloak her crimes
withal. Spenser.

CLOAKBAG [of cloak and bag] a portmanteau, a bag in which
cloaths are carried. That trunk of humours, that stuffed cloakbag of
guts. Shakespeare.

To CLOATH, or CLOTHE, irr. ver. act. pret. I cloathed, or clad;
part pass. clothed, or clad. [of clad, Sax. kleeden, Du. O and L. Ger.
kleiden, H. Ger. klade, Dan. klada, Su.] to furnish or cover with
cloaths. See To CLOTHE.

To be CLOATHED [spoken of a mast] is when the sail is so long as
to reach down to the gratings of the hatches, so that no wind can
blow below the sail.

CLOATHS [probably of cloth, the matter some are made of] gar­
ments of all sorts. It has no singular number in this sense. See
CLOTH.

CLOCK [clugga, Sax. klocke, Dan. klocke, Du. and Ger, klacke,
Su. cloche, Fr. glocke, Teut. a bell, clock, Wel. from cloch, a bell,
Wel. Armor.] 1. A machine for measuring of time, which tells the
hour by a stroke upon a bell. 2. It is usual to say, what is it of
the clock, for what hour is it? or two o＇clock, for the second hour.

A CLOCK, an insect, a cock-chafer, a beetle or dor.

The CLOCK of a Stocking, the flowers and inverted work usual on
stockings about the ankle.

CLO＇CKMAKER [of clock and make] one whose business is to make
clocks.

CLO＇CKMAKING [clugg smithcraft, Sax.] the art of making
clocks.

CLO＇CKWORK [of clock and work] movement by weights or springs,
like those of a clock.

A CLOD [clud, Sax. a little hillock, klotte, kluyt, Du. klot, L.
Ger. klosz, H. Ger.] 1. A lump of earth or clay, such a body of
earth as cleaves together; as, a great or small clod. 2. A turf, the
ground.
Byzantians boast that on the clod,
Where once their sultan＇s horse has trod,
Grows neither grass, nor shrub, nor tree. Swift.
3. Any thing vile, base, and earthy, as man＇s body compared to his
soul. The purer spirit united to this clod. Glanville. 4. A dolt, a
stupid fellow. The vulgar, a scarce animated clod! Dryden.

To CLOD, verb neut. [from the subst.] to gather into clods or
lumps, to be concreted, to coagulate: for this we sometimes use clot.
From the stream
With lavers pure, and cleansing herbs, wash, off
The clodded gore. Milton.

To CLOD, verb act. [from the subst.] to pelt with clods.

CLOD Salt [at the salt works] a cake that sticks to the bottom of
the pan, and is taken out once in 24 hours.

CLO＇DDINESS [cluddinesse, Sax.] the quality of being full of
clods.

CLO＇DDY [from clod] 1. Consisting of clods, earthy, miry, gross,
base, mean; as, cloddy earth. 2. Full of clods, unbroken. Morti­
mer uses it.

CLO＇DPATE [from clod and pate] a dolt, a thick-scull.

CLO＇DPATED [from clodpate] doltish, stupid, thoughtless; as, a
clodpated fellow.

CLO＇DPOLL [of clod and poll] a thick-scull, a blockhead. This
letter being so excellently ignorant, he will find that it comes from a
clodpoll. Shakespeare.

CLOF, CLOUGH, or CLOW [of clough, Sax. a fissure or open
passage in the side of a mountain] being added to the name of a
place, intimates it to have been such a sort of a place; as, Cloughton.

CLOG. 1. A weight, a load, any incumbrance hung upon an animal or
other thing, to hinder motion; a piece of wood, &c. fastened on the
legs of beasts to prevent them from running astray; as, to hang clogs
on a person. 2. In a figurative sense, a load, a let, a hindrance. 3. In­
cumbrance, obstruction in general, The weariness of the flesh is an
heavy clog to the will. Hooker.

CLOG. 1. A sort of pattens without rings; a woman＇s addi­
tional shoe to keep from wet. 2. A wooden shoe. In France the
peasantry go bare-foot, and the middle sort make use of wooden
clogs. Harvey.

To CLOG, verb act. [probably of log. By Casaubon derived from
κλοιος, a dog＇s collar, being thought to be first hung upon fierce dogs]
1. To load with something that may hinder motion, by fastening a piece
of wood or iron to the neck or leg. 2. To hinder, to obstruct. His
majesty＇s ships were not so over-pester＇d and clogged with great ord­
nance. Raleigh. 3. To burthen, to embarrass. All the commodities
that go up into the country are clogged with impositions. Addison. In
the following passage it is improper. Clocks and jacks, if they be not
oiled, will hardly move, tho＇ you clog them with never so much weight.
Ray.

To CLOG, verb neut. 1. To coalesce, to adhere. In this sense per­
haps only corruptly used for clod or clot. Move it with a broom, that
the seeds clog not together. Evelyn. 2. To be encumbered or impeded
by some external matter. In working through the bone, the teeth of
the saw will begin to clog. Sharp.

CLO＇GGINESS, or CLO＇GGINGNESS [from cloggy] a being apt to
clog or hinder, the state of being clogged.

CLO＇GGY [from clog] having the power of clogging up. By addi­
taments of some such nature, some grosser and cloggy parts are retained.
Boyle.

CLO＇GHER, a city and bishop＇s see of Ireland, in the county of Ti­
rone, and province of Ulster, about 12 miles west of Armagh.

CLO＇ISTER [cloitre, Fr. chiostro, It. cláustro, Sp. closter, H. Ger.
kloster, Su. kloster, Dan. klooster, Du. clas, Wel. clauster, Sax. of
claustrum, Lat.] a religious retirement, a nunnery, a monastery.
Some solitary cloister will I chuse,
And there with holy virgins live immur＇d. Dryden.

To CLOISTER Up. 1. To shut or pen up in a religious house or cloister.
It was of the king＇s first acts to cloister the queen dowager in the nun­
nery of Bermondsey. Bacon. 2. To confine in a place.

CLOI＇STERAL, belonging to a cloister, retired, religiously recluse.
Cloistral men of great learning and devotion. Walton.

CLOI＇STERED, part. adj. [from cloister] 1. Inhabiting a cloister,
solitary.
E＇er the bat hath flown
His cloister＇d flight. Shakespeare.
2. Built with piazzas or peristiles. The Greek and Romans had two
cloistered open courts. Wotton.

CLOI＇STRESS [from cloister] a nun, a woman who has vowed a re­
ligious life. Like a cloistress she will veiled walk. Shakespeare.

CLOKE. See CLOAK.

CLOMB, or CLO＇MBEN [the old pret. of climb, of clyman, Sax.]
climbed or got up. Spenser and Milton use clomb.

To CLOOM, verb act. [corrupted from cleam, clæmcan, Sax.
which is still used in some provinces. Johnson] to close with glutinous
matter. Mortimer uses it.

To CLOSE, verb act. [closa, Armor. cluys, Du. clos, Fr. clausus,
Lat. clyran, Sax.] 1. To shut, to lay together; as, to close the eyes.
2. To conclude, or end, to finish.
One frugal supper did our studies close. Dryden.
3. To inclose, to confine, to reposite.
Every one,
According to the gift which bounteous nature
Hath in him clos＇d. Shakespeare.
4. To join, to unite fractures, to consolidate fissures. As soon as any
public rupture happens, it is immediately closed up by moderation. Ad­
dison.

To CLOSE, verb neut. 1. To coalesce, to join its own parts toge­
ther. They went down alive into the pit, and the earth closed upon
them. Numbers. 2. To close upon, to agree upon, to join in; as, to
close upon measures. Temple. 3. To close with, or to close in with, to
come to an agreement with, to comply or unite with; as, to close in
friendship with one; and to close in with the people. 4. To grapple
with in wrestling. 5. To heal; spoken of a wound.

CLOSE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Any thing shut, that has no out­
let; as, distillation in close. Bacon. 2. A small field inclosed. 3. The
manner of shutting.
The doors of plank were, their close exquisite,
Kept with a double key. Chapman.
4. The time of shutting up; as, the close of night; the close of day.
5. A grapple in wrestling. He lay an open side to Perkin, to make
him come to the close, and so to trip up his heels. Bacon. 6. A pause,
cessation, or rest.
At ev＇ry close she made, the attending throng
Reply＇d. Dryden.
7. A conclusion, or end, speedy death.
The close of all my miseries, and the balm. Milton.

CLOSE, adv. It is sometimes used adverbially by itself; but more
frequently in composition; as








CLOSE BANDED, ranged in close order, or secretly leagued, which
seems the meaning in this passage.
Nor in the house with chamber ambushes
Close-banded, durst attack one. Milton.

CLOSE-BODIED, made to fit the body exactly; as, a close-bodied
coat.

CLOSE-PENT, shut up close, having no vent; as, a close-pent room.
Dryden.

CLOSE, adj. [from the verb] 1. Shut fast, so as to leave no part
open; as, a close room. 2. Secret, private, not to be seen thro＇; as,
a close vizard. 3. Confined, stagnant, being without ventilation; as,
close and not fresh air. 4. Compact, without interstices; as, a close
and compact substance. 5. Glutinous, not volatile; as, a close and
tenacious oil. 6. Concise, brief, not exuberant; without digression.
You lay your thoughts so close together, that were they closer they
would be crouded. Dryden. 7. Immediate, having no intervening
distance or space, whether of time or place; as, to bring things close to
the test of true and false. Burnet. 8. Approaching nearly, joined one to
another. Now sit we close about this taper here. Shakespeare. 9. Nar­
row; as, a close lane. 10. Admitting small distance; as, close fight.
11. Undiscovered, being without any token by which one may be
found. Close observe him. Shakespeare. 12. Hidden, secret, not re­
vealed; as, a close intent. 13. Having the quality of secrecy, trusty.
For secrecy no lady closer. Shakespeare. 14. Cloudy, sly, having an
appearance of concealment; as, a close aspect. 15. Attentive, not devi­
ating; as, to keep our thoughts close to their business. Locke. 16. Full
to the point, home. I am engaging in a large dispute, where the ar­
guments are not like to reach close on either side. Dryden. 17. Retired,
solitary. 18. Secluded from communication; as, a close prisoner in
the tower. 19. Applied to the weather, dark, cloudy, not clear.
CLOSE fits my shirt, but closer my skin.
That is; my friends are dear to me, but I love myself better. See
CHARITY begins at Home.
A CLOSE mouth catches no flies.
That is; a man who cannot speak for himself will never gain his
point: And this is the case of many a deserving man, who by a false
modesty is chained down to misery all his life time; and, as an addition
to his misfortune, has the mortification of seeing worthless wretches,
who have nothing to recommend them but their impudence, step in
before him, and run away with his due. We say likewise, to the
same purpose: Dumb folks get no land: Or, Spare to speak, and spare
to speed. The Lat. Amyclas filentium perdidit. The Germ. say, Es
flengt enim keine gebratene tauben ins maul. (Roasted pigeons will ne­
ver sly into any man＇s mouth.)

CLOSE [in heraldry] signifies any thing closed or inclosed, and is
used to signify the close bearing of the wings of such birds as are gene­
rally addicted to flight, as the eagle, falcon, &c. But it is not used
of the peacock, dung-hill-cock, &c. It is also used of horse-barna­
cles or bits, when they are not extended, as they are usually borne; as,
a barnacle-close; and also of an helmet; as, an helmet-close, i. e. with
the visor down.

A CLOSE [clos, Fr.] a piece of ground fenced or hedged about.

CLOSE [in music] is either the end of an imperfect strain, which is
called an imperfect close; or the end of a lesson or tune, called a perfect
close.

CLOSE Fights [in a ship] are bulk heads put up fore and aft in a
close fight, for the men to stand behind them secure.

CLOSED Behind [in horses] an imperfection in the hind quarters.

To CLOSE an Account, is to make an end of it or shut it up, by
drawing a line, &c. when no more is to be added to it.

To CLOSE a Passage justly [with horsemen] is when a horse ends a
passade with a demivolt in good order, well narrowed and bounded,
and terminates upon the same line, upon which he parted; so that he
is still in a condition to part from the hand handsomely, at the very
last time or motion of his demivolt.

CLO＇SELY [from close] 1. Secretly, privately, dissembling. A Spa­
niard riding in the bay, sent some closely into the village. Carew. 2.
Without inlet or outlet; as, a crucible closely luted. Boyle. 3. Nearly,
without much space intervening; as, to follow one closely at the heels.
4. Without deviation; as, to translate closely.

CLO＇SENESS [from close] 1. The quality of being close, the state of
being shut; as, the closeness of a drum preserveth the sound. 2. Nar­
rowness, straitness. 3. Want of air or ventilation; as, the closeness of
a room. 4. Compactness, solidity, closeness of bark. 5. Recluse­
ness, retirement, solitude.
I, thus neglecting worldly ends, all dedicated
To closeness, and the bettering of my mind. Shakespeare.
6. Secrecy, privacy; as, closeness of counsels. 7. Covetousness, sly,
avarice. Astectation of closeness and covetousness. Addison. 8. Con­
nection, dependence; as, to have proceedings run in closeness and
coherence with one another. South.

CLO＇SER [of close] he that finishes or concludes.

CLOSE-STOOL [of close and stool] a chamber implement.
And his high helmet was a close-stool pan. Garth.

CLOSET [of close] 1. A small apartment in or adjoining to a room,
for privacy and retirement. 2. A private repository of curiosities; as,
a closet of raritics.

CLOSET [in heraldry] is the half of the bar; and the bar should
contain the fifth part of the escutcheon.

CLO＇SETTING, private consultations or intrigues of the cabinet coun­
cil of a king, &c.

CLOSH [with husbandmen] a distemper in the feet of cattle, also
called the founder.

CLOSH [in old statutes] the game called nine-pins, forbidden by a
statute, anno 17 of king Edward IV.

CLO＇SURE [from close] 1. The art of shutting up. The chink was
carefully closed up; upon which closure there appeared not any change.
Boyle. 2. That by which any thing is closed. Your last to me quite
open, without a seal, wafer, or any closure whatever. Pope. 3. The
parts inclosing, inclosure. Closure of thy walls. Shakespeare. 4. Con­
clusion, end.
We＇ll hand in hand all headlong cast us down,
And make a mutual closure of our house. Shakespeare.

CLOT [clud, Sax. probably at first the same with clod, but now al­
ways applied to different uses. Johnson]] a clod or lump; as, a clot
of grumous blood.

To CLOT [from the noun, or from klotteren, Du] to form clots, to
hang together; as, the clotted glebe. 2. To concrete, to coagulate;
as, clotted gore or blood.

CLO＇TTED, in clods or lumps.

CLOTH, plur. cloths, clothes [clath, Sax. kleed, Du. klade, Su.]
1. The material of which garments are made, whether of vegetable or
animal substance. See CLOATH. As, linen-cloth, woollen-cloth.
Cloth is one of the most advantageous woollen manufactures of Eng­
land, first taught us by the Flemmings, though we now far outdo
them.
It＇s a bad CLOTH will take no colour.
Ital. Cattiva è quella lana che non si puo tingere. See It is an ill
cause that none dare speak in. See under CAUSE.
2. The piece of linen spread on a table; as, the table-cloth. 3. The
canvas on which pictures are drawn; as, a right painted cloth. 4.
Always in the plural. Dress, vestments, garment, including what­
ever covering is worn on the body. Pronounced clo＇s.

To CLOTHE, verb act. pret. I clothed or clad; part. pass. clothed or
clad [from cloth] 1. To cover with garments from cold and injuries.
2. To adorn with dress
Embroider＇d purpled clothes the golden bed. Pope.
3. To invest as with clothes; as, language clothes thoughts. 4. To
furnish or provide with clothes.

CLOTH [a sea term] a ship is said to spread much cloth, when she
has broad sails.

CLOTH-BURR, or CLOT-BURR, [with botanists] a kind of plant.

CLO＇THIER [of clathian, Sax. to clothe] a clothworker.

CLO＇THING, subst. [from cloth] dress, garments.

CLO＇THO [of κλωθω, Gr. to spin] one of the three destinies, who,
as the poets feign, cuts the thread of man＇s life.

CLOTH-SHEARER [of cloth and shear] one who trims the cloth and
levels the nap.

CLOTH-WORKERS were incorporated the 22d of king Henry VIII.
anno 1530, and is the twelfth company of the city of London. Their
arms are sable, a chevron ermin in chief, two crabbets argent, in beise
or beazel or. Their supporters are two griffins, their crest a ram on a
torce and helmet; their motto, My trust is in God alone. Their hall
is on the east side of Mincing-Lane, London.

CLOT-POLL. 1. The same with clod-poll; which see. Call the clot­
poll back. Shakespeare. 2. The head-speaker; in contempt.
I have sent Clotens clot-poll down the stream,
In embassy. Shakespeare.

To CLO＇TTER [klotteren, Du.] to concrete, as blood, &c. when
cold.

CLO＇TTY [of clot] full of clods, concretred; as, thick clotty streaks,
and clotty land.

CLOUD [whence the name, is not certainly determined. Skinner
derives it from kladde, Du. a spot. Somnerus derives it of clud, Sax. a
lump or clod, q. d. clodded vapours; but Minshew of claudere, Lat. to
shut up, because they shut up the sun from us. Casaubon chuses rather
to derive this word from caligo, Lat. of ἀχλυς, Gr. darkness, obscurity]
1. The dark collection of vapours in the air. When the particles of the
clouds are so thick that they can no longer be kept up by the resistance
of the air, then they are condensed into water, and fall down in rain.
See CONDENSATION and VAPOUR. 2. The veins, marks, or stains in
stones or other bodies; as, a cloud in a diamond. 3. Any state of dark­
ness. How can I see the brave and young
Fall in the cloud of war, and fall unsung? Addison.
4. Any thing that spreads wide; as, a multitude; a cloud of witnesses.
Hebrews.

To CLOUD, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To darken with clouds,
to cover with clouds. 2. To make less evident, to obsure; as, to
cloud and darken the clearest truth. Decay of Piety. 3. To variegate
with dark veins. The clouded olive＇s easy grain. Pope.

To CLOUD, verb neut. To grow dark with clouds.
After CLOUDS fair weather.
Lat. Post nubila Phœbus, or, Non si malè nunc, & olim sic erit; or,
Flebile principium melior fortuna sequatur. We say likewise; Cloudy
mornings may turn to clear evenings. And so the Germans; Auf einen
trueben morgen solget ein heiterer abend. The French say as we;
Apres la pluye le heau tems.

CLOUDS-BERRY, a plant growing on Pendle-hill in Lancashire, so
called as if it came out of the clouds; called also Kotherry. It hath
a perpetual flower. The fruit is formed of many acini in form of the
mulberry.

CLOUD-CAPT [of cloud and cap] topp＇d with clouds, touching the
clouds. The cloud-capt towers. Shakespeare.

CLOUD-COMPELLING [of cloud and compel; a word formed in imi­
tation of νεϕεληγερετης, ill understood. Johnson] an epithet of Jupiter,
by whom clouds were supposed to be collected.
Bacchus the seed of cloud-compelling Jove. Waller.

CLOUDILY [of cloudy] 1. Darkly, with clouds. 2. Obscurely,
not perspicuously. He was commanded to write so cloudily by Cornu­
tus. Dryden.

CLOU＇DINESS [of cloudy] 1. Darkness, the state of being covered
with clouds. 2. Want of brightness. The stone would lose more of
its cloudiness. Boyle.

CLO＇UDLESS [from cloud] clear, having no clouds, bright, pure;
as, cloudless skies. Pope.

CLOU＇DY. 1. Overcast with clouds, consisting of clouds. The
cloudy pillar descended. Exodus. 2. Dark, not intelligible; as, cloudy
and confused notions. Watts. 3. Looking morosely, not cheerful, not
open; as, cloudy look. Spenser. 4. Marked with variegations or veins.

CLOVE, pret. of to cleave. See To CLEAVE.

CLOVE [clufe, Sax.] a head or partition of a head of garlic, lilly­
roots, &c.

CLOVE [clufe, Sax. clavo, Sp. or of clou, clon de girofie, Fr. per­
haps of clou, Fr. a nail, from the resemblance it bears to it] a spice
brought from Ternate in the East Indies. It is the fruit or seed of a
very large tree.

CLOVE [in Essex] the weight of eight pounds of butter or cheese;
of wool seven pounds.








CLO＇VEN, or CLOVE, [of cleofan, Sax.] cleft, divided. See To
CLEAVE.

CLO＇VEN-FOOTED, or CLO＇VEN-HOOFED [of cloven, foot, and hoof]
having the foot divided into two parts. The bisulious and cloven-hooft.
Brown. Water-fowl both whole and cloven footed. Ray.

CLO＇VE-GILLY-FLOWER [from its smelling like cloves] a genus of
plants which may be divided into three classes. 1. The clove-gilly­
flower, or carnation. 2. The pink. 3. The sweet-william.

CLO＇VER Grass, more properly CLAVER [of clœfar, of clæsra,
Sax. violets, because of the violet scent of its flower] 1. A kind of
grass; a species of trefoil; which see. Clover improves land. Mor­
timer.
Than primrose sweeter, or the clover-grass. Gay.
2. To live in clover, is to live luxuriously, clover being extremely
delicious and fattening to cattle.

CLO＇VERED [of clover] covered with clover.
Flocks thick nibbling thro＇ the clover＇d vale. Thomson.

CLOUGH, an allowance of two pounds to every 100 weight, for
the turn of the scale, that the commodity may hold out weight when
sold by retail.

CLOUGH [clough, Sax.] a village between two steep hills.

A CLOUT [clut, Sax.] 1. A piece of cloth for any mean use; a
rag; as, ragged clouts. 2. A patch on a shoe or coat. 3. Anciently
the mark of white cloth at which archers shot. He drew a good bow,
he shot a fine shot, he would have clapt in the clout at twelve score.
Shakespeare. 4. An iron plate to keep an axle from wearing. 5. Li­
nen made use of to keep children dry.
Money is welcome in a dirty CLOUT.
Lat. Lucri bonus est odor ex re qualibet. Juv. (The smell of gain
is agreeable whencesoever it proceeds) The Fr. say, to the same pur­
pose; L＇argent est toujours bon, de quelque maniere qu＇il vienne (what­
ever way it comes.) Vespasian, the 10th Roman emperor, gave this
answer to those who found fault with his laying a duty upon cloacas,
common-sewers, &c. The same emperor, reprimanding his son for
making the same complaint, held a piece of money to his nostrils,
and asked him if he perceived any ill smell in it, and upon his answer­
ing no, replied: atque è lotio est. (And yet it is the product of
urine.)

To CLOUT, verb act. 1. To patch, to mend coarsely, botchingly, or
bunglingly. My clouted brogues. Shakespeare. Clouted shoon. Mil­
ton. 2. To cover with a cloth.
Milk some unhappy ewe,
Whose clouted leg her hurt doth shew. Spenser.
3. To join awkwardly or coarsely. Many sentences of one meaning
clouted up together. Ascham.

CLOU＇TED, part. congealed, coagulated; corruptly for clotted.
I＇ve seen her skim the clouted cream. Gay.

CLOU＇TERLY [prob. of kluut, Du. a clod; or, by corruption,
from louterly. Johnson.] great, ill-shapen, clumsy. The single wheel
plow is very clouterly. Mortimer.

CLOUT Nails, such nails as are used for the nailing on of clouts to
the axle-trees of carriages.

CLOUTS [with gunners] thin iron plates nailed on that part of the
axle-tree of a gun-carriage which comes thro＇ the nave.

CLOUTS [in husbandry] are iron plates nailed on the axle-tree of
a cart or waggon, to save it from wearing, and the two cross-trees
which hold the sides of a cart, &c. together.

A CLOWN [prob. of colonus, Lat. a husbandman, from which Skin­
ner and Junius imagine it to be contracted; but it seems rather a Sax­
on word, corrupted from lown, loen, Du. a word nearly of the same
import. Johnson.] 1. A country fellow, a rustic, a churl. All his clowns
horst on cart jades. Sidney.
The clowns, a boistrous, rude, ungovern＇d crew. Dryden.
2. An ill-bred, unmannerly fellow.
In youth a coxcomb, and in age a clown. Spectator.

CLOW＇NERY. See CLOW＇NISHNESS.

CLOW＇NISH [from clown] 1. Consisting of clowns; as, the clownish
neighbourhood. 2. Like a clown, unmannerly, rude, rough, rugged,
coarse.
With clownish hands the tender wings
He brusheth off. Spenser.
3. Clumsey, ungainly.
In this old equipage,
The clownish mimic traverses the stage. Prior.

CLOW＇NISHLY [of clownish] rudely.

CLOW＇NISHNESS, or CLOW＇NERY [of clownish] 1. Rustic beha­
viour, coarseness, unpolished rudeness. His doric dialect has an in­
comparable sweetness in its clownishness. Dryden. Clownery and ill­
nature. L＇Estrange. 2. Brutality.

CLOWNS Mustard [with botanists] a sort of herb.

CLOWNS Treacle, garlic.

To CLOY [enclouer, Fr.] 1. To nail up, to stop up, to fill to loath­
ing, to fill beyond desire.
Nor pinch＇d with want, nor cloy＇d with wanton ease.
Roscommon.
2. It seems, in the following passage, to have another sense, perhaps
to strike the beak together.
His royal bird
Prunes th＇ immortal wing, and cloys his beak,
As when his God is pleas＇d. Shakespeare.
3. To give one his fill, to glut, to satiate.

CLO＇YED, or ACCLO＇YED [wirh farriers] is said of a horse when he
is pricked with a nail in shoeing.

CLOYED [with gunners] is said of a piece of ordnance, when any
thing is got into the touch-hole, or the piece nailed up.

CLO＇YLESS [from cloy] not causing satiety, that of which too much
cannot be had.
Epicurean cooks
Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite. Shakespeare.

CLOY＇MENT [of cloy] satiety, repletion, beyond due appetite.
The palate
That suffers surfeit, cloyment and revolt. Shakespeare.

CLOYNE, a city and bishop＇s see of Ireland, in the county of Cork,
and province of Munster, about 15 miles east of Cork.

CLUB [klueppel, Du. and Ger. klubbe, Su. club, Teut. clubbe,
Sax. clwppa, Wel.] 1. A large or thick stick for offence; as, the
stroke of a club. 2. A company or society of persons, who meet to­
gether under certain regulations to drink. Meet in factious clubs, to
vilify the government. Dryden. 3. One of the four sorts of cards.
4. [prob. of clubbe, Sax. or of clefan, Sax. to cleave] The pay­
ment of an equal share of a reckoning; as, to pay one＇s club. 5.
Concurrence, contribution, joint charge.
He＇s bound to vouch them for his own,
Tho＇ got b＇implicite generation,
And gen＇ral club of all the nation. Hudibras.
6. CLUB Law, a fighting with clubs.

To CLUB, verb neut. [from the noun] 1. To contribute to a com­
mon expence in settled proportions. 2. To join, to produce one ef­
fect, to contribute separate powers to one end. Every part clubs and
contributes to the seed. Ray.

To CLUB, verb act. to pay to a common reckoning.
Shylock and his wife
Will club their testers now to take your life. Pope.

CLUB-HEADED [from club and head] having a thick head. Small
club-headed anterinæ. Denham.

CLUB-LAW [of club and law] Regulation by force, the law of
arms. The laudable method of club-law. Addison.

CLUB ROOM [of club and room] the room in which a club or com­
pany assembles. Addison uses it.

To CLUCK [cloccan, Sax. gluchen, Ger. cloccian, Wel. clockat,
Armor. klocken, Du.] to cry as a hen does in calling her chickens
together.

CLUMP [formed from lump. Johnson. klomp, Old and L. Ger.]
a shapeless piece of wood, or other matter nearly equal in its di­
mensions.

CLU＇MPER [prob. of clympre, Sax. metal] a clot or clod.

CLU＇MPERED, clotted together in little lumps.

CLU＇MPERTON, a clown, or clownish fellow.

CLUMPS [probably of klump, Ger.] a numskul, one void of com­
mon sense. Skinner.

CLU＇MSILY [of clumsy] awkwardly, unhandily; without nimble­
ness, without grace; as, to walk clumsily, and to manage any thing
clumsily and unartificially.

CLU＇MSINESS [of clumsy] awkardness, want of nimbleness or dex­
terity. The drudging part of life is chiefly owing to clumsiness and
ignorance, which either wants proper tools or skill to use them.
Collier.

CLU＇MSY [lompseh, Du. stupid] awkward, unhandy; being with­
out dexterity or grace. Clumsy verse, unlick＇d, unpointed. Dryden.
Clumsy fingers. Ray.

CLUNCH, or Blue CLUNCH [at Wednesbury in Staffordshire] 1. A
substance which is found next the coal in sinking the coal-pits. 2. A
clumsy, awkward fellow.

CLUNG, pret. and part. of to cling. See To CLING.

To CLUNG, verb neut. [clingan, Sax.] to dry, as wood does when
it is laid up after it is cut. See CLING.

CLUNG [of clungan, Sax.] 1. Shrunk up with leanness, half-starved,
stuck close together. 2. Withered, as fruits.

CLU＇NIAC Monks, an order of monks, founded in the year 900, by
Berne, abbot of Cluny in Burgundy.

CLUSH and swollen Neck [in cattle] a distemper, when their neck
is swelled and raw.

CLU＇STER [cluster, or clyster, Sax. klister, Du.] 1. A bunch; as
of grapes, figs, &c. 2. A heap of several things. 3. A number of
animals gather＇d together; as, a cluster of bees. 4. A body of peo­
ple collected; spoken in contempt. A cluster of mob. Addison.

To CLUSTER, verb neut. producing clusters, to gather themselves
into bunches. The clustering vine. Milton.

To CLUSTER, verb act. to collect things into a body.

CLU＇STER GRAPE [of cluster and grape] The small black grape
is by some called the currant or cluster-grape, which I reckon the for­
wardest of the black sort. Mortimer.

CLU＇STERY [of clustericg, Sax.] growing in clusters.

CLU＇TA [old law] 1. Clouted shoes, or horse-shoes. 2. Stakes of
iron with which cart wheels are shod.

CLU＇TARIUM [old law] a smithery or forge where such shoes are
made.

To CLUTCH [of uncertain etymology. Johnson.] 1. To hold in
the hand, to grasp; as, to clutch prey. 2. To gripe with the fist.
3. To double the hand, so as to seize and hold fast.
I have the power to clutch my hand. Shakespeare.

CLUTCH [from the verb] 1. The gripe, grasp, seizure. 2. Gene­
rally in the plural; the paws, the talons. It was the hard fortune
of a cock to fall into the clutches of a cat. L＇Estrange. 3. Hands, in
a sense of rapacity and cruelty.
Your greedy slav＇ring to devour
Before ＇twas in your clutches power. Hudibras.
4. The hands clutched. 5. False possession.

CLUTCH fisted, having great clumsy hands.

To CLU＇TTER [klattern, Du. kloettern, H. Ger.] to make a noise,
rattling or bustle.

A CLUTTER, or CLU＇TTERING [cleadur, Sax.] a noise, bustle,
or stir, a hurry: a low word; as, to make a great clutter.

CLYDE, a river of Scotland, which arising in Anandale, runs
north-west by Lanerk, Hamilton, and Glasgow, and falls into the
frith of Clyde over-against the isle of Bute.

CLY＇DON [κλυδων, Gr.] a floating in the stomach. Bruno adds, that
the chief symptom is flatulency; and resolves the cause into a bad di­
gestion.

CLY＇MENOS, or CLYMENON [κλυμενον, Gr.] water-betony; also
soap-wort, tutsan, or park-leaves. Lat.

CLYPEIFO＇RMIS [with meteorologists] a sort of comet resembling
a shield in form. Lat.

CLY＇SMA, or CLY＇SMUS [κλυσμος, Gr.] a purgation or washing,
a clyster.

CLY＇SSUS, is as follows: if you have four or five bodies, and from
each of them draw a tincture or extract, and mix these together, it is







never so much, provided the sides of it do not meet, the vessel will
called a clyssus; or, according to some, a clyssus consists of a number
of the efficacious principles drawn from one and the same bodies pu­
rified and then recompounded or mixed again; as when the several
species of the same things separately prepared are mixed again; as
salt, sulphur, oil, spirit, and mercury, are again brought to coalesce
into one body. Castel. Renovat.

CLYSSUS [with chemists] one of the effects or productions of that
art, consisting of the most efficacious principles of any body extracted,
purified, and then remixed.

CLYSSUS, also a long digestion and union of oily spirits (especially
mineral ones) in order to make a composition of them; also a medi­
cine made of the most active parts of any ingredient.

CLY＇STER [clustere, Fr. clisterie, Du. clistier, Ger. of κλυστηρ, Gr.]
a fluid medicine or decoction to be injected into the bowels by the
anus.

To CLY＇STERIZE, to give a clyster. A low word.

CLY＇TO, a title of honour, anciently given to the son of a king of
England.

CNEMODA＇CTYLUS [with anatomists] a muscle, otherwise called
extensor tertii internodii digitorum.

CNI＇CUS [κυικος, Gr.] the herb saffron of the garden, bastard, or
mock saffron.

To COACERVA＇TE [of coacervo, Lat.] to heap up together. The
collocation of the spirits in bodies, whether the spirits be coacervate
or diffused. Bacon.

COACERV＇ATION [from coacervate] the act of heaping up together.
The fixing of it is the equal spreading of the tangible parts, and the
close coacervation of them. Bacon.

COACH [coche, Fr. Sp. and Port. kotczy, among the Hungarians,
by whom this vehicle is said to have been invented. Minshew. koetse,
Du. kutsche Ger.] a large sort of chariot, a carriage of pleasure or
state, distinguished from a chariot by having seats fronting each
other.

COACH [on board a flag-ship] the council-chamber.

To COACH [from the substantive] 1. To carry one in a coach.
The needy poet sticks to all he meets;
Coach＇d, carted, trod upon. Pope.
2. To put any one into a coach.

COACH-BOX [of coach and box] the seat on which the driver of the
coach sits.

COACH-HIRE [of coach and hire] money paid for the use of a hired
coach.

COACH-HOUSE [of coach and house] the house in which the coach is
kept from the weather.

COACH-MAKER [of coach and make] the artificer who makes
coaches.

COACH-MAKERS, are of a late incorporation. They have for their
armorial ensigns, azure, a chevron between three coaches or. The
crest is Phœbus drawn in a chariot all of the second, and the sup­
porters two horses argent, armed or. Their motto post nubila Phœbus.
Their hall is that of the scriveners.

COACH-MAN [of coach and man] the driver of a coach.

COACH-Wheel [with the canting crew] a crown or half-crown,
distinguished, the former by the hindmost, and the latter, by the fore
coach wheel.

To COA＇CT [from con, together, and act] to act together, to act
in concert. These two did coact. Shakespeare.

COA＇CTION [coactum, sup. of coago, to compel, of con, together,
and ago, to act] compulsion, constraint, force, either restraining or
impelling. Yet it had the force of coaction, and despotical. South.

COA＇CTIVE [from coact] 1. Compulsory, having the force of re­
straining or impelling, restrictive; as, a coactive power. 2. Acting in
concurrence; an obsolete sense of the word.
Imagination,
With what＇s unreal thou coactive art. Shakespeare.

COADJU＇MENT [from con and adjumentum, Lat.] mutual assistance.

COADJU＇TANT [of con and adjutum, sup. of adjuvo, of ad, to, and
juvo, Lat. to assist] helping, co-operating. Thracin＇s coadjutant, and
the roar of fierce Euroclydon. Philips.

COADJU＇TOR [coadjuteur, Fr. coadjutore, It. of coadjutor, Sp. and
Lat.] 1. A fellow-helper, an assistant, an associate. I have had no
hint from my predecessors the poets, or their seconds and coadjutors,
the critics. Dryden. 2. In the canon law, one who is impowered or
appointed to perform the duties of another.

COADJU＇VANCY [of con and adjuvo, Lat. to assist] owing to the
coldness of the earth, some concurrence and coadjuvancy, but not im­
mediate determination. Brown.

COADUNA＇TION [of coadunatus, of con and aduno, to unite toge­
ther, of ad to, and unus, Lat. one] the act of uniting, or gathering
together into one.

COADUNI＇TION [of con and unitio, Lat.] the conjunction of diffe­
rent substances into one mass; as, a coadunition of particles. Hale.

COÆTA＇NEOUS [coætaneus, Lat.] living in the same age with
one.

COÆTE＇RNAL [coæternus, Lat.] equally eternal; or (according to
its strict etymology) eternal together with another; and in this sense, I
suppose, the word [συναιδιος] was meant by those who first imported
it into the christian theology, I mean the writers of the fourth century;
not to imply self-existence, or absolute underived eternity; for that
was, on all sides, appropriated to the first cause and FATHER of the
universe, but in opposition to those who affirmed, “there was a time
in which God＇s first production did not as yet exist.” And yet it should
not be dissembled, that the most considerable writers of that century
chose rather to express this production by its being before all time or
ages, than absolutely to say, that the thing produced by God was co-eter­
nal with Him. Thus Eusebius, tho＇ he constantly opposes them who
affirmed, there was a time when the Son of God was not; and fre­
quently asserts the generation of the Son to have been from begin­
ningless ages, nay more, and once uses the phrase eternal generation
(as Diodorus the Platonist had done before him. Cudworth, p. 239.)
yet, concerning eternity, absolutely so called, the same author thus
emphatically expresses himself. “Marcellus, says he, determines
that the word of God is [ἀιδιος] eternal, that is to say “unbegotten”;
not considering that if the word be distinct from God, then he makes
TWO ETERNALS, the word, and God; and so there is no longer one
original of things. But if he says, there is but one eternal, making
God and the word the same; then he is openly a Sabellian.” Eccles.
Theolog. lib. 2. c. 12. And again, “The splendor, says he, is
co-existent with the luminous body———But the Father＇s existence
is before the Son＇s, and precedes his generation; he being alone unbe­
gotten.” Demonst. Evang. lib. 4. c. 3. And that he was not singular
in all this, but spoke the language of those times, appears from lib. 5.
c. 3. “προυπαρχειν δε καὶ προυϕεσταναι πατερα υιου πας οστισουν ομολογησειεν,
i. e. (if I understand him right) That the Father exists before the Son,
is an universally acknowledged truth.” See First CAUSE, and Eternal
GENERATION; and Cudworth＇s Intell. Syst. p. 252.

CO＇ÆVOUS [of coævus, Lat.] of the same age with another.

To COA＇GMENT [coagmento, of con and agmen, Lat. an army] to
keep together. Had the world been coagmented from that supposed
fortuitous jumble, this hypothesis had been tolerable. Glanville.

COAGMENTA＇TION. 1. Collection or coacervation into one mass,
union, The well-joining, cementing, and coagmentation of words.
Ben Johnson. 2. In chemistry, the melting down a matter, by casting
in certain powers, and afterwards reducing the whole into a concrete
or solid.

COA＇GULABLE [from to coagulate] capable of concretion. A fine
and transparent substance coagulable into vitriol. Boyle.

To COA＇GULATE, verb act. [coaguler, Fr. coagulare, It. of coagula­
tum, Lat.] to force into concretions; as, to turn into curds as coagu­
lated masses.

To COA＇GULATE, verb neut. to run into concretions; as, the milk
coagulates.

COAGULA＇TION [coagulazione, It. of coagulatio, Lat.] 1. Is the
condensing or thickening of a fluid matter, without its losing any of
the sensible Parts, which caus＇d its fluidity; as, in blood, milk, &c.
2. The body formed by coagulation. The substance of coagulations
is not merely saline. Arbuthnot.

COAGULATION [with chemists] is a giving a consistence to li­
quids, by drawing out some part of them in vapours by the means of
fire; or else by mingling liquors of a different nature together.

COAGULATION [in chemical writers] is expressed by these cha­
racters H. E.

COA＇GULATIVE [from to coagulate] having the power of causing
coagulation. Boyle uses it.

COA＇GULATOR [from to coagulate] that which causes coagulation.
Coagulators of the humours are those things which expel the most fluid
parts, as in the case of incrassating. Arbuthnot.

COA＇GULUM, Lat. whatever serves to coagulate or join things to­
gether.

COAGULUM [with surgeons] the thick part of the blood, that floats
in the serum, when it is cold.

To COAKS, to fawn upon, to flatter, to sooth. See To COAX.

COAL [col, Sax. and Teut. kole, Du. kohle, Ger. kul, Dan. koli,
Su.] 1. A mineral fuel, a black, sulphureous, inflammable matter.
One species of pitcoal is called cannel or canob coal, which is found
in the northern counties. 2. The cinder of burnt wood; charcoal.
3. Fire any thing inflamed; as, a coal of fire.

To COAL [from the noun] 1. To burn wood to charcoal. Fetch­
ing wood when it is coaled. Carew. 2. To delineate with a coal.
He coal＇d out rhimes upon the wall. Camden.

To blow the COALS, to raise differences between persons.

COAL-BLACK, adj. [of coal and black] black in the highest degree;
of the colour of a coal.

COAL-BOX [of coal and box] a box to carry coals to the fire.

COAL Fire, a heap or pile of fire-wood for sale; so much as will
make a load of coals when burnt.

COAL-MINE [of coal and mine] a coal-pit.

COAL Mouse, a bird.

COAL-PIT [of coal and pit] a pit made in the earth, out of which
coals are dug.

COAL-STONE [of coal and stone] a sort of cannel coal. Coal­
stone flames easily, and burns freely; but holds and endures the fire
much longer than coal. Woodward.

COAL-WORK [of coal and work] a coalcry.

COA＇LERY [of coal] a place where coals are dug.

To COALE＇SCE [coalesco, Lat.] 1. To unite in masses, by a spon­
taneous approximation to each other; as, vapours coalesce and con­
stitute globules. 2. To grow together, to join.

COALE＇SCENCE, or COALE＇SCENCY [with philosophers] a cleaving
or uniting together of the small fine particles of matter that compose
any natural body.

COALESCENCE [with surgeons] the closing of a wound; the grow­
ing together again of any parts, which were before separated.

COALI＇TION [coalitus, of coalesco, Lat. union in one mass] a re­
union, or growing together of parts before separated. These squan­
der＇d atoms should convene and unite into great masses; without such
a coalition, the chaos must have reigned to all eternity. Bentley.

COA＇LTERN [coalternus, Lat.] reciprocal, mutual, being by turns.

COALTERN Fevers, are such as when two come together periodi­
cally, the one invades, as the other goes off alternately.

COA＇LY [of coal] containing coal, full of coal. Coaly Tine, or
ancient hallow＇d Dee. Milton.

COA＇MINGS of the Hatches [in a ship] are the planks or frame
which ralses the hatches above the decks.

COAN [of the island of Coos] is often applied to Hippocrates, or
any thing that relates to him or his writings, it being the place of his
birth.

To COA＇RCT [of coacto, Lat.] 1. To straiten, to confine into a
narrow compass. 2. To contract power. If a man coarcts himself
to the extremity of an act, he must blame and impute it to himself,
that he thus coarcted and straitened himself. Ayliffe.

COARCTA＇TION, Lat. [from coarct] 1. A straitening or pressing
together, confinement, restraint to a narrow place. The greatest winds
if they have no coarctation, or blow not hollow, give an interior
found. Bacon. 2. Contraction of any space. Straiten the artery







continue to beat below or beyond the coarctation. Ray. 3. Restraint
of liberty. Election is oppos＇d not only to coaction, but also to co­
arctation or determination to one. Bramhal.

COARSE. 1. Not separated from impurities or bafer parts, not fine,
I feel
Of what coarse metal you are moulded. Shakespeare.
2. Not foft or fine. Used of cloath, the threads of which are large.
3. Rude, rough of manners, uncivil. 4. Gross, not delicate.
＇Tis not the coarser tie of human law,
That binds their peace. Thomson.
5. Inelegant, rude, unpolished. Praise of Virgil is against myself,
for presuming to copy, in my coarse English, his beautiful Expres­
sions. Dryden. 6. Unfinish＇d, unaccomplished by art, or education.
Practical rules may be useful to such as are remote from advice, and
to coarse practitioners. Arbuthnot. 7. Mean, not nice, not elegant,
vile.
Ill consort, and a coarse perfume,
Disgrace the delicacy of a feast. Roscommon.
A coarse and useless dunghill weed. Otway.

COA＇RSELY, adv. 1. Without fineness, without refinement. 2.
Meanly, not elegantly. John came neither eating nor drinking, but
fared coarsely and poorly. Brown. 3. Rudely, not civilly. The
good cannot be too much honoured, nor the bad too coarsely used.
Dryden. 4. Inelegantly. The rudiments of Virgil＇s poetry coarsely
translated, which yet retains some beauties of the author. Dryden.

COA＇RSENESS [of coarse] 1. Impurity, unrefined state; as the
coarseness of glass. Bacon. 2. Roughness, want of fineness. 3. Gross­
ness, want of delicacy. ＇Tis with friends (pardon the coarseness
of the illustration) as with dogs in couples; they should be of the same
size. L＇Estrange. 4. Roughness, rudeness of manners.
A base wild olive he remains:
The shrub the coarseness of the clown retains. Garth.
5. Meanness, want of nicety. Consider the penuriousness of the
Hollanders, the coarseness of their food and raiment, and their little
indulgences of pleasure. Addison.

COAST [côte, Fr. costa, It. and Sp. kust, Du. cüste, Ger.] 1. The
edge of the land next the sea, the sea-shore; it is not used for the
banks of less waters; as, the Holland coast. 2. It seems to be
taken by Newton for side [coste, or cote, Fr.] Some virtue lodged in
some sides of the crystal, inclines and bends the rays towards the coast
of unusual refraction, otherwise the rays would not be refracted
towards that coast, rather than any other coast. Newton. 3. The coast
is clear. A proverbial expression. The danger is over, the enemy
are marched off. Seeing that the coast was clear, Zolmane dismissed
Musidorus. Sidney.

COAST [of costa, Lat. the ribs] a breast and neck of lamb, mut­
ton, veal, &c.

To COAST, verb neut. [from the noun] to sail along by the sea-coast,
within sight of land.
Steer my vessel with a steady hand,
And coast along the shore in fight of land. Dryden.

To COAST, verb act. to sail by, or near to. Entertainment we
found in coasting it. Addison.

COA＇STER [from coast] he that sails near the shore.
In our small skiff we must not launch too far,
We here but coasters, not discoverers are. Dryden.

COA＇STING, sailing within fight of land, or within soundings be­
tween them.

COASTING [with husbandmen] is the transplanting trees, and plant­
ing the same side to the south, west, east, &c. which stood that way
where it grew before.

COAT [cote, Sax. kot, Du.] a fold for sheep; also a hut for
cattle.

COAT [cotte, Fr. cotta, It.] 1. A garment worn commonly upper­
most. 2. Petticoat; the habit of a boy in his infancy, the lower part
of a woman＇s dress. 3. The habit or vesture, as demonstrative of
the office. Men of his coat should be minding their prayers. Swift.
4. The hair or fur of a beast; as, a horse＇s coat. 6. The outside of
fruit. 7. A thin covering laid or done over any thing; as, a coat of
fine mould, &c. 8. That on which the ensigns armorial are por­
trayed; as, a coat armour, a coat of arms.

COAT [of cot, Sax. kot, Du. kante, L. Ger. an hut, a cottage,
&c.] denotes that the place, to which it is added, was denominated
from a cottage, &c. in that place.

COAT of Mail, a piece of armour made in the form of a shirt,
and wrought over with many iron rings.

COAT [in a ship] is pieces of canvas done over with tar, put a­
bout the mast at the partners; and also about the pump at the decks,
that no water may go down there.

COAT [with anatomists] a membranous cover of any part of the
body; as, the coats of the eyes, arteries, veins, nerves, &c.

To COAT [from the subst.] to cover, to invest, to overspread;
as, to coat a retort.

To COAX, to wheedle, to humour, to flatter; a low word. She
was muzzling and coaxing the child; its a good dear, says she. L＇Es­
trange.

COA＇XER [from coax] he who coaxes or wheedles.

COB [a word often used in the composition of low terms, corrupted
from cop, Sax. kopf, Ger.] the head, or top.

COB, a rich miser; also a foreign coin.

COB [coppe, Sax.] a sea-fowl, called also sea-cob.

COB, a forced harbour for ships; as, the cob of lime in Dorset­
shire.

COB, a Spanish coin, the same as a piaster.

COBA＇LES, a sort of dœmons in human shape, who were called fa­
tyrs, and said to be attendants of Bacchus.

CO＇BALT, or COBA＇LTUM [in medicine] a fort of mineral of a
blackish colour, or rather grey, shining stone, and a caustic quality;
it consists of silver and arsenic. The arsenical part being exhaled,
leaves behind it a metalline calx; its fumes are violently poisonous,
and affects the lungs. It is found in Germany, Saxony, Bohemia,
and England. From cobalt are produced the three sorts of arsenic,
white, yellow, and red, as also zaffre and smalt. Cobalt is plentifully
impregnated with arsenic, contains copper, and some silver. Being
sublimed, the flores are of a blue colour: these German mineralists
call zaffre. Woodward.

To CO＇BBLE [propably of kobbelen, Du. or kobler, Dan. and that
of copulo, Lat. to join together] 1. To do work bunglingly, gene­
rally used of shoes. 2. To do or make any thing clumsily, or un­
handily. Give the base poets back their cobbled rhimes. Dryden.

CO＇BLENTZ, a large city of Germany, in the archbishopric of
Triers, and circle of the Lower Rhine, situated at the confluence of
the Rhine and Moselle, 52 miles north-east of Triers, and 36 south
of Cologne.

A CO＇BBLER [kobler, Dan. to mend shoes] a mender of old shoes;
also a bungling workman in general. In respect of a fine workman,
I am, but as you would say, a cobbler. Shakespeare.

COBBLER keep to your last. Lat. Ne sutor ultra crepidam. Fr. Chac­
un a son metier. (Every one to his trade.) The known story of Apelles,
who would not suffer the cobler to judge of his picture beyond the
slipper, gave rife to this proverb.

CO＇BLINGNESS [of kobler, Dan.] bunglingness.

CO＇BIRONS [of cob and iron] irons with a knob at the upper end;
as, ranges, cobirons, and pots. Bacon.

COBI＇SHOP [of con and bishop] a coadjutant bishop. Ayliffe uses it.

CO＇BLON, a port-town of the hither India, situated on the Coro­
mandel-coast, 12 miles south of Fort St. George.

CO＇BNUT [of cob and nut] 1. A species of hazel. 2. Childrens
game; the conquering nut.

COB＇SWAN [of cob and swan] the head or leading swan.
I＇m not taken
With a cobswan. Ben Johnson.

COBS, balls or pellets with which fowls are crammed.

CO＇BWEB [kopweb, Du.] 1. A web made by spiders, very probably
anciently called cobs. 2. Any snare or trap, implying insiduousness
and weakness.

A COBWEB [or trivial slight] pretence. A certain noted clergyman
preaching against the dispensation allowed quakers from taking an
oath, and mentioning the act of parliament which authoris＇d it, called
it a cobweb argument.

CO＇CA, or CO＇QUIA [old law] a cogger or small boat.

CO＇CACLE [about Shrewsbbury] a device for fishing, made of sal­
low-twigs, split and covered next the water with an ox-hide, in which
the fisherman sits, rows with one hand, and manages his net, or any
other fishing tackle, with the other.

CO＇CAO Nut, or CA＇CAO Nut, an Indian nut, of which chocolate
is made. See CACAO.

COCCI＇FEROUS [of cocus, a grain or berry, and fero, Lat. to bear]
all such plants of trees that bear berries.

COCCI＇GIS Os, or CO＇CCYX [in anatomy] a cartilaginous kind of
bone joined to the extremity of the os sacrum, so named, because in
shape it is something like a cuckow＇s bill.

CO＇CCISM, the old, silly tune of a cuckow.

COCH [in doctor＇s bill] stands for cochleare, i. e. a spoonful.

CO＇CHIN, a port-town of India, on the Malabar coast, about 100
miles south of Calicut. Here the Dutch have a factory, and a very
strong sort.

CO＇CHIN-CHINA, a kingdom of India, bounded by the kingdom
of Tonquin on the north, by the Indian ocean on the east and south,
and by the kingdom of Cambodia on the west. It is upwards of
400 miles long, and 150 broad, producing chiefly silk and rice.

COCHINE＇AL [cochinilla, Sp. a woodhouse] an insect gathered up­
on the opuntia and dried; from which a beautiful red colour is ex­
tracted. Hill.

COCHINEAL Grain, is a red berry growing in America, found in a
fruit, resembling that of the cochineal-tree or tonna, the first shoots
produce a yellow flower, the point whereof, when ripe, opens with
a cleft of three or four inches. This fruit is full of kernels or grains,
which fall on the least agitation, and which the Indians carefully ga­
ther up; eight or ten of these fruits yield about an ounce of grain.
This berry yields a dye almost as beautiful as that of the infect,
and is so like it, that a person may easily be deceived in them.

CO＇CHLEA [with anatomists] the cavity or hollow part of the ear,
resembling the shell of a snail.

COCHLEA [in mechanics] a screw, one of the six mechanic pow­
ers; it is a strait cylinder furrowed spiral-wise; if the furrowed sur­
face be convex, the screw is said to be male: if concave, it is called
a female screw. Where motion is to be generated, the male and fe­
male screw are always joined; that is, whenever the screw is to be
used as a simple engine or mechanical power, when joined with an
axis in peritrochio, there is no occasion for a female; but in that case
it becomes part of a compound engine. See SCREW.

COCHLEA [in architecture] a winding stair-case. See CLIMAX;
and read there, gradatio, i. e. a gradual rise or ascending, by steps, from
one thing to another.

COCHLEA＇RE, Lat. [a spoon, in medicine] a spoonful.

COCHLEA＇RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb spoon-wort or scur­
vy-grass.

CO＇CHLEARY, [adj. of cochlea, Lat. a screw] having the form of
a screw. Wreathy spires and cochleary turnings. Brown.

CO＇CHLEATED [of cochlea, Lat. a screw] having a screw form; as,
stones of a cochleated figure. Woodward.

To COCK, verb act. [from cock] 1. To set erect; to hold bolt
upright, as a cock holds his head. Our Lightfoot barks, and cocks
his ears. Gay. 2. To set up the hat with an air of petulance, and
pertness. An alert young fellow cocked his hat upon a friend of his.
Addison. 3. To mould the form of a hat. 4. To fix the cock of
a gun ready for discharge. 5. To raise hay, barley, &c. in small
heaps.

To COCK, verb neut. 1. To strut, to look pert, or big. Every
one cocks and struts upon it. Addison. 2. To train up, or use sighting
cocks. Cries out ＇gainst cocking, since he cannot bet. Pen Johnson.

COCK, [coc, Fr. cocce, Sax. kock, Dan.] 1. The male to the hen.
2. The male of any small birds; as, a cock-sparrow. 3. The wea­
thercock, that shews the direction of the wind by its turning. 4.
A spout to let out water at will, by turning the stop. A little cock
made in the belly of the upper glass. Bacon. 5. The notch of an
arrow. 6. The gnomen of a dial. 7. That part of the lock of a







gun, that holds the flint. 8. The wrought piece that covers the ba­
lance in a watch. 9. A conqueror, a leader, a governing man. The
cock of the club. Addison. 10. Cock-crowing; a note of the time in the
morning; as, the first cock, the second cock. Shakespeare. 11. Cock­
boat, a small boat. They take view of all sized cocks, barges, and
fisherboats. Carew. 12. A small heap; as, a cock of barley. 13.
The form of a hat [from the comb of a cock. Johnson] as, the cock
of a hat.
Every COCK is proud on his own dimghill.
Lat. Gallus in suo sterquilinio plurimum potest.
Fr. Chien sur son sumier est hardy.
Sp. Cada Gáilo cánta (crows) en su muladar. It is a sign of cowardice,
and by no means of true courage, when any one struts, looks big or
insults, when he knows he is sure of protection, or out of the reach of
his antagonist.

COCK [with Her.] Guillim says of the cock, that as some ac­
count the hen the queen, and swallow or wagtail the lady, so may I
term this knight among birds; being both of noble courage, and al­
ways prepared for the battle, having his comb for an helmet, his sharp
and hooked bill for a faulcheon to slash and wound his enemy, and, as
a complete soldier, armed cap-a-pe, he has his legs armed with spurs,
giving an example to the valiant soldier to expel danger by fight and
not by flight.
The cock, say others, is the emblem of strife, of quarrels, of haugh­
tiness and of victory, because he rather chooses to die than yield, and
therefore he is called the bird of Mars.
He is likewise an emblem of jealousy and vigilancy.

A COCK [hieroglyphically] signifies a noble disposition of mind,
there being no bird of a more generous and undaunted courage at the
sight of imminent danger.

COCK of Hay [q. d. cop, a heap] a small heap of hay; properly, a
cop of hay.

COCK a Hoop [coque-a-hupe, Fr. i. e. a cock with a coop-crest or
comb] standing upon high terms, all upon the spur.

COCK on Hoop [i. e. the cock or spiggot being laid upon the hoop,
and the barrel of ale stumm＇d, i. e. drank out without intermission] at
the height of mirth and jollity.

COCK-FIGHTING, the original of this sport is said to have derived
from the Athenians, on the following occasion: When Themistocles
was marching his army to fight the Persians, he by the way espying
two cocks sighting, caused his army to behold them, and made the fol­
lowing speech to them: Behold, these do not fight for their houshold­
gods, for the monuments of their ancestors, nor for glory, nor for liberty,
nor safety of their children; but only because the one will not give way to
the other. This so encouraged the Grecians, that they fought stre­
nuously, and obtained a victory over the Persians; upon which cock­
fighting was, by a particular law, ordained to be annually practised by
the Athenians; and hence was the original of this sport in England de­
rived.

COCK-HORSE [of coc, in the language of the Brigantines, high] a
high horse, on horseback triumphant, exulting.

CO＇CKADE [of cock] a ribbon worn in the hat.

CO＇CKAL, a sort of play.

COCK-Ale, pleasant drink, said to be provocative.

COCK-Bawd, a pimp.

COCK-Sure [of cock and sure] very sure, confidently certain. In con­
tempt. We steal, as in a castle, cock-sure. Shakespeare.

CO＇CKAROUSE [among the Virginian Indians] is one that has the
honour to be of the king＇s council with relation to the affairs of the
government, and has a great share in the administration, and must pass
through the huskanau before he can arrive at this honour, or be of the
number of the great men. See HUSKANAU.

CO＇CKATRICE [coquatris, or cocatrix, Fr. coccodrillo, It. cocadriz,
Sp. from cock, Eng. and atter, Sax. a serpent. Johnson] a kind of
serpent, otherwise called a basilisk, supposed to rise from a cock＇s egg.
They will kill one another by the look, like cockatrices. Shakespeare.

COCK-BOAT [of cock and boat] a small boat belonging to a ship.

COCK-BROTH, broth made by boiling a cock.

COCKS-COMB [with botanists] the herb also called yellow rattle­
grass, or lousewort.

COCKSHEAD, a plant also called sainfoin. It hath a papilionaceous
flower, whose pointal becomes a crested pod. It is an abiding plant,
and esteemed one of the best sorts of sodder for cattle. Miller.

COCK-BRAINED, giddy-brained, hair-brained, rash.

COCK-Feather [in archery] that feather of the shaft that stands up­
right in due notching, and if it be not observed, the other feathers run­
ning on the bow will spoil the shot.

COCK-LOFT [probably of cock high, or נו, Heb. a roof, and loft]
an upper loft or garret, the room over the garret, in which sowls are
supposed to roost.

COCK-MASTER [of cock and master] one that breeds game cocks.
A cock-master bought a partridge, and turn＇d it among the fighting
cocks. L＇Estrange.

COCK-MATCH [of cock and match] cock-fight for a prize. Their
tools will not so much as mingle together at a cock-match. Addison.

COCK-PIT [of cock and pit] a place made for cocks to fight in. Now
have I gain＇d the cock-pit of the western world, and academy of arms
for many years. Howel.

COCK-PIT [in a ship of war] is a place on the lower floor or deck
behind the main capstan, lying between the platform or orlope and
the steward＇s room, where are subdivisions or partitions for the purser,
the surgeon and his mates.

COCK-ROADS, a net for the catching of woodcocks.

COCK-ROACHES, a sort of insects.

COCKS [with mariners] are small square pieces of brass with holes
in them, which are put into the middle of large wooden shivers, to
prevent them from splitting and galling by the pin of the block or pul­
ley, on which they turn.

COCKSHUT [of cock and shut] the close of the evening when poultry
go to roost. About cockshut time. Shakespeare.

COCK-SPUR [of cock and spur] Virginian hawthorn, a species of
medlar. Its large and beautiful flowers are produced in great bunches,
and its fruit, which is ripe in autumn, grows in great clusters, and is
esteemed good food for deer. Miller.

COCK-WEED [with botanists] an herb, called also dittander or pep­
perwort.

COCK-SWAIN, or COXON [of a ship] an officer who has the charge
of the cock-boat, barge or shallop, with all its furniture, and is in
readiness with all his crew to man the boat upon all occasions; (of co­
quet, Fr. a small boat, and swain, of swan, coggswaine, Sax. cor­
ruptly coxon.)

COCK-THROPPLED Horse [with farriers] a horse whose thropple or
wind-pipe is so long, that he cannot draw his breath with that case that
others do which are loose throppled.

COCK＇s Walk [with cock-fighters] a place where a cock is bred, and
where commonly no other cock comes.

To COCKER [coqueliner, Fr.] to cade, to fondle, to indulge.
Most children are spoiled by cockering and tenderness. Locke.

COCKER [of cock] one skill＇d in, or a great lover of the sport of
cock-fighting.

CO＇CKERMOUTH, a borough and sea-port town of Cumberland,
situated on the Irish sea, and almost surrounded by the Cockar and
Derent, the former of which divides it into two parts, which are
communicated by a good stone bridge. It is 20 miles from Carlisle,
167 from London, and sends two members to parliament.

CO＇CKET [probably of cock] brisk, malapert. A low word.

COCKET, or COKET, a custom-house seal; also a parchment sealed
and delivered by the officers of the customs to merchants, as a warrant
that their goods are entered. The greatest profit did arise by the cocket
of hides. Davies.

COCKET Bread, the finest sort of wheaten bread.

COCKETTA＇TA Lina [in old law] wooll duly entered at the custom­
house, and cocketted or allowed to be exported.

COCKETTUM, or COCKETUM, the office at the custom-house where
the goods to be exported are to be entered.

CO＇CKING Cloth [with fowlers] a frame made of coarse canvas, about
an ell square, tanned, with two sticks set across to keep it out, having
a hole to look out at, and to put the nosel of a short gun through, for
the shooting of pheasants, &c.

CO＇CKEREL [of cock] a young cock bred for fighting.
Which of them first begins to crow?
The old cock?——the cockerel. Shakespeare.

CO＇CKISH [of cock] wanton, uppish.

CO＇CKISHNESS, wantonness, uppishness,

CO＇CKLE [coccle, Sax. coquille, Fr. a small shell, as of snails, or
such small fishes] a weed that grows among corn, otherwise called
corn-rose; also a small shell-fish.

COCKLE Stairs, a sort of winding stairs.

To CO＇CKLE, to pucker, to contract into wrinkles, as some cloth
does, like a cockle-shell. Camblets cockled grain. Gay.

CO＇CKLED [of cockle] shelled, perhaps turbinated.
The tender horns of cockled snails. Shakespeare.

CO＇CKNEY [a word of which the original is much controverted. The
French use an expression, païs de cocaigne, for a country of dainties.
Paris est pour riche un pais de cocaigne. Boileau. Of this word they are
not able to settle the original. It appears, whatever was its first
ground, to be very ancient, being mentioned in an old Norinanno-
Saxon poem.
Far in see by west spayng,
Is a lond yhote cocayng.
On which Dr. Hickes has this remark: nunc coquin, coquine. Quæ
olim apud Gallos otio gulæ & ventri deditos, ignavum, ignavam, de­
sidiosum, desidiosam, segnem significabant. Hinc urbanos utpote a rusticis
laboribus ad vitam sedentariam, & quasi desidiosam avocatos pagani
nostri olim cokaignes, quod nunc scribitur cockneys vocabant. Et poeta
hic noster in monachos & moniales, ut segne genus hominum, qui desidiæ
dediti, ventri indulgebant, & coquinæ amatores erant, malevolentissime
invehitur. &c.] a nick-name commonly given to one born and
bred in the city of London; some derive it from the tale of a citizen＇s
son, who knew not the language of a cock, but called it neighing;
others again of coquin, Fr. an idle person, citizens generally living a
less active life than country people; others again from cocker or fondle.
For who is such a cockney in his heart,
Proud of the plenty of the southern part. Dorset.
2. Any effeminate, ignorant, and despicable citizen.
This great lubber the world will prove a cockney. Shakespeare.

CO＇CO, or CO＇COA [cacaotal, Sp. and therefore more properly writ­
ten cacao] an Indian tree resembling a date tree, being a species of
palm which is cultivated in most of the inhabited parts of the East
and West Indies, but thought a native of the Maldives. The nut of
this tree contains a sweet liquor like milk or cream, and of a pleasant
taste; the inner rhind of which may be eaten like artichokes, and
of the outward are made large cables; and they make drinking
bowls of the shell. The leaves of the tree are used for thatching
their houses, and are also wrought into baskets and most other things
that are made of osiers in Europe. Miller.
Give me to drain the cocoa＇s milky bowl. Thomson.

CO＇CKQUEAN, or CO＇TQUEAN [q. coqueman, of coqua, Lat. a kitchin,
or coquine, Fr.] a man that cots or acts the part of a cook among wo­
men, or concers himself in kitchin affairs.

COCONA＇TO, a town of Italy, in the province of Piedmont, about
23 miles east of Turin. It is said to be the birth-place of the famous
Columbus, who discovered America.

COCQUE＇T, Fr. a beau, a gallant, an amoroso, or general lover;
also a wanton maiden, who keeps several lovers in suspence.

CO＇CTIBLE [coctibilis, Lat.] easy to be boiled.

CO＇CTILE [coctilis, Lat.] sodden or baked, as a brick.

COCTILLA＇TION, Lat. a poaching; as, eggs, &c.

CO＇CTION [Fr. cocione, It. of coctio, Lat.] 1. The act of boiling.
2. In physic, a coction or resolution of feverish matter. 3. A dige­
stion in the stomach.

COCYLA, or CO＇CULUM [in old law] a small drinking cup in the
shape of a boat.

CO＇CULUS Indicus, a poisonous narcotic berry, made use of by
poachers to intoxicate fish, so that they may be taken out of the water
with the hand; called also baceæ piscatoræ, i. e. fishers-berries.

COD [codde, Sax. and Du. a pillow] as, pin-cod, a pin­
cushion.








COD [codda, Sax. cosse, Fr.] the husk or shell of pease, beans, &c.
Where in full cods last year rich pease did grow. May.

COD, or CO＇DFISH a kind of large sea fish.

CODDED, part. adj. [from cod] inclosed in a cod; as, codded grain.

CODS Sounds, certain inward parts of a cod-fish.

CODS [codde, Sax.] the testes, or rather the bag which contains
them.

COD-WARE, grain or feed contained in cods, as beans, pease, &c.

CO＇DDERS, gatherers of pease or pease-cods.

COD＇s Head, the head of a cod-fish; also a fool, a block-head.

COD-PIECE, the fore part or fore flap of a man＇s breeches.

To CO＇DDLE [of coquo, coctulo, Lat. Skinner, or cod, Sax.] to scald
or parboil, to boil up slowly.

CO＇DDY [coddig, Sax.] having pods or shales, as peas, beans, &c.

CODE [of codex, a book, of caudex, the trunk or timber of a tree,
because the books of the ancients were made of wood, and their leaves
were something like our table-books] a volume or book.

CODE [among lawyers] a certain book or volume of the ancient
Roman law. In old time, the pleas and answers of the lawyers were
in loose scrolls or sheets of parchment or paper. These the emperor
Justinian, in the sixth century, having collected and compiled into a
book, called it codex, and ever since, this book, by way of eminence,
has been called the code, and is accounted the second volume of the
Roman civil law, and contains twelve books.
The matter of it, especially as to the first eight books, is pretty near
the same with the digests; but in these things it differs, first, as to the
stile, which is not so pure; second, its method is not so accurate as that
of the digests; thirdly, in that it discusses matters of more common use;
whereas the more abstruse and subtle questions of the law are discussed
in the digests, and there are the opinions of the ancient lawyers upon
them, and so contains more polite, fine, witty arguing, than of use to
the generality of mankind.
And for this reason Justinian composed the code, because he found
the digests in many places too fine and subtle for common use, and also
very defective and imperfect, as not deciding many cases that did daily
occur.
This code was compiled from the answers and determinations of 56
emperors and their councils, many of which were learned and skilful
lawyers, as the famous Papinianus and some others, from the time of
the emperor Adrian to Justinian＇s own time. And in this code there
are abundance of things fully and distinctly determined, which before
were either omitted or too briefly handled.

The Theodosian CODE, is of good use to exlain the other code, which
cannot well be understood without it. This was held in great esteem,
and was used in the western parts of Europe for several hundred years,
as Mr. Selden relates, after that law was in a manner disused and
forgotten; but now the Theodosian code is also grown much out of
use.
Articles they draw,
Large as the fields themselves, and larger far
Than civil codes with all their glosses are. Pope.

CODEX, the name given to a certain collection of ecclesiastical laws,
ascribed to a late English bishop.

CO＇DIA [κωδεια, κωδια, Gr. with botanists] the top or head of any
plant; but more especially that of a poppy.

CO＇DICIL [codicille, Fr. codicillo, It and Sp. of codicillus, Lat.] a
supplement to a will or other writing; especially an addition to a tes­
tament, when any thing has been omitted which the testator would
have added, explained, altered, or recalled.
To appoint her,
By codicil, a larger jointure. Prior.

CODI＇LLE [Fr. codillo, Sp.] a term at ombre, when the game is
won against the player.
Trembles at th＇ approaching ill
Just in the jaws of ruin and codille. Pope.

CODI＇NIAC [codignac, Fr. cydoniatum, Lat.] quiddeny or marma­
lade of Quinces.

CO＇DLIN, or CO＇DLING [of coddle, of cod, Sax.] an apple proper
to be coddled or boiled, and mixed with milk.
Their entertainment at the height,
In cream and codlings rev＇ling with delight. King.

CODOSCE＇LÆ [Lat. according to Fallopius] venereal buboes in the
groin.

COE [with miners] a little lodgment they make for themselves un­
der ground, as they work lower and lower.

COE＇CUM [in anatomy] the blind gut, the first of the thick intes­
tines, so called because made like a sack, having but one aperture,
which serves it both for entrance and exit. Lat.

COE＇FFICACY [of con and efficacia, of efficacis, gen. of efficax, Lat.]
the power of several things acting together to produce an effect. Brown
uses it.

COEFFI＇CIENCY [of coefficient] the causing or bringing to pass to­
gether with another; co-operation, the state of acting together, to
some single end. The managing and carrying on of this work by
the spirit＇s instrument coefficiency. Glanville.

COEFFI＇CIENT, subst. [coefficiens, of con and efficiens, Lat.] that
which makes, causes, or brings to pass, together with another.

COEFFICIENT, of any generating Term [in fluxions] is the quantity
which arises by dividing that term by the generating quantity.

COEFFICIENT [with algebraists] the known quantity that is mul­
tiplied into any of the unknown terms of an equation.

COEFFICIENTS [in algebra] are numbers prefixed to letters or spe­
cies, into which they are supposed to be multiplied; and therefore
with such letters, or with the quantities represented by them, they
make a rectangle or product, coefficient production; whence the
name; thus 6ab implies that the quantities represented by a b, are
multiplied into the coefficient 6, and that out of these two the rectan­
gle or product 6ab is formed.

COE＇LIA [κοιλια, Gr. with anatomists] signifies any kind of origi­
nal cavity in an animal body; and hence diseases seated in the cavities
or venters of the body, are called cœliac affections.

COELIAC [of κοιλια, Gr. the belly] of or belonging to the
belly.

COELIAC Artery [with anatomists] is that which arises from the
trunk of the aorta after it enters the abdomen, and spreads into two
branches; the first on the right hand named gastrica dextra, and the
other on the left, called splenica.

COELIAC Passion, a kind of flux or looseness that arises from the
indigestion or putrifaction of food in the stomach and bowels, whereby
the aliment comes away little altered from what it was when eaten,
or changed like corrupted stinking flesh. Quincy.

COELIAC Vein, that which runs into the intestinum rectum, or blind
gut.

COELI＇GINOUS [cœligena, of cœlum, heaven, and colo, Lat. to in­
habit] heaven-born.

COE＇LOMA [κοιλωμα, Gr.] a hollow round ulcer in the tunica cor­
nea, or horny coat of the eye. Lat.

COE＇LUM [with anatomists] the cavity of the eye towards the cor­
ner. Lat.

COE＇METERY [cimetiére, Fr. cimiterio, It. cementerio, Sp. cœmete­
rium, Lat. of κοιμητηριον, of κοιμαω, Gr. to sleep] a burying place,
a church-yard.

COE＇MPTION [coemptio, Lat.] the action of buying up of things.
Monopolies and coemption of wares for resale. Bacon.

COE＇NOBITES [of κοινος, common, and βιος, life] a sort of monks
in the primitive christian church, that had all things in common by
way of religious conversation, in which they differed from the Ana­
chorites, who retired from society. Also in a modern sense they are
religious that live in a convent or community under certain rules.

COENO＇BIARCH [of κοινοβιαρχης, of κοινος, common, βιος, life, and
ἀρχων, Gr.] a chief governor, the prior of a monastery.

COENO＇BITIC [from cœnobites] of or pertaining to cœnobitcs, or
to the way of living in common.

COE＇NOBY [cœnobium, Lat. of κοινος and βιος, Gr.] a state of liv­
ing in common or like monks, &c.

COENO＇SE [cœnosus, of cœnum, Lat. filth] filthy, muddy.

COENO＇SITY [cœnositas, Lat.] filthiness, muddiness.

COENOTA＇PHIUM, or CENOTAPHIUM [of κενος, empty, and ταϕος,
Gr. a sepulchre] an empty tomb or monument, erected in honour of
some illustrious person deceased, who perishing by shipwreck in battle,
or the like, his body could not be found to be deposited in it. See
CENOTAPH.

COE＇QUAL [coégal, Fr. coeguale, It. coæqualis, of con and æqualis,
Lat.] equal to one another, being in the same state with another, as
fellows and partners are.

COEQUA＇LITY, or COE＇QUALNESS [of coequal] the state of being
equal with.

To COE＇RCE [coerceo, Lat.] to restrain, to keep in order by force,
a term in the civil law. Ayliffe uses it.

COE＇RCIBLE [coercibilis, Lat.] 1. That may be held in or restrained.
2. That ought to be restrained.

COE＇RCION [of coerce] the act of restraining, a keeping in good or­
der, penal restraint, check. Hale and South use it.

COE＇RCIVE [coercitist, Fr.] 1. That which has the power of laying
restraint. 2. That which has the authority of restraining by punish­
ment.

COE＇RCIVENESS [of coerce] compulsiveness.

COERU＇LEOUS [cœruleus, Lat. with botanic writers] of a blue co­
lour.

COE＇SFELDT, a town of Germany, in the bishopric of Munster,
and circle of Westphalia, situated on the Birkat, about 23 miles west
of Munster.

COESSE＇NTIAL [of con and essentialis, of essentia, Lat.] partaking
of the same essence. The Lord our God is but one God; in which
indivisible unity we adore the Father, as being altogether of himself;
we glorify that consubstantial word, which is the Son; we bless and
magnify that coessential spirit, eternally proceeding from both, which
is the Holy Ghost. Hooker.

COESSENTIA＇LITY, or COESSE＇NTIALNESS [of coessential] partici­
pation of the same essence.

COETA＇NEOUS [coetaneo, It. of con and œtas, Lat.] 1. Of the same
age with another. 2. Living together at the same time; sometimes
with to or unto. Eve was as old as Adam, and Cain, their son, coeta­
neous unto both. Brown.

COETA＇NEOUSNESS [of coetaneous] the state of being of the same
age with.

COETE＇RNAL [coeternel, Fr. coeterno, It. and Sp. of con and æter­
nus, Lat.] being eternal to, with, or as well as another. Of the
eternal coeternal beam. Milton. See COÆTERNAL.

COETE＇RNALNESS, or COETE＇RNITY [of coeternal] the state of being
eternal with another eternal being. The eternity of the Son＇s genera­
tion and his coeternity and consubstantiality with the Father. Hammond.

COETE＇RNALLY [of coeternal] in a state of equal eternity with an­
other. Coeternally begotten Son. Hooker.

COE＇VAL, adj. [of con and ævum, Lat. an age] 1. Being of the
same age or duration with another.
Even his teeth and white, like a young flock
Coeval and new shorn. Prior.
2. Followed by with; as, coeval with mankind. 3. Sometimes by
to. Coeval to mankind. Hale.

COEVAL, subst. [from the adj.] a cotemporary. Pope uses it.

COE＇VOUS [coævus, of con and ævum, Lat.] being of the same age;
with to. South uses it.

To COEXI＇ST, [of con and existo, Lat.] 1. To exist at the same
time; as, ideas coexisting together. Locke. 2. Having with. Du­
ration, with which the motion never coexisted. Locke.

COEVA＇LITY, the being of the same age or duration.

COEUR [Fr. in heraldry] as party en cœur signifies a short line of
partition in pale in the center of the escutcheon, which extends but a
little way, much short of top and bottom, and is there met by other
lines, which form an irregular partition of the escutchcon. See Plate
IV. Fig. 53.

COEXI＇STENCE [of con and existens, Lat.] existence at the same
time with another; having to. The real coexistence of that thing to
that motion. Locke. 2. More commonly with. The being of God＇s
eternal ideas, and their coexistence with him. Grew.








COEXI＇STENT [of con and existens, Lat.] 1. Having an existence toge­
ther at the same time; with to. It is not requisite that a thing should
be coexistent to the motion we measure by. Locke. 2. Sometimes
with. Coexistent with the motions of the great bodies of the universe.
Locke.

To COEXTE＇ND [of con and extendo, Lat.] to extend to the same
space or duration with another. Every motion is coextended with the
body moved. Grew.

COEXTE＇NSION [of coextend] the act or state of extending to the
same space or duration with another. Some analogy at least of coex­
tension with my body. Hale.

CO＇FFEE [choava, Arab. pronounced caheu by the Turks, and
cahuah by the Arabs] a species of Arabic jessamine. It is found to
succeed as well in the Caribbee islands as in its native place of growth,
Mocha, in Arabia Felix. The berry brought from the Levant is most
esteemed, and the berry when ripe is as hard as horn. Miller. Also
a sort of a drink made of the berry, very familiar in Europe. Some
refer the invention of coffee to the Persians, from whom it was learned in
the 15th century. Thevenot, the traveller, was the first who brought it
into France; and a Greek, called Pasqua, brought into England by
Mr. Daniel Edwards, a Turky merchant, in 1652, to make his coffee,
first set up the profession of coffee-man; tho＇ some say Dr. Harvey
had used coffee before. Chambers. They have in Turkey a drink
called coffee, made of a berry of the same name, as black as soot, of a
strong scent, but not aromatical; which they take, beaten into pow­
der, in water, as hot as they can drink it: this drink comsorteth the
brain and heart, and helpeth digestion. Bacon.

COFFEE-HOUSE [of coffee and house] a house of entertainment,
where coffee is sold, and the guests are supplied with news-papers.

COFFEE-MAN [of coffee and man] one that keeps a coffee-house.
Addison uses it.

COFFEE-POT [of coffee and pot] the covered pot in which coffee is
made and boiled.

CO＇FFER [coffer, Sax. coffre, Fr. cofre, Sp. and Port. coffano, It.
koffer, Du. coffer, Ger.] 1. A chest or trunk, generally for keeping of
money; as, to fill one＇s coffers. 2. Treasure. Without any burthen
to the queen＇s coffers. Bacon. 3. A long square box, or trough, in
which tin ore is broken to pieces in a stamping mill.

COFFER [in fortification] a hollow trench or lodgment cut across
a dry ditch, from six to seven feet deep, and from sixteen to eighteen
broad: the upper part being made of pieces of timber, raised two
feet above the level of the moat, which little elevation has hurdles
laden with earth for its covering, and serves as a parapet with embra­
sures.

COFFER [with architects] the lowermost part of a cornice, or a
square depressure or sinking in each interval, between the modillion of
the Corinthian cornice, usually filled with a rose, pomegranate, or
other inrichment.

To CO＇FFER [from the subst.] to treasure up in chests. Treasure,
as a war might draw forth, so a peace succeeding might coffer up. Ba­
con.

CO＇FFERER [in the king＇s houshold] the second officer next under
the comptroller, who has the oversight of the other officers, and pays
them their wages.

CO＇FFIN [cofe, Sax. a hole, a coffer, a chest, or perhaps of coffano,
It.] a case or box, commonly of wood, to put a dead body in, in or­
der to burial; also a mould of paste for a pie.

COFFIN [of a horse] is the whole hoof of the foot above the coro­
net, including the coffin-bone, the sole and the frush.

COFFIN-BONE [of a horse] is a small spongy bone, inclosed in the
middle of the hoof, and possessing the whole form of the foot.

COFFIN of Paper, a triangular piece, such as grocers put up pepper,
&c. in form of a cone.

To COFFIN [from the subst.] to inclose in a coffin.
Let me lie
In prison, and here be coffin＇d when I die. Donne.

COFFIN-Maker [of coffin and make] one who makes coffins.

To COG, verb act. [a word of uncertain original; but, by Skinner,
derived from coqueliner, Fr.] 1. To flatter, to use adulatory speeches.
Cog their hears from them, and come home belov＇d. Shakespeare.
2. To obtrude by falsehood. I have cogged in the word to serve my
turn. Stillingfleet. 3. With milwrights, to fix cogs in a wheel.

To COG a Die, to secure it so as to direct its fall, in order to pro­
duce the number desired.
But then my study was to cog the dice,
And dext＇rously to throw the lucky sice. Dryden.

To COG, verb neut. to lye; to wheedle. Mrs. Ford, I cannot
cog; I cannot prate. Shakespeare.

COG. 1. The tooth of a wheel, by which it acts upon another wheel.
2. A sort of boat used on the river Humber.

CO＇GENCY, subst. [from cogent] force, strength, power of convic­
tion.

CO＇GENT, adj. [cogens, Lat.] forcible, convincing, powerful, ro­
sistless. Such is the cogent force of nature. Prior.

CO＇GENTLY, adv. [from cogent] forcibly, in an irresistible manner.

COGE＇NDE, a city of Tartary, in Asia, remarkable for its commerce
in musk. Lat. 41° N. Long. 74° E.

CO＇GGA, or CO＇GGO [in old law] a sort of sea-vestel or ship, a cock­
boat.

CO＇GGER [from to cog] one that flatters or wheedles.

CO＇GGLESTONE [cuogolo, It.] a small pebble, a little stone. Skin­
ner.

CO＇GITABLE [cogitabilis, of cogito, Lat. to think] that may be
thought on.

COGI＇TABUND [cogitabundo, Sp. cogitabundus, Lat.] full of thoughts,
deeply thoughtful.

COGITA＇TION [cogitazione, It. of cogitatio, Lat.] 1. The act of think­
ing, thought, the reflection of the mind, purpose, reflection previous
to action. Cogitations vast and irregular. Bacon. 2. Meditation.
Fix＇d in cogitation deep. Milton.

COGITATION [with the Cartesiaus] whatever a man experiences in
himself, and of which he is conscious; as all the operations of the un­
derstanding, will, imagination, and senses.

COOITA＇TIVE [cogitativus, of cogito, Lat.] 1. Having the power
of thought or reflection; as, a cogitative substance we call spirit and
soul. Bentley. 2. Thoughtful, given to deep meditation. By nature
more cogitative. Wotton.

COGNA＇TION [cognatio, Lat.] 1. Kindred, descent from the same
original. Vices of near cognation to ingratitude. South. 2. Relation,
participation of the same nature. Causes of no cognation. Brown.

COGNATION [in civil law] the line of parentage between males and
females, both descended from the same father.

CO＇GNI, the capital of Caramania, in the Lesser Asia, anciently cal­
led Iconium, about 250 miles south of Constantinople.

CO＇GNISABLE [connissable, Fr.] 1. That falls under judicial notice;
as, cognisable to the law. 2. Proper to be tried or examined. Cog­
nisable both in the ecclesiastical and secular courts. Ayliffe.

CO＇GNISANCE, or COGNIZANCE [connoissance, Fr. conoscensa, It.
cognitio, Lat. knowledge] judicial notice, trial, judicial authority.
Cognizance of the law. Addison.

COGNISANCE, a badge by which any one is known particularly, a
badge of arms on a serving man, or waterman＇s sleeve, shewing that
he belongs to a particular master or society. Livery coats with cog­
nizances. Bacon. These were the proper cognizances and coat-arms of
the tribes. Brown.

COGNISANCE [in heraldry] signifies the same as crest, which in any
atchievement helps to marshal, and set off a coat of arms.

COGNISANCE [in law] sometimes is used to signify the confession of
a thing done, an acknowledgment of a fine; also an audience or hear­
ing a matter judicially.

COGNISANCE of a Plea [in law] is a privilege granted by the king
to a city or town corporate, to hold a plea of all contracts and of land
within the bounds of the franchise; so that if any person is impleaded
upon such an account at the king＇s or mayor＇s court, or the court of
the bailiff of such franchise, he may ask cognizance of the plea, i. e.
that the matter may be determined before them.

COGNISE＇E, or CONNISE＇E [a law term] the person to whom a fine
is acknowledged.

COGNISO＇R, or CONNISO＇R, one who acknowledges or passes a fine
of lands or tenements to another.

COGNI＇TIO Præjudicialis [in civil law] is a debating of a point that
happens accidentally before the principal cause can have an end. Lat.

COGNI＇TION [cognitio, of cognosco, Lat. to know] knowledge, com­
plete conviction.

COGNITIO＇NIBUS Admittendis, a writ to a justice or other person,
who has power to take a fine, and having actually taken an acknowledg­
ment of it, defers to certify it into the court of common-pleas, re­
quiring him to do it.

CO＇GNITIVE [cognitus, Lat.] having the power of knowing. Un­
less the understanding employ its cognitive or apprehensive power
about these terms, there can be no actual apprehension of them.
South.

COGNO＇MINAL, adj. [cognominis, gen. of cognomen, Lat.] having the
same name. Brown uses it substantively, or as an adjective elliptically.
Nor does the dog-fish at sea much more make out the dog of the land,
than his cognominal or name-sake in the heavens. Brown.

COGNOMINA＇TION [of cognomen, Lat.] 1. A surname, the name of
a family. 2. A name super-added from any accident or quality. Pom­
pey deserved the name Great: Alexander, of the same cognomination,
was generalissimo of Greece. Brown.

COGNO＇SCENCE [connoissance, Fr. conoscenza, It. of cognosco, Lat.]
knowledge; the state or act of knowing.

COGNO＇SCIBLE [cognosco, Lat.] that may be known, being the ob­
ject of knowledge. Matters intelligible and cognoscible in things natu­
ral. Hale.

COGNO＇SCITIVE [cognoscitivo, It.] pertaining to knowledge.

CO＇GRITAL Line [in fortification] a line drawn from the angle of
the centre to that of the bastion.

COG-MEN, dealers in cog ware.

COG-WARE, coarse cloths, anciently used in the north of England.

COGUE, a small cup or dram of brandy. In Scotland, a small
wooden vessel staved and hooped.

To COGUE, to drink brandy.

To COHA＇BIT [cohabitàr, Sp. cohabito, Lat.] 1. To dwell with
another in the same place. The captivated ark foraged their country
more than a conquering army: they were not able to cohabit with that
holy thing. South. 2. To live together as man and wife do. He
knew her not to be his own wife, and yet had a design to cohabit with
her as such. Fiddes.

COHA＇BITANT [of cohabit] one who inhabits with another. The
Spaniards are to be their cohabitants. Decay of Piety.

COHA＇BITANCE, or COHABITA＇TION [Fr. of cohabito, of con, and
habito, Lat. to dwell] 1. The act or state of cohabiting or dwelling
with another. 2. The state of living together as husband and wife.
It could not evacuate a marriage after cohabitation and actual consum­
mation. Bacon.

CO＇HEIR [coheritier, It. coerede, Fr. of cohæres, Lat.] a joint heir
with another: one of several among whom an inheritance is divided.
Married persons, widows, and virgins, are all coheirs in the inheritance
of Jesus. Taylor.

COHEI＇RESS [of coheir] a female joint-heir with another female.

To COHE＇RE [cohærco, Lat.] 1. To stick or cleave to.
All their centre found,
Hung to the goddess, and coher＇d around. Pope.
2. To be well connected, to follow regularly in the order of discourse
Had time coher＇d with place, or place with wishing.
Shakespeare.
3. To hang together well, to agree.

COHE＇RENCE, or COHE＇RENCY [coerenza, It. cohærentia, of con,
and hærco, Lat. to stick] 1. A sticking, state of cleaving or hanging
together. That state of bodies in which their parts are joined toge­
ther, so that they resist divulsion and separation. Quincy. Degrees be­
tween extreme fixedness and coherency, and the most rapid intestine
motion. Bentley. 2. Connection, dependency, the relation of things
to one another, an agreement. Why between sermons and saith
should there be that coherence which causes have with their usual effects?
Hooker. 3. The texture of a discourse, by which one part follows






















another regularly and naturally. 4. Consistency in reasoning or re­
lating, so that one part does not contradict or destroy the other. Cohe­
cence of discourse, and a direct tendency of all the parts to the argu­
ment in hand. Locke.

COHE＇RENT [coerente, It. of cohærens, Lat.] 1. Striking together,
so as to resist separation. Coagulating and diluting, that is, making
their parts more or less coherent. Arbuthnot. 2. Suitable to something
else, regularly adapted.
Instruct my daughter,
That time and place, with this deceit so lawful,
May prove coherent. Shakespeare.
3. Consistent, not contradictory to itself, agreeing together. A cohe­
rent thinker, and a strict reasoner. Watts.

COHE＇RENT Discourses, are such discourses in which there is a con­
nexion and agreement between their parts.

COHERENT Propositions, such as have some relation or agreement
one with another.

COHE＇SION [cohæsio, Lat.] 1. The act of sticking or cleaving toge­
ther. 2. The state of union, the state of inseparability. What cause
of their cohesion can you find. Blackmore. 3. Connection, dependence.
Ideas that have no natural cohesion, come to be united in their heads.
Locke.

COHESION of the Parts of Matter [with philosophers] is a certain
quality from whence soever it arises, by which the parts of all solid
bodies adhere or stick close to one another.

COHE＇SIVE [from to cohere] having the power of sticking to another,
and of resisting separation.

COHE＇SIVENESS [of cohesive] cohesive quality, the quality of resisting
separation.

To COHI＇BIT [of cohibeo, Lat.] to restrain, to hinder.

To CO＇HOBATE, verb act. To pour any distilled liquor upon the
remaining or fresh matter, and distil it over again.

COHOBA＇TION [from cohobate; with chemists] a repeated distilla­
tion by pouring the liquor on again upon the dregs remaining in the
vessel, or upon fresh ingredients of the same kind, commonly performed
to open mixed bodies, or to render spirits volatile.

CO＇HORT [cohorte, Fr. and Sp. coorte, It. cohors, Lat.] 1. A band of
soldiers among the Romans, ordinarily consisting of 500 men, or the
tenth part of a legion. The Romans levied cohorts, companies, and
ensigns. Camden. 2. In poetical language, a body of warriors.
The cohort bright
Of watchful cherubim. Milton.

COHORTA＇TION [cohortatio, Lat.] an exhortation or encouraging
by words.

COIF [coeffe, Fr. from cofea for cucufa, low Lat.] a sort of hood or
cap for the head; a woman＇s head-dress.

Serjeants of the COIF, a title of serjeants at law, given them from
the wearing a coif on their heads. Of the degree of the coif. Bacon.
A brother of the coif. Temple.

COI＇FED [from coif] wearing a coif.

COI＇FFURE [coeffure, Fr.] 1. A coif or head-dress. I am highly
pleased with the coiffure now in fashion. Addison. 2. The badge of a
serjeant at law.

COIGNE, an Irish word. Desmond began that extortion of coigne,
and livery, and pay; that is, he and his army took horse-meat, and
man＇s meat, and money, at pleasure. Davies.

COIGNE, Fr. 1. A corner. 2. A wooden wedge used by printers
to fasten their matter in the forms.

COIL [kolleren, Du.] 1. A noise, clutter, tumult, confusion,
bustle. Mistress, all this coil is ＇long of you. Shakespeare. 2. A rope
wound up into ring. 3. The breach of a great gun.

To keep a COIL [prob. of kottern, Teut. to chide] to make a noise,
disturbance, stir, bustle, and confusion.

To COIL [cueiller, Fr.] to gather into a narrow compass. The
lurking particles of air must plump up the sides of the bladder, until the
pressure of the air that at first coiled them be re-admitted. Boyle.

To COIL a Cable [a sea term] is to wind it about in form of a ring,
the several circles lying one upon another.

COI＇LING of the Stud, signifies the first making choise of a colt or
young horse for service.

COI＇MBRA, a large city of Portugal, in the province of Beira,
situated on the river Mondego, about 96 miles north of Lisbon.

CO-IMMENSE, noun adj. What is equally immense; or perhaps (ac­
cording to its strict etymology) immense together with another. The
Ante-Nicene doctrine, on this head, was well described by Lactantius,
when he says, there is but one SUPREME God, who alone is unorigi­
nate; as being himself the origin of all things; in quô filius & omnia
continentur, i. e. in whom the SON and all things are CONTAINED.”
Or by Novation long before him, “GOD the FATHER is the founder
and creator of all things, alone unoriginate, invisible, immense, im­
mortal, eternal: the ONE GOD; to whose magnitude, and majesty,
and power, I＇ll not say, any thing can be preferred, when [in truth]
nothing can be COMPARED with it.” Novat. de Regul. fid. c. 31.
And indeed bishop Bull [Deffens. Fid. Nicen. Ed. Oxon. p. 462] con­
fesses, that, veteres catholici pene omnes, &c. i. e. almost all the ca­
tholic writers, who preceded Arius, seem not to have known the invi­
sible and immense nature of the son of God. True enough, if the word
[immense] be understood in its most high and absolute sense: For in
that sense the ANCIENTS appropriated not only this, but every other
divine perfection to the FIRST CAUSE and FATHER of the universe.
Neque enim illa sublimitas (as St. Cyprian expresses it) ullum consortem
habet. q. d. Nor has that SUBLIMITY any compeer. On the other
hand, it should not be dissembled, there is a relative immensity which
these ancient writers ascribe to the second and the third persons. Thus
Irenæus represents the LOGOS of God as infixed in the whole system of
the universe; and yet when considering him in relation to his Father,
he says, Pater enim conditionem & verbum suum simul portans, & ver­
bum portatum a Patre, &c. i. e. The FATHER at once supports the
whole creation and his own Logos; and the Logos being supported by
the FATHER, gives the spirit to whomsoever the FATHER wills.——
And thus the ONE God, the FATHER, is manifested, who is over all,
and thro＇ all, and in all. The FATHER in truth is over all; and He
is the HEAD of Christ. The Logos is thro＇ all, and He is the HEAD
of the Church: And the spirit is in us all; and he is the living water,
which our Lord bestows on them that believe aright in Him, and love
Him, and learn from Him, that there is one FATHER, who is over
all, and thro＇ all, and in us all. Irenæus adv. Hæresis, Ed. Grabe,
p. 427, 428. If the reader desires to see by what church writers an
absolute co-immensity was introduced, he may consult the words
FIRST Cause, and CIRCUM-Incession. Tho＇ the learned Cudworth
seems to question if even these (I mean the old Athanasians) ventured
to assert an absolute co-equality of the divine personages between them­
selves, tho＇ alike omnipotent ad extra, or with regard to us: and he
affirms, that St. Basil, St. Gregory, Nazienzen, St. Chrysostom, and
even St. Athanasius himself, all understood our Saviour as speaking in
his HIGHEST capacity, when he said, “My Fathur is GREATER than
I.” Cudworth＇s Intell. Syst. p. 495, 598—600.

COIN [of coigne, Fr.] a corner, any thing standing out angularly,
a square brick cut diagonally, called often quoin or quine.
No jutting frize,
Buttrice, or coigne of vantage. Shakespeare.
See you yond＇ coin o＇ th＇ capitol, yond＇ corner stone.
Shakespeare.

COIN [coin, Fr. the dye or stamp with which money is coined; per­
haps of cuneus, a wedge, because metal is cut in wedges to be coined;
or, as others suppose, of εικων, Gr. an image, because it has com­
monly the figure of the prince＇s head upon it; or probably of cunnar,
Sp. to coin] 1. Any sort of stamped money, or a piece of metal con­
verted into money by impressing certain marks or figures on it.
You have made
Your holy hat be stamp＇d on the king＇s coin. Shakespeare.
2. Payment of any kind. The loss of present advantage to flesh and
blood, is repaid in a nobler coin. Hammond. See COINS.
Much COIN much care.
Lat. Crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam. Horat. Fr. Plus on a d＇ar­
gent, & plus on a de souci. H. Ger. Uiel geld, viel forgen. Tho＇
riches, and the obtaining of them, is almost every man＇s greatest care,
yet they are not always the happiest men who attain them. They at
best require a constant sollicitude to employ and secure them, and often
beget such an insatiable thirst after more, as hinders us from enjoying
those we have.

To COIN [from the noun] 1. To mint or stamp metals for money.
They never put in practice a thing so necessary as coined money is.
Peacham. 2. To invent words or stories.
Never coin a formal lie on＇t,
To make the knight o＇ercome the giant. Hudibras.

COI＇NAGE [from coin] 1. The act or practice of coining. The care
of the coinage was committed to the inferior magistrates. Arbuthnot.
2. Money stamped legally. This is conceived to be a coinage of some
Jews in derision of Christians, who first began that portrait. Brown.
3. The making of money. 4. The charges of making or coining
money. 5. Forgery, invention. This is the very coinage of your
brain. Shakespeare.

To CO＇INCIDE [of coincido, Lat.] 1. To fall upon or to meet in the
same point; as, two lines coincide. 2. To concur, to be consistent
with. The rules of right judgment and of good ratiocination often coin­
cide with each other. Watts.

COI＇NCIDENCE, or COI＇NCIDENTNESS [coincidentia, Lat.] 1. The
state of several bodies or lines falling upon the same point; as, the co­
incidence of centres. 2. Concurrence, consistency, tendency of several
things to the same end. The very concurrence and coincidence of so
many evidences to the proof, carries great weight. Hale. 3. Some­
times followed by with; as, coincidence of planes with one another.

COI＇NCIDENT [of coincidens, Lat.] 1. Falling upon the same point;
as, coincident circles, 2. Concurrent, consistent, equivalent, tanta­
mount; as, to be perfectly suitable and coincident with virtue.

COINCIDENT Figures [in geometry] are such which being placed
one upon another, do exactly agree or cover one another.

CO＇INCLUDED [of con, with, and inclusus, Lat.] included together
with another.

COINDICA＇TIONS [of con, and indico, Lat. to shew; with physicians]
are signs that do not indicate or discover by themselves, but, together
with other things and circumstances, assist the physician to form a
judgment of the disease.

COI＇NER [of coin] 1. A minter or stamper of coin, a maker of mo­
ney. Designs that never enter＇d into the thoughts of the sculptor or
coiner. Addison. 2. A counterfeiter of the king＇s money, a maker of
base coin. 3. A forger, an inventor. Dionysius, a Greek coiner of
etymologies. Camden.

COI＇NING, the art of stamping or making money. See COINAGE.
In the art of coining, they make use of two principal machines, the
press for stamping or giving the impression, and the machine for mil­
ling or stamping the edge. The press is represented on Plate XII.
Fig. 2. to which the coining squares or dies are fastened. The plan­
chet, or piece to be coined, being laid flat between the dies, they pull
the bar of the engine by its ropes, which gives the impression. The
machine for stamping the edges is represented on Plate IV. Fig. 50.
The planchet is put between the two pieces, one of which is fixed, the
other moveable, by means of a dented wheel. This sliding-piece turns
the planchet in such a manner, that it remains stamped on the edge
when it has made one turn.

COINS, or QUOINS [encogneures, Fr. either of coigner, Fr. to drive
or thrust in, or of coins, Fr. corners; with architects] the corners of
walls; or a kind of dies cut diagonal-wise, after the manner of the
flight of a stair-case, serving at bottom to support columns on a level,
and at top to correct the inclination of an entablature supporting a
vault.

COINS, or QUOINS [in gunnery] great wooden wedges with small
handles at the ends for the levelling of a piece of ordnance at plea­
sure.

COINS, or QUOINS [with printers] certain small wedges used to
fasten the whole composure of letters in the chase or frame.

COINS, or Canting COINS [in a ship] are small short pieces of wood,
cut with a sharp ridge to lie between the casks to keep them from rol­
ling one against another.

Standing COINS, pipe-staves, or billets to make casks fast, or to
keep them from rolling.








COI＇NOBITE, or CE＇NOBITE [κοινοβιτης, of κοινος, common, and
βιος, Gr. life] a religious person, who lives in a convent, &c. under
a certain rule, contra-distinguished from an hermit or an anchorite
who lives in solitude.

To COJOI＇N, verb neut. [of con, and join, conjungo, Lat.] to be
joined with another in the same office.
Thou mayst cojoin with something, and thou dost,
And that beyond commission. Shakespeare.

COI＇RE, or CHUR, the capital of the country of the Grisons in
Switzerland, situated on the river Rhine, 53 miles south of Con­
stance.

COI＇STREL, a coward cock, a runaway. He＇s a coward and a
coistrel, that will not drink to my niece. Shakespeare.

COIT, or QUOIT [kote, Du.] a die, a sort of broad rings of iron
or horse-shoos to play withal, a thing thrown at some mark; see
QUOIT. The time they wear out at coits, kayles, &c. Carew.

COI＇TION [of coitio, Lat.] 1. The act by which two bodies come
together. By Gilbertus this motion is termed coition, not made by any
faculty attractive of one, but a syndrome and concourse of each.
Brown. 2. Bodies tending towards one another, as of the iron and
loadstone. 3. Copulation or intercourse between male and female.

COITION of the Moon [in astronomy] is when the moon is in the
same sign and degree of the zodiac with the sun.

COKE [perhaps from coquo, Lat. to bake. Skinner] pit-coal, or
sea-coal, burnt into a kind of charcoal.

COKENHA＇USEN, a fortress of Livonia, on the river Dwina, about
12 miles east of Riga.

CO＇KER, a boat-man or water-man.

CO＇KERS, fishermens boats.

A COKES, a meer fool, a ninny.

COL, is a common abbreviation for colonel.

CO＇LANDER [of colo, Lat. to strain] a sieve made of various
materials for straining any thing clear.
A thick woven osier colander,
Thro＇ which the pressed wines are strained clear. May.

To COLAPHI＇ZE [colaphizo, Lat. of κολαϕιζω, Gr.] to buffet.

COLA＇PTICE, Lat. [of κολαπτω, Gr. to carve] the art of carving
figures in stone.

COLARBA＇SIANS. See COLORBASIANS.

CO＇LARIN [in architecture] the little frize of the capital of the
Doric and Tuscan column, placed between the astragal and the annu­
lets; also the orlo or ring on the top of the shaft of the column, next
to the capital.

COLA＇TION [of colo, Lat. to strain] the act of straining, or passing
through a colander or sieve.

CO＇LATURE [from colo, Lat. to strain, in pharmacy] the separation
of a liquor from some mixture or impurity, by straining it through
the narrow pores of a cloth, paper, &c. or that which is so strained.

CO＇LBERTINE, a sort of lace, worn by women. An old frisoneer
gorget with a yard of yellow colbertine. Congreve.

CO＇LCHESTER, a large borough-town of Essex on the Coln, over
which it has three bridges. It had formerly many religious houses,
and an abbey, whose abbots sat in parliament; and 150 years ago it
was the see of a bishop. Here is a large manufacture of bays. It
is 58 miles from London, and sends two members to parliament.

CO＇LCHICUM, Lat. [with botanists] meadow-saffron.

CO＇LCOTHAR, or CO＇LCOTAL [with chemists] vitriol burnt or cal­
cin＇d over a strong fire for a good while; which is effectual in stanch­
ing blood; also the dregs or remains left at the bottom of the vessel,
after the distillation of vitriol.

Natural CO＇LCOTHAR, is a red German vitriol, formed from the
common green vitriol, calcin＇d naturally by some subterraneous
fire.

Artificial COLCOTHAR, is a green vitriol, calcin＇d a long time by
an intense fire, and by that means reduced to the redness of blood.
Colcothar, or vitriol burnt, though unto a redness, containing the fixt
salt, will make good ink. Brown.

COLD, subst. [ceald, Sax. kold, O. and L. Ger. kout, Du.
kalt, H. Ger. and Su.] 1. The cause of the sensation of cold,
the frigorific power, privation of heat. 2. The sensation of cold,
coldness. A deadly cold ran shivering to her heart. Dryden. 4. A
disease caused by a cold; want of perspiration.

COLD, adj. 1. The contrary of hot, gelid, not having warmth;
as, cold water. 2. Shivering, having sense of cold.
Let another half stand laughing by,
All out of work, and cold for action. Shakespeare.
3. Having cold qualities, not volatile, not acrid; as, cold plants.
4. Unaffected, frigid, without passion or zeal, unconcerned. To see
a world in flames, and a host of angels in the clouds, one must be a
stoic to be a cold and unconcerned spectator. Burnet. 5. Unaffecting,
not moving the passions. The rabble are pleas＇d at the first entry of
a disguise, but the jest grows cold when it comes on in a second scene.
Addison. 6. Reserved, coy, not affectionate, not cordial, not friend­
ly. The commissioners grew more reserved and colder towards each
other. Clarendon. 7. Chaste.
You may
Convey your pleasures in a spacious plenty,
And yet seem cold. Shakespeare.
8. Not welcome, not received with kindness or warmth of affection.
My master＇s suit will be but cold,
Since she respects my mistress＇s love. Shakespeare.
9. Not hasty, not violent. 10. Not having the scent strongly af­
fected.
Smell this business, with a sense as cold
As is a deadman＇s nose. Shakespeare.

As COLD as charity. Which, it is to be feared, is cold enough.

COLD Tea, brandy; a low cant word.

COLDISH, somewhat cold.

CO＇LDLY [from cold] 1. Without heat. 2. Without concern. 3.
Without warmth of temper, or expression; as, to proceed in any
affair coldly.

CO＇LDNESS [cealdnesse, Sax.] 1. Want of heat, quality of cau­
sing the sensation of cold; as, excessive coldness of water; coldness of
the weather. 2. Want of concern, want of zeal, negligence. A
coldness and indifference in his thoughts. Addison. 3. Coyness, want
of kindness, want of passion.
How will thy coldness raise
Tempests and storms in his afflicted bosom. Addison.
4. Chastity, exemption from vehement desire.
The silver stream her virgin coldness keeps. Pope.

COLDNESS Potential, is a relative quality, which plants, &c. are sup­
posed to have. Thus a plant is said to be cold in the 2d or 3d de­
gree; not that it is actually cold to the touch, but in its effects or ope­
rations, if taken inwardly.

CO＇LDSHIRE Iron, is such as is brittle when it is cold.

COLE [carl, Sax.] a general name for all sorts of cabbage.

COLE-Worts [col, Sp. and wurt, Teut. or of cewlwyrt, Sax.] a spe­
cies of cabbage. The closing cole-worts upwards grow. Gay.

CO＇LEBROOK. a market-town of Buckinghamshire, standing on
four channels of the river Coln, over each of which it has a bridge.
It is situated on the Bath road, 18 miles from London.

CO＇LEN＇S Earth, a sort of colour used by painters.

CO＇LESHILL, a market-town of Warwickshire, 103 miles from Lon­
don. It stands on the ascent of a hill near the river Cole, whence
its name.

CO＇LET, that part of a ring where the stone is set.

CO＇LIBERTS, persons of a middle condition, between servants and
freemen.

CO＇LIBUS, the humming bird, which makes a noise like a whirl­
wind, though it be in size no bigger than a fly; it seeds on dew,
has an admirable beauty of feathers, and a scent as sweet as that of
musk or ambergrease.

CO＇LIC [colique, Fr. colica, It. cholica, Sp. and Port. of colicus, Lat.
of κολικη, Gr.] a violent pain in the abdomen, that takes its
name from the gut colon, which anciently was supposed the principal
part affected. Strictly it is a disorder of the colon, but loosely any
disorder of the stomach or bowels that is attended with pain. There
are five sorts:

Bilious COLIC [of bilis, Lat.] proceeds from certain sharp, bilious,
stimulating humours, which are diffused through the intestines, and
vellicating their fibres, occasion a sensation of pain, generally with a
looseness.

Flatulent or Wind COLIC, is produced by windy vapours, which
swells and distends the intestines.

Histerical COLIC, which arises from diseases of the womb, and is
communicated by consent of parts to the bowels.

Nephritic COLIC [from νεϕρος, Gr. the rein] is so called because it
is felt particularly in the reins, or rather, because produced by some
disorder there. This species is commonly called the stone-colic, by
consent of parts, from the irritation of the stone or gravel in the blad­
der or kidneys.

Nervous COLIC, which is from convulsive spasms and contortions
of the guts themselves, from some disorder of the spirits, or nervous
fluid in their component fibres, whereby their capacities are, in many
places, streightened, and sometimes so, as to occasion obstinate ob­
structions. Quiny.

COLIC, adj. affecting the bowels. Intestine stone, and ulcer, colic
pangs. Milton.

To COLL [accoller, Fr. of collum, Lat. the neck] to embrace about
the neck.

COLLA [κολλα, Gr.] glew, any glutinous matter, or of the nature
of glew.

COLLABEFA＇CTION, Lat. a destroying, wasting, or decaying.

To COLLA＇BEFY [collabefacio, Lat.] to break, to destroy, to
waste.

To COLLA＇PSE [collapsus, of collabor, Lat.] to fall together, to close
so, as that one side touches the other. In consumptions or attrophy,
the liquids are exhausted, and the sides of the canals collapse. Ar­
buthnot.

COLLA＇PSION. 1. The act of falling down together. 2. The
state of vessels closed or fallen down.

CO＇LLAR [collier, Fr. collare, It. collàr, Sp. of collare, Lat.] 1. The
upper part of a doublet or band, that surrounds the neck. 2. A ring
made of metal to put about the neck of a slave, dog, &c.
With golden muzzles all their mouths were bound,
And collars of the same their neck surround. Dryden.
3. Harness for a cart or draught horse＇s neck.
The traces of the smallest spider＇s web,
The collars of the moonshine＇s watry beams. Shakespeare.

To slip one＇s Neck out of the COLLAR, to get out (or clear) of a bad
business, engagement or difficulty.

COLLAR of Brawn, as much brawn as is rolled and bound in one
parcel.

COLLAR [in a ship] is a rope fastened about the beak-head, unto
which is fixed a pulley called the dead-man＇s eye, that holds the main
stay; also another about the head of the main-mast, called the col­
lar or garland, which is wound about there to prevent it from galling.

COLLAR of SS＇s, an ornament of the knights of the garter, worn
about their necks.

COLLAR-BEAM [in carpentry] a beam framed crosswise, betwixt
two principal rafters.

COLLAR-BONE [of collar and bone] the clavicle, the bones on
each side of the neck, called the right and left collar-bones.

COLLAR-DAYS, certain public days or holidays, on which the
knights of the garter appear in their collars, of SS.

To COLLAR [with wrestlers] is to lay hold on the collar of the
antagonist, to take by the throat.

To COLLAR Beef, or other meat, to roll it up, and tie it hard
with a collar or string.

CO＇LLARAGE, a tax or sine formerly laid on collars of horses that
drew carts of wine.

To COLLA＇TE [collatum, sup. of confero, from con, and fero, Lat.
to carry, colleter, Fr.] 1. To compare one thing of the same kind with
another. 2. To bestow a spiritual living, to place; with to. He thrusts
out the invader, and collated Amsdorf to the benefice. Atterbury.

To COLLATE Books [collationner, Fr. collazionare, It. of collatus,







Lat.] to examine them by the signature, to see that they are per­
fect.

COLLA＇TERAL [Fr. collaterale, It. colateràl, Sp. of collateralis,
Lat.] 1. Being side to side, that comes sideways, not directly, but
on one side; thus, collateral pressure is a pressure side-ways.
From his radiant seat he rose,
Of high collateral glory. Milton.
2. Running parallel. 3. Diffused on either side. Collateral love and
dearest amity. Milton. 4. Not direct, not immediate.
They shall hear and judge ＇twixt you and me,
If by direct, or by collateral hand,
They find us touch＇d, we will our kingdom give
To you. Shakespeare.
5. Concurrent. The force of the motive lies entirely within itself;
it receives no collateral strength from external considerations. At­
terbury.

COLLATERAL [in geography] any place, country, &c. situate by
the side of another.

COLLATERAL Assurance, is a bond, which a man, that covenants
with another, enters into for performance of the covenants.

COLLATERAL Descent, is springing out of the side of the whole
blood, as grandfather＇s brother, &c.

COLLATERAL Points [in cosmography] are the immediate points,
or those between the cardinal points.

Primary COLLATERAL Points, are such as are removed by an equal
angle on each side, from two cardinal points.

Secondary COLLATERAL Points, are either those which are equally
distant from a cardinal and first primary; or equally distant from some
cardinal or primary, and first secondary.

COLLATERAL Security [in law] that which is given over and above
the deed itself, as if a man covenants with another, and enters into a
bond for the performance of his covenants, the bond is stiled a colla­
teral assurance.

COLLATERA＇LIS Penis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle, otherwise called
erector penis.

COLLA＇TERALLY [from collateral] 1. Side by side; as, when
things are placed collaterally. 2. Indirectly. By asserting the scrip­
ture to be the canon of our faith, I have created two enemies; the pa­
pists more directly, because they have kept the scripture from us, and
the fanatics more collaterally, because they have assumed what a­
mounts to an infallibility in the private spirit. Dryden. 3. In a colla­
teral relation.

COLLA＇TERALS [in genealogy] are such relations as proceed from
the same stock, but not in the same line of ascendants or descendants;
but being as it were aside of each other. Thus uncles, aunts, neices,
cousins, are collaterals, or in the collateral line. The estate and in­
heritance of a person dying intestate is, by right of devolution, given
to such as are allied to him, ex latere, commonly stiled collaterals, if
there be no ascendants or descendants surviving. Ayliffe.

COLLA＇TION [Fr. collazione, It. collación, Sp. of collatio, Lat.] 1.
A handsome treat or entertainment, between dinner and supper.
2. Among the Romanists a meal or repast on a fast-day, in lieu of
a supper. 3. The act of conferring or bestowing a gift; as, the col­
lation of benefits.

COLLATION [in a logical sense] the act of comparing one thing
well with another. I return you your Milton, which, upon collation,
I find to be revised and augmented. Pope.

COLLATION [in common law] 1. The comparison or presentation of
a copy to its original, to see whether they are both alike. 2. The re­
port or act of the officers who made the comparison.

COLLATION [of a benefice] is the bestowing of a church-living
by a bishop, who has it in his own gift or patronage, and differs from
institution in this, that institution into a benefice is performed by the
bishop at the presentation of another who is patron.

COLLATION of Seals [ancient deeds] was when one seal was set on
the reverse or back of another, upon the same label or ribband.

COLLATIO＇NE Facta, &c. Lat. [in law] a writ directed to the jus­
tices of the Common Pleas, enjoining them to send out their writ to a
bishop, for the admitting a clerk in the place of another, presented
by the king, who died during the suit between the king and bishop＇s
clerk.

COLLATIONE Hermitagii, Lat. [in law] a writ by which the king
used to confer the keeping of an hermitage upon a clerk.

COLLATI＇TIOUS [collatitius, Lat.] done by the conference or con­
tribution of many.

COLLA＇TIVE, adj. [collativus, Lat.] conferred together.

COLLATIVE, subst. [collativum, Lat.] a benevolence of the people
to the king, &c.

COLLA＇TOR [from collate] 1. One that compares copies or ma­
nuscripts. To read the titles they give an editor or collator of a ma­
nuscript, you would take him for the glory of letters. Addison. 2.
One who presents to an ecclesiastical benefice. A mandatory cannot
interrupt a collator, till a month is expired from the day of presenta­
tion. Ayliffe.

To COLLA＇UD [collaudo, Lat.] to join in praising.

COLLEA＇GUE [collega, Lat. collegue, Fr. collega, It.] a companion,
partner, or associate in the same office or magistracy; anciently ac­
cented on the last syllable.
I intend
Mercy colleague with justice, sending thee. Milton.

To COLLEA＇GUE [from the subst.] to unite with.
Colleagued with this dream of his advantage,
He hath not fail＇d to pester us with message. Shakespeare.

A CO＇LLECT [collecte, Fr. colletta, Sp. collectum, Lat.] a short
prayer, particularly such as are appointed with the epistles and gospels
in the public service of the church of England; as, proper collects.

To COLLE＇CT [collectum, sup. of colligo, Lat. to gather] 1. To
gather together, to pick up, to bring into one place; to levy or raise
taxes. Memory enriches the mind, by preserving what our labour
and industry daily collect. Watts. 2. To draw many numbers into
one sum; as, to collect into one sum as great a number as he pleases.
Locke. 3. To gain from observation.
The reverend care I bear unto my lord,
Made me collect these dangers in the duke. Shakespeare.
4. To infer from premises as a consequence. How great the force
of such an erroneous persuasion is, we may collect from our Savi­
our＇s premonition. Decay of Piety. 5. To recollect one＇s self, to re­
cover from surprize.
Be collected,
No more amazement. Shakespeare.

COLLECTA＇NEOUS [collectaneus, Lat.] gathered and scraped up to­
gether; picked up out of divers works.

COLLECTA＇NEOUSNESS [collectaneus, Lat.] the quality of being
collected out of several books.

COLLE＇CTIBLE [from collect] that which may be gathered from
premises by just conclusion. Brown uses it.

COLLE＇CTION [Fr. collexione, It. coleciòn, Sp. of collectio, Lat.] 1.
The act of gathering together or picking up. 2. The things gathered
together or picked up; as, a collection of books, papers, &c.
Fairest collection of thy sex＇s charms. Prior.

COLLECTION [with logicians] 1. The act of deducing conse­
quences, ratiocination. This sense is now almost obsolete. If once
we descend into probable collections, we are then in the territory where
free and arbitrary determinations take place. Hooker. 2. An infer­
ence or conclusion.
This label
Is so from sense in hardness, that I can
Make no collection of it. Shakespeare.

COLLECTION of Light [with astrologers] is when four principal sig­
nificators behold not one the other; but both of them cast their seve­
ral aspects to a more momentary planet than themselves, whom they
each of them receive in some of their essential dignities; so that the
planet, which does thus collect their lights, signifies, in their judg­
ment, the accomplishing of a business in hand between two persons by
the mediation of a third.

COLLECTI＇TIOUS [collectitius, Lat.] picked up of all sorts.

COLLE＇CTIVE [collectif, Fr. collectivo, It. coletivo, Sp. of collectivus,
Lat.] 1. Gathering into one body or mass. A body collective, be­
cause it containeth a huge multitude. Hooker. 2. Employed in de­
ducing consequences. Many falsities, controlable not only by criti­
cal and collective reason, but contrary observations. Brown.

COLLECTIVE Nouns [in grammar] are nouns or words which com­
prehend many persons or things in the singular number; as, a people,
a multitude, a company, &c.

COLLE＇CTIVELY, adv. [from collective] 1. In a general mass, in
a body, not singly. Singly and apart, many of them are subject to
exception, yet, collectively, they make up a good evidence. Hooker.
2. In a collective sense.

COLLE＇CTOR. 1. A gatherer; as, the first collector of them into a
body. 2. A tax-gatherer. This treasure is now embezzled, lavished,
and feasted away by collectors, and other officers. Temple.

COLLECTS [collecta, Lat.] 1. Things collected from the works of
other persons. 2. Short prayers in the church service.

COLLEGA＇TARY, subst. [of con and legatum, Lat. a legacy; in civil
law] a person to whom a legacy is left in common with one or more
persons.

CO＇LLEGE [Fr. collegio, It. colegio, Sp. of collegium, Lat.] 1. A name
anciently given to certain societies, corporations, or companies of
workmen, tradesmen, &c. a company or society of those who are of
the same profession, who (among the Romans) had their respective
patron or governor; a community, a number of persons living under
the same rules. Thick as the college of the bees in May. Dryden.
2. But especially students in an university, a society of men set apart
for learning or religion; as, all the colleges in Christendom; the col­
lege of cardinals, &c. 3. The place or public building in which
they dwell. 4. In foreign universities, a lecture read in public.

COLLEGE [among rogues and pick-pockets] Newgate, or any pri­
son. A low cant word.

CO＇LLEGER, or COLLE＇GIATE [collegatus, Lat.] a fellow-member or
student of a college.

COLLE＇GIAL [collegialis, Lat.] of or pertaining to a college, pos­
sessed by a college.

COLLE＇GIAN [of college] an inhabitant of a college, a member of
a college.

COLLE＇GIATE, adj. [collegiatus, low Lat.] containing a college, in­
stituted after the manner of a college.

COLLEGIATE Church, a church which is built at a convenient dis­
tance from the cathedral church, and endowed for a society, or body
corporate, of a dean, or other president, and several canons or pre­
bendaries, as those of Westminster, Windsor, &c.

COLLEGIATE, subst. [from college] A member of a college, a man
bred in a college. No collegiate like them for purging the pas­
sions. Rymer.

COLLE＇GIATES [with rogues and pick-pockets] the prisoners of
Newgate or any other prison. A cant word.

CO＇LLERED [in heraldry] signifies wearing a collar; as, a dog
collered, &c.

CO＇LLERY, a store house for coals.

CO＇LLET [collum, Lat. the neck] 1. Anciently, something that
went about the neck, sometimes the neck itself. 2. [with jewellers]
that part of a ring in which the stone is set; the bezil. 3. A term used
by turners.

COLLE＇TICS [κολλητικα, of κολλαω, Gr. to glue together; in me­
dicine] medicines which are of a glewing or closing quality, which
serve to fasten the parts, and make them firm.

COLLI＇CIÆ [Lat. with anatomists] the joyning of the puncta lacry­
malia into one passage on both sides, for conveying the moisture of
the eyes into the cavity of the nostrils.

COLLI＇COLUM [in anatomy] the same as nympha. Lat.

To COLLI＇DE [collido, Lat.] to hit, strike, dash, or knock together,
or one against another. Inflammable effluences from the bodies col­
lided. Brown.

CO＇LLIER [of coal] 1. A dealer in coals, a coal merchant; as, a
great collier. 2. A worker in coals-pits, a digger of coals. 3. A
ship to carry coals.

CO＇LLIERY [of coal] 1. The coal-pits. 2. The coal trade.

CO＇LLIFLOWERS [coliflor, Sp. cavolfiore, It. caúve de fior, Port. but
more probably of cowl, Sax. cole or cabbage, and fleur, Fr. flower,







the flower of a cabbage, as it is called in all the modern tongues] a
sort of sine cabbage plant, brought to a great perfection now in En­
gland. See CAULIFLOWER.

COLLIGA＇TION, act of gathering or tying up together. Lat. Brown
uses it.

COLLIMA＇TION [of collìdo, Lat.] the act of aiming at a mark.

COLLINEA＇TION [collineo, of con and linea, Lat. a line] a levelling
at, or aiming to hit the mark.

CO＇LLINESS [of coal] i. e. the quality of being blacked or dawbed
with coals, foot, &c.

CO＇LLIQUABLE [from colliquate] easily dissolved, that may be
melted. The tender consistence renders it the more colliquable and
consumptive. Harvey.

COLLI＇QUAMENT [colliquamentum, Lat.] that which is melted.

CO＇LLIQUANS Febris. See COLLIQUATIVE Fever.

CO＇LLIQUANT [colliquans, Lat.] having the power to melt, dissolv­
ing.

To CO＇LLIQUATE [colliquatum, Lat.] to melt, to turn from solid
to fluid. The fire melted the glass, that made a great shew, after
what was colliquated had been removed. Boyle.

COLLIQUA＇TION [colliquatio, Lat. with physicians] a kind of dan­
gerous flux, with profuse, greasy, clammy sweats; as, a colliquation
of the body.

COLLI＇QUATIVE Fever, one which is attended with a diarrhæa, or
profuse sweats and general wasting of the body. Bruno adds, that
the Latins called it also a consumption. The fat of the kidneys is apt
to be colliquated thro＇ a great heat from within, and an ardent colli­
quative fever. Harvey.

CO＇LLIQUATIVENESS, [of colliquative] the quality of melting.

COLLIQUEFA＇CTION [colliquefacio, Lat.] the act of melting down
together. The incorporation of metals by simple colliquefaction.
Bacon.

COLLIRI＇DIANS, a religious sect, who paid adoration to the
Virgin Mary, as a goddess, and offered sacrifice to her.

COLLI＇SION, the act of dashing or striking of one body against an­
other. As, the collision of a slint and steel. 2. The state of being
struck together, a clash.
Then from the clashes between popes and kings,
Debate, like sparks from flints, collision springs. Denham.

COLLISTRI＇GIUM [in the laws of Scotland] a pair of stocks.

To CO＇LLOCATE [of collocatum, sup. of colloco, of con and loco,
Lat. to place] to place, to set, to appoint to a place.

COLLOCATE, part. [from the verb] placed. Of that creature
take the parts wherein the virtue chiefly is collicate. Bacon.

COLLOCA＇TION, the act of placing or setting in order, also the state
of being placed. In the collocation of the spirits in bodies, the colloca­
tion is equal or unequal. Bacon.

CO＇LLOC, a pail with one handle.

COLLOCU＇TION, a talking together. Lat.

To COLLO＇GUE [of colloquor, Lat. to talk with] to decoy with fair
words; to flatter or sooth up, to fawn upon.

CO＇LLOP [it is derived by Minshew from coal and op, a rasher broiled
upon the coals, a carbonade] 1. A cut or slice of meat.
Sweetbread and collops were with skewers prick＇d. Dryden.
2. A piece of any animal, in familiar language; as, to take a collop of
any beast. 3. In burlesque language, a child.
Thou art a collop of my flesh. Shakespeare.

Scotch COLLOPS, a savory dish made of sliced veal, bacon, forc＇d
meat, and several other ingredients.

He has lost a COLLOP; that is, he is fallen away, he is grown
lean.

CO＇LLOQUY [colloque, Fr. colloquio, It. colóquio, Sp. of colloquium,
of con and loquor, Lat. to speak] a discourse, a feigned conference or
talking together of several persons; as, the colloquies of Erasmus.
Frequent colloquies and short discoursings. Taylor.

CO＇LLOW [more properly colly, from coal] Collow is the word by
which they denote black grime of burnt coals or wood. Woodward.

COLLU＇CTANCY, or COLLUCTA＇TION [colluctor, Lat.] 1. A strug­
gling or wrestling together. 2. A tendency to contest, opposition.
Hot springs do not owe their heat to any colluctation or effervessence
of the minerals. Brown.

To COLLU＇DE [colludo, of con and ludo. Lat. to play together, in
law] to conspire in a fraud, to play into the hand of each other; to
plead by covin, with intent to deceive.

CO＇LLUM, a neck. Lat.

COLLUM Minus Uteri [in anatomy] the cavity in the womb next
its internal orifice, where it is more contracted than it is at the bot­
tom. Lat.

COLLU＇SION [Fr. collusione, It. colusiòn, Sp. of collusio, Lat.] a jug­
gling or playing booty; a hunting with the hound and running with
the hare.

COLLUSION [in law] a fraudulent or deceitful compact or agree­
ment between two or more parties, to bring an action one against the
other for some deceitful end, or to the prejudice of the right of a third
person.

COLLU＇SIVE, concerted fraudulently.

COLLU＇SIVELY [from collusive] in a fraudulently concerted man­
ner.

COLLU＇SORY [collusorius, Lat.] done by covin and collusion.

COLLUTHE＇ANS, certain Christians in the 6th century, who are said
to have confounded the evil of punishment with the evil of sin;
saying, that the former proceeded not from God any more than the
latter. Thus far Baile. —— But whence he had this account of the
Collutheans I know not. They should seem to have been so called
from one Colluthus, a presbyter of Alexandria, in the fourth century,
of whom I can find no other traces in antiquity than this; that he
should seem to have advanced some new doctrine; and, if we take his
character from the bishop of that diocese, he was a man of a very
ambitious and aspiring temper. Thodoret. Hist. Ed. Step. p. 279. com­
pared with Opus Imperfect. in Mathæum, p. 717. But after all, the
true reading of the last writer is not so certain; and neither of them
hath informed us what kind of doctrine was advanced by him.

To CO＇LLY [of cole, Sax.] to dawb with soot or black, proceeding
from coals. Brief as the lightning in the collied night. Shakespeare.

To COLLY [spoken of a hawk] a term used when she stretches out
her neck strait forward.

COLLY [of coal] the black or soot on the outside of a pot, kettle,
the chimney, &c. Coarse rayment besmeared with foot; colly per­
fumed with opopanax. Burton.

COLLY-FLOWER. See COLLIFLOWER.

COLLYRI＇DIANS [κολλυρις, Gr. a cake] a sect, who, out of an ex­
travagant devotion to the Virgin Mary, met on a certain day in the
year, to celebrate a solemn feast, and render divine honour to her as
a goddess, eating a cake, which they offered in her name. Was not
the Astarté, or Regina Cœli, worshipped by the Phœnicians under
much the same form? But this is not the only instance of church-history,
to which that remark of Horace may be applied: —— Mutetô nomine
de te fabula narratur. —— See BRANDEUM and BASILICS, compared
with Jeremiah, c. vii. v. 18.

COLLY＇RIUM [Lat. κολλυριον, Gr.] any liquid medicine designed to
cure diseases in the eyes. It was formerly used for a tent to dress a
fistula with; a pessary or suppository.

CO＇LMAR, a species of pear. Fr.

COLO＇BOMA [κολοβωμα, Gr.] a growing together of the lips, eye-lids
or nostrils; or a preternatural cleaving of the ears to the head. But
Castill. Renov. tells us (far more agreeably to the etymology of the
word, which signifies a mutilation) that it is used to express some­
thing deficient in the lips, nose, ears, or in the angles of the eyes; the
defect of whose glaudules is in particular styled rhæas. Castcli.
Renov.

COLOCA＇SIA [κολοκασια, Gr.] the Egyptian bean.

COLOCY＇NTHIS [κολοκυνθις, Gr.] a kind of wild gourd, whose ap­
ple is called coloquintida. See COLOQUINTIDA.

COLO＇GNE, the capital of the circle of the Lower Rhine, in Ger­
many, situated on the Rhine, about 45 miles east of Maestricht. It is
one of the largest and most elegant cities of Germany, being the see
of an archbishop, who is one of the electors of the empire, and has a
yearly revenue of 130,000 l. sterling. Lat. 50° 50′ N. Long. 6°
40′ E.

COLO＇GNE Earth, a deep brown, very light bastard ochre. It is not
a pure native fossile, but contains more vegetable than mineral matter,
and owes its origin to the remains of wood long buried in the earth.
It is dug in France and Germany, particularly about Cologne; nor is
England without it. Hill.

CO＇LOMESTRUM [in botany] the herb dog-bane.

CO＇LON [κωλον, Gr. a member] a member of the body, especially a
foot or arm.

COLON [in grammar] a point marked thus [:] being a middle
point of distinction between a comma and a period in sentences; its
use is not exactly fixed, nor is it very necessary, being confounded by
most with the semicolon. To apply it properly, we should place it
perhaps only where the sense is continued without dependence of gram­
mar or construction. As, I hate his vices: I will always endeavour
to reclaim him, and continue to pity him.

COLON [with anatomists] is one of the thick guts, and the largest of
all; the colon begins where the ilium ends, and terminates at the up­
per part of the os sacrum in the rectum.

COLO＇NNA, a town of Italy, in the campagna of Rome, eighteen
miles to the eastward of that city.

COLONA＇DE, or COLONNADE [colomnade, Fr. colonnato, colonna, It.
a column; in architecture] 1. A range of pillars running quite round
a building, and standing within the walls of it, or a portico of pillars
such as is before St. Peter＇s church at Rome.
Here circling colonnades the ground inclose. Addison.
2. Any range of pillars.
For you my colonnades extend their wings. Pope.

Polystyle COLONADE, is one whose number of columns is too great to
be taken in by the eye at a single view.

CO＇LONEL [colonello, It. colonel, Fr. coronel, Sp. and Port. Of un­
certain etymology. Skinner imagines it originally colonialis, the
leader of a colony. Minshew deduces it from colonna, a pillar; as,
patriæ columen; each is plausible. Johnson.] the commander in chief
of a regiment of horse, dragoons, or foot soldiers. It is generally
pronounced with two syllables; as, col＇nel. The colonel that has the
government of all his garrison. Spenser.

COLONEL Lieutenant, one who commands a regiment of guards,
whereof the king, prince, or other person of the first eminence is
colonel.

Lieutenant COLONEL, is the second officer in the regiment, which
is the first captain, and commands in the absence of the colonel.

Lieutenant COLONEL, of horse or dragoons, is the first captain of the
regiment.

CO＇LONELSHIP [of colonel] the office or character of a colonel.
In a few minutes after he had received his commission for a regiment,
he confessed that colonelship was coming fast upon him. Swift.

To COLONI＇ZE [from colony] to plant with new inhabitants or co­
lonies. The farther occupation and colonizing of those countries.
Bacon. Islands she colonizeth and fortifieth daily. Howel.

CO＇LONY [colonie, Fr. colonia, It. Spa. and Lat.] 1. A company of
people removed from one country or city to another, with an al­
lowance of land for tillage; as, new inhabitants and colonies. 2. The
place of their settlement, the country planted.
The rising city, which from hence you see,
Is Carthage, and a Trojan colony. Dryden.

COLOPHO＇NIA, or COLOFONIA [of Colophon, a city of Ionia] the
herb scammony.

COLOPHONIA [of κολοϕωνια, Gr. with chemists] the caput mortuum,
or gross substance of turpentine, the more liquid part being distilled
into oil.

COLOPHONIA Resina, a kind of rosin issuing out of the pine-tree.

COLO＇PHONY, a rosin still farther exhausted of its volatile part;
being pellucid, friable, and approaching near to the nature of
glass. Turpentine and oils leave a colophony, upon the separation of
their thinner oil. Floyer.

COLOQUI＇NTIDA [colocynthis, Lat. κολοκυιθις, Gr.] the fruit of a
wild gourd of a bitter taste, brought from the Levant, about the big­
ness of a large orange, and often called bitter apple. It is of a golden







brown colour, its inside full of kernels, which are to be taken out be­
fore it be used. It is a violent purgative. Chambers.

CO＇LORATE [coloratus, of color, Lat. colour] died, stained with
some colour. Had the humours of the eye been colorate, many rays
proceeding from visible objects would have been stopped. Ray.

COLORA＇TION [coloraziono, It. of coloro, Lat.] 1. The art or prac­
tice of colouring. 2. The state of being coloured. Bacon uses it.

COLORI＇FIC [colorificus, Lat.] making colour, colouring. Colorific
qualities. Newton.

COLORA＇TION [with chemists] the brightening of gold or silver,
when it is sullied with any sulphureous vapour.

COLORBA＇SSIANS [of Colorbasiùs, their chief] a branch of the
Gnostics, who improved on the visions of the Gnostics who preceded
them. Grabe, in his notes on Irenæus, edit. Oxon. p. 63. says, that
Turtullian, in his book of prescription against heresies, mentions this
Colobarsus, whom he so joins with Marcus, as one holding the same
tenets in common with him, viz. that there is another god beside the
Creator; that Christ had not a fleshly body [i. e. a body of the same
kind with ours] that there is no resurrection of the body; and that
they so ascribed ALL TRUTH to the Greek alphabet, that it would be
an endless (and indeed dangerous) kind of work, to produce all their
vain and extravagant notions. Irenæus has given us a specimen of
this alphabetic (not to say Hutchisonian) method of theologizing;
but which in truth contains such an unintelligible piece of jargon, that
I believe not one reader in a thousand would have thank＇d me for
transcribing it. See BASILIDIANS, with the general remarks which
where made from St. Paul on these ancient heresies.

COLORISA＇TION, or COLORA＇TION [in pharmacy] the changes of
colour which bodies undergo, by the various operations either of art
or nature, as by calcinations, coctions, &c.

COLO＇SSE. See COLOSSUS. Colosse of Rhodes. Temple.

COLOSSE＇AN [colosseus, of colossus, Lat.] large, like a colossus, gi­
antlike.

COLOSSE＇UM [at Rome] an amphetheater built by the emperor
Vespasian, capacious enough to contain an hundred thousand spectators
to sit round the area, i. e. the place where the beasts were let loose,
and was the place where St. Ignatius was exposed to the lions.

COLOSTRA＇TION, a disease happening to young ones, sucking the
milk of the dam within two days after the birth.

COLO＇SSUS, a statue of prodigious size, as that of Apollo or the sun
in the harbour of the island Rhodes. That at Rhodes was made by
Chares, of Asia the Lesser, and was the work of 21 years, and was
dedicated to the sun. It cost about 44000 pounds English money. It
was placed at the entrance of the harbour of the city, with the right
foot standing on the one side of the land, and left on the other. The
tallest ships with their masts sailed into the haven between the legs of
it; and when it was thrown down to the ground by an earthquake,
few men were able to embrace the little finger of this prodigious statue;
the brass of which it was made, loaded 900 camels.
There huge colossus rose. Pope.

CO＇LOUR [couleur, Fr. colore, It. color, Sp. and Lat.] 1. The appear­
ance of bodies to the eye only, an accident that happens to them by
the reflection of light. 2. The freshness or appearance of the blood
in the face, complexion, looks, appearance. 3. Pretence or false
shew; as, to do a thing under colour of friendship. 4. The tint of the
painter.
The treach＇rous colours the fair art betray,
And all the bright creation fades away. Pope.
5. The representation of any thing superficially examined. To put
false colours upon things. Swift. 6. Concealment, palliation, ex­
cuse. Their sin admitted no colour or excuse. King Charles. 7.
Kind, species, character.
Boys and women are cattle of this colour. Shakespeare.

COLOUR [in law] is a plea that is probable, tho＇ in reality false,
put in with an intent to draw a trial of the cause from the jury or
judges.

COLOUR [in heraldry] colours are generally red, black, blue and
purple, which are called as follows; the red is called gules; the blue,
azure; the black, sable; the green, vert, or sinople; and the purple,
purpure, or tawney, and sanguine sometimes, but this is not common:
and these colours are sometimes otherwise expressed; gules, is called
Mars; azure, Jupiter; sable, Saturn; vert, Venus; purpure, Mer­
cury; tenny, the dragon＇s head; and sanguine, the dragon＇s tail.
In precious stones, gules is called ruby; azure, saphire; sable,
aimant; vert, emerald; purpure, amethyst; tawney, hyacinth; and
sanguine, sardonix.

COLOUR [in philosophy] a property inherent in light, whereby, ac­
cording to the different species or quality of the solar rays (in which, I
think, all the original colours are contained) it excites different vibra­
tions in the fibres of the optic nerve; which being propagated to the
sensorium, affects the mind with different sensations.

COLOUR of Office [law phrase] an evil or unjust act done by the
countenance of office or authority.

To CULOUR, verb act. [colorer, Fr. colorare, It. coloràr, Sp. of co­
loro, Lat.] 1. To give a colour to. 2. To mark with some die. The
rays are not coloured. Newton. 3. To cloak, to excuse. 4. To dress
in specious colours. I would not favour or colour his former folly.
Raleigh. 5. To make plausible. We have scarce heard of an insur­
rection that was not coloured with grievances. Addison.

To COLOUR Strangers Goods, is when a freeman allows a foreigner
to enter goods at the Custom-house in his name, so that the foreigner
pays but single duty, where he ought to pay double. Phillips.

To COLOUR, verb neut, to blush; a low word, only used in con­
versation.

CO＇LOURABLE [of colour] specious, feigned, plausible. It is now
almost obsolete. A colourable pretence. Spenser.

CO＇LOURABLENESS [of colourable] plausibleness.

CO＇LOURABLY, adv. [of colourable] speciously, with plausibility.
The process, however, colourably awarded, hath not hit the very
mark. Bacon.

COLOURED, part. [of colour] diversified with variety of colours. The
coloured are coarser juiced. Bacon.

CO＇LOURING [with painters] the manner of applying and conduct­
ing the colours of a picture with beauty and propriety, or the mixture
of lights and shadows formed by the various colours employed in paint­
ing.
From lines drawn true, our eye may trace,
A foot, a knee, a hand, a face,
Yet if the colouring be not these,
At best ＇twill only not displease. Prior.

CO＇LOURIST [of colour] a painter who excels in laying his colours
on his pieces. Titian, Paul Veroness, Van Dyck, and the rest of the
good colourists. Dryden.

CO＇LOURLESS [of colour] having no colour, transparent. They ap­
pear clear and colourless. Newton. Pellucid colourless glass. Bentley.

CO＇LOURS [in military astairs] the standard, ensign or banner of a
company of soldiers.

COLOURS [in a ship] the ensigns or flags, &c. placed on the stern
or poop, to shew of what part or country they are.

Emphatical COLOURS [according to the ancient natural philosophy]
are (as they term it) those apparent colours frequently seen in the
clouds, before sun-rising, or after its setting; or the colours that appear
in the rainbow, &c. these they will not allow to be true colours, be­
cause they are not permanent or lasting.

Field COLOURS, are small flags of about a foot and half square, car­
ried along with the quarter-master-general, for marking out the ground
of the squadrons and battalions.

COLPA＇RE Arbores, Lat. [in old law] to lop or top trees.

COLPATU＇RA, or CULPATU＇RA [old law Lat.] the cutting or lop­
ping of trees; a trespass within a forest.

COLPICIA, Lat. [in old law] samplars or young poles in the woods,
which when they are cut down make levers, which the inhabitants of
Warwickshire calls colpices.

CO＇LPINDACH, or CO＇WDACH [according to the practic of Scot­
land] a young cow or heiser.

COLT [colt, Sax. Casaubon derives it of κελης, Gr. a race-horse]
1. A young horse, mare, or ass: Used commonly, says Johnson, for
the male offspring of a horse, as foal for the female. 2. A young
foolish fellow. Ay, that＇s a colt indeed; for he doth nothing but talk
of his horse. Shakespeare.
He has a COLT＇s tooth in his head.
Spoken of old men when they are wanton or frolicksome. The
Scots say; You breed of (are like to) the leek, you have a white head
and a green tail. The Sp. Viejo amador, in vierno con flor. (An amo­
rous old man, like flowers in winter.)
When you ride a young COLT, see your saddle be well girt.
Or, as they are generally skittish, he may chance to throw you.
This proverb is spoken ludicrously to a man who is about to marry a
brisk, jolly young woman, as an advice to consult his own vigour.
A ragged COLT may make a good horse.
Fr. Mechant (a bad) poulain peut devenir bon (a good) cheval.
It. Un cattivo puledro puo divenire vn buon cavallo.
The general use of this proverb is to signify that an untoward youth
may make a good man; tho＇ it is sometimes used to denote, that chil­
dren who are not handsome when young, may be so when grown up.
The reverse of this proverb is, Fair in the cradle and foul in the saddle.
Tho＇ this is chiefly, or perhaps wholly, in the latter sense.

To COLT, verb neut. [from the subst.] to frisk, to frolic, to be li­
centious. Out of sight by themselves, they shook off their bridles and
began to colt anew more licentiously. Spenser.

To COLT, verb act. To befool one. What a-plague mean you to
colt me thus. Shakespeare.

CO＇LTISH [from colt] frolicksome or wanton, having the tricks of
a colt.

COLTS-FOOT [of colt and foot; with botanists] an herb good in
distempers of the lungs, &c. It hath a radiated flower, which turns
to downy seeds fixed in a bed. The species are; 1. Common colts­
foot. 2. Round-leaved smooth coltsfoot of the Alps. The flowers of
this are purple, and those of the common sort yellow. Miller.

COLTS-TOOTH [of colt and tooth] 1. An imperfect or superfluous
tooth in young horses. 2. A love of youthful pleasure.
Well said, lord Sands,
Your colt＇s-tooth is not cast yet?
No, my lord, nor shall not, while I have a stump. Shakespeare.

COLT-EVIL [with farriers] a precernatural swelling in the penis and
testes of a horse.

CO＇LTER [cultor, Sax. culter, Lat.] a piece of iron belonging to a
plough that cuts the ground, perpendicularly to the share.

COLU＇BRINA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb briony or white­
vine.

COLUBRI＇NE [colubrinus, Lat.] of or belonging to a serpent; also
wily, craftily.

COLU＇MBARY [columbier, Fr. columbaja, It. of columbarium, Lat.]
a dove or pigeon-house. Columbaries or dove-houses. Brown.

COLUMBI＇NA [columbine, Fr. columbina, It. of Lat. with botanists]
the herb base or flat vervain. A plant with leaves like the meadow
rue; the flowers are pendulous and become a membranaceous fruit,
consisting of many pods. Miller.

COLUMBINE, adj. [columbine, Fr. colombino, It. columbino, Sp. columbi­
nus, of columbus, Lat. a pigeon] of, like, or pertaining to a pigeon; a
kind of violet colour, or changeable dove-colour.

COLUME＇LLA [with surgeons] an inflammation of the uvula when
it is extended in length, like a little column.

CO＇LUMN [colomne or colonne, Fr. colonna, It. colúna, Sp. of columna,
Lat.] 1. A round pillar to bear up or beautify a building; or for a
monument of some notable event.
Round broken columns clasping ivy twin＇d. Pope.
2. Any body of certain dimensions pressing perpendicularly on its
base; as, a column of the air or atmosphere.

COLUMN [in architecture] in a strict sense is that long, round cylin­
der, or part of a pillar, which is called the shaft or trunk, and contains
the body of it from the spire to the base, or from the astragal of the
base to the chapiter.

Tuscan COLUMN, is the shortest and most simple of all the columns.
Its height, according to Scamozzi, is 15 modules, according to Vitra­
vius, &c. 14.








Doric COLUMN, is something more delicate, its height from 14 to
15 modules, and is adorned with flutings.

Corinthian COLUMN, is the richest and most delicate of all, its height
is 19 modules, its capital is adorned with two rows of leaves and with
caulicoles, from whence volutes spring out.

Ionic COLUMN, is more delicate than the doric, its height is 17 or
18 modules, it is distinguished from the rest by the volutes in its capi­
tal, and by its base.

Composite COLUMN, its height is 19 and half or 20 modules, it has
two rows of leaves in its capital, like the Coriathian, and angular vo­
lutes like the Ionic.

COLUMN [in military art] is a long file or row of troops, or of the
baggage of an army in its march. An army marches in one, two,
three, or more columns.

COLUMN [with printers] is a part of a page divided by a line; as,
the pages of this book are in two columns, and others are often di­
vided into three, four, or more columns.

Cylindrical COLUMN, a column that has neither swelling nor diminu­
tion.

Attic COLUMN, a pilaster insulated, having four equal faces or sides,
and of the highest proportion.

Angular COLUMN, is an insulated column placed in the coin or cor­
ner of a portico, or inserted into the corner of a building.

Doubled COLUMN, is an assemblage of two columns, joined in such a
manner as that the two shafts penetrate each other, with a third of their
diameter.

Fusible COLUMN, is a column made of some metal or matter cast.

Hydraulic COLUMN, a colum from the top of which a jet d＇eau pro­
ceeds, to which the capital serves as a bason, whence the water descends
by a little pipe, which turns spirally round the shaft.

Legal COLUMN, a column whereon the fundamental laws of the state
were engraven.

Moulded COLUMN, is one made by impastation of gravel or flints of
divers colours, bound together with a cement, which grows perfectly
hard, and receives a polish like marble.

Transparent COLUMN, a column made of some transparent matter,
as of crystal, transparent alabaster, &c.

Water COLUMN, one whose shaft is formed of a large jet d＇eau,
which spouting out water forcibly from the base, drives it within the
tambour of the capital, which is made hollow, thence falling down
again, it has the effect of a liquid crystal column.

COLUMN of Joinery, is made of strong timber boards, joined, glued,
and pinned together, is hollow, turned in the lath, and usually fluted.

Incrustated COLUMN, is made of several ribs or thin shells of fine
marble or other rare stone, cemented upon a mold of stone, brick, or
the like.

Astronomical COLUMN, a kind of observatory in form of a high tower,
built hollow and with a spiral ascent to an armillary sphere, placed at
the top for taking observations of the courses of the heavenly bodies.

Carolitie COLUMN, is one that is adorned with foliages or leaves or
branches turned spirally around the shaft; or in crowns and festoons.

Diminished COLUMN, is one that begins or diminishes from the base
in imitation of trees.

Cantoned COLUMNS, are such as are engaged in the four corners of
a square pillar, to support four springs of an arch.

Coupled COLUMNS, are such as are disposed by two and two, so as
almost to touch each other at their bases and capitals.

Chronological COLUMNS, are such as bear some historical inscription
digested according to the order of time.

Geminated COLUMN, a column whose shaft is formed of three similar
and equal sides or ribs of stone, fitted within one another, and fastened
at bottom with iron pins, and at the top with cramp-irons.

COLUMN of Masonry, is made of rough stone, well laid and coloured
with plaster, or of bricks moulded triangularwise and covered with
stuc.

COLUMN with Tambours, is one whose shaft is formed of several
courses of stone or blocks of marble less high than the diameter of the
column.

COLUMN in Truncheons, consists of three, four, or five pieces of
stone or metal, differing from the tambours, being higher than the
diameter of the column.

Fluted COLUMN, is one whose shaft is adorned with flutes or chan­
nellings, either from top to bottom, or only two thirds of its height.

Cabled COLUMNS, are such as have projectures in form of cables
in the naked of the shaft, each cable having an effect opposite to a
fluting, and accompanied with a little list on each side.

Cabled and Fluted COLUMN, one whose flutes are filled up with ca­
bles, reeds or staves, beginning from the bottom of the shaft, and
reaching one third of its height.

Fluted COLUMN enrich＇d, a column whose flutings are filled up with
ornaments of foliages, rinds, ribbands, &c. instead of cables.

Colossal COLUMN, a column of an enormous size, too large to enter
any ordonnance of architecture.

Gothic COLUMN, a round pillar that is either too short for its bulk,
or too slender for its height.

Hermetic COLUMN, a sort of pilaster in manner of a terminus, hav­
ing the head of a man instead of a capital.

Historical COLUMN, is one whose shaft is adorned with a basso re­
lievo, running in a spiral line its whole length, and containing the hi­
story of some great personage.

Hollow COLUMN, is one that has a spiral stair-case on the inside for
ascending to the top.

Indicative COLUMN, one which serves to shew the tides, &c. along
the sea-coasts.

Itinerary COLUMN, a column erected in the cross ways in large
roads, having several faces, which by the inscriptions serve to shew
the different routs.

Lactary COLUMN, a column in the herb market at Rome, having
a cavity in its pedestal, where young children were put, being aban­
doned by their parents either out of poverty or inhumanity.

Limitrophout COLUMN, one that shews the bounds and limits of a
country conquered.

Luminous COLUMN, a kind of column formed on a cylindrical
frame, mounted and covered over with oiled paper, &c. so that lights
being disposed in ranks over each other, the whole appears to be on
fire.

Manubiary COLUMN [of manubiœ, Lat. spoils of an enemy] a co­
lumn adorned with trophies in imitation of trees, on which the an­
cients hung the spoils of the enemy.

Median COLUMNS, are two columns in the middle of a porch, whose
intercoluminations are larger than the rest.

Massive COLUMNS, one that is too short for the order whose capital
it bears.

Memorial COLUMN, a column raised on account of any remarkable
event.

Posphorical COLUMN, a hollow column, or a light-house built on a
rock, or the top of a mole, to serve as a lanthern to the port.

Rostral COLUMN, a column adorned with beaks or prows of ships,
and galleys with anchors and grapnels erected to preserve the memory
of some notable sea-fight.

Sepulchral COLUMN, a column erected on a tomb or sepulchre,
with an inscription on its base.

Statuary COLUMN, one which supports a statue.

Symbolical COLUME, a column representing some particular country
by some attribute peculiar to it, as the Fleur-de-lis for France.

Grouped COLUMNS, are such as are placed on the same pedestal or
socle, either by 3 and 3, or by 4 and 4.

Gnomonic COLUMN, a cylinder on which the hour of the day is re­
presented by the shadow of a stile.

Nich＇d COLUMN, is one whose shaft enters with half its diameter
into a wall, which is hollowed for its reception.

Pastoral COLUMN, one, the shaft of which is formed in imitation of
the trunk of a tree, with bark and knots.

Polygonus COLUMN, one that has several sides or faces.

Oval COLUMN, one whose shaft has a flatness; the plan of it be­
ing made oval, to reduce the projecture.

Funeral COLUMN, one which bears an urn, in which the ashes of
some deceased hero are supposed to be inclosed; and the shaft of which
is sometimes overspread with tears or flames, which are symbols of
sorrow and immortality.

Inserted COLUMN, is one that is attached to a wall by a third or
fourth part of its diameter.

Insulated COLUMN, one that stands free and detached on all sides
from any other body.

Serpentine COLUMN, a column formed of three surpents twisted to­
gether, the heads of which serve as a capital.

Swelted COLUMN, is one which has a bulging or swelling, in pro­
portion to the height of the shaft.

Twisted COLUMN, is one whose shaft is twisted round in manner of
a screw, with six circumvolutions, and is for the most part of the
Corinthian order.

Twisted, fluted COLUMN, is a column whose flutes follow the con­
tour of the shaft in a spiral line, throughout the whole length.

COLUMN twisted and inriched, is a colum of which one third of
its shaft is fluted, and the rest adorned with branches and other in­
richments.

Triumphal COLUMN, [among the ancients] a column erected in ho­
nour of an hero; of which the joints of the stones or courses were a­
dorn＇d with as many crowns as he had made military expeditions.

Zophoric COLUMN [of ζωοϕορος, Gr. bearing living creatures] a
statuary column, on which the figure of some animal is placed.

CO＇LUMNA Nasi, Lat. [with anatomists] the fleshy part of the nose,
jutting out in the middle, near the upper lip.

COLUMNA Cordis, Lat. [in anatomy] the muscles and tendons, by
which the heart is contracted and dilated.

COLUMNA Oris, Lat. [with anatomists] the uvula, or that little
piece of flesh that is in the palate of the mouth.

CO＇LUMNÆ Carneæ, Lat. [in anatomy] several small muscles in the
ventricles of the heart, detached as it were from the parietes of the
ventricles, and connected by tendinous extremities to the valves of
the heart.

CO＇LUMNÆ Herculis, the pillars of Hercules, two mountains op­
posite one to another, at the mouth of the streight of Gibraltar; one
near Cadiz, anciently called Calpe; and the other near Ceuta, called
Abyla. Those pillars are said to have been set up by Hercules, to
serve for the limits of his exploits, and the boundaries of the western
world.
Sir Isaac Newton [Chronology, p. 216.] says, that Sesostris, who
was the Egyptian Hercules, after the conquest of Lybia, prepared a
fleet on the Mediterranean, and went on westward upon the coast of
Afric, to search those countries, as far as to the ocean and island
Erythra or Gades in Spain, as Macrobius informs us from Panyasis
and Pherecydes; and there he conquered Geryon, and at the mouth
of the straits set up the famous pillars.
Venit ad occasum, mundique extrema Sesostris, Lucan, lib. 10.

COLU＇MNAR, COLUMNA＇RIAN, or COLUMNA＇RIOUS [columnarius,
Lat. of column] having many pillars formed in columns. White co­
lumnar spar. Woodward.

COLU＇MNIA, a city of Russia, in the province of Moscow, situated
at the confluence of the rivers Moscow and Ocea, about 40 miles
south-east of the city of Moscow.

COLUMNI＇FEROUS [of columnifer, Lat.] bearing or supporting
pillars.

CO＇LURES [colures, Fr. coluri, It. coluros, Sp. coluri, Lat. κολουροι,
Gr. q. d. maimed in the tail, with astronomers] are two great imagi­
nary circles, which intersect one another at the poles of the world at
right angles; one of which passes through the two solstitial points
Cancer and Capricorn. The other the

COLURE of the Equinoces [so called, because it marks the equinoc­
tial point on the ecliptic] is that which passes through the north and
south pole, with the first degrees of Aries and Libra, making the
seasons, spring and autumn.

COLURE of Solstices, in like manner shews the solstitial points, cut­
ting the beginning of Cancer and Capricorn, in order to make sum­
mer and winter. Thrice the equinoctial line.
He circled; four times crossed the car of night
From pole to pole, traversing each colure. Milton.








CO＇LURI, a small island in the gulf of Engia, in the Archipelago,
about seven miles south of Athens. Ajax was the sovereign of this
island.

CO＇LUS rustica, Lat. [in botany] white, bastard saffron.

COLUTE＇A, the hather or tre-soil tree; also bastard senna. Lat.

CO＇LWORT. See COLEWORT.

COLY＇BA [κολυβα, Gr.] an offering of grain and boiled pulse,
made in honour of the saints, and for the sake of the dead. See
COLLYRIDIANS.

COM, and inseparable preposition. See CON.

COM, COMB, or COMP [of the British word kum, which signifies
low] comp at the beginning, and comb in the end of the name of a
place, intimates that the place stands low; as, Comton, or Compton.

CO＇MA [κωμα, Gr.] deep sleep, a lethargy. Lat.

COMA [Somnulentorum, Lat. i. e. the deep sleep of the drowsy] a
deep sleep, out of which, when the patient is awaked, he answereth
to any questions that are asked him, but presently falls into a deep
sleep again, with his mouth open, and under-jaw fallen.

COMA Vigil [i. e. a waking drowsiness] a disease, the patient that is
affected with it, has a continual inclination to go to sleep, but without
effect. Bruno.

COMA＇RT, subst. stratagem.
By the same comart,
And carriage of the articles design＇d,
His fell to Hamlet. Shakespeare.

COMA＇TE [of con and mate] a companion, a fellow mate. My
comates and brothers in exile. Shakespeare.

COMATO＇SE [of coma] lethargic, being sleepy; as in the disease
coma. Comatose cases. Grew.

COMA＇TUS, Lat. [in botany] a wilding, the crab-tree.

COMB [camb, Sax. kum, Dan. kam, Du. kamm, Ger. kamb, Su.]
1. An instrument for untangling and trimming locks of wool, the hair
of the head, &c.
2. The crest of a cock, so called from its inden­
tures, like those of a comb.
3. The cantons or cells in which the
bees lodge their honey. Perhaps from the same word which makes
the terminations of towns, and signifies hollow and deep. Johnson.
To fortify the combs to build the walls. Dryden.

COMB [comb. Sax.] in Cornish signifies a valley between two hills,
or a valley set with trees on both sides; and in French it anciently
signified the same thing.

COMB [in a ship] a small piece of timber set under the lower part
of the beak-head, near the middle, with two poles in it, to bring the
ropes, called foretacks aboard.

To COMB [cæmban, Sax. kammer, Dan. kemmen, Du. kammen,
Ger. kamba, Su. all of cham, ham, han, hand, the hand, the anci­
entest and most natural comb, como, Lat.] 1. To untangle wool. To
divide, clean and adjust the hair.

CO＇MBA Ferræ, Lat. [old charters] a low piece of ground.

COMBA＇RONES, Lat. [old law] fellow-barons, or the commonalty
of the Cinque-ports.

CO＇MBAT [combat, Fr. combattimento, It. combate, Sp. and Port. of
combattre, Fr.] a battle or trial of skill with arms; duel generally be­
tween two, but sometimes it is used for battle. The combat now by
courage must be try＇d. Dryden.

COMBAT [in law] is a formal trial of a doubtful case, by two
champions with swords.

To COMBAT, verb act. [combattre, Fr. combattere, It. combatìr, Sp.
kaempfen, Ger. of caempen, Teut.] to fight, to oppose, to withstand,
to resist. Love yields at last, thus combated by pride. Glanville.

To COMBAT, verb neut. to fight generally in a duel, hand to hand.

COMB-BRUSH [of comb and brush] a brush for cleaning combs.

COMB-MAKER [of comb and make] he that makes combs.

COMB-MARTIN, a market-town in Devonshire, situated on the Bri­
tish channel, 184 miles from London.

CO＇MBATANT [combattant, Fr. combattente, It. combatiénte, Sp.
kaempfer, Ger. of kaemper, or caemper, Teut.] 1. A champion. When
any of those combatants strips his terms of ambiguity, I shall think
him a champion for knowledge. Locke.
2. A fighter with another,
a duellist. Like despairing combatant they strive against you. Dryden.
3. Having for. Men become combatants for those opinions. Locke.

COMBATANT [in heraldry] a figure drawn like a sword-player
standing upon his guard, or when two lions rampart are borne in a
court of arms, as it were in a sighting posture, their faces being to­
ward one another.

CO＇MBER [kommer, Du. kummer, Gr.] perplexity, incum­
brance.

COMBER [from comb] he that combs wool, and fits it for the
spinner.

CO＇MBINATE, adj. [of combine] betrothed, settled by compact. A
word of Shakespeare＇s. She lost a noble brother, with him the sinew
of her fortune, her marriage dowry; with both her combinate hus­
band, this well seeming Angelo. Shakespeare.

COMBINA＇TION [combiniason, Fr. combinacion, Sp. of combinatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of joining together, union, league. A combina­
tion is of private persons, a confederacy of states or sovereigns.
2. It
is now generally used in an ill sense for a conspiracy, but formerly it
was indifferent. The disguises of holy combinations. King Charles.
3. Conjunction, commixture of bodies or qualities. These natures,
from the moment of their first combination, have been inseparable.
Hooker.
4. Copulation of ideas in the mind; as, combination of
ideas.

COMBINATION of Quantities, the many several ways that may be
taken in any number of quantities, without having any respect to their
places.

COMBINATION [in arithmetic] is the art of finding how many dif­
ferent ways a certain given number of things may be varied, or ta­
ken by 1 and 1, 2 and 2, 3 and 3, &c. And thus the combinations
of the 24 letters of the alphabet, first taking 2 by 2, and 3 by 3, and
so on, has been calculated to be 139, 172, 428, 888, 725, 999, 425, 128,
493, 402, 200, 139 millions of millions of millions; and so on.

COMBINATION [with rhetoricians] a figure when the same word is
immediately repeated, as ego, ego adsum.

COMBINATION [in law] is the entering of several persons into a con­
spiracy, to put in practice some unlawful design.

To COMBI＇NE, verb act. [combinare, It. and Lat. combiner, Fr.
combinar, Sp.] 1. To join together.
Let us not then suspect our happy state,
As not secure to single or combin＇d. Milton.
2. To link in union. To combine heares in one. Shakespeare.
3.
To accord, to settle by compact.
All combin＇d, save what thou must combine,
By holy marriage. Shakespeare.
4. To join words or ideas together, in contradistinction to analyse.

To COMBINE, verb neut. 1. To be joined together, to coalesce.
Honour and policy, like unsever＇d friends,
I＇ th＇ war do grow together; grant that and tell me
In peace what each of them by th＇ other loses,
That they combine not there? Shakespeare.
2. To plot together, to unite in friendship or design. Combine toge­
ther against the enemy. Shakespeare.

CO＇MBLESS [of comb] wanting a crest or comb.
What, is your crest a cock＇s-comb?—
A combless cock, so Kate will be my hen. Shakespeare.

COMBU＇RGESS [of con, Lat. with, and bourgeoise, Fr.] a fellow­
citizen.

COMB-MARMIN, a market town of Devonshire, situated on the Bri­
tish Channel, 184 miles from London.

COMBU＇ST, or In COMBU＇STION [combustum, sup. of comburo, of
con, and uro, Lat. to burn; in astronomy] a planet is said to be com­
bust, when he is not above eight degrees thirty minutes distant from
the sun, till he is removed 17 degrees: this, as they pretend, indi­
cates that the party signified thereby, is in great fear, and much over­
powered by some great person.

COMBUST Way [with astrologers] is the space of the half of Libra,
and all Scorpio, so called upon account of several violent and ill­
boding stars, that, as they pretend, are fixed there; so that they ac­
count it unfortunate and weakening to any planet that happens to be
in it.

COMBU＇STIBLE [Fr. and Sp. combustibile, It. of combustibilis, Lat.]
apt to take fire, liable to burn, susceptible of fire; as, combustible mat­
ter.

COMBU＇STIBLENESS [of combustible] aptness to take fire or burn.

COMBU＇STION [combustion, Fr. combustione, It. of combustio, Lat.]
1. Properly a burning, a conflagration. The future combustion of the
earth. Burnet.
2. A tumult, a hurly-burly, an uproar. Mutual
combustions, bloodsheds. Hooker. Dire combustion and confus＇d events.
Shakespeare. It moves in an inconceivable fury and combustion. Addi­
son.

COMBU＇STION of Money, a method among the ancients of trying
base or mix＇d money, by melting it down.

To COME, v. neut. pret. came, part. come [coman, Sax. kowme, Dan.
komma, Su. komen, Du. kommen, Ger.] 1. To remove from a distant
to a nearer place; opposed to go; as, to come and go.
2. To draw nigh,
to approach towards. Something wicked this way comes. Shakespeare.
3. To move in any manner towards another, implying the idea of be­
ing received by another, or tending towards another. This word al­
ways respects the place to which the motion tends, not that place
which it leaves. Yet this meaning is sometimes almost imperceptible;
as, we will come in to dinner.
4. To proceed, to issue. I came forth
from the Father. St. John.
5. To advance from one stage or condi­
tion to another; as, to come to blows, to come to battle.
6. To change
condition for better or worse; as, to come to honour, to come to poverty.
7. To attain any condition or character. The testimony of conscience
thus informed comes to be authentic. South.
8. To become. So came
I a widow. Shakespeare.
9. To arrive at some art, habit or disposi­
tion. They would come to have a natural abhorrence for that. Locke.
10. To change from one state into another desired.
Then butter does refuse to come. Hudibras.
The coming or sprouting of malt. Mortimer.
11. To become present
and no longer future; as, a time will come.
12. To become present,
and no longer absent.
Come then my friend, my genius come along. Pope.
13. To happen, to fall out; as, how comes this? and come on me what
will.
14. To follow as a consequence. This comes from debauchery.
15. To cease very lately from some act or state, to have just done or
suffered any thing. Camest thou not from thy journey? 2 Samuel.
16. To come about. To fall out, to come into being [probably from
the Fr. venir á bout] These things came about. Shakespeare. The pe­
riod will come about. Addison.
17. To come about. To change, to
come round. The wind came about. Bacon. They are come about,
and won to the true side. Ben Johnson.
18. To come again. To re­
turn. His spirit came again and he revived. Judges.
19. To come af­
ter. To follow. If any man will come after me, let him deny himself.
St. Matthew.
20. To come at. To reach, to obtain. To come at a
true knowledge of ourselves. Addison.
21. To come by. To acquire,
to gain; as, to come by necessaries.
22. To come in. To enter; as,
ideas come in by different senses. Locke.
23. To come in. To comply,
to yield, to stand out no longer; as, the rebel came in.
24. To come in.
To arrive at a port or rendezvous; as, the fleet came in to Plymouth.
25. To come in. To be brought into fashion. Then came rich clothes
and graceful action in. Roscommon.
26. To come in. To be an ingre­
dient in any composition. Contempt of wealth comes in to heighten
his character.
27. To come in for. To be early enough to obtain;
taken from hunting, where the dogs that are slow get nothing.
One who had i＇ the rear excluded been,
And cou＇d not for a taste of the flesh come in,
Licks the solid earth. Tate.
28. To come in. To join with, to bring assistance; as, they came in to
the rebels.
29. To come in to, To agree or comply with; as, to come
in to a thing for the public good.
30. To come near. To approach, to
resemble in any excellence. A metaphor taken from races. When
you cannot equal or come near in doing, you would destroy. Ben John­
son.
31. To come of. To proceed as descendants from ancestors.
Of Priam＇s royal race my mother came. Dryden.
32. To come of. To proceed as effects from causes. The hiccough
comes of fullness of meat. Bacon.
33. To come off. To deviate from a
rule or direction. The figure of a bell partaketh of the pyramis, but







yet coming off and dilating more suddenly. Bacon.
34. To escape. If
in signal danger they come off, they call their deliverance a miracle.
Addison.
35. To come off. To be dismissed with our lot.
Bravely came we off. Shakespeare.
36. To come off from. To forbear, to leave. To come off from these
grave disquisitions, I could clear the point by one instance. Felton.
37. To come on. To happen. What came on＇t at last? L＇Estrange.
38. To come on. To advance, to make progress. Things seem to come
on apace to their former state. Bacon.
39. To come on. To advance to
combat. The armies came fast on and joined battle. Knolles.
40. To
come on. To thrive, to grow big. Roses will come faster on in water
than in earth. Bacon.
41. To come over. To repeat an act. Over
and over he comes and caught it again. Shakespeare.
42. To come over.
To revolt. Teazing their friends to come over to them. Addison.
43.
To come over. To rise in distillation. The phlegmatic humour comes
over in this analysis. Boyle.
44. To come out. To be published; as,
his book came out.
45. To come out. To appear upon trial, to be dis­
covered. This comes out at last.
46. To come out with. To give a
vent to, to let fly. Masters of chemical arcana must be provoked, be­
fore they will come out with them. Boyle.
47. To come to. To consent,
to yield. What is this, if my parson will not come to? Swift.
48.
To come to. To amount to; as, your dividend comes to so much.
49.
To come to himself. To recover his senses. I shall leave him till he comes
to himself.
50. To come to pass. To happen to be effected. It cometh
to pass that the works of men being the same, their drifts are divers.
Hooker.
51. To come up. To grow out of the ground; as, the corn
cometh up.
52. To make appearance. If wars should mow them
down, they may be suddenly supplied and come up again. Bacon.
53.
To come up. To come into use; as, a fashion comes up.
54. To come up
to. To amount to. All these will not come up to near the quantity. Wood­
ward.
55. To come up to. To rise to. Words cannot come up to it.
Swift.
56. To come up with. To overtake.
57. To come upon. To
invade, to attack. Charged by Parma coming upon them with seven
thousand horse. Bacon.

COME [part. of the verb to come] I am come to thy words. Deutero­
nomy.

COME, a particle of exhortation; quick, make haste. Come, let us
make our father drink wine. Genesis.

COME, a particle of reconciliation, or incitement to it.
Come, come, at all I laugh he laughs. Pope.

COME, a kind of adverbial word for when it shall come.
Come candlemas nine years ago she dy＇d. Gay.

To COME, not present, to happen hereafter.
In times to come. Dryden.

COME, subst. [with malsters] the small strings or tails of malt, upon its
first shooting forth a sprout. Mortimer uses it.

COME [in botany] the herb goat＇s beard.
COME and welcome, go by and we shan＇t quarrel.
That is, you are entirely at liberty to do whether you please, nei­
ther will give offence. It is however used either to persons with whom
we are very familiar, or those we slight.
First COME first served.
It ought to be so; and so the French proverb expresses it; Les pre­
miers venus doivent etre les premiers servis. And so the Italians: I
primi venuti, devouo esser i primi serviti.

COME SOPRA [in music books] signifies as above, or that part
above over again; which words are used when any foregoing part is
to be repeated.

COME＇DIAN [comædus, Lat. comedien, Fr. commediante, It. comedi­
ánte, Sp. comoediant, Ger.] 1. A writer of comedies. Scaliger wil­
leth us to admire Plautus as a comedian. Peacham.
2. An actor or
player of comedies.
3. A player in general, a stage player. Of a
comedian she became a wealthy man＇s wife. Camden.

COMEDIO＇GRAPHER [of κωμωδια, a comedian, and γραϕω, Gr. to
write] a writer of comedies.

COMEDIO＇GRAPHY [of κωμωδια, and χραϕη, Gr. a description or writ­
ing] the writing of comedies.

CO＇MEDY [comedic, Fr. comedia, It. Sp. and Port. comædia, Lat.
comedie, Du. comoedie, Ger. of κομη, a village, and ωδη, a song; be­
cause comedies were first acted in country villages] is an agreeable dra­
matic representation of the lighter faults of human kind. It is reckoned
part of the great poetry on account of its end, which is instruction as
well as pleasure, For men will sooner be laughed out of their sollies
than beat out of them.
Some have fancied that the excellence of comedy consists in the wit
of it; others confine it to the intrigue, and turns of incidents; and
others to the humour. But indeed the excellence lies in the just mix­
ture of the whole.

CO＇MELINESS, comely grace, beauty, dignity. A careless comeli­
ness, with comely care. Sidney.

CO＇MELY, adj. [from become, or from cpeman, Sax. to please] 1.
Graceful, decent. He that is comely when old, surely was very beau­
tiful when young. South.
2. Used of things. Decent, being according
to propriety.
What a world is this, when what is comely,
Envenoms him that bears it. Shakespeare.

COMELY, adv. [from the adj.] gracefully, with handsomeness.
To ride comely. Ascham.

CO＇MER [from come] one that comes. A fresh comer, the first
comer.

CO＇MET [cometa, Lat. κομητης, Gr. a hairy star] a heavenly body in the
planetary region appearing suddenly and again disappearing; and during
the time of its appearance, moving thro＇ its proper orbit like a planet.
The orbits of comets are ollipses, having one of their foci in the centre
of the sun, and being very long and eccentric, they become invisible,
when in that part most remote from the sun. I considered a comet, or,
in the language of the vulgar, a blazing star, as a sky-rocket discharg＇d
by an hand that is almighty. Addison.

CO＇METARY, COME＇TIC, or COME＇TICAL [of comet] of or per­
taining to comets; as, planetary and cometary regions. Cheyne.

COMETO＇GRAPHER [of κομητης, and γραϕω, Gr. to write] one who
writes concerning comets.

COMETOGRA＇PHY, a description or treatise concerning comets.

CO＇MFIT [konfit, Du. It should seem that both were formed by
hasty pronunciation from confect. Johnson] sweet-meats, fruits and
other things preserved dry. Hudibras uses it.

To COMFIT, to preserve, dry with sugar. Cowley uses it.

CO＇MFITURE [from confit or confecture] sweetmeat. From country
grass to comfitures at court. Donne.

To CO＇MFORT [comfortare, It. comforto, low Lat. comforter, Fr.
comfortàr, Sp.] 1. To strengthen, to enliven, to invigorate. Light
excelleth in comforting the spirits. Bacon.
2. To strengthen the mind
under pressures of any kind. They bemoaned and comforted him.
Job.

COMFORT [from the verb] comforto, It. comforte, Sp.] 1. Support,
assistance. The comfort that the rebels should receive from Kildare.
Bacon.
2. Support under calamity or danger; as, they have no ap­
prehension of those things, so they need no comfort against them. Til­
lotson.
3. That which gives consolation or support.
Your children were vexation to your youth,
But mine shall be a comfort to, your age. Shakespeare.

CO＇MFORTABLE [of comfort] 1. Bringing or producing comfort, re­
freshing. Comfortable provision for subsistence. Dryden.
2. Receiving
comfort, susceptible of it. For my sake be comfortable. Shakespeare.
As COMFORTABLE as matrimony.
It is hard to determine whether this saying be to be taken in a literal
or ironical sense.

CO＇MFORTABLENESS [of comfortable] comforting quality.

CO＇MFORTABLY, in a comfortable manner, without despair. Ham­
mond uses it.

CO＇MFORTER [of comfort] 1. One that administers consolation in di­
stress or danger. Angels sent him as comforters in his agony. Hooker.
2. The title of the third person of the holy Trinity, the Paraclete. The
Comforter whom I will send. Gospel.

CO＇MFORTLESS [of comfort] being without comfort. Yet shall not
my death be comfortless. Sidney.

CO＇MFORTLESSNESS, the being without comfort.

CO＇MFREY [comfrie, Fr.] a good herb for wounds. The flower
consists of one leaf, shaped like a funnel, having an oblong tube, but
shaped at the top like a pitcher. Miller.

CO＇MIC, or CO＇MICAL [comique, Fr. comico, It. and Sp. comicus,
Lat. of κωμικος, Gr.] 1. Belonging to or fit for comedy; its catastrophe
is a wedding, which hath ever been accounted comical. Gay.
2. Plea­
sant, merry, jocose, humourous; as, comical adventures.

CO＇MICALLY [of comical] pleasantly, with mirth, &c. also in a
manner befitting comedy.

CO＇MICALNESS [of comical] pleasantness, diverting quality.

CO＇MING, subst. [from to come] 1. The act of coming, approach.
Swect the coming on
Of grateful ev＇ning mild. Milton.
2. State of being come, arrival; as, the coming of certain birds
amongst them. Locke.

CO＇MING, part. [from come] 1. Forward, ready to come.
How coming to the poet every muse. Pope.
2. That is to come.
Praise of great acts he scatters as a seed,
Which may the like in coming ages breed. Roscommon.

COMING In, subst. Income, revenue. What are thy rents? what are
thy comings in? Shakespeare.

A COMING Wench [of cweman, Sax. to please] a maiden of a free
behaviour.

COMING (or breeding) Woman.

COMITA＇TU & Castro, &c. [in law Lat.] a writ whereby the
charge of the county, together with the keeping of a castle, is commit­
ted to the sheriff.

COMITATU Commisso [in law Lat.] a writ or commission by which
the sheriff is authorized to take upon him the charge of the county.

COMITA＇TUS, Lat. a retinue, a train of attendants or followers.

COMITATUS [in common law] a county or shire; also a roll or list
of dead farms and desperate debts, anciently made every year and
read upon the account of sheriffs in their respective counties.

COMITIA [among the Romans] an assembly, either in the Comi­
tium or Campus Martius, for the election of magistrates, or con­
sulting of other important affairs of the state.

COMI＇TIAL [comitialis, of comitia, Lat.] pertaining to the assem­
blies of the people of Rome.

COMI＇TIALIS Merbus, Lat. [so called because if any man was seized
with it in the midst of the public assemblies, the council was broke up
for that time] the falling sickness.

COMI＇TIUM, a large hall in the Roman Forum.

CO＇MITY [comitas, Lat.] courtesy, good breeding.

CO＇MMA, one of the points or stops used in writing, thus marked (,)
implying only a small rest or little pause. Lat.
Comma＇s and points they set exactly right. Pope.

COMMA [in music] is the ninth part of a tone, or the interval
whereby a semitone or a perfect tone exceeds the imperfect.

To COMMA＇ND, verb act. [probably of con and mando, Lat. or com­
mander, Fr. commandare, It. mandàr, Sp.] 1. To order, charge, or
bid to be done. Sometimes formerly with of before the person. You
have commanded of me these most poisonous compounds. Shakespeare.
2. To govern, to hold in obedience. Opposed to obey. Commanded
always by the greater gust. Shakespeare.
3. To have in one＇s
power.
Chairmen no longer shall the wall command. Gay.
4. To overlook, to have so subject as that it may be seen or annoyed.
His eye might there command, wherever stood,
City, of old or modern same. Milton.

To COMMAND, verb neut. to have the chief management or govern­
ment of, to profess the chief power; as, commanding powers of the
soul. South.
COMMAND your man and do it yourself.
Used when any one enjoins another, who is under no dependance on
them or obligation to them, to do a thing which they may as well, or
which it would be more proper for them to do themselves.

COMMAND [commandment, Fr. comando, It.] subst. 1. Management,
rule, right of commanding. It is used in military affairs; as, magistracy







or government in civil life; with over. He assumed an absolute com­
mand over his readers. Dryden.
2. Cogent authority, despotical
power. Command and force may create, but never cure aversion.
Locke.
3. The act of commanding, the order or mandate uttered.
The captain gives command. Dryden.
4. The power of overlooking
or surveying a place.
The steepy stand,
Which overlooks the vale with wide command. Dryden.

COMMA＇NDER [commandeur, Fr. comandante, It. and Sp.] 1. One
who has the supreme command, a general or chief officer. Love thee
as our commander and our king. Shakespeare.
2. An instrument of
surgery. The glossoconium, commonly called the commander, is of
use. Wiseman.

COMMANDER, a governor of a commandry, or order of religious
knights.

COMMANDER [with paviors] a beetle or rammer, with an handle
about three feet long, to use in both hands.

COMMA＇NDERY [from command] a body of the knights of Malta,
belonging to the same nation.

COMMA＇NDING Ground [in fortification] is a rising ground that over­
looks any post or strong place.

Front COMMANDING Ground [in fortification] is a height or emi­
nence oppsite to the face of the post, and plays upon the front
of it.

Reverse COMMANDING Ground, is an eminence that can play upon
the back of any post.

Enfilade COMMANDING Ground, or Courtin COMMANDING Ground, is
an eminence, from which its shot sweeps or scours all the length
of a strait line.

COMMANDING Signs [in astrology] the first six signs of the zodiac,
viz. Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo.

COMMA＇NDMENT [commandement, Fr. comandamento, It. mandami­
énto, Sp. probably of con and mandatum, Lat.] 1. A precept, ordin­
nance or law. Some special commandment for that which is exacted.
Hooker.
2. Authority, coactive power. The countenance of stern
commandment. Shakespeare.
3. By way of eminence, the precepts of
the decalogue, given by God to Moses.

COMMANDMENT [in fortification] is the height of nine feet, which
one place has above another.

COMMANDMENT [in law] is when either the king or justices com­
mit a person to prison upon their authority.

COMMA＇NDRESS [from commander] a woman vested with supreme
authority. Hooker and Fairfax.

COMMA＇NDRY [commanderie, Fr.] a manor or chief messuage with
lands and tenements belonging to the priory of St. John of Jerusalem,
now called St. John＇s, near Clerkenwell.

COMMATE＇RIAL [of con and materialis, Lat.] that which is made of
the same matter or substance with another. Beeks in birds are comma­
terial with teeth. Bacon.

COMMATERIA＇LITY, the quality of being of the same matter, &c.
with another.

COMMEATU＇RA [old law Lat.] a commandry, or portion of house
and land set apart for the use of some religious order, especially the
knights templars.

CO＇MMELINE [commelina, Lat.] The name of a plant, whose leaves
are produced alternately, and surround the stalk at the base; the stalks
trail upon the ground and grow very branchy.

COMME＇MORABLE [commemorabilis, Lat.] worthy to be mentioned
or remembered, deserving to be mentioned with honour.

To COMME＇MORATE [commemoro, It. comemoràr, Sp. commemoratum,
of con and memmoro, Lat.] to mention or remember solemnly, to cele­
rate the memory and acts of a worthy person, by some public act.
Such is the divine mercy which we now commomerate. Fiddes.

COMMEMORA＇TION [Fr. commemorazione, It. comemoracion, Sp. of
commemoratio, Lat.] A solemn remembrance of some remarkable ac­
tion; the remembrance of a person, or something done in honour of
his memory. Commemoration was formerly made, with thanksgiving,
in honour of good men departed this world. Ayliffe.

COMMEMORA＇TIVE [of commemorate] tending to preserve memory
of any thing. The annual offering of the pasehal lamb was comme­
morative of that first pasehal lamb. Atterbury.

To COMME＇NCE, verb neut. [commencer, Fr. cominciare, It. comén­
çàr, Sp. começar, Port.] 1. To begin. That state that is to commence
after this life. Rogers.
2. To take a new character.
If wit so much from ign＇rance undergo,
Ah! let not learning too commence its foe. Pope.
3. To take a degree in an university; as, to commence master of
arts.

To COMMENCE, verb act. to make a beginning of; as, to commence
a suit at law.

To COMMENCE a Horse [with horsemen] is to initiate him in the
manage, or to put him to the first lessons in order to break him.

COMME＇NCEMENT, 1. Beginning, date. The third day from the
commencement of the creation. Woodward.
2. The time when de­
grees are taken in the university of Cambridge, and answering to the
act at Oxford.

To COMME＇ND [comendare, It. commendo, Lat. recommender, Fr. in
the last sense] 1. To praise or set with advantage.
Like a friend
Would find out something to commend. Cowley.
2. To commit or give in charge; to commit to one＇s protection, fa­
vour, or care. To thee I do commend my watchful soul. Shakespeare.
3. To recommend, to represent as worthy of regard or kindness.
The chief bassa had commended him to Solymon. Knolles.
4. To
mention by way of keeping in memory.
Signior Antonio
Commends him to you. Shakespeare.

COMMEND [from the verb] Commendation. Now obsolete.
Tell her I send to her my kind commends. Shakespeare.

COMME＇NDABLE [recommendable, Fr. commendabile, It. commendabile,
Lat.] that is to be commended, praise-worthy. The accent was an­
ciently on the first syllable.
And power unto itself most commendable.
Hath not a tomb so evident. Shakespeare.

COMME＇NDABLENESS [of commendable] quality of being worthy to
be commended.

COMME＇NDABLY [of commendable] with honour, in manner worthy
of praise. Carew uses it.

COMME＇NDAM [commende, Fr. commenda, low Lat.] a void benefice,
commended to an able clerk, till it be otherwise disposed of. Law
Term.

COMMENDAM [in law] when the king makes a person a bishop, his
benefice is resigned by the promotion; but if he is impowered by the
king to retain his benefice, then he still continues to be parson of it,
and is said to hold it in commendam. The deanery of Westminster he
had in commendam. Clarendon.

COMME＇NDATARY, subst. [commenda, Lat.] one who has a church­
living in commendam.

COMMENDA＇TION, Lat. 1. A praising or setting one forth, declara­
tion of esteem: as, a fit subject of commendation.
2. Recommenda­
tion, favourable representation. The choice shall be by the commenda­
tion of the great officers. Bacon.
3. Message of love. Mrs. Page
has her hearty commendation to you. Shakespeare.

COMME＇NDATORY, adj. containing praise, favourably represent­
ing.

COMME＇NDER [from commend] he that commends or praises. Com­
menders or disprovers. Wotton.

COMMENSA＇LITY [commensalis, of con and mensa, Lat. the table]
fellowship of table, the custom of eating together. To avoid com­
munity with the gentiles upon promiscuous commensality. Brown.

COMMENSURABI＇LITY [of commensurable] capacity of being com­
pared with another, as to proportion or measure; thus an inch and a
yard are commensurable, a yard containing a certain number of inches.
A comely commensurability of the whole into the parts. Brown.

COMME＇NSURABLE [Fr. and Sp. commensurabile, It. of con and
mensurabilis, of con and mensura, Lat. measure] equal in measure and
proportion, reducible to some common measure.

COMMENSURABLE Magnitudes [in geometry] are such as may be
measured by one and the same common measure.

COMMENSURABLE Numbers [in arithmetic] whether integers or frac­
tions, are such as have some other number, which will measure or
divide them, without leaving any remainder; thus 6 and 8, 1½ and ¾
are respectively commensurable numbers.

COMMENSURABLE Quantities [in geometry] are such as have some
common aliquot part, or which may be measured by some common
measure, so as to leave no remainder in either.

COMMENSURABLE Surds [in algebra] are such surds as being re­
duced to their least terms, become true figurative quantities, and are
therefore as a rational quantity to a rational.

COMMENSURABLE in Power [with geometricians] right lines are
said to be commensurable in power, when their squares are measured
by one and the same space or superfices.

COMME＇NSURABLENESS [of commensurable] commensurability, pro­
portion.

To COMME＇NSURATE [of con and mensura, Lat. measure] to reduce
to some common measure. The aptest terms to commensurate the lon­
gitude of places. Brown.

COMMENSURATE, adj. [commensurato, It.] 1. Reducible to some com­
mon measure. Some organ equally commensurate to soul and body.
Government of the Tongue.
2. Equal, proportionable to each other.
Knowledge adequately commensurate with the nature of things. Glan­
ville.

COMME＇NSURATELY, adv. [of commensurate] with the capacity of
measuring or being measured with another. Commensurately to each
other. Holder.

COMME＇NSURATENESS [of commensurate] the quality of being of the
same or equal measure.

COMMENSURA＇TION, equality of measure, or the measuring of one
thing with another, proportion. There must be a commensuration or
proportion between the body moved and the force. Bacon.

To CO＇MMENT [commenter, Fr. comentare, It. comentàr, Sp. of com­
mentor, Lat.] to write notes upon, to expound, having upon. Critics
having taken a liking to one of these poets, proceed to comment on
him and illustrate him. Dryden.

CO＇MMENT [commentum, Lat.] an exposition of an author＇s text,
an explanation or gloss. Proper gestures and vehement exertions of
the voice, are a comment to what he utters. Addison.

CO＇MMENTARY, or COMMENT [commentaire, Fr. commento, It. co­
mentario, Sp. commentarium, Lat.] a continued interpretation or gloss
on the obscure and difficult passages in an author to render them more
intelligible. The church＇s universal practice is the best commentary.
King Charles.

CO＇MMENTARIES [with historians] are histories written by those
persons who had the greatest hand or share in the actions there related,
memoirs in a familiar manner; as Cæsars＇s commentaries.

COMMENTARIES, also are such as set forth a naked continuance of
the events and actions, without the motives and designs, the councils,
speeches, occasions and pretexts, with other passages.

COMMENTA＇TOR [commentateur, Fr. comentatore It. comentadòr, Sp.
of commentator, Lat.] a maker or writer of commentaries, an anno­
tator. Some of the commentators tell us, that Marsya was a lawyer
who had lost his cause. Addison.

COMME＇NTER [of comment] one that writes comments.
Slily as any commentor goes by
Hard words or sense. Donne.

COMMENTI＇TIOUS [commentitius, Lat.] devised at pleasure, seigned,
forged, counterfeit. Commentitious inanity. Glanville.

COMMENTI＇TIOUSNESS [of commentitius, Lat.] counterfeitness, for­
gedness.

CO＇MMERCE [Fr. commerzio, It. comércio, Sp. of commercium, Lat.
the accent was antiently on the last syllable] 1. Trade or traffic in buy­
ing and selling. Any country that hath commerce with the rest of the
world. Locke.
2. Intercourse of society, converse, or correspondence.
Mutual conference and commerce to be had between God and us.
Hooker.

COMMERCE, a game at cards.

To COMME＇RCE [from the subst.] to hold intercourse with.







With even step and musing gait,
And looks commercing with the skies,
Thy rapt soul sitting in thy eyes. Milton.

COMME＇RCIAL [of commerce] of or pertaining to commerce.

CO＇MMERE, a common mother. Fr.
As peace should still her wheaten garland wear,
And stand a commere ＇tween their amities. Shakespeare.

COMME＇TICS [of κομμι, Gr. gum] such things as give beauties
not before in being; as, paints to the face; they differ from cosme­
tics, in that these are only for the preservation of beauties already in
possession.

To CO＇MMIGRATE [of con and migro, Lat.] to move in a body
from one country to another.

COMMIGRA＇TION, a going of a large body of people from one place
to dwell in another. Lost all memory of their commigration hence.
Woodward.

COMMINA＇TION [Fr. comminaciòn, Sp. of comminatio, Lat.] 1. A se­
vere threatening; a denunciation of punishment or vengeance. By
precept and commination. Decay of Piety.
2. The recital of God＇s
threatnings on stated days.

COMMI＇NATORY, adj. [of comminor, Lat.] of or pertainining to
threatening.

COMMINATORY, subst. [comminatoire, Fr. cominatério, Sp.] a
clause in a law, &c. importing a punishment to delinquents, which,
however, is not executed in the rigor of it.

To COMMI＇NGLE, verb act. [of con and mingle] to mix together in
one mass.
Blest are those
Whose blood and judgment are so well commingled,
That they are not a pipe for Fortune＇s finger. Shakespeare.

To COMMINGLE, verb neut. to unite, to be incorporated. Disso­
lution of gum tragacanth and oil of sweet almonds, do not commingle.
Bacon.

COMMINU＇IBLE [of comminuo, Lat.] reducible to powder. The
best diamonds are comminuable without it. Brown.

To CO＇MMINUTE [comminutum, sup. of comminuo, Lat.] to reduce
powder. Entire bodies, and not comminuted, as sand and ashes. Bacon.

COMMINU＇TION [of comminute] pulverization, the act of grinding
into small parts; as, comminution of the meat. Ray.

COMMINUTION [with surgeons] is when a bone is broken into ma­
ny small parts.

COMMI＇SERABLE [from commiserate] worthy of compassion, pitiable.
This noble and commiserable person. Bacon.

To COMMI＇SERATE [commiserare, It. of con and miserere, Lat.] to
pity, to have compassion on. We should commiserate our mutual ig­
norance. Locke.

COMMISERA＇TION [Fr. commiserazione, It. comiseraciòn, Sp. of
commiseratio, Lat.] compassion, pity. These poor seduced creatures,
whom I can never speak nor think of but with much commiseration and
pity. Hooker.

CO＇MMISSARY [commissaire, Fr. commessario, It. comissarío, Sp.] an
officer made occasionally for a certain purpose, a deputy; also an officer
who supplies the place of a bishop in the exercise of his ecclesiastical
jurisdiction in the out or remote parts of his diocese; or else in such
parishes as are peculiar to the bishop, and exempted from the visitation
of the arch-deacon.

COMMISSARY of Stores [in military affairs] an officer of the artillery
who has the charge of all the stores.

COMMISSARY General [of the musters] an officer who takes a par­
ticular account of the strength of every regiment, and reviews them;
seeing that the horse be well mounted, and the men well armed and
accoutered; and he regulates the procuration and conveyance of pro­
vision for ammunition.
But is it thus you English bards compose?
With runic lays your tag insipid prose?
And when you should your heroes deeds rehearse,
Give us a commissary＇s list in verse? Prior.

COMMISSARY of Horses [in military affairs] an officer belonging to
the artillery, who has the inspection of the artillery horses, to see them
mustered, and to send such orders as he receives from the commanding
officer of the artillery, by some of the conductors of horses, of which
he is allowed a certain number for his assistants.

CO＇MMISSARISHIP [of commissary] the office of a commissary. Ay­
liffe uses it.

COMMI＇SSION [Fr. commissione, It. comissiòn, Sp. of commissio, Lat.]
1. The act of entrusting any thing; a power given by one person to ano­
ther of doing any thing. Commission is the warrant or letters patent
that all men exercising jurisdiction, either ordinary or extraordinary,
have for their power. Cowel.
2. Charge, mandate, employment.
Such commission from above
I have receiv＇d to answer thy desire.
3. Act of committing a crime; as, sins of commission, which are dis­
tinguished in divinity from those of omission.
4. A number of peo­
ple joined in a trust or office.
5. The state of that which is in­
trusted to a number of joint officers; as, the excise was put into
commission.

COMMISSION, a warrant for an office or place; a charge to buy or
to do any act for another.

COMMISSION [in law] a delegation or warrant by letters patent
for the hearing or determining any cause or action.

COMMISSION [in military affairs] is the authority by virtue of which
every officer acts in his post, signed by the king or his general. I was
made a colonel, though I gained my commission by the horse＇s virtues.
Addison.

COMMISSION [in commerce or traffiic] the order by which a factor
or any person trades for another.

COMMISSION, commission-money, the wages or reward of a factor.

COMMI＇SSION of Anticipation, a commission under the great seal to
collect a tax or subsidy before the time appointed.

COMMISSION of Association, is a commission under the great seal to
associate two or more learned persons with the justices in the several
circuits and counties in Wales.

COMMISSION of Bankruptcy, a commission under the great seal of
England, directed to five or more commissioners, to enquire into the
particular circumstances of a bankrupt; they are appointed to act for
the benefit of the creditors, according to several statutes enacted for
that purpose.

COMMISSION of Rebellion, a writ sent out against a man that has
not appeared after proclamation has been made by the sheriff, upon an
order of chancery, to present himself at the court on a certain day, to
cause the party to be apprehended, as a rebel and despiser of the king＇s
law wherever he is found.

To COMMISSION, or COMMI＇SSIONATE [of commissum, sup. of com­
mitto, Lat.] to give a commission, to appoint; to appoint or impower
one to act for another.
A chosen band
He first commissions to the Latian land. Dryden.
As he was thus sent by his Father, so also were the apostles most so­
lemnly commissionated by him to preach to the Gentile world. Decay
of Piety.

COMMI＇SSIONER [of commission] one who has received a commission,
or acts by virtue of it.

COMMISSIONER [in the sense of the law] one who has a commission,
as letters patent, or any other legal warrant, to execute any public
office. The archbishop was made one of the commissioners of the trea­
sury. Clarendon.

The King＇s High COMMISSIONER [in Scotland] the title of that no­
bleman who represents the king of Great-Britain＇s person in the king­
dom of Scotland, at the general assembly of the kirk at Edin­
burgh.

COMMI＇SSURE [commissura, Lat.] a joint of any thing, a joining
close of things together; a seam or closure; and, in a figurative use,
it signifies the close connexion of things gradually ascending or descend­
ing in the scale of being. “The Platonists, says Cudworth, melting,
as it were, the Deity by degrees, and bringing it down lower and
lower (meaning by their supposed emanations or productions of infe­
rior gods from the FIRST CAUSE) made the juncture and commissure
betwixt GOD and the creature so smooth and close, that where they
indeed parted was altogether undiscernible.” Cudworth＇s Intell. Syst.
p. 557.

COMMISSURE [with anatomists] the mold of the head, or any su­
ture. See SUTURE.

COMMISSURE [in architecture] a close joining of planks, stones, or
any other materials.

To COMMI＇T [commettre, Fr. commettere, It. cometèr, Sp. of committo.
Lat.] 1. To refer or leave the management of an affair to another, to
give in trust; as, to commit a thing to memory.
2. To put in a place
to be kept safe.
Born free and not be bold!
At least I＇ll dig a hole within the ground,
And to the trusty earth commit the sound. Dryden.
3. To imprison. They two were committed, or at least restrained of
their liberty. Clarendon.
4. To be guilty of a crime, to do a fault.
Inhumane murders committed. Clarendon.

COMMI＇TTEE, persons to whom the examination or ordering any
affair is referred by some court, or consent of parties to whom it be­
longed; as, in parliament, after a bill is read, it is either agreed to,
and passed, or not agreed; or neither of these, but referred to the
consideration of some appointed by the house to examine it farther,
who thereupon are called a committee. Cowel.

COMMITTEE [of the king] the widow of the king＇s tenant, an­
ciently so called, as being committed by the law of the land to the
king＇s protection.

COMMI＇TMENT [of commit] the act of sending to prison, imprison­
ment; also an order for sending to prison.

COMMI＇TTER [of commit] one that perpetrates or commits. South
uses it.

COMMI＇TTIBLE [of commit] liable to be committed. Brown
uses it.

To COMMI＇X [commisceo, Lat.] to mix things together; as, dust
and rain-water commixed.

COMMI＇XION [of commix] incorporation of different ingredients.
Were thy commixion Greek and Trojan, so
That thou couldst say, this hand is Grecian all,
And this is Trojan. Shakespeare.

COMMI＇XT [commixtus, Lat.] mingled together.

COMMI＇XTION, a mingling together. Lat. Brown uses it.

COMMI＇XTURE [of commix] 1. The act of mingling.
2. The state
of being mingled, union in one mass. Bacon uses it.
3. The mass
formed, the compound. There is scarcely any thing rising but by a
commixture of good and evil arts. Bacon.

COMMO＇DATE is a kind of loan, yet is different from a loan, in that
things which consume by use or time cannot be the object of a com­
modate, but of a loan, in that they may be returned in kind tho＇ not
in identity.

COMMODATE [in civil law] the loan or free concession of any thing
moveable or immoveable for a limitted time, on condition to restore
the same individual at the expiration of that time.

COMMO＇DE, a sort of head dress for women. Fr. She contrived to
shew her principles by the setting of her commode. Addison. Pere
Richelet calls it, coissure modorne des sommes.

COMMO＇DIOUS [commode, Fr. comodo, It. and Sp. of commodus, Lat.]
1. Fit, convenient for any purpose. A place commodious to live in.
2. Useful, suited to wants. Bacchus found out the making of wine,
and many things else commodious for mankind. Raleigh.

COMMO＇DIOUSLY [of commodious] 1. Conveniently. In a deep
cave seated commodiously. Cowley.
2. Without distress.
To pass commodiously this life, sustain＇d
By Him with many comforts. Milton.
3. Suitably to a certain design; as, a thing may serve commodiously for
divers ends.

COMMO＇DIOUSNESS [of commodious] convenience.

COMMO＇DITY [commodité, Fr. comodità, It. comodidàd, Sp. of com­
moditas, Lat.] 1. Conveniency of time or place. A long sought for
commodity of time. Sidney. The commodity of a foot-path. Ben. John­
son.
2. Interest, profit, advantage. Men seek their own commodity.
Hooker.
3. Wares, merchandise, substance. It had been difficult to







make such a mole, where they had not so natural a commodity as
the earth of Puzzuola. Addison.

CO＇MMODORE [probably corrupted from the Sp. comendador] a kind
of admiral, or commander in chief of a squadron of ships at sea.

COMMOI＇GNE [old law term] a brother monk, residing in the same
convent.

CO＇MMON, adj. [commun, Fr. commune, It. comun, Sp. comum, Port.
of communis, Lat. gemein, Du. and Ger.] 1. Ordinary, usual, fre­
quent. An evil I have seen common among men. Eccesiastes.
2. Pub­
lic, that which belongs to all alike, general, serving the use of all.
The common shore of Rome ran from all parts of the town. Addison.
3. Belonging equally to more than one. Life and sense common to man
and brutes. Hale.
4. Having no possesser or owner. The possessions
of a private man revert to the community, and so become again per­
fectly common, Locke.
5. Vulgar, not distinguished by any excellence,
mean, not rare.
Doth common things of course and circumstance,
To the reports of common men commit. Davies.
6. Mean, without descent or birth.
They miss or sweep but common souls away. Waller.
7. Prostitute; as, a common woman.

COMMON [with grammarians] that gender of nouns that is equally
applicable to both sexes, male and female; likewise such verbs as sig­
nify both action and passion are called common.

COMMON [in geometry] is applied to an angle line or the like,
which belongs equally to two figures or makes a necessary part of
both.

COMMON [according to the law definition] that sort of water, the
use of which is common to a particular town or lordship; also as com­
mon of pasture, for feeding of cattle; common of fishing, &c. com­
mon of turbary, i. e. a liberty of digging turf.

COMMON, subst. [from the adj.] pasture ground, equally used by
many.

COMMON [in gross] a liberty to have commons alone, that is with­
out any land or tenement in another man＇s land, to himself for life, or
to him and his heirs.

COMMON Bench, the court of common pleas, sometimes so called
from the controversies or pleas tried there between common per­
sons.

COMMON Council [of London] was first constituted in the reign
of king John, who ordained that thirty-five of the most substantial
citizens should be chosen, and he also gave the city liberty to chuse a
new mayor and sheriffs every year, which before held their places
during life.

COMMON Appendant, or COMMON Appurtenant, a liberty of common
appertaining to, or depending on such a freehold, which common must
be taken with beasts commonable, as horses, oxen, &c. and not of
goats, geese, and hogs.

COMMON Divisor [with arithmeticians] is that number which
divides exactly any other two numbers, and leaves not any re­
mainder.

COMMON Fine [in law] a certain sum of money which the inhabi­
tants of a manor are obliged to pay to the lord, toward the charge of
maintaining the court-leet.

COMMON Hunt [of the city of London] the chief huntsman to the
lord-mayor and city.

COMMON Intendment [in law] the common understanding, meaning,
or construction of any thing, without straining it to any foreign, re­
mote, or particular sense.

COMMON Law. 1. Is usually understood of such laws as were ge­
nerally received as the laws of the realm before any statute was made
to alter them.
2. For the laws of England simply considered, with­
out the addition of any other law or customary usages whatsoever.
3.
It is taken for the king＇s courts, as the King＇s Bench and Common­
pleas, in contradistinction to base courts, as courts-baron, country­
courts, courts-leet, &c.

COMMON Law [of England] had its original from Edward the
Confessor, who, out of the Danish, Saxon, and Mercian laws, col­
lected one universal and general law about the year 1045.

COMMON Places [among rhetoricians] are general advertisements,
which help those that consult them to remember all the ways by which
a subject may be considered. Tho＇ there are many more ways by
which a thing may be considered; yet the authors of topics have set­
tled sixteen common places; which are, the genus, the difference, the
definition, the division or distribution, the etymology, the contraries,
the opposites, the comparison, the antecedents, the adjuncts, the conse­
quents, the effect and the cause. These are sufficient to furnish with
ample matter for a discourse, and to make the invention of a barren
understanding fruitful.

To COMMON-Place, to note or bring to common-place.

COMMON Pleas, one of the courts now held in Westminster-hall,
but in ancient times was moveable. It was appointed by king Henry
III. for the trial of all civil causes both real and personal. The
chief judge is called the lord chief justice of the common pleas, and
assisted by three or four associates created by letters patent from the
king.

COMMON par cause de voisinage [i. e. by a reason of neighbourhood,
Fr.] a liberty that the tenants of one lord in one town have to a com­
mon with the tenants of another lord in another town.

COMMON Ray [in optics] is a right line drawn from the point of
concourse of the two optical axes, thro＇ the middle of the right line,
which passes by the centre of the apple of the eye.

COMMON Receptacle [with anatomists] a certain vessel so called, be­
cause it receives the juices, chyle and lympha, promiscuously.

COMMON Sensory [with naturalists] the common perception of all
sensations. But, with Sir Isaac Newton, the common sensory is that
place to which the sensitive substance is present; into which the species
of things are carried thro＇ the nerves of the brain, that they may be
there perceived by their immediate presence to the soul. See CHERU­
BIM; and, instead of that clause, “Fulness of KNOWLEDGE, &c.
read, an order of angels so called. But the cherubim in Ezekiel, says
Taylor, in his concordance, are the same with the four living creatures
in the Apocalypse; which last do manifestly personate the main body
of the Christian church.

COMMON Signs [with astrologers] are Virgo, Gemini, Sagittarius
and Pisces, so called, because that being at the end of each quarter of
the year, they do more or less partake of both quarters, as the sun in
Pisces not only ends the winter, but also begins the spring.

COMMON Time [in music] is the same as double time.

COMMON [or Convent] Garden-Gout, the French disease, because
very frequently got there, or in the neighbourhood.

COMMON Women, those who ply the streets as prostitutes.

COMMON, adv. [from the adj.] commonly, ordinarily. I am more
than common tall. Shakespeare.

In COMMON. 1. Equally to be participated by a certain num­
ber. Appropriating any part of what is given in common. Locke.
2. Equally with another, indiscriminately. In a work of this nature
it is impossible to avoid puerilities, it having that in common with dic­
tionaries, &c. Arbuthnot.

To COMMON, verb neut. [from the subst.] to have a joint right
with others in some common.

To COMMON, to board, or be at table.

CO＇MMONABLE [of common] what is held in common. Forests,
chases, and other commonable places. Bacon.

CO＇MMONAGE [of common] 1. The right of feeding on a common.
2. The joint right of using any thing in common.

CO＇MMONALTY [communauté, Fr. comunità, It.] 1. The common
people, the people of the lower rank. The nobles and the common­
alty. Bacon.
2. The bulk of mankind. The secret acknowledgment
of the commonalty bearing record of the God of Gods. Hooker.
3. [In
law] are the middle sort of the king＇s subjects, such of the commons,
as being raised above the ordinary peasants, arrive at having the ma­
nagement of offices, and are one degree inferior to burgesses.

CO＇MMONER [from common] 1. One of the common people, one of
mean condition. He satiated his thirst of blood by the death of some
of his loyal commoners. Addison.
2. A man not noble.
This commoner hath worth and parts,
Is prais＇d for arms, or lov＇d for arts;
His head achs for a coronet. Prior.
3. One who has a joint right in a common. Land gained from com­
monable places, so as that the poor commoners have no injury. Bacon.
4. A member of a college in an university, or a student of the second
rank at the university of Oxford, one that eats at the common table.
5. A member of the house of commons in parliament.
6. A prostitute.
He gave it to a commoner o＇ th＇ camp. Shakespeare.

COMMONI＇TION, [commonitio, Lat.] an admonition or warning, an
advertisement.

CO＇MMONLY [of common] usually, vulgarly, frequently.

CO＇MMONNESS [of common] 1. Equal participation among many.
Nor can the commonness of the guilt obviate the censure. Government
of the Tongue.
2. Frequency; as, the commonness of a maxim.

To COMMON-PLA＇CE, to reduce to general heads. Collecting and
common-placing an universal history from the whole body of historians.
Felton.

COMMON-PLACE Book, a book in which things to be remembered
are ranged under general heads. I turned to my common-place book.
Tatler.

CO＇MMONS. 1. The vulgar, the lower people. Hath he not passed the
nobles and the commons. Shakespeare.
2. A proportion of victuals,
especially at colleges in an university, or particular societies.
Their commons, tho＇ but coarse, were nothing scant. Dryden.

The COMMONS [of England] the knights, burgesses, &c. in parlia­
ment; one of the three estates of the realm, called, the house of com­
mons. In this sense it has no singular number.

COMMON-WEA＇L, or COMMON-WEALTH [of common and weal or
wealth, of communis, Lat. and welan, Sax.] 1. An established form of
civil life. Union in living together, is that which we call the law of a
common-weal. Hooker. The common-wealth of learning. Lecke.
2.
The general body of the people. You are a good member of the com­
mon-wealth. Shakespeare.
3. Any state or government in general,
especially as it is distinguished from a monarchy. A republic in which
the supreme power is lodged in the people. Common-wealths were no­
thing more in their original but free cities. Temple.

COMMON-WEALTHS-Man. 1. A member of a common-wealth.
2. A stickler for a government by a common-wealth.
3. One who acts
for the good of the common-wealth.

CO＇MMORANCE, or COMMORANCY [from commorant] abode, resi­
dence. Place of commorance of witnesses plainly set forth. Hale. His
abode and commorancy. Ayliffe.

CO＇MMORANT [commorans, Lat.] resident, dwelling. Commorant
and residing in another monastery. Ayliffe.

COMMORA＇TION, a tarrying, abiding or dwelling in a place.

COMMO＇RIENTS [commorientes, Lat.] persons dying together, at the
same time.

COMMO＇TE, or COMMOI＇TH [in Wales] a part of a shire, hundred
or cantred, containing 50 villages; also a great lordship or signiory
which may include one or more manors.

COMMO＇TION [Fr. commozione, It. of commotio, Lat.] 1. Tumult,
uproar, hurly-burly. Battles and continual commotion. Broome.
2. Dis­
order of mind, heat, violence.
Some strange commotion
Is in his brain. Shakespeare.
He could not debate without some commotion. Clarendon.
3. An intestine motion or luctation in the parts of any thing, restless­
ness; as, to allay the commotions of the waters. Woodward.

COMMO＇TIONER [of commotion] one that causes commotions. A
word now rarely used. The people more regarding commotioners than
commissioners, flock＇d together. Hayward.

COMMO＇VED [of commoveo, Lat.] violently moved together with
some other, agitated.
Straight the sands
Commov＇d around, in gathering eddies play. Thomson.

COMMU＇NA [a law term] the common pasture.

COMMUNAU＇NCE, or COMMAU＇NCE, a title anciently given to the
commoners or tenants, and inhabitants that had the right of common
or commoning in open fields or woods.

COMMONA＇RE [in old law] to enjoy the right of common.








To COMMU＇NE [communiquer, Fr. comunicare, It. comunicàr, Sp.
communico, Lat.] to talk or discourse together, to communicate senti­
ments interchangeably. Guyon with her communed. Spenser.

COMMU＇NIA Custodia [in law] a writ for that lord whose tenant
dies and leaves his son under age, against a stranger who entereth the
land.

COMMU＇NIA Placita non, &c. [in law] a writ directed to the
treasurer and barons of the exchequer, forbidding them to hold plea
between the two common persons in that court, where neither of them
belong to it.

COMMU＇NIBUS Annis, Lat. signifies the same thing in regard to time,
as communibus locis does to places, taking the years one with another.

COMMUNIBUS Locis, a term often used by writers for some medium
or mean relation between several places, i. e. as taking one place with
another.

COMMUNICABI＇LITY [of communicable] the quality of being com­
municated.

COMMU＇NICABLE [Fr. comunicabile, It. comunicable, Sp. of com­
municabilis, Lat.] 1. That may be communicated or imparted; with
to. To none communicable in earth or heaven. Milton.
2. That may
become the common possession of more than one; with to or unto. Eter­
nal life is communicable unto all. Hooker.

COMMU＇NICABLENESS [communicabilis, Lat.] easiness to be com­
municated or to communicate.

COMMU＇NICANT [communiant, Fr. comunicante, It. communicans,
Lat.] one who receives the communion of the Lord＇s supper; as, a
never failing monthly communicant. Atterbury.

To COMMU＇NICATE, verb act. [communiquer, Fr. comunicare, It.
comunicàr, Sp. communicatum, sup. of communico, Lat.] 1. To impart,
to tell or shew, to discover or reveal to another. Charles would com­
municate his secrets with none. Bacon.
2. To impart to others
what is in our own power, to bestow. Common benefits are to be com­
municated with all. Bacon.
3. Anciently it had with before the per­
son to whom communication of knowledge or benefits was made.
Communicated with any other. Wotton.
4. Now it has only to. Com­
municate to their hearers. Watts.

To COMMUNICATE, verb neut. 1. To receive the sacrament. The
primitive Christians communicated every day. Tayler.
2. To have
something in common with another. Canals all communicate with one
another. Arbuthnot.

COMMUNICA＇TION [Fr. comunicazione, It. comunicacion, Sp. com­
municatio, Lat.] 1. The act of comunicating benefits or knowledge.
The reception and communication of learned knowledge. Holder.
2.
Common boundary, inlet or passage. The map shews the natural
communication providence has formed between rivers and lakes. Addi­
son.
3. The act of imparting intercourse, converse, conference. The
chief end of language in communication, is to be understood. Locke.
4.
Interchange of knowledge, good intelligence between many. Secrets
may be carried so far as to stop the communication necessary among all
who have the management of affairs. Swift.

COMMUNICATION [in law] a discourse between several parties
without coming to an agreement, upon which no action can be
grounded.

COMMUNICATION [with rhetoricians] is when the orator argues
with his auditory, and demands their opinion; as, “Gentlemen, sup­
pose yourselves in the same case, what measures would you have taken
but those that I took; what would you have done upon the like occa­
sion?”

COMMUNICATION of Idioms [with divines] signifies the communi­
cation of the attributes of one nature in Christ Jesus to that of another.
This is one of our new-imported ecclesiastic words; and a more full
and distinct account of it shall be given under the word Nestorianism.
And for which we are beholden to the Post-Nicenes, if not much later
writers. See CONCRETE and NESTORIANISM.
Evil COMMUNICATIONS corrupt good manners.
Fr. Les mauvaises compagnies corrompent les bonnes mœurs.
It. Le cattive compagnie corrompono i costumi.
This proverb contains a wholesome admonition and caution to youth
to be very careful with whom they converse. Evil conversation, or,
as the proverb terms it, communication, is as epidemic as the plague.
The malignity of the one, as well as the other, steals so insensibly
upon us, that it is hardly perceived till past cure; and youth more espe­
cially ought to avoid one with as much sollicitude as they would the
other, and the more, as it is an ever-reigning plague, and is often ri­
fest where it is least suspected.

COMMU＇NICATIVE [communicatif, Fr. communicativo, It. and Sp.]
ready to communicate or impart, sociable, free, not selfish, not close;
as, to be more or less communicative of any thing.

COMMU＇NICATIVENESS [of communicative] aptness to communicate
or impart benefits or knowledge. Norris uses it.

COMMU＇NION [Fr. comunione, It. comuniòn, Sp. of communio, Lat.]
1. Fellowship, union, participation of something in common. We
are naturally induced to seek communion and fellowship with thers.
Hooker.
2. The public celebration of the sacrament of the Lord＇s
supper.
3. A common or public act. They served and praised
God by communion and in public manner. Raleigh.
4. An uni­
form belief in several persons, whereby they are united under
one head, in one church; as, to live and die in the comumunion of a
church.

COMMU＇NITAS Regni [in old records] i. e. the community of the
kingdom, and signified the barons and tenants in capite, or military
men, who were anciently comprehended solely under that title.

COMMU＇NITY [communautr, Fr. comunitù, It. comunidàd, Sp. of
communitas, Lat] 1. The having things in common; partnership; the
state contrary to property. The original community of all things.
Locke.
2. The common-wealth; a body of men united in civil so­
ciety for their mutual advantage; as, a corporation, the inhabitants
of a town, the companies of tradesmen, &c. Nor in a single person
only, but in a community or multitude of men. Hammond.
3. Com­
monness, frequency.
Seen, but with such eyes,
As sick and blunted with community,
Afford no extraordinary gaze. Shakespeare.

COMMUNITY [in law] sometimes signifies the joint property in ef­
fects between a husband and wife.

Tacit COMMUNITY, a community contracted between a man and a
woman by the mere mingling of their effects, provided they have lived
together the space of a year and a day.

COMMUNITY Continued, is that which subsists between two persons
joined in marriage, and the minor children of that marriage, when
the survivor has not made any inventory of the effects in possession du­
ring marriage.

COMMUTABI＇LITY [of commutable] the quality of being capable of
exchange.

COMMU＇TABLE [commutabilis, Lat.] that may be exchanged for
something else that may be ransom＇d.

COMMUTA＇TION [Fr. commutazione, It. comutaciòn, Sp. of commu­
tatio, Lat.] 1. A change, an alteration. So great is the commutation,
that the soul then hated only that which now only it loves; i. e. sin.
South.
2. A changing of one thing for another, a bartering. The uni­
verse is supported by giving and returning, by commerce and commuta­
tion. South.

COMMUTA＇TION [in law] a ransom, a change of penalty or punish­
ment, of a greater for a less, as death for perpetual imprisonment,
&c.

COMMUTATION [in astronomy] the angle of commutation is the
distance between the sun＇s true place, seen from the earth, and the
place of a planet reduced to the ecliptic.

COMMUTATION of Idioms. See COMMUNICATION of Idioms.

COMMU＇TATIVE [commutatif, Fr. commutativo, It. commutativus,
Lat.] pertaining to commutation or exchanging.

COMMUTATIVE Justice, is that justice that ought to be observed in
buying and selling, borrowing and lending, performing covenants,
&c. and is contrary to fraud in bargains.

COMMUTA＇TIVELY [of commutative] by way of exchange.

To COMMU＇TE, verb act. [commuter, Fr. commutare, It. commuto,
Lat. comutàr, Sp.] to exchange, to put one thing in the place of
another. This will commute our tasks, exchange these pleasant ones
which God assigns, for those uneasy ones we impose on ourselves. De­
cay of Piety.

To COMMUTE [in civil law] is to buy off a punishment by a pecu­
niary consideration, to ransom one obligation by another. Some com­
mute swearing for whoring. L＇Estrange.

To COMMUTE, verb neut. to attone, to bargain for exemption. They
look upon those institutions as a privilege to serve instead of holiness,
and to commute for it. South.

COMMU＇TUAL [of con and mutual] reciprocal; a word used only in
poetry. There with commutual zeal we both had strove. Pope.

COMO＇RIN, or Cape COMORIN, the most southerly promontory of
the hither India, lying north-west of the island of Ceylon.

COMO＇RRA, a city of Hungary, situated on the Danube, at the end
of the island of Schut, 33 miles south-east of Presburgh.

COMO＇RTH [in old statutes] a contribution anciently made at mar­
riages, and when young priests said their first masses; also sometimes
to make satisfaction for murders and felonies.

CO＇MPACT, subst. [compactum, Lat.] an agreement or bargain,
an agreement or contract stipulated between several parties; as, a plain
compact, an implicit compact.

COMPA＇CT, adj. [compactus, Lat.] 1. Dense, having few pores, and
these small ones; close, well joined; as, gems and other compact
bodies. Newton.
2. Brief and pithy; as, a compact oration.

To COMPACT [compactum, sup. of compingo, Lat.] 1. To join or
unite.
Nor are the nerves of his compacted strength,
Stretch＇d and dissolv＇d into unsinew＇d length. Denham.
2. To make out of any thing.
If he, compact of jars, grow musical,
We shall have shortly discord in the spheres. Shakespeare.
3. To league with.
Pernicious woman,
Compact with her that＇s gone. Shakespeare.
4. To bring into a system, to join together. We see the world so com­
pacted, that each thing preserveth other things, and also itself. Hooker.

COMPA＇CTEDNESS [of compacted] density, closeness, firmness. Stick­
ing or compactedness is natural to density. Digby.

COMPA＇CTILE [compactilis, Lat.] that may be set together.

COMPA＇CTION, a compacting or joining together.

COMPACTION [in philosophy] the contracting, drawing together or
straightening the substance of a body; and it is usually opposed to dif­
fusion.

COMPA＇CTLY [of compact] 1. Closely, strongly.
2. Neatly, with
good compacture.

COMPA＇CTNESS [of compact] closeness together, firmness. Com­
pactness of terrestrial matter. Woodward.

COMPA＇CTURE, a close joining together, structure, compagination
With comely compass, and compacture strong. Spenser.

COMPA＇GES, Lat. a system of many parts united. The organs in
animal bodies are a regular compages of pipes and vessels. Ray.

COMPAGINA＇TION [compago, compaginis, Lat.] structure, contexture,
union. Brown uses it.

COMPA＇NABLENESS [of company] the quality of being a good com­
panion. A word now obsolete. Sidney uses it.

CO＇MPANAGE [in old records] any sort of victuals eaten with bread.

COMPA＇NION [compagnon, Fr. compagno, It. compagnero, Sp. prob.
of con, with, and pagus, a village, &c. q. d. one of the same town;
or rather of con and panis, Lat. bread, i. e. one who partakes of the
same bread] 1. One with whom a man frequently converses.
It differs from friend, as acquaintance from confidence.
No sweet companion near with whom to mourn. Prior.
2. A familiar term of contempt, a fellow. I scorn you, scurvy com­
panion! Shakespeare.
3. A mate or partner. Epophroditus, my bro­
ther and companion in labour. Phil.
We who has a wolf for his COMPANION must carry a dog under his
cloke.
It. Chi hà il lupo per compagno, porti il cane sotto il mantello.
The meaning of this proverb is, that he who is obliged to con­
verse or deal with crafty designing people, must alway be upon his
guard.























CO＇MPANION of the Garter, a knight of that noble order.

COMPA＇NIONABLE [of companion] sociable, fit for good fellowship,
agreeable. He had a more companionable wit, and swayed more
among the good fellows. Clarendon.

COMPA＇NIONABLY [of companionable] sociably.

COMPA＇NIONSHIP [of companion] 1. Company, train.
Alcibiades and some twenty horse,
All of companionship. Shakespeare.
2. The being of the same company, association.
It shall hold companionship in peace
With honour, as in war. Shakespeare.

CO＇MPANY [compagnie, Fr. compagnia, It. compannia, Sp. companbia,
Port.] 1. Several persons assembled together in the same place, or
with the same design, a body of men.
Take all his company along with him. Shakespeare.
2. An assembly or meeting of persons for entertainment of each o­
ther. A crowd is not company. Bacon.
3. Persons considered as as­
sembled for conversation, or as being capable thereof; as, there was
a deal of good company.
4. The state of a companion, fellowship.
He did not think he lived, when he was not in company with his be­
loved Balsora. Guardian.
5. A society or body corporate, a number
of persons united for the execution of any thing, a band. Shakes­
peare was an actor, when there were seven companies of players in
town. Dennis.
6. United by some charter. The first who incorpo­
rated the several trades of Rome into companies, with their particular
privileges. Arbuthnot.

COMPANY [in commerce] is an association of several merchants,
&c. who unite in one common interest, and contribute by their coun­
sel, &c. to carry on some profitable trade.

COMPANY [in military affairs] a body of soldiers commanded by
a captain, a subdivision of a regiment. Every captain brought
thrice so many in his company as was expected. Knolles.

Independent COMPANY, a company of foot, or troop of horse, not
embodied in a regiment.

COMPANY in distress makes trouble less.

It is good to have COMPANY in trouble. Lat. Solamen miseris so­
cios habuisse doloris. Either as it is an ease to have any one to whom
one can unburthen one＇s mind, or as there is more opportunity of
amusement to divert one＇s sorrow in company than in solitude; and
some think they find a comfort in comparing notes, as the saying is,
and enumerating one another＇s woes, though it generally makes them
the more pungent.

Keep good COMPANY, and you shall be of the number.
Sp. Allégate a les buénos, y seras uno dellos. And vice versa, see COM­
MUNICATION.

To COMPANY, verb act. [from the subst.] to attend or accompa­
ny. Rage companies our hate, and grief our love. Prior.

To COMPANY, verb neut. to keep company, to associate one＇s self
with. I wrote to you not to company with sornicators. 1 Corinthians.

To bear COMPANY, or To keep COMPANY. 1. To accompany, to be
a companion to.
2. To keep company; to frequent houses of entertain­
ment.
3. Sometimes in an ill sense. Why should he call her whore?
Who keeps her company? Shakespeare.

COMPA＇RABLE [Fr. and Sp. comparabile, It. comparabilis, Lat.]
that may be compared, like, worthy to contend for preference. There
is no blessing comparable to the enjoyment of a discreet friend. Addison.

COMPA＇RABLENESS, the being comparable to.

COMPA＇RABLY, [of comparable] in comparison to, in a manner wor­
thy to be compared.

COMPA＇RATES [with logicians] things compared one with another;
as, the life of man is like a leaf.

COMPA＇RATIVE [comparatif, Fr. comparativo, It. and Sp. of com­
parativus, Lat.] 1. Estimated by, not absolute or positive; as, a
comparative good.
2. Having the power of comparing different
things; as, the comparative faculty notes it. Glanville.

COMPARATIVE Degree [in grammar] the middle degree of com­
parison; as, better is the middle degree between good and best.

COMPARATIVE Anatomy, is that branch of it that considers the
same parts of different animals, with relation to the different struc­
ture and formation, which is most suited to the manner of living, and
the necessities of every creature.

COMPA＇RATIVELY [of comparative] in comparison, not positively
good or evil. Comparatively, and not positively or simply. Bacon.

COMPA＇RE [from the verb] 1. State of being compared, compa­
rison; as, beyond compare.
2. Simile, illustration by comparison.
Their rhimes,
Full of protest, and oath, and big compare,
Want similies. Shakespeare.

To COMPARE [comparer, Fr. comparàr, Sp. comparare, It. comparo,
Lat.] 1. To examine one thing by another, to make one thing the
measure of another. To compare one, two, and three, to six. Locke.
2. To liken; with to before the thing brought for illustration. So­
lon compared the people unto the sea, and orators and counsellors to
the winds; for that the sea would be calm and quiet, if the winds
did not trouble it. Bacon.
3. When two persons or things are com­
pared, to find the relative proportion of any quality, with is used
before the thing taken as a measure.
To compare
Small things with greatest. Milton.
4. Spenser uses the verb to compare, after the Latin, comparo, to get,
to obtain.
From back and belly still did spare,
To fill his bags, and riches to compare. Spenser.

COMPA＇RISON [comparaison, Fr. comparazione, It. comparàcion, Sp.
of comparatio, Lat.] 1. The act of comparing. Our author saves me
the comparison with tragedy. Dryden.
2. Proportion, resemblance,
agreeableness, the state of being compared. Good and evil lies much
in comparison. Locke.
3. Comparative estimate. Miserably unpeo­
pled in comparison of what it once was. Addison.
COMPARISONS are odious.
It is a very difficult thing to make comparisons, without saying
something to the disadvantage of one or other party; and therefore
they are better avoided. The Lat. say, as we, Omnis comparatio odi­
um parit. And so the Germ. Alle nergleichung gebieret wider­
willen.

COMPARISON of Ideas, is an act of the mind, by which it com­
pares its ideas one with another, as to extent, degree, time, place,
and other circumstances.

COMPARISON [with rhetoricians] a simile, an illustration by simi­
litude. Comparisons differ from similitudes only in this, that com­
parisons are the more warm of the two. Note, That in comparisons
it is not necessary that there be an exact agreement between all the
parts of a comparison, and the subject that is treated of; for seve­
ral things are taken in for no other reason, but to render the compa­
rison more lively.

COMPARISON [in grammar] is the varying the sense of an adjec­
tive, with respect to degree, thus, high, higher, highest, which are
the three degrees of comparison of this word.

COMPARISON Parallel, the relation of two persons or things consi­
dered as opposed or set before each other, in order to find out wherein
they agree or differ.

To COMPA＇RT [compartir, Fr. of con and partior, Lat.] to mark out
any general design into parts. The casting and comparting of the
whole work. Wotton.

COMPA＇RTIMENT, or COMPA＇RTMENT [Fr. compartimento, It. com­
partimiento, Sp. with architects] a proportionable division in a build­
ing; a particular square, or some device marked out in some orna­
mental part of a building.

COMPARTIMENT, or COMPARTMENT [in gardening] a bed, bor­
der or knot; a design composed of several different figures, disposed
with symmetry to adorn a parterre, &c.

COMPARTIMENTS [in heraldry] are partitions, as also quarterings
of the escutcheon, according to the number of coats that are to be in
it, or the several divisions made in it, when the arms of several fa­
milies are borne altogether by one, either on account of marriages,
or otherwise. See PARTY.

COMPARTIMENT [with painters] 1. A regular, orderly disposition
of agreeable figures about any picture, map, draught, &c. The
circumference is divided into twelve compartiments, each containing a
compleat picture. Pope.
2. Fine bindings of books are said to be in
compartiment.

COMPARTIMENT [in joinery, &c.] a symmetrical disposition of
figures to adorn pannels, &c. the squares of a cieling, &c.

COMPARTIMENT of Tiles, an arrangement of white and red tiles,
varnished for the decoration of a roof.

COMPARTI＇TION [from compart; in architecture] 1. The act of
comparting or dividing. Their amphitheatres needed no compartiti­
ons. Wotton.
2. The useful and graceful distribution of the whole
ground-plot of a building, into rooms of reception or entertainment,
office, &c.
3. Any separate part.

To COMPASS [compasser, Fr. compassare, It. passibus metiri, Lat.]
1. To surround, to environ. Observe the crowds that compass him
around. Dryden.
2. To walk round any thing. Old Chorineus
compass＇d thrice the crew. Dryden.
3. To besiege. Thine enemies
shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee
in on every side. St. Luke.
4. To grasp, to inclose in the arms.
5. To
gain or bring about or to pass. How can you hope to compass your
designs? Denham.
6. In law, to take measures preparatory to any
thing, to contrive or plot.

COMPA＇RTMENT, the same with COMPARTIMENT.

CO＇MPASS [from the verb] 1. A circle, round.
This day I breathed first, time is come round,
And where I did begin, there shall I end,
My life is run its compass. Shakespeare.
2. Extent, reach, grasp; as, the compass of any man＇s power.
3.
Space, room, limits. Within the compass of one year. Atterbury.
4. The extent of a thing round about, or on all sides.
5. Enclosure,
circumference. Th＇imperial palace, compass huge. Milton.
6. A
departure from the right line; as, to fetch a compass round a place.
7. Moderate space, due limits; as, to speak within compass.
8. The
power of the voice to express the musical notes. Sound me from my
lowest note to the top of my compass. Shakespeare.
9. The instrument
with which circles are drawn. Seldom used in the singular. See
COMPASSES.

COMPASS Callipers [with gunners] is an instrument for the dispart­
ing a piece of ordnance. It resembles two semicircles, having a
handle and a joint like a pair of compasses; but the points are blunt,
and may be opened at pleasure.

COMPASS, or Mariners COMPASS [compas, Fr. composso, Port. com­
pas, Du. compasz, Ger. and Su.] is an instrument of great use in di­
alling, navigation, surveying, and several other parts of the mathe­
matics. It consists of a circle drawn on a round piece of pastboard,
which is called the fly; this circle is divided into four quadrants,
which represent the four principal points or cardinal winds, east,
west, north, and south, and each of these quadrants or quarters are
again subdivided into eight other equal parts, which in all make 32
points of the compass, called rhumbs. This card or pasteboard hangs
horizontally on a pin set upright, and under it is fixed a needle or
iron wire, touched with a loadstone, which keeps the fly or point of
the north pole always towards the north, and by that means directs
the steersman how to keep the ship in her course. See the figure of
the mariner＇s compass, Plate V. Fig. 9.

Meridional COMPASS, is the common compass before described.

Dark COMPASS, is the same as the other; but that the fly has the
points marked with black and white, without any other colours, and
is so called, because most convenient for steering by candle-light.

Beam COMPASSES, a mathematical instrument made of wood or
brass, with sliding sockets, to carry several shifting points, in order
to draw circles with very long radii, of use in large projections, and
for drawing the furniture on wall-dials.

Hair COMPASSES, compasses so contrived on the inside, as to take
an extent to a hair＇s breadth.

German COMPASSES, those whose legs are a little bent outwards to­
wards the top, so that when shut, the points only meet.

Spring COMPASSES, are dividers made of hardened steel, the head
arched, which by its spring opens the compasses, the opening being
directed by a circular screw, fastened to one leg, and let through the
other, worked with a nut.

Trisecting COMPASSES, compasses for the trisecting of angles geo­
metrically.








COMPASS Dial, a small pocket dial, shewing the hour of the day
by the direction of a touch＇d needle.

COMPASS Surveying. See SURVEYING.

Pair of COMPASSES [compass, Fr. and Sp. compasso, It.] an instru­
ment for drawing circles, &c. In this sense it has no singular number.

Draught COMPASSES, a pair of compasses, with several moveable
points used in making fine draughts or maps, charts, &c. also in
architecture, dialling, fortification, &c.

Fly of the COMPASS, is the round piece of pasteboard (called also
the card) on which the points of the compass are drawn.

COMPASSES of Proportion, an instrument for drawing lines and cir­
cles into proportional parts at the opening, used in the reducing or
enlarging of maps.

Variation COMPASS, is a compass, the use of which is to shew how
much the common compass varies from the exact points of north and
south.

COMPASS Saw, the name of a saw. It should not have its teeth
set, as other saws have; but the edge of it should be made so broad,
and the back so thin, that it may easily follow the broad edge, with­
out having its teeth set. Its office is to cut a round, or any other
compass kerf; and therefore the edge must be made broad, and the
back thin, that the back may have a wider kerf to turn in. Moxon.

COMPA＇SSION [Fr. and Sp. compassione, It. compaixam, Port. of
compassio, of con and patior, Lat. to suffer] fellow-feeling, pity for
the sufferings of others, mercy. Apt to be moved with compassion for
those misfortunes or infirmities. Addison.

To COMPASSION [from the fnbst.] to pity, to compassionate. A
word seldom used; but is found in Shakespeare.

COMPA＇SSIONATE [of compassion] apt or inclined to compassion;
as, tender and compassionate.

To COMPASSIONATE, to take pity, or have compassion of, to com­
miserate. Compassionates my pains and pities me. Addison.

COMPA＇SSIONATELY, mercifully, with compassion. Less compassio­
nately reduced and excused. Clarendon.

COMPA＇SSIONATENESS [of compassionate] fellow-feeling, &c.

COMPATE＇RNITY [of con and paternitas, of pater, Lat. a father.]
Gossipied or con paternity, by the canon law, is a spiritual affinity:
and a juror that was gossip to either of the parties, might in former
times have been challenged as not indifferent. Davies.

COMPATIBI＇LITY. See COMPATIBLENESS.

COMPA＇TIBLE [Fr. and Sp. compatibilis, Lat. corrupted by an
unskilful compliance with pronunciation from competible, of competo,
Lat. to suit, to agree. Competible is found in good writers, and ought
always to be used. Johnson.] 1. That can agree, that can suit, or
be sit. A good compatible to an intellectual nature. Hale.
2. Or
consist with another thing, agreeable. Qualities by nature the most
compatible. Broome.

COMPA＇TIBLENESS, or COMPATIBI＇LITY [of compatible, compatibi­
lité, Fr. compatibilità, It.] agreement, or consistency with any thing
else.

COMPA＇TIBLY [of compatible] agreeably, suitably.

COMPA＇TIENT [compatiens, Lat.] suffering together.

COMPA＇TRIOT [compatriote, Fr. compatriota, It. Sp. and Lat.] a
fellow-citizen, or one of the same country.

COMPE＇ER [compere, Fr. compare, It. compádre, Sp. of compar, Lat.]
1. A gossip, a godfather.
2. A companion, a fellow, an equal.
Sesostris,
That monarch＇s harness＇d to his chariot yok＇d,
Base servitude, and his dethron＇d compeers
Lash＇d furiously. J. Philips.

To COMPE＇ER [from the subst.] to mate, to equal.
—————In my right,
By me Invested, he compeers the best. Shakespeare.

COMPE＇IGN, a city of France, situated on the river Oyse, about
45 miles north-west of Paris.

To COMPE＇L [compelèr, Sp. of compello, Lat.] 1. To force, or con­
strain, to do some act; as, to compel us to cat, to compel us to be hap­
py.
2. To take any thing by force.
Commissions, which compel from each
The sixth part of his substance. Shakespeare.

COMPE＇LLABLE [from compel] that may be forced.

COMPELLA＇TION [compellatio, of compello, Lat.] a calling by name,
a friendly salutation; as, the compellation of father, which our Sa­
viour first taught. Duppa.

COMPE＇LLER [of compel] one that compels or forces.

CO＇MPEND [compendium, Lat.] abridgment, summary. Abstract
discourses into brief compends. Watts.

COMPENDIA＇RIOUS [compendiarius, Lat.] brief, short, abridged.

COMPENDIO＇SITY [compendiositas, Lat.] compendiousness.

COMPE＇NDIOUS [compendioso, It. and Sp. of compendiosus, Lat.] brief,
short, very concise, near, by which time is saved; as, compendious
and expeditious ways.

COMPE＇NDIOUSLY [of compendious] briefly, concisely. The sub­
stance of christian belief compendiously drawn into sew and short ar­
ticles. Hocker.

COMPE＇NDIOUSNESS [compendiositas, Lat.] a being brief or short.

COMPE＇NDIUM, Lat. an abridgment, a summary. A short sys­
tem or compendium of a science. Watts.

COMPE＇NSABLE [of compensate] capable of being recompensed or
made amends for.

To COMPE＇NSATE [compenser, Fr. compensure, It. compensàr, Sp. of
compensatum, sup. of compenso, Lat.] to recompense or make amends
for. The pleasures of life do not compensate the miseries. Prior.

COMPENSA＇TION [Fr. compensazione, It. of compensatio, Lat.] the act
of making amends for a good , a recompence. To make com­
pensation of his service in the wars, he called a parliament. Bacon.

COMPE＇NSATIVE [compensativus, Lat.] pertaining to recompence
or amends, that which compensates.

COMPE＇NSATIVENESS [of compensativo, Lat.] fitness or readiness to
make amends, &c.

To COMPE＇NSE [compenso, Lat.] to compensate, to recompence, to
be equivalent to. The weight of the quicksilver doth not compense
the weight of a stone. Bacon.

To COMPERE＇NDINATE [comperendinatum, sup. of comperendino,
Lat.] to delay, to put off from day to day.

COMPERENDINA＇TION [comperendinatio, Lat.] a deferring, adjourn­
ing, or putting off from day to day.

COMPERE＇NDINOUS [comperendinus, Lat.] prolonged, deferred.

COMPERTO＇RIUM, Lat. [in civil law] a judicial inquest made by
the commissioners or delegates, to find out or relate the truth of a cause.

CO＇MPETENCE, or CO＇MPETENCY [competence, Fr. competenza, It.
competéncia, Sp. of competentia, Lat.] 1. Such a quantity of any
thing as is sufficient.
2. Such fortune, as without superfluities an­
swers the necessities of life; as, competency of estate; or, compe­
tence of learning, &c.
Reason＇s whole pleasure, all the joys of sense,
Lie in three words, health, peace, and competence. Pope.

COMPETENCE [in law] the power or capacity of a judge or court
for taking cognizance of a matter.

CO＇MPETENT [Fr. competente, It. and Sp. of competens, Lat.] 1.
Suitable, adequate. The distance must be competent. Bacon.
2. Pro­
per for the purpose, without defect or superfluity. We use them un­
to somewhat less than is competent. Hooker.
3. Reasonable, mode­
rate. A competent number of the old being read, the new should
succeed. Hooker.
4. Duly qualified. Let us consider how competent
we are for the office. Government of the Tongue.
5. Consistent with,
incident to. This privilege is not competent to any finite being.
Locke.

CO＇MPETENTLY. 1. Reasonably, moderately, without defect or
superfluity. Some places require men competently endowed. Wotton.
2. Adequately, properly; as, competently proved.

COM＇PETENTNESS [of competentio, Lat.] sufficientness, &c.

COMPE＇TIBLE [of competo, Lat. for this word, a corrupt orthogra­
phy has introduced compatible.] Suitable, agreeable to. It is not com­
petible with the grace of God to incline any man to do evil. Hammond.
Properties not competible to body. Glanville.

COMPE＇TIBLENESS. [of competible] suitableness, fitness.

COMPETI＇TION [of con and petitio, Lat.] 1. A rivalship, a canvassing
or suing for an office, contest. The competition of both houses. Ba­
con.
2. Claim of more than one to the same thing; anciently with
to. Competition to the crown. Bacon.
3. Now with for. There is
no competition but for the second place. Dryden.

COMPE＇TITOR [competiteur, Fr. competitore, It. compedidòr, Sp. of
competitor, Lat.] 1. One who fues for the same thing that another
does; with for before the thing claimed. Cicereus and Scipio were
competitors for the office of prætor. Tatler.
2. It had anciently of.
Mechemetes, competitor of the kingdom. Knolles.
3. In Shakespeare
it seems to signify only an opponent.
The Guildfords are in arms,
And every hour more competitors
Flock to the rebels

COMPILA＇TION [Fr. compilazione, It. copilaciòn, Sp. compilatio, of
compilo, Lat.] 1. A collection from various authors.
2. A heaping
up, an assemblage. Since the time of the compilation of the mass.
Woodward.

To COMPI＇LE [compiler, Fr. compilare, It. compilo, Lat. copilàr, Sp.]
1. To collect or gather from several authors, to amass or heap toge­
ther.
2. To write, to compose. The face of sea and land is the
same that it was when those accounts were compiled. Woodward.
3.
To contain, to comprize. Now obsolete.
So long a race as I have run
Thro＇ fairy land, which those six books compile. Spenser.

COMPI＇LEMENT [of compile] the act of piling together. I was
encouraged to assay how I could build a man, for there is a moral as
well as a natural compilement. Wotton.

COMPI＇LER [of compile] he that compiles or collects. Some draw
experiments into titles and tables, those we call compilers. Bacon.

COMPITALI＇TIA, Lat. feasts held among the ancient Romans, in
honour of the lares.

COMPLA＇CENCE, or COMPLA＇CENCY [complacenza, It. complacencia,
Sp. of complacentia, low Lat.] 1. The act of taking delight in a thing,
satisfaction. Others proclaim the infirmities of a great man with
satisfaction and complacency. Addison.
2. The cause of pleasure, joy.
O thou,
My sole complacence. Milton.
3. Civility, complaisance, softness of manuers. Rudeness and want
of complacency. Clarendon.

COMPLA＇CENT [complacens, Lat.] civil, affable.

COMPLA＇CENTNESS [of complacent] quality of being complacent.

To COMPLAI＇N, verb neut. [complaindre, O. Fr. plaindre, M. Fr.
complangere, It.] 1. To make complaint, to bewail, to make moan, to
mention with sorrow or resentment; having of before the cause of
sorrow. Do not all men complain of the great ignorance of man­
kind? Burnet.
2. Sometimes with for. Wherefore doth a living
man complain, a man for the punishment of his sins. Lamentations.
3. To inform against. You＇ll complain of me to the council.
Shakespeare.

To COMPLAIN, verb act. [This sense is rare, and perhaps not
very proper. Johnson] to lament, to deplore.
Gaufride, who couldst so well in rhime complain
The death of Richard, with an arrow slain. Dryden.

COMPLAI＇NANT [complaignant, L. Fr.] one who makes or prefers a
complaint, a plaintiff at law. Eager complainants of the dispute.
Collier.

COMPLAI＇NER [of complain] one who complains or murmurs. Phi­
lips is a complainer, and complainers never succeed at court, tho＇ railers
do. Swift.

COMPLAI＇NT [complainte, Fr.] 1. Lamentation, representation of
pains or injuries; as, a cause of complaint.
2. The cause or subject of
complaint, grief. The poverty of the clergy hath been the complaint
of all. Swift.
3. A malady, a disease. A complaint of the bowels.
Arbuthnot.
4. Remonstrance against, information against.
Full of vexation come I with complaint
Against my child. Shakespeare.

COMPLAISA＇NCE, Fr. a pleasing behaviour or obliging carriage; a
courteous compliance or submission to the judgment or wit of another;
act of flattery. Her death is but in complaisance to her. Dryden.

COMPLAISA＇NT, Fr. of an obliging humour, civil, courteous.
Scarce to wise Peter, complaisant enough. Pope.








COMPLAISA＇NTLY [of complaisant] civilly, courteously. Complaisantly
help＇d to all I hate. Pope.

COMPLAISA＇NTNESS [of complaisant] the same as complaisance.

To COMPLA＇NATE, or To COMPLANE [of con and planus, Lat.]
to level, to reduce to an even surface. Derham uses it.

COMPLE＇AT. See COMPLETE.

CO＇MPLEMENT [complemento, It. cumplimiento, Sp. of complementum,
Lat.] 1. The act of filling up or perfecting that which wants fulness, com­
pletion. We add it as a complement, which fully perfecteth whatsoever
may be defective in the rest. Hooker.
2. The number of which the
whole amounts to, a complete sett, full provision. His complement of
stores and total war. Prior.
3. Adscititious circumstances; appenda­
ges, parts not necessary but ornamental. Garnish＇d and deck＇d in mo­
dest complement. Shakespeare.

CO＇MPLEMENT [in heraldry] signifies all the full moon.

COMPLEMENT of Altitude [with astronomers] the distance of a star
from the zenith, or the arch that is comprehended between the place
of a star above the horizon and the zenith.

COMPLEMENT of an Angle, or COMPLEMENT of an Arch [in geo­
metry] is so much as that angle or arch wants of 90 degrees to make
up its quadrant.

COMPLEMENT of the Course [in navigation] is what the angle of the
course wants of 90 degrees, or 8 points, which make a quarter of the
compass.

COMPLEMENT of the Courtin [in fortification] is that part of the
courtin, which being wanting is the demigorge, or the remainder of
the courtin after the flank is taken away, to the angle of this gorge.

COMPLEMENT of the Line of Defence, is the remainder of the line of
defence, after the angle of the slank is taken away.

Arithmetical COMPLEMENT of a Logarithm, is what the logarithm
wants of 100000000.

COMPLEMENTS [in a parallelogram] are the two lesser parallelo­
grams A and B, which are made by drawing two right lines parallel to
each side of the figure thro＇ a given point in the diagonal. See Plate
VII. Fig. 1.

COMPLEME＇NTAL [of complement] of or pertaining to the comple­
ment.

COMPLE＇TE, or COMPLEAT [complete, Fr. compito, It. cumplido, Sp.
of completus, Lat.] 1. Perfect, full, without defects. Thou great and
complete man. Shakespeare.
2. Finished, ended. This course of va­
nity almost complete. Prior.

To COMPLE＇TE [from the adj.] to perfect, to finish. To town he
comes, completes the nation＇s hope. Pope.

COMPLE＇TELY, perfectly, fully.
Thro＇ space of matter so completely full. Blackmore.

COMPLE＇TEMENT, Fr. the act of completing, completion. Dryden
uses it.

COMPLE＇TENESS [of complete] perfectness, fulness, the state of be­
ing complete. The completeness of any subject. Watts.

COMPLE＇TION [of complete] 1. An accomplishing, a fulfilling a per­
formance.
2. State of being completed or fulfilled. The divine predictions
receiving their completion in Christ. South.
3. Utmost height, perfect
state. The utmost completion of a character. Pope.

CO＇MPLEX, adj. [Fr. complexus, Lat.] compound, having many
parts, not single.

COMPLEX Diseases, distempers that cannot be separated, as a pleu­
risy and fever.

COMPLEX Ideas, or COMPLEX Terms [with logicians] are ideas
compounded or consisting of several simple or single ones, which are
called incomplex.

A COMPLEX Person [with some modern divines] is a compound of
two intelligent agents, by a most abstruse and inexplicable kind of
union made to constitute one person. If the reader desires to see what
Irenæus and other ancient writers thought on this head, he may consult
the words CERINTHIANS, DIMÆRITES, and ORIGENISM.

COMPLEX Proposition [with logicians] is that which has at least one
of its terms complex, or such an one as contains several members, as
casual propositions.

COMPLEX, subst. [complexum, Lat.] the sum or whole. Compre­
hends the whole complex of the blessings and privileges exhibited by
the gospel. South.

COMPLE＇XEDNESS [of complex] complication, compound state or
nature. Complexednedness of moral ideas. Locke.

COMPLE＇XION [Fr. and Sp. complesione, It. complexio, Lat.] 1. The
involution of one thing in another. The complexion does not belong to
the syllogystic form. Watts.
2. The colour of the external parts of
any body, the colour of the face. If I write on a black man, I run
over all the eminent persons of that complexion. Addison.
2. The na­
tural constitution or temperature of the body, according to the various
proportions of the four medical humours, as sanguine, phlegmatic,
choleric, or melancholic; as, a man of a sanguine complexion.

COMPLE＇XIONAL [from complexion] of or pertaining to the com­
plexion. Complexional efflorescencies. Brown.

COMPLE＇XIONALLY, adv. [of complexional] by or according to
complexion Brown uses it.

COMPLE＇XLY [from complex] in a complex manner, not simply.

COMPLE＇XNESS [of complex] the state of being compounded of di­
vers things, state of being complex.

COMPLE＇XIO, or COMPLICA＇TIO, Lat. a rhetorical figure, which is
the same as simploce, which see.

COMPLE＇XURE [from complex] the complication of one thing with
others.

COMPLE＇XUS, or PAR COMPLE＇XUM [with anatomists] a muscle of
the head, which serves to move it backwards, called also trigeminus.

COMPLI＇ANCE [from comply, complaisance, Fr. compiacenza, It.] 1.
The act of complying or yielding to any desire or demand; submis­
sion. A necessary compliance with our desire. Locke.
2. A disposi­
tion to yield to others. A man of few words and great compliance.
Clarendon.

COMPLI＇ANT [complaisant, Fr.] 1. Complying or yielding to.
Bending the compliant boughs,
Yielded them. Milton.
2. Complaisant.

To CO＇MPLICATE [compliquer, Fr. complicatum, sup. of complico,
Lat.] 1. To entangle one with another, to fold or wrap up together. The
disease is complicated with other diseases. Arbuthnot.
2. To unite by
involution of parts one in another. Complicate and dispose them after
the manner requisite to make them stick. Boyle.
3. To form by com­
plication, to form by the union of several parts into one integral. A
man, an army, the universe are complicated of various simple ideas.
Locke.

COMPLICATE, adj. [from the verb] compounded of a multitude
of parts. A complicate piece wrought by Titian. Watts.

COMPLICA＇TEDNESS, or COMPLICA＇TENESS [of complicated] state of
being complicated. Every several object is full of subdivided multipli­
city, and complicateness. Hale.

COMPLICA＇TION [Fr. complicaciòn, Sp. of complicatio, Lat.] 1. Act
of involving one thing in another.
2. The state of being so involved.
Full of perplexity and complications. Wilkins.
3. A mixture, collec­
tion or mass of things joined together. A complication of ideas.
Watts.

COMPLICATION of Diseases [with physicians] a collection of several
distempers that seize on the body at the same time, especially if they
depend one upon another.

CO＇MPLICE [Fr. It. and Sp. of complicis, gen. of complex, low Lat.
an associate] a partner or associate in an ill action, an accomplice.
The rebels and their complices. Shakespeare.

COMPLI＇ER [of comply] one of easy and ready compliance.

CO＇MPLIMENT, kind obliging words and expressions with other ci­
vilities in behaviour. Compliment is usually understood to include some
hypocrisy, and to mean less than it declares. Lowly feigning was cal­
led compliment. Shakespeare.
Hollow compliments and lies,
Outlandish flatteries. Milton.

To COMPLIMENT [complimenter, Fr. complimentare, It. cumplimen­
tear, Sp.] to use compliments to a person, to sooth, to flatter. It was
not to compliment a society so much above flattery. Glanville.

COMPLIME＇NTAL [of compliment] of or pertaining to compliments.

COMPLIME＇NTALLY [of complimental] in the manner of a compli­
ment. Spoken artfully and complimentally. Broome.

CO＇MPLIMENTER [of compliment] one that compliments or flatters.

CO＇MPLINE [compline, Fr. compiete, It. completas, Sp. completinum,
low Lat.] the last or evening prayers, by which the service of the day
is completed.
At morn and eve, besides their anthems sweet,
Their peny masses and their complines meet. Spenser.

To COMPLO＇RE [comploro, Lat.] to bewail, to weep together.

To COMPLO＇T [comploter, Fr.] to plot together, to conspire, to com­
bine in some secret design, generally criminal. Comploting together,
and contriving a new scene of miseries to the Trojans. Pope.

A COMPLOT [Fr. completum, for complexum, low Lat. Menage] a
plot, conspiracy or combination in some secret crime. I know their
complot is to have my life. Shakespeare.

COMPLO＇TTER [of complot] one who complots, a conspirator.
Complotter in the horrid deed. Dryden and Lee.

To COMPLY＇ [probably either of complaco, Lat. to appease, or com­
plaire, Fr. to humour, according to Skinner; but probably it came
from complier, to bend to: plier is still in use. Johnson] to yield or sub­
mit to, to suit with. It has with before persons as well as things.
He made his wish with his estate comply. Prior.

COMPO＇NE [in heraldry] signifies compounded, and is also called
gobone.

COMPO＇NENT [componens, Lat.] composing or making up, consti­
tuting; as, component parts, parts that make up or compose the
whole.

To COMPO＇RT, verb neut. [comperto, of con, and porto, to carry to­
gether, comporter, Fr. comportare, It. comportár, Sp.] to agree, to suit;
followed by with. It does not comport with the nature of time. Hol­
der.

To COMPORT, verb act. to bear, to endure. A Gallicism not
adopted among us.
The male-contented sort,
That never can the perfect state comport. Daniel.

COMPORT [from the verb] behaviour, manner of acting and look­
ing. I know them well, and mark＇d their rude comport. Dryden.

COMPO＇RTABLE [of comport] consistent, not contradictory. Wotton
uses it.

COMPO＇RTANCE [of comport] behaviour, gesture of ceremony.
Goodly comportance each to other bear. Spenser.

COMPO＇RTMENT [comportement, Fr. portamento, It. comportaciòn, Sp.]
carriage, demeanour, behaviour, &c. Serious and devout com­
portment on such solemn occasions. Addison.

To be CO＇MPOS Mentis, Lat. to be in ones right mind, having a
sound mind, not delirious.

To COMPO＇SE [composer, Fr. comporre, It. componer, Sp. compositum,
sup. of compono, of con, and pono, Lat. to place] 1. To make or frame,
by being parts of a whole.
Borrow＇d gold compos＇d
The calf in Oreb. Milton.
2. To appease or quiet. All his fears would be compos＇d. Clarendon.
3. To adjust or settle the mind by freeing it from disturbance. The
mind thus disquieted, may not be able to compose and settle itself to
prayer. Duppa.
4. To place any thing in its proper form.
In a peaceful grave my corps compose. Dryden.
5. To compound or make up, to form a mass by joining different
things together. Zeal ought to be composed of all pious affections.
Sprat.
5. To put together a sentence or discourse. Words which the
son of God himself hath compos＇d. Hooker.

To COMPOSE [as printers] to set the letters or characters in order,
according to the original copy.

To COMPOSE [in music] to make or set tunes, airs, &c.

To COMPOSE a Difference, is to make it up, to bring to agreement,
to adjust, to settle.

To COMPOSE ones Manners, &c. is to regulate and make them or­
derly.

COMPO＇SED, part. [from compose] calm, serious, sedate.







The Mantuan there in sober triumph sat,
Compos＇d his posture, and his look fedate. Pope.

COMPOSED Bastion [in fortification] is when the two sides of the in­
ner polygon are very unequal, which makes the gorges also very une­
qual.

COMPO＇SEDLY [of composed] with a quiet mind, sedately.
Walking composedly without a hat. Clarendon.

COMPO＇SEDNESS [of composed] quietness of mind, &c. Fixedness
and composedness of humour. Norris.

COMPO＇SER [of compose] 1. An author, a writer. Able writers
and composers. Milton.
2. He that adapts the music to words, or
forms a tune. Ludovico, a most judicious and sweet composer. Peacham.

COMPO＇SITE [composé, Fr. composto, It. compuésto, Sp. compositus, Lat.]
compounded.

COMPOSITE Order [in architecture] the 5th order, whose capital is
composed out of the other orders.

COMPO＇SITES [in pharmacy] medicines compounded of several sim­
ple ones, as electuaries, tinctures, syrups, &c.

COMPO＇SITE Number [with arithmeticians] a compound number,
or a number which may be divided by some number less than the com­
posite itself, but greater than unity, as 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, &c.

COMPOS＇ITION [Fr. composizione, It. composicion, Sp. of compositio,
Lat.] 1. The act of bringing simple ideas into complication, opposed to
analysis or separation of complex notions. Analysis ought even to pre­
cede the method of composition. Newton.
2. A mass formed by mixing
different ingredients. Pillars of stone cas＇d over with a composition like
marble. Addison.
3. (In metaphysics) is an utility that is divisible.
4. Written work. That divine prayer has been looked upon as a
composition sit to have proceeded from the wisest of men. Addison.
5.
Adjustment, regulation. Election of words, composition of gesture.
Ben Johnson.
6. Compact agreement, terms on which a difference
is settled. Consultation and composition between men. Hooker.
7. The
act of discharging a debt by paying some part of the sum; as, to
make a composition with one＇s creditors.
8. Consistency, congruity.
There is no composition in their news
That gives them credit ——
—Indeed they are disproportion＇d. Shakespeare.

COMPOSITION of Proportion [with mathematicians] is the compa­
ring the sums of the antecedent and consequent, with the consequent
in two equal ratio＇s, as if you suppose 4 : 8 :: 3 : 6, which is expressed
by composition of proportion 12 is to 8 :: as 9 to 6.

COMPOSITION [in pharmacy] the art or act of mixing many ingre­
dients together into a medicine; so as they may supply each other＇s
defects, assist each other＇s virtues, or correct any ill qualities in them.

COMPOSITION Entative, is between things of the same nature, e. g.
two or more drops of water.

COMPOSITION Essential [with schoolmen] is when things of different
kinds are joined, and thus constitute new things or essences, different
from any of the parts; and thus they say from the matter and form of
wood arises wood, whose essence is very different from either of these
ingredients taken separately.

COMPOSITION [with orators] is the proper order of the parts of the
discourse adhering to each other.

COMPOSITION [with logicians] is a method of reasoning, wherein
a person proceeds from some general self evident truth to particular and
singular ones.

COMPOSITION [in painting] includes the invention and disposition
of the figures, the choice of attitudes, &c. The disposition in a pic­
ture is an assembling of many parts: This is also called the composition,
by which is meant the distribution and orderly placing of things in ge­
neral and in particular. Dryden.

COMPOSITION [in commerce] a contract between an insolvent
debtor and his creditors, whereby they agree to accept of the part of a
debt in composition for the whole, and give allowance accordingly.

COMPOSITION [with mathematicians] or the synthetical method, is
the reverse of the analytical method or resolution. It proceeds upon
principles that are in themselves self-evident, on definitions, postulates
and axioms, and previously demonstrated series of propositions step by
step, till it gives a clear knowledge of the thing to be demonstrated.

COMPOSITION of Motion [in mechanics] is an assemblage of several
directions of motion, resulting from powers acting in different, tho＇
not opposite lines.

COMPOSITION [with grammarians] the joining of two words toge­
ther, or the prefixing a particle to another word, to augment, di­
minish, or change its signification.

COMPO＇SITIVE [of compose] compounded, having the power of com­
pounding.

COMPO＇SITOR [compositeur, Fr. compositore, It. componedór, Sp.] one
that composes, or arranges the letters in a printing-house, contradis­
tinguished from the pressman, who makes the impression.

COMPO＇SITUS [Lat. in botanic writers] signifies compounded, i. e.
when a flower consists of many small flowers, contained in one com­
mon calyx, as dandelion, sun-flower, &c.

COMPOSSIBI＇LITY [of con and possible] capableness of existing toge­
ther.

COMPO＇SSIBLE [of con and possibilis, Lat.] capable of existing toge­
ther.

COMPO＇SSIBLES [compossibilia, Lat.] such things as are compatible
and capable of subsisting together.

CO＇MPOST, or CO＇MPAS [compositum, Lat.] a compound or mixture
of dung, earths, &c. applied by way of manure for the meliorating
and improving of soils. We have variety of composts and soils, for
the making of the earth fruitful. Bacon.

To COMPO＇ST [from the subst.] to manure. Bacon uses it.

COMPO＇STURE [from compost] soil, manure.
The earth＇s a thief,
That seeds and breeds by a composture stol＇n
From gen＇ral excrements. Shakespeare.

COMPOSTE＇LLA, the capital of Galitia, in Spain, remarkable for
the devotion paid there, by pilgrims, to the relicts of St. James.

COMPO＇SURE [of compose, Eng. compositura, Lat.] 1. The act of
composing or inditing. Forms of public composure. King Charles.
2. Arrangement, mixture, combination. A composure of letters, i. e.
such a word is intended to signify such a thing. Holder.
3. The
form arising from the disposition of the various parts.
In composure of his face
Liv＇d a fair but manly grace. Crashaw.
4. Frame, temperament.
His composure must be rare indeed,
Whom these things cannot blemish. Shakespeare.
5. Disposition, relative adjustment. Buckingham sprung, by a kind
of congenial composure, to the likeness of our sovereign. Wotton.
6. Composition, framed discourse. Favourable allowances are made
to hasty composures. Atterbury.
7. Composedness or calmness of mind.
With sweet austere composure thus reply＇d. Milton.
8. Agreement, settlement of differences. Hopes of an happy com­
posure. King Charles.

COMPOTA＇TION, a carousing or drinking together. It is not often
used.
If thou wilt prolong
Dire compotation, forthwith reason quits
Her empire to confusion. J. Philips.

COMPO＇TE [in confectionary] stewed fruit, especially apples, pears,
plumbs, &c.

COMPOTE [in cookery] a particular manner of stewing.

COMPO＇UND, subst. [compositus, Lat.] that which is made up or
composed of different parts. Man is a compound and mixture. South.

COMPOUND, [with grammarians] a word made of two or more
words.

COMPOUND, adj. [from the verb] 1. Formed out of many ingre­
dients, not single; as, compound metal, compound substances.
2. With
grammarians, composed of two or more words; as, compound epi­
thets.

To COMPOUND, verb neut. 1. To come to terms of agreement by
abating something of the first claim; with for. They were glad to
compound for his bare commitment to the Tower. Clarendon.
2. To
bargain in the lump. Compound with him by the year. Shakespeare.
3. To come to terms.
Made all the royal stars recant,
Compound, and take the covenant. Hudibras.
4. To determine. Now obsolete.
We here deliver,
Subscrib＇d by the consul and patricians,
Together with the seal o＇ the senate, what
We have compounded on. Shakespeare.

To COMPOUND, verb act. [comporre, It. componàr, Sp. compono.
Lat.] 1. To mingle many ingredients together in one mass.
2. To
make up of several ingredients, to form by uniting various parts.
Such bodies as are already compounded of elementary ones. Poyle.
3. To mingle in different positions, to combine. We cannot have a
single image that did not enter thro＇ the sight, but we have the power
of altering and compounding those images into all the varieties of pic­
ture. Addison.
4. [in grammar] To form one word from two or
more words. A joint and compounded name, Piso-ligris. Raleigh.
5. To compose by being united.
Pomp, and all what state compounds. Shakespeare.
6. To adjust a difference by receding from the rigour of claims.
I would to God all strifes were well compounded. Shakespeare.

To COMPOUND [in commerce] to come to an agreement, especially
with creditors for debts, discharging them by paying only part.
Shall I, ye gods, my debts compound? Gay.

COMPOUND Quantities [in algebra] are such as are joined together
by the signs + and ——, and are either expressed by the same letters
unequally repeated, or by more letters than one; as, b d + b and
a—b—c are compound quantities.

A COMPOUND Leaf [with botanists] is one that is divided into se­
veral parts, each of which resemble a single leaf.

A COMPOUND Flower [with botanists] is one which is composed of
several little parts, each of which resembles a flower; as in the sun­
flower, dandelion, &c. all which meeting together, make up one
whole one, each of which has its stylus, stamina, and sticking seed,
all contained within one and the some calyx.

COMPO＇UNDABLE [of compound] that may be compounded.

To COMPREHE＇ND [comprenare, Fr. comprendere, It. comprehender,
Sp. comprender, Port. of comprehendo, Lat.] 1. To contain or include.
An act which comprehends so many several parts. Dryden.
2. To un­
derstand, perceive, or have the knowledge of; as, they cannot com­
prehend it.

COMPREHE＇NSIBLE [Fr. comprensibile, It. comprehensibilis, Lat.]
that may be comprehended, intelligible. What is, and what is not
comprehensible by us. Locke.

COMPREHE＇NSIBLY [of comprehensible] with great power of signi­
fication or understanding. The words wisdom and righteousness are
used very comprehensibly to signify all religion. Tillotson.

COMPREHE＇NSION [Fr. comprehensione, It. comprehencion, Sp. of com­
prehensio, Lat.] 1. Abstract, abridgment, in which much is comprised.
We must fix on this wise aphorism in my text, as the sum and compre­
hension of all. Rogers.
2. Power of the mind to admit and contain
many ideas at once, the understanding of a thing.
3. Comprisal,
compass.

Act of COMPREHE＇NSION, an act of parliament, that takes in all
parties.

COMPREHE＇NSION of an Idea [with logicians] is the comprehen­
sion of the attributes it contains in itself, and which cannot be taken
away without destroying it, as the comprehension of the idea of a tri­
angle includes extension, figure, three lines and three angles, &c.

COMPREHENSION [in metaphysics] is an act of the mind, whereby it
apprehends or knows any object which is presented to it on all sides,
or which is capable of being apprehended or known.

COMPREHENSION [with rhetoricians] a trope or figure whereby the
name of a whole is put for a part, or that of a part for the whole; or
a definite number of a thing for an indefinite.

COMPRE＇HENSIVE [comprehensivus, Lat.] 1. Having the power to
comprehend or understand many things at once. A man of a most
wonderful comprehensive nature. Dryden. His comprehensive head. Pope.
2. Having the quality of containing much, large, very significant,
compendious. So diffusive, so comprehensive, so catholic a grace is
charity. Sprat.








COMPREHE＇NSIVELY [of comprehensive] in a comprehensive man­
ner.

COMPREHE＇NSIVENESS [of comprehensive] 1. Aptness to comprehend,
or be comprehended.
2. Quality of including much in a narrow com-
The beauty and comprehensiveness of legends on ancient coins. Ad­
dison.

CO＇MPRESS [compresse, Fr. with surgeons] a bolster made up of
folded linen, to be laid on a wound, tumours, or on the orifice of a
vein; as, compress and bandage.

To COMPRE＇SS [compressum, Lat. sup. of comprimo, from con and
premo, to press] 1. To squeeze close together.
2. To embrace. In
his cave the yielding nymph comprest. Pope.

COMPRESSIBI＇LITY, or COMPRE＇SSIBLENESS [compressibilité, Fr.]
capableness to be pressed close.

COMPRE＇SSIBLE [Fr. compressibile, It.] that may be compressed or
squeezed up into a narrower compass; as the air and most other
fluids.

COMPRE＇SSION [Fr. compressione, It. of compressio, Lat.] act of
squeezing or pressing together. Such a flame as endureth not com­
pression. Bacon.

COMPRE＇SSIVES [with surgeons] medicines which cause a driness
in an affected member.

COMPRE＇SSURE [of compress] the act or force of the body pressing
against another. Whether heat would, notwithstanding so forcible a
compressure, dilate it. Boyle.

To COMPRI＇NT [comprimo, to print together, of con and premo, Lat.
to press] as to print by stealth a copy or book belonging to another,
to his prejudice. Law Term.

To COMPRI＇SE [compris, of comprendre, Fr. comprendere, It. of com­
prehendo, Lat.] to contain, include or take in. To comprise much mat­
ter in few words. Hooker.

COMPROBA＇TION [comprobazione, It. comprobatio, Lat.] proof, at­
testation. Brown uses it.

CO＇MPROMISE [compromissum, Lat. compromis, Fr. compromesso, It.
compremisso, Sp.] 1. An arbitration, a treaty or contract, whereby two
contending parties establish one or more arbitrators to judge of and
terminate their differences.
2. A compact or bargain, in which some
concessions are made on each side.
Basely yielded, upon compromise,
That which his ancestors archiev＇d with blows. Shakespeare.

To CO＇MPROMISE [compromettre, Fr. compromettere, It. comprometer,
Sp. compromissum, of compromitto, Lat.] 1. To consent to such a refe­
rence.
2. To adjust a compact by mutual concessions; as, they
compromised the difference.
3. In Shakespeare, to agree, to ac­
cord.
Laban and himself were compromis＇d,
That all the yeanlings which were streak＇d and py＇d,
Should fall as Jacob＇s hire. Shakespeare.

COMPROMI＇SSORIAL [of compromise] of or pertaining to such a
mutual agreement or compromise.

COMPROVI＇NCIAL, subst. [of con and provincial] belonging to the
same province. Ayliffe uses it.

COMPT [comte, Fr. computus, Lat.] account, computation.
Your servants ever,
Have theirs, themselves, and what is theirs in compt,
To make their audit. Shakespeare.

To COMPT [compter, Fr.] See to COUNT.

CO＇MPTIBLE [from compt] accountable, responsible, submissive.
Good beauties let me sustain my scorn; I am very comptible, even to
the least sinister usage. Shakespeare.

To COMPTRO＇LL [this word is written by some authors, who did
not attend to the etymology, for controll; and some of its derivatives
are written in the same manner. Johnson.] to over-rule, to oppose.
See To CONTROLL.

COMPTRO＇LLER [of comptrol] director, superior, intendant. The
comptrollers of vulgar opinions. Temple.
The great comptroller of the sky. Dryden.

COMPTRO＇LLERSHIP [of comptroller] superintendance. The gayle
for stannery causes is annexed to the comptrollership. Carew.

COMPU＇LSATIVELY, adv. [of compulsatory] by constraint or force.
A word found in Clarissa.

COMPU＇LSATORY [of compulsor, Lat.] having the force to compel.
Shakespeare uses it.

COMPU＇LSION [compulsio, Lat.] 1. The act of compelling to some­
thing.
2. Constraint or force.
3. The state of being compelled, vio­
lence suffered. Compulsion is an agent capable of volition, when the
beginning or continuation of any action is contrary to the preference
of the mind. Locke.

COMPU＇LSIVE [compulsum, sup. of compello, from con and pello, to
drive] having the power to force or compel. A more short and com­
pulsive method. Swift.

COMPU＇LSIVELY [of compulsive] by force or violence.

COMPULSIV＇ENESS [of compulsive] compulsion, force.

COMPU＇LSORILY [of compulsory] in a compulsory manner. Bacon
uses it.

COMPU＇LSORY [compulsoire, Fr.] of a forcing, constraining nature.
Compulsory actions. Bramhall.

COMPU＇NCTION [componction, Fr. compunzione, It. compuncion, Sp.
of compunctio, of con and punctum, sup. of pungo, Lat. to prick] 1.
The power of pricking, stimulation. Brown uses it.
2. The state
of being pricked by the conscience.
3. A remorse of conscience for
some offence committed. Expressions of great compunction. Cla­
rendon.

COMPU＇NCTIOUS [from compunction] repentant, sorrowful.
Stop up th＇ access and passage to remorse,
That no compunctious visitings of nature
Shake my fell purpose. Shakespeare.

COMPU＇NCTIVE [from compunction] causing remorse, promoting
godly sorrow.

COMPURGA＇TION [compurgatio, Lat. in law] a clearing or justifying
another＇s veracity by oath.

COMPURGA＇TOR, one who justifies the innocence or credibility of
another by oath. The next chalk-pit will give abundant attestation;
these are so obvious, that I would not be far to seek for a compurgator.
Woodward.

COMPU＇TABLE [computabilis, Lat.] that may be counted or reck­
oned.

COMPU＇TANT, or COMPU＇TIST [computiste, Fr.] an accomptant,
one that calculates or computes. A strict computist. Wotton. Com­
putists tell us that we escape six hours. Brown.

COMPUTA＇TION [Fr. computo, It. computacion, Sp.] 1. A reckoning
or casting up accounts. Just computation of the time. Shakespeare.
2. The
sum collected or settled by reckoning. We pass for women of fifty:
many additional years are thrown into female computations of this
nature. Addison.

COMPUTA＇TION [in common law] signifies the true and indifferent
construction of time, so that neither party shall wrong the other, or
that the determination of time referred to, shall neither be taken the
one way or the other; but shall be computed according to the censure
of the law.

To COMPU＇TE [computare, It. computo, Lat.] to reckon or cast up,
They did compute by weeks. Holder.

COMPU＇TE, subst. [computus, Lat.] calculation.

COMPU＇TER [of compute] one that reckons or computes. The Ka­
lendars of these computers. Brown.

COMPU＇TIST. See COMPUTANT.

COMPU＇TO Reddendo [Lat. in law] a writ lying against a bailiff or
receiver, obliging him to give up his accounts; and also against exe­
cutors of executors, and a guardian in soccage, for waste made during
the nonage of the heir.

CO＇MUS [among the ancients] the god of banquetting.

CON, or COM [from cum] is a Latin inseparable preposition used in
the composition of English words, and signifies with or together.

CON [an abbreviation of contra, Lat. against] a cant word for one
on the negative side of a question; as, pro and con.

CON [in music books] with. Ital.

CON Affetto [in music books] means that the music must be per­
formed in a very moving, tender, and affecting manner, and for that
reason not too fast, but rather slow.

To CON [q. d. to ken, conan, Sax.] 1. To know; as in Chaucer;
Old wymen connen mochil things; that is, old women have much
knowledge.
2. To know. Of muses, Hobbinol, I conne no skill.
Spenser.
3. To learn a lesson by heart, to fix in the mind, to study.
It is a word now little used, except in ludicrous language. Here are
your parts; and I am to intreat you to con them by to-morrow night.
Shakespeare.

To CON Thanks, the same as the Fr. scavoir gre, an old phrase,
for to thank. Shakespeare uses is.

CONA＇RIUM [with anatomists] that part of the brain which hangs
in the small cavity, called the anus, in the hinder part of the third
ventricle, and is also called glandula pinealis, from the resemblance of
its shape to the cone of a pine.

CONA＇MUS, an endeavour. Lat.

CONATUS recedéndi ab axe motus [with philosophers] is a term in
mechanics, which implies the endeavour which any natural body, that
moves circularly, has to fly off or recede from the axis or center of its
motion. Lat.

CONATUS [in a body of motion] is that disposition or aptitude to
go on in a right-line, if not prevented by other causes; it is the same
as attraction or gravitation in matter without motion.

CONCALEFA＇CTORY [concalefactorius, from con and calefacio, Lat.
to warm] heating much.

CONCAMERA＇TION, a vault or arch. Impossible concamerations and
feigned rotations of solid orbs. Glanville.

To CONCA＇TENATE [concatenatum, Lat.] to chain or link toge­
ther.

CONCATENA＇TION [Fr. concatenazione, It. concatenaciòn, Sp. of
Causes, with philosophers] a term used to express that an effect is the
result of a long chain of causes linked to, or depending upon, one
another. Able concatenation of causes. South.

CONCAVA＇TION [from concave] act of making hollow. Lat.

CO＇NCAVE [Fr. concavo, It. and Sp. of concavus, Lat.] 1. Hollow
on the inside, or vaulted like an oven; opposed to convex. Great
fragments falling hollow, inclosed under their concave surface a great
deal of air. Burnet.
2. Hollow in general.
The replication of your sounds,
Made in his concave shores. Shakespeare.
For his verity in love, I do think him as concave as a covered goblet.
Shakespeare.

CONCAVE [in gunnery] the bore of a piece of ordnance.

CONCAVE Glasses, are such as are ground hollow, and are usually of
a sperical or round figure; tho＇ they may be of any other, as parabo­
lical, &c.

CONCA＇VO Concave, concave on both sides.

Plano CONCAVE, concave on the one side, and plain on the other.

Convexo-CONCAVE, convex on one side, and concave on the other.

A CONCAVE [concavum, Lat.] a hollowness.

CONCAVO-Convex, concave on the one side, and convex on the
other. Concavo-convex plate. Newton.

CONCA＇VENESS, or CONCA＇VITY [concavité, Fr. concavità, It. con­
cavidàd, Sp. of concavitas, Lat.] the hollowness on the inside of a
round body. Concavities of shells. Woodward.

CO＇NCAVOUS [concavus, Lat.] hollow on the inside.

CONCA＇VOUSLY [of concavous] with hollowness. The dolphin that
carrieth Arion is concavously inserted, and its spine depressed. Brown.

CO＇NCAUSE, noun subst. that which is concern＇d in producing an
effect, together with some other cause. A concause or instrument. Cud­
worth＇s Intellect. Syst.

To CONCE＇AL [celer, Fr. celare, It. celàr, Sp. concelo, Lat.] to keep
close or secret, not to detect. Double griefs afflict concealing hearts.
Spenser.

CONCEA＇LABLE [from conceal] capable of being concealed, possible
to be hid. Brown uses it.

CONCEA＇LEDNESS [of conceal] hiddenness, the state of being con­
cealed.








CONCEA＇LER [from conceal] he that conceals any thing.

CONCEA＇LERS [in law] a term used by way of antiphrasis, or
speaking by way of contrariety, men who find out concealed lands,
which are secretly kept from the king or state, by common persons who
can produce no title to them.

CONCEA＇LMENT [from conceal] 1. The act of concealing, secrecy.
She never told her love,
But let concealment, like a worm in the bud,
Feed on her damask cheek. Shakespeare.
2. The state of being concealed, privacy. Solicitous for the conceal­
ment, as performance of illustrious actions. Addison.
3. Hiding-place,
retreat, shelter. The most effectual concealment of a wicked design.
Rogers.

To CONCE＇DE [ceder, Fr. concedèr, Sp. concedere, It. and Lat.]
to yield, grnat or allow. This must not be conceded without limitation.
Boyle.

To CONCEI＇T [from the noun, concipio, Lat.] to imagine, to fancy,
to think. A cause which they conceited to be for the liberty of the sub­
ject. Bacon.

CONCEIT [concetto, It. concéto, Sp. concept, Fr. conceptum, Lat.] 1.
Conception, image of the mind. In laughing there ever precedeth a
conceit of something ridiculous, and therefore it is proper to man. Ba­
con.
2. Understanding, readiness of apprehension. It can be dis­
cern＇d by every man＇s present conceit. Hooker.
3. Opinion, generally in
contempt; imagination, fancy, fantastic notion.
Malebranche has an odd conceit,
As ever enter＇d Frenchman＇s pate. Prior.
4. Opinion, in a natural sense.
I shall not fail t＇approve the fair conceit
The king hath of you. Shakespeare.
5. A pleasant fancy. There＇s no more conceit in him than is in a mallet.
Shakespeare.
6. Sentiment as distinguished from imagery.
Some to conceit alone their works confine,
And glitt＇ring thoughts struck out at every line. Pope.
7. Fondness, favourable opinion. Great conceit of himself. Bentley.
8. Out of conceit with. No longer fond of. Tillotson and Swift use
it.

CONCEI＇TED, particip. [of conceit] 1. Endow＇d with fancy. Pleasantly
conceited and sharp of wit. Knolles.
2. Proud, fond of one＇s self.
Empty conceited heads. Felton.
3. With of. Conceited of his own mo­
del. Dryden.
4. Opinionated, affected, proud, puffed up.

CONCEI＇TEDLY [of conceited] 1. Fancifusly, with whim. Conceitedly
dress her. Donne.
2. Affectedly, proudly.

CONCEI＇TEDNESS [of conceited] pride, state of being self opiniona­
ted. Partiality and conceitedness make them give the pre-eminence.
Collier.

CONCEI＇TLESS [from conceit] being without thought, dull of ap­
prehension.
Think＇st thou I am so shallow, so conceitless,
To be seduc＇d by thy flattery? Shakespeare.

CONCEI＇VABLE [concevable, Fr.] 1. That may be conceived or ima­
gined. Any conceivable weight. Wilkins.
2. That may be under­
stood or believed. The freezing of the words in the air is as conceiv­
able as this strange notion. Glanville.

CONCEI＇VABLENESS [from conceivable] easiness to be conceived,
quality of being conceivable.

CONCEI＇VABLY [from conceivable] in a manner to be appre­
hended.

To CONCEI＇VE, verb act. [concipio, Lat. concevoir, Fr. concepire, It.
concebír, Sp.] 1. To imagine or apprehend; as, to conceive a por­
pose against one.
2. To comprehend, understand; as, to conceive the
whole train of reasoning.
3. To be of opinion, to think. You will
hardly conceive him to have been bred in the same climate. Swift.
4.
To admit into the womb. In sin did my mother conceive me. Psalms.

To CONCEIVE, verb neut. 1. To frame an idea; with of.
The griev＇d commons
Hardly conceive of me. Shakespeare.
2. To become with child, to become pregnant.
Conceiving as she slept, her fruitful womb
Swell＇d with the founder of immortal Rome. Addison.

CONCE＇IVER [from conceive] one that conceives or understands.
Allegories made by wiser conceivers. Brown.

CONCEI＇VING [with logicians] is the simple view that we have of
the things which present themselves to the mind; as, if we image the
sun, a tree, a globe, a square, a thought, a being, without forming
any particular judgment. This is the first of the four principal opera­
tions of the mind.

CONCE＇NT [concentus, Lat.] 1. A consort of voices or instruments;
an agreement of parts in music. Concent of notes. Bacon.
2. Con­
sistency. In concent to his own principles. Atterbury.

CONCE＇NTRANT Medicines, are such whose acids are so moderated by
alkalies, that neither of them predominates.

To CONCE＇NTRATE [concentrer, Fr. from con, and centrum, Lat. a
centre] to drive into a narrow compass, to drive towards the centre.
Spirit of vinegar concentrated and reduced to its greatest strength. Ar­
buthnot.

CONCENTRA＇TION, a driving towards the centre, the retiring or
withdrawing of a thing inwards; also a crowding together any fluid
matter into as close a form as it is capable of; or bringing any sepa­
rate particles into as close a contact as is possible. All circular bodies,
that receive a concentration of the light, must be shadow＇d in a circular
manner. Peacham.

CONCENTRATION [with naturalists] the highest degree of mixture,
as when two or more particles or atoms of the mixture touch, by re­
receiving and thrusling one into the other, or by reception and intru­
sion one into the other; and this Dr. Grew takes to be the case of all
fixed bodies, which are without taste or smell, whose constitution is so
firm, till that the particles are as it were unprinted from each other,
they cannot affect either of those senses.

To CONCE＇NTRE, verb act. [of con, and centrum, Lat. concentrer,
Fr. concentrar, It.] to emit towards one centre. Serve to concentre the
spirits. Decay of Piety. In the concentring all their precious beams.
Milton.

To CONCENTRE, verb neut. to tend to one centre, to have a com­
mon centre with something else. The points concentre exactly. Wot­
ton.

CONCE＇NTRICAL, or CONCENTRIC [concentrique, Fr. concentrico,
It. of concentricus, Lat.] that has one and the same common centre;
as, concentric circles.

CONCE＇PT [conceptum, Lat.] a set form; a term used in public acts.

CONCE＇PTACLE [conceptaculum, Lat.] any hollow thing that is sitted
to receive or contain another. There is in that huge conceptacle, water
enough to effect such a deluge. Woodward.

CONCE＇PTIBLE [from conceptum, sup. of concipio, of con, and capio,
to take] that may be conceived, intelligible. His attributes are easily
conceptible by us, because apparent in his works. Hale.

CONCE＇PTIO, Lat. [with grammarians] a figure, otherwise called
syllepsis.

CONCE＇PTION [Fr. concezzione, It. concepcion, Sp. of conceptio, Lat.]
1. The act of conceiving, or quickening with pregnancy. I will mul­
tiply thy sorrow and thy conception. Genesis.
2. The state of being
conceived. It is impossible not to be fond of our productions at the
moment of their conception. Dryden.
3. Sentiment, purpose. Thou
but rememberest me of my own conception. Shakespeare.
4. Apprehen­
sion, knowledge.
If beasts conceiv＇d what reason were,
And at conception should distinctly show,
They shou＇d the name of reasonable bear. Davies.
5. Conceit, point, sentiment. He is full of conceptions, points of epi­
gram and witticisms. Dryden.
6. (With logicians) is an act of the mind,
or the product of it, as thought, notion or principle; the simple idea
or apprehension that a person has of any thing, without proceeding to
affirm or deny any matter or point relating to it.

Immaculate CONCEPTION of the Holy Virgin [with Roman catho­
lics] a feast held on the eighth of December, in regard to the Virgin
Mary＇s immaculate conception.

CONCE＇PTIOUS [conceptum, Lat.] apt to conceive, fruitful.
Common mother,
Ensear thy fertile and conceptious womb;
Let it no more bring out to ingrateful man. Shakespeare.

CONCE＇PTIVE [conceptum, Lat.] capable to conceive or become preg­
nant. Where the uterine parts exceed in heat, by the coldness of this
simple, they may be reduced into a conceptive constitution. Brown.

To CONCE＇RN [concerno, low Lat. concerner, Fr. concernere, It. con­
cernír, Sp.] 1. To have respect or regard to. What I wou＇d speak of
concerns him. Shakespeare.
2. To touch nearly, to affect with some
passion. It much concerns them not to suffer the king to establish his
authority on this side. Addison.
3. To interest, to engage by interest.
Providence concerns itself to own the interest of religion. South.
4. To
disturb, to make uneasy. The bird began to pant and be concerned,
and in less than an hour and a half to be sick. Derham.

CONCE＇RN [from the verb] 1. Affair, business.
Let early care thy main concerns secure,
Things of less moment may delays endure. Denham.
2. Importance, moment.
Mysterions secrets of a high concern. Roscommon.
3. State of bing concerned or affected in mind, passion.
Oh, what concerns did both your souls divide. Dryden.
4. In­
terest, engagement. ＇Tis all mankind＇s concern that he should live.
Dryden.

CONCE＇RNED [concerné, Fr.] 1. Interested, affected,
2. Troubled.

CONCE＇RNING [from concern. This word, originally a participle,
has before a noun the force of a preposition] touching, relating to.

CONCE＇RNMENT [of concern] 1. The thing in which we are con­
cerned or interested. The affairs and concernments of other men. Til­
lotson.
2. Relation, influence. Sir, ＇tis of near concernment and im­
ports. Denham.
3. Intercourse, business. The great concernment of
men is with men. Locke.
4. Importance, moment. Matters of great
concernment to mankind. Boyle.
5. Interposition, meddling, regard.
Without other approbation of her father or concernment in it, than suf­
fering him and her to come into his presence. Clarendon.
6. Passion,
emotion. While they are so eager to destroy the same of others, their
ambition is manifest in the concernment. Dryden.

To CONCE＇RT [concerter, Fr. concertar, Sp. concertare, It. and Lat.]
to prepare themselves for some public exhibition by private encounters
among themselves, to debate together by private communication about
a business; to contrive, to lay a design in order to bring an affair to
pass.

CO＇NCERT [Fr. concerto, It. and Port.] agreement between persons
in action, communication of designs, establishment of measures among
those engaged in the same affair. Want of a due communication and
concert. Swift.
In his working brain
He forms the well concerted scheme of mischief. Rowe.

CONCERT, or CONCE＇RTO [concert, Fr. concerto, It. and Port. con­
cierto, Sp. in music] a company of musicians playing and singing the
same piece of music or song at the same time.

CONCERTA＇NTE [in music books] signifies those parts of a piece of
music that play throughout the whole, to distinguish them from those
that play only in some parts.

CONCERTA＇TION [concertatio, Lat.] a striving together, conten­
tion.

CONCERTA＇TIVE [concertativus, Lat.] contentious, quarrelsome.

CONCE＇RTO [in music books] a concert, or a piece of music of seve­
ral parts for a concert. It.

CONCERTO Grosso, It. [in music books] the grand chorus of the con­
sort, or those places of the consort where all the several parts perform
or play together.

CONCE＇SSI, Lat. I have granted [a law word] a formal term im­
plying a covenant.

CONCE＇SSIO, Lat. [with rhetoricians] a figure the same with syncho­
resis.

CONCE＇SSION [Fr. concessione It. concessiòn, Sp. of concessio, Lat.]
1. The act of granting or yielding. The concession of charters. Hale.
2. An allowance, grant, or permission. Undiminished by my greatest
concessions. King Charles.








CONCE＇SSIONARY [of concession, Fr. of Lat.] given by way of grant,
indulgence, or allowance.

CONCE＇SSIVELY [from concession] by way of concession. Some have
written rhetorically and concessively, not controverting but assuming the
question. Brown.

CONCH [concha, Lat.] a shell, a sea-shell.
Adds orient pearls which from the conchs he drew,
And all the sparkling stones of various hue. Dryden.

CO＇NCHA [κογχη, Gr.] a bivalve shell-fish, as a scallop, an oyster,
&c. Lat.

CONCHA, Lat. [with anatomists] the winding of the cavity or hol­
low of the minor part of the ear.

CONCHI＇TES [of κογχη, Gr. a shell-fish] a stone resembling shell­
fish.

CONCHO＇ID [of κογχη, Gr. a shell-fish, and ειδος, shape] is the name
of a curve line invented by Nichomedes: it is a curve which always
approaches nearer to a strait line, to which it inclines; but never meets
it. It is described thus:
Draw the right line Q Q (see Plate VII. Fig. 2.) and another per­
pendicular to it in E; draw the right lines G M, G M, cutting Q Q
and make Q M=Q N=A E=E E, the curves wherein the points
M M are, is the first conchoid, and those where the points N N are
found, the second conchoid.

CONCI＇LIARY [conciliarius, Lat.] of or pertaining to a council.

To CONCI＇LIATE [concilier, Fr. conciliare, It. of conciliatum, sup.
of concilio, Lat.] to get, to procure, to gain or win. A philtre or
plants that conciliate affection. Brown.

CONCILIA＇TIO, Lat. a figure in rhetoric, the same as synæceosis.

CONCILIA＇TION [from conciliate] the act of gaining or reconciling.

CONCILIA＇TOR [from conciliate] one that reconciles or makes peace
between others.

CONCILIA＇TORS, a title which Romish ecclesiastical writers affect,
who have put the fairest varnish on the doctrines of that church.

CONCI＇LIATORY [conciliatoire, Fr. conciliatorius, Lat.] relating to
reconciliation.

CONCI＇NNATENESS, or CONCINNITY [concinnitas, Lat.] decency,
fitness, &c.

CONCI＇NNOUS [concinnus, Lat.] fit, agreeable, &c.

CONCINNOUS Intervals [in music] are such as are fit for music, next
to and in combination with concords.

CO＇NCIONAL [concionalis, Lat.] pertaining to a sermon, oration or
assembly.

CONCI＇SE [concis, Fr. conciso, It. and Sp. concisus, from con, and
cædo, Lat. to cut] short, brief. The concise stile expresseth not enough,
but leaves somewhat to be understood. Ben Johnson.

CONCI＇SELY, shortly, briefly. Ulysses here speaks very concisely,
and he may seem to break abruptly into the subject. Broome.

CONCI＇SENESS [of concise] briefness, shortness. That version which
has more of the majesty of Virgil, has less of his conciseness. Dryden.

CONCI＇SION [concisum, sup. of concido, of con, and cædo, Lat. to cut]
1. A word used by way of contempt, for circumcision, Phil. iii.
2.
Cutting off, excision, destruction.

CONCITA＇TION [concitatio, Lat.] the act of provoking, stirring up, or
pricking forward. The deceiving spirit by concitation of humours pro­
duces conceited phantasms. Brown.

CONCLAMA＇TION [conclamatio, of con, and clamo, Lat. to cry] an
outcry, shout or noise of many together.

CO＇NCLAVE, a closet or inner room, that shuts up under lock and
key. Lat. Fr. It. and Sp.

CONCLAVE [in Rome] 1. A room in the Vatican, where the Ro­
man cardinals meet to choose a Pope.
2. The assembly of the cardi­
nals for the election of a pope, or the decision of any important affair
in the church. I thank the holy conclave for their loves. Shakespeare.
3. A close assembly in general.
Forthwith a conclave of the godhead meets,
Where Juno in the shining senate sits. Garth.

CONCLA＇VIST [conclaviste, Fr. conclavista, It.] one who attends a
cardinal during his abode in the conclave.

To CONCLU＇DE, verb act. [concludre, Fr. conchiudere, It. concluyr,
Sp. and Port. concludo, Lat.] 1. To shut. A sense not now used. The
very person of Christ was only touching bodily substance concluded
within the grave. Hooker.
2. To include, to comprehend. God hath
concluded them all in unbelief. Romans.
3. To collect by reasoning.
No man can conclude God＇s love or hatred to any person by any thing
that befals him. Tillotson.
4. To finish, make an end of or close.
Is it concluded he shall be protector?
It is determin＇d, not concluded yet. Shakespeare.
5. To resolve upon, to determine.
But no frail man, however great or high,
Can be concluded just before he die. Addison.
6. To oblige, as by final determination. He never refused to be con­
cluded by the authority of one legally summoned. Atterbury.

To CONCLUDE, verb neut. 1. To perform the last act of ratiocination,
to collect the consequence, to determine. The world will conclude I
had a guilty conscience. Arbuthnot.
2. To settle opinion. Your
translation will do honour to our country; for I conclude of it already
from those performances. Addison.
3. To determine finally.
They humbly sue unto your excellence
To have a goodly peace concluded of. Shakespeare.
4. To end.
All round wore nuptial bonds, the ties
Of love＇s assurance, and a train of lies,
That made in lust conclude in perjuries. Dryden.

CONCLU＇DENCY [from concludent] consequence, logical deduction.
Judgment concerning things to be known, or the neglect and conclu­
dency of them ends in decision. Hale.

CONCLU＇DENT [from conclude] decisive, ending in just consequences.
Upon a due consideration of these arguments, they are highly conse­
quential and concludent to my purpose. Hale.

CONCLU＇SIBLE [from conclude] determinable, certain by regular
proof. ＇Tis as certainly conclusible from God＇s presence that they will
voluntarily do this, as that they will do it at all. Hammond.

CONCLU＇SION [Fr. conclusione, It. conclusiòn, Sp. conclusio, Lat.] 1.
Determination, final decision. Ways of peaceable conclusions are, the
one a sentence of judicial decision given by authority thereto appointed
within ourselves; the other the like kind of sentence given by a more
universal authority. Hooker.
2. The event of experiments. We ra­
ctise all conclusions of grafting and inoculating. Bacon.
3. The end,
the upshot, the last part.
4. The end, close or issue of a thing, the
last result of argumentative deduction. I have been reasoning, and in
conclusion have thought it best to return. Swift.
5. A consequence or
inference from propositions premised.
Then doth the wit
Build fond conclusions on those idle grounds. Davies.
6. In Shakespeare it seems to signify silence, confinement of the
thoughts.
Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes,
And still conclusion, shall acquire no honour. Shakespeare.

CONCLUSION [in law] is when a man by his own act upon record
has concluded or charged himself with a duty or other thing: It is also
used to signify the end or latter part of any declaration, bar, replica­
tion, &c.

CONCLUSION [with logicians] the last of the three propositions of a
syllogism.

CONCLUSION [in oratory] consists of two parts, capitulation or enu­
meration, and address to the passions.

CONCLU＇SIVE [of conclusivus, Lat.] 1. Regularly consequential;
as, an argument is said to be conclusive, when the consequences are
rightly and truly drawn.
2. Finally determining the opinion; as, an
argument equally conclusive for us as for them.

CONCLU＇SIVELY [from conclusive] decisively, with final determi­
nation. To speak peremptorily or conclusively. Bacon.

CONCLU＇SIVENESS [of conclusive] the true drawing of consequences,
power of determining the opinion; as, the weight, conclusiveness, or
evidence of things.

To CONCOA＇GULATE [con and coagulate] to coagulate, or curdle
one thing with another. They do but coagulate themselves, without
concoagulating with them any water. Boyle.

CONCOAGULA＇TION [according to Mr. Boyle] signifies the crystal­
lizing of salts of different kinds together, where they shoot into one
mass of various figures, suitable to their respective kinds.

To CONCO＇UT [concoctum, sup. of concoquo, from con and coquo,
Lat. to boil] 1. To oigest by the stomach, so as to convert food to
nourishment. The food is concocted, the heart beats. Cheyne.
2. To
purify, to sublime by heat.
The small, close, lurking, minister of fate,
Whose high concocted venom thro＇ the veins
A rapid lightning darts. Thomson.

CONCO＇CTION [Fr. concozione, It. of concoctio, Lat. in medicine]
1. A boiling together.
2. It is usually taken for the same as di­
gestion, though digestion is generally confined to what passes in the
stomach; but concoction is taken to signify what alterations are made
in the blood-vessels, which may be called the second concoction. The
constantest notion of concoction is, that it should signify the degrees of
alteration of one body into another, from crudity to perfect concoction,
which is the ultimity of that action. Bacon.
What Hippocrates meant by concoction, in an inflammation of the
pleura, will best appear from his own words: “If (says he) while
the pain of the side is continual, and does not yield to warm applica­
tions, and instead of free expectoration, the phlegm does not ascend,
as being viscid, απεπτως, i. e. in a crude unconcocted state; the ad­
ministring the barley-ptisan, in this situation of things, will hasten
death.” Hippoc. de Victu in morb. acut. Ed. For. p. 386.

CONCO＇LOUR, adj. [concolor, Lat.] being of one colour. Concolour
animals, and such as are confined into the same colour. Brown.

CONCO＇MITANCE, or CONCO＇MITANCY [Fr. concomitanza, It.
concomitor, of con and comitio, gen. of comes, Lat. a companion] 1. An
accompanying together.
2. Subsistence, together with another thing.
The secondary action subsisteth not alone, but in concomitancy with the
other. Brown.

CONCO＇MITANT, adj. [Fr. concomitant, It. and Sp. of concomitans,
Lat.] accompanying with, conjoined with; as, our thoughts have a
concomitant pleasure.

CONCOMITANT, subst. a companion, a person, or thing, collaterally
connected. Reproach is a concomitant to greatness. Addison.

CONCO＇MITANTLY [from concomitant] company, a long with an­
other.

To CONCO＇MITATE, verb act. [concomitatus, Lat.] to accompany,
to come and go with another. That which concomitates a pleurisy.
Hervey.

CO＇NCORD [concorde, Fr. concordia, Sp. of concordia, It. and Lat.]
1. Agreement between persons or things, suitableness of one to ano­
ther, union, good understanding. What concord hath Christ with
Belial? 2 Corinthians.
2. A compact. The concord made between
Henry and Roderick the Irish king. Davies.

CONCORD [as an allegorical deity] was by the Romans feigned to
be the daughter of Jupiter and Themes, and represented in the same
manner as peace. See PEACE.

CONCORD [in law] an agreement between parties, who intend the
levying of a fine of lands one to another, in what manner the land
shall pass. Also an agreement made upon any trespass committed be­
tween several parties.

CONCORD [in grammar] that part of syntax or construction, where­
by the words of a sentence agree among themselves, whereby verbs
are put in the same number and person with nouns, &c.

CONCORDS [in music] are certain intervals between sounds, which
delight the ear, when heard at the same time.

Simple CONCORDS, are those whose extremes are at a distance, less
than the sum of any other two concords.

Perfect CONCORDS, are the 5th and the 8th, with all their oc­
taves.

Compound CONCORDS, are equal to any two or more concords.

Imperfect CONCORDS, are the 3d and 6th, with all their octaves.

To CONCO＇RD [concordàr, Sp. concordare, It. and Lat.] to agree
together.

CONCO＇RDANCE [Fr. concordanza, It. concordancia, Sp. of con­
cordantia, Lat.] a general alphabetical index of all the words in the
bible, shewing in how many texts of scripture any word occurs.







Some of you turn over a concordance, and there having the principal
word, introduce as much of the verse as will serve. Swift.

CONCORDANCE, or CONCORDANCY [concordantia, Lat.] 1. Agree­
ment.
2. A concord in grammar, one of the three chief relations in
speech. This sense is not now used. After the three concordances
learned, let the master read the epistles of Cicero. Ascham.

CONCO＇RDANT [concordante, It. of concordans, Lat.] agreeing to­
gether, correspondent. Points concordant to their natures. Brown.

CONCORDANT Verses, such as have in them several words in com­
mon, but by the addition of other words have a quite different
meaning; as,  Et  { Canis }  in Sylva  { Venatur }  Et omnia  { Servat. }  Lupus  Nutritur  Vastat. 

CONCO＇RDAT [concordat, Fr. concordatum, Lat. in the canon law] a
covenant or agreement in some beneficiary matter; as relating to a
resignation, permutation, or other ecclesiastical cause. How comes he
to number the want of synods in the Gallican church, among the
grievances of that concordate? Swift.

CONCO＇RDATES, public acts of agreement between popes and
princes.

CONCO＇RDIA [in geography] a town of the dutchy of Mantua, in
Italy, about 15 miles south-east of the city of Mantua.

CONCO＇RPORAL [concorporalis, Lat.] being of the same body or
company.

To CONCO＇RPORATE [concorporatum, from con and corporis, gen.
of corpus, Lat. the body] to incorporate, to imbody; to mix or
mingle together in one body. When we concorporate the sign with the
signification, we conjoin the word with the spirit. Taylor.

CONCORPORA＇TION [from concorporate] a mixing or tempering into
one body; an incorporation.

CO＇NCOURSE [concours, Fr. concorso, It. concúrso, Sp. concursus, Lat.]
1. A running together or resorting of people, or things. Fortuitous
concourse of particles of matter. Hale.
2. A resorting to a place; a
multitude of people assembling together on some particular occasion.
The prince with wonder hears, from every part,
The noise and busy concourse of the mart. Dryden.
3. The point of junction, or intersection of two bodies. The drop
will begin to move towards the concourse of the glasses. Newton.

CONCREMA＇TION [concremo, of con and cremo, Lat. to burn] the
act of burning many things together.

CO＇NCREMENT [concresco, Lat.] the mass formed by concretion.
Hale uses it.

CONCRE＇SCENCE [concresco, Lat.] the act or quality of growing by
the union of separate particles. Raleigh uses it.

To CONCRE＇TE, verb neut. [concresco, Lat.] to grow by the union
and cohesion of parts. The particles of salt, before they concreted,
floated in the liquor. Newton.

To CONCRE＇TE, verb act. to form by concretion. Divers bodies
are concreted out of others. Hale.

CONCRETE, adj. [concreto, It. of concretum, sup. of concresco, Lat.
to grow together] grown together, made up of several ingredients.
The first concrete state or consistent surface of the chaos. Burnet＇s
Theory.

CONCRETE, subst. [with philosophers, &c.] a body made up of
different principles, and is therefore much the same as mixt. Gold
itself admitted for a porous concrete. Bentley.

CONCRETE [with logicians] is any quality considered with its sub­
jects; thus when we say snow is white, we speak of whiteness in
the concrete; and in this respect it is contradistinguished from the ab­
stract, when the quality is considered separately, as whiteness, which
may be in other things as well as snow.
“We admit, says a foreign protestant divine, the communication
of idioms to be used in the concrete.” We can say, for instance, “the
blood of Jesus Christ his son cleanseth us from all sin”. Not so in
the abstract, as, “the blood or passion of DEITY”.

CONCRETE Numbers [with arithmeticians] are numbers which ex­
press or denote some particular subject; as 2 men, 4 horses, 6 pounds,
&c. whereas if nothing were joined with the number, it is taken ab­
stractedly or universally; thus 6 signifies an aggregate or sum of 6
units, whether pounds, horses, men, or any thing else.

Natural CONCRETE [with philosophers] any natural body; as, an­
timony is a natural concrete, which has been compounded in the
bowels of the earth.

Factitious CONCRETE [with philosophers] a concrete compounded
by art; as, soap is a factitious concrete, or a body mixed together by
art.

CONCRE＇TELY [from concrete] in a manner including the subject
with its predicate, not abstractly. Sin considered not abstractedly
for the mere act of obliquity, but concretely with such a special depen­
dance upon the will, as serves to render the agent guilty. Norris.

CONCRE＇TENESS [of concreta, Lat.] a state of being grown toge­
ther. See COAGULATION.

CONCRE＇TED [concretus, Lat.] congealed, or clotted.

CONCRE＇TION [concrezione, It. of concretio, compounded of con and
cresco, Lat. to grow] the act of growing or gathering together, coali­
tion; the composition or union of several particles together into a vi­
sible mass, whereby it becomes of some particular figure or property,
the mass formed by a coalition of separate particles. Some plants grow
of some concretion of slime from the water. Bacon.

CONCRETION [with philosophers] the uniting together of several
small particles of a natural body into sensible masses or concretes.

CONCRETION [in pharmacy] a thickening of any boiled liquor or
juice into a more solid mass.

CONCRE＇TIVE [from concrete] coagulative, having the power to
produce concretions. Concretive juices. Brown.

CONCRE＇TURE [from concrete] a vapour coagulated and endued
with some form, a mass formed by coagulation.

CONCUBA＇RIA, Lat. [old law] a sold or pen, where cattle lie to­
gether.

CONCU＇BINAGE [Fr. concubinato, It. of concubinatus, Lat.] the
keeping a concubine or miss; also a marrying of a woman of infe­
rior condition, and to whom the husband does not convey his rank or
quality.

CONCUBINAGE [in law] an exception against a woman, who sues
for her dower, whereby it is alledged against her, that she is not a wife
legally married to the party, in whose land she seeks to be endowed;
but his concubine.

CO＇NCUBINE [Fr. concubina, It. Sp. and Lat.] a woman who lives
with a man, as if she was his lawful wife; an harlot, or strumpet.

To CONCU＇LCATE [conculcare, It. and Lat.] to stamp upon, or
tread under foot.

CONCULCA＇TION [conculcatio, Lat.] a stamping upon, a treading or
trampling under foot.

CONCU＇MBENCE [of concumbo, Lat.] the act of lying together.

CONCU＇PISCENCE [Fr. concupiscenzia, It. concupicencia, Sp. of concupi­
scentia, Lat.] an over-eager or earnest desire of enjoying any thing;
an inordinate desire of the flesh, lust, lechery. We know secret con­
cupiscence to be sin. Hooker.

CONCU＇PISCENT [concupiscens, Lat.] libidinous, lecherous. Concu­
piscent, intemperate lust. Shakespeare.

CONCUPISCE＇NTIAL [of concupiscent] of or pertaining to concu­
piscence.

CONGUPI＇SCIBLE [Fr. and Sp. concupiscible, It. of concupiscibilis,
Lat.] that which desires earnestly; also that which is desirable.

CONCUPI＇SCIBLE Appetite or Faculty, is the sensual or unreasonable
part of the soul, which only seeks after the pleasures of sense; or
that affection of the mind, which excites to covet or desire any
thing.

CONCUPI＇SCIBLENESS [from concupiscible] fitness or readiness to de­
sire, or be desired earnestly, &c.

To CONCU＇R [concourir, Fr. concorrere, It. concurrìr, Sp. of con­
curro, Lat. i. e. to run together or with] 1. To meet in one point.
Though reason favour them, yet sense can hardly allow them; and
to satisfy, both these must concur. Temple.
2. To agree with one in
something, to give one＇s consent. Acts done by the greatest part of
my executors, shall be as valid as if all had concurred in the same.
Swift.
3. It has with before the person. It is not evil simply to
concur with the heathens. Hooker.
4. To before the effect. Their
affections were known to concur to most desperate counsels. Clarendon.
5. To be united with. True possession concurring with a bad life, is
only to deny Christ with a greater solemnity. South.
6. To contri­
bute to one common event with joint power. Outward cases concur.
Collier.

CONCU＇RRENCE [concurrenza, It. concurréncia, Sp.] 1. Union, as­
sociation. Our own ideas, with the concurrence of other probable
reasons, persuade us. Locke.
2. Approbation, agreement in judg­
ments and opinions. Tarquin the Proud was expelled by an universal
concurrence of nobles and people. Swift.
3. Combination of many
agents, or circumstances. He views our behaviour in every concur­
rence of affairs. Addison.
4. Assistance, help. The greatness of the
work, and the necessity of the divine concurrence to it. Rogers.
5.
Joint right. A bishop might have officers, if there was a concurrency
of jurisdiction between him and the archdeacon. Ayliffe.

CONCU＇RRENT, adj. [concurrens, Lat.] 1. Jointly consenting or
agreeing to, acting in conjunction. The personal presence of the
king＇s son, a concurrent cause of this reformation. Davies.
2. Conjoined,
concomitant. The concurrent echo and the iterant. Bacon.

CONCURRENT Figures, or CONGRUENT Figures [with geometrici­
ans] are such as being laid one upon another, will exactly meet and
cover one another, and it is a received axiom, that those figures which
will exactly cover one another are equal.

CONCURRENT, subst. [Fr. concurrente, It.] that which concurs or
contributes as a cause. Three necessary concurrents. Decay of Piety.

CONCU＇RRENTNESS [of concurrent] agreeableness or agreeing to or
with some other.

CONCU＇SSION [Fr. and Sp. concussione, Ital. of concussio, Lat.] 1.
The act of shaking or jumbling together
2. A shock of an earth­
quake; a concussion of the air, a concussion of the globe.

CONCU＇SSION, a public extortion, when any officer or magistrate
pillages the people by threats, or pretence of authority.

CONCU＇SSIONARY [concussionaire, Fr. of concussio, Lat.] of or per­
taining to shaking together.

CONCU＇SSIVE [of concussus, Lat.] having the power of shaking or
jumbling together.

To COND, or To CONN [in sea language] is to conduct or guide a
ship in the right course; for the conder stands on the deck with the
compass before him, and gives the word of direction to the man at
the helm how to steer.

CO＇NDE, a town of the French Netherlands, in the province of
Hainault, situated on the river Scheld, about twelve miles west of
Mons.

CONDECE＇DO, or Cape CONDECEDO, a promontory, of North Ame­
rica, in the province of Jucatan, about 100 miles west of Merida.
Lat. 21° N. Long. 93° W.

To CONDE＇MN [condanner, Fr. condannare, It. condenàr, Sp. condem­
nar, Port. of condemno, Lat.] 1. To find guilty.
2. To sentence one
to death.
3. To doom to punishment; opposite to absolve; as, a
judge it condemns where it ought to absolve, and pronounces absolution
where it ought to condemn. Fiddes.
4. With to before the punish­
ment; as, condemn＇d to imprisonment.
5. To blame, to disapprove or
dislike; contrary to approve. The poet who flourished in the scene is
condemned in the ruelle. Dryden.
6. To fine. He condemn＇d the land
in an hundred talents of silver. 2 Chronicles.
7. To shew guilt by
contrast. The righteous that are dead, shall condemn the wicked that
are living. Wisdom.

CONDE＇MNABLE [condamnable, Fr. condannevole, It.] that may be
condemned, or deserving condemnation.

CONDE＇MNABLENESS, worthiness to be condemned.

CONDEMNA＇TION [condamnation, Fr. condannagione, It. condenaciòn
Sp. of condemnatio, Lat.] 1. The pronouncing sentence or giving judg­
ment against a person, whereby he is subjected to some penalty, the
act of condemning,
2. The state of being condemned. There is no
condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus. Romans.

CONDE＇MNATORY [from condemn] pertaining to condemnation.
condemnatory sentence. Government of the Tongue.

CONDE＇MNER [from condemn] he that blames or censures.

CONDE＇NSIBLE [from condense] that which is capable of conden­
sation, or which can be compressed into less space. Digby uses it.








CONDENSA＇NTIA [with physicians] medicines that are of a conden­
sing or thickening quality. Lat.

To CONDE＇NSATE, or to CONDE＇NSE, verb act. [condense, Fr. con­
densare, It. condensàr, Sp. condensatum, sup. of condenso, Lat.] to make
thicker.

To CONDENSATE, verb neut. 1. To grow thicker.
2. To grow
close and weighty, to be drawn into a less compass. Vapours condense
and coalesce. Newton.

To CONDE＇NSATE [with philosophers] is to bring the parts of a na­
tural body into less compass; the term opposed to condensate, is to
rarify.

CONDENSATE, adj. condensed, made thick; as, water thickened,
or condensate, is most white. Peacham.

CONDENSA＇TION [Fr. condensamento, It. of condensatio, Lat.] act of
thickening, &c. opposed to rarefaction.

CONDENSATION [with philosophers] is when a natural body takes
up less space, or is confined within less dimensions than it had be­
fore.

CONDENSATION [in chemistry] a stoppage and collection of va­
pours made by the top of an alembic, whereby it is returned in the
form of a liquid, or as it is raised in the head or receiver, there to
harden into a permanent and solid substance, as in sublimations of all
kinds.

To CO＇NDENSE, verb act. to make more thick and close. Envious
exhalations condensed by a popular odium. King Charles.

To CONDENSE, verb neut. to grow close and weighty.

CONDENSE [from the verb] thick, close, condensated, weighty.
The huge condense bodies of planets. Bentley.

CONDE＇NSER, a pneumatic engine, whereby an unusual quantity of
air may be crowded into a given space, by means of a syringe fastened
thereto.

CONDE＇NSENESS, or CONDE＇NSITY [of condensitas, Lat.] closeness,
denseness, the state of being condensed.

CO＇NDERS [of a ship] those who cond or give direction to the steers­
man for guiding or governing a ship.

CONDERS [conduire, Fr. in fishery] those who stand upon high
places near the sea-coast, with boughs, &c. in their hands, to make
signs to the men in the fishing-boats, which way the shoal of herrings
passes, which they discover by a kind of blue colour the fish make in
the water. They are likewise called huers, of the Fr. huer, to cry
out; and balkers.

To CONDESCE＇ND [of con and descendo, Lat. condescendre, Fr. conde­
scendere, It. condescender, Sp.] 1. To sink willingly to equal terms
with an inferior. This carries a very humble and condescending air,
when he that obstructs seems to be the engineer. Watts.
2. To con­
sent to do more than mere justice can require. He did not primarily
intend to appoint this way; but condescended to it. Tillotson.
3. To stoop, to bend.
4. To comply, submit, or yield to.
Can they think me so broken, so debas＇d,
With corp＇ral servitude, that my mind ever
Will condescend to such absurd commands? Milton.

CONDESCE＇NDENCE, CONDESCE＇NDENCY, or CONDESCE＇NSION [conde­
scendance, Fr. condescendenza, It. condescendencia, Sp.] the act of con­
descending or complying; complaisance or compliance, voluntary
submission to a state of equality with inferiors. Raphael, amidst his
tenderness, shews such a dignity and condescension as are suitable to a
superior nature. Addison.

CONDESCE＇NDINGLY [from condescendence] by way of voluntary hu­
miliation, or of kind concession. Atterbury uses it.

CONDESCE＇NSIVE, adj. [from condescend] courteous, not haughty.

CONDI＇GN [condegno, It. condigno, Sp. of condignus, Lat.] worthy of
a person, merited. It is always used of somewhat deserved by crimes;
as, condign punishment.

CONDI＇GNLY [from condign] deservedly.

CONDI＇GNESS [of condign] the quality of being according to
merit.

CONDI＇GNITY, strict, real, or exalted merit.

CON＇DILIGE＇NZA [in music books] with diligence, care, and ex­
actness. Ital.

CO＇NDIMENT [condimento, It. condimentum, Lat.] sauce, seasoning.
Radish, and the like, are for condiments, not nourishment. Bacon.

CONDISCI＇PLE [condiscipulus, Lat.] a school-fellow, a fellow-stu­
dent.

CON＇DISCRE＇TIONE [in music books] with judgment and discretion.
Ital.

CONDITA＇NEOUS [conditaneus, Lat.] that may be or is seasoned,
pickled, or preserved.

To CO＇NDITE, verb act. [conditus, of condio, Lat.] to season, pickle
or preserve. Condited, or pickled mushrooms. Taylor. Sugar, in
the conditing of pears or quinces. Grew.

CONDI＇TEMENT [from condite] a composition of conserves, pow­
ders, and spices, made up in the form of an electuary, with a proper
quantity of syrup.

CONDI＇TION [Fr. condizione, It. condiciòn, Sp. of conditio, Lat.]
1. State or circumstances of a person or thing. Not agreeable unto
the condition of Paradise. Brown. The state of our condition. Wake.
2. Quality; that by which any thing is denominated good or bad.
A rage whose heat hath this condition,
That nothing can allay, nothing but blood. Shakespeare.
3. Attribute, accident, property. A condition and property of divine
powers. Bacon.
4. Moral quality, virtue or vice. Socrates espoused
Zantippe only for her extreme ill conditions. South.
5. Natural qua­
lity of the mind, temperament, complexion. Manners and inclina­
tion agreeable to the conditions of their mothers. Spenser.
6. Rank.
The persons of the best condition. Clarendon.
7. An article, clause,
or proviso of a covenant, treaty, or stipulation. I yield upon condi­
tions. Ben Johnson.
8. The writing in which terms of agreement
are contained, bond.
Sums as are
Express＇d in the condition. Shakespeare.

CONDITION [in a legal sense] a bridle or restraint annexed to a
thing, so that by the non performance of it, the party shall receive
prejudice and loss; but by the performance, benefit and advantage.

CONDITION [in a deed] is that which is knit and annexed by ex­
press words to the feoffment, deed, or grant, either in writing or
without.

CONDITION implied, is when a man grants to another an office of
bailiff, steward, &c. though there be no condition in the grant, yet
the law makes one covertly.

CONDI＇TIO sine qua non [in philosophy] a term used in speaking of
some accident or circumstance, which is not essential to the thing but
yet is necessary to the production of it.

To CONDITION [conditionner, Fr.] to make a condition or bargain,
to stipulate.

CONDI＇TIONAL [conditionel, Fr. condizionale, It. condicionàl, Sp. of
conditionalis, Lat.] 1. Implying conditions or terms, not absolute.
For the use we have his express command, for the effect his conditional
promise. Hooker.
2. Expressing some condition or supposition.

CONDI＇TIONAL Propositions [with logicians and grammarians] are
propositions that consist of two parts, joined together by the particle if,
of which the first proposition, that includes the conclusion, is called
the antecedent, the other the consequent. Thus, if the body of a
man be material, it is mortal; which is a conditional proposition, in
which the clause, if the body of a man be material, is the antecedent,
and the other, is mortal, is the consequent.

CONDITIONA＇LITY [conditionalitas, Lat.] the quality of being con­
ditional.

CONDI＇TIONALLY [from conditional] on or with conditions, on cer­
tain terms.

CONDI＇TIONARY [from condition] stipulated, bargained. Condition­
ary qualification. Norris.

To CONDI＇TIONATE [from condition] to make conditions for. Not
any science that is in ivy which suspends and conditionates its eruption.
Brown.

CONDI＇TIONATE, adj. established on certain conditions. Hammond
uses it.

CONDI＇TIONED [conditionné, Fr.] endued with certain humours or
qualities, good or bad.
The kindest man,
The best conditioned. Shakespeare.

CON dolce maniere [in music books] after a sweet and agreeable
manner. Ital.

CONDO＇LATORY [from condole] of or pertaining to condolence.

To CONDOLE, verb neut. [se condouloir, O. Fr. condolersi, It. condo­
lérce Sp. of condoleo, Lat.] to express one＇s sorrow to another for some
loss or misfortune of his; having with. Condole with us poor mortals.
Addison.

To CONDO＇LE, verb act. to bewail something with another. I
come not, Sampson, to condole thy chance. Milton.

CONDO＇LEMENT [of condole] an expression of feeling a sympathy
at the affliction of others. To persevere in obstinate condolement.
Shakespeare.

CONDO＇LENCE [Fr. condoglienza, It. condolencia, Sp.] a sympathy
in grief, a fellow-feeling of another person＇s sorrow. This digression,
due by way of condolence to my worthy brethren. Arbuthnot.

CO＇NDOM, the capital of the Condomois, in the province of Gas­
cony in France, about 60 miles south-east of Bourdeaux. It is a
bishop＇s see.

CONDONA＇TION [condonatio, Lat. from con and dono, to give a pre­
sent] a pardoning, or forgiving.

CONDO＇RE, or Paulo CONDORE, a little island in the Indian ocean,
about 60 miles south of Cochin-China.

CONDORMIE＇NTES [of con, together, and dormio, Lat. to sleep] a
religious sect in Germany, so called of their lying all together, men
and women, young and old.

CO＇NDOR, or CO＇NTUR [in Peru in America] a strange and mon­
strous bird, some of which are said to be five or six ells long, from
one end of the wing to the other, they have very hard and sharp beaks
that will pierce a hide, and two of them will kill and devour a bull;
their feathers are black and white like a magpye, having a crest on the
head in the shape of a razor. It is a very furious bird, and several
Spaniards have been killed by them; and the ancient natives are said
to have worshipped this bird as one of their deities; when these birds
fly, they make a terrible noise. N. B. I suspect this American pro­
digy to be of much the same class with our griffin, or that African
bird which the Arabians call the ancâ, and the Persians simorg. Sed
quæ Arabum plerisque fabíclosa censitur, says Golius, i. e. it is reckoned
to be fabulous by most of the Arabians. However, it supplies their
language with several proverbial expressions, and this among the rest,
made in favour of a man famed for his munisicence. “When Ab­
dalla＇s post became vacant, the ANCA of the west carried off generosity
from the earth.

To CONDU＇CE, verb neut. [conduco, Lat.] to help, to contribute to;
it is followed by to or unto. Preparations that may conduce unto the en­
terprize. Bacon. They may conduce to farther discoveries. Newton.

To CONDU＇CE, verb act. to conduct, to accompany in order to
shew the way. In this sense I found it only in the following passage,
sent to conduce hither the princess Henrietta Maria. Johnson.

CONDU＇CIBLE, or CONDU＇CIVE [conducibilis, Lat.] that conduces,
profitable, advantageous, having the power to forward; with to.
All his laws are conducible to the temporal interest of them that observe
them. Bentley. An action conducive to the good of our country. Ad­
dison.

CONDU＇CIBLENESS, or CONDU＇CIVENESS [from conducible] profit­
ableness, the quality of conducing or contributing to any end.

CO＇NDUCT [conduite, Fr. condotta, It. conducta Sp. of conductum, sup. of
conduco, from con, and duco, Lat. to lead] 1. Management, œconomy.
The conduct and management of actions.
2. The act of leading troops,
the duty of a commander or general. Conduct of armies is a prince＇s art.
Waller.
3. Convoy, escorte. Conduct for safeguard against our ad­
versaries. 1 Esdras.
4. The act of guarding. Give him courteous
conduct to this place. Shakespeare.
5. A warrant by which a convoy is
appointed or safety is secured.
6. Behaviour, regular life. Few think
virtue or conduct of absolute necessity for preserving reputation. Swift.

To CONDU＇CT, verb act. [conduire, Fr.] 1. To guide, lead, or ac­
company, in order to shew the way. I shall conduct you to a hill-side,







where I will point you out the right path. Milton.
2. To usher, to at­
tend in civility.
Receive them nobly, and conduct them
Into our presence. Shakespeare.
3. To manage; as, to conduct an affair.
4. To head an army.

Safe CONDUCT, a guard of soldiers who defend the common people
from the violence of an enemy.

CONDUCTI＇TIOUS [conductitius, Lat.] hired, employed for wages.
Persons conductitious and removable at pleasure. Ayliffe.

CONDU＇CTOR [conducteur, Fr. Conduttore, It. conducidòr, Sp. of con­
ductor, Lat.] 1. A leader, guide, to shew the way. Zeal the blind
conductor of the will. Dryden.
2. A chief, a general. Who is con­
ductor of his people. Shakespeare.
3. A manager, a director. The
chief conductor in both. Addison.

CONDUCTOR [in surgery] an hollow instrument to thrust into the
bladder, to direct another instrument into it, to extract the stone.

CONDUCTRESS [conductrice, Fr. condueitrice, It.] a she-guide, a wo­
man that directs.

CO＇NDUCTS, sewers or gutters to convey away the swillage of an
house.

CO＇NDUIT [conduite, Fr. condutto, It.] 1. A pipe for the conveyance
of water; a water-course.
Water in conduit-pipes can rise no higher
Than the well-head. Davies.
2. The pipe or cock at which water is drawn. The conduit run no­
thing but claret wine. Shakespeare.

CONDUPLICA＇TION [conduplicatio, Lat.] a doubling, a folding toge­
gether, a duplicate.

CONDY＇LI, Lat. [κονδυλοι, Gr.] the joints or knuckles of the fingers;
also that small knob of bones called productions.

CONDY＇LOMA [Lat. κονδυλωμα, Gr.] the knitting or joining of the
joints of an animal body.

CONDYLOMA [with physicians] a hard swelling in the fundament,
proceeding from black humours settling there, which sometimes
cause an inflammation.

CONDY＇LUS, Lat. [κονδυλος, Gr.] a joint, a little round eminence
or protuberance at the extremity of a bone.

CONE [Fr. cono, It. conus, Lat. of κωνος, Gr.] a geometrical solid
figure, consisting of strait lines that arise from a circular base, and
growing narrower by degrees, end in a point at the top, directly over
the center of the base. The manner of producing this figure may be
imagined by the turning the plane of a right lined triangle, round the
perpendicular leg or axis, so that if the leg be equal to the base, the
solid produced will be a right cone (as, v H G C. Plate VI. Fig. 1.)
if it be less, it will be an acute-angled cone; and if greater, an obtuse­
angled cone.

Right CONE [with geometricians] a cone is said to be, with respect
to the position of its axis, when it is perpendicular to the horizon;
but when it is not so, it is called an oblique cone.

A Scalenous CONE, is when one side of it is longer than the other, as
A B C F. Plate VI. Fig. 2.

CONE of Rays [in optics] are all those rays which fall from any
point, as suppose A (Plate VI. Fig. 3.) in any object on the surface
of any glass, as B C D, having the vertex in A, and the glass for its
base, such is the cone B C D A.

CONE [with botanists] signifies not only such dry, squammous fruits
as are properly of a conic figure, as the fir and pine-fruits; but also
any fruits composed of several parts of a lignous substance, adhering
together, and separating when ripe, as the cypress.

The CONE of a Helmet, a protuberance of a tapering form, round
which the plumes were inferted. Potter, in his Greek antiquities, ob­
serves from Suidas, that some distinguish between the phalus [ϕαλος]
and the lophus [λοϕος] and that the former signifies the cone, and the
latter the plume. But the author of the late Essay on HOMER in Blank
Verse, has proved from that poet＇s use of the word lophus [λοϕος] that
it answered to the cone; as appears from that clause in the description
of Achilles＇s plumes:
————— ας ηϕαιστος ιει λοϕον αμϕι ———
The horse-hair crest around the cone diffus＇d,
Dire-nodding, as he mov＇d——— Iliad, B. XXII. l. 316.

CONE, or COLNE [cone, colne, Sax.] an account or reckoning
when a young woman, at the age of 14 or 15, is, in law, accounted
to be of a competent age to keep cone and key of the house, i. e. to take
upon her the management of houshold affairs.

CO＇NEY. See CONY.

To CONFA＇BULATE [confabulare, It. confabulatum, sup. of confabulo,
from con, and fabula, Lat. a fable] to talk or discourse with ease and
carelesness together, to chat.

CONFABULA＇TION [Fr. confabulazione, Ital. of confabulatio, Lat.]
a familiar talking or discoursing together.

CONFABULA＇TORY [of confabulate] pertaining to talk or prattle.

CO＇NFALONS, a confraternity of seculars in the church of Rome,
called penitents.

CONFARRE＇ATION [confarreatio, of con, and far, Lat. corn] a cere­
mony among the ancient Romans, used in the marriage of a person,
whose children were destined to the honours of the priesthood.
This was the most sacred of the three manners of contracting mar­
riage amongst them. The ceremony of which was this: The pontifex
maximus and flamen dialis joined and contracted the man and woman,
by making them eat of the same cake of salt bread. By the ancient
laws of Romulus the wise was by confarrcation joined to the husband.
Ayliffe.

To CO＇NFECT [confectum, sup. of conficio, from con, and facio, Lat.
to make] to make up into sweetmeats, to preserve with sugar. Now
corrupted into comfit.

CONFECT, subst. [from the verb, confitures, Fr. confetti, It.] fruits,
flowers, roots, &c. boiled and prepared with sugar.

CONFE＇CTION [confectio, Lat.] a preparation of fruit, or the juice
of fruit with sugar, a sweet-meat. They have in Turky and the East
certain confections, which they call servets, which are like candied con­
serves, and are made of sugar and lemons. Bacon.
2. A composition
of different ingredients. A new confection of mould. Bacon.

CONFE＇CTION [Fr. confexione, It. confeciòn, Sp. in pharmacy] a
kind of compound remedy of the consistence of an electuary.

CONFE＇CTIONARY, subst. [from confection] one who makes sweet­
meats. Myself,
Who had the world as any confectionary. Shakespeare.

CONFE＇CTIONER [from confection] one who makes confections or
sweat-meats. Confectioners make much use of whites of eggs. Boyle.

CONFE＇DERACY, or CONFEDERATION [conféderation, It. confedera­
ciòn, Sp. of confæderatio, from con, and fæderis, gen. of fœdus, Lat.
a league] an alliance between princes and states, for their mutual de­
fence against a common enemy; a federal compact among several per­
sons. Princes enter into some strict league and confederation. Bacon.
The friendships of the world are oft
Confederacies in vice or leagues of pleasure. Addison.

CONFEDERACY [in law] the uniting of persons to do any unlawful
act.

To CONFE＇DERATE, verb act. [se confédere, Fr. confederarsi, It.
confederàr, Sp. of confœderatum, Lat.] to unite in a confederacy.
They were secretly confederated with Charles＇s enemy. Knolles.

To CONFEDERATE, verb neut. to combine, to plot together, to be
united in a league. A confederating with him to whom the sacrifice is
offered. Atterbury.

CONFEDERATE, adj. [from the verb] united in league. They are
confederate against thee. Psalms.

CONFEDERATES, subst. [confœderatio, Lat.] allies, princes or states
entered into an alliance for their common safety.
We shall have fresh recruits in store,
If our confederates can afford us more. Dryden.

CONFEDERA＇TION. See CONFE＇DERACY.

To CONFE＇R, verb neut. [conferer, Fr. conferire, It. conferèr, Sp.
of confero, Lat.] to discourse or talk together, solemnly to compare
sentiments. You will hear us confer of this. Shakespeare.

To CONFER, verb act. 1. To give or bestow; with on or upon.
The conferring this honour upon him would increase the credit he had.
Clarendon.
2. To compare. The words in the eighth verse confer­
red with the same words in the twentieth, make it manifest. Raleigh.
3. To contribute, to conduce; with to. The compactness of the
parts resting together, doth much confer to the strength of the union.
Glanville.

CO＇NFERENCE [Fr. conferenza, It. conferencia, Sp.] 1. A discourse
held between several persons about a particular affair, a parley. In­
structors of others by conference. Hooker.
2. An appointed meeting
for discussing some question.
3. Comparison, examination of different
things by comparing them together. Mutual conference of all mens
collections and observations. Hooker.

CONFE＇RRER [from confer] 1. One that confers or converses.
2.
One that bestows.

CONFE＇RVA, Lat. the herb spurge of the river.

To CONFE＇SS, verb act. [confesser, Fr. confessare, It. confessàr, Sp.
and Port. of confessum, sup. of confiteor] 1. To acknowledge or own a
crime or failure. Human faults with human grief confess. Prior.
2.
With of. Confess thee freely of thy sin. Shakespeare.
3. To declare
one＇s sins in order to absolution. If our sin be only against God, yet
to confess it to his minister may be of use. Wake.
4. To hear the con­
fession of a penitent as a priest.
5. To own, to avow. Whosoever
shall confess me before men, him will I also confess before my Father
which is in heaven. St. Matthew.
6. To grant, not to dispute.
Great and confessed good. Locke.
7. To shew, to prove. Tall
thriving trees confess＇d the fruitful mold. Pope.
8. It is used in a loose
sense by way of introduction or affirmation. I must confess I was most
pleased with a beautiful prospect. Addison.

To CONFESS, verb neut. to make confession, to reveal; as, he now
confesses to the priest.

CONFE＇SSEDLY [of confessed] avowedly, indisputedly. Labour is
confessedly a great part of the curse. South.

CONFE＇SSION [Fr. confessione, It. confessiòn, Sp. of confessio, Lat.]
1. Acknowledgment of a crime, declaration of one＇s guilt. Giving
one the torture, and then asking his confession. Temple.
2. The act
of disburthening the conscience; as, a confession of sins to a priest.
3. Pro­
fession, avowal. Who witnessed a good confession. 1 Timothy.
4. A
formulary in which the articles of faith are comprised; as, the West­
minster confession of faith.

CONFESSION [with rhetoricians] is a figure by which the person ac­
knowledges his fault, to engage him, whom he addresses, to pardon
him.

CONFESSION of Offence [in common law] an ancient practice of a
felon＇s making a confession before a coroner in a church or other pri­
vileged place; upon which the offender was by the law obliged to ab­
jure the realm.
CONFESSION of a fault is half the amends.
Lat. Ignoscere pulchrim, pœnæ genus est vidisse precantem.
It shews that a man is sorry for what he has done, and thereby me­
rits a mitigation of the resentment.

CONFE＇SSIONAL, subst. [confessional, Fr.] a place in churches under
the main altar, where they anciently deposited the bodies of deceased
saints, martyrs and confessors; also the seat or box in which the con­
fessor sits to hear the confessions of his penitents.

CONFE＇SSIONARY, subst. [confessionaire, Fr. confessionario, It. and Sp.]
the confession chair or seat, in which a priest sits to hear confessions.

CONFE＇SSOR [confesseur, Fr.] 1. He that hears confessions.
2. One
who makes public profession of his faith even in the face of danger.
3. He who confesses his crimes.

A Father CONFESSOR. A popish priest, who has the power from
the pope to hear confession of penitents, and to give them absolution.
Disburthen your yourself into the bosom of your confessor. Taylor.

CONFE＇SSORS, those Christians who have adhered to the faith, not­
withstanding cruel persecutions and sufferings on that account, but con­
tradistinguished from martyrs; the martyr being one that dies for the
cause; the confessor one who greatly suffers for its defence, but is dis­
miss＇d before things come to that extremity.

CONFE＇ST, adj. poetically for confessed.
The perfidious author stands confest. Rowe.








CONFE＇STLY, adv. [of confest] undisputably, evidently. That
principle which is confestly predominant in our nature. Decay of Piety.

CONFI＇CIENT [Fr. conficiens, Lat.] procuring, causing, effective.

CO＇NFIDANT [confident, Fr.] an intimate, a familiar acquaintance,
who is made privy to a person＇s secrets or intrigues. Bellet-doux entrust­
ed to his confidant. Arbuthnot and Pope.

To CONFI＇DE [confidare, It. confiàr, Sp. of confido, Lat.] to trust in,
or rely upon. He alone will not betray, in whom none will confide.
Congreve.

CO＇NFIDENCE [confiance, Fr. confidenza, It. confiance, Sp. of confi­
dentia, Lat.] 1. Firm belief of another＇s integrity or veracity.
2.
Boldness, assurance, presumption.
3. Reliance. Society is built
upon trust, and trust upon confidence of one another＇s integrity. South.
4. Trust in one＇s own abilities or fortune; security, opposed to dejec­
tion or timidity. He had an ambition and vanity and confidence in him
self. Clarendon.
5. Vitious, boldness. Their confidence riseth from too
much credit given to their own wits. Hooker.
6. Consciousness of in­
nocence, honest boldness. Just confidence and native righteousness. Mil­
ton.
7. Trust in the goodness of another. If our heart condemn us
not, then have we confidence towards God. 1 John.
8. That which
causes boldness or security.

CONFIDENCE has been emblematically represented by a woman
with her hair dishevell＇d sitting on a rock, and holding a ship in her
hand.

CONFIDENT, adj. [confidens, Lat.] 1. Assured beyond doubt. He
is so sure and confident of his particular election, as to resolve he can
never fall. Hammond.
2. Bold, daring, presumptuous, positive, se­
cure of success. Confident against the world in arms. Shakespeare.
3.
Trusting without measure, not suspicious.
Rome be as just and gracious unto me,
As I am confident and kind to thee. Shakespeare.
4. Bold to a fault, impudent, elated with false opinion of one＇s own
excellencies.

CONFIDENT, subst. [Fr. confidente, It. and Sp.] an intimate,
trusty, bosom friend; used in matters of secrecy. Become my confi­
dent and friend, Dryden.

CO＇NFIDENTLY. 1. Without doubt. To expect success too confi­
dently. Atterbury.
2. With firm trust.
No more delay
Your vows, but look and confidently pay. Dryden.
3. Without appearance of doubt, daringly, positively. Every fool
may believe and pronounce confidently. South.

CO＇NFIDENTNESS [of confident] confidence, assurance, favourable
opinion of one＇s own abilities.

CONFIGURA＇TION [Fr. configurazione, It. of configuratio, Lat.] 1.
The act of forming, fashioning, or making of a like figure.
2. The
exterior surface that bounds bodies, and gives them their particular fi­
gure. The different configuration and action of the solid parts. Ar­
buthnot.

CONFIGURATION [with astrologers] the conjunction or mutual aspect
of planets.

To CONFI＇GURE [from con and figura, Lat. figure] to dispose into any
form. Members cementing, and so configurating themselves into human
shape, made lusty men. Bentley.

CO＇NFINE, subst. [confinis, Lat.] formerly it was accented on the last
syllable. Common boundary, termination.
Nature in you stands on the very verge
Of her confine. Shakespeare.

CONFINE, adj. [confinis, Lat.] bordering upon, having one com­
mon limit.

To CONFI＇NE, verb neut. [confiner, Fr. confinar, It. of con, and finio,
Lat. to limi] to border upon; to touch on different territories.
Betwixt heav＇n, earth, and skies, there stands a place
Confining on all three. Dryden.

To CONFINE, verb act. 1. To bound, to limit.
2. To tie up to,
to restrain. He is to confine himself to the compass of numbers. Dry­
den.
3. To imprison, to shut up in a place. You confine yourself most
unreasonably. Shakespeare.

CONFI＇NELESS [from confine] unbounded. Conefineless harms. Shake­
speare.

CONFI＇NEMENT [from confine] restraint, imprisonment. Not so
much surprised at the confinement of some, as the liberty of others. Ad­
dison.

CONFI＇NER [of confine] 1. One that lives on the confines, a borderer.
The senate hath stirred up the confiners. Shakespeare.
2. A near neigh­
bour. Tho＇ gladness and grief be opposite in nature, yet are they
neighbours and confiners in art, that the least touch of a pencil will
translate a crying into a laughing face. Wotton.
3. One that touches
upon two different kingdoms, or classes. The participles or confiners
between plants and living creatures are such as oysters. Bacon.

CO＇NFINES, plur. of confine [confins, Fr. confini, It. confinia, Lat.]
the limits or borders of a field, county, or country; frontiers.

CONFI＇NITY [confinitas, Lat] nearness of place.

To CONFI＇RM [confirmer, Fr. confermare, It. confirmàr, Sp. and
Port. of confirmo, Lat.] 1. To strengthen by new solemnities or ties.
That treaty ought to be remitted rather than confirmed. Swift.
2. To
establish, to settle either persons or things. I confirm thee in the high­
priesthood. 1 Maccabees. Confirm the crown to me. Shakespeare.
3.
To ascertain or make good, to back with new proofs or reasons, to put
past doubt by new evidence.
Whilst all the stars that round her burn,
And all the planets in their turn,
Confirm the tidings as they roll,
And spread the truth from pole to pole. Addison.
4. To fix, to radicate; as, a confirmed pox.
5. To complete, to per­
fect.
He only liv＇d but till he was a man,
The which no sooner had his prowess confirm＇d,
But like a man he dy＇d. Shakespeare.
6. To administer the church-rite of confirmation, by imposition of
hands Those confirmed are thereby supposed to be fit for admission to
the sacrament. Hammond.

CONFI＇RMABLE [of confirm] that which is capable of undoubted
evidence. Brown uses it.

CONFIRMA＇TION [Fr. confermazione, It. confirmaciòn, Sp. of confir­
matio, Lat.] 1. The act of confirming, strengthening, making good,
establishing any person, thing, or settlement.
Embrace and love this man——
With brother＇s love I do it———
And let heav＇n
Witness how dear I hold this confirmation. Shakespeare.
2. Evidence, additional proof. They would perform his command,
and, in confirmation thereof, promised not to do any thing which be­
seemed not valiant men. Knolles.

CONFIRMATION [with ecclesiastics] a holy rite or ceremony by
which baptized persons are confirmed in the state of grace, by the lay­
ing on of hands. What is prepared for in catechising, is performed by
confirmation; a most profitable usage of the church, transcribed from
the practice of the apostles, which consists in two parts; the child＇s
undertaking in his own name every part of the baptismal vow (having
first approved himself to understand it) and to that purpose that he
may more solemnly enter that obligation, bringing some godfather
with him, not now, as in baptism, as his procurator to undertake for
him, but as a witness to testify his entring this obligation. Hammond.

CONFIRMATION [with rhetoricians] is the third part of an oration,
wherein the orator undertakes to prove by reasons, authorities, laws,
&c. the truth of the proposition advanced in his oration.

CONFIRMATION [in law] a conveyance of an estate or right, by
which a voidable is made sure or unavoidable, or whereby a particu­
lar estate may be encreased.

CONFIRMA＇TOR, subst. [confirmo, Lat.] he that attests, or puts a thing
past doubt. The definitive confirmator and test of things uncertain,
the sense of man. Brown.

CONFIRMATOR, adj. [from confirm] ratifying or confirming, esta­
blishing with new force.

CONFI＇RMEDNESS [of confirmed] confirmed state.

CONFI＇RMER [of confirm] one that confirms or produces evidence.
Be these sad sighs confirmers of thy word. Shakespeare.

CONFI＇SCABLE [of confiscate] liable to confiscation.

To CONFIS＇CATE [confisquer, Fr. confiscare, It. confiscàr, Sp. of
confiscatum, Lat. i. e. in publicum addicere from fiscus, which originally
signifieth a hamper, pannier, basket, or freil, but metonymically
the emperor＇s treasure, because it was anciently kept in such hamp­
ers. Cowel] to seize upon, or take away goods, as forfeited to the
king＇s exchequer, or to the public treasury, by way of penalty for
some offence. Thy whole estate confiscated and seiz＇d. Bacon.

CONFISCATE, adj. [confiscatus, Lat. because among the Romans
the emperor＇s treasure was kept in baskets, called fisci] forfeited to the
public treasury.
Thy lands and goods
Are by the laws of Venice confiscate
Unto the state. Shakespeare.

CONFISCA＇TION [Fr. confiscazione, It. confiscaciòn, Sp. of confisca­
tio, Lat.] a forfeiting of, or a legal adjudication, or taking the for­
feitnres of goods, &c. to the fisc or treasury, or the king＇s use. Great
forfeiture and confiscations. Bacon.

CO＇NFITENT, subst. [confitens, Lat.] one who confesses. A wide
difference there is between a mere confitent, and a true penitent. De­
cay of Piety.

CO＇NFITURE [Fr. confectura, Lat.] a sweet-meat. A confiture­
house, where we make all sweet-meats. Bacon.

To CONFI＇X [confixum, sup. of configo, from con and figo, Lat. to
fix] to fasten, or fix down.
As this is true,
Let me in safety raise me from my knees,
Or else for ever be confixed here
A marble monument. Shakespeare.

CONFLA＇GRANT [conflagrans, Lat.] burning, or being in a blaze
together. Milton.

CONFLAGRA＇TION, [of conflagratio] 1. A general burning or con­
suming of houses, &c. by fire, spreading over a large space. The
conflagration of all things under Phaeton. Brown.
2. It generally,
is taken for the fire which shall consume this world at the consum­
mation of all things.

CONFLA＇TILE [conflatilis, Lat.] cast or molten.

CONFLA＇TION [conflatum, Lat.] 1. The act of blowing many in­
struments together. Bacon uses it.
2. The act of a casting or melt­
ing of metal.

CONFLE＇XURE [conflexura, Lat.] a bending together, a turning.

To CONFLI＇CT [conflictium, of confligo, Lat.] to encounter or fight
with, to struggle with. Fire and water conflicting together. Bacon.

A CONFLICT [conflitto, It. conflíto, Sp. of conflictus, Lat.] 1. A
violent collision or opposition of two bodies. A conflict or ebullition,
as if there were scarce two more contrary bodies in nature. Boyle.
2. A skirmish or combat; a dispute, a bickering between two; it is
seldom used of a general battle. The luckless conflict with the giant
stout. Spenser.
3. Contest, contention. In our last conflict four of
his five wits went halting away. Shakespeare.
4. Struggle, agony.
If he attempts this great change, with what labour and conflict must
he accomplish it? Rogers.

CONFLI＇CTING, strugling, engaging, fighting with. Milton.

CO＇NFLUENCE [confluo, confluentia, Lat.] 1. A concourse or resort
of people; as, a confluence of people from all parts.
2. The meeting of
two rivers, or the place where they meet and mingle their waters. The
very confluence of all those rivers which water＇d paradise. Raleigh.
3. The act of crowding to a place. The trouble of all mens con­
fluence, and for all matters to yourself. Bacon.

CO＇NFLUENT, or CO＇NFLUOUS [conflúxo, Sp. of confluens, or con­
fluus, Lat.] flowing or running together; as, waters confluent streams.
Blackmore.

CONFLUENT Small Pox, i. e. one wherein the pustules run into one
another.

CO＇NFLUX [confluxio, Lat.] 1. A flowing or running together of
currents, and mixing their waters; concourse. The general conflux
and concourse of the people. Clarendon.
2. Crowd, multitude ga­
thered together.
See
What conflux issuing forth or ent＇ring in. Milton.








CONFLUXIBI＇LITY, or CONFLU＇XIBLENESS, an aptness to flow to­
gether.

To CONFO＇RM, verb act. [confermer, Fr. conformàr, Sp. conformare,
It. and Lat.] to make like to, to frame, fashion, or suit to. Conform
not themselves unto the order of the church. Hooker.

To CONFORM, verb neut. to comply with.
Among mankind so few there are
Who will conform to philosophic fare. Dryden, junr.

CONFORM, adj. [conformis, Lat.] assuming the same form. Va­
riety of tunes doth dispose the spirits to variety of passion conform
unto them. Bacon.

Un-CONFORM, adj. not agreeable, or not conform to something
else. Cudworth.
Not unconform to other shining globes. Milton.

CONFO＇RMABLE [conform, Fr. Ital. and Sp. of conformis, Lat.] 1.
Agreeing in external or moral characters. The gentiles were not
made conformable unto the Jews, in that which was necessarily to cease
at the coming of Christ. Hooker.
2. It has sometimes to. A reason
conformable to their principles. Arbuthnot.
3. Sometimes with. The
fragments of Sappho give us a taste of her writings, perfectly confor­
mable with that character we find of her. Addison.
4. Agreeable,
suitable, not opposite, consistent. Nature is very consonant, and con­
formable to herself. Newton.
5. Compliant, ready to follow direction,
submissive. The kingdoms of the earth to yield themselves willingly
conformable in whatsoever shall be required. Hooker.

CONFO＇RMABLENESS, or CONFO＇RMNESS [of conformable] agreea­
bleness in form, &c,

CONFO＇RMABLY [conformement, Fr. in conformità, It. conforme, Sp.
conformiter, Lat.] agreeably, conformably to. So a man observe the
agreement of his own imaginations, and talk conformable. Locke.

CONFORMA＇TIO Membrorum, Lat. [with rhetoricians] is when
things, to which nature has denied speech, are brought in speak­
ing.

CONFORMA＇TION [conformatio, Lat.] 1. The act of shaping, fashion­
ing, or ordering of a thing.
2. The particular texture and consistence
of the parts of a body, and their disposition to make a whole.
Conformations of the organs. Holder. Conformation of the earth. Wood­
ward.
3. The act of producing suitableness or conformity to any
thing. The conformation of our hearts and lives to the duties of re­
ligion. Watts.

CONFORMATION [in the art of physic] an essential property of
health or sickness.

CONFORMATION [with anatomists] denotes the figure and disposi­
tion of the parts of the body of a man: hence male formation, a fault
in the first rudiments, whereby a person comes into the world crook­
ed, or with some of the viscera, &c. not duly proportioned; or when
persons labour under incurable asthma＇s, from too small a capacity of
the thorax, or the like.

CONFO＇RMISTS [from conform, conformiste, Fr. conformista, It.] one
who conforms, especially to the discipline and worship of the esta­
blished church of England.

Non-CONFORMIST, noun subst. a dissenter from the established
church.

CONFO＇RMITY [conformité, Fr. conformità, It. conformidàd, Sp. of
conformitas, Lat. in the schools] 1. The congruency, relation, or
agreement between one thing and another, as between the measure of
the thing, and the thing measured, &c. similitude, resemblance. A
conformity between the mental taste, and the sensitive taste. Addison.
2. In some authors it has with. A conformity with God. Decay of
Piety.
3. In some to. Conformity to God. Tillotson.
4. Consistency.
The conformity of the essay with the notions of Hippocrates. Ar­
buthnot.

Occasional CONFORMITY, is when a person more statedly attends
some dissenting place of worship; but who sometimes receives the
sacrament of the LORD＇s supper with the established church, whether,
in order to qualify himself for a civil post, in which sense it is more
generally understood; or only to express his catholicism, and that he
regards the established church as a true church, though not so pure
(in his judgment) as his own. On which foot Dr. Bates, and some
others of the chief leaders of the non-conformists in the last century,
(if I am informed aright) were wont, at due distances of time, to re­
ceive the communion at the parish-church.

CONFORTA＇TION [from conforto, low Lat.] collation of strength,
corroboration. For corroboration and confortation take such bodies as
are of astringent quality. Bacon.

CONFORTATI＇VA, Lat. [i. e. strengthening things] inedicines that
comfort and strengthen the heart.

To CONFOU＇ND [confondre, Fr. confondere, It. confundìr, Sp. of con­
fundere, Lat.] 1. To mingle, jumble, or huddle together, so that
their forms and natures cannot be discerned. Let us go down and
there confound their language, that they may not understand one ano­
ther＇s speech. Genesis.
2. To puzzle or perplex. A fluid body and
a wetting liquor are wont, because they agree in many things, to be
confounded. Boyle.
3. To disturb the apprehension by indistinct
words or notions. Men find their single ideas agree, though in dis­
course they confound one another with different names. Locke.
4. To
abash, or put out of countenance, to dismay or make afraid, to asto­
nish, to stupify.
Satan stood
A while as mute, confounded what to say. Milton.
5. To destroy or waste. Let them be confounded in all their pow­
er. Daniel.

CONFO＇UNDED, part. adj. [from confound] hateful, enormous. A
low cant word. A most confounded reason for his brutish conception.
Grew.

CONFOU＇NDEDLY [of confounded] horribly, after a terrible manner,
hatefully, shamefully. A low or ludicrous word. You are confound­
edly given to squirting up and down. L＇Estrange.

CONFO＇UNDER, he who confounds.

CONFRAI＇RY [q. confratria, Lat.] a fraternity, brotherhood, or
society united together, especially upon a religious account.

CONFRATE＇RNITY [confraternité, Fr. confraternita, It.] brother­
hood, society for some religious purpose. Three days appointed
to be kept, and a confraternity established for that purpose. Stil­
lingfleet.

CONFRE＇RES, Fr. [old statutes] brothers in a religious house, fel­
lows of one society.

CONFRICA＇TION [of con and frico, Lat.] the act of rubbing against
any thing. Brown uses it.

To CONFRO＇NT [confrontre, Fr. confrontare, It. confrontàr, Sp. of
con and frontis, gen. of frons, Lat. the forehead] 1. To face, to stand
against another in full view. He spoke, and then confronts the bull.
2. To oppose or contradict face to face. In these the east and west
churches both confront the Jews, and concur with them. Hooker.
3.
To oppose one evidence to another in open court.
4. To compare
one thing with another. I confront a medal with a verse. Addison.

CONFRONTA＇TION, Fr. the act of setting two people in opposition
to each other, to discover the truth of some fact which they relate dif­
ferently.

CONFU＇SÆ Febres [with physicians] such fevers as come together
alternately in the same persons, but keep not their periods and altera­
tions so exactly, as to be easily distinguished from one another.

To CONFU＇SE [confusum, sup. of confundo, Lat.] 1. To disorder,
to disperse irregularly.
2. To mingle, not to separate.
3. To per­
plex, to put out of order, to obscure, not to distinguish. Our ideas
of intimate essences and causes are very confused and obscure. Watts.
4. To hurry the mind. Confus＇d and sadly she at length replies.
Pope.

CONFU＇SED [confus, Fr. confuso, It. and Sp. of confusus, Lat.] per­
plexed, disturbed, out of order.

CONFU＇SEDLY [from confused] 1. Disorderly, irregularly, indis­
tinctly.
Th＇ inner court with horror, noise, and tears,
Confus＇dly fill＇d. Denham.
2. Not clearly, not plainly. He confusedly and obscurely delivered
his opinion. Clarendon.
3. Hastily, not deliberately. The hidden
beauties of a play are but confusedly judged in the vehemence of ac­
tion. Dryden.

CONFU＇SEDNESS [from confused] a being in confusion, want of
distinctness, want of clearness. Confusedness of our notions. Norris.

CONFU＇SION [Fr. confusione, It. confùsion, Sp. of confusio, Lat.] 1.
A jumbling together, tumultuous medley.
The proud tower, whose points the clouds did hit,
By tongue＇s confusion was to ruin brought. Davies.
2. Disorder, hurly-burly, or disturbance, tumult. God is not a God
of sedition and confusion, but of order and of peace. Hooker.
3. In­
distinct combination. The confusion of two different ideas. Locke.
4. Overthrow, destruction.
The strength of their illusion,
Shall draw him into his confusion. Shakespeare.
5. State of being abashed or out or countenance, hurry of ideas.
Confusion dwelt in every face. Addison.

CONFUSION [in a metaphysical sense] is opposed to order, in a
perturbation of which confusion consists, ex. gr. when things prior in
nature do not precede, or posterior, do not follow.

CONFUSION [with chemists] a mixture of liquors or fluid things.

CONFUSION [with logicians] is opposed to distinctness or perspi­
cuity.

CONFUSION [in a physical sense] is a sort of union or mixture by
mere contiguity, as that between fluids of a contrary nature, as oil,
vinegar, &c.

CONFU＇TABLE [from confute] possible to be disproved. Not a
bundle of calumnies or confutable accusations, but a true list of our
transgressions. Brown.

CONFUTA＇TIO, Lat. [with rhetoricians] a part of a narration,
wherein the orator seconds his own arguments, and strengthens his
cause, by refuting and destroying the opposite arguments of his an­
tagonist.

CONFUTA＇TION [Fr. confutazione, It. confutacìon, Sp. of confutatio,
Lat.] the act of disapproving what has been spoken.

To CONFU＇TE [confuter, Fr. confutàr, Sp. confutare, It. and Lat.]
to disprove, to answer objections, to overthrow or baffle, to convict
of error or falshood.
He could on either side dispute,
Confute, change hands, and still confute. Hudibras.

CONG [in physicians bills is set for congins, Lat.] a gallon.

CO＇NGE, Fr. 1. The act of reverence, bow.
The captain salutes you with conge profound,
And your ladyship curt＇sies half way to the ground. Swift.
2. Leave, farewel.
So courteous conge both did give and take,
With right hands plighted, pledges of good will. Spenser.

CONGE [with architects] a moulding either in form of a quarter
round, or of a cavetto, which serves to separate two members from
one another.

CONGE d＇Accorder, Fr. leave to accord or agree.

CONGE d＇Elire [in law] the royal permission to a dean or chapter,
in a time of vacation, to chuse a bishop, &c.

To CONGE [from the noun] to take leave.

CO＇NGES [with architects] the rings or ferrels anciently used about
the ends of wooden pillars, to keep them from splitting, and after­
wards imitated in stone-work.

CONGEABLE [of congé, Fr.] done with leave.

To CONGE＇AL, verb neut. [congeler, Fr. congelàr, Sp. congelare, It.
and Lat.] 1. To freeze or be frozen
2. To thicken or grow thick, as
ice does. When water congeals, the surface of the ice is smooth.
Burnet.

To CONGEAL, verb act. 1. To turn by frost from a fluid to a
solid state. A vapoury deluge lies to snow congeal＇d. Thomson.
2. To
bind or six, as by cold.
Dead Henry＇s wounds
Open their congeal＇d mouths, and bleed afresh. Shakespeare.

To CONGEAL [with chemists] is to let some matter that is melted,
fix or grow into a consistence, as when metal is suffered to cool after it
has been melted in a crucible, &c.

CONGEA＇LABLE [from congeal] that may be congealed. Bacon
uses it.








CONGEA＇LMENT [from congeal] Concretion.
They with joyful tears,
Wash the congealment from your wounds. Shakespeare.

CO＇NGEE, a low bow or reverence. See CONGE.

To CONGEE, to make a low bow or reverence.

CONGELA＇TION [Fr. congelazione, It. congelacìon, Sp. of congelatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of congealing or thickening. Compression or con­
gealation of the fluid. Arbuthnot.
2. State of being congealed.
Many parts in rivers and lakes, where there are mineral eruptions, will
still persist without congealation. Brown.

CONGE＇NER, Lat. being of the same kind or nature. Miller uses
it.

CONGE＇NERATED [congeneratus, Lat.] begotten together.

CONGE＇NEROUS [congener, Lat.] being of the same kind, arising
from the same original. Of a congenerous nature. Brown. Congenerous
diseases. Arbuthnot.

CONGENEROUS Muscles [with anatomists] such as serve together to
produce the same motion.

CONGE＇NEROUSNESS [from congenerous] the quality of being of
the same kind, or belonging to the same class.

CONGENERS [congeneres, Lat.] of the same generation or kind.

CONGE＇NIAL [of con and genialis, Lat. of genius] being of the same
stock or kind, partaking of the same genius, kindred. Things some­
what congenial, and of a remote kindred to your own conceptions.
Dryden.

CONGENIA＇LITY, or CONGE＇NIALNESS [from congenial] the like­
ness of one kind to or with another, participation of the same ge­
nius, cognation of mind.

CONGE＇NITE [congenitus, Lat.] being of the same birth, begotten
together. Conclusions of moral and intellectual truth, seem to be
congenite with us, connatural to us, and engraven in the very frame of
the soul. Hale.

CONGE＇NITURE [congenitura, Lat.] the birth of things at the same
time.

CO＇NGEON, a person of low stature, a dwarf.

CO＇NGER [congre, Fr. grongo, It. conger, or congrus, Lat.] a great
kind of eel. Many fish, whose shape and nature are much like the
eel, frequent both the sea and fresh rivers; as the mighty conger, taken
often in the Severn. Walton.

CONGER, or CONGRE [of congrus, Lat.] a society of booksellers, to
the number of ten, or more, who unite into a sort of company, or
contribute a joint stock for the printing of books; so called, because as
a large conger eel is said to devour the small fry, so this united body
over-powers young and single traders, who have neither so much mo­
ney to support the charge, nor so united an interest to dispose of books
printed; tho＇ (according to tradition) the foregoing was the original
of the name conger, yet, to be a little more complaisant, you may de­
rive it of congruere, Lat. i. e. to agree together; or, si licet in parvis
magnis exemplis uti, of congressus, a congress. Utrum horum mavis
accipe.

CONGE＇RIES, a heap, a pile, a hoard. The air is a congeries, or
heap of small particles. Boyle. A congeries or heap of gods. Cud­
worth.

CONGERIES [in natural philosophy] a collection or joining together
of many bodies or particles into one mass or lump.

To CONGE＇ST [congestum, sup. of congero, Lat. from con and gero,
to carry] to heap up, or gather together.

CONGE＇STIBLE [of congest, Lat.] that may be heaped up or gotten
together.

CONGE＇STION [Fr. congestio, Lat.] a heaping or gathering to­
gether.

CONGESTION [with surgeons] a settling of humours in any part of
the body, which produces a tumour or swelling by little and little, and
almost infeasibly, by reason of the slow progress and thickness of the
matter.

CO＇NGIARY [congiarium, from congins, Lat. a measure of corn; with
medalists] a gift or donative represented on a medal, and distributed
to the Roman people or soldiery, originally in corn, afterwards in
money. Addison uses it.

CO＇NGIUS, a Roman measure, containing about a gallon. Lat.

To CONGLA＇CIATE [conglaciatus, Lat.] to turn to ice, to become
congealed. No other doth properly conglaciate but water. Brown.

CONGLACIA＇TION [from conglaciate] the act of changing, or the
state of being changed into ice. Brown uses it.

To CONGLO＇BE, or to CONGLO＇BATE, verb act. to gather into a
round mass.
Then he founded, then conglobed
Like things to like. Milton.
Orb in orb conglob＇d. Pope.

To CONGLOBE, verb neut. to grow into a round mass.
Uproll＇d,
As drops on dust conglobing from the dry. Milton.

CONGLOB＇ATE, CO＇NGLOBATED, or CONGLOBED, part. [congloba­
tus, Lat.] heaped or gathered round together, into a hard firm
ball.

CONGLOBATED Glands [in anatomy] such glands in an animal
body, as are smooth in their surface, and seem to be made up of one
continued substance, as those of the mesentery are, and all those
which serve to separate the juice called lympha from the arterious
blood, and to return it by proper channels. See CONGLOMERATED
Glands.

CO＇NGLOBATELY [of conglobate] in a round mass or lump, &c.

CONGLOBA＇TION [from conglobate] the act of gathering together; a
round lump. Brown uses it.

To CONGLO＇MERATE [conglomeratum, sup. of conglomero, Lat.] to
wind up, or into a bottom, to heap up into a round mass. The liver
is one great conglomerated gland. Grew.

CONGLO＇MERATE, or CONGLO＇MERATED [conglomeratus, Lat.] 1.
heaped or wound round together. The conglobate and conglomerate
glands. Cheyne.
2. Collected, twisted together. Beams of light,
when multiplied and conglomerate, generate heat. Bacon.

CONGLO＇MERATED Glands [in anatomy] are such as are uneven in
their surface, and made up as it were of lesser glands or kernels; the
use of which is to separate several sorts of juices from the blood; and
also to work and alter them, and to convey them by proper channels to
their peculiar recepticles. Boerhaave distinguishes these conglome­
rated or composite glands from the conglobate or simple, thus: The
simple, says he, mix their purer juice by the lamphatic ducts with the
chyle, or venose blood; or exhale it on the surface of the skin, or free
membranes, which are distributed every where throughout the body.
But the composite send out their juices, when formed from every part
[of that compound] by its little canal into a greater canal, and by this
common emissory at length discharge it into the great cavities of the
mouth, chiefly, and intestines; or to without the body, for particular
uses. See Boerhaave æconom. animal. Edit. Londin. where the reader
will find some curious PLATES of the glands, with their respective
nerves and lymphatic vessels.

CONGLOMERA＇TION [from conglomerate] 1. Collection of matter
into a loose ball.
2. Mixture, intertexture. The multiplication and
conglomeration of sounds, generates rarefaction of the air. Bacon.

To CONGLU＇TINATE, verb act. [conglutiner, Fr. conglutinàr, Sp.
conglutino, Lat.] to glue, knit or join together; to heal wounds.

To CONGLUTINATE, verb neut. to be united by the intervention of
a callus.

CONGLUTINA＇TION [Fr. of conglutino, conglutinazione, It. conglu­
tinaciòn, Sp. of conglutinatio, Lat.] the act of gluing together.

CONGLUTINATION [with physicians] the act of joining of bodies
by means of their oily, sticky and clammy parts, the act of uniting
wounded bodies. The union or conglutination of parts separated by a
wound. Arbuthnot.

CONGLU＇TINATIVE [from conglutinate] of a gluing or sticking qua­
lity, having the power of uniting wounds.

CONGLUTINA＇TOR, subst. [of conglutinate] that which has the
power of uniting wounds. The osteocolla is recommended as a
conglutinator of broken bones. Woodward.

CO＇NGO, a large country on the western coast of Africa, between
10 and 20 degrees west longitude; and between the equator, and 18
degrees south latitude; comprehending the countries of Loango, An­
gola, and Benguella. It is bounded by the kingdom of Benin on the
north, by Matama, and part of Cassraria on the south, and by the
Atlantic ocean on the west. It is sometimes called Lower Guinea.

CONGRA＇TULANT [congratulans, Lat.] congratulating. Milton
uses it.

To CONGRA＇TULATE, verb neut. [congratuler, Fr. congratulare, It.
congratulàr, Sp. congratulatum, from con and gratulor, Lat.] to rejoice
with one on account of his good fortune. I cannot but with much
pleasure congratulate with my country, which hath outdone all Europe
in advancing conversation. Swift.

To CONGRATULATE, verb act. 1. To bid one joy; to express
joy on his account. I congratulate our English tongue, that it has
been enriched with words from all our neighbours. Watts.
2. Some­
times with to before the person and the cause of joy, in the accusative
case. An ecclesiastical union with yourselves, I am rather ready to
congratulate to you. Spratt.

CONGRATULA＇TION [Fr. congratulazione, It. congratulacion, Sp. of
congratulatio, Lat.] 1. The act of congratulating, or professing joy for
another＇s happiness or success.
2. The form in which joy for the hap­
piness of another is professed.

CONGRA＇TULATORY [congratulator, Lat.] belonging to congratu­
tion, expressing joy for another＇s good fortune.

CO＇NGRE [of conger, Lat.] a large eel that eats up the small fry.
See CONGER.

To CONGREE＇ [from con and gré, Fr.] to agree, to unite.
One concent,
Congreeing in a full and national close. Shakespeare.

To CONGREE＇T [of con and greet] to salute reciprocally.
Face to face, and eye to eye,
You have congreeted. Shakespeare.

To CO＇NGREGATE, verb act. [congregare, It. congregar, Sp. congre­
gatum, sup. of congrego, Lat.] to assemble or gather together. Any
multitude of men congregated may be termed a church. Hooker.

To CONGREGATE, verb neut. to meet, to be gathered together.
Equals with equals often congregate. Denham.

CO＇NGREGATE, adj. [from the verb] collected, compact. Where
the matter is most congregate, the cold is the greater. Bacon.

CONGREGA＇TION [Fr. congregazione, It. congregacion, Sp. of congre­
gatio, Lat.] 1. A mass of various parts brought together. A foul
and pestilent congregation of vapours. Shakespeare.
2. An assembly
or gathering together; a society or company of people, meeting in
public, more especially for divine service.

CONGREGA＇TION [with some philosophers] the least degree of mix­
ture, in which the parts of the mixed body are inconsistent, or do not
adhere to or touch each other but in the point; which properly, they
say, is peculiar to the particles of water, and all other fluids.

CONGREGATION of Cardinals, are assemblies distributed by the pope
into several chambers, like our offices or courts. Chambers.

CONGREGA＇TIONAL [from congregation] of or pertaining to a con­
gregation.

CONGREGA＇TIONALISTS, a sect of independents, between Presbyte­
rians and Brownists. See INDEPENDENT. But in justice both to the
etymology of the word, and that body of Christian professors to
which it is applied, it should be observed, that, when proposing to
form and model their churches on the truly primitive plan, they judg­
ed somewhat more of a democracy should be received, than either the
church of England or Presbyterians espoused. The choice of the pas­
tor, assistant, and deacons; the admission and expulsion of members;
add, if you will, the dismission of their teachers; all being alike deci­
ded by the suffrage of the whole body, i. e. in effect by the people;
and tho＇ not refusing to consult and hold communion with other
churches, yet do they maintain, that every distinct associated body
has the full power within itself; and I take this to be the true ground
of their stiling themselves congregationalists, and of others calling
them independents. It may be objected, that by this constitution their
clergy are placed in too great a DEPENDANCE on the laity: however,
they find their advantage in it; as it serves to keep heterodoxy out of
their pulpits, and transmit CALVINISM (which is here instar omnium)
to their latest posterity.








CONGREGA＇TIONISTS [of congregation] dissenters from the church
of England.

CO＇NGRESS [congrez, Fr. congresso, It. and Sp. congressus, Lat.] a
coming together, meeting or rencounter, an encountering.
Here Pallus urges on, and Lausus there;
Their congress in the field great Jove withstands. Dryden.

CONGRESS, an assembly, or the meeting together of the deputies
or plenipotentiaries of several princes, to treat about a peace or any
other affair of importance.

CONGRESS [in law] an essay or trial made by the appoint­
ment of a judge in the presence of surgeons and matrons, to prove
whether a man be impotent or not, in order to dissolve a mar­
riage.

CONGRE＇SSIVE [from congress] encountering, meeting together.
Disjoined and congressive generation. Brown.

To CONGRU＇E [congruo, Lat.] to agree, to suit, to be consistent
with. Letters congruing to that effect. Shakespeare.

CONGRU＇ENCE [congruetia, Lat.] agreement, suitableness, consist­
ency.

CONGRU＇ENT [Fr. congruens, Lat.] agreeable, suitable.

CONGRU＇ITY [from congrue] 1. Suitableness, agreeableness. Con­
gruity of opinions to our natural constitution. Glanville. 2. Fitness,
pertinence. A whole sentence may fail of its congruity by wanting one
particle Sidney. 3. Consequence of argument, consistency. With
what congruity doth the church of Rome deny that? Hooker.

CONGRUITY [in natural philosophy] is taken to be a relative pro­
perty of a fluid body, by which any part of it is readily united with
any other part, either of itself or of any other similar fluid. And
on the contrary, incongruity is a property by which it is hindered
from uniting with any solid or fluid body that is dissimilar to it.

CONGRUITY [with schoolmen] is a suitableness or relation between
things, whereby we come to a knowledge of what is to come to pass
therein.

CONGRUITY [with geometricians] is a term applied to figures, lines,
&c. which exactly correspond when laid over one another, as having
the same term or bounds.

CO＇NGRUMENT [from congrue] fitness, adaptation. The congru­
ment and harmonious fitting of periods in a sentence. Ben Johnson.

CO＇NGRUOUS [congruo, It. and Sp. congruus, Lat.] 1. Agreeable to,
consistent with. The obedience we owe to God, congruous to the light
of reason. Locke. 2. Convenient, meet, proper, suitable to. The
faculty is infinite, the object infinite, and they infinitely congruous to
one another. Cheyne. 3. Rational, fit. It is no wife congruous that
God should be always frightening men into an acknowledgment of the
truth. Atterbury.

CO＇NGRUOUSLY [from congruous] suitably, pertinently, consistently.
Congruously to a conjecture. Boyle.

CO＇NGRUOUSNESS, agreeableness, &c.

CO＇NI, a strong town of Piedmont, in Italy, situate on the river Stu­
ra, 32 miles south of Turin.

CO＇NIC, or CONICAL [conicus, Lat.] of or pertaining to the figure
of a cone.

CONIC Section, is a curve line arising from the section of a cone, by
a plane.
If the section be made by the axis, or through the vertex, the
figure arising is a triangle. If the section be made by a plane parallel
to the base of the cone, or concentrically posited, the figure produced is
a circle.
If the section be made parallel to one side of the cone, it will be
a parabola.
If the section be made through one side of the cone, through the
base, and not parallel to the other side of the cone, it will be an hy­
perbola.

CO＇NICALLY [from conical] in the form of a cone. A watering
pot shaped conically, or like a sugar loaf. Boyle.

CO＇NICALNESS, the state or quality of being in form of a cone.

CO＇NICS, that part of the higher geometry, or geometry of curves,
that considers the cone, and the several curve lines arising from the sec­
tions thereof.

To CONJE＇CT, a word used by Shakespeare for conjecture.

CONJE＇CTURABLE [from conjecture] that may be conjectured or
guessed.

CONJE＇CTURAL [Fr. conghietturale, It. congeturàl, Sp. of conjectu­
ralis, Lat.] belonging to or depending on conjectures; that is, only
grounded upon appearances, or probable arguments. Conjectural mar­
riages; conjectural sears. Shakespeare.

CONJE＇CTURALITY [from conjectural] the state or quality of what
depends upon guess. Probabilities and the conjecturality of philosophy.
Brown.

CONJE＇CTURALLY [from conjectural] by conjecture. Probably and
conjecturally surmised. Hooker.

To CONJE＇CTURE [conjecturer, Fr. conghietturare, It. congeturàr,
Sp. of conjectura, Lat.] to judge or guess at random, and upon bare
probability, without any demonstration; as, to conjecture any event to
come.

CONJE＇CTURE [Fr. conghiettura, It. congetúra, Sp. of conjectura,
Lat.] 1. A guess, a probable opinion or supposition. 2. Idea, concep­
tion. Now obsolete.
Now entertain conjecture of a time,
When creeping murmur and the poring dark
Fills the wide vessel of the universe. Shakespeare.

CONJE＇CTURER [from conjecture] one who conjectures or forms an
opinion without proof. Very grave conjecturers. Brown. The wise
conjecturers. Addison.

CONI＇FEROUS [conifer, Lat. of conus, a cone, and fero, to bear]
bearing cones.

CONI＇FEROUS Plants [with botanists] trees, shrubs, or plants, that
bear a lealy fruit of a woody substance, and a kind of conical figure,
containing many seeds, which being ripe, drop out of the several cells
or partitions of the cone, that then gape or open for that purpose; as
the pine, the common alder, the Scotch sir, &c.

CONINGE＇RIA [Lat. old records] a coney-horough or warren for
rabbets.

CO＇NINGSECK, the capital of a country of the same name in the
circle of Swabia, in Germany, about 20 miles north of Constance
Lat. 47° 50′ N. Long. 9° 23′ E.

To CONJO＇BBLE [from con, together, and jobbernel, the head. John­
son] to chat together, to concert, to discuss. A low cant word. A
minister that should conjobble matters of state with tumblers, and con­
fer politics with tinkers. L＇Estrange.

To CONJO＇IN, verb act. [conjungere, Lat. conjoindre, Fr. congiun­
gere, It. conjuntàr, Sp.] 1. To join, or put together, to unite into
one. Two friends conjoin＇d in one. Dryden. 2. To unite in mar­
riage. Shakespeare uses it in this sense. 3. To associate, to connect.
The designs of all can be conjoined in ligatures of the same reverence.
Taylor.

To CONJOIN, verb neut. to league, to be united.
This part of his
Conjoins with my disease, and helps to end me. Shakespeare.

CONJO＇INT [Fr. congiunto, It. conjunto, Sp. conjunctus, Lat.] joined
together, mutual.

CONJOINT Degrees [in music] are two notes, which immediately fol­
low each other in order of the scale, as ut and re.

CONJOINT Tetrachords [in music] are two tetrachords where the
same chord is the highest of the one, and the lowest of the other.

CONJO＇INTLY [of conjoint] unitedly, jointly, not apart. The use
of doubtful remedies conjointly with those that are of approved virtues.
Brown.

CO＇NISOR, or CO＇GNISOR [in law] is used in the passing of fines,
for him that acknowledges the fine.

CO＇NJUGAL [Fr. conjugale, It. conjugàl, Sp. of conjugalis, Lat. of
con, with, and jugum, a yoke] of or belonging to a married couple,
matrimonial; as, conjugal affection.

CO＇NJUGALLY [of conjugal] after the manner of man and wife.

CO＇NJUGATE Diameter [in geometry] is the shortest axis or diame­
ter in an ellipsis or oval figure.

CONJUGATE of an Hyperbola, is the line drawn parallel to the ordi­
nates, and through the center or middle point of the transverse axis;
which is sometimes called the second axis or diameter.

To CONJUGATE [conjuguer, Fr. congiugare, It. conjugàr, Sp. of con­
jugo, Lat.] to join in marriage, to unite. Those drawing as well
marriage as wardship, gave him power and occasion to conjugate the
Norman and the Saxon houses. Wotton.

To CONJUGATE a Verb [with grammarians] is to form or vary it
thro＇ its several moods, tenses and persons.

CONJUGATE, adj. [conjugatus, Lat.] agreeing in derivation with
another word, and therefore generally resembling it in signification.
This grammatical argument, grounded upon the derivation of sponta­
neous from sponte, weighs nothing: we have learned in logic, that
conjugates are sometimes in name only and not in deed. Bramhall.

CO＇NJUGATED [conjugatus, Lat.] coupled or yoked matrimonially
together.

CO＇NJUGATES [with logicians] is when from one word we argue to
another of the same origination; as, if weeping is sorrow, then, to
weep is to sorrow.

CONJUGATES [with rhetoricians] those things that are derived from
the same original; as, great, greatness, greatly.

CONJUGA＇TION [Fr. congiugazione, It. conjugaciòn, Sp. of conjugatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of yoking or coupling together in pairs. 2. The act of
compiling things together. The various mixtures and conjugations of
atoms beget nothing. Bentley. 3. The flexion or variation of a verb,
thro＇ all its moods, tenses, and persons; as, declensions and conjuga­
tions. 4. Union, assemblage. The supper of the Lord is the most
sacred and useful conjugation of secret and holy things. Taylor.

CONJUGATION [with anatomists] is understood of a pair of nerves,
or two nerves arising together and serving for the same operation, sen­
sation or motion; as, the sixth conjugation or pair of nerves.

CONJU＇NCT, adj. [conjunctus, Lat.] conjoined, united.
When he conjunct and flatt＇ring his displeasure
Tript me behind. Shakespeare.

CONJU＇NCTION [conjonction, Fr. congiunzione. It. conjunciòn, Sp. of
conjunctio, Lat. from con, and jungo, to join] 1. Union, league. A strict
conjunction and amity between them. Bacon. In society and conjunction
with others. South. 2. [With grammarians] a particle or little word
that serves to join other words or sentences together, and to signify the
relation they have to one another.

CONJUNCTION [in astronomy] the concourse or congress of two stars
or planets in the same optical point of the heavens, where they are sup­
posed to have great power and influence; as, the conjunctions and op­
positions of stars.

CONJUNCTION Apparent [in astronomy] is when the right-line sup­
posed to be drawn thro＇ the centers of two planets, does not pass thro＇
the centre of the earth.

CONJUNCTION real or true [in astronomy] is when the right line
being prolonged or lengthened, passes also through the earth＇s
center.

CO＇NJUNCTI Morbi [Lat. in medicine] two diseases which come
together, and are distinguished into connexi and consequentes, the
former subsisting at the same time, and the latter following one an­
other.

CONJUNCTI＇VA Tunica [Lat. in anatomy] the first coat or mem­
brane of the eye, so named, because it incloses all the rest, or because
it fastens the eye in its orbit. But Doctor Keill, in his anatomy, has
given us a more correct account of the etymology of this term. The
eyelids, says he, are covered within with a smooth membrane called
CONJUNCTIVA, because it is continued upon the fore-part of the globe,
constituting that which we call the white of the eye; it joins the globe
to the edges of the orbit. He adds, that it is full of small veins and
arteries, which appear big in an opthalmia, or inflammation of the eyes.
See Boerhaave œcunomia animalis ærcis tabulis illustrat. Edit. Londin.

CONJU＇NCTIVE [conjonctif, Fr. congunctivo, It. conjunctivo, Sp. of
conjunctivus, Lat.] 1. Joined, united; now obsolete.
She＇s so conjunctive to my life and soul,
That as the star moves not but in his sphere,
I could not but by her. Shakespeare.
2. In grammar, the mood of a verb used subsequently to a con­
junction; as, the conjunctive or subjunctive mood of a verb.








CONJU＇NCTIVELY [from conjunctive] in union, not apart. Good
medicines conjunctively taken, that is, not one without the other.
Brown.

CONJU＇NCTIVENESS, the quality or state of being conjoined.

CONJU＇NCTLY [from conjunct] jointly, not apart. See CON­
JOINTLY.

CONJU＇NCTNESS [of conjunct] the being close joined.

CONJU＇NCTURE [conjoncture, Fr. congiuntura, It. conjuntura, Sp.
conjunctura, Lat.] 1. The state or circumstances of affairs, combina­
tion of many causes. Unhappy conjuncture of affairs. King Charles.
2. Critical time. Such censures always attend such conjunctures. Cla­
rendon. 3. Mode of union, connection. The motions of articulation
and conjunctures of letters in words. Holder. 4. Consistency. I grant
to presbytery what with reason it can pretend to in a conjuncture with
episcopacy. King Charles.

CONJURA＇TION [Fr. congiurazione, It. conjuraciòn, Sp. of conjura­
tio, Lat.] 1. The form or act of calling upon another in some sacred
name.
We charge you, in the name of God, take heed,
Under this conjuration speak. Shakespeare.
2. A plot or conspiracy, secret cabal or league to do any public
harm, as to subvert the government, attempt the life of the prince,
&c. 3. Magic words, characters or ceremonies; an inchantment,
whereby evil spirits, tempests, &c. are supposed to be raised and
driven away.
What drugs, what charms,
What conjuration, and what mighty magic,
For such proceeding I am charg＇d withal,
I won his daughter with. Shakespeare.

CONJURA＇TION [in common law] is in a more especial manner
taken to intend a personal conference with the devil or evil spirits,
either to compass some design, or to attain to the knowledge of some
secret.

To CONJU＇RE, verb act. [conjurer, Fr. congiurare, It. conjuràr, Sp.
of conjuro, Lat.] 1. To call upon in some sacred name, to summon or
charge upon the sacredness of an oath, or to desire earnestly, with the
greatest importunity; to enjoin with the highest solemnity.
I conjure you let him know
Whate＇er was done against him Cato, did it. Addison.
2. To conspire or plot together, to bind many by an oath to some
common design; this is a sense that is rarely used.
He in proud rebellious arms,
Drew after him the third part of heav＇n＇s sons,
Conjur＇d against the highest. Milton.
3. To affect by enchantment, to charm.
What black magician conjures up this fiend. Shakespeare.
You have conjured up persons that exist no where else but on old coins.
Addison. 4. When this word is used for summon or conspire, it is ac­
cented on the last syllable, conjúre; when for charm, one the first,
cónjure.

To CONJURE, verb neut. to practise conjuration or the raising of
spirits. My invocation is honest and fair, and in his mistress＇s name
I conjure only to raise up him. Shakespeare.

CONJU＇REMENT [from conjure] serious injunction, solemn demand.
Your earnest entreaties and serious conjurements. Milton.

CO＇NJURER [from conjure] 1. One that uses inchantments.
Figures in the book
Of some dead conjurer that would enforce nature. Donne.
Would never find you in your conduct slipping
Tho＇ they turn＇d conjurors to take you tripping. Addison.
2. An impostor, who pretends to secret arts; a cunning man.
From the account the loser brings,
The Conj＇rer knows who stole the things. Prior.
3. Ironically, a man of sagacity, one of shrewd conduct. Tho＇ ants
are very knowing, I don＇t take them to be conjurers, and therefore
could not guess I put corn in that room. Addison.

I never took him for a CONJURER; that is, I always looked on him
to be a silly empty fellow. The Scots say; they that burn him for a
witch, lose all the coals.

To CONN [of connan, Sax. to know] 1. To get or learn without
book. 2. To give; as, I conn you thanks. 3. To strike with the
fist; a cant word. See To CON.

CONNA＇SCENCE, or CONNA＇SCENCY [of con and nascens, Lat.] 1. The
state of being born together with another; common birth 2. The act of
uniting or growing together: this sense is improper. Symphysis de­
notes a connascence or growing together. Wiseman.

CONNA＇TE [connatus, of connascar, to be born] born together with
a person; as, connate notions.

CONNA＇TURAL [connaturale, It. conaturàl, Sp. of con and naturalis,
Lat.] 1. Being natural to several things; denoting a participation
of the same nature.
How we may come
To death, and mix with our connatural dust. Milton.
2. Suitable to nature.
Whatever draws me on,
Or sympathy, or some connat＇ral force. Milton.
3. Connected by nature, united with the being of a thing; as, conna­
tural affections.

CONNATURA＇LITY, or CONNA＇TURALNESS [from connatural] a
quality of being of the same nature with some other, natural insepara­
bility. There is a connaturality and congruity between that knowledge
and those habits, and that future estate of the soul. Hale. Such is
the connaturalness of our corruptions. Pearson on the creed.

CONNAU＇GHT, the most westernly province of Ireland.

To CONNE＇CT, verb act. [connettere, It. of connecto, Lat.] 1. To
join, knit, tie, or fasten together. The corpuscles that constitute the
quicksilver will be connected to one another. Boyle. 2. To unite as a
cement. A man must see the connection of each intermediate idea
with those it connects. Locke. 3. To join in a just series of thought,
or regular construction of language; as, the author connects his argu­
ments very clearly.

To CONNECT, verb neut. to cohere, to have a just relation to
things precedent and subsequent. This is only used in conver­
sation.

CONNE＇CTICUT, a British colony of North America, bounded by
the Massachuset colony on the north-east; by the Atlantic Ocean on
the south-east; and by New York on the west; being about 100 miles
in length, and 80 in breadth. This colony constitutes a distinct go­
vernment, of a different form from that of New England.

CONNE＇CTIVELY, adj. [from connect] in conjunction, jointly. The
peoples power is great, whenever they can unite connectively, or by
deputation to exert it. Swift.

To CONNE＇X [connexum, sup. of connecto, from con, and necto, Lat.
to tie] to join together, to fasten to each other. To connex words or
sentences. Hale.
They fly,
By chains connex＇d. John Philips.

CONNEX [with logicians] those things are said to be connex, that
are joined one to another with dependance or sequence.

CONNE＇XION [Fr. connessione, It. connexión, Sp. of connexio, Lat.]
1. The act of joining things together. 2. The state of being fastened to­
gether. Joined in connexion sweet. Milton.
The eternal and inseparable connexion between virtue and happiness.
Atterbury. 3. Dependency of one thing upon another, just relation
to something precedent or subsequent, coherence. Connexion and chain
of causes. Hale. Due connexion with the end design＇d. Blackmore.

CONNE＇XITY [connexité, Fr. connessita, It.] that by which one
thing is joined to another.

CONNE＇XIVE [from connex] having the force of connecting, con­
junctive. The predicate and subject are joined in a form of words by
connexive particles. Watts.

CONNICTA＇TION, Lat. a twinkling or winking with the eye.

CONNI＇VANCE, or CONNI＇VENCE [Fr. connivenza, It. of conniventia,
Lat.] 1. The act of winking. Obsolete. 2. A feigning not to see;
winking at a fault, a passing it by without punishment. Every vice
interprets a connivance, an approbation. South.

To CONNI＇VE [conniver, Fr. conniveo, Lat.] 1. To wink, to nod
judiciously. To connive with either eye. Spectator. 2. To pretend
blindness or ignorance; commonly with at. He persuades authority
to connive at his own vices. Rogers. 3. To let pass uncensured.

CONNIVE＇NTES Glandulæ or Valvulæ, Lat. [in anatomy] are
wrinkles or corrugations in the inner coat or membrane of the two
large intestines, the jejunum and ilium.

CONNOI＇SSANCE, Fr. a solid and critical judgment in any art or sci­
ence; particularly in painting, sculpture, &c.

CONNOISSE＇UR, Fr. [of connoître, Fr. to know] a person well versed
or thoroughly skilled in any art or science; especially a critic, or one
who is a thorough judge or master in matters of painting, &c. It is
often applied to a pretended critic.
Your lesson learnt, you＇ll be secure
To get the name of connoisseur. Swift.

CO＇NNOR, the capital of a county of the same name in the circle of
Suabia, in Germany, about 20 miles north of Constance. Lat. 47°
50′ N. Long. 9°. 23′ E.

To CO＇NNOTATE, verb act. [of con, and noto, to note] to imply,
to betoken. God＇s foreseeing does not include or connotate pre-deter­
mining. Hammond.

CONNOTA＇TION [from connotate] implication of something be­
sides itself, inference. By reason of the coexistence of one thing with
another, there ariseth a various relation or connotation between them. Hale.

To CONNO＇TE [from con, and nota, a mark] to imply, to betoken.
Good connotes a certain suitableness of it to some other thing. South.

CONNU＇BIAL [connubialis, Lat.] belonging to wedlock, matrimo­
nial.
Should second love a pleasing flame inspire,
And the chaste queen connubial rites require. Pope.

CONNUTRI＇TIOUS [in natural philosophy] is that which becomes
habitual to a person from his particular nourishment, or what breaks
out into a disease in process of time, which gradually had its first ali­
ments from sucking a distemper＇d nurse, &c.

CONOI＇D [κωνοειδης, of κωνος, a cone, and ειδος, resemblance;
with geometricians] a solid body resembling a cone, excepting that
instead of a perfect circle, it has for its base an ellipsis or some other
curve approaching thereto; or it is a solid produced by the circum­
volution or turning of any section of a cone about its axis.

CONOID Elliptical [in geometry] is a solid figure, made from the
plane of a semi ellipsis, turned about one of its axis.

CONOID Parabolical [in geometry] is a solid made by the turning
of a parabola about its axis.

CONO＇IDES [with anatomists] a particular gland or kernel in the
brain, the same as conarium or glandula pinealis.

CONOI＇DICAL [from conoid] approaching to the form of a cone.

To CONQUA＇DRATE [conquadratum, Lat.] to bring into a square,
together with another.

To CONQUA＇SSATE [conquassatum, sup. of conquasso, of con, and
quasso, to shake] to agitate, to shake. Vomits violently conquassate
the lungs. Harvey.

CONQUASSA＇TION [from conquassate] a shaking as in an earthquake;
a dashing or breaking to pieces.

CONQUASSATION [in pharmacy] the pounding of things in a mor­
tar.

To CO＇NQUER, verb act. [conquerir, Fr. conquistare, It. conquistàr,
Sp. conquiro, Lat.] 1. To gain or get by force of arms.
Who conquer＇d nature, shou＇d preside o＇er wit. Pope.
2. To bring under, to overcome.
Both tugging to be victors, breast to breast,
Yet neither conqueror, nor conquer＇d. Shakespeare.
3. To master, to surmount; as, to conquer all difficulties.

To CONQUER, verb neut. to get the victory.
Resolv＇d to conquer or to die. Waller.

CO＇NQUERABLE [of conquer] that may be conquered. He will find
it easy and conquerable. South.

CONQUE＇RNA, a port town of Brittany, in France, 40 miles south­
east of Brest.

CO＇NQUEROR. 1. One who has conquered or obtained the victory.
The slave called out to the conqueror, remember, Sir, that you are a
man. Addison. 2. A subduer, one who ruins countries.







Conquerors who leave behind
Nothing but ruin wheresoe＇er they rove. Milton.

CO＇NQUEST [conquista, It. and Sp. conqûete, Fr.] 1. The act of
conquering, subjection. A perfect conquest of a country reduces all.
Davies. 2. Victory, success in arms. In joys of conquest he resigns
his breath. Addison. 3. The thing gained by victory.
More willingly I mention air,
This our old conquest; than remember hell,
Our hated habitation. Milton.

CO＇NQUET, a port town of Brittany, in France, about eight miles
west of Brest.

CONREA＇TA Pellis [old law Lat. probably of corroyeur, Fr. a cur­
rier] a hide or skin drest.

CONSANGUI＇NEOUS [consanguineus, Lat.] near of kin, of the same
blood, not affined. Shakespeare uses it.

CONSANGUI＇NITY [consanguinité, Fr. consanguinità, It. consanguini­
dàd, Sp. of consanguinitas, Lat.] the relation or kindred between per­
sons of the same blood, or issued from the same root; distinguished
from affinity or relation by marriage. Christ condescended to a cog­
nation and consanguinity with us. South.

CONSANGUI＇NEOUS [of consanguineus, Lat.] a-kin by blood.

CONSARCINA＇TION [of consarcino, Lat.] the act of patching toge­
ther.

CO＇NCIENCE [Fr. conscienza, It. consciencià, Sp. of conscientia, Lat.]
1. The knowledge or faculty by which we judge of our own goodness,
or wickedness. When a people have no touch of conscience, no sense of
their evil doings, tis bootless to think to restrain them. Spenser. Conscience
signifies that knowledge which a man hath of his own thoughts and ac­
tions. Swift. 2. A secret testimony or judgment of the soul, whereby it
gives approbation to things it does, that are naturally good, and re­
proaches itself for those that are evil. 3. Justice, the estimate of con­
science. He had, against right and conscience, by shameful treachery,
intruded himself into another man＇s kingdom. Knolles. 4. Conscious­
ness of our own thoughts and actions.
The sweetest cordial we receive at last,
Is conscience of our virtuous actions past. Denham.
5. Real sentiment, veracity, private thought. They did in their con­
science know that he was not able to send them any part of it. Claren­
don. 6. Scruple, difficulty; as, to make a conscience of doing any
thing. 7. Ludicrously; reason, reasonableness.
Canst thou the conscience lack,
To think I shall lack friends? Shakespeare.
A friend, as far as CONSCIENCE permits.
Fr. Ami autant que la consciencele permet.
Lat. Usque ad aras (to the altar) amicus. Aul. Gel.
Gr. Μεχριτου βωμου ϕιλος ειμι. Plut.
The tie of friendship, tho＇ it obliges us to stick at nothing that is
innocent to serve our friends, yet is no way obligatory, where our pro­
bity and conscience is at stake.
A guilty CONSCIENCE needs no accuser.
For it generally betrays itself with shame, fear, or diffidence.
Lat. Se judice nemo nocens absolvitur.
A safe CONSCIENCE makes a sound sleep.
The truth of this aphorism cannot be better illustrated than by a
consideration of the miserable state of those who have a bad one, who
are never at rest either by day or night. Whence the Latins say,
Quos diri conscia facti mens habet attonitos, & surdo verbere cædit.

CONSCIE＇NTIOUS [conscientieux, Fr. conscienzioso, It.] scrupulous,
exactly just, that has a good conscience.

CONSCIE＇NTIOUSLY. [from conscientious] with good conscience.
More stress laid on the strictness of law, than conscientiously belongs to
it. L＇Estrange.

CONSCIE＇NTIOUSNESS [of conscientious] the state of having a good
conscience, exactness of justice. A wonderful consciousness, if they
will content themselves with less profit than they can make. Locke.

CO＇NSCIONABLE [from conscience] conscientious, equitable, reason­
able. No farther conscionable than putting on the mere form of civil
seeming. Shakespeare.

CO＇NSCIONABLENESS [of conscionable] equity, reasonableness.

CO＇NSCIONABLY [from conscionable] reasonably, in a manner agree­
able to conscience. A prince must be used conscionably. Taylor.

CO＇NSCIOUS [conscius, Lat.] 1. Endowed with the power of know­
ing one＇s own thoughts and actions; as, thinking or conscious beings.
2. Knowing from memory, without any new information.
Conscious of th＇ occasion, fear＇d th＇ event. Dryden.
3. Privy to, admitted to the knowledge of; with to.
Æneas only conscious to the sign,
Presag＇d the event. Dryden.
4. Bearing witness by conscience to any thing. Conscious to herself
that he had been encouraged by her. Clarendon.

CO＇NSCIOUSLY [from conscious] with a knowledge of one＇s own
thoughts and actions. The same thinking thing always consciously pre­
sent. Locke.

CO＇NSCIOUSNESS [of conscious] 1. The perception of what passes in
a man＇s own mind. Locke. 2. Inward guiltiness, a knowledge or sense
of one＇s own guilt or innocence. To break the peace of an honest
mind, there must be some guilt or consciousness. Pope.

CONSCRI＇BED [in geometry] is the same as circumscribed.

CO＇NSCRIPT [conscriptus, from con, and scribo, Lat. to write] as,
patres conscripti, Roman senators, so called, because their names were
written in the register or catalogue of the senate.

CONSCRI＇PTION [conscriptio, Lat.] an inrolling or registring.

To CO＇NSECRATE [consecratum, sup. of consecro, Lat.] 1. To dedicate
inviolably to any particular purpose or person; with to. He shall con­
secrate unto the Lord the days of his separation. Numbers. 2. To de­
vote, to hallow, to appropriate to sacred uses. A bishop ought not
to consecrate a church which the patron has built for filthy gain. Ayliffe.
3. To canonize.

CO＇NSECRATE, part. adj. [from the verb] devoted, dedicated. As­
sembled in that consecrate place to sing unto God. Bacon.

CO＇NSECRATER [from consecrate] one that consecrates or performs
the rites by which any thing is devoted to sacred purposes. The con­
secrater of a sacrament. Atterbury.

CONSECRA＇TION. 1. A hallowing, appointing or setting apart to an
holy use, a dedicating or devoting things or persons to the service of
God, with certain proper solemnities. The consecration of his God is
upon his head. Numbers. 2. The act of declaring one holy by cano­
nization. The Roman calendar swells with new consecrations of saints.
Hale.

CONSECRATION of Emperors, took its original from the deification of
Romulus, which Herodian describes as follows. The emperors, who
leave either sons or designed successors at their death, are consecrated
after this manner, and are said to be enrolled among the number of
the gods. On this occasion the whole city maintains a public grief,
mixed as it were with the solemnity of a festival. The true body is bu­
ried in a very sumptuous funeral, according to the ordinary method.
But they take care to have an IMAGE of the emperor made in wax,
done to the life, and this they expose to public view, just at the en­
trance of the palace gate, on a stately bed of ivory, covered with rich
garments of embroidered work and cloth of gold. The image lies
there all pale, as if under a dangerous indisposition, the whole senate,
dressed in black, sit the greatest part of the day round the bed on the
left hand, and the matrons, who either on account of their parents or
husbands are reputed noble, on the right hand. They wear no jewels,
or gold, or other ornaments; but are attired in close white vests. This
ceremony continues seven days together, the physicians being admitted
every day to the bed-side, and declaring the patient continually to
grow worse and worse. At last, when they suppose him to be dead,
a select company of young gentlemen of the senatorian order take up
the bed upon their shoulders, and carry it through the via sacra, or the
holy way, into the old Forum, the place where the Roman magistrates
are used to Jay down their offices. On both sides there are raised gal­
leries, with seats one above another, one side being filled with boys
nobly descended, and of the most eminent patrician families; the other
with a like set of ladies of quality; who both together sing hymns and pæans
composed in very mournful and passionate airs, to the praise of the de­
ceased. When these are over, they take up the bed again and carry it
into the Campus Martius, where in the widest part of the field is
erected a four-square pile, intirely composed of large planks, in shape of
a pavillion, and exactly regular and equal in dimensions. This in the
inside is filled with dry chips, but without is adorned with coverlets of
cloth of gold, and beautified with pictures and curious figures in ivory.
Above this is placed another frame of wood, less, but set off with the
like ornaments with little portico＇s. Over this is placed a third and
fourth pile, each less than that whereon it stands; and so others, per­
haps till they come to the least of all, which forms the top. The fi­
gure of the structure, taken all together, may be compared to those
watch-towers, which are to be seen in harbours of note, and by the
fire on their top direct the course of ships into the haven. After
this, hoisting up the body into the second frame of building, they get
together a vast quantity of all manner of sweet odours and perfumes,
whether of fruits, herbs or gums, and place them in heaps all about it:
there being no nation, city, or indeed any eminent men, who do not
rival one another in paying these last presents to their prince. When
the place is quite filled with a huge pile of spices and drugs, the whole
order of knights ride in a solemn procession round the structure, and
imitate the motions of the Pyrrhic dance. Chariots too, in a very re­
gular and decent manner, are drove round the pile, the drivers being
cloathed in purple, and bearing the images of all the illustrious Ro­
mans, renowned either for their councils, or administration at home,
or their memorable archievements in war. The pomp being finished,
the successor takes a torch in his hand and puts it to the pile, and
at the same time the whole company assist in lighting it in several
places; when on a sudden the chips and drugs catching fire, the
whole pile is quickly consumed. At last, from the highest and smallest
frame of wood an eagle is let loose, which, ascending with the flames
towards the sky, is supposed to carry the prince＇s soul to heaven.

CONSE＇CTARY, adj. [consectarius, Lat.] consequential, follow­
ing by consequence. Consectary Impieties, and corelusions arise.
Brown.

CONSECTARY, subst. [consectarium, Lat.] 1. That which follows
upon the demonstration of an argument; a consequence drawn from a
proposition that went before. 2. An addition, inference or deduction,
and is the same as corollary. These propositions are consectaries drawn
from observations. Woodward.

CONSECTARY [in geometry] is some consequent truth which is
gained from some demonstration.

CONSECU＇TION [consecutio, Lat.] 1. A train of consequences. Some
consecutions are evidently found in the premises. Hale. 2. Succession.
A quick consecution of the colours. Newton.

CONSECU＇TION Month [in astronomy] the space between the con­
junction of the moon with the sun, being something more than 29
days and a half.

CONSE＇CUTIVE [consecútive, Fr. consecutivo, Sp. and It. of consecu­
tivus, Lat.] 1. Following or succeeding immediately one after ano­
ther; it is generally said of things, not of persons. Fifty consecutive
years. Arbuthnot. 2. Consequential. The actions of a man consecu­
tive to volition. Locke.

CONSE＇CUTIVELY [from consecutive; in school philosophy] is a
term used in opposition to antecedently, and sometimes to effectively or
casually.

To CONSE＇MINATE [conseminatum, sup. of consemino, from con, and
semen, Lat. seed] to sow divers seeds together.

CONSE＇NSION [consensio, Lat.] agreement, accord. A vital consen­
sion of the whole body. Bentley.

To CONSE＇NT [contentir, Fr. consentive, It. consentír, Sp. of consen­
tio, Lat.] 1. To agree, or accord. 2. To co-operate to the same end.
3. To yield, to give consent, to approve or allow of; with to. In
this we consent unto you. Genesis.

CONSENT [consensus, Lat. consentement, Fr. consentimento, It. con­
sentimeonto, Sp.] 1. The act of yielding or consenting. Plenary consens
it was not. K. Charles. 2. Accord, agreement, approbation.
The fighting winds would slop there and admire,
Learning consent and concord from his lyre. Cowley.
3. Coherence with, correspondence.
Demons found
In sire, air, stood, or under ground,







Whose power hath a true consent
With planet or with element. Milton.
4. Tendency to one point, co-operation.
Such is the world＇s great harmony, that springs
From union, order, full consent of things. Pope.
Silence gives CONSENT.
The Germans say; Keine antwort is eine antwort. (No answer is
an answer, or consent.) This saying is taken literally.

CONSENT of Parts [with anatomists] a certain agreement or sym­
pathy in the animal œconomy, by means whereof, when one part is
immediately affected, another at a distance becomes affected in like
manner by means of some fibres and nerves, which are common to
them both, or communicated by other branches with one another.

CONSENT [with physicians] is the depending of one distemper upon
another, as a difficulty of breathing is said to proceed by consent from
a pleurisy; and when so, it ceases immediately upon the removal of the
disease on which it depends.

CONSENTA＇NEOUS [consentaneus, Lat.] agreeable, suitable with
another; with to. Brown and Hammond use it.

CONSENTA＇NEOUSLY [of consentaneous] agreeably, consistently

CONSENTA＇NEOUSNESS [from consentaneous] agreeableness, suitable­
ness.

CONSE＇NTIENT [consentiens, Lat.] agreeing with, not differing in
sentiment. The authority due to the consentient judgment and practice
of the universal church. Oxford Reasons against the Covenant.

CO＇NSEQUENCE [Fr. consequenzo, It. consequéncia, Sp. of consequen­
tia, Lat.] 1. That which follows from any cause or principle, con­
clusion, inference, collected from the agreement of other previous pro­
positions; as, that does not follow as a good consequence. 2. The
result of any action or thing, event, effect of a cause. Shun the
bitter consequence. Milton. 3. Importance, moment, or weight.
4. Concatenation of causes and effects. That which first brought sin
into the world, must, by necessary consequence, bring in sorrow too.
South. 5. That which produces consequences, influence, tendency.
It is of very ill consequence to the superstructing of good life. Hammond.
6. Importance, moment or weight. The anger of Achilles was of
such consequence, that it embroiled the kings of Greece. Addison.

CONSEQUENCE [in astrology] is when a planet moves according to
the natural succession of the signs.

CONSEQUENCE [with logicians] the last part or proposition of an
argument opposed to the antecedents, being somewhat deduced or ga­
thered from a preceding argument, especially the last proposition of a
syllogism.
Can syllogism set things right?
No, majors soon with minors fight:
Or both in friendly consort join＇d,
The consequence limps false behind. Prior.

CO＇NSEQUENT, adj. [Fr. conseguente, It. conseguiénte, Sp. of conse­
quens, Lat.] 1. Following by argumentative deduction. 2. Following
as the effect from a cause; with to. The right was consequent to, and
built on an act perfectly personal. Locke. 3. Sometimes with upon.
Satisfaction or dissatisfaction consequent upon a man＇s acting. South.

CONSEQUENT, subst. 1. That which follows from previous propositions
by rational deduction, consequence. Doth it follow that they, being
not the people of God, are in nothing to be followed? This consequent
were good, if only the custom of the people of God is to be observed.
Hooker. 2. Effect, that which follows, an acting cause.

CONSEQUENT of a Ratio [with mathematicians] is the latter of the
two terms of proportion, or the term between which and the antece­
dent, the comparison is made, as in the reason of proportion of the
number 4 to 6, 6 is the consequent with which the antecedent 4 is com­
pared, or if the proportion were a magnitude or quantity, as B to C,
C is said to be the consequent.

CONSEQUE＇NTIAL [from consequent] 1. Of or pertaining to consequence,
produced from the necessary concatenation of effects to causes.
We sometimes wrangle when we should debate,
A consequential ill which freedom draws,
A bad effect, but from a noble cause. Prior.
2. Conclusive, having the consequences justly drawn from the premises
Arguments highly consequential and concludent to my purpose. Hale.

CONSEQUE＇NTIALLY [from consequential] 1. With just deduction of
consequences. The faculty of writing consequentially and expressing
his meaning. Addison. 2. By consequence, eventually, not imme­
diately. This relation is so necessary that God cannot discharge a ra­
tional creature from it: altho＇ consequentially indeed he may do so by
the annihilation of such creatures. South. 3. In a regular series.
Were a man a king in his dreams, and a beggar awake, and dreamt
consequentially and in continued unbroken schemes, would he be in
reality a king or a beggar? Addison.

CONSEQUE＇NTIALNESS [of consequential] the quality of following by
way of consequence, regular consecution by way of argument or dis­
course.

CO＇NSEQUENTLY [consequemment, Fr. consequenter, Lat.] 1. By con­
sequence, necessarily, by the connection of effects to their causes. In
the most perfect poem a perfect idea was requir＇d, and consequently all
poets ought rather to imitate it. Dryden. 2. In consequence, in pur­
suance. There is consequently upon this distinguishing principle an in­
ward satisfaction or dissatisfaction. South.

CO＇NSEQUENTNESS [from consequent] regular connection and de­
duction of propositions, consecution of discourse. The consequentness
of the whole body of the doctrine. Digby.

CONSE＇RVABLE [conservabilis, from conservo, of con, and servo, Lat.
to keep] that may be kept.

CONSE＇RVANCY [conservans, Lat.] courts held by the lord mayor
of London for the preservation of the fishery on the river Thames, are
called courts of conservancy.

CONSERVA＇TION [Fr. conservazione, It. conservaciòn, Sp. of conser­
vatio, Lat.] 1. The act of keeping or preserving, care to keep from
perishing, protection. Some alterations in the globe tend rather to
the benefit and conservation of the earth and its productions, than to
the disorder and destruction of both. Woodward. 2. Preservation from
corruption. To enquire of the means of preventing or staying putre­
faction, for therein consisteth the means of conservation of bodies. Ba­
con.

CONSERVA＇TIVA Medicina, that part of physic that contributes to
the preserving a person in health, in contra-distinction to the pharma­
ceutic, which applies remedies to the diseased. Lat.
I shall ask no pardon of my reader, if taking occasion here to ob­
serve, that he＇ll find the best comment on this important subject, in
that excellent poem of Dr. Armstrong＇s, entitled, The art of preserving
health.

CONSE＇RVATIVE [conservo, Lat.] having the power of opposing di­
minution or injury. The spherical figure is the most perfect and
conservative of all others. Peacham.

CONSERVA＇TOR [conservateur, Fr. conservatore, It. conservadòr, Sp.
of conservator, Lat.] a keeper or maintainer, a protector or defender,
an officer established for the security and preservation of the privileges
granted some cities, bodies, communities, &c. particularly with re­
gard to inspecting the sick. For that you declare that you have many
sick, he was warned by the conservator of the city, that he should
keep at a distance. Bacon.

CONSERVA＇TOR of the Peace, one whose office is to see that the
king＇s peace be kept. Conservators of the peace of the two king­
doms. Clarendon. Single conservators of their own species. Hale.

CONSERVATOR of the truce and safe-conduct, an officer appoint­
ed in every sea-port, to enquire of offences committed on the main
sea, out of the liberty of the Cinque Ports, against the king＇s truce
and safe-conduct.

CONSERVA＇TOR of the Peace [in common law] a petty constable.

CONSERVATOR [in law] an umpire chosen or appointed to compose
differences between two parties.

CONSE＇RVATORY, adj. [of conservator, Lat.] of a preserving qua­
lity.

CONSERVATORY, subst. [conservatorium, from conservo, Lat.] a place
to keep or lay things up in according to their proper nature; as, a green­
house for plants, a pond for fish, a granary for corn.

To CONSE＇RVE [conserver, Fr. conservare, It. conservàr, Sp. of
conservo, Lat.] 1. To preserve or keep without loss or detriment. No­
thing was lost out of these stores, since the part of conserving what
others have gained in knowledge is easy. Temple. Able to conserve
their properties unchanged. Newton. 2. To candy or pickle fruits.

CONSERVE [Fr. conserva, It. in confectionary] 1. A sort of
composition made of sugar, and the paste of flowers or herbs, till
they harden and candy, so that it may be kept several years. Can­
died conserves made of sugar and lemons. Bacon. 2. A conserva­
tory; an unusual sense. Set the pots of tuberoses into your conserve.
Evelyn.

CONSE＇RVER [from conserve] 1. A layer up, he that preserves things
from loss or dimunition. Industrious collector and conserver of choice
pieces in that kind. Hayward. 2. A preparer of conserves.

CONSE＇SSION [consessio, Lat.] a sitting together, as a judge, &c.

CONSE＇SSOR, Lat. one that sits with others.

To CONSI＇DER, verb act. [considerer, Fr. considerare, It. consideràr
Sp. and Port. of considero, Lat.] 1. To mind, to think of with care
to examine, to sift. At our more consider＇d time we＇ll read. Shakes­
peare. 2. To take into the view, not to omit in the examination. It
seems necessary, in the choice of persons for greater employments, to
consider their bodies as well as their minds. Temple. 3. A kind of in­
terjection, whereby attention is summoned.
Consider,
Thy life hath yet been private. Milton.
4. To requite, to reward one for his trouble; as, to consider services
done to one. Shakespeare. 5. To regard, to have a respect for.

To CONSIDER, verb neut. 1. To meditate upon maturely, not to
judge rashly. None considereth in his heart, neither is there know­
ledge nor understanding. Isaiah 2. To deliberate, to work in the
mind; with of. Widow, we will consider of thy suit. Shakespeare. 3.
To doubt, to hesitate.
Many maz＇d considerings did throng,
And press in with this caution. Shakespeare.
4. Not to despise. Let us consider one another to provoke unto love.
Hebrews.

CONSI＇DERABLE, [Fr. and Sp. considerabile, It.] 1. Remarkable, wor­
thy of consideration, of regard. Eternity is infinitely the most consi­
derable duration. Tillotson. 2. Deserving notice, respectable, being
above neglect. Men considerable in all worthy professions. Sprat. I
am so considerable a man, that I cannot have less than forty shillings a
year. Addison. 3. Important, valuable. Masters of as considerable
estates, as those who have the greatest portions of land. Addison.
4. More than a little; it has a middle signification between little and
great. Many had brought in very considerable sums of money. Cla­
rendon.

CONSI＇DERABLENESS [of considerable] the state of deserving no­
tice; importance, dignity, desert. We must not always measure the
considerableness of things by their most obvious usefulness. Boyle.

CONSI＇DERABLY [from considerable] 1. In a degree deserving no­
tice, though not the highest.
Europe still considerably gains,
Both by their good example and their pains. Roscommon.
2. With importance. Serving you more considerably than I have yet
been able to do. Pope.

CONSI＇DERANCE [from consider] reflection, sober thought. After
this cold consid＇rance sentence me. Shakespeare.

CONSI＇DERATE [consideratus, Lat.] 1. Wise, circumspect, advised,
discreet, serious, not negligent. Æneas is patient, considerate, and
careful of his people. Dryden. 2. Regardful, having respect to;
with of. Though they will do nothing for virtue, yet they may be
presumed more considerate of praise. Decay of Piety. 3. Moderate,
not rigorous. A sense much used in conversation.

CONSI＇DERATELY [from considerate] wisely, circumspectly, coolly.
Circumstances sway an ordinary judgment of a wise man, not fully
and considerately pondering the matter. Bacon.

CONSI＇DERATENESS [from considerate] deliberation, considerate
temper.

CONSI＇DERATION [Fr. considerazione, It. consideraciòn, Sp. of consi­
deratio, Lat.] 1. The act of considering or a bethinking one＇s self,
mental view; as, when a thing comes in consideration. 2. Mature
thought, serious deliberation. Let us think with consideration. Sidney.







3. Contemplation, meditation on any subject. The love you bear
to Mopsa, hath brought you to the consideration of her virtues. Sidney.
4. Importance, worthy of regard. Lucan is the only author of con­
sideration among the Latin poets, who was not explained for the use
of the Dauphin. Addison. 5. A forcible reason, respect, regard,
motive, influence, ground of conduct. Made general upon very
partial, and not enough deliberated considerations. Clarendon. 6. Rea­
son ground of concluding. Moved with such considerations as have
been before set down. Hooker. 7. A requital, equivalent, compen­
sation; as, to do a thing upon a good or valuable consideration.

CONSIDERATION [in a legal sense] is the material cause of a bar­
gain, or quid pro quo contract either expressed or implied, without
which it would not be effectual or binding; express＇d, as when a man
bargains to give a certain sum of money for any thing; or else im­
plied, as when the law enforces a consideration, upon any man who
coming into an inn, and taking both meat and lodging for himself
and his horse, without bargaining with the host, if he discharge not
the house, the host may stay his horse. Cowel.

CONSI＇DERER [from consider] one who considers or reflects. A
deep considerer. Government of the Tongue.

To CONSI＇GN, verb act. [consigner, Fr. consignare, It. consinàr, Sp.
consignar, Port. of consigno, Lat.] 1. To make over any thing with the
right to it, in a formal manner, to deliver into other hands; some­
times with to, sometimes over to. Men by free gift consign over a
place to divine worship. South. 2. To appropriate, to quit for a cer­
tain purpose. The French commander consigned it to the use for
which it was intended. Dryden. 3. To commit, to entrust. The
four evangelists consigned to writing that history. Addison.

To CONSIGN [in traffic] goods are said to be consigned to the cor­
respondent or factor, which are sent over to him by the merchant or
employer, or e contra.

To CONSIGN, verb neut. 1. To yield, to resign; a sense now
obsolete.
All lovers must
Consign to thee, and come to dust. Shakespeare.
2. To sign, to consent to; also obsolete. A maid yet rosed over
with the virgin crimson of modesty; it were, my lord, a hard con­
dition for a maid to consign to. Shakespeare.

CONSIGNA＇TION [Fr. consegnazione, It. consignaciòn, Sp. of consigna­
tio, Lat.] 1. The act of signing. We may look upon the tradition
of the holy sacramental symbols as a direct consignation of pardon.
Taylor. 2. The act of consigning or making over a thing to ano­
ther. Despair is a cetain consignation to eternal ruin. Taylor.

CONSIGNATION, or CONSIGNMENT [in a legal sense] is the putting
a sum of money, &c. into sure hands, until the decision of a con­
troversy or law-suit, that hinders the delivery of the said trust to the
proper owner.

CONSI＇GNMENT [from consign] 1. The act of consigning. 2. The
writing sealed, by which any thing is consigned.

CONSI＇GNATURE [consignatura, Lat.] a sealing together.

CONSIGNIFICA＇TION, a signifying by tokens, or with some other
thing. Lat.

CONSIGNI＇FICATIVE, that is of the same signification with another.

CONSI＇MILAR [of con and similis, Lat.] alike or agreeing, having a
common resemblance.

CONSIMI＇LITY [consimilitas, Lat.] common likeness or resem­
blance.

To CONSI＇ST [consister, Fr. consistere, It. consistìr, Sp. of consisto,
Lat.] 1. To be made up of, to be composed; with of. The land
would consist of plains. Burnet. 2. Not to oppose or contradict; ge­
nerally having with. Necessity and election cannot consist together.
Bramhall.
Health consists with temperance alone. Pope.
3. To subsist, not to perish. By him all things consist. Colossians.
4. To continue fixed, not to be dissipated. Flame doth not mingle
with flame, but only remaineth contiguous, as it cometh to pass
betwixt consisting bodies. Bacon. 5. To be comprized or contained
in any thing. A great beauty of letters does often consist in little
passages of private conversation. Walsh.

CONSI＇STENCE, or CONSI＇STENCY [Fr. consistenza, It. consisténcia,
Sp. of consistentia, low Lat.] 1. The manner of being, state with
respect to material existence. Water divided, maketh many circles,
till it restore itself to the natural consistence. Bacon. 2. The degree of
thickness, or rarity of liquid things. Juices boiled into the consistence
of a syrup. Arbuthnot. 3. Substance, form, make. His friendship
is of a noble make, and a lasting consistency. South. 4. Agreement
or relation with itself, or with any thing else, uniformity. That
consistency of behaviour, whereby he inflexibly pursues those measures
which appear the most just. Addison. 5. A state of rest, in which
things capable of growth or decrease continue for some time at a
stand; as, the growth, consistence, and return of a tree. Chambers.

CONSISTENCE [in physic] is that state of a body, wherein its com­
ponent particles are so connected among themselves, so as not to se­
parate or recede from each other.

CONSI＇STENT [consistens, Lat.] 1. Suitable or agreeable to, not
contradictory or opposite; generally having with. Their politics o­
thers do not think consistent with honour to practice. Addison. 2. Not
fluid, having a consistence.

CONSISTENT Bodies [in philosophy] are solid and firm bodies, in
opposition to those that are fluid; or such bodies as will preserve their
form, without being confined by any boundary, and has no degree of
fluxity or fluidity. The sand within the shell becoming solid and
consistent. Woodward.

CONSI＇STENTLY [from consistent] without contradiction, with con­
gruity; generally having with. The Phœnicians are of this charac­
ter, and the poet describes them consistently with it. Broome.

CONSI＇STENTNESS, or CONSI＇STENCY [of consistence, Fr. consisten­
tia, Lat.] agreeableness. See CONSISTENCE.

CONSISTO＇RIAL [Fr. consistoriale, It. consistorial, Sp.] of or per­
taining to a consistory, or ecclesiastical court. An official or chan­
cellor has the same consistorial audience with the bishop himself.
Ayliffe.

CO＇NSISTORY [consistoire, Fr. consistoro, It. consistório, Sp. consisto­
rium, Lat.] 1. A solemn meeting of the pope and cardinals. The
whole consistory of Rome. Shakespeare. The pope and the whole con­
sistory. Atterbury. 2. An assembly of the ministers, &c. of the re­
formed church in France. 3. The court christian or spiritual court,
formerly held in the nave of the cathedral church, or some chapel or
isle belonging to it, in which the bishop had presided, and had some
of his clergy for his assistants. For every minister, there should be
two of the people to sit and give voice in the ecclesiastical consistory.
Hooker. 4. Any solemn assembly.
To council summons all his mighty peers,
Within thick clouds and dark tenfold involv＇d,
A gloomy consistory. Milson.
5. Place of residence. My other self, my counsel＇s consistory, my
oracle. Shakespeare.

CONSISTORY [in law] the tribunal or place of justice in the spiri­
tual court, belonging to the archbishop or bishops.

To CONSO＇CIATE, verb act. [of consocio, from con, and socius, Lat. a
companion] 1. To unite or join either persons or things, to join in
mutual society. The best outward shapes are the likeliest to be con­
sociated with good inward faculties. Wotton. 2. To cement, to hold
things together. A supernatural principle to unite and consociate the
parts of the chaos. Burnet.

To CONSOCIATE, verb neut. to coalesce, to be united. They
might be separated again without ever consociating into the huge con­
dense bodies of planets. Bentley.

CONSO＇CIATE, subst. [from the verb] an accomplice, a partner.
Partridge and Stanhope were condemn＇d as consociates in the conspi­
racy of Somerset. Hayward.

CONSO＇CIATED, particip. [consociatus, Lat.] joined in mutual so­
ciety.

CONSOCIA＇TION [from consociate] 1. Alliance. A consociation of
offices between the prince and whom his favour breeds. Ben Johnson.
2. Union, companionship. Long and various consociation with a
prince. Wotton.

CONSO＇LABLE [consolabilis, Lat.] that may be comforted.

CO＇NSOLABLENESS [of consolabilis, Lat.] capableness of being com­
forted.

To CO＇NSOLATE [consolor, Lat.] to comfort, to ease in misery.
Shakespeare and Brown use it.

CONSOLA＇TION [Fr. consolazione, It. consolación, Sp. of consolatio,
Lat.] comfort, ease of griefs or misery, such alleviation as is produced
by partial remedies.
Against such cruelties
With inward consolations recompens＇d. Milton.

CONSOLATION [with rhetoricians] one of the places whereby the
orator endeavours to temper and assuage the grief or concern of ano­
ther.

CONSOLA＇TOR, Lat. a comforter.

CONSOLA＇TORINESS [from consolatory] aptness to give comfort.

CONSO＇LATORY, adj. [consolatoire, Fr. consolatorius, Lat.] of a con­
solating or comforting nature or quality.

CONSOLATORY, subst. [from the adj.] a speech or writing that con­
tains topics of consolation.
Consolatories writ
With studied argument and much persuasion sought,
Lenient of grief. Milton.

CONSO＇LE [in architecture] an ornament cut upon the key of an
arch, a sort of bracket or shoulder-piece, having a projecture, and
serving to support a cornice and bear up figures, busts, and vases.

To CONSO＇LE, verb act. [consolor, Lat.] to comfort, to free from the
sense of misery or grief.
Others the syren sisters compass round,
And empty heads console with empty sound. Pope.

CONSO＇LER [from console] one that consoles or gives comfort. Pride
once more appears as the great consoler of the miseries of man. Comment
on Pope＇s Essay on Man.

CONSO＇LIDA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb confound or comfrey.

CONSO＇LIDANTS [consolidantia, Lat.] consolidating remedies, i. e.
such as cleanse and close up wounds, producing new flesh.

To CONSO＇LIDATE, verb act. [consolider, Fr. consolidare, It. consoli­
dàr, Sp. of consolidatum, from con, and solidus, Lat. firm] to make
whole, to close up, to unite strongly, or join together into a solid mass.
He stretched or he fixed and consolidated the earth above the water.
Burnet. 2. To unite two parliamentary bills into one.

To CONSOLIDATE, verb neut. [with surgeons] a term used concern­
ing broken bones, or wounds; as, the parts begin to consolidate, i. e.
to join together in one piece, as they were before the fracture, or the
solution of the continuity.

CONSOLIDA＇TION [Fr. consolidazione, It. of consolidatio, Lat.] 1.
The act of uniting or making into a solid mass. The consolidation of
marble. Woodward. 2. An uniting or hardening of broken bones, or
the closing the lips of wounds. 3. The tacking of one bill in parliament
to another.

CONSOLIDATION [in the civil law] is unity of possession, i. e. the
joining or uniting the possession, occupancy or profits of certain lands
with the property.

CONSOLIDATION [in common law] is a joining two benefices or
spiritual livings into one.

CONSO＇LIDATIVES [with surgeons] healing medicines to close up a
wound.

CONSO＇LIDATURE [consolidatura, Lat.] a consolidation.

CO＇NSONANCE, or CO＇NSONANCY [Fr. consonanza, It. consonància,
Sp. of consonans, consonantia, Lat] 1. Conformity, agreeableness or
suitableness. Such decisions held consonancy and congruity with resolu­
tions of former times. Hale. 2. Agreement, friendship. A sense now
obsolete. Let me conjure you by the rights of our fellowship, by the
consonancy of our youth. Shakespeare.

CONSONANCE [in music] accord of sounds, the agreement of two
sounds, the one grave and the other acute, composed in such a propor­
tion of each, as shall be agreeable to the ear. The two principal con­
sonances that must favish the ear, are the fifth and the octave. Wotton.

CONSONANCE [of words] is when two words sound much alike at
the end, chiming or rhiming.








CO＇NSONANT, adj. [consonante, It. and Sp. of consonans, Lat.] agree­
able, conformable; having with or to. Consonant unto reason. Hooker.
Consonant with natural equity. Decay of Piety.

CONSONANT, subst. [consonans, Lat. with grammarians] a letter
which produces no sound alone, or but imperfectly, without some
vowel. A greater mixture of vowels or consonants. Pope.

CONSONANT, It. signifies an agreeable interval in music.

CONSO＇NANTLY [from consonant] agreeable, consistently; with to.
Formed according to that mind which frames things consonant to their
respective natures. Glanville.

CO＇NSONANTNESS [from consonant] conformity, agreeableness to or
with.

CO＇NSONOUS [consonus, Lat.] 1. Of the same tune or sound, agreeing
in sound. 2. Agreeable.

To CONSOPIA＇TE [consopio, Lat.] to cast into a deep sleep.

CONSOPIA＇TION [from consopiate] the act of laying to sleep. A total
abstinence from intemperance is no more philosophy than a total conso­
piation of the senses is repose. Digby to Pope.

To CONSO＇RT [of consort, Fr. or of con and sortiri, Lat.] to keep
company, to have society with.

CO＇NSORT, subst. [Fr. consorte, It. and Sp. of consors, Lat. It was
anciently accented on the latter syllable, but now on the former] 1. A
companion, fellow or associate; a partaker of the same condition; ge­
nerally a partner of the bed, either man or wife, but especially the lat­
ter. Well pleas＇d to want a consort of his bed. Dryden.
Th＇imperial consort of the crown of spades. Pope.
2. An assembly, a consultation.
In one consort there sat
Cruel revenge and rancorous despite. Spenser.
3. Concurrence, union. Take it singly, and it carries an air of lenity,
but in consort with the rest, a meaning quite different. Atterbury.

CONSORT, or rather CONCE＇RT [concert, Fr. concerto, It. concierto, Sp.
in music] a piece that consists of three or more parts, a symphony, a
number of instruments playing together. A consort of music. Ecclesia.
sticus.

To CONSO＇RT, verb neut. [from the noun] to unite with, to keep
company with. It has with following it, and is accented on the latter
syllable. Which of the Grecian chiefs consorts with thee? Dryden.

To CONSORT, verb act. 1. To join, to marry. Consorted Eve.
Milton. He begins to consort himself with men. Locke. 2. To accom­
pany.
I＇ll meet with you upon the mart,
And afterward consort you till bed-time. Shakespeare.

CONSO＇RTABLE [from consort] to be compared or ranked with, suit­
able; having to. He was consortable to Charles Brandon under Hen­
ry VIII. who was equal to him. Wotton.

CONSO＇RTION [consortio, Lat.] a fellowship, association, society,
&c.

CO＇NSOUND, the herb comfrey.

CONSPE＇CTABLE [conspectus, Lat.] easy to be seen.

CONSPECTU＇ITY [conspectus, Lat.] view, sense of seeing. This
word is, I believe, peculiar to Shakespeare, and perhaps corrupt.
Johnson. What harm can your bisson conspectuities glean out of this
character. Shakespeare.

CONSPE＇RSION [conspersio, Lat.] the act of sprinking about.

CONSPI＇CABLE [conspicabilis, Lat.] evident, that may easily be
seen.

CONSPICU＇ITY, or CONSPI＇CUOUSNESS [from conspicuous or conspi­
cuitas, Lat.] 1. Plainness or easiness to be seen, brightness. If this defi­
nition be clearer than the thing defined, midnight may vie for conspicuity
with noon. Glanville. They appear well proportioned fabricks, but in
that twilight which is requisite to their conspicuousness. Boyle. 2. Emi­
nence, fame. Their writings attract more readers by the author＇s con­
spicuousness. Boyle.

CONSPI＇CUOUS [conspicuo, It. and Sp. conspicuus, Lat.] 1. Clear,
manifest, easy to be seen even at a distance. Or come I less conspi­
cuous. Milton. 2. Famous, distinguished, eminent. He attributed to
each of them that virtue which he thought most conspicuous in them.
Dryden.

CONSPI＇CUOUSLY [from conspicuous] 1. Clearly, manifestly, easily
to be seen or perceiv＇d. Methods preserved conspicuously and entirely
distinct. Watts. 2. Eminently, remarkably.

CONSPI＇RACY, or CONSPIRA＇TION [conspiration, Fr. conspirazione,
It. conspiraciòn, Sp. of conspiratio, Lat.] 1. A combination, a secret
consultation, a plot, an agreement of parties to commit some crime; as,
a concerted treason.
That foul conspiracy
Of the beast Caliban, and his confed＇rates,
Against my life. Shakespeare.
2. A concurrence, a general tendency of many causes to a single
event. When the time now came that misery was ripe for him, there
was a conspiracy in all heavenly and earthly things, to frame fit occa­
sions to lead him into it. Sidney.

CONSPIRACY [in common law] is universally taken in the worst
sense, and signifies an agreement of persons binding themselves by
covenant, oath, or otherwise, that every one of them shall assist the
other maliciously to indite or cause some person to be indicted of fe­
lony, &c. Cowel.

CONSPI＇RANT [conspirans, Lat.] conspiring, engaged in a plot.
Thou art a traitor,
Conspirant against this high illustrious prince. Shakespeare.

CONSPIRA＇TION [conspiratio, Lat.] a plot. See CONSPIRACY.

CONSPIRATIO＇NE [in law] a writ that lies against conspirators.

CONSPI＇RATOR, or CONSPI＇RER [conspirateur, Fr. conspiratore, It.
conspiradòr, Sp. of conspirator, Lat. or from conspire] a plotter, one
who has conspired for some ill design, or that has had a hand in
a plot.
Thou manifest conspirator!
Thou that contriv＇st to murder our dread lord. Shakespeare.

To CONSPI＇RE [conspirer, Fr. conspiràr, Sp. conspirare, It. conspiro,
Lat.] 1. To suit or agree together; as, every thing conspires to the
tyrant＇s ruin. 2. To complot or bandy together; to concert a crime,
to hatch secret treason.
The press, the pulpit, and the stage,
Conspire to censure and expose our age. Rescommon.

CONSPI＇RER. See CONSPIRATOR.

CONSPI＇RING Powers [in mechanics] are all such as act in direction
not opposite to one another.

CONSPURCA＇TION [conspurco, Lat.] the act of defiling or pollut­
ing.

CO＇NSTABLE [conétable, Fr. conestabile, It. condestable, Sp. comes
stabuli, Lat. Verstegan supposes it to be derived of cynning, Sax. a
king, and stable, q. d. king of the stable, or master of the horse, or,
as others, of coning and stable, q. d. the prop of the king; constabel,
and constapel, in the modern northern tongues, signify a gunner] a
title which anciently belonged to the lords of certain manors; after
that high-constables of hundreds were appointed, and under those,
constables of every parish.

Lord High CONSTABLE of England, an officer who anciently was of
so great power, that it was thought too great for any subject; his ju­
risdiction was the same with that of the earl marshal, and took place
of him as chief judge in the marshal＇s court. Constable is an ancient
officer of the crown, long disused in England, but lately subsisting in
France, where the constable commanded the marshals, and was the
first officer of the army. The function of the constable of England
consisted in the care of the common peace of the land, in deeds of
arms, and in matters of war. To the court of the constable and
marshal belonged the cognizance of contracts, deeds of arms without
the realm, and combats and blazonry of arms within it. The first
constable of England was created by the conqueror, and the office
continued hereditary till the thirteenth of Henry VIII, when it was laid
aside. From these mighty magistrates are derived the inferior consta­
bles of hundreds and franchises, two being ordained in the thirteenth
of Edward I. to be chosen in every hundred for the conservation of
the peace, and the view of armour; these are now called high con­
stables, because, thro＇ continuance of time and increase of people and
offences, others of like nature, but inferior authority, have been crea­
ted in each town, called petty constables. Besides these, we have con­
stables denominated from particular places, as constable of the Tower,
of Dover castle, of the castle of Carnarvon; but these are properly
castellani or governors of castles. Cowel. Chambers.

CONSTABLE of the Tower of London, an officer who has the go­
vernment of that fortress.

To outrun the CONSTABLE [perhaps from conte stable, Fr. the settled,
firm and stated account. Johnson] to spend more than one＇s income.
A low phrase.

CO＇NSTABLESHIP [of constable] the office, &c. of a constable.
This keepership is annexed to the constableship of the castle. Carew.

CO＇NSTANCE, a city of Swabia, in Germany, situated on the north­
ern shore of a lake to which it gives name. It is the see of a bishop,
who is a prince of the German empire. Lat. 47° 37′ N. Long.
9° 12′ E.

CO＇NSTANCY [constantia, Lat. constance, Fr. constanza, It. constancia,
Sp. and Port.] 1. Firmness, resolution, perseverance, stedfastness.
In a small isle, amidst the widest seas,
Triumphant constancy has fix＇d her seat;
In vain the syrens sing, the tempests beat. Prior.
2. Immutability, unalterable continuance. The constancy of one law,
and the mutability of the other. Hooker. 3. Consistency, unvaried
state. Constancy in such a variety. Ray. 4. Lasting affection or
friendship. Constancy is such a stability and firmness of friendship, as
overlooks lesser failures of kindness, and yet still retains the same habi­
tual good-will. South. 5. Certainty, reality.
All the story of the night told o＇er,
More witnesseth than fancy＇s images,
And grows to somewhat of great constancy. Shakespeare.

CONSTANCY, was represented by the ancients, as a woman of a
steady, fixed countenance, embracing with her left arm a column, to
shew her stedfast resolution is not to be moved, and holding in her
right hand a naked sword over a fire of an altar, to denote that neither
fire nor sword can terrify a courage armed with constancy, or perhaps
alluding to the like action of Mutius Scœvola.
Or, as a woman clothed in a robe of azure, embroidered with stars
of gold, to signify her being fixed as the firmament, and stopping the
career of a bull which she holds by his horns.

CO＇NSTANT [Fr. costante, It. constante, Sp. of constans, Lat.] 1. Re­
solute, continuing in one＇s purpose immoveably.
Nothing in the world
Could turn so much the constitution
Of any constant man. Shakespeare.
2. Unvaried, durable, or lasting. 3. Certain or sure, steady, not
various.
Still cheerful, ever constant to his call. Dryden.
4. Firm, not fluid. You may turn two fluid liquors into a constant
body. Boyle. 5. Free from change of affection. Both loving one
fair maid, they yet remained constant friends. Sidney.

CO＇NSTANTLY [from constant] 1. Steadily, readily. 2. Continually;
as, to do any thing constantly.

CONSTA＇NTINA, the capital of a province of the same name, in the
kingdom of Algiers, in Africa. Lat. 35° 30′ N. Long. 7° E.

CONSTANTINO＇PLE, the metropolis of the Turkish empire, called
by the Turks Stamboul, and by many Europeans the Porte, being one
of the best harbours in Europe. It is built on the western shore of
the Bosphorus, in the form of a triangle; the seraglio, or palace,
occupying that angle which runs out between the Prepontis and the
harbour; the gardens extend to the water-side. Lat. 41° 30′ N.
Long. 23° 15′ E. It is situated like Rome, on seven hills; but
which are all connected from behind; not (as in Rome) absolutely de­
tach＇d from one another; and on the highest ridge or summit stands
the Grand Seignor＇s palace, commanding that most delicious and ex­
tensive prospect, both of sea and land, which Gillius has so well des­
cribed in his Topographia Constantinopoleos. This city, which was
the residence of the Greek emperors, was twice besieged by the Ara­
bians [or Saracens] during the chaliphate of the house of Ommiah,
A. C. 672 and 717, but without success. Haroun Rashid, the fourth
caliph of the house of Abbas, after having ravaged Natolia, threat­
ened it with a fresh siege, A. C. 780, but the empress Irene warded







off the storm by rich presents, and the promise of an annual tribute.
It came under the power of the Franks, A. C. 1204; but was re­
taken from them by Michael Palæologus, A. C. 1262, and was
thenceforward possessed by the Greeks; till the reign of sultan Maho­
met the second, who besieg＇d it both by sea and land, and took it
A. C. 1453. I shall only add, that in this short detail, we have (as
Sir Isaac Newton observes) a most punctual fulfilment of that ancient
prediction, Daniel, c. xi. v. 40, viz. that a southern people should
greatly annoy; but a northern power should overthrow this Grecian
state. See ABBASIDES, SELJUCIDÆ, and OTTOMAN.

CO＇NSTAT [in law] a certificate taken out of the Exchequer court,
of what is there upon record, relating to any matter in question;
also an exemplification or copy of the inrollment of letters patent.
Lat.

To CONSTE＇LLATE, verb neut. [constellatus, Lat. from con, and
stella, a star] to shine with one general light. The several things
which most engage our affections, shine forth and constellate in God.
Boyle.

To CONSTELA＇TE, verb act. to form into a constellation, to unite
in one splendor. These scattered persections directed among the seve­
ral of inferior natures, were sum＇d up and constellated in ours. Glan­
ville.

CONSTELLA＇TION [Fr. costellatione, It. constellaciòn, Sp. of constel­
latio, Lat.] 1. In astronomy, a cluster of stars, imagined to represent the
form of some animal, &c. and called by its name.
A constellation is but one
Tho＇ ＇tis a train of stars. Dryden.
2. An assemblage of splendors or excellencies. The condition is a
constellation or conjuncture of faith, hope, charity, self-denial, repen­
tance. Hammond.

To CO＇NSTER. See To CONSTRUE.

CONSTE＇RNATED [consternatus, Lat.] put into sudden fear.

CONSTERNA＇TION [Fr. consternazione, It. consternaciòn, Sp. of con­
sternatio, Lat.] amazement, astonishment, by reason of some sudden
surprize or wonder. They find the same Consternation upon them­
selves that Jacob did at Bethel. South.

To CO＇NSTIPATE [constiper, Fr. costipare, It. constipatum, sup. of
constipo, Lat.] 1. To thicken or make more compact. Of cold the pro­
perty is to condense and constipate. Bacon. 2. To cram or ram close,
to stop by filling up the passages. Not probable that any aliment
should have the quality of entirely constipating or shutting up the ca­
pillary vessels. Arbuthnot.

To CONSTIPATE [with physicians] to bind the belly or make cos­
tive.

CONSTIPA＇TION [Fr. constipazione, It.] 1. The act of crowding or
thrusting close together. The detention of the spirits, and constipation
of the tangible parts. Bacon. 2. Stoppage, obstruction thro＇ fulness.
A constipation of the belly. Arbuthnot.

CONSTIPATION [with philosophers] is when the parts of a natural
body are more closely united than they were before.

CONSTI＇TUENCE [of constituens, Lat.] that of which a thing is
composed.

CONSTI＇TUENT, adj. [constituens, Lat.] that which constitutes or
makes up any thing what it is, essential, elemenal. Body, soul, and
reason, are the three parts necessarily constituent of a man. Dryden.

CONSTITUENT, subst. [from the adj.] 1. The person or thing
which settles or constitutes a thing in its peculiar state. Their origi­
nation requires a higher constituent than chance. Hale. 2. That
which is necessary to the subsistence of any thing. The lymph in
the mesentery is a necessary constituent of the aliment. Arbuthnot.
3. He that deputes another in his room; as, the people are the con­
stituents of the members of parliament.

To CO＇NSTITUTE [constituer, Fr. constituire, It. constituyr, Sp. of
constitutum, sup. of constituo, from con, and statuo, Lat. to appoint, to
give formal existence to] to appoint another to an office in one＇s
room.

CONSTITU＇TION [constitucion, Sp. of constitutio, Lat.] 1. The act
of constituting, enacting, deputing, or producing. 2. The temper
of the body, natural disposition, with respect to health or disease.
Healthful constitution. Dryden. Native constitutions. Temple. 3.
Corporeal frame. Effects of this oily constitution. Arbuthnot. 4.
The temperament, or that disposition of the whole arising from the
quality and proportion of its parts. 5. The state of being particular,
texture of parts, natural qualities. This is more beneficial to us than
any other constitution. Bentley. 6. Temper of mind. The constitu­
tion of a dull head. Sidney. With less passion this was expected from
his constitution. Clarendon. 7. A particular ordinance or decree. 8.
Institution, establishment, usage. Constitution, properly speaking, in
the sense of the civil law, is that law which is made and ordained by
some king or emperor; yet the canonists, by adding the word sacred,
make it to signify the same as an ecclesiastical canon. Ayliffe. 9. Esta­
blished laws of a kingdom.

Apostolical CONSTITUTIONS, are a collection of regulations attributed
to the apostles, and supposed to have been collected by St. Clement,
their cotemporary and first bishop in Rome of that name. Wil­
liam Whiston (building on the foundation which Bovius and Tur­
rianus had already laid) tugg＇d hard to prove the divine authority of
the constitutions; but which claim archbishop Usher, and, after him,
Robert Turner, have, I think, ahundantly refuted. However, they
contain (past all dispute) some valuable remains of antiquity; I hope
therefore my readers will excuse me, should I employ a few thoughts
upon them. Hippolytus (who was bishop of Portus, near Rome, ac­
cording to a manuscript fragment amongst Doctor Grabe＇s papers) is
supposed by some to have been the collector of the constitutions, espe­
cially those of the eighth book. “For (says Turner) upon his marble
monument, dug up at Rome, was found a catalogue of his writings;
and, amongst the rest, one called “The apostolic tradition concerning spi­
ritual gifts,” which is the title of the two first chapters of the eighth
book of the constitutions. Besides, in the Bodleian library, amongst
the Baroccian books, there are two manuscripts which expressly as­
cribe a great part of the eighth book to Hippolytus. In one of these,
after the canons of several councils, follows the διδασκαλια, &c. i. e.
the doctrine of the holy apostles concerning spiritual gifts, which makes
up the two first chapters [of the eighth book of the constitutions] then
comes the διαταξεις, &c. i. e. the appointments of the same holy apostles
concerning ordinations, by HIPPOLYTUS; which make up the 4th, 5th,
16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22d, and so on to the 31st chapter in­
clusive.” Turner＇s Discourse, p. 287, &c. From all which he makes
this inference; “That Hippolytus had a hand in collecting the constitu­
tions”; and, upon the whole, concludes, “that the eight books of
the constitutions seem to have been made out of several doctrines, con­
stitutions, canons, travels, and traditions, ascribed to the apostles;
and out of some of the ANCIENT liturgies, and the discipline and prac­
tice of the Greek church”.—So far right enough.—He adds, “adul­
terated”.—And this also is, I fear, too true.—But when he ascribes
both the collection and adulteration to some ignorant blaspheming Arian
of the fifth century, p. 294, 295, here I must suspend, for reasons too
numerous to be now assigned. But one or two things, in justice to the
subject, I will beg leave to observe. First, that if Hippolytus (the
contemporary of Origin) had a hand in collecting those parts of the
constitution, which, on the authority of his marble monument, and the
Bodleian manuscripts, are assigned to him; it then follows, that the
main body of the ordination service, contained in the 8th book, was in
being long before ARIUS appeared on the stage. And I think bishop
Beveridge has proved as much, with reference to the apostolic canons,
notwithstanding any adulterations to the contrary. And indeed by
comparing the citations of Epiphanius and the Opus imperfect in Ma­
thæum together, the constitutions appear to have been held in equal
esteem and veneration by the consubstantialists of the fourth century, and
by their opponents; a strong presumption that they were in being be­
fore that contest arose; and which is still farther confirmed by their
not having taken the least notice of it. But to return to that which
is the noblest part of the whole collection, I mean the Greek liturgy, I
said “the MAIN BODY of the ordination-service,” because the Bodleian
manuscripts containing only the first and latter part thereof, are evi­
dently defective; but that defect is well supplied by those other copies;
from which the intermediate parts, contained in the printed constitutions,
were taken, and all put together make up one entire uniform piece;
and one and the same antenicene spirit, style, and doctrine, breathe
thro＇ the whole. Not to observe those other traits of antiquity which
any impartial critic will easily discern, when comparing these forms
and rites with Justin Martyr＇s account of the primitive worship; and
some strokes in the ROMAN missal, which seem to have been taken al­
most verbatim from them. I own, with Turner, adulterations there
are; but from a QUARTER he little dreamt of; or, if he did, judged
most prudent to conceal. As to those passages which he cites, p. 294,
295, in support of his charge against the Arians, and to which both
Photius, and the council of Trullo (not improbably) might refer be­
fore him, they may be reduced under these three heads: the produc­
tion of the Son and Spirit by the FATHER＇s will; the Lordship or
Dominion of the son over all, his Father only excepted; and the abso­
lute supremacy of the ONE GOD and FATHER, over all without excep­
tion. Now, if these propositions be Arian, then was Justin Martyr, Ter­
tullian, Novatian, and the main body of the antenicene fathers, Arians;
as might easily be shewn from their most authentic works. Nay more,
on this foot St. Basil, St. Hilary, the whole orthodox council of Sir­
mium, and others, the most strenuous champions of the Nicene faith, in
the fourth century, were also Arians; even his own Hippolytus will not
escape; for in the ordination-prayer, which belongs to his part of the
composition, the Father is addressed by this title, “ο μονος αγεννητος,
και αβασιλευτος, i. e. who ALONE art unbegotten, and hast NO KING
over thee”; and again, “ο ασυγκριτος, και ο αδεσποτος, i. e. who hast
no compare, and no SOVEREIGN LORD over thee:” or if this (as being
agreeable to that well known maxim of Hippolytus, κρατει μεν παν­
των ο χριστος, αυστου δε ο πατηρ) be received for genuine; by the same
rule may every other passage, I mean for any Arian interpolation to the
contrary. Epiphanius, he allows, could spy no Arianism in the con­
stitutions in the fourth century: nor would Robert Turner in the
eighteenth, had he not beheld them with quite other eyes than the good
bishop of Salamis. In plain terms, the doctrine of the TIMES, not of
the CONSTITUTIONS, is changed: what passed current with the ortho­
dox of the fourth century, became heresy with the council of Trullo
before the close of the seventh, and is now made downright blasphemy
by this writer in ours. A paradox indeed! but which is sufficiently
cleared up by that remark of Horace,
Ætas parentum pejor avis tulit———
If the reader desire farther satisfaction on this head, he may consult
what has been already offered, under the words AUTHENTIC, First
CAUSE, BEGOTTEN, CHRIST, CO-IMMENSE, CIRCUM-INCESSION;
or what may hereafter occur, under the words COORDINATENESS,
PSEUDEPIGRAPHY, SPURIOUS, INTERPOLATION, and the like.

CONSTITU＇TIONAL [from constitution] 1. Of or pertaining to con­
stitution, radical. Constitutional illness. Sharp. 2. Consistent with
the constitution or temper of the body, or established form of go­
vernment, legal.

CONSTITU＇TIVE [constitutivus, Lat.] 1. That which constitutes a
thing what it is, elemental, productive. Non-naturals, that is, such
as neither naturally constitutive, nor merely destructive, do preserve
or destroy. Brown. 2. Having the power to enact or establish.

CONSTITU＇TIVENESS [from constitutive] constitutive quality.

To CONSTRA＇IN [constringe, Lat. whence contraindre, Fr. costrin­
gere, It. constrenìr, Sp.] 1. To oblige by force, to compel to some
action.
Thy fight which should
Make our eyes slow with joy,
Constrains them weep. Shakespeare.
2. To keep in or restrain, to hinder by force. My fire in caves
constrains the winds. Dryden. 3. To necessitate.
When to his lust Ægysthus gave the rein,
Did fate or we th＇ adult＇rous act constrain. Pope.
4. To violate, to ravish.
Her spotless chastity,
Inhuman traytors, you constrnin＇d and forc＇d. Shakespeare.
5. To confine, to press. How the strait stays the slender waist con­
strain. Gay.

CONSTRAI＇NABLE [from constrain] liable to constraint or compul­
sion. They are by virtue of human law constrainable. Hooker.








CONSTRAI＇NER [from constrain] he that constrains.

CONSTRAI＇NINGNESS [from constraining] compelling nature or
quality.

CONSTRAI＇NT [contrainte, Fr.] compulsion, force, violence, act of
over-ruling the desire, confinement. Not by constraint, but by my
choice I came. Dryden.

To CONSTRI＇CT [from constrictum, sup. of constringo, from con and
stringo, Lat. to straiten] 1. To cramp, to confine within a narrow
compass. 2. To contract, to make to shrink, or shrivel up. Such
things as constrict the fibres, and strengthen the solid parts. Ar­
buthnot.

CONSTRI＇CTION [constrictio, Lat.] the act of binding fast, or tying
hard, drawing the parts of a thing closer together.

CONSTRICTION [with philosophers] is the crowding the parts of
any body closer together, in order to condensation. The constriction
or dilatation of air. Ray.

CONSTRI＇CTOR, Lat. that which contracts or compresses. The con­
strictors of the eyelids. Arbuthnot.

CONSTRICTOR Labiorum [Lat. in anatomy] a muscle encompassing
the lips with round or orbicular fibres, which when it acts draws them
up as a purse.

CONSTRICTO＇RES Alarum Nasi [in anatomy] muscles arising from
the fourth bone of the upper jaw, and which are inserted into the roots
of the alæ nasi, and superior parts of the upper lip, serving to draw the
upper lip and the alæ downwards. Lat.

To CONSTRI＇NGE [constringo, of con, and stringo, Lat. to contract
or straiten] to compress, to bind close. Inflammatory spirits intoxi­
cate, constringe, and harden the fibres. Arbuthnot.

CONSTRI＇NGENT, adj. [constringens, Lat.] having the power or qua­
lity of constringing or binding close. A conservatory of snow where
the cold may be more constringent. Bacon.

To CONSTRU＇CT [constructum, sup. of construo, from con, and struo,
Lat. to build] 1. To build, to frame, to constitute. He was pleased
to construct this vast fabric. Boyle. 2. To contrive.

CONSTRU＇CTION [Fr. construzione, It. construciòn, Sp. of constructio,
Lat.] 1. The act of building in a regular pile. 2. The form of build­
ing, structure.
There＇s no art
To shew the mind＇s construction in the face. Shakespeare.
The Construction of the ways was various. Arbuthnot. 3. [With
grammarians] the regular and due joining of words together, in a sen­
tence or discourse, so as to convey a compleat sense. Some particles
in certain constructions have the sense of a whole sentence. Locke. 4.
The act of interpreting, explanation.
This label, whose containing
Is so, from sense in hardness, that I can
Make no collection of it; let him shew
His skill in the construction. Shakespeare.
5. Interpretation, the act of arranging words in their proper order.
Hereunto we do not require them to yield, that think any other con­
struction more found. Hooker. 6. Judgment, mental representation.
It cannot, unto reasonable constructions, seem strange. Brown.

CONSTRUCTION [in geometry] is the drawing such lines of a figure,
as are necessary beforehand, in order to render the demonstration more
plain and undeniable.

CONSTRUCTION of Equations, is the method of reducing a known
equation into lines and figures; whereby the truth of the rule, canon,
or equation, may be demonstrated geometrically.

Absolute CONSTRUCTION, is the placing a word in such a situation,
as precludes all restriction or LIMITATION, and obliges us to under­
stand it in its fullest and highest sense. “I acknowledge I was mis­
taken, in supposing that no ancient writer styl＇d the Son των ολων, or
των παντων ποιητης, i. e. maker of all things: I should have said,
that he is never styl＇d, in an absolute construction, ο ποιητης (or ο Θεος)
των ολων; and then it would have been right. For ο Θεος or ο ποιητης
των ολων absolutely is ONE thing, and ο Θεος λογος, as in the place I now
cited from Origen; or ο δημιουργος λογος ο ποιητης των ολων, as in the
place cited by you out of Eusebius, is ANOTHER thing. If I mistook
in the criticism of the expression, I＇m sure I mistook not the SENSE of
the ancient writers in this point.” Reply to Dr. Waterland＇s defense
of his Queries, p. 321. Query, how far this remark is consistent with
APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTIONS, book 2d. chap. 55, “ο γαρ Θεος, &c.
δια της ιδιας ενανθρωπησεως. — And yet Theod. Abucara [as cited by
bishop Pearson] says, “The apostles, and almost every sacred scrip­
ture, when saying ο Θεος, i. e. THE God, in this absolute and indefi­
nite way, and commonly with the article, and without any personal
distinction, mean the FATHER”. Abucar. Opusc.

CONSTRU＇CTIVE [from construct] that tends to construction, that
may be framed or made.

CONSTRU＇CTIVENESS [from constructive] the state of a thing, as to
its capacity of being constructed.

CONSTRU＇CTURE [from construct] pile, fabric.
They shall the earth＇s constructure closely bind. Blackmore.

To CO＇NSTRUE, or CO＇NSTER [construire, Fr. and It. construìr, Sp. of
construo, Lat. conster is a corrupt spelling] 1. To range words in their
natural order, to disentangle transpositions. Virgil is so very figura­
tive, that he requires a grammar apart to construe him. Dryden. I
crave that I be not so understood or construed. Hooker. When the
word is construed into its idea, the double meaning vanishes. Addison.
2. To expound, to interpret, to shew the meaning.

To CO＇NSTUPRATE [constupro, Lat.] to deflower a woman, to vio­
late, to debauch.

CONSTUPRA＇TION [from constuprate] the act of debauching or de­
flowering of women, violation.

CONSUA＇LIA [Lat. among the Romans] certain feasts and games
appointed by Romulus, when he stole the Sabine virgins in honour of
Consus, the god of counsels.

CONSUBSTA＇NTIAL [consubstantialis, of con, and substantia, Lat.]
1. Having the same subsistence, coessential. We glorify that consub­
stantial word which is the son. Hooker. 2. Denoting something of
the same kind or nature with another. It continueth a body consub­
stantial with our bodies. Hooker.

CONSUBSTANTIA＇LITY, or CONSUBSTA＇NTIALNESS [consubstantia­
litas, Lat. or from consubstantial] more than one existence in the same
substance. His co-eternity and consubstantiality with the Father. Ham­
mond. See CIRCUMINCESSION, and HOMOUSIAN.

To CONSUBSTA＇NTIATE [from con, and substantia, Lat. substance]
to make of the same substance, to unite in one common nature.

CONSUBSTANTIA＇TION [Fr. consustantiazione, It. i. e. the mixture
or union of two substances] the doctrine of the Lutherans, with re­
gard to the manner of the change made in the bread and wine in the
eucharist; who maintain, that after consecration, the body and blood
of our Saviour are actually present together with, or, (as they express
it) in and with the substance of the bread and wine. Tho＇ they won＇t
explain their meaning, whether corporally or spiritually, but, to
evade the question, if put to it, generally answer, sacramentally, or
mysteriously. In the point of consubstantiation he changed his mind.
Atterbury. See BUCERISM and EUCHARIST.

CONSUETU＇DE [consuetudo, Lat.] custom or usage.

CONSUETU＇DO [Lat. old records] a customary service, as a day＇s
work to be done by the tenant for the lord of the manor.

CONSUETUDI＇NIBUS & Servitus [Lat. in law] a writ of right, that
lies against a tenant, who with-holds from his lord the rent or service
due to him.

CO＇NSUL [Fr. and Sp. consolo, It. of consul, Lat. among the old
Romans] a chief or sovereign magistrate, annually chosen by the
people, of which there were two in number; they commanded the
armies of the commonwealth, and were supreme judges of the diffe­
rences between the citizens.
Consuls of mod＇rate power in calms were made. Dryden.
This title is now given to the chief governors of some cities; but
especially to the officers or residents for merchants in foreign parts,
who judge in controversies between the merchants of their own na­
tion, and protect the trade.

CO＇NSULAR [consulaire, Fr. consolare, It. consulàr, Sp. of consularis,
Lat.] of or pertaining to a consul; as, the consular power.

CO＇NSULAR Man, one who had been a consul. Rose not the consu­
lar-men and left their places? Ben Johnson.

CO＇NSULATE [consulatus, Lat.] the office of consul. His name
and consulate were effaced out of all public registers. Addison. This
word is of the same kind of etymology with chaliphate. See CHALI­
PHATE.

CO＇NSULSHIP [from consul] the office of a consul.
Pollio＇s consulship and triumph grace. Dryden.

To CONSU＇LT, verb neut. [consultum, sup. of consulo, Lat. consulter,
Fr. consultare, It. consultar, Sp. and Port.] to advise with or take ad­
vice, to deliberate upon or debate a matter in common; it has with
before the person consulted. His bosom friends with whom he most
confidently consulted. Clarendon.

To CONSU＇LT, verb act. 1. To ask advice of any; as, the son
consulteth the father. 2. To regard, to act with a view to.
The senate owes its gratitude to Cato:
Who with so great a soul consults its safety. Addison.
3. To contrive, to plan. Many things were consulted for the future,
yet nothing was positively resolved. Clarendon.

To CONSU＇LT an Author, to search into, to see what his opinion is
of any matter.

CONSU＇LT [consulte, Fr. consulta, Sp. and It. of consultus, Lat. it is
variously accented] 1. The act of consulting.
March to oppress the faction, in consult
With dying Dorax. Dryden.
2. The effect of consultation, the result, determination.
The council broke,
And all their grave consults dissolv＇d in smoke. Dryden.
3. A counsel, persons assembled to deliberate. Meetings and consults
of our whole number. Bacon.

CONSULTA＇TION [Fr. consultazione, It. consultaciòn, Sp. of consulta­
tio, Lat.] 1. The act of consulting or deliberating about matters, se­
cret deliberation. The chief priests held a consultation with the elders.
St. Mark. 2. A council, a number of persons consulting together,
especially of physicians, for the benefit of their patients.

CONSULTA＇TION [in law] a writ, by virtue of which a cause re­
moved by prohibition from the ecclesiastical court, or christian, to the
king＇s court, is returned back again. If the judges of the king＇s
court, upon comparing the libel with the suggestion of the party,
find the suggestion false, or not proved, then, upon this consultation
and deliberation, decree it to be returned. Cowel.

CONSU＇LTER [qui consulte, Fr. consultatore, It. consultadòr, Sp. of
consultor, Lat.] one who asks counsel or consults. A charmer, or a
consulter with familiar spirits. Deuteronomy.

CONSU＇LTATIVE, of or pertaining to consultation.

CONSU＇MABLE [from consume] possible to be wasted, susceptible of
destruction. Incombustible, and not consumable by fire. Wilkins.
Consumable commodities. Locke.

To CONSU＇ME, verb act. [consumer, Fr. consumare, It. consumir, Sp.
of consumo, Lat.] to destroy, waste, or devour; to spend or squander
away.
Where two raging fires meet together,
They do consume the thing that feeds their fury. Shakespeare.

To CONSU＇ME, verb neut. to waste away.
Like fire and powder,
Which as they meet consume. Shakespeare.

CONSU＇MER [from consume] one that consumes, wastes, or destroys.
Money considered as in the hands of the consumer. Locke.

To CONSU＇MMATE [consommer, Fr. consumare, It. consumàr, Sp. of
consummatum, sup. of consummio, Lat.] to make perfect, accomplish, or
finish, to complete, or make an end of; anciently the accent was on
the first syllable.
There shall we consummate our spousal rites. Shakespeare.

CONSU＇MMATE, adj. [consummatus, Lat.] compleat, perfect, abso­
lute, accomplished. A man of perfect and consummate virtue. Ad­
dison.

CONSUMMA＇TION [consommation, Fr. consumazione, It. consumaciòn,
Sp. of consummatio, Lat.] 1. The act of fulfilling, finishing, perfect­
ing, compleating. Regular process, which it must take from it ori­
ginal to its consummation. Addison. 2. The end of the world. From
the first beginning of the world, unto the last consummation thereof.
Hooker. 3. Death, end of life.







Ghost unlaid, forbear thee!
Nothing ill come near thee!
Quiet consummation have,
And renowned be thy grave. Shakespeare.

CONSUMMA＇TUM [in pharmacy] the juice of a hen cut in small
pieces, drawn out by distillation in balneo mariæ; strong broth.
Lat.

CONSU＇MPTION [consomption, Fr. consumazione, It. consumpciòn, Sp.
of consumptio, Lat.] 1. The act of consuming or wasting, especially of
provisions, commodities, &c. The mountains have not suffered any
considerable diminution or consumption. Woodward. 2. The state of
wasting or perishing. 3. [With physicians] the wasting or decay of
the body; frequently attended with a fever, and distinguished into
several kinds, according to its various causes, parts, and effects, &c.
Stoppages of womens courses set them into a consumption.

CONSU＇MPTIVE [from consume] 1. Destructive, wasting, exhaust­
ing, having the power or quality of consuming. A long, consumptive
war. Addison. 2. Diseased with; as, consumptive lungs, a consumption.

CONSU＇MPTIVENESS, or CONSU＇MTIVENESS [of consumptive] wast­
ing condition or quality, tendency to a consumption. Harvey.

CONSURRE＇CTION, a rising up of many together, for the sake of re­
verence. Lat.

CONSU＇TILE [consutilis, Lat.] that is sowed or stitched together.

CONSU＇TURE [consutura, Lat.] the act of sowing or stitching to­
gether.

To CONTA＇BULATE [contabulatum, sup. of contabulo, Lat.] to floor
with boards.

CONTABULA＇TION [of contabulatio, Lat.] a flooring, a fastening of
boards and planks together.

CO＇NTACT [contatto, It. contacto, Sp. contactus, Lat.] touch, the
relative state of two things that touch each other, close union. Ap­
petite of contact and conjunction. Bacon.

CONTACT [with mathematicians] is when one line, plane or body
is made to touch another; the parts which do thus touch, are called
the points of contact.

CONTA＇CTION [contactus, Lat.] the act of touching, act of joining
one body to another. Destructive without corporal contaction. Brown.

CONTA＇GION [Fr. contagione, It. contagiòn, Sp. of contagio, Lat.] 1.
The same with an infection, the spreading or catching of a disease; as,
when it is communicated or transferred from one body to another, by
certain effluvia＇s or steams emitted or sent forth from the body of the
diseased person. Infection and contagion from body to body. Bacon.
2. Propagation of mischief or disease. Contagion of example. King
Charles. 3. Pestilence, venomous emanations.
Will he steal out of his wholsome bed
To dare the vile contagion of the night? Shakespeare.

CONTA＇GIOUS [contagieux, Fr. contagioso, It. and Sp. of conta­
giosus, Lat.] full of contagion, infectious, apt to infect, caught by
approach.
We sicken soon from her contagious care,
Grieve for her sorrows, groan for her despair. Prior.

CONTA＇GIOUSNESS [from contagious] insectiousness, the quality of
being contagious.

To CONTA＇IN, verb act. [contenir, Fr. contenere, It. contener, Sp. of
contineo, from con, and tenio, to hold] 1. To hold, to keep in as a ves­
sel, to comprize, as a writing. It is contained in the scripture. 1 Peter.
2. To restrain or keep back, to bridle or keep within bounds; to curb
or rule. Men should be contained in duty. Spenser. We can con­
tain ourselves. Shakespeare.

To CONTAIN, verb neut. to live in continence. The ardor of my
passion increas＇d, till I could no longer contain. Arbuthnot and
Pope.

CONTAI＇NABLE [from contain] possible to be contained. The air
containable within the cavity. Boyle.

To CONTA＇MINATE [contaminer, Fr. contaminare, It. contaminàr,
Sp. of contamino, Lat.] to pollute, violate, defile, to corrupt by base
mixture.
His fairest daughter is contaminated. Shakespeare.
The bed she hath contaminated. Shakespeare.

CONTA＇MINATE, or CONTA＇MINATED, adj. [contaminatus, Lat.] de­
filed, polluted.
What if this body consecrate to thee,
By ruffian lust should be contaminate? Shakespeare.

CONTAMINA＇TION [Fr. contaminazione, It. contaminaciòn, Sp. of
contaminatio, Lat.] defilement, pollution; and most properly that of
the marriage-bed.

CONTE＇MERATED [contemeratus, Lat.] violated, polluted.

To CONTE＇MN [contemno, Lat.] to despise, scorn, or slight; to set
at nought, to make no account of. One who contemn＇d divine and
human laws. Dryden.

CONTE＇MNER [from contemn] one that contemns or scorns. Con­
temners of the gods. South.

To CONTE＇MPER [contempero, Lat.] to moderate, to reduce to a
lower degree, by mixing something of an opposite quality. The
leaves qualify and contemper the heat. Ray.

CONTE＇MPERAMENT [contempero, Lat.] the degree of any quality.
An equal contemperament of the warmth of our bodies, to that of the
hottest part of the atmosphere. Derham.

To CONTE＇MPERATE [contemperatum, sup. of contempero, Lat.] to
diminish any quality by something contrary or opposite; to temper.
Nile and Niger do not only moisten and contemperate the air, but re­
fresh and humectate the earth. Brown.

CONTEMPERA＇TION [from contemperate] 1. The act of diminishing
any quality by mixing the contrary; the act of moderating. Air is not
nutrition, but the contemperation of fervour in the heart. Brown. 2.
Proportionate mixture, the proportion thereof. There is not greater
variety in the contemperations of mens natural humours, than there is
in their phantasies. Hale.

CONTE＇MPLABLE [contemplabilis, Lat.] that may be meditated on.

To CONTE＇MPLATE, verb act. [contempler, Fr. contemplare, It.
contemplàr, Sp. contemplatum, of contemplor, Lat.] to take a full
view of, to consider seriously, and with continued attention, to study.
Confining the mind to contemplate what we have a great desire to
know.

To CONTEMPLATE, verb neut. to muse or meditate upon, to think
studiously. I have been long contemplating on you. Dryden.

CONTEMPLA＇TION [Fr. contemplazione, It. contemplaciòn, Sp. of
contemplatio, Lat.] 1. An act of the mind, whereby it applies itself
to consider, reflect on, &c. any thing with continued attention.
What serious contemplation are you in? Shakespeare. 2. Holy medi­
tation, an exercise of the soul about sacred things. Prayer and con­
templation. Shakespeare. 3. The faculty of study, opposed to the
power of action. There are two functions, contemplation and prac­
tice, according as some objects entertain our speculation, others em­
ploy our actions. South.

CONTEMPLATION [in metaphysics] is defined to be the preserving
of an idea or conception which is brought into the mind, for some
time actually in view. Locke.

CONTE＇MPLATIVE [contemplatif, Fr. contemplativo, It. and Sp. of
contemplativus, Lat.] 1. Given to contemplation, studious, thoughtful.
Fixt and contemplative their looks,
Still turning over nature＇s books. Denham.
2. Employed in study, devoted to study. My life hath rather been
contemplative than active. Bacon. 3. Having the power of medita­
tion. The contemplative faculty of man. Ray.

CONTE＇MPLATIVELY [from contemplative] thoughtfully, with con­
templation.

CONTE＇MPLATIVENESS [of contemplative] addictedness to contem­
plation.

CONTE＇MPLATIVES, friers of the order of St. Mary Magdalen,
who wore black upper garments over white ones.

CONTE＇MPLATOR, Lat. one employed in study, an enquirer after
knowledge. In the Persian tongue, the word magus imports as much
as a contemplator of divine science. Raleigh.

CONTE＇MPORAL [contemporalis, Lat.] being of the same time.

CONTEMPORA＇NEOUS [contemporain, Fr. contemporaneo, It.] living
at the same time, or in the same age.

CONTE＇MPORARINESS [of contemporary] the state of being at the
same time.

CONTE＇MPORARY, or COTE＇MPORARY, adj. [contemporain, Fr.
contemporaneo, It. and Sp. of contemporaneus, or contemporarius, Lat.]
1. Living in the same age. Durer was contemporary to Lucas. Dry­
den. 2. Born at the same time.
A grove born with himself he sees,
And loves his old contemporary trees. Cowley.
3. Existing at the same point of time. It is impossible to bring ages
past and future together, and make them contemporary. Locke.

CONTEMPORARY, subst. one that lives at one and the same time;
that is of the same age or standing with another. They do most for
the good of their contemporaries. Addison.

To CONTE＇MPORISE, verb act. [of con and temporis, gen. of tem­
pus, Lat. time] to make contemporary, to place in the same age.
Their existencies contemporised into our actions. Brown.

CON＇TEMPT [contemptus, Lat.] 1. The act of despising others,
scorn, disdain, despite. Scorn and base contempt. Denham. 2. The
state of being despised, vileness, baseness. The place was like to come
into contempt. 2 Maccabees.

CONTEMPTIBI＇LITY [contemptibilitas, Lat.] contemptibleness.

CONTE＇MPTIBLE [Fr. contemptibilis, Lat.] 1. That deserves to be
contemned, scorned or slighted, mean, base, vile.
From no one vice exempt,
And most contemptible to shun contempt. Pope.
2. Despicable, neglected. There is not so contemptible a plant or
animal but confounds the most enlarged understanding. Locke. 3.
Scornful, apt to despise, improper. Her love ＇tis possible he＇ll scorn,
for the man hath a contemptible spirit. Shakespeare.

CONTE＇MPTIBLENESS [from contemptible] state of being despised,
meanness, vileness. Contemptibleness of those baits wherewith he al­
lures us. Decay of Piety.

CONTE＇MPTIBLY [from contemptible] in a manner deserving con­
tempt.
They also know,
And reason not contemptibly. Milton.

CONTE＇MPTUOUS [contemptuosus, Lat.] scornful, apt to despise,
insolent. Contemptuous, proud, set on revenge. Milton.

CONTE＇MPTUOUSLY [from contemptuous] scornfully, with despite.
A wise man would not speak contemptuously of a prince. Tillotson.

CONTE＇MPTUOUSNESS [of contemptuous] scornfulness, disdainfulness,
insolence.

To CONTE＇ND, verb neut. [contender, Sp. contendere, It. and Lat.]
1. To strive, to dispute, to struggle in opposition.
Death and nature do contend about them,
Whether they live or die. Shakespeare.
2. To vie, to act as rivals. 3. It has for.
Vain men below,
Contend for what you only can bestow. Dryden.
4. Sometimes about. Many things he siercely contended about. De­
cay of Piety. 5. It has with before the person opposing. As our
maker we cannot contend with him. Temple. 6. Sometimes against,
I did contend against thy valour. Shakespeare.

To CONTEND, verb act. to contest. Carthage shall contend the
world with Rome. Dryden.

CONTE＇NDENT [contendens, from contendo, Lat.] antagonist, comba­
tant. In all notable revolutions, the contendents have been still made
a prey to the third party. L＇Estrange.

CONTE＇NDER [from contend] combatant. The contenders for it
look upon it as undeniable. Locke.

CONTE＇NEMENT [old law term] a freehold-land that lies to a
man＇s dwelling house, that is, in his own occupation.

CONTENEMENT [old law] the countenance, credit, or reputation a
person has with and by reason of his free-hold; according to Spel­
man, &c. it signifies what is necessary for the support and mainte­
nance of men according to their several qualities, conditions or states
of life.

CONTE＇NSION [of con, and tensio, from tensum, sup. of tendo, Lat.
to stretch] great effort, united endeavour.

CONTE＇NT, adj. [Fr. contento, It. Sp. and Port. contentus, Lat.] 1.
Satisfied, so as not to repiue, well pleased with what one has. A







man is perfectly content with the state he is in, when he is perfect­
ly without any uneasiness. Locke. 2. Satisfied, so as not to oppose.
Submit you to the people＇s voices,
Allow their offices, and be content
To suffer lawful censure. Ben Johnson.

CONTE＇NT, subst. [from the verb, contento, It. and Sp.] 1. Con­
tentedness, satisfaction of mind, such as appeases complaint or re­
pining, moderate happiness.
A wise content his even soul secur＇d. Smith on J. Philips.
2. Acquiescence in a thing unexamined.
Their praise is still—the stile is excellent,
The sense they humbly take upon content. Pope.

CONTENT [contentum, Lat.] 1. That which is contained in any
thing. In a lax and weak habit such a serum might afford other
contents. Arbuthnot. 2. The compass or extent of a thing. The
power of containing ships of great content. Bacon.

CONTENT [in geometry] 1. Is the area or solidity of any surface
or body, measured or estimated in square or solid inches, feet, or
yards. The geometrical content, figure, and situation of all
the lands of a kingdom. Graunt. 2. That which is comprised in
a writing. The plural is only used. The contents of both books.
Addison.

CONTENT, a liquor made with grated ginger-bread, milk, su­
gar, &c.

CONTENT [in traffic] the wares contained in any vessel, cask,
bale, &c.

To CONTE＇NT [contenter, Fr.] 1. To satisfy so as to stop repining,
to appease without complete gratification. Content thyself with this
much, and let this satisfy thee, that I love thee. Sidney. 2. To
please, to gratify.
Is the adder better than the eel,
Because his painted skin contents the eye? Shakespeare.

CONTENTA＇TION [contentement, Fr. contentatio, Lat.] contentedness,
satisfaction, or easiness of mind. I seek no greater pleasure than
mine own contentation. Sidney. Great contentation of the learned. Ar­
buthnot.

CONTE＇NTED, part. [contentius, Lat.] satisfied, not repining; easy,
though not plenarily happy; generally having with. Like you con­
tented with his native groves. Pope.

A CONTENTED mind is a continual feast. Lat. Contentus abundat.
H. Ger. Wer sich genügen laeszt, der hat genug. (He who is satisfied
has enough.) And so the Fr. On est heureux anand on est content. And
the It. Chi è contento è felice. (He who is satisfied is happy.) Nature
requires so small a matter for its satisfaction, that most men are the
cause of their own discontent. We for imaginary wants in our minds,
prevail upon ourselves to believe them real, and then lose the fruition
of what we have, by perplexing ourselves for what we in reality don＇t
want, and (which makes it the more unreasonable) often for what we
know we can never obtain.

CONTE＇NTEDLY [from contented] with contentment, without mur­
muring.

CONTE＇NTEDNESS [from contented] satisfaction of mind, without
complete gratification.

CONTE＇NTFUL [from content] full of content; also appeasing.

CONTE＇NTION [Fr. contenzione, It. contenciòn, Sp. contentio, Lat.]
1. Strife, debate, dispute, quarrel, mutual opposition. A perpetual
contention with their ease, their reason, and their God. Decay of
Piety. 2. Rivalry, endeavour to excel sons and brother at a strife!
What is your quarrel? how began it first?—No quarrel, but a sweet
contention. Shakespeare. 3. Eagerness, vehemence of pursuit or en­
deavour. An end worthy our utmost contention to obtain. Rogers.
Churchmen＇s CONTENTION is the devil＇s harvest.
H. Ger. Der priester gezaench ist des teufels frohlocken. (Jubilee.)
History furnishes us with but too many instances of the truth of this
proverb, in the wars and desolations of whole nations and empires,
occasioned by the contention of priests, as well before as since the es­
tablishment of the christian religion. Not to mention the effect of
them in private families, which likewise affords the common enemy a
very plentiful harvest.

CONTE＇NTIOUS [contentiosus, Lat.] quarrelsome, litigious, not peace­
able, perverse. Contentious humours are never to be pleased. L＇Es­
trange.

CONTENTIOUS Jurisdiction [in law] a court or judge who has a
power to judge and determine differences between contending parties.
The lord chief justices and the judges have a contentious jurisdiction,
but the lords of the treasury, and commissioners of the customs, &c.
have none, being merely judges of accounts and transactions.
Cowel.

CONTE＇NTIOUSLY [from contentious] litigiously. We shall not
contentiously rejoin. Brown.

CONTE＇NTIOUSNESS [of contentious] contentious humour, prone­
ness to contest. Do not contentiousness and cruelty fail of retaliation?
Bentley.

CONTE＇NTLESS [from content] discontented, unsatisfied.
Best states, contentless,
Have a distracted and most wretched being. Shakespeare.

CONTE＇NTMENT [from to content] 1. Acquiescence in any thing
without complete satisfaction.
Some place the bliss in action, some in ease,
Those call it pleasure, and contentment these. Pope.
2. Pleasure, gratification. At Paris the prince spent one whole day
to give his mind some contentment, in viewing of a famous city.
Wotton.

CONTE＇NTS [contenta, Lat.] the matters contained in a book, chap­
ter, letter, cask, vessel, chest, &c. See CONTENT.

CONTE＇RMINAL [conterminalis, Lat.] near to the bounds.

CONTE＇RMINOUS [conterminus, Lat.] bordering near or upon,
touching at the boundaries. Conterminous to the colonies and garri­
sons. Hale.

CONTERRA＇NEOUS [conterraneus, Lat.] being of the same country.

CONTE＇SSA, a port town of Turkey in Europe, in the province of
Macedonia, situated on a bay of the Archipelago, about 200 miles
west of Constantinople.

To CONTE＇ST, verb act. [contester, Fr. contesto, Lat. probably of
contra and testari. Johnson] to dispute, to controvert, to call in ques­
tion. None have presumed to contest the proportion of these ancient
pieces. Dryden.

To CONTE＇ST, verb neut. 1. To strive, to contend, quarrel for, or
wrangle about. The difficulty of an argument adds to the pleasure
of contesting with it. Burnet＇s Theory. 2. To vie, to be rivals. Of
man who dares in pomp with Jove contest. Pope.

CONTE＇ST [conteste, Fr. contesa, It.] controversy, dispute.
This of old no less contests did move,
Than when for Homer＇s birth sev＇n cities strove. Denham.

CONTEST, but lay no wagers. Sp. Porfiar, mas no apostàr. Wa­
gering, the younger brother of gaming, is a very pernicious, as well
as ridiculous folly.

CONTE＇STABLE [Fr. from contest] that may be controverted or
contended for, disputable.

CONTE＇STABLENESS [from contestable] liableness to be contested,
possibility of contest.

CONTE＇STED, part. [from to contest, contesté, Fr. contestatus, Lat.]
disputed.

CONTESTA＇TION, [from contest] the act of contesting, contention,
strife. Contestations with the queen herself. Wotton. Domestic, un­
sociable contestations. Clarendon.

To CONTE＇X [contexo, Lat.] to weave together by interposition of
parts. The fluid body of quicksilver is contexed with the salts in sub­
limation. Boyle.

CONTE＇XT, subst. [contextus, Lat.] the general series of a discourse,
the parts which precede or follow the sentence quoted. That chap­
ter is a representation of one, who hath only the knowledge, not
practice of his duty, as is manifest from the context. Hammond.

CONTE＇XT, adj. [contextus, Lat.] knit together, firm. Thin for
lightness, but context and firm for strength. Derham.

CONTE＇XTURE [Fr. of contextura, Sp. and Lat.] the act of join­
ing together, or framing of any thing, composition of a thing out of
separate parts, manner in which any thing is woven or formed. He
was not of any delicate contexture. Wotton. Species produced from
that idea, forming that wonderful contexture of created beings. Dryden.

CO＇NTI, a town of Picardy, in France, about 15 miles south-west
of Amienes.

CONTIGNA＇TION [contignatio, Lat. with architects] 1. The act of
laying rafters together, flooring, the act of joining a fabric 2. A
frame of beams or bords joined together. A porch or cloister of one
contignation, and not in storied buildings. Wotton.

CONTIGU＇ITY, or CONTI＇GUOUSNESS [contiguité, Fr. contiguitas,
Lat.] the actual contact of two bodies, nearness or closeness, as when
the surface of one body touches another. Brown and Hale use
contiguity.

CONTI＇GUOUS [contigu, Fr. contiguo, It. and Sp. of contiguus, Lat.]
touching, or that is next, very near, close, adjoining, not separate.
Happiness and misery,
And all extremes, are still contiguous. Denham.

CONTIGUOUS Angles; see ANGLES. Contiguous at one of their
angles. Newton.

CONTI＇GUOUSLY [from contiguous] with contiguity, without any
intervening space.
The next of kin contiguously embrace,
And foes are sunder＇d by a larger space. Dryden.

CONTI＇GUOUSNESS [from contiguous] nearness, closeness.

CO＇NTINENCE, or CO＇NTINENCY [continence, Fr. continenza, It.
continencia, Sp. of continentia, Lat.] 1. Restraint, command of one＇s
self. He knew when to leave off, a continence practised by few
writers. Dryden. 2. The abstaining from unlawful pleasures, chastity in
general. Making a sermon of continency to her. Shakes. 3. Tempe­
rance, moderation in lawful pleasures. Chastity is either abstinence or
continence; abstinence is that of virgins or widows, continence of mar­
ried persons. Taylor. 4. Forbearance of lawful pleasures. Content with­
out lawful venery is continence; without unlawful, chastity. Grew.
5. Continuity, uninterrupted course. Answers ought to be made
before the same judge, before whom the depositions were produced,
left the continence of the course should be divided, or least there should
be a discontinuance of the cause. Ayliffe.

CO＇NTINENT, adj. [Fr. continente, It. and Sp. of continens, Lat.]
1. Abstaining from lawful pleasures, chaste life.
Hath been as continent, as chaste, as true,
As I am now unhappy. Shakespeare.
2. Restrained, moderate, temperate. Have a continent forbearance,
till the speed or his rage goes slower. Shakespeare. 3. Continuous,
connected. The north-east part of Asia is, if not continent with the
west-side of America, yet certainly it is the least disjoined by sea of
all that coast. Brerewood.

CO＇NTINENT, subst. [Fr. continente, It. of continens, Lat.] 1. With
geographers, is a great extent of land, which comprehends several
regions and kingdoms not separated by the sea.
Rent
By the rude ocean from the continent. Waller.
2. That which contains any thing. [This sense is perhaps only in
Shakespeare. Johnson.] You shall find in him the continent of what
part a gentleman would see. Shakespeare.
O cleave my sides,
Heart once be stronger than thy continent,
Crack thy frail case. Shakespeare.

CONTINENT Cause of a Distemper, is that cause on which the dis­
ease depends so immediately, that it continues just as long as that re­
mains: thus when a stone sticks in the ureters, it is the continent cause
of the stoppage of urine.

CONTINENT Fever, is one which forms its course, or goes on to a
crisis, without either intermission or abatement.

CO＇NTINENTLY, moderately.

CO＇NTINENTNESS [continentia, Lat.] continency.

To CONTI＇NGE [contingo, Lat.] to touch, to reach, to happen.

CONTI＇NGENCE, or CONTI＇NGENCY [contingence, Fr. contingenza,
It. contigéncia, Sp.] a casualty, accident, or uncertain event that
comes by chance. Contingency in events. Brown. Contingency of
human actions. South.








CONTI＇NGENT, adj. [Fr. contingente, It. and Sp. of contingens, Lat.]
that may or may not happen, accidental, not determinable by any cer­
tain rule. Nothing casual or contingent. Woodward.

CONTI＇NGENT, subst. the quota of money, &c. that falls to any per­
son upon a division; as, an ally＇s contingent of troops.

Future CONTINGENT [with logicians] a conditional proposition that
may or may not happen, according as circumstances fall out.

CONTINGENT Line [in dialling] is a line supposed to arise from the
intersection of the plane of the dial, with the place of the equinoctial,
so that the hour lines of the dial, and the hour circles, mutually cut
one another,

CONTINGENT Use [in law] such an use as by the limitation may or
may not happen to vest or put into possession of the lands or tene­
ments.

CONTI＇NGENTLY [from contingent] casually. Woodward uses it.

CONTI＇NGENTNESS [from contingent] contingency.

CONTINGENTS, subst. plur. of contingent [contingentia, Lat.] ca­
sualties, things that happen by chance. By contingents we are to un­
derstand those things which come to pass without any human forecast.
Grew.

CONTINGENTS [with mathematicians] the same as tangents.

CONTI＇NUAL [continuel, Fr. continuo, It. and Sp. of continuus, Lat.]
being without intermission, successive, without any space of time be­
tween. (Continual is used of time, and continuous of place. Johnson.)
＇Tis all blank sadness or continual tears. Pope.

CONTINUAL Claim [in common law] a claim made by land or any
other thing from time to time, within every year and day; when it
cannot be attained by the party that has a right to it without apparent
danger, as of being beaten or killed. Hereby one saves the right of
entry to the heir.

CONTINUAL Fever, is a fever which sometimes remits or abates, but
never perfectly intermits; that is to say, the patient is sometimes bet­
ter, but never absolutely free from the distemper.

CONTI＇NUALLY [from continual] 1. Perpetually, constantly, with­
out interruption. A room where a fire is continually kept. Bacon. 2.
Without ceasing. Why do not all animals continually increase in big­
ness? Bentley.

CONTI＇NUALNESS [of continual] the quality of being continual.

CONTI＇NUANCE [continuanza, It. of continuatio, Lat.] 1. Lasting­
ness, length or duration of time. That pleasure is not of great conti­
nuance which arises from the prejudice of the hearers. Addison. 2. Un­
interrupted succession. The brute immediately regards his own preser­
vation or the continuance of his species. Addison. 3. Permanence in
one state. Avowed continuance in sins. South. 4. Abode in a place;
as, his continuance at Oxford was very short. 5. Perseverance. Pa­
tient continuance in well doing. Romans. 6. Progression of time. In
thy book all my members were written, which in continuance were
fashioned. Psalms.

CONTINUANCE [in the civil law] a prorogation, i. e. a putting off
of the trial.

CONTINUANCE [in common law] is the same with prorogation in
the civil; as, continuance till the next assizes.

CONTINUANCE of a Writ or Action [in law] is from one term to
another, in a case where the sheriff has not returned or executed a for­
mer writ, issued out in the said action.

CONTINUANCE of Assise [in law] if a record in the treasury be al­
ledg＇d by one party, and denied by the other; a certiorari shall be
sued to the treasurer and chamberlain of the exchequer: who if they
certify not that the said record is there; or likely to be in the Tower;
the king shall send to the justices, repeating the certificate, and will
them to continue the assize.

CONTINUA＇NDO, Lat. [in law] a term used when the plaintiff would
recover damages for several trespasses in one and the same action, for
damages may be recovered for divers trespasses in one action of trespass,
by laying the first with a continuando for the whole time.

CONTI＇NUATE [continuatus, Lat.] 1. Immediately united. We are
of him and in him, even as tho＇ our very flesh and bone should be
made continuate with his. Hooker. 2. Uninterrupted, unbroken. An
untirable and continuate goodness. Shakespeare.

CONTINUA＇TIO [in music books] signifies to continue or hold on
a sound or note in an equal strength or manner; or to continue a
movement in an equal degree of time all the way.

CONTINUA＇TION [Fr. continuazione, It. continuaciòn, Sp. of conti­
nuatio, Lat.] the lasting of a thing without intermission, succession un­
interrupted. Continuation of the species. Ray. The Roman poem is
but the second part of the Ilias, a continuation of the same story. Dry­
den.

CONTI＇NUATIVE, adj. causing continuance.

CONTINUATIVE, subst. a word denoting permanence or duration.
To these may be added continuatives; as Rome remains to this day,
which includes at least two propositions, viz. Rome was, and Rome
is. Watts.

CONTI＇NUATOR [from continuate] one who continues or keeps up a
succession. It seems injurious to providence to contrive the continua­
tion of the species by the destruction of the continuator. Brown.

To CONTI＇NUE, verb neut. [continuer, Fr. continuare, It. and Lat.
continuer, Sp.] 1. To abide, to remain in the same state. The multi­
tude have continued with me now three days. St. Matthew. 2. To
last, to be durable. Here have we no continuing city. Hebrews. 3.
To persevere. If ye continue in my word then are ye my disciples.
St. John.

To CONTINUE, verb act. 1. To pursue, to carry on, to prolong, to
hold on, without intermission. O continue thy loving kindness unto
them! Psalms. 2. To unite, without a chasm or intervening sub­
stance.
Deiphobus he found,
Whose face and limbs were one continu＇d wound. Dryden.
You know how to make yourself happy, by only continuing such a life
as you have been long accustomed to lead. Pope.

CONTINUED Basis [in music] the same as thorough basis, so called,
because it goes quite through the composition.

CONTINUED Thorough Bass [in music] is that which continues to
play constantly, both during the recitatives and to sustain the chorus.

CONTINUED Proportion [in arithmetic] is that where the consequent
of the first ratio is the same with the antecedent of the second, as 3, 6,
4, 8.

CONTINUED Body, a body whose parts are no ways divided.

CONTINUED Quantity [continuum, Lat.] that whose parts are so
joined or united together, that it cannot be distinguished where one
begins and the other ends.

CONTI＇NUEDLY [from continued] without interruption or ceasing.
A continuedly uniform equal course of obedience. Norris.

CONTI＇NUER [from continue] he that continues or perseveres. I
would my horse had the speed of your tongue, and so good a continuer.
Shakespeare.

CONTINU＇ITAS, Lat. the connection of solid bodies.

CONTINU＇ITY [continuité, Fr. continuita, It. continuidàd, Sp. of con­
tinuitas, Lat.] the connexion or joining together of the several parts
of a thing, cohesion, close union. A continuity of glittering objects.
Dryden.

CONTINUITY [with surgeons] that texture or cohesion of the parts
of a body, upon the destruction of which there is said to be a solution
of continuity. Quincy. The solid parts may be contracted by dissolving
their continuity. Arbuthnot.

CONTINUITY [mathematical] is merely imaginary and fictitious, in
that it supposes real or physical parts where there are none.

CONTINUITY Physical, is strictly that state of two or more parts or par­
ticles, whereby they appear to adhere or constitute one uninterrupted
quantity or continuum.

CONTI＇NUO, It. [in music books] signifies thorough, as basso conti­
nuo, the continual or thorough bass.

CONTI＇NUOUS [continuus, Lat.] joined together without any inter­
mediate space. The neighbouring rings become continuous, and are
blended. Newton.

CONTINUOUS Body, a body whose parts are no ways divided.

CONTI＇NUUM, Lat. See CONTI＇NUED Quantity.

CONTO＇RE, a counting-table or scriptore.

To CONTO＇RT [contortus, Lat.] to writhe, to twist. The vertebral
arteries are variously contorted. Ray.

CONTO＇RTION [Fr. and Sp. contorsione, It. of contortio, Lat.]
wrench, twist, flexure. Upon a sudden stretch or contortion. Ray.

CONTORTION [with surgeons] is when a bone is somewhat dis­
jointed though not intirely, a sprain, or the wresting a member of the
body out of its natural situation.

CONTO＇RTED, particip. of contort [contortus, Lat.] writhed, twist­
ed.

CONTOR＇TEOUSNESS, writhedness.

CONTOU＇R, Fr. the out-line, circumference or compass by which any
figure is terminated.

CONTOUR [in painting, &c.] the out-line or that which terminates
and defines a figure, it makes what we call the draught or design.

CONTOUR [in architecture] the out-line of any member, as that of
a base, cornice, &c.

CONTOURNE＇ [in heraldry] signifies a beast standing or running with
his face to the sinister side of the escutcheon; being always supposed to
look to the right; if not otherwise expressed.

CONTOU＇RNIATED [with antiquaries] a term used of a sort of me­
dallions struck with a kind of hollowness all round, leaving a circle on
each side; the figures having scarce any relievo, if compared with true
medallions.

CO＇NTRA, is a Latin preposition used in the composition of English
words denoting against.

CONTRA Antiscion [with astrologers] is the degree and minute in
the ecliptic opposite to the antiscion.

CO＇NTRABAND Goods, or CONTRABA＇NDED Goods [contrebande, Fr.
contrabando, It. and Sp. contrary to proclamation] such as are prohibited
by act of parliament to be brought into or conveyed out of this into
other nations. Staved or forfeited like contraband goods. Dryden.

To CO＇NTRABAND [from the adj.] to import goods prohibited.

To CONTRA＇CT, verb act. [contracter, Fr. contrattare, It. contratèr,
Sp. contratar, Port. of contractum, sup. of contrabo, from con, and
trabo, Lat. to draw] 1. To abridge or shorten. 2. To draw together,
to shorten.
Why love among the virtues is not known,
Is that love contracts them all in one. Donne.
3. To bring two parties together, to strike a bargain.
On him thy grace did liberty bestow,
But first contracted, that if ever found,
His head should pay the forfeit. Dryden.
4. To betrothe, to affiance.
She and I, long since contracted,
Are now so sure that nothing can dissolve us. Shakespeare.
She was contracted to a man of merit. Tatler.
5. To draw, to procure, to incur, as, to contract an ill habit or dis­
ease.
Like friendly colours found them both unite,
And each from each contract new strength of light. Pope.

To CONTRACT, verb neut. 1. To shrink up, to grow short. Room
to the fibres to contract. Arbuthnot. 2. To make a contract, to cove­
nant, to article; as, to contract for naval or military stores.

CONTRA＇CT, part. for contracted [from the verb] affianced, con­
tracted towards matrimony. First was he contract to lady Lucy.
Shakespeare.

A CONTRACT, subst. [Fr. contratto, It. contrato, Sp. contracto, Port.
of contractus, Lat. anciently the accent was on the first syllable] 1.
A covenant, bargain or agreement, a mutual consent of two or more
parties, who promise or oblige themselves voluntarily to do something,
pay a sum of money, or the like.
Shall Ward draw contracts with a statesman＇s skill? Pope.
2. A deed, instrument, or articles in writing. 3. An act whereby a
man and woman are betrothed to one another.
His contract with lady Lucy,
And his contract by deputy in France. Shakespeare.

Good CONTRACT [in law] a covenant or agreement with a lawful
cause or consideration, as when a sum of money is given for the lease
of a manour, &c. or where one thing is given for another, which is
called quid pro quo.








Bad or Nude CONTRACT [in law] where a man promises to pay
10 shillings, and afterwards refuses to do it, no action will be against
him to recover it, because the promise was no contract, but a bare pro­
mise; but if any thing, tho＇ but the value of two pence, had been gi­
ven for the ten shillings, it had been a good contract.

CONTRACTA＇TION House, a place where contracts or agreements
are made for the promotion of trade.

CONTRA＇CTEDNESS [from contracted] the state of being shortened,
shortness, contraction.

CONTRACTABI＇LITY [from contractible] possibility of being con­
tracted, quality of suffering contraction. Continual contractibility and
dilatibility by different degrees of heat. Arbuthnot.

CONTRA＇CTIBLE [from contract; in anatomy] a term applied to
such muscles and parts of the body, as are or may be contracted. Air­
bladders dilatable and contractible. Arbuthnot.

CONTRA＇CTIBLENESS [from contractible] capableness of being con­
tracted, quality of suffering contraction.

CONTRA＇CTILE [from contract] having the power of contracting
or shortening itself.

CONTRACTILE Force, is such a body as when extended has a pro­
perty of drawing itself up again to the same dimension, that it was in
before the extension. The arteries are elastic tubes endued with a
contractile force. Arbuthnot.

CONTRA＇CTION [Fr. contrazione, It. of contractio, Lat.] 1. The
act of drawing together or making short. The main parts of the poem,
as the fable and sentiments, no translator can prejudice but by omissions
or contractions. Pope. 2. The act of shrinking up or shrivelling. Oil
of vitriol will throw the stomach into involuntary contractions. Arbuth­
not. 3. The state of being contracted or shortened. Some things in­
duce a contraction in the nerves. Bacon. 4. Any thing in its state of
abbreviation; as, that letter is full of contractions.

CONTRACTION [with logicians] a method by which the thing re­
ducing abridges that which is reduced; as the argument of poems, or
the contents of chapters.

CONTRACTION [in physics] is the diminishing the extent or dimen­
sions of a body; or a bringing of its parts closer to each other; upon
which it becomes heavier, harder, &c.

CONTRACTION [in grammar] the reduction of two vowels or sylla­
bles into one.

CONTRACTION [in anatomy] the shrinking up of a fibre, or an as­
semblage of fibres.

CONTRA＇CTOR [from contract] one of the parties to a contract or
bargain. All societies are dangerous, where the contractors are not
equals. L＇Estrange.

CONTRA＇CTURE [contractura, Lat. in architecture] the act or state
of making pillars small about the top.

CONTRACTURE [with surgeons] a contraction of the back, hand,
&c. made by degrees.

To CONTRADI＇CT [contredire, Fr. contraddire, It. contradezir, Sp.
of contradicere, Lat.] 1. To oppose the assertion of another, to gainsay
verbally. It is not lawful to contradict a point of history which is known
to all the world. Dryden. 2. To be contrary to, to repugn, to op­
pose. No truth can contradict any truth. Hooker.

CONTRADI＇CTER [from contradict] one that contradicts or op­
poses.

CONTRADI＇CTER [in law] one who has a right to contradict or
gainsay.

CONTRADI＇CTION [Fr. contraddizione, It. contradiciòn, Sp. of con­
tradictio, Lat.] 1. Opposition by words, an assertion controversial.
That tongue,
Inspir＇d with contradiction, durst oppose
A third part of the gods. Milton.
2. Opposition. Consider him that endureth such contradiction of sin­
ners against himself, lest ye be wearied. Hebrews. 3. Inconsistency,
incongruity in words or thoughts. If truth be once perceived, we do
hereby also perceive whatsoever is false in contradiction to it. Grew.
4. Contrariety in thought or in effect. Laws human must be made
without contradiction unto any positive law in scripture. Hooker. 5. A
contrariety of words or sentiments; a species of direct opposition,
wherein one thing is directly opposed to another. 6. The act of gain­
saying.

CONTRADI＇CTIOUS [from contradict] 1. Full of contradictions, incon­
sistent. The rules of justice itself are so different in one place from
what they are in another, so party coloured and contradictious, that one
would think the species of men altered as their climates. Collier. 2.
Apt to contradict, given to cavil.

CONTRADI＇CTIOUSNESS, or CONTRADICTO＇RINESS [of contradi­
ctious and contradictory] aptness, &c. to contradict, inconsistency,
contrariety to itself, opposition to others in the highest degree. This
opinion was, for its absurdity and contradictiousness, unworthy of Plato.
Norris.

CONTRADI＇CTORILY [from contradictory] inconsistently with one＇s
self, in opposition to others. Brown uses it.

CONTRADI＇CTORY [contradittorio, It. contraditorio, Sp. of contra­
dictorius, Lat.] which contradicts itself or implies a contradiction, op­
posite to inconsistent. With contradictory assertions. South. Schemes
most absurd and contradictory to common sense. Addison.

CONTRADICTORY Propositions [in logic] are such as consist of an
universal and a particular, of which one affirms and the other denies;
so that if one of them be affirmative the other shall be negative, if one
be universal the other shall be particular.

CONTRADICTORY Opposition [with logicians] is the contrariety of
two propositions both in quantity and quality.

CONTRADICTORY, subst. a proposition which opposes another in all
its terms; contrariety. To make the same thing to be determined to
one, and to be not determined to one, are contradictories. Bramhall.

CONTRADISTI＇NCTION [of contra and distinctio, Lat.] a distinction
by opposite qualities. Sins of infirmity in contradistinction to those of
presumption. South.

To CONTRADISTI＇NGUISH [of contra and distinguish] to distinguish
not differentially but by contrary or opposite qualities. Our complex
ideas of soul and body as contradistinguished. Locke.

CONTRA-ESPALIER, a palisade or pole-hedge in a garden.

CONTRAFA＇CTIO, Lat. a counterfeiting.

CONTRAFI＇SSURE [with surgeons] a fracture in the skull, when the
part struck remains whole, and the opposite part is cleft or cracked:
Wiseman uses it.

CONTRA Forman Collationis, a writ lying, where a man has given
perpetual alms to any religious house, hospital, &c. and the governor
has alienated lands contrary to the intent of the donor. Lat.

CONTRA Formam Feoffamenti, Lat. a writ lying for the heir of a te­
nant in feoffed of certain lands or tenements, by charter of feoffment of
a lord, to make certain services and suits to his court, and is afterwards
distrained for more than is in the said charter.

CONTRA Harmonical Proportion [in music] that relation of three
terms, wherein the difference of the first and second is to the difference
of the second and third, as the third is to the first.

To CONTRAI＇NDICATE [of contra and indico, Lat.] to point out
some peculiar or incidental symptom or method of cure, contrary to
what the general tenor of the malady requires. Vomits have their use
in this malady, but urgent or contraindicating symptoms must be ob­
served. Harvey.

CONTRAINDICA＇TIONS [with physicians] divers symptoms or signs
in a disease, the consideration of which dissuades them from using such
a particular remedy, when other symptoms induce them to it. Arbuth­
not uses it.

CONTRAMANDA＇TIO Placiti, a term which seems to signify a re­
spiting or allowing the defendant further time to answer; an impar­
lance or countermanding what was ordered before. Lat.

CONTRAMU＇RE [contremur, Fr. contramuro, Sp. in fortification] a
little out-wall built before another partition-wall, or about the main
wall of a city, &c. to strengthen it, so that it may not receive any da­
mage from the adjacent buildings.

CONTRANI＇TENCY [of contra and nitens, Lat.] the act of resisting
against opposition, re-action.

CONTRAPOSI＇TION [contraposizione, It. contraposicion, Sp. of contra
and positio, Lat.] a putting or placing over-against.

CONTRAPOSITION [with logicians] an altering of the whole subject
into the whole predicate; and e contra, retaining both the same quan­
tity and the same quality: but altering the terms from finite to infinite;
as, every man is an animal: therefore every thing that is an animal is
not man.

CONTRAREGULA＇RITY [of contra and regularity] contrariety to
rule. Its natural aptness to oppose the best of ends; so that it is not
so properly an irregularity as a contraregularity. Norris.

CONTRA＇RIANT, adj. [contrarier, Fr.] contradictory; a term of law.
The depositions of witnesses being false, various, contrariant. Ayliffe.

CONTRA＇RIENTS, barons who took part with Thomas earl of Lan­
caster against king Edward II.

CO＇NTRARIES [with logicians] are when one thing is opposed to
another; as, light to darkness, sight to blindness.

CONTRARI＇ETY [contrarieté, Fr. contrarietà, It. contrariedàd, Sp.
of contrarietas, Lat.] 1. Opposition, disagreement, repugnance. The
will about one and the same thing may in contrary respects have cen­
trary inclinations, and that without contrariety. Hooker. 2. Incon­
sistency, quality or position destructive of its opposite.
He will be here, and yet he is not here;
How can these contrarieties agree? Shakespeare.

CONTRA＇RILY [from contrary] 1. Contradictorily, in a manner con­
trary. Many conspire to one action, and all this contrarily to the laws
of specific gravity. Ray. 2. In different ways or directions. Tho＇
all men desire happiness, yet their wills carry them so contrarily, and
consequently some of them to what is evil. Locke.

CONTRA＇RINESS [from contrary] contrariety, opposition.

CONTRA＇RIOUS [from contrary] opposite, repugnant the one to the
other. What is man!
That thou t＇wards him with hand so various,
Or might I say contrarious,
Temper＇st thy providence. Milton.

CONTRA＇RIOUSLY [from contrarious] oppositely, contrarily. Shake­
speare uses it.

CONTRA＇RIWISE, adv. [from contrary and wise] 1. Conversely.
Medicines in greater quantity move stool, and in smaller urine; and so
contrarywise; some in greater quantity move urine, and in smaller
stool. Bacon. 2. On the contrary. The matter of faith is constant, the
matter contrarywise of actions daily changeable. Hooker.

CO＇NTRARY, adj. [contraire, Fr. contrario, It. and Sp. of contrarius,
Lat.] 1. Opposite things are said to be contray, the natures or qualities
of which are absolutely different, and which destroy one another.
Perhaps something repugnant to her kind,
By strong antipathy the soul may kill; but
What can be contrary to the mind,
Which holds all contraries in concord still. Davies.
2. Inconsistent, disagreeing. The various and contrary choices that
men make in the world. Locke. 3. Adverse in an opposite direction.
The wind was contrary. St. Matthew.

CONTRARY Legg＇d Hyperbola, one whose legs are convex towards
contrary parts, and run contrary ways.

CONTRARY, subst. [from the adj.] 1. A thing of opposite qualities.
No contraries hold more antipathy
Than I and such a knave. Shakespeare.
2. A proposition contrary to some other fact, or to the allegation.
The instances brought are but slender proofs of a right to civil
power, and do rather shew the contrary. Locke. 3. On the contrary; in
opposition, on the other side.
He pleaded still not guilty;
The king＇s attorney, on the contrary,
Urg＇d on examinations. Shakespeare.
4. To the contrary; to a contrary purpose or opposite intent. They did
it, not for want of instruction to the contrary. Stillingfleet.

To CO＇NTRARY [contrarer, Fr.] to oppose, to thwart, to contra­
dict. I was advised not to contrary the king. Latimer.

CO＇NTRAST [contraste, Fr. contrasto, It. contráste, Sp.] opposition
and dissimilitude of figures, whereby one contributes to the visibility or
effect of another.

CONTRAST [in painting, &c.] signifies an opposition or diffe­
rence of position, attitude, &c. of two or more figures to make
a variety in the design, as when in a group of three figures one







appears before, another behind, the other sideways: But with Pere
Richelet, to contrast signifies the diversifying the actions as well as the
disposition of figures.

To CONTRA＇ST [contraster, Fr.] 1. To place in opposition, so that
one thing shews another to advantage. 2. To shew another figure to
advantage, by its colour or situation. The figures of the groupes must
not be all on a side, that is, with their face and bodies all turned the
same way, but must contrast each other by their several positions.
Dryden. 3. (With architects) is the avoiding the repetition of the same
thing, in order to please by variety.

Well CONTRA＇STED Figures [in painting and sculpture] are such
as are lively and express the motion proper to the design of the whole
piece or of any particular groupe.

CO＇NTRAT Wheel [in clock-work, &c.] that which is next to the
crown wheel, the teeth and hoop of which lie contrary to those of
other wheels.

CONTRA Tenor, It. [in music] is the counter-tenor.

CONTRAVALLA＇TION [contravallation, Fr. contravallazione, It.
contravalaciòn, Sp. of contra and vallo, Lat. in fortification] a line
of contravallation, is a trench guarded with a parapet, usually cut
round about a place by the besiegers, to secure themselves on that side,
and to stop the sallies of the garrison. The Czar practis＇d all the rules
of circumvallation and contravallation at the siege of a town in Livo­
nia. Watts.

To CONTAVE＇NE [contrevenir, Fr. contravenìr, Sp. contravenire, It.
from contravenio, of contra, and venio, Lat. to come] to act contrary,
to oppose, to obstruct, to baffle.

CONTRAVE＇NER [from contravene] he who contravenes or opposes
another.

CONTRAVE＇NTION [contravention, Fr. contravenzione, It. contraven­
cion, Sp.] opposition, act of contravening, infringement, &c. a failure
in a man of performing or discharging his word, obligation, duty, or
the laws and customs of the place: sometimes it is used to signify the
non-execution of an ordinance or edict, and supposed to be only the
effect of negligence or ignorance. These humours must be spent in
contraventions to the laws of the land. Swift.

CONTRA-YE＇RVA [of contra, against, and yerva, a name by which
the Spaniards call black hellebore, and perhaps sometimes poison in
general. Johnson] a plant in the West Indies much used with others
in counterpoisons, and which distillers with us use in strong waters.

CONTRECHA＇NGED [in heraldry] or as it is most commonly written
counter-changed, is used when any field or charge is divided or parted
by any line or lines of partition consisting all interchangeably of the
tinctures.

CONTRE-BANDE＇ [in heraldry] is, in French, what we call bendy
of six per bend sinister counter-changed.

CONTRE-BARRE＇ [in heraldry] signifies a shield parted by some
line of partition. Fr.

CONTRE-COTPONE＇ [in heraldry] or counter-compone, is when the
figure is compounded of two parts.

CONTRE-FACE＇ [in heraldry] signifies what we call harre per pale
counterchanged. Fr.

CONTRE-ER＇MINE [in heraldry] signifies contrary to ermine, being
a black field with white spots, as ermine is a white field with black
spots; and some writers call this ermines.

CONTRE-ESCARTELE＇ [in heraldry] signifies counter-quartered, and
denotes the escutcheon after being quartered to have each quarter again
divided into two, so that there may be said (tho＇ improperly) to be
eight quarters, or divisions. Fr.

CONTRE-PALLE＇ [in heraldry] is when an escutcheon is divided
into 12 pales, parted per fesse, the two colours being counter-changed
so, that the upper are of one colour or metal, and the lower of ano­
ther. Fr.

CONTRE-POTENCE＇ [in heraldry] or potent counter. Potent is
counted a furr as well as vere and ermine; but composed of such pieces
as represent the tops of crutches called in French poteneès, and in old
English potents, and some have called it vary cuppe and vary tasse.

CONTREPOINTE＇ [in heraldry] is when two chevrons in one escut­
cheon meet in the points, the one rising as usual from the base, and
the other inverted setting from the chief, so that they are counter or
opposite one to the other in the points, as in the figure. They may
be also counter-pointed the other way, i. e. when they are founded
upon the sides of the shield, and the points meet that way, which we
call counter-pointed in fesse, and the French contre-pointé in fasce.

CONTREQUE＇UE d＇Hironde, Fr. [in fortification] i. e. the counter
swallow-tail, is an out-work in the form of a single tenail, being wider
next the place or at the gorge, than at the head or towards the coun­
try, and in this it is contrary to the swallow-tail or que＇ue d＇hironde,
this last being widest at the head.

CO＇NTRE-TEMS [in fencing] a pass or thrust made without any ad­
vantage, or to no purpose; also any fruitless attempt. Fr.

CONTREVAI＇RE [in heraldry] is represented as in the escutcheon,
Plate VII. Fig. 5.

CONTRECTA＇TION [contrectatio, Lat.] a touching or handling.

CONTRI＇BUTARY, adj. [from con and tributary] that pays contribu­
tion to the same prince or sovereign, contributing to one common
stock or purpose. The whole mathematics must be contributary, and
to them all nature pays a subsidy. Glanville.

To CONTRI＇BUTE, verb act. [contribuer, Fr. contribuire, It. contri­
buir, Sp. contribuo, Lat.] to give something with others to a common
stock, to advance towards some common design. England contributes
much more than any other. Addison.

To CONTRIBUTE, verb neut. to bear a part, to have a share in any
act or effect. Whatever praises may be given to works of judgment,
there is not even a single beauty to which the invention must not con­
tribute. Pope.

CONTRIBU＇TION [Fr. contributione, It. contribucion, Sp. of contri­
butio, Lat.] 1. A joint giving of money or supply towards promoting
any business of importance. 2. That which is given by several per­
sons for a common purpose. Beggars are now maintained by voluntary
contributions. Graunt. 3. That which is paid for the support of an
army lying in a country. They have grudg＇d us contribution. Shakes.

Military CONTRIBUTION, an imposition or tax paid by frontier
countries, to save themselves from being plundered by the enemy.

CONTRIBUTIO＇NE sacienda [Lat. in law] a writ lying where several
persons are bound to one thing, yet the whole burden is put upon one,
this writ is to oblige all to bear an equal share of the charge.

CONTRI＇BUTIVE, adj. [from contribute] that which has the power
or quality of contributing or promoting any purpose, in conjunction
with other motives. The manner of proposing we shall find contribu­
tive to the same end. Decay of Piety.

CONTRI＇BUTOR [of contribute] one that gives or bears a part in
some common design, one that exerts endeavours to some end in con­
currence with others.
I promised we would be contributors,
And bear his charge of wooing. Shakespeare.

CONTRI＇BUTORY [contributorius, Lat.] belonging to contribution;
promoting the same end.

To CONTRI＇STATE [contristo, of con, and tristis, Lat. sad] to
make melancholy or sorrowful. Blackness and darkness are but pri­
vatives; somewhat they do contristate. Bacon.

CONTRISTA＇TION [from contristate] 1. The act of making sad. 2. The
state of being made sorrowful or melancholy. A kind of sadness or
contristation of the spirits. Bacon.

CONTRI＇TE [contrit, Fr. contrito, It. and Sp. of contritus, Lat.]
properly much worn; bruised.

CONTRITE [in theology] sorrowful, very penitent for sins and
transgressions against the law of God. Contrite, is sorrowful for sin
from the love of God and desire of pleasing him; and attrite, is sor­
rowful for sin from the fear of punishment.
Our sighs the air
Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite, in sign
Of sorrow unfeign＇d and humiliation meek. Milton.

CONTRI＇TENESS [from contrite] a true and sincere sorrow for sin,
proceeding from love to God, more than fear of punishment.

CONTRI＇TION [Fr. contrizione, It. contriciòn, Sp. of contritio, Lat.]
1. The act of grinding, or rubbing to powder. Coloured powders
which painters use, may have their colours a little changed by being
finely ground; where I see not what can be justly pretended for those
changes besides the breaking of their parts into less parts by that con­
trition. Newton. 2. Penitence, sorrow for sin. Strictly the sorrow
which arises from the desire to please God, distinguished from attri­
tion, or imperfect repentance, produced by the fear of hell. What is
sorrow and contrition for sin? a being grieved with the conscience of
sin, not only that we have thereby incurred such danger, but also that
we have so unkindly grieved and provoked so good a God. Hammond.

CONTRI＇VABLE [from contrive] possible to be contrived or invent­
ed. A perpetual motion may seem easily contrivable. Wilkins.

CONTRI＇VANCE, or CONTRI＇VEMENT [of contrive] 1. The act of
contriving. 2. The thing contrived.
You＇ll explore
Divine contrivance, and a God adore. Blackmore.
3. Scheme, disposition of parts or causes, device, ingenuity in con­
triving. Our bodies are made according to the most curious artifice
and orderly contrivance. Glanville. 4. Conceit, plot, artifice. There
might be a feint, a contrivance in the matter, to draw him into some
secret ambush. Atterbury.

To CONTRI＇VE, verb act. [controuver, Fr.] 1. To invent, to devise
or imagine, to plan out. What more likely to contrive this admirable
frame of the universe than infinite wisdom. Tillotson. 2. To wear
away [contero, contrivi, from con, and tero, Lat. to wear] obsolete.
Three ages such as mortal men contrive. Spenser.

To CONTRIVE, verb neut. to plan or design, to complot.
Please ye, we may contrive this afternoon,
And quaff carouses to our mistress＇ health. Shakespeare.

CONTRI＇VER [from contrive] he that contrives or invents. Epcus,
who the fraud＇s contriver was. Denham.

To CONTRO＇L [controler, Fr.] 1. To keep under check by a
counter-reckoning. 2. To govern, to restrain, or subject.
I feel my virtue struggling in my soul,
But stronger passion does its power control. Dryden.
3. To overpower, to confute; as, one witness controlled the evidence
of the rest. The manner of his brother＇s death, and his own escape,
she knew very few could control. Bacon.

CONTROL [controle, contie role, Fr.] 1. Check, restraint. No con­
trol upon his appetites. South. I speak without control. Dryden.
2. A register or account kept by another officer, that each may be
examined by the other. 3. Authority, superintendance.
The winged fowls
Are their males subjects and at their controls. Shakespeare.

CONTRO＇LLABLE [from control] subject to control or command.
Not controllable by reason. South.

CONTROLLER [controleur, Fr.] 1. An officer who keeps a roll of the
accounts of other inferior officers, and has the power of restraining or
governing. An arrogant controller. Shakespeare. The great con­
troller of our fate. Dryden. 2. An overseer; a reformer of man­
ners.

CONTROLLER [of the king＇s house] an officer at court, who has
power to allow or disallow the charges of pursuivants, messengers,
purveyors, &c. as also the controlling of all defaults and miscarriages
of the inferior officers.

CONTROLLER of the Hamper, an officer in chancery, who in term
time attends daily on the lord chancellor or lord keeper, takes all
things sealed from the clerk of the hamper in leathern bags, enters
down the number and effects of the things so received in a book, with
the duties belonging to the king, &c.

CONTROLLER [of the mint] an officer whose business is to see that
the money be paid to the just assize, to overlook and control the officers
in case of any defaults.

CONTROLLER [of the navy] an officer whose business is to attend
and control all payments of wages, to know the market rates of all
stores pertaining to shipping, to examine and audit all treasurers, vic­
tuallers, and store-keepers accounts.

CONTROLLER [of the pell] an officer in the exchequer, who keeps
a controlment of the pell of the receipts and goings out.

CONTROLLER [of the pipe] an officer of the exchequer, who
writes summons to the sheriss to gather the farms and debts of the pipe,
and also keeps a controlment of the same.

CONTROLLER General, an officer of the artillery.

CONTRO＇LLERSHIP [from controller] the office of a controller.








CONTRO＇LMENT [of control] 1. The power or act of controlling
superintendence, restraint. They made war and peace without con­
trolment. Davies. 2. Opposition, confutation. To pass without
controlment the current meaning. Hooker.

CONTRO＇VER [of controuver, Fr.] a forger of false news.

CONTROVE＇RSIAL [from controversy] 1. Belonging to disputes.
Controversial discourses. Locke. 2. Of or pertaining to contro­
versy.

CONTROVE＇RSIALNESS [from controversial] controverted nature or
circumstances.

CONTROVE＇RSIOUS [controversiosus, Lat.] full of controversy.

CO＇NTROVERSY [controverse, Fr.] [controversia, It. Sp. and Lat.]
1. Debate, dispute, variance. A dispute is commonly oral, a contro­
versy is in writing.
Wild controversy then, which long had slept,
Into the press from ruin＇d cloisters leap＇d. Denham.
2. A suit in law. If there be a controversy between men, and they
come unto judgment, the judges may judge them. Deuteronomy. 3.
A quarrel. The Lord hath a controversy with the nations. Jeremiah.
4. Opposition, enmity; this sense is unusual.
The torrent roar＇d, and we did buffit it
with lusty sinews; throwing it aside,
And stemming it with hearts of controversy. Shakespeare.

To CO＇NTROVERT [of contra, against, and verto, Lat. to turn] to
dispute or argue against any thing in opposite books or in writing. If
any controvert them, he may. Cheyne.

CONTROVE＇RTIBLE [from controvert] disputable, that may be the
cause of controversy. Many controvertible truths. Brown.

CONTROVE＇RTIST [from controvert] a disputant, one versed or en­
gaged in literary disputations. This prince of controvertists. Til­
lotson.

CONTUMA＇CIOUS [contumaz, Sp. contumacis, gen. of contumax, Lat.]
stubborn, self-willed, obstinate, rebellious. He is in law said to be a
contumacious person, who, on his appearance, afterwards departs the
court without leave. Ayliffe. The most obstinate contumacious sinner.
Hammond.

CONTUMA＇CIOUSLY [from contumacious] with obstinacy, perversly,
inflexibly.

CONTUMA＇CIOUSNESS [from contumacious] 1. Stubbornness. The
difficulty and contumaciousness of a cure. Wiseman. 2. A refusal of
appearance in a court of justice.

CO＇NTUMACY [contumace, Fr. of contumacia, Sp. and Lat.] 1.
Stubbornness, obstinacy, rebellion.
Such acts
Of contumacy will provoke the highest. Milton.
2. [in law] particularly a refusal to appear in a court of justice when
summoned. A wilful contempt and disobedience to any lawful sum­
mons or judicial order. Ayliffe.

CONTUME＇LIOUS [contumelioso, It and Sp. contumeliosus, Lat.] 1.
Reproachful, affrontive, abusive. With scoffs and scorns and contu­
melious taunts. Shakespeare. Rude, contumelious language. Swift.
2. Inclined to utter reproach.
Giving our holy virgins to the stain
Of contumelious, beastly, mad-brain＇d war. Shakespeare.
3. Productive of reproach, shameful. As in the highest degree inju­
rious to them, so it is contumelious to him. Decay of Piety.

CONTUME＇LIOUSLY [from contumelious] reproachfully, with rude­
ness. Their persons contumeliously trodden upon. Hooker.

CONTUME＇LIOUSNESS [of contumelious] reproachfulness, rude­
ness.

CO＇NTUMELY [contumelia, It. Sp. and Lat.] abuse, affront, re­
proach, scurrilous language. The oppressor＇s wrong, the proud man＇s
contumely. Shakespeare Eternal contumely attend that guilty title,
which claims exemption from thought. Addison.

To CONTU＇SE [contusum, sup. of contundo, from con, and tundo,
Lat. to beat] 1. To bruise, to beat together. Their roots, barks,
and seeds contused together. Bacon. 2. To bruise the flesh without
breach of the continuity. The ligature contuses the lips in cutting
them. Wiseman.

CONTU＇SED [of contusas, Lat.] bruised.

CONTU＇SION [Fr. and Sp. of contusio, Lat.] 1. The act of beating
or bruising. 2. The state of being beaten or bruised. A piece of
glass reduce to powder, it acquiring by contusion a multitude of minute
surfaces. Boyle. 3. A bruise, being a compression of the parts, as
distinguished from a wound.

CONTUSION of the Skull, is when the skull-bone is so hurt, that tho＇
no fracture appears, there is (as Bruno expresses it) a recess and incur­
vation of the cranium, like your tin or leaden vessels, when battered
from without.

CONTUSION [with chemists] a pulverizing or reducing into powder,
by pounding in a mortar.

CONTU＇SION [with surgeons] a bruise, which divides the continu­
ity of parts, without any manifest loss of the substance, or external
rupture. Castel. Renovat.

CONVALE＇SCENCE, or CONVALE＇SCENCY [Fr. convalescenza, It.
convalecéncia, Sp. of convalesco, Lat.] 1. A recovery of health, out of
the reach of any alarm. She recovered her spirits to a reasonable conva­
lescense. Clarendon. 2. That space of time from the departure of
a disease, to the recovery of strength which was lost by it.

CONVALE＇SCENT [convalescens, Lat.] recovering to a state of health,
amending.

CO＇NVALLILY [lilium convallium, Lat.] a lilly of the vallies, or
May lilly.

CONVE＇NABLE [Fr. law term] agreeable, according to, consistent
with; now obsolete. With his word his work is convenable.
Spenser. 2. That may be convened.

To CONVE＇NE, verb neut. [convenio, Lat.] to meet or come toge­
ther, to assemble, to associate. They convene into a liquor. Boyle.
Settled periods of their convening. Locke.

To CONVENE, verb act. 1. To call together.
The convening of this parliament. King Charles.
2. To summon judicially. By the papal canon law, clerks in crimi­
nal and civil causes cannot be convened before any but an ecclesiastical
judge. Ayliffe.

CONVE＇NIENCE, or CONVE＇NIENCY [convenance, Fr. convenienza,
It. convéniencia, Sp. of convenientia, Lat.] 1. Advantage, ease, free­
dom from difficulties. Every man must want something for the conve­
niency of his life, for which he must be obliged to others. Calamy.
Another convenience in this method. Swift. 2. Fitness, agreeable­
ness, suitableness, propriety. In things not commanded of God, yet
lawful, because permitted, what light shall shew us the conveniency
which one hath above another. Hooker. 3. Cause of ease, accom­
modation. A pair of spectacles, a pocket perspective, and several
other little conveniencies. Gulliver. 4. Fitness of time or place.
Use no farther means,
But with all brief and plain conveniency
Let me have judgment. Shakespeare.

CONVE＇NIENCY [in architecture] is the disposing the several parts
of a building so, that they may not obstruct one another.

CONVE＇NIENT [conveniente, It. Sp. and Port. of conveniens, Lat.]
1. Fit, seasonable, suitable, commodious, proper. Under-actions
are so convenient, that no others can be imagined more suitable to the
place in which they are. Dryden. 2. It has to or for; perhaps it
ought generally to have for before persons, and to before things.
Food convenient for me. Proverbs. Arts peculiarly convenient to some
particular nations. Tillotson.

CONVE＇NIENTLY [from convenient] 1. Suitably, agreeably, season­
ably, fitly, as of part to part, or of the whole to the proposed effect.
Whether a sailing chariot might be more conveniently framed with
moveable sails. Wilkins. 2. Without trouble or difficulty, commo­
diously. Know where we shall find him most conveniently. Shake­
speare.

CONVE＇NIENTNESS [convenientia, Lat.] convenience.

CO＇NVENT [Fr. convento, It. and Sp.] 1. A monastery or reli­
gious house, an abbey, a nunnery. One seldom finds in Italy a spot
of ground more agreeable than ordinary, that is not covered with a
convent. Addison. 2. An assembly of religious persons, a body of
monks or nuns.
The rev＇rend abbot,
With all his convent, honourably receiv＇d him. Shakespeare.

To CONVE＇NT [from conventum, sup. of convenio, from con and
venio, Lat. to come] to call before any judicature. Precepts to at­
tach men, and convent them before themselves at private houses.
Bacon.

CO＇NVENTICLE [conventicule, Fr. conventicolo, It. conventiculo, Sp.
of conventiculum, Lat.] 1. An assembly, a meeting in general. Com­
manded to abstain from all conventicles of men whatsoever. Ayliffe.
2. A little private assembly for religious exercises, a name first given to
the meetings of John Wickliffe, more than 300 years ago, but since to
the meetings of the nonconformists; by some persons an idea of he­
resy and schism is annexed to it. The place where God shall be served
by the whole church, should be a public place, for the avoiding of
privy conventicles. Hooker. Men who are content to be stiled of the
church of England, who perhaps attend its service in the morning,
and go with their wives to a conventicle in the afternoon. Swift.
3. A secret assembly, where conspiracies are formed.
You have laid your heads together;
Myself had notice of your conventicles;
And all to make away my guiltless life. Shakespeare.

CONVENTI＇CLER [from conventicle] one that supports or frequents
conventicles. Another crop is unavoidable; the conventiclers be per­
mitted still to scatter. Dryden.

CONVE＇NTIO, an agreement or covenant. Lat.

CONVE＇NTION [Fr. convenzione, It. tho＇ only in the latter sense,
conventio, Lat.] 1. The act of coming together, union. The conven­
tions or associations of several particles of matter into bodies. Boyle.
2. An assembly of a kingdom. Public conventions are liable to all the
vices of private men. Swift. 3. A treaty, contract, or agreement,
between two or more parties, commonly for a time and previous to a
definitive treaty.

CONVE＇NTIONAL [Fr. of conventionalis, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to an
assembly or convention. 2. Done by agreement or according to several
articles stipulated. Conventional services reserved by tenures upon
grants. Hale.

CONVE＇NTIONARY [from convention] acting upon agreement or
contract, settled by stipulations. The ordinary covenants of most
conventionary tenants are to pay due capon and due harvest journeys.
Carew.

CONVE＇NTIONE [Lat. in law] a writ that lies for any covenant in
writing unperformed.

CONVE＇NTIONER [from convention] a member of a convention.

CONVE＇NTUAL, adj. [Sp. conventual, Fr. conventuale, It.] pertain­
ing to a convent; as, a conventual church. Conventual priors have
the chief ruling power over a monastery. Ayliffe.

CONVE＇NTUAL, subst. a friar or nun who lives in a convent. I have
read a sermon of a conventual, who laid it down that Adam could not
laugh before the fall. Addison.

To CONVE＇RGE [convergo, Lat.] to tend to one point, called a fo­
cus, from different places. Rays made to converge. Newton.

CONVE＇RGENT, or CONVE＇RGING [convergens, Lat.] bowing or
bending together to one point from different places.

CONVERGENT Lines [in geometry] are such as continually approx­
imate, or whose distances become less and less.

CONVERGING Rays, or CONVERGENT Rays [in optics] are those
rays that issue from divers points of an object and incline towards one
another, till at last they meet and cross, and then become diverging
rays, as the rays A D E C are converging rays, which converge to
the point B, and then diverge and run off from each other in the lines
C B B D. See Plate IV. Fig. 14.

CONVERGING Hyperbola [in mathematics] is one whose concave
legs bend in towards one another, and run both the same way.

CONVERGING Series [with mathematicians] a method of approxi­
mation still nearer and nearer towards the true root of any number
or equation, even tho＇ it be impossible to find any such true roots in
numbers.

CONVE＇RSANT [Fr. conversante, It. tho＇ only in the first sense, con­
versans, Lat.] 1. Keeping company with, acquainted, cohabiting;







having among or with. The strangers that were conversant among them.
Josuah. Shakespeare and Milton accent it on the first syllable.
Never to be infected with delight,
Nor cónversant with ease and idleness. Shakespeare.
Thou and all angels conversant on earth
With man. Milton.
2. Well versed or skilled in, acquiring knowledge of any thing by
habit, familiar; having in, sometimes with. Skill which he had by
being conversant in the books. Hooker. Conversant in both the tongues.
Dryden. He uses the different dialects as one who had been conversant
with them all. Pope. 3. Relating to, concerning; having about, for­
merly wherein. The matters wherein church polity is conversant are the
public duties. Hooker. Discretion as conversant about worldly affairs.
Addison.

CONVE＇RSABLE [from converse. It is sometimes written conversible,
but improperly; conversant, conversation, conversable. Johnson.]
sociable, easy, free of access or in conversation, fit for company, com­
municative. That fire and levity which makes the young ones scarce
conversable, when temper＇d by years, makes a gay old age. Ad­
dison.

CONVE＇RSABLENESS [from conversable] easiness of being conversed
with, sociableness, the quality of being conversable, or a pleasant
companion.

CONVE＇RSABLY [from conversable] in a conversable manner, so­
ciably.

CONVERSA＇TION [Fr. conversazione, It. conversaciòn, Sp. of conver­
satio, Lat.] 1. Familiar discourse among persons, easy talk; opposed
to a formal conference. Mentioned in conversation. Swift. 2. A
particular act of discoursing upon any topic; as, they had a long con­
versation about that affair. 3. Familiarity. The freedom of habi­
tudes and conversation with the best company. Dryden. 4. Intercourse,
society, behaviour, manner of acting in common life. Have your
conversation honest among the Gentiles. 1 Peter.

CONVE＇RSATIVE [from converse] relating to public life, and the
commerce of the world, not contemplative. Finding him little stu­
dious and contemplative, she chose to endue him with conversative
qualities of youth. Wotton.

CO＇NVERSE, subst. [from the verb; sometimes it is accented on the
first syllable, sometimes on the last; Pope has used both. The first is
more analogical. Johnson.] 1. Familiar discourse, conversation.
Gen＇rous converse, a soul exempt from pride. Pope.
Form＇d by thy converse happily to steer,
From grave to gay. Pope.
2. Correspondence, acquaintance, cohabitation, familiarity. Neces­
sitated by its relation to flesh to a terrestrial converse. Glanville.

CONVERSE [in geometry] a proposition is said to be the converse of
another, when after drawing a conclusion from something first sup­
posed, we proceed to suppose what had been before concluded, and
to draw from it what had been supposed. If two sides of a triangle
be equal, the angles opposite to those sides are also equal: the converse
of the proposition is, that if two angles of a triangle be equal, the
sides opposite to those angles are also equal.

CONVERSE Direction [in astrology] is when a significator is brought
to the place of promittors, by the motion of the highest sphere, called
primum mobile, contrary to the succession of the signs.

To CONVE＇RSE [converser, Fr. conversare, It. conversàr, Sp. and
Port. converso, Lat.] 1. To discourse or talk familiarly with, to con­
vey the thoughts reciprocally in conversation.
As friend with friend
Converse with Adam. Milton.
2. To keep company, or be familiar with. I will converse with
iron-witted fools. Shakespeare. 3. To hold intercourse with, to be
a companion to; having with. A person with whom he conversed.
Addison. 4. To discourse familiarly upon any subject; with on be­
fore the thing. We conversed often on that subject. Dryden. 5. To
have commerce with a different sex. After having convers＇d with a
man. Addison.
He that CONVERSES not with men, knows nothing.

CONVE＇RSELY [from converse, in mathematics] in a contrary or­
der, reciprocally, translatively; as when two right lines are supposed
to be parallel, and another crosses them, it may be demonstrated that
the alternate angles are equal; and so it is equally true conversely,
that if the alternate angles are equal, the lines which are crossed must
be parallel.

CONVE＇RSION [conversio, Lat.] 1. Change from one state to ano­
ther. Artificial conversion of water into ice. Bacon. 2. Change of
manners from good to bad. 3. Change from one religion to ano­
ther. Declaring the conversion of the Gentiles. Acts.

CONVERSION [Fr. and Sp. conversione, It. of conversio, Lat. with
divines] is such a turning to God, or change that is wrought in every
true penitent; as the spirit of God works a change on the heart.

CONVERSION [in military affairs] is when soldiers are ordered to
present their arms to the enemy, who attack them in flank, whereas
they are supposed before to be in front.

CONVERSION of Propositions [in logic] is the changing the subject
into the place of the predicate, and e contra, still retaining the quali­
ty of the proposition; as, no virtue is vice, no vice is virtue.

CONVERSION of Equations [with algebraists] a particular manner of
changing an equation, which is commonly done with the quantity
sought, or any member or degree of it, if it is a fraction: the man­
ner of doing it is by multiplying the whole number by the denomina­
tor of the fractional part, and then omitting the denominators, the
equation is continued in the numerators only; as suppose
, then multiply all by d, and it will
stand thus, da − db = aa + cc + dh + db.

CONVERSION of Ratio＇s [with arithmeticians] is the comparing the
antecedent with the difference of the antecedent and consequent in two
equal ratio＇s or proportions. As if there be the same ratio of 3 to 4,
as of 9 to 12, it is concluded, there is the same ratio 3 to 2, as of 9
to 6.

CONVERSION [with rhetoricians] a figure, the same as apostrophe,
or the changing the subject into the place of the predicate, and e con­
tra; but always retaining the same quantity of propositions; as, every
living creature is an animal, every animal is a living creature.

CONVE＇RSIVE [from converse] sociable, conversable.

To CONVE＇RT [convertir, Fr. and Sp. convertire, It. of converto,
Lat.] 1. To turn or change into another substance. If the whole
atmosphere was converted into water, it would make but eleven yards
water about the earth. Burnet. 2. To change from one religion to
another. 3. To turn a thing towards any point. Crystal will ca­
lify into electricity, and convert the needle freely placed. Brown. 4. To
employ any thing to one＇s own profit or use, to appropriate. The abun­
dance of the sea shall be converted unto thee. Isaiah. He converted the
prizes to his own use. Arbuthnot. 5. To change one proposition in­
to another, so that what was the subject of the first, becomes the
predicate of the second. The papists cannot abide this proposition
converted. All sin is a transgression of the law, but every transgression
of the law is sin. Hale.

To CONVERT [with divines] is to bring a person to the profession
of the true religion, to change from a bad to a good life. Sinners
shall be converted unto thee. Psalms.

To CONVERT, verb neut. to undergo a change, to be transmuted.
The love of wicked friends converts to fear,
That fear to hate. Shakespeare.

CO＇NVERT [converti, Fr. convertito, It. convertido, Sp.] a person
who is turned from one opinion or practice to another. The jesuits
did not persuade the converts to lay aside the use of images. Stil­
lingfleet. The converts to or of christianity. Addison.

CONVE＇RTIBLE, Fr. [from convert, convertible, It. of convertibilis,
Lat.] 1. Changeable, that may be turned, susceptible of transmutation.
Minerals are not convertible into another species. Harvey. 2. So
much alike, that one may be used for the other. Many put prelacy
and popery together as terms convertible. Swift.

CONVE＇RTER [from convert] one that makes converts.

CONVERTIBI＇LITY [from convertible] the quality of being possible
to be converted.

CONVE＇RTIBLENESS, possible, &c. of being changed or turned.

CO＇NVERTITE [converti, Fr.] a convert, one turned from another
opinion.
You are a gentle convertite. Shakespeare.
Nor would I be a convertite so cold,
As not to tell it. Donne.

CO＇NVEX, adj. [convexe, Fr. convesso, It. of convexús, Lat.] bend­
ing down on every side, like the heavens or the outside of a globe,
or any other round body; or the external round part of any body
opposite to the hollow, or concave part; as, the convex face of a
ball or orb.

CONVEX Glasses, are such as are opposite to concave, thicker in the
middle than at the edges; or, properly speaking, when their surface
rises up regularly above the plane of the base, and è contra. Those
glasses are said to be concave, when the surface sinks down regularly,
or with a regular crookedness below it; so that the same glass or other
thing is oftentimes convex on the outside, and concave within.

CONVEX Lens, is either convex on both sides, and called convexo
convex; or it is plain on one side, and convex on the other, and is
called plano convex.

CONVEX, subst. a convex body, a body that swells external into a
circular form. Half heav＇n＇s convex glitters with the flame. Tickell.

CONVE＇XED, part. [from convex] formed convex, protuberant cir­
cularly. In their natural figure they are straight, nor have they their
spine convexed, or more considerably embowed than sharks. Brown.

CONVE＇XEDLY, adv. [from convexed] in a convex form. They be
drawn convexedly crooked. Brown.

CONVE＇XITY [convexité, Fr. of convexitas, Lat.] the exterior sur­
face of a convex; i. e. a gibbous and globular thing, in opposition
to concavity, or the inner surface, which is hollow or depressed. A
due degree of convexity. Newton.

CONVE＇XLY [from convex] in a convex form. Convexly conical,
i. e. they are all along convex, not only per ambitum, but between both
ends. Grew.

CONVE＇XNESS [from convex] convexity.

CONVE＇XO-CONCAVE, adj. having the concavity on the inside cor­
responding to the convexity on the outside. Thick convexo-concave
plates of glass. Newton.

To CONVE＇Y [conveho, of con and veho, Lat. to carry, convoy, Fr.]
1. To carry, to transport from one place into another. 2. To hand
from one to another. A divine right could not be conveyed down
without any plain rule. Locke. 3. To remove secretly. One con­
veyed out of my house yesterday in this basket. 4. To bring any
thing as an instrument of transmission; to transmit. There appears
not to be any ideas in the mind, before the senses have conveyed any
in. Locke. 5. To make over, to transfer or deliver to another.
Adam＇s property could not convey any sovereignty. Locke. 6. To
impart by means of something. They give energy to our expressions,
and convey our thoughts in more ardent and intense phrases. Addison.
7. To impart, to introduce. Others convey themselves into the mind by
more senses than one. Locke. 8. To manage with privacy. I will
convey the business as I shall find means, and acquaint you. Shakes­
peare.

CONVEY＇ANCE [from convey] 1. The act of removing any thing.
For her sake
Mad＇st quick conveyance with her good aunt Ann. Shakespeare.
2. Way for conveying or transporting. There is conveyance into
the countries. Raleigh. No conveyance for timber to places of vent,
so as to quit the cost of carriage. Temple. 3. The method of re­
moving secretly from one place to another. Bethink you of some
conveyance; in the house you cannot hide him. Shakespeare. 4. The
means or instrument by which any thing is conveyed.
When we＇ve
Stuff＇d these pipes, and these conveyances of blood.
Shakespeare.
5. Transmission, delivery from one to another. The descending
and conveyance down of Adam＇s monarchical power to posterity. Locke.
6. Act of transferring property, grant? Doth not the act of the pa­
rent, in any lawful grant of conveyance, bind their hens?

CONVEYANCE [in law] 1. An instrument or deed in writing, by







which lands or tenements are conveyed or made over from one to
another. The very conveyances of his lands will hardly lie in this
box. Shakespeare. 2. Secret management, juggling artifice, secret
substitution of one thing for another.
Close conveyance and each practice ill
Of cosinage and knavery. Spenser.
Can they not juggle, and with slight
Conveyance play with wrong and right. Hudibras.

CONVE＇YANCER, a maker of, or a person who is skilled in making
such writings as transfer property.

CONVEY＇ER [from convey] one who conveys or transmits things
from one place or person to another. The dispensers of their favours,
and conveyers of their will to others. Atterbury.

To CONVI＇CT [convictum, sup. of convinco, from con and vinco,
Lat. to overcome] 1. To prove a person guilty, to detect in guilt.
Convicted by their own conscience. St. John. 2. To confute, to dis­
cover, to be false. Altho＇ the reason of any head may well convict
it, yet will it not be rejected. Brown.

CONVI＇CT, part. [of the verb] convicted, detected in guilt. By
the civil law, a person convict, or confessing his own crime, cannot
appeal. Ayliffe.

CO＇NVICT, subst. [convictus, Lat.] a person legally proved guilty
of an offence, one cast at the bar, a criminal detected at his trial.
The civil law allows time for the convict, and to persons confessing.
Ayliffe.

Recusant CONVICT, one who has been legally presented, indicted,
and convicted for refusing or not coming to church, to hear the com­
mon-prayer, according to several statutes, a term generally applied to
papists in England.

CONVI＇CTION [Fr. convinzione, It. of convictio, Lat.] the act of
convincing, confutation; the act of forcing others by dint of argu­
ment to allow a position. The principal instrument of their convic­
tion, the light of reason. Hooker. The manner of his conviction was
designed as a lasting argument for the conviction of others. Atterbury.

CONVICTION [in theology] the first step or degree of repentance,
whereby a penitent is convinced or made apprehensive of the evil na­
ture of sin, and of his own guilt.

CONVICTION [in law] the proving of a person guilty of an of­
fence by the verdict of a jury; or when an outlawed person appears
and confesses. Conviction to the serpent none belongs. Milton.

CONVI＇CTIVE [from convict] tending to convince, having the
power of convincing.

To CONVI＇NCE [convaincre, Fr. convencer, Sp. and Port. convincere,
It. convinco, Lat.] 1. To make a person sensible of the truth of a
matter by reasons and arguments, to persuade thoroughly, to force
him to acknowledge a contested position. We receive from history a
great part of the useful truths we have, with a convincing evidence.
Locke. 2. To convict, to prove guilty. Seek not to convince me of a
crime. Dryden. 3. To evince, to vindicate, to shew. Your Italy contains
none so accomplish＇d a courtier to convince the honour of my mistress.
Shakespeare. 4. To overpower, to surmount; this sense is obsolete.
Their malady convinces
The great essay of art. Shakespeare.

CONVI＇NCEMENT [from convince] the act of convincing, convic­
tion. If that be not convincement enough, let him weigh the other
also. Decay of Piety.

CONVI＇NCIBLE [from convince] 1. Capable of conviction. 2. Ca­
pable of being easily disproved. Upon uncertainties and convincible
falsities they erected such emblems. Brown.

CONVI＇NCINGLY [from convincing] evidently, in a manner not to
be contradicted, so as to produce conviction. The resurrection is con­
vincingly attested. Atterbury.

CONVI＇NCINGNESS, or CONVI＇CTIVENESS [of convince, or convict]
convincing or condemning quality, or power.

To CONVI＇TIATE [convicior, Lat.] to taunt or rail at, to reproach
or abuse.

To CONVI＇VE, verb act. [convivo, Lat.] to entertain, to feast; a
word, I believe, not elsewhere used. Johnson.
Go to my tent,
There in the full convive you. Shakespeare.

CONVI＇VAL, or CONVI＇VIAL, adj. [convivalis, Lat.] of or belong­
ing to feasts or banquets, social.
I was the first who set up festivals;
Not with high tastes our appetites did force,
But fill＇d with conversation and discourse;
Which feasts convivial meetings we did name. Denham.

CONU＇NDRUM, a quibble, a low jest, a poor conceit; a cant
word. Pun ambiguous, or conundrum quaint. Philips.

To CO＇NVOCATE [convoquer, Fr. convocàr, Sp. convocare, It. and
Lat.] to call together, to summon to an assembly.

CONVOCA＇TION [Fr. convocazione, It. convocación, Sp. of convoca­
tio, Lat.] 1. The act of calling together. Diaphantus, making a
general convocation, spake to them. Sidney. 2. Most commonly an
assembly of the clergy, to consult about the affairs of the church in
time of parliament. The declaration of our church made by those
who met in convocation. Stillingfleet. 3. The persons so assembled
are called a convocation, an assembly in general. And the eighth
day shall be a holy convocacion unto you. Leviticus.

CONVOCATION, an assembly of the clergy met for the purpose of
consultation on ecclesiastical affairs.

Lower House of CONVOCATION, the place where the body of the in­
ferior clergy sit, being represented by their deputies.

Upper House of CONVOCATION, the place where the archbishops,
bishops, &c. sit severally by themselves.

To CONVO＇KE [convocare, It. convoco, Lat. convoquer, Fr. convocàr,
Sp.] to call together, to summon to an assembly. Way prescribed to
convoke them. Locke. Convoke the peerage. Pope.

To CONVO＇LVE [convolvo, Lat.] to roll round about, to roll one
part upon another. He writh＇d him to and fro convolv＇d. Milton.

CO＇NVOLUTED, part. twisted, rolled upon itself. The plates of
that glass are flat and plain, whereas these are convoluted and in­
flected. Woodward.

CONVOLU＇TION, 1. The act of wrapping, rolling or winding any
thing 2. The state of being rolled upon itself, or about itself. Observe
the convolution of the fibres. Grew. 3. The state of rolling together in
company.
Toss＇d wide round
O＇er the calm sea, in convolution swift
The feather＇d eddy floats. Thomson.

CONVOLUTION [with botanists] a winding or turning motion, that
is peculiar to the stems or trunks of some plants, as the claspers of
vines, bindweed, &c.

To CONVO＇Y [convoyer, Fr. convojare, It. convoyàr, Sp. of conveho,
Lat. convio, low Lat.] to guard, to conduct safely, either by sea or
land. He was convoy＇d by a strong body of troops to Paris, or by
ships of war to Naples.

CO＇NVOY [Sp. convoi, Fr. convojo, Lat.] 1. A guide or conductor.
Anciently it was accented on the last syllable; but now on the first.
He made himself his people＇s convoy to secure them in their passage.
South. 2. Attendance on the road either by land or sea by way of
defence. Your convoy makes the dangerous way secure. Dryden.
Convoy ships accompany their merchants till they may prosecute the
voyage without danger. Dryden. 3. The act of attending as a de­
fence. I shoot from heaven to give him safe convoy. Milton.

A CONVOY, a ship or ships of war, which go along with merchants
ships to defend them from enemies.

CONVOY [in military affairs] men, ammunition, &c. conveyed
into a town.

CO＇NUS, Lat. [κωνος, Gr.] the fruit of the cypress-tree, a pine­
apple, &c.

CONUS, Lat. [with geometricians] a solid figure, broad and round
at bottom, with a sharp top like a sugar-loaf.

CO＇NUSANCE [conoissance, Fr.] cognisance, knowledge, notice. A
law term.

CO＇NUSANT [conoissant, a French law term] knowing, understand­
ing, or being privy to, &c.

To CONVU＇LSE [convulsum, sup. of convello, of con and vello, Lat.
to tear] to give an irregular and involuntary motion to the parts of a
body.
Follows the loosen＇d, aggravated roar,
Enlarging, deep＇ning, mingling peal on peal,
Crush＇d horrible, convulsing heaven and earth. Thomson.

CONVU＇LSED, pret. and part. of convulse [convulsus, Lat.] drawn
or pulled together, moved irregularly and involuntarily.

CONVU＇LSION [Fr. and Sp. convulsione, It. of convulsio, Lat.] 1.
The act of pulling or drawing together. 2. A distortion.

CONVU＇LSION [with physicians] 1. An involuntary contraction or
motion, whereby the nerves, muscles and members are contracted
and drawn together against the will, as in the cramp. My hand put
into motion by a convulsion. Locke. 2. Any irregular or violent mo­
tion, tumult, disturbance. All have been subject to some concussions,
and fallen under the same convulsions of state by dissentions or invasions.
Temple.

CONVULSIVE [convulsif, Fr. convulsivo, It. of convulsivus] pertain­
ing to convulsions; a term applied by physicians to those motions,
which naturally should depend on the will; but which become invo­
luntary by some internal or external cause; that which gives twitches
or spasms.
Convulsive rage
Her trembling limbs, and heav＇d her lab＇ring breast. Dryden.

CONVU＇LSIVE Motions [with physicians] are sudden and swift con­
vulsions and shakings, that cease and return again by turns.

CO＇NWAY, a market-town of Carnarvonshire, in North Wales, si­
tuated near the mouth of a river, 15 miles west of St. Asaph.

CO＇NY [conejo, Sp. cogniglio, It. coélho, Port. kanin, Ger. connil or
connin, Fr. cuniculus, Lat.] a rabbet, a beast of warren, that makes
burroughs in the ground. Hares and conys that eat the corn and trees.
Mortimer.

CONY-BOROUGH, a place where rabbets make their holes in the
ground.

To CONY-CATCH [in the cant of thieves] to cheat, bite, or trick.
I have matter in my head against you and your cony-catching rascals.
Davies.

CONY-CA＇TCHER, a thief, a cheat, a sharper, a rascal. Now ob­
solete.

Tom-CONY [with the vulgar] a very silly fellow.

To COO [from the sound] to make a noise like turtles or pigeons.

CO＇NZA, a town of the kingdom of Naples, in Italy, situated in the
farther principate, on the river Offanto, 50 miles south-east of the city
of Naples. It is the see of an archbishop.
The stock-dove only through the forest coos,
Mournfully hoarse. Thomson.

COOK [coquus, Lat. kog, C. Brit. coc, Sax. kock, Su. Dan. and Du.
koch, Ger. cuoco, It.] a person who dresses meat for the table. Their
cooks could make artificial birds and fishes. Arbuthnot.
God sends meat, but the devil sends COOKS.
An exclamation generally made use of when a dish of meat is brought
to table ill dressed; also a reprimand to cooks on the same account.
He is an ill COOK who cannot lick his fingers.
The Fr. say; Celui gouverne mal le miel (He is an ill manager of
hony) qui n＇en leche ses doigts. This proverb is used to signify in gene­
ral, that a man manages a business very ill who don＇t take care (as we
say in another proverb) to feather his own nest out of it; that is, to pro­
fit himself by it. It is chiefly applied to stewards, trustees, guardians,
or other managers.

To COOK [coquo, Lat.] 1. To dress victuals for the table. Had
either of the crimes been cook＇d to their palates, they might have
changed messes. Decay of Piety. 2. To prepare for any purpose.
Hanging is the word, Sir; if you be ready for that you are well
cook＇d. Shakespeare.

COO＇KERY, a cook＇s trade, the art of dressing food.

COOK-MAID [of cook and maid] a maid that dresses victuals. One
of the best cook-maids in England. Addison.

COOK-ROOM [of cook and room; in a ship] is where the cook and
his mate dress the victuals and deliver it out to the ship＇s crew.

COOKS were incorporated in the year 1481, and confirmed by queen
Elizabeth, and afterwards by king James II. Their armorial ensigns







are, argent a chevron ingrayl＇d sable between three columbines, the
crest a pheasant standing on a mount (upon a helmet and torse) the
supporters a buck and doe, each vulned with an arrow all proper.
The motto, Vulnerati non victi.
Their hall is on the east side of Aldersgate-street, near Little Bri­
tain.

COOL, adj. [cole, Sax. koel, Du. kuehl, Ger.] 1. Cooling, some­
what cold. It grew cool. Temple. 2. Not zealous, not angry, not
fond.

COOL, subst. soft and refreshing coldness, freedom from heat. Phi­
lander was enjoying the cool of the morning among the dews, that gave
the air a freshness. Addison.

To COOL, verb act. [cælan, Sax. koelen, Du. kuhlen, Ger.] 1. To
make cold, to refresh, to allay or abate heat. Snow cools or congeals
any liquor. Addison. 2. To quiet passion or anger, to moderate zeal.
Some ill effect it may produce in cooling your love to him. Addison. It
might have cool＇d their zeal. Swift.

To COOL, verb neut. [colian, Sax.] 1. To become cool, to grow
less hot. 2. To slacken, to relent, to grow less warm as to passion or
inclination. My humour shall not cool. Shakespeare. You never
cool while you read Homer. Dryden.

COO＇LER. 1. A brewer＇s vessel, in which hot liquor stands to cool.
Your wort thus boiled, lade off into coolers or cool-backs. Mortimer.
2. Whatever has the power of cooling the body. Coolers are of two
sorts; first, those which produce an immediate sense of cold, which
are such as have their parts in less motion than those of the organs of
feeling, as fruits, all acid liquors, and common water: and secondly,
such as, by particular viscidity or grosness of parts, give a greater con­
sistence to the animal fluids, whereby they cannot move so fast, and
therefore will have less of that intestine force on which their heat de­
pends, such as cucumbers, and all substances producing viscidity.
Quincy. Acid things were used only as coolers. Arbuthnot.

COO＇LLY, Without heat or sharp cold.
She in the gelid caverns woodbine wrought,
And fresh bedew＇d with ever-spouting streams,
Sits coolly calm. Thomson.
2. With indifference, without passion. Motives that address them­
selves cooly to our reason. Atterbury.

COO＇LNESS [cealdnes, Sax.] 1. Cool quality, gentle cold. The
heat or coolness of spirits. Bacon. 2. Want of affection or inclination.
They parted with coolness towards each other. 3. Freedom from pas­
sion.

COOM. 1. Soot that gathers over an oven＇s mouth. Phillips. 2.
That kind of composition made of grease, tar, and other ingredients,
which is used to the wheels of carriages, whereby they go the more
easily, and prevent the axles from taking fire. 3. It denotes, in
Scotland, the useless dust that falls from large coals.

COOMB, or COMB [comble, Fr. of comulus, Lat. an heap] a mea­
sure of corn, containing four bushels.

COOP [cofa, Sax. a pit or hovel, or kot, kieype, Du. in the same
signification] 1. A place where fowls are kept and fattened, a pen for
sheep and other animals. The chickens refused to eat out of the coop.
Brown. 2. A barrel, a vessel for keeping liquids.

To COOP Up [of cofa, Sax.] to put up in a pen, to shut up in a
narrow compass, to cage, to imprison. The Englishmen coop＇d up the
Lord Ravenstein that he stirred not. Bacon. They are coop＇d up close
by the laws of their countries. Locke.
What! coop whole armies in our walls again? Pope.

COO＇PED Up, imprisoned.

COOPEE＇ [coupé, Fr.] a step in dancing.

COO＇PER [cubero, Sp. kuyper, Du. and L. Ger.] a maker of tubs,
coops or barrels. Weavers and coopers, by virtue of their charters, pre­
tend to privilege. Child.

COO＇PERS were incorporated anno 1530, in the 16th of Henry VII.
by the name of masters and wardens or commonality of the free­
men of the mystery of coopers, in London and the suburbs of the same
city; their arms are party per pale gules, and or a chevron between 3
hoops in a chief azure. Their supporters two camels, their crest an
eagle winged, surmounted on a torce and helmet.

COO＇PERAGE [from cooper] the price paid for cooper＇s work.

To CO-O＇PERATE [cooperer, Fr. co-operare, It. co-operàr, Sp. co-opera­
tum, from con, and opera, Lat.] 1. To work together to the same end.
Privilege of co-operating to his own felicity. Boyle. 2. To act with one
another in the producing some effect. All these causes co-operating,
weaken their motion. Cheyne.

CO-OPERA＇TION [Fr. co-operazione, It. co-operaciòn, Sp. of co-opera­
tio, Lat.] the act of working together with another to promote the
same end. Not holpen by the co-operation of angels. Bacon.

CO-OPERA＇TIVE [of co-operor, Lat.] working together with another
to the same end.

CO-OPERA＇TOR [co-operateur, Fr. co-operatore, It. co-operador, Sp.
of co-operator, Lat.] a fellow-worker, one that jointly with others pro­
motes the same end.

CO-OPERA＇TIO Arborum, Lat. [in old law] the head or branches of
a tree cut down.

CO-OPERATU＇RA, Lat. [in old law] a thicket or covert of wood.

CO-OPTA＇TION [of co-opto, Lat.] adoption, assumption, an election
or choosing by suffrage.

CO-OR＇DINATE [of con and ordinatus, of ordo, Lat.] being of equal
degree or rank, not subordinate. The shell fish may be divided into
two co-ordinate kinds, crustaceous and testaceous; each of which is
again divided into many species subordinate to the kind, but co-ordinate
to each other.

CO-ORDINA＇TION [from co-ordinate] 1. The state of holding the same
rank, collateralness. In this high court of parliament there is a rare
co-ordination of power. Howel. Co-ordination in a play is as dangerous
as in the state. Dryden. May not I also add, nor less exceptionable in
DIVINITY: if the judgment of the old Athanasians may be receiv＇d, so
says the orthodox council of Sirmium: “If any one hearing that
the Father is LORD, and the Son is LORD, or citing those words [of
scripture] “The LORD rained from the LORD,” shall affirm, there are
two Gods, let him be anatheina. Ου γαρ συντασσομεν τον υιον τω πατρι,
αλλα υποτεταγροενον τω πατρι, &c. i. e. FOR we do not make the Son
co-ordinate, or put him upon a level with the Father; but maintain
that He is υποτεταγμενος, i. e. subordinate or subjected to Him; For
neither did He descend into a body without the FATHER＇s will; nor
did He rain from [or of] Himself; but from that Lord, who
authoriz＇d the act, viz. the FATHER, Ου γαρ εβρεξεν αϕ᾿ εαυτου, αλλα
παρα κυριου αυθεντουντος δηλαδη του πατρος: Such are the express words of
the council; and St. Hilary＇s comment is as remarkable upon it. Et
vel in eó non COMPARATUR vel COÆQUATUR Filius Patri, dum subdi­
tus, &c. Hilar. de Synod. See AUTHENTIC, FIRST Cause, and
APOSTOLIC Constitutions; ABOVE all the word CIRCUM-INCESSION,
and read there, “Who with the second council of Sirmium”——for
by this council (held about the middle of the fourth century) was
the creed compos＇d, according to Dupin, and Bower; and both agree
with St. Hilary, that ＇tis entirely orthodox: and no wonder, when it
anathematiz＇d those who should affirm, “there was a time or age, in
which the Son of God was not.” 2. (In physic) in respect of causes, is
an order of causes, wherein several of the same kind, order, and ten­
dency, concur to the production of the same effect.

CO-O＇RDINATELY [of co-ordinate] in the same rank and relation,
without subordination.

CO-O＇RDINATENESS [from co-ordinate] quality of rank, state of be­
ing co-ordinate.

COOT [maer koet, Du. cotêe, Fr.] a moor-hen, a small black
fowl seen often in fens.
A lake the haunt
Of coots, and of the fishing cormorant. Dryden.

COP [cop. Sax. kop, Du.] the head, the top of any thing, any
thing rising to a head; as, a cop, vulgarly a cock of hay; a cob-castle,
properly cop-castle, a small castle on a hill. A cob for cop, a pile of
stones laid one upon another, a tuft on the head of birds.

COP, or COPE, at the beginning of a name, signifies a top of an
hill, as Copeland.

CO＇PAL, a sort of hard resin or gum of a whitish or yellowish co­
lour, brought from America. A Mexican term for gum.

COPA＇RSENARY, subst. [from coparcener] joint succession to any in­
heritance. All the daughters in coparcenary. Hale.

COPA＇RCENERS [of con and particeps, Lat.] are otherwise called,
(in common law) parceners or partners, are such as have equal
portion in the inheritance of the ancestor. Cowel. This great lordship
was broken and divided, and partition made between the five daugh­
ters: in every of these portions, the coparceners severally exercised the
same jurisdiction royal which the earl marshal and his sons had used in
the whole province. Davies.

COPA＇RCENY, an equal division or share of coparceners. Phillips.
See COPA＇RCENERS.

COPA＇RTNER [of con and partner] one who is joined in partnership
with another, one that has a share in some common stock or affair.
Our faithful friends,
Th＇associates and copartners of our loss. Milton.

COPA＇RTNERSHIP [of con and partner] the state of being partners
together, or bearing an equal part, or of possessing an equal share. The
daughters equally succeeded to their father as in copartnership. Haie.

COPA＇TAIN, adj. [from cop] high rais＇d, pointed. Hanmer. Oh
fine villain! a silken doublet, a velvet hose, a scarlet cloke, and a copa­
tain hat. Shakespeare.

COPA＇YVÆ Balsamum, Lat. [it is sometimes written capivi, copivi,
capayva, copayva, cupayvo, cupaybo] a sort of balsam, which distils like
turpentine from a certain tree in Brasil. It is much used in disorders
of the urinary passages.

COPE. See COP [cæppe, Sax. chappe, Fr. cápa, Sp.] 1. A sort of
priest＇s vestment, with a clasp before, and hanging down, from the
shoulders to the heels. It is used in sacred ministrations. 2. Any
thing with which the head is covered. 3. Any thing which is spread
over the head, any arch-work over a door.
All these things that are contain＇d
Within this goodly cope. Spenser.
Fiery darts and flaming volleys flew,
And flying vaulted either host with fire:
So under fiery cope, together rush＇d
Both battles main. Milton.
Under the cope of heaven. Dryden.

To COPE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To cover as with a cope.
A very large bridge, all made of wood and coped over head. Addison.
2. To reward, to give in return.
Three thousand ducats due unto the Jews,
We freely cope your courteous pains withal. Shakespeare.
3. To oppose, to contend with.
My name is lost,
By treason＇s tooth bare gnawn and canker-bit,
Yet I am noble as the adversary I come to cope. Shakespeare.

To COPE, verb neut. 1. To strive with, to make head against; har­
avg with before the person or thing opposed; as, to cope with one. In
this sense it is a word of doubtful etymology. The conjecture of Ju­
nius derives it from koopen, to buy, or some other word of the same im­
port: so that to cope with, signifies to interchange blows, or any thing
else, with another. Johnson.
On every plain,
Host cop＇d with host, dire was the din of war. J. Phillips.
Their generals have not been able to cope with the troops of Athens.
Addison. To cope with great difficulties. Watts. 2. To encounter,
to interchange kindness or sentiments.
Thou art e＇en as just a man,
As e＇er my conversation cop＇d withal. Shakespeare.

To COPE Together [of copulo, Lat.] to match with.

To COPE, to jut out as a wall does.

To COPE [in falcomy] to pare the beak or talons of an hawk.

COPE [in doomsday book] an hill.

COPE [cop, Sax.] a tribute paid to the king out of the lead mines
in Wirksworth, in Derbyshire.

CO＇PEL. See COPPEL.

COPENHA＇GEN, the capital of the kingdom of Denmark, situated
on the eastern shore of the island of Zealand, upon a fine bay of the
Baltic sea, not far from the streight called the Sound. It is a strong
town, five miles in circumference, fortified in the modern method;
and the harbour is surrounded by forts and platforms, its entrance being







so narrow, that only one ship can pass at a time. It has an university,
and a military academy, and is remarkable for one of the finest mu­
seums in Europe. Lat 55° 30′ N. Long. 13° E.

COPE＇RNICAN System [so called of Nicholas Copernicus, the inven­
tor, or rather reviver of it] is a system of the world, wherein the sun
is supposed at rest, and the planets with the earth to describe ellipsises
round him. The heavens and stars are here supposed at rest; and
that diurnal motion they seem to us to have from east to west, is re­
puted to be the earth＇s motion from west to east. See Plate VI. Fig. 6.
The sun being found to be a body more than 300 times bigger than
our earth, it seemed preposterous that so mighty a body of fire, should
whirl round so large a circle as his sphere, according to the Ptolemaic
system, in so short a time as 24 hours (when, according to its compu­
ted distance, he must move 7570 miles in a minute.) It was therefore
more reasonable to believe, that the earth was seated in the sphere,
that Ptolemy had placed the sun in, and that the sun was placed in the
center; for by that means, if the earth but turn round upon its own
axis in 24 hours, every side of it is turned to the sun, and consequently
a day and a night afforded to all its inhabitants, without the necessity of
the sun＇s or earth＇s making so vast a journey as the circle of its sphere
requires. He therefore placed the sun in the center, with no other
motion than turning round upon its own axis, which its performs in
27 days and a half. He also supposes the sun to be surrounded with a
vast space of æther of many millions of miles extent, which is called its
vortext, which æther is carried round with the sun; and because the
planets float in it, they also are carried in a continual circuit from west
to east round the sun in certain periodical times, according to their
nearness or distance from the sun. The earth is one of these planets,
and has another attending her, viz. the moon; for that planet belongs
to us only, being in a continual circuit round this earth, and with it
carried on in the annual circuit that the earth makes round the sun.
The use of it being to reflect the sun-beams to us, at such times as he
is gone from us. Other planets have the like concomitants. Jupiter
has four, and Saturn five, as is supposed for the same reason; and
because those planets are so much farther distant from the sun than we
are, they have of consequence occasion for more moons than we have.
It is certain by ocular demonstration, that there are four little planets
called satellites, which are in continual motion round about Jupiter,
that are so regular in their motions, that the eclipses of them are calcu­
lated, and thereby a great help found out to the correcting of the
longitude.

COPES Mate [perhaps from cupsmate, a companion in drinking, or
one that dwells under the same cope for a house. Johnson] a partner in
merchandizing, a companion, a friend. An old word.
Ne ever staid in place, ne spake to wight,
Till that the fox his copesmate he had found. Spenser.

COPE Sale and Pins [with husbandmen] are irons that fasten the
chains with other oxen to the end of the cope of a waggon.

CO＇PHOSIS, Lat. [κωϕωσις, of κωϕος, Gr. deaf] deafness.

CO＇PIA, Lat. plenty, abundance.

CO＇PIA Libelli deliberanda [Lat. in law] a writ that lies in case,
where a man cannot get the copy of a libel out of the hands of an ec­
clesiastical judge.

COPIA＇PO, a port town of Chili, in South America, situated on the
pacific ocean, at the mouth of a river of the same name. Lat. 25° S.
Long. 75° W.

CO＇PIER [from copy] 1. One that copies or transcribes. Charac­
ters altered by copiers and transcribers. Addison. 2. One that imitates,
a plagiary. Without invention a painter is but a copier, and a poet
but a plagiary of others. Dryden.

CO＇PING, subst. [in architecture] 1. The upper tire of masonry
which covers the wall. Costly stones, even from the foundation to the
coping. 1 Kings. The coping the modillions or dentils, make a noble
shew by their graceful projections. Addison. 2. The top of a build­
ing, or the brow of a wall made sloping.

CO＇PING Irons [with falconers] instruments used for coping or pa­
ring the beak of an hawk, his pounces or talons, when grown.

CO＇PIOUS [copieux, Fr. copioso, It. and Sp. of copiosus, Lat.] 1. Plen­
tiful, being in great quantities. This alcaline acrimony indicates the
copious use of vinegar. Arbuthnot. 2. Abounding in words or images,
not barren, not confined.

COPIO＇SITY [copiositas, Lat.] plenty.

CO＇PIOUSLY. 1. Plentifully, in great quantities. 2. At large,
without brevity, diffusely. Their remains have been copiously des­
cribed. Addison.

CO＇PIOUSNESS [from copious] 1. Plentifulness, abundance, great quan­
tity. 2. Diffusion of stile. The Roman orator endeavoured to imitate the
copiousness of Homer, and the Latin poet to reach the conciseness of
Demosthenes. Dryden.

CO＇PIST [copiste, Fr.] a transcriber.

CO＇PLAND, a piece of ground into which the rest of the lands in a
furlong do shoot, terminating in an acute angle.

CO＇PPA, a cock of corn, hay or grass, divided into portions fit to
be tithed.

C＇OPPED, adj. [from cop] sharp at the top, rising to a top or pic. It
was broad in its basis and rose copped like a sugar-loaf. Wiseman.

CO＇PPEL [this word is variously spelt; as, copel, cupel, cuple, and
cuppel, but I cannot find its etymology. Johnson.] 1. An instrument
used in chymistry in the form of a dish, made of ashes well washed,
or bones thoroughly calcined. The operation is performed by ming­
ling lead with the metal and exposing it in the coppel to a violent fire
a long while. The impurities of the metal will then be carried off in
dross, which is called the litharge of gold and silver. The refiners call
the copel a test. Harris. 2. [With silversmiths] a pot in which they
melt and refine their metal. 3. A sort of crucible for purifying gold
or silver.

CO＇PPER [cuivre, Fr. cobre, Sp. and Port. cuprum, Lat. kopper, Du.
kupffer, Ger. koppar, Su.] One of the six primitive metals: it is the most
ductile and malleable metal next to gold and silver. Copper is heavier
than iron or tin, but lighter than silver, lead, and gold. In the state of
ore it makes, according to its various admixtures, different appear­
ances. The richer copper ores are found in many parts of Germany
and Sweden, and we have some in England little inferior to the finest
Swedish. Hill.
The character of copper is? a circle with a cross underneath, and
denotes that the body or basis is gold, tho＇ joined with some corrosive
menstruum.
1. Its specific gravity comes next to that of silver; being to that of
gold as 8 to 19, to that of water as 8 to 1, and to that of silver as 8
to 10.
2. When pure it is very ductile, and of a beautiful red colour, ex­
ceeding that of gold.
3. It continues long fixed in the fire before it flies off; almost as
long as silver.
4. It is of difficult fusion more than silver, yet ignites before it
fuses.
5. Of all metals it is the most sonorous and elastic.
6. When copper is fused, if the least drop of water fall upon it, or
the moulds be ever so little moist, it flies into a million of fragments
with an incredible noise, and destroys all persons near it.
It is found every where: there is scarce any earth in any part of the
globe, but has a share of copper in it; in Sweden and Germany
there are whole mountains of it. With copper are found the brightest
coloured emeralds, &c. turquoises, and likewise green and blue pre­
cious stones. “By the brass of the ancients (says Angelo Maria Riccio)
I understand the simple metal, which, as Varro and Valerius Maximus
affirm, was called Raudus, or Rodus; not that which is made with
tin or other metals; and is called Cuprum, which pliny lib. 33, c. 5.
styles Cyprian brass. Dissertationes HOMERICÆ habitæ, in Florentino
Lycæo ab Angelo Maria Riccio, edit. Florent. A. C. 1740. Query,
if, in this writer＇s judgment, HOMER＇S warriors were not sheathed in
COPPER?

Rose COPPER, copper that has been melted several times, and pu­
rified from its grossest parts.

COPPER, subst. a vessel made of copper, commonly used as a
boiler. They boiled it in a copper to the half. Bacon.

CO＇PPERAS [couperose, Fr. coparrosa, Sp. kopperoose, Du.] supposed
to be found in copper mines only; a name given to three sorts of vi­
triol; the green, the bluish green, and the white, which are pro­
duced in the mines of Germany, Hungary, and other countries. What
is commonly sold here for copperas, is an artificial vitriol, made of a
kind of stones, from their colour called gold stones, found on the sea­
shore, in Essex, Hampshire, and so westward. They abound with
iron, and being exposed to the weather in beds above ground, the
rains and dews in time dissolve the stones, the liquor that runs off is
pumped into boilers in which old iron is put, that in boiling dissolves.
This liquor, when drawn off into coolers, shoots into chrystals of a
green colour; and these are used in dying hats and cloths black, and
in making ink. Chambers. Hill.

COPPER-NOSE [of copper and nose] a red nose.
Commended Troily for a copper-nose. Shakespeare.
Little hard tubercles affecting the face with itching, being scratched,
look red, and rife in great welks, rendering the visage fiery, and in
progress of time make copper-noses. Wiseman.

COPPER-PLATE, a plate on which various figures are engraven for
the neater impression; distinguished from a wooden cut.

COPPER-SMITH [of copper and smith] one that manufactures
copper.
A mad coppersmith of Elis
Up at his forge by morning peep. Swift.

COPPER-WORK [of copper and work] a place where copper is ma­
nufactured or wrought.

COPPER-WORM. 1. A little worm in ships. 2. A moth in gar­
ments. 3. A worm breeding in one＇s hand. Ainsworth.

COPPERY [from copper] containing copper, made of copper. Cop­
pery particles, brought with the water out of the neighbouring cop­
per mines. Woodward.

CO＇PPICE, or COPSE [probably coupeaux, of couper, Fr. to cut.
It is often writ copse] a small wood, consisting of under-woods which
may be cut at 12 or 15 years growth for fuel, a place over-run with
brushwood. Boarded with high timber trees and copses of far more
humble growth. Sidney.

CO＇PPLE-DUST [prob. from coppel or cupel dust. Johnson] powder
used for purifying metals, or the gross parts separated by the cupel.
It may be tried by incorporating powder of steel, or copple-dust, by
pouncing into the quicksilver. Bacon.

COPPLE-STONES, lumps and fragments of stone or marble broke
from the adjacent cliffs, rounded by being bowled and tumbled to and
again by the action of the water. Woodward.

CO＇PPLED [from cop] rising like a cone, or in a point. Some are
flatter on the top, others more coppled. Woodward.

COPSE, abbreviated or corrupted from coppice; which see.

To COPSE, verb act. [from the subst.] to preserve underwoods.
The neglect of copsing wood cut down, has been of evil consequence.
Swift.

COPROCRI＇TICA [of κοπρος, dung, and κριτικος, from κρινω, to
secern] medicines which purge away the excrements.

COPROPHO＇RIA [κοπροϕορια, of κοπρος and ϕερω, Gr.] purgation
or purging.

COPRO＇STASY [κοπροστασια, of κοπρος and ιστημι, Gr.] costiveness
or binding in the belly.

CO＇PTIC Language, the ancient language of the Egyptians, mixed
with much Greek, and in the Greek characters.

CO＇PULA, a coupling or joining together. Lat.

CO＇PULA, [with logicians] is the verb which joins together any two
terms in an affirmative or negative proposition; as, an horse is an ani­
mal; where is is the copula. The copula is the form of a proposition:
it represents the act of the mind affirming or denying. Watts.

To CO＇PULATE, verb act. [koppeln, Du. kuppeln, Ger. copulo,
Lat.] to join together, to unite.

COPULATE, part. of to copulate, conjoined. If the force of cus­
tom, simple and separate, be great, the force of custom copulate,
and conjoined and collegiate, is greater. Bacon.

To CO＇PULATE, verb neut. to come together, as different sexes.

COPULA＇TION [Fr. copulazione, It. of copulatio, Lat.] the coupling
together or congress of the two sexes. Conjugal copulation. Hooker.

CO＇PULATIVE [copulatif, Fr. copulativo, It. and Sp. of copulativus,







Lat. in grammar.] that which serves to couple or join; as, a conjunc­
tion copulative.

COPULATIVE Propositions [with logicians] such as include several
subjects or several attributes joined together by an affirmative or ne­
gative conjunction, viz, and, neither, nor.

CO＇PULATIVENESS [from copulative] joining quality.

CO＇PY [copie, Fr. copia, It. and low Lat. quod cuipiam facta est copia
exseribendi. Junius much inclines after his manner to derive it of κοπος
labour, because, says he, to copy another＇s writing is very painful
and laborious] 1. A pattern to write after, an antograph, an origi­
nal, that from which any thing is copied. Let him first learn to
write after a copy all the letters. Holder. 2. The original or manu­
script of a book before it has been printed. The copy is at the press.
Dryden. 3. A printed individual book, one of many books. The
books of God could not be had otherwise than in written copies.
Hooker. 4. A transcript from the archetipe or original. A copy equal
to the original. Denham. 5. A picture drawn from another picture,
a copy of a copy.

COPY [in law] 1. The duplicate or transcript of an original
writing. 2. An instrument by which any conveyance is made in
law.
Thou know＇st that Banquo and his Fleance lives;
But in them Nature＇s copy＇s not eternal. Shakespeare.

COPY-BOOK [from copy and book] a book in which copies are writ­
ten for learners to imitate.

COPY-HOLD, a tenure for which the tenant hath nothing to shew,
but the copy of the rolls made by the steward out of the lord＇s court.
This is called a base tenure, because it holds at the will of the lord;
yet not simply, but according to the custom of the manor. These
customs of manors vary in one point or other almost in every manor.
Some copyholds are fineable, and some certain. Cowel. If a custo­
mary tenant die, the widow shall have what the law calls her free
bench, in all his copyhold lands. Addison.

CO＇PYHOLDER [from Copyhold] one possessed of lands in copy­
hold.

To COPY out, verb act. [copier, Fr. copiare, It.] 1. To transcribe
or write out after an original.
Who writes a libel or who copies out. Pope.
2. To imitate, to propose to imitation, to endeavour to resemble.
He that borrows other mens experience with this design of copying it
out, possesses one of the greatest advantages. Decay of Piety. To
copy her few nymphs aspir＇d. Swift.

To COPY, verb neut. 1. To do a thing in imitation of something
else. Some never fail, when they copy, to follow the bad as well as the
good things. Dryden. 2. Sometimes with from. A painter copies from
the life. Dryden. 3. Sometimes with after. Several of our countrymen,
and Mr. Dryden in particular, copied after it in their dramatic writ­
ings and poems upon love. Addison.

COQ ad Med. consumpt [in physicians bills] i. e. boil it till it is half
wasted.

COQ s. A. [in physicians bills] i. e. boil it according to art.
Lat.

COQ in s. q. Aq. [in physicians bills] i. e. boil it in a sufficient
quantity of water. Lat.

COQUE＇T [coquette, Fr. from coquart, a prattler] A gay airy girl,
a girl who endeavours to attract notice.
The light coquets in sylphs aloft repair,
And sport and flutter in the fields of air. Pope.
A coquet and a tinder box are sparkled. Arbuthnot and Pope.

A COQUET is thus described by the Spectator: to give herself, says
he, a larger field for discourse, she loves and hates in the same breath;
talks to her lap-dog or parrot; is uneasy in all kinds of weather, and
in every part of the room: she has false quarrels and feigned obliga­
tions to all the men of her acquaintance; sighs when she is not sad,
and laughs when she is not merry.
A coquet, says he, is in particular a great mistress of that part of
oratory, which is called action, and indeed seems to speak for no other
purpose, but as it gives her an opportunity of stirring a limb or vary­
ing a feature; of glancing her eyes or playing with her hand.
The coquet is indeed one degree towards the jilt; but the heart of
the former is bent upon admiring herself, and giving false hopes to
her lovers; but the latter is not content to be extremely amiable; but
she must add to that advantage in being a torment to others.
A coquet is a chaste jilt, and differs only from a common one, as a
soldier, who is not perfect in exercise, does from one that is actually in
service.

COQUE＇T, an amorous courtier, one who by amorous behaviour and
discourse, endeavours to gain the love of women.

To COQUET, verb act. [coqueter, Fr.] to entertain with com­
pliments and amorous tattle, to treat with an appearance of amorous
tenderness. You are coquetting a maid of honour. Swift.

To COQUET, verb neut. to be a coquet or act the general lover.

COQUE＇TTE, an amorous, tattling, wanton wench. Fr.

CO＇QUETTRY [coquetterie, Fr.] 1. An affected carriage to gain the
love either of men or women. A couple of charming women, who
had all the wit and beauty one could desire, without a dash of coquettry,
from time to time gave me a great many agreeable torments. Addison.
2. An artful management in carrying on an amorous intrigue. 3. Ef­
feminacy, wantonness.

COQUI＇MBO, a port town of Chili, in South America, situated at the
mouth of a river of the same name, which discharges itself into the
Pacific ocean. Lat. 30° S. Long. 75° 10′ W.

COR, the heart. Lat. See HEART.

COR [with botanists] the inward, soft, spungy pith of a tree or
plant. Lat.

COR Caroli [in astronomy] i. e. the heart of Charles, a star in the
northern heurisphere, between Coma Berenices and Ursa Major, so
called in honour of king Charles II. Lat.

COR Hydræ [in astronomy] a fixed star of the first magnitude in the
constellation of Hydra. Lat.

CO＇RA [κορη, Gr.] the apple, sight, or black of the eye.

CORABRACHIA＇LIS, or COROBRACHIÆ＇US [of κοραξ, Gr. a raven,
and brachium, Lat. an arm] a muscle arising from the end of the pro­
cessus coracoides of the shoulder-blade, and is inserted into the mid­
dle part of the os humeri. This muscle moves the arm upward and
turns it somewhat obliquely outwards.

CO＇RACLE [cwrwgle, Wel. prob. from corium, Lat. leather; on the
river Severn] a swall boat made of split sallow twigs, covered with
leather, in which the fisherman sits, rows with one hand swiftly, and
manages his fishing-tackle with the other; it is very common in Wales,
and seems to be the remains of those boats which Cæsar describes to
have been used by the the Britons in his time. There is a sort of
them which the fisherman can fold up and carry upon his shoulder or
put in his pocket, they are so very light; but when stretched out upon
the water he manages with such dexterity as sometimes to go down
cataracts, and weather out whirlpools with all the ease imaginable.

CORACO＇BOTANE [of κοραξ, a raven, and βοτανη, Gr. an herb] the
shrub butcher＇s-broom.

CORACOHYOI＇DES [of κοραξ and ειδος, Gr. form; with anatomists]
muscles which take their rise from the process of the shoulder-blade,
called coracoides, and go as far as the bone hyoides; the use of them
is to move obliquely downwards.

CORACOI＇DES [of κοραξ and ειδος, Gr. so called from its resem­
bling a crow＇s beak] the shoulder-blade.

CORA＇GO, the herb bugloss. Lat.

CO＇RAL [Sp. and Port. corail, Fr. corallo, It. corallium, Lat. of κοραλ­
λιον, Gr.] 1. A marine production that grows in many places in the Me­
diteranean sea, and elsewhere. Red coral is a plant of great hardness and
stony nature while growing in the water, as well as after long exposure
to the air. The vulgar opinion, that coral is soft while in the sea, pro­
ceeds from a soft and thin coat of a crustaceous matter, and fungous
spongy texture that covers it while it is growing, and which is taken
off before it is packed up for use. The whole coral plant grows to a
foot or more in height, and is variously ramified. It grows to stones
or any other solid substances, without a root. The ancients ascribed
great virtues to red coral, but now it is only used internally as an
astringent and absorbent. What is sold under the name of white coral,
of which the ancients make no mention, is a species of the madrepo­
ra, another sea plant, &c. What is sold under the name of black co­
ral, is a plant of a different genus, and of a tough horny texture.
Hill.
Mr. Ellis has lately discovered that coral is only a case to the po­
lype. See Ellis＇s treatise on corals.
2. The piece of coral, generally set in silver, and worn by children,
which is imagined to assist them in dentition, or breeding their
teeth.
Her infant grandam＇s coral, next it grew,
The bells she gingled. Pope.

CORAL-WORT [of curalium, Lat.] an herb.

CO＇RAL-TREE [coraliodendron, Lat.] it is a native of America, and
produces very beautiful scarlet flowers; but never any seeds in the Eu­
ropean gardens. Miller.

CORALACHA＇TES [κοραλιον and ἀχατης, Gr.] a kind of agate-stone,
the spots of which are like coral.

CO＇RALLINE, subst. from the adj. [corallina, Lat.] a sort of sea
plant that sticks to the rocks. It is used in medicine, but much infe­
rior to the coral in hardness. It is naturally very ramose, and forms
a banch of filaments two or three inches long, each as thick as a small
packthread and jointed. They are sometimes greenish, sometimes
yellowish, often reddish, and frequently white. Hill. In Falmouth
there is a coralline that lies under the Oose, which they remove before
they can come to the bed of sand. Mortimer.

CORALLINE, adj. [corallinus, of corallino, Lat.] consisting of coral,
approaching to coral. The sea takes up coralline matter. Woodward.

CO＇RALLIS, a precious stone like sinoper or red lead.

CORALLOI＇D, or CORALLOI＇DAL, adj. [κοραλλοειδης, of κοραλιον, coral,
and ειδος, Gr. figure] resembling coral. With many coralloidal on­
cretions. Brown. Coralloid bodies. Woodward.

CO＇RAM non Judice, Lat. [in common law] is when a cause is
brought into a court, of which the judges have not any jurisdiction.

CORA＇NT [courant, Fr.] a nimble sprightly dance. It is harder to
dance a corant well than a jigg: so in conversation even easy and
agreeable, more than points of wit. Temple.

CO＇RBAN [קרבן, Heb. an alms-basket] a gift or offering made on
the altar; properly the treasure that was kept for the use of the priests
or temple at Jerusalem, as having been devoted before to God or his
temple. They think to satisfy all obligations to duty by their corban
of religion. King Charles.

CORBAN [with the Mahometans] a ceremony performed annually
at the foot of the mount Ararat in Arabia, near Mecca; it consists in
slaying a great number of sheep, and distributing them among the poor.
See ADHA, and read there, “Day of oblation.

CO＇RBE, adj. [courbe, Fr.] crooked.
For siker thy head very tottie is,
So thy corbe shoulder it leans amiss. Spenser.

CO＇RBIE, a small city of the province of Picardy, in France, situated
on the river Somme.

CORBE＇ILS, subst. [Fr. corbelli, It. in fortification] small baskets fil­
led with earth, and placed upon the parapets, &c. having port-holes
left between to fire upon the enemy under covert.

CORBE＇IL [in architecture] a shouldering piece or jutting out in a
wall to bear up a post, summer, &c.

CORBEI＇LLES [in architecture] pieces of carved work in form of
a basket full of flowers or fruits, for finishing some ornament, some­
times placed on the heads of the caryatides.

CO＇RBEL, CÒ＇RBIT, or CO＇RBET [in architecture] a short piece of
timber placed in a wall with its end sticking out 6 or 8 inches in man­
ner of a shouldering piece; also a niche or hollow left in walls for sta­
tues. Chambers.

CORBEL Stones, smooth polished stones laid in the front and outside
of the corbels or niches.

CO＇RBY, a town of Germany, 30 miles east of Paderborn, in West­
phalia.

CO＇RCHORUS, Lat. [in botany] the herb pimpernel or chickweed.

CORD [corde, Fr. corda, It. and Port. cucrda, Sp. of chorda, Lat.
koorde, Du. cort, Wel.] 1. A rope or line, a string composed of seve­
ral twists.







Form＇d of the finest complicated thread,
These num＇rous cords are thro＇ the body spread. Blackmore.
2. Metaphorically taken, in scripture, from the cords extended in set­
ting up tents. None of the stakes thereof shall ever be removed, nei­
shall any of the cords thereof be broken. Isaiah.

CORD [with farriers] a strait sinew in the fore-legs of an horse,
which comes from the shackle vein to the gristle of his nose; or a cou­
ple of strings that lie about the knee, and run like small cords, through
the body to the nostrils, which causes a horse to stumble, and some­
times to fall.

CORD of Wood, a quantity of wood for fuel, supposed to be measured
with a cord; a parcel of fire-wood, in breadth 4 feet, in length 8 feet,
in height 4 feet.

CORD [in music and geometry] See CHORD.

To CORD [from the noun] to bind with cords or ropes, to close by
a bandage.

CO＇RDAGE, Fr. and Sp. [from cord] 1. All the ropes which belong
to the rigging and tackling of a ship. 2. All sorts of stuff or matter for
making ropes. They rid at anchor with cables of iron chains, having
neither canvas nor cordage. Raleigh. Spain furnished a sort of rush
called Spartum useful for cordage. Arbuthnot.

CORDEA＇U [in fortification] a line divided into fathoms, feet, &c.
for marking of out-works upon the ground.

CO＇RDED, adj. [from cord] made of ropes or cords.
He meaneth with a corded ladder,
To climb celestial Silvia＇s chamber window. Shakespeare.

CORDED [in heraldry] as a cross-corded, is a cross wound about
with cords, but yet so that the cords do not hide all the cross, as in
Plate IV. Fig. 30.

CORDELI＇ER, Fr. a grey frier of the order of St. Francis, so called
from the cord that serves for a girdle. And who to assist but a grave
codelier. Prior.

CO＇RDIAL, subst. [Fr. and Sp. cordiale, It. of cor, Lat. the heart] 1.
A medicinal drink to comfort the heart, or quicken the circulation. 2.
Any medicine in general that increases strength. A cordial, properly
speaking, is not only what increases the force of the heart; but also
whatever increaseth the natural or animal strength, the force of moving
the fluids and muscles, is a cordial. Arbuthnot. 3. Any thing that
comforts and gladdens.
Then with some cordials seek for to appease,
The inward languor of my wounded heart,
And then my body shall have shortly ease,
But such sweet cordials pass physicians art. Spenser.
Charms to my sight and cordials to my mind. Dryden.

CORDIAL, adj. 1. Good for the heart, restorative. He only took
cordial waters. Wiseman. 2. Hearty, sincere, free from hypocrisy.
With looks of cordial love,
Hung over her enamour＇d. Milton.

CORDIA＇LIA, or CO＇RDIALS [with physicians] medicines which are
commonly suposed to strengthen the heart; or which facilitates the mo­
tion of the heart.

CORDIA＇LITY, or CO＇RDIALNESS [cordialité, Fr. cordialità, It.]
heartiness, sincere or hearty friendship or affection.

CO＇RDIALLY [from cordial] heartily, sincerely, without hypo­
crisy. Able to bring the heart cordially to close with it. South.

CO＇RDINER [cordonnier, Fr.] a shoe-maker. It is so used in several
statutes. Cowel.

CORD-MAKER [of cord and maker] one who makes ropes, a rope­
maker.

CO＇RDON [Fr. and Sp. cordone, It.] the twist of a rope.

CORDON [in architecture] a plinth or edge of stone on the out-side
of a building.

CORDON [in fortification] a row of stones made round on the out­
side, and set between the wall of the fortress which lies aslope and the
parapet, which stands upright; which serves for an ornament in de­
fences made of mason＇s work, and ranging round about the place.

CORDOU＇A, or CORDO＇VA, a city of Andalusia, in Spain, situated
on the river Guadalquiver, 72 miles north-east of Seville, and 75 north
of Malaga. It is a large city, said to contain 14,000 families, and
has a good trade in wine, silk, and leather. It is the see of a bishop.

CORDO＇VAN, or CORDWAIN Leather [Sp. cordiuan, Fr. cordovano,
It. so called of Cordova in Spain] a sort of leather made of goat­
skins.

CORDOU＇AN Tower, a remarkable high tower at the mouth of the
river Garonne, in France. It is a light-house, and was erected for the
protection of ships coming into that river.

CO＇RDWAINER [cordonnier, Fr.] a shoe-maker.

CORDWAINERS Ward [q. cordovainers] of cordwainers, i. e. shoe­
makers, curriers, and workers in leather, which dwelt there an­
tiently.

CORDWAINERS [cordonniers, Fr.] which Menagius derives of Cor­
douan, a kind of leather brought from Cordoua or Corduba, in Spain, of
which they formerly made the upper leather of their shoes; or from
cord, of which shoes were formerly made, and are now used in the
Spanish West Indies. Trevoux.
The French workmen, who prepare the leather, are called cordouan­
niers.
There are in Paris two societies, who bare the title of freres cordon­
niers; established by authority about the middle of the 17th century,
the one under the protection of St. Crispin, and the other of St. Crispa­
nus, two saints who had formerly honoured the profession.
They live in community, under the direction of fixed statutes and
officers, the produce of the shoes they make goes into the common
stock to furnish necessaries for their support, and the surplusage goes to
be distributed among the poor.

CORE [of cœur, Fr. cor, Lat. the heart] 1. The heart.
Give me that man,
That is not passion＇s slave, and I will wear him
In my heart＇s core, ay, in my heart of heart. Shakespeare.
2. The inward part of any thing in general. In the core of the square
she raised a tower of a furlong high. Raleigh. Dig out the cores below
the surface. Mortimer. 3. The inward part of an apple or other fruit
which contains the seeds or kernels, &c. because it is the midst like the
heart in the body. 4. The matter contained in a boil or sore.
Launce the sore,
And cut the head: for till the core be found,
The secret vice is fed and gathers ground. Dryden.
5. Bacon uses it for a body or collection of people, from corps, Fr.
pronounced core. He was in a core of people whose affections he sus­
pected. Bacon.

CORIA＇CEOUS [coriaceus, from corium, Lat. leather] 1. Consisting
of leather. 2. Resembling leather in substance. Spissitude and coria­
ceous concretions. Arbuthnot.

CORE＇A, an island or peninsula, on the north-east coast of China.

CORFE-CASTLE, a borough town of Dorsetshire, so called from a
castle, supposed to have been built by king Edgar. It is situated about
the middle of the isle of Purbeck, 116 miles from London, and sends
two members to parliament.

CO＇RFU, an island in the Mediterranean, near the entrance of the
gulph of Venice; subject to the Venetians. The capital of the island
is also called Corfu.

CO＇RIA, a city of Estremadura, in Spain, about 35 miles north of
Alcantara. It is a bishop＇s see.

CORIA＇NDER [coriandre, Fr. coriandolo, It. coriandrum, Lat. κοριαν­
δρον, Gr.] an herb somewhat resembling parsley. It hath a fibrose an­
nual root, the lower leaves are broad, but the upper leaves are deeply
cut into five segments, the petals are shaped like a heart. The species
are, 1. Greater coriander. 2. Smaller testiculated coriander. The
first is cultivated for seeds, which are used in medicine. The second
sort is seldom found. Miller.

CO＇RINTH, subst. [from the city of that name in Greece] a small
fruit commonly called currant. The chief riches of Zant consisteth in
corinths. Broome.

CORINTH, a city of European Turkey, situated near the isthmus, at
the mouth of the Morea, fifty miles west of Athens.

CORI＇NTHIAN Brass, gold, silver, and copper, casually mixed toge­
ther at the burning of the famous city of Corinth; there being a great
many statues of these melted down and embodied together.

CORI＇NTHIAN Order [in architecture] so called because columns
were first made of that proportion at Corinth. It is one of the five or­
ders, and the noblest, most delicate and rich of all others. Its capital
is adorned with two rows of leaves, between which arise little stalks or
caulicoles, whereof the volutes are formed that support the abacus, and
which are in number 16, the height of the pillars contains 9 of their
diameters.

CO＇RION, or CO＇RIS [κορις, Gr.] the herb St. John＇s-wort, or
ground-pine.

CORK [korch, Du. kork, Ger. and Su. ecorce, Fr. córcho, Sp. cor­
tex, Lat. a bark] 1. The bark of a tree called the cork-tree; used
for stopples of bottles, or burnt into Spanish black. It is taken off
without injury to the tree. 2. A piece of cork cut for the stopple of a
bottle or barrel.

CORK, the capital of a county of the same name, in Ireland, and
province of Munster, situated on the river Lee, about 50 miles south
of Limerick. It is the see of a bishop, a port town, and equal in trade
to any town in Ireland, except Dublin.

CORK-Tree, a glandiferous tree in all respects like the ilex, excepting
the bark, which in the cork-tree is thick, spongy and soft. Miller.
It is of two sorts chiefly, one bearing a narrow jagged leaf and per­
petual, the other broader and falling in winter; one of the first sort
is to be seen in the physic-garden at Chelsea. The cork-tree grows near
the Pyrenæan hills, in several parts of Italy, and the north of New
England. Mortimer.
Hic dies anno redeunte festus,
CORTICEM astrictum pice dimovebit,
Amphoræ fumum bibere institutæ.
Consule Tullo Horat.

To CORK, verb act. [from the noun] to put a stopple of cork into
a bottle or barrel.

CO＇RKING-Pin, subst. a pin of the largest size. A clean pillow-case
fasten with three corking-pins. Swift.

CO＇RKY [from cork] consisting of cork. Bind fast his corky arms.
Shakespeare.

CO＇RMORANT [cormoran, Fr. from corvus marinus, Lat.] 1. A bird
that preys on fish. It is nearly as big as a capon, with a wry bill and
broad feet, black on his body, but greenish about his wings. He is
excessively greedy.
Spite of cormorant devouring time,
Th＇ endeavour of this present breath may buy
That honour which shall ＇bate his scythe＇s keen edge. Shakes.
The haunt
Of coots and of fishing cormorant. Dryden.
2. (In a figurative sense) a glutton, that bird being very voracious.

CORMU＇DGEON, a close-fisted, miserly fellow. See CURMUDGEON.

CORN [corn, Sax. korn, Su. Dan. and Ger. kooren, Du. It is
found in all the Teutonic dialects; as in an old Runic rhyme,
Hagul er kaldaster corna,
Hail is the coldest grain]
1. The grain of wheat, barley, rice, oats, &c. The seeds that
grow in ears, not in pods, and such as are made into bread. When
corn was given them gratis you repin＇d. Shakespeare. 2. Grain yet
standing in the field on its stalks. He burnt the corn now almost ripe.
Knolles. 3. Grain in the ear, not thresh＇d. As a shock of corn cometh
in his season. Job.

CORN＇D Beef, beef salted in a powdering-tub.

CORN-FIELD, a field where corn grows. Standards waving over
your brother＇s corn-fields. Pope.

CORN-FLAG, a plant fit for borders in gardens. It hath a fleshy,
double tuberose root; the leaves are like those of the fleur-de-lys, the
flower consists of one leaf shaped like a lily. Miller enumerates eleven
species of this plant, some with red flowers, some with white.

CORN-FLOOR, the floor where corn is stored. A reward upon every
corn-floor. Hosea.

CORN-FLO＇WER, the flower called by botaists, cyanus. There be cer­
tain corn-flowers which come seldom or never, unless they be set, but
only amongst corn; as, the blue-bottle, a kind of yellow marigold,
wild poppy, and furmitory. Bacon.








CORN-LAND [of corn and land] land destined for the production of
corn. Pastures many prefer to corn-lands. Mortimer.

CORN-MASTER [of corn and master] one that cultivates grain for
sale. A great sheep-master, a great corn-master. Bacon.

CORN-MA＇RIGOLD [of corn and marigold] it hath an annual root, the
flowers are radicated.

CORN-MILL [of corn and mill] a mill to grind corn into meal. The
axle-tree of the corn-mills. Mortimer.

CORN-PIPE [from corn and pipe] a pipe made of the first joint of a
green stalk of corn. The shrill corn-pipes echoing loud to arms.
Tickel.

CORN-RO＇CKET [of corn and rocket] a plant whose flower consists of
four leaves, in form of a cross, the pointal becomes a four-cornered
fruit, resembling a crested club. This plant grows wild in the warm
parts of France and Spain. Miller.

CORN-ROSE, a species of poppy.

CORN-SA＇LLAD [of corn and sallad] an herb used for sallad. The
leaves grow by pairs opposite on the branches, and appear at the top
like an umbrella. The flower consists of one leaf, succeeded by one
naked seed, having no down adhering to it, in which it differs from
the valerian. Some sorts grow wild. Miller.

CORN [of cornu, Lat. a horn; from others kyrou, C. Brit.] a pain­
ful excrescence on the toes, so called from its hardness or horniness.
Feet unplagu＇d with corns. Shakespeare. The hardest part of the corn
is usually in the middle, thrusting itself in a nail, whence it has the
Latin appellation of clavis. Wiseman.

To CORN [from the noun] 1. To season with salt lightly. The
word is so used, as Skinner observes, by the old Saxons. 2. To gra­
nulate; as,

To CORN Powder, to reduce gun-powder into grains.

CORN-CHA＇NDLER [of corn and chandler] one that retails corn.

CO＇RNAGE, an imposition upon corn.

CORNAGE [in common law; so called from corne, Fr. cornu, Lat. a
horn] a kind of grand serjeanty, the service of which tenure was to
blow a horn when any invasion was perceived from a northern enemy;
many northward about the Picts wall held their land by this tenure.

CORNE＇A Luna, Lat. a tough, tasteless mass, almost like a horn, made
by pouring spirit of salt or strong brine of salt and water on crystals of
silver prepared, or by dissolving silver in aqua fortis or spirit of nitre.

CORNEA Oculi Tunica [with anatomists] the second coat of the eye,
otherwise called sclerotes and tunica dura, which proceeds from a mem­
branc or skin in the brain, called dura meninx, being transparent for­
ward, and containing the aqueous humour.

CORNACHI＇NE Powder, a purging powder, called also the earl of
Warwick＇s powder, and also pulvis de tribus.

CORN-CU＇TTER [of corn and cut] one who cuts the corns from the
feet. A corn-cutter, with right education, would have been an excel­
lent physician. Spectator.

CO＇RNED, part. of corn [gecorned, Sax.] seasoned with salt.

CO＇RNEL Berry, or CORNE＇LIAN Cherry [cornoüiller, Fr. corniuolo, It.
the fruit of the cornel-tree. The flower-cup consists of four small rigid
leaves expanded in a form of a cross, from the centre of which are
produced many small yellowish flowers, which are succeeded by fruit
somewhat like an olive, containing a hard stone. The species are
ten, of which the cornelian cherry or male cornel-tree is very common,
being propagated for its fruit, which is preserved to make tarts: it
is also used in medicine as an astringent and cooler. There is also
an officinal preparation of this fruit, called rob de cornus. Dogberry
or gatten-tree is very common in hedges, and the fruit is often sold for
buckthorn-berries, but in this fruit is only one stone, and in the buck­
thorn four. The saffafras sort is a native of America, and its root is
much used in England to make a tea. Most of the other sorts are
brought from America, except the dwarf honeysuckle, which grows
wild on the high mountains in the northern countries, but with diffi­
culty preserved in gardens. Miller.

CORNEL, or CORNEL-TREE [coneüiller, Fr. corniuólo, It.] the tree
bearing the cornel-berry. The cornel-tree beareth the fruit commonly
called the cornel or the cornelian cherry, as well from the name of the
tree as the cornelian stone, the colour whereof it sometimes represents.
The fruit is good in the kitchen and conservatory. The wood is du­
rable and useful for wheel-work. Mortimer.

CORNE＇LIAN [cornaline, Fr. cornalina, It. cornellina, Sp. cornelina,
Port. of carneolus, Lat. of càro, Lat. flesh, q. d. of a flesh-colour, or
of cornus, the hawthorn, whose berries are red] a precious stone, of
which rings and seals are made. See CARNELIAN.

CORNEMU＇SE [Fr. cornemusa, It.] a kind of bagpipe, a musical in­
strument used by rustics.

CO＇RNEOL, the cornelian stone.

CO＇RNEOUS [corneus, Lat.] horny, of a substance resembling horn.

CO＇RNER [corner, C. Brit. corniere, O. Fr.] 1. An angle, a place
where two walls or lines would intersect each other, if drawn beyond
the point where they meet. 2. A secret or remote place. This thing
was not done in a corner. Acts. The inhabitants in every corner of
the island. Davies. 3. The extremities, the utmost limit or boundary.
I turn＇d and try＇d each corner of my bed. Dryden.

CORNER-STONE [of corner and stone] the stone that unites the two
walls at the corner, the principal stone for union and strength. See
you yon＇ corn o＇ th＇ capitol. yond＇ corner-stone. Shakespeare.

CORNER Teeth [of a horse] are the 4 teeth which are placed between
the midding teeth and the tushes; being 2 above and 2 below on
each side the jaw, which put forth when a horse is four years and a
half old.

CORNER-WISE [of corner and wise] by way of corners, diago­
nally.

CO＇RNET [Fr. Cornetto, It. corneta, Sp. of cornu, Lat. a horn] 1.
A kind of musical instrument made of a horn, blown by the mouth;
used anciently in war, probably by the cavalry. Israel play＇d on psal­
teries, on timbrels, and on cornets. 2 Samuel. Wind instruments re­
quire a forcible breath, as trumpets, cornets. Bacon. 2. A company
or troop of horse: perhaps as many as had a cornet belonging to them.
Now obsolete. A body of five cornets of horse. Clarendon.

CORNET [of paper] a piece or cap of paper wound about in the
shape of a horn, such as grocers, &c. wrap up small quantities of wares
in.

CORNET [of coronet] 1. A linnen or laced head-dress for women 2.
A scarf of black taffaty, anciently worn on the collar of their robes by
doctors of law or physic.

CORNET [of cornette, Fr. cornetto, It. cornet, Su. of coronet, be­
cause in ancient times they wore garlands, or a name by which black
taffaty silk was called] he that bears the standard or colours of a troop
of horse, so called because it was commonly made of that stuff.

CORNET, an instrument used by farriers in letting horses blood.

CORNET of a Horse, [among farriers] is the lowest part of his pas­
tern that runs round the coffin, and is distinguished by the ham that
joins and covers the upper part of the hoof. Farrier＇s Dictionary.

CORNE＇TTER [from cornet] one that blows the cornet. Rabble of
trumpeters, cornetters. Hakewell.

CORNETI＇NO, It. a little cornet; also an octave trumpet.

CO＇RNICE, or CO＇RNISH [corniche, Fr. cornice, It. corniza, Sp.] is
the highest part of the entablature, or the uppermost ornament of any
wainscot.
The cornice high,
Blue metals crown＇d. Pope.

CORNICE [with joyners] an ornament set round the top of a
room, &c.

CORNICE Ring [with gunners] is that ring of a piece of ordnance
that lies next the trunnion ring, or next from the muzzle ring back­
ward.

CORNICE [with architects] the crest or flourishing works at the up­
per end of a pillar, which differs according to the several orders.

Architrave CORNICE [in architecture] is that immediately contigu­
ous to the architrave, the frize being retrenched.

Coving CORNICE, one which has a great casement or hollow in it;
commonly lathed and plaistered upon compass sprockets or brackets.

Cantaliver CORNICE, one that has cantalivers underneath it.

Modilion CORNICE, a cornice with modilions under it.

Mutilated CORNICE, is one whose projecture is cut or interrupted,
to the right of the larmier, or reduced into a platband with a cimaise.

CO＇RNICLE [cornu, Lat.] a little horn. Two black filaments ex­
tend into the long and shorter cornicle upon protrusion. Brown.

CORNI＇CULARII Processus, Lat. [in anatomy] the process or knob
of the shoulder-bone, resembling the figure of a crow＇s-beak.

CORNI＇CULATE [corniculatus, Lat.] horned, or having horns.

CORNICULATE Plants [in botany] are such, as after the decay of
each flower, produce many distinct and horned seed-pods or siliquæ,
as columbines, &c. and hence are called multisiliquos; and cornicu­
late flowers are such hollow flowers, as have on their upper part a
kind of spur or little horn.

CORNI＇FIC [cornificus, from cornu, a horn, and facio, Lat. to make]
causing or making horns.

CORNI＇GENOUS [cornigenus, from cornu, a horn, and genus, Lat.
kind] of that kind that has horns.

CORNI＇GEROUS [corniger, from cornu, a horn, and gero, Lat. to
bear] wearing horns, horned.

CORNI＇CHONS, Fr. [in French heraldry] are the branches of stags
horns.

CORNOCE＇RASUM, Lat. a wild hard cherry.

CO＇RNON, a town of Auvergne in France, on the river Allier, a­
bout nine miles west of Clermont.

CO＇RNU Ammonis, an extraordinary kind of stone, which in vine­
gar, juice of lemons, &c. has a motion like that of an animal. Lat.

CO＇RNUA Cervi. 1. Hart＇s-horn 2. [With chemists] the mouth of
an alembic or still.

CORNUA Uteri, Lat. [with anatomists] two sides of the matrix in
some brutes, as cows, harts, sheep, goats.

CORNUCO＇PIA [i. e. the plentiful horn, or horn of plenty] a horn
out of which (as the poets feign) proceeded all things that could be
wished for in abundance, by a privilege that Jupiter granted his nurse,
who they supposed to be the goat Amalthea.
Some interpret the moral of the fable to be, a little territory not
unlike a bull＇s-horn, exceeding fruitful, which king Ammon gave to
his daughter Amalthea, who, as the poet＇s feign, was Jupiter＇s nurse.
See BACCHUS.

CORNUCOPIA [in painting, &c.] is represented by the figure of a
large horn, or a woman holding it, out of the wide end of which issue
flowers, fruits, &c.

A CORNUCOPIA, represents emblematically the public felicity.

CORNU＇TE, adj. [cornu, Fr. cornuto, It. cornúdo, Sp. of cornutus,
Lat.] having horns.

CORNU＇TE, subst. [cornard, Fr. cornuto, It. cornúdo, Sp. of cornutus,
Lat.] a cuckold.

To CORNUTE one, to bestow horns, to cuckold him.

CORNUTE [with chemists] a still or luted mattrass, having a crook­
ed neck covered with earth or loam an inch thick, to which is joined
a receiver, set in water, to draw spirits or oils out of woods, mine­
rals, and other things which require a strong heat.

CORNU＇TED [cornutus, Lat.] horned, cuckolded.

CORNU＇TO, subst. [cornutus, Lat.] a cuckold. The peaking cornu­
to her husband, dwelling in a continual larum of jealousy. Shakespeare.

CORNU＇TUM Argumentum [in logic] a sophistical or subtle argu­
ment, as it were horned.

CO＇RNWALL, the most westerly county of England, and gives title
of duke to the prince of Wales. It sends two members to par­
liament.

CO＇RNY [cornu, Lat.] 1. Strong or hard like horn, horny.
Up stood the corny reed,
Embattel＇d in her field. Milton.
2. [From corn, the grain] producing grain or corn.
Careful to prepare
Her stores; and bringing home the corny ear. Prior.

CO＇RODIES, allowances from some monasteries to bishops. See
CORRODY.

CORO＇DIO Habendo, a writ for exacting a corrody out of an abbey
or religious house.

CO＇RODY [in common law] a sum of money, or an allowance of
meat, drink, and clothing in ancient times, due to the king from an
abbey or monastery, of which he was the founder, towards the main­






tenance of any one of his servants, on whom he thought fit to bestow
it. See CORRODY.

CO＇ROLLARY [corollare, Fr. a surplus, corollario, It. corolàrio, Sp.
of corollarium, from corolla, Lat. finis coronat opus] 1. The conclu­
sion. A corollary seems to be a conclusion, whether following from
the premises necessarily or not; as, a corollary to this preface, in
which I have done justice to others, I owe somewhat to myself.
Dryden. 2. Surplus.
Bring a corollary,
Rather than want. Shakespeare.

COROLLARY [with mathematicians] is an useful consequence
drawn from something that has been advanced before; as, a trian­
gle that has 3 sides equal, has also 2 angles equal; and this conse­
quence should be inferred, that a triangle, all whose 3 sides are equal,
has also its 3 angles equal.

COROMA＇NDEL Coast, comprehends all the eastern coast of the
Hither India, bounded by Golconda on the north, the bay of Ben­
gal on the east, Madura on the south, and Bisnagar on the west.

CO＇RON [כרון, Heb.] a Jewish, liquid measure, containing about
75 gallons, 5 pints, and 7 sol. inch. It is supposed to be the same
with the chomer, and contains 10 baths or ephahs.

CORO＇NA, a crown; a circle appearing about the sun or moon,
called halo. Lat.

CORONA, or the flat Crown [in architecture] a member in a Do­
ric gate, made by so extraordinary an enlargement of the drip or
larmier, that it hath six times more breadth than the projecture. In a
cornice the gola or cymatium of the corona, the coping, the modil­
lions or dentelli, make a noble shew by their graceful projections.
Spectator.

CORO＇NA Borealis, Lat. [with astronomers] a northern constellation
consisting of about 20 stars.

CORONA Meridionalis [with astronomers] a southern constellation of
13 stars.

CORONA [on globes] this is said to be Ariadne＇s crown, which Bac­
chus placed among the stars, when the gods celebrated his marriage in
the island Dia. For the new bride was crowned with this first, hav­
ing been presented by the hours and Venus. It was the work of Vul­
can, made of most fine gold, and jewels of India: This crown has
9 stars in the circuit, of which 3 are bright, placed at the serpent＇s
head near the bears.

CO＇RONAL, subst. [corona, Lat.] a crown, a garland. Crown the
god Bacchus with a coronal. Spenser.

CORONAL, adj. belonging to the top of the head; as, coronal
future [in anatomy] a cleft in the head made like a comb, and joins
as if the teeth of two combs were compacted close into one another,
and reaches from one bone of the temples to another. A round tu­
bercle between the sagittal and coronal future. Wiseman.

CORONAL, belonging to a crown.

CORONA＇LE, Lat. [with anatomists] the coronal bone or forehead­
bone.

CORONARE Filios. The ancient villains were forbidden coronare filios,
i. e. to let their sons receive the first preparatory tonsure, or to begin
to be ordained priests, because that afterwards they were freemen,
and could not any longer be claimed by their lords, as servants and
villenage.

CORONA＇RIA Vasa [with anatomists] those veins and arteries which
surround the heart to nourish it; or the two branches which the great
artery spreads over the outside of the heart, for its supply, with nou­
rishment, as contradistinguished from what blood, the muscular contrac­
tion of the heart sends forth by the same great artery, and distri­
butes throughout the body. See Boerhav. Oeconom. animal. tabulis ÆREIS
illustrat. Ed. London.

CO＇RONARY [coronarius, Lat.] relating to a crown, seated on the
top of the head like a crown. The basilisk was differenced from
other serpents, by advancing his head, and some white marks or co­
ronary spots upon the crown. Brown.

CORONARY Arteries [in anatomy] are two arteries springing out of
the aorta e＇re it leaves the pericardium, and serving to carry the blood
into the substance of the heart. The blood conveyed to the heart by
the coronary arteries. Bentley.

CORONARY Garden, a flower garden.

Stomachic CORONARY [in anatomy] is a vein inserted into the trunk
of the splenic vein, which uniting with the mesentery, forms the vena
portæ.

CORONARY Vein [in anatomy] a vein diffused over the exterior
surface of the heart; it is formed from several branches arising from
all parts of the viscus, and terminates in the vena cava, whether it
conveys the remains of the blood brought out of the coronary ar­
teries.

CORONA＇TION [Fr. coronazione, It. coronaciòn, Sp. of coronatio, Lat.]
1. The act or solemnity of crowning a king. A scaffold of execu­
tion, a scaffold of coronation. Sidney. 2. The pomp or assembly pre­
sent at a coronation. See coronations rise on ev＇ry green. Pope.

CORONATO＇RE Eligendo, Lat. [in law] a writ directed to the sheriff,
to call together the freeholders of the country to choose a new coro­
ner, and to certify him in Chancery, &c.

CORO＇NE [in anatomy] an acute process of the lower jaw in the
form of a beak.

CORONEO＇LA, the musk-rose, or canker-rose, that flowers in au­
tumn.

CO＇RONER [of corona, Lat. a crown, so called, because he makes
inquisition into the casual and unnatural death of persons in the king＇s
name] an officer who, assisted by a jury of 12 men, inquires into all
untimely deaths, in behalf of the crown. Go thou and seek the co­
roner, and let him sit o＇ my uncle; for he＇s in the 3d degree of drink,
he＇s drowned. Shakespeare.

CORONER [of the verge] an officer who has jurisdiction within
the verge or compass of the king＇s court.

CO＇RONET [cornetta, It. a little crown, dimin. of corona] a little
chaplet, an inferior crown worn by the nobility. A duke＇s coronet is
adorned with strawberry leaves; that of a marquis, has leaves with
pearls interpos＇d; that of an earl, raises the pearls above the leaves;
that of a viscount, is surrounded with pearls only; that of a baron,
has only four pearls.

CORONET of a horse. See CORNET.

CORO＇NIS [in architecture] the cornice or top ornament of a pillar
or other member of a building.

CORONO＇PUS [κωρονοπους, Gr.] the herb buck＇s-horn, dog＇s-tooth,
or swine-cresses.

CO＇RPORA Cavernosa Penis [with anatomists] are two spongious bo­
dies, which compose the substance of the yard. They arise with two
distinct originals from the lower side of the os pubis, or share bone,
and are joined one to the other by a septum intermedium, which, the
nearer it approaches to the glands, grows the lesser. Lat. N. B. The
clitoris in women is of much the same structure. Keill＇s Anatomy.

CORPORA Glandulosa [Lat. with anatomists] are two glandules or
kernels, which lie under the seminal bladders, near to the common
passage of the semen and urine. Their use is to lubricate and make
them slippery, and afford a kind of vehicle to the seminal matter.

CORPORA Olivaria [in anatomy] two prominences, one on each
side the corpora pyramidalia. Lat.

CORPORA Pyramidalia [in anatomy] two prominences in the cere­
bellum, about an inch in length. Lat.

CORPORA Striata [in anatomy] protuberances upon the crura me­
dullæ oblongatæ. Lat.

CO＇RPORAL [Sp. corporel, Fr. corporale, It. of corporalis, from cor­
poris, gen. of corpus, Lat. the body] 1. Of or pertaining to the body,
bodily. Indigent faint souls, past corporal toil. Shakespeare. 2. Ma­
terial; opposed to spiritual. [in the present language, when body is
used philosophically, in opposition to spirit, the word corporeal is used;
as, a corporeal being; but otherwise corporal. Corporeal is having a
body, corporal relating to the body; this distinction seems not ancient.
Johnson.] Corporal nutriments. Milton.

CORPORAL [Sp. corporale, It. corrupted from caporal, Fr.] an in­
ferior officer of a company of foot soldiers, who places and relieves
sentinels, &c.

CO＇RPORAL of a Ship, an officer whose business it is to look to all
the small shot and arms, to keep them clean, with due proportions of
match, &c. and to exercise the musketeers on ship-board; he sets the
watches and relieves them.

CO＇RPORAL Oath, a solemn oath before a magistate is so termed,
because the person is obliged to lay his hand upon the bible.
Would on their corp＇ral oath alledge,
I kiss＇d a hen behind the hedge. Prior＇s Turtle and Sparrow.

CORPORA＇LE [It. corporal, Fr. and Sp. in the church of Rome] a
communion-cloth, a square piece of linen, on which the chalice and
host are placed by the priest, who officiates at mass.

CORPORA＇LITY, or CO＇RPORALNESS [corporalitas, Lat. corporal]
bodiliness, bodily substance, the quality of having a body. If this
light have any corporality, then of all other the most subtile and pure.
Raleigh.

CO＇RPORATENESS, or CO＇RPOREALNESS [from corporate] the state
of a body corporate; a community.

CO＇RPORALLY [from corporal] bodily. Brown uses it.

CO＇RPORATE [from corpus, Lat.] united into one body; as, a body
corporate, i. e. the community of the inhabitants of a town, a com­
pany of tradesmen, &c. enabled to act in legal processes as an indivi­
dual. A joint and corporate voice. Shakespeare.

CORPORA＇TION [in common law] a company of men united and
joined together in one fellowship, of which, one is the head officer,
or more, and the rest members, having a charter from the king, em­
powering them to have a common seal, and to be able by their com­
mon consent to grant or receive in law any thing within the compass
of their charter, even as one man may do by law all things that by
law he is not forbidden, and bindeth the successors as a single man
binds his executor or heir. Angels are linked into a kind of corpora­
tion amonst themselves. Hooker.

CORPORATION Spiritual, and of dead Persons in Law, was a cor­
poration established by the king and pope, consisting of an abbot and
convent.

CORPORATION Spiritual, and of able Persons in Law, is where it
consists of a dean and chapter, a master of a college or hospital.

CORPORATION Temporal, by the King, is where there is a mayor
and commonalty.

CORPORATION Temporal, by the common law, is the parliament,
which consists of the king, the head, with the lords spiritual and tem­
poral, and the commons, the body.

CO＇RPORATURE [corporatura, It. and Lat. from corpus] 1. The form,
bulk and constitution of the body. 2. The state of a being that is em­
bodied.

CORPO＇REAL, or CORPO＇REOUS [corporel, Fr. corporeo, It. corporeus,
Lat.] that is of or belonging to a bodily substance, not immaterial;
as, corporeal substances. Milton. Corporeal sense. Tillotson. 2.
Swift uses it inaccurately for corporal. A corporeal false step.
Swift.

CORPORE＇ITY [from corporeus, Lat. with schoolmen] the quality
of that which is corporeal, the nature of a body; or being of such or
such a substance, bodiliness. The one attributes corporiety to God, the
other, shape. Stillingfleet.

CORPORIFICA＇TION [from corporify] the act of making into a
body.

CORPORIFICATION [with chemists] the operation of recovering
spirits into the same body, or at least nearly the same with that they
had before their spiritualization.

To CORPO＇RIFY [from corpus, Lat.] to embody, to form into body.
The spirit of the world corporified. Boyle.

CORPS [with architects] a term signifying any part that projects or
advances beyond the naked of a wall, and which serves as a ground
for some decoration.

CORPS, or CORPSE [corpus, Lat.] 1. A dead body or carcase. The
corps of thy dead son. Addison. 2. A body; in contempt.
This man, this vast unhide-bound corps. Milton.
3. [In military affairs] a body of forces; as,

CORPS de Batail [military term] the main body of an army drawn
up for battle. Fr.

CORPS de Garde [military term] soldiers entrusted with the guard of
a post, under the command of one or more officers. Fr.








CORPS Politic, are bishops, deans, parsons of churches, and such
like, who have succession in one person only.

CO＇RPULENSE, CO＇RPULENCY, or CO＇RPULENTNESS [corpulence, Fr.
corpulenza, It. corpulencia, Sp. of corpulentia, Lat.] 1. Bigness, bulkiness,
ness, or grossness of body, fulness of flesh, cumbersom, unweildiness.
And burdenous conpulence. Donne. 2. Thickness, grossness of mat­
ter. The heaviness and corpulency of water. Ray.

CO＇RPULENT [corpulente, Fr. corpulento, It. and Sp. of corpulentus,
Lat.] big-bodied, fat, gross, fleshy. We say it is a fleshy stile, when
there is much periphrases and circuit of words; and when with more
than enough, it grows fat and corpulent. Ben Johnson.

CO＇RPUS, the bulk or material part of animals, vegetables, &c.
Lat.

CORPUS cum Causa [Lat. in law] a writ issuing out of the Chancery
to remove both the body and the record, relating to the cause of any
man lying in execution upon a judgment for debt, into the King＇s­
Bench, and there to lie till he has satisfied the debt.

CORPUS Callosum [Lat. in anatomy] the upper part or covering of a
space made by the joining together of the left and right side of the in­
ward substance of the brain.

CORPUS Christi [Lat. i. e. the body of Christ] a college in Oxford
so named, built by Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester.

CORPUS Christi Day, a festival appointed in honour of the holy sa­
crament of the Lord＇s supper.

CO＇RPUSCLES [Fr. corpuscoli, It. of corpusculi, Lat. with natural
philosophers] those minute parts or particles, or physical atoms of a
body, by which is not meant the elementary parts, nor those princi­
ples, which chemists call hypostatica; but such particles, whether of
a simple or compounded nature, the parts of which will not be dis­
solved, disjoined or dissipated by ordinary degrees of heat. Little frag­
ments, little corpuscles, that compose and distinguish different bodies.
Watts.

CORPU＇SCULAR, adj. [corpusculaire, Fr. from corpusculum, Lat.] be­
longing to corpuscles or atoms.

CORPU＇SCULAR, or CORPUSCULA＇RIAN Philosophy, a method of
philosophizing, that claims the greatest antiquity, which attempts to
explain things, and give an account of the phænomena and appear­
ances of nature, by the figure, situation, motion, rest, &c. of the
corpuscles or very small particles of matter, according to the principles
of the philosophers, Leucippus, Epicurus, Democritus, &c. Corpus­
cularian, or mechanical principles. Boyle. The mechanical, or cor­
puscular philosophy. Bentley.

CORPUSCULARIAN, subst. one who holds the corpuscular principles.
The modern corpuscularians. Bentley.

CORPUSCULA＇RITY [of corpusculum, Lat.] corpuscular quality.

CORR [כור, Heb.] a measure containing two quarts.

CO＇RRACLE. See CORACLE.

To CO＇RRADE [corrado, from con, and rado, Lat. to rasp or gnaw] to
rub off; to scrape or rake together.

CORRADIA＇TION [from con, and radius, Lat. a ray] a conjunction
of rays in one point. Bacon uses it.

CORRA＇GO, the herb corage or bugloss. Lat.

To CORRE＇CT [corriger, Fr. corriggere, It. corregìr, Sp. and Port.
of correctum, sup. of corrigo, Lat.] 1. To amend or mend the faults
in writings or life, to reclaim or reform. Correcting nature. Dryden.
I corrected, because it was as pleasant to me to correct as to write.
Pope. 2. To discipline, to chastise or punish. A nod only, ought to
correct children. Locke. 3. To temper or allay, to obviate the qua­
lities of one ingredient, by the admixture of some other, or by any
method of preparing them. Water＇s quality of relaxing may be cor­
rected by boising it. Arbuthnot. 4. To remark faults.

To CORRECT the Magnificat. Lat. Nodum in scirpo quærere. Ter.
and Plaut. (To seek a knot in a bullrush) or to be hunting after diffi­
culties where there are none. The Germans say: Eine laus in der
peck-ballie suchen. (To seck a louse in a barrel of pitch.)

CORREC＇T, adj. [corretto, It. correctus, Lat.] being without faults,
finished with exactness. The most correct editions. Felton.

CORRE＇CTIO [Lat. with rhetoricians] is a figure, when the orator
unsays what he has already said, and says something more fit in the
stead of it. The same as epanorthosis.

CORRE＇CTION [Fr. correzzione, It. correciòn, Sp. of correctio, Lat.]
1. The act of correcting, amending, amendment, alteration to a bet­
ter state. To deserve correction. Dryden. 2. Punishment, reproof,
discipline, chastisement. Take thy correction mildly, kiss the rod.
Shakespeare. 3. That which is substituted in the stead of something
wrong. Corrections or improvements adjoined. Watts. 4. Animad­
version. The correction of future discovery. Brown.

CORRECTION [in pharmacy] is the adding salt or some other thing
to a medicine to quicken it, or to mend it, or make it better, that
some of the ingredients may not be injurious.
Do not add
Corrections, but, as chemists, purge the bad. Donne.

CORRE＇CTIONER [from correction. This seems to be the meaning
in Shakespeare. Johnson] one that has been in the house of correction,
a jail bird. I will have you soundly swinged for this, you blue bottle
rogue! you filthy, famish＇d correctioner. Shakespeare.

CORRE＇CTIVE, adj. [correctif, Fr. correcttivo, It.] serving to correct,
allay, or temper bad qualities in any thing. Mulberries are corrective
of the bilious alcali. Arbuthnot.

CORRECTIVE, subst. 1. That which has the power of obviating
any thing amiss. The hair, wool, feathers, and scales, which ani­
mals of prey swallow, are a necessary corrective. Ray. 2. Restriction.
With certain correctives and exceptions. Hale.

CORRE＇CTIVES [in pharmacy] medicines administred with others,
to correct some bad quality in them.

CORRE＇CTLY [from correct] accurately, without faults; as, to
speak properly and correctly. Locke.
Lays as neither ebb nor slow,
Correctly cold, and regularly low. Pope.

CORRE＇CTNESS [of correct] the quality of being correct, accuracy.
There remains nothing but a dull correctness; a piece without any con­
siderable fault, but with few beauties. Dryden.

CORRE＇CTOR [correcteur, Fr. correttore, It. corrector, Sp. and Lat.]
one who corrects or amends any thing by punishment or reprehension.
Rather correctors than practisers of religion. Sprat. Reformer or cor­
rector of abuses. Swift.

CORRE＇CTOR [of a printing house] a person of learning, who
reads over the proofs from the compositor, and marks the errors, in
order to their being corrected before the sheet be wrought off at press.

CORRECTOR [in medicine] such an ingredient in a composition as
guards against or abates the force of another; as, the lixivical salts
prevent the grievous vellications of resinous purges, by dividing their
particles, and preventing their adhesion to the intestinal membranes.
Quincy.

CORRECTOR [of the staple] an officer of the staple, who recorded
the bargains of the merchants made there.

CORRECTO＇RIUM [Lat. in the medicinal art] any thing that serves
to correct or improve medicines.

To CO＇RRELATE [of con and relatus, Lat.] to have a mutual rela­
tion, as wife and husband.

CO＇RRELATE, subst. one that stands in the opposite relation; as, fa­
ther and son are correlates. South uses it.

CORRE＇LATIVE, adj. [Fr. correlativi, It. correlativos, Sp. of cor­
relativa, Lat.] having a mutual relation one to another; thus father
and son, husband and wife, are by logicians said to be correlative.
South uses it.

CORRE＇LATIVENESS [of correlative] the state of having a mutual
relation one to another.

CORRE＇PTIO [in grammar] the same as syllepsis. Lat.

CORRE＇PTION [correptio, from correptum, sup. of corripio, of con and
rapio, Lat. to snatch] a rebuking or checking; reproof. Converting
our detraction into admonition and fraternal correption. Government of
the Tongue.

To CORRESPO＇ND [correspondre, Fr. corrispondere, It. correspondèr,
Sp. and Port. of con and respondeo, Lat. to answer] 1. To answer or
agree, to suit, to fit; having with or to. Words correspond to those
ideas we have. Locke. 2. To keep up a commerce or intercourse with
another by mutual letters; as, he corresponded with his master.

CORRESPO＇NDENCE, or CORRESPO＇NDENCY [correspondence, Fr. cor­
rispondenza, It. corrispondéncia, Sp.] 1. A holding a mutual intelli­
gence, commerce, and familiarity with; having with. Unlawful
correspondencies they had used. King Charles.
The villains hold a correspondence
With the enemy. Denham.
2. Answering, fitting, and agreeing, of the proportion of one thing
with another; mutual relation or adaptation. Correspondencies and
relations to one another. Locke. 3. Interchange of friendly offices
or civilities. Military persons, assured and well reputed of, holding
also correspondence with the other great men. Bacon.

CORRESPO＇NDENT, adj. [correspondant, Fr. corrispondente, It. cor­
respondiénte, Sp. correspondente, Port.] agreeable, suitable. Action
correspondent or repugnant unto the law. Hooker.

CORRESPONDENT, subst. one who holds a correspondence with an­
other, either personal or at a distance by letters; as in trade, when
two persons have intercourse by letters, they are said to be correspon­
dents. Letters from and to all his correspondents at home and abroad.
Denham.

CORRESPO＇NDENTNESS [from correspondent] the quality of being
suitable.

CORRESPO＇NSIVE [from correspond] answerable, adapted to any
thing.
Six gates i＇ th＇ city with massy staples,
And corresponsive and fulfilling bolts,
Sperre up the sons of Troy. Shakespeare.

CO＇RRIDOR [Fr. in architecture] a gallery or long isle around a
building, leading to several chambers at a distance from each other.

CORRIDOR [in fortification] a sort of gallery, or the covert way ly­
ing round about the whole compass of the fortification of a place be­
tween the outside of the moat and pallisadoes.

CO＇RRIGIBLE [Fr. corriggibile It. corregible, Sp. of corrigibilis,
from corrigo, Lat. to correct] 1. That which may be corrected or
amended. 2. Punishable, being a proper object of correction. Ad­
judged corrigible for such presumptuous language. Howel. 3. Hav­
ing the power to correct. The power and corrigible authority. Shake­
speare.

CORRI＇VAL, subst. [corrivalis, Lat.] a competitor either in love or
business, or one who courts the same mistress, or makes suit for the
same business. The Geraldines and Butlers, both adversaries and cor­
rivals one against the other. Spenser.

CORRI＇VALITY, rivalship.

CORRI＇VALRY [of corrival] competition.

CORRO＇BORANT [corroborans, Lat.] having the power to give
strength. Bracelets, refrigerant, corroborant, and aperient. Bacon.

CORROBORA＇NTIA [with physicians] medicines which strengthen
and comfort the parts. Lat.

To CORRO＇BORATE [corroborer, Fr. corroborare, It. corroboràr, Sp.
of corroboratum, Lat. sup. of corroboro, from con and roboris, gen. of
rober, strength] 1. To strengthen a feeble or weak part. Corrobo­
rated his judgment. Wotton. The nerves of the body are corroborated.
Watts. 2. To confirm or make good an evidence or argument.

CORRO＇BORATE, particip. for corroborated, established. No trust­
ing to the bravery of words, except it be corroborate by custom. Bacon.

CORROBORA＇TION [corroborazione, It. of Lat.] the act of strength­
ening or confirming; act of giving a new force, additional strength.
A bull for the better corroboration of the marriage. Bacon.

CORRO＇BORATIVE, adj. [corroboratif, Fr. corroborativo, It.] streng­
thening, having the power of adding strength.

CORRO＇BORATIVE, subst. that which increases strength. Corrobora­
tives of an astringent faculty. Wiseman.

To CORRO＇DE [corroder, Fr. corrodere, It. and Lat.] to gnaw or
fret, to eat away by degrees. Aquafortis corroding copper, gives the
colour to verdigrease. Boyle.
With corroding juices as he went,
A passage thro＇ the living rack he rent. Dryden.
Incessant gall,
Corroding ev＇ry thought, and blasting all love＇s paradise.
Thompson.

CORRO＇DENT [corrodens, Lat.] having the power of corroding.








CORRODE＇NTIA, medicines that eat away or consume proud flesh.
Lat.

CORRO＇DIBLE [from corrode] possible to be corroded, or consumed
away. Brown uses it.

CO＇RRODY [from corrodo, Lat.] a defalcation from a salary for some
other than the primary intention. Ordered corrodies and pensions to
their chaplains and servants out of churches. Ayliffe.

CORRO＇SIBLE, that may be corroded by a menstruum.

CORROSIBI＇LITY, or CORRO＇SIBLENESS [in chemistry] the faculty
or liableness to be corroded by some menstruum.

CORRO＇SION [corrosio, from corrodo, Lat.] gnawing, fretting.

CORRO＇SION [in medicine] an eating away by any salt humour or
corrosive medicine.

CORROSION [Fr. corrosione, It. with chemists] a dissolution of mixt
bodies by corrosive menstruums. Corrosion is a particular species of
dissolution of bodies, either by an acid or saline menstruum. It is
almost wholly designed for the resolution of bodies most strongly com­
pacted, as bones and metals: so that the the menstruums here im­
ployed have a considerable movement or force. Quincy.

CORRO＇SIVE, adj. [corrosif, Fr. corrosivo, It. of corrosivus, from
corrodo, Lat.] 1. Having a gnawing quality, such as some liquors, called
menstruums, have, of dissolving bodies. 2. Having the quality to
vex or fret. The accent is differently placed.

CORROSIVE, subst. 1. That which has the quality of wasting a thing
away, as the flesh of an ulcer. 2. That which has the power of fret­
ting or vexing. Unto virtuously disposed minds, they are grievous
corrosives. Hooker.

CORRO＇SIVELY [of corrosive] 1. With corrosion, in the manner of
a corrosive. It tasted somewhat corrosively. 2. With the power of
corrosion.

CORRO＇SIVENESS [from corrosive] the quality of corroding, acri­
mony. No heat nor corrosiveness. Boyle.

CORRU＇DA, the herb wild sperage. Lat.

CO＇RRUGANT [corrugans, Lat.] wrinkling, contracting into corru­
gations.

CORRUGANT Muscles [with anatomists] those which help to knit
the brows when one frowns.

To CO＇RRUGATE [corrugo, Lat.] to draw into wrinkles, to purse
up. Cold and dryness contract and corrugate. Bacon.

CO＇RRUGATED, pret. and part. [of corrugatus, Lat.] wrinkled.

CORRUGA＇TION, the act of contracting, wrinkling, or drawing into
wrinkles, the state of being wrinkled. Corrugation or violent agita­
tion of fibres. Floyer.

CORRUGA＇TOR Supercilii [Lat. with anatomists] a muscle which
serves to wrinkle or draw up the eye-brow.

To CORRU＇PT, verb act. [corrompre, Fr. corrompere, It. corrompèr,
Sp. corruptum, sup. of corrumpo, of con and rumpo, Lat. to burst or
break] 1. To mar or spoil, to destroy or waste. 2. To debauch or
defile. 3. To infect or taint, to turn from a sound to a putrescent
state. 4. To prevent or bribe. 5. To deprave. Not to be corrupted
is the shame. Pope.

To CORRUPT, verb neut. to become rotten, to putrify. The pro­
pension of air or water to corrupt or putrify. Bacon.

CORRUPT [corrotto, It. corrupto Sp. of corruptus, Lat.] 1. Tainted
with wickedness, vicious. Corrupt and tainted in desire. Shakespeare.
Corrupt in their morals. South. 2. Bribed, part. for corrupted; as,
a corrupt jury or assembly.

CORRU＇PTER [from corrupt] he that vitiates, he that lessens inte­
grity or purity. Great corrupters of christianity. Addison.

CORRUPTIBI＇LITY [corruptibilité, Fr. corruptibilità, It.] aptness or
possibility to be corrupted, or the state of that which is corrup­
tible.

CORRUPTIBILITY, or CORRU＇PTIBLENESS [in metaphysics] a lia­
bleness to be corrupted, a power not to be.

CORRUPTIBILITY from within, is when a thing contains within it­
self, the principles of its own destruction.

CORRUPTIBILITY from without, is when a thing is liable to be de­
stroyed by some external principle.

CORRU＇PTIBLE [Fr. and Sp. corrottibile, It. of corruptibilis, Lat.]
1. Subject or liable to corruption, or that may be corrupted or de­
stroyed by natural decay, not violently. Our corruptible bodies.
Hooker. 2. Liable or possible to be depraved or vitiated.

CORRU＇PTIBLY [from corruptible] so as to be corrupted or vi­
tiated.
The life of all his blood
Is touch＇d corruptibly. Shakespeare.

CORRU＇PTIBLENESS [from corruptible] corruptibility.

CORRU＇PTICULÆ, a sect who held that the body of Jesus Christ
was corruptible.

CORRU＇PTION [Fr. corruzione, It. corrupciòn, Sp. of corruptio, Lat.]
1. The act of corrupting, marring, &c. of morals or manners,
wickedness, loss of integrity. The natural corruption of our tempers.
Addison. 2. The state of growing rotten.
To prevent,
And keep the water from corruption free,
Mix＇d them with salt, and season＇d all the sea. Blackmore.
3. The means by which any thing is depraved or vitiated. To keep
mine honour from corruption. Shakespeare. Four kinds of corruption
common in their language. Brerewood. 4. The sophisticating a
book.

CORRUPTION [with surgeons] is the pus, or rotten matter of a
sore.

CORRUPTION [in philosophy] is the destruction of the form or
proper mode of existence of any natural body, or at least the cessation
of it for a time.

CORRUPTION of Blood [in law] is an infection that happens
to the blood, issue, and estate of a man attainted of treason or fe­
lony, whereby he forfeits all to the king or other lord of the fee,
and both he and his children are rendered ignoble; and besides, his
issue cannot be heir to him, or to any other ancestor of whom he
might have claimed by him.

CORRU＇PTIVE [corruttivo, It.] apt to corrupt or vitiate. Carrying a
settled habitude into the corruptive originals. Brown. Corruptive
quality. Ray.

CORRU＇PTLESS [from corrupt] not liable to corruption, not decay­
ing. The borders with corruptless myrrh are crown＇d. Dryden.

CORRU＇PTLY [from corrupt] 1. Unjustly, vitiously, in a manner
contrary to integrity or purity. We have dealt very corruptly against
thee. Nehemiah. 2. Vitiously, with impropriety as to purity of lan­
guage. We have corruptly contracted most names. Camden.

CORRU＇PTNESS [from corrupt] badness, naughtiness, putrescence.

CORSA＇IR [Corsaire, Fr. corsare, It. cossário, Sp.] a robber by sea;
a pirate, one who seizes merchant ships, especially in the Mediterra­
nean sea.

CORSE [corpe, Fr.] 1. A body in general. Now obsolete.
He was strong and of so mighty corse,
As ever wielded spear. Spenser.
2. A dead body, a carcase. In this sense it is now used in poetry.
A stream of coal-black blood forth gushed from her corse. Spenser.
Full in my sight,
That I may view at leisure the bloody corse,
And count those glorious wounds. Addison.

CO＇RSELET [Fr. corseletta, It. cosseléte, Sp.] armour for a pike-man;
to cover either his whole body, the trunk, or fore part of it.
Some don＇d a cuirace, some a corslet bright. Fairfax.
They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore
Their corslets. Dryden.

CORSE-PRE＇SENT [in old records] a mortuary, an offering of the
best beast, which did belong to a person deceased, anciently made to
the parish priest.

CO＇RSICA, an island in the Mediterranean; about an hundred miles
south of Genoa, and subject to that republic; tho＇ the natives have,
for many years, been in arms to recover their liberties.

CO＇RSNED-BREAD, ordeal bread, a piece of bread consecrated by a
priest, and eaten by our Saxon ancestors, when they would clear them­
selves of a crime they were charged with, wishing if they were guilty
it might be their poison or last morsel.

CORSOI＇DES [κορσοειδης, Gr.] a certain stone resembling in colour the
whiteness of an old man＇s hair.

CO＇RTES, the states, or the assembly of the states in Madrid.

CORTEX, Lat. the bark or rind of a tree.

CO＇RTEX Peruvianus, Lat. the bark of Peru, the Jesuit＇s bark.

CORTEX Winterianus, a kind of cinnamon first brought from the In­
dies by one captain Winter.

CO＇RTICAL [corticis, gen. of cortex, Lat. bark] barky, belonging
to the rind or outer part.

CORTICAL Part of the Brain [with anatomists] the external glan­
dular barky substance of the brain, full of turnings and windings on the
outside; it is covered with a thin skin of an ash and grisly colour. The
use of it is thought to be to secrete the animal spirits, and many anato­
mists do there place the seat of memory and sleep. I say and sleep, as the
cerebrum is supposed more susceptible of compression than is the more
compact frame of the cerebellum. See CEREBRUM, and read there
[instead of involuntary actions] voluntary motions.

CO＇RTICATED [corticatus, Lat.] having the bark pulled off, having
the skin or any outer part taken off. A quadruped corticated and depi­
lous, that is, without wool, furr, or hair. Brown.

CORTICO＇SE [corticosus, Lat.] full or thick of bark.

CO＇RTICOUSNESS, fulless of, or likeness to bark.

CORTO＇NA, a city of Tuscany, in Italy, about 35 miles south­
east of Sienna.

CORTULA＇RIUM, or CORTA＇RIUM barb. Lat. [old law records] a
court or yard adjoining to a country farm.

CO＇RVETS, COU＇RVETS, or CORVETTO [in horsemanship] are leaps
of an indifferent height, made by a horse in raising first his two fore­
legs in the air, and making the two hinder feet follow with an equal
cadency, so that his haunches go down together, after the fore-feet
have touched the earth in continual and regular reprizes. See CUR­
VET.

CORU＇NNE, or GRO＇YNE, a port town of Gallicia, in Spain, situated
on a fine bay of the Atlantic ocean, about 32 miles north of Compo­
stelle. It is to this port that the English packet-boat always goes, in
time of peace,

CO＇RUS [נור, Heb.] an Hebrew measure of 30 bushels.

CORUS, Lat. one of the winds.

CORU＇SCANT [corusco, It. coruscans, Lat.] glittering by flashes,
shining or lightening, flashing.

CORUSCA＇TIONS [corruscazione, It. coruscationes, of corusco, Lat. to
lighten, &c.] flashes, quick vibrations of light, that may be caused by
an exhalation spread under one cloud only, which by motion running
downwards, is set on fire, and flasheth much after the same manner as
a torch newly put out, and yet smoaking, which is by some violence
and sudden motion again enkindled. Sulphureous steams abound in
the bowels of the earth, and ferment with minerals, and sometimes
take fire with a sudden coruscation and explosion. Newton.

CORYBA＇NTES, priests of Rhea. Hesych. The priests of Cybele
were Phrygians, and being most of them eunuchs, were therefore cal­
led semiviri: Phryges their chief priest was called archi-gallus, who
was likewise an eunuch.
They performed their solemnities with a furious noise of drums,
trumpets, beating on brass, and musical instruments.
They were called Jupiter＇s life-guard; because they brought him
up. For Titan the eldest son of Cœlus, having resigned the kingdom
to Saturn his younger brother, to hold the sceptre for life, upon con­
dition that he should never suffer any male children to live, that the
empire might, after his decease, return to Titan＇s posterity, Saturn was
used to devour all his male children as soon as they were born; but his
wife Cybele being brought to bed of twins, Jupiter and Juno, she
caused little Jupiter to be conveyed away and put into the hands of the
Corybantes to be brought up, and let Saturn her husband know of
none but Juno. The Corybantes, to prevent the discovery of Jupiter
by his crying, invented a new sport, which was to leap and beat the
ground in a certain measure called dactyle: and holding in their hands
little brass bucklers, and in their dancing, when they met one another,
they struck on them in a certain order; the noise of which drowned
the crying of Jupiter, so that it could not be heard by Saturn. Poe­
tical.








To CORIBA＇NTIATE [κορυβαντιαω, Gr. corybantiatum, Lat.] to sleep
with one＇s eyes open, or be troubled with visions that one cannot
sleep. In strictness of speech it means no more than to be, or act like
the corybantes, and from those citations, which the learned author of
the Appendix ad Thesaur. H. Steph. &c. has produced, it should
seem rather to allude to their wild, irregular, and furious kind of mo­
tions, and so other lexicons explain it. Hesychius in particular makes
it synonimous to lunacy.

CO＇RYLUS, Lat. the hazel-tree.

CORY＇MBIA, Lat. climbing ivy.

CORY＇MBIATED [corymbiatus, of corymbus, Lat.] set about with ber­
ries.

CORYMBI＇FEROUS [corymbiser, of carymbus, a cluster or top, and
fero, Lat. to bear] that beareth berries like ivy; is applied to such
discoid plants, whose seeds are not downed; as, the sun-flower, chry­
santhemus, corn-marigold, &c.

CORYMBI＇FEROUS Plants [in botany] such as have a compoud or
discous flower, but the seeds have no down sticking to them; as, cha­
momile, daisy, &c.

CORY＇MBUS [κορυμβος, Gr.] properly signifies the top of any
thing.

CORYMBUS [with botanists] is the extremity of a stalk or branch,
divided into several pedicles, in such manner as to form a spherical fi­
gure, as in the garden angelica; or it is used to signify a compounded
discous flower, the seeds of which are not pappous, or do not fly away
in down, as corn-marigold, daisies, &c.

CORYMBUS [in ancient botanic writers] was used for clusters of
ivy-berries.

CORYMBUS [with some botanic writers] is a name given to the top
of the stalk of a plant, when it is so subdivided that it makes a round
spherical figure, as the tops of onions, leeks, &c.

CORYMBUS [by others] is used for umbella, which is the name for
the top of such plants whose branches and flowers spread round in the
form of an umbrella worn by women.

CORYPHÆ＇US [κορυϕαιος, Gr.] the chief leader of the company or
chorus in the ancient tragedy.

CORY＇PHE [κορυϕη, Gr.] the very top of the head, where the hair
turns.

CORY＇ZA [κορυζα, Gr.] a defluxion of a sharp humour into the
mouth, nostrils and lungs, a pose, a rheum, or running at the
nose.

COSCI＇NOMANCY, or COSKI＇NOMANCY [κοσκινομαντεια, of κοσκινον,
a sieve, and μαντεια, divination] divination by a sieve, to find out per­
sons unknown, and also to discover the secrets of those who were
known. The manner of performing it was as follows: The sieve be­
ing suspended, the diviner rehearsed a formula of words, and taking it
between two fingers only, repeated the name of the parties suspected,
and when at the mention of any name the sieve turns, trembles or
shakes, that person is suspected, as guilty of the evil, concerning
which the enquiry is made. The sieve was also sometimes suspended
by a thread, or fixed to the points of a pair of shears, having room
left to turn, and then the names of persons suspected were rehearsed.
After this manner it is still practised in some parts of England. It is a
very ancient practice mentioned by Theocritus.

CO-SE＇CANT [in mathematics] is the secant of an arc which is the
complement of another to 90 degrees.

To CO＇SEN, to defraud, to cheat. See COZEN.

CO＇SENAGE [in law] a writ for the right heir against an intruder.

COSENAGE, the act of cheating, defrauding.

COSE＇NZA, the capital of the hither Calabria, in the kingdom of
Naples. It is the see of an archbishop. Lat. 39° 15′ N. Long. 16°
35′ E.

CO＇SHERING, subst. [in the feudal law] a prerogative which some
lords of manors anciently had to lie and feast themselves at their te­
nants houses. Cosherings were visitations and progresses made by the
lord and his followers among his tenants; wherein he did eat them,
as the English proverb is, out of house and home. Davies.

CO＇SIER, subst. [couser, O. Fr. to sew] a botcher. Hanmer. Ye
squeak out your cosier catches without any mitigation or remorse of
voice. Shakespeare.

CO＇SIN, or COU＇SEN. [cousin, Fr. cugino, It. consanguineus, Lat.] a
kinsman or kinswoman by blood or marriage. See COUSIN.

CO＇SINE [in geometry] is the right sine of an arc which is the com­
plement of another to 90 degrees.

COSME＇TIC, adj. [κοσμετικα, of κοσμεω, Gr. to beautify] having the
quality of improving beauty, beautifying.

COSMETIC, subst. cosmetics are medicaments that whiten and soften
the skin, or in general any thing helping to promote the comeliness or
good appearance of the person who uses it, as washes, waters, poma­
tums, pastes, &c. No better cosmetics than a severe temperance and
purity, modesty and humility: no true beauty without the signatures of
these graces in the very countenance. Ray.

CO＇SMICAL [κοσμικος, of κοσμος, Gr. the world] 1. Pertaining to
the world. 2. Rising or setting with the sun, not acronycal. The cosmi­
cal ascension of a star we term that, when it ariseth together with the
sun, or in the same degree of the ecliptic wherein the sun abideth.
Brown.

CO＇SMICALLY [of cosmical] with the sun, not acronycally. A
term used by astronomers to signify one of the poetical risings or
settings of a star; and thus a star is said to to rise cosmically, when
it rises with the sun; and to set cosmically, when it sets at the same
instant that the sun rises: but, according to Kepler, to rise and set
cosmically, is to ascend above or descend below the horizon. From
the rising of this star, not cosmically, that is, with the sun, but
heliacally, that is, its emersion from the rays of the sun, the ancients
computed their canicular days. Brown.

COSMO＇GONY [κοσμογονια, of κοσμος and γινεα, Gr. generation] the
creation or original of the world.

COSMO＇GRAPHER. [cosinographe, Fr. cosmografo, It. and Sp. cosmo­
graphus, Lat. κοσμογραϕος, of κοσμος, the world, and γραϕω, Gr. to
describe] one skilled in cosmography, one who writes a description of
the world, distinct from geographer, who describes the situation of
particular countries.

COSMOGRA＇PHICAL [cosmographique, Fr. cosmografico, It. of cosmo­
graphicus, Lat.] pertaining to cosmography, or the general description
of the world.

COSMOGRA＇PHICALLY [from cosmographical] in a manner relating
to cosmography. The terrella or spherical magnet, cosmographically
set out with circles of the globe. Brown.

COSMO＇GRAPAY [cosmographie, Fr. cosmografia, It. and Sp. cosmo­
graphia, Lat. κοσμογραϕια, of κοσμος, the world, and γραϕω, Gr. to
describe] a description of the visible world, a science shewing the
frame of the universe, describing the several parts of it, delineating
them according to their number, positions, motions, magnitudes, fi­
gures, &c. of which astronomy and geography are parts.

COSMOGRAPHY is described iconologically by a woman advanced
in years, standing between two globes, the celestial and terrestrial;
holding in her right hand an astrolabe, and in her left the Roman ra­
dius. Her upper garment sky-coloured sown with stars, and her under
a mixture of brown and different greens. She is described in years,
because she derives her pedigree from the creation; the instruments
shew her employment, and her garments, as well as the globes, that
she participates both of heaven and earth.

COSMOLA＇BE [of κοσμος, and λαμβανω, Gr. to take] an ancient ma­
thematical instrument for measuring distances both in the heaven and
on the earth.

COSMO＇LATRY [of κορμος, the world or universe, and λατρεια, Gr.
worship] the worship of the world, or that kind of idolatry by which
the old pagans deified and worshipped the several parts of the universe.
To lay the foundation of infinite polytheism and cosmolatry. Cudworth.

COSMO＇LOGY [κοσμολογια, of κοσμος, and λογος, a word or speech]
discourse or treatise concerning the world.

COSMO＇METRY [κοσμομετρια, of κοσμος, and μετρον, Gr. measure]
the mensuration of the world by degrees and minutes.

COSMO＇POLITE, or COSMOPO＇LITAN [of κοσμος, the world, and
πολιτης, Gr. a citizen] a citizen of the world, one who is at home in
every place.

To COSS Dogs, i. e. to tie a stick or bone to their tails. Swift.

CO＇SSACKS, people inhabiting the banks of the rivers Nieper and
Don, near the Black Sea. Their country is commonly called Ukraine,
most part of which is subject to Russia.

CO＇SSE, or CO＇SSIC; as, cossic numbers. This was the old name of
the art of algebra, and is derived from cosa, It. for res or the root, for
the Italians called algebra, regula rei & census, i. e. the rule of the
root and the square.

CO＇SSET, a lamb, colt, calf, &c. fallen and brought up by hand
without the dam.
If thou wilt bewail my woeful teen,
I shall thee give yond＇ cosset for thy pain. Spenser.

CO＇SSIC Numbers [with some algebraists] are the powers of numbers,
as the roots, the square, the cube, &c.

CO＇SSI＇S, worms that lie between the body and the bark of trees.

COST [koste, Du. kosten, Ger. As this word is found in the remotest
Teutonic dialects, even in the Islandic, it is not probably derived to
us from the Latin cousto, tho＇ it is not unlikely the Fr. couster comes
from the Latin. Johnson] 1. Charge, expence. His daughter main­
tained without his cost. Sidney. One penny cost. Shakespeare. 2. The
Price of any thing. 3. Sumptuousness, luxury.
Let foreign princes vainly boast,
The rude effects of pride and cost,
Of vaster fabrics, to which they
Contribute nothing but the pay. Waller.
4. Loss, fine. What they had fondly wished, proved afterwards to
their costs over true. Knolles.
It is good in learn at other men＇s COST.
That is, to grow wise at the expence or by the experiences of other
men＇s misfortunes, or ill managements. Very good advice, but too
little regarded. Men are apt to put the evil day a far off, and to flatter
themselves that what has happened to others won＇t happen to them.
The Italians say, as we: Felice chi impara à spesa a＇ altri.
It will not quit COST.
That is, it will not answer the expence you are at about it. The
French say: Le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle.

COST [in heraldry] is the fourth part of a bend, or half of a gar­
ter.

To COST, irreg. verb, pret. and part. cost [couster, couter, Fr. co­
stare, It. costàr, Sp. kosten, Du. and Ger. koste, Dan. kosta, Su.
consto, Lat.] to be purchased for or with a price. To bring the action
to extremity and then recover all, will require the art of a writer, and
cost him many a pang. Dryden.

CO＇STA-RI＇CA, a province of Mexico, bounded on the north-east
by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south-west by the Pacific Ocean.
Its chief town is New Carthage.

COSTÆ, Lat. the ribs, or those bones which with other bones make
the thorax or chest, being joined backwards with the vertebræ of the
back, and forward with the cartilages or gristles of the sternum; they
are 12 in number on each side.

Veræ CO＇STÆ, Lat. [in anatomy] the seven uppermost ribs, so cal­
led, because their cartilaginous ends are received into the sinus of the
slernum.

Falsæ COSTÆ, are the five lowermost ribs, so called, because they
are shorter and softer, and are not joined to the extremity of the ster­
num.

CO＇STAL [of costa, Lat. a rib] belonging to the costæ or ribs. Many
costal fishes, whose ribs are embowed. Brown.

CO＇STARD [from coster, a head] 1. A head. Take him over the
costard with the belt of my sword. Shakespeare. 2. A sort of apple,
round and bulky like the head. They will make us turn costard-mon­
gers, grasiers, or sell ale. Burton.

COSTARD-MONGER [of manger, Sax. a trader] an apple-monger,
a dealer in fruit.

COSTE＇RIA [in old records] a coast or sea-coast.

COSTIVE [constipe, Fr. costipatino, It. constipatus, Lat.] 1. Bbound
in the belly. The body grows costive. Brown.
While faster than his costive brain indites,
Philo＇s quick hand in flowing letters writes. Prior.
2. Of a binding or astriugent quality, close, not permeable. Clay in
dry seasons is costive, hardening with the sun and wind. Mortimer.








CO＇STIVENESS [from costive] the state of being bound in the belly,
the obstruction of excretions. Costiveness disperses malign, putrid
sumes out of the guts and mesentery. Harvey.

COS＇TLINESS [from costly] expensiveness. Tho＇ not with carious
costliness, yet with cleanly sufficiency it entertained me. Sidney.

CO＇STLY [from cost] expensive, being of a high price, of great
price. The most costly piece of work. Addison.

CO＇STMARY [costus, Lat.] an herb whose flowers are naked, and of
a yellow colour, growing in umbels on the top of the stalks. Miller.

CO＇STONS, chards of artichokes.

CO＇STREL [supposed to be derived from coster] a sort of bottle. Skîn­
ner.

CO＇STUS, Lat. a certain shrub, whose root has a very pleasant,
spicy smell, growing in Syria and Arabia.

COSTUS [with botanists] the herb costmary.

COSTUS [with physicians] an Indian drug, of which there are two
sorts, the sweet and the bitter. Lat.

COT, or COTE [of cot, Sax. cwt, Wel. cwt, O. and L. Ger. kot,
Du.] a little house, cottage, or hut. Stalls for beasts, and cots for flocks.
2 Chronicles.
Jove vouchsaf＇d on Ida＇s top, ＇tis said,
At poor Philemon＇s cot to take a bed. Fenton.

COT, COTE, or COAT, added at the end of the name of a place,
intimates that the place was denominated from cot, Sax. a cottage; as,
Cote-hill, Cotswold in Gloucestershire, &c.

COT, an abridgment of cotquean.

CO＇TAGE. See COTTAGE.

COTE＇MPORARY [cotemporain, Fr. of con and temporarius, Lat.] of,
belonging to, or being at the same time.

COT-GARE, refuse wool, so clotted together, that it cannot be pul­
led asunder.

CO-TA＇NGENT [in the mathematics] is the tangent of any comple­
mental arch, or what that arch wants of a quadrant or 90 degrees.

COTA＇RIUS, barb. Lat. [old law] a tenant who held by a free soc­
cage tenure, and paid a stated rent in money or provisions, and some
occasional customary services.

To COTE, verb act. [this word, which I have found only in Chap­
man, seems to signify the same as to leave behind, to over-pass. John­
son]
Words her worth had prov＇d with deeds,
Had more ground been allow＇d the race,
And coted far his steeds. Chapman.

COTTERE＇LLUS, barb. Lat. [in old law] a servile tenant, that held
his land in meer villenage; his person, issue and goods being to be
disposed of at the pleasure of his lord.

COTERE＇LLI, barb. Lat. [in old records] straggling thieves and
plunderers, like the moss-troopers on the borders of Scotland.

COTE＇RIA, barb. Lat. a cottage or homestall.

COTHU＇RNUS [with the ancient tragedians] a buskin, a very high
shoe or kind of patten raised on cork soles worn by the actors, to make
them appear taller, and more like the heroes they represented, who
were generally esteemed giants.

CO＇TICE, or CO＇TISE [in heraldry] is the fourth part of a bend, and
with us is seldom, if ever, borne but in couples, with a bend between
them. This seems to have taken its name from coste, Fr. a side, being
as it were a bend upon the sides of the bend.

CO＇TLAND, or COTSE＇THLAND [coteland, Sax.] land held by a
cottager, land appendant to a cottage.

COTO＇NEA, Lat. [with botanists] the quince-tree.

COTOY＇E, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies cottifed.

COTRO＇NA, a city of the further Calabria, in the kingdom of Na­
ples, situated on the Mediterranean, about 15 miles south-east of St. Se­
verino. It is the see of a bishop.

CO＇TQUEAN [probably from coquin, Fr.] a man who busies himself
with womens affairs. This is commonly contracted cot. Shakespeare
uses it. A stateswoman is as ridiculous a creature as a cotquean: each
of the sexes should keep within its proper bounds. Addison.

COTSE＇THLA, barb. Lat. [in old records] a cotsettle, i. e. a little
mansion, to which a small farm belongs.

COTSE＇THLUS, barb. Lat. [in old records] a cottager, one who
holds a cottage, who was bound to work for his lord by a servile te­
nure.

To COTT, is said of men who are apt to intermeddle in women＇s
domestic affairs.

CO＇TTAGE [of cote, Sax. kot, Du. kaht, O. and L. Ger.] a little
house in the country, a hut, a cot, a mean habitation. Some cor­
ner of a poor cottage. Hooker.
Beneath our humble cottage let us haste,
And here unenvy＇d, rural dainties taste. Pope.

A COTTAGE in possession is better than a kingdom in reversion.
Engl. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Lat. Possessoris est
pars potior.

Love lives in COTTAGES as well as in courts. If by love, in the
proverb, be meant conjugal love, probably a great deal more: For
it don＇t meet with so much interruption and variety to divert it; nor
is it so often grounded upon interest, wealth, or favour.

CO＇TTAGER [from cottage] 1. One who dwells in a cottage. The
most ignorant Irish cottager will not sell his cow for a groat. Swift.
2. A cottager, in law, is one that lives on the common, without pay­
ing rent, and without any land of his own. Mere cottagers, which
are but housed beggars. Bacon.

CO＇TTEREL [in doomsday-book] a cottage.

CO＇TTON [cottwn, C. Br. coton, Fr. cotone, It. kottoen, Du. catun,
L. Ger. coctona, Lat.] 1. A woolly stuff contained in the fruit of the cot­
ton-tree. The flower consists of one leaf, and is of the expanded bell
shape; the pointal is changed into a roundish fruit, inclosing seeds, co­
vered over and wrapped within that soft ductile wool, commonly known
by the name of cotton. The species are five. There are several sorts
of cotton sold, which differ according to the countries from whence
they come, and the various preparations made of them. Cotton is
annually brought into these northern parts of Europe from Candia,
Lemnos, Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Naples, as also from between Je­
rusalem and Damascus. Miller. 2. A sort of cloth made of cotton.

To COTTON [probably of coaduno, Lat. or cotonner, Fr.] 1. To
rise with a nap, to agree with another; to succeed, to hit. Hat­
makers say it cottons well, when the wool or other materials work well
and imbody together. 2. To cement or unite with; a cant word. A
quarrel between you will end in one of you being turned off, in which
case it will not be easy to cotton with another. Swift.

CO＇TTUM, barb. Lat. [ancient deeds] cot-wool or dag wool, of
which were made cotta＇s, or a sort of blankets.

COTU＇CHAN [in doomsday-book] boors or husbandmen.

CO＇TUY, a town in the island of St. Domingo, remarkable formerly
for the gold mines in its neighbourhood.

CO＇TYLA, Lat. [with botanists] an herb, otherwise called penny­
wort, mother-wort, dog-kennel, may-weed, and coverfew.

COTY＇LÆ, or COTY＇LEDONES [in anatomy] certain glandules that
are in some creatures, but not in women; they are disposed up and
down the chorion, or outermost membranes, which cover the fœtus;
their use is to separate the nutricious juice from the womb, for the
nourishment of the fœtus. They are called cotyledones, from the re­
semblance they bear to the leaves of the herb called cotyla, or penny­
wort; also the gaping meetings of the veins in the womb.
As Vesalius calls them acetabula, I should rather trace their etymo­
logy to the word κοτολη [or cotyla] which the reader may consult un­
der the word COXENDIX. That elaborate anatomist represents them
to be certain foveæ, or hollow substances, which protuberate with
their lips into the cavity of the womb. Vesalii opera Ed. Boerhav. p.
647. By injecting, says Monroe, the umbilical vessels, which are
distributed to the CARUNCULÆ, we could colour and distend the
latter; but neither water, nor oterebinth, were subtile enough to pass
from thence into the uterus; and when separating the carunculæ from
the spungy bees-wax substance to which they hang, their threads [or
ends of the vessels] by which they are connected, and the CAVITIES
into which they are inserted, were visible enough: but no appearance
of any continuity of vessels, that, in his opinion, ＇tis here, as in the
lacteals and intestines, LIFE can convey fluids in a way, which no in­
jection can reach in a dead subject. See CHYLE.

COTY＇TTIA [κοτυτια, Gr.] a nocturnal festival celebrated in ho­
dour of Cotytto, the goddess of wantonness. It was celebrated by
the Grecians with such rites as were most acceptable to the goddess,
who was thought to be delighted with nothing so much as lewdness
and debauchery.

COVADI＇NA, a town of Italy, in the Venetian territories, upon the
banks of the Livenza. It is called, from its agreeable situation, the
garden of the republic.

To COUCH, verb neut. [coucher, Fr.] 1. To lie down on a place
of repose. As fortunate a bed as ever Beatrice shall couch upon.
Shakespeare. 2. To lie down on the knees, as a beast to rest. Fierce
tygers couch＇d around. Dryden. 3. To lie down in secret or ambush.
We＇ll couch i＇th＇ castle ditch, till we see the light of our fairies. Shakes­
peare. The earl of Angus couch＇d in a surrow, and was passed over
for dead. Hayward. 4. To lie in a bed, or in a stratum. Blessed
of the Lord be his land for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth
beneath. Deuteronomy. 5. To bend or bow down in fear, in pain or
respect. A strong ass couching down between two burdens. Genesis.
These couchings and these lowly curtesies. Shakespeare.

To COUCH, verb act. 1. To lay on a place of rest.
Where unbruis＇d youth with unstuff＇d brain,
Doth couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign. Shakespeare.
2. To lay down any thing in a bed or stratum. The waters couch
themselves as close as may be. Burnet＇s Theory. We couch malt a­
bout a foot thick. Mortimer. 3. To bed, to hide in another body.
It is at this day in use at Gaza to couch potsherds, to gather the wind
from the top. Bacon.

To COUCH [with writers, &c.] 1. To comprehend or comprise, to
involve, to include. That great argument for a future state, which
St. Paul hath couched in the words. Atterbury. 2. To include secretly,
to hide; with under. More lies couched under this allegory. L＇Estrange.
3. To lay close to another.
With brazen scales was arm＇d,
Like plated coat of steel, so couched near,
That nought might pierce. Spenser.

To COUCH [in chivalry] is to set a lance upon the rest, in the
posture of attack.
The knight gan fairly couch his steady spear,
And fiercely ran at him. Spenser.
Prick forth the airy knights, and couch their spears,
Till thickest legions close. Milton.

To COUCH [with oculists] to depress the film of a cataract or web
on the pupil of the eye. This is improperly called couching the eye,
for couching the cataract: with equal impropriety they sometimes
speak of couching the patient.
Some artist, whose nice hand
Couches the cataracts and clears his eyes,
And all at once a flood of glorious light
Comes rushing on. Dennis.

COUCH [couche, Fr.] 1. A sort of seat or moveable bed to lie
down on when dressed.
On their plumy vans received him soft
From his uneasy station, and upbore
As on a floating couch thro＇ the blithe air. Milton.
2. A bed, a place of repose.
Despair
Tended the busiest from couch to couch. Milton.
Watch round his couch, and soften his repose. Addison.
3. A layer, or stratum. This heap is called by malsters a couch, or bed
of raw malt. Mortimer.

COUCH [with painters] a lay or impression of colour, whether in
oil or water, wherewith the painter covers his canvas; or it is the
ground-bed or basis on which any colour lies.

COU＇CHANT [in heraldry] signifies lying down couching, or along,
but with the head lifted up; spoken of a beast so borne in an es­
cutcheon, and the holding up the head distinguishes a beast chouch­
ant from dormant. Not a lion rampant, but rather couchant or dor­
ment. Brown.
But with submission to Mr. Brown, the idea of sleep is remote
enough both from the etymology and proper import of this word; as ap­
pears from Milton＇s use of it in that noble simile, 







Then as a tyger, who by chance hath spy＇d
In some purlieu two gentle fawns at play,
Strait COUCHES close; then rising, changes oft
His COUCHANT watch ———
Paradise Lost, Book 4. l. 403, &c.

COUCHE＇ [in heraldry] denotes any thing lying about; as, a che­
vron couché signifies a chevron lying sideways, with the two ends on
one side of the shield, which should properly rest on the base.

COU＇CHED, part. of to couch [of courcher, Fr.] comprised or con­
cealed in.

COU＇CHEE, Fr. bed-time; the time of visiting late at night, not le­
vee. Levees and couches past without resort. Dryden.

COUCHER [from couch] he that couches or depresses cataracts.

COUCHER [old word] a factor residing in some foreign country
for traffic.

COUCHER [old statutes] a book in which a corporation, &c. re­
gister their acts.

COUCHER [with hunters] a setting-dog.

COU＇CHFELLOW [of couch, and fellow] a bedfellow, a companion.
Reprieves for you and your couchfellow Nim. Shakespeare.

COU＇CHGRASS, a weed. The couchgrass insensibly robs most plants.
Mortimer.

COU＇CHING [a hunting term] the lodging of a boar.

COU＇D for could.

COUDEE＇S, Fr. [in fortification] are lines that return back from the
end of the trenches, and run almost parallel with the place attacked.

COVE. 1. A small creek or bay. 2. A shelter, a cover.

CO＇VEING [in architecture] is a term used of houses that are built
projecting forth over the ground-plot, and that is turned with a qua­
drant of a circle (or semi-arch) of timber, which is lathed and plais­
tered, under which people may walk dry.

CO＇VENABLE, or CO＇NVENABLE [old law] convenient, suitable or fit.

CO＇VENANT [convenant, Fr. of conventum, Lat.] 1. A contract or
stipulation.
He makes a covenant never to destroy
The earth again by flood. Milton.
2. A bargain or agreement on certain terms, a compact. A covenant
is a mutual covenant betwixt God and man. Hammond. 3. A writ­
ing, containing the terms of agreement. I shall but lend my dia­
mond till you return; let there be covenants drawn between us.
Shakespeare.

COVENANT [with divines] a particular dispensation, whereby God
deals with mankind; as, the covenant of works under the Levitical
law, and that of grace under the gospel.

COVENANT [in common law] is the consent of several parties to
one thing, as to do or give somewhat.

COVENANT [in law] is that the law intends to be made, tho＇ it be
not expressed in words.

COVENANT [in fact] is that which is expressly agreed on between
the parties.

COVENANT, the name of a writ that lies for the breach of co­
venants.

The COVENANT, a particular agreement of the people of England,
made in the time of king Charles I, which was voted illegal and irreli­
gious, anno 1661.

COVENANT Personal, is where a man agrees with another to do him
some work or service.

COVENANT Real, is that by which a man obliges or ties himself to
pass a thing that is real, as lands or tenements, to levy a fine, &c.

To CO＇VENANT [convenir, Fr. convenio, Lat.] 1. To bargain, to
stipulate; having with or between. His lord used to covenant with
him. Spenser. Jupiter covenanted with him that it should be hot or
cold, as the tenant should direct. L＇Estrange. 2. To make a cove­
nant or agreement with another on certain terms; having for. They
covenanted with him for thirty pieces of silver. St. Matthew. For­
got to covenant for youth and prime. Garth.

COVENANTEE＇ [from covenant] a party to a covenant, one that
bargains or stipulates. Ayliffe uses it.

COVENA＇NTER [from covenant] one who took the presbyterian co­
venant during the time of the civil wars. A word then introduced.
It is used in the Oxford reasons.

COVE＇NOUS [from covin] fraudulent, collusive. Inordinate and co­
venous leases of lands holden in chief for hundreds or thousands of
years. Bacon.

CO＇VENT, or CO＇NVENT [conventus, Lat.] a monastery or religious
house. Fr.

COVENT [in law] the society or members of an abbey or
priory.

CO＇VENTRY, a city of Warwickshire, almost in the centre of the
kingdom, 90 miles from London. Joined with Litchfield it is a bi­
shopric, and had formerly the honour of being such itself. Here was
a rich convent, destroyed by the Danes, in 1016, from which the
city is supposed to have its name. It gives title of earl to the noble
family of Coventry, and sends two members to parliament.

COVENTRY Bells [with florists] a kind of flower.

To CO＇VER [couvir, Fr. coprire, It. cubrir, Sp. and Port.] 1. To
overspread any thing with something else. Bid them cover the table.
Shakespeare. 2. To conceal under something laid over. Cover my
retreat from human race. Dryden. 3. To hide by superficial appear­
ances, to overwhelm, to bury. Raillery and wit serve only to
cover nonsense with shame. Watts. 5. To shelter, to conceal from in­
jury or harm. Charity shall cover a multitude of sins. 1 Peter. 6. To
incubate, to brood. Whilst the hen is covering her eggs, the male
takes his stand upon a neighbouring bough. Addison. 7. To copu­
late with a female. 8. To wear the hat as a mark of superiority.
Cover＇d in the presence of that king. Dryden.

He COVERS me with his wings, and bites me with his bill.
That is, he shews me some favour, that he may have the better op­
portunity of oppressing me in the conclusion.

COVER [from the verb] 1. Any thing laid over another. The se­
cundine is but a general cover. Bacon. 2. A concealment, a screen,
under which something is hid. The pretence of the spleen, is a
handsome cover for imperfections. Collier. 3. Shelter, defence.
His army was under cover. Clarendon.

CO＇VERING, subst. [from cover] vesture, anything spread over an­
other.
A royal bed
With cov＇rings of Sidonian purple spread. Dryden.

CO＇VERLET, or CO＇VERLID [prob. of couvre-lit, Fr.] a covering
for a bed, the outermost of the bed-cloths.
Odoured sheets, and arras coverlets. Spenser.
The genial bed,
Which with no costly coverlet they spread. Dryden.

CO-VE＇RSED Sine [in geometry] is the remaining part of the diame­
ter of a circle, after the versed sine is taken from it.

CO＇VERSHAME [of cover and shame] some appearance to slave or
cover infamy. Does he put on holy garments for a covershame of
lewdness? Dryden.

CO＇VERT, subst. [couvert, Fr. coverte, It.] 1. A shelter, a defence.
A place of of refuge and covert from storm. Isaiah.
Laid him down
Under the hospitable covert nigh,
Of trees thick interwoven. Milton.
2. An umbrage, thicket, or shady place; a hiding place. The deer
is lodg＇d. I＇ve trac＇d her to her covert. Addison.

COVERT, adj. [couvert, Fr.] 1. Sheltered, not open. A covert
alley. Bacon.
Together let us beat this ample field,
Try what the open, what the covert yield. Pope.
2. Secret, private, insiduous.
Open war or covert guile. Milton.

COVERT Baron [in law] 1. The state of a woman who is sheltered
by marriage. Instead of her being under covert baron, to be under
covert feme myself. Dryden. 2. Under the power and protection of
a husband.

CO＇VERT [among hunters] a thicket or shady place for deer or other
beasts; a shelter or hiding-place.

COVERT Way [in fortification] a space of ground level with the
field, on the edge of the ditch, having a parapet or breast-work with
its banquet and glacis ranging quite round the half moons and other
works towards the country.

CO＇VERTLY [from cover] secretly, with privacy. Lay lurking co­
covertly him to surprize. Spenser. Persius covertly strikes at Nero.
Dryden.

CO＇VERTNESS [of covert] hiddenness, privacy.

CO＇VERTURE [couverture, Fr. covertura, It.] a cover, or any thing
that covers; a shelter, not exposure. The shade or other coverture
they take liking. Bacon.
Saw their shame that sought
Vain covertures. Milton.

COVERTURE [in law] the state and condition of a married woman,
who, by the laws of England, is under covert baron, i. e. under the
power and protection of her husband, and therefore is disabled to act
or make any bargain without his consent or privity. The coverture
of queen Mary. Bacon.

To CO＇VET, verb act. [cupio, Lat. hence probably convoiter, Fr.]
1. To desire earnestly. Covet earnestly the best gifts. 1 Corinthians.
2. To desire inordinately. To covet honour. Shakespeare. Covet
lazy limbs and mortal breath. Dryden.

To COVET, verb neut. to lust after, to have a vehement desire. The
love of money is the root of all evil, which while some coveted after,
they have erred. 1. Tim.
All COVET all lose.
Fr. Qui trop embrasse, mal étreint (He who undertakes too much,
succeeds ill) Or, as we say: He who has too many irons in the fire
must let some of them burn. The Lat. say: Duos insequens lepores neu­
trum capit (He who hunts two hares, catches neither.) Gr. Ο δυο
πτωκαϕ διωκων ουδετερον καταλαμβανει. Erasmus. The Scots say: You
take more in your mouth than your cheeks can hold. All spoken of those
who take more business upon them, than they can well manage; or,
who, by griping at too much (like Æsop＇s dog in the fable) quit the
substance to catch at the shadow. The It. say as the Fr. Chi troppo
abbraccia, nulla stringe.

CO＇VETATLE [from covet] that which is to be wished for, or may
be coveted.

CO＇VETISE [couvoitise, Fr.] avarice, covetousness of money.
Whose need had end, but no end covetise. Spenser.

CO＇VETOUS [convoitcux, Fr. cobicoso, Port. cupidus, Lat.] 1. Inor­
dinately desirous.
The cruel nation covetous of prey. Dryden.
2. Very desirous, eager, in a good sense. Covetous of wisdom and
fair virtue. Shakespeare. He is not covetous of the virtue, but of its
reward. Taylor. 3. Stingy, niggardly, close-fisted, griping, avari­
cious, inordinately desirous of money. Exercised with covetous prac­
tices. 2 Peter.

The COVETOUS man, like a dog in a wheel, roasts meat for others.
That is, he toils to raise an estate for other people to enjoy the fruits
of. And as the dog is obliged for all his labour to be content with
the fight and the smell, and perhaps has a good basting into the bar­
gain, so the covetous man, when he is once become a slave to this
forded vice, is thereby forced to put up with the chink and fight of
his money, and is generally ill used in his life-time, and reviled when
dead by those he is a slave for.

CO＇VETOUSLY [from covetous] fordidly, with avarice, eagerly.
Shakespeare uses it.

CO＇VETOUSNESS [from covetous] an eager desire of money, &c.
avarice. Covetousness debaseth a man＇s spirit. Tillotson.

COVETOUSNESS is the root of all evil. H. Ger. Der geitz ist eine
wurtzel alles ubels.
Daily experience gives us so many and so very different instances of
the truth of this general aphorism, that it would be superfluous to enu­
merate them.

To COUGH, verb neut. [kuchen, Du.] to make a certain noise by
reason of the obstruction of the lungs. Endeavouring to expectorate
the peccant matter. To have the lungs convulsed. If any humour
be discharged upon the lungs, they have a faculty of clearing them­
selves and casting it up by coughing. Ray.
I cough like Horace, and tho＇ lean, am short. Pepe.

To COUGH, verb act. to throw up any thing by cough. It must be
coughed up, and spit out. Wiseman.








A COUGH [kuch, Du.] a disease, an obstruction of the lungs, a
convulsion of them, when they are irritated by some sharp serum. It is
pronounced coff.
Rattling coughs his heaving vessels tore. Smith.

A dry COUGH is the trumpeter of death.

CO＇UGHER [from cough] one that coughs.

CO＇VEY [couvée, Fr.] 1. A brood, an old bird with her young.
2. A number of birds together. Covey of partridges. Addison. Spring­
ing a covey of toasts. Addison.

CO＇VIN, or COVINE [in law] is a deceitful agreement between two
or more persons to the prejudice of another.

CO＇VING Cornish [in architecture] a cornish which has a great case­
ment or hollow in it.

COUL [prob. of cole, Sax.] a tub or vessel with ears, to be carried
on a stick between two persons.

To COUL [with archers] is to cut the feather of a shaft high or
low.

COULD [the imperf. of can] was able, had power. See CAN.
What if he did not all the ill he could? Dryden.

COU＇LTER [coutre, Fr. of culter, Lat.] 1. The sharp iron of the plough
that cuts the ground, and is perpendicular to the ploughshare. The
coulter long, and very little bending. Mortimer. 2. Figuratively,
learning. Literature is the grindstone to sharpen the coulters, to whet
their faculties. Hammond.

COU＇NCIL [concile, Fr. concilìo, It. conséjo, Sp. concilium, Lat.] 1.
A general assembly of the chief persons of a nation, met together to
confer about affairs of state. The chief priests and all the council. St.
Matthew. The camp and the council table. Addison. 2. A general
assembly of the clergy, of a nation or particular province, to delibe­
rate upon religion. Synods or councils. Watts. 3. Persons called
together to give advice on any affair or occasion. They being thus
assembled are a council to the king, the great council of the king­
dom, to advise his majesty. Bacon. 4. The body of privy counsel­
lors.
Without the knowledge
Either of king or council. Shakespeare.
5. An assembly of the members of Gray＇s-Inn.

COUNCIL [in church history] is a synod or assembly of prelates and
doctors met for the regulation of matters relating to the doctrine or dis­
cipline of the church.

A Provincial COUNCIL, is an assembly of the prelates of a province,
under the metropolitan.

A National COUNCIL, is an assembly of the prelates of a nation, un­
der their primate or patriarch.

An Oecumenical COUNCIL, or A General COUNCIL, is an assembly
of all the prelates in Christendom; or rather of, comparatively speak­
ing, a mere handful, which, by a bold figure of speech, our lexico­
grapher has here complimented with the name of the WHOLE; how­
ever, as they are supposed to have been summoned by the Roman em­
peror from various parts of his dominions, this will account for the
appellation. The world œcumene [or habitable world] frequently
signifying the Roman empire, and, consequently, an œcumenical
council is, in strictness of speech, a council belonging to it. But what
judgment shall we pass on that remark which the late author of the
history of the popes has made on this head? who, speaking of the
second council of Ephesus, observes, that “Facundus, an African
bishop, who flourished in the time of Justinian, alledges this council,
and that of Rimini, to shew that there is no depending on the defini­
tions of councils, when the bishops, who compose them are not FREE,
but AWED, either by the princes, or their own brethren.” And then adds
this reflection [the result of his own elaborate enquiry into church­
history] “There are but very few, if ANY, œcumenical councils,
whose definitions can, by this rule, be depended on. Bower＇s hist. of the
popes, vol. 2. p. 47, 48. See CREED.

A COUNCIL of War, is an assembly of the principal officers of
on army, or fleet, occasionally called by the general or admiral;
to consider of the present state of things, and concert measures
for their conduct, with respect to sieges, retreats, engagements,
&c.

Common COUNCIL, an assembly of a select number of principal citi­
zens, chosen out of every ward, to manage the public affairs of the city
within their several precincts, and to act in concert with the lord­
mayor and court of aldermen.

Common COUNCIL-Man, a member of the aforesaid assembly.

COUNCIL, or COUNSEL [in law] a counsellor or advocate, one
who pleads for his client at the bar of a court of justice.

COUNCIL-Board [of council and board] a table where matters of
state are deliberated, a council-table. Ship-money was transacted at
the council-board. Clarendon.

COU＇NSEL [conseil, Fr. consiglio, It. consejo, Sp. conselho, Port. con­
silium, Lat.] 1. Advice, direction. The best counsel he could give
him. Clarendon. 2. Consultation, interchange of opinions.
I hold as little counsel with weak fear
As you. Shakespeare.
3. Deliberation, examination of consequences. In the working of
the first cause, counsel is used, reason followed. Hayward. 4. Pru­
dence, art. There is no wisdom, nor understanding, nor counsel,
against the Lord. Prov. 5. Secrecy, the secrets entrusted in consul­
tations. The players cannot keep counsel, they＇ll tell all. Shakespeare.
6. Scheme, design. The counsel of the Lord standeth. Psalms. 7.
Pleaders of a cause; counsellors. This only seems an abreviature
usual in conversation. The advocates and counsel that plead. Ba­
con.
What says my counsel learned in the law? Pope.
To take COUNSEL with one＇s pillow.
Lat. In nocte consilium. Fr. La nuit porte conseil. Germ. Kommt tag
kommt raht. We ought to take time for consideration and advice
before we engage in any thing of importance, that we mayn＇t have oc­
casion in the sequel to repent our rash resolution.

To COUNSEL [conseiller, Fr. consigliare, It. aconséjar, Sp. aconselhar,
Port. consulo, Lat.] 1. To advise or give counsel to any person.
Heavenly thoughts still counsel her? Shakespeare.
2. To advise any thing. The less his counsel＇d crime which brands
the Grecian name. Dryden.

COU＇NSELABLE adj. [from counsel] willing to receive and follow the
advice and opinion of others. Few of so great parts were more coun­
selable than he. Clarendon.

COU＇NSELLOR [from counsel] 1. One that gives advice, an ad­
viser. His master was his counsellor. 2 Chron. 2. Confident bosom
friend.
With such old counsellors they did advise,
And by frequenting sacred groves grew wise. Waller.
3. One whose province is to deliberate upon affairs. The ordinary
sort of counsellors are such as the king, out of a due consideration of
their worth, abilities, and fidelity, calleth to be of council with him in
his ordinary government. Bacon. 4. A person well skilled in the
law, who is consulted on weighty matters, or takes upon him to plead
the cause of his client.

He that won＇t be COU＇NSEL＇D, can＇t be help＇d. Spoken when an ob­
stinate man rejects good advice when it is given him. Lat. Vis con­
silii expers mole ruit sua.

Privy COUNSELLOR, a counsellor of state, one of his majesty＇s most
honourable privy council.

COU＇NSELLORSHIP [of counsellor] the office or rank of a privy
counsellor. Bacon uses it.

COUNT [comes, Lat. whence probably comte, Fr. conte, It. conde,
Sp. and Port.] a foreign earl.

COUNT 1. Number.
By my count,
I was your mother much upon these years. Shakespeare.
2. Reckoning.
There is a change upon you——
Well, I know not
What counts hard fortune casts upon my face. Shakespeare.
3. [In law] the original declaration in a process, chiefly in real ac­
tions; as declaration is more properly applied to personal ones.

To COUNT verb act. [conter, or compter, Fr. contàr, Sp. and Port.
probably of computo, Lat.] 1. To number, to tell. I can count every
one. Shakespeare. 2. To preserve a reckoning. Some in America
counted their years by the coming of certain birds. Locke. 3. To reck­
on, to place to an account. The ploughman＇s pains is to be counted
into the bread we eat. Locke. 4. To account or esteem, to consider
under a certain character, good or evil. We count it to have some
use of natural reason. Hooker. 5. To impute, to charge to.
All th＇ impossibilities which poets
Count to extravagance of loose description,
Shall sooner be. Rowe.

To COUNT, verb neut. to found an account or scheme; with upon.
I think it a great error to count upon the genius of a nation as a standing
argument in all ages. Swift.

COUNT Wheel [of a clock] a wheel which, in the striking part,
moves round in 12 or 24 hours, and is also called the locking wheel,
because it has commonly two notches in it set at unequal distances
one from another, in order to make the clock strike 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, &c.

COUNTEE＇ [old law] a count or earl, which before the time of
William the Conqueror was the highest title next to a duke. The coun­
tee had the charge of the county, and is now succeeded in that office
by the sheriff.

COU＇NTENANCE [contenance, Fr.] 1. The form of the face, system
of the features. Countenance calm, and soul sedate. Dryden. 2. Vi­
sage, air of the face, look.
Thou shalt not see me blush,
Or change my countenance, for this arrest. Shakespeare.
3. Calmness of look, composure of face. Ev＇n kept her countenance.
Dryden. 4. Aspect of assurance, confidence of mein. Their best
friends were out of countenance. Clarendon. 5. Affection, or ill-will,
as appearing on the face.
The king hath on him such a countenance,
As he had lost some province. Shakespeare.
5. Encouragement, protection, or support, appearance on any side.
The public allowance and countenance of authority. Hooker. To
give countenance to piety. Atterbury. 7. Superficial appearance.
The election being done, he made countenance of great discontent
thereat. Ascham.

COU＇NTENANCE [in law] estimation, credit.

To COU＇NTENANCE, verb act. [contenancer, Fr.] 1. To patronize,
to vindicate. This conceit countenanced by learned men. Brown.
2. To make a shew of.
Each to these ladies love did countenance,
And to his mistress each himself strove to advance. Spenser.
3. To act suitably to any thing,
Walk like sprights,
To countenance this horror. Shakespeare.
4. To favour, to encourage, to abet, to appear in defence. He did
countenance the landing in his long-boat. Wotton.

CO＇UNTENANCER [from countenance] one that countenances or sup­
ports another.

CO＇UNTER [contoir, subst. Fr.] 1. A counting board in a shop, where
goods are viewed, and money told. Behind his counter selling broad­
cloth, Arbuthnot. 2. A piece of round stampt brass to account with,
a false piece of money. These half-pence are no better than counters.
Swift. 3. Money, in contempt.
Marcus Brutus grows so covetous
To lock such counters for his friends;
Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts
Dash him to pieces. Shakespeare.
4. The name of two prisons in the city of London.

COUNTER [of a horse] is that part of the fore-hand of a horse,
that lies between the shoulder and under the neck.

COUNTER marked [with horsemen] is when the teeth of a horse
are made hollow artificially, by a graver, in imitation of the eye
of a bean, in order to make the horse appear not to be above six
years old.

COUNTER Time [with horsemen] is the defence or resistance
of a horse, that interrupts his cadence and the measures of his ma­
nage.








COUNTER Bond, a bond to save a person harmless, who has given a
bond to another.

COUNTER Change [contre change, Fr. contra-cambio, Ital.] 1. Re­
ciprocation of action, reciprocal exchange in general.
She, like harmless lightning, throws her eyes
On him, her brothers, me, her master, killing
Each object with a joy; the counter-change
Is severally in all. Shakespeare.
2. A mutual exchange between two parties by agreement or contract.

To COU＇NTER-Change, to give and receive.

COUNTER Changed [in heraldry] is when there is mutual changing
of the colours of the field and charge in an escutcheon, by one or more
lines of partition.

COUNTER Charge [in law] is a charge brought against an accuser.

COUNTER Charm [of counter and charm] a charm to hinder the
force of another, that by which a charm is dissolved.
Now touch＇d by counter-charms they change again. Pope.

To COUNTER Charm [from counter and charm] to destroy the ef­
fect of an enchantment. Like a spell it was to keep us invulnerable,
and so counter-charm all our crimes, that they should only be active to
please, not hurt us. Decay of Piety.

To COUNTER Check [of counter and check] to stop with sudden op­
position.

COUNTER Check [from the verb] a censure made upon a reprover,
a stop, a rebuke. If again I said his beard was not well cut, he
would say I lye: this is called the counter-check quarrelsome. Shake­
speare.

COUNTER Cunning, subtlety used by the adverse party.

COUNTER Evidence [of counter and evidence] testimony by which
the deposition of some former witness is opposed. Sense detects its
more palpable deceits by a counter-evidence. Glanville.

COUNTER Light [with architects] a light opposite to any thing,
which makes it appear to a disadvantage.

COUNTER Distinction, a distinction with respect to the opposite side.

COUNTER Mark [of counter and mark] 1. A second or third mark
put upon a bale of goods belonging to several merchants, that it may
not be opened but in the presence of them all. 2. The mark of the
goldsmith＇s company, to shew that the metal is standard, added to that
of the artificer. 3. An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses,
that have outgrown their natural mark, to disguise their age. 4.
Counter-mark of a medal, is a mark added to it a considerable time after
it had been struck, by which the curious know the several changes in
value which they have undergone.

COUNTER Battery [contre batterie, Fr. contra batterio, It. contra
bateria, Sp.] a battery raised to play upon another battery.

COUNTER Breast-work, is the same with false-bray.

COUNTER Approaches [in military affairs] are certain lines or
trenches carried on by the besiegers, when they come out to hinder
the approaches of the enemy, and to attack them in form.

COUNTER Proof [with rolling-press printers] a print taken from
another just printed, which passed thro＇ the press and gives the figure
inverted.

To COUNTER-Draw [with painters] is to copy a design by the
help of an oiled paper, or any transparent matter, by tracing the strokes
appearing through with a pencil.

To COUNTER Prove [at the rolling-press] is to pass a design, in black
lead or red chalk, thro＇ the press, after they have first moistened
with a spunge both that and the paper on which the counter-proof is
to be taken.

COUNTERS [in a ship] are either upper or lower. The upper is
that which reaches from the gallery to the lower part of the strait
piece of the stern; the lower is that hollow part of the ship＇s stern
which resembles an arch, and lies between the transum and the lower
part of the gallery.

COUNTERS, or COU＇NTORS, anciently called serjeant counters; such
serjeants at law as were retained to defend the cause of their clients,
as advocates.

COUNTER, adv. [contre, Fr. contra, Lat.] 1. Contrary to, in op­
position. He thinks it brave to signalize himself in running counter
to all the rules of virtue. Locke. 2. The wrong way,
How chearfully on the false trial they cry
Oh this is counter, you false Danish dogs. Shakespeare.
3. Contrary ways. A man whom I cannot deny may oblige me to
use persuasions to another, which at the same time I may wish may
not prevail on him: in this case the will and the desire run counter.
Locke. 4. In a sense of opposition or contrariety, it is frequently
used in composition of English words; though it is sometimes used
by itself.

To COU＇NTER-ACT [of counter and act] to hinder a thing from
producing its effect by contrary agency. We can find no princi­
ple strong enough to counter-act that principle, and relieve him.
South.

To COUNTER-Balance [contre balancer, Fr.] to weigh one thing
against another, to act against with an opposite weight. The re­
maining air was not able to counter-balance the mercurial cylinder. Boyle.

COUNTER-Balance [from the verb] opposite weight, equivalent
power. Money is the counter-balance to all things purchaseable
by it, and lying in the opposite scale of commerce. Locke.

To COU＇NTERBUFF [of counter and buff] 1. To impel in a direc­
tion opposite to the former impulse, to strike back.
The giddy ship betwixt the winds and tides,
Forc＇d back and forwards, in a circle rides,
Stun＇d with the diff＇rent blows; then shoots amain,
Till counterbuff＇d, the stops and sleeps again. Dryden.

COUNTERBUFF [from the verb] a blow in a contrary direction.
Go, captain Stub, lead on and show
What house you come of, by the blow
You give Sir Quintin, and the cuff
You ＇scape o＇th＇ sandbags counterbuff. Ben Johnson.

CO＇UNTERCASTER [of counter, a false piece of money, and cast]
a word of contempt for an accountant, a book-keeper, a reckoner.
I, of whom his eyes had seen the proof,
At Rhodes, at Cyprus, must be let and calm＇d
By debtor and creditor, this countercaster. Shakespeare.

COUNTER Chevroned [in heraldry] a shield chevronny, or parted by
some line of partition.

COUNTER Componed, COUNTER Compone, or COUNTER Compony
[contre-componé, Fr. in heraldry] is when a border is compounded of
two ranks of panes, or rows of checkers of different colours set
checkerwise.

To COU＇NTERFEIT [contrefaire, Fr. contraffare, It.] 1. To imi­
tate, to copy, to resemble. To counterfeit is to put on the likeness
and appearance of some real excellency. Tillotson. 2. To copy, with
an intent to pass the copy for an original. To counterfeit and personate
the second son of Edward IV. Bacon. 3. To forge, to feign, to dis­
guise.

COUNTERFEIT, adj. [from the verb, contrefait, Fr. contraffatto, It.
of contra and factus, Lat.] 1. Imitated from another, with intent to
pass it for the original, feigned. 2. Forged, fictitious. To be made
with the greater care, lest we take counterfeit for true. Locke. 3. False,
deceitful, hypocritical. True friends appear less mov＇d than counter­
feit. Roscommon.

A COUNTERFEIT, subst. 1. One who personates another, an impostor,
a cheat. I am no counterfeit; to die is to be a counterfeit; for he is
but the counterfeit of a man, who hath not the life of a man. Shake­
speare. 2. Something that imitates another, intended to pass for that
which it resembles, a forgery. There would be no counterfeits, but
for the sake of something that is real. Tillotson.

COU＇NTERFEITER [from counterfeit] a forger, he who contrives
copies to pass for originals. The coin was corrupted by counterfeiters.
Camden.

COU＇NTERFEITLY [from counterfeit] in a feigned manner, falsely.
I will practise the insinuating nod, and be off to them most counterfeitly.
Shakespeare.

COUNTERFE＇RMENT [of counter and ferment] a ferment contrary to
another ferment. What unnatural motions and counterferments must a
medley of intemperance produce in the body! Addison.

COUNTERFE＇SANCE [contrefaisance, Fr.] 1. The act of counterfeit­
ing, forgery. It is now obsolete.
His man Reynold, with fine counterfesance,
Supports his credit and his countenance. Spenser.

COU＇NTERFORTS [of counter and fort] butresses spurs or pillars,
serving to support walls or terrasses subject to bulge or be thrown
down.

COUNTER Soil, or COUNTER Stock, that part of a tally that is struck
in the exchequer, which is kept in the custody of an officer of that
court; the other being delivered to the person who has lent the king
money upon that account, and is called the stock.

COUNTER Forts [in fortification] are certain pillars and parts of the
walls of a place, distant by 15 or 20 feet one from another, which ad­
vance as much as possible in the ground, and are joined by vaults to
the height of the cordon. Their use is to support the way of the rounds
and part of the rampart; and also to fortify the wall and strengthen
the ground.

COUNTER-Fuge [in music] is when the fuges proceed contrary to
one another.

COUNTER Barry [in heraldry] is used by the French for what we
call bendy sinister per bend counterchanged.

COUNTER Pointed [in heraldry] is when two chevrons in one escut­
cheon meet in the points.

COUNTER Quartered [in heraldry] denotes the escutcheon being
quartered, to have each quarter again divided into two.

COUNTER Guards [in fortification] large heaps of earth in form of
parapets, raised above the moat, before the faces and points of a ba­
stion, to preserve them or to cover some other body of the place.

COUNTER-Lath [with builders] a lath that is laid in length between
the rafters.

To COUNTERMA＇ND [contremander, Fr. contrammandare, It. contra­
mandàr, Sp. of contra and mando, Lat.] 1. To forbid, to contradict
former orders, to repeal a command. In states notoriously irreligious,
a secret and irresistible power countermands their deepest projects.
South. 2. To oppose, to contradict the orders of another. For us to
alter any thing, is to lift up ourselves against God, and as it were to
countermand him. Hooker.

COUNTERMAND [contremandement, Fr. contrammandato, It. of con­
tra and mandatum, Lat.] a recalling a former command.
Have you no countermand for Claudio yet,
But he must die to-morrow? Shakespeare.

COUNTERMAND [in law] is where a thing formerly executed, is
afterwards, by some act, &c. made void by the party that first did it.

To COUNTERMA＇RCH [of counter and march] to march backward,
to march in indirect ways.

COUNTERMARCH [contremarche, Fr. contramarcia, I. contramár­
cha, Sp.] 1. Retrocession, march in a different direction from the for­
mer. An infinite number of things placed in order in the memory,
notwithstanding the tumults, marches and countermarches of the animal
spirits. Collier. 2. Change of measures, alteration of conduct. They
make him go forward and backwards by such countermarches and re­
tractions. Burnet. 3. (In military discipline) a manner of drawing
up soldiers so as to change the face on the wings of a battalion; thus
files countermarch to bring those that are in the front to the rear.

COUNTER-MINE [contremine, Fr. contrammina, It. contramina, Sp.]
1. In fortification, a well or passage under ground, which is made by the
besieged, in search of the besiegers mine, to give it air, to take away
the powder, or to hinder the effect of it by any other mine. They mined
the walls, laid the powder, ram＇d the mouths, but the citizens made a
counter-mine. Hayward. 2. Means of opposition, means of counteraction.
He thinking himself contemned, knowing no counter-mine against con­
tempt but terror, began to let nothing pass without sharp punishment.
Sidney. 3. A stratagem whereby a contrivance is defeated. The mat­
ter being brought to a trial of skill, the counter-mine was only an act of
self-preservation. L＇Estrange.

To COUNTER-MINE [contreminer, Fr. contramminare, It. contraminàr,
Sp.] 1. To sink mines 2. By secret measures to prevent or hinder the
design of another person from taking effect, to counter-work. Thus
infallibly it must be, if God do not miraculously counter-mine us, and
do more for us than we can do for ourselves. Decay of Piety.

COUNTER-MOTION [of counter and motion] opposition of motion.
Resistance is a counter-motion. Digby.

COUNTER-MURE [contre-mure, Fr.] a wall or bank raised over­
against or opposite to another, to supply its place. The great shot fly­






ing through the breach, did beat down houses, but the counter-mure,
new built against the breach, it seldom touched. Knolles.

COUNTER-NATURAL [of counter and natural] contrary to nature.
A consumption is a counter-natural hectic extenuation of the body.
Harvey.

COUNTER-NOISE [of counter and noise] a sound by which any other
noise is over-powered. They endeavoured by a constant succession of
sensual delights, to charm and lull asleep, or by a counter-noise of revel­
lings to drown the softer whispers of their conscience. Calamy.

COUNTER-OPENING [of counter and opening] a vent on the opposite
side. Sharp uses it.

COUNTER-PACE [of counter and pace] contrary measure, an attempt
in opposition to any scheme. When the least counter-paces are made to
these resolutions, it will be time enough for our malecontents. Swift.

COUNTER-PART, any part that answers to another, any part that
fits to another. (In law) the duplicate or copy of any instrument,
deed, or indenture, that one copy may be kept by one party, and the
other by the other. In some things the laws of Normandy agree with
the laws of England, so that they seem to be copies or counter-parts one
of another. Hale. The two different plots look like counter-parts and
copies one of another. Addison. N. B. The counter-part of a compa­
rison or simile is that circumstance belonging to the subject compared,
which answers to it. “The counter-part in the allegory [i. e. of the
good GENIUS and his Code] may intend that we are also born reasona­
ble, and furnished with principles for right conduct and HAPPINESS” The
Table of CEBES, or Picture of Human Life in English Verse, with
NOTES.

COUNTER-PART [contrepartie, Fr. contraparte, It. in music] signi­
fies only that one part is opposite to another, as the base is said to be
the counter-part of the treble.

COUNTER-PANE, COUNTER-PAIN, or COUNTER-POINT [contre­
pointe, Fr.] a coverlet for a bed, or any thing else woven in squares.
It is sometimes written according to the etymology.
In ivory coffers I have stuff＇d my crowns,
In cypress chests my arras counter-panes. Shakespeare.

COUNTER-PASSANT [in heraldry] is said when there are two lions
or other beasts on the same escutcheon, the one passing or walking one
way, and the other another, so that they look the direct opposite
ways.

COUNTER-TRENCH [in fortification] a trench made against the be­
siegers, and which of consequence has its parapet turned towards
them.

COUNTER-CAGE [of counter and gage; in carpentry] a method
used in measuring the joints, by transferring the breadth of a mortoise
to the place in the timber, where the tenon is to be, in order to make
them fit together.

COUNTER-PLEA [in common law] a replication, a cross or contrary
plea, particularly such as the demandant alledges against a tenant in
courtesy or dower, who prays the king＇s aid, &c. for his defence,
&c.

To COUNTER-PLOT [of counter and plot] to oppose one plot or ar­
tifice by another.

COUNTER-PLOT [from the verb] a plot contrived to overthrow ano­
ther plot; a sham-plot; a fetch or wile against another. The wolf that
had a plot upon the kid, was confounded by a counter-plot of the kid＇s
upon the wolf. L＇Estrange.

COUNTER-POINT [contrepoint, Fr. contrappunto, It. in music] is the
old way of composing parts by setting points or pricks one against ano­
ther, to express the several concords, the length or measure of which,
was according to the words or syllables to which they are applied.

COUNTER-POINT. See COUNTER-PANE.

COUNTER-VALLATION [in fortification] a counter-line or ditch,
made round a place besieged, to prevent the sallies and excursions of
the garrison.

To COUNTER-POISE [contrepeser, Fr. contrappesare, It. contrapesèr,
Sp.] 1. To counter-balance, to act against with equal weight. Weights
counter-poising one another. Digby. 2. To produce a contrary action
by an equal weight. The heaviness must be counter-pois＇d by a plum­
met. Wilkins. 3. To act with equal force against a person or cause.
Freeholders of English will be able to beard and counter-poise the rest.
Spenser.

COUNTER-POISE [contrepoids, Fr. contrappeso, It. contrapéso, Sp.]
1. An equal force in the opposite scale of the balance, equipon­
derance. Fastening that to our balance, we put a metalline counter­
poise into the opposite scale. Boyle. 2. As when one thing is weighed
against another, the state of being placed in the opposite scale of a ba­
lance.
Th＇ eternal hung forth his golden scales,
Wherein all things created first he weigh＇d,
The pendulous round earth with balanc＇d air
In counter-poise. Milton.
3. Equivalence of force or power. The second nobles are a counter­
poise to the higher nobility. Bacon.

COUNTER-POISE [with horsemen] is the balance of the body, or
the liberty of the action and seat of a horseman, acquired by practising
in the manage, so that in all the motions the horse makes, the horse­
man does not incline his body more to one side than the other, but
continues in the middle of the saddle, bearing equally on the stirrups,
in order to give the horse the seasonable and proper aids.

COUNTER-Poison [contrepoison, Fr.] an antidote to stop or prevent
the effects of poison. Counter-poisons must be adapted to the cause. Ar­
buthnot.

COUNTER-PRESSURE [of counter and pressure] a pressure or pressing
against or on the contrary side, power acting in a contrary direction.
Direct their course,
That so the counter-pressure every way,
Of equal vigour might their motions stay,
And by a steddy poise the whole in quiet lay. Blackmore.

COUNTER-PROJECT [of counter and project] the correspondent part
of a scheme. The obligation not to enter into a treaty of peace with
France, until the entire monarchy of Spain were yielded as a preli­
minary, was struck out of the counter-project by the Dutch. Swift.

To COUNTER-ROL [of counter and roll] it is now generally written as
it is spoken, control] to preserve the power of detecting frauds by a
counter account.

COUNTER-ROLMENT [from counter-rol] a counter account, control­
ment. This present manner of exercising this office, hath so many
in terchangeable warrants and controlments, whereof each running
through the hands of so many, is sufficient to argue and convince all
manner of falshood. Bacon.

COUNTER-ROLL [in law] a counter-part of the copy of the rolls, re­
lating to appeals, inquests, &c.

COUNTER-ROUND [a military term] a certain number of officers,
going to visit the rounds or the sentinels.

COUNTER Salient [in heraldry] is when two beasts are borne in a
coat of arms in a posture leaping from each other directly the contrary
way.

COUNTERSCARP [contrescarp, Fr. contrescarpa, It. contraescarpa, Sp.
in fortification] is properly that outside or slope of the moat which is
next the campaign, and faces the body of the place; also the covert
way, with its glacis or slope and parapet.

COUNTER-SCUFFLE, a falling out of friends one with another;
also a scuffle among prisoners in the counter.

COUNTER-SECURITY [in law] security given to a party, who has
entered into bonds or other obligations for another.

To COUNTER-SIGN, to sign an order of a superior in quality of a
secretary, to render the thing more authentic. Thus charters are
signed by the king and counter-signed by a secretary of state or the lord
chancellor.

COUNTER-SO＇PHISTER, a disputant in an university; who maintains
an argument with another sophister.

COUNTER Swallow-Tail [in fortification] is an out-work in the
form of a single tenail, wider at the gorge than at the head.

COUNTER-TA＇LLY [contretaille, Fr. contrattaglio, It.] one of the
two tallies or pieces of wood whereon any thing is scored.

COUNTER-TE＇NOR [contratenore, It. in music] one of the mean or
middle parts, so called as opposite to the tenor. Deafness unqualifies
me for all company, except a few friends with counter-tenor voices.
Swift.

COUNTER-TIDE [of counter and tide] contrary tide.
Such were our counter-tides at land, and so
Presaging of the fatal blow,
In your prodigious ebb and flow. Dryden.

COUNTER-TIME [of counter and time; contretemps, Fr.] 1. The defence
or resistance of a horse that intercepts his cadence and the measure of
his manage. Farriers Dictionary. 2. Defence, opposition.
Let chearfulness on happy fortune wait,
And give not thus the counter-time to fate. Dryden.

COUNTER-TURN [of counter and turn] the catastasis, called by the
Romans status. The height and full growth of the play, we may call
the counter-turn, which destroys the expectation, embroils the action
in new difficulties. Dryden.

COUNTER-TRI＇PPING [in heraldry] is when two stags or other
beasts are represented in a coat of arms tripping, i. e. in a light walk­
ing posture, and the head of one to the tail of the other.

To COU＇NTERVAIL [of contra and vallo, Lat.] to be of an equal
value to another thing, to act against with equal power. Such qualities
as are able to countervail exceptions against them. Hooker.
He fiercely at him flew,
And with important outrage him assail＇d;
Who soon prepar＇d to field, his sword forth drew,
And him with equal valour countervail＇d. Spenser.
The profit will hardly countervail the inconveniences. L＇Estrange.

COUNTERVAIL, subst. [from the verb] 1. Equal weight, power or
value sufficient to obviate an objection. 2. That which has equal weight
or value with something else. The present pleasure of a sinful act is a
a poor countervail for the bitterness of the review. South.

COUNTER-VIEW [of counter and view] 1. Opposition, a posture in
which two persons front each other.
Within the gates of hell sat sin and death
In counter-view. Milton.
2. A contrast, a position in which two different illustrate each other.
I have drawn some lines of Linger＇s character, in order to place it in
counter-view or contrast with that of the other company. Swift.

To COUNTER-WORK [of counter and work] 1. To counter-act, to
hinder any effect by contrary operations.
Heav＇n＇s great view is one, and that the whole
That counter-works each folly and caprice,
That disappoints th＇ effect of ev＇ry vice. Pope.
2. (In fortification) to raise works in order to oppose and ruin the works
of the enemy.

COU＇NTESS [contesse, Fr. contessa, It. condeza, Sp. condesa, Port.
comitissa, Lat.] the wife of a count or earl.

COU＇NTING-HOUSE [of count and house] an apartment or office
where merchants enter down and keep their accounts. Their idle bags
cumbering their counting-houses, put them upon emptying them. Locke.

COU＇NTLESS [from count] numberless, innumerable.
By one countless sum of woes opprest. Prior.

COU＇NTRY subst, [contrée, Fr. of conterrata, Lat. one land adjoin­
ing to another, contrata, low Lat.] 1. A tract of land, a region. The
descriptions of those countries. Sprat. 2. The parts of a region; ge­
nerally understood in contra-distinction to a city or court, rural parts.
I see them hurry from country to town, and then from the town back
again into the country. Spectator. 3. The place which any man inha­
bits. 4. The place of one＇s nativity, the native soil.
O save my country, heav＇n shall be your last. Pope.
5. The inhabitants of any region.
All the country, in a general voice,
Cry＇d hate upon him. Shakespeare.

COUNTRY, adj. [it is scarcely used as an adj. but in composition]
1. Rural. Come, we＇ll e＇en to our country-seat repair. Norris.
2. Remote from cities or courts, and having an interest opposite to that
of courts; as, a country gentleman. 3. Peculiar to a region or people.
She spake in her country language. 2 Maccabees. 4. Rude, ignorant,
untaught. We make a country-man dumb, whom we will not allow to
speak but by the rules of grammar. Dryden.







So many COUNTRIES, so many customs.
Fr. Tant de gens, tant de guises.
Lat. Sicut est mos cuique genti, or lex & regio.
The Germ. say; Laendlich, sittlich.
The Lat say likewise; Si fueris Romæ, Romano vivito more; si
fueris alibi, vivito more loci.

COUNTRY-MAN [of country and man] 1. One of the same country,
one born in the same country or tract of ground. Locke. 2. One that
dwells in the rural parts. Country-men coming up to the city, leave their
wives in the country. Graunt. 3. A farmer, a husbandman. A
country-man took a boar in his corn. L＇Estrange.

COUNTRY PUT, an ignorant fellow, who may easily be imposed
upon.

COU＇NTY [comitatus, Lat. compté, Fr. contea, It. condada, Sp.]
1. A shire, one of the parts or circuits into which the whole kingdom
is divided, for the better government of it, and the more easy admini­
nistration of justice. Every county is governed by a yearly officer
called a sheriff, who, among other duties of his office, puts in execu­
tion all the commands and judgments of the king＇s courts. Of these
counties there are 52 in England and Wales, and Scotland is divided
into 32 counties or shires. 2. An earldom. 3. A count, a lord. Now
entirely obsolete. The county Paris. Shakespeare. He made Hugh
Lupus county palatine of Chester, and gave that earldom to him and
his heirs. Davies.
What is got in the COUNTY is lost in the hundreds.
That is, what is got in general, is lost in particulars.

COUNTY [in a legal sense] the county court.

COUNTY Court, a court held every month by the sheriff or his de­
puty; also another called a turn, that is held twice a year.

COUNTIES Corporate, are either cities or ancient boroughs, upon
which the kings of England have bestowed great liberties or privi­
leges; as, London, York, Chester, Canterbury, as also the county
of the town of Kingston upon Hull, the county of the town of Ha­
ferfordwest, and the county of Litchfield.

COUNTIES Palatine, are in England four in number, viz. Chester,
Durham, Lancaster, and Ely, the jurisdiction of which was anciently
very great. The chief governors of these, by special charter from
the king, sent out all writs in their own name, and did all things
touching justice as absolutely as the prince himself in other countries,
only acknowledging him their superior and sovereign; but now their
power is very much abridged, by a statute in Henry VIII＇s time.

COU＇PE [in heraldry] from the French, coupé, cut, signifies the
head, or any limb of an animal cut off from the trunk, smooth, dis­
tinguishing it from that which is called erased, that is, forcibly torn
off, and therefore it is ragged and uneven.

COU＇PED, or COUPEE＇, Fr. [in heraldry] is that honourable par­
tition which we call party per fesse, or a line drawn across the es­
cutcheon from side to side, at right angles; by some supposed to de­
note a belt; by others a cut received in battle across the shield.

COUPED, also denotes such crosses, bars, bends, chevrons, &c. as
do not touch the sides of the escutcheon, but are, as it were, cut off
from them.

COUPE＇E [coupée, Fr. in dancing] a motion wherein one leg is a
little bent, and suspended from the ground, and the other makes a
motion forwards.

CO＇UPER, COWPER, or COOPER, the name of two towns in Scot­
land; the one in the shire of Angus, about 12 miles north-east of
Perth; and the other in the county of Fife, about 12 miles west of
St. Andrews.

To COU＇PLE, verb act. [copulo, Lat. coupler, Fr. accopiare, It. in
the second sense, copulare, It. in the neuter sense, koppeln, Du. kup­
peln, Ger.] 1. To chain together. Couple Clowder with the deep­
mouth＇d Brach. Shakespeare. 2. To join together. Still we went
coupled and inseparable. Shakespeare. Measuring syllables and coupling
rhimes. Pope. 3. To marry, to wed, to join persons in wedlock.
I shall rejoice to see you coupled. Sidney. A parson who couples all our
beggars. Swift.

To COUPLE, verb neut. to copulate, as in generation; to join in
embraces. Beasts fall to couple. Bacon. Coupled with them, and be­
got a race. Milton.

COUPLE, subst. [couple, Fr. coppia, It. koppel, Du. kuppel, Ger.
copula, Lat.] 1. A chain or tie that holds dogs together. I＇ll go in cou­
ples with her. Shakespeare. Dogs in couples. L＇Estrange. 2. Two, a
brace. A couple of shepherds. Sidney. A couple of hundred pounds.
Ascham. By adding one to one, we have the complex idea of a couple.
Locke. A piece of crystal enclosed a couple of drops. Addison. 3.
A male and his female. The married couple. Bacon. All succeeding
generations of men are the progeny of one primitive couple. Bentley.
4. Two things of the same kind set together. 3. A sort of band to
tie dogs with.
A COUPLE well met.
Fr. Un couple bien afforti. The Lat. say, Non compositus meliùs cum
Bitho Bacchius. (Bithus and Bacchius were two very famous gladia­
tors.) Said when two come together who are endued either with
the same virtues, or the same vices; though chiefly in the latter case.

COUPLE-BEGGAR [of couple and beggar] one who marries beggars
together.
No couple-beggar in the land,
E＇re join＇d such numbers hand in hand. Swift.

COU＇PLE-CLOSE [in heraldry] contains the fourth part of the che­
vron, and is not borne but by pairs, except there be a chevron be­
tween them.

COU＇PLET, Fr. 1. A division of an hymn, ode, song, &c. wherein
an equal number, or an equal measure of verses are found in each
part, two verses.
Then at last, an only couplet fraught,
With some unmeaning thing they call a thought. Pope.
When he can in one couplet six
More sense than I can do in six. Swift.
2. A pair, as of doves.
Anon as patient as the female dove,
E＇re that her golden couplets are disclos＇d,
His silence will sit drooping. Shakespeare.

COU＇RAGE [Fr. coraggio, It. from cor, Lat. the heart] valour,
stoutness, mettle, boldness, spirit of enterprize. Courage that grows
from constitution, very often forsakes a man when he has occasion for
it. That courage which arises from the sense of our duty, and from
the fear of offending him who made us, acts always in an uniform
manner. Addison.

COURA＇GEOUS [courageux, Fr. coraggiaso, It.] full of courage, stout,
bold, resolute. He that is courageous among the mighty shall flee.
Amos.

COURA＇GEOUSLY [from courageous] stoutly, boldly. The earl
courageously came down, and joined battle with him. Bacon.

COURA＇GEOUSNESS [of courageous] courage, boldness of spirit. The
manliness and courageousness that they had to fight for their country.
2 Maceabees.

COURA＇NT [Fr. corrente, It.] running.

COURANT, Fr. [in heraldry] running, as a buck courant, signifies
a buck in a running posture; and the like of any other ani­
mal.

COURANT, or COURANTO [courante, Fr. corrente, It. corriente, Sp.]
1. A sort of nimble dance. He is able to lead her a couranto.
Shakespeare. 2. Any thing that spreads quick; as, a news-paper.

COU＇RANT, a term used to express the present time; as, the year
1755 is the courant year, the 20th courant is the 20th day of the month
now running.

Price COURANT of any Merchandise, is the known and common
price given for it.

COURANT Coin, common and passable money.

COURA＇P, the Indian itch; a disease something like a tetter or ring­
worm.

To COURB [courber, Fr.] to bend, to bow in supplication.
Virtue itself of vice must pardon beg,
Yea courb and woo for leave to do it good. Shakespeare.

CO＇URIER [Fr. corrière, It. corréo, Sp.] a messenger who rides
post to bring or carry expresses, an express, a runner. By speedy
couriers he advertis＇d Solyman. Knolles.

COU＇RLAND, a dutchy, usually reckoned a part of Poland; but it
must be remembered, that the Courlanders elect their own princes,
and are governed by their own laws. Its capital is Mittau. The
dutchy is bounded on the north by the river Dwina, which divides
it from Livonia; by Lithuania, on the east; by Samogitia, on the
south; and by the Baltic sea, on the west.

COURONE＇, Fr. [in heraldry] crowned.

COURSE [cours and course, Fr. corso and corsa, It. curso, Sp. of
cursus, Lat.] 1. Running, race, career.
Some she arms with sinewy force,
And some with swiftness in the course. Cowley.
2. Order of succession; as, to speak in or by one＇s course. 3. Pas­
sage from place to place, progress; as, the course of a river. 4.
[In navigation] is a ship＇s way, i. e. that point of the com­
pass, or coast of the horizon on which the ship is to be steered
from place to place. When we have finished our course from Tyre,
we came to Ptolemais. Acts. 5. Tilt, act of running in the lists. A
fall at the third course he received of Phalantry. Sidney. 6. Ground
on which a race is run. 7. Track or line in which a ship sails, or
other motion is performed. 8. The largest sail on the main and fore­
mast. To the courses we have devised studding sails. Raleigh. 9.
Progress from one gradation to another. The state of the contro­
versy must not be altered in the course of the disputation. 10. Stated
and orderly method. Course of law. Shakespeare. Course of descent
and conveyance. Locke. 11. Series of successive and methodical pro­
cedure. The glands did resolve during her course of physic. Wise­
man. 12. Conduct, manner of proceeding.
＇Tis time we should decree
What course to take. Addison.
13. Method of life, train of actions. It was happy she took a
good course. Sidney.
That beauteous Emma vagrant courses took,
Her father＇s house, and civil life forsook. Prior.
14. Naturally bent, uncontrolled will. It is best to leave nature to
her course, who is the sovereign physician. Temple.
So every servant took his course,
And bad at first, they all grew worse. Prior.
15. Orderly structure. The tongue defileth the whole body, and set­
teth on fire the course of nature. St. James. 16. Series of conse­
quences.
Sense is of course annexed to wealth and power,
No muse is proof against a golden shower. Garth.
17. A service of meat to be set on the table at one time. With a se­
cond course the tables load. Dryden. 18. Regularity, settled rule,
Neither shall I be wanting to myself, not to desire a patent granted of
course to all useful projectors. Swift. 19. Empty form. Promises
are no more than words of course. L＇Estrange.

COURSE, is often used for the time ordinarily spent in learning a
science; as, a course of studies; also the elements of an art exhibited
and explained in a methodical series. Hence our courses of anatomy,
philosophy, &c.

COURSE [with husbandry] every fleece, turn or parcel of hay laid
on a cart at once.

COURSE [with architects] a continued range of bricks or stones of
the same height throughout the length of the work, and not inter­
rupted by any aperture.

COURSE of Plinths [in masonry] is the continuity of a plinth of a
stone, &c. in the face of a building.

Civil COURSE, the collection of the Roman laws compiled by order
of Justinian.

Canonical COURSE, the collection of the canon law made by Gra­
tianus.

To COURSE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To hunt, to pursue.
We cours＇d him at the heels. Shakespeare. 2. To pursue with dogs
that hunt in view; as, to course a hare with dogs. 3. To put to
speed, to force to run.
Let them not drink nor eat,
And course them oft, and tire them in the heat. May.








To COURSE, verb neut. to run, to rove about.
Greyhounds snowy fair
And tall as stags ran loose, and cours＇d around his chair. Dryden.

CO＇URSER [of course, coursier, Fr. corsiere, It.] 1. A running or
hunting horse, a swift horse, a war-horse; a word not used in prose.
The impatient courser pants in every vein,
And pawing seems to beat the distant plain:
Hills, vales, and floods appear already crost,
And ere he starts, a thousand steps are lost. Pope.
2. A person who pursues the sport of coursing hares. A leash is a
leathern thong, by which a falconer holds his hawk, or a courser
leads his grey-hound. Hanmer.

COURSER [in the schools] a disputant.

A COURSER [with racers] a horse for running, or for service; al­
so a jockey.

COU＇RSES [with sailors] the main-sail and fore-sail.

To go under a Pair of COURSES [a sea phrase] is when a ship sails
under the main-sail and fore-sail, without lacing on any bonnets, or
setting any top-sails.

COURSES [of women, only used in the plural in this sense] their
terms or catamenia. Stoppage of women＇s courses. Harvey.

COU＇RSEY [in a galley] a space or passage about a foot and a half
broad, on both sides of which staves are placed.

COURT [cour, Fr. corte, It. probably of cors, Lat. and that of
χορτος, Gr. koert, Du. curtis, low Lat. Johnson] 1. A yard or open
square, belonging to a house or houses. You must have, before you
come to the front, three courts: a green court plain, with a wall a­
bout it; a second court of the same, but with little turrets or embel­
lishments upon the wall; and a third court to square with the front, to
be only inclosed with a naked wall. Bacon. 2. A small opening, in­
closed with houses, and paved with broad stones.

COURT [cour, Fr. corte, It. Sp. and Port.] 1. The palace of a king,
&c. the place where a prince resides.
This our court infected with their manners,
Shews like a riotous inn. Shakespeare.
You would think he had never seen a court.
2. The prince, with his retinue of courtiers. Some of them were
employed to follow the courts of their kings to advise them.
Temple. 3. The attendance that is paid to a prince or great man.
4. The art of pleasing, the art of insinuation. Flatter me, make thy
court. Dryden. 5. Court is often used in composition in most of its
senses.

COURT [cour, Fr. corte, It. and Port. curia, Lat. in law] 1. A hall
or place where justice, military, civil, or ecclesiastical, is administered;
as, the courts at Westminster. Let us have knowledge at the court of
guard. Shakespeare.
The archbishop
Of Canterbury, accompanied with other
Learned and reverend fathers of his order,
Held a late court at Dunstable. Shakespeare.
2. The judges themselves who sit there.
A friend in COURT is worth a penny in a man＇s purse.
Fr. Bon fait avoir ami en cour, car le procés en est plus court. By court
is here meant a court of justice, and so understood, it is very true;
for the savour either of judge or jury can go a great way towards
gaining a suit, or at least (as the French say) will shorten it; Some
understand it at court, and there a real sincere friend or patron is good
likewise; but a dependance upon a pretended unsincere one is the ruin
of many a man, who spends years, and beggars his family in atten­
dance upon promises to no purpose. In the first sense we have ano­
ther proverb to the same purpose: As a man is befriended, so is the law
ended. The Lat say: Dat veniam corvis, vexat censura columbas, or,
Pecuniosus etiam nocens, non damnatur.
Far from COURT, far from care.
Lat. Procul a Jove, procul a fulmine. (Far from Jupiter, far from
his thunder.) The Germ. say: Weir von dannen ist gut furn seausz.
(Distance is the best security against a shot.) The Fr. say as we:
Loin de la cour, loin de souci. The meaning is, that the intrigues of
a court are generally attended with so much danger, that it is pru­
dent to avoid it; or it may be understood, that a bare discharge of a
man＇s duty in an employ at court, is attended with a great deal of
care.

COURT of Admiralty, a court first established by king Edward III,
for the decision of causes relating to sea-affairs.

COURT Baron, the court of a lord of a manor (which in ancient
times were stiled barons) which he holds within his own precincts, in
which admittance and grants of lands are made to copy-holders, and
surrenders are accepted, &c. The proceedings of the court-baron.
Spectator.

COURT Bouillon [in cookery] a particular method of boiling fish in
wine, verjuice, and vinegar, and seasoned with all sorts of spice.

COURT-CHAPLAIN [of court and chaplain] a chaplain who attends
the king, to celebrate the holy offices. Swift uses it.

COURT of Chivalry, called also the Marshal＇s Court, a court which
is the fountain of marshal law, where the lord high constable of Eng­
land and the earl marshal sit as judges.

COURTS Christian, spiritual courts, in which matters relating to
christianity are more especially managed, and such as cannot well be
determined without good skill in divinity: and therefore the judges are
divines, archbishops, bishops, archdeacons, &c.

COURT Days, days when the courts of judicature are open, and
pleas held.

COURT of Delegates, a court where delegates or commissioners are
appointed by the king＇s commission to sit in the court of Chancery,
or elsewhere, upon an appeal made to him. This is granted in three
cases: 1st, When a sentence is given by the archbishop, or his official,
in an ecclesiastical cause. 2dly, When a sentence is given in an ec­
clesiastical cause, in places exempt. 3dly, When sentence is given
in the admiralty court, in suits civil or marine, by order of the civil
law.

COURT-DRESSER [of court and dresser] one that dresses persons of
rank; a flatterer. Arts of giving colours, appearances and resem­
blances by this court-dresser Fancy. Locke.

COURT-FAVOUR, favours conferred by princes. Pleasures, court­
favours and commissions. L＇Estrange.

COURT-HAND [of court and hand] the handwriting used in records
and judicial proceedings. Write court-hand. Shakespeare.

COURT of Hustings, a court of record held at Guildhall, in Lon­
don, before the lord-mayor and aldermen, sheriffs and recorder; where
all pleas, real, personal, and mixt, are determined.

COURT Lands, are such lands as the lord of the manor keeps in his
own hands, for the use of his family and for hospitality.

COURT of Peculiars, a spiritual court held in parishes free from the
jurisdiction of the bishops, which peculiarly belong to the archbishop
of Canterbury, in whose province there are fifty seven such pecu­
liars.

COURT of Requests, a court of equity, of the same nature with the
court of chancery, but inferior to it, being principally instituted for
the help of such petitioners as in conscionable cases deal with the king
by supplication. But this court was suppressed by stat. 16 and 17 of
Charles I.

CO＇URT-LADY [of court and lady] a lady conversant or employed at
court. Locke uses it.

COURT-ROLL, a roll that contains an account of the number and
nature of the several lands which depend on the jurisdiction of the lord
of the manor, with the names of the tenants or copy-holders, that
are admitted to any parcel of lands, &c.

CO＇URT-CARDS, the pictured cards; also gay fluttering fellows.

CO＇URT-PROMISES, so are generally called fair speeches from
great men to their clients, without any intention of performance, and
only made use of to keep dependance, or to quiet unruly minds. Favor
aulæ incertus.

CO＇URT-TRICKS, state policy, insincerity.

To COURT [courtiser, Fr. corteggiare, It.] 1. To make love to, to
woo, to solicit a woman to marriage.
When silent scorn is all they gain,
A thousand court you, tho＇ they court in vain. Pope.
2. To desire earnestly, to seek. Their own ease would teach children
to court commendation. Locke. 3. To flatter, to endeavour to
please.

COURTAU＇D, a short, thick set man, a durgeon. Fr.

COURTAUD [with horsemen] a crop or cropped horse; a bob­
tail.

COURTAUD [with musicians] a short bassoon.

COURTAUD [with gunners] a short piece of ordnance used at
sea.

COU＇RTENAI, a town of the isle of France, about 50 miles south
of Paris.

COU＇RTEOUS [courtois, Fr. cortese, It. cortès, Sp. and Port.] civil,
affable, gentle, well bred, full of acts of respect. Supple and cour­
teous to the people. Shakespeare. One while courteous, civil, and
obliging, but within a small time after supercilious. South.

COU＇RTEOUSLY, civilly, affably, &c. He let them courteously
pass. Wotton. Christ did courteously receive all. Calamy. Enter­
tertain＇d him courteously. Broome.

COU＇RTEOUSNESS [of courteous] courteous behaviour.

COU＇RTESAN, or COU＇RTEZAN, Fr. 1. A lady or gentlewoman be­
longing to the French, or any other court. This sense is now obsolete.
2. A professed strumpet or whore, a woman of the town. With them
there are no slews, no dissolute houses, no courtesans. Bacon. The
Corinthian is a column lasciviously deck＇d like a courtesan, Wotton.
Rhodope, the courtezan. Addison.

COU＇RTESY [courtoisie, Fr. cortigiana, It. cortesia, Sp. and Port.]
1. Civility, elegance of manners, complaisance. He who was com­
pounded of all the elements of affibility and courtesy towards all kinds
of people, brought himself to a habit even of rudeness towards the
queen. Clarendon. 2. An act of civility or respect. The mayor in
courtesy shewed me the castle. Shakespeare. Not accepting Poly­
phemus＇s courtesy, to be the last that shall be eaten up. Bacon. 3. A
curtsy, or reverence, done by a woman.
Some country girl, scarce to court＇sy bred. Dryden.
Full of COURTESY, full of craft.
It very often proves so. Sincere persons are observed to be the least
given to ceremony: and there is ground for suspicion, when a man is
over full of his profession of friendship: and such a one is very well
answered by another proverb.
Less of your COURTESY, and more of your purse.
Lat. Re opitulandum & non verbis. The Scots say; where there is
o＇er mickle courtesy, there is little kindness. The It. have a very good
proverbial rhime to the same purpose.
Chi ti fà più carrezze che non sole,
O t＇ hà gabbato, o gabbare ti vole.
(He that shews you more civility than usual, either has cheated you or
intends it.) The Fr. say; trop grand respect est suspect. (Too much
respect is suspect.)

COU＇RTESY [in law] a tenure not of right, but by the favour
or indulgence of others; as, to hold upon courtesy.

COURTESY of England [in law] a tenure, by which a man who
marries an heiress, who is possessed of lands in fee-simple, or fee-tail
general, &c. and has a child by her, which comes alive into the
word; altho＇ the mother and the child both die immediately, yet if he
were in possession, he shall hold the land during his life, under the
title of tenant per legem Angliæ; this is called in Scotland, curialitas
Scotiæ, where, as well as in England, it is allowed.

To COURTESY [from the noun. It is commonly spoken as if writ­
ten curtsy] 1. To perform an act of reverence in general, as a man.
To by approaches, and court＇sies thereto. Shakespeare.
Petty traffickers,
That court＇sy to them, do them reverence. Shakespeare.
2. To make a reverence, as a woman.
If I should meet her in my way,
We hardly court＇sy to each other. Prior.

COU＇RTAIN, or COU＇RTIN [courtine, Fr. cortina, It. and Sp. in
fortification] the front of a wall or rampart lying between two bastious.
See CURTAIN.








COU＇RTIER [from court] 1. One that has a place at court, or that
follows the court of princes. I am no courtier, nor versed in state
affairs. Bacon. 2. A polite person, or a person full of compliments.
3. One that solicites or courts the favour of others. Courtiers of beau­
teous freedom. Shakespeare. There was not among all our princes
a greater courtier of the people than Richard III. Suckling.

COU＇RTLASS [coutelas, Fr. coltellaccio, It.] a hanger, a sort of short
sword, that has but one edge. This should be coutlass, or cutlass.
See CUTLASS.

COURTHEUTLAU＇GHE [old law] one who knowingly cherishes,
entertains, or hides any person that is out-lawed.

CO＇URTLIKE, adj. [of court and like] elegant, polite. Our English
tongue is as fluent as the Latin, as courteous as the Spanish, as courtlike
as the French, and as amorous as the Italian. Camden.

COU＇RTLINESS [of courtly] courtlike behaviour, elegance of man­
ners, civility.

COU＇RTLY, adj. [q. d. courtlike] polite, elegant of manners, re­
lating or retaining to the court, soft, flattering.
In our own time (excuse some courtly strains)
No whiter page than Addison＇s remains. Pope.

COURTLY, adj. elegantly, in the fashion or manner of courts.
They can produce nothing so courtly writ, or which expresses so much
the conversation of a gentleman, as Sir John Suckling. Dryden.

COU＇RTRAY, a town of the Austrian Netherlands, on the river
Lys, about 23 miles south of Ghent, and 14 east of Ypres.

COU＇RTSHIP [from court] 1. The act of soliciting favour.
He paid his courtship with the croud,
As far as modest pride allow＇d. Swift.
2. Courtesy, civility.
My courtship to an university,
My modesty I give to soldiers bare. Donne.
3. Fine amorous speech or carriage. 4. The act of wooing a woman
or soliciting her to marriage.
In tedious courtship we declare our pain. Dryden.
In the time of courtship, and the first entrance of marriage. Ad­
dison.

To COU＇SEN [cousiner, Fr. N. B. cousiner in French signifies only
to call cousin] to defraud, to cheat. See COZEN.

COU＇SIN [Fr. cugino, It. cuwan, Sax. consanguineus, Lat.] a kins­
man or kinswoman by blood, any one collaterally related, more re­
motely than brother or sister.
Tybalt, my cousin! O my brother＇s child! Shakespeare.
My father＇s sister＇s son,
And cousin german to great Priam＇s seed. Shakespeare.

COU＇SIN, a title of honour, which the king bestows on peers and
nobles, particularly on a counsellor, and to foreign princes of the
blood, &c.

Paternal COUSINS, are such as issue from relations on the father＇s
side.

Maternal COUSINS, those on the mother＇s side.

COU＇SSINET [with architects] a cushion, is the stone which crowns
a piedroit or pier, or that lies immediately over the capital of
the impost, and under the sweep; also the ornament in the Ionic
capital between the abacus and echinus, or quarter-round, serving to
form the volutes.

COU＇SU [in heraldry] is the same as rempli, and signifies a piece
of another colour or metal placed on the ordinary, as it were sewed
on. This is generally of colour upon colour, or metal upon metal,
contrary to the general rule of heraldry; and therefore this word is
used, according to the signification of the French, to distinguish that
the piece is not properly upon the field, but in the nature of a thing
sewed on. Fr.

COUTAN＇CES, a port town, and bishop＇s see in Normandy, in France,
about 100 miles west of Rouen.

COUTRA＇S, a town of Guenne, in France, about 20 miles north­
east of Bourdeaux.

COU＇VERT [in heraldry] denotes something like a piece of hang­
ing, or a pavilion falling over the top of a chief or other ordinary, so
as not to hide, but only to be a covering to it.

COVY of Partridges, &c. [couvée, Fr.] a flock of these fowls. See
COVEY.

A COVY of whores, a bawdy-house well provided with them. A
cant low word.

A COW, anciently in the plur. kine, keen, now generally cowes, tho＇
kine be still retained in poetry [cu, Sax. ko, Dan. koc, Du. kuk, Ger.
hu, Teut. koo, Su. They who are fond of finding the origin of the
word in the Greek or Latin, are apt to derive it from κυω, Gr. to con­
ceive, because the cow is the mother of the herd] the female of
the bull, an animal kept for her milk and calves. The horns of oxen
and cows are larger than the bulls. Bacon.
Curs＇d COWS hate short horns.
This proverb is sarcastically apply＇d to such persons, who though
they have malignity in their hearts, have feebleness in their hands,
disabling them from wreaking their malice on the persons they bear
ill will to: also, under this ridiculous emblem of curs＇d cows, invete­
rate enemies are couched, whose barbarous designs are often frustrated
by the intervention of an overruling providence, according to the Lat.
Dat Deus immiti, cornua curta hovi.
Who would keep a COW, when they may have a pottle of milk for
a penny?
This proverb is a wicked insinuation that it is a folly for a man to
be at the expence of a wise and family, when he may have a mistress
for a trifle.
Many a good COW hath a bad calf.
That is, many a good or wise man hath a wicked or stupid child.
Lat. Heroum filii noxii. Gr. Λνδρων ηρωων τεκνα πηματα. History fur­
nishes us with various instances of men in all capacities and stations,
great and small, wise, virtuous, and valorous, whose children have
degenerated. But it furnishes us with perhaps as many instances on
the contrary side of the question; whence the Lat. Fortes creantur
fortibus.
He cats the calf in the COW＇s belly.
Or, according to another proverb; he spends the Michaelmas rent in
the Midsummer moon: that is, he spends his rents before they be due.
The Fr. say: ill mange son bled en herb. (He eats his corn before it
is ripe.)

To COW one [from coward, by contraction. Johnson] to put one
out of heart, to keep one in awe. It hath cow＇d my better part of
man. Shakespeare.
When men by their wives are cow＇d,
Their horns of course are understood. Hudibras.

COW Blakes, cow-dung dried for fuel.

COW Wheat, a weed that grows among corn.

COW Qnare [of cowl, Essex, a tub] a sort of brewing vessel; a
cooler. O.

COW Herd [cu-hyrd, Sax. koe-harder, Du. kue-herter, Ger.] a
keeper, or one who looks after kine, one who tends cows.

COW House [of cow and house] the house in which cows are
kept.

COW Keeper [of cow and keeper] one who keeps cows. The
terms cow-keeper and hogherd, are not to be used in our language, but
there are no finer words in the Greek. Broome.

COW＇ARD [couard, Fr. codardo, It. or, as some will, of cow and
aerd, Teut. nature] of the nature of a cow, one cow-hearted, one
who has no courage, a poltron. Some are brave one day, and cowards
another. Temple.
What can enoble sots and slaves and cowards,
Alas! not all the blood of all the Howards. Pope.
2. It is sometimes used as an adjective. Loud and coward cries. Shake­
speare.
Invading fears repel my coward joy. Prior.

COWARD [in heraldry] is represented in an escutcheon by a lion,
with his tail doubled or turned in between his legs, and is called a
lion coward.
Put a COWARD to his metal and he＇ll fight the devil.
The metal here meant is probably desperation, and that person must
have but a mean spirit indeed, that nothing will exasperate. Tread
upon a worm and it will turn.

COW＇ARDICE [couardise, Fr. cocardia, It. cobardia, Sp. and Port.]
want of courage, habitual fear, timidity.

COW＇ARDLINESS [of cowardly] want of courage, fear, pufilani­
mity.
Cowardice alone is loss of fame. Dryden.

COW＇ARDLY, adj. [from coward] 1. Fearful, timorous. His ge­
nius, otherwise brave and confident, was, in the presence of Octa­
vius, poor and cowardly. Bacon. 2. Mean, suitable to a coward.
I do find it cowardly and vile,
For fear of what might fall, so to prevent
The time of life. Shakespeare.

COW＇ARDLY, adv. dastardly, faint-heartedly, meanly. Men of
no courage, who had most cowardly turned their backs. Knolles.

COW＇ARDOUS, adj. cowardly.

COW＇ARDSHIP [of coward] the character or qualities of a coward;
meanness. Now obsolete. Shakespeare uses it.

CO＇WISH, adj. [from to cow, to awe] timorous, mean
It is the cowish terror of his spirit
That dares not undertake. Shakespeare.

COWL [cuculla, Lat.] a hood, such as monk＇s wear. Francis
Cornfield invented to signify his name, St. Francis with his fiery cowl
in a cornfield. Camden.
It is not the COWL makes the friar.
Lat. Cuculla non facit monachum. That is, it is not the exterior,
but the interior we are to examine into, before we form a judgment
of a person: or, it may be understood, that the priest is never the
more holy, nor the lawyer or physician more skilful, because they
have the several habits of their professions on.

COW-LEECH [of cow and leech] one who professes to cure distem­
pered cows.

To COW-LEECH [from the noun] to profess to cure cows. There
are many pretenders to the art of farriering and cow-leeching, very
ignorant. Mortimer.

CO＇WLSTAFF [of cowl and staff] the staff on which a vessel is sup­
ported between two men.
Mounting him upon a cowlstaff,
Which tossing him something high,
He apprehended to be Pegasus. Suckling.
The way by a cowlstaff is safer: the staff must have a bunch in the
middle, somewhat wedgelike, and covered with a soft bolster. Wise­
man.

COW＇SLIP [cuslippe, Sax. as some think from the resemblance of
its scent to the breath of a cow; perhaps from growing much in pasture
grounds and often meeting the cow＇s lip. Johnson.] it is also called
pagil, and grows wild in the meadows; a species of primrose. He
might as well say that a cowslip is as white as a lily. Sidney. In a
cowslip＇s bell I lie. Shakespeare.

CO＇WSHING-WORT, a plant which is a species of mullen.

CO＇W-WEED [of cow and weed] a plant which is a species of cher­
vil.

COW＇-WHEAT [of cow and wheat] a plant very common in woods
and shady places.

CO＇WNEER [of a ship] the hollow or arched part of its stern.

To COWR, or To COWER [cwrrian, Wel. courber, Fr. or perhaps
borrowed from the manner in which a cow sinks on her knees. John­
son.] to stoop, to sink by bending the knees, to squat down, to
kneel.
The splitting rocks cower＇d in the sinking sands,
And would not dash me with their ragged sides. Shakespeare.
Each bird and beast beheld
Approaching two and two; these cow＇ring low
With blandishments, each bird sloop＇d on his wing. Milton.
Our dame fits cowring o＇er a kitchen fire. Dryden.

COW＇RING [with falconers] the quivering of young hawks, who
shake their wings in sign of obedience to the old one.

CO＇XÆ Os, Lat. [with anatomists] the hip-bone.

COX-COMB [of cock and comb, corrupted from cock＇s comb] 1. The
top of the head. As the cockney did to the eels, when she put them
in the pasty alive; she rapt them o＇ th＇ coxcombs with a stick, and cried,
down, wantons, down. Shakespeare. 2. The comb resembling that of







a cock, which licensed fools wore formerly in their caps. There take
my coxcomb: why this fellow has banish＇d two of his daughters, and
did the third a blessing against his will: if thou follow him, thou must
needs wear my coxcomb. Shakespeare. 3. A conceited fool, a silly fel­
low, a fop, a superficial pretender to any thing.
I scorn, quoth she, thou coxcomb silly,
Quarter or council from a foe. Hudibras.
Every pretending coxcomb. L＇Estrange.

COX-BONES, or COX NOONS, a vulgar and odd unintelligible
oath.

COXE＇NDICIS Ilium, Lat. [with anatomists] the same as coxæ os,
so called, because it contains the gut ilium.

COX-CO＇MICAL [of coxcomb] conceited, foppish. A very low word.
Without the influence of cox-comical senseless cabal. Dennis.

COXE＇NDIX [with anatomists] is the same with coxa and os ischium,
and is the third and lower of the bones called ossa innominata, and has
a large cavity or hollow called acetabulum coxendicis, that receives
the head of the thigh bone: the circumference of this hollow being
tipped with a gristle, called its supercilium. It was on this part Æneas
receiv＇d that wound from Diomede, which is so correctly and anatomi­
cally described by Homer:
Θλασσε δε οι κοτυλην, προς δ᾿ αμϕωρηξε τενοντε. Iliad, lib. 5. l. 307.
i. e. He broke (says the poet) the acetabulum, and burst both the liga­
ments. Ligamenta femur ossi Coxendicis adnectantia DUO magis præ­
cipua Censentur Vesaliis Opera omnia. Edit. Boerhav. & Albin. tom. 1.
p. 298.

COY, adj. [prob. of quoi, Fr. why, coi, Fr. from quietus, Lat. John­
son] 1. Modest, decent.
Jason is as coy as is a maide;
He looked piteously, but naught he said. Chaucer.
2. Reserved, shy, not easily condescending to familiarity.
A foe of folly and immodest toy,
Still solemn sad, or still disdainful coy. Spenser.
Like Daphne she as lovely and as coy. Waller.

To COY [from the adj.] 1. To behave reservedly, not to admit
familiarity.
What coying it again,
No more, but make me happy. Dryden.
2. To make difficulty, not to condescend willingly.
If he coy＇d
To hear Cominius speak, I＇ll keep at home. Shakespeare.

CO＇YLY, adv. [from coy] shily.
His hand he coyly snatcht away
From forth Antinous＇ hand. Chapman.

CO＇YNESS [from coy] shyness, seeming modesty, disinclination to
familiarity.
The kind nymph would coyness feign,
And hides but to be found again. Dryden.

CO＇YSTREL, subst. a species of a bastard hawk.
The musket and the coystrel were too weak,
Too fierce the falcon. Dryden.

COZ, subst. a cant or familiar word contracted from cousin. Be
merry, coz. Shakespeare.

To CO＇ZEN [cousiner, Fr. to cose is, in the old Scotch dialect, as
Junius observes, to chop or change, whence cozen, to cheat, because
in such traffic there is commonly fraud. Johnson] to bubble, cheat or
chouse. He would cozen him, and then expose him to public mirth
for having been cozen＇d. Clarendon.

CO＇ZENAGE [from cozen] the act of cozening or cheating, fraud,
trick. Wisdom without honesty is mere craft and cozenage. Ben John­
son. The fraud and cozenage of trading men and shop-keepers. Swift.

CO＇ZENER [from cozen] one that cozens, tricks, or defrauds.
There are cozeners abroad, and therefore it behoves men to be wary.
Shakespeare.

CR. is an abbreviation for creditor.

CRAB [crabba, Sax. krabbe, Dan. krabba, Su. krab, Du. krebs,
Ger. crabe, Fr.] 1. A sea shell-fish. Those that cast their shell are
the lobster, the crab. Bacon. 2. A wild apple, the tree that bears
the wild apple.
Noble stock,
Was graft with crab-tree slip, whose fruit thou art. Shakespeare.
When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl. Shakespeare.
3. A peevish morose person. 4. The sign in the zodiac. Then parts
the twins and crab. Creech.

CRAB, adj. it is used in contempt for any four or degenerate fruit;
as, crab plum.
Better gleanings their worn soil can boast,
Than the crab vintage of the neighb＇ring coast. Dryden.
The CRAB of the wood is sauce very good
For the CRAB of the sea;
But the wood of the CRAB is sauce for a drab,
Who will not her husband obey.
An old proverbial rhime, too plain to want a comment.

A CRAB Fish [in hieroglyphics] was used by the Egyptians, to sig­
nify holy mysteries that were brought to light, because it lives in holes
under the rocks; and also it was the symbol of an unconstant person,
because it does not always go in the same manner, but sometimes for­
wards, and sometimes backwards.

To be CRAB, to be cross-grained, sour or surly.

CRAB [with shipwrights] an engine with three claws for launching
of ships, or heaving them into the dock.

CRA＇BAT [some derive it from Crabat a Croatian who first wore it]
a sort of neckcloth. See CRAVAT.

CRA＇BBED [of crabbe, Dan. crabba, Sax.] 1. Sour or unripe, as
fruit. 2. Rough, surly, cynical.
Of swarth complexion, and of crabbed hue,
That him full of melancholy did shew. Spenser.
Ten times more gentle than her father＇s crabbed,
And he＇s compos＇d of harshness. Shakespeare.
3. Harsh, unpleasing. Three crabbed mouths had sour＇d themselves
to death. Shakespeare.
How charming is divine philosophy,
Not harsh and crabbed as dull fools suppose. Milton.
4. Difficult, perplexing.
He was a shrewd philosopher,
And had read ev＇ry text and gloss over,
Whate＇er the crabbed＇st author hath,
He understood b＇ implicit faith. Hudibras.

CRA＇BBEDLY [from crabbed] roughly, sourly, peevishly.

CRA＇BBEDNESS [from crabbed] 1. Sourness of taste. 2. Sourness
of countenance. 3. Difficulty.

CRA＇BBING [with falconers] is when hawks stand too near and
fight one another.

CRAB＇S-EYE, a stone found in a craw-fish, either the common or
he large sea craw-fish, resembling an eye. They are whitish bodies,
from the bigness of a pea to that of the largest horsebean, rounded on
one side, and depressed on the other, heavy, moderately hard, and
without smell. The stones are bred in two separate bags, one on each
side of the stomach. We have them from Holland, Muscovy, Poland,
Denmark, Sweden, &c. They are alkaline, absorbent, and some­
what diuretic. Hill.

To CRACK, verb neut. [craquer, Fr. criccare, It. kraecken, Du.
krachen, Ger.] 1. To make a loud and sudden noise. I will board
her, tho＇ she chide as loud as thunder, when the clouds in autumn
crack. Shakespeare. 2. To split as wood does for driness, to burst.
It cracked in the cooling. Boyle. 3. To boast or vapour; with of.
Ethiops of their sweet complexion crack. Shakespeare. 4. To fall to
ruin, to become bankrupt. The credit of banks cracks, when little
comes in and much goes out. Dryden.

To CRACK, verb act. 1. To break a thing into chinks, to divide the
parts a little from each other. Cover your pipes lest the frosts crack
them. Mortimer. 2. To break asunder, to split in two.
A lute which in moist weather rings
Her knell alone by cracking of her strings. Donne.
3. To do any thing with quickness or smartness.
He takes his chirping pint, he cracks his jokes. Pope.
4. To Crack (or empty) a Bottle with any one. A cant word.
You＇ll crack a quart together. Shakespeare.
5. To destroy or break any thing. The bond crack＇d twixt son and
father. Shakespeare. 6. To weaken the intellect, to craze. Cracked
brains. Bacon. He thought none poets till their brains were crackt.
Roscommon.

A CRACK [crac, Fr. krack, Du.] 1. A crashing noise, any sud­
den and quick sound. Thunderbolts flew up from the anvil with dread­
ful cracks and flashes. Addison. 2. A whore, in low language. 3. A
boast or brag. Leasings, backbitings, and vainglorious cracks. Spenser.
4. A boaster. This is only in low language; as, he＇s a mighty crack. 5.
A sudden disruption, by which the parts are but a little separated. 6.
The chink, a narrow breach. Contusions when great, produce a fis­
sure or crack of the skull. 7. The sound of a body bursting or falling.
Cannons over-charged with double cracks. Shakespeare. Far off the
cracks of falling houses ring. Dryden. 8. Any breach or diminution,
a flaw.
I cannot
Believe this crack to be in my dread mistress,
So sovereignly being honourable. Shakespeare.
9. Craziness of intellect. 10. A man crazed. A crack and a pro­
jector. Addison.

CRACK-BRAI＇NED [of cracquer, Fr. to crack, and brain] disordered
in the head.

CRACK-HEMP [of crack and hemp] one fated to the gallows, a crack­
rope. Come hither crack-hemp. Shakespeare.

CRA＇CKER [from crack] 1. A noisy boasting fellow.
What cracker is this same that deafs our ears? Shakespeare.
2. A squib, a kind of fire-work, in which a small quantity of powder
being confined, bursts with great noise. The bladder at its breaking
gave a great report like a cracker. Boyle. 3. A whore.

CRA＇CKISH, whorish, inclined to lewdness. A low word.

To CRA＇CLE [of craquer, Fr. of kraecken, Du.] to make a small
and frequent noise, to decrepitate. Ice crackles at a thaw. Donne.

CRACKT Boiling of Sugar [with confectioners] a boiling of sugar to
such a degree, that if you dip the tip of your finger into cold water,
and thrust it into the boiling sugar, and then immediately into the wa­
ter again, rubbing the sugar off with the other fingers, it will break
making a crackling noise.

CRAC＇KNEL [craquelin, Fr.] a sort of cakes baked hard, so as to
crackle under the teeth.
I disdain
His kids, his cracknels, and his early fruit. Spenser.
Pay tributary cracknels. Dryden.

CRACK-ROPE [of crack and rope] a crack-hemp, one that deserves
the gallows.

CRA＇COW, a city, by some accounted the capital of Poland, situated
in the province of Little Poland, and palatinate of Cracow, in a fine
plain near the banks of the Vistula. It has an university, is the see of
a bishop, and the seats of the supreme courts of justice; it stands about
140 miles south-west of Warsaw. Lat. 50° N. Long. 19° 30′ E.

CRA＇DLE [crud, C. Brit. cradel, or cradl, Sax.] 1. A moveable bed
for a young child or a sick person, wherein they are agitated with a
smooth motion to and fro to make them sleep.
The cradle and the tomb alas so nigh!
To live is scarce distinguish＇d from to die. Prior.
Me let the tender office long engage,
To rock the cradle of reposing age;
With lenient arts extend a mother＇s breath,
Make languor smile, and smooth the bed of death. Pope.
2. Infancy, or the first part of life. Train＇d them up even from their
cradles in arms. Spenser. A form of worship in which they had been
educated from their cradles. Clarendon. 3. That place in a cross-bow
where the bullet lies.

CRADLE [of a lobster] the belly.

CRADLE Scythe [with husbandmen] a scythe with a wooden frame
fixed to it for mowing corn, and the better laying it in order.

CRADLE [with surgeons] a wooden contrivance or device to lay a
broken leg in after it has been set, to prevent its being pressed by the
bed-clothes.








CRADLE [with shipwrights] a frame of timber raised all along each
side of a ship, by the bilge, for the greater ease in launching her.

To CRA＇DLE [from the subst.] to lay in a cradle, to rock one in a
cradle.
The tears steal from our eyes when in the street,
With some betrothed virgin＇s herfe we meet,
Or infant＇s funeral from the cheated womb,
Convey＇d to earth and cradled in a tomb. Dryden.

CRADLE-CLOATHS [of cradle and cloaths] bed-cloaths that belong
to a cradle.
Some night-tripping fairy had exchang＇d
In cradle-cloaths our children where they lay. Shakespeare.

CRAFT [cræft, Sax, crefft, C. Brit. tho＇ Casaubon chooses to de­
rive it of κρυπτω, Gr. to abscond or dissemble] 1. Craftiness, cunning,
subtilty, a wile, a trick. This deceit loses the name of craft. Shake­
speare. 2. Manual art, trade. These delightful crafts may be ill ap­
plied in a land. Wotton.

CRAFT [with fishermen] all sorts of lines, hooks, nets, &c. for
fishing.

Small CRAFT, small ships used in the fishing trade, &c. also hoys,
catches, smacks, lighters, &c.

Handy CRAFT, any mechanical art or trade.

To CRAFT, verb neut. [from the subst.] to play tricks. Now an
obsolete word.
You＇ve made fair hands,
You and your crafts!
You＇ve crafted fair. Shakespeare.

CRA＇FTILY [from crafty] wittily, cunningly. Craftily persuaded
Solyman. Knolles.

CRA＇FTINESS [from crafty] cunningness, stratagem. He taketh
the wise in their own craftiness. Job.

CRA＇FTSMAN [of craft and man] an artificer, a mechanic.
Polish＇d ivory,
Which cunning craftsman＇s hand hath overlaid
With fair vermillion. Spenser.
The oration of Demetrius to his fellow craftsmen. Decay of Piety.

CRAFTS-MA＇STER [of craft and master] a master or one skilled in
his trade. He is not his craftsmaster, he doth not do it right. Shake­
speare.

CRA＇FTY [from craft] cunning, subtle, fraudulent, sly. This op­
pression did make the Irish a crafty people; for such as are oppressed
and live in slavery, are ever put to their shifts. Davies.

CRAG [kraeghe, Du. krage, Ger. the neck or collar of a shirt or
other garment] the neck, the nape of the neck: now obsolete.
They looken bigge, as bulls that been bate,
And bearen the cragg so stiff and so state. Spenser.

CRAG [craig, C. Brit.] 1. A rock. Crag is in British a rough steep
rock; and it is used in the same sense in the northern countries at this
day. Gibson＇s Camden. 2. The rugged protuberances of a rock.
Ætna vomits sulphur out,
With clifts of burning crags. Fairfax.
The crag of a high rock. L＇Estrange.

The CRAG, or scrag of a leg of mutton, the small end of it. A low
word.

CRA＇GGED, or CR＇AGGY [from crag] rough, uneven, broken.
Underneath a craggy cleft. Spenser.
On a huge hill,
Cragged and steep, truth stands. Crashaw.
A very high and craggy mountain. Addison.

CRA＇GGEDNESS, or CRA＇GGINESS [from cragged] fulness of crags,
state of being craggy. The craggedness or steepness of that mountain
maketh many parts inaccessible. Brerewood.

CRA＇IERA [in old records] a vessel of burden, a hoy or smack.

CRA＇IL, or CARE＇IL, a parliament town of Scotland, situated on
the sea-coast of the county of Fife, about 7 miles south-east of St. An­
drews.

CRAIL＇D Work [in architecture] twisted, wreathed, or interwoven
work.

To CRAM, verb act. [cramman, or crammian, Sax. cramma, Su.]
1. To stuff, to thrust close, to fill with more than can be conveniently
held. Cram not in people by sending too fast company after company.
Bacon. 2. To fill with too much food. Children would be freer from
diseases if they were not crammed so much. Locke.
Cramm＇d with capon from where Pollio dines. Pope.
3. To thrust in by force. This sword shall down thy false throat cram
that word. Hudibras. He will cram his brass down our throats.
Swift.

To CRAM, verb neut. to eat beyond measure.
The godly dame who fleshly failings damns,
Scolds with her maid, or with her chaplain crams. Pope.

CRA＇MA, CHRA＇MA, or CRO＇MA [with physicians] a mixture of
any thing, whether medicines or elements.

CRA＇MBE [κραμβη, Gr.] a kind of colewort.

CRA＇MBLING Rocket [with gardeners] a sort of herb.

CRA＇MBO [among school-boys] a term used, when in rhiming he
is to forfeit, who repeats a word that was said before.

CRAMBO [a cant word, probably without etymology. Johnson] a
play at which one gives a word to which another finds a rhime.
He drain＇d his skull,
To celebrate some suburb trull;
His similies in order set,
And every crambo he cou＇d get. Swift.

CRAMP [crampe, Fr. krampe, Su. and Dan. kramp, Du. krampff,
Ger.] 1. A distemper caused by a violent wresling or stretching of the
nerves, muscles, &c. a spasm or contraction of the limbs, generally
removed by warmth and rubbing. The cramp cometh of contraction
of sinews, which is manifest in that it cometh by cold or dryness. Ba­
con. 2. A restriction, a shackle. A narrow fortune is a cramp to a
great mind, and lays a man under incapacities of serving his friend.
L＇Estrange. 3. A piece of iron bent at each end, by which two bodies
are held together. To the uppermost there should be fastened a sharp
grapple or cramp of iron which may take hold of any place. Wilkins.

CRAMP [with falconers] a disease happening to hawks in their
soarage, it lies in their wings, and proceeds from cold.

CRAMP, adj. [crampo, Fr. and Su. krampe, Dan. the cramp] puz­
zling, knotty. A low word.

CRAMP-Fish, the same as torpedo, which benumbs the hands of
such as touch it.

CRAMP-IRONS [with printers] irons nailed to the carriage of the
press to run it in or out.

CRAMP Sayings, difficult, uncommon sayings.

To CRAMP, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To pain with the cramp
or spasms. The contracted limbs were cramped. Dryden. 2. To
straiten or restrain. Antiquaries are for cramping their subjects into as
narrow a space as they can. Addison. 3. To hold fast or bind with
a cramp-iron.

CRA＇MPERN [crampons, Fr.] 1. Irons which fasten stones in a
building. 2. Grappling-irons, to grapple or lay hold of an enemy＇s
ship. See CRAMP.

CRAMPONEE＇ [in heraldry] as, a cross cramponnée, so called, has a
cramp at each end, or square piece coming from it; that from the
arm in chief towards the sinister angle, that from the arm on that side
downwards, that from the arm in base towards the dexter side, and
that from the dexter arm upwards.

CRA＇MMED, part. of cram [of cramman, Sax.] stuffed.

CRAMPOO＇NS [crompons, Fr.] pieces of iron hooked at the end, for
the drawing or pulling up of timber, stones, &c.

CRA＇NAGE [cranagium, low Lat.] liberty to use a crane, for the
drawing up wares at a creek or wharf, also money taken and paid
for it.

CRA＇NBROOK, a market town of Kent, 60 miles from London.
The first woollen manufacture in this kingdom was erected here by the
Flemmings.

To CRANCH [scranch or crunch] between the teeth. See To CRASH,
CRAUNCH, and SCRANCH.

CRANE [kran, Teut. crœn, Sax. kraen, Du. kranich, Ger. gruë,
Fr. grù, It, gulla, Sp. grou, Port. grus, Lat.] 1. A fowl with a long
neck, bill, and legs. Like a crane or a swallow so did I chatter.
Isaiah. 2. A machine with ropes, pullies, and hoops, for drawing
up heavy weights. If so ponderous as not to be removed by any
ordinary force, you may then raise it with a crane. Mortimer. 3.
A syphon, a crooked pipe for drawing liquors out of a cask.

A CRANE [in hieroglyphics] represents democracy. It is said, that
when cranes fly together, they represent the Greek Δ; and from this
their form of flight in company, Palamedes took the letter Δ.

A CRANE is a symbol of vigilance; and, for that reason, in several
countries placed on the tops of their corps de gardes.

CRANE [in America] a sowl of an hideous form, having a bag un­
der the neck, which will contain two gallons of water.

CRANE＇s-Bill, 1. An herb common in several parts of England,
growing almost in any soil. 2. Pincers used by surgeons.

CRANE-Lines [in a ship] are lines which go from the upper end of
the sprit-fail top-mast, to the middle of the fore-stays.

CRANGA＇NOR, a Dutch factory on the Malabar coast, in the Hither
India, about 30 miles north of Cochin.

CRA＇NIUM [Lat. with anatomists] the skull, cemprehending all the
bones of the head, which, as it were an helmet, defends it from ex­
ternal injuries, the upper part of it is double, and is by some called
calva, and calvaria. Wiseman uses it.

CRANK, adj. [from onkranck, Du. Skinner.] lusty, brisk, jolly.
Sometimes corrupted to cranky; as, cockle on his dunghill crowing
cranky. Spenser.

CRANK, subst. [in mechanics: this word is, perhaps, a contrac­
tion of crane-neck, to which it may bear some resemblance, and is
part of the instrument called a crane. Johnson] 1. A machine resem­
bling an elbow, excepting that it is in a square form, projecting out
of an axis or spindle, which by its rotation serves to raise or lower
the pistons of engines for raising water. A crank is the end of an iron
axis turned square down, and again turned square to the first turning
down; so that on the last turning down a leather thong is slipt, to
tread the treddle about. Moxon. 2. Any bending or winding pas­
sage.
Thro＇ the cranks and offices of man,
The strongest nerves and small inferior veins,
From me receive that nat＇ral competency,
Whereby they live. Shakespeare.
3. Any conceit, formed by changing in any manner the form or
meaning of a word.
Haste, ye nymphs, and bring with ye
Jests and youthful jollity,
Quips and cranks and wanton wiles. Milton.

CRANK-Sided [from kranck, Du. sea term] a ship is said to be
crank-sided, when, by the form of its bottom, or by being loaded too
much above, she cannot bear her fails, or can bear but a small sail,
for fear of being over-set.

CRANK by the Ground [sea term] used of a ship when her floor is so
narrow, that she cannot be brought by the ground, without danger of
being overset, or at least of wringing her sides.

To CRA＇NKLE [from crank, i. e. to wrinkle] to go in and out, or
winding about to and fro,
See how the river comes me crankling in,
And cuts me from the best of all my land,
A huge half-moon, a monstrous cantle out. Shakespeare.

To CRA＇NKLE, verb act. to break into unequal surfaces or an­
gles.
Old Vaga＇s stream,
Forc＇d by the sudden shock, her wonted track
Forsook, and drew her hurried train aslope,
Crankling her banks. Philips.

CRA＇NKLES [from the verb] unequalities, angular prominences.

CRA＇NKNESS [from crank] 1. Briskness, liveliness. 2. Disposi­
tion to overset.

CRA＇NNIED [from cranny] full of chinks,
A wall it is, as I would have you think,
That had in it a crannied hole or chink. Shakespeare.








CRA＇NNOC, or CRE＇NNOC, an ancient measure of corn.

CRA＇NNY [cren, Fr. of crena, Lat.] a chink or little crack, a cre­
vice. You may see great objects through small crannies or holes. Ba­
con. He peeped into every cranny. Arbuthnot.

CRAPAU＇DINE [in horses] an ulcer on the coronet; also a tread
upon the coronet.

CRAPE [crepe, Fr. crepa, low Lat. crespon, Sp.] a sort of thin
worsted stuff, of which the dress of the clergy is sometimes made.
To thee I often call＇d in vain,
Against that assassin in crape. Swift.
A Saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn. Pope.

CRA＇PULA, a surfeit by over eating or drinking; crop-sickness,
drunkenness. Lat.

CRA＇PULENCE [crapula, Lat.] surfeiting by over eating, drunken­
ness, sickness by intemperance.

CRA＇PULENT [crapulentus, Lat.] oppressed with intemperance, sur­
feited, crop-sick.

CRA＇PULOUS [crapulosus, Lat.] 1. Given to gluttony, over-eating,
2. Drunken, sick with intemperance.

To CRASH [prob. of écraser, Fr. to bruise, or squeeze, or formed
from the thing] 1. To make a loud complicated noise, as of many
things falling or breaking at once.
When convulsions cleave the lab＇ring earth,
Before the dismal yawn appears, the ground
Trembles and heaves, the nodding houses crash. Smith.
2. To break with the teeth with a noise, as in eating green fruit. 3.
To break or bruise in general. My master is the great rich capulet;
and, if you be not of the house of Montague, I pray you come and
crash a cup of wine. Shakespeare. Warburton has it, crush a cup of
wine. To crash, says Hanmer, is to be merry: a crash being a word
still used in some counties for a merry bout. It is surely better to read
crack. See CRACK. Johnson.

CRASH. 1. A great noise, as of many things falling, or being
broken at the same time. A hideous crash. Shakespeare. 2. A quar­
rel, a scuffle.

CRA＇SIS [κρασις, Gr.] a mixture, especially of wine and water.

CRASIS [with grammarians] a contraction of two syllables into
one, the same as synæresis, as veh＇ment for vehement.

CRASIS [with physicians] a proper constitution, temperature or
mixture of humours in an animal body, such as constitutes a state of
health. By the individual crasis every man owns something wherein
none is like him. Glanville. A peculiar crasis and constitution of
the blood and spirits. South.

CRASIS [in pharmacy] a convenient mixture of qualities, either
simple or compound; simple when one quality exceeds the rest, as
hot, cold, moist, dry, &c.

CRASS [crasse, Fr. of crassus, Lat.] gross, coarse, not consisting of
small parts. Metals diffused and scattered amongst the crasser and
more unprofitable matter. Woodward.

CRASSAME＇NTUM, [Lat. with some anatomists] the cruor or blood,
or that part which, upon standing to cool and separate, forms the co­
agulum, in opposition to the serum in which it swims.

CRA＇SSITY, or CRA＇SSITUDE [crassitas, or crassitudo, Lat.] thick­
ness, grossness, coarseness. They must be but thin as a leaf, for if
they have a greater crassitude they will alter. Bacon. The crassitude
and gravity of the sea-water. Woodward.

CRA＇SSULA Major [in botany] the herb liv-long, or orpine, or
love-long. Lat.

CRASSULA Minor [in botany] the herb prick-madam, worm-grass,
or stone-crop. Lat.

CRASTINA＇TION, a putting off till to-morrow, a deferring or de­
laying, &c. Lat.

CRATÆ＇GONON [κραταιγονον, Gr.] the herb arsesmart, culerage or
wild cow-wheat.

CRATÆO＇NUM [in botany] the herb stitch-wort.

CRATCH [creche, Fr. crates, Lat.] a rack, or pallisadoed frame,
in which hay or straw is put for cattle. I was laid in the cratch, I
was wrapped in swaddling cloths. Hakewell.

CRA＇TCHES, or SCRATCHES [crevasses, Fr. with farriers] a stink­
ing sore in the heels of horses.

CRA＇TER, a cup or bowl, a goblet; also a southern constellation
consisting of 11 stars. Lat.

CRA＇TER [in falconry] the line on which hawks are fastened when
reclaimed.

CRATERI＇TES [Lat. of κρατηρα, Gr.] a precious stone between a
chrysolite and the amber.

CRATI＇CULA [Lat. with chemists] an iron instrument used in mak­
ing fires to keep up the coals.

CRA＇TO, a town of Alentejo, in Portugal, situated about seven
miles south of Portalegre.

CRA＇VAT [of cravate, Fr. crovatta, It. corbata, Sp. garavata,
Port. said to be so called by the Croats or Croatians, a sort of troops in
the German army. Johnson says the etymology is uncertain] 1. A
sort of neckcloth, first worn by the Croats. 2. Any thing worn
about the neck.
Less delinquents have been scourg＇d,
And hemp on wooden anvils forg＇d,
Which others for cravats have worn
About their necks, and took their turn. Hudibras.

To CRAVE, verb act. [crafian, Sax. krefe, Dan. kraefwis, Su.] to
desire earnestly, to beseech, to entreat. The grace or benefit craved
at God＇s hands. Hooker.
Each ardent nymph the rising current craves. Prior.

To CRAVE, verb neut. 1. To ask insatiably.
Him dost thou mean, who, spite of all his store,
Is ever craving, and is ever poor? Dryden.
2. To long, to wish unreasonably. Levity pushes us on from one
vain desire to another, in a regular vicissitude and succession of crav­
ings and satiety. L＇Estrange. 3. To call for, to require importunately.
Bestow
Your needful counsel to our businesses,
Which crave the instant use. Shakespeare.
Craving Appetite. Arbuthnot. 4. Sometimes with for. Once one
may crave for love. Suckling.

CRA＇VEN, or CRA＇VENT [derived by Skinner from crave, as one
that craves or begs his life. Perhaps it comes originally from the
noise made by a conquered cock. Johnson.] 1. A conquered and di­
spirited cock.
What is your crest a comb?
———A combless cock, so Kate will be my hen.
No cock of mine, you crow too like a craven. Shakespeare.
2. A coward, a recreant. In old time, such as were overcome in sin­
gle combat, cried cravant when they yielded, and thence the word
became a term of disgrace.
Is it fit this soldier keep his oath?
He is a craven and a villain else. Shakespeare.
3. A trial by battle, upon a writ of right.

CRAVEN, adj. cowardly, recreant.
Craven scruple of thinking too precisely on th＇ event,
A thought which quarter＇d hath but one part wisdom,
And ever three parts coward. Shakespeare.

To CRAVEN, verb. act. [from the subst.] to make recreant, or
cowardly. Hanmer.
＇Gainst self slaughter
There is a prohibition so divine
That cravens my weak hands. Shakespeare.

CRA＇VER [from crave] a spiritless, weak-hearted fellow. It is
used in Richardson＇s Clarissa.

CRA＇VINGNESS [from craving] an earnest or eager desire after a
thing.

To CRAUNCH [schrantsen, Du. whence, more properly, scraunch]
to crush in the mouth. Swift uses it.

CRAW [kroe, Dan. krage, Ger.] the crop, the first stomach of a
bird. In such birds as are not carnivorous, the meat is immediately
swallowed into the crop or craw. Ray.

CRAW-FISH. See CRAY-FISH.

To CRAWL [krielen, Du. Johnson. Probably of groüiller, Fr. to
stir, turn, or move] 1. To creep along slowly, to move without rising
from the ground, as a worm.
The vile worm that yesterday began
To crawl, thy fellow-creature, abject man. Prior.
2. To move weakly and slowly.
Thy dwindled legs seem crawling to a grave. Dryden.
3. To move about hated and despised. A litter of absurd opinions
crawl about the world to the disgrace of reason. South.
Behold a rev＇rend fire, whom want of grace
Has made the father of a nameless race,
Crawl thro＇ the street, shov＇d on or rudely press＇d
By his own sons, that pass him by unbless＇d. Pope.

CRAW＇LER [from crawl] any thing that creeps.

CRAY, a disease in hawks, much like the pantass, that hinders
their muting.

CRAY-Fish, or, properly, CREVI＇SSE [ecrevisse, Fr.] a small crus­
taceous river fish, the river lobster. The common cray-fish and the
large sea cray-fish both produce the stones called crabs-eyes. In part of
June, in July, and part of August, this animal not only casts its shell,
but its very stomach is also consumed and digested, by a new one grow­
ing in its place. Hill.

CRA＇YED, a small sort of sea-vessel.

CRAY＇FORD, a market town of Kent, 14 miles from London. It
had anciently a ford over the river Cray, a little above its influx into
the Thames; whence it had its name.

CRA＇YON, a small pencil of any sort of colouring stuff, made up
into paste, and dried, to be used for drawing and painting in dry co­
lours, either upon paper or parchment. Fr. Let no day pass with­
out giving some strokes of the pencil or crayon. Dryden. Pere Riche­
let says, the craion is a fort of soft stone, made use of in designing,
and is of various kinds; red, black, &c. And adds, that by an easy
figure of speech, the word is used for the first idea, or rough draught of
a future piece, as being in this manner first hit off.

To CRAZE [écraser, Fr.] 1. To break to pieces.
Yield thy craz＇d title to my certain rights. Shakespeare.
God looking forth, will trouble all his host,
And craze their chariot wheels. Milton.
2. To pound small, to reduce to powder. The tin ore passeth to the
crazing-mill, which, between two grinding stones, bruiseth it to a fine
sand. Carew. 3. To crack the brain, to impair the understanding.
That grief hath craz＇d my wits. Shakespeare. Every sinner does wilder
things than any man can do that is craz＇d and out of his wits. Tillotson.

CRAZE Mill, or CRA＇ZING Mill [in tin works] a mill to grind the
tin that is too great after trampling.

CRA＇ZEDNESS [from crazed] brokenness of health, decrepitude;
state of having the wits crazed. The nature as of men that have sick
bodies, so likewise of the people in the crazedness of their minds,
possessed with dislike and discontent at things present, is to imagine
that any thing would help them. Hooker.

CRA＇ZINESS [of crazy, prob. of κρασις, Gr.] 1. Weakness, indispo­
sition of body, the state of being crazy. Nor will I speak now of the
craziness of her title to many of them. Howel. 2. Weakness of
the mind or of intellects.

CRA＇ZY [ecrasé, Fr. κρασις, Gr.] 1. Distempered, sickly, decre­
pit. Fitter for sickness and for crazy age. Shakespeare. 2. Broken
brained, cracked in the intellect.
The queen of night, whose large command
Rules all the sea, and half the land,
And over moist and crazy brains,
In high spring-tides at midnight reigns. Hudibras.
3. Feeble, shattered.
Physic can but mend our crazy state,
Patch an old building, not a new create. Dryden.
4. Weak. A crazy constitution. Wake.

To a CRAZY ship all winds are contrary. And to a crazy consti­
tution almost every thing hurtful. We may likewise add, that to a
crazy mind every thing is displeasing.

CRE＇ABLE [creabilis, Lat.] that may be created.

CREAGHT, subst. [Irish] a drove of cattle. In these fast places
they keep their creaghts, or herds of cattle; living by the milk of the
cow, without husbandry or tillage. Davies.

To CREAK [corrupted from crack] 1. To make a harsh protracted
noise. See To CREEK. The creaking of shoes. Shakespeare.







No door there was th＇ unguarded house to keep
On creaking hinges turn＇d, to break his sleep. Dryden.
2. Sometimes applied to animals.
The creaking locusts with my voice conspire. Dryden.

CREAM [crème, Fr. cremor, Lat.] 1. The thicker; oily, and more
substantial part of milk, which, when it is cold, floats a-top, and by
agitation in the churn turns to butter, the flower of the milk. Cream
is matured and made to rise more speedily by putting in cold water,
which getteth down the whey. Bacon. Milk standing sometime, na­
turally separates into an oily liquor called cream, and a thinner, blue,
and more ponderous liquor, called skimmed milk. Arbuthnot. 2.
The prime and best part of a thing; as, the cream of a jest.

CREAM of Tartar, the common white tartar freed from its impuri­
ties.

CREAM Water, water having a kind of oil upon it, or fat scum,
which being boiled, is used for several medicaments.

To CREAM, verb act. [from the noun] to skim off cream, to take
the flower, or quintessence of a thing. Swift uses it.

To CREAM, verb neut. To gather into a cream.
There are a sort of men, whose visages
Do cream and mantle like a standing pool,
And do a wilful stiffness entertain
With purpose to be drest in an opinion
Of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit. Shakespeare.

CREAM-FACED [from cream and faced] pale, looking like a
coward.
Thou cream-fac＇d lown,
Where got＇st thou that goose look. Shakespeare.

CRE＇AMY [of cream] having the nature of cream, being full of
cream.

CRE＇ANCE [Fr. credenza, It.] confidence, trust, credit, belief.

CREANCE [in falconry] a fine, small, long line, fastened to a
hawk＇s leash, when she is first lured.

CREA＇NSOUR, a creditor, one who trusts another, either with mo­
ney or wares. O. Lat.

CREASE [from creta, Lat. chalk. Skinner] a mark made by doub­
ling any thing, the impression left by a fold. I desired lord Boling­
broke to observe, that the clerks used an ivory knife with a blunt edge
to divide paper, which cut it even, only requiring a strong hand,
whereas a sharp pen-knife would go out of the crease, and disfigure
the paper. Swift.

To CREASE, to double into folds, to leave a mark or impression in
any thing by doubling it.

CRE＇AT [with horsemen] an usher to a riding-master, or a gentle­
man educated in an academy of horsemanship, with intent to qualify
himself for teaching the art of riding the great horse.

CREA＇TABLE [of create] capable of being created.

To CREA＇TE [créer, Fr. creare, It. criar, Sp. and Port. of creatum,
sup. of creo, Lat.] 1. To make out of nothing, to cause to exist.
God created the heaven and the earth. Genesis. 2. To produce, to
cause, to occasion. His abilities were prone to create in him great
confidence of undertakings. King Charles.
None knew, till guilt created fear,
What darts and poison＇d arrows were. Roscommon.
3. To beget.
And the issue they create,
Ever shall be fortunate. Shakespeare.
4. To invest with any new character.
Arise, my knights o＇ the battle; I create you
Companions to our person, and will fit you
With dignities becoming your estates. Shakespeare.
5. To give any new qualities, to put any thing in a new state. Power
to create a manor, and hold a court-baron. Davies.

CREATE, or CREA＇TED [part. of creatus, Lat.] created, made,
framed, formed, &c.

CREA＇TED, a created thing is one which has its dependence upon
another, as all finite beings have.

CREA＇TION [Fr. creazione, It. criaciòn, Sp. of creator, Lat.] 1. The
production of something out of nothing, or out of pre-existent matter,
by divine power. Genesis, chap. i. v. 1 and 27 compared; or,
before all time and ages. See Cudworth＇s Intell. Syst. p. 576. In which
latter sense the most strenuous champions of the Nicene faith in the
fourth century, did not scruple to apply this word [condere or creare,
in Lat. and κτιζειν in Gr.] even to the original existence of God＇s only­
begotten Son; I mean, as it implied an act founded in the FATHER＇s
will and power; and precluded all conceptions of a CORPOREAL and
PASSIVE production. As St. Hilary, de synodis edit. Erasm. p. 306,
observes; tho＇, to distinguish this creation from that of other derived
beings, he adds (with the COUNCIL on which he comments) “Sic
filium condit, ut generet,”—q. d. He so founded or created him, as by
the same act to beget him, i. e. to produce him in the same common
nature. See First BORN, First CAUSE, Eternal GENERATION, and
ATTRIBUTES Incommunicable, and then judge.
The emanations of his providence; his creation, his conservation
of us. Taylor. 2. The act of investing with new qualities or a new
character; as, a creation of peers. 3. The universe, the things
created.
As subjects then the whole creation came. Denham.
God saw his image lively was express＇d,
And his own work, as, his creation, bless＇d. Dryden.
4. Any thing produced, caused, or occasioned.
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible
To feeling as to light? Or art thou but
A dagger of the mind, a false creation,
Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? Shakespeare.

CREA＇TIVE [from create] having the power of creating, exerting,
the act of creating. The first instance of his creative power. South.

CREA＇TOR [createur, Fr. creatore, It. criadòr, Sp. of creator, Lat.]
he that creates; as, God is the creator of all things.

CREA＇TURAL, adj. belonging to a creature, or of the creature
kind.

CRE＇ATURE [Fr. criatúra, Sp. and Port. of creatura, It. and Lat.]
1. A created being, a being, not self-existent, but created by the
supreme being. Were these idolaters for the worship they give to the
creator, or that to the creatures. Stillingfleet. 2. Any thing created.
God＇s first creature was light. Bacon. 3. An animal, not a human
being. Killing creatures vile as cats and dogs. Shakespeare. 4. A
general term for man.
Crime in her, could never creature find. Spenser.
Tho＇ he might burst his lungs to call for help,
No creature would assist. Roscommon.
5. A human being, in contempt. Home, you idle creatures. Shake­
speare.
Thy sollies, idle creature. Prior.
A vain young creature given up to the ambition of fame. Pope. 6. A
word of petty endearment.
And then, Sir, would he gripe and wring my hand,
Cry, oh! sweet creature. Shakespeare.
Ah! cruel creature, whom dost thou despise. Dryden.
7. One who owes his rise and fortune to the favour of a great man;
consequently, one at the direction or under the influence of another.
The duke＇s creature he desired to be esteemed. Clarendon.

CRE＇ATURELY, adj. 1. Belonging to the creature, or after the manner
of creation. “The second divine hypostasis did indeed [according
to the judgment of Plotinus, the Platonist] proceed from the FIRST
GOD; yet was it not produced thence after a creaturely, or in a cre­
ating way, but by way of natural and NECESSARY emanation. Cud­
worth＇s Intellect. Syst. p. 574. i. e. by that manner of production
which Athanasius afterwards espoused; but which the main body of
his cotemporaries opposed. See CIRCUMINCESSION, and Necessary
CAUSE. 2. Having the qualities, or being like a creature. The
several parts of relatives or creaturely infinites, may have finite propor­
tions to each other. Cheyne.

To CRE＇ATURIZE, to make or render one his creature.

CREA＇UNCE [creance, Fr.] faith, credit, confidence.

CRE＇BRITUDE [crebritudo, Lat.] frequency, oftenness.

CRE＇BROUS [creber, Lat.] frequent.

CRE＇DENCE [Norman Fr. creance, Fr. credenza, It. credencia, Sp. of
credentia, from credo, Lat. to believe] 1. Belief, credit. Ne let it
seem that credence this exceeds. Spenser. Shakespeare and Bacon
also use it; but it seems in this sense to be now almost obsolete. 2.
That which gives claim or title to credit or belief. They delivered
their letters of credence. Hayward.

CREDE＇NDA, articles of faith, things to be believed; distinguished
in divinity from agenda, things to be practised, or practical duties.
South uses it. Lat.

CRE＇DENT, adj. [credens, Lat.] 1. Believing, easy of belief. With
too credent ear you list＇ his songs Shakespeare. 2. Having credit, not
to be questioned.
My authority bears a credent bulk,
That no particular scandal once can touch.
But it confounds the breather. Shakespeare.

CREDE＇NTIALS [from credens, Lat.] 1. That which gives title to
credit, letters of credence or recommendation; especially for the au­
thorizing or giving power to an ambassador, plenipotentiary, &c. It
has no singular number. A few persons of an odious and despised
country, could not have filled the world with believers, had they not
shewn undoubted credentials from the divine person who sent them on
such a message. Addison.

CREDIBI＇LITY, or CRE＇DIBLENESS [cridibilité, Fr. or of credible,
Eng.] probableness, likelihood, reputableness, claim to credit. Se­
veral degrees of credibility and conviction. Atterbury. Credibleness is
used by Boyle.

CRE＇DIBLE [Fr. credibile, It. creyble, Sp. of credibilis, Lat.] that
which is to be believed, worthy of credit, that which, altho＇ it is
not apparent to sense, nor certainly to be collected, either antecedent­
ly from its cause, or reversly by its effect, yet has the attestation of
truth. The ground of credit is the credibility of things credited; and
things are made credible, either by the known condition and quality
of the utterer, or by the manifest likelihood of truth in themselves.
Hooker. Credible persons. Tillotson.

CRE＇DIBLY [from credible] in a manner that claims belief, proba­
ble. Rather confidently than credibly reported. Bacon.

CRE＇DIT [Fr. credito, It. Sp. and Port. of creditum, Lat.] 1. Be­
lief. When they heard these words they gave no credit unto them, nor
received them. 1 Maccabees. I may give credit to reports. Addison.
What tho＇ no credit doubting wits may give,
The fair and innocent shall still believe. Pope.
2. Good opinion, esteem. No decaying merchant, or inward beg­
gar, hath so many tricks to uphold the credit of their wealth, as these
empty persons have to maintain the credit of their sufficiency. Bacon.
Yes, while I live, no rich or noble knave,
Shall walk the world in credit to his grave. Pope.
3. Honour, reputation. I published, because I was told, I might
please such as it was a credit to please. Pope. 4. Trust reposed in
one, authority, interest, power, not compulsive, influence. She then
employed his uttermost credit to relieve us. Sidney. Having credit
enough with his master to provide for his own interest. Clarendon.
5. Faith, testimony. We are contented to take this upon your credit,
and to think it may be. Hooker. The credit of a single assertion.
Locke. 6. Promise given. They never thought of violating the pub­
lic credit, or alienating the revenues to other uses than to what they
have been thus assigned. Addison.

CREDIT [in traffic] 1. A mutual loan of merchandizes, &c. on the
reputation of the honesty and solvability of the person negociating.
Credit is nothing but the expectation of money within some limited time.
Locke. 2. The course which papers or bills, &c. of commerce have in
negociating theactions of a company, as of the Bank, South-Sea, &c.
which is said to rise when they are received and sold at prices above
par, or the standard of their first appointment.
CREDIT lost is like a glass broken.
To which answers another proverb:
He who has lost his CREDIT is dead to the world.
If this proverb were always true, it would be very hard upon a great
many strictly honest men, who by inevitable accidents are driven into
those circumstances, which are called (though wrongly) loss of credit.
But that it is not always true, even in the sense credit is generally taken,
is evident in the examples of those who in trade fail and fail again,
and yet meet with credit.








CREDIT [in antient writers] a right which Lords had over their
vassals, to oblige them to lend money for a certain time.

Letters of CREDIT [in commerce] are letters given by a mer­
chant, &c. to such persons as he can trust to take money of his cor­
respondent.

To CRE＇DIT [creditum, sup. of credo, Lat.] 1. To believe.
Now I change my mind,
And partly credit things that do presage. Shakespeare.
2. To confide in, to give credit or trust to. 3. To procure credit or ho­
nour to, to grace, to set off.
May here her monument stand so
To credit this rude age, and show
To future times, that even we
Some patterns did of virtue see. Waller.
You credit the church by your government, as you did the school by
your wit. South. 4. To admit or receive as a debtor.

CRE＇DITABLE [of credit, croyable. Fr.] 1. Reputable, being above
contempt. A good creditable way of living. Arbuthnot. 2. Honou­
rable, estimable. A pardonable and creditable kind of ignorance.
Tillotson.

CRE＇DITABLENESS [of creditable] reputableness, estimation. The
creditableness and repute of customary vices. Decay of Piety.

CRE＇DITABLY [of creditable] with reputation, without disgrace.
To neglect their duty safely and creditably. South.

CRE＇DITON, a market-town in Devonshire, on the river Creden,
and was, in the Saxon times, the see of a bishop. It has a conside­
rable trade in serges; is 7 miles from Exeter, and 183 from London.

CRE＇DITOR [creditore, It. accreedòr, Sp. of creditor, Port. and Lat.]
one who gives credit; one who lends or trusts another with money,
goods, &c. one to whom any debt is owed; it is the correlative to
debtor. I so consider myself as creditor and debtor, that I often state
my accounts after the same manner, with regard to heaven and my
own soul. Addison. To pay his creditors. Swift.

CREDU＇LITY, or CRE＇DULOUSNESS [credulitas, Lat. credulité, Fr
or from credulous] aptness, easiness to believe, readiness of belief.

CRE＇DULOUS [credule, Fr. credulo, It. and Sp. of credulus, Lat.]
easy, light or rash belief, unsuspecting, readily deceived.
A credulous father and a brother noble,
Whose nature is so far from doing harm,
That he suspects none. Shakespeare.

CREED [of credo, Lat.] 1. A short or summary account of the chief
articles of the christian faith, so called from the first beginning in La­
tin, Credo in Deum, i. e. I believe in God the FATHER ALMIGHTY,
maker of heaven and earth; and in Jesus Christ, his only begotten Son,
&c.
Such is the apostolic creed; and that drawn up by Irenæus, Ed.
Grabe, p. 458, which the reader will find under the word Primitive
CHRISTIANITY, I mean a Summary ACCOUNT, &c. But in process
of time, when the empire became christian, and the decisions of as­
sembled bishops were (as the late author of the History of the Popes
observes) made under the influence of the court, and then ENFORCED
by the secular arm, the creeds they drew up, were no longer mere
ACCOUNTS, &c. but obtained the nature of decrees and laws, hence­
forth precluding all private judgment, and (under some shape or o­
ther) binding the main body of the clergy, if not the whole christian
world. And indeed, what St. Gregory Nazianzen thought of the
councils held in his times, i. e. in the latter half of the fourth cen­
tury, appears sufficiently from his letter to Procopius, “εχω μεν ουτως,
&c. i. e. if I must unbosom my real sentiments, I am come to a
point, to avoid every assembly of bishops; because I never saw a
good ending of ANY synod——The spirit of contention, and spirit of
ambition [or love of rule] still gaining the ascendancy over REA­
SON.” Gregor. Naz. Epist. ad Procop. Nor does he except that very
council, to which we are, in part, indebted for one of our present
creeds* “About the year 360, (says honest Mr. Mede, Ed. London. p. 690.) we began our reck＇ning of the first entrance of saint-worship in the church.” And in the years 381 and 382, was that council held at Constantinople, to which St. Gregory (if I＇m not mistaken) in particular refers See BERÆANS, COUNCIL ŒCUMENICAL, CATAPHRYGIANS, and DIMERITES., and at which himself, to his grief, was present. “They
fall (says he) into factions, and fight for the sake of THRONES [i. e.
of episcopal sees] and divide the whole world αθεσμως, i. e. in a
lawless or irreligious manner:
Και προϕασις τριας εστι; το δ᾿ατρεκες εχθος απιστον.
i. e. the TRINITY is the pretence; but in truth, a perfidious enmity is
at the bottom.” Greg. de Vitâ suâ, Vol. II. p. 25—27, 81—84.

CREEK [crecca, Sax. crique, French. kreke, Du.] 1. A little bay,
a nook in a harbour, where any thing is landed, a cove. A law
was made to stop their passage in every port and creek. Davies. 2.
A prominence or jutting in a winding coast.
As streams, which with their winding banks do play,
Stop＇d by their creeks, run softly thro＇ the plain. Davies.
They on the banks of Jordan by a creek,
Where winds with reeds, and osiers whisp＇ring play,
Their unexpected loss and plaints out-breath＇d. Milton.
3. Any alley or turning. A back friend, a shoulder-clapper, one
that commands the passages of alleys, creeks and narrow lanes.
Shakespeare.

A CREEK, or CRICK, in the neck, a small pain there, occasioned
by cold.

To CREEK, verb act. [probably of scheyger, Dan. or of kraecken,
or craquer, Fr. to crack] to make a noise as a door does, when its
hinges are rusty; see To CREAK. Creeking my shoes on the plain
masonry. Shakespeare.

CREE＇KY [from creek] full of creeks, winding, uneven and pro­
minent.
A pot
Pour＇d forth a water, whose outgushing flood
Ran bathing all the creeky shore a-flot,
Whereon the Trojan prince spilt Turnus blood. Spenser.

To CREEP, irr. verb. or crept, pret. & part. pass. [croppan, C.
Brit. creopan, Sax. kruppen, Du. krupen, L. Ger. kriechen, H. Ger.
crypa, Su.] 1. To crawl, to move with the belly to the ground, or
without legs, as a worm. Every creeping thing that creeps the ground.
Milton. 2. To grow along the ground, or on other supporters.
Creeping vines on arbours weav＇d around. Dryden.
3. To move forwards without leaps, as insects. 4. To move slowly
and weakly.
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day. Shakespeare.
5. To move softly or privately. I＇ll creep into the chimney. Shakes­
peare. They creep into houses, and lead captive silly women. 2 Ti­
mothy. 6. To move timorously, without soaring or venturing into
danger. He creeps along sometimes for an hundred lines together.
Dryden. We took a little boat to creep along the sea-shore. Addison.
7. To come unexpected, to advance forward, unheard, and unseen;
By these gifts of nature and fortune he creeps, nay he flies into fa­
vour, Sidney. Sophistry creeps into most of the books of argument.
Locke. 8. To bend, to behave servilely, to fawn.
They were us＇d to bend,
To send their smilies before them to Achilles,
To come as humbly as they us＇d to creep
To holy altars. Shakespeare.
Learn to CREEP before you go.
The Germans say: Man musz nicht fliegen ehe man federn hat. (We
must not pretend to fly before we have feathers.) The proverb is de­
signed as an advice to us not too rashly to undertake things we have
no knowledge of, or that we are not in a capacity of going through
with: but to advance by degrees, and wait till we have gained expe­
rience and a competency.

CREE＇PER [of creep] 1. Any animal that creeps. 2. An andiron,
or an iron that slides along kitchen grates.

CREEPERS [with gardiners] a plant whose branches trail on the
ground, or supports itself by means of some stronger body. Winders
or creepers, as ivy, briony, wood-bine. Bacon.

CREE＇PERS, a sort of galoshes or low pattens, or rather between
pattens or clogs, with bits of iron instead of rings for women.

CREE＇PHOLE [of creep and hole] 1. A hole into which an animal
may creep, to escape pursuit or danger. 2. A subterfuge or excuse.

CREE＇PINGLY [of creeping] slowly, in the manner of a reptile.
Words creepingly enter＇d. Sidney.

CRE＇KELADE, a borough town of Wiltshire, at the influx of the
Chnrn and Rye into the Thames. It is 81 miles from London, and
sends two members to parliament.

CRE＇MA, a city, and bishop＇s see, capital of a district of the Mi­
lanese, called Cremapo; and situated almost in the middle, between
Milan and Mantua.

CREMA＇STER [κρεμαστηρ, of κρεμαω, Gr. to suspend] a mus­
cle, otherwise called suspensor testiculi, both the names being taken
from the use of it, and serves to draw them up, and raise them in
coitu.

CREMA＇TION [crematio, Lat.] a burning.

CREME＇NTUM Comitatus [a law term] the improvement of the
king＇s rents, above the vicontiel rents; for which improvements the
sheriff answered by crementum comitatus.

CREME＇SINUS, Lat. [in botanic writers] being of a crimson co­
lour.

CRE＇MNOS [κρημνος, Gr. a precipice or shelving place] it is used
by anatomists for the lip of the pudendum muliebre; also the lip of
an ulcer.

CREMO＇NA, a city of Italy, and capital of a district called from it
the Crimonese; situated about 45 miles south-east of Milan.

CRE＇MOR, Lat. a soft liquor resembling cream, any milky sub­
stance. The food mingled with dissolvent juices, is reduced into a
chyle or cremor. Ray.

CRE＇NA, Lat. a notch or dent.

CRE＇NATED, adj. [from crena, Lat.] indented. The cells are pret­
tily crenated or notched quite round the edges, but not straited down
to any depth. Woodward.

CRENATED, or Notched Leaf [with botanists] is that which is cut
about the edges into several obtuse segments, as in the oak-leaves.

CRE＇NCLES, or CRE＇NGLES [in a ship] small ropes spliced or let
into the bolt ropes of the sails, that belong to the main and fore­
masts; they are fastened to the bowling-bridles, and are to hold by,
when the bonnet sail is taken off.

CRENELLE＇ [in heraldry] or embattled in English, from the French
word cren, crena, Lat. signifying a notch or interval, denotes, when
an honourable ordinary is drawn like the battlements on a wall, to de­
fend men from the enemies shot; that is, the wall rising at small in­
tervals, so as to cover them, and lowering at those intervals; and the
use of it is taken from such walls, either for having been the first at
mounting them, or the chiefest in defending them.

CREO＇LIAN, a new christian native of America, converted to chris­
tianity.

CREPA＇NE [with farriers] an ulcer in the fore part of the foot of
an horse, about an inch above the coronet. It is caused by a bilious
sharp humour, that frets the skin, or by a hurt from striking of the
hinder feet. Farrier＇s Dictionary.

CRE＇PATURE [in pharmacy] the boiling of barley, or any other
thing till it cracks.

CREPHAGE＇NETUS was a god of Thebes, whom they accounted
immortal. Herodotus relates, that the Thebans were the only peo­
ple in all Egypt that refused to admit the extravagant superstitions of
other cities, and that they would never give divine honour to mortal
gods; an ANECDOTE of which I do not remember to have found any
traces in ANTIQUITY.

CREPI＇NES, Fr. [in cookery] fringes; a sort of farce or stuffed meat
wrapped up in a veal-caul.

To CRE＇PITATE [crepitatum, sup. of crepito, Lat.] to make a small
crackling noise, to crackle.

CREPITA＇TION [from crepitate] a small crackling noise.

CRE＇PITUS, Lat. a Fart, also a certain deity worshipped by the
Egyptians under an obscene figure, which is to be seen in some curi­
ous collections of antiquity.








CRE＇PITUS Lupi [in botany] a kind of fungus, commonly called
Puff-hall.

CREPT, pret. and part. [of to creep] see To CREEP. There are
certain men crept in. St. Jude.
This fair vine, but that her arms surround
Her marry＇d elm, had crept along the ground. Pope.

CREPU＇SCLE [crepuscule, Fr. crepusculo, It. of crepusculum, Lat.] the
twilight in the evening, after the setting of the sun, or in the morning
before its rising.

CREPU＇SCULOUS [crepesculum, Lat.] pertaining to the twilight,
glimmering, being in a state between light and darkness. A glim­
mering light and crepusculous glance. Brown. The beginnings of phi­
losophy were in a crepusculous obscurity, and it is yet scarce past the
dawn. Glanville.

CRE＇SCENT, adj. [croissant, Fr. crescente, It. creciénte, Sp. crescens,
Lat.] increasing or growing. He was then of a crescent note.
Shakespeare. Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. Milton.

CRESCENT [with farriers] a horse is said to have crescents, when
the point of the coffin-bone, which is most advanced, falls down and
presses the sole outwards.

CRESCENT, subst. [crescens, Lat.] 1. The moon in her state of in­
crease. 2. Any resemblance of the moon thus increasing.
The horns
Of Turkish crescent. Milton.
The faint crescent shoots by fits. Dryden.

CRESCENT [in heraldry] is the half moon, with the horns turned
upwards. It is used either as an honourable bearing, or as the
difference to distinguish between elder and younger families; this
being generally assigned to the second son, and to those that descend
from him.

CRE＇SEY, a town of Picardy, in France, about 44 miles south from
Calais; it is remarkable for the victory obtained there over the
French by Edward III, in the year 1346.

CRE＇SCIVE, adj. [from cresco, Lat.] increasing or growing; a word
now obsolete.
So the prince obscur＇d his contemplation
Under the veil of wildness, which no doubt
Grew like the summer grass, fastest by night,
Unseen, yet crescive in his faculty. Shakespeare.

CRE＇SSAN, a kind of pear, called the bergamot cressan.

CRE＇SSES [cressen, Sax. krasze, Su. kresz, Ger. cresson, Fr. per­
haps from crescio, Lat, it being a quick grower. Johnson] an herb
used in fallets. It is chiefly esteemed in the winter and spring, being
one of the warm kind. It has no singular number.

CRE＇SSET, an herb.

CRESSET, a kitchen utensil for setting a pot over the fire.

CRESSET Light [croissette, Fr. because beacons had crosses anciently
on their tops] 1. A large lanthorn fixed to a pole. 2. A burning
beacon. 3. A great light set upon a beacon, lighthouse, or watch­
tower. Hanmer.
The front of heaven was full of fiery sparks
Of burning cressets. Shake-speare.
Starry lamps and blazing cressets fed,
With naphtha and asphaltus, yielded light. Milton.

CREST, or CRIST [creste, Fr. cresta, It. and Sp. crista, Lat.] 1.
The tuft on the head of a bird. 2. The plume of feathers on the
top of the ancient helmet. His valour, shewn upon our crests to
day. Shakespeare. 3. The comb of a cock.

CREST [cresta, It. and Sp. with heralds] 1. A device, representing
a living creature, plant, or other artificial thing, set over a coat of
arms on the wreath, in the uppermost part of the escutcheon, by way
of ornament. Of what esteem crests were in the time of king Ed­
ward III, may appear by his giving an eagle, which he himself had
formerly borne, for a crest to William Montacute, earl of Salisbury.
Camden. 2. Any tuft or ornament on the head in general, as some
which the poets assign to serpents.
Their crests divide,
And tow＇ring o＇er his head, in triumph ride. Dryden.
3. Pride, spirit, fire, loftiness of carriage.
When horses should endure the bloody spur,
They fall their crests. Shakespeare.

CREST [with carvers] a carved work to adorn the head or top of
any thing, not unlike our modern cornish.

CREST Fallen [with farriers] a term used of a horse, when the
upper part of the neck, on which the main grows, does not stand
upright, but hangs either on the one side or the other.

CREST Fallen [spoken of men] signifies dispirited, put out of heart,
cast down, cowed. As crest-fallen as a dried pear. Shakespeare. They
prolate their words in a whining kind of querulous tone, as if they
were still complaining and crest-fallen. Howel.

CREST [with florists] the upper-part of a labiated flower.

CRE＇STED [from crest, cristatus, Lat.] 1. Having a crest, or a­
dorned with a plume. Grov＇ling soil＇d their crested helmes in the
dust. Milton. 2. Having a comb. The crested cock. Milton. The
crested bird. Dryden.

CRE＇STLESS [of crest] having no coat of arms, not being of any
eminent family. Crestless yeomen. Shakespeare.

CREST MARINE [with botanists] the herb rock-samphire.

CREST Tile, a ridge tile.

CRESTS [in heraldry] seem to take their name of crista, Lat. the
comb or tuft of the head of a cock, peacock, heath-cock, &c. and
as these occupy the highest parts of the heads of birds, so do these
cognisances. Crests are seated upon the most eminent part of the hel­
met; but yet so, that they admit an interposition of some escrol,
wreath, chapeau, crown, &c. Heralds say, they were taken from
great men, and prime commanders in former times, wearing on the
top of their helmets the figures of animals, or other things, as well
to appear formidable to their enemies, or to be known by their own
soldiers, that they might stick to them in battle, and rally about them,
if dispersed.
It appears that crests were very ancient; Alexander the Great wore
a ram＇s head for his crest, and Julius Cæsar a star.
Esquires who had no notable command, were not permitted to wear
such crests on their helmets; but only a steel crest, from which hung
down feathers or scrols upon their armour.

CRE＇SWELL, the broad edge or verge of the sole of a shoe round
about.

CRETA＇CEOUS [cretaceus, from creta, Lat. chalk] of or belonging
to chalk, having the qualities of chalk. Cretaceous salt. Grew.
Nor from the sable ground expect success,
Nor from cretaceous stubborn and jejune. Philips.

CRETA＇TED [cretatus, Lat.] chalked.

CRE＇TICISM, or CRE＇TISM [so called from the inhabitants of Creto,
who were noted for lying] a forging of lies, falseness, perfidiousness.

CRETO＇SE [cretosus, Lat.] full of chalk, chalky.

CRETO＇SITY [cretositas, Lat.] chalkiness.

CRE＇VET, or CRU＇SET, a melting-pot used by goldsmiths.

CRE＇VICE [crevasse, from crever, Fr. crepo, Lat. to burst] a chink
or cleft. The crevice of a wall. Shakespeare. I thought it no breach
of good manners to peep at a crevice. Addison.

CRE＇VIZE [ecrevisse, Fr.] a cray-fish. See CRAW and CRAY­
FISH.

CREUX, Fr. [in sculpture] a hollow cavity out of which something
has been scooped or digged.

CREW [probably from crud, Sax.] 1. A company of people asso­
ciated for any purpose.
A noble crew
Of lords and ladies stood on every side. Spenser.
2. Now generally used in a bad sense. 3. A knot or gang. One of
the banish＇d crew. Milton.
The last was he whose thunder slew
The Titan race, a rebel crew. Addison.

The Canting CREW, knaves, pick-pockets, gypsies and sturdy beg­
gars.

CREW [a sea term] as, the boats-crew, cockswain and rowers, to
distinguish them from the ship＇s company, or whole complement of
men on board.

CREW, irreg. pret. of to crow. See To CROW.

CRE＇WEL. 1. Two threaded worsted. Take silk or crewel, gold or
silver, thread. Walton. 2. [Klewel, Du.] yarn wound on a knot or
ball. Johnson.

CRE＇WET, or CREU＇ET [probably of cruche, Fr. an earthen pot]
a phial or narrow-mouth＇d glass, to hold oil or vinegar.

CRE＇WKERN, a markt town of Somersetshire, 133 miles from Lon­
don, and near the borders of Dorsetshire.

CRI＇ANCE, CRI＇ATS, or CRE＇ANCE [with falconers] a line of fine
strong even packthread fastened to the leash of a hawk, when she is first
lured. Fr.

CRIB [cribbe, or crybbe, Sax. crib, Ger. kribbe, or krube, Dan.]
1. A cratch, rack, or manger for cattle. Let a beast be lord of beasts,
and his crib shall stand at the king＇s messe. Shakespeare.
The steer and lion at one crib shall meet. Pope.
2. The stall of an ox. 3. A small habitation, a cottage, a hut.
Why rather sleep liest thou in smoaky cribs,
Upon uneasy pallets stretching thee,
Than in the perfum＇d chambers of the great. Shakespeare.
4. The budget of a coach, &c.

To CRIB [from the noun] to shut up in a narrow habitation, to con­
fine. Now I＇m cabin＇d, crib＇d, confin＇d, bound in. Shakespeare.

CRI＇BBAGE, a game at cards.

CRI＇BBLE [crible, Fr. cribro, It. of cribellum, from cribrum, Lat.] a
corn sieve.

CRIBA＇TION [Lat. from cribo] the act of sifting of powder thro＇
a fine sieve.

CRI＇BUM Os, Lat. [in anatomy] a bone of the nose resembling a
sieve.

CRIBUM Benedictum, Lat. [with anatomists] i. e. the blessed sieve;
a membrane or certain thick skin full of small holes like a sieve, which
(as the ancients had a notion) was in the reins, and through which
they fancied the serum was strained into the ureters; leaving the good
blood behind for the nourishment of the reins.

CRICK [from cricco, It.] 1. The noise of a door. 2. [From cryce,
Sax.] a stake. 3. A sort of cramp or pain in the neck.

CRI＇CKET [of krekel, from kreken, Du. to chirp, to make a noise]
1. A little insect haunting ovens, chimneys, &c.
Did＇st thou not hear a noise?——
—I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry. Shakespeare.
Far from all resort of mirth,
Except the cricket on the hearth. Milton.
2. (From kriechen, Ger. to creep) a low stool for a child. 3. (From
cryce, Sax. a stick) a play with bats and ball.
The judge to dance his brother serjeant call,
The senator at cricket urge the ball. Pope.

CRICOARYTÆNOI＇DES [of κρικος, a ring, αρυω, to draw up, or
αρυτηρ, a sort of cup to drink out of, and ειδος, form] certain muscles
which arise from the cartilage called cricoides, and are inserted into the
arytænoides, which while they draw sideways and outwardly, the ri­
ma of the larynx is widened.

CRICOI＇DES [of κρικος, Gr. a ring, and ειδος, form] the gristle of
the larynx, or top of the wind-pipe.

CRICO＇THYREOIDES [of κρικος, θυρεος, an helmet, and ειδος, Gr.
shape] a pair of muscles which take their rise from the fore-part of the
cricoides, and end in that which is called scutiformis.

CRIM, or CRIM TA＇RTARY. a peninsula, joined by a narrow isth­
mus to Little Tartary. The prince of this country, called Cham or
Ham, is subject to the Turks; and obliged to furnish 30,000 men,
whenever the Grand Signior takes the field.

CRI＇ER [from cry] the officer who cries or makes proclamation.
He openeth his mouth like a crier. Ecclesiasticus. The crier calls aloud.
Dryden.

CRIME [Fr. crimine, It. crimem, Port. crimen, Sp. and Lat.] a
fault, a foul deed, an offence, a sin. With crime do not it cover.
Spenser. No crime was thine, if ＇tis no crime to love. Pope.

CRI＇MEFUL [of crime and full] criminal, wicked, highly faulty,
contrary to duty.
These feasts,
So crimeful and so capital in nature. Shakespeare.








CRI＇MELESS [from crime] innocent, being without crime. I am
loyal, true, and crimeless. Shakespeare.

CRI＇MINAL, adj. [Sp. criminel, Fr. criminale, It. of criminalis, crimi­
nis, gen. of crimen, Lat.] 1. Of or belonging to, or guilty of a crime, not
innocent, tainted with wickedness. The neglect of any of the relative
duties render us criminal before God. Rogers. 2. Faulty, contrary to
right or law. Clear she died from blemish criminal. Spenser. What we
approve in our friend, we can hardly think criminal in ourselves. Ro­
gers. 3. Not civil; opposed to criminal; as, a criminal prosecution.

CRIMINAL, subst. [un criminel, Fr.] 1. An offender, a man who
is guilty of a crime. Ruin＇d not by war, but by justice and sentence
as delinquents and criminals. Bacon. 2. A person accused.
Was ever criminal forbid to plead? Dryden.

CRI＇MINALLY [from criminal] in a faulty manner, guiltily, wick­
edly. As our thoughts extend to all subjects, they may be criminally
employ＇d on all. Rogers.

CRI＇MINALNESS [of criminal] guiltiness, not innocence, not free­
dom from a crime.

CRI＇MINALTY, a criminal case.

CRIMINA＇TION, Lat. the act of blaming or accusing, arraignment.

CRI＇MINATORY [criminatorius, Lat.] relating to accusations or
crimes, accusing, censorious.

CRIMINO＇SITY [criminositas, Lat.] reproach, ill report.

CRIMINO＇SE [criminosus, Lat.] ready to blame or accuse.

CRI＇MINOUS [criminosus, from criminis, gen. of crimen, Lat.]
wicked, enormously, guilty. The punishment that belongs to that
great and criminous guilt, is the forfeiture of his right and claim to all
mercies. Hammond.

CRI＇MINOUSLY [from criminous] very wickedly, with great enor­
mity. Duties of piety and charity criminously omitted. Hammond.

CRI＇MINOUSNESS [of criminous] wickedness, guilt. I could never
be convinced of such criminousness in him as to expose his life to the
stroke of justice. King Charles.

CRIMNO＇IDES, or CRIMNO＇DES, Lat. [κριμνον, bran, and ειδος, like­
ness; with physicians] urine with a thick sediment at the bottom like
bran.

CRI＇MOSIN, adj. [crimosino, It.] a species of red colour. It is now
contracted to crimson.
Upon her head a crimosin coronet,
With damask roses and daffadilies set. Spenser.

CRIMP, a dealer in coals.

CRIMP, a game so called.

To Play CRIMP [with sharpers] to bet on one side, and by foul play
to let the other win, to have a share in the purchase.

CRIMP, adj. [from crumble or crimble] 1. Friable, brittle.
The fowler warn＇d,
By these good omens, with swift early steps,
Treads the crimp earth, ranging thro＇ fields and glades. Philips.
2. Not consistent, not forcible; a cant low word. The evidence is
crimp: the witnesses swear backwards and forwards. Arbuthnot.

CRI＇MPLING [prob. q. crippling] as, to go crimpling, i. e. as if the
feet were tender.

To CRI＇MPLE, verb act. [from rumple, crumple, crimple. Johnson]
to contract, to corrugate. He pass＇d the cautery through them, and
accordingly crimped them up. Wiseman.

CRIMPT, curled.

CRI＇MSON, subst. [cramoisin, Fr. cremosino, chermisi, It. carmesi, Sp.
and Port karmesin, Ger.] 1. A fine, deep, red colour, somewhat
darkened with blue. Crimson seems to be little else than a very deep
red, with an eye of blue. Boyle. 2. Red in general.
Beauty＇s ensign yet
Is crimson in thy lips and in thy cheeks. Shakespeare.
The crimson stream distain＇d his arms around. Dryden.
Why does the soil endue
The blushing poppy with a crimson hue? Prior.

To CRIMSON [from the subst.] 1. To dye with crimson.
Julius, here was thou bay＇d, brave hart;
Here did＇st thou fall; and here thy hunters stand,
Sign＇d in thy spoil and crimson＇d in thy lethe. Shakespeare.
2. To dye with red in general.

CRI＇NCUM, subst. [a cant word] a cramp, a contraction, whimsey.
Johnson. In the vulgar language it rather seems to be a clap, or the
venereal disease: for in such a case they say one has got the crincums.
Jealousy is but a kind
Of clap and crincum of the mind. Hudibras.
See CRINKUMS.

CRINA＇NTHEMUM [κρινανθεμον, from κρινον, a lilly, and ανθεμον, Gr.
a flower] the wild lilly.

CRI＇NATED [crinatus, from crinis, Lat. the hair] having long
locks.

CRINATED Roots [in botany] are such as shoot into the ground in
many small fibres or hairs.

CRI＇NED [in heraldry] having hairs.

CRI＇NELS, or CRI＇NETS [with falconers] small black feathers in a
hawk, like hair, about the sere.

CRINI＇GEROUS [criniger, from crinis, hair, and gero, Lat. to carry]
wearing much hair or long locks, hairy.

CRI＇NKUMS, the foul disease; a cant word.

CRINO＇SE [crinosus, from crinis, Lat.] having much or long hair.

CRINO＇SITY [crinositas, Lat.] hairiness.

To CRINGE, verb neut. [perhaps of krechen, Du. to creep, kriechen,
Ger.] to make low bows or congees, to shew great submission, to flat­
ter, to fawn. Always bowing and cringing. Arbuthnot.
The cringing knave who seeks a place. Swift.

To CRINGE, verb act. to draw together, to contract.
Whip him, fellows,
Till like a boy you see him cringe his face,
And whine aloud for mercy. Shakespeare.

CRINGE, subst. a low bow, servile civility.
Let me be grateful, but let far from one
Be fawning, cringe, and false dissembling looks. Philips.

CRI＇NIS, Lat. hair.

CRINI＇TA Stella, Lat. a comet or blazing star.

To CRI＇NKLE, verb neut. [krunckelen or krinckelen, Du.] to go in
and out, to run into folds and wrinkles.
Unless some sweetness at the bottom lie,
Who cares for all the crinkling of the pie? King.

To CRINKLE, verb act. to mould into inequalities.

CRINKLE [krinckel or krunckel, Du.] a fold or wrinkle.

CRINO＇DES, Lat. [of crinis, Lat. hair] a sort of worms sometimes
found under the skin in children, resembling short thick hairs or
bristies.

CRI＇PPLE, subst. [erupl, C. Brit. crypel, Sax. krüpel, Du. kroepel, L.
Ger.] a person that is lame, the use of some limb being wanting or de­
fective. I am a cripple in my limbs. Dryden. A lame cripple from his
birth Paul commanded to stand upright on his feet. Bentley.
It is ill halting before CRIPPLES.
It is difficult to deceive those who have as much skill as ourselves.

To CRIPPLE, verb act. [from the subst.] to make lame.
Kots upon his gouty joints appear,
And chalk is in his crippled fingers found. Dryden.

CR＇IPPLENESS [from cripple] lameness, privation of the limbs.

CRI＇PPLINGS [with architects] short spars or piles of wood against
the side of an house.

CRI＇SIMA [κρισιμα, Gr.] signs by which persons may judge with re­
spect to a disease.

CRI＇SIS [crise, Fr. and It. crisi, Sp. crisis, Lat. of κρισις, from κρινω,
Gr. to judge] 1. Judgment, sentence or verdict, judgment in discern­
ing any thing. 2. The point of time at which any affair comes to the
height. This hour＇s the very crisis of your fate. Dryden. The under­
taking was entered upon in the very crisis of the late rebellion. Ad­
dison.

CRISIS [with physicians] the grand conflict between nature and the
disease, or rather the sudden change of it tending either to a recovery
or death.
Wise leeches will not vain receipts obtrude;
Deaf to complaints, they wait upon the ill,
Till some safe crisis authorize their skill. Dryden.
Or to some other disease; though I think Boerhaave confines it to
the two former. “In acute diseases, says he, which consist in the hu­
mours, the morbific matter is generally so disposed at a certain time, as
to occasion a sudden change of the disease to health, or death; which
change is called a crisis.” Boerhaav. Pathology. Sect. 931.

Imperfect CRISIS, is that which does not clearly determine the ten­
dency of the disease, but leaves room for another crisis, and this is two­
fold, either for the better or the worse.

Imperfect CRISIS for the worse [with physicians] is when the disease
becomes more violent and dangerous.

CRI＇SOM, or CHRI＇SOM [of χρισμα, from χριω, Gr. to anoint, an
unction anciently used in christening children] an infant who dies be­
fore baptism. See CHRISOM.

To CRISP, verb act. [ecrespare, It. crespar, Sp. crispo, Lat.] 1. To
frizzle, to curl, to contract into curls or knots.
Hid his crip＇d head in the hollow bank. Shakespeare.
A man with crisped hair,
Cast in thousand snares and rings. Ben Johnson.
2. To twist.
Along the crisped shades and bowers,
Revels the spruce and jocund spring. Milton.
3. To indent, to run in and out.
From that saphir fount the crisped brooks,
Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold,
Ran nectar. Milton.

CRISP [crespo, It. crispus, crispatus, Lat.] 1. Friable, dried by fry­
ing, &c. till it is frizzled or apt to crumble. In frosty weather the
wood or string of a musical instrument is more crisp and so more porous.
Bacon. 2. Curled. Bulls are more crisp on the forehead than cows.
Bacon. Crisp haired. Hale. 3. Indented, winding.
You nymphs called naids of the winding brooks,
With your sedg＇d crowns and ever harmless looks,
Leave your crisp channels. Shakespeare.

CRISPA＇TION [from crispo, Lat.] 1. The act of curling. 2. The
The state of being curled. Some differ in the hair and feathers, both
in the quality, crispation and colours. Bacon.

CRI＇SPED, part. of to crisp [crispatus, Lat.] curled; also made fria­
ble or brittle.

CRISPI＇NA, Lat. [with botanists] the raspis tree.

CRI＇SPING-PIN [from crisp] a curling-iron. The wimples and
crisping-pins. Isaiah.

CRI＇SPNESS [from crisp] curledness, aptness to crumble or break.

St. CRISPIN＇s Lance [of Crispin the famous patron of the shoe­
makers] an awl.

CRISPISU＇LCANT [crispisulcans, Lat.] coming down wrinkled, wa­
ved and indulated; spoken of lightening.

CRI＇SPITUDE [crispitudo, Lat.] curledness.

CR＇ISPY [from crisp] curled. Crispy, snaky, curled locks. Shake­
speare.

CRI＇STA, Lat. [in anatomy] a crooked, twisted, spiral eminence
in the middle of the spine of the omoplate.

CRI＇STA Galli [in anatomy] a small process in the middle of the
os ethmoides advancing within the cavity of the cranium. Lat.

CRISTA＇TED [cristatus, crista, Lat.] having a crest or comb.

CRI＇STÆ, Lat. [with physicians] excrescences of flesh growing
about the fundament, the roots of which are often chapt and cleft.

CRITE＇RIUM, or CRITE＇RION, Lat. [κριτηριον, Gr.] a mark by
which a judgment may be made of the truth or falsity of a proposition,
or about the nature or qualities of any effect. A sure infallible crite­
rion by which every man may find out the gracious or ungracious dis­
position of his own heart. South.

CRI＇THE, Lat. [κριθη, Gr. with physicians] a little oblong push or
swelling growing to the eyebrows, where the hairs are so called from
its resembling a barley-corn.

CRI＇THMUM, or CRI＇THMUS, Lat. [κριθμον, Gr.] an herb, sea­
fennel or samphire.

CRITHO＇MANCY [of κριθη, barley, and μαντεια, Gr. divination] a
kind of divination performed by considering the dough or matter of







the cakes offered in sacrifice, and the meal strewed over the victims
that were to be killed.

CRI＇TICAL, adj. [critique, Fr. critico, It. and Sp. criticus, Lat. of
κριτικος, Gr.] 1. Having a nice judgment, accurate, diligent. The
judgment of more critical ears. Holder. Virgil was critical in the rites
of religion. Stillingfleet. 2. Relating to criticism; as, critical re­
marks on a book. 3. That judges, or gives signs to judge by. 4.
Censorious or apt to find fault with.
What wou＇dst thou write of me, if thou shou＇dst praise me?
—O, gentle lady, do not put me to＇t,
For I am nothing if not critical. Shakespeare.
5. (From crisis) comprising the time at which a great event is deter­
mined. The moon is suppo＇d to be measur＇d by sevens, and the criti­
cal or decretory days to be dependent thereon. Brown. Critical mi­
nute on which every good work depends. Sprat. Critical juncture.
Swift.

CRITICAL Days [with physicians] are those days whereon there
happens a sudden change of the disease, or on which it comes to its
crisis: and I may add, from Galen, that the dies indices or indicating
days, are those days in which some sign or symptom appears, by which
to form a judgment of the future crisis.

CRITICAL Signs [with physicians] are signs taken from a crisis, ei­
ther towards a recovery or death. But Boerhaave more correctly says,
“Signa criscos jam natæ, aut mox futuræ, i. e. signs of a crisis already
begun, or which is shortly to come on.

CRI＇TICALLY [from critical; en critiquant, Fr. critico more, Lat.]
1. Like a critic, in a critical manner, curiously. Critically to discern
good writers from bad. Dryden. These shells have been nicely and
crititically examined. Woodward. 2. In the very nick of time.

CRI＇TICALNESS [from critical] nice judgment.

CRI＇TICISM [from critic] 1. Critical discourse or reflection, ani­
madversion. There is not a Greek or Latin critic who has not shewn,
even in the stile of his criticisms, that he was a master of all the elo­
quence of his native tongue. Addison. Or as Mr. Pope, speaking of
languages, well expresses it:
And is HIMSELF the GREAT SUBLIME, He draws.
Much might be offered on so copious a subject; but (waving
the additional qualifications and beauties) two things are, I think, es­
sential to a good critic; first, a thorough insight into the subject which
he undertakes; and secondly, a strict regard to the laws of truth and
candor. If either of these be wanting, nothing can be executed aright:
What shall we then say, where both are abjur＇d? But, as the mar­
quess of Normanby observes;
“Fertile our soil, and full of rankest weeds.
And, in truth, we have critics of every size and complexion amongst us,
from an Addison or Sheffield, on the one hand; down as low, as your
Monthly Reviews and Gentleman＇s Magazines on the other.

To CRI＇TICIZE upon, verb neut. [critiquer, Fr. criticare, It.] 1. To
play the critic, to judge and censure a man＇s words or writings, to
write remarks upon any literary performance, pointing out the faults
and beauties.
Know well each ancient＇s proper character,
Without all this at once before your eyes,
Cavil you may, but never criticize. Pope.
2. To animadvert upon, to find fault with. Nor would I have his
father look so narrowly into these accounts, as to criticize on his ex­
pences. Locke.

A CRI＇TIC, subst. [critique, Fr. critice, It. and Sp. criticus, Lat. of
κριτικος, Gr.] 1. One skilled in criticism, a profound scholar, a man
able to distinguish the faults and beauties of writing.
Critics I saw that other names deface,
And fix their own with labour in their place. Pope.
2. A censurer, a man apt to find faults. A severe critic on you and
your neighbour. Swift.

CRITIC, adj. critical, relating to criticism.
Critic learning flourish＇d most in France. Pope.

CRITIC, subst. [critique, Fr. critica, Lat.] 1. The art of critici­
zing; a skill consisting in a nice and curious examination of authors.
If ideas and words were distinctly weighed, they would afford us another
sort of logic and critic than what we have. Locke. 2. Critical remarks,
animadversions. I would as soon expect a critique on the poesy of a
ring, as on the inscription of a medal. Addison.

To CRITIC, verb neut. [from the noun] to play the critic, to criti­
cize. They comment, critic, and flourish upon them. Temple.

To CROAK [cracezzan, Sax. crocare, It. crocito, Lat.] 1. To make
a hoarse low noise like a frog. Querulous frogs in muddy pools do
croak. May. 2. To caw or cry as a raven or crow, The croaking of
the ravens. Addison. 3. It may be used in contempt for any disagree­
able or offensive murmur. The croaking of their bellies. Locke.

CROAK, subst. the cry of a frog, raven or crow.
The frogs renew the croaks of their loquacious race. Dryden.
Was that a raven＇s croak. Lee.

CROA＇TIA, a frontier province of Germany, bounded on the north
and east by Sclavonia, on the south by Bosnia, and on the west by
Carniola. It is subject to the house of Austria.

CRO＇ATS [because originally they were from Croatia] a regiment of
horse in France.

CRO＇CARDS, a sort of money which with pollards, staldings, &c.
were anciently current in England.

CRO＇CEOUS [croceus, Lat. κροκεος, Gr.] of or like saffron.

CRO＇CEUS, Lat. [with botanic writers] of a saffron colour.

CROCITA＇TION, Lat. the croaking of frogs or kawing of crows,
&c.

CRO＇CHES [with hunters] the little burs that grow about the tops of
a deer＇s or hart＇s horn.

CRO＇CI, Lat. [in botany] the apices or small knobs on the tops of
flowers.

CRO＇CIA, Lat. [in old records] the crosier or pastoral staff, which
bishops and abbots have the privilege to bear, as the common ensigns
of their religious office, and were commonly invested in their prelacies
by the delivery of it.

CROICA＇RIUS, Lat. the officer who bears the crosier-staff before a
bishop.

CROCK, the black of a pot.

CROCK, a disease in hawks.

CRO＇CIUM, or CRO＇CIÆ, the collation or disposal of bishoprics and
abbies by the giving of a slaff.

A CROCK [crocca, Sax. bruick, Du. a cup] a corse earthen pot.

CRO＇CKERY, subst. earthen ware.

To CROCK [from the subst.] to black one with foot.

CRO＇CODILE [Fr. crocodille, It. and Sp. crocodillo, Port. croco­
dilus, Lat. crocodil, Du. and Ger. of κροκοδιλος, of κροκον, saffron,
and δειλκον, Gr. fearing] a ravenous beast shaped like a lizard, be­
ing an amphibious creature, living both on land and in water,
very frequent in the river Nile, and the Indies, which grows to a pro­
digious size, sometimes to the length of 20 or 30 feet. It is covered
with hard scales, which cannot without great difficulty be pierced, ex­
cept under the belly, where the skin is tender. It has a wide throat,
with several rows of teeth, sharp and separated, which enter one ano­
ther. Tho＇ its four-legs are very short, it runs with great swiftness,
but does not easily turn itself. It is long lived. Its sight is very pier­
cing upon the ground, but in the water it sees but dimly, and it
is said to spend the four winter months under water. Crocodiles lay
their eggs, resembling goose eggs, sometimes amounting to sixty, on
the sand near the water-side, covering them with the sand that the
heat of the sun may contribute to hatch them. The ichneumon, or
Indian rat, which is as large as a tame cat, is said to break the croco­
dile＇s eggs whenever it finds them; and also that it gets into the very
belly of this creature while it is asleep with its throat open, gnaws its
entrails, and kills it. Calmet.
The mournful crocodile,
With sorrow snares relenting passengers. Shakespeare.
Enticing crocodiles whose tears are death. Granville.
See BEHEMOTH.

CROCODILE is also a little animal much like the lizard, or small cro­
codile. It always remains little and is found in Egypt, near the Red
Sea, in Lybia, and the Indies. Trevoux.

The CROCODILE for fecundity, was with the ancients an emblem
of luxury.

CROCODI＇LLITES [with rhetoricians] a captious and sophistical kind
of argumentation, so ordered as to seduce the unwary, and draw them
speciously into a snare.

CROCODILI＇NE [crocodilinus, Lat. κροκοδειλινος, Gr.] like a croco­
dile; also sophistical.

CROCOMA＇GNA [of κροκος, saffron, and μαγμα, Gr. dregs] a phy­
sical composition, the chief ingredient of which was saffron; also
dregs of the oil of saffron and other spices, anciently made up into
balls.

CROCOME＇RION, Lat. [κροκομεριον, Gr.] the herb great sanicle or
lion＇s paw.

CRO＇CUS, Lat. saffron. See SAFFRON.

CROCUS, Lat. the name of a plant common in gardens.
Fair-handed spring imbosoms every grace,
Throws out the snow drop and the crocus first. Thomson.

CROCUS [with chymists] a powder of a saffron colour.

CROCUS Martis Aperiens [in chemistry] i. e. opening saffron of
Mars, which is made by washing iron plates, and then exposing them
to the dew till they rust, then scraping off the rust.

CROCUS Metallorum [in chemistry] a kind of impure and dark
glass of antimony, of a liver-colour, called also liver of antimony.

CRO＇E, or CRO＇ME [krom, Du.] an iron-bar or lever; also a notch
in the side-boards or slaves of a cask, where the head-pieces come in.

CROFT [croft, Sax.] 1. A little close. 2. A slip of ground ad­
joining to an house, which is called tost, used for corn or pasture;
so formerly they used this saying of a very poor man; He had ne tost
ne croft, i. e. he had neither house nor land.
My flocks hard by i＇ th＇ hilly crofts,
That brow this bottom glade. Milton.

CROISA＇DE, or CROISA＇DO [croisade, Fr. from croix, Lat.] a name
given to a Christian expedition against infidels, for conquering the
Holy Land, because those that engaged in the expedition wore a cros,
on their bosoms, and bore a cross in their standards. There were at
several times 8 croisades, the first was begun at the solicitation of the pa­
triarch of Jerusalem in the year 1095; the second in 1144, under
Lewis VII. the third in 1188, by Henry II. of England, and Philip
Augustus of France; the fourth in 1195, by pope Celestin III. and
the emperor Henry VI. the fifth and sixth in 1198, and 1213,
by pope Innocent III. the seventh was undertaken by St. Louis
about the year 1245; and the last was in the year 1268. See
KNIGHTS Templers. But, if I＇m not mistaken, this term [croisade]
was not restrain＇d to expeditions for recovering the Holy Land; the bi­
shops of Rome artfully enough applying the same title to those bloody
expeditions by which the counts of Thoulouse, and other states dissent­
ing from the church of Rome, were subdued, A. C. 1229. Petav.
Rationar temp. p. 374. And, by the way, Anton. Nogeirus, a co­
temporary author of the history of Thoulouse, affirms, that “the Albi­
genses were the relicks of the Arian sect: he should (I suspect) have
said “the UNITARIAN;” but these names, as I＇ve shewn under the
word CONSTITUTIONS, are too often confounded by writers, who either
do not, or will not understand the difference, which sect (says he) had
continued (being TRANSMITTED from father to son) among the Visi­
goth princes; from whom the counts of Thoulouse derived their origi­
nal.” Gulielm. Paradin. Annal. Burgund. lib. II. anno 1209. And
Jacob de Rebiria in Collect. Tolos. affirms the same, with many
others. But what puts this matter with me beyond all dispute, is that
remarkable change which was made in the FORMULA of their public
deeds, from the time these states became subject to the court of France
and the see of Rome. BEFORE they ran “in Dei nomine, i. e. in the
name of GOD, or in nomine Domini Jesa Christi, i. e. in the name of
the LORD Jesus Christ; and the like: But from the time that Raimund,
the last count of Thoulouse, submitted to the laws of the Franks, and
professed subjection to the ROMAN SEE, he now prefaced what he
wrote, with “In Nomine Sanctæ & Individuæ Trinitatis, i. e. In the
Name of the holy and undivided TRINITY. Sandii Nucleus Historiæ
Ecclesiast. p. 399. See BISMILLAH and ALBIGENSES, and read there,
[“who opposed not only the discipline and ceremonies; but also the
DOCTRINE of the church of Rome.] I shall only add, that the judi­
cious Mr. Mede supposed these croisades, and the execrable massacres







committed by them, to be in part referred to by that prediction
of St. John, Apocalypse, c. 13. v. 7. “And power was given
him to make war with the SAINTS, and to OVERCOME them.” To
which he subjoins, that when some, who survived that butchery which
Simon Monfort had made at Morell, were exhorted by the bishop of
Thoulouse to regard this public calamity as a mark of divine wrath,
and a call of divine providence to abjure their errors, and embrace the
catholic religion, they retorted upon him, that “they were the PEOPLE
of Christ OVERCOME. The Works of Mede, Ed. Lond. p. 504.

CROI＇SES [croisez, Fr.] knights of the order of St. John of Jerusa­
lem, so called from the badge of the cross, or fighting against infidels
under the banner of the cross; also pilgrims who were bound for the
holy hand, or who had been there, they wore the cross on their up­
per garments.

CRO＇SIER, or CRO＇ZIER [of croix, Fr.] a shepherd＇s-crook, a symbol
of pastoral authority; being a staff of gold or silver, crooked at the
top, carried before bishops and abbots, and held in the hand when
they give benedictions.

CRO＇ISIERS [crucigeri, Lat. cross-bearers] a religious order, or a
congregation of regular canons, founded in honour of the discovery of
the cross by the empress Helena. They are dispersed in the Low
Countries, France, and Bohemia, those in Italy being at present sup­
pressed. They follow the rule of St. Augustine; and had in England
the name of crouched friars.

CROISSA＇NTE, Fr. [in heraldry] as, la croix croissante, Fr. is a cross
crescented, i. e. having a crescent or half-moon fixt at either end.

To CROKE [croasser, Fr. speaking of crows or ravens or frogs; cro­
care, It. quaecken, coacken, Ger. kraeha, Su.] to make a noise like a
frog or raven; or as the guts do with wind. See To CROAK.

CRO＇MER, a market town of Norfolk, on the sea-coast, 23 miles
from Norwich, and 127 from London.

CRONE [crone, Sax. according to Verstegan, kronie, Du. accord­
ing to Skinner] an old ewe, or in contempt, a female or old woman.
Take up the bastard,
Take＇t up, I say, give＇t to thy crone. Shakespeare.
The crone being in bed, and finding his aversion, endeavours to win his
affection by reason. Dryden.

CRO＇NENBUY, a fortress of Denmark, situated in the island of Zea­
land, at the entranee of the Sound, where the Danes take toll of the
ships bound to the Baltic.

CRO＇NEL, CRO＇NET, or CRO＇GNET, is the iron at the end of a tilt­
ing speare, having a socket for the end of the staff to go into, and ter­
minating in tree points.

CRO＇NET, the hair which grows over the top of an horse＇s hoof.

CRO＇NSLOT, or CRO＇WNCASTLE, a castle and harbour in a little island
of the same name, at the mouth of the river Neva, and entrance of
the gulph of Finland, in Russia, about 12 miles east of Petersburgh.
Here is a station for the Russian men of war, and a yard for building
and refitting them.

CRO＇NSTAT, a town of Transilvania, near the frontiers of Molda­
via, about 50 miles east of Hermonstat, subject to the house of Au­
stria.

CRO＇NY, [a cant word, probably of congerrone, Lat. a merry com­
panion, or of κρονος, Gr. time, q. d. a good old friend] an intimate
companion of long standing.
The Scots your constant cronies,
Th＇espousers of your cause and monies. Hudibras.
To oblige your crony swift,
Bring our dame a new year＇s gift. Swift.

To CROO, or To CROO＇KEL, to make a noise like a dove or pi­
geon; taken from the sound.

To CROOK [crocher, Fr. to bend] 1. To make crooked. Vinegar will
soften and crook tender bones. Arbuthnot. 2. To pervert from recti­
tude, to divert from the original intention. Whatsoever affairs pass
such a man＇s hand, he crooketh them to his own ends, which be often
eccentric to the ends of his master. Bacon.

A CROOK [croc, Fr. kruk, Su. an hook] 1. A shepherd＇s hook or
staff. He lost his crook, he left his flocks. Prior. 2. Any crooked
instrument in general. 3. A meander, any thing winding or bent.
There fall those saphire-colour＇d brooks,
Which conduit-like with curious crooks,
Sweet islands make in that sweet land. Sidney.

By Hook or by CROOK, by some means or other.

CROOK-BACK [of crook and back] a term of reproach and contempt
for a man with prominent shoulders. Ay, crook back, here I stand to
answer thee. Shakespeare.

CROOK-Back＇d, Shoulder＇d, Legg＇d, Footed, having the back, shoul­
ders, legs or feet crooked.
A crook-back＇d lass
Be call＇d Europa. Dryden.

CROO＇KED [kroget, Dan. krogot, Su. not strait; some derive it of
krock, the turning up the hair in curls, of kroek, a curl of the hair]
1. Bowed, bent. Sounds are propagated as readily thro＇ crooked pipes
as straight ones. Newton. 2. Turning in and out, winding. Crooked
paths to walk in. Locke. 3. Perverse, not having rectitude of mind,
given to obliquity of conduct.
Foul indigested lump,
As crooked in thy manners as thy shape. Shakespeare.
A perverse and crooked generation. Deuteronomy.

CROO＇KEDLY, adv. [of crooked] 1. Not in a straight line, ob­
liquely. 2. Untowardly, without complaisance. If we walk per­
versely with God, he will walk crookedly with us. Taylor.

CROO＇KEDNESS [from crooked] 1. The state of being inflected, in­
flection, not straightness. The absence of straightness in bodies
capable thereof is crookedness. Hooker. 2. Deformity of a crooked
body. They would see if there were any crookedness or spot in their sa­
crifice. Taylor.

CROOP [croupier, Fr. with gamesters] an assistant to the banker at
basset, &c. A cant word.

To CROOP, to assist the banker at play. A cant word.

CROO＇TES [in lead mines] a substance found about the oar.

CROP [croppas, Sax. ears of corn] 1. The gathering of corn or
hay, or the whole stock that the ground affords.
Naught reaped but a weedy crop of care. Spenser.
Lab＇ring the soil and reaping plenteous crop. Milton.
2. The highest part of any thing, as the head of a tree, an ear of corn;
3. Any thing cut off.
From the razor free,
It falls a plenteous crop reserv＇d for thee. Dryden.
4. The handle of a coachman＇s whip.

CROP [croppa, Sax. and C. Brit. krop, Du.] a bird＇s craw, the
first stomach into which the meat goes. High crops and corny gizzards.
Dryden. The meat is immediately swallowed into the crop or craw. Ray.

CROP, so a man is called who has very short hair; as likewise a
horse whose ears are cut.

CROP [with the vulgar] money. A low cant word.

To CROP, verb act. [from the subst.] to cut off the ends of any
thing, to reap, to mow, as to crop, or gather flowers.
No more my goats shall I behold you climb
The steepy cliffs, or crop the flow＇ry thyme. Dryden.

To CROP, verb neut. to yield a crop or harvest. He plough＇d
her and she cropt. Shakespeare.

CR＇OPFUL, adj. [of crop and full] having a full belly, satiated.
Cropful, out of doors he stings,
E＇re the first cock his mattin rings. Milton.

CRO＇PSICK, sick at the stomach, through excess and debauchery.
Cropsick drunkards must engage
A hungry foe, and arm＇d with sober rage. Tate.

CRO＇PPER [from crop] a kind of pidgeon having a very large
crop. Of tame pidgeons there be croppers. Walton.

CRO＇PPA [probably of crooppar, Sax. barb. Lat. old law; Ca­
saubon however chuses to derive it of καρπος, Gr. fruit in general]
a crop of corn, or the product in harvest.

CRO＇QUETS [in cookery] certain compounds made of delicious stuf­
fed meat, some of the bigness of an egg, serving for a side-dish;
others the size of a walnut for garnishing.

CRO＇SCOMB, a market-town of Somersetshire, near Wells and Shep­
ton-Mallet. It has a considerable manufacture of stockings.

CROSELET, a frontlet or head-cloth.

CRO＇SETTE [in architecture] the returns in the corners of cham­
branles, or door-cases, or window-frames; called also ears, elbows,
ancones, prothyrides.

CRO＇SIER [crosier, croixe, of crosse, O. Fr.] a bishop＇s staff, made in
the form of a shepherd＇s crook, to intimate that they are spiritual
shepherds; see CROISIER. It has a cross upon it. Anselmus and
Thomas Becket with their crosiers did almost try it with the king＇s
sword. Bacon. In my civil government, some say the crosier, some
say the distaff, was too busy. Howel.

CRO＇SIERS [with astronomers] four stars in the form of a cross;
which shew the antarctic pole to those who sail in the southern he­
misphere.

CRO＇SLET [croiselet, Fr.] 1. A little cross.
In his armour bare a croslet red. Spenser.
Here an unfinish＇d di＇mond croslet lay. Gay.
2. It seems, in the following passage, mistaken for corselet.
The croslet some, and some the cuishes mould. Dryden.

CROSLET [in heraldry] as a cross croslet, is a cross crossed again
at a small distance from each of the ends.

CROSS [croix, Fr. croce, It. cruz, Sp. kruys, Du. creutz, Ger.
koars, Dan. crux, Lat.] 1. A gibbet on which the ancients used to
hang their slaves and malefactors, who were either tied thereto with
ropes, or nailed with nails, who having their bones broken to dis­
patch them the sooner, always died upon it: It was one straight bo­
dy laid over another at right angles. Upon such an engine the Sa­
viour of the world suffered death. They make a little cross of a
quill, longwise of that part which hath the pith, and crosswise of
that piece of the quill without pith. Bacon. Your Saviour offered
himself for you as a sacrifice upon the cross. Taylor. 2. A monument,
with a cross upon it to excite devotion, such as was anciently set in
market-places.
She doth stray about
By holy crosses, where she kneels and prays. Shakespeare.
3. A line drawn through another.

CROSS, money; because on our English coin the arms is generally
stamped in the form of a cross. Soldiers spring up out of the very
earth to follow him, though he hath not a cross to pay them salary.
Howel. Neither carry＇d back nor brought one cross. Dryden.
He has not a CROSS himself.
The meaning is: He is exceeding poor, he has not a penny to help
himself with. Alluding to the custom, in the times of popery, of
blessing with a cross.
A gentleman withoüt money, is like a wall without a CROSS.
That is, despised by every body. We had this proverb from the
Italians, who say: Cavaliere, senza entrata, è muro senza croce.

A CROSS [with heralds] is an ordinary composed of four lines,
two of which are perpendicular, and the other two transverse, that
meet by couples in four right angles, and contains one fifth of the
shield. Crosses are of various sorts.

CROSS, any thing that thwarts or hinders, vexation, trial of pa­
tience, trouble, affliction. Wishing unto me many crosses and mis­
chances in my love. Sidney. Heaven prepares good men with crosses.
Ben Johnson.
CROSSES are ladders that lead to heaven.
In time of affliction we are apt to look back upon the causes of our
troubles and misfortunes, and, if we judge impartially, we generally
find, even without having recourse to divine justice, they are owing
to our own vice, imprudence and mismanagement, and such reflections
are so many steps towards amendment, and consequently in our way
to heaven.

CROSS, adj. [from the subst.] 1. Laid or lying cross transverse.
Ships must needs encounter, when they advance in direct lines, or
meet in the intersection of cross ones. Bentley. 2. Oblique, lateral.
Nimble stroke
Of quick cross lightning. Shakespeare.
3. Opposite, adverse.







With fate so cross,
One must be happy by the other＇s loss. Dryden.
4. Peevish, humoursome, surly. Cross and distasteful humours.
Tillotson. 5. Troublesome, untoward, perverse. Cross circumstances
of a man＇s temper or condition. South. 6. Contrary, contradictory.
Clears off all the appearing contrarieties and contradictions that seem­
ed to lie cross and uncouth. South. 7. Contrary to wish, unlucky,
unfortunate. A thankful acquiescence in any condition, and under
the crossest and severest passages of providence. South. 8. Inter­
changed. Cross marriages between the king＇s son, and the archduke＇s
daughter, and between the archduke＇s son, and the king＇s daughter.
Bacon.

CROSS, prep. 1. Athwart, so as to intersect. Cut down great
trees cross the ways. Knolles. Cross his back. Dryden. 2. Over,
from one side to the other. A walk cross a village. L＇Estrange.

To CROSS, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To lay one body or draw one
line athwart another. The tips of the bills crossing one another break
open fir-cones. Derham. 2. To sign with the cross. 3. To cancel,
to mark out. I shall not cross over or deface the copy. Pope. To
pass over the Hellespont he cross＇d. Temple. 4. To thwart or be con­
trary to, to interpose, to obstruct. Still do I cross this wretch,
whatso he taketh in hand. Hooker. He crossed all they propos＇d.
Clarendon. By faction, vice, and fortune crost. Addison. 5. To
counteract. Their appetites cross their duty. Locke. 6. To counter­
vene, to countermand. No government is suffered to go on in one
course, but is stop＇d and crossed, or other courses appointed. Spenser.
7. To contradict. Not a syllable any ways crosseth us. Hooker. How­
soever it cross the received opinion. Bacon. 8. To debar, to preclude.
From his loins no hopeful branch shall spring,
To cross me from the golden time I look for. Shakespeare.
9. To vex or trouble, to lay across.

To CROSS, verb neut. 1. To lie athwart any thing else. 2. To
move laterally, obliquely, not in opposition, not in the same line.
More greedy they of news,
Fast towards him do cross. Spenser.
3. To be inconsistent. Mens actions do not always cross with reason.
Sidney.

CROSS Avellane, a cross, the ends of which shoot forth the husk
of a filberd.

CROSS Bar shot [with gunners] a round shot, having a long iron
spike cast with it, as if it were let quite through the middle.

CROSS Beam, or CROSS Piece [in architecture] one beam laid across
another.

CROSS Beam [in a ship] a large piece of timber, which goes across
two other pieces, called bites, to which the cable is fastened, when
the ship-rides at anchor.

A CROSS-BITE, subst. [of cross and bite] a cheat, a deception. A
fox that trusted to his address, without dreaming of a cross-bite from
so silly an animal, fell himself into the pit he had digged. L＇Estrange.

To CROSS-BITE, verb act. [from the noun] to contravene or coun­
teract by deception. Cross-biting a country evidence, and frightning
him out of his senses. Collier.
Many knotty points there are,
Which all discuss, but few can clear;
As nature slily had thought fit,
For some by-ends to cross-bite wit. Prior.

CROSS-BOW [of cross and bow] a missive weapon, formed by
placing a bow across a stock. Beasts hunted and killed with cross­
bows. Carew.

CROSS-BOWER [of cross and bow] one that shoots with a cross-bow.
The cross-bowers of Genoa against the English. Raleigh.

To make a CROSS in Corvets, or, To make a CROSS in Balotades
[with horsemen] is to make a sort of leap or air with one breadth,
forwards and backwards, as in the figure of a cross.

CROSS Fitched, or CROSS Fitchee, a cross pointed at the bottom.

CROSS Fleury, a cross with a flower de lis at each end.

CROSS Fourchet, a forked cross.

CROSS-Grained, adj. [of cross and grain] 1. That goes against the
grain, having the fibres transverse or irregularly posied. If the stuff
proves gross-grained, turn you, stuff to plane it the contrary way, so
far as it runs cross grained. Moxon. 2. Peevish, stubborn, humour­
some, perverse.
Sullen writs
And cross-grained works of modern wits. Hudibras.
None of your cross-grained, termagant, scolding jades. Arbuthnot.

CROSS Jack-yard [in a ship] a small yard, slung at the end of the
missen-mast, under the top.

CROSS Matches, cross-marriages, as when a brother and sister inter­
marry with two persons who have the same relation one to the other;
also when a widower and widow having children, unite themselves
and their children by matrimony.

CROSS Milrine, a cross, the ends of which are clamped and turned
again like a milrine, which carries the milstone.

CROSS, or PILE [croix ou pile, Fr.] 1. A sort of game with money,
at which it is put to chance, whether the side which bears the cross
shall lie upward, or the other.
Whacum had neither cross nor pile. Hudibras.
2. Perfect boys play. Cross I win, and pile you lose; or what＇s yours
is mine, and what＇s mine is my own. Swift.

CROSS Purposes, contrary devices or designs; also a kind of sport.

CROSS Row [of cross and row] the alphabet, so called because a
cross is placed at the beginning, to shew that the end of learning is
piety.
He hearkens after prophecies and dreams,
And from the cross-row plucks the letter G,
And says a wizard told him that by G,
His issue disinherited should be. Shakespeare.

CROSS Staff, or FORE Staff, a mathematical instrument used by ma­
riners, for taking the meridian altitude of the sun or stars.

CROSS Trees [in a ship] four pieces of timber, bolted and let one
into another, at the head of the masts; so that they serve to keep and
bear the top-masts up.

CROSS Trip [with wrestlers] is when the legs are crossed one within
another.

CROSS Way [of cross and way] an obscure path crossing the main
road.
Damn＇d spirits all,
That in cross-ways and floods have burial,
Already to their wormy beds are gone. Shakespeare.

CROSS-Winds [of cross and wind] a wind that blows contrary to a
vessel in her voyage. More cross-winds or stormy gusts than prospe­
rous gales. Boyle.

CROSS Wort, a plant whose leaves and flowers both grow in the
shape of crosses. The rough or hairy cross-wort is sometimes used in
medicine, and found wild on dry sandy banks.

CROSS-TREE Yard [in a ship] is a yard standing square just under the
mizen-top, and is fastened below to fit the mizzen-top-sail.

To CRO＇SS-EXAMINE [of cross and examine] to try the faith of evidence
by captious questions of the contrary party. Cross-examine and inter­
rogate the actions against their words. Decay of Piety. The judges
shall interrogate or cross-examine the witnesses. Spectator.

CRO＇SSLY, adv. [from cross] 1. Athwart in such a manner, as to
intersect something else. 2. Adversely, in opposition to. Acts in­
towardly and crossly to the reason of things. Tillotson. 3. Unfortu­
nate, peevishly, untowardly.

CRO＇SSNESS [from cross] 1. Intersection, peevishness, ill humour,
perverseness. I deny nothing fit to be granted out of crossness or hu­
mour. K. Charles.

CROTA＇PHIC [of κροταϕος, Gr. the temples] belonging to the
temples.

CROTA＇PHITES, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the lower jaw,
whose fibres spring from part of the os frontis, sincipitis, sphænoides,
and temporalis.

CROTA＇PHIUM, Lat. [with physicians] a pain in that part of the
head call＇d the temples.

CROTCH [croc, Fr.] a hook. There is a tradition of a dilemma,
that Moreton used to raise the benevolence to higher rates; and some
called it his fork, and some his crotch. Bacon.

CRO＇TCHET [crochet, Fr. of croc, an hook] 1. A note in music,
which is half a minim, and double a quaver.
A good harper striken far in years,
Into whose cunning hands the gout doth fall,
All his old crotchets in his brain he bears. Davies.
2. A support, a piece of wood fitted into another for that purpose.
The crotchets of their cot in columns rise. Dryden.

CROTCHET, an odd fancy, a perverse conceit, a whimsey. The
horse smelt him out, and presently a crotchet came in his head, how
he might countermine him. L＇Estrange.

CROTCHET [with printers] an inclosure for words in this form [ ].

CRO＇TELS, or CRO＇TEYING [with hunters] the ordure or dung of
a hare.

CRO＇TOY, a town of France, in the province of Picardy, at the
mouth of the river Somme.

To CROUCH [croucher, O. Fr. croche, Fr. crooked] 1. To bow
down, to squat or lie down close to the ground; as, a dog crouches
to the master. 2. To fawn, to stoop servilely. They fawn and
crouch to men of parts. Dryden.

CROUCH Mass, or CROUCH Mass-day [among the Roman catholics]
a festival observed in honour of the holy cross.

CROU＇CHED Friers. See CRUTCHED FRIERS.

CROU＇CHING [of crocher, Fr.] bowing down, stooping.

CROUP [crouppe, Fr.] 1. The rump of a fowl. 2. The buttocks
of a horse.

A Racking CROUP [with horsemen] is said of a horse, when his
four quarters go right, but his croup in walking swings from side
to side.

CROUPA＇DE, Fr. [in cookery] a particular way of dressing a loin
of mutton.

CROUPA＇DES, Fr. [from croup, with horsemen] are leaps of a
horse that are higher than corvets, which keep the fore and hind quar­
ters of an horse in an equal height, so that he trusses his hind legs
under his belly, without yerking or shooting his shoes.

CROUPE＇, Fr. [of a horse] is the extremity of the reins above the
hips.

To gain the CROUPE [in horsemanship] is one horseman＇s making
a demi-tour upon another, in order to take him upon the croupe.

Without slipping the CROUPE [in horsemanship] a term which sig­
nifies without traversing, without letting the croupe go out of the volte,
or the tread of the gollop.

CROU＇PER [in a gaming-house] one who watches the card and
gathers money for the bank; see CROOP. A cant word.

CROW [crawe, Sax. kraey, Du. krache, Ger. kraaka, Su.] A
large black bird that feeds upon carrion. To crows he like impartial
grace affords. Dryden.
The CROW thinks her own bird fairest.
Partiality to one＇s own, whether children, country, works, knowledge,
or whatever it be we possess. The French say: A tous oiseaux leur
nids sont beaux. (Every bird likes his own nest.) Thus we paint the
devil black, but the Ethiopians are said to describe him white.
I have a CROW to pluck or pull with you.
That is, I have some trifling fault to find with you. The Italians say,
Hò un calcío in gola con voi.

CROW [hieroglyphically] represents a soothsayer, because it is
dedicated to Apollo the god of soothsaying and prophecy. When
crows are put together, they signified discord and war.

CROW. 1. An iron instrument for moving of heavy things, a le­
ver, as the Latins called a hook corvns. The crow is used as a le­
ver to lift up the ends of great heavy timber, when a bauk or a
rowler is to be laid under it, and then they thrust the claws between
the ground and the timber; and laying a bank, or some such stuff
behind the crow, they draw the other end of the shank backwards,
and so raise the timber. Moxon. 2. [From to crow] the voice or
noise a cock makes.

To CROW, irr. ver. crew, pret. crowed, or have crowed [crawan,
Sax.] 1. To cry as a cock does in gaiety and defiance. 2. To
swagger, to bully, to brag, to vapour.
Within this homestead liv＇d without a peer,
For crowing loud the noble chanticleer. Dryden.








CRO＇WFOOT [of crow and foot, in Lat. ranunculus] an herb, the
flower consists of several leaves, which expand in form of a rose.
There are sixteen species, of which eleven were brought originally
from Turkey. Miller.

CROW Net, a net for the catching wild fowl in winter.

CROW＇s Bill [with surgeons] an instrument for drawing bullets,
broken bones, &c. out of the body.

CROWS Feet [in a ship] small ropes divided by the holes of a little
block or pulley, called, the dead man＇s eye, into six, ten, or more
parts.

CROWS Feet, or CA＇LTROP [in military affairs] irons with four
points of three or four inches long, so that which way soever they
fall, one point will be uppermost; used in war for incommoding the
cavalry.

CROWD [crud, Sax. cruth, C. Brit.] 1. A throng, the mob, a
press. 2. A promiscuous medley, without any distinction, He could
compare the confusion of a multitude, to that tumult he had observed in
the Icarian sea, dashing and breaking among its crowd of islands.
Pope. 3. The vulgar, the populace. He went not with the crowd
to see a shrine. Dryden. 4. [Crwth, Wel.] An old name for a
fiddle.
His fiddle is your proper purchase,
Won in the service of the churches;
And by your doom must be allow＇d,
To be, or be no more a crowd. Hudibras.

To CROWD, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To fill with confused
multitudes. A mind ever crowding its memory with things which it
learns. Watts. 2. To thrust or squeeze close together.
Let us fill
This little interval, this pause of life,
With all the virtues we can crowd into it. Addison.
3. To incumber by multitudes.
How short is life! why will vain courtiers toil,
And crowd a vainer monarch for a smile? Granville.
4. To Crowd Sail [among seamen] to spread wide the sails upon the
yards.

To CROWD, verb neut. 1. To swarm, to be numerous without any
distinction.
They follow their undaunted king,
Crowd through their gates. Dryden.
2. To thrust or come in among a multitude.
A mighty man, had not some cunning sin,
Amidst so many virtues crowded in. Cowley.

CROW＇DER [from crowd] an old country fidler. Chevy-chase, sung
by a blind crowder. Sidney.

CROW＇KEEPER [of crow and keep] a scare-crow. The following
passage is controverted. That fellow handles his bow like a crow­
keeper. Shakespeare.

CRO＇WLAND, a market town of Lincolnshire, 88 miles from Lon­
don. It had formerly an abbey, destroyed by the Danes, but rebuilt
by king Eadred.

CROW＇LING [in cattle] the crying or rumbling noise and fretting
of the guts.

CROWN [irr. part. p. of to crow.] See To CROW

To CROWN, verb act. [from the subst. corono, Lat. couronner, Fr.
coronare, It. coronàr, Sp. kroonen, Du. kroenen, Ger.] 1. To set a
crown on the head, to invest with the regal ornament. Crowning of
the king. Shakespeare. Crown her queen of all the year. Dryden.
2. To cover, as with a crown.
Peaceful olives crown＇d his hoary head. Dryden.
3. To dignify, to adorn.
Many days shall see her,
And yet no day without a deed to crown it. Shakespeare.
Thou hast made him a little lower than the angels, and crown＇d him
with glory. Psalms. 4. To finish honourably, to terminate.
All these a milk white honey-comb surround,
Which, in the midst, the country banquet crown＇d. Dryden.
5. To reward, to recompense.
Urge your success; deserve a lasting name;
She＇ll crown a grateful and a constant flame. Roscommon.
6. To complete, to make perfect. The lasting and crowning privi­
lege of friendship is constancy. South. 7. To double a man at
tables.

CROWN [corona, Lat. It. and Sp. couronne, Fr. coróa, Port. kroon,
Du. krone, Ger. and Dan. krona, Su.] 1. A sort of cap of state, or or­
nament made of gold, and adorned with jewels, worn on the heads
of kings and sovereign princes; it denotes imperial and regal autho­
rity.
If thou be a king, where is thy crown? Shakespeare.
2. A garland. Receive a crown for thy well ordering of the feast.
Ecclesiasticus. 3. Reward, honorary distinction.
Let merit crowns, and justice laurels give. Dryden.
4. Honour, ornament, dignity. Much experience is the crown of old
men. Ecclesiasticus. 5. Completion, accomplishment. 6. The top
of any thing, as of a mountain. Upon the crown o＇ the cliff. Shake­
speare.
Trees fell＇d from the steepy crown
Of the bare mountains, roll with ruin down. Dryden.

CROWN, a coin or piece of money anciently stamped with a crown,
the English worth 5 s. the French crown 4 s. 6 d. their gold crowns
8 s. 6 d. They may gain a few crowns. Bacon. Crown-pieces.
Locke.

CROWN (or top) of the Head. From toe to crown he＇ll fill our
skins with pinches. Shakespeare.
If fortune or a mistress frowns,
Some plunge in bus＇ness, others save their crowns. Pope.

CROWN, the top part of a hat or perriwig. As big as the crown
of a man＇s hat. Wiseman.

CROWN [in a figurative sense] signifies royalty, empire, or domi­
nion. The succession of a crown in several countries places it on dif­
ferent heads. Locke.

CROWN Glass, the finest sort of window glass.

CROWN Imperial, the most beautiful and largest kind of daffodil­
flower.

CROWN POST [with architects] a post which in some buildings
stands upright in the middle between two principal rafters.

CROWN Scab [in horses] a meally, white scurf, growing on the
legs, a cancerous and painful sore that commonly breeds about the
corners of a horse＇s hoof.

CROWN Thistle [with botanists] a plant called frier＇s crown­
thistle.

CROWN WHEEL [in a watch] is the upper wheel next the ballance,
which by its motion drives it, the same which in royal pendulums is
called the swing wheel.

CROWN Works [in fortification] an outwork, consisting of a spa­
cious gorge and two wings, advanced towards the field, to gain some
hill or rising ground, these fall on the counterscarp near the faces of
the bastion.

CROWN-WORK [in fortification] bulwarks advanced towards the
field, to gain some hill or rising ground. Harris uses it.

Radiated, or pointed CROWN, one which had twelve points.

Pearled, Flowered, or Parsley, &c. CROWNS, crowns with pearls or
leaves of smallage, &c.

CROWN [with geometricians] a plane included between two paral­
lel or excentric perimeters of circles that are unequal, generated by
the motion of some part of a right line round a centre, the moving
part not being contiguous to the centre.

CRO＇WN＇D [in horsemanship] a horse is said to be crown＇d, when
he is so hurt or wounded in the knee, by a fall or any other accident,
that the hair sheds and falls off without growing again.

CRO＇WNED Horn-work, a horn-work with a crown-work be­
fore it.

CROWNED Top [with hunters] the first head of a deer, the crotchets
or buds being raised in form of a crown.

CROW＇NET [from crown] 1. The same with coronet. 2. In the
following passage it seems to signify chief end, last purpose; probably
from finis coronat opus. Johnson.
This gay charm!
Whose eye beck＇d forth my wars and call＇d them home;
Whose bosom was my crownet, my chief end;
Like a right gypsy, hath at fast and loose
Beguil＇d me. Shakespeare.

CROW＇NING [with architects] any thing that terminates or finishes a
decoration.

CROWNS of Colours [with meteorologists] certain coloured rings
which appear like halos, but of the colours of the rainbow, and
at a less distance than the common halos about the bodies of the sun
and moon.

CROWNS. The most ancient kings wore only wreaths of white and
purple, in the form of Turkish turbans, as the tokens of regality, or
else circles of gold with points rising from them, like some of our pre­
sent coronets. The first Roman emperors wore no other than crowns
or garlands of laurel, which betoken victory, because the people of
Rome all ab horred signs of regality. Domitian was the first that
wore a crest of gold, and that as pretending to be a god. We are
told by Aurelius Victor, that the emperor Aurelian made himself an
imperial crown, adorned with jewels of great value, and was fol­
lowed therein by all his successors.
At this time there are not only crowns for emperors or kings; but
coronets for princes, dukes, marquisses, earls, viscounts, barons;
which see under their proper articles.
The English CROWN is adorned with four crosses, in the man­
ner of those of Malta, between which are fleurs-de-lis. It is co­
vered with four diadems, which meet at a little globe supporting a
cross.

Papal CROWN, is composed of a tiara, and a triple crown encom­
passing the tiara, having two pendants like the mitres of bishops. See
KEYS of St. Peter.

Imperial CROWN, is a bonnet, or tiara, with a semi-circle of gold,
supporting a globe with a cross at top.

The French CROWN, is a circle of eight fleurs-de-lis, encompassed
with six diadems; bearing at top a double fleur-de-lis, which is the
crest of France.

The Spanish CROWN, is adorned with large indented leaves covered
with diadems bordering on a globe surmounted with a cross.

CROY [in the Scotch law] the satisfaction that is to be paid by a
judge, who does not administer justice as he ought, to the nearest of
kin to the man that was killed.

CRO＇YDON, a market town of Surry, on the edge of Bansted Downs,
about 10 miles from London.

CRO＇YLSTONE, subst. crystalized, cauk. In this the crystals are
small. Woodward.

To CROYN [with hunters] to cry as fallow deer do at rutting­
time.

CRU＇CIAL, adj. [crucis, gen. of crux, Lat. a cross] being in the
form of a cross, intersecting each other, as,

CRU＇CIAL Incision [with chirurgeons] an incision or cut in some
fleshy part, in the form of a cross. Sharp uses it.

CRUCIA＇TA Glabra [in botany] smooth cross-wort. Lat.

CRUCIATA Hirsuta, rough or hairy cross-wort. Lat.

To CRU＇CIATE, verb act. [cruciare, It. of cruciatum, sup. of cru­
cio, Lat.] to torment, to torture.

CRUCIA＇TUS [with anatomists] a muscle under the thigh, lying
under the vasti. Lat.

CRU＇CIBLE, a vessel made of earth, and so tempered and baked, as
to endure the greatest fire, for melting oars, metals, and minerals,
&c. so called, because formerly marked with a cross. A crucible, or
melting cruse. Peacham.

CRUCI＇FEROUS [crucifer, of crucis, gen. of crux, a cross, and
fero, Lat. to bear] bearing a cross.

CRU＇CIFERS, the same as Crutched Friers.

CRU＇CIFIER [from crucify] he that crucifies. Visible judgments
were inflicted on Christ＇s crucifiers. Hammond.

CRU＇CIFIX, subst. [Fr. crocifisso, It. crucifixo, Sp, crucifixus, q.
cruci affixus, Lat. i. e. affixed to the cross] a figure representing our
Saviour on the cross, either by picture or statuary. There stands at
the upper end a large crucifix, very much esteemed. The figure of
our Saviour, representing him in his last agonies. Addison.








CRUCIFI＇XION [crocifissioue, It. crucifixus, Lat.] the act of nailing
to a cross, or suffering, of being crucified. This earthquake hap­
pened at our Saviour＇s crucifixion. Addison.

CRU＇CIFORM [crucis, gen. of crux, a cross, and forma, Lat. shape]
having the figure of a cross.

To CRU＇CIFY [crucifier, Fr. crocifiggere, It. crucificàr, Sp. of cruci­
figo, Lat.] 1. To fasten, bind, or nail the hands and feet of a person
to a cross set upright, whereby he is put to death. They crucify to
themselves the Son of God afresh. Hebrews.
To the cross he nail＇d thy enemies,
The law that is against thee, and the sins
Of all mankind there crucify＇d. Milton.
2. To mortify lusts, &c.

CRUCI＇GEROUS [cruciger, gen. crucis, of crux, a cross, and gero,
Lat. to carry] bearing a cross.

CRUD, commonly written CURD, a concretion of a liquid into
stifness. See COAGULATION.

CRUDE [crud, Fr. crudo, It. and Sp. of crudus, Lat.] 1. Raw, indi­
gested, that has not had the degree of coxion, i. e. heat requisite to
prepare it for eating or for some other purpose. 2. Not changed by
any process. Common crude salt. Boyle. No fruit taken crude has
the intoxicating quality of wine. Arbuthnot. 3. Harsh, unripe. A
juice so crude as cannot be ripened to the degree of nourishment.
Bacon. 4. Unconcocted, not well digested in the stomach. While
the body to be converted and altered is too strong for the efficient
that should convert and alter it, it is all that while crude and inconcoct.
Bacon. 5. Unfinished, not mature.
Th＇ originals of nature, in their crude
Conception. Milton.
6. Having indigested notions.
Deep vers＇d in books, and shallow in himself,
Crude or intoxicate, collecting toys. Milton.
7. Being indigested, not full concocted in the understanding.
Others, whom mere ambition fires, and dole
Of provinces abroad, which they have feign＇d
To their crude hopes. Ben Johnson.
Absurd expressions, crude, abortive thoughts. Roscommon.

CRUDE Humours [in physic] are such humours as want that prepa­
ration and elaboration which they ordinarily receive from digestion
and circulation.

CRU＇DELY, [adj. from crude] unripely, not with due prepara­
tion.
The question crudely put, to shun delay,
＇Twas carried by the major part to stay. Dryden.

CRU＇DENESS, crude, or unripeness, indigestion.

CRU＇DITY [crudite, Fr. crudita, It. crudéza, Sp. of cruditas, Lat.]
1. Indigestion, inconcoction. They prevent indigestion and crudities.
Brown. Viscid aliment creates flatulency and crudities in the stomach.
Arbuthnot. 2. Unripeness, want of maturity.

CRU＇DITY [with physicians] may be defined to be that state of a
disease, in which the morbific matter is of such bulk, figure, cohesion,
mobility, &c. which create or increase the disease. See CONCOC­
TION.

CRUDITY [in the stomach] is an ill digestion, when the aliment or
meat is not duly fermented, and regularly turned into chyle.

To CRU＇DLE, verb act. [a word of uncertain etymology. Johnson.]
to turn to curd.
The Gelons use it, when for drink or food,
They mix their crudled milk with horses blood. Dryden.

CRU＇DY, adj. [for curdy] 1. Concreted, coagulated. Wounds with
crudy blood congeal＇d. Spenser. 2. [from crude] Raw, chill. Sher­
ris sack ascends in the brain, dries me there all the foolish, dull, and
crudy vapours which environ it. Shakespeare.

CRU＇EL [Fr. Sp. and Port. crudele, It. of crudelis, Lat.] 1. Ap­
plied to persons; pleas＇d with hurting others, savage, fierce, hard­
hearted, barbarous.
If thou art that cruel God, whose eyes
Delight in blood and human sacrifice. Dryden.
2. Applied to things; bloody, mischievous, destructive, grievous,
hard, painful. We beheld one of the cruelest fights. Sidney. They
hate me with cruel hatred. Psalms.

CRUEL, very, or extream; as, it is cruel hot, cold, &c. a vulgar
use of the word.

CRU＇ELLY [of cruel] fiercely, barbarously, hardly.
He demands
His wife, whom cruelly you hold in bands. Dryden.

CRU＇ELTY, or CRU＇ELNESS [of cruel, or cruauté Fr. crudelta, It.
crueldad, Sp. crueldade, Port. crudelitas, Lat.] barbarousness, fierceness,
hard-heartedness, ill usage, rigour, unmerciful temper, cruelness.
Spenser uses it. The cruelties of conquering, and the calamities of
enslaved nations. Temple.
CRUELTY is always attended with fear.
Men whose consciences are ever accusing them, as those of cruel
persons undoubtedly are, must of course be timorous; and fear in
such, if it be not at first, in time becomes the very cause of their
cruelty.
This proverb reminds me of that reflection, which Shakespeare
puts into the mouth of Richard III, in his so much celebrated soli­
loquy.
Have mercy, Jesu, ——— soft ——— I did but dream ——
O coward conscience! how dost thou afflict me! &c.
And, by the way, in honour of our English dramatist, it should be
observ＇d, that he perpetually portrays vice in such colours, as point
out its absolute inconsistency even with our present happiness; a consi­
deration which, of all others, is, perhaps, the most likely to arm and
fortify the mind against it.

CRU＇ENTATE, or CRU＇ENTATED [cruentatus, Lat.] embrued, or
besprinkled, or bedawbed with blood. Atomical aporrheas pass from
the cruentate cloth or weapon to the wound. Glanville.

CRUE＇NTOUS [cruentus, Lat.] bloody, stained, &c. with blood.

CRU＇ET [kruicke, Du.] a glass bottle or vial with a slopple, to put
oil and venegar in.
Within thy reach I sat the vinegar,
And fill＇d the cruet with the acid tide. Swift.

CRUISE [kruicke, Du.] a small vessel or cup. A little oil in a
cruise. 1 Kings.
A cruise of curious mold,
A cruise of fragrance form＇d of burnish＇d gold. Pope.

A CRUISE [croise, Fr. from the original cruisers, who bore the
cross, and plundered only insidels. Johnson] a voyage in search of
plunder.

To CRUISE [croiser, Fr. kruyssen, kreutzen, H. Ger. krutzen, of
kruis, Du. a cross, i. e. to cross to and fro] to sail up and down the
seas in search of opportunities to plunder; to rove up and down the
feas without any certain course.

CRU＇ISER [from cruise] a ship of war that sails to and fro in search
of plunder. Among the cruisers their surgeons were too active in am­
putating. Wiseman.

CRUM, or CRUMB [cruma, Sax. kruyme, krumen, Du. krummel,
krume, Ger.] 1. A small particle of bread.
More familiar grown, the table crums
Attract his slender feet. Thomson.
2. The soft part of bread, not the crust. Take of manchet, the crumb
only, thin cut. Bacon.

To CRUMBLE, or To CRUM, verb act. [accrumian, Sax. kruymelen,
Du. krümlen, Ger.] to break small by rubbing. Crumbled into dust.
Herbert. We were crumbled into various factions. Atterbury.

To CRUMBLE, verb neut. to fall into small particles.
All my bowels crumble up to dust. Shakespeare.
The faithless column, and the crumbling bust. Pope.

CRU＇MENAL, subst. [crumena, Lat.] a purse; now obsolete.
The fat ox that woon ligye in the stall,
Is now fast stalled in her crumenal. Spenser.

CRU＇MMY [of crum] soft, as bread; also full of crumbs.

CRUMP [crwmm, C. B. crump, Sax. krom, Du. krumm, Ger.
krumpen, Dan.] crooked, or crook-backed. He was crump shoul­
dered, and the right side higher than the left. L＇Estrange.

A CRUMP [with knavish sollicitors and their clients] an affidavit
man, or one who will swear or be bail for another for a reward. A
cant word.

To CRU＇MPLE [crompehlt, Sax. wrinkled, krummen, Du. to bend
or make crooked; or from crump; or corrupted from rumple of rimpe­
len, Du. in the same sense] 1. To put into wrinkles, to crush toge­
ther in folds. They crumpled his palm into all shapes, and diligently
scan＇d every wrinkle that could be made. Addison. 2. To put a gar­
ment out of the solds or plaits; to rustle or touze it.

CRU＇MPLED part. [of crump] full of crumples or creases.

CRU＇MPLING, subst. A small degenerate apple; as, crumpling cod­
lings.

To CRUNCH. See To CRANCH.

To CRUNK, or To CRU＇NKLE, verb neut. to cry like a crane.

CRU＇OR [cruor, Lat.] blood dropping out of a wound, gore.

CRU＇PPER [croupe, Fr. groppa, It. in the first sense, croupiere, Fr.
groppiera, It. in the latter sense] 1. The buttocks of a horse, the rump.
His head well nigh touching the crupper of the horse. Sidney. 2.
A roll or leather under the tail of a horse, being part of a horseman＇s
furniture, reaching thereto from the saddle.
Six-pence that I had a Wedn＇sday last,
To pay the saddler for my mistress＇s crupper. Shakespeare.

CRUPPER Bùckles, large square buckles sitted to the faddle-tree be­
hind to fasten the crupper.

CRU＇RA [Lat. with anatomists] the two heads or beginnings of the
marrowy substance of the brain.

CRURA Medullæ Oblongatæ [with anatomists] the internal substance
of the two sides of the cereebrum, gathered together as it were into two
bundles. Lat.

CRURA Clitoridis [Lat. in anatomy] a membranous partition that
runs down between the corpora nervosa of it, from the glands to
its divarication at the os pubis, dividing the clitoris into two parts.
But Dr. Keill says, more correctly, that the substance of the clitoris is
composed of two spongeous bodies, such as those of the yard: they
rise distinctly from the lower part of the os pubis, and approaching one
another, they unite and form the body of the clitoris, whose extre­
mity, which is of an exquisite sense, is called its glans”. And then adds,
“the two spongeous bodies, before they unite, are called the crura,
i. e. the shanks or legs of the clitoris, and are twice as long as the
body of the clitoris.

CRU＇RAL [crurale, It. cruralis, of cruris, gen. of crus, Lat. the
leg] of or pertaining to the leg. The crural muscles in lions. Ar­
buthnot.

CRURAL Artery [with anatomists] is a contination of the iliac ar­
tery, which passes out of the lower belly, and enters into the thighs,
where it loses its former name, and is called cruralis.

CRU＇RAL Vein [in anatomy] a vein whose trunk receives the
greater and smaller ischia, the muscula, the poplytæa, and the saphæ­
na, and goes up to the groin and ends in the iliaca.

CRU＇RÆUS [in anatomy] a muscle of the leg, situate on the bone
of the thigh, is continued from between the greater and less trochanter
forwards to its lowest part, and is inserted into a prominence at the
upper and fore-part of the bone tibia. Lat.

CRUS, or Magnus Pes [in anatomy] all that part of the body reach­
ing from the buttocks to the toes, which is divided into the thigh, leg,
and foot. Lat.

CRUSA＇DE, or CRUS＇ADO. See CRO＇ISADE. 1. An expedition
against the insidels. 2. A coin stamped with a cross. My purse full
of crusades. Shakespeare.

CRUSE [cruche, Fr. kroes, Du. and L. Ger.] a phial for oil or
vinegar. See CRUISE.

CRU＇SET, subst. a goldsmith＇s melting pot. Phillips uses it.

To CRUSH, verb act. [probably of crucio, Lat. or écraser, Fr.]
1. To break, to squeeze between two opposite bodies.
Within himself
Crush him together. Shakespeare.
Bacchus that first from out the purple grape,
Crush＇d the sweet poison of misused wine. Milton.
2. To press with violence.







When loud winds from diff＇rent quarters rush,
Vast clouds encount＇ring one another crush. Waller.
3. To overwhelm, to beat down.
To crush the pillars which the pile sustain. Dryden.
4. To oppress, to ruin, to subdue, to dispirit.
This act
Shall bruise the head of Satan, crush his strength. Milton.
A being able to crush all his advarsaries. Addison.

To CRUSH, verb neut. to be condensed, to come or fall into a close
body.
Poverty, cold wind, and crushing rain,
Beat keen and heavy. Thomson.

CRUSH, subst. [from the verb] a collision, act of dashing together.
But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth,
Unhurt amidst the war of elements,
The wrecks of matter, and the crush of worlds. Addison.

CRUSSULE＇E, or CRU＇SSULY [in heraldry] a term used when the
field or charge is strewed over with crosslets.

CRUST [croûte, Fr. crosta, It. cortéza, Sp. of crusta, Lat. korst, Du.
kruste, Ger.] 1. The outward hard part of bread.
Th＇impenetrable crust thy teeth defies,
And petrisy＇d with age, securely lies. Dryden.
2. The shelly part of any thing, the outer coat that envelopes any thing.
The state of an emperor hid under a crust of dross. Addison. 3. The
case or outside of a pie made of meal and baked. When he should have
been hunting down a buck, he was by his mother＇s side learning how
to season it or put it in a crust. Addison. 5. A waste piece of bread.
You＇re lib＇ral now, but when your turn is sped,
You＇ll wish me choak＇d with every crust of bread. Dryden.

College CRUST [at Oxford] a small loaf for the scholars commons.

To CRUST, verb act. [from the noun] 1. Sometimes with over,
which is for the most part only emphatic. In process of time the whole
surface will be crusted over. Addison. 2. To foul with concretions,
Musty or very foul and crusted bottles first truck at the alehouse. Swift.
3. To become a crust on the upper part or surface. The part that was
burnt, crusted and healed. Temple.

CRUST OLUNG [in husbandry] spoken of ground that is crusted
over, and sticks so hard together that nothing will grow on it, called
also soil-bound.

CRU＇STA Lactea, Lat. [in surgery] a scurf or crusty scab that spreads
over the head, face, and other parts of an infant, at the time of its
first sucking.

CRUSTA Vermicularis, Lat. [with anatomists] the velvet covering or
skin of the guts.

CR＇USTA Villosa, Lat. [with anatomists] the fourth tunic or coat of
the stomach.

CRUSTA＇CEOUS Shell Fishes, are fishes covered with shells, which are
made up of several pieces and joints, such as crabs, lobsters, cray-fish,
&c. but oysters are testaceous. Shells of lobsters, and others of crusta­
ceous kinds, are very rarely found at land. Woodward.

CRUSTACEOUS Shells, are generally softer than testaceous ones,
which are entirely of one piece, and are much harder, thicker and
stronger than crustaceous ones, as scallops, oysters, cockles, &c.

CRUSTACEOUS [croûteux, Fr. crostoso, It. of crusta, Lat.] not testa­
ceous, not having one continued shell.

CRUSTA＇CEOUSNESS [from crustaceous] the quality of having a jointed
shell.

CRUSTI＇FIC [crustificus, Lat.] that bringing a crust or skin.

CRU＇STILY [from crusty] peevishly, snappishly.

CRU＇STINESS, hardness of bread, the quality of a crust; also peevish­
ness of temper, moroseness.

CRU＇STY [croûteux, Fr. crustoso, It. cortezude, Sp. of crustosus, Lat.]
hard, shelly, covered with a crust. An egg＇s part within, and its
crusty coat without, are admirably fitted for incubation. Derham.

CRU＇STULA, Lat. [with surgeons] a small scab or scar of a sore;
also a blood-shot in the eye occasioned by a blow, wound, &c. being
a falling of blood into the tunica conjunctiva.

CRUTCH [croce, Fr. krucke, Du. krucke, Ger. cricce, Sax. groc­
eia, It.] wooden supporters for lame persons.
Thus king Henry throws away his crutch,
Before his legs be firm to bear his body. Shakespeare.
At best a crutch that lifts the weak along,
Supports the feeble, but retards the strong. Smith.

To CRUTCH [from the subst.] to support on crutches as a cripple.
I hasten Og and Doeg to rehearse,
Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on verse. Dryden.

CRU＇TCHED Friars [frcrez croisez, Fr.] friers who wear the sign of
the cross on their garments.

CRUZA＇DE, or CRUZA＇DO [croisade, Fr. crociata, It. cruzado, Sp]
a croisade, an expedition to the holy land. See CROISADE.

CRUZ＇ADO, or CRUZA＇TES, a Portugueze coin in value four shillings
sterling.

To CRY [crier, Fr. kryten, Du. crium, Teut. creitan, Goth.] 1. To
weep, to shed tears.
Her who still weeps with spungy eyes,
And her who is dry cork and never cries. Donne.
2. To make proclamation, to make public. Go and cry in the ears
of Jerusalem. Jeremiah. 3. To call importunately. I cried by reason
of my affliction unto the Lord. Jonah. 4. To bawl, to offer to sale
in the street. 5. To speak with vehemence and loudness. I heard a
voice cry, sleep no more! Shakespeare. 6. To talk eagerly or inces­
santly, to repeat continually. They be idle, therefore they cry, say­
ing, Let us go and do sacrifice to the Lord. Exodus. 7. To exclaim;
with against or out.
In the several places of the city,
You cry against the noble senate. Shakespeare.
Lysimachus seeing his ships, surprized at the contrivance, cried out that
they were built with more than human art. Arbuthnot. 8. To utter
lamentations.
We came crying hither:
Thou know＇st the first time that we smell the air,
We wawle and cry. Shakespeare.
When any great evil has been upon philosophers, they cry out as loud
as other men. Tillotson. 9. To squall as an infant.
He struggles for breath and cries for aid,
Then helpless in his mother＇s lap is laid. Dryden.
10. To utter in an articulate voice, as an animal. He giveth to the
beast his food, and to the young ravens which cry. Psalms. 11. To
yelp as a hound on a scent.
Why Belman is as good as he, my lord;
He cried upon it, at the merest loss;
Trust me I take him for the better dog. Shakespeare.
12. To Cry out, to exclaim, to scream. They make the oppressed to
cry: they cry out by reason of the arm of the mighty. Job. 13. To
Cry out, with of; to complain loudly. We are ready to cry out of an
unequal management. Atterbury. 14. To blame, to censure; with
of, against, or upon.
Giddy censure,
Will then cry out of Marcius: oh if he
Had borne the business. Shakespeare.
I cry out of wrong, but I am not heard. Job. 15. To declare loud.

To CRY Out, as a woman near the birth, to be in labour.

To CRY, verb act. 1. To proclaim publickly something lost of
found, in order to its recovery or restitution.
She seeks, she sighs, but no where spies him:
Love is lost, and thus she cries him. Crashaw.
2. To cry down, to blame, to decry. Men of dissolute lives cry down
religion. Tillotson. 3. To cry down, to prohibit. Cry down that un­
worthy course that they should pay money. Bacon. 4. To cry down,
to overbear.
I＇ll to the king,
And from a mouth of honour quite cry down
This Ipswich fellow＇s impudence. Shakespeare.

To CRY Up, verb act. 1. To exalt, to applaud. Instead of crying
up things brought from beyond sea, let us advance our native com­
modities. Bacon.
Poets like monarchs on an eastern throne,
Confin＇d by nothing but their will alone,
Here can cry up, and there as boldly blame,
And as they please give infamy or same. Walsh.
2. To cry up, to raise the price by proclamation. All the effect made
by crying up the pieces of eight, was to bring the more of that species.
Temple.

CRY, subst. [cri, Fr.] 1. Lamentation, shriek. All the first-born
shall die, and there shall be a great cry throughout all the land of Egypt.
Exodus. 2. Weeping, mourning. 3. Clamour, outcry.
Amazement seizes all, the general cry
Proclaims Laocoon justly doom＇d to die. Dryden.
Selfish views have an influence in this cry. Addison. 4. Exclamation of
triumph, wonder, or any other passion. In popish countries some im­
postor cries out a miracle: so the cry goes round. Swift. 5. Procla­
mation. 6. The hawkers proclamation of wares to be sold in the street;
as, the London crics. 7. Acclamation, popular favour.
The cry went once for thee,
And still it might, and yet it may again. Shakespeare.
8. Voice, utterance, vocal expression. Sounds besides the distinct
crics of birds and beasts, are modified by diversity of notes of different
length. Locke. 9. Importunate call. Pray not for this people, nei­
ther list up cry nor prayer for them. Jeremiah. 10. Yelping of dogs.
He scorns the dog, resolves to try
The combat next; but if their cry
Invades again his trembling ear,
He straight resumes his wonted care. Waller.
11. Yell, inarticulate noise. There shall be the noise of a cry from the
fish-gate. Zephaniah. 12. A pack of dogs,
Yon common cry of curs,
Whose breath I hate,
As reek o＇ th＇ rotten fens. Shakespeare.

CRY de Guerre, a general cry throughout an army, upon its ap­
approach to battle, with which the assailants animate their friends,
and endeavour to discourage their enemies; the true cry of war was
originally no other than confused shouts made by the soldiers to express
their alacrity and readiness to engage.
When the Christian religion was corrupted, the European nations
having chosen a tutelar saint, made him their cry of war; thus the
English anciently used to call upon St. George as their patron saint. See
BRANDEUM and DÆMON.
The cry of France is Mon joye St. Denys, or, as others say, Moult
joye St. Denys, he being chosen for the patron saint of France, which
was first taken up by Clovis, the first Christian king of France. The
cry of the Spaniards is Santiago, i. e. St. James the patron saint of
Spain. This cry de guerre is not only used at the first engaging of ar­
mies; but when they have been broken and dispersed, in order to their
knowing where the remains of their party are, in order to their rallying
again.

CRY＇AL, subst. the heron Ainsworth.

CRY＇ER. See CRIES.

CRYER, a kind of hawk called the falcon gentle, an enemy to pi­
geons, and very swift. Ainsworth.

CRYMO＇DES, Lat. [with physicians] a cold shivering fever, but
frequently accompanied with an inflammation of the inner parts: in
particular from an erysipelas attacking the lungs, as Gorræus observes
from Ætius; who adds, that its etymology is derived from κρυμος, the
same as κρυος, Gr. i. e. cold or chill, and that the disease is so called
from a sense of coldness in the extreme parts.

CRYPTO＇RCHIS [of κρυπτω, to hide, and ορχις, the testicle] a disease
when the testicles are hid in the belly.

CRY＇PTÆ, grotto＇s, caves, or hollow places under ground; vaults
set apart for the burial of particular families: the graves of the martyrs
were more especially called cryptæ, where the primitive Christians used
to meet for the performing divine service; also a church under ground
like that of St. Faith＇s under St. Paul＇s. See CATACOMBS.

CRY＇PTICAL, or CRIPTIC [crypticus, Lat. of κρυπτικος, Gr.] hid­
den, secret, unknown. Nature＇s more cryptic ways of working.
Glanville. In a cryptical or hidden method adapt every thing to their
ends. Watts.

CRY＇PTICALLY [of cryptical] in an occult secret manner. Boyle
uses it.








CRYPTO＇GRAPHY [of κρυπτος, secret, and γρκϕω, Gr. to write] 1. The
art of secret writing, as by characters or cyphers. 2. Secret character,
cyphers.

CRYPTO＇LOGY [of κρυπτος and λεγω, Gr.] a speaking or discoursing
occultly; ænigmatical language.

CRYPTOPO＇RTICUS [of κρυπτω, Gr. to hide, and porticus, Lat.
porch, &c.] a secret walk or vault under ground or in some low place;
a gallery closed on all parts to be cool in summer; a grot, a cloister,
&c. Lat.

CRY＇STAL [cristal, Fr. Sp. and Port. cristallo, It. crystallum, Lat.
crystall, Du. and Ger. κρυσταλλος, Gr. ice] 1. A transparent stone that
looks like ice, or the clearest sort of glass. Crystals are of regularly an­
gular figures, composed of simple, not filamentous plates, not flexile
nor elastic, giving fire with steel, not fermenting with acid menstrua,
and calcining in a strong fire. There are many various species of it.
Island crystal is a genuine spar, of an extremely pure, clear and fine
texture. It is always an oblique parallelopiped of six planes, and
found from a quarter of an inch to three inches in diameter. It is mode­
rately heavy, but very soft. It is found in Iceland, Germany, and
France. A remarkable property of this body is its double refraction,
so that if it be laid over a black line drawn on paper, two lines appear
of the same colour and thickness, and running parallel at a small di­
stance. Hill. Crystal is certainly known by the degree of its diapha­
neity and refraction, as also of its hardness, which are ever the same.
Woodward. 2. A factitious body cast in the glass-houses, called cry­
stal-glass, which is carried to a degree of perfection beyond the com­
mon glass, though it comes far short of the natural crystal. Chambers.

CRYSTAL [with chemists] that part of a lixivium or lie, that is
made of any metal or mineral, which remains congealed after some
part of the moisture is evaporated. If the menstruum be over-charged,
within a short time the metals will shoot into certain crystals. Bacon.

CRYSTAL, adj. 1. Consisting of crystal.
Thou king of gods,
Thy crystal window ope, look out. Shakespeare.
2. Clear, transparent.
In groves we live, and lie on mossy beds,
By crystal streams that murmur through the meads. Dryden.

CRYSTAL Mineral, is a salt petre prepared with sulphur, the salt
petre being put into a crucible and set in a furnace, and when it is in
fusion, a small quantity of flower of sulphur is added at several times,
the quantity of two drams of sulphur to eight ounces of salt petre.

CRY＇STALLINE, adj. [crystallinus, from crystallum, Lat.] 1. Con­
sisting of crystal. My palace crystalline. Shakespeare. Crystalline glass.
Boyle. 2. Bright, transparent. Water is crystalline. Bacon. Crystal­
line sky. Milton.

CRYSTALLINE or Icy Humour [with oculists] a white shining hu­
mour of the eye, which is thicker than the rest, and is the first instru­
ment of sight. It lies immediately next the aqueous behind the uvea,
opposite to the papilla, nearer to the fore-part than the back-part of
the globe. Its figure is convex on both sides. It is covered with a
fine coat called aranea. The crystalline humour is a lenticular figure,
convex on both sides. Ray.

CRYSTALLINE Heavens [in astronomy] two spheres supposed by
the ancient astronomers, who followed the Ptolemaic system, one of
which served them to explain the slow motion of the fixed stars, causing
them (as they imagined) to move one degree eastwards in 70 years;
the other helped to solve a motion, which they termed the motion of
trepidation or libration, by which they supposed the sphere to swag
from pole to pole.

CRYSTALLIZA＇TION [from to crystallize] 1. Congelation into cry­
stals. 2. The mass formed by the congelation or concretion. All na­
tural, metallic and mineral crystallizations, were effected by the water.
Woodward.

CRYSTALLIZATION [with chemists] an operation, whereby the
salts of metals or other mixed bodies, dissolved in any liquor, are
made to shoot into pretty little figured lumps or pieces, called crystals,
from their being transparent and clear like crystals.

CRYSTALLI [in medicine] pustles dispersed all over the body,
white, and of the bigness of a lupine.

To CRY＇STALLIZE, verb neut. [crystalliser, Fr.] to be reduced or
to grow into crystals. Recent urine will crystallize by inspissation.
Arbuthnot.

To CRYSTALLIZE, verb act. to cause to concrete in crystals. If
you dissolve copper in aqua fortis, you may, by crystallizing the solu­
tion, obtain a goodly blue. Boyle.

CRYSTALLOI＇DES [Lat. of κρυσταλλος, crystal, and ειδος, Gr. form;
with oculists] the crystalline coat of the eye.

CRYSTA＇LLOMANCY [of κρυσταλλος and μαντεια, Gr.] a sort of divi­
nation or foretelling future events by means of a mirror or looking­
glass.

CRYSTALS of Copper [with chemists] is a solution of copper in spi­
rit of nitre, evaporated and crystallized to gain the salt; those crystals
are used as caustics, but will dissolve if exposed to the air.

CRYSTALS of Venus [with chemists] common verdegrease dissolved
in distilled vinegar, and set in a cool place to crystallize.

CRYSTALS of Allum, is allum purified and reduced into crystals in
the same manner as tartar; the crystals are quadrangular and brilliant
like diamonds.

CRYSTALS of Tartar, is tartar purified and dissolved, and again
coagulated in form of crystals. To do this, they boil the tartar in the
water, skim it and strain it, and when it is cool, little, white, shining
crystals are formed at the edges, and also a pellicle or cream swimming
at the top.

CRYSTALS of Tartar chalibeated, is when the tartar is impregnated
with the most dissoluble parts of iron.

CRYSTALS of Tartar emetic, is when it is charged with the sulphu­
reous parts of antimony to make it vomitive.

CRYSTALS of Mars, is iron reduced into salts by an acid liquor.

C. S. is an abbreviation for custos sigilli (keeper of the seal)

Ct. is an abbreviation of cent or centum, an hundred.

CUB [according to Minshew, comes from cubo, Lat. to lie down:
of uncertain etymology. Johnson] 1. The young of a beast, ge­
nerally a bear＇s whelp; also a fox or martern of the first year. Pluck the
two young sucking cubs from the she-bear. Shakespeare. Fox＇s cubs.
L＇Estrange. 2. The young of a whale, perhaps of any viviporous
fish.
Two mighty whales which swelling seas had tost,
One as a mountain vast, and with her came
A cub, not much inferior to his dame. Waller.
3. In reproach or contempt, a young boy or girl.
O thou dissembling cub! what wilt thou be,
When time has sow＇d a grizzle on thy case? Shakespeare.
A country ＇squire, with the equipage of a wife and two daughters,
came to Mr. Snipwel＇s, but such two unlicked cubs! Congreve.

To CUB, verb act. [from the subst.] to bring forth; used of a beast,
or of a woman in contempt.
Cub＇d in a cabbin, on a mattress laid. Dryden.

CU＇BA [among the Romans] a deity, supposed to rock infants in
their cradles.

CUBA, a game at cards, called otherwise laugh and lay down.

CUBA [in geography] an island of North America, situated in the
Atlantic Ocean, between 20° and 23° of north latitude, and between
74° and 87° of west longitude; subject to the Spaniards.

CUBA＇GUA, an American island, situated between the island of
Margaretta and the Terra Firma; subject to Spain.

CUBA＇TION, Lat. the act of laying down, the act of resting or re­
posing.

CU＇BATORY, adj. [of cubo, Lat.] recumbent.

CUBATORY [cubatorium, Lat.] a dormiter or dormitory.

CUBATURE [with geometricians] is the finding exactly the solid
content of any body poposed in solid inches, feet, yards, &c.

CU＇BBRIDGE Head [in a ship] a partition made of boards, &c.
across the fore-castle and half deck of the ship, the one being called
the cubbridge head before, and the other the cubbridge head behind.

CUBE [Fr. cubo, It. and Sp. of cubus, Lat. κυβος, Gr.] is a figure
comprehended under six equal sides, each being a geometrical square,
and the angles all right, and therefore equal the same as a die. See
Plate VII. Fig. 3.

CUBE [with algebraists] the third power in a series or rank of geo­
metrical proportionals continued, as a is the root, a a the square,
a a a the cube.

CUBE [with arithmeticians] the cubic number, a number which
arises from the multiplication of any number, first by itself, and then
that product by itself; so 125 is a cubic number produced by 5, first
multiplied by 5, and then 25 the product by 5.

CUBE Root [in geometry] is the side of a cube number; so 3 is the
root or side of the cube 27, and 5 is the side or root of 125.

CUBE Square [in geometry] is the biquadrate or fourth power,
which is produced by the root or side being thrice multiplied into itself;
thus taking 3 for the side, 9 is the square, 27 the cube, and 81 the
cube-square or biquadrate.

CU＇BEB [cubebæ, Lat.] a small dried fruit resembling pepper, but
somewhat longer. It has an aromatic, but not very strong smell, and
is acrid and pungent to the taste, but less so than pepper. Cubebs are
brought into Europe from the island of Java. They are warm and
carminative, and the Indians steep them in wine, and esteem them
provocatives to venery. Hill.

CU＇BIC, or CU＇BICAL [cubique, Fr. cubico, It. and Sp. cubicus, Lat.
κυβικος, of κυβος, Gr.] 1. Of or pertaining to or having the figure
or properties of a cube. Cubical feet. Wilkins. Cubical dice. Bentley.
2. It is applied to numbers; as, quadrate and cubical numbers.
Brown. Cubic number. Hale.

CUBICAL Artery [with anatomists] a branch of the axillary artery.

CUBICAL Foot, a measure of solid bodies which are a foot every
way.

CUBIC Equations [with algebraists] are such, where the higher
power of the unknown body is a cube; as, x3 + y = a.

CUBICAL Parabola, a parabola of the higher kind.

CU＇BICALNESS [of cubical] the state or quality of being cubical.

CUBI＇CULAR, or CUBI＇CULARY [cubicularis, from cubiculum, Lat.]
1. Of or pertaining to a bed-chamber. 2. Fitted for the posture of
lying down. Custom by degrees changed their cubiculary beds into
discubitory. Brown.

CU＇BIFORM [cubiformis, of cubus, a cube, and forma, Lat. a form]
of the form or shape of a cube.

CUBED CUBE [with mathematicians] is the 6th power of any num­
ber or quantity, so 729 is a cubed cube raised from the root 3 five times
multiplied into itself.

CU＇BIT [cubito, It. cobdo, Sp. cubitus, Lat.] the length of the arm
from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger. This measure is
the 4th part of a well-proportioned man＇s stature. Some fix the He­
brew cubit at twenty inches and a half Paris measure, others at eigh­
teen. Calmet. Form the tip of the elbow to the end of the long finger,
is half a yard and a quarter of the stature, and makes a cubit, the first
measure we read of, the ark of Noah being framed and measured by
cubits. Holder. The Jews used two sorts of cubits; the sacred, and
the prophane or common one. Arbuthnot. Or, according to others,
the middle part between the shoulders and the wrist.

CUBIT [among the ancients] was of three kinds, viz. the great
cubit, which was 9 foot long; the middle cubit 2 foot long; the lit­
tle cubit a foot and a half long.

The CUBIT [with anatomists] is a long hard bone, having a hollow
in the middle, which lies in the inside of the arm, and reaches from
the elbow to the wrist; others make it consist of two bones, the one
called ulna or radius.

CUBITÆUS Externus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle arising from the
inward knob of the os humeri, and is inserted into the upper and out­
ward part of the os metacarpi of the little finger; its use is to extend
the wrist.

CUBITÆUS Internus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle springing from
the inward knob of the shoulder-bone, whence it passes along the ulna
and comes to its implantation in the fourth bone of the carpus, and the
os metacarpi of the little finger. It helps to bend the wrist.

CU＇BITAL, adj. [cubitalis, of cubitas, Lat. a cubit] containing the
length of a cubit. Cubital stature. Brown.

CU＇BO CUBE, or CUBED CUBE [with mathematicians] the sixth
power of any number or quantity; thus 64 is a cubed cube, raised
from the root 2, multiplied 5 times into itself.








CU＇BUS CUBI, Lat. the 9th power, or a number multiplied 8 times
into itself.

CUBOI＇DES, Lat. [with anatomists] the 7th bone of the tarsus of
the foot; which is joined behind to the os calcis; before, to the outer
bones of the metatarsus; and, on the inside, to the os cuneiforme.

CUCHE＇RUS, barb. Lat. [in old law records] a coucher, setter, or
setting dog.

CU＇CKFIELD, a market town of Sussex, 40 miles from London.

CU＇CKING Stool [probably q. d. a choaking-stool; because scolds
being thus punished are almost choaked; the Saxons called it sceal­
fing stole, Sax. and Dr. T. H. derives it from coquine, Fr. a beggar­
woman, because sturdy beggar-women were ducked in it; in ancient
times called tumbrel] a sort of chair hung on a post or tree over a wa­
ter, it was let down and drawn up by a rope and pulley, a punishment
formerly inflicted on scolding women, and bakers and brewers who
transgressed the law, who, being fastened in this chair, are ducked or
immerged in stercore, i. e. in some muddy or stinking pond.

CU＇CKOLD [cocu, Fr. from coukoo] one whose wife＇s lewd pranks
are vulgarly said to graft horns on his head; one whose wife proves
false to his bed. Who would not make her husband a cuckold to make
him a monarch? Shakespeare.

To CUCKOLD, verb act. 1. To corrupt another man＇s wife. Thou
canst cuckold him. Shakespeare. 2. To wrong a husband by unchastity
and infidelity.
But suffer not thy wife abroad to roam,
Nor strut in street with amazonian pace,
For that＇s to cuckold thee before thy face. Dryden.

CU＇CROLDLY, adj. [from cuckold] having the qualities of a cuckold,
mean, cowardly, sneaking. Poor cuckoldly knave, I know him not.
Shakespeare.

CUCKOLD-MAKER [of cuckold and maker] one that makes a practice
of corrupting wives. Cuckold and cuckold-maker. Shakespeare.

CU＇CKOLDOM [from cuckold] 1. The act of adultery. Conspiring
cuckoldom against me. Dryden. 2. The state of a cuckold. The last
man in the parish that knows of his cuckoldom is himself. Arbuthnot.

CUCKOO, or CU＇CKOW [gacc, Sax. cog, C. Brit. cwccw, Wel. coucu,
Fr. cuculo, It. cuco, Sp. and Port. koeckoeck, Du. guckuch, Ger. of cu­
culus, Lat. probably of κοκκος, Gr.] 1. A bird which appears in the
spring, and is said to suck the eggs of other birds, and lay her own to
be hatched in their place; from which practice it was usual to alarm
a husband at the approach of an adulterer, by calling cuckoo, which by
mistake was in time applied to the husband. This bird is remarkable
for the uniformity of his note, from which his name, in most tongues,
seems to have been formed. The merry cuckoo, messenger of spring.
Spenser. The plain-song cuckoo grey. Shakespeare.
I deduce,
From the first note the hollow cuckoo sings
The symphony of spring. Thomson.
2. A name of contempt.
Why what a rascal art thou then to praise him so for running?
—A horseback, ye cuckoo;
—But afoot, he will not budge a foot. Shakespeare.

CUCKOO Bud, or CUCKOO Flower, the plant lady＇s smock.
Cuckoo-buds of yellow hue
Do paint the meads. Shakespeare.
Nettles, cuckoo-flowers. Shakespeare.

CUCKOO-Spittle, subst. cuckoo-spittle or woodseare is that spumous
dew or exudation, or both, found upon plants, especially about the
joints of lavender and rosemary, observable with us about the latter end
of May. Brown.

CUCKOO Pintle, an herb.

CUCK-QNEAN, a wench, or whore.

CUCULLA＇RIS, also called Trapezius [with anatomists] is a muscle of
the shoulder-blade or scapula, which arises from the os capitis, the
ligamentum colli, and the top of the spine of the last vertebra of the
neck; and also from the eight upper ones of the chest, and is inserted
into the clavicula and the spina scapulæ; it is called cucullaris, of cu­
culla, a monk＇s-hood or cowl, because this, together with its fellow,
bears a resemblance to it, covering the back. Lat.

CU＇CULLATE Flower [with botanists] one that resembles the figure
of an helmet or monk＇s-hood, and is also called a galeate or galericu­
late flower.

CU＇CULLATE, or CUCULLATED [of cuculla, a hood, cucullatus,
Lat.] 1. Hooded, covered as with a hood or cowl. 2. Having the
resemblance of a hood. Differently cucullated and capuch＇d upon the
head and back. Brown.

CU＇CULUS, Lat. [with botanists] the herb night-shade.

CU＇CUMBER, or CU＇CUMER [coucombre, Fr. cocomerajo, It. cogóm­
bro, Sp. cucumen or cucumis, Lat.] a plant, also the fruit of it. It hath
a flower consisting of one leaf, bell-shaped, of which some are male or
barren, having no embryo. Others are female or fruitful, being fa­
stened to an embryo, which is changed into a fleshy fruit, for the most
part oblong and turbinated, inclosing many oblong seeds. The spe­
cies are, 1. The common cucumber. 2. The white cucumber. 3.
The long Turky cucumber. The first is the most common in the
English gardens; the second is the better fruit, as being less watery
and containing sweet seeds, is the most common kind cultivated in
Holland. The third sort is cultivated for the uncommon length of its
fruit, and its having less water and fewer seeds, but it is not so fruitful
as the common sort, nor come so early. The common sort is culti­
vated in three different seasons: the first is on hot beds under garden­
frames for early fruit; the second under bell or hand glasses, for the
middle crop; and the third is in the common ground, for a late crop
or to pickle. Miller.
Cucumbers along the surface creep,
With crooked bodies and with bellies deep. Dryden.

CUCU＇PHA [with anatomists] a cover for the head, made of sweet­
scented cephalic spices reduced to powder and sewed between two pieces
of silk, or quilted in a cap, good against diseases of the head.

CUCU＇RBITA, Lat. a gourd.

CUCU＇RBITA, or CUCURBI＇TULA, a cupping-glass or hollow ves­
sel made of tin, &c. used commonly in bagnio＇s; they apply it to the
body either with or without scarification, to divert or drive the blood
into some other part; or if it be corrupt, to evacuate it, or let it out.

CUCURBITA Cœca, or CUCURBITA Ventosa, Lat. a cupping-ves­
sel used without scarification, and is commonly applied or set on to
the most fleshy parts, where there is no danger of hurting the large
vessels and nerves.

CU＇CURBITE [cucurbita, Lat. with chemists] a vessel of glass, or
earth, for distillations and rectifications, in the shape of a gourd, and
therefore called cucurbite. It is usually by them called a body. See
the form of it, Plate VII. Fig. 4.

CUCURBITA＇CEOUS, adj. [cucurbita, Lat. a gourd] resembling a
gourd.

CUCURBITA＇CEOUS Plants, are such as resemble a gourd, as the
pumpion and melon.

CUCURBITI＇NE [cucurbitinus, Lat.] of or like gourds.

CUCURBITI＇NI Lumbrici, Lat. certain broad worms resembling
gourd seeds in shape, which breed in the entrails of the human kind.

CUCUY＇OS, a fly in America, which shines in the night so brightly,
that travellers are said to be able to travel, read or write by its
light.

CUD [cud, Sax.] the food reposited after grazing, in the first sto­
mach, in order to be chewed over again by cows, &c.

To chew the CUD [ceowan and cud, Sax.] 1. To chew again as a
cow does. My master＇s cattle came hither to chew their cud. Sidney.
On a flow＇ry bank he chews the cud. Dryden. 2. To muse upon,
to think upon or reflect.

CUD Lost, a distemper or infirmity in both great and small cattle.

CU＇DDEN, or CU＇DDY [without etymology. Johnson] a clown, a
changeling, a nizey, or silly fellow; a low word.
The slavering cudden prop＇d upon his staff,
Stood ready gaping with a grinning laugh. Dryden.

To CU＇DDLE, verb neut. [a low word, and I believe without ety­
mology. Johnson] to lie close, to squat.
Have you mark＇d a par ridge quake,
Viewing the tow＇ring faulcon nigh?
She cuddles low behind the brake,
Nor would she stay, nor dares she fly. Prior.

CU＇DDY [in a ship of war of the first rate] a place which lies be­
tween the captain＇s and lieutenants cabins under the poop, which is
divided into partitions for the master＇s and secretary＇s office.

CUDE-CLOTH, a face-cloth for a young child, which in ancient
times was used at baptism, and was the priest＇s fee.

CU＇DGEL [probably of cudle, Du. a knotted stick] 1. A stick to
strike with; lighter than a club, shorter than a pole.
His surly officer ne＇er fail＇d to crack
His knotty cudgel on his tougher back. Dryden.
2. To cross the cudgels; is to yield, from the practice of cudgel-play­
ers, who lay one over the other. It is much better to give way,
than it would be to contend at first, and then either to cross the cudgels,
or to be baffled in the conclusion. L＇Estrange.

To lay down the CUDGELS, to submit, to give up the cause.

To take up the CUDGELS, to engage in the defence of any person
or thing.

To CUDGEL, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To beat or bang with
the stick. Said he would cudgel you. Shakespeare. 2. To beat in
general. Young fellows were cudgeling a walnut-tree. L＇Lstrange.

CUDGEL-PROOF [adj. of cudgel and proof] able to resist a stick.
His doublet was of sturdy buff,
And tho＇ not sword was cudgel-proof. Hudibras.

CUD-WEED, or CUD-WORT [with botanists] a plant, whose leaves
are made use of instead of cotton, and thence it is called cotton-weed.
It is cultivated for medicinal use.

CUE. 1. An item given to actors on the stage, what or when they
are to speak, commonly the last words of a speech, which the player,
who is to answer, catches, and looks on as an intimation to begin.
Pyramus you begin: when you have spoken your speech, enter not
that brake; and so every one according to his cue. Shakespeare. 2.
Hint, intimation, short direction.
What＇s Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba,
That he should weep for her?
What would he do,
Had he the motive and the cue for passion
That I have? he would drown the stage with tears.
Shakespeare.
Gives them, who expect vails, their cue to attend in two lines, as he
leaves the house. Shakespeare. 3. The part in which any one is to
play in his turn.
Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it
Without a prompter. Shakespeare.
Neither is Otto a much more taking gentleman: nothing appears in
his cue to move pity. Rymer. 4. A mood or humour; as, in a
merry cue.

CUE, half a farthing.

CUE, state, condition, humour, temper of mind.

CUE, or KUE [queüe, Fr. a tail, from the form of it] a round
stick to play at billiards, also the tail or end of any thing; as, the
long tail or curl of a wig, called a cue wig.

CUE＇NCA, a city and bishop＇s see of New Castile, in Spain, about
85 miles east of Madrid.

CUE＇RPO, as to walk or be in cuerpo, is to go without a cloak, or
upper coat, and all the formalities of a compleat dress, so as to dis­
cover the true shape of the cuerpo or body.
Expose in cuerpo to their rage,
Without my arms and equipage. Hudibras.

CUFF [zuffa, battle, zuffare, It. to fight] 1. A blow or stroke with
the fist, a box.
The mad-brain＇d bridegroom took him such a cuff,
That down fell priest and book. Shakespeare.
He gave her a cuff on the ear. Arbuthnot. 2. It is used of birds that
fight with their talons.

To CUFF, verb neut. [from the noun] to fight, to scuffle.
Clapping farces acted by the court,
While the peers cuff to make the rabble sport. Dryden.

To CUFF, verb act. 1. To beat or bang with the fist.
I＇ll after him again and beat him ——
———Do, cuff him soundly, but never draw thy sword.
Shakespeare.







2. To fight with talons.
The dastard crow that to the wood made wing,
With her loud kaws her craven kind does bring;
Who safe in numbers cuff the noble bird. Dryden.
3. To strike with wings; this seems improper.
Hov＇ring about the coast they make their moan,
And cuff the cliffs with pinions not their own. Dryden.

CUFF [coeffe, Fr.] part of the sleeve. Instead of the common
fashion, he would visit his mistress in a morning-gown, band, short
cuffs, and peaked beard. Arbuthnot.

CUI ante Divortium, Lat. [i. e. to whom before divorce] a writ
impowering a divorced woman to recover her lands from him to
whom they were alienated by her husband during marriage; because
she could not gainsay it.

CUI in Vita, Lat. [i. e. to whom in his life-time] a writ of entry
which a widow has against him to whom her husband did alienate or
make over lands, &c. in his life-time; which must contain this
clause, that during his life-time she could not withstand it.

CUI＇NAGE, the making up of twine into such forms as it is com­
monly framed into for carriage to other places. Cowel.

CUI＇RASS [cuirasse, Fr. from cuir, leather, coraccia, corazza, It.
coráça, Sp.] an armour of steel or iron plates, &c. beaten thin, which
covers the body from the neck to the waist, both behind and before,
a breast plate.
The launce pursu＇d the voice without delay,
And pierc＇d his cuirass. Dryden.

CUIRA＇SSIER [corazze, It. corosseras, Sp. of cuirass] a man at
arms, a soldier in armoury. Cuirassiers are cavalry or horsemen
armed with back, breast, and head-piece, as most of the Germans
are. St. George is described as a cuirassier, or horseman compleatly
arm＇d. Brown.
On each horn,
Cuirassiers all in steel for standing fight. Milton.

CUISH, subst. [cuisse, Fr.] the armour that covers the thighs.
Young Harry with his beaver on,
His cuishes on his thighs, gallantly armed. Shakespeare.
Some the cuishes mould. Dryden.
This word is a corruption of

CUI＇SSES, Fr. a sort of armour for the thighs.

CUL DE FOUR, Fr. [in masonry] a sort of low, spherical vault,
like an oven.

CUL DE FOUR of a Niche [in masonry] the arched roof of a niche
on a plan that is circular.

CUL DE LAMP, Fr. [in architecture] several decorations in mason­
ry, &c. in vaults and cielings, to finish the bottom of works, and
somewhat wreathed in the manner of a testudo.

CU＇LAGE [old records] the laying up a ship in the dock to be re­
paired.

CULDEE＇S, a sect of religious monks, anciently in Scotland, &c.
so called, à colendo Dem, i. e. from their worshipping God; or culto­
res Dei, the worshippers of God, being remarkable for their religi­
ous exercises of preaching and praying. They made choice of one
of their own fraternity to be their head, called the Scots bishop.

CU＇LERAGE, the same plant with arsesmart. Ainsworth.

CULIA＇CAN, the capital of a province of the same name in Mexico,
opposite to the southern end of California.

CU＇LINARY, adj. [culinorius, culina, Lat.] of or pertaining to a
kitchen, relating to the art of cookery. Culinary fire. Newton.

CULL. See CULLY.

To CULL [colligo, Lat. cueillir, Fr. to gather] to pick and chuse,
to pick out. The best of every thing being cull＇d out for themselves.
Hooker. Culling of simples. Shakespeare.
From his herd he culls
For slaughter four the fairest of his bulls. Dryden.

CU＇LLEN, a parliament town of Scotland, on the east side of
Bamfshire.

CU＇LLENDER. See COLANDER.

CU＇LLER [of cull] he who picks and chooses.

CU＇LLERS, the worst or refuse of sheep which are left of a flock,
after the best have been picked out.

CU＇LLIAGE, or CU＇LLAGE, a custom of the lords lying the first
night with their vassal＇s brides.

CU＇LLION [coglione, It. a fool, perhaps from scullion. It seems to
import manners rather than folly. Johnson] a scoundrel, a mean
wretch. Up to the breach you dogs, avaunt you cullions. Shakespeare.

CULLION Head [in fortification] the same as a bastion, a sconce,
or block house.

CU＇LLIOUSLY, adj. [of cullion] having the qualities of a cullion,
mean, base. You whorson culliously, barber-monger, draw. Shakes­
peare.

CU＇LLIONS [couillons, Fr. coglione, It. cujone, Sp.] the testes.

CULLIONS [in botany] are called also stone roots, or the round
roots of plants, whether single, double, or triple.

CU＇LLIS [with cooks] a strained liquor made of any sort of dressed
meat, or other things pounded in a mortar, and pressed through an
hair-sieve; usually poured into hot pics, messes, &c. before they are
served up at table.

CU＇LLITON, a market town of Devonshire, 17 miles from Exeter,
and 159 from London.

CU＇LLOT, a cushion for riding post.

CU＇LLY, subst. [coglione, It. a fool] 1. One who may be easily led
by the nose, or put upon, as by sharpers or a strumpet.
The rich cullies may their boasting spare,
They purchase but sophisticated ware. Dryden.
2. A lecher, whom a whore, courtesan, or jilt, calls her cully.

To CULLY one, to make a fool of, impose upon, or jilt him.

CULM, a sort of coals made use of by smiths.

CU＇LMFN, Lat. the top, peak or height of any thing.

CULMEN Cæli, Lat. [in astrology] the highest point of heaven,
that a star can rise to in any latitude; and usually by astrologers taken
for the tenth house.

CULMI＇FEROUS [of culmus, a stem or stalk, and fero, Lat. to bear]
bearing stems or stalks.

CULMI＇FEROUS Plants [of culmus, a stalk, and fero, Lat. to bear,
in botany] such as have a smooth jointed hollow stalk, which is wrape
about at each joint, with a single, long, narrow, and sharp-pointed
leaf, and their seeds are contained in chaffy hulks; as wheat, barley,
&c. and most kinds of grass. Mealy seeds, of some culmiferous
plants, as oats. Arbuthnot.

CU＇LMINANT [culminans, Lat.] rising to the top or height, being
vertical, or in the meridian.

To CU＇LMINATE [of culmen, Lat.] to rise to the top or utmost
height, to be in the meridian.
All sunshine, as when his beams at noon
Culminate from th＇equator. Milton.

To CULMINATE [in astronomy] signifies to come to the meridian;
thus the sun or a star is said to culminate, when it is in the highest
point in the heavens, that it possible can be, i. e. when it is upon the
meridian.

CULMINA＇TION, an ascending or coming to the meridian of a
place.

CULMO＇RE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry,
and province of Ulster, about five miles north of Londonderry.

CU＇LMUS, Lat. [with botanists] properly the stem or stalk of
corn or grass, distinguished from that of all other plants, which is
termed caulis.

CU＇LPABLE [Sp. coupable, Fr. colpabile, It. of culpabilis, from
culpa, Lat. a fault] 1. Criminal, guilty.
Proceed no straiter ＇gainst our uncle Gloster,
Than from true evidence of good esteem
He be approv＇d in practice culpable. Shakespeare.
2. Faulty, blame-worthy; with of. These being culpable of this
crime, or favourers of their friends. Spenser. In scripture are so
many admirable patterns of virtue, and no one of them without some­
what noted, wherein they were culpable. Hooker. Such ignorance is
voluntary, and therefore culpable. South.

CU＇LPABLENESS, or CULPABI＇LITY [culpabilitas, Lat.] blame­
worthiness, guiltiness, faultiness.

CU＇LPABLY [from culpable] blameably, faultily, criminally. If
we perform this duty pitifully and culpably, it is not to be expected
we should communicate holily. Taylor.

CU＇LPON that Trout [a cant term in carving meat] i. e. cut it up.

CU＇LPRIT [it is supposed to be compounded of two words, i. e.
cul and prit, viz. cul of culpabilis, Lat. blameable or guilty and trit of
prest, Fr. i. e. ready, and is the reply of a proper officer on the behalf of
the king, affirming the party to be guilty, and is ready to prove the
party guilty; others derive it of culpat, a fault, and prehensis, taken]
i. e. a criminal or malefactor. About this word there is great dis­
pute. It is used by the judges at criminal trials, who, when the pri­
soner declares himself not guilty, and puts himself upon his trial,
answers, culprit, God send thee a good deliverance. It is likely that
it is a corruption of qu＇il paroit, may it so appear, the wish of the
judge being that the prisoner may be found innocent; a formal word
used by the clerk of the arraigns in trials to a person indicted for a
criminal matter, when he has register＇d the prisoner＇s plea, and pro­
ceeds to demand of him (culprit) how wilt thou be tried? An author
is in the condition of a culprit, the public are his judges: by allow­
ing too much, and condescending too far, he may injure his own
cause; and by pleading and asserting too boldly, he may displease
the court. Prior.

CULRA＇CH, or CORLA＇CH [in the practice of Scotland] one left as a
pledge for the appearance of a man from one court to another.

CULRA＇GE, the herb arsesmart.

CULTCH, the shells, &c. which form in the bottom of the sea
where oisters spawn.

CU＇LTER, Lat. [commonly written coulter] the iron of the plough,
perpendicular to the sheare.
The culter rusts,
That should deracinate such savagery. Shakespeare.

To CU＇LTIVATE [cultiver, Fr. coltivare, It. cultivàr, Sp. of cul­
tus, Lat.] 1. To till or husband the ground, to forward the product
of the earth by manual industry. Those excellent seeds implanted
in your birth will, if cultivated, be most flourishing in production.
Felton. 2. To improve or manage, to meliorate.
To make man mild and sociable to man,
To cultivate the wild licentious savage
With wisdom, discipline and liberal arts,
Th＇ embellishments of life. Addison.

CULTIVA＇TION [coltivazione, It.] 1. The art or practice of tillage
or improvement of soils, and forwarding vegetables. 2. Improve­
ment in general, melioration, promotion. An innate light discovers
the common notions of good and evil, which, by cultivation and im­
provement, may be advanced to higher discoveries. South. Cultivation
of learning. Dryden.

CU＇TIVATOR [from cultivate] one who forwards any vegetable
production, or any thing else capable of improvement. Cultivators
of clover-grass. Boyle.

CU＇LTURE [Fr. coltura, It. cultura, Sp. and Lat.] 1. Husbandry,
tillage. Give us seed unto our heart, and culture to our understand­
ing, that there may come fruit of it. 2. Esdras.
If vain our toil,
We ought to blame the culture, not the soil. Pope.
2. Art of improvement, good education, melioration. One might
wear any passion out of a family by culture, as skilful gardeners blot
a colour out of a tulip that hurts its beauty. Tatler.

To CU＇LTURE, verb act. to cultivate, to manure, to till. It is
used by Thomson.

CU＇LVER [culfwc, Sax.] a sort of pigeon; an old word.
Had he so done, he had been snatch＇d away,
More light than culver, in the faulcon＇s fist. Spenser.
Whence borne on liquid wing,
The sound culver shoots. Thomson.

CU＇LVERAGF, faint-heartedness; turning tail to run away.

CU＇LVERIN [coulouvrine, Fr. colubrina, It. culebrino, Sp. of colu­
ber, Lat. a snake] a piece of ordnance. A culverin requires for
every charge sixteen pounds of powder, and a bullet of nineteen
pounds; a demi culverin nine pounds of powder, and a bullet of
twelve pounds. Wilkins.








CULVERIN Extraordinary [with gunners] a large piece of ordnance,
in length about 13 feet, weighing 4800 pounds, the diameter at the
bore being 5 inches and a half, carries a shot of 5 inches 1 quarter
diameter, and 20 pound weight, and requires a charge of 12 pounds
and a half of powder.

CULVERIN Ordinary [with gunners] is a larger gun of about 4500
pound weight, is 5 inches 1 quarter diameter at the bore, carries a
ball of 17 pounds 5 ounees weight, and 5 inches diameter, and re­
quires a charge of 11 pounds 6 ounces of powder.

CULVERIN of the least Size [with gunners] a piece of ordnance of
5 inches diameter at the bore, weight about 4000 pounds, carries a
ball of 4 inches 3 quarters diameter, and 14 pounds weight, and re­
quires a charge of 10 pounds of powder.

CU＇LVERKEY, subst. a species of flower. A girl cropping culver­
keys and cowslips to make garlands. Walton.

CU＇LVERTAGE [in the Norman law] the escheat or forfeiture of
the lands of a vassal to the lord of the fee.

CULVERTAGE, a being branded for cowardice.

CU＇LVERTAILING [with carpenters] a particular way of fastening
boards, by letting one piece into another.

CU＇LVERTAILING [with shipwrights] is the fastening or letting
one timber into another, so that they cannot slip out, as the carlings
into the beams of a ship.

To CU＇MBER [kommern, Du. kummern, Ger. ingombrare, It. pro­
bably of cumulus, Lat. an heap] 1. To incumber, to stop, to em­
barrass.
Why asks he what avails him not in fight,
And would but cumber and retard his flight. Dryden.
2. To crowd, to load with something useless. Cut it down, why
cumbereth it the ground. St. Luke. Multiplying variety of arguments
cumbers the memory to no purpose. Locke. 3. To involve in difficul­
ties and dangers.
Domestic fury and fierce civil strife,
Shall cumber all the parts of Italy. Shakespeare.
4. To busy, to distract with variety of cares. Martha was cumbered
about much serving. St. Luke. 5. To be troublesome in a place, to
diseommode. Doth the bramble cumber a garden? It makes the
better hedge. Grew.

CUMBER, subst. [komber, Du.] vexation, embarrassment. Brought
to great cumber and danger. Sidney. Thus fade thy helps, and thus
thy cumbers spring. Spenser.

CU＇MBERLAND, one of the most northern counties of England, se­
parated from Scotland by the Frith and river Solway. It gives title
of duke to his royal highness prince William; and sends two members
to parliament.

CU＇MBERSOME, or CU＇MBEROUS [from cumber] 1. Troublesome,
inconvenient, vexatious. Going to perform a cumbersome obedience.
Sidney. 2. Unweildy, burthensome, embarrassing. I was drawn in
to write the first by accident, and to write the second by some defects
in the first; these are the cumbersome perquisites of authors. Ar­
buthnot. 3. Unmanageable. Long tubes are cumbersome, and scarce
to be readily managed, Newton.

CU＇BERSOMELY [of cumbersome] in a troublesome, vexatious, and
obstructing manner.

CU＇MBERSOMENESS [from cumbersome] unweildines, incumbrance,
obstruction.

CU＇MBLE, full heaped measure.

CU＇MBRANCE [of cumber] burthen, impediment.
Extol not riches, then the toil of fools,
The wiseman＇s cumbrance if not snare. Milton.

CU＇MBROUS [from cumber] 1. Vexatious, troublesome. A cloud
of cumbrous gnats do him molest. Spenser. 2. Cumbersome, oppres­
sive, burthensome.
Be quit,
Fairest and easiest of this cumbrous charge. Milton.
3. Jumbled, obstructing each other.
Swift to their several quarters hasted then,
The cumb＇rous elements. Milton.

CU＇MFREY, a medicinal plant.

CU＇MMIN [cumin, Fr. comino, It. cominos, Sp. cuminum, Lat. küm­
mel, Ger. kommen, Dan. of κυμινον, Gr.] an herb like fennel, but
less; the seed of which is good in cholics, &c. It is brought from
the island of Malta, where it is cultivated; for it is too tender for
our climate. Ranksmelling rue, and cumin good for eyes. Spen­
ser.

To CU＇MULATE [cumulatum, sup. of cumulo, from cumulus, Lat.
a heap] to heap up. Shoals of shells beded and cumulated heap upon
heap, amongst earth. Woodward.

CUMULA＇TION, Lat. the act of heaping up.

CUMULO＇SE cumulosus, Lat. full of heaps.

To CUN [a sea term] is to direct the person at helm how to steer.

CUNCTA＇TION, Lat. a delaying or prolonging of time. Cunctation
in prosecuting. Hayward. Celerity should always be contempered
with cunctation. Brown.

CU＇NCTATOR, Lat. one given to delay, an idler, a sluggard. Un­
willing to discourage such cunctators. Hammond.

CUNCTI＇POTENT [cuctipotens, Lat.] all powerful.

CUNCTI＇TENENT [cunctitenens, Lat.] holding or possessing all
things.

To CUND [of konnen, Du. to know] to give notice. A provincial
or obsolete word; see COUDER. They are directed by a balker or
huer on the cliff, who discerning the course of the pilchard, cundeth,
as they call it, the master of each boat. Carew.

CU＇NEAL [cunealis, from cuneus, Lat. a wedge] being in the
form of a wedge, relating to a wedge.

CU＇NEATED [cuneatus, of cuneus, Lat.] made in form of a
wedge.

CU＇NEIFORM [of cuneus, a wedge, and forma, Lat. figure] having
the shape of a wedge.

CUNEIFO＇RME Os, Lat. [with anatomists] a wedge like bone in
the head, situated in the bottom or basis of the brain, so called from
its shape resembling a wedge.

CUNEIFO＇RMIA Ossa [in anatomy] certain bones of the tarsus of
the foot, which are counted the fourth, fifth, and sixth, which take
their name from their shape, as being large above, and narrow be­
low, resembling wedges.

CUNE＇TTE [Fr. in fortification] a deep trench about three or four
fathom wide, sunk along the middle of a dry moat, to lade out the
water, or to render the passage more difficult to the enemy.

CU＇NEUS, a wedge, one of the six principles in mathematics.
Lat.

CUNEUS [in ancient deeds] a mint or place where money is
coined.

CUNICULO＇SE, or CUNICU＇LOUS [cuniculosus, Lat.] full of coneys
or coney-burroughs.

CUNI＇LA [in botany] savoury, marjorum with the small leaf, and
penny-royal with the broad leaf. Lat.

CUNILA＇GO [in botany] the herb flea-bane or moth-mullain, or
a kind of savoury or origanum. Lat.

CUNI＇NA, a deity. See CUBA.

CU＇NNER, a kind of fish, less than an oister, that stieks close to the
rocks. Ainsworth.

CU＇NNING, or CONDING [sea-term] directing; as, the cunning of
a ship is the directing the person at helm how to steer.

CUNNING, subst. [cunning, of cunnan, Sax. to know] 1. Ingenu­
ity, skilfulness, knowledge. 2. Deceit, fraudulent dexterity. We
take cunning for a sinister, or crooked wisdom. Bacon. 3. Subtilty,
craftiness.
CUNNING is no burden.
Lat. Quævis terra alit artificem.
Knowledge is, without doubt, the most portable riches, and, as
the Latin proverb has it, will give a man a livelihood every where:
of consequence it is therefore preferable to all other; and, as it is not
always very difficult to be obtained, at least one part of it, it ought
to be the study of every parent to give their children what share of it
they can.

CU＇NNING, adj. [from connan, Sax. konnen, Du. to know] 1. In­
genious, skilful, knowing.
Cunning in music and the mathematics,
To instruct her fully. Shakespeare.
A man cunning to work in gold. 2 Chron.
She guides the cunning artist＇s hand. Prior.
2. Performed with skill. An altar carv＇d with cunning imagery.
Spenser. Thou cunning＇st pattern of excelling nature. Shakespeare.
3. Artful, deceitful, trickish, crafty. Men will leave truth to such
as love it, they are resolved to be cunning: let others run the hazard of
being sincere. South. 4. Acted with subtilty. Accounting his in­
tegrity to be but a cunning face of falshood. Sidney.

CU＇NNINGLY [from cunning] 1. Ingeniously, skilfully. 2. Slily,
craftily. That the king＇s army was overthrown, and the king fled;
whereby it was supposed that many succours were cunningly put off.
Bacon.

CUNNING Man, a name given to an astrologer, or fortune-teller.
A strong detachment
Of beadle, constable, and watchmen,
T＇ attack the cunning-man for plunder
Committed falsely on his lumber. Hudibras.

CU＇NNINGNESS [cunnindnesse, Sax.] craftiness, &c.

CUNNUS, the pudendum muliebre; and from hence is derived the
vulgar name for the pudendum muliebre.

CU＇NTEY Cuntey [in old law] a sort of trial, which seems to be the
fame with that of our common jury, or trial by the country.

CUP [coupe, Fr. coppa, It. cópa, Sp. copo, Port. κυτη, Gr. cupa, Lat.
kopi, Du. koppe, L. Ger. ewppan, C. Brit. cup, coppe, Sax.] 1. A
small vessel to drink out of. Thou shalt deliver Pharaoh＇s cup into his
hand. Genesis.
Nor let civil broils
Ferment from social cup. Philips.
2. The liquor contain＇d in the cup, the draught. Wil＇t please your
lordship drink a cup of sack. Shakespeare.
The best, the dearest fav＇rite of the sky,
Must taste the cup, for man is born to die. Pope.
3. In the plural, merry bout, social entertainment.
Be in their flowing cups freshly remember＇d. Shakespeare.
By the fire-side or in our cups. Knolles.
From cups to civil broils. Milton.
4. Any thing hollow like a cup; as, an acorn in its cup.

A CUP of the Creature, any strong liquor. Low language.
When the CUP＇s full carry it even.
A very good proverbial admonition to those who are arrived at power
and wealth, to bear their good fortune with a steady even temper,
and not to suffer themselves to be hurried away into insolence, pride,
and oppression.
Lat. Fortunam reverenter habe quicunque repente,
Dives ab exili progrediere loco.

CU＇P-BEARER. 1. An officer of the king＇s houshold. Sworn his
servant, and shortly after his cup-bearer at large. Wotton. 2. An
attendant that ferves wine at a feast. A recompense for Jupiter＇s car­
rying away his son Ganymede to be his cup-bearer. Broome.

CUP and Can, familiar companions. The can is the large vessel
out of which the cup is filled, and to which it is an inseparable asso­
ciate. You and he are cup and can. Swift.

To CUP, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To supply with cups, to
soak well with liquor. Obsolete.
With thy grapes our hairs be crown＇d,
Cup us till the world go round. Shakespeare.

CUP [with botanists] cups are those short husks wherein flow­
ers grow, some being parted into two, three, four, five, or six
leaves.

To CUP [koppen, Du. and L. Ger.] to apply a cupping-glass to
some part of the body, to draw blood in scarification.
Nor breathing veins nor cupping will prevail. Dryden.
Blistering, cupping, and bleeding. Addison.
They bled, they cupp＇d, they purg＇d, in short they cur＇d. Pope.

CU＇P-BOARD [of cup, and bord, Sax. a case] 1. A receptacle with
shelves for victuals, earth-ware, &c. Some trees are best for cup­
boards, as walnut. Bacon.
His cup-board＇s head six earthen pitchers grac＇d. Dryden.







Yet their wine and their victuals these curmudgeon lubbards,
Lock up from my sight in cellars and cupboards. Swift.
2. A conveniency with shelves, for putting glasses, &c.

To CU＇PBOARD, verb act. [from the subst.] to hoard up, to lay up
in a cupboard.
The belly did remain
I＇th＇ midst of the body idle and unactive,
Still cupboarding the viand, never bearing
Like labour with the rest. Shakespeare.

CU＇PID [cupido, Lat.] the fabulous god of love; painters, &c. re­
present him like a boy naked, and having wings, carrying a quiver on
his shoulder, and holding a torch in one hand and a bow in the other,
to give desperate wounds to the hearts of lovers; but with a veil cast
over his eyes, to intimate that love is blind.

CU＇POLA, or CUPOLO [It. and Sp. kupel, Ger. in architecture]
1. An arched tower of a building in the form of a bowl turned upside
down; a dome. 2. An arched room or turret, standing on the very
top of a dome or great building, in form either of a circle or pologon;
otherwise called a lanthorn. 3. The hemispherical summit of a build­
ing. Nature seems to have designed the head as the cupola to the most
glorious of her works. Addison.

CUP-SHOT, or CUP-SHO＇TTEN, one who is in his cups, over­
charged with liquor, drunken. A cant word.

CU＇PEL, CO＇PEL, or CU＇PPEL [coupelle, Fr. coppella, It. in che­
mistry] a vessel made of ashes and burnt bones, for trying and pu­
rifying gold and silver. See COPPEL. Upon the stuff whereof cup­
pels are made, which they put into furnices, fire worketh not. Ba­
con.

CU＇PPER [of cup] one who applies cupping-glasses, and scari­
fies.

CU＇PPING Glass, a sort of glass phial applied to the fleshy part of
the body, to draw forth a corrupt blood and windy matter by rarefy­
ing the air. A bubo ought to be drawn outward by cupping-glasses.
Wiseman.

CU＇PREOUS [cupreus, Lat.] consisting of copper. Cupreous body.
Boyle.

CUR [korre, Du.] 1. A worthless degenerate dog.
How does your fallow greyhound, Sir?
＇Tis a good dog —
— A cur, Sir. Shakespeare.
An old drudging cur. L＇Estrange.
2. A man, in contempt.
What would you have, ye curs,
That like not peace nor war. Shakespeare.
The person whom he spoke to, called him a young popish cur. Ad­
dison.

CU＇RABLE [Fr. and Sp. curabile, It. of curabilis, Lat.] that may
be cured. Cureable diseases. Harvey.

CU＇RABLENESS [of curable] capableness of cure, possibility of be­
ing healed.

CU＇RACY, or CU＇RATESHIP [of curate] the office of a curate,
distinct from a benefice. Arrive in time to a curacy in town. Swift.

CU＇RATE [cure, Fr. cura, Sp. and Port. curato, It. of curator, Lat.]
1. Properly a parson or vicar of a parish, who has the charge of the
souls of his parishioners. I thought the English of curate had been
an ecclesiastical hireling—No such matter. The proper import of
the word signifies one who has the cure of Souls. Collier. 2. It is now
more used for a deputy or substitute, one who officiates in the place
of the in cumbent for hire.
He spar＇d no pains, for curate he had none,
Nor durst he trust another with his care. Dryden.

CURA＇TION [Lat. in medicine] a right method of finding out by
symptoms remedies proper for any disease.

CU＇RATIVE [from cure] relating to the cure of diseases, not pre­
servative or preventive. The therapeutic or curative, physic we
term that which restores the patient unto sanity. Brown.

CURATIVE Indication [with physicians] a sign that has relation to
the disease that is to be cured.

CURA＇TOR [curateur, Fr. curatore, It. cura, Port. of curator, Lat.
civil law] a person regularly appointed to take care of another. The
curators of Bedlam. Swift.

CU＇RATURE [curatura, Lat.] care in ordering or managing any
thing.

A CURB of a Bridle [of to curb] 1. A chain of iron made fast to
the upper part of the branches of the bridle, in holes called the eyes,
and running over the horse＇s beard. The ox hath his bow, the horse
his curb. Shakespeare. 2. Restraint, opposition.
Religion, that should be
The curb, is made the spur to tyranny. Denham.
An effectual curb upon us. Atterbury.

To give a leap upon the CURB [with horsemen] is to shorten the
curb, by laying one of the mails or S like joints of the chain over
the rest.

A CURB [with farriers] is a hard and callous tumour, running on
the inside of a horse＇s-hoof, i. e. on that part of the hoof that is op­
posite to the leg of the same side.

To CURB [courber, Fr. to bow or bend] 1. To guide or restrain a
horse with a curb. 2. To give a check to, to restrain or keep under,
to hold back. Governors to curb and keep them in awe. Speuser.
At this she curb＇d a groan, that else had come. Dryden.
3. Sometimes with from; sometimes of. You are curb＇d from that
enlargement. Shakespeare.

CU＇RCUMA, the Indian root called turmeric.

CURD, the coagulation of milk. See CRUD and CRUDLE. Milk
is a compound of cream, curds, and whey. Bacon.
What! that thing of silk!
Sporus, that mere white curd of asses milk? Pope.

To CURD, verb act. [from the subst.] to turn a thing to curds, to
cause to coagulate.
Maiden, does it curd thy blood
To say I am thy mother. Shakespeare.

CU＇RDISTAN, a province of Persia, having Turcomania, or Ar­
menia, on the north, and Eyraca Arabic, or Chaldee, on the
south.

To CU＇RDLE, verb neut. [prob. q. d. to crowdle, i. e. to crowd
close together, or of cailler, Fr. quagliare, It. quajàr, Sp. or of klut­
tern, Du.] 1. To coagulate, to shoot together. Milk turning or
curdling in the stomach. Bacon.
Slip round the pail, or taste the curdling cheese. Thomson.

To CURDLE, verb act. to cause a thing to coagulate, to turn to
curds, to fix any fluid body, especially milk.
Curdled cold his courage gan vassail. Spenser.
The milk was curdled. Bacon.
A CURDLED sky and a painted woman are not of long duration.
Fr. Ciel pommelé, semme fardée,
Ne sont pas de longue durée,
This saying we have from the French, but the observation probably
holds as sure here as in France.

CU＇RDY, adj. [from curd] coagulated, curdled. Coagulated into
a curdy mass with acids. Arbuthnot.

To CURE [guerir, Fr. guarire, It.  curàr, Sp. and Port. of curo,
Lat.] 1. To heal, to recover to health; with of before the disease.
It is used both of persons and diseases. Contusions of bones in hard
weather are difficult to cure. Bacon. I never knew any man cured of
inattention. Swift. 2. To prepare so as to be preserved from cor­
ruption or spoiling. The beef so ill chosen, or so ill cured, as to stink.
Temple.
What can＇t be CUR＇D must be indur＇d.
Levius sit patientiâ quicquid corrigere est nefas. Hor. (Patience ren­
ders that supportable which can＇t be remedied.) And so the French;
La patience rend supportable ce que l＇on ne sçauroit changer. The Ger­
mans say; Glücklich ist wer vergisst was da nicht zu aendern ist. (He
is happy who can forget what is not to be remedied.) All very good
lessons to recommend patience under misfortunes.

CURE [Fr. cura, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. The act of healing a distem­
per or wound. I do cures to-day and to-morrow. St. Luke. 2. Re­
medy, restorative.
This league that we have made
Will give her sadness very little cure. Shakespeare.
Cold, hunger, prisons, ills without a cure. Dryden.
3. A benefice or spiritual living with the charge of souls.

To find a CURE for every sore. The French say; trouver à chaque
trou une cheville. (To find a peg for every hole) That is, to find an
excuse or a remedy for every thing.

CURE [with falconers] a remedy which they give their hawks in
form of little balls or pellets of hemp, cotton or feathers, to imbibe or
drink up their phlegm.

CU＇RELESS [of cure, and the neg. particle less] being without cure
or remedy. Bootless are plaints, and cureless are my wounds. Shake­
speare.
With patience undergo
A cureless ill,
Since fate will have it so. Dryden.

CU＇RER [from cure] one that heals; a physician. He is a curer of
souls; and you a curer of bodies. Shakespeare. Consumption cures.
Harvey.

CURE＇TTES, ancient priests called also Corybantes, originally from
Mount Ida, in Phrygia, they are said to be descended of the Dactyli,
who were priests of the goddess Vesta. They first taught men how to
manage flocks of sheep, and to tame and breed up herds of other
cattle, to gather honey, to live in societies, to hunt, cast darts, use
swords, targets, and helmets, of which they were said to be the in­
ventors; they danced at the sound of tabors and bastanettos.

To these Curetes, Rhea is said to have committed the care of Ju­
piter, to preserve him from his father Saturn; and they, by dancing
in armour, and clashing their weapons to the sound of pipes, drums
and cymbals, made such a noise as drowned the cry of this infant
god.

CU＇RFEW [couvre feu, Fr. i. e. covered fire] 1. A law made by king
William the Conqueror, that all people should put out their fire and
lights at the ringing of the eight o＇ clock bell; whence still, in several
places, where a bell is usually rung towards bed-time, they say it
rings the curfew, the eight o＇ clock bell. The solemn curfew.
Shakespeare.
Oft on a plat of rising ground,
I hear the far off curfew sound,
Over some wide-water＇d shore,
Swinging slow with sullen roar. Milton.
2. A cover for a fire, a fire plate. Pans, pots, curfews. Ba­
con.

CU＇RIA, a court of judicature; sometimes it was formerly taken for
the company of tenants who did their suit and service at the court of
their lord.

CURIA avisere vult [law phrase] used to express a deliberation that
the court intends to take upon a point or points of a cause before they
proceed to pass judgment. Fr. and Lat.

CU＇RIA claudenda [in law] a writ that lies against him, who should
fence and inclose ground, but refuses or defers to do it. Lat.

CURIA Canonicorum, the court-lodge or manor-house in a lordship,
pertaining to some religious order. Lat.

CURIA Domini, the house, hall, or court of the lord, where all
the tenants are bound to give their attendance, if need require, every
three weeks, but more especially on Lady-day and Michaelmas-day;
a court anciently held at Caresbrook-castle, in the Isle of Wight.

CURIA Personæ, the parsonage or parson＇s mansion-house. Lat.

CURIÆ Generales [Lat. in common Law] these general and
solemn courts, which was held by the lord of the manor twice a
year, viz. on the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, and St. Michael＇s­
day.

CURIA Adventus, the duty of coming to pay suit and service to a
lord.

CURIA＇LITY [curialis, from curia, Lat. a court] the privileges or
perhaps retinue of a court. The court and curiality. Bacon.

CURIO＇SITY, or CU＇RIOUSNESS [curiosité, Fr. curiositá, It. curiosidad,
Sp. of curiositas, Lat. or curious] 1. A passion or desire of seeing or know­
ing, inquisitiveness. 2. Delicateness or niceness, When in thy gilt
and thy persume, they mock＇d thee for thy too much curiosity. Shakes.
3. A rarity or curious thing. The curiosities of this great town. Addison.







4. Accuracy, exactness. Our eyes and senses are too gross to discern
the curiosity of the workmanship of nature. Ray. 5. An act of cu­
riosity, nice experiment. There hath been practised a curiosity to set a
tree upon the north side of a wall, and at a little height to draw it
through the wall, and spread it upon the south side, conceiving that
the foot should enjoy the freshness of the shade, and the upper boughs
and fruit the comfort of the fun; but it sorted not. Bacon.

CU＇RIOUS [curiosus, Lat.] 1. Desirous to see and know every thing,
inquisitive, prying. Be not curious in unnecessary matters. Ecclesiasti­
cus. 2. Rare, excellent, neat or fine, elegant, finished. Understanding
to devise curious works, to work in gold. Exodus. 3. Delicate or nice,
exact, wary, subtle. Both these senses embrace their objects with a
more curious discrimination than the other senses. Holder. 4. Attentive
to, diligent about; sometimes with after. A gentleman curious after
things elegant and beautiful. Woodward. 5. Sometimes of.
A senior of the place replies,
Well read and curious of antiquities. Dryden.
6. Accurate, careful, not to mistake. Not curious what syllables or
particles of speech they used. Hooker. 7. Difficult to please, full of
care, not negligent; with of. A temperate person is not curious of fan­
cies and deliciousness. Taylor. 8. Artful, not fortuitous.
Each ornament about her seemly lies,
By curious chance or careless art compos＇d. Fairfax.
9. Rigid, severe.
Curious I cannot be with you,
Signior Baptista, of whom I hear so well. Shakespeare.

CU＇RIOUSLY [of curious] 1. Inquisitively, attentively. I thought
there had been no light reflected from the water, but observing it more
curiously, I saw several smaller round spots. Newton. 2. Elegantly,
neatly. Wheels and springs curiously wrought. South. 3. Artfully,
exactly. 4. Captiously, with supercilious nicety.

CURL [probably of gyrulus, Lat.] 1. A twirle or ringlet of hair.
Short curls. Sidney. Yellow curls. Dryden. 2. Undulation, flexure.
Waves or curls in glass, which arise from the sand holes. Newton.

To CURL, verb act. [probably of cyrlan, Sax. kruellen, Du.
kraeuseln, Ger. or gyrulo, Lat. or cuirlare, It. krille, Dan.] 1. To
turn the hair up in ringlets. A serving man, proud in heart and mind,
that curled my hair. Shakespeare. 2. To writhe, to twist. 3. To
dress with curls. The curled Antony. Shakespeare.
Thicker than the snaky locks
That curl＇d Megæra. Milton.
4. To raise in waves or undulations.
The winds,
Who take the ruffian billows by the top,
Curling their monstrous heads, Shakespeare.
Seas would be pools without the brushing air to curl the waves. Dry­
den.

To CURL, verb neut. 1. To twirl or turn up, to shrink into ringlets.
Those slender aerial bodies are stretched out which otherwise would
flag or curl. Boyle. 2. To rise in undulations or flexures.
The curling billows roll their restless tide. Dryden.
Curling smokes from village tops are seen. Pope.
3. To twist itself.
Then round her slender waist he curl＇d,
And stamp＇d an image of himself. Dryden.

CU＇RLEW [corlieu, Fr.] 1. A water-fowl with a large beak, of a
grey colour, with red and black spots. 2. A bird larger than a par­
tridge, with longer leggs. It runs very swiftly, and frequents the corn­
fields in Spain, Sicily, and sometimes in France. Trevoux.

CU＇RLINGS [with hunters] the small spotted curls with which the
bur of a deer＇s head is powdered.

CURMU＇DGEON [it is a vicious manner of pronouncing cœur mechant,
Fr. an unknown correspondent. Johnson] a covetous hunks, a nig­
gard, a pitiful, close-fisted fellow, a griper.
When he has it in his claws,
He＇ll not be hide-bound to the cause;
Nor shalt thou find him a curmudgeon,
If thou dispatch it without grudging. Hudibras.
A man will give any rate rather than pass for a poor wretch or a penu­
rious curmudgeon. Locke.

CURMU＇DGEONLY [from curmudgeon] covetous, niggardly. A cur­
mudgeonly fellow. L＇Estrange.

CU＇RNOOK, a measure of half a quarter or four bushels of corn.

A CURR [korre, Du. tho＇ Casaubon will force it from κυων, Gr.] a
mongrel dog. See CUR.
Yelping CURRS will raise mastiffs.
That is, the private contentions of mean insignificant people often
occasion quarrels and disturbance among those of greater note.

CURRA＇NTO, or COURA＇NT [currente, It. corriente, Sp.] a running
French dance; also a musical air, consisting of triple time, called im­
perfect of the more.

CU＇RRANT. 1. A shrub which hath no prickles, the leaves are large,
the flower consists of five leaves, in form of a rose. The ovary be­
comes a globular fruit, produced in bunches. 2. Corinth (from Co­
rinth, the place whence they first came) a sort of dried fruit used in
puddings, &c. They butter＇d currants on fat veal bestow＇d. King.

CU＇RRENCY [of current] 1. Currentness, course, power of passing
from hand to hand. The currency of those halfpence would be de­
structive. Swift. 2. General reception. 3. Fluency, easiness of
pronunciation. 4. Continuance, uninterrupted course. The currency
of time to establish a custom. Ayliffe. 5. General esteem, the rate at
which a thing is vulgarly valued. Kingdoms according to their bulk
and currency, and not after their intrinsic value. Bacon. 6. The pa­
pers stamped in the English colonies by authority, and passing for mo­
ney.

CU＇RRENT, adj. circulatory, passing from hand to hand; as,

CURRENT, or CU＇RRANT Money [of currens, Lat. and courant, Fr.
running] 1. Good money that passes in commerce from one to ano­
ther. 2. Generally received, authoritative. Strange bruits are re­
ceived for current. Sidney. Whatever they utter, passeth for good and
current. Hooker. Current histories. Swift. 3. Common, general.
A current report of the king of France＇s death. Addison. 4. Popular,
established by vulgar estimation. We are to consider the difference
between worth and merit strictly taken, that is a man＇s intrinsic, this
his current value. Grew. 5. Fashionable, commonly prevailing.
Leaving what is natural and fit,
And current folly proves our ready wit. Pope.
6. Passable, such as may be allowed or admitted.
Fouler than heart can think thee, thou canst make
No excuse current. Shakespeare.
7. What is now passing; as, the current month, the current year.

CURRENT [courant, Fr. corrente, It. corriénte, Sp. of currens, Lat.]
a running stream or flux of water in any certain direction.
The current that with gentle murmur glides. Shakespeare.
In that vast sea they were carried on by a current. Boyle.

CU＇RRENTLY [from current] 1. In a constant course or motion.
2. Without opposition. The simple and ignorant think they even see
how the word of God runneth currently on your side. Hooker. 3. Ge­
nerally, every where, by every body; as, it is currently reported. 4.
Without ceasing.

CU＇RRENTNESS [of current] 1. Currency, a free course, circulation.
2. General reception. 3. Easiness of pronunciation. When substantial­
ness combineth with delightfulness, and currentness with stayedness,
how can the language sound other than most full of sweetness. Cam­
den.

CU＇RRENTS [with navigarors] are impetuous motions of the waters
in the sea, which in certain latitudes run and set on particular points of
the compass; and usually their force is conformable to the course of
the moon, so as to be more rapid or strong when she is at the change or
full, and weaker when she is in the wane.

CU＇RRIER [corroyeur, Fr. curradòr, Sp. of coriarius, corium, Lat.
leather] a dresser, liquorer and colourer of tanned leather, to make it
pliable, &c. and fit for shoes and other uses. Useless to the currier
were their hides. Dryden.

CURRIERS were incorporated anno 1438, in the 12th year of king
Henry VI. and bear for their armorial ensigns; fable, a cross engrailed
or between 4 pair of shares in saltire argent. The crest two arms, the
hands holding a share, the supporters a buck or and a goat argent.
The motto: Spes nostra Deus.
Their hall is situate near the west end of London-wall.

CU＇RRISH [of cur] cur-like, doggish, churlish, surly, ill-natured.
Sweet speaking oft a currish heart reclaims. Sidney.
Cruelty the sign of currish kind. Spenser.

CU＇RRISHNESS [from currish] doggishness, snarling humour, untrac­
tableness.

To CU＇RRY [corroyer, of corium, a hide, or coriarius, Lat. a dresser
of hides] 1. To dress leather, by beating, rubbing, and paring it.
2. To comb horses with a curry-comb, to smooth his coat and
thereby promote his thriving. Frictions make the parts more fleshy,
as we see in men, and in the currying of horses. Bacon.

To CURRY, verb neut. to scratch in kindness, to rub down in flat­
tery, to tickle. If I had a suit to Mr. Shallow, I wou＇d humour his
men; if to his men, I wou＇d curry with Mr. Shallow. Shakespeare.

To CURRY Favour [prob. of quæro, Lat. or querir, Fr. to seek]
to get into, or insinuate one＇s self into one＇s favour by petty officious­
ness or flattery. To sawn upon the heathens, and to curry favour
with insidels. Hooker.

To CURRY one＇s Hide, to thresh, chastise or cudgel him.

CURRY Comb, an iron tool for dressing of horses. He would have
a clearer idea of Strigil and Sistrum, if, instead of a curry-comb and
cymbal, he could see stamped pictures of these instruments. Locke.

CURSE [curse, Sax.] 1. An ill wish, malediction. Neither have
I suffer＇d my mouth to sin, by wishing a curse to his soul. Job. I ne­
ver went without a hearty curse to him who invented ceremonies. Dry­
den. 2. Affliction, vexation. Curse on the stripling! how he apes
his sire. Addison.

To CURSE, verb act. [cursian, Sax.] 1. To wish ill to, to exe­
crate, to devote. Curse me this people. Numbers.
The third time hast thou curst me,
This imprecation was for Laius＇ death. Dryden and Lee.
2. To mischief, to torment.
On impious realms and barb＇rous kings impose
Thy plagues, and curse them with such sons as those. Pope.

To CURSE, verb neut. to imprecate, to deny or affirm with impre­
cation of divine vengeance. The silver about which thou cursedst.
Judges.
To CURSE with bell, book, and candle.
A saying handed down to us from the times of popery; taken
from the form of excommunication in the Romish church.

CU＇RSED, part. [of to curse] 1. Being under a curse, hateful,
wicked.
Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature
Gives way to in repose. Shakespeare.
2. Unholy, blasted by a curse. Let us fly this cursed place. Milton.
3. Vexatious, afflictive, troublesome. This cursed quarrel be no more
renew＇d. Dryden. Where wounding thorns and cursed thistles grew.
Prior.

CU＇RSEDLY, adv. [from cursed] abominably, badly, miserably,
shamefully. A low cant word. Restitution lies cursedly hard on the
gizzards of our publicans. L＇Estrange. A nation cursedly afraid of be­
ing over-run with too much politeness. Pope.

CU＇RSEDNESS [from cursed] the state of being under a curse.

CU＇RSHIP [from cur] dogship, scoundrelship.
How durst he, I say, oppose thy curship,
＇Gainst arms, authority and worship. Hudibras.

CU＇RSITOR, or CU＇RSITER [in the court of chancery] an officer
who makes out original writs for that county or shire that is allotted to
him. They are called clerks of course. Of these there are twenty­
four in number, which have certain shires allotted to each of them.
They are a corporation among themselves. Cowel. Then is the re­
cognition and value signed with the hand-writing of that justice, car­
ried by the cursitor in chancery for that shire where those lands do lie,
and by him is a writ of covenant thereupon drawn and ingrossed.
Bacon.








CU＇RSOR, Lat. a courier, an express, a messenger of haste.

CURSOR [Lat. with mathematicians] a little brass ruler, repre­
senting the horizon; or a ruler or label.

CU＇RSORARY, adj. [cursus, Lat.] hasty, careless. A word, I believe,
only found in the following passage.
I have but with a cursorary eye
O＇erglanc＇d the articles. Shakespeare.

CU＇RSORILY [from cursory] slightly, carelessly, inattentively. Any
one that views the place but cursorily, must needs see it. Atterbury.

CU＇RSORINESS [of cursory] hastily, a running over slightly.

CU＇RSORY [cursorius, Lat. running] slight, hasty, running over,
negligently. A cursory and superficial view. Addison.

CURST, adj. [of curse, Sax.] froward, peevish, mischievous,
snarling. The shrewd touches of curst boys. Ascham.
She is intolerably curst,
And shrewd and froward;
And tho＇ his mind
Be ne＇er so curst, his tongue is kind. Crashaw.

CU＇RSTNESS [from curst] a dogged, crabbed, surly humour or be­
haviour, malignity.
Touch you the sourest points with sweetest terms,
Nor curstness grow to the matter. Shakespeare.
Her sallow cheeks her envious mind did shew,
And every feature spoke aloud the curstness of the shrew. Dryden.

CURT, adj. [curtus, Lat.] short.

To CU＇RTAIL [of curtus, Lat. short tail, or kertelen, Du. to cut
short, to notch, or kerten, Du. kärtzen, Ger. to shorten, or kiortel,
Dan. kioreill, Su. a short jacket. It was anciently written curtal,
which perhaps is more proper: but dogs that had their tails cut, being
called curtal dogs, the word was vulgarly conceived to mean originally
to cut the tail, and was in times written according to that notion.
Johnson] 1. To dock or cut off short. I that am curtail＇d of all fair
proportion. Shakespeare. This humour of speaking no more than we
must, has curtail＇d some of our words. Addison. 2. It has of before
the thing cut off. His antagonist had taken a wrong name, having
curtail＇d it of three letters, for that his name was not Fact but Faction.
Addison.
Yet I＇d be loth my days to CURTAIL.

CU＇RTAIL, a drab or nasty slut. A low word.

Double CURTAIL, a musical instrument that plays the bass.

CURTAIL-Dog, subst. a dog whose tail is cut off, and who is there­
fore hinderd in coursing. [Perhaps this word may be the original of
cur. Johnson] If my breast had not been made of faith, and my heart
of steel, she had transform＇d me to a curtail-dog, and made me turn
i＇ th＇ wheel. Shakespeare.

CU＇RTAIN [courtine, Fr. cortine, It. and Sp. curtina. Port. cortina,
Lat. gordyn, Du. and L. Ger.] 1. A hanging about a bed or window,
&c. that may be contracted or expanded at pleasure, to admit or ex­
clude the light. Their curtains ought to be kept open. Arbuthnot.
2. To draw the curtain, to close it so as to shut out the light or conceal
the object. I must draw a curtain before the work. Burnet. 3. To
open it so as to discern the object.
Let them sleep, let them sleep on,
Till the stormy night be gone,
And th＇ eternal morrow dawn,
When the curtain shall be drawn,
And they waken with that light,
Whose day shall never sleep in night. Crashaw.

CURTAIN [in fortification] the front of a wall or fortified place,
that lies between two bastions.

CURTAIN Lesson or Lecture, a wife＇s scolding at her husband at go­
ing to bed or in bed.
What endless brawls by wives are bred,
The curtain lecture makes a mournful bed. Dryden.
She ought to exert the authority of the curtain lecture. Addison.

To CURTAIN, verb. act. [from the subst] to inclose a thing with
curtains. Curtain＇d sheep. Shakespeare. Him close she curtain＇d
round with vapours blue. Pope.

CURTA＇NA, or CURTA＇YN, the sword of king Edward the Confes­
sor, having no point (as an emblem of mercy) which is usually carried
before the kings or queens of England at their coronation.

CU＇RTATE Distance [with astronomers] is the distance of a planet＇s
place from the sun reduced to the ecliptic.

CURTA＇TION, Lat. a shortening.

CURTATION of a Planet [in astronomy] The interval between a
planet＇s distance from the sun and its curtate distance. Chambers.

CU＇RTESY of England. See COURTESY.

CU＇RTI-CONE [in geometry] a cone whose top is cut off by a plane
parallel to its basis.

CU＇RTILAGE [in law] a piece of garden plat or ground, &c. or
yard pertaining to or lying near an house.

CURTI＇LES Terræ [with feudists] court-lands, or lands properly
pertaining to the court or house of the lord of a manor.

CU＇RTEZAN, a more refined name for a whore or mistress.

CU＇RTLASS, CU＇RTELASSE, or CU＇RTELAX [q. d. curtailed or
curt axe] a short sword, a kind of a hanger. See COURT Elass and
CUTLASS.

CU＇RVATED [curvatus, Lat.] bent.

CURVA＇TION, Lat. the act of bending.

CU＇RVATURE [curvatura, It. and Lat.] bowing or bending, crook­
edness. Curvature of the ossicles. Holder. It is bent after the man­
ner of the catenarian curve, by which it obtains that curvature that
is safest for the included marrow. Cheyne.

CURVE, adj. [curvus, Lat.] crooked, inflected, not straight. Make
it describe a curve line. Bentley.

CURVE, subst. [curvea linca, Lat.] a crooked line, any thing
bent.
As you lead it round in artful curve,
With eye intentive mark the springing game. Thomson.

To CURVE, verb act. [curvo, Lat.] to bend, to crook. The tongue
is drawn back and curved. Holder.

CURVE Lines, [in geometry] crooked lines, as the periphery, of a
circle, &c.

Rectification of a CURVE, is the finding of a right line equal to a
curve.

Quadrature of a CURVE, is the finding out of the area or space in­
cluded by a curve; or the assigning of a quadrangle equal to a curvi­
lineal space.

Regular CURVES [in geometry] are such curves as the perimeters
of the conic sections, which are always bent or curved after the same
regular geometrical manner.

Irregular CURVES [in geometry] are such curves as have a point of
inflection, and which being continued do turn themselves a contrary
way, as the conchoid and solid parabola.

Family of CURVES, an assemblage or collection of several curves of
different kinds, all which are defined by the same equation of an inde­
terminate degree; but differently according to the diversity of their
kind.

CU＇RVET [courbette, Fr. corvetta, It. in the manage] 1. A certain
motion, gate or prancing of a managed horse, a leap, a bound. 2. A
frolick, a prank.

To CURVE＇T [corvettare, It.] 1. To prance as a horse does with
such motions, to leap, to bound.
Seiz＇d with unwonted pain, surpriz＇d with fright,
The wounded steed curvets; and rais＇d upright,
Lights on his feet before: his hoofs behind
Spring up in air aloft, and lash the wind. Dryden.
2. To be frisky, or licentious.

CURVILI＇NEAL Figures [in geometry] are those that are bounded
by curved or crooked lines; as circles, ovals, conic sections, spherical
triangles, &c.

CURVILI＇NEAL, or CURVILI＇NEAR [curviligne, Fr. curvilineo, It. of
curvus and linea, Lat.] crooked lined or pertaining to curves, consist­
ing of a crooked line. Curvilinear orbit. Cheyne.

CU＇RVITY [curvitas, Lat.] crookedness. Holder uses it.

CURU＇LE Chair, a chair adorned with ivory, which was sitted in a
kind of chariot, wherein the curule magistrates of Rome, as the ædiles,
pretors, censors, consuls, such as had triumphed, and such as went to
administer justice, &c. had a right to sit and be carried.

CU＇RY Favel [prob. q. curare favorem, Lat.] flattery.

CU＇SCO, the capital city of Peru, during the reigns of the Yncas; it
is still a fine city, the see of a bishop, and standsabout 350 miles east of
Lima.

CUSCU＇TA, or CUSSU＇TA, Lat. [in botany] the herb dodder or
withwind.

CU＇SHIONET [coussinet, Fr.] a little cushion.

CU＇SHION [coussin, Fr. cuscino, It. cozin, Port. kussen, Du. and
Ger.] a sort of a bolster or pillow, to sit or lean on. I＇ll have them
sleep on cushion. Shakespeare.
Baucis lays
Two cushions stuff＇d with straw, the seat to raise. Dryden.

He is beside the CUSHION. Lat. Extra oleas fertur. Gr. Εκτος
των ελαιων ϕερεται. The French say: Il s＇écarte. de son sujet. (He
is wide of his subject). The Lat. say likewise: Aberrare à janua. (To
miss the gate.) The Germans say: Sinen ganrzen bauren sthritt
schlen. (To be as far from the point as a boar can stride.)

CU＇SHIONED [of cushion] seated on a cushion, supported by cushions.
Many who are cushioned upon thrones, would have remained in ob­
scurity. Dissertation on Parties.

CU＇SKIN, a sort of ivory cup.

CUSP [cuspis, Lat.] the point of a spear, &c. also applied to de­
note the points or horns of the moon, or other luminary. Harris.

CUSP [with astrologers] the first of the 12 houses in a figure, or
scheme of the heavens.

CU＇SPATED [cuspus, Lat. with botanists] is when the leaves of a
flower end in a point.

To CU＇SPIDATE [cuspidatum, Lat.] to sharpen at the point, to bring
to a point.

CU＇SPIDATED Hyperbola [with mathematicians] a kind of hyper­
bola, whose two parts concur and terminate in the angle of contact.

CU＇STARD [cwstard, Wel. probably q. d. gustard, of gustando,
Lat. i. e. tasting] a food made of eggs, milk, and sugar, till the
whole thickens into a consistence.
Cawdle, custard, and plumb-cake. Hudibras.

CUSTO＇DE Admittendo, or CUSTODE Amovendo [in law] writs that
lie for the admitting or removing of guardians. Lat.

CUSTO＇DES Libertatis Angliæ Authoritate Parliamenti, Lat. was
stile wherein the writs and other judicial proceedings ran, during
the time from the beheading king Charles I, till Cromwell took
upon him to be protector.

CU＇STODY [custodia, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. Ward or keeping, guar­
dianship, care.
How dar＇st thou trust
So great a charge from thine own custody. Shakespeare.
2. Safe-hold, or imprisonment. She had rather be dead than put in
custody. Bacon. 3. Defence, security. A fleet of thirty ships for the
custody of the narrow seas. Bacon.

CU＇STOM [constume, coútume, Fr. costume, It. and Port. costumbre, Sp.]
1. Habit, habitual practice. All pity choak＇d with custom of fell
deeds, Shakesp. Custom a greater power than nature. Locke. 2. Common­
way of acting, or fashion; usage, or use, established manner. Ac­
cording to the custom of the priest＇s office. St. Luke. 3. The prac­
tice of buying at a tradesman＇s shop. He is assiduous in his calling.
Let him have your custom, but not your votes. Addison.
CUSTOM is a second nature.
Lat. Consuetudo est altera natura; or, Altera natura usus est. H. Ger.
Die gewonheir est die andere natur. This saying is as true as it is
common; which there are few, but what in one thing or other have
experienc＇d.

CUSTOM [in law, either common or civil] is accounted part of the
law or right not written, which being established by long use, and the
consent of ancestors, has been, and is daily practised, for the proof of
which, the continuance of an hundred years is at least requisite, and
is of two sorts.

CUSTOM [in traffic] a certain duty paid by the subject to the king
or state, upon the bringing in or carrying out of commodities, for
protecting them in their trade, &c. Those commodities may be







dispers＇d, after paying the customs in England. Temple. Britain bore
heavy taxes, especially the customs on the importation of the Gallic
trade. Arbuthnot.

CUSTOM was first paid in England in the reign of king Henry VI,
when the parliament settled a duty in the year 1425, of 12d. in the
pound upon all merchandizes imported or exported; this custom was
settled but for three years, and in the act was a proviso, that the
king should not make a grant to any person, nor that it should be any
precedent for the like to be done; but yet all the kings, since his
time, have had it for life. The customs of goods exported and im­
ported throughout England, are said to amount yearly to 1,300,000 l.
whereof those of the port of London make one 3d part, some say
two thirds.

CUSTOM [with tradesmen] the practice or business of a shop, ap­
plication from buyers; as, that shop has good custom.

General CUSTOM [in law] is a custom, which is allowed through­
out the whole kingdom of England.

Particular CUSTOM [in law] is that which belongs to this or that
particular kind, as gavel-kind to Kent; or such as that of a lord­
ship, city, or town. It is enough for the proof of a custom, if two
or more can depose that they heard their fathers say, that it was a
custom all their time, and that their fathers heard their fathers
also say, that it was likewise a custom in their time. If it is to be
proved by record, the continuance of a hundred years will serve.
Custom differs from prescription: for custom is common to more, and
prescription is particular to this or that man. Prescription may be
for a shorter time than custom. Cowel.

CUSTOM of Women, tempus profluvit mensium.

CU＇STOMABLE [from custom] that which is according to custom,
habitual, common, or liable to pay custom.

CU＇STOMABLENESS [of customable] 1. Frequency, habit. 2. Con­
formity to custom. 3. Liableness to pay custom.

CU＇STOMABLY [from customable] usually, commonly, according to
custom. Hayward uses it.

CU＇STOMARILY, adv. [of customary] habitually, commonly. Ray
uses it.

CU＇STOMARINESS [of customary] frequency, commonness, frequent
occurrence.

CU＇STOMARY [of custom] 1. Conformable to established custom. The
customary gown. Shakespeare. Prejudices of education and customary
belief. Glanville. 2. Habitual, accustomed. Cursing or customary
swearing. Tillotson. 3. Common, usual, ordinary.
Ev＇n now I met him
With customary compliment. Shakespeare.

CUSTOMARY Tenants [in law] are such as hold by the custom of
the manor; as when a tenant dies, and his hold becomes void, the
next of kin is admitted, upon payment of the customary fine, or 2 s.
per acre.

CU＇STOMED [from custom] usual, that to which we are accustomed.
No common wind, no customed event,
But they will pluck away its natural cause,
And call them meteors, prodigies, and signs. Shakespeare.

CU＇STOMER [of custom] 1. One who buys any thing of another at
his shop or warehouse.
A worthy poet takes more pains to hire
A flatt＇ring audience, than poor tradesmen do
To persuade customers to buy their goods. Roscommon.
2. A common woman; obsolete. I marry her! What a customer?
Prythee bear some charity to my wit, do not think it so unwholesome.
Shakespeare. 3. A custom-house officer. A cant word.

CU＇STOM-HOUSE [of custom and house] an office established by the
king＇s authority in port-towns, for the receipt and management of
the customs and duties of importation and exportation, imposed on
merchandises. There are several custom-houses in England, but the
most considerable is that of London, which is under the direction of
commissioners appointed by patent, who have the management of all
the customs in the ports of England.

CU＇STOMS and Services, the name of a writ of right; see before,
Consuetudinibus & Servitiis.

CU＇STOS, Lat. a keeper, a guardian.

CUSTOS Brevium, the principal clerk belonging to the court of
Common Pleas, whose office is to keep and receive all the writs,
and to file up every return by itself, and to receive all the records of
the postea＇s, called nisi prius, at the end of every term. Lat.

CUSTOS Oculi, Lat. [in surgery] an instrument to preserve the eye
from being hurt in some operations.

CUSTOS Placitorum Coronæ [old records] seems to be the same
with custos rotulorum. Lat.

CUSTOS Rotulorum, Lat. an officer, who has the keeping of the
records of the sessions of peace; he is always a justice of peace, and
of quorum in the county where his office is, &c.

CUSTOS Spiritualium, Lat. one who exercises spiritual or ecclesiasti­
cal jurisdiction during the vacancy of a bishop＇s see.

CUSTOS Temporalium, Lat. one to whose custody a vacant see was
committed by the king, who, as a steward, was to give an account
of the goods and profits unto the escheater, and he into the Ex­
chequer.

CUSTOMA＇RIUS, Lat. [old records] an inferior tenant in soccage or
villenage, who by custom is obliged to pay or do such and such service
of work for his lord.

CU＇STREL, subst. 1. A buckler-bearer. 2. A vessel for holding
wine. Ainsworth.

To CUT, verb act. pret. & part. pass. cut [probably of couteau,
Fr. culter, Lat. a knife, or of cortar, Sp. and Port. in the same sig­
nification] 1. To divide or part with a knife, or any edged instru­
ment. Ah, cut my lace asunder. Shakespeare. Some I have cut
away with scissars. Wiseman. 2. To hew with an axe, saw, &c.
Thy servants can skill to cut timber in Lebanon. 2 Chronicles. 3. To
divide, as to cut cards.
We sure in vain the cards condemn,
Ourselves both cut and shuffl＇d them. Prior.
4. To carve, to make by sculpture. His grandsire cut in alabaster.
Shakespeare. The triumphal is defaced by time, but the plan of it
is neatly cut upon the wall. Addison. 5. To form a thing by cutting.
They beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires. Exodus.
Before the whistling winds the vessels fly,
With rapid swiftness cut the liquid way. Pope.
6. To pierce with any uneasy sensation. The man was cut to the
heart with these consolations. Addison. 7. To intersect, to cross; as,
one line cuts another at right angles. 8. To cut down; to fell, to hew
down. The timber was cut down in the mountains. Knolles. 9. To
cut down; to excel, to overpower. So great is his natural eloquence,
that he cuts down the finest orator. Addison. 10. To cut off; to sepa­
rate from the other parts by cutting. They caught him and cut off
his thumbs. Judges. 11. To cut off; to destroy utterly, to put to
death untimely. Colonies from the Romans were still increased, and
the native Spaniards still cut off. Spenser. Irenæus was cut off by
martyrdom. 12. To cut off; to rescind.
He that cuts off twenty years of life,
Cuts off so many years of fearing death. Shakespeare.
The proposal of a recompence from men, cuts off the hopes of a fu­
ture reward. Smalridge. 13. To cut off; to intercept, to hinder from
union or return. He cut off their land-forces from their ships. Bacon.
14. To cut off; to put an end to, to obviate. To cut off contentions, com­
missioners were appointed. Hayward. It may compose our unnatu­
ral feuds, and cut off frequent occasions of brutal rage. Addison. 15.
To cut off; to take away, to with-hold. We are concerned to cut off
all occasion from those who seek occasion, that they may have
whereof to accuse us. Rogers. 16. To cut off; to preclude. Every one
who lives in the practice of any voluntary sin, actually cuts himself
off from the benefit and profession of christianity. Addison. Cut off
from hope, abandon＇d to despair. Prior. 17. To cut off; to interrupt,
to silence. It is no grace to a judge to shew quickness of conceit in
cutting off evidence or counsel too short. Bacon. 18. To cut off; to
abbreviate. No vowel can be cut off before another, when we can­
not sink the pronunciation of it. Dryden. 19. To cut out; to shape,
to form. I do not like images cut out in juniper. Bacon. Antiqua­
ries being but indifferent taylors, wrangle prodigiously about the cut­
ting out the toga. Arbuthnot. 20. To cut out; to scheme, to con­
trive. Every man had cut out a place for himself in his own thoughts.
Addison. 21. To cut out; to adapt. I am not cut out for writing a
treatise. Rymer. 22. To cut out; to debar. I am cut out from any
thing but common acknowledgments. Pope. 23. To cut out; to ex­
cel, to out-do. 24. To cut short; to hinder from proceeding by
sudden interruption. Achilles cut him short, and thus reply＇d. Dry­
den. 25. To cut short; to abridge. As his amanuensis was cut short
of his week＇s salary. 26. To cut up; to divide an animal into con­
venient pieces. Here up seems redundant or emphatical; a phrase
common among butchers. The boar＇s intemperance, and the note
upon him on the cutting him up, may be moralized into a sensual
man. L＇Estrange. 27. To cut up; to root up. Who cut up mallows
by the bushes, and juniper roots for their meat. Job.

To CUT, verb neut. 1. To make way by dividing continuity or
obstruction. When the teeth are ready to cut, the upper part is rub＇d
with hard substances. Arbuthnot. 2. To perform the operations of
cutting for the stone. He saved thousands by his manner of cutting
for the stone. Pope. 3. To interfere; as, a horse that cuts.

CUT, part. adj. prepared for use; a metaphor taken from hewn
timber.
Sets of phrases, cut and dry,
Evermore thy tongue supply. Swift.

CUT and LONG-TAIL; a proverbial phrase for men of all kinds,
altogether, universally.
At quintin he,
In honour of this bridaltee,
Hath challeng＇d either wide countee:
Come cut and long tail, for there be
Six batchelors as bold as he. Ben Johnson.

CUT-THROAT [from cut and throat] a murderer, a villain, an as­
sassin. These robbers, cut-throats, base people, waste your countries,
spoil your cities, and murder your people. Knolles. Unpaid cut­
throat soldiers are abroad. Dryden.

CUT-THROAT, adj. cruel, barbarous. Cut throat and abominable
dealing. Carew.

A CUT-THROAT Place, a place where travellers are exacted upon
at inns, taverns, &c.

CUT Water, that sharpness of a ship that is under the beak-head;
so called, because it cuts and divides the water before it comes to the
bow.

CUT, subst. 1. A gash or wound made by cutting. Sharp wea­
pons cut into the bones many ways, which cuts are called sedes, and
are reckon＇d among the fractures. Wiseman. 2. The action of an
edged tool, as an axe, knife, sword, &c. 3. The separation of
continuity made by an edged-tool, as contradistinguished from that
made by a pointed one. 4. A channel made by art. This great cut
or ditch Sesostris, and long after him Ptolemeus Philadelphus, pur­
posed to have made a great deal wider. Knolles. 5. A part cut off
from the rest. Suppose a board ten feet long and one broad, one cut
is reckoned so many feet. Mortimer. 6. A small particle, a shred.
A number of short cuts or shreddings. Hooker. 7. A lot cut off a stick.
Zelmane and Mopsa may draw cuts, and the shortest cut speak first.
 Sidney. A man may as reasonably draw cuts for his tenets. Locke.
8. A near passage. There is a shorter cut, an easier passage. Decay of
Piety. A short cut thro＇ his own ground, saved me half a mile＇s
riding. Swift. 9. A picture cut or carved upon wood or cop­
per; and also a print from it. The prints or cuts of martyrs. Brown.
Some old cuts of Terence. Addison. 10. The stamp on which a
picture is carved. 11. The act or practice of dividing a pack of
cards. The deal, the shuffle, and the cut. Swift. 12. Fashion,
shape, manner of cutting. Their cloaths are after such a Pagan
cut. Shakespeare. Cut of the beard. Hudibras. The slieve of the
true Roman cut. Addison. 13. It seems anciently to have signified a
fool or cully. Send her money knight, if thou hast her not in the
end, call me cut. Shakespeare.

To CUT the Round, or To CUT the Volte [in horsemanship] is to
change the hand, when a horse works upon volts of one tread; so
that dividing the volt in two, he turns and parts upon a right line, to
recommence another volt.








To CUT a Feather [a sea term] is when a well-bowed ship so
swiftly presses the water, that it foams before her, and in a dark
night sparkles like sire.

To CUT the Sail [a sea term] is to unfurl it, and let it fall
down.

CUTA＇NEOUS [cutaneus, of cutis, Lat.] belonging to the skin. Cu­
taneous parts of the body. Floyer. Cutaneous eruptions. Arbuthnot.

CUTE, subst. unfermented wine.

CUTE, adj. [for acute, acutus, Lat.] sharp, quick-witted.

CUTH, signifies knowledge or skill. So Cuthwin is a knowing
conqueror, Cuthred a knowing counsellor, Cuthbert famous for skill.
Much of the same nature are Sophocles and Sophianus. Gibson＇s
Camden.

CU＇TICLE [cuticula, Lat.] the outward thin skin that covers the
whole body; the scarf skin, which is full of innumerable pores for
the passage of vapours, sweat, &c.

CUTI＇CULAR [of cutis, Lat.] belonging to the skin.

CU＇TIS [in anatomy] the inner skin, which lies under the cuticle
or scarf skin, is thickish, also full of pores. It consists of several fi­
laments of the veins, arteries, nerves, and fibres, interwoven one
with another, and full of glandules, lymphaducts, &c.

CU＇TLACE; see COURTLASS. [coutelas, Fr. This word is some­
times written cutlace, sometimes cutleax; in Shakespeare, curtleaxe,
and in Pope, cutlash] a broad cutting sword. A weapon much in
use among seamen.

CU＇TLER [coutelier, Fr.] a maker and seller of knives, seissars,
swords, and various other hard wares. An ordinary knife which he
bought of a common cutler. Clarendon.

CU＇TLERS were first incorporated anno 1413, by Henry VI. con­
firm＇d by several of our kings since, and by king James I. Their
arms are gules, six daggers in three saltire crosses argent, handled and
hilted or, pointing towards the chief. The supporters two elephants
argent, the crest a third, with a castle on his back or. Their hall is
on the south-side of Cloke-lane.

CU＇TLETS [cotelettes, Fr. small ribs] short ribs of a neck of veal or
mutton, particularly steaks of veal are so called.

CUT-PURSE, a sort of rogue, who, to save the trouble or hazard of
picking a pocket, cuts it away. A common practice when men wore
their purses hanging at their girdles, as was once the custom; a thief,
a robber. To have an open ear, a quick eye, and a nimble hand, is
necessary for a cut-purse. Shakespeare.
A CUT-PURSE is a sure trade, for it brings him ready money.
And generally the gallows in time.

CU＇TTER of Tallies [in the exchequer] an officer that provides
wood for the tallies, and having cut notehes upon them for the sum
payable, easts them into the court to be written upon.

CUTTER. 1. An instrument that cuts a thing. 2. A nimble boat
that cuts the water. 3. The teeth that cut the meat. The cutters are
before to cut off a morsel from any solid food. Ray.

CU＇TTING the Neck, a custom among reapers, in cutting the last
handful of standing corn, which when they have done, they give a
shout, and go to a merry-making, it being the finishing of such a far­
mer＇s harvest.

CUTTING [with painters] is the laying one strong lively colour on
another, without any shade or softening.

CUTTING [with horsemen] is when the feet of a horse interfere;
or when he beats off the skin of the pastern joint of one foot with ano­
ther.

CUTTINGS, subst. [from cut; with gardeners] branches or sprigs of
trees and plants, cut off; a chop or piece cut off. The cuttings of
vines. Bacon.

CUTTLE Fish, 1. A sea fish, which throwing out a black juice like
ink, lies hid in the water in that obscurity, and so escapes the fisher; or
when pursued by any fish of prey. The blood of the cuttle black as
ink. Bacon. 2. (From the fish) a soul-mouth＇d fellow, a fellow who
blackens the character of others. Hanmer. I＇ll thrust my knife into
your mouldy chaps, if you play the saucy cuttle with me. Shakespeare.

CUTTS, a sort of flat-bottomed boats, formerly used for the trans­
portation of horses.

CUVE＇TTE, Fr. [in fortification] a trench sunk in the middle of a
great dry ditch.

CU＇YNAGE, the making up of tin in order to the carriage of it.

CUZ, a name or title among printers, given to one who submits to
the performance of some jocular ceremonies; after which, and a drink­
ing-bout, he is intitled to some peculiar privileges in the chapel or
printing-house. A low cant word.

CYA＇MUS, Lat. [κυαμος, Gr.] the bean, a sort of pulse.

CYA＇NUS, Lat. [κυανεος, Gr.] a kind of jasper-stone of an azure
colour.

CYANUS, Lat. [with botanists] a flower called blue-bottle.

CYATHI＇SCUS, Lat. [of κυαθος, Gr, a cup] an instrument to pour
any thing into a wound.

CYCLA＇MEN [Fr. κυκλαμινος, Gr.] sow-bread, a plant.

CY＇CLE [Fr. cyclus, Lat. of κυκλος, Gr. i. e. a circle or round]
1. A circle. 2. A round of time; a name astronomers give to a cer­
tain revolution of certain numbers, which go on successively without
interruption, from the first to the last, and then return again to the
first. 3. We stile a lesser space a cycle, and a greater by the
name of period; and you may not improperly call the beginning
of a large period the epocha thereof. 4. A method or account of
a method continued till the same course begin again. We endea­
voured to present our gardeners with a compleat cycle of what is requi­
site to be done throughout every month. Evelyn. 5. Imaginary orbs,
a circle in the heavens.
How gird the sphere
With centric and eccentric, scribl＇d o＇er,
Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb. Milton.

The Solar CYCLE [in astronomy] the cycle of the sun, is a revolu­
tion of 28 years, for finding out the dominical or Sunday letters;
which when expired, they all return in the same order as before.

Lunar CYCLE [i. e. cycle of the moon] called also the golden
number, is a period or revolution of 19 years, invented to make the
lunar year agree with the solar; after the expiration of which, all the
lunations return to the former place in the calendar; that is, the new
moons happen in the same months, and on the same days of the
month.

CYCLE of Indiction [in chronology] a revolution of three lustrums
or 15 years, after which those who used it, began it again: The em­
peror Constantine the Great established this cycle instead of the Olym­
piads, A. C. 1312.

CYCL＇ISCUS, Lat. [of κυκλισκος, from κυκλος, Gr. a circle] a lit­
tle circle or round ball.

CYCLISCUS [with surgeons] an instrument made in form of a half
moon, for scraping away corrupt flesh, &c.

CY＇CLOID [from κυκλος, a circle, and ειδος, Gr. form; in geome­
try] is a curve as B C, D described by the point a in the periphery of
a circle, while the circle rolls along a right line; as B D from the
point B where the curve begins, to the point D where it ends; this is
also called a trochloid. See Plate VII. Fig. 4.

CYCLOI＇DAL, adj. [of cycloid] relating to a cycloid.

CYCLOIDAL Space [with geometricians] is the space contained be­
tween the curve or crooked line, and the subtense of the figure.

CYCLO＇METRY [of κυκλος, and μετρον, Gr. measure] the art of mea­
suring cycles or circles.

CYCLO＇PEAN [of cyclops] pertaining to the cyclops.

CYCLOPÆ＇DIA [κυκλοπαιδια, of κυκλος and παιδεια, Gr. discipline,
institution] the circle or compass of arts and sciences.

CYCLOPHO＇RIA Sanguinis [of κυκλος, a circle, and ϕερω, Gr. to
carry; with physicians] the circulation of the blood. Lat.

CYCLO＇PION [of κυκλεω, to surround, and ωψ, Gr. the eye] the
white of the eye.

CY＇CLOPS [κυκλωψ, Gr. q. d. having a round eye] the first inhabi­
tants of Sicily, men of a gigantic size, as appeared by bones found in
several tombs; they were very savage, and frequented chiefly the
neighbourhood of Mount Ætna, whence the poets took occasion to re­
present them as Vulcan＇s workmen, whom he employed to make
thunderbolts for Jupiter.

CY＇CLUS, Lat. [κυκλος, Gr.] 1. A circle or round. 2. A cycle, as
of the sun, moon, &c.

CYCLUS Paschalis, Lat. a cycle to find out the festival of Easter.

CYDO＇NIA Mala, Lat. quinces.

CYDO＇NIUM, Lat. quiddany, conserve or marmalade of quinces.

CY＇GNET [of cygnus, Lat.] a young swan. Cygnets from grey turn
white. Bacon. Young cygnets are good meat, if fatted with oats; but
fed with weeds they taste fishy. Mortimer.

CY＇GNUS, Lat. a swan. The poets tell us that Jupiter loved Ne­
mefis under that form (for she turned herself into all forms that she
might preserve her virginity) and last of all into the form of a swan.
Whereupon Jupiter took upon him the form of this bird, and flew to
Rhamnus in Attica, and there trod Nemefis. She laid an egg, from
whence Helena was produced, as the poets relate. Moreover Jupiter,
because he did not put off the form of the swan, but flew back to hea­
ven, made the form of a swan among the stars, that he had assumed
when he flew.

CY＇LINDER [cylindre, Fr. cylindro, It. cylindrus, Lat. κυλινδρος, of
κυλινδρεω, Gr. to roll] a rolling-stone, or roller.

CY＇LINDER [with geometricians] a solid body formed by the re­
volution or turning of a rectangled parallelogram about one of its sides,
so that it is extended in length equally round, and its extremities or
ends are equal circles. Your cylinder will make you ready for vaulted
turrets and round buildings. Peacham.

CYLINDER [with surgeons, &c.] a roll or plaister.

Charged CYLINDER [in gunnery] is the chamber of a piece of ord­
nance, which receives the charge of the powder and shot.

CYLINDER Concave, is all the hollow length of a piece of ordnance.

CYLINDER Vacant [in gunnery] is that part of the hollow of a
piece of ordnance, which remains empty, when the gun is charged;
or that part of it which is between the middle or mouth, and the trun­
nions.

CYLI＇NDRIC, or CYLI＇NDRICAL [cylindricus, Lat.] pertaining
to, or in form of a cylinder, having the properties or nature of a
cylinder. The cylindric striæ are contiguous. Woodward. Glands
are the extremities of arteries formed into cylindrical canals. Ar­
buthnot.

CYLI＇NDRICALNESS [of cylindrical] the state or quality of being of
a cylindrical form.

CYLINDROI＇D [of κυλινδροειδης, Gr.] a solid body approaching the
figure of a cylinder, having the bases elliptical, parallel, and equal.

CY＇LINDRO-METRIC Scale, an instrument for measuring of cylindri­
cal dimensions.

CYLI＇NDRUS, Lat. [with physicians] a plaister made oblong, which
some physicians call magdaleon.

CYLLUM, Lat. [of κυλλοω, to make lame, of κυλλος, Gr.] a laxation
of the leg.

CY＇LLOSIS, or CY＇LLUM [with surgeons] the state of a leg put out
of joint; also one lame and crooked.

CY＇MA, Lat. [κυμα, Gr.] a surge or wave.

CYMA, Lat. [with botanists] the top of a plant.

CYMA＇R, subst. [properly simar] a slight covering, a scarf. Her
body shaded with a slight cymar. Dryden.

CYMA＇TIUM [κυματιον, Gr.] a little wave.

CYMA＇TIUM, or CIMA＇TIUM [with architects] a member or
moulding of the cornice, whose profile is waved, i. e. concave at the
top, and convex at the bottom. There are two sorts, of which one
is hollow below as the other is hollow above. In a cornice the gola
or cymatium of the corona, the coping, the modillions, make a noble
shew by their graceful projections. Spectator.

Doric CYMATIUM [in architecture] is a cavetto or a cavity less than
a semicircle, having its projecture subduple its height.

Lesbian CYMATIUM, is a concave, convex member, having its pro­
jecture subduple its height.

Tuscan CYMATIUM, consists of an ovolo or quarter-round.

CY＇MBAL [cymbale, Fr. cembalo, It. cimbálo, Sp. cymbalum, Lat.
cymbael, Du. zimbel, Ger. cimbal, Sax. κυμβαλον, Gr.] a musical in­
strument used among the ancients. It was round and made of brass
like our kettle-drums, but smaller and of a different use.
Tabors and cymbals, and the shouting Romans,
Make the sun dance. Shakespeare.







Trumpets and drums shall fright her from the throne,
As sounding cymbals, and the lab＇ring moon. Dryden.

CYMBALA＇RIA, Lat. the herb penny-royal.

CY＇MBALIST [κυμβαλιστης, of κυμβαλον, Gr.] a player on a cymbal.

CY＇MBIFORME Os [of cymba, Lat. a boat] the same as os navicu­
lare, i. e. the third bone in each foot, in that part of it which imme­
diately succeeds the leg. Lat.

CY＇MINUM [κυμινον, Gr.] the herb cummin.

CYMRAE＇GAN Language, the Welch or old British tongue.

CYNA＇NCHE [κυναγχη, of κυων, a dog, and αγχη, Gr. pain] a squi­
nance or quinsey, an inflammation of the inner muscles of the throat,
attended with a difficulty of breathing, so called, says Bruno, because
the patient thrusts out his tongue like a panting dog. But adds, that
HIPPOCRATES used the word in a laxer sense, i. e. for an inflamma­
tory tumour, whether on the outside of the neck, or within the ton­
sils, so as to affect the breathing. Galen in Defin. Med.

CYNA＇NTHEMIS, Lat. [κυνος, of κυων, a dog, and ανθος, Gr. a
flower] mayweed or stinking-chamomile.

CYNANTHRO＇PIA [κυνανθρωπια, of κυων, a dog, and ανθρωπος, Gr. a
man] madness, or a kind of frenzy, caused by the venomous bite of a
mad dog, wolf, &c. so that the patient shuns the light, and every
thing that is bright, is very fearful of water, and trembles at the re­
membrance or sight of it.

CYNA＇NTHROPHY, subst. the same with cunanthropia, which see.

CYNA＇RA, Lat. [κυναρα, Gr.] the artichoke, a plant.

CYNCHRA＇MUS, Lat. [κυγχραμον, Gr.] a bird something larger
than a crested lark, and accounted a great delicacy in Italy.

CYNEGE＇TICS [κυνηγετικα, of κυων, a dog, and αγειν, Gr. to lead]
books which treat of hunting; also the art of hunting, the art of train­
ing dogs and hunting with them.

CY＇NIC, or CY＇NICAL, adj. [κυνικος, of κυνος, gen. of κυων, Gr. a
dog, cynique, Fr. cynicus, Lat.] having the qualities of a dog, dogged,
morose, brutal, snarling, satyrical. Some new-fangled wit, it is his
cynical phrase, will some time or other find out his art. Wilkins.

CY＇NICALNESS [from cynical] moroseness.

CY＇NIC, subst. [of κυνες, Gr. dogs, so called on account of their
churlishness] a philosopher of the snarling sort, a follower of Diogenes,
a rude man. Cynics were a sect of philosophers that contemned all
things, especially grandeur and riches, and all arts and sciences, ex­
cept ethics or morality. The chief principle of this sect, in common
with the stoics, was, that we should follow nature: But they differed
from the stoics in their explanation of that maxim; the cynics being
of opinion, that a man followed nature that gratified his natural appe­
tites, while the stoics understood RIGHT REASON by the word nature.
Query, If Plutarch does not give us a more favourable idea of these
philosophers from the interview he relates between Alexander and
Diogenes? The king found that philosopher, who was then at Corinth,
lying on the ground, and having asked him if he wanted any thing,
received this answer in the affirmative; “yes, says he, I would have
you stand from between ME and the SUN.” That young monarch＇s
attendants laughed at the coarseness of the reply; but the hero himself
protested, “that if he were not ALEXANDER, he could wish to be
DIOGENES.”
How vilely doth this cynic rhime. Shakespeare.

CY＇NICUS SPASMUS, Lat. [with physicians] the dog cramp; a
convulsion of the muscles of the mouth, which draws the face so awry,
that it resembles the grinning of a dog.

CYNOBO＇TANE, Lat. [of κυνος and βοτανη, Gr.] the herb stinking
mayweed, q. d. dog＇s-herb: and this etymology will serve for the
following compounds.

CYNOCE＇PHALE, Lat. [of κυνος and κεϕαλη, Gr. the head] an herb
bearing a flower resembling a dog＇s head.

CYNOCE＇PHALIS, or CYNOCE＇PHALUS [κυνοκεϕαλος, Gr.] a kind of
ape with an head like ai dog; the dog-headed baboon or monkey. Lat.

A CYNOCE＇PHALUS [heroglyphically] was by the ancient Egyp­
tians used to represent the moon, and signified (as some suppose) the
different motions of that planet by the different postures of that animal.

CYNOCRA＇MBE, the herb dog＇s mercury. Lat. of Gr.

CYNODE＇CTOS [κυνοδηκτος, Gr.] a person bit by a mad dog. Dioscor.

CYNODE＇NTES, Lat. [of κυων, a dog, and οδους, Gr. a tooth] dogs
teeth.

CYNO＇DES Orexis [with physicians] a dog-like appetite or extreme
hunger, attended with a vomiting or a looseness.

CYNODE＇SMUS, Lat. the band or ligament which ties the prepuce
to the glans.

CYNOGLO＇SSUS, Lat. [κυνογλωσσον, Gr.] the herb hound＇s-tongue.

CYNOMO＇RION, Lat. [κυνομοριον, Gr.] choke-weed.

CYNORE＇XIA, Lat. [κυνορεξια, κυνος, of κυων, a dog, and ορεξις, Gr.
appetite] a greedy unsatiable appetite like a dog.

CYNO＇RRHODON, Lat. [κυνοῤῥοδος, Gr.] the wild rose, or sweet­
briar rose.

CYNO＇SBATOS, Lat. [κυνοσβατον, Gr.] eglantine or sweet-briar;
also the caper-bush. Scapula calls it RUBUS CANINUS.

CYNO＇SURA [κυνοσουρα, of κυων, a dog, and ουρα, Gr. the tail] a con­
stellation of seven stars near the north pole, also called ursa minor, i. e.
the lesser bear, or the polar star in the tail of it, by which sailors
steer.

CYNO＇SURE, subst. the same with cynosura.
Towers and battlements it sees
Bosom＇d high in tufted trees,
Where perhaps some beauty lies,
The cynosure of neighbouring eyes. Milton.

CY＇ON [cion, Fr.] a graft, sprig or sucker of a tree, springing from
an old one. See COIN.

CYPARI＇SSÆ, Lat. [κυπαρισσαι, Gr.] certain fiery meteors or va­
pours that appear in the air at night.

CYPARI＇SSIAS, Lat. [κυπαρισσιας, Gr.] the largest kind of spurge.

CYPARI＇SSUS, Lat. [κυπαρισσος, Gr.] the cypress-tree.

CY＇PERUS, Lat. [κυπειρος, Gr.] galingal.

CY＇PHER, or Nought (0) which being set before a figure, signifies
nothing (unless in decimals, where it augments, being put before in
the same proportion as when put after integers) but after a figure it in­
creases it by tens, and so on ad infinitum. See CIPHER.
To stand for a CYPHER.
To be, or to be looked upon as of no value or esteem.

CYPHO＇MA [κυϕωμα, κυϕος, Gr. crooked] a crookedness of the
back.

CYPHO＇MA, or CYPHO＇SIS [of κυπτω, Gr. to incline or lean] a bend­
ing backwards of the vertebra＇s, or turning joints of the back; the
state of being hunch＇d-back＇d.

CY＇PHONISM, a sort of torture or punishment used by the ancients,
which some suppose to be the smearing the body over with honey, and
exposing the person bound to flies, wasps, &c. But the author of the
notes on Hesychius says, under the word κυϕων, “that it is derived from
the word κυπτω, to bend or stoop, and signifies that kind of punishment in
which the neck of the malefactor was (by means of a piece of wood)
bent downward;” agreeable to that remark of the learned author of the
Appendix ad Thefaurum H. Steph. &c. Απο της κυϕοτητος το κυπελ­
λον, i. e. the cupellum or cup of the Greeks was so called from its bent
form.

CY＇PRESS [cupressus, Lat. κυπατισσος, Gr.] 1. A tree which the anci­
ents accounting an emblem of death, used to adorn their sepulchres with
it; and used it at funerals and in mournful ceremonies. Its leaves are
squamose and flat; the male flowers, which are likewise squamose,
grow at remote distances from the fruit, which is of a spherical form,
and is composed of many woody tubercles in which are hard angular
seeds. The wood of the cypress-tree is always green, very heavy, of
a good smell, and never rots or is worm-eaten.
Poplars and alders ever quivering play＇d,
And nodding cypress form＇d a fragrant shade. Pope.
2. Being anciently used in funerals, it is the emblem of mourning,
Poison be their drink,
Their sweetest shade a grove of cypress trees. Shakespeare.

CYPRESS [so called from the islands of Cypress, from whence they
were first brought] a sort of stuff, partly silk, and partly hair, with
which formerly hoods and other vestments for women were made.

CY＇PRUS [in geography] an island situated in the most easterly part
of the Mediterranean sea, between 34° and 36° north latitude, and
33° 36° east longitude.

CYPRUS [with botanists] a shrub or bush much like privet, with
the flowers of which the inhabitants of the isle of Cyprus, used to
make sweet oil; also the drug called camphire. Lat.

CYPRUS [I suppose from the place where it was made, or corruptly
from cypress, as being used in mourning. Johnson] See CYPRESS. A
thin transparent black stuff.
Lawn as white as driven snow,
Cyprus black as e＇er was crow. Shakespeare.

CYRENA＇ICI, Lat. [from Aristippus of Cyrene] Cyreniacs were a
sect of philosophers, who held that man was born for pleasure, where­
by they not only meant the privation of pain and a tranquility of mind,
but an assemblage of all mental and sensual pleasures, particularly the
last, and that virtue was only so far laudable as it conduced thereto.

CY＇RICKSCEAT [old Saxon custom] a tribute or duty anciently paid
to the church.

CY＇RTOMA, or CYRTO＇SIS, Lat. [κυρτωμα or κυρτωσις, from κυρτος,
Gr. crooked] A tumour of the hypochondria (says Bruno) is called
cyrtoma by HIPPOCRATES; but either term answers to cyphosis, which
signifies a gibbosity, whether from a bad conformation of parts, or from
external violence. Bruno.

CY＇SSAROS, the gut called rectum, the lowermost of all; also the
fundament.

CYST, or CY＇STIS [κυστις, Gr.] a vesicle or bag that contains some
morbid matter. In taking it out the cystis broke. Wiseman. The vo­
mica is contain＇d in a cyst or bag. Arbuthnot.

CYSTEPA＇TIC Artery [with anatomists] a branch of the cæliac ar­
tery, which passes through the liver and gall-bladder, so called of κυστις,
Gr. a bladder, a bag.

CYSTEPA＇TICUS Ductus [with anatomists] is that duct which is im­
planted in the hepatic duct, and the gall-bladder.

CY＇STICA [Lat. with physicians] medicines good for diseases in
the bladder. See CYSTIC.

CY＇STICÆ Gemelli [Lat. with anatomists] are two very small
branches of the cæliac artery, thro＇ the gall-bladder.

CY＇STIC, adj. of or belonging to a bag or cyst.

CY＇STICAL, of or pertaining to the cystis or cystics, contained in a
bag. The bile is of two sorts; the cystic, or that contained in the gall­
bladder, which is a sort of repository for the gall; or the hepatic, i. e.
what flows immediately from the liver. Arbuthnot.

CY＇STIC Vein [with anatomists] a branch of the vena porta that
goes up to the gall bladder.

CYSTIC [of κυστις, Gr.] belonging to a bladder, especially that out
of which the urine or gall comes.

CY＇STICS [κυστικα, of κυστις, Gr.] medicines against distempers of
the bladder.

CY＇STIS [κυστις, Gr.] a bladder. See CYST.

CY＇STIS [with surgeons] a bay or skin which contains the matter
of an imposthume.

CYSTO＇TOMY [of κυστις, a bladder, and τομη, from τεμνω, Gr. to
cut] the operation of cutting for the stone, also the art or practice of
opening incysted tumours, or cutting the bag in which any morbid
matter is contained.

CYZICE＇NES [of the island Cyzico] magnificent banquetting houses
among the Greeks, always exposed to the north, and commonly
opening upon gardens.

CZAR [an abbreviation of Cæsar; a Sclavonian word written more
properly tzar] the title of the emperor of Muscovy and Russia.

CZARI＇NA [from czar] The empress of Russia.

CZARI＇TZIN, a town of the Russian empire, in the kingdom of
Astracan, on the river Wolga.

CZASLA＇W, a town of Bohemia, about 35 miles south-east of Prague.

CZECA＇SSI, a town of the Ukrain, in Russia, situated on the river
Nieper, about 90 miles south-east of Kiof.

CZE＇RNIC, a town of Carniola, in the circle of Austria, in Ger­
many, about 25 miles south-east of Lauback.

CZE＇RNIGOF, the capital of the province of Czernigof, in Russia,
near the Frontiers of Poland.

CZE＇RSKOW, a town of Warsovia, in Poland, situated on the river
Vistula, about 30 miles south of Warsaw.

CZO＇NGRODT, a town of Hungary, situated on the river Thiesse,
about 13 miles north of Segeden.












D.

D d Roman, D d Italick, D d English, D d Saxon, Δ δ
Greek, ך Hebrew, are the fourth letters of their respective
alphabets; it is a consonant nearly approaching in sound
to T, but formed by a stronger appulse of the tongue to
the upper part of the mouth.

D, is pronounced in all English words, being uniform and never
mute.

D, in Latin numbers, signifies 500, and a dash over it, as D̅,
5000.

D, is often in the titles of books, set after the name of an author,
as D. T. Doctor Theologiæ, i. e. doctor of divinity; M. D. Medi­
cinæ Doctor, doctor of physic.

D. D. [in inscriptions] frequently stands for Deo Dedicavit, i. e.
he has dedicated to God; or for Dono Dedit, i. e. he presented.
Lat.

D. D. is likewise set as an abbreviation for doctor of divinity.

D. D. D. [in inscriptions] stands often for Deo Donum dedit, i. e.
he offered a present to God. Lat.

D. D. D. Q. [in inscriptions] stand for Dat dicat dedicatque, i. e.
he gives, sets apart, and dedicates. Lat.

D. D. Q. S. [in inscriptions] stands for Diis Deabusque Sacrum,
i. e. consecrated to the gods and goddesses. Lat.

D. D N N [in inscriptions] stands for Domini Nostri, i. e. of our
Lord. Lat.

D A [in music books] signifies from or at.

D C [in music books] an abbreviation of Da capo, It. i. e. at
the head or beginning. This is commonly met with at the end of
rondeaus, or such airs or tunes as end with the first part, and intimates
that the song or air is to be begun again, and ended with the first
part.

DAE, a small flat sea-fish. Of flat-fish there are dabs, plaice. Ca­
rew.

DAB. 1. A slap on the face; box on the ear, a blow with some­
thing moist or soft. 2. A dirty clout. 3. A small lump of any thing.
4. Something moist or slimy thrown upon one. 5. A word of con­
tempt for a woman.

DAB [among school-boys, and in low language] one expert at any
play or game; an artist, one expert at something.

To DAB, verb act. [prob. of dauber, Fr.] 1. To cuff or bang.
2. To slap or strike gently, with something soft or moist. A sore
should never be wiped by drawing tow or rag over it, but only by
dabbing it with fine lint. Sharp.

DAB CHICK, subst. a chicken newly hatch＇d, a chicken whose
feathers are not yet grown.
A dab-chick dabbles thro＇ the copse
On feet and wings, and flies, and wades and hops. Pope.

DA＇BITIS [Lat. with logicians] one of the moods of syllogism.

To DA＇BBLE, verb. act. [prob. of dabbelen, Du. to splash] to
smear, to besprinkle.
Bright hair
Dabbled in blood. Shakespeare.
I dabbled the wound with oil. Wiseman.
The south rising with dabbled wings. Swift.

To DABBLE, verb neut. 1. To stir about in water, or dirt. Neither
will a spirit that dwells with stars dabble in this impurer mud. Glan­
ville. She could neither swim nor dabble with her legs. L＇E­
strange.
He found the boys at play,
And saw them dabbling in their clay. Swift.
2. To do any thing in a slight or shallow manner, to meddle with
things in which we have no skill, to tamper with. You have been
dabbling here and there with the text, I have had more reverence for
the writer. Pope.

DA＇BBLER [of dabble] 1. One that splashes or stirs water about.
2. One slightly furnished with the knowledge of an art; a superficial
medler; as, a dabbler in politics. Swift.

DA＇HUL, a port town in the province of Decan, on the western
coast of the Hither India.

DABU＇ZE, a weapon, a sort of mace borne before the Grand
Signior.

DA＇CA, a city of the province of Bengal, in the East-Indies, situ­
ated on a branch of the river Ganges.

DACE. [of uncertain derivation: in most provinces called dare.
Johnson] a small river fish, like a roach, but less.
Let me live harmlessly; and near the brink
Of Trent or Avon have a dwelling place,
Where I may see my quill or cork down sink,
With eager bite of pearch, or bleak, or dace. Walton.

DACRYOI＇DES [δακρυοειδης, of δακρυον, a tear, and ειδος, Gr. shape]
a kind of weeping ulcer.

DACRYOPOE＇US [Lat. of δακρυον, and ποιεω, Gr. to make] things
which by their acrimony excite tears, as onions, &c.

DA＇CTYLE [Fr. dattilo, It. dáctilo, Sp. dactylus, Lat. δακτυλος, Gr.
a finger] a foot or measure in a Latin verse, consisting of one long
syllable and two short following, like the joints of a finger; as, seri­
bere.

DACTY＇LION [Lat. δακτυλιον, Gr.] the herb seammony.

DACTY＇LOGY [of δακτυλος, a finger, and λογος, Gr. speech] a
discoursing by signs made with the fingers.

DACTY＇LIOMANCY [of δακτυλιος, a ring, and μαντεια, Gr. divina­
tion] they hold a ring suspended by a fine thread over a round table,
on the edge of which was made divers marks with the 24 letters of
the alphabet. The ring in its vibration stopping at certain letters,
they joining these together, composed the answer of what they sought
for. But the operation was preceded by a great many superstitious
ceremonies.

DACTYLO＇NOMY [of δακτυλος, a finger, and νομος, Gr. law] the
art of numbering on the fingers. The rule is this; the left thumb
is reckoned 1, the index 2, and so on to the right thumb, which is the
10th, and denoted by the cypher o.

DAD, DA＇DDA, or DA＇DDY [it is remarkable, that in all parts of
the world, the word for father, as first taught to children, is com­
pounded of a and t, or the kindred letter d, differently placed;
as, tad, C. Brit. atta, Goth. tata, Lat. mammas atque tatas habet afra.
Martial. Johnson. Dadda, It.] a name by which young children call
their fathers.
Never so bethumpt with words,
Since I call＇d my brother＇s father dad. Shakespeare.
Fine child, as like his dad as he could stare. Gay.

DA＇DDOC [q. dead oak] the heart or body of a tree that is tho­
roughly rotten.

DA＇DO [It. a dye; with architects] is used by some writers for the
die, which is the part in the middle of the pedestal of a column, be­
tween its base and cornice, and is of a cubic form.

DA＇DUCHI [of δας, an unctuous and resinous wood, of which the
ancients made torches, and εχω, Gr. to hold or have] torch-bearers;
priests of Cybele, who ran about the temple with lighted torches in
their hands, which they delivered from hand to hand till it passed
thro＇ them all. This they did in memory of Cere＇s searching for her
daughter Proserpine by the light of a torch which she kindled in Mount
Ætna.

DÆ＇DAL, or DÆDA＇LEAN [dædaleus, Lat. of διαδαλος, of δαιδαλ­
λω, Gr. to do artificially] 1. Various, variegated. 2. Cunning, witty,
artificial, ingenious. Ths is not the true meaning, nor should be
imitated. Johnson.
Nor hath the dædal hand of nature pour＇d
Her gifts of outward grace. J. Philips.

DÆMON [δαιμων, Gr.] a spirit either good or bad; some heathen
writers use it to signify God; but christian writers generally use it to
signify the devil, or an evil spirit. —— As to the etymology of this
word, Hesychius is at a loss whether to derive it from δασσομαι (he
should have said δαιομαι) to distribute, or from δαημων, i. e. expert,
knowing, or intelligent. The first seems the most natural derivation;
tho＇ either agrees well enough with the office which the old pagans
ascribed to these* N. B. I said disembodied spirits, from the known acceptation of the word [δαιμων, and δαιμονιον] in Greek writers, and in particular from that most remarkable passage which the learned author of the Appendix ad Thesaur. H. Steph. &c. produces from Justin Martyr, Apol. 1. p. 28, Ed. Thirlb. Και οι ψυχαις αποθανοντων, &c. i. e. and they who are seized and violently agitated by the SOULS of the deceased; whom all men style Dæmon-seized and mad. — And on the same foot the judicious Mr. Mede was inclined to translate that text, 1 Tim. c. iv. v. 1. as follows; — “Shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines [not of devils] but of DÆMONS”, i. e. doctrines relating to [the invocation of] departed SOULS, or spirits. And in
like manner, Revel. c. ix. v. 20. The reader will find the citations on this head from both Mede and Newton under the words BRANDEUM and CATAPHRYGIANS, compared. See DEMON, and its derivatives. disembodied spirits (add, if you will, or those of a
higher class) I mean that of mediating between God and us, &c. and
their being dispensers of good things to mankind. And, by the way,
on much the same foot was the invocation of saints introduced by the
consubstantialists of the fourth century, as both Mede and Sir Isaac
Newton have fully proved.

A DÆMONIAC [dæmoniacus, Lat. of δαιμονιακος, Gr.] one pos­
sessed with a devil, furious, mad.

DÆMONES [according to some physical writers] are such distem­
pers for which no natural cause can be assigned; and are supposed to
proceed from the influence and possession of the devil.

DÆ＇MONISM, the belief or worship of a dæmon. See DÆMO­
NIST.

DÆMO＇NIST. 1. A worshipper of the devil. 2. One who converts
the true God into such, by overthrowing his moral character. “Per­
fect dæmonists, says lord Shaftesbury, undoubtedly there are in religion;
because we know whole nations who worship a devil or fiend, to whom
they sacrifice and offer prayers, in reality on no other account than
because they fear him. And we know very well, that in some reli­
gions, there are those who expressly give no other idea of GOD, than
of a being arbitrary, violent —— not absolutely good —— but capa­
ble of acting according to mere will or fancy.” Characteristics, vol.
II. p. 14 and 11 compared.

DA＇FFODIL, DA＇FFODILLY, or DA＇FFODOWNDILLY [asphodele, Fr.
asfodillo, It. asphodelus, Lat. of which Skinner supposes it a corruption.
of ασϕοδιλος, Gr.] a lily flower commonly called a daffy-down-dilly,
consisting of one leaf, bell-shaped. The empalement which com­
monly rises out of a membraneous vagina, turns to an oblong or
roundish fruit. Shew me the green ground with daffodowndillies.
Spenser.
Bid amaranthus all his beauty shed,
And daffadilles fill their cups with tears,
To shew the lanreate herse where Lycid lies. Milton.
The short narcissus and fair daffodil. Dryden.

To DAFT, verb act. [contracted from do aft, that is, to throw back,
to throw off. Johnson.] to toss aside, to put away with contempt.







The nimble-footed mad-cap prince of Wales,
And his comrades that daft the world aside,
And bid it pass. Shakespeare.

DAG. [dague, Fr.] 1. A dagger. 2. Dew upon grass. 3. A pistol,
a hand gun; so called from serving the purposes of a dagger, being
carried secretly, and doing mischief suddenly. Johnson. 4. A chil­
blain.

To DAG, verb act. [from daggle] to bemire, to let fall in the wa­
ter. A low word.

DAG Locks [of dag, Sax.] the wool so cut off.

To DAG Sheep, to cut off the skirts of the fleece.

DA＇GAN [Heb. bread-corn] a Phœnician deity so called, whom
Sanchiniatho makes to be son of Uranus and brother of Saturn; he
was called also Siton and Atlas; and was the inventor of the plough,
and of sowing bread-corn. Jackson＇s Chronolog. Antiq. vol. III. p. 22.
See DAGON. Eusebius owns that the Phœnicians and Egyptians were the
first who deified mortal men. Præp. Evang. lib. I. c. 6. p. 17. And
Sir Isaac Newton adds, that, on their coming into Greece, they taught
those nations to do the like. Chronol. p. 225.

DA＇GGER [dague, Fr. daga, It. and Sp. of dager, or dage, Teut.
deegen, Ger. a sword] 1. A weapon or short sword, a poignard.
This sword a dagger had, his page,
That was but little for his age. Hudibras.
2. [In fencing schools] a blunt blade of iron with a basket hilt, used
for defence.

To be at DAGGERS drawing [of dagger and draw] the act of
drawing daggers, approach to open violence, to be at the very point
of quarrelling.
They always are at daggers-drawing,
And one another clapperclawing. Hudibras.

DAGGER Fish, a sort of sea-fish.

DAGGER [with printers] a mark of reference in the form of a dag­
ger [†]

To DA＇GGLE, verb act. [from dag, dew; a word, according to
Mr. Lye, derived from the Dan. according to Skinner, from dag,
sprinkled; or deagan, Sax. to dip] to daub the skirts of one＇s clothes
with dirt, to dip carelessly in water or mud, to bemire, to be­
sprinkle.

To DAGGLE, verb neut. to be in the mire, to run thro＇ wet or
mud.
Nor like a puppy daggled thro＇ the town,
To fetch and carry sing-song up and down. Pope.

DA＇GGLE-TAIL, a slatternly, sluttish woman.

DA＇GGLED-TAIL, adj. [of daggle and tail. It seems for daggle­
tailed] bemired, dipped in water or mud. Choak＇d at the sight of so
many daggled-tail parsons. Swift.

DAG-SWAIN, a rough course mantle.

DA＇GO, or DA＇GERWORT, the capital of an island of the same
name, in the Baltic, near the coast of Livonia, subject to Russia.

DA＇GON [דנן of דג, Heb. a fish] an idol of the Philistines, that
upwards was of a human shape, but downwards resembled that of a
fish, having scales, and a finny tail turned upwards. Some imagined
it to have been the image of Neptune or a Triton. Query, If this is
not the same with the Dagan abovementioned?

DA＇GUS [of dais, a cloth, wherewith the tables of kings were an­
ciently covered] the chief or upper table in a monastery.

DAHGE＇STAN, a country of Asia, bounded by Circassia on the north,
by the Caspian Sea on the east, by Chirvein, a province of Persia, on
the south, and by Georgia on the west. Its chief towns are Tarku
and Derbent, both situated on the Caspian Sea.

DA＇HOME, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Guinea.

DAI＇DALA [of δαιδαλα, Gr.] certain statues made as follows: the
Plateans, &c. having assembled in a grove, exposed pieces of sodden
flesh to the open air, and carefully observing whither the crows that
preyed upon them directed their flight, hewed down all those trees,
and formed them into statues.

DAIDALA, a festival of the Grecians, wherein a statue, adorned in
woman＇s apparel, was accompanied by a woman in the habit of a
bride-maid, followed by a long train of Bœotians, to the top of Mount
Clitheron, upon which was a wooden altar erected, furnished with a
great store of combustible matter; they offered on it a bull to Jupiter,
and an heifer to Juno, with wine and incense, and all the Daidala＇s
were thrown into it and consumed together.
The original of this custom was this; Jupiter and Juno having had
a quarrel, she departed from him into Euboea, whence Jupiter, by all
his arts and persuasions, not being able to engage her to return to him,
he dressed up a statue in woman＇s apparel, and placing it in a chariot,
gave it out that it was Platea, to whom he was contracted in order to
marriage. Juno hearing this, posted in all haste to meet the chariot,
and being well pleased with the contrivance, became reconciled to her
husband. Poetical and fabulous.

DAIL [with sailors] a trough in which the water runs from the
pumps over the decks.

DA＇ILY, adj. [dæglic, Sax. dagelych, Du. tacklich, Ger.] happen­
ing every day, or very frequently; done every day. Daily thanks.
Shakespeare.
Cease, man, of woman born, to hope relief
From daily trouble and continued grief. Prior.

DAILY, adv. every day, day by day, very often. A man with
whom I convers＇d almost daily for years together. Dryden.

To DAIN, or To DEIGN [daigner, Fr. degnare, It. dignàr, Sp.
dignare, Lat.] to vouchsafe, to condescend. See to DEIGN.

DAI＇NTILY. 1. Finely, nicely, curiously, delicately. This same
truth doth not shew the masks, mummeries and triumphs of the world
half so stately and daintily as candle-light. Bacon. 2. Deliciously,
pleasantly. No region on earth so daintily watered. Howel. To sleep
well and fare daintily. Broome.

DAI＇NTINESS [of dain, Obs. Fr.] 1. Delicacy, softness.
What should yet thy palate please?
Daintiness and softer ease. Ben Johnson.
2. Elegance, nicety. The Duke exceeded in the daintiness of his leg
and foot, and the earl in the fine shape of his hands. Wotton. 3. Nice­
ness in eating, squeamishness. Of sand, and lime, and clay, Vitruvius
hath discoursed without any daintiness. Wotton.

DAI＇NTY, subst. [of dain, O. Fr. but Casaubon derives it of δαις,
Gr. feast] 1. Delicacy, nicety, something nice and of exquisite taste.
Be not desirous of his dainties: for they are deceitful meat. Proverbs.
2. A word of fondness formerly used. Why that＇s my dainty: I shall
miss thee. Shakespeare.

DAINTY, adj. [derived by Skinner from dain, an old French word
for delicate; which yet I cannot find in dictionaries. Johnson] 1. Plea­
sing to the palate, delicious. Dainty plums. Bacon. 2. Of acute sen­
sibility, delicate, nice, squeamish, luxurious, tender. They were a
fine and dainty people; frugal and yet elegant, tho＇ not military. Ba­
con. This is the slowest yet the daintiest sense. Davies. 3. Scrupu­
lous, ceremonious.
Let us not be dainty of leave-taking,
But shift away. Shakespeare.
4. Elegant, tenderly languishing, or effeminately beautiful.
Basons and ewers to lave her dainty hands. Shakespeare.
Those dainty limbs which nature lent
For gentle usage and soft delicacy. Milton.
5. Nice, affectedly fine.
In scorn your dainty speakers have the curse,
To plead bad causes down to worse. Prior.

DAI＇RY [dayeria, of day, or dæg, Sax. which at first signified the
daily yield of milch-cows, or profit made of them, as others of dar­
riere, Fr. behind, q. d. a house backwards; from dey, an old word for
milk. Lye] 1. The occupation or art of making various kinds of food
from milk. Grounds were turned in England from breeding to feeding
or dairy. Mortimer. 2. A place where milk and milk meats are kept
and manufactured.
No more worth
Than the course and country fairy,
That doth haunt the hearth or dairy. Ben Johnson.
What stores my dairies and my folds contain. Dryden.
3. Pasturage, ground where milk cattle are kept. Children in dairy
countries wax tall. Bacon.

DAIRY-MAID, subst. [of dairy and maid] the woman servant who
manages the milk. In love with one of Sir Roger＇s dairy-maids. Ad­
dison.

DAI＇SY [dægeseage, Sax. day＇s eye. Chaucer] a spring flower.
It hath a perennial root. The flowers are radiated. Daisies pied and
violets blue. Shakespeare. This will find thee picking of daisies. Ad­
dison.

DAIZ [dais, Fr.] a canopy.

DA＇KIR, a number of ten hides, as a last is of 20.

DA＇KER Hen, a fowl.

DAL, It. [in music books] for or by.

DALE [dæle, Sax. dal, Dan. and Du. thal, Ger. daal, Su. dalei,
Goth.] a valley, a bottom between hills, a vale.
A high over hills, and low adown the dales. Spenser.
This dale, a pleasing region, not unblest. Tickel.

DA＇LEBURGH, the capital of the province of Dalia, in Sweden, situa­
ted on the west side of Wener-lake, 50 miles north-east of Gottenburgh.

DALECA＇RLIA, a province of Sweden, abounding with iron and
copper mines; so called from a river of the same name which runs
thro＇ it.

DA＇LIA, a province of Sweden, bounded on the north by Dalecar­
lia, on the east by Wermerland and Wener-lake, on the south by
Gothland, and on the west by Norway.

DA＇LI PATRI [in old law] certain bulks, or narrow slips of pasture­
ground, left between the furrows in plouged lands.

DALKEI＇TH, a town of Scotland, in the county of Lothian, 4 miles
south-east of Edinburgh.

DA＇LLIANCE [from dally] 1. Interchange of caresses, toying.
Do not give dalliance too much the rein. Shakespeare.
Nor youthful dalliance as beseems
Fair couple link＇d in happy nuptial league. Milton.
2. Conjugal conversation.
The sapient king
Held dalliance with his fair Egyptian spouse. Milton.
3. Delay.
Wind and tide stay for this gentleman;
And I, to blame, have held him here too long—
Good Lord, you use this dalliance to excuse
Your breach of promise. Shakespeare.

DA＇LLIER [from dally] a trifler, a fondler. Daily dalliers with
pleasant words. Ascham.

DA＇LLOP [of unknown etymology] a tuft or clump.
Of barley the finest and greenest ye find,
Leave standing in dallops till time ye do find. Tusser.

To DA＇LLY, verb neut. [dollen, Du. to trifle] 1. To trifle, to amuse
one＇s self with idle play. We have trifled too long already: it is mad­
ness to dally any longer. Calamy. 2. To toy, to play with amorously,
to be full of wanton tricks.
Not dallying with a brace of courtezans,
But meditating with two deep divines. Shakespeare.
3. To sport, to frolic. Dallies with the wind, and scorns the sun.
Shakespeare. 4. To delay. They that would not be reformed by
that correction wherein he dallied with them, shall feel a judgment.
Wisdom.

To DALLY, verb act. To put off, to amuse till a proper opportu­
nity. Dallying off the time with often skirmishes. Raleigh.

DALMA＇TIA, a frontier province of Europe, mostly subject to the
Turks, but some of the towns on the sea-coast to the Venetians. It is
bounded by Bosnia on the north, by Servia on the east, by Albania on
the south, and by Morlachia and the Gulph of Venice on the west.

DALMA＇TIAN Cap, the name of a tulip.

DALMA＇TIC [of Dalmatia, in Greece, where first used] a kind of
vestment, having large open sleeves, worn by priests.

DA＇LTON, a market-town of Lancashire, on the Dudden-sands in
Loynsdale, 200 miles from London.

DAM [of dame, Fr. which formerly signified mother. Had Nero
never been an emperor, should never his dame have beeslaine. Chauser]
1. The mother. Applied to animals, not human.
The dam runs lowing up and down,
Looking the way her harmless young one went. Shakespeare.







They bring but one morsel of meat at a time, and have not sewer than
seven or eight young in the nest, which, at the return of their dams, do
all hold up their heads and gape. Ray. 2. A human mother. In con­
tempt or detestation.
This brat is none of mine,
It is the issue of Polixena:
Hence with it, and, together with the dam,
Commit them to the fire. Shakespeare.
2. A female of beast, which has had young.

DAM [dam, Du. Su. and Dan. damm, Ger.] a flood-gate, a mole
or bank to confine water.
Not with so fierce a rage the foaming flood
Roars, when he finds his rapid course withstood;
Bears down the dams with unresisted sway,
And sweeps the cattle and the cots away. Dryden.

To DAM [demman, ordemman, Sax. dammen, Du. and Ger.] 1.
To stop or shut up, to pen in by moles. I＇ll have the current in this
place dam＇d up. Shakespeare.
My doors are hateful to my eyes,
Fill＇d and dam＇d up with gaping creditors. Otway.
2. It is applied by Shakespeare to fire, and by Milton to light.
The more thou dam＇st it up, the more it burns. Shakespeare.
Moon, if your influence be quite dam＇d up
With black usurping mists, some gentle taper,
Tho＇ a rush candle from the wicker hole
Of some clay habitation, visit us
With thy long level＇d rule of streaming light. Milton.

DA＇MAGE [dommage, Fr. of damnum, Lat.] 1. Mischief, detriment.
He repulsed the enemy very much to their damage. Clarendon. 2. Loss,
mischief suffer＇d.
His heart exalts him in the harm
Already done, to have dispeopl＇d heav＇n,
My damage fondly deem＇d. Milton.
3. The value of mischief done. They were not able to pay the da­
mages which had been sustain＇d by the war. Clarendon. 4. Repara­
tion of damage, retribution. The bishop demanded restitution of the
spoils, or damages for the same. Bacon. May I not sue her for damages
in a court of justice? Addison. 5. (In law) any hurt or hindrance
that a man taketh in his estate.

DA＇MAGES [in common law] particularly signify a part of what the
jurors are to enquire of; for after verdict given of the principal cause,
they are likewise ask＇d their consciences touching costs, which are the
charges of suit and damages, which contain the hindrances that the
plaintiff or demandant hath suffered by means of the wrong done to
him by the defendant or tenant. Cowel. The judge awarded due da­
mages. Watts.

DAMAGE Clear [a law term] a duty formerly paid to the prothono­
taries and other clerks, being a third, sixth, or tenth part of the da­
mage recovered upon a trial in any court of justice; but this was dis­
annulled the 17th of Charles II.

DAMAGE Feasant [q. d. doing hurt or mischief] a term used, when
the beasts of a stranger get into another man＇s ground and feed there,
spoiling grass or corn, in which case the owner of the ground may di­
strain or impound them, as well in the night as in the day.

To DA＇MAGE, verb act. [dommager, Fr.] 1. To do hurt, to mis­
chief, to impair, to harm. I consider time as an immese ocean, into
which many noble authors are entirely swallowed up, many very much
shatter＇d and damaged, some quite disjointed and broken into pieces.
Addison.

To DAMAGE, verb neut. to be damaged, to take damage.

DA＇MAGEABLE [from damage] 1. Susceptible of damage or hurt;
as, damageable commodities. 2. Mischievous, pernicious. Obscene
immodest talk is offensive to the purity of God, damageable and in­
fectious to the innocence of our neighbours, and pernicious to our­
selves. Government of the Tongue.

DAMA＇LA, a sea-port town of the Morea, in Greece, at the en­
trance of the gulph of Engia.

DA＇MAN, a port town of the Hither India, in the province of Gu­
zurat, or Cambay, situated on the west coast, about 80 miles south of
Surat. It is subject to the Portuguese.

DA＇MASCENE, subst. [damascenus, from Damascus] a small black
plum. It is now pronounced damsen. In April follow the damascene
and plum-trees in blossom. Bacon.

DAMA＇SCUS, or SCHAM, the capital city of the south part of Syria,
situated in a fruitful plain, 90 miles north-east of Jerusalem.

DA＇MASK [dama, damasquin, Fr. damascino, dommesco, It. damasco,
Sp. of Damascus] 1. Fine silk, linen, &c. in flowers or figures. Wipe
your shoes with a damask napkin. Swift. 2. It is used in Fairfax, for
red colour, from the damask rose.
Her damask late, now chang＇d to purest white. Fairfax.

To DAMASK, verb act. [damasquiner, Fr.] 1. To work silk, linen,
&c. in flowers or figures. 2. To draw draughts on paper, to varie­
gate, to diversisy.
Around him dance the rosy hours,
And damasking the ground with flow＇rs,
With ambient sweets perfume the morn. Fenton.
3. To adorn steel work with figures.

To DAMASK Potable Liquors, is to warm them a little, to take off
the sharpness of the cold, to make them mantle. A cant word.

DAMASKEE＇NING [damasquiner, Fr. so called of Damascus in Syria]
the art of adorning steel, iron, &c. by making incisions in them, and
filling them up with wire of gold or silver, as in sword-blades, locks
of pistols, &c.

DAMASK Plum. See PLUM.

DAMASK Rose, a sweet-seented flower, the rose of Damascus. See
ROSE.

DAMASQUE＇NERY, steel work damaskeened, or the art itself.

DAMBE＇A, the capital of Abystinia or Ethiopia, situated at the head
of a lake, to which it gives name. Lat. 15°. N. Long. 34° E.

DAME [dama, Sp.] 1. A lady, the title of honour given to women.
The word dame originally signified a mistress of a family, who was a
lady; and it is used still in the English law to signify a lady: but in
common use now-a-days it represents a farmer＇s wife, or a mistress of a
family of the lower rank in the country. Watts.
Sov＇reign of creatures, universal dame. Milton.
2. It is still used in poetry for women of rank.
His father Faunus, a Laurential dame
His mother. Dryden.
3. Among country people, mistress of a low family, goody. They
killed the poor cock, for, if it were not for his waking our dame, she
would not wake us. L＇Estrange. 4. A woman in general. We＇ve
willing dames enough. Shakespeare.

DAME Simone [in cookery] a particular way of forcing cabbage­
lettice.

DAMES Violet, a plant, the flower of which, called also queen＇s gil­
liflower, consists of four leaves, which expand in form of a cross, which
becomes a long, taper, cylindrical pod, furnished with oblong, cylin­
drical, or globular seeds. Miller.

DA＇MIANISTS [of Damianus a bishop] a sect that agreed with the
catholics in admitting the fourth council, but disowned any distinction
of persons in the Godhead, and professed one single nature incapable
of any difference.

DAMIE＇TA, a port-town of Egypt, situated at the eastern mouth of
the river Nile, 4 miles from the sea, and 100 north of Grand Cairo.

DAMISE＇LLA [damoiselle, Fr.] a little damsel, a lady of pleasure, a
mistress.

To DAMN [damno, Lat. damner, Fr. dannare, It. dannàr, Sp. ver­
doemen, Du. verdammen, Ger. deman, Sax. domme, Dan.] 1. To
condemn or adjudge to hell torments eternally in a future state.
Not in the legions
Of horrid hell, can come a devil more damn＇d. Shakespeare.
2. To procure, to cause to be eternally condemn＇d. That which he
continues ignorant of, having done the utmost that he might not be
ignorant of it, shall not damn him. South. 3. To condemn.
His own impartial thought
Will damn, and conscience will record the fault. Dryden.
5. To cry down any public performance, to hoot or to hiss it off the
stage.

DAMNABI＇LITY [damnabilitas, Lat.] damnableness, capableness of
condemnation, state of deserving damnation.

DA＇MNABLE [Fr. damnabile, It. condénable, Sp. damnabilis, Lat.]
1. Deserving damnation, justly doom＇d to everlasting punishment. To
entangle unweary minds with his damnable opinion. Hooker. 2. It is
sometimes indecently used in a low and ludicrous sense for odious, per­
nicious. Oh thou damnable fellow! did not I pluck thee by the nose
for thy speeches? Shakespeare.

DA＇MNABLENESS [from damnable] damning impiety, horribleness,
the state or quality of deserving eternal punishment.

DA＇MNABLY 1. Damnable, in such a manner as to incur eternal pu­
nishment, so as to be excluded from mercy. We will propose the question,
whether those who hold the fundamentals of faith may deny Christ
damnably. South. 2. It is indecently used in a ludicrous sense for
odiously, hatefully. The more sweets they bestowed upon them, the
more damnably their consciences stunk. Dennis.

DAMNA＇TA Terra [in chemistry] the same as the caput mortuum;
being only the mass of earth or gross substance that remains in the re­
tort, &c. after all the other principles have been forced out by fire.

DAMNA＇TION [Fr. dannazione, It. condenaciòn, Sp. of damnatio,
Lat.] the punishment of the damned, a sentencing to everlasting pains
in hell, utter exclusion from the divine mercy. [See EVERLASTING
and ETERNAL.] Spared from an horrible damnation. Taylor.
Now mince the sin,
And mollify damnation with a phrase. Dryden.

DA＇MNATORY [damnatorius, Lat.] condemning, or that pertains to
condemnation; as, damnatory sentence. See Athanasian CREED.

DA＇MNED, part. adj. [from damn] hateful, abhorred, abominable.
A couch for luxury and damned incest. Shakespeare. Falshoods of most
base and damned contrivance. Rowe.

DAMNI＇FIC [damnificus, Lat.] that bringeth damage or hurt, enda­
maging.

To DA＇MNIFY, verb act. [damnificare, It. of damnifico, Lat.] 1. To
do damage to, to cause loss, to injure. He who suffered the damage
has a right to demand satisfaction: the damnified person has the power
of appropriating the goods or service of the offender. Locke. 2. To
hurt, to impair.
When now he saw himself so freshly rear,
As if late fight had nought him damnified,
He was dismayed. Spenser.

DA＇MNINGNESS [from damning] tendency to procure damnation.
The emptiness and damningness of sins. Hammond.

DAMNO＇SITY [damnositas, Lat.] hurtfulness.

DAMNO＇SE [damnosus, Lat.] hurtful. harmful.

DAMP, adj. [dampe, Du.] 1. Moist, inclining to wet, foggy.
The trembling Trojans hear,
O＇erspread with a damp sweat and holy sear. Dryden.
2. Dejected, sunk.
All these and more came flocking, but with looks
Down-cast and damp. Milton.

DAMP, subst. [damp, Su. Dan. and Du. dampsf, Ger.] 1. Moisture,
wetness, fog.
Night, not now as ere man fell
Wholesome and cool and mild; but with black air,
Accompany＇d with damps and dreadful gloom. Milton.
A breathing-place to draw the damps away. Dryden.
2. A noxious vapour that frequently arises in mines under ground,
and sometimes choaks the workmen, unless they get away quickly.
Mineral exhalations in subterrancous caverns are called damps. Wood­
ward. 3. Dejection, cloud of the mind.
Adam by this from the cold sudden damp
Recov＇ring, and his scatter＇d spirits return＇d. Milton.
His name struck every where so great a damp,
As Archimedes through the Roman camp. Roscommon.

To DAMP [damper, Dan.] 1. To make damp or moist. 2. To de­
press, to put a damp upon or dishearten, to allay, to chill. Dread of
death hangs over the mere natural man, and, like the hand-writing on
the wall, damps all his jollity. Atterbury. 3. To weaken, to abate.
A soft body dampeth the sound. Bacon.
Unless an age too late, or cold
Climate or years, damp my intended wing
Depress＇d. Milton.








DAMPS [in mines] are noxious exhalations, which sometimes suffo­
cate those that work in them, and are otherwise prejudicial: they are
distinguished into four sorts.
1. The Peas-Bloom DAMP [at the mines at the Peak in Derbyshire]
this damp is supposed to proceed from the multitude of the red tre­
foil flowers, called honey-suckles, which abound in the lime-stone
meadows there. It takes its name from the likeness to the smell
of peas-blossoms. It is said always to come in the summer-time,
but is not mortal.
2. The fulminating DAMPS; these are found frequently in coal­
mines, but very seldom, if at all, in lead-mines. If the vapour of
these sort of damps is touehed by the flame of a candle, it imme­
diately catches fire, and has all the effects of lightening or fired gun­
powder.
3. The Common DAMPS affect persons with difficulty of breathing;
but are seldom injurious any farther, if the person affected with it
do not swoon, which, if they do, tho＇ they are not quite suffocated, are
yet tormented with very violent convulsions on their recovery. The
coming of these sort of damps is known by the flames of the candle
becoming round, and growing lesser and lesser, till it go quite out.
The method of curing those that swoon, is by laying them on their
bellies, with their mouth to a hole dug in the ground, and if that
does not recover them, they fill them full of ale, and, if that fails,
they look upon their ease as desperate.
4. The Globe DAMP; this by miners is supposed to gather from the
steam of their bodies and the candles, which ascending up into the
highest part of the vault, does there condense, and in time a film
grows over it, which corrupts and becomes pestilential. It appears
of a round form, about the bigness of a foot-ball, hanging in the
highest part of the roof, of such passages of the mine, as branch out
from the main grove. It is covered with a skin about the thickness
of a cobweb. If this skin be broken by a splinter, or any other aeci­
dent, the damp presently flies out, and suffocates all that are near it:
the workmen have a way of breaking it at a distance, by the help
of a stick and a long rope, which being done, they afterwards purify
the place with fire.

DA＇MPISH [of damp, Dan. dampig, Ger. dumpsicht, Ger.] some­
thing damp, moist or wet.

DA＇MPISHNESS, or DA＇MPNESS [of dampish or damp] 1. Tenden­
cy to wet. Put a lay of chalk between the bricks, to take away all
dampishness. Bacon.
Nor need they fear the dampness of the sky,
Should flag their wings, and hinder them to fly. Dryden.
Dampness of the ground. Mortimer. 2. Moistness, wetness.

DA＇MPY [of damp] dejected, gloomy. The lords did dispel
dampy thoughts, by applying him with exercises and disports. Hay­
ward.

DA＇MSEL [demoiselle, Fr. damigella, It. donzella, Sp.] 1. A young
maiden, a young woman of distinction; now only used in poetry.
I my servant＇s smiles implore.
And one mad damsel dares dispute my power. Prior.
2. An attendant of the better rank. With her train of damsels she
was gone. Dryden. 3. A wench, a country lass. The clowns are
whoremasters, and the damsels with child. Gay.

DAMSEL, a sort of utensil put into beds, to warm the feet of old
men or women; a cant word.

DA＇MSIN, or DA＇MSON [corrupted from damascene, damasine, Fr. q.
of Damascus] a sort of small plum like a damask prune; see DA­
MASCENE. My wife desir＇d some damsons. Shakespeare.

DAN, subst. [from dominus, Lat. as now don, in Spanish, and donna,
It. from domina] the old term of honour for men; as we now say
master.
This signior Junio＇s giant dwarf dan cupid. Shakespeare.
Dick, if this story pleaseth thee.
Pray thank dan Pope, who told it me. Prior.

To DANCE, verb neut. [dancer, Fr. dançar, Sp. danssen, Du. tant­
zen, Ger. dantze, Dan. dantza, Su. as some think from tanza, Arabie,
a dance, but Junius, who loves to derive from Greek, thinks from
δονησις] to move the body in measure and time, according to the tune
or air that is play＇d or sung. He capers, he dances. Shakespeare.
No longer pipe, no longer DANCE.
This proverb is a reflection upon the mercenary and ungrateful tem­
pers of too many people: and is also a good memento of prudence,
intimating that misfortune will have few or no friends: for ungrate­
ful and mercenary people, though they have had twenty good turns
done them, will dance no longer than while the music of this pro­
verb obliges them for their pains. Dum fervet olla, vivit amicitia,
say the Latins. The French say, Point d＇argent, point de cuisse. (No
money, no Swiss) those people being always ready to fight for any
nation that pays them, but no longer.) We say likewise, No penny,
no Paternoster: alluding to the avarice of priests, which is not only re­
markable in popish countries, but in some protestant countries too.
But with submission to Mr. Bailey, Thou shalt not muzzle the mouth
of the ox that treadeth the corn; and the LABOURER is worthy of his
HIRE.
He DANCES well to whom fortune pipes.
Ital. Assai, ben balla à chi fortuna suona. The French say: Mieux
vaut une once de fortune qu＇une livre de sagesse. (An ounce of fortune
is better than a pound of wisdom.)
To DANCE to every man＇s pipe.
To accommodate one＇s self to every man＇s will, pleasure or opinion.

To DANCE, verb act. 1. To make one dance, to put one into a
brisk motion. He danc＇d thee on his knee. Shakespeare. 2. To dance
attendance; to wait with obsequiousness. Weary to dance attendance
at the gates of foreign lords. Raleigh. Dance attendance for a word
of audience. Dryden.

A DANCE [danse, Fr. dans, Du. tantz, Ger. dantz, Su. and Dan.]
a motion of the body, feet, and arms, in measure, time, and form,
singly or in concert with many, being regulated by music.
You perhaps expect a modish feast,
With am＇rous songs and wanton dances grac＇d. Dryden.

DANCE [in heraldry] the same as indented.

DA＇NCER [from dance] he who dances.
Musicians and dancers! take some truce
With these your pleasing labours. Donne.
So far from being a good dancer, that he was no graceful goer.
Wotton.
Nature I thought perform＇d too mean a part,
Forming her movements to the rules of art;
And vex＇d, I found that the musicians hand
Had oe＇r the dancer＇s mind too great command. Prior.

DANCE＇TTE [in heraldry] a term used when the out-line of any
bordure or ordinary is notehed in and out very largely, and is the
same as indented; only that is deeper and wider. There is also a
bend called a double dancette.

DA＇NCINGMASTER [of dance and master] one who teaches the
art of dancing. The legs of a dancingmaster fall into regular mo­
tions. Locke.

DA＇NCINGSCHOOL [of dance and school] the school where the art of
dancing is taught.
They bid us to the English dancingschools,
And teach lavolta＇s high and swift couranto＇s,
Saying our grace is only in our heels. Shakespeare.

DANDELI＇ON [dent de lion, Fr. dente di lione, It. dens leonis, Lat.
i. e. lion＇s-tooth] an herb that agrees in all respects with the hawk­
weed, excepting its having a single naked stalk, with one flower
upon the top. Miller. For cowslips sweet, let dandelions spread. Gay.

DA＇NDEPRAT, or DA＇NDIPRAT [some derive it of danten to play
the fool, and praet, Du. a triffle; others of dandiner, Fr. to play the
fool; others again of dandle, Eng. and prest, Fr. ready, fit, q. d. one
fit to be dandled as a baby] a dwarf, a little fellow or woman; a
word sometimes of contempt, sometimes of fondness; also a small
coin, made by king Henry VII.

To DA＇NDLE [dandiner, Fr. dandelen, Du.] 1. To shake a child
on the knee, or in the hands, to please or quiet him.
Kiss＇d and dandl＇d on thy father＇s knee,
Were brib＇d next day to tell what they did see. Donne.
Rocking froward children in cradles, or dandling them in their nurses
arms. Temple. 2. To treat like a child, to fondle, or make much of.
They have put me in a silk gown, and a gaudy fool＇s cap, and I am
ashamed to be dandled thus. Addison. 3. To delay, to protract by
trifles. Captains so dandle their doings, and dally in the service, as
if they would not have the enemy subdu＇d. Spenser.

DA＇NDLER [from dandle] he that dandles or fondles children.

DA＇NDRIFF, or DA＇NDRUFF [of tan, a seab or itch, and drof,
Sax. dirty] a scurf that sticks to the skin of the head, scabs in the
head.

DANE GELD, or DANE GELT, a tax imposed on our Saxon an­
cestors by king Etheldred, of 1 schilling, and afterwards of 2 schil­
lings on every hide of land in the realm, for clearing the seas of
Danish pirates, which very much annoyed our coasts, this was given
to the Danes on the terms of peace and departure, who received at
first 10000 livres, then 16000 livres, then 24000 l. then 34000 l. and
at last 48000 l. Henry I. and king Stephen released them finally
from paying this tax.

DANE-LAGE [dane-leaz, Sax.] the laws that were in force in
England, during the time of the Danish government, which took
place chiefly in 15 counties, York, Derby, Nottingham, Middlesex,
Norfolk, Cambridge and Huntington, Leicester, Lineoln, North­
ampton, Hertford, Essex, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Huntingdon.

DANE-WORT, the plant, otherwise called wall-wort or dwarf-elder.
It is a species of elder.

DA＇NGER [danger, Fr. of uncertain derivation. Skinner derives
it from damnum; Menage from angaria; Minshew from δανος,
death, to which Junius seems inclined] hazard, jeopardy, peril.
More danger now from man alone we find,
Than from the rocks, the billows, and the wind. Waller.
The DANGER past, God forgotten.
It is usual for people in danger or under affliction to address them­
selves with great earnestness to the supream Being for relief; but when
the danger is over, they but too often forget to be thankful, or to
fulfil the vows made in distress.
Naught is never in DANGER.
This proverb intimates, that little things are safe under the contempt
of the world, for that their insignificancy secures them against all ap­
prehension; for, Rete non tenditur milvio, say the Latins. But the
adage is impiously applied by the common people upon any provi­
dential deliverance, making a banter of God＇s mercy, and laughing
at their own or others preservation or security, under the protection of
heaven, and frequently with this profane addition, If he had been
good for any thing, he had broke his neck, &c. as if impiety was the
only preservative against casualties.

DA＇NGER, or DANGE＇RIUM, a payment of money anciently made
by the forest-tenants to their lords, that they might have leave to
plough and sow in the time of pannage or mast-feeding; it is other­
wise called lief, or lef-silver.

To DA＇NGER, verb act. [from the subst.] to put in danger, to en­
danger.
Pompey＇s son stands up
For the main soldier; whose quality going on,
The sides o＇ th＇ world may danger. Shakespeare.

DA＇NGERLESS [of danger] being without risk, exempt from dan­
ger, free from hazard. He shewed no less magnanimity in danger­
less despising, than others in dangerous affecting the multiplying of
kingdoms. Sidney,

DA＇NGEROUS [dangereux, Fr.] full of danger, hazardous. A man
of an ill tongue is dangerous in his city. Ecclesiasticus.

DA＇NGEROUSLY, adv. [from dangerous] hazardously.
Naughty persons
Have practis＇d dangerously against your state,
Dealing with witches. Shakespeare.

DA＇NGEROUSNESS [of dangerous] hazardousness, peril. The dan­
gerousness of diseases. Boyle.

To DA＇NGLE [q. to hangle, of hang, Engl. or rather of dandolare,
It.] 1. To hang and swing to and fro, to hang loose and quivering.
He＇d rather on a gibbet dangle,
Than miss his dear delight to wrangle. Hudibras.







With dangling hands he strokes th＇ imperial robe,
And with a cuckold＇s air commands the globe. Smith.
2. To hang upon one, to be an humble or useful follower. Fanaties
that dangle after them, are well inclined to pull down the present esta­
blishment.

To DANGLE [or always be hanging] about a woman,

DA＇NGLER [of dangle] a man that hangs about women idly; so
the women in contempt call a man, who is always hanging after
them, but never puts the question home. A dangler is of neither
sex. Ralph.

DA＇NGLING [q. d. down and hanging] hanging down, pendulous.

DANK, adj. [probably of tuncken, Ger. to dip in water] moist or
wet. The dank and dirty ground. Shakespeare. Through each
thicket dank or dry. Milton.

DANK, subst. moisture, or the seat of dankness, moistness, &c.
Oft they quit the dank, and rising on stiff pinions tour
The mid aerial sky. Milton.

DA＇NKISH, a little moist or wet, somewhat dank.
In a dark and dankish vault at home,
There left me. Shakespeare.

DA＇NKISHNESS [from dankish] a small moistness.

DA＇NTELE [in heraldry] in English commonly called dancette, is
only a larger sort of indenting than that which we call by that name.

DA＇NTZIC, the capital of regal Prussia, in the kingdom of Po­
land, on the western shore of the river Wesel, or Vistula, which a
little below falls into the Baltic sea. It is an excellent harbour, and
has the best foreign trade within the Baltic. Lat. 54° N. Long.
19° E.

DA＇NUBE, one of the largest rivers in Europe, which taking its
rise in the black forest of Swabia, runs eastward through Bavaria,
Austria, Hungary, and Turky in Europe, discharging itself by se­
veral channels into the Pontus Euxinus, or Black Sea.

To DAP, verb neut. [corrupted from dip; a word, I believe, only
used by anglers. Johnson] to let fall gently into the water. To catch
a chub by dapping with a grashopper Walton.

DAPHNEPHORI＇A, Lat. [δαϕνηϕορια, of δαϕνη, laurel, and ϕορεω,
Gr. to carry] a festival observed every nine years by the Bœotians,
on account of a victory obtained by the aid of Apollo: the manner
of the festival was thus: a beautiful boy, having a crown of gold on
his head, &c. sumptuously apparelled, carried an olive-bough, adorn­
ed with garlands of laurel, and various sorts of flowers, on the top of
which was a globe of brass, from which hung other lesser globes; a­
bout the middle was a purple crown, and a smaller globe, and other
ornaments. The upper globe was an emblem of the sun, by whom
they meant Apollo; see APOLLO: the lesser globe under it, the moon;
the lesser globes, the stars; and 365 crowns in number represented
the days in a year. This boy was followed by a choir of virgins,
with branches in their hands to Apollo＇s temple, where they sung
hymns to the god.

DA＇PHNEON, Lat. [of δαϕνη, Gr. laurel] the pleasantness of laurel.

DAPHNE＇PHAGI [of σαϕνις, the laurel-berry, and ϕαγειν, Gr. to eat]
certain prophets or diviners in ancient times, that pretended to be in­
spired after the eating of bay-leaves.

DA＇PHNITIS [δαϕνιτις, Gr.] the laurel of Alexandria, or tongue
laurel.

DAPHNOI＇DES [δαϕνοειδης, Gr.] the herb loril, or lauril; also the
herb periwinkle.

DA＇PIFER, Lat. [of dapes, dishes, and fero, Lat. to carry] a steward
at a feast; also the head-bailiff of a manor.

DAPIFER Regis, Lat. [old law] the steward of the king＇s
houshold.

DA＇PPER, adj. [dapper, Du. tapper, L. Ger. tapffer, H. Ger. stout
or valiant] low of stature and clever, spruce, light; generally spoken
in contempt.
On the tawny sands and shelves,
Trip the pert faires and the dapper elves. Milton.

DA＇PPERLING, subst. [from dapper] a dwarf, a dandiprat. Ains­
worth.

DA＇PPING, a method of angling upon the top of the water. See
To DAP.

DA＇PPLE [probably of apple, q. full of divers spots like a pippin,
as pommelé, Fr. streaked] a colour peculiarly applied to horses; as, a
dapple grey is a light grey, with a deeper cast of black.

To DA＇PPLE, verb act. [from the adj.] to streak, to diversify with
colours.
Under him a grey steed did he wield,
Whose sides with dappled circles were endight. Spenser.
The gentle day
Dapples the drowsy east with spots of grey. Shakespeare.
The dappl＇d pink and blushing rose, Prior.
Dappled Flanders mares. Pope.

DA＇PPLED Bay Horse, is a bay horse that has marks of a dark
bay.

DAPPLED Black Horse, is a black horse, that in his black skin or
hair has spots or marks, which are yet blacker, and more shining than
the rest of the skin.

DAR, or DART, a fish found in the river Severn.

DARA＇PTI [in logic] an artificial word, expressing the first mood
of the third figure, where the two first propositions are universal af­
firmatives, and the last a particular affirmative; as,
Da- Every body is a divisible,
Rap- Every body is a substance,
Ti, Therefore some substance is divisible.

DA＇RDAN, noun adj. belonging to Dardans; as the Dardan chief,
or Dardan state. N. B. As Dardanus was the common progenitor
from whom both Priam and Anchises were derived, this accounts for
Virgil＇s having given this appellation so frequently to his heroe.

DARDANA＇RIUS, an usurer, a monopolist, such as cause a dearness
and scarcity of provisions, and particularly of corn, by buying them
up, to raise their value, in order to sell them at an extraordinary
price.

DA＇RDANELLS, two castles at the entrance of the Hellespont, where
all ships going to Constantinople are examined.

To DARE, irr. verb neut. and des. pret. durst, or have dared [de­
arran, dyrran, Sax. derren, Du. durssen, Ger. tore, Dan. dierfwa,
Su. durren, Teut. θαρρειν, Gr.] to hazard, venture, or presume, not
to be afraid. This irregular and defective verb neuter has only the
present and perfect and future tenses.
I dare do all that may become a man,
He that dares more is none. Shakespeare.
Well-weigh＇d courage knows to be cautious and to dare. Dryden.

To DARE, verb act. 1. To challenge or provoke, to defy.
I dare thee but to breathe upon my love. Shakespeare.
All cold, but in her breast I will despise,
And dare all heat but that in Celia＇s eyes. Roscommon.
Presumptuous wretch! with mortal art to dare
Immortal power, and brave the thunderer. Granville.
2. To attempt any thing boldly. Neither was of that temper as to
dare any dangerous fact. Hayward. 3. To dare larks; to catch them
by means of a looking-glass, which keeps them in amaze, until they
are taken. Little round nets, not unlike that which is used for daring
larks. Carew.
As larks lie dar＇d to shun the hobby＇s flight. Dryden.
This verb active is regular.

DARE, subst. [from the verb] defiance, challenge.
Sextus Pompeius
Hath given the dare to Cæsar, and commands
The empire of the sea. Shakespeare.

DARE＇FUL, adj. [of dare and full] full of defiance. We might
have met them dareful beard to beard. Shakespeare.

DA＇RIC, an ancient coin, in value 2 s.
But the learned author of the Appendix ad Thesaur. H. Steph. ob­
serves, from the Scholiast on Aristophan. that “some make the da­
ric equivalent to twenty drachmæ of silver, and that five darics are
equal to one mna”. Now a mna of silver is 3 l. 4 s. 7 d. and, by
this reckoning, a daric should amount to about 13 s. and 3 d. ½. It
should seem, from the same author, to have been a gold-coin; and
which, I suppose, borrowed its name from DARIUS king of Persia.
It should not be dissembled, that both Hesychius, and the above-cited
Scholiast, affirm, the darics were golden stateres; and the latter adds,
that each of them was in value equal to what the attics called χρυσος,
or the gold-coin. See STATER.

DA＇RIEN, a province of Terra Firma, in South America, being
the narrow Isthmus which joins North and South America.

DARII [in logic] one of the modes of syllogism of the first figure,
wherein the major proposition is an universal affirmative, and the mi­
nor and conclusive particular affirmatives: Thus,
Da- Every thing that is moved, is moved by another;
Ri- Some body is moved,
I, Therefore some body is moved by another.

DA＇RING, adj. [of dare] venturous, bold, fearless, stout. The
last georgic has many metaphors, but not so daring as this. Addison.
The song too daring, and the theme too great. Prior.

DARING Glass [with fowlers] a device for catching larks.

DA＇RINGLY, adv. [of daring] boldly, fearlesly, impudently, out­
ragiously. Some of the great principles of religion are openly and
daringly attacked. Atterbury.
Fir＇d with success,
Too daringly upon the soe did press. Halifax.

DA＇RINGNESS [of daring] adventurousness, boldness.

DARK, adj. [deorc, Sax. which Mer. Cas. derives of αδερκης, Gr.]
1. Being without light.
While we converse with her, we mark
No want of day, nor think it dark. Waller.
2. Obscure, not perspicuous. What may seem dark at the first, will
afterwards be found more plain. Hooker. 3. Mysterious. 4. Not
having a showy or vivid colour. If the plague be somewhat dark
and spread not, the priest shall pronounce him clean. Leviticus.
More inclin＇d to have dark colour＇d hair than flaxen. Boyle. 5. Blind,
not enjoying the light.
Thou wretched daughter of a dark old man,
Conduct my weary steps. Dryden and Lee.
6. Opaque, not transparent. 7. Not enlightened by knowledge, ig­
norant.
The age wherein he liv＇d was dark; but he
Could not want sight, who taught the world to see. Denham.
8. Gloomy, not chearful. Men of dark tempers, according to their
degree of melancholy and enthusiasm, may find convents fitted to
their humours. Addison.

DARK Cully, a married man, who keeps a mistress, and steals to
her by night-time, for fear of a discovery. A cant phrase.
As DARK as pitch.
Blackness is the colour of the night.

DARK Tent, a portable camera obscura, made not unlike to a desk,
and fitted with optic glasses, to take prospects of landskips, buildings,
fortifications, &c.

DARK, subst. 1. Darkness, want of light.
Cloud and ever-during dark
Surrounds me! from the chearful ways of men
Cut off. Milton.
We can hear in the dark. Holder. 2. Obscurity, state of a person
unknown. All he says of himself is, that he is an obscure person;
one I suppose he means that is in the dark. Atterbury. 3. Ignorance,
want of knowledge. Till we perceive by our own understandings, we
are as much in the dark, and as void of knowledge as before.
Locke.

To DARK, verb act. [from the subst.] to darken; now obsolete.
That cloud of pride which oft doth dark
Her goodly light, with smiles she drives away. Spenser.

To DA＇RKEN [deorcian, Sax.] 1. To make dark, to deprive of
light.
Black with surrounding forests then it stood,
That hung above, and darken＇d all the flood. Addison.
2. To perplex, to cloud, to puzzle. His confidence did seldom
darken his foresight. Bacon. 3. To fully, to soul. The passions of
men fully and darken their minds. Tillotson.

To DA＇RKEN, verb neut. to grow or become dark.

DA＇RKING, a market-town of Surry, 24 miles from London, situa­
ted on a branch of the river Mole, just before it runs under ground.

DA＇RKISH, inclining to darkness, or something dark.








DA＇RKLING [a participle, as it seems, from darkle, which yet I
have never found. Johnson] being in the dark; a word merely
poetical.
Darkling stands
The varying shore o＇th＇ world. Shakespeare.
The wakeful bird
Sings darkling, and, in shadiest covert hid,
Tunes her nocturnal note. Milton.
Darkling they mourn their fate. Dryden.

DA＇RKLY, adj. dark, obscurely, blindly.
Well you know, and can record alone,
What fame to future times conveys but darkly down. Dryden.

DA＇RKNESS [deorcnesse, Sax.] 1. Want of light. I go whence
I shall not return, even to the land of darkness, and the shadow of
death. Job. 2. Opakeness, want of transparency. 3. Obscurity,
hiddenness. 4. Infernal gloom, wickedness. The instruments of
darkness tell us truths. Shakespeare. In the power of the prince of
darkness. Locke. 5. In scripture, the empire of Satan, or the devil.
Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and translated us
into the kingdom of his dear Son. Colossians.

DA＇RKSOME, adj. [of dark] gloomy, obscure, not well enlightened.
A darksome narrow pass. Spenser. A face in iron red hot will not be
seen, the light confounding the small differences of lightsome and
darksome which shew the figure. Bacon.
A darksome cloud of locusts swarming down. Milton.
The darksome pines that o＇er yon rocks reclin＇d. Pope.

DA＇RLING, adj. [i. e. dearling, of derling, or deorling, Sax.]
favourite, beloved, regarded with extreme kindness and tenderness.
Most darling favourites. L＇Estrange. Some beloved notion, some
darling science. Watts.

DARLING, subst. a favourite, one much beloved. Thames, the
ocean＇s darling, England＇s pride. Halifax. The darling of the
princess Sophia. Addison.

DA＇RLINGTON, a market town of the bishopric of Durham, 243
miles from London. It has a stone bridge over the river Skern,
which runs into the Tees.

DA＇RMSTAT, the capital of Hesse-Darmstat, in the circle of the
Upper Rhine, in Germany, situated on a river of the same name,
14 miles south of Frankfort, and 13 south-east of Mentz.

To DARN [prob. of dyrnan, Sax. to hide] to sew cross-wise, to
mend holes in imitation of what is woven. He spent every day ten
hours in darning his stockings. Swift.

DA＇RNEL, the weed called cockle, that grows in the fields.
Darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow
In one sustaining corn. Shakespeare.
Oats and darnel chaok the rising corn. Dryden.

DA＇RNIX [torrick, Du. of Tournay, where it was made; in some
countries it is called dornick, which brings it nigher the original] a
sort of stuff of which table linen is made.

To DARRA＇IN, verb act. [This word is by Junius referred to dare:
it seems to me more probably deducible from arranger la battaille.
Johnson] 1. To range troops for battle. The town-boys parted in
twain, the one side calling themselves Pompeians, the other Cæsarians,
and then darraining a kind of battle, but without arms, the Cæsarians
got the over-hand. Carew. Darrain your battle, for they are at
hand. Shakespeare. 2. To apply to the fight. Redoubted battle
ready to darraine. Spenser.

DA＇RREIN [of dernier, Fr. last] a law-term.

DARREIN Continuance [law term] is, when after the continuance of
the plea, the defendant pleads new matter.

DARREIN Presentment [law term] a writ against a stranger who
prefers to a church, the advowson of which belongs to another.

DA＇RSIS [δαρσις, of δερω, Gr. to excoriate] a rubbing off or fretting
of the skin.

DART [dart, C. Brit. dard, Fr. dardo, It. and Sp.] 1. A small lance,
a missive weapon thrown by the hand.
O＇erwhelm＇d with darts which from afar they fling. Dryden.
2. [In poetry] any missile weapon in general.

To DART, verb act. [of darder, Fr.] 1. To cast or throw a dart
offensively.
T＇ invaders dart their jav＇lins from afar. Dryden.
What ill eyes malignant glances dart. Pope.
2. To emit; as, the sun darts his beams on the earth.

To DART, verb neut. to fly, as a dart in hostility. Now darting
Parthia art thou struck. Shakespeare. 3. To burst out like a flash of
lightening.

DA＇RTFORD, a market town of Kent, 16 miles from London, and
11 from Rochester; it is properly called Darentford, from its situation
on the Darent, which runs through it, and soon after falls into the
Thames. The town gives title of viscount to the earl of Jersey. The
first paper-mill in England was built on this river by Sir John Spil­
man.

DA＇RTMOUTH, a borough and port town of Devonshire, on the
English channel, 192 miles from London. It has its name from be­
ing built at the mouth of the river Dart. It sends two members to
parliament.

DA＇RTON, or DA＇RTUS, Lat. the second or inner of the com­
mon coats, which immediately cover the testicles. This arises
from the membrana carnosa, and adheres to the tunica vaginalis by
many membranous fibres.

DA＇RWENT, a river, which rising in the Peak of Derbyshire,
runs from north to south through that county, and falls into the
Trent.

To DASH, subst. [the etymology of this word in any of its senses is
doubtful. Johnson. Some derive it of dash, Dan. a blow or stroke] 1.
To throw any thing suddenly against another. Dash a stone against a
stone. Bacon. A man that dashes his head against the stones, does not
act so unreasonably. Tillotson. 2. To obliterate a writing, to make a
stroke or line with a pen. To dash over this with a line, would de­
face the whole copy. Pope. 3. To break by collision.
They stand high, have many blasts to shake them,
And, if they fall, they dash themselves to pieces. Shakespeare.
As a stone that shall to pieces dash
All monarchies besides. Milton.
4. To throw water in flashes. Dashing water on them. Mor­
timer. 5. To bespatter, to besprinkle, to wet by dashing.
This tempest,
Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded the sudden breach
on＇t. Shakespeare.
6. To agitate any liquid so as to make the surface fly off.
The brushing oars and brazen prow,
Dash up the sandy waves, and ope the depths below.
Dryden.
7. To mingle, to alter by some small commixture.
Hight Whacum, bred to dash and draw,
Not wine, but more unpalatable law. Hudibras.
I take care to dash the character with particular circumstances. Ad­
dison. 8. To form or print in haste; carelessly.
Never was dash＇d out at one lucky hit,
A fool, so just a copy of a wit. Pope.

To DASH [some derive it of dræs, Sax. able to say nothing for
himself; others from duyselen, Du. to be giddy] to put out of coun­
tenance, to terrify, to make suddenly ashamed, to confound.
This annual humbling certain number＇d days,
To dash the pride and joy for man seduc＇d. Milton.
Dash＇d me with blushes. Dryden and Lee. To dash this cavil.
South.

To DASH, verb neut. 1. To fly off the surfaces. If the vessel be
stopped in its motion, the liquor continues its motion, and dashes over
the sides. Cheyne. 2. To fly in flashes with a loud noise.
The gushing waters play,
And down the rough cascade while dashing fall. Thomson.
3. To rush through water so as to make it fly.
Spurr＇d boldly on, and dash＇d thro＇ thick and thin. Dryden.

DASH, subst. [from the verb] 1. The act of striking one thing against
another; collision. The dash of clouds, or irritating war of fighting
winds. Thomson. 2. Small admixture, infusion. Innocence when
it has a dash of folly. Addison. 3. A mark with a pen, or line in print;
thus, ———, which notes a pause or omission. He is afraid of notes
and dashes, which set together signify nothing. Brown. All printed
trash is set off with numerous breaks and dashes. Swift. 4. Stroke,
blow.
Stand back, you lords, and give us leave a while,
———She takes upon her bravely at first dash. Shakespeare.

DASH, adv. an expression of the sound of water when it is fallen
down or is dashed.
Hark! the waters fall,
And with a murm＇ring sound
Dash, dash upon the ground,
To gentle slumber call. Dryden.

DA＇STARD, subst. [a dastriga, of dræs, Sax. abashed, and aerd,
nature] a coward or faint-hearted fellow, a man infamous for
fear.
Dastard and drunkard, mean and insolent,
Tongue-valiant hero, vaunter of thy might. Dryden.
Bugbear thoughts make children dastards, and afraid of the shadow of
darkness. Locke.

DASTARD, adj. or adjectively used, fearful, cowardly. Permitted
by our dastard nobles. Shakespeare. Dastard foes. Dryden. Curse
on their dastard souls. Addison.

To DASTARD, verb act. to terrify, to dispirit.
I＇m weary of this flesh which holds us here,
And dastards manly souls with hope and fear. Dryden.

To DA＇STARDISE, verb act. [of dastard] to render cowardly, to
depress, to render an habitual coward.
Blunt my sword in battle,
And dastardise my courage. Dryden.

DA＇STARDLY, adj. [of dastard] cowardly, faint-hearted, mean.
This way of brawl is a mark of a dastardly wretch. L＇Estrange.

DA＇STARDY, subst. [of dastard] cowardliness.

DASY＇MMA [δασυμμα, of δασυς, Gr. rough] superficial inequality
of the inward part of the eye-lids, accompanied with a redness. Such
is the account which AETIUS gives of it; who adds, that it is
distinguished from the trachoma, as the latter implies a greater de­
gree of roughness, and appears in the form of millet seeds, and is
attended with a sense of weight and pain.

DA＇TA [with mathematicians] things given, a term implying cer­
tain things or quantities supposed to be given or known, in order from
them to find out other things or quantities which are unknown or
sought for.

DA＇TARY of the Chancery of Rome [dataire, Fr. datario, It.] a chief
officer thro＇ whose hands most benefices pass.

DATE [Fr. data, It. and Sp. datum, Lat.] 1. That part of a writ­
ing or letter which expresses the day of the month and year, marked
generally at the beginning or end. 2. The time when any event
happened. 3. The time stipulated when a thing shall be done.
His days and times are past,
And my reliance on his fracted dates
Has smit my credit. Shakespeare.
My father＇s promise ties me not to time,
And bonds without a date they say are void. Dryden.
4. Conclusion, end.
What time would spare from steel receives its date;
And monuments, like men, submit to fate. Pope.
5. Duration, continuance.
New heav＇ns, new earth, ages of endless date,
Founded in righteousness. Milton.

To DATE, verb act. [dater, Fr. dato, Lat.] to set a date to a writ­
ing, to note the time when an event happened. ＇Tis all one, in
respect of eternal duration yet behind, whether we begin the world
so many millions of ages ago, or date from the late æra of 6000 years.
Bentley.
To all their dated backs he turns you round. Pope.

DA＇TED, part. of to date [date, Fr. datus, Lat. given or sent] hav­
ing the day of the month and year, &c.








DA＇TELESS, adj. having no fixed time or date.
The fly-slow hours shall not determinate
The dateless limit of thy dear exile. Shakespeare.

DATES [dacte date, Fr. datteri, It. datilos, Sp. dactyli, Lat. δακτυ­
λος, Gr.] the fruit of the date-tree. They call for dates and quinces
in the pastry. Shakespeare. Dates are esteemed moderately strength­
ening and astringent, but at present we make little use of them in En­
gland. The best for medicinal use are those of Tunis, and the coun­
try thereabouts. They are preserved three different ways; some
pressed and dry; others pressed more moderately; but the best are
those not pressed at all, only moistened with the juice of other
dates.

DA＇TE-TREE, subst. a species of palm which produces the dates.

DA＇TISI [in logic] one of the modes of syllogism, in the third
figure, wherein the major is an universal affirmative, and the minor
and conclusion particular affirmative propositions.
Da- All who serve God are happy;
Ti- But some who serve God are poor;
Si Therefore some who are poor are happy.

DA＇TIVE Case [datif, Fr. dativo, It. dativus, Lat. with gramma­
rians] the third of the six cases, used in actions of giving and restor­
ing, denoting the person to whom any thing is given, or to whose
profit or loss any thing is referred. In English the dative is expressed
by the signs to or for.

DATIVE Tutelage [in civil law] a tutelage of a minor appointed by
a magistrate. These are termed dative executors, who are appointed
such by the judge＇s decree, as administrators with us here in England.
Ayliffe.

DATIVE [in old law] that may be given or disposed of at plea­
sure.

To DAUB verb act. [dabber, Du. dauber, Fr. to cuff or bang,
also to banter. It is sometimes spelt dawb; but daub is better, as
coming nigher the original] 1. To besmear with something that
sticks. She took an ark of bulrushes and daubed it with slime. Exo­
dus. 2. To paint coarsely. Hasty daubing will spoil the picture. Ot­
way. A lame imperfect piece, rudely daubed over. Dryden. 3. To
cover a thing with somewhat specious or strong, so as to disguise what
it lies on.
So smooth he daub＇d his vice with shew of virtue,
He liv＇d from all attainder of suspect. Shakespeare.
4. To lay any thing on another gaudily and with ostentation. Better
be grac＇d with elegancy than daub＇d with cost. Bacon. Let him be
daub＇d with lace. Dryden. 5. To flatter grossly. Conscience will not
daub nor flatter. South.

DAUB yourself with honey and you＇ll never want flies. The Ger­
mans say; Wer sich zum shhaaf machet den fressen die woelfe. (He
who makes a sheep of himself, will be devoured by wolves.)

To DAUB, verb neut. To play the hypocrite. I cannot daub it fur­
ther. Shakespeare.

A DAU＇BER [of daub] a low painter, one that paints coarsely.
His picture had been drawn at length by the daubers. Dryden.
A sign-post dauber would disdain to paint
The one-ey＇d hero on his elephant. Dryden.

DAU＇BRY, subst. [of daub] an old word for any thing artful. She
works by charms, by spells, and such daubry is beyond our element.
Shakespeare.

DAU＇BY, adj. [of daub] viscous, adhesive.
Th＇ industrious kind
With dauby wax and flowers the chinks have lin＇d. Dryden.

A la DAUBE [in cookery] a particular way of dressing a leg of
veal. Fr.

DA＇VENTRY, a market town of Northamptonshire, 73 miles from
London, and in the great road from that city to Chester.

DAU＇GHTER [dohtor, Sax. daater and datter, Dan. dorter, Su. and
Run. dochter, Du. tochter, Ger. dauhtar, Goth.] 1. A female child,
the offspring of a man or woman, the correlative to father and mother.
Your wives, your daughters. Shakespeare. 2. A daughter in law, or
a son＇s wife. 3. A woman in general. Jacob went out to see the
daughters of the land. Genesis. 4. In poetry, any descendant. 5.
In the Romish church, the penitent of a confessor.
Are you at leisure, holy father, now;
Or shall I come to you at ev＇ning mass?
My leisure serves me, pensive daughter, now. Shakespeare.

Marry your son when you will, but your DAUGHTER when you can.
Because a daughter＇s reputation, if once sullied, is never to be re­
paired, and therefore it is prudent to prevent a slip, where a reasona­
ble opportunity offers, by a timely marriage, and not to trust too much
to the conduct of so weak a vessel; whereas on the other side, custom
has made the same frailty so venial in the male sex, that it is very
seldom so much as thought of, when their marriage is under conside­
ration.

St. DAVID＇S, a city and bishop＇s fee of Pembrokeshire, situated
near the Irish channel, 20 miles north-west of Pembroke.

St. DAVID＇S, is also the name of a town and fort on the coast of
Coromandel, in the Hither India, about 80 miles south of Fort St.
George.

St. DAVID＇S Day, the first day of March, observed by the Welsh
in honour of St. David, anciently bishop of Minevy in Wales, who
obtained a signal victory over the Saxons, they then wearing leeks in
their hats, as a mark of distinction, and their colours, which custom
is still observed.

DAVID＇s-Staff [with navigators] an instrument, consisting of two
triangles joined together, each having its base arched, and containing
a quadrant of 90 degrees between them in the circle of their bases; it
is now very rarely, if ever used.

DA＇VIDISTS [so called of one David George, a glasier or painter
of Ghent] an heretical sect about the year 1525, who were his ad­
herents. He declared that he himself was the true messiah, and that
he was sent to earth to fill heaven, which was quite empty for want
of people. He rejected marriage, denied the resurrection, and laughed
at self-denial, and held divers other errors.

DAVIS＇s Quadrant [with navigators] an instrument to take the
height of the sun at noon, standing with their backs towards it, to
avoid its glaring in their eyes. See QUADRANT.

DAVIS＇s Straits, run north-north-west from Cape Farewell, in 60°
north latitude, to Baffin＇s Bay, in 80° north latitude, separating Green­
land from North-America.

DA＇VIT [in a ship] a short piece of timber, having a notch at one
end, in which by a strap is hung a pulley to hale up the flook of an
anchor, and fasten it to the bow of a ship; also another belonging
to a boat, to which the buoy rope is brought in order to weigh the
anchor.

To DAUNT [of dompter, Fr. domito, Lat. to make tame] to frighten,
to put out of heart. Rumours loud that daunt remotest kings. Milton.
Some presences daunt and discourage us, when others raise us to a
brisk assurance. Glanville.

DA＇UNTED, pret. and part. of to daunt [dompte, Fr. domitus, Lat.
tamed] disheartened.

DA＇UNTLESS [of daunt] undaunted, not discouraged.
Put on
The dauntless spirit of resolution. Shakespeare.
Dauntless he rose, and to the fight return＇d. Dryden.
Dauntless conduct. Pope.

DA＇UNTLESSNESS [of dauntless] the state of being without fear or
discouragement.

DAU＇PHIN, the next heir to the crown of France, which is sup­
posed to have proceeded from the name of the Dauphins of Viennois,
who were sovereigns of the province of Dauphiné, in France, having
taken the dolphin for their arms; the last of those princes having no
issue, gave his dominions to the crown of France, upon condition that
the heir of the crown should be called Dauphin, and ever bear a dol­
phin for his arms. Fr.

DAUPHINE, or DAUPHINY, a province of France, bounded on
the north by Burgundy, on the east by Piedmont, on the south by
Provence, and on the west by the river Rhone, which separates it from
Languedoc and Lyonois.

DAWK, subst. a cant word among artificers, for a hollow or incision
in their stuff.

To DAWK, verb act. to mark with an incision, a word among ar­
tificers.

To DAWN [supposed by the etymologists to have been originally
to dayen, or advance towards day. Johnson. Perhaps of dazian, Sax.]
1. To begin to grow light, as the day does, Dawning day. Shake­
speare. As it began to dawn. St. Matthew.
Aurora dawn＇d and Phœbus shin＇d in vain. Pope.
2. To glimmer obscurely. From the first dawning of any notions in
his understanding. Locke. 3. To begin, tho＇ faintly; to give some
promise of lustre or eminence.
While we behold such dauntless worth appear
In dawning youth. Dryden.
Thy hand strikes out some free design,
When life awakes and dawns at ev＇ry line. Pope.

DAWN [from the verb] 1. The time between the first appearance
of light and the sun＇s rise. It is reckoned from the time that the sun
comes within 18° of the horizon. On to-morrow＇s dawn. Dryden.
2. Beginning, first rise. These tender circumstances diffuse a dawn of
serenity over the soul. Pope. The dawn of time. Thomson.

DA＇WNING, the beginning of the day. Dawnings of beams, and
promises of day. Prior.

DAY [dæg, Sax. dag, Dan. and Su. dagh, Du. tag, Ger. dia, Sp.
and Port. dies, Lat. daks, Goth.] 1. The time from noon to noon,
called the natural day.
How many hours bring about the day?
How many days will finish up the year? Shakespeare.
2. The time betwixt the sun＇s rising and setting, called the artificial
day, which is 12 hours, or the part that is light. Why stand ye
here all the day idle? St. Matthew. Day＇s work. Milton.
Of night impatient we demand the day;
The day arrives, then for the night we pray:
The night and day successive come and go,
Our lasting pains no interruption know. Blackmore.
3. Light, sunshine. Let us walk honestly, as in the day. Ro­
mans.
The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day;
Now spurs the lated traveller apace,
To gain the timely inn. Shakespeare.
Dawnings of beams, and promises of day. Prior.
4. Any time specified and distinguished from other time, an age; ge­
nerally in the plural.
The justest man and truest in his days. Spenser.
In these days one honest man is obliged to acquaint another. Pope.
At this time of day. Woodward. 5. Life; commonly in the plural.
He never in his days did a base thing; that is, during his whole life.
6. The day of contest, the contest or battle.
The noble Thanes do bravely in the war;
The day almost professes yours. Shakespeare.
His name struck fear, his conduct won the day. Roscommen.
7. An appointed or fixed time for any purpose.
My debtors do not keep their day. Dryden.
8. A day appointed for some commemoration.
The field of Agincourt,
Fought on the day of Crispin Crispianus Shakespeare.
9. From day to day, without certainty or continuance. Merit and
service doth oblige the Spaniard but from day to day. Bacon.

DAY, as to the beginning of the day, we, in England begin the
natural day at 12 o＇clock at night, which custom we seem to have
borrowed from the Egyptians, or Romans, who began it at that time.
The Jews begin their religious natural day at sun-set, and thus do the
Italians, Bohemians, and Polanders. The Jews, Chaldeans, and
Babylonians began their day at sun-rising, and so do the Persians;
but the Arabians from noon. The first observation here made on the
commencement of the Jews day, will serve to explain that phraseology
which so often occurs in the Mosaic account of the creation. “And
the evening and the morning were the first day.” And so on to the
seventh. Gen. c. i. v. 3. &c.

Natural Day, is the space of 24 hours, taken up by the sun in go­
ing round the earth, or by the earth in turning on its own axis.








Artificial DAY, is the space of time from the rising to the setting of
the sun, in opposition to night, which is the space of time that the sun
is under the horizon.

Civil DAY differs from the natural only in its beginning, which is
various according to the custom of nations. The Jews and Athenians
begin their day at sun setting, and the Babylonians at sun-rising, the
Umbri at noon, and the Egyptians at midnight.

DAY Civil or Political, is divided into the following parts: 1. Af­
ter midnight. 2. At the cock＇s crow. 3. The space between the first
cock＇s crow and break of day. 4. The dawn of the morning. 5.
Morning. 6. Noon or mid-day. 7. The afternoon. 8. The sun­
set. 9. Twilight. 10. The evening. 11. Candle time. 12. Bed-time.
13. The dead of the night.

DAY [in law] signifies sometimes the day of appearance in court,
and sometimes the return of writs.
One may see DAY at a little hole.
A little light may give a man great insight into things.
The longest DAY must have an end.
Or, as the French say: Il n＇est si grand jour que ne vienne a vépre. (Be
the day never so long, at length cometh even-song.)
This saying is or may be used upon any occasion when we would
signify that a thing or subject we are speaking of will have an end.

DAY-NET [with fowlers] a net for taking larks, buntings, martins,
hobbies, or any other birds that play in the air, and will stoop, either
to stale, prey, &c.

To be dismissed without DAY [a law term] is to be absolutely dis­
charged the court.

To have a DAY by the Roll [a law term] to have a day of appear­
ance assigned.

DAYS-MAN. 1. A labourer who works by the day. 2. An arbitra­
tor, mediator, umpire or judge. Ainsworth. Perhaps rather surety.
Johnson.
What art thou
That mak＇st thyself his days-man, to prolong
The vengeance prest. Spenser.
Neither is there any days-man betwixt us, that might lay his hand
upon us both. Job.

To-DAY, adv. on this day. To-day if ye will hear his voice.
Psalms.
The past is all by death possest,
And frugal fate that guards the rest,
By giving bids us live to-day. Fenton.
To-DAY me, to-morrow thee.
Lat. Hodie mihi, cras tibi.
The Latin inscription is generally placed under skeletons, or the re­
presentations of them, to signify what we must all come to. But the
English proverb is more used when any one in power insults us, or
does us wrong, to give him thereby to understand that our turn will
come. As we say in another proverb: Every dog has his day. It is
likewise used when persons or parties get authority by turns. The
Latins likewise say: Nunc mihi, nunc tibi, benigna. (sc. Fortuna.)
The Germans, as we: Heute mir, morgen dir.
To DAY a man, to morrow a mouse.
The French say: Aujourd＇hui roi, demain rien. (To-day a king, to­
morrow nothing.) Fortune is sickle, and the change we see in the
world very unaccountable.

To burn (or rather consume) DAY-Light, to trifle or fool away the
time.

DAY-BED [of day and bed] a bed for ease and idleness in the day­
time. Having come down from a day-bed, where I have left Olivia
sleeping. Sidney.

DAY-BOOK [of day and book] a tradesman＇s book, in which all his
occurrences of the day are set down, a journal.

DA＇YBREAK [of day and break] the dawn, the first appearance of
daylight.
I watch＇d the early glories of her eyes,
As men for daybreak watch the eastern skies. Dryden.

DAY-LA＇BOUR [of day and labour] labour by the day, daily task.
Doth God exact day-labour, light deny＇d. Milton.

DAY-LA＇BOURER [of day-labour] one that works by the day.
His shadowy flail hath thresh＇d the corn,
That ten day-labourers could not end. Milton.

DA＇YLIGHT [of day and light] the light of the day.
The drooping daylight ＇gan to fade,
And yield his room to sad succeeding night. Spenser.
Will you murther a man in plain daylight? Dryden.

DA＇YLILY, the same with asphodil.

DA＇YSPRING [of day and spring] the dawn, the rise of the day.
The breath of heav＇n fresh-blowing pure and sweet,
With dayspring born, here leave me to respire. Milton.

DA＇YSTAR [of day and star] the morning star.
So sinks the daystar in the ocean bed,
And yet anon repairs his drooping head. Milton.

DA＇YTIME [of day and time] the time in which there is light; op­
posed to night. In the daytime she sitteth in a watch-tower, and flieth
most by night. Bacon. Keep it under ground in the daytime. Addison.

DAY Werg of Land [among the ancients] as much land as could be
ploughed up in one day＇s work; or, as it is still called by the farmers,
one journey.

DA＇YWORK [of day and work] day-labour.
True labour in the vineyard of thy Lord,
E＇er prime, thou hast th＇ imposed day-work done. Fairfax.

DAYS [in bank] are days set apart by statute or order of the court,
when writs are to be returned, or when the party shall appear upon
the writ served.

DAYS of Grace [in commerce] are three days after the time a bill
becomes due; as, if a bill be to be paid 10 days after sight, it is not
to be paid till 13 days, allowing the 3 days of grace.

A DAY＇s Journey [in scripture] is accounted 33 miles, 172 paces
and 4 feet.

A Sabbath DAY＇s Journey [in Scripture] is 600 paces.

DAZE, a sort of glittering stone found in the tin or lead mines.

To DAZE, verb act. [dyæs, Sax.] to overpower with sudden light.
They smote the glittering armies as they stand
With quiv＇ring beams, which daz＇d the wond＇ring eye. Fairfax.
Poor human kind, all daz＇d in open day,
Err after bliss, and blindly miss their way. Dryden.

A DA＇ZED Look, an astonished look.

DAZED Palled, as dazed bread, i. e. dough baked,

DAZED Meat, palled by roasting at a slack fire.

DA＇ZIED, rather DASIED. See DAISY.
Let us
Find out the prettiest dazied plot we can,
And make him a grave. Shakespeare.

To DA＇ZZLE, verb act. [probably of düyselen, Du.] See to DAZE.
1. To offend the sight with too much light.
They rather dazzle mens eyes than open them. Bacon.
Now they dazzled are, now clearly see. Davies.
A dazzling expression serves only to damage them, and eclipse their
beauty. Pope. 2. To strike or surprize with splendor.
Those heav＇nly shapes
Will dazzle now this earthly, with their blaze
Insufferably bright. Milton.
Ah friend! to dazzle let the vain design,
To raise the thought or touch the heart be thine. Pope.

To DAZZLE, verb neut. to be overpowered with light, to lose the
power of seeing.
Thy sight is young,
And thou shalt read, when mine begins to dazzle. Shakespeare.
An oversight maketh the eyes dazzle. Bacon.

D. B. An abbreviation of batchelor of divinity.

DE, is a Latin preposition of a great many English words, and fig­
nifies from. It sometimes likewise extends the sense of words.

DEA＇CINATED [deacinatus, of dé, and acinus, Lat. a kernel] clean­
sed from the kernels.

DE＇ACON [diacre, Fr. diacono, It. Sp. and Port. diaconus, Lat. of
διακονος, of διακονεω, Gr. to minister or serve] a minister or servant in
the church, of the lowest order of the clergy, whose office is to assist the
priest in divine service, and the distribution of the holy sacrament, to
instruct youth in the catechism, &c. The constitutions that the apo­
stles made concerning deacons are urged by the disciplinarians. Bp. San­
derson.

DE＇ACONESS [from deacon; in the primitive church] a woman of
probity, gravity, and piety, who was chosen to assist those of her own
sex in religious concerns.

DE＇ACONSHIP [of deacon and ship, an English termination for of­
fice] the office or dignity of a deacon.

DEAD [irreg. part. pass. of to die] See To DIE.

DEAD, adj. [dead, Sax. doodt, Du. todt, Ger. dood, Dan. doed,
Su.] 1. Being without life, inanimate.
All, all but truth drops dead-born from the press,
Like the last gazette or the last address. Pope.
2. Deprived of life.
She either from her hopeless lover fled,
Or with disdainful glances shot him dead. Dryden.
3. With of before the cause of death. The crew all except himself
were dead of hunger. Arbuthnot. 4. Imitating death, senseless, mo­
tionless. The chariot and horse are cast into a dead sleep. Psalms.
Procuring dead sleeps. Bacon. 5. Unactive. According to the quick
vent or abundance, or the dead sale or scarcity. Carew. Dead calms
are in the ocean. Dryden and Lee. The dead weight of unemployed
time. Locke. 6. Empty, vacant. It seemeth to the eye a shorter di­
stance of way, if it be all dead and continued, than if it have trees or
buildings. Bacon. Nought but a blank remains, and a dead void
space. Dryden. 7. Useless, unprofitable. Commodities lay dead
upon their hands for want of vent. Bacon. To let so glorious an attri­
bute lay dead and useless by him. Addison. 8. Dull, gloomy, unem­
ployed. They came in the dead winter to Aleppo. Knolles. A spot
covered with trees gives us a view of the most gay season in the midst
of that which is the most dead and melancholy. Addison. 9. Still, ob­
scure. The dead darkness of the night. Hayward. 10. Having no
resemblance of life. I must touch the same features over again, and
change the dead colouring of the whole. Dryden. 11. Obtuse, not
sprightly; used of sounds. The bell seemed to sound more dead than
it did. Boyle. 12. Dull, not affecting. How cold and dead does a
prayer appear, that is composed in the most elegant forms of speech,
when it is not heightened by solemnity of phrase from the sacred scrip­
tures. Addison. 13. Tasteless, vapid. Spoken of liquors; as, dead
wine. 14. Uninhabited. Left under dead walls and dry ditches. Ar­
buthnot. 15. Without the natural force; as, a dead fire. 16. Not
having the power of vegetation; as, a dead tree or branch. 17. (A­
mong divines) the state of spiritual death, lying under the power of sin.
You hath he quickened who were dead in trespasses. Ephesians.

The DEAD, subst. dead men.
The dead inspir＇d with vital life again. Dryden.
The dead shall rise and live again. Locke.
The last trumpet wakes the lazy dead. Smith.

DEAD, subst. the time in which there is remarkable stillness, as at
midnight. The dead of winter. South. Dead of night. Dryden.

To DEAD, verb neut. [from the noun] to lose its force. Iron, as
soon as it is out of the fire, deadeth straightwise. Bacon.

To DEAD, or To DEA＇DEN, verb act. 1. To deprive of any force or
sensation. The sound may be extinguished or deaded. Bacon. The
tympanum must be stretched, otherwise the laxness of that membrane
will dead and damp the sound. Holder. That activity which is natu­
ral to the human soul, it is not in the power of sleep to deaden or abate.
Spectator. 2. To make vapid; as liquor. The beer or the wine have
not been palled or deaded. Bacon.

DEAD-DOING, part. adj. [of dead and do] destructive, having the
power to kill, or make dead. Hold, dear Lord, your dead-doing hand.
Spenser.
They never care how many others
They kill, without regard to mothers,
Or wives or children, so they can
Make up some fierce dead-doing man. Hudibras.

DEAD-LIFT [of dead and lift] hopeless exigency.
Have no power at all, nor shift,
To help itself at a dead-lift. Hudibras.
Who gives away his goods before he is DEAD,
Take a beetle and knock him on the head.







The Italians say: Chi ca il suo inanzi morire, s＇apparechia assai pa­
tire. (Goes the way to suffer sufficiently himself.)
At a certain city of Saxony (if I mistake not, Wittemberg) is to be
seen, hanging over one of the gates of the city, a large club, and un­
der it an inscription to this purpose, of which they give the following
relation: A wealthy inhabitant of that city, having divided his estate
among his children, and put them in possession of it in his life-time;
was afterwards reduced to extreme poverty, and his own children
were so far from being grateful, that they refused him the very bare
supports of life, and obliged him to ask charity elsewhere. He lived
to be again master of a plentiful fortune, which he bequeathed to the
public for charitable uses, on condition to have this warning exposed to
public view forever. The Scots tell much the same story of one John Bell.
As DEAD as a door-nail. Or,
As DEAD as a herring.
Why a door-nail in the former more than any other is not easily de­
termined. The latter saying is taken from the suddenness of this fish＇s
dying after it is out of water, insomuch that there is no possibility of
bringing it to market alive.

DEAD Mens Eyes [in a ship] small blocks or pullies, having many
holes, but no shivers, on which the lanniers run.

DEAD Cargo, what a ship wants of her full loading.

DEAD Freight, the freight a ship loses for want of being full, or the
freight paid by the merchant, by agreement, tho＇ he has not sent his
full complement of goods on board.

DEAD Lights [in a ship] the shutters for the cabbin-windows, gene­
rally put up, or in most ships rather let down in a storm.

DEAD Men, empty pots or bottles on a tavern or alehouse table.
A low cant phrase among toapers

DEAD Neap [with mariners] a low tide.

DEAD Nettle, the herb archangel.

DEAD Pledge, a mortgage or pawning things for ever, if the money
borrowed be not paid at the time agreed on.

DEAD Reckoning [with navigators] is that estimation, judgment, or
reckoning, that they make where the ship is, by keeping an account
of her way by the log, by knowing the course they have steered by the
compass, by rectifying all with allowance for drift, lee-way, &c. ac­
cording to the ship＇s trim: So that this reckoning is without any obser­
vation of sun, moon, or stars; and it is to be rectified as often as any
good observation can be had.

DEAD Rising [with sailors] that part of the ship that lies aft, be­
tween her keel and her floor-timbers.

DEAD Ropes [of a ship] those ropes which do not run in any block
or pulleys.

DEAD Tops [in husbandry] a disease in trees.

DEAD Water [with mariners] is the eddy water that is next behind
the stern of the ship, which is so termed, because it does not pass away
so swiftly, as that water does that runs by her sides; so that when a ship
has a great eddy following her stern, they say, she makes much dead water.

To DEA＇DEN [of dead, Sax.] to take away from the force of a
weight, blow, &c.

DEA＇DLY, adj. [of deadlic, Sax.] 1. Causing death, destructive,
murtherous.
As if that name,
Shot from the deadly level of a gun,
Did murther her. Shakespeare.
Dry mourning will decay more deadly bring,
As a north wind burns a too forward spring. Dryden.
2. Mortal, implacable. The Numidians are deadly enemies unto the
Turks. Knolles.

DEADLY Feud [in law] is an unappeasable hatred, which proceeds
so far as to seek revenge, even by the death of the adversary.

DEADLY, adv. 1. In a manner resembling one dead.
Star＇d each on other, and look＇d deadly pale. Shakespeare.
Ask＇d him why he look＇d so deadly wan. Dryden.
2. Mortally. The groanings of a deadly wounded man. Ezekiel. 3.
Implacably, destructively. 4. Sometimes in a ludicrous sense, only
to enforce the signification of a word.
Mettled schoolboys set to cuff,
Will not confess they have done enough,
Tho＇ deadly weary. Orrery.
Lewis was deadly cunning. Arbuthnot.

DEA＇DNESS [of dead] 1. Want of warmth, want of affection. His
grace removes the desert of inclination, by taking off our natural dead­
ness and disaffection. Rogers. 2. Weakness of the vital powers, inac­
tivity of the spirits.
Your gloomy eyes betray a deadness,
And inward languishing. Dryden and Lee.
3. Vapidness, loss of spirit. Spoken of liquors. Deadness or flatness of
cyder. Mortimer.

DEADS [in the tin mines] such parcels of common earth as lie above
the shelves, which usually contain the shoad.

DEAF [deaf, Sax. docf, Su. doof, Du. taub, Ger. doosre, Dan.]
1. Not having the sense of hearing. The deaf and dumb are dumb
only by consequence of their want of hearing. Holder.
If any sins afflict our life,
With that prime ill, a talking wife,
Till death shall bring the kind relief,
We must be patient or be deaf. Prior.
2. With to before the thing that ought to be heard. I will be deaf to
pleading and excuses. Shakespeare.
Deaf to her fondest call. Roscommon.
Deaf to the rumour of fallacious same. Pope.
3. Deprived of the power of hearing.
Deaf with the noise I took my hasty flight. Dryden.
4. Obscurely heard.
Nor silence is within, nor voice express,
But a deaf noise of sounds that never cease,
Confus＇d and chiding like the hollow roar
Of tides receding from th＇ insulted shoar. Dryden.
None so DEAF as he who will not hear.
Spanish; No ay peor sórdo que el que no quiere oyr.

To DEAF, verb act. to deprive of the power of hearing.
Hearing hath deaf＇d our sailors. Donne.
Flutt＇ring round his temples, deafs his ears. Dryden.

To DEA＇FEN, verb act. [deafman, Sax. doofen, Du. doeben, L.
Ger. taenben, H. Ger.] to make deaf, to deprive of the power of
hearing.
Exclaiming loud
For justice, deasens and disturbs the crowd. Dryden.
From shouting men, and horns, and dogs he flies,
Deafen＇d and stunn＇d with their promiscuous cries. Addison.

DEA＇FISH, something hard of hearing.

DEA＇FLY, adv. [from deaf] 1. In a manner hard to be heard.
2. Without sense of sounds.

DEA＇FNESS [deafnesse, Sax.] 1. Hardness or want of the sense of
hearing. Those who are deaf and dumb, are dumb by consequence
from their deafness. Holder. 2. Unwillingness to hear. I found such
a deafness, that no declaration from the bishops could take place. K.
Charles.

DEAFFO＇RESTED, part. [in law books] being discharged from be­
ing forest, or freed and exempted from forest laws.

DEAL, subst. [dæl, Sax. deel, L. Ger. Dan. and Su. theil, H. Ger.
dail, Goth.] 1. A part. A great deal of that which had been was now
to be removed. Hooker. 2. Quantity, degree of more or less. It is a
general word for expressing much joined with the word great. Store of
matter fitter and better a great deal for teachers. Hooker. A deep de­
sign, not to be carried on without a great deal of artifice. Addi­
son. 3. The giving or dividing of the cards. The deal, the shuffle,
and the cut. Swift. 4. (deyle, Du.) fir-wood; as, a piece of deal.
Boyle.

To DEAL, irreg. verb act. [dælan, Sax. deylen, Du. deelen, L. Ger.
theilen, H. Ger. decla, Su.] 1. To divide or portion out to disse­
rent persons. Deal thy bread to the hungry. Proverbs. Their por­
tion of knowledge is dealt to mankind. Addison. 2. To scatter, to
throw about. Hissing thro＇ the skies the feather＇d deaths were dealt.
Dryden. 3. To give gradually.
The mighty mallet deals resounding blows,
Till the proud battlements her towers inclose. Gay.

To DEAL, verb neut. 1. To trade, to traffic. 2. To act between
two persons. He that dealeth between man and man raiseth his own
credit with both. Bacon. 3. To behave well or ill in any transaction.
If he will deal clearly and impartially, he will acknowledge all this.
Tillotson. 4. To act in any manner in general.
Foes to my rest, and my sweet sleep＇s disturbers,
Are they that I would have thee deal upon. Shakespeare.
5. To deal by, to treat well or ill. Such an one deals not fairly by his
mind. Locke. 6. To deal in, to be engaged in, to practise. Plain­
dealing in denying to deal in suits is honourable. Bacon. None draw
upon themselves more displeasure than those authors that deal in politi­
cal matters. Addison. 7. To deal with, to treat in any manner either
well or ill. Not wronged nor hardly dealt with. Spenser.
Will they not deal
Worse with his followers, than with him they dealt? Milton.
With the freedom of a friend, dealing plainly with me. Pope. 8. To
deal with, to contend with. If she hated me, I should know what
passion to deal with. Sidney. The people easy to be dealt with, whilst
they stand in fear. Hayward.

DEALT [irreg. pret. and part. pass. of to deal.] See To DEAL.

To DEA＇LBATE [dealbatum, sup. of dealbo, from de, and albus,
Lat. white] to whiten, to make white.

DEALBA＇TION, Lat. act of whitening or making white. A word
now almost obsolete. Brown uses it.

DEA＇LER [dælan, Sax. to divide] 1. A trader, buyer or seller.
Where fraud is permitted or connived at, the honest dealer is always
undone. Swift. 2. One that has to do with any thing. Small dealers
in wit and learning give themselves a title from their first adventure.
Swift. 3. One who deals or distriqutes cards.

DEA＇LING, subst. [from deal; dæling, Sax.] 1. Trade, traffic. The
doctor must be rich, he had great dealings in his way. Swift. 2. Prac­
tice, action. The dealings of men who administer government. Hooker.
He must write a story of the empire, that means to tell of all their
dealings in this kind. Raleigh. 3. Intercourse. Men would promote
it in all their private dealings. Addison. 2. Measure of treatment,
rules by which one treats another. God＇s gracious dealings with men.
Hammond.

DEALS, fir-boards or planks. See 4th sense of DEAL.

DEAMBULA＇TION [deambulatio, Lat.] the act of walking abroad.

A DEA＇MBULATORY [deambulatorium, Lat.] a gallery or place to
walk in.

DEA＇MBULATORY [deambulatorius, Lat.] walking about, change­
able or moveable, relating to the practice of walking abroad.

DEAME＇NA [with the romans] a goddess supposed to preside over
menstruous women.

DEAN [Sp. doyen, Fr. decano, It. decanus, Lat. διακωνος, Gr.] a
dignified clergyman, who is next under the bishop and chief of the
chapter in a cathedral or collegiate church; as, dean of York, of Lin­
coln, of St. Paul＇s, of Westminster. From the Greek, δεκα, ten; be­
cause he was anciently set over ten canons, or prebendaries at least, in
some cathedral church. Ayliffe. As there are two foundations of cathe­
dral churches in England, the old and the new (the new are those
which Henry VIII. upon suppression of abbeys, transformed from ab­
bot or prior and convent to dean and chapter) for those of the old foun­
dation are brought to their dignity much like bishops, the king first
sending out his congé d＇elire to the chapter, the chapter then chusing,
the king then yielding his royal assent, and the bishop confirming
them, and giving his mandate to instal them. Those of the new foun­
dation are installed by virtue of the king＇s letters patent, without elec­
tion or confirmation. This word is also applied to the chief of certain
peculiar churches or chapels; as, the dean of the king＇s chapel, the dean
of the arches, the dean of St. George＇s chapel at Windsor, and the dean
of Bocking in Essex. Cowel. The dean and canons or prebends of ca­
thedral churches, in their first institution, were not only to be of coun­
sel with the bishop for his revenue, but chiefly for his government in
causes ecclesiastical. Bacon.

DEAN and CHAPTER, a spiritual body corporate, consisting of many
able persons, as the dean and his prebendaries.

Rural DEAN, a curate appointed by the bishop and archdeacon to
have jurisdiction over other ministers and parishes, adjoining to his own.

DEA＇NRY [diaconric, Sax.] 1. The office or jurisdiction of a dean.







He could no longer keep the deanry of the chapel royal. Clarendon.
2. The revenue of a dean.
Put both deans in one; or if that＇s too much trouble,
Instead of the deans, make the deanry double. Swift.
3. The house of a dean. Away with her to the deanry. Shakespeare.

DEA＇NSHIP [of diacon and scip, Sax. diaconatus, Lat.] the office
or dignity of a dean.

DEAN＇s Apple, a fruit much esteemed in Devonshire.

DEAN＇s Pear, the Michael pear.

DEAR, adj. [deor, dior or dyr, of diran, Sax. to account dear to
himself; dyr, Dan. and Su. dier, Du. duer, L. Ger. theuer, H. Ger.]
1. Valuable, precious, costing a great price.
What made directors cheat the South-sea year?
To feed on ven＇son when it sold so dear. Pope.
2. Beloved, favourite.
He loves me and he holds me dear. Shakespeare.
The dear, dear name, she bathes in flowing tears,
Hangs o＇er the tomb. Addison.
3. Scarce, not plentiful; as, a dear year. 4. It seems sometimes to
be used for drear, sad, hateful, grievous.
Let us return,
And strain what other means is left unto us,
In our dear peril. Shakespeare.
Would I had met my dearest foe in heav＇n,
Or ever I had seen that day. Shakespeare.

DEAR, subst. a word of endearment.
That kiss
I carried from thee, dear. Shakespeare.
See, my dear,
How lavish nature has adorn＇d the year. Dryden.

DEA＇RBOUGHT, adj. [of dear and bought] purchased at a high rate.
Forget not what my ransom cost,
Nor let my dearbought soul be lost. Roscommon.

DEAR Joys, a nick name given to Irishmen. A cant phrase.

DEA＇RLING, subst. [now written darling] a favourite.
Hercules and Hebe, and the rest
Of Venus＇ dearlings, through her bounty blest. Spenser.

DEA＇RLY, adv. [from dear] 1. Tenderly, passionately, with great
fondness. He loved her dearly. Wotton. 2. At a high price. It was
rarely bought, and then also bought dearly enough with such a fine.
Bacon. Turnus shall dearly pay for faith forsworn. Dryden.

To DEARN [dyrnan, Sax.] to hide, to mend a hole in cloaths by
imitating the texture thereof. See To DARN.

DEA＇RNESS [of deornesse, Sax.] 1. Costliness, scarcity, high
price. The dearness of corn. Swift. 2. Fondness, kindness. My
brother holds you well, and in dearness of heart hath holp to effect your
ensuing marriage. Shakespeare. The great dearness of friendship be­
tween them. Bacon.

DEA＇RNLY, adv. [deorn, Sax.] secretly, unseen. Now obsolete.
They heard a rueful voice that dearnly cry＇d,
With piercing shrieks. Spenser.

DEARTH [of deorth, Sax. dierte, Du. duerte, O. Ger. theurung,
H. Ger.] 1. Great scarcity of food. In times of dearth it drained
much coin to furnish us with corn. Bacon. Terrible years of dearth
of corn. Swift. 2. Want, famine.
Pity the dearth that I have pin＇d in,
By longing for that food so long a time. Shakespeare.
Of every tree that in the garden grows,
Eat freely with glad heart, fear here no dearth. Milton.
3. Barrenness. Dearth of plot and narrowness of imagination may be
observed in all their plays. Dryden.

To DEARTI＇CULATE, verb act. [dearticulatum, sup. of dearticulo,
from de, and articulus, Lat. a joint] to disjoint, to dismember.

DEARTICULA＇TION. See DIARTHRO＇SIS.

To DEA＇RTATE [deartuatum, of de, and artus, Lat. a joint] to dis­
joint, quarter or cut in pieces; to dismember.

DEATH [death, Sax. doodt, Du. todt, Ger. dood, Dan. doed, Su.]
1. A privation of life, which is considered in the separation of the soul
from the body.
Death, a necessary end,
Will come, when it will come. Shakespeare.
From the first moment of his vital breath,
To his last hour of unrepenting death. Dryden.
2. Mortality, destruction.
Traffic with Macbeth,
In riddles and affairs of death. Shakespeare.
3. The state of the dead.
In swinish sleep
Their drenched natures lie as in a death. Shakespeare.
4. The manner of dying. Thou shalt die the deaths of them that are
slain in the midst of the seas. Ezekiel. 5. The image of mortality re­
presented by a skeleton. I had rather be married to a death＇s head
with a bone in his mouth, than to either. Shakespeare.
If I gaze now, ＇tis but to see,
What manner of death＇s head twill be,
When it is free
From that fresh upper skin,
The gazer＇s joy and sin. Suckling.
6. Murder. Not to suffer a man of death to live. Bacon. 7. Causes
of death. There is death in the pot. 2 Kings. He caught his death
the last county sessions. Addison. 8. Destroyer. All the endeavours
Achilles used to meet with Hector, and be the death of him, is the in­
trigue which comprehends the last day＇s battle. Pope. 9. (In poetry)
the instrument of death. Deaths invisible come wing＇d with fire. Dry­
den. The clam＇rous plovers feel the leaden death. Pope. 10. (Among
divines) damnation, eternal torments. Keep us from all sin and
wickedness, from our ghostly enemy, and from everlasting death.
Church Catechism.
DEATH keeps no calendar.
That is, comes at all times, and has no regard to days, seasons or
ages; or, as another proverb has it: Death, when it comes, will have
no denial.
DEATH defies the physician.
That is, when death comes, it is not all the skill of physicians, or
power of medicines, that can avail. The Latins say: Contra vim
mortis non est medicamen in hortis. The Germans: Für den todt ist
kein kraut gewachsen; or, Wider des codes kraft hifft keines krautes
safft.
Death is painted as a skeleton, with wings, and a scythe in his
hand.

DEATH was likewise a deity among the ancients (the daughter of
sleep and night) and was by them represented in the same manner,
with the addition only of a long black robe embroidered with stars.

DEATH [with physicians] is defined a total stoppage of the circula­
tion of the blood, and the cessation of the animal and vital functions,
which follow thereupon, as respiration, sensation, &c.

DEA＇THBED [of death and bed] the bed in which a man is confined
by mortal sickness.
Take heed of perjury,
Thou art on thy death-bed. Shakespeare.
Then round our death-bed every friend should run. Dryden.

DEA＇THFUL [of death and full] full of slaughter, destructive. Your
cruelty was such as you would spare his life for many deathful torments.
Sidney.
Blood, death, and deathful deeds in that noise,
Ruin, destruction at the utmost point. Milton.
The deathful scene, princes on princes roll＇d. Pope.

DEA＇THLESS [deathlear, Sax.] immortal, everlasting. God hath
only immortality, tho＇ angels and human souls be deathless. Boyle.
Deathless laurel is the victor＇s due. Dryden.

DEA＇THLIKE [of death and like] resembling death either in its hor­
rors or quietness, gloomy, calm.
Why dost thou let thy brave soul lie supprest
In deathlike slumbers? Crashaw.
A deathlike sleep!
A gentle wasting to immortal life. Milton.
Black melancholy sits, and round her throws
A deathlike slumber, and a dread repose. Pope.

DEATH＇S-DOOR [of death and door] a near approach to death, the
gates of death. Now a low phrase. Afflicted to death＇s-door with a
vomiting. Taylor.

DEA＇THSMAN [of death and man] executioner, headsman. As,
deathsmen, you have rid this sweet young prince. Shakespeare.

DEA＇THWATCH [of death and watch] a small insect.
Mr. Allen, in the Philosophical Transactions, relates, that it is a
small insect or beetle 5 16tlis of an inch long, of a dark brown colour,
spotted; having pellucid wings under the vagina, a large cap or hel­
met on the head, and two antennæ proceeding from beneath the eyes,
and doing the office of proboscides. The part it beats withal, as he
observ＇d, was the extreme edge of the face, which he calls the upper
lip, the mouth being protracted by this bony part, and lying under­
neath out of view. Mr. Derham confirms this account; but that in­
stead of ticking with the upper lip, he observed the insect to draw its
mouth back and beat with its forehead. He had two, a male and a
female, which he kept alive in a box several months, and could bring
one of them to beat when he would, by imitating its beating. By his
ticking noise, he would frequently invite the male to get upon the
other in way of coition, and thence he concludes that ticking or pulsa­
tion to be the way that these insects woo one another.
There is also another of these ticking insects, different from the first,
which will beat some hours together without intermission, and his
strokes are more leisurely and like those of a watch, whereas the former
only beats 6 or 8 strokes and leaves off. This latter is a small grey
insect, much like a louse, and is very common in all parts of the house
in the summer months. It is very nimble in running to shelter, and
shy of beating when disturbed. The ticking of this, as well as the other, he judges to be the wooing act. The tinkling noise of this in­
sect is superstitiously imagined to prognosticate death. The solemn
death-watch click＇d the hour she dy＇d. Gay.

To DEA＇URATE [deauratum, of de, and aurum, Lat. gold] to gild
or lay over with gold.

DEAURA＇TION [with apothecaries] the gilding of pills over.

DEBACCHA＇TION [debacchatio, Lat.] a raging or madness.

To DEBA＇R [probably of debarrer, Fr. is to unbar, or take
away a bar, and consequently the reverse of the English] to shut out,
to keep from, to hinder. Countries debarred from all commerce by
unpassable mountains. Raleigh.
To debar us when we need
Refreshment. Milton.
Debarring us of our wishes. Swift.

To DEBA＇RB, verb act. [of de, and barba, Lat. the beard] to de­
prive of one＇s beard.

DEBA＇RBED, part. [debarbatus, Lat.] having the beard cut or pulled
off.

To DEBA＇RK [of debarque, Fr. sbarcare, It.] to disembark.

DEBA＇RRED, part. of to debar [of debarre, Fr.] hindered or kept
from.

To DEBA＇SE [abbaiser, Fr. abbassare, It. or from base] 1. To
bring down, to humble, to reduce from a higher to a lower state. Plea­
sure and sensuality debase men into beasts. Broome. 2. To make mean
or despicable, to disparage. To debase religion with such frivolous
disputes. Hooker. Not debase himself to the management of every trifle.
Dryden. 3. To sink, to corrupt with meanness. Not letting his sub­
ject debase his stiie, and betray him into a meanness of expression. Ad­
dison. 4. To make coin of a metal mixed with a baser or too much
alloy. The coin was much adulterated and debased. Hale.
Words so debas＇d and hard, no stone
Was hard enough to touch them on. Hudibras.

DEBA＇SEMENT [abbaissement, Fr. or from debase] the act of deba­
sing. A wretched debasement of that sprightly faculty the tongue, thus
to be made the interpreter to a goat. Government of the Tongue.

DEBA＇SER [of debase] he that debases or adulterates.

DEBA＇TABLE [of debate] that may be disputed. The debatable
ground restored. Hayward.

DEBA＇TE [débat, Fr.] 1. A personal dispute. Their opinion in
debate. Locke. Not to furnish the tongue with debate and controversy.
Watts. 2. A quarrel, strife, contest. This debate that bleedeth at
our doors. Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate. Dryden.

To DEBA＇TE, verb act. [debâtre, Fr. debatìr, Sp.] to dispute, to
controvert a matter. Debate thy cause with thy neighbour himself.







Proverbs. He could not debate any thing without some commotion.
Clarendon.

To DEBATE, verb neut. 1. To deliberate; with ou or upon.
Your several suits
Have been consider＇d and debated on. Shakespeare.
2. To dispute. That great foul debating upon the subject of life and
death. Tatler. 3. To argue deliberately on a matter.

DEBA＇TEFUL, adj. [from debate] 1. Contentious; spoken of per­
sons. 2. Contested, occasioning quarrels; spoken of things.

DEBA＇TEMENT [of debate] contest, controversy. Without debate­
ment further. Shakespeare.

DEBAU＇CH [debauche, Fr.] riotousness, banquetting, drunkenness,
lewdness. He will for some time contain himself within the bounds of
sobriety, till he recovers his former debauch. Calamy.
The first physicians by debauch were made,
Excess began, and sloth sustains the trade. Dryden.

To DEBAU＇CH [debaucher, Fr.] 1. To corrupt a person＇s manners;
to mar or spoil. To debauch a king, to break his laws. Dryden. 2.
To corrupt with lewdness.
Men so disorder＇d, so debauch＇d and bold,
That this our court, infected with their manners,
Shews like a riotous inn. Shakespeare.
3. To corrupt by intemperance. To debauch himself by intemperance.
Tillotson. 4. To seduce and violate a woman.

DEBAU＇CHED, part. of to debauch [debauche, Fr.] lewd, inconti­
nent.

A DEBAUCHE＇E [debauché, Fr.] a riotous person, a lecher, a drun­
kard. Could we prevail with the greatest debauchées to change their
lives. South.

DEBAU＇CHER [of debauch] one who seduces others to intemperance
or lewdness, one that corrupts.

DEBAU＇CHERY [from debauch] excess, incontinency, revelling,
drunkenness. Oppose debauchery by temperance. Sprat. These, in­
stead of lessening enormities, occasion twice as much debauchery. Swift.

DEBAU＇CHMENT [of debauch] the act of debauching or vitiating.
The debauchment of nations. Taylor.

To DEBE＇L, or To DEBE＇LLATE [debello, Lat.] to overcome in
war. The extirpating and debellating of giants. Bacon.
Him long of old
Thou didst debel, and down from heaven cast. Milton.

DEBELLA＇TION [debellatio, Lat.] the act of overcoming or bringing
under by war. Lat.

DE BENE ESSE [a law phrase] as, to take a thing de bene esse, i. e.
take it or allow of it for the present, till the affair shall come to be more
fully debated and examined, and then to stand or fall according to the
merit of the thing in its own nature.

DE＇BENHAM, a market town of Suffolk, 86 miles from London.

DEBE＇NTURE [debentur, from debeo, Lat. to owe] a bill drawn upon
the public, or a kind of writing in the nature of a bond, to charge the
common wealth to secure the soldier, seaman, creditor, or his assigns,
the sum due, upon auditing the accounts of his arrears. A writ or
note by which a debt is claimed.
You modern wits, should each man bring his claim,
Have desperate debentures on your fame,
And little would be left you, I＇m afraid,
If all your debts to Greece and Rome were paid. Swift.

DEBE＇NTURE [in the Exchequer and King＇s House] a writing gi­
ven to the servants, for the payment of their wages, &c.

DEBENTURE [in traffic] is the allowance of custom paid inward,
which a merchant draws back upon the exportation of the goods
which were before imported.

DE＇BET, Lat. [he oweth] a term used of that which remains un­
paid, after an account has been stated.

DEBET and SOLET, Lat. [in law] a writ of right, as if a man
sue for any thing, which is now denied, and hath been enjoyed by
himself, and his ancestors before him.

DE＇BILE, adj. [debilis, Lat.] weak, feeble, faint.
I have not wash＇d my nose that bled,
Or foil＇d some debile wretch. Shakespeare.

To DEBI＇LITATE [debiliter, Fr. debilitare, It. debilitàr, Sp. of de­
bilitatum, sup. of debilito, from debilis, Lat.] to weaken, to make
faint. They seemed as weakly to fail, as their debilitated posterity.
Brown. The spirits debilitated in attracting nutriment for the parts.
Harvey.

DEBILITA＇TION [debilitatio, Lat.] the act of enfeebling. Debili­
tation and ruin. King Charles.

Accidental DEBI＇LITIES of a Planet [with astrologers] are when a
planet is in the 6th, 8th, or 12th houses; or combust, &c. so that
by each of these circumstances it is said to be more or less afflicted,
and to have so many, or so few debilities.

Essential DEBILITIES of a Planet [with astrologers] are when a
planet is in its detriment, fall or peregrine.

DEBI＇LITUDE [debilitudo, Lat.] debility, weakness.

DEBI＇LITY [debilité, Fr. debiltà, It. debilidàd, Sp. of debilitas,
Lat.] feebleness, infirmness, weakness.
I am partaker of thy passion,
And in thy case do glass my own debility. Sidney.

DEBILITY [with physicians] a weakness that proceeds from swoon­
ing, fainting, hunger, or some other indisposition; or it is a relaxa­
tion of the solids, which induces weakness and fainting. Inconve­
niencies of too strong a perspiration are debility, saintings. Arbuthnot.

DE＇BITO, Lat. [in law] a writ where a man owes another a sum of
money for goods fold.

DEBOI＇ST, or DEBOY＇ST [probably of debauché, Fr.] debauched,
lewd, riotous; a corrupted spelling of debauched.

DEBOI＇STNESS, debauchedness, &c. a corruption of debauchedness.

DEBOI＇STNESS, debauchedness, &c. a corruption of debauchedness.

DEBONNAI＇R [debonnaire, Fr.] courteous, affable, good-natured,
gentle.
Let be that lady debonnair,
Thou recreant knight. Spenser.
A daughter fair,
So bucksome, blithe, and debonnair. Milton.
The nature of the one is debonair and accostable, of the other retired
and supercilious. Howel.

DEBONNAI＇RITY, or DEBONNAI＇RNESS [debonnaireté, Fr.] good
humour, courteousness, affability, &c.

DEBONAI＇RLY, adv. [of debonnair] with elegance, with a genteel
air.

DEBROSHE＇E [debauché, Fr.] a debauched, dissolute person, a lewd
wretch, a loose liver; a corruption of debauchée.

DEBRUI＇SED [in heraldry] imports the grievous restraint of any
animal, who is debarred of its natural freedom, by any of the ordi­
naries being laid over it.

DEBT [dette, Fr. debito, It. déuda, Sp. dívida, Port. of debitum,
Lat.] 1. That which is due from one man to another. One that died
greatly in debt. Bacon. Above a thousand pounds in débt. Swift.
2. That which one ought to do or suffer.
Your son, my lord, hath paid a soldier＇s debt,
He only liv＇d but till he was a man,
But like a man he died. Shakespeare.
Out of DEBT, out of danger.
Gr. Ευδαιμον ο μηδεν οϕειλων. (Happy he that ows nothing.) Lat. Fe­
lix qui nihil debet. H. Ger. Wlohl dem der nichts suchldigist. (Hap­
py is he who is out of debt.) or, Ohne borgen, ohne sorgen. (No
debts, no sorrow.) The Italians say as we: Chi non deve niente, à
fuor di pericolo.

DEBT [in law] is a writ that lies upon a default of payment of a
sum of money due.

DE＇BTED, part. of to debt, which is not found; indebted, ob­
liged to.
Which do amount to three odd ducats more
Than I stand debted to this gentleman. Shakespeare.

DE＇BTOR [debiteur, Fr. debitore, It. deudòr, Sp. devedor, Port. of
debitor, Lat.] 1. One that owes something to another in general. I
am debtor both to the Greeks and to the Barbarians. Romans. 2.
One who owes money, one who is indebted to another. The case of
debtors in Rome was, after the set time for payment, either to
pay, or be the creditor＇s slave. Swift. 3. The debt-side of an ac­
counts book, opposed to the credit-side. When I looked upon the
debtor side, I find innumerable articles; but when I look upon the
creditor side, I find little more than blank paper. Addison.

DEBULI＇TION, Lat. a bubbling or boiling over.

DECA＇CHORDON [Lat. of δεκα, ten, and χορδη, Gr. a string or chord]
a musical instrument among the ancients, that consisted of ten strings,
called by the Hebrews, hasur, being almost the same as our harp, of
a triangular figure, with an hollow belly or founding from the lower
part.

DECACU＇MINATED [decacuminatus, Lat.] having the tops lopped
off.

DE＇CADE [Lat. and Fr. decada, Sp. δεκαδος, gen. of δεκας, Gr.]
the number or sum of ten; as, the decades of Livy, i. e. the ten books
of his history. Men might be wide by whole olympiads and di­
vers decades of years. Brown. We make decades, centuries, chiliads,
for the use of computations in history. Holder.
All rank＇d by ten; whole decades when they dine,
Must want a Trojan slave to pour out wine. Pope.

DECA＇DENCY [decadence, Fr. decadéncia, Sp. decidentia, of decido,
Lat. to fall down] a falling down, decay, ruin.

DE＇CAGON [decagone, Fr. decagono, It. δεκαγωνος, of δεκα, ten,
and γωνιας, Gr. a corner] consisting of ten sides.

DECAGON [with geometricians] a figure of ten sides, or polygon
forming ten angles.

Regular DECAGON [in fortification] a fortified town that has ten
sides, and as many angles, or ten bastions; the angles of which are
all equal one to another.

DE＇CALOGUE [Fr. decalogo, It. and Sp. decalogus, Lat. δεκαλογος,
of δεκα, ten, and λογος, a word] the ten commandments given by
God to Moses. The commands of God are clearly revealed in the
decalogue. Hammond.

DECA＇MERIS [of δεκα, ten, and μερος, Gr. part] a tenth part,

DECA＇MERON [of δεκα and μερος, a part] a volume of writing di­
vided into ten books.

DECA＇MERONE DI BOCCACCIO, It. the novels of Boccaccio, divi­
ded into ten books.

To DECA＇MP [decamper, Fr. descampàr, Sp.] to go from, to break
up the camp; to march off from an encampment.

DECA＇MPMENT [decampement, Fr.] a marching from or breaking up
a camp.

DE＇CAN, a province of the Hither India, bounded on the north by
the province of Cambaya or Guyurat, on the east by Golconda or
Berar, on the south by Visapour, and on the west by the Indian
Ocean. Its chief inland town is Aurengabad; and upon the coast,
the town of Bombay.

DE＇CANATE, or DECU＇RY [in astrology] is ten degrees attributed
to some planet in which, when it is, it is said to have one dignity.

To DECA＇NT [decanto, Lat. decanter, Fr.] to pour liquor gently off
from the lees or dregs, by inclination. Decant or filtrate the mixture.
Boyle. Decant his wine, and carve his beef. Swift.

DECANTA＇TION [Fr. with chemists] the act of pouring the clear
part of any liquor by gentle inclination, so that it may be without any
sediment or dregs.

DECA＇NTER, a flint glass-bottle to hold wine or beer, that has been
poured off clear from the lees.

DECA＇PILLATED [decapillatus, Lat.] having the hair pulled or
fallen off.

To DECA＇PITATE [decapiter, Fr. decapitare, It. decapicatum, sup.
of decapito, from de and caput, Lat. the head] to take off the head.

DECAPITE＇, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies that the beast has the head
cut off smooth, and is different from crazed, which is when the head
is as it were torn off, leaving the neck ragged.

To DECA＇PULATE [decapulatum, Lat.] to empty or pour out of one
thing into another.

DECA＇STIC [of δεκα, ten, and στιχος, a verse] an epigram or stanza
consisting of ten verses.

DECA＇STYLE [decastylus, Lat. of δεκαστυλος, of δεκα, ten, and
στυλος, Gr. a pillar] that has ten pillars.

DECATO＇RTHOMA [with physicians] a medicine made of ten in­
gredients.








DECA＇Y [from the verb] wasting, ruinous state, decline from a
state of perfection, diminution.
She has been a fine lady, and paints and hides
Her decays very well. Ben Johnson.
Motion is more apt to be lost than got, and is always upon the decay.
Newton.
Each may feel encreases and decays,
And see now clearer and now darker days. Pope.
2. The effects of diminution. They think that whatever is called
old, must have the decay of time upon it. Locke. 3. Declension from
prosperity. If thy brother be waxen poor, and faln in decay, thou
shalt relieve him. Leviticus.

To DECA＇Y, verb neut. [decheoir, Fr. dicadere, It. of decidere, Lat.]
1. To fail, to fall to ruin, to grow worse. 2. To wither, to decline
from a state of perfection.
The monarch oak
Three centuries he grows, and three he stays
Supreme in state, and in three more decays. Dryden.

To DECAY, verb act. to impair, to bring to decay. Infirmity
that decays the wise, doth ever make better the fool. Shakespeare.
He was of a very small and decayed fortune. Clarendon. Every thing
which corrupts the soul decays the body. Addison.

DECA＇YER [of decay] that which causes decay. Shakespeare
uses it.

To DECEA＇SE, verb neut. [deceder, Fr. decessum, sup. of decedo,
Lat.] to die a natural death. Arthur is deceased. Shakespeare.
He, press＇d down by his own weight,
Did like the vestal under spoils decease. Dryden.

DECE＇ASE [décés, Fr. of decessus, Lat.] natural death. Lands are
in some places, after the owner＇s decease, divided unto all the chil­
dren. Hooker.

DECEA＇SED [decedé, Fr. decessus, Lat.] dead.

DECE＇DENT [decedens, Lat.] departing, going away.

DECEI＇T [deception, Fr. deceptio, Lat.] 1. A fraud, any practice by
which falshood is made to pass for truth. My tongue shall not utter
deceit. Job. 2. Stratagem.
His demand
Springs not from Edward＇s well-meant honest love,
But from deceit bred by necessity. Shakespeare.
3. In law, a subtle, wily shift, or device, all manner of craft used
to deceive another man by any means, which hath no other particu­
lar name but offence. Cowel.

DECEI＇TFUL [of deceit and full] not according to appearance,
fraudulent.

DECEI＇TFULLY [of deceitful] deceivingly, fradulently. Exercise
of form may be deceitfully dispatch＇d of course. Wotton.

DECEI＇TFULNESS [of deceitful] false dealing, the quality of be­
ing fraudulent, tendency to deceive. The deceitfulness of riches choke
the word. St. Matthew.

DECEI＇VABLE [of deceive] 1. Easy to be deceived. Man was de­
ceivable in his integrity. Brown.
How wouldst thou use me now blind,
And thereby deceivable. Milton.
2. Subject to produce error. Consider of deformity, not as a sign
which is more deceivable, but as a cause which seldom faileth. Ba­
con. Fair promises which proved deceivable. Hayward.

DECEI＇VABLENESS [of deceivable] liableness to be imposed upon.

To DECEI＇VE [decipio, Lat. decevoir, Fr.] 1. To beguile, to im­
pose upon, to cheat or cozen. Apt to be deceived into an opinion.
Locke. 2. To delude by stratagem. 3. To cut off from expectation.
The Turkish general, deceived of his expectation, withdrew his
fleet. Knolles. 4. To mock, to fail.
They rais＇d a feeble cry with trembling notes,
But the weak voice deceived their gasping throats. Dryden.
If a man DECEIVE me once, shame on him; but if he DECEIVE me
twice, shame on me.
If I trust a man again who has deceived me once before, the
blame as well as shame is mine. Some profanely add to this pro­
verb: But if he deceive me thrice, the d—l take us both.

DECEI＇VED [with horsemen] a horse is said to be deceived upon a
demivolt of one or two treads; when working, as for instance, to
the right, and not having yet finished above half the demivolt, he＇s
press＇d one time or motion forwards with the inner leg, and then is put
to a reprise upon the left, in the same cadence.

DECEI＇VER [of deceive] one that imposes upon another, or leads
him into error.
Men were deceivers even
One foot in sea, and one on shore,
To one thing constant never. Shakespeare.
A counterfeit deceiver. Bacon.
Adieu the heart-expanded bowl,
And all the kind deceivers of the soul. Pope.

DECE＇MBER [decembre, Fr. and It. deciembre, Sp. dezembro, Port.
december, of decem, Lat. so called, because it is the tenth month from
March, when the Romans began their year] the last month of the
year. Men are April when they woo, and December when they wed.
Shakespeare.

DECE＇MPEDAL [decempedalis, of decem, ten, and pedes, feet] ten
feet long.

DECEM TALES, Lat. [a law term] a supply of ten men impan­
nelled upon a jury, in the room of others who did not appear, or
who were challenged as not indifferent persons.

DECE＇MVIRAL Laws, the laws of the 12 tables, so called, as hav­
ing been drawn up by the decemviri.

DECE＇MVIRATE, the office of the decemviri.

DECE＇MVIRI, Lat. [among the Romans] ten magistrates elected to
govern the commonwealth, instead of consuls; these had an absolute
power; but abusing it, they were banished, and their estates con­
fiscated.

DE＇CENCE, or DE＇CENCY [decence, Fr. decenza, It. decéncia, Sp. of
decentia, Lat.] 1. Comeliness, seemliness, becoming ceremony.
Those thousand decencies that daily flow
From all her words and actions. Milton.
Decence and gracefulness. Sprat.
Content to dwell in decencies for ever. Pope.
2. Suitableness to character, propriety. Decency or indecency, that
which becomes or misbecomes. South. Sentiments which raise
laughter, can very seldom be admitted with any decency into an he­
roic poem. Addison. 3. Modesty, not obscenity.
Immodest words admit of no defence,
For want of decency is want of sense. Roscommon.

DECENNA＇LIA Festa, Lat. festivals which the Roman emperors held
every tenth year of their reign, with sacrifices, games, largesses to the
people, &c. There solemnities were first instituted by the emperor
Augustus, with a view to preserve the sovereign power without of­
fence or restraint to the people.

DECE＇NNIAL [decennio, It. decennalis, decennium, Lat.] belonging
to, or that lasts ten years.

DECENNO＇VAL, or DECENNO＇VARY, adj. [of decem, ten, and no­
vem, Lat. nine] relating to the number nineteen. Meton, in the
time of the Peloponesian war, constituted a decennoval circle, or of
nineteen years, the same which we now call the golden number.
Holder. Seven months are retrenched in this whole decennovary pro­
gress of the epacts. Holder.

DECENNOVA＇LIS circulus. See CYCLE.

DE＇CENT [Fr. decente, Sp. of decens, Lat.] becoming, beseeming,
fit, suitable. Ornaments in poetry and painting, if they are not
necessary, they must at least be decent, that is, in their due place, and
but moderately used. Dryden.

DE＇CENTLY [of decent] 1. Becomingly, beseemingly, in a proper
manner. They could not decently refuse assistance. Broome. 2.
Without obscenity or immodesty.
＇Twas his latest care,
Like falling Cæsar, decently to die. Dryden.

DECEPTIBI＇LITY [of deceit] liableness to be deceived. Deceptibi­
lity of our decayed natures. Glanville.

DECE＇PTIBLE [deceptibilis, Lat.] easy to be deceived, liable to im­
posture. Deceptible condition. Brown.

DECE＇PTION [Fr. of deceptio, Lat.] 1. The act of beguiling or
deceiving, deceit, fraud. All deception is a misapplying of those
signs which by compact were made the means of mens signifying their
thoughts. South. 2. The state of being deceived. Fall into decep­
tion unawares. Milton.

DECE＇PTIONE [in law] a writ lying against a man, who deceit­
fully does any thing in the name of another, for one who receives da­
mage or hurt thereby.

DECE＇PTIOUS [of deception] deceitful, apt to cheat.
There is a credence in my heart,
That doth invert th＇ attest of eyes and ears,
As if those organs had deceptious functions. Shakespeare.

DECE＇PTIVE [deceptivus, Lat.] deceiving, deceitful, having the
power of deceiving.

DECE＇PTORY [deceptorius, Lat.] deceitful, containing means of
deception.

DECE＇PTURE [deceptura, Lat.] fraud, deceit.

DECE＇RPT [decerptus, Lat.] cropped off.

DECE＇RPTIBLE [of decerpo, Lat.] that may be cropped off.

DECER＇PTION [from decerp] a plucking or cropping off. Lat.

DECERTA＇TION [decertatio, Lat.] a contending or striving for.

DECE＇SSION [decessio, Lat.] a departing or going away.

To DECHA＇RM [decharmer, Fr.] to counteract a charm, to disen­
chant. He was cured by decharming the witchcraft. Harvey.

To DECI＇DE [decider, Fr. decidir, Sp. decidere, It. and Lat.] 1. To
conclude an affair or business, to bring it to issue; to agree or make up
a difference, to determine a question.
In council oft, and oft in battle try＇d,
Betwixt thy master and the world decide. Granville.
2. To fix the event off, to determine.
The day approach＇d when fortune should decide
Th＇ important enterprize, and give the bride. Dryden.

DE＇CIDENCE [decidencia, Lat.] 1. The act of falling down, off, or
away. The decidence of their horns. Brown. 2. The quality of
being shed or of falling away. 3. A tendency to any distemper.

DECI＇DER [of decide] 1. One who decides or determines causes.
Proper judges or deciders of controversy. Watts. 2. One who de­
termines quarrels.

DECI＇DUOUS [deciduus, Lat.] apt or ready to fall, not perennial; a
term used of flowers and seeds in plants.

DECI＇DUOUSNESS [of deciduous] aptness to fall.

DE＇CIES Tantum [in law] i. e. ten times as much. A writ lying
against a juror (who has been bribed to give his verdict) for the re­
covery of ten times as much as he took.

DECI＇LE [with astronomers] a new aspect invented by Kepler,
when two planets are distant 36 degrees.

DE＇CIMAL [of decimæ, Lat. tenths] of, or consisting of ten or tenth
parts, numbered or multiplied by tens. It is hard to go beyond
twenty-four decimal progressions. Locke.

DECIMAL Arithmetic, an art treating of fractions, whose denomi­
nators are in a decuple, continued geometrical progression, as, 10,
100, 1000, &c.

DECIMAL Fraction, is a fraction which has for its denominator:
with a cypher, or cyphers annexed; as,


DECIMAL Chain [for surveying] a chain divided decimally, or into
an hundred equal parts, marks being put at every ten, for measuring
of lands.

DECIMAL Scales, flat rules or scales divided decimally.

To DE＇CIMATE [decimer, Fr. decimare, It. and Lat.] to punish or
tax every tenth person, also to lay or take tithes.

DECIMA＇TION [Fr. decimazione, It. of decimatio, Lat. among the
Romans] 1. A taking every tenth soldier by lot, and punishing him
with death, &c. for an example to the rest.
By decimation and a tithed death,
Take thou the destin＇d tenth. Shakespeare.
A decimation I will strictly make. Dryden.
2. A gathering of tithes.








DECIMA＇TION [in the time of the civil wars in England] the se­
questring the tenth part of a man＇s estate.

DE＇CIMIS Solvendis, &c. [in law] a writ that lay against those,
who had farmed the priors aliens lands of the king, for the rector of
the parish to recover tithes of them.

DE＇CINERS, or DECE＇NNIERS, those who had the jurisdiction over
ten friburghs, for keeping the king＇s peace.

To DECI＇PHER [dechiffrer, Fr. descifràr, Sp.] 1. To explain the
meaning of a letter, &c. written in cyphers or private characters.
Zelmane, that had the same character in her heart, could easily decipher
it. Sidney. Assurance is writ in a private character, not to be under­
stood but by the conscience, to which the spirit of God has vouch­
safed to decipher it. South. 2. To write out, to mark down in cha­
racters. Could I paint out eternal wrath, and decipher eternal ven­
geance. South. Every particular subject might find his principal
pleasure deciphered unto him in the tables of his laws. Locke. 3. To
stamp, to mark, to characterise.
You are both decipher＇d
For villains mark＇d with rape. Shakespeare.
4. To unfold, to penetrate into the bottom of a difficult affair; as, to
decipher a very perplexed affair.

DECI＇PHERER [of decipher] one who explains writings in ci­
pher.

DECIRCINA＇TION [of decercino, Lat.] the act of drawing a circle
with a pair of compasses.

DECI＇SION [Fr. and Sp. decisione, It. of decisio, Lat.] 1. The act
of determining or deciding an affair in debate. To bring the matter
to a decision. Woodward. War is a direct appeal to God for the de­
cision of some dispute, which can by no other means be determined.
Atterbury. 2. Determination of an event.
Their arms are to the last decision bent. Dryden.
3. In Scotland, reports of cases determined before the court of ses­
sion there.

DECI＇SIVE, or DECI＇SORY [decisif and decisoire, Fr. decisivo, It. and
Sp.] 1. Deciding, determining; fit or able to determine a controversy,
or any thing in debate. Decisive of the controversy between vice and
virtue. Rogers. 2. Having the power to settle an event.
On th＇ even,
Decisive of this bloody day, depends
The fate of kingdoms. Philips.

DECI＇SIVELY [of decisive] in a decisive manner.

DECI＇SIVENESS [of decisive] decisive property, power of deter­
mining a difference or event.

DECK [Du. deck, or verdeck, Ger.] 1. The covering of ship＇s hold,
the floor of a ship. 2. A pack of cards piled regularly on each
other. The selenites is of parallel plates, as in a deck of cards. Grew.

DECKS [in a ship] are either first, second, or third, beginning
from the lowest upwards. We have raised our second decks, and
given more vent thereby to our ordnance. Raleigh.
On high-rais＇d decks the haughty Belgians ride. Dryden.

Half DECK [in a great ship] a deck which reaches from the main­
mast to the stern.

Quarter DECK, reaches from the steerage aloft to the master＇s
round-house.

Spare DECK [in a ship] is the undermost deck of all, that lies be­
tween the main-mast and the mizzen; and is also called the or­
lope.

To raise a DECK [sea term] is to put it up higher.

To sink a DECK [sea term] is to lay it lower.

A Cambering DECK [in a ship] a deck rising higher in the middle
than at each end.

A Flush DECK fore and aft, a deck that lies upon a right line, with­
out any fall.

To DECK [decken, Du. and Ger. to cover] 1. To overspread, to
cover.
Whether to deck with clouds th＇ uncover＇d sky,
Or wet the thirsty earth with falling show＇rs. Milton.
2. To array, to dress.
Millions of spinning worms,
That in their green shops weave the smooth-hair＇d silk,
To deck her sons. Milton.
3. To adorn, trim, or set off.
Leaf and bloom,
Fit to adorn the head, and deck the dreary tomb. Spenser.
How the dew with spangles deck＇d the ground. Dryden.

DE＇CKER [of deck] one that decks, covers, or adorns.

To DECLA＇IM [declamer, Fr. declamàr, Sp. declamare, It. and Lat.]
to make public speeches, as an orator; to inveigh against.
You declaim
Against his manners. Ben Johnson.
Declaim aloud on the praise of goodness. Watts.

DECLA＇IMER [of declaim] one who declaims, or makes speeches
to move the passions. Your salamander is a perpetual declaimer
against jealousy. Addison.

DECLAMA＇TION [Fr. declamaciòn, Sp. of declamatio, Lat.] a dis­
course or speech made in public, and in the tone and manner of an
orator. Declamation among the Greeks was become the art of
speaking indifferently upon all subjects, and all sides of a question;
a making a thing appear just that was unjust, and triumphing over
the best and soundest reasons. The cause why declamations prevail is,
for that men suffer themselves to be deluded. Hooker.

DECLA＇MATOR, Lat. a declamer, a rhetorician. Who could hear
this generous declamator, without being fired at his noble zeal.
Tatler.

DECLA＇MATORY [declamatoire, Fr. declamatorio, It. and Sp. of de­
clamatorius, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to a declamation, treated or handled
in a rhetorical manner. A declamatory theme amongst the religious
men of that age. Wotton. 2. Appealing to the passions. He has
run himself into his declamatory way, and forgotten that he was setting
up for a moral poet. Dryden.

DECLA＇RABLE [declarabilis, Lat.] that may be declared.

DECLARA＇TION [Fr. dichiarazione, It. declaraciòn, Sp. of declara­
tic, Lat.] 1. The act of declaring, setting forth or shewing. 2. A
publick order or proclamation, oral expression. His promises are no
thing else but declarations what God will do. Hooker. The declara­
tion of wit and learning which alone brings the repute. South. 3.
An explanation of something doubtful. This sense is now ob­
solete.

DECLARA＇TION [in law] is a shewing in writing the complaint of
the plaintiff against the defendant in a personal suit; it is sometimes
used for both personal and real actions.

DECLA＇RATIVE [declaratif, Fr. dichiarativo, It. declarativo, Sp. of
declarativus, Lat.] 1. Serving or tending to declare, or explain.
Names should be taken from something declarative of their form or
nature. Grew. 2. Making proclamation. The vox populi, so decla­
rative on the same side. Swift.

DECLA＇RATORILY, adv. [of declaratory] in the form of a declara­
tion. Brown uses it.

DECLA＇RATORY, adj. [of declare] affirmative, not decretory, not pro­
missory. Blessings declaratory of the good pleasure of God. Til­
lotson.

To DECLA＇RE, verb act. [declarer, Fr. dichiarare, It. declaràr, Sp.
of declaro, Lat.] 1. To manifest or shew in public view. We are a
considerable body, who would not fail to declare ourselves. Addison.
2. To make plain or known. It hath been declared unto some of you,
that there are contentions among you. 1 Corinthians. 3. To clear, to
free from obscurity. To declare this a little, we must assume that the
surfaces of such bodies are smooth. Boyle. 4. To denounce, publish,
or proclaim. Declare his glory among the heathens. 1 Chroni­
cles.

To DECLARE, verb neut. to open one＇s mind or thoughts, to tell.
Something fixed in the nature of men, will testify and declare for
God. South.
Like fawning courtiers for success they wait;
And then come smiling and declare for fate. Dryden.

DECLA＇REMENT [of declare] discovery, declaration. Brown
uses it.

DECLA＇RER [of declare] one that proclaims or makes any thing
known.

DECLE＇NSION [declinatio, Lat. declinaison, Fr. declinazione, It. de­
clinaciòn, Sp.] 1. The varying of nouns according to grammar, their
inflexion. Declension is only the variation or change of the termina­
tion of a noun, whilst it continues to signify the same thing. Clarke.
2. Tendency from a greater to a less degree of excellence. The lat­
ter date and declensions of drooping years. South. 3. Declination,
descent. The declension of the land from that place to the sea. Bur­
net＇s Theory.

DECLENSION [of a disease] is, when the distemper being come to
its height, sensibly abates.

DECLENSION [in manners] a growing looser in manners, a cor­
ruption of morals.

DECLI＇NABLE [of decline] having variety of terminations or in­
flexions; as, a declinable noun.

DECLINA＇TION [declinaison, Fr. declinazione, It. declinaciòn, Sp. of
declinatio, Lat.] 1. The act of bowing down; as, a declination of
the body. 2. The act of decaying. 3. The act of declining from a
better to a worse state, descent. The declination of a monarchy.
Bacon.
Hope waits upon the flow＇ry prime,
And summer, tho＇ it be less gay,
Yet is not look＇d on as a time
Of declination or decay. Waller.
3. Oblique motion. Supposing a declination of atoms, yet will it not
effect what they intend; for then they do all decline. Ray. 4. Vari­
ation from a fixed point. There is no declination of latitude, not
variation of the elevation of the pole. Woodward.

North or South DECLINATION of any Star or Part of Heaven
[with astronomers] is the distance of the star, &c. from the equator,
accordingly as it declines northwards or southwards. The declination
of a star we call its shortest distance from the equator. Brown.

True or Real DECLINATION of a Planet [with astronomers] is the
distance of its true place from the equator.

DECLINATION apparent [in astronomy] is the distance of the ap­
parent place of a planet from the equator.

Circle of DECLINATION [in astronomy] a great circle of the sphere,
passing thro＇ the poles of the world.

Parallax of DECLINATION [in astronomy] is an arch of the circle of
declination, whereby the parallax of the altitude increases or diminishes
the declination of the star.

Refraction of the DECLINATION [in astronomy] an arch of the
circle of the declination, whereby the declination of a star is in­
creased or diminished by means of the refraction.

DECLINATION of the Sun, is the distance of the parallel to the
equator, which the sun runs any day from the equator, and on a
globe this distance is marked on the meridian.

DECLINATION of the Mariner＇s Compass, is the variation of it from
the true meridian of any place, either cast or west.

DECLINATION of a Wallor Plane [in dialling] is an arch of the ho­
rizon, comprehended either between the plane and the true vertical
circle, if it be accounted from east to west; or else between the me­
ridian of the plane, if it be accounted from north to south.

DECLINA＇TOR, a mathematical instrument for taking the declina­
tion of the stars.

DECLI＇NATORY, subst. a box filled with a compass and needle, for
taking the declination of walls, &c. for placing of sun-dials.

To DECLI＇NE, verb neut. [declinare, It. and Lat. decliner, Fr.
declinàr, Sp.] 1. To bow down. With declining head into his bosom.
Shakespeare. 2. To deviate, to run into obliquities. Neither shalt
thou speak in a cause to decline after many to wrest judgment. Exodus.
3. To avoid or shun, to refuse to do any thing. 4. To decay or abate,
to be impaired, to sink. Who thrives and who declines. Shake­
speare.
He looks the prop of my declining years. Dryden.
Autumnal warmth declines. Dryden.

To DECLINE, verb act. 1. To bend a thing downward, to bring
down.







Phœbus ＇gan decline in haste
His weary waggon to the western vale. Spenser.
In melancholy deep with head declin＇d. Thomson.
2. To avoid, to refuse, to be cautious of. He had wisely declined
that argument. Clarendon. The glories of this world she had laid be­
fore her, but she generously declin＇d them. Addison. 3. (In grammar)
to inflect, to vary the termination of a word.
You decline musa, and construe Latin. Watts.

DECLI＇NE, subst. [from the verb] the state of tendency to the worse,
decay; opposed to increase, improvement, or exaltation.
Thy rise of fortune did I only wed,
From its decline determin＇d to recede. Prior.
The decline of literature. Swift.

DECLI＇NING [declinans, Lat.] leaning or bowing downwards or
moving from.

DECLINING Dial, one whose plane does not fall directly under any
of the four cardinal points of the heaven.

DECLI＇VIS Musculus, Lat. [with anatomists] a large muscle of the
belly, which takes its rise from the lower edge of the 6th, 7th, and
8th ribs, &c. and descends obliquely from the serratus inferior posti­
cus, and is inserted into the linea alba, and the os pubis, or share
bone.

DECLI＇VITY [declivitas, of declivis, Lat.] steepness, downwards,
gradual descent; opposed to acclivity. Rivers will not flow unless
upon declivity, and their sources be raised above the earth＇s ordinary
surface, so that they may run upon a descent. Woodward.

DECLI＇VOUS [declivis, Lat.] steep, downwards, gradually descend­
ing; opposed to acclivous.

To DECO＇CT [decoctum, sup. of decoquo, from de, and coquo, Lat. to
boil] 1. To seeth or boil in water, so as to draw out the strength or
virtue of a thing. The longer malt or herbs are decocted in liquor, the
clearer it is. Bacon. 2. To prepare by boiling for any use; to digest
in hot water. 3. To digest by the heat of the stomach. There she
decocts and doth the food prepare. Davies. 4. To boil up to a con­
sistence, to strengthen by boiling.
Can sodden water, their barley broth,
Decoct their cold blood to such valiant heat? Shakespeare.

DECO＇CTIBLE [decoctibilis, Lat.] easily to be sodden.

DECO＇CTION [Fr. decocíòn, Sp. decozione, It. of decoctio, Lat.] 1.
The act of boiling or seething any thing, to extract its virtues. In de­
coction, tho＇ more of the gross body goeth forth, yet the liquor either
purgeth at the top or settleth at the bottom. Bacon. 2. A medicinal
liquor or diet-drink made of herbs, roots, &c. boiled.
They distil their husbands land
In decoctions. Ben Johnson.
If the plant be boiled in water, the strained liquor is called the decoction
of the plant. Arbuthnot.

DECO＇CTIVE [decoctivus, Lat.] easily sodden.

DECO＇CTURE [decoctura, Lat.] a decoction, a broth or liquor,
wherein things have been boiled.

DECOLLA＇TION [decollazione, It. decolaziòn, Sp. of decollatio, Lat.]
the act of cutting off the head, a beheading. He by a decollation of all
hope annihilated his mercy. Brown.

DECOLORA＇TION, Lat. a staining or marring the colour.

DECOMPO＇SITE, or DECOMPOU＇ND [decompositum, Lat. decomposé,
Fr.] a word composed of more than two words; as, indisposition.
They are, to borrow a term of the grammarians, decompound bodies,
made up of the whole metal and the menstruum. Boyle. No body
should use any compound or decompound of the substantial verbs, but as
they are read in the common conjugations. Arbuthnot and Pope.

DECOMPO＇SITE [in pharmacy] is when a physical composition is
increased or augmented in the number of ingredients. So says Castell.
Renovat. but adds withal: “Composites are those things, which ad­
mit of corruption and are put together: Decomposites are those things,
Quæ jam in compositione per corruptionem & generationem convenerunt.
See COMPOSITES, and read there “compounded syrups.” Decompo­
sites of three metals are too long to enquire of. Bacon.

DECOMPOSI＇TION [decompositus, Lat.] the act of compounding
things already compounded. We consider what happens in the com­
positions and decompositions of saline particles. Boyle.

DECOMPOSI＇TION [with apothecaries] is the reduction of a body
into the parts or principles that it is composed or consists of.

To DECOMPOU＇ND [decompono, Lat.] to compose of things already
compounded. Nature in the bowels of the earth makes decompounded
bodies, as in vitriol, cinnabar, and sulphur. Boyle. A very complex
idea, compounded and decompounded, it is not easy to form and retain.
Locke. If the intercepted colours be let pass, they will fall upon this
compounded orange, and with it decompound a white. Newton.

DECO＇RAMENT [decoramentum, Lat.] an ornament, an adorning.

To DE＇CORATE [decorer, Fr. decoràr, Sp. decorare, It. and Lat.]
to adorn, to beautify.

DE＇CORATED, pret. and part. pass. of to decorate [decoratus, Lat. dé­
coré, Fr.] beautified, adorned.

DECORA＇TION [Fr. decoracione, It. of decoratio, Lat.] an adorning,
ornament or embellishment. The ensigns of virtues contribute to the
ornament of figures, such as the decorations belonging to the liberal
arts. Dryden.

DECORA＇TIONS [with architects] ornaments in churches or other
public edifices, or those things that enrich a building, triumphant
arch, &c. Also the scenes of theatres.

DECORA＇TOR [of decorate] he that adorns or embellishes.

DE＇COROUS, or DE＇COROSE [dicoroso, It. of decorosus, Lat.] decent,
befitting, seemly. It is not so decorous, in respect of God, that he
should immediately do all the triflingest things himself. Ray.

To DECO＇RTICATE, to peel, to strip. Barley dried and decorticated.
Arbuthnot.

DECORTICA＇TION, Lat. the pulling off the outward bark of trees;
also the pulling or unhusking of roots, &c.

DECO＇RUM [decoro, It. and Sp.] that decency, good order, or good
grace, which it becomes every man to observe in all his actions.
Beyond the fix＇d and settled rules
Of vice and virtue in the schools,
The better sort should set before ＇em,
A grace, a manner, a decorum. Prior.

DECORUM [in architecture] is the suiting and proportioning all the
parts of a building, so as will best become the situation and design, i. e.
different prospects are to be chosen for several parts of a building, ac­
cording to the nature of the place, &c. and there must be different dis­
positions and proportions for a palace to that of a church.

DECOU＇PLE [in heraldry] signifies uncoupled, i. e. parted or se­
vered; as, a chevron decouple, is a chevron that wants so much of it
toward the point, that the two ends stand at a distance one from ano­
ther, being parted and uncoupled. Fr.

DECO＇URS, or DECRE＇SSANT [in heraldry] See DECREMENT.

To DECO＇Y [prob. of kooy, Du. a cage] to allure, entice or draw
into a snare. A partridge offered to decoy her companions into the
snare. L＇Estrange.

A DECOY. 1. A place made fit for catching of wild fowl. 2. A lure,
allurement or wheedle, temptation. He used some as decoys to ensnare
others. Government of the Tongue. An old dram-drinker is the devil＇s
decoy Berkley.

A DECOY DUCK, a duck which flies abroad, and decoys others into
the place where they become a prey. Ducks, called decoy-ducks, will
bring whole flights of fowl to their retirements, where are conveniencies
for catching them. Mortimer.

To DECREA＇SE, verb neut. [decroitre, Fr. descresér, Sp. decresco, Lat.]
to grow less, to be diminished. Days increase and decrease but a very
little for a great while. Newton.

To DECREASE, verb act. to diminish a thing, or make it less. Ar­
ticles which did our state decrease. Daniel. Heat increases the fluidity
of tenacious liquids, and thereby decreases their resistance. Newton.

A DECRE＇ASE [decrementum, Lat. decroissement, Fr.] 1. The state of
growing less, decay.
By weak＇ning toil and hoary age o＇ercome,
See thy decrease, and hasten to thy tomb. Prior.
2. The wane of the moon, the time when the moon＇s visible face
grows less. Seeds set in the decrease of the moon. Bacon.

DECREA＇TION, a depriving of being; an annihilation of what has
been created.

To DECREE＇, verb neut. [decreter, Lat. and Fr. decretàr, Sp. decre­
tare, It. decretum, sup. of decerno, Lat.] to appoint or ordain, to esta­
blish by law, to determine or resolve.
Father eternal! thine is to decree;
Mine, both in heav＇n and earth, to do thy will. Milton.

To DECREE, verb act. to doom or assign by a decree. Thou shalt
decree a thing, and it shall be established. Job.

DECREE＇ [decretum, Lat. decret, Fr. decreto, It. and Sp.] 1. An
order, edict or statute. The decrees of Venice. Shakespeare. The
folly of man, and not the decree of heaven, is the cause of human ca­
lamity. Broome. 2. An established rule. He made a decree for the
rain. Job. 3. Determination of a suit or litigated cause. 4. (In ca­
non law) an ordinance which is enacted by the pope, by and with the
advice of his cardinals in council assembled, without being consulted by
any person thereon. Ayliffe.

DECREE of Election and Reprobation, with some modern divines,
is that council or determination of God, by which, from all eternity,
He absolutely chose and set apart some, in order to become good and
happy: But pass＇d by the rest (i. e. the FAR GREATER part of mankind)
forming his resolves in either case, abstractedly from all consideration of
any merit or demerit of theirs. A notion which seems sounded on some
misconstrued passages of scripture, and in particular those referr＇d to in
2 Pet. iii. 16. But of which we do not find the least traces in antiquity
before the close of the fourth or beginning of the fifth century. See
CALVINISM, ANTINOMIANISM, and SYNOD of Dort.

DECREES, or DECRE＇TALS, a volume of the canon law, collected
by Gratian, a monk of the order of Benedict.

DECREE＇T [decretum, Lat. in the law of Scotland] a final decree
or judgment of the lords of session, from which an appeal lies only to
parliament. The decrees of inferior courts are also called decreets.

DE＇CREMENT [decrementum, Lat.] decrease or waste. Elevations of
the earth suffer a continual decrement, and grow lower and lower.
Woodward.

DECREMENT [in blazonry] is used to signify the vane of the moon,
from the full to the new, and then faces to the left side of the escutcheon.

DECREMENT [in the universities] fees paid by the scholars for da­
maging or spoiling any thing used by them.

DECRE＇PIT [decrepit, Fr. decrepito, It. and Sp. decrepitus, Lat.]
worn out with age, so as to walk stooping, &c. This decrepit age
of the world. Raleigh. This pope is decrepit, and the bell goeth for
him. Bacon.
Prop＇d on his staff, and stooping as he goes,
A painted mitre shades his surrow＇d brows;
The god in the decrepit form array＇d,
The gardens enter＇d and the fruit survey＇d. Pope.

To DECRE＇PITATE, verb act. [of de and crepitatum, Lat.] to cal­
cine salt till it has ceased to make a crackling noise in the fire. So
will it come to pass in a pot of salt altho＇ decrepitated. Brown.

To DECREPITATE, verb neut. to make a crackling noise in the
fire.

DECREPITA＇TION [with chymists] the crackling noise which arises
from salt being thrown into a crucible or earthen pot, when it has been
heated red hot over the fire.

DECRE＇PITNESS, or DECLE＇PITUDE [of decrepit] the last state of
decay, the ultimate effect of old age. Barrenness and decrepitness of
age. Bentley.

DECRE＇SCENT [decrescens, Lat.] decreasing, growing less, wearing
away.

DECRE＇SSANT, or DE＇CREMENT [in heraldry] the wane or decrease
of the moon.

DECRE＇TAL, adj. [decretalis, from decretum, Lat.] of or pertaining
to decrees, containing a decree. A decretal epistle is that which the
pope decrees either by himself or else by the advice of his cardinals;
and this must be on his being consulted by some particular person or
persons thereon. Ayliffe.

DECRETAL, subst. [Fr. decretale, It. and Sp. of decretalis, Lat.] 1.
A rescript or letter of a pope, whereby some point or question in the
ecclesiastical law is resolved or determined. 2. A body of laws, a book
of edicts. Of law, of judgments, and of decretals. Spenser.







“The pope＇s jurisdiction over the western empire, says Sir Isaac
Newton, was set up by the following edict of the emperors Gratian
and Valentinian: Volumus ut quicunq; Judicio DAMASI, &c. It was
made in the end of the year 378, or the beginning of 379. It was
directed to the Præfecti Prætorio Italiæ & Galliæ, and therefore
was general. For the Præfect. Prætorio Italiæ governed Italy, Illy­
ricum Occidentale, and Africa; and the Præfect. Prætorio Galliæ go­
verned Gallia, Spain, and Britain.” He adds, “that the granting
this jurisdiction to the pope, gave several bishops occasion to write to
him for his resolution, in doubtful cases; whereupon he answered by
DECRETAL epistles.” Newton＇s Observations on Daniel and the Apoca­
lypse. And in what kind of style these DECRETALS ran, we may see
by that of Siricius, who succeeded Damasus. “Noverint se, &c. i. e.
Let them know that by the AUTHORITY of the APOSTOLIC See, they
are divested of all ecclesiastic honour, which they have unworthily
used. So early began the fulfilment of Daniel＇s prediction concerning
the little horn, that “he should assume a look STOUTER than his fel­
lows.” What St. Cyprian and other ANTE-NICENE writers would
have said of such an authority, the reader will find under the word
BISHOP.

DECRE＇TALS [decretales, Fr. and Sp. decretali, It.] the second of
the three volumes of the canon law; which contains the decretal epi­
stles of popes, from Alexander III. to Gregory IX. Traditions and
decretals were made of equal force. Also a stile given to the letters of
popes.

DECRE＇TIST [of decree] one that studies or professes the knowledge
of the decretal. The decretists had their rise under the reign of the em­
peror Frederick Barbarossa. Ayliffe.

DECRE＇TORY, adj. [decretorius, Lat.] 1. Serving to decree, or ab­
solutely to decide, definitive. The decretory rigors of a condemning
sentence. South. 2. Critical, in which there is some definitive event.
The motions of the moon supposed to be measur＇d by sevens, and the
critical or decretory days depend on that number. Brown.

A DECRETORY, subst. [decretorium, Lat.] a definitive sentence.

DECRI＇AL [of decry] clamorous censure, hasty condemnation.

DECRUSTA＇TION, Lat. an uncrusting or taking away the outmost
crust of any thing.

To DECR＇Y, verb act. [decrier, Fr.] to cry down, to speak-ill of
clamorously.
Malice in critics reigns so high,
That for small errors they whole plays decry. Dryden.
Measures extoll＇d by one half of the kingdom, are decryed by the other.
Addison.

DECU＇MBENCE, or DECU＇MBENCY [of decumbo, Lat.] 1. The act
of lying down. 2. The posture of lying down. If we hold opinion,
they lie not down, and enjoy no decumbenee. Brown. The ancient
manner of decumbency. Brown.

DECU＇MBITURE [of decumbo, Lat. to lie down] a lying down; a
being seized with a disease so as to be forced to take to the bed.

DECUMBITURE [with astrologers] a scheme of the heavens erected
for the moment the disease invades, or confines a person to his bed,
chamber, &c. by which figure they pretend to find out the nature of
the disease, the parts afflicted, the prognostics of recovery or death.
If but a mile she travel out of town,
The planetary hour must first be known,
And lucky moment: if her eye but akes,
Or itches, it＇s decumbiture she takes. Dryden.

DECUMBITURE [with physicians] is when a disease has seized a
person so violently, that he is constrained to take to his bed.

DECUPELA＇TION, a decanting or pouring off the clear part of any
liquor, by inclination or stooping the vessel to one side, so that the li­
quor may not have any dregs or settlement.

DECU＇PLE [decuplo, It. decuplex, Lat.] ten-fold. Man＇s length is
decuple into his profundity, that is, in a direct line between the breast
and the spine. Brown.

DECU＇RIO, Lat. [among the Romans] the chief or commander of a
decury, both in the army and in the college, or assembly of the peo­
ple.

DECURIO Municipalis, a senator in the Roman colonies.

DECU＇RSION, Lat. the act of running down, a course. What is de­
cayed by that decursion of waters, is supplied by the terrene fœces.
Hale.

DECURTA＇TION, Lat. the act of cutting or making short.

DE＇CURY [decuria, Lat.] ten persons under one commander or
chief.

To DECU＇SSATE [of decusso, Lat.] to intersect at acute angles.
Ray uses it.

DECUSSA＇TION [from decussate] a cutting across, or in the form of
the letter X or star-wise.

DECUSSATION [in optics] the crossing of any two lines, rays, &c.
whence they meet in a point, and then proceed apart from one ano­
ther. Decussation of the rays in the pupil. Ray.

DECUSSO＇RIUM [with surgeons] an instrument with which the skin
called dura mater being pressed upwards is joined to the skull, so that
the corrupt matter gathered between the skull and the dura mater, may
be let out by a hole made with a trepan. Lat.

To DECY＇PHER. See to DECIPHER.

DEDA＇LEON [of dædalus, Lat.] 1. Perplexed, intricate. 2. Arti­
ficial.

DEDBA＇NNA [dœdbanna, of dæd, an act, and banna, Sax. murder]
an actual committing of murder or manslaughter.

DE＇DDINGTON, a market town of Oxfordshire, 62 miles from Lon­
don.

To DEDE＇CORATE [dedecoro, Lat.] to disgrace or reproach, by solemn
appropriation.

DEDE＇CORATED, pret. and part. pass. of to dedecorate [dedecoratus,
Lat.] dishonoured, disgraced.

DEDECORA＇TION, Lat. a disgracing, &c.

DEDE＇COROSE [dedecorosus, Lat.] full of shame and dishonesty.

DEDE＇COROUS [dedecorus, Lat.] uncomely, unseemly, dishonest.

DEDENTI＇TION [of de and dentitio, Lat.] shedding of the teeth.
Dedentition or falling of teeth. Brown.

DE＇DI [i. e. I have given] a warranty in law to the scoffee and his
heirs.

To DE＇DICATE [dedier, Fr. dedicare, It. dedicàr, Sp. dedicatum, sup
of dedico, Lat.] 1. To consecrate, devote, or set apart for holy use.
The stately tree,
That dedicated is to Olympic Jove. Spenser.
To her offended name
We raise and dedicate this wondrous frame. Dryden.
2. To appropriate solemnly to any person or purpose.
This night he dedicates
To fair content and you. Shakespeare.
And quiet dedicate her remnant life,
To the just duties of an humble wife. Prior.
3. To address a book to some person of worth or merit, to inscribe to
a patron. He compiled ten elegant books, and dedicated them to the
Lord Burghley. Peacham.

DE＇DICATE, part. [from the verb] consecrated, devoted. A thing
dedicate and appropriate unto God. Spelman.

DEDICA＇TION [dedicate, Fr. dedicazione, It. dedicaciòn, Sp. of dedi­
catio, Lat.] 1. The act of dedicating to any. The dedication of the
temple. Addison. 2. An address to a patron.
Full blown Bufo, puff＇d by every quill,
Fed by soft dedication all day long. Pope.

DEDICATION Day, the festival of the dedication of a church, an­
ciently observed in every parish with solemnity and good cheer; most
of the ancient annual fairs were kept on that day, and first arose from
the concourse of people on the forementioned occasions.

DEDICA＇TOR [from to dedicate] one who inscribes his work to a pa­
tron.
Leave dang＇rous truths to unsuccessful satyrs,
And flattery to fulsome dedicators. Pope.

DEDICA＇TORY [dedicatoire, Fr. dedicatorio, It. and Sp. of dedicato­
rius, Lat.] of or pertaining to a dedication. Thus should I begin my
epistle, if it were a dedicatory one. Pope.

DEDIGNA＇TION, Lat. the act of disdaining or contemning.

DE＇DIMUS Potestatem [i. e. we have given power; in law] a writ
by which commission is given to a private man for speeding of some
act before a judge or in court, which is usually granted when the party
concerned is so weak that he cannot travel, and is the same the civi­
lians call delegatio. Lat.

DE DEONERANDO pro rata portione, Lat. [in law] a writ lying where
a man has been distrained for rent, which ought to have been paid by
others proportionably.

DEDI＇TION. 1. The act of surrendering or delivering up a place be­
sieged 2. The act of yielding up any thing in general. It was not a
complete conquest, but a dedition upon terms. Hale.

DEDITI＇TIOUS [dedititius, Lat.] yielding or delivering himself up
into the power of another.

To DEDU＇CE [deduire, Fr. dedurre, It. deducìr, Sp. of deduco, Lat.]
1. To draw one thing from another, in a regular connected series from
one time or event to another.
Shall I deduce my rhimes
From the dire nation in its early times. Pope.
2. To infer, to form a regular chain of consequences. Reason is the
faculty of deducing unknown truths from principles already known.
Locke. 3. To lay down in regular order so as that the following shall
naturally arise from the foregoing.
I deduce,
From the first note the hollow cuckoo sings,
The simphony of spring. Thomson.

DEDU＇CEMENT [from deduce] the thing deduced, the consequence.
Praise and prayer are his due worship, and the rest of those deducements
which are the remote effects of revelation. Dryden.

DEDU＇CIBLE [deducibilis, Lat.] that may be deduced or inferred
from, consequential. The condition deducible from many grounds.
Brown. All properties of a triangle depend on and are deducible from
three lines including a space. Locke.

DEDU＇CIBLENESS [from deducible] capableness of being deduced.

DEDU＇CIVE, adj. [from deduce] performing the act of deducing.

To DEDU＇CT [deduire, Fr. deductum, sup. of deduco, Lat.] 1. To
subtract or take away from, to lessen. We deduct from the computation
of our years that part which is spent in incogitancy of infancy. Norris.
2. To separate, to divide. Now obsolete.
Having yet in his deducted spright,
Some sparks remaining of that heavenly fire. Spenser.

DEDU＇CTILE [deductilis, Lat.] easy to be deducted.

DEDU＇CTION [Fr. deduzione, It. deduciòn, Sp. of deductio, Lat.] 1.
The act of deducting; a conclusion, consequence, or inference. Long
circuit of deduction. Hooker. Expressly or by clear consequence and
deduction forbidden. Tillotson. 2. That which is deducted, defalca­
tion.
Bring then these blessings to a strict account,
Make fair deductions, see to what they mount. Pope.

DEDU＇CTIVE [from deduct] deducible.

DEDU＇CTIVELY, adv. [from deductive] by consequence or de­
duction. Directly expressed or deductively contained in this work.
Brown.

DEED [dæd, Sax. daet, Du. that, Ger.] 1. An action or thing
done, whether good or bad. The place is dignified by the doer＇s
deed. Shakespeare. Deeds could only deeds unjust maintain. Dryden.
2. Exploit, atchievement, performance.
I on the other side,
Us＇d no ambition to commend my deeds,
The deeds themselves, tho＇ mute, spoke loud the doer. Milton.
3. Power of action. With will and deed created free. Milton. 4. Act
declaratory of an opinion. Contrary to former deeds and oaths. Hooker.
5. Fact, reality; opposed to fiction: whence the word indeed.
Now in the very deed I might behold
The pond＇rous earth, and all yon marble roof,
Meet like the hands of Jove. Lee.
To take the will for the DEED.
H. Ger. Den willen für die that annehmen.
To accept of a man＇s desire or will to do what is not in his power,
which, if it be sincere, every one ought to do; as well because it is
all the supreme being requires of us, as in consideration of the unrea­
sonableness of requiring impossibilities.








DEEDS [in common law] writings which contain the effect of a
contract or agreement between man and man. The deeds by which he
holds his estate. South.

DEED Indented [in law] an indenture, a writing cut into dents or
notches on the top or side, which consists of two or more parts; and
in which is expressed that the parties concerned, have interchangeably
or severally set their hands and seals to every part of it.

DEED Poll, or Polled, is a single plain deed unindented, shewing
that only one of the parties has put his hand and seal to it, for the pur­
poses therein mentioned.

DEE＇DLESS [of deed, and the neg. part. less] being without ex­
ploits, unactive. Speaking in deeds, and deedless in his tongue. Shake­
speare.
Your female discord end,
Ye deedless boasters. Pope.

To DEEM, verb act. [pret. and part. pass. dempt or deemed; deman,
Sax. domgan, Goth. doemen, Du.] to judge, to think, to determine,
Partial Paris dempt it Venus＇ due. Spenser.
He who to be deem＇d
A god, leap＇d fondly into Ætna＇s flames. Dryden.

DEEM [from the verb] judgment, surmise; now obsolete.
Be thou but true of heart—
—I true! how now? what wicked deem us this. Shakespeare.

DEE＇MSTER, or DE＇MSTER [from deem] 1. A sort of judges in the
isles of Man and Jersey, elected from among the inhabitants, who de­
cide all controversies, without any process, writing, or charge. 2. (In
Scotland) the hangman or executioner, he who repeats after the judge
or clerk the sentence of death to the convict.

DEEP [dæop, deep, or dyp, Sax. diep, Du. deep, L. Ger. tieff,
H. Ger. dyb, Dan. diup, Su. and Goth.] 1. Having length down­
wards. All trees in sandy grounds are to be set deep. Bacon.
The gaping gulph low to the centre lies,
And twice as deep as earth is distant from the skies. Dryden.
2. Low in situation; opposed to high. 3. Measur＇d from the surface
downward. He was sunk many fathoms deep into the water. Newton.
4. Entering far, piercing a great way. The ways in that vale were
very deep. Clarendon. 5. Far from the outer part.
So the false spider, when her nets are spread,
Deep ambush＇d in her silent den does lie. Dryden.
6, Not superficial, not obvious. If the matter be knotty, and the
sense lies deep, the mind must stop and buckle to it. Locke. 7. Saga­
cious, having the power to enter far into a subject.
He＇s meditating with two deep divines. Shakespeare.
He in my ear
Vented much policy and projects deep. Milton.
8. Full of contrivance, insidious.
Deep, hollow, treacherous, and full of guile. Shakespeare.
9. Grave, solemn. Deep prayers. Shakespeare.
Nor awful Phœbus was on Pindus heard
With deeper silence or with more regard. Dryden.
10. Dark coloured. With deeper brown the grove was overspread.
Dryden. 11. Having a great degree of stilness, gloom or sadness.
Deep sleep. Genesis. Deep poverty. 2 Corinthians. 12. Bass, or grave
in sound. The sounds made by buckets in a well are deeper and
fuller than if made in the open air. Bacon.
Still waters are the DEEPEST.
H. Ger. Stille wasser haben die tieffste gründe.
They that talk least have generally the most knowledge. See the
reverse, in Empty vessels make the greatest sound, under EMPTY.

DEEP Sea Lead, the lead which is hung at a deep sea line to sink it
down; at the bottom of which is a coat of white tallow, to bring up
gravel, shells, sand, &c. to know the difference of the ground.

DEEP Sea Line [with sailors] a small line, with which they sound,
to find ground in deep waters, that they may know the coast they ap­
proach without the sight of land.

DEEP, subst. [from the adj.] 1. The sea, the ocean. God above,
who sheweth his wonders in the deep. Bacon. Rites of Neptune, mo­
narch of the deep. Pope. 2. The most solemn or still part. The deep
of night is crept upon our talk. Shakespeare.

To DEE＇PEN [from deep] 1. To make deep, to sink far below the
surface. It would raise the banks and deepen the bed of the Tiber. Ad­
dison. 2. To cloud, to make dark. Deepen your colours. Peacham.
3. To make sad or gloomy. See 11th sense of the adj.
Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene,
Shades every flow＇r, and darkens ev＇ry green,
Deepens the murmurs of the falling floods,
And breathes a browner horror on the woods. Pope.

DEE＇PING-Market, a market-town of Lincolnshire, situated among
the fens, on the north side of Wayland, 87 miles from London.

DEE＇PLY, adv. [from deep] 1. To a great depth. Fear is a passion
deeply rooted in our natures. Tillotson. 2. Profoundly, with great study
or sagacity, not superficially or carelessly. 3. Sorrowfully, solemnly.
He sighed deeply in his spirit. St. Mark. Deeply mus＇d on the succeed­
ing day. Dryden. 4. With a tendency to darkness of colour. The
deeply red juice of buckthorn berries. Boyle. 5. In a high degree. He
had deeply offended his nobles and people. Bacon.

DEE＇PNESS [deopnesse, Sax.] depth. Deepness of the way.
Knolles. Deepness of earth. St. Matthew.

A DEER [deor, Sax. dier, Du. thier, Teut. and Ger. diur, Dan.
and Su. θηρ, Gr. all which signify in general a wild beast of any sort]
a wild beast of the chace, which is hunted for venison, containing
many subordinate species. You have beaten my men, kill＇d my deer.
Shakespeare.

DEER-Fold, a fold or park for deer.

DEER-Hays, machines for catching deer.

DEE＇SIS [δεησις, Gr.] a beseeching or entreating.

DEESIS [with rhetoricians] a figure frequently used in oratory or
poetry, on occasion either of earnest intreaty or calling to witness; as,
Lydia, díc, per omnes te Deos oro.

DE ESSE＇NDO quietum de telonia, &c. [in law] a writ lying for those
that are by privilege freed from the payment of toll.

DE EXPE＇NSIS Militum [in law] a writ that requires the sheriffs to
levy so much per diem for the expences of the knight of the shire, du­
ring the time he serves in parliament. Lat.

DE EXPENSIS Civium, &c. [Lat. in law] a writ to levy two shil­
lings a day of every citizen and burgess.

To DEFA＇CE [effacer, defaire, Fr. Johnson.] to mar or spoil,
to blot out, to destroy. Pay him six thousand, and deface the
bond. Shakespeare.
Columns broken lie,
And, tho＇ defac＇d, the wonder of the eye. Dryden.

DEFA＇CEMENT [of deface] violation, rasure, destruction. The
poor men of Lyons will tell you, that the image of God is purity, and
the defacement sin. Bacon.

DEFA＇CER [of deface] destroyer, abolisher.
That foul defacer of God＇s handy work
Thy womb let loose to chase us to our graves. Shakespeare.

DE FACTO, actually, really, in very deed. Lat.

DEFA＇IT [in heraldry] a beast whose head is cut off smooth.
Fr.

DEFA＇ILANCE, or DEFA＇LLIANCE [defaillance, Fr.] a defect or fail­
ing. A word now obsolete. The affections were the authors of that
unhappy defailance. Glanville.

To DEFA＇LCATE, verb act. [defalquer, Fr. of falcies, gen. of falx,
Lat. a sickle] to cut off. It is generally used of money.

DEFALCA＇TION [of defalcate] diminution, abatement of any part
of an usual allowance. Set forth with its customary bill of fare, and
without any defalcation. Addison.

DEFALCATION [in gardening] a pruning or cutting off vines or
other trees. Lat.

DEFALCATION [among traders] a deduction or abating in accounts.

To DEFA＇LK [defalquer, Fr. difalcare, It. defalcàr, Sp. of defalco,
Lat. See To DEFALCATE] to cut off, to abate or deduct. What
he defalks from some insipid sin, is but to make some other more guilt­
ful. Decay of Piety.

DEFAMA＇TION [diffamation, Fr. diffamazione, It. difamaciòn, Sp. of
defamatio, Lat.] slander, calumny. Defamation is the uttering of
reproachful speeches or contumelious language of any one, with an
intent of raising an ill fame of the party thus reproached; and this
extends to writing, as by defamatory libels, and also to deeds, as by
reproachful postures, signs, and gestures. Ayliffe. Intricate motives
there are to detraction and defamation. Addison.

DEFA＇MATORY [diffamatoire, Fr. diffamatorio, It. disfamatório, Sp.]
slanderous, abusive, unjustly censorious. Augustus made an edict
against lampoons, and satires, and defamatory writings. Dryden.

To DEFA＇ME [diffamer, Fr. diffamare, It. disfamàr, Sp. of defamo,
of de and fama, Lat.] to backbite or speak evil of, to slander, to cen­
sure falsely, to destroy reputation by acts or words.
My guilt thy growing virtues did defame,
My blackness blotted thy unblemish＇d name. Dryden.

DEFA＇ME, subst. [from the verb] disgrace, dishonour.
Hung their conquer＇d arms for more defame,
On gallow trees. Spenser.

DEFA＇MER [of defame] he that detracts or calumniates.

DEFA＇TIGABLE [defatigabilis, Lat.] that may be tired or made
weary.

DEFA＇TIGABLENFSS [of defatigable] aptness to be tired.

To DEFA＇TIGATE [defatigo, Lat.] to weary, to tire.

DEFATIGA＇TION, fatigue, weariness Lat.

DEFAU＇LT [defaut, Fr. diffalta, It. deféto, Sp. of faute, Fr.] 1.
Defect, want. In default of the king＇s pay, the forces were laid
upon the subject. Davies. Cooks could make artificial birds and
fishes, in default of the real ones. Arbuthnot. 2. Omission, neglect. 3.
Crime, failure. Penitent for your default to day. Shakespeare. Par­
tial judges we are of our own excellencies, and other mens defaults.
Swift.

DEFAU＇LT [in common law] an offence, in omitting to do what
ought to be done; also non-appearance in court at a day assigned.
Cowel uses it.

To DEFAU＇LT [defaut, of faute, Fr.] to render a person liable to
some forfeit, fine, amercement, or punishment, by omitting to do
something enjoined, or committing something forbid.

DEFEA＇SANCE, or DEFEISANCE [defaisance, Fr.] 1. The act of
annulling or abrogating any contract or stipulation. 2. [In law]
a condition which relates to a deed, as an obligation, recognizance, or
statute, which when it has been performed by the obligee or recogni­
see, the act is disabled and made void, as if it had never been done.
There is this difference between a proviso or a condition in deed, and
a defeasance; that the former is annexed or inserted in the deed or
grant, but a defeasance is commonly a deed by itself. 3. The writing
in which a defeasance is contained. 4. A defeat, conquest. Now
obsolete.
Being arrived where the champion stout,
After his foe＇s defeasance, did remain. Spenser.

DEFE＇ASIBLE [of defaire, Fr. to make void] that which may be
annulled or abrogated. He came to the crown by a defeasible title.
Davies.

To DEFE＇AT [defaire, Fr.] 1. To beat, to rout an army. They
invaded Ireland, and were defeated. Bacon. 2. To disappoint a
person; to frustrate. Alledged many sharp reasons to defeat the law.
Shakespeare. Discovered, and defeated of your prey. Dryden. 3.
To abolish.

DEFE＇AT [defaite, Fr.] 1. An entire overthrow or slaughter of
soldiers.
End Marlb＇rough＇s work, and finish the defeat. Addison.
2. Act of destruction, deprivation.
A king, upon whose life
A damn＇d defeat was made. Shakespeare.

DEFE＇ATURE [of de and feature] change of feature, alteration of
countenance.
Careful hours, with Time＇s deformed hand,
Hath written strange defeatures in my face. Shakespeare.

To DE＇FECATE [defæcatum, sup. of defæco, Lat.] 1. To clear from
dregs, to purify. A way to defecate the dark and muddy oil of am­
ber. Boyle.
Voluntary flies
The defecated liquor, thro＇ the vent







Ascending; then by downward track convey＇d,
Spouts into subject vessels lovely clear. Philips.
2. To purify from any extraneous or noxious mixture, to brighten.
We defecate the notion from materiality. Glanville.

DEFECATE, part. [from the verb] 1. Purged from lees or soulness.
This liquor was very defecate. Boyle. 2. Purified from any extra­
neous admixture, clear＇d. We are puzzled with contradictions which
are no absurdities to defecate faculties. Glanville.

DEFECA＇TION [defacatio, Lat.] 1. The act of purging from dregs. 2.
The act of resining. The spleen and liver are obstructed in their offices
of defecation, whence vicious and dreggish blood. Harvey.

DEFE＇CT [defant, Fr. defetto, It. defécto, Sp. of defectus, Lat.]
1. Blemish, failure, imperfection. Men, through some defect in the
organs, want words. Locke. 2. Want, absence of something ne­
cessary, the fault opposed to superfluity. Defects supplied. Davies.
Defect had been as fatal as excess. Blackmore. 3. Failing, want.
Our mere defects
Prove our commodities. Shakespeare.
4. A fault, mistake, error. We had rather follow the perfections of
them whom we like not, than in defects resemble them whom we love.
Hooker.
Your defects to know,
Make use of ev＇ry friend—and ev＇ry foe. Pope.
Few men are sensible of their own DEFECTS.
Lat. Suus cuique crepitus bene olet. (Every man＇s own f--rt has a good
favour). We easily find some excuse or pretext to gloss over our own
frailties, if we are sensible of them; but how many are there, who
neither are, nor will be convinced they have any: but overlook their
own, while they are busy at finding out and carping at those of their
neighbours!

To DEFE＇CT, verb neut. [from the noun] to fall short of, to fail.
Now obsolete. The enquiries of most defected by the way, and tired
within the sober circumference of knowledge. Brown.

DEFECTIBI＇LITY [of defectible] the state of failing, imperfection.
The corruption of things corruptible, depends upon the intrinsical
defectibility of the connection of the parts. Hale.

DEFE＇CTIBLE [of defect] imperfect, deficient. The extraordinary
persons thus highly favoured were for a great part of their lives in a
defectible condition. Hale.

DEFE＇CTION [Fr. of defectio, Lat.] 1. Failure, want. 2. A fal­
ling off from the church, apostacy. Defection and falling away from
God was first found in angels. Raleigh. Our original defection from
God. Watts. 3. Revolt, an abandoning of a king or state. The
general defection of the whole realm. Davies.

DEFE＇CTIVE [defectif, Fr. difettivo, It. defetuoso, Sp. of defectivus,
Lat.] 1. Full of defects, imperfect, not adequate to the purpose.
The hypotheses proposed are all defective. Locke. 2. Faulty, vicious.
Our tragedy writers have been notoriously defective in giving proper
sentiments. Addison.

DEFECTIVE, or DEFI＇CIENT Nouns [with grammarians] are such
as want either a number, a particular case, or are indeclinable.

DEFECTIVE Verb [with grammarians] a verb which has not all its
tenses.

DEFE＇CTIVENESS [of defectivus, Lat. defectuosité, Fr.] faultiness,
imperfection. The lowness often opens the building in breadth, or
the defectiveness of some other particular makes any single part appear
in perfection. Addison.

DEFEDA＇TION. See DEFOEDATION.

DEFE＇NCE [defense, Fr. defenstone, It. defensa, Sp. defensio, Lat.]
1. Guard or protection, support. Cities for defence in Judah. 2 Chro­
nicles. 2. Justification, apology. Alexander beckoned, and would
have made his defence. Acts. 3. Prohibition. A sense merely
French. Severe defences may be made against wearing any linen un­
der a certain breadth. Temple.

DEFENCE [in military affairs] opposition, resistance.

Line of DEFENCE Fichant [in fortification] is a right line drawn
from the point or vertex of the bastion to the concourse of the oppo­
site flank of the courtine.

Line of DEFENCE Rasant [in fortification] is the face of the bastion
continued to the courtine.

DEFENCE [in law] that reply which the defendant ought to make
immediately after the count or declaration is produced, and then to
proceed either in his plea or to imparle.

DEFE＇NCELESS [of defence] 1. Not having any defence, unguard­
ed. Defenceless doors. Milton. A slave disarmed, defenceless. Dry­
den. 2. Impotent, not able to resist.
Will such a multitude of men employ
Their strength against a weak defenceless boy? Addison.

DEFE＇NCES [in heraldry] are the weapons of any beast; as, the
horns of a stag, the paws of a lion, the tusks of a wild boar, &c.

DEFENCES [in fortification] are all those works, of what fort
soever, which cover and defend the opposite posts; as flanks, para­
pets, &c.

To he in a Posture of DEFENCE, is to be provided and in readiness to
oppose an enemy.

To DEFE＇ND [defendre, Fr. difendere, It. defender, Sp. and Port. of
defendo, Lat.] 1. To stand in defence of, to protect or support. De­
fend me from them that rise up against me. Psalms. 2. To uphold
or bear out, to assert or maintain, to justify. The queen is able to
defend herself against all her majesty＇s enemies. Swift. 3. To for­
tify, to secure.
Here th＇ access a gloomy grove defends. Dryden.
4. To prohibit, or forbid.
Where can you say in any maur age,
That ever God defended marriage. Chaucer.
Man is become
To know both good and evil, since his taste
Of that defended fruit. Milton.
5. To maintain a place or cause against those that attack it.

DEFE＇NDABLE [of defendo, Lat. defendre, Fr.] that may be de­
fended.

DEFE＇NDANT [défendeur, Fr. difenditore, It. defendidòr, Sp.] 1. He
that defends against assailants. The Defendants on the wall. Wilkins.
2. [In common law] is he that is fued in an action personal, as te­
nant is one who is sued in an action real.

DEFENDE＇MUS [law word] used in feosfments, which bindeth the
donor and his heirs to defend the donce, if any one goes about to
lay any servitude on the thing given, other than is contained in the
donation.

Se DEFENDE＇NDO [i. e. in defending himself] a term used when
one kills another in his own defence, which justifies the fact.

DEFEN＇DER [of defend, Eng. defensor, Lat.] 1. One that defends, a
champion. To banish your defenders. Shakespeare. The defenders
of our city slain. Dryden. 2. One that asserts or vindicates. No
way so effectual to betray the truth, as to procure it a weak defender.
South. 3. [In law] an advocate, one that defends another in a
court of justice.

DEFENDER of the Faith, a title given by pope Leo X. to our king
Henry VIII. on account of his writing against Martin Luther. But
that king obtained a far better claim to the title, when he laid the
foundation of the expulsion of the papal authority and tenets from these
kingdoms.

DEFE＇NDERE Se [Lat. in doomsday-book] to be taxed for a certain
quantity of land.

DEFE＇NDERE Se per Corpus, &c. [Lat. old law] to offer combat
or duel, as an appeal or trial at law.

DEFE＇NDERS, in ancient times, dignitaries in church and state,
whose business was to take care of the preservation of the public
weal, to protect the poor and helpless, and maintain the interest and
causes of the church.

DEFE＇NSA [law Lat.] a park or place fenced in for deer.

DEFE＇NSATIVE, subst. [of defense] 1. Guard, defence. A very
unsafe defensative it is against the fury of a lion. Brown. If the
bishop has no other defensatives than excommunication, no other
power than that of the keys, he may surrender up his pastoral staff.
South. 2. [In surgery] a bandage or plaister to secure a wound
from outward violence.

DEFE＇NSIBLE [of defence] 1. That may be defended. They must
make themselves defensible against the natives. Bacon. Venice is
represented as one of the most defensible cities in the world. Addison.
2. Justifiable, capable of vindication. I conceive it defensible to dis­
arm an adversary. Collier.

DEFE＇NSIBLENESS [of defensible] capableness of being defended.

DEFE＇NSITIVES [with surgeons] bandages, plaisters, or the like,
used in curing of wounds, to moderate the violence of the pain, im­
pression of the external air, &c. See DEFENSATIVE.

DEFENSIVÆ, the lords or earls of the marches, the defenders or
wards of the country.

DEFE＇NSIVE, or DEFE＇NSITIVE, adj. [defensis, Fr. difensivo, It. de­
fensivo, Sp.] 1. That which serves to defend, proper for defence.
Opposed to offence. Not persuaded by danger to offer any offence,
but only to stand upon the best defensive guard he could. Sidney.
Defensive arms lay by, as useless here. Waller. 2. Being in a state
or posture of defence.
What stood recoil＇d
Defensive scarce, or with pale fear surpriz＇d,
Fled ignominious. Milton.

DEFENSIVE, subst. [from the adj.] 1. Safeguard. Wars preven­
tive upon just fears are true defensives. Bacon. 2. Posture or state of
defence. Resolved to stand upon the defensive only. Clarendon.

DEFE＇NSIVES, or DEFE＇NSATIVES [with physicians, &c.] medi­
cines outwardly applied, to prevent an inflammation.

DEFE＇NSIVELY, in a defensive manner.

DEFE＇NST, part. pass. [of defence] defended. Now obsolete.
Like Troy＇s old town, defenst with Ilion＇s tower. Fairfax.

In DEFE＇NSO [old law term] any meadow ground laid in for
hay; or any part of a wood, where cattle were not suffered to run,
but were enclosed and fenced up, to secure the growth of the under­
wood.

DEFE＇NSUM [old law] any enclosure or fenced ground.

To DEFE＇R, verb neut. [differer, Fr. differire, It. diferìr, Sp. of de­
fero, Lat.] 1. To delay or put off acting.
He will not long defer,
To vindicate the glory of his name. Milton.
2. To pay deference or regard to the opinion of another.

To DEFER, verb act. 1. To withhold, to delay. Defer the pro­
mis＇d boon. Pope. 2. To refer to, to leave to another＇s determina­
tion. The commissioners deferred the matter up to the earl of North­
umberland. Bacon.

DE＇FERENCE, Fr. 1. Respect, regard. Virgil could have ex­
celled Varus in tragedy, and Horace in lyric poetry, but out of defe­
rence to his friends he attempted neither. Dryden. 2. Condescen­
sion, complaisance. A natural roughness makes a man uncomplai­
sant to others, so that he has no deference for their inclinations. Locke.
3. Submission. A deference for the judgment of those, who perhaps
disapprove the opinions which they spread. Addison.

DE＇FERENT, adj. [deferens, of de and fero, Lat. to carry] carried
or conveyed. The figures of pipes thro＇ which sounds pass, or of
other deferent bodies, conduce to the variety. Bacon.

DEFERENT, subst. [from the adj.] that which carries or con­
veys. Sounds may be created without air, tho＇ air be the most fa­
vourable deferent. Bacon.

DEFERENT [with astronomers] an imaginary orb or circle in the
Ptolemaic system, which is supposed as it were to carry about the
body of the planet. It is the same with eccentric.

DE＇FERENTS [with anatomists] those vessels of the body appointed
for the conveyance of humours from one part to another.

DEFERVE＇SCENCE [of defervescentia, Lat.] a growing cool, an
abating.

DEFFAI＇T [in blazonry] is used to signify the head of a beast cut
off smooth, the same as decapite; which see. Fr.

DEFI＇ANCE [deffi, of defier, Fr.] 1. A challenge, an invitation to
sight.
He breath＇d defiance to my ears. Shakespeare.
A war without a just defiance made. Dryden.
2. A challenge to make a charge or impeachment good. 3. Expres­






sion of abhorrence or contempt. Well meaning souls, seeing the No­
vatian heresy bad such express defiance to apostacy, could not suspect
it was itself any defection from the faith. Decay of Piety. To bid de­
fiance to common sense. Locke.

DEFI＇CIENCE, DEFI＇CIENCY, or DEFI＇CIENTNESS [deficienza, It.
deficiencia, of deficio, Lat.] 1. Defect, coming short, failing. Sca­
liger finding a defect in the reason of Aristotle, introduceth one of
no less deficiency. Brown.
Thou in thyself art perfect, and in thee
Is no deficience found. Milton.
2. Want, something less than is necessary. A sufficient fulness or de­
ficiency of blood. Arbuthnot. No deficiency to be hereafter made up.
Addison.

DEFI＇CIENT [deficiente, It. of deficiens, Lat.] failing, wanting, im­
perfect.
His creating hand
Nothing imperfect or deficient left. Milton.

DEFI＇CIENT Verbs. See DEFECTIVE Verbs.

DEFICIENT Hyperbola, a curve of that denomination, having only
one asymptote and two hyperbolical legs, running out infinitely to­
wards the sides of the asymptote, but the contrary ways.

DEFICIENT Numbers [in arithmetic] are numbers, all whose aliquot
parts added together amount to less than the integer, whose parts they
are; as 8, whose aliquot parts 1, 2, and 4 make but 7; and so the
aliquot parts of 16 make but 15, &c.

DEFI＇ER [from defy] a challenge, one that dares and defies.
Bold and insolent defiers of heaven. Tillotson.

To DEFI＇LE, verb act. [of de and fulan, of ful, Sax. foul] 1. To
pollute, to dawb or stain, to dirty. Pitch, as ancient writers do re­
port, doth defile. Shakespeare. His character may be defiled by mean
and dirty hands. Swift. 2. To make legally or ritually impure.
That which dieth of itself, he shall not eat to defile himself. Leviticus.
3. To corrupt chastity, to violate.
The husband murther＇d, and the wife defil＇d. Prior.
4. To corrupt, to make guilty. God requires rather that we should
die, than defile ourselves with impieties. Stillingfleet. 5. To de­
flower or ravish.

To DEFILE, verb neut. [defiler, Fr. sfilare, It.] to file off, to march
file by file.

DEFILE, or DEFILE＇E [deffila, Fr. from fila, a line of soldiers,
which is derived from filum, Lat. a thread; in military affairs] a
straight narrow lane or passage, through which a company of horse
or foot can pass only in file, by making a small front. There is, in
Oxford, a narrow defile, to use the military term, where the partisans
used to encounter. Addison.

To DEFILE, is to reduce an army to a small front, to march thro＇
a narrow place.

DEFI＇LEMENT [from defile] the act of defiling or polluting, also pol­
lution. The chaste cannot rake into such filth, without danger of de­
filement. Spectator.

DEFI＇LER [of defile] one that defiles or violates, a corrupter. I
shall hold forth in my arms my much wronged child, and call aloud
for vengeance on her defiler. Addison.

DEFI＇NABLE [of define] 1. That which may be defined. The su­
preme nature we cannot otherwise define, than by saying it is infinite,
as if infinite were definable. Dryden. 2. That which may be ascer­
tained. Concerning the time of the end of the world, the question is,
whether the time be definable or no? Burnet＇s Theory.

To DEFI＇NE, verb. act. [definïr, Fr. and Sp. definire, It. and Lat.]
1. To declare or explain any thing by its qualities or circum­
stances.
Whose loss can＇st thou mean,
That dost so well their miseries define? Sidney.
Tho＇ defining be thought the proper way to make known the proper
signification, yet there are some words that will not be defined. Locke.
2. To circumscribe, to bound. The rings were very distinct and well
defined. Newton.

To DEFINE, verb neut. to determine, to decide; with of. The
unjust judge is the capital remover of landmarks, when he defineth
amiss of lands. Bacon.

DEFI＇NER [of define] one that defines or explains.
God, forsooth, is found
Incomprehensible and infinite;
But is he therefore found? vain searcher; no:
Let your imperfect definition show,
That nothing you, the weaker definer. know. Prior.

DEFI＇NITE, adj. [defini, Fr. diffinito, It. definido, Sp. definitus, Lat.]
1. Certain, limitted, or bounded. The sight of the goddess, who in
a definite compass can set forth infinite beauty. Sidney. 2. Exact,
precise. Some certain and definite time. Ayliffe.

DEFINITE, subst. [from the adj.] the thing defined or explained.
Special bastardy is nothing else but the definition of the general
and the general again is nothing else but a definite of the special.
Ayliffe.

DEFI＇NITENESS [of definite] certainty, limitedness.

DEFINI＇TION [Fr. diffinizione, It. difiniciòn, Sp. of definitio. Lat.]
1. A short and plain description of a thing, with its nature and prin­
cipal properties. I drew my definition of poetical wit from my par­
ticular consideration of him. Dryden. 2. A decision or determination
of an affair; or it is an exact description, explaining a thing by spi­
ritual attributes.

DEFINITION [with logicians] an unfolding the essence or being of
a thing, by its kind and difference. What is man? not a reasonable
animal merely; for that is not an adequate and distinguishing definition.
Bentley.

DEFINITION [with mathematicians] is an explanation of the terms
or words used for explaining the thing treated of.

DEFI＇NITIVE [definitif, Fr. deffinitivo, It. definitivo, Sp. of defini­
tivus, Lat.] 1. That serves to define or decide. 2. Decisive, posi­
tive, express. A strict and definitive truth. Brown.

DEFI＇NITEVELY, adv. [of definitive] decisively, positively.
Definitively thus I answer you,
Your love deserves my thanks. Shakespeare.

DEFI＇NITIVENESS [of definitive] decisiveness, &c.

DEFLAGRABI＇LITY [of deflagro, Lat.] the quality of taking fire, and
burning wholly away. The ready deflagrability of salt petre. Boyle.

DEFLA＇GRABLE [of deflagro, Lat.] having the quality of wasting en­
tirely away in fire. More inflammable and deflagrable. Boyle.

To DEFLA＇GRATE [deflagratum, sup. of deflagro, Lat.] to inkindle
and burn off in a crucible, a mixture of salt or some mineral body,
with a sulphureous one, in order to purify the salt, or to make a re­
gulus of a mineral.

DEFLAGRA＇TION [of deflagratio, Lat.] the act of burning or con­
suming with fire. It is a term frequently used in chemistry, for set­
ting fire to several things in their preparation, as in making æthiops
with fire, sal prunellæ, &c. Quincy. When the deflagration is
over, you shall find the paper moist. Boyle.

To DEFLE＇CT, verb neut. [deflecto, Lat.] to turn aside, to deviate
from a right line. At some parts of the Azores the needle deflecteth
not, but lieth in the true meridian. Brown. Some from a strait course
deflect. Blackmore.

DEFLE＇CTION [deflectio, Lat.] 1. The act of bending or bowing
down, a turning aside out of the way. 2. Deviation; the act of
turning aside from a right line. Needles incline to the south on the
other side of the equator; and at the very line or middle circle stand
without deflection. Brown.

DEFLECTION [in navigation] the tending of a ship from her true
course, by reason of currents, &c. which divert or turn her out of
the right way.

DEFLECTION [of the rays of light] a bending downwards, a turn­
ing aside, a property different both from reflection and refraction, the
same which is called inflection by Sir Isaac Newton. Dr Hook
observed it in 1675, and found that it was made towards the surface
of the opaque body perpendicularly.

DEFLE＇XURE [deflexura, Lat.] a bending down, or turning aside,
or out of the way.

DEFLORA＇TION, or DEFLO＇URING [Fr. from defloratus, Lat. or
from deflower] 1. The act of ravishing. 2. The taking away a wo­
man＇s virginity. 3. A taking away the beauty of a thing. 4. A
selection of that which is most valuable. The laws of Normandy are
in a great measure the defloration of the English laws, and a transcript
of them. Hale.

DEFLOU＇RER [of deflour] one that deflours, or ravishes. Deflou­
rers of innocence. Addison.

To DEFLO＇UR [deflorer, L. Fr. desfloràr, Sp. deflorare, It. and Lat.]
1. To ravish, to take away a woman＇s virginity.
Let my spleenful sons this trull deflour. Shakespeare.
2. To take away the beauty and grace of any thing.
How on a sudden lost,
Defac＇d, deflour＇d, and now to death devote. Milton

DEFLO＇URMENT, the act of deflouring, state of being de­
flour＇d.

DEFLU＇OUS [defluus, Lat.] flowing down, also falling off, shedding.

DEFLU＇VIUM, Lat. a falling down; a falling off as hair, a moult­
ing.

DEFLUVIUM, Lat. [among botanists] a disease in trees, whereby
they lose their bark. This distemper proceeds from a sharp humour
that dissolves the glue, by means of which the bark is fastened to the
wood; and sometimes it is occasioned by too great draught.

DEFLU＇XION [fluxion, Fr. flussione, It. of defluxio, Lat. with phy­
sicians] a flowing down of humours to any inferior part of the body.
Cold doth cause rheums and defluxions from the head. Bacon.

DE＇FLY, adv. [for deftly, of deft] dexterously, skilfully; now ob­
solete.
How finely the graces can it foot
To the instrument;
They dauncer defly, and singen soote,
In their merriment. Spenser.

DEFOEDA＇TION [defœdus, Lat.] the act of making filthy, pollution.
The defœdation of so many parts by a bad printer, and a worse edi­
tor. Bentley.

DEFO＇RCEMENT [in law] a with-holding lands or tenements, by
force, from the right owner.

DEFORCEMENT [in the law of Scotland] the resisting or offering
violence to the officers of the law, while they are actually employed
in the exercise of their functions, by putting its orders and sentences
in execution.

DEFO＇RCEURE, DEFO＇RCIANT, or DEFO＇RSOUR [a law term] one
who overcomes and casts another out of possession by force, in which
respect it differs from a disseisor, who does it without force.

To DEFO＇RM [difformer, Fr. difformare, It. deformo, Lat.] 1. To
spoil the form of, to disfigure.
I that am curtail＇d of this fair proportion,
Cheated of feature by dissembling nature,
Deform＇d, unfinish＇d. Shakespeare.
2. To dishonour, to make ungraceful.
Old men with dust deform＇d their hoary hair. Dryden.

DEFO＇RM, adj. [deformis, Lat.] ugly, having an irregular form. That
monster most deform. Spenser.
Sight so deform, what heart of rock could long
Dry-ey＇d behold. Milton.

DEFORMA＇TION, Lat. a defacing, spoiling the form of, &c.

DEFO＇RMED [of deform] disfigured, ugly.

DEFO＇RMEDLY [of deformed] in a disfigured, ugly manner.

DEFO＇RMEDNESS [of deformed] ugliness, ill-favouredness; a dis­
pleasing or painful idea which is excited in the mind on account of
some object that wants that uniformity that constitutes beauty.

DEFO＇RMITY [deformité, Fr. difformità, It. disformidàd, Sp. defor­
mitas, Lat.] 1. Ugliness, ill favouredness.
Where sits deformity to mock my body,
To shape my legs of an unequal size. Shakespeare.
2. Ridiculousness, quality of something that deserves to be laughed
at. In comedy laughter is occasioned by the sight of some aeformity.
Dryden. 3. Irregularity, inordinateness. Due reforming church or
state, when deformities are such, that the perturbation and novelty are
not like to exceed the benefit of reforming. King Charles. 4. Disho­
nour, disgrace.








To DEFRAU＇D [frauder, Fr. defraudàr, Sp. defraudare, It. and
Lat.] 1. To rob or deprive by a wile or trick, to cozen or cheat.
2. To deceive or beguile; with of. Injured and defrauded of their
right. Hooker. Defraud not the poor of his living. Ecclesiasticus.
But now he seiz＇d Briseis＇ heav＇nly charms,
And of my valour＇s prize defrauds my arms. Pope.

DEFRA＇UDER [of defraud] one that defrauds, cheats, or deceives.
The profligate in morals grow severe,
Defrauders just, and sycophants sincere. Blackmore.

To DEFRA＇Y [defrayer, Fr.] to discharge expences, to bear the
charges. He would out of his own revenue defray the charges. 2.
Maccabees. The state will defray you all the time you stay. Bacon.

DEFRA＇YER [of defray] one that bears charges.

DEFRA＇YMENT [of defray] the payment of expences.

DEFRICA＇TION, Lat. a rubbing off.

DEFT, adj. [deft, Sax. obsolete] 1. Neat, spruce. 2. Proper,
fitting.
You go not the way to examine: you must call the watch that are
their accusers———
Yea, marry, that＇s the deftest way. Shakespeare.
3. Ready, dextrous. The limping god so deft at his new ministry.
Dryden. My cur, Tray, play deftest feats around. Gay.

DE＇FTLY, adv. [of deft; obsolete] 1. Neatly. 2. Dexterously,
in a skilful manner.
Come high or low,
Thy self and office deftly show. Shakespeare.
Full well could dance, and deftly tune the read. Gay.

DE＇FTARDAR, the treasurer of the revenues of the Turkish and
Persian empires.

DEFU＇NCT, adj. [defunt, Fr. defunto, It. difunto, Sp. of defunctus,
Lat.] deceased, dead.
The young affects
In me defunct. Shakespeare.
Here entity and quiddity,
The souls of defunct bodies fly. Hudibras.

DEFUNCT, subst. [from the adj.] one deceased, either man or wo­
man.
Nature doth abhor to make his couch
With the defunct, or sleep upon the dead. Shakespeare.
The friends of the defunct. Graunt.

DEFU＇NCTION [of defunct] death. Defunction of king Pharamond.
Shakespeare.

To DEFY＇ [defier, Fr. from de fide decedcre, or some like phrase, to
fall from allegiance to rebellion, contempt, or insult. Johnson] 1. To
out brave, to challenge, to combat.
I once again
Defy thee to the trial of mortal fight. Milton.
To single fight the boldest foe defy＇d. Dryden.
2. To slight, to treat contemptuously.
I do know
As many fools that stand in better place,
Garnish＇d like him, that for a tricksy word
Defy the matter. Shakespeare.

DE＇FY, subst. [from the verb] a challenge to fight.
At this the challenger, with fierce defy,
His trumpet sounds. Dryden.

DEFY＇ER [of defy] 1. He that challenges to fight. 2. He that
slights or treats with contempt. God may think it the concern of his
justice and providence too, to revenge the affronts put upon them by
such impudent defyers of both. South. See DEFIER.

DEGE＇NERACY [degeneratio, Lat.] 1. Quality of being in a dege­
nerate state and condition, departure from the virtue of our ancestors.
2. A forsaking of that which is good. We have contracted a great
deal of weakness and impotency by our wilful degeneracy from good­
ness. Tillotson. An universal degeneracy of manners. Swift. 3.
Meanness. Poorness and degeneracy of spirit. Addison.

To DEGE＇NERATE [dégenerer, Fr. degenerare, It. degeneràr, Sp. de­
generatum, sup. of degenero, Lat.] 1. To fall from a more noble to a
baser kind, to grow wild. Fruits that use to be grafted, if set of ker­
nels or stones, degenerate. Bacon. 2. To fall from the virtue of an­
cestors. 3. To fall from a more excellent to a baser state. When
wit transgresseth decency, it degenerates into insolence and impiety.
Tillotson.

DEGE＇NERATE, adj. for DEGENERATED. 1. Fallen from the vir­
tue and worth of ancestors.
To dog his heels and curt＇sey at his frowns,
To show how much thou art degenerate. Shakespeare.
2. Unworthy, base. So all shall turn degen＇rate, all deprav＇d. Milton.

DEGE＇NERATED [spoken of plants] grown wild.

DEGE＇NERATENESS [of degenerate] degeneracy, state or quality of
being grown wild, out of kind, &c.

DEGENERA＇TION [Fr. degenerazione, It. degeneraciòn, Sp. of dege­
neratio, Lat.] 1. The act of falling or declining from a more perfect
or valuable kind or condition to a less, to deviate from the virtue of
ancestors. 2. The thing changed from its primitive state. Grains
which generally arise among corn, as cockle, aracus ægilops, and
other degenerations. Brown.

DEGE＇NEROUS [degener, Lat.] 1. Degenerated, fallen from the vir­
tue and worth of his ancestors. 2. Base, vile, infamous. Degenerous
and unmanly slavery. King Charles.

DEGE＇NEROUSLY, adv. [of degenerous] basely, meanly. Like
Hercules at the distaff degenerously employed. Decay of Piety.

To DEGLU＇TINATE [deglutinatus, from de and gluten, Lat. glue]
to unglue.

DEGLU＇TINATED, pret. & part. [deglutinatus, Lat.] unglued.

DEGLUTI＇TION [Fr. from deglutio, Lat.] the act or power of swal­
lowing down; that action in living creatures, whereby that which
is chewed in the mouth, or any liquor, descends into the stomach by
the motion and contraction of the fibres of the gullet. When the
deglutition is totally abolished, the patient may be nourished by clys­
ters. Arbuthnot.

DE＇GMOS [of δακνω, Gr. to bite] that gnawing at the upper ori­
fice of the stomach, generally called the heart burn.

DEGRADA＇TION [Fr. digradazione, It. of degradatio, Lat.] 1. The
act of degrading from an office; the act of depriving or stripping a
person for ever of a dignity or degree of honour, &c. The word
degradation is commonly used to denote a deprivation and removing
a man from his degree. Ayliffe. 2. Degeneracy, baseness. Deplo­
rable is the degradation of our nature, that whereas before we bore
the image of God, we now retain only the image of men. South.

DEGRADATION [among painters] is the lessening and rendering
confused the appearance of distant objects in a landskip, so that they
appear there as they would to an eye, placed at a distance from them.

To DEGRA＇DE [degrader, Fr. degradare, It. degradàr, Sp. of de and
gradus, Lat.] 1. To put a person from his dignity, to deprive him of
his office or title.
He should
Be quite degraded like a hedgeborn swain. Shakespeare.
2. To lessen, to diminish the value of.
All higher knowledge in her presence falls
Degraded. Milton.

DEGRA＇DED [of gradus, Lat. a step, in heraldry] as a cross degra­
ded is one that has steps at each end.

To DEGRA＇VATE [degravatum, sup. of degravo, Lat.] to make
heavy, to burden.

DEGRAVA＇TION [of degravate] the act of making heavy.

DEGREE＇ [degré, Fr. from gradus, Lat.] 1. Quality, place of dig­
nity. Men of low degree are vanity, and men of high degree are a
lie. Psalms. A fair lady of great degree. Spenser. 2. The state and
condition in which a thing is. The book of wisdom noteth degrees of
idolatry. Bacon. 3. A step, a preparation towards something else.
Her first degree was by setting forth her beauties. Sidney.
Which sight the knowledge of myself might bring,
Which to true wisdom is the first degree. Davies.
4. Descent of family, order of lineage.
King Latinus in the 3d degree,
Had Saturn author of his family. Dryden.
5. The orders of the angels. The several degrees of angels may
probably have larger views. Locke. 6. Measure, proportion.
Poesy
Admits of no degrees; but must be still
Sublimely good, or despicably ill. Roscommon.
7. The division of the lines upon several sorts of mathematical instru­
ments. 8. (In music) the interval of sounds which are usually marked
by small lines.

DEGREE [with astronomers and geometricians] is the 360th part of
the circumference of any circle; a degree is divided into 60 parts,
called minutes; and each minute into 60 parts, called seconds; and
so into thirds, &c. The space of one degree is accounted to answer
to 69 English miles on earth.
To you who live in chill degree,
As map informs of fifty-three. Dryden.

DEGREE [in arithmetic] a degree consists of three figures, viz. of
three places comprehending units, tens, and hundred: so three hun­
dred and fifty-five is a degree. Cocker.

DEGREE [in fortification] is a small part of an arch of a circle
(the circle containing 360 degrees) which serves for the measuring the
content of the angle, so an angle is said to be of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
or 60 degrees, &c.

DEGREE [with physicians, &c.] is the intenseness or remissness of
any quality hot or cold, in any plant, drug, mineral, or mixt body.

Parodic DEGREE [in algebra] is the index or exponent of any
power; so in numbers, 1 is the parodic degree, or exponent of the
root or side; 2 of the square; 3 of the cube, &c.

DEGREES of Fire [with chemists] are accounted four. The 2d,
3d, and 4th degrees of heat are more easily introduced than the first:
every one is both a preparative and a step to the next. South.

By DEGREES, adv. gradually, by little and little. Their minds
acquainted by degrees with danger. Sidney. A person addicted to play
or gaming, though he take but little delight in it at first, by degrees
contracts a strong inclination towards it. Spectator.

DEGUSTA＇TION [degustatio, Lat.] the act of tasting; the act of
touching with the lips.

DEHO＇RS, Fr. the outside of a thing.

DEHORS [in fortification] all sorts of separate out-works, as crown­
works, half-moons, horn-works, ravelins; made for the security of a
place.

To DEHO＇RT [dehortor, Lat.] to dissuade, to advise to the contrary.
The apostles earnestly dehort us from unbelief. Ward on Infidelity.

DEHORTA＇TION, Lat. a dissuasion. The apostles dehort from un­
belief: did they never read these dehortations. Ward on Infidelity.

DEHORTA＇TORY, adj. [dehortor, Lat.] belonging to dissuasion.

DE＇ICIDE, subst. [dens and cædo, Lat.] the murther of God. It is
only used in speaking of the death of our blessed Saviour.
Explain how perfection suffer＇d pain,
Almighty languish＇d, and eternal dy＇d;
How by her patient victor death was slain,
And earth profan＇d, yet bless＇d with deicide. Prior.

DE＇ICIDES [i. e. God-killers, deicidi, It. of Deus and cædes,
Lat.] a title given to the Jews, upon account of their killing our
Saviour.

To DEJE＇CT [dejectum, sup. of dejicio, Lat.] 1. To cast down, to af­
flict, to sink the spirits, to crush. The lowest most dejected thing of
fortune Shakespeare. Dejects my lofty mind. Pope. 2. To make to
look sad, to change the form by grief. Gloomy were his eyes, de­
jected was his face. Dryden.

DEJECT, adv. [for dejected, dejectus, Lat] cast down, low-spirited.
I am of ladies most deject and wretched. Shakespeare.

DEJE＇CTED, pret. and part. pass. [of to deject] cast down, afflicted.

DEJE＇CTEDLY [of dejected] after a dejected manner. No man in
that passion doth look strongly, but dejectedly. Bacon.

DEJE＇CTEDNESS, or DEJE＇CTION [of dejected, or dejection, Fr. de­
jectio, Lat.] 1. State of being cast down, a lowness of spirits. Sor­
row, and dejection, and despair. Milton. Deserted and astonished, he
sinks into utter dejection. Rogers. 2. Weakness, inability. Thirst and
a dejection of appetite. Arbuthnot.

DEJE＇CTION [with astrologers] is said of the planets, when in their
detriment, i. e. when they have lost their force or influence, by rea­
son of being in opposition to some other which check and contract
them.








DEJECTION [with physicians] the act of ejecting or evacuating
the excrements, by means of the peristaltic motion of the guts, a go­
ing to stool. The liver should empty the choler into the intestines,
there not only to provoke dejection, but also to attenuate the chyle.
Ray.

DEJE＇CTURE [of deject] the fæces. Urine sweat, liquid dejectures.
Arbuthnot.

DEJERA＇TION, Lat. a taking a solemn oath.

DEI JUDICIUM, Lat. [i. e. the judgment of God, so called, because
it was accounted an appeal to God for the justice of a cause; and that
the decision was according to the appointment of divine providence]
the old Saxon manner of trial by ordeal.

DEIFICA＇TION, the act of deifying, or making a god of a person.

DEIFO＇RM, adj. [deiformis, Lat.] of the form of a god, god like.

To DE＇IFY, or To DEI＇FIE [deifier, Fr. of deus, a god, and
facio, Lat. to make] 1. To make a god of one. Renown＇d on
earth, and deify＇d above. Dryden. Persuade the covetous man not
to deify his money, and the proud man not to adore himself. South.
2. To praise excessively, to extol a person as if he were a god. He
did again so extol and deify the pope. Bacon.

To DEIGN, verb neut. [daigner, Fr. degnaro, It. dignàr, Sp. digno,
Lat.] to vouchsafe kindly, to think worthy.
Deign to descend now lower. Milton.
Oh deign to visit our forsaken feats. Pope.

To DEIGN, verb act. to grant, to permit, to allow.
Norway＇s king craves composition,
Nor would we deign him burial of his men,
Till he disburs＇d ten thousand dollars. Shakespeare.

DEI＇GNING, subst. [of deign] a vouchsafing, a thinking worthy.

DEINCLI＇NERS [in dialling] such dials as both decline and incline,
or recline at the same time.

To DEI＇NTEGRATE [deintegratum, of de and integro, Lat.] to spoil,
to take from the whole, to diminish.

DEI＇PAROUS [deiparus, of Deus, a God, and pario, Lat. to bring
forth] that beareth or bringeth forth a God; the epithet applied to
the blessed virgin.

DEIPNOSO＇PHISTS [of δειπνον, a supper, and σοϕιστης, Gr. a sophist]
a company of wise men or philosophers, who used to hold dis­
courses at eating.

DE＇IS [in some English monasteries] a name anciently given to
the upper table.

DE＇ISM [deisme, Fr. deismo, It. and Sp. of Deus, Lat. God] the be­
lief of deists, the opinion of those who only acknowledge one God,
but reject divine revelation. Deism, or the principles of natural wor­
ship, are only the faint remnants or dying flames, of revealed religion
in the posterity of Noah. Dryden.

DEI＇STICAL [of deist] belonging to deifm or deists. Some who
have taken the pen in hand to support the deistical or antichristian
scheme of our days. Watts.

DEI＇STICALNESS [of deistical] deistical principles, quality of being
deistical.

DE＇ISTS [deistes, Fr. deiste, It. deistas, Sp. of Deus, Lat. God] a
sect who believe there is one God, a providence, the immortality of
the soul, virtue and vice, rewards and punishments; but reject reve­
lation, and believe no more than what natural light discovers to them
of these matters. Certain deists, as they seem to have been, laughed
at the prophecy of the day of judgment. Burnet＇s Theory.

DE＇ITY [deità, It. deidàd, Sp. deité, Fr. deitas, Lat. θεοτης, Gr.]
1. Godhead, or divine power, authority, and dominion. “The domi­
nation of a SPITITUAL Being [says Sir Isaac Newton] constitutes a
God, vera verum, summa summum, ficta fictum, q. d. a true domi­
nation constitutes a true God; a false [or fictitious] domination,
a false god; SUPREME domination the SUPREME GOD. Such is
the definition of the word Deity, which that most confummate phi­
losopher gives us in the close of his Principia, p. 482. and which
is confirmed not only by the scripture use of this term, but by the joint
testimony of the greatest writers, whether Jewish, Christian, or Pa­
gan. Tertullian the Montanist was the first, and, I think, the only
Ante-Nicene writer, that thought otherwise; it was a maxim with
him, that “Deus est substantiæ nomen;” q. d. The Deity of God signi­
fies his substance; and what errors he was led into by setting out on
this false principle, will be considered elsewhere [See CATAPHRYIGANS
and MONTANISM] “Sometimes indeed Deity (as Dr. Clarke observes
in his Scripture Doctrine, p. 131) is put by a mere idiom of the English
language for God himself, as Acts, c. xvii. v. 29, (in like manner as
with us the King＇s Majesty often means the king himself) But ＇tis in
the GREEK not η θεοτης, but το θειον;” i. e. not (as we fay) the Deity
or Divinity; but the divine thing [or Being.] See GOD. Some
things he doth as God, because his deity alone is the spring from which
they flow. Hooker.
What anciently we claim
Of deity or empire. Milton.
2. A fabulous heathen god or goddess. 3. The supposed divinity of
a heathen god. By what reason could the fame deity be denied
unto Laurentia and Flora which was given to Venus. Raleigh.

DEIVIRI＇LE [among school divines] is a term used to signify some­
thing both divine and human, of Deus, God, and virilis, pertaining
to man.

DEJUCA＇TION, Lat. an unyoking.

DELACERA＇TION, Lat. a tearing in pieces.

DELACRYMA＇TION, Lat. falling down of the humours, the water­
ishness of the eyes, or a weeping much.

DELACTA＇TION, Lat. a weaning from the breast.

DELA＇PSED [delapsus, Lat. with physicians] denotes a bearing or
falling down of the womb, of the fundament, guts, &c.

DELA＇SSIBLE [delassibilis, Lat.] that may be tired.

DELASSA＇TION, Lat. a tiring or wearying.

To DELA＇TE, verb act. [delatus, Lat.] to carry or convey. Try
exactly the time wherein found is delated. Bacon.

DELA＇TION [delatio, Lat.] 1. An impeachment. 2. A carrying,
a conveyance. In delation of sounds, the inclosure of them preferveth
them. Bacon. 3. A private accusation.

DELA＇TOR [Lat. delatore, It.] an informer, or accuser. Men
proved their own delators, and discovered their own most important se­
crets. Government of the Tongue.

To DELA＇Y, verb neut. [delayer, Fr. dilatàr, Sp.] 1. T to defer or put
off from day to day, or time to time. Moses delayed to come down
out of the mount. Exodus. 2. To stop, to cease from action. There
seem to be certain bounds to the quickness and slowness of the succes­
sion of ideas in our minds, beyond which they can neither delay nor
hasten. Locke.

To DELAY, verb act. to hinder, to frustrate.
Be mindful, goddess, of thy promise made,
Must sad Ulysses ever be delay＇d? Pope.
He who promises and DELAYS, loses his thanks.
l Gratia ab officio, quod mora tardat, abest. And with reason, for
a long expectation and dependance may be of more prejudice, than the
benefit of the promise can repair, if at last performed. And therefore
the Latins fay: Qui cito dat, bis dat. (He who gives quickly gives
twice.)

DELAY [delai, Fr.] 1. A put off, lingering, inactivity. Delay
leads impotent and snail-pac＇d beggary. Shakespeare. 2. A stop or
stay.
The keeper charm＇d, the chief without delay,
Pass＇d on and took the irremediable way. Dryden.
After a DELAY comes a let.
Business put off generally meets with a hindrance, or is quite for­
got.

DELA＇YED Wine [delayé, Fr.] wine mingled with water.

DELA＇YER [of delay] one that delays or puts off.

DELE＇CTABLE [Fr. dilettabile, It. of delectabilis, Lat.] delightful,
pleasant.
This garden planted with the trees of God,
Delectable both to behold and taste. Milton.

DELE＇CTABLENESS [from delectable] delightfulness, pleasantness.

DELE＇CTABLY [of delectable] delightfully, pleasantly.

DELECTA＇NEOUS [delectaneus, Lat.] delightsome, pleasant.

DELECTA＇TION [Fr. dilettazione, It. delectaciòn, Sp. of delectatio,
Lat.] delight or pleasure.

To DE＇LEGATE [deleguer, Fr. delegàr, Sp. of delego, It. and Lat] 1.
To send away. 2. To send upon an embassy. 3. To entrust, to
commit to another＇s power and jurisdiction. He hath delegated and
committed part of his care and providence to them. Taylor.
Why does he wake the correspondent moon,
And fill her willing lamp with liquid light,
Commanding her with delegated pow＇rs,
To beautify the world and bless the night? Prior.
4. To depute or appoint by extraordinary commission, certain judges
to hear and determine a particular cause.

DE＇LEGATE subst. [delegué, Fr. delegato, It. delegàdor, Sp. of dele­
gatus, Lat.] 1. A deputy, a vicar, any one sent to act for or to re­
present another.
Elect by Jove his delegate of sway,
With joyous pride and summons I＇d obey. Pope.
2. (In law) one appointed, as a judge delegate, or one that is commis­
sioned to execute judgment in the place of an ecclesiastical or civil
judge.

DELEGATE, adj. [delegatus, Lat.] deputed, sent to act for or repre­
sent another. Princes in judgment and their delegate judges must judge
causes uprightly. Taylor.

DE＇LEGATES, are commissioners of appeal, appointed by the king
under the great seal in cases of appeals from the ecclesiastical court.

Court of DELEGATES, a court wherein all causes of appeal by way
of devolution from either of the archbishops are decided. Ayliffe.

DELEGA＇TION [Fr. delegazione, It. delegaciòn, Sp. of delegatio. Lat.]
1. The act of sending away. 2. The act of putting in commission.
3. An appointment of delegates or commissioners to takes cognizance
of particular causes.

DELEGA＇TION [in civil law] 1. Is when a debtor appoints one who
is a debtor to him, to answer a creditor in his place. 2. The assign­
ment of a debt to another.

To DE＇LE, or To DELE＇TE [of deleo, Lat.] to blot out.

DELENI＇FICAL [delenificus, Lat.] having virtue to assuage or ease
pain.

DELETE＇RIOUS, adj. destructive, poisonous. Many things neither
deleterious by substance or quality, are yet destructive by figure.
Brown.

DELETERIOUS Medicines, are such as are of a poisonous quality.

DELE＇TERY, adj. [deleterius, Lat.] deadly, destructive.
Nor doctor epedemic,
Tho＇ stor＇d with deletery med＇cines,
Which whosoever took is dead since,
E＇er sent so vast a colony
To both the underworlds as he. Hudibras.

DELE＇TION [deletio, Lat.] 1. A blotting out 2. The act of destroy­
ing, destruction. If there be a total deletion of every person of the
opposing party, then the victory is complete. Hale.

DELE＇TRIUM [prob. of δηλεω, Gr. to hurt] any thing that is of a
deadly, poisonous or mischievous quality.

DELF, or DELFE [of delfan, Sax. to delve or dig] 1. A mine or
quarry. Yet could not such mines be wrought, the delfs would be so
flown with waters. Ray. 2. Earthen ware, counterfeit China ware,
made at Delft in Holland.
Thus barter honour for a piece of delf,
No not for China＇s wide domain itself. Smart.
See DELFT.

DELF, or DELFE [in heraldry] a square borne in the middle of an
escutcheon, supposed to represent a square sod or turf; an abatement
of honour belonging to one that has revoked his challenge or eaten his
words.

DELF of Coals, coals lying in veins before they are digged up.

DELFT, a city of the United Netherlands, in the province of Hol­
land, 8 miles north-east of Rotterdam, and 30 south-west of Amster­
dam.








DE＇LIA, certain festivals anciently celebrated in honour of Apollo,
who was surnamed Delius.

DELI＇ACAL Problom, a famous problem among the ancient mathe­
maticians about doubling the cube.

DE＇LIASTS, the persons appointed to perform the ceremonies of the
festival, called Delia, being certain citizens deputed to go on an em­
bassy or rather pilgrimage to the temple of Apollo, at Delos. They
were crowned with laurel, the whole deputation set out on five vessels,
carrying with them all things necessary for the feast and sacrifices. Af­
ter the sacrifice a number of young men and maids danced round the
altar, a dance in which, by their various motions and directions, they
represented the turnings and windings of the labyrinth. During the
time of the performance of these ceremonies, no criminal might be
executed, and hence, by reason of the Delia, they waited 30 days to
give the poison to Socrates. See APOLLO.

DELIBA＇TED [delibatus, Lat.] tasted.

DELIBA＇TION [delibatio, Lat.] a taste, an essay.

To DELI＇BERATE [deliberer, Fr. deliberare, It.  deliberàr, Sp. delibe­
ratum, sup. of delibero, Lat.] to weigh in mind, to ponder upon, to
hesitate.
When love once pleads admission to our hearts,
In spite of all the virtue we can boast,
The woman that deliberates is lost. Addison.

DELIBERATE, adj. [deliberatus, Lat.] 1. Circumspect, advised.
2. Slow, tedious, not sudden. Desirous of slow and deliberate death.
Hooker. Echo＇s are some more sudden; others are more deliberate,
that is, give more space between the voice and the echo. Bacon.

DELI＇BERATELY [from deliberate] on purpose, designedly, advi­
sedly. Plods on deliberately, and, as a grave man ought, is sure to
put his staff before him. Dryden.

DELI＇BERATENESS [from deliberate] circumspection, coolness.
Order, gravity, and deliberateness, befitting a parliament. K. Charles.

DELIBERA＇TION [Fr. deliberazione, It. deliberacion, Sp. of delibe­
ratio, Lat.] the act of deliberating, thought in order to choice. Power
to avoid ill or chuse good by free deliberation. Hammond.

DELI＇BERATIVE, adj. [deliberatif, Fr. deliberativo, It. of delibera­
tivus, Lat.] belonging to deliberation, apt to consider.

DELIBERATIVE Rhetorie, is that which is employed in proving a
thing, or convincing an assembly of it, in order to induce them to put
it in execution.

DELIBERATIVE, subst. [from the adj.] the discourse in which a
question is deliberated. In deliberatives the point is what is evil. Ba­
con.

DELIBRA＇TION, Lat. a pilling or taking off the bark.

DE＇LICACY [delicatesse, Fr. delicatezza, It. delicadéza, Sp. of deli­
ciæ, Lat.] 1. Daintiness, fineness in eating.
On hospitable thoughts intent,
What choice to chuse for delicacy best. Milton.
2. Any thing highly pleasing to the senses.
These delicacies,
I mean of taste, sight, smell, herbs, fruits and flow＇rs. Milton.
3. Softness, feminine beauty. Strong making took not away delicacy,
nor beauty fierceness. Sidney. 4. Nicety, minute accuracy. Van
Dyck has excell＇d him in the delicacy of his colouring. Dryden. 5.
Neatness, elegance of dress. 6. Politeness, gentleness of manners.
7. Indulgence, gentle treatment. Derive a weakness of constitution
from the ease and luxury of their ancestors, and the delicacy of their
own education. Temple. 8. Tenderness, scrupulousness, mercifulness.
9. Weakness of constitution.

DE＇LICATE [delicat, Fr. delicato, It. delicádo, Sp. and Port. of de­
licatus, Lat.] 1. Dainty, desirous of curious meats. 2. Fine, not
course, consisting of small parts. Their texture is extremely delicate.
Arbuthnot. 3. Beautiful, pleasing to the eye. 4. Nice, pleasing to
the taste, of an agreeable flavour. The chusing of a delicate before a
more ordinary dish. Taylor. 5. Choice, select, excellent. 6. Polite,
gentle of manners. 7. Soft, effeminate, not able to undergo hard­
ships. A delicate and tender prince. Tender and delicate persons
must needs be oft angry, they have so many things to trouble them,
which more robust natures have little sense of. Bacon. 8. Pure, clear.
Where they most breed and haunt, I have observ＇d
The air is delicate. Shakespeare.

DE＇LICATELY [from delicate] 1. Daintily. Eat not delicately or
nicely. Taylor. 2. Beautifully.
Ladies like variegated tulips show,
＇Tis to their changes half their charms we owe;
Such happy spots the nice admirer take,
Fine by defect, and delicately weak. Pope.
3. Finely, not coarsely. 4. Choicely. 5. Politely. 6. Effeminately.

DE＇LICATENESS [from delicate] the state of being delicate, tender­
derness, effeminacy. The delicate woman among you would not ad­
venture to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for delicateness and
tenderness. Deuteronomy.

DE＇LICATES, subst. mostly used in the plural [from delicate] niceties,
rarities.
The shepherds homely curds,
His cold thin drink, out of his leather bottle;
All which secure and sweetly he enjoys,
Is far beyond a prince＇s delicates. Shakespeare.
With abstinence all delicates he sees,
And can regale himself with toast and cheese. King.

DE＇LICATUDE [delicatudo, Lat.] deliciousness.

DE＇LICES, subst. plur. [Fr. deliciæ, Lat.] pleasures. This word is
merely French.
Now he has pour＇d out his idle mind,
In dainty delices and lavish joys,
Having his warlike weapons cast behind. Spenser.

DELI＇CIOUS [delicieux, Fr. delizióso, It. delicióso, Sp. of deliciosus, Lat.]
sweet, delicate, grateful to the sense or mind. God chased him out of
paradise, the fairest and most delicious part of the earth, into some other
the most barren and unpleasant. Woodward.
Still drink delicious poison from that eye. Pope.

DELI＇CIOUSNESS [from delicious] sweetness in taste, delight, plea­
sure. Let no one judge of the sacrament by any sensible relish, by the
gust of deliciousness. Taylor.

DELI＇CIOUSLY [from delicious] sweetly, charmingly. Glorified
herself and liv＇d deliciously. Revelation.

DELI＇CT [delictum, Lat.] an offence.

DELIGA＇TION, Lat. a swathing, a bandage of any kind.

DELIGATION [in surgery] that part of the art that concerns bind­
ing up of wounds, ulcers, broken bones, &c. The third intention is
deligation or retaining the parts so joined together. Wiseman.

To DELI＇GHT, verb act. [dilettare, It. deleitàr, Sp. and Port. of de­
lecto, Lat.] to afford pleasure, to satisfy. Some are bees delighted with
flowers and their sweetness; others beetles delighted with other kinds
of viands. Locke.
He took, and pouring down his throat,
Delighted swill＇d the large luxurious draught. Pope.

To DELIGHT, verb neut. to take pleasure in. It has in following it.
Doth my lord the king delight in this thing? 2 Samuel.

DELIGHT [delice, Fr. diletto, It. deléyte, Sp. of delecto, Lat.] 1. De­
lectation, pleasure, joy, content. The king hath delight in thee, and
all his servants love thee. 1 Samuel. 2. That which gives or causes
delight. Titus Vespasian was not more the delight of human kind.
Dryden.

DELI＇GHTFUL [of delight and full, delightoso, Sp. and Port.] plea­
sant, agreeable, full of delight. He did not only bar himself from the
delightful, but from the necessary use. Sidney.
Smiles with gay fruits or with delightful green. Addison.

DELI＇GHTFULLY [from delight] pleasantly, agreeably.
O voice once heard
Delightfully, increase and multiply;
Now death to hear! Milton.

DELI＇GHTFULNESS, or DELIGHTSOMNESS [from delightful] great
pleasantness, comfort, satisfaction. The delightfulness of the know­
ledge of the object. Tillotson.

DELI＇GHTSOME [from delight] pleasant, delightful. The whole
periods and compass of his speech so delightsome for its round­
ness. Spenser. Exchanging hunger and thirst for delightsome vigour.
Grew.

DELI＇GHTSOMELY [from delightsome] pleasantly, delightfully.

To DELI＇NEATE [delinear, Sp. delineare, It. and Lat.] 1. To
draw the outlines, to design. 2. To paint in colours, to represent a
true likeness in a picture. With the same reason they may delineate
Nestor like Adonis. Brown. 3. To describe in a lively manner.
To delineate the region in which God
First planted his delightful garden. Raleigh.
To delineate the glories of God＇s heavenly kingdom. Wake.

DELINEA＇TION [Fr. delineazione, It. dileneaciòn, Sp. of deleniatio,
Lat.] the rude draught of a thing. In the orthographical schemes
there should be a true delineation, and the just dimensions of each face.
Mortimer.

DELI＇NIMENT [delinimentum, Lat.] a mitigating or asswaging.

DELI＇NQUENCY [delinquentia, Lat.] a failing in one＇s duty, faulti­
ness, a misdeed. They never punish the grossest and most intolerable
delinquency of the tumults and their exciters. K. Charles. A delinquent
ought to be cited in the jurisdiction where the delinquency was commit­
ted. Ayliffe.

DELI＇NQUENT [delinquant, Fr. delinquente, It. and Sp. delinquens,
Lat.] a criminal, an offender.
An envious state,
That sooner will accuse the magistrate
Than the delinquent. Ben Johnson.
He had been sent for as a delinquent, and brought upon his knees at
the bar of both houses. Dryden.

To DELI＇QUATE, verb neut. [deliqueo, Lat.] to melt, to be dis­
solved. Salt of tartar left in moist cellars do deliquate. Boyle.

To DELI＇QUATE, verb act. to dissolve. Such an ebullition as we
see made by the mixture of some chymical liquors, as oil of vitriol and
deliquated salt of tartar. Cudworth.

DELIQUA＇TION [deliquatio, Lat. with chemists] melting or dissolv­
ing of things.

DELI＇QUIUM, a draining or pouring out; also defect, loss, want;
swooning away. Lat.

DELI＇QUIUM [with chemists] a distillation by the force of fire, or
a dissolving any calcined matter, by hanging it up in moist cellars,
into a lixivious humour. Thus salt of tartar being set in a cellar, or
some cool place, and open, till it run into a kind of water, is by
chymists called oil of tartar per deliquium.

DELIQUIUM animi, a fainting away or swooning. Lat.

DELI＇RAMENT [deliramentum, Lat.] a doting or foolish idle
story.

To DELI＇RATE [étre en delire, Fr. delirare, It. and Lat.] to dote,
to be light-headed, to talk or act idly.

DELIRA＇TION [deliratio, Lat.] dotage, solly, madness.

DELI＇RIOUS [of delirium, Lat. delirio, It.] doting or being light­
headed, raving. He had been for some hours delirious; but when I
saw him he had his understanding as well as ever. Arbuthnot.

DELI＇RIUM [delire, Fr. delirio, It.] a depraved action, as well in
regard to the imagination and thoughts, as to the memory.

DELIRIUM [with physicians] alienation of mind, dotage, the
frantic or idle talk of persons in a fever, or rather a failure in the imagi­
nation and judgment, caused by a tumultuary motion of the animal
spirits. Too great promptness in answering is a sign of an approach­
ing delirium; and in a feverish delirium, there is a small inflammation
of the brain. Arbuthnot.

DELITIGA＇TION [delitigatio, from delitigo, Lat.] a striving, a chid­
ing, a contending.

To DELI＇VER, verb act. [delivrer, Fr. librar, Sp. livrar, Port libe­
rare, It. and Lat. leveren, Du. lieffern, Ger.] 1. To give up, to
put into one＇s hands. Thou hast delivered us for a spoil. Tobit. 2.
To save or rescue; to release, to rid of. My admirable dexterity
of wit, counterfeiting the action of an old woman, delivered me.
Shakespeare.
Thus she the captive did deliver. Prior.
3. To lay a woman in child-birth, to disburthen her of the child.
She is something before her time delivered. Shakespeare. 4. To
utter, to tell, to pronounce.







Tell me your highness＇ pleasure,
What from your grace I shall deliver to him. Shakespeare.
A clergyman appeared to deliver his sermon without looking into his
notes. Swift. 5. To give, to yield, to present. Thou shalt deli­
ver Pharoah＇s cup into his hand. Genesis. To frame and deliver a
petition. Dryden. 6. To cast away, to throw off.
Charm＇d with that virtuous draught, th＇ exalted mind
All sense of woe delivers to the wind. Pope.
7. To deliver over. To put into another＇s hands, to leave to his dis­
cretion. The constables have delivered her over to me. Shakespeare.
Deliver me not over unto the will of mine enemies. Psalms. 8. To
deliver over. To transmit, to give from hand to hand. Your lord­
ship will be delivered over to posterity in a fairer character than I have
given. Dryden. 9. To deliver up. To surrender, to give up.
Are the cities that I got with wounds
Deliver＇d up again with peaceful words? Shakespeare.
He spared not his own son, but delivered him up for us all. Romans.

DELI＇VERANCE [delivrance, Fr. deliveranza, It.] 1. The act of
setting free; a release from captivity, slavery, or any oppression. To
preach deliverance to the captives. St. Luke. 2. The act of delivering
up or surrendering of a thing to another. 3. The act of speaking,
pronunciation.
If seriously I may convey my thoughts
In this my light deliverance, I have spoke
With one that in her sex, her years, profession;
Wisdom and constancy hath amaz＇d me. Shakespeare.
4. The act of bringing forth children. In the labour of women, it
helpeth to the easy deliverance. Hervey.

To wage DELIVERANCE [law phrase] is to give security that a
thing shall be delivered up.

DELI＇VERER [of deliver] 1. One who frees from any calamity,
a saver, a releaser.
By that seed
Is meant the great deliverer. Milton.
Andrew Doria has a statue erected to him, with the glorious title of
deliverer of the commonwealth. Addison. 2. One that relates, one
that communicates something, either by speech or writing. Not as
exquisitely depurated as the menstruums that were used by the delive­
rers of those experiments. Boyle.

DELI＇VERY [of deliver] 1. The act of delivering or giving re­
lease, saving. He would labour my delivery. Shakespeare. 2. A
surrender, giving up. Nor did he in any degree contribute to the de­
livery of his house. Clarendon. After the delivery of your royal fa­
ther＇s person into the hands of the army. Denham. 3. Childbirth.
A woman with child, that draweth near the time of her delivery.
Isaiah. 4. Speech, pronunciation. We alledge what the scriptures
themselves speak for the saving force of the word of God, not with re­
straint to any certain kind of delivery, but howsoever the same shall
be made known. Hooker. 6. Use of the limbs, activity. The duke
had the neater limbs and freer delivery. Wotton. 7. The utterance
in speaking.

Clerk of the DELI＇VERIES, an officer who draws up orders for the
delivering stores or provisions.

DELL, subst. [dal, Du.] a pit, a valley, any hole or cavity in the
earth. Obsolete. Fell headlong into a dell. Spenser.
Ev＇ry alley green
Dingle or bushy dell of this wild wood. Milton.
In dells and dales. Tickel.

DE＇LLY, the capital of the province of the same name, and, at
present, of all the Hither India. It is a large populous city, ten
miles in circumference. Lat. 28° N. Long. 79° E.

DE＇LOS, the principal of the Cyclades-Islands, in the Archipelago.
Lat. 37° 26′ N. Long. 25° 50′ E.

DELPH [from Delft, the capital of Delftland, in Holland] a fine
sort of earthen ware.
A supper worthy of herself;
Five nothings in five plates of Delph. Swift. See DELF.

DELPHI＇NIUM [Lat. δελϕινιον, Gr.] the herb lark-spur.

DELPHI＇NUM [in astronomy] a northern constellation, consisting of
ten stars.

DE＇LSBERG, or DE＇SBERG, a town of Switzerland, about 17 miles
south-west of Basil.

DE＇LTOIDE [of Δ, the Greek δελτα, and ειδος, shape] a triangu­
lar muscle arising from the clavicula, from the upper process of the
shoulder-blade; as also from the process of the same, called spini­
forme, and is fastened to the middle of the shoulder-bone, which it
lifts directly upwards, &c.

DELTO＇TON, [δελτωτον, Gr.] a constellation or cluster of six stars,
in form resembling the letter Δ, called otherwise triangulus septentri­
onalis.

DELU＇DABLE [of delude] liable to be deceived, easily imposed on.
Not so ready to deceive himself, as to falsify unto him whose cogita­
tion is nowise deludable. Brown.

To DE＇LUDE [deludere, It. and Lat.] 1. To mock, to beguile, to
play the fool with, to chouse, cheat, or deceive.
Let not the Trojans with a feign＇d pretence
Of profer＇d peace delude the Latian prince. Dryden.
2. To disappoint, to frustrate.

DELU＇DER [of delude] 1. One that deludes or deceives.
Say flat＇rer, say, ah, fair deluder, speak;
Answer me this, e＇er yet my heart does break! Granville.
2. One that frustrates.

To DELVE [delfan, Sax. delven, Du. perhaps from δελϕαξ, a hog.
Junius] 1. To dig the ground with a spade. I will delve one yard
below the mines. Shakespeare. Delve of convenient depth your
threshing floor. Dryden. 2. To sift, to sound one＇s opinion.
What＇s his name and birth?
— I cannot delve him to the root. Shakespeare.

DELVE, subst. [from the verb] a pitfal, a ditch, a cave.
His feeble feet directed to the cry,
Which to the shady delve him brought at last. Spenser.
Grindlestones,
Which they dig out from the delves
For their bairn＇s bread, wives and selves. Ben Johnson.

A DELVE of Coals, i. e. a certain quantity of coals digged in the
mine or pit.

DE＇LVER [of delve] one that digs the ground with a spade.

DE＇LUGE [Fr. diluvio, It. Sp. and Port. diluvium, Lat.] 1. An in­
undation or overflowing of the earth, either in part or the whole, by
water, a laying entirely under water, commonly applied to the uni­
versal deluge. The old world was suffered to perish by a deluge. Bur­
net＇s Theory. 2. An overflowing of the natural and usual bounds of a
river.
But if with bays and dams they strive to force
His channel to a new or narrow course,
No longer then within his banks he dwells;
First to a torrent, then a deluge swells. Denham.
3. Any sudden resistless calamity.

To DELUGE [from the subst.] 1. To drown, to lay totally under
water.
The restless flood the land would overflow,
By which the delug＇d earth would useless grow. Blackmore.
4. To overwhelm, to cause to sink under any calamity.
At length corruption, like a gen＇ral flood,
Shall deluge all. Pope.

DELU＇GED, part. pret. of to deluge, drowned; as, deluged in
tears.

DELUMBA＇TION, a beating, a breaking of the loins. Lat.

DELU＇SION [delusione, It. of delusio, Lat.] 1. Imposture, deceit,
cheat, &c. a false representation, illusion, a chimerical thought, an
idle fancy.
I waking view＇d with grief the rising sun,
And fondly mourn＇d the dear delusion gone. Prior.

DELU＇SIVE, or DELU＇SORY [of delusus, Lat.] apt to delude, to
deceive, or beguile, to impose on. This confidence is founded on no
better foundation than a delusory prejudice. Glanville. The base
and groveling multitude were listening to the delusive deities. Tat­
ler.
The happy whimsey you pursue,
Till you at length believe it true;
Caught by your own delusive art,
You fancy first, and then assert. Prior.

DEMAGO＇GUE [δημαγωγος, of δημος, the people, and αγωγος,
Gr.] a leader of the people, a ring-leader of the rabble, the head of
a faction; also a popular and factious orator. The chief demagogues
and patrons of tumults. K. Charles. Demosthenes and Cicero, each
of them a leader, or, as the Greeks called it, a demagogue in a popu­
lar state. Swift.

DEMA＇IN, DEME＇AN, or DEME＇SN [domain, Fr. dominio, It.] that
land which a man holds originally of himself, which the civilians call
dominium, and is opposed to foedom, or fee, which signifies land
held of a superior lord. Indeed (the land of the crown only excepted)
there is no land that is not held of some superior; because all, either
mediately or immediately, do depend on the crown; so that when a
man in pleading, would intimate that his land is his own, he pleads,
that he was seized or possessed thereof in his demain as of fee; and by
this he means, that tho＇ his land be to him and his heirs for ever, yet
it is not true demain, but depends upon a superior lord. It is some­
times used also for a distinction between those lands that the lord of
the manor has in his own hands or in the hands of his lessee, demised
or let upon a rent for a term of years or life, and such other lands
appertaining to the said manor as belong to free or copyholders; al­
though the copyhold belonging to any manor, according to many
good lawyers, is also accounted demeans. Philips.
A gentleman of noble parentage,
Of fair demesnes. Shakespeare.
That earldom had a royal jurisdiction and seignory, tho＇ the lands of
the county in demesne were possessed by the ancient inheritors. Davies.
About the demesnes of a few gentlemen. Swift.

Ancient DEMAIN [in civil law] a tenure, by which crown lands
were held in the time of William the Conqueror, and also sometime
before.

To DEMA＇ND [demander, Fr. demandare, It. demandàr, Sp. and
Port.] 1. To ask with authority, to require, to lay claim to.
The pound of flesh, which I demand of him,
Is dearly bought. Shakespeare.
2. To question, to interrogate. David demanded of him how Joab
did. 2 Samuel. 3. [In law] to prosecute in a real action.

DEMAND [demande, Fr. demanda, It. demánda, Sp.] 1. An asking
any thing of another with a sort of authority; a claim. He that has
the confidence to turn his wishes into demands, will be but a little way
from thinking he ought to obtain them. Locke. 2. A question, an
interrogation. 3. The calling for a thing in order to purchase it, a
search after. My bookseller tells me, the demand for those my papers
increases daily. Addison.

DEMAND [in law] a claim or calling upon a person for any thing
due; it hath a proper signification distinguished from plaint; for all
civil actions are pursued by demands or plaints, and the pursuer is
called demandant or plaintiff. There are two manners of demands, the
one of deed, the other in law; in deed, as in every præcipe, there is
express demand; in law, as every entry in land, distress for rent, and
the like acts which may be done without any words, are demands in
law. Blount.

DEMA＇NDABLE [from demand] that may be demanded or asked for.
Sums demandable for licence of alienation of lands, holden in chief. Ba­
con.

DEMA＇NDANT [demandeur, Fr. demandador, Sp. in law] the prose­
cutor in a real action; so termed because he demands lands, &c. and
is the same as the plaintiff in a personal action. Dining on a Sunday
with the demandant. Spectator.

DEMA＇NDER [demandeur, Fr.] 1. One that requires any thing with
authority. 2. One that interrogates or asks a civil question. 3. One
that asks for any thing in order to purchase it. The demanders ready
use at all times. Carew. 4. One that duns or demands a debt.

To DEMEA＇N [se demener, Fr. to be always in action] 1. To
carry or behave himself, having the reciprocal pronoun. To de­
mean ourselves to God humbly and devoutly. South. 2. To lessen,
to debase, to undervalue.







Antipholis is mad,
Else he would never so demean himself. Shakespeare.

DEMEA＇N, subst. [demener, Fr.] mien, carriage, deportment.
At his feet with sorrowful demean,
And deadly hue, an armed corse did lie. Spenser.

DEME＇ANOUR [of se demener, Fr.] carriage, behaviour. Where his
deeds might well stir envy, his demeanour did rather breed disdain.
Sidney. All parts of decent demeanour. Hooker. His whole demeanour
at the isle of Rhee. Clarendon.

DEME＇ANS, subst. plur of demean.

DEMEMBRE＇E [in heraldry] is when an animal is dismembered,
i. e. his limbs torn off from his body. Fr.

To DEME＇NTATE, verb act. [demento, of de, priv. and mens, Lat.
the mind] to make mad.

To DEME＇NTATE, verb neut. to become or to grow mad.

DEME＇NTATED, part. pass. of to dementate, [dementatus, Lat.] made
or rendered mad.

DEMENTA＇TION, a making mad, a being mad.

DE＇MER, a river in the Austrian Netherlands, on which the city of
Mecklin is situated.

DEME＇RIT [demerite, Fr. demerito, It. desmérito, Sp. demeritus, of
demereor, Lat.] 1. Ill deserving, what makes a person worthy of blame
or punishment; opposed to merit.
Thou liv＇st by me, to me thy breath resign;
Mine is the merit, the demerit thine. Dryden.
Forfeited by demerit or offence. Temple. 2. Anciently the same with
merit, desert.
I fetch my life and being
From men of royal siege; and my demerits
May speak, unbonneting, to as proud a fortune
As this that I have reach＇d. Shakespeare.

To DEME＇RIT, verb neut. [demeriter, Fr. demeritare, It.] to do a
thing worthy of blame or punishment, to deserve blame or punish­
ment.

DEME＇RSED [demersus, Lat.] plunged, drowned.

DEME＇RSION, 1. A drowning. 2. [With chemists] the putting
any medicine in a dissolving liquor. Lat.

DEME＇SNE. See DEMAIN.

To DEME＇TALIZE [of de, priv. and metallum, Lat.] to deprive a
metal of its metallic qualities.

DEME＇TRIOWITZ, a city of the dutchy of Smolensco, in the Russian
empire, situated on the riser Agra. Lat. 52° 30′ N. Long. 37° E.

DEMI, insopar. particle [Fr. dimidium, Lat.] a half; a word used in
composition, as in the following examples.

DEMI, or DEME [at Magdalen college in Oxford] a half-fellow.

DEMI Bastion [in fortification] a bastion that has only one face and
one flank.

DEMI Air. See DEMI volt.

DEMI Cannon, a piece of ordnance or great gun.

DEMI Cannon of the least size [with gunners] a great gun, carrying
a ball of six inches diameter, and 30 pound weight, requires a charge
of 14 pounds of powder, and will carry a ball point blank 156 paces.
This gun weighs 5400 pounds; is in length from 10 to 11 feet, and
the diameter at the bore is six inches one-fourth.

DEMI Cannon Ordinary [with gunners] carries a ball of six inches
one sixth diameter, and 32 pounds weight; requires a charge of 17
pounds and half of powder, weighs 5600 pounds; is in length 12 feet;
the diameter at the bore six inches and half, and carries a ball 162
paces.

DEMI Cannon Extraordinary [with gunners] carries a ball of six
inches five-eights diameter, and 36 pounds weight; requires a charge
of 18 pounds of powder; weighs 6000 pounds; is in length 13 feet;
the diameter at the bore is six inches three fourths, and carries a ball
upon a point blank 180 paces.
What! this a sleeve? ＇tis like a demicannon. Shakespeare.

DEMI-CHASE Boots, a sort of riding boots for summer.

DEMI-CROSS [with navigators] an instrument to take the height of
the sun or stars.

DEMI-CULVERINE [of demi and coulevrine, Fr.] a piece of ordnance
of several sorts.

DEMI-CULVERINE Ordinary [with gunners] is in weight 2700
pounds, is ten feet long; diameter at the bore four inches and half;
requires a charge of seven pounds four ounces of powder; the ball is
four inches one-fourth diameter, and in weight 10 pounds 11 ounces;
and shoots upon a point blank 175 paces.

DEMI-CULVERINE of the least Size, is a piece of ordnance, in
weight 2000 pounds, in length from nine to ten feet; the diameter at
the bore four inches one-fourth; requires a charge of six pounds of
powder, and a ball of three inches one fourth diameter; will shoot
upon a point blank 164 paces.

DEMI-CULVERINE Extraordinary, a piece of ordnance of 3000
pounds weight; is 10 feet one-third long, four inches three-fourths
diameter at the bore, requires a charge of eight pounds and a half of
powder, and a ball of four inches and half diameter, and 12 pounds
11 ounces weight, and will shoot upon a point blank 178 paces. A
perpetual volley of demiculverines. Raleigh.

DEMI DEVIL [of demi and devil] half a devil.
Will you demand of that demi-devil,
Why he hath thus ensnar＇d my soul and body? Shakespeare.

DEMI-DISTANCE of Polygons [in fortification] is the distance between
the outward polygons and the flank.

DEMI-DITONE [with musicians] the same as tierce minor.

DEMI-GANTLET [with surgeons] a bandage used in setting dis­
jointed singers.

DEMI-GODS [among the heathens] those heroes that were of hu­
man nature, and by them accounted among the gods; as, Her­
cules, &c. Making temples to him as to a demi-god. Sidney.
Tran ported demi-gods stood round,
And men grew heroes at the sound,
Inflam＇d with glory＇s charms. Pope.

DEMI-GORGE [in fortification] is half the gorge or entrance into
the bastion, but not taken from angle to angle, where the bastion
joins the courtin, but from the angle at the flank to the center of the
bastion, or the angle that the courtins would make, if they were thus
lengthened to meet in the bastion.

DEMI Haque, a sort of gun. See HAQUE.

DEMI Lance [of demi and lance] a light lance, a spear, a half
pike.
On their steel＇d heads their demi-lances wore,
Small penons, which their colours bore. Dryden.

DEMI Lune, Fr. a half moon.

DEMI Man [of demi and man] half a man. A word of contempt.
The complaint of this barking demi-man. Knolles.

DEMI Quaver [in music] the half of a quaver, a semi-quaver.

DEMI Sang [a law term] of the half blood; as when a man has
issue by his wife, either son or daughter, and upon the death of his
wife he marries another, and has also a son or daughter by her, these
sons or daughters are commonly called half brothers, or half sisters, or
of the half blood. Fr.

DEMIGRA＇TION, Lat. a removing or shifting of quarters or dwellings.

DEMI-Semi-Quaver [in music] the least note, 2 of which make a
semi-quaver, 4 a quaver, 8 a crotchet.

DEMI-Sextile [with astronomers] one of the new aspects, when 2
planets or stars are distant 30 degrees from one another.

DEMI＇SE [demettre, demis, demise, Fr. a law term] a letting or
making over of lands or tenements, &c. by lease, or will; also
death, decease. It is seldom used but in formal language. The de­
mise of Queen Anne. Swift.

To DEMI＇SE [demis, demise, Fr. of demitto, Lat.] 1. To farm or
let. 2. To grant at one＇s death, to bequeath by will. My execu­
tors shall not have power to demise my lands to be purchased.
Swift.

DEMI＇SSION, Fr. [of demissio, Lat.] a letting or casting down, an
abatement. Inexorable rigour is worse than a lasche demission of sove­
reign authority. L＇Estrange.

To DEMI＇T [demitto, Lat.] to depress, to hang down, to let fall.
When they are in their pride, that is, advancing their train, if they
decline their neck to the ground, they presently demit, and let fall the
same. Brown.

DE＇MIVOLT [in the manage] one of the seven artificial motions of
a horse, when his fore-parts are more raised than in the terra a ter­
ra; but the motion of his legs is not so quick as in the terra a terra.

DEMIU＇RGICAL [demiurgicus, Lat. δημιουργικος, Gr.] of or pertain­
ing to a creator.

DEMIU＇RGUS, Lat. [δημιουργος, Gr.] a maker of a body; a cre­
ator.

DE＇MIWOLF [of demi and wolf] half a wolf; a mongrel dog,
between a dog and a wolf; lycisca, Lat.
Spaniels, curs,
Showghs, water rugs, and demiwolves, are clep＇d
All by the name of dogs. Shakespeare.

DEMO＇CRACY [democracie, Fr. democrazia, It. democracia, Sp. de­
mocratia, Lat. of δημοκρασια, of δημος, the people, and κρατεω, Gr.
to exercise power over] a form of government, where the supreme or
legislative power is lodged in the common people, or persons chosen
out from them. It is one of the three forms of government, and is
distinguished from that in which the sovereign power is lodged in one
man, and from that in which it is lodged in the nobles. While
many of the servants, by industry and virtue, arrive at riches and
esteem, then the nature of the government inclines to a democracy.
Temple. The majority having the whole power of the community, may
employ it in making laws, and executing those laws; and there
the form of the government is a perfect democracy. Locke.

DEMOCRA＇TICAL [democratique, Fr. democratico, It. and Sp. demo­
craticus, Lat. of Gr.] pertaining to a democracy, popular. Democra­
tical enemies to truth. Brown. The government of England has a
mixture of democratical in it. Arbuthnot.

DEMO＇CRITIC [of Democrius, the philosopher, who laughed at all
the world] of, or like Democritus.

To DEMO＇LISH [démolir, Fr. demolire, It. of demolior, Lat.] to pull
or throw down any thing built, to ruin or raze buildings.
Red lightning play＇d along the firmament,
And their demolish＇d works to pieces rent. Dryden.
The fabric of my book demolished, and laid even with the ground.
Tillotson.

DEMO＇LISHER [of demolish] one that throws buildings down, a
destroyer.

DEMOLI＇TION, [Fr. demolizione, It. of demolitio, Lat.] the act of
throwing, or pulling down buildings, destruction. Demolition of Dun­
kirk. Swift.

DE＇MON [Fr. demonio, It. and Sp. dæmon, Lat. δαιμων, Gr.] a spi­
rit good or evil, generally an evil spirit, a devil. See DÆMON.
I felt him strike, and now I see him fly,
Curst demon! O for ever broken lie;
Those fatal shafts by which I inward bleed. Prior.
Plutarch de Defect. Oracul. in the person of Ammonius the philoso­
pher, makes two sorts of dæmons, the one of souls which are released
from bodies, and the other of souls that never partook of bodies. The
former Mede, Ed. Lond. p. 631. calls soul-dæmons, or canoniz＇d mor­
tals, and which we have already considered under the word DÆ­
MON. The latter answer to what we call ANGELS, as the former an­
swer to what, in our modern paganism, are stiled SAINTS. He adds,
that the scripture-Baalim were deified mortals, p. 630. [See BAALIM]
Nay more, he proves from the writings of St. BASIL, St. CHRYSOS­
TOM, the GREGORIES, and other introducers or supporters of this dæ­
monolatry amongst us, how (as though by a strange kind of fatality)
they gave to these new mediators the titles of PROTECTORS, GUAR­
DIANS, DEFENDERS, TOWERS, and FORTRESSES, and the like
names, by which the old Pagans characterized their deified men; and
under which the prophet Daniel, c. xi. v. 38, 39, had so long before
predicted this very event. Mede＇s Works, Ed. Lond. p. 672——674,
See BRANDEUM, BASILICS, and CATAPHRYGIANS.








DEMO＇NIAC, or DEMONI＇ACAL [dæmoniacus, Lat.] of or pertain­
ing to demoniacs; devilish.
Chace thee with the terror of his voice,
From thy demoniac holds, possession foul. Milton.
2. Influenced by the devil, produced by diabolical possession.
Demoniac phrensy, moping melancholy. Milton.

DEMO＇NIAC, subst. [demoniaque, Fr. demoniaco, It. of dæmoniacus,
Lat. of δαιμονιακος, of δαιμον, Gr. a spirit good or evil] a person pos­
sessed with a spirit or devil. Lunatics and demoniacs restored to their
right mind. Bentley.

DEMONIACS, a sect who held that devils shall be saved at the end of
the world. See ORIGENISM.

DEMO＇NIAN, adj. [of demon] devilish, of the nature of a devil.
Demonian spirits now from the element,
Each of his reign allotted, rightlier call＇d,
Pow＇rs of fire, air, water, and earth beneath. Milton.

DEMONO＇CRACY [of δαιμων, and κρατεια, Gr. power] the govern­
ment of devils; also the power of the devil.

DEMONO＇LATRY [of δαιμων, and λατρια, Gr.] worship paid to the
the devil, or the worship of dead men.

DEMONO＇LOGY [of δαιμων, and λογος, a word or speech] a treatise
of devils or evil spirits. Thus King James I. entitled his book con­
cerning witches.

DEMO＇NSTRABLE [Fr. demontrable, Sp. dimostrabile, It. of demon­
stabilis, Lat.] that may be demonstrated, that may be proved beyond
doubt or contradiction, that may be made out not only probable but
certain and evident.

DEMO＇NSTRABLENESS [from demonstrable] plainness or easiness to
be demonstrated, capableness of demonstration.

DEMO＇NSTRABLY [from demonstrable] in such a manner as admits
of certain proof, beyond doubt or possibility of contradiction, clearly,
evidently. Cases that demonstrably concerned the public peace. Cla­
rendon.

To DEMO＇NSTRATE [demontrer, Fr. dimostare, It. demonstràr, Sp.
demonstro, Lat.] to shew plainly, to prove evidently or unanswerably,
to prove in such a manner as reduces the contrary position to evident
absurdity. We cannot demonstrate these things so as to shew that the
contrary often involves a contradiction. Tillotson.

DEMONSTRA＇TION [Fr. dimostrazione, It. demonstraciòn, Sp. of de­
monstratio, Lat.] a shewing or making plain, a clear proof.

DEMONSTRATION [with logicians] 1. An argument so convincing,
that the conclusion must necessarily be infallible. Such proof as not
only evinces the position proved to be true, but shews the contrary ab­
surd and impossible, this is the highest degree of deducible evidence.
What appeareth to be true by strong and invincible demonstation, such
as wherein it is not by any way possible to be deceived. Hooker.
Where the agreement or disagreement of any thing is plainly and
clearly perceived, it is called demonstration. Locke. 2. Undoubted evi­
dence of reason, or the senses. Which way soever we turn ourselves,
we are encountered with clear evidences and sensible demonstrations of
a deity. Tillotson.

DEMONSTRATIONS [with algebraists] are evident, undoubted
proofs, in order for the manifestation of such theorems and canons as
are analytically found out.

Affirmative DEMONSTRATION, is one which proceeding by affirma­
tive and evident propositions, dependant on each other, ends in the
thing to be demonstrated.

Negative DEMONSTATION, is one whereby a thing is shewn to be
such from some absurdity that would follow, if it were otherwise.

DEMONSTRATION a Priori, one whereby an effect is proved from
a cause; or a conclusion by something previous, neither a cause nor an
antecedent. See DEMONSTRATION a Posteriori.

DEMONSTRATION a Posteriori, is one whereby either a cause is
proved from an effect, or a conclusion by something posterior, either
an effect or a consequent. The argument a posteriori [or from the
works of nature] in proof of an all-wise, all-good, all-powerful crea­
tor and first cause of all things may be best adapted to common capaci­
ties: But the argument a priori, or proof of God＇s attributes, not
from that consummate wisdom, and goodness which shine forth in his
works, but from that necessary existence, which is inseparable from
the idea of a first cause, perhaps strikes with the greatest force on men
of a philosophic turn of mind. Since from hence God＇s unity, eter­
nity, immensity, and the absolute infinitude of all his perfections neces­
sarily flow; and we can reason with a far greater degree of certainty on
his attributes and nature, than we can upon our own. I take this to
be that sentiment of the great Aetius, which his adversaries, either
thro＇ ignorance or prejudice so much clamour＇d against, and which in
part laid the foundation of that most preposterous account, which is gi­
ven of his followers under the word Ætians. See ÆTIANS and EU­
NOMIANS. As to the argument a priori, with reference to prophecies,
see PROPHECIES.

Geometrical DEMONSTRATION, one framed from reasoning,
drawn from the elements of Euclid, which is certain and indubitable.

Mechanical DEMONSTRATION, is one whose reasonings are drawn
from rules of mechanics.

DEMONSTRATION [with mathematicians] a chain of arguments de­
pending one upon another and originally founded on first and self-evident
principles, or plain propositions raised and proved from them; so that
in the conclusion, it ends in the invincible proof of the thing to be de­
monstrated.

DEMO＇NSTRATIVE [demonstratif, Fr. dimostrativo, It. demonstrativo,
Sp. of demonstrativus, Lat.] 1. That proves beyond contradiction,
certain. An argument necessary and demonstrative is such as being
proposed unto any man and understood, the man cannot chuse but in­
wardly yield. Hooker. 2. Having the power of expressing clearly and
indubitably. Painting is necessary to all other arts, because of the
need which they have of demonstrative figures, which give more light
to the understanding than the clearest discourses. Dryden.

DEMONSTRATIVE [with rhetoricians] one of the genera or kinds of
eloquence, used in the composing panegyrics, invectives, &c.

DEMO＇NSTRATIVELY [from demonstrative] with evidence not to be
doubted. No man requires an assurance of the good which he designs,
or of the evil which he avoids, from arguments demonstratively certain.
South. 2. Clearly, with certainty. Demonstratively understanding the
simplicity of perfection, it was not in the power of earth to work them
from it. Brown.

DEMONSTRA＇TIVENESS [from demonstrative] aptness for demonstra­
tion.

DEMONSTRA＇TOR [from demonstrate] one that demonstrates or
proves.

DEMONSTRA＇TORY [demonstratorius, Lat.] belonging to demonstra­
tion, having a tendency to prove.

DEMU＇LCENT [demulcens. Lat.] softening, assuasive. Pease being
deprived of any aromatic parts, are mild and demulcent. Arbuthnot.

To DEMU＇R, verb neut. [demeurer, Fr. of demoror, Lat. dimorare, It.
in law] 1. To put in doubts or objections in a suit; to delay or put off a
further hearing. In chancery, a defendant demurs to a plaintiff＇s bill,
by affirming that it is defective in such or such a point, and demands
the judgment of the court upon it, if he shall be obliged to make any
farther or other answer to it. To this plea the plaintiff demurr＇d. Wal­
ton. 2. To hesitate, to delay in concluding an affair. Upon this rub
the English ambassadors thought fit to demur, and so sent into England
to receive directions. Hayward. They expect from us a sudden reso­
lution in things wherein the devil of Delphos would demur. Brown.
3. To doubt, to have scruples. There is something in our composi­
tion that wills and demurs, and resolves, and chuses, and rejects.
Bentley.

To DEMUR, verb act. to doubt any thing.
The latter I demur; for in their looks
Much reason, and in their actions, oft appears. Milton.

DEMUR, subst. [from the verb] doubt, suspence of opinion.
With reason hath deep silence and demur
Seiz＇d us. Milton.
Concerns of a temporal life are infinitely less valuable than those of an
eternal, and consequently ought, without any demur at all, be sacri­
ficed to them. South.

DEMU＇RE [prob. of des mœurs, Fr. over-mannerly, or demuth, Teut.
gravity] 1. Sober, decent.
Lovely virgins came in place,
With countenance demure, and modest grace. Spenser.
Pensive men, devout and pure,
Sober, stedfast, and demure. Milton.
2. Affectedly grave, reserved or bashful. It is now commonly used in
a sense of contempt.
So cat transform＇d, sat gravely and demure,
Till mouse appear＇d, and thought herself secure. Dryden.
The demure, the aukward and the coy. Swift.

To DEMU＇RE, verb neut. [from the noun] to look with an affected
modesty.
Octavia with her modest eyes
And still conclusion, shall acquire no honour,
Demuring upon me. Shakespeare.

DEMU＇RELY [from demure] 1. Reservedly, with an affected gra­
vity. Wear prayer-books in my pocket, look demurely. Shakespeare.
Æsop＇s damsel turn＇d from a cat to a woman, sat very demurely at the
board＇s end, till a mouse ran before her. Bacon. 2. In the following
line it is the same with solemnly. Warburton.
Hark how the drums demurely wake the sleepers. Shakespeare.

DEMU＇RENESS [from demure] 1. Modesty, gravity of aspect. Her
eyes having in them such a chearfulness, as nature seem＇d to smile in
them, tho＇ her mouth and cheeks obey＇d to that pretty demureness
which the more one marked, the more one would judge the poor soul
apt to believe. Sidney. 2. Pretended reservedness, affected gra­
vity.

DEMU＇RRAGE [demeurer, Fr. in commerce] is an allowance made
by the merchants, to the master of a ship for staying longer in the
port than the time at first appointed for his departure.

DEMU＇RRER [a law term] a pause upon a point of difficulty, or of
law, in an action which requires some time for the court or judge to
take the matter into farther consideration, and agree if they can; or
else all the judges meet together in the chequer chamber, and upon
hearing that which the serjeants can say of both parts, to advise and
set down as law, whatsoever they conclude firm, without farther re­
medy. Prohibition was granted, and hereunto there was a demurrer.
Ayliffe.

DE＇MY [in blazonry] is used to signify one half, as demy-lion. See
DEMI.

DEN [den, Sax.] 1. A hollow running almost horizontally, or but
with a small obliquity under ground; distinct from a hole which runs
down perpendicularly. They here dispersed some amongst the minerals,
dens and caves under the earth. Hooker. 2. A cave or a lodging-place
for wild beasts. What shall they seek the lion in his den? Shakespeare.
＇Tis then the shapeless bear his den forsakes,
In woods and fields a wild destruction makes. Dryden.

DEN [in old records] a low place, a valley or a woody place;
both which the Saxon den imports; and is added to the names of se­
veral towns and villages in the same sense, as Tenderden in Kent, &c.

DEN and STROUD [an old law term] liberty for ships to run
aground or come on shore.

DE＇NA TERRÆ, Law Lat. [in doomsday-book] a hollow place be­
tween two hills.

DENA＇RIATA TERRÆ, Law Lat. [in old records] the fourth part of
an acre of land.

DENA＇RII DE CHARITATE, Lat. Whitsun-farthings, an ancient
customary oblation to the cathedral about Whitsuntide, when the priest
of the parish, and many of the parishioners went to visit mother
church.

DENA＇RIUS, a Roman silver coin, marked with the letter X, it be­
ing in value 10 asses, or about 7 pence half-penny English, or 7 pence
three farthings. Lat.

DENA＇RIUS DEI, Lat. [i. e. God＇s penny] earnest money; so
termed, because in ancient times, the money that was laid down to
bind any bargain or agreement, was given to God, i. e. either to the
church or poor.

DENARIUS Tertius Comitatus [a law term] a third part of the pro­
fits, which arise from the county courts, which were paid to the earl
of the country; the two other parts being reserved for the king.

DENARIUS Sancti Petri, Lat. Rome-scot, or Peter-pence, which
see.

DENA＇RRABLE [denarrabilis, Lat.] that may be related.

DENARRA＇TION, Lat. a narration.

DENA＇RY [denarius, Lat.] of or pertaining to ten.

DENA＇TES, the same as penates, which see.








DENA＇Y [a word form＇d between deny and nay. Johnson] denial.
Give her this jewel: say,
My love can give no place, bide no denay. Shakespeare.

DENBE＇RA [in old records] a place for the running of hogs, a low
vallcy for the pannage or feeding of twine.

DE＇NBY, the capital of Denbyshire in North Wales. It sends one
member to parliament.—The county of Denby also sends one mem­
ber.

DENCHE＇, or DENCHE＇E [in heraldry] a term applied to the ordi­
naries in a shield, when they are edged with teeth or indented.

DENDRI＇TES [of δενδρον, Gr. a tree] a sort of whitish or ash-coloured
stones, which are seen on trees, shrubs, &c.

DENDROCI＇SSON [δενδροκισσος, of δενδρον, a tree, and κισσος, Gr. ivy]
a sort of ivy that grows without tree or wall; tree or standard ivy.

DENDROI＇DES, Lat. [δενδροειδης, Gr.] a kind of spurge full of
branches; tree-spurge.

DENDRO＇LOGY [of δενδρον, a tree, and λογος, of λεγω, Gr. to say or
treat] a treatise or discourse of trees, the natural history of trees.

DENDROLIBA＇NUS, the herb rosemary. Gr. of Lat.

DENDROMA＇LACHE, Lat. [δενδρομαλαχη, Gr.] the herb tree-mal­
lows.

DE＇NDERMOND, a fortified town of Flanders, situated on the con­
fluence of the rivers Scheld and Dender, 12 miles east of Ghent.

DE＇NDRON [δενδρον, Gr.] a tree.

DENDROPHO＇RI, those who performed that office in the dendropho­
ria.

DENDROPHO＇RIA [δενδροϕορια, of δενδρον, a tree, and ϕερω, Gr. to
bear] a ceremony performed in the sacrifices of Bacchus, Cybele, &c.
of carrying trees through a city. The pine-tree, which was carried in
procession, was afterwards planted in memory of that under which
Atys, the favourite of the goddess Cybele, mutilated himself; they also
crowned the branches of this tree in imitation of Cybele＇s doing the
same; and they covered its trunk with wool, in imitation of the god­
dess＇s having covered the breast of Atys with the same.

DE＇NEB [with astronomers] a star called otherwise cauda lucida, or
the lion＇s-tail.

DENEGA＇TION, Lat. a denial or denying.

DE＇NELAGE, the laws which the Danes enacted while they had the
dominion here in England.

DENI＇ABLE, adj. [from deny] that which may be denied, or to which
belief may be refused.

DENI＇AL [deni, Fr.] 1. A denying or refusing; opposite to grant
or allowance. The denial of landing troubled us much. Bacon.
He at every fresh attempt is repell＇d
With faint denials. Dryden.
2. Negation; opposite to confession. No man more ready to confess,
with a repenting manner of aggravating his own evil, where denial
wou＇d but make the fault fouler. Sidney. 3. Abjuration; opposite to
acknowledgment of adherence to. We may deny God in all those
acts that are capable of being morally good er evil: those are the pro­
per senses in which we act our confessions or denials of him. South.

DENI＇ER [of deny] 1. An opponent, one that holds the negative of
any proposition; opposed to one that affirms. By the word virtue the
affirmer intends our whole duty to God and man, and the denier, by the
word virtue, means only courage Watts. 2. One that does not ac­
knowledge. Christ look＇d his denier into repentance. South. 3. One
that refuses. It may be I am esteemed by my denier: sufficient of
myself to discharge my duty to God as a priest, tho＇ not to men as a
prince. K. Charles.

DENIE＇R [Fr. denarius, Lat. It is pronounced as if written denéer, in
two syllables] a French brass coin, the twelfth part of a sous, in va­
lue three tenths of a farthing English.
You will not pay for the glasses you have burst,
—No, not a denier. Shakespeare.

To DE＇NIGRATE [denigratum, sup. of denigro, from de, and niger,
Lat. black] to make black. From fire bodies are denigrated. Brown.
Hartshorn and other white bodies will be denigrated by heat. Boyle.

DENIGRA＇TION [denigratio, Lat.] the act of blackening. Brown
and Boyle use it.

DENIGRA＇TURE [denigratura, Lat.] a making black.

DENIZA＇TION, the act of making free. That they were reputed
aliens, appears by the charters of denization purchased by them. Da­
vies.

DE＇NIZEN, or DE＇NIZON [of dinasddyn, a man of the city, or dine­
sydd, Wel. free of the city. Johnson] a foreigner enfranchised by the
king＇s charter, and made capable of bearing any office, purchasing and
enjoying all privileges except inheriting lands by descent. Denizen is a
British law term, which the Saxons and Angles found here and retained.
Davies. Ye gods, natives or denizens of blest abodes. Dryden. Corn,
so necessary for all people, is fitted to grow and seed as a free denizen of
the world. Grew.

To DE＇NIZEN [from the subst.] to ensranchise, or make free.
Falsehood is denizen＇d, virtue is barbarous. Donne.

DE＇NMARK, a northern kingdom, comprehending the peninsula of
Jutland, and the islands of Zeland, Funen, &c. To the king of
Denmark also belong Norway, Iceland, and the dutchy of Hol­
stein.

DENO＇MINADLE [from denominate] that may be denominated.

To DENO＇MINATE [denommer, Fr. denominare, It. denominàr, Sp.
denominatum, sup. of denomino, from de, and nomen, Lat. a name] to
give a name to. Places denominated of angels and saints. Hooker. Two
faculties denominate us men, understanding and will. Hammond.

DENOMINA＇TION [Fr. denomizazione, It. denominaciòn, Sp. of deno­
minatio, Lat.] 1. The act of naming or giving a name. 2. The name
itself which is given to a thing, generally marking some principal qua­
lity thereof. Is there any token, denomination, or monument of the
Gauls yet remaining in Ireland? Spenser. Many sects and denominations,
as Stoics. Peripateties, Epicureans. South.

DENO＇MINATIVE, adj. [from denominate] 1. Giving a name. 2.
Obtaining a distinct appellation. This would be more analogically,
if written denominable. The least denominative part of time is a minute.
Cocker.

DENOMINA＇TIVES [with logicians] are terms which take their ori­
ginal and name from others.

DENOMINA＇TOR [from denominate] that which gives a name. Both
the seas of one name should have the common denominator. Brown.

DENOMINATOR of a Fraction [in arithmetie] is that part of the
fraction that stands below the line of separation, which always signi­
fies into how many parts the integer is divided, as 5/10. Ten the deno­
minator shews you that the integer is supposed to be divided into ten
parts; and the numerator 5 shews you, that you take 5 such parts.

DENOMINATOR [of any proportion] is the quotient arising from the
division of the antecedent by its consequent. Thus 4 is the denomi­
nator of the proportion that 20 hath to 5, because 20 divided by 5 is
equal to 4. This is also called the exponent of the proportion, or the
ratio of it.

DENOMINA＇TRIX, Lat. she that denominates or names.

DENOTA＇TION [denotatio, Lat.] the act of marking or noting.

To DENO＇TE [dénoter, Fr. denotare, It. and Lat.] to shew by a
mark, to signify, to betoken; as, passion denotes folly and weak­
ness.

To DENOU＇NCE [denunciatum, sup. of denuncio, from de, and nua­
cius, Lat. a messenger, dénoucer, Fr. denuntiare, It. denunciàr, Sp.] 1.
To proclaim publickly; and commonly used of threatenings. I de­
nounce unto you that ye shall surely perish. Deutcronomy. 2. To
threaten by some outward expression.
He ended frowning, and his look denounc＇d
Desperate revenge. Milton.
The rolling waves from far,
Like heralds, first denounce the watry war. Dryden.
3. To give information against. A civil law term. Archdeacons
ought to propose parts of the New Testament to be learned by heart by
inferior clergymen, and denounce such as are negligent. Ayliffe.

DENOU＇NCEMENT [from denounce] the act of proclaiming any threa­
tening, denunciation. False is the reply of Cain upon the denounce­
ment of his curse. Brown.

DENOU＇NCER [from denounce] one that denounces or threatens.
Here comes the sad denouncer of my fate,
To toll the mournful knell of separation. Dryden.

DENS CANINUS [Lat. with botanists] the herb dog＇s tooth; so
called, because the leaves of its flowers resemble a dog＇s tooth.

DENS LEONIS [Lat. with botanists] the herb dandelion, or lion＇s
tooth.

DENSA＇TION [from densus, Lat. thick] the act of making thick.

DENSE [Fr. denso, It. and Sp. of densus, Lat.] close, compact,
thick; opposed in philosophy to the term thin. In the air, the higher
you go, the less it is compressed, and consequently the less dense; and
so the upper part is exceedingly thinner than the lower. Locke.

DE＇NSENESS, or DE＇NSITY [densité, Fr. densità, It. of dersitas, Lat.
or from dense] a quality belonging to compact bodies; thickness; a
property of bodies, whereby they contain such a quantity of matter,
under such a bulk. The opacity of white metals ariseth not from
their density alone. Newton. The air within the vessels being of a
less density, the outward air would press the sides together. Ar­
buthnot.

To DE＇NSHIRE, verb act. a barbarous word used in husbandry.
Burning of land, or burnbating, is commonly called denshiring, that
is, Devonshiring, or Denbighshiring, because most used or first invent­
ed there. Mortimer.

DENT [of dent, Fr. dente, It. dens, Lat. a tooth.] a notch in or
about the edges of a thing.

DENT [in heraldry] a bordure dent, is when the out-line of it is
notched in and out.

To DENT [denteler, Fr. dentare, It. dentàr, Sp.] to notch.

DENTA＇GRA [of dens, Lat. a tooth, and αγρα, Gr. a capture or
seizure] the tooth-ach.

DE＇NTAL [dentalis, of dentis, gen. of dens, Lat. a tooth] 1. Relat­
ing to the teeth. 2. [In grammar] pronounced principally by means
of the teeth. The Hebrews have assigned which letters are labial, and
which dental. Bacon.

DE＇NTAL, a small shell-fish. Formed in the shell of a dental. Wood­
ward.

DENTA＇LIS Lapis [Lat. in pharmaey] a kind of shell, which being
pulverized, is used in medicaments as an excellent alkali.

DE＇NTALS [dentales, Lat.] such letters, in pronouncing which the
teeth are absolutely necessary, are by grammarians so called.
The Hebrews, who have taken care to reduce their alphabet under
the various classes of gutturals, linguals, labials, and dentals, have
comprized all the consonants belonging to the last in one word “DAT­
LENATH. And Erpinius observes, that the Arabians have compre­
hended their dentals under two words, “which, says he, are pro­
nounced by the tip of the tongue touching the upper teeth, either be­
low or internally”.

DENTA＇RPAGA [of dens, Lat. a tooth, and αρπαζω, Gr.] a sur­
geon＇s instrument for drawing teeth.

DENTA＇TED [dentatus, Lat.] having teeth.

DE＇NTED [of dentatus, Lat.] having notches like teeth.

DENTED Verge [with botanists] leaves of plants notched about the
edges.
noble shew, by their graceful projections. Spectator.

DENTE＇LLI, It. modillons. The modillons, or dentelli, make as

DE＇NTES Sapientiæ [Lat. i. e. the teeth of wisdom, so called be­
cause persons are come to years of discretion at the time of their
growth] two double teeth behind the rest, which spring up about the
20th year, or upwards, having lain hid in their sockets.

DE＇NTICLES, or DE＇NTILS [denticules, Fr. dentelli, It. with archi­
tects] a member of the Ionic cornice, square, and cut out at conve­
nient distances, which gives it the form of a set of teeth.

DENTI＇CULATED [denticulatus, Lat.] having teeth or jagged.

DENTICULA＇TION [of denticulate] the state of being set with small
teeth. The denticulation of the edges of the bill, or those small ob­
lique incissions made for the better retention of the prey. Grew.

DENTI＇DUCUM [Lat. of dentes, the teeth, and duco. Lat. to draw]
an instrument for drawing teeth.

DE＇NTIFRICE [Fr. deutifricium, of dens, a tooth, and frico, Lat.
to rub] a powder for the scouring, cleansing, and whitening of
teeth. Shells of all sorts of shell fish, being burnt, obtain a caustic







nature: most of them so ordered, and powdered, make excellent den­
trifices. Grew.

DENTI＇LOQUIST [dentiloquus, Lat.] one that speaketh through the
teeth.

DENTI＇LOQUY [dentiloquium, of dentis, gen. of dens, a tooth, and
loquor, Lat. to speak] the act of speaking through the teeth.

DENTISCA＇LPIUM, an instrument for cleaning the teeth. Lat.

DENTI＇TION [dentitio, Lat.] 1. The act of breeding the teeth.
2. The time when children breed their teeth, which is about the se­
venth month.

To DENU＇DATE, or to DENU＇DE [denudo, of de and nudus, Lat.
naked] to make naked or bare, to divest. Till he has denuded him­
self of all incumberances, he is unqualified. Decay of Piety. We
would denude ourselves of all force to defenders. Clarendon. You de­
nude a vine-branch of its leaves. Ray.

DENU＇DATED. pret. and part. pass. of denudate [denudatus, Lat.]
made naked or bare.

DENUDA＇TIO, a making bare or naked. Lat.

DENUMERA＇TION [denumeratio, from de and numerus, Lat. a num­
ber] a present paying down of money.

DENU＇NTIATED, pret and part. of denunciate [denuntiatus, Lat.]
denounced.

DENUNCIA＇TION [denonciation, Fr. denunziazione, It. denunciaciòn,
Sp. of denunciatîo, Lat.] the act of denouncing or proclaiming, a
threatening, a public menace. A denunciation or indiction of a war.
Bacon. Christ tells the Jews, if they believe not, they shall die in
their sins; did they never read these denunciations? Ward.

DENUNCIA＇TOR [denuncio, Lat.] 1. He that proclaims any threat.
2. He that lays an information against another. The denunciator
does not make himself a party in judgment as the accuser does.
Ayliffe.

To DENY＇ [denego, Lat. denier, Fr.] 1. Not to grant, or admit of,
to refuse.
How long can you my bliss and yours deny. Dryden.
2. To gainsay an accusation, not to confess. Sarah denied, saying, I
laughed not. Genesis. 3. To disown, to abnegate. It shall be a
witness unto you, lest you deny your God. Joshua. 4. To renounce, to
treat as foreign, or not belonging to one; with the reciprocal pro­
noun. The best sign and fruit of denying ourselves, is mercy to
others. He considers christians as denying themselves in the pleasures
of this world for the sake of Christ. Atterbury.

To DEOBSTRU＇CT [deobstructum, sup. of deobstruo, Lat. with phy­
sicians] is to remove obstructions or stoppages; to open the pores of
the body. A wound herb useful for deobstructing the pores. More.
Such as carry off the fæces and mucus, deobstruct the mouth of the lac­
teals, so as the chyle may have a free passage into the blood. Ar­
buthnot.

DEO＇BSTRUENT, adj. [deobstruens, Lat.] having the power to clear
obstructions or open the animal passages. Soaps are attenuating and
deobstruent, resolving viscid substances. Arbuthnot.

DEO＇BSRUENTS, subst. [deobstruentia, Lat.] such medicines as are
good to open obstructions.

DE＇ODAND [deodandum, qu. dandum deo, i. e. to be devoted to God]
a thing as it were forfeited to God, to attone for the violent death of
a man by misadventure; as, if a man was killed by the accidental
fall of a tree, or run over by a cart wheel; then the tree or cart­
wheel, or cart and horses, is to be sold, and the money to be given to
the poor.

DEONERA＇NDO pro Rata Portione [Lat. in law] a writ that lies for
one that is destrained for a rent, that ought to be paid by others pro­
portionably with him.

To DEO＇PPILATE [of de and oppilo, Lat.] to open obstructions.

DEOPPILA＇TION [of deoppilate] the act of clearing obstructions.
Effectual in deoppilations. Brown.

DEO＇PPILATIVE, or DEO＇PPILATORY, adj. [of de and oppilatum,
sup. of oppilo, Lat.] serving to remove obstructions or stoppages. A
Deoppilative and purgative apozem. Harvey.

DEO＇PPILATIVES, subst. [in pharmacy] medicines which soften,
resolve, and remove obstructions.

DEOSCULA＇TION [deosculatio, Lat.] the act of eager kissing. The
several acts of worship required to be performed to images, viz. pro­
cessions, and deosculations. Stillingfleet.

To DEPA＇INT [depingere, It. and Lat. depeindre, depeint, Fr.] to
make the representation of a thing by a picture.
The saint
That on his shield depainted he did see. Spenser.

To DEPAINT [in a figurative sense] to set forth the noble actions
or vices of any person in words, to describe in general.
Such ladies fair would I depaint,
In roundelay or sonnet quaint. Gay.

To DEPA＇RT, verb neut. [partir, Fr. partire, It. partìr, Sp.] 1.
To get or go away from a place.
He which hath no stomach to this fight,
Let him depart, his passport shall be made. Shakespeare.
Could＇st thou leave me, cruel, thus alone,
Not one kind kiss from a departing son. Dryden.
2. To desist from any practice. He cleaved unto the sins of Jereboam,
he departed not therefrom. 2. Kings. 3. To perish, to be lost. The
good departed away, and the evil abode still. 2 Esdras. 4. To de­
sert, to apostatize. Departing away from our God. Isaiah. 5. To
desist from a resolution or opinion. Prevailed not with any of them
to depart from the most unreasonable of their demands. Clarendon.
6. To die, to leave the world. Her soul was in departing, for she
died. Genesis.

To DEPA＇RT, verb act. to quit, to leave. You are will＇d by him
this evening to depart Rome. Ben Johnson. Unless it is illiptical for
depart from Rome, and then it is the first sense of the verb neut.

DEPART, subst 1. The act of going away.
At my depart from France. Shakespeare.
2. Death, decease.
When your brave father breath＇d his latest gasp,
Tidings, as swiftly as the post could run,
Were brought me of your loss and his depart. Shakespeare.
3. [With chemists] an operation so named, because the particles of
silver are made to depart from gold, or some other metal, when they
were before melted together in the same mass, and could not be sepa­
rated any other way.

DEPART from the Plea, or DEPA＇RTURE [law term] is when a
man pleads in bar of an action, and a reply being made to his
plea in the rejoinder, he shews another matter contrary to his first
plea.

DEPA＇RTER [of gold, &c.] an artist who purifies and separates
those metals from the coarser sort.

DEPA＇RTMENT, the province or business assigned to a particular
person. The Roman fleet had their several stations and departments. Arbuthnot.

DEPA＇RTURE. 1. A going away. Departure from this happy
place. Milton. 2. Death. Happy was their good prince in his
timely departure. Sidney. They survived after his departure out of
this world. Addison. 3. A forsaking, an abandoning. The fear of
the Lord, and departure from evil, are phrases of like importance.
Tillotson. 4. [In navigation] the easting or westing made by a ship.

DEPARTURE in Despight of the Court [law phrase] is when the de­
fendant appears to the action which has been brought against him,
and makes default afterwards.

DEPA＇SCENT [depascens, Lat.] feeding greedily.

To DEPA＇STURE, verb act. [depascor, Lat.] To eat up. Pasturing
upon the mountains, and removing still to fresh land, as they have de­
pastured the former. Spenser.

To DEPAU＇PERATE [depauperatum, sup. of depaupero, from de and
pauper, poor] to impoverish or make poor. Liming does not depau­
perate, the ground will last long and bear. Mortimer. Great evacu­
ations which carry off the nutritious humours depauperate the blood.
Arbuthnot.

DEPAUPERA＇TION [depauperatio, Lat.] the act of making poor.

DEPE＇CTIBLE [depecto, Lat.] tough, tenacious. Some bodies
have a kind of lentor, and are of a more depectible nature than oil.
Bacon.

DEPECULA＇TION, a robbing the prince or common-wealth; an im­
bezzling the public treasure Lat.

DEPECULA＇TOR, one that robs the common-wealth; or embezzles
the public treasure. Lat.

To DEPE＇INCT [depeindre, Fr.] to depaint; or paint in co­
lours.
The red rose medlied with the white y fere,
In either cheek depeincten lively here. Spenser.

DEPE＇NCILLED, or DEPENSILLED [of de and penecillus, Lat. a pen­
cil] designed or drawn out with a pencil.

To DEPE＇ND [dependre, Fr. dependere, It. dependèr, Sp. dependo, Lat.]
1. To hang on, or from.
From the frozen beard
Long sicles depénd. Dryden.
2. To be in a state of slavery, or expectation; to retain to another;
having upon or on. Wit depends on dilatory time. Shakespeare. De­
pend not upon the courtesy of others. Bacon. 3. To be in suspense,
or undetermined. To interpose in any cause depending or like to be de­
pending in any court of justice. Bacon. 4. To rely upon, to be cer­
tain of; with upon. He resolved no more to depend upon the one, or
to provoke the other. Clarendon.
But if you＇re rough, and use him like a dog,
Depend upon it, — he＇ll remain incog. Addison.
5. To be in a state of dependence, and at the discretion of an­
other.
Of fifty to disquantity your train,
And the remainders that shall still depend,
To be such men as may befort your age. Shakespeare.
6. To rest upon, as a cause. The peace and happiness of a society
depend on the justice of its members. Rogers.

DEPE＇NDANCE, or DEPE＇NDANCY [of depend] 1. The state of
hanging down from a supporter. 2. Something hanging upon an­
other.
Like a large cluster of black grapes they show,
And make a large dependance from the bough. Dryden.
3. Connection, relation of one thing to another. The connection
and dependance of ideas should be followed. Locke.
4. The state of being at the disposal or under the sovereignty of an­
other; with upon. We feel our dependance upon God. Tillotson. 5.
The things or persons of which one has the disposal or dominion. A
prince bereaved of his dependancies. Bacon. Men who have acquired
large possessions, and consequently dependancies. Swift. 6. Reliance,
confidence; with on. Their dependencies on him were drown＇d in this
conceit. Hooker.
With such firm dependance on the day,
That need grew pamper＇d, and forgot to pray. Dryden.
7. Accident, that of which the existence presupposes the existence of
something else. Modes contain not the supposition of subsisting by
themselves, but are considered as dependancies on or affections of sub­
stances. Locke.

DEPE＇NDANT, adj. [of depend] being in the power of another;
with on. On God all inferior causes are dependant. Hooker.

DEPE＇NDANT, subst. [from depend] one who lives in subjection or
at the discretion of another, a retainer; with upon. A person recom­
mended a dependant upon him. Clarendon.

DEPE＇NDENCE or DEPE＇NDENCY [dépendance, Fr. dependenta, It.
dependéncia, Sp. of dependens, Lat. This word, with many others of the
same termination, are indifferently written with ance or ence, ancy or
ency; as the authors intended to derive them from the Latin or French.
Johnson.] 1. A thing or person at the disposal of another. We invade
the rights of our neighbours, that we may create dependencies. Collier.
2. The state of being subordinate to another; opposite to sovereignty.
Acknowledge their dependency on the crown of England. Bacon. 3.
That which is not principal, subordinate. This earth and its depèn­
dències. Burnet＇s Theory. 4. Connection, rise of consequents from
premises; with on.
Such a dependency of thing on thing,
As e＇er I heard in madness. Shakespeare.
5. Relation of one thing to another, as effects to causes; with upon.
To trace out the cause of effects, and the dependence of one thing upon







another. Burnet＇s Theory. 6. Trust, confidence; with upon. The
expectation of the performance of our desire, is that we call dependence
upon him for help. Stillingfleet.

DEPE＇NDENT, subst. [dependente, It. dependens, Lat.] one who de­
pends on, or is sustained by another, one who is at the disposal and
discretion of another. Creatures of his power, and dependents of his
providence. Rogers.

DEPE＇NDET, adj. [dependant, Fr. dependente, It. dependiénte, Sp. of
dependens, Lat. This, as many other words of like termination, are
written with ent or ant, as they are supposed to flow from the Latin
or French. Johnson.] hanging down. The whole furs in the tails
were dependent. Peacham.

DEPE＇NDER [of depend] a dependant.
What shalt thou expect
To be depender on a thing that leans? Shakespeare.

DEPERDI＇TION [deperditus, Lat.] loss, destruction. Deperdition of
any ponderous particles. Brown.

To DEPHLE＇GM, or to DEPHLE＇GMATE [dephlegmio, low Lat. in
chymistry] is to clear any thing from phlegm or water; as, a spirit is
said to be well dephlegmated, when it is made pure by being rectified
and distilled over again, and, either wholly, or as much as may be
cleared of all water and phlegm. We＇ve taken spirit of salt, and
carefully dephlegmed it. Boyle.

DEPHLEGMA＇TION, the separating the phlegm or superfluous water
from a spirit by repeated distillations. To separate the aqueous parts
by dephlegmation. Boyle.

DEPHLE＇GMEDNESS [of dephlegmed] the state or quality of being
freed from phlegm or aqueous matter. Dephlegmedness of the spirit of
wine. Boyle.

To DEPI＇CT [depictum, sup. of depingo, Lat.] 1. To paint, to re­
present in colours. The cowards of Lacedemon depicted upon their
shields the most terrible beasts. Taylor. 2. To describe in general,
to represent any action to the mind. The distractions of a tumult
sensibly depicted, Felton.

DEPILA＇TION [Fr. depilazione, It. of depilatio, Lat.] a pulling off
the hair.

DEPI＇LATORY, subst. [from de and pilus, Lat. hair, depilatoire, Fr.
dipiletorio, It. of depilatorius, Lat.] a medicine to cause the hair to
come off.

DEPI＇LOUS, adj. [of de and pilus, Lat.] being without hair. A
kind of lizard, or quadruped, corticated and depilous; that is, with­
out wool, furr, or hair. Brown.

DEPLANTA＇TION, a taking up of plants from the bed. Lat.

DEPLE＇TION [depletum, sup. of depleo, Lat.] the act of empty­
ing.

DEPLO＇RABLE [Fr. deplorabile, It. of deplorabilis, Lat.] 1. To be
deplored or lamented; dismal, hopeless. The deplorable condition to
which the king was reduced. Clarendon. 2. Sometimes in a more
lax and jocular sense, contemptible; as, deplorable nonsense.

DEPLO＇RABLENESS [from deplorable] lamentableness, misery.

DEPLO＇RABLY [of deplorable] lamentably, hopelessly. Notwith­
standing all their talk of reason and philosophy, they are deplorably
strangers to them. South.

DEPLO＇RATE, adj. [deploratus, Lat.] lamentable, hopeless. The
case is then most deplorate, when reward goes over to the wrong side.
L＇Estrange.

DEPLORA＇TION, the act of lamenting or bewailing. Lat.

To DEPLO＇RE [deplorer, Fr. deplorare, It. and Lat.] to lament or
bewail one＇s misfortunes. His death deplor＇d. Dryden.

DEPLO＇RER [of deplore] one that deplores or laments; a mourner.

DEPLU＇MATED [deplumatus, Lat.] having the feathers taken off.

DEPLUMA＇TION, the act of plucking off feathers. Lat.

DEPLUMATION [with surgeons] a swelling of the eye-lids, when
the hairs fall off from the eye-brows.

To DEPLU＇ME [deplumo, of de and pluma, Lat. a feather] to pluck
off the feathers, to unfeather.

DEPLU＇MED [deplumé, Fr.] deplumated. See DEPLUMATED.

To DEPO＇NE [deporre, It. deponèr, Sp. of depono, Lat. to lay down]
1. [In the Scots law] to give in evidence upon oath. 2. To lay
down as a pledge or security. 3. To risque upon the success of an
adventure.
On this I would depone,
As much as any cause I＇ve known. Hudibras.

DEPO＇NENT [deponens, Lat.] a person who gives information upon
oath before a magistrate.

DEPONENT verb [deponente, It. of deponens, Lat. with grammarians]
a verb which has a passive form, but an active signification. Such
verbs as have no active voice are called deponents, and generally signify
action only; as, fateor, I confess. Clarke.

To DEPO＇PULATE [depeupler, Fr. dipopolare, It. despoblàr, Sp. de­
populatus, of depopulor, Lat.] to unpeople, to spoil, or lay a country,
&c. waste. He turned his arms upon unarmed people, only to spoil
and depopulate. Bacon.
A land exhausted to the last remains,
Depopulated towns and driven plains. Dryden.

DEPOPULA＇TION [despoblaciòn, Sp. of depopulatio, Lat.] the act of
unpeopling, or laying a country waste, &c.
The end of all thy offspring, end so sad
Depopulation. Milton.

DEPO＇PULATOR [of depopulate] a destroyer of mankind, one that
dispeoples inhabited countries.

DEPOPULATO＇RES Agrorum [law term] great offenders, so termed
because they unpeopled and laid waste whole towns. Lat.

DEPO＇RT, deportment, behaviour, grace of attitude.
She Delia＇s self
In gait surpass＇d, and goddess-like deport. Milton.

To DEPO＇RT [deporter, Fr. deporto, Lat.] 1. To carry away. 2.
To demean, or behave one＇s self; this sense is used only with the re­
ciprocal pronoun. Let an ambassador deport himself in the most grace­
ful manner before a prince. Pope.

DEPORTA＇TION, a conveying or carrying away. Lat.

DEPORTATION [among the Romans] 1. A sort of banishment, by
which some island or other was assigned for the banished person to
abide in, with a prohibition not to stir out upon pain of death.
2. Transportation, exile in general. An abjuration, which is a deporta­
tion for ever into a foreign land, was anciently with us a civil death.
Ayliffe.

DEPO＇RTMENT [deportement, Fr. portamento, It.] 1. Carriage, be­
haviour. The gravity of his deportment. Swift. 2. Conduct, man­
ner of acting. The duke＇s deportment in that island. Wotton.

To DEPO＇SE, verb neut. [depono, Lat. deposer, Fr. diporre, It.] 1. To
give testimony about any matter. It was usual for him that dwelt in
Southwark, or Tothil-street, to depose the yearly rent or valuation of
lands lying in the north. Bacon. 2. To examine any one on oath; now
obsolete. Depose him in the justice of his cause. Shakespeare. 3. To
lay down, to lodge, to let fall; with upon. Its surface rais＇d by ad­
ditional mud deposed upon it by the yearly inundations of the Nile.
Woodward. 4. To put down, to dethrone a sovereign prince. The
duke yet lives that Henry shall depose. Shakespeare. Unpity＇d be
depos＇d, and after live. Dryden. 5. To take away, to divest.
You may my glory and my state depose,
But not my griefs. Shakespeare.

To DEPOSE, verb neut. to bear testimony. Love stood up and de­
posed, a lie could not come from the mouth of Zelmane. Sidney.

DEPO＇SITARY [depositaire, Fr. dipositario, It. depositario, Sp. deposita­
rius, Lat.] the trustee or person into whose hands a pledge or thing is
lodged.
I gave you all,
——And in good time you gave it,
——Made you my guardians, my depositaries. Shakespeare.

To DEPO＇SITE [déposer, Fr. dipositare, It. depositàr, Sp. depositum,
Lat.] 1. To lay down or trust a thing with any one. 2. To lay up,
or lodge a thing in a place. To deposite eggs. L＇Estrange. 3. To
lay up as a pledge or security. 4. To place at interest. To deposite
his gifts with him, in hopes of meriting by them. Sprat. 5. To lay
aside. To persuade the depositing of those busts. Decay of Piety.

DEPO＇SITE [depositum, Lat. depot, Fr. diposito, It.] 1. A pledge. 2.
A thing given as a security. 3. The state of a thing pawned or
pledged. They had the other day the Valtoline, and now have put
it in deposite. Bacon.

DEPO＇SITIO, Lat. [with grammarians] the ending of the dimen­
sions of a Greek or Lattin verse; so as to find out whether it be per­
fect, redundant, or deficient.

DEPOSI＇TION, Lat. that which is laid down.

DEPO＇SITORY, subst. [of deposite] the place where a thing is lodg­
ed. Depositary is properly used of persons, and depository of places:
but in the following example they are confounded. The Jews them­
selves are the depositories of all the prophecies that tend to their own
confusion. Addison.

DEPO＇SITUM, Lat. a pledge left in the hands of another, or in a
place; also a wager.

Simple DEPOSITUM [in law] is either necessary, or voluntary; ne­
cessary as in case of fire, shipwreck, &c.

Voluntary DEPOSITUM, that which is committed by choice.

Judiciary DEPOSITUM, is when a thing, the right of which is con­
tested between two or more persons, is deposited in the hands of a
third person, by the decree of the judge.

DE＇POST, a deposition.

DEPRAVA＇TION [Fr. dipravazione, It. depravaciòn, Sp. of depra­
vatio, Lat.] 1. The act of depraving, marring, corrupting, spoiling
or making bad, corruption. The three forms of government have
their several perfections, and are subject to their several depravations.
Swift. 2. The state of being made bad, depravity. The blackest
sins that human nature, in its highest depravation, is capable of com­
mitting. South. 3. Defamation, censure; a sense now obsolete.
Stubborn critics are apt without a theme,
For depravation to square all the sex. Shakespeare.

To DEPRA＇VE [depraver, Fr. dipravare, It. depravàr, Sp. of de­
pravo, Lat.] to corrupt, marr, or spoil. We admire the providence
of God in the continuance of scripture, notwithstanding the fraudu­
lence of heretics always to deprave the same. Hooker.
From me what can proceed
But all corrupt: both mind and will deprav＇d. Milton.

DEPRA＇VEDNESS [of deprave] a radicated or rooted habit of naugh­
tiness, corruption. Our original depravedness and proneness of our
eternal part to all evil. Hammond.

DEPRA＇VEMENT [of deprave] vitiated state, corruption. Appariti­
ons are either deceptions of sight, or melancholy depravements of fancy.
Brown.

DEPRA＇VER [of deprave] he who corrupts or causes depravity.

DEPRA＇VITY, depraved or corrupted nature, habit, &c. depra­
vedness.

DE＇PRECABLE [deprecabilis, Lat.] that may be intreated.

To DE＇PRECATE, verb neut. [deprecor, Lat.] 1. To pray against any
distress or calamity, to pray earnestly. 2. To request, to petition.
3. To ask pardon for.

To DEPRECATE, verb act. 1. To implore mercy of.
He sets
Those darts, whose points make Gods adore
His might, and deprecate his pow＇r. Prior.
2. To avert, to remove. 3. To pray deliverance from. In depreca­
cating of evil, we make an humble acknowledgment of guilt. Grew.

DEPRECA＇TION, Lat. 1. A praying against, as when persons en­
deavour by prayer to divert the judgments of God, or some calamities
that threaten them. Sternutation they conceived to be a good sign or
a bad one; and so used a gratulation for the one, and a deprecation
for the other. Brown. 2. Intreaty, petitioning. 3. An excusing, a
begging pardon for.

DEPRECATION [in rhetoric] a figure, whereby the orator invokes
the aid of some person or thing; or prays for some evil punishment to
befal him, who speaks falsely, either himself or his adversaty.

DEPRECA＇TIVE, or DEPRECA＇TORY, adj. [of deprecate] serving to
deprecate, or to excuse, apologizing. Sent many humble and depre­
catory letters to the Scottish king, to appease him. Bacon.

DEPRECA＇TOR, Lat. 1. One that sues for another, an intercessor.
2. An excuser.








To DEPRE＇CIATE, verb act. [dépriser, Fr. despreciàr, Sp. of depreci­
atum, sup. of depretio, from de and pretium, Lat. price] 1. To run­
down the price of. 2. To undervalue. That mercy they endeavour
to depreciate and misrepresent. Addison.

DEPRE＇CIATED, pret. and part. pass. of to depreciate [depreciatus,
Lat.] cried down in price, undervalued.

To DE＇PREDATE [deprædor, Lat.] 1. To rob, to pillage. 2. To
spoil, to devour. Less apt to be consumed and depredated by the spi­
rits. Bacon.

DEPREDA＇TION [Fr. depredazione, It. of deprædatio, Lat.] 1. A
preying upon, voracity, waste. The speedy depredation of air upon
watery moisture. Bacon. 2. A robbing or spoiling. Matters of pri­
vacy and depredations. Hayward. Robberies and depredations. Wotton.

DEPREDA＇TOR [deprædator, Lat.] a robber, or devourer. We
have three that collect the experiments, which are in all books; these
we call depredators. Bacon.

To DEPREHE＇ND [deprehendo, Lat.] 1. To catch or seize unawares,
to take in the fact. That wretched creature being deprehended in that
impiety, was held in ward. Hooker. Deprehended in so gross an im­
posture. More. 2. To find out, to come to the knowledge of. They
are to be deprehended by experience. Bacon.

DEPREHE＇NSIBLE [of deprehend] 1. That may be caught. 2. That
may be conceived or understood.

DEPREHE＇NSIBLENESS [of deprehensible] capableness of being caught
or understood.

DEPREHE＇NSION [deprehensio, Lat.] a catching or taking at una­
wares, a discovery.

To DEPRE＇SS [depressum, sup. of deprimo, from de and premo, Lat.
to press] 1. To press or weigh down. 2. To let fall, to let down.
Raising or depressing the eye. Newton. 3. To abase, bring down, or
humble. Others depress their own minds. Locke. It breaks the gloom
which is apt to depress the mind. Addison.

To DEPRESS the Pole [with navigators] a person is said to depress
the pole, so many degrees as he fails or travels from either pole to­
wards the equinoctial.

DEPRE＇SSION [Fr. depressione, It. of depressio, Lat.] 1. The act of
pressing or forcing down. 2. The sinking or falling in of a surface.
They have their own degree of roughness, consisting of little protu­
berances and depressions. Boyle. A small depression of the bone will
rise or cast off. Wiseman. 3. The act of humbling, abasement. De­
pression of the nobility may make a king more absolute, but less safe.
Bacon.

DEPRESSION of an Equation [with algebraists] is the bringing it
into lower and more simple terms, by division.

DEPRESSION of a Planet [with astrologers] is when a planet is in
a sign which is opposite to that of its exaltation.

DEPRESSION of a Star below the Horizon [with astronomers] is the
distance of a star from the horizon below, and is measured by the arch
of the vertical circle or azimuth, passing through the star, intercepted
between the star and the horizon.

DEPRE＇SSOR, Lat. 1. One who presses or keeps down. 2. An op­
pressor.

DEPRESSOR Auricularium, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the
ear in beasts, which serves to depress or let fall the car, called also
deprimens, &c.

DEPRESSOR Labii Inferioris [in anatomy] a muscle lying between
the depressores labiorum communes, and possessing that part of the
jaw, called the chin, and is inserted into the nether lip, and in pres­
sing it down, it turns it outwards.

DEPRESSOR Labiorum, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle arising from the
inferior edge of the jaw-bone side-ways, and then ascends directly to
the corner of the lips; this and its partner acting with the quadrati,
express a sorrowful countenance, in dragging down the corners of the
mouth and cheeks.

DEPRESSOR Oculi, Lat. [in anatomy] a pair of muscles springing
from each corner of the eye, and answered by another of the like
figure and structure, in the lower eye-lid.

DEPRESSO＇RES Nasi [with anatomists] a pair of muscles that arise
from the os maxillare, and are inserted into the extremities of the
alæ, which they pull downwards.

DEPRE＇TIATED [depretiatus, Lat.] lessened in the price, underva­
lued, vilified. See DEPRECIATE.

DEPRETIA＇TION, Lat. an undervaluing, a lessening the esteem or
value, &c.

DE＇PRIMENS, Lat. [with anatomists] one of the strait muscles,
which moves the globe or ball of the eye, which serves to pull it
downwards; it is also called humilis.

DE＇PRIMENT, adj. [deprimens, Lat.] see DEPRIMENS. The attol­
lent and depriment muscles. Derham.

DEPRIVA＇TIO a Beneficio, Lat. is when, for some great crime, a
minister is wholly and for ever deprived of his benefice or living.

DEPRIVATIO ab Officio, Lat. is when a minister is for ever deprived
of his orders.

DEPRIVA＇TION [privation, Fr. privazione, It. privacion, Sp. of de
and privatio, Lat.] a bereaving or taking away, as when any person
is deprived of any thing. Fools, whose end is destruction, and eter­
nal deprivation of being. Bentley.

DEPRIVATION [in the canon law] the act of divesting or taking
away a spiritual promotion or dignity.

To DEPRI＇VE [priver, Fr. prìvare, It. privàr, Sp. deprivo, Lat.]
1. To bereave or rob of a thing; having of before the thing taken.
The horrid manner in which he had been deprived of him. Clarendon.
Depriv＇d of sight. Pope. 2. To hinder, to debar from; sometimes
with of.
Depriv＇d
His blessed count＇nance. Milton.
The ghosts rejected are th＇ unhappy crew,
Depriv＇d of sepulchres and funeral due. Dryden.
3. To release, to free from.
Most happy he,
Whose least delight sufficeth to deprive
Remembrance of all pains which him opprest. Spenser.
4. To discard or put out of an office. A minister deprived for incon­
formity said, that if they depriv＇d him, it should cost an hundred
mens lives. Bacon.

DEPTH [diepte, Du. deepte, L. Ger. tieffe, H. Ger.] 1. Deepness,
profundity, the measure of any thing from the surface downwards.
Large and deep caves of several depths. Bacon. 2. Deep place, not
a shoal.
The false tides skim o＇er the cover＇d land,
And seamen with dissembled depths betray. Dryden.
3. The abyss. He set a compass on the face of the depth. Proverbs.
4. The midst. The height or middle of a season in the depth of
winter. Clarendon. 5. Abstractedness, obscurity. There are greater
depths and obscurities in an elaborate and well-written piece of non­
sense, than in the most abstruse tract of school divinity. Addison.

DEPTH of a Squadron or Battallion [in the military art] is the num­
ber of men there is in the file; that of the battallion being generally
six, and that of the squadron three.

To DE＇PTHEN [diepen, Du. derrieffen, H. Ger,] to deepen or make
deeper.

To DEPU＇CELATE [depucéler, Fr.] to deflower, to bereave of vir­
ginity.

DEPU＇LSION [depulsio, Lat.] a driving, thrusting, or beating a­
way.

DEPU＇LSORY [depulsorius, Lat.] putting away, averting.

To DE＇PURATE [depuratum, sup. of depurgo, Lat. depurer, Fr.]
to purify, to separate the pure from the impure part of any thing.
Chemistry enables us to depurate bodies. Boyle.

DEPURATE, adj. [from the verb] 1. Cleansed, free from impuri­
ties. 2. Pure, not tainted. A knowledge depurate from the defile­
ment of a contrary. Glanville.

DEPURA＇TION [depurazione, It. of depuratio, Lat. with surgeons]
1. The cleansing of any body from its excrementitious dregs, filth,
or more gross parts. The ventilation and depuration of the blood.
Boyle. 2. The cleansing of a wound from its filth.

To DEPU＇RE, verb act. [depurer, Fr.] 1. To cleanse, to free from
impurities. 2. To purge, to free from some hurtful quality. It pro­
duced plants of such imperfection and harmful quality, as the waters
of the general flood could not wash out or depure. Raleigh.

DEPU＇RED, purified, defecated or cleared from dregs.

DEPUTA＇TION [Fr. deputazione, It.] 1. The act of appointing with
a special commission. 2. Vicegerency, the possession of any com­
mission given.
All the fav＇rites that the absent king
In deputation left behind him. Shakespeare.
3. The instrument, commission, or warrant that some officers of the
customs, &c. act by.

To DEPU＇TE [deputer, Fr. deputàr, Sp. deputare, It. and Lat.] to
appoint one to act in the stead of another. Thy matters are good
and right, but there is no man deputed of the king to hear. 2 Sam.

To DEPU＇TE [in a body politic] is to send some of the members
to a prince or state: either to pay homage, to make remonstrance, to
be present at debates, &c.

DE＇PUTY [deputé, Fr. deputato, It. diputado, Sp. of deputatus,
Lat.] a lieutenant or person appointed to govern or act in the place of
another.

DEPUTY [in the sense of the law] 1. One who executes any office,
&c. in the right of another man; for whose misdemeanour or for­
feiture, the person for whom he acts shall lose his office. He exer­
ciseth dominion over them, as the vicegerent and deputy of almighty
God. Hale. 2. Any one that transacts business for another in gene­
ral. Presbyters absent from their churches might be said to preach
by those deputies, who in their stead did but read homilies. Hooker.

To DEQUA＇NTITATE [of de and quantitas, Lat.] to diminish the
quantity. Gold, which is current by reason of its allay, is actually
dequantitated by fire. Brown.

DER. A term used in the beginning of names of places. It is
generally to be derived from deor, Sax. a wild beast, unless the place
stands upon a river; for then it may rather be fetched from the Bri­
tish, dur, i. e. water. Gibson＇s Camden.

To DERA＇CINATE [deraciner, Fr.] 1. To tear up by the roots.
The culture rusts,
That should deracinate such savagery. Shakespeare.
2. To abolish, to extirpate.

To DERA＇IGN, or To DERA＇IN [of disratino, derationo, Lat. bar.
old law] 1. To prove or justify. When the parson of any church
is disturb＇d to demand tythes in the next parish, by a writ of indica­
vit, the patron shall have a writ to demand the advowson of the tythes
being in demand; and when it is deraigned, then shall the plea pass
in the court christian, as far forth as it is deraigned in the king＇s
court. Blount. 2. To disorder, to turn out of course.

DERAI＇GNMENT, or DERAI＇NMENT [from deraign, in law] 1. The
act of deraigning or proving. 2. The act of disordering or turning
out of course.

DERAIGNMENT [with civilians] a discharge of a profession; a term
sometimes applied to such religious persons, who forsook their orders.
In some places the substantive dereignment is used in the very literal
signification with the French disrayer, or desranger, that is, turning
out of course, displacing or setting out of order; as, deraignment or
departure out of religion, and dereignment or discharge of their pro­
fession. Blount.

DE＇RAS [δερας, Gr.] the skin.

To DERA＇Y [desrayer, Fr. to turn out of the right way] 1. Tu­
mult, noise. 2. Merriment, jollity, solemnity. Douglass.

DE＇RBENT, a city of Dagistan, situated on the western coast of
the Caspian sea. Lat. 41° 15′ N. Long. 50° E.

DE＇RBY, the capital of Derbyshire, 127 miles from London. It
has the river Derwent on the west-side, and on the south that called
Mertin-brook, which has nine bridges over it, before it falls into the
Derwent. It gives title of earl to the noble family of the Stanley＇s,
and sends two members to parliament. The county of Derby also
sends two members to parliament.

To DERE, verb act. [derian, Sax.] to hurt; now obsolete.
Dred for his derring doe, and bloody deed,
For all in blood and spoil is his delight. Spenser.








DE＇REHAM, or MARKET-DEREHAM, a market-town of Norfolk,
97 miles from London.

DERE＇IGNE, or DEREINE [in law] the proof of a thing that a
person denies to be done by himself.

DE＇RELICT, adj. [derelitto, It. of derelictus, Lat.] utterly forsaken,
left destitute.

DERELICT Lands, such lands as are forsaken by the sea.

DERELI＇CTION [derelizione, It. of derelictio, Lat.] 1. An utter
leaving or forsaking. The effects of God＇s most just displeasure, the
withdrawing of grace and dereliction in this world. Hooker. 2. The
state of being left or forsaken utterly.

DE＇RELICTS [in civil law] such goods as are wilfully thrown away
or relinquished by the owner.

To DERI DE [deridere, It. and Lat.] to laugh a person to scorn,
to mock, to flout or fleer at. They who most reprehend or deride
what we do. Hooker.
With flagitious pride,
Insult my darkness, and my groans deride. Pope.

DERI＇DER [of deride] 1. One who mocks, a scoffer. Deriders
of religion. Hooker. 2. A droll, a buffoon.

DERI＇SION [Fr. and Sp. derisione, It. of derisio, Lat.] the act of
deriding, laughing, or mocking, contempt, a laughing stock. I am
in derision daily, every one mocketh me. Jeremiah. The secret
scorn and derision of those he converses with. Addison.

DERI＇SIVE [of deride] mocking, scoffing.
Derisive taunts were spread from guest to guest,
And each in jovial mood his mate addrest. Pope.

DERI＇SORY [derisorius, Lat.] ridiculing, laughing at.

DERI＇VABLE [of derive] attainable by right of descent or deriva­
tion. The standard of all honour derivable upon me. South.

DERIVA＇TION [Fr. derivazione, It. derivacion, Sp. derivatio, of
de and rivus, Lat. a river or stream] properly a draining of water, or
turning its course. These issues and derivations being once made and
supplied with new waters pushing them forwards, would continue
their course, till they arrived at the sea. Burnet.

DERIVATION [with rhetoricians] a figure which joins words to­
gether, which are derived one from another, as discreet, discretion.

DERIVATION [with grammarians] is the tracing a word from its
original. The derivation of the word substance, favours the idea we
have of it. Locke.

DERIVATION [with physicians] is the drawing of a humour from
one part to another. Derivation differs from revulsion only in the
measure of the distance and force of the medicines. If we draw it
to some very remote or contrary part, we call that revulsion, if only
to some neighb＇ring place, and by gentle means, we call it deriva­
tion. Wiseman.

DERI＇VATIVE, adj. [derivatif, Fr. derivativo, It. of derivativus,
Lat.] derived, drawn, or taken from another. A derivative per­
fection. Hale.

DERIVATIVE, subst. [from the adj.] the thing or word derived or
taken from another.
For honour,
＇Tis a derivative from me to mine. Shakespeare.
The word honestus strictly signifies no more than creditable, and is
but a derivative from honour, which signifies credit, or honour. South.

DERI＇VATIVELY, adv. [from derivative] in a derivative manner,
in opposition to originally.

To DERI＇VE, verb act. [deriver, Fr. derivàr, Sp. derivare, It.
and Lat.] 1. To draw or fetch from another, or from the original.
I am, my lord, as well deriv＇d as he. Shakespeare. Men derive their
ideas of duration from their reflection on the train of ideas, they ob­
serve to succeed one another in their understandings. Locke. 2. To
turn the course of any thing, to let out. Company lessens the shame
of vice by sharing it, and abates the torrent of a common odium, by
deriving it into many channels. South. 3. To communicate to ano­
ther, as from the source or original. Christ having Adam＇s nature
but incorrupt, deriveth not nature but incorruption from his own per­
son, unto all that belong unto him. Hooker. 4. To communicate by
descent of blood. An excellent disposition of mind is derived to your
lordship, from the parents of two generations. Felton. 5. To spread
gradually from one place to another. The streams of the public
justice were derived into every part. Davies. 6. With grammarians,
to trace a word from its root or origin.

To DERIVE, verb neut. 1. To proceed from, to owe its origin to.
Pow＇r from heav＇n
Derives, and monarchs rule by God＇s appointed. Prior. 2.
To descend from by blood.

DERI＇VER [of derive] one that draws from the original. Not only
a partake of other mens sins, but also a deriver of the whole guilt of
them to himself. South.

DE＇RMA [δερμα, Gr.] the skin of an animal covering the whole
body, immediately under the cuticle or scarf-skin.

DERMATO＇IDES [of δερμα, the skin, and ειδος, Gr. likeness] skin­
like, an epithet given to the exterior membrane that invests the brain.

DERN, adj. [dearn, Sax.] 1. Sad, solitary. 2. Barbarous, cruel;
both senses are now obsolete.

DE＇RNIER, adj. last. It is merely French, and used only in the
following phrase. The dernier resort and supreme court of judica­
ture. Ayliffe.

To DE＇ROGATE, verb act. [déroger, Fr. derogare, It. derogàr, Sp.
derogatum, Lat.] 1. To lessen, to take off from the worth of a thing
or person, to disparage. 2. To do an act contrary to a preceding
law or custom, so as to diminish its former value. By several contrary
customs and stiles used here, many of those civil and canon laws are
controuled and derogated. Hale.

To DEROGATE, verb neut. to degenerate, to act contrary to one＇s
character or dignity. We should be injurious to virtue itself, if we
did derogate from them whom their industry hath made great. Hooker.

DE＇ROGATE, adj. [from the verb] lessened in value, damaged.
Dry up in her the organs of increase,
And from her derogate body never spring
A babe to honour her. Shakespeare.

DEROGA＇TION [Fr. derogazione, It. derogaciòn, Sp. of derogatio, Lat.]
1. A detracting from the worth of any person or thing, a disparaging;
sometimes having to, but properly from. Which they could not easily
now admit, without some fear of derogation from their credit. Hooker.
Neither is that any thing which I speak to his derogation. Spenser. I
say not this in derogation to Virgil. Dryden. A derogation from their
merit. Addison. 2. The act of making void a formal law or contract.
Nothing was done or handled to the derogation of the king＇s late
treaty with the Italians. Bacon. That which enjoins the deed is God＇s
law; and the scripture, which allows of the will, is neither the deroga­
tion nor relaxation of that law. South.

DERO＇GATIVE [derogativus, Lat.] derogatory, detracting from the
worth of. That spirits are corporeal, seems to me a conceit deroga­
tive to himself. Brown.

DERO＇GATORILY [of derogatory] in a detracting manner.

DERO＇GATORINESS [of derogatory] tendency to derogate; act of
derogating.

DERO＇GATORY [derogatoire, Fr. derogatorio, It. and Sp. derogatori­
us, Lat.] the same as derogative. Conceptions of the world derogatory
unto God. Brown. These deputed beings, as commonly understood,
are derogatory from the wisdom and power of the author of nature.
Cheyne.

DE＇RVICES, or DERVISES [dervis, Fr. among the Turks] a sort of
monks who profess extreme poverty, and lead a very austere life. The
dervises, called also Mevelatives, of one Mevelava the founder, affect
a great deal of modesty, humility, patience, and charity; they go
bare-legged and open-breasted, and the better to inure themselves to
patience, frequently burn themselves with a red hot iron. They have
meetings on Tuesdays and Fridays, at which the superior of their
house is present; at which meetings one of them plays all the while on
a flute (which instrument they highly esteem, as consecrated by Jacob
and the patriarchs of the Old Testament, being shepherds who sung
the praises of God upon it) the rest dance, turning their bodies round
with an incredible swiftness, having inured themselves to this exercise
from their youth: This they do in memory of their patriarch Meve­
lava, who, they say, turned round continually for the space of four
days, without any food or refreshment, after which he fell into an ex­
tasy, and received wonderful revelations for the establishment of their
order. The greatest part of these Dervises apply themselves to leger­
demain postures, &c. to amuse the people; others practise sorcery and
magic, and all of them drink wine, brandy, and other strong liquors;
not (if we＇ll take it upon their word) from a principle of self indul­
gence; but regarding the stupefaction, which ensues after the first flow
of spirits is evaporated, as a kind of extasy, in imitation of their foun­
der. Paul Ricaut (from whom this account is taken) says, that the
chief foundation and residence of this Mevelave order [otherwise and
most commonly nam＇d Dervise] is at Iconium, consisting of 400 devo­
tees; and which governs all the other convents of that order within
the Turkish empire. He observes still further; that tho＇ the Mahome­
tan doctors informed him, these religious houses and institutions were
as ancient as Mahomet; yet the Turkish history, and other records,
make no mention of them till the reign of Orchan, second Sultan of
the Turks, who is famed to have been the first founder of these orders.
But Mons. Dherbelot carries these religious institutions as high as the
reign of Nasser the Samanide, i. e. to within about 300 lunar years
(for by such the Mahometans reckon) after Mahomet, which I the
rather mention, as it squares with the first rise of Monkery with us.
I mean, not till the fourth century. [See BRANDEUM and CATA­
PHRYGIANS.] He adds, that the word dervise signifies in general a
poor man in the Persian and Turkish languages, as the word faquir does
in the Arabic, and that the habit which these religionists wear is called
khirkhah, which signifies in Arabic a rent garment; such being the ha­
bit of the ancient prophets; if we may credit the Mahometaus; and
who accordingly have this proverbial expression amongst them, that
the khirkhah or rent garment of Moses was more precious than the gilt
and gorgeous robes of Pharaoh. Dherbelot Bibliotheque Orient.
p. 292.
Even there where Christ vouchsaf＇d to teach,
Their Dervises dare an impostor preach. Sandys.

DERUNCINA＇TION, Lat. a cutting off bushes or trees, or any thing
that incumbers the ground.

DE＇RWENT, a river of England, which taking its rise in the north
riding of Yorkshire, runs south, and falls into the Ouse.

DESARCINA＇TION, Lat. a taking off baggage, an unloading.

DE＇SART. See DESERT.

DE＇SCANT [descanto, It. in music] 1. A song or tune composed in
parts.
You are too flat,
And mar the concord with too harsh a descant. Shakespeare.
The wakeful Nightingale,
All night long her amorous descant sung. Milton.
2. The art of composing in several parts.

Plain DESCANT, is the ground or foundation of musical compo­
sitions, consisting entirely in the orderly placing of many concords.

Figurate DESCANT, or Florid DESCANT, is that part in the air of
music, wherein some discords are intermixt with the concords, and
may well be termed the ornamental and rhetorical part of music, in re­
gard that here are introduced all the varieties of points, syncopes, di­
versities of measures, and whatsoever else is capable of adorning the
composition.

DESCANT Double, is when the parts are so contrived, that the treble
may be made the bass, and e contra, the bass the treble.

DESCANT [in a metaphorical sense] a continued discourse on any
subject, a disputation, a disquisition branched out into many heads.
Commonly used in censure or contempt.
Stand between two churchmen, good my lord,
For on that ground I＇ll build a holy descant. Shakespeare.
Our unkind reportings and severe descants upon our brethren. Govern­
ment of the Tongue.

To DE＇SCANT, verb neut. 1. [in music] is to run a division or va­
riety, with the instrument or voice. 2. To sing in parts.

To DESCANT [in a metaphorical sense] to render a thing more
plain by enlarging the discourse, to make speeches, in contempt or
censure.
To spy my shadow in the sun,
And descant on mine own deformity. Shakespeare.







Com＇st thou for this, vain boaster, to survey me,
To descant on my strength, and give the verdict? Milton.
A virtuous man should be pleased to find people descanting upon his
actions, because, when thoroughly canvassed, they turn to his honour.
Addison.

To DESCE＇ND, verb neut. [descendre, Fr. discendere, It. descendèr, Sp.
of descendo, Lat.] 1. To come, or be carried down from a higher to a
lower place, to fall. The rain descended, and the floods came. St. Mat­
thew.
Foul with stains
Of gushing torrents and descending rains. Addison.
2. To come down, in a popular sense, implying only an arrival at one
place from another. He shall descend into battle and perish. 1 Samuel.
3. To come suddenly or violently, to fall upon in hostility.
His wish＇d return with happy pow＇r befriend,
And on the suitors let thy wrath descend. Pope.
4. To make an invasion.
The goddess gave th＇alarm; and soon is known,
The Grecian fleet descending on the town. Dryden.
5. To come of a family, to be extracted from; sometimes in a passive
form. Will is younger brother to a baronet, and descended of the an­
cient family of the Wimbles. Addison. Despair descends from a mean
original, the offspring of fear. Collier. 6. To fall in order of inheritance
to any successor. Should we allow the estate of the father ought to de­
scend to the eldest son, yet the father＇s natural dominion, the paternal
power, cannot descend unto him by inheritance. Locke. 7. To extend a
discourse from general to particular considerations. Congregations
discerned the small accord that was among themselves, when they de­
scended to particulars. Decay of Piety.

To DESCEND, verb act. to walk downward upon a place. He
ended, and they both descended the hill. Milton. A high hill, so very
steep, that there would be no mounting or descending it, were it not
made up of a loose earth. Addison.

DESCE＇NDANT, subst. [Fr. of descendens, Lat. in genealogy] 1. A term
relative to ascendant, and applied to a person who is born, or issues
from another; offspring, posterity, progeny of an ancestor at whatever
distance. A true descendant of a patriot line. Dryden.

DESCE＇NDENT, adj. [descendens, Lat. It seems to be established that
the substantive should derive the termination from the French, and the
adjective from the Latin. Johnson] 1. Falling, coming down.
There is a regress of the sap from above downwards, and this descen­
dent juice principally nourishes fruit and plant. Ray. 2. Proceeding
from an original or ancestor.
More than mortal grace
Speaks thee descendent of æthereal race. Pope.

DESCE＇NDIBLE [from descend] 1. Such as may admit of a passage
downwards. 2. Transmissible by inheritance. Honorary fees and
infeudations were descendible to the eldest. Hale.

DESCE＇NDING [descendens, Lat.] falling or moving from above
downwards.

DESCENDING Latitude [in astronomy] is the latitude of a planet in
its return from the nodes to the equator.

DESCE＇NSION [descensio, Lat.] the act of descending or going down,
a declension, a degradation. From a god to a bull, a heavy descension.
Shakespeare.

DESCENSION [with chemists] the falling downwards of the essential
juice, dissolved from the distilled matter.

DESCENSION of a Sign [with astronomers] is an arch of the equator,
which sets with such a sign or part of the zodiac, or any planet therein,
being either direct or oblique.

DESCENSION Oblique [with astronomers] is a part of the equator
which descends or sets with the sun or star, or any part of the heavens
in an oblique sphere.

DESCENSION Right [with astronomers] is an arch of the equator
which descends with the sign or star that is in it, below the horizon of
a right sphere.

DESCE＇NSIONAL [from descension] relating to descent.

DESCENSIONAL Difference [in astronomy] is the difference between
the right and oblique ascension of the same star.

DESCENSO＇RIUM, Lat. [with chemists] is a furnace to distil with
per descensum, i. e. by causing the vapours to descend or fall down­
wards.

DESCE＇NT [descensus, Lat. descente, Fr.] 1. The coming or going
down of any thing from above.
Why do fragments from a mountain rent,
Tend to the earth with such a swift descent? Blackmore.
2. Progress downwards. Gradual and gentle descents downwards in
those parts of the creation that are beneath men. Locke. 3. Obliquity,
inclination. Sources of rivers flow upon a descent or inclining plane.
Woodward. 4. Lowest place.
From th＇extremest upward of thy head,
To the descent and dust below thy feet,
A most toad-spotted traitor. Shakespeare.
5. Invasion, hostile entrance into a kingdom. In allusion to the height
of a ship. The first descent on shore. Wotton. That unfortunate de­
scent upon the isle of Ree. Clarendon. 6. Transmission of any thing by
succession and inheritance. If consent first gave a sceptre into any one＇s
hand, that also must direct its descent and conveyance. Locke. 7. The
state of proceeding from an ancestor. They had great reason to glory
in their common descent from Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Atterbury.
8. The steep side of a hill. 9. A birth or extraction. My master＇s
heirs in true descent. Shakespeare.
Turnus, for high descent and mien,
Was first. Dryden.
10. Offspring, inheritors. The care of our descent perplexes us most.
Milton. 11. A single step in the scale of genealogy. No man living
is a thousand descents from Adam. Hooker. Thrice eleven descents the
crown retained. Spenser. 12. A rank in the scale or order of being.
How have I then with whom to hold converse,
Save with the creatures which I made,
And those to me inferior: infinite descents
Beneath what other creatures are to thee. Milton.

Lineal DESCENT, is that which is convey＇d down in a right line,
from the grandfather to the father, and from the father to the son,
from the son to the grandson.

Collateral DESCENT, is that which springs out of the side of the line
or blood, as from a man to his brother＇s nephew, &c.

DESCENT [in mechanics] is the motion or tendency of a body
towards the center of the earth, either directly or obliquely.

DESCENT into a Moat or Ditch, [in fortification] is a deep digging
into the earth of the covered way, in the form of a trench; the top of
which is covered with planks or wattles bound close together, and
well loaded with earth, to secure the soldiers against fire, in their pas­
sage into the moat or ditch.

DESCENT [in blazonry] is a term used to signify coming down;
as, a lion in descent, is a lion coming down, i. e. with his heels up to­
wards one of the base points, as tho＇ he were leaping down from some
high place.

To make a DESCENT upon a Country, is to land on it with invading
forces.

DESCENTS [in fortification] the holes, vaults and hollow places
which are made by undermining the ground.

To DESCRI＇BE [décrire, Fr. descrivere, It. descrevìr, Sp. of describo,
Lat. in language] 1. To explain, to mark out any thing by the mention
of its properties. Beautiful and vivid sentiments of the thing he de­
scribes. Watts. 2. To distribute into proper heads. Men passed thro＇
the land, and described it by cities into seven parts in a book. Joshua.
3. To define laxly by the promiscuous mention of qualities general
and particular.

To DESCRIBE [in drawing, painting, &c.] 1. To draw the form
of a thing, to represent. 2. To delineate, to trace: As a fiery stick
waved round describes a circle.

To DESCRIBE [in geometry] is to draw a line, to form a circle,
ellipsis or parabola, &c. with rule and compasses.

A DE＇SCRIBENT [describens, Lat. with geometricians] a term used
to express some line or surface, which by its motion expresses a plain
or solid figure.

DESCRI＇BER [from describe] one that describes. An island near
Spain was by the Greek describers named Erythra. Brown.

DESCRI＇ER [from descry] he that discovers or detects.
The glad descrier shall not miss,
To taste the nectar of a kiss. Crashaw.

DESCRI＇PTION [Fr. descrizione, It. descripciòn, Sp. of descriptio;
Lat.] 1. The act of describing a person or thing by its perceptible
qualities. 2. The passage or sentence in which a description is given.
A poet must refuse all tedious and unnecessary descriptions. Dryden.
I look for streams immortaliz＇d in song,
That lost in silence and oblivion lie,
Dum are their fountains, and their channels dry,
That run for ever by the muse＇s skill,
And in the smooth description murmur still. Addison.
3. A lax explication which, as to its outward appearance, resembles
a definition, a superficial, inaccurate definition of a thing, giving
a sort of knowledge thereof, from some accidents and circumstances
peculiar to it, which determine it enough to give an idea, which may
distinguish it from other things, but without explaining its nature and
essence. This sort of definition, which is made up of a mere collection
of the most remarkable parts of properties, is called an imperfect defi­
nition or a description: whereas the definition is called perfect, when it
is composed of the essential difference, added to the general nature or
genus. Watts. 4. The qualities expressed in a description.
I＇ll pay six thousand, and deface the bond,
Before a friend of this description
Shall lose a hair. Shakespeare.

DESCRI＇PTS [descripta, Lat.] a term used by botanic writers for
such plants as have been described.

To DESCRY＇ [descrier, Fr. of descretum, sup. of descerno, Lat.] 1.
To give notice of any thing suddenly discovered; as, the scouts de­
scried the enemy, and gave notice of their approach. This sense
is now obsolete, but gave occasion to those which are now in use. 2.
To spy out, to examine at a distance.
Gone to descry
The strength o＇th＇enemy. Shakespeare.
The house of Joseph sent to descry Bethel. Judges. 3. To detect, to
find out any thing concealed. Of the king they got a sight in a gallery,
and of the queen mother at her own table; neither place descried, no,
not by Cadinet. Wotton. 4. To spy out, or discern afar off by the
eye, to see any thing distant or absent.
Into the court he took his way,
Both through the guard, which never him descry＇d,
And thro＇ the watchmen, who him never spy＇d. Spenser.
What＇s past, and what＇s to come, she can descry. Shakespeare.
Look back, said I,
Thyself in that large glass descry. Prior.

DESCRY＇, subst. [from the verb] discovery, the thing discovered.
How near＇s the other army?
—Near, and on speedy foot, the main descry
Stands on the hourly thought. Shakespeare.

To DE＇SECRATE [desecratus, of desecror, Lat.] to unhallow, to
prophane, to divert from the purpose to which any thing is conse­
crated. The founders of monasteries imprecated evil on those who
should desecrate their donations. Salmon＇s Survey.

DESECRA＇TION [from desecrate] an unhallowing, a prophaning,
abolition of consecration.

To DESE＇RT [desertum, sup of desero, Lat. deserter, Fr. disertare, It.]
1. To leave, to abandon. What keeps them in fixed stations against
an incessant tendency to desert them? Bentley. 2. To run away from
his colours, to quit a regiment in which one is enlisted. 3. To for­
sake, to quit meanly or treacherously. Not one man, who heartily
wish＇d the passing of that bill, that ever deserted them till the kingdom
was in a flame. Dryden.

DESE＇RT, subst. [prob. of deservio, Lat. or desservir, Fr. or deserve,
Eng.] 1. Merit or worth, conduct considered with regard to rewards
or punishments. With equal desert of praise and dispraise shunned by
some, by others desired. Hooker. Use every man after his desert, and
who shall ＇scape whipping? Shakespeare. 2. Proportional merit, claim
to reward. Take my deserts to his, and join them both. Shakespeare.
All desert imports an equality between the good conferred and the good
deserved, or made due. South. 3. Excellence, right to reward, vir­
tue.







DESERT and reward seldom keep company.
The Scots say; He that＇s first up is not always first serv＇d. It is but
too true, that reward does not always sollow merit: But this ought to
be no discouragement to any one in the pursuit of it; for it will, sooner
or later, in this world or in the next; or at least in the satisfaction of a
man＇s own mind.

DESE＇RT, subst. properly dessert [dessert, Fr.] the last course of a
feast, a confectionary or course of sweet-meats. See DESSERT.

DE＇SERT, or DESART, subst. [Fr. deserto, It. desiérto, Sp. deser­
tum, Lat.] a wilderness, a large, wild part of a country, a solitary lone­
some place. A pathless desert, dusk with horrid shades. Milton.

DESERT, adj. [desertus, Lat.] wild, uninhabited, uncultivated.
Words
That would be howl＇d out in the desert air. Milton.
A desert island. Locke.

DESE＇RTER [deserteur, Fr. disertore, It. desertòr, Sp. and Lat.] 1.
A soldier who runs away from his colours, or goes over to the enemy.
They are the same deserters, whether they stay in our own camp, or
run over to the enemy＇s. Decay of Piety. 2. One who forsakes his
prince, his religion, his post, or his cause. The members who at first
withdrew were counted deserters, and outed of their places in parlia­
ment. K. Charles.
Hosts of deserters who your honour sold,
And basely broke your faith for bribes of gold. Dryden.
3. He who forsakes or abandons another. The fair sex, if they had
the deserter in their power, would have shewn him more mercy than
the Bacchanals did Orpheus. Dryden.

DESE＇RTION [Fr. deserzione, It. of desertio, Lat.] 1. The act of de­
serting, running from the colours. 2. Forsaking a cause or post. Our
adherence to one, will necessarily involve us in a desertion of the other.
Rogers. 3. (Among divines) spiritual despondency, a sense of God＇s
dereliction, or that his grace is withdrawn. The spiritual agonies of a
soul under desertion. South.

DESE＇RTLESS [from desert] being without merit, undeserving, hav­
ing no claim to favour or reward.
Lov＇d me desertless, who with shame confest
Another flame had seiz＇d upon my breast. Dryden.

To DESE＇RVE [deservio, Lat. deservir, Fr.] 1. To be worthy of ci­
ther reward or punishment; of good or ill in general. What he de­
serves of you and me I know. Shakespeare.
Courts are the places where best manners flourish,
Where the deserving ought to rise. Otway.
2. To be worthy of reward. According to the rule of natural justice,
one man may merit and deserve of another. South.
First DESERVE, and then desire.
The Germans say; Auf den verdienst, folgt der gewinst, (After de­
sert follows the reward.) And tho＇ it don＇t always happen according
to the German proverb, it is nevertheless blameable to desire a reward
before it has been deserved: But they that will, must be contented to
have this proverb hit in their teeth.

DESE＇RVEDLY, or DESERVINGLY, adv. [from deserve] worthily,
according to desert; whether of good or ill.
That people victor once, now vile and base,
Deservedly made vassal. Milton.
A man deservedly cuts himself off from the affections of that community
which he endeavours to subvert. Addison.

DESE＇RVER [from deserve] a man who merits rewards. It is used,
I think, only in a good sense. Johnson. Great deservers grow intole­
rable presumers. Wotton. Emulation will never be wanting amongst
poets, when particular rewards and prizes are proposed to the best de­
servers, Dryden.

DESHACHEE＇ [in blazonry] is a term used by French heralds, to
signify that the beast has limbs separated from his body, in such manner
that they remain upon the escutcheon, with only a small separation
from their natural places. Fr.

DESI＇CCANT, subst. [from desiccate] an application that dries up
fores, a drier. Prevented by desiccants. Wiseman.

To DE＇SICCATE [desiccatum, sup. of desicco, Lat.] to dry up, to ex­
exhale moisture. Bodies desiccated by heat. Bacon.

DESICCA＇TION, the act of drying up, the state of being dried. If
the spirits issue out of the body, there followeth desiccation. Bacon.

DESI＇CCATIVE, adj. [from desiccate] having the power of drying.

DESICCATIVE Medicines [desiccatif, Fr. diseccativo, It. of Lat.] those
that are of a drying quality.

DESICCATIVE, subst. [with physicians] a drying plaster or oint­
ment.

DESIDERA＇TA, Lat. things wanted, required, or sought for.

To DESI＇DERATE, verb act. [desidero, Lat.] to wish, to desire in
absence. A word rarely used. The solution of this so desirable and so
much desiderated problem. Cheyne.

To DESI＇DE [desido, Lat.] to sink or fall down.

DESI＇DIOSE, or DESI＇DIOUS [desidiosas, Lat.] idle, slothful, lazy,
slugglish.

DESI＇GN [dessein, Fr. disegno, It. desinio, Sp. designatio, Lat.] 1. In­
tention, purpose, resolution, enterprize, or attempt. 2. Contrivance,
project, scheme, plan of action. Is he a prudent man that lays designs
only for a day? Tillotson. 3. A scheme formed to the detriment of
another. A sedate settled design upon another man＇s life. Locke.

DESIGN [respecting arts and sciences] denotes the thought, plan,
and geometrical representation of any thing.

DESIGN [in painting] the first draught or sketch of a picture, or,
in general, it is the thought that the artist had about any great piece;
whether the contours or out-lines be only drawn, or whether the piece
has the shadows, or the colours; so that if there appears much skill or
judgment, it is common to say, the design＇s great and noble. In the
designs of several Greek medals, one may often see the hand of an
Apelles or Protogenes. Addison.

DESIGN [in painting] is also used to signify the just measures, pro­
portions, and outward forms, which those objects ought to have, that
are drawn in imitation of nature, and may be called a just imitation of
nature.

To DESI＇GN [designer, dessiner, Fr. desegnare, It. designàr, Sp. of de­
signo, Lat.] 1. To draw a design of any thing, to plan, to form in
idea. Observe whether it be well drawn, or, as most elegant artizans
term it, well designed. Wotton.
The prince designs
The new elected seat, and draws the lines. Dryden.
2. To intend or purpose. 3. To form or order with some particular
view; having for. Acts of worship were purposely designed for the
acknowledgment of a being whom the most excellent creatures are
bound to adore. Stillingfleet.
You are not for obscurity design＇d. Dryden.
4. To devote intentially; having to. One of those places was de­
signed to his son. Clarendon. Designed to the study of the law. Dry­
den. 5. To mark out. There must be ways of designing and know­
ing the person to whom regal power of right belongs. Locke.

DESI＇GNABLE [designo, Lat.] distinguishable, capable of being par­
ticularly marked out. The mover cannot pass over all these infinite
designable degrees in an instant. Digby.

DESIGNA＇TION 1. Appointment, direction. A titulary pretence,
grounded upon the will and designation of Edward the Confessor. Ba­
con. 2. The act of marking out by any particular token. This is a plain
designation of the duke of Marlborough. Swift. 3. Import, intention.
Finite and infinite seem to be attributed primarily in their first designation
only to those things which have parts. Locke. 4. The marking the
abutments and boundings of an estate.

DESI＇GNEDLY [of design] on purpose, not ignorantly, not inad­
vertently, not by chance. Designedly to put them to pain. Locke.
Some things were made designedly, and on purpose, for such an use
as they serve to. Ray.

DESI＇GNER [of design] 1. A plotter, one that lays schemes. The
rule and practice for such designers to suborn the public interest, to
countenance their private. Decay of Piety. 2. One that forms the
design or idea of something in painting or sculpture. The Latin poets,
and the designers of the Roman medals, lived very near one another.
Addison.

DESI＇GNING, part. adj. [from design] having evil designs, insiduous,
treacherous.
＇Twould shew me poor, indebted and compell＇d,
Designing, mercenary. Southern.

DESI＇GNINGLY, in a crafty manner, fraudulently.

DESI＇GNLESS [of design] having no intention or design; inad­
vertent.

DESI＇GNLESLY, adv. [of designless] without intention, inadver­
tently, ignorantly. In this great concert of his whole creation, the
designlesly conspiring voices are as differing as the conditions of the
respective fingers. Boyle.

DESI＇GNMENT [of design] 1. A scheme of hostility.
The desperate tempest hath so bang＇d the Turks,
That their designment halts. Shakespeare.
2. A malicious intention, a plot. Advice of the king＇s desperate
estate, and the duke＇s designment against her. Hayward. 3. The
idea or sketch of a work. Cities and countries are not really such,
but only painted on boards and canvass, but shall that excuse the ill
painture or designment of them? Dryden.
For tho＇ that some mean artists skill were shown
In mingling colours or in placing light,
Yet still the fair designment was his own. Dryden.

DESI＇PIENCE [desipientia, Lat.] indiscretion, foolishness.

DESI＇PIENCE [with physicians] the dotage or raving of a sick
person.

DESI＇PIENT [desipiens, Lat.] foolish, doating.

DESI＇RABLE [Fr. desiderevole, It.] 1. That ought to be desired or
wished for with earnestness. It is a thing the most desirable to man.
Rogers. 2. Pleasing, delightful. Unwilling to omit any thing that
might make me desirable in her eyes. Addison.

DESI＇RABLENESS, worthy to be desired.

DESI＇RE [desir, Fr. desiderio, It. desseo, Sp. disejo, Port. desiderium,
Lat.] 1. Uneasiness of mind on account of the absence of a thing, the
present enjoyment of which would afford pleasure and delight. Locke.
2. Longing, wishing. Desire＇s the vast extent of human mind.
Dryden. 3. Entreaty or request.

To DESI＇RE [desiror, Lat. desirer, Fr. desiderare, It. desseàr, Sp.]
1. To covet, wish, or long for. Thou shalt not desire the silver.
Deuteronomy. 2. To appear to long, to express wishes. Jove beheld
it with a desiring look. Dryden. 3. To entreat or pray.
Since you take such int＇rest in our woe,
And Troy＇s disastrous end desire to know,
I will restrain my tears. Dryden.

DESI＇RER [of desire] one that is eager for any thing, a wisher. I
will counterfeit the bewitchment of some popular man, and give it
bountifully to the desirers. Shakespeare.

DESI＇ROUS [desireux, Fr. desideroso, It. desseoso, Sp.] passionately
desiring or wishing for. Desirous to please and resemble God by jus­
tice. Hooker. Drowsy, and desirous to sleep. Bacon. Waiting desi­
rous her return. Milton.

DESI＇ROUSLY [from desirous] ardently, passionately.

DESI＇ROUSNESS [of desirous] earnest desire.

To DESI＇ST [se desister, Fr. desistìr, Sp. desistere, It. and Lat.] to cease
or leave off, to give over. Desist, thou art discern＇d. Milton. Many
will desist from a project when they are convinced it is impracticable.
Addison.

DESI＇STANCE [of desist] the act of desisting, forbearing. Excuse
of their desistance from giving any more than they have given al­
ready. Boyle.

DESI＇TIVE, adj. [of desitus, Lat.] ending, conclusive. Inceptive
and desitive propositions are of this sort: the fogs vanish as the sun
rises, but the fogs have not yet begun to vanish, therefore the sun is
not yet risen. Watts.

DESK [desco, It. or tisch, Ger. a table] 1. A writing table. 2.
The reader＇s place in a church, commonly made inclining, and with
a repository underneath.
In the desk,
That＇s cover＇d o＇er with Turkish tapestry,
There is a purse of ducats. Shakespeare.
Not the desk with silver nails,
Nor bureau of expence,
Nor standish well japan＇d avails
To writing of good sense. Swift.

DE＇SMOS [of δεω, Gr. to bind] any bandage.








DE＇SOLATE [desolé, Fr. desolato, It. desoládo, Sp. of desolatus, Lat.]
1. Left alone, forlorn, solitary. 2. Uninhabited. Let us seek
some desolate shade. Shakespeare. A desolate island. Broome. 3.
Ruined, laid waste, deprived of inhabitants. This city shall be deso­
late without an inhabitant. Jeremiah.

To DE＇SOLATE, verb act. [desolo, Lat.] to lay waste, to deprive of
inhabitants. Desolated by a particular deluge. Bacon.

DE＇SOLATELY, adv. [of desolate] solitarily, in a desolate man­
ner.

DE＇SOLATENESS [of desolate] solitariness, uncomfortableness, a ly­
ing waste.

DESOLA＇TION [Fr. desolazione, It. desolacìon, Sp. of desolatio, Lat.]
1. The act of making desolate, destruction of inhabitants. The la­
mentable desolation made by those Scots. Spenser. Death, desolation,
ruin and decay. Shakespeare. 2. Gloominess, melancholy. Every
thing about you demonstrates a careless desolation. Shakespeare. 3. A
place wasted and forsaken. How is Babylon become a desolation
among the nations! Jeremiah.

DESOLA＇TORY [desolatorius, Lat.] making desolate; belonging to
a desolation; comfortless.

DE SON TORT DE MEME [law phrase] are words of form in an
action of trespass, used by way of reply to the plea of the defendant;
as, when the defendant pleads he did what he was charged with by
his master＇s order, and the plaintiff replies, he did it of his own pro­
per motion. Fr.

DESPA＇IR [desperatio, Lat. desespoir, Fr. disperazione, It. desesperaciòn,
Sp. desesperaçam, Port.] 1. Loss of hope. Despair is the reflection of
the mind upon the unattainableness of some good, which is the cause
of different effects in the minds of men, sometimes causing pain or un­
easiness, and sometimes unconcernedness. Locke.
One Lov＇d with hope, one languish＇d with despair. Dryden.
2. That which causes despair, that of which there is no hope. The
mere despair of surgery he cures. Shakespeare. 3. [Among divines]
loss of trust in the mercy of God. May not hope in God, or godly
sorrow, be pervertd into presumption or despair? Sprat.

To DESPA＇IR [despero, Lat. deseperer, Fr. disperare, It. desesperar,
Sp. and Port.] to be past hopes, to have no hope, to give over for
lost, or as unattainable. The Chinese despair of making of gold, but
are mad upon making of silver. Bacon.

DESPA＇IRER [of despair] one without hope, one that desponds.
He cheers the fearful, and commends the bold,
And makes despairers hope for good success. Dryden.

DESPAI＇RFUL [of despair and full] hopeless; now obsolete. That
sweet but four despairful care. Sidney.

DESPA＇IRINGLY [of despairing] in a manner that betokens despon­
dence. He speaks severely and despairingly of our society. Boyle.

DESPA＇IRINGNESS [of despairing] the state of being without
hopes.

To DESPA＇TCH [This is the more analogous spelling than dispatch,
depescher, Fr.] 1. To send away hastily. Despatch＇d Achates to the
ships in haste. Dryden. A sober and intelligent man I despatched to
Utrecht. Temple. 2. To put to death, to send out of the world.
Despatch them with their swords. Ezekeil.
Despatch me quickly, I may death forgive. Dryden.
3. To perform a business quickly. No sooner is one action despatch＇d
which we are set upon, but another uneasiness is ready to set us on
work. Locke. 4. To conclude an affair with another.
What are the brothers parted?
They have despatch＇d with Pompey, he is gone. Shakespeare.

DESPA＇TCH [from the verb] 1. Hasty execution, speedy perform­
ance. The Despatch of a good office is as beneficial to the solicitor
as a good office itself. Addison. Feigning delay, she wishes for des­
patch. Granville. 2. Conduct, management; now obsolete.
You shall put
This night＇s great business into my despatch. Shakespeare.
3. Express, hasty message, or messenger; as, the court of England
sent despatches to France.

DESPERA＇DO [desesperado, Sp. disperato, It.] a desperate man.

DE＇SPERATE [desespéré, Fr. disperato, It. of desperatus, Lat.] 1.
Rash, fearless of danger. He who goes on without any care or
thought of reforming, such an one we vulgarly call a desperate person.
Hammond. 2. Mad, furious, hot-brained. The part of a desperate
physician to wish his friend dead. Spenser. 3. Having no hope, that
is despaired of. I am desperate of obtaining her. 4. Irrecoverable,
unfurmountable. The sick, when their case comes to be thought des­
perate, are carried out and laid on the earth. Locke. 5. Sometimes
in a sense nearly ludicrous, and only denotes any bad quality predo­
minating in a high degree.
Concluding all mere desp＇rate sots and fools,
That durst depart from Aristotle＇s rules. Pope.
A DESPERATE disease must have a DESPERATE cure.

DE＇SPERATENESS [of desperate] precipitance, daringness, furious­
ness. The going on not only in terrors and amazement of conscience,
but also boldly, hopingly and confidently, in wilful habits of sin, is
called a desperateness; and the more bold thus, the more desperate.
Hammond.

DE＇SPERATELY [of desperate] 1. Madly, furiously, dangerously.
He broke forth as desperately as before he had done uncivilly. Brown.
Greatly, violently; this is a ludicrous sense. She fell desperately in
love with him. Addison.

DESPERA＇TION [desespoir, Fr. disperazione, It. desperaciòn, Sp. of
desperatio, Lat.] despondence. Desperation of success kills all our in­
dustry. Hammond.

DESPE＇CTION, a looking downwards. Lat.

DE＇SPICABLE [despicabilis, Lat.] 1. Despisable, contemptible.
2. Base, sorry, vile, mean. It is equally applied to persons and
things. So vile and despicable as mens disdainful speech would make
it. Hooker. Despicable foes. Milton. Despicable slavery. Addison.

DE＇SPICABLENESS [of despicable] contemptibleness, worthlessness.
The great disproportion between the infinity of the reward and the
despicableness of our service. Decay of Piety.

DE＇SPICABLY [of despicable, or despise] basely, vilely, meanly.
Wanton Naples crowns the happy shore;
Nor vainly rich, nor despicably poor. Addison.

DESPI＇CIENT [despiciens, Lat.] looking down upon

DESPI＇CIENCE [despicientia, Lat.] a despising or contemning.

DESPI＇SABLE [of despise] the same as despicable. A word scarcely
used but in low conversation. A poor old distressed courtier, com­
monly the most despisable thing in the world. Arbuthnot.

DESPI＇SABLENESS [of despisable] quality of deserving to be de­
spised.

To DESPI＇SE [despicio, Lat. despiser, O. Fr. Skinner, despreciar, Sp.
desprezar, Port. sprezzare, It.] 1. To look upon with disdain, to
slight, to set at nought, to make no account of. Small among the
heathen, and despised among men. Jeremiah.
My sons their old unhappy fire despise,
Spoil＇d of his kingdom, and depriv＇d of eyes. Pope.
2. In Shakespeare it seems once to signify to abhor, as from the Italian
despettare.
Let not your ears despise my tongue for ever. Shakespeare.

DESPI＇SER [from despise] he that despises; a contemner.
A rude despiser of good manners. Shakespeare.
Libertines, and despisers of religion. Swift.

DESPI＇TE [dêpit, Fr. spiit, Du. dispetto, It. despécho, Sp.] 1. Ha­
tred, malice, scorn, grudge, spight. The causes of despite, disdain,
or aversion. Sprat. 2. Defiance.
With thy warlike sword despite of fate,
To my determin＇d time thou gav＇st new date. Shakespeare.
I＇ll make you happy in your own despite. Dryden.
3. The act of malice, the act of opposition.
As a despite done against the most high,
Thee once to gain companion of his woe. Milton.

To DESPI＇TE [from the noun] to affront, to give uneasiness to.
Setting the town on fire, to despite Bacchus. Raleigh.

DESPI＇TEFUL [of despite and full] malicious, full of spleen and
hate. Applied to persons and things.
I his despiteful Juno sent him forth
From courtly friends with camping foes to live. Shakespeare.

DESPI＇TEFULLY [of despiteful] maliciously.

DESPI＇TEFULNESS [of despiteful] malice, hate. Let us examine
him with despitefulness and torture, that we may know his meekness.
Wisdom.

DESPI＇TEOUS [of despite] malicious, furious; a word now ob­
solete.
Spurring so hot with rage despiteous. Spenser.

To DESPO＇IL [depouiller, Fr. spogliare, It. despojàr, Sp. despolio, Lat.]
to rob or bereave of, to strip one of his goods; it has of.
Despoil＇d of warlike arms. Spenser.
Despoil＇d of innocence, of faith, of bliss. Milton.

DESPOLIA＇TION, The act of robbing or spoiling. Lat.

To DESPO＇ND, verb neut. [despondeo, Lat.] 1. To despair, to be­
come hopeless or desperate.
Physic is their bane:
The learned leeches in despair depart,
And shake their heads, desponding of their art. Dryden.
2. [Among divines] to lose hope of God＇s mercy. Some may allure
the slothful, some encourage the desponding mind. Watts.

DESPO＇NDENCE, or DESPO＇NDENCY [of despondent] despair, hope­
lessness.

DESPO＇NDENT [despondens, Lat.] desponding, despairing, being
without hope. The very boldest athcists, when they chance to be sur­
prized with solitude or sickness, are the most suspicious, timorous and
despondent wretches in the world. Bentley.
On the dead tree a dull despondent stock. Thomson.

To DESPO＇NSATE, verb act. [desponso, Lat.] to betrothe, to unite
by reciprocal promises of marriage.

DESPO＇NSATED, the pret. and part. p. of desponsate [desponsatus, Lat.]
affianced, espoused, betrothed.

DESPONSA＇TION [of desponsate] a betrothing or giving in mar­
riage.

DE＇SPOTE [despota, Lat. of δεσποτης, Gr. an absolute prince] a
great title anciently given by the Grecians to a lord or governor of a
country: the title is still used in the Turkish empire, for a prince or
governor; as, the despote of Valachia.
N. B. Query, if this word carrying with it the notion of ABSOLUTE
authority, be not one reason why in scripture, when applied to invisible
domination, it is constantly restrained and appropriated to the ONE
GOD AND FATHER of all; as being expressive of that dominion which
He (and He only) has over all without exception? See Acts ii. 29.
Acts iv. 24. 2 Pet. ii. 1. compared with Jude iv. &c. In all
which places, the word despotes is uniformly applied to the FATHER,
and in the last it stands in contradistinction to the word kyrios, or to
that title by which our blessed Saviour is generally characterized. See
AUTHENTIC, BAPTIZE, First CAUSE, Apostolic CONSTITUTIONS, and
DEITY.

DESPO＇TICAL, or DESPO＇TIC [despotique, Fr. dispotico, It. of δεσ­
ποτικος, of δεσποτης, Gr. a lord] arbitrary, absolute, unlimited in au­
thority. Its command over them was but persuasive and political,
yet it had the force of coactive and despotical. South. The ill conse­
quences of having a despotic prince. Addison.

DESPOTICAL Government, a government when the prince having
gained an absolute power over his people, is no longer guided or con­
trolled by the laws of the country, but governs solely by his will and
pleasure.

DESPO＇TICALLY [of despotical] arbitrarily, absolutely.

DESPO＇TICALNESS [of despotical] arbitrariness, absolute autho­
rity.

DE＇SPOTISM [despotisme, Fr. of despote] despotic government.

DESPOU＇ILLE [in blazonry] is used to signify the whole case or
skin of a beast, with the head, feet, tail, and all apurtenances; so as
being filled up, it looks like the whole creature. Fr.

To DESPU＇MATE, verb neut. [despumatum, sup. of despumo, Lat.]
to throw off parts in froth, to work.

To DESPUMATE, verb act. to scum or clarify liquor.

DESPUMA＇TION [of de, priv. and spuma, Lat. froth] 1. The act of
scumming, or taking off the froth. 2. The act of foaming or
frothing.








DESPUMA＇TION [dispumazione, It. of dispumatio, Lat. in pharmacy]
the act of clearing and cleansing any liquor, by letting it boil, so as
to take off the scum.

DESQUA＇MATED, part. p. [desquamatus, Lat.] scaled, having the
scales taken off.

DESQUAMA＇TION, a scaling of fish. Lat.

DESQUAMATION [with surgeons] a scaling of soul bones. Lat.

DESSA＇U, a city of Upper Saxony, in Germany, situated on the
river Elbe, 60 miles north-west of Dresden; subject to the prince of
Anhalt Dessau.

DESSE＇RT, Fr. the last course at table; a service of fruits and sweet­
meats.
At your dessert bright pewter comes to late,
When your first course was well serv＇d up in plate. King.

DESTILLA＇TION, an extraction of the most volatile parts, which
are rarefied into vapour or smoke, as it were by fire. See DI­
STILLATION.

To DE＇STINATE [destiner, Fr. destinàr, Sp. destinare, It. and Lat.]
to design, appoint or order for some particular purpose. Birds are de­
stinated to fly among the branches. Ray.

DE＇STINATED, or DE＇STINATE, part. of destinate [destinatus, Lat.
destiné, Fr. destinato, It. destinádo, Sp.] appointed, determined, or­
dained to some purpose.

DESTINA＇TION [of destinate] the purpose for which any thing is ap­
pointed. They perform their regular destinations without losing their
way. Glanville. The destination and application of things to seve­
ral ends. Hale.

To DE＇STINE, verb act. [destino, Lat.] 1. To doom, to appoint
unalterably to any state.
We are decreed,
Reserv＇d, and destin＇d to eternal woe. Milton.
Before each altar lies,
Drench＇d in his gore, the destin＇d sacrifice. Dryden.
2. To appoint to any use. Vessels destin＇d to carry humours secreted
from the blood. Arbuthnot. 3. To devote, to doom to punishment
or misery.
May Heav＇n around this destin＇d head
The choicest of its curses shed. Prior.
4. To fix unalterably.
The infernal judge＇s dreadful pow＇r,
From the dark urn shall throw thy destin＇d hour. Prior.

DE＇STINY [destin, Fr. destino, It. and Sp. destinatio, Lat.] 1. The
power that spins the life, and determines the fate of living be­
ings.
Thou art neither like thy sire or dam,
But like a foul mishapen stigmatic,
Mark＇d by the destinies to be avoided. Shakespeare.
2. According to the Stoics, the disposal of things ordained by divine
providence, or the enchainment of second causes, ordained by provi­
dence, which carries with it the necessity of the event; invincible ne­
cessity. See FATE.
Who can turn the stream of destiny,
Or break the chain of strong necessity,
Which fast is ty＇d to Jove＇s eternal seat? Spenser.
How can hearts not free be try＇d whether they serve
Willing or no, who will but what they must
By destiny, and can no other chuse. Milton.
3. Doom, condition in a future state.
At the pit of Acheron
Meet me i＇ th＇ morning: thither he
Will come to know his destiny. Shakespeare.

DESTINY [with Pagan philosophers] a secret or invisible power
or virtue, which with incomprehensible wisdom conducts, what to
mankind appears irregular and fortuitous; this comes much to the same
with that which with us is called God.

The DE＇STINIES [according to the poets] three deities, Clotho,
who, as they feign, holds the distaff; Lachesis, which draws out the
thread of man＇s life; and Atropos, who cuts it off at death.

DESTINY Readers, fortune-tellers, astrologers, gypsies. A cant
word.

DE＇STITUTE [destitutus, Lat. destitué, Fr. destituto, It. destituydo, Sp.]
1. Left, forsaken, deprived, bereft, forlorn. Men destitute of divine
grace. Hooker. 2. In want of.
Take the distin＇d way
To find the regions destitute of day. Dryden.
The Campania of Rome destitute of inhabitants. Addison.

DE＇STITUTENESS [of destitute] the state of being forsaken, or left
without a friend, &c.

DESTITU＇TION [of destitute] 1. The act of leaving or forsaking, an
utter abandoning. 2. A slate of being left, forsaken, want. Destitu­
tion of food and cloathing. Hooker.

DESTRI＇CTION, Lat. the act of binding.

DESTRI＇GMENT [destrigmentum, Lat.] that which is scraped or pul­
led off any thing.

To DESTRO＇Y [destruo, Lat. détruire, Fr. destruyer, Sp. destruir,
Port. struggere, or distruggere, It.] 1. To throw down, overthrow, or
raze any building, to marr or spoil, to lay waste. The Lord will de­
stroy this city. Genesis. 2. To deface. They burnt and destroyed the
country villages. Knolles. 3. To kill. The peacock destroys snakes.
Hale. 4. To put an end to, to bring to nought. Incontinent persons
destroy their bodies with diseases. Bentley.

DESTRO＇YER [from destroy] he that destroys, murders, or lays
waste.

DESTRU＇CTIBLE [destructum, sup. of destruo, Lat.] liable to de­
struction, that may be destroyed.

DESTRUCTIBI＇LITY [from destructible] a liableness of being de­
stroyed.

DESTRU＇CTION [Fr. distruzione, It. distruiciòn, Sp. destruiçaon,
Port. destructio, Lat.] 1. The act of destroying, waste, murder, mas­
sacre. 2. The state of being destroyed, overthrow, ruin. 3. The
cause of destruction, a destroyer. The destruction that wasteth at noon­
day. Psalms. 4. (Among divines) eternal death. Broad is the way
that leadeth to destruction. St. Matthew.

DESTRU＇CTIVE [destructivus, low Lat. of destructus, Lat.] 1. Apt
to destroy, that causes ruin, that brings destruction. 2. Having of.
3. Having to. 4. Mischievous, hurtful. 5. Deadly.

DESTRU＇CTIVELY, adv. [from destructive] ruinously, mischievously,
with power or force to destroy.

DESTRU＇CTIVENESS [from destructive] the quality of destroying or
ruining.

DESTRU＇CTOR [from destroy] destroyer, consumer. Boyle uses it.

DESUDA＇TION [desudatio, Lat.] a profuse and immoderate sweat­
ing, from what cause soever proceeding.

DESUDA＇TORY, subst. [desudatorium, Lat.] an hot house or bagnio.

DESU＇ETUDE [desuitudine, It. desuetudo, of desuesco, Lat.] a desisting
from any use or custom, discontinuance of custom or habit, disuse.

DESU＇ETE [desuetus, Lat.] being out of use.

DESULTO＇RES, or DESULTO＇RII, Lat. persons of agility of body,
who used to leap from one horse to another, which they led by the
bridle, after they had run several courses or heats at the horse races
in the Circensian games. The custom was practised chiefly among the
Numidians, who always carried two horses with them for that pur­
pose, changing them as they tired. The Greeks and Romans bor­
rowed the practice from them. The Sarmatæ were great masters of
this exercise, and the Hussars have still some remains of it.

DESU＇LTORINESS, a skipping from one thing to another.

DESU＇LTORY, or DESULTO＇RIOUS [desultorius, Lat.] leaping or
skipping from one thing to another; fickle minded, wavering, unsta­
ble, unconstant, mutable, immethodical. Desultory thought. L＇E­
strange. Desultory fancy. Norris.

DESU＇LTURE [desultura, Lat.] a vaulting from one horse to ano­
ther.

To DESU＇ME, verb act. [desumo, Lat.] to borrow or take from any
thing. The simple matter out of which it is desumed. Hale.

DESU＇MPTION [desumptio, of desumo, from de, and sumo, Lat. to
take] a chusing or taking from or out of.

To DETA＇CH [detacher, Fr. distaccare, It. destacàr, Sp.] 1. To
send away from a greater body a party of soldiers upon some expedi­
tion. 2. To disengage or part from something. The several parts
are detatched one from the other, and yet join again. Pope.

DETA＇CHARE [barb. law word] to seize or take into custody a
man＇s goods or person.

DETA＇CHED Pieces [in fortification] are demi-lunes, horn-works
or crown-works, and even bastions when separated, and at a distance
from the body of the place.

DETA＇CHMENT [in law] a sort of writ.

DETA＇CHMENT [detachement, Fr. distaccamento, It. destacomiénto,
Sp. in military affairs] a party of soldiers drawn out upon a particular
expedition, or from a greater to strengthen a lesser party.

DETA＇IL, Fr. the particulars or particular circumstances of an af­
fair, a minute account.

To DETA＇IL, verb act. [detailler, Fr.] to particularize, to relate
minutely and distinctly.

To DETA＇IN [detenir, Fr. ditenore, It. detenìr, Sp. of detineo, Lat.]
1. To keep back or with-hold. Indecent advances she made to de­
tain him from his country. Broome. 2. To keep that which belongs
to another. Detain not the wages of the hireling. Taylor. 3. To
hinder, stop or let, to restrain from going. Let us detain thee. Judges.
4. To hold in custody.

DETAI＇NDER [from detain] a writ for holding one in custody.

DETAI＇NER [from detain] he that holds back any one＇s right, one
that detains a thing. Detainers of tithes. Taylor.

To DETE＇CT [detectum, sup. of detego, Lat.] to disclose, to disco­
ver or lay open any crime or artifice.

DETE＇CTER [from detect] he that detects or discovers what another
desires to conceal.

DETE＇CTION [detectio, Lat.] 1. The act of discovering or laying
open any guilt, fraud, or fault. 2. Discovery of any thing hidden.

DETE＇NTION [Fr. ditenziòne, It. detensa, Port. detentio, Lat.] 1.
The act of detaining or keeping from one what belongs to him. 2.
A consinement, imprisonment, restraint. Detention of the spirits. Ba­
con.

DETE＇NT Wheel [of a clock] is that which is also called the hoop,
having a hoop almost round it, in which is a vacancy, at which the
clock locks.

DETE＇NTS of a Clock, are those stops, which being lifted up or let
fall down, lock or unlock the clock in striking.

To DETE＇R [deterreo, Lat.] to affright or discourage one from a
thing; to take him off from it by the terror of threats.

DETE＇RMENT [from deter] cause of discouragement, that which
deters.

To DETE＇RGE [deterger, Fr. detergere, It. and Lat.] to wipe or
rub off filth from a sore, to purge a part from peculence or obstruc­
tions.

DETERIORA＇TION [Fr. deteriorazione, It. of Lat.] the act of ma­
king worse, the state of becoming worse.

DETE＇RGENT [detergens, Lat.] wiping off, cleansing, scowring.

DETE＇RGENTS [in physic] such medicines, which mundify, cleanse,
and carry off viscid and glutinous humours that adhere to the body.

DETE＇RMINABLE [determinabile, It. of determino, Lat.] that can be
determined or certainly decided.

DETE＇RMINABLENESS [from determinable] capable of being deter­
mined or decided.

To DETE＇RMINATE [determiner, Fr.] to limit, to six, to determine,
to terminate.

DETE＇RMINATE [determinée, Fr. determinato, It. determinádo, Sp.
of determinatus, Lat.] 1. That is determined, limited or defined. A
determinate impulse. Bentley. 2. Positive, established, settled by rule.
Appointed by any determinate order. Hooker. 3. Decisive, conclu­
sive. A determinate resolution. 4. Fixed, resolute. More determi­
nate to do than skilful how to do. Sidney. 5. Resolved. My deter­
minate voyage is mere extavagancy. Shakespeare.

DETE＇RMINATELY, adv. [from determinate] 1. Resolutely, with a
fix＇d resolve. Determinately bent. Sidney. 2. Positively, by a sixed
rule. The principles of religion are determinately true or false. Til­
lotson.

DETE＇RMINATENESS [from determinate] definiteness, positiveness.

DETERMINA＇TION [Fr. determinazione, It. determinaciòn, Sp. of de­
terminatio, Lat.] 1. Absolute direction to a certain end. Constant de­






termination of will. Locke. 2. Final resolution, upon doing or not do­
ing any action, the result of deliberation, conclusion formed. Acts of
the intellect are deliberation and determination or decision. Hale.
3. Judicial decision of.

DETERMINATION [in physics] the disposition or tendency of a body
towards one way.

DETERMINATION [with philosophers] the action by which a cause
is limited or restrained to act, or not to act, this or that, or in this or
that manner.

Effective DETERMINA＇TION [with schoolmen] is such as proceeds
from an efficient cause, as when an artist determines an instrument to a
certain action, or from the form, as that determines the indifferency of
the matter; and thus our senses are said to be determinations, to have
ideas upon the presence of external objects.

Moral DETERMINATION, is one which proceeds from a cause
which operates morally, i. e. by commanding, persuading, or advi­
sing some effect. [See FREE Cause.] This is that kind of influence
or determination, which alone is consistent with man＇s free, moral
agency; I mean, by presenting motives to the understanding, and not
offering force and violence to the will. “There is no similitude, says
Dr. Clarke, between a BALANCE being mov＇d by weights or impulse,
and a MIND moving itself or acting upon the view of certain motives.
The difference is, that the one is entirely passive, which is being sub­
ject to absolute necessity: The other is not only acted upon, but ACTS
also; which is the essense of liberty.” Collection of Papers, &c. be­
tween Mr. Leibnitz and Dr. Clarke, p. 281. And, by the way, the
not disturbing the liberty of the will is so essential to the very being of
moral government and moral agency, that I＇ve known some of the
most considerate CALVINISTS give up all immediate operation on the
will, and choose rather to rest their cause on God＇s setting the truth in
so strong a point of view before the understanding, as suffices, in his
foreknowledge, to determine the will, and so ascertain the event. See
CALVINISM, DECREE, and SYNOD of Dort.

Physical DETERMINATION, is an act whereby God excites and ap­
plies a second cause to act antecedently to all the operations of the crea­
ture. See NECESSARY Cause.

DETE＇RMINED, or DETE＇RMINATE Problem [with geometricians]
is that which has but one, or at least a determined number of solu­
tions, in contradistinction to an indeterminate problem, which admits
of infinite solutions.

DETERMINA＇TIVE, adj. [from determinate] 1. Uncontrollably, di­
recting to a certain end. Special influence and determinative power of
a cause. Bramhall. 2. Making a limitation. It is determinative and
limits the subject. Watts.

DETERMINA＇TOR [from determinate] one who determines. Brown
uses it.

To DETE＇RMINE, verb act. [determiner, Fr. determinàr, Sp, deter
minare, It. and Lat. of de and terminus, properly to set or appoint
bounds] 1. to judge or decide a matter in controversy or question, to
put an end to a matter. 2. To fix, to settle. To determine the proper
season for grammar. Locke. 3. To conclude, to fix ultimately. It
does not determine the fate of single persons. Addison. 4. To bound,
to confine. That hill determines their view. Atterbury. 5. To adjust,
to limit. Determined ideas. Locke. 6. To direct to any certain point.
7. To incline, to dispose, to influence the choice. His choice deter­
mined for or against. Locke. 8. To resolve, purpose, or design. De­
termined of his father. 1 Samuel. 9. To destroy, to put an end to.
Where is he that will not stay so long,
Till sickness hath determin＇d me. Shakespeare.

To DETERMINE, verb neut. 1. To conclude, to form a final conclu­
sion; with of. The learned shall determine of it. Locke. 2. To come to an
end. The danger determined by their deaths. Hayward. 3. To
come to a decision. We determine for him. Shakespeare. 4. To end
consequentially. Revolutions of state often determine in setting up
some tyranny. Temple. 5. Resolve concerning a thing; with of. To
determine of the coronation. Shakespeare.

DETERRA＇TION [deterrer, Fr. of de, from, and terra, Lat. the
earth] a removal of earth, &c. from mountains or higher grounds
down into valleys or lower grounds; this by philosophers is understood
of such earth, &c. as is washed down from mountains, &c. gradually
by rains. Woodward uses it.

DETE＇RSION [detersio, from detergo, Lat.] the act of cleansing, wi­
ping, or rubbing off, the sordes of a sore or any thing else.

DETE＇RSIVE, adj. [detersivo, It. of detersif, Fr. of detersus, Lat.]
being of a scouring or cleansing quality.

DETE＇RSIVE, subst. an application that has the power of cleansing
wounds or sores.

DETE＇RSIVE Medicines, are such medicines as cleanse the body from
sluggish and viscous humours.

DETE＇RSIVENESS [from detersive] cleansing quality,

To DETE＇ST [detester, Fr. detestàr, Sp. detesto, Lat.] to abhor or
loath, to hate.

DETE＇STABLE [Fr. and Sp. detestabile, It. of detestabilis, Lat.] to
be abhorred or loathed; hateful.

DETE＇STABLENESS [from detestable] deserving to be abhorred.

DETE＇STABLY [from detestable] odiously, horribly, abominably.

DETESTA＇TION [detestatione, It. detestaciòn, Sp. of detestatio, Lat.]
the act of detesting, abhorrence, hatred. It is sometimes used with for,
but of seems more proper.

DETE＇STER [from detest] one that hates or abhors.

To DETHRO＇NE [detroner, Fr. of de, and thronus, Lat. a throne]
to depose a sovereign prince, to drive him from the throne, to divest of
regal dignity.

DE＇TINET [a law term] i. e. he detains a writ against a person,
who owes either annuity or quantity of corn, &c. to another, and re­
fuses to pay it.

DETI＇NUE [detenue, Fr.] a writ which lies against a person who re­
fuses to deliver back goods or chattels, which have been delivered to
him to keep.

Action of DETINUE [in law] is when a man is used to deliver up his
trust.

DETONA＇TION [of detono, Lat.] a mighty thundering.

DETONATION [with chemists] a sort of thundering noise, that is
frequently made by a mixture being inkindled in a crucible or other ves­
sel, so that the volatile parts of it rush forth with great swiftness and
violence; the same as fulmination. It is somewhat more forcible than
the ordinary crackling of salts in calcination, as in the going off of the
pulvis or aurum fulminans. It also denotes that noise which happens
upon the mixture of fluids that ferment with violence, as oil of turpen­
tine with oil of vitriol, resembling the explosion of gun-powder.
Quincy.

To DE＇TONIZE, verb act. [from detono, Lat.] to calcine with deto­
nation. A chemical term. Detonized nitre. Arbuthnot.

To DETO＇RT verb act. [detortum, sup. of detorqueo, from de, and tor­
queo, Lat. to twist] to wrest from the original meaning or design. De­
torted texts. Dryden.

DETO＇RTED, part. pass. of detort [detortus, Lat.] 1. Turned away
from the true meaning. 2. Twisted, or writhen.

DETO＇RSION, Lat. the act of turning or bending away or aside.

To DETRA＇CT [detracter, Fr. detrattare; It. detractàr, Sp. detrac­
tum, sup. of detraho, Lat.] 1. To take from, to abate, to lessen, by
envy or otherwise, the reputation of any one; having from. 2. To
slander or speak ill of. No envy can detract from this. Dryden.

DETRA＇CTER [from detract] one that detracts or takes away ano­
ther＇s reputation.

DETRACTION [Fr. detrazìone, It. detraciòn, Sp. of detractio, Lat.] 1.
Properly a drawing from. 2. A slandering or backbiting. Detraction,
in the native importance of the word, signifies the withdrawing or ta­
king off from a thing; and as it is applied to the reputation, it denotes
the impairing or lessening a man in point of fame, rendering him less
valued and esteemed by others, which is the final aim of detraction,
tho＇ pursued by various means. Ayliffe.

DETRA＇CTIVE, apt to detract.

DETRA＇CTIVENESS, detracting quality or humour.

DETRA＇CTORY, adj. [from detract] derogatory, defamatory by de­
nial of merit; with unto, to, or from; but from seems most proper.
Boyle and Brown use it.

DETRA＇CTRESS [from detract] a censorious, envious woman. Ad­
dison uses it.

DETRANCHE＇E [in blazonry] is used to signify a line bendwise, that
comes not from the very angle, but either from some part of the upper
edge, and falling from thence diagonally or athwart, or in the same
manner from part of the side; but always from the right side. Fr.

DE＇TRIMENT [detrimentum, Lat.] damage, hurt, loss, diminu­
tion. Without detriment to their private affairs. Addison.

DETRIMENT [with astrologers] is the greatest of the essential debi­
lities or weaknesses of a planet, viz. the sign directly opposite to that
which is his house; as, the detriment of the sun is Aquarius, because
it is opposite to Leo.

DETRIMENT [in Lincoln＇s-Inn] a duty of 1 s. 6 d. paid each
term, by every member of the society, to the house, for defraying its
charges, and repairing losses.

DETRIME＇NTAL, hurtful, that brings damage, hurt or loss; with to.
Detrimental to our country. Addison.

DETRIME＇NTALNESS, prejudicialness, &c.

DETRIME＇NTOUS [detrimentosus, Lat.] causing damage or loss; hurt­
ful.

DETRI＇TION, [detritum, sup. of detero, from de and tero, Lat. to
wear] the act of wearing or rubbing off the particles of any thing.

To DETRU＇DE [detrudere, It. detrudo, Lat.] to thrust down, to
force into a lower place. Detruded down to hell. Davies.

To DETRU＇NCATE, verb act. [detrunco, Lat.] to lop, to cut, to
shorten by deprivation of parts.

DETRU＇NCATED, part. p. [detruncatus, Lat.] cut or chopped off;
beheaded.

DETRUNCA＇TION [of detruncate] the act of lopping or cutting.

DETRU＇SION [detrusio, Lat.] the act of thrusting down. Detrusion
of the waters. Keil.

DETRU＇SOR Urinæ [in anatomy] a muscle lying under that which
is derived from the peritonæum; its fleshly fibres embrace the
whole bladder, as if it were a hand, and press it in the discharging
of the urine. It is by some accounted the first proper membrane of
the bladder.

DE＇TTENGEN, a village of Germany, about nine miles east of Ha­
nau, in the circle of the Upper Rhine; remarkable for a battle be­
tween the allied army and the French, in which the latter were de­
feated.

DETURBA＇TION [deturbatio, from deturbo, Lat.] 1. The act of cast­
ing or throwing down from on high, degradation. 2. A troubling or
disturbing. 3. A making filthy, a polluting.

DE＇VA, a port town of Spain, situated in the Bay of Biscay, 40
miles east of Bilboa.

DEVADIA＇TUS [in doomsday-book] one who has no sureties or
pledges.

DEVASTA＇TION [Fr. of devastatio, Lat.] the act of laying waste,
havock, desolation. Garth and Woodward use it.

DEVASTAVE＇RUNT, bona Testatoris, Lat. a writ lying against ex­
ecutors for paying of debts and legacies without specialities or bonds,
to the prejudice of the creditors, who have specialities or bonds, be­
fore the debts upon the said bonds become due.

DEUCA＇LION, the son of Prometheus, who married Pyrrha, the
daughter of Epimetheus. The poets tell us, that while he reigned in
Thessaly, there happened an universal flood, that drowned all the
world, but only he and his wife, who got into a ship, and were carried
to the top of Mount Parnassus, and stay＇d there till the dry land ap­
peared; and when the flood was gone, he consulted the oracle of
Themis, how mankind might be repaired, and was answered he should
cast his great mother＇s bones behind his back; whereupon he took
stones, the bones of his great mother the EARTH, and threw them over
his shoulder, and they became men; and Pyrrha also cast stones over
her shoulder backwards, and they became women. The truth is, this
deluge was only in Greece and Italy, but the poets feigned all things
to have happened after Deucalion＇s flood, as they did after the inun­
dation in the days of Noah. And as to their being saved on Mount
Parnassus, they only climbed to the top of it, and were there safe
above the waters; and after the flood taught the people more civility
than they had before; this deluge happened A. M. 2440, and 784
years after that in Noah＇s time.








DEUCE [deux, Fr.] 1. Two, a word used in games. Deuce, ace.
Shakespeare. 2. The devil. See DEUSE.

DEVEI＇CTION, a carrying away or a carrying down. Lat.

To DEVE＇LOP, verb act. to disengage from something that enfolds
and conceals; to disentagle, to clear from its covering.
Take him to develop if you can,
And hew the block off, and get out the man. Pope.

DEVE＇LOPED, part. and pret. pass. [develope, Fr.] unwrapped, un­
folded, opened.

DEVENE＇RUNT [Lat. in law] a writ to the escheator of the
king, when any one of the tenants of the king, who holds in ca­
pite dies, commanding him to enquire what lands or tenements came
to him.

DEVE＇NTER, a city of the United Provinces, and province of Ove­
ryssel, about eight miles north of Zutphen.

DEVE＇RGENCE [devergentia, Lat.] a devexity or deelivity, by
which any thing tends or declines downwards.

To DEVE＇ST [devester, Fr. svestire, It. devestio, of de and vestis,
Lat. a garment] 1. Properly to unclothe, to strip, to deprive of
cloaths.
Of his arms Audrugeas he devests. Denham.
2. To strip, to take away any thing good. Forfeit and devest all
right to government. Bacon. 3. To free from any thing bad.
This from passions I devest. Prior.

To DEVEST [in law] signifies to turn out of possession.

DEVE＇X [devexus, Lat.] hollow, like a valley; bowed down, bend­
ing, deelivous.

DEVE＇XITY [devexitas, Lat.] the state of bending or shelving
downwards; deelivity.

DEVE＇XION, devexity, bendingness or shelvingness. Lat.

DE＇VIATE, adj. [in grammar] varying from the sense of its primi­
tive.

To DE＇VIATE [deviare, It. deviàr, Sp. deviatum, sup. of devio,
de via decedere, Lat.] 1. To go from, or out of the right or common
way; having from before the thing that is deviated from, and into be­
fore the thing into which we go astray. 2. To err, to sin, to offend,
to swerve.

To DE＇VIATE [with grammarians] is when a word varies from the
sense of its primitive or original.

DEVIA＇TION [from deviate] 1. The act of going out of the right
way; a swerving, an error. 2. Variation from established rule. 3. Of­
fence, obliquity of conduct.

DEVIATION [in the old astronomy] a motion of the deferent or
eccentric, whereby it advances to or recedes from the ecliptic.

DEVI＇CE. 1. An invention, contrivance, or cunning trick; a stra­
tagem. A politic device. Atterbury. 2. A scheme formed, a pro­
ject, speculation, design. There are many devices in a man＇s heart.
Proverbs. 3. Genius, invention. Full of noble device. Shake­
speare.

DEVI＇CE, or DEVI＇SE [devise, Fr. devisa, It. and Sp. of devido
Lat. because it divides or distinguishes persons, &c.] in a more gene­
ral sense, the ensign armorial of a nation of family: it is either a repre­
sentation, an emblem, or an hieroglyphic, expressing something that
is to be kept in mind, such as the Egyptians used instead of writing,
which of late have a motto added to them, to explain the signification,
which otherwise would be dark or unintelligible; as Lewis XIV.
of France, had for his device, the sun in his glory, with this motto,
Nec pluribus impar, intimating, that he was able to cope with many
enemies. See BOURBON, and read there Lewis the XIVth for Lewis
the Ist.

DEVICE, or DEVISE, in a restrained sense, is understood to signify
an emblem or a representation of some natural body, with a motto
or sentence applied in a figurative sense, to the advantage of some
person. Devices on their shields. Addison.

A DEVISE is a sort of metaphor representing one object by another,
with which it has some resemblance: so that a devise is only true
when it contains a metaphorical similitude, and may itself be reduced
into a comparison; or it may be defined a metaphor painted and visi­
ble, that strikes the eye.

A DEVISE requires several circumstances; and a figure without
them makes only a hieroglyphic, and the word only a diction or sen­
tence.
Father Boheurs defines a devise to be a composition of figures,
drawn from nature and art, called the body, and a few word sadapted
to the figure, and called the soul.
He adds, that we make use of such a compound to denote our
thoughts or intentions by comparison, taken from nature or art, and
founded on a metaphor.

DE＇VIL [diaful, C. Brit. deofl, Sax. duyvel, Du. duevel, L. Ger.
teuffel, H. Ger. diefvel, Dan. diefwul, Su. diabolus, Lat. διαβολος,
Gr. a FALSE accuser or calumniator. See Revelations, e. xii. v. 10.
diable, Fr. diablo, Sp. diabo, Port. diavolo, It.] 1. The tempter and spiri­
tual enemy of mankind, a fallen angel. But with the article [o]
it signifies ONE so called by way of distinction or eminence above the
rest; and who is stiled in scripture the prince of devils, or prince of the
power of the air of [του πνευματος] that spirit [or spiritual power,
collectively understood] which now worketh in the children of disobe­
dience. Eph. e. ii. v. 2. Tho＇, by the way, in justice to the sacred
writers, it should be observed, that whatever access at times these
evil spirits may have to the human mind, it is on such terms as may be
counteracted and defeated by us; according to that known rule, “resist
the devil, and he will [or shall] flee from you. James, e. iv. v. 7. or
that most sublime description of this spiritual warfare, which St. Paul
gives us, Eph. e. vi. v. 11—18. See DÆMON, and DEMON.
2. A wicked man or woman. See thyself, devil. Shakespeare.
3. A ludicrous term, for mischief.
A war of profit mitagates the evil;
But to be tax＇d and beaten is the devil. Glanville.
4. An expletive denoting wonder or vexation.
The things we know are neither rich nor rare;
But wonder how the devil they got there. Pope.
5. Adverbially, as a ludicrous negative; thus in the following pro­
verb:
The DEVIL grew sick, and vow＇d he a monk would be;
The DEVIL grew well, and the DEVIL a monk was he.
According to an old monkish rhyme; dæmon languebat, monachus bo­
nus esse volebat; sed cum convaluit, manet et ante suit. This prover­
bial rhyme is applicable to such persons, who in times of danger and
adversity are full of pious resolutions, which, when restor＇d to safety
and prosperity, they think no more of. See DANGER.
As the DEVIL loves holy water.
Fr. Comme le diable aime l＇eau benit. The priests, in the dark times
of popery, persuaded the vulgar, that their pretended holy water (or
universal pickle, as Dean Swift calls it in his Tale of a Tub) had, among
other virtues, that of driving away the devil, whence this proverb.
The Lat. say, to the same purpose, Sicut sus amaracinum Lucr. (as the
sow loves marjoram) to which it is said they have an aversion.
Talk of the DEVIL, and he＇ll (or his imps will) appear.
The Fr. say; Quand on parle du loup, on en voit la queue. (talk of the
wolf, and you＇ll see his tail.) Lat. Lupus in fabula. H. Ger. Wen
man den wolf uennt, so kommer gerent. This silly saying is made use
of, when a person whom we have just been speaking of, comes acci­
dentally into one＇s company.
Give the DEVIL his due: or,
It is a sin to belie the DEVIL.
The meaning of these two proverbs is, that tho＇ people be never so
bad, it is wrong to lay more to their charge than they deserve. The
Fr. say; Il ne faut pas faire le diable plus noir qu＇il n＇est. The It.
Non bisogrà fare il diablo più nero che non è. (We must not make the de­
vil blacker than he is.)
Happy is the son, whose father goes to the DEVIL.
Fr. Heureux sont les enfans dont les peres sont damnez. (Happy are the
children whose fathers are damn＇d.) Upon the supposition, that by their
wickedness they have amassed great riches. But how such ill-gotten
wealth thrives is the question; they often draw down such a curse
upon the possessors, as makes their supposed happiness rather a mi­
sery.
Seldom lies the DEVIL dead in a ditch.
The Fr. say; Le diable ne dort pas. And the It. Il diavolo non dorme.
(The devil never sleeps.) That is, he is always upon the watch how
he can surprize us, and therefore we have the more reason to be upon
our guard.
The DEVIL rebukes sin.
The Fr. say; Le renard preche aux poules. (The fox preaches to the
hens.)
Needs must when the DEVIL drives.
Fr. Il faut marcher quand le diable est aux trousses. (When the devil is
at our heels.) The It. Bisogna andare, quando il diavolo è alla coda.
(When the devil is at our tail.)

The DEVIL＇s Bones. See DICE. A eant phrase.

The DEVIL! a silly proverbial exclamation made use of by the
vulgar, when they doubt whether a thing will be done, or when any
thing seems strange to them. The Fr. say, on the same occasions, Da
diable.

DEVIL＇s Bit, a plant that has several roots that are black, notched,
as it were gnawed, from whence it took its name; as if the devil, en­
vying the virtues of it, gnawed them, &c.

DEVIL＇s Milk, an herb, a sort of spurge.

DEVIL on the Neck, a kind of rack or torturing engine, anciently
in use among the papists, to extort a confession from the protestants or
lollards. This machine was made of several irons, which applied to
the neck and legs, wrung or wrenched them together in so violent a
manner, that the more the person stirred, the straiter he was pressed
by them, and in the space of three or four hours his back and body
would be broken in pieces.

Sea DEVIL, a monstrous creature on the coast of America, having
black horns like a rain, a terrible aspect, and a bunch on the head, re­
sembling a hedge-hog, tusks like a boar, and a forked tail; and the
flesh of a poisonous quality.

DE＇VILISH [deoslic, Sax.] 1. Of, or pertaining to the de­
vil. 2. Like, or of the nature of the devil, wicked, malicious, de­
structive. The devilish wickedness of her heart. Sidney. 3. Having
communication or commerce with the devil. Upon my life began her
devilish practices. Shakespeare. 4. A word of abhorrence or con­
tempt. A devilish knave! Shakespeare.

DE＇VILISHLY, adv. [of devilish] in a manner suiting, or like a de­
vil, diabolically.

DE＇VILISHNESS [of devilish] devilish nature, diabolical quality.

DE＇VILSHIP [from devil] the devil＇s dignity.

DE＇VIOUS [devius, Lat.] 1. Going out of the common way. Ev＇ry
dark and ev＇ry devious way. Dryden. 2. Wandering, rambling.
Wildly devious morning walk. Thomson. 3. Erring, going astray
from rectitude, swerving from.

DE＇VIOUSNESS [of devious] aptness to go out of the way.

DEVI＇RGINATED [deverginatus, from de and virginis, gen. of virgo,
Lat. a virgin] deflouered.

DEVI＇SCERATED [devisceratus, from de and visceris, gen. of vis­
cus, Lat. en entrail] imbowelled.

To DEVI＇SE, verb act. [probably of deviser, Fr. to talk or dis­
course familiarly; or rather of devisare, It. in the same sense, deviser,
Fr. as of deviso, to look about. Skinner.] 1. To invent, to contrive or
plot, to strike out by thought. He could devise rare engines which shot
small slones at hand, but great ones afar off. Peacham. 2. To plan,
to scheme by artifice, or stratagem. I frame evil against you, and
devise a device against you. Jeremiah.

To DEVI＇SE, verb neut. to consider, to lay plans, to form schemes
or stratagems; with of. Let us a little devise of those evils by which
that country is held in this wretched case. Spenser.

To DEVISE [a law term] to give or make over lands, tenements
or goods, &c. by one＇s last will or testament in writing, to bequeath.

DEVI＇SE [devise, O. Fr. in law] 1. Is whatsoever is devised or
bequeathed by will or legacy. 2. The act of giving or bequeathing
by will. This word is properly attributed, in our common law, to
him that bequeaths his goods, by his last will or testament, in writ­
ing; and the reason is, because those that now appertain only to the
devisor, by this act are distributed into many parts. Cowel. Con­
trivance; see DEVICE. God left not his intention to be accomplish＇d
by our devises. Hooker.








DEVI＇SE, or DEVI＇CE [in heraldry] any figure, cypher, character,
rebus, motto, sentence, &c. which by allusion to the name of a per­
son or family, denotes its nobility or quality.

DEVISE＇E [in law] the person to whom any thing is devised or be­
queathed by will.

DEVI＇SER, or DEVI＇SOR [from devise] he who bequeaths lands or
goods to another by will; also a contriver, an inventer. Mocked in­
to errors by devisers. Brown. Devisers of wholesome laws. Grew.

DEVI＇TABLE [devitabilis, Lat.] easy, or possible to be shunned or
avoided.

DEVITA＇TION [devitatio, Lat. an escape] the act of shunning,
eschewing, or avoiding.

To DEVI＇TIATE [devitiatum, Lat.] to corrupt or marr; to de­
flouer.

DEVI＇ZES, a borough-town of Wiltshire, 89 miles from London;
it sends two members to parliament.

DEVOCA＇TION [devocatio, from de, from, and voco, Lat. to call] the
act of calling down.

DEVOCATIONE Parliamenti, Lat. a writ for recalling a parlia­
ment.

DEVOI＇D [of de and vuide, Fr.] 1. Empty of, vacant. Found her
place devoid. Spenser. 2. Free from, being without any thing good
or bad, being in want of; with of. At length it shall become utterly
devoid of gravity. Wilkins.

DEVOI＇R [Fr. devore, It.] 1. Service, civility; now obsolete. To
restore again the kingdom of the Mamalukes, he offered him their
utmost devoir and service. Knolles. 2. Act of obsequiousness. Auk­
ward and supple, each devoir to pay. Pope.

DEVOI＇RS [of Calais] the customs anciently due to the king for
merchandize, brought or carried out from Calais, when our staple
was there.

To DEVO＇KE, verb act. [devoco, of de, from, and voco, Lat. to
call] to call down.

To DE＇VOLATE [devolatum, sup. of devolo, from de, from, and volo,
to fly] to fly away or down.

To DEVO＇LVE, verb act. [devolvo, Lat.] 1. To roll or tumble
down. Thro＇ splendid kingdoms he devolves his maze. Thomson.
2. To move or transfer any thing from one hand to another. The
matter which devolves from the hills. Woodward. 3. To fall or come
from one to another, as an estate does, to be transferred by succession
into new hands. That forfeiture must devolve only to the supreme
Lord. Decay of Piety.

To DEVOLVE, verb neut. to lay a trust or charge upon one.
They devolv＇d their whole authority into the hands of the council of
sixty. Addison.

DEVOLU＇TARY, subst. [devolutaire, Fr. devolutario, It.] one that
lays claim to a benefice that has become void.

DEVOLU＇TION [Fr. devoluzione, It. of devolutio, Lat.] 1. The act
of rolling or tumbling down. 2. A passing from one to another as an
estate, &c. does, removal from hand to hand. Hale uses it.

DE＇VONSHIRE, a county in the west of England, bounded on the
north by Bristol channel; on the east by Somersetshire and Dorset­
shire; on the south by the English channel; and on the west by Corn­
wal. It gives title of duke to the noble family of Cavendish, and
sends two members to parliament.

DE＇VONSHIRING of Land [in husbandry] is the improving it, by
spreading on it the ashes of burnt turfs. See DENSHIRING.

DEVORA＇TION [devoratio, from devoro, Lat.] the act of devouring
or consuming.

DEVORATO＇RIOUS, [devoratorius, Lat.] devouring or consuming.

To DEVO＇TE, verb act. [devouer, Fr. votare, It. devotum, sup. of
devoveo, Lat.] 1. To vow, or give up any thing by vow, to set apart
to holy use, to consecrate to God. 2. To addict, to give up one＇s
self to ill. Aliens were devoted to their rapine. Decay of Piety. 3.
To curse, to doom to destruction.
Keep me from the vengeance of thy darts,
Which Niobe＇s devoted issue felt. Dryden.

DEVO＇TED, pret. and part. pass. of to devote [devotus, Lat.] 1. Set
apart for holy use. 2. Attached, strongly inclined to.

DEVO＇TEDNESS [of devote] the state of being devoted or dedi­
cated.

DEVOTE＇E, or DEVOTO＇ [devot, Fr. devoto, It.] one erroneously
religious, a bigot, a superstitious person.

DEVO＇TION [Fr. divozione, It. devociòn, Sp. of devotio, Lat.] 1.
The state of being devoted or consecrated. 2. Piety, acts of religion,
religious zeal, godliness. 3. Vowed service, disposal, command, an
act of public or external worship. The love of public devotion.
Hooker. 4. Prayer, expression of piety. Your devotion has its op­
portunity. Sprat. 5. The state of the mind under a strong sense of
dependence upon God. Devotion may be considered as an exercise
of public or private prayers at set times and occasions, or as a tem­
per of the mind, a state and disposition of the heart, which is rightly
affected with such exercises. Law. 6. An act of reverence, respect,
or ceremony.
Upon the like devotion as yourselves,
To gratulate the gentle princes there. Shakespeare.
7. Strong affection, such as makes the lover the sole property of him
who is beloved. He had a particular reverence for the person of the
king, and the more extraordinary devotion for that of the prince, as
he had had the honour to be trusted with his education. Clarendon.
8. Power, state of dependence on another. Keep that rich corner
of the country at his majesty＇s devotion. Clarendon.

DEVO＇TIONAL, adj. [from devotion] pertaining or annexed to wor­
ship, or devotion, religious. Devotional compliance, and juncture of
hearts. King Charles.

DEVO＇TIONALIST [of devotional] a man zealous without know­
ledge, one superstitiously devout.

DEVO＇TIONIST [from devotion] one much given to devotion.

DEVOTO＇RIOUS [devotorius, from de, and votum, Lat. a vow] per­
taining to a vow.

To DEVOU＇R, verb act. [devorer, Fr. divorare, It. devoràr, Sp. of
devoro, Lat.] 1. To eat or swallow down greedily, as a beast of prey
does. 2. To consume, or waste, with violence and rapidity, as fire,
pestilence, or any other calamity does. 3. Metaphorically, to swal­
low up, to annihilate. Such a pleasure as grows fresher upon enjoy­
ment, and though continually fed upon, yet is never devour＇d. South.
4. To read over hastily, to study eagerly.

DEVOU＇RER [of devour] he that devours or preys upon, a con­
sumer.

DEVOU＇RING [in blazonry] is a term used of all fishes which are
borne in a coat feeding; and the reason is, they swallow all whole
without chewing; and it is requisite also to tell whereon they feed.

DEVOURING, part. [from devour] ravenous.

DEVOU＇RINGLY, adv. [from devouring] ravenously.

DEVOU＇RINGNESS [of devouring] of a devouring nature, &c.

DEVOU＇T [devot, Fr. devoto, It. and Sp. devotus, Lat.] 1. Godly,
pious, devoted to holy duties. 2. Filled with pious thoughts. With
soul devout. Dryden. 3. Expressive of piety. Uplifted hands and
eyes devout. Milton.

DEVOU＇TLY, adv. [from devout] religiously, godlily.

DEVOU＇TNESS [of devout] fullness of devotion, piety.

DEU＇SE, subst. [more properly than deuie, Junius, from dusius, the
name of a certain species of evil spirits] the devil; a ludicrous word.
See DEUCE.

DEUTE＇RION [of δευτερος, Gr. the second] the secundine, or after­
birth.

DEUTEROCANO＇NICAL [of δευτερος, and κανονικος, Gr.] a name
that school-divines give to certain books of the sacred scripture that
were added after the rest, as the book of Esther, &c. See CANON
of Scripture.

DEUTERO＇GAMY [δευτερογαμια, of δευτερος, second, and γαμος, Gr.
marriage] a second marriage.

DEUTERO＇NOMY [δευτερονομιον, of δευτερος, and νομος, Gr. law i. e.
the second law] the 4th book of Moses, so called, because the law is
therein repeated. See CANON of Scripture.

DEUTEROPA＇THY [δευτεροπαθεια, of δευτερος, second, and παθος,
Gr. passion, &c.] a disease that proceeds from another disease.

DEUTERO＇SCOPY [of δευτερος, second, and σκοπεω, Gr. to behold or
spy, and by eying a thing to take aim] the second intention, the
meaning beyond the literal or primary sense. Brown uses it.

DEVU＇IDER [in riding academies] is a term that is applied to a
horse, that working upon vaults, makes his shoulders go too fast for
the croup to follow; so that instead of going upon two treads, as he
ought, he endeavours only to go upon one.

DEUX PONTS, a city of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine,
60 miles north east of Nancy.

To DEW, or To BEDEW, verb act. [deawian, Sax.] 1. To sprin­
kle, moisten, or wet with dew, or with any thing like dew. 2. It is
used, but improperly, in the following passage, to denote an action of
terror.
In Gallic blood again
He dews his reeking sword,
And strews the ground
With headless ranks. J. Philips.

DEW [deawe, Sax. dauw, Du. thau, Ger. dagg, Su. Casaubon will
have it of δευειν, Gr. to water or make wet] certain vapours, which
have by heat been lifted up or exalted in the day time, and which,
when the fun descends below our horizon, leaving the air cold, are
thereby condensed, and fall down in small insensible drops, upon the
leaves of plants, where many of them joining together, they be­
come sensible. Dews and rain are but the returns of moist vapours
condensed. Bacon.

DEW of Vitriol [in chemistry] a kind of phlegm or water drawn
from that mineral salt, by distillation in balneo mariæ, or, with a gen­
tle heat.

DE＇W-BERRY, subst. [of dew and berry] a fruit of a species of bram­
ble. Dew-berries, as they stand here among the more delicate fruits,
must be understood to mean rasberries, which are also of the bramble
kind. Hanmer. Feed him with apricocks and dew-berries. Shakespeare.

DEW-BESPRE＇NT, part. pass. [of dew and besprent] sprinked with
dew. Knotgrass dew-besprent. Milton.

DE＇W-BORN, a distemper in cattle.

DE＇W-BURNING [of dew and burning] The meaning of this com­
pound is doubtful; perhaps it alludes to the sparkling of dew.
Johnson.
High-brandishing his bright dew-burning blade,
Upon his crested scalp so sore did smite,
That to the skull a yawning wound it made. Spenser.

DEWCE, the devil. See DEUCE and DEUSE.

DEW-CLAWS [a hunting term] the bones or little claws behind
the foot.

DEW-DROP [of dew and drop] a drop of dew that sparkles at
sun-rise.

DEW-LAP [deow-luppe, Sax.] 1. The loose skin that hangs down
under the throat of an ox, cow, &c. 2. It is used, in Shakespeare,
for a lip flaccid with age, in contempt. Johnson.
Sometimes lurk I in a gossip＇s bowl,
In every likeness of a roastad crab;
And when she drinks against her lips I bob,
And on the wither＇d dew-lap pour the ale. Shakespeare.

DEW-LAPT, adj. [of dew-lap] having a dew-lap.
Who would believe that there were mountaineers
Dew-lapt like bulls, whose throats had hanging at them
Wallets of flesh. Shakespeare.

DEW-WORM [of dew and worm] a worm found in dew, which is
used in fishing for trout.

DEWX [deux, Fr. δυας, Gr.] the number 2 at cards or dice. See
DEUCE.

DE＇WY, adj. [from dew] 1. Having dew on it, wet with dew.
Roscid dewy fields. Dryden. 2. Resembling dew, partaking of dew.
Dewy mist. Milton.

DE＇XTANS [with the Romans] ten ounces, or ten parts of any
intire thing, that is divided into twelve.

DE＇XTER, adj. Lat. right, on the right hand, or right side, not the
left; a term used in heraldry. Dexter cheek. Shakespeare.

DEXTER Aspect [with astrologers] an aspect contrary to the natural
order and succession of the signs, as Mars in Gemini and Saturn in the
same degree of Aries, where Mars is said to behold Saturn in a dexter
aspect.








DEXTER Base [in heraldry] is the right side of the base, as letter
G. Plate IX. Fig. 29.

DEXTER Chief [in heraldry] is an angle on the right hand of the
chief, as letter A in the figure. Plate IX. Fig. 29.

DEXTER Epiploic Vein [with anatomists] the second branch of the
splenica, which passes to the epiploon, and the gut colon.

DEXTER Point [with heralds] the right side point in an escutcheon.

DEXTE＇RITY [dexterité Fr. dextrezza, It. destréza, Sp. of dexteri­
tas, Lat.] 1. Readiness of contrivance, skill of management, quick­
ness of expedient. Dexterity to deliver himself from dangers. Bacon.
2. Nimbleness, activity of body, readiness to attain skill, expert­
ness, address.

DE＇XTRA, Lat. the right hand.

DE＇XTEROUS, or DE＇XTROUS [dextro, It. and Port. diéstro, Sp.
dexter, Lat.] 1. Handy, ready at, expert at any manual operation; as,
a dextrous tradesman. 2. Skilful in management, subtle, cunning.
Dextrous managers of wares. Locke.

DE＇XTEROUSLY, or DE＇XTROUSLY, adv. [from dexterous] handily,
skilfully, cunningly.

DE＇XTRAL, adj. [dexter, Lat.] right, not left. Dextral parts.
Brown.

DEXTRA＇LITY [from dextral] the state of being on the right side
and not on the left. Brown uses it.

DEXTRA＇RIUS [in old records] a light horse, or horse for the great
saddle.

DE＇XTROCHERE, or DE＇STROCHERE [with heralds] a term applied
to the right arm painted on a shield.

DEY, the title of the supreme governor of Algiers in Barbary.

DI＇A [δια, Gr.] a preposition that signifies through or between, and
is frequently joined to the names of physical compositions, with that
of the principal ingredient in them. N. B. This preposition in com­
pound sometimes signifies through; sometimes thoroughly; sometimes asun­
der; and I think these three senses will explain most of the compounds,
if not all, belonging to it. See AN, and insert immediately after it,
ANA, a Greek preposition so called, and which in composition some­
times signifies over-again; sometimes upward, and sometimes a di­
stribution through; which three senses may serve as a key to most of the
words compounded with it.

DIABE＇TES [Fr. and Lat. diabéte, It. and Port. διαβητης, Gr.] a
disease when a person cannot hold his water, a morbid copiousness of
urine.
Aretæus Cappadox, who defines this disease to be a cold and moist
syntexis, or melting down of the flesh and members into URINE, derives
its etymology from διαβαινω, Gr. to pass through; “Because, says
he, the moisture does not continue in the body—but makes for an exit.”
Aret. Cappad. Ed. Boerhav. Lugdun. p. 51, 52.

DIABE＇TICAL [from diabetes] troubled with or pertaining to a dia­
betes.

DIABO＇LICAL, or DIABO＇LIC [diabolique, Fr. diabolico, It. and Sp.
of diabolicus, Lat. of διαβολος, of διαβαλλω, Gr. to destroy] pertain­
ing to the devil, devilish, very wicked. A diabolical nature. Atter­
bury.

DIABO＇LICALLY, adv. [from diabolical] devilish, &c.

DIABO＇LICALNESS [from diabolical] devilish nature.

DIABO＇TANUM [of δια and βοτανη, Gr.] a plaster made of herbs.

DIABRO＇SIS [διαβροσις, Gr. an eating thro＇] a solution of the con­
tinuum by corrosion of the parts.

DIABRO＇TICS, a word of the same etymology with the foregoing,
and which, according to Castell. Renovat. signifies those medical ap­
plications which are between the ecphractics and the caustics, i. e. more
powerful in operation than the former, and weaker than the latter.

DIACALAMI＇NTHES, Lat. a compound medicine, whose principal
ingredient is calaminth.

DIACALCI＇TEOS, Lat. [in surgery] a plaster applied after the am­
putation of a cancer.

DIACA＇PPARIS, Lat. a medicine, whose principal ingredient is ca­
pers.

DIACAPRE＇GIAS, Lat. [of δια, and καπρος, a goat] a medicine
made of goat＇s dung.

DIACA＇RTHAMUM, Lat. a medicine so called, one whose principal
ingredient is carthamum.

DIACA＇RYON, Lat. a medicine made of the juice of green walnuts
and honey.

DIACA＇SSIA, Lat. a medicine made of cassia.

DIACASTO＇RIUM, Lat. a medicine made of castor.

DIACATHO＇LICON [of δια, thro＇, and καθολικος, Gr. universal] an
universal medicine.

DIACATO＇THIA, Lat. [in the civil law] a tenure or holding of lands
by see farm.

DIACE＇NTROS [of δια and κεντρον, Gr.] the shortest diameter of the
elliptical orbit of a planet.

DIACHORE＇SIS, Lat. [διαχωρησις, Gr. a passing thro＇] the act of fa­
culty of voiding excrements.

DIACHY＇LUM, Lat. a kind of plaster made of the mucilages or
pappy juice of certain fruits, seeds, or roots. Bruno derives its ety­
mology from δια, thro＇, and χυλων, gen. plur. Gr. juices; and defines it,
emplastrum e succis compositum, i. e. an emplastrum composed of juices.

DIACHY＇LON, Lat. a kind of must or sweet wine.

DIACINE＇MA, Lat. [of διακινεω, Gr. to move from] is the receding
of a bone a little from its place. Cels. lib. 8. c. 14.

DIACINNAMO＇MUM, Lat. a medicine made of cinnamon.

DIACTTO＇NIUM, Lat. a medicine made of citonia.

DIACLA＇SIS, Lat. [of διακλαω, Gr. to break off] a fracture.

DIACLY＇SMA, Lat. of Gr. a rinsing, washing or scouring, or any
medicament used for that purpose.

DIACO＇DIUM [of δια, and κοδια, Gr. the top of a plant] a syrup
made of the tops of poppies.

DIACO＇NICON, Lat. [of διακονος, Gr. a deacon] the sacritly, the
place in or near ancient churches, where the vestments and church
plate were reposited.

DIACO＇PE, Lat. [of διακοπη, from δια, thro＇, and κοπτω, Gr. to cut]
the act of cutting or dividing asunder.

DIACOPE [with surgeons] a deep wound; especially one made in
the skull with a large instrument.

DIACOPE [with rhetoricians] the same as diastole.

DIACOPRÆ＇GIA, Lat. a medicine made of goats dung.

DIACORA＇LLION, Lat. a medicine made chiefly of coral.

DIACO＇RUM, Lat. a medicine made of acrons.

DIACOSME＇SIS, Lat. [διακοσμησις, of διακοσμεω, Gr. to adorn] an
orderly distribution or setting things in order.

DIACO＇STUM, Lat. a medicine made of costus.

DIACO＇USTICS [διακουστικος, of διακουω, from δια, thro＇ and ακουω,
Gr. to hear] a science that explains the properties of refracted sound,
as it passes through different mediums.

DIACRI＇SIS, Lat. [διακρισις, Gr.] a separating, severing or divi­
ding.

DIACRISIS, Lat. [with physicians] a judging of, and distinguish­
ing diseases, with their respective symptoms. N. B. Κρινω signifies to
judge as well as separate; and not without reason: for what is to form
a right judgment of things, but to separate them, i. e. in other words,
most carefully to distinguish those circumstances in which they agree,
from those in which they differ; a remark of equal importance, whe­
ther applied to PHYSIC, or DIVINITY, to POLITICS, or MORALS. See
DIFFERENCE [with logicians]

DIACRO＇CUMA, Lat. a medicine made chiefly of saffron.

DIACRO＇MMYON, Lat. [of δια and κρομμυον, Gr.] a medicine made
of onions.

DIACU＇MINUM, Lat. a composition made of cummin.

DIACYDO＇NITES, Lat. [of δια των κυδωνιων, Gr.] such medicines in
which quinces are an ingredient.

DIACYDO＇NIUM, Lat. [of δια των κυδωνιων, Gr.] a confection made
of the pulp of quinces and sugar, commonly called marmalade.

DIADAMASCE＇NUM, Lat. a composition of damascens.

DI＇ADEM [diadéme, Fr. diadema, It. Sp. and Lat. of διαδημα, Gr.]
1. A kind of wreath or fillet for the head, anciently worn by emperors
and kings instead of a crown, a tiara, an ensign of royalty. The sa­
cred diadem in pieces rent. Spenser. 2. The mark of royalty worn on
the head, the crown. The regal diadem. Milton.

DI＇ADEMED, adj. [from diadem] adorned with a diadem, crowned.
Diadem＇d with rays divine. Pope.

DIADE＇MATED [diadematus, Lat. of diadema, Lat. a crown] wear­
ing a diadem, crown, or turban.

DIA＇DOCHE, Lat. [with physicians] the succession or progress of a
disease, to its change called crisis: But diadexis, which Bruno ex­
plains by diadochè, signifies a reception of the humours, their transit from
one part to another; and in proof of this he appeals to Hippocrates,
6 Epidem. S. 2 t.

DIA＇DOCHUS, a precious stone like a byril.

DIA＇DOSIS, Lat. [διαδοσις, Gr. a giving or distributing thro＇] a deli­
vering by hand, tradition, distribution.

DIADOSIS [with physicians] a distribution of nourishment thro＇ all
parts of the body.

DI＇ADROM, subst. [διαδρομεω, Gr. to run through] the time in
which any motion is performed, as that in which the vibration of a
pendulum is accomplished. A gry is one tenth of a line, a line one
tenth of an inch, an inch one tenth of a philosophical foot, a philoso­
phical foot one third of a pendulum, whose diadroms in the latitude of
forty-five degrees, are each equal to one second of time, or a sixtieth
part of a minute. Locke.

DIÆ＇RESIS [διαιρεσις, of διαιρεω, Gr. to divide] the act of dividing
or division; a poetical figure, when one syllable is divided into two,
as evoluisse for evolvisse.

DIÆREEIS [in printing] is a vowel marked with two tittles or
points, as on ë, ï or ü, to signify that it is sounded by itself, and not
joined to another so as to make a dipthong; as, aëra by the points
over the ë is distinguished from æra.

DIÆRESIS [with surgeons] is a method of dividing and separating
those parts, which, by their being united, retard or hinder the cure
of diseases; as the continuity of the flesh or skin in imposthumes,
which must be opened to let out the corrupt matter.

DIÆRESIS [with anatonists] is a consuming or eating out the ves­
sel, so that some certain passages are made by some sharp fretting mat­
ter, which naturally should not have been; also when some real ones
are widened more than ordinary, so that the humours run out which
ought to be contained in the vessels: But this, with Boerhaave, is the
anastomosis: who defines the diæresis to be cohærentium vera separatia;
i. e. a real separation of what cohered. Boerh. Pathologia, Sect. 707.

DIÆRE＇TICA, Lat. [with physicians] eating, corroding medi­
cines.

DIÆ＇TA [διαιτα, of διαιτασθαι, Gr. to make use of a certain or­
der of food] diet, food, a particular way or manner of life. Lat.

DIÆTE＇TICE [diæteticus, Lat. of διαιτητικη, Gr. dietetics] that part
of physic that cures diseases by a moderate and regular diet. See
DIÆTA.

DIAGALA＇NGA, Lat. a medicine made of galangal.

DIAGLA＇UCION, Lat. [διαγλαυκιων, Gr.] a medicine for the eyes
made of the herb glaucium.

DIAGLY＇PHICE [διαγλυϕικη, Gr.] the art of cutting or making hol­
low or concave figures in metal.

DIAGNO＇SIS, Lat. [of διαγινωσκω, Gr. to know thoroughly] a dis­
cerning or knowing one from another, a judging of.

DIAGNOSIS [with physicians] a knowledge or judgment of the ap­
parent signs of a distemper, or a skill by which the present condition of
a distemper is perceived, and this is three-fold, viz. 1. A right judg­
ment of the part affected. 2. Of the disease itself. 3. Of its cause.

DIAGNO＇STIC, adj. [of διαγινωσκω, Gr. to know thoroughly] belong­
ing to the skill called diagnosis, thoroughly knowing or discerning.

DIAGNOSTIC Signs [with physicians] those signs of a disease which
are apparent, or by which a diagnosis is formed. See DIACRISIS.

DIAGNOSTIC Signs [in botany] are particular signs whereby one
plant may be known or distinguished from another.

DIAGNOSTIC, subst. [from the adj.] a symptom by which a disease
is distinguished from others.

DIA＇GONAL, adj. or DIAGONAL Line [Fr. diagonale, It. of diagona­
lis, Lat. of δια, through, and γωουια, Gr. an angle; with geometricians]
a line drawn across any figure from angle to angle; sometimes called
the diameter diagonal, and sometimes it signifies a particular paral­
lelogram, or long square that has one common angle and diagonal
line, with the principal parallelogram.








DIAGONAL Scale, a scale which serve to represent any num­
bers and measures whatever, the parts of which are equal to one ano­
ther; thus gunners make use of a scale to take the dimension of a piece
of ordnance. Engineers have a scale or rule to make a draught of a
fortification on paper, &c.

DIA＇GONAL, subst. [from the adj.] a line drawn from angle to angle,
and dividing a square or parallelogram into equal parts. The side and
diagonal of a square. Locke.

DIA＇GONALLY, adv. [from diagonal] in a diagonal direction.
Brown uses it.

DI＇AGRAM [diagramma, Lat. διαγραμμα, of δια, through, and
γραϕω, Gr. to write or describe] a sentence, a decree; also a short
draught of a thing.

DIAGRAM [in geometry] a scheme or figure made with lines or cir­
cles, for the laying down, explaining or demonstating any proposition
or figure, or of the properties belonging thereto.

DIAGRAM [in music] a proportion of measures distinguished by cer­
tain notes.

DI＇AGRAPH [diagraphe, Lat. of διαγραϕη, Gr.] description.

DIAGRA＇PHICE, Lat. [διαγραϕικη, Gr.] the art of painting or car­
ving on box, &c.

DIAGRA＇PHICAL [from diagraph] of or belonging to the skill of
painting, graving, carving, &c.

DIAGRA＇PHIC Art. See DIAGRAPHICE.

DIAGRY＇DIATES, subst. [from diagrydium, Lat.] strong purgatives
made with diagrydium. All choleric humours ought to be evacuated
by diagrydiates. Floyer.

DIAGRY＇DIUM [διαγρυδιον, Gr.] a gum distilling out of the herb
scammony, says Bruno, is called diacrydion, quasi lacrymula, as tho＇
it were a little tear. But, I must confess, that I can find no traces of
the etymology of this word in Suidas, Hesychius, Constantin, or in the
Appendix ad Thesaurum H. Stephan. &c. I suspect therefore it is
a corruption of the word δακρυδιον, Gr. a little tear, and which Gorræus
says, the scammony sheds when its root is wounded. And Quincy leaves
room to infer as much; for having described the preparatio scammonii,
he adds; “And what is prepared after this manner is commonly cal­
led dacrydium or diacrydium.”

DIAGRYDIUM, the scammony, prepared by boiling it in a hollowed
quince, or with the juice of quince, or lemon, or pale roses. See
above.

DIAHE＇XAPLA, or DIAHE＇XAPLE, Lat. a medicine which takes its
name from the six ingredients, viz. roots of round birthwort, gentian,
juniper-berries, myrrh, and ivory-shavings, &c.

DIAHY＇SSOPUM, Lat. a medicine made of hyssop.

DIAI＇RIS, Lat. a medicine made of the plant iris.

DI＇AL [of dialis, Lat. of the day] an instrument or plate marked
with lines, for shewing the hour of the day, by the shadow of a pin
or stile, when the sun shines, and are of several sorts and forms.

DIAL PLANES, are plain boards, plates or surfaces on which hour­
lines are drawn in any latitude, and are distinguished according to the
respect they bear to the horizon of the place where they are made, and
are, according to their position or situation, parallel, perpendicular, or
oblique.

Parallel DIALS, are such as lie level with the hozizon, and are
thence called horizontal dials.

Perpendicular DIALS, or Erect DIALS, are such as stand erect to
the horizon; as all are which are set against an upright wall or
building.

Erect DIALS Direct, are such as face any one of the four cardinal
points, east, west, north and south.

Erect Declining DIALS, are such whose planes lie open to any
intermediate points between any two cardinal points, to the south-east
or north-east, &c.

Inclining DIALS, are such as lean forwards towards the hori­
zon.

Reclining DIALS, are such as lean back towards the horizon.

Primary DIALS, are either horizontal dials or vertical dials.

Vertical DIAL, is one drawn on the plane of a vertical circle.

Moon DIALS, such as shew the hour of the night by the means of
the light or shadow of the moon projected thereon by an index.

Mural DIALS, such as are placed against walls.

Equinoctial DIAL, is one described on a plane parallel to the
equinoctial.

Polar DIAL, is one described on a plane passing through the poles
of the world, and the east and west points of the horizon.

DIA＇LACCA, a medicine made of lacca, or gum-lac.

DI＇ALECT [Fr. dialecto, Sp. dialectica, Lat. of διαλεκτος, of διαλε­
γεσθαι, Gr. to discourse] 1. A property or manner of speech, pronun­
ciation, &c. in any language peculiar to each several province or coun­
try, by which it is diversified from the general or national language;
as the Attic, Ionic, Æolic, Doric, and the common language of the
Greeks; so the Bolonnese, Bergamese, and Tuscan, are dialects of
the Italic. 2. Style, manner of expression. When themselves
do practise that whereof they write, they change their dialect.
Hooker. 3. Language, speech. Why in the universal dialect of the
world are kindnesses still called obligations? South.

DIALE＇CTICA, or DIALE＇CTIC, subst. [Lat. διαλεκτικη, of διαλε­
γεσθαι, Gr. to discourse or reason] dialectics, or the art of logic,
which teaches the true method of arguing or reasoning.

DIALE＇CTICAL, or DIALECTIC, adj. [dialectique, Fr. dialettico, It.
dialectico, Sp. of dialecticus, Lat. διαλεκτικος, Gr.] of or pertaining to
logic; argumental. Dialectical suttleties the schoolmen employ about
physiological mysteries. Boyle.

DIALECTICAL Arguments, are such arguments as are but barely
probable; but do not convince or determine the mind to either side of
the question.

DIALE＇CTICALLY, adv. [of dialectical] logically.

DIALECTI＇CIAN [dialecticien, Fr. diallettico, It. of dialecticus, Lat.]
a logician.

DIALE＇MMA, or rather DIALEI＇MMA [διαλειμμα, Gr. intermission,
a space left between; with physicians] the interval between fit and
fit, whether in fevers, or in other diseases which periodically return.
Bruno adds, that ＇tis not always confin＇d to a strict and proper INTER­
MISSION; but with Hypocrates signifies ειλικρινη ανεσιν, i. e. a sincere
or pure REMISSION. See Galen 4 Aphorism, 43.

DIALE＇PSIS [Lat. διαλεψις, Gr.] a space between, an intercep­
tion, a prevention; also a debating or reasoning; a resolution or
purpose.

DIALEPSIS, or rather DIALEI＇PSIS [with surgeons] that middle
space in wounds and ulcers that is left open for a cure; or rather (if
Bruno observes aright) the intermission of the ligature itself in a frac­
ture with an ulcer or wound; where a space is left for the curing of
the ulcer. Hippoc. 3 de tract. t. 5 & 6.

DIALEU＇CON [διαλευκον, Gr.] a kind of saffron that is white thro＇
the middle.

DIALE＇XIS [Lat. διαλεξις, Gr.] a disputation.

DI＇ALIST, subst. [of dial] one that constructs dials. Moxon
uses it.

DIA＇LLAGE [Lat. διαλλαγη, Gr. change, difference] a rhetorical
figure when many arguments are produced but to no effect.

DI＇ALLEL Lines [with geometricians] such as run across or cut one
another.

DI＇ALLING, subst. [from dial] the art of drawing lines truly on a
given plane, so as, by means of a shadow, to shew the hour of the
day when the sun shines.

DI＇ALLING Globe, an instrument contriv＇d for drawing of all sorts
of dials, and to give a clear demonstration of the art.

DIALLING Sphere, an instrument for the demonstration of sperical
triangles, and also to give a true idea of the ratio of drawing of dials
on any manner of planes.

DIALLING Line, or DIALLING Scales, graduated lines placed on
rulers, &c. to expedite the making of sun-dials.

DIALLING [with miners] is the using a compass and long line to
know which way the load or vein of ore inclines, or where to sink an
air-shaft.

DIALOGI＇SMUS [διαλογισμος, Gr.] a rhetorical figure, when a man
reasons and discourses with himself, as it were with another, both put­
ting the questions and giving the answers.

DIA＇LOGIST [of dialogue] 1. One that speaks in a dialogue or con­
ference. 2. One that writes dialogues.

DIALO＇GO [in music books] signifies a piece of music for two or
more voices or instruments, which answer one to the other.

DI＇ALOGUE [Fr. dialogo, It. and Sp. dialogus, Lat. of διαλογος,
Gr.] a conference or discourse between two or more persons; or a
discourse in writing between two or more persons, wherein they are
represented as talking together, so that it is either real or feigned.

To DIALOGUE, verb neut. [from the noun] to discourse with an­
other, to have a conference together. Dost dialogue with thy shadow?
Shakespeare.

DI＇AL-PLATE [of dial and plate] a plate upon which lines or hours
are delineated.

DIALTHE＇A, or DIALTHÆ＇A [διαλθαια, Gr.] an unguent, the
chief ingredient of which is althæa. Lat.

DIA＇LYSIS [διαλυσις, Gr. a dissolution] a figure in rhetoric, when
two points are placed by grammarians over two vowels in one word,
which would otherwise make a dipthong; but are by this character,
(··) divided into two syllables. See DIÆRESIS.

DIALYSIS [with physicians] when applied to the body and its
members, signifies a languor, and impotence or incapacity to perform
its proper functions. Bruno. It should seem to be a morbid affection,
somewhat below the paralysis, or palsy; and from hence is de­
rived,

DIA＇LYTIC, adj. what disposes to a dialysis, unbracing the fibres.
“The South-winds [says Hippocrates, Aph. p. 1247 A.] beget a
dullness of hearing, and dimmess of sight; produce a sensation of weight
or heaviness in the head,—are DIALYTIC”, &c. APPENDIX ad The­
saur. H. Stephan. Constantin. &c.

DIA＇LYTON [Lat. διαλυτον, of διαλυω, Gr. to dissolve] a figure in
rhetoric, when several words are put together without a conjunction
copulative.

DIAMA＇NTINE, adj. [of diamant] pertaining to a diamond.

DIAMARGARI＇TON [δια and μαργαριτης, Gr. a pearl] a restorative
powder, the chief ingredient in which is pearl.

DIAMASTIGO＇SIS [διαμαστιγωσις, of δια, thoroughly, and μαστιγω, Gr.
to whip] a solemnity in honour of Diana, as follows: certain boys
were carried to the altar of the goddess, and there severely whipped;
and lest the officer should, out of compassion, remit any thing of the
rigour of it, the priestess of Diana stood by all the time, holding in
her hand the image of the goddess, which was of itself very light;
but (as they relate) if the boys were spared, grew so weighty, that
the priestess was scarce able to support it; and lest the boys should
faint under the correction, or do any thing unworthy of the Laconian
education, their parents were present to exhort them to undergo it pa­
tiently, and with great constancy; and so great was the bravery and
resolution of the boys, that tho＇ they were lashed till the blood gushed
out, and sometimes to death, yet a cry or a groan was seldom or
never heard to proceed from any of them. Those that died under the
ceremony were buried with garlands on their heads, in token of joy
or victory, and had the honour of a public funeral.

DIAME＇RDES [of δια and merda, dung or ordure] a confection of
pilgrim＇s salve.

DIA＇METER [diamétre, Fr. diametro, It and Sp. diametero, Lat. of
διαμετρος, from δια, and μετρεω, Gr. to measure] a right line passing
thro＇ the centre of a circle, and terminating on each side at the
circumference thereof, and so dividing the circle into two equal
parts.

DIAMETER [of a conic section] is a right line drawn through
the middle of the figure, and cutting all the ordinates in two equal
parts.

DIAMETER of Gravity [in mathematics] is that right line in which
the centre of gravity is placed.

DIAMETER [of an hyperbola] is any right line which passes through
the middle of the transverse axis, which is the centre of the figure,
and is always a middle proportional between the latus rectum and the
latus transversum.

DIAMETER [of the parabola] is a line drawn parallel to the axis,
and which may be supposed to meet at any infinite distance, or in the
centre of the figure.








DIAMETER of a Column [in architecture] is that taken just above
the base.

DIAMETER of the Swelling [in architecture] is that taken at the
height of one third from the base.

DIAMETER of the Diminution [in architecture] is that taken from
the top of the shafts.

DIA＇METRAL, adj. [of diameter] describing the diameter, belong­
ing to the diameter.

DIA＇METRALLY, adv. [of diametral] in the manner of a diameter,
in the direction of a diameter. Christian piety is diametrally opposed
to profaneness. Hammond.

DIAME＇TRICAL [diamétral, Fr. diametrale, It. diametrico, Sp. dia­
metrique, Fr. of διαμετρος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to, of the nature,
or in the form of a diameter. 2. Observing the direction of a dia­
meter. Diametrical opposition. Government of the Tongue.

DIAME＇TRICALLY, adv. [of diametrical] in the direction of a dia­
meter.

DIAMETRICALLY opposite, directly over against; as when two
things are opposed one to the other right across, or directly con­
trary.

DI＇AMOND [adamas, Lat. of αδαμας, Gr. diamant, Fr. diamante,
It. Sp. and Port. diamant, Du. demant, Ger. and Su.] the hardest,
most sparkling, and most valuable of all precious stones. The good­
ness of a diamond consists in three things. 1. Its lustre, or water.
2. Its weight, or bigness. 3. Its hardness. The Great Mogul of
India has a diamond the largest ever known, which weighs 279 carats,
and is computed to be worth seven hundred and seventy-nine thousand
two hundred and forty-four pounds. The diamond bears the force
of the strongest fires, except the concentrated solar rays, without hurt;
and even that infinitely fiercest of all fires does it no injury, unless di­
rected to its weaker parts. It bears a glass-house fire for many days;
and if taken carefully out, and suffered to cool by degrees, is found as
bright and beautiful as before. The places from whence we have
diamonds are the East-Indies and the Brasils: and though they are
usually found clear and colourless, yet they are sometimes slightly
tinged with the colours of the other gems, by the mixture of some
metalline particles. Hill.

DIAMOND [in heraldry] the black colour in the coats of noble­
men.

Facet DIAMOND, is one cut in faces both at top and bottom, and
whose table or principal place at top is flat.

Rose DIAMOND, is one that is quite flat underneath; but whose up­
per part is cut in divers little faces, usually triangles, the uppermost of
which terminates in a point.

Rough DIAMOND, is one just as it comes out of the mine, that has
not yet been cut.

Table DIAMOND, is one which has a large square face at the top,
encompassed with four lesser.

DIAMOND [with printers] the name of a small sort of letter or cha­
racter.

Temple DIAMONDS [so called of the Temple in Paris, in France,
where they are made] are a sort of factitious diamonds, of no great
value, but used much in the habits of the actors upon the stage.

DIAMONDS, the name of one of the four sorts of cards.
DIAMOND cuts DIAMOND.
The Fr. say; A fin, fin & demi (cunning requires cunning and a half)
one sharper ought to have another to deal with him.

DIAMO＇RON [Lat. of δια and μορων, Gr. pl. gen. mulberries] a con­
fection made of mulberries.

Simple DIAMO＇RUM, a medicinal composition made of mulberry-
juice and sugar.

Compound DIAMORUM [in pharmacy] is made of mulberry-juice
and other ingredients.

DIAMO＇SCHUM, a medicinal powder, whose chief ingredient is
musk. Lat.

DIAMOTO＇SIS [Lat. of δια and μοτος, Gr. scraped lint] the filling
an ulcer with lint.

DIANA＇s Tree [with chemists] called also the philosophical tree; a
very curious phænomenon, produced by a composition of silver, mer­
cury, and spirit of nitre, which are crystallized into the form of a tree,
with branches, leaves, fruit, &c.
“Of the three Dianas, says lord Herbert, the most celebrated was
the sister of Apollo; as the moon was stiled sister of the Sun” [See
APOLLO. He adds, that “of all the gods Diana was reckoned the
most CRUEL and most CHASTE [but what must Minerva have thought,
had this compliment been paid to another in her hearing?] nor could
she be appeased, but by human sacrifices. Herb. de Relig. Gentil.
Her Temple in the Taurica Chersonesus was often polluted with the
blood of strangers. I need not add, that the narrow escape of Orestes
from being there sacrificed by his own sister, imployed the pen of Eu­
ripides, and other ancient tragedians. See DISCOVERY.

DIANA＇TIC Argumentation [with logicians] a particular method of
reasoning, which carries on a discourse from one thing to another.

DIANI＇SUM, a medicine made of anniseeds. Lat.

DIANOE＇A [Lat. διανοια, Gr.] a figure in rhetoric, importing a se­
rious consideration of the matter in hand.

DIA＇NTHUS, a composition of anthos or rosemary. Lat.

DIANU＇CUM [Lat. in pharmacy] a kind of rob, made of the juice
of green walnuts and sugar boiled to the consistence of honey.

DIAOLI＇BANUM, a medicine made of olibanum. Lat.

DIAPA＇LMA, a kind of salve. Lat.

DIAPAPA＇VER, a medicine made of poppies. Lat.

DI＇APASE, subst. [διαπασων, Gr.] a chord including all tones; the
old word for diapason.
＇Twixt them both a quadrant was the base,
Proportioned equally by seven and nine;
Nine was the circle set in Heaven＇s place:
All which compacted, made a good diapose. Spenser.

DIAPA＇SMA [diapasme, Fr. diapasma, It. of διαπασμα, of διαπασσω,
Gr. to sprinkle] 1. A pomander or perfume, a composition of pow­
ders, with which the ancients used to dry their bodies from sweat at
their coming out of the baths. 2. A composition made of dry pow­
ders; to be sprinkled upon cloaths to perfume them, or upon wounds
ulcers, &c.

DIAPA＇SON [Fr. It. and Lat. of δια, through, and πασων, Gr. i. e.
all] a chord in music including all tones, and is the same with what
is commonly called an octave or eighth; because there is but seven
tones or notes, and then the eighth is the same again with the first.
It is the most perfect concord, and the terms of it are as two to one.
It discovereth the true coincidence of sounds into diapasons, which is
the return of the same sound. Bacon.

DIAPASO＇NDIAEX [with musicians] a sort of compound concord;
either as ten to three, or as sixteen to five.

DIAPASONDIAPE＇NTE, a compounded consonance in the triple ra­
tio, or as three to nine.

DIAPASONDIATE＇SSARON, a compounded concord founded on the
proportion of eight to three.

DIAPASONDI＇TONE, a concord, the terms of which are in the pro­
portion of five to two.

DIAPASONSEMIDI＇TONE, a concord, the terms of which are in the
proportion of twelve to five.

DIAPEDE＇SIS [Lat. διαπεδησις, Gr.] a leaping over or thro＇.

DIAPEDESIS [with anatomists] a breaking of the blood-vessels, a
sweating or bursting out of the blood thro＇ the veins, which is caused
by their thinness. With Boerhaave, it is such a divulsion of the parts
constituting membranes, as produces gaping interstices, and lets out the
contents. Hippoc. de Natur. Pueri, p. 241. “καν αραιοσαρκος,
&c. i. e. if the woman be of a thin flesh, she will the sooner be sen­
sible of a diapedesis.” APPEND. ad Thesaur. H. Steph. &c.

DIAPE＇NSIA, the herb sanicle. Lat.

DIAPE＇NTE [Fr. and Lat. of δια, through, and πεντε, Gr. five] 1. A
physical composition made up of five ingredients, viz. myrrh, gentian,
birthwort, shavings of ivory, and bay-berries. 2. The liquor called
punch; a cant word.

DIAPENTE [in music] the second of the concords; the terms of
which are as three to two, otherwise called a perfect fifth, and makes
up an octave with the diatessaron.

DI＇APER [diapre, Lat. of diaprer, Fr. to interweave with flowers.
Of uncertain etymology. Johnson] 1. A sort of linen cloth wrought
with flowers and other figures.
Nor any weaver which his work doth boast,
In diaper, in damask and in lyne. Spenser.
2. A towel, a napkin. Another bear the ewer, a third a diaper.
Shakespeare.

To DI＇APER, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To variegate, to di­
versify with flowers. Flora useth to clothe our grand-dame Earth
with a new livery, diapered with various flowers. Howel. 2. To
draw flowers upon cloth. If you diaper upon folds, let your work
be broken. Peacham.

DI＇APER＇D [in heraldry] as, a bordure diaper＇d, is one that is fret­
ted all over with such things as bordures used to be charged, appear­
ing between the frets. See DIAPRE.

DI＇APERING [in painting] is when the piece, after it is quite
finished, is over-run with branches and other work.

DIAPHANE＇ITY, or DIAPHA＇NOUSNESS [diaphaneité, Fr. diafanità,
It. of διαϕανεια, from δια and ϕαινω, Gr. to shine] transparency, power
of transmitting light. The property of a diaphanous body, i. e. one that
is transparent like glass; the humours of the eye, or the tunica cornea,
&c. Ray uses it.

DIA＇PHANIC, adj. [of δια, and ϕαινω, Gr. to shine] transparent, having
the quality to transmit light. Subtile diaphanic or transparent body.
Raleigh.

DIA＇PHANOUS [diaphane, Fr. diafono, It. and Sp. diaphanus, Lat.]
transparent like glass, or that may be seen thro＇, capable to transmit
light. The pores of diaphanous bodies are so ranged and disposed, that
the beams of light can pass thro＇ them freely every way.

DIAPHOE＇NICON, an electuary, whose chief ingredient is dates.
Lat.

DIAPHO＇NIA [διαϕονια, Gr.] a harsh sound in music; a sound that
makes a discord.

DIAPHO＇NICS [of διαϕωνεω, of δια, through, and ϕωνη, Gr. sound]
a science that explains the properties of refracted sounds, as they pass
thro＇ different mediums.

DIAPHO＇NIA [διαϕωνια, of δια, and ϕωνεω, Gr. to sound] differ­
ence, diversity.

DIAPHONIA [with rhetoricians] a figure when a word repeated is
used in a signification different from what it was at first.

DIA＇PHORA [διαϕορα, Gr.] difference, diversity, strife, contention.
Lat.

DIAPHO＇RESIS [διαϕορεσις, of δια, through, and ϕερω, Gr. to bear
or carry] a sending forth all manner of humours thro＇ the pores of the
body. Bruno adds, not only by insensible perspiration, but also by
sweat; for which reason, says he, medicines which provoke sweat,
are now called DIAPHORETICS.

DIAPHORE＇TICAL, or DIAPHORE＇TIC, adj. [diaphoretique, Fr. di­
aforetico, It. diaphoreticus, Lat. διαϕορητικος, Gr.] promoting perspi­
ration, causing sweat, sudorific. A diaphoretic medicine, or a sudorific,
is something that will provoke sweating. Watts.

DIAPHORETIC, subst. [from the adj.] that which provokes sweat­
ing. Diaphoretics, or promoters of perspiration, help the organs of
digestion. Arbuthnot.

DIAPHORE＇TICALLY, adv. [from diaphoretical] in a manner that
promotes sweat.

DIAPHORE＇TICALNESS [from diaphoretical] property to cause
sweat.

DIA＇PHRAGM [diaphragme, Fr. diafragma, It. diaphragma, Lat. of
διαϕραγμα, of διαϕραττω, Gr. to inclose or fence] a fence or hedge set
between, any partition in general that divides a hollow body. Hol­
low and parted into numerous cells by means of diaphragms. Wood­
ward.

DIAPHRAGM [with anatomists] the midriff; a large double muscle
passing across the body, and separating the chest or upper cavity from
the belly or lower one. See above.

DIAPHRA＇GMATIC Artery [in anatomy] one that issues from the
trunk of the aorta, and goes from thence to the diaphragma.

DIAPHRATTO＇NTES [in anatomy] certain membranes, the same as
the plura, which cover the inside of the thorax.








DIAPLA＇SIS [διαπλασις, of διαπλασσω, Gr. to put or form together]
the forming, framing, or fashioning. Lat. In surgery, it signifies such
a putting together of a broken bone, as brings the extremities to touch,
and reduces the whole to its pristine unity. Galen. 1. de Fract. t. 1.
& Gorræus, p. 107.

DIAPLA＇SMA, Lat. [διαπλασμα, of διαπλασσω, Gr. to smear over]
an ointment or fomentation.

DIAPLA＇STICS, medicines proper for a limb out of joint.

DIAPNO＇E [διαπνοη, of δια, and πνεω, Gr. to breathe] a sending
forth all manner of humours through the pores of the body.

DIAPOMPHO＇LYGOS, Lat. [of δια, and πομϕολυξ, Gr. the recrement
of brass] an ungueut in which pompholyx is an ingredient.

DIAPORE＇SIS, Lat. [διαπορησις, Gr.] a doubting or being at a stand
about a thing.

DIAPORESIS [with rhetoricians] is a figure when the subjects to be
handled being of equal worth, the orator seems to be in doubt which he
should begin with. See above.

DI＇APRE, or DI＇AFER [in heraldry] a dividing of a field into planes
or compartments, after the manner of fret-work, and filling them
with figures of various forms.

DIAPRU＇NUM, Lat. an electuary made of damask prunes, &c.

DIAPYE＇TICS, medicines promoting the suppuration of swellings,
and causing them to run with matter, or ripening and breaking sores,
&c. Its etymology is taken from διαπυεω, to suppurate. Hippoc. Apho­
rism, p. 1252 G. οκοσοισιν εν τη ουρηθρη, &c. APPEND. ad Thesaur.
H. Steph. &c.

DIAPSA＇LMA [διαπψαλμα, Gr.] a pause or change of note in sing­
ing.

DIAPHTHO＇RA [διαϕθορα, Gr.] a corruption of any part.

DIA＇RBEC, or DIARBECK, the capital of a province of the same
name, answering to the ancient Mesopotamia. It is situated on the
river Tigris, near its source.

DIARRHO＇DON [in pharmacy] a name given to several compositions
wherein red roses are an ingredient.

DIARRHO＇EA [diarrhée, Fr. diarrea, It. and Sp. diarrhæa, Lat. δι­
αῤῥοια, of δια, through, and ρεω, Gr. to flow] a flux or looseness of the
belly, without inflammation or ulceration of the entrails; whereby a
person goes frequently to stool, and is cured either by purging off the
the cause or restringing the bowels. Quincy.

DIARRHOE＇TIC, adj. promoting the flux or looseness of the belly,
without an inflammation, solutive, purgative.

DIARTHRO＇SIS [διαρθρωσις, of δια, and αρθρον, Gr. a joint] a kind
of loose jointing of bones, which serve for sensible motions.

DI＇ARY, subst. [diaria, It. and Sp. diarium, Lat.] an accounten­
tered in a book in writing what passes every day; a journal or day­
book. I go on in my intended diary. Tatler.

DIARY, adj. [of dies, Lat.] of or pertaining to a day.

DIASATY＇RION, Lat. an electuary whereof the chief ingredient is
satyrion or rag-wort.

DIASCO＇RDIUM, Lat. an electuary of which the chief ingredient is
the herb scordium.

DIASEBE＇STES, Lat. [in pharmacy] an electuary wherein sebestes
are the basis.

DIASE＇NNA, Lat. a composition made of senna.

DIASPOLE＇TICUM, Lat. a medicine made of cummin.

DIASTE＇M [in ancient music] a name given to a simple interval, in
contradistinction to a compound interval, which they call a system.

DIA＇STOLE [διαστολη, Gr.] 1. A distinction, a dividing, separating or
pulling asunder. 2. A widening or stretching out.

DIASTOLE [in anotamy] dilatation or distension, a term used to ex­
press that motion of the heart and arteries, whereby those parts dilate
and distend themselves, the contrary of which is systole. The systole
seems to resemble the forcible bending of a spring, and the diastole its
flying out again to its natural state. Ray.

DIASTOLE [with grammarians] a figure, whereby a word that is
naturally short is made long.

DIASTOLE [with rhetoricians] a figure when some other word, and
sometimes two words, are put between two of the same kind; as, Dii
mea vota, dii audiére Lyce, Horace. Duc age, duc ad nos, &c. This
figure is by the Latins called separatio.

DIASTRE＇MMA [of διασρεϕω, Gr. to turn aside] a distortion or lax­
ation. It implies (says Bruno) a slight removal of the joint from its
proper seat.

DIASTY＇LE [of δια, and, and στυλος, Gr. a pillar; in architecture] a
building where the pillars stand at the distance of three of their diameters.

DIASY＇RMUS [διασυρμος, Gr.] a drawing or pulling asunder; also a
reproach or taunting; a handsome and smart manner of jeering. Dio­
nys. Longin. de Sublim. cap. 38. p. 206. Ed. Toll. ο διασυρμος, &c. The
diasyrmus is the encrease or amplifying of an extenuation. APPENDIX
ad Thesaur. H. Stephan. &c. Query, if Longinus did not intend,
as an instance of this figure; “He had a field with less earth upon it
than a Laconic epistle?” That most judicious critic Dr. Pearce, in his
notes on Longinus, says, “that the diasyrmus in that author is a figure,
by which the orator refutes (what his adversaries object) by way of
extenuation. Pearce, Longin. Ed. Londin. p. 112.

DIASY＇RTIC [diasyrticum, Lat.] a biting or reproachful taunt
upon the equivocation of a word. See above.

DIATA＇SIS [of διατεινω, Gr. to stretch out] a distension of any sort,
particularly of a limb, in case of fracture; when stretched (says Bru­
no) from the lower part, and held firm above.

DIATE＇RESIS, Lat. [of διατηρησις, Gr.] a good construction of the
bones, when they are apt to move easily and strongly, such as is in
the arms, hands, &c.

DIATERE＇TICA, Lat. [διατηρησις, of δια, throughly, and τηρεω, Gr. to
keep or preserve] the art of preserving health; which by the way is the
title of a most excellent poem on this important subject, by Dr. Armstrong.

DIATE＇SSARON [Fr. It. and Lat. of δια, through, and τεσσαρων, Gr.
four] a musical word intimating that an interval is composed of a
greater and a lesser tone, and one greater semitone, the ratio of which
is as 4 to 3. It is called in musical composition a perfect fourth.

DIATESSARON, any composition that consists of four ingredients.

DIATHA＇MERON, Lat. a composition of dates.

DIA＇THESIS, Lat. [διαθεσις, Gr.] disposition or constitution.

DIATHESIS [with physicians] the natural or preternatural disposi­
tion of the body, that inclines us to the performance of all natural
actions.

DIATHY＇RUM, Lat. [διαθυρον, of θυρα, Gr. a gate or door] a skreen
or fence of boards, &c. to keep out the wind; an inclosure before a
door, as in churches, &c.

DIA＇TONI, Lat. corner-stones, band or prepend stones.

DIATO＇NIC [diatonique, Fr. diatonico, Sp. diatonicus, Lat. of δια, and
τονος, Gr. a tone] the ordinary sort of music, which proceeds by dif­
ferent tones, either in ascending or descending. It contains only the
two greater and lesser tones, and the greater semitone. Harris.

DIATONIC Music, one of the three methods of singing used by the
ancients, and the most natural of them, in respect that it makes easy
intervals, by which it is rendered more plain than the other two,
which are chromatic and enharmonic.

DIATO＇NUS Hypaton, the musical note called D sol-re.

DIATONUS Meson, the note called Ge-sol re-ut.

DIATO＇NICUM, or DIATONUM, Lat. a kind of song proceeding
by different tones and semi-tones, either in ascending or descending,
more natural and less forced than other sorts of music, Plain Song.

DIATRA＇GACANTH, a composition in which gum tragacanth is the
chief ingredient.

DIATRI＇BIA, or DIATRIBE, Lat. [διατριβη, Gr.] a continued dis­
course or disputation; also the place where disputations, &c. are
held.

DIATRI＇BUS [of δια, Gr. and tribus, Lat. three] a composition
made up of three sorts of saunders.

DIATRI＇TOS, or DIATRITION, Lat. of Gr. three days fasting, ab­
stinence for three days.

DIATU＇RBITH, an electuary of turbith.

DIATY＇POSIS, Lat. [διατυπωσις, Gr. a thorough impression] an in­
formation or instruction; also a description.

DIATY＇POSIS [in rhetoric] a figure, by which a thing is so lively
described, that it seems to be set as it were before our eyes. Longinus
de SUBLIM. in his 20th section, has given us a fine instance of the
diatyposis, from one of the orations of Demosthenes. But, after all.
HOMER and VIRGIL, among the ancients, and our MILTON and
SHAKESPEARE, among the moderns, are the greatest masters of this
DESCRIPTIVE kind.

DIAXY＇LALOES, Lat. a medicine made of the wood of aloes.

DIAZI＇NZIBER, a medicine made of ginger.

DIAZEU＇TIC Tone [of δια, and ζυγνυμι, Gr. to disjoin; in the ancient
Greek music] that which disjoined two fourths on each side of it, and
which being joined to either make a fifth. This is in our music from
A to B. They allowed to this diazeutic tone, which is our la, mi, the
proportion of 9 to 8, as being the unalterable difference of the fifth
and fourth. Harris.

DIA＇ZOMA [διαζωμα, Gr.] a girdle; also the same as the dia­
phragma.

DI＇BBLE [from dipfel, Du. a sharp point. Skinner. From dapple.
Junius; with gardners] a pointed tool for making holes to plant in.

DIBBS, a play among children. It seems the same with dibstone;
which see.

DI＇BSTONE, subst. a little stone which children throw at another
stone. Little girls exercise whole hours together, and take abundance
of pains to be expert at dibstones. Locke.

DI＇CA, Lat. a process or action at law.

DICA [in old records] a tally for accounts.

DICA＇CITY, or DICACIOUSNESS [dicacitas, Lat.] talkativeness,
pertness, sauciness; also buffoonery, drollery.

DICE, the plural of die. See DIE.

To DICE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to play with dice. I diced
not above seven times a week. Shakespeare.

DI＇CEBOX [of dice and box] the box from which dice are thrown.
Thumping the table with a dicebox. Addison.

DI＇CER [from dice] a player at dice.
They make marriage vows
As false as dicers oaths. Shakespeare.

DICH [this word seems to be corrupted from dit, for do it. John­
son] Rich men sin and I eat roots. Much good dich thy good heart,
Apemantus. Shakespeare.

DICHOPHY＇A, Lat. [of διχα, double, and ϕυω, Gr. to grow] a
fault in the hairs when they split. Castell. Renov.

DICHORÆ＇US [διχορειος, Gr. i. e. compounded of two choreus＇s]
a foot in verse, either Greek or Latin, which consists of four syllables,
of which the first and third are long, and the second and fourth short;
as, comprobare.

To DICHO＇TOMIZE, Gr. [διχοτομειν, Gr.] to cut or divide into two
parts.

DICHO＇TOMUS, Lat. [in botanic writers] is used of such plants,
whose stalk divides into two parts, as valerinella, corn-sallet.

DICHO＇TOMY, Gr. [with rhetoricians] a dividing a speech or dis­
course into two parts. An affection of dichotomies, trichotomies, se­
vens, twelves. Watts.

DI＇CKENS [prob. a contraction of devilkins, deelkins, dickens, i. e.
little devils] a sort of an adverbial exclamation, meaning the same as
devil, but I know not whence derived. Johnson. As, odz dickens. I
know not what the dickens his name is. Shakespeare. Gongreve uses
it also.

DI＇CKER of Leather [dicra, low Lat.] a quantity containing ten
hides.

DICÆO＇LOGY [δικαιολογια, Gr.] a pleading one＇s cause, and play­
ing the advocate for.

DICÆO＇LOGY [in rhetoric] a figure whereby the justice of a cause
is set forth in as few words as may be.

DICOTY＇LEDON [with botanists] a term used of plants, which
spring with two seed leaves opposite to each other, as the generality of
plants have.

DI＇CRA Ferri [in doomsday-book] a quantity of iron, consisting of
ten bars.

DI＇CROTOS [δικροτος, Gr.] a pulse that beats twice.

DICTA＇MEN [of dicto, Lat.] a prescript or rule; but most pro­
perly a lesson or short discourse which a schoolmaster dictates to his
scholars.








DICTA＇MNUM, or DICTAMNUS, Lat. [δικταμνον, or δικταμνος, Gr.]
dittander, dittany, or garden-ginger. An herb of singular virtue for
expelling poison.

To DI＇CTATE, verb act. [dicter, Fr. dettare, It. dictàr, Sp. dicta­
tum, sup. of dicto, Lat.] to tell another what to write, to indite, to
teach or shew something to another with authority, to declare with
confidence.

DI＇CTATES, subst. [dictata, Lat.] precepts, instructions, rules de­
livered with authority.

DICTA＇TION [from dictate] the act or practice of pronouncing or
dictating of any thing to another.

DICTA＇TOR [dictateur, Fr. dittatore, It. ditadòr, Sp. of dictator,
Lat.] 1. One whose credit or authority enables him to direct the opi­
nions or conduct of others. The dictator of principles, and teacher of
unquestionable truths. Locke. 2. One invested with absolute authority.
They all commit the care
And management of this main enterprize
To him, their great dictator. Milton.

DICTATOR [among the ancient Romans] a sovereign magistrate,
from whom no appeal was allowed; who was never chosen, but when
the commonwealth was in some imminent danger or trouble; had the or­
dering both of war and peace, and the power of life and death. His
command was to last but half a year, but the senate had power to
continue it; otherwise he was obliged to surrender up his office, upon
pain of treason.
Abbe Vertot observes, that “Titus Largius was the first Roman,
who, under the title of dictator, arrived at this supream dignity, which
we may regard as an absolute monarchy within a republic, though of a
short continuance: and that after his authority was expired, he was
accountable to none for whatever he did during his administration.”
Revolut. de la Repub. Romain. Liv. 1. p. 68. To which I may add,
he seems to have been possessed of the same power with that of the
Roman emperors, but with this difference, of being chosen pro re nâta,
and limited as to duration. It is therefore a really distinct form of
government, and as such mentioned by Tacitus, and as such, not without
reason, supposed by expositors to be one of the seven heads, which
the wild beast, personating the Latin empire, bore in St. John＇s Reve­
lation, cap. xvii. v. 9, 10. compared with cap. xiii. v. 1. and cap.
xii. v. 3.

DICTATO＇RIAL, or DICTA＇TORY [dictatorius, Lat.] pertaining to
a dictator, or dictating, authoritative, dogmatical, overbearing. A
dictatorial style. Watts.

DICTA＇TRIX, Lat. a female dictator.

DICTA＇TORSHIP, or DICTA＇TURE [dictateur, Fr. dittatura, It. di­
dadura, Sp. of dictatura, Lat.] 1. The office and dignity of a dictator.
A kind of dictatorship. Wotton. 2. Overbearing authority, insolent
confidence. This is that perpetual dictatorship which is exercised by
Lucretius, though often in the wrong. Dryden.

DI＇CTIONARY [dictionnaire, Fr. dizionario, It. dicionário, Sp. of
dictionarium, Lat.] a collection of all the words in a language, or of
the terms of art in any science, explained and commonly digested in
an alphabetical order. A dictionary or nomenclature is a collection
of words. Watts.

To DI＇CTITATE [dictitatum, sup. of dictito, Lat] to speak often.

DICTYOI＇DES, Lat. [of δικτυον, a net, and ειδος, Gr. shape] a
muscle, &c. in form resembling a net.

DID; see To DO. [did, Sax.] 1. The preterite of do. Thou
canst not say I did it. Shakespeare. 2. The sign of the preter imperfect
tense, or perfect. When did his pen or learning fix a brand? Dry­
den. 3. Sometimes used emphatically; as, I did really respect him
as my benefactor.

DIDA＇CTIC, or DIDA＇CTICAL [didactique, Fr. of διδακτικος, from
διδασκω, Gr. to teach] serving to teach or explain the nature of things,
doctrinal, instructive, giving precepts; as, a didactic piece is that which
gives rules for any art. The means are didactical, demonstrating the
truth of the gospel. Ward on Infidelity.

DIDA＇CTICALLY [of didactical] instructively, preceptively.

DI＇DAPPER, [duyk-dapper, Du.] the name of a bird that dives in­
to the water.

DIDA＇SCALIC [διδασκαλικος, of διθασκαλος, a master, from διδασκω,
Gr. to teach] pertaining to a master, or teacher, giving precepts in
any art, didactic. Under what species the poem may be comprehend­
ed, whether didascalic or heroic, I leave to the judgment of the cri­
tics. Prior.

To DI＇DDER [diddern, Teut. zerrern, H. Ger.] to shiver with cold;
a provincial word. Skinner.

DIDST, the second person of the preter imperfect tense of do. See
DID.

DI＇DYMOI [διδυμοι, Gr.] twins, or any thing that is double; in a­
natomy, the testes.

DIDYMOITO＇CIA, Lat. [διδυμοιτοκια, of διδυμοι, twins, and τοκεω,
Gr. to bring forth] a bearing twins.

DIE, subst. plur. DICE [dé, Fr. dis, Wel.] 1. A small cube marked
on its faces, with numbers from one to six, to play with. 2. Hazard,
chance.
His harder fortune was to fall
Under my spear: such is the die of war. Spenser.
Thy fortune turned the die. Dryden.
3. Any cubical body in general.

DIE, subst. plur. DIES, the stamp used in coining. Variety of
dies used by Wood in stamping his money. Swift.

DIE [with architects] the middle of a pedestal, viz. that part that
lies between the bases and the cornish.

DIE [in geography] a town in France, in the province of Dauphiny,
situated on the river Drome, 22 miles south of Grenoble.

To DIE, verb act. [deag, Sax. a colour] to tinge, stain or colour.
Marriage, though it sullies not, it dies. Dryden.

DIE, subst. [from the verb] colour, tincture, hue. The checks
take the die of the passions. Collier.

To DIE, verb neut. [deadian, Sax.] 1. To lose life, to expire, to
pass into another state of existence. 2. To perish by violence or
disease. It grieves me not to die, but it grieves me that thou art the
murtherer. Sidney. 3. It has by before an instrument of death. 4.
Of before a disease. Insected with a disease, and died of it. Wiseman.
5. For, generally before a privative cause, and of before a positive.
Dies for thirst. Addison. Died of his fall. Addison. 6. To be lost,
to perish, to come to nought. If any sovereignty had been vested
in Adam, it would have died with him. Locke. 7. To sink, to faint.
His heart died with him, and he became as a stone. Samuel. 8. [A­
mong divines] to perish eternally. So long as God shall live, so
long shall the damned die. Hakewell. 9. To languish with pleasure
or tenderness.
To sounds of heav＇nly harps she dies away,
And melts in visions of eternal day. Pope.
10. To vanish. Smaller stains and blemishes may die away and dis­
appear. Addison. 11. [In the language of lovers] to languish with
affection. In love letters they died for Rebecca. Tatler. 12. To weather
as any vegetable. Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die,
it abideth alone; but if it die it bringeth forth much fruit. St. John.
13. To become vapid or dead, as liquor.

DIE＇GEM, a town of the Austrian Netherlands, in the province of
Brabant, about three miles north of Brussels.

DI＇EM Clausit Extremum, Lat. [in law] a writ lying for one who
holds lands of the king, either by knight＇s service or soccage, and
dies under or at full age: this writ is directed to the escheator of the
county, to enquire of what estate he was possessed, who is the next
heir, and of what value the land is.

DIE＇NNIAL, adj. [diennis, Lat.] of or pertaining to two years.

DE DIE IN DIEM, Lat. from day to day.

DIEPE, a port town of France, situated on the British channel, a­
bout 30 miles north of Rouen, and nearly opposite to the port of
Rye in England.

DI＇EPHOLDT, a city of Westphalia, in Germany, situated at the
north end of Dummer-lake, 35 miles south of Bremen; subject to the
king of Great-Britain, as elector of Hanover.

DI＇ER [from to die] verb act. one who follows the trade of dying.
Coblers, diers, and shoemakers, gave public shows to the people.
Arbuthnot.

DI＇ES, Lat. a day.

DIES Comitiales, Lat. [among the Romans] days of the meeting
of the people, marked in the almanack or calendar with the let­
ter C.

DIES Comperendini, Lat. [among the Romans] days of adjourn­
ment, being in number 20, which were granted by the prætor or
judge to the parties, after a hearing on both sides, either to inform
more fully, or to clear themselves.

DIES Datus, Lat. [in law] a respit given by the court to the de­
fendant.

DIES Fasti, Lat. [among the Romans] pleading days, during which
the prætor might hold a court, and administer justice.

DIES Festi, Lat. [among the Romans] holy days, upon which the
people were either employed in offering sacrifices, or else following
their diversions.

DIES Intercisi, or DIES Interocisi, Lat. [among the Romans] were
days, part of which was spent in the performance of sacred rites, and
the other part in the administration of justice, and were marked in the
calendar with the letters E. N.

DIES Justi, Lat. [among the Romans] 30 days commonly granted
to enemies, after the proclamation of war against them; before the
expiration of which time, they did not enter the territories, or pro­
ceed to any act of hostility.

DIES Nefasti, Lat. [among the Romans] days counted unlucky,
on which they heard no law matters, nor called any assemblies of the
people.

DIES Prœliares, Lat, [among the Romans] certain days, during
which it was permitted to engage an enemy.

DIES non Prœliares, DIES Atri, Lat. [among the Romans] unfor­
tunate days, on which they avoid fighting a battle, on account of some
loss they had suffered on those days.

DIES Senatorii, Lat. [among the Romans] days on which the se­
nate assembled about the affairs of the commonwealth.

DIES Stati, Lat. [a law term] the last days of adjournment in law­
suits.

DIES Juridici, Lat. [in law] legal days, are all days in bank, con­
tinuance, essoin days and others, which are given to the parties in
court during the term.

DIES non Juridici [in law] illegal days; such on which no pleas
are held in any court of justice, viz. all Sundays, and certain parti­
cular days in terms, as Ascension-day, in Easter-term; that of John
the Baptist, in Trinity-term; those of All Saints and All-Souls in
Michaelmas-term; the purification of the Virgin Mary, in Hilary­
term.

DIES Marchiæ [i. e. the day of the marches] the day of meeting
or congress between the English and Scotch; formerly appointed to
be held annually on the borders or marches, for adjusting all differ­
ences, and preserving the articles of peace.

DI＇ESIS, Lat. [διεσις, Gr.] a transmission or sending through.

DIESIS [in music] is the division of a tone below a semi-tone, or
an interval, consisting of a lower or imperfect semi-tone, i. e. the
placing of a tone, where there ought to be only a semi-tone.

DIESIS Enharmonical [in music] the difference between the great­
er and the lesser semi-tone. Diesises are the least sensible divisions of
a tone, and are marked on the score in the form of St. Andrew＇s
cross.

DIESIS, Lat. [in printing] this mark (‡), called also a double
dagger.

DIE＇SFITER, a name given to Jupiter.

DIEST, a town of ths Austrian Netherlands, in the province of
Brabant, situated on the river Demer, 15 miles north-east of
Louvain.

DI＇ET [diete, Fr. dieta, It. Sp. and Lat. διαιτα, Gr.] 1. Food,
nourishment, victuals. They car＇d for no other delicacy of fare, or
curiosity of diet, than to maintain life. Raleigh. 2. A particular way
of living. When the food is regulated by the rules of medicine, for
the care or prevention of a disease, I recommend rather some diet
for certain seasons, than frequent use of physic. Bacon.

DIET [from dies, an appointed day, Skinner; from diet, an old
German word, signifying a multitude. Junius] a general assembly of
the estates of Germany. A diet or an assembly of the estates of many
free princes, ecclesiastical and temporal. Raleigh.








To DIET one, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To keep a person to
a peculiar, regular, or strict diet, by the rules of medicine. We
have dieted a healthy body into a consumption, by plying it with
physic instead of food. Swift. 2. To give food to in general. I＇m
partly led to diet my revenge. Shakespeare. 3. To give one his diet,
to board.

To DIET, verb neut. 1. To eat by rules of physic. 2. To eat, to
be fed in general. Spare fast that oft with gods doth diet. Milton.

DIE＇TA, barb. Lat. [old records] a day＇s work.

DIETA Rationabilis, Lat. a reasonable day＇s journey.

DIE＇TARY [from diet] treating of, or pertaining to a regular pre­
scribed diet.

DIET-DRINK [of diet, and drink] drink made with medicinal in­
gredients. The lady＇s diet-drinks. Locke.

DI＇ETER, subst. [of diet] 1. One who prescribes rules in eating.
2. One who prepares food by physical rules.
He sauc＇d our broth as Juno had been sick,
And he her dieter. Shakespeare.

DIETE＇TIC, or DIETE＇TICAL, adj. [διαιτητεκος, from διαιτα, Gr.]
pertaining to a regular or prescribed diet. A dietetical caution. Brown.
Sects in the dietetic philosophy. Arbuthnot.

DIE＇TO, a town in the circle of the Upper Rhine, in Germany,
situated on the river Lohn, 20 miles north of Mentz; subject to the
house of Nassau-Orange.

DIEU ET MON DROIT, Fr. [i. e. God and my right] the motto of
the arms of England; this king Edward I. took, to signify that he
held not his kingdom of any mortal in vassalage.

DIEU son Act [a law phrase] i. e. the act of God, it being a max­
im in law, that the act of God shall not be a prejudice to any man;
as for instance, if a house being thrown down by a tempest, the lessee
shall be free from an action of waste, and shall also have the liberty to
take timber to build it again.

DIEZE＇UGMENON [διαζευγμενον, Gr.] a figure in rhetoric, in which
several clauses of a sentence have relation to one verb; as, whose low
condition, mean fortune, filthy nature, is obnoxious to treason.

DIEZEUGMENON Note [in music] the note called E-la-mi.

DIEZEUGMENON Paranete [in music] the note called D-la-sol-re.

DIFFA＇MABLE, for defamable [diffamabilis, Lat.] that is capable,
or may be defamed or slandered.

DIFFAMA＇TION [for defamation] a taking away a person＇s good
name.

DIFFA＇MATORY [for defamatory] slanderous.

To DIFFA＇ME [for defame, diffamo, Lat.] to slander, to scanda­
lize.

DIFFARREA＇TION, Lat. the parting of a cake; a solemnity used
among the ancient Romans, at the divorcemant of a man and his
wife.

To DI＇FFER, verb neut. [differer, Fr. differire, It. diferenciàr, Sp.
of differo, Lat.] 1. To be unlike, to have properties or qualities not
the same with any other person or thing. How the hero differs from
the brute. Addison. 2. To contend, to be at variance; commonly
having with before the person to whom we differ. Rather to gain,
than to irritate those who differ with you in their sentiments. Addison.
3. To be of a contrary opinion; commonly with from. It is free to
differ from one another in our opinions. Burnet＇s Theory.

DI＇FFERENCE, Fr. [differenza, It. diferéncia, Sp. of differentia,
Lat.] 1. State of being distinct from something else, opposed to iden­
tity. Where the faith of the holy church is one, a difference between
customs doth no harm. Hooker. 2. The quality by which one differs
from another. Nobility or difference from the vulgar. Raleigh. 3.
The disproportion between one thing and another, caused by the qua­
lities of each. Here might be seen a great difference between men
practis＇d to fight, and men accustom＇d only to spoil. Hayward. 4. A
dispute, a controversy, variance, a quarrel. He is weary of his life,
that hath a difference with any of them. Sandys. 5. Distinction. Make
a difference between the guilty and the innocent. Addison. 6. Point
in question, cause or ground of controversy.
Are you acquainted with the difference
That holds this present question in the court. Shakespeare.

DIFFERENCE [with logicians] is an essential attribute, which be­
longs to any species, which is not found in the genus, and is the univer­
sal idea of that species. As for example, body and soul in hu­
man nature, are two species of SUBSTANCE, which in their ideas do
contain something more than is in that substance; for in a body is
found a vis enertiæ, or power of making resistance to impressed force.
Newton. In a soul or spirit, the power of volition, and putting body
into motion; and by this essential difference, these two species of sub­
stance are distinguished. See DIACRISIS, compared with the words
ATTRIBUTES Incommunicable. BEGOTTEN, and CO-IMMENSE. And
then ask, Had St. Basil formed a just DIACRISIS, would he have af­
firmed, that the SELF-EXISTENT Being, and another, PRODUCED by
his will and power, were [εν ειδος] one SPECIES?

DIFFERENCE [with mathematicians] is the remainder, when one
number or quantity has been subtracted from another.

DIFFERENCE of Longitude of two Places on the Earth [in geography]
is an arch of the equator, comprehended between the meridians of
those places.

DIFFERENCE of the Sun, &c. [in astronomy] is the difference
between the right and oblique ascension of the sun or planet.

DI＇FFERENCES [in heraldry] are certain additaments to coats of
armour, whereby something is added or altered to distinguish the
younger families from the elder; or to shew how far they remove
from the principal house. These differences are nine, viz. the label,
the crescent, the mullet, the martlet, the annulet, the fleur-de-lis, the
rose, the eight-foil, and the cross-moline; all which see in their
places.

Ancient DI＇FFERENCES [in coat armour] were bordures of all
kinds.

Modern DIFFERENCES [in coat armour] are the crescent, file or
label, mullet, martlet, &c.

There＇s a DIFFERENCE between will you buy and will you sell.
When people offer their goods to sale, they are apt to be undervalued;
as, on the contrary, when a man seeks a commodity, the seller will
enhance the price; the surest rule is given in another proverb,
Buy at market and sell at home.

To DI＇FFERENCE [differencier, Fr. differenziare, It.] to make a
difference between, to distinguish one thing from another. Nothing
differences the courage of Mnestheus from that of Sergesthus. Pope.

DI＇FFERENT [Fr. differente, It. diferente, Sp. and Port. of differens,
Lat.] 1. Divers, various, distinct, not identical. These, to different
men, are very different things. Locke. 2. Having many contrary
qualities.
The Britons change
Sweet native home for unaccustom＇d air
And other climes, where diff＇rent food and soil
Portend distempers. J. Philips.
3. Unlike, not similar. Men are as different from each other, as the
regions in which they are born are different. Dryden.

DIFFERE＇NTIAL, subst. of any quantity, is the fluxion of that
quantity.

DIFFERE＇NTIAL Quantity, adj. [of different; in the higher geo­
metry] an infinitely small quantity, or particle of a quantity so
small, as to be incommensurable thereto, or less than any assignable
one.

DIFFERENTIAL Calculus [in geometry] a method of differencing
quantities, that is, of finding a differential, or that infinitely small
quantity, which taken an infinite number of times, is equal to a
given quantity. See FLUXIONS.

DIFFERENTIAL [of the first power or degree] is that of an ordi­
nary quantity, as d x.

DIFFERENTIAL [of the second power] is an infinitesimal of a dif­
ferential quantity of the first degree, as d d x, or d x d x, or d z2,
&c.

DIFFERENTIAL [of the third power, &c.] is an infinitesimal
of a differential quantity of the second power, as d d d x, or d x3,
&c.

DIFFERENTIAL [in the doctrine of logarithms] the doctrine of tan­
gents.

DIFFERENTIO-DIFFERENTIAL Calculus, is a method of differencing
differential quantities, as the sign of a differential is the letter d, that
of a differential of d x, is d d x, and the differential of d d x, d d d x,
or d2 x, d2 x, &c.

DI＇FFERENTLY, adv. [of different] in a different manner.

DI＇FFERENTNESS [of different] difference.

DI＇FFERING. See DIFFERENT.

DI＇FFERINGLY, adv. [of differing] in a different manner. Boyle
uses it.

DI＇FFICIL, adj. [of difficilis, Lat.] 1. Difficult, not obvious; a
word little used. Of difficil apprehension. Glanville. 2. Hard to be
persuaded, scrupulous. Finding the pope difficile in granting the dis­
pensation. Bacon.

DI＇FFICILNESS [of difficil] difficult to be persuaded into compli­
ance. Bacon uses it.

DI＇FFICULT [difficile, Fr. and It. difficil, Sp. difficultoso, Port. diffi­
cilis, Lat.] 1. Uneasy, troublesome, vexatious. 2. Crabbed, pee­
vish, hard to please. 3. Hard to be performed or understood, not
easy. It is difficult in the eyes of this people. Zachariah.

DI＇FFICULTLY, adv. [from difficult] hardly, with difficulty.

DI＇FFICULTY, or DI＇FFICULTNESS [difficulté, Fr. difficultá, It.
difficuldàd, Sp. of difficultas, Lat.] 1. Hardness to be performed, that
which is not easy. They mistake difficulties for impossibilities. South.
2. Hardness; opposed to facility. A work of labour and difficulty.
Rogers. 3. Distress, opposition.
Thus by degrees he rose to Jove＇s imperial seat,
Thus difficulties prove a soul legitimately great. Dryden.
4. Trouble, perplexity, uneasiness of circumstances. They lie at pre­
sent under some difficulties. Addison. 5. Objection, cavil. Raising
difficulties concerning the mysteries in religion. Swift. 6. A difficult
case, point, or question.

To DIFFI＇DE [deffier, Fr. diffidare, It. of diffido, Lat.] to mistrust,
to doubt, to dispair, to have no confidence in. The man diffides in
his own augury. Dryden.

DI＇FFIDENCE, or DI＇FFIDENTNESS [deffiance, Fr. diffidenza, It. of
diffidentia, Lat.] distrust, suspiciousness, timidity. There was a gene­
ral diffidence every where. Bacon.

DI＇FFIDENT [deffiant, Fr. diffidente, It. of diffidens, Lat.] distrustful,
suspicious, jealous, fearful, not certain, not confident. I am not so
diffident of myself, as brutally to submit to any man＇s dictates. King
Charles.

DI＇FFIDENTLY, adv. [from diffident] distrustfully, suspiciously.

To DIFFI＇ND [diffindo, Lat.] to cut or cleave asunder.

DIFFI＇SSION [diffissio, of diffindo, Lat.] the act of cleaving asunder.

DIFFLA＇TION [difflatum, sup. of difflo, from dis, and flo, Lat. to
blow] a blowing or puffing away.

DIFFLATION [in chemistry] is when spirits raised by heat are
blown by a sort of bellows in the opposite camera or arch of the fur­
nace, and there found congealed.

DI＇FFLUENCE, or DI＇FFLUENCY [diffluentia, Lat.] the act or qua­
lity of flowing abroad, or divers ways, the effect of fluidity; opposed
to consistency. Brown uses diffluency.

DI＇FFLUENT [diffluens, Lat.] loose and ready to fall asunder, flow­
ing every way, not fixt or consistent.

DI＇FFLUOUS [diffluus, Lat.] flowing forth, abroad or several
ways.

DIFFLU＇VIUM, Lat. a falling off, a flowing down.

DIFFLUVIUM [Lat. in botany] a distemper in trees, whereby they
lose their bark.

DI＇FFORM [difformis, from forma, Lat. shape] having parts of a
different structure, unlike; a word used in opposition to uniform, and
signifies that there is no manner of regularity in the form or appearance
of a thing. Unequal refractions of difform rays. Newton.

DIFFORM Flowers [with florists] such flowers as are not of the
same figure all round, or have their fore and back parts, as also their
right and left parts unlike.

DIFFO＇RMITY [of difform] difference of form, irregularity. Dif­
formity from the primitive rule. Brown.

DIFFRA＇NCHISEMENT [franchise, Fr.] the act of taking the privi­
leges from a city.

DI＇FFUGOUS [diffugus, Lat.] that flieth divers ways.








To DIFFU＇ND, verb act. [diffundo, Lat.] to pour out, to scatter
abroad; also to diffuse or spread abroad.

To DIFFU＇SE, verb act. [diffusum, sup. of diffundo, from dis, and
fundo, Lat. to pour] 1. To pour any liquid out on a plane, so that
it runs every way. These waters would diffuse themselves every way.
Burnet＇s Theory. 2. To spread here and there, to disperse. No sect
wants its apostles to propagate and diffuse it. Decay of Piety.

DIFFUSE [diffus, Fr. diffuso, It. difúso, Sp. diffusus, Lat.] 1. Wide­
ly spread. 2. Diffusive, copious, not concise.

DIFFU＇SED, part. pass. [from to diffuse] This word seems to have
signified in Shakespeare＇s time, the same as wild, uncouth, irregular.
Johnson.
Swearing and stern looks, diffus＇d attire,
And every thing that seems unnatural. Shakespeare.

DIFFU＇SEDLY, adv. [from diffused] widely, in a manner spread
every way.

DIFFU＇SELY. 1. Diffusedly, widely, extensively. 2. Amply, co­
piously; not conciscly.

DIFFU＇SEDNESS [of diffused] the state of being poured forth, dis­
persion.

DIFFU＇SILE [diffusilis, Lat.] spreading abroad, &c.

DIFFU＇SION [Fr. diffusione, It. difusiòn, Sp. of diffusio, Lat.] 1.
The act of pouring out, or spreading abroad, the state of being scat­
tered every way, dispersion. Throw light with equal diffusion. Boyle.
2. Copiousness of stile.

DIFFU＇SION [with philosophers] is the dispersing the subtile efflu­
vias of bodies into a kind of atmosphere quite round them.

DIFFU＇SIVE [diffusus, Lat.] 1. Apt to spread or extend, scattered,
dispersed. General and diffusive lust. South. 2. Having the quality
of scattering a thing every way.
Diffusive of themselves wheree＇er they pass. Dryden.
3. Extended, being in full extension. The diffusive body of Christians.
Tillotson.

DIFFU＇SIVELY, adv. [of diffusive] extensively, every way.

DIFFU＇SIVENESS [of diffusive] 1. Extensiveness, aptness to spread
here and there, the state of being diffused. 2. Copiousness, large
compass of expression, not conciseness. The fault I find with a mo­
dern legend, is its diffusiveness. Addison.

To DIG, irr. verb; dug or digged pret. and part. p. [dic, a ditch,
of dician, Sax. dycken, Du. to make a trench about, dyger, Da.] 1.
To break or open the ground with a spade, pick-ax, &c. Dig now in
the wall. Ezekiel. 2. To form by digging. To fill up the mines that
you have digged by craft. Whitgift. 3. To pierce with a sharp
point in general.
A rav＇nous vulture in his open＇d side
Her crooked beak and cruel talons try＇d;
Still for the growing liver digg＇d his breast. Dryden.
4. To gain by digging. It is digged even out of the highest moun­
tains. Woodward.

To DIG, to cultivate the ground by turning it with a spade;
with up emphatical. You cannot dig up your garden too often.
Temple.

To DIG up, to throw up that which is covered with earth.
If I digg＇d up thy fore-fathers graves,
And hung their rotten coffins up in chains,
It would not slack my ire. Shakespeare.

To DIG, verb neut. to work with a spade, by making holes or
turning up the ground. They have often dug into lands described in
old authors. Addison.

To DIG a badger [with hunters] to raise or discharge him.

DI＇GAMMA [διγαμμα, Gr.] the letter F, so called by grammarians,
because it seems to represent a double Γ, or Greek gamma.

DI＇GAMY [διγαμια, of δις, and γαμος, Gr. marriage] the state of
being married twice.

DICA＇STRIC [διγαστρικος, of δις, and γαστηρ, Gr. the belly] having
a double belly.

DICA＇STRICUS [Lat. with anatomists] a muscle so called from its
double belly; it arises from the process called mammiformis, and is
inserted at the inferior part of the lower jaw.

DI＇GERENT, adj. [of digerens, Lat.] having the power of digesting,
causing digestion.

DIGERE＇NTIA [Lat. with physicians] digestives, medicines which
digest or ripen.

To DIGE＇ST, verb act. [digerer, Fr. digestire, It. digerìr, Sp. of di­
gestum, sup. of digero, Lat.] 1. To dissolve or concoct in the stomach,
so as that the various parts of the food may be applied to their proper
use. Organs to digest his food. Prior. 2. To distribute into diffe­
rent classes, to range methodically. 3. To range methodically in the
mind; to apply knowledge by meditation to its proper uses. Learn­
ing digested well. Thomson. 4. To reduce to any plan or method.
Digested in a play. Shakespeare. 5. To receive without loathing or
unwillingness, not to reject. Rudeness and barbarism might the bet­
ter taste and digest the lessons of civility. Peacham. 6. To receive
and enjoy.
Cornwall and Albany,
With my two daughter＇s dowers, digest the third.
Shakespeare.

To DIGEST [with chemists] to set liquor over a gentle fire, to soften
by heat.

To DIGEST [with surgeons] to bring to maturity, to ripen, to dis­
pose a wound in order to cure.

To DIGEST, verb neut. to generate matter as a wound does, to
tend to a cure.

DIGE＇STER [of digest] 1. One that digests or concocts his food.
Great caters and ill digesters. Arbuthnot. 2. A strong vessel or en­
gine, contrived by Mr. Papin, wherein to boil, with a very strong
heat, any bony substances, so as to reduce them into a fluid state.
Quincy. 3. That which causes or promotes the concoctive faculty.
Rue is a great digester. Temple.

DIGE＇STIBLE [digestibile, It. digestibilis, Lat.] capable of being di­
gested. Not digestible by the stomach. Bacon.

DIGE＇STIBLENESS [of digestible] easiness to be digested.

DIGESTION [Fr. and Sp. digestione, It. of digestio, Lat.] 1. Is
the concoction of the aliment or food, &c. in the stomach, or the
dissolution of it, by which it is turned into chyle. Vegetable pu­
trefaction resembles very much animal digestion. Arbuthnot. 2. Re­
duction to a plan, act of methodizing, maturation of a scheme. The
digestion of the counsels in Sweden are made in the senate. Temple.
3. The act of disposing a wound to generate matter. 4. Disposition
of a wound or sore to generate matter.

DIGE＇STION [with chemists] is the infusing or steeping a mixt body
in some proper menstruum or liquor, that is fit to dissolve it, so that
as near as possible, it may have the same effect as a natural heat. Di­
gestion, or maturation of some metals, will produce gold. Bacon.

DIGE＇STIVE, adj. [digestif, Fr. digestivo, It. of digestivus. Lat.]
1. Helping to digest or concoct. Digestive preparation. Brown. 2.
Ripening, generating matter in a wound or sore. 3. Capable by heat
to soften and subdue. The sun digestive by its heat. Hale. 4. Me­
thodizing, arranging in the mind. Ripened by digestive thought.
Dryden.

DIGE＇STIVENESS [of digestive] digestive faculty.

DIGE＇STIVES, subst. [in physic] are such medicines as cause digestion,
by strengthening and increasing the tone of the stomach.

External DIGESTIVES [in surgery] are medicaments that dissolve
swellings, or breed laudable matter in a wound. I dressed it with
digestives. Wiseman.

DIGE＇STS [digestes, Fr. digestio, It. of digesta, Lat.] a collection of
the Roman laws, digested under proper titles, by the order of the
emperor Justinian. The pandect of the civil law, containing the
opinions of the ancient lawyers. Laws in the digest. Arbuthnot.

DI＇GGER [of dig] one that digs or opens the ground with a spade.
Boyle uses it.

To DIGHT [dihtan, Sax.] to prepare, to regulate, to deck, set
off, or adorn. Storied windows richly dight. Milton.

DI＇GIT [digitus, Lat.] the quantity of an inch in measure, or pro­
perly three-fourths of an inch; or two grains of barley laid breadth­
wise.

DIGIT [in inscriptions] a character which denotes a figure; as I,
for one, V, for five, X, for ten, &c.

DIGIT [in arithmetic] any whole number under ten; as, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, are called digits. The numbers 7 and 9, have
been extolled above all or most of other digits. Brown.

DIGIT [with astronomers] is the 12th part of the diameter of the
sun or moon, and is used to denote the quantity of an eclipse.

DI＇GITAL [digitalis, of digitus, Lat.] pertaining to a finger.

DI＇GITATED, adj. [from digitus, Lat. a finger] branched out into
divisions like fingers. Animals multifidous or such as are digitated,
or have several divisions in their feet. Brown.

DIGITATED Leaf [in botany] a term used concerning the leaf of a
plant, which is either composed of many single leaves set together
upon one foot-stalk, as in the cinqfoil, &c. or else where there
are many deep gashes or cuts in the leaf, as in those of straw-ber­
ries, &c.

DIGITA＇TION. 1. A pointing with the finger. 2. The form
of the fingers of both hands joined together, or the manner of their
joining.

To DI＇GITIZE, to point to with the finger.

DIGLADIA＇TION, a sword-playing, or fighting with swords; any
quarrel or contest. Cherishing of controversial digladiations. Glan­
ville.

DI＇GLYPH [in architecture] a kind of imperfect triglyph, console,
or the like, with only two channels or engravings.

DIGNE, a city and bishop＇s see of Provence in France, 50 miles
from Toulon.

DI＇GNIFIED [of dignity] invested with some dignity; chiefly ap­
plied to the clergy. Abbots are stiled dignified clerks, as having some
dignity in the church. Ayliffe.

DIGNIFICA＇TION [of dignify] the act of dignifying or rendering
worthy, Where a noble and ancient descent and merit meet in any
man, it is a double dignification of that person. Walton.

To DI＇GNIFY, verb act. [of dignus, worthy, and fio, Lat. to be
made] to exalt, to advance to a dignity, especially to some ecclesias­
tical one. No turbots dignify my boards. Pope.

DI＇GNITARY [dignitarius, barb. Lat. from dignus, Lat. worthy] an
ecclesiastical officer, who hath not the care of souls; as a dean, pre­
bend, or clergyman advanced to some rank above that of a parochial
priest. Swift uses it.

DI＇GNITY [dignité, Fr. dignità, It. dignidàd, Sp. of dignitas, Lat.]
1. Advancement, honour, reputation, some considerable preferment,
office or employment in church or state.
For those of old
And these late dignities heap＇d up to them. Shakespeare.
2. Rank of elevation. Angels are not in dignity equal to him.
Hooker. 3. Grandeur of mien, nobleness of aspect. 4. Maxims, ge­
neral principles. The sciences concluding from dignities and principles
known by themselves, receive not satisfaction from probable reasons.
Brown.

Ecclesiastical DIGNITY [by the canonists] is defined to be ad­
ministration or preferment joined with some power and jurisdiction.

DIGNITY is properly represented by a lady richly cloathed, and
adorned; but sinking under the burden of a great stone, beautified
with ornaments of gold and precious stones. The meaning is very
obvious.

DIGNITIES [in astrology] are the advantages a planet has upon the
account of its being in a particular place of the zodiac, or such a sta­
tion with other planets.

DIGNO＇TION [of dignosco, Lat.] distinguishing mark. Tempera­
mental dignotions and conjecture of prevalent humours. Brown.

To DIGRE＇SS, verb neut. [digressus, of digredior, Lat.] 1. To turn
out of the road. 2. To depart from the main design of a discourse or
chief tenor of an argument. In the pursuit of an argument there is
hardly room to digress into a particular defunction. Locke. 3. To
wander, to expatiate. It seemeth to digress no farther. Brerewood. 4.
To go out of the right way or common track, to deviate.
I am come to keep my word,
Tho＇ in some part am forc＇d to digress. Shakespeare.

DIGRE＇SSION [Fr. and Sp. digressione, It. of digressio, Lat.] 1. A
straying or wandering out of the way, a deviation. The digression of







the sun is not equal. Brown. 2. A going from the matter in hand.
3. That part of a treatise or discourse which does not relate to its main
design. The good man thought so much of his late conceived com­
monwealth, that all other matters were but digressions to him. Sidney.

DIHE＇LIOS [of δια, through, and ἠλιος, Gr. the sun] a name Kepler
gives to that ordinate of the ellipsis which passes through the focus,
wherein the sun is supposed to be placed, in the elliptical astronomy.

DIJA＇MBUS [of δις, and ιαμβος, Gr. two iambics] a foot in verse
that consists of four syllables; the first and third short, the second and
last long, as amænitas, a double Iambic.

DIJO＇N, the capital of the province of Burgundy, in France, situated
on the river Ouche, 140 miles south-east of Paris.

DII＇POLIA [Διιπολεια, of Διι, to Jupiter, and πολεω, to feed as cat­
tle, Gr. protector of the city] an Athenian festival, on which
it was customary to place sacrifice-cakes on a brazen table, and to drive
a number of oxen round them, of which, if any eat of the cakes, he
was slaughtered; and thence sometimes the feast was called βουϕονια,
i. e. ox-slaughter. The original of this custom was, that on Jupiter＇s
festivals, a hungry ox happened to eat one of the consecrated cakes,
whereupon the priest killed the prophane beast. On the days of this
festival, it was accounted a capital crime to kill an ox, and therefore
the priest that killed the ox, was forced to save himself by a timely
flight, and the Athenians in his stead, took the bloody axe and ar­
raigned it, and (as Pausanius relates) brought it in not guilty; but
Ælian says, that both priest and people, who were present at the so­
lemnity, were accused, as being accessory to the fact; but were ac­
quitted, and the axe condemned.

To DIJU＇DICATE [dijudicatum, sup. of dijudico, from dis, and judico,
Lat. to judge] to judge between two parties; also to discern or distin­
guish.

DIJUDICA＇TION, a judging between or deciding a difference be­
tween two parties; also judicial distinction.

DIKE [dic, Sax. dyke, Su. dyek, Du. and L. Ger. teich, H. Ger.
digue, Fr.] a ditch or furrow, a channel to receive water.
The dikes are filled, and with a roaring sound,
The rising rivers float the nether ground. Dryden.

DIKE [digue, Fr.] a bank, mole, or causey, to hinder floods or in­
undations. God breaks up the flood-gates of so great a deluge, and
all the art of man is not sufficient to raise dikes and ramparts against it.
Cowley.

DIKE-REEVE, or DIKE-GRAVE [in Lincolnshire] an officer who
takes care of the dikes and ditches.

To DILA＇CERATE, verb act. [lacerer, Fr. lacerare, It. dilaceratum,
sup. of dilacero, Lat.] to tear or rend asunder or in pieces. Brown uses
it.

DILACERA＇TION [laceration, Fr. lacerazione, It. of dilaceratio, Lat.]
the act of tearing and rending asunder. Arbuthnot uses it.

To DILA＇NIATE, verb act. [of dilanio, Lat.] to tearin pieces. Ra­
ther than they would dilaniate the entrails of their own mother, they
met half way. Howel.

DILANIA＇TION [dilaniatio, Lat.] the act of butchering, cutting, or
tearing in pieces.

To DILA＇PIDATE [dilapido, Lat.] to ruin, to pull or throw down
a building.

DILAPIDA＇TION [dilapidatio, Lat. in law] a wasteful destroying, a
letting a building run to decay or ruin for want of repairs. The in­
cumbent＇s suffering the chancel, or any other edifice of his ecclesiasti­
cal living, to go to ruin or decay, by neglecting to repair the same:
And it likewise extends to his committing or suffering to be commit­
ted any wilful waste in or upon the glebe woods, or any other inheri­
tance of the church. Ayliffe.

DILATABI＇LITY [from dilatable] the quality of being capable of
extension. The wonderful dilatability or extensiveness of the gullets of
serpents. Ray.

DILA＇TABLE [from dilate] that may be widened. Air-bladders
dilatable and contractable. Arbuthnot.

DILA＇TABLENESS [from dilatable] capableness of being widened.

DILATA＇TION [Fr. of dilatatio, Lat.] 1. The act of making wide,
an inlarging in breadth. Motions of the tongue by contraction and
dilatation. Holder. 2. The state of being widened, the state in which
the parts are at a greater distance from one another. The effects of
the dilatation and coming forth of the spirits. Bacon.

DILATATION [in anatomy] is when any passages or vessels of the
body are distended or stretched out too much.

DILATATION [with philosophers] a motion of the parts of a body,
whereby it expands or opens itself to a greater space.

DILATATO＇RIUM, Lat. [with surgeons] an instrument to open any
part, as the mouth, womb or fundament.

To DILA＇TE, verb act. [dilater, Fr. dilatàr, Sp. dilatare, It. and
Lat.] 1. To spread a thing out, to enlarge. The second refraction
would dilate the image. Newton. 2. To relate copiously and at full
length. I would all my pilgrimage dilate. Shakespeare.

To DILATE, verb neut. 1. To widen or grow wide, to stretch.
His heart dilates and glories in his strength. Addison. 2. To rarify
or grow thin as the air does. 3. To speak copiously, to enlarge upon
a subject. Their ministers to dilate upon it. Clarendon.

DILATO＇RES Alarum Nasi, Lat. [in anatomy] a pair of muscles
common to the alæ nasi, and upper lip, which pull up the alæ and di­
late the nostrils. The dilators of the nose are too strong in choleric
people. Arbuthnot.

DI＇LATORILY, adv. [from dilatory] tediously, slowly.

DI＇LATORINESS [from dilatory] a delaying, or a quality of being
long or tedious in doing any thing.

DILA＇TORY, adj. [dilatoire, Fr. dilatorio, It. dilatorius, Lat.] ma­
king delays, full of shifts and put-offs, slow, loitering. A dilatory tem­
per commits innumerable cruelties without design. Addison.

DILATORY, or DILA＇TER, subst. [dilatoire, Fr. dilatorio, It. with
surgeons] an instrument hollow on the inside, to extract a barbed
iron, &c. out of a wound; and for other uses.

DI＇LDO [a contraction of diletto, It. q. d. a woman＇s delight; or of
the English dally, q. d. a thing to play withal] penis succedaneus,
called by the Italians passatempo.

DILE＇CTION, Fr. of Lat. affection, love. So free is Christ＇s dilec­
tion, that the grand condition of our felicity is our belief. Boyle.

DILE＇MMA [διλημμα, Gr.] 1. An argument in logic, equally con­
clusive by contrary suppositions: it consists of two propositions, so dis­
posed, that deny which you will of them, you will be pressed, and
grant which you will of them the conclusion will involve you in difficul­
ties not easily to be got over. A young rhetorician applied to an old
sophist to be taught the art of pleading, and bargained for a certain
reward to be paid, when he should gain a cause. The master sued for
his reward, and the scholar endeavoured to elude his claim by a dilem­
ma: If I gain my cause, I shall with-hold your pay, because the
judges award will be against you; if I lose it, I may with hold it,
because I shall not have gained a cause. On the contrary, says the
master, if you gain your cause you must pay me, because you are to
pay me when you gain a cause; if you lose it you must pay me, be­
cause the judges will award it. 2. Any difficult or vexatious alterna­
tive.
A dire dilemma, either way I＇m sped;
If foes, they write, if friends, they read me dead. Pope.

DI＇LIGENCE, or DILIGENTNESS [Fr. diligenza, It. diligencia, Sp.
and Port. diligentia, Lat.] industry, continual application to busi­
ness: opposed to idleness.

DILIGENCE was represented in the iconology of the ancients by a
damsel of a lively aspect, having in one hand a sprig of thyme, with a
bee buzzing about it, and in the other a branch of a mulberry-tree,
with silk-worms on the leaves. A cock at her feet. The symbols are
all very obvious.
Or, by an elderly woman, holding an hour-glass in both hands,
and standing by a rock covered with ivy.

DI＇LIGENT, Fr. [diligente, It. Sp. and Port. of diligens, Lat.] 1.
Laborious, pains-taking, constant in application: opposed to idle.
A man diligent in his business. Proverbs. 2. Constantly applied, per­
severing, assiduous. The judges shall make diligent inquisition. Deu­
teronomy.

DI＇LIGENTLY, adv. [from diligent] assiduously, perseveringly, not
idly, not negligently.

DILL, Dan. [Du. and Ger. dile, Sax,] an herb like fennel. It
hath a slender, fibrose, annual root.

DI＇LLEMBURG, a city of the circle of the Upper Rhine, in Ger­
many, about 40 miles north of Francfort; subject to the house of Nas­
sau.

DI＇LLENGEN, a city of Swabia, in Germany, situated on the Da­
nube, about 20 miles north-east of Ulm.

DI＇LLIGROUT, a sort of pottage anciently made for the king＇s table
on a coronation-day.

DI＇LLING, subst. [as tho＇ of dallying] a child born when the parents
are old.

DI＇LOGY [διλογια, of δις, twice, and λογος, Gr. a word] a figure
used by rhetoricians, wherein a doubtful word signifies two things.

DILU＇CID, adj. [dilucidus, Lat.] 1. Clear, light, not opaque. 2.
Manifest, evident, not obscure.

To DILU＇CIDATE [dilucidare, It. dilucidatum, sup. of dilucido, Lat.]
to made manifest, clear or plain. Brown uses it.

DILU＇CIDATENESS, clearness, plainness.

DILUCIDA＇TION, Lat. the act of making clear, plain or manifest.

DILU＇ENT, subst. [diluentia, Lat.] 1. That which thins other mat­
ter. There is no real diluent but water. Arbuthnot. 2. Medicines
proper for thinning blood.

DILU＇ENT, adj. [diluens, Lat.] having the quality of diluting or
thinning.

DILUE＇NTIA, Lat. [with physicians] medicines, &c. good to di­
lute and thin the blood.

DI＇LVING [with tinners] is the shaking the tin ore in a canvas sieve
in a tub of water, so that the filth goes over the rim of the sieve, leav­
ing the tin behind.

To DILU＇TE, verb act. [dilutum, sup. of diluo, Lat.] 1. To make a
fluid thin, by the addition of a thinner to it. 2. To allay, temper
or mingle with water; as, to dilute wine is to mingle it with water.
The aliment ought to be thin to dilute. Arbuthnot. 3. To make
weak. The chamber was dark, lest these colours should be diluted
and weakened. Newton.

To DILUTE [with chemists] is to dissolve the parts of a dry body in
a moist or liquid one.

DILU＇TED, pret. and part. pass. of to dilute [dilutus, Lat.] tem­
pered with water, made thin, &c.

DILU＇TER [from dilute] that wets or thins any thing else.

DILU＇TENESS [from dilute] faintness, weakness; spoken of co­
lours.

DILU＇TION [dilutio, Lat.] the act of thinning, tempering or dis­
solving, not coagulation.

DILU＇VIAN [diluvianus, from diluvium, Lat. the deluge] pertain­
ing to the flood. Diluvian lake. Burnet＇s Theory.

DIM [dim or dym, Sax.] 1. Obscure, not clearly seen, imper­
fectly discovered. Able to aim at some dim and seeming conception.
Locke. 2. Not seeing clearly. Dim by nature. Davies. 3. Dull of
apprehension. The understanding is dim. Rogers. 4. Obstructing the
act of seeing, somewhat dark.
Her broad beauty＇s beam great brightness shew,
Thro＇ the dim shade. Spenser.

To DIM, verb act. [dimmian, Sax.] 1. To cloud, to darken, to
hinder the free exercise of sight, or the full perception of light.
Who is not fond of that which dims his sight. Locke.
2. To make less bright, to render darkish or obscure.
Each passion dim＇d his sight. Milton.

DIME＇NSION, Fr. and Sp. [dimensione, It. of dimensio, Lat.] the just
measure or compass of a thing, the space it contains, bulk: It is sel­
dom used but in the plural. The three dimensions are length, breadth,
and depth.

DIMENSION [with algebraists] is applied to the powers of any root
in an equation, which are called the dimensions of that root, as in a bi­
quadratic equation, the highest power has 4 dimensions, or its index­
is 4.

DIMENSION [in geometry] signifies either length and breadth, as a
plane or superficies; or length, breadth and thickness, as in a solid;
thus a line has one dimension, i. e. length; a surface two, viz. length
and breadth; a solid has three, length, breadth and thickness.








DIME＇NSIONLESS, adj. [from dimension] having no bounds or mea­
sures, having no definite bulk.
In they pass＇d
Dimensionless through heav＇nly doors. Milton.

DIME＇NSINE, adj. [dimensus, Lat.] marking the boundary or out­
lines of a thing. Who can draw the soul＇s dimensive lines? Davies.

DIME＇RITÆ, or DIMOERITÆ [of δις, twice, and μοιρα, Gr. a part]
a name by which the Apollinarians were called; shall we say (with
the Benedictines) because maintaining but two parts out of three? or
as supposing (with many other ancients) the soul and spirit to be two
distinct parts of man; and not one and the same thing under different
names? the first (according to them) we have in common with all
other animals; the latter, i. e. mind or spirit [the only subject of moral
agency and moral government] we have peculiar to ourselves. The
poet Juvenal has not ill expressed this philosophic distinction in these
lines:
Principiô indulsit communis conditor illis
Tantum animam; nobis ANIMUM quoque. Sat. 15. 148.
I＇ve already explain＇d this definition of man, as applied by the Apol­
linarians to the Christian system, under the word Apollinarists or Apolli­
narians. A definition which seems to have been espoused by many of
the ancients, and, if I＇m not mistaken, by ATHANASIUS himself.
What else shall we make of that remark of his in his tract against the
Sabellians? “Nor tho＇ I conceive (says he) of man as a COMPOUND
of THREE, soul, spirit, and body; do I thus conceive of GOD, as they
venture to do: Nor do I, by advancing such an IMPIOUS conception,
give up [or BETRAY, instead of defending] the το αχωριστον, the insepa­
rability [or most close and intimate connection of the divine personages
between themselves.”] Athanas. adv. Sabell. Ed. Paris. p. 661, com­
pared with 657 and 239. And indeed, whoever impartially examines
the whole strain of that father＇s reasonings in his EARLIER writings,
even against the Arians themselves, will find, that Athanasius, as yet,
had no notion of any other spirit, or principle of INTELLIGENCE in
our Saviour＇s body, beside the divine logos; a DUPLICITY of MINDS
[or SPIRITS] in the ONE person of Christ, was, as yet, no part of his
scheme. That DUPLICITY, which Irenæus had refuted long before
in so masterly a way, when combating the Cerinthian heresy [See CE­
RINTHIANS.] And indeed who would have thought, that an error so
effectually exploded, should ever have been revived amongst us? But,
as Horace observes; Multa renascentur, quæ jam cecidere———And
accordingly this notion having been espoused by one or two considera­
ble writers in the third century, and by more in the fourth, the good
bishop of Laodicea, Apollinarius or Apollinaris (for his name is read
either way) attempted (but in vain) to make head against it; as did
also the whole body of the Eusebians, and Ennomians; and though he
had signalized himself in defence of the CONSUBSTANTIALITY, he was
at length condemned and deposed by a council held under pope DAMA­
SUS at Rome, A. C. 378; by the same council, and at the same time,
in which the COEQUALITY of the Son and Spirit with the FIRST
CAUSE and FATHER of the universe (for this also Apollinaris opposed)
was ESTABLISHED. Theodoret, lib. v. cap. 10 & 11, compared with
Sozomen, lib. vi. cap. xxvi. and Philostorgius, lib. viii. cap. 13. This
sentence, pronounced against the Apollinarists by the council at Rome,
was confirmed by another held the same year at Alexandria, and by that in
Constantinople, held under the emperor Theodosius, A. C. 381; who,
a few years after, at the instigation of Nectarius, bishop of Constanti­
nople, enacted a law dated the tenth of March, A. C. 388, forbid­
ding the Apollinarists to hold assemblies, to have any ecclesiastics, or bi­
shops: or to DWELL in the CITIES: a law which (as the late author
of the history of the popes observes) was executed with the utmost rigour,
at least against the leading men of the party, who were banished the
CITIES, and confined to the DESARTS, Vol. I. p. 210, 211. [See
CREED and and CÆLICOLI] It could have been wish＇d, that excel­
lent historian had not taken all for granted, which the ADVERSARIES
of Apollinaris charged upon him; I mean with reference to tenets,
which himself absolutely disowns in one of his letters to Serapion, still
extant, p. 206. much less talk of his “throwing off the mask,” and
impute a series of dissimulation to a man, who was not only, in point of
literature, the GLORY of his age; but also supported to the very last
(as Bower expresses it, p. 211.) the APPEARANCE at least of a most
holy and exemplary life. But I＇m sorry 10 say it, how acute and sharp­
sighted soever we are upon other occasions, this kind of CREDULITY
appears too often in our modern portraitures of the Athanasian contro­
versy. See more of this under APOLLINARIANS, ORIGENISM, NE­
STORIANISM, and INCARNATION.

DIME＇TÆ, the name of the ancient inhabitants of Caermarthenshire,
Pembrokeshire and Cardiganshire.

DIME＇TIENT, subst. [dimetiens, Lat.] the same as diameter.

DIMICA＇TION [dimicatio, Lat.] the act of fighting or skirmishing, a
battle, a contest.

DIMIDIA＇TION [dimidiatio, Lat.] the act of halving.

DIMIDI＇ETAS [in old Lat. records] the moiety or one half of a
thing.

To DIMI＇NISH, verb act. [diminuer, Fr. diminuire, It. diminuìr, Sp.
of diminuo, Lat.] 1. To lessen, by cutting off or destroying any part;
opposed to encrease. Apt to cause or encrease pleasure, or diminish
pain in us. Locke. 2. To impair, to degrade.
They thought
Thee to diminish, and from thee withdraw
The number of thy worshippers. Milton.
3. To take any thing from that to which it belongs: opposed to add.
Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall
you diminish aught from it. Deuteronòmy.

To DIMI＇NISH, verb neut. 1. To abate, to grow less, to be impaired.
What judgment I had encreases rather than diminishes. Dryden. 2. To
decrase, to fall or sink in value.

DIMI＇NISHED Interval [in music] a deficient interval, or one which
is short of its just quantity, by a lesser semitone.

DIMI＇NISHINGLY, adv. [from diminishing] in a manner tending
to vilify or lessen. So much as speak diminishingly of any one absent.
Locke.

DIMINU＇TION [Fr. diminuzione, It. diminuciòn, Sp. of diminutio,
Lat.] 1. The act of diminishing or lessening: opposed to augmenta­
tion. Not capable of any diminution or augmentation. Hooker. 2. The
state of growing less, an abatement, a decrease: opposed to increase.
Things capable of increase or diminution. Locke. 3. Discredit, loss of
dignity. They might raise the reputation of another, tho＇ they are a
diminution of his. Addison. 4. A deprivation of dignity, injury to re­
putation. The world＇s opinion or diminution of me. K. Charles.

DIMINU＇TION [in heraldry] a defaming or blemishing some parti­
cular point of an escutcheon, by the laying on some stain or colour.

DIMINU＇TION [with architects] a contraction of the upper part of
a column, whereby its diameter is made less than that of the lower
part.

DIMINUTION [with heralds] from the Latin; a term for what we
commonly call differences, and the French brisures.

DIMINUTION [with musicians] is when there are a number of
words which are to make tones, and several quick motions in the
space of a cadence; several quavers and semiquavers corresponding to
a crotchet or minim.

DIMINUTION [with rhetoricians] is the augmenting and exaggera­
ting what they are about to say, by an expression that seems to weaken
and diminish it.

DIMI＇NUTIVE, adj. [diminutif, Fr. diminutivo, It. and Sp. of dimi­
nutivus, Lat.] little, small, narrow. A diminutive race of lovers. Ad­
dison.

DIMINUTIVE, subst. [from the adj. with grammarians] 1. A word
formed from some other to soften or diminish the force or effect of it;
or to signify a thing that is little in its kind, as of liber, a book, libel­
lus, a little book, terrella, a little earth; in French, minionet, a little
minion or favourite; in English, panikin, a little pan. The diminutive
of his name Peterkin or Perkin. Bacon. 2. A small thing: an obsolete
sense. Monster-like be shewn.
For poorest diminutives, for doits! Shakespeare.

DIMINU＇TIVELY, adv. [from diminutive] in a diminutive manner.

DIMINU＇TIVENESS [from diminutive] littleness, want of dignity.

DI＇MISH, adj. [from dim] somewhat dim or obscure. My eyes are
somewhat dimish grown. Swift.

DIMI＇SSORY [dimissorius, Lat.] sent; as, dimissory letters; are let­
ters sent from one bishop to another, in favour of some person who
stands candidate for holy orders in another diocese.

DI＇MITTY, a fine sort of fustian cloth, a cotton stuff.

DI＇MLY, adv. [from dim] 1. Not with a quick sight, not with clear
apprehension. To us invisible or dimly seen. Milton. 2. Not brightly.
It burnt more and more dimly. Boyle.

DI＇MNESS [of dimnesse, Sax.] 1. A defect in the sight, dulness
of sight. 2. Want of apprehension, stupidity. This dimness of their
perception. Decay of Piety.

DI＇MPLE, subst. [probably of dint or dent, a hole; whence a dentle,
a little hole; or perhaps of dümpfel, Ger. a pit or cavity either in the
water or earth] a little dent in the bottom of the cheeks, the chin,
&c. The dimple of the upper lip. Grew.

To DI＇MPLE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to sink in small cavities.
Smiling eddies dimpled on the main. Dryden.

DI＇MPLED, adj. [from dimple] having dimples, set with dimples.
Pretty dimpled boys. Shakespeare.

DI＇MPLY, adj. [from dimple] full of dimples, sinking in little cavi­
ties. On the smooth surface of the dimply flood. Warton.

DIN [of dyn, a noise, dynan, to make a noise, dyna, Sax. to
thunder. Island. thon, Ger. don, Su. a noise, tinnitus, Lat.] a loud
noise, a violent and continued sound. The constant din of their party.
Locke.

To DIN, verb act. [of dynan, Sax. thunon, Ger. dona, Su. to
sound, tinnio, Lat. to tingle] 1. To stun with a loud noise, to harrass
with clamour. Din your ears with hungry cries. Otway. 2. To
impress with violent and continued noise. This hath been often din­
ned in our ears. Swift.

DIN [with the ARABIANS] signifies the true religion; and in com­
pound with words expressive of some service done to the cause of religion,
it frequently constitutes the cognomen or oppellation given to their sul­
tans and princes; as EZZO＇DDIN, i. e. the strength [or support] of re­
ligion; NURO＇DDIN, i. e. the light of religion; SAIF＇ODDIN, i. e. the
sword of religion; SALAHO＇DDIN, and (by European corruption) SALA­
DIN, the status integer religionis, or the restorer of religion to its pristine
state; a name given, I suppose, to that great man, in memory of his
retaking JERUSALEM, and many other cities of Palestine from the
Christians. N. B. This single anecdote of ETYMOLOGY will throw a
light on many an illustrious title, otherwise unintelligible to an English
reader, when conversing with the Asiatic writers. And now my hand
is in, permit me to carry this branch of CRITICISM a little further.
DAULA, in Arabic, signifies a politic state; and is a word, which (like
the foregoing) when in compound, constitutes the cognomen or title of
many a great man in the Eastern history. Thus Saif＇oddaula, i. e. the
sword of the state; Emad＇oddaula, i. e. the column of the state; Ge­
lal＇oddaula, i. e. the splendor [or glory] of the state; Sharf＇oddaula,
i. e. the celsitude [or sublimity] of the state. And when these and
like words occur in the Byzantine writers, they have always a Greek
termination affixed to them, as GELALUDDAULAS, SHARFUDDAULAS,
&c. ABULPHARAG. ELMACIN. and SCILIX compared.

DI＇NAR [dinâr, Arab.] chiefly a gold coin, and which, according to
Golius, answers to the European ducate. Monsieur Dherbelot says, “it
is most often taken for a golden coin, weighing 1 drachm and half Ara­
bic; and is in value a little more than our crown of gold; & repond
aux Hongres & aux sequins de Venise.” He adds, that the Mahometans
had no dinars of gold marked for their coin before the 76th year of the
Hegirah, i. e. A. C. 695. Hegiage established the first money under
the caliphate of Abdomelic: Before that, all the gold money was in the
coin of the Greek emperors; and that of silver had its inscriptions in
Persian characters.

DINA＇NT, a town of Germany, in the bishopric of Liege, situated
on the river Maese, about 12 miles south of Namur.

DINANT, is also a town of Brittany, in France, about 10 miles
south of St. Malo.

DI＇NARCHY [διναρχια, of δις, and αρχη, Gr. dominion] a govern­
ment by two persons.

To DINE, verb neut. [diner, Fr.] to eat the meal at noon.

To DINE, verb act. to give a dinner to one, to feed him with the
meal at noon.







To DINE with duke Humphrey.
To fast, to have no dinner at all. Duke Humphry was uncle to
king Henry VI. and protector during his minority, famed for hospi­
tality: But this proverb came from his being supposed to be buried in
the body of St. Paul＇s church in London, where it was common for
people to walk at noon, who did not know how to do better, tho＇ the
duke was buried at St. Albans.

DINE＇TICAL, adj. [δινητικος, of δινη, Gr. a whirlpool] whirling
round, virtiginous. The sun hath also a dinetical motion, and rolls
upon its own poles. Brown.

To DING, verb act. pret. and part. pass. dung [dingen, Du. with
the vulgar] 1. To dash with violence. 2. To impress a thing with
force. 3. To beat heartily.

To DING, verb neut. to bluster, to huff at. A low word.
He huffs and dings at such a rate. Arbuthnot.

DING-Dong-Bell, a word by which the sound of bells is imitated.
Let us all ring fancy＇s knell,
Ding-dong-bell. Shakespeare

DI＇NGLE [den or din, Sax. a hollow] a narrow valley between
two hills, a dale. Dingle or bushy dell of this wild wood. Milton.

DI＇NGELFING, a town of Bavaria, in Germany, on the river Iser,
20 miles south of Landshut.

DI＇NGLE, a port town of Ireland, in the county of Derry, and pro­
vince of Munster, situated in a bay of the same name, 74 miles west of
Limerick.

DI＇NGWELL, or DINGWAL, a parliament town of Scotland, situated
at the west end of Cromarty-bay, in the county of Ross. It classes
with Dornock, Wick, and Kirkwall.

DI＇NICS, subst. [δινικα, Gr.] medicines good against dizziness,
vertigoes, or swimming in the head.

DI＇NINGROOM [of dine and room] the room in a house where en­
tertainments are made, the principal apartment.

DI＇NKELSPIEL, a city of Swabia, about 40 miles north of Ulm.

DI＇NNER [diner, Fr.] a meal at noon.

DI＇NNERTIME [of dinner and time] the time for dining.

DINT, subst. [dint, Sax.] 1. A stroke or blow. With that dint
her sense was daz＇d. Spenser. 2. An impression or mark made by a
blow, the cavity remaining after it.
Afraid
His hands had made a dint, and hurt the maid. Dryden.
3. Force, violence. To work our way into the heart of his country
by dint of arms. Addison.

To DINT, verb act. [from the subst.] to mark with a cavity by
means of a blow or violent impression. Deep dinted wrinkles. Dry­
den.

DI＇NUS, Lat. [of δινος, Gr. with physicians] a giddiness or swim­
ming in the head.

DINUMERA＇TION [dinumeratio, Lat.] the act of numbering out
singly.

DIOCE＇SAN, subst. [diocesain, Fr. diocesano, It.] a bishop to whom
the care of a diocese is committed, and as he stands related to his own
clergy.

DIOCESAN, adj. [from the subst.] belonging to a diocese; as,

DIOCESAN Synod, an assembly of the clergy of a diocese.

DIO＇CESE [diocese, Fr. diocesi, It. and Sp. διοικησις, of δια, and
οικεω, to dwell, to govern, of οικος, Gr. a house, diœcesis, Lat.] the
circuit, extent or bounds of a bishop＇s spiritual jurisdiction; of these
we have in England 22, and in Wales 4. Entrusted with a large
diocese containing many particular cities. South.

DIONY＇SIA [Διονυσια, of Διονυσιος, Gr. belonging to Bacchus] fe­
stivals in honour of Bacchus, in some of which it was customary for the
worshippers in garments and actions to imitate the poetical fictions con­
cerning Bacchus. They dressed themselves in fawn skins, fine linen, and
mitres; and crowned themselves with garlands of the leaves of trees
sacred to Bacchus, as ivy, vine, &c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan,
and the Satyrs, exposing themselves in comical dresses, and used antic
motions; some rode upon asses, others drove goats to the slaughter.
And thus both sexes ran about hills, desarts, and other places, wag­
ging their heads, dancing in ridiculous postures, filling the air with
hideous noises and yellings, personating distracted persons, and calling
upon Bacchus.
On one of these solemnities, some carried sacred vessels; after
which a number of honourable virgins followed, carrying golden bas­
kets filled with all manner of fruits; which was the mysterious part of
the solemnity. See BACCHUS.

DIONY＇SIAS, Lat. [διονυσιας, Gr.] a precious stone, having red
spots, accounted efficacious for preventing drunkenness.

DIONYSIONY＇MPHAS, Lat. a certain herb supposed to resist drunk­
enness.

DIONY＇SISSI, Lat. [of Dionysius, a name of Bacchus, who was fre­
quently described by the ancients with horns] such persons who had
bony prominences on their temples.

DIO＇PTRA, Lat. [διοπτρα, of διοπτομαι, Gr. to look through] the in­
dex or ruler of an astrolabe, or such kind of instrument, or a quadrant
to take the distance or height of a place, by looking through little
holes in it.

DIOPTRA, a surgeon＇s instrument, with which the inside of the
womb may be enlarged, for the taking out of a dead child, or the
viewing any ulcers that are in it; called also speculum matricis and dila­
latorium. See above.

DIO＇PTRIC, or DIO＇PTRICAL, adj. [dioptrique, Fr. διοπτρικος, of
διοπτομαι, to look through] pertaining to dioptrics, assisting the sight in
viewing distant objects, affording a medium for the sight. Dioptrical
glasses. Boyle.

DIO＇PTRICS, [διοπτρικη, of διοπτομαι, Gr.] the doctrine of re­
fracted vision, or that part of optics which treats of refracted rays,
passing through different mediums, as air, water, and their union
with one another, according as they are received by glasses, of this or
that figure, and pass through them.

DIO＇RTHOSIS, Lat. [διορθωσις, Gr.] a correcting or making strait.

DIORTHOSIS [in surgery] an operation whereby crooked and dis­
torted members are made even or strait, and restored to their due
shape.

DIO＇SPYROS, Lat. of Gr. the herb stone-crop.

DIO＇TA [in chemistry] a circulating or double vessel.

To DIP, irr. verb, DIPPED, or DIPT, pret. and part. pass. [dypt,
dippan, Sax. doppen, Dan. doppe, Su. doopen, Du.] 1. To put into
water, or into any liquor. The person to be baptiz＇d may be dipp＇d in
water, and such an immersion or dipping ought to be made thrice.
Ayliffe. 2. To moisten, to wet.
A cold shudd＇ring dew
Dips me all o＇er. Milton.
3. To be engaged in any affair; only used in the passive form. He
was a little dipt in the rebellion. Dryden. 4. To engage as a pledge,
generally for the first mortgage. Live on thy use, and never dip thy
lands. Dryden.

To DIP, verb neut. 1. To sink down, to be immerged. Who­
ever dips too deep will find death in the pot L＇Estrange. 2. To en­
ter, to pierce. The vulture dipping in Prometheus＇s side. Granville.
3. To look slightly at adventure, or casually into a book. I find
more upon dipping in the first volume. Pope. 4. To drop by chance
into any mass, to chuse by chance.
Would＇st thou prefer him to some man? Suppose
I dip＇d among the worst, and Staius chose? Dryden.

DI＇PCHICK, subst. [of dip, and chick] a bird. Dipchick is so called
of his diving and littleness. Carew.

DIPE＇TALOUS, adj. [of δις, and πεταλον, Gr. a leaf] having two
flower-leaves. Thus,

DIPETALOUS Flower [with botanists] is that which has two flower­
leaves, as, inchanters night-shade.

DIPHRY＇GES [in pharmacy] the scoria, sediment, or calx of melted
copper, gathered in the furnace when the metal is run out.

DI＇PHTHONG [dipthongue, Fr. dittongo, It. dipthóngo, Sp. of dip­
thongus, Lat. of διϕθογγος, Gr.] two vowels sounded together; as, æ,
ai, œ, oi, in Cæsar, stain, œconomy, and spoil.

DIPLASIA＇SMUS [διπλασιασμος, Gr.] a doubling. Physical writers
understand it of a doubling of diseases.

DIPLASIASMUS, Lat. [in anatomy] a pair of muscles in the arm,
which serve to turn it about.

DI＇PLE, a mark in the margin of a book, shewing where a fault
or double is to be corrected.

DIPLOE＇ [διπλοη, Gr.] the inner thin plate or shell of the skull; al­
so a cluster of small vessels that nourish the skull bones.

DIPLO＇MA [διπλωμα, of διπλοω, Gr. to double] 1. A royal charter
prince＇s letters patents. 2. An instrument given by some colleges and
societies, on commencement of any degrees. 3. A licence for a cler­
gyman to exercise the ministerial function, or a physician, &c. to
practise his art.

DI＇PPER [of dip] one that dips in the water; thus anabaptists are
called.

DI＇PPING Needle, a device or contrivance, shewing a particular pro­
perty of the magnetic needle; so that besides its polarity, or direction
towards the pole, when duly poised about an horizontal axis, it will
always point to a determined degree below the horizon, in this or that
place respectively.

DI＇PSACUS, Lat. [with physicians] the same as diabetes.

DI＇PSAS, Lat. [διψας, from διψαω, Gr.] extreme thirst. Elops
drear and dipsas. Milton. A serpent so named (hieroglyphically) was
put to signify an unsatiable desire and greediness after any thing; be­
cause it is related, that its bite causeth such a thirst, that nothing is
able to allay it.

DIPT. See To DIP.

DIPT [metaphorically] in debt, pawn＇d mortgaged.

DI＇PTERE [of δις, twice or double, and πτερον, Gr. a wing] a kind
of temple or other edifice, among the ancients, encompassed with a
double row of columns. The pseudodipteron was the same, excepting
that instead of the double row of columns, it was only encompassed,
with a single one.

DI＇PTERON [διπτερον, of δις and πτνρον, Gr. a wing] a building
which has a double wing or isle.

DI＇PTOTE, subst. [of διπτωτον, Gr.] a word which in grammar
hath two cases only.

DI＇PTYCHS [διπτυκα, of διαπτυσσω, to fold up, or rather of δις,
twice, and πτυσσω, Gr. to fold, diptycha, Lat.] certain tables, in which
the Greek church inrolled the names of persons both dead and alive;
the dead on one side, and the living on the other; a register out of
which the names of famous men, bishops and martyrs, were rehearsed
at the altar. The commemoration of saints was made out of the
diptychs. Stillingfleet.

Sacred DIPTYCHS [in the Greek church] a double catalogue, in
one of which was written the names of the living, and the other those
of the dead, which were to be rehearsed during the office.
The diptychs were a sort of tables or tablets, alike in figure to the
two tables of stone, on one of which were written the names of the
deceased, on the other the names of the living, for whom prayers
were to be offered.
In these were entered the names of bishops who had governed their
flocks well, and were never expunged out of the same, unless they
were convicted of heresy, or some other gross crime. In the diptychs
were likewise entered the names of those that had done any singular
service to the church, whether they were living or dead, and mention
was made of them in the liturgy.

DIPU＇RENON [of δις, double, and πυρην, Gr. a kernel] a double­
headed probe, with a knob at each end, resembling the kernel of a
nut.

DIPYRE＇NOS [with botanists] which has two seed or kernels, as
ligustrum, privet.

DI＇RÆ, Lat. [according to the poets] the furies of hell, having a
fierce countenance, their head dressed with snakes, holding in their
hands iron chains, scourges, and burning torches, to punish the
guilty.

DIRADIA＇TION, Lat. a spreading forth beams of light.

DIRADIATION [in medicine] an invigoration of the muscles by the
animal spirits.

DI＇RE, or DI＇REFUL, adj. [diro, It. of dirus, Lat. Direful is frequent
among the poets, but has been censured as not analogical; all other
words compounded with full, consisting of a substantive; and full,
as fearful, or full of fear; plentiful, or full of plenty] hideous, dread­
ful, mournful, evil in a high degree. Dire. dire, distresses. Shakes­
peare. A foretaste of that direful cup. South.








DIRE＇CT, adj. Fr. [diretto, It. directo, Sp. directus, Lat.] 1. Strait,
right, not crooked. 2. Not oblique, not crossing each other. They
either advance in direct lines, or meet in the intersection of cross lines.
Bentley. 3. Apparently, tending to some end. It was no time by
direct means to seek her. Sidney. 4. Open, not ambiguous. Plain
and direct, not crafty and involved. Bacon. 5. Plain, express, expli­
cite. He no where says it in direct words. Locke.

DIRECT [with astronomers, &c.] a planet is said to be direct, when
by its proper motion it goes forward in the zodiac, according to the
succession of the signs, as from ten degrees of Taurus to twenty, and
thence into Gemini.

DIRECT Ray [in optics] is that ray which is carried from a point
of the visible object directly to the eye, through one and the same
medium.

DIRECT Sphere, is the same as right sphere.

DIRECT Vision, is the subject of optics, which treats of the laws
and rules thereof.

DIRECT [in matters of genealogy] is understood of the principal
line, or the line of ascendants and descendants, in contradistinction to
the collateral line; as, the son succeeds his father in the direct
line.

To DIRECT, verb act. [diriger, Fr. dirigere, It. dirigir, Sp. direc­
tum, sup. of dirigo, Lat.] 1. To rule, guide, govern or manage. It
is not in man that walketh to direct his steps. Jeremiah. 2. To le­
vel or aim at. Pierc＇d his throat directed at his face. Dryden. 3. To
aim in a straight line. By Jove＇s command direct their rapid flight.
Pope. 4. To prescribe or mark out a certain course. He directeth it
under the whole heavens. Job. 5. To order, to command, to shew,
or give instructions. 6. To put a superscription on a letter.

DIRE＇CTER [of direct] 1. One that directs or prescribes. 2. An
instrument that guides any manual oporation.

DIRE＇CTION, Fr. [direzione, It. direciòn, Sp. of directio, Lat.] 1.
A directing or overseeing, management, instruction, order. Mens
passions and God＇s direction seldom agree. K. Charles. 2. Aim at
a certain point. The direction of good works to a good end. Smal­
ridge. 3. Motion impressed for any impulse. No body can move it­
self, or of itself alter the direction of its motion. Cheyne.

DIRECTION [with astrologers] is a real motion performed by that
of the imaginary sphere, which is called the primum mobile, whereby
the sun, moon, or any star, or part of heaven, which was a man＇s
significator at his birth, or is said to effect any thing concerning him,
is carried to another part of heaven, signifying also something refer­
ring thereto, and as it were expecting the same to compleat an effect.

Angle of DIRECTION [in mechanies] is that comprehended be­
tween the lines of direction of two conspiring powers.

DIRECTION Line [in mechanics] a line passing from the centre of
the earth, through the centre of gravity of a body, and the support
or fulcrum that bears or supports the body.

Number of DIRECTION [with chronologers] is the number 35,
which contains the term of years between the highest and lowest fall­
ing of any moveable feasts.

DIRECTION [of the loadstone] is that property whereby the mag­
net always presents one of its sides towards one of the poles of the
world, and the opposite side to the other pole.

DIRECTION Word [with printers] the word which begins the next
page, which is set at the bottom of every preceding page.

DIRECTION [or superscription] of a Letter.

Magnetical DIRECTION, the tendency or turning of the earth, and
all magnetical bodies, to certain points.

DIRE＇CTIVE, adj. [from direct] 1. Having the power of direction.
The directive command for counsel is in the understanding. Bram­
hall. 2. Informing, shewing the way.
Nor visited by one directive ray
From cottage streaming, or from airy hall. Thomson.

DIRE＇CTLY, adv. [from direct] 1. Streightly, rightly. The re­
fracted ray returned directly back. Newton. 2. Immediately, appa­
rently, without circumlocution, or long train of consequence. No
man hath been so impious, as plainly and directly to condemn prayer.
Hooker.

DIRE＇CTNESS [of direct] straitness of way. Directness of the sun＇s
rays. Bentley.

DIRE＇CTOR, Sp. [directeur, Fr. direttore, It. of director, Lat.] 1. A
guider, overseer, or manager. Himself stood director over them.
Hooker. 2. A rule or ordinance.
Common forms were not design＇d
Directors to a noble mind. Swift.
3. An instructor, one who shews the proper methods of proceeding.
They are glad to use such as counsellors and directors in all their
dealings. Hooker. 4. One who is consulted in cases of conscience.
Her director and guide in spiritual affairs. Dryden.

DIRECTOR [with surgeons] a hollow instrument used to guide the
incision knife. Sharp uses it.

DIRECTOR Penis [in anatomy] a muscle of the penis, called more
usually erector penis.

DIRE＇CTORY, serving to direct or guide.

DIRECTORY, a form of public prayer, &c. set forth by an assem­
bly of divines, and used by order of the long parliament instead of
the common-prayer-book of the church of England: this, after a
continuance of only two years, was voted down, anno 1644. The
ordinance concerning the directory we cannot consent to. Oxford Rea­
sons against the Covenant.

DI＇REFULLY, adv. [of direful] hideously, &c. See DIRE.

DI＇REFULNESS [of dire and full] dreadfulness.

DI＇RENESS [of dire, and nesse, Sax.] dreadfulness. Direness, fa­
miliar to my slaught＇rous thoughts. Shakespeare.

DIRE＇PTION [direptio, Lat.] the act of robbing, spoiling, or ran­
sacking of places or persons for riches.

DIRGE, or DI＇RIGE [probably of dirige nos domine, the Latin be­
ginning of a psalm, as Dr. Hensham thinks. This is not a contrac­
tion of the Latin dirige in the popish hymn, dirige gressus meos, as
some pretend; but from the Tentonic, dyrke landare, to praise and
extol. Whence it is possible their dyrke and our dirge was a laudatory
song to commemorate and applaud the dead. Verstegan. Bacon ap­
parently derives it from dirige. Johnson] certain prayers, or a service
for the dead, used by Roman catholics.

DIRGE [probably of dyrllen, Teut. to commend or praise] a song
of lamentation sung at funerals, a mournful ditty. The body of Ri­
chard, after many indignities, the dirigies and obsequies of the common
people towards tyrants, was obscurely buried. Bacon.

DI＇RIGENT [with geometricians] a term expressing the line of mo­
tion, along which the describent line or surface is carried in the ge­
nesis of any plane or solid figure.

DI＇RITY [diritas, Lat.] direness, terribleness.

DIRK [an earse word] a short dagger, used chiefly in the highlands
of Scotland. The shield, the pistol, dirk, and dagger. Tickell.

To DIRK, verb act. [from the noun] to spoil, to ruin; now
obsolete.
Thy waste bigness but cumbers the ground,
And dirks the beauties of my blossoms round. Spenser.

DIRT [dyrt, Su. dirt, island, dryt, Du.] 1. Mud, filth, nasti­
ness, any thing that sticks to the body or the cloaths. Great heaps
of dirt it brings along with it. Addison. 2. Sordidness, meanness.

To DIRT, verb act. [from the subst.] to foul, to bemire. Ill
company is like a dog, who dirts those most whom he loves best. Swift.

DI＇RTPIE [of dirt and pie] forms moulded by children in clay, in
imitation of pastry. Newly left off making of dirtpies. Suckling.

DI＇RTILY, adv. [from dirty] 1. Nastily, basely, sordidly, filthily.
2. Meanly, shamefully.
Almighty chimiques from each mineral
Are dirtily and desperately gull＇d. Donne.

DI＇RTINESS [of dirty] 1. Nastiness, foulness. 2. Meanness, sor­
didness.

DI＇RTY. 1. Muddy, filthy, nasty, full of dirt. Mechanic dirty
hands. Shakespeare. 2. Sullied, not elegant. The clear white co­
lour will be altered into a dirty one. Locke. 3. Mean, despicable.
Mean in their disconrses, and dirty in their practices. South.

To DI＇RTY, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To foul, to soil. To dirty
fingers with pen and ink. Arbuthnot. 2. To disgrace, to scandalize.

DIRU＇PTION [diruptio, Lat.] the act of bursting asunder, the state
of being burst or broken.

DIS, an inseparable preposition in composition of English words,
and for the most part denotes a negative or privative signification
of the noun or verb simply taken; as, disability, and to disable; as
de it sometimes extends the signification of a word. It is borrowed
from des, used by the Fr. and Sp. in the same sense, as desnouer, to un­
tie, desterrar, to banish, from the Latin, de, as struo, to build, destruo,
to destroy.

DISABI＇LITY [of dis and habilitas, Lat. or from disable] 1. State
of being uncapable or unfit for any purpose, legal impediment. The
defendant pleads in disability that the plaintiff is a bastard. Ayliffe.
2. Want of power for doing any thing, weakness. The ability of
mankind does not lie in the impotency or disability of brutes. Locke.

DISABILITY [in law] is where a man is disabled. i. e. rendered
uncapable to inherit, or take the benefit which otherwise he might
do, and this may happen four ways, viz. by the act of the ancestor,
by the act of the party, by the act of law, and by the act of God.

DISABILITY by the Act of the Ancestor, is, if a man be attainted of
treason or felony, by this attainder his blood is corrupted, and there­
by himself and his children are disabled to inherit.

DISABILITY by the Act of the Party himself, is, as if one man makes
a feoffment to another, who then is sole, upon condition that he shall
infeoff a third before M, and when such feoffment is made, the feof­
fee takes a wife, he has by that disabled himself to perform the con­
dition, and therefore the feoffee may enter and out him.

DISABILITY by Act of Law, is properly when a man by the sole
act of law is disabled; thus is an alien born; and therefore if a man
born out of the king＇s legiance will sue an action, the tenant or de­
fendant may say he was born in such a country out of the king＇s le­
giance, and demand judgment, if he be answered; for the law is our
birth-right, to which an alien is a stranger, and therefore disabled from
taking any benefit thereby.

DISABILITY by the Act of God, as when the party is non compos
mentis, or non sanæ memoriæ, which disables him, that in all cases,
where he gives or passes any estate out of him, after his death it may
be disannulled and voided.

To DISA＇BLE [of dis, neg. and able, of habilis, Lat.] 1. To ren­
der unable, to weaken. To depress sensual pleasure disables him.
Taylor. 2. To impair, to diminish much. I have disabl＇d mine es­
tate. Shakespeare. 3. To make unactive. A great fleet disabled for
two months by an indisposition of the admiral. Temple. 4. To de­
prive of efficacy or usefulness. Worse than age disable your delights.
Dryden. 5. To exclude, as being without proper qualifications. I
will not disable any for proving a scholar. Wotton.

To DISABU＇SE [desabuser, Fr. of dis and abuse] to undeceive, to
set right. I hope to disabuse you. Walton.

DISACCOMMODA＇TION [of dis, neg. and accommodation] the state of
being unfit or unprepared for any thing. Hale uses it.

To DISACCO＇RD [desaccorder, Fr. desacordàr, Sp.] to disagree.

To DISACCU＇STOM, verb act. [of dis, neg. and accustom] to destroy
the readiness of habit, by disuse, or a contrary practice.

DISACQUAI＇NTANCE [of dis, neg. and acquaintance] disuse of fa­
miliarity. Conscience, by a long neglect of, and disacquaintance with
itself, contracts an inveterate rust. South.

DISADVA＇NTAGE [of dis and advontage] 1. Prejudice, loss, da­
mage; as, to sell a thing to disadvantage. 2. Diminution of any
thing desirable. The Iliad will appear with no disadvantage to that
immortal poem. Addison. 3. A state unprepared for defence.
Won with battery long,
Or unawares at disadvantage found. Spenser.

To DISADVA＇NTAGE, verb act. [from the subst.] to injure in any
kind of interest. They extremely weaken and disadvantage it. De­
cay of Piety.

DISADVANTA＇GEABLE [of disadvantage] procuring or causing loss,
contrary to profit; an obsolete word. Hasty selling is as disadvan­
tageable as interest. Bacon.

DISADVANTA＇GEOUS [des avantageux, Fr.] turning to disadvan­






tage, contrary to interest, The worst and most disadvantageous lights.
Addison.

DISADVANTA＇GEOUSLY, adv. [of disadvantageous] with disadvan­
tage. Display yourselves more disadvantageously. Government of the
Tongue.

DISADVANTA＇GEOUSNESS [of disadvantageous] prejudicialness, con­
trariety to profit, loss.

DISADVE＇NTUROUS [of dis and adventurous] unprosperous, un­
happy. Doleful disadventurous death. Spenser.

To DISAFFE＇CT, verb act. [of dis, neg. and affect] to fill with dis­
content, to make less faithful or zealous. They endeavoured to dis­
affect and discontent his army. Clarendon.

DISAFFE＇CTED, part. [of disaffect.] bearing no good will to, dis­
satisfied with. It is usually applied to such as are enemies to the
government; and generally has to. Disaffected to the emperor. Stil­
lingfleet.

DISAFFE＇CTEDLY, adv. [of disaffected] in a disaffected manner, di­
satisfiedly.

DISAFFE＇CTEDNESS [of disaffected] the quality of being disaffected.

DISAFFE＇CTION [from disaffect] dislike, want of zeal for the go­
vernment, or the reigning prince. Every thing disliked by those who
think with the majority is called disaffection. Swift.

DISAFFI＇RMANCE [of dis, neg. and affirm] negation, confutation.
Hale uses it.

To DISAFFO＇REST, verb act. [of dis, neg. and forest] to throw
open from the privileges of a forest to the state of common ground.
Moved the king to disafforest some forests. Bacon.

To DISAGRE＇E, verb neut. [dis and agreer] 1. Not to agree, to fall
out, to be at variance or strife; followed by from or with. It seems
to disagree with what they call reason. Atterbury. 2. To differ so as
not to be the same. The mind perceives all distinct ideas to disagree,
that is, the one not to be the other. Locke. 3. To differ so, as not to
be of the same sentiments or opinion. Why both the bands in worship
agree. Dryden.

DISAGREE＇ABLE [desagreable, Fr.] 1. Not pleasing, offensive. A­
greeable or disagreeable things. Locke. 2. Unsuitable, contrary. A
conduct disagreeable to her sincerity. Pope.

DISAGREE＇ABLENESS [of disagreeable] 1. Disagreeable quality, un­
suitableness, contrariety. 2. Offensiveness, unpleasantness. The dear­
ness of the person easily apologizes for the disagreeableness of the ha­
bit. South.

DISAGREE＇ABLY, adv. [of disagreeable] offensively, unsuitably.

DISAGREE＇MENT [desagrement, Fr.] 1. A difference, a diversity, not
identity. Characters of disagreement or affinity with one another.
Woodward. 2. Difference in opinion or sentiments. Touching their
several opinions, their disagreement is not great. Hooker.

To DISALLO＇W, verb act. [of desallouer, Fr.] 1. To deny authori­
ty to. Those first councils disallow＇d by me. Shakespeare. 2. To
consider as unlawful. They disallow Romish ceremonies. Hooker. 3.
To censure by some posterior act. Those who professed his princi­
ples, publickly disallowed his proceedings. Swift. 4. Not to justify.
A man＇s own conscience disallows him. South.

To DISALLOW, verb neut. not to allow of, to refuse permission,
not to make lawful. God disallows that the faithful, when they are
free, should enter into bonds. Hooker.

DISALLO＇WABLE [of disallow] not allowed, not to be suffered.

DISALLO＇WABLENESS [of disallow] the state of not being al­
lowable.

DISALLO＇WANCE [of disallow] prohibition. He does not declare
his refusal and disallowance of a thing. South.

To DISA＇LT [old law term] to disable.

To DISA＇NCHOR, verb act. [of dis, neg. and anchor] to drive a
ship from her anchor.

To DISA＇NIMATE, verb act. [of dis and animate] 1. To deprive
of life. 2. To discourage, to depress. Confounded and disanimated
at his presence. Boyle.

DISANIMA＇TION [of disanimate] privation of life. Affections which
depend upon life, and depart upon disamination. Brown.

To DISANNU＇L [of des and annules, Fr. annullare, It. anulàr, Sp.
This word is formed contrary to analogy, by those who not knowing
the meaning of the word annul, intended to form a negative sense, by
the needless use of the negative particle. Johnson. It ought therefore
to be respected as ungrammatical and barbarous] to annul absolutely,
to repeal, to abolish or make void. Disannulling of laws. Bacon.

DISANNU＇LMENT [of disannul] the act of making void.

To DISAPPEA＇R [disparoître, Fr. disparire, It. desaperecèr, Sp. of
dis and appareo, Lat.] to appear no longer, to vanish away, to go out
of sight. The pictures drawn in our minds vanish and disappear. Locke.

To DISAPPOI＇NT [of des and appointer, Fr.] 1. To baulk, to hinder
from something expected. We are disappointed by the silence of men,
when it is unexpected. Addison. 2. With of before the thing lost by
disappointment. The Janizaries disappointed of the spoil. Knolles.

DISAPPOI＇NTMENT [of disappoint] a defeat of hopes, a miscarriage
of expectations. If we hope for things of which we have not con­
sidered the things, our disappointment will be greater than our pleasure
in the fruition, Addison.

DISAPPROBA＇TION [of dis, neg. and approbation] censure, expres­
sion of dislike. Disapprobation of the publishing other letters. Swift
to Pope.

To DISAPPRO＇VE [desapprover] not to approve, to disallow of,
to dislike, to condemn, to blame, to find fault with. A project for
a treaty was disapproved of. Swift.

DI＇SARD, subst. [dwaes aerd, C. B. an ideot, or of disif, Sax. ver­
tiginious, amazed, or of disard, diseur, Fr. a pratler. This word is
inserted both by Skinner and Junius, but I do not remember it.
Johnson] an ideot or silly fellow, a boasting talker, a prater.

To DISA＇RM [desarmer, Fr. disarmare, It. desarmàr, Sp.] to take
away arms from one, to spoil of armour; it has of. Disarmed of
their great magazine of artillery. Locke.

To DISARM [with horsemen] as to disarm the lips of a horse, is to
keep them subject, and out from above the bars, when they are so
large as to cover the bars, and prevent the pressure or appui of the
mouth, by bearing up the bit, and so hindering the horse from feel­
ing the effects of it upon the bars.

DISA＇RMED [with hunters] spoken of a deer when the horns are
fallen.

To DISARRA＇Y, verb act. [from dis neg. and array] to undress
one, to divest of cloaths. The witch they disarrayed. Spenser.

DISARRA＇Y, subst. [from the verb] 1. Disorder, loss of the regular
order of battle. To prevent such danger as the disarray might cast
upon them. Hayward. 2. Divesture of cloaths, undress.

DISARRA＇YED, part. adj. [of des and arroyé, Fr.] put into confu­
sion or disorder.

DISA＇STER [desastré, Fr. disastro, It. desástre, Sp. of dis and astrum,
Lat. a star, q. d. a malignant star] ill luck, great misfortune, es­
pecially such as proceeds from the malignant influence of the stars.
Disasters veil＇d the sun. Shakespeare.
2. Grief, calamity.
Some dire disaster, or by force or slight. Pope.

To DISA＇STER, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To blast by the
stroke of an ill planet or unfavourable star. How canst thou now re­
ceive that diaster＇d changeling? Sidney. 2. To affect, to do mischief
to. These are the holes where eyes should be, that pitifully disaster
the cheeks. Shakespeare.

DISA＇STROUS. 1. Unfortunate, unlucky, fatal. A most disastrous
day to the Scots. Hayward. 2. Calamitous, miserable, struck with
affliction. Disastrous calamities befel his family. South. 3. Gloomy,
threatening misfortune.
The moon
In dim eclipse disastrous twilight sheds. Milton.

DISA＇STROUSLY, adv. [of disastrous] in a dismal or disastrous
manner.

DISA＇STROUSNESS [of disastrous] unluckiness, unfortunateness.

To DISAVO＇UCH, verb act. [of dis, neg. and avouch] to retract,
to disown.
They flatly disavouch
To yield him more obedience or support. Daniel Civ. War.

To DISAVO＇W [of dis and avow] to disown, to deny knowledge of
or concurrence in. To disavow all evasions. Addison.

DISAVO＇WAL [of disavow] denial.

DISAVO＇WMENT [of disavow] denial. Wotton uses it.

To DISAU＇THORIZE, verb act. [of dis, neg. and authorize] to de­
prive of authority or credit. Wotton uses it.

To DISBA＇ND, verb act. [of dis and band] to put out of the band
or company; to turn out of military service, to dismiss soldiers from
their colours. They disbanded themselves and returned. Knolles. 2.
To spread abroad, to scatter. When the business was done, all the
water was disbanded again and annihilated. Woodward.

To DISBAND, verb neut. to retire from military service, to break
up, to separate. The common soldiers should be paid, upon their
disbanding. Clarendon. Human society would disband, and run into
confusion. Tillotson.

To DISBA＇RK, or To DISBA＇RQUE [debarquer, Fr.] to disembark,
to bring out of a ship, to put on shore.
The ship we moor on these obscure abodes
Disbark the sheep, an offering to the gods. Pope.

DISBELIE＇F [of dis and geleafa, Sax.] refusal of credit, denial of
belief.

To DISBELIE＇VE [of dis and geleofan, Sax.] not to believe or
give credit to, not to hold true. Such who profess to disbelieve a fu­
ture state. Atterbury.

DISBELIE＇VER [of disbelieve] one who disbelieves or refuses belief,
he who denies any position to be true.

To DISBE＇NCH [of dis neg. and bench] to drive one from a seat or
bench. I hope my words disbench＇d you not? Shakespeare.

DISBOSCA＇TIO [old law] a turning wood-land into ploughed ground
or pasture.

To DISBRA＇NCH, verb act. [of des and brancher, Fr.] to cut off
branches, to separate or break off, as a branch from a tree. They
need not be disbranched till the sap begins to stir. Evelyn.

To DISBU＇D Trees, verb act. [with gardeners] to take away the
branches or sprigs newly put forth, that are ill placed, &c.

To DISBU＇RDEN, or To DISBU＇RTHEN, verb act. [of dis and byr­
then, Sax.] 1. To take off the burden, to unload or ease. The river
disburthens himself into the gulph. Peacham. 2. To disencumber, to
clear. They removed for the disburdening of the countries surcharged
with inhabitants. Hale. 3. To throw off a burthen. Lucia, dis­
burden all thy cares on me. Addison.

To DISBURDEN Fruit-Trees, to take off the too great number of
leaves and fruit, that those which remain may grow the larger.

To DISBURDEN, verb neut. to ease the mind.

To DISBU＇RSE [debourser, Fr. q. d. to unpurse] to spend or lay
out money. Money is now not disbursed at once. Spenser.

DISBU＇RSEMENT [deboursement, Fr.] a disbursing or laying out.
Great occasions of disbursements. Spenser.

DISBU＇RSER [of disburse] one that disburses.

DISC, or DISK [with astronomers] the round face of the sun or
moon, which, being really spherical, or in the shape of a ball,
nevertheless, by reason of its great distance from the earth, appears to
us plain, or like a dish.

The DISC [in the Olympian games] answered to our throwing the
quoit. The Scholiast on HOMER＇s Iliad, in his comment on the se­
veral games instituted in honour of Petroclus, observes, that the Solos,
or quoit, in Homer, was sphærical; but the disc is flat and somewhat
hollow.
I shall make no apology to my readers for inserting the following
remark, taken from the late learned author of the Chronological Anti­
quities. “Plutarch (says he) observes, that Aristotle thought that
LYCURGUS assisted Iphitus in the restoration of the Olympiads; and
brought for evidence the Olympic DISC on which the name of Lycur­
gus was inscribed. Sir Isaac Newton, not knowing what this DISC
was, supposes it to be a disc belonging to the quinquertium, which
Pausanias says was restor＇d in the 18th olympiad after Coræbus; and
so, by a strange confusion of chronology and history, he would bring
Lycurgus 17 olympiads lower than Coræbus, or to the year before
Christ 708, when he supposes him to have given the disc at the insti­
tution of the quinquertium. By this hypothesis of this great philo­
sopher, all history and chronology must fall together. ——— But the







truth is, the DISC which Aristotle mentioned, having the name of Ly­
curgus inscribed upon it, did not belong to the GAME of the QUOIT;
but was the DISC on which the treaty or truce (called εκεχειρια) be­
tween the Elæans and Pelopponesians, with the orders of the game, was
written; by virtue of which there was to be a perpetual armistice,
or cessation of arms, during the celebration of the games; which be­
ing procured by Iphitus and Lycurgus, their names were inscribed
upon it, in memory of this famous institution; and to preserve it,
the disc was laid up in the Olympic temple, as I observed from Pausa­
nias.” Jackson＇s Chronolog. Antiq. Vol. III. p. 344.

DISC [in optics] the magnitude of telescope glasses; or the width
of their appurtenances, whatever their figure be, whether plain, con­
vex, meniscus. &c.

DISCA＇LCEATED, pret. and part. pass. [discalceatus, Lat.] stripped
of shoes.

DISCALCEA＇TION [from discalceated, of dis, neg. and calceus, Lat.
a shoe] the act of pulling off the shoes. Brown uses it.

DISCA＇LENDRED, part. adj. [of dis neg. and calendarium, Lat.] put
out of the calendar.

To DISCA＇NDY, verb neut. [of dis neg. and candy] to melt, to dis­
solve.
The hearts
That spaniel＇d me at heels to whom I gave
Their wishes do discandy, melt their sweets
On blossoming Cæsar. Shakespeare.

DISCARCA＇TIO, barb. Lat. [old Law] the unloading of a ship.

To DISCA＇RD [descartar, Sp.] 1. To lay out such cards at play as
are useless in one＇s hand. 2. To turn away or discharge from service.
Their captains discard whom they please. Spenser. Justice discards
party. Addison.

DISCA＇RNATE, adj. [of dis, neg. and caruis, gen. of caro, Lat. flesh,
scarnato, It.] stripped of flesh. Broken and discarnate bones. Glan­
ville.

To DISCA＇SE, verb act. [of dis and case] to strip, to undress. I
will discase me. Shakespeare.

DISCEPTA＇TION [disceptatio, Lat.] a disputing, debating, or argu­
ing.

To DISCE＇RN, verb act. [discerner, Fr. dicernìr, Sp. discernere, It.
and Lat.] 1. To make or put a difference between.
We are so good or bad just at a price;
For nothing else discerns the virtue or vice. Ben Johnson.
2. To distinguish. To discern such buds as are fit to produce blos­
soms, is no difficult matter. Boyle. 3. To perceive, to judge, to
have knowledge of. To discern what is worthy the loving. Sidney.
4. To descry, to discover. I discerned among the youths a young
man void of understanding. Proverbs.

To DISCERN, verb neut. to make distinction; generally with be­
tween. The faculty of discerning between truth and falshood.
Locke.

DISCE＇RNER [of discern] 1. He that discerns or descries.
＇Twas said they saw but one; and no discerner
Durst wag his tongue in censure. Shakespeare.
2. One that has the power of distinguishing, a judge of any thing.
A great observer and discerner of mens natures. Clarendon.

DISCE＇RNIBLE [of discern] that may be discerned or perceived,
distinguishable, apparent. This is easily discernible South.

DISCE＇RNIBLENESS [of discernible] visibleness.

DISCE＇RNIBLY, adv. [of disceruible] perceptably, visibly. Ham­
mond uses it.

DISCE＇RNING, part. adj. [of discern] knowing, judicious. Discern­
ing heads. Atterbury.

DISCERNING, subst. [from the part.] an act of the mind, whereby
it distinguishes between ideas.

DISCE＇RNMENT [discernement, Fr. discernimento, It.] the discerning
faculty, discretion, judgment. A reader that wants discernment. Ad­
dison.

To DISCE＇RP, verb act. [discerpo, Lat.] to tear in pieces, to break,
to destroy.

DISCE＇RPTIBLE [of discerpo, Lat.] that may be torn in pieces or
separated. Glanville and More use it.

DISCE＇RPTIBLENESS [of discerptible] capableness or aptness to be
pulled in pieces.

DISCERPTIBI＇LITY [of discerptible] liableness to be destroyed by
the separation of its parts.

DISCE＇RPTION [from discerp] the act of rending or tearing in
pieces.

DISCE＇SSION, Lat. the act of departing or going away.

To DISCHA＇RGE [decharger, Fr. scaricare, It. descargàr, Sp. descar­
ragar, Port.] 1. To ease, free, or release of any load or inconve­
nience. Discharged of business. Dryden. 2. To divest of any
office, to dismiss from service. 3. To clear or acquit of any accusa­
tion or crime. Reasons to be discharged of all blame. Hooker. 4.
To pay, or make payment of money for clearing a debt. Debts be­
yond sea are paid with money when they will not take our goods to
discharge them. Locke. 5. To disburthen or empty itself; as a river
does into the sea. 6. To unload, to disembark. I will convey them
by sea in floats, unto the place thou shalt appoint me, and will cause
them to be discharged. 1 Kings. 7. To throw off any thing collected,
to give vent; it is applied to any thing violent or sudden. Discharge
thy shafts. Pope. 8. To unload a piece of fire arms. We discharged
a pistol. Addison. 9. To send away a creditor by paying him. Money
to discharge the Jew. Shakespeare. 10. To set free from obligation.
If one man＇s fault could discharge another of his duty, there would be
no place left for common offices of society. L＇Estrange. 11. To per­
form, to execute.
Had I a hundred tongues, a wit so large
As could their hundred offices discharge. Dryden.
12. To put away, to obliterate, to destroy. Ill quality may be dis­
charged or attempered. Bacon. 13. To release, to send away from
any business or appointment. Cæsar would have discharged the senate.
Bacon.

To DISCHARGE, verb neut. to break up. The cloud, if it were
oily, or fatty, would not discharge. Bacon.

DISCHA＇RGE [décharge, Fr.] 1. A release, an acquittance from a
debt for money paid. 2. A dismission from an office. 3. A driving
out or purging off humours. 4. A volley of shot, any explosion or
emission. Extraordinary discharges of this fire. Woodward. 5. Mat­
ter vented. A thin serous discharge. Sharp. 6. Disruption, eva­
nescense. The Discharge of the little cloud upon glass. Bacon. 7.
Release from an obligation or penalty.
Too secure of our discharge
From penalty. Milton.
8. Absolution, acquittance from any crime. An acquittance or dis­
charge of a man upon some precedent accusation. South. 9. Ran­
som, price of redemption.
Paid his ransom now, and full discharge. Milton.
10. Performance, execution. Nothing can absolve us from the dis­
charge of those duties. L＇Estrange. 11. Exemption, privilege, im­
munity. There is no discharge in that war. Ecclesiastes.

DISCHA＇RGER [of discharge] 1. He that discharges in any manner.
2. One that fires a gun. Borax and butter will make it so go off, as
scarcely to be heard by the discharger. Brown.

DISCI＇NCT, adj. [discinctus, Lat.] not girded, loosely dressed.

To DISCI＇ND [discindo, Lat.] to cut off or into pieces. We could
discind them. Boyle.

DISCI＇PLE, Fr. [discepolo, It. discipulo, Sp. and Port. of discipulus,
Lat.] a learner or scholar.

To DISCI＇PLE, verb act. [from the noun] to discipline, to punish;
a word now obsolete.
With an iron whip,
Was wont him to disciple every day. Spenser.

DISCI＇PLESHIP [of disciple] the state of a disciple, or of one who
follows a master. Hammond uses it.

DISCIPLI＇NABLE, Fr. [disciplinabile, It. of disciplinabilis, Lat.] ca­
pable of discipline or instruction, teachable.

DISCIPLI＇NABLENESS [of disciplinable] capacity of instruction, qua­
lification for improvement by education. Hale uses it.

DISCIPLI＇NANTS [of discipline] a religious order, or sect, who
scourge themselves.

DISCIPLINA＇RIAN, adj. [of discipline] pertaining to discipline.
Disciplinarian uncertainties. Glanville.

DISCIPLINARIAN, subst. 1. One who rules or teaches with great
strictness. 2. A sort of sectaries, who pretend to a stricter discipline
than that of the established church, a follower of the presbyterians,
so called from their perpetual clamour about discipline; as one ex­
presses it; but the WANT of which the best and most disinterested sons
of the CHURCH have much lamented.

DISCIPLI＇NARY, adj. [disciplina, Lat.] relating to discipline, or a
regular course of education. Disciplinary way. Milton.

DI＇SCIPLINE, Fr. [disciplina, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. Instruction,
learning, education, the act of forming the manners. Without aid of
discipline. Bacon. 2. Strict order, management, rule or method of
government. A right pattern of sound discipline. Hooker. 3. Cor­
rection, chastisement, punishment. The Discipline of the strap. Ad­
dison. 4. Military regulation. Your discipline in war. Shakespeare.
5. A State of subjection. Have their passions in the best discipline.
Rogers. 6. Art, science, any thing taught. Mechanical disciplines.
Wilkins.

To DI＇SCIPLINE [discipliner, Fr. disciplinare, It. disciplinàr, Sp. dis­
ciplinor, Lat.] 1. To bring up, to instruct. Prepared and disciplined
for confirmation. Addison. 2. To rule or order. An army of well
disciplin＇d soldiers. Derham. 3. To correct, scourge, or whip. 4.
To reform, to redress.
Disciplin＇d
From shadowy types to truth, from flesh to spirit. Milton.

To DISCLA＇IM [of dis and clamer, O. Fr. prob. of clamo, Lat.]
1. To quit claim to, to refuse utterly, to deny having any knowledge
of. 2. To renounce or disown having any concern or interest in a
thing, to abrogate. Disclaiming all pretensions to a temporal kingdom.
Rogers.

DISCLA＇IMER [from disclaim] 1. One that disclaims or renounces.
2. [In law] a plea containing an express denial, renouncing or dis­
claiming a thing alledged: so a tenant denying that he holds of such a
lord, is said to disclaim; also if a man in his plea denies himself to be
of the kindred of another, he is said to disclaim his blood.

To DISCLO＇SE [discludo, Lat. or of dis and clorre, Fr.] 1. To dis­
cover, reveal, or open any thing that is secret. Disclosing of secrets.
Ecclesiasticus. 2. To bring forth, to hatch, as a hen doth her chick­
ens. Eggs the heat of the sun discloseth. Bacon. 3. To uncover,
to produce from a state of concealment to open view. The stone in­
cluded is disclosed and set at liberty. Woodward.

To DISCLO＇SE [with gardeners] to bud, blow, or put out leaves.

DISCLO＇SED [with falconers] a term commonly applied to hawks
that are newly hatched, and as it were put forth from the shell.

DISCLO＇SER [of disclose] one that discloses, reveals, or disco­
vers.

DISCLO＇SURE [from disclose] 1. Discovery, production into view.
2. The act of revealing any thing secret. Disclosure of the king＇s
mind. Bacon.

DISCOI＇DAL, adj. [δισκος, Gr. discus, Lat. and ειδος, Gr. form] be­
ing in the shape of a disc.

DISCO＇IDES [of δισκος, a quoit, and ειδος, Gr. shape] an epithet
given to the chrystalline humour of the eye.

DISCOIDES [with botanists] a term used when the middle part of
the flower is compounded of small hollow flowers, and the whole
formed into a sort of flattish knob, a little rising in the middle, like a
discus or quoit of the ancients. Of these some have downy seed,
as, star-wort, groundsel, helichrysum, &c.

DISCOLORA＇TION [of discolour] 1. The act of changing the co­
lour, the act of staining. 2. Change of colour, die. Spots and dis­
colorations of the skin. Arbuthnot.

To DISCO＇LOUR [decoulerer, Fr. scolorare, It. of descoloro. Lat.] to
alter or spoil the colour of a thing, to tarnish. A deceitful medium
which is apt to discolour and pervert the object. Addison.

To DISCO＇MFIT [of déconfit, O. Fr. desconfire, Fr. sconfiggere, It. as
if from disconfigo, Lat. Johnson] to deseat entirely, to rout or over­






throw in battle, to subdue. Pursuing rebels half discomfitted. Ad­
dison.

DISCO＇MFIT, subst. [from the verb] defeat, overthrow. Shake­
speare and Milton use it.

DISCO＇MFITURE [déconfiture, Fr.] rout, intire defeat, overthrow,
slaughter. Discomfiture and slaughters of great hosts Atterbury.

DISCO＇MFORT [of dis, neg. and comfort] uneasiness, melancholy,
sorrow. Sustain it without discomfort. Hooker.

To DISCO＇MFORT [of dis and comfort] to afford no comfort, to af­
flict or cast down, to dishearten. Discomforted as much as disconfited.
Sidney.

DISCO＇MFORTABLE [of discomfort] 1. Melancholy, refusing com­
fort. Discomfortable cousin. Shakespeare. 2. Causing sadness. No
other news but discomfortable. Sidney.

To DISCOMME＇ND [of dis and commend] to dispraise, to blame, to
censure. Neither do I discommend the lofty style in tragedy.
Dryden.

DISCOMME＇NDABLE [of discommend] blameable. Ayliffe uses it.

DISCOMME＇NDABLENESS [of discommendable] blameable.

DISCOMMENDA＇TION [of discommend] blame, dispraise, disgrace,
shame. Without discommendation. Ayliffe.

DISCOMME＇NDER [of discommend] one that discommends, or dis­
praises.

To DISCOMMO＇DE [of dis and commodare, Lat.] to incommode, to
put to inconvenience.

DISCOMMO＇DIOUS [of discommode] inconvenient, unpleasing. Spen­
ser uses it.

DISCOMMO＇DITY [of dis and commoditas, Lat.] an inconveniency,
mischief. The discommodities of usury. Bacon.

To DISCOMPO＇SE [of dis and compositum, Lat. decomposer, Fr.] 1.
To disorder, to unsettle. Discomposed the confidence that had been
between many. Clarendon. 2. To disquiet, to trouble, to put out of
humour. Peace of mind by rage to discompose. Dryden. 3. To ruf­
fle, to disorder.
Now Betty from her master＇s bed had flown,
And softly stole to discompose her own. Swift.
4. To offend, to fret. Accidents to disorder and discompose men.
Swift. 5. To displace, to discard. He never put down or discom­
posed a counsellor. Bacon.

DISCOMPO＇SEDNESS [of discompose] disquiet of mind.

DISCOMPO＇SURE [of dis and compositura, Lat.] confusion, disorder,
disquietness or trouble of mind. Melancholic discomposure of mind.
Clarendon.

To DISCONCE＇RT [deconcerter, Fr.] 1. To disturb, to disorder, to put
out of countenance, to unsettle the mind, to discompose. A look is
enough to disconcert them. Collier. 2. To break the measures, to
defeat any scheme.

DISCONFO＇RMITY [of dis, neg. and conformity] want of agreement,
inconsistency. Disconformity betwixt the speech and the conception.
Hakewell.

DISCONGRU＇ITY [of dis, neg. and congruity] disagreement, incon­
sistency. Intrinsical discongruity of the one to the other. Hale.

DISCO＇NSOLATE [sconsolato, It. desconsolàdo, Sp. of dis and consolatus,
Lat.] deprived of consolation, comfortless, melancholy. Disconsolate
darkness. Ray.

DISCO＇NSOLATELY, adv. [of disconsolate] in a disconsolate man­
ner.

DISCO＇NSOLATENESS [of disconsolate] the state of being without
consolation.

DISCONTE＇NT, adj. [of dis, neg. and content] not being content, dissa­
tisfied. Discountenanced and discontent. Hayward.

DISCONTENT, subst. [of dis, neg. and content] want of content, sor­
row, trouble of mind, uneasiness. Brows full of discontent. Shakespeare.

To DISCONTE＇NT, verb act. [from the subst.] to make uneasy at
one＇s present state. A Discontented gentleman. Shakespeare.

DISCONTE＇NTED, part. pass. [of to discontent] uneasy, cheerless.

DISCONTE＇NTEDLY, adv. [of discontented] dissatisfiedly.

DISCONTE＇NTEDNESS [of discontented] uneasiness of mind, unsatis­
fiedness. Discontentedness in his looks. Addison.

DISCONTE＇NTMENT [of dis and contentement, Fr.] discontentedness,
uneasiness. General discontentment. Hooker.

DISCONTI＇NUANCE [of dis and continuatio, Lat.] 1. Want of cohe­
sion of parts, disruption. The figure that saveth the body most from
discontinuance. Bacon. 2. Cessation, interruption. Discontinuance of
our conversation. Atterbury. 3. [In the common law] an interrup­
tion or breaking off; as, discontinuance of possession, or discontinuance
of plea or process. The effect of discontinuance of possession is, that
a man may not enter upon his own land or tenement alienated by his
own authority, but must seek to recover possession by law.

DISCONTINUANCE of a Plea or Process [in law] is when the oppor­
tunity of prosecution is lost, and not recoverable but by beginning the
suit afresh.

DISCONTINUA＇TION [from discontinue] breach of continuity, sepa­
ration of parts.

To DISCONTI＇NUE, verb neut. [discontinuer, Fr. desacontinuàr, Sp.]
1. To lose the cohesion of parts, to suffer separation. The appetite of
not discontinuing. Bacon. 2. To lose an established custom. Thy­
self shall discontinue from thine heritage. Jeremiah.

To DISCONTINUE, verb act. 1. To leave off any practice or habit.
Discontinue it by little and little. Bacon. 2. To break a thing off,
to interrupt. They modify the voice, without appearing to discon­
tinue it. Holder. 3. To leave or break off for a time.

To be DISCONTI＇NUED [law term] is to be finally dismissed the
court.

DISCONTI＇NUEDNESS [of discontinued] an interruption or breaking
off.

DISCONTINU＇ITY [of dis, neg. and continuity] a discontinuance of
parts, want of cohesion. Newton uses it.

DISCONTI＇NUOUS [discontinué, Fr. of dis and continuus, Lat.] not
continued, parted, or left off in the middle or elsewhere.

DISCONVE＇NIENCE [of dis, neg. and convenience] incongruity,
disagreement, opposition of nature. In these disconveniencies of nature,
deliberation hath no place. Bramhall.

To DI＇SCORD, verb neut. [discordo, Lat.] to disagree, not to suit
with. The one jarring or discording with the other. Bacon.

DI＇SCORD, Fr. [discordia, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. Disagreement, va­
riance, strife, mutual anger or opposition. Soweth discord among bre­
thren. Proverbs. 2. Difference or contrariety of qualities. All dis­
cord, harmony not understood. Pope. 3. (In music) See DISCORDS.

Apple of DISCORD, a phrase used to signify the subject or occasion of
some misunderstanding between persons. It is borrowed from the my­
thology of the poets, who feign that at the wedding of Peleus and
Thetis, the goddess of discord threw an apple, on which were written
these words, To the fairest, which caused a dissention between Juno,
Pallas and Venus, each pretending a title to it. This apple was after­
wards awarded to Venus by Paris, the goddesses having all made him
the arbitrator.

DISCO＇RDANCE, DISCORDANCY, or DISCORDANTNESS [from discord]
disagreement. inconsistency.

DISCO＇RDANT, Fr. [discordante, It. of discordans, Lat.] 1. Disagree­
ing, inconsistent, being at variance with itself. So various, so discor­
dant is the mind. Dryden. 2. Opposite, contrarious. Discordant at­
traction of some wandering comets. Cheyne. 3. Incongruous, not con­
formable. Discordant from the rule. Hooker.

DISCO＇RDANTLY, adv. [from discordant] 1. In disagreement with
itself. 2. In disagreement with another. Strings discordantly tuned.
Boyle. 3. Peevishly, in a contradictious manner.

DI＇SCORDS [in music] are certain intervals of sounds, which being
heard at the same time offend the ear; yet when orderly intermixed
with concords, make the best of music. A discord is but a harshness
of divers sounds meeting. Bacon.

To DISCO＇VER [découvrir, Fr. descubrir, Sp. and Port. scoprire, It.]
1. To reveal, to disclose, to bring to light. He discovereth deep
things out of darkness. Job. 2. To make manifest or known, to lay
open. We will discover ourselves unto them. Isaiah. 3. To find
out, to espy. Never discover my knowledge of his mistake. Pope.

DISCO＇VERABLE [from discover] 1. That may be discovered or
found out. Not discoverable by human industry. Woodward. 2. Ap­
parent, exposed to view. Nothing discoverable in the lunar surface is
ever covered by clouds. Bentley.

DISCO＇VERER [from discover] 1. One that finds out any thing un­
known before. Not recompense the discoverer＇s pains. Holder. 2. A
scout, one put to descry the posture or number of an enemy.
Send discoverers forth
To know the numbers of our enemies. Shakespeare.

DISCO＇VERY [from discover] 1. The act of discovering, finding
out, laying open any thing hidden. They make dicoveries where they
see no sun. Dryden. 2. The act of disclosing any secret. The clear
discovery of the next world. South.

DISCOVERY [in the drama] a manner of unravelling a plot or fa­
ble, very frequent in comedies, tragedies and romances, wherein, by
some unforeseen accident, a discovery is made of the name, fortune,
quality, and other circumstances of a person unknown. ARISTOTLE,
in his poetics, observes, that the discovery has been made various ways;
sometimes by a sign, as in the Odyssey, where the nurse of Ulysses, when
washing his feet, discovers him by the scar on his thigh. Sometimes
by illation, as the Iphigenia of POLYEIDES, at the very instant she was
about to sacrifice Orestes, finds him to be her own brother, by that re­
flection which he then made on the calamities befallen to his family,
“I had, says he, an unfortunate sister, that was sacrificed long since;
and now am ordained myself to undergo the same fate.” That judi­
cious critic subjoins some other instances; and concludes by observing,
that “of all DISCOVERIES that is the best, which arises εξ αυτων των
πραγματων, out of the things themselves; i. e. a discovery which grows
out of the very action; and where the pleasure of the surprize is en­
creased by the probable; alluding to those preceding parts of the fable,
with which the discovery, and what depends upon it, the catastrophe,
are so finely interwoven. Aristot. de Poetic. cap. 16.

To DISCOU＇NSEL, verb act. [of dis, neg. and counsel] to dissuade,
to give contrary advice. Spenser uses it.

To DISCOU＇NT [of dis and computo, Lat. or conter, Fr.] to deduct,
abate, or set off from an account or reckoning, to pay back again.
Parvisol discounts arrears. Swift.

DI＇SCOUNT [of dis, and conté, Fr.] abatement, the sum refunded in
a reckoning or bargain. To buy at a large discount. Swift.

DISCOUNT [in traffic] is the setting off or abatement of what the
interest comes to at the time when the money becomes due on conside­
ration of present payment.

To DISCOU＇NTENANCE [decontenancer, Fr.] 1. To put out of coun­
tenance, to abash, to put to shame.
Wisdom in discourse with her,
Loses discountenanc＇d, and like folly shews. Milton.
2. To give a check or put a stop to, to discourage by cold treatment.
Unwilling to discountenance any. Clarendon.

DISCO＇UNTENANCE, subst. [of dis, neg. and countenance] cold treat­
ment, unfriendly regard. A little discountenance upon those persons.
Clarendon.

DISCOU＇NTENANCER [from discountenance] one that discountenances
or discourages by cold treatment, or unfriendly aspect. Discountenancer
of his nobility. Bacon.

To DISCOU＇RAGE [decourager, Fr. coraggiare, It.] 1. To bring
down one＇s courage, to deject, to make dastardly. Not discourage
the protestants loyalty. K. Charles. 2. To dishearten, to frighten
from an attempt; with from. Wherefore discourage ye the heart of
the children of Israel from going over. Numbers. 3. It is irregularly
used by Temple; with to.

DISCOU＇RAGER [from discourage] one that gives diffidence and ter­
ror. Discouragers of youth. Pope.

DISCOU＇RAOEMENT [decouragement, Fr.] 1. The act of discoura­
ging or putting out of heart. 2. That which deters from any thing.
Discouragements from vice. Swift. 3. The cause of fear. To things
we wou＇d have them learn, the great discouragement is that they are
called to them. Locke.

DISCOU＇RSE [discursus, Lat. discours, Fr. discorso, It. discurso, Sp.
and Port.] 1. Speech, talk, conversation, mutual intercourse of lan­
guage. He waxeth wiser by an hour＇s discourse than by a day＇s medi­






tation. Glanville. 2. Effusion of language. Filling the month with
copious discourse. Locke. 3. A treatise, a differtation written or ut­
ter＇d. The discourse here is about ideas. Locke.
In too much DISCOURSE truth is lost.
It. Per troppa dibatter, la verità si perde.

DISCOURSE [with logicians] that rational action of the mind, by
which we form any new judgment from others before made, or
whereby we can infer or conclude one thing from another. The third
act of the mind is that which connects propositions, and deduceth con­
clusions from them; and this the schools call discourse; and we shall
not miscal it, if we name it reason. Glanville.

To DISCO＇URSE, verb neut. [discourir, Fr. discorrere, It. discurro,
Lat.] 1. To talk, to converse, to relate. Of various things discour­
sing as he pass＇d. Dryden. 2. To reason or argue, to pass from premises
to consequences. Brutes do want that quick discoursing power. Davies.
3. To treat upon in a solemn formal manner. The maxims we are
discoursing upon are not known to children. Locke.

To DISCOU＇RSE, verb act. to treat of.

DISCOU＇RSER [from discourse] 1. A speaker, one that harangues.
2. One that writes or makes a differtation on any subject. Philolo­
gers and critical discoursers. Brown.

DISCOU＇RSIVE, adj. [from discourse] 1. Passing by intermediate
steps from premises to consequences.
Reason is her being
Discoursive or instructive. Milton.
2. Containing a dialogue, interlocutory. Interlaced with dialogue or
discoursive scenes. Dryden.

DISCOU＇RTEOUSLY, adv. [from discourtcous] uncivilly, rudely.

DISCOU＇RTEOUS [of dis, and courtois, Fr.] uncivil, defective in
good manners. He resolved to unhorse the first discourteous knight he
met. Motteaux＇s Don Quixote.

DISCOU＇RTEOUSLY, or DISCOU＇RTEOUSNESS, uncivility, unkindness.

DISCOU＇RTESY [of dis, neg. and courtesy] incivility, rudeness, act
of disrespect or rough behaviour. As if good entertainment had been
turn＇d to discourtesy. Sidney.

DI＇SCOUS Flower [discus, Lat. with florists] is that which has a
disk without any rays, as in tansey, &c.

A Radiate DISCOUS Flower [with florists] is that which has its disk
encompassed with a ray, as is in the sun-flower.

To DISCRE＇DIT [decrediter, Fr. discreditare, It. desacreditàr, Sp.]
1. To make one lose his credit, to hinder from being trusted. 2. To
disgrace, to bring reproach or shame upon. Virtues discredited with the
appearance of evil. Rogers.

DISCREE＇ET [of discretus, Lat. discret, Fr. discreto, It. and Sp.] 1.
Wise, sober considerate, wary, not rash, careless, nor hardily adven­
turous. It is the discreet man gives measures to society. Addison. 2.
Modest, not forward. Be still as now discreet. Thomson.
DISCREET women have neither eyes nor ears.
That is, they will not see or hear, or at least not regard any thing
that can prejudice their persons or reputations. It may likewise be un­
derstood, that they will overlook small faults and irregularities in a
husband, rather than make a disturbance in a family; and will by no
means give ear to every idle gossiping story.

DISCREE＇TLY, adv. [from discreet] prudently, cautiously.

DISCREE＇TNESS [from discreet] discretion.

DI＇SCREPANCE [discrepantia, Lat.] disagreement, contrariety.

DI＇SCREPANT [descrepans, Lat.] disagreeing, varying, or dis­
ferent.

DISCRE＇TE [discretus, Lat.] 1. Parted, severed, different. 2. Dis­
junctive; as, I lay down my sword, but do not thereby resign my
claim, is a discrete proposition.

DISCRETE Proportion [in arithmetic] is when the ratio or reason
between two pairs of numbers is the same, but there is not the same
proportion between all the four numbers; thus if the numbers 6, 8, : :
3, 4, be considered, the ratio between the first pair 6 and 8, is the
same as that between 3 and 4, and therefore these numbers are pro­
portional; but it is only discretely or disjunctly, for 6 is not to 8 as 8
is to 3, i. e. the proportion is broken off between 8 and 3, and is not
continued all along, as in these following which are continued propor­
tionals, viz. 3, 6, 12, 24.

DISCRE＇TE Quantity, is such as is not continued and joined together,
as number, whose parts being distinct, cannot be united into one conti­
nuum; for in a continuum there are no actual determinate parts before
division, but they are potentially infinite.

DISCRE＇TION, Fr. [discrézione, It. discreciòn, Sp. of discretio, Lat.]
judgment, discrete management, wisdom, wariness; also liberty of
acting at pleasure or will; as, the rebels surrendered at discretion.
An ounce of DISCRETION is worth a pound of wit.
Wit, as valuable as it is, may many ways tend to the disadvantage
of those who possess it, which discretion can never do. Wit, used with
discretion, is the safest, as well as the most valuable.

To live at DISCRETION [a military phrase] is to have free quarters,
to take what they find without paying for it.

To surrender at DISCRETION [military term] is to yield or surrender
to an enemy without terms or conditions.

DISCRE＇TIONARY, adj. [from discretion] unlimited, left at large.
A discretionary power. Tatler.

DISCRE＇TIVE [discretis, Fr. discreto, It. of discretus, Lat. in grammar]
serving to separate; as, a discretive conjunction, is a conjunction that
implies opposition. She is a fury, but not a sober woman.

DISCRETIVE Propositions [with logicians] are those where various
judgments are made and denoted by the particles, but, notwithstand­
ing, or words of the like nature, either expressed or understood; thus
fortune may deprive me of my wealth, but not of my virtue, &c.

DISCRE＇TO, It. [in music books] signifies to play or sing with care,
moderately, and with judgment and discretion.

DISCRETO＇RIUM, Lat. [with anatomists] the diaphragm.

DISCRI＇MINABLE [from discriminate] that may be discriminated or
distinguished from some other thing, by certain marks or tokens.

To DISCRI＇MINATE [discriminatum, sup. of discrimino, Lat.] 1. To
put a difference between, to distinguish by tokens from something else.
Ways of discriminating the voice. Holder. 2. To select or separate from
others. Discriminating mercy. Boyle.

DISCRI＇MINATENESS [from discriminate] distinctness, marked dif­
ference.

DISCRIMINA＇TION [discriminatio, Lat.] 1. The act of distinguish­
ing one thing from another, difference put between. Prudent discri­
mination made between the offenders. Addison. 2. The state of being
distinguished from other persons or things. Their discrimination from
other places. Stillingfleet. 3. The marks of distinction. Original dis­
criminations of voices. Holder.

DISCRIMINATION [with rhetoricians] the same with paradiastole.

DISCRI＇MINATIVE, adj. [from discriminate] 1. Making the mark of
distinction, characteristical. Discriminative characteristic of any metal.
Woodward. 2. That which observes distinction. Discriminative pro­
vidence. More.

DISCRI＇MINOUS [discriminosus, of discrimen, Lat. danger] full of
jeopardy or hazard, dangerous. Harvey uses it.

DISCU＇BITORY, adj. [discubitorius, Lat.] fitted to the posture of
leaning or lying on one side. Brown uses it.

DISCU＇MBENCY [discumbeus, Lat.] the act of leaning at meat, ac­
cording to the ancient custom. Discumbency at meals was upon their
left side. Brown.

To DISCU＇MBER, verb act. [of dis, neg. and cumber] to disengage
from any troublesome weight. His limbs discumber＇d of the clinging
vest. Pope.

To DISCU＇RE, verb act. [decouvrir, Fr.] to discover, to reveal. An
old word perhaps peculiar to Spenser.
I will, if please you it diseure, assay
To ease you of that ill. Fairy Queen.

DISCU＇RSION, Lat. the act of running to and fro.

DISCU＇RSIVE [discursif, Fr. from discurro, Lat.] 1. Moving here
and there, roving. The natural and discursive motion of the spirits.
Bacon. 2. Proceeding regularly from premises to consequences. This
is sometimes, and perhaps not improperly, written discoursive. Dis­
cursive faculty. Hale.

DISCU＇RSIVELY, adj. [from discursive] by due gradation of reason­
ing. Hale uses it.

DISCU＇RSORY [discursorius, Lat.] 1. Given to ramble up and down.
2. Argumentative, rational.

DI＇SCUS, Lat. a platter; also a quoit to play withal.
From Elatreus＇ strong arm the discus flies. Pope.

DISCUS [with the ancients] a round shield consecrated to the me­
mory of some famous hero, and suspended in the temple of some deity,
as a trophy of some great action.

DISCUS [in botany] the middle, plain, and flat part of some
flowers; such as the marigold, chamomil, &c. or it is applied to the
central or middle part of radiated flowers; as being round and plain
like a quoit. It is composed of several fleurons placed perpendicularly.

DI＇SCUS, or DESCUS, barb. Lat. [in old records] a desk or read­
ing shelf in a church.

To DISCU＇SS [discuter, Fr. discussare, It. discussum, sup. of discutio,
Lat.] 1. To examine, to scan, to sift, to strike off those difficulties
wherewith a matter is perplexed. We are to discuss general exceptions.
Hooker. 2. To disperse any humour or swelling.

DISCU＇SSER [from discuss] he that discusses or examines.

DISCU＇SSION [discusione, Fr. discussione, It. discussio, Lat. q. d. a
shaking off the difficulties with which it was embarrassed] a strict ex­
amination or enquiry; the clear treating or handling of any particular
problem or point; a clearing it up. The survey and discussion of each
particular. South.

DISCUSSION [with surgeons] a dispersion of the matter in any tu­
mour or swelling, i. e. a discharge of some thin matter, gathered toge­
ther in any part, by insensible perspiration. Discussion or resolution is
nothing else but breathing out the humours by insensible transpiration.
Wiseman.

DISCU＇SSIVE, adj [from discuss] having the power to discuss or dis­
perse humours that are noxious.

DISCU＇SSIVENESS, dissolving or dispersing quality.

DISCU＇TIENT, adj. [discutiens, Lat.] the same with discussive.

DISCUTIENT Medicines, such as dissolve impacted humours.

DISCUTIENT, subst. [from the adj.] a medicine that has power to
repel or drive back the matter or tumors in the blood, with tendency
to separate. Sometimes it means the same as carminative. Quincy.

To DISDA＇IN [of dis, and daigner, Fr. dedaigner, Fr. sdegnare, It.
desdénoir, Sp.] to despise, scorn, or set light by, to consider as unwor­
of one＇s character.
Tell him, Cato
Disdains a life which he has power to offer. Addison.

DISDAIN [dedain, Fr. sdegno, It. desdèn, Sp.] scorn, proceeding
from aversion or pride, contempt.

DISDA＇INFUL [of dedain, Fr. and full, Sax.] scornful. Disdainful
sharpness of wit. Hooker.

DISDAI＇NFULLY [of disdainful] scornfully, &c. To look disdain­
fully. South.

DISDAI＇NFULNESS [of disdainful] scornfulness. Proud disdainful­
ness of other good men. Ascham.

DISDIAPA＇SON [in music] a double eighth or fifteenth.

DISDIAPASON Diapente, a concord in a sextuple ratio of 1 to 6.

DISDIAPASON Diatessaron, a compound concord in the proportion
of 16 to 3.

DISDIAPASON Ditone, a compound consonance in the proportion of
10 to 2.

DISDIAPASON Semi Ditone, a compound concord in the proportion of
23 to 5.

DISEA＇SE [of des and aise, Fr.] distemper, sickness; that state of
a living body, wherein it is prevented of the exercise of any of its
functions, whether vital, natural, or animal.
It is good to nip the DISEASE in its bud.
That is, to prevent the disease while it is coming, or before it be
got to a head. Lat. Veuiente occurvite morbo, or principiis obsta. And,
in the like manner, it is better and easier to prevent or hinder, if pos­
sible, any impending danger or misfortune, than to remedy it.

To DISE＇ASE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To afflict with disease,
to affect. He was diseased in his feet. 1 Kings. 2. To put to pain,
to make uneasy. The highest degree of darkness does not disease our
eyes. Locke.

DISEA＇SEDNESS [of dis-aise, Fr. and nesse, Sax. or of disease, Eng.]
the state of having a disease, morbidness. State of indigency and dis­
easedness. Burnet＇s Theory.








DISE＇DGED, adj. [of dis, neg. and edge] blunted, dulled. Shake­
speare uses it.

To DISEMBA＇RK, verb neut. [debarquer, Fr. sbarcare, It. desembar­
càr, Sp.] to go off from on board of ship.
There disembarking on the green sea-side. Pope.

To DISEMBARK, verb act. To land goods out of a ship.
I must into the road to disembark
Some necessaries. Shakespeare.

To DISEMBI＇TTER, verb act. [of dis and embitter] to free from bit­
terness, to make sweet. Amusements as may disembitter the minds of
men. Addison.

DISEMBO＇DIED, adj. [of dis and embodied] disjoined, disunited or se­
parated from the body.

To DISEMBO＇GUE, verb act. [se desemboucher, O. Fr. of des and
bouche, Fr. a mouth] To pour out at the mouth of a river, to vent.
And through nine channels disembogues his waves. Addison.

To DISEMBOGUE, verb neut. 1. To roll or discharge into the sea,
as a river does. Rivers disembogue in several mouths into the sea. Cheyne.
Also a ship is said to disembogue, when it passes out of the streight
mouth of some gulph into the sea.

DISEMBO＇WELLED, part. pass. [of dis, neg. and embowel] taken
from out the bowels.
Her disembowel＇d webs,
Arachne in a hall or kitchen spreads. J. Philips.

To DISEMBRO＇IL, verb act. [debrouiller, Fr.] to disentangle, to
free from perplexity. Addison uses it.

To DISENA＇BLE, verb act. [of dis and enable] to deprive of power,
to weaken. Dryden uses it.

To DISENCHA＇NT, verb act. [of dis, neg. and enchant] to free from
the power of enchantment.
A noble stroke or two,
Ends all the charms and disenchants the grove. Dryden.

To DISENCU＇MBER [of dis, neg. and encombrer, Fr.] 1. To free or
rid from encumbrances, to disburthen. She is discumber＇d of her ma­
chine. Spectator. 2. To free from obstructions in general. A disen­
cumber＇d building in the inside. Addison.

DISENCU＇MBRANCE [from disencumber] freedom from encumbrance.
Desire of ease and disencumbrance. Spectator.

To DISENFRA＇NCHISE [desinfrancher, Fr.] the contrary of enfran­
chise, to exclude out of the number of free denizens or citizens.

To DISENGA＇GE, verb act. [of dis and engage, degager, Fr.] 1. To
separate from a thing with which it is united. Before they could
wholly disengage themselves and descend. Burnet＇s Theory. 2. To
withdraw the affection, to wean. To disengage our hearts from earthly
pursuits. Atterbury. 3. To disentangle, to free from impediments
or difficulties. Disengaged from quotations. Atterbury. 4. To free
from any thing that strongly seizes the attention. Our mind＇s eyes are
disengag＇d and free. Denham.

To DISENGAGE, verb neut. to be freed from, to withdraw affec­
tions from. That we may disengage from the world. Collier.

DISENGA＇GED, part. pass. [from disengage] vacant, not fixed to any
particular object of attention.

DISENGA＇GEDNESS [from disengaged] a freedom from engagements
or pressing business; also free and easy temper of mind.

DISENGA＇GEMENT [from disengage] 1. Release from any engage­
ment. 2. Freedom of attention.

To DISENTA＇NGLE [of dis, neg. and entangle] 1. To set free from
impediments, to clear from perplexity or difficulty. Expedient to ex­
plicate and disentangle themselves out of this labyrinth. Clarendon. 2.
To unfold the parts of any thing interwoven with one another. To
disentangle themselves and get away. Boyle. 3. To separate, to disen­
gage. Free and disentangled from all corporal mixtures. Stillingfleet.

To DISENTE＇RRE, verb act. [of dis and enterrer, Fr.] to unbury,
to take out of the grave. To disenterre the bodies of the deceased.
Brown.

To DISENTHRA＇L [of dis, neg. and enthral] to set free, to rescue
from slavery. To disenthral themselves. South.

To DISENTHRO＇NE, verb act. [of dis and enthrone] to dethrone or
depose from sovereignty. To disenthrone the king of heav＇n. Milton.

To DISENTRA＇NCE [of dis and entrance] to awaken from a trance
or deep sleep. Ralpho by this time disentranc＇d. Hudibras.

To DISESPOU＇SE, verb act. [of dis and espouse] to separate persons
after faith plighted. Lavinia disespous＇d. Milton.

DISESPOU＇SED, part. pass. [of dispouse] discharged from espousals,
divorced.

DISESTEE＇M, subst. [of dis and esteem] slight regard. One by mis­
carriage falls into disesteem. Locke.

To DISESTEEM [from the noun] to have slight esteem or regard for,
to slight. I would not be thought to disesteem the study of nature.
Locke.

DISESTIMA＇TION [of dis and æstimatio, Lat.] disesteem, disre­
spect.

DISFA＇VOUR [disfaveur, O. Fr. of dis, neg. and favor, Lat.] 1.
The state of being out of favour. After his sacrilege he was in disfa­
vour with God and man. Spelman. 2. Unfavourable aspect or cir­
cumstances, Four great disfavours of that voyage. Bacon. 3. Want
of beauty.

To DISFA＇VOUR, verb act. [from the subst.] to discountenance, to
withhold kindness. Countenanced or disfavoured. Swift.

To DISFI＇GURE [disfigurer, Fr. disfigurare, It. desfiguràr, Sp.] to
spoil the figure or shape of, to make ugly or deformed. Such parts as
made him disfigured as he was, capable to be a dignitary in the church.
Locke.

To DISFI＇GURE a Peacock [a carving term] i. e. to cut it up.

DISFI＇GUREMENT [from disfigure] the state of having the form
or shape marred, a blemish. Foul disfigurement. Milton.

To DISFO＇REST [of dis, and forêt, Fr.] to displant or cut down the
trees of a forest, to reduce land from the privileges of a forest to the
state of common land.

To DISFRA＇NCHISE, verb act. [of dis and franchise] to take away
one＇s freedom or privilege.

DISFRA＇NCHISEMENT [from disfranchise] the act of depriving of
privileges.

To DISFU＇RNISH, verb act. [of dis, and fournir, Fr. sfornire, It.]
to unfurnish. He durst not disfurnish that country. Knolles.

To DISGA＇RNISH [of degarnir, Fr.] 1. To take away the garni­
ture or ornaments. 2. To take guns from a fortress.

To DISGARNISH a Fortification [a military phrase] is to take away
great part of its garrison and ammunition.

To DISGLO＇RIFY, verb act. [of dis, neg. and glorify] to deprive of
glory, to treat with indignity.
Disglorify＇d, blasphem＇d, and had in scorn. Milton.

To DISGO＇RGE [degorger, Fr.] 1. To throw up by vomiting. Dis­
gorge the briny draught. Dryden. 2. To empty itself into the sea, as
a river does, to pour out with violence. Disgorging fire. Derham.

To DISGO＇RGE [with farriers] is to discuss or disperse an inflamma­
tion or swelling.

To DISGRA＇CE, verb act [disgracier, Fr. disgraciare, It. disgraciàr,
Sp.] 1. To turn out of favour; as, the minister was disgraced. 2.
To dishonour, to put to shame. An opinion they have a mind to
disgrace. Burnet.

DISGRACE, Fr. [disgrazia, It. disgracia, Sp. desgraca, Port.] 1. Dis­
favour, dishonour, reproach. Lowest stain of disgrace. Peacham.
2. State of dishonour. 3. State of being out of favour.

DISGRA＇CEFUL [of disgrace and full] bringing disgrace, scanda­
lous, reproachful.

DISGRA＇CEFULLY [of disgraceful] scandalously, dishonourably.

DISGRA＇CEFULNESS [of disgraceful] reproach, dishonourableness.

DISGRA＇CER [of disgrace] one that exposes to shame, one that
causes ignominy. Infamous disgracers of the Sex. Swift.

DISGRA＇CIOUS [of dis and gracious] unkind, unfavourable. Shake­
speare uses it.

DISGRA＇DING [for degrading; in law] the deposing a clergyman
from holy orders; also a lord, knight, &c. from his titles of ho­
nour.

To DISGU＇ISE [deguiser, Fr.] 1. To put into another guise, dress,
or fashion, in order to conceal. 2. To dissemble or cloak by a false
show; as, he disguised his wrath. 3. To disfigure, to change the
form. Things appear in a disguised view. Pope.

DISGUISE [from the verb] 1. A counterfeit habit to conceal the
person that wears it. 2. A false pretence, colour, or cloak.

DISGUI＇SED [in liquor] drunk. A low cant word.

DISGUI＇SEMENT [of disguise] dress of concealment. Sidney and
Wotton use it.

To DISGU＇ST, verb act. [se degouter, Fr. disgustare, It. disgustàr,
Sp.] 1. To raise distaste or dislike in the stomach. 2. To strike with
dislike, to offend; having at or with. Disgusted at marriage. Atter­
bury. 3. To cause aversion; having from. Swift uses it in this
sense. 4. To displease, or be averse to.

DISGUST [of dis and gustus, Lat. taste] 1. A distaste or dislike of
the palate at any thing. 2. Ill-humour, offence conceived. Satis­
faction or disgust. Locke.

DISGU＇STFUL [of dégout, Fr. and full] nauseous, unrelishable,
causing displeasure.

DISH [dise, or dyxas, Sax. of discus, Lat.] a kitchen utensil to
contain all sorts of food, either solid or liquid, also the food contain­
ed in it, any particular kind of food. Delicious dishes that we have
the use of. Woodward.

DISH [tasse, Fr. tassa, It.] a small utensil of china, &c. for coffee,
tea, &c.
I don＇t know him, though I should meet him in my DISH.
Fr. Je ne le connois, nu de près, ni de loin. (neither near nor at a
distance.) Lat. Albus an ater sit nescio. Cic. (I don＇t know whether
he be white or black.) Expressions to shew we have no manner of
knowledge of a person mentioned.
Always the same DISH is tiresome.
Fr. On se lasse bien vîte, d＇avoir toujours les memes viandes
The French likewise use in the same meaning the exclamation; tou­
jours chapons! (always capons!) on occasion of the origin of this lat­
ter, the French tell a pleasant story of Lewis XIV, and father la
Chaise, his confessor. The latter, though known to be a libertine in
his amours, thought it his duty, at least in appearance, to condemn
unlawful love in his master. The king tired at last with his (as he
thought) unseasonable admonitions, gave orders for nothing to be set
upon the confessor＇s table but capons, till, being become loathsome
to him, he in a passion broke out in this exclamation, which after­
wards became a proverb; and it is said he took the hint, and without
any interruption suffered the monarch to satiate himself with variety.
The Lat. say: Voluptatum commendat rarior usus. Juv.
To lay a thing in one＇s DISH.
Or, To hit it in one＇s teeth, to remind one of it, generally meant as
a reproof, or tauntingly.

To DISH, verb act [from the subst.] to serve up in a dish, to send
up to table. Shakespeare uses it.

To DISHA＇BIT, verb act. [this word I have found only in Shakes­
peare. Johnson] to throw out of place, to drive from a habitation.
From their fixed beds of lime
Had been dishabited. Shakespeare.

DISHA＇RMONY [of dis and harmony] discord, not harmony.

DISHCLOUT [of dish and clout] the cloth with which cook-maids
clean their dishes. A dishclout pinned at their tails. Swift.

DISH-MEAT, spoon-meat.

DISHABI＇LLE, adj. [deshabillè, Fr.] undressed, loosely or carelesly
dressed.

DISHABI＇LLE, or DISHABI＇LLY, an undress, or loose dress.

To DISHEA＇RTEN [of dis and hearten, of heort, Sax.] to put
out of heart, to discourage, to frighten. To dishearten with fearful
sentences. Hooker.

DISHE＇RISON [old law term] the act of disinheriting.

To DISHE＇RIT, verb act. [of dis and herit] to cut off from here­
ditary succession. He trusts to restore to their rightful heritage such
good old English words, as have been long time out of use, almost
disherited. Spenser.

DISHE＇RITOR [from disherit] one who puts another out of his in­
heritance.

DISHE＇VELLED, part. pass. [dechevele, Fr.] as, with dishevelled hair,







i. e. having the hair hanging loose, or dangling about the shoulders.
The active voice is seldom if ever used.

DI＇SHING, adj. [of dish] hollow, a cant word among workmen.
For the form of the wheels some make them more dishing, that is,
more concave, by setting off the spokes and fellies more outwards.
Mortimer.

DISHO＇NEST [of dis and honnête, Fr. disonesto, It. desonesto, Sp. or
of dis, neg. and honestus, Lat.] 1. Void of honesty, knavish, wicked,
fraudulent. A false or dishonest sentence. South. 2. Disgraced, dis­
honoured. Dishonest with lopp＇d arms the youth appears. Dryden. 3.
Disgraceful, ignominious. These two senses are scarce English, being
borrowed from the Latin idiom. Inglorious triumphs and dishonest
scars. Pope. 4. Unchaste, lewd.

DISHO＇NESTLY [of dishonest] 1. Knavishly, wickedly, Shakespeare
uses it. 2. Lewdly, unchastely. She that liveth dishonestly is her fa­
ther＇s heaviness. Ecclesiasticus.

DISHO＇NESTY [of dishonest, deshonnétetè, Fr. in the latter sense,
disonesta, It. desonestidad, Sp. of dis. neg and honestas, Lat.] 1. Un­
fair dealing, knavery. Open public dishonesty must be to their disad­
vantage. Swift. 2. Debauchery, lewdness. You suspect me in any
dishonesty. Shakespeare.

To DISHO＇NOUR [deshonorer, Fr. disonorare, It. deshonràr, Sp.] 1.
To render infamous, to disparage, to disgrace. To avoid those im­
perfections which may dishonour us. Dryden. 2. To violate chastity.
3. To treat ignominiously, or with indignity. Dishonour＇d by the
king of men he stands. Dryden.

DISHO＇NOUR [deshonneur, Fr. disonore, It. deshoura, Sp.] 1. Dis­
grace, infamy. To own Lazarus even in the dishonours of the grave.
Boyle. 2. Censure, or report of infamy.
No tongue could ever
Pronounce dishonour of her. Shakespeare.

DISHO＇NOURABLE [deshonnerable, Fr. desonorevole, It. deshonróso, Sp.]
1. Disparaging, disgraceful. Dishonourable articles. Daniel. 2. Be­
ing in a state of disesteem or neglect. He that is dishonourable in
riches, how much more in poverty? Ecclesiasticus.

DISHO＇NOURABLENESS [of dishonourable] dishonourable quality.

DISHO＇NOURABLY [of dishonourable] disgracefully, infamously.

DISHO＇NOURER [of dishonour] 1. One that treats another with in­
dignity. Dishonourer of Dagon. Milton. 2. One that violates
chastity.

To DISHO＇RN, verb act. [of dis and horn] to divest of horns. We＇ll
dishorn the spirit. Shakespeare.

DISHU＇MOUR [of dis and humour] peevishness, uneasy state of mind.
Any thing that betrays inattention or dishumour. Spectator.

DISH-WASHER. 1. A water-wag-tail, a bird 2. One that washes or
cleans dishes.

DISIDE＇MONY, DISIDÆ＇MONY, or DESIDÆ＇MONY [δεσιδαιμονια,
or δεισιδαμονια, of δειδω, to fear, and δαιμον, Gr. a demon, or a deity]
a superstition, also a worshipping God out of fear, and not from love.
See DÆMON.
Query, If St. Paul does not use the word in a good sense, in his
speech before the court of Areopagus, Acts xvii. 22 and 23. com­
pared? I mean, to express what we call devout, and not that false species
of devotion, which we call by the name of superstition?

DISIMPRO＇VEMENT [dis and improvement] reduction from a better
to a worse condition; opposed to melioration. Utter neglect and dis­
improvement of the earth. Norris.

To DISINCA＇RCERATE [of dis and incarcerate] to free from pri­
son. To disincarcerate the fame venene bodies. Harvey.

To DISINCHA＇NT [of desenchanter, Fr. desencantàr, Sp. or incanto,
Lat.] to set free from inchantment. See To DISENCHANT.

DISINCLINA＇TION, a want of inclination, dislike, ill-will, but not
heightened to aversion. Disinclination to the fair sex. Arbuthnot and
Pope.

To DISINCLI＇NE, verb act. [of dis and incline] to cause dislike, to
alienate affection from. To disincline them from any reverence or af­
fection to the queen. Clarendon.

To DISINCO＇RPORATE [of dis and incorporare, Lat.] to difunite or
separate from being one body or corporation.

DISINGENU＇ITY, or DISINGENUOUSNESS [of dis and ingenuitas, Lat.]
want of ingenuity, or sincerity; dissimulation, unsincerity; low craft.
A habit of ill-nature and disingenuity. Clarendon.

DISINGE＇NUOUS [of dis and ingenuous] unsincere, false-hearted,
unfair, viciously subtile. A disingenuous way of proceeding. Stil­
lingfleet.

DISINGE＇NUOUSLY, adv. [of disingenuous] in a disingenuous man­
ner, unsincerely, false-heartedly.

DISINHA＇BITED [of dis and inhabit] void or empty of inhabi­
tants, desolate.

DISINHE＇RISON [of dis and inherit] 1. The act of disinheriting.
Bacon and Clarendon use it. 2. The state of being disinherited.
Bringing disinherisons or great injuries to the lawful children. Taylor.

To DISINHE＇RIT [of dis and inherit, or desheriter, Fr.] to deprive
of, or put one out of inheritance. Adam disinherited his whole pos­
terity. South.

To DISINTA＇NGLE, to disengage, or free from an intanglement. See
DISENTANGLE.

DISINTERE＇SSED, or DISINTERE＇STED [desinteresse, Fr. desinteressâ­
do, Sp. It is written disinterested by those who derive it immediately
from interest, and I think more properly. Johnson] void, or free from
self-interest, impartial, unbiassed.
Not that tradition＇s parts are useless here,
When general, old, disinteress＇d, and clear. Dryden.

DISINTERE＇SSMENT [of des and interessement, Fr.] disinterestedness,
disregard to private interest. This word is merely French, like charges
in the same sentence. He has managed some of the charges of the
kingdom with known ability, and laid them down with entire disin­
teressement. Prior.

DISI＇NTEREST [of dis and interest] 1. That which is contrary to
one＇s prosperity. Great disinterest to Rome. Glanville. 2. Indiffe­
rence as to profit or private advantage.

DISI＇NTERESTED [of disinterest] 1. Not influenced by private ad­
vantage. 2. Being without concern in an affair, free from fear or
hope.

DISINTERE＇STEDLY [of disinterested] without any self-interest, im­
partially.

DISINTERE＇STEDNESS [of disinterested] state of being free from self­
interestedness, neglect of private advantage. Brown uses it.

To DISINTE＇RR [of dis and interrer, or déterrer, Fr. desentarràr,
Sp.] to take a dead body out of the grave. See DISENTERRE. The
wise, the good, or the great man very often lie hid and concealed in a
plebeian, which a proper education might have disinterred. Addison

To DISINTHRO＇NE [of détbroner, Fr.] to put out of or depose from
the throne. See DISENTHRONE.

To DISI＇NTRICATE, verb act. [of dis and intricate] to disentangle.

To DISINVI＇TE [desinviter, Fr. of dis and invito, Lat.] to recal an
invitation, to forbid a person to come who was before invited.

To DISJOI＇N [dejoindre, Fr. disgiugnere, It. disjungo, Lat.] to sepa­
rate, part asunder, or loosen. Never let us lay down our arms a­
gainst France, till we have utterly disjoined her from the Spanish mo­
narchy. Addison.

To DISJOI＇NT, verb act. [of dis and joiut] 1. To put out of joint,
to divide or separate joints. 2. To separate at the part where there
is a cement. Mould＇ring arches and disjointed columns. Irene. 3.
To break in pieces, to tear asunder. The separate and disjointed parts
of a ship. Watts. 4. To carve a fowl at table. 5. To make inco­
herent. Disjointed speeches. Sidney.

To DISJOI＇NT, verb neut. to fall in pieces. Let both worlds dis­
joint. Shakespeare.

DISJOINT, part. pass. [from the verb] separated, divided. Our
state to be disjoint and out of frame. Shakespeare.

DISJUDICA＇TION [disjudicatio, Lat.] judgment, determination (per­
haps only mistaken for dijudication) The disjudications we make of co­
lours. Boyle.

DISJU＇NCT, adj. [disjunctus, Lat.] disjoined, separate.

DISJU＇NCTION [disjonction, Fr. disgiunzione, It. of Lat.] the act of
disjoining, separation, or division. The disjunction of the body and
the soul. South.

DISJU＇NCTIVE [disjonctif, Fr. disgiuntivo, It. disjuntivo, Sp. dis­
junctivus, Lat.] 1. Incapable of being united. Atoms of that dis­
junctive nature, as not to be united. Grew. 2. [In grammar] that
which marks separation, or making opposition; as, I hate him or
love him. A disjunctive proposition is when the parts are opposed to
one another by disjunctive particles; as, quantity in either breadth,
depth, or length. The truth of disjunctives depends on the necessary
and immediate opposition of the parts. Watts.

DISJUNCTIVE Propositions [with logicians] are those wherein the
particle or is found; as, men are guided either by interest or fear. A dis­
junctive syllogism, is a syllogism wherein the major proposition is dis­
junctive; as, the earth moves in a circle, or an ellipsis; but it does
not move in a circle, therefore it moves in an ellipsis. Watts.

DISJU＇NCTIVELY, adv. [of disjunctive] separately, distinctly. The
numbers disjunctively and apart. Decay of Piety.

DISK. See DISC. 1. The face of the fun, or other planet, as it
appears to the eye. 2. A broad piece of iron thrown in the ancient
sports, a quoit. Some whirl the disk, and some the jav＇lin dart.
Pope.

DISK [with florists] is a body of florets collected together, and form­
ing as it were a plain surface.

DISKI＇NDNESS [of dis and kindness] 1. Want of kindness. 2. Ill
turn, detriment. Far from doing any diskindness to the cause, that it
does it a real service. Woodward.

DISLI＇KE [of dis and like] 1. Distaste, displeasure, opposed to fond­
ness. Continual dislike to sin. Hammond. 2. Discord, dissension.
A murmur rose,
That shew＇d dislike among the christian peers. Fairfax.

To DISLIKE, verb act. [of dis and like] to disapprove, to regard-
without affection, and with disgust. Dislikes the digressions. Temple.

DISLI＇KEFUL [of dislike and full] disaffected, malign. To put away
the dislikeful conceit of the one and the other. Spenser.

To DISLI＇KEN [of dis and like] to make unlike. Disliken the truth
of your own seeming. Shakespeare.

DISLI＇KENESS [of dis and likeness] Unlikeness, dissimilitude.

DISLI＇KER [of dislike] one that disapproves, or is not pleased.

To DISLI＇MB, verb act. [of dis and limb] to tear limb from limb.

To DISLI＇MN, verb act [of dis and lima] to unpaint, to strike out
of a picture.
That which is now a horse, even with a thought
The rack dislimns, and makes it indistinct
As water is in wine. Shakespeare.

To DI＇SLOCATE [disloquer, Fr. dislogare, It. dislocàr, Sp. of dis and
loco, Lat.] 1. To put out of the proper place. The strata seem＇d to
have been dislocated. Woodward 2. To put out of joint.
To dislocate and tear
Thy flesh and bones. Shakespeare.

DISLOCA＇TION, Fr. [of dis and locus, Lat. a place] 1. The putting
out of place or joint, as a bone out of its right place. A dislocation or
a strain. Grew. 2. The act of shifting the places of things in general.
3. The state of being displaced. The posture of rocks shews that they
had some dislocation from their natural site. Burnet＇s Theory.

To DISLO＇DGE [disloger, Fr.] 1. To put or turn out of lodging,
house, or habitation. The soul dislodging from another seat. Dryden.
2. To remove from a place. Shell-fish are never dislodged, or re­
moved by storms. Woodward. 3. To drive an enemy from a station
or post. From your walls dislodge that haughty son. Dryden. 4. To
remove an army to some other quarter. The Volscians are dislodged,
and Marcus gone. Shakespeare.

To DISLODGE [with hunters] is to raise or rouze beasts of the
game from their lodging or harbour.

To DISLODGE, verb act. to go away to some other place.
He resolv＇d,
With all his legions to dislodge. Milton.

DISLO＇YAL [disloyal, Fr.] 1. Unfaithful to a sovereign, not true to
allegiance.
Breach
Disloyal on the part of man. Milton.
2. Not true to a husband; obsolete. The lady is disloyal. Shakespeare.
3. Treacherous, traiterous, dishonest, perfidious; an obsolete sense.
A false disloyal slave. Shakespeare. 4. False in love, inconstant; ob­
solete.

DISLO＇YALLY [of disloyal] not faithfully, treacherously, disobe­
diently.








DISLO＇YALNESS, or DISLO＇YALTY [déloyauté, Fr.] 1. An act com­
mitted against fidelity and law; unfaithfulness, perfidiousness; com­
monly used with respect to one＇s sovereign prince. 2. Want of fidelity
in love; an obsolete sense. Hero＇s disloyalty. Shakespeare.

DI＇SMAL [prob. q. of dies malus, Lat. an unlucky day, or perhaps
of dim, Sax. dark, spoken in reference to hell, which is called utter
darkness] hideous, lamentable, uncomfortable, unhappy, dark.
Dismal effects of discord. Decay of Piety.

DISMAL Ditty, a dull or silly ballad or song, also a penetential
psalm at the gallows.

DISMA＇LITY, or DI＇SMALNESS [of dismal] hideousness, terrible­
ness, &c.

DI＇SMALLY [of dismal] hideously, terribly.

To DISMA＇NTLE, verb act. [of dis and mantle, demanteler, Fr. sman­
tallare, It. des mantalés, Sp.] 1. To throw off any dress, to strip.
Dismantling him of his honour. South. 2. To unfold, to throw
open.
To dismantle
So many folds of favour. Shakespeare.
3. To strip a place of its outworks. Dismantling and demolishing the
enemy＇s fort. Hakewell. 4. To break down any thing outward.
His nose dismantled in his mouth is found. Dryden.

To DISMA＇SK, verb act. [of dis and mask] to divest of a mask, to
uncover one from concealment. Thought best to dismask his beard.
Wotton.

To DISMA＇Y [of dismayar, Sp.] to astonish, terrify, or put in a
fright. Dismayed with alarms. Raleigh.

DISMAY [desmay, Sp.] terror, amazement, astonishment, fright.
In others countenance read his own dismay. Milton.

DISMA＇YEDNESS [of dismayed] dispiritedness. The valiantest feels
inward dismayedness. Sidney.

DI＇SME, Fr. [decimæ, Lat. tenths] 1. Tithes, or the tenth part of
fruits, cattle, &c. allotted to ministers. 2. The tenths of spiritual li­
vings, yearly given to the prince. Two years disme from the clergy.
Ayliffe. 3. A tribute levied of the temporality.
“Let the first-fruits be brought to the bishop, and to the presby­
ters, and to the deacons, for their maintenance; but let all the TITHE
be for the maintenance of the rest of the clergy [i. e. door-keepers,
&c.] and virgins, and widows, and the poor. For the first-fruits be­
long to the PRIESTS, and the DEACONS, that minister to them.” Apost.
Constit. lib. 8. c. 30. See BISHOP.

To DISME＇MBER [of dis and membrum, Lat. demembrer, Fr. smem­
brare, It. desmembràr, Sp.] to cut off the members or limbs, to dis­
joint, to divide or cantle out. Some prince lies hovering like a vul­
ture to devour or dismember its dying carcass. Swift.

To DISMEMBER a Hern [in carving] is to cut it up.

DISME＇MBRING Knife, a surgeon＇s instrument for cutting off limbs.

To DISMI＇SS [dimissum, sup. of dimitto, Lat.] 1. To send or put
away. He dismissed the assembly. Acts. 2. To discharge, to divest
of an office. 3. To give leave of departure. Dismiss our navy from
your friendly shore. Dryden.

To DISMISS a Cause [in the court of chancery] is to put it quite
out of the court, without any further hearing.

DISMI＇SSION [demissio, Lat.] 1. The act of sending away, dispatch.
It seems a soft dismission from the sky. Dryden. 2. Honourable dis­
charge from any post. A fair dismission. Milton. 3. Deprivation,
discharge from any office.
Your dismission
Is come from Cæsar. Shakespeare.

To DISMO＇RTGAGE [from dis and mortgage] to redeem from mort­
gage. He dismortgaged the crown demesnes. Howell.

To DISMOU＇NT, verb act. [demonter, Fr.] to throw off from a
horse; as, to dismount the cavalry. Dismounted on the Aleian field I
fall. Milton. 2. To throw down from any height, or place of ho­
nour.

To DISMOUNT, verb neut. 1. To alight from on horse-back. He
ordered his cavalry to dismount. Addison. 2. To remove, or descend
from any elevation.

To DISMOUNT a piece of Ordinance [in gunnery] is to take or
throw it down from the carriage; also to break or render it unfit for
service. The Turks artillery was dismounted with shot from the town.
Knolles.

To DISNA＇TURALIZE, verb act. [of dis and naturalize] to make ali­
en, to deprive of the privileges of birth.

DISNA＇TURED, adj. [of dis and nature] unnatural, wanting natu­
ral affection. Athwart disnatur＇d torment to her. Shakespeare.

DISOBE＇DIENCE [of dis and obedientia, Lat. desobeisance, Fr. disub­
bidienza, It. desobediencia, Sp.] 1. Undutifulness, frowardness, breach
of duty due to superiors. Disobediance to parents. Stillingfleet. 2. Incom­
pliance. This disobedience of the moon will prove
The sun＇s bright orb does not the planets move. Blackmore.

DISOBE＇DIENT [desobeissant, Fr. desobediente, Sp. disobediens,
Lat.] undutiful, froward, stubborn, not observant of lawful autho­
rity. The man of God was disobedient unto the word of the Lord.
1 Kings.

DISOBE＇DIENTLY [of disobedient] undutifully.

To DISOBE＇Y, verb act. [of dis and obedio, Lat. desobeir, Fr. di­
subbidir, It. desobedecér, Sp.] to withdraw one＇s obedience, to act
contrary to order, to transgress prohibition. She absolutely bade him,
and he durst not know how to disobey. Sidney.

DISOBLIGA＇TION [disobligatio, Lat.] displeasure, offence. A dis­
obligation to the prince. Clarendon.

To DISOBLI＇GE [desobliger, Fr. desobligar, Sp.] to displease or aff­
ront; a term by which offence is tenderly expressed. So much diso­
bliged, that he quitted the king＇s party. Clarendon.

DISOBLI＇GING [a participle of disoblige] disgusting, offensive. It
renders wise men disobliging and troublesome. Government of the
Tongue.

DISOBLI＇GINGLY, adv. [from disobliging] in a disgusting manner.

DISOBLI＇GINGNESS [action desobligeante, Fr.] displeasing behaviour,
readiness to disgust.

DISO＇RBED, adj. [of dis and orb] thrown out of the proper orbit.
Like a star disorb＇d. Shakespeare.

To DISO＇RDER [of disordre, Fr. disordinare, It. desordenàr, Sp.]
1. To put out of order, to confound. The incursions of the Goths
disordered the affairs of the Roman empire. Arbuthnot. 2. To vex,
to discompose the mind. 3. To make sick, to disturb the body.

DISO＇RDER [disordre, Fr. disordinare, It. desordenàr, Sp.] 1. Con­
fusion, want of regular disposition. Objects in the greatest confusion
and disorder. Spectator. 2. Trouble or discomposure of mind, turbu­
lence of passions, 3. Tumult, bustle.
A greater favour this disorder brought. Waller.
4. Irregularity, neglect of rule.
From vulgar bounds with brave disorder part. Pope.
5. Sickness, distemper, commonly some slight disease. Disorder in
the body. Locke. 6. Breach of laws or established institution. Dis­
order in marriages. Wisdom. 7. Riot, lewdness, excess.

DISO＇RDERED, adj. [of disorder] irregular, debauched. Men so
disorder＇d, so debauch＇d and bold. Shakespeare.

DISO＇RDEREDNESS [of disordered] want of order, confusion. Dis­
orderedness of the soldiers. Knolles.

DISO＇RDERLY, adv. [of disorder] 1. Being without order, confused.
Disorderly, confused and general things. Hale. 2. Tumultuous, ir­
regular. Disorderly multitude. Addison. 3. Lawless, contrary to
law. At the mercy of those hungry and disorderly people. Bacon.

DISORDERLY, adv. [from disorder] 1. Without rule or method.
Fighting disorderly with stones. Raleigh. 2. Without law, inordi­
nately. We behaved not ourselves disorderly. 2 Thessalonians.

DISO＇RDINATE [desordonné, Fr. disordinato, It.] being out of order,
irregular, not living by the rules of virtue.
These not disordinate, yet causeless suffer
The punishment of dissolute days. Milton.

DISO＇RDINATELY [of disordinate] irregularly, viciously.

DISORIE＇NTATED. Spoken of a sun-dial [of dis, neg. and oriens,
the east] turned away from the east, or proper direction. Harris
uses it.

To DISO＇WN [of dis and own] 1. Not to take knowledge for, or
not to own, to deny.
They who brother＇s better claim disown. Dryden.
2. To abrogate, to renounce. An author disowned a spurious piece.
Swift.

To DISPA＇ND [dispando, Lat.] to spread abroad, to stretch out.

DISPA＇NSION [of dispansio, Lat.] the act of spreading abroad,
&c.

To DISPA＇RAGE, verb act. [dispar, Lat.] 1. To decry or speak ill
of, to treat with contempt, to mock, to reproach.
Quarrel with minc＇d pies, and disparage
Their best and dearest friend, plum-porridge. Hudibras.
2. To match unequally, to injure by union with something inferior.
3. To injure by a comparison with something of less value. 4. To
be the cause of disgrace, to bring reproach upon. Forbidding ap­
pearances disparage the actions of men sincerely pious. Atterbury.
5. To marry any to another of inferior condition. 6. To set at
nought, to slight.

DISPA＇RAGEMENT [of disparage] 1. An undervaluing, a speaking
ill of. 2. Injurious union or comparison with something inferior.
They take it for a disparagement to sort themselves with any other.
L＇Estrange. 4. Reproach, indignity. No Disparagement to philoso­
phy. Glanville. 3. It has to before the person or thing disparaged.
Disparagement to the author. Dryden.

DISPARAGEMENT [in law] the matching or disposing of an heir or
heiress in marriage under his or her degree, or against decency.
They counted her blood a disparagement to be mingled with the king＇s.
Bacon.

DISPA＇RAGER [of disparage] one that disgraces, one that treats
with indignity.

DISPA＇RATES [disparata, Lat. with logicians] a sort of opposites,
that are altogether unlike one another, as a man and a stone, &c.
so as that they cannot be compared.

DISPA＇RITY [disparite, Fr. disparitá, It. disparidàd, Sp. disparitas,
Lat.] 1. Inequality, difference in degree or rank. A disparity of
condition or profession. Ayliffe. 2. Unlikeliness.

To DISPA＇RK [of dis, neg. and park] 1. To take away the pales
or inclosure of a park.
Till his free muse threw down the pale,
And did at once dispark them all. Waller.
2. To throw a park open. Dispark＇d my parks, and fell＇d my forest
woods. Shakespeare.

DISPA＇RPLED, or DISPE＇RPLED [in heraldry] loosely scattered, or
shooting itself into several parts.

DISPA＇RT [with gunners] is the thickest of the metal at the mouth
and breech of a piece of ordnance.

To DISPART, to divide in two, to break, to burst. The voice of
time disparting towers. Dier.

To DISPART a Cannon [in gunnery] is to set a mark at or near the
muzzle-ring of it, to be of an equal weight or level with the top of
the base ring, that a sight line taken upon the top of the base ring
against the touch-hole, will be parallel to the axis of the concave cy­
linder, or hollow length of the piece, for the gunner to take aim by it,
to the mark he is to shoot at.

DISPA＇RTED, part. pass. [dispartitus, Lat.] divided into two or
more parts.

DISPA＇SSION [of dis and passion] exemption from passion or mental
disturbance. Apathy or dispassion is called by the Molenists, quie­
tism. Temple.

DISPA＇SSIONATE [of dis and passionate] free from passion; cool,
temperate. Clarendon and Milton use it.

DISPA＇TCH [depeche, Fr. spaccio, It. despàcho, Sp.] the quick doing
of a thing, riddance. See DESPATCH, and its derivatives.

To DISPA＇TCH [depêcher, Fr. spacciare, It. despachar, Sp.] 1. To
hasten, or rid of. 2. To send away in haste. 3. To kill with speed,
or quickly.

DISPA＇TCHES [depeches, Fr. dispacci, It.] letters sent abroad con­
cerning public affairs.

DISPATCHES [with the canting crew] mittimus＇s, or warrants from
a justice of the peace to send rogues to prison.








DISPA＇TCHFUL [of depeche, Fr. and full] quick, making dispatch.

DISPAU＇PERED [of dis and pauperatus, of pauper, Lat. poor; in law]
put out of a capacity of suing in forma pauperis, i. e. without paying
fees.

To DISPE＇L [dispello, Lat.] to drive away. It dispels darkness.
Locke.

DISPE＇NCE [despence, Fr.] expence, charge. A vault they built for
great dispence. Spenser.

To DISPE＇ND [dispendo, Lat.] to spend or lay out money, to con­
sume. They were scarce able to dispend the third part. Spenser.

DISPE＇NDIOUS [dispendiosus, Lat.] sumptuous, costly.

DISPE＇NSABLE, Sp. [dispensabile, It. of dispenso, Lat.] capable of,
or that may be dispensed with.

DISPE＇NSARY [dispensaire, Fr. dispensarium, Lat.] 1. A treatise of
medicines. 2. A place where they are made or kept, and dispensed.
To thee the lov＇d dispens＇ry I resign. Garth.

DISPENSA＇TION, Fr. [dispensasione, It. dispensaciòn, Sp. of dispensa­
tio, Lat.] 1. The act of dealing out any thing. 2. Distribution, ma­
nagement. Dispensation of water to all parts. Woodward.

DISPENSATION [in law] 1. Suffering or permitting a man to do a
thing contrary to law. 2. A licence or permission. 3. An indul­
gence from the pope.

DISPENSATION by non obstante. If any statute tends to restrain
some prerogative incident to the person of the king, as to the right
of pardoning, &c. which are inseparable from the king; by a clause
of non obstante, he may dispense with it; this was disannulled by Stat.
1 W. and M.

DISPENSATION [in pharmacy] is when the simples of a compo­
sition are set or placed in order, lest any of the ingredients should be
forgotten.

DISPENSATION [of a law] is that which suspends the obligation of
a law itself, and is distinct from the equity of it, and from the equita­
ble construction of it; for equity is only the correction of a law that is
too general or universal.

DISPENSATION [with divines] the dealing of God with his crea­
tures, distribution of good and evil; as the giving the Levitical law
to the Jews, the gospel to the Gentiles, and God＇s sending his son for
the redemption of mankind, &c. The dispensations of eternal happi­
ness. Taylor.

DISPENSA＇TOR, one employed in dealing out any thing, a distribu­
tor. Bacon uses it.

DISPE＇NSATORY, or DISPE＇NSARY, subst. [dispensatorium, Lat.] a
book which gives direction to the apothecaries in the ordering every
ingredient as to the quantity and manner of making up their compo­
sitions; the same with pharmacopæia. In the chymical dispensatory.
Bacon.

To DISPE＇NSE, verb act. [dispenser, Fr. dispensare, It. dispensor, Lat.]
1. To distribute or dispose of, to administer, to bestow, to manage.
The dispensing of his gospel. Decay of Piety. 2. To make up a medi­
cine.

To DISPENSE with, verb neut. 1. To exempt or excuse from, to
allow. Dispensing with oaths. Raleigh. 2. To free from the obli­
gation of a law, to clear from. [This construction seems ungramma­
tical. Johnson] I could not dispense with myself from making a voyage
to Caprea. Addison. 3. To obtain a dispensation from, to come to
agreement with. [This structure is irregular, unless it be here sup­
posed to mean, as it may, to discount, to pay an equivalent. John­
son.]
Hast thou not sworn allegiance unto me?
Canst thou dispense with heav＇n for such an oath?
Shakespeare.

DISPENSE [from the verb] dispensation, exemption. Indulgences,
dispenses, pardons, bulls. Milton.

DISPE＇NSER [of dispense] one that dispenses or deals out any thing.
Dispensers of that faith. Sprat.

To DISPE＇OPLE [depopulor, Lat. depeupler, Fr. despoblár, Sp. spopo­
lare, It.] to unpeople, or destroy the people of a country. Their
lands dispeopled and weakened. Spenser.

DISPE＇OPLER [of dispeople] one that dispeoples or wastes a country
of its inhabitants.
Nor trowle for pikes, dispeoplers of the lake. Gay.

DISPE＇RMOS [with botanists] is a term used of plants, / which
bear two seeds after each flower, as rubin, madder, pastina, a pars­
nip. &c.

To DISPE＇RGE, verb act. [dispergo, Lat.] to sprinkle, to scatter.
Shakespeare uses.

To DISPE＇RSE [dispursum, sup. of dispergo, Lat. disperser, Fr. dis­
pargere, It.] 1. To spread abroad, to scatter. They were dispersed
through the countries. Ezekiel. 2. To dissipate. Soldiers disperse
themselves. Shakespeare.

DISPE＇RSEDLY, adv. [of dispersed] separately, in divers places.
Dispersedly here and there. Hooker.

DISPE＇RSEDNESS [of dispersed] dispersion, state of being dis­
persed.

DISPE＇RSENESS [of disperse] thinness, state of being scattered here
and there. Disperseness of habitations. Brerewood.

DISPE＇RSER [of disperse] one that disperses or scatters. Authors and
dispersers of defamatory libels. Spectator.

DISPE＇RSION, Fr. [dispersione, It. of dispersio, Lat.] the act of scat­
tering into several parts, the state of being scattered. Noah began
from thence his dispersion. Raleigh.

DISPERSION [in dioptrics] the point of dispersion, is a point from
which refracted rays begin to diverge, when their refraction renders
them divergent.

DISPHENDONO＇MENA, or DIASPHENDONO＇MENA [of διασϕενδοναομαι,
Gr. to sling asunder] a punishment anciently in use among the Per­
sians, in which they drew down the tops of two trees together, and
bound the offender to each of them by the legs; the trees being let go,
by their force violently tore the offender in pieces.

DISPI＇CIENCE [dispicientia, Lat.] good consideration.

To DISPI＇RIT, verb act. [of dis, priv. and spirit] 1. To bring
down one＇s spirit, to cow down, to discourage. Not dispirited with
any afflictions. Dryden. 2. To exhaust the spirits, to oppress the con­
stitution. He has dispirited himself by a debauch. Collier.

DISPI＇RITEDNESS [of dispirited] a deprivation, lowness, or an abate­
ment of spirits or courage.

DISPI＇TOUS [of dis and spite] full of spite, angry.

To DISPLA＇CE [deplacer, Fr.] 1. To put one out of place, to re­
move. 2. To put out of any state or office. To displace any who
are in. Bacon. 3. To disorder.
You have displac＇d the mirth, broke the good meeting,
With most admir＇d disorder. Shakespeare.

DISPLA＇CENCY. 1. Incivility. 2. Disgust. The displacencies he
receives. Decay of Piety.

To DISPLA＇NT [deplanto, Lat. deplanter, Fr.] 1. To pluck or dig
up that which was planted, to remove a plant. 2. To drive a people
from their fixed residence. People are not displanted. Bacon.

DISPLANTA＇TION [of dis and plantatio, Lat.] 1. The removal of a
plant. 2. The driving out of a people.

DISPLA＇NTING Scoop, an instrument to take up plants, with earth
about them.

To DISPLA＇Y [deployer, deplier, Fr. desplegár, Sp.] 1. To spread
wide. In immortal strains display the fan. Gay. 2. To unfold, to
exhibit to the sight or the mind. The words of revelation display
truth to mankind. Locke. 3. To set forth to advantage; to make a
shew of. Obscure lights which they will at once display to the night.
Shakespeare. 4. To declare at large, to talk without restraint.
The very fellow which of late
Display＇d so saucily against your highness. Shakespeare.
5. To carve, to cut up. He carves, displays, and cuts up to a won­
der. Spectator.

DISPLA＇Y [deploye, Fr.] an unfolding, an opening wide, an exhibi­
tion of any thing to view. The stupendous displays of omnipotence.
Spectator.

DISPLA＇YED [in blazonry] is a term used of birds, and respects
the position of their bodies; as, an eagle displayed, is an eagle dis­
panded or spread out.

DISPLE＇ASANCE [of displease] anger, discontent; this word is now
obsolete. Him to displeasance moved. Spenser.

DISPLE＇ASANT [deplaisant, Fr.] unpleasant, displeasing. Noxious
and displeasant odour. Glanville.

To DISPLE＇ASE [deplaire, Fr. dispiacere, It. desplazer, Sp. despra­
zer, Port. of dis and placeo, Lat.] 1. Not to please, to offend. Dis­
pleasing to God. 2, To be unacceptible or disagreeable to, to trouble
or vex, to disgust, to raise aversion. Foul sights displease. Ba­
con.

DISPLE＇ASINGNESS [of displeasing] offensiveness, quality of offend­
ing. Displeasingness in actions. Locke.

DISPLE＇ASURE [deplaisir, Fr. dispiacere, It. desplazer, Sp.] 1. Af­
front, discourtesy offence, pain given. I do them a displeasure.
Judges. 2. Uneasiness or pain received, discontent, dissatisfaction.
Absence of good carries displeasure or pain with it. Locke. 3. An­
ger, indignation. To incur God＇s displeasure. Hooker. 4. State of
disgrace, in which one gets discountenance; disfavour. Being in dis­
pleasure with the pope. Peacham.

To DISPLE＇ASURE, verb act. [from the subst.] to displease, not to
win affection; a word not elegant, and now obsolete. The way of
pleasuring or displeasuring. Bacon.

To DISPLO＇DE [displodo, Lat.] to discharge with a loud noise, as a
gun, to vent with violence. In posture to displode their second fire.
Milton.

DISPLO＇SION [displosus, Lat.] the act of breaking or bursting asunder
with a great noise or sound, the letting off a gun.

To DISPO＇IL [depouiller, Fr. spogliare, or dispogliare It. dispolio,
Lat.] to rob, rifle, or spoil.

DISPOLIA＇TION, Lat. the act of robbing, rifling, or dispoiling.

DISPONDÆ＇US [in grammar] the foot of a Latin verse, consisting
of four syllables, and those all long, as concludantis; it being a com­
position of two spondees.

To DISPO＇RT one＇s self, verb act. [of disportare, It.] to divert one＇s
self with mirth or play. Comes hunting this way, to disport himself.
Shakespeare.

DISPO＇RT [disporto, It.] divertisement, pastime.

DISPO＇RTING, sporting, diverting, playing. Milton.

DISPO＇SAL [of dispose] 1. The act of disposing or regulating; regu­
lation. Tax not divine disposal. Milton. 2. The power of disposing
or distributing, the right of bestowing. The disposal of my sister Jenny
for life. Addison. 3. Government. Putting our minds into the dis­
posals of others. Locke. 4. Command, management.

To DISPO＇SE, verb act. [dispono, Lat. disposer, Fr. disporre, It. dispo­
nér, Sp.] 1. To order, or set in order, to adjust.
The knightly forms of combat to dispose. Dryden.
2. To employ to various purposes, to diffuse.
Thus whilst she did her various pow＇rs dispose,
The world was free from tyrants, wars, and foes. Prior.
3. To give, to place, to bestow. You have disposed much in works of
public piety. Sprat. 4. To turn to any particular end.
Endure and conquer, Jove will soon dispose
To future good, our past and present woes. Dryden.
5. To prepare, to sit, or make ready for any purpose.
Then must thou thee dispose another way. Spenser.
6. To frame the mind, to incline. Suspicions dispose kings to tyran­
ny. Bacon. 7. To dispose of; to apply to any purpose, to transfer
to any person or use. To dispose of their possessions and persons.
Locke. 8. To put into the hands of another. I have disposed of her
to a man of business. Tatler. 9. To give away.
A rural judge dispos＇d of beauty＇s prize. Waller.
10. To employ to any end. The lot is cast into the lap, but the
whose disposing thereof is of the Lord. 11. To place in any condi­
tion. What to resolve, and how dispose of me. Dryden. 12. To put
away by any means. More water than can be disposed of. Burnet.

To DISPOSE, verb neut. to bargain, to make terms; obsolete
now.
She saw you did suspect
She had dispos＇d of Cæsar. Shakespeare.

DISPO＇SE, subst. 1. Power, disposal. All that is mine I leave
at thy dispose. Shakespeare. 2. Distribution, act of government.







Th＇ unsearchable dispose
Of highest wisdom. Milton.
3. Disposition, cast of behaviour; an obsolete sense.
He hath a person and a smooth dispose
To be suspected to make women false. Shakespeare.
4. Disposition, inclination cast of mind; obsolete.
He carries on the stream of his dispose
Without observance or respect of any,
In will peculiar. Shakespeare.

DISPO＇SER [of dispose] 1. He that disposes, distributes, or bestows.
2. Governor, director. The absolute disposer of all things. South. 3.
One who gives to whom he pleases. The master sword disposer of thy
power. Prior.

DISPO＇SEDNESS [disposition, Fr. of Lat.] disposition.

DISPOSI＇TION, Fr. [disposizione, It. disposiciòn, Sp. of dispositio, Lat.]
1. The act of disposing, order, distribution. The Disposition of the
work. Dryden. 2. Natural fitness, quality. Refrangibility of the rays
is their disposition to be refracted. Newton. 3. Tendency to any act or
state. A great disposition to putrefaction. Bacon. 4. Inclination, ha­
bit or temper of mind. The villanous inconstancy of man＇s disposition.
Shakespeare. 5. Affection of kindness or ill will. The Dispositions of
each people towards the other. Swift. 6. Predominant inclination.
Disposition is when the power and ability of doing any thing is for­
ward and ready upon every occasion to break into action. Locke.

DISPOSITION [in ethics] is an imperfect habit, where the person
operates, but with some difficulty, as in learners.

DISPOSITION [in architecture] is the just placing of all the several
parts of an edifice according to their proper order.

DISPO＇SITIVE [of dispose] implying disposal of any property, de­
cretive. Sentences wherein dispositive and enacting terms are made
use of. Ayliffe.

DISPO＇SITIVELY, adv. [of dispositive] 1. In a dispositive manner.
2. Respecting individuals, distributively. Brown uses it.

DISPO＇SITOR, Lat, a disposer or setter in order.

DISPOSITOR [with astrologers] that planet which is lord of that
sign where another planet happens to be; which it is therefore said
to dispose of.

To DISPOSSE＇SS [deposseder, Fr. spossessare. It. desposseér, Sp. of dis,
priv. and possessum, Lat.] 1. To turn out, put out, or deprive of
possession. The children went to Gilead, took it, and dispossessed the
Amorite which was in it. Numbers. 2. Commonly with of before
the thing taken away. To dispossess a man of this conceit. Tillotson.
3. Formerly with from. To dispossess and throw out a vice from that
heart. South.

DISPOSSE＇SSION [deposseder, Fr. of dis and possidere, Lat.] a being
put out of possession.

DISPO＇SURE [of dispose] 1. The act of disposing, a disposal; go­
vernment, management. They surrendered it and themselves to his
disposure. Sandys. 2. State, posture. They remained in a kind of
warlike disposure. Wotton.

DISPRA＇ISE [of dis, neg. and praise] blame, censure, reproach.
The whole praise or dispraise of such a performance. Addison.

To DISPRA＇ISE [of dis and priser, Fr. or from the subst.] to dispa­
rage, to find fault with, to blame. I dispraised him before the wicked.
Shakespeare.

DISPRA＇ISER [of dispraise] one who dispraises, censures or
blames.

DISPRA＇ISEIBLE [of dispraise] unworthy of praise.

DISPRA＇ISINGLY, adv. [of dispraising] with blame, in a dispraising
manner. I have spoke of you dispraisingly. Shakespeare.

To DISPRE＇AD [of dis and spread] to spread different ways; in
this word, and a few others, dis has the same force as in Latin com­
position, and means different ways, in different directions. Her beams
dispreaden clear. Spenser.
Above, below, around, with art dispread. Pope.

DISPRO＇FIT [of dis, neg. and profit, Fr.] damage, loss, detri­
ment.

To DISPRO＇FIT [of dis and profiter, Fr.] to endamage, &c.

DISPRO＇FITABLE [of dis and profitable, Fr.] unprofitable.

DISPROO＇F [of dis and proof] the act of disproving, confutation,
conviction of error or falshood. Somewhat towards the disproof. At­
terbury.

To DISPRO＇PERTY, verb act. [of dis and property] to dispossess of
any property.

DISPROPO＇RTION, Fr. [sproporzione, It. disproporciòn, Sp. of dis
and propertio, Lat.] the state of not answering or holding proportion
with; inequality, unsuitableness in quantity of one thing or one part
of the same thing to another, want of symmetry. Vast disproportion of
the things of this life to the desires and capacities of our soul. Rogers.

To DISPROPO＇RTION [disproportionner, Fr.] to render or make une­
qual, to mismatch, to join things unsuitable in quantity. Distance
and mens fears disproportioned every thing. Suckling.

DISPROPO＇RTIONABLE, DISPROPO＇RTIONAL, or DISPROPORTION­
ATE [of dis and proportionatus, Lat. des and proportionel, Fr.] bearing no
proportion to, unequal, unsuitable in quantity. A disproportionable
quantity of water. Broome. None of our members are disproportionate
to the rest. Ray.

DISPROPO＇RTIONABLENESS, DISPROPORTIONALNESS, or DISPRO­
PORTIONATENESS [of disproportionné, Fr. and ness, Eng.] the state of
being not proportionable.

DISPROPO＇RTIONABLY, or DISPROPORTIONATELY, not propor­
tionably, unsuitably, without symmetry.

To DISPRO＇VE, verb act. [of dis, and prouver, Fr.] 1. To prove
the contrary, to convict of error or falshood. This exposition they
plainly disprove. Hooker. 2. To convict a practice of error. They
behold those things disproved, disannull＇d and rejected. Hooker.

DISPRO＇VER [from disprove] 1. One that disproves or confutes. 2.
One that blames or censures. If the following passage be not ill printed
for disapprover. The same commenders or disprovers. Wotton.

DISPU＇NISHABLE [of dis and punishable] being without penal re­
straint. Not dispunishable of waste. Swift.

To DISPU＇RSE, verb act. [of dis and purse] 1. To pay, to disburse.
It is not certain that the following passage should not be written disburse.
Many a pound of my own proper store,
Because I would not tax the needy commons,
Have I dispursed to the garrisons. Shakespeare.

DISPU＇TABLE [disputabilis, Lat. disputable, Fr. and Sp.] 1. That
which may be disputed, liable to dispute. Not in themselves disputa­
ble. South. 2. Lawful to be contested. Until any point is deter­
mined to be a law, it remains disputable by every subject. Swift.

DISPU＇TABLENESS, liableness to be disputed.

DISPU＇TANT [disputante, It. and Sp. disputans, Lat.] a disputer,
one who holds a disputation. Our disputants put me in mind of the
scuttlefish. Spectator.

DISPUTA＇TION [disputazione, It. disputación, Sp. of disputatio, Lat.]
1. The act of disputing, arguing or reasoning, the skill of controversy.
Consider what the learning of disputation is. Locke. 2. Argumentative
contest, controversy. Disputation about the knowledge of God avail­
eth little. Hooker.

DISPUTA＇TIOUS [from dispute] caviling, prone to dispute. Of a
very disputatious temper. Addison.

DISPUTA＇TIVE [disputativo, It.] apt to dispute, disposed to debate.
A cavilling, disputative, and sceptical temper. Watts.

To DISPU＇TE, verb neut. [disputer, Fr. disputàr, Sp. disputare, It.
and Lat.] 1. To hold a disputation, to debate, discourse, or treat of,
to reason. Fighting is a worse expedient than disputing. Decay of
Piety.

To DISPU＇TE, verb act. to quarrel or wrangle.

To DISPUTE a Matter with another. 1. To strive or contend for it,
whether by words or actions. Things were disputed before they were
determined. Hooker. 2. To oppose, to question.
Not to dispute
My prince＇s orders, but to execute. Dryden.
3. To discuss, to think on; an obsolete sense. Dispute it like a man.
Shakespeare.

DISPU＇TE, Fr. [disputa, It. and Sp. disputatio, Lat.] debate, dis­
course, contest, quarrel or wrangling. The very thing in dispute.
Locke.

DISPU＇TELESS [from dispute] not disputed, not controvertible.

DISPU＇TER [from dispute] one that disputes, a controvertist. Ve­
hement disputers. Stillingfleet.

DISQUALIFICA＇TION, a thing that unqualifies, the state of being
unqualified. A sufficient disqualification of a wife. Spectator.

To DISQUA＇LIFY [of dis, neg. and qualifier, Fr.] 1. To render
unqualified, to disable by some impediment natural or legal. Unwor­
thy and disqualified persons. Ayliffe. 2. To deprive of a right or
claim by some restriction, to except from any grant. The church
of England disqualifies those employed to preach its doctrine from sha­
ring in the civil power. Swift.

DISQUAMMA＇TION, the act of taking off the scales of fishes. See
DISQUAMATION.

To DISQUA＇NTITY, verb act. [of dis and quantity] to diminish.
Be entreated of fifty to disquantity your train. Shakespeare.

To DISQUI＇ET [of dis, and quieto, Lat.] to disturb one＇s quiet or
rest, to render uneasy, to trouble, to perplex. By anger and impa­
tience the mind is disquieted. Duppa.

DISQUIET, subst. [of des or dis, and quiet, Fr.] unquietness, trou­
ble, perplexity. Future disquiet. Tillotson.

DISQUIET, adj. unquiet, uneasy. Be not so disquiet. Shakespeare.

DISQUI＇ETER [from disquiet] one that disquiets, disturbs or har­
rasses.

DISQUI＇ETLY, adv. [from disquiet] restlessly, anxiously, without
calmness. He rested disquietly. Wiseman.

DISQUI＇ETNESS, unquietness, uneasiness, disturbance. Much dis­
quietness ensued. Hooker.

DISQUI＇ETUDE [from disquiet] anxiety, disturbance, want of tran­
quility. A multitude of disquietudes. Addison.

DISQUISI＇TION [disquisitio, Lat.] a diligent search or enquiry into a
thing, or the examination of a matter; a particular enquiry into the
nature, kind and circumstances of any problem, question or topic.
Resolve our disquisitions. Brown.

Free and Candid DISQUISITIONS, the title of a late truly candid,
but most important, enquiry into some things, in our PUBLIC forms
of WORSHIP, &c. which the authors of that book propose to be re­
considered, as wishing the good work of REFORMATION might be car­
ried to a yet greater height, and somewhat more of PRIMITIVE CHRI­
STIANITY be restored amongst us.

To DISRA＇NK [of dis and rank, deranger, Fr.] to put out of order,
or out of the ranks; also, to degrade from one＇s rank.

DISRA＇NKED [of dis, and rang, Fr.] put out of the ranks, disor­
dered.

DISRATIONA＇RE, or DIRATIONARE [in old law Lat.] to justify or
stand by the denial of a fact; to clear one＇s self of a crime; to traverse
an indictment.

To DISREGA＇RD [of des and regarder, Fr.] to have no regard to or
for, to slight, not to mind. Those fasts God disregarded. Smalridge.

DISREGA＇RD [of des and regard, Fr.] a slighting, neglecting, a ta­
king no notice of.

DISREGA＇RDFUL [of disregard and full] negligent, heedless, care­
less, slighting.

DISREGA＇RDFULLY [from disregardful] negligently, slightingly.

To DISRE＇LISH [of dis and relish] 1. To make nauseous, to infect
with an unpleasant taste. Anxiety disrelishes the fruition. Rogers. 2.
Not to relish well, to disapprove or dislike. Private enjoyments are lost
or discrelished. Pope.

DISRE＇LISH [of dis and relish] 1. Bad taste, nauseousness.
With hateful disrelish writh＇d their jaws. Milton.
2. Dislike of the palate, squeamishness. An indifferency or disrelish
to bread or tobacco. Locke.

DISRE＇PUTABLE [of dis and reputable] not reputable.

DISREPUTA＇TION, or DISREPU＇TE [of dis, and reputatio, Lat.] 1.
Ill name or fame, discredit, loss of reputation. Bring disreputation to
himself. Hayward. Bring governing abilities under disrepute. South.
2. Disgrace, dishonour. Queen Elizabeth it is no disreputation to fol­
low. Bacon.








To DISRESPE＇CT [of dis, neg. and respecto, Lat.] to shew no re­
spect, to be uncivil to.

DISRESPE＇CT [of dis and respectus, Lat. respect] want of respect,
slight, irreverence, an act approaching to rudeness. Disrespect to acts
of state. Clarendon.

DISRESPE＇CTFUL [of disrespect and full, Sax.] not shewing respect,
uncivil, irreverent.

DISRESPE＇CTFULLY [of disrespectful] irreverently, without respect.
Think disrespectfully of their great grandmothers. Addison.

DISRESPE＇CTFULNESS, propensity, &c. to shew disrespect.

To DISRO＇BE [of dis, and robe] to pull off a robe, to strip one
of his garments; generally with of before the thing divested. Disrobed
of their glory. Wotton.

DISRU＇PT, or DIRUPT [diruptus, Lat.] broken or rent asunder.

DISRU＇PTION, or DIRUPTION [diruptio, Lat.] the act of breaking
asunder, breach. This disruption and dislocation of the strata. Wood­
ward.

DISSATISFA＇CTION [of dis, and satisfaction, or satisfactio, Lat.]
discontent, disgust, displeasure, want of something to compleat the
wish. Subject to much uneasiness and dissatisfaction. Addison.

DISSATISFA＇CTORINESS [from dissatisfactory] unsatisfyingness, &c.
inability to give content.

DISSATIFA＇CTORY [of dis, and satisfactoire, Fr.] giving no satis­
faction, offensive, displeasing, unable to give content.

To DISSA＇TISFY [of dis, and satisfacio, Lat. or satisfaire, Fr.] 1.
To displease, to discontent. Since they are not big enough to satisfy,
they should not be big enough to dissatisfy. Collier. 2. To fail to
please, to want something requisite for content. I still retain some of
my notions, after your having appeared dissatisfied with them. Locke.

DISSE, a market town of Norfolk, on the river Waveney, 93 miles
from London.

To DISSE＇CT [dissectum, Lat. dissequer, Fr.] 1. To cut open a
dead body, to anatomize. Dissect your mind, examine every nerve.
Roscommon. 2. To divide, to examine minutely. This paragraph I
have dissected for a sample. Atterbury.

DISSE＇CTION, Fr. of Lat. the act of cutting asunder or in pieces.

DISSE＇CTION [with anatomists] the cutting up or anatomizing the
bodies of animals, anatomy. The dissection of a coquet＇s heart. Ad­
dison.

To DISSE＇ISE [of dis, and saisir, Fr.] in law, signifies to dispossess,
to turn out of possession. His ancient patrimony his family had been
disseized of. Locke.

DISSEI＇SEE, he who is put out of possession of his lands or tenements.

DISSEI＇SER [dissaiser, Fr. in law] an unlawful dispossessing a person
of his lands and tenements, or other immoveable or incorporeal right.

DISSEI＇SIN upon Disseisin [a law term] is where a disseisor is put out
of his possession by another.

DISSEI＇SOR, he who puts another out of possession.

DISSEI＇SORESS [from disseisor] a woman who put another person out
of possession.

To DISSE＇MBLE, verb act. [dissimuler, Fr. dissimularé, It. dissimular,
Sp. and Port. of dissimulo, Lat. semblance, dissemblance, and probably
dissembler, in old Fr. Johnson] 1. To pretend or feign, to conceal or
cloak, to disguise or pretend that not to be which really is. Touch­
ing her faith, as she could not change, so she would not dissemble it.
Hayward. 2. To pretend that to be which really is not. This is not
the true signification.
In vain on the dissemble＇d mother＇s tongue,
Had cunning art and fly persuasion hung. Prior.

To DISS＇EMBLE, verb neut. to play the hypocrite. Ye dissembled in
your hearts. Jeremiah.

DISSE＇MBLER [from dissemble] an hypocrite, one who dissembles or
conceals his true intention. The greater dissembler of the two. Bacon.

DISSE＇MBLING [from dissemble] double tongued, false.

DISSE＇MBLINGLY [from dissembling] with a double tongue.

To DISSE＇MINATE [disseminatum, sup. of dissemino, Lat. of dis and se­
minis, gen. of semen, Lat. seed] to sow, to scatter or spread abroad.
The Jews are disseminated through all the trading parts of the world.
Addison.

DISSEMINA＇TION, Lat. the act of sowing or scattering here and
there, a spreading abroad. Lost in the dissemination of error.

DISSE＇MINATOR, Lat. he that scatters or sows. Disseminators of
novel doctrines. Decay of Piety.

DISSE＇NSION, Fr. [dissensione, It. dissención, Sp. of dissentio, Lat.]
disagreement, strife, quarreling. He appeased the dissension then
arising about religion. Knolles.

DISSE＇NSIOUS, adj. [from dissension] disposed to discord, contentious.
In religion a dissensious head. Ascham.

DISSE＇NT [dissensus, Lat.] contrariety of opinion, disagreement.
There suspence or dissent are voluntary. Locke.

To DISSE＇NT [dissentio, It. and Lat.] 1. To disagree or differ in opi­
nion. Opinions in which multitudes dissent from us. Addison. 2. To
differ, to be of a contrary nature. Shun whatsoever dissenteth from it.
Hooker.

DISSENTA＇NEOUS [dissentaneus, Lat.] disagreeing, contrary.

DISSENTANEOUS [with logicians] those things are said to be so
which are equally manifest among themselves, yet appear more clearly
when taken separately.

DISSENTA＇NEOUSNESS, disagreeableness.

DISSE＇NTER [from dissent] one of an opinion different or con­
trary to another. They will admit of matter of fact, and agree with
dissenters in it. Locke. Commonly applied to Nonconformists, as
dissenting from the church of England.

DISSE＇PIMENT [with botanists] a middle partition, whereby the
cavity of the fruit is divided into sorts of cases or boxes.

DISSE＇PTUM, Lat. [with anatomists] the diaphragm.

DISSERTA＇TION, Fr. [dissertazione, It. of dissertatio, Lat.] a dis­
course, debate or treatise upon any subject. His dissertation upon the
poets. Broome.

To DISSE＇RVE [desservir, Fr. of dis, and servio, Lat.] to do one an
injury, to hurt. He took the first opportunity to disserve him. Claren­
den.

DISSE＇RVICE [of dis, neg. and service, of servitium, Lat.] an ill
office or turn, injury. Disservice unto relaters. Brown.

DISSE＇RVICEABLE [from disservice] injurious, hurtful.

DISSE＇RVICEABLENESS [from disserviceable] unserviceableness, in­
juriousness, hurt, damage. Its serviceableness or disserviceableness to
some end. Norris.

To DISSE＇TTLE [of dis and settle] to unsettle, to unfix.

To DISSE＇VER [of dis, and sevrer, Fr. to wear, or of sceverare, It.
In this word the particle dis makes no change in the signification; and
therefore the word, tho＇ supported by great authorities, ought to be
ejected from our language. Johnson] to part, separate or divide. The
dissevering of sleets. Raleigh.

DISSHE＇VELLED [dechevelé, Fr.] having the hair hanging loose
about the shoulders. See DISHEVELLED.

DI＇SSIDENCE [dissidentia, Lat.] the act of disagreeing or falling
out, disagreement, discord.

DISSIGNIFICA＇TIVE [of dis, neg. and significativus, Lat.] serving
to signify something different from.

DISSI＇LIANCE [dissilientia, Lat.] a leaping down from off a place,
or from one place to another, the act of starting asunder.

DISSI＇LIENT [dissiliens, Lat.] starting asunder, bursting in two.

DISSILI＇TION [dissilio, Lat.] the act of starting asunder or bursting
in two. The dissilition of that air was great. Boyle.

DISSI＇MILAR [dissimilaire, Fr. dissimile, It. dissimilaris, Lat.] un­
like, that is of a different kind or nature. Dissimilar parts. Boyle.

DISSIMSLAR Parts [with anatomists] are such as may be divided
into various parts of different structure, or parts differing from one ano­
ther as to their nature; as the hand is divisible into veins, muscles,
bones, &c. whose divisions are neither of the same nature nor deno­
mination.

DISSIMILAR Leaves [in botany] are the two first leaves of any plant
at its first shooting out of the ground; so named, because they are
usually in form different from the common leaves of the plant when
grown.

DISSIMILA＇RITY [of dissimilar] unlikeness, dissimilitude. The
principle of dissimilarity. Cheyne.

DISSIMI＇LITUDE [dissimilitudine, It. dissimilitudo, Sp. and Lat.]
unlikeness. Thereupon grew marvellous dissimilitudes. Hooker.

DISSI＇MILABLE [dissimilabilis, Lat.] that may be dissembled.

DISSIMULA＇TION, Fr. [dissimulazìone, dissimulación, It. of dissimu­
latio, Lat.] the act of dissembling, disguising or counterfeiting, a con­
cealing what a man has in his heart, by making a shew of one thing,
and being another. Dissimulation may be taken for a bare conceal­
ment of one＇s mind, in which sense we say that it is prudence to dissem­
ble injuries. South.

DISSI＇MULANCE [dissimulantia, Lat.] dissembling.

DI＇SSIPABLE [dissipabilis, Lat.] that may be dissipated, scattered or
dispersed with ease. The heat of those plants is very dissipable. Ba­
con.

To DI＇SSIPATE [dissiper, Fr. dissipàr, Sp. dissipare, It. and Lat.]
1. To disperse or scatter every way. The heat dissipates and bears off
those corpuscles which before it brought. Woodward. 2. To scatter
the attention. 3. To consume, waste or spend a fortune.
The wherry that contains
Of dissipated wealth the poor remains. London, a poem.

DISSIPA＇TION, Fr. of Lat. 1. The act of scattering. Without loss
or dissipation of the matter. Bacon. 2. The state of being dispersed.
Foul dissipation follow＇d and forc＇d rout. Milton. 3. Scatter＇d atten­
tion. A thousand avocations and dissipations. Swift.

DISSIPATION [with physicians] an insensible loss or consumption of
the minute parts of a body.

To DISSO＇CIATE, verb act. [dissocio, Lat.] to disunite, to part.
The dissociating action of the gentlest fire. Boyle.

DISSOCIA＇TION, Lat. the act of separating of company.

DISSO＇LVABLE [of dissolve] capable of dissolution, liable to be
melted. Things not dissolvable by the moisture of the tongue. New­
ton.

DISSO＇LUBLE [dissolubilis, Lat.] that is capable or may be dissolved.
Nodules not so dissoluble. Woodward.

DISSO＇LUBLENESS, capableness of being dissolved.

DISSOLUBI＇LITY [of dissoluble] liableness to suffer a separation of
parts by heat or moisture. Dissolubility of their parts. Hale.

To DISSO＇LVE, verb act. [dissoudre, Fr. dissolvér, Sp. dissolvo, It.
and Lat.] 1. To loosen, to unbind the ties of any thing. The great
monarch＇s death dissolves the government. Dryden. 2. To melt, to
pierce through a solid body, and divide its parts. The whole globe was
dissolved at the deluge. Woodward. 3. To break, to disunite in any
manner. Seeing all these things shall be dissolved. 2 Peter. 4. To
separate persons united.
She and I long since contracted,
Are now so sure that nothing can dissolve us. Shakespeare.
5. To break up an assembly. Parliaments are prorogued and dissolved.
Bacon. 6. To solve, to clear. Thou canst make interpretations and
dissolve doubts. Daniel. 7. To break a charm or enchantment.
To frustrate and dissolve the magic spells. Milton.
8. To relax any person by pleasure.
Angels dissolv＇d in hallelujah＇s lie. Dryden.

To DISSOLVE [with chemists] is to reduce some hard substance into
a liquid form, by some liquor for that purpose.

To DISSOLVE, verb neut. 1. To be melted or liquified.
As wax dissolves, as ice begins to run.
And trickle into drops before the sun,
So melts the youth, and languishes away. Addison.
2. To sink away, to fall to nothing.
I am almost ready to dissolve,
Hearing of this Shakespeare.
3. To melt away in pleasures or luxury.

DISSO＇LVENT, adj. [dissolvens, Lat.] having the power of dissolving
or melting. Dissolvent juices. Ray.

DISSOLVENT, subst. [disolvant, Fr. dissolvens, Lat.] a medicine to
dissolve humours.

DISSOLVENT [with chemists] any liquor that is proper for dis­
solving a mixed body, commonly termed a menstruum. Spittle is a
great dissolvent. Arbuthnot.

DISSO＇LVER [of dissolve] that which has the power of dissolving.
Dissolvers of phlegm. Arbuthnot.








DISSO＇LVIBLE [of dissolve. It is commonly written dissolvable, but
less properly. Johnson] liable to perish by dissolution. Man that is
upon the intrinsic constitution of his nature dissolvible. Hale.

DI＇SSOLUTE [disolu, Fr. dissoluto, It. and Sp. dissolutus, Lat.] loose,
wanton, given to pleasure, debauched. Vicious and dissolute mirth.
Addison.

DI＇SSOLUTELY, adv. [of dissolute] loosely, lewdly, wantonly.
Men have liv＇d dissolutely. Wisdom.

DI＇SSOLUTENESS [of dissolute] looseness of manners, debauchery,
lewdness. The great dissoluteness of manners. Locke.

DISSOLU＇TIO [in rhetoric] the same as the figure dialyton.

DISSOLU＇TION, Fr. [dissoluzione, It. dissolucion, Sp. of dissolutio, Lat.]
1. The act of dissolving or separation of parts, by being liquified by
heat or moisture. 2. The state of being melted. 3. The state of
melting away, liquefaction. A man of continual dissolution and thaw.
Shakespeare. 4. Destruction of any thing by the disunion of its parts.
Their contrary qualities served not for the dissolution of the compound.
South. 5. The substance formed by dissolving any body. Dissolve
the iron in the aquafortis, and weigh the dissolution. Bacon. 6. Death,
the resolution of the body into its constituent elements. The life of
man is decreasing towards rottenness and dissolution. Raleigh. 7. De­
struction. He determined to make a present dissolution of the world.
Hooker. 8. Breach or ruin of any thing compacted or united. Disso­
lutions of the great monarchies. South. 9. The act of breaking up an
assembly. 10. Looseness of manners, remissness. Fame leaves a kind
of dissolution upon all the faculties. South. Dissolution of manners.
Atterbury.

DISSOLUTION [in pharmacy] the mingling and dissolving of elec­
tuaries or powders in a decoction, or in simple water.

DISSOLUTION [in physics] a discontinuation or analysis of the
structure of a mixed body, whereby what was one and continuous, is
divided into little parts, either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

DISSOLUTION [in chemistry] the reduction of a compact, hard or
solid body into a fluid state, by the action of some fluid menstruum or
dissolvent.

DI＇SSONANCE [dissonance, Fr. dissonanza, It. dissonancia, Sp. dissonan­
tia, Lat.] disagreement, discord or difference in opinion.

DISSONANCE [in music] a disagreeable interval between two sounds,
which being continued together offend the ear; a discord in tunes or
voices, unsuitableness of one sound to another. The harmony or dis­
sonance of the numbers. Garth.

DI＇SSONANT [dissonnant, Fr. dissonante, It. and Sp. of dissonans, Lat.]
1. Untunable, jarring, harsh. Dire were the strain and dissonant.
Thomson. 2. Unsuitable, disagreeing; with from or to; but from
seems more proper. Dissonant from reason. Hakewell. Any thing
dissonant to truth. South.

DISSONA＇NTE [in music-books] signifies all disagreeable intervals.

To DISSUA＇DE, or To DISSWADE [dissuader, Fr. disuadìr, Sp. dis­
suadere, Lat.] 1. To advise to the contrary, to divert or put one off
from a design, to dehort by reason or importunity. 2. To represent a
thing as unfit or dangerous.
I＇d fain deny this wish which thou hast made,
Or what I can＇t deny wou＇d fain dissuade. Addison.

DISSUA＇DER [of dissuade] one that dissuades.

DISSUA＇SION, Fr. [dissuazione, It. of dissuasio, Lat.] the act of per­
suading one to the contrary of a resolution taken, dehortation. Dis­
suasions from love. Boyle.

DISSUASIVE, adj. [dissuasis, Fr. dissuasiva, It. of Lat.] apt or proper
to dissuade.

DISSUASIVE, subst. [from the adj.] an argument or discourse
tending to dissuade from any purpose, a dehortation. The meanness
or the sin will scarce be dissuasives. Government of the Tongue.

DISSUA＇SIVENESS [of dissuasive] dissuasive quality, efficacy to turn
from any purpose or resolution.

To DISSU＇NDER, verb act. [of dis and sunder. This is a barbarous
word. Johnson. See DISSE＇VER] to sunder or separate. Chapman uses
it.

DISSY＇LLABLE [of δις, twice, and συλλαβη, Gr.] as word of two
syllables; as, danger.

DI＇STAFF [distæf, Sax.] 1. An instrument anciently used in spin­
ning, being a staff from which the flax or wool is drawn that forms the
thread. I will the distaff hold, come thou and spin. Fairfax. 2. An
emblem of the female sex. Some say the crosier, some say the distaff,
was too busy. Howel.

DISTAFF-THISTLE, a species of thistle. See THISTLE.

To DISTA＇IN [of dis and stain, deteindre, Fr. to take away the co­
lour] 1. To stain, to tinge with some adventitious colour. Crown
distain＇d with gore. Pope. 2. To blot with infamy, to defile or pollute.
The worthiness of praise distains his worth,
If he that prais＇d himself bring the praise forth. Shakespeare.

DI＇STANCE, Fr. [distanza, It. distancia, Sp. of distantia, Lat.] 1.
The space between one thing and another. Distance is space consi­
dered barely in length between any two beings, without considering
any thing else between them. Locke. 2. Remoteness in place. Waits
at distance till he hears from Cato. Addison. 3. The space kept be­
tween antagonists in fencing. Thy pass, thy reverse, thy distance.
Shakespeare. 4. Contrariety, opposition.
Banquo was your enemy,
So is he mine; and in such bloody distance,
That every minute of his being thrusts
Against my near＇st of life. Shakespeare.
5. A space marked on the course where horses run. The horse that
ran the whole field out of distance, and won the race. L＇Estrange. 6.
Space of time. Distance of time. Esdras. 7. Remoteness in time past
or future. Things future and at a distance. Tillotson. 8. Mental or
ideal separation. The qualities are in things themselves so blended,
that there is no separation, no distance between them. Locke. 9. Re­
spect, distant deportment. By respect and distance authority is upheld.
Atterbury. 10. Reserve, retraction of kindness.
On the part of heav＇n,
Now alienated, distance and distaste. Milton.

DISTANCE [in navigation] is the number of degrees, leagues, &c.
that a ship has sailed from any proposed point; or the space in degrees,
leagues, &c. between any two places.

DISTANCE [of bastions] is the side of the exterior or outward poly­
gon of a fortified place.

DISTANCE of Polygons [in fortification] is the line made from the
flank, and its prolongation to the exterior polygon.

Point of DISTANCE [in perspective] is a right line drawn from the
eye to the principal point.

Curtate DISTANCE [in astronomy] is the distance of the planet＇s
place from the sun, reduced to the ecliptic.

DISTANCE of the Eye [in perspective] is a line drawn from the foot
of the line of altitude of the eye, to the point where a line drawn at right
angles to it will intersect the object.

To DI＇STANCE, verb act. 1. To place remotely, to throw off from
the view. White appears on the side nearest to us, and the black by
consequence distances the object. Dryden. 2. Set at convenient distance;
to leave behind in a race, to out-strip.
The bounding damsel flies,
Strains to the goal, the distanc＇d lover dies. Prior.

DI＇STANT, Fr. [distante, It. and Sp. distans, Lat.] 1. Being far
asunder in place, not near. Countries distant from our own. Watts. 2.
Remote in time past or future. 3. Remote to a certain degree; as,
distant seven weeks, distant six leagues. 4. Reserved, shy. 5. Not
primary, not obvious. Modest terms and distant phrases. Addison.

DI＇STANTNESS, distance, the state of being distant from.

DISTA＇STE, subst. [of dis and taste] 1. Disrelish, aversion of the
palate. Distaste of satiety. Bacon. 2. Mental dislike. Uneasiness,
tears, and distastes. Bacon. 3. Anger, alienation of affection. The
people shewed great murmur and distaste at it. Bacon.

To DISTA＇STE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To fill the mouth
with disrelish.
Dang＇rous conceits are in their nature poisons,
Which at first are scarce found to distaste. Shakespeare.
2. To dislike mentally, to loathe. If he distaste it, let him to my
sister. Shakespeare. 3. To offend, to disgust. To distaste the English.
Davies. 4. To vex, to exasperate, to four. Diseased, distasted and
distracted souls. Pope.

DISTA＇STEFUL [of dis, taste and full] 1. Disagreeable to the
taste. What to one palate is sweet and delicious, to another is odious
and distasteful. Glanville. 2. Offensive, unpleasing to the mind.
Distasteful to the Irish lords. Davies. 3. Malignant, malevolent.
Distasteful averseness of the Christian from the Jew. Brown.

DISTA＇STEFULNESS [of distasteful] disagreeableness to the taste.

DISTE＇MPER [of dis and temper] 1. Indisposition of body, sickness,
disease, properly a slight illness, an indisposition. They heighten di­
stempers to diseases. Suckling. 2. Want of a due mixture or temper of
ingredients. 3. Want of due temperature as to heat or cold. Coun­
tries under the tropic were of a distemper uninhabitable. Raleigh. 4.
Bad constitution of the mind, predominance of any passion or appetite.
Little faults proceeding on distemper. Shakespeare. 5. Want of due
balance between contraries. The true temper of empire is a thing
rare; for both temper and distemper consist of contraries. Bacon. 6.
Ill humour of the mind, depravity of disposition. Sparks which some
mens distempers studied to kindle. K. Charles. 7. Tumultuous disorder.
Still as you rise, the state exalted too,
Finds no distemper while ＇tis chang＇d by you. Waller.
8. Disorder, uneasiness.
There is a sickness
Which puts some of us in distemper; but
I cannot name the disease, and it is caught
Of you that yet are well. Shakespeare.

DISTEMPER [with painters] a picture is said to be done in distemper,
when the colours are not mixed either with oil or water, but with size,
whites of eggs, or such like glutinous matter.

To DISTE＇MPER, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To render diseased.
A distempered head. Shakespeare. 2. To disorder. Full of supper and
distempering draughts. Shakespeare. 3. To destroy temper or modera­
tion. Minds not distempered by interest, passion or partiality. Addison.
4. To make disaffected or malignant. Well met, distemper＇d lords.
Shakespeare. 5. To disturb, to ruffle, to put out of temper or humour.
Much distemper＇d in my mind. Dryden.

DISTE＇MPEREDNESS [of dis, tempered, and ness] the state of being
diseased.

DISTE＇MPERATE, adj. [of dis and temperate] immoderate, ex­
cessive. Distemperate heat. Raleigh.

DISTE＇MPERATURE [of distemperate] 1. Intemperateness, excess of
any qualities, as of heat or cold. Distemperature of the air. Abbot.
2. Outrageousness, violent tumultuousness. 3. Confusion, loss of re­
gularity.
Our grandam earth, with this distemperature,
In passion shook. Shakespeare.
4. Perturbation of mind. Thou art uprous＇d by some distemperature.
Shakespeare.

To DISTE＇ND [distendo, Lat.] to stretch or stuff out in breadth.
The full distended clouds. Thomson.

DISTE＇NT, subst. the space thro＇ which a thing is spread, breadth.
Wotton uses it.

DISTE＇NTION, Fr. and Sp. [distensione, It. of distensio, Lat.] 1. The
act of stretching or stuffing out in breadth. Wind and distention of the
bowels. Arbuthnot. 2. Space occupied by the thing distended, breadth.
3. The act of separating one part from another, divarication. Our
legs labour more in elevation than distention. Wotton.

DISTENTION [with physicians] is when any parts of the body are
puffed up, loosened or widened.

To DISTE＇RMINATE [distermino, Lat.] to bound one place from
another; to divide, separate or part.

To DISTHRO＇NE [detroner, Fr.] to dethrone; which see.

To DISTHRONI＇ZE, verb act. [of dis and throne] to depose, to de­
throne. Spenser uses it.

DI＇STICH [distique, Fr. distico, It. and Sp. distichon, Lat. of διστικον,
of δις, twice, and στικος, Gr. a verse] a couple of verses in poetry,
making a compleat sense; an epigram consisting only of two verses.
Anagrams cast into a distich or epigram. Camden. Our lexicographer,
in this very definition of a DISTICH, has suggested one reason out of
many, why BLANK verse alone is likely to do justice to the great







masters of antiquity; whose rich and swelling PERIODS are not to be re­
duced within so scanty a space, as our versification in rhyme too often
prescribes. It was this consideration in part, that induced the author
of the late ESSAY ON HOMER, in Blank Verse, to attempt something of
that kind; nor was he mistaken in his conjecture; for though at­
tacked (as was expected) by one or two insignificant pens; he soon
sound the men of TASTE and LITERATURE declaring on his side. See
BLANK Verse, and MILTONIC Numbers compared. See also the word
CRI＇TICISM; and read there, “As Mr. Pope, when speaking of
LONGINUS, well express＇d it,
And is HIMSELF the great SUBLIME, he draws.”

DISTI＇CHIA, or DISTICHI＇ASIS, Lat. [διστιχια, Gr.] a double row
of hairs upon the eye-lids.

To DISTI＇L, verb neut. [distiller, Fr. stillare, It. distilár, Sp. of di­
stillo, Lat.] 1. To drop or fall down drop by drop. Crystal drops
from mineral roofs distil. Pope. 2. To flow gently and silently. The
Euphrates distilleth out of the mountains of Armenia. Raleigh. 3. To
use a still, to practise the art of distilling, To make perfumes, distil,
preserve. Shakespeare.

To DISTIL, verb act. 1. To let fall in drops, to drop any thing
down. The roof is vaulted and distils fresh water. Addison. 2. To
force by fire thro＇ distilling vessels, to exalt by fire, to separate. Di­
still＇d by magic slights. Shakespeare.

To DISTIL [with chemists] is to draw off some of the principles of
a mixt body, as the water, oil, spirit, or salt, into proper vessels, by
the means of fire. The liquid distill＇d from benzoin. Boyle.

To DISTIL per Ascensum, is when the matter to be distilled is placed
above the fire, or the fire is under the vessel that contains the mat­
ter.

To DISTIL per Descensum, is when the matter to be distilled is be­
low the fire, or when the fire is placed over the vessel that contains the
matter, so that the moist parts being made thin, and the vapour
which rises from them not being able to fly upwards, it sinks down,
and distils at the bottom of the vessel.

DISTI＇LLABLE [of distil] that may be distilled.

DISTILLA＇TION, Fr. [distillazione, It. distilaciòn, Sp. of distillatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of distilling or dropping down. 2. The act of pour­
ing out in drops. 3. That which falls in drops.

DISTILLATION [in chemistry] 1. The act of drawing out of the
humid or moist, spirituous, oleaginous or saline parts of mixed bodies
by virtue of heat, which parts are first resolved into a vapour, and then
condensed again by cold. Water, by frequent distillations, changes.
Newton. 2. The matter drawn in the still, from which the distillation
is made. Stopt in like a strong distillation with cloths. Shakespeare.

DISTILLA＇TIONS [in natural philosophy] those waterish vapours
drawn up by the sun into the air, which fall down on the earth again
when the sun is set.

DISTILLA＇TORY, adj. [of distil] belonging to or used in distillation.
The junctures of the distillatory vessels. Boyle.

DISTI＇LLER [of distil] 1. One who practises the trade of distilling.
I sent for spirit of salt to a very eminent distiller of it. Boyle. 2. One
who makes and sells inflammatory and pernicious spirits.

DISTI＇LLERS Company. Their armorial ensigns are azure, a fess
wavy argent between a sun drawing up a cloud, distilling drops of rain
proper, and a distillatory double armed or, with two worms and a bolt
head receivers argent, the crest an helmet and torce, a barley garb
wreathed about with a vine-branch, fruited all proper. The supporters
a Russian and an Indian in their respective habits. The motto, Drop
as rain, and distil as dew.

DISTI＇LMENT [of distil] that which is drawn by distillation. A
word formerly used, but now obsolete. Leprous distilment. Shake­
speare.

DISTI＇NCT, Fr. [distinto, It. and Sp. of distinctus, Lat.] 1. Dif­
ferent, not the same in number or kind. Fatherhood and property
are two distinct titles. Locke. 2. Different, being apart, separate
from another. The two armies which marched out together should
afterwards be distinct. Clarendon. 3. Clear, plain, not confused.
High and remote to see from thence distinct
Each thing on earth. Milton.
4. Spotted, variegated. Distinct with eyes. Milton. 5. Marked out,
specified.
No place
Is yet distinct by name. Milton.

DISTI＇NCT Base [in optics] is that precise distance from the pole of
a convex glass, in which objects, beheld through it, appear distinct and
well defined, and is the same as focus.

DISTINCT Notion or Idea [according to Mr. Leibnitz] is when a
person can enumerate marks and characters enough, whereby to recol­
lect a thing.

DISTI＇NCTION, Fr. [distinzione, It. distinciòn, Sp. of distinctio, Lat.]
1. The act of noting the difference of things, and of assigning or put­
ting a difference between one thing and another, a separation, a di­
stinguishing or marking by points, the note of difference. 2. The dif­
ference itself, that by which one differs from another. Perception puts
the distinction betwixt the animal kingdom and the inferior parts. Locke.
3. Difference regarded; preference or neglect in comparison with
something else. Maids, women, wives, without distinction, fall. Dry­
den. 4. Honourable note of superiority. 5. Separation of complex
ideas.
Circumstantial branches which
Distinction should be rich in. Shakespeare.
6. Division into different parts. The distinction of it into acts. Dry­
den. 7. The notation of difference between things seemingly the
same. To take away that error which confusion breedeth, distinction
is requisite. Hooker. 8. Discernment, judgment.

DISTI＇NCTIVE [distinctis, Fr.] 1. Serving to distinguish, marking
difference. Distinctive names. Pope. 2. Having the faculty of distin­
guishing and discerning, judicious. Judicious and dictinctive heads.
Brown.

DISTI＇NCTIVELY [of distinctive] by distinction.

DISTI＇NCTLY [of distinct] 1. Not confusedly. On its sides bounded
pretty distinctly, but on its ends confusedly and indistinctly. Newton.
2. Clearly, plainly, severally. I could see all the parts distinctly.
Addison.

DISTI＇NCTNESS [of distinct and ness] 1. The state of being di­
stinct. 2. Nice observation of the difference between different things.
For the clearness and distinctness of vision. Ray. 3. Such separation
of things as makes them easy to be separately observed.

To DISTI＇NGUISH, verb act. [distinguer, Fr. distinguer, Sp. and Port.
distinguere, It. and Lat.] 1. To discern critically, to judge.
Nor more can you distinguish of a man,
Than of his outward shew. Shakespeare.
2. To note or mark the diversity of things. Rightly to distinguish is
by conceit of the mind to sever things different in nature, and to dis­
cern wherein they differ. Hooker. 3. To separate from others by some
mark of honour or preference. They distinguish my poems from those
of other men. Dryden. 4. To put a difference between, to divide or
part, by proper notes of diversity. Moses distinguishes the causes of
the flood into those that belong to the heavens, and those that belong
to the earth. Burnet＇s Theory. 5. To know one from another by any
mark of difference.
Nor can we be distinguish＇d by our faces
For man or master. Shakespeare.
6. To constitute difference, to make different from another. The
great and distinguishing doctrines. Locke.

To DISTINGUISH, verb neut. to make distinction, to find or shew
the difference. To distinguish between proverbs and polite speeches.
Swift.

To DISTINGUISH one＇s self, to raise himself above the common le­
vel by valour, prudence, wit, &c. to make one＇s self eminent or
known.

DISTI＇NGUISHABLE [of distinguish] 1. Capable of being distin­
guished, or known by marks of diversity. It is by the eye distin­
guishable. Boyle. 2. Worthy of note or regard. The merit of some­
thing distinguishable. Swift.

DISTI＇NGUISHABLENESS [of distinguishable] capableness of being
distinguished.

DISTI＇NGUISHABLY, adv. [from distinguishable] in a manner to
be distinguished.

DISTI＇NGUISHED, part. pass. [of distinguish] eminent, extraordina­
ry. Distinguish＇d fury. Rogers.

DISTI＇NGUISHER [of distinguish] 1. Judicious observer, one that
discerns with accuracy. An exact knower of mankind, and a per­
fect distinguisher of their talents. Dryden. 2. One that separates things
by proper notes of diversity. This distinguisher of time the sun.
Brown.

DISTI＇NGUISHINGLY, adv. [of distinguishing] with distinction, or
some mark of eminent preference. Distinguishingly favourable to
me. Pope.

DISTI＇NGUISHMENT [of distinguish] distinction, observance of dif­
ference. Graunt uses it.

To DISTO＇RT [tordre, Fr. distorcere, It. torcèr, Sp. of distortum, sup.
of distorquo, Lat.] 1. To wrest from the true meaning. Something must
be distorted beside the intent of the divine inditer. Peacham. 2. To
twist, to deform by irregular motions. Now mortal pangs distort his
lovely form. Smith. 3. To turn from the true direction or posture to
draw aside, to pull away. Envy and revenge darken and distort the
understanding. Tillotson.

DISTO＇RTION [distortio, Lat.] the act of pulling away, a wresting
or wringing several ways, by which the parts are disordered. The
bellowings and distortions of enthusiasm. Addison.

DISTORTITON [with surgeons] is when the parts of any animal
body are ill placed, or ill figured.

DISTO＇RTOR Oris [in anatomy] a muscle of the mouth, the same
as zygomaticus.

To DISTRA＇CT, verb act. pret. distracted; part. pass. distracted,
anciently distraught, sometimes distrait [distraire, Fr. distrarre, It.
distraèr, Sp. distractum, Lat.] 1. To pull or draw different
ways at the same time. 2. To divide, to part. You distract your
army. Shakespeare. 3. To turn from a single direction towards va­
rious points. To distract the eye by a multiplicity of the objects.
South. 4. To confound by contrary considerations, to perplex, inter­
rupt, or trouble. I am distracted. Job. Distraught and mad with
terror. Shakespeare. 5. To make a person mad. She fell distracted
of her wits. Bacon. She did speak in starts distractedly. Shake­
speare.

DISTRA＇CTEDLY [of distracted] madly, in a frantic manner.

DISTRA＇CTEDNESS [of distract] distraction, state of being di­
stracted.

DISTRA＇CTIBLE [in surgery] capable of being drawn aside.

DISTRA＇CTION, Fr. [distrazione, It. distraciòn, Sp. absence of
mind, of distractio, Lat.] 1. Frenzy, madness. A settled distraction.
Atterbury. 2. Perplexity, tumult, difference of sentiments. Confu­
sion and distraction which the kings forces were inclined to. Claren­
don. 3. Tendency to different parts, separation.
His power went out in such distractions, as
Begnil＇d all spies. Shakespeare.
4. Confusion, when the attention is called different ways. During
the late distractions. Addison. 5. Violence of some painful passion,
mental perturbation. The distraction of the children who saw their
parents expiring. Tatler.

DISTRACTION [in surgery] the act of pulling a fibre, membrane,
&c. beyond its natural extent, and what is so pulled or extended, is
said to be distracted.

To DISTRAI＇N, verb act. [destrainare, Fr. distringo, Lat. in law]
1. To seize upon a person＇s goods for rent, parish duties, &c. as an
indemnification for a debt. 2. To seize in general. Hath here di­
strained the Tower to his use. Shakespeare.

To DISTRAIN, verb neut. to make seizure. I will not lend money
to my superior, upon whom I cannot aistrain for the debt. Camden.

DISTRAI＇NT, sub. [of distrain] a seizure.

DISTRA＇UGHT, old part. pass. [of distract] Distraught of his wits.
Camden.

DISTRE＇SS [detresse, Fr.] the act of distraining goods.

DISTRESS [in law] a compulsion in certain real actions, &c. and
to pay rent and parish duties.








DISTRE＇SS [destresse, Fr. prob. of districtus, of distringo, Lat.] 1.
A great straight, adversity, or pressing calamity, sorrow, anguish. Di­
stress of nations. Deuteronomy. 2. The act of making a legal sei­
zure. He would go and take a distress of his goods and cattle.
Spenser. 3. A compulsion in real actions, by which a man is assured
to appear in court, or to pay a debt or duty which he refused. Cowel.
4. The thing seized by law.

Finite DISTRESS, is that limited by law.

Grand DISTRESS, is that made on all the goods and chattels of a
man within the county.

Infinite DISTRESS, is without limitation.

Personal DISTRESS, is upon moveable goods.

Real DISTRESS, is made on immoveable goods.

To DISTRE＇SS, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To reduce to misery
or calamity, to harrass. I am distressed for thee. 2 Samuel. 2. To
prosecute by law to a seizure.

DISTRE＇SSEDNESS [of distressed] state of being in distress.

DISTRE＇SSFULL, adj. [of distress and full] miserable, full of trouble.
Distressful and desolating events. Watts.

To DISTRI＇BUTE [distributum, Lat. distribuer, Fr. distribuire, It.
distribuyr, Sp. destribuir, Port.] 1. To divide, part or share, to bestow
or deal among persons. Warlike people, amongst whom he distri­
buted the land. Spenser. 2. To dispose, or set in order.

To DISTRIBUTE [in printing] is to take a form asunder, to sepa­
rate the letters, and to dispose them in the cases again, each in its
proper cell.

DISTRI＇BUTER [of distribute] he who distributes, bestows, or deals
out any thing. Judges and distributers of justice. Addison.

DISTRIBU＇TIO, Lat. [with logicians] a resolving the whole into
parts.

DISTRIBUTIO, Lat. [in rhetoric] a figure, when its peculiar pro­
perty is applied to every thing; as a robbery to the hands, wanton­
ness to the eyes, &c.

DISTRIBU＇TION [Fr. distribuzione, It. distribuciòn, Sp. of distributio,
Lat.] 1. The act of dividing or sharing amongst many. Distribution
of offices. Swift. 2. The act of giving in charity. Charitable di­
stributions. Atterbury. 3. [In logic] as an integral whole is distin­
guished into its several parts by division: so the word distribution is
most properly used, when we distinguish an universal whole into its
several kinds of species. Watts.

DISTRIBUTION [with architects] is dividing and dispensing the se­
veral parts and pieces, which compose the plan of the building.

Manual DISTRIBUTIONS, or Quotidian DISTRIBUTIONS, certain
small sums of money appointed by the donors, &c. to be distributed
to such of the canons of a chapter as are actually present, and assist­
ing at certain obits and offices.

DISTRI＇BUTIVE, adj. [distribut, Fr. distributivo, It. and Sp.] 1.
Serving to distribute, allotting to each his sentence or claim. Di­
stributive justice. Swift. 2. Assigning the various species of a gene­
ral term.

DISTRIBUTIVE Nouns [with grammarians] are such as betoken
reducing into several orders and distinctions, as singuli, bini, terni, &c.

DISTRIBUTIVE Justice, is that whereby we give to every person
what belongs to him; also that justice administered by a judge, &c.
who, in executing his office, may be said to give every man his due.

DISTRI＇BUTIVELY [of distributive] 1. By way of distribution. 2.
Singly, particularly. Although we cannot be free from all sin collec­
tively, yet distributively all great offences, as they offer themselves
one by one, ought to be avoided. Hooker. 3. In a manner expressing
singly all the particulars included in a general term; not collectively.
An universal term is sometimes taken collectively for all its ideas uni­
ted together, and sometimes distributively, meaning each of them single
and alone. Watts.

DISTRICHI＇ASIS, Lat. [διστριχιασις, Gr.] a double row of hair on
the eye-lids.

DI＇STRICT, Fr. [distretto, It. distríto, Sp. districtus, Lat.] 1. A par­
ticular territory or extent of jurisdiction, province. Practis＇d all the
arts of despotic government in their respective districts. Addison. 2.
[in law] that circuit or territory in which a man may be forced to make
his appearance. 3. Region, country. Districts which between the
tropics lie. Blackmore.

DISTRICTIO＇NES, Lat. [old writers] distraints or distresses, i. e.
goods seiz＇d and stopt till payment and full satisfaction be made.

DISTRI＇NGAS, Lat. [in law] a writ directed to the sheriff or any
other officer, commanding him to distrain one for a debt to the king,
or for his appearance at a day.

To DISTRU＇ST [of dis, neg. and trust, of treowan, Sax. to suggest]
to suspect, to diffide in, not to trust. Do not distrust him. Wisdom.

DISTRUST [of dis, neg. and trust, of treowe, Sax. true, faithful]
1. Suspicion, jealousy, misgiving, want of faith or confidence in ano­
ther. Above the baseness of distrust. Dryden. 2. Discredit, loss of
credit or confidence. Distrust and all dispraise. Milton.

DISTRU＇STFUL [of distrust and full] 1. Suspicious, jealous, apt to
distrust. Generals often harbour distrustful thoughts. Boyle. 2. Dif­
fident, not confident. Distrustful of themselves. Government of the
Tongue. 3. Modest, timorous, not confident of one＇s self. Distrust­
ful sense with modest caution speaks. Pope.

DISTRU＇STFULLY [of distrustful] in a distrustful manner, with di­
strust.

DISTRU＇STFULNESS [of distrustful] aptness to be distrustful, state
of being distrustful.

To DISTU＇RB [disturbàr, Sp. disturbare, It. and Lat.] 1. To inter­
rupt, to hinder or let. 2. To perplex, to disquiet, to cross, trouble,
or vex. The happiness of his neighbour to disturb him. Collier. 3.
To disorder or put into confusion. 4. To turn off from any direc­
tion; having from. This is unusual.
And disturb
His inmost counsels from their destin＇d end. Milton.

DISTU＇RBANCE [from disturb] 1. Trouble, vexation, disquiet, per­
plexity. It brings disturbance to trade. Locke. 2. Confusion, disor­
der. Without fatigue or disturbance. Watts. 3. Tumult, uproar, vio­
lation of peace. Disturbances on earth through female snares.
Milton.

DISTU＇RBER [of disturb] 1. He that violates peace, and causes
public tumults. Disturbers of the public tranquillity. Addison. 2.
He that injures one＇s tranquillity, or disturbs one＇s peace of mind.
Foes to my rest, and my sweet sleep＇s disturbers. Shakespeare.

To DISTU＇RN, verb act. [of dis and turn] to turn any thing off or
aside. To disturn that furious stream of war on us. Daniel＇s Civil
War.

DISVALUA＇TION [of dis and valuation] disgrace, diminution of re­
putation. To the disvaluation of the power of the Spaniard. Bacon.

To DISVA＇LUE [of dis and value] to undervalue, to set a low
price upon. To contemn and disvalue what he has. Government of
the Tongue.

To DISVE＇LOPE [developer, Fr.] to open, unwrap, or unfold. See
DEVELOP.

DISVE＇LOPED [in blazonry] is a term used to signify display＇d; and
so with heralds, those colours that in an army are called flying co­
lours or displayed, are said to be disveloped.

DISU＇NION [desunion, Fr. of disunione, It. of dis and unio, Lat.] 1.
Division, agreement, breach of concord. 2. Separation, disjunction,
Disunion of the corporeal principles. Glanville.

To DISUNI＇TE, verb act. [desunir, Fr. and Sp. disunire, It. of dis
and unio, Lat.] 1. To divide or set friends or allies at variance. 2. To
rate or disjoin.
The feast they then divide, and disunite
The ribs and limbs. Pope.

To DISUNITE, verb neut. to fall asunder. The joints separate and
disunite. South.

To DISUNITE [with horsemen] a horse is said to disunite, that
drags his haunches, that gallops false.

DISU＇NITY [of dis and unity] a state of actual separation. Dis­
unity is the natural property of matter. More.

DISU＇SAGE [of dis and usage, Fr. disusanza, It.] gradual cessation of
use or custom. Abolished by disusage through tract of time. Hooker.

DISU＇SE [of dis and use] 1. Cessation of use, want of practice. The
disuse of the tongue. Addison. 2. Cessation of custom. To come in­
to disuse. Arbuthnot.

To DISU＇SE [of dis, neg. and user, Fr. disusare, It. disusàr. Sp.]
1. To forbear the use of. Priam in arms disus＇d. Dryden. 2. To
leave off, to break one＇s self of an use or custom. Disus＇d to toils.
Dryden.

To DISVOU＇CH, verb act. [of dis and vouch] to destroy the credit
of, to contradict. Every letter he hath writ hath disavouched another.
Shakespeare.

DISWI＇TTED, adj. [of dis and wit] deprived of the wits, mad. As
she had been diswitted. Drayton.

DIT, subst. [dich, Dut.] a ditty, a poem, a tune; obsolete. No
song but did contain a lovely dit. Spenser.

DITCH [dice, Sax. diik, Du.] 1. A trench cut in the ground a­
bout a field. He would level his ditches. Arbuthnot. 2. Any long
and narrow receptacle of water. Johnson says, it is used sometimes
of a small river in contempt. Divers ditches and low grounds about
London. Bacon. 3. The moat that surrounds a town or garrison.
The ditches were dry. Knolles. 4. Ditch is used in composition to
denote any thing mean, worthless, or that is thrown into ditches.
The ditch-dog. Shakespeare.

To DITCH [dician, Sax. dycken, Du.] 1. To dig a ditch or trench.
2. To cleanse a ditch.

DITCH-DELIVER＇D, adj. [of ditch and deliver] brought forth in a
ditch; Shakespeare uses it.

DI＇TCHER [of ditch] one who makes ditches. Our thatcher, ditch­
er. Swift.

DITHE＇IST, noun subst. one who advances the notion of two Gods;
and from hence

DITHE＇ISM, noun subst. the belief [or doctrine] of two Gods. Such
was the doctrine of Marcion, and after him the Manichæans, who af­
firmed two rival and independent powers. And such also is the belief
of two absolutely coequal, all-ruling minds or spirits, whether opposed to
one another, or not. It was so, at least, in the judgment of the whole
orthodox council of SIRMIUM, as I have shewn under the word CO­
ORDINATION. You＇ll say, how can it be, when they maintained (as
did the whole body of the old Athanasians) the FATHER and SON to
be two distinct SPIRITS, possessed of one common nature? I answer,
with St. Hilary, they thought to preserve the Unity, by rejecting the
CO-EQUALITY. “Nec in eô COMPARATUR aut CO-ÆQUATUR filius
patri, dum subditus, &c. In plain terms, TWO GODS, with them,
would be two supreme, two absolutely coequal persons: not so, when
there is a supreme and subordinate; and where, consequently, the ONE
GOD is placed, where the scripture, and all antiquity (when speaking
without a figure) placed it, viz. In the ONE person of the FATHER.”
So the Nicene creed; “I believe in ONE GOD, the FATHER ALMIGH­
TY, &c.” And thus also Ignatius, long before them, “—— to
convince unbelievers, that there is ONE GOD, who has manifested
HIMSELF by Jesus Christ his Son.”—— See BAALIM, CO-ORDINA­
TION, and DEITY and DIVINITY compared.

DITHYRA＇MBIC, adj. pertaining to the dithyrambus.
Pindar does new words and figures roll
Down his impetuous dithyrambic tide. Cowley.

DITHYRA＇MBIC, subst. or DITHY＇RAMBUS [dithyrambe, Fr. diti­
rambo, It. dithyrambus, Lat. of διθυραμβος, Gr.] 1. A sort of hymn
anciently sung in honour of Bacchus, the god of wine, wherein of
old, and now among the Italians, the distraction caused by drunken­
ness is imitated. 2. Any poem written with wildness and enthusiasm,
a jovial song full of transport and poetical fury.
Such were part of PINDAR＇S works; if we may credit that line of
Horace,
Seu per audaces nova DITHYRAMBOS
Verba devolvit———
For (as Torrentius observes) nothing of this kind is now extant.
Pindar, how immortaliz＇d soever by his other compositions, has not
in these escaped the force of time. And whereas Horace adds,
———Numerisque fertur
Lege solutis.
His comment is as follows: “NUMBERS cannot be without a law;
and therefore, when Horace tells us, that Pindar＇s NUMBERS are







without a law, we must understand him of that law, by which the
LYRIC or MELIC verses are bound, on account of the strophæ and
antistrophæ, i. e. those [periodic] changes or returns, which we per
ceive in Pindar＇s poems: The DITHYRAMBIC, being far more hur­
ried, and as being poured out from a divine sort of FURY, roll on
with a greater degree of liberty.” Horat. Læv. Torrent. Ed. Antwerp
ex Officin. Plantin. p. 282.

DI＇TION, Lat. dominion, government.

DITO＇NE [διτονη, Gr.] a double tone in music, or the greater third.

DITRI＇GLYPH [in architecture] the space between two triglyphs.

DI＇TTANDER, the herb pepper-wort.

DI＇TTANY [dictamnus, Lat.] Dittany hath been renowned for its
sovereign qualities in medicine. It is generally brought over dry from
the Levant. Miller.

DI＇TTIED, adj. [of ditty] sung, sitted to music. Smooth dittied
song. Milton.

DI＇TTO, Lat. [detto, It.] the aforesaid, or the same.

DITTO＇LOGY [διττολογια, Gr.] a double reading, as in several scrip­
tural texts.

DI＇TTY [probably of dictum, Lat. said, dicht, Du.] a song, the
words of which are set to music. To the warbling lute soft ditties
sing. Sandys.

DI＇VAL [in heraldry] a term used by those who blazon by herbs
and flowers (instead of colours and metals) for nightshade.

DIVA＇LIA, a feast held by the Romans in honour of the goddess
Angerona. On this festival the pontifices performed sacrifices in the
temple of Volupia, or the goddess of joy and pleasure, the same as
Angerona, and which was supposed to drive away all sorrows and cha­
grin of life.

DI＇VAN [in the Arabic language, signifies a council] it is used not
only for a council chamber, or court wherein justice is administred in
the eastern nation; but is used also for a hall in the private houses.
The Chinese have divans on purpose for ceremonies; their custom
does not allow of the receiving of visits in the inner parts of the
house, but only at the entry.
But this signification may be accounted for, by the more general
acceptation of the word in Arabic, as it signifies συνταγμα, i. e. a
collection, suppose of TRACTS, and when applied to the human spe­
cies, an assembly, whether for consultation, administration of justice,
or any other intent. Monsieur Dherbelot says, the chalifs of the
house of Abbass were obliged to preside in person at their DIVAN, for
the redress of private grievances. And I think the GRAND VIZIR in
Turky holds two every week. See ABBASS and AZIM.

DIVAN, any council assembled; Milton preserves its true accent.
The dark divan. Milton.

DIVAN Begui [in Persia] one of the ministers of state, who is the
controller of justice. There are divan beguis, not only at court and in
the capital, but also in the provinces, and other cities in the empire.
They are not confined by any other law or rule, in the administra­
tion of justice, but the aleoran, and that too he interprets as he
pleases. He only takes cognizance of criminal cases.

DIVAPORA＇TION, Lat. an evaporating or exhaling.

DIVAPORATION [with chemists] a driving out of vapours by fire.

To DIVAR＇ICATE, verb neut. [divaricatus, Lat.] 1. To be parted
into two. One divaricates into two. Woodward. 2. To straddle, or
stride wide.

To DIVA＇RICATE, verb act. to divide a thing into two parts. Di­
varicated as the spermatic vessels. Grew.

DIVARICA＇TION [divaricatio, Lat.] 1. Partition into two. A di­
varication of the way. Ray. 2. Division of opinions. All doubt or
probable divarication. Brown.

To DIVE [probably of dippan, Sax. to dip] 1. To duck or sink
voluntarily under water. A diver diveth. Bacon. 2. To go under
water in search of any thing. The poor Indians are eaten up when
they dive for the pearl. Raleigh. 3. To enquire or pry narrowly into
a matter. Diving into the arts and sciences. Dryden. 4. To im­
merge into any business or condition. Not yet div＇d into the world＇s
deceit. Shakespeare. 5. To depart from view or observation. Dive
thoughts down to my soul, here Clarence comes. Shakespeare.

To DIVE, verb act. to find out by diving. The Curtii bravely
div＇d the gulph of fame. Denham.

DI＇VER. 1. One who dives or sinks voluntarily under water. The
diver＇s prize. Pope. 2. One that goes under water in search of trea­
sure, or any thing else. Divers and fishers for pearls. Woodward. 3.
One that enters deep into knowledge, or any study. A diver into
causes. Wotton. 4. A water-fowl, called a didapper.

DIVERBERA＇TION, Lat. the act of striking or beating through.

To DIVE＇RGE, verb neut. [divergo, Lat.] to tend various ways from
one and the same point; not to converge.

DIVE＇RGENT, or DIVE＇RGING [divergens, Lat.] tending to various
parts from one point, going farther and farther asunder; thus any two
lines forming an angle, if they be continued, will be divergent, i. e.
will go farther and farther asunder.

DIVERGENT Rays [in optics] are such as arising from a radiant
point, or in their passage having undergone a refraction or reflection,
do continually recede farther from each other.

DI＇VERS, adj. [diversus, Lat.] sundry, several, many, more than
one. It is now become obsolete.

DI＇VERS, adj. or DIVE＇RSE, Fr. [diverso, It. Sp. and Port. diver­
sus, Lat.] 1. Unlike in circumstances, different from another. Beasts
diverse one from another. Daniel. 2. Different from itself, various,
multiform. Eloquence is a great and diverse thing. Ben Johnson. 3.
Being in different directions. It is little used but in the last sense.
His papers light fly diverse tost in air. Pope.

DIVERS [of dive] pick-pockets. A eant word.

DIVERSIFICA＇TION [of diversify] 1. The act of changing form or
qualities. Manners of diversification generate differing colours. Boyle.
2. Variegation, variation. 3. Variety of forms. 4. Change, altera­
tion. A diversification of the will. Hale.

To DIVE＇RSIFY [diversifier, Fr. diversificare, It.] 1. To make dif­
ferent from another, to distinguish. Males souls are diversified with
many characters. Addison. 2. To vary, to alter, to make different
from itself. The country diversified between hills and dales. Sidney.

DIVERSI＇LOQUENT [diversiloquens, Lat.] speaking diversly, or dif­
ferently.

DIVE＇RSION, Fr. [diversione, It. tho＇ only in the first signification,
and Sp. diversao, Port.] 1. The act of turning any thing aside from
its course. Diversion of the sap. 2. The cause by which any thing
is turned from its course or tendency.
Fortunes, honour, friends,
Are mere diversions from love＇s proper object. Denham.
3. A recreation or pastime, something that unbends the mind, by
turning it off from care. Diversion seems to be something lighter
than amusement, and less forcible than pleasure. Games and diver­
sions. Addison.

DIVERSION [with physicians] the turning of the course or flux
of humours from one part to another by such applications as are
proper.

DIVERSION [in the art of war] is when an enemy is attacked in
any one place, where he is weak and unprovided, with design to
make him call his forces from another place, where he was going to
make an irruption.

DIVE＇RSITY [diversité, Fr. diversità, It. diversidàd, Sp. of diversi­
tas, Lat.] 1. Variety. Diversity of ceremonies. Hooker. 2. Diffe­
rence, unlikeness. In this diversity no contrariety. Hooker. 3. Di­
stinct being, not identity. Ideas of identity and diversity. Locke.

DI＇VERSLY, adv. [of diverse] 1. Differently, variously. The gifts
of God are diversly bestowed. Hooker. 2. In different directions,
to differents points.
On life＇s vast ocean diversly we sail. Pope.

To DIVE＇RT [divertir, Fr. Sp. and Port. divertire, It. of diverto,
Lat. to turn aside] 1. To take off, to withdraw the mind from a thing.
Diverted from the love of him. Addison. 2. To delight or make
chearful. See DIVERSION. Swift uses it. 3. To turn off from any
direction. They diverted raillery from improper objects. Addison. 4.
[In war] to draw forces to a different part. Sundry occasions divided
and diverted their power another way. Davies. 5. [In Shakespeare]
to subvert, to destroy.

DIVE＇RTER [of divert] any thing that diverts or alleviates. A
diverter of sadness. Walton.

DIVE＇RTING, part. act. [of divert] pleasant, delightful, agree­
able.

DIVE＇RTINGLY [of diverting] pleasantly, agreeably.

DIVE＇RTINGNESS [of diverting] diverting quality.

DIVE＇RTISANT [divertissant, Fr.] diverting.

To DIVE＇RTISE [divertiser, Fr. diverto, Lat.] to afford one diver­
sion, to recreate, to please; a word little used. Let them divertise,
let them move us. Dryden.

DIVE＇RTISEMENT [divertissement, Fr. divertimento, It.] diversion,
pastime, sport, pleasure; a word now but little used.

DIVE＇RTIVE, adj. [of divert] recreative, amusing. Things of a
pleasant and divertive nature. Rogers.

To DIVE＇ST [of di, priv. and vestio, Lat. to clothe, devester, Fr.
the English word is therefore more properly written devest. Johnson.]
1. To strip off, to unclothe a person; with of before the thing to be
taken off. Let us divest the gay phantom of all false lustre. Ro­
gers. 2. To deprive or take away dignity, office, &c. See to
DEVEST.

DIVE＇STURE [of divest] the act of putting off. The divesture of
mortality. Boyle.

DIVI＇DABLE [of divide] 1. Divisible, capable of being divided.
2. Different, parted. Dividable shores. Shakespeare.

DIVI＇DANT, adj. [of divide] different, separate; an obsolete word.
Shakespeare uses it.

To DIVI＇DE, verb act. [divider, Sp. dividere, It. and Lat.] 1. To
sever, part, or put asunder. Divide the living child in two. Kings.
2. To disunite, to set at variance, or at odds. There shall five in one
house be divided. St. Luke. 3. To distribute, to share out. A right
to divide the earth by families. Locke. 4. To separate, to stand as a
partition between. Let it divide the waters from the waters. Genesis.

To DIVIDE, verb neut. to be parted or sundered, to break friend­
ship.
Friendship falls off,
Brothers divide. Shakespeare.

DIVIDE＇ND [dividendum, Lat.] 1. A share, the part allotted in
any distribution. His peculiar share like other dividends. Decay of Pi­
ety. 2. A number in arithmetic given to be divided by another.

DIVIDEND [in the university] a share of the yearly salary, equally
and justly divided among the fellows of a college.

DIVIDEND [of a company] an equal share of the joint stock.

DIVIDEND [in law proceedings] a dividing of fees and perquisites
between officers, arising by writs, &c.

DIVIDE＇NDA, law Lat. [in old law records] an indenture, and
thence dividend in the exchequer seems to be one part of an inden­
ture.

DIVI＇DER [of divide] 1. That which parts any thing into pieces.
The divider did more and more enter into the divided body. Digby.
2. He who distributes or deals out his share to each. A judge or di­
vider over you. St. Luke. 3. The person or cause that breaks amity.
Money, the great divider of the world. Swift. 4. A pair of fine
mathematical compasses, made by a skrew more steady in small ope­
rations.

DIVI＇DUAL, adj. [dividuus, Lat.] divided, shared in common with
others.
Her reign.
With thousand lesser lights dividual holds. Milton.

DIVI＇DUALS [in arithmetic] numbers in the rule called division,
containing part of the dividend, distinguished by points, of which
the question must be asked, how often the divisor is contained in
them.

DIVIDU＇ITY [dividuitas, Lat.] a division or dividend.

DIVINA＇TION, Fr. [divinazione, It. divinaciòn, Sp. of divinatio,
Lat.] the act of presaging or foretelling things to come, which are of
a secret and hidden nature, and cannot be known by any human means.
No divinations against Israel. Numbers.

DIVI＇NE, adj. [divin, Fr. divino, It. and Sp. divinus, Lat.] 1.
Of or pertaining to God himself. 2. What only resembles him.







thus good men are said, in St. Peter＇s 2d Epistle, to be made partakers
of [in the original, not the with the article, but] a divine nature,
and accordingly the word admits of degrees; for we say, divine, di­
viner, and most divine; and yet all understood in a sense infinitely be­
low that, in which this word is applied to God absolutely so called.
“The MOST DIVINE prophets, says Ignatius, liv＇d according to Jesus
Christ, and were for that reason persecuted; being inspired by his
grace, in order to convince the unbelievers, that there is ONE GOD,
who hath manifested himself by Jesus Christ his Son, who is his
* The word in Greek [αιδιος] signifies either, 1. What is from eternity; or, 2dly. What is only of a most permanent continuance; as in Jude, v. 7. See CO-ETERNAL, and ETERNAL Generation; concerning which our author expresses himself clearly enough in another place, whatever ambiguity there may be here. “Who was with the FATHER before ages, and in the end appeared.” Ignat. Ep. ad Magnes. Sect. 6. eternal WORD [meaning a PERSON so called] —— and who
in all things was well-pleasing [or approved his conduct] to Him that
SENT him.” Ignat. Ep. ad Magnes. Ed. Smith and Usher. Sect. 1.
3. Partaking of the nature of God. Half human, half divine. Dry­
den. 4. Heavenly, proceeding from God, not human or natural.
The necessity of a divine light is magnified. Hooker. 5. Excellent in
a very high degree. The divinest and richest mind. Davies. 6.
Divining, presageful; with of before the thing presaged.
Oft his heart, divine of something ill,
Misgave him. Milton.

DIVINE, subst. 1. A clergyman, or minister of the gospel. He
spoke like a divine. Bacon. 2. A man skilled in divinity. Poets
were the first divines. Denham.

To DIVI＇NE, verb act. [deviner, Fr. divinàr, Sp. divinare, It. and
Lat.] 1. To foretel, to presage.
Dar＇st thou, thou little better thing than earth,
Divine his downfal. Shakespeare.

To DIVINE, verb neut. 1. To soothsay, to utter prognostications;
with of. If I were to divine of this unity, I would not prophecy so.
Shakespeare. 2. To feel presages. My divining thoughts. Shake­
speare. 3. To conjecture, to guess. The best can but guess, none
can be certain he has divined rightly. Dryden.

The DIVINE Virtues, are faith, hope, and charity.

DIVI＇NELY [of divine] 1. After a divine manner, by the agency or
influence of God. Divinely inspired. Locke. 2. Excellently in the
highest degree. She＇s fair, divinely fair! Milton. 3. In a man­
ner that notes a deity.
His golden horns appear＇d,
That on his forehead shone divinely bright. Addison.

DIVI＇NENESS [of divine] 1. Divine quality, participation of the di­
vine nature. To distinguish the divineness of this book, from that
which is human. Grew. 2. Excellence in the highest degree. An
earthly paragon.
Behold divineness
No older than a boy. Shakespeare.

DIVI＇NER [from divine, Eng. divinator, Lat.] 1. A conjuror, a
sooth-sayer, one that professes the art of divination. Witches, ma­
gicians, diviners. Brown. 2. One that conjectures or guesses. A
notable diviner of thoughts. Locke.

DIVI＇NERESS [of diviner] a woman that professes divination, a
kind of prophetess. The mad divineress had plainly writ. Dryden.

DI＇VING-BELL, a machine contrived for the safe conveyance of a
diver to any reasonable depth, and whereby he may stay more or less
time under water, as the bell is greater or less.
That the reader may have a just idea of the diving-bell, according to
the latest improvements by Dr. Halley, and Mr. Triewald of Stock­
holm, we have here exhibited two figures of the same. The first
(plate VI. fig. 4.) is that of Dr. Halley＇s form, which was three
feet wide at top, five at bottom, and eight feet high, and contained
about 63 cubic feet, or near eight hogsheads in its concavity.
This was coated with lead, so heavy, that it would sink empty,
and the weight was distributed about the bottom I K, so that it would
go down in a perpendicular position, and no other. In the top was
fixed a strong but clear glass, D, to let in the light from above; and
likewise a cock, as at B, to let out the hot air that has been breathed;
and below, was fixed a circular seat, L, for the divers to sit on;
and lastly, from the bottom was hung, by three ropes, a stage for the
divers to stand on, to do their business. This machine was suspended
from the mast of a ship by a sprit, which was sufficiently secured by
stays to the mast-head, and was directed by braces to carry it over­
board, clear of the side of the ship, and to bring it in again.
To supply the bell with air under water, two barrels, such as C, of
about 63 gallons each, were made, and cased with lead, so that they
might sink empty, each having a hole in its lowest part, to let in the
water, as the air in them is condensed in their descent. and to let it
out again when they were drawn up again full from below. And to
a hole in the top of the barrel was fixed a hose, or hollow pipe, well
prepared with bees-wax and oil, which was long enough to fall below
the hole at the bottom, being sunk with a weight appended, so that
the air in the upper part of the barrels could not escape, unless the
lower end of these pipes were first lifted up.
These air barrels were fitted with tackle proper to make them rise
and fall alternately, like two buckets in a well. In their descent,
they were directed by lines fastened at the under edge of the bell to
the man standing on the stage to receive them, who, by taking up the
ends of the pipes above the surface of the water in the bell, gave occa­
sion for the water in the barrels to force all the air in the upper parts
into the bell, while it entered below, and filled the barrels; and as
soon as one was discharged by a signal given, it was drawn up, and
the other descended to be ready for use.
As the cold air rushed into the bell from the barrel below, it ex­
pelled the hot air (which was lighter) through the cock, B, at the
top of the bell, which was then opened for that purpose. By this me­
thod air was communicated so quick, and in such plenty, that the doc­
tor tells us, he himself was one of the five who was at the bottom in
nine or ten fathom water, for above an hour and a half at a time,
without any sort of ill consequence; and he might continue there so
long as he pleased, for any thing that appeared to the contrary.
In going down, it is necessary it should be very gentle at first, that
the dense air may be inspired to keep up, by its spring, a ballance to
the pressure of the air in the bell; upon each twelve feet descent, the
bell is stopt, and the water that enters is driven out by letting in three
or four barrels of fresh air.
By the glass above, so much light was transmitted, when the sun
shone, that he could see perfectly well to write and read; and by the
return of the air-barrels, he could send up orders, written with an
iron pen, on small pieces of lead, directing, that they were to be
moved from place to place; but in dark weather, when the sea was
rough and troubled, it would be as dark as night, in the bell; but
then the doctor perceived he could keep a candle burning in the bell,
as long as he pleased, it being found, by experiment, that one can­
dle consumes much about the same quantity of consined air, as one
man does, viz. about a gallon per minute.
The only inconvenience the doctor complained of, was, that upon
first going down, they felt a small pain in their ears, as if the end of
a quill were forcibly thrust into the hole of the ear. This may pro­
ceed from its being some time before the air can get from the mouth,
through the small canal of the eustachian tube, which leads to the in­
ner cavity of the ear, where, when it comes, it makes an equilibrium
with the outward air, pressing on the tympanum, and thus the pain, for
a short time, ceases, then descending lower, the pain of the ear re­
turns, and is again abated; and so on, till you come down to the
bottom, where the air is of the same density continually.
This bell was so improved by the doctor, that he could detach one
of his divers to the distance of fifty, or a hundred yards from it, by a
contrivance of a cap, or head-piece, somewhat like an inverted
hand-basket, as at F, with a glass in the fore part, for him to see
his way through. This cap was of lead, and made to fit quite close
about his shoulders; in the top of it was fixed a flexible pipe, com­
municating with the bell, and by which he had air, when he wanted,
by turning a stop cock near his head-piece. There was also another
cock at the end in the bell, to prevent any accident happening from
the person without. This person was always well clothed with thick
flannels, which were warmed upon him before he left the bell, and
would not suffer the cold water to penetrate. His cap contained air
enough to serve him a minute or two; then by raising himself above
the bell, and turning the cock F, he could replenish it with fresh air.
This pipe he coiled round his arm, which served him as a clue to
find his way to the bell again.
This diving bell received its last improvement from Mr. Martin
Triewald, F. R. S. and military architect to his Swedish majesty.
The manner and form whereof is shown in a figure of his own drawing
(Plate VI. fig. 5.) A B is the bell, which sinks with leaden weights.
D D, appended at the bottom; the substance of the bell is copper,
and tinned within all over: the bell is illuminated with three strong
convex lenses, G, G, G, with copper lids, H, H, H, to defend
them. The iron ring, or plate, E, serves the diver to stand on, when
he is at work, and it is suspended at such a distance from the bottom
of the bell, by the chains F, F, F, that when the diver stands up­
right, his head is just above the water in the bell, where it is much
better than higher up in it, because the air is colder, and consequently
more flesh and fit for respiration; but as their is occasion for the diver
to be wholly in the bell, and his head of course in the upper part, Mr.
Triewald has contrived that, even there, when he has breathed the
hot air as long as he well can, by means of a spiral copper tube, b c,
placed close to the inside of the bell, he may draw the cooler and
fresher air from the lowermost parts; to which end, a flexible leather
tube, about two feet long, is fixed to the upper end of a tube at b;
and to the other end of this tube is fixed an ivory mouth-piece, for
the diver to hold in his mouth, by which to respire the air from be­
low.

DIVINI＇POTENT [divinipotens, Lat.] powerful in divine things.

DIVI＇NITY [divinité, Fr. divinità, It. divinidàd, Sp. divinitas,
Lat.] 1. That assemblage of powers, qualities, or perfections which
constitute the subject in which they reside, DIVINE, [See DIVINE]
Whether powers pertaining to GOD HIMSELF, or, in a subordinate
sense, to beings which resemble him. “We being sensible (says Origen)
of that divinity [της θειοτητος] of God, which excels by an ineffable
supereminence; and moreover of that [divinity] of his only begotten
Son, who excels all OTHER beings.” Contra. Celf. Lib. 5. Would
the reader see how egregiously was this passage of Origen (as indeed
were many other ancient writers) misunderstood by the learned bishop
BULL, he need only compare CLARK＇s Scrip. Doct. Ed. 3. p. 259,
with the original; and WHITBY＇s Disquisitiones Modestæ, from the be­
ginning to the end. 2. The term, with us, is sometimes used in the
concrete, I mean to express the Supreme Being himself; as, “the Di­
vinity,” or “the Deity”. But here (if I＇m not mistaken) the Greeks
would choose rather to say το θειον, i. e. the divine thing [or Being]
as St. Paul does in his speech before the court of Areopagus, Acts,
c. xvii. v. 29. See DEITY, DITHEISM, and First CAUSE.
3. Participation of the divine nature and excellence, godhead. A
divinity by way of participation. Stillingfleet. 4. A false god. Beastly
divinities, and groves of gods. Prior. 5. A celestial being. Subser­
vient divinities. Cheyne. 6. That science, the object of which is
God, and the revelation he has made to man, theology. Divinity as
it is a science. Swift. 7. Something supernatural. They say there is
divinity in odd numbers. Shakespeare.

DIVI＇SA, law Lat. [in ancient deeds] 1. A devise or bequeathment
of goods by last will and testament. 2. A sentence or decree.

DIVI＇SÆ, law Lat. the bounds, borders and limits of division be­
tween countries, parishes, &c.

DIVISI, Ital. [in music books] signifies divided into two parts.

DIVI＇SIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [divisibile, It. of divisibilis, Lat.] that may
be divided.

DIVISIBI＇LITY, or DIVI＇SIBLENESS [divisibilité, Fr. divisibilità, It.]
the quality of being divisible, or capable of being divided into several
parts, either actually or mentally; a passive power or property in
quantity, whereby it becomes separable. Divisibleness of matter.
Boyle. Divisibility of matter. Locke.

DIVI＇SION, Fr. [divisione, It. division, Sp. of divisio, Lat.] 1. The
act of dividing any thing into parts; separation. To make a division
betwixt the waters. 2 Fsdras. 2. The state of being divided. 3.







Partition, that by which any thing is kept asunder. 4. The part
which is separated from the rest. The communities and divisions of
men. Addison. 5. Variance, discord, disagreement; a going into
parties. Our divisions with the Romanists. Decay of Piety. 6.
Parts into which a discourse is distributed. The heads of your divi­
sions. Swift. 6. Distinction. I will put a division between my peo­
ple and thy people. Exodus. 7. Subdivision, distinction of the genus
into species.
In the division of each sev＇ral crime,
Acting it many ways. Shakespeare.

DIVISION [in arithmetic] is that rule by which we discover how
often one number is contained in another; or it shews how to divide a
number proposed into as many equal parts as you please.

DIVISION [in geometry] changes the species or kind of a quantity;
as, a surface divided by a line gives a line, a solid by a line produces
a surface.

DIVISION [in music] is the dividing a tune into many small notes;
as quavers, semiquavers; space between the notes of music, just time.

To run a DIVISION [in music] 1. Is to play on an instrument, or
sing after the manner before mentioned. Our tongue will run divisions
in a tune, not missing a note. Glanville.

DIVISION [in algebra or species] is the reducing the dividend and
the divisor into the form of a fraction, which fraction is the quotient;
thus, if a were to be divided by b, it must be placed thus  and that
fraction is the quotient.

DIVISION [of a mode] divides a quality into degrees. Philoso­
phers, as well as physicians, suppose eight degrees in any quality:
hence, when a quality is said to be in the eighth degree, it denotes
that it cannot be any farrher intended or heightened.

Physical DIVISION, is a separation of the parts of quantity; so that
what was one continued body, is severed into many parts.

DIVISION [with printers] is a short line set between two words; as,
a horse-mill, &c.

DIVISION [in the art of war] a certain body of men, in a company
of horse or foot, led by a particular officer.

DIVISION [in maritime affairs] the third part of a naval army or
fleet, or of one of the squadrons thereof, under a general officer.

DIVI＇SOR, Lat. [in arithmetic] is the number that divides, and
shews into how many equal parts the dividend must be divided.

Common DIVISOR. See COMMON.

Just DIVISOR [in arithmetic and geometry] such number or quan­
tity as will divide a given number or quantity, so as to leave no re­
mainder; so if the number 6 be given, 1, 2 and 3 will be the just
divisors of it.

DIVI＇SURE [divisura, Lat.] a division, or act of dividing.

DIVITIO＇SITY [divitiositas, Lat.] the state of being very rich.

DI＇UL, a port town of Asia, situated on the Indian ocean, to the
west of the river Indus, and 60 miles west of the city of Tatta.

DIVO＇RCE, Fr. [divorzio. It. divórcio, Sp. divortium, of diverto,
Lat. to turn away] 1. A separation of two persons, who have been
actually married together, one from the other, not only with respect
to bed and board, but also all other conditions pertaining to the band
of wedlock. Divorce is a lawful separation of husband and wife,
made before a competent judge, on due cognizance had of the cause,
and sufficient proof made thereof. Ayliffe. 2. Separation, disunion.
Divorce of affections in her from my religion. K. Charles. 3. The
sentence by which a marriage is dissolved. 4. The cause of any pe­
nal separation. The long divorce of steel falls on me. Shakespeare.

A Bill of DIVORCE, a writing, which, according to the Levitical
law, a woman that was divorced was to receive of her husband upon
that occasion. The Mahometan religion, which, under certain re­
strictions, allows divorcing to either sex, lays no other obligation on
the male, than to pay to his divorced wife what annuity for her life
he had stipulated on marriage, before a justice of the peace, or cadi.
[See CADI] And in case he repents, and is willing to take her again,
he cannot do it, before she has been first married to, and divorced by
another man. By which RESTRICTION, I suppose, their PROPHET
intended to discourage rash and hasty divorces: tho＇, by the way, as
he has done it by a method which the Mosaic constitution expressly
condemns, I must leave it with his disciples to reconcile this step with
that declaration which Mahomet so often made, I mean of his
advancing nothing which contradicts the two foregoing dispensations;
for by denying our LORD＇s crucifixion, he contradicts our religion;
and by this method of reconciliation after a divorce, he advances some­
thing no less repugnant to that of MOSES. But if the reader desires
to see his pretensions to a divine commission fairly examined (together
with several other curious and instructive topics) he may please to con­
sult the sermons preached in defence of ALL religion, whether NATURAL
or REVEALED; printed for John Noon, in Cheapside. A. C. 1743.

To DIVO＇RCE, verb act. 1. To separate a husband or wife, the one
from the other. 2. To separate from another in general. The mind
divorced from piety, could be but a spectacle of commiseration.
Hooker. 3. To force asunder by violence. To divorce two sentences.
Hooker. 4. To take away.
Nothing but death
Shall e＇er divorce my dignities. Shakespeare.

DIVO＇RCEMENT [of divorce] the act of divorcing, separation of
marriage. A bill of divorcement. Deuteronomy.

DIVO＇RCER [of divorce] the person or thing that causes divorce.
Death is the eternal divorcer of marriage. Drummond.

DIVO＇TO, It. [in music books] denotes a grave, serious way or
manner of playing or singing, proper to inspire devotion.

DIU＇RESIS [of δια and ουρησις, of ουρον, Gr. urine] a separation of
the urine by the reins, or a voiding of it thro＇ the bladder, &c.

DIURE＇TICAL, or DIURE＇TIC [diuretique, Fr. diuretico, It. and Sp.
diureticus, Lat. of διουρητικος, Gr.] pertaining to, or rather what pro­
vokes urines. Diureties relax the urinary passages. Arbuthnot.

DIURE＇TICALNESS [of diuretical] diuretic quality.

DIU＇RNAL, adj. [diurnis, Lat.] 1. Of or pertaining to the day. Di­
urnal star. Milton. 2. Constituting or composing the day. Diurnal
hours. Prior. 3. Performed in a day, not daily. The diurnal and
annual revolution. Locke.

DIU＇RNAL Arch [in astronomy] is the arch or nun ber of degrees
described either by the sun, moon, or stars, between their rising and
setting.

DIURNAL Circle, is an immoveable circle, in which any star or
point in the surface of the mundane sphere moves by a diurnal mo­
tion.

DIURNAL [with astrologers] those planets or signs are said to be
diurnal, which contain more active qualities than they do passive
ones; and, on the contrary, those are called nocturnal ones, that
abound with passive qualities.

DIURNAL Motion of Planets [in astronomy] is so many degrees and
minutes, &c. as any planet moves by its motion in 24 hours.

DIURNAL Motion of the Earth [in astronomy] is the motion of the
earth, whereby it turns round about its own axis, which causes the
interchangeable succession of day and night.

DIURNAL, subst. [diurnal, Fr.] a book for writing down the things
done every day; a journal, a day-book.

DIURNA＇LIS [in law] as much land as can be ploughed in a day
with one ox.

DIU＇RNALLY, adv. [of diurnal] every day, daily. We shall diur­
nally communicate them. Tatler.

DIU＇RNALNESS [of diurnal] the quality of happening daily.

DIU＇RNARY [in the Greek empire] an officer who wrote down in
a book for that purpose, whatever the prince did, ordered and regu­
lated, &c. every day.

DIUTU＇RNITY [diuturnità, It. diuturnitas, Lat.] lastingness, or long
continuance of duration. Brown uses it.

To DIVU＇LGE [divulguer, Fr. divulgàr, Sp. divulgo, It. and Lat.]
1. To publish, to spread abroad. To divulge or conceal them. Pope.
2. To proclaim. Marks the just man, and divulges him through
heav＇n. Milton.

DIVU＇LGER [of divulge] one who publishes or exposes to the public.

DIVU＇LSION [of divulsio, Lat.] the act of pulling away or asunder.
The beaver, and the divulsion of his testicles. Brown.

DI＇VUS, or DIVA, Lat. names attributed by the Romans to men
and women, who had been deified or placed in the number of the
gods; and may we not add, that ＇tis also the very name by which the
Romish writers (as tho＇ by a strange kind of fatality) characterize
their SAINTS; i. e. Paganism restor＇d. See DÆMON or DEMON com­
par＇d with Rev. c. ix. v. 20, 21.

DI＇XMUDE, a town of Franders, on the river Ypres, about 11 miles
north of the city of Ypres.

To DI＇ZEN, to dress, to deck or trim, commonly used by way of
raillery. A low word. I had dizen＇d you out like a queen. Swift.

DI＇ZIER, or St. DIZIER, a city of Champaign, in France, on the
river Marne, about 45 miles north-east of Troyes.

DI＇ZZARD [of dizzy, Eng. prob. of dizi, Sax. a fool] a silly, stupid
fellow, a blockhead.

DI＇ZZINESS, Lat. [of dizzy] a giddiness or swimming in the head.

DI＇ZZY, adj. [disi, disig, Sax.] 1. Giddy, having the sensation
of swimming in the head. Dim thine eyes and dizzy swam. Milton.
2. Causing a giddiness. Dizzy ＇tis to cast one＇s eyes so low.
Shakespeare. 3. Thoughtless, giddy. At thy heels the dizzy multi­
tude. Milton.

To DI＇ZZY, verb act. [from the adj.] to make giddy, to whirl
round. Dizzy with more clamour Neptune＇s ear. Shakespeare.

D-LA-SOL-RE [in the scale of music] the fifth note in each of the
three septenaries or combinations of seven in the gamut, only re is
wanting in the uppermost, and la in the lowermost.

D. L. S. [with confectioners] an abbreviation of the words, Dou­
ble-refin＇d Loaf Sugar.

DO, is frequently used by merchants and tradesmen for ditto.

To DO, irreg. verb act. DONE, irreg. part. pass. DID, irreg. imp.
[don, Sax. doen, Du. did, Sax. caht, Ger. gedon, Sax.] 1. To act
any thing good or bad. Thou hast done evil. 1 Kings. Do good.
Psalms. 2. To perform, to archieve. He hath nothing done that doth
not all. Daniel＇s Civil War. 3. To execute, to discharge.
Pindarus is come
To do you salutation from his master. Shakespeare.
4. To cause. Nothing but death can do me to respire. Spenser. 5.
To transact. The thing was not done in a corner. Acts. 6. To produce
any effect to another. You do her too much honour. Swift. 7. To
practise as the last effort, commonly in the form of a passionate interro­
gation. What will ye do in the end thereof? Jeremiah. 8. To per­
form for the benefit of another. I know what God will do for me.
Samuel. 9. To exert. Do thy diligence. 2 Timothy. 10. To have
business, to deal. What had I to do with kings? Rowe. 11. To gain
a point, to effect by influence. His queen could do nothing with him.
Bacon. 12. To make a thing what it is not. Take him to do him
dead. Shakespeare. 13. To finish, to end. As soon as work was
done. Dryden. 14. To conclude, to settle. When all is done, there is
no man can serve his own interest better. Tillotson. 15. To put.
Who should do the duke to death. Shakespeare. 16. This phrase what
to do with signifies how to bestow, how to employ, which way to get
rid of. They would not know what to do with themselves. Tillotson.

To DO, verb neut. 1. To behave in a manner well or ill. They do
after the former manners. 2 Kings. 2. To make an end or conclude,
When you have done, you will have but a confused notion. Spectator.
3. To forbear having concern with or care about. I have done with
Chaucer. Dryden. 4. To fare, as to health or sickness. Good woman,
how dost thou? Shakespeare. 5. To succeed, to fulfil a purpose. We
shall do without him. Addison. 6. To do is used for any verb, to save
the repetition thereof. If any thing deserve our serious study, those
principles of religion do (that is, deserve it) Tillotson. 7. Do is a
word of vehement command or request.—Loose me—I will free thee—
Do, and I＇ll be thy slave. Dryden. 8. Do is put before verbs sometimes
expletively; as, I do read, for I read, I did love, for I loved. 9.
Sometimes emphatically.
Perdition catch my soul,
But I do love thee. Shakespeare.
10. Sometimes by way of opposition; as, I did admire her, but now
slight her.
Do as the friar faith, not as he doeth.
That is, follow the doctrine and good advice you have from the
pulpit, without any regard to the life or character of the priest, or ta­






king example by him. The advice is very good, but it is the duty of
all those who wear the habit, to avoid giving offence, and to incul­
cate their doctrine by their example.
Do and undo, the day is long enough.
Said to those who do their work or what they are about so negli­
gently, that they are obliged to do it over again.
Do as you would be done by.
This golden rule ought to be the guide of every man＇s actions; and
might be so, had it not two such mighty opponents, as self-love, and
self-interest. The Lat. say; Quod tibi fieri non vis, alteri ne facias.
The Sp. Lo que no quiéres párati, no lo quieras pára mi.
Do well and have well, or Self Do, self have.
The Fr. say; Qui bien fera, bien trouvera (as a man does, so he
will find.) We have several other proverbs to the same purpose, which
may serve to explain one another.
The pres. and imp. tenses of the verb To Do are used as auxiliaries
to conjugate the same tenses of other verbs with their infinitives, (1) in
questions. (2.) in negatives. (3.) to give an emphasis.

DO, noun subst. bustle. To make a great deal of do about things.
Locke.

To DOAT. See To DOTE.

DO＇BELER, or DOU＇BLER, a great dish or platter. Now obsolete.

DO＇CED, or DOU＇CED, a musical instrument, commonly called a
dulcimer.

DO＇CHMIUS, or DO＇CMIUS [δοχμιος, Gr. oblique] a foot in verse
or prose, Greek or Latin, which consists of five syllables. So says
H. Stephan. and refers to Quintilian, lib. 9. c. 4. But adds, “that
the SCHOLIAST of HEPHÆSTION says, that the Epitritum was first cal­
led DOCHMIUS, consisting of one short, and three long. Etym. declares
the dochmaic to be a species of the antispastic metre, as “εγω δε ουτε
σοι” in Euripidis Phæniss. with some further remarks, which I must
leave to the discussion of my learned readers.

DO＇CIBLE, or DO＇CILE [docibilis, Lat. docile, Fr. and It. docil, Sp.]
1. Teachable, apt to learn, easy to be instructed. Their tenderest
and most docible age. Milton. Dogs being docile and tractable are use­
ful. Ellis＇s Voyage. 2. With to before the thing taught.
Soon docile to the secret acts of ill,
With smiles I could betray, with temper kill. Prior.

DO＇CIBLENESS, or DOCIBI＇LITY [docibilitas, Lat. docilité, Fr. do­
cilità, It. docilidád, Sp.] teachableness.

DOCI＇LITY [of docilité, Fr. docilitas, Lat.] aptness to learn. The
docility of an elephant. Grew.

DO＇CITY, corrupted by the vulgar for docility.

DOCK, or DO＇CKING [in law] a means or expedient for cutting off
an estate tail, in lands or tenements; that the owner may be able to
sell, give or bequeath them.

DOCK [docca, Sax. docken, Du.] 1. A plant of which there are
seventeen species, ten grow wild, several of them being used in medi­
cine. The sort called the oriental burdock is said to be the true rhu­
bard. Miller. 2. The stump of the tail of an horse or other creature;
especially after docking or cutting off. The dock of a great rhinoceros
is about half an inch thick. Grew.

DOCK [a hunting term] the fleshy part of the chine of a boar, be­
tween the middle and the buttock.

DOCK [as some will have it, of διχειον, of δοκεον, of δεχομαι, to receive,
as some imagine, or, as Casaubon will, of δοκουνη, Gr. a storehouse]
a place where water is let in or out at pleasure, for the taking in of
shipping to be repaired or to lay them up.

Dry DOCK, is a pit, a great pond or creek, by the side of an har­
bour, made convenient to work in with flood-gates, to keep it dry
while a ship is built or repaired, but are opened to let in the water to
float and launch her.

Wet DOCK, a place in the ouse, out of the way of the tide, into
which a ship may be haled in, and so dock herself, or sink herself a
place to lie in.

DOCK Oxylapathum [with botanists] the sharp-pointed dock.

To DOCK, verb act. [from dock] 1. To cut any thing short. One
or two docked all favours handed down. Swift. 2. To cut off a reck­
oning, to cut off an intail. 3. To dock a horses, to cut off his tail.

To DOCK Herself [spoken of a ship] to make or sink herself a place,
to lie down in an ousy ground.

DOCK-Cresses, an herb.

DO＇CKED, as strong-docked [spoken of a horse] that has strong reins
and sinews.

DO＇CKET [with tradesmen] a bill tied to goods, with direction to
the person and place they are to be sent to.

DOCKET [in law] a small piece of parchment or paper, containing
the heads of a larger writing; also a subscription at the foot of letters
patent by the clerk of the docket.

DOCTI＇LOQUOUS [doctiloquus, Lat.] speaking learnedly.

DO＇CTOR [docteur, Fr. dottore, It. dotòr, Sp. of doctor, Lat. a
teacher] 1. One who has taken the highest degree at an university in
any art or science, as in divinity, law, or physic. In some universi­
ties they have doctors of music. In its original import it means a man
so well versed in his faculty, as to be qualified to teach it. Gamaliel,
a doctor of laws. Acts. 2. A man skilled in any profession in general.
Each proselyte would vote his doctor best. Dryden. 3. A physician,
one who undertakes the cure of diseases. Medicines from the doctor＇s
hand. Government of the Tongue. 4. Any learned or able man. As
much a judge of it as the greatest doctor in the school. Digby.

To DOCTOR, verb act. [from the noun] to physic, to cure, to treat
with medicines. A low word.

DO＇CTORIAL, adj. [doctoralis, of doctor, Lat.] of, or pertaining to
the degree of a doctor.

DO＇CTORALLY, adv. [of doctoral] in the manner of a doctor. Con­
der of his disease doctorally. Hakewell.

DO＇CTORATE [doctoratus, barb Lat.] a doctorship.

DO＇CTORSHIP [of doctor, Lat. and ship, of scip, Sax.] the office or
dignity of a doctor. The proctorship and the doctorship. Clarendon.

DO＇CTORS Commons, is so called, because the doctors of the civil
law live there, in the manner of a college, commoning together.

DO＇CTRESS [dottoressa, It. doctrix, Lat. a female teacher] a wo­
man doctor, or practitioner in physic.

DOCTRI＇NAL, adj. [doctrinalis, Lat.] 1. Relating to a point of doc­
trine, instructive, containing doctrine or something formally taught. It
is sometimes used in the form of a substantive. In doctrinals to deny
Christ. South. 2. Pertaining to the act or means of instructing. Doc­
trinal instrument and doctrinal means. Hooker.

DOCTRI＇NALLY, adv. [of doctrinal] in the form of doctrine, posi­
tively, in a manner necessary to be maintain＇d. Without delivering
any thing doctrinally. Ray.

DO＇CTRINE, Fr. [dottrina, It. dotrìna, Sp. doctrina, Lat.] 1. Max­
ims, tenets of any sect or master, that which is taught. Articles of
faith and doctrine. Hooker. 2. The act of teaching. He said unto
them in his doctrine. St. Mark.

DO＇CUMENT, Fr. [documento, It. and Sp. of documentum, Lat.] 1. An
instrument, precept or direction. A most necessary instruction and do­
cument for them. Bacon. 2. A precept in an ill sense, as being inso­
lently magisterial, or solemnly trifling. The documents of crarking au­
thors. Harvey.

DOCUMENT [in law] a proof given of any fact asserted; but chiefly
with regard to ancient matters.

DOCUME＇NTAL, adj. [from document] of or pertaining to instruction
or precept.

To DO＇CUMENTIZE [of documentor, Lat.] to instruct or teach, to
admonish.

DO＇CUS, Lat. [δοκος, Gr.] a kind of fiery meteor resembling a
beam.

DO＇DBROOK, a market-town of Devonshire, on the river Salcomb,
198 miles from London.

DO＇DDER [touteren, Du. to shoot up. Skinner] a weed which winds
itself round other herbs. Dodder is a singular plant, when it first
shoots from the seed it has little roots which pierce the earth near the
roots of other plants; but the capillants of which it is formed soon af­
ter clinging about those plants, the roots wither away. From this
time it propagates itself along the stalks of the plant, entangling itself
about them in a very complicated manner. It has no leaves, but con­
sists of such capillaments or stalks: They have, at certain distances,
tubercles, which fix them fast down to the plant, and by means of
which they absorb the juices destined for its nourishment. The flowers
stand in a kind of little round clusters on the stalks of a whitish
or pale reddish colour, of the bell-fashioned kind. The flower
is succeeded by a roundish fruit, which has only one cavity. The
seeds are numerous: these fall upon the ground, and produce young
plants. Hill.

DO＇DDERED, adj. [of dodder] overgrown with dodder. Dodder＇d
oaks. Dryden.

DODECADA＇CTYLUM, Lat. [of δοδεκα and δακτυλος, Gr.] the first of
the small guts.

DODE＇CAGON [of δωδεκα, twelve, and γωνια, Gr. a corner; in geo­
metry] a figure with twelve sides and as many angles.

DODECAGON [in fortification] a place fortified with twelve ba­
stions.

DODECAHÆ＇DRON [of δωδεκαεδρον, Gr.] a geometrical solid, bound­
ed by twelve equal and equilateral pentagons. It is one of the five
Platonic regular bodies. Its etymology signifies “what has 12 SEATS,
or bottoms.”

DODECAPHA＇RMACUM [of δωδεκα, twelve, and ϕαρμακον, Gr. an
ingredient] a medicinal composition consisting of twelve ingredients.

DODECATEMO＇RION, or DODECATE＇MORY [of δωδεκα, twelve, and
μοιρα, Gr. a division] the twelfth part of a circle, the twelve signs of
the zodiac, so called because every one of them is a twelfth part of the
zodiac.
＇Tis dodecatemorion thus described:
Thrice ten degrees which every sign contains,
Let twelve exhaust that not one part remains;
It follows straight that every twelfth confines
Two whole and one half portion of the signs. Creech.

To DODGE, verb neut. [probably of dog, because he runs this way
and that, in hunting, unless you will have it of doddiek, Du. wavering,
of dodde, a reed, or rather of adagiare or indugiare, It. to prevaricate]
1. To run from side to side or place to place to avoid one. Dodg＇d
with him betwixt Cambridge and the bull. Milton. 2. To prevari­
cate, to play shifting tricks, to use mean shifts. Make men grow
weary of dodging and shewing tricks with God. South. 3. To play
fast and loose, to raise expectations and disappoint them. What a
dance she has led me: she has dodged with me above thirty years. Addi­
son.

DO＇DKIN [duirken, Du.] a small coin in value about half a far­
thing, also a thing of little value. I would not buy them for a dodkin.
Lilly＇s Grammar.

DO＇DMAN, the name of a fish. The hodmandod or dodman, and
the tortoise. Bacon.

DO＇DO, the monk-swan of St Maurice＇s island; a bird having a
great head, covered with a skin resembling a monk＇s cowl.

DOE [da, Sax. daa, Danish] 1. A female deer, rabbet, &c. Bucks
have horns, does none. Bacon. 2. [from to do] a feat, what one has
to do, what one can perform. He has done his doe. Hudibras.

DO＇ER [from to do] 1. One that does any thing good or bad. It
is but a private act, but the doer of it may chance to pay his head for his
presumption. South. 2. Actor, agent. The principal doers. Hooker.
3. A performer. One who judgeth the prize to the best doer. Sidney.
4. An active, busy or valiant person. Great speakers, but small do­
ers. Knolles. 5. He that habitually practises or performs. Unapt to
be doers of his will. Hooker.

DOES [the third person singular of the present tense of to do] doth.
It does alter the exchange. Locke.

DO＇ESBURG, a town of the United Netherlands, in the province of
Guelderland, on the river Yssel, about 9 miles south of Zutphen.

To DOFF, verb act. [contracted or corrupted from do off] 1. To
put off dress; as, to doff and don one＇s clothes. W. Country. That
judge is hot and doffs his gown. Dryden. 2. To strip. Heaven＇s
king, who doffs himself our flesh to wear. Crashaw. 3. To get rid
of.
Make women fight,
To doff their dire distresses. Shakespeare.







4. To shift off, to refer to another time. Every day thou doff＇st me
with some device. Shakespeare. 5. The word is obsolete in all its
senses.

DOG [duck, Teut. doc, Sax. dugg. Su. dogge, Du. a mastiff,
tho＇ Casaubon will rather have it of δακνω, to bite, and δακος, Gr.
a biting animal] 1. A domestic animal remarkably various in the spe­
cies, comprising the mastiff, the spaniel, the bull-dog, the grey­
hound, the hound, the terrier, the cur, and many others. The lar­
ger sort are for safeguard, the less for sports. Knowing nought like dogs,
but following. Shakesp. 2. A constellation called sirius or canicula.
Among the southern constellations, two there are who bear the name
of the dog. Brown. 3. A name for a man, in contempt. Beware of
dogs, beware of evil workers. Philippians. 4. To give or send to the
dogs, to throw away.
Had whole Colepeper＇s wealth been hops and hogs,
Cou＇d he himself have sent it to the dogs? Pope.
5. To go to the dogs, to be ruined or devoured. 6. It is commonly ap­
plied to the male of several species; as, the dog sox, &c. The en­
counter of two dog-apes. Shakespeare. 7. Dog is added to a thing to
denote meanness, worthlessness or geneneracy; as, the dog-rose.
The who would hang his DOG, first gives out that he is mad.
When a man is about to do an unhandsome thing by another, he
seldom sails of finding out some plausible pretence. The Sp. say,
Quién a su pérra quiére aquiàr, rabia le ha de levantar.
What? keep a DOG, and bark myself.
That is, must I keep a servant, and do my business myself?
Hungry DOGS will eat dirty puddings.
Lat. Jejunus rarò stomachus vulgaria temnit. Fr. Quand on a faim,
on trouve toute chose bonne. (Hunger makes every thing taste well.) The
Germ. say; Wein kase und brod nicht sehmeckt, der ist nicht, hungrig.
(He who can＇t eat bread and cheese must not be a hungry.) The Fr.
say likewise, A un affamé tout est bon. (To a hungry man every thing
is relishable.) The proverbs all sufficiently explain themselves.
When a DOG is drowning, every one offers him water.
Or, according to another proverb, If a man be once down, down with
him. When fortune srowns upon a man his enemies generally encrease,
or at least become more barefaced. The Lat. say; Vulgus sequitur for­
tunam, ut semper & odit damnatos.
He who has a mind to beat his DOG, will easily find a stick.
This proverb is generally applied to such persons who out of preju­
dice and ill design, seek occasion of blame and scandal against other
persons, and aggrandize the most pardonable offences into flagrant
crimes: it seems to be borrowed of the Latin; Qui vult cædere canem,
facile invenit fustem; and the Greeks say, Μικρα προϕασις εστι του
πραξχι κακως; and the Fr. A petite achoison, le loup prend le mouton.
The Lat. say likewise; Malefacere qui vult, numquam non causam inve­
niet. We say also to the same purpose; To him that wills, ways will
not be wanting.

To DOG [doggen, Du.] is to follow him close at his heels (as
a dog does his master) in order to know where he is going, to hunt in­
sidiously and indefatigably as a dog. I have been pursued, dog＇d, and
way laid, through several nations. Pope.

DOG-DAYS [of dog and days] certain days called in Latin, dies ca­
niculares, because the dog-star, called canis, then rises and sets with
the sun. They are certain days in the months of July and August,
commonly from the twenty-fourth of the first to the twenty-eight of the
latter, which are usually very hot, the fore-mentioned star increasing
the heat, and vulgarly reckoned unwholesome.

DOGE, It. the chief magistrate of the republics of Venice and Ge­
noa. The doge＇s palace. Addison.

DO＇GBANE [of dog and bane] a plant.

DO＇GBERRY-Tree. See CORNELIAN Cherry.

DO＇GBOLT [of dog and bolt. Of this word I know not the meaning,
unless it be that when meal or flour is sifted or bolted to a certain de­
gree, the coarser part is called dogbolt, or flour for dogs. Johnson]
His only solace was that now
His dogbolt fortune was so low,
That either it must quickly end,
Or turn about again and mend. Hudibras.

DO＇GBRIAR [of dog and briar] the briar that bears the hip, the cy­
nosbaton.

DO＇GCHEAP, adj. [of dog and cheap] cheap as dogs meat. Good
store of harlots, say you, and dogcheap? Dryden.

DOG-DRAW [in forest law] a term used when a man is sound draw­
ing after a deer by the scent of a hound, which he leads in his hand,
it is one of the four circumstances for which a man may be arrested
as an offender against vert or venison.

DO＇GGED [of dog] sullen, surly, crabbed. Fortune unto them
turn＇d dogged.

DO＇GGEDLY, adv. [of dogged] sullenly, crabbedly.

DO＇GGEDNESS [of dogged] churlishness, crabbed temper.

DO＇GGESS, a bitch. Doggesses, i. e. bitches of women. Clarissa.

DO＇GFISH [of dog and fish] a shark. The jaw of a shark or dogfish.
Woodward.

DO＇GFLY [of dog and fly] a voracious biting fly; also applied as a
term of reproach to man or woman.
Thou dogfly, what＇s the cause,
Thou mak＇st gods fight thus? Chapman.

DO＇GGER [from dog, for it meanness. Skinner] a small ship with
one mast, having a well in the middle to bring fish alive to the shore.

DOGGER-Fish, fish brought in such vessels.

DOGGER-Men, fishermen who belong to dogger-ships.

DO＇GGEREL, or DO＇GGREL Rhime, adj. [of dog] loosed from the
measures of regular poetry, pitiful mean, paultry. In heroic verse like
that of the dispensary, or in doggerel like that of Hudibras. Addison.

DOGGEREL, subst. vile, paultry verses. The vilest dogg＇rel Grub­
strect sends. Swift.

DO＇GGISH [of dog] crabbed, churlish, surly, brutal.

DO＇GHEARTED, adj. [of dog and heart] cruel, malicious. His dog­
hearted daughters. Shakespeare.

DO＇GHOLE [of dog and hole] a vile hole, a mean habitation.
France is a doghole. Shakespeare.

DO＇GKENNEL [of dog and kennel] a house for dogs. A dogkennel to
any that want a pack. Tatler.

DO＇GLOUSE [of dog and louse] an insect that＇s breed on dogs.

DO＇GMA [dogme, Fr. dogma, It. Sp. and Lat. δογμα, Gr.] a received
opinion, a maxim or tenet. Dogma is that determination which con­
sists in and has a relation to some casuistical point of doctrine, or some
doctrinal part of the Christian faith. Ayliffe.

DOGMA＇TICA Medicina, Lat. the rational method of practising phy­
sie, such as Hippocrates and Galen used. But Galen, it is to be feared,
played much the same game upon the doctrine of Hippocrates, as we
have done by the doctrine of Christ; the good old system has suffered
the like fate in both cases; I mean that of being corrupted by the intro­
duction of false philosophic principles. But to resume our* The Greek verb, from whence these and the like words are derived, refers not to mere opinion; but to judgment; and accordingly is applied by Greek writers to public acts, decisions or decrees, as being (by supposition) founded on mature consideration. In this sense ＇tis used by Demosthenes, to express what is enacted by the state; “δεδοχθω τη βουλη και τω δημω;” and in much the same sense by the first Christian council, Acts, c. 15. v. 28. “It has seem＇d good [εδοξε] to the HOLY GHOST and Us.” And therefore Celsus did well express its meaning here by the word “RATIONAL; though as DECISIONS, made without reason, are sometimes confidently maintain＇d, and imposed, hence the word comes to be us＇d in an ill sense amongst us, to express a person who is very opinionative, and for imposing his own notions upon others. DOGMATIC
or rational physicians, they did not content themselves (if we may
credit Celsus) with a practice founded on mere observation and expe­
rience; but dissected bodies, with design to obtain a thorough know­
ledge of the use and structure of the PARTS; and instead of resting in
the evident causes of diseases, endeavoured to tracs things up to their
hidden and remoter sources, and accordingly carried their enquiries not
only, as I before observed, thro＇ the use and structure of the INTERNAL
parts of the body; but comprehended the whole animal process and
natural actions in general. CELSUS, Ed. Amstel. p. 4—7. See EM­
PIRICS.

DOGMA＇TICAL, or DOGMA＇TIC [dogmatique, Fr. dogmatico, It. dog­
maticus, Lat. δογματικος, Gr.] originally signified instructive, sci­
entific, or something relating to rule, maxim, or settled judgment;
authoritative in the manner of a philosopher, laying down the first
principles of a fact. Positive and dogmatical in our determinations.
Collier. Now commonly used for positive, wedded to, or imposing
his own opinions. So grave, sententious and dogmatical a rogue, that
there is no enduring him. Swift.

DOGMA＇TICALLY [of dogmatical] positively, authoritatively. To
interpose dogmatically in a controversy. South.

DOGMA＇TICALNESS [of dogmatical] peremptoriness, positiveness,
mock authority.

DOGMA＇TICI, Lat. those physicians that confirm their experience
by reason.

DOGMA＇TIC Philosophy, is a philosophy which being ground­
ed upon solid principles, assures a thing positively, and is opposed to
sceptic philosophy.

DO＇GMATIST [dogmatiste, Fr. δογματιστης, Gr.] a magisterial
teacher, a bold advancer of principles, a person who is opinionative,
or bigotted to his own opinions. A dogmatist in religion is not a great
way off from a bigot. Watts.

To DO＇GMATIZE [dogmatiser, Fr. dogmatizar, Sp. dogmatizare,
Lat. δογματιζω, Gr.] to assert peremptorily or positively, to give in­
structions or precepts magisterially. The pride of dogmatizing schools.
Blackmore.

DOGMATI＇ZER [of dogmatize] a bold asserter of opinions, a magi­
sterial teacher. Particular dogmatizers of both parties. Hammond.

DO＇GMES [of δογμα, Gr.] opinions.

DO＇GROSE [of dog and rose] the flower of the hip or briar.

DOG＇s Bane, Stones, Grass, Mercury, Tooth, and Violet, several sorts
of herbs.

DOGS (or andirons) for a chimney.

DO＇GSLEEP [of dog and sleep] pretended sleep. He slept what the
common people call dogsleep. Addison.

DO＇GSMEAT [of dog and meat] vile offal, like that flesh which is
sold to feed dogs. The flower of all the market; these are but dogs­
meat to them. Dryden.

DO＇GSTAR [of dog and star] the star from which the dog-days
are denominated. See SYRIUS. The raging dogstar＇s sultry heat.
Addison.

DO＇GSTOOTH [of dog and tooth] a plant. It hath a fleshy root
shaped like a dog＇s tooth. Miller.

DO＇GTEETH [of dog and teeth] the teeth in the human head next
the grinders, the eye-teeth. For dividing of flesh sharp-pointed or
dogteeth. Arbuthnot.

DO＇GTRICK [of dog and trick] an ill turn, brutal treatment. I shall
serve you a dogtrick. Dryden.

DO＇GTROT [of dog and trot] a gentle trot like that of a dog.
Thus said, they both advanc＇d and rode
A dogtrot thro＇ the bawling crowd. Hudibras.

DO＇GWEARY [of dog and weary] excessively weary, tired as a dog.
I have watch＇d so long,
That I am dogweary. Shakespeare.

DO＇GWOOD, a species of cornelian cherry.

DOI＇LY, a species of woollen stuff: [So called, I suppose, from the
name of the first maker. Johnson] A fool and a doily stuff. Congreve.

DO＇INGS, subst. [from to do. This word has hardly any singular]
1. Things done, transactions.
How would he hang his slender gilded wings,
And buz lamented doings in the air. Shakespeare.
2. Feats, actions, good or bad.
Of their doings great dislike declar＇d,
And testify＇d against their ways. Milton.
3. Behaviour, conduct.
Never the earth on his round shoulders bare,
A maid train＇d up from high or low degree,
That in her doings better could compare
Mirth with respect, few words with courtesy. Sidney.
4. Conduct, dispensation, management. Dangerous to wade far into







the doings of the Most High. Hooker. 5. Stir, bustle. Shall there be
no doings. Hooker. 6. Festivity, merriment. 7. This word is now
only used in a ludicrous sense, or in low, mean language.

DOIT, or DOI＇TKIN [of duit and kin, Du.] a small Dutch coin, in
value less than our farthing; see DODKIN. They will not give a
doit. Shakespeare.

DO＇LCE, It. [in music books] soft and sweet.

Con DOLCE Maniera, It. [in music books] signifies to play or
sing in a soft, sweet, pleasant, and agreeable manner.

DOLCEME＇NTO, the same as dolce.

DOLE [from deal, dal, dola, dœlan, Sax.] 1. The act of distribution
or dealing out A power of dole or donative of riches. Bacon. 2. Any
thing distributed or dealt out. Happy man be his dole. Shakespeare.
3. Provisions or money distributed in charity. Divided dole is
dealt at th＇ outward door. Dryden. 4. Blows dealt out. In the
dole of blows your son might drop. Shakespeare. 6. [Dolor, Lat.]
grief, misery. Making such pitiful dole over them. Shakespeare.

To DOLE, verb act. [dœlan, Sax.] to deal out, to distribute to se­
veral persons.

DOLES, or DOOLS, balks or slips of pasture left between the fur­
rows, or ploughed lands.

DOLE Fish, a fish which the fishermen in the north seas usually re­
ceive for their allowance.

DOLE Meadow, one in which divers persons have a share.

DO＇LEFUL [of dole and full] 1. Sorrowful, mournful, expressing
grief. Doleful humour. Sidney. 2. Melancholy, feeling grief. My
doleful sire, cry＇d to me, tarry, son. Sidney. 3. Dismal, impressing
sorrow. Doleful and heavy accidents which befal men. Hooker.

DO＇LEFULLY [of doleful] querulously, sorrowfully, mournfully.

DO＇LEFULNESS, or DO＇LOROUSNESS [of doleful, or dolorous] 1. Sor­
rowfulness, mournfulness, grief. 2. Querulousness. 3. Dismalness.

DO＇LESOME, adj. [of dole] doleful, melancholy, sorrowful, gloomy.
The dolesome passage to th＇ infernal sky. Pope.

DO＇LESOMELY, adv. [of dolesome] in a dolesome manner.

DO＇LESOMENESS [of dolesome] gloom, dismalness.

DOLG-BOTE [dolg-bote, Sax.] a recompence for a wound or scar.

DOLICHU＇RUS Versus, Lat. a long-tailed verse, that has a foot or
syllable too much.

DO＇LIMAN, a long setane worn by the Turks, hanging down to
the feet, with narrow sleeves buttoned at the wrist.

DOLL. 1. A contraction of Dorothy. 2. A baby for children.

DO＇LLAR [daler, Du. thaler, Ger.] a Dutch coin, in value about
4 s. 6 d. the Zeland dollar 3 s. the Specie dollar 5 s. the Danish dol­
lar, or double crown, about 2 s. 8 d. and another sort of Danish dol­
lar, about 4 s. the Saxon, Brandenburgh, Brunswick, and Lunen­
burgh dollar, about 3 s. 6 d. the Hamburgh current dollar, about 4 s.
and the species about 4 s. 8 d.

DOLORI＇FIC, adj. [dolorificus, Lat.] causing grief or pain. Giving
the dolorific motion free passage. Ray.

DO＇LOROUS [doleureux, Fr. doloroso, It. and Sp. dolorosus, Lat.]
1. Grievous, painful. Less dolorous than the paw of the bear. More.
2. Sad, sorrowful, gloomy. Dolorous and dreadful objects. Hooker.

DO＇LOROUSLY, grievously, painfully.

DOLO＇SITY [dolositas, Lat.] deceitfulness, hidden malice.

DO＇LOUR [doleur, Fr. dolore, It. dolor, Sp. and Lat.] 1. Pain, pang.
The dolours of death. Bacon. 2. Grief, sorrow, affliction, torment,
anguish. The abundant dolour of the heart. Shakespeare. 3. La­
mentation, complaint.

DO＇LPHIN [delphino, Lat. though the dolphin is supposed to be not
the same fish, Johnson; of δεγϕινος, Gr. dauphin, Fr. delfino, It. delfin,
Sp. dolfinho, Port.] a sea-fish, with a round arched back, whose flesh
is like that of an ox.
His delights
Were dolphin-like; they shew＇d his back above
The element they liv＇d in. Shakespeare.

The DOLPHIN [hieroglyphically] has been used to signify a king
or emperor of the sea, because they say this fish is kind to men, swift
in swimming, and grateful to benefactors.

The DOLPHIN [in astronomy] is said to be planted among the
stars for this cause; Neptune had a mind to Amphitrite for his wife;
she for modesty fled to Atlas, being desirous to preserve her virginity,
and, as others had done, hid herself. Neptune sent a great many thi­
ther to court her for him, and among others, Delphinus; and he
loitering about the Atlantic islands, happened to meet with her, and
by his persuasions brought her to Neptune, who having received her,
granted the greatest honours in the sea to Delphinus [the dolphin] and
devoted him to himself, and placed his effigies among the stars; and
they that have a mind to oblige Neptune, represent him in effigy,
holding a dolphin in his hand, as a testimony of his gratitude and
benevolence.
But to pass all these conceits, the greatest honour done to the
dolphin, is being borne by the eldest son of the king of France; and
there is good reason that that proceeded, not from the excellency of
the fish, but from the name only: For the dauphins of Viennois, so­
vereigns of the province of Dauphine in France, the last of those
princes having no issue, gave his dominins to the crown of France,
upon condition that the heir of the crown should be called dauphin,
and ever bear a dolphin for his arms, which they have accordingly
done ever since, and so nice in preserving that bearing to themselves,
as never to permit any other subject to bear it. But it is not so in
England, the fish-mongers company bearing them in their coat, and
several families bear them in their arms.

DO＇LPHINS [with gardeners] small black insects that infest
beans, &c.

DOLPHINS [with gunners] handles made in the form of dolphins
to pieces of ordnance.

A DOLT [of dollart, Du. of doll, Du. stupid, mad, dol, Teut.] a
blockhead, a stupid fellow. Oh gule, oh dolt! Shakespeare.

DO＇LTISH, adj. [of dolt] dull, heavy, stupid, mean. The most
arrant doltish clown. Sidney.

DO＇LTISHLY [of doltish] heavily, stupidly, meanly.

DO＇LTISHNESS [of doltish] sottishness, stupidity, meanness.

DOM [dom, Sax. dom, Su. and Du. tuhm, Ger.] a termination
added to many English words which then denote an office or charge,
with or without power and dominion, as likewise the state, condition,
quality, and propriety, and also the place in which a person exercise
his power.

DO＇MABLE [domabilis, Lat.] tameable, that may be tamed.

DO＇MABLENESS [of domable] tameableness.

DOMAI＇N [domaine, Fr. dominium, Lat.] 1. The inheritance, es­
tate, habitation, or possession of any one. A large portion of the king＇s
domains. Dryden. 2. Dominion, jurisdiction, empire.
Rome＇s great emperor, whose wide domain
Had ample territory, wealth, and power. Milton.

DOMA＇TION [domatio, Lat.] the act of taming.

DO＇MBOC [domboc, Sax. a book of judgment or decrees] a sta­
tute of the English Saxons, containing the laws of the preceding
kings.

DOME, Fr. [of domus, Lat. an house] 1. A house, a fabric. Approach
the dome, the social banquet share. Pope. 2. An hemispherical arch,
a vaulted roof or tower of a church, a cupola.

DOME [with chemists] an arched cover for a reverberatory furnace.

DOME＇s Man, or DOOM＇s Man, a judge appointed to hear and de­
termine law-suits; also a priest or confessor, who hears confessions.

DOME＇STICAL, or DOME＇STIC [domestique, Fr. domestico, It. and Sp.
of domesticus, Lat.] 1. Of or pertaining to a private houshold, not re­
lating to the public. No other helps and supplies than domestical.
Hooker. 2. Intestine, relating to one＇s own country, in opposition
to what is foreign. Domestical evils. Hooker. 3. Private, done at
home, not open. Their domestical celebration of the passover. Hook­
er. 4. Inhabiting the house, tame, not wild. Domestic animal.
Addison.

DOMESTIC Navigation, is coasting or sailing along the shore, in
which the lead and compass are the chief instruments.

DOME＇STIC, subst. [from the adj.] one that lives in the same house.
A servant, a domestic, and yet a stranger too. South.

To DOME＇STICATE, to make domestic, to withdraw from the
public.

DOME＇STICATED, made domestic.

DOMESTI＇CITY [domesticité, Fr.] the state of being a servant, ser­
vile condition.

DOME＇STICNESS [of domestic] domestic quality, or that pertaining
to the house or home.

DO＇MICIL [domicile, Fr. domicilio, It. and Sp. domicilium, Lat.] a
dwelling house, habitation, or abode.

DOMI＇DUCA, Lat. [of domi, at home, and duco, Lat. to lead] a
title of Juno, so called on account of her office, in attending or as­
sisting in bringing home the bride to the bridegroom.

DOMIFICA＇TION, or DO＇MIFYING [with astrologers] the dividing
or distributing the heavens into twelve houses, in order to erect an
horoscope.

To DO＇MIFY, verb act. [domifico, Lat.] to tame.

DOMIGE＇RIUM, barb. Lat. damage, danger.

DO＇MINA, Lat. a title given to honourable women, who anciently
held a barony in their own right; ant. writ. of domina, a lady, a
mistress.

DOMI＇NANT, Fr. [dominans, Lat.] ruling, governing, predomi­
nant.

To DO＇MINATE, verb neut. [dominatus, Lat.] to predominate.
The dominating humour makes the dream. Dryden.

DOMINA＇TION, Fr. [dominazione, It. dominaciòn, Sp. of dominatio,
Lat.] 1. Lordship, power, sovereignty. Dominations, royalties.
Shakespeare. 2. Tyranny. Unjust domination. Arbuthnot.

DOMINA＇TIONS, one highly exalted; one of the nine orders of
angels.
By thee threw down
Th＇ aspiring dominations. Milton.

DO＇MINATIVE [of dominate] of or pertaining to rule or govern­
ment; also imperious.

DO＇MINATOR, Lat. the predominant power. Jupiter and Mars are
dominators for this north-west part. Camden.

To DOMINEE＇R, verb neut. [domino, Lat. dominer, Fr. dominare, It.
dominàr, Sp.] to govern, to bear rule or sway with imperiousness, to
be lord and master, to lord it over, to insult, to vapour, to act with­
out controul. Eli＇s domineering sons. South.

DOMINEE＇RING, part. act. [of domineer] insolent, lordly, blustering.

DOMI＇NGO, or ST. DOMI＇NGO, the capital of the island of Hispa­
niola, the see of an archbishop, and the most ancient royal audience
in America. Lat. 18° 20′ N. Long. 70° W.

DO＇MINI, Lat. [i. e. of the Lord] as anno Domini, in the year of
our Lord.

DOMI＇NICA in Ramis Palmarum, Palm-sunday, so called from the
palm-branches and green boughs formerly distributed on that day, in
commemoration of our Lord＇s riding to Jerusalem.

DOMI＇NICAL, adj. [Fr. and Sp. dominicale, It. of dominicalis, Lat.]
marking or noting the Lord＇s-day, or Sunday.

DOMINICAL Letter, one of the first seven letters of the alphabet,
with which the Sundays throughout the whole year are marked in the
almanac, and after the term of twenty-eight years, the same letters
return in the same order again. The dominical letters throughout all
their variations. Holder.

DOMI＇NICANS, an order of friers founded by one Dominic, a Spa­
niard. They are called in France, jacobins; and in England, they
were denominated black-friers, or preaching friers. The design of
their institution was to preach the gospel, convert heretics, defend the
faith, and propagate christianity. They embraced the rule of St. Au­
gustine. The principal articles of their constitutions enjoined perpe­
tual silence, abstinence from flesh at all times, wearing of woollen,
rigorous poverty, and several other austerities. This order has spread
into all pars of the world, and produced a great number of martyrs,
confessors, and bishops. The nuns or sisters of this order owe their
foundation to St. Dominic himself, who built a monastery at Prouilles.
And now they have numerous monasteries in France, Spain, Portu­
gal, Germany, and many in Poland and Russia.

DOMI＇NICUM, Lat. the sacrament of the Lord＇s Supper. It is also
used by Mede for the church or building itself, (as answering to κυριακη
in Greek, q. d. the Lord＇s house) in that tract of his, in which he proves







from antiquity, that the christians had churches, and some of them
very spacious, even before the empire turned christian.

DOMINICUM, or Terra Dominicalis, Lat. [in law] demain, or de­
mesne, are lands not rented to tenants, but held in demesne, or in
the lord＇s use and occupation.

DOMINICUM Antiquum Regis, Lat. [in law] the king＇s antient
demesne, or royal manors not disposed of to barons or knights, to be
held by any feudatory or military service, but reserved to the crown.

DOMI＇NION [dominio, It. and Sp. of dominium, Lat.] 1. Unlimited,
government, sovereign authority, or rule, 2. Territory, district, ju­
risdiction, the extent of a kingdom or state. The donations of bi­
shoprics the kings of England did even retain in all their dominions.
Davies. 3. Power, right of possession, or use, without being liable
to account. The private dominion of another. Locke. 4. Predomi­
nance, ascendant. Objects placed foremost ought to have dominion
over things confused. Dryden. 5. An order of angels. Thrones or
dominions. Colossians.

DO＇MINO, a sort of hood worn by the canons of a cathedral church;
also the habit of a Venetian nobleman, very much in use at our mo­
dern masquerades.

DO＇MINUS, Lat. this word prefixed to a man＇s name, in old time,
usually denoted him a clergyman, and sometimes a gentleman, or lord
of a manor.

DOMITE＇LLUS, a title anciently given to the natural sons of the king
of France.

DO＇MITURE [domitura, Lat.] the act of taming.

DO＇MO Reparanda, Lat. [in law] a writ lying for one against his
neighbour, who fears some damage may come to his own house by
the fall of his neighbour＇s, which is going to decay.

DO＇MUS Conversorum, Lat. the ancient name of the house where the
Rolls are kept in Chancery-Lane.

DON [dominus, Lat.] a lord or master, a gentleman in Spanish; as,
Don Quixote.

To DON, verb act. contracted from to do on; see To DOFF. To
put on; a word little used now but in the country. Her help the
virgin don＇d. Fairfax.

DON, or DAUN [in ancient British] signified a river.

DON, DEN, or DIN, DON [in ancient British] signified a castle.

DON [in geography] the name of three rivers; one very large,
which divides Europe from Asia, and falls into the Palus Meotis;
the second in Yorkshire, and the third in the county of Aberdeen in
Scotland.

DO＇NABLE [donabilis, Lat.] that may be given.

A DO＇NARY, subst. [donarium, Lat.] a thing which is given to sa­
cred use.

DONA＇TION, Fr. [donazione, It. donacion, Sp. of donatio, Lat.] 1.
The act of giving or bestowing any thing. After donation, there is
an absolute change and alienation made of the property of the thing
given. South. 2. A grant, a bestowment, a deed of gift by which
any thing is conferred. The letter of that donation may be unre­
guarded. Raleigh.

DO＇NATISTS. We are now come to that famous SCHISM [or rent]
in the christian church, which happened in Africa about the begin­
ning of the fourth century. The history of which runs smoothly
enough in our ecclesiastical writers, who take their accounts almost en­
tirely from one side of the question; but concerning which, Valesius
confesses, that he had detected MULTAS & MAXIMAS difficultates, i. e.
MANY and very GREAT DIFFICULTIES. I shall not pretend to enter
upon them, which relate chiefly to Minutiæ; but shall only suggest a
few things, which occurred to my thoughts, while reading him and
Bower; and which may possibly throw some light on the main affair.
It is a most melancholy account which Sir Isaac Newton gives us
from Eusebius, of the corrupt and degenerate state of the church,
just before the beginning of the Dioclesian persecution: “Cum
antistites adversus antestites, populi in populos collisi——denique cum FRAUS
& SIMULATIO ad summum MALITIÆ culmen adolevisset, tum divina
ultio, &c.” Newton＇s Observations on Daniel and Apocalypse, p. 288.
In that persecution, as Mr. Bower observes, “Those who in com­
pliance with the Imperial edict, delivered up their bibles (which GREAT
numbers did) were stiled TRADITORES; a name, says he, which af­
terwards became famous in church history, as it afforded the donatists
a PLAUSIBLE pretence to separate themselves from the communion of
the catholic bishops.” Bower＇s History of the Popes, Vol. I. p. 88.
Of this crime Mensurius, bishop of Carthage, was accused; and
some of his flock, encouraged by DONATUS bishop of Cæsæ Nigræ,
separated from his communion. “The church, in antient times (as
the same historian observes upon another occasion, p. 101.) admitting
none to the sacred functions, but such as were known, by a long trial,
to be well qualified for so GREAT a charge.” [See 1 Tim. c. iii. v. 2
—7.] But to proceed, Mensurius dying some years after, Cæcilianus
(who succeeded him) was accused of several CRIMES, and, a­
mong the rest, of being illegally ordained [ordained by traditors]
VALESIUS and his election was declared void, by a council held on
the spot, and consisting of no less than seventy African bishops; be­
fore whom he refused to appear: at which time Majorinus was chosen,
and ordained bishop of Carthage in his room. This cause [or con­
troversy] was indeed reconsidered at the order of Constantine, not as
the donatists desired, by Gallic bishops alone, as having kept themselves
clear [ab hôc facinore] of this crime: VALESIUS: But by fifteen Ita­
lian bishops at Rome, with the bishop of that city at their head, and
no more than two or three GALLIC bishops being either summoned,
or meeting on the occasion. Before this court the donatists were east
——and on their appealing from it, were tried afresh, and afresh con­
demned by a council held at Arles, A. C. 314; but which, from
the very canons there made, affords no small presumption of an un­
due INFLUENCE from the bishop of ROME. See Note of Bower, p.
95. They were indeed afterwards heard, and cast by Constantine him­
self. But that the emperor had been prepossessed from the first, against
them, may easily be inferred, if what BOWER relates [p. 90.] be
true; that when ordering, about the year 313, the churches to be
restored to the christians, he confined this grant in Asric to CÆCILI­
ANS party, i. e. to the side espoused for catholic by the bishop of
ROME; which occasioned, says Bower [p. 91.] the first application of
he donatists to him, under this form or title, The petition of the CA­
THOLIC church, containing the crimes of Cæcilianus, by the party of
Majerinus. And no wonder an emperor, who had thus set out, should
(on their insinuating that his car was abus＇d) proceed with much se­
verity against them, by confiscating all their places of worship; tho＇,
in justice to him, it should be observed, that he, in process of time, re­
called the EXILES, and, “lest their fury, as he expresses it, to the
divine vengeance alone.” Valesius de Schismate Donat. p. 11, 13. But
without affirming one way or another, I shall only add, that they
were not called donatists till some time after, from a bishop of Carthage,
who was of the same name, but a different person from the Donatus
before-mentioned; and must refer my reader to Mr. Bower, or rather
to Valesius, for the detail of facts; though taking with him (if he
please) the CAUTIONS above suggested. [See DIMOERITÆ] Thus
was a very considerable body of christians rent off from the rest; and
subjected to a long series of sufferings upon that account — But what­
ever inconveniencies they might undergo by such a situation, turned up
to their advantage more ways than one. For in the first place, by
these means they escaped that great HOUR of TEMPTATION, which
was now coming upon the christian world; not one of their bishops
having the honour of sitting in the œcumenical councils. [See CREED
and COUNCILS.] And, secondly, by the same means they escaped
that still GREATER SNARE, in which too many of the christian clergy
were caught; I mean, from all that wealth, luxury, &c. which, the
smiles of a court introduced amongst us. And, lasily, as there does
not appear, in all this process, the least surmize [much less charge]
of HERESY, or indeed of any difference of theirs in point of doctrine
from the rest of the christian world; so by their present situation they
were the more likely to preserve the good old doctrine amongst them,
and which we may reasonably expect to find here, as they were form­
ed into a DISTINCT BODY, before any of the great controversies a­
rose, which so much disturbed the peace of the church in the fourth,
and succeeding centuries. Theodoret assures us, they were far
enough from siding with the Athanasians: but some further light may
be thrown on this part of their history, under the words NICENE
Creed, and HOMOUSIAN; and some better reasons assigned for their
beginning about A. C. 348, to rebaptize the catholics which came
over to them, than a mere resentment (as Valesius insinuates) upon
account of fresh persecutions, raised at that time against them. [See
CHURCH.] Though, if what Sir Isaac Newton observes be true,
these persecutions were very severe, for commenting on those words in
the Revelations, c. xvi. v. 5, 6.——“They have shed the blood
of thy saints——and thou hast given them blood to drink.” He
says, “How they shed the blood of the saints, may be understood
by the following edict of the emperor Honorius, procured by four
bishops sent to him by a council of African bishops, who met at
Carthage, 14 June, A. C. 410, Oraculô penitus remotô, &c. Which
edict was, five years after, fortified by the following, Sciant cuncti,
&c. These edicts being directed to the governor of Africa, extended
only to the Africans. BEFORE these, there were many SEVERE ones
against the donatists; but they did not extend to blood. These two
were the first which made their meetings capital, &c.” Newton＇s
Observat. on Daniel and Apocalypse, p. 298, 299. See CÆLICOLÆ,
CROISADES, DIMERITÆ and PRISCILLIANISTS, compared.

DO＇NATIVE, subst, [donatif, Fr. donativum, Lat.] a benevolence
or largess bestowed upon the soldiers by the Roman emperors; it is
now used for a dole, gift, or present made by a prince or nobleman.
The Roman emperor＇s custom was, at certain solemn times, to be­
stow on his soldiers a donative, which donative they received, wearing
garlands upon their heads. Hooker.

DONATIVE [in law] is a benefice given to a clerk by the patron,
without presentation to the bishop, or institution or induction by his
order. His is the donative, and mine the cure. Cleveland.

DO＇NATIVE, adj. [donativo, It. donativus, Lat.] of or pertaining to
a donation or gift.

DO＇NCASTER, a market town of Yorkshire, on the river Don,
whence its name. It is 155 miles from London.

DO＇NDON, a sat old woman. A cant word.

DONE, part. pass. of to do. That tree, through one man＇s fault,
hath done us all to die. Spenser.

DONE, a kind of interjection. When a wager is offered, he that
accepts it says done.

DONEE＇ [a law term] the person to whom lands or tenements are
given.

DO＇NGEON, or DO＇NJON [now corrupted to dungeon, from do-nio-
num, low Lat. Menage] 1. The highest and strongest tower or plat­
form of a castle, in which prisoners used to be kept; as in Chaucer,
The grete toure that was so thicke and strong,
Which of the castle was the chief dongeon,
Wherein the knights were in prison. Chaucer.
2. A turret or closet raised on the top and middle of a house.

DO＇NJON [in fortification] a large tower or redoubt of a fortress,
into which the garrison may retreat in case of necessity, in order to ca­
pitulate upon the better terms.

DONI＇FEROUS [donifer, Lat.] bringing gifts.

DO＇NOR, Lat. a giver or bestower.

DO＇NOR [in law] one who gives lands, &c. to another.

DO＇NSHIP [of don] the quality of a don.

DON＇T, abbreviation of do not.

DO＇ODLE [a cant word; perhaps corrupted from do little, faineant.
Johnson] a sorry, trifling person, an idler.

DOOM, or DOME [dome, of deman, Sax. dom, or domme, Dan.
dom, Su. duom, Teut. domja, Goth. doem, O. Du.] 1. Judgment,
sentence, judicially pronounced. Shall receive his doom, his consci­
ence accusing or excusing him. Locke. 2. The great and final judg­
ment. That it may stand till the perpetual doom. Shakespeare. 3.
Condemnation. Revoke thy doom. Shakespeare. 4. Determination
declared. Revoke that doom of mercy. Shakespeare. 5. The state to
which one is destin＇d. Homely houshold task shall be her doom.
Dryden. 6. Ruin, destruction.
From the same foes at last both felt their doom,
And the same age saw learning fall and Rome. Pope.

To DOOM, verb act. [doeman, Sax. domyan, Goth. doma, Su.] 1.
To judge.
Him thro＇ malice fall＇n,
Father of mercy and grace, thou didst not doom. Milton.
2. To condemn to any punishment, to sentence. Doom＇d to chains.







Smith. 3. To pronounce condemnation on a person.
Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls. Dryden.
4. To command judicially or authoritatively.
Have I a tongue to doom my brothers＇ death. Shakespeare.
5. To destine or command by uncontroulable authority.
Destin＇d to love, as they are doom＇d to reign. Granville.

DOOMS-DAY [of doom and day] 1. The day of general judgment
in a future state. Never out of date till doomsday. Brown. 2. The
day of sentence or condemnation.
All souls day is my body＇s doomsday. Shakespeare.

DOOMS-DAY-BOOK [dom boc, Sax. i. e. the judgment or sentence
book] an ancient record or book of the survey of England, made in
the time of William the Conqueror; which is still preserved in the Ex­
chequer, and is fair and legible: it was made upon a survey or inqui­
sition of the several counties, hundreds, tithings, &c. It consists of
two volumes, a greater and less. The larger contains all the counties
of England, except Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland,
Durham and part of Lancashire, which were never surveyed; and also
what are contained in the lesser, which are the counties of Essex, Suf­
folk and Norfolk.
It is a register designed for giving sentence as to the tenure of estates,
and to decide the question, Whether lands be ancient demesne or
not?
There were several other books of the same name, which our ances­
tors had, as that register of the districts of lands, &c. made by order
of king Alfred, when he divided his kingdom into counties, hundreds,
and tithings, which was reposited in the church of Winchester, and is
called the Winchester book, upon the model of which, William the
Conqueror formed his.

DOOR [dora, or dure, Sax. doer, Su. deur, Du. and L. Ger.
thure, H. Ger. der pers, of Scyth. daut, Gauth. dorris, Erse] 1. The
entrance into an house, the portal. Stand at the door of life. Dryden.
2. The gate of a house, that which gives entrance. Door is used of
houses and gates of cities or public buildings, except in poetical
licence. A house without a door to conduct you in. Dryden. 3. In
familiar language, a house. Within doors. Bacon. 4. Avenue, means
of approach. Shuts the door against all temptations. Hammond. 5.
Out of door or doors. Quite gone, no more to be found. This title
of fatherhood is out of doors. Locke. 6. At the door of any one.
Chargeable upon. The fault lies at my door. Dryden. 7. Next door
to. Very near to. A riot unpunished, is but next door to a tumult.
L＇Estrange.

DOOR-CA＇SE [of door and case] the frame in which the door is in­
closed.

DOOR-KEE＇PER [of door and keeper] a porter, or one who keeps the
entrance of a house. A door-keeper in God＇s house. Taylor.

DO＇QUET, subst. a paper containing a warrant. No doquet for
licence to alien. Bacon.

DOR, the drone bee. See DORR.

DOR [in Westminster school] leave to sleep a while; a cant
word.

DORA＇DO [dorade, Fr.] the same as dor.

DO＇RCHESTER, the shire town of the county of Dorset, so called
from Dor, a Saxon king, who had a mint here. It was the most
considerable station of the Romans in these parts. It is 123 miles
from London, gives title of marquess to the noble family of Pierpoint,
dukes of Kingston, and sends two members to parliament.

DOREE＇, a sea-fish, called also St. Peter＇s fish.

DO＇RES, a kind of insects called black-clocks.

DORIA＇s Wound-wort, an herb so named from one captain Dorias,
who used it in curing his wounded soldiers.

DO＇RIC [Dorique, Fr. Dorice, It. and Sp. of Doricus, Lat.] dialect,
one of the five dialects of the Greek tongue, used by the Dorians.

DO＇RIC Mood [in music] a kind of grave and solid music, consist­
ing of slow, spondaic time.

DO＇RIC Order [in architecture] the second of the five orders, be­
ing that between the Tuscan and Ionic. It is derived from the Do­
rians; or, as others say, of Dorus, king of Achaia, who first built a
temple of this order, and dedicated it to Juno. This order, after its
invention, was reduced to the proportion and beauty of a man; and
hence, as the length of the foot of a man may be judged to be the
sixth part of his height, they made the Doric column, including the
capital, six diameters high, and afterwards augmented it to seven,
and at length to eight. Its frize is inriched with triglyphs, drops,
and metopes; its capital has no volutes, but admits of a cymatium.
The moderns use this order in strong buildings; as in the gates of
cities and citadels, the outsides of churches and other massy works,
where delicacy of ornament would not be suitable. See ORDER.

DO＇RMANT, adj. Fr. [dormente, It. durmiendo, Sp. of dormiens, Lat.]
1. Sleeping. His anger is dormant. Congreve. 2. Thus a lion,
or any other beast, lying along in a sleeping posture, with the head
resting on the fore paws, is said to be dormant, and is distinguished
from couchant, which though the beast lies along, yet holds up his
head. Not a lion rampant, but rather couchant and dormant. Brown.
3. Private, not public. Dormant musters of soldiers. 4. Concealed,
not divulged. To reserve these privileges dormant. Swift. 5. Lean­
ing, not perpendicular. Old dormant windows. Cleveland. See
DORMEN.

DORMANT Tree [with carpenters] a beam that lies across an house,
and is by some called a summer.

DORMANT Writing, a deed having a blank to put in the name of
any person.

DORMANT [in heraldry] signifies in a sleeping posture

To lie DORMANT, not to be used or practised.

DO＇RMER, or DORMAN Window [in architecture] a window made
in the roof of an house.

DO＇RMITORY, subst. [dormitorium, Lat. by corruption, a dorter] 1.
A sleeping-place, or bed-chamber where there are many beds, espe­
cially in a monastery. Rooms that have windows on one side for dor­
mitories. Mortimer. 2. A burying place. The places where dead
bodies are buried, are in Latin called cœmiteria, and in English
Dormitories. Ayliffe.

DO＇RMOUSE [q. dormiens mus, i. e. a sleeping or sleepy mouse] a
field mouse, or a kind of wild rat, that is nourished in a tree, and
sleeps all the winter. As drowsy as dormice. Collier.

DORN [dorn, Ger. a thorn] a fish, perhaps the same as the thorn­
back. Johnson. Sheath-fish and flat; as turbets, dorns. Carew.

DO＇RNIC, or DORNIX [of Deornic, or Tournay, in Flanders,
where first made] a sort of stuff used for curtains, hangings, and car­
pets; also a species of linen cloth, used in Scotland for the table.

DORP, Du. O. and L. Ger. [dorf, H. Ger. dopp, Sax.] a vil­
lage.

DORR [so named, probably, from the noise which he makes.
Johnson] a kind of beetle that lives on trees, an insect remarkable for
flying with a loud noise. The dorr, or hedgechafer＇s chief marks
are these: his head is small, like that of the common beetle, and
his eyes black; his shoulder-piece and the middle of his belly also
black, but just under the wingshells spotted with white; his wing­
shells, legs, and the end of his tail, which is long and flat pointed,
of a light chesnut; his breast especially is covered with a downy hair.
Grew.

To DORR, verb act. [tor, Teut. stupid] to deafen or stupify with
din. This word is found only in Skinner.

DO＇RSEL, DO＇RSER, or DO＇SSER [dossier, Fr. of dorsum, Lat. the
back] a pannier or basket, to carry things on horseback, one of which
hangs on either side a beast of burthen.

DO＇RSALE, Lat. [with physicians] a term used of those diseases,
the seat of which is supposed to be in the back.

DORSI Longissimus [with anatomists] a muscle arising from the
spine of the os ilium, and the upper part of the sacrum, as also from
all the spines of the vertebræ of the loins, and in its assent is inserted
into the transverse processes of the same vertebræ.

DORSI＇FEROUS, or DORSIPAROUS [of dorsum, and pario or fero,
Lat. to bring forth on the back, also to bend on the back] are such
plants as are of the capillary kind, without stalks, which bear their
seeds on the backside of their leaves; called by some epiphyllospermæ
and hypophyllospermæ, as fern: and may be properly used of the
American frog, which brings forth her young from her back.

DORT, a city of the United Provinces, situated in that of Holland,
on an island in the river Maese, about ten miles east of Rotter­
dam.

Synod of DORT. I have already suggested, under the words CAL­
VINISM and ABSOLUTE DECREES, those preliminary hints which may
throw some light on this so much celebrated modern council, held at
Dort, A. C. 1618 and 1619; whose politic management bishop
Burnet describes as follows. Burnet＇s Hist. vol. I. p. 14. “Mau­
rice, says he, prince of Orange, had embroiled Holland, by espousing
the controversy about the decrees of God, in opposition to the Ar­
minian party; and by erecting a NEW and ILLEGAL court, by the au­
thority of the states general, to judge of the affairs of the province of
Holland; which was plainly contrary to their constitution, by which
every province is a sovereignty within itself, not at all subordinate to
the states general, who act only as plenipotentiaries of the several pro­
vinces to maintain their union, and their COMMON CONCERNS: by that
assembly Barnevilt was condemn＇d and executed; Grotius and others
were condemn＇d to perpetual imprisonment. And an assembly of the
ministers of the several provinces met at Dort by the SAME AUTHO­
RITY, and condemn＇d and depriv＇d the ARMINIANS.”
I shall refer my reader for the chief outlines of this goodly ecclesiastic
assembly (in which by the way some few foreign divines also sat) to
Dr. CHANDLER＇s most excellent History of Persecution; and shall now
subjoin the subjects of debate, as communicated to me by a foreign
divine, and extracted from the most authentic accounts.
Geraardt Brandt, who was minister of the Remonstrant congrega­
tion at Amsterdam, says, in his second volume of the history of the
reformation in and about the Netherlands, printed at Amsterdam in the
year 1674.
That, “in the year 1610, there were great divisions in Holland,
concerning the decrees of GOD, in relation to the salvation of man­
kind; and that then, they who thought that God Almighty＇s decrees
were conditional, delivered a remonstrance to the states of Holland,
wherein they declared, that their opinion and doctrine was:
1. That God from eternity had decreed to chuse to eternal life,
those, that through his grace believe in Jesus Christ; who in the same
faith, and obedience of faith, persevere to the end: and had decreed
to the contrary, to reject to eternal damnation those that were obsti­
nate and unbelieving.
2. That, consequently, Christ, the saviour of the world, died for
all and every man; so that he had purchased by his death reconcilia­
tion and forgiveness of sins for all, yet in this manner, that none did
actually enjoy the same but believers.
3. That man had saving faith not from himself, nor by virtue of
his free will, but wanted thereunto the grace of God in Christ.
4. That this GRACE was the beginning, the going on, and accom­
plishing of his salvation, so that none could believe, nor continue in
faith, without this co-operating grace; so that all good deeds must be
ascribed to the grace of God in Christ; but what concerned the
manner of the operation of this same grace, that this was not irre­
sistible.
5. That through the divine grace true believers had sufficient power
to war against Satan, sin, the world, and their own flesh, and to
get the victory: but whether they could not, by negligence, depart
from the holy doctrine, lose their good conscience, and neglect grace,
this must first be nearer enquired into out of the scriptures, before they
could teach it with a full assurance of their minds. But concerning
this FIFTH article, they afterwards declared themselves nearer, say­
ing, that he who once did truly believe, could yet by his own fault
depart from God, and wholly and finally lose his faith.
Frederick Adolf Lampe, professor in divinity at Utrecht, after­
wards at Bermen, in the fourth part of his Mystery of the Covenant of
Grace, the fifth volume, printed at Amsterdam 1727, relates, that
in the year 1610, the disciples and adherents of Arminius, a pro­
fessor at Leyden, had presented a writing to the states of Holland,
which they called Remonstrance, from whence they got the name
of Remonstrants, wherein they, among other things, had desired to







have liberty to teach five articles, wherein their doctrine was compre­
hended; and that the contents of these five articles were:
1. That the decree of election had for its foundation not God＇s free
will, but his fore-knowledge of them that should believe or not be­
lieve.
2. That Christ, by his sufferings, had actually purchased salvation
for all and every man without distinction, but on the condition of faith,
whereby every one that would be saved must appropriate this pur­
chased salvation to himself.
3. That to all and every man, without distinction, was given a
general and sufficient grace, consisting in the light of nature, and in
the powers which man had retained after the fall, whereby he could
prepare himself to his conversion in such a manner, that nothing more
was required than that he was excited thereunto in a moral way by ad­
monitions of the word of God.
4. That the operation of saving grace was only moral, and con­
sisted in exhortations, invitations, and convictions; so that thereby
it remained always in the power of man＇s free-will, whether he would
convert himself or not, accept of grace, or reject it.
5. That they who have been partakers of saving grace, may yet
lose the same and perish forever.
Johannes Ens, professor at Utrecht, in his short historical account
of the public writings concerning the doctrine and service of the Low-
Dutch churches in the United Netherlands, &c. publish＇d after his
death at Utrecht, in the year 1733, says, that the doctrines wherein
the disciples and followers of professor Arminius did differ from other
divines in the churches of Netherland, were by the Arminians them­
selves brought to five points, in their remonstrance delivered to the
states of Holland and West-Friesland, in the year 1610. That from
thence they have got the name of Remonstrants; and that from that
time mention is made of the five articles of the Remonstrants. That
the
1st. Concerned divine election and reprobation: the
2d. Speaks of the death of Christ, and redemption of men by the
same: the
3d. Relates to free-will and its operation: the
4th. Treats of the operation of divine grace in conversion to God:
and the
5th. Is of the perseverence of saints.
But since the 3d. and 4th. articles are closely connected together,
they are put together in the Hague conference, page 216, 225, 237.
Thus have I given the points in debate, as stated by writers on
either side, that the reader may form the better judgment. To me,
when looking back upon antiquity, there appears a most surprizing
analogy between the FIRST of our politico-ecclesiastic synods, and the
LAST; as tho＇ one and the same spirit had reigned and operated in both.
And I believe no friend of liberty and moderation, that compares those
large concessions made to the council of NICE, or to that of DORT,
but would be tempted to apply that reflection of Mons. Dupin alike to
both; I mean, that they treated their DISSENTING brethren with no
small rigor.

DO＇RTER, DO＇RTIOR, or DORTURE [contracted from dormiture,
dormitura, Lat. dortoir, Fr.] 1. The common room where all the friars
of a convent sleep at nights. 2. A place for sleeping in general. A
gallery like a dorture, where were seventeen cells very neat. Bacon.

DO＇RTMOND, a city of Westphalia, in Germany, about 30 miles
north-east of Dusseldorp. It is an Imperial city, and constitutes a
sovereign state.

DOSE, Fr. and It. [dosis, Sp. and Lat. of δοσις, Gr.] 1. The set quan­
tity of a potion or other medicine given or prescribed by a physician
to be taken at one time by the patient. He prescribed the juice of the
thapsia, without mentioning the dose. Arbuthnot. 2. As much of
any thing as falls to a man＇s share or lot. Married his punctual dose
of wives. Hudibras. 3. The utmost quantity of strong liquor that
a man can swallow. This is a somewhat low sense; as, he has got
his dose of liquor, and can carry off no more.

To DOSE, verb act. 1. To proportion a medicine properly to the
patient or disease. Plants, if corrected and exactly dosed, may prove
powerful medicines. Derham. 2. To give physic to one in a ludi­
crous sense.

DO＇SEL, or DO＇RSEL, subst. a sort of woollen cloth made in De­
vonshire.

DOSO＇LOGY [of δοσις and λογος, Gr.] a discourse or treatise con­
cerning the dose or quantity of herbs or drugs which ought to be taken
at one time.

DO＇SIL, or DO＇SSIL [corrupted from dorsel, something laid upon
the part] a sort of tent, a pledget, a lump of lint for wounds or
sores. Basilicon upon a dossil. Wiseman.

DO＇SSALE, or DO＇RSALE [with ancient writers] hangings or ta­
pestry.

DO＇SSER [dorsarius, Lat.] See DORSER.

DOST, the 2d person singular of do.

DOT, subst. [this is derived by Skinner from dotten, Ger. the white
of an egg, and interpreted by him a grume of pus. It has no such
signification, and seems rather corrupted from jot, a point. Johnson]
a small point or spot in writing.

To DOT, verb act. [from the subst.] to make dots or spots.

DO＇TAGE [of doting and age] 1. The act of doting, being dull
or stupid, the time when persons dote, by reason of age; loss of un­
derstanding, deliriousness. Childishness and dotage. Davies. 2. Ex­
cessive fondness. Fond Dotage. Dryden.

DO＇TAL [dotalis, Lat.] belonging to a dowry, constituting a wo­
man＇s portion, comprised therein. One poor dotal town. Garth.

DO＇TARD [dooten, Du. ard nature] a person who dotes, one whose
age has impaired his intellects, a man in his second childhood, called
in some countries a twichild, or twice a child. The sickly dotard.
Prior.

DOTA＇TION [dotatio, Lat.] the act of endowing or giving a por­
tion.

To DOTE, verb neut [dooten, Du. radoter, Fr.] 1. To grow dull, stupid
or senseless, to be delirious. An old woman begins to dote. Addison.
2. To be excessively in love. Such a doting love. Sidney.

To DOTE upon, to be very fond of, to love to excess. We dote
upon this world. Burnet.

DOTE Assignando [in law] a writ directed to the escheater, and
lying for the widow of the king＇s tenants in chief, who makes oath in
chancery that she will not marry without the king＇s leave.

DOTE unde nihil habet, Lat. [in law] a writ of dower lying for a
widow against a tenant, who bought land of her husband in his life­
time, of which he was possessed only in see simple or see-tail, and of
which she is dowable, or in such sort as the issue of them both might
have.

DO＇TER [of dote] 1. A dotard. What should a dumb doter do
with a pipe. Burton. 2. A man excessively in love. Doters upon
red and white. Boyle.

DO＇THIEN [with surgeons] a felon, whitlow or boil; an hard sub­
stance as big as a pigeon＇s egg, attended with a grievous pain, and
proceeding from thick blood.

DO＇TING Tree [with husbandmen] an old tree almost worn out
with age.

DO＇TINGLY, adv. [of doting] 1. Stupidly. 2. Fondly. To wed­
lock dotingly betray＇d. Dryden.

DO＇TINGNESS [of doting] folly, childishness by reason of age.

DO＇TISH, adj. [of dote] stupid.

DO＇TKIN, or DO＇DKIN [duitkin, Du.] a small Dutch coin, the
eighth part of a stiver. See DODKIN, or DOIDKIN.

DO＇TTARD, subst. this word seems to signify a tree kept low by
cutting. Johnson. Pollards and dottards, and not trees at their full
height. Bacon.

DO＇TTEREL [from dote, in Lincolnshire] a silly bird, who imitates
the fowler till he is caught. In catching of dotterels we see how the
foolish bird playeth the ape in gestures. Bacon.

DOU＇AY, a fortified town of the French Netherlands, situated on
the river Scarpe, about 15 miles south of Lisle.

DOU＇BLE, Fr. [doppio, It. dóble, Sp. dobbel, Du. and Su. doppelt,
Ger. of duplex, Lat.] 1. Twofold, being of two kinds. Darkness
and tempest make a double night. Dryden. 2. Being twice as much,
or twice the value, containing the same quantity repeated. I was
double their age. Swift. 3. Being two of a sort, being in pairs.
All things are double one against another. Ecclesiasticus. 4. Having
one added to another, having more than one in the same order. To
make flowers double. Bacon. 5. Being two in number.
Our sights and sounds would always double be. Davies.
6. Having twice the effect or influence.
Hath in his effect a voice potential,
As double as the duke＇s. Shakespeare.
7. Deceitful, dissembling. Not of double heart. 1 Chronicles.

DOUBLE, subst. 1. Twice any quantity or number. Encreased
to double. Graunt. 2. Strong beer of twice the strength of the com­
mon sort. 3. A trick, an artifice. 4. [With printers] a mistake or
oversight of the compositer, in setting the same words twice over.

DOUBLE [in law] the duplicate of letters patent.

DOUBLE is much used in composition generally for doubly, two ways;
as, double-edged, having an edge on each side; double-dyed, or dyed
twice.

DOUBLE-BI＇TING, adj. [of double and bite] biting or cutting on
either side. His double-biting ax. Dryden.

DOUBLE-BU＇TTONED [of double and button] having two rows of
buttons. Double-buttoned frieze. Gay.

DOUBLE-DE＇ALER [of double and dealer] a deceitful fellow, one
who says one thing and thinks another. Double-dealers may pass
muster for a time. L＇Estrange.

DOUBLE-DEA＇LING, subst. [of double and deal] dissimulation, low
and wicked artifice. His dissimulation might have degenerated into
wickedness and double-dealing. Pope.

To DOUBLE-DIE, verb act. [of double and die] to die twice. Dou­
ble die it with imperial crimson. Dryden and Lee.

DOUBLE-FOUNTED [of double and fount] having two springs.
The double-founted stream, Jordan. Milton.

DOUBLE-HA＇NDED [of double and hand] having two hands. All
things being double-handed. Glanville.

DOUBLE-HE＇ADED [of double and head] having the flowers grow­
ing to one another. Nor such a large double-headed flower. Mor­
timer.

To DOUBLE-LO＇CK, verb act. [of double and lock] to shoot the
lock twice. He double-locked his door. Tatler.

DOUBLE-MI＇NDED [of double and mind] deceitful. A double-minded
man is unstable. St. James.

DOUBLE-SHI＇NING [of double and shine] shining with double lustre.
The sports of double-shining day. Sidney.

DOUBLE-TO＇NGUED [of double and tongue] deceitful, giving con­
trary accounts of the same thing. Grave, not double tongued. 1 Ti­
mothy.

DOUBLE Pellitory, a sort of herb.

DOUBLE Plea, a plea in which the defendant alledges for himself
two several matters against the plaintiff, in bar of the action, either
of which is sufficient for that purpose.

DOUBLE Quarrel [in law] so termed, because it is most commonly
made both against the judge and the party, at whose petition justice
is delayed, is a complaint made to the archbishop of the province
against an inferior ordinary, for delaying justice in some ecclesiastical
cause, as to give sentence; to institute a clerk presented, &c. the
effect is, that the archbishop directs his letters under the authentic seal
to all clerks of his province, commanding them to admonish the said
ordinary within nine days to do the justice required, or otherwise to
cite him to appear before him or his official; and lastly, to intimate to
the said ordinary, that if he neither performs the thing enjoined, nor
appears at the day assigned, he himself will proceed to perform the
justice required.

DOUBLE Vessel [with chemists] is when the neck of one matrass is
put and well luted into the neck of another.

To DOU＇BLE, verb act. [doubler, Fr. dopiare, or duplicare, It. dob­
làr, or duplicàr, Sp. dubbelen, Du. verdoppeln, Ger. of duplico, Lat.]
1. To make or render double by the addition of the same quantity.
The power of repeating or doubling any idea. Locke. 2. To con-
This book is originally wrote in the German language; and
the book printed at Amsterdam is a translation of it in Dutch.







tain twice the quantity. The adverse fleet still doubling ours. Dryden.
3. To repeat, to add. Doubling blow on blow. Dryden. 4. To
add one to another in the same order. Thou shalt double the curtain.
Exodus. 5. To fold. Doubled down the useful places. Prior. 6.
To pass round a head land. He doubled the promontory. Knolles.

To DOUBLE, verb neut. 1. To be increased to twice the quantity.
The number of men double. Burnet＇s Theory. 2. To enlarge the
stake at play to twice the sum. I am resolv＇d to double till I win.
Dryden. 3. To turn back, to wind in running; as is said of a hare,
when she winds about to deceive the hounds.
Thy turns and doublings cannot save thee long. Swift.
4. To play tricks, to make use of slights.
Doubling and turning like a hunted hare. Dryden.

To DOUBLE the Reins [with horsemen] a horse is said so to do,
when he leaps several times together to throw his rider.

DOU＇BLENESS [of double] the state of being double. The doubleness
of the benefit. Shakespeare.

DOU＇BLES, the same as letters patent.

DOU＇BLE Fitchée [in heraldry] as, a cross double fitchée, is when
the extremities are pointed at each angle, i. e. each extremity having
two points, in distinction from the cross fitchée, which is sharpened
away only at one point.

DOUBLE Horizontal Dial, a dial having a double stile, one to shew
the hour on the outward circle, and the other to shew the same in the
stereographic projection drawn on the same plane.

DOU＇BLER [of double] 1. He that doubles a thing. 2. A kind of
large dish. See DOBELER.

DOU＇BLINGS [in heraldry] signify the linings of robes or mantles of
state, or of the mantlings of atchievements.

DOU＇BLET [of double, Eng. doublétto, It.] 1. An old fashioned
garment for men; much the same as a waistcoat; so called from be­
ing double for warmth. He goes in his doublet and hose. Shake­
speare. 2. A pair, two of the same sort. Doublets on the sides add
strength. Grew.

DOUBLET [with lapidaries] a false jewel or stone, being two
pieces joined together.

DOU＇BLETS [at dice] are throws of the same sort; as two aces,
two deuces, two trays, &c.

DOUBLETS [with antiquaries] 1. Two medals of the same sort. 2.
Two books, &c. of the same sort.

DOU＇BLING [in military affairs] is the putting of two files of sol­
diers into one.

DOU＇BLINGS [with hunters] the windings and turnings of a hare,
to avoid the dogs.

DOU＇BLON, or DUBLOO＇N, a Spanish coin, being the double of a
pistole.

DOU＇BLY, adv. [of double] 1. In twice the quantity, to twice the
degree.
His right hand doubly to his left succeeds. Dryden.
2. In a twofold manner.

To DOUBT, verb neut. [douter, Fr. dudar, Sp. dividar, Port. du­
bito It. and Lat.] 1. To be at an uncertainty, not to know on which
side to determine any matter. We may doubt and suspend our judg­
ment. Hooker. 2. To question any event, fearing the worst.
Doubting things go ill. Shakespeare.
3. Sometimes with of in the two first senses. Always had the victory,
whereof he doubted not now. Knolles. 4. To be apprehensive. I
doubt there＇s deep resentment in his mind. Otway. 5. To suspect.
Doubting not who behind him doth attend. Daniel, Civil War.
6. To hesitate. Stand at the door of life, and doubt to clothe the
year. Dryden.

To DOUBT, verb act. 1. To hold questionable or uncertain.
Doubted his empire. Milton.
2. To fear, to suspect. Doubting novelties and commixture of man­
ners. Bacon. 3. To distrust. You doubt the change of it. Shake­
speare.

DOUBT [doute, Fr. dubbio, It. dúde, Sp.] 1. An uncertainty of mind.
Past doubt in all the doctrines. Locke. 2. Question, any point un­
settled. No doubt but the animal is more or less healthy, according
to the air it lives in. Arbuthnot. 3. Scruple, perplexity. Our
doubts are traitors. Shakespeare. 4. Uncertainty of state. Thy life shall
hang in doubt. Deuteronomy. 5. Suspicion, apprehension of ill. I
stand in doubt of you. Galatians. 6. Difficulty objected. To every
doubt your answer is the same. Blackmore.

DOU＇BTER [of doubt] one who doubts or scruples.

DOU＇BTFUL [douteux, Fr. dubbioso, It. dudóso, Sp. duvidoso, Port.]
1. Dubious, uncertain. Yet I am doubtful. Shakespeare. 2. Am­
biguous, not clear in the meaning. 3. That about which there is
doubt, not yet decided, obscure. To intermix matter doubtful, with
that which is out of doubt. Bacon. 4. Not secure, not without sus­
picion. A doubtful and more suspicious eye. Hooker. 5. Not confi­
dent, not without fear.
With doubtful feet, and wav＇ring resolution. Milton.

DOU＇BTFULLY, adv. [of doubtful] 1. Dubiously, with irresolution.
2. Ambiguously, with uncertainty of meaning. Doubtfully all alle­
gories may be construed. Spenser.

DOU＇BTFULNESS [of doubtful and ness] 1. Dubiousness, suspence of
opinion. Doubtfulness or uncertainty. Watts. 2. Uncertainty, or
ambiguity of meaning. The doubtfulness of his expressions. Locke.

DOU＇BTING, is the act of witholding a full assent from any propo­
sition, on suspicion that we are not fully apprized of the merits thereof;
or from our not being able peremptorily to decide between the reasons
for and against it.

DOU＇BTINGLY, adv. [of doubting] in a doubting manner. A man
imagineth doubtingly or with fear.

DOU＇BTLESS, adj. [of doubt] without doubt, being without appre­
hension of danger. Sleep doubtless and secure. Shakespeare.

DOUBTLESS, adv. [of doubt, En. sans doute, Fr.] without doubt or
question. Doubtless many innocent persons suffered. Hale.

DOU＇CET, Fr. a sort of custard. This word I find only in Skinner.
Johnson.

DOU＇CETS, or DOU＇LCETS [with hunters] the testes of a deer or
stag.

DOUCI＇NE, Fr. [in architecture] an ornament of the highest part of
a cornice or a moulding cut in form of a wave, have concave and half
convex.

DOVE [dufa, Sax. duybe, Du. duve, L. Ger. taube, H. Ger. due,
Dan. dufwa, Su. dube, Teut. dubo, Goth.] 1. A wild pigeon. A
snowy dove. Shakespeare. 2. A pigeon in general. A dish of doves.

DOVE, is an emblem of simplicity, innocence, purity, goodness,
peace and divine love, and represents the Holy Ghost. Having no
gall, it is the symbol of a true and faithful Christian, who is obliged to
forgive injuries, bear adversity patiently, and never suffer the sun to
go down upon his anger; but to do good to those that despitefully use
him.
It has been the generally received opinion, that the HOLY GHOST
descended on our SAVIOUR＇s person in this form, and the reflection
which our lexicographer has here made upon it, reminds me of two
most remarkable expressions of his “Learn of me, for I＇m meek and
lowly; and ye shall find rest to your souls.” And again, “Be ye
wise as serpents, and harmless as doves,” But, how to reconcile this
historic fact, I mean of a divine personage appearing in a bodily form,
with that assertion of St. John, “GOD no man has SEEN at any time,”
or with that of St. Paul; “Now to the King eternal, immortal, IN­
VISIBLE, the only wise God,” &c. Shall we say with Tertullian,
“that the FATHER is invisible, pro plenitudine majestatis, i. e. for his
PLENITUDE of MAJESTY. Pater enim est tota substantia; filius deriva­
tio totius, & portio, q. d. the father is the WHOLE substance; the son
only a deriv＇d PART from the WHOLE,” Or if we reject (as did the
Nicene council) this notion of a compound Deity, and of PARTS belong­
ing to God, [see the letter of Eusebius to his own church and DIME­
RITÆ compar＇d] shall we say? that God absolutely so called, means
that person who is deriv＇d from none, and subject to none; and “who
for that reason (as bishop Bull well observes) can no more be said to
be SENT by another, than to be begotten by another. On the con­
trary (says he) the Son of God, as being BEGOTTEN of the FATHER,
owes all his authority to his Father: Nor is it any more a diminution
of his honour to be SENT by the Father, than to be BEGOTTEN of him.”
Bull, Defens. Fid. Nicen. Sect. 4. c. 3, 4. I need not add that if this
reasoning holds true with reference to the 2d person, much more will
it hold of the third, as being derived from both; or (as Athanasius
well expressed it) the Spirit is in the WORD (meaning by a natural con­
nection and dependance on the person so called) and* It is worth observing, en passant, how Athanasius himself expresses himself on this occasion in a more correct manner, more agreeable to the style of antiquity, than the creed, which goes under his name. That tells us, “the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son; whereas Athanasius says, in effect, “He is from the Father thro＇ the Son. THRO＇ the
WORD is in GOD. Epist. ad Seraph. tertio. If the reader would see
the sentiments of Antiquity more at large on this point, he may con­
sult the words FIRST Cause, ONLY-BEGOTTEN, CHRIST, ELCESAITÆ,
CO-IMMENSE, DEITY, DIVINITY, and BAALIM.

A white DOVE, was with the ancients an emblem of health, as be­
ing supposed an antidote against infection.

DOVE [in geography] the name of a river dividing Derbyshire
from Staffordshire; also a town of the Orleanois, in France, about
20 miles south-east of Angers.

DOVE-Cote [dufa-cot, Sax. duyd-kot, Du.] a dove-house or place
to keep pigeons in. Like an eagle in a dove-cote. Shakespeare.

DOVE＇s Foot, an herb.

DO＇VEHOUSE [of dove and house] a house for pigeons. Still the
dovehouse obstinately stood. Dryden.

DOVE＇s Tail Joint [in joinery] a certain joint made by dove­
tailing.

DOVE Tailing [in joinery] a method of fastening boards or timber
together, by letting one piece into another indentedly, with a joint in
the form of a dove-tail.

DOVER, a borough and port town of Kent, situated on a rock, op­
posite to Calais, in France, and 71 miles from London. It gives ti­
tie of earl to the duke of Queensbury, a branch of the noble family of
Douglas, and sends two members to parliament, stiled barons of the
Cinque Ports, whereof Dover is the chief.

DOUGH [dah, Sax. deegh, Du. teig, Ger. virtue, worth] 1. The
paste of bread unbaked. Give the form to dough. King. 2. My cake
is dough. My affair has miscarried or never come to maturity. Shake­
speare uses it.

DO＇UGHBAKED [of dough and baked] soft, not hardened to perfec­
tion. In doughbaked men some harmlessness we see. Donne.

DOU＇GHTY [dohtig, Sax. tuchtig, H. Ger. deffrig, L. Ger.
deughtig, Du. valiant, stout, virtuous, or duguth, Sax. deught, Du.
and L. Ger. dygd, Teut. tugend, Ger. all of dugan, Teut. to have
the power or capacity to do well] 1. Valiant, stout, undaunted, emi­
nent, noble. It is used both of persons and things. That doughty
tournament. Spenser. 2. Now rarely used but in burlesque. This
doughty historian. Stillingfleet.

DOU＇GHY, adj. [of dough] unsound, not hardened. Unbaked and
doughy youth. Shakespeare.

DOU＇GLAS, a port town, and the best harbour in the isle of Man.

To DOUK [from duck] to duck or immerge under water.

DOU＇CKER [of douck, corrupted from to duck] a bird that ducks or
dives in the water. The colymbi, duckers or loons are admirably con­
trived for diving. Ray.

DOUI＇LLET, soft, tender, nice; whence [in cookery] to dress a
pig, au pere douillet, Fr.

To DOUSE, verb act. [δυσις, of δυω, Gr. to go under; but proba­
bly it is a cant word formed from the sound. Johnson] to put suddenly
over head in water.

To DOUSE, verb neut. to fall suddenly into the water. To swing
i＇ th＇ air or douse in water. Hudibras.

DOU＇SET, a sort of apple.

DO＇WABLE [in law] having a right to be, or capable of being en­
dowed.

DO＇WAGER [douairiére, of douaire, Fr. a dowry] 1. A widow en­
dow＇d, or who enjoys her dower. It is unnatural for a dowager to be







an enemy to our constitution. Addison. 2. A title chiefly applied to
the widows of kings, princes and noblemen.
Princess dowager,
And widow to prince Arthur. Shakespeare.

DOW＇DY, a swarthy, gross woman. Johnson says it is an awk­
ward, ill-dress＇d, inelegant woman. Dido, a dowdy, Cleopatra, a
gipsy Shakespeare. They doat on dowdies and deformity. Dryden.

DO＇WER, DO＇WERY, or DO＇WRY [douaire, Fr. in common law, or,
according to Casaubou, of δωρον, Gr.] 1. signifies two things, viz.
1. That portion which a wife brings to her husband. His wife
brought in dower Cilicia＇s crown. Dryden. 2. That which she has of
her husband after marriage is ended, if she outlives him. In dower to
his mother-in-law. Bacon. 3. The gifts of a husband to his wife.
Ask me never so much dowery and gift, and I will give it. Genesis. 4.
Endowment, gift.
How rich a dow＇r
Dost thou within this dying flesh inspire. Davies.

DO＇WERED, adj. [of dower] portioned, furnished with a dowery.
Dower＇d with our curse. Shakespeare.

DO＇WERLESS [of dower] being without a portion. Thy dowerless
daughter. Shakespeare.

DOWN [in geography] the capital of a county of the same name,
in the province of Ulster in Ireland.

DO＇WNHAM, a market town of Norfolk, so called from its situation
among the hills. It has a bridge over the great Ouse, and is 89 miles
from London.

DO＇WNTON, or DO＇NCKETON, a borough town of Wiltshire, plea­
santly situated on the river Avon. It is 84 miles from London, and
sends two members to parliament.

DOWRY Bill [among the Jews] a bill which the bridegroom at the
time of marriage gave his wife for her dower.

DO＇WLAS, a sort of coarse linen cloth, made in Silesia and like­
wise in France. Dowlas, filthy dowlas. Shakespeare.

DOWN, prep. [dune, Sax. duun, Su. duhus, O. Ger. now only used
when any one is fuddled] 1. Along a descent, from a higher to a
lower place. Down hill. Shakespeare. 2. Towards the mouth of a
river. Convey＇d down the river. Knolles.

DOWN, adv. 1. On the ground, from the height at which any thing
was to a lower situation. Down they fell. Milton 2. Tending towards
the ground. 3. Out of sight, below the horizon. The moon is
down. Shakespeare. 4. To an entire maceration. Continued to be
boiled down. Arbuthnot. 5. Into disgrace, into declining reputation.
Preach＇d up but acted down. South. 6. It answers to up. Here and
there wander up and down. Psalms.

DOWN, interj. 1. It denotes an exhortation to destroy or demolish.
Down with them all. Shakespeare. 2. A contemptuous threat. Down,
down to hell. Shakespeare.

DOWN [to go] to be received, to be relished. Bread alone will
down. Locke.

To DOWN, verb act. [from the prepos.] to knock, to subdue.
To down proud hearts that would not willing die. Sidney.

DOWN, subst. [dun, Dan. duhn, L. Ger. doove, Du. duvet, Fr.]
1. The finest, softest part of the feathers of a goose, &c. Down beds.
Locke. 2. Any thing that sooths or softens. Thou bosom softness,
down of all my cares. Southern. 3. Soft wool or hair. The first
down began to shade his face. Dryden.

DOWN, subst. a soft woolly substance growing on the tops of thistles,
&c. that wing the seeds. Down of thistle. Bacon.

DOWN, subst. [of duno, Sax. an hill, duynen, Du. dünen, L. Ger.
dunes, Fr. all of dun, Celt.] 1. A large open plain. On the downs
we see near Wilton fair. Sidney. 2. A hill, an elevation of stone or
sand, which the sea gathers and forms along its banks. This sense is
very rare. Hills afford pleasant prospects, as the downs of Sussex.
Ray.

DO＇WNCAST, adj. [of down and cast] bent down to the ground.
Downcast look. Sidney.

DO＇WNFALL, subst. [of down and fall] 1. Utter ruin, fall from rank.
Utter downful, South. 2. A sudden fall, a body of things falling.
Each downfal of a flood the mountains pour. Dryden. 3. Overthrow
or destruction of buildings. Shriek＇d for the downfal in a doleful cry.
Dryden.

DO＇WNFALLEN, part. pass. [of down and fall] ruined. The down­
fallen steep cliffs. Carew.

DO＇WNGYRED, adj. [of down and gyred] let down in circular wrin­
kles. Ungartered and downgyred to his ankles. Shakespeare.

DO＇WNHIL, subst. [of down and hill] declivity, descent.

DO＇WNHIL, adj. declivous, descending. ＇Tis downhil all. Dryden.

DO＇WNLOOKED, adj. [of down and look] having a dejected or
downcast look, sullen, gloomy. Downlook＇d, and with a cuckow on
her fist. Dryden.

DO＇WNLYING [of down and lie] being about the travail of child­
birth.

DO＇WNRIGHT, adv. [of down and right] 1. Straight down. Cleft
downright. Hudibras. 2. Plainly, without ceremony. We shall chide
downright. 3. Completely, without stopping short. She fell down­
right into a fit. Arbuthnot.

DOWNRIGHT, adj. 1. Plain and clear, open. Downright advice.
Bacon. 2. Entire, complete. 3. Directly tending to the point, art­
less. Plain downright wisdom. Ben Johnson. 4. Being without cere­
mony, honestly surly. His plain downright way. Addison. 5. Plain,
without disguise. The idolatry was direct and downright. Brown.

DO＇WNSITTING, subst. [of down and sit] the act of sitting down or
of going to rest, repose. Thou knowest my downsitting. Psalms.

DO＇WNWARD, or DOWNWARDS, adv. [dune-weard, Sax.] 1. From a
higher situation towards the lower part. Hills afford pleasant pros­
pects to them that look downwards from them upon the subjacent
countries. Ray. 2. Towards the centre. Carried downward by its
weight as much as upward by the attraction. Newton. 3. In a course
of lineal descent.
A ring the count does wear,
That downward hath succeeded in his house,
From son to son, some four or five descents. Shakespeare.

DOWNWARD, adj. 1. Moving on a declivous plane, tending to the
centre or to the ground. With downward force. Dryden. 2. Bending,
being declivous. She lights the downward heaven, and rises there.
Dryden. 3. Dejected. At the lowest of my downward thoughts; I
pull＇d up my heart. Sidney.

DO＇WNY [from down] full of, being of the nature of down, co­
vered with down or nap, as in some plants. Downy or velvet rind
upon their leaves. Bacon. 2. Made of down or soft feathers. Downy
pillar. Pope. 3. Soft, soothing, tender.
Tam＇d the rebellious eye
Of sorrow, with a soft and downy hand. Crashaw.

DO＇WRE, or DOWRY, subst. [douaire, Fr. It should be written
dower] 1. A portion given with a wife. I could marry this wench
for this dowre. Sidney. Tethys all her waves in dowry gives. Dryden.
2. A reward paid for a wife. For a dowre a hundred foreskins pay.
Cowley. 3, A gift, a fortune given.

To DOWSE [dousen, Du.] to give one a slap on the face. A low
word.

To DOXO＇LOGIZE, verb neut. [of δοξα, glory, and λογος, of λεγω, Gr.
to say] to say the hymn called Gloria Patri, &c.

DOXO＇LOGY [doxologia, It. doxologie, Fr. of δοξολογια, of δοξα,
glory, and λογος, of λεγω, Gr. to say] the ascription of glory.—What
the SCRIPTURE doxologies are, and to whom address＇d, I leave to be
examin＇d by them, who profess to make that book their RULE of
worship. The reader will find a collection of them drawn up by
Dr. Clarke, in his scripture-doctrine, p. 430. tho＇, with reference to
Rev. c. i. v. 5, 6. it should not be dissembled, that the Greek syn­
tax seems disturbed; and that, in the Syriac version which runs
more free and easy (and which, if I＇m not mistaken, is more an­
cient than any of our present Greek copies,) the doxology should
rather seem to be applied to GOD the FATHER; and so also is
it in 1 Pet. 3. 18. for it runs thus in the SYRIAC; “But
grow in grace, and knowledge of our LORD and Saviour Jesus Christ,
and of GOD the FATHER, whose [is] the glory, &c.” Nor does this
version stand alone; for Dr. MILLS observes of the first passage, that
in one ancient Greek MS. the words [UNTO HIM] are wanting; the
reading being, του αγαπησαντος & λουσαντος, &c. And Dr. Clarke ob­
serves that, in the second text, some Greek MSS. add, και θιου πατρος,
and of God the Father, to whom glory, &c.—However, St. John
(without all dispute) has, in the apocalypse, described an address of
this kind, as made to our Lord in his present exalted state, by the
whole creation, Revel. c. 5. v. 13. and adds, in the next verse, “that
the 4 living creatures (which represent the main body of the Christian
church) said “AMEN———i. e. expressed their assent to it; though,
I think, whoever carefully considers the whole scenary and process of
that prophetic vision, will easily perceive that a homage of the subordi­
nate kind is here exhibited, as paid to Christ; whilst the SUPREME
(and I think also the more stated) worship of the church is here appro­
priated by her and by her elders, to the ONE GOD and FATHER
of all c. 4. v. 8, 9, 10. compar＇d with c. 5. v. 14. See also works of
MEDE, Ed. Lond. p. 909. Nor should we overlook that reflection on
the new song [c. 5. v. 9.] which Dr. Clarke has cited from Mr. Mede;
for it is very remarkable, “Quo nempe sessori throni & agni, una SOLIS­
QUE, &c. i. e. to him that sits on the throne, and to the lamb, to
them TOGETHER, and to them ONLY is ascribed, &c. “This, says
Mr. Mede, is the form of the new song, which if God shall hereafter
enable me to understand more perfectly, I shall perhaps explain it more
distincty and at large: For I have it DEEPLY IMPRESS＇D upon my
mind, that the WHOLE MISTERY of the gospel worship is herein con­
tain＇d.” See also Sir Isaac Newton＇s Observations on Daniel, &c.
p. 262. As to doxologies of a different form and later date, by whom
and on what occasion introduced, see HOMOÜSIANS, INNOVATION,
&c.

DO＇XY [prob. of dooten, Du. to yield or permit willingly] a trull,
a loose wench. With heigh the doxy over the dale. Shakespeare.

To DOZE, verb neut. prob. of duyselen, Du. to be virtiginous, or
dosen, v. and L. Ger. in the same sense; dwœs, Sax. daes, Du.
Johnson] to sleep unsoundly, to be sleepy or inclining to sleep, to
slumber. He happen＇d to doze. L＇Estrange.

To DOZE, verb act. to make stupid, to dull. With immoderate
drinking dozed in his understanding. Clarendon.

DO＇ZEL, or DO＇SSEL [of dousil or doisil, Fr. a faucet] a tent with­
out a head, to be put into a wound.

A DO＇ZEN [douzaine, Fr. dozzina, It. docéna, Sp. dossin, Du. dut­
zeut, Ger.] twelve. By putting twelve units together, we have the
complex idea of a dozen. Locke.

DO＇ZINESS [of dozy] sleepiness, drowsiness. A doziness in his head.
Locke.

DO＇ZY, adj. [of doze] sleepy, sluggish. Dozy head. Dryden.

DR. is an abbreviation for doctor.

DRAB [of drabbe, Sax. coarse, or drap, Fr.] a sort of thick strong
cloth.

DRAB [drabbe, Sax. common, or the refuse of any thing, drabbe,
Du. dirt or mire] a dirty slut, a whore. Paultry and proud as drabs
in Drury-lane. Pope.

DRAB [with mariners] a small topsail.

DRA＇BA [δραβη, Gr.] the herb yellow-crest.

A DRA＇BLER [in a ship] a small sail set on the bonnet, as the bon­
net is on the course, and only used when the course and bonnet are not
deep enough to clothe the mast.

DRA＇CHM [δραχμη, Gr. with physicians] the eighth part of an
ounce, containing 3 scruples, or 60 grains.

DRA＇CHMA [δραχμη, Gr.] a coin among the Grecians and Romans,
value about 7d. 3 gr. our money.
Movers that do prize their honours
At a crack＇d drachm. Shakespeare.
Also a weight containing 2d. weight, 6 or 9 24ths gr.

DRA＇CHMON, or DRA＇CMON [darkmon, Heb.] an Hebrew coin, in
value about 15s. English. But TAYLOR, in his Hebrew Concor­
dance, says, “this seems to be a gold coin of DARIUS the Mede,
weighing 12 Gerahs, in our money one pound and fourpence.” To
which I may add, that what confirms his supposition, is the word＇s
occurring only in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.”

DRA＇CO, Lat. a dragon.

DRACO Regius, Lat. a standard, having the picture of a dragon
upon it, anciently borne by our kings.

DRACO＇s Laws, certain severe laws made by Draco, a governor of







the Athenians; whence a severe punishment for a slight offence is
termed Draco＇s law.

DRACO Volans, Lat. [in meteorology] a meteor appearing in the
form of a flying dragon.

DRACO＇NITES [δρακονιτης, Gr.] a precious stone, said to be taken
out of the brain of a dragon.

DRACO＇NTIAS [δρακοντιας, Gr.] the dragon＇s stone.

DRACO＇NTIA, or DRACO＇NTIUM, Lat. [dracontia, Sax.] dragon­
wort.

DRACO＇NTIC Month [with astronomers] the space of time in which
the moon going from her ascending node, called caput draconis, i. e.
the dragon＇s head, returns to the same.

DRACU＇NCULUS, Lat. [with surgeons] a kind of ulcer, which eats
through a nerve itself; also a worm bred in the hot countries, which
grows to many yards length between the skin and the flesh.

DRACUNCULUS Hortensis, Lat. [with botanists] the herb dragon＇s­
wort or tarragon.

DRAD, adj. for DREAD [or the pret. of to dread] The drad dan­
ger. Spenser.

DRAFF [draf, Du. lees, drabbe, drof, Sax. dirty] any refuse,
dregs, wash for hogs.
Give them grains their fill,
Husks draf to drink and swill. Ben Johnson.

DRA＇FFY [draffigh, Du.] filthy, dreggy, worthless.

To DRAG, verb act. [dragan, Sax. draga, Su.] 1. To draw, hale
or trail along the ground by main force. Drag＇d by the cords. Den­
ham. 2. To draw a thing that is burthensome, and from which one
cannot disengage himself. Drag＇d a lingering life. Dryden. 3. To
draw along contemptuously as a thing unworthy to be carried. To
drag me at his chariot wheels. Stillingfleet. 4. To pull about with
violence and ignominy. Beaten and drag＇d in so barbarous a manner
that he hardly escaped. Clarendon. 5. To pull roughly and forcibly.
The weight of my misfortunes drag＇d you down. Dryden.

To DRAG, verb neut. to hang so low as to trail or grate on the
ground. Dragging chains. Dryden. A door is said to drag, when by
its ill hanging on its hinges, the bottom edge of the door rides in its
sweep upon the floor. Moxon.

DRAG [drag, Sax. dregge, Du.] 1. A sort of hook, or an in­
strument with hooks to catch hold of things under water. Take it up
with a drag-hook. Walton. 2. A net drawn along the bottom of the
water. Drags in the deep. Dryden. 3. A kind of car drawn by the
hand. The drag is made somewhat like a low car; it is used for the
carriage of timber, and drawn by the handle by two or more men.
Moxon. 4. [with hunters] the tail of a fox.

DRAG-Net [dræg-net, Sax. treck-net, Du.] a draw or sweep fish­
ing-net.

DRAGANT-Gum [corrupted of Tragacantha] gum-dragon vul­
garly.

DRA＇GOMAN, an interpreter in the eastern countries, whose office is
to facilitate commerce between the orientals and occidentals; also an
interpreter in the Turkish court.
N. B. The immediate derivation of the word is, as GOLIUS observes,
from targama, Arab. to translate out of one language into another;
tho＇ as the ARABIC, CHALDEE, HEBREW and SYRIAC, are all sister-
languages, we often find one and the same word, with some little va­
riation, occur in all; and, by the way, from a verb of the same root
is the Jewish TARGUM derived.

DRAGS, wood or timber so joined together, that as they swim they
can bear a burden or load of some sort of wares down a river.

DRAGGS [a sea term] whatsoever hangs over ship, or hinders her
sailing.

To DRAGGLE, verb act. [of dragan, Sax.] to drag, draw, or
trail in the dirt, to make dirty by dragging on the ground. Draggled
damsel. Gay.

To DRA＇GGLE, verb neut. To become dirty by dragging on the
ground. His draggling tail hung in the dirt. Hudibras.

DRA＇GIUM, barb. Lat. [in old records] drag, a coarser sort of
bread-corn.

DRA＇GMA, Lat. [δραγμα, Gr.] a handful, a gripe.

DRAGMIS, Gr. as much as can be taken up with two fingers.

DRA＇GON, Fr. and Sp. [dragone, It. draco, Lat. dragám, Port.
dracca, Sax. draeck, Du. dracke, Ger.] 1. A kind of winged serpent,
that with age grows to a monstrous bigness. It is very much cele­
brated in romantic writers of the middle age. A lonely Dragon.
Shakespeare. 2. Applied to a fierce and violent man or woman. 3.
A constellation near the north pole. 4. [dracunculus, Lat.] a plant
whose leaves are like those of arum, only that they are divided into
many parts, and the stalk is spotted. Miller.
The Dragon in the APOCALYPSE, with seven heads, and ten horns, sig­
nifies, according to Sir Isaac Newton, the whole Roman empire,
while it continued ENTIRE; because it was ENTIRE, when the pro­
phecy was given; and the BEAST [of seven heads and ten horns]
St. John considers not till the empire became divided; and then he puts
the dragon for the empire of the GREEKS, and the Beast for the em­
pire of the LATINS. Newton＇s Observations on Daniel and Apocalypse,
p. 277—284. See BEAST, CALUSTÆ, and CROISADE, compared
with Revelat. c. 12. v. 17, 18. and c. 13. v. 1—18.

DRAGONS may justly be supposed to be imaginary monsters, viz.
dragons with wings, a long tail and legs; but whether there be any
such dragons in nature or not, it is certain there are in heraldry, as
appears by the family of South-land in Kent, which bears Or a dragon
rampant with wings inverted vert, on a chief gules, 3 spears heads ar­
gent.

DRA＇GONET [of dragon] a little dragon. Many dragonets his fruit­
seed. Spenser.

DRA＇GONFLY [of dragon and fly] a fierce fly that stings. Delicate
coloured dragonflies. Bacon.

DRA＇GONISH [of dragon] dragonlike. A cloud that＇s dragonish.
Shakespeare.

DRA＇GONLIKE [of dragon and like] fiery, furious. He fights dra­
gonlike. Shakespeare.

DRAGON-Wort, the herb serpentary or viper＇s bugloss.

DRAGONNE＇ [in heraldry] signifies the lower part of the beast to
to be a dragon, as a lion dragonné signifies the upper half of a lion,
and the other half going off like the hinder part of a dragon.
Knights of the Order of the DRAGON, an order of knighthood, found­
ed by Sigismund, emperor of Germany, anno 1417, upon the con­
demnation of John Huss, and Jerome of Prague.

DRAGON＇s Beams [with architects] two strong braces which stand
under a breast-summer, and meet in an angle on the shoulder of the
king-piece.

DRAGON＇s Blood [dracan-blod, Sax.] the gum or resin of the tree
called draco arbor, so called, from the false opinion of the dragon＇s
combat with the elephant. Dragon＇s blood is a resin, moderately
heavy, friable and dusky red, but of a bright scarlet when powder­
ed. One sort is very compact, another less compact, and less pure,
called common dragon＇s blood; a third sort is tough and viscous, and
of a blood colour, and in keeping it grows hard like the first. Four
vegetables afford dragon＇s blood: one is a tall tree in the Canaries,
the sanguis draconis exsudates from the cracks of the bark, in the
great heats. Another grows to six or eight feet high in the island of
Java, where the resin is extracted from the fruit, about the size of a
hazel-nut, by boiling. A third is a tall tree in New Spain, and a
true sanguis draconis flows from the trunk. The fourth grows in
Java, and has a red bark; its trunk and large branches yield a resi­
nous juice, which seems to be our finest sort of dragon＇s blood. Hill.

DRAGON＇s Head. 1. A plant. It hath a labiated flower resem­
bling a dragon＇s head. 2. [With astronomers] a node or point, in
which the orbit of the moon intersects the orbit of the earth, or the
ecliptic, as she is ascending from the south to the north.

DRAGON＇s Head [in heraldry] is the tawny colour in the escutcheon
of sovereign princes.

DRAGON＇s Stone, a precious stone.

DRAGON＇s Tail [with astronomers] a point in the ecliptic, opposite
to the dragon＇s head, which the moon intersects in descending from
north to south.

DRAGON＇s Tail [in heraldry] is the murrey colour in the escutcheon
of sovereign princes.

DRAGON＇s Tree, a species of palm-tree. It is common in the Ma­
deira and Canary Islands, and from it is supposed that the dragon＇s
blood is obtained. Miller.

DRAGOO＇N [probably of dragon, because at first they were as de­
structive to the enemy as dragons, dragon, Fr. and Sp. dragone, It.
dragam, Port. dragem, Ger. to carry. Johnson] a soldier who fights
sometimes on horseback, and sometimes on foot. Two regiments of
dragoons suffer＇d much. Tatler.

To DRAGOO＇N [from the subst.] to harrass, by abandoning a place
to the rage of soldiers.
Deny to have your free-born toe,
Dragoon＇d into a wooden shoe. Prior.

DRAIN [of drane, or drene, Sax. or of trainer, Fr. to draw] a
water-course, gutter or sink. If your drains be deep, fling in stones.
Mortimer.

To DRAIN, verb act. [of dranan, Sax. or trainer, Fr.] 1. To
draw off waters gradually. Salt water drain＇d through vessels. Bacon.
2. To empty, by draining gradually away what a thing contain
by furrows, ditches, &c. Comets must have drain＇d off all their
fluids. Cheyne. 3. To make quite dry. Wash your bottles, but do
not drain them. Swift.

DRAI＇NABLE [of drain] that may be drained.

DRAKE [of draco, Lat. dracon, Fr.] 1. A sort of small cannon.
Shot made at them by a couple of drakes. Clarendon. 2. A male­
duck. The duck should hide her eggs from the drake. Mortimer.

Duck and DRAKE, a sort of play with a flat pebble, oister-shell,
tile, &c. thrown so as to skim on the surface of the water.
To make Ducks and DRAKES of one＇s Money, to squander it away
with little thought, as if thrown on the water in that manner.

DRAM, or DRACHM [δραχμη, Gr.] 1. An apothecaries weight, the
8th part of an ounce, in avoirdupoise weight one 16th. Weighing
seven drams. Bacon. 2. A small piece of money among the ancient
Greeks and Romans. 3. Any small quantity; proverbially. A
dram of sweet is worth a pound of sour. Spenser. 4. Such a quantity
of spirituous liquors as is drank at once. Every dram of brandy.
Swift. 5. Distilled liquors, spirits. From the strong fate of drams
if thou get free. Pope.

DRA＇MA, Lat. [δραμα, Gr.] a play, either comedy or tragedy, is a
composition either in prose or verse, that consists not in the bare reci­
tation, but in the actual representation of an action, in which such
rules are to be observed, as make the representation probable. Our
drama＇s are tragedies, comedies, and farces: for those grotesk en­
tertainments, which have been lately introduced and brought on the
stage, scarce deserve the name of drama＇s, or dramatic performan­
ces. Many rules Aristotle drew from Homer, which he fitted to the
drama. Dryden.

DRAMA＇TICAL, or DRAMA＇TIC [dramatique, Fr. drammatico, It.
dramatico, Sp. dramaticus, Lat. δραματικος, Gr.] of or pertaining to
acts, especially those of a stage-play, represented by action, not nar­
rative. In the great dramatic poem of nature, is a necessity of intro­
ducing a God. Bentley.

DRAMA＇TIC Poem, a poem or composure designed to be acted on
the stage, representating an action, not narrative.

Active DRAMATIC Poetry, is when the persons are every where
brought upon the theatre to act their own parts.

DRAMA＇TICALLY [of dramatical] after the manner of stage­
plays, by representation, not narratively. Errors reprehended partly
dramatically, partly simply. Dryden.

DRAMA＇TIST [of drama] the author of a dramatic performance.
The praises of the great dramatist. Burnet.

DRA＇NA, barb. Lat. [old deeds] a drain or water-course.

DRANK, the pret. of drink. See To DRINK.

DRANK, subst. Among farmers, a term applied to wild oats, which
never fail to over-run worn out lands.

DRAP, or DRAB [drap, Fr.] cloth, woollen-cloth.

DRAP DE BERRY, a sort of frize or thick cloth, first made in the
county of Berry in France.

To DRAPE, verb neut. [drap, Fr. drapus, low Lat.] 1. To make







cloth. The clothier might drape accordingly. Bacon. 2. To sati­
rize or jeer [drapper Fr. It is used in this sense by the innovator
Temple whom nobody has imitated. Johnson] But, if I am not mis­
taken, SWIFT also uses it.

DRA＇PER [drapier, Fr.] a seller of cloth, as a woollen draper, a
linnen draper. Cloth in a draper＇s shop. Boyle.

DRA＇PERS were incorporated, anno 1438, in the reign of king
Henry VI. Their armorial ensigns are three clouds radiated pro­
per, each adorned with a treble crown or. The crest on a helmet
and torce, a ram lodged as the second attired. The supporters two
lions as the last pelleteé. The motto, To God only be honour and glory.
Their hall is in Throckmorton-street.

DRA＇PERY [draperie, Fr.] 1. The cloth-trade. Clothwork statutes
for the maintenance of drapery. Bacon. 2. Cloth, woollen-stuffs.
Drapery ware. Arbuthnot.

DRAPERY [draperie, Fr. draperia, It. in painting, sculpture, &c.]
a work in which the clothing of any human figure is represented, the
dress of a picture or statue. Painters in their draperies. Prior.
Thus the ingenious author of the FABLE of CEBES, in English
verse, when speaking of the opinions, pleasures, &c. which lay wait
for us in the FIRST COURT of life, says,
Thick as bright atoms in the solar ray,
Diverse their DRAP＇RY, and profusely gay.

DRA＇PET, subst. [drap, Fr.] cloth, coverlet.
Many tables fair dispread,
And ready dight with drapets feastival. Spenser.

DRA＇STIC, adj. [of δραστικος, Gr. active, brisk] it is used of a
medicine, a purge that operates quickly and briskly, as jalap, scam­
mony, and the stronger purges.

DRAVE, pret. [of to drive] Thro＇ his navel drave the pointed
death. Pope.

DRAUGH [corruptly written for DRAFF; which see] refuse, swill.
＇Tis old but true, still swine eat all the draugh. Shakespeare.

DRAUGHT [droht, Sax. trait, Fr. dreet, Dan.] 1. The resem­
blance of a thing drawn with a pencil, pen, &c. representation by
picture. The happy draught surpassed the image in her mind. Dryden.
2. Delineation, sketch. The first rude draught of virtue. South. 3.
A picture drawn. In man we have the draught of his hand. South.
4. The copy of a writing.

DRAUGHT [of dragan, Sax.] 1. Pertaining to drawing; as, draught-
horses. 2. The act of drawing carriages. Oxen for all sorts of
draught. Temple. 3. The quality of being drawn. The wheel­
plough of the easiest draught. Mortimer.

DRAUGHT, or DRAFT [in architecture] the figure of an intended
building, described on paper, wherein is laid down, by scale and com­
pass, the several divisions or partitions of the apartments, rooms,
doors, passages, conveniencies, &c. in their due proportion.

DRAUGHT [in navigation] the quantity of water which a ship
draws when she is afloat, or the number of feet and inches under­
water, when laden. Deep in her draught. Dryden.

DRAUGHT [in military affairs] a detachment of soldiers drawn off
from the main army. A draught of forces would lessen the number.
Addison.

DRAUGHT [droge, Sax.] a house of office, bog-house, necessary-
house.

DRAUGHT [trait, Fr.] 1. The act of drinking. I drank it off
at a draught. Swift. 2. A potion, or what a person drinks at once.
Inclination to take a small draught. Boyle. 3. Liquor drank for plea­
sure. The pernicious draught. Prior. 4. The act of sweeping with
a net. The draught of a pond. Hale. 5. The act of shooting with
a bow. At one draught of his bow. Camden. 6. A diversion in
war, the act of disturbing the main design, perhaps sudden attack.
Drawing sudden draughts upon the enemy. Spenser. 7. A sink or
drain. Cast out into the draught. St. Matthew.

DRAUGHT [in trade] an allowance in weighing commodities.

DRAUGHT [in exchange] a bill drawn by a merchant, payable by
another on whom it is drawn.

DRAUGHT [tratta, It.] a pull or tug.

DRAUGHT-HOUSE [of draught and house] a draught or house
where soil is deposited. They brake down the house of Baal, and
made it a draught-house. 2 Kings.

DRAUGHT-Hooks [with gunners] large iron hooks fixed on the
cheeks of a cannon-carriage on each side.

DRAUGHTS, only used in the plur. a game called tables, and re­
sembling chess; also [traits, Fr.] harness for drawing horses.

To DRAW, irr. verb act. pret. DREW; part. pass. DRAWN [tirer,
Fr. tirare and trarre, It. draga, trage, Dan. dragan, Sax. trecken,
Du. traho, Lat.] 1. To pull or tug along, not to carry. Bring ropes
to the city, and we will draw it into the river. 2 Samuel. 2. To pull
forcibly, to pluck. He could not draw the dagger out of his belly.
Judges. 3. To bring by violence, to drag. Draw you before the
judgment seats. James. 4. To raise out of a deep place. They
drew up Jeremiah with cords. Jeremiah. 5. To suck. Sucking and
drawing the breast. Wiseman. 6. To attract. Salt draweth blood.
Bacon. 7. To inhale. Where I first drew air. Milton. 8. To take
from any thing, holding or containing it. They drew out the staves
of the ark. 2 Chronicles. 9. To take from a cask. The wine of
life is drawn. Shakespeare. 10. To pull a sword from the sheaths. I
will draw my sword. Exodus. 11. To let out a liquid. Without
drawing one drop of blood. Wiseman. 12. To take bread out of the
oven. The batch is drawn. Mortimer. 13. To unclose, to slide
curtains back. Draw aside the curtains. Shakespeare. 14. To close
or spread them back. Drawing the curtain, that the candle might
not complain of her blushing. Sidney. 15. To extract. Spirits by
distillation may be drawn out of vegetable juices. Cheyne. 16. To
procure as an agent cause. To draw on himself death. Locke. 17.
To produce as an efficient cause. To draw money to him by the
sale of the product. Locke. 18. To convey secretly. They drew
themselves more westerly. Raleigh. 19. To protract, to lengthen.
How long her face is drawn, how pale her look. Shakespeare. 20.
To utter lingeringly. Or drew, or seem＇d to draw a dying groan.
Dryden. 21. To represent by picture or imagination.
He falls to such perusal of my face,
As he would draw it. Shakespeare.
22. To take a card out of the pack, to take a lot. He has drawn a
black. Dryden. 23. To form a representation. Titian was then draw­
ing his picture. Dryden. 24. To derive, to have from some original
cause or donor. From the Egyptians drew the rudiments of sciences.
Temple. 25. To deduce as from premises or postulates. From the
events drawn the usual instruction. Temple. 26. To imply, to pro­
duce as a consequence or inserence. The intermediate ideas that
draw in the conclusion. Locke. 27. To allure or entice. To draw
others to his purpose. Hayward. 28. To lead as a motive.
Ask＇d the cause,
Which to the stream the crowding people draws. Dryden.
29. To persuade, to follow. Orpheus drew trees. Shakespeare. 30.
To induce, to persuade. The English drew them in to dwell among
them. Davies. 31. To win, to gain; taken from cards.
This seems a fair deserving, and must draw me
That which my father loses. Shakespeare.
32. To receive, to take up.
If every ducat in six thousand ducats
Were in six parts, and every part a ducat,
I would not draw them, I would have my bond. Shakespeare.
33. To exort, to force. Drew sighs and groans. Dryden. 34. To
wrest, to distort. Drawing the scriptures to your fantasies. Whitgist.
35. To compose, to form in writing. I will draw a bill of proper­
ties. Shakespeare. 36. To withdraw from judicial notice. Draw thy
action. Shakespeare. 37. To embowel, to take out the entrails.
Draw your poultry. King. 38. To draw in; to apply to any pur­
pose by distortion or violence. Draw in the flowing reins. Gay. 39.
To draw in; to inveigle, to entice. Faithless miscreants drew them
in, and deceived them. South. 40. To draw off; to extract by distil­
lation. Authors who have drawn off the spirits of their thoughts,
should lie still. Addison. 41. To draw off; to drain out by any rent.
Never to be pulled out till you draw off a great quantity. Mortimer.
42. To draw off; to withdraw. It draws mens minds off from bitter­
ness. Addison. 43. To draw on; to occasion, to invite. War which
his negligence draws on. Hayward. 44. To draw on; to cause, to
bring by degrees. Draw on the consideration of the nice controver­
sies. Boyle. 45. To draw over; to raise and bring over in a still. Oil
of wormwood drawn over with water in a limbec. Boyle. 46. To
draw over; to persuade to revolt. Drawn over by fear. Addison.
47. To draw out; to protract. Virgil has drawn out the rules of til­
lage and planting into two books. Addison. 48. To draw out; to
call to action, to range. Draw out a file. Dryden. 49. To draw
out; to extract or pump out by insinuation. Philoclea, to draw
out more, said, I have often wonder＇d how such excellencies
should be. Sidney. 50. To draw out; to range in battle. The next
time he is drawn out, the challenger may be posted near him. Collier.
51. To draw up; to form in order of battle. The lord Bernard drew
up in a large field. Clarendon. 52. To draw up; to form in writing,
to contrive. To draw up the scenary of a play. Dryden.

To DRAW, verb neut. 1. To do the office of a beast of draught.
Hath not drawn in the yoke. Deuteronomy. 2. To act as a weight.
The particular brass may not draw too much. Addison. 3. To shrink,
to contract. That water will shrink or draw into less room. Bacon.
4. To advance, to make progression. Draw ye near hither. 1 Samuel.
5. To draw a sword. Drew to defend him. Shakespeare. 6. To
practise the art of delineation. Skill in drawing. Locke, 7. To make
a fore run by attraction. 8. To retire, to retreat a little. The Scots
drew a little back to a more convenient post. Clarendon. 9. To draw
off; to retire, to retreat. To draw off by degrees, and not to come
to an open rupture. Collier. 10. To draw on; to advance, to ap­
proach. The fatal day draws on. Dryden. 11. To draw up; to have
troops formed into regular order.

To DRAW [a sea term] a ship is said to draw much water, accord­
ing to the number of feet she sinks into it, as she draws 12 or 15 feet
of water.

DRAW, subst. [from the verb] 1. The act of drawing. 2. The
lot or chance drawn.

DRAW-BACK [of draw and back, in traffic] a rebate or discount al­
lowed the merchant on exportation of goods, which paid duty in­
wards; also money paid back for ready payment, or upon any other
account. In poundage and draw-backs I lose half my rent. Swift.

DRAW-BRIDGE [of draw and bridge] a bridge made to be drawn
up or let down, usually before the gate of a town or castle. Conti­
nued together by a draw-bridge. Carew.

DRAW Gear, an harness or furniture for draught-horses for cart,
waggon, &c.

DRAW Latches [old statute] night-thieves, Robert＇s men.

DRAW Net, a net for catching the larger sort of fowl.

To DRAW a Bili of Exchange, is to write it, sign it, and give it
to the person who has already paid the value or contents of it.

DRA＇WER [from draw] 1. One employed to bring water from a
well. The drawer of thy water. Deuteronomy. 2. One who draws
liquors from a cask. Let the drawers be ready. Ben Johnson. 3.
That which has the power of attraction. Fire is a great drawer.
Swift. 4. A box in a case, out of which it may be drawn at plea­
sure. Drawer of a cabinet. Locke. 5. In the plural, the lower part
of a man＇s dress. They go stark naked without shirt or drawers.
Locke.

DRA＇WING, subst. [from draw, with painters] the representation or
shape of any body, or substance, drawn with a pencil.

DRAWING [a hunting term] is the beating the bushes, &c. after a
sox.

DRAWING Amiss [with hunters] is when hounds hit the scent of
their chace contrary, i. e. up the wind instead of down.

DRAWING on the Shot [a hunting term] is when the hounds touch
the scent, and draw on till they hit on the same scent.

DRA＇WING-ROOM [of draw and room] 1. The room in which com­
pany assembles at court. Words spoken of you in the drawing-room.
Pope. 2. The company assembled there.

DRAWING Table, an instrument with a frame to hold a sheet of
royal paper for drawing draughts of fortifications, &c.

To DRAWL, verb neut. to utter a thing in a slow, driveling manner.
Then mount the clerks, and in one lazy tone,
Through the long heavy page drawl on. Pope.








To DRAWL out one＇s Words, to speak leizurely and lazily.

DRAWN, [irr. part. pass. of draw] 1. Gathered, accumulated.
An army was drawn together. Clarendon. 2. It denotes equal,
where each party takes his own share. A drawn game. Addison.
3. With a sword drawn. What art thou drawn among those heart­
less kinds. Shakespeare. 4. Open, put aside. A curtain drawn. Dry­
den. 5. Eviscerated, or embowelled. A drawn fox. Shakespeare.
6. Induced as by a motive. The Irish will be drawn to the English.
Spenser.
DRAWN wells are seldom dry.
Lat. Puteus si hauriatur melior evadit. Gr. Φρεατα αντλουμενα βελ­
τιω γινεται. Motion, use, and exercise, improves every thing. Wa­
ters, when they stagnate, become putrid. The air, if not agitated by
the wind, is unwholesome, if not pestilential. Every instrument of
steel, if disused, grows rusty: but above all, the minds of men, if
not used and exercised, will relax and suffer.

DRAW-WELL [of draw and well] a deep well, out of which wa­
ter is drawn by a long rope or chain. Grew uses it.

DRAY, or DRAY-CART [drag, Sax.] a brewer＇s cart, on which
the beer is carried. Brought into the field upon his dray-cart. Ad­
dison.

DRAY-HORSE [of dray and horse] a horse which draws a dray.
The elephant and the dray-horse. Tatler.

DRAY-MAN [of dray and man] one that attends a dray. Coblers,
draymen, and mechanics. South.

DRAY-PLOUGH [of dray and plough] a particular sort of plough.
The dray-plough is the best in winter for miry clays. Mortimer.

DRA＇YTON, a market-town of Salop, 14 miles from Shrewsbury,
and 118 from London.

DRA＇ZEL, subst. [perhaps corrupted from drossel, the scum or dross
of human nature; or from droslesse, Fr. a whore. Johnson] a low,
worthless wretch.
As the devil uses witches,
To be their cully for a space;
That when the time＇s expired the drazels
For ever may become his vassals. Hudibras.

To DREAD, verb act. [of drædan, Sax. or δειδω, Gr.] to fear ex­
cessively. Those who must dread it, must in a little time en­
counter. Wake.

To DREAD, verb neut. to stand in fear. Dread not, neither be
afraid of them. Deuteronomy.
Do well, and DREAD no shame.
The meaning of this proverb is, that a man who acts upon a
steady and resolute principle of JUSTICE and HONOUR, and not out of
fear, interest, or shame, need never be apprehensive of the conse­
quences.

DREAD, subst. [dræd, Sax.] 1. Great fear, affright. The dread of
evil. Rogers. 2. Habitual fear, awe. The dread of you shall be upon
every beast. Genesis. 3. The person or thing feared, the cause of
terror. To thee, our dearest dread. Prior.

DREAD, adj. [dræd, of driht, or drihten, Sax. lord] 1. Terrible,
dreadful. The deep dread bolted thunder. Shakespeare. 2. Vene­
rable in the highest degree.
The summoning archangels to proclaim
Thy dread tribunal. Milton.
3. A word used in the royal title; as, dread sovereign, which is by
no means taken from dread, fear, awe, or reverence, as is generally
supposed. Though Johnson says, this seems to be the meaning of
that controverted phrase, dread majesty. Some of the old acts of par­
liament are said, in the preface, to be metuendissimi regis, our dread so­
vereign＇s,

DRE＇ADER [of dread] one that lives in great fear. The great dread­
ers of popery. Swift.

DREA＇DFUL [drædful, Sax.] causing dread, terrible, frightful.
Dreadful as thy hate. Granville.

DREA＇DFULLY [of dreadful] terribly, frightfully. Day and night
doth dreadfully accuse. Dryden.

DREA＇DFULNESS [of dreadful] a quality, &c. to be dreaded, fright­
fulness. The dreadfulness of the day in which they shall be tried.
Hakewell.

DREA＇DLESNESS [of dreadless] fearlessness, undauntedness. Danger
was a cause of dreadlesness. Sidney.

DREA＇DLESS [of dread] fearless, undaunted, free from terror.
Spenser and Milton use it.

DREAM, [traum, Ger. droom, Du. drom, Dan. droem, Su. but Me­
ric Casaubon derives it of δραμα, Gr. or of dream, Sax. melody or
joy. The comedy of life, dreams being as plays, are a representa­
tion of something that does not really happen. This is with more
ingenuity than truth. Johnson] 1. The acting of the imagination in
sleep. Terrible dreams. Shakespeare. 2. An idle fancy, a wild con­
ceit. Every dream, each buz, each fancy. Shakespeare.
It is a true DREAM that is seen waking.
It is easy to find out the meaning of a thing that is plain and
evident.

DREAMS [with the ancients] were subordinate deities, attendants
on slumber, and were represented as children, with wings, in an atti­
tude ready to fly at the first signal.

To DREAM, irr. verb neut. pret. and part. pass. DREAMED [drom­
mer, Dan. droema, Su. droomea, Du. tracum, Ger.] 1. To have the
representation of something in sleep. Dreaming is the having of ideas,
whilst the outward senses are stop＇d; not suggested by an external ob­
ject or known occasion, nor under the rule and conduct of the under­
standing. Locke. 2. To think, to imagine. He never dreamt of the
deluge. Burnet. 3. To think idly. They dream on in a constant
course of reading. Locke. 4. To be sluggish, to idle. Why does An­
thony dream out his hours? Shakespeare.

To DREAM, verb act. to see in a dream. Dreamt the future
fright. Dryden.

DRE＇AMER. 1. One who dreams, one who has fancies in his sleep.
The dreamer waken＇d. Dryden. 2. An idle, fanciful man, a visionary.
Dreamer Merlin. Shakespeare. 3. A mope, a person lost in wild ima­
gination, un reveur, Fr.
An idle dreamer,
Who leaves the pie, and gnaws the streamer. Prior.
4. A sluggard, an idler.

DRE＇AMING, adj. [from dream] slothful.

DRE＇AMINGLY, adv. [of dreaming] slothfully.

DRE＇AMINGNESS, slothfulness, quality of acting as if in a dream.

DRE＇AMLESS, adj. [of dream] being without dreams. Nameless
and dreamless. Camden.

DREAMT, did dream. See To DREAM.

DREAR [dryrig, or dreorlic, Sax.] dreary, mournful, dismal.
A drear and dying sound. Milton.

DRE＇ARIHEAD [of dreary] horror, dismalness; now obsolete.
Hideous shape of drearihead. Spenser.

DRE＇ARMENT [of dreary] 1. Sorrow, melancholy.
Your doleful drearment. Spenser.
2. Horror, dread; now obsolete.
Inrol＇d in flames and smouldering drearment. Spenser.

DRE＇ARINESS [dryrignesse, Sax.] dismalness.

DRE＇ARY [dryrmian, Sax. to make sorrowful] 1. Dismal, gloomy.
Dreary shades. Dryden. 2. Sorrowful, distressful. With dreary
shrieks. Spenser.

To DREDGE Meat, to scatter flower on it while it is roasting.

DRE＇DGER [of dredge] a fisherman who dredges for oisters.

DREDGE, subst. [To dretch in Chaucer is to delay; perhaps a net
so often stopped may be called from this. Johnson] a kind of net for
catching oisters, &c. For oisters they have a peculiar dredge; which
is a thick strong net fastened to three spills of iron, and drawn at the
boat＇s stern, gathering whatsoever it meeteth lying in the bottom of
the water. Carew.

To DREDGE, verb act. [from the subst.] to gather with a dredge.
The oysters dredged in the Lyne. Carew.

DREGS [dreggian, Island. dresten, Sax, draegg, Su. or dreck, Du.
and Ger. dirt] 1. Dross, refuse, sweepings. The dregs and refuse of
life. Rogers. 2. Filth, any thing by which purity is corrupted. The
dregs and leaven of the northern people. Bacon. 3. Lees, the sedi­
ment of liquor. The dregs and squeezings of the brain. Pope. It
has no singular number.

DRE＇GGINESS [drestenesse, Sax.] fulness of dregs or lees.

DRE＇GGISH [of dregs] foul with lees, feculent. Dreggish liquor.
Harvey.

DRE＇GGY [of dresten, Sax.] full of dregs. Dreggy matter.
Boyle.

DREIT DROIT, Fr. [a law term] a double right, i. e. of possession
and dominion.

To DREIN. See To DRAIN. To empty. I can drein her of them
all. Shakespeare.

DRE＇NAGE [in law] the tenure by which the Drenches, or Drenges
held their lands.

To DRENCH, verb act. [dræncan, Sax. trancken, Ger. to cause to
drink, which Casaubon derives of αρυειν, Gr. to draw water] 1. To
wash, to steep. Drenched in the sea. Shakespeare. 2. To saturate with
drink or moisture; in an ill sense. Mutual hatred drench＇d our swords
in native blood. Philips. 3. To give a physical potion to a horse or
other creature, to purge violently. If any of your cattle are infected
drench them. Mortimer.

DRENCH. 1. A draught, a swill. In abhorrence or contempt.
The sleepy drench
Of that forgetful lake benumb not still. Milton.
2. A physical potion for a beast. A Drench is a potion or drink pre­
pared for a sick horse, and composed of several drugs in a liquid
form. Farrier＇s Dictionary. 3. Physic that must be given by violence.
Their counsels are more like a drench, that must be poured down,
than a draught. K. Charles. 4. A channel of water.

DRE＇NCHER [of drench] 1. One that dips or steeps any thing. 2.
One that gives physic by force.

DRE＇NCHES, or DRE＇NGES [prob. of dræn, Sax. a drone] a sort
of ancient tenants in chief, such as having been dispossessed of their
estates at the conquest, had them restored again, because they did not
oppose William the Conqueror, either by their persons or counsels;
the free tenants of a manor.

DRENT, participle [probably corrupted from drenched, to make a
proverbial rhyme with brent or burnt] In danger rather to be drent
than brent. Spenser.

DRE＇SDEN, the capital of Upper Saxony, in Germany, situated on
the river Elbe, 65 miles north-west of Prague, and 85 south of Berlin.
Lat. 57° N. Long. 13° 16′ E. It is one of the largest and strongest
towns in Germany, and the usual residence of the elector of Saxony.

To DRESS, verb act. [prob. of trwsio, C. Brit. to adorn or deck,
or of dresser, Fr. to direct or shape] 1. To cloath, to invest with
cloaths. Like his brothers to be dress＇d. Dryden. 2. To cloath
pompously or elegantly. Dress themselves up in tinsel. Taylor. 3. To
adorn, to furnish. A fine room handsomely dress＇d up. Clarendon. 4.
To cover a wound with medicaments. Another chirurgeon dress＇d her.
Wiseman. 5. To curry, to rub. To dress and tend horses. Taylor.
6. To rectify, to adjust. To dress this garden. Milton. 7. To
prepare for any purpose. In Orkney they dress their leather with
roots of tormentil. Mortimer, 8. To trim, to fit for ready use. He
dresseth the lamps. Exodus. 9. To prepare victuals for the table.
Bred up to dress,
For his fat grandsire, some delicious mess. Dryden.
10. To cook meat, &c.

DRESS [from the verb] 1. Cloathing, what a man or woman has
on. Dresses laugh＇d at in our forefather＇s wardrobes. Government of
the Tongue. 2. Splendid cloaths, habit of ceremony. 3. The skill
of adjusting dress. The men of pleasure, dress and gallantry. Pope.
A bad woman in a fine DRESS, is like a dirty house with a clean
door.
Or, as Oldham describes her,
Within a gaudy case a nasty soul,
Like t--rd of quality in gilt close-stool.
Be she never so gay or handsome on the outside, her inside is ugly and
detestable.

DRE＇SSER [of dress] 1. One employed in putting on the cloaths
and adorning the person of another.
Her head alone will twenty dressers ask. Dryden.
2. One employed in trimming or regulating any thing. The dresser of
his vineyard. St. Luke. 3. A kitchen conveniency, being a bench







on which meat is drest and prepared for the table. When you take
down dishes, tip a dozen on the dresser. Swift.

DRE＇SSING, subst. [of dress] The application that is made on a sore.
We took off the dressings. Wiseman.

DRESSING-ROOM [of dress and room] the room in which cloaths
are put on. Latin books might be found in his dressing-room.
Swift.

DREST, pret. and part. pass. of dress. See To DRESS.

To DRIB, verb act. [contracted from dribble] to crop, to cut off;
a cant word. He who drives their bargains dribs a part. Dryden.

DREW, irr. imp. [droge, Dan.] did draw.

To DRI＇BBLE, verb neut. [This word seems to have come from
drop, by successive alterations, such as are usual in living languages;
drop, drip, dripple, dribble, from thence drivel and driveler. Drip
may indeed be the original word from the Danish drypp. Johnson]
1. To fall in drops. The dribbling of water. Woodward. 2. To
fall weakly and slowly. The dribbling dart of love. Shakespeare. 3.
To slabber, or let one＇s spittle fall out of the mouth like a child or
idiot.

To DRIBBLE, verb act. to throw down in drops. Dribble it all the
way up stairs. Swift.

DRI＇BBLET, a small portion, a small sum of money.
So strictly wert thou just to pay,
Ev＇n to the dribblet of a day. Dryden.

DRI＇ER [of dry] that which has the quality of absorbing moisture.
Daisy roots are great driers. Bacon.

DRIFT [prob. of drift, Du. the impuse of the mind] 1. Force,
impelling, impulse. Being under the drift of any passion. South. 2.
Violence, course. Fall with fearful drift. Spenser. 3. Any thing
driven at random.
Some log perhaps upon the waters swam
An useless drift. Dryden.
4. Any thing driven or borne along in a body.
Drifts of rising dust involve the sky. Pope.
5. A storm, a shower. Drift of bullets. Shakespeare. 6. A heap
or stratum of any matter thrown together by the wind; as, a snow
drift. 7. Tendency or aim of action. The particular drift of every
act. Hooker. 8. The scope of a discourse. The drift of the pam­
phlet. Addison.

DRIFT [in sea language] any thing that floats upon the water; as,
drifts of ice, weeds, &c.

To go a DRIFT, a boat is said so to do, when it is carried by the
stream, and has no body in it to row or steer it.

DRIFT Sail, a sail which is only used under water, and veered or
let out right a-head by sheet ropes, to keep the head of the ship
right upon the sea in a storm, or when she drives too fast in a cur­
rent.

DRIFT Way [of a ship] the same as lee way.

DRIFT [of the forest] is an exact view or examination of what cat­
tle are in the forest, to know whether it be overcharged or not, and
whose the beasts are.

To DRIFT, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To drive, to urge along.
Snow drifted with the wind. Ellis. 2. To throw together on heaps,
Flouncing thro＇ the drifted heaps. Thomson.

To DRILL [dyrlian, Sax. drillen, Du.] 1. To bore holes with a
drill. When you drill a hole. Moxon. 2. To bore, to pierce in
general.
My body thro＇ and thro＇ he drill＇d. Hudibras.
3. To make a hole. A hole drilled in a piece of metal. Moxon. 4.
To delay, to put off; a low phrase. She drill＇d him on to five and
fifty. Addison.

DRILL [dyrel, Sax.] 1. A tool for drilling or boring. 2. An
overgrown ape, a baboon. Between a changeling and a drill. Locke.
3. A small dribbling brook. [This I have found no where else, and
suspect it should be rill. Johnson]
Springs thro＇ the pleasant meadows pour their drills. Sandys.

To DRILL one on. 1. To draw on or entice, to amuse. 2. To
protract the time. 3. To draw from step to step; a low phrase. To
drill him on from one lewdness to another. South. 4. To drain, to
draw slowly.
Drill＇d thro＇ the sandy stratum every way. Thomson.

To DRILL [drillen, Du. O. and L. Ger.] 1. To exercise troops,
&c. particularly trained-bands in great cities. 2. To range troops;
an old cant word.
The foes appear＇d drawn up and drill＇d,
Ready to charge them in the field. Hudibras.

DRINK [drinc, Sax. dryck, Su. drack, Goth.] 1. Any thing pota­
ble, liquor to be swallowed; opposed to meat. Drink was only from
the liquid brook. Milton. 2. Liquor of any particular kind. Fruits,
out of which drink is expressed. Bacon.
Better belly burst than good DRINK lost.
An idle saying to encourage toping.

To DRINK, irr. verb neut. irr. part. pret. drunk or drunken,
[trank, Ger. drunc, Sax. drincan, or drencan, Sax. drincken, Du.
trincken, Ger. dricke, Dan. drieka, Su. drickan, Goth.] 1. To sup
liquor, to swallow liquors, to quench thirst. She said, drink. Gen.
2. To feast, to be entertained with liquors. It is turned to a drinking.
Shakespeare. 3. To drink to excess, to be an habitual drunkard, a
phrase used in conversation. 4. To drink to; to salute in drinking,
to invite to drink by drinking first. I drink unto your grace. Shake­
speare.

To DRINK, verb act. 1. To swallow; applied to liquors. He
drinks it off and dies. South. 2. To suck up. The body drinketh
in water. Brown. 3. To take in by any inlet, to hear, to see.
Such the pleas＇d ear will drink with silent joy. Pope.
4. To act upon by drinking. Drink down all unkindness. Shakespeare.
5. To make drunk. Benhadad was drinking himself drunk. 1 Kings.

DRI＇NKABLE [of drink] potable, that may be drank.

DRI＇NKER [of drink] one that drinks to excess, a drunkard. The
drinker and debauched person is the object of scorn. South.

DRI＇NKHAM, or DRI＇NKLAN [drinclean, Sax.] a certain quantity
of drink provided by tenants for the lord and his steward called Scot
ale.

DRINK-MONEY [of drink and money] money given to buy liquor.
Arbuthnot uses it.

DRIP [with architects] 1. The most advanced part of a cornice,
the eaves. 2. That which hangs in drops. Preserving the drips of
the houses. Mortimer.

To DRIP, verb neut. [dripper, Dan. driopan, or drypan, Sax.
druppen, Du. trieffen, Ger.] 1. To drop slowly, to fall in drops. 2.
To have drops falling from it.
Dripping rocks not rolling streams supply. Dryden.

To DRIP, verb act. 1. To let fall in drops. From the thatch drips
fast a shower of rain. Swift. 2. To drop fat in roasting. Let what
he drips be his fauce. Walton.

DRI＇PPER, one of the first signs of a clap; a cant word.

DRI＇PPING [of drip] 1. A slow dropping. 2. The fat which
drops from meat while it is a roasting.
For candles how she trucks her dripping. Swift.

DRIPPING, or DRO＇PPING [with falconers] is when a hawk mutes
directly downward in several drops.

DRI＇PPING-PAN [of drip and pan] the pan in which the fat of roast
meat falls. Throw smoaking coals into the dripping pan. Swift.

DRI＇PPLE, adj. [of drip] This word is used somewhere by Fairfax,
for weak or rare. Dripple shot. Fairfax.

DRIPS [with builders] a sort of steps or flat roofs to walk upon.
The roof is not quite flat, but a little raised in the middle, and those
steps or drips lie each a little inclining to the horizon; a way of build­
ing much used in Italy.

To DRIVE, irr. verb act. drave, or drove, irr. pret. drof, Sax.
dref, Dan. drove, or driven, irr. part. p. [drifan, Sax. diyven, Du.
treiben, Ger. drifve, Dan. drifwa, Su. dreiban, Goth.] 1. To put on,
impel, or force along by pressure. Man drove man along. Pope. 2.
To produce motion in any thing by violence. 3. To expel by force
from any place.
And swordknots, swordknots drive. Pope.
4. To send by force to any place.
Time drives the flocks from field to fold. Shakespeare.
5. To urge in any direction. Drove asunder the nation. Hebrews.
6. To impel with greater speed. 7. To guide and regulate a carriage.
Took off their chariot wheels, so that they drove them heavily. Exo­
dus. 8. To convey animals. Drive them to the shore. Addison. 9.
To clear any place by forcing away what is in it.
To drive the country, force the swains away. Dryden.
10. To force, to compel. Driven to dismount. Sidney. 11. To
distress, to straighten. Desperate men far driven. Spenser. 12. To
urge by violence, not by kindness.
Forc＇d himself to drive, but lov＇d to draw. Dryden.
13. To impel by influence of passion. Discontents drave men into
slidings. K. Charles. 14. To urge, to press to a conclusion. The
experiment we have diligently driven and pursued. Bacon. 15. To
carry on. The merchant cannot drive his trade. Bacon. 16. To pu­
rify by motion. As white as the driven snow. L＇Estrange. 17. To
drive out; to expel. They drave out their governor. Knolles.

To DRIVE, verb neut. 1. To go as impelled by an external agent.
The needle being distracted, driveth that way. Brown. 2. To rush
with violence. The wolves scampered away as fast as they could
drive. L＇Estrange. 3. To pass in a carriage.
There is a litter ready, lay him in＇t,
And drive to＇ard Dover. Shakespeare.
4. To tend to, to consider as the scope. The point he drives at.
Locke. 5. To aim, to strike at with fury. Rogues let drive at me.
Shakespeare.

To DRIVE [sea term] a ship is said to drive when an anchor let fall
will not hold her fast.

To DRI＇VEL [prob. of trieffen, Ger. or from drip, dripple, dribble,
drivel] 1. To let the spittle fall or run down the chin, like a child,
idiot, or dotard. To drivel like some paralytic or fool. Grew. 2. To
be weak or foolish, to dote. This driveling love is like a great na­
tural. Shakespeare.

DRI＇VEL [from the verb] 1. Slaver, moisture shed from the mouth.
Th＇ eternal drivel. Dryden. 2. A fool, an idiot, a driveller; a
sense now obsolete. That drivels speeches. Sidney.

DRI＇VELLER [of drivel] a fool, an idiot, a slaverer. The ar­
rantest drivellers. Swift.

DRI＇VEN, participle of drive. See To DRIVE.

DRI＇VER [of drifan, Sax.] 1. One that drives beasts. The
Driver runs up. L＇Estrange. 2. The person or thing that gives mo­
tion by violence. 3. The person that drives a carriage. Dryden
uses it.

To DRI＇ZZLE, verb act. [prob. of driselen, Ger. to shed dew] to
shed in small slow drops like winter rain. The air doth drizzle dew.
Shakespeare.

To DRIZZLE, verb neut. to fall in small drops like the rain. Dews
and drizzling rains. Addison.

DRI＇ZZLY, adj. [of drizzle] raining in very small drops.

DRO＇FDENNE [drofdenne, Sax.] a thicket of wood in a valley,
a grove or woody place where cattle are kept.

DRO＇FLAND, or DRY＇FLAND [of drifan, Sax. to drive, and land,
q. d. droveland] a quit-rent or yearly payment anciently made to the
king, or to their landlords, by some tenants, for driving their cattle
through the manor to the fairs and markets.

To DROIL, verb neut. to drudge, to work sluggishly. To plod for
their living droil. Spenser. The droiling peasant. Government of the
Tongue.

DROIL [by Junius understood a contraction of drivel] a drudge or
slave, a drone, a sluggard.

DROIT, Fr. right, justice, equity.

DRO＇ITWICH, a borough town of Worcestershire, on the navigable
river Salwarf, and is noted for its springs and salt. It is 95 miles from
London, and sends two members to parliament.

DROLL [drole, Fr.] 1. A merry fellow, a jester, a buffoon. A
droll takes him. L＇Estrange. 2. A farce or mock play, something
exhibited to raise mirth. Lofty lines in Smithfield drolls. Swift.

To DROLL [of droler, Fr.] to play the droll, to be waggish, to joke
or jest. Decided by drolling fantastics. Glanville.








DRO＇LLERY [drolerie, Fr.] idle jokes, a merry way of speaking or
writing, waggish wit, buffoonry. The atheist＇s drollery. Government
of the Tongue.

DRO＇MEDARY [dromadaire, Fr. dromedario, It. Sp. and Port. dro­
medarius, Lat.] a sort of camel, said to be be very swift, and able to
travel more than 100 miles a day, and to go three days without drink.
Dromedaries, so called from their swiftness, are smaller than common
camels, and are of two kinds; one larger, with two small bunches
covered with hair on its back; the other lesser, with one hairy emi­
nence, and more frequently called camel; both are capable of great
fatigue, and very serviceable in the western parts of Asia. They are
about seven feet and a half high, have no fangs and foreteeth, nor
horn upon their feet, which are only covered with a fleshy skin. They
drink much at a time, and are said to disturb the water with their feet;
they keep the water long in their stomachs. Calmet.

DRO＇MO [δρομων, Gr.] a caravel or swift bark that scowrs the
seas.

DROMO＇NES, or DRO＇MOS [old writers] 1. High or tall ships. 2.
Men of war.

DRONE [dræn, droen, and dran, Sax. which Casaubon derives of
αδραγης, Gr. infirm or slothful] 1. A sort of slothful bee or wasp with­
out a sting, that makes no honey, and is therefore driven out by
the rest. The lazy drones. Dryden. 2. A slothful person, an idler.
Married to a drone. Addison.

DRONE, part of a musical instrument, called the hum or instrument
of humming.

To DRONE, verb neut. [from the noun] to live idly, to dream.
A race of droning kings. Dryden.

DRO＇NISH, adj. [of drone] idle, sluggish, unactive. Dronish monks.
Rowe.

To DROOP [prob. of droeven, Du. to be sorrowful] 1. To hang
down the head, to languish with sorrow.
I droop, with struggling spent. Sandys.
2. To faint, to be dispirited. He began to droop and languish. Swift.
3. To sink, to lean downwards. Hung her drooping head. Pope.

DROP [drop, Sax. droppe, Su. druppel, Du. droppe, L. Ger. tropff,
H. Ger.] 1. As much liquor as falls at once without a continued
stream, a globule of moisture. 2. A diamond hanging to the ear.
The drops to thee, Brillante, we consign. Pope.
Many DROPS make a shower.
The Ger. say; Nale pfennige maehen einen thaler. (Many pennies
[N. B. in Germany a penny is but the 12th part of a penny here]
make a dollar (or crown piece.) The Scots say; Many a little makes
a mickle. A number of any thing, tho＇ never so small or trivial, when
put together will make a quantity.

To DROP, verb act. [droppan, Sax. druypen, Du. droppen, L.
Ger. trieffen. H. Ger. dropa, Su.] 1. To pour in drops. His hea­
vens shall drop down dew. Deuteronomy. 2. To let fall. Drop their
anchors. Dryden. 3. To let go from the hand or possession. They
drop their bodies. Watts. 4. To utter slightly or casually. Drop
not thy word against the house of Isaac. Amos. 5. To insert indi­
rectly, or by way of digression. He seldom fails to drop in the great
doctrines. Locke. 6. To intermit, to forbear. To drop our hopes.
Collier. 7. To quit a master. I drop you here. L＇Estrange. 8. To
let go a dependant or companion without farther association. Drop
him in his old age. Addison. 9. To suffer to vanish or come to no­
thing. If it might drop any part. Addison. 10. To bedrop; to vari­
egate with spots. Variis stellatus corpora guttis. Coats bedropp＇d with
gold. Milton.

To DROP, verb neut. 1. To fall in single drops. It droppeth as the
gentle rain. Shakespeare. 2. To discharge itself in drops, to let
drops fall. The heavens drop＇d at the presence of God. Psalms. 3.
To fall, to come from a higher place. You dropped from the moon.
Swift. 4. To fall spontaneously.
Till like ripe fruit thou drop. Milton.
5. To fall in death, to die suddenly. In the dole of blows your son
might drop. Shakespeare. 6. To die. One friend after another drop­
ping. Digby to Pope. 7. To sink into silence, to vanish; a familiar
phrase. To let drop this incident. Addison. 8. To come unexpect­
edly. Takes care to drop in. Addison.

DRO＇PAX [in pharmacy] an external medicine, in form of a plais­
ter, or malgama, used to take off the hair from any part.

DROPS [in architecture] are an ornament in the pillars of the
Doric order, underneath the triglyph, representing drops or little
bells.

DRO＇PPING, subst. [of drop] 1. That which falls in drops. Bar­
relling the droppings. Donne. 2. That which drops after the con­
tinuous stream has ceased.
The last dull droppings of your sense. Pope.

DROP-WORT, an herb.

DRO＇PACISM [dropacismus, Lat. of δρωπαξ, Gr.] a medicine for the
cholic, &c. See DROPAX.

DRO＇PLET, subst. a little drop.
Our brine＇s flow and those our droplets. Shakespeare.

DRO＇PSICAL [of hydropicus, Lat. hydropique, Fr. υδρωπικος, Gr.]
subject to, or troubled with the dropsy. Dropsical persons. Ar­
buthnot.

DRO＇PSICALNESS, the state of having a dropsy.

DRO＇PSIED, adj. [of dropsy] diseased with a dropsy. A dropsied ho­
nour. Shakespeare.

DRO＇P-STONE [of drop and stone] spar formed into the shape of
drops. Woodward uses it.

DRO＇PSY [hydropisie, Fr. idropisia, It. hidropesia, Sp. hydropezia,
Port. hydrops, Lat. υδρωψ, Gr. Anciently hydropisy, thence dropisy,
dropsy. Johnson] the collection of a watry humour, either throughout
the whole body or in some part of it; as the cavity of the abdomen,
&c. “When distributed throughout the body (says Dr. Mead) its seat
is in the membrana cellulosa, which lies between all the membranes
and muscles of the body, and is called a leucophlegmatia, or ανα
σαρκα, i. e. inter cutem.” Tho＇ I think his word [inter] does not
come up to the full force of the Greek præposition [ανα] which signi­
fies along, or a distribution thro＇ the whole length or surface of a thing;
as in that famous clause in the first book of the Iliad.
χρυσεω ανα σκηπτρω ——
The crowns (or garlands) of Apollo being suspended not at either
end, but along the whole length of the golden scepter, which his sup­
plicating priest then held in his hands.
As to the second species of the dropsy, called tympanites, see TYM­
PANITES. The third species of the dropsy, called the ascites, he justly
enough ascribes to it three distinct seats. First, beneath the tendons of
the transversal muscles of the abdomen, and the peritonæum. Secondly,
between the two coats of the peritonæum, for it is a DOUBLE mem­
brane, and by its distension will form a large receptacle of water.—
Lastly, and what is most frequent, in the lower part of the belly it­
self. Mead Monita, &c. p. 123—126. See ASCITES; and if
there be any mistake or deficiency, please to rectify it from hence.

DROSO＇MELI [δροσομελι, Gr.] honey-dew, or manna.

DROSS [dros, Sax. dressen, Du.] 1. The scum or recrement of
metals. The mixture of a little dross. Hooker. 2. Rust upon metal.
Hid under a crust of dross. Addison. 3. Refuse, sweepings, corrup­
tion. Worldly dross. Raleigh.

DRO＇SSINESS [of dros, Sax.] fulness of dross, foulness, rust. Earth­
ly drossiness. Boyle.

DRO＇SSY [drosig, Sax.] 1. Full of, or pertaining to dross. Drossy
and scorious parts. Brown. 2. Worthless, foul. As fire those drossy
rhymes to purify. Donne.

DRO＇TSHEL, subst. [corrupted perhaps from dretchel. To dretch
in Chaucer is to idle, to delay. Droch, in Frisick, is delay. Johnson]
an idle wretch.

DRO＇VA, barb. Lat. [old records] a common way or road for
driving of cattle.

DROVE [draf, Sax.] 1. A herd of cattle; generally used of black
cattle. 2. A number of sheep driven. A drove of sheep. South. 3.
Any collection of animals. All the finny drove. Milton. 4. A
crowd, a tumult.
Droves, as at a city gate may pass. Dryden.

DRO＇VEN, part. [from drive] We had droven them home. Shake­
speare.

DRO＇VER, one who drives cattle for hire or sale. Spoken like an
honest drover; so they sell bullocks. Shakespeare.

DROUGHT [drugode, Sax.] 1. Excessive dryness of the weather,
want of rain. Great droughts in summer. Bacon. 2. Thirst, want
of drink. Pin＇d with hunger and with drought. Milton.
DROUGHT never bred dearth.
This proverb, tho＇ it may seem a paradox to foreigners, is generally
found to be true in England; for tho＇ the straw in such years may be
short, the grain is generally hearty. Not to mention former years, it
was sufficiently verified in 1730.

DROU＇GHTINESS [drugothig, and nesse, Sax.] The state of want­
ing rain.

DROU＇GHTY [of drugoth, Sax.] 1. Thirsty, dry with thirst.
Droughty throat. Philips. 2. Wanting rain, sultry. Droughty and
parched countries. Ray.

DROUTH [drugoth, Sax.] thirst. Milton uses it.

To DROWN, verb act. [prob of drunden, Ger. below or under, accord­
ing to Skinner, or of verdroncken, Du. or ertroncken, Ger. drowned,
of druncnian, Sax. Mr. Lye] 1. To plunge or overwhelm in water.
Gallies drowned in the harbour. Knolles. 2. To suffocate in water.
They would drown those that refused to swim. K. Charles. 3. To
overflow, to deluge. They drown the land. Dryden. 4. To im­
merge, to lose in any thing. In sensual pleasures drown＇d. Davies.
5. To lose in something that overpowers or covers. His doings
drown＇d in another man＇s praise. Spenser.

To DROWSE, verb act. [droosen, Du.] to make heavy with sleep.
My drowsed senses, Milton.

To DROWSE, verb neut. 1. To be drowsy or sleepy, to slumber.
More wakeful than to drowse. 2. To look heavy, not cheerful.
They rather drows＇d and hung their eyelids down. Shakespeare.

DRO＇WSILY [of drowsy] 1. Sleepingly, with inclination to sleep.
Drowsily, like humming beetles. Dryden. 2. Sluggishly, lazily.
Slothfully and drowsily sit down. Raleigh.

DROW＇SINESS [of drowsy] 1. Sleepiness, inclination to sleep.
Drowsiness and lying a bed. Locke. 2. Idleness, inactivity. Shake
off your drowsiness. Bacon.

DROW＇SY [prob. of droosen, Du. to slumber always] 1. Sleepy, heavy
with sleep. Men drowsy and desirous to sleep. Bacon. 2. Heavy,
lulling. Drowsy murmurs. Addison. 3. Stupid, dull. Drowsy rea­
soning. Atterbury.

To DROWN, verb neut. to be suffocated in water. Never nigh
drowning. Ascham.

DRO＇WNING, plunging to sinking over head and ears in water.

DRO＇WSIHED, sleepiness, disposition to sleep; now obsolete. Shook
off drowsihed. Spenser.

DRU [in doomsday-book] a thicket or wood.

To DRUB [q. d. to dub, i. e. to beat upon a drum. The late Dr.
Wotton derives it from adharabba, Arab. Johnson, of druber, Dan. to
kill] to thresh, to cudgel or bang soundly; a word of contempt.
Soundly drubbed with a cudgel. L＇Lstrange.

DRUB [from the verb] a thump, a blow. Innumerable drubs and
contusions. Addison.

DRU＇BBING [in Barbary, &c.] a beating with a bull＇s pizzle, or
cane, on the bum, belly, or soles of the feet.

DRUDGE, one that does all mean services; that labours very hard.
Rewards his drudges and slaves. L＇Estrange.

To DRUDGE, verb neut. [prob. of dreccan Sax. to vex or op­
press, or of tragen, draghen, Du.] 1. To carry or bear, to toil or
moil in mean offices. 2. To fish for oisters. This should be written
dredge.

DRU＇DGER [of drudge] 1. A mean labourer. 2. The drudging­
box out of which flour is thrown on roast meat. 3. One who fishes
for oysters. This should be written dredger.

DRU＇DGERY [of drudge] dirty laborious work, slavery. Instru­
ments for drudgery as well as offices of drudgery. L＇Estrange.

DRUDGING-BOX [of drudging and box] the box out of which flour
is sprinkled on roasting meat.

DRU＇DGINGLY, adv. [of drudging] laboriously.








To DRUG, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To season with medicinal
drugs. I＇ve drug＇d their possets. Shakespeare. 2. To tincture with
something offensive.
Drug＇d as oft
With hatefullest disrelish. Milton.

DRU＇GGERMAN, or DRA＇GOMAN [δραγομανος, Gr.] an interpreter
made use of in the eastern countries.

DRU＇GGET [droguet, Fr. drogbetta, It.] a sort of woollen stuff. In
druggets drest of thirteen pence a yard. Swift.

DRU＇GGIST, or DRUGSTER [droguiste. Fr. droghiere, It. drogisto, Sp.
drocghist, Du.] one who deals in, and sells drugs.

DRUGS [drogues, Fr. droghe, It. drogas, Sp.] 1. All kinds of sim­
ples for the use of physic. Spicy drugs. Milton. 2. Any thing with­
out worth or value, pitiful, sorry commodities that remain with the
tradesman. Virtue shall a drug hecome. Dryden. 3. A drudge.
He from his first swath proceeded
Thro＇ sweet degrees that this brief world affords,
To such as may the passive drugs of it freely command.
Shakespeare.

DRU＇GSTER [of drug] one who sells physical simples. At the drug­
sters. Boyle. See DRUGGIST.

DRU＇IDS [derhniden, Brit. i. e. very wise men, or of δρυαδες, of
δρυς, Gr. an oak, druides, Fr. druidi, It. derio, oaks, and hud, incanta­
tion, which may be as ancient as the Greek δρυς, Perron; darrach, oak,
Ersc] certain magi or priests among the ancient Gauls and Britains, to
whom was committed the care of providing sacrifices, of prescribing
laws for their worship, of deciding the controversies amongst the peo­
ple, concerning the bounds of their lands, and such like.
They had also the tutoring of young children, who commonly re­
mained under their tuition for twenty years. They taught them many
verses, which they caused them to learn by heart, without the assistance
of any writing; and those who had not been instructed by these druids,
were not esteemed sufficiently qualified to manage the affairs of state.
At the end of the year, their custom was to go with great reverence,
and gather branches and leaves of oak misletoe, to make a present to
Jupiter, inviting all the people to this ceremony by these words, which
they caused to be proclaimed, Come to the oak branches the new year.
They had oaks in great estimation, and all that grew on them, espe­
cially misletoe, which they worshipped as a thing sent unto them from
heaven. They caused meat to be prepared under an oak where
misletoe grew, and two white bulls to be brought out, having their
horns bound, i. e. first set to the plough; then the priest arrayed in
white, climbed up a tree, and having a bill of gold in his hand,
threshed off of the misletoe; then offered the sacrifice, praying that
the gift might be prosperous to the receivers, supposing the beast that
was barren, if it drank of the misletoe, would be very fruitful, and that
it was a remedy against all poison.
They are reported to have been very cruel, and ordinarily murdered
men upon the altars of their gods; and also in their schools, for it is
related of one of their doctors named Herophilus, that he taught
anatomy over the bodies of living men at times, to the number of
700.
It is reported the Gauls borrowed this superstition from Britain; and
Tacitus says, that they were first in Britain.
Suetonius says, their worship was prohibited by Augustus, and the
profession quite abolished under Claudius Cæsar.

To DRUM [trommelen, Du. and Ger.] 1. To beat upon a drum.
2. To beat with a pulsatory motion,
Heart take thy rest within the quiet cell,
For thou shalt drum no more. Dryden.

DRUM [tromme, Dan. trommel, Du. and Ger.] a warlike musi­
cal instrument., consisting of vellum strained over a wooden cylinder
on each end, and beaten with sticks. In drums, the closeness round
about preserveth the sound from dispersing. Bacon.

DRUM of the Ear [in anatomy] a membrane of the cavity of the
ear, called the tympanum, that perceives the vibrations of the
air.

To DRU＇MBLE, verb neut. to be slugglish, to drone. Hammer.
Look how you drumble. Shakespeare.

DRU＇MFISH, the name of a fish. The undersaw of the drumfish
from Virginia. Woodward.

DRUM-MAJOR, the chief drummer of a regiment. The drum-majors
oaths of bulk unruly. Cleaveland.

DRUM-MAKER [of drum and make] he who makes drums. The
drum makers use it. Mortimer.

DRU＇MMER [of drum] he who beats a drum.

DRU＇MSTICK [of drum and stick] the stick with which a drum is
beaten.

D. R. W. [with perfumers, &c.] Damask Rose Water.

DRUNK, or DRU＇NKEN, adj. druncen, Sax. droncken, Du. drunc­
ken, Ger. drunckne, Dan. drucke, Su.] 1. Fuddled, intoxicated with
drink. 2. Saturated with moisture. Mine arrows drunk with blood.
Deuteronomy. 3. Addicted to habitual drunkenness. 4. Done in a
state of drunkenness. Drunken quarrels. Swift. See To DRINK.
Drunken folks seldom take harm.
I fear this proverb is ill grounded, and often put to an ill use to pal­
liate drunkenness. They do indeed escape a great many dangers we
might reasonably expect them to fall into; but then, on the other side,
what have ever been the dire consequences of drunkenness. And how
numerous are the instances of the fatal misfortunes which have ever at­
tended it. The story is very applicable of the man who being put to
the fatal choice of committing murder, being guilty of incest with his
mother, or getting drunk, and abhorring the two former, engaged in
the latter, as seemingly most venial; but in his drunken sit, perpetrated
both the other.
Ever DRUNK, ever dry.
Lat. Parthi quò plus bibunt, eò plus sitiunt. Drought is the natural
consequence of being drunk, occasioned by the heat and serment in
the blood, from the wine or other strong liquor.
As DRUNK as beggars.
By this proverb one would be apt to judge this vice was formerly pe­
culiar only to the meaner sort of people. But experience, as well as a
saying, now more used (As drunk as a lord) teaches that it has got foot­
ing among the nobility.

DRU＇NKARD [drincord, of drmcan and acrd, nature, or of drun­
cen georn, Sax.] a drinker to excess of strong liquors.

To DRU＇NKEN [druncman, Sax.] to drink to excess.

DRU＇NKENLY, adv. [of drunken] in a drunken manner. Drunkenly
carous＇d. Shakespeare.

DRU＇NKENNESS [of druncennysse, Sax.] 1. Excessive drinking of
strong liquors. 2. Habitual ebriety. 3. Intoxication of any kind,
disorder of the saculties. Passion is the drunkenness of the mind. Spen­
ser.

DRUNKENNESS, considered physically, is a preternatural compres­
sion of the brain, and a discomposure of its fibres, occasioned by the
fumes or spirituous parts of liquors.
What soberness conceals, DRUNKENNESS reveals.
Lat. Quod in corde sobrii, in lingua ebrii. (What is in the heart of
the sober man, is in the tongue of the drunkard; or, In vitio veritas.
Gr. Εν οινω αληθεια, (In wine truth.) Fr. Le vin fait dire la verité.
(When wine is in, the wit is out.) See WINE.

DRY, adj. [drigge, Sax. drooge, Du. trocken and duerre, Ger.
droege, L. Ger. torre, Dan. duerr, Celt. durslig, H. Ger.] 1. Having
no juice or moisture. Dry as hay. Shakespeare. 2. Barren, unem­
bellished, slat. Our stile in writing should be neither dry nor empty.
Ben Johnson. 3. Thirsty. So dry he was for sway. Shakespeare.
4. Not moist, acrid. The pipe a little wet on the inside will make
a differing sound from the same pipe dry. Bacon. 5. Being without
rain. A dry March and a dry May. Bacon. 6. Being without tears.
Dry mourning. Dryden. 7. Hard, scvere. [Drien, anciently to en­
dure]
Hard dry bastings used to prove
The readiest remedies of love,
Next a dry diet. Hudibras.
He who drinks when he is not DRY, will be DRY when he has
no drink.
That is, will consume his substance in drunkenness and its atten­
dants, and thereby render himself incapable of paying for mere neces­
sities.
DRY bargains are seldom successful.
Spoken when people are about a bargain, and propose doing it over
a glass. The Latins say; Venalia, sine vino, expediri non possunt.
To DRY snow in an oven.
Ger. Soknee in ofen doerren. We have a great many more pro­
verbs to the same purpose, to shew the folly of attempting impossi­
bilities; as, To wash a blackmoor white; To draw water in a sieve;
To kick against the pricks, &c.

DRY [spoken of wine] a wine that by reason of its age is pretty
well dephlegmated, or has lost much of its waterish quality.

DRY Exchange, usury, a name given to mollify it, when something
is pretended to be exchanged on both sides, but nothing really passes
but on one side.

DRY Bob, a smart or sharp repartee; a cant phrase.

DRY [or Sly] Boots, a close cunning person: a cant phrase.

DRY Bodies [with philosophers] are such whose pores contained
between their parts, are not filled with any visible liquor.

DRY Rent [in law] a rent reserved without clause of distress.

DRY Stich [with surgeons] is when the lips of a wound are drawn
together by means of a piece of linen cloth, with strong glew stuck on
each side.

To DRY [drigan, Sax. droogen, Du. trocknen, H. Ger. droegen,
L. Ger. torre, Dan.] 1. To make dry, to free from moisture. Heat
drieth bodies. Bacon. 2. To exhale moisture. Water exhaled and
dried up by the sun. Woodward. 3. To wipe away moisture. With
her vest the wound she wipes and dries. Denham. 4. To scorch with
thirst. Their multitude dried up with thirst. Isaiah. 5. To drain,
to exhaust. Dried an immeasurable bowl. Philips.

To DRY Shave, too cheat, to gull, to chouse notoriously.

DRY＇ADES [Δρυαδες, of δρυς, Gr. an oak or any tree] nymphs
which the ancients imagined to inhabit the woods and groves, and to
hide themselves under the bark of the oak. The ancients had a no­
tion that they had their peculiar trees, with which they were born and
died with them, that they were refreshed when the rain descended on
them, and grieved when the winter deprived them of their leaves, and
were sensible of blows and wounds, They were usually painted of a
brown or tawny complexion, hair thick like moss, and their garments
of a dark green. There are stories of several of these dryades that have
done favours to those that have preserved their trees, and others that
have taken revenge on those that had hurt them.

DRY＇ER [of dry] that which has the quality of absorbing moisture.
This plant is a great drier. Temple.

DRY-EYED, adj. [of dry and eye] being without tears, not weeping.
Dry-eyed behold. Milton.

DRY＇LY [of dry] 1. Without moisture. 2. Coldly, without af­
fection. Conscious to himself how dryly the king had been used. Ba­
con. 3. Barrenly. without ornament. Some dryly plain, without in­
vention＇s aid. Pope.

DRY＇NESS [of driggenesse, Sax. or of droogl, Du.] 1. Want of
moisture. Torrified by the sun, by dryness from the soil. Brown. 2.
Want of succulence. The dryness of his bones. Shakespeare. 3. Want
of embellishment, want of pathos, jejuneness. Penury of fancy, or
dryness of expression. Garth. 4. Want of sensibility in devotion, want
of ardour. By this dryness of spirit, God intends to make us the more
fervent. Taylor.

DRY＇NURSE [of dry and nurse] 1. A woman who brings up and
feeds a child without the breast. 2. One who takes care of another:
with something of contempt for the person taken care of. In the
manner of his nurse or his drynurse. Shakespeare.

To DRYNURSE, verb act. [from the noun] to feed without the
breast.
As Romulus a wolf did rear,
So he was drynurs＇d by a bear. Hudibras.

DRYO＇PTERIS [δρυοπτερις, Gr.] the herb osmund-royal, oak fern
or petty-fern.








DRY＇SHOD, adj. [of dry and shod] being without wet feet, not tread­
ing above the shoes in the water. We could not return dryshod. Sid­
ney.

DU＇AL [dualis, Lat.] of or belonging to two; as, the dual num­
ber.

DU＇AL, [dualis, Lat. with grammarians] when the number sig­
nifies two persons or things, and no more. The Greek and He­
brew have one variation to signify two, and another to signify more
than two. Clark.

DUA＇LITY [of dualitas, Lat.] a being two.

DUA＇RIUM, or DOA＇RIUM, law Lat. [in ancient deeds] the join­
ture of a wife settled on her at marriage, to be enjoyed by her after her
husband＇s deceased.

DU＇ARCHY [δυαρχια, of δυω and αρχη, Gr.] a form of government
where two rule jointly.

To DUB, verb act. [dubban, zo ridere, Sax. addubba till ridda­
ra, Island. to dub a knight. Addubba, in its primary sense, signifies to
strike, knights being made by a blow with the sword. Johnson] 1. To
confer the honour of knighthood upon man. Each knight when he
was dubbed. Camden. 2. To confer any dignity or new character in
general. As a king hunting dubs a hart. Cleaveland.

DUB, subst. [from the verb] a blow, a knock.
As skilful coopers hoop their tubs,
With Lydian and with Phrygian dubs. Hudibras.

DU＇BBING of Cocks [among cock-fighters] the cutting off their combs
and wattles.

DU＇BIOUS [dubbioso, It. duvidoso, Port. dubius, Lat.] 1. Doubtful,
not settled in an opinion. 2. Uncertain, that of which the truthis not
fully known. We call a dubious or doubtful proposition when there
are no arguments on either side. Watts. 3. Not plain, not clear.
Wafts on the calmer wave by dubious light. Milton.

DU＇BIOUSLY, adv. [of dubious] doubtfully, uncertainly, without
determination. Authors write often dubiously. Brown.

DU＇BIOUSNESS [of dubious] doubtfulness, uncertainty.

DUBITA＇TION [dubitatio, Lat.] the act of doubting, doubt. Dubi­
cation may be called a negative perception, that is, when I perceive
that what I see is not what I would see. Grew.

DU＇BLIN, the capital of the province of Leinster, and of all Ire­
land, situated at the mouth of the river Liffee, 60 miles west of Holy­
head in Wales. Lat. 53° 16′ N. Long. 6° 15′ W. It is a large
and beautiful city, pleasantly situated; having a view of the sea on
one side, and of a fine country on the other. It is the seat of the
courts of justice, the see of an archbishop, and has a noble college,
which is an university of itself.

DU＇BITABLE [dubitalis, Lat.] doubtful, uncertain.

DU＇CAL, Fr. and Sp. [ducale, It. of ducalis, Lat.] of or pertaining
to a duke.

DUCAL Coronet, has only flowers raised above the circle, which
none of an inferior rank can have, nor may they mix flowers with the
crosses, which only belongs to the prince.

DUCA＇PE, a sort of silk used for womens garments.

DU＇CAT, or DU＇CKET [ducat, Fr. ducato, It. ducádo, Sp. proba­
bly so called, because coined in the territories of a duke] a foreign coin
both of gold and silver, different in value, according to the places
where they are current, ordinarily 4 s. 6 d. when silver, and 9 s. 8 d.
when gold.

DUCATOO＇N, or DUCKATOON [ducaton, Fr. ducaione, It.] a foreign
coin, much the same as the ducat, of different values, as that of Hol­
land worth 6 s. and 8 d. 3 5ths Sterling, and that of Lucca in Italy,
4 s. 6 d.

A DUCE [deux, Fr. of duo, Lat.] the number 2 of cards or
dice.

DUCE take you [as some think from dues, Sax. a spectre] the devil
or an evil spirit take you.

DU＇CES Tecum, Lat. a writ commanding one to appear in chancery,
and to bring some evidence with him, or some other matter which that
court would view.

DU＇CHESS [duchesse, Fr.] a duke＇s wife. See DUTCHESS.

DU＇CHY [duché, Fr.] a dukedom. See DUTCHY.

DUCK [of duycken, Du. tauchen, Ger. to dive] 1. A water­
fowl, both wild and tame. 2. A word of endearment. My dainty
duck, my dear-a. Shakespeare. 3. A declination of the head, so cal­
led from the frequent action of a duck in the water. Here be without
duck or nod. Milton. 4. A stone thrown obliquely on the surface of
the water. Ducks and drakes. Arbuthnot and Pope.

To DUCK [of duycken, Du. &c. or of gedufian, Sax.] to dive
under water as a duck. In Tiber ducking thrice. Dryden.

To DUCK, verb act. 1. To put under water. 2. To bow low,
to cringe. In the Scottish, to juyk, or to make obeisance is still used.
The learned pate
Ducks to the golden fool. Shakespeare.
3. To drop down the head as a duck. Will duck his head aside.
Swift.

DUCK＇s Meat, a sort of herb that grows on ponds and standing wa­
ters.

DU＇CKER [from duck] 1. A diver. 2. One that cringes. 3. (With
cock-fighters) a cock that in fighting runs about the pit almost at every
stoke he strikes.

DU＇CKING at the Main Yard [with sailors] is when at sea a male­
factor having a piece of rope fastened under his arms, about his
waste, and under his breach, is hoisted up to the end of the yard, and
let fall from thence violently two or three times into the sea.

Dry DUCKING, is a punishment by hanging the offender by a cord a
few yards above the surface of the water, and publishing the punish­
ment by the discharge of cannon.

DU＇CKINGSTOOL [of duck and stool] a chair in which scolds are
tied and put under water. Make the ducking stool more useful. Addison.

DU＇CKLEGGED [of duck and leg] short-legged. Ducklegged, short­
waisted. Dryden.

DU＇CKLING [of duck] a young duck. Ray uses it.

DUCKO＇Y, subst. any means of enticing or ensnaring. To lead
captive silly women, and make them the duckoys. Decay of Piety. See
To DUCKOY.

To DUCKOY, verb act. [mistaken for decoy. The decoy being com­
monly practised on ducks produced the error. Johnson] to entice to a
snare. With this he duckoys little fishes. Grew.

DU＇CKSFOOT, black snakeroot or May-apple.

DU＇CKWEED [of duck and weed] the same with auckmeat. Bacon
uses it.

DUCT [ductus, Lat.] a canal, a tube, a passage, through which
any thing is conducted. A duct from each of those cells ran into the
root of the tongue. Addison. 2. Guidance, direction. To follow the
duct of the stars. Hammond.

DUCTABI＇LITY [ductabilitas, Lat.] easiness of belief, or of being
led.

DU＇CTILE [ductilis, Lat.] 1. That may easily be drawn out into
wires, or hammered out into thin plates. Bodies ductile and tensile as
metals. Bacon. 2. Flexible, pliable. The ductile rind and leaves of
radiant gold. Dryden. 3. Tractable, yielding. Leaders cannot de­
sire a more ductile and easy people to work upon. Addison.

DU＇CTILENESS [of ductile] ductility, easiness to be drawn out in
length. Donne uses it.

DUCTI＇LITY [of ductile; in physic] 1. A property of certain bodies,
which renders them capable of being beaten, drawn or stretched out
without breaking, as in the wire of metals. Yellow colour and duc­
tility are properties of gold. 2. Compliance, obsequiousness.

DU＇CTUS, Lat. a guiding, leading or drawing: also a conduit for
conveying water.

DUCTUS Adiposi, Lat. [with anatomists] are little vascules in the
omentum, which either receive the fat separated from the adiposi lo­
culi, or cells, or else bring it into them.

DUCTUS Bilarius [with anatomists] a canal, which, with the ductus
cysticus, makes the ductus communis choledochus, which passes
obliquely to the lower end of the gut duodenum, or beginning of the
jejunum.

DUCTUS Chyliferus, the same as ductus thoracicus.

DUCTUS Communis Choledochus, Lat. [with anatomists] a large canal
formed by the union of the ductus cysticus and hepaticus.

DUCTUS Cysticus, Lat. [with anatomists] a canal about the bigness
of a goose quill, that goes from the neck of the gall-bladder, to that
part where the porus bilarius joins it.

DUCTUS Lachrymales, Lat. [with anatomists] the excretory vessels of
the glandulæ lachrymales, serving for the effusion of tears.

DUCTUS Pancreaticus, Lat. [with anatomists] a little canal arising
from the pancreas, running along the middle of it, and is inserted into
the gut duodenum, serving to discharge the pancreatic juice into the
intestines.

DUCTUS Roriferus, Lat. the same as ductus thoracicus.

DUCTUS Salivares, Lat. [with anatomists] the excretory tubes of
the salival glands, proceeding from the maxillary glandules, and pas­
sing as far as the jaws and sides of the tongue, serve to discharge the
secreted saliva into the mouth.

DUCTUS Thoracicus, Lat. [with anatomists] a vessel arising about
the kidney on the left side, and ascending along the chest near the
great artery, ends at the subclavian vein on the left side, serving to con­
vey the juices, called chyle and lympha, from the lower parts to the
heart.

DUCTUS Umbilicalis, Lat. [with anatomists] the navel or umbilical
passage pertaining to a child in the womb.

DUCTUS Urinarius, Lat. [with anatomists] the urinary passage.

DUCTUS Wirtsungianus, the ductus pancreaticus, so called, because
first found out by Wirtsungius.

DU＇DGEON. 1. Stomachfulness, grudge, ill will. 2. A small dag­
ger. On the blade of thy dudgeon goats of blood. Shakespeare.
When civil DUDGEON first grew high,
And men fell out they knew not why. Hudibras.

To take in DU＇DGEON [some suppose it to be taken from dudgeon,
a dagger, thence to resent a thing so ill as to draw the dagger, or as
others from dolg, Sax. a wound] to take in ill part, to be displeased
at.

DU＇DLEY, a market town of Worcestershire, on the borders of Staf­
fordshire, 119 miles from London.

DU＇DMAN, a malkin, a scare-crow, a hob-goblin.

DUE, adj. [the part. pass. of to owe; deu, of devoir, Fr.] 1. Owed
or unpaid, that which any one has a right to demand, in consequence
of a compact or any other consideration. There is due from the judge
to the advocate some commendation. Bacon. 2. Proper, fit. A due
sense of the vanity of earthly satisfactions. Atterbury. 3. Exact, be­
ing without deviation. Beating the ground in so due time, as no dancer
can observe better measure. Sidney.

DUE, adv. [from the adj.] exactly, duly, directly. Keeps due on.
Shakespeare.

DUE, subst. [from the adj.] 1. That which belongs to one of right,
that which may be justly claimed. What share of power was their
due. Swift. 2. What custom or law requires to be done. They pay
the dead his annual dues. Dryden. 4. Tribute, custom. Exorbitant
dues paid at other ports. Addison.

To DUE, verb act. [from the noun] to pay one as due; a word
not used.
This is the latest glory of their praise,
That I thy enemy due thee withal. Shakespeare.
He who loses (or neglects) his DUE, gets no thanks.
Or, Good debts become bad, if not called in. Lat. Bona nomina male
fiunt, si non exigas. H. Ger. Eine gute schuld verdirbt, die man nicht
bald crwirbt. The Sp. say; Ni tomes cohécho, ni perdas derécho.
(Take no bribe, nor lose no due.)

DU＇EL, Fr. [duello, It. duélo, Sp. of duellum, Lat. and that of du­
fel, Cambr. and Armor. of dela, Celt. to war, whence likewise, says
Wachterus, the Lat. bellum, as well as duellum, (none of the other
common derivations of that word being defendable.) Vossius and
Sanctius allow bellum to be formed of duellum, as the ancient word,
and because in war there are always two opposite parties; but so there
are in all friendly treaties and conferences; how then comes duellum to
be applied to warriors? This would be difficult to account for, other­
wise than by supposing it to be for dusellum, a combat between two,
and thence bellum or fellum, a war. Sanctius derides those gramma­






rians who make a difference between bellum and duellum; but, says the
same Wachterus, he is rather worthy of derision, who derives the
simple from the compound] a single combat between two persons, at a
certain place and hour appointed, according to a challenge. The mat­
ter tried by duel between two champious. Bacon.

DUE＇LLA, the third part of an ounce, containing 8 scruples or 2
drachms and 2 scruples.

DU＇ELLER, or DU＇ELLIST [dueliste, Fr.] 1. A person who fights a
duel. They begin as single duellers. Decay of Piety. Two duellists
enter the field. Sucking. 2. One who professes to live by rules of ho­
nour.
His bought arms Mung not lik＇d; for his first day
Of bearing them in field, he threw ＇em away,
And hath no honour lost, our duellists say. Bon Johnson.

DU＇ELLISTS [according to Mr. Boyle] the two principles of those
chymical philosophers, who pretend to explicate all the phænomena in
nature, from the doctrine of alkali and acid.

DUE＇LLO subst. It. the duel, the rule of duelling. One bout with
you: He cannot by the duello avoid it. Shakespeare.

DU＇ENESS [of due] the quality of being due.

DUE＇NNA, Sp. subst. an old woman kept to guard a younger. I
brib＇d her duenna. Arbuthnot and Pope.

DUE＇RO, or DURO, a large river, which rising in Old Castile, in
Spain, runs from cast to west, crosses the province of Leon, and, af­
dividing Portugal from Spain by a southerly course, turns westward,
crosses Portugal, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean at Porto-Port.

DUE＇TTI, or DUE＇TTO, It. [in music books] little songs or airs
in two parts.

A DUG [some derive it of duyght, Du. a faucet, because the milk
is sucked out of it as liquor out of a faucet; deggia, Island, to give suck.
Johnson] 1. The teat of a cow or other beast, and spoken in malice
or contempt of human beings. Nourished with the milk of a strange
dug. Raleigh. 2. It seems to have been formerly used of the breast
without reproach. Dying with mother＇s dug between its lips. Shake­
speare.

DUG-Tree, a kind of shrub.

DUG, pret. and part. pass. of to dig. See To DIG.

DUKE [duc, Fr. duce. It. duque, Sp. and Port. dux, of ducendo, Lat.
leading] one of the highest orders of nobility in England, a nobleman,
in rank next to the royal family. Dukes are so called, of being leaders
of armies, and generals to kings and emperors, and anciently enjoyed
the title no longer than they had the command: But, in process of time,
great estates were annexed to the titles, and so the dignity became he­
reditary. But this was earlier in other nations than in England. And
the first duke created in England was Edward, called the Black
Prince, who was eldest son to king Edward III. and was created duke
of Cornwal, which is one of the titles of the prince of Wales. The
manner of creating a duke is as follows:
He having his hood and surcoat on, is led betwixt a duke and a
marquis, one going before with his sword, and before him, one with
the robe and mantle on his shoulders, with 4 guards of ermine.
On the right hand an earl bears the cap of state, of the same as the
mantle, and doubled ermine; but not indented as those of the royal
blood are. The cap within a coronet of gold, adorned with leaves
without pearls. On the left hand another bears a rod or verge.
All the said peers are to be in their robes, and thus they conduct
him into the presence chamber; where having made obeisance three
times to the king sitting in his chair, the person to be invested kneels
down.
Then Garter king at arms delivers the patent to the king, who re­
turns it to be read aloud, and when he comes to the word ínvestimus,
the king puts the ducal mantle on him that is to be made a duke, and
at the words gladio cincturamus, girds on his sword; at the words
cappa & circuli aurei impositionem, the king likewise puts on his head
the cap and coronet of gold; and at these words, virgæ aureæ tradi­
tionem, gives the rod or verge of gold into his hand.
Then the rest of the said charter being read, wherein he is declared
duke, the king gives him the said charter or patent to be kept.
A duke may have in all places out of the king and prince＇s presence
a cloth of estate hanging down within half a yard of the ground, as
may his duchess, who may also have her train borne by a baroness;
and no earl, without permission from him, is to wash with a duke.
The eldest sons of dukes are, by the courtesy of England, stiled mar­
quises, and their younger sons lords, with the addition of their chri­
stian names, as lord Thomas, lord John, and take place of Viscounts;
but not so privileged by the laws of the land.
A duke has the title of grace, and being writ unto, is stiled, most
high, potent, and noble prince.
Dukes of the blood royal are stiled, most high, most mighty, and
illusirious princes.

DUKE-DUKE, a grandee of the house of Sylva, who has that title
on account of his having several dukedoms.

DU＇KEDOM [duché, Fr. ducato, It. ducada, Sp. and Port. ducatus,
Lat.] 1. The dominion and territories of a duke. The dukedom of
Tuscany. Addison. 2. The title and quality of a duke.

DULBRAI＇NED, adj. [of dull and brain] stupid, foolish. Dulbrain＇d
Buckingham. Shakespeare.

DULCA＇MARA, Lat. [of dulcis, sweet, and amarus, Lat. bitter] the
herb windy nightshade.

DULCA＇RNON, a certain proposition found out by Pythagoras, upon
which account he offered an ox in sacrifice to the Gods, and called it
dulcarnon. Whence the word has been taken by Chaucer and others
for any hard, knotty question or point.

To be at DULCARNON, to be nonplussed, to be at one＇s wit＇s end.

DU＇LCET, adj. [of dulcis, Lat.] 1. Sweet to the taste, luscious. She
tempers dulcet creams. Milton. 2. Sweet to the ear, melodious.
Dulcet symphonies and voices sweet. Milton.

DULCIFICA＇TION [of dulcify] the act of making sweet, or of free­
ing from acidity, saltness or acrimony. Boyle uses it.

DULCI＇FLUOUS [dulcifluus, Lat.] flowing sweetly.

To DU＇LCIFY, verb act. [dulcifier, Fr. with chemists] is to wash
the salt off, or any other acrimony or acidity, from a mixed body, which
was calcined with it. Dulcified tincture of vitriol. Wiseman.

DULCI＇LOQUY [of dulcis, sweet, and loquium, Lat. discourse] a
soft and sweet manner of speaking.

DU＇LCIMER [dulcimor, It. dulcimello, Sp.] a musical instrument; it
is played upon by striking the brass wires with two little sticks.

DU＇LCINISTS [so called from one Dulcin their ring-leader] a sect
of heretics, who held that the father having reigned from the beginning
of the world till the coming of Christ, then the reign of the Son began,
and lasted till the year 1300, and then began the reign of the Holy
Ghost.

DULCI＇NO, It. a small bassoon.

To DU＇LCORATE, verb act. [of dulcis, Lat.] to sweeten, to render
less acrimonious. The dulcorating of fruit. Bacon.

DULCORA＇TION, Lat. the act of making sweet. Bacon uses it.

DU＇LEDGE, a wooden peg, which joins the ends of the 6 fellows,
which form the round of a wheel of a gun carriage.

DU＇LHEAD, subst. [of dull and head] a dolt, a blockhead. Fools
and dulheads to all goodness. Ascham.

DU＇LIA, Lat. [δουλεια, Gr.] an inferior kind of adoration. The
different degeees of latria and dulia. Stillingfleet.

DULL [dwl, C. Brit. a blockhead, dole, Sax. dull, Du. toll, Ger.
mad, all which Casaubon chuses to derive either from αδολος, simple,
free from deceit, or from δουλος, Gr. a servant] 1. Stupid, blockish,
slow of understanding. Dull-spirited men. Hooker. 2. Obtuse, blunt.
Thy scythe is dull, whet it for shame. Herbert. 3. Unready, awk­
ward. Dull for want of exercise. Locke. 4. Not quick, hebetated.
Their ears are dull of hearing. St. Matthew. 5. Sad melancholy. 6.
Sluggish, heavy, slow of motion. The waters waxed dull and slow.
Spenser. 7. Gross, cloggy, vile. Upon the dull earth dwelling. Shakesp.
8. Not exhilerating, not delightful. 9. Not bright. A soft and dull­
ey＇d fool. Shakespeare. 10. Drowsy, sleepy.

To DULL, verb act. 1. To render dull, to stupify. Nothing more
dulled the wits. Ascham. 2. To blunt, to obtund. It dulled their swords.
Bacon. 3. To sadden, to make melancholy. 4. To hebetate, to
weaken. The troublous noise did dull their dainty ears. Spenser. 5.
To damp, to clog. Attention wasted or dulled through continuance.
Hooker. 6. To make weary or slow of motion. 7. To fully bright­
ness. The breath dulls the mirror. Bacon.

DU＇LLARD, subst. [of dull] a blockhead, a dunce. Mak＇st thou
me a dullard in this act? Shakespeare.

DU＇LLY, adv. [of dull] 1. Heavily. To imitate nature dully.
Dryden. 2. Stupidly, sluggishly, slowly. Maketh it burn more dully.
Bacon. 3. Not vigorously, not gaily, not brightly.

DU＇LNESS [of dwl, C. Brit. a blockhead, dole, Sax.] 1. Stupidity,
flowness of apprehension. The dulness of the scholar. South. 2. Want
of quick perception. A satiety and dullness. Bacon. 3. Drowsiness.
＇Tis a good dullness. Shakespeare. 4. Sluggishness of motion. 5.
Dimness, want of lustre. 6. Bluntless, want of edge.

DULO＇CRACY [δουλοκρατεια, of δουλος, a servant, and κρατος, Gr.
power] a government in which servants and slaves have so much li­
berty and privilege that they domineer.

DU＇LVELTON, a market town of Somersetshire, on the borders of
Devonshire, on the Dunsbrook, near its fall into the Ex, 196 miles
from London.

DULY, adv. [from due] 1. Exactly, as by duty requir＇d. Duly
sent his family. Pope. 2. Properly, in the due manner. Attention
duly engaged to those reflections. Rogers.

DU＇MAL [dumalis, Lat.] pertaining to briars, &c.

DUM fuit intra ætatem, Lat. a writ of one, who before he came to
his full age, made an infeoffment or donation of his lands in see, or
for term of life or entail, to recover them again, from him to whom
he conveyed them.

DUM non fuit compos mentis, Lat. a writ lying against the alienee or
lessee, for one who not being of sound mind, did alien or make over
any lands or tenements in fee-simple, fee-tail, or for term of life or
years.

DUMB [דום, Heb. he was silent, dumb, Sax. dum, Dan. dumbe,
Su. dumba, Goth.] 1. Not having the use of speech, as being inca­
pable thereof. Dumb creatures. Hooker. 2. Deprived of speech.
Struck dumb. Dryden. 3. Mute, not using words. Die in dumb
show. Addison. 4. Silent, refusing to speak. Was dumb to blood.
Dryden.
As DUMB (or mute) as a fish.
That is, very or quite dumb, upon a supposition that fish are mute
and emit no sound, the contrary of which is evident in some species of
fish. In the north sea, near the mouth of the river Elve, about the
island of Helgoland, they catch a small fish about the bigness of a whi­
ting, which the inhabitants of that island call knorz-fisch (or gnar-fish)
from the gnarring sound they emit, after being taken out of the water,
if struck on the head. The Lat say; Magis mutus quam piscis. The
Gr. Ἀϕωνοτερος των ιχθυων. The Fr. Muet comme un poisson.

DUMBLA＇IN, a town of Scotland, about five miles north of Ster­
ling.

To DU＇MBFOUND [of dumb] to strike dumb, to confuse; a low
phrase. Like to have dumbfounded the justice. Spectator.

DU＇MBLY, in a dum manner.

DU＇MBNESS [dumbnysse, Sax.] 1. A want of the use of speech.
2. Omission of speech, muteness. There was speech in their dumbness.
Shakespeare. 3. Refusal to speak, silence. Guilty dumbness witness＇d
my surprize. Dryden.

DUMFE＇RLING, a parliament town of Scotland, in the county of
Fife, 15 miles north-west of Edinburgh.

DUMFRI＇ES, the capital of a county of the same name, in Scot­
land, to the northward of the Solway Frith.

DUMO＇SE [dumosus, Lat.] full of briars, &c.

DUMO＇SITY [dumositas, Lat.] fulness of briars, &c.

DUMP [prob. q. d. dumb, dom, Du. stupid] 1. A melancholy fit,
sadness. Dumps so dull and heavy. Shakespeare. 2. Absence of
mind, reverie. This shame dumps cause. Locke.

DU＇MPISH [of dump] sad, melancholy.

DU＇MPISHLY, adv. [of dumpish] in a dumpish manner.

DU＇MPLING [from dump, heaviness] a sort of pudding. Pudding
and dumpling burn to pot. Dryden.

DUMPS, a melancholy fit.








DUN, or DON [duna, Sax.] a mountain or high open place; so
that the names of those towns which end in dun or don, were either
built on hills or open places, as Ashdon, &c.

DUN, adj. [dun, Sax.] 1. A colour something resembling a brown,
between a brown and a black.
2. Dark, gloomy. The dunnest smoke of hell. Shakespeare.

To DUN [prob. of dynan, Sax. to make a great noise] to demand
a debt clamourously and pressingly; to importune frequently. Dun­
ning thee every day. Bacon.

DUN, subst. [from the verb] a clamorous troublesome creditor.
Pull＇d by the sleeve by some rascally dun; Sir, remember my bill.
Arbuthnot.

DU＇NA [dune, Sax. in ancient deeds] a bank of earth, cast up on
the side of a ditch.

DUNBA＇R, a parliament and port town of Scotland, about 25 miles
east of Edinburgh.

DUNBA＇RTON, the capital of a county of the same name, in Scot­
land, called by some Lenox: it is a parliament town, situated at the
confluence of the Clyde and Leven; sixteen miles north of Glas­
gow.

DUNCA＇NNON, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, six
miles east of Waterford.

DUNCE [a word of uncertain etymology, perhaps from dum,
Dutch stupid. Johnson. Some derive it of dumb, Eng. others of atto­
nitus, Lat. astonished] a stupid dull person to apprehend any thing.
Dunces of figure. Swift.

DU＇NDALK, a port town of Ireland, 18 miles east of Drogheda.

DUNDEE＇, a large parliament town of Angus in Scotland, on the
north side of the frith of Tay, 14 miles north-west of St. An­
drews.

DUNG [dueng, Ger. dincg, Sax. dyngia, Su.] ordure, soil, filth,
the excrement of animals.

To DUNG [duangen, Ger. dingan, Sax. dyngia, Su.] to manure or
inrich land with dung.

DUNG Meers, pits in which dung, soil, weeds, &c. are thrown
together, to lie and rot for a time, for manuring land.

DU＇NGHILL, subst. 1. A place where dung is thrown in a heap. 2.
Any mean or vile abode.
Our earthly dunghill is the worst. Dryden.
3. Any situation of meanness.
From the dunghill lifts the just. Sandys.
4. A term of reproach for a man meanly born. Out dunghill! Shake­
speare.

DUNGHIL, adj. sprung from the dunghil, mean, worthless. His
dunghil thoughts. Spenser.

DUNGY, adj. [of dung] full of dung, mean, worthless, odious.
The whole dungy earth. Shakespeare.

DU＇NGEON [dongeon, or donjon, Fr. a tower at the top and in the
middle of a castle, which being the securest part of it, was anciently
used for a prison, whence all prisons eminently strong were in time
called dungeons] the most close, dark, and loathsome place of a pri­
son; generally spoke of a prison dark or subterraneous, a condemned
hole, where malefactors are put from the time of their receiving sen­
tence, to that of execution. A man in a dungeon is capable of en­
tertaining himself with scenes and landskapes. Addison.

DU＇NG-FORK [of dung and fork] a fork for taking up dung. Mor­
timer uses it.

DU＇NIO [old writers] a double, a sort of a base coin, less than a
farthing.

DUNKE＇LD, a town of Perthshire, in Scotland, formerly a bishop＇s
see, 12 miles north of Perth.

DU＇NMOW, a market town of Essex, 38 miles from London. There
was an ancient custom in the priory, that if any person from any part
of England, would come thither, and humbly kneel at the church­
door, before the convent, and solemnly take the ensuing oath, he
might demand a flitch or gamon of bacon, which should be freely
given him.
You shall swear by the custom of our confession,
That you never made any nuptial transgression,
Since you were married man and wife,
By houshold brawls or contentious strife;
Or otherwise, in bed or at board,
Offended each other in deed or in word;
Or fince the parish clerk said amen,
Wished yourselves unmarried again;
Or in a twelvemonth and a day
Repented not in thought any way;
But continued true and in desire,
As when you joined hands in holy quire.
If to these conditions, without all fear,
Of your own accord you will freely swear,
A gammon of bacon you shall receive,
And bear it hence with love and good leave;
For this is our custom at Dunmow well known,
Tho＇ the sport be ours, the bacon＇s your own.
DUN Neck, a certain bird.

DU＇NNEGAL, the capital of a county of the same name in Ireland,
situated on a bay of the same name.

DU＇NNER [of dun] one employed in soliciting petty debts. As com­
mon dunners do in making them pay. Spectator.

DU＇NNINESS [of dunny] hardness of hearing.

D＇UNNY, deaffish, somewhat hard of hearing; a low word.

DU＇NNINGTON, a market town of Lincolnshire, 99 miles from
London.

DU＇NUM, or DU＇NA, barb. Lat. [in doomsday book] a down or
hilly place.

DU＇NSETS [in old records] those who dwell on hills or moun­
tains.

DU＇NSICAL, block-headed, dull, stupid, uncapable of learning; a
low word.

DU＇NSICALLY [of dunsical] like a blockhead.

DU＇NSTABLE, a market town of Bedfordshire, 33 miles from
London.

DU＇NSTER, a market town of Somersetshire, two miles from Mine­
head, and 164 from London,

DU＇NWICH, a borough town of Suffolk, 95 miles from London,
and sends two members to parliament.

DU＇O [in music books] a song or composition to be performed in
two parts only; the one sung, and the other play＇d on an instrument;
or by two voices alone.

DUODECE＇NNIAL [of duodecennis, Lat.] being of twelve years space
or time.

DUODE＇CIMO [i. e. in the 12th, of duodecimus, Lat.] as a book in
duodecimo, is one of which a sheet makes 12 leaves.

DUO＇DECUPLE, adj. [of duo and decupulus, Lat.] consisting of
twelves. Duodecuple proportion, Arbuthnot.

DUODE＇NA [in old records] a jury of 12 men.

DUODENA Arteria & Vena, Lat. [in anatomy] a branch of an
artery which the duodenum receives from the cæliac, to which an­
swers a vein of the same name, returning the blood to the
aorta.

DUO＇DENUM, Lat. [with anatomists] the first of the intestina te­
nuia, or thin guts, in length about twelve fingers breadth, which is
continued to the pylorus, and ends at the first of the windings under
the colon.

DUPE, Fr. [from duppe, a foolish bird easily caught] a credulous
man, one easily tricked. An usurping populace is its own dupe.
Swift.

To DUPE [of duper, Fr.] to bubble, to cheat, to gull, to im­
pose upon. Dup＇d thro＇ wit. Pope.

DU＇PLE, adj. [of duplus, Lat.] double, one repeated.

To DU＇PLICATE, verb act. [duplico, Lat.] 1. To double. Some al­
terations in the brain duplicate that which is but a single object. Glan­
ville. 2. To fold together.

DU＇PLICATE, subst. [of duplicatum, Lat.] 1. Any transcript of a
writing, another correspondent to the first. I have reserved duplicates
of the most considerable. Woodward. 2. A second letter patent
granted by a lord chancellor, of the same contents with the former.

DUPLICATE, adj. [from the verb] as,

DUPLICATE Proportion, or DUPLICATE Ratio [in arithmetic] ought
to be well distinguished from double. In a series of geometrical pro­
portions, the first term to the third, is said to be in a duplicate ratio
of the first to the second; or as its square is to the square of the se­
cond: thus in 2, 4, 8, 16, the ratio of 2 to 8 is duplicate of that of
2 to 4; or as the square of 2 to the square of 4, wherefore duplicate
ratio is the proportion of squares, as triplicate is of cubes; and the
ratio of 2 to 8 is said to be compounded of that of 2 to 4, and of 4
to 8.

DUPLICA＇TIO, Lat. [in the civil law] a term answering to re­
joinder in the common.

DUPLICA＇TION, Fr. [duplicazione, It. of duplicatio, Lat. in arith­
metic] 1. The act of multiplying by 2. The duplication of a cube.
Hale. 2. The act of doubling or folding, the folding of any thing
back on itself. 3. A fold, a doubling.

DUPLICATION [in law] an allegation brought in to weaken the
pleader＇s reply.

DUPLICATION [in rhetoric] the same as anadiplosis.

DUPLICATION of the Cube, is when the side of a cube is found,
which shall be double to a cube given.

DU＇PLICATURE [duplicatura, Lat.] any thing doubled, a fold.

DUPLICATURE [with anatomists] a doubling or folding of the
membranes, or other like parts.

DUPLI＇CITY [duplicité, Fr. duplicis, gen. of duplex, Lat.] 1. Dou­
bleness, the number of two. Do not affect duplicities or triplicities.
Watts. 2. Deceit, doubleness of heart or tongue.

DU＇RABLE, Fr. and Sp. [durabile, It. of durabilis, Lat.] 1. Which
is of long continuance, lasting. Strong and durable. Raleigh. 2.
Having successive existence.
Measures all things durable,
By present, past, and future. Milton.

DU＇RABLENESS [of durable] lastingness, power of lasting.

DU＇RABLY, adv. [of durable] in a lasting manner.

DURA Mater, Lat. q. d. the hard mother.

DURA Mater [in anatomy] a strong thick membrane, which lies
or covers all the inner cavity of the cranium, and includes the whole
brain, being itself lined on its inner or concave side, with the pia ma­
ter or meninx tenuis.

DU＇RANCE [of durus, hard, or duro, Lat.] 1. Imprisonment,
confinement, power of a jaylor, a prison. Languishing in durance.
South. 2. Continuance, duration. Of how short durance was this
new made state. Dryden.

DURA＇TION [durée, Fr. durata, It. dúra, Sp. of duratio, Lat.]
1. A sort of distance or length; an idea that we get by attending to
the fleeting, and perpetually perishing parts of succession. Locke. 2.
The power of continuance. Duration is essential to happiness. Rogers.
3. Length of continuance. Not only great in its nature, but also in
its duration, that it should have a due length in it. Addison.

DURATION [in philosophy] is twofold, imaginary or real.

Imaginary DURATION, is that which is only framed by the work­
ing of fancy, when there is not any such thing in nature. See CE­
RINTHIANISM.

Real DURATION, is also distinguished into extrinsical and perma­
nent, &c.

Extrinsical DURATION, is the making a comparison between dura­
tion and something else, making that thing to be the measure of it.
So time is divided into years, months and days; this is called duration,
though improperly.

Permanent DURATION [in metaphysics] is such, the parts of whose
essence are not in flux; as eternity. See ETERNAL.

Successive DURATION, is a duration the parts of whose essence are
in a continual flux; as time.

DURATION of an Eclipse [in astronomy] is the time the sun or
moon remains eclipsed or darkened in any part.

DU＇RDEN [in ancient deeds] a copse or thicket of a wood, in a
valley.

To DURE [durer, Fr. durare, It. and Lat.] to last, to endure.
Pleasures are most pleasing while they dure. Raleigh.








DU＇REFUL, adj. [of dure, or endure, and full] durable, being of
long continuance. The dureful dak, whose sap is not yet dried.
Spenser.

DU＇RELESS, adj. [of dure] sading, not having continuance. False
and dureless pleasures. Raleigh.

DURE＇SS, Lat. [prob. of durities, hardness or hardship] hardship,
confinement, imprisonment, severity.

DURESS, or DURE＇SSE [in law] a plea made by way of exception,
for one who being cast into prison at the suit of the plaintiff, or who is
otherwise hardly used by either threats or beating, &c. is forced to
seal a bond to him during his restraint; the law holding all such
especially to be voided, and duresse being pleaded, shall defeat the
action.

DU＇RGEN [prob. of dweorg, Sax.] a dwarf, a thick and short
person.

DU＇RHAM, a pleasant, healthy, large city, on an hill in the north
of England, almost surrounded by the river Were, and is about 70
years older than the conquest, an episcopal see being erected here in
995. This is reputed one of the best bishoprics in England, and
the livings in the bishop＇s gift the richest. It is about 262 miles
from London, and sends two members to parliament. The bishopric,
or county of Durham, also sends two members to parliament.

DU＇RSLEY, a market town of Gloucestershire, 97 miles from
London.

DU＇RING, prep. [this word is rather a participle of dure; as, during
life, durante vite, life continuing, during my pleasure, my pleasure
continuing the same. Johnson] while any thing lasts, for the time
of its continuance.

DU＇RITY [of durecé, Fr. of durus, Lat.] hardness, firmness. In­
dissoluble durity. Wotton.

DURST, pret. of dare, [dyrst, of dyran, Sax.] did dare. See to
DARE. The Christians durst have no images. Stillingfleet.

DU＇RSLEY [in old records] blows without wounding or bloodshed,
dry blows.

DUSK, subst. [from the adj.] 1. Tendency to darkness. Dusk of
the evening. 2. Darkness of colour, tendency to blackness.
Some sprinkled freckles on his face were seen,
Whole disk set off the whiteness of the skin. Dryden.

DUSK, adj. [duyster, Du.] 1. Tendency to darkness. 2. Dark
coloured, darkish.

To DUSK, verb act. [from the noun] to make dark.

To DUSK, verb neut. to grow duskish.

DU＇SKISH, or DU＇SKY, adj. [prob. of dystre, Sax. or, according
to Casaubon, of δασκιος. Gr. dark, shady] somewhat dark, obscure,
inclining to darkness; as the time between day and night. Duskish smoke.
Spenser. Dusky torch. Shakespeare. 2. Tending to blackness, dark
coloured. A duskish tincture. Wotton. A dusky brown colour. Bacon.
3. Gloomy, intellectually clouded. Life, this dusky scene of horror.
Bentley.

DU＇SSELDROP, a city of Germany, on the eastern shore of the
Rhine, 20 miles north of Cologn.

DUST [dust, Sax.] 1. Earth or matter reduced to small particles.
Dust helpeth the fruitfulness of trees. Bacon. 2. The grave, the
state of dissolution. Shall to dust return. Milton. 3. A mean de­
jected state. God raiseth up the poor out of the dust. 1 Samuel.
A bushel of March DUST is worth a king＇s ransom.
He that blows in the DUST will fill his eyes.
The meaning of this proverb is, that he who meddles with quarrels
which do not concern him, seldom comes off unhurt. Solomon says;
He that meddles with a strife that belongs not to him, is as if he took a
dog by the ears.

DUST [with topers] money; as, down with your dust, that is,
pay your reckoning; a very low word.

To DUST, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To cast dust upon. 2.
To free from dust, to beat dust out of any thing. See DUSTY.

DU＇STINESS [dustinesse, Sax.] the condition of a thing covered,
or soiled with, or consisting of dust.

DU＇STMAN [of dust and man] one who carries away dust or ashes.
The dustman＇s cart. Gay.

DU＇STY [dustig, Sax.] 1. Covered or fouled with dust.
Dusty hews
The palace stone. Thomson.
2. Filled with dust, clouded with dust. Arms and the dusty field.
Dryden.

DU＇STY FOOT [old law term] a foreign trader or pedlar who has
no settled habitation.

DUTCH, the inhabitatus of the seven united provinces, otherwise
called the Hollanders.

DU＇TCHESS [duchesse, Fr. duchessa, It. duqueza, Sp. and Port. ducissa,
Lat.] the wife of a duke; a lady who has the sovereignty of a duke­
dom.

DU＇TCHY [ducatus, Du. duché, Fr.] 1. The territory of a duke.
The dutchy of Savoy. Addison.
2. In England it signifies a seigniory or lordship established by the
king under that title, with honours, privileges, &c.

DUTCHY Court [of the county palatine of Lancaster] a court
wherein all matters relating to the dutchy are decided by the decree
of the chancellor of that court.

DU＇TEOUS [of duty] 1. Obedient, respectful to those who have
natural or legal authority. A duteous daughter. Dryden. 2. Ob­
sequious to good or bad purposes.
Every beast more duteous at her call. Milton.
2. Enjoined by duty or by the relation of one to another.
Release all duteous ties. Shakespeare.

DU＇TIFUL, adj. [of duty and full] 1. Obedient, observant of one＇s
duty. The most dutiful son. Swift. 2. Expressive of respect, re­
spectful. Dutiful reverence. Sidney.

DU＇TIFULLY, adv. [of dutiful] 1. Obediently, submissively. 2.
Reverently, respectfully. Dutifully watching by her mother. Sidney.

DU＇TIFULNESS [of dutiful] 1. Obedience, observance of one＇s
duty. Dutifulness to parents. Dryden. 2. Reverence, respect. Du­
tifulness in friends and relatives. Taylor.

DU＇TY [deu, of deuoir, Fr. or of dubite, It. or debitum officium, of
debeo, Lat.] 1. Any thing that one ought or is obliged to do. The
duty of parents. Locke. 2. Acts or forbearances required by religion
or morality. Our duty is set down in our prayers. Taylor. 3. Obe­
dience or submission due to parents, governors, or superiors. Not
probable that those should have sense of duty to the king, that had
none to God. Decay of Piety. 4. An act of reverence or respect.
Did duty to their lady as became. Spenser.

DUTY [in traffic] 1. Money paid to the king for the custom of
goods imported or exported; as tunnage, poundage, &c. 2. A public
tax. Several duties and taxes. Addison.

DUTY [in military affairs] 1. The exercise of those functions that
belong to a soldier, the business of a soldier on guard. The regiment
did duty. Clarendon. 2. The war service. All parties tir＇d with
the duty of the day. Clarendon.

DUU＇MVIRATE, Lat. [duumviratus, Lat.] the office of the duum­
viri, or two men in equal authority; Roman magistrates.

DUU＇MVIRI Sacrorum [among the Romans] two magistrates in
free towns, the same that the CONSULS were in Rome; who were
sworn to serve the city faithfully, and were allowed to wear the robe
called prætexta.

DUU＇MVIRI Navales, Lat. [among the Romans] were the same
magistrates appointed to take care of their fleet, to fit out ships, and
pay the sailors.

DUU＇MVIRI Capitales, Lat. [among the Romans] were the judges
in criminal causes; but it was lawful to appeal from them to the
people.

DWALE, the herb sleeping or deadly nightshade.

DWARF [dweorh, or dweorg, Sax. dwergh, Du. zwerg, Ger. di­
verg, Su.] 1. A person of a very low stature, below the common size.
Such dwarfs were some kind of apes. Brown. 2. Any animal or
plant below its natural bulk. One dwarf was knotty and crooked.
Bacon. 3. An attendant on a lady or knight in romances. Spenser
uses it. 4. It is used often by botanists in composition; as,

DWARF Trees [with gardeners] certain trees so called, by reason of
the lowness of their stature, which produce good table fruit.

To DWARF, verb act. [from the noun] to hinder from growing to
the natural size, to make little. The whole sex is dwarfed and shrunk.
Addison.

DWA＇RFISH, adj. [of dwarf] being below the natural size, petty,
despicable. Dwarfish shrubs. Bentley.

DWA＇RFISHLY, adv. [of dwarfish] in a dwarfish manner.

DWA＇RFISHNESS [of dwarfish] smallness of stature. Glanville
uses it.

To DWAULE, verb act. [dwelian, Sax. to wander, dwaelen, Du.]
to be delirious. A provincial word mentioned by Junius.

To DWELL. irr. verb neut. pret. and part. dwelt or dwelled [of
dwelian, Sax. duelger, Dan. duala, O. Teut. is stay, delay, duelia, Island.
to stay, to stand still. Johnson] 1. To abide in, to inhabit. He shall
dwell alone. Leviticus. 2. To live in any form of habitation.
Dwelling in tabernacles. Hebrews. 3. To be in any state. By de­
struction dwell in doubtful joy. Shakespeare. 4. To be suspended
with attention.
Th＇ attentive queen
Dwelt on his accents. Smith.
5. To have the mind fixed upon, to hang upon with fondness.
Such was that face on which I dwelt with joy. Pope.
6. To continue long speaking. We have dwelt long on the conside­
ration of space. Locke.

To DWELL, verb act. to inhabit. We who dwell this wild.
Milton.

DWE＇LLER [of dwell] one who inhabits, or lives in a place.
Houses being kept up, did enforce a dweller. Bacon.

DWE＇LLING, subst. [of dwell] 1. A habitation, a place of resi­
dence. Several dwellings. Bacon. 2. State of life, mode of liv­
ing. My dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field. Prophet
Daniel.

DWELLING-HO＇USE, subst. [of dwell and house] the house at which
a person lives. Cited at the place of his dwelling-house. Ayliffe.

DWELLING-PLA＇CE, subst. [of dwell and place] the place of resi­
dence. People change their dwelling-places. Spenser.

DWI＇NED [of dwinan, Sax.] consumed.

To DWI＇NDLE, verb act. [of dwinan, Sax.] 1. To decrease, to
decay, to lose bulk. Proper names dwindle to monosyllables. Addison.
2. To degenerate, to sink. The expected council was dwindling
into a conventicle. Atterbury. 3. To waste, to wear away, to grow
feeble, to lose health. By a wrench or a blow, the whole leg loses
its strength and dwindles away. Locke. 4. To fall away, to moul­
der off, in a passive form. Only five hundred foot, and three hun­
dred horse, left with him; the rest were dwindled away. Clarendon.

DYE [dea or deah, Sax. dè, Fr.] 1. Colour, tincture, hue. 2. A
small cube of bone or ivory, with the numbers from 1 to 6, on the
six faces, to play with.
Better DYE a beggar than live a beggar; or,
It is a folly to live poor to DYE rich.
Lat. Cum furor haud dubius est, cumsic manifesta phrenesis, ut loculpes
moriare, egenti vivere fato. The meaning is, it is better to enjoy
what we have ourselves, than, in order to leave an estate, to live
penuriously in the midst of plenty.

DYE [in architecture] 1. The middle of the pedestal, or that part
which lies between the base and the cornice, frequently made in the
form of a cube or dye. 2. A cube of stone placed under the feet of a
statue and under its pedestal, to raise it and shew it the more.

To DYE [deagan, Sab. to tinge, or δευειν, Gr. to wash or water]
to give things a colour.

To DYE, irr. verb [dywan, Sax. doe, Dan. doo, Su.] to depart this
life, to give up the ghost.

DYED, pret. did die. See To DYE.

DY＇ERS-WEED, an herb used in dying yellow.

DY＇ERS were incorporated by king Henry VI. their arms are sable,
a chevron engrail＇d between 3 madder bags argent, banded and corded
or. They are the 13th company, their supporters 2 lions crown＇d or.
The motto, Da gloriam Deo. They had a hall before the fire in
1666; but it not having been erected since, they now meet at Salie＇s
Hall.








DY＇ING, part. of to die. 1. Expiring, giving up the ghost. 2. Gi­
ving a new colour. See To DIE.

DY＇NASTY [dynastie, Fr. dynasta, It. δυναστεια, Gr.] a supreme go­
vernment or authority. Dynasties before the flood. Hale. Also a ca­
talogue or list of the names of the several kings who have reigned suc­
cessively in a particular kingdom.

DYNASTIES, superiors. The ancient Romans made two orders of
Gods. The first were Dii majorum gentium, which they called the
gods of the first order. The second were the Dii minorum gentium, or
the demi-gods. The Dii majorum gentium were 12 in number, and to
them application was made only on extraordinary occasions; and the
Dii minorum gentium were invoked in the affairs of smaller moment.

DYNASTIES [with the ancient Egyptians] were a race of demi­
gods, heroes or kings, who governed successively in Egypt, from
Menes the first, that had the name of Pharaoh, which name was con­
tinued to his successors, and ended in the 30th dynasty under Necta­
nebo, who was vanquished by Artaxerxes Occhus, king of Persia,
A. M. 3704, and driven into Ethiopia.

DYNDIME＇NE, Lat. one of the names of the goddess Vesta.

DY＇PTYCHA, or DI＇PTYCHA [διπτυχα, of δις, twice, and πτυσσω,
Gr. to fold, q. d. duplicates] a sort of public register, among the an­
cients, of the names of the magistrates among the heathens, and of bi­
shops, living and defunct, &c. among the Christians. See DIP­
TYCH.

DY＇RGE, or DIRGE, a mournful ditty or song over the dead, a lau­
datory song. See DIRGE.

DYSÆSTHE＇SIA, Lat. [δυσαισθησια, of δυς, ill, amiss, or difficult, and
αισθησις, Gr. sense] a defect or difficulty in sensation, or in the fa­
culty of perceiving things by the senses. N. B. This explication of
the word dus or dys in Greek, will serve as a key to the ensuing com­
pounds.

DYSCINE＇SIA, Lat. [δυσκινησια, of δυς and κινησις, Gr. motion] an
inability or difficulty in moving.

DY＇SCRASY [δυσκρασια, of δυς and κρασις, Gr. constitution] an une­
qual mixture of elements in the blood or nervous juice, or an intempe­
rature when some humour or quality abounds in the body.

DYSECOY＇A, Lat. [δυσηκοια, of δυς and ακοη, Gr. hearing] hardness
or dulness of hearing.

DYSE＇NTERY [dysenterie, Fr. dissenteria, It. disentería, Sp. δυσεντε­
ρια, of δυς and εντερον, Gr. a bowel] the bloody-flux, a looseness with
gripings in the belly, voiding blood, slime, corrupt matter; and even
skinny pieces of the bowels, often accompanied with a continual fever
and drought. Epidemical dysenteries. Arbuthnot.

DYSENTE＇RIC Fever, a fever accompanied with a dysentery.

DYSEPULO＇TICA, Lat. [δυσεπουλοτικα, of δυς and επουλοτικος, Gr.
cicatrizing] great incurable ulcers, properly speaking, hard to cica­
trize, or cure.

DY＇SERT, a parliament town of Scotland, in the county of Fife,
situated on the northern shore of the frith of Forth, about 11 miles
north of Edinburgh.

DYSHE＇LCES, Lat. [of δυς and ελκος, Gr. an ulcer] an ulcer that
is hard to cure.

DY＇SIS [δυσις, of δυνω, Gr. to set] the seventh house in an astrolo­
gical scheme of the heavens.

DYSNO＇MY [δυσνομια, of δυς and νομος, Gr. a law] an ill ordering
or constituting of laws.

DYSO＇DES [δυσυδια, of δυς and οδωδη, Gr. odour] sending forth an
ill or unsavoury smell; stinking.

DYSORE＇XIA [δυσορεξια, of δυς and ορεξις, Gr. the appetite] a de­
cay or want of appetite, proceeding from an ill disposition or dimi­
nished action of the stomach.

DYSPA＇THIA [δυσπαθια, of δυς and παθος, Gr. passion, temper] an
impatient temper; also a languishing under some trouble of mind or
grievous disease.

DISPE＇PSIA [δυσπεψια, of δυς and πεψς, of πεπτω, Gr. to concoct]
a difficulty of digestion or sermentation in the stomach or guts.

DYSPE＇PSY [δυσπεψια, Gr.] the same with DYSPEPSIA.

DY＇SPHONY [δυσϕωνια, of δυς and ϕωνη, Gr. a voice] a difficulty in
speaking, occasioned by an ill disposition of the organs.

DYSPHO＇RIA, Lat. [δυσϕορια, of δυς and ϕερω, Gr. to bear] an im­
patience in bearing or suffering afflictions.

DYSPNO＇EA, Lat. [δυσπνοια, of δυς and πνοη, of πνεω, Gr. to breathe]
difficulty of breathing, hardness or straitness of breath; pursiness.

DYSTHERAPEU＇TA, Lat. [δυσθεραπευτα, of δυς and θεραπευω, Gr. to
heal] diseases hard to be cured.

DYSTHY＇MIA, Lat. [δυσθυμια, of δυς and θυμος, Gr. the mind] an
indisposition of the mind.

DYSTO＇CHIA, Lat. [δυστοχια, of δυς and τικτω, Gr.] a difficulty of
bringing forth, or a preternatural birth.

DYSTRYCHI＇ASIS [of δυς and τριχιασις, Gr.] a continual defluxion
of tears from the pricking of hairs in the eyelids, which grow under the
natural hairs.

DYSU＇RIA [δυσουρια, of δυς and ουρον, Gr. the urine] a difficulty of
making water, attended with a scalding heat.

DY＇SURY, the same with DYSURIA, a continual pissing, or a hot
dysury, difficulty of making water. Harvey.












E.

E e, Roman; E e, Italic; E e, English; E e, Saxon; Ε ε,
Greek, are the fifth letters in order of their respective alpha­
bets.

E, has two sounds, long, as thēme, and short, as pĕn;
E is the most frequent vowel in the English language: for it
not only is used like the rest in the beginning or end of words, but has
for the most part the peculiar quality of lēngthening the foregoing
vowel. As, chĭn, chīne, nŏd, nōde, plŭm, plūme, &c. Yet we
sometimes find it final, where yet the foregoing vowel is not lengthened,
as gŏne, dŏne, ĕdge, gĭve. Anciently almost every word ended with
e, as, for man, manne, great, greate, need, neede, stock, stocke.

E, called e final, is quiescent, and serves only to lengthen the fore­
going vowel, and distinguish several English words, as fire, fir, fire,
fir, &c. but in foreign words it makes a syllable, as, epitome, &c.
Foreigners reckon it a fault in our alphabet, that the name of this
letter only expresses its power when long, and that when short it has a
different power, not distinguished by its name or character. And that
it sometimes has another power very different from either the long or
short one in its common use or acceptation. It is probable that this e
final had at first a soft sound agreeing in power with Fr. e feminine, and
that afterwards it was in poetry either mute or vocal, as the verse re­
quired, till at last it became universally silent.

E is frequently set for est, Lat. as i. e. for id est, that is.

E, numerically, signifies 250.

E is a Latin preposition used in the composition of English words,
and signifies out, of, from, &c.

EA, is in English an improper dipthong, in which only the e is
heard, and has four different powers, as in eat, great, head, heart.
It has the sound of e long. The e is commonly lengthened rather by
the immediate addition of a, than by the apposition of e to the end of
of the word, as mĕn, mēan, sĕll, sēal, nĕt, nēat.

EA, or EAY, at the end of names, either of persons or places, is ei­
ther from the Saxon ig, an island, as Ramsay, &c. or from ea, Sax.
water, or from leag, Sax. a field.

EACH [elc, Sax. elk, Du. and L. Ger.] 1. Either of two. Both
are for each other＇s use dispos＇d. Dryden. 2. Every one of any num­
ber. This sense is rare, except in poetry.
Let each
His adamantine coat gird well, and each
Fit well his helm. Milton.
3. To each the corresponent word is other, whether used of two or of
a greater number. ＇Tis said they eat each other.

EAD, a contraction of eadig, Sax. happy at the beginning of many
names, is now contracted to ed, as Edward, Edmund, Edwin. Ead
may also in some cases be derived from the Sax. eath, which signifies
easy, gentle, mild.

EADE＇LMAN, or ADE＇LMAN [ædelman, Sax. edelman, Du. and
Ger.] a nobleman.

EA＇DEM, Lat. the same, of the feminine gender, as semper eadem,
always the same.

EA＇GER [ear, C. Brit. eagon, Sax. acer, Lat. aigre, Fr. agro, It.
and Sp.] 1. Sharp, sour, tart. Eager droppings into milk. Shake­
speare. 2. Earnest, vehement, ardently wishing, hotly longing,
Eager on his bliss. Addison. 3. Sometimes with of, sometimes with on
or after before the thing sought. 4. Hot of disposition, impetuous.
Eager clamours of disputants. 5. Quick, busy, easily put in action.
Prompt and eager on it. Addison. 6. Keen, severe, biting. The cold
becometh more eager. Bacon. 7. Brittle, not flexible, not ductile. A
cant word among artificers. Gold will be so eager, as artists call it,
that it will as little endure the hammer as glass. Locke.

The EAGER. See EAGRE.

EA＇GERLY, adv. [of eager] 1. Earnestly, vehemently, with ar­
dour or impetuosity of inclination. To the holy war how fast and
eagerly did men go. South. 2. Hotly. Took it too eagerly. Shake­
speare. 3. Keenly, sharply. Rain froze eagerly. Knolles.

EA＇GERNESS [eagornesse, Sax.] 1. Tartness, sharpness in taste.
2. Vehemence, impetuosity. The eagerness and height oftheir de­
votion. Dryden. 3. Keenness of desire, ardour. The eagerness and
strong bent of the mind. Locke.

EA＇GLE [aigle, Fr. aguila, Sp. aguía, Port. aquila, It. and Lat.]
1. A bird of prey, said to be the most swift, most strong, most la­
borious, most generous, most bold, and more able to endure the most
sharp cold than any other bird; and for these reasons, both the an­
cients and moderns have made it an emblem of majesty. It has a long,
hooked beak; yellow, scaly legs; thick, crooked talons, and a short
tail. Its plumage is chesnut, brown, ruddy and white. Its beak black
at the tip; and the middle blue; tho＇ in some yellow. Eagles are
said to be extremely sharp sighted, and when they take flight spring
perpendicularly upward with their eyes steadily fixt on the sun. 2. The
standard of the ancient Romans.







Arts still follow＇d where Rome＇s eagles flew. Pope.
And being accounted one of the most noble bearings in armory, is
not to be given by kings of arms to any, but those who far exceed
others in bravery, generosity, and other good qualities.

An EAGLE Displayed. [in heraldry] signifies an eagle with two
heads, and the imperial eagle has been so represented ever since the
Roman empire was divided into the eastern and western.

An EAGLE Expanded [in heraldry] i. e. with its wings and tail
spread abroad, commonly called a spread eagle, is so represented,
because that is the natural posture of the bird, when it faces the sun
to recover its vigour.

An EAGLE Displayed, denotes her industrious exercise, and [hiero­
glyphically] signifies a man of action, who is always employ＇d in some
important affair.

The EAGLE is a noble bird, and [hieroglyphically] represented a
brave disposition, that contemned the difficulties of the world, and the
disgrace of fortune, and also an understanding employed in the search
of sublime mysteries.

An EAGLE [hieroglyphically] also represented prosperity, majesty,
and liberality. Munster says, that the eagle freely gives of its prey to
the birds that come round about it, when it has caught any thing.

An EAGLE holding thunderbolts under the sun, with the inscription
Uniservio, is an emblem of loyalty.
EAGLES catch no flies.

EAGLE＇s Stone, a stone said to be found in an eagle＇s nest. It con­
tains in a cavity within it a small loose stone, which rattles when it is
shaken, and every fossil with a nucleus in it has obtained the name.
On idle and imaginary virtues has been raised all the credit which this
famous fossil possessed for many ages. Hill.

An EAGLE flying against the wind, is an emblem of stedfastness.

EA＇GLET [aiglette, Fr.] a young or small eagle. The eagle is said
to prove his eaglets in the brightness of the sun; if they shut their eye­
lids, she disown them. An Eagle with three eaglets tyring on her
breast, and the fourth pecking at one of her eyes. Davies.

EA＇GRE, subst. [agre in Runic, is the ocean, eggia in Islandish, is
to agitate, to incite. Johnson] a tide swelling above another tide, ob­
servable in the river Severn.
As an eagre rides in triumph o＇er the tide. Dryden.

EAK, or EKE [æak, Sax.] eternity, for ever.

EA＇LDERMAN [ealderman, Sax.] the same among the Saxons as
earl was with the Danes, and next in dignity to ETHELING; an
alderman.

EALHO＇RDA [alhorda, Sax.] the privilege of assizing and selling
beer.

EAME, subst. [eam, Sax. eom, Du.] uncle. A word still used in
the wilder parts of Staffordshire. The treason of thy wretched eame.
Fairfax.

To EAN [eacnian, Sax. to conceive] to bring forth young, spoken
of a ewe.

EAR [ear, Sax, ore, Dan. oore, Du. ohir, Ger. oreille, Fr. orec­
chia, It. oreja, Sp. orelha, Port. auris, Lat.] 1. The instrument or
organ of hearing in an animal body. His ears are open unto their
cry. Psalms. 2. The handle of several sorts of vessels for liquors, be­
ing a prominence raised thereon for the sake of taking hold. A pot
without an ear. Swift. 3. That part of the ear that stands promi­
nent. Bore his ear through with an awl. Exodus. 4. Power of judging
of harmony, the sense of hearing. 5. The head, the person; in fa­
miliar language. The city beaten down about their ears. Knolles. 6.
The highest part of a man, the top. Up to the ears in love. L＇Estrange.
7. The privilege of being readily and kindly heard, favour. Give no
ear to his suit. Bacon. 8. Disposition to like or dislike what is heard,
judgment, taste. The stile and ear of those times. Denham. 9. To
fall together by the Ears, to fight, to quarrel [Dutch, ooriogen] a
familiar phrase. Fell together by the ears at fifty cuffs. More. 10. To
set by the Ears, to cause strife, to make to quarrel: In low language.
It is usual to set these poor animals by the ears. Addison.
Wide EARS and a short tongue.
Lat. Audi multa, loquere tempestiva. The Germ. say; Hore allca,
lerne viel, sage weng. (Hear all, learn much, and speak little.) To
hear, see, and say little, is a sign of prudence.
In at one EAR and out at t＇other.
It. Dentro da vn orecchia & fuore dall＇ altra. The Italians say
likewise, Havere orecchie di mercante. (To have a merchant＇s or trades­
man＇s ears.) That is, for the sake of his interest not to give heed, or
be affronted at every reflection or unjust observation of his customer.
He can＇t hear on that ear.
The Germ. say; En hat nur ein rechres ohr. (He has but one
right ear;) or, Er hat keine chren dazn. (He has no ears [or inclina­
tion] to it. That is, to what is proposed to him, or desired of him.

EAR [ar, Dan. aehr, Ger.] a spike of corn, that part which con­
tains the seeds. An ear of wheat. Bacon.

To EAR, verb neut. to shoot out ears, spoken of corn.

EAR Brisk [spoken of a horse] is when he carries his ears pointed
forward.

To EAR, or To ARE, verb act. [of earian, Sax. of aro, Lat.]
To till, to plough, or fallow the ground. There shall be neither ear­
ing nor harvest. Genesis.

EA＇RABLE, or ARABLE [arabile, It. arabilis, Lat.] fit to be plough­
ed, &c.

EARED, adj. [of ear] 1. Having ears or organs of hearing. 2. Ha­
ving ears, or ripe corn. The covert of the thrice ear＇d field. Pope.

EA＇RING [in a ship] is that part of the bolt-rope which is left open
in the form of a ring at the four corners of the sail.

EARING [of earian, Sax.] a gathering of ears of corn.

EARING Time, the time of harvest.

EARL [eorl, Sax. ecoria, Dan. of eor, honour, and ethel, Sax.
noble] a title of nobility between a marquis and a viscount, now the
third degree of rank: It is a title more ancient with us than those ei­
ther of dukes or marquises, and the first earl created in England was
Hugh do Pusaz, earl of Northumberland, by king Richard 1. Sel­
den however seems to think it was in use in the time of the Saxons:
This dignity of earl (says he, Titles of Honour, P. H. Ch. V. p. 50.)
was attributed to the same persons that before had the dignity of EALDOR­
MEN; and EALDERMEN (which now is written ALDERMAN) was
transferred to divers others of less note, which remain frequent among us
to this day. And this application of the word EARL, began in the latter
age of the SAXONS.

EARL＇s Coronet, has no flowers raised above the circle like that of
a duke or marquis, but only points rising, and a pearl on each of
them.

EA＇RLDOM [eorldom, Sax.] the dignity and jurisdiction of an earl.
Earldom of Ulster. Spenser.

EA＇RLY, adj. [ærlie, of ær, Sax. before, aarle, Dan.] being soon
as to time, or with respect to any thing else. Early times of the
church. South.

EARLY, adv. soon, betimes, forward. Instilling early into their
minds religion. Addison.
EARLY to go to bed, and EARLY to rise,
Makes a man hearty, wealthy and wise.
A lessen to lazy people, which one would think every considerate
person should follow: And indeed, if three such valuable considera­
tions won＇t induce a man to it, nothing will. Long lyers in bed have
however a saying (tho＇ a silly one) which they are apt to return in ex­
cuse.
They who are EARLY up, and have no business, have either an ill
bed, an ill wife, or an ill conscience.
The Germ. say; Morgen sivnde bringt gold in munde. (The
morning hour brings gold in its mouth.)
The EARLY bird catches the worm. Or,
The cow that＇s first up gets the first of the dew.
These two proverbs are lessons of diligence and industry.
EARLY low, EARLY mow.
The sooner a man sets about a business, the sooner he reaps the be­
nefit of it.
It EARLY pricks that will be a thorn.
The inclinations and tendencies of children are soon to be disco­
vered, and consequently easy to be provided for or against, if at­
tempted with an earnest and steady mind. The Lat. say; Protinus ap­
paret, qui a bores frugiferæ futuræ.

EARL Marshal [of earl and marshal] he that has the chief care of
military or public solemnities. The great earl-marshal orders their
array. Dryden.

EA＇RLINESS [of early, of ær, Sax. before now] quickness of any
action as to time, or with respect to any thing else. The earliness of
coming up. Bacon.

To EARN, verb act. [earnian, earnan, ærman, Sax. arnon, Teut.
all which Casaubon derives of αρνυμαι, Gr. as he does likewise earnest.
See infra] 1. To get or obtain by labour, as hire, or by any other
performance. They earn their honours hardly. Bacon. 2. To gain,
to obtain in general. 3. To have compassion.
To do the act that might th＇ addition earn,
Not the world＇s mass of vanity could make me. Shakespeare.

To EARN, verb neut. See To YERN.

EA＇RNEST, subst. [ernitz, penge, Dan. arres, Fr. pledge, handsel]
1. Token of something of the same kind in futurity. The handsel or
earnest of that which is to come. Hooker. 2. Money advanced to
compleat or assure a verbal bargain, and bind the parties to the per­
formance thereof. Pay back the earnest penny. Decay of Piety. 3.
Seriousness, a serious event, not a jest, feality, not a reigned ap­
pearance. Take heed that this jest do not once turn to earnest. Sid­
ney.

EARNEST, adj. [eornest, Sax.] 1. Eager, vehement, industrious,
diligent. 2. Important, weighty.

EA＇RNESTLY, adv. [of earnest] 1. Warmly, affectionately, in­
tensely. The good opinion of the world every man most earnestly de­
sires. South. 2. Eagerly, vehemently, desirously. Why so earnestly
seek you to put up that letter. Shakespeare.

EA＇RNESTNESS [eornestnesse, Sax.] 1. Vehement or strong de­
sire or endeavour, impetuosity. Earnestness, persisting and importu­
nity. Bacon. 2. Solemnity, zeal. A shew of gravity and earnestness.
Atterbury. 3. Solicitude, intenseness. Overstraining and earnestness
of finishing their pieces. Dryden.

EA＇RNING, rennet to turn milk into cheese-curds.

EARNING [earnung, Sax.] compassion. See YERN.

EARRING [of ear and ring] jewels set in a ring and worn at the
ears, a woman＇s ornament hanging at her ears. A lady bestow＇d
earrings upon a favourite lamprey. Arbuthnot.

EA＇RSHOT, subst. reach of the ear, the space within which words
may be heard. Stand you out of earshot. Dryden.

EARSH, subst. [from ear, to plough] a ploughed field. Fires
oft are good on barren earshes made. May.

EARST, formerly. Milton. See ERST.

EARTH [eorth, Sax. or earth, aerde, Du. erde. Ger. jorden, Dan.
erda, Teut. airtha, Goth, terre, Fr. terra, Lat. Τη, Gr.] 1. One of
the sour elements, as distinct from air, fire, or water, soil or terrene
matter.
Water, earth,
And air, attest his bounty. Thomson.
2. The terraqueous globe, this lower ball. This solid globe we live upon
is call＇d the earth: which word, taken in a more limited sense, signi­
fies such parts of this globe as are capable, being exposed to the air,
to give rooting and nourishment to plants, so that they may stand and
grow in it. Locke. 3. The different modification of terrene matter.
In this sense it has a plural. The five genera of earths are; 1. Boles.
2. Clays. 3. Marls. 4. Ochres; and 5. Tripelas. Hill.
The opinion of the ancients concerning the figure of the earth,
was very different from what is now believed. POPE Gregory
excommunicated and deposed Virgilius, bishop of Strasburg, for as­
serting the antipodes. And many of the philosophers believed it to be
a cone or high mountain, by which they accounted for the disap­
pearance of the sun at night. But the moderns have discovered the
body of the earth and water to be a globe, which may be proved by
these plain and undeniable arguments.
1. It plainly appears that the earth is globular from the eclipses of
the moon; for the shadow of the earth being always round, the earth,
that is, the body that intercepts the beams of the sun, and is the undis­
puted cause of such eclipse, must of necessity be of a round form.
2. The nearer any person approaches to either of the poles, the







stars nearest to the pole are the more elevated from the horizon to­
wards the zenith; and on the contrary, the farther a person moves
from the poles, the same stars seem to withdraw from him till they
quite disappear. Again, they rise and set sooner to one that travels to
the East, than they do to one that travels to the West; insomuch, that
if a person should spend a whole year in going round the earth to the
East, he would gain a day; whereas, on the contrary, in journeying
the same westward, he would lose a day. And this is actually seen
between the Portuguese in Macao, an island of the south of China, and
the Spaniards in the Philippine islands; the Sunday of the Portuguese
being the Saturday of the Spaniards; occasioned by the one＇s sailing
thither eastward, and the other westward; for the Portuguese sailing
from Europe to the East Indies, and thence to Macao; and the Spa­
niards passing westward from Europe to America, and then to the
Philippine islands, between them both, they have travelled round the
earth.
3. That the world is round, is demonstrated by the voyages that
have been made quite round it; for if a ship fitting out from England
and sailing continually westward, shall at last come to the East Indies,
and so home to England again, it is a plain demonstration it is a globe
and not a flat, a cube, a cone, or any other form. And these navi­
gations have of late been frequently made, which put the matter out
of all doubt.

EARTH. 1. A fossil body, not soluble in water, insipid and untranspa­
rent; more fusible than stone, still friable, and containing usually a
share of fatness, not disposed to burn, flame, or take fire. 2. This
world, opposed to other scenes of existence.
Mysteries which heav＇n
Will not have earth to know. Shakespeare.
3. The inhabitants of the earth. The whole earth was of one lan­
guage. Genesis. 4. (from ear, to plow) turning up the ground in til­
lage.
Such land as ye break up for barley to sow,
Two earths at the least ere ye sow it bestow. Tuffer.

EARTH [with chemists] is the last of the five chemical principles,
or that part of bodies that most answers to what thy call caput mort or
mortuum that remains behind in the furnace, and is neither capable of
being raised by distillation, nor dissolved by solution.

New EARTH [with gardeners] that which never served to the nou­
rishment of any plant lying three foot deep, or as far as there is any
real earth; or else earth which hath been of a long time built upon,
tho＇ it had borne before; or earth of a sandy, loamy nature, where
cattle have been fed for a long time.

Fallow EARTH [of eorth and feald, Sax. a field] earth left un­
ploughed, to recover and gain heart.

EARTH [as an element] is represented in painting and sculpture,
by a woman sitting, holding in her right hand the terrestrial globe,
and in her left a cornucopiæ, filled with fruit.

EARTH [as a deity with the ancients] was represented by the god­
dess Cybele.

To EARTH, verb act. [eorthigan, Sax.] 1. To hide in earth.
The fox is earth＇d. Dryden. 2. To cover with earth. Earth up with
fresh mould the roots. Evelyn.

To EARTH, verb neut. to retire under ground, to go into a hole as a
badger or fox doth. Hence foxes earth＇d, and wolves abhorr＇d the
day. Tickel.

EA＇RTHBOARD [of earth and board] the plough board that turns
over the earth. A deep head and a square earthboard, so as to turn up
a great furrow. Mortimer.

EA＇RTHBORN [of earth and born] 1. Born of the earth. Slew the
earthborn race. Prior. 2. Meanly born. Earthborn Lycon shall as­
cend the throne. Smith.

EA＇RTHBOUND [of earth and bound] fasten＇d in the earth.
Who can impress the forest, bid the tree
Unfix his earthbound root? Shakespeare.

EA＇RTHEN [of eorthen, Sax.] made of earth or clay. An urn or
earthen pot. Wilkins.

EA＇RTHFLAX, subst. [of earth and flax] a kind of fibrous fossil, cal­
led asbestos. Of English tile the coarser sort is called plaister or par­
get; the finer earthflax, or salamander＇s hair. Woodward.

EA＇RTHINESS [of earthy] the quality of containing earth, gross­
ness.

EA＇RTHLINESS [of eorthgelicnesse, Sax.] earthly quality.

EA＇RTHLING, subst. [of earth] an inhabitant of the earth, a poor
frail creature. To earthlings, the footstool of God, that stage which he
rais＇d for a small time, seemeth magnificent. Drummond.

EA＇RTHING, part. of to earth [with gardeners] is the covering the
roots of trees, plants, &c. with earth.

EARTHING, part. of to earth [with hunters] is the lodging of a
badger.

EA＇RTHLY, adv. [earthlic, Sax.] 1. Pertaining to the earth, vile,
sordid, not heavenly. This earthly world. Shakespeare. 2. Belong­
ing only to our present state, not spiritual. The lack which we all
have as well of ghostly as of earthly favours. Hooker. 3. Corporeal,
not mental nor intellectual. An earthly lover lurking at her heart.
Pope. 4. Applied to any thing in the world. A female hyperbole,
who would learn one earthly thing of use? Pope.

EARTHLY Minded [of eorth, and geminde, Sax. the mind] mind­
ing earthly things.

EA＇RTH-NUT [of eorth-nut, Sax.] a certain root both in shape
and taste like a nut, a pig-nut. It is an umbelliferous plant, with a
rose-shaped flower. It has a tuberose fleshy root. Some dig up the
roots and eat them raw. They are very much like chesnuts: boiled
they are a very delicious food eaten with butter and pepper, and are
esteemed very nourishing. Miller.

EA＇RTHQUAKE [of eorth, earth, and cwacian, Sax. to quake] a
violent shock or concussion of the earth, or some parts of it; caused
by some things pent up in the bowels or hollow parts of it, which force
a passage, and frequently produce dreadful effects, as the destruction
of whole cities, the swallowing up, or overturning of mountains, &c.
STEEL, says Dr. Plummer, is not changed by water, unless into a
slow rust: But when STEEL and SULPHUR are mixt into a paste with
water; with a little external heat (as that of the air in summer) the
attrition kindles the sulphur: and if 20 pound of each were buried un­
der ground in a warm summer＇s day, it would blow up.—And hence,
probably, come igneous eruptions; as iron ore and sulphur in great
quantities concur; and if moistened, and if in deep places where the
HEAT of the earth encreases, they may burst forth with great SHOCK
and noise.” And again, speaking of the eruptions of mount Ætna
and Vesuvius, he says, that “IRON ORE and SULPHUR, assisted with
the internal heat of the earth, and a little air, will blow up into a
flame, and throw up great stones; and streams of brimstone run down.
And that in the kingdom of Naples the ground seems strown with
flowers of sulphur; and their horses heels kindle sulphur in the road.”
All this supposes a vent obtained. — But is it not easy to infer (with
our lexicographer) that where the ELASTIC force of the air and va­
pours, thus put into motion, are pent up, the greatest agitation of the
earth may be produced? I am persuaded, my readers will excuse me,
if, at a time when the globe is in so many different parts alarmed
with this dreadful phænomenon, I should remind them of that noble
portraiture which the Hebrew poet gives us of the INTREPIDITY
which the truly virtuous and religious character inspires on these aw­
ful occasions, Psalm 46. v. 1—3. or the like sentiment, as expressed
with equal [if not still greater] strength, by the Roman lyrick; who
when speaking of his Justum & tenacem propositi virum, adds,
Si fractus illabatur orbis
Impavidum ferient ruinæ. Hor.

EA＇RTHSHAKING, adj. [of earth and shake] having power to shake
the earth or cause earthquakes. The earthshaking Neptune＇s mace.
Milton.

EA＇RTH-WORM [of earth and worm] a worm bred under ground.
Upon a shower after a drought, earthworms came out. Ray.

EA＇RTHY [earthig, Sax.] 1. Consisting of earth. Fat earthy va­
pours. Wilkins. 2. Partaking or made of earth, of the nature of
earth. His dead and earthy image. Shakespeare. 3. Inhabiting the
earth, terrestrial.
Those earthy spirits black and envious are. Dryden.
4. Relating to the earth.
Mine is the shipwreck in a watry sign,
And in an earthy the dark dungeon thine. Dryden.
5. Not mental, gross. My earthy gross conceit. Shakespeare.

EARTHY Triplicity [with astrologers] the signs Taurus, Virgo,
and Capricorn.

EA＇RWAX [of ear and wax] the exudation in the inside of the ear.
Nature loricated or plaistered over the sides of the hole with earwax.
Ray.

EA＇RWIG [earwigga, Sax.] 1. An insect that is sheath-winged,
and imagined to creep into the ear. Earwigs and snails seldom infect
timber. Mortimer. 2. A whisperer, a prying informer; by way of
contempt or reproach.

EA＇R-WITNESS [of ear and witness] one who attests any thing as
heard by himself. All present were made ear-witnesses. Hooker.

EASE [aise, Fr. eath, Sax. of otium, Lat. Menage] 1. Quiet, rest,
no solitude. Not idly to dispute at their ease. Locke. 2. Freedom from
pain, a neutral state between pain and pleasure. That which we call
ease, is only an indolency or a freedom from pain. L＇Estrange. 3.
Rest after labour, intermission of labour. Ease from the fatigue of
waiting. Swift. 4. Facility, not difficulty.
The willing metal will obey thy hand,
Following with ease if favour＇d by thy fate. Dryden.
5. Unconstraint, freedom from harshness, formality or conceit.
True ease in writing comes from art, not chance. Pope.

To EASE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To give or cause ease or
rest, to free from pain. Help and ease children the best you can.
Locke. 2. To relieve, to mitigate, to assuage. Thy father made
our yoke grievous, now therefore ease thou somewhat the grievous
servitude. 2 Chronicles. 3. To relieve from labour or burden.
I＇ll ease thy shoulders of thy load. Dryden.
4. To set free from any thing that offends. No body feels pain that
he wishes not to be eas＇d of. Locke.

To EASE the Helm [sea phrase] is to let the ship bear to fall to the
leeward.

To EASE a Ship, is to slacken the shrowds when they are too
stiff.

EASE the Bowline, or EASE the Sheet [sea terms] signify to let them
be more slack.

EA＇SEL [with painters] a wooden frame on which they place their
cloth to be painted.

EA＇SEL PIECES [with painters] are such small pieces either por­
traits or landskips, as are painted on the painter＇s easel (which is a
frame, on which the strained canvas is placed) so called in distinction
from those larger pictures that are drawn on the walls or ceilings of
rooms, &c.

EA＇SEFUL [of ease and full] quiet, fit for rest.
I spy a black, suspicious, threat＇ning cloud,
That will encounter with our glorious sun,
Ere he attain his easeful western bed. Shakespeare.

EA＇SEMENT [of aise, Fr.] assistance, support, relief, freedom from
expences. A free lodging, and some other easements. Swift.

EASEMENT [in law] a service which one neighbour has of another
by charter or prescription, without profit, as a sink, a passage thro＇
his ground, or the like.

EA＇SEMENT [aisement, Fr.] a privy, or house of office.

EA＇SILY, adv. [of easy] 1. Without difficulty. Their transmission
is easily stopped. Bacon. 2. Without pain or disturbance, in tran­
quility. Passing your life well and easily. Temple. 3. Readily, with­
out reluctance. I can easily resign to others the praise. Dryden.

EA＇SINESS [of easy] 1. Freedom from difficulty. Easiness and dif­
ficulty are relative terms. Tillotson. 2. Compliance, facility, rest,
tranquility. Rest and easiness we enjoy when asleep. Ray. 3. Soft
or mild quality or temper, not opposition, not reluctance. An easiness
to part with to others whatever we have. Locke. 4. Freedom from
constraint, not formality.
Mystic thoughts you must express
With painful care, but seeming easiness. Roscommon.

EA＇SLOW, a borough of Cornwall, 22 miles south of Launceston,
which sends two members to parliament.








EAST [east, Sax. oste, Dan. ost, Du. and Ger. est, Fr. este, Port.]
1. That quarter of the earth where the sun rises. Counting forwards
towards the east. Abbot. 2. The regions in the eastern parts of the
earth. The rich east. Shakespeare.
When the wind is in the EAST,
It＇s neither good for man not beast.
I suppose because the east wind is generally pretty sharp, as coming
off the continent: it being commonly observed, that mialand countries
of the same latitude are colder than maritime, and continents than
islands.

EA＇STER [Easter, or Eastre, or Ostre, Sax. a god worshipped
by the Saxons, and in honour of whom sacrifices were offered about
that time of the year: astern, Ger. which, as well as the Saxon name,
seems rather to be derived from the east, our Saviour rising at the time
of the sun＇s rising from the east] among Christians it is a solemn
festival, appointed to be observed in commemoration of the resurrec­
tion of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. The controversy about
Easter. Decay of Piety.

EASTER Offerings, money paid to the parish priest at Easter.

EA＇STERLINGS, peeple who lived easterly of England, especially
merchants of the Hans towns in Germany, where Easterling money,
that which we commonly call sterling or current money, from a certain
coin king Richard I, caused to be stamped in those parts, and which
was in great esteem for its purity.

EA＇STERLY, adv. [of east] 1. Coming from the parts towards the
east. The easterly winds. Raleigh. 2. Lying towards the east.
The most easterly parts of England. Graunt. 3. Looking towards
the east. Springs with an easterly exposition. Arbuthnot.

EA＇STERN, adj. [of east] 1. Dwelling or found in the east.
Eastern tyrants. Thomson. 2. Lying or being towards the east. The
eastern end of the isle rises up. Addison. 3. Going towards the east.
Eastern or western voyages. Addison. 4. Looking towards the
east.

EA＇STWARD, adj. [of east and toward] towards the east. The
moon gets eastward. Brown.

EA＇SY [of aise, Fr. eaw or ewe, Sax.] 1. Being at ease, contented,
quiet, not disturbed, being without anxiety. Keep their minds easy
and free. Locke. 2. Not difficult. The service of God is a work,
tho＇ easy, yet withal very weighty. Hooker. 3. Mild, complying,
credulous. Easy, and good, and bounteous to my wishes. Addison.
4. Free from pain. Every change of fortune easy to me. Dryden.
5. Ready, not unwilling. Loth to revenge, and easy to forgive.
Dryden. 6. Being without want of more. Such a rent as would
make them easy. Swift. 7. Being without restraint or forma­
lity.
As those move easiest who have learn＇d to dance. Pope.

To EAT, irr. verb act. eat or ate, irr. pret. [æt, Sax. eadh, Dan.
eat or eaten, irr. part. p. of eatan, ætan or etan, Sax. eten, Du.
O. and L. Ger. essen. H. Ger.] 1. To devour with the mouth.
Wormwood eat with bread will not bite. Arbuthnot. 2. To con­
sume, to corrode. Eat out the heart and comfort of it. Tillotson. 3.
To eat (or recall) one＇s words, to swallow them back; this is only
used of a man＇s words. Those words afterwards they are forced to eat.
Hakewell.

To EAT, verb neut. 1. To go to meals, to feed. He did eat con­
tinually at the king＇s table. 2 Samuel. 2. To take food. He that
will not eat till he has a demonstration that it will nourish him, will
have little else to do but sit still and perish. Locke. 3. To be main­
tained with food. The righteous eateth to the satisfying of his soul.
Proverbs. 4. To make way by corrosion. A prince＇s court eats too
much into the income of a poor state. Addison.
EAT peas with the king, and cherries with the beggar.
Because pease are best when they are young and dear; but cherries
when they are ripe and cheap.
You can＇t EAT your cake and have your cake.
Spoken to those who repine at the loss of any thing they have had
the enjoyment of.
EAT at pleasure, drink by measure.
The Fr. say: Pain tant qu＇il dure [bread as long as it lasts] vin a me­
sure; and so likewise the Italians: Pan mentre dura, ma vin à mesura.
The meaning is, that excess in eating is not so prejudicial as in
drinking: it don＇t indeed immediately deprive a man of his under­
standing, and lay him under so many present inconveniencies; but
the consequences of an overloaded stomach are often as bad in the
end.

EA＇TABLE adj. [of eatan, Sax. or of eat, and able] that may be
eaten; sometimes in a substantive form.
Suit well your eatables to ev＇ry age. King.

EAT＇BEE, a small insect that feeds on bees.

EA＇TER, subst. [from eat] 1. One that eats. Cannibals, eaters of
man＇s flesh. Abbot. 2. A corrosive.

EATH, adj. [eað, Sax.] easy, not difficult; an obsolete word.
Where ease abounds, its eath to do amiss. Spenser.

EATH, adv. [from the adj.] easily; an obsolete word. Spenser
uses it.

EA＇TING-HOUSE, subst. [of eat and house] a house where provi­
sions are sold ready dressed.

EAU, is a tripthong, but little used, and has the power of short e
and long u; as in beauty, &c. but in beau it retains its original
sound.

EAVES [eaux, Fr. or esese of ea, Sax. water] the edges of the
tiling of an house. The drops from the eaves of houses. Bacon.

EAVES [with architects] a flat square member of a cornice.

To EAV＇ES-DROP, verb act. [of eaves and drop] 1. To catch what
comes from the eaves. 2. In common phrase, to listen under win­
dows.

EA＇VES-DROPPER, one who clandestinely listens under the eaves,
at the windows, doors, &c, of a house, to hear the private affairs of
a family, in order to cause animosities among neighbours; a tale­
bearer, a pick-thank.
Under our tents I＇ll play the Eaves-dropper,
To hear if any mean to shrink from me. Shakespeare.

EA＇VES-CATCH [in architecture] a thick, feather-edged board,
nailed round the edge of a house, for the lowermost tiles, slates, &c.
to rest upon.

EBB [ebba, ewwlod, Sax. ebbe, Dan. Du. and Ger.] the going
back of the tide towards the sea; which is distinguished into several
degrees; as, quarter ebb, half ebb, three quarters ebb, and low or
dead water. With a gentle ebb retire again. Addison.

EBB [in a figurative sense] it is used to signify the lowest pitch of
fortune or condition in the world; decay, waste. You have brought
all things to that low ebb. Spenser.
Every flow has its EBB.
The vicissitudes of fortune are aptly compared to floods and ebbs
(ups and downs) according to the Latin proverb; veriæ sunt fortunæ
vices.

To EBB [ebber, Dan. ebben, Du. and Ger.] 1. To flow back
towards the sea. It doth turn and ebb back to the sea. Shakespeare.
2. To decline, to waste.
But oh he ebbs, the smiling waves decay. Halifax.

EBDOMA＇RIUS, Lat. [of εβδομας, Gr.] a week＇s man, an officer in
cathedral churches, appointed to oversee the performance of divine
service for his week.

E＇BEN, EBON, or E＇BONY, subst. [ebenus, Lat.] a hard, heavy,
black, and valuable wood, which admits a fine polish. If the wood
be very hard, as ebony, they use not the same tools they do for soft
wood. Moxon.

E＇BEN Tree, or E＇BENUS, Lat. [חבנים, Heb.] the eben tree, an
Indian and Æthiopian tree that bears neither leaves nor fruit; the
wood of which is called ebony. See EBEN.

EBEREMO＇TH, or EBEREMU＇RDER [ebere mort, Sax]. downright
murder.

EBI＇ONITES [so called of one Ebion, their ring-leader] in the first
century, who denied the divinity of our Saviour, and rejected all the
gospels, but that of St. Matthew; they united the ceremonies of the
Mosaic institution with the precepts of the gospel. The sect, accord­
ing to Irenæus, were of a very early date, and so called from the po­
verty of their system or tenets (for ebion in Hebrew signifies poor)
as being very low and abject indeed; also besides their attachment
to the beggarly elements of the law, reduced the DIGNITY of our
Saviour＇s character to a mere man, the offspring of Joseph and Mary.
The primitive Christians conceiv＇d far more highly of him, as appears
from all that has been already advanced under the words ONLY BE­
GOTTEN, CHRIST, First CAUSE, CO-IMMENSE, CO-ETERNAL, &c.

EBI＇SCUS, Lat. the herb marsh mallows.

E＇BONIST [ebeniste, Fr. ebénista, Lat.] a worker in ebony wood.

E＇BONY [ebene, Fr. ebano, It. and Sp. of hebenum, Lat. of חבונים,
Heb.] See EBEN.

EBRI＇ETY [ebrietà, It. ebrietas, Lat.] drunkenness, intoxication
by strong liquors.

EBRI＇LLADE, Fr. [in horsemanship] is a check of a bridle,
which is given to the horse by a jerk of one rein, when he refuses
to turn.

EBRIO＇SITY [ebriositas, Lat.] habitual drunkenness.

E＇BRO, anciently IBE＇RUS, a large river of Spain, which taking its
rise in Old Castile, runs thro＇ Biscay and Arragon, passes, by Sara­
gossa, and continuing its course through Catalonia, discharges itself
with great rapidity into the Mediterranean, about 20 miles below the
city of Tortosa,

To EBU＇LLIATE, verb neut. [ebullio, Lat.] to bubble out.

EBU＇LLIENCY, an ebullition, a boiling or bubbling up.

EBU＇LLITION, Fr. [ebollizione, It. ebullicion, Sp. of ebullitio, Lat.]
1. The act of boiling up with heat. 2. Any inward violent motion
of the parts of a fluid, caused by the struggling of particles of different
qualities.

EBULLI＇TION [with chemists] the great struggling or effervescence,
which arises from the mixture of an acid and alkalizate liquor. In
their mixture there is great ebullition. Bacon.

E＇BULUM, or E＇BULUS, Lat. [with botanists] the herb wall-wort,
dane-wort, or dwarf-elder.

E＇BUR, Lat. ivory.

EBU＇RNEAN, adj. [eburneus, Lat.] consisting of ivory.

EC, is an inseparable Greek preposition, signifying out, or out of.

ECARTELE＇, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies quarterly.

ECAVESSA＇DE, Fr. [with horsemen] signifies a jerk of the ca­
vesson.

E＇CBASIS [εκβασις, Gr.] a going out, an event.

ECBASIS [with rhetoricians] is a figure called digression.

ECBOLI＇A, ECBOLINA, or ECBOLA＇DES, Lat. [of εκβαλλω, Gr.
to cast out] 1. Medicines that facilitate delivery to women in hard
labour. 2. Those that cause abortion.

ECCATHA＇RTICS [εκκαθαρτικα, of εκκαθαιρω, Gr. to purge out]
purging medicines.

ECDACHI＇SM, Lat. a bath of hot water in which the patient sits.

E＇CCE HOMO, Lat. i. e. behold the man [with painters] a name
given to a painting, wherein our Saviour is represented in a purple robe
with a crown of thorns on his head, and a reed in his hand; such as
he was presented before Pilate by the Jews.

ECCE＇NTRIC, or ECCE＇NTRICAL [eccentricus, of ex and centrum,
Lat. a centre, εκκεντρικος, Gr.] 1. That has not the same centre with
another circle. 2. Deviating from the centre. 3. Not terminating
in the same point, not directed by the same principle or motive. His
ends must needs he often eccentric to the ends of his master. Brown.
4. Irregular, deviating from stated methods. This motion, like
others of the times, seems eccentric and irregular. K. Charles.

ECCENTRIC Circles [with astronomers] are such circles that have
not the same centre, of which kind several orbits were invented by the
antients, to solve the appearance of the heavenly bodies; particularly
by such eccentric circles was the Ptolemaic system of astronomy ac­
counted for. Comets move all manner of ways, in orbs very eccentric.
Newton.

ECCENTRIC Equation [in the old astronomy] is the same with the
prosthaphræesis, and is equal to the difference of the sun＇s or planet＇s
real or apparent places, counted on an arch of the ecliptic.

ECCENTRIC Equation [in the old astronomy] is an angle made by a
line drawn from the centre of the earth, and another drawn from the
centre of the eccentric, to the body or place of any planet.








ECCE＇NTRIC Place of a Planet [in astronomy] is that very point
of the orbit where the circle of inclination coming from the place of a
planet in its orbit, falls with right angles.

ECCENTRI＇CITY [of eccentric] 1. Deviation from a centre. 2. The
state of having a different centre from another circle. In regard of
eccentricity, and the epicycle wherein it moveth, the motion of the
moon is unequal. Brown. 3. Excursion from the proper orb. The
duke at his return from his eccentricity, met no good news. Wotton.
4. The distance of the centres of the eccentric circles from one ano­
ther. Eccentricity of the earth is the distance between the focus and
the centre of the earth＇s elliptic orbit. Harris.

ECCENTRI＇CITY [in the Ptolemaic astronomy] is that part of the
linea aspidum, which lies between the centre of the earth, and the ec­
centric, i. e. that circle which the sun is supposed to move in about our
earth, and which hath not the earth exactly for its centre.

ECCENTRICITY Simple or Single [in the new elliptical astronomy]
is the distance between the centre of the ellipsis and the focus, or be­
tween the sun and the centre of the eccentric.

ECCENTRICITY Double, is the distance between the foci, in the el­
lipsis, and is equal to twice the single eccentricity.

E＇CCHO. See ECHO.

ECCHYMO＇MA, Lat. [εκχυμωμα, of εκ, and χυω, Gr. to flow] a
chemical extract.

ECCHYMOMA, or ECCHYMO＇SIS [εκχυμωσις, of εκ, and χυμοι,
Gr. juices] an appearance of marks or spots in the skin, proceeding
from extravasated blood. Ecchymosis may be defined an extravasation
of the blood in or under the skin, the skin remaining whole. Wiseman.

ECCHY＇MOSIS [εκχυμωσις, of εκ των χυμων, Gr. humours] a disease
of the eye, wherein the circle of the blood, extravasated by some blow
or contusion, upon its arrival between the cutis and the flesh or mus­
cles, stops there without any appearance of a wound.

E＇CCLESHAM, a market town of Staffordshire, on the river Stow,
136 miles from London.

ECCLE＇SIA, Lat. [εκκλησια, Gr.] a church or assembly of people
met together to worship God; also the place set apart for that use.
See CHURCH.

ECCLE＇SIÆ Sculptura, Lat. [in some old records] signified a sculpture
or image of a church made of metal, and kept as sacred as a relic.

ECCLE＇SIANS [from ecclesia, Lat. the church; in church history]
upon any misunderstanding between the emperors and the dignified
clergy and others of the christian church, the adherents to the empe­
ror, called those who stuck to the interests and privileges of the church
ecclesiani, i. e. church-men.

ECCLE＇SIARCH [ecclesiarcha, Lat. ελκλησιαρχης, Gr.] the ruler or
head of a church.

ECCESIA＇STES [l＇ecciesiastique, Fr. ecclesiaste, It. ecclesiastes, Lat. εκ­
κλησιαστης, Gr. i. e. the preacher] the title of one of the books in holy
scripture, said to be written by Solomon.

ECCLESIA＇STIC, or ECCLESIA＇STICAL, adj. [ecclesiastique, Fr. ec­
clesiastico, It. and Sp. ecclesiasticus, Lat. εκκλησιαστικος, Gr.] of or per­
taining to the church, not civil. Ecclesiastical writers and ecclesiastic
government. Swift.

An ECCLESIA＇TIC, subst. from the adj. [ecclesiastique, Fr. ecclesiastico,
It. and Sp.] a church-man, or clergyman, one dedicated to the mi­
nistrations of religion. The ambition of the ecclesiastics destroyed the
purity of the church. Burnet＇s Theory.

ECCLESIA＇STICALLY [of ecclesiastical] according to the manner of
the church.

ECCLESIA＇STICUS, an apocryphal book written by Jesus the son of
Sirach.

E＇CCLESTON, a market town of Lancashire, on the river Darwent,
20 miles from Lancaster, and 192 from London.

ECCLI＇SIS [εκκλισις, of εκκλινω, Gr. to turn from] a dislocation or
luxation of the joints of an animal body.

E＇CCO [in music books] the repetition of some part of a song or
tune in a very low or soft manner, in imitation of a real or natural
echo.

ECCOPE＇ [εκκοπη, of εκκοπτω, Gr. to cut off] a cutting off.

ECCOPE [with surgeons] 1. The act of cutting off any member or
part of the body. 2. A dividing of a fleshy part, and cutting off that
which is gangreen＇d, canker＇d, or the like. 3. An amputation of an
excrescence. 4. A kind of fracture or solution of the continuity of the
skull, by a simple incision.

ECCOPRO＇TICS, subst. [eccoprotica, Lat. εκκοπροτικα, of εκ, out, and
κοπος, Gr. dung] medicines of lenitive or asswaging quality, which
gently purge the belly, bring away no more than the natural fæces
lodged in the intestines.

ECCRIMOCRI＇TICS subst. [eccrimocritica, Lat.] signs of making a
judgment of distempers, from particular excretions or discharges of hu­
mours.

ECRI＇SIS, Lat. [εκρισις, Gr.] a secretion of the excrements in an
animal body.

E＇CDICUS [εκδικος, of εκ, and δικη, Gr. justice; in civil law] an at­
torney or proctor of a corporation; a recorder.

ECHAPE＇, Fr. [with horsemen] a horse gotten between a stallion
and a mare of a different breed, and different countries.

ECHARPE＇, Fr. [in gunnery] as, to batter en echarpe, signifies to
batter obliquely or sideways.

ECHI＇DNION, Lat. [with botanists] the herb vipers grass.

To E＇CHE, to encrease, add to, or help out. This should be writ­
ten EKE; which see.

E＇CHINATE, or ECHINATED, adj. [echinus, Lat.] bristled like a
hedgehog, set with prickles. An echinated pyrites in shape approaches
the echinated crystalline balls. Woodward.

E＇CHINATE Seeds [with botanists] are such seeds of plants as are
prickly and rough.

ECHINA＇TUS, Lat. [with botanists] prickly, as when the seed-vessel
is set round with prickles, like a hedge-hog, as the seeds of a sort of
medica are, which are therefore by seedsmen called hedge-hogs.

ECHINA＇TUM, Lat. [with botanists] prickly trefoil, that is, the
trefoil with prickly seed.

ECHINOMELOCA＇CIAS, Lat. [with botanists] the Indian plant called
melocarduus.

ECHINOPHTHA＇LMIA [of εχινος, a sea hedge-hog, and οϕθαλμια,
Gr.] a disease in the eyes, when the eye-lids are set with hairs, as the
echinus is with prickles.

E＇CHINUS, Lat. 1. An hedge hog or urchin. 2. A shell-fish set
with prickles.

ECHINUS [in botany] the prickly head or cover of the seed, on the
top of any plant, so called from its likeness to a hedge hog.

ECHINUS [in architecture] a member or ornament taking its name
from the roughness of its earving, resembling the prickly rind of a
chesnut first placed on the top of the Ionic capital; but now used in
cornices of the Ionic, Corinthian and Composite orders, consisting of
anchors, darts, and ovals or eggs, carved. The same that the En­
glish call quarter-round, the French ove, and the Italians ovolo.

E＇CHION, or ECHIUM, Lat. [with botanists] the plant called vi­
pers bugloss, vipers herb, or wild borage.

ECHIQUETTE＇, Lat. [in heraldry] checky, which see.

E＇CHITES [of εχις, Gr. a viper] a precious stone, of a darkish green
colour, somewhat resembling a viper; also an herb, a kind of cli­
vers.

E＇CHO [echo, Fr. ecco, It. eco, Sp. echo, Lat. ηχω, Gr.] 1. The re­
sounding or repercussion of any sound. There hath not been any
means to make artificial echoes. Bacon. 2. The sound returned. With
other echo late I taught your shades. Milton.

SINGLE ECHO, is that which returns the voice but once.

Tonical ECHO, an echo which will not return the voice, but when
modulated into some peculiar musical note.

Polysyllabical ECHO, an echo that returns many syllables, words
and sentences.

Manifold ECHO, or Tautological ECHO, an echo which returns sylla­
bles and words, the same oftentimes repeated.

ECHO [with architects] is applied to certain kinds of vaults and
arches most commonly of elliptical or parabolical figures, used to re­
double sounds, and produce artificial echoes.

ECHO, a nymph (according to the poets) who was never seen by
any eye, whom Pan, the god of shepherds, fell in love with, and who
(as Ovid seigns) pined away with grief, by reason that Narcissus,
with whom she was deeply in love, contemned her; and was after­
wards turned into a flower, retaining nothing, except only her voice.
The pleasant myrtle may teach th＇unfortunate echo,
In these woods to resound the renowned name of a goddess.
Sidney.

ECHO [in poetry] a kind of composition wherein the last words or
syllables of each verse contain some meaning, which being repeated
apart, answers to some question or other matter contained in the verse,
as in Legendo Cicerone—one ονη, an ass.

To ECHO, verb neut. 1. To resound, to give the return or reper­
cussion of the voice. All the church echo＇d. Shakespeare. 2. To be
sounded back in general.
Hark how the sound disturbs imperious Rome,
Shakes her proud hills, and rolls from dome to dome,
Her nuter＇d princes hear the echoing noise. Blackmore.

To ECHO, verb act. to return what has been uttered, to send back a
voice. Our modern separatists do but echo the same note. Decay of
Piety.

ECHO＇ICUS Versus, Lat. a verse which returns the last syllable like
an echo; as, gratia malis lis.

ECHO＇METRE [of ηχος, sound, and μετρον, Gr. measure] a scale or
rule divided on it, which serves to measure the duration or length of
sounds, and to find their intervals and ratio＇s.

E＇CHUS [in music books] the same as ecco. See ECCO.

ECLAIRCI＇SSEMENT, Fr. the act of making clear, an explanation
or unfolding by verbal expostulation.

ECLA＇T, subst. Fr. splendor, show. Nothing more contributes to
the variety, surprize, and eclat of Homer＇s battles, than that artificial
manner of gaging his heroes by each other. Pope.

ECLE＇CTIC, adj. [εκλεκτος, Gr.] selecting, culling at pleasure. Ci­
cero gives an account of the opinions of philosophers, but was of the
eclectic sect, and chose out of each such positions as came nearest
truth. Watts.

ECLE＇GMA, or ECLI＇GMA [εκλειγμα, of εκ, out, and λειχω, Gr. to
lick] a tincture or lohock, a kind of medicine to be licked or sucked
in, upon a liquorice-stick, being a liquid composition, made by the
incorporation of oils with syrups, thicker than a syrup, but thinner
than an electuary. Lat.
N. B. Εκ or εκ in the Greek [and Latin] tongues, signifying
out or out of, this sense will suffice for most of its compounds
which follow.

ECLE＇CTICI, Lat. [of εκλεγω, Gr. to chuse] ancient philosophers,
who, without attaching themselves to any particular sect, took what
they judged good and solid from each. See ECLECTIC.

ECLI＇PSE, Fr. Sp. and Port. [eclissi, It. of eclipsis, Lat. εκλειψις,
of εκλειπω, Gr. to fail] 1. An obscuration of the sun, moon, and
other luminaries of heaven. [The word originally signifies departure
from the place to which Milton alludes. Johnson.]
Planets, planet-struck, real eclipse
Then suffer＇d. Milton.
2. Darkness, obscuration in general. The posterity of our first pa­
rents suffered a perpetual eclipse of spiritual life. Raleigh.

Central ECLI＇PSES of the Moon [with astronomers] is when not only
the entire body of the moon is covered by the shadow of the earth, but
also the centre of the moon passes through the centre of that circle,
which is made by a plane cutting the cone of the earth＇s shadow at
right angles, with the axis, or with that line, which joins the centres
of the sun and the earth.

A Partial ECLIPSE, is when either of those noble lights, the sun
or moon, are darkened only in part.

Total ECLIPSE, is when they are eclipsed or darkened wholly; al­
though the eclipse of the sun is not properly universal, but is varied so
as to be either greater or lesser, according to the diversity of the cli­
mate.

Lunar ECLIPSE, is the taking of the sun＇s light from the moon, oc­
casioned by the interposition of the body of the earth between the moon
and the sun.

Solar ECLIPSE, is when it happens that we are deprived of light by
the interposition or coming in of the moon＇s body between it and our
sight.

To ECLIPSE, verb act. [ecliptico, Lat. eclipser, Fr. eclissaré, It. eclip­
sár, Sp.] 1. To darken a luminary, as the sun, moon, &c. The







eclipsed moon. Sandys. 2. To extinguish, to put out. Born to eclipse
my life this afternoon. Shakespeare. 3. To cloud, to obscure. Eclip­
sed the glory of his divine majesty with a veil of flesh. Calamy. 4. To
disgrace, to disparage, to bring contempt upon. Her husband was
eclipsed in Ireland by the no countenance his majesty had shewed to­
wards him. Clarendon.

ECLI＇PSIS [εκλειψις, Gr.] a figure in grammar, when a word is
wanting in a sentence.

ECLIPSIS, Lat. [with physicians] a failing of the spirits, a fainting
or swooning away, a qualm.

ECLI＇PTIC [ecliptique, Fr. eclittica, It. ecliptica, Sp. eclipticus, Lat.
εκλειπτικον, of εκλειπω, Gr. to leave] a great circle of the sphere, sup­
posed to be drawn through the middle of the zodiac, making an angle
with the equinoctial in the points of Aries and Libra, of 23° 29′,
which is the sun＇s greatest declination; and so called, because the
eclipses of the sun and moon always happen under it. For the sun in
his yearly course never departs from this line, as all the other planets do
more or less.

The ECLIPTIC [in the new astronomy] is that path or way amidst
the fixed stars, that the earth appears to describe to an eye, supposed
to be placed in the sun, as in its yearly motion it runs round the sun,
from west to east, and if this circle be divided into 12 equal parts, they
will be the 12 signs, each of which is distinguished by some constella­
tion or cluster of stars. Conceive an imaginary plane, which passing
through the centre of the sun and the earth, extends itself on all sides
as far as the firmament; this plane is called the ecliptic, and in this
the centre of the earth is perpetually carried without any deviation.
Bentley.

ECLOGA＇RIUS, Lat. a learned man, who has made abundance of
extracts from authors.

E＇CLOGUE, Fr. [egloga, It. ecloga, Sp. and Lat. εκλογη, Gr. i. e. a
choice piece] a kind of pastoral composition, wherein shepherds are
introduced conversing together. [It is so called because Virgil called
his pastorals eclogues. Johnson] It is not sufficient that the sentences
be brief, the whole eclogue should be so too. Pope.

ECLY＇PED [clypode, Sax.] called. Obsolete. See CLEPED.

ECLY＇SIS [εκλυσις, Gr.] a loosing, dissolving.

ECLYSIS [with physicians] signifies a prostration of strength, and
deliquium of the animal powers, according to Bruno; tho＇ sometimes
(he says) used by HIPPOCRATES to express no more than alvi solutio,
or discharge from the bowels,

ECO＇NOMY, or OECO＇NOMY [οικονομια, Gr. This word is often
written from its derivation æconomy; but æ being no diphthong in En­
glish, it is placed here. Johnson] 1. The management of a family or
houshold. By St. Paul＇s economy the heir differs nothing from a servant.
Taylor. 2. Frugality, discretion of expence. Particular sums are not
laid out to the greatest advange in his economy. Dryden. 3. Regulation,
disposition of things, divine providence. All the divine and infinitely
wise ways of economy. Hammond. 4. The arrangement of any work.
The economy and disposition of poems. Ben Johnson. 5. System of
motions, distribution of every thing to its proper place.
They may a due economy maintain,
Exclude the noxious parts, the good retain. Blackmore.

ECO＇NOMIC, or ECONO＇MICAL, adj. [for æconomic and æconomical]
1. Relating to the government of a houshold. Economic art. Davies.
Economical affairs. Watts. 2. Frugal, commendably parsimonious.
Some are so plainly economical as even to desire that the feat be well
water＇d. Wotton.

ECOUTE＇, Fr. [with horsemen] listening, a pace or motion. A horse is
said to be ecoute, when he rides well upon the hand and heels, com­
pactly put upon his haunches, and hears or listens to the heels or spurs,
and continues duly balanced, between the heels, without throwing out
to either side.

ECPHA＇SIS [εκϕασις, of εκ, and ϕαω, Gr. to give] a plain declaration
or interpretation of a thing.

ECPHO＇NEMA, Lat. [εκϕωνημα, of εκ, and ϕωνη, Gr. voice] a rhe­
torical figure, a breaking out of the voice, with some interjectional
particle.

ECPHO＇NESIS, Lat. [εκϕωνησις, of εκ, and ϕωνη, Gr. voice] an ex­
clamation.

ECPHONESIS, Lat. [in rhetoric] a figure by which the orator ex­
presses the vehement transport of his own mind, and excites the af­
fections of those to whom he speaks.

ECPHO＇RA, Lat. [εκϕωρα, of εκ, and ϕηρω, Gr. to bear; with ar­
chitects] the moulding, and line or distance between the extremity of
a member or the naked of a column or other part it projects from.

ECPHRA＇CTICS, subst. [εκϕρακτικα, of εκϕρασσω, Gr. to open] me­
dicines proper for opening obstructions and stoppages, rendering tough
humours more thin, so as to promote their discharge.

ECPHRA＇XIS, Lat. [εκϕραξις, from εκ, and ϕρασσω or ϕραττω, Gr. to
obstruct] a removing or taking away of obstructions.

ECPHY＇SESIS, Lat. [εκϕυσησις, of εκ, and ϕυσαω, Gr. to breathe
hard] the act of breathing thick, or fetching the breath thick.

ECPHYSESIS [with surgeons] any process or knob that is joined
with, or adheres to a bone.

ECPHY＇SIS, Lat. [εκϕυσις of εκϕυω, Gr. to grow out] a rising or
springing up; a budding or sprouting forth.

ECPHYSIS [in anatomy] that part where the guts take rise from the
lower orifice of the stomach or pylorus. Accordingly GALEN calls
the duodenum, or that gut which is immediately connected with the
stomach, by this name; and not without reason, as the stomach and
bowels are in reality one ontinued canal. See above.

ECPI＇ESMA, Lat. [εκπιεσμα, of εκ, and πιεζω, Gr. to press] a juice
pressed out, or the remaining dregs of any thing that is squeezed.

ECPIESMA [in surgery] a fracture of the skull, wherein the broken
parts press upon the meninges or skin of the brain.

ECPI＇ESMUS, Lat. [εκπιεσμος, of εκ, and πιεζω, Gr. to press] a
straining, wringing, or squeezing out.

ECPIESMUS, Lat. [with oculists] a very great protuberance or
bunching out of the eyes. Castell. Renovat. adds, that it differs from
a procidentia, as in the latter the uvea tunica only is too prominent;
but in the former, the WHOLE EYE; and which CELSUS intended,
when observing, that an inflammation sometimes acts with so much
force, ut oculos suâ sede propellat, i. e. so as to push the eyes out of their
proper seat.

ECPLE＇XIS, Lat. [εκπλεξις, of εκπλεσσω, Gr. to astonish] astonish­
ment, consternation, great fright; a distraction of mind proceeding
from some outward disturbance.

ECPNEUMA＇TOSIS, Lat. [εκπνευματωσις, of εκ, and πνευμα, from
πνεω, Gr. to breathe] the faculty of breathing out.

ECPNO＇E, Lat. [εκπνοη, of εκ, and πνεω, Gr. to breathe] a difficulty
of breathing.

ECPTO＇MA, Lat. [εκπτωμα, of εκ, and πιπτω, Gr. to fall] the state
of being out of joint, as the bones.

E＇CPTOSIS, Lat. [εκπτωσις, of εκ, and πιπτω, Gr. to fall] a falling
or slipping down.

ECPYE＇TICA, Lat. [εκπυητικα, Gr.] medicines of a suppurating qua­
lity.

ECPY＇EMA, Lat. [εκπυημα, Gr.] the same as EMPYEMA.

ECRI＇THMUS, Lat. a pulse that observes no method or order. The
etymology of the word is of εκ, out of, and ροθμος, Gr. a word which
conveys the idea of what proceeds by a just rule, order or measure; and
which accordingly is apply＇d to verse or numbers in the poetic sense of
the word, and from thence (tho＇ in a sense infinitely below the AN­
CIENT use) is derived our modern word RHYME.

ECSA＇RCOMA [εκσαρκωμα, of εκ, from, and σαρξ, Gr. flesh] a fleshy
excrescence.

E＇CSTACY, or E＇XTACY [extase, Fr. estasi, It. ecstasis, Lat. εκστασις,
Gr. properly signifies the removal of a thing from the state in which it
was to another] 1. A transport of mind; any passion by which the mind
is lost, or the thoughts are absorbed for a time. Whether what we call
ecstacy be not dreaming with our eyes open, I leave to be examin＇d.
Locke. 2. Immoderate joy or rapture. Religious pleasure does not
affect by rapture and ecstasy. South. 3. Enthusiasm, an excessive ele­
vation of the mind.
Oft wou＇d beg me fing,
Which when I did, he on the tender grass
Wou＇d sit, and hearken even to extasy. Milton.
4. Extreme grief or solicitude. This sense is now obsolete.
Better be with the dead,
Than on the torture of the mind to lie
In restless ecstacy. Shakespeare.
5. Madness, distraction: This sense is also obsolete.
That noble and most sovereign reason,
Like sweet bells jangled out of tune and harsh,
That unmatch＇d form and feature of blown youth,
Blasted with ecstacy. Shakespeare.

EXTACY [with physicians] is used by HIPPOCRATES to signify a
vehement and continued madness. Gorræus.

E＇CSTASIED, adj. [of ecstasy] ravished, enraptured, filled with en­
thusiasm. As common to the inanimate things as to the most ecstasied
soul upon earth. Norris.

ECSTA＇TIC, or ECSTA＇TICAL [extatiqne, Fr. estatico, It. exstaticus,
Lat. εκστατικος, Gr.] 1. Of or pertaining to ecstasy, ravish＇d, rais＇d to
an ecstacy. Ecstatic fit. Milton. When one after an ecstatical man­
ner fell down before an angel, he was severely rebuked. Stilling­
fleet. 2. Being in the highest degree of joy. One grasps a Cecrops
in ecstatic dreams. Pope. 3. Tending to external objects. [This sense
is, I think, only to be found once, though agreeable enough to the de­
rivation. Johnson] a great deal of ecstatical love continually carries
me out to good without myself. Norris.

ECTA＇SIS, Lat. [εκτασις, of εκ, and τεινω, Gr. to stretch] an exten­
sion or stretching out.

ECTASIS, Lat. [with grammarians] a figure whereby a short sylla­
ble is extended or made long.

ECTHLI＇MMA, Lat. [εκθλιμμα, of εκ, and θλιβω, Gr. to press] an
ulceration that proceeds from a violent pressure on the surface of the
skin.

ECHTLI＇PSIS, Lat. [εκθλιψσις, from εκ, and θλιβω, Gr. to press]
the act of pressing, squeezing or dashing out.

ECTHLI＇PSIS, Lat. [with grammarians] the cutting off a vowel or
consonant, especially the letter (m) in Latin or Greek verse, at the
end of a word, when the next word begins with a vowel, or (h), as,
div incido for divum incido, βουλομ εγω for βουλομαι εγω.

ECTHY＇MATA, Lat. [εκθυματα, of εκ, and θυμος, of θυω, Gr.]
certain pimples or breakings out in the skin; as, the small pox, mea­
sles, &c.

ECTILLO＇TICA, Lat. [εκτιλλοτικα, of εκ, and τιλλω, Gr. to pluck]
medicines which consume callous parts and proud flesh, pull out hairs,
&c.

E＇CTOME, Lat. [εκτομη, from εκ, and τεμνω, Gr. to cut] the act of
cutting off any thing, limb, or part of the body.

ECTRAPELOGA＇STROS, Lat. [εκτραπελογαστρος, of εκτραπελος, mon­
strous, of εκ, and τρεπω, to turn, and γαστηρ, Gr. the belly] one who
has a monstrous prominent belly.

ECTRO＇PIUM, Lat. [εκτροπιον, of εκτρεπω, Gr. to turn off] a disease
of the eyes, consisting in a sort of inversion of the lower eye-lid, that
hinders it from covering that part of the eye. Galen says ＇tis a fleshy
excrescence in the eyelid, which by its weight thrusts it outward; and
the etymology implies as much, for it signifies a turning off or out. He
also calls it an ectropè, and says the cause is a cicatrix. GALEN in
Defin. Ægin. l. 3. c. 22.

ECTRO＇SIS, Lat. [εκτροσις, of εκτιτρωσκω, Gr. to render abortive]
an abortion.

E＇CTYPE [εκτυπος, Gr.] an image or picture made according to the
pattern; a copy taken from the original. The complex ideas of sub­
stances are ectypes, copies, but not perfect ones, not adequate. Locke.

ECU＇RIE, Fr. [equus, Lat.] a covert place for the lodging or housing
of horses.

ECU＇SSON, Lat. [in heraldry] a little esentcheon.

ECZE＇MATA, Lat. [εκζεματα, Gr. effervescencies] fiery, red and
burning pimples, which are painful, but do not run with matter.

ED [ed, Sax. ede, Du. ere, Ger.] the termination of the preterite
tenses and participles passive, in the English regular verbs active.

EDA＇CIOUS [edacis, gen. of edax, Lat.] given to eat much, rave­
nous, greedy.








EDA＇CIOUSNESS [from edacious] the quality of great eating.

EDA＇CITY [edacitas, Lat.] the quality of much or greedy eat­
ing; ravenousness, greediness. The wolf is a beast of great edacity
and digestion. Bacon.

To E＇DDER, verb act. [probably from edge. Johnson. It seems
to come from eder, Sax. a hedge] to bind, to interweave a fence.
To add strength to the hedge, edder it, which is, bind the top of the
stakes with some small long poles on each side. Mortimer.

E＇DDER [eder, Sax.] an hedge.

E＇DDER-BRECHE [eder-breche, Sax.] the trespass of hedge­
breaking.

E＇DDISH [edisc, Sax.] the latter pasture or grass which comes
after mowing or reaping.

E＇DDY, subst. [of ed, again, or backward, and ea, Sax. water]
1. The running back of the water at any place, contrary to the main
tide or stream, and so falling back into the tide or current again; oc­
casioned by some head land, or point jutting out, or contrary wind.
They are carried round again, and return on the eddy. Dryden. 2.
A whirlpool, circular motion. Smiling eddies. Dryden. Circling
eddies. Addison.

EDDY, adj. whirling, moving round.
Chaff with eddy winds is whirl＇d around. Dryden.

EDDY Tide, the same as eddy; a turning round in a stream.

EDDY Water [sea term] is that water that falls back as it were on
the rudder of a ship under sail; the dead water.

EDDY Wind [sea term] is a wind checked by the sail, by a moun­
tain, reach, or any other thing that makes it recoil or turn back
again.

EDEMATO＇SE, EDEMATO＇US, or ÆDEMATO＇US, adj. [οιδημα, Gr.
this word from the derivation should be written ædematous; which see]
swelling, full of tumors. A serosity may be edematose and schirrhous
according to its viscosity. Arbuthnot.

EDE＇NTATED [edentatus, from e, prep. and dentis, gen. of dens,
Lat. a tooth] deprived of teeth, become toothless.

EDGE [eeg, eege, Sax. acies, Lat.] 1. The sharp cutting part of
any weapon If the iron be blunt, and he do not whet the edge, then
must he put to more strength. Ecclesiasticus. 2. A narrow part rising
from a broader. Some harrow their ground over, and then plow it
upon an edge. Mortimer. 3. The brink, hem, skirt, or corner of
a thing. The edge of a precipice. Rogers. 4. Sharpness, proper
disposition for operation, intenseness of desire. Silence and solitude
set an edge upon the genius. Dryden. 5. Keenness, sharpness or
acrimony of temper. Abate the edge of traitors. Shakespeare. 6.
To set the teeth on edge. To cause a tingling pain or a grating motion
in the teeth. A harsh grating tune setteth the teeth on edge. Bacon.
Fall back, fall EDGE.
That is, at all adventures, let the consequence be what it will. This
proverb is chiefly used by hardy, daring villains, or inconsiderate per­
sons, who are resolutely bent upon mischief.
There＇s no fooling with EDGE tools.
It is not good to meddle with dangerous things, or persons who are
too powerful for us.

To EDGE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To sharpen, to make so
as to cut.
To Edge her champion＇s sword. Dryden.
2. To furnish with an edge.
It made my sword, tho＇ edg＇d with flint, rebound. Dryden.
3. To make an edge or border to any thing, to fringe.
Hanging hills, whose tops are edg＇d with groves. Pope.
4. To exasperate, to embitter. The simple were blinded, and the
malicious edg＇d. Hayward. 5. To move a thing forward beyond a
line. Edging by degrees their chairs forwards, they were got up
close. Locke.

To EDGE, verb neut. [perhaps from ed, Sax. backward. Johnson]
to go forward against any power, going close upon a wind, as
if upon its skirts or border, and so sailing slow.
I must edge upon a point of wind,
And make slow way. Dryden.

To EDGE in with a Ship [Sea term] is said of a chase that is mak­
ing up to it.

EDGED, part. pass. [from to edge] sharp, not blunt. Subtile or
edged quantities prevail over blunt ones. Digby.

E＇DGING, subst. [from edge] 1. That which is added to any thing
as an ornament. The edging of a petticoat. Addison. 2. A sort of
narrow lace.

E＇DGLESS [eeglæs, Sax.] being without an edge, blunt, not able
to cut. Edgless weapons. Decay of Piety.

EDGETOO＇L, subst. [of edge and tool] a tool made sharp for cutting.
No jesting with edge-tools. L＇Estrange.

E＇DGWISE, adv. [of edge and wise] with the edge in a particular
direction. Should the flat side be objected to the stream, it would be
soon turned edgwise. Ray.

E＇DGWARE, a market town of Middlesex, so called from being
built on the very edge, as it were, of the county, 12 miles from
London.

E＇DIBLE [edibilis, of edo, Lat. to eat] eatable, that may be eaten,
good to eat. Some flesh is not edible. Bacon.

E＇DIBLENESS [of edible] capableness of being eaten, fitness to be
eaten.

E＇DICT [edit, Fr. editto, It. edíto, Sp. edictum, Lat.] 1. A procla­
mation, a public ordinance or decree commanding or prohibiting
something from a prince or state, a law published when an absolute
monarch commandeth. Hath not his edict the force of a law?
Hooker.

EDIFICA＇TION, Fr. [edificaciòn, Sp. edificazione, It. of ædificatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of edifying, building up or improving in faith and
holiness. Not every word which is not design＇d for edification shall be
reckoned for a sin. Taylor. 2. Improvement, instruction in general.
I shall supply the town with what may tend to their Edification. Addison.

E＇DIFICE [ædificium, Lat.] a building or house, a structure. Edi­
fices raised in Tuscany. Addison.

E＇DIFIER [of edify] one that edifies, improves, or instructs an­
other.

To E＇DIFY, verb act. [edifier, Fr. edificare, It. edificàr, Sp. of
ædifico, Lat.] 1. To build or erect a fabric; a sense now little
used.
Men have edify＇d
A lofty temple. Chapman.
2. To build up in faith; to instruct, to improve in godliness, or good
manners. Men are edified when their understanding is taught some­
what, or when their hearts are moved with any affection. Hooker.
3. To teach, to persuade. You shall hardly edify me. Bacon.

E＇DILE [this should have been written Ædile] an offiecr among the
Romans, appointed to oversee the buildings public and private; his
office seems in some particulars to have resembled that of our justices
of peace.

E＇DINBURGH, the capital city of Scotland, situated about one mile
south of Leith and of the frith of Forth, 82 miles north-west of New­
castle, and about 300 north-west of London. Lat. 56° N. Long.
3° W.
Here the parliament of Scotland used to assemble, before its union
with England; and here the supreme courts of justice for North-Bri­
tain are still held. It has a famous university, and in the loftiness of
its buildings exceeds all the cities in the world; being ten, eleven, or
more stories high.

EDI＇TION, Fr. [edizione, It. ediciòn, Sp. of editio, Lat.] 1. The act
of setting forth or publishing any thing, particularly the publication or
putting forth a book. This English edition is not properly a transla­
tion. Burnet＇s Theory. 2. Republication of a book, generally with
some revisal or corrections. He who published the last edition of him.
Dryden.

E＇DITOR, Lat. the publisher of a book, he that prepares or revises
any work for publication. A mistake of the stage editors. Pope.

To E＇DUCATE, verb act. [educàr, Sp. educo, It. and Lat.] to bring
or train up, to instruct youth. The worst educated mortal since the
creation. Swift.

EDUCA＇TION, Fr. [educazione, It. educaciòn, Sp. of educatio, Lat.]
instruction, nurture, the bringing up and breeding of children and
youth. A strict education, which consisted in the observance of moral
duties. Swift.

To EDU＇CE, verb act. [educo, Lat.] to bring forth, to lead out
from a state of concealment. This matter must have lain eternally
confin＇d to its beds of earth, were there not this agent to educe it
thence. Woodward.

EDU＇CTION [of educe] the act of bringing any thing forth to
view.

To EDU＇LCORATE, verb act. [from dulcis, Lat. sweet; in che­
mistry] to make sweet, to sweeten, to purge any thing of its salts, &c.
by repeated washings in cold water.

EDULCORA＇TION, Lat. [of edulcorate] the washing of things that
are calcined, or burnt to powder, from their salts, to make them
sweet.

EDULCORATION, Lat. [with apothecaries] the sweetening medici­
nal compositions with sugar, honey and syrups.

EDU＇LIA [among the Romans] a goddess who gave the infants
meat.

EE, the diphthong ee, is generally long, and has the sound according
to the name of the single e.

To EEK, verb act. [eacan, ecan, ican, Sax.] 1. To make bigger
by the addition of another piece. 2. To supply any deficiency. See
EKE.
Redoubled crime with vengeance new
Thou biddest me to eke. Spenser.

EEL [el, Sax. aal, Ger. and Su.] a serpentine slimy fish, that lurks
and feeds in mud.
Is the adder better than the eel? Shakespeare.
To slay an EEL at the tail.
That is, to begin at the wrong end. The Fr. say: Brider son cheval
por la queuë; to bridle a horse by the tail.
He holds an EEL by the tail.
That is, he has to do with a sly, slippery fellow, and will have
enough to do to bind him, so that he do not find a hole to creep out
at. Lat. Anguillam tenet cauda.

EEL Back＇d [spoken of horses] such as have black lists along their
backs.

EEL FARES, or EEL VARES [old statutes] a fry or brood of eels.

EEL POUT, a young eel.

E＇EN, for even. See EVEN.

EE＇N now, just now

EFF, subst. See EFT.

E＇FFABLE [effabilis, Lat.] that may be expressed or uttered.

E＇FFABLENESS [of effable] capableness of being spoken.

To EFFA＇CE [effacer, Fr.] 1. To deface, to raze out. 2. To make a
thing no more visible nor legible, to blot or strike out. His name
effac＇d out of all public registers. Addison. 3. To wear away, to
destroy.
Not length of time our gratitude efface. Dryden.

EFFA＇RE, or EFFRA＇YE, Fr. [in heraldry] a beast reared on his
hinder legs, as tho＇ it were frighted or irritated.

To EFFE＇CT [effectum, sup. of efficio, Lat. effectuer, Fr. effectuare,
It. efetuàr, Sp.] 1. To perform, to bring to pass, to put in execution
as an agent.
I not doubt t＇effect
All that you wish. Ben Johnson.
2. To produce as a cause. The change was effected by the vinegar.
Boyle.

EFFECT [effet, Fr. effetto, It. eféso, Sp. effectum, Lat.] 1. Any
thing made, procured, or brought to pass by any operating cause.
Effect is the substance produced by the exerting of power. Locke.
2. Intent, design. They spake to that effect. 2 Chronicles. 3.
Consequence intended, advantage, success. Christ is become of no
effect unto you. Galatians. 4. Completion, perfection.
Semblant art shall carve the fair effect. Prior.
5. Reality, not mere appearance. In shew a senate ecclesiastical was
to govern, but in effect one only man. Hooker. 6. The consequence,
end, issue. 7. The chief point of a matter.

EFFECT [hieroglyphically] to represent an evil effect out of a good







cause well designed, the Egyptians used to put a bird called ibis, and
a basilisk together; because they were of opinion, that a basilisk
often proceeded from the egg of an ibis. And therefore they were
wont to break all those eggs, wherever they found them, lest they
should encrease the number of those venemous serpents.

EFFE＇CTS, plur. of effect, goods, moveables of a merchant, trades­
man, &c. They could not convey away many of their effects. Ad­
dison.

EFFECTS of the Hand [in horsemanship] are the aids or motions
of the hand, which serve to conduct the horse, which are four, i. e.
four ways of using the bridle, viz. to push a horse forwards, to give
him head or hold him in, and to turn the hand either to the right or
the left.

EFFE＇CTIBLE [of effect] performable, practicable. Brown uses it.

EFFE＇CTIONS [with geometricians] sometimes signifies construc­
tions, or the forming of propositions; and sometimes the problems or
practices; which when they may be deduced from, or are founded on
some geometrical propositions, are called the geometrical effections
pertaining thereto.

EFFE＇CTIVE [effectif, Fr. effettivo, It. effectivo, Sp. of effectivus,
Lat.] 1. Having the power to produce an effect; commonly with of
before the thing effected. They are not effective of any thing. Ba­
con. 2. Operative, active. Time is not effective, nor are bodies
destroyed by it. Brown. 3. Efficient, producing effects. An effective
real cause of doing wrong. Taylor. 4. Having the power of operation,
useful; as, an army consisting of forty thousand effective men.

EFFE＇CTIVELY, adv. [of effective] powerfully, in effect, really.
This effectively resists the devil. Taylor.

EFFE＇CTIVENESS [of effective and ness] effective quality.

EFFE＇CTLESS, adj. [of effect] being without effect, impotent, un­
meaning. They have served me to effectless use. Shakespeare.

EFFE＇CTOR, Lat. 1. The author, contriver, or performer of a thing.
He that produces an effect. 2. Maker, creator. We commemorate
the creation, and pay worship to that infinite being who was the
effector of it. Derham.

EFFE＇CTRIX Lat. she that effects or does a thing.

EFFE＇CTUAL [effectuel, Fr. effectualis, Lat.] 1. Necessarily producing
its effect; forcible, powerful, efficacious. The reading of scripture
is effectual to lay even the first foundation. Hooker. 2. Expressive
of facts, true; now an obsolete sense.
Reprove my allegation if you can,
Or else conclude my words effectual. Shakespeare.

EFFE＇CTUALLY, adv. [of effectual] forcibly, powerfully, to the
purpose. Recover the wandering mind more effectually than a sermon.
South.

EFFE＇CTUALNESS [of effectual and ness] efficiency, the state of be­
ing effectual.

To EFFE＇CTUATE, verb act. [effectuer, Fr. effettuare, It. efetuàr,
Sp.] to accomplish, to do a thing thoroughly, to bring it to pass.
A fit instrument to effectuate his desire. Sidney.

EFFELLONIE＇ [in French heraldry] a term used by Columbiere for
a lion rampant in the posture of standing, but that the two fore paws
are together of an equal height, and the hinder feet also close toge­
ther, like a dog leaping, as they do in the true rampant.

EFFE＇MINACY, or EFFE＇MINATENESS [effeminatezza, It. effæmina­
tio, of fæmina, Lat. a woman] 1. A womanish softness, tenderness,
niceness, mean submission.
Foul effeminacy held me yok＇d
Her bondslave. Milton.
2. Lasciviousness, loose pleasure. Sins of wantonness, softness, and
effeminacy, are prevented. Taylor.

EFFE＇MINATE, adj. [effemine, Fr. effeminato, It. efeminádo, Sp. of
effæminatus, Lat.] 1. Womanish, tender, delicate, nice to an un­
manly degree, luxurious. The king, by his voluptuous life, became
effeminate. Bacon. 2. Womanlike, soft, without reproach; an ob­
solete sense. Gentle, kind, effeminate remorse. Shakespeare.

To EFFE＇MINATE, verb act. [effeminer, Fr. effeminare, It. efemi­
nàr, Sp. effæminatum, sup. of effemino, Lat.] to make or render wo­
manish or wanton; to soften by voluptuousness, to weaken, to un­
man. It will not corrupt nor effeminate childrens minds. Locke.

To EFFEMINATE, verb neut. to become womanish, to be softened,
to melt into weakness. Courage will effeminate. Pope.

EFFE＇MINATELY, adv. [of effeminate] 1. In a womanlike man­
ner. 2. Wantonly.

EFFEMINA＇TION [of effeminate] the state of one grown womanish,
or unmanned. From this mixture of sexes degenerate effemination.
Brown.

EFFERA＇TION [efferatio, of fera, Lat. a wild beast] the act of
making wild.

To EFFE＇RVESCE, verb neut. [effervesco, Lat.] to generate heat by
intestine motion, to become effervescent. The compound spirit of
nitre, put to oil of cloves, will effervesce, even to a slame. Mead on
Poisons.

EFFERVE＇SCENCE, or EFFERVE＇SCENCY [effervescence, Fr. efferves­
cenza, It. of effervescentia, Lat.] 1. The act of growing hot, pro­
duction of heat by intestine motion. It makes no effervescence upon
the injection of the chalk. Grew. 2. A sudden transport of anger or
rage.

EFFERVESCENCE, or EFFERVESCENCY [with physicians] an in­
ward motion of particles of different natures and qualities tending to
sudden destruction.

EFFERVE＇SCENCE [with chemists] a greater degree of motion and
struggling of the small parts of a liquor, than is ment by fermentation,
so that it implies a violent fermentation or bubbling up with some de­
gree of heat, and is usually the term for the effect of pouring an acid
liquor upon an alkalizate one. In the chymical sense, effervescence
signifies an intestine motion produced by mixing two bodies together
that lay at rest before, attended sometimes with a hissing noise, froth­
ing and ebullition. Arbuthnot.

EFFERVESCENCE [in physics] is not applied to any ebullitions or
motions produced by fire; but only to those that result from the mix­
ture of bodies of different natures, or at least an agitation of parts re­
sembling an ebullition of boiling produced by fire.

EFFERVE＇SCENT [effervescens, Lat.] growing hot, producing an
intestine motion.

EFFE＇TE [effetus, Lat.] 1. Worn out of heart or strength for pro­
ducing fruit, barren, disabled from generation. The animal becomes
barren and effete. Ray. The earth parched and effete by the drought.
Bentley. 2. Worn out with age. His decrepit effete sensuality.
South.

EFFICA＇CIOUS [efficace, Fr. and It. efficàz, Sp. efficacis, gen. of ef­
ficax, Lat.] that can produce the consequence intended, productive of
effects.
By one efficacious breath
Dilates to cube or square. J. Philips.

EFFICA＇CIOUSLY, adv. [of efficacious] with efficacy or success.

E＇FFICACY, EFFICA＇CIOUSNESS, or EFFICA＇CITY [efficace, Fr. effi­
cacia, It. eficácia, Sp. of efficacitas, Lat.] Operation, force, virtue,
strength to produce effects, production of the consequence intended.
The efficacy or necessity of God＇s word. Hooker.

EFFI＇CIENCE, EFFI＇CIENCY, or EFFI＇CIENTNESS [efficientia, from
efficio, Lat.] the power or faculty of producing effects, agency. This
divine efficiency. Hooker.

EFFI＇CIENT, subst. [efficiens, Lat.] 1. The cause which makes ef­
fects what they are. God moveth mere natural agents as an efficient
only. Hooker. 2. He that makes, the effector, the creator. The great
efficient of the world. Hale.

EFFI＇CIENT, adj. Fr. [efficiente, It. and Sp. efficiens, Lat.] produ­
cing its effect, accomplishing, causing, bringing to pass.

EFFI＇CIENT Cause [in philosophy] is the cause that produces the effect.
Your answering in the final cause makes me believe you are at a loss
for the efficient. Collier. See CAUSE.

Equivocal EFFICIENT Cause, as the sun producing a frog, &c.

Moral EFFICIENT Cause, as the adviser is the cause of a war, a
murder, &c.

EFFI＇CIENTS [in arithmetic] the numbers given for an operation
of multiplication, i. e. multiplicand and multiplier.

EFFI＇CTION [effictio, from effectum, sup. of effingo, Lat.] 1. The
act of expressing or representing. 2. The act of fashioning.

To EFFI＇GIATE [effigio, Lat.] to draw one＇s picture, to image, to
form in semblance.

EFFIGIA＇TION [of effigiate] the act of fashioning or making the re­
semblance of persons or things.

E＇FFIGIES [effigie, Fr. and It. efigie, Sp. of effigies, Lat.] a portrait,
figure or representation of a person to the life, an image in paint­
ing or sculpture, a representation. The effigies or actual image.
Dryden.

E＇FFIGY, the stamp or impression of a coin, representing the
prince＇s head who caused it to be struck; any representation in gene­
ral. The same with effigies.

EFFLAGITA＇TION, Lat. an earnest desiring.

EFFLA＇TION, the act of belching or breaking of wind.

EFFLORE＇SCENCE, or EFFLORE＇SCENCY [of effloresco, Lat.] 1. The
act of blowing out, as a flower; production of flowers. The spirit
of the plant is digested and severed from the grosser juice in efflores­
cence. Bacon. 2. Excrescenses in the form of flowers. Sparry in­
crustations with efflorescencies in form of shrubs. Woodward. 3.
[With physicians] the breaking out of some humours in the skin; as
in the measles, and the like. A wart seemeth to be an efflorescence of
the serum. Quincy.

EFFLORESCENT, adj. [efflorescens, of effloresco, Lat.] shooting out
in the form of flowers. Efflorescent sparry incrustations on stone.
Woodward.

EFFLU＇ENCE, or EFFLU＇ENTNESS [effluentia, Lat.] an efflux, that
which issues from some other principle.
Bright effluence of bright essence increate. Milton.

EFFLU＇VIA, or EFFLU＇VIUM [effluvia, plur of effluvium, from ef­
fluo, Lat.] are such small particles as are continually flowing out of
almost all mixed bodies; the number of which is vastly great, these
are called corpuscular effluvias, and in many bodies in the extreme
subtilety and fineness of them are transcendently remarkable; as being
able for a long time together to produce sensible effects; without any
apparent or the least considerable diminution of the bulk or weight of
the body which sends them forth. Magnetic effluvia. Woodward.

EFFLU＇VIUM, Lat. [with physicians] are in an especial manner
taken for vapours which pass thro＇ the pores or insensible holes of the
skin.

E＇FFLUX [effluxus, Lat.] 1. The act of flowing out. Copius ef­
flux of matter. Harvey. 2. Effusion. The first efflux of mens
piety. Hammond. 3. Emanation, that which flows from something
else.
Of all material beings first and best
Efflux divine! Thomson.

To EFFLUX, verb neut. [effluxum, sup. of effluo, Lat.] to run out,
to flow away.

EFFLU＇XED, part. p. flown, run out. Five thousand and some odd
centuries are effluxed since the creation. Boyle.

EFFLU＇XION [effluxum, sup. of effluo, Lat.] 1. The act of flowing
out, the same as efflux. By effluxion and attraction, bodies tend to­
wards the earth. Brown. 2. Emanation, effluvium, that which flows
out. There are some light effluxions from spirit to spirit, when men are
onewith another. Bacon.

To EFFO＇RCE, verb act. [efforcer, Fr.] 1. To break thro＇ by vio­
lence. Spenser uses it. 2. To ravish, to violate by force. Burnt his
beastly heart t＇efforce her chastity. Spenser.

To EFFO＇RM, verb act. [efformo, Lat.] to shape, to fashion in any
certain manner. Efforming us after thy own image. Taylor.

EFFORMA＇TION [from efform] the act of fashioning or forming in
a certain manner. The production and efformation of the universe.
Ray.

E＇FFORT, Fr. a strong endeavour, a great straining, a forcible at­
tempt. If after having gained victories, we had made the same ef­
forts as if we had lost them, France could not have withstood us. Ad­
dison.

EFFO＇SSION [effossum, sup. of effodio, Lat.] the act of digging out
of the ground. The effossion of coins. Arbuthnot.








EFFRA＇CTOR, Lat. [in common law] a burglar, a house-breaker,
one who breaks open doors or walls to steal.

EFFRA＇IABLE, adj. [effroiable, Fr.] Dreadful, terrible: a word not
received. A proportionate efficient of their effraiable nature. Har­
vey.

EFFRO＇NTERY [effronterie, Fr. of effrons, Lat.] impudence, bra­
zen-facedness, sauciness, boldness. Who had effrontery enough.
K. Charles.

EFFU＇LGENCE [effulgentia, of effulgeo, Lat.] the act of shining out,
lustre. Thy lustre blest effulgence. Blackmore.

EFFU＇LGENT [effulgens, Lat.] shining out, bright. The effulgent
emanations fly. Blackmore.

EFFU＇LGID [effulgidus, Lat.] bright, shining, clear.

EFFUMABI＇LITY [fumus, Lat.] the quality of fuming away, or
escaping in vapours. Volatility, or, if I may coin such a word, effu­
mability. Boyle.

To EFFU＇ND [effundo, Lat.] to pour out.

To EFFU＇SE, verb act. [effusum, sup. of effundo, from ex, and fundo,
Lat. to pour] to spill, to shed, to pour out. With gushing blood ef­
fus＇d. Mitton.

EFFU＇SE, subst. [from the verb] effusion, waste. Much effuse of
blood doth make me faint. Shakespeare.

EFFU＇SED, pret. and part. p. of to effuse [effusus, Lat.] poured out.

EFFU＇SION, Fr. [effusione, It. effusiòn, Sp. of effusio, Lat.] 1. The
act of pouring out. Effusion of wine. Taylor. 2. Waste, the act of
spilling or shedding. Effusion of blood. Hooker. 3. The act of pour­
ing out words. Senseless effusion of indigested prayers. Hooker. 4.
Bounteous donation. That liberal effusion of all they had. Hammond.
5. The thing poured out. Wash me with that precious effusion. K.
Charles.

EFFUSION [with chemists] the pouring out a liquor by inclination
or stooping the vessel on one side, when the matter or settlings by its
weight is fallen to the bottom of it.

EFFU＇SIO SANGUINIS, Lat. [i. e. shedding of blood] a fine or pe­
nalty imposed by the ancient English laws for bloodshed and murder,
which the king granted to many lords of manors.

EFFU＇SIVE, adj. [of effuse] pouring out, dispersing.
Th＇ effusive south
Warms the wide air. Thomson.

EFFUTI＇TIOUS [effutitius, Lat.] rashly or foolishly uttered, blab­
bed.

EFT, subst. [eveft, efeta, Sax.] a little venemous creature resem­
bling a lizard in shape, that lives in the water, a newt, an evet.

EFT, adv. [eft, Sax.] soon, shortly. Spenser and Fairfax use it.

E＇FTSOONS [eftsona, of eft and soon, Sax.] soon afterwards,
again. Obsolete. He in their stead eftsoons placed Englishmen. Spenser.

E. G. abbreviations of the Latin words exempli gratia, i. e. for ex­
ample.

E＇GER, subst. an impetuous and irregular tide. From the peculiar
disposition of the earth at the bottom, wherein quick excitations are
made, may arise those egers and flows in some estuaries and rivers, as is
observable about the Trent and Humber in England. Bacon. See
EAGRE.

EGERMINA＇TION, Lat. the act of budding or springing forth.

E＇GERS [with florists] spring-tulips, or those which blow first.

To EGE＇ST, verb act. [egestum, sup of egero, Lat.] to discharge,
thrust or throw out the food by the natural vents. These all wax fat
when they sleep and egest not. Bacon.

EGE＇STION. 1. An evacuation of the excrement or going to stool. 2.
The discharging of meat digested through the pylorus into the rest of
the intestines. Involuntary exertions of digestion, egestion and circula­
tion. Hale.

EGE＇STUOUS, or EGESTUO＇SE [egestuosus, Lat.] very poor and
needy.

EGESTUO＇SITY [egestuositas, Lat.] extreme poverty.

EGG [æg, Sax. eg, and aeg, Dan. aegge, Su.] 1. The fœtus or
production of feather＇d fowls, that which they lay, and from which
their young are hatch＇d. 2. The spawn or sperm of other creatures.
Think him as the serpent＇s egg. Shakespeare. 3. Any thing fashion＇d
in the form of an egg. A great glassbubble with a long neck, such as
chemists call a philosophical egg. Boyle.
It is very hard to shave an EGG.
That is, where nothing is, nothing can be had: Or, according to
another proverb; Where nothing is to be had, the king must lose his
right.
An EGG and to bed.
Fr. Maigre chére. (poor fare.) The Lat. say; Xenocratis caseolus.
Gr. Ξενοκρατους τυριον. Erasm. Lessons of temperance.
To leave a nest EGG.
That is, to have always a reserve to come again.
Every bird must hatch her own EGG.
Fr. Vous avez fait la faute, il faut que vous la beuviez. (You have
committed the fault, you must drink it.) Lat. Tu te hoc intristi, tibi
omne est exedendum.

Cow＇s EGG, a kind of bezoar, frequently found in the stomach of
a cow.

To EGG one on [eggian, Sax. egger, Dan. eggia, Island. and Su.]
to provoke to action, stir up, set on, or spur forwards. Ardor of in­
clination eggs him forward. Derham.

EGI＇STMENTS [in law] cattle taken in to graze, or to be fed at so
much per week or month.

E＇GLANTINE [eglantier, Fr. a wild rose] sweet briar, a shrub.
With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine. Shakespeare.

EGO＇ITY [of ego, Lat. I] the being or essence of I or myself.

EGO＇TISM [from ego, Lat.] what a man says of himself, the too
frequent mention of a man＇s self. The most violent egotism is that of
cardinal Wolsey＇s ego & rex meus, I and my king. Spectator. This
fault, committed in writing or conversation, by the frequent repeti­
tion of the word ego, or I, is as ridiculous as it is common; but when
accompanied by a formal apology, as, tho＇ I say it, who should not say
it, and yet I must or will say it, if it be said, and the like, it very much
heightens the folly of it. Of such people the proverb says: Their
trumpeter is dead, that is, they are obliged to sound their own praise.
The Lat. say;
De te alii narrent, proprio sordescit in ore
Gloria; si taceas, plus tibi laudis erit. Or,
Omnibus invisa est stolidæ jactantia linguæ.
Dum de te loqueris, gloria nulla tua est.

EGO＇TIST [from ego] one that is always repeating the word ego, I;
a talker of himself. A tribe of egotists are the authors of memoirs.
Spectator.

To E＇GOTIZE, verb neut. [of ego, Lat.] to talk much of one＇s
self.

EGOTI＇ZING, the frequent using the pronoun I, in conversation or
writing; the talking much of one＇s self; also assuming too much to a
person＇s self.

E＇GRA, a city of Bohemia, situated on a river of the same name,
about 70 miles west of Prague. It is remarkable for its medicinal wa­
ters.

EGRE＇GIOUS [egregio, It. egregius, Lat. i. e. chosen out of the flock]
1. Eminent, extraordinary. The records of egregious exploits More.
2. Eminently bad, remarkably vicious. This is the usual sense. Pride
and egregious contempt of all good order. Hooker.

EGRE＇GIOUSLY, adv. [of egregious] 1. Eminently. 2. Shamefully.
He had been egregiously cheated. Arbuthnot.

EGRE＇GIOUSNESS [of egregious] remarkableness; also shamefulness.

E＇GREMONT, a market town of Cumberland, 287 miles from Lon­
don.

E＇GRESS, or EGRE＇SSION [egressus and egressio, Lat.] the act of go­
ing forth, departure; as, to have egress and regress from and to any
place. This water would have been lock＇d up, and its egress debar＇d.
Woodward. The tumultuous manner of issuing out of their ships, and
the perpetual egression, are imaged in the bees pouring out. Broome.

EGRE＇SSIO, Lat. [with rhetoricians] a figure, when the same sound
or word is twice repeated in several or in the same sentence, in an in­
verted order; as,
Nec fine sole suo lux, nec sine luce suâ sol.

E＇GRET, a fowl with red legs of the heron kind.

E＇GRIOT, subst. [aigret, Fr. perhaps from aigre, Fr. sour] a species
of cherry. The cœur-cherry is sweeter than the red; but the egriot is
more sour. Bacon.

E＇GRITUDE [ægritudo, from æger, Lat.] sickness.

EGUISCE [in heraldry] as, a cross eguisce, is a cross that is like two
angles at the ends cut off, so as to terminate in points, yet not like the
cross fitchée. See AIGUISCE.

EGY＇PTIAN, a native or inhabitant of Egypt; also a gypsy.

EGYPTIAN Empire. We have already given an account of its foun­
der, the great Sesac or Sesostris, under the words BACCHUS, and CO­
LUMNÆ HERCULIS. Who in the reign of his father Ammon, king of
Egypt and Lybia, invaded Arabia Felix (according to Sir Isaac New­
ton＇s short chronicle) in the year before Christ 1010; and two years
after invaded Afric and Spain, setting up pillars in all his conquests,
and particularly at the mouth of the Mediterranean, and returned home
by the coast of Gaul and Italy. In the fifth year of Rehoboam, son of Solo­
mon [i. e. in the year 974 before Christ] he spoiled the TEMPLE, and
invaded Syria and Persia. About which time Jeroboam, king of the
ten tribes, becoming subject to him, set up the worship of the Egyptian
gods in Israel. In the year 971, he carried his victorious arms into
India, and returned with triumph the next year but one. Whence
TRIETERICA Bacchi. In the year 967, he passed over the Hellespont,
and conquered Thrace. But two years after, some check being put to
his career of success by the Greeks and Scythians, he returned with in­
numerable captives into Egypt (among whom was Tithonus, son of Lao­
medon, king of Troy) and left his Lybian Amazons under Marthe­
sia and Lampeto, the successors of Minerva, at the river Thermodon.
This is that illustrious conqueror who was called by the Arabians, BAC­
CHUS; by the Phrygians, MA-FORS or MAVORS, and by contraction,
MARS; by the EGYPTIANS, SIRIS; and from thence, by the Greeks,
OSIRIS, and BUSIRIS. Sir Isaac adds, that in the year 956 he was
slain by his brother Japetus, and succedeed by his own son ORUS,
who routed the Lybians, when invading Egypt under the conduct of
Japetus; but was himself (nine years after) overcome by the Ethiopians,
and drowned in the Nile. And that ZERAH the Ethiopian being the
next year overthrown by Asa, king of Judea, the people of lower
Egypt made Osarsiphus their king, and called in 200,000 Jews and
Phœnicians to their assistance; upon which the Ethiopians abandoned
the lower Egypt, and fortified Memphis: And, upon the whole, that
by these wars, and by the Argonautic expedition (which was under­
taken in the year 937) the great empire of Egypt broke in pieces.
See BACCHUS, Herculis COLUMNÆ, and ARGONAUTIC.

EGYPTIAN Thorn, the name of a shrub, the same as acacia.

EGYPTIANS [in our statutes] a counterfeit kind of rogues, and
their doxies, being English or Welsh people, who disguise themselves
in odd and uncouth habits, smearing their faces and bodies, and fra­
ming to themselves an unknown, canting language, wander up and
down the country; and, under the pretence of telling fortunes and
curing diseases, &c. abuse the ignorant common people, tricking them
of their money, and live by that, together with filching, pilfering,
and stealing. See GYPSIES.

EI, is an improper dipthong, which, tho＇ not used in many words,
has several very different powers, as in seize, feign, height, either, for­
feit, &c.

EIA [eia, Sax.] an island.

To EJA＇CULATE, verb act. [ejaculor, Lat.] to throw, to dart out.
Being rooted so little way in the skin, they are the more easily ejacu­
lated. Grew.

EJACULA＇TION, Fr. [of ejaculatio, Lat. a casting forth or darting
afar off] 1. A short prayer poured forth occasionally from the bottom
of the heart, with fervent devotion, and without solemn retirement.
Let there be ejaculations fitted to the several actions of dressing. Taylor.
2. The act of darting or throwing out. In envy an ejaculation or irra­
diation of the eye. Bacon.

EJACULATION [in physic] the act of emitting the semen.

EJACULATION [in pyrotechny] the expulsion of a ball, bullet, or
bumb, out of a musket, cannon, mortar, &c.

EJACULA＇TORY, adj. [ejaculatoire, Fr. ejaculatorius, Lat.] ejacu­
lative, or pertaining to ejaculation, suddenly darted out, uttered in
short sentences. Some short ejaculatory prayers. Duppa.








EJACULATORY Vessels [in anatomy] certain vessels which serve to
discharge the semen in the act of copulation.

To EJE＇CT [ejectum, sup. of ejicio, Lat.] 1. To cast forth, or
throw out. Signs may exhaust the man, but not eject the burden.
South. 2. To expel from a possession or office. The French king
was again ejected Dryden. 3. To drive away, to dismiss with hatred.
We are peremptory to dispatch
This viperous traitor; to eject him hence
Were but our danger; and to keep him here
Our certain death. Shakespeare.
4. To cast away, to reject. To have ejected whatsoever the church
doth make account of, without any other crime to charge it with than
only that it hath been used by the church of Rome, could not have
been defended. Hooker.

EJE＇CTA [in old records] a woman ravished or deflowered; or cast
forth from the virtuous.

EJECTA＇TION, Lat. 1. The act of casting or throwing out. The
ejection of the fallen angels from heaven. Broome. 2. [In physic] the
discharge of any thing by vomit, stool, or any other emunctory.
Quincy.

EJE＇CTION, Lat. a casting or throwing out.

EJECTION [in a medicinal sense] the same as egestion or the dis­
charging digested meat into the intestines.

EJECTIONE Custodiæ, Lat. [in law] a writ lying properly against one
that casts a guardian out from any lands, whilst the heir is under
age.

EJECTIONE Firmæ, Lat. [in law] a writ which lies for the lessee
for a term of years, who is cast out before his term is expired, either
by the lessor or a stranger.

EJECTI＇TIOUS [ejectitius, Lat.] cast out.

EJE＇CTMENT [of eject] a legal writ by which any tenant or inha­
bitant of a house or estate is commanded to depart.

EJE＇CTUM [in old records] jetson, or wreck of goods thrown out of
a ship.

EIGH, interj. an expression of sudden joy.

EIGHT subst. [eiht, Sax.] a plantation of oziers and willows in a
little island in a river.

EIGHT, adj. [eahta, or eaht, Sax. ahta, Goth. acht, Du. and
Ger. otte, Dan. huit, Fr. otto, It. ocho, Sp. outo, Port. octo, Lat. of
οκτω, Gr.] twice four: a word of number. Eight score and eight
miles. Sundys.

EIGHT-FOIL, i. e. eight leav＇d. Sylvanus Morgan gives as the
difference of the eighth branch of a family.

EIGHTH, adj. [eahtoth, Sax.] the ordinal of eight, the next to
the seventh. In the eighth month. Bacon.

EI＇GHTEEN, adj. [eaht tyne, Sax. or eight and ten] twice nine.

EI＇GHTEENTH, adj. [of eighteen] the ordinal of eighteen, the next
in order to the seventeenth.

EI＇GHTFOLD, adj. [of eight and fold] eight times the number or
quantity.

EI＇GHTIETH, adj. [of eighty] the ordinal of eighty, the next in or­
der to the seventy-ninth. The eightieth part. Wilkins.

EI＇GHTHLY, adv. [of eighth] in the eighth place.

EI＇GHTSCORE, adj. [of eight and score] eight times twenty, an
hundred and sixty. Eightscore eight hours. Shakespeare.

EI＇GHTFOIL [in heraldry] grais bearing 8 leaves.

EI＇GHTY, adj. [eatatig, Sax. huiante, Fr. ottanta, It. ochenta, Sp.
outenta, Port. aehtzig, Ger.] fourscorce, eight times ten.

EI＇GNE, adj. [aisne, Fr. in law] 1. The eldest or first-born 2.
Unalienable, as being entailed. Johnson. Some estate that is eigne
and not subject to forfeiture. Bacon.

EINE＇CIA, Fr. [in law] eldership.

EIRE＇NARCHY [ειρηναρχια, of ειρηνη, peace, and αρχη, Gr. domi­
nion] a peaceable government. I should rather (from its etymology)
have said, a magistracy for preserving peace; and hence.

EI＇RENARCH, or IRENARCH, a particular magistrate so called, qui
corrigendis moribus præ-est. Budæus. Thus in the martyrdom of Poly­
carp. We read of Herod the Irenarch. Upon which office SMITH, in
his annotations, observes, “that it held only for a year.”

EI＇SPNOE, Lat. [εισπνοη, of εισπνεω, Gr. to breathe in free respira­
tion] the opposite to e poe.

ELAMI＇ [in music] the sixth ascending note of each septenary in the
scale.

EI＇SEL, subst. [eosil, Sax.] vinegar, verjuice, any acid in general.
Woo＇t drink up eisel. Shakespeare.

EI＇THER, pron. [othther, or ægther, Sax. auther, Scots] 1.
Whichsoever of the two, whether the one or the other. Goring made
a fast friendship with Digby, either of them believing he cou＇d deceive
the other. Clarendon. 2. Each, both, denoting two or a greater number.
Some creatures placed in the confines of several provinces, and partici­
pating something of either. Hale.

EITHER, adv. [from the subst.] a distributive particle answered by
or; as, either the one or the other. Either your brethren have de­
ceived us, or power confers virtue. Swift.

EJULA＇TION [ejulatio, Lat.] the act of yelling, howling or wailing,
outcry. He breaks out into ejulations and effeminate wailings. Go­
vernment of the Tongue.

EJULA＇TOR, Lat. a certain wild beast called a crier, which makes
a noise like the crying of a young child.

EJURA＇TION, Lat. a renouncing or resignation by oath.

EKE, adv. [eac, Sax. ok, Dan. oock, Du. and L. Ger. auch, H.
Ger. auk, Goth.] also, likewise, besides, moreover. It is somewhat
obsolete. All the good is God＇s, both power and eke will. Spenser.

To EKE, verb act. [of æacan, Sax. to encrease, aukan, Goth. which
Junius derives of αυξαω, Gr.] 1. To increase. I dempt there much
to have eked my store. Spenser. 2. To supply, to fill up a deficiency.
On some patch＇d dog-hole ek＇d with ends of wall. Pope. 3. To make
larger, by adding another piece. 4. To protract, to lengthen.
I speak too long; but ＇tis to piece the time,
To eke it and to draw it out in length. Shakespeare.
5. To spin out by needless additions. [In this sense it seems borrowed
from the use of our old poets, who put eke into their lines when they
wanted a syllable. Johnson]
Eusden ekes out Blackmore＇s endless line. Pope.
All EKES help said the wren when she pist into the sea.
Or, Many littles make a mickle, or much.

E＇LA [prob. of eleva, Lat. lift up] the highest note in the scale of
music.

To ELA＇BORATE, verb act. [elaboratum, sup. of elaboro, Lat.] 1. To
produce any thing with labour. They in full joy elaborate a sigh.
Young. 2. To heighten by successive endeavours, to improve, to ex­
alt. The sap is more and more elaborated and exalted. Arbuthnot.

ELA＇BORATE, adj. [elavorato, It. elaboratus, Lat.] done with pains
and diligence, wrought and composed with great care and labour.
Elaborate discourses upon important occasions. Swift.

ELA＇BORATELY, adv. [of elaborate] with much pains and study.
Elaborately and finely ground. Newton.

ELABORA＇TION, the act of working or performing any thing with
pains, improvement by successive operations. An apparatus of vessels
for the elaboration of the sperm. Ray.

ELA＇BORATORY, subst. [elaboratorium, Lat.] a laboratory, a che­
mist＇s workhouse.

ELÆ＇A, Lat. [ελαια, Gr.] the olive, the fruit of the olive tree.

ELÆO＇MELI, Lat. [ελαιομελι, Gr.] a kind of fat gum that drops
from olive-trees.

ELÆO＇PHYLLON [ελαιοϕυλλον, Gr.] the herb mercury.

ELÆOSA＇CCHARUM, Lat. [of ελαιον, oil, and σακχαρον, Gr. sugar] an
oil, whose parts are separated by sugar, embodied with some drops of
distilled oil, to render it more easy to be swallowed.

To ELA＇NCE, verb act. [elancer, Fr.] to throw out, to cast as a dart.
Harsh words that one elanc＇d, must ever fly. Prior.

ELA＇NGUID [elanguidus, Lat.] faint, weak.

ELAPHABO＇LIMUM, Lat. [with botanists] wild or mountain-parsley.

ELAPHEBO＇LIUM, Lat. [ελαϕηβολιων, Gr. so called from the sa­
crifices then offered to the goddess Diana, stiled ελαϕηβολος, i. e. stag­
shooter] a month of the Grecians answering to our February.

ELAPHO＇BOSCON, Lat. [ελαϕοβοσκον, Gr.] the plant wild parsnip or
carrot.

ELAPHEBO＇LIA [of ελαϕηβολος, Gr. i. e. the huntress] feasts conse­
crated to Diana, in the month Elaphebolion or February, wherein a
cake made in form of a deer was offered to her.

ELA＇PIDATED, cleared of stones.

To ELA＇PSE, verb neut. [elapsus, of elabor, Lat.] to slide away
easily, to run out without notice.

ELAPIDA＇TION, Lat. the act of clearing a place from stones.

ELA＇PSTON, Lat. the act of sliding out or away.

To ELA＇QUEATE, verb act. [elaqueatum, sup. of elaqueo, from la­
queus, Lat. a trap] to disentangle, to set free from a snare.

ELAQUEA＇TION, Lat. the act of disentangling, disentanglement.

ELARGI＇TION, Lat. the act of freely bestowing.

ELA＇STIC, or ELA＇STICAL [elastique, Fr. elastico, It. of elasticus,
Lat.] that pertains to elasticity, or that recoils with a kind of spring
or force to the form or state from which it was withheld, springy. It
is hard and elastic, returning to its figure with a force rising from the
mutual attraction of its parts. Newton.

ELASTIC Body, is that which by being struck or stretched has it fi­
gure altered; but endeavours by its own force to resume the same; or
it is a spring body, which when compress＇d, condens＇d, and the like,
makes an effort to set itself at liberty, and to repel the body, that con­
strained it; such is a sword-blade, a bow, &c. which are easily bent;
but presently return to their former figure and extension.

Natural ELASTIC Bodies, the principal are air, spunges, the bran­
ches of trees, wool, cotton, feathers, &c.

Artificial ELASTIC Bodies, are steel-bows, sword-blades, &c.

Perfectly ELA＇STICAL, a body is said to be so, when with the same
force as that which press＇d upon it (through for a while it yielded to
the stroke) it afterwards recovers its former place. And in this sense,
an elastic body is distinguished from a soft body; i. e. one that being
press＇d yields to the stroke, loses its former figure, and cannot recover
it again.

ELASTIC Force [with philosophers] is the force of a spring when
bent, and endeavouring to unbend itself again.

ELASTIC Force [with physicians] is understood to be the endeavour
of elastic or springy particles, when compress＇d or crowded in a little
room, to spread and roll themselves out again. And thence they fre­
quently use the term to signify such an explosion of the animal spirits,
as is frequent in cramps or convulsions.

ELASTI＇CITY, or ELA＇STICNESS [elasticité, Fr. elasticitá, It. ela­
sticitas, Lat.] the springiness of bodies, a power to return to its
first place or condition, as a stick that is forcibly bent. This qua­
lity is very remarkable in the air, when it is compressed, it endea­
vours with a very great force to recover or restore itself to its former
state. Cannot exert its elasticity. Bacon.

ELA＇TE, subst. Lat. [ελατη, Gr.] a kind of fir-tree; also a date
tree.

ELA＇TE, or ELA＇TED, adj. [elatus, Lat.] pussed up, transported,
flushed with success or prosperity, lofty, proud, haughty. Too soon
dejected and too soon elate. Pope.

To ELA＇TE [elatum, of effcro, Lat.] 1. To lift up with success
or prosperity. 2. To exalt, to heighten. An unusual sense. Elates
his being and unsolds his pow＇r. Thomson.

ELA＇TERISTS, a name which Mr. Boyle gives to those persons who
hold the doctrine of Elaterium.

ELATE＇RIUM, Lat. [ελατηριον, of ελαυνω, Gr. to drive] the elasticity
or springy faculty of the air.

ELATERIUM [in medicine] the juice of wild cucumbers made up
into a thick consistence, in fragments of flat and thin cakes, seldom
thicker than a shilling. It is light, of a friable texture, a pale, dead,
whitish colour, and of an acrid and pungent taste. It is a very violent
and rough purge. Hill. Also any medicine that purges and loosens
the belly.

ELA＇TION, Lat. the act of lifting up with prosperity or success,
haughtiness, pride. This vain elation of mind. Atterbury.

ELATI＇NE, Lat. [ηλατινη, Gr.] female fluellin, running buck­
wheat, an herb.

ELATI＇TES, Lat. [ελατιτης, Gr.] a kind of blood-stone.

ELATRA＇TION, Lat. the act of barking out.

ELAXA＇TION, Lat. the act of unloosing.























ELB, a large river of Germany, which rising on the confines of Si­
lesia, runs through Bohemia, Saxony, and Brandenburg; and after
dividing the dutchy of Lunenburg, as also the dutchy of Bremen, from
Holstein, it falls into the German ocean, about 70 miles below Ham­
burgh. It is navigable for great ships higher than any river in Eu­
rope.

ELBO＇IC [elboga, Sax. an elbow] a sentence or verse of a rude or
ruffling quality, as it were hunching or pushing with the elbow.

E＇LBOW [elboga, Sax. elleboge, Du. elenbogen, Ger.] 1. A part
or joint in the middle of the arm, the curvature next below the shoul­
der. 2. Any flexure or angle in general. Vines set upon a wall be­
tween elbows or butresses of stone. Bacon. 3. To be at one＇s elbow.
To be near, to be at hand. Wear thy good raper bear, and put it
home: quick, quick; fear nothing, I＇ll be at thy elbow. Shakespeare.

To ELBOW, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To push one with the el­
bow. One elbows him. Dryden. 2. To push, to encroach upon, to
drive off to a distance. He＇ll make mad work, and elbow all his
neighbours. Dryden.

To ELBOW, verb neut. to jut out in angles.

To shake one＇s ELBOWS, to play at dice: a cant phrase.

ELBOW-CHAIR [of elbow and chair] an armed chair to support the
elbows of the setter. Swans and elbow-chairs have danc＇d. Gay.

ELBOW-ROOM [of elbow and room] room to stretch out the elbows
on each side, freedom from confinement. There may be elbow-room
enough for them. Bacon.

ELBOW-SHAKER, a gamester, or sharper that lives by gaming. A
cant word.

ELCESA＇ITÆ, a sect in the third century, so called from their leader
Elcesai, who made their appearance in the reign of Trajan. They
kept a mean between the Jews, Christians, and Pagans; they wor­
shipped but one God, observed the Jewish sabbath, circumcision, and
the other ceremonies of the law; they rejected the pentateuch and the
prophets, nor had they more respect for the writings of the apostles,
particularly the epistles of St. Paul, and held that Christ had appeared
from time to time under divers bodies, that there were two Christs,
the one in heaven, and the other on the earth, and that the Holy Spi­
rit was his sister. They were much addicted to judicial astrology, ma­
gic, and enchantments.
N. B. By calling the Holy Ghost, the SISTER of Christ, I suppose
they meant to oppose what EUSERIUS of Cæsarea represents as the
doctrine of the CHURCH, viz. that the Spirit was one of those beings,
which GOD produced by Christ; Euseb. adv. Marcel. He was, as Ter­
tullian had express＇d it long before, “a patre per filium, i. e. from
the father THRO＇ [or by] the Son;” Tertull. adv. Praxeam. Whereas
it was the peculiar prerogative of the SON, that he, and he only,
was produced IMMEDIATELY from the Father. [See ONLY-BEGOTTEN,
DOVE, and BAALIM, and Præposition BY.] I＇m loth to dismiss
this topic, without subjoining a pretty extraordinary passage from Justin
Martyr, which is found near the close of his 2d and larger apology.
Where having observ＇d how those evil spirits, which promoted the
cause of Idolatry, frequently affect some ANALOGY or resemblance to
divine revelation, he ascribes to this kind of mimicry the erecting the
statue [της λεγομενης κορης] of that goddess who is called the MAID [or
VIRGIN] over fountains of waters; “they stiled her, says he, the
DAUGHTER of JOVE; and that all this was done in imitation of MO­
SES, may easily be discerned from the text, which I before cited. In
the beginning God created the heaven and the earth; and the earth was
without form and void, and the SPIRIT of GOD moved on the face of the
WATERS. ＇Twas with reference to this SPIRIT of GOD which moved
upon the water, they said, the goddess whom they stile the CORE [or
MAID] was the DAUGHTER of Jove.” Nor does St. JUSTIN stop
here: But observes, (if I do not mistake his meaning) that they
play＇d the like game with regard to another branch of our primitive
doctrine; I mean that GOD produced all things BY his WORD, or LO­
GOS. For he adds; “Upon the like foot of artful imitation, they
said, Minerva was the DAUGHTER of JOVE, not from carnal copula­
tion; but because they knew that God, when forming his plan,
made the world [δια λογου] BY or THRO＇ logos, i. e. word, or reason,
they accordingly affirmed Minerva to be his [πρωτη εννοια] first thought,
or conception; i. e. in their mythology, the first exercise of the intellectual
power in God so called: But in the counterpart (i. e. in St. Justin＇s
system) the first being produced from God.

ELD, subst. [eald, Sax.] 1. Old age. Comfort in her weaker eld.
Spenser. 2. Old persons, decrepid people, such as are worn out with
years. Beg the alms of palsied eld. Shakespeare. Childless eld. Mil­
ton.

E＇LDER, adj. [the comparative of eld now corrupted to old, eald,
ealdor, Sax.] surpassing another in years. Elder sisters. Hooker.

ELDER Battalion, that battalion which was first raised, and has the
post of honour according to its standing.

ELDER Officers, those whose commissions bear the earliest date.

E＇LDER [ellara or eldar, Sax.] a tree. The branches are full of
pith, having but little wood, the flowers are monopetalous, and ex­
pand in form of a rose. These are collected into an umbel, and are
succeeded by soft, succulent berries. Dwarf elder is near London
propagated for medicinal use. Miller.

E＇LDERLY, adj. [of elder] no longer young, bordering upon old
age. Elderly people of both sexes. Swift.

E＇LDERS [plur. of the subst. elder] 1. Persons whose age gives
them a claim to credit and reverence. Rebuke not an elder. 1 Timo­
thy. 2. Ancestors. Carry your head as your elders have done. L＇E­
strange. 3. Such as are older than others. It well becometh chil­
dren＇s innocency to pray, and their elders to say amen. Hooker. 4.
[Among the Jews] rulers of the people. 5. [In the New Testament]
ecclesiastics. 6. [Among presbyterians] laymen introduced into the
kirk polity in sessions, presbyteries, synods and assemblies.
Fleabitten synod an assembly brew＇d,
Of clerks and elders ana. Cleaveland.

E＇LDERSHIP [ældor, Sax.] more aged, or farther in years.

ELDERSHIP [of ælder, and rcip, Sax.] 1. The dignity of an elder,
seniority, primogeniture. My claim to her by eldership I prove. Dry­
den. 2. Kirksession, presbytery. Whether there ought to be in all
churches an eldership having power to excommunicate, and a part of
that eldership to be of necessity certain chosen out from amongst the
laity. Hooker.

E＇LDEST, adj. superl. of eld, now changed to old [eald, ealdor,
ealdste, Sax.] 1. The oldest, the first-born child.
Our eldest Malcolm. Shakespeare.
2. The person that has lived most years. Eldest parents signify
either the oldest men and women that have had children, or those who
have longest had issue. Locke.

ELE＇AN, or ELEA＇TIC, what belongs to Elca.
He liv＇d, convers＇d, and shew＇d th＇ admiring age,
Another Samian, or Elean sage.
Table of CEBES, in English verse.
On which the ingenious and learned author gives us the following note.
“Pythagoras the Samian taught his philosophy at Crotona, a city in
Italy. He flourished in the 7th century before Christ: from him the
Italic sect of Philosophers derived their name. Parmenides his cotem­
porary was a native of Elea, another city in Italy; and, in conjunction
with Zeno, his fellow-citizen, the founder of the Eleatic sect.”

ELECAMPA＇NE [enula campana, helenium, Lat.] the herb otherwise cal­
led star-wort, or horse heal, good for the lungs. It hath a radiated
flower, whose florets are hermaphrodite; but the semiflorets are fe­
male: both these are yellow. Botanists enumerate thirty species of
this plant. The first is the true elecampane used in medicine. It grows
wild in most fields, and is cultivated in gardens to furnish the shops
with roots, which is the only part of the plant in use. Miller. The
Germans candy elecampane root like ginger, and call it German spice.
Hill.

ELE＇CT, adj. [eletto, It. elécto, Sp. of electus, Lat.] 1. Chosen,
taken by preference from among others.
Th＇ elect of the land, who are assembled
To plead your cause. Shakespeare.
2. Appointed or chosen to an office, not actually in possession. The
bishop elect. Ayliffe.

EL＇ECT [with divines] the elected saints, the faithful, such as are
chosen and appointed by God to inherit everlasting glory. Christ died
for none but the elect. Hammond.

To ELE＇CT, verb act. [elire, Fr. eleggire, It. elegir, Sp. electum,
sup. of eligo, Lat.] 1. To choose for any office or purpose, to take in
preference of any other. This prince elected a hundred senators out
of the commoners. Swift. 2. [Among divines] to select as an ob­
ject of eternal mercy.
Some I have chosen of peculiar grace,
Elect above the rest. Milton.

ELE＇CTION, Fr. [elezione, It. eleciòn, Sp. of electio, Lat.] 1. A choice
made of any thing or person, whereby it is preferred to some other.
Elections were carried in many places. K. Charles. 2. The power of
choice.
If God＇s pow＇r should her election bind,
Her motions then would cease, and stand all still. Davies.
3. Voluntary preference. Referred it to our own election which we
will chuse. Rogers. 4. The ceremony of a public choice. Many
put up for the next election. Addison.

ELECTION [in law] is when a person is left to his own free will,
to take or do either one thing or another, which he pleases.

ELECTION [in theology] the choice which God of his good plea­
sure makes of angels or men for the designs of mercy and grace. See
DECREES, Synod of DORT; and if the SCRIPTURE-USE of this term
is desired, the reader may consult Sermons preach＇d in Defence of all
Religion, whether natural or revealed. Printed for JOHN NOON in
Cheapside, A. C. 1743.

ELECTION [in pharmacy] is that part of it, that teaches how to
chuse simple medicaments, drugs, &c. and to distinguish the good
from the bad.

ELE＇CTIONS [in astrology] are certain times or opportunities pitched
upon, according to astrological observations, as the most fit for the
undertaking any particular business or enterprize.

ELECTION de Clerk, a writ granted out of chancery, for the choice
of a clerk, appointed to take and draw up statutes merchant.

ELE＇CTIVE, adj. [electif, Fr. elettivo, It. electivo, Sp. of electivus,
Lat.] that is done by or depends upon election or choice, exerting
the power of choice. Elective monarchy. Bacon.

ELE＇CTIVELY, adv. [of elective] by choice, with preference of
one to another. They work not electively. Grew.

ELE＇CTOR [electeur, Fr. elettore, It. eletór, Sp. of elector, Lat.]
1. A chuser, he that has a vote in the choice of any officer. Brib＇d
electors. Waller.

ELE＇CTORS [of the empire of Germany] certain princes who have
a right to chuse the emperor, according to the ordinance or decree
made for that purpose by the emperor Charles IV.

ELE＇CTORAL, Fr. adj. [elettorale, It.] of or pertaining to electors,
having the dignity of a German elector; as, his electoral highness of
Hanover.

ELECTORAL Crown [in heraldry] the electors of the empire of
Germany wear a scarlet cap turned up with ermine, closed with a
demicircle of gold, all covered with pearls; on the top is a globe with
a cross all of gold.

ELE＇CTORATE [electorat, Fr. elettorato, It. of electoratus, Lat.]
the dignity or territories of an elector in the empire of Germany.
The whole strength of an electorate in the empire. Addison.

ELE＇CTORESS [electrice, Fr. elettrice, It.] an elector＇s wife.

ELE＇CTRE, subst. [electrum, Lat.] 1. Amber, which having the
quality, when warmed by friction, of attracting bodies, gave to one
species of attraction the name of electricity, and to the bodies that so
attract, the epithet electric. 2. A mixed metal. The compound
stuff being a kind of silver electre. Bacon.

ELE＇CTRICA, Lat. [with physicians] drawing medicines.

ELE＇CTRIC, or ELE＇CTRICAL, adj. [from electrum] See ELECTRE.
1. Pertaining to electricity, attractive without magnetism, by a pecu­
liar property, once thought to belong chiefly to amber. Electric bodies.
Brown. 2. Produced by an electric body. The electric vapour.
Newton.

ELE＇CTRICALNESS [of ηλεκτρον, Gr. amber] attractive quality.

ELECTRI＇CITY [of ελεκτρον, Gr. amber] electric force, that
power or property, whereby amber, jet, sealing wax, agate, and most







kinds of precious stones, when rubbed so as to grow warm, attract
straws, paper, and other light bodies to themselves.
Such was the account given a few years ago of electricity; but
the industry of the present age, first excited by the experiments of
Mr. Gray, has discovered in electricity a multitude of wonders. Bo­
dies electrified by a sphere of glass, turned nimbly round, not only
emit flame, but may be filled with such a quantity of the electrical
vapour, as, if discharged at once upon a human body, would en­
danger life. The force of this vapour has hitherto appeared instan­
taneous, persons at both ends of a long chain seeming to be struck
at once. The philosophers are now endeavouring to intercept the
strokes of lightening by erecting rods of iron on towers and steeples.
In order to illustrate the different apparatus＇s used in electrical ex­
periments, we shall give a description of two; the first invented by the
abbe Nollet, and the second by Mr. Watson. The machine of the
abbe is represented on plate VI. fig. 9. where, by means of the
large wheel being turned by a man, as represented in the figure, the
glass globe will be electrified by its motion, either against a leather
cushion rubbed with whiting, or a dry hand held against it.
When the rod by this means, is strongly electrified, a stream of light,
in diverging rays, will be seen to issue from that point of it which is
most distant from the sphere; and if any non-electric body, as a fin­
ger be placed within a quarter of an inch of the said flame, it will
perceive a gentle blast of wind from the end of the iron; that is, the
electrical fire will issue out from the point in such a manner, as to blow
against the finger very sensibly; and if the finger be still held nearer,
the large pensil of rays will be condensed in such a manner, as to run
out from the point upon the finger, in a stream or body of dense,
yellow fire, and strike the finger like a gentle jet d＇eau. The rod
suspended before the glass sphere, is properly termed the prime con­
ductor in this machine.
While the flame continues to appear from the end of the iron-rod,
the finger being placed any where upon it, the flame at the end dis­
appears immediately; and when the finger is taken off, it again in­
stantly appears; and so by putting the finger off and on successively,
the electric flame will appear and disappear alternately. These erup­
tions of the electrical fire will snap very sensibly, both to the eye and
the ear, upon any part of the rod that the finger is pointed to.
If a chain, or hempen cord, be suspended by silken strings all
round the room, of any length you please, and one end thereof be
hung, by a loop, across the rod, the electrical fire will instantly be
transmitted through the whole length of the chain, and appear upon
every part at the approach of the finger, and be heard to snap and
strike with as great force as from the rod itself.
Take two plates of metal, very clean and dry, whose surfaces are
nearly equal, hang one of them horizontally to the electrified rod,
and bring under it, upon the other, any thin light body, as silver leaf,
&c. When the upper plate is made electrical, the silver will be at­
tracted by it; and if the under plate is held at a proper distance,
will be perfectly suspended at right angles to the plates, without touch­
ing either of them; but if they are either brought nearer together,
or carried farther asunder, the leaf will cease to be suspended, and
will jump up and down between them. The same effect will be pro­
duced, if the experiment is reversed by electrifying the bottom plate,
and suspending the other over it.
The following improvement, upon the electrical machine of the
abbe Nollet, already exhibited, was made by Mr. Watson in 1746.
In the periphery of his machine, (see plate VI. fig. 8.) were cut four
grooves, corresponding with four globes, which were disposed verti­
cally; one, two, or the whole number of these globes might he used
at pleasure. They were mounted upon spindles, and the leather
cushion with which they were rubbed, was stuffed with an elastic sub­
stance, as curled hair, and rubbed over with whiting. One of the
globes was lined to a considerable thickness with a mixture of wax and
rosin, but no difference appeared in the power of this globe from the
others.
For performing most of the following experiments, some have
imagined a gun-barrel absolutely necessary, as the prime conductor;
but Mr. Watson says, that a solid piece of metal, of any form, is
equally useful; having observed the stroke from a sword, as violent as
that from a gun-barrel.
If, to the suspended barrel, a sponge, thoroughly dry, be hung, it
gives no appearance of fire, which shews it to be an electric substance;
but if when the sponge has been immersed in water, it be suspended
to the barrel, and the finger applied near it, the fire issues out with
considerable force and snappings; and the drops, which, before the
sponge was applied, fell very slowly, will now fall as fast; if the
room be darkened, there drops will appear to be drops of fire, and
illuminate the bason into which they fall.
If a phial of water is suspended to the prime conductor by a wire,
let down a few inches into the water thro＇ the cork; and some metallic
fringes, inserted into the barrel, touch the globe in motion, the elec­
trical power may be so accumulated in the phial, that a man grasping
it with one hand, and touching the gun-barrel with a finger of the
other, will receive a violent shock through both his arms, especially
at his elbows and wrists, and across his breast.
The commotion arising from the discharge of accumulated electri­
city in a phial, may be felt by a great number of men at once. Mr.
le Monnier, at Paris, is said to have commmunicated this shock thro＇
a line of men, and other non-electrics, measuring nine hundred toises,
being more than an English mile; and the abbe Nollet made the ex­
periment upon two hundred persons ranged in two parallel lines.

ELECTRI＇FEROUS [electrifer, Lat.] bearing or producing amber.

ELECTUA＇RIUM Theriacum, Lat. a sort of cordial for weak and
consumptive horses.

ELE＇CTUARY [electuaire, Fr. elettuario, It. eletuário, Sp. of electua­
rium, Lat. electurium, Collin＇s Aurel. which is now written electuary.
Johnson] a medicinal composition made of several ingredients, with
syrup or honey, to the consistence of a conserve. We meet with
several electuaries which have no ingredient, except sugar, common to
any two. Boyle.

ELECTUARY of Kermes, a composition made of the grains of
kermes, Juniper-berries, bay-berries, and other ingredients.

ELEEMO＇SYNA Caruccarum [in ancient customs] a penny which
king Etheldred ordered to be paid for every plough in England to­
wards the support of the poor.

ELEEMO＇SYNÆ [in old records] possessions belonging to churches.

ELEEMO＇SYNARY, adj. [of eleemosynarius, Lat. of ελεημοσυνη, Gr.
alms] 1. Of or pertaining to alms. 2. Living upon alms. An ab­
surdity that the cause should be an eleemosynary for its subsistance to its
effects. Glanville. 3. Freely given by way of alms.

ELEEMOSYNARY, subst. [eleemosynaria, Lat.] 1. The place in a mo­
nastery where the alms were laid up. 2. The office of the al­
moner.

ELEEMOSYNA＇RIUS, Lat. the almoner or officer, who received the
eleemosynary gifts and rents, and disposed of them to charitable and
pious uses.

E＇LEGANCE, or E＇LEGANCY, 1. [With rhetoricians] is the choice,
rich shew and easiness of diction, which easiness consists in making use of
natural expressions, and avoiding such as seem affected, which only
discover the pains the orator was at to find them, beauty of art, more
soothing than striking, beauty without grandeur. 2. Beauty of art.
The beautiful wildness of nature without the mean elegancies of art.
Spectator.

E＇LEGANT, Fr. [elegante, It. Sp. and Port. of elegans, Lat.] 1.
Neat, pleasing, with minuter beauties.
Trifles themselves are elegant in him. Pope.
2. Fine, delicate, nice, not coarse, not gross.
Polite with candour, elegant with ease. Pope.

E＇LEGANTLY, adv. [of elegant] 1. In such a manner as to please
without grandeur. 2. Neatly, nicely, with minute beauty. Who­
ever would write elegantly, must have regard to the different turn and
juncture of every period. Broome.

E＇LEGANTNESS [elegance, Fr. eleganza, It. elegáncìa, Sp. of elegan­
tia, Lat.] elegancy.

ELEGI＇AC [elegiaque, Fr. elegiaco, It. and Sp. elegiacus, Lat. of
ελεγιακος, Gr.] 1. Of or pertaining to an elegy. 2. Used in an
elegy. 3. Mournful, sorrowful.
Let elegiac lay the woe relate. Gay.

ELEGIAC Verse, a sort of verse in Latin or Greek called penta­
meter.

ELEGIA＇MBIC Verse, a kind of verse used in Horace＇s poems,
called epodes.

ELEGIO＇GRAPHER [elegiographus, Lat. ελεγειογραϕος, of ελεγεια and
γραϕω, Gr. to write] a writer of elegies.

ELE＇GIT, Lat. a writ lying for him who hath recovered debts
or damages in the king＇s court, against one who is not able to
satisfy.

E＇LEGY [elegie, Fr. elegia, It. Sp. and Lat. ελεγεια, of εληον, com­
miseration, and λεγειν, to say] 1. A kind of poem invented to com­
plain of misfortunes of any kind whatsoever, a mournful song in ge­
neral. He hangs odes upon hawthorns, and elegies upon brambles.
Shakespeare. 2. A funeral song to mourn the death of friends, or the
cruelty of a mistress.
So on Meander＇s banks, when death is nigh,
The mournful swan sings her own elegy. Dryden.
3. A short poem without points or turns. In an elegy the passions
of grief and dispair, &c. ought to predominate; the measure ought
to be heroic verse, as the most solemn. The numbers and senti­
ments should be soft and sweet. Point should be intirely discarded,
as being contrary to passion.

ELELISPHA＇COS, or ELELISPHA＇CUM, Lat. [ελελισϕακον, Gr.] the
herb sage.

E＇LEMENT, subst. [elementum, Lat.] See ELEMENTS.

ELEME＇NTARIES [as some writers pretend] a kind of perfect be­
ings which inhabit the elements, and are only known by what they
call the philosophers and sages; and according to these peoples no­
tion, the element of fire must be inhabited by salamanders, water by
nymphs and oridians, earth by gnomes and gnomonides, and the air
by sylphi and sylphides. Mr. Pope has introduced the sylph with
great judgment, in that incomparable poem of his, entitled. The Rape
of the Lock.

To E＇LEMENT, verb act. [from element, subst.] 1. To compound
a thing of elements. Those said to be elemented bodies. Boyle. 2.
To make or constitute as a first principle.
Dull sublunary lover＇s love,
Whose soul is sense cannot admit
Of absence, cause it doth remove
The thing which elemented it. Donne.

ELEME＇NTAL, adj. [of element] 1. Produced by one of the four
elements.
Winds, rain and storms, and elemental war. Dryden.
2. Arising from first principles. Elemental repugnancy. Brown.

ELEMENTA＇RINESS [of elementary] elementary quality.

ELEMENTA＇RITY [of elementary] the quality of containing the ru­
diments or first principles, simplicity of nature, uncompoundedness.
creatures above the condition of elementarity. Brown.

ELEME＇NTARY [elémentaire, Fr. elementare, It. elemental, Sp. of ele­
mentarius, Lat.] 1. Of or pertaining to the elements, uncompounded,
consisting only of one principle or constituent part. The elementary
salts of animals. Arbuthnot.

ELEMENTARY Principles [with naturalists] are the simple principles
of a natural or mixed body, or those very small parts out of which
such a body is made up, and into which it may be resolved.

ELEME＇NTATED, made up or composed of the elements.

E＇LEMENTS, Fr. [elementi, It. elementos, Sp. and Port. elementa,
Lat.] are various, as follows:

ELEMENTS, 1. Are the first principles of things. Those ingre­
dients of bodies which some call elements. Boyle. 2. The four ele­
ments, usually so called, are, fire, air, earth, and water, being the
simplest bodies that can be, neither made of one another, or any
thing else, but of which all things are made, and into which they are
at last resolved.
The elements be kind to thee. Shakespeare.
3. The proper habitation or sphere of action for any thing; as the
water for fish, the air for birds, &c. They shew that they are out of
their element. Baker. 4. An ingredient, a constituent part.







Who set the body and the limbs
Of this great sport together; as you guess?
———One sure that promises no element
In such a business. Shakespeare.

ELEMENTS of Language [with grammarians] the letters of the
alphabet.

ELEMENTS [in divinity] the bread and wine prepared for the sacra­
ment of the Lord＇s supper.

ELEMENTS, the agreement of the elements in generation of things
[hieroglyphically] was represented by the Egyptians by an otter or an
ostrich, because they subsist in and by two elements.
The four ELEMENTS suspended in the air, were represented [hiero­
glyphically] by Juno hanged up by Jupiter in the sky, with weights
at her feet.

ELEMENTS [with mathematicians] the first principles or grounds
of any art or science; as Euclid＇s elements, which contain the prin­
ciples of geometry. A school-master which should bring up children
in the first elements of letters. Spenser.

ELEMENTS [in geometry] a point, line, surface, and a solid, are
termed the first elements.

E＇LEMI, a pellucid resin [improperly called gum elemi] the ge­
nuine elemi is brought from Æthiopia, in flattish masses, or in cylin­
ders of a yellowish colour. Its smell is acrid and resinous. It is sup­
posed to be produced by a tree of the olive kind. The spurious or
American elemi, almost the only kind known, is of a whitish colour,
intermixed with a greenish or yellowish one; it is of an agreeable
smell, and of an acrid or bitterish taste. It proceeds from a tall tree,
which the Brasilians wound at night, and in the morning collect the
resin. Hill.

ELE＇NCH, subst. [elenchus, Lat. ελενχος, Gr.] an argument, a so­
phism. That old sophister puts the most abusive elenches on us. De­
cay of Piety.

ELE＇NCHUS, Lat. [ελεγχος, Gr.] 1. A sophistical argument. 2. A
confutation. 3. An index in a book.

ELE＇NCTICAL [elencticus, Lat. of ελεγχτικος, of ελεγχω, Gr. to re­
fute] that serves to convince or confute.

ELEGIBI＇LITY, or E＇LIGIBLENESS, as, a bull of eligibility, a bull
granted by the pope to certain persons to qualify them to be chosen or
invested with an office or dignity.

E＇LEOT [in cyder countries] an apple much in esteem for its ex­
cellent use. Some name the apples in request in the cyder countries
so; not known by that name in several parts of England. Mor­
timer.

ELEOSA＇CCHARUM [of ελαιον, Gr. oil, and saccharum, Lat. sugar]
a mixture of oil and sugar, which is used with the distilled oils, to
make them mix with aqueous fluids for present use.

E＇LEPHANT, Fr. [olfend, Sax. elefante, It. Sp. and Port. elephant,
Du. and Ger. elephas, Lat. ελεϕας, Gr.] 1. The largest, strongest, and
said to be the most intelligent of all four-footed beasts. This animal
is not carnivorous, but feeds on hay, herbs, and all sorts of pulse, and
said to be extremely long-lived. It is naturally very gentle, but
when enraged, no creature is more terrible. He is supplied with a
trunck, or long hollow cartilage, like a large trumpet, which hangs
between his teeth, and serves him for hands. By one blow with his
trunk he will kill a camel or a horse, and will raise a prodigious
weight with it. His teeth are the ivory so well known, some of
which have been seen as large as a man＇s thigh, and a fathom in
length. Wild elephants are taken with the help of a female, which
is confined to a narrow place, round which pits are dug, and these
being covered with a little earth scattered over hurdles, the male ele­
phant easily falls into the snare. Calmet. 2. Ivory, the teeth of ele­
phants. In elephant and gold. Dryden.

An ELEPHANT was [by the ancients] made an emblem of a king,
because they were of opinion that he could not bow his knee, and also
because his long teeth, being accounted his horns, betoken sovereignty
and dominion.
To make of a fly an ELEPHANT.
Fr. Faire d＇une mouche un elephant. It. Fare d＇vna mosca un elefante.
To make a great noise or bustle about a trifle.

Knights of the ELEPHANT, or of the order of St. Mary, an order of
knighthood in Denmark; they wear a blue ribband with a towered
elephant pendant, and an image of the holy virgin encircled with rays.
It was instituted by king Canutus, in memory of a gentleman among
the Danish croisees having killed an elephant in an expedition against
the Saracens, in 1184.

Knights DE L＇EPI, i. e. of the ear of corn, or of the ermine, an
order of knighthood in Armorica or Bretagne in France, established
by K. Francis I.

Knights DE L＇ETOILE, or of the Star, an order of French knight­
hood; the companions of this order have this motto, Monstrant regibus
astra viam, i. e. the stars shew the way to kings.

ELEPHA＇NTIA, or ELEPHANTI＇ASIS, Lat. [ελεϕαντιασις, of ελεϕας, an
elephant, Gr.] a leprosy, which renders the skin rough like that of an
elephant, with red spots gradually changed into black, and dry parched
scales and scurf. CELSUS adds, Corpus emarcescit, &c. i.e. that the body
wastes, and that the swelling of the feet and hands is so great, as to
hide the fingers and toes from view, and a little fever ensues, which easily
dispatches a man already broke with so many evils. BRUNO says, the
SCABIES belonging to this disease is of the cancerous kind; and that
some suppose it to be the same disease with the Lepra arabum: But
others distinguish by saying, the Lepra affects the SKIN; the Elephan­
tiasis the FLESH.

ELEPHA＇NTIAC, adj. troubled with the disease called elephantiasis.

ELEPHANTI＇ASIS Arabum [with Physicians] a swelling in the legs
and feet, a-kin to the varix, proceeding from phlegmatic and me­
lancholy blood, so that the feet resemble those of an elephant in shape
and thickness. ABULPHARUGIUS says, that Almowaffek, brother of
chaliph Motamed, being terribly afflicted with the pain of the gout,
used to refrigerate his foot with snow; and so the disease past into a
DAO＇LFIL, or elephantiasis. Hist. Dynast. Ed. Oxon, p. 272.

ELEPHA＇NTINE, adj. [elephantinus, Lat.] of or pertaining to, or
like an elephant.

ELEPHANTI＇NI Libri, Lat. [with the Romans] books supposed to
be so called, as have been made of ivory, others say of the intestines of
an elephant; in these were registered the actions of the generals of
armies, and even of the provincial magistrates, and the proceedings;
acts, &c. of the senate, and magistrates of Rome, as also matters rela­
ting to the census.

To E＇LEVATE, verb act. [elever, Fr. elevare, It. elevàr, Sp. elevatum,
sup. of elevo, Lat.] 1. To lift up; to raise aloft. Subterranean fire elevates
the water out of the abyss. Woodward. 2. To exalt, to raise to
dignity. 3. To raise the mind with great conceptions. Remote spe­
culations the mind may be elevated with. Locke. 4. To raise the mind
with pride. 5. To lessen by detraction. This sense, tho＇ legitimately
deduced from the Latin, is not now in use. The judgments of learned
men they elevate their credit, or oppose unto them the judgments of
others as learned. Hooker.

E＇LEVATE part. pass. ELEVATED [from to elevate] exalted, rais＇d
on high. Tow＇rs and temples proudly elevate. Milton.

E＇LEVATED [with astrologers] a planet is said to be elevated above
another planet, when being stronger it weakens the influence of the other.

ELEVATED [in heraldry] signifies raised up or turned upwards, as
particularly wings elevated signify the points of them turned upwards,
which is the true flying posture.

ELEVA＇TEDNESS [of elevated] exaltedness of state, being lifted
up, &c.

ELEVA＇TION Fr. [elevazione, It. of elevatio, Lat.] 1. The act of lifting
up on high. The elevation of some strata, and the depression of others,
did not fall out by chance. Woodward. 2. Exaltation, dignity, state
of pre-eminence. Angels in their degrees of elevation above us.
Locke. 3. Exaltation of the mind by lofty and noble conceptions.
To love him with all possible application and elevation of spirit. Norris.
4. Attention to spiritual matters or divine objects. All which different
elevations of spirit unto God are contained in prayer. Hooker.

ELEVA＇TION [in architecture] a draught or description of the face
or principal side of a building, called also the upright.

ELEVATION [in gunnery] is the angle which the chace of the piece
or axis of the cylinder makes with the plain of the horizon.

ELEVATION [with chemists] is the causing any matter to rise in
fume or vapours, by means of heat.

ELEVATION [in the Romish church] is applied to that part of the
mass, where the priest hoists or raises the host above his head for the
people to adore it.

ELEVATION of the Pole [in astronomy] is the height or number of
degrees, that the pole is raised in any latitude, or appears above the
horizon.

ELEVATION of the Pole [in dialling] is the angle which the upper
end of the cock or style, that casts the shadow on the dial plane, makes
with the substiler line.

ELEVATION, Lat. a lifter or raiser up, applied to some chirurgical
instruments put to such uses.

ELEVATOR [elevatorium, Lat.] an instrument used by surgeons for
raising the bone of the skull when it is sunk.

ELEVA＇TORES, Lat. [elevatoire, Fr. elevatoria, It. in anatomy]
those muscles that serve to draw the parts of the body upwards.

ELEVATOR Labiorum, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle which lies be­
tween the zygomaticus and the elevator labii superioris proprius, and
and takes rise from the fourth bone of the upper jaw.

ELEVATOR Labii Superioris, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle that
arises from the second bone of the upper jaw, or, as some would have
it, from the fore-part of the fourth bone, immediately above the ele­
vator labiorum, and descending obliquely under the skin of the upper
lip, with its partner joins in a middle line from the septum narium
to its end, in the sphincter labiorum.

ELEVATOR, Labii Inferioris, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle arising from
the second bone of the under jaw; and, with its partner, descending
directly to their implantations in the lower part of the skin of the chin;
they draw the lip upwards.

ELEVATOR Alæ Nasi, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle or pair of muscles
of the nose, of a pyramidical figure, very narrow, tho＇ fleshy at its ori­
gination on the fourth bone of the upper jaw; its action is to pull
the alæ upwards, and turn the nose outwards.

ELEVATOR Oculi, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the eye, arising
near the place where the optic nerve enters the orbit, and is inserted
into the tunica sclerotis on the upper and fore part of the bulb of the
eye under the adnata.
This muscle is named superbus musculus or proud, because it raises
the eye; it being one of the common marks of a haughty disposition to
look high; its opposite muscle is termed humilis or humble.

An ELE＇VE [of elever, Fr. to raise] a pupil or scholar educated
under any one, a mere French word.

ELE＇VEN adj. [ændlefen, endliasa, of ene, one, and lyfan, Sax, to
leave, i. e. one remaining after the computation of 10, elf, Du, eilff,
H. Ger.] one and ten, one more then ten.

ELEVEN, the number 11 has this property, that being multiplied by
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, it will always end and begin with like
numbers, 11 multiplied by 2, makes 22, by 3, 33, by 4, 44, by 5,
55, by 6, 66, by 7, 77, by 8, 88, and by 9, 99.
Possession is ELEVEN Points of the Law.
The Fr. say; Celui qui est en possession a un grand advantage. (He
who is in possession has a great advantage) And so the It. Chi é in
possesso ha un grand vantaggio. A man who is in possession of any
thing, tho＇ unjustly, will find a great many shifts and evasions in the
law to keep it.

ELE＇VENTH, adj. [of eleven] The ordinal of eleven, the next to
the tenth.

ELEUSI＇NIA [ελευσινια, Gr.] the mysteries of the goddess Ceres,
or the religious ceremonies performed in honour of her; so named
from Eleusis a maritime town of the Athenians, in which was a tem­
ple of that goddess, persons of both sexes were initiated in it, it being
deemed impious to neglect doing so. The mysteries were of two
sorts, the lesser and the greater; the former were sacred to Proserpine
Ceres＇s daughter, and the latter to Ceres herself. The Matrons who
were initiated in these rites, were such as resolv＇d to preserve a per­
petual chastity: at the beginning of the festivals there was a feast for
some days together; but wine was banished from the altar: through­
out the whole mysteries there was a profound silence, and it was a
crime to publish any thing concerning them: none were suffer＇d to







see the statue of the goddess except her priests; nor durst any persons,
who were not admitted to these rites, inquire into them, much less to
be present at them; the assembly used lighted torches. But the wo­
men are said to have taken among themselves immodest liberties.
If the Reader desire a more full and correct account of these Pagan
rites that were held in so much veneration by the old Pagans, he may
consult JACKSON＇s Chronolog. Antiquities.

ELEUTHE＇RIA [Ελευθερια, Gr.] certain festivals solemnized every
fifth year at Platæa, by delegates from almost all the cities of Greece,
in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius (i. e. the protector of liberty) these
festivals were instituted by the Greeks, after the signal defeat of 300000
Persians, in the territories of Platæa, under Mardonius, Xerxes＇s gene­
ral, which mighty army Xerxes had left in order to subdue Greece.

ELF, sub. plur. elves, [ælf, or elfenne, Sax. eilf Welsh. Bax­
ter＇s Gloss.] 1. A fairy, an hobgoblin, a wandering spirit supposed to
be seen in unfrequented places. Every elf and fairy sprite. Shakespeare.
2. An evil spirit, a devil. That we may angels seem, we paint them
elves, Dryden.

ELF Arrows, flint-stones sharpened and jagged like arrow heads,
which the ancient Britains used in war; many of which being found
both in Scotland and England, the people give them the name of elf­
arrows, fancying that they dropt from the clouds.

To ELF, verb act. [from the noun] to entangle hair in so intricate
a manner, that it is not to be unravel＇d. This the vulgar have sup­
posed to be the work of fairies in the night: and all hair so matted
together hath had the name of elf-locks. Hanmer. Elf all my hair
in knots. Shakespeare.

ELF-LOCK, subst. [of elf and lock] knots of hair twisted by elves.
Cakes the elf-locks in foul sluttish hairs. Shakespeare.

ELICITA＇TION, [elicitatio, of elicio, Lat.] the act of drawing out or
alluring. That elicitation which the schools intend, is a deducing of the
power of he will into act, that drawing is merely from the appeti­
bility of the object. Bramhall.

To ELI＇CITE, verb act. [elicio, Lat.] to strike out, to bring forth by
labour or art. The same truths may be elicited and explicated by
the contemplation of animals. Hale.

ELI＇CITE, adj. [elicitus, Lat.] brought into act, from possibility to
real existance. The formal elicite act of meekness. Hammond.

ELI＇CITI, [in ethics] signify acts immediately produced by
the will, and terminated by the same power; such as willing,
nilling, loving, hating, &c. are denominated elicit; by reason that
being before in the power of the will, they are now brought forth
into act.

To ELI＇DE, verb act. [elido, Lat.] to cut in pieces. We are to cut
off that whereunto they fly for defence, when the force and strength
of the argument is elided. Hooker.

ELIGIBI＇LITY, or E＇LIGIBLENESS [of eligible] worthiness to be
chosen, preferableness. The report made by the understanding as to
their eligibility or goodness. Fiddes.

E＇LIGIBLE, [elibibile, It. of eligibilis, Lat.] fit or deserving, to be
chosen preferable, next to his own plan, that of the government
is the most elegible. Addison.

ELIGURI＇TION, Lat. the act of hasty eating or devouring.

To E＇LIMATE, verb act [elimatum, sup. of elimo, Lat.] to file, to
polish, to smooth.

ELIMINA＇TION, Lat. turning out of house and home, the act of
banishing, rejection.

ELINGUA＇TION, Lat. the act of cutting out the tongue.

ELI＇QAMENT, [eliquamentum, Lat.] a fat juice squeezed out of flesh
or fish.

ELI＇SION, [Fr. of elisio, Lat. with grammarians] 1. The act of cutting
off, striking or dashing out, a vowel after the end of a word in verse,
commonly when the next word begins with a vowel; as th＇archfiend,
where there is an elision of a letter which makes a syllable less. Abbre­
viations and elisions by which consonants are join＇d. Swift. 2. Se­
paration of parts. The cause given of sound, that it would be an
elision of the air, whereby they mean a cutting or dividing, or else
an attenuating of the air is but a term of ignorance. Bacon.

ELIXA＇TION, a seething or boiling. Serving for dilution of solid
aliment, and its elixation in the stomach. Brown.

ELIXATION [in pharmacy] the boiling or seething gently any me­
dicament for a considerable time in a proper liquor.

ELI＇XIR, Fr. [elisire, It. elixir, Lat.] a name given by chymists to
many infusions of mixed bodies, prepared by spirituous menstruums,
where the ingredients are almost dissolved, and is of a thicker con­
sistence than a tincture, by which they mean a very precious liquor,
or a quintessence; as, Elixir Salutis, &c. Cordials and elixirs fail＇d.
Waller.

ELIXIR [with alchymists] 1. The powder of projection or philoso­
pher＇s stone, the liquor, or whatever it be, with which alchymists
hope to transmute metals to gold. No chymist yet the elixír got.
Donne. 2. The extract or quintessence of any thing in general, a
figurative sense. [The highest quintessence and elixir, of worldly de­
light. South. 3. Any cordial or enliving substance in general.
Regions here
Breathe forth elixir pure. Milton.

Grand ELIXIR, an universal medicine that will cure all diseases.

ELIXIR [in chemistry] is an essence, or rather a magistery of several
bodies joined together; thus, take aloes, myrrh, and safforn, of each
an equal quantity, and by digesting, reduce these three into one potable
form, and it will be an elixir. But if you take only one of these ingre­
dients, e. g. safforn, it will be a magistery. Therefore an elixir is a
compound magistery, i. e. a composition of various bodies chang＇d af­
ter the same manner as a single body. Bruno says, that by an elixir
is now commonly understood a spirituous liquor, impregnated with
choicest virtues by means of infusion, and accordingly for the most
part agrees with liquid tinctures.

ELIXI＇VIATED, part. pass. [with chemists] cleared from the lixi­
vium or lye.

ELK, [elc, or ælc, Sax. elan, Fr. alce, Sp. and Lat. of αλκη,
Gr. strength] a strong swift beast of the slag kind, as tall as a
horse, and in shape like an hart, the male bearing two very large
horns, bending towards the back, and, as the elephant, having the
articulations of its legs so close, and the ligaments so hard, as to have
the joints less pliable than those of other animals. Elks live in herds
and are very timerous; the hoof of the left hinder foot only has been
famous for the cure of epilepsies, but it is probable that the hoof of
any other animal will do as well. Hill.

ELK, [eliec, It. in old records] a kind of yew to make bows of.

EL＇KHOLM, a port-town of Gothland, in Sweden, 24 miles west of
Carelscroon.

ELL [eln, Sax. esse, Du. and Gr. aln, Dan. aune, Fr. alla, It.
ana, Sp. ulna, Lat.] a measure containing the English ell, which is
a yard and a quarter or 3 foot 9 inches; the Flemish, 2 foot 5 inches.
Proverbially it is taken for a long measure.

ELLEBORI＇NE, the herb neeswort, sanicle, L. Plin.

ELLEBORI＇TIS, Lat. centaury the less.

ELLI＇PSIS, [ellipse, Fr. ellisse, It. ellipsis, Lat. of ελλειψις, Gr.]
an omission, leaving out or passing by.

ELLIPSIS, [with grammarians] a figure where some part of a sen­
tence is left out.

ELLIPSIS [in geometry] is a plain figure commonly called an oval,
or a crooked line including a space longer on one side than the other,
and drawn from two center points, each called the focus, and is one
of the sections of a cone, which is generated by a plane cutting both
sides of the cone, but not parallel to its base. The planets could not
acquire such revolutions in ellipses very little eccentric. Bentley.

ELLIPSIS [with rhetoricians] a figure wherein some part of a dis­
course is left out or retrenched, necessary to be supplied by the hear­
ers, and used by a person who is in so violent a passion, that he can­
not speak all that he would say, his tongue being too slow to keep
pace with his passion.

ELLIPTOI＇DES [in geometry] an infinite ellipsis, i. e. an ellipsis
defined by the equation a y = m + n b x (m a−x) wherein
m > 1 and n > 1.

ELLI＇PTICAL, or ELLIPTIC, adj. [from ellipsis] oval, being of the
form of a geometrical ellipsis. The planets move in elliptic orbits.
Cheyne.

ELLI＇PTICAL Compasses, a pair of brass compasses for making
any ellipsis or oval figure, by drawing the index once round.

ELLIPTICAL Dial, a dial of metal, with a folding joint, and the
gnomon or cock to fall flat; fitted so as to be carried in the pocket.

ELLIPTICAL Space, is the area contain＇d within the circumference
or curve.

ELLIPTICAL Conoid, is the same with spheroid.

ELM [elm, Sax. alem, Su. elme, Dan. olm, Du. zilmen, Gr orme,
Fr. ilmo, It. Sp. and Port. ulmus, Lat.] 1. A kind of tree. The flower
consists of one leaf, it becomes a membranaceous or leafy fruit almost
heartshaped. The species are the common roughleav＇d elm, the
witch hazel or broad leav＇d elm, by some called the British elm, the
smooth leaved or witch elm; it is generally believed that none
of these were originally natives of this country. They are very
proper to place in hedgerows upon the borders of fields, where
they will thrive better then when planted in a wood or close planta­
tion, and their shade will not be very injurous to whatever grows
under them. They are also proper to plant at a distance from a gar­
den or building, to break the violence of winds. Miller. 2. The
wood of the elm-tree. 3. It was used to support vines, to which
the poets allude. Thou art an elm, my husband, I a vine. Shake­
speare.

The ELM, has such a natural sympathy with the vine, that they
are generally painted together to denote mutual union; Nec melius te­
neris junguntur vitibus ulmi.

ELMI＇NTHES [ελμινθες, Gr.] little worms breeding in the guts, es­
pecially that called rectum, or the lowermost or strait gut. I should
choose rather (with Gorræus) to say, that elminthes signifies worms
bred in the belly in general; and that those little ones which infest the
last gut are call＇d ascarides. I said bred in the belly, because worms
produced from other parts, suppose the ear, the bladder, or from sor­
did ulcers, are not called elminthes; but scoleces, as Gorræus most
correctly observes.

E＇LMA, a town of Catalonia, in Spain, but subject to France, 10
miles south of Perpignan.

ELOCU＇TION [Fr. elocuzione, It. of elocutio, Lat.] 1. The power or
faculty of sluent speech. Of bold and of able elocution. Wotton. 2.
Eloquence, flow of language. To express thoughts with elocution.
Dryden. 3. The power of diction or expression. The chusing and
adapting words and sentences to the things or sentiments to be expres­
sed. Cicero. Elocution, or the art of cloathing or adorning that thought
so found, and varied, in apt, significant and sounding words. Dryden.

ELOCUTION [with rhetoricians] consists in apt expressions, and a
beautiful order of placing words, to which may be added an harmo­
nious ear to form a musical cadence, which has no small effect up­
on the operations of the mind.

ELO＇DES, a sort of fever, attended with a violent and perpetual
sweating.

E＇LOGE, or E＇LOGY, [eloge, Fr. elogio, It. and Sp. elogium, Lat. of
ευλογειον, Gr.] praise or commendation, panegyric. Maledictions at
the prince＇s arrival did vanish into praises and elogies. Wotton.

To ELO＇IGN, or ELO＇IN [eloigner, Fr. allontanare, It.] to remove,
put or send a great way off; as, to be eloined, is to be at a great dis­
tance from; a word now disused. From worldly cares himself he did
eloin. Spencer.

ELONGA＇TA [in law] a return of the sheriff, that cattle are not to
be found, or are removed so far that he cannot make deliverance,
&c.

To ELO＇NGATE, verb act. [from longus Lat.] to lengthen, to stretch.

To ELONGATE, verb neut. to go off to a distance from a place
or any thing else. Elongating from the coast of Brasilia, towards the
shore of Africa, the compass varieth eastward. Brown.

ELONGA＇TION [of elongate] 1. The act of prolonging or lengthening
itself. Elongation of the fibres. Arbuthnot. 2. The state of being
stretched.

ELONGA＇TION [With surgeons] a kind of imperfect disjointing,
when the ligament of a joint is stretched and extended, but not so
that the bone goes quite out of its place. Elongations are the effect
of an humour soaking upon a ligament, thereby making it liable to
be stretched, and to be thrust quite out upon every little force. Wise­
man. 2. Distance of one thing from another. A small degree of







elongation from another. Glanville. 5. Departure, removal. Nor then
had it been placed in a middle point but that of descent or elongation.
Brown.

ELONGATION [with astronomers, &c.] the removal of a planet to
the farthest distance it can be from the sun, as it appears to an eye
placed in the earth.

To ELO＇PE. verb act. [of elabor, Lat. to slip away from, or of e
and loopen, Du. to run] 1. To run away, to break loose from law or
restraint. Great numbers of women have elop＇d from their allegiance.
Addison. 2. It is a term used of a woman＇s leaving her husband, and
going to and dwelling with an adulterer. The fool whose wife elopes.
Pope.

ELO＇PEMENT [of elope] the act of eloping, the penalty of which is,
the woman shall lose her dower or marriage portion, unless she shall
be voluntarily reconciled to her husband; nor shall the husband be ob­
liged to allow her alimony or maintenance. An elopement is the vo­
luntarily departure of a wife from her husband, to live with an adul­
terer; and with whom she lives in breach of the matrimonial vow.
Ayliffe.

E＇LOPS, sub. [ελοψ Gr.] a fish. Also reckon＇d by Milton among
the serpents.
Carastes horn＇d, hydrus, and elops drear. Milton.

E＇LOQUENCE Fr. [eloquenza, It. eloquéncia, Sp. of eloquentia Lat.]
1. The art or faculty of speaking well, with fluency and elegance, a
rhetorical utterance which delivers things proper to persuade, orato­
ry. Action is eloquence. Shakespeare. 2. Elegant language utter＇d
fluently. Mild persuasion flow＇d in eloquence. Pope.

E＇LOQUENT, Fr. [eloquente, It. eloquénte, Sp. of eloquens, Lat.]
good grace in speaking; having the faculty of fluent and elegant
speech. The cunning artificer, and the eloquent orator. Isaiah.

An ELOQUENT Man [hieroglyphically] was represented by a par­
rot, because no other bird can better express itself.

E＇LOQUENTLY, adv. [of eloquent] with eloquence.

E＇LOQUENTNESS, [of eloquent] eloquence.

ELSE, pronoun, [elles, Sax. elles, Dan. eliest, Su.] other, one
besides. Used both of persons and things. Thinking of nothing
else. Shakespeare. Should he or any one else search, he will find evi­
dence. Hale.

ELSE, adv. 1. Otherwise. Assured either by an internal impression
or else by external and invisible effects. Tillotson. 2. Besides, ex­
cept that mentioned. Pleasures which no where else were to be found.
Dryden.

E＇LSEWHERE [elleshwær, Sax.] 1. In any other place. There are
here divers trees which are to be found elsewhere. Abbot. 2. In
other places, in some other place. They elsewhere complain. Hooker.

E＇LSINBURG, a port town of Sweden, about 7 miles east of El­
sinore.

E＇LSINORE, a port town of Denmark, about 22 miles north of
Copenhagen, situated on the Sound, or entrance into the Baltic.

ELTZ, a town of the lower Saxony, about 11 miles south west of
Hildesheim.

ELVAS, a city and bishop＇s see of Alentejo, in Portugal, situated
near the frontiers of Spanish Estremadura.

To ELU＇CIDATE, verb act. [dilucidare, It. clucido, Lat.] to make
clear or plain.

ELUCIDA＇TION [of elucidate] the act of making clear or plain, ex­
position. Boyle uses it.

ELUCUBRA＇TION, the act of writing or studying by candle light.

To ELU＇DE [eluder, Fr. eludir, Sp. of eludo, Lat.] 1. To shift off,
wave, to get clear of any mischief by any artifice. Vices escape or
elude the punishment of any law. Swift. 2. To mock by an un­
expected escape.
Me gentle Delia beckons from the plain,
Then hid in shades eludes her eager swain. Pope.

ELU＇DIBLE, adv. [of elude] possible to be eluded or baffled. This
part of our law eludible by power and artifice. Swift.

E＇LVELOCK, subst. [of elves and lock] knots of the hair superstiti­
ously supposed to be tangled by the fairies. The fears of polling
elvelocks, or complicated hairs of the head. Brown.

E＇LVERS, a kind of grigs or small eels, that at certain times of the
year swim on the top of the water about Bristol, and are skimmed up
in small nets, afterwards bak＇d in cakes, fry＇d and served up at table.

ELVES the plur. of elf. See ELF [elfenne, Sax.] Fays, fairies,
genii. Elves and demons hear. Pope.

E＇LVISH, adj. [from elves the plur. of elf: It had been written more
properly elfish. Johnson.] 1. Relating to the elves or fairies. Those
elvish secrets to unfold. Drayton. 2. Vulgarly applied to a person
who is froward, morose. 3. Wicked, devilish.

ELU＇MBATED [elumbatus, of elumbis, Lat.] weaken＇d or made lame in
the loins.

ELUSCA＇TION, blear-ey＇dness or purblindness.

ELU＇SION [elusio, Lat.] the act of evading or rendering a thing of
no effect; a dextrous getting clear or escaping out of an affair or a
difficulty, escape from enquiry or examination. Detects the impostures
and elusions of those who pretended to it. Woodward.

ELU＇SIVE, adj. [of elude] using elusions or artifices to escape. Elu­
sive of the bridal day. Pope.

ELU＇SORINESS [of elusory] aptness to elude, shuffling quality.

ELU＇SORY [elusorius, Lat.] that serves to wave, elude or shift off;
cheating, deceitful. Elusory turgiversation. Brown.

To ELU＇TE, verb act. [eluo, Lat.] to wash off. Harder to be eluted
by the blood. Arbuthnot.

To ELU＇TRIATE, verb act. [elutrio, Lat.] to decant, to strain off.
Elutriating the blood as it passes thro＇ the lungs. Arbuthnot.

ELU＇TRIATED, part. pass. and pret. of elutriate [elutriatus, Lat.]
poured out of one vessel into another, decanted.

ELU＇XATED [eluxatus, Lat.] wrenched, strained, put out of joint.

ELY, a city and bishop＇s see in Cambridgeshire in the isle of Ely,
about 12 miles from Cambridge, and 69 from London. It is the only
see in England subordinate to the bishop in government, and unrepre­
sented in parliament. See the arms of this bishopric. Plate ix. fig. 10.

ELY＇SIAN, adj. [Elysée, Fr. Eliseo, It. Elyseo, Sp. Elysius, Lat.] be­
longing to the Elysian fields, deliciously soft, exceeding pleasant. Rolls
o＇er Elysian flow＇rs her amber stream. Milton.

ELY＇SIUM [ελυσιοεν Gr. or of עבן, Heb. to rejoice] 1. The place al­
lotted by the heathens to happy souls. 2. Any place exquisitely de­
lightful. Liv＇d in sweet elysium. Shakespeare.

ELYTRO＇IDES [of ελυτροειδης, of ελυτρον a sheath, and ειδος, Gr. form]
the second proper coat, which immediately wraps up or covers the
testicles, and is called vaginalis, or the vaginal tunicle. Bruno adds,
that tis a process of the peritonæum, and the seat of the HERNIA.

＇EM is an abbreviation of them.

To EMA＇CERATE, verb act. [macerare, It. emaceratum, sup. of
emacero, Lat.] to waste or make lean.

EMACERA＇TION [maceraziono, It. of Lat.] the act of making
lean, &c. also a soaking or sowsing.

To EMA＇CIATE, verb act. [amaigrie, Fr. emacio, It. and Lat.] to
make lean, to deprive of flesh. Die emaciated and lean. Graunt.
He emaciated and pin＇d away in the too anxious enquiry. Brown.

To EMACIATE, verb neut. to grow lean, to lose flesh.

EMA＇CIATED, pret. and part. pass. of emaciate [emaciatus, Lat.]
made lean, worn away.

EMACIA＇TION [emaciazione, It. of Lat.] 1. The act of making lean.
2. The state of becoming lean. The emaciation or leanness were from
aphthisis. Graunt.

EMACULA＇TION, Lat. the act of wiping or taking out blots or
stains.

EMA＇NANT, adj. [émane; Fr. emanate, It. emanans, Lat] issuing or
flowing from something else. Those two great transient or emanant acts,
the work of creation and providence. Hale.

EMANA＇TION [Fr. emanazione, It. of emanatio, Lat.] 1. The act of
flowing or issuing from any other substance. It streamed by connatural
result and emanation from God, as the light issues from the sun. South.
2. The thing which issues, affluence or effluvium. Emanations from
God may be the first motive of our love. Taylor.

EMANATION [in theology] the proceeding of the Holy Ghost
from the Father and Son.

EMA＇NATIVE, adj. [of emano, Lat.] issuing or proceeding from another.

To EMA＇NCIPATE [emanciper, Fr. emancipo, It. and Lat.] to set at
liberty, to free from servitude. They emancipated themselves from that
dependance. Arbuthnot.

EMANCIPA＇TION [Fr. emancipazione, It. of emancipatio, Lat.] the
act of setting at liberty, deliverance from servitude. Obstinacy in
opinions holds the dogmatists in the chains of error, without hope of
emancipation. Glanville.

EMANCIPA＇TION [in the Roman law] the setting of a son free from
the subjection of his father, which was so difficult a matter, that (they
tell us) before a son could be set free from such subjection, he should be
sold (imaginarily) three times by his natural father to another man,
which man the lawyers call pater fiduciarus, i. e. a father in trust, and
after this he was to be bought again by the natural father, and on his
manumitting of him he became free; and this imaginary sale was called
mancipatio.

EMANUE＇NSIS, one who writes what another dictates or directs.
This is more usually written amanuensis.

To EMA＇RGINATE, verb. act. [emarginatum, sup. of emargino, from
margo, Lat.] to take away the borders and margin of any thing.

EMA＇RGINATED, part. pass. of emarginate, [with botanists] cut in or
indented in the form of a heart, or having the margin hollowed inwards.

EMARGINA＇TION [with surgeons] a taking away the scurf that lies
about the edges of wounds, sores, &c.

To EMA＇SCULATE [emasculo, Lat.] 1. To geld, to castrate, to deprive
of virility. Graunt uses it. 2. To make esteminate, to weaken, to
vitiate by unmanly softness. Dangerous principles emasculate our spi­
ries and spoil our temper. Collier.

EMASCULA＇TION, 1. The act of taking away the form of manhood,
the act of gelding. 2. Effeminacy, unmanly softness, womanish qualities.

EMAUX de l＇Escu, Fr. [in heraldry] the metal and colour of a shield
or escutheon.

To EMBA＇LE, verb act. [emballer, Fr. embalar, Port.] to make up
into bales or packs, to bind up, to inclose.
Her straight legs most bravely were embaled
In golden buskins. Spenser.

To EMDA＇LM [embaumer, Fr. imbalsamere, It. embalsamàr, Sp.] to
dress a dead body with balm, spices, gums and other things, in order
to be preserved a considerable time from putrefaction. Embalm me.
Shakespeare.

EMBA＇LMER [of embalm] one that embalms or preserves bodies
from putrefaction by aromatics.

EMBA＇MMA, Lat. [εμβαμμα, Gr.] any sort of medicament or sauce
good to create appetite.

To EMBA＇R, verb. act. [of bar] 1. To shut up, to confine, to enclose.
Fast embarred in mighty brazen wall. Spencer. 2. To stop by prohi­
bition, to block up. He embarr＇d all further trade. Bacon.

EMBARCADE＇RE [on the coasts of America] a place that serves some
inland city for a port or place of shipping.

To EMBA＇RK verb act. [imbarcare, It. embarquer, Fr.] 1. To put
on board a ship. Caused a body of three thousand foot to be embarked
on those ships. Clarendon. 2. To engage one in an affair.

To EMBARK, verb neut. 1. To go on shipboard. I should with
speed embark. A. Philips. 2. To be engaged in an affair. 3. To
enter upon a design.

EMBARCA＇TION [embarquement, Fr. imbarco, It. embarcaciòn, Sp.]
the act of going or putting on board a ship. Solicitous for the embar­
cation of the army. Clarendon.

EMBA＇RGO, subst. [embargar, Sp. a prohibition to pass; in com­
merce] a stop or arrest of ships, a restraint or prohibition imposed by a
sovereign on merchant-ships, to prevent their going out of a port for a
time limited.

To EMBA＇RGO, verb act. [from the noun] to order such a stop or arrest.

To EMBA＇RRASS [embarrasser, Fr. imborazzare, It.] to encumber,
to clog, to perplex, to distress. I saw my friend a little embarrassed.
Spectator.

EMBA＇RRASSMENT [embarras, Fr. imbarazzo, It.] incumbrance,
perplexity, entanglement. Your hearers may run through it without
embarrassment. Watts.

To EMBA＇SE. verb act. [of base] 1. To vitiate, to lower, to impair.
A tree in the seed is embased by the ground. Bacon. 2. To degrade,
to vilify. See To IMBASE.







Your own mishap I rue,
That are so much by so mean love embas＇d. Spenser.

EMBA＇SIS, Lat. [of εμβαινω, Gr.] the act of going in, an entrance.

EMBASIS [in a medicinal sense] a sort of bath.

EMBA＇SSADOR [ambassadeur, Fr. ambasciatore, It. embaxador, Sp.
&c.] one appointed to act for, and represent the person of a prince or
state in a foreign country. See AMBASSADOR.

EMBA＇SSADRESS. 1. The wife of an embassador. 2. A woman sent on
a public message. The bright embassadress. Garth.

E＇MBASSAGE, or E＇MBASSY [ambassade, Fr. ambasciata, It. em­
baxada, Sp. It may be observed, that tho＇ our authors write almost in­
discriminately embassador or ambassador, embassage or ambassage; yet
there is scarcely an example of ambassy, all concurring to write em­
bassy. Johnson] 1. The public message or commission given by a
prince or state to some person of eminent accomplishments, to treat
with another prince or state about matters of importance. 2. Any
solemn message in general. He sends the angles on embassies with
his decrees. Taylor. 3. An errand: Ironically. A bird was made
fly to carry a written embassage among the ladies. Sidney.

EMBA＇TER, the hole or look-through to take aim with a cross bow.

EMBATEUTICON Jus [in civil law] a kind of law by which people
might keep things pawned to them in their own possession.

To EMBA＇TTLE, verb act. [of battle] to range in battle array.

EMBA＇TTLED [part. pass. of embattle] put or set in battle array.
The English are embattl＇d. Shakespeare.

EMBA＇TTELLED [in heraldry] is when the out-line of any ordinary
resembles the battlement of a wall.

E＇MBDEN, a port town and city of Germany, the capital of a coun­
try of the same name, now in possession of the king of Prussia, situated
at the mouth of the river Ems. Lat. 53° 40′ N. Long. 6° 40′ E.

To EMBE＇LLISH [embellir, Fr. abbellire, It.] to beautify, adorn or
grace, to set off or set out with decorations. Palaces embellished by
emperors. Addison.

EMBE＇LLISHMENT [embellissement, Fr. abbellimento, It.] an adorn­
ment, a set off or beautifying decoration, adventitious beauty. Appari­
tions are the familiar embellishments of those pious romances. Atterbury.

E＇MBERS [without a singular, æmyria, Sax. ashes, einmyria, Isl.
hot ashes or cinders, emmer, Dan. a spark] hot cinders, ashes not ex­
tinguished. Take hot embers and put them about a bottle. Bacon.

EMBER Days [so named by some from an ancient custom of putting
ashes on their heads in token of humiliation on those days; but Nelson
decides it in favour of Mareschal, who derives it from ymbren or em­
bren, a course or circumvolution] the Wednesdays, Fridays and Sa­
turdays in the ember-weeks.

EMBER Weeks, are four seasons in the year, set apart more particu­
larly for prayer and fasting, viz. the first week in Lent, the next after
Whitsunday, the 14th of September, and 13th of December.

E＇MBERING, subst. the ember-days: an obsolete word. Keep
emb＇rings well and fasting days. Tusser.

EMBERING-DAYS, the same as ember-days.

To EMBE＇ZZLE [prob. of imbecillis, Lat. weak, q. d. to weaken]
1. To spoil or waste, to swallow up in riot. Thou hast embezzl＇d all
thy store. Dryden. 2. To pilfer or purloin, by appropriating any
thing intrusted in one＇s hands to his own use. He had embezzled the
king＇s treasure Hayward.

EMBE＇ZZLEMENT [of embezzle] 1. A spoiling or wasting. 2. The
act of appropriating a thing entrusted to one＇s own use. 3. The thing
appropriated.

To EMBLA＇ZE, verb act. [blasonner, Fr.] 1. To adorn with glitter­
ing embellishments. Our shrines irradiate or emblaze their floors. Pope.
2. (In blazoning) to plant with ensigns armorial.
Thou shalt wear it as a herald＇s coat,
T＇emblaze the honour which thy master got. Shakespeare.

To EMBLA＇ZON, verb act. [blasonner, Fr. in heraldry] 1. To adorn
with ensigns armorial or coats of arms. 2. To set out pompously, to
show, to deck in glaring colours. Augustus for some petty conquest
emblazoned to the highest pitch. Hakewell.

E＇MBLEM [embleme, Fr. emblema, It. Sp. and Lat. εμβλημα, of
εμβαλλω, Gr. to cast in, what is thrown in or added by way of orna­
ment to any workmanship] 1. A painted enigma orrepresentation of some
moral notion by way of device or picture; as an ant is an emblem of
industry, an ass of sluggishness, a ball of inconstancy, a lion of gene­
rosity, &c. He is a proper emblem of knowledge and action, being
all head and paws. Addison. 2. Enamel, any thing inserted or inlaid
in the body of something else.

To E＇MBLEM, verb act. [from the noun] to represent something in
an allusive or typical manner. The primitive fight of elements
doth fitly emblem that of opinions. Glanville.

EMBLEMA＇TIC, or EMBLEMA＇TICAL [emblematique, Fr. emblema­
tico, It. and Sp.] 1. Pertaining to or pertaking of the nature of em­
blems. 2. Comprising an emblem, allusive, darkly representative.
Reverses purely emblematical. Addison. 3. Dealing in emblems, using
emblems.

EMBLEMA＇TICALNESS [of εμβλημα, Gr.] emblematical quality
enigmatical representation.

EMBLEMA＇TICALLY, adv. [of emblematical] by emblems. Others
have spoken emblematically. Brown.

EMBLEMA＇TIST [of emblem] a writer, contriver, or maker of
emblems. Brown uses it.

E＇MBLEMENTS [of emblaver, Fr. to sow with corn] i. e. corn sprung
or put out above ground, signifies properly the profits of land sown;
also the products that arise naturally from the ground, as grass, fruit, &c.

E＇MBOLISM [εμβολισμος, Gr.] 1. The putting in or adding a day
to leap years, intercalation of days to produce equation of time. Some
following the moon, finding out embolisms or equations, even to the
addition of whole months, to make all as even as they could. Holder.
2. The time thus inserted or intercalated.

EMBOLI＇SMIC, adj. [of embolism] intercalary.

EMBOLI＇SMICAL, or EMBOLI＇SMATICAL Month [with astronomers] is
when the lunations that happen every successive year 11 days sooner
than in the foregoing, amount to 30 days, and make a new additional
month, to render the common lunar year equal to the solar.

E＇MBOLUS, subst. Lat. [εμβολος, Gr. any thing inserted and acting
with another; with natural philosophers] the sucker of the pump or
syringe, which when the sucker of the pipe of the syringe is close
stopt, cannot be drawn up without the greatest difficulty, and having
been forced up by main strength, and being let go, will return again
with great violence. Blood driven through elastic channels by the
force of an embolus like the heart. Arbuthnot and Pope.

To EMBO＇SS, verb act. [bosse, Fr. a protuberance, imboscare, It.]
1. To adorn with embossed work, to engrave with relievo or rising
work.
O＇er the losty gate his art emboss＇d
Androgeo＇s death. Dryden.
2. To form with protuberances. Botches and blains must all his flesh
emboss. Milton. 3. [emboister, emboitter, Fr. to enclose in a box] to
include, to inclose. A knight her met in mighty arms emboss＇d. Spen­
ser. 4. [emboscare, It.] to inclose in a thicket.
Like that self begotten bird,
In th＇Arabian woods embost. Milton.

To EMBOSS a Deer [of imboscare, It. or embosquer, Fr. of bois, Fr.
a wood] to chace her into a thicket, to hunt hard. When a deer is
hard run, and foams at the mouth, she is said to be embost: a dog
also, when he is strain＇d with hard running, especially upon hard
ground, will have his knees swell＇d, and then he is said to be embost,
from bosse. Fr. a tumour. Hanmer. We have almost embost him; you
shall see his fall to night. Shakespeare.

EMBO＇SSED, part. pass. of emboss [with architects] raised with bun­
ches or knobs.

EMBO＇SSING, the art of forming or fashioning works in relievo,
whether they be cast or moulded, or cut with the chissel.

EMBOSSING [in architectare] a kind of sculpture, or engraving,
wherein the figure sticks out from the plain wherein it is engraven,
and, according as it is more or less protuberant, is called by the Ita­
lians, bassomezzo, or basso relievo, and, by the English, bas relief.

EMBO＇SSMENT [of emboss] 1. Any thing standing out from the
rest, prominence. Perfect circles without any bulwarks or embossments.
Bacon. 2. Relievo, rising work. It expresses the great embossment of
the figure. Addison.

EMBO＇ST [with hunters] a foaming at the mouth, spoken of a deer
that has been so hard chased that she foams at the mouth.

To EMBO＇TTLE, verb act. [bouteille, Fr.] to bottle, to put in bot­
tles.
Stirom, firmest fruit,
Embottled. J. Philips.

To EMBO＇WEL, verb act. [of bowel, of boyau, Fr.] to take out the
bowels, to eviscerate. Embowel＇d will I see thee by and by. Shake­
speare.

To EMBRA＇CE [embrasser, Fr. abbracciare, It. abracar, Sp. and
Port.] 1. To encompass, hug, or hold fondly in one＇s arms, to
squeeze in kindness and friendship. Embrace again, my sons. Dry­
den. 2. To seize eagerly, to welcome, to accept willingly any thing
offered. Embraced the profession of the Christian religion. Tillotson.
3. To comprehend, to encompass, to take in. 4. To comprize, to
contain. Between the mountain and the stream embrac＇d. Dryden. 5.
To admit, to receive, to entertain. What is there that he may not
embrace for truth? Locke. 6. To find, to take.
Must embrace the fate
Of that dark hour. Shakespeare.
7. To squeeze in a hostile manner.

To EMBRACE, verb neut. to join in an embrace. Let me embrace
with old Vincentio. Shakespeare.

To EMBRACE a Volt [in horsemanship] a horse is said so to do,
when in working upon volts he makes a good way every time with
his fore-legs.

EMBRA＇CE, subst. 1. Clasp, fond hug in the arms. To his em­
braces runs. Denham. 2. Hostile squeeze, crush.

EMBRA＇CEMENT [embrassement, Fr.] 1. An embrace, clasp in the
arms, hug in kindness. Dear tho＇ chaste embracements. Sidney. 2.
Comprehension. Nor can her wide embracements filled be. Davies. 3.
State of being included, enclosure. The parts in man＇s body easily
reparable, as spirits die in the embracements of the parts hardly repara­
ble as bones. Bacon. 4. Conjugal endearments. Embracements of his
bed. Shakespeare.

EMBRA＇CEOUR, or EMBRA＇SOUR [in law] he who when a matter
is in trial between party and party, comes to the bar with one of the
parties (having received some reward so to do) and speaks in the case,
or privately labours the jury, or stands there to overlook, awe or put
them in fear, the penalty of which is 20l. and imprisonment at the
justice＇s discretion.

EMBRA＇CER [of embrace] one who embraces or hugs or lays hold
on. The greatest embracers of pleasure. Howel.

EMBRA＇SURE, Fr. [in architecture] the enlargement made of the
gap or inside of a door, wicket, casement, &c. or in the opening of
a wall to give more light, &c.

EMBRA＇SURES [in fortification] are the holes or apertures, or loop­
holes left open in a parapet, casement, &c. through which the can­
non are pointed, in order to fire into the moat or field; the battle­
ment.

To EMBRA＇VE, verb act. [of brave] to embellish, to deck, to
adorn. With sad cypress seemly it embrave. Spenser.

EMBRE＇WED [in heraldry] dipp＇d in blood, a term used of spears
that have their points so. See To IMBRUE.

To E＇MBROCATE, verb act. [ενβρεχω, Gr.] to rub any part diseased
with medicinal liquors. With oil of roses and vinegar to embrocate her
arm. Wiseman.

EMBROCA＇TION [of embrocate] the act of soaking or steeping.

EMBROCATION [in pharmacy] 1. A kind of somentation, in which
the warm liquor is let distil drop by drop, or very slowly, upon the part
of the body to be somented. 2. The act of rubbing any diseased part
with medicinal lotions. 3. An applying of cloths dipt in oil or any
other asswaging liquor to the part affected. 4. The lotion with which
a diseased part is washed or embrocated. Cataplasms and embroca­
tions of various sorts. Wiseman.

EMBROCHE＇, Lat. [of εμβροχη, of εμβρεχω, Gr. to soak in] a kind
of decoction or lotion, wherewith the part affected having been first
bathed, is afterwards bound up with linen cloths dipt in it.

To EMBROI＇DER [broder, Fr. bordàr, Sp.] to work embroidery,
border with ornaments, to adorn with figured or raised work upon a
ground. A suit of her own embroidering. Spectator. See to BORDER,
and read there,







———And flowers
Imborder＇d on each bank, the hand of Eve. Milton.

EMBROI＇DERER [brodeur, Fr. bordadòr, Sp.] one that embroiders
or adorns cloths with needlework. The work of the embroiderer.
Ecclesiasticus.

EMBROI＇DERERS were incorporated abont anno 1561. Their armo­
rial ensigns are palee of six, argent and sable on a fess gules between
2 lions of England, 2 broches saltire-ways between as many trundles
or; the supporters 2 lions or.

EMBROI＇DERY [brodere, Fr. brodadúra, Sp.] 1. The act of work­
ing flowers and figures with a needle on cloth, raised and variegated
needle-work. Laces and embroideries are costly. Bacon. 2. Diversity of
colours. The natural embroidery of the meadows. Spectator.

To EMBROI＇L, verb act. [embrouiller, Fr.] 1. To disturb, con­
found, or set together by the ears, to involve in troubles by discord.
To embroil my kingdom in a civil war. K. Charles. 2. In the follow­
ing passage it seems improperly used for broil or burn. It should, like
the coal from the altar, serve only to embroil and consume the sacrile­
gious invaders. Decay of Piety.

An EMBROIL [embrouillement, Fr.] an embarrassment, perplexity,
trouble, confusion by dissension.

To EMBRO＇THEL, verb act. [of brothel, brodel] to inclose in a bro­
thel or the stews. Embrothel＇d strumpets prostitute. Donne.

E＇MBRYO, or E＇MBRYON [embryon, Fr. embrione, It. embriòn, Sp.
of embryo, Lat. εμβρυον, of εμβρυω, Gr. to sprout out] 1. The fœtus
or child in the womb, after its members come to be formed; but be­
fore it has its perfect shape. The embryo ripeneth. Bacon. 2. The
state of any thing yet unfinished, or not fit for production. A noble
work I had then in embryo. Swift. But Castell. Renovatus says,
“Fœtum in uterô & JAM membris suis delineatum significat, i. e. it
signifies a fœtus in the womb when NOW delineated with its members.”

EMBRYO [with botanists] the most tender fœtus or bud of a plant,
whose parts are forcibly disposed to display.

EMBRYO [hieroglyphically] was by the ancients represented by a
frog.

E＇MBRYONATE, adj. [of embryo] pertaining to an embryo; also
that is yet but in embryo.

EMBRYORE＇STES, or EMBRYOLA＇STES [of εμβρυον and ρησσω, to
break, or of εμβρυοθλαστης, of εμβρυον and θαλαω, Gr. to break] a sur­
geon＇s instrument, with which they break the bones of a dead child,
that it may the more easily be extracted out of the womb.

EMBRYO＇TOMY [εμβρυοτομια, of εμβρυον and τομη, Gr. a cutting] an
anatomical description of an embryo or young child that is newly
formed.

EMBRU＇LCUS [of εμβρυον and ελκω, Gr. to draw] a surgeon＇s instru­
ment to extract a child out of the womb.

E＇MBURN, or A＇MBURN, a city of Dauphiny, in France, near the
confines of Piedmont. Lat. 44° 35′ N. Long. 6° 6′ E.

To EMBU＇RSE [embourser, Fr.] to restore or refund money owing.

EMBUSCA＇TUM Marmor [i. e. boscage or bushy marble] a sort of
marble digged out of mount Sinai in Jerusalem, of colour white, in­
clining to yellow, which has this surprizing property, that which way
soever it be cut, it represents shrubs and bushes curiously wrought by
nature, and of a blackish colour, which, if the stone be set over the
fire, soon disappear.

EME, subst. [eame, Sax.] an uncle: now obsolete.
Whilst they were young, Cassibelan their eme
Was by the people chosen in their stead. Spenser.

To EMEDU＇LLATE, verb act. [emedullo, of medulla, Lat. marrow]
to take out the marrow or pith.

To EME＇MBRATE, verb act. [emembro, of membrum, Lat. a member]
to geld, to castrate.

EME＇NDABLE [emendabilis, Lat.] that may be mended, corrigible,
capable of amendment.

EME＇NDALS [in the inner Temple] remainders, i. e. so much in
bank of the stock of the house, for the supply of extraordinary occa­
sions.

EMENDA＇RE [an old law term] to make amends for any crime or
trespass; and thence a capital crime, which was not to be atoned for
by a pecuniary mulct, was said to be inemendable.

EMENDA＇TIO, Lat. [in old records] signified the power of correct­
ing abuses, according to set rules or measures; as, emendatio panni,
emendatio panis & cerevisiæ, &c.

EMENDATIO Panni, Lat. [a law term] the power of looking to the
assize of cloth, that it be of the just ell or due measure.

EMENDATIO Panis & Cerevisiæ, Lat. [in law] the assizing of bread
and beer, &c.

EMENDA＇TION, Fr. [emendazione, It. of emendatio, Lat.] 1. The act of
correcting or amending, amendment of any thing from worse to bet­
ter. Fitted beyond any emendation for its action and use. Grew. 2.
An alteration made in the text by verbal criticism.

EMENDA＇TOR [of emendo, Lat.] a corrector or amender, one that
alters to the better.

E＇MERALD [emeraude, Fr. smeraldo, It. esmeralda, Sp. and Port.
smaragdus, Lat. σμαραγδος, Gr.] a precious stone of a fine green co­
lour. The emerald is evidently the same with the ancient smaragdus.
The rough emerald is usually of a bright and naturally polish＇d surface.
It is of all the various shades of green. The oriental emerald is of the
hardness of the saphire and ruby, and is second only to the diamond
in lustre. They are only found in the kingdom of Cambay. The
American, called by our jewellers oriental emeralds, are found in Peru,
of the hardness of the garnet. The European are somewhat softer,
but harder than crystal, and found in Silesia. The colour＇d crystals,
sold as occidental emeralds, are from the mines of Germany. Hill.

EMERALD [in heraldry] an emerald, a precious stone of a beautiful
green, and therefore substituted instead of vert, by those that blazon
the arms of dukes, earls, &c.

To EME＇RGE [emergo, Lat.] 1. To rise up out of the water, or any
thing else in which it is covered, to come out, or appear. The
mountains emerged and became dry land. Burnet＇s Theory. 2. To
proceed or issue. The rays emerge more obliquely out of the second
refracting surface. Newton. 3. To rise into view, to mount from a
state of obscurity or depression. Darkness we see emerges into light.
Dryden.

To EMERGE [in physics] is when a natural body in specie lighter
than water, being violently thrust down into it, rises again.

EME＇RGENCE, or EME＇RGENCY [emergenza, It. of emergo, Lat.]
1. A sudden occasion, an unexpected casualty. Most of our rarities
have been found out by casual emergency. Glanville. 2. The act of
rising out of any fluid by which any thing has been covered. 3. The
act of rising from obscurity or depression into view. The white colour
of all refracted light at its very first emergence is compounded of various
colours. Newton. 4. Pressing and urgent necessity. An improper
sense In any case of emergency he would employ the whole wealth of
his empire. Addison.

EME＇RGENT [emergente, It. emergens, Lat.] 1. Rising up above
water, or out of that which obscures or oppresses. The man that is
once hated, both his good and his evil deeds oppress him, he is not
easily emergent. Ben Johnson. 2. Rising into view or notice.
The mountains huge appear
Emergent. Milton.
3. Proceeding or issuing from. A necessity emergent from and inhe­
rent in the things themselves. South. 4. Sudden, unexpected, ca­
sual, happening on a sudden, and fortuitous. Upon any emergent oc­
sion. Clarendon.

EMERGENT [with astronomers] is said of a star when it is getting
out of the sun-beams, and is ready to become visible.

EMERGENT Year [in chronology] is the epocha or date whence we
begin to account our time, as the birth of our Saviour.

EME＇RGENTNESS [of emergent] emergency, casualty.

E＇MERODS, or E＇MEROIDS, subst. [corrupted by ignorant pronun­
ciation from hemorrhoids, αιμοῥῤοιδες, Gr.] painful swellings of the he­
morrhoidal veins, the piles. He smote them with emerods. 1 Samuel.

EME＇RSED [mersus, Lat.] risen up or out of.

EME＇RSION [emersione, It. of emersio, Lat.] properly an issuing or
coming out from under water.

EME＇RSION [in astronomy] 1. Said of a star which has lain hid for
some time under the sun-beams, when it begins to appear again. In
the heliacal emersion when it becomes at greatest distance from the sun.
Brown. 2. The coming of the sun or moon out of an eclipse.

EMERSION [with philosophers] the rising of any solid above the
surface of a fluid specifically lighter than itself, into which it had been
violently immerged or thrust.

E＇MERY, or E＇MERIL [emeri, esmeril, Fr. smeriglio, It. esmeril, Sp.
smyris, Lat.] a sort of iron ore considerably rich, of a dusky brownish
red on the surface, but when broken of a fine bright iron grey, with
some tinge of redness, and spangled all over with shining specks. It
is also sometimes very red, and then it contains veins of gold. It is
found in the island of Guernsey, in Tuscany, and many parts of Ger­
many. It has a near relation to the magnet. Emery has been recom­
mended by the ancients as an abstergent, but it must be used with
great caution. It is prepared by grinding in mills: And the lapida­
ries cut the ordinary gems on their wheels by sprinkling the wetted
powder over them; but it will not cut diamonds. It is useful in clean­
ing and polishing steel. Hill.

EME＇TIC, or EME＇TICAL [emétique, Fr. emetico, It. and Sp. emeticus,
Lat. εμετικος, of εμεω, Gr.] that provokes or causes to vomit. Herbs,
some purgative, some emetic. Hale.

EMETIC Tartar, cream of tartar powdered, and mixed with crocus
metallorum, according to art.

EME＇TICALLY, adv. [of emetical] in such a manner as to provoke
vomiting. To work emetically. Boyle.

EME＇TICS [εμετικα, of εμεω, Gr. to vomit] vomiting medicines.

EMICA＇TION [emicatio, Lat.] the act of sparkling, springing or
rising up in small particles, as sprightly liquors. Ebullition with noise
and emication. Brown.

EMI＇CTION [emictum, sup. of emeio, Lat.] urine. Blood apparent
in a sanguine emiction. Harvey.

E＇MIGRANT, adj. [emigrans, Lat.] departing from a place.

E＇MIGRANTS, subst. [of emigrans, Lat.] those who go out of their
own country to reside in another, constrained either by persecution
or otherwise, as the Palatines, Strasburghers, &c.

To E＇MIGRATE, verb neut. [emigratum, sup. of emigro, Lat.] to
go out or depart from a place.

EMIGRA＇TION [of emigrate] the act of departing or going from
one place to live in another. The originals of many kingdoms by
victories or by emigrations. Hale.

E＇MINENCE, or E＇MINENCY [eminence, Fr. eminenza, It. eminéncia,
Sp. of eminentia, Lat.] 1. Loftiness, height. 2. Summit, highest
part. Mountains abound with different vegetables, every vertex or
eminency affording new kinds. Ray. 3. A part rising above the rest.
Smooth without eminences or cavities. Dryden. 4. A place where one
is exposed to public or general notice. A person whose merit places
him upon an eminence, and gives him a more conspicuous figure. Ad­
dison. 5. Conspicuousness, state of being open to view, reputation,
preferment, greatness. Men of eminency. Stillingfleet. 6. Supreme
degree.
Whatever pure thou in thy body enjoy＇st,
And pure thou wert created, we enjoy
In eminence. Milton.
7. A title usually given to cardinals.

An EMINENCE, a little hill or rising ground, an ascent about the
champaign.

An EMINENCE [in fortification] an height that overlooks and com­
mands the place about it.

E＇MINENT, Fr. [eminenete, It. and Sp. of eminens, Lat.] 1. High,
over-topping, lofty. Thou hast built an eminent place. Ezekiel. 2.
Great, renowned, dignified, exalted. To dignify so eminent a son.
Dryden. 3. Remarkable, conspicuous. Eminent for a sincere piety.
Addison.

E＇MINENTER, Lat. [academical term] is used in the same sense
with virtualiter, in contradistinction to formaliter, i. e. when a thing
possesses any thing in a higher manner than a formal possession.

EMINE＇NTIAL Equation [in algebra] a term used in investigation
of the area＇s of curvilineal figures, so called, because it is an artificial
equation, which contains another equation eminently.

E＇MINENTLY, adv. [of eminent, eminenter, Lat.] 1. Excellently,
conspicuously, so as to attract observation. With gifts and graces
eminently adorn＇d. Milton. 2. In a high degree, above all. Eme­
nently best. Dryden.








E＇MIR [of amar, Arab. to command] a title of dignity or quality
among the Saracens and Turks. It answers to our word commander,
and accordingly may be applied to the higher as well as the lower of­
ficers. Thus Emiro＇ Cmumenin. i. e. the commander of the faithful,
was the name or title given to the Arabian chiefs. See CHALIPH or
CALIPH. And emir to this day is the title given to the commander
in chief of any body of Arabs.

E＇MISSARY [emissaire, Fr. emissario, It. and Sp. of emissarius, Lat]
1. One sent abroad to gain intelligence, a spy, a scout. An emissary
and spy of the king＇s. Bacon. 2. A trusty, able, dextrous person,
sent underhand to found the sentiments and designs of another; to
make some proposals to him, or to watch his actions and motions, to
spread reports, to favour a contrary party in order to make advantages
of all.

EMISSARY of a Gland [in anatomy] that which sends out or emits,
is the common duct, canal or pelvis, in which all the little secretory
canals of a gland do terminate. Wherever there are emissaries, there
are absorbent vessels. Arbuthnot.

EMI＇SSION [emissio, Lat.] the act of sending out, vent. Emission of
the spirits. Bacon.

EMI＇SSILE [emissilis, Lat.] that may be cast or sent out.

EMISSI＇TIOUS [emissitius, Lat.] cast out.

To EMI＇T [emitto, Lat.] 1. To send forth, to cast out, to give vent
to. The soil emits streams. Arbuthnot. 2. To let fly, to dart.
Pay sacred reverence to Apollo＇s song,
Lest wrathful the far-shooting God emit
His fatal arrows. Prior.
3. To issue out juridically. A citation ought to be decreed and emit­
ted by the judge＇s authority. Ayliffe.

EMME＇NAGOGUE [εμμηνια, the menses, and αγειν, Gr. to lead] me­
dicines which excite the courses in women. Emmenagogues are such
as produce a fulness of the vessels, consequently such a strengthen the
organs of digestion so as to make good blood. Arbuthnot.

EMMENALO＇GIA [of εμμηνια, the menses, and λογος, Gr.] a trea­
tise of the emmenia.

EMME＇NIA [εμμηνια, Gr.] women＇s monthly courses.

E＇MMERIC, a city of Westphalia, in Germany, subject to Prussia.
Lat. 51° 40′ N. Long. 5° 45′ E.

E＇MMET [æmet, Sax. ameidr, Ger.] an ant or pismire. The
weight of an emmet. Sidney.

EMMET, an ant or pismire, by reason of the great pains it takes
to lay up its winter stores of provision in the summer-time, makes it
generally taken for the emblem of industry.

To EMME＇W, verb act. [of mew] to mew, to coop up. Nips
youth i＇ th＇ bud and follies doth emmew. Shakespeare.

To EMMO＇VE, verb act. [emmouvoir, Fr.] to rouse, to put into
emotion. Him high courage did emmove. Spenser.

EMMO＇TON [εμμοτον, Gr.] a liquid medicine to be squirted into ul­
cers.

EMMUSELLE＇ [in heraldry] muzzled.

EMODULA＇TION, Lat. the act of singing in measure and propor­
tion.

EMO＇LLID [emollidus, Lat.] soft, tender.

EMO＇LLIENT, Fr. adj. [of emolliens, Lat.] asswaging, making soft,
pliant or loose, sheathing the asperities of humours. Barley is emol­
lient, moistening, and expectorating. Arbuthnot.

EMO＇LLIENTS, subst. [emollientia, Lat.] softening medicines, i. e.
such as by a moderate heat and moisture, dissolve or loosen those
parts which before were upon the stretch. Emollients ought to be ta­
ken in open air. Arbuthnot.

EMO＇LLIMENT [emollimentum, Lat.] the act of assuaging or soften­
ing.

EMOLLI＇TION [emollitio, Lat.] the act of softening. Bathing and
anointing give a relaxation or emollition. Bacon.

EMO＇LUMENT [emolument, Fr. emolumento, It. and Sp. of emolumen­
tum, Lat.] profit. Dispatched business to public emolument. Tatler.

EMO＇NGST, prep. [It is so written by Spenser] among. Made
emongst themselves a sweet consort. Spenser.

E＇MONY. See ANEMONY.

EMO＇TION, Fr. [emozione, It. emociòn, Sp. of emotio, Lat.] distur­
bance, disorder of the mind, vehemence of passion, either pleasing or
painful. The natural emotion of the same passion.

To EMPA＇LE, verb act. [empaler, Fr.] 1. To fence with a pale.
Empal＇d himself to keep them out, not in. Donne. 2. To fortify.
The English empaled themselves with their pikes. Hayward. 3. To
enclose, to shut in. I now empale her in my arms. Cleaveland. 4.
To put to death by spitting on a stake fixed upright. They talk of
empaling or breaking on the wheel. Arbuthnot.

EMPA＇LEMENT, or Flower-cup [with florists] those green leaves,
which cover the petals or the utmost part of the flower of a plant,
which encompasses the foliation of the attire; being designed to be a
guard and band to the flower, where it is weak and tender; and for
that reason those plants, which have flowers, with a firm and strong
basis, as tulips, &c. have no empalement.

EMPA＇LEMENT. See IMPA＇LEMENT.

EMPA＇NNEL, subst. [a law term, of pannel, Fr.] the writing the
names of a jury into a parchment, schedule, or roll of paper, by the
sheriff, which he has summoned to appear for the performance of such
public service as juries are employed in. Cowel.

To EMPA＇NNEL, verb act. [from the noun] to summon to serve on
a jury; a law term. I shall not need to empannel a jury. Govern­
ment of the Tongue.

EMPA＇RLANCE [of parler, Fr. to speak; in common law] a petition
or motion made in court for a pause or day of respite, to consider
what is best to be done; or for the defendant to put in his answer to the
plaintiff＇s declaration; and it is sometimes used for the conference of
a jury in the cause committed to them. Cowel.

E＇MPASM [εμπασμα, of πασσω, Gr.] a medicine composed of sweet
powders, to take away sweat, correct the bad scent of the body, and
allay inflammations.

To EMPA＇SSION, verb act. [of passion] to move one with passion, to
affect strongly. The tempter all empassion＇d, thus began. Milton.

To EMPEO＇PLE, verb act. [of people] to form into a people or com­
munity. Unknown nations there empeopled were. Spenser.

EMPA＇STING [in painting] the laying on of colours thick and bold.

EMPA＇TEMENT [in fortification] the same as talus.

To EMPEA＇CH [empêcher, Fr.] to hinder. See To IMPEACH.

E＇MPERESS [emperatrice, Fr. imperatrice, It. imperatriz, Sp. and
Port. of imperatrix, Lat.] 1. The consort of an emperor. Lavinia
will I make my empress. Shakespeare. 2. A woman invested with im­
perial power. May you on earth our empress reign. Davies.

E＇MPEROR [imperator, Lat. empereur, Fr. imperatore, It. imperedor,
Sp. emperador, Port.] a sovereign prince who bears rule over several
large countries, a monarch of title and dignity superior to a king.
Charles the emperor. Shakespeare.

E＇MPERY, subst. [empire, Fr. imperium, Lat.] empire, sovereign
power. Your right of birth, your empery, your own. Shakespeare.

E＇MPETRON, Lat. [εμπετρον, Gr.] the herb samphire or saxi­
frage.

E＇MPHASIS [in rhetoric; emphase, Fr. enfasi, It. and Sp. emphasis,
Lat.] a remarkable force, stress or energy, in expression, action, ge­
sture; a strong or vigorous pronunciation of a word; earnestness, or
an express signification of one＇s intention. Emphasis not so much re­
gards the time as a certain grandeur, whereby some letter, syllable,
word or sentence, is rendered more remarkable than the rest by a more
vigorous pronunciation, and a longer stay upon it. Holder.

EMPHA＇TICAL, or EMPHA＇TIC [emphatique, Fr. enfatico, It. and
Sp. of emphaticus, Lat. of εμϕατικος, of εν and ϕαινω, Gr.] 1. Signifi­
cant, forcible, uttered with energy, striking. Proper and emphatical
terms. Arbuthnot. 2. Striking the sight; as,

EMPHATICAL Colours, such colours as appear in the rainbow, &c.
which, because they are not permanent, naturalists do not allow to be
true colours. Emphatical colours are light itself. Boyle. 3. Appear­
ing, seeming not real.

EMPHA＇TICALLY [of emphatical] 1. With an emphasis, in a stri­
king manner. How emphatically does every word proclaim the truth.
South. 2. According to appearance. The incurvity of dolphins must
be taken emphatically, not really, but in appearance. Brown.

EMPHA＇TICALNESS [of emphatical] emphatical quality.

EMPHRA＇CTICS [εμϕρασσω, Gr.] medicines that by their clamminess
stop the pores of the skin.

EMPHRA＇GMA, Lat. [of εμϕραττω, Gr.] a wringing or grinding pain
in the guts, as that of the wind-colic. Its etymology conveys the idea
of some OBSTRUCTION in those parts.

EMPHRA＇XIS [εμϕραξις, Gr.] an obstruction in any part.

EMPHY＇SEMA, Lat. [εμϕυσημα, of εμϕυω, Gr.] a blowing into, or
that which is brought in by blowing, a windy swelling or bloating of
the whole habit. BRUNO calls it a flatulent tumour from a plenty of
flatulent spirit collected in the cavities of the body. Hippoc. l. 3.
Epidem. Ægr. 13.

EMPHY＇SEMA [with surgeons] a kind of swelling, wherein wind
is contained, with a little skinny phlegm.

EMPHYSE＇MATOUS, adj. [εμϕυσημα, Gr.] bloated, pussed up. The
skin feels to the touch flabby or emphysematous. Sharp.

EMPHYSO＇DES Febris [with physicians] a vehement heat in severs,
which causes pustules and an inflammation in the mouth.

EMPHY＇TEUSIS, Lat. [εμϕυτευσις, Gr.] a planting, grafting, or
implanting.

EMPHYTEUSIS, Lat. [Roman law] a renting of land on condition
to plant it.

EMPHYTEUSIS [in the civil law] a contract made by consent, but
created by the Roman law, and not the law of nations; by which
houses or lands are given to be possessed for ever, upon condition that
the lands shall be improved, and that a small yearly rent shall be paid
to the proprietor.

EMPHY＇TEUTA, or EMPHY＇TEUTES, a tenant that rents land on
condition to plant it.

EMPHYTEU＇TIC [of εμϕυτευσις, Gr.] set out to farm.

EMPHY＇TON Thermon [with naturalists] the calor innatus, or innate
heat, which they suppose to be produced in a fœtus in the womb from
the semen of the parents, which afterwards decays and ceases by de­
grees, when respiration is begun, and the fœtus subsists of itself. This
heat is by some naturalists stiled an innate and natural spirit, which
they suppose to consist of three parts, viz. of a primogenial moisture,
an innate spirit, and heat.

To EMPIE＇RCE, verb act. [of pierce] to pierce into, to enter into
by violence.
Deep empierc＇d his darksome hollow maw. Spenser.

EMPI＇GHT, part. pass. [from to pight or pitch] pitched, set in a
posture.
Ere it impight
In the meant mark, advanc＇d his shield atween. Spenser.

E＇MPIRE, Fr. [imperio, It. Sp. and Port. of imperium, Lat.] 1.
The dominion or jurisdiction of an emperor, supreme dominion.
Ancient empire over love and wit. Rowe.
2. The region over which dominion is extended. A nation arrives
in time at the ancient name of kingdom, and modern of empire. Tam­
ple. 3. Power or authority over any thing in general.

E＇MPIRIC, subst. [empirique, Fr. empirico, It. and Sp. empiricus, Lat.
εμπειρικος, of εμπειραω, Gr. to try practices] a trier, an experimenter,
such as has no true knowledge of physical practice, who applies general
medicines at all adventures; a mountebank, a quack-salver, a post­
doctor. A silly empiric. Hooker.

EMPI＇RICA Medicina, quacking or pretending to the cure of diseases
by guess, without considering the nature of the disease, or of the me­
dicines made use of for its cure, but depending entirely on the au­
thority of experienced medicines. But the word was ANCIENTLY
used in a less exceptionable sense, I mean not to express what we call
quackery, but that practice which rested on experience alone (for such
is the proper ETYMOLOGY of the word) without taking in that addi­
tional light and help which the dogmatic physicians borrowed from
anatomical dissection, and the clearer insight into the animal process.
See DOGMATIC.

EMPIRIC, or EMPI＇RICAL, adj. [empirique, Fr. empirico, It. and Sp.
of empiricus, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to an empiric, practised only by rote,
without rational grounds. Empiric remedies. Dryden. 2. Versed
in experiments.







Th＇ empiric alchymist
Can turn, or holds it possible to turn,
Metals of drossiest ore to perfect gold. Milton.

EMPI＇RICALLY, adv. [of empirical] 1. Experimentally, according
to experience. We shall empirically and sensibly deduct the causes of
blackness. Brown. 2. In the manner of a quack, without rational
grounds.

EMPI＇RICE [εμπειρικη, Gr.] the profession or practice of a quack or
empiric.

EMPI＇RICISM, quackery, the profession or practice of an em­
piric.

EMPLA＇GIA, Lat. [εμπλαγια, Gr.] a palsey.

EMPLA＇STERED [of εμπλασσω, Gr.] done or daubed over with
plaister.

EMPLA＇STIC [emplasticus, Lat. of εμπλαστικος, Gr.] clammy, stick­
ing, closing, healing.

EMPLA＇STER [emplatre, Fr. impiastro, It. implastro, Sp. εμπλαστρον,
Gr. this word is now always pronounced, and generally written plaster]
a plaster or salve, a medicine of a stiff glutinous consistence, composed
of divers simple ingredients, spread on leather, linen, &c. and ap­
plied externally.

EMPLA＇STIC, adj. [εμπλαστικος, Gr.] viscous, fit to be applied as a
plaster. Emplastic quality. Wiseman.

EMPLA＇STICS, subst. [εμπλαστικα, Gr.] viscous medicines which shut
up the pores of the body, plasters.

EMPLATTO＇MENA. See EMPLASTICS.

To EMPLE＇AD, verb act. [of plead, En. plaider, Fr.] 1. To indict,
to accuse, to bring a charge against one. Tyrannous masters did of­
ten emplead, arrest, and cast them into prison. Hayward.

EMPLE＇CTO Opus [in architecture] a work knit and couched toge­
ther; properly when the stones of a building are so laid, that their
front and back part are smooth, but their inside rough or unhewn,
that they may take the better hold one of another.

To EMPLO＇Y [employer, Fr. impiegare It. empleàr, Sp.] 1. To keep
one at work, or at some business, to exercise. The thoughts ought
be employed on serious subjects. Addison. 2. To use as an instru­
ment.
Her aukward fist did ne＇er employ the churn. Gay.
3. To use as means. The money was employed to the making of gal­
lies. 2. Maccabees. 4. To use as materials. Timber employed about
the plough. Locke. 5. To entrust with the management of an affair.
Christ is employed in superior works. Watts. 6. To fill up with bu­
siness.
To study nature will thy time employ? Dryden.
7. To pass or spend in business.
They more bless＇d perpetual life employ. Prior.
8. To use or make use of. 9. To bestow time or pains.

EMPLO＇Y, subst. Fr. [impiego, It. empléo, Sp.] 1. Business, occu­
pation, object of industry.
The whole employ of body and of mind. Pope.
2. Public office, post, or station. They have always a foreigner for
this employ. Addison.

EMPLO＇YABLE [of employ] capable of being used, fit for use. Ob­
jections employable against this hypothesis. Boyle.

EMPLO＇YER [of employ] one that employs, uses, or causes to be
used. Owner and employer of much shipping. Child.

EMPLO＇YMENT [of employ] 1. Business, object of labour. 2. The
state of being employed. 3. Post of business, office. To get or to
keep employment. Swift. 4. Commission, business entrusted.
I serve the king,
On whose employment I was sent to you. Shakespeare.

EMPNUMA＇TOSIS Lat. [εμπνευματωσις, Gr.] an alternate widening
of the chest, whereby the external air is continually breathed in, and
communicated to the blood by the wind-pipe and lungs.

To EMPOI＇SON, verb act. [empoisonner, Fr.] 1. To poison, to de­
stroy by venemous food or drugs. That wicked servant of his under­
took to empoison him. Sidney. 2. To taint with poison, to envenom.
This is the more usual sense.

EMPOI＇SONER [empoisonuer, Fr.] one who destroys by poison. The
empoisoner of his wife. Bacon.

EMPOI＇SONMENT [empoisonnement, Fr.] the practice of poisoning or
destroying by poison. Dangerous for secret empoisonments. Bacon.

EMPONE＇MA, Lat. [of εμπονεω, Gr. to labour] the bettering and
inriching a ground by labour.

EMPORE＇TIC, or EMPORI＇TICAL [emporeticus, Lat. εμπορετικος, Gr.]
of or pertaining to markets, fairs or merchandize.

EMPO＇RIUM, Lat. [εμποριον, Gr.] a mart, a town of trade. The
prosperous estate of this great emporium. Atterbury.

EMPORIUM [with anatomists] the common sensory of the brain.

E＇MPORY [εμποριον, Gr.] 1. A market town. 2. A place where a
general market or fair is kept.

To EMPO＇VERISH, verb act. [pauvre, Fr.] 1. To make poor, to
reduce to poverty. It impoverisheth a man. South. 2. To lessen
fertility, to make barren.

EMPO＇VERISHER [of impoverish] 1. One that makes another poor.
2. That which lessens fertility. An improver, and not an empoverisher
of land. Mortimer.

EMPO＇VERISHMENT [of empoverish] cause of poverty, waste. Not
any great empoverishment to her coffers. Spenser.

To EMPO＇WER, verb act. 1. To authorise, to give commission or
power for any purpose. You are empowered to give the final decision
of wit. Dryden. 2. To enable, to give natural strength. Does not
the same power that enables them to heal, empower them to de­
stroy? Baker.

EMPRI＇MED [with hunters] a term used when a deer has left the
herd.

EMPR. is often set as an abbreviation for emperor.

To EMPRI＇SON [emprisonner, Fr. impriggionaro, It.] to cast into pri­
son. See IMPRISON.

E＇MPRESS [contracted from emperess, which B. Johnson retains]
1. The queen of an emperor. His great emperess. B. Johnson. 2.
A woman invested with imperial authority, a female sovereign.
Empress of this fair world, resplendent Eve. Milton.

EMPRI＇SE, Fr. an enterprize, an attempt of danger and hazard.
Enterprize,
Brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise. Spenser.
Grants of mighty bone and bold emprise. Milton.

EMPROSTHOTO＇NIA [εμπροσθοτονος, of εμπροσθεν, forwad, and τεινω,
Gr. to stretch] a convulsion of the neck, which draws the head for­
wards.

EMPROSTHO＇TONOS [εμπροσθοτονος, Gr.] a stiffness of the back­
bone, when by some violent convulsion it is bent forwards, as opist­
hotonos, when it is bent backwards. Or more correctly thus; the
emprosthotenus [of εμπροσθεν, forward, and τεινω, to stretch] is a SPASM
of the muscles which bend the head, neck, thorax, and loins forward;
and the opisthotonus is a spasm of those muscles, which bend them
backward. Boerhaave Symptomatologia. Sect. 864.

EMPSS. is used as an abbreviation for empress.

E＇MPTIER, subst. [of empty] one that empties or makes any place
void by taking away its contents. The emptiers have emptied them
out. Nahum.

E＇MPTIO Venditio [in civil law] that contract by consent only,
which we call buying and selling, whereby the seller is bound to de­
liver the goods, and the buyer to pay the price for them according to
the bargain.

E＇MPTION, Lat. the act of buying. Purchase, emption or commuta­
tion. Arbuthnot.

E＇MPTINESS [æmtinesse, Sax.] 1. Inanity, absence of fullness.
Desolation rages,
And emptiness. J. Philips.
2. The state of being void or empty. Hollow poverty and emptiness.
Shakespeare. 3. A void space, vacuity, a vacuum. Mere emptiness
and nothing. Bentley. 4. Want of substance or solidity. Subsist in
the emptiness of light and shadow. Dryden. 5. Unsatisfactoriness, in­
sufficiency to fill up desires. The emptiness of things here. Atterbury.
6. Want of knowledge, vacuity of head. Eternal smiles his empti­
ness betray. Pope.

E＇MPTIONAL [emtionalis, Lat.] belonging to buying.

EMPTI＇TIOUS [emptitius, Lat.] that which may be bought, sale­
able.

E＇MPTIVE [emptivus, Lat.] bought, or hired.

E＇MPTY [æmti, Sax.] 1. Void, not full, having nothing in it. The
pit was empty. Genesis. 2. Devoid, unfurnished. The heavens are
emptier of air, than any vacuum we can make. Newton. 3. Unsa­
tisfactory, unable to fill the desires, unburthened, unfreighted.
They had been empty-handed. Dryden. 4. Vacant of head, unpro­
vided with materials for thinking, unskilful. Empty headed fools.
Raleigh. 5. Having no substance, being without solidity, vain.
Empty dreams. Dryden.
EMPTY vessels make the loudest sound.
Agreeable to the words of divine wisdom. A fool＇s voice is known by
a multitude of words. We generally find, that those who in reality
have little or no worth, are fullest of themselves, and trouble every
company they come into with a flood of egotisms: whereas, on the
contrary, those who might justly boast of excellent qualities, are
always silent on their own subject, according to another proverb;
The deepest streams flow with least noise. The Fr. say as we; Les
tonneaux vuides, font le plus de bruit. The It. say; La piu cattiva
ruota del carro sempre cigola. (The worst wheel of the cart always
creeks most.) And the Arabians have a proverb to the same effect,
taken from a cloud, which makes a great report, but yields no rain.
What thunder from a BARREN CLOUD is here!
An EMPTY brain is the devil＇s shop.
And he soon takes care to stock it. Lat. Otium diaboli pulvinar.
By empty, is here meant idle, not employed. This proverb may be
explained by another: Keep yourself employed, and the devil will
have no power over you.

To E＇MPTY [æmtian, Sax.] to make void, to exhaust, to deprive
of that which any thing contained. Great navigable rivers empty
themselves into the Euxine sea. Arbuthnot.

To EMPU＇RPLE, verb act. [of purple] to die of a purple colour, to
discolour or stain with purple. Empurpled with celestial roses. Mil­
ton.

To EMPU＇ZZLE, verb act. [of puzzle] to perplex or put to a non­
plus. It hath empuzzled the enquiries of others. Brown.

EMPYE＇MA [εμπυημα, of εν, within, and πυον, Gr. matter] a col­
lecting or gathering together of corrupt matter about the breast and
lungs or thorax. An Empyema, or a collection of purulent matter in
the breast. Harvey. 2. An operation to discharge all sorts of matter
with which the midriff is loaded, by making a perforation in the
breast.

EMPY＇REAL, or EMPY＇REAN, adj. [empyrée, Fr. empireo, It. and
Sp. of empireus, Lat. of εμπυρον, Gr.] formed of the element of
fire, refined beyond aerial, pertaining to the highest heavens. Tickel
accents it on the penult.
Go soar with Plato to th＇ empyreal sphere. Pope.
But empyreal forms, howe＇er in sight. Tickel.

EMPY＇REAL Substance [in philosophy] the fiery element above the
etherial, that of the purest heavens.

EMPYRE＇AN, subst. [εμπυρος, from πυρ, Gr. fire] the highest hea­
vens, where the pure element of fire is supposed to subsist. The
pure empyrean. Milton.

EMPYRE＇UM Cælum [of εμπυρος, Gr. fiery, so called from its fiery
brightness] the highest heaven, or the eleventh sphere above the
primum mobile, wherein is the throne of God, residence of angels, &c.
Our lexicographer (I suspect) is beholden, for this and some other in­
stances of ABSTRUSE philosophy, to that fanciful piece of forgery
which is ascribed (tho＇ without ground) to DIONYSIUS the Areopa­
gite; and this hint will suffice for some mistakes that occur under the
word CHERUBIM, and the like.

EMPY＇REUM, or EMPYREU＇MA, Lat. [εμπυρευμα, Gr. with che­
mists] that taste and smell of the fire, which, after distillation, hap­
pens to some oils, spirits and waters, from their being drawn off by
too great a degree of heat.

EMPYREUMA＇TICAL, adj. [of empyreuma] of or pertaining to an
empyreuma, having the smell or taste of burnt substances in distilla­







tions. Empyreumatical oils distilled by strong fires in retorts. Boyle.

EMPYREU＇MATA [εμπυρευματα, Gr.] 1. Reliques of a fever after
critical time of the disease. 2. A fettling in distillations.

EMPY＇ROSIS, Lat. [of εμπυροω, Gr.] conflagration, general fire.
Cataclysms and empyroses universal. Hale.

E＇MROD, a glazier＇s diamond for cutting glass, called also einery.

E＇MRODS, the same as hæmorrhoids; which see.

E＇MROSE, the name of a flower.

EMU＇CID [emucidus, Lat.] mouldy.

To E＇MULATE, verb act. [emulare, It. emulàr, Sp. æmulatum,
sup. of æmulo, Lat.] 1. To rival, to propose as one to be equalled or
excelled. 2. To imitate with hope of equality of superiority.
Nor polish＇d marble emulate thy face. Pope.
3. To be equal to. Thy eye would emulate the diamond. Shake­
speare. 4. To copy, to resemble. The convulsion emulating this
motion. Arbuthnot.

EMULA＇TION, Fr. [emulazione, It. emulaciòn, Sp. of æmulatio, Lat.]
1. Rivalry, a desire to excel; a noble jealousy, between persons of
virtue or learning, contending for a superiority therein. Some emu­
lation may be good. Sprat. 2. Contention, envy, desire of de­
pressing another. Factious emulations shall arise. Shakespeare.

E＇MULATIVE, adj. [of emulate] 1. Belonging to emulation. 2.
Propense to emulation.

EMULA＇TOR [emulateur, Fr. emulatore, It. emulo, Sp. of æmulator,
Lat.] 1. One that strives to equal or excel another. It layeth their
competitors and emulators asleep. Bacon. 2. One that envies an­
other＇s excellence.

To EMU＇LCE, verb act. [emulceo, Lat.] to stroke gently.

To EMU＇LGE [emulgeo, Lat.] to milk or press forth by strok­
ing.

EMU＇LGENT, adj. [emulgens, Lat.] milking or draining out.

EMU＇LGENT Arteries [with anatomists] two large arteries, which
arise from the descending trunk of the aorta, and are inserted into
the kidneys, and carry the blood with the humour called serum to
them. Thro＇ the emulgent branches the blood is brought to the kid­
neys, and is there freed of its serum. Cheyne.

EMULGENT Veins [with anatomists] two veins arising from the
vena cava, and inserted into the kidneys, which bring back the blood,
&c. after the serum is separated from it, by the kidneys.

E＇MULOUS [æmulus, Lat.] 1. Striving to excel, rivalling, engaged
in competition. Emulous Carthage. B. Johnson. 2. Desirous to
rise above another, desirous of any excellence possessed by another;
with of before the object of rivalry.
Of other excellence
Not emulous. Milton.
3. Envious, contentious. Emulous missions ＇mongst the Gods them­
selves. Shakespeare.

E＇MULOUSLY adv. [of emulous] 1. With desire of excelling. 2.
enviously.

EMU＇LSION, Fr. and Sp. [emulsione, It.] a sort of physic-drink
made of bruised feeds, fruits, &c. of the colour and form of milk,
an asswaging medicine. The aliment is dissolved by an operation re­
sembling that of making an emulsion. Arbuthnot.

E＇MULOUSNESS [æmulatio, Lat.] emulation.

EMUNDA＇TION, Lat. a cleansing.

EMU＇NCTORIES, subst. [emunctoriæ, of emungo, Lat. to wipe off]
certain places in an animal body, by which the principal parts dis­
charge their excrements or superfluities; as the glandules, which lie
under the ears, under the armpits, and under the groin, &c. Emunc­
tories to drain them of superfluous choler. More.

EMU＇NCTORY, subst. this singular is rarely used. See EMUNCTO­
RIES. The grand emunctory of the body. Woodward.

EMUSCA＇TION, Lat. a clearing a tree from moss.

EN, is an inseparable preposition or compounding particle, gene­
rally in the spelling of words derived from the French, tho＇ this di­
stinction is not always observed; for we but too often use this prepo­
sition, and the Latin in, promiscuously. It would add very much to
the perspicuity of the English tongue, if we made a due distinction
between the Fr. prep. en, the Lat. in, and the Sax. un, which have
very different significations. See in IN, what is not to be found
in EN.

EN [en, Sax. en and ern, Ger.] is an adjective termination; as,
leaden, hidden, &c. and likewise a termination of verbs derived from
substantives or adjectives; as, to heighten, strengthen, frighten, harden,
soften, sharpen, &c. EN is also the termination of several irregular
participles passive.

To ENA＇BLE, verb act. [of able, En. abilitare, It. abilitàr, Sp.] to
make or render able or capable. His great friendship with God
might enable him. Atterbury.

E＇NACH [in the practice of Scotland] satisfaction for any crime or
fault.

To ENA＇CT [of en and actum, sup. of ago, Lat. to do or perform]
1. To effect, to perform. The thought or purpose before it be enacted.
Spenser. Enacted wonders with his sword. Shakespeare. 2. To establish
an act, to ordain or decree. By the people it was enacted or commanded.
Temple. 3. To represent by action. I did enact Hector. Shakespeare.

ENA＇CT, subst. [from the verb] purpose, determination.

ENA＇CTOR [of enact] 1. One that enacts or establishes laws.
Enactor of this law of good and evil. Atterbury. 2. One who prac­
tises or performs a thing.
The violence of either grief or joy
Their own enactor with themselves destroys. Shakespeare.

ENÆ＇MON [εναιμον, of εν and αιμα, Gr.] a medicine for stopping
blood.

ENÆU＇REMA [with physicians] a little hanging cloud (as it were)
in the middle of urine. With HIPPOCRATES and others (says Bruno)
it signifies sublime quiddam in urinâ innatans, & per mediam urinam
pendulum. It is also called a cloud, or little cloud. Galen Com. 2. in
Prognost. t. 29.

ENA＇LLAGE [εναλλαγη, of εναλλαττειν, Gr. to change; with rhetori­
cians] a figure whereby we change and invert the order of the terms
in a discourse against the common rules of language.

ENA＇LLAGE [with granimarians] a change either of a pronoun or
a verb; as when a possessive is put for a relative, suus for ejus; or
when one mood or tense is put for another.

ENALU＇RON [in heraldry] a bordure charged with martlets, or any
other kind of birds.

To ENA＇MBUSH verb act. [of ambush] to hide in ambush, or with
hostile intention. They there enambush＇d them. Chapman.

ENA＇MEL, subst. [email, Fr. smalto, It. and Sp.] 1. A composition
used by goldsmiths, &c. to inlay flowers, &c. 2. Any thing va­
riegated with colours inlaid, or enamelled. Various sorts of coloured
glasses, pastes and enamels. Woodward.

To ENA＇MEL [emailler, Fr. smaltare, It. smaltàr, Sp. esmaltar,
Port.] 1. To vary with little spots; to paint with mineral colours, or
with enamel; to variegate. The enamelled silver plates. Swift. 2.
To lay upon another body so as to vary it.
With gay enamel＇d colours mixt. Milton.

ENA＇MELLER [of enamel] one that professes enamelling.

To ENA＇MOUR, verb act. [of en and amour, Fr. of amor, Lat.]
to engage the love and affections of a person, to make fond; with of
before the person or thing loved; sometimes on. He is enamoured on
Hero. Shakespeare. Enamoured of all he does. Dryden.

ENA＇MOURED, part. p. engaged in love.

ENANGIOMONOSPE＇RMOUS Plants [of εν αγγειον, a vessel, μονος, sin­
gle, and σπερμα, Gr. seed] such as have but one single seed in the
seed vessel.

ENANTI＇OSIS, or ANTENANTI＇OSIS [εναντιωσις, contrariety, of αντι
or εναντι, Gr.] a rhetorical figure, when that is spoken by a contrary,
which is intended should be understood as it were by affirmation; as,
there was rage against resolution, pride against nobleness, &c.

ENATA＇TION, Lat. a swimming out.

ENAVIGA＇TION, Lat. a sailing out of, by or over.

ENCAU＇STES, Lat. [εγκαυστης, Gr.] an enameller, that engraves
with fire.

ENARGI＇A [εναργεια, Gr.] evidence or clearness of expression.

ENARRA＇TION [narration, Fr. narrazione, It. enarratio, Lat.] 1. A
plain declaration. 2. A recital or rehearsal.

ENA＇RTHROSIS [εναρθρωσις, of εν, in, and αρθροω, Gr. to joint] a
kind of joint, when the cavity or hollow which receives it is deep,
and the head of the bone that is let in is somewhat long; as in the
jointing of the thigh-bone with the ifchion or huckle-bone. Enar­
throsis is where a good round head enters into a cavity; as that of the
os coxæ receiving the head of the os femoris, or glene, which is more
shallow, as in the scapula, where it receives the humerus. Wise­
man. See ACETABULUM.

ENAU＇NTER, adv. an obsolete word, explained by Spenser him­
self to mean least that.
Anger would not let him speak to the tree,
Enaunter his rage might cooled be. Spenser.

ENCÆ＇NIA [ενκαινια, Gr.] 1. Certain annual festivals, anciently held
on the days that cities were built. 2. The consecration or wake
days of our churches.

To ENCA＇GE verb act. [of cage] to shut up as in a cage, to con­
fine. Like Bajazet encag＇d. Donne.

To ENCA＇MP, verb neut. [of camper, Fr.] to pitch tents, to sit
down for a time from a march. Strong fortified encampings. Ba­
con.

To ENCAMP, verb act. to form an army into a camp.

ENCA＇MPMENT [of encamp.] 1. The act of pitching tents, the dis­
posing of an army in a plain or open country, &c. 2. A camp, the
tents pitched in order. To improve them in their encampments. Grew.
Spread their encampment o＇er the spacious plain. Gay.

ENCA＇NTHIS, Lat. [εγκανθις, Gr.] the caruncula lachrymalis.

ENCA＇NTHUS [in surgery] a tumour of the caruncula lachrymalis, in
the great canthus or angle of the eye.

ENCA＇RDIA [ενκαρδια, Gr.] a precious stone, bearing the figure of
an heart.

ENCA＇RPA [ενκαρπα, Gr.] flowers or fruit-work, cut out on the
chapiters of pillars.

ENCATHI＇SMA [ενκαθισμα, Gr.] a kind of bath for the belly, the
same as insessus.

To ENCA＇VE, verb act. [of cave] to hide as in a cave. Do but en­
cave yourself. Shakespeare.

E＇NCAUMA [ενκαυμα, Gr.] 1. A brand or mark made by burning.
2. A wheal or push caused by a burn.

ENCAUMA [with surgeons] an ulcer in the eye with a filthy scab,
which follows a fever. Bruno adds, that it may rise either in the black
or white part of the eye; and that when its seat is in the former, it is
often a deep ulcer, and that in the expurgation of it there is a greater
erosion of the coats, to the utter destruction sometimes of the WHOLE
organ.

ENCAU＇STIC [ενκαυστικη, Gr.] pertaining to the art of enamelling
or painting with fire.

ENCAU＇STUM [ενκαυστον, Gr.] enamel.

ENCE＇INTE, Fr. [in fortification] the whole compass of a place; a
wall or rampart surrounding a place, sometimes composed of bastions
or curtains, either faced or lined with brick or stone, or only made of
earth. A term not yet naturalized.

ENCELA＇DUS, Lat. [εγκελαδος, Gr. i. e. tumultuous] a huge giant,
who (as the poets seign) was the largest of those that conspired against
Jupiter, who struck him down with thunder, and threw mount Ætna
upon him, where he breathes out flames, and, by his turning himself,
or shifting sides, causes earthquakes.

ENCEPHALI, Lat. [of εν, in, and κεϕαλη, Gr. the head] worms ge­
nerated in the head.

ENCE＇PPE, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies fettered, chained, or girt
about the middle, as is usual with monkeys.

ENCE＇PHALOS, Lat. [ενκεϕαλος, Gr.] whatsoever is contained with­
in the compass of the skull.

To ENCHA＇FE, verb act. [eschausser, Fr.] to enrage, to provoke.
The enchafed flood. Shakespeare.

To ENCHA＇IN, verb act. [enchainer, Fr.] to hold in chains, to fast­
en with a chain, to detain in bondage. Here I was enchained. Dryden.

To ENCHA＇NT, verb act. [enchanter, Fr.] 1. To give efficacy to
any thing by songs of sorcery. Enchanting all that you put in Shake­







speare. 2. To subdue by spells or charms. John thinks them all en­
chanted. Arbuthnot. 3. To delight exquisitely. I priz＇d a fair en­
chanting face. Pope. See INCHANT.

ENCHA＇NTER [enchanteur, Fr.] a magician, a sorcerer, one who
has spirits or demons at his command, one who has the power of
spells. Tyrants, enchanters. Spectator.

ENCHA＇NTINGLY, adv. [of enchant] with the force of enchantment.
It is improperly used in a passive form in the following passage. Of
all sorts enchantingly belov＇d. Shakespeare.

ENCH＇ANTMENT [enchantement, Fr.] 1. Magical charms, sorcery.
The charms and enchantments of the Persian magicians. Knolles. 2.
Irresistible influence, overpowering delight. Holds the heart of a
reader under the strongest enchantment. Pope.

ENCH＇ANTRESS [enchantresse, Fr.] 1. A woman versed in magical
arts or sorcery. Given by an enchantress. Tatler. 2. A woman
whose beauty or accomplishments have irresistible influence. Th＇ en­
chantress of his soul. Thomson.

ENCHARA＇XIS [ενχαραξις, of χαρασσω, Gr.] an engraving or cut­
ting into.

ENCHARAXIS [with surgeons] a scarifying or lancing the flesh.

To ENCHA＇SE, verb act. [enchasser, Fr.] 1. To set any precious stone,
&c. gold, silver, or any other metal, so as to be held fast, but not
concealed. Like jewels enchas＇d in gold. 2. To adorn by being
fixed upon a thing. Bowls with glittering gems enchase. Dryden.

ENCHE＇ASON, or ENCHE＇SON [French law term] occasion, cause,
or reason, why any thing is done.
The fond encheason that me hither led. Spenser.

ENCHIRE＇SIS, Lat. [ενχειρησις, of εν, in, and χειρ, Gr. a hand] the
act of undertaking, a setting about any thing, a taking in hand.

ENCHIRESIS Anatomica, Lat. a readiness or dexterity at dissections.

ENCHIRI＇DION [ενχειριδιον, of εν and χειρ, Gr. a hand] a manual,
or small volume, that may be carried about in one＇s hand; a pocket­
book.

ENCHRI＇STA [εγκριστα, Gr.] a thin ointment.

ENCHY＇MOMA Lat. [ενχυμωμα, of εγχυω, Gr. to pour in] 1. A sudden
and quick motion of the blood, as in anger, joy, sorrow, &c. 2. A
flowing of the blood, whereby the outward parts become black and
blue, as in the scurvy, blood-shot eyes, &c. Bruno calls the enchymo­
sis or enchymoma, an infusion of the vital humours into the SOLID
parts, as in a sudden flush from joy, anger, or a modest blush. But
I suspect our later improvements in anatomy and knowledge of the
animal œconomy will retain here a continuation of vessels, and support
us in saying, that the fresh impetus here given to the motion of the
blood, may push it into the more numerous smaller vessels, and so ac­
count for this florid hue.

ENCHY＇TA [ενχυτον, Gr.] an instrument with which liquors are
dropt into the eyes, nostrils, ears, &c.

To ENCI＇RCLE, verb act. [of circle] to environ, to inclose in a
circle or ring. The peers encircling. Pope. See To INCIRCLE.

ENCI＇RCLET [of encircle] a circle, a ring.
In whose encirclets if you gaze,
Your eyes may head a lover＇s maze. Sidney.

ENCLAVE＇ [with heralds] where one thing is let into another; es­
pecially where the juncture is square.

ENCLI＇TICS, subst. [ενκλιτικος, Gr. with grammarians] conjunctions,
so called, because they cast back the accent to the syllable before-go­
ing, as que, ne, ve, in Latin, which are joined to the end of other
words; as, indoctusque, pilæ, discive, trochine, quiescit. Hor.

To ENCLO＇SE [includo, Lat. enclorre, enclos, Fr. inchiudere, It.] 1.
To part from things common by a fence. They who had enclosed
lands, should lay them open. Hayward. 2. To environ, to shut in
between other things. They shall be set in gold in their enclosings.
Exodus. 3. To include.

ENCLO＇SER [of enclose] 1. One that encloses or parts common
fields into distinct properties.
If God had laid all common, certainly
Man would have been th＇ encloser; but since now
God hath impal＇d us, on the contrary
Man breaks the fence. Herbert.
2. Any thing in which another is enclosed or included.

ENCLO＇SURE [clotûre, Fr.] 1. The act of enclosing or environing.
The membranes are for the comprehension or enclosure of all these to­
gether. Wilkins. 2. The separation of common grounds into distinct
possessions. Enclosures began to be frequent, whereby arable lands
were turned into pasture. Bacon. 3. The appropriation of things
common. Let no man appropriate what God hath made common,
he hath declared his displeasure against such enclosure. Taylor. 4.
State of being environed or shut up in a place. The enclosure of the
waters within the earth. 5. Several, ground enclosed or separated
from the common. ＇Tis not the common but the enclosure must make
him rich. South. 6. A place enclosed or encompassed with a hedge,
ditch, &c. the space comprehended within certain limits. To live all
in a body, and within the same enclosure. Addison.

ENCLY＇SMA, Lat. [ενκλυσμα, Gr.] a clyster or glister.

ENCOLA＇PTICE, Lat. [ενκολαπτικη, Gr.] the art of making brass-plates,
and cutting on them the figures or letters for inscriptions, laws, &c.

ENCOLI＇A, Lat. [of εν and κοιλια, Gr. the belly] the intestines, and
whatsoever is contained in the abdomen.

ENCO＇MIAST [εγκωμιαστης, Gr.] a maker of encomiums, a panegy­
rist, one that praises. The jesuists are great encomiasts of the Chi­
nese. Locke.

ENCOMIA＇STIC, or ENCOMIA＇STICAL, adj. of or pertaining to en­
comiums, panegyrical.

An ENCOMIA＇STIC, subst. a copy of verses in praise of a person.

ENCO＇MIUM [encomio, It. and Sp. encomium, Lat. εγκωμιον, Gr.] a
speech or poem in commendation of a person, a panegyric. Men
propagate every little encomium. Government of the Tongue.

To ENCO＇MPASS [of en and compasser, Fr.] 1. To enclose, to en­
circle. Two strong ligaments encompass the whole head. Wiseman.
2. To shut in, to environ.
By three and twenty thousand of the French
Was round encompassed and set upon. Shakespeare.
3. To go round any place. As Anson encompassed the globe.

ENCO＇MPASSMENT [of encompass] circumlocution. This encompass­
ment and drift of question. Shakespeare.

ENCOPE＇ [εγκοπη, Gr.] an incision, cut, or gash.

ENCO＇RE, adv. Fr. again, once more: a word used at public
shews, when any performer is desired by the audience to do the same
thing over again.
To the same notes thy sons shall hum or snore,
And all thy yawning daughters cry encore. Pope.

To ENCOU＇NTER, verb act. [encontrer, Fr. incontrare, It. encontràr
and rencontràr, Sp.] 1. To meet, to engage in fighting. They
encounter＇d their enemies. Knolles. 2. To meet face to face. I will
encounter darkness as a bride. Shakespeare. 3. To meet with mu­
tual kindness. They encounter thee with their hearts thanks. Shake­
speare. 4. To attack, to meet in the front. Which way soever
we turn, we are encounter＇d with clear evidences. Tillotson. 5. To
oppose, to oppugn. Jurors are not to believe two witnesses, if the
probability of the fact encounters them. Hale. 6. To meet by acci­
dent. I am most fortunate thus to encounter you. Shakespeare.

To ENCOUNTER, verb neut. 1. To conflict, to rush together hos­
tilely. Let belief and life encounter. Shakespeare. 2. To engage, to
fight. His fleet had begun to encounter with the christians. Knolles.
3. To meet face to face. 4. To come together by chance.

An ENCOU＇NTER [encontre, Fr. incontro, It. encuéntro, and rencuén­
tro, Sp.] 1. A single fight, duel, conflict. Encounters twixt thyself
and me. Shakespeare. 2. Fight, in which enemies rush against each
other. To join their dark encounter in mid air. Milton. 3. Eager
and warm conversation of love or anger. The instant of our en­
counter. Shakespeare. 4. Accidental congress, sudden meeting. To
shun th＇ encounter of the vulgar crowd. Pope. 5. Accosting. I
would prevent the loose encounters of lascivious men. Shakespeare.
6. Casual incident, occasion: this sense is scarcely English. ＇Tis ne­
cessary that the same spirit appear in all sort of encounters. Pope.

ENCOU＇NTERER [of encounter] 1. Opponent, antagonist. Kept
the field against all encounterers. Atterbury. 2. One that loves to ac­
cost others; an obsolete sense. Oh these encounterers, so gilt of tongue.
Shakespeare.

To ENCOU＇RAGE [encourager, Fr. incoragiare, It.] 1. To animate,
incite, or stir up to any thing. They encourage themselves in an evil
matter. Psalms. 2. To give courage to, to support the spirits, to
embolden. I would neither encourage the rebels, nor discourage
the protestants loyalty. K. Charles. 3. To make confident. This
the judicious Hooker encourages me to say. Locke.

ENCOU＇RAGEMENT [of encourage] 1. An incitement to any action
or practice.
Such strength of heart
Thy conduct and example gives nor small
Encouragement Godolphin wise and just. J. Philips.
2. Favour, countenance, support. That which has the encouragement
of the law. Rogers.

ENCOU＇RAGER [of encourage] one that encourages or incites; a
favourer. A great encourager of arts. Addison.

ENCRAI＇N, O. Fr. [with horsemen] a horse wither wrung, or spoil­
ed in the withers.

ENCRA＇NIUM, Lat. [εγκρανιον, Gr.] the hinder part of the brain,
the same as cerebellum.

ENCRATI＇TÆ [of εγκρατεια, Gr. continence] a sect so called, from
their making profession of continence, and absolutely rejecting mar­
riage.

To ENCREA＇SE. See To INCREASE.

To ENCROA＇CH, verb neut. [encrocher, O. Fr. accrocher, croc, Fr.
a hook] 1. To intrench upon or usurp. 2. To invade. 3. To
abuse. 4. To make invasions on the right of another, to put a hook
into another man＇s possessions to draw them away. Captains of
countries have encroached upon the queen＇s freeholders. Spenser. 5.
To advance by degrees and stealth upon that to which a man has no
right. A creeping and encroaching evil. Hooker.

ENCROA＇CHER [of encroach] 1. One who encroaches, or gradu­
ally and by stealth seizes the possession of another. The bold en­
croachers on the deep. Swift. 2. One who makes gradual and slow
advances beyond his right.

ENCROA＇CHMENT [of encroach] an encroaching.

ENCROACHMENT [in law] 1. An unlawful gaining upon the rights
and possessions of another; for example, if two mens grounds lying
together, the one presses too far upon the other, or if a tenant owe
two shillings rent-service to the lord, and the lord takes three: So the
Spensers encroach＇d to themselves royal power. Cowel. Men will
make unjust encroachments upon him. Atterbury. 2. Advance into
the territories or rights of others. Encroachments on the sea. Addi­
son.

To ENCU＇MBER [encombrer, old Fr.] 1. To embarrass, to perplex,
to obstruct. The verbal copier is encumbred with so many difficulties
at once, that he can never disentangle himself. Dryden. 2. To clog,
to load. Great good, not encumber＇d with any notable inconvenience.
Hooker. 3. To load with debts; as, his estate is encumber＇d with
mortgages.

ENCU＇MBRANCE [of encumber] 1. Embarrasment, clog, load.
Dead limbs are an encumbrance to the body. Addison. 2. Excres­
cence, useless additaments. The huge encumbrance of horrific woods.
Thomson. 3. Debts or burden upon an estate. The encumbrances of a
living. Ayliffe.

ENCY＇CLICAL, adj. [εγκυκλικος, of κυκλος, Gr. a circle] circular,
sent round a large country. Photius＇s enclyclical epistle. Stillingfleet.

ENCYCLOPÆ＇DIA, Lat. [encyclopædia, Lat. of εγκυκλοπαιδεια, of εν,
in, κυκλος, a circle, and παιδεια, Gr. learning] a circle or chain of all
sciences and arts, a round of learning. This art may claim a place in
the encyclopædia. Arbuthnot.

ENCYCLOPE＇DY, subst. the same with ENCYCLOPÆDIA. We cannot
attain any single science without the encyclopedy. Glanville.

ENCY＇STED, adj. [κυστις, Gr.] enclosed in a cyst or bag. Encysted
tumors borrow their names from a cyst or bag in which they are con­
tain＇d. Sharp.

END [end, Sax. eynde, Du. ende, Ger. and Dan. enda, Su.] 1.
The last part of a thing, the conclusion; as, the end of a chapter or
sermon. 2. The extremity of any thing materially extended. The
end of the rod. 1 Samuel. 3. Purpose, intention. To attribute them







to the same false end or intention. Addison. 4. The last particle of
any assignable duration.
We might fear that virtue, since she fell
So low as woman, should be near her end. Donne.
5. The conclusion or cessation of any action. Jacob had made an
end of commanding his sons. Genesis.
6. Ultimate state, final doom. 7. Final determination, the result of
deliberation. My guilt be on my head, and there＇s an end. Shake­
speare. 8. The point beyond which no progression can be made.
Are at their wits end. Psalms. 9. Death, fate. To write the life
and the end of George Villers. Wotton. 10. Abolition, total loss.
There would be an end of all civil government. Locke. 11. Cause
of death, destroyer.
Award
Either of you to be the other＇s end. Shakespeare.
12. Consequence, event.
O that a man might know
The end of this day＇s business ere it come. Shakespeare.
13. Fragment, broken piece. Old odd ends stol＇n forth of holy
writ. Shakespeare. 14. Thing intended, final design. One and the
same thing to serve commodiously for divers ends. Hooker. 15. An
END [probably corrupted from on end] upright, erect; as, his hair
stands an end. 16. [An End has a signification in low language not
easily explained; as, most an end, commonly; perhaps properly on
end at the conclusion; or corrupted from some old word not easily reco­
verable. Johnson]
Stay＇st thou to vex me here?
Slave, that still an end, turns me to shame. Shakespeare.
In the END things will wend.
A saying people are apt to comfort themselves with, when things
don＇t go to their mind.
From the beginning to the END.
Lat. Ab ovo usque ad mala. (From the egg to the apples.) That is,
from the beginning of the feast to the end. The ancients usually be­
ginning their meals with eggs, and ending with apples.

To make both ENDS meet, or to spend just one＇s income, neither more
nor less.

To have the better END of the Staff, i. e. to have the advantage.

END for End [a sea phrase] when a rope runs all out of the pully,
or off the block, or what it is wound upon.

To END, verb act. [endian, Sax. enden, Ger. enda, Su. eynden,
Du.] 1. To conclude, to finish. That expensive war is not yet end­
ed. Smalridge. 2. To put to death, to destroy. This sword hath
ended him. Shakepeare.

To END, verb neut. 1. To be finished, to be brought to an end.
The long labours of your voyage end. Dryden. 2. To cease, to fail,
to be terminated. Our laughing commonly ends in a deep sigh. Taylor.

E＇NDABLE [of end] that may be ended.

To ENDA＇MMAGE [endammager, Fr.] to do damage, to hurt, to
prejudice. The removal of the one should endamage the other. Hooker.

To ENDA＇NGER, verb act. [of danger] 1. To put into hazard, to
bring into peril. Every thing that can destroy his being or endanger
his happiness. Tillotson. 2. To incur the danger of, to hazard. He
that turneth the humours back, endangereth malign ulcers. Bacon.

To ENDE＇AR [of en and dear, probably of dyren, Sax. to account
dear to himself] to engage a person＇s affections to one. Instances
of charity which endear each other. Taylor.

ENDEA＇RMENT [of endear] 1. The cause of love, means by
which any thing is endear＇d. Her first endearments twining round the
soul. Thomson. 2. The state of being loved. The great cause of its
endearment. South.

To ENDEA＇VOUR, verb act. [of en and devoir, Fr.] to attempt to
do any thing according to one＇s ability.
To prayer, repentance, and obedience due,
Tho＇ but endeavour＇d with sincere intent,
Mine ear shall not be slow. Milton.

To ENDEAVOUR, verb neut. to work for a certain end. Our coun­
try clergy would endeavour after a handsome elocution. Addison.

ENDEAVOUR [from the verb] labour directed to some certain end.
Constant endeavours after felicity. Locke.

ENDEA＇VOURER [of endeavour] one who endeavours or labours to a
certain purpose He appears an humble endeavourer. Rymer.

ENDE＇CAGON [ενδεκαγονος, of ενδεκα and γονια, Gr. a corner] a plain
figure, having eleven sides and angles.

E＇NDEIXIS [ενδειξις, Gr.] a shewing or declaring.

ENDEIXIS [with physicians] an indication of diseases, shewing
what is to be done in order to the cure.

ENDE＇MIC, ENDE＇MIAL, or ENDE＇MICAL Distempers [of εν and δη­
μος, Gr. the body] are such as affect a great many in the same coun­
try, the cause being peculiar to the country where it reigns. An ende­
mical disease is what is common to the people of a country. Arbuthnot.

To ENDE＇NIZE, verb act. [of denizen] to enfranchise, to make free.
Enfranchising and endenizing strange words. Camden.

To ENDE＇W [in falconry] is said of a hawk, when she so digests
her meat, that she not only discharges her gorge of it; but also cleanses
her pannel.

To ENDI＇CT, or To INDI＇TE, verb act. [of enditer, Fr. of dictum, Lat.]
1. To compose, pen, or dictate the matter, of a letter or any other wri­
ting. Learned Greece her useful rules indites. Pope. 2. To charge
any man by a written accusation before a court of justice; as, to endite
a man for perjury.

ENDI＇CTMENT, or ENDI＇TEMENT [of endite] is much the same in
common law, as accusatio is in the civil. An accusation for some offence
exhibited unto jurors, and by their verdict found and presented to be
true, before an officer can have power to punish the same. Cowel. We
never draw any endictment against them. Hooker. See INDICTMENT.

E＇NDIVE, Fr. [endivia, It.] The same as succory; there is the
white, the green, and the curled sort. Mortimer.

E＇NDLESS [of endlesse, Sax.] 1. Without end or conclusion. No­
thing was more endless than comparing eminent writers by an opposi­
tion of particular passages. Pope. 2. Infinite in longitudinal extent.
An endless prospect. Tillotson. 3. Infinite in duration, perpetual.
The church＇s care for the endless good of her children. Hooker. 4.
Incessant, continual. Endless praise. Shakespeare.

EN＇DLESSLY, adv. [of endless] 1. Incessantly, perpetually. It shall
importunately and endlessly renew its assaults. Decay of Piety. 2. With­
out termination of length.

E＇NDLESSNESS [of endless] 1. Endless duration. 2. The quality of
being round without an end. Endlessness of the equinoctial. Donne.

E＇NDLONG, adv. [of end and long] in a straight line. Then spur­
ring at full speed ran endlong on. Dryden.

E＇NDMOST, adj. [of end and most] remotest, being at the further
end, with the end foremost.

ENDO＇CTRINATED [endoctrine, Fr.] instructed.

ENDO＇RSE [in heraldry] is an ordinary, containing an eighth part
of a pale; some say that it shews, that the same coat has been four
coats, and afterwards joined together, in one escutcheon, for some
mystery of arms, as in the escutcheon he bears azure en endorse ar­
gent.

To ENDORSE, verb act. [endosser, Fr. endoscar, Port. of en, and dor­
sum, Lat. the back] 1. To write on the backside of a bill, or other
writings, to superscribe. Look on the backside of the record of the
law saligne, and there you shall find it endorsed. Bacon. 2. To cover
on the back. Elephants endors＇d with towers. Milton.

ENDO＇RSED [in heraldry] is when two lions are borne in an escut­
cheon rampant, and turning their backs to each other.

ENDORSEMENT [endossement, Fr.] 1. A writing on the backside of
a bill, a superscription. 2. Ratification.
Th＇ indorsement of supreme delight,
Writ by a friend, and with his blood. Herbert.

To ENDO＇W [indoto, Lat. endouairer, of en and dover, Fr. to join­
ture or make a settlement] 1. To bestow a dower, to enrich with.
He shall surely endow her to be his wife. Exodus. 2. Marriage por­
tion, to settle rents and revenues of the maintenance of a college,
alms-houses, &c. to supply with external goods. An alms-house I
intend to endow. Addison. 3. To enrich with any excellence. The
most richly endowed by nature. Addison. 4. To be the fortune of any
one.
I do not think
So fair an outward, and such stuff within,
Endows a man but him. Shakespeare.

ENDO＇WMENT [of endow] natural gift or quality. Great endow­
ments are not suffered to lie idle. Addison.

ENDOWMENT [in law] 1. The giving or assuring a dower to a wo­
man. 2. The setting forth or serving of a sufficient portion for a vicar,
toward his perpetual maintenance, when the benefice is appropriated.
A chapel will I build with large endowment. Dryden. 3. Wealth be­
stowed for any use.

ENDOWMENT, de la plus belle parte [a law phrase] used when a
man dying possessed of some lands held in knight＇s service, and others
in soccage, the widow has her dower out of the soccage lands, as be­
ing la plus belle parte, Fr. i. e. the best.

To ENDU＇E [of endouer, Fr. endiro, Lat.] 1. To qualify, supply
or furnish with intellectual powers. Endue them with thy Holy Spi­
rit. Common Prayer. 2. In the following passage it seems incorrectly
printed for endow. God hath endued me with a good dowry. Genesis.

ENDU＇RANCE [of endure] 1. Continuance, lastingness. Others
more late and of less endurance. Spenser. 2. Patience, sufferance, act
of supporting. Their patience and endurance of all evils. Temple. 3.
Delay, procrastination. Obsolete.
Have heard you
Without endurance further. Shakespeare.

To ENDU＇RE, verb act. [endurer, Fr. of duro, Lat.] to suffer or un­
dergo, to support. Less enduring of pressure. Bacon.

To ENDURE, verb neut. 1. To last, to remain. Meat which en­
dureth unto everlasting life. St. John. 2. To brook, to bear. They
could hardly endure the crown of England should have any power over
them. Davies.

ENDU＇RER [of endure] 1. One that can bear or endure, a sustainer.
Endurers of cold. Spenser. 2. Continuer, laster.

E＇NDWISE, adv. [of end and wise] on end, erectly. Cabbins made
of poles set endwise. Ray.
No man knoweth better what is good than he who hath ENDURED
evil.
They who live in an uninterrupted course of health, or any other
happiness, are not so sensible of what they enjoy, as one who has ex­
perienc＇d the contrary, according to another saying. No one knows the
value of heath but he who wants it.

ENDY＇MION, according to the poets, the son of Æthlius and grand­
son of Jupiter, who having taken him up to heaven, he attempted to
violate the chastity of Juno, whereupon Jupiter cast him into a perpe­
tual sleep, or, as others write, for 30 years. Diana became ena­
mour＇d with him, and hid him from the sight of Jupiter in a cave of
Latmos; and not being able to enjoy him by day, quitted heaven
a-nights, and had many children by him. If this fiction be receiv＇d,
what becomes of lord Herbert＇s remark, that Diana was rekoned the
chastest of all the deities?
The moral of this fable seems to be, that Endymion very much
studied the motions of the moon, and for that end was wont to pass
the nights in retired places in mount Latmos, that he might behold her
with less interruption. To him is attributed the finding out of the
course of the moon.

To E＇NECATE, verb act. [eneco, Lat.] to kill, to destroy. Some
plagues enecate in two or three hours. Harvey.

E＇NECATED, part. pass. [enecatus, Lat.] killed.

ENE＇MA [ενεμα, of ενιημι, Gr. to send] a clyster.

E＇NEMY [ennemi, Fr. inimico, It. enemígo, Sp. of inimicus, Lat.] 1.
A public foe. The enemy thinks of raising threescore thousand men.
Addison. 2. A private opponent, an antagonist. 3. Any who re­
gards another with malevolence, not a friend.
Kent in disguise
Follow＇d his enemy King. Shakespeare.
4. One that dislikes. An enemy to truth. Locke. 5. (Among divines)
the fiend, the devil. Defend us from the danger of the enemy. Com­
mon Prayer.
He who has servants is sure of ENEMIES.
Sp. Qui én ha criados, ha enemìgos ne escusádos.







That is, is sure of having those about him, who will take every op­
portunity of pilfering and pillaging him.

ENE＇NTHIUS, or ENE＇NTHSEIR, a certain deity of the Phœnicians.

ENEO＇REMA, or ENÆOREMA, Lat. [εναορημα, of εναιρεω, Gr. to lift
up] those contents of the urine which float about in the middle, re­
sembling a cloud.

ENERGE＇TIC, or ENERGE＇TICAL, adj. [energique, Fr. energico, It. ener­
geticus, Lat. ενεργητικος, Gr.] 1. Forcible, efficacious, vigorous. 2.
Operative, not at rest. A being eternally energetic. Grew.

ENERGE＇TICAL Particles [with philosophers] i. e. such particles or
bodies which are eminently active, and produce manifest operations of
different natures, according to the various circumstances or motions
of those bodies or particles.

ENERGE＇TICALNESS [of energetical] energy.

ENERGU＇MENI Dæmoniaci, Gr. of Lat. men possessed with unclean
spirits. These were ranged by themselves in the PRIMITIVE church,
and accordingly one part of the public service was peculiarly adapted
to them; as appears from the 8th book of the Apostolical Constitutions;
and where (by the way) is preserved that noble fragment of antiquity,
I mean an address to the SON of GOD (in whose name their cure was
expected) and drawn up in terms most strongly expressive of his DIVI­
NITY; and which is the more worthy of our notice, as it is one part
of that liturgy, which from the beginning to the end does most uni­
formly maintain the ABSOLUTE SUPREMACY and unlimited authority
of the ONE GOD and FATHER of all. See DEITY, APOSTOLICAL
CONSTITUTIONS, and PRIMITIVE CHRISTIANITY compar＇d.

ENERGUMENUS, Lat. [with divines] a term used to signify a person
possessed with the devil or an evil spirit.

E＇NERGY [energie, Fr. energia, It. Sp. and Lat. ενεργια, Gr.] 1.
Efficacy, force, influence. An omnipotent as well as eternal energy.
Grew. 2. Power not exerted into act. They are not effective of any
thing, but are merely energies. Bacon. 3. Faculty, operation. Powers
and energies that we feel in our minds. Bentley. 4. Strength of ex­
expression, spirit, life. Animated by elocution, it requires a greater
life and energy. Holder.

ENERGY [with physicians] a stirring about, or operation of the
animal spirits.

ENERGY [with rhetoricians] a figure wherein great force of ex­
pression is used.

To ENE＇RVATE [énerver, Fr. snervare, It. enervár, Sp. enervatum,
sup. of enervo, Lat.] to spoil or take away the force of the nerves and
sinews, to make feeble, to take away vigour of body or mind. Sheep­
ish softness enervates those who are bred like fondlings. Locke.

ENE＇RVATEDNESS [of enervate] enfeebledness.

ENERVA＇TION, Lat. the act of weakening or enfeebling, the state
of being weakened, effeminacy.

ENERVATION [with surgeons] a weakness about the nerves and ten­
dons.

To ENE＇RVE, verb act. [enervo, Lat.] to weaken, to crush. To
solve and enerve their force. Digby.

ENE＇RVITY [enervitas, Lat.] weakness of the nerves, &c.

E＇NEYA [in the practice of Scotland] the principal part of an inhe­
ritance, which descends to the eldest son.

To ENFA＇MISH, verb act. [of famish] to starve, to kill with hun­
ger.

E＇NFANS Perdues, Fr. [lost children] the soldiers who march at the
head of a body of forces, appointed to sustain them, in order to make
an attack, begin an assault, &c.

To ENFEE＇BLE [of feeble, or affoiblie, Fr.] to weaken, to deprive
of strength. To enfeeble their understandings. Taylor.

To ENFE＇OFF, verb act. [feoffamentum, low Lat. in law] to invest
with dignities or possessions. If the eldest son infeoff the second, re­
serving homage, and then the second son dies without issue, it will de­
scend to the eldest as heir. Hale.

INFE＇OFFMENT [of enfeoff] 1. The act of enfeoffing. 2. The in­
strument or the deed whereby one is invested with possessions.

To ENFE＇TTER, verb act. [of fetter] to bind in fetters, to enchain.
His soul is so enfetter＇d to her love. Shakespeare.

E＇NFIELD, a market town of Middlesex, 11 miles from London.
It is called in some old records, Enfen, or Infen, from the fenny soil
adjacent; but this has been so drained since, that, except the part cal­
led Enfield-Wash, it is now become good land.

ENFILADE [of en, and filum, Lat. a thread] a series or continuation
of several things disposed as it were in the same thread or line.

ENFILA＇DE, Fr. [in architecture] 1. A noble row of rooms, doors,
&c. 2. A train of discourse.

ENFILADE, Fr. [in the military art] the situation of a post that can
discover and scour all the length of a straight line; which by that
means is render＇d almost defenceless.

To ENFILADE, verb act. [from the noun; enfiler, Fr.] to scour or
sweep with the cannon a whole right line at once, to pierce in a straight
line. The avenues being cut through the wood in right lines, were
enfiladed by the Spanish cannon. Expedition to Carthagena.

To ENFI＇RE, verb act. [of fire] to set on fire, to kindle.
So hard those heavenly beauties be enfir＇d. Spenser.

ENFILE＇, Fr. [in fortification] the curtain or rampart that is to
sweep the whole length of it with the cannon.

To ENFO＇RCE, verb act. [enforcér, Fr.] 1. To constrain or force
to do a thing. A just disdain did move and almost enforce her to send
over that mighty army. Davies. 2. To strengthen, to invigorate.
3. To make or gain by force. The idle stroke enforcing furious way.
Spenser. 4. To put in act by violence.
Sker away as swift as stones
Enforced from the old Assyrian slings. Shakespeare.
5. To urge on, to animate. Rage enforced my flight. Spenser. 6.
To urge with energy. He prevail＇d with him by enforcing the ill con­
sequence. Clarendon. 7. To press with a charge: a sense little used.
Enforce him with his envy to the people. Shakespeare.

To ENFORCE, verb neut. to prove, to shew beyond contradiction.
Reason shewed which may enforce that the law of God doth enjoin
the contrary. Hooker.

ENFO＇RCE, subst. power, strength. A petty enterprize of small en­
force. Milton.

ENFO＇RCEDLY, adv. [of enforce] by violence, not voluntarily.
Thou dost it enforcedly. Shakespeare.

ENFO＇RCEMENT [of enforce] 1. An act of violence, force offered.
He that contendeth against these enforcements, may easily master them.
Raleigh. 2. That which gives force to a law, sanction. The enforce­
ments of his law. Locke. 3. Motive of conviction, urgent evidence.
The descent of God himself was an enforcement beyond all. Hammond.
4. Pressing exigence.
The leisure and enforcement of the time
Forbids to dwell on. Shakespeare.

ENFO＇RCER [of enforce] one who compels or effects by violence.
The violent enforcer of the first motion. Hammond.

ENFOU＇LDRED, adj. [foudre, Fr.] mixt with lightning.
Foul enfouldred smoke and flashing fire. Spenser.

To ENFRA＇NCHISE [of affranchir, Fr.] 1. To make a person a free­
man or a free denizen; to incorporate him into a society or body
politic, to endenizen. These words have been enfranchised amongst
us. Watts. 2. To admit to the privileges of a freeman. The Irishry
enfranchised by special charters. Davies. 3. To set free from servi­
tude. Slaves, unless enfranchised by their masters. Temple. 4. To
free from custody.
She hath enfranchis＇d them
Upon some other pawn for fealty. Shakespeare.

ENFRA＇NCHISEMENT [affranchissement, Fr.] 1. The act of making
free or incorporating, investiture into the privileges of a denizen.
To beg
Enfranchisement immediate on his knees. Shakespeare.
2. Release from prison or slavery.
Never did captive with a freer heart
Cast off his chains of bondage, and embrace
His golden uncontroul＇d enfranchisement. Shakespeare.

To ENGA＇GE, verb act. [engager, Fr.] 1. To draw in, to gain by
pleasing means. To every duty he could minds engage. Waller. 2.
To mortgage or impawn, to stake.
They most perfidiously condemn
Those that engag＇d their lives for them. Hudibras.
3. To make liable for a debt to a creditor. I have engag＇d myself to a
dear friend. Shakespeare. 4. To enlist, to bring into a party. In­
terest engageth them against it. Tillotson. 5. To embark in an affair.
So far had we engag＇d ourselves. Sidney. 6. To unite, to make adhe­
rent. This good nature engages every body to him. Addison. 7. To
bind by any appointment or contract. Without declining any expence
to which we had engaged ourselves. Addison. 8. To seize by the at­
tention. 9. To employ, to hold in business.
Blood and rage
With princes and their people did engage. Dryden.
10. To encounter, to fight. The rebel knave who dares his prince
engage. Pope.

To ENGAGE, verb neut. 1. To conflict, to fight. Sent with a body
to meet and engage with it. Clarendon. 2. To embark in any busi­
ness, to enlist in any party.
＇Tis not indeed my talent to engage
In lofty trifles. Dryden.

ENGA＇GEMENT [engagement, Fr.] 1. The act of engaging, impawning,
or making liable to a debt, 2. Obligation by contract. We have ex­
ceeded our engagements. Atterbury. 3. Adherence to a party, partiality.
Impartially and without engagement to examine. Swift. 4. Employ­
ment of the attention. Too long engagement in play. Rogers. 5. A
fight, combat, conflict. Hot engagement with the Moors. Dryden.
6. Obligation, motive. The greatest engagement not to forfeit an op­
portunity. Hammond.

To ENGA＇OL, verb act. [of gaol] to confine. Within my mouth
you have engaol＇d my tongue. Shakespeare.

To ENGA＇RRISON, verb act. [of garrison] to protect by a garrison.
Neptune doth engarrison her strongly. Howel.

ENGASTRY＇MYTHOS [of εν, in, χαστηρ, the belly, and μυθος, Gr. a
word] one who emits sounds like the voice of one speaking out of the
stomach or belly, without using the organs of speech, such as authors
relate was the manner of the Pythian prophetess.

To ENGE＇NDER, verb act. [engendrer, Fr. ingenerare, It. engendrár,
Sp.] 1. To beget between different sexes. This bastard love is en­
gendered between lust and idleness. Sidney. 2. To produce, to form.
Engendrest the black toad and adder blue. Shakespeare. 3. To ex­
cite, to cause. It engenders thoughts. Addison. 4. To bring forth.
Vice engenders shame. Prior.

To ENGENDER, verb neut. to be caused or produced. Storms
engender there. Dryden.

E＇NGINE [engin, Fr. ingegno, It. ingénio, Sp.] 1. Any mechanic in­
strument, in which various movements and parts concur to produce
any considerable effect, which cannot be so easily and expeditiously
performed by the bare use of mens hands; as raising heavy weights,
water, quenching fires, &c. 2. A military machine. This our engine
towers that overthrows. Fairfax. 3. Any instrument in general. The
arrow and the gun, with many terrible engines of death. Raleigh. 4.
Any instrument to throw water on burning houses.
Some cut the pipes, and some the engines play. Dryden.
5. Any means used to bring a thing to pass or to effect; usually in an
ill sense. The devil with all his engines violently opposeth. Duppa.
6. An agent for another; in contempt.
They had th＇ especial engines been, to rear
His fortune up. Shakespeare.

ENGINE for driving Piles, the most common and simple engine of
this kind, as represented in plate VI. fig. 7. consists of the cill
K I, and the frame P L, on which are fixed the upright pieces L H
and L G, supported by the side braces C C, and the hind brace P E,
(which has pins on it to make it serve as a ladder) and held together by
a square collar E D. The rammer A, being a very heavy piece of
wood, or iron, slides up and down between the cheeks or upright
pieces L H, L G, and is drawn up by means of its hook B, with two
ropes H O, G O, having each five smaller ropes with handles at N N,
for ten men to pull up the rammer to a certain height (the great
ropes running over two pullies or rollers on the iron pin HG) and
then let it fall again all at once upon the head of the pile at M, to







drive it into the ground. Now, suppose the rammer A weighs 500lb.
and falls the height of one foot, it will fall that height in a quarter
of a second, and consequently have a velocity able to carry it uni­
formly two feet in the same time, that is, at the rate of eight feet in
a second, at the very instant it strikes the pile M. Therefore, mea­
suring the mass by the velocity, viz. 500+8, we shall have 4000
for the momentum of the rammer with such a fall. See the article
DESCENT. But if the rammer be raised up to the height of four feet,
it will fall that height in half a second, and have, at the time of per­
cussion, a velocity to carry it eight feet in half a second, without any
farther help from gravity, so that we must now multiply 16 feet (the
present velocity, since it goes at the rate of 16 feet in a second) by
500, the mass of the rammer, which will give us a double momen­
tum, wherewith it will strike the pile in this last case: for 500+16
=8000. If we consider any other height from which the rammer
falls (for one may employ a capstan, windlass, or pullies, to raise it to
a very great height) the momentum with which it strikes the pile
will always be as the square root of the height from which the rammer
fall.
If a pile is to be driven obliquely, the engine must be set so that
the cheeks may have the same obliquity, and the blow will still be
perpendicular to the head of the pile; but then the force of the blow
must not be estimated from the length, but from the height of the
descent, in the manner already shewn.
Mr. Valoue＇s ENGINE for driving Piles, used at the new bridge of
Westminster, is constructed as follows. A (plate VI. fig. 10.) is the
great shaft, on which are the great wheel and drum: B, the great
wheel with cogs, that turns a trundle head with a fly, to prevent the
horse＇s falling when the ram is discharged; C, the drum, on which
the great rope is wound; D, the follower (with a roller at one cor­
ner) in which are contained the tongs, to take hold of the ram, and
are fastened to the other end of the great rope, which passes over the
pulley, near the upper end of the guides between which the ram falls;
E, the inclined planes, which serve to open the tongs, and discharge
the ram; F, the spiral barrel that is fixed to the drum, on which is
wound a rope with a counterpoise, to hinder the follower from acce­
lerating, when it falls down to take up the ram; G, the great bolt
which locks the drum to the great wheel; H, the small lever, which
has a weight fixed at one end, passes through the great shaft below
the great wheel, and always tends to push the great bolt upwards,
and lock the drum to the great wheel; I, the forcing bar, which
passes through the hollow axis of the great shaft, bears upon the
small lever, and has near the upper end a catch by which the crooked
lever keeps it down; K, the great lever, which presses down the
forcing bar, and discharges the great bolt at the time the long end is
lifted up by the follower; L, the crooked lever, one end of which
has a roller, that is pressed upon by the great rope, the other end
bears upon the catch of the forcing bar during the time the follower
is descending; M, the spring that presses against the crooked lever,
and discharges it from the catch of the forcing bar as soon as the great
rope slackens, and gives liberty to the small lever to push up the
bolt.
By the horse＇s going round, the great rope is wound about the
drum, and the rain is drawn up, till the tongs come between the
inclined planes, where they are opened, and the ram is discharged.
Immediately after the ram is discharged, the roller, which is at one
end of the follower, takes hold of the rope that is fastened to the long
end of the great lever, and lifts it up; the other end presses down the
forcing bar, unlocks the drum, and the follower comes down by its
own weight.
As soon as the follower touches the ram, the great rope slackens,
and the spring, M, discharges the crooked lever from the catch of
the forcing bar, and gives liberty to the small lever to push up the
great bolt, and to lock the drum to the great wheel, and the ram is
drawn up again as before.

Steam-ENGINE, a machine to raise water by fire, or rather by the
force of water turned into steam.
The following is a description of this engine in its first state, and
original simplicity. A B C (plate VI. fig. 11) is a copper-vessel,
partly filled with water to D E, which, being set over a fire and made
to boil, will fill the upper part D B E with an elastic vapour, the
sufficient strength whereof is known by its forcing open a valve at e:
this heated estastic steam is, by turning a cock at F, let into the bar­
rel a b c d, where, by its elastic force, it raises the piston G, which
drives the air above it through a proper clack at the top. After this,
that the piston may by its weight descend, a little cold water from
the cistern f g h i, is let in at the bottom by turning a cock at k,
which, in form of a jet, condenses the hot steam in the barrel into
13000 times less space than before it took up, which makes a suffi­
cient vacuum for the piston to descend in. The piston G, and lever
H I being thus put in motion, do accordingly raise and depress the
piston K in the barrel of the forcing pump L M, on the other side;
which, by the pipe N, draws the water from the depth W, and forces
it to rise and spout through the tube O, continued to any height at
pleasure.
Thus is the steam-engine a very simple and plain machine, where
a very powerful stroke for working of pumps is performed by only
turning two cocks alternately; and yet a person who knows nothing
of it, would imagine it to be very complex, by the number of parts
that offer themselves to view. But here we must distinguish between
what performs the material operations of the engine, and what serves
for conveniency and the just regulation of the said operations; for not
above the hundredth part of the power of this engine is employed to
turn the cocks and regulate all the motions, as will appear from what
follows.
The structure of the steam-engine, as used at present, is repre­
sented in plate VI. fig. 10. concerning which we are to observe. 1.
That there may be always water in the cistern g, to inject into the
steam to condense it, there is an arch x, fixed near the arch H, at
the pump end, from whence another pump-rod k, with its piston,
draws water from a small cistern near the mouth of the pit, supplied
from the water raised at p, and forces it up the pipe w w m, to keep
the injecting cistern g, always full. 2. As the piston C, which
moves up and down the cylinder, ought to be air-tight, a ring of
leather, or a piece of match, which lies upon its circumference next
to the inside of the cylinder, must be kept moist and swelled with
water; this is supplied from the injecting cistern by a small pipe z,
always running down upon the piston, but in a very small quantity,
if the work be well performed. L, is a leaden cup, whose office is to
hold the water that lies on the piston, left it should flow over when
the piston is arrived at its greatest height in the cylinder at W, at
which time if the cup is too full, the water will run down the pipe
L V, into the waste-well at Y. 3. As the water, in the boiler B,
must waste by degrees, as it is constantly producing steam, and that
steam continually let out for working the engine, there ought to be
a constant supply of the water to boil; this is performed by means of
the pipe F f, about three feet long, going down a foot under the sur­
face of the water in the boiler, with a funnel F, at top, always
open, and supplied by the pipe W, with water from the top of the
cistern, which has the advantage of being always warm, and, there­
fore, not apt to check the boiling of the water in the copper. 4. That
the boiler may not have the surface of the water too low (which would
endanger bursting) or too high (which would not leave room enough
for steam) there are two guage-pipes at G, one going a little below
the surface of the water when at a proper height, and the other stand­
ing a little above it; when every thing is right, the stop-cock of the
shorter-pipe being opened, gives only steam, and that of the long one
water; but if otherwise, both cocks will give steam when the surface is
too low, and both give water when it is too high; and hence the
cock which feeds the boiler at F, may be opened to such a degree as
always to keep the surface of water to its due height. 5. As cold
water is injected into the cylinder at every stroke, and as that water
might in time fill the cylinder, and hinder the operation of the engine,
there is a pipe coming from the bottom of the cylinder, called
the eduction pipe, through which the water that has been injected
comes down every time the steam is let into the cylinder. This educ­
tion pipe goes an inch or two under water in the waste well, and
having its end turned up, is shut with a valve to keep out the air
from pressing up the pipe, but permitting the injected air, coming the
other way, to be discharged; by which means the cylinder is kept
empty. 6. Lest the steam should grow too strong for the boiler, and
burst it, there is a valve fixed at b with a perpendicular wire standing
up from the middle of it, to put weights of lead upon, by which to
examine the strength of the steam pushing against it from within.
Thus the steam is known to be as strong as the air, if it will raise up
so much weight on the valve as is at the rate of 15lb. to an inch
square; because that is the weight of the air, nearly, on every inch
square. When the steam becomes stronger than what is required, it
will lift up the valve and go out. This valve is called the puppet-
clack. 7. The steam is always in a fluctuating condition, yet never
1/10 stronger or weaker than common air. For it has been found that
the engine will work well, when there is the weight of one pound on
every square inch of the valve b. This shews that the steam is then
1/15 part stronger than the common air. Now as the heighth of the
feeding pipe from the funnel F to the surface of the water S s is not
above three feet, and 3 1/2 feet of water is 1/10 of the pressure of air; if
the steam were 1/10 part stronger than air, it would push the water out
at F; which since it does not do, it cannot be stronger than air, even
in this case, where the regulator being shut, it is most of all confined.
8. When the regulator is open, the steam gives the piston a push on
the underside, then occupying more space, the steam comes to be a
ballance only for the outward air, and so only sustains the piston;
but the over weight of the pump rods, at the contrary end of the
beam h 2, draws up the piston beyond C, as far as W. The steam,
then, expanded so as to fill up all the cylinder, would not quite sup­
port it, if it was not for the over-weight above-mentioned. If this
was not true, when the end h 2 is down as low as it can go, and rests
upon the beams that bear its center, the chain L H, above the piston,
would grow slack, and the piston might sometimes be pushed out of
the cylinder, which never happens. Again, when first the steam is let
into the cylinder, the injected water is pushed out at the eduction pipe
d, and is all out of the cylinder by that time the piston is got up
to C. If then the steam was stronger than air, it would fly out at Y
after the water, the valve Y not being loaded. If it were exactly
equal to the strength of the air, it would just drive all the water out at
Y, but could not follow itself, the pressure being equal on each side
of the valve by supposition. If it be weaker than the air, it will
not force all the water out of the pipe d but the surface will stand,
suppose at T, where the column of water added to the strength of
the steam, is equal to the pressure of the air. When the steam is 1/10
weaker than the air, the height of the water is equal 3 feet.
Now since the whole perpendicular distance from d to Y is but four
feet, and the steam is always sufficient to expel the water; it is plain
it can never be more than 1/10 part weaker than the air, when weakest.
9. As there is air in all the water injected, and that air cannot be
taken out, or condensed with the steam by the jet of cold water com­
ing in at n, the whole operation would be disturbed, and only a
very imperfect vacuum made, were it not for the following contri­
vance. We are to remember, that when steam is become as strong as
air, it is above sixteen times rarer; so that air will precipitate in steam
as quicksilver would in water. Therefore all the air extricated from
the injected water, lies at the bottom of the cylinder over the surface
of so much of the injected water as is come down to d n. Now there
is without the cylinder at 4, a little cup with a valve, and from un­
der the valve, a pipe going laterally into the cylinder, above its bot­
tom, to receive the air into the cup. When therefore the steam first
rushes into the cylinder, and is a little stronger than the outward air, it
will force the precipitated air to open the valve at 4. and make its
escape; but the steam cannot follow, because it is weaker than the ex­
ternal air; as the piston by ascending gives it room to expand. This
valve is called the snisting clack, from the noise it makes.

ENGINEE＇R [ingenieur, Fr. ingegnare, It. ingeniaro, Sp.] 1. A per­
son well skilled in the contrivance, building and repainting of sorts,
&c. also in the method of attacking and defending all sorts of for­
tified places. 2. One who directs the artillery of an army. An En­
gineer signalized himself. Addison.

ENGINEE＇RY. 1. The art of an engineer, the act of managing ar­







tillery. Fortification, engineery, or navigation. Milton. 2. Engines
of war, artillery.
In hollow cube
Training his div＇lish engineery. Milton.

To ENGI＇RD, verb act. [of gird] to encircle, to encompass.
That gold must round engirt these brows of mine. Shakespeare.

ENGI＇SOMA [εγγισωμα, of εγγιζω, Gr. to approach] 1. A fracture of
the scull, whereby the bone sinks to the inner membrane or skin of
the brain, and presses upon it. GORRÆUS adds, that in this kind of
fissure there is a GREATER fragment of the bone; for if the bone is
broken into several pieces, it is called an ecpiesma. 2. The name of
an instrument used by surgeons in operations in such cases.

E＇NGLAND, the southern division of Great-Britain, situated in the
Atlantic ocean, between 49° 55′ and 55° 55′ of north latitude, and
2° east and 6° west of longitude.
There are in England, including Wales, fifty-two counties, two
archbishoprics, twenty-four bishoprics, two universities, twenty-nine
cities, upwards of eight hundred towns, and near ten thousand parishes,
supposed to contain about seven millions of people.

New ENGLAND, a province in America, divided into different con­
stitutions, and under different governors. It is situated between 41°
and 45° north latitude, and 67° and 73° west longitude.

ENGLANTE＇, Fr. [in heraldry] bearing acorns.

E＇NGLE, subst. [derived from the French engluer, to catch with
bird-line] a gull, a put, a bubble. Hanmer uses it.
I spy＇d
An ancient engle going down the hill
Will serve our turn. Shakespeare.
An alteration of Theobald＇s for angel.

ENGLECE＇RIE, ENGLICHE＇RIE, or ENGLESCY＇RE [old law term]
the being an Englishman, and anciently used in opposition to Franci­
gena, which was used to signify any foreigner.

E＇NGLISH, adj. [engles, Sax.] of or pertaining to England;
hence English is the language of England. A poor pennyworth in the
english. Shakespeare.

To ENGLISH, verb act. [from the adj.] to translate into English.
Anethum properly english＇d dill. Brown.

To ENGLU＇T, verb act. [englouter, Fr.] 1. To swallow up.
How many prodigal bits have slaves and peasants
This night englutted. Shakespeare.
2. To glut, to pamper. Being englutted with vanity, he will loath all
learning. Ascham.

ENGO＇NASI, or ENGO＇NASIS [εγγονασις, Gr. a bowing of the knee]
a northern constellation, consisting of about 48 stars, so called from
the figure (represented on the celestial globe) of Hercules bearing up­
on his right knee, and endeavouring to bruise a dragon＇s head with
his left foot.

To ENGO＇RE, verb act. [of gore] to pierce, to prick.
As savage bull whom two fierce mastifs bait,
When rancour doth with rage him once engore,
Forgets with wary ward them to await. Spenser.

To ENGO＇RGE, verb act. [gorge, Fr. a throat] to swallow, to de­
vour, to gorge.
Fraught with rancour and engorged ire. Spenser.

To ENGORGE, verb neut. to feed with voracity, to riot.
Greedily she engorg＇d without restraint,
And knew not eating death. Milton.

ENGO＇RGED, part pass. of engorge, sticking in the throat.

ENGO＇NIOS [with anatomists] the bending of the arm or leg.

To ENGRA＇FF, or To ENGRA＇FT [this verb seems to be derived
of two French verbs, enter and greffer, either of which has the same
signification, or of en and greffer, Fr.] to put grafts into trees, to
inoculate. See To INGRAFF.

To ENGRA＇IL, verb act. [grele, Fr. hail] to batter, to bruise as
with hail. A word now used only in heraldry. A caldron new en­
grail＇d with twenty hues. Chapman.

To ENGRA＇IN, verb act. [of grain] to die deep, to die in grain.
Leaves engrain＇d in lusty green. Spenser.

To ENGRA＇PPLE, verb neut. [of grapple] to close with, to con­
tend with, to hold on each other.
There shall young Hotspur, with a fury led,
Engrapple with thy son. Daniel, Civ. War.

To ENGRA＇SP, verb act. [of grasp] to gripe, to hold fast in the
hand.
Both together fierce engrasped he. Spenser.

ENGRAI＇LD, or ENGRE＇SLE [in heraldry] is derived from gréle,
Fr. hail, and signifies that the hail has fallen upon, and broken off the
edges, leaving them ragged, or with half rounds struck out of them;
and differs from indented, which has straight lines, whereas in these
the breaches are circular.

To ENGRA＇VE, verb act, pret. engraved, part. pass. engraved or en­
graven [engraver, Fr.] 1. To cut any figure either in metal or wood.
On either gate were six engraven signs. Addison.
2. To mark wood or stone. Engrave the two stones with the names.
Exodus. 3. To empress deeply, to imprint. This return sit to be
engraven in the hearts of all promoters of charity. Atterbury. 4. [Of
grave] to bury, to interr.
In seemly sort their corses to engrave. Spenser.

ENGRA＇VER [graveur, Fr.] one whose trade is to engrave. The
pencil of the painter or engraver. Hale.

To ENGRIE＇VE, verb act. [of grieve] to pain, to afflict. Corns do
engrieve towards rain. Bacon.

To ENGRO＇SS [of en and grossoyer, Fr.] 1. To write the rude
draught of a thing fair over in a large hand.
Who pens a stanza when he should engross. Pope.
2. To thicken.
The waves thereof, so slow and sluggish, were
Engrossed with mud. Spenser.
3. To encrease in bulk. Pillars seemingly engrossed to our sight.
Wotton. 4. To fatten. Not sleeping to engross his idle body. 5.
To seize the whole of a thing. Two great things that engross the
desires. South.

ENGRO＇SSER [of engross] he that purchases large quantities of any
commodity, in order to sell it at a high price. A new sort of en­
grossers or forestallers. Locke.

ENGRO＇SSMENT [of engross] appropriation of things in the gross,
exorbitant acquisition. Immoderate engrossment of power. Swift.

To ENGUA＇RD verb act. [of guard] to protect, to surround as
guards. He may enguard his dotage with their powers. Shakespeare.

ENGUICHE＇, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies the great mouth of an
hunting horn, having a rim of a different colour from the horn
itself.

E＇NGISCOPE [engyscopium, Lat. of εγγυς, near, and σκοπεω, Gr. to
view] an instrument for the viewing of small bodies the more distinct­
ly; so called because it brings the eye much nearer to them, so as
to cause them to appear, as having larger parts and dimensions; the
same as a microscope.

To ENHA＇NCE, or To ENHA＇UNCE [enhausser, Fr.] 1. To advance
or raise the price. Its greater scarcity enhances its price. Locke. 2.
To lift up; a sense now obsolete.
Both of them high at once their hands enhanc＇d. Spenser.
3. To raise in esteem. What is it but the experience of want that
enhances the value of plenty. L＇Estrange. 4. To aggravate, to en­
crease from bad to worse. To enhance their guilt. Atterbury.

ENHA＇NCEMENT [of enhance] 1. An advancing or raising the price
of. Enhancement of rents. Locke. 2. Aggravation, encrease of ill.
An enhancement of guilt. Government of the Tongue.

ENHARMO＇NICAL, or ENHARMO＇NIC, of or pertaining to enhar­
monic music.

ENHARMO＇NIC Music, a particular manner of tuning the voice,
and disposing the intervals with such art, that the melody becomes
more moving. The last of the three kinds of music used by the an­
cients, and abounding in dieses or sharps. See CROMATIC and DIA­
TONIC.

ENHARMO＇NICAL Diesis [in music] is the difference between the
greater and lesser semi-tone.

ENI＇GMA [enigma, Fr. eníma, Sp. enigma, It. ænigma, or enígma,
Lat. ἀινιγμα, Gr.] an obscure allegory, in which the natural sense
cannot be immediately perceived; a riddle. A custom of proposing
enigmas. Pope.

ENIGMA＇TIC, or ENIGMA＇TICAL [enigmatique, Fr. enigmatico. It.
enimatica, Sp. ænigmaticus, Lat. of ἀινιγματικος, Gr.] of or pertain­
ing to enigmas. Darkly expressed enigmatical deliveries comprehend
useful verities. Brown. 2. Obscurely conceived or apprehended.
Dark enigmatical knowledge. Hammond.

ENIGMA＇TICALLY [of enigmatical] by way of riddle. Homer
speaks enigmatically. Broome. It is used also for a more couched and
indirect way of expressing a thing, as contradistinguished from a more
plain, downright and open manner. “Aristophanes (says the Scholiast)
appears by all this to break his jest enigmatically on one of the public
scribes.” Aristoph. Thesm. v. 1114. Schol. Biset. And so St. Chryso­
stom, in his comment on the Epistle to the Romans, says of the au­
thor; “και σαϕως μεν λεγειν, &c. i. e. he would not speak out, or he
would not say it in so many words; but after the enigmatic manner.”
Appendix ad Thesaur. H. Stephani, Constantin. &c.

ENI＇GMATIST [ἀινιγματιστης, Gr.] a maker or proposer of enigmas
or riddles. That I may deal more ingenuously with my reader than
the enigmatist. Addison.

To ENJOI＇N [enjoindre, Fr. ingiugnere, It. injungo, Lat.] to order,
to direct, to prescribe. It is more authoritative than to direct, and
less imperions than to command. Enjoining that truth be inviolably
preserved. Tillotson.

ENJOI＇NER [of enjoin] one who gives injunctions.

ENJOI＇NMENT [of enjoin] direction, command. Critical trial
should be made by public enjoinment. Brown.

To ENJO＇Y, verb act. [of en and jouir. Fr.] 1. To perceive with
pleasure, to be delighted with. I could enjoy the pangs of death.
Shakespeare. 2. To obtain possession or fruition. What a blessing
sin and iniquity would not suffer England to enjoy. Hooker. 3. To
please, to gladden, to delight. This sense is usual with the reciprocal
pronoun, and derived from s＇enjouir. Creatures are made to enjoy
themselves. More.

To ENJOY, verb neut. to live happy.
Adam wedded to another Eve,
Shall live with her enjoying, I extinct. Milton.

ENJO＇YER [of enjoy] one that enjoys or has fruition.

ENJO＇YMENT [of enjoy] possession, pleasure, happiness. His hopes
are bigger than his enjoyments. Tillotson.

ENI＇XUM Sal, Lat. [with chemists] that which partakes both of
the nature of an acid and an alkali, as common salt, nitre, allum, &c.
which also they otherwise call a neutral salt.

To ENKI＇NDLE, verb act. [of kindle] 1. To set on fire, to put in
a flame. Enkindle all the sparks of nature. Shakespeare. 2. To rouze
passions, to put the mind into a flame.
Impatience,
Which seem＇d too much enkindled. Shakespeare.
3. To incite, to hope, or any other act.
——That trusted home,
Might yet enkindle you unto the crown. Shakespeare.

To ENLA＇RGE, verb act. [enlargir, Fr. of largus, Lat.] 1. To ex­
tend, to encrease in bulk, to encrease any thing in magnitude. To
enlarge their possessions of land. Locke. 2. To make larger in quan­
tity or appearance.
O＇er each object casting various dies,
Enlarges some, and others multiplies. Pope.
3. To encrease by representation, to exaggerate. 4. To dilate, to
expand. Our mouth is open unto you, our heart is enlarged. 2 Co­
rinthians. 5. To set free from limitation. Though she appear ho­
nest to me, yet at other places she enlargeth her mirth. Shakespeare.
6. To extend to more uses. A desire to enlarge the necessary use of
the word of God. Hooker. 7. To aggrandize, to amplify, to enlarge.
This science would enlarge mens minds. Locke. 8. To release from
confinement. Enlarge the man committed yesterday. Shakespeare. 9.
To diffuse in eloquence. They enlarged themselves upon this subject.
Clarendon.

To ENLARGE, verb neut. to expatiate, to speak in full, or in many
words. To enlarge upon any of those particulars. Clarendon.








To ENLARGE a Horse [with horsemen] is to make him go large;
that is, to embrace more ground than he covered. This is done,
when a horse works upon a round, or upon volts, and approaches too
near the centre.

ENLA＇RGEMENT [of enlarge] 1. The act of making larger en­
crease, farther extension. The Greek tongue received many enlarge­
ments. Swift. 2. A being set free from imprisonment, release from con­
finement, freedom from servitute. Then shall their enlargement and de­
liverance arise to the Jews. Esther. 3. Amplification, exaggerating
representation. All who heard it made enlargements too. Pope. 4.
Copious speech. He concluded with an enlargement upon the vices
got into the army. Clarendon.

ENLA＇RGER [of enlarge] one that enlarges, amplifies or encreases
any thing. Any worthy enlarger. Brown.

To ENLI＇GHT, verb act. [of light] to enlighten. Enlights the
present, and shall warm the last. Pope.

To ENLI＇GHTEN, verb act. [of en and lighten, of lihtan, Sax.
liehten, Du. and Ger.] 1. To supply with light, to give light to.
The brightness of it must enlighten all that come to the knowledge of
the truth. Hooker. 2. To furnish with encrease of knowledge. We
meet with it in the writings of the enlighten＇d heathens. Spectator.
3. To cheer, to gladden. 4. To quicken in the faculty of seeing, to
supply with sight. The fool enlightens, and the wise he blinds.
Dryden.

ENLI＇GHTENER [of enlighten] 1. One that enlightens. Enlightner
of my darkness. Milton. 2. One that instructs.

To ENLI＇NK, verb act. to chain to, to bind.
Fell feats,
Enlinkt to waste and desolation. Shakespeare.

To ENLI＇VEN [of en and libban, Sax. lezen, Du. leben, Ger.]
1. To put life into, to animate. 2. To invigorate, to make
active. A small quantity of fresh coals which seems to disturb the
fire, very much enlivens it. Swift. 3. To make lively or brisk. 4.
To make cheerful in appearance.

ENLI＇VENER [of enliven] that which animates, puts in motion, or
invigorates. Fire th＇ enlivener of the general frame. Dryden.

To ENLU＇MINE, verb act. [enluminer, Fr.] to enlighten. He is
enlumined with that goodly light. Spenser.

ENMA＇NCHE [in heraldry] is derived from manche, Fr. a sleeve, and
is when the chief has lines drawn from the upper edge of the chief
on the sides, to about half the breadth of the chief, signifying as if
it had sleeves on it.

To ENMA＇RBLE, verb act. [of marble] to turn to marble, to make
as hard as marble. Thou dost enmarble the proud heart of her.
Spenser.

To ENME＇SH, verb act. [of mesh] to entrap or entangle.
Out of her own goodness make the net
That shall enmesh them all. Shakespeare.

E＇NMITY [inimitié, Fr. inimieizia, It. enemicieia, Sp. inimicitia,
Lat. from enemy, as if enemity, inamity. Johnson] 1. Unfriendly dis­
position, malevolence, aversion. An age at enmity with all restraint.
Locke. 2. Contrariety of inclinations or interests, mutual malignity.
Controversies and appearing enmities. Dryden. 3. State of oppositi­
on. Every sin you commit, sets you at enmity with heaven. Wake.
4. Malice, mischievous attempt. Incur the enmity of many. At­
terbury.

ENNEAD [εννεας, Gr.] the number nine.

ENNEADECATE＇RIDES [of εννεα, nine, and δεκατες, Gr. ten; in astro­
nomy] a revolution of nineteen years, otherwise called the lunar cycle,
or golden number.

ENNE＇AGON [of εννεα, nine, and γωνια, Gr. an angle] a regular
geometrical figure, of equal sides, and nine angles.

ENNEA＇TICAL, or ENNEA＇TIC [of εννεακις, Gr.] of or pertaining
to the number nine; as, enneatical days, every ninth day of sickness;
enneatical year, every ninth year of a man＇s life.

ENNEE＇MERIS [εννεημερις, Gr.] a grammatical figure in Latin and
Greek verse, which is a cæsura after the fourth foot in the ninth sylla­
ble of the verse, which odd syllable ending the word, helps to make
the next foot with the following word, as in this verse,
Ille latus niveum molli fultus hyacintho.
Query, Whether, as the letter H with the Latins answers to the
Greek aspirate, Virgil may not, in imitation of HOMER, make it
æquipollent to a consonant; and if so, the preceding syllable will be
long by position? Or whether he intended, by a weak and halting
NUMBER, to express something as weak, and yielding to pressure, in the
SUBJECT described?

ENNEA＇LOGY [ennealogia, Lat. of εννεαλογια, Gr.] a speaking or
treating of nine points; also an oration or treatise divided into nine
parts or chapters.

ENNEEPHY＇LLON, Lat. [εννεαϕυλλον, Gr.] the plant dog＇s-tooth
violet.

To ENNO＇BLE [anoblir; ennoblir, Fr. in the latter sense] 1. To make
noble, to raise from commonalty to nobility.
Many fair promotions
Are given daily to ennoble those,
That scarce some two days since were worth a noble.
Shakespeare.
2. Ennoblir, Fr. to render more renowned, to make famous. The
Spaniards only ennobled some of the coasts with shipwrecks. Bacon.
3. To exalt, to raise. God ennobled his courage and conduct with the
entire overthrow of this host. South. 4. To elevate, to magnify.
None so lovely sweet and fair,
Or do more ennoble love. Waller.

ENNO＇BLEMENT [anoblissement, Fr. in the first sense, ennoblissement,
Fr. in the latter] 1. The act of making noble. He added to his
former creations the ennoblement or advancement in nobility of a few
others. Bacon. 2. The state of being ennobled, or made noble, ex­
altation, dignity. The eternal wisdom enriched us with all ennoble­
ments. Glanville.

ENOCH＇s Pillars, two pillars said to have been erected by Enoch
the son of Seth, the one of brick, and the other of stone, upon which
the whole art of astronomy is said to have been engraven.

ENODA＇TION [enodacio, Lat.] 1. The act of untying a knot. 2.
The act of making any difficulty plain; a solution of it.

ENODATION [in husbandry] the cutting away the knots of trees.

ENO＇RMITY [enormité, Fr. enormitá, It. enormidàd, Sp. of enormitas,
Lat.] 1. Heinousness of a crime, a high misdemeanor. Kings may
run into enormities. Swift. 2. Irregularity. 3. Depravity, corrup­
tion. There are many little enormities in the world. Addison.

ENO＇RMOUS [enormé, Fr. enorme, It. and Sp. enormis, Lat.] 1. Be­
ing out of rule or square, not regulated by any stated measures, irre­
gular. The enormous part of the light, in the circumference of every
lucid point. Newton. 2. Exceeding wicked, heinous, disordered
confused.
I shall find time from this enormous state,
And seek to give losers their remedies. Shakespeare.
3. Exceeding in bulk the common measures; always used with some
degree of dislike, horror, or wonder. A form enormous. Pope.

ENO＇RMOUSLY, adv. [of enormous] heinously, beyond measure. A
notion enormously absurd. Woodward.

ENO＇RMOUSNESS [of enormous] immeasurable wickedness. The
enourmousness of our works. Decay of Piety.

ENO＇RTHROSIS [of ενορθρωσις, or rather εναρθρωσις, Gr.] a kind of
loose jointing of the bones.

E＇NOVATED, adj. part. [enovatus, Lat.] become or made new.

ENO＇UGH, adj. [gamah, Goth. genoeg, Du. genug, Ger. nack,
Dan. genoh, or genog, Sax. It is not easy to determine whether this
word be an adjective or adverb; perhaps when it is joined with a sub­
stantive, it is an adjective, of which enow is the plural. In other si­
tuations it seems an adverb, except that after the verb to have, or to
be, either expressed or understood, it may be accounted a substantive.
It is pronounced as if written enuf. Johnson] sufficient. There was
not room enough for their herds. Locke.

ENOUGH, subst. 1. Something sufficient in greatness or excellence.
Being content, and that is enough. Locke. 2. Something equal to a
man＇s intellectual powers. Main errors he had enough to do to save
and help. Bacon.

ENOUGH, adv. 1. In a sufficient degree. 2. It denotes a slight
augmentation of the positive degree: as I am apt enough to be pleased;
i. e. more apt to be pleased than displeased. Treated hardly enough.
Addison. 3. Sometimes it notes diminution; as, that poem is well
enough; i. e. not quite well, though not much amiss. 4. An excla­
mation, noting fullness. Beware the thane of Fife! dismiss me—
enough. Shakespeare.
ENOUGH is as good as a feast.
There＇s never ENOUGH where nought is left.
It. Non vi é à bastanza si niente avanza. It is to be sure very diffi­
cult so to contrive matters that there be no want, and at the same
time nothing to spare.
Soon ENOUGH is well ENOUGH.
This proverb signifies, that if a thing be well done, tho＇ it be long
a doing, it is soon enough; for, according to another proverb, good
and quick seldom meet. The Lat. say; sat cito si sat bene.
There are two ENOUGHS, and you have got one of them.
That is, big or full enough, and little enough: In this sense it is ge­
nerally used in answer to those who, out of modesty, say they have
enough. It likewise signifies good enough and bad enough, and then is
applied to those persons who, speaking of others, or of themselves,
say, they have parts, qualifications, or the like, enough; signifying they
have bad ones enough.

E＇NOW, plur. of enough; which see. Enow bleeding witnesses.
Sidney. There are at Rome enow modern works of architecture. Ad­
dison.

EN PA＇SSANT, Fr. by the by.

To ENPLEE＇T [old law term] to implead.

To ENQUI＇RE [enquenir, Fr. inquirar, Port. of inquiro, Lat.] to
ask, to seek after, or search diligently. See INQUIRE.

To ENRA＇GE, verb act. [enrager, Fr.] to put into a rage, to pro­
voke or make mad or furious. The justice of their quarrel should
not so much encourage as enrage them. Hayward.

ENRA＇GEDLY, adv. [of enraged] furiously.

ENRA＇GEDNESS [of enraged] great rage, &c.

To ENRA＇NGE, verb act. [of range] to range or put in order. Be­
hold her nymphs enrang＇d in shady wood. Spenser.

To ENRA＇NK, verb act. [of rank] to place in orderly ranks. No
leisure had he to enrank his men. Shakespeare.

To ENRA＇PT, verb act. [of rapt] 1. To throw into raptures, to
transport with enthusiasm. Like a prophet suddenly enrapt. Shakes­
peare. 2. In the following passage it seems erroneously written for
enwrapt, for wrapt up. Nor hath he been so enrapt in those studies,
as to neglect the polite arts of painting and architecture. Arbuthnot
and Pope.

To ENRA＇PTURE, verb act. [of rapture] to transport with plea­
sure.

To ENRA＇VISH, verb act. [of ravish] to transport with delight, to
ravish. At sight thereof so much enravished. Spenser.

ENRA＇VISHMENT [of enravish] ravishment, exstacy of delight.
The enravishments of her transported lovers. Glanville.

To ENRI＇CH, verb act. [enricher, Fr. ariechire, It. enriquecér, Sp.]
1. To make rich. So unhappy as to rob others, without enriching
themselves. Denham. 2. To make fertile. Enrich the meadows,
and supply the deep. Blackmore. 3. To store, to supply with en­
crease of any thing desireable. No one could ever enrich his own un­
derstanding with any certain truth. Raleigh.

ENRI＇CHMENT [of enrich] 1. The act of making rich. 2. Im­
provement or enlargement by addition. The enrichment of our under­
standings. Watts.
The French say, Qui a assez, n＇a plus rien à desirer (He that has
enough has nothing more to desire.) The Latins, Quod satis est, cui
contingit, nihil amplius optet, Hor. or, satis est quod sufficit; nimis est
quod suffocat. The Germans say; Ein vergnugter muht is taglico,
wohl leben (A contented mind is a daily happiness.) The French say
likewise, On est asses riche quand on a le necessaire (Rich enough who
has what is necessary.)

To ENRI＇DGE, verb. act. [of ridge] to form lengthwise with ridges
or protuberances.
Horns welk＇d and wav＇d like th＇ enridg＇d sea. Shakespeare.








To ENRI＇NG, verb act. [of ring] to bind round, to encircle.
Ivy so
Enrings the barky fingers of the elm. Shakespeare.

To ENRI＇PEN, verb act. [of ripen] to ripen, to bring to perfection.
The summer how it enripen＇d the year. Donne.

To ENRO＇BE, verb act. [of robe] to dress, to clothe.
Quaint in green she shall be loose enrob＇d. Shakespeare.

To ENRO＇LL, verb act. [enroller, Fr.] 1. To insert in a roll or re­
gister. Enrolled in this heavenly family. Sprat. 2. To record, to leave
to posterity in writing His oath enrolled in the parliament. Shakespeare.
3. To enwrap, to involve, to envelope. Enroll＇d in duskish smoke
and brimstone blue. Spenser.

To ENROLL one＇s self [s＇enroller, Fr.] to enter one＇s name as a sol­
dier or an apprentice.

ENRO＇LLER [of enroll] he that enrolls or registers. The king him­
self caused to be enrolled, and delivered the enrolments. Davies.

ENRO＇LMENT [of enroll] 1. The act of enrolling. 2. A register.

To ENROO＇T, verb act. [of root] to fix by the root, to root or im­
plant deep. His foes are so enrooted with his friends. Shakespeare.

To ENROU＇ND, verb act. [of round] to surround, to enclose.
How dread an army hath enrounded him. Shakespeare.

ENS, Lat. [in a philosophical sense] a being, whatever has any
kind of existence.

ENS [in metaphysics] is applied in its most general sense to every
thing that the mind any way apprehends; and whereof it affirms or
denies, proves or disproves any thing.

ENS [in physic] in a less general sense, signifies something that ex­
ists some way farther than in being conceived, or being capable of be­
ing perceived in the mind, which is called ens positivum, or reale.

ENS [in pharmacy and chemistry] a term used of some things that
are pretended to contain all the qualities or virtues of the ingredients
they are drawn from in a little room.

ENS, in its proper or restrained sense, is that to which there are real
artributes belonging, or that which has a reality not only in the in­
tellect, but in itself.

ENS Rationis, Lat. [with schoolmen] an imaginary thing or creature
of the brain, which exists no where but in the understanding or imagi­
nation.

ENS Primum, Lat. [the first or chief essence according to the Para­
celsians] the most efficacious part of any natural mixt body, either
animal, mineral, or vegetable, which they pretend to be able to sepa­
rate from them, and by them to perform wonderful things for the re­
newing and restoring of youth.

ENS Veneris, Lat. [the being or essence of Venus, i. e. copper] a
sublimation of equal parts of Cyprus vitriol calcined to a dark colour,
and sal armoniac into a yellow flower.

To ENSAI＇N, or To ENSEA＇M [essimer, Fr. with falconers] to
purge a hawk or falcon from her glut and grease.

ENSA＇MPLE [essempio, It.] an example or pattern. [This orthogra­
phy is now justly disused. Johnson.] Ye have us for an ensample.
Philippians.

To ENSA＇MPLE, verb act. [from the noun] to shew by example,
to give as a pattern or copy. Homer, in the person of Agamemnon,
ensampled a good governor. Spenser.

To ENSA＇NGUINE [of sauguis, Lat. ensanglauter, Fr.] to smear with
blood. It would seem that only ensanguined part. pass. is used.
Th＇ ensanguin＇d field. Milton.

To ENSCHE＇DULE, verb act. [of schedule] to insert in a schedule or
writing. Our just demands enschedul＇d here. Shakespeare.

To ENSCO＇NCE, verb act. [of sconce] to cover with a fort, to secure.
Hanmer. I will ensconce me behind the arras. Shakespeare.

To ENSEA＇M, verb act. [of seam] to sew up. A name engrav＇d one
stole away, and enseam＇d it in his thigh. Camden.

To ENSEA＇R, verb act. [of sear] to sear, to cauterize with fire. En­
sear thy fertile and conceptious womb. Shakespeare.

ENSEE＇LED [with falconers] is said of a hawk, when a thread is
drawn through his upper eye-lids, and fastened under the beak, to
take away the sight.

ENSE＇MBLE, Fr. together, or with one another.

Tout ENSEMBLE [in architecture] of a building, the whole work
and composition considered together, and not in parts, altogether in
the bulk or whole.

To ENSHIE＇LD, verb act. [of shield] to shield, to protect. The
structure of it in the example is unusual, unless it be a mistake for en­
shielded. These black masks
Proclaim an enshield beauty. Shakespeare.

To ENSHRI＇NE, verb act. [of shrine] to inclose in a cabinet, to se­
cure as a thing sacred.
To enshrine his reliques in the sun＇s
Bright temple, to Egyptian Thebes he flies. Milton.

ENSHRI＇NED, part. pass. [of en and shrine, scrin, Sax. of ecran, Fr.
scrinium, Lat. a desk or coffer] preserved in a shrine or coffer, as a
holy or sacred thing.

E＇NSIFORM [ensiformis, Lat.] being in the shape of a sword; as the
ziphoeides or ensiform cartilage.

ENSIFO＇RMIS Cartilago, Lat. [with anatomists] the lowest part of the
sternum; called also mucronata.

ENSI＇FEROUS [ensifer, of ensis, a sword, and fero, Lat. to bear] bear­
ing a sword.

E＇NSIGN [enseigne, Fr. enséna, Sp.] 1. An officer in a company of
foot soldiers, who carries the flag or colours; formerly written ancient.
2. The flag or standard of a regiment. The Turks still pressing on,
got up to the top of the walls with eight ensigns. Knolles. 3. Any
signal in general whereby to assemble. He will lift up an ensign to
the nations. Isaiah. 4. Badge, rank, office. The marks or ensigns
of virtue. Dryden.

ENSIGN [in heraldry] an escutcheon on which are painted the
ensigns of honour of a particular family.

ENSIGNBEA＇RER [of ensign and bear] one that bears the flag, the
ensign. A fit ensignbearer for that company. Sidney.

ENSI＇GNE [French law term] 1. The act of bleeding or blood­
letting. 2. The being let-blood or blooded.

To ENSLA＇VE, verb act. [of slave] 1. To reduce to slavery, to de­
prive of liberty.
The conquer＇d also, and enslav＇d by war,
Shall with their freedom lost, their virtue lose. Milton.
2. To make over to another as his slave. He is the most subjected,
the most enslav＇d, who is so in his understanding. Locke. See To
INSLAVE.

ENSLA＇VEMENT [of enslave] slavery, abject subjection. A fresh
enslavement to their enemies. South.

ENSLA＇VER [of enslave] he that enslaves or reduces others to a state
of servitude. Enslavers of mankind. Swift.

To ENSTA＇L [of en and stillan, or stal, Sax.] to enter into the
number, or create a knight of the garter. See To INSTAL.

ENSTA＇LMENT, such a creation, or the ceremony of it.

To ENSU＇E, verb act. [ensuivre, Fr. insequor, Lat.] to follow, to
come after, to pursue. Seek peace and ensue it. Common Prayer.

To ENSUE, verb neut. 1. To follow as a consequence to premises.
Let this be granted, and it shall hereupon plainly ensue, that the light
of scripture once shining, all other light of nature is therewith in
such sort drowned, that now we need it not. Hooker. 2. To suc­
ceed in a train of events. Bishops are placed by collation of the
king without any precedent election or confirmation ensuing. Hay­
ward.

ENSU＇RANCE [of ensure] 1. Exemption from hazard, obtained by
paying a certain sum. 2. The sum so paid. See INSURE.

ENSU＇RANCER [of ensurance] he who undertakes to indemnify or
exempt from hazard. The vain ensurancers of life. Dryden.

To ENSU＇RE, verb act. [from sure, En. assurer, Fr.] 1. To ascer­
tain, to secure. To ensure peace. Swift. 2. To exempt a thing
from hazard, by paying a certain sum, on condition of being reim­
bursed for miscarriage. 3. To promise reimbursement of any miscar­
riage for a certain reward stipulated. A mendicant contracted with a
country fellow for a quantity of corn to ensure his sheep for that year.
L＇Estrange.

ENSU＇RER [of ensure] one who makes contracts of ensurance, one
who, for a certain sum, exempts any thing from hazard.

ENTA＇BLATURE, or ENTA＇BLEMENT [in architecture] Vitruvius
and Vignola call it ornament; it signifies the architrave, freeze and
cornice together. Others call it trabeation, and it is different in dif­
ferent orders. The words are borrowed from tabulatum in Latin, i. e.
a cieling, because the freeze is supposed to be formed by the ends of
joists, which bear upon the architrave.

ENTA＇BLER, Fr. [in horsemanship] a word used in the academies,
&c. applied to a horse whose croup goes before his shoulders in work­
ing upon vaults; for in regular manage, one half of the shoulders
ought to go before the croup.

To ENTAI＇L, verb act. [entailler, tailler, Fr. to cut.] 1. To make
over an estate by way of entail; to settle its descent so, that a subse­
quent possessor cannot alienate or bequeath it at pleasure.
I here entail
The crown to thee, and to thine heirs for ever. Shakespeare.
2. To fix unalienably upon a person or thing. None ever had a
privilege of infallibility entail＇d to all he said. Digby 3. To cut;
now obsolete.
The mortal steel dispiteously entailed
Deep in their flesh. Spenser.

ENTAIL [feudum talliatum, Lat. of entaillé, from tailler, Fr. to
cut] 1. A fee-tail, or fee entailed; the estate settled, scanted, or
shortned, by which means the heir is limited or tied up to certain
conditions, with regard to the rule of its descent. 2. The rule of
descent settled for any descent. 3. Engraved work, inlay; now ob­
solete. A work of rich entail, and curious mold. Spenser.

To ENTA＇ME, verb act. [of tame] to tame, to subdue. That can
entame my spirits to your worship. Shakespeare.

To ENTA＇NGLE [some derive it of en and tangle, Sax. a twig; be­
cause birds are entangled with twigs dawbed with birdlime; others of
en and tendicula, Lat. a snare. Johnson says the word is of uncertain
etymology] 1. To catch in a snare. 2. To ensnare with something not
easilyextricable, as a net; or something adhesive, as briars or thorns;
to lose in complicated involutions, as a maze or labyrinth. 3. To
twist, so as that a separation cannot be easily made; as, an entangled
knot. 4. To perplex, to embarrass. He knew not how to wrestle
with desperate contingencies, and so abhorred to be entangled in such.
Clarendon. 5. To puzzle, to bewilder. He entangled himself in his doubt­
ful tale. Hayward. 6. To entrap by captious questions or artful speech.
The Pharisees took counsel how they might entangle him in his talk.
St. Matthew. 7. To distract with variety of cares. No man that
warreth entangleth himself with the affairs of this life. 2 Timothy. 8.
To multiply the intricacies of a work.
Very force entangles
Itself with strength. Shakespeare.

ENTA＇NGLEMENT [of entangle] 1. Involution of any thing intri­
cate or adhesive. The entanglements of a tenacious imagination. Glan­
ville. 2. Puzzle, perplexity. There will be no greater entanglements
touching the notion of God and his providence. More.

ENTA＇NGLER [of entangle] one that entangles or ensnares.

ENTE, Fr. [in heraldry] grafted or ingrafted, that is, says a cer­
tain author, the fourth grand quarter of his majesty king George＇s
royal ensign, which he thus blazons, Brunswick and Lunenburgh,
impaled with ancient Saxony enté en point,

ENTE en Rond [in heraldry] signifies indented round, with this dif­
ference, that indented is formed of straight lines in and out, but this is
made of round ones in and out after the same manner.

ENTELE＇CHIA, Lat. [εντελεχια, of εντελης, perfect, and εχω, Gr. to
have] the human mind or soul so called by Aristotle, as being the
perfection of nature, and principle of motion. The ancient commen­
tators on Aristotle interpreted εντελεχια by actus, Lat. meaning by that
a kind of substantial form, by which action is produced in the body.
But the moderns understand by εντελεχια a sort of continued and per­
petual motion and fit modification of matter, which qualifies the whole
to be able to perform such acts as are proper to it. I suspect this to be
one of those antique terms; which still want a comment, and perhaps,
after all, Aristotle affected here something as mysterious and inexplicable
in his philosophy, as the SCHOOLMEN and their followers have in their
divinity. See MYSTERY and CIRCUM-INCESSION.








ENTE＇NDEMENT [entendement, Fr.] the true sense and meaning of a
word or sentence; thus a thing that is in doubt shall sometimes be
made by intendment.

E＇NTER [entre, Fr. of intra, Lat.] in the composition of English
words, signifies between.

To ENTER, verb act. [intro, Lat. entrer, Fr. entrare, It. entràr, Sp.
and Port.] 1. To go or come into any place. Enter＇d the lists against
him. Atterbury. 2. To set down in a writing, to note down
in a book of accounts. Have you enter＇d the action?—It is en­
ter＇d. Shakespeare. 3. To initiate in a matter, method, or society. The
eldest being thus enter＇d, and then made the fashion, it would be impos­
sible to hinder them. Locke. 4. To admit into any counsel. They of
Rome are enter＇d in our counsels. Shakespeare.

To ENTER, verb neut. 1. To come in, to go in. To go and enter
to possess the land. Judges. 2. To penctrate mentally. He is pleas＇d
with Sallust for his entring into internal principles of action. Addison.
3. To engage in. The French king often enter＇d on expensive pro­
jects. Addison. 4. To be initiated. As soon as they once enter＇d into
a taste of pleasure, they fell into a thousand violences. Addison.

To ENTER [in carpentry] is to let the tenon of a piece of timber
into the mortise of another.

To ENTER, of a Hawk [in falconry] a term used when she first be­
gins to kill.

To ENTER a Ship [a sea term] to board her.

ENTE＇RA, Lat. [εντερα, Gr.] the bowels or entrails.

E＇NTERABLE Goods, are such as are not prohibited, but may be en­
ter＇d at the custom-house.

To ENTERCHA＇NGE [enterchanger, Fr.] to change mutually or reci­
procally. See INTERCHANGE.

ENTERCO＇URSE [entrecours, Fr.] commerce or freedom of discourse
of one person to or with another. See INTERCOURSE.

ENTERDE＇AL [of entre and deal] mutual dealing, reciprocal trans­
actions.
To learn the enterdeal of princes strange,
To mark th＇ intent of counsels. Spenser.

E＇NTERING, subst. [of enter] passage into a place. There is no
house, no entering in. Isaiah.

To ENTERFE＇RE. See INTERFERE.

ENTERFE＇RING [spoken of horses] an imperfection which causes
them to go narrow behind with the hinder feet, so that they fret one
foot against another, whence a hard, mattery scab arises which makes
them go lame.

To ENTERLA＇CE [entrelasser, Fr.] to lace between, to intermix,
to interweave. Trees whose branches lovingly enterlac＇d one another.
Sidney.

E＇NTER-MEWER [with falconers] a hawk who changes the colour
of her wings by degrees.

ENTERO＇CELE, Lat. [εντεροκηλη, of εντερον, a gut, and κηλη, Gr. a
rupture] a falling of the entrails, especially of the gut called ileum,
through the widened processes of the peritoneum, into the groin or
scrotum. The remedy is such cases is chiefly by trusses and bolsters.
If the intestine only is fallen it becomes an interocele, if the omentum
or epiploon, epiplocele; and if both, enteroepiplocele. Sharp.

ENTEROCE＇LIC [enterocelicus, Lat.] troubled with the rupture called
enterocele.

To ENTERLI＇NE [entreligner, Fr.] to write between the lines. See
INTERLINE.

ENTEROEPIPLO＇CELE [εντεροεπιπλοκηλη, of εντερον, επιπλοον, the
caul, and κηλη, Gr.] a kind of rupture, when the caul and guts fall down
together into the scrotum. See ENTEROCELE.

ENTEROEPIPLO＇MPHALOS [of εντερον, επιπλοον, and ομϕαλος, Gr.
the navel] a kind of exomphalos, the same as eteromphalos.

ENTERO HYDROMPHALOS [of εντερον, υδωρ, and ομϕαλος, Gr.] a
kind of exomphalus, wherein, besides a displacing and bunching out
of the intestine, there is a deal of watery humours collected along with
it.

ENTERO＇LOGY [εντερολογια, of εντερον, and λεγω, Gr. to say] an
anatomical discourse or treatise of the entrails.

ENTERO＇MPHALOS, Lat. [εντερομϕαλος, of εντερον a gut, and ομϕαλος,
Gr. the navel] a rupture when the entrails burst out at the navel N. B.
Beside the scrotal and navel rupture, there is a third species of this dis­
ease, viz. when the gut slips through that vent or orifice, which is
left for the passage of the blood-vessels and nerve, which supply the thigh.

ENTERPA＇RLANCE [of entre and parler, Fr.] parley, mutual con­
ference. During the enterparlance, the Scots discharged against the
English. Hayward.

To ENTERPE＇N [with falconers] a term used of a hawk who is said
to enterpen, i. e. to have his feathers snarled or entanged.

To ENTERPLE＇DE, or To ENTERPLE＇AD [entreplaider, Fr.] to dis­
cuss a point at common law, which falls out incidentally, before the
principal cause can have an end.

ENTERPLE＇ADING, subst. [of enterplead] the discussing of a point in­
cidentally falling out, before the principal cause can be determined:
for example, two several persons being found heirs to land by two se­
veral officers in one county, the king is brought in doubt whether li­
very ought to be made; and therefore before livery be made to either,
they must enterplead, that is, try between themselves who is the right
heir. Cowel. In civil law, it is called cognitio præjudicialis.

To ENTERPRI＇SE, or To ENTERPRI＇ZE, verb act. [entreprendre, Fr.
intraprendere, It. of inter and prehendo, Lat.] 1. To undertake, to take
in hand, to attempt. Great actions were resolved and enterprized.
Temple. 2. To receive, to entertain. Obsolete.
Him at the threshold met, and well did enterprize. Spenser.

An E＇NTERPRISE, or E＇NTERPRIZE [entreprise, Fr.] an underta­
king, attempt or design, of hazard, especially in military affairs. To
execute mine enterprises to the destruction of the enemies. Judith.

ENTERPRI＇SER [of enterprise] a man of enterprise, one who enga­
ges in important and dangerous undertakings. Great enterprisers with
happy success. Hayward.

To ENTE＇RR [enterrer, Fr.] to interr, to bury. See INTERR.

To ENTERTAI＇N [entretenir, Fr. entretenèr, Sp.] 1. To talk or
converse with. Nothing could be proposed which he was not readily
furnish＇d to entertain any one in. Locke. 2. To treat at the table.
Entertain＇d with beef or mutton. Addison. 3. To receive with hospi­
tality. Be not forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some have
entertain＇d angels unawares. Hebrews. 4. To keep or retain in one＇s
service. You I entertain for one. Shakespeare. 5. To reserve in the
mind. The severest purpose God can entertain towards us. Decay of
Piety. 6. To please, to divert. David entertain＇d himself with the
meditations of God＇s law. Decay of Piety. 7. To admit with compla­
cency and satisfaction. Reason can never permit the mind to entertain
probability in opposition to knowledge. Locke.

ENTERTAI＇NER [of entertain] 1. He that retains any other in his
service. An Entertainer of fortune by the day. Bacon. 2. He that
treats others at his table. He shews to the guests and to the entertainer
their great mistake. Smalridge. 3. He that pleases or diverts.

ENTERTAI＇NING, part. [of entertain] diverting, pleasing.

ENTERTAI＇NINGLY, adv. [of entertaining] agreeably, divertingly.

ENTERTAI＇NMENT [of entertain] 1. Conversation, mutual talk.
2. Treatment at the table. No look for entertainment where none was.
Spenser. 3. Hearty welcome, hospitable reception. 4. Admission,
reception. It is not easy to imagine how it should at first gain enter­
tainment. Tillotson. 5. The state of being in pay, as servants or sol­
diers. The centurions and their charges distinctly billetted already in
the entertainment. Shakespeare. 6. The payment of soldiers or ser­
vants. Now obsolete. Davies uses it. 7. Diversion, amusement.
For the entertainment of the time. Bacon. 8. On the stage, the lower
comedy, the farces. A great number of dramatic entertainments are
not comedies, but five act farces. Gay.

ENTERTI＇SSUED, adj. [of entre and tissue] interwoven or intermixed
with variety of colours and figures.
T＇ entertissu＇d robe of gold and pearl. Shakespeare.

E＇NTERVIEW [with falconers] the second year of a hawk＇s age.

To ENTHA＇LMIZE, verb act. [enthalmizo, of thalamus, Lat. a bed]
to bring a bridegroom and bride to their bed-chamber.

ENTHE＇AL, or ENTHEA＇STICAL, adj. [of ενθεος, Gr.] inspired.

ENTHE＇ATED, adj. [entheatus, Lat. ενθεος, Gr.] inspired by God.

ENTHE＇MA, Lat. [ενθεμα, of εν, and τιθημι, Gr. to place] a medicine
to stop bleeding.

ENTHE＇MATA, Lat. grass stuck into the clefts of trees.

To ENTHRA＇L. See To INTHRAL.

To ENTHRO＇NE, verb act. [entroner, Fr. entronizàr, Sp.] 1. To
place on the throne. Beneath a sculptur＇d arch he sits enthron＇d. Pope.
2. To invest with sovereign power. This Pope was no sooner elected
and enthroned, but that he began to exercise his new rapines. Ayliffe.
See To INTHRONE.

ENTHU＇SIASM [enthusiasme, Fr. entusiasmo, It. enthusiosme, Sp. en­
thusiasmus, Lat. ενθυσιασμος, of ενθουσιαζω, Gr. to inspire] 1. A prophetic
or poetic rage or fury, which transports the mind, raises and enflames
the imagination, and makes it think and express things extraordinary
and surprizing, elevation of fancy, exaltation of ideas. A kind of
enthusiasm or extraordinary emotion of soul makes it seem to us that we
behold those things which the poet paints. Dryden. 2. A vain belief
of private revelation, divine favour or communication. Enthusiasm is
founded neither on reason nor divine revelation, but rises from the con­
ceits of a warmed or over-weening brain. Locke. 3. Heat of imagina­
tion, violence of passion, confidence of opinion. The etymology of
this word, if traced up to its first source, is of εν, in, and Θεος, Gr. God.
Which reminds me of that remark made by lord Shaftsbury, “that in­
spiration is a real feeling of the divine presence; and enthusiasm a false
one. So that inspiration may be justly call＇d divine ENTHUSIASM: for
the word itself signifies divine presence, and was made use of by that
philosopher whom the earliest Christian fathers called divine, to express
whatever was sublime in human passions. This was the spirit he al­
lotted to heroes, statesmen, poets, orators, musicians, and even philoso­
phers themselves. Nor can we, of our own accord, forbear ascribing
to a noble ENTHUSIASM whatever is greatly inform＇d by any of these.”
Characteristics, Vol. I. p. 53. I need not say, it is the good sense
of the word, which lord Shaftsbury had in view. As Mr. LOCKE, in
the citation already produced from him, gives us the bad one. And I
do not know a better security against the latter, than that rule or maxim
which the above noble author lays down, p. 54. “For to judge the spirits,
whether they are of God, we must antecedently judge our own spirit,
whether it be of reason and sound sense; whether it be fit to judge at all,
by being sedate, cool, and impartial, free of every biassing passion,
every giddy vapour or melancholy fume. This is the first knowledge
and previous judgment, to understand ourselves, and know what spirit
we are of. Afterwards we may judge the spirit in others; consider
what their personal merit is; and prove the validity of their testimony
by the solidity of their brain. By this means we may prepare ourselves
with some antidote against ENTHUSIASM.”

ENTHU＇SIAST [entousiaste, Fr. entusiasto, It. enthusiastico, Sp. of en­
thusiasta, Lat. ενθυσιαστης, Gr.] 1. One who pretends to be inspired by
the divine Spirit, and to have a true sight and knowledge of things;
one who is transported with imaginary revelations. Let an enthusiast be
principled that he or his teacher is inspired and acted by an immediate
communication of the divine Spirit, and you in vain bring the evidence
of clear reasons against his doctrine. Locke. 2. One of a hot imagina­
tion or violent passions. Chapman seems to have been an enthusiast
in poetry. Pope. 3. One of elevated fancy or exalted ideas.
The sweet enthusiast from her sacred store,
Enlarg＇d the former narrow bounds. Dryden.

ENTHUSIA＇STIC, or ENTHUSIA＇STICAL [entousiastico, It. enthusiasti­
co, Port. enthusiasticus, Lat. ενθυσιαστικος, Gr.] 1. Of or pertaining to
enthusiasm, persuaded of some communication with the deity. Sera­
phic enthusiastical raptures, or inimitable, unaccountable transports of
devotion. Calamy. 2. Vehemently warm in any matter. 3. Elevated
in fancy or ideas. An enthusiastic or prophetic style. Burnet＇s The­
ory.

ENTHUSIA＇STICALLY, adv. [of enthusiastical] in an enthusiastical
manner.

ENTHY＇MEME [enthymema, Lat. ενθυμημα, of ενθυμιομαι, Gr. to
conceive in the mind] a conception or idea of the mind.

ENTHYMEME [with rhetoricians] is when the concluding sentence
consists of contraries.

ENTHYMEME [in logic] an argument consisting of only two proposi­
tions, an antecedent and a consequent, deduced from it; so that the
major is suppressed, and only the minor and consequence are expressed.







What is an enthymeme, quoth Cornelius; why, an enthymeme, replied
Crambe, is when the major is indeed married to the minor, but the
marriage kept secret. Arbuthnot and Pope.

To ENTI＇CE, verb act. [prob. of en, and tihtan, Sax. to over-per­
suade, or attirer, Fr. Johnson says, the etymology is uncertain]
to draw in cunningly, to tempt, to allure by blandishments or hopes
to something sinful or destructive. The readiest way to entangle the
mind with false doctrine, is first to entice the will to wanton living. As­
cham.

ENTI＇CEMENT. 1. The act of enticing, or the practice of alluring
to ill. By whose enticement the holy ordinances of the church endure
every where open contempt. Hooker. 2. An allurement, blandishment,
the means by which one is allured to ill. We must separate entreaty
and enticements from deceit or violence. Taylor.

ENTI＇CER [of entice] one that entices or allures to ill.

ENTI＇CING, part. [of entice] alluring, drawing in.

ENTI＇CINGLY, adv. [of enticing] alluringly, in a winning manner.
She sings most enticingly. Addison.

ENTI＇ER, Fr. [with horsemen] a sort of restif horse that refuses to
turn, and is so far from following or observing the hand, that he re­
sists it.

ENTI＇ERTY, subst. [entierité, Fr. a law word] the whole as distin­
guished from moiety or half. The attorney setteth down an entierty
where but a moiety was to be passed. Bacon.

ENTI＇RE, adj. [entier, Fr. entiro, Sp. integer, Lat.] 1. Whole, un­
divided. It is not safe to divide, but to extol the entire still in general.
Bacon. 2. Not broken, complete in its parts. An antique model of
the famous laocoon is entire in those parts where the statue is maimed.
Addison. 3. Full, comprising all requisites in itself. An action is en­
tire when it is compleat in all its parts. Spectator. 4. Sincere, inge­
nuous, hearty. He run a course more entire with the king of Arra­
gon, but more laboured and officious with the king of Castile. Bacon.
5. Firm, fixed, sure.
Entire and sure the monarch＇s rule must prove,
Who founds her greatness on her subjects love. Prior.
6. Unallayed, not mingled. In thy presence joy entire. Milton. 7.
Honest, faithful, firmly adherent. No man had ever a heart more
entire to the king. Clarendon. 8. Having full strength or vigour, be­
ing unbroken in power.
Then back to fight again new breathed and entire. Spenser.

ENTIRE Pertingents [in heraldry] are lines which run the longest
way in the partition of the shield, without touching the centre.

ENTIRE Pertransient [in heraldry] a line which crosses the middle
of the shield or escutcheon, and runs diametrically the longest way of
its position.

ENTIRE Tenancy [in common law] is contra-distinguished to seve­
ral tenancy, and signifies a sole possession in one man, whereas the
other denotes a joint or common one in several.

ENTI＇RELY, adv. [of entire] 1. Without division, wholly. Eu­
phrates falls not entirely into the Persian sea. Raleigh. 2. Completely,
fully. All was entirely good. Milton. 3. Faithfully, with firm ad­
herence. ＇Gan to highest God entirely pray. Spenser.

ENTI＇RENESS [of entire] 1. Completeness, fullness. The solidity
and entireness of the whole fabric. Boyle. 2. Honesty, faithfulness.

To ENTI＇TLE, verb act. [entituler, Fr.] 1. To dignify with a title;
as, to entitle one an earl. 2. To give a title or discriminative appel­
lation. With that name they entitled the books we call apocryphal.
Hooker. 3. To prefix as a title. How ready zeal for party is to enti­
tle christianity to their designs. Locke. 4. To give a claim, title, or
right to any thing. He entitled himself to the continuance of the di­
vine protection. Atterbury. 5. To grant any thing as claim＇d by a
title. This is to entitle God＇s care how and to what we please.
Locke.

ENTITA＇TIVE [entitativus, low Lat.] when a thing is taken ac­
cording to its essence, form or being.

ENTITATIVE, implies an abstraction or retrenchment of all the cir­
cumstances from a thing under consideration.

E＇NTITY [entité, Fr. entita, It. entitas, low Lat. in the school phi­
losophy] 1. A physical ens or being, considered according to what it
is in its physical capacity, a real being. Fortune is no real entity nor
physical essence, but a mere relative signification. Bentley. 2. A par­
ticular species of being. An entity of sound, which we call crackling.
Bacon.

To ENTOI＇L, verb act. [of toil] to ensnare, to bring into toils or
nets. He cut off their land forces from their ships, and entoiled their
navy and their camp with a greater power than theirs. Bacon.

ENTOI＇RE, or ENTO＇YER [in heraldry] is used by some to signify
a bordure charged intirely with things without life.

To ENTO＇MB, verb act. [of tomb] to bury or put into a tomb.
Places where martyrs were entombed. Hooker.

ENTO＇RSES, Fr. wrenches of the pastern in horses.

To ENTRAI＇L, verb act. to interweave, to diversify.
The fragrant eglantine did spread
His pricking arms, entrail＇d with roses red. Spenser.

E＇NTRAILS, subst. [entrailles, Fr. εντερα, Gr.] 1. The bowels or
guts, generally understood to include the contents of the three cavi­
ties, the head, breast, and belly; it has no singular number. The
entrails are all without bones. Bacon. 2. The internal parts in gene­
ral, caverns. Treasure that lay so long hid in the dark entrails of
America. Locke.

E＇NTRANCE [entrant, Fr. of intro, Lat.] 1. The power of entry or
going into a place, admittance. Truth is sure to find an entrance and
a welcome too. South. 2. A passage, an avenue, by which a place is
enter＇d. To keep the passages of the hilly country, for by them there
was an entrance into Judea. Judith. 3. Initiation, commencement.
This is that which at first entrance balks them. Locke. 4. Mental in­
gress, knowledge. Some entrance into the language. Bacon. 5. The
act of taking possession of a dignity or office. The first entrance of this
king to his reign. Hayward. 6. The beginning of any thing. In
the first entrance upon this discourse. Clarendon.

To ENTRA＇NCE, verb act. [from trance, transe, Fr. transeo, Lat. to
pass over for a time from one region to another] 1. To put into a
trance, to withdraw the soul wholly to other regions, while the body
appears to lie in a profound sleep. 2. To put into an extasy, wherein
one is insensible of present objects. With delight I was all the while
entranced, and carried so far from myself, as that I am sorry you ended
so soon. Spenser.

ENTRA＇NCED, being in a trance. See INTRANCED.

To ENTRA＇P, verb act. [entraper, Fr.] 1. To catch in a trap, to
insnare.
That guileful net,
In which if ever eyes entrapped are,
Out of her bands ye by no means shall get. Spenser.
2. To entangle, to involve unexpectedly in distresses.
Misfortune waits advantage to entrap
The man most wary in her whelming lap. Spenser.
3. To take advantage of. To entrap thee in thy words. Ecclesiasti­
cus.

ENTRA＇VES, Fr. two entravons joined by an iron chain, 7 or 8 in­
ches long.

ENTRAVO＇NS, Fr. locks for horses pasterns, being pieces of leather
two inches broad, turned up and stuffed on the inside, to prevent hurt­
ing the pastern.

E＇NTRE ad Communem Legem, a writ that lies where a tenant for term
of his own, or another＇s life, or a tenant by courtesy, or in dower,
aliens or makes over lands, and dies, then the party in reversion shall
have this writ against whomsoever is in possession.

ENTRE＇, or ENTREE＇ [in music books] a particular sort of air.

To ENTREA＇T, verb act. [of en and traiter, Fr. of tracto, Lat.]
1. To petition, to importune; with for before the thing asked.
Isaac entreated the Lord for his wife. Genesis. 2. To prevail upon by
solicitation. The Lord was entreated of him. Genesis. 3. To treat or
use well or ill. Entreat him not evil. Ecclesiasticus. 4. To entertain,
to amuse. I must entreat the time alone. Shakespeare. 5. To enter­
tain, to receive.
A thick arbour goodly over dight,
In which she often us＇d from open heat
Herself to shroud, and pleasures to entreat. Spenser.

To ENTRE＇AT, verb neut. 1. To offer a treaty or compact. Alex­
ander was the first that entreated peace with them. 1 Maccabees. 2.
To treat, to discourse. Of this I shall have farther occasion to en­
treat. Hakewell. 3. To make a petition; with for. The Janiza­
ries entreated for them as valiant men. Knolles.

ENTRE＇ATANCE [of entreat] petition, entreaty.
These two entreatance made they might be heard,
Nor was their just petition long deny＇d. Fairfax.

ENTREA＇TY [of entreat] petition, prayer, request. Obdurate to
entreaties. Shakespeare.

E＇NTREMETS, Fr. subst. small plates set between the main dishes.
The true chard used in pottages and entremets. Mortimer.

ENTRE＇NCHYTA [of εντερον, a bowel, and εγχυω, Gr. to pour in]
a clyster-pipe, called also siphon or syringa.

E＇NTREPAS, Fr. [with horsemen] a broken pace or going of a horse,
and properly a broken amble, that is neither walk nor trot, but has
something of an amble.

ENTRESO＇LE [in architecture] a kind of little story, contrived oc­
casionally at the top of the first story, for the conveniency of a ward­
robe, &c. It is also called mezanzine.

E＇NTRING a Ship [in a fight] is the boarding or getting into her.

ENTRING Ladder [of a ship] a ladder to go in and out of a
ship.

ENTRING Rope [in a ship] a rope tied by the side of it to hold by,
as a person goes up the entring ladder or wales.

ENTRU＇SION, a forcible, violent, or unlawful entering into lands
or tenements, void of a possessor, by one who has no right to them.
This should be written INTRUSION.

ENTRUSION de Garde, Fr. a writ lying where an infant within age
enters into lands, and holds his lord out.

To ENTRU＇ST. See To INTRUST.

E＇NTRY [entrée, Fr. entrata, It. entrada, Sp. and Port.] 1. The
act of entering or coming in. The lake of Constance formed by
the entry of the Rhine. Addison. 2. The passage by which one en­
ters a house. A house that hath convenient stairs and entries.
Bacon. 3. The act of registering or setting down in writing in gene­
ral. A notary made an entry of this act. Bacon. 4. A solemn recep­
tion or ceremony performed by kings, princes or ambassadors, upon
their first entering a city, or upon their return from some successful
expedition, by way of triumph. The day being come, he made
his entry. Bacon.

ENTRY [in law] the act of taking possession of lands.

ENTRY [with merchants] the act of setting down the particulars of
trade in their books of accounts.

To make an ENTRY of Goods [at the Custom-house] is the passing
the bills through the hands of the proper officers.

ENTRY ad communem Legem. See ENTRE, &c.

ENTRY, ad Terminum qui præteriit, a writ which lies for a lessor,
in case lands being let to a man for the life of another, and he
for whose life the lands are leased dies, and the lessee or tenant holds
over his term.

ENTRY Causa Matrimonii prælocuti, Lat. or entry for marriage
promised, a writ lying where lands or tenements are given to a man,
upon condition that he take the donor to wife within a certain time,
and he either does not marry her within the time appointed, or
espouses another, or otherwise disables himself from performing the
condition.

ENTRY in Casu Proviso, Lat. a writ lying for one in reversion
which he shall have against a tenant for life or in courtesy, who
aliens in see.

ENTRY sine Assensu Capituli, is a writ lying when an abbot, prior,
or such as has a convent or common seal, aliens lands or tenements
which are the church＇s right, without the assent of the convent or
chapter, and dies, &c.

ENTRY per le cui & Post, a writ which lies for a man disseized or
turned out of his freehold, when the disseizor aliens and dies in pos­
session, and his heir enters.

ENTRI＇ES [with hunters] places or thickets through which deer are
discovered lately to have passed.








To ENTWI＇NE [of en and twinan, Sax.] to twist or wind round
about. See INTWINE.

ENTY＇POSIS, Lat. [of εντυπω, Gr. to make an impression] the ace­
tabulum or socket.

ENTY＇POSIS [εντυποσις, Gr.] the joint of the shoulder with the
arm.

To ENU＇BILATE, verb act. [enubilatum, sup. of enubilo, from nu­
bes, Lat. a cloud] to make clear from clouds.

ENU＇BILOUS [enubilus, Lat.] fair, without clouds.

To ENU＇CLEATE, verb act. [enucleatum, sup. of enucleo, from nu­
cleus, Lat. a kernel] to solve, to disentangle.

ENUCLEA＇TION, the act of clearing or solving any difficulty.

ENUDA＇TION, Lat. the act of making naked or plain, laying
open, &c.

ENVELO＇PE, subst. Fr. 1. A wrapper, an outward case, a cover.
No letter with an envelope
Could give him more delight. Swift.
2. [In fortification] a work of earth sometimes in form of a parapet
or breast-work, and sometimes like a rampart with a breast-work to it,
called also a conservé, a countergard, a lunette, a sillon, &c.

To ENVE＇LOPE [enveloper, Fr.] 1. To cover, wrap, or fold up in
any thing. 2. To surround with, to beset; to muffle up, to hide.
The mist that enveloped them will remove. Locke. 3. To line, to
cover on the inside.
His iron coat, all overgrown with rust,
Was underneath enveloped with gold. Spenser.

To ENVE＇NOM, verb act. [envenomer, Fr.] 1. To infect with poi­
son, to corrupt or impregnate with venom, to poison. It is never
used of the person to whom poison is given, but of the draught,
food, or instrument, by which it is conveyed.
Th＇ envenom＇d robe. Milton.
2. To make odious.
Oh what a world is this, when what is comely
Envenoms him that bears it. Shakespeare.
3. To enrage.
She threw the pois＇nous part,
And fix＇d it deep within Amata＇s heart,
That thus envenom＇d she might kindle rage. Dryden.

E＇NVIABLE [of envy] deserving envy, such as may excite envy.
An enviable mediocrity of fortune. Carew.

E＇NVIER [of envy] one that envies another, or desires his downfal.
His enemies and enviers discountenanced. Clarendon.

E＇NVIOUS, adj. [envieux, Fr. invidioso, It. embidioso, Sp.] 1. Bearing
envy against another. 2. Pained by the excellence or happiness of an­
other. A man of the most envious disposition. Sidney.

E＇NVIOUSLY, adv. [of envious] in an envious manner, malig­
nantly, with ill-will. Spirits fallen from heaven endeavour enviously
to obstruct the ways that may lead us thither. Duppa.

E＇NVIOUSNESS [of envious] envy, envious nature.

To ENVI＇RON, verb act. [environner, Fr.] 1. To encompass, sur­
round, or stand about. On every side environ＇d with huge mountains.
Knolles. 2. To involve, to envelope.
Environ me with darkness whilst I write. Donne.
3. To surround hostilely, to besiege.
A legion of foul fiends
Environ＇d me. Shakespeare.
4. To inclose, to invest.
The soldier, that man of iron,
Whom ribs of horror all environ. Cleaveland.

ENVIRONNE＇, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies a figure, a lion or any
other thing, encompassed about with other things.

An ENVI＇RONMENT, the act of encompassing, or state of being
encompassed round.

ENVI＇ROUS, Fr. subst. the neighbouring places about a country.

E＇NULA, Lat. the herb elecampane.

E＇NULON, Lat. [ενυλον, of εν, in, and ουλον, Gr. a gum] the interior
part of the gum.

ENU＇MERABLE [enumerabilis, Lat.] numerable, that may be singly
reckoned up.

To ENU＇MERATE, verb act. [enumerare, It. enumeratum, sup. of
enumero, Lat.] to number or reckon up distinctly. Particularly enu­
merate the kinds of sin. Wake.

ENUMERA＇TION [enumeratio, Lat.] 1. The act of counting over.
2. The number told out. St. Paul＇s enumeration of duties. Sprat.

To ENU＇NCIATE [enunciatum, sup. of enuncio, from nuncius, Lat.
a messenger] to utter or pronounce, to declare, to proclaim.

ENUNCIA＇TION [of enunciatio, Lat.] 1. Declaration, open procla­
mation. This sacramental enunciation is the declaration and con­
fession of it by men in Christ. Taylor. 2. Intelligence, information.
The conceptions, enunciations and actions of the intellect and will.
Hale.

ENU＇NCIATIVE [enunciativus, Lat.] that may be shewed, uttered,
or pronounced. Declarative in respect of the dispositive words, and
not in regard of the enunciative terms. Ayliffe.

ENUNCIA＇TIVELY [of enunciative] declaratively.

E＇NVOY [envoyé, Fr. inviato, It. embiado, Sp. enviado, Port.] 1.
A person, in degree lower than an ambassador, sent from one sove­
reign prince or state to another, upon some public affairs. 2. A pub­
lic minister in general sent from one power to another. Perseus sent
envoys to Carthage. Arbuthnot. 3. Any messenger.
Their report the vital envoys make,
And with new orders are commanded back. Blackmore.

To ENU＇RE [of en and utor, Lat. to use] to accustom one＇s self to.
See To INURE.

To ENURE [in law] to take place or effect, to be available or of
force.

E＇NURNY [in heraldry] signifies a bordure charged with beasts,
&c.

To E＇NVY [envier, Fr. invidiare, It. embidiàr, Sp. invideo, Lat.]
1. To grudge, to impart unwillingly, to withhold maliciously. John­
son, who, by studying Horace, had been acquainted with the rules,
seemed to envy others that knowledge. Dryden. 2. To hate another
for excellence, happiness, or success. Envy thou not the oppressor.
Proverbs. 3. To grieve at any qualities of excellence in another.
You cannot envy your neighbour＇s wisdom, if he gives you good
counsel. Swift.

To ENVY, verb neut. to feel envy at the fight of excellence or
happiness, to be uneasy at the good fortune of others; commonly
with at. Who would envy at the prosperity of the wicked.
Taylor.
Better be ENVY＇D than pitied.
Fr. Je vaut mieu faire envie que pitie. It. Pui tosto invidia che com­
passione. Gr. Φθονεθαι χρηστον εστιν η οικτειρεθαι. Lat. Malo invidiam
quam misericordiam. The meaning of all which is no more, than that
it is better to be in that state, or in those circumstances of life, which
may raise envy, than to be the objects of other mens compassion.
The consideration of which may serve as an admonition to us to em­
ploy our utmost diligence, and all lawful means, to attain at least to
such a condition of life as may exempt us from pity.

E＇NVY [invidia, It. and Lat. envie, Fr. embidia, Sp. emveja, Port.]
1. An uneasiness or grief, arising from beholding the good qualities
or prosperity of others. 2. Rivalry, competition. The little envies
of them to one another. Dryden. 3. Malice, malignity. You
turn the good we offer into envy. Shakespeare. 4. Public odium, ill
repute. Edward Plantagenet should be in the most public manner
shewed unto the people, to discharge the king of the envy of that
opinion and bruit, how he had been put to death privily. Bacon.

To ENWHEE＇L, verb act. [of wheel] to encompass. A word
probably peculiar to Shakespeare.
The grace of heaven
Before, behind thee, and on every hand,
Enwheel thee round. Shakespeare.

To ENWO＇MB, verb act. [of womb] 1. To make pregnant.
Me then he left enwomed of this child. Spenser.
2. To bury, to hide as in the womb.
The Asric Niger stream enwombs
Itself into the earrth. Donne.

To ENWO＇RTHY, verb act. [of worthy] to render one＇s self worthy,
illustrious, or noble.

To ENWRA＇P, verb act. [of hweorfian, Sax.] to wrap up in.

ENY＇STRON [ενυστρον, Gr.] the last or fourth ventricle in animals
that chew the cud, which compleats the digestion.

EODE＇RBRICE [of eodor, a hedge, and brice, Sax. a breaking] a
hedge-breaking.

EO＇LIAN, of or belonging to Æolus.

EO＇LIPYLE [of ἀιωλου, Gr. of Æolus, Lat. and πυλαι, Gr. gates] an
instrument in hydraulics, being a round ball of iron or copper, with
a tail to it, which being filled with water, and thus exposed to the fire,
produces a vehement blast of wind.

EPACMA＇STICAL, Lat. [επακμαστικος, of επι and ακμαζω, Gr. to
grow ripe or advance to an acmè] a fever which grows continually
stronger.

EPA＇CT [επακτα, Gr. i. e. additional supply] is a number that
notes the excess of the solar year above the lunar, whereby the age of
the moon every year may be found out; for the solar year consisting
of 365 days, and the lunar but of 354, the lunations every year get
11 days before the solar year; but thereby in 19 years the moon
finishes twenty times twelve lunations, and gets up one whole solar
year; and having finished that circuit, begins again with the sun, and
so from 19 to 19 years; for the first year afterwards, the moon will go
before the sun but 11 days, which is called the epact of that year; the
second year 22 days; the third year 33 days; but 30 being an entire
lunation, cast that away, and three shall be the epact of that year,
and so on, adding yearly 11 days.

EPACT of the Year [with astronomers] is the age of the moon
at the beginning of every year; i. e. the time between the first minute
of the first day of January, and the last new moon of the foregoing
year.

EPAGO＇GE [επαγωγη, of επαγω, Gr. to introduce] 1. An importing
or bringing in. 2. An examining of or discoursing with one by cross
questions or interrogatories.

EPAGO＇GIUM, Lat. the foreskin.

EPAINE＇TIC Poem [of επαινος, Gr. praise] comprehends the
hymn, the epithalamium, the genethliacon, or what else tends to
the praise or congratulation of divine persons, or persons eminent
upon earth.

EPANADI＇PLOSIS, Lat. [επαναδιπλωσις, of επαναδιπλοω, Gr.] a re­
doubling.

EPANADIPLOSIS [with rhetoricians] is a figure, when they begin
and end a sentence with the same words; as, kind to his friends, and
to his enemies kind. In Latin this figure is called inclusio.

EPANA＇LEIPSIS [επαναληψις, of επαναλαμβανω, Gr. to take up a­
gain, and from thence to repeat or reassume a subject] a repetition.

EPANALEPISS [with rhetoricians] a figure, in which the same
word is repeated for enforcement-sake, especially after a parenthesis;
as, it is manifest they have erred, it is manifest.

EPANA＇PHORA [επαναϕορα, of επαναϕερω, Gr. to refer, or rather to
bring over again] i. e. a reference.

EPANAPHORA [with rhetoricians] a figure, when the same word
begins several sentences or clauses; as, hic gelidi fontes, hic mollia pra­
ta, hic nemus.

EPA＇NODOS, Lat. [επανοδος, of επι and ανοδος, Gr. ascent, or re­
turn] a return.

EPANODOS [in rhetoric] a figure, when the same sound or word is
twice repeated in several sentences, or in the same sentence; as,
Neither the light without its sun,
Nor yet the sun without its light.

EPANO＇RTHOSIS [επανορθωσι, of επανορθοω, Gr. to set right or straight,
and from thence to correct] correction or amendment, act of restoring
to the former state.

EPANORTHOSIS [with rhetoricians] is when a person finds fault
with his former expressions as too faint and weak, and corrects his
discourse, by adding others that are more strong.
Query, If this term may not admit of a greater latitude; I mean,
to express the orator＇s correcting his own phraseology, in more cases
than where the mere want of strength is concerned. Does not St.
Paul, in his speech before the learned Athenians, give us a fine in­
stance of this figure, Acts, c. xvii. v. 27; and another in as masterly







way, in his speech at LYSTRA, c. xiv. v. 16 and 17? In both
places, methinks, a noble epanorthosis is visible enough, as it stands in
our translation; but in each it will appear to a double advantage, if
we consult the ORIGINAL.

EPAPHÆ＇RESIS, Lat. [επαϕαιρησις, of επι, over and above, and
αϕαιρεω, Gr. to take away] a cutting or clipping over again.

EPAPHÆRESIS [with physicians] a repeated blood-letting, or any
repeated evacuation.

E＇PARCH [επαρχος, Gr.] the governor of a province.

E＇PARER, Fr. [in horsemanship] a word used in the manage, to
signify the flinging of a horse, or his yerking and striking out with
his hind legs.

EPA＇RMATA [επαρματα, of επαιρω, Gr. to lift up] swellings of
the glandules, or kernels behind the ears, called parotides.
Such is the name, by which this disease is expressed by HIPPO­
CRATES; but the moderns (as Gorræus observes) stile these swellings
parotides, from the part affected so called.

EPAU＇LE, Fr. [a shoulder; in fortification] is the shoulder or bas­
tion of an angle.

EPAU＇LMENT, Fr. a shouldering-piece, of paule, a shoulder.

EPAULMENT [in fortification] is a demi-bastion or square orillon,
a mass of earth, of near a square figure, faced with a wall to cover
the cannon of a casement.

EFAULMENT, is also a side-work made either of earth thrown up,
of bags or baskets full of earth, or with faggots loaded with earth;
of which latter are made the epaulments of the places of arms for the
cavalry behind the trenches.

EPAU＇XESIS, Lat. [επαυξησις, of επι and αυξανω, Gr. to augment]
an increase, a rhetorical figure.

EPE＇NTHESIS, Lat. [of επι to εν, and τιθημι, Gr. to place, in
grammar] the putting of a letter or syllable in the middle of a word,
as relligio for religio, induperator for imperator.

EPEXE＇GESIS [επεξηγησις, of επι and εξηγησις, from εξηγεομαι, Gr.
to expound] a plainer interpretation of that which was mentioned
before.

E＇PHA [איפה, Heb.] a measure among the Hebrews, containing
dry, 3 pecks, 3 pints, 12 solid inches, and 4 decimal parts; and in
liquid things, 4 gallons, 4 pints, and 15 solid inches, wine mea­
sure.
But TAYLOR, in his Hebrew concordance, says, it contains seven
gallons, 2 quarts and ½ a pint, wine measure.

EPHE＇BEUM, or EPHE＇BIUM, Lat. [with anatomists] the space from
the hypogastrium, or lower part of the belly, to the privy parts.
Gorræus.

EPHEBI＇A, Lat. or EPHEBE＇ITY [εϕηβια, εϕηβος, Gr. a stripling]
the age of a stripling, at the entrance of the 15th year.

EPHE＇DRA, Lat. [εϕεδρα, Gr.] the herb horse-tail.

EPHE＇LCIS, Lat. [εϕελκις, of επι, upon, and ελκω, Gr. to draw]
a bloody substance brought up in spitting of blood; also a shell or
crust which is brought over ulcers.
Gorræus takes notice only of this last signification, but applies it to
ulcers internal and external; and adds, that if the crustule be some­
what crasse and black, it is no longer called an ephelcis, but an escar.

EPHELÆ＇UM [with anatomists] the place from the hypogastrium,
or lower part of the abdomen, to the secrets.

EPHE＇LIS [εϕηλις, of επι and ηλιος, Gr. the sun] a spot or freckle
which proceeds from sun-burn.

EPHE＇MERA [of επι and ημερα, Gr. a day] a fever that lasts but
one day; also an insect that lives only a day.

EPHE＇MERAL, or EPHE＇MERIC, adj. [εϕημερος, of επι, upon, and
κμερα, Gr. day] beginning and ending in a day. Ephemeral fit of ap­
plause. Wotton.

EPHE＇MERES, Lat. birds or creatures that live but one day, and
therefore hieroglyphically represented the shortness of man＇s life.

EPHEME＇RIDES, plur. of ephemeris, Fr. and Lat. [effemaeride, It.
εϕημεριδες, Gr.] certain registers or astronomical tables, calculated to
shew the daily motions of the planets, with their aspects, places, and
other circumstances throughout the year. Astrologers generally use
those journals in drawing horoscopes and schemes of the heavens.

EPHEMERI＇DIAN [of ephemeris] of or pertaining to an ephemeris.

EPHE＇MERINE, or EPHEME＇RIAN [ephemerinus, Lat. εϕημεριος,
Gr.] belonging to a journal, register, or day-book.

EPHE＇MERIS [εϕημερις, Gr.] a register or day-book, a journal. See
EPHIMERIDES,
Month, and day, and hour, he measur＇d right,
And told more truly than the ephemeris. Dryden.

EPHEMERIS [with astrologers, &c.] a journal containing observa­
tions relating to the heavenly bodies, the daily motions and situations
of the planets, especially shewing their places at noon.

EPHE＇MERIST [εϕημεριστης, Gr.] a maker of ephemerides, one who
consults the planets, one who studies or practises astrology. Astrolo­
gers and genethiacal ephemerists, that use to pry into the horoscope of
nativities. Howel.

EPHEME＇RIUM, or EPHE＇MERON [εϕημερον, of επι and ημερα, Gr.
day] a kind of plant that dies the same day it springs, a may-lily,
meadow-saffron.

EPHE＇MERON-WORM, subst. [of εϕημερον, and worm] the same with
ephemera. A sort of worm that lives only a day. Derham uses it.

EPHESTI＇A, Lat. [εϕαιστεια, Gr.] festivals held in the city of
Thebes, in honour of Tiresias, who is said to have had a successive mix­
ture of man and woman; and therefore at that time they attired one
first in a masculine, and then in a feminine habit.

EPHE＇TÆ, Lat. certain judges at Athens, who tried causes of man­
slaughter, who were fifty in number, and were to be as many years
old.

EPHIA＇LTES, Lat. [εϕιαλτες, of επι, upon, and αλλομαι, Gr. to
leap] a disease called the night-mare, or incubus, chiefly affecting
persons asleep, and lying on their backs, whose breast is oppressed by
some weight, that stops their breath.

EPHI＇DROSIS, Lat. [εϕιδρωσις, Gr.] a sweating or discharging of
humours through the pores of the skin.

EPHI＇PPIUM, Lat. [of εϕιππιον, Gr.] a saddle, or other harness for
a horse.

EPHIPPIUM [with anatomists] part of the os sphenoides, or wedge
like bone, in which the pituitary glandule is placed.

E＇PHOD [אפוד, Heb.] a garment worn by the priests of the Jews,
which were of two sorts; the first was made of gold, twisted cotton,
blue, purple, and crimson, &c. this only was worn by the high-priest,
when he officiated; it covered the back and the breast, and on the
shoulder were set two onyx-stones, on which were engraven the names
of the twelve tribes; where the ephod crossed the high-priest＇s breast,
was a square ornament called the breast-plate, in which twelve preci­
ous stones were set, with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel en­
graved on them, one on each stone. There were others of linen
only, for the inferior priests, &c.
TAYLOR＇s description of the high-priest＇s ephod, is as follows: “A
garment worn by the high-priest, when officiating in the temple, richly
embroidered with a curious variety of colours and figures. It was put
on over all the other garments; and reached but a little below the
middle of the body. It had no sleeves; and was fastened on each
shoulder by two pieces joined together by a golden button, on which
was a precious STONE engrav＇d with the names of the twelve tribes,
six on one shoulder, and six on the other. A girdle of the same cu­
rious work was fastened to the ephod as a part of it, and served to
gird it over the heart or paps, to the high-priest＇s body.” TAY­
LOR＇s Hebrew Concord. I shall only add, en passant, that though the
vesture, in which the angel (PERSONATING the great high-priest of our
profession) appeared to St John in the apocalypse, was (as St. Irenæus
well observes) of the sacerdotal kind: yet from its reaching down to
his feet, it appears not to have been the EPHOD. With so much AC­
CURACY are these prophetic visions formed; the ephod not being
worn by the high-priest, unless, when officiating in the temple. See
Rev. c. i. v. 13, compared with the above-given description.

EPIA＇LA, or EPIA＇LUS Lat. [επιαλος, Gr.] a continued fever pro­
ceeding from cold phlegm, wherein heat and cold is felt at the same
time in every part of the body.

EPIBATE＇RION, Lat. [επιβατηριον, of επιβαινω, Gr. to return] a
speech, or a copy of verses, returning thanks to the gods for a safe
return from a long journey or voyage, made by some person of figure,
at an entertainment made for his friends.

EPI＇BOLE [επιβολη, Gr. with rhetoricians] a casting or putting in
a figure, wherein the repetition of the same word, at the beginning
of several sentences, has respect to the matter; whereas in the figure
epanalepsis, it has regard chiefly to the stile.

E＇PIC, adj. [epicus, Lat. επικος, of επος, Gr. a word] a narra­
tive, rehearsed not acted. It is usually supposed to be heroic,
or to contain one great action archieved by a hero. The epic poem
is more for the manners, and the tragedy for the passions. Dryden.
But, with submission to Mr. Dryden＇s better judgment, the passions
(and very strong ones too) are COMMON to both.

EPIC Poem, is a discourse invented with art, to form the manners
of men by instruction, designed under the allegories of some important
action, which is* When Bossu says, RELATED, he seems there judiciously enough to have pointed out one main difference between the epic composition, and that which is calculated for the stage. Some GREAT ACTION, with its proper appendages and incidents, characters, sentiments, &c. is COMMON to both. But what is related by the poet [or his muse] is one thing; and what (through the whole composition) is spoke or done by the parties concerned, is another. RELATED in verse, after a probable, diverting, and
wonderful manner. Bossu thus defines it; and it agrees very well
with our idea of an epic poem; though Aristotle says epic poetry
makes use of discourses in verse and prose, and M. Dacier agrees with
him; but we in England have all our poetry in verse. And we rank
discourses in prose, although there may be the texture of a fiction in
them, among what we call fables, and allow nothing to be epic poe­
try, but what is in verse. See HEROIC Poem.

EPIC Poet, one who writes an epic poem.

EPICS, epic poetry.

EPICA＇RPIUM [επικαρπιον, Gr. of επι, upon, and καρπος, Gr. the
wrist] a medicine outwardly applied to the wrist, like a plaster or pul­
tice, to drive away intermitting severs.

EPI＇CAUM, Lat. [of επι and καυμα, of καιω, Gr.] a foul sore or
crusty ulcer, that sometimes happens to the black of the eye.

EPICE＇DIUM, Lat. [επκηδειον, of κηδος, Gr. grief] a funeral song,
or copy of verses in praise of the dead, an elegy.
Your own anthems shall become
Your lasting epicedium. Sandys.

E＇PICENE, adj. [επικοινος, of επι and κοινος, Gr. common] common
to both sexes.

EPICENE Gender [in grammar] a gender which contains both sexes
under one termination, whether masculine or feminine.

EPICERA＇STICS, subst. [επικηραστικα, of επι and κεραννυμι, Gr.] me­
dicines, which by their emplastic virtue, &c. take away the force of,
and moderate the acrimonious humours, and assuage the painful sensa­
tion of the parts affected.

GORRÆUS adds, that they are also called catacerastics, and no won­
der; for both terms are in their ETYMOLOGY derived from one common
Greek root, which signifies to mix, and by mixing (I suppose) to cor­
rect and temper.

EPICHARI＇KAKY, subst. [of επι, upon, χαρα, joy, and κακον, Gr.
evil] a joy for the misfortune of others.

EPICHI＇REMA, Lat. [επιχειρημα, Gr. with logicians] an attempt
or endeavour, an argument for proving or clearing of any matter, es­
pecially such an one as consists of many propositions, depending one
upon another; whereby at last some particular point is made out.

EPICHI＇RESIS, Lat. [επιχειρησις, Gr. with surgeons] an attempting,
setting about, a dexterity or readiness in dissecting animal bodies.

EPICHO＇RDIS [of επι and χορδη, Gr. a string or intestine] the me­
sentery. Gorræus.

EPICLI＇NTÆ, Lat. [επικλιντα, of επικλινω, Gr. to incline] earth­
quakes that move sidelong.

EPICO＇LIC Region [of επι and κοιλος, Gr. hollow, whence the
word colon is derived] that space on both sides over the gut colon.

E＇PICOPHOSIS, Lat. [of επι and κωϕωσις, Gr.] deafness.








EPI＇CRASIS, Lat. [επικρασις, Gr.] a mingling together or tem­
pering.

EPICRI＇SIS [επικρισις, Gr. approbation, estimation, judgment; in
physic] the making a judgment of a disease.

EPICTE＇NION, Lat. [of επι and κτεις, Gr. the pubes] the part upon
the pubes.

E＇PICURE, subst. [epicurien, Fr. epicuro, It. and Sp. epicureus,
of epicurus, Lat.] a disciple or follower of Epicurus, one wholly
given to voluptuousness and luxury. The epicure buckles to study.
Locke.

EPICURE＇AN, subst. [of epicure] a follower of the sect of Epicurus,
one who holds the phisiological tenets of Epicurus.

EPICUREAN, adj. luxurious, contributing to luxury. Epicurean
cooks. Shakespeare.

EPICUREAN Philosophy, in this, atoms, space, and gravity, are
laid down as the principles of all things. Epicurus held that the uni­
verse consisted of atoms or corpuscles of various forms, magnitudes,
and weights, which having been dispersed at random through the im­
mense inane or space, fortuitously concurred into innumerable systems or
worlds, which were thus formed, and afterwards from time to time
increased, and dissolved again without any certain cause or design;
without the intervention of any deity, or the intendance of any pro­
vidence. To supply the want of a superintending mind, he supposed
his atoms, tho＇ descending in strait lines, to converge, otherwise they
would not meet; not considering that this direction of their motion
was a mere hypothesis, and as inexplicable (from the known properties
of matter) without some external agent, as the whole of his scheme.

EPICURE＇ANISM, or E＇PICURISM [epicurisme, Fr. epicurismo, It.]
1. The doctrine or philosophy of Epicurus. 2. The practice of an
epicure, or voluptuous person; sensual and gross pleasure. To call
munificence the greatest sensuality, a piece of epicurism. Calamy.

To EPICU＇RIZE, verb neut. [of epicure] to live voluptuously.

E＇PICYCLE, Fr. [epiciclo, It. and Sp. epicyclus, Lat. of επικυκλος,
Gr.] a little circle, whose centre is in the circumference of a greater;
or it is a small orb, which being fixed in the deferent of a planet, is
carried along with its motion, and nevertheless carries the body of the
planet fastened to it, round about its proper centre by its own pecu­
liar motion. Thus our philosophers have had their FICTIONS and ill­
supported hypotheses, as well as our divines.

EPICY＇CLOID, subst. [of επικυκλοειδης, from επι, κυκλος, and ειδος,
Gr. form; in geometry] a curve generated by the revolution of the
periphery of a circle along the convex or concave part of another
circle.

EPICY＇EMA, Lat. [επικυημα, of επι and κυημα, Gr. a fœtus] the same
as superfœtation, or the conceiving again before the first young is
brought forth.

EPIDEMI＇A, Lat. [επιδημια, of επι and δημος, Gr. the people] a
catching or contagious disease, communicable from one to another;
as the plague, small pox, &c.

EPIDE＇MIC, or EPIDE＇MICAL, adj. [epidemique, Fr. epidemico, It.
and Sp. epidemicus, Lat. επιδημικος, Gr.] 1. Falling at once upon
great numbers of people, as a plague. Epidemic disease. Bacon. 2.
Generally prevailing, common among all the people. Amusements
equally laudable and epidemic among persons of honour. Swift. 3.
Universal, general.
They＇re all in all,
Scotland＇s a nation epidemical. Cleaveland.

EPIDEMICAL Disease, a general or spreading disorder, as a plague
proceeding from some corruption or malignity in the air, which seizes
great numbers of people in a little time.

EPIDE＇MIUM, Lat. [of επι, upon, and δημος, Gr. the people] the same
as endemius, but is frequently used in a more extended signification,
to express an infection which spreads itself over several countries or a
large space in a little time. I should rather have said that an
endemial disease is a topical disease, i. e. peculiar to some par­
ticular place or country. An epidemic disease, what has a conside­
rable spread or run, and this, whether it be imported from abroad or
not. Thus the SMALL-POX was the endemial disease of the Arabians,
before (with their conquests) it got footing in other countries. But
the small pox, then only was epidemic with the Arabians, when having
a considerable spread amongst them.

EPIDE＇MICALNESS [of epidemical] universality or commoness of in­
fection, &c.

EPIDE＇RMIS, Lat. [επιδερμις, of επι and δερμα, Gr. the skin] the
scarf-skin of a man＇s body.

EPI＇DESIS, Lat. [επιδεσις, of επι and δεω, Gr. to bind] the binding
of a wound to stop blood.

EPIDE＇SMUS, Lat. [with surgeons] a ligature, bandage or swathe
for a wound or sore.

EPIDI＇DYMIS, or EPIDI＇DYMÆ, Lat. [επιδιδυμις, from επι and δι­
δυμος, double, of δυο, Gr. two] a body of vessels, the figure of which
resembles crooked veins, swollen with ill blood; the greater globe or
bunch of which is fastened to the back of the testicles, and the lesser
to the vessel that carries the semen. I prefer Dr. KEIL＇S account;
who says, “that the PRODUCTIONS from the inner side of the tunica
albuginea unite at the axis of the testicle, and form a cover to some
small tubes, which at one end of the testicle pierce the tunica albuginea
and unite into ONE canal, which by several turnings and windings upon
the upper part of the testicles, forms that body which we call epididymis,
covered with a thin production of the albuginea.” KEIL＇S Ana­
tomy, p. 94.

EPIGÆ＇UM [επιγαιον, of επι and γη, Gr. the earth] the lower part
of a circle in which a planet moves, next to the earth.

EPIGA＇STRIC Artery [with anatomists] a branch of the iliac artery,
distributing itself among the muscles of the epigastrium.

EPIGASTRIC Veins, the slank veins.

EPIGA＇STRIUM [επιγαστριον, of επι and γαστηρ, Gr. the belly] the fore­
part of the abdomen or lower belly. The upper-part of which is
called the hypochondrium; the middle, umbilicalis, and the lower,
hypogastrium.

EPIGE＇NEMA, Lat. [επιγενημα, of επι and γεινομαι, i. e. to come into
being after or upon another still in being] that which is added to any
thing over and above.

EPIGENEMA [in a physical sense] that which happens to a disease
like a symptom. Or, more correctly, thus: “A symptom, with
BOERHAAVE, is id præternaturale, quod ex morbo, &c. i. e. what arises
out of the disease, as from a cause; but which yet may be distinguished
from the disease itself, and from its proximate cause. Whereas an epi­
genema is, quod morbo super accedit ex diversâ a præcedentibus origine;
i. e. what comes upon a disease, but from an origine different from the
preceding. Boerhaave＇s Pathology. Sect. 801.

EPIGLU＇TIS, Lat. [of επι, above, and γλουτος, Gr. the buttock]
the upper par of the buttocks.

EPIGLO＇TTIS, Lat. [επιγλωττις, of επι and γλωττα, Gr. the tongue]
the aperture of the larynx, the fifth cartilage or gristle of the larynx,
the cover of the flap of the wind-pipe; a thin, moveable cartilage in
form of a leaf of ivy or little tongue.

EPIGO＇NATIS, Lat. [επιγονατις, of επι, and γονυ, Gr. the knee] the
pattle-pan, or whirlbone of the knee.

E＇PIGRAM [epigramme, Fr. epigráma, Sp. epigramma, It. and Lat.
of επιγραμμα, of επι, upon or after, and γραμμα, Gr. a writing] a
short poem or composition in verse, treating of one only thing, and
ending in some point or lively ingenious thought. Dost thou think I
care for a satire or an epigram. Shakespeare. See EPILOGUE.

EPIGRAMMA＇TIC, or EPIGRAMMA＇TICAL, adj. [epigrammaticus,
Lat.] 1. Dealing in epigrams, writing epigrams. Epigrammatical
poet. Camden. 2. Suitable to an epigram, belonging to it. Above
conceits of epigrammatic wit. Addison.

EPIGRAMMA＇TIST [epigrammatiste, Fr. epigrammatista, It. επι­
γραμματιστης, Gr.] a maker of epigrams. The epigrammatist Martial.
Peacham.

EPIGRA＇MME [in French cookery] a particular way of dressing
meat.

EPIGRA＇PHE, Lat. [επιγραϕη, of επι, upon, and γραϕη, Gr. wri­
ting] an inscription or title on a statue, &c.

E＇PILEPSY [epilepsie, Fr. epilessia, It. epilepsia, Sp. and Lat. επι­
λεψια, of επιλαμβανω, Gr. to invade or seize upon] this disease is a
convulsion of the whole body, says Gorræus; or some of its parts,
say others; with a loss of sense. ＇Tis also called the COMITIAL and
SACRED disease. The first, as some say, because the COMITIA or as­
semblies of the people were interrupted (if not dissolv＇d) when a per­
son was seized with it. The latter from its being supposed to be of the
preternatural kind, a νοσος θεηλατος, a God-sent disease, and not like the
rest, to be resolv＇d into second causes. And on either foot, I suppose,
was it call＇d the SONTIC, i. e. guilty disease. Tho＇ Hippocrates re­
jects these notions with the highest reason; not only (if I remember
right) from its yielding, like other diseases, to the ordinary methods of
cure: But also because sheep and goats in particular are subject to it,
and on DISSECTING whose bodies, their brain has been found to be
overcharg＇d with a bad-smelling lymph; which should seem to point out
a natural cause. HIPPOC. de Sacro Morbo.

EPILE＇PSIA Intestinalis, Lat. [with physicians] a convulsion, which
arises from things which fret the bowels, a disease which frequently
happens to children.

EPILEPSIA Puerorum, Lat. [with physicians] convulsions with
which infants are frequently seized.

EPILE＇PTIC, or EPILE＇PTICAL, adj. [epileptique, Fr. epiletico, It.
epilepticus, Lat. of επιληπτικος, Gr.] affected or troubled with an epi­
lepsy.

EPILE＇PTICS, subst. [επιληπτικα, Gr.] medicines good against epi­
lepsies.

EPILOGI＇SMA, Lat. [of epilogismus, Lat. επιλογισμος, Gr.] a compu­
tation or reckoning; also the opinion of physicians, when consulted
concerning the cure of a disease.

E＇PILOGUE, Fr. [epilogo, It. and Sp. epilogus, Lat. of επιλογος, of
επι, after, and λογος, Gr. speech] in dramatic poetry, a speech ad­
dressed to the audience, when the play is ended; usually containing
some reflections on some incidents in the play, and particularly those
of the part in the play acted by the actor who speaks it.

EPILOGUE [in rhetoric] is the conclusion of an oration, or a recapitu­
lation, wherein the orator sums up or recapitulates the substance of his
discourse, that it may be kept fresh in the minds of the auditors, who
are frequently confused in their thoughts by the number and variety
of the things they hear. Query, if the two words epigram and epilogue
are not resolvable into the same etymology? I mean, that signification of
the Greek preposition επι, as it answers to our English word [AFTER]
the chief thought, (and in which lies the poignancy) of the one coming
in the close, and the WHOLE of the other in the same manner. See 
EPIPHONEMA.

To EPI＇LOGIZE [επιλογιζομαι, Gr.] to recite an epilogue, &c.

EPILOI＇MICA, Lat. [επιλοιμικα, of επι, and λοιμος, Gr. a pesti­
lence] medicines good against a pestilence or plague.

EPI＇MELES, Lat. [επιμηλις, Gr.] the medlar, a fruit.

EPIME＇NIA [a law word] expences or gifts.

EPIMENI＇DIUM, Lat. a kind of bolus.

EPIMO＇NE, Lat. [επιμονη, Gr.] continuance, stay, perseverance.

EPIMONE [with rhetoricians] a figure by which the same cause is
continued and persisted in, much in one form of speech; also a repe­
tition of the same word to move the affection; as thus, thus it pleased
him, &c.

EPIMY＇THIUM, Lat. [of επιμυθιον, Gr.] the moral of a fable.

EPINI＇CION [επινικιον, Gr.] a triumphal song, a son for victory;
also a feast or rejoicing on that account.

EPINY＇CTIDES [επινυκτιδες, Gr.] pimples that are painful in the
night, and send forth matter; also a sore in the eye, that renders the
fight dim, and makes the corners of the eye water.

EPIPAROXI＇SMUS, Lat. [of επι, upon or after, and παροξισμος, Gr.
a fit] a term which physicians use when a patient is seized with
more fits in a fever than are usual.

EPIPEDO＇METRY [of επι, pedis, Lat. of a foot, and μετρον, Gr. mea­
sure] the mensuration of figures that stand upon the same base.

EPIPHÆNO＇MENA [of επι and ϕανομενα, Gr.] signs in diseases,
which appear afterwards.

EPI＇PHANY [epiphanie, Fr. epifania, It. and Sp. epiphania, Lat.
επιϕανεια, of επι, and ϕαινω, Gr. to appear] an appearing of a light, a
manifestation.

EPI＇PHANY, a church festival celebrated on the 12th day after
Christmas, or the nativity of our Saviour, in commemoration of his







being manifested to the Gentiles, by the appearance of a miraclous
blazing star, which conducted the magi to the place where he was.

EPIPHO＇NEMA [επιϕωνεμα, of επιϕωνεω, Gr. to call out, or exclaim
AFTER] is an exclamation containing some sentence of more than or­
dinary sense, which is placed at the end of a discourse. It is like the
last blow, where two persons have been fighting, and gives the audi­
tory a close and lively reflection on the subject that has been treated on.
Virgil gives us an example of an epiphonema:
——Tantæne animis cœlestibus iræ!
Or, in that noble imitation of the Roman poet, which our Milton has
given us:
In heavenly breasts cou＇d such perverseness dwell?
Preachers who abound in epiphonema＇s. Swift.

EPI＇PHORA, Lat. [επιϕορα, Gr.] 1. An attack, an onset. 2. (With
rhetoricians) a figure in which a word is repeated at the end of several
sentences; but differs from epistrophe, in that it has respect chiefly to
the matter.

EPIPHORA [with logicians] a conclusion or consequence drawn
from the assumption in a syllogism.

EPIPHORA [with physicians] 1. A violent flowing of humours into any
part, especially the watering or dropping of the eyes; occasioned by
thin rheum, which is commonly called involuntary weeping, and conti­
nually flows from the corner of the eyes, either with or without an
INFLAMMATION, says Gorræus. 2. The fall of water into the testes,
as in some kind of ruptures.

EPIPHILOSPE＇RMOUS Plants [of επι, ϕυλλον, a leaf, and σπερμα,
Gr. seed; in botany] such as bear their seed on the back of their
leaves; and are the same that are called capillaries.

EPIPHY＇SIS, Lat. [επιϕυσις, of επιϕυω, Gr. to grow to, or upon]
accretion, as one bone which grows to another by a simple and im­
mediate joining; but with some kind of entrance of one bone into the
cavity of another, tho＇ without any proper articulation.

EPIPHY＇SIS Vermiformis, Lat. [in anatomy] two eminences of the
cerebellum, shaped like worms, which keep open the passage from the
third to the fourth ventricle.

EPIPLA＇SMA, Lat. a pultice, the same as cataplasma.

EPIPLE＇XIS, Lat. [επιπλεξις, Gr.] 1. Chiding or rebuking, reproof,
rebuke, an upbraiding or taunting. 2. (With rhetoricians) a figure
which by an elegant kind of upbraiding, endeavours to convince.

EPIPLO＇CE, Lat. [επιπλοκη, Gr. a folding in, a platting or inter­
weaving] with rhetoricians, a figure expressing a gradual rising of one
clause of a sentence out of another, much after the manner of a climax;
as, he having taken his house, he brought out his family, and having
brought them out, slew them.

EPIPLO＇IC, adj. of or belonging to the epiploon.

EPIPLO＇IDES [επιπλοειδες, of επιπλοον, the caul, and ειδος, Gr. form]
a term applied to the arteries and veins, distributed through the sub­
stance of the epiploon or caul.

EPIPLO＇IS Dextra, Lat. [with anatomists] a branch of the cœliac
artery, which runs through the right side of the inner or hinder leaf of
the omentum or caul, and the gut colon, that is next to it.

EPIPLOIS Sinistra, Lat. [in anatomy] a branch of the cœliac artery
that is bestowed on the left side of the caul. It springs out of the lower
end of the splenica, and runs to the hinder leaf of the caul, and the
colon joined to it.

EPIPLOIS Postica, Lat. [in anatomy] a branch of the splenic ar­
tery, springing out of the lower end of the splenica, and running to the
hinder leaf of the caul.

EPIPLOO＇CELE [επιπλοοκηλη, of επιπλοον, the caul, and κηλη, Gr.
a tumour] a kind of hernia, tumour or rupture, when the caul falls
into the scrotum.

EPIPLOOCOMI＇STES, Lat. [of επιπλοον, and κομιζω, Gr. to carry] a
fat, big-bellied man, that has a very great caul.

EPIPLOO＇MPHALUM, Lat. [with surgeons] a rupture, when the na­
vel starts by reason of the caul that is swollen and fallen down, or the
entrails bearing too hard upon it.

E＇PIPLOON, Lat. [επιπλοον, Gr.] the caul, a cover spread over the
bowels in the shape of a net, and abounding with blood-vessels, whose
use, in part, is to cherish the stomach and guts with its fat.

EPIPLOSARCO＇MPHALOS, Lat. [of επιπλοον, σαρξ, flesh, and ομϕα­
λος, Gr. the navel] a sort of tumour of the exomphalous kind.

EPIPORO＇MA, Lat. [επιπωρωμα, of επιπωροω, Gr. to harden like a
callosity] a kind of hard brawn in the joints.

EPI＇RES, the great interpreter of the gods among the Egyptians.
He was painted with the head of a hawk.

EPISARCI＇DIUM, Lat. [of επι, and σαρκιδιον, Gr. a carbuncle] a
kind of dropsy.

EPI＇SCHION [επισχιον, Gr.] the share-bone.

EPI＇SCOPACY [episcopat, Fr. episcopato, It. episcopatus, Lat. of επισ­
κοπη, of επισκοπεω, Gr. to take care of or overlook] church govern­
ment by bishops, or the state or quality of episcopal government.
There was little more than the name of episcopacy preserv＇d.Claren­
don. See BISHOP.

EPI＇SCOPAL, adj. Fr. [episcopale, It. obiscal, Sp. episcopalis, Lat.]
1. Of of pertaining to a bishop or episcopacy. To use his episcopal
authority. Rogers. 2. Vested in a bishop, To take away episcopal
jurisdiction. Hooker.

EPISCOPA＇LES Valvulæ, Lat. [with anatomists] two thin skins or
membranes in the pulmonary vein, which hinder the blood from flow­
ing back to the heart.

EPISCOPA＇LIA, Lat. [in old records] the synodals, pentecostals, and
other customary dues, which used anciently to be paid by the clergy
to the bishop of their diocese.

EPISCOPA＇LIANS, or EPISCOPARIANS, those of the episcopal party,
and retainers to the church of England, who prefer episcopal govern­
ment to all others.

EPI＇SCOPATE [episcopat, Fr. episcopato, It. episcopatus, Lat. of επισ­
κοπη, Gr.] the office of a bishop.

EPISCO＇PICIDE [of espiscopus, a bishop, and cædo, Lat. to kill] a
killer, or the act of killing a bishop.

EPISEMA＇SIA [επισημασια, from επι and σημαινω, of σημα, Gr. a
sign] the very instant of time when a disease first seizes on a person.

E＇PISODE, Fr. [episodio, It. and Sp. επεισοδιον, from επι, εις, and
αδος, Gr. an entrance or coming in] with poets, &c. a separate action
or relation tack＇d to the principal subject, that is separable from it,
yet naturally rising therefrom, to furnish the work with a variety of
events, or to give a pleasing diversity. I should choose rather to say,
＇tis so artfully interwoven with the main plot or action, as to help for­
ward the grand CATASTROPHE.

EPISO＇DIC, or EPISO＇DICAL, adj. [episodique, Fr.] of or belonging
to an episode, contained in an episode. Episodical ornaments. Dryden.

EPISPA＇STIC, adj. [επισπασττικος, of επι, and σπαω, Gr. to draw]
1. Drawing. 2. Blistering. This is now the more frequent, though
less proper sense.

EPISPA＇STICS, subst. [επισπαστικα, of επισπαω, Gr. to attract] me­
dicines which draw blisters, or attract humours to the part.

EPISPHA＇RIA, Lat. [επισϕαιρια, of επι, above, and σϕαιρα, Gr. a
sphere] certain windings or turnings in the outward substance of the
brain.

EPISTA＇TES, Lat. [επιστατης, of επι, over, and ιστημι, Gr. to stand]
a commander or person who has the direction and government of a peo­
ple.

EPISTEMO＇NARCH [of επιστημα, science, and αρχη, Gr. dominion]
a dignitary in the Greek church, whose office was to watch over the
doctrines of the church, in every thing relating to the faith, and to
inspect and survey them as a censor. See COUNCILS.

EPI＇STLE [epitre, Fr. epistola, It. Sp. and Lat.] a letter. This
word is seldom used but in poetry, or on occasions of dignity and so­
lemnity. Loose epistles violate chaste eyes. Dryden.

EPI＇STLER [of epistle] one who reads the epistles in a cathedral or
collegiate church; also a scribler of letters.

EPI＇STOLAR, or EPI＇STOLARY, adj. [epistolaire, Fr. epistolaris, of
epistola, Lat.] 1. Of or pertaining to epistles or letters, suitable thereto.
2. Transacted by means of letters. Epistolary correspondence. Addison.

EPISTOLOGRA＇PHIC, adj. [of epistola, Lat. and γραϕικος, Gr.] of or
pertaining to the writing of letters or epistles.

EPISTO＇MIA, Lat. [επιστομια, of επι, and στομα, Gr. the mouth]
the utmost gapings and meetings of vessels.

EPISTO＇MIUM, Lat. [επιστομιον, Gr.] in hydraulics, a plug or in­
strument, by the application whereof an aperture may be opened and
shut again at pleasure.

EPISTROPHÆ＇US, Lat. [of επιστροϕη, of επι, upon, and στρεϕω, Gr.
to turn] the first vertebra of the neck, that turns round upon the axis
or second.

EPI＇STROPHE, Lat. [επιστροϕη, Gr. a turning or alteration, a going
back] with rhetoricians, a figure wherein several sentences end in the
same word; as, ambition seeks to be next to the best, after that to be
equal with the best, then to be chief and above the best.

EPISTY＇LIUM, Lat. [επιστυλιον, of επι, upon, and στυλος, Gr. a co­
lumn; in architecture] that which is now called an architrave, which
is the first member of the entablature, and is usually broken into two
or three divisions termed fasciæ, i. e. swathes, fillets, bands, or lists.

E＇PITAPH [epitaphe, Fr. epitaffio, It. epitáfio, Sp. epitaphium, Lat.
επιταϕιον, of επι τῳ ταϕῳ, Gr. i. e. upon a tomb or monument] an
inscription on a tomb or monument, which, says a certain author,
should commemorate the name of the deceased and his progeny truly;
his country and quality briefly; his life and virtues modestly, and his
end christianly exhorting, rather to example than vain-glory. Write
mine epitaph. Shakespeare.

EPI＇TASIS, Lat. [επιτασις, of επιτεινω, Gr. to stretch out] a stretch­
ing or straining with vehemence, or intenseness; also an amplify­
ing or enlarging on a subject.

EPITASIS [in comedy, &c.] the busiest part of that or any other
play, before things are brought to the height.

EPITASIS [in physic] the increase, or growth and heightening of a
disease, or a paroxism of a disease, especially of a fever. The epitasis
is called by Hippocrates, η αρχη του παροξυσμου, i. e. the beginning of a
fit; or, as Cæl. Aurelian explains it, “cum adhuc nova vel emergens
fuerit passio, &c.”

EPITHALA＇MIUM, Lat. [epithalame, Fr. epitolamio, It. epithalámio,
Sp. επιθαλαμιον, of επι, and θαλαμος, Gr. a bed] a nuptial song or
poem, which was used anciently to be rehearsed at weddings, in com­
mendation of the bridegroom and bride; wishing them a fruitful issue,
and all things conducing to a happy life.

E＇PITHEM, or EPI＇THEMA, Lat. [επιθημα, of επι, and τιθημι, Gr.
to place] a medicine applied to the more noble parts of the body;
also any outward application, generally of a liquid form like a fomen­
tation.

E＇PITHET [epithete, Fr. epiteto, It. epitheton, Lat. επιθετον, Gr. a
thing put or added to] 1. Epithets, with grammarians, are adjectives or
words put to substantives, expressing their natures or qualities; as, a
generous spirit, a violent rage, where the words generous and violent
are the epithets expressing the qualities of the mind and passion. 2. It
is used by some writers improperly for title, name. The epithet of
shades. Decay of Piety. 3. It is used improperly for phrase, expres­
sion. For which of my good parts did you first suffer love for me?—
Suffer love! a good epithet. Shakespeare.

EPITHY＇ME, a medicinal plant of a very extraordinary nature and
figure. Its seed is very small, from which arise long threads like
hairs, which soon perish as well as the root, unless they meet with
some neighbouring plant both to sustain and feed them. It grows in­
differently on all kinds of herbs, and writers attribute to them the vir­
tues of the plants they grow on, but those most used in medicine, are
such as grow on thyme.

EPITI＇MESIS [επιτιμησις, of επιτιμαω, Gr. to chide] a rebuke or
check; the same in rhetoric that is called the epitasis.

EPI＇TOME, Fr. It. Sp. and Lat. [επετομη, of επιτεμνω, Gr. to re­
trench] an abridgment or reduction of the principal matters of a large
book into a lesser compass. A plain and short epitome made, contain­
ing the chief and most material heads. Locke.

To EPI＇TOMIZE, verb act. [of epitome] 1. To abridge or to re­
duce into a lesser compass.
Who did the whole world＇s soul contract, and drove
Into the glasses of your eyes,
So made such mirrours and such spies,
That they did all to you epitomize. Donne.
2. Less, properly to curtail, to diminish. We have epitomized many
particular words. Addison.

EPI＇TOMIZER, or EPI＇TOMIST [of epitomize] an abridger, one
that writes epitomies.

EPI＇TRITUS [επιτριτος, Gr.] a foot of a Latin verse, consisting of







four syllables, where the first syllable is short, and all the rest long, as
salutantes; the second is made out of a trochœus and a spondæus,
where the first syllable is long and the second short, and the two last
as long as concitati; the third is compounded of a spondæus and an
iambus, where the two first syllables are long, the third short, and
the last long, as communicans; the fourth consists of a spondæus and
a trochæus, where the three first syllables are long, as incantare.

EPITRO＇CHASMUS, Lat. [επιτρωχασμος, Gr. with rhetoricians] a
running over things with a great swiftness; a figure, wherein the ora­
tor runs hastily over several things, either for brevity sake; as, Cæsar
invaded the borders, took the city, and pursued Pompey; or else to
amaze those he speaks to; as, stand still, sirs; what brought you this
way? who are you that appear in arms? whither are you marching?

EPI＇TROPE, Lat. [επιτροπη, of επιτρεπω, Gr. to permit] permission,
a committing of an affair to one＇s management; with rhetoricians
is a figure, when the orator grants what he may freely deny, in order to
obtain what he demands. This figure is sometimes used to move an
enemy, and set before his view the horror of his cruelty. To this end
he is invited to do all the mischief he can.

EPI＇TROPUS, Lat. [επιτροπος, of επιτροπεω, Gr, to administer]
a kind of judge, or rather arbitrator, which the Greek Christians,
under the dominion of the Turks, erect in the several cities to ter­
minate the differences that rise among them, and avoid carrying them
before the Turkish magistrate.

EPIZEU＇GMENON, Lat. See DIEZEUGMENON.

EPIZEU＇XIS, Lat. [επιζευξις, of επι and ζευγνυμι, Gr. to join] a
joining together.

EPLOYE＇ [in heraldry] display＇d; as aigle eploye, is an eagle dis­
played, which is not always to have two heads. See DISPLAYED.

EPNEUMA＇TOSIS, Lat. [επνευματωσις, Gr.] expiration, the act or
faculty of breathing out.

E＇POCH, E＇POCA, or E＇POCHA, Lat. [epoque, Fr. epoca, It. and Sp.
epocha, Lat. εποχη, of επι, upon, and εχω, Gr. to hold, to sustain or
stop] a chronological term for a fix＇d point of time, whence the years
are numbered or accounted; or a solemn date of time counted from
some memorable action, as the creation of the world, &c. Memo­
rable æras and epochas. Brown. The year sixty the grand epoch of
falshood. South.

Julian EPOCHA, takes its name from the emperor Julius Cæsar＇s
reformation of the Roman calendar; which was done 45 years before
the birth of Christ, in the year 708 from the building of Rome, and
in the 731st Olympiad.

EPOCHA of Christ, is the common epocha throughout Europe, com­
mencing from the nativity of our Saviour, December 25, or rather, ac­
cording to the vulgar account, from his circumcision, the 1st of January.

EPOCHA of the Creation, according to the computation of the Jews,
is the year of the Julian period, 953, answering to the year before
Christ, 3761, and commences on the 7th of October.

Dioclesian EPOCHA, or the EPOCHA of Martyrs, is the year of the
Julian period 4297, answering to the year of Christ 283. It is so
called from the great number of Christians who suffered martyrdom
under the reign of that emperor.

Arabie EPOCHA, or Turkish EPOCHA, takes its beginning from the
flight of the prophet Mahomet from Mecha in Arabia, July the 6th,
A. C. 622.

Abassine EPOCHA, began much about the same time as the Diocle­
sian epocha began.

Persian EPOCHA, called also the Jesdegerdic EPOCHA, took its date
from the coronation of Jesdegerdis, the last Persian king; or, as
others say, from the Persians being conquered by the Ottomans and
Saracens, A. C. 632.

E＇PODE, Fr. [epoda, It. epodus, Lat. επωδος, of επι, after, and
ωδαι, Gr. songs] one of the numbers of that sort of Lyric poetry, of
which the odes of Pindar consist. The stanza following the other
two strophe and antistrophe, which answer each other in every ode,
whereas one epode answers to another in several odes.
The epode was sung by the priests standing still before the altar,
after all the turns and returns of strophe and antistrophe.
Query, if this fact, compared with the ETYMOLOGY, is not a key
to the first and primary sense of the word? See EPILOGUE, EPI­
PHONEMA, and the like.

E＇POMIS, Lat. [επωμις, of επι and ωμος, Gr. a shoulder] an hood,
such as university students and livery-men wear. It was also (ni fullor)
a part of the Jewish high-priest＇s vesture. See EPHOD.

EPOMIS [with anatomists] the upper part of the shoulder, other­
wise called acromium.

EPO＇MPHALUM, Lat. [επομϕαλον, of επι and ομϕαλος, Gr. a
navel] a plaster, or other medicine, applied to the navel when it starts.

EPOPE＇A, or EPOPEE＇, Lat. [εποποιια, Gr. in poetry] 1. Is strictly
the history, action, or fable, which makes the subject of an Epic
poem. 2. An Epic or heroic poem. Tragedy borrows from the
epopec. Dryden.

E＇PPING, a market town of Essex, 17 miles from London.

E＇PSOM, a market town of Surry, 16 miles from London. Long
famous for its mineral waters.

E＇PULARY, adj. [epularis, of epulum, Lat. a feast] of or pertaining
to a feast or banquet.

EPULA＇TION [epulatio, Lat.] a feast or banquet. Brown uses it.

E＇PULIS, Lat. [επουλις, Gr.] a earneous excressence in the guins, so
large as sometimes to hinder the opening of the mouth. Bruno uses
it.

EPULO＇SITY [epulositas, Lat.] great banquetting.

EPULO＇SE, adj. [epulosis, Lat.] feasting often, liberal in feasts.

EPULO＇TICS, subst. [epulotica, Lat. of επουλοτικα, of επουλοω, Gr. to
cicatrize] medicines that serve to bring sores or ulcers to an escar.

E＇PWORTH, a market town of Lincolnshire, in the isle of Axholm,
136 miles from London.

EQUABI＇LITY [æquabilitas, Lat.] equality to itself, evenness, the
exact agreement of some things in respect to quantity. The equability
and constancy of their motions. Ray.

E＇QUABLE [æquabilis, Lat.] equal to itself, alike, of the same pro­
portion. Every where smooth and equable, and as plain as Elysian
fields. Bentley.

EQUABLE Acceleration, is when the swiftness of any body in motion
increases equally and in equal time.

EQUABLE Motion [in philosophy] is such a motion as always con­
tinues in the same degree of velocity or swiftness.

EQUABLE Retardation [in philosophy] is when the swiftness of se­
veral bodies is promoted or hindered, and is exactly and uniformly
the same in all.

E＇QUABLENESS [of equable] capable of being made equal.

E＇QUABLY, adv. [of equable] equally, uniformly, evenly. Cheyne
uses it.

E＇QUAL, adj. [egal, Fr. eguale, It. ygual, Sp. igual, Port. æqualis,
Lat.] 1. Like another in bulk, or any quality that admits compa­
rison, neither greater nor less, neither better nor worse. 2. Adequate
to any purpose, adapted to any end. The Scots trusted not their
own numbers as equal to sight with the English. Clarendon. 3. Even,
uniform. An equal temper. Dryden. 4. Being in just proportion.
To make my commendations equal to your merit. Dryden. 5. Im­
partial, neutral, not byassed by any side. Equal and unconcern＇d
I look on all. Dryden. Let them alone or reject them, it is equal to
me. Cheyne. 6. Equitable, alike advantageous to both parties.
Equal conditions. 2 Maccabees. 8. Being upon the same terms.
Equal in spoils with themselves. 2 Maccabees.

EQUAL, subst. [from the adj.] 1. One who is upon the same
level with another, neither inferior nor superior to him. Those who
were once his equals, envy and defame him, because they now see
him their superior. Addison. 2. One of the same age. I profitted
in the Jews religion above many my equals. Galatians.

To EQUAL, verb act. [egaler Fr. agguagliar, It. ygualàr, Sp. æquo,
Lat.] 1. To make equal. 2. To rise to the same state with another
person. No body so like to equal him. Trumbull. 3. To be equal
to. One whose all not equals Edward＇s moiety. Shakespeare. 4.
To recompence fully. Answer＇d all her cares, and equal＇d all her
love. Dryden.

EQUAL Angles [in geometry] are those whose sides incline alike to
each other, or that are measured by similar parts of the areas of circles.

EQUAL Circles, are such whose diameters are equal.

EQUAL Figures, are those whose areas are equal, whether the
figure be similar or not.

EQUAL Hyperbolas, are those whose ordinates to their determi­
nate axes are equal to each other, taken at equal distances from their
vertices.

EQUAL Solids, are those which comprehend and contain each as
much as the other, or whose solidities and capacities are equal.

EQUAL Arithmetical Ratios, are such, wherein the difference of
the two less terms is equal to the difference of the two greater.

To E＇QUALIZE, or To EQUALISE, verb act. [of equal] 1. To
make even, to make shares equal. To equalise accounts. Brown.
2. To be equal to; an obsolete sense. To equalize and fit a thing
bigger than it is. Digby.

EQUA＇LITY, or E＇QUALNESS [egalité, Fr. egualitá, It. ygualdád, Sp.
æqualitas, Lat.] 1. The quality of being equal or alike, a likeness,
with regard to any quantities compared. Equality of two domestic
powers. Shakespeare. 2. The same degree of dignity. This equa­
lity wherein God hath placed all mankind. Swift. 3. Evenness,
uniformity, equability. An equality in constitutions. Brown,

EQUALITY of Mind, a certain steady, even, and uniform turn or
temper of mind; of which the ingenious author of the Table of CEBES
in English Verse, has, in his notes, given us the most rich and ami­
able description, in the person of SOCRATES. “That divine philoso­
pher (says he) was a remarkable example of that even temper and
constant cheerfulness, which are the natural fruits of innocence and WELL­
DOING: no accident disconcerted him; no affront ruffled him: he EN­
JOYED his poverty; he maintained an EQUALITY of MIND on every
occasion. He alway returned to his house with the same sweet and
pleasant aspect with which he went out; nor did he change coun­
tenance when he received sentence of DEATH, or when he put the
bowl of poison to his mouth. The Table of CEBES in English Verse,
with Notes.

EQUALITY, was represented by the ancients, in painting and
sculpture by a middle aged woman, holding in her right hand a pair
of scales, and in her left a swallow＇s nest, in which was the hen feed­
ing her young.

Circle of EQUALITY [with astronomers] a circle used in the Pto­
lemaic system, to account for the eccentricity of the planets, and re­
duce them to a calculus with the greater ease; this is called also the
circle of the equant.

Proportion of EQUALITY evenly ranged, is such wherein two terms
in a rank or series are proportional to as many terms of another rank,
compared to each other in the same order, i. e. the first of one rank to
the first of another, the second to the second, and so on, called in
Latin, proportio ex æquo ordinata.

Proportion of EQUALITY evenly disturbed, is such wherein more
than two terms of a rank are proportional to as many terms of another
rank, compared to each other in a different, interrupted or disturbed
order, viz. the first of one rank to the second of another, the second
to the third, &c. called in Latin, proportio ex æquo perturbata.

EQUALITY [emblematically] was represented by a lady lighting
two torches at once.

EQUALITY [with mathematicians] the exact agreement of two
things in respect to quantity.

EQUALITY [with algebraists] is a comparison of two quantities
which are equal both really and representatively, i. e. equal in both
effects and letters.

E＇QUALLY, adv. [of equal] 1. In the same degree with another
person or thing. Equally impatient. Rogers. 2. Evenly, uniformly.
Equally swift. Locke. 3. Impartially.
We shall use them
As we shall find their merits and our safety
May equally determine. Shakespeare.
4. In like manner, in equal parts.

E＇QUALNESS [æqualitas, Lat.] equality.

EQUA＇NGULAR, adj. [of equus and angulus, Lat.] having equal angles.

EQUANI＇MITY, or EQUANI＇MOUSNESS [æquanimitas, Lat.] even­
ness of mind, contentedness; a calm and quiet temper upon all events
of fortune, either good or bad.

EQUA＇NIMOUS [æquanimis, Lat.] endued with equanimity, nei­
ther elated nor depressed.








E＇QUANT [in astronomy] a circle imagined by astronomers in the
plane of the deferent or eccentric, for the regulating and adjusting
certain motions of the planets.

EQUA＇PIUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb alisander or lovage.

EQUA＇TION, Fr. [equazione, It. of æquatio, Lat.] the act of mak­
ing equal, an equal division.

EQUATION [in algebra] an expression of the same quantity in two
different that is dissimilar, but equal terms or denominations; as
3s= to 36d.

EQUA＇TION [with astronomers] is taken from the proportion or
regulation of time, or the difference between the time marked out by
the sun＇s apparent motion, and the time that is measured by its real or
middle motion; according to which clocks and watches ought to be
adjusted. To frame tables of equation of natural days to be applied to
the mean motion. Holder.

EQUA＇TION, or Optical Prosthaphæresis [in the Ptolemaic theory of
the planets] is the angle made by two lines drawn from the centre of
the epicycle to the centres of the world and of the eccentric.

EQUATION, or Physical Prosthaphæresis, is the difference between
the motions of the centre of the epicycle in the equant and in the
eccentric.

EQUATION, or Total Prosthaphæresis, is the difference between the
planets mean and true motion, or the angle made by the lines of the
true and mean motion of the centre.

EQUATION of Time, is the difference between the sun＇s true longi­
tude and his right ascension, or the difference between mean and ap­
parent time.

EQUA＇TOR [æquator, Lat.] on the earth, or the Equinoctial Line, in
the heavens, and the same that by mariners is called the line by way
of excellency, a great circle of the sphere equally distant from
the two poles of the world, or that divides the heaven or globe
of the universe into two equal parts, north and south; it passes thro＇
the east and west points of the horizon, and at the meridian is raised
as much above the horizon as is the complement of the latitude of the
place. Whenever the sun comes to this circle, it makes equal days
and nights all round the globe, because he then rises due east and sets
due west, which he doth at no other time of the year. Harris.

EQUATO＇RIAL, adj. [of equator] pertaining to the equator, taken
at the equator.

EQUE＇RY, or EQUE＇RRY [ecuyer, Fr.] 1. An officer who has the
care and management of horses of a king or prince, master of the horse.
2. Grand stables for horses, furnished with all conveniencies. 3. The
lodgings or apartments of the equerries or grooms.

EQUES, Lat. a horseman, a man of arms; a Roman knight of a
middle order between the commonalty and peerage.

EQUES Auratus [i. e. gilded knight] the Latin term for an English
knight, because in ancient times none but knights were allowed to
gild their armour and other military furniture.

EQUE＇STRIAN, adj. [equestre, Fr. and It. equestris, Lat.] 1. Per­
taining to a horseman or knight, belonging to the second rank in
Rome. 2. Appearing on horseback. An equestrian lady appeared
upon the plains. Spectator. 3. Skilled in horsemanship.

EQUIA＇NGULAR, adj. [equiangle, Fr. equiangolare, It. of æquus and
angulus, Lat.] that has equal angles, legs or sides.

EQUICRU＇RAL, or EQUICRU＇RE, adj. [equus, equal, and cruris,
gen. of crus, Lat. a leg] 1. Having each of the three legs of a trian­
gle of equal length. 2. Having two legs of an equal length, and
each longer than the base, an isosceles. An equicrure triangle. Digby.
Equicrural triangles. Brown.

EQUICU＇LUS, or E＇QUUS Minor, Lat. [with astronomers] i. e. the
little horse, a northern constellation, consisting of four stars.

EQUIDI＇FFERENT [in arithmetic] if in a series of three quantities
there be the same difference between the first and second as between
the second and third, they are said to be continually equidifferent; thus
3, 6, 9, are continually equidifferent.

Discretely EQUIDIFFERENT, is, if in a series of four quantities
there is the same difference between the first and second as be­
tween the third and fourth; thus 3, 6, 7, and 10, are discretely equi­
different.

EQUIDI＇STANCE [of equus and distantia, Lat.] the state of being
equally distant.

EQUIDI＇STANT [equidistante, It. of æquus and distans, Lat.] that
is, of an equal distance; equally distant from another thing. Ray
uses it.

EQUIDI＇STANTLY, adv. [of equidistant] at the same distance.

EQUIDI＇STANTNESS [of equidistant] the state of being equidis­
tant.

EQUIFO＇RMITY [of æquus and forma, Lat.] likeness in form, uni­
form equality. Equiformity of motion. Brown.

EQUILA＇TERAL, Fr. [equilatero, It. æquilaterus, Lat.] equal-sided.
having all sides equal. Triangles equilateral. Bacon.

EQUILATERAL Hyperbola, one whose asymptotes do always intersect
each other at right angles in the centre. If the transverse diameter of
any hyperbola be equal to its parameter, then all the other diameters
will also be equal to their parameters.

To EQUILI＇BRATE, verb act. [æquilibro, Lat.] to balance equally,
to keep even, with equal weight on each side. An equilibrated mag­
netic needle. Boyle.

EQUILIBRA＇TION [of equilibrate] the act of keeping the balance
even, an equipoise. The equilibration of either hemisphere. Brown.

EQUILI＇BRITY [æquilibritas, Lat.] equal weight or poise.

In EQUILI＇BRIO, Lat. [in mechanism] when the two ends of a ba­
lance hang exactly even and level, so that they neither can ascend or
descend, they are said to be in equilibrio.

EQUILI＇BRIUM [equilibre, Fr. equilibrio, It. and Sp. of æquilibrium,
Lat.] 1. Equality of weight and poise, equal ballance. 2. Equality
of evidence, motives or powers of any kind. Things are not left in
an equilibrium, to hover under an indifference whether they shall come
to pass or not. South.

EQUIMU＇LTIPLES [in arithmetic and geometry] are numbers and
quantities multiplied by one and the same number and quantity; or
such numbers or quantities as contain their submultiples an equal
number of times; as 12 and 6 are equimultiples of their submultiples
4 and 2, inasmuch as each of them contains its submultiple three
times.

EQUINE＇CESSARY, adj. [of æquus and necessarius, Lat.] equally ne­
cessary. It is used by Butler in Hudibras.

EQUINO＇CTIAL, subst. [æquinoctialis, of æquus, equal, and nox,
Lat. night, so called, because when the sun passes through it, the
days and nights are of an equal length over all parts of the earth] a
great and immoveable circle of the sphere, under which the equator
moves in its diurnal motion. The equinoctial is commonly con­
founded with the equator, but there is a difference; the equator be­
ing moveable, and the equinoctial immoveable, and the equator be­
ing drawn about the convex surface of the sphere, but the equinoctial
on the concave surface of the magnus orbis.

EQUINOCTIAL, adj. [of equinox] 1. Belonging to the equinox. 2.
Happening about the time of the equinoxes. 3. Being near the equi­
noctial line, having the properties of things near the equator.
Pining with equinoctial heat. J. Philips.

EQUINOCTIAL Dial, is that whose plain lies parallel to the equi­
noctial.

EQUINOCTIAL Points [in astronomy] are the two points where the
equator and ecliptic intersect each other.

EQUINO＇CTIAL Colure, is that passing through the equinoctial points.
See COLURE.

E＇QUINOX [equinoxe, Fr. equinozió, It. equinòcio, Sp. of æquus and
nox, Lat.] 1. The equinoxes are the precise times in which the sun en­
ters the first points of Aries and Libra, when the day and night are of
equal length. The autumnal equinox is on the 23d of September. The
vernal equinox is on the 21st of March.2. Equality, even measure;
improper.
Do but see his vice,
＇Tis to his virtues a just equinox,
The one as long as th＇ other. Shakespeare.
3. Equinoctial wind. A poetical use.
The passage yet was good; the wind ＇tis true
Was somewhat high, but that was nothing new,
No more than usual equinoxes blew. Dryden.

EQUINU＇MERANT, adj. [of æquus and numerus, Lat.] having the
same number, consisting of the same number. Arbuthnot uses it.

To EQUI＇P [equiper, Fr.] 1. To provide or furnish for a horseman.
2. To furnish, to set forth, to fit out for a voyage, &c. 3. To ac­
couter; as, to equip a fleet. Equip＇d in a ridiculous habit, when they
fancy themselves in the height of the mode. Addison.

E＇QUIPAGE, Fr. 1. Furniture for a horseman. 2. Carriage of
state, a vehicle.
Harness＇d at hand,
Celestial equipage. Milton.
3. The provision of all things necessary for a voyage or journey, ac­
coutrements, furniture, attire. The god of war with his fierce equi­
page. Spenser. 4. Attendance, retinue.
Think what an equipage thou hast in air,
And view with scorn two pages and a chair. Pope.

EQUIPA＇GED, adj. [of equipage] accoutred, attended, having splen­
did habits and retinue.
A goodly train
Of ＇squires and ladies equipaged well. Spenser.

EQUIPA＇RABLE, adj. [of æquus and parabilis, Lat.] comparable.

EQUI＇PARATES [æquiparata, Lat.] things compared or made
equal.

EQUIPPE＇ [in heraldry] is a term used for a knight equipped at all
points.

EQUIPE＇NDENCY [of æquus, and pendeo, Lat. to hang] the act of
hanging in equilibrio or equipoise, the state of not being determin＇d
either way. South uses it.

EQUI＇PMENT [equipement, Fr.] 1. The act of fitting out a fleet,
or equipping or accoutring. 2. Equipage, accoutrement.

EQUIPOI＇SE [equipoids, Fr.] an equal weight, equality of force.
An equipoise of humours. Glanville.

EQUIPO＇LLENCE, or EQUIPO＇LLENTNESS [æquipollentia, Lat.] equa­
lity of force or power; also a logical term made use of when several
propositions signify one and the same thing, though it be expressed af­
ter different manners; as, not every man is learned, some man is
learned.

EQUIPO＇LLENT [equipolent, Fr. equipollente, It. æquipollens, Lat.]
being of equal force or signification, equivalent. Bacon uses it.

EQUIPO＇NDERANCE, or EQUIPO＇NDERANCY [of æquus, equal, and
pondus, Lat. a weight] equality of weight.

EQUIPO＇NDERANT [of æquus and ponderans, Lat.] equally ballancing
or poising, being of the same weight. Their bodies equiponderant to
water. Ray.

To EQUIPO＇NDERATE, verb neut. [of æquus and pondero, Lat.] to
have an equal weight with any thing else. One pound A at D will
equiponderate into two pounds at B, if the distance A D is double unto
A B. Wilkins.

EQUIPO＇NDEROUS [of æquus and ponderosus, Lat.] that is of equal
weight.

EQUIPO＇NDEROUSNESS [of equiponderous] the quality of being of
equal weight.

EQUIPO＇NDIOUS, adj. [perhaps miswritten for equiponderous; of
æquus, equal, and pondus, Lat. a weight] equally weighing on either
part. An indifferent equipondious neutrality. Glanville.

EQUIPPE＇E [in heraldry] signifies a knight equipped, i. e. armed
at all points.

EQUI＇PPED, adj. part. [of equip, equippé, Fr.] furnished, accou­
ter＇d, &c.

EQUI＇RIA, certain games celebrated at Rome in the month of
March with horse-races, like our justs and tournements in honour of
Mars in Mars＇s field.

E＇QUITABLE, adj. Fr. and It. 1. Just, due to justice. 2. Loving
justice, impartial.

E＇QUITABLENESS [of equitable] righteousness, justness, candid­
ness.

E＇QUITABLY, adv. [of equitable] justly, reasonably, impartially.

EQUITA＇TURA [in old Lat. records] a liberty of riding or carrying
grist and meal from a mill on horseback.

E＇QUITY [equité, Fr. equità, It. equidad, Port. æquitàs, Lat.] 1.
The virtue of treating all men according to the rules of right reason







and justice, honesty. 2. Impartiality. They must in equity allow us
to be like unto them. Hooker. 3. (In law) the rules of decision ob­
served in the court of chancery.

EQUITY [in a law sense] has a double and contrary meaning, for
one enlarges and adds to the letter of the law, extending the words of
it to cases unexpressed, yet have the same reason; whereas the other
abridges and takes from it: so that the latter is defined to be a correc­
tion of the law, generally made in that part wherein it fails.

Court of EQUITY, is the court of chancery, in which the rigour of
the common law and the severity of other courts is moderated; and
where controversies are supposed to be determined according to the
exact rules of equity and conscience.

EQUI＇VALENCE, or EQUI＇VALENCY [equivalent, Fr. equivalenza, It.
æquivalentia, of æquus, equal, and valeo, Lat. to be worth] equality
in nature, quality or circumstances between several things proposed.
Equivalence or parity of worth. Smalridge.

To EQUI＇VALENCE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to be equal to.
Brown uses it.

EQUI＇VALENT, adj. Fr. [equivalente, It. of æquivalens, Lat.] 1.
Being of equal worth or value.
Things
Well nigh equivalent, and neighb＇ring value. Prior.
2. Equal in any excellence in general; with to.
No fair to thine
Equivalent or second. Milton.
3. Equal in force or power; with to.
A strength
Equivalent to angels. Milton.
4. Having the same cogency or weight; having with. The conside­
ration of public utility is judged equivalent with the easier kind of ne­
cessity. Hooker. 5. Having the same import or signification. Terms
equivalent. South.

EQUI＇VALENT, subst. a thing of the same weight, worth or value.
A full equivalent. Rogers.

EQUI＇VOCAL, adj. [equivoque, Fr. equivoce, It. and Sp. æquivocus,
Lat.] 1. Having a double or doubtful signification, meaning different
things, or that, the sense of which may be taken several ways. Words
of different signification taken in general, are of an equivocal sense.
Stillingfleet. 2. Incertain, doubtful, happening diverse ways.

EQUIVOCAL Generation [with philosophers] the production of
plants without seeds; insects or animals without parents, in the natu­
ral way of copulation between male and female, which is now be­
lieved never to happen; but that all bodies are produced univocally.

EQUI＇VOCAL, subst. [æquivoca, Lat.] a word of doubtful meaning,
and ambiguity. Two or three wretched equivocals. Dennis. Equi­
vocal terms (with logicians) are such terms whose names are the same,
but their natures very different.

Active EQUIVOCALS, are words common to several things in a very
different signification, i. e. to several things which have a similar es­
sence, corresponding to the similar denomination; as, taurus, a bull,
and taurus the constellation, and mount Taurus.

Passive EQUIVOCALS, are things signified by ambiguous names, as
a sign, a mountain, and an animal.

EQUIVOCAL Signs [with surgeons] are certain accidents or signs of
fractures of the skull, which confirm other signs called univocal.

EQUIVOCAL Word [with grammarians] a word that comprehends
more significations than one, or which serves for different notions.

EQUI＇VOCALLY [of equivocal; æquivocé, Lat.] 1. Dubiously, am­
biguously, with a mental reservation. South uses it.2. By uncertain
or irregular generation. Bentley uses it.

EQUI＇VOCALNESS [of equivocal] equivocal quality, or being of the
same name but different quality, ambiguity. Norris uses it.

To EQUI＇VOCATE [equivoquer, Fr. equivocare, It. equivocàr, Sp.]
to speak doubtfully or ambiguously, to say one thing and mean another.
False equivocating tongue. Smith.

EQUIVOCA＇TION, Fr. [equivocazione, It. equivocaciòn, Sp. of æqui­
vocatio, Lat.] a double meaning (in moral theology) is strictly under­
stood of a term or phrase, with two different significations; the one
common and obvious; the other more unusual and remote; the latter
of which being understood by the speaker, but the former by the hear­
ers, they conceive something different from one another.

EQUIVOCA＇TOR [of equivocate] one who uses doubtful words, one
who equivocates or uses mental reservation. Shakespeare uses it.

EQUO＇REAN, adj. [of æquor, Lat. the sea] belonging to the sea.

EQU＇US [with astronomers] the horse, a constellation, the former part
of which, as far as the navel, is the only part to be seen. Aratus writes
that he was the same as opened the fountain in Helicon with his hoof,
which is called Hippocrene. But some will have him to be Pegasus,
who flew to the stars before the fall of Bellerophon. Which seems
to others to be incredible, because he has no wings; therefore Euri­
pides will have him to be Menalippe, the daughter of Chiron, who
was debauch＇d by Æolus; and being with child, fled into the moun­
tains; where, being about to be delivered, her father came in search
of her. She, upon her being taken, that she might not be known,
pray＇d she might be transformed; upon which she was turned into a
mare. And, upon the account of her own piety and her father＇s,
Diana placed her among the stars; and because she remains invisible to
the centaur (for he is believ＇d to be Chiron) the lower parts of the
body of this figure, because of the modesty of the womanish sex, are
not seen.

EQUUS Alatus, Lat. [in astronomy] the fabulous winged horse, cal­
led Pegasus, one of the northern constellations, consisting of 20 stars.

EQUUS Coopertus, Lat. [in old records] a horse set out with a sad­
dle and other furniture.

ER [er and or, Sax. er, Du. and Ger. ερος, Gr. er, ir, or, and or,
Teut. or Lat.] the comparative termination of adjectives. Being ad­
ded to verbs, it signifies the actor or doer, as commander, fighter,
walker, &c. he who commands, sights, walks, &c.

ER, a syllable in the middle of names of places, comes by contrac­
tion from the Saxon sara, dwellers. Gibson＇s Camden.

E＇RA, subst. [æra, Lat.] the account of time from any particular
date. See ÆRA.

ERADIA＇TION [of eradio, from e, and radius, Lat. a ray] emission
of rays, radiance. The eradiations of true majesty. K. Charles.

To ERA＇DICATE, verb act. [sradicare, It. eradicatum, sup. of era­
dico, from e, and radix, Lat. a root] 1. To pluck up by the roots.
Aconite to be eradicated. Brown. 2. To destroy utterly, to cut off,
to end. To eradicate the distemper. Arbuthnot.

ERADICA＇TION [of eradicate] 1. The act of tearing up by the roots,
utter destruction. 2. The state of being torn up by the roots. The
roots of Mandrakes give a shriek upon eradication. Brown.

ERA＇DICATIVE, adj. [of eradicate] proper to eradicate or root out.

ERA＇DICATIVE Cure [in medicine] is such an one as takes away
the cause, or roots of a distemper; in opposition to palliative cure,
which relieves for a time; but not reaching the cause of the disorder,
does not remove it.

ERA＇DICATIVES, subst. [in medicine] such medicaments as work
powerfully, and do as it were root out the distemper.

ERANA＇RCHA [εραναρχης, of ερανος, alms, and αρχη, Gr. com­
mand] a public officer among the ancient Greeks, who directed the
distribution of alms and provisions made to the poor.

ERA＇NTHEMUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb chamomil.

To ERA＇SE [erasum, sup. of erado, from e, and rado, Lat. to scrape,
eraser, Fr.] to scrape out, to destroy utterly, to cut off.

ERA＇SED [in heraldry] signifies any thing plucked or torn off from
that part, to which it was fixed by nature. The heads of birds are gi­
ven erased, that is, plucked off. Peacham.

ERA＇SEMENT [of erase] 1. Destruction, devastation. 2. The act
of blotting or dashing out, expunction, abolition.

ERA＇STIANISM, the principles or doctrine of the

ERA＇STIANS [so called from one Erastus, a physician, in Switzer­
land] among other tenets, they held that excommunication in a Chri­
stian state was lodged in the civil magistrate.

ERA＇TO, one of the nine muses.

ERE [ære, er, Sax. ear, Du. eker, Ger. er, Teut. air, Goth. This
word is sometimes written vitiously, e＇er, as if from ever. It is like­
wise written or before ever, or and ær in Sax. being indiscriminately
written. Lye] before that, sooner than.

E＇REBUS, Lat. [Ερεβος, Gr.] an infernal, poetical deity, said to be
father of night and hell.

EREBI＇NTHUS, Lat. [ερεβινθος, Gr. in botany] chich-peas, a sort
of pulse.

To ERE＇CT, verb act. [eriger, Fr. erigir, Sp. erectum, sup. of eri­
gere, It. and Lat.] 1. To raise, to set up, to build. Many monu­
ments erected to benefactors. Addison. 2. To place perpendicularly to
the horizon. 3. To erect a perpendicular, to place one line at right
angles with another. 4. To settle, to establish anew. Erect a new
commonwealth. Hooker. 5. To exalt. To erect myself into a judge.
Dryden. 6. To draw or raise consequences from premises. Male­
branche erects this proposition of seeing all things in God. Locke. 7.
To encourage, not to sink, not to depress.
Why should not hope
As much our thoughts erect, as fear deject e＇m. Denham.

To ERECT, verb neut. to rise upright. By wet, stalks do erect, and
leaves bow down. Bacon.

To ERECT a Figure [in astrology] is to divide the 12 houses of the
heavens aright, putting down the signs, degrees, &c. in their right
places according to the position of heavenly bodies, at that moment
of time the scheme is erected. If the reader would see instances of
this kind, he may consult ABULPHARAGIUS; who under the chaliphs
of the house of ABBASS, gives us some few specimens of this species
of Arabian literature; for I think we are beholden to them for it: tho＇
it might have been as well, if they had kept it to themselves.

ERE＇CT, adj. [erectus, Lat.] 1. Standing straight, or upright, not
leaning, not prone. Birds, far from proneness, are almost erect. Ba­
con. 2. Directed upwards. Suppliant hands to heaven erect. Philips.
3. Bold, unshaken.
Let no vain fear thy gen＇rous ardour tame,
But stand erect and sound as loud as fame. Glanville.
4. Vigorous, not dejected. Vigilant and erect attention of mind.
Hooker.

ERECT Flowers [with florists] are those that grow upright without
hanging the head, as tulips, &c.

ERE＇CTED, raised, elevated.
———He bids them hold
A spirit with erected courage bold.
So says the GENIUS of mankind in the Table of CEBES; and I hope
my readers will forgive me, should I subjoin that noble reflection,
which in his notes this author has given us. “The first point in mo­
rality, is a due sense of the dignity of our nature———and a firm resolu­
tion to surmount all difficulties in the way of attaining its proper per­
fection and happiness.” Table of CEBES, &c. with Notes.

ERE＇CTION, Fr. [erezione, It. of erectio, Lat.] 1. The act of raising,
or causing to stand upright. 2. The state of being rais＇d upward. The
erection of the hills above the ordinary land. Brerewood. 3. The act
of building. Solemnities usual at the first erection of churches. Hoo­
ker. 4. Establishment, settlement. The erection, continuance, and
dissolution of every society. South. 5. Elevation of sentiments. Her
peerless height my mind to high erection draws up. Sidney.

ERE＇CTNESS [of erect] uprightness of posture or form. Brown uses
it.

ERE＇CTORES, Lat. lifters up, raisers.

ERECTORES Clitoridis [in anatomy] muscles inserted into the spon­
gious bodies of the clitoris, which they erect in coition.

ERECTORES Penis [in anatomy] a pair of muscles that cause the
erection of the penis, arising from the outward knob of the os ifchium.

ERELO＇NG, adv. [of ere and long] before a long time had passed.
Nec longum tempus, Lat.

EREMI＇TA, Lat. [of ερημος, Gr. a wilderness] an hermit, a dwel­
ler in the wilderness.

E＇REMITE [eremita, Lat. of ερημιτης, of ερημος, Gr. a wilderness]
one who lives in a wilderness or in solitude, an hermit. Antonius the
eremite. Raleigh.

EREMI＇TICAL [eremiticus, Lat. of ερημιτης, Gr.] pertaining to a de­
sart, or living the life of an hermit, religiously solitary. Religious or­
ders, eremitical and cenobitical.Stillingfleet.

EREMITO＇RIUM, Lat. [in old writings] an hermitage or desart
place for the retirement of hermits.








ERNO＇W, adv. [of ere and now] before this time.

EREPTA＇TION, Lat. a creeping forth.

ERE＇PTION, Lat. a snatching or taking away by violence or
force.

ERE＇SSES, or EIRE＇SSES, canary-birds above two years old.

EREWHI＇LE, or EREWHI＇LES, adv. [of ere and while] not long
since, some time ago. I am as fair now as I was erewhile. Shake­
speare.

E＇RFURT, a large and beautiful city of Upper Saxony, in Ger­
many, capital of Thuringia, and subject to the elector of Mentz.
Lat. 51° N. Long. 11° 6′ E.

E＇RGO, Lat. therefore.

E＇RGOT [with horsemen] a stub like a piece of soft horn, about the
size of a chestnut, placed behind and below the pastern joint of a horse,
and is commonly hid under the tust of the fetlock.

E＇RICA, Lat. [in botany] sweet broom, heath, or ling.

ERI＇CETA, Lat. [with botanists] heaths, or which grow on
heaths.

ERICTHO＇NIUS, Lat. [in astronomy] a constellation, the same as
auriga.

ERIDA＇NUS [in astronomy] a southern constellation consisting of
28 stars. This arises from Orion＇s left foot. It is called Eridanus
from Aratus Eratosthenes, but he has produced no reasons why.
Others, and with greater probability, take it to be the Nile, which
only flows from the south. It is illustrated with many stars; there is
under it a star called Canopus, which reaches pretty near to Argus＇s
coach-pole, and indeed no star is lower than this, for which reason it
is called Perigæum.

E＇RIE, a vast lake to the westward of Pennsylvania, in North Ame­
rica.

ERINGE＇RON, Lat. [in botany] the herb groundsel.

ERI＇NGO, a plant, called also sea-holly.

ERIO＇XULON, Lat. [of εριον, wool, and ξυλον, Gr. wood] a sort of
wool that comes from trees.

ERI＇PHIA, Lat. [εριϕια, Gr.] the herb holy-wort.

ERI＇SMA, Lat. [in architecture] an arch, buttress, shore, post or
prop, to support a building that is likely to fall.

ERITHA＇LES, Lat. [εριθαλης, Gr. very flourishing] the herb prick­
madam, sengreen, or house-leek.

ERI＇VAN, a city of Persia, on the frontiers of Turkey, situated at
the south end of a lake of the same name.

E＇RKELENS, a city of Westphalia, in Germany, 10 miles north of
Juliers.

ERKE, adj. [earg, Sax.] idle, slothful. An old word.
For men therein should hem delite,
And of that dede be not erke,
But oft sithes haunt that werke. Chaucer.
This seems to be the original of irk and irksome.

E＇RMELIN, subst. [diminut. of ermin, armelin, Fr.] a little ermin.
Silver skins
Passing the hate spot ermelins. Sidney.

E＇RMENSEWL [ermensewl, Sax.] an idol of the Germans, Saxons,
and Britons, accounted a favourer of the poor; he was represented as
a great man, among heaps of flowers; upon his head he supported a
cock, upon his breast a bear, and in his right hand he held a banner
display＇d.

E＇RMINE [hermine, Fr. ermellino, It. arminio, Sp. hermilin, Ger.
probably so called of Armenia, as having been brought from thence]
a very rich furr of an animal that nearly resembles a wesel or field­
mouse. It has a white pile, and the tip of the tail black. The fur­
riers put upon it little bits of Lombardy lambskin, which is noted for
its shining black colour, the better to set off the whiteness of the er­
mine. It is worn by princes or persons of quality at public solemnities.
Ermine is the furr of a little beast about the bigness of weasel, called
mus Armenius; for they are sound in Armenia. Peacham.

ERMINE, a weasel found in Armenia, which is milk white, except­
ing the tip of its tail, which is black. See the foregoing article.

An ERMINE is an emblem of purity; for it is said of them, that if a
ring of mud or dirt be made round them, they will die rather than
daub themselves to escape.

ERMINE [in heraldry] is white furs with black spots, or, as the he­
ralds term it, argent and sable, which is made by sewing bits of the
black tails of these creatures upon the white skins, to add to the
beauty. Ermine is used for the lining the garments of great per­
sons.

E＇RMINED, adj. [of ermine] cloathed with ermine. In ermin＇d
pride. Pope.

ERMINEE＇ [in heraldry] as a cross erminee is a cross composed of
4 ermine spots placed in the form of a cross.

E＇RMINES [in heraldry] or rather contre-ermine, the counter or re­
verse of ermine, which is black powdered with white.

ERMINI＇TES [with heralds] little ermines, or rather a white field
powdered with black, every spot having a little red oar on it. But
others say it signifies a yellow field powdered with black.

ERMINOI＇S [with heralds] yellow powdered with black.

ERN, ERNE, or E＇RON [of ern, earn, Sax. a cottage, a solitary
place] places names which end in ern, signify a melancholy situa­
tion.

ERNES [of erude, Ger. harvest, or eruden, Ger. to cut or mow corn]
the loose scattered ears of corn that are left on the ground after the
binding or cocking it. Hence

To ERN, is to glean.

To ERO＇DE [erodo, Lat.] to gnaw off or eat out, to canker. The
blood being too sharp or thin, erodes the vessel. Wiseman.

ERODE＇NTIA, Lat. [with surgeons] medicines, that by their sharp
particles gnaw and prey upon the flesh.

EROGA＇TION, Lat. a liberal distribution or bestowing freely.

EROGE＇NNETON [of ερως, love, and γενναω, Gr. to beget] an herb
causing love.

E＇ROS and A＇NTEROS [among the Romans] two cupids, an em­
blem of mutual love, represented striving one with another, which
should have the branch of a palm-tree that was between them; there­
by intimating that emulation should be between friends, to deserve the
palm, or the honour of excelling in love and friendship.

ERO＇SION, Lat. the act of gnawing, or eating away, the state of
being eaten away. Erosions of the solid parts. Arbuthnot.

ERO＇TEMA, or ERO＇TESIS [ερωτημα, ερωτησις, of ερωταω, Gr. to in­
terrogate] an interrogation.

EROTEMA, or EROTESIS [with rhetoricians] a figure, when by ask­
ing questions, the matter is aggravated, as were you not there? did
you not say you had so done?

EROTE＇MATIC, adj. [erotematicus, Lat.] demanding, questioning.

E＇RPACH, a city of Franconia, in Germany, capital of a country
of the same name, and situated 30 miles south-east of Francfort.

To ERR [errer, Fr. errár, Sp. errare, It. and Lat.] 1. To miss or
go out of the right way, to stray. We have erred and stray＇d like
lost sheep. Common Prayer. 2. To wander, to ramble. Fixt the er­
ring stars. Dryden. 3. To deviate from any purpose in general. But
errs not nature from this gracious end. Pope. 4. To mistake, to com­
mit errors. The man may err in his judgment. Taylor.

E＇RRABLE [errabilis, Lat.] that may err.

E＇RRABLENESS [of errable] liableness to error or to mistake. The
errableness of our nature. Decay of Piety.

E＇RRAND [ærand, Sax. arend, Dan. or as Casaubon will, of ερει­
νω, Gr. to question, to denounce, or to seek] a message, something
to be told or done by a messenger. It is now commonly used only
in familiar language.

E＇RRANDEER, or E＇RRANTEER, a scout at Oxford. A cant
word.

E＇RRANT, Fr. [errante, It. and Sp. of errans, Lat.] 1. Wandering
or straying out of the way, roving, rambling; particularly applied to
an order of knights, called knight＇s errant; which see. Seven pla­
nets or errant stars. Brown. 2. Vile, abandoned. See ARRANT.
Thy company, if I slept not well
Anights, would make me an errant fool with questions.
B. Johnson.

E＇RRANT [in law] is applied to such justices or judges, who go the
circuit; and to bailiffs travelling at large.

Knights ERRANT, a sort of romantic knights, which, according to
old romances, have wandered about the world in search of adven­
tures, to rescue ladies from violence, and to perform great seats of
arms, with unaccountable hazard of their persons.

E＇RRANTNESS [of errant] wandering faculty.

E＇RRANTRY, subst. [of errant] 1. The state or condition of a
wanderer. A short space of errantry on the seas. Addison. 2. The
office or employment of a knight-errant.

ERRA＇TA, Lat. faults or omissions which escape correction in print­
ing, generally put at the beginning or end of a book.

ERRA＇TIC, or ERRA＇TICAL, adj. [erratico, It. erraticus, Lat.] 1.
Wandering or straying out of the way, keeping no certain order or
course. The earth and each erratic world. Blackmore. 2. Irregular,
changeable. Erratic fever. Harvey.

ERRA＇TIC Stars [in astronomy] the planets so called in distinction
to the fixed stars, on account of their having a peculiar motion.

ERRA＇TICALLY, adv. [of erratical] without rule or established
method.

ERRA＇TICALNESS [of erratical] wandring faculty.

ERRA＇TICUM [old records] a waif or stray, an errant or wander­
ing beast.

ERRA＇TION, Lat. the act of straying, or wandering out of the way.

ERRHINA, Lat. medicines that purge the head, by bringing down
the superfluous pituita or phlegm through the nostrils.

E＇RRHINE, subst. [ερρινα, Gr.] a medicine which snuffed up the nose
occasions sneezing. Liquors which the physicians call errhines, put
into the nose to draw phlegm and water from the head. Bacon.

ERRO＇NEOUS [erroné, Fr. erroneo, It. and Sp. of erroneus, from
erro, Lat. to wander] 1. Wandering, roving, unsettled. The erro­
neous light. Newton. 2. Irregular, wandering from the right-road.
Erroneous circulation. Arbuthnot. 3. Mistaken, misled by error. The
erroneous, as well as rightly informed conscience. South. 4. Mista­
ken, false, not conformable to truth, An erroneous opinion. Hooker.

ERRO＇NEOUSLY, adv. [of erroneous] falsely, not rightly, by mis­
take. Erroneously persuaded. Hooker.

ERRO＇NEOUSNESS [of erroneous] error, or fulness of error, incon­
formity to truth. Boyle uses it.

ERRO＇NES, Lat. the erratic stars.

E＇RROR, or E＇RROUR [erreur, Fr. erore, It. yerro, Sp. erro, Port. of
error, Lat.] 1. Mistake of the mind in giving assent to a proposition
that is not true, oversight, involuntary deviation from truth. 2. A
blunder, an act or assertion in which a mistake is committed. He
looked like nature＇s error. Dryden. 3. Roving excursion, irregular
course. Driven by the winds and errors of the sea. Dryden. 4. [A­
mong divines] sin. He offered for himself and for the errors of the
people. Hebrews.

ERROUR [in law, more especially in our common law] a fault in
pleading, or in the process; whence the writ brought for remedy of
this oversight is called a

Writ of ERROUR, and is a writ which lies to redress a false judg­
ment in any court of record.

Clerk of the ERROURS, a clerk whose business is to copy out the te­
nor of the records of a cause, upon which a writ of error is brought.

ERS, Fr. a sort of pulse, the bitter-vetch.

ERST, adv. [erst, Ger. æwsta, Sax.] 1. First. Abandon this
forestalled place at erst. Spenser. 2. At first, in the beginning.
Fame that her high worth to raise,
Seem＇d erst so lavish. Milton.
3. Once, when time was. He taught us erst the heifer＇s tail to view.
Gay. 4. Formerly, long ago. 5. Before, till then, till now.
Opener mine eyes,
Dim erst. Milton.

ERTAMIO＇TUM [old law] a meeting of the neighbourhood to
compromise differences.

ERVA＇NGINA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb bindweed.

ERUBE＇SCENCE, or ERUBE＇SCENCY [erubescentia, Lat.] the act of
growing red, redness, or blushing for shame; an uneasiness of mind,
by which it is hindered from doing ill, or fear of loss of reputation.

ERUBE＇SCENT [erubescens, Lat.] waxing red, blushing.

To ERU＇CT, or To ERU＇CTATE, verb neut. [eructatum, sup. of eruc­







to, Lat.] to belch or break wind upwards.

ERUCTA＇TION, Lat. 1. The act of belching forth, or breaking
wind off the stomach. 2. Belch, the matter vented from the stomach.
Arbuthnot uses it. 3. Any sudden burst of wind or matter. Thermæ
are hot springs or fiery eructations, such as burst forth of the earth,
during earthquakes, Woodward.

ERUDI＇TELY [eruditè, Lat.] learnedly.

ERUDI＇TION, Fr. [erudizione, It. erudiciòn, Sp. of eruditio, Lat.]
instruction in good literature, learning, scholarship. The earl was of
good erudition. Clarendon.

ERUGA＇TION, Lat. a taking away of wrinkles.

ERU＇GINOUS [æruginosus, Lat.] partaking or pertaining to, or like
to the rust of brass or copper. Eruginous sulphur. Harvey.

ERVI＇LIA, or ERVI＇LIUM, Lat. [with botanists] a sort of the lesser
pulse, like vetches or tares.

To ERU＇NCATE, verb act. [eruncatum, sup. of erunco, Lat.] to pull
up weeds.

ERU＇PT, or ERU＇PTED, part. adj. [eruptus, Lat.] broken, or burst
out.

ERU＇PTION, Lat. 1. The act of issuing or breaking forth with vio­
lence from any consinement. Eruptions of flames. Bacon. 2. Burst,
emission. Upon a signal given, the eruption began. Addison. 3. Sud­
den excursion of hostility.
Thither, if but to pry, shall be perhaps
Our first eruption. Milton.
4. Violent exclamation. It did not run out in voice or indecent erup­
tions. South. 5. Pustules, efflorescences. Foul eruptions on the skin.
Arbuthnot.

ERU＇PTIVE, adj. [eruptus, Lat.] bursting forth with violence.
Thomson uses it.

ERUPTU＇RIENT, adj. [erupturiens, Lat.] apt or ready to break
forth.

ERY＇NGIUM, Lat. [ερυγγιον, Gr.] the herb eringo, sea-holm, or sea­
holly.

ERY＇NNES, three goddesses called ερυνητηρες, Gr. i. e. the searchers into
those men who have committed the most heinous offences. There names
are Megæra, Tisiphone, and Alecto. These goddesses altogether ve­
nerable, have a notable benevolence to human kind, in causing a
mutual good will between man and man. But they are horrible in
their aspect, and chastise the impious with scourges and flaming tor­
ches; their hair is wreathed with serpents, that they may strike ter­
ror to murderers, who suffer the punishment due to their impious
crimes; they are storied to have their residence in [infernum] hell, and
the function which HOMER assigns them there, is to chastise those,
who violate the sanctity of an oath. Accordingly Agamemnon makes
his appeal to them in particular, when making that public declaration
of his having offered no injury to Brisus＇ honour,
——— Και εριννυες, αιθ᾿ υπο γαιαν
Ανθρωπους τιννυνται, οτις κ᾿ επορκον ομοσση.
Iliad lib. 19. v. 259, 260.
But the names and terrible apparatus of these furies are of a later date
than the age of HOMER. The heathen divinity having admitted of
additions with time, as well as our own.

ERYSI＇PELAS [ερυσιπελας, of το ερυεσθαι επι το πελας, Gr. because
it draws the neighbouring parts to itself] a swelling of a bright yel­
low colour, inclining to red, usually attended with a pain, and a symp­
tomatical fever.
Bruno observes, that it generally attacks some particular member,
very seldom the whole surface of the body; cum tumore leviori ru­
bidine dilutâ, dolore acerrimo, &c. And Dr. MEAD, speaking of the
erysipelas fever, says, the pustles sometimes pass into a gangreen.

ERYSIPELA＇TODES, Lat. [ερυσιπελατοδης, Gr.] a swelling like the
erysipelas, but the skin is of a darker colour.

ERYSIPE＇LATOUS, adj. of or pertaining to the nature of an ery­
sipelas, or attended with an erysipelas.

ERYTHA＇CE, Lat. [ερυθακη, Gr.] the honey-suckle flower.

ERYTHRE＇MMATA, Lat. [of ερυθρος, Gr. red] red spots like flea­
bites, common in pestilential fevers.

ERYTHRO＇DANUM [ερυθροδανον, Gr.] the plant madder.

ERYTHROI＇DES Membrana [of ερυθρος, red, and ειδος, Gr. appear­
ance] a red skin of the testicles, the first of the proper coats of the
testicles adjoining to the elythroides.

ERY＇THRUS [ερυθρος, Gr.] the shrub called sumach.

E＇RZERUM, the capital of the province of Turcomania, or Arme­
nia. Lat. 40° N. Long. 41° E.
N. B. Its original name, as it stands in the Arabic historians, is
Arzan-rum ABULPHARAG. Hist. Dynast. p. 426.

ES or ＇s [es, Sax. es, or s, Dan. Du. and Ger.] the genitive ter­
mination of substantives, when used without the sign or article, as the
churches glory, God＇s honour, &c. for the glory of the church, the
honour of God, &c. in those northern tongues, properly called the
genitive possessive, to distinguish it from the common genitive.

ESBRANCATU＇RA [of esbrancher, Fr. old records] the cutting off
of branches or boughs in a forest.

ESCALA＇DE, Fr. a furious attack made upon a wall or rampart,
carried on with ladders to mount upon, without besieging the place in
form, breaking ground, or carrying on of works.

ESCALDA＇RE [old records] to scald.

ESCA＇LOP, subst. a shell-fish, whose shell is regularly indented. The
shells of those cockles, escalops, and periwinkles. Woodward.

ESCA＇LOP Shells [with heralds] are frequent in coat armour, and
some are of opinion, that shells are a proper bearing for those who
have made long voyages at sea, or have borne considerable commands
there, and obtained victory over enemies.

ESCA＇MBIC, It. [with merchants] a licence granted for the making
over a bill of exchange to a person beyond sea.

To ESCA＇PE, verb act. [escapar, Sp. and Port. scapare, It. echapper,
Fr.] 1. To obtain exemption or security from, to avoid. How much
trouble had he escap＇d. Wake. 2. To pass unobserved. Many things
may escape them. Hooker.

To ESCA＇PE, verb neut. to get away from, to fly, to get out of
danger. They escaped all safe to land. Acts.

ESCAPE, subst. 1. The act of getting away from danger, a slight.
Extraordinary escapes out of dangers. Addison. 2. Excursions, sally.
We made an escape not so much to seek our own, as to be instruments
of your safety. Denham. 3. Excuse, evasion. That he might take
from them all escape by way of ignorance. Raleigh. 4. Folly, ir­
regularity. Thousand ＇scapes of wit. Shakespeare. 5. Oversight,
mistake. The escapes less subject to observation. Brerewood.

ESCAPE [in law] is when one who is arrested gets his liberty,
before he is delivered by order of law; or a violent or privy getting
out from some legal restraint.

ESCA＇PIO Quieto [old records] is an escape of beasts in a forest.

ESCA＇PIUM [old records] what comes by accident, chance, hap.

ESCA＇R, or ESCHA＇R [εσκαρα, or εχαρα, Gr. a crust, eschara, Lat.
escarre, Fr. escara, It.] a crust, shell, or scab, brought over an ulcer,
or raised with a searing iron.

ESCA＇RGATOIRE, Fr. subst. a nursery of snails. At the Capuchins
I saw escargatoires. It is a square place boarded in and filled with a
vast quantity of large snails, that are esteemed excellent food when
they are well dressed. Addison.

ESCARO＇TIC, or ESCHARO＇TIC, adj. [of escar] caustic, having the
power to fear or burn the flesh.

ESCARO＇TICS, or ESCHAROTICS, subst. [of εχαροω, to skin or crust
over] plasters, fearing-irons, actual fire, &c. which bring a sore to
an escar or crust.

ESCARTELE＇ [in heraldry] quartered.

ESCHANDE＇RIA [old Lat. records] the chandry or office where
candles were reposited and delivered out for family use.

ESCHE＇AT [eschette, Fr.] any lands or profits that fall to a lord
within his manor; either by forfeiture, or the death of a tenant with­
out heirs general or special.

ESCHEAT, the name of a writ for recovery of escheats, which lies
where the tenant having estate of see simple in lands or tenements
holden of a superior lord, dies seised, without heir general or especial;
for in this case the lord brings this writ against him that possesses the
lands after the death of his tenant, and shall thereby recover them.
Cowel.

ESCHEAT, the place or circuit within which either the king or
other lord has escheats of his tenants.

To ESCHEAT, verb. act. [escheoir, eschevir, Fr.] to fall to the
chief owner or lord of the manor, by forfeiture or for want of heirs.
The forfeited escheated lands in Ireland. Clarendon.

An ESCHE＇ATOR [of escheat] an officer who looks after the king＇s
escheats in the county whereof he is escheator, and certifies them in­
to the exchequer.

ESCHE＇VEN, or ECHE＇VIN [in France and Holland] a magistrate in
a city (much like our sheriff) to take care of their common concerns,
the good order, decoration and conveniency of the city.

To ESCHE＇W, verb. act. [eschever, escheoir, O. Fr.] to avoid or shun,
to decline. A word almost obsolete. To practice the one and escheve
the other. Atterbury.

ESCHU＇TCHEON, the shield of the family.

ESCHYNO＇MENOUS Plants [of ἀιχυνομαι, Gr. to be ashamed] sensi­
tive plants, such as fink in and contract their leaves upon touching
them.

ESCLAIRCI＇SMENT [of eclaircissement, Fr.] the clearing a thing,
the rendering it more evident or clear.

ESCLATTE＇, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies a thing forcibly blown away,
and therefore a bend or other partition esclatte, represents it torn or
broken like a piece of a ruinated wall, irregular or not levelled; or
else it may represent a shield that has been shattered with the stroke of
a battle-axe or some weapon of a like sort, but not cut with a
sword.

ESCLOPPE＇, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies a sort of indenture or cut
made in upon a bend, so that the colours counterchange, by running
one into another in only one point of each.

ESCO＇RT, Fr. a convoy or company of armed men attending some
person or thing in a journey or voyage, to defend or secure it from
insults.

To ESCO＇RT, verb act. [escorter, Fr.] to convoy, to guard from
place to place.

ESCORTA＇TIO Moræ, Lat. the parting of the turf of moorish,
sedgy ground for burning.

ESCO＇SE, adj. [escosus, Lat.] full of meat.

ESCO＇T, subst. Fr. a tax paid in boroughs and corporations towards
the support of the community, which is called scot and lot.

To ESCO＇T, verb act. [from the subst.] to pay a man＇s reckoning,
to support.
Who maintains them? How are they escoted? Shakespeare.

E＇SCOUADE, Fr. [military term] the third part of a foot company,
so divided for the more convenient mounting of guards, &c.

ESCO＇UT, subst. [escouter, Fr.] a listener, a spy, a person sent for
intelligence. They were well entrenched, having good escout abroad,
and sure watch within. Hayward.

ESCRI＇PT, or ESCRI＇T [of e and scriptum, Lat. or rather of ecrit,
Fr.] a thing written out.

ESCRI＇TOIR. See SCRUTOIRE.

ESCRO＇L [with heralds] a long slip as it were of parchment or pa­
per, on which there is generally a motto.

E＇SCU [ecu, mod. Fr.] a French crown of 60 fols or 3 lives.

ESCU＇AGE [ecuage, Fr.] a kind of knight＇s service, called a hold­
ing of the shield; a tenure of land obliging a tenant to follow his lord
to the wars at his own charge. This service is either uncertain or cer­
tain. Escuage uncertain is likewise two-fold; first, where the tenant
by his tenure is bound to follow his lord, going in person to the king＇s
wars against his enemies, or to send a sufficient man in his place, at
his cost, so many days as were agreed upon between the lord and his
first tenant at the granting of the fee. The other kind of this escuage
uncertain, is called castleward, where the tenant by his land is bound
either by himself or some other, to defend a castle as often as it shall
come to his course. Escuage certain, is where the tenant is set at a
certain sum of money, to be paid in lieu of such uncertain services.
Cowel.

E＇SCULENT [esculentus, Lat.] that may be eaten.

ESCULENTS [of esculenta, Lat. that may be eaten] plants and roots
for food; as carrots, turnips, &c.








E＇SCULENT, adj. [of esculentus, Lat.] eatable, good for food, Es­
culent herbs. Bacon.

ESCULENT, subst. something fit to eat. The root the is esculent, as
radish and parsnips. Bacon.

ESCU＇RIAL, a stately monastery and royal palace in the kingdom of
Toledo in Spain.

ESCU＇TCHEON [ecusson, Fr. of escu, O. F. ecu, mod. Fr. a shield,
scudo, It. of scutum, Lat.] the shield of the family, the representation
of the ensigns armorial. The Latins derived their scutum from the
Greek σκυτος, leather, because their shields commonly were covered
with leather. So that escutcheon signifies as much as shield. Escut­
cheon is a French word, from the Latin scutum, leather; and hence
cometh our English word buckler, lewe, in the old Sax. signifying lea­
ther, and buck or bock, a buck or stag, of whose skins, quilted close
together with horn or hard wood, the ancient Britons made their
shields. Peacham.
Heralds give names to several points or places in the escutcheon; thus
the point D they call the dexter chief, C is the middle chief, S the
sinister chief point, H is called the honour point, F the fess point,
N is called the nombril point, A the dexter base, and O the middle,
and Q the base sinister point. See plate IX, fig. 20.

ESCUTCHEON of Pretence, such a one on which a man carries the
coat of his wife, being an heiress, and having issue by her.

E＇SCULUS, Lat. [with botanists] the beech or mast-tree.

E＇SENS, a town of westphalia, 25 miles north of Embden.

E＇SINGWOULD, a market town of the north-riding of Yorkshire,
on the north-west side of Borroughbridge, 186 miles from London.

ESK, a river which forms part of the boundary between England
and Scotland; and running from north-east to south-west, falls into
the Solway frith.

ESKEKTO＇RES, old stat. [of escher, Fr.] robbers or destroyers of
other mens lands and estates.

ESKI＇PPESON [old law] shipping or passage by sea.

E＇SLINGEN, an imperial city of Swabia, in Germany, seven miles
south-east of Stutgard.

ESNE＇CY [aisnesse, Fr.] the right of chusing first in a divided in­
heritance, which belongs to the eldest copartner.

E＇SOCH [εσωχη, of εσω, within, and εχω, Gr. to have] an internal
tumour in the anus.

ESPA＇LIERS, Fr. 1. A row of trees, planted in a curious order
against a frame for fruit trees. 2. Trees planted and cut so as to join.
In places of shelter and under espaliers. Evelyn. 3. Also for bound­
ings of walks or borders in plantations, for the security of orange­
trees, &c.

ESPA＇RCET, a kind of St. Foin-grass, and by some judged to be
the same. Mortimer.

ESPEALTA＇RE [in old Lat. records] to expeditate or law dogs, i. e.
to cut off the three fore claws of their right foot; to cut out the ball of
the foot, that they may be disabled from hunting or running hard in
any forest.

ESPE＇CIAL, adj. [especialis, Lat. special, Fr. speciale, It. and Sp.]
chief, singular, particular, principal.

ESPE＇CIALLY, adv. [of especial, En. specialement, Fr. specialiter,
Lat.] in an especial manner.

E＇SPERANCE, Fr. hope. Shakespeare uses it.

ESPERVA＇RIUS [in forest law] a hawk.

ESPI＇AL, subst. [espier, Fr.] a spy, one sent to bring intelligence.
She had some secret espials to look abroad. Bacon.

ESPI＇ED [epié, Fr.] discovered by the light. See To ESPY.

ESPIGURNA＇NTIA, the office of spigurnel or sealer of the king＇s
writs.

ESPLANA＇DE [in fortification] a part serving the counterscarf or
covered way for a parapet; being a declivity or slope of earth com­
mencing from the top of the counterscarp, and losing itself insensibly
in the level of the campaign. It is now chiefly taken for the void
space between the glacis of a citadel and first houses of a town.

ESPLEE＇S [in law] the full profit that the ground yields; as the
feeding of pastures, the hay of meadows, the corn of ploughed
lands, &c.

ESPOU＇SAL, adj. used in the act of espousing or betrothing. The
espousal sheets. Bacon.

ESPOU＇SALS, subst. without a singular [sponsalia, Lat. epousailles, Fr.
sponsalizie, It.] the act of contracting a man and woman to each
other, the act of betrothing, the ceremonies used upon that occasion.

To ESPOU＇SE, verb act. [epouser, Fr. sposare, It. desposàr, Sp.] 1.
To betroth or contract to another. Espous＇d him with his kinswoman.
Bacon. 2. To take in marriage; to wed.
Let him espouse her to the peer she loves. Pope.
3. To adhere to or embrace a cause, opinion or party, to adopt, to
take to himself. He espoused that quarrel. Bacon. 4. To maintain,
to defend. Men espouse the well-endowed opinions.

ESPRI＇NGOLD, a warlike engine, anciently used for casting of great
stones.

To ESPY＇, verb act. [espier, epier, Fr.] 1. To see a thing at a dis­
tance. 2. To perceive or discover a thing intended to be hid. Pub­
lic evils they easily espy. Hooker. 3. To discover as a spy. To
espy out the land. Joshua. 4. To see unexpectedly. As one opened
his sack, he espied his money. Genesis.

To ESPY, verb neut. to watch, to observe, to look about. Stand
by the way and espy. Jeremiah.

ESQ. an abbreviation for esquire.

ESQUIAVI＇NE, O. Fr. [with horsemen] a long and severe chastise­
ment of a horse in the manage.

ESQUI＇RE [escuyer, Fr. scudiere, It. escudéro, Sp. armiger, Lat. q. d.
an armour-bearer] so that the title esquire imports a person who car­
ried the arms of some great man. Some now reckon several sorts of
esquires.
1. The eldest sons of viscounts and lords. 2. The younger sons of
all noblemen and their male heirs for ever. 3. The four esquires of
the king＇s body. 4. The eldest sons of knights; as of all baronets,
knights of the bath, knights batchelors, and their heirs male in the
right line. 5. Those that serve the king in any worshipful calling;
as the serjeant chirurgeon, serjeant of the ewry, master cook, &c. 6.
Those to whom the king himself gives arms, and makes esquires by
giving them arms (which anciently was done by putting a collar of
SS about their neck, and a pair of white spurs on their heels, as the
heralds and serjeants at arms.) 7. Those who bear any public office in
the kingdom; as high-sheriffs, justices of the peace. 8. The chief of
some ancient families are likewise esquires by prescription. Utter
barristers, in the acts of parliament for poll-money, were ranked
among esquires. Blount.

ESQUIRES of the King＇s Body, are certain officers belonging to the
court.

ESQUI＇SSE [of schizzo, Ital. and so an esquisse of a painting only
signifies splashes or dabs of colours inpainting] a term in painting,
which signifies the first slight sketch or draught of a picture; the first
thought of a design, drawn hastily with a crayon, or in colours on pa­
per, canvass, or the like; in order to be finished and painted or en­
graven after afterwards.

To ESSA＇RT, to exterpate or clear the ground of shrubs.

To ESSA＇Y [essayer, Fr. saggiare, It. ensayàr, Sp.] 1. To try, to
attempt, to endeavour.
No arts essay＇d, but not to be admir＇d. Pope.
2. To make experiment of. 3. To try the value and purity of metals.
Methods of essaying. Locke.

ESSA＇Y [essai, Fr. saggio, It. ensáyo, Sp. from the verb; the accent
is used on either syllable] 1. A trial or experiment. He wrote this
but as an essay or taste of my virtue. Shakespeare. 2. Endeavour,
attempt.
Fruitless our hopes, tho＇ pious our essays;
Yours to preserve a friend, and mine to praise. Smith.
3. A short discourse or treatise on some subject, an irregular, indi­
gested piece, not an orderly composition, a loose sally of the mind.
Calls his finish＇d poem an essay. Roscommon. 4. First taste of any
thing, first experiment. Translating the first of Homer＇s Iliads, I in­
tended as an essay to the whole work. Dryden.

ESSAY, or ASSA＇Y [in coinage, &c.] is a proof or trial made by
the cuppel or test of the fineness or purity of the gold or silver to be
used in coining money.

ESSAY of a Deer [with hunters] is the breast or brisket of a
deer.

ESSAY＇IST [of essay] one who makes essays, trials or experi­
ments.

ESSE [in school philosophy] is used in the same sense with essence,
principally for that which is really or actually existing.

E＇SSECK, a town of Hungury, near the confluence of the rivers
Drave and Danube, having a bridge five miles over; it lies about 80
miles north-west of Belgrade.

E＇SSEN, a town of Westphalia, about 10 miles north-east of Dussel­
dorp.

E＇SSENCE, Fr. [essenza, It. essencia, Sp. of essentia, Lat.] 1. The
nature, substance, or being of a thing, that which constitutes or de­
termines the nature of a thing, or which is absolutely necessary for its
being what it is; formal existence. The very essence of Christianity.
Hooker. 2. Essence is but the very nature of any being, whether it be
actually existing or no. A rose in winter has an essence, in summer it
has existence also. Watts. 3. Existence, the quality of being. I
might have been persuaded to have resigned my very essence. Sidney.
4. Being, existent person.
As far as God＇s and heavenly essences
Can perish. Milton.
5. Species of existent beings. He may be the fifth essence. Bacon.
6. Constituent substance.
Uncompounded is their essence pure. Milton.
7. The cause of existence. Improper. She is my essence. Shake­
speare. 8. Perfume, scent. Nor let th＇ imprison＇d essences exhale.
Pope.

ESSENCE of a Circle [with geometricians] the essence of a circle is,
that the radii or semidiameters of it be all equal; the essence of a
square is, that it have four right angles, and as many equal right-lined
sides.

ESSENCE [in metaphysics] signifies the same as being. Some dis­
tinguish between them, in that being has the same respect to essence,
that the concrete has to its abstract. But as it is taken by metaphysi­
cians in its most abstracted nature, it must of necessity be the same as
being. And that is essential which constitutes the very being, or THING
ITSELF.
Thus Dyonysius, the disciple of Origen, and bishop of Alexandria,
in a fragment of his, preserved by Eusebius, calls self-existence [ἀγεν­
νησια] the ESSENCE of God, as being that property or attribute which
distinguishes his being from all other beings whatsoever. Power, wis­
dom, and goodness, HE has in common with others; but to be unbegotten
or self-existent, is peculiar to himself. [See ATTRIBUTES Incommuni­
cable and FIRST CAUSE] “From the FATHER (says St. Basil) is the
SON, through whom are all things, and with whom the Holy Ghost is
always inseparably considered. But the SUPREME GOD OVER ALL
[ο επι παντων Θεος] has alone a more eminent characteristic [εξαιρετον
τι γνωρισμα] of his hypostasis [or subsistence] by which He is the FA­
THER, and subsists without deriving from any cause.” Basil, Ep. 43 ad
Greg. Nyss.

ESSENCE [with chemists] the purest and most subtile part of a
body, a spirit drawn out of certain substances; the balsamic part of
any thing separate from the thicker matter.

ESSENCE [in medicine] the chief properties or virtues of any sim­
ple or composition collected in a narrow compass.

ESSENCE of Ambergrease, an extract of the more oily parts of am­
bergrease, musk and civet in spirit of wine.

To ESSENCE, verb act. [from the subst.] to perfume, to scent.
Essenced fops. Addison.

ESSE＇NDI Quietum de Telonio, Lat. a writ which lies for the citizens
and burgesses of any city or town that has a charter or prescription to
free them from toll throughout the whole kingdom, if the toll be any
where demanded of them.

ESSE＇NES, a sect among the ancient Jews, who separated themselves
from the rest of the people, and led a kind of monastical life. Jose­
phus says of the Essenes, “τα χρηματα κοινα αυτοις.” They had, it
seems (like the disciples of Pythagoras, and Christ) all things in com­
mon; or as Aulus Gellius expresses it of the former, in medium dare
quod quisque familiæ pecuniæque habebat. Aul. Gell. Lib. 1. c. 9.








ESSE＇NTIA, Lat.  essence.

ESSENTIA Quinta, Lat. [with chemists] quintessence, i. e. the 5th
essence, a medicine made of the most powerfully working and active
particles of its ingredients.

ESSE＇NTIAL [essentiel, Fr. essenziale, It. essenciàl, Sp. of essentialis,
Lat.] 1. Necessary to constitute a thing, or having such a connexion
with the existence, nature and reason of a thing, that it is found or
supposed wherever the thing itself is. An essential part of our religion.
Bacon. 2. Highly important, principal.
Judgment＇s more essential to a general
Than courage. Denham.
3. Pure, highly rectified, extracted so as to contain all the virtues of
its parts in a narrow compass. An essential oil or balm. Arbuthnot.

ESSENTIAL Debilities of a Planet [with astrologers] are when the
planets are in their detriment, fall or peregrine.

ESSENTIAL Dignities of a Planet [in astrology] are certain real ad­
vantages by which they are fortified or strengthened, as when they are
in their proper houses, or in their exaltation.

ESSENTIAL Oils [with chemists] are such as are really in a plant,
and drawn from it by distillation in an alembic in water; in contradi­
stinction to those made by insolation, or which are extracted from the
plant by coction or triture; and which are the NATIVE oils. Boerhav.
Element. Chem. Process 21, 22, 23.

ESSENTIAL, subst. [from the adj.] 1. Being, existence.
Quite consume us, or reduce
To nothing this essential. Milton.
3. Nature, constituent principles. Sin has even alter＇d his nature,
and eaten into his very essentials. South. 4. Chief point, that which
is any way of great importance.

ESSENTIAL Properties, are such as necessarily depend on, and are
connected with the nature and essence of any thing, so as to be inse­
parable from it; in contradistinction from accidental.

ESSENTIAL Property [of every right-lin＇d triangle] is to have the
sum of its 3 angles equal to 2 right angles.

ESSENTIAL Salts of a Plant [in chemistry] are such as will crystal­
lize, and are the juices of plants; this juice, gotten by pounding the
plant in a mortar, and strained, is set in a cellar, and the salt will
shoot into crystals every way.

ESSE＇NTIALLY [essentialiter, Lat. essentiellement, Fr.] in an essen­
tial manner.

ESSE＇NTIALNESS [of essential] essential quality.

The ESSENTIALS of Religion, are the fundamental articles or points
of it.

ESSE＇NTIATED, composed or made up of essentials; also made or
brought into essences or essential spirits.

ESSENTI＇FICATED, the same as essentiated.

E＇SSERS [in medicine, &c.] small pushes or wheals, reddish, and
somewhat hard, which soon cause a violent itching through the whole
body, as if it were stung with bees, nettles, &c.

E＇SSEX, a county of England, bounded by Suffolk on the north; by
the German ocean on the east; by the river Thames, which divides it
from Kent, on the south; and by Middlesex and Hertfordshire on the
west. It sends two members two parliament.

ESSLI＇SORS [in old law] persons appointed by a court, to whom a
writ of venire facias, is directed to impannel a jury on challenge to a
sheriff and coroner, who return the writ in their own names with a
pannel of the jurors names.

ESSOI＇N [of exonie, essonié, Fr.] 1. An excuse for him, that is sum­
moned to appear and answer to an action real, or to perform suit to a
court-baron; upon some just cause of absence, as sickness, &c. 2.
He that has his presence forborne or excused upon any just cause. 3.
Excuse, exemption. From every work he challenged essoin. Spenser.

To ESSOI＇N [in law] is to excuse a person thus absent.

Clerk of the ESSOINS, an officer in the court of common pleas, who
keeps the essoin rolls, delivers them to every officer, and receives them
again, when they are written.

ESSOIN de Malo Lecti, Lat. a writ directed to the sheriff for sending
4 lawful knights, for viewing one that has essoined or excused himself,
de malo lecti, i. e. as being sick a-bed.

ESSOIN de Malo Villœ, Lat. [in law] is when the defendant is in
court the first day; but going away without pleading, falls sick, and
sends two essoiners, who protest that he is detained by sickness in such
a village, that he cannot come.

E＇SSORANT, Fr. [in heraldry] a term used of a bird, standing on
the ground with the wings expanded, as though it had been wet, and
were drying itself.

EST, or ＇ST [est or ost, Sax. est or ＇st, Du. and Ger.] the super­
lative termination of most adjectives in English; as, wise, the positive,
wiser, the comparative, and wisest, the superlative; also the 2d pers.
sing. of the pres. and imp. tenses, of the indic. mood of verbs act. and
neut.

To ESTA＇BLISH [estabilio, Lat. établir, Fr. stabilire, It. establecèr,
Sp. and Port.] 1. To make stable, firm or sure, to ratify, not to make
void. Every binding oath to afflict the soul, her husband may establish
it. Numbers. 2. To settle or fix firmly and unalterably. The esta­
blished laws of this kingdom. Hale. 3. To settle in any privilege or
possession, to confirm. The presbyterian sect was established in all its
forms by an ordinance. Swift. 4. To fix, to settle in an opinion. So
were the churches established in the faith. Acts. 5. To form, to mo­
del. He appointed in what manner his family should be established.
Clarendon. 6. To found, to build firmly, to fix immovably. A sense
now obsolete. He hath founded it upon the seas, and established it
on the floods. Psalms. 7. To make a settlement of any inheritance.
A sense also obsolete.
We will establish our estate upon
Our eldest Malcolm. Shakespeare.

ESTA＇BLISHMENT [stabilimentum, Lat. establissement, Fr. stabili­
mento, It. establicemiénto, Sp.] 1. Settlement, settled or fixt state.
All happy peace and goodly government
Is settled there in sure establishment. Spenser.
2. Ratification of something already done. He had not the act
penn＇d by way of recognition of right, as on the other side, he avoided
to have it by new law; but chose rather a kind of middle way, by
way of establishment. Bacon. 3. Settled form, regulation, model of a
government or family. Bring in that establishment by which all men
should be contain＇d in duty. Spenser. 4. Fundamental principles, set­
tled law. The establishment on which it subsists. Atterbury. 5. Al­
lowance, salary. Gradually lessening your establishment.

ESTABLISHMENT of Dower [in law] the assurance of a dower or
portion made to the wise by the husband or his friends about the time
of marriage.

ESTACHE [of attacher, Fr. to fasten] a bridge or bank of stone and
timber.

To E＇STAL [a law term] to seize.

ESTA＇LMENT, a seizure.

ESTA＇NDARD [etandart, Fr.] the standing measure of the king or
common-wealth, to the scantling of which all measures thorughout
the land are to be framed; also a banner or ensign.

ESTA＇TE [status, Lat. état, Fr. stato, It. estado, Sp. stadt, Du.
staat, Ger.] 1. The general interest, the public. In this sense it is
now commonly written state. I call matters of estate not only the parts
of sovereignty, but whatsoever introduceth any great alteration, or
dangerous precedent, or concerneth manifestly any great portion of
people. Bacon. 2. The posture or condition of things or affairs, con­
dition of life with regard to prosperity or adversity. She cast us head­
long from our high estate. Dryden. 3. Degree, rank, or order of
men, circumstances in general. In the same uncertain floating estate.
Locke. 4. Means, revenues, fortunes, possessions. Who hath not
heard of the greatness of your estate? Sidney. 5. Generally meant of
possessions in land. See what a vast estate he left his son. Dryden.
6. A person of high rank. This sense is obsolete. She is a dutchess,
a great estate. Latimer.

ESTATE [in law] is that title or interest a man hath in lands or te­
nements.

The Three ESTATES of the Realm [of England] are the three distinct
orders of the kingdom, viz. king, lords, and commons.

ESTATE Conditional [in law] is one that has a condition annexed
to it; although it be not specified in writing.

To ESTA＇TE, verb act. [from the subst.] to settle as a fortune.
Some donation freely to estate
On the bless＇d lovers. Shakespeare.

To ESTE＇EM, verb act. [æstimo, Lat. estimer, Fr. estimare, It. esti­
mar, Sp. and Port.] 1. To set a value, high or low, upon a thing; to
have an esteem for. I esteemed riches nothing. Wisdom. 2. To esti­
mate by proportion, to compare.
Those single forms she doth esteem,
And in her balance doth their values try. Davies.
3. To prize or rate high, to regard with reverence. Who would not
be loved more, tho＇ he were esteemed less? Dryden. 4. To believe,
to think, to judge, to hold in opinion. One man esteemeth one day
above another. Romans.

ESTEE＇M [æstimatio, Lat. estime, Fr. stima, It. estimaciòn, Sp.] high
value, respect, account, regard. Both those poets lived in much
esteem with good and holy men. Dryden.

ESTEEM [in ethics] simply so called, is the bare good opinion of
good men, which flows from the observance of the law of nature and
our duty; and the moralists say, that we ought, as far as in us lies, to
endeavour to procure and preserve it, because the want of it may lay
open an occasion to a thousand mischiefs and inconveniencies.

ESTEE＇MER [of esteem] one that highly values. Esteemer of his own
parts. Locke.

E＇STERLING, the same as sterling.

ESTELE＇ [in heraldry] is used by the French to signify a beast,
whose head has been as it were torn off by force, and consequently the
neck left rough and ragged, in contradistinction to diffait and deca­
pité, where the neck is left smooth, as if the head had been cut off.

ESTHIO＇MENOS, Lat. [εσθιομενος, of εσθιω, Gr. to eat] an inflam­
mation which consumes the parts. BRUNO applies it to any disease
which corrodes the parts; as the harpes, the ulcus depascens, &c. and
HIPPOCRATES to corrosive excrements. Lib. IV. EPIDEM. 12. 7.

E＇STIMABLE, Fr. [æstimabilis, Lat.] 1. Worthy to be esteemed,
worthy of some degree of respect. One who gave hopes of being
every thing that was estimable and good. Temple. 2. Valuable, worth
a high price.
A pound of man＇s flesh taken from a man,
Is not so estimable or profitable
As flesh of muttons. Shakespeare.

E＇STIMABLENESS [of estimable] worthiness, the quality of deserving
regard.

To E＇STIMATE, verb act. [estimer, Fr. stimare, It. æstimatum, sup.
of estimo, Lat.] 1. To value, to appraise or set a price upon, to judge
of a thing in proportion to something else. By the weight of the silver
men estimate commodities and exchange them. Locke. 2. To calcu­
late, to compute.

E＇STIMATE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Computation, calculation.
A moderate estimate and calculation of the quantity of water. Wood­
ward. 2. Value.
My dear wife＇s estimate, her womb＇s increase,
The treasure of my loins. Shakespeare.
3. Valuation, comparative judgment. Outward actions can never
give a just estimate of us. Addison.

E＇STIMATED [æstimatus, Lat. estimé, Fr.] valued, rated.

ESTIMA＇TION, Fr. [estimazione, It, estimaciòn, Sp. æstimatio, Lat.]
1. The act of adjusting the price or value. If a man shall sanctify
unto the lord some part of a field, the estimation shall be according to
the seed and homer of barley. Leveticus. 2. Calculation. 3. Esteem,
honour, regard. Due estimation and reverence. Atterbury. 4. Opi­
nion, judgment. In our own estimation we account such particulars
more worthy. Bacon.

ESTIMATION of the Judgment [with divines] consists in a due va­
luation of those excellencies that are in the divine nature, whereby
God is accounted the supreme being in genere boni, from whom all
created goodness is derived, and in conformity to whom it is to be
measured.

ESTIMA＇TIVE, adj. [of estimate] having the power of comparing
and adjusting the preference. We find in animals an estimative or ju­
dicial faculty. Hale.

ESTIMA＇TOR [of estimate] one that sets rates, one that computes.








E＇STIVAL, adj. [estivo, It. and Sp. æstivalis, Lat.] belonging to
summer; also continuing for the summer.

ESTIVAL Occident [with astronomers] the summer-west or north-
west; that point of the horizon where the sun rises, when it is in the
tropic of Cancer.

ESTIVAL Solstice [with astronomers] the summer solstice, when the
sun entering the tropic of Cancer on the 11th of June, makes the
longest day and the shortest night.

ESTIVA＇TION [æstivatio, Lat.] the act of passing the summer. A
grotto is a place of shade or estivation. Bacon.

ESTOILLEE＇, Fr. [in heraldry] as a cross estoillee signifies a star with
only four long rays in form of a cross, and so broad in the centre, and
ending in sharp points.

ESTO＇PEL, or ESTO＇PPEL [of estouper, Fr.] an impediment or bar
of action growing from a man＇s own act, who hath or otherwise might
have had his action.

ESTOUFA＇DE [in French cookery] a particular way of stewing
meat.

ESTO＇VERS [of estoffe or estouver. Fr.] that sustenance which a man,
committed for felony, is to have out of his lands or goods, for him­
self and his family, during imprisonment.

E＇STRAC [with horsemen] a horse that is light bodied, lank-bellied,
thin-flanked, and narrow-chested.

ESTRA＇DE, Fr. a public high-way or road.

Batteurs d＇ESTRADE [a military term] scouts of horse sent out to get
intelligence of the dispositions of the enemy, and what is like to fall
out in the way.

Battre d＇ESTRADE, Fr. to go out upon such an expedition.

ESTRADE, the one half of an alcove or bed-chamber, rais＇d with a
floor, and richly furnished and adorned for the reception of persons of
distinction.

ESTRADE [of stratum, Lat.] an even or level space.

To ESTRA＇NGE, verb act. [etranger, Fr.] 1. To keep at a distance,
to withdraw. Insidels estranged from the house of God. Hooker. 2.
To draw away the affections, to take off from, to alienate from affec­
tion, to turn from kindness to malice or indifference. I do not know
to this hour what it is that has estranged him from me. Pope. 3. To
alienate or divert from its original possessor or purpose. They have
estranged this place, and have burnt incense in it to other gods. Jere­
miah. 4. To withhold, to withdraw. To estrange our belief from
every thing not clearly evidenced. Glanville. 5. To become
strange.

ESTRA＇NGEL, the estrangelus character, a particular species or form
of Syriac letter serving as capitals.

ESTRA＇NGEMENT [from estrange] a drawing away the affections,
alienation, voluntary abstraction. Desires, by a long estrangement from
better things, come at length perfectly to loath and fly off from them.
South.

ESTRA＇NGERS [in law] foreigners, persons born beyond sea; also
those who are not privies or parties to levying a fine, or making of a
deed, &c.

ESTRAPA＇DE, Fr. [in horsemanship] is the defence of a horse that will
not obey, who, to rid himself of his rider, rises mightily before, and
while his fore-hand is yet in the air, furiously yerks out his hind-legs,
striking higher than his head was before: and during the counter-time
rather goes back than forward.

ESTR＇AY [of estrayeur, old Fr.] any tame beast found within any
lordship, and not owned by any man, which being cry＇d according to
law in the market adjoining, if it be not claimed by the owner in a
year and a day, it is then the lord of the manor＇s where found.

ESTRE＇AT in Law [extractum, Lat. drawn out] is used for the true
copy or duplicate of an original writing; as for example, of amer­
ciaments or penalties, set down in the rolls of a court, to be levied by
a bailiff, or other officer, of every man for his offence.

Clerk of the ESTREA＇TS, a clerk who receives the estreats out of the
office of the lord treasurer＇s remembrancer, and writes them out to be
levied for the king.

ESTRECIA＇TUS [old law] straitened or blocked up.

E＇STREGE-BOARDS, boards either of deal, fir, &c. brought out of
the eastern countries.

E＇STREMAS, a town of Alentejo, in Portugal, 85 miles south-east of
Lisbon.

ESTREPAMENT [estrepier, Fr. old law] spoil made by a tenant for
term of life upon lands or woods, to the damage of the person, who
is to have them in reversion; also an impoverishing or making
lands barren, by continual ploughing and sowing without due manu­
ring, rest, and other husbandry.

ESTREPAMENT, or ESTRE＇PEMENT, a writ to forbid the making
such waste, during a law-suit between two parties.

To ESTRE＇PE [estropier, Fr. to maim] to make spoil in lands and
woods.

E＇STRICH, now commonly written O＇STRICH, the largest of birds.
The dove will peck the estrich. Shakespeare.

An E＇STUARY [æstuarium, Lat.] any place where the tide comes,
or that is overflowed at high-water; an arm of the sea, the mouth of
a lake or river, where the tide flows.

To E＇STUATE, verb neut. [æstuo, Lat.] to swell and fall recipro­
cally, to be in a violent commotion.

ESTUA＇TION [æstuate, Lat.] the state of rising and falling, com­
motion, agitation. Not excited into estuations. Brown.

E＇STURE [æstus, Lat.] violent commotion. Outrageous esture
there. Chapman.

E＇SULA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb spurge.

ESU＇RIENT, adj. [esuriens, Lat.] voracious, hungry.

E＇SURINE, adj. [esurio, Lat.] corroding, eating. In this sort of air
there is something esurine and acid. Wiseman.

ESURINE Salts [in medicine] such as are of a fretting or eating
quality, which abound in the air of places near the sea-coasts, and
where great quantities of coals are burnt.

The ESU＇RINE, with PARACELSUS, is the name of an acetose kind
of medicine, which excites so great a hunger, as not only to desire,
but even digest such things as are no proper subjects of food. Cas­
tell. Renov.

ESWE＇GEN, a town of Germany, 26 miles south-east of the city
of Cassel.

ETA＇PE, or ETA＇PPE, Fr. a public store-house for goods, a staple­
town.

ETAPE, Fr. [in military affairs] an allowance of provisions and for­
rage for soldiers, during the time of their march through a country,
to or from winter-quarters.

ETA＇PIER, one who contracts with a country or territory for
furnishing troops, with provisions and forage in their march through a
country.

ETA＇TE Probanda. See ÆTATE Probanda.

ETC, a contraction of the Latin word et cætera, and the rest, and
so on.

ETCH＇ING, or ETCH [etizen, or aetizen, Ger.] 1. A particular
way of engraving with a fine pointed steel or needle on a copper­
plate, covered over with a ground of wax, and well blacked with the
smoke of a link, in order to take off the figure of the drawing, which
having its backside tinctured with white lead, will, by running over
the strucken out lines with a stift impress the exact figure on the black
or red ground, which figure is afterwards with needles drawn deeper
quite through the ground, and all the shadows and hatchings put in;
and then a wax border being made all round the plate, a sufficient
quantity of aqua fortis is afterward poured on, to eat into the strokes
that have been so traced in the ground of wax. 2. To sketch, to
delineate; unless this word be mistaken by Locke for eke. Many
empty terms found in some learned writers, to which they had re­
course to etch out their systems. Locke. 3. This word is evidently
mistaken by Ray for edge. To move forwards towards one side.
When we lie long awake in the night, we are not able to rest one
quarter of an hour without shifting of sides, or at least etching this
way and that way more or less. Ray.

ETCH, subst. a country word, signifying latter. When they sow
their etch crops, they sprinkle a pound or two of clover on an acre.
Mortimer.

ETE＇RNAL, adj. [æternus, Lat. eternel, Fr. eterno, It. Sp. and
Port.] 1. Being without beginning or end. The eternal God is thy
refuge. Deuteronomy. 2. Being without beginning. To know whe­
ther there were any real being, whose duration has been eternal.
Locke. That which, though it had a beginning, yet is to last for
ever; everlasting, endless, immortal. In them nature＇s copy＇s not
eternal. Shakespeare. 4. Constant, unintermitting. Fires eternal in
thy temples shine. Dryden. 5. Unchangeable. Eternal truths.
Dryden.

ETE＇RNAL, subst, [eternel, Fr.] one of the appellations of the deity.
That law whereby the eternal himself doth work. Hooker.

ETE＇RNALIST, subst. [æternus, Lat.] one that believes the world to
be eternal.

ETE＇RNALLY, adv. [of eternal] 1. For ever, without beginning
or end. 2. Unchangeably, invariably. That which is morally good
or evil at any time, must be also eternally and unchangeably so.
South. 3. Perpetually, without intermission. Where western gales
eternally reside. Addison.

ETE＇RNALNESS [of éternité, Fr. eternità, It. eternidàd, Sp. æterni­
tas, Lat.] the being eternal.

ETE＇RNE, adj. [æternus, Lat.] eternal, endless. Mars his armour
forg＇d for proof eterne. Shakespeare.

ETE＇RNITY [æternitas, Lat. éternité, Fr.] 1. An infinite duration,
without either beginning or end, everlastingness. By repeating the
idea of any length of duration, with all the endless addition of num­
ber, we come by the idea of eternity. Locke. 2. Duration without
end. Eternity, whose end no eye can reach. Milton.
N. B. The ETYMOLOGY of this word, deduces it from ÆVUM in
Latin, and αιων in Greek; both which terms are of the same import
with OLAM in Hebrew; and all answer to the word ever, an AGE,
or indefinite duration with us, and signify more or less, according to
the different NATURES of the subjects to which they are applied, and
consequently are all used by the ancients in a sense vastly short of
what is meant by a strict and proper ETERNITY. Thus ARETÆUS
CAPPADOX, speaking of the epilepsy, says, “ου χρονιη η νοσος γινεται,
αλλ᾿ αιωνιη, i. e. it becomes no chronic, but eternal disease, meaning a
disease, which endures for life.” And thus the giants are said by Mo­
ses to have been mighty men, which were of old, in the original me­
olam, [from indefinite time, or time immemorial; but according to
our modern way of interpretation] from ETERNITY—men of renown,
Gen. c. vi. v. 4. And the rainbow is a token of God＇s covenant for
perpetual [or ETERNAL] generations, Gen. c. xi. v. 12. And God is
said to give the land of Canaan to the Jews for an everlasting [or
ETERNAL] possession. And the Jews are commanded to keep the
feast of the passover for an ETERNAL ordinance throughout their gene­
rations. “And there is no end of citing (as one well observes) those
ordinances, statutes, and grants in the old testament writings, which are
to be eternal, or for ever; which yet were to last no longer at the
utmost, than the Mosaic œconomy, and have many of them ceased
above 16 hundred years ago.” And as to the writers of the new
testament, we find there the same use of the word retained. Thus in
St. Luke, we read of holy prophets which have been απ᾿ αιωνος, from
everlasting, Luke c. i. v. 70. And St. Paul, speaking of the future
life or happiness, says, that God promised it before the eternal times,
Tit. i. 2. [see the original.] Now from this and the like use of the
word in scripture, it is evident, that it does not necessarily imply a
strict and proper ETERNITY. Nor is this conclusion at all invalidated
by saying, that the same word is sometimes applied to GOD HIM­
SELF: Because in that case, either the NATURE of the subject obliges
us to understand MORE than is expressed; or because a word, which
signifies an indefinite duration, may as well be applied to a duration
which has no end, as to that which is only of a long continuance. But
still ＇tis the NATURE of the SUBJECT, and not the MERE FORCE of the
WORD, that determines in which of the two senses it should be under­
stood; as appears from this proposition, “The everlasting God crea­
ted the everlasting hills.” And if it is not the force of the word, but
the NATURE of the SUBJECT, that must determine its sense; no ar­
gument, in favour of an absolute eternity, can be drawn from the
mere WORD itself; otherwise it would follow, that the everlasting







hills must be commensurate and equal in duration to the everlasting
GOD. But if the reader desires to see this piece of criticism handled
more at large, and in particular applied to some branches of the scrip­
ture-doctrine, he may consult Jackson＇s edition of NOVATIAN, and
Will. Whiston＇s dissertation on the duration of the future punishments.

To ETE＇RNIZE, or To ETE＇RNALIZE [æterno, Lat. éterniser, Fr.
eternare, It. eternizàr, Sp.] 1. To make eternal, to perpetuate. To
eternize woe. Milton. 2. To make for ever memorable, to immor­
talize, as to eternalize a person＇s name by worthy actions. Seeking
to eternize himself. Sidney.

ETH [ed, Sax.] the termination of the 3d pers. sing. of the pres.
tense of the ind. moods, of verbs active and neuter.

E＇THELING [noble or excellent] a title peculiar to the prince, or
next heir to the crown, among the English Saxons.

E＇THER [αιθηρ, Gr. æther, Lat.] 1. An element subtiler than air
refined. The eternal pressure of the ether. Locke. 2. The matter of
the highest regions above. There fields of light and liquid ether
flow. Dryden.

ETHE＇REAL, adj. [etheré, Fr. eterio, It. ethéreo, Sp. æthereus, Lat.]
1. Of or pertaining to the ether, formed of ether. I press th＇ ethe­
real plains. Dryden. 2. Heavenly. Go heavenly guest, ethereal
messenger. Milton.

ETHEREAL Oil [with chemists] a very fine, rectified, exalted oil,
or rather a spirit which soon catches fire.

ETHE＇REALNESS [of æthercal, Lat.] an ethereal quality.

ETHE＇REOUS, adj. [of ether] formed of ether celestial. This ethe­
reous mould. Milton.

E＇THIC, or E＇THICAL, adj. [ηθικος, Gr.] moral, delivering pre­
cepts of morality; as, Pope＇s ethic epistles.

E＇THICALLY, adv. [of ethical] according to the precepts of mo­
rality.

E＇THICS [etica, It. ethica, Lat. ηθικα, of ηθος, Gr.] the doctrine
of moral philosophy, a system of morality. A science, which shews
those rules and measures of human actions, which lead to true happi­
ness; and that acquaints us with the means to practise them. It has
no singular. I will never set politics against ethics. Bacon. Its ETY­
MOLOGY is from ηθος, Gr. custom or MORALS.

The ETHICS are represented in painting and sculpture by a woman
of a grave sober aspect, holding the instrument archipendulum in one
hand, and with the other a lion bridled. The latter to shew that
moral philosophy curbs the passions, and the former, the just equili­
brium we ought to hold in all our actions.
Such is the hieroglyphic representation of the true ethics, or MORAL
PHILOSOPHY, which our lexicographer exhibits; but, in my hum­
ble opinion, it falls greatly short of that rich and noble portraiture,
whose outlines a disciple of SOCRATES first drew; and from him one
of our own poets has given us the compleat draught. The description is
in point, and therefore I hope my readers will excuse my inserting it.
In station at th＇ effulgent portal see
A BEAUTEOUS FORM of mildest majesty.
Her eyes how piercing! How sedate her mien!
Mature in life her countenance is seen.
Spirit and solid thought each feature shows,
And her plain robe with state unstudy＇d flows.
She stands upon a CUBE of marble fix＇d
As the firm rock, two lovely NYMPHS betwixt,
Her daughters, copies of her looks and air;
Here candid TRUTH, and sweet PERSUASION there.
And then describing those inestimable blessings, which this divine
personage confers on mankind, he adds,
She gives the CONFIDENCE erect and clear;
She gives magnanimous CONTEMPT of fear;
And bids th＇ invulnerable mind to know
Her safety from the future shafts of woe.
The Table of CEBES in English Verse, with NOTES.

ETHIO＇PIA, or ÆTHETHIO＇PIA, a very extensive country of Afri­
ca, comprehending Abyssinia, Nubia, and Abex: it is bounded by
Egypt, and the desert of Barea, on the north; by the Red-sea, and
Indian Ocean, on the east; by the Straits of Amian, and the unknown
parts of Africa, on the south; and by other unknown countries on
the west.

ETHMOI＇DES, Lat. [of ηθμος, a sieve, and ειδος, Gr. form] a bone
in the inner part of the nose, full of little holes to receive the serous
humours that fall from the brain, called os cribrosum.

ETHMOIDA＇LIS, Lat. [in anatomy] one of the futures of the human
cranium or scull.

E＇THNARCHY [εθναρχια, of εθνος, a nation, and αρχη, Gr. sove­
reignty] principality or rule.

EEHNA＇RCHES, Lat. [εθναρχης, Gr.] a ruler of a nation or people.

E＇THNIC, adj. [etnico, It. of ethnicus, Lat. εθνικος, of εθνος, Gr. a
nation] of or pertaining to the nation; heathenish, not Jewish, not
christian. The ethnic world. Government of the Tongue.

E＇THNIC, subst. [ethnicus, Lat.] a heathen, not a Jew, not a
christian. This first Jupiter of the ethnics was then the same Cain.
Raleigh.

ETHNO＇PHRONES [of εθνος, heathen, and ϕρην, Gr. thought, senti­
ment] a sect of heretics of the 7th century, who professed christiani­
ty, but joined thereto all the superstitions and follies of paganism, as
judiciary astrology, sortileges, auguries, &c.
But may we not trace the first rise of imported paganism amongst
us somewhat higher? See BRANDEUM, DÆMON, or DEMON; and the
NOTE subjoined to the word CREED.

ETHOLO＇GICAL, adj. [of ηθος and λογος, Gr. treatise] pertaining to
treatises of ethics or morality.

ETHO＇LOGIST [ethologus, Lat. ηθολογος, Gr.] a mimic, one who
expresses other peoples manner by voice or gesture.

ETHO＇LOGY [ηθολογια, of ηθος, custom, and λεγω, Gr. to describe]
a discourse or treatise of manners.

ETHOLOGY [with rhetoricians] the art of shewing the manners of
others.

ETHOPOEI＇A, Lat. [ηθοποεια, Gr.] a figure in rhetoric, in which
there is a representation of the manners and passions of men, either to
their praise or dispraise.

ETIO＇LOGY [αιτιολογια, of αιτια, cause or reason, and λογος, Gr. dis­
course] the act of giving the cause of any thing, generally of a distemper.

E＇TNA, or Æ＇TNA, or Mount GI＇BELLO, a vulcano, or a burning
mountain of Sicily, situated 50 miles south-west of Messina, and 20
west of Catania.

ETO＇ILE, Fr. [in fortification] a small fort or work of four, five,
six, or more points, a star redoubt.

ETYMOLO＇GICAL [etymologicus, Lat. of ετυμολογικος, of ετυμος,
true, and λογος, Gr. discourse] of or pertaining to etymology. This
etymological observation. Locke.

ETYMOLO＇GICALLY [of ετυμολογικος, Gr.] by way of etymology.

ETYMO＇LOGIST [etymologiste, Fr. etimologista, It. etymologus, Lat. of
ετυμολογος, Gr.] one skilled in the original, and true meaning of
words.

To ETYMO＇LOGIZE [etymologizo, Lat.] to search after, or give an
account of the original and derivation of words, and also their true
meaning.

ETYMO＇LOGY [etymologie, Fr. etimologia, It. and Sp. etymologia,
Lat, ετυμολογια, Gr.] the derivation of words from their original, the
analysis of compound words into their primitives; also that part of
grammars that shews the various inflections and formation, of nouns
and verbs.

The Greek word ETYMOS, from whence this compound is derived,
is in HESYCHIUS, æquipollent to the word αληθης, i. e. true. And
consequently etymology, in its primary sense, should mean no more
than the adjusting the true import or meaning of words: But as this
is frequently best settled by decompounding and tracing them up to
their ORIGINAL, hence etymology in its secondary (not to say most or­
dinary) sense, imports the adjusting the derivation of words. And in
this sense EUSTATHIUS, in his comment on Homer, used it, as he is
cited by the learned author of the APPENDIX ad Thesaurum H. Ste­
phan. Constant. Scapulæ, &c. “ο ρητωρ——ετυμολογικως, &c. “The
orator, says he, after the etymologic manner, is compared to a flow
of water; since, from the word ρεω [to flow] comes rhetor [or ora­
tor] who like a flow [or copious tide] pours forth his speech.” Eu­
stath. in Iliad, lib. 3. p. 300. Odyss. lib. 1. p. 57. Would the rea­
der see of what use the DERIVATION of a term is to explain and ad­
just its meaning, whether in DIVINITY, PHYSIC, or HISTORY, he may
please (by way of specimen) to consult the words DIN, AUTHENTIC,
ETERNITY, CADI, DOGMATICS, or dogmatica medicina, and CYNANCHE,
and under the last, instead of the word [pain] substitute the word
[throttling or suffocation.]

E＇TYMON, [ετυμον, Gr.] the original of a word. Blue hath its ety­
mon from the High Dutch blaw. Peacham.

EU, a port town of Normandy, in France, 15 miles north-east of
Dieppe.

To EVA＇CUATE, verb act. [vacatum, sup, of vaco, Lat.] to empty
or throw out. To disincarecrate venene bodies, or to evacate them.
Harvey.

EVA＇CUANTS, subst. [evacuans, Lat. in physic] medicines proper
to expel or carry off any peccant or redundant humours in the animal
body by the proper way of the emunctories.

To EVA＇CUATE [evacuër, Fr. evacuàr, Sp. evacuare, It. and Lat.]
1. To make or leave empty, to clear. Evacuating clean, and empty­
ing the church. Hooker. 2. To throw out as noxious or offensive.
3. To discharge or void by any of the excretory passages. 4. To
make void, to vacate, to nullify. It would not evacuate a marriage.
Bacon. 5. To quit a place, to withdraw out of it. He never eva­
cuated Catalonia. Swift.

EVACUA＇TION, Fr. [evacuazione, It. evacuaciòn, Sp. of evacuatio,
Lat.] 1. An emptying, such emissions as leave a vacancy, a discharge.
Consider the vast evacuations of men that England hath had, by as­
sistances lent to foreign kingdoms. Hale. 2. The act of abolishing,
nullification. Utter evacuation of all Romish ceremonies. Hooker.

EVACUATION [in medicine] 1. The practice of discharging and eva­
cuating superfluous humours and excrements out of the body by phy­
sic. 2. Discharges of the body by any natural or artificial vent.

To EVA＇DE, verb act. [evader, Fr. evadir, Sp. of evado, Lat.] 1.
To escape by artifice, to elude. He might evade the accomplishment
of these afflictions. Brown. 2. To shift off, to decline by subterfuge.
Our question thou evad＇st. Dryden. 3. To avoid the force of an ar­
gument, to elude by sophistry. To evade the testimonies of the fa­
thers. Stillinfleet. 4. To escape as imperceptable or unconquerable.
A contingent event baffles man＇s knowledge, and evades his power.
South.

To EVADE, verb neut. 1. To escape or slip away. Often evading
from perils. Bacon. 2. To practice sophistry or evasions. The mi­
nisters of God are not to evade or take refuge in any of these. South.

EVAGA＇TION, Lat. the act of roving or wandering out. To stop
the evagation of the vapours. Ray.

EVAGINA＇TION, Lat. an unsheathing a sword.

EVANE＇SCENT, adj. [evanescens, Lat.] vanishing, imperceptible. The
difference between right and wrong, on some petty cases, is almost
evanescent. Wollaston.

EVANGE＇LIA, Lat. [ευαγγελια, Gr.] good tidings.

EVANGE＇LIC, or EVANGELICAL [evangeliquc, Fr. evangelics, It. and
Sp. evangelicus, Lat. ευαγγελικος, Gr.] 1. Gospel-like, pertaining to
the gospel, agreeable to the christian law revealed in the holy gospels.
An evangelical not a legal righteousness. Atterbury. 2. Contained
in the gospel. Those evangelical hymns they allow not. Hooker.

EVANGE＇LICALLY, adv. [of evangelical] in a gospel-like manner.

EVANGE＇LICALNESS [of evangelical] evangelical quality.

EVANGE＇LICA Lat. [among the ancients] processions and prayers
made for glad tidings received.

EVA＇NGELISM, subst. [of evangely] the promulgation of the holy
gospel. The apostolical and miraculous evangelism. Bacon.

EVA＇NGELIST [evangelista, Lat. ευαγγελιστης, Gr. a messenger or
bringer of good tidings] 1. A penman of a gospel, a writer of the his­
tory of our Saviour; as St. Matthew, &c. The four evangelists. Ad­
dison. 2. One that promulgates the christian laws. It were fit our
new evangelists should show their authority. Decay of Piety.

EVA＇NGELIUM, Lat. [ευαγγελιον, Gr.] a gospel, or GLAD TIDINGS.
See DOXOLOGY; and to compleat the list of scripture doxologies collect­







ed by Dr. Clarke, add that most excellent one, published by angels
on this happy occasion, “Glory to GOD in the highest, PEACE on
earth, and GOOD-WILL to men.”

To EVA＇NGELIZE [evangelizo, Lat. of ευαγγελιζεσθαι, of ευ, well,
and αγγελλω, Gr. to bring tidings] to preach the gospel, to instruct
in the law of Jesus.
His apostles whom he sends,
Evangelize the nations. Milton.

EVA＇NGELY, subst. [ευαγγελιον, Gr. good tidings] the message of
pardon and salvation; the holy gospel of Jesus.
Good Lucius,
That first receiv＇d christianity,
The sacred pledge of Christ＇s evangely. Spenser.

EVA＇NID, adj. [evanidus, Lat.] soon decaying, fading, frail, weak,
faint. An evanid meteor. Glanville.

EVANID Colours [with philosophers] such colours as are not of a
very long continuance, as those of clouds before and after sun-set, the
rain-bow, &c. which are called emphatical and fantastical colours.

EVA＇NIDNESS [of evanid] fading quality.

To EVA＇NISH [evanesco, Lat.] to vanish away, to escape from no­
tice.

EVA＇NTES, the priestesses of Bacchus, so called because in celebra­
ting the oryga, they ran about like distracted persons, crying, evan,
evan, ohe evan.

EVA＇PORABLE, adj. [of evaporate] that may be easily dissipated in
vapours. Volatile and easily evaporable. Grew.

To EVA＇PORATE, verb neut. [evaporer, Fr. evaporare, It. evaporàr,
Sp. evaporo, Lat.] to dissolve into vapours, to steam out, to fly
away in fumes. It will all evaporate. Denham.

To EVAPORATE, verb act. 1. To drive away in fumes, to disperse
in vapours. To spend themselves and evaporate the noxious parti­
cles. Swift. 2. To give vent to sallies. Essex evaporated his thoughts
in a sonnet. Wotton.

To EVA＇PORATE to a Pellicle [with chemists] a phrase used to sig­
nify the consuming a liquor by a gentle heat, till a thin skin is per­
ceived to swim on the top of it.

EVAPORA＇TION, Fr. [evaporazione, It. evaporaciòn, Sp. of evapora­
tio, Lat.] 1. The act of breathing or steaming forth in vapours, vent,
discharge. Evaporations are at some times greater, according to the
greater heat of the sun. Woodward. 2. The act of attenuating or sub­
tilizing matter so as to make it fly away in fumes. Those waters by
rarefaction and evaporation ascended. Raleigh.

EVAPORATION [with physicians] the discharging of humours thro＇
the pores of the body.

EVAPORATION [in chemistry and pharmacy] the dissolving some
parts of juices, &c. till they become of a better consistence; or the
dispersing the superfluous moisture of any liquid substance, by means
of a gentle fire, so as to leave some part stronger than before.

EVA＇SION, Fr. [of evasio, Lat.] a shift or trick, a supterfuge, art­
ful means of evading. By evasions thy crime uncover＇st more. Mil­
ton.

EVA＇SIVE, adj. [evasivus, Lat.] 1. Shifting, practising evasion.
Answer＇d evasive of the sly request. Pope. 2. Containing an evasion,
crafty, deceitful.

EVA＇SIVELY, adv. [of evasive] craftily, deceitfully.

EVA＇TES, a branch or division of our old philosophers the Druids.
Strabo distributes the philosophers among the Britons and Gauls into
three sects, Bards, Evates, and Druids. The Bards he takes to be
poets and musicians. The Evates, priests and naturalists. The Druids,
moralists as well as naturalists.

EU＇CHARIST [eucharistie, Fr. cucaristia, It. eucharistia, Sp. and
Lat. of ευχαριστια, of ευ, well, and χαρις, Gr. grace or thanks] a
thanksgiving, and thence the sacrament of the Lord＇s supper is so cal­
led, as being the sacramental act in which the death of our Redeemer
is commemorated with a thankful remembrance. This ordinance was
called the eucharist from the act of THANKSGIVING, which our Saviour
himself exhibited at its original institution [Luke xxii. 19.] and
which, after his example, is still retained in the church. So JUSTIN
MARTYR, when describing the manner in which it was observed in his
days, “Then, says he, is offer＇d to the PRESIDENT of the brethren
[i. e. to the bishop] bread, and a cup of wine mix＇d with water;
which having receiv＇d, he sends up praise and glory to the FATHER
of the universe, thro＇ the name of the Son, and Holy Spirit, together
with a long or ample THANKSGIVING for our being counted worthy of
these things, [meaning as well the gifts of grace, as those of nature
as appears from the form still preserv＇d in the 8th book of the apostolic
constitutions] and when he has finished his prayers and THANKSGIVING,
all the people express their assent by saying, “AMEN.” And then ha­
ving described the distribution of the bread and wine by the deacons,
not only to the present, but also absent members, he adds, “This
food is called by us, “Eucharist,” alluding to that thanksgiving,
which in this ordinance was first by Christ himself, and after his exam­
ple by his followers, addressed to GOD. For so he explains himself still
further, “And in all that we OFFER, [alluding to the gifts then made
for the relief of the poor, &c.] we bless the MAKER of ALL THINGS
thro＇ his son Jesus Christ, and thro＇ the Holy Spirit. Justin. Mart.
Apolog. 2 Ed. Rob. Stephan. p. 161, 162. Such was the simplicity and
manner, in which the Lord＇s supper once was celebrated by the pri­
mitive Christians* I say＇d “in commemoration of our Saviour＇s death,” for so Justin explains himself more at large in his dialogue with Trypho. “Christ, says he, deliver＇d the eucharistic bread in commemoration of his PASSION, that withal we may give thanks to God for having made the world, with all things therein, for man, and for his having freed us from that evil and misery wherein we were, and his having utterly abolished principalities and powers by HIM, that became possible according to his council and will.” By laying all these circumstances together, MEDE gives us the following definition of the eucharist, ex mente antiquæ ecclesiæ. “An oblation of thanksgiving and prayer to GOD the FATHER, thro＇ Jesus Christ, and his sacrifice, commemorated in the creatures of bread and wine, which had been first offered to GOD to agnize him the LORD OF THE CREATURE” And he adds, that so far down as the third council of Carthage and Hippo, it was decreed, “cum altari assistitur. [N. B.] Semper ad PATREM dirigatur oratio, i. e. when they stand at the altar, they should always direct the prayer to GOD the FATHER. Mede＇s Works, Ed. Lond. p. 356, 368, 372., in commemoration of our Saviour＇s death; as to
the changes which it has since undergone, see the words OBLATION,
and TRANSUBSTANTIATION.

EUCHARI＇STICAL [eucharistique, Fr. eucaristico, It. eucharistico, Sp.
of eucharisticus, Lat. of ευχαριστικος, Gr.] 1. Of or pertaining to the
eucharist or Lord＇s supper. 2. Containing acts of thanksgiving. The
eucharistical part of our daily devotions. Ray.

EUCHI＇TES [ευχιτες, of ευχη, Gr. prayer] an ancient religious sect
thus denominated on account of their praying without ceasing;
imagining that prayer alone was sufficient to save them.

EUCHO＇LOGY [ευχολογια, of ευχη and λογος, from λεγω, Gr. to dis­
course] a treatise or discourse of prayer; also a formulary of prayers.

EUCHO＇RA, or EUCHRO＇A, Lat. [of ευ and χροα, Gr. colour] a good
colour and temper of the skin.

EUCHRA＇SY [ευκρασια, of ευ, and κρασις, Gr. temperature] a good
temperature and condition or state of the body.

EUCHYLOS [ευχυλος, Gr.] one who abounds with good juices or
humours.

E＇UCHYMY [ευχυμια, of ευ, and χυμος, Gr. juice] a good temper
of blood, or other juices and fluids in an animal body.

EU＇DÆMON [ευδαιμων, Gr.] a good genius or spirit.

EUDÆMON [with astronomers] the fourth house of a figure of the
the heavens, so called on account of its good and prosperous significa­
tions, as attainment of hopes, store of friends, &c.

EUDÆ＇MONY [eudæmonia, Lat. of ευδαμωνια, Gr.] happiness.

EUDIAPNE＇USTES [ευδιαπνευστης, of ευ, and διαπνεω, Gr. to perspire]
one who sweats kindly.

EUDO＇XIA, Lat. [of ευδοξια, Gr.] good name or fame.

EVE, or E＇VEN, subst. 1. The vigil or fast before a festival or holi­
day. In this sense only eve is used, and not even.2. The close or
latter part of the day. This is generally used in poetry.

E＇VECK, a beast like a wild goat.

EVE and TREVE [in the practice of Scotland] servants whose prede­
cessors have been servants to any person and his predecessors.

EVE CHAIR, an insect, a chier-worm.

EVE＇CTICA, Lat. that part of physic that teaches how to acquire a
good habit of body.

EVE＇CTION, Lat. a lifting up, a carrying forth; also a praising and
extolling.

EVE＇CTION of the Moon [with astronomers] is an inequality in her
motion, by which, at or near her quarters, she is not in that line,
which passes through the centre of the earth to the sun, as she is at her
conjunction, opposition, or syzygies.

EUE＇MBOLOS [of ευ, well, εν, in, and βαλλω, Gr. to cast] an expert
bone-setter.

E＇VEN, or E＇VENING, subst. [æfen, and æfnung, Sax. abundt, Du.
abend, Ger. aftenen, Dan. affton, Su.] the close of a day, that part
after the setting of the sun till twilight or dark.

The EVENING was represented by the ancients in sculpture and paint­
ing by the goddess Diana, holding in one hand her bow unbent, and
in the other a string, at which a couple of hounds were tied, lying on
the ground, as if weary.
EVENING red and morning grey,
Are the signs of a fair day.
How true this proverbial observation is, I shall not determine, but we
are not the only nation who make use of it. The Fr. say; Le rouge
soir & blanc Matin font rejouir le pelerin. (A red evening and white
morning rejoice the pilgrim:) And so the It. Sera reossa, e bianco
(tho＇ some say negro, black) matino fanne allegro il pelegrino.
The EVENING crowns the day.
Lat. A solis occasu non ab ortu, describe diem. This proverb teaches
us that we are not to judge of things or actions till they are brought to
their full maturity.

E＇VEN, adj. [æfen, Sax. even, Du. O. and L. Ger. even, H. Ger.
even, Dan. effwen, Su.] 1. Equal, level, not rugged. The superfi­
cies of such plates are not even. Newton. 2. Smooth, as opposed to
rough, uniform. Lay the rough paths of peevish nature ev＇n. Prior.
3. Parallel to, level with. Shall lay thee even with the ground.
St. Luke. 4. Not leaning any way. Carry his honours even. Shake­
speare. 5. Having no part higher or lower than the other. When he
did set his foot in the middle, all the other parts lay flat and even.
Davies. 6. Equal on both sides; as, an even account. Even reck­
oning makes lasting friends. South. 7. Being out of debt, owing
nothing either good or ill. The public is always even with an author
who has not a just deference for them. Addison. 8. Calm, not liable to
be elevated nor depressed. Desires compos＇d, affections ever ev＇n.
Pope. 9. Capable of being divided into equal parts; opposed to odd.
Tell me whether the number of the stars be even or odd. Taylor.

EVEN, adv. 1. A word of strong assertion. Verily even so did these
Gauls possess the coasts. Spenser. 2. Notwithstanding, tho＇ it was so
that. I knew they were bad enough even when I wrote them. Dry­
den. 3. Likewise, not only so but also. The great lights are suffi­
cient, and serve also to measure even the motions of those others. Hol­
der. 4. So much as. Without loading our memories, or making us
even sensible of the change. Swift. 5. A word of exaggeration
wherein a secret comparison is implied; as, even the poor, that is,
the poor like the rich. Discoveries which appear new, even to those
who are versed in critical learning. Addison. 6. A word of conces­
sion. Since you refin＇d the notion and corrected the malignity, I shall
e＇en let it pass. Collier.

To EVEN, verb act. 1. To make even. 2. To make plain,
equal, smooth, or level. This temple Xerxes even＇d with the soil.
Raleigh. 3. To make out of debt, to put in such a condition as either
good or ill is fully repaid.
Nothing can or shall content my soul,
Till I am even＇d with him wife for wife. Shakespeare.

To EVEN, verb neut. to be equal to. Now obsolete. A redoubled
numbering never eveneth with the first. Carew.

E＇VENING. See EVE and EVEN, subst.








EVENHA＇NDED, adj. [of even and hand] equitable, impartial. Even­
handed justice. Shakespeare.

EVEN Number [in arithmetic] a number which may be divided into
even or equal numbers, without any fraction, as 6 and 8 into 3
and 4.

E＇VENLY, adv. [of even] 1. Equally, uniformly. Evenly ballanced.
Bentley. 2. In a level, without asperity or unevenness. Evenly and
smoothly spread. Wotton. 3. Horizontally, without inclination any
way. Evenly distant from the centre. Brerewood. 4. Impartially,
without enmity or favour. To carry yourself wisely and evenly be­
tween them both. Bacon.

EVENLY EVEN Number [in arithmetic] a number which is exactly
divisible by an even number taken an even number of times, as the
number 32, which is divisible by the number 8 taken 4 times.

EVENLY ODD Number [in arithmetic] is that which an even num­
ber measures by an odd one, as 30, which 2 or 6 being even numbers,
measure by 15 or 5, which are odd numbers.

E＇VENNESS [efenesse, Sax.] 1. Plainness, smoothness, levelness.
2. State of being even. 3. Uniformity, regularity. That evenness
and celerity requisite in them all. Grew. 4. Freedom from inclina­
tion to either side. It may settle in a middle state of evenness between
both. Hookor. 5. Impartiality, equal respect. 6. Calmness, free­
dom from violent passions. Great composure and evenness of mind.
Atterbury.

E＇VENSONG [of even and song] 1. The form of worship in the even­
ing. It is well if he lasts to evensong. Taylor. 2. The evening. He
tun＇d his notes both evensong and morn. Dryden.

EVE＇NT [evento, It. eventus, Lat.] 1. Adventure, chance, hap
good or bad. There is one event to the righteous and to the wicked.
Ecclesiastes. 2. End or success, conclusion, upshot.
Two spears from Meleager＇s hand were sent
With equal force, but various in th＇ event. Dryden.

To EVE＇NTERATE, verb act. [eventeratum, sup. of eventero, Lat.]
to rip up the belly. Brown uses it.

EVE＇NTFUL, adj. [of event and full] full of incidents or changes of
fortune. This strange eventful history. Shakespeare.

EVENTI＇DE [æfentid, Sax.] the time of evening. To meditate at
eventide. Genesis.

To EVE＇NTILATE [ventiler, Fr. ventilare, It. ventilàr, Sp. even­
tilo, Lat.] 1. To winnow, to sift out. 2. To examine, to discuss.
3. (In law) to estimate, prize or value an estate or inheritance.

EVE＇NTILATED, part. pass. [eventilatus, Lat.] 1. Winnowed. 2.
Thoroughly examined or sifted.

EVENTILA＇TION [ventilation, Fr. ventilazione, It. of ventilatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of winnowing or fanning 2. A strict examination,
the canvassing or sifting a business or question to the bottom.

EVE＇NTUAL [of eventus, Lat.] actually coming to pass, in conse­
quence of any thing.

EVE＇NTUALLY, adv. [of eventual] in the event, result or conse­
quence. Hermione has but intentionally, not eventually disoblig＇d
you. Boyle.

E＇VER, adv. [efre, Sax. eeuwig, Du. ewig, Ger.] 1. At all times,
without end. God hath had ever, and ever, shall have, some church
visible. Hooker. 2. At any time; as, if ever. As free from the envy
of friends as ever any king was. Bacon. 3. Eternally, to perpetuity.
They cease to be, and exist no more for ever. Locke. 4. Sometimes,
reduplicated. For ever and for ever farewel. Shakespeare. 5. At one
time; as, ever and anon, that is, now and then. 6. In any de­
gree. Tho＇ made up of ever so many particulars. Locke. 7. A word
of enforcement or aggravation. As soon as ever we had heard it, that
is, immediately after we had heard it. Scarcely used but in similar
language.8. Ever a, any [as ever y, that is, ever ich, or ever
each is each one, all. Johnson] This word is still retained in the Scot­
tish dialect. I love thee better than I love e＇er a scurvy young boy of
them all. Shakespeare. 9. Often contracted to e＇er. 10. It is much
used in composition in the sense of always; as, ever-green, green
throughout the year. It is added almost arbitrarily to neutral partici­
ples and adjectives, as will be sufficiently explained in the following
examples:

To EVE＇RBERATE [everberatum, Lat.] to beat.

EVERBU＇BBLING. adj. [of ever and bubbling] boiling up perpe­
tually. Everbubbling spring. Crashaw.

E＇VERDING, a town of Austria, in Germany, situated on the Da­
nube, 12 miles west of Lints.

EVERBU＇RNING, adj. [of ever and burning] unextinguished. Ever­
burning lamps. Spenser.

EVERDU＇RING, adj. [of ever and during] enduring without end.
Everduring glory. Raleigh.

EVERGE＇TES [ευεργετης, of ευ, well, and εργον, Gr. work] a bene­
factor; a title given to several princes or kings of Syria and Egypt,
who succeeded Alexander.

EVERGRE＇EN, adj. [of ever and green] verdant throughout the year.
The plant is rendered evergreen. Arbuthnot.

EVERGREEN, subst. a plant that remains green throughout the year.

EVERHO＇NOURED, adj. [of ever and honoured] always held in ho­
nour or esteem.

EVERLA＇STING, adj. [of æfre and læstung, Sax.] enduring for
ever, perpetual, immortal. It is used of past as well as future eternity,
tho＇ not so properly.

EVERLA＇STING, subst. [of ever and lasting] eternal duration, whe­
ther past or future. From everlasting to everlasting. Psalms. See
ETERNAL.

EVERLA＇STINGLY, durably, eternally, without end.

EVERLA＇STINGNESS, eternity, perpetuity, indefinite duration. Don­
ne uses it.

EVERLI＇VING, adj. [of ever and living] immortal, eternal.

EVERMO＇RE, adv. [of ever and more] always. More seems an ex­
pletive accidentally added, unless it signified originally from this time:
as, evermore, always, henceforward. But this sense has not been
strictly preserved.

EVERO＇PEN, adj. [of ever and open] never closed, not shut at any
time.

EVERPLE＇ASING, adj. [of ever and pleasing] delighting at all times,
never ceasing to yield pleasure.

To EVE＇RSE, verb act. [versum, sup. of everto, Lat.] to overthrow,
to destroy. Glanville uses it.

E＇VERSHOT, a market town of Dorsetshire, on the borders of So­
mersetshire, 123 miles from London.

EVE＇RSION, Lat. an overthrowing, overturning, overthrow, de­
strnction.

EVERSION, Lat. [in rhetoric] the same figure as Epanodos.

To EVE＇RT [everto, Lat.] to turn upside down, to overthrow, to
destroy. Ayliffe uses it.

To EVE＇RTUATE [of e, neg. and virtus, Lat.] to take away or de­
prive of virtue, power, efficacy, &c.

EVERWA＇TCHFUL, adj. [of ever and watchful] always vigilant.

E＇VERY, adj. [in old language, everich, that is, ever each, æfer,
ealc, Sax. huer, or huert, Dan. hwar, Su.] each one of all. Every
has therefore no plural signification. Every one of them. Numbers.
EVERY thing has its wherefore.
Ger. Alles hat sein warumb. That is, every thing has or ought to
have its reason.

E＇VERYOUNG, adj. [of ever and young] not subject to old age, un­
decaying.

EVERY Where, in each place, in all places.

E＇VESHAM, or E＇VESHOLM, commonly called E＇SAM, a borough
town of Worcestershire, 95 miles from London, situated on the river
Avon, over which it has a stone bridge, and a harbour for barges. It
sends two members to parliament.

E＇VESDROPPER, subst. [of eves and dropper] some mean fellow that
skulks about a house in the night.
What makes you listening there? get farther off,
I preach not to thee thou wicked evesdropper. Dryden.

To EVE＇STIGATE, verb act. [evestigo, Lat.] to search out.

EVE＇STIGATED, part. pass. [evestigatus, Lat.] searched out by the
footsteps.

EVESTIGA＇TION, the act of sending for, searching after, tracing or
finding out.

EUE＇XIA, Lat. [ευεξια, Gr.] a good sound habit of body.

EU＇GENY [ευγενεια, Gr.] nobleness of birth or blood.

EUGA＇LADON, Lat. [of ευ, and γαλα, Gr. milk] the herb milk-wort.

EUGE＇OS, or EUGE＇UM, Lat. [ευγειον, of ευ, and γαια, Gr. the
earth] the womb, so termed by way of allusion to fruitful ground.

EUGH, subst. [this word is so written by most writers; but since the
original iw, Sax. or Welch ywen, more favours the easier orthography
of yew, I have referr＇d it thither] a tree. See YEW.

EUGU＇BIO, a town and bishop＇s see of Italy, in the dutchy of Ur­
bino, and 35 miles south of that city.

E＇VIAN, a town of Savoy, situated 25 miles north-east of Geneva,
on the south-side of the lake of Geneva.

EVIBRA＇TION, Lat. the act of shaking, brandishing or darting.

To EVI＇CT [evinco, evictum, Lat.] 1. To convince by force of ar­
gument, to evince, to prove. Little used. Its necessity evicted by any
cogent experiment. Cheyne. 2. To dispossess of a judicial course.
The law would evict them out of their possession. Davies. 3. To take
away by a sentence of law.

EVI＇CTION [of evict] 1. Thorough conviction or proof, certain
testimony. Rather an expedient for peace than an eviction of the right.
L＇Estrange. 2. Deprivation, or dispossession by a definitive judicial
sentence. No respect had to eviction or dispossession. Bacon.

E＇VIDENCE, Fr. [evidenza, It. evidéncia, Sp. of evidentia, Lat.]
1. Clearness, perspicuity, plainness, demonstation. 2. Testimony,
proof. They bear evidence to a history in defence of christianity. Ad­
dison. 3. Witness, one who gives evidence. In this sense it is some­
times plural; as, the evidence were sworn; but sometimes regularly
augmented as evidences.

Formal EVIDENCE, is the act of the intellect considered as clear and
distinct.

Objective Evidence, consists in the clearness and perspicuity of the
object; or it is the object itself so constituted, as that it may be clearly
and distinctly known.

Physical EVIDENCE, is so far as natural sense and reason, pointing
out any thing, convinces one thereof.

Metaphysical EVIDENCE, is when we enter so fully and clearly into
the essence of any thing, that nothing can be clearer.

Moral EVIDENCE, a thing is said to be morally evident, so far as
we have a distinct notion and knowledge thereof by unexceptionable
witnesses.

E＇VIDENCE [in law] 1. Any proof by the testimony of men, records
or writings, that are sealed and delivered. 2. A witness against a
malefactor or prisoner at the bar of a court of justice.

To E＇VIDENCE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To prove. They
need nothing to evidence them. Tillotson. 2. To shew, to make
discovery of.
Thou on earth had＇st prosper＇d, which thy looks
Now also evidence. Milton.

E＇VIDENCESHIP. Clarissa.See EVIDENCE.

E＇VIDENT, Fr. [evidens, Lat.] manifest, apparent, clear, plain.

E＇VIDENTLY, adv. [from evident] manifestly, clearly, &c.

E＇VIDENTNESS [of evident and ness] plainness to be seen, perceived,
or understood.

To EVI＇GILATE [evigilatum, sup. of evigilo, Lat.] to watch dili­
gently, to study hard.

E＇VIL, adj. irr. comp. more evil, superl. most evil [efel, eofel, and
yfel, Sax. O. and L. Ger. übrl, H. Ger. ubil, Teut. ubils, Goth.]
1. Having bad qualities, not good. An evil name. Deuteronomy.
2. Wicked, corrupt. The imagination of man＇s heart is evil. Genesis.
3. Unhappy, miserable. They were in evil case. Exodus. 4. Mis­
chievous, ravenous. An evil beast hath devoured him. Genesis.

EVIL, subst. [generally contracted to ill] 1. Wickedness, a crime.
In evils to top Macbeth. Shakespeare. 2. Malignity, corruption.
The heart of the sons of men is full of evil. Ecclesiastes. 3. Mis­
fortune, calamity. A prudent man foreseeth the evil. Proverbs.
4. Injury, mischief. They that seek evil to my lord be as Nabal.
1 Sam. 5. A disease called the king＇s evil.

Natural EVIL, is the want of something to the bene esse, or per­
fection of a thing, or to its answering all its purposes, such are the
defects of the body, blindness, lameness, &c. hunger, diseases, &c.








Moral EVIL, a deviation from right reason, and consequently
from the will and intendment of God the legislator, who gave the
rule.

Of all EVILS choose the least. So said the man when he married a
little wife. Lat. E malis minimum eligendum.

EVIL, adv. [commonly contracted to ill] 1. Not well in whatever
respect. Evil it beseems thee. Shakespeare. 2. Not virtuously,
not innocently. If I have spoken evil bear witness. St John. 3. Not
happily, not fortunately. It went evil with his house. Deut. 4. In­
juriously, not kindly. The Egyptians evil entreated us. Deuteronomy.
5. It is often used in composition to give a bad meaning to a word;
but in this, as in all other cases, it is in the modern dialect generally
contracted to ill.

EVIL-AFFE＇CTED, adj. [of evil and affected] not disposed to kind­
ness, unkind. Their minds evil-affected against the brethren.
Acts.

EVIL-DO＇ER, subst. [of evil and doer] one that commits crimes, a
malefactor. They speak evil against you as evil-doers. 1. Peter.

EVIL-FA＇VOURED, adj. [of evil and favour] having no good aspect.
An evil-favoured instance. Bacon.

EVIL-FA＇VOUREDNESS [of evil-favoured] deformity, ugliness of
visage. Bullock or sheep wherein is blemish or evil-favouredness.
Deuteronomy.

EVIL Deed [yfel-dæd, Sax.] an ill turn, trespass; an hurtful,
mischievous act.

E＇VILLY, adv. [of evil] not well.

EVIL-MI＇NDED, adj. [of evil and minded] malicious, wicked, insi­
dious, mischievous. Some evil-minded beasts might lie in wait.
Dryden.

E＇VILNESS [efelnesse, Sax.] evil nature or quality of whatever
kind, contrariety to goodness. Hale uses it.

EVIL-SPE＇AKING, subst. [of evil and speaking] slander, censorious­
ness.

EVIL-WI＇SHING, adj. [of evil and wish] having no good-will to­
wards one, wishing evil to. Evil-wishing minds towards him.
Sidney.

EVIL-WO＇RKER [of evil and work] one who does ill.

To EVI＇NCE [evinco, Lat.] to prove by argument, to shew, to
make evident. They evince the falsity. Atterbury.

To EVI＇NCE [civil law] is to convict or recover by law.

EVI＇NCIBLE, capable of being clearly proved, incontestible. Evin­
cible by true reason. Hale.

EVI＇NCIBLY, adv. [of evincible] incontestably, in such a manner
as to force conviction.

To E＇VIRATE [eviratus, Lat.] to deprive of manhood.

E＇VIRATED, part. p. [eviratus, Lat.] emasculated.

EVIRA＇TION, Lat. 1. The act of unmanning. 2. Making effe­
minate.

To EVI＇SCERATE, to deprive of the entrails, to search within the
bowels.

EVI＇SCERATED, part. p. [evisceratus, Lat.] embowelled, bowelled,
having the bowels taken out or searched into.

E＇VITABLE [evitabilis, Lat.] that may be avoided or shunned.
Hooker uses it.

E＇VITABLENESS [of evitable] possibility of being avoided.

To E＇VITATE, verb act. [evitatum, sup. of evito, Lat.] to avoid,
to escape. Shakespeare uses it.

EVITA＇TION, Lat. the act of avoiding or shunning.

To EVI＇TE [evito, Lat.] to escape or avoid.

EVITE＇RNAL, adj. [æviternus, Lat.] eternal in a limited sense,
having duration not infinitely, but indefinitely long.

EVITE＇RNITY [æviternitas, low Lat. of æviternus, Lat.] duration
not infinitely but indefinitely long. See ETERNITY.

EU＇LOGY [ευλογια, of ευ, well, and λεγω, Gr. I say] praise, enco­
mium, panegyric.

EU＇LOGIES [in the Greek church] little bits of bread consecrated,
i. e. the eucharist sent to persons who were not present at the com­
munion. See EUCHARIST.

EUME＇NIDES [Ευμενιδες, Gr.] the daughters of Acheron and Nox
(as the poets feigned) Tisiphone, Megæra, and Alecto, the furies of
hell, who were, by the ancient heathens, accounted the executioners
of the vengeance of the gods on wicked men. They are described
with snakes instead of hair, and eyes sparkling like lightening; a filthy
froth issuing out of their mouth, as a sign of their outragious nature.
They carried iron chains and whips in one hand, and flaming torches
in the other, which gave a dismal light, but such as could discover
crimes, and kindle a flame in the breast of the guilty, not to be ex­
tinguished; their feet were of brass, because their motions were slow,
but sure and steddy.
They are said to be attendants in the porch of Pluto＇s palace, who
appointed them to be punishers of such as took false oaths, or op­
pressed the poor; they also attended at Jupiter＇s throne, and therefore
they had wings to support their swift passage through the air, when they
struck terror, and carried such punishments and calamities as the gods
commanded to be inflicted upon mortals.
They were worshipped in divers places, had a temple at Athens,
and their priests were the judges that sat in the Areopagus. Their
sacrifices were performed in the night, and amidst a profound silence,
and a black ewe was offered to them.
Some mythologists are of opinion, Tysiphone punished the sins
that proceeded from hatred and anger; Magæra, those from envy;
and Alecto such as accompany the insatiable pursuits of riches and
pleasure.
They are called Eumenides, because they will be appeased by those
that are supplicants to them: Furies, from that madness that attends
guilty persons upon the consciousness of their villanies; and Erinnyes
from the indignation and commotions they raise in the mind by their
severity. See ERINNYS.

EU＇NOMY [eunomia, Lat. ευνομια, of ευ, well, and νομος, Gr. law]
a constitution or ordination of good laws.

EUNO＇MIANS, a very considerable body of Christians in the 4th cen­
tury, so called from Eunomius; of whom St. Jerom (though an adver­
sary) gives us no unfavourable idea, when he says “omnes Eunomii
sectatores Basilicas martyrum & apostolorum non ingrediuntur.” i. e. All
the followers of Eunomius will not set a foot within the sumptuous
chappels of the martyrs and apostles. And no wonder; for as these
Christians were cast on an age when the invocation of dead-men was
introduced, they made a gallant stand against that and other corrup­
tions of the times. And whereas this false devotion was supported by
many a lying wonder (predicted by St. PAUL 2 Thess. c. ii v. 9—12)
they also bore their protest against these. “Paula (says the aforesaid
Latin writer, Epist. 27 ad Eustochium) visited Samaria; there are in­
terred Elisha and Abdias, the prophets; and John Baptist; where she
was seized with consternation, at the sight of many MIRACLES: for
she beheld Dæmons, that roared with diverse tortures; and men that
howl＇d (before the tombs of the SAINTS) like wolves, bark＇d like dogs,
roar＇d like lions, hiss＇d like serpents, bellow＇d like bulls,—and wo­
men suspended by the feet, and at the same time their garments did
not flow down on their faces.” This game was playing, as Sir Isaac
Newton observes, about the year 384, and the relicts of the forty
martyrs at Antioch were distributed among the churches before the
year 373; for ATHANASIUS, who died in that year, wrote an oration
upon them. Newton＇s Observat. on Daniel, &c. p. 212—214. In
this snare, I＇m sorry to say it (but MEDE and NEWTON have suffici­
ently shewn it to be too true) were the Jeroms, the Basils, the Grego­
ries, the Chrysostoms, the Hilarys, and indeed the main body of the
Athanasians, caught. But what EUNOMIUS and his followers thought
concerning it, take from the mouth of an enemy. “You fasten
(says Jerom, in his tract against Vigilantius) a calumny on the church
of Christ, and (with EUNOMIUS, the author of this heresy) you say,
that these are not real miracles, but præstigiæ Satanæ, i. e. Illusions or
tricks of Satan.” So far at least was EUNOMIUS and St. PAUL agreed;
the one gave the Prediction, and the other had the courage to point
out to his cotemporaries the fulfilment, with reference to this GREAT
APOSTACY, and those lying wonders by which it was enforced. [See
BRANDÆUM and BASILICS] But this was not the only service which
Eunomius did to the public: for, in conjunction with his learned
master and friend Aëtius, he stemm＇d the main tide of Montanism and
Cerinthianism, which was now pouring in afresh upon the christian
world; as appears from what is still extant of their writings, in the
works of Photius, St. Basil, St. Gregory Nyssen, and Theodorit; all
which (tho＇ enemies) have preserved such remains of these two great
men, as sufficiently approve that noble testimony which PHILOSTOR­
GIUS the historian bears them, “μονους ανακαθαραι, &c. i. e. that they
were the only men that purged [or cleared off the filth and rubbish
from] the doctrines of true religion, which had been thrown into confusion
by time.” See PHILOSTORG. Edit. GOTHOFRED, Genev. p. 278.
To whom I refer my readers for a more full account of things; and in
particular of that generous stand which they made against the inserting
metaphysic articles into the CREED; and shall only observe from that
historian＇s learned editor, how EUNOMIUS died in exile between the
years 392 and 397, having been ejected in virtue of that THEODOSIAN
edict, A. C. 383; which expelled the Eunomian clergy from their
churches and cities; the like fate with that of Apollinarius, and others,
who dared to oppose the court-religion, or (which is the same thing in
effect) dissented from those bishops who had got possession of the em­
peror＇s ear. Dissertat. in Philostorg. p. 415, 448. See ANOMÆANS,
CATAPHRYGIANS, DIMÆRITÆ, and CÆLICOLÆ compared.

EUNOMIOEUPSY＇CHIANS, or EUNUMIOEUTY＇CHIANS, a sect of
christians, said to be the same with the Eutychians.

EU＇NUCH [eunuco, It. and Sp. eunuchus, Lat. of ευνουχος, of ευνη, a
bed or couch, and εχω, Gr. to keep or guard] one castrated. The
ETYMOLOGY of the word, compared with the known practice of the
Asiatic courts, explains itself; eunuchs having to this day the care of
the grand seignor＇s women; and being employ＇d about the beds and
palaces of princes. See AGA, CAPI-AGA, KYZLIR-AGA, &c.
Formerly they underwent no more than a bare castration: but Sultan
Ibraim seeing one day a mare covered by a gelding, order＇d that
henceforth the whole organ of generation should be lopped off. See
EMIR, and read there, Emir-olmumenin; as also CHALIPHS, instead of
chiefs.

To EU＇NUCHATE [eunucho, Lat.] to make a person an eunuch; to
castrate. Brown uses it.

EU＇NUCHISM, the state or condition of an eunuch.

EVOCA＇TION, Lat. the act of casting out. Evocation of the dead
from hell. Broome.

EVOCATION [with grammarians] a figure of construction, a redu­
cing the third person to the first or second; as ego tuæ deliciæ istuc ve­
niam.

EVO＇DES, or EVO＇SMA [of ευ, well, and οδμη, Gr. odour] a fragrancy
or sweet smell.

EVODES, or EVOSMA [with physicians] is when the ordure or ex­
crements have a sweet smell.

EVOLA＇TIC [evolaticus, Lat.] flying abroad.

EVOLA＇TION, Lat. the act of flying abroad.

To EVO＇LVE, verb act. [evolvo, Lat.] to turn over or unfold, to
disentangle. Hale uses it.

To EVOLVE, verb neut. to disclose itself.
Round the air evolving scents diffuse. Prior.

EVO＇LVENT [with geometricians] a curve, resulting from the evo­
lution of a curve, in contradistinction to the evolute.

EVOLU＇TE, the first curve supposed to be opened, or evolved,
which being opened describes other curves.

EVOLU＇TION, Fr. [of evolutio, Lat.] 1. The act of unrolling or
unfolding. 2. The series of things unrolled. The whole evolution of
ages. More.

EVOLUTION [in geometry] the unfolding or opening of a curve,
and making it form an evolute. The equable evolution of the peri­
phery of a circle, or any other curve, is such a gradual approach of
the circumference to any straight line, as that all its parts do meet to­
gether, and equally involve or unbend: so that the same line becomes
successively a less arch of a reciprocally greater circle, till at last they
turn into a straight line. In the Philosophical Transactions you have
a new quadratrix to the circle found by this means. Harris.

EVOLUTION [with algebraists] the extraction of roots out of any
powers, the direct opposite to involution.

EVOLUTION [in military affairs] is the motion made by a body of
troops, when they are obliged to change their form and disposition,







in order to preserve a post, or occupy another to attack the enemy
with more advantage, &c.

EVO＇IA, or ABO＇IA, a city of Portugal, 70 miles south-east of Lis­
bon. It is the see of an archbishop, has an university, and is situated
in one of the most pleasant and fruitful countries of that kingdom.

EVOMI＇TION, Lat. the act of vomiting up, &c.

EU＇PATHY [ευπαθεια, of ευ and παθος, of πασκω, Gr. to suffer]
an easiness or patience in bearing of sufferings or afflictions. The
etymology is of the same kind with amorphy, ataxy, &c. See ATAXIA,
and read ataxia or rather ataxy. Sir Peter King.

EUPATO＇RIUM, Lat. [ευπατοριον, Gr.] the herb agrimony, or liver­
wort.

EUPE＇PSY [ευπεψια, of ευ, well, and πεπτω, Gr. to concoct] a
good and easy concoction or digestion.

EUPE＇TALUS, Lat. [ευπεταλος, Gr.] 1. A precious stone of four
colours, viz. fiery, blue, vermillion, and green. 2. A kind of
laurel.

EUPHE＇MIA, a port town of the further Calabria, in Naples, 50
miles north-east of Reggio.

EUPHE＇MISM [ευϕημισμος, of ευ, well, and ϕημι, Gr. to say, &c.]
good name, reputation, an honourable setting forth one＇s praise.

EUPHEMISM [with rhetoricians] a figure where a foul, harsh word
or speech is changed into another that may give no offence.

EUPHO＇NICAL [of ευϕωνια, Gr.] having a graceful sound.

EUPHO＇NIA, or EU＇PHONY [euphonie, Fr. eufonia, It. euphonia, Lat.
ευϕωνια, of ευ, well, and ϕωνη, Gr. the voice] a graceful sound, a
smooth running of words. See CACOPHONY.

EUPHO＇RBIUM, Lat. [ευϕορβιον, Gr.] 1. The Lybian ferula tree or
shrub, first found by king Juba, and so called after Euphorbus his
physician. It hath flowers and fruit like the spurge, and is also full
of an hot sharp milky juice. The plants are angular, and shaped
somewhat like the cercus or torch-thistle. It is commonly beset with
spines, and for the most part hath no leaves. Miller. 2. A gum re­
sin brought to us always in drops or grains, between a straw and a
gold colour, and a smooth glossy surface. It has no great smell, but
its taste is violently acrid and nauseous. It is produced in the remoter
parts of Africa, whence it is sent to Sallee. The plant is also com­
mon on the coast of Malabar. It is used medicinally in sinapisms.
Hill.

EUPHO＇RIA, Lat. [with physicians] the good operations of a medi­
cine, when the patient finds himself the better by it.

EUPHRA＇GIA, or EUPHRA＇SIA, Lat. [ευϕρασια, Gr.] the herb eye­
bright.

EU＇PHRASY, the same with euphrasia, the herb eye-bright; supposed
to clear the sight.
Then purg＇d with euphrasy and rue
The visual ray; for he had much to see. Milton.

EUPHRA＇TES, the finest river of Turky in Asia; it has two sources
to the northward of the city of Erzerum, in 40° north latitude. Af­
ter passing through Armenia, it divides Syria from Diarbeck or As­
syria, runs through Eyraca, or Chaldea; and, uniting with the Ty­
gris, it passes by the city of Bassora, 50 miles below which it falls
into the gulph of Persia.

EUPHRO＇SYMUM, Lat. [ευϕροσυνον, Gr.] the herb borrage, or
bugloss.

EUPNO＇EA [ευπνοια, of ευ, well, and πνεω, Gr. to breathe] a right
and natural faculty of fetching one＇s breath. See EISPNOE, and after
[breathe in] read “INSPIRATION; and after [ECPNOE] read EXPI­
RATION, or RESPIRATION.

EUPO＇RIA [ευπορια, Gr.] 1. A readiness in preparing medicines.
2. An easiness of their operation.

EUPORI＇STA [ευ, well, and ποριζω, Gr. to procure] remedies
which may easily be had.

EUPRE＇PIA, Lat. [ευπρεπεια, Gr.] comeliness, becomeingness.

EU＇RIPUS, the word originally is the name of a certain streight in
the sea between Bœotia and the Negropont where the currents are
so strong, that the sea is said to ebb and flow seven times in a day; but
it is now, by hydrographers, used for any streight where the water is
in greatmotion and agitation.

EURO＇CLYDON [ὲυροκλυδον, Gr.] a violent tempestuous north-east
wind that is very dangerous in the Mediterranean, which usually hap­
pens about the beginning of winter, called by some, The seaman＇s
plague. It is of the nature of a whirlwind which falls suddenly on
ships, makes them tack about, and sometimes causes them to founder;
as Pliny observes. It is mentioned in the Acts.

EURO＇PA, the daughter of Agenor, king of Phœnicia, whom (as
the poets feign) Jupiter, in the shape of a bull, ravished and carried
over on his back through the sea to Crete. Some take the truth of
this fiction to be, that the ship wherein she was carried, was Tauri­
formis, i. e. in the form of a bull; others, that the name of the master
of the ship was Taurus; and others, that Taurus, or a bull, was the
sign of the ship; or that she was stolen away by a company of men,
who carried the picture of a bull in their flag.

EU＇ROPE [Europa, It. Sp. Port. and Lat.] one fourth part of the
terrestrial globe, which is generally peopled by Christians. It is
bounded by the Frozen ocean on the north; by Asia on the east; by
the Mediterranean, which seperates it from Africa, on the south;
and by the Atlantic ocean on the west.

EURO＇PEAN, adj. [europæus, Lat.] of or pertaining to Europe.

EURO＇PEANS, subst. the inhabitants of Europe.

EU＇RUS, Lat. subst. the eastwind. Peacham uses it.

EURY＇THMY [eurythmia, Lat. ευρυθμια of ευ and ρυθμος, Gr. pro­
portion] a graceful proportion and gesture of the body.

EURYTHMY [with architects] an exact proportion between all parts
of a building, as to the length, breadth, and height of each room in
a fabric.

EURYTHMY [in painting and sculpture, &c.] a certain majesty,
elegance, and easiness, appearing in the composition of divers mem­
bers of a body or painting, resulting from the fine proportion thereof;
harmony, symmetrical measure.

EURYTHMY [with physicians] an excellent natural disposition of
the pulse, or where a just preportion, with reference to time, and qua­
lity of motion, is preserved.

EUSA＇RCHOS [ευσαρχος, of ευ, well, and σαρξ, flesh, Gr.] a
term used by the Galenists, to signify such a proportion of flesh as is
not too lean or too corpulent, but gives true symmetry and strength to
all the parts.

EUSE＇BIA, Lat. [ευσεβια, Gr.] godliness, devotion, piety.

EU＇SEBES [of ευ, well, and σεβω, Gr. to venerate or worship] 1.
Religious, godly. 2. A stone on which, in the temple of Hercules
at Tyre, a seat was made where dæmons used to appear.

EUSE＇BIANS, a name intended by way of reproach [but in reality
no small honour] for all that part of the Christian profession in the
4th century, which held the same doctrine with the good and learned
Eusebius, bishop of Cæsarea.

EUSE＇MIA [with physicians] a crisis or judgment of a disease ex­
cellently well made.

EUSPLANCNOS [of ευ and σπλαχνα, Gr.] one whose intrails or
bowels are sound and in good temper.

EUSTA＇CE, or EUSTA＇TIA, one of the Caribbee islands, four miles
west of St. Christophers, and subject to the Dutch.

EUSTA＇THIANS [so called from Eustathius their author] a sect of
heretics in the 4th century, adherents to the notions of Eustathius,
who excluded married people from salvation; whereupon, many wo­
men forsook their own husbands; he prohibited his followers from
praying in their houses; and obliged them to quit all they had, as
incompatible with the hopes of heaven.

EU＇STYLOS, or EUSTYLE [of ευ, well, and στυλον, Gr. a pillar;
with artichects] a building, where the intercolumniations, or spaces
between each pillar, are just two diameters and a quarter of the pillar,
except those in the middle of the face before and behind, which are
three diameters distant one from the other.

EUTA＇XIA, or EU＇TAXY, Lat. [ευταξια, of ευ and ταξις, Gr. order]
a handsome ordering and disposing of things.

EUTERPE [of ευ, well, and τερπειν, Gr. to delight, because she in­
vented the pipe] the inventress of the mathematics, and playing on
the pipe. The ancients painted or carved Euterpe crowned with a
garland of flowers, holding in each hand sundry wind instruments.

EUTHANA＇SIA, or EUTHA＇NASY, Lat. [ευθανασια, of ευ, well, and
θανατος, Gr. death] an easy quiet death; an easy passage out of the
world. The kindest wish of my friends is euthanasia. Arbuthnot.

EUTROPHI＇A [ευτροϕια, of ευ, well, and τροϕη, Gr. nourishment]
a due nourishment of the body.

EU＇THYMY [euthymia, Lat. of έυθυμια, Gr.] quietness of mind,
tranquillity, hearts-ease.

EUTO＇NOS [ευτονος, of ευ and τονος, Gr.] strong and lusty.

EU＇TYCHIANS [so called from Eutyches] “a sect of heretics in the
fifth century, who held that there was only one nature in Jesus Christ,
the divine nature, according to them, had so entirely swallowed up
the human, that the latter could not be distinguished, insomuch that
Jesus Christ was merely God, and had nothing of HUMANITY but the
appearance.” One instance this, out of many, of our modern por­
traitures of ancient controversies. Most confused and incorrect indeed!
How much clearer is Mr. BOWER＇s account of things? who, in his
2d volume of the History of the Popes, p. 31, observes, “that Euty­
ches admitted of two [intellectual] natures in Christ, the human and
divine; but these two natures, by being united, were, according to
him, in an ineffable manner become ONE; there being (as he OFTEN
repeated) but ONE Christ, and not TWO. His meaning therefore was
certainly orthodox; for he meant no more than that there was but
ONE Christ; and this catholic truth, he thought, could be no other­
wise maintained than by supposing that these two [intellectual] na­
tures were become ONE in a manner which he did not comprehend,
nor pretend to explain.” If any thing be wanting to throw some
further light on this affair, the learned reader may please to enquire
how far the following remarks will hold true. It has been already
suggested (under the word DIMÆRITÆ) that Athanasius, in his ear­
liest writings seems to have known nothing of TWO intelligent minds
[or spirits] in the ONE person of Christ: but after this notion (which was
in truth the doctrine of Cerinthus and Valentinus) came to be espoused
by some considerable writers of the Consubstantialists, in the 4th and
5th centuries, we find it opposed even by some of their own party;
in particular by the whole body of the Apollinarians; [See DIMÆRI­
TÆ] and when these, by the assistance of the secular arm, were de­
molished, the Eutychians, in the fifth and following centuries, re­
sumed the controversy. For though they allowed (what Apollinarius
and St. Irenæus before him had denied) Christ to be a compound of two
spirits, human and divine, yet, after they were united, they dared not
conceive and speak of them as of TWO natures; this being judged in­
consistent with the UNITY of our Saviour＇s person. On the contrary,
both (in their judgment) were so intimately united, as to be blended
into one, one spiritual nature, one intelligent and moral agent; as well
knowing that there could be but ONE WILL, and but one UNDER­
STANDING, to constitute ONE PERSON. Here lay their embarrassment;
and for this they were at length condemned and exploded by pope
Leo and the council of Chalcedon, A. C. 451; tho＇ appealing in their
defence to his two predecessors, Felix and Julius; the last of which,
in his own letters, had affirmed, “It must not be said there are two
natures in Christ after their union; for as the body and soul form but
one nature in man, so the divinity and humanity form but one nature in
Christ.” See MONOTHELITES and NESTORIANISM.

EVULGA＇TION, Lat. the act of publishing abroad.

EVU＇LSED, part. pass. [evulsus, Lat.] plucked, or pulled away
from.

EVU＇LSION, Lat. the act of plucking or drawing out. Brown
uses it.

EU＇SIMUS, Lat. [ευζιμος, Gr.] the herb rochet.

EU＇XINE, adj. [ευξενος, Gr. hospitable] as the Euxine sea, now
commonly called the Black Sea, dividing Europe from Asia, as far as
it extends, but is entirely surrounded by the Turkish territories. It is
said to be a stormy, tempestuous sea, from whence it obtained the
name of Black or terrible. It is 700 miles in length, from cast to
west, and from 250 to 260 in breadth, from north to south. A cur­
rent sets perpetually into it from the Mediterranean, thro＇ the streights
of Constantinople; but there is no visible passage out of it, nor







waters higher at one time than another, or any tides that are discern­
able.

EWA＇GIUM [in old Latin records] toll paid for passage by wa­
ter.

E＇WBRICE [of æw, marriage, and briece, Sax. breaking, echt-bre­
ken, Du. ehe-bruch, Ger.] adultery.

EWE [eowu, or eowa, Sax. of ovis, a sheep] a female sheep.

The EWE is Blissom, i. e. she has taken tup or ram.

The EWE is riding, i. e. tupping.

EWE Hog, a female lamb of the first year.

E＇WER [aiguiere, Fr. or, as Casaubon will, of υδρια, Gr. from eau,
Fr. perhaps anciently eu, water. Johnson] a water vessel from whence
it is poured out into a bason.

EW＇RY, an office in the king＇s houshold, where they take care of
the linen for the king＇s own table, lay the cloth, and serve up water
in silver ewers after dinner.

EX [Lat. prepos.] in the composition of English words, signifies
out; as, exhaust, to draw out; sometimes it only enforces the mean­
ing, and sometimes it produces little alteration.

EXA＇CERATED [exaceratus, Lat.] winnowed, cleansed from chaff.

To EXA＇CERBATE, verb act. [exacerbo, Lat.] to imbitter, to exas­
perate, to heighten any malignant quality.

EXA＇CERBATED, part. pass. [exacerbatus, Lat.] provoked or vexed.

EXACERBA＇TION, the act of provoking, galling or fretting, increase
of malignity, heightened severity.

EXACERBATION [with rhetoricians] the same as sarcasmus.

EXACERBATION [in physic] the same as paroxism; height of a dis­
ease. The symptom in exacerbation. Bacon.

EXACERVA＇TION, Lat. the act of heaping up together.

EXACINA＇TION, Lat. the act of taking the kernels out of grapes and
other fruits.

EXA＇CT, adj. [exactus, Lat.] 1. Precise, nice, being without de­
viation from rule. All this exact to rule. Pope. 2. Punctual, accu­
rate, not negligent. Exact in their accounts. Shakespeare. 3. Me­
thodical, not carelessly performed. I love exact dealing. Arbuthnot.
4. Honest, strict. In my dealings I was exact. Ecclesiasticus.

EXA＇CTLY, precisely, punctually.

To EXA＇CT, verb act. [exiger, Fr. esigere, It. exegir, Sp. exactum,
sup. of exigo, Lat.] 1. To require rigorously and authoritatively. Of a
foreigner thou may＇st exact it. Deuteronomy. 2. To demand of right.
A recompense for benefits received, they are less solicitous to make it
when it is exacted. Smalridge. 3. To summon, to enjoin the hour
precise. Exacts our parting hence. Milton.

To EXACT, verb neut. to use extortion, to ask above the just value
of a thing. The enemy shall not exact upon him. Psalms.

EXA＇CTER [of exact] 1. One who exacts, an extortioner, one who
claims more than his due, or claims it with outrage and rigour. The
poller and exacter of fees. Bacon. 2. One that demands by authority.
The exacter of the oath. Bacon. 3. One severe in his injunctions, one
rigid in his demands. Rigorous exacters upon others. K. Charles.

EXA＇CTION. 1. The act of requiring more than is just and rea­
sonable, extortion. Exactions and oppressions. Davies, 2. The act
of levying by force, or of making an authoritative demand. The ex­
action of the forfeiture. Shakespeare. 3. A toll, a tribute severely le­
vied. They pay an unreasonable exaction at every ferry. Addison.

EXACTION [in law] wrong done by an officer, or one pretending
to have authority, that takes reward or fee for what the law does not
allow.

Secular EXACTION, a tax or imposition anciently paid by servile
feudatory tenants.

EXA＇CTLY, adv. [of exact] accurately, nicely, thoroughly.

EXA＇CTNESS [of exact] 1. Diligent carefulness, nicety, punctual
observation of rule or symmetry. To deal power with the utmost ex­
actness. Swift. 2. Regularity of conduct, strictness of manners. In­
ward exactness of conscience before God. K. Charles.

EXA＇CTITUDE, Fr. exactness, nicety.

EXACTOR, a gatherer of taxes and tolls; also one who takes more
than his due, an extortioner. See EXACTER.

EXA＇CTOR Regis, Lat. the king＇s tax-gatherer.

EXACUA＇TION, Lat. the act of making a thing sharp or pointed.

EXÆQUA＇TION, Lat. the act of making a thing even.

EXÆ＇RESIS, Lat. [εξαιρεσις, of εξαιρεω, Gr. to take away] the act
of taking away or drawing out.

EXÆSTUA＇TION, Lat. the act of boiling or seething; fury or rage.

To EXÆ＇STUATE [exæstuatum, sup. of exæstuo, from ex, and æstus,
Lat. commotion] to boil or cast up waves, or as a boiling pot does.

To EXA＇GGERATE, verb act. [exaggeratum, sup. of exaggero, Lat.
exaggerer, Fr. esagerare, It. exageràr, Sp.] to heap up together, to
amplify or enlarge in words, to heighten by representation. A friend
exaggerates a man＇s virtues. Addison.

EXAGGERA＇TION, Fr. [esageracion, It.] 1. The act of heaping to­
gether, a heap. Exaggeration of sand. Hale. 2. (In rhetoric) a figure
whereby the orator enlarges or heightens things, making them appear
more than they really are, whether as to goodness, badness, or other
qualities; hyperbolical amplification. Exaggerations of the prodigious
condescensions of the prince. Swift.

EXAGGERATION [in painting] a method of representing things
wherein they are charged too much, or marked too strong; whether
in respect of design or colouring.

To EXA＇GITATE, verb act. [esagitare, It. exagitatum, sup. of exa­
gito, Lat.] 1. To shake, to put in brisk motion. The warm air of
the bed exagitates the blood. Arbuthnot. 2. To reproach, to pursue
with invective. This sense is now obsolete, being purely Latin. This
defect and imperfection I had rather lament than exagitate. Hooker.

EXAGITA＇TION, Lat. the act of stirring up or shaking.

EXAGO＇NIAL [exagonis, Lat. εξαγωνιος, Gr.] like, or belonging to
an exagon. See HEXAGON.

To EXALT, verb act. [exalter, Fr. esaltare, It. exaltàr, Sp. of ex­
alto, low Lat. of altus, Lat.] 1. To raise or lift up on high. And
thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven, shalt be brought
down to hell. St. Matthew. 2. To praise highly, to extol. Let us
exalt his name together. Psalms. 3. To elevate to power, wealth or
dignity. Exaltest thou thyself against my people. Exodus. 4. To
raise to joy or confidence.Exalted with this success. Clarendon. 5.
To raise up in opposition. A scriptural phrase. Against whom hast
thou exalted thy voice? 2 Kings. 6. To intend, to enforce. Let
fame exalt her voice. Prior.

To EXALT, verb neut. 1. [With chemists] to refine and encrease
the strength, to improve, to heighten. Juices more elaborated and
exalted. Arbuthnot. 2. To elevate in diction or sentiment. Hear
in what exalted strains. Roscommon.

EXALTA＇TION, Fr. [esaltazione, It. exaltación, Sp. of exaltatio, Lat.]
1. The act of raising on high. 2. Elevation to power or dignity.
An exaltation of that which was humbled. Hooker. 3. State of great­
ness. Perfections in their highest degree and exaltation. Tillotson.

EXALTA＇TION [in natural philosophy] is the act or operation of
elevating, purifying, and subtilizing or perfecting any natural body,
its principles or parts; as also the quality or disposition which bodies
acquire by this operation.

EXALTATION of the Cross, a festival of the church held on the 14th
day of September, as is generally supposed, in memory of the emperor
Heraclius＇s bringing back the true cross of our Saviour on his shoul­
ders to mount Calvary, from which place it had been carried away 14
years by Cosroe, king of Persia, at his taking Jerusalem, under the
reign of the emperor Phocus.

EXALTATION [with astrologers] an essential dignity of a planet,
in which its powers are increased the next in virtue to its being in its
proper house. Astrologers tell us, that the sun receives its exaltation
in Aries. Dryden.

EXALTATION [with chemists] an operation by which a thing being
changed in its natural quality, is raised to a higher degree of virtue.

EXA＇LTEDNESS, the state of being exalted high, or lifted up, height
of promotion.

EXA＇MBLOSIS, Lat. of Gr. [with surgeons] an abortion or miscar­
riage.

EXA＇MEN, Fr. Sp. and Lat. [esamina, It.] examination, enquiry,
disquisition. Critical examen of reason. Brown.

EXA＇MINATE, subst. [examinatus, Lat.] the person examined. Ba­
con uses it.

EXAMINA＇TION, Fr. [examinazione, It. examinación, Sp. of exa­
minatio, Lat.] the act of examining by questions or experiment, accu­
rate disquisition.

EXAMINA＇TOR, subst. Lat. one that examines, an equirer. Brown
uses it.

To EXA＇MINE [examino, Lat. examiner, Fr. éssaminare, It. exami­
nar, Sp. and Port.] 1. To search or inquire into, to scrutinize. To
examine the extent of our knowledge. Locke. 2. To weigh and con­
sider, to canvass, scan, or sift, by experiment or observation.
Compare each phrase, examine every line,
Weigh every word. Pope.
3. To try a person accused or suspected by interrogatories. To exa­
mine themselves whether they repent. Church Catechism. 4. To inter­
rogate a witness. 5. To try the truth or falshood of a proposition.

EXA＇MINER [of examine] 1. One who interrogates a criminal or
witness. 2. One who searches or tries any thing, a scrutinizer.

EXAMINERS [in chancery] two officers who examine witnesses upon
oath, which are produced on each side in that court.

EXA＇MPLARY, adj. [of example] serving for a pattern or example,
proposed to imitation.

EXA＇MPLE [exemple, Fr. esampio, It. exemplo, Sp. and Port. exem­
pel, Du. and Ger. exemplum, Lat.] 1. A pattern, model or copy;
any thing proposed to be imitated. The example and pattern of those
his creatures he beheld in all eternity. Raleigh. 2. Precedent, former
instances of the like.
Such temp＇rate order in so fierce a course,
Doth want example. Shakespeare.
3. Precedent of good. Let us shew an example to our brethren. Ju­
dith. 4. A person fit to be proposed to imitation. Be thou an exam­
ple of the believers. 1 Timothy. 5. One punished for the admonition
of others. Set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal
fire. Jude. 6. Influence which disposes to imitation. When virtue is
present, men take example at it. Wisdom. 7. Instance, illustration of
a general position by a particular specification. Can we, for example,
give the praise of valour to a man, who seeing his gods prophan＇d,
should want the courage to defend them. Dryden. 8. Instance in
which a rule is illustrated by an application. I have in some places
made examples to his rules. Dryden.

EXAMPLE [with logicians] the conclusion of one singular point from
another.

EXAMPLE [with rhetoricians] is defined to be an imperfect kind
of induction or argumentation, whereby it is proved, that a thing
which has happened on some other occasions, will happen again on the
present one; from the similitude of the cases.

To EXA＇MPLE, verb act. [from the subst.] to give an instance of,
to exemplify by an instance. The proof whereof I saw sufficiently ex­
ampled in these late wars. Spenser.

EXANASTO＇MOSIS [of εξ and αναστωμοσις, Gr.] an opening the
mouths of vessels; as, arteries, veins, &c. See ANASTOMOSIS.

EXA＇NGULOUS [exangulus, Lat.] without or having no corners.

EXA＇NGUIOUS, or EXA＇NGUOUS, adj. [exanguis, Lat.] without
blood, not having sanguineous juices in the body.

EXA＇NIMAL [exanimalis, Lat.] without life or soul, breathless.

To EXA＇NIMATE [exanimo, Lat.] to kill or deprive of life; also to
dispirit or dishearten.

EXANIMATE, adj. [exanimatus, Lat.] 1. Lifeless, dead. 2. De­
jected, spiritless.
Lifts her pale lustre on the paler wretch,
Exanimate by love. Thomson.

EXANIMA＇TION [of exanimate; actively] a depriving of life, asto­
nishing, dispiriting, dismaying.

EXANIMATION [passively] a swooning, or such a sinking of spirits,
as is attended with the loss of sense for a time.

EXA＇NIMOUS [exanimis, Lat.] killed, lifeless, dead.

EXANINI＇TION, Lat. an emptying.

EXA＇NNUAL Roll, a roll in which fines which could not be levied,
and desperate debts were formerly entered, in order to be read an­
nually to the sheriff, to see what might be got in of them.








EXANTHE＇MATA [εξανθηματα, of εξ and ανθεω, Gr. to put forth
a flower] certain wheals, pushes or breakings out on the body, efflo­
rescences, pustules, as in the measles and small pox.

EXANTHEMATALO＇GIA, Lat. [εξανθηματαλογια, of εξανθηματα, e­
ruptions, and λεγω, Gr.] an account or treatise of eruptive severs; as,
the measles and small pox.

EXANTHE＇MATOUS, adj. [exanthemata, Lat.] eruptive, pustulous,
efflorescent.

To EXA＇NTLATE, verb act. [exantlo, Lat.] 1. To draw out. 2.
To exhaust, to waste a thing away. Those seeds are wearied or ex­
antlated. Boyle.

EXANTLA＇TION, Lat. [of antlia, Lat. a bucket] an emptying or
drawing out as with a bucket; also an enquiry and sifting into a mat­
ter.

EXARA＇TION, Lat. the manual act of writing or engraving.

E＇XARCH [exarque, Fr. esurco, It. exarcho, Sp. exarchus, Lat. εξαρ­
χος, Gr.] an officer anciently under the Roman emperors, residing at
Constantinople, who managed the affairs of Italy. So far Bayley;
But I＇m inclined to think, Mr. Bewer＇s account of this word [exarch]
whether taken in a civil or ecclesiastic sense (for it extends to both) is
far more correct: “Constantine, says he, divided the empire into four
PRÆFECTURES, viz. the East, Illyrium, Gaul, and Italy, which were
governed by four præfects, called præfecti prætorio. Till his time the
whole empire had been governed under the emperors by two præfects
only, as Zosimus informs us, L. 2. p. 623. And this division is sup­
posed to have been made by Constantine, jealous of the too great power
of those magistrates. Each PRÆFECTURE was subdivided into several
dioceses, and each DIOCESE into several provinces. Thus the PRÆFEC­
TURE of the East contained 5 dioceses, viz. the East divided into ten
provinces, Egypt into six, Pontus into eleven; Asia (i. e. lesser Asia)
into ten, and Thrace into six.———Now, says he, if we compare the
civil polity thus described, with the ecclesiastical, we shall find them in
most places answering each other in every respect, and one bishop
raised above the rest according to the rank that was given by this new
division to the CITY in which he presided. Thus, for instance; the
chief cities of the five dioceses of the oriental PRÆFECTURE were An­
tioch, the metropolis of the oriental diocese; Alexandria of the Egyp­
tian; Ephesus of the Asiatic; Cæsaria of the Pontic; and Heraclea of
the Thracian. Now the bishops of these cities, in regard of the emi­
nence of their sees [he should have said, of their CITIES] were ex­
alted above all other bishops, and distinguished with the titles of EX­
ARCHS: Nay, and by degrees they acquired, not to say usurp＇d, a
kind of authority and jurisdiction over the bishops of the inferior sees,
which was afterwards confirmed to them by several councils. [See
CREED and COUNCILS.] In like manner the bishop of the METRO­
POLIS of each province was honoured with the title of METROPOLITAN
[a title, by the way, greatly inferior to that of an EXARCH, tho＇ supe­
rior to bishops of smaller cities.] And he adds, “that several instances
might be alledged of ambitious bishops applying to the emperors for a
division of the province [suppose into two] that their city might acquire
the title of metropolis, and they of course that of metropolitan. I say,
the TITLE of metropolitan; for this last distinction (tho＇ not the title)
was in being before the empire turn＇d Christian. As bishop Beveridge
has (I think) sufficiently proved in his treatise on the apostolic canons.
But to return to Bower; “The præfecture of Illyricum had but one
exarch, the bishop of Thessalonica, the metropolis of the Macedonian
diocese. In the præfecture of Gaul there was no EXARCH; but in the
two dioceses of Gaul and Spain, as many metropolitans as provinces.
Under the præfect of Italy were three dioceses, viz. Italy, West
Illyricum, and West Africa. The diocese of Italy was divided into two
vicarages, and govern＇d by two vicars, the one called vicar of Rome,
and residing in that city; the other stiled vicar of Italy, and residing at
Milan. Under the former were ten provinces, and seven under the lat­
ter. Such was the civil government of Italy; and agreeable to the
civil was the ecclesiastical. Thus the bishop of Rome enjoy＇d all the
privileges of a metropolitan with respect to the suburbicarian provinces,
as they are stiled by Russinus; and the bishop of Milan over the rest:
But as neither had the charge of a whole DIOCESE, they were not, like
several bishops in the east, distinguished with the title of EXARCH,
which they had no right to; but with that only of metropolitan. How­
ever, the power of the bishop of Rome far exceeded that of the metro­
politans, as I shall shew hereafter.” Bower＇s History of Popes, Vol. I.
p. 104—106.

E＇XARCHATE, or E＇XARCHY, the office, dignity, or jurisdiction of
an exarch, whether civil or ecclesiastic.

EXA＇RTHREMA, Lat. [εξαρθρημα, Gr.] a disjointing, as when a
bone is put out of its proper place; a compleat dislocation.

EXARTICULA＇TION [of ex and articulus, Lat.] a disjointing or put­
ting a bone out of joint. See EXARTHREMA.

To EXA＇SPERATE, verb act. [esasperare, It. of exasperatum, sup.
of exaspero, Lat.] 1. To incense, or provoke, to anger, or vex, to
make furious. Something to exasperate them against the king of
France. Addison. 2. To aggravate, to heighten a difference. Mat­
ters grew more exasperate between the two kings. Bacon. 3. To
heighten malignity, to exacerbate. The plaster would pen the humour
contained in the part, and so exasperate it. Bacon.

EXASPERA＇TER [of exasperate] he that exasperates or provokes.

EXASPERA＇TION [esasperazione, It. of exasperatio, Lat.] 1. Aggra­
vation, malignant representation. Loaded with all the obloquies and
exasperations they could. K. Charles. 2. Provocation, irritation.
Their ill usage and exasperation of him. Woodward.

EXA＇SPERATEDNESS [of exasperate] incensedness, the act of being
exasperated.

EXA＇TURATED, or EXSA＇TURATED [exsaturatus, Lat.] satisfied,
filled with food.

EXAUCTO＇RAMENT [exauctoramentum, Lat.] a discharge from any
service.

To EXAU＇CTORATE, verb act. [exauctoro, Lat.] 1. To dismiss from
service. 2. To deprive of a benefice. Treated with no other punish­
ment than excommunication, and by exauctorating and depriving them
of their degrees therein. Ayliffe.

EXAU＇CTORATED, part. pass. [exauctoratus, Lat.] discharged or
put out of office or service.

EXAUCTORA＇TION, Lat. a discharging or putting out of of­
fice or service, a cashiering or discarding, a deprivation. Ex­
auctoration is nothing else but the removing of a person from some
dignity or order in the church, and the depriving him of his ecclesiasti­
cal preferments. Ayliffe.

EXAUGURA＇TION, Lat. an unhallowing or making prophane.

EXAUSPICA＇TION, Lat. an unlucky beginning of a thing.

EXCÆCA＇TION, Lat. a blinding or making blind.

EXCA＇LCEATED [excalceatus, Lat.] having the shoes taken off, bare­
footed.

EXCALEFA＇CTION, Lat. a heating or making very hot.

EXCALEFA＇CTORY [excalefactorius, Lat.] heating, making very
hot.

EXCA＇MBIUM, an exchange, a place where merchants meet.

EXCA＇MBIATOR [in old records] an exchanger of land, perhaps
such as is now called a broker, who deals upon the exchange between
merchants.

EXCANDE＇SCENCE, or EXCANDE＇SCENCY [excandescentia, Lat.] 1.
A great heat or wrath, the state of growing angry. 2. Violent heat of
distempers, the state of growing hot.

EXCANTA＇TION [excantatio, Lat.] the act of disenchanting by a
counter charm.

To EXCA＇RNATE, verb act. [of ex and carnis, gen. of caro, Lat.
flesh] to clear from flesh. Grew uses it.

EXCA＇RNATED [excarnatus, Lat.] become lean, nothing but skin
and bone; also cleared from flesh.

EXCARNIFICA＇TION, Lat. the act of cutting or pulling the flesh
from the bones.

To EXCA＇VATE, verb act. [excavatum, sup. of excavo, Lat.] to
make hollow, to cut into hollows. Flat thecæ excaviated. Derham.

EXCAVA＇TION, Lat. 1. The act of making hollow. 2. The cavity,
the hollow form＇d.

To E＇XCECATE [of ex and cæcatum, Lat.] to make blind.

To EXCEE＇D, verb act. [ecceder, Fr. and Sp. eccedere, It. of excedo,
Lat.] 1. To go beyond, to outgo. 2. To excel, to surpass.

To EXCEED, verb neut. 1. To pass the bounds of propriety, to go
too far. Remembring that we speak to God in our reverence to
whom we cannot exceed. Taylor. 2. To go beyond any limits.
Forty stripes he may give him and not exceed. Deuteronomy. 3. To
bear the greater proportion. Punish so, as pity shall exceed. Dryden.

EXCEE＇DING, part. adj. [excedens, Lat.] that goes beyond or exceeds;
great in quantity, extent, or duration. An exceeding space of time be­
fore the great flood. Raleigh.

EXCEEDING, adv. [this word is not analogical, but has been long
admitted and established] in a very great degree, eminently. Exceed­
ing short. Addison.

EXCEE＇DINGLY, adv. [of exceeding] to a great degree, very much.

To EXCE＇L, verb act. [exceller, Fr. of excello, Lat.] to outdo in
good qualities, to surpass, to be eminent or singular in any respect.

To EXCEL, verb neut. to have good qualities in a great degree.

E＇XCELLENCE, or E＇XCELLENCY, Fr. [eccelenza, It. exceléncia, Sp.
excellentia, Lat.] 1. Eminency, singular advantage, high rank in exist­
ence. Base desires extinguish in men the sense of their own excel­
lency. Hooker. 2. The state of abounding in any good quality. 3.
The state of excelling in any thing. Having an excellency in music.
Locke. 4. That in which one excels. Rather to discover beau­
ties and excellencies than their faults. Addison. 5. Purity, goodness.
She loves him with that excellence
That angels love good men with. Shakespeare.
6. A title of honour; it is now usually given to ambassadors, gene­
rals of armies, and governors.
They humbly sue unto your excellence
To have a goodly peace concluded of. Shakespeare.

E＇XCELLENT, Fr. [eccelente, It. excelenté, Sp. of excellens, Lat.] 1.
Excelling, notable, singular, rare in any good quality. He is excel­
lent in power. Job. 2. Having great virtue, worth or dignity. Arts
and sciences are excellent in order to certain ends. Taylor.

E＇XCELLENTLY, adv. [of excellent] 1. Notably, rarely to an emi­
nent degree. Comedy is excellently instructive. Dryden. 2. Well,
in a high degree. That was excellently observed. Swift.

E＇XCELLENTNESS [of excellent] excellency.

EXCE＇LCISMUS, Lat. [εξελκυσμος, Gr.] a breaking of bones from
the surface downwards.

EXCE＇LSITY [excelsitas, Lat.] altitude, haughtiness, &c.

EXCE＇LSITUDE [excelsitudo, Lat.] highness.

EXCE＇LSE [excelsus, Lat.] high, lofty, &c.

EXCE＇NTRIC, or EXCE＇NTRICAL [excentrique, Fr. eccentrico, It. of
ex and centrum, Lat.] having a different centre, moving in a different
circle. See ECCENTRIC.

EXCE＇NTRICALNESS, or EXCENTRI＇CITY [of excentrical, or excen­
tricité, Fr. eccentricità, It. excentricitas, Lat.] the quality of eccentric
position.

To EXCE＇PT, verb act. [exceptum, sup. of excipio, Lat. excepter, Fr.
eccéttare, It. ecetàr, Sp.] to take or leave out of the number of others,
to put out of the ordinary rule, and specify as so done.

To EXCEPT, verb neut. to object against; with against or to.

EXCE＇PT, prepos. [from the verb. This word, long taken as a
preposition or conjunction, is originally the participle passive of the
verb, which, like most others, had two terminations, except or except­
ed. All except one, is all, one being excepted. Except may be, ac­
cording to the Teutonic idiom, the imperative mood. All except one,
that is, all but one which you must except. Johnson.] 1. Saying ex­
clusively of, without inclusion of. 2. Unless. It is impossible to do
it except we know it. Tillotson.

EXCE＇PTING, prep. [from except; which see] without inclusion of,
with exception of, except. Improper.

EXCEP＇TIO, Lat. [in pharmacy] the imbodying or mixing of dry
powders, with some sort of moisture; as electuaries, &c. are.

EXCE＇PTION, Fr. [eccezione, It. ecepciòn, Sp. of exceptio, Lat.] 1. An
exemption or exclusion from the things comprehended in any precept
or position, a clause in some point restraining a generality. 2. It
should have from before the rule to which the exception refers; but
it is sometimes inaccurately used with to by Addison and Pope. 3.
The thing excepted or specified. Unless those two acts may pass for
exceptions. Swift. 4. Objection, cavil; with against or to. Just
exceptions against the customs of our church. Hooker.5. Peevish dis­
like, offence taken; with at or to; as,








To take EXCEPTION at, i. e. to be peevishly displeased at.

EXCEPTION [in law] a bar or stop to an action, and is either
dilatory, peremptory, or declinatory.

Dilatory EXCEPTION [in law] is one intended to defer or prevent
the thing from coming to an issue.

Peremptory EXCEPTION [in law] proper and pertinent allegations,
founded on some prescription that stands for the defendant, as want
of age or other quality in the person, &c.

Declinatory EXCEPTION [in law] whereby the authority of the
judge or court is disallowed.

EXCEPTIONS [in grammar] are certain distinctions of words which
differ in the manner of their declining from some general rule.

EXCE＇PTIONABLE, adj. [of exception] that which may be or is liable
to be excepted or objected against.

EXCE＇PTIONABLENESS [of exceptionable] liableness to be excepted
against.

EXCEPTI＇TIOUS [exceptitius, Lat.] that is taken or received.

EXCE＇PTIOUS, adj. [of except] peevish, full of objections, quarrel­
some, captious, prone to be offended. South uses it.

EXCE＇PTIVE, adj. [of except] serving to except; of or belonging to
exceptions, including exceptions.

EXCEPTIVE Propositions [with logicians] are when the thing is af­
firmed of the whole subject, except some one of the inferiors of the
subject, by adding a particle of exception; as, the covetous man does
nothing well but when he dies.

EXCE＇PTLESS, adj. [of except] omitting or neglecting all exception,
general. Forgive my gen＇ral and exceptless rashness. Shakespeare.

EXCE＇PTOR [of except] one that excepts, or makes objections. The
exceptor makes a reflection. Burnet.

EXCEPTO＇RIOUS, adj. [exceptorius, Lat.] that receives or contains.

EXCEREBRA＇TION [of ex and cerebrum, Lat.] the act of beating out
the brains.

EXCEREBRO＇SE, adj. [excerebrosus, Lat.] brain-sick, wanting brains.

EXCE＇REBRATED [excerebratus, Lat.] having his brains beat out;
also wanting brains, witless.

To EXCE＇RN [excerno, Lat.] to strain out, to send out by excre­
tion. To excern by sweat. Bacon.

EXCE＇RPT [excerptus, Lat.] cropt off; also chosen, picked or culled
out.

EXCE＇RPTION [excerptio, Lat.] 1. The act of picking or chusing of
any thing. 2. The thing selected. Raleigh uses it.

EXCE＇SS [excés, Fr. eccesso, It. ecésso, Sp. of excessus, Lat.] 1. That
which exceeds or is superfluous in any thing. These excesses and su­
perfluities. Hooker. 2. The act of exceeding, comparative exube­
rance. Whenever they become more copious than the rest, they do
by their excess and predominance cause their proper colour to appear.
Newton. 3. Intemperance, unreasonable indulgence in meat or
drink. The body heavy with excess and surfeits. Duppa. 4. Vio­
lence of passion. 5. Transgression of proper limits. The more par­
donable excess of the two. Atterbury.

EXCE＇SSIVE, adj. [excessif, Fr. eccessivo, It. ecessivo, Sp.] 1. That
goes beyond the due bounds of proportion. It will cause the root to
grow to an excessive bigness. Bacon. 2. Vehement beyond measure
in kindness or dislike. Excessive in pity. Hayward.

EXCE＇SSIVELY, adv. [of excessive] exceedingly, in a great degree.
Excessively stupid. Addison.

EXCE＇SSIVENESS [of excessive] the quality of going beyond bounds.

To EXCHA＇NGE [exchanger, Fr. cambiare, It. cambiàr, Sp. of excam­
bio, Lat.] 1. To barter or truck one thing for another, to give and
take reciprocally. Here then exchange we mutually forgiveness.
Rowe. 2. It has with before the person with whom the exchange is
made, and for before the thing taken in exchange.

EXCHA＇NGE [change, Fr. cambio, It. Sp. and Port.] 1. The act
of giving and receiving reciprocally. They make exchanges. Addi­
son. 2. The form or act of transferring. 3. The balance of the
money of different nations. He was skilful in the exchange beyond
seas. Hayward. 4. The thing given in return for something re­
ceived. Give me so much time in exchange of it. Shakespeare. 5.
The thing received in return for something given, The respect and
love which was paid you by all, was a wise exchange for the honours
of the court. Dryden. 6. The place where merchants meet to ne­
gociate affairs, the place of sale. 7. [In traffic] commonly signifies
coin given for coin, i. e. the giving a sum of money in one place for
a bill, ordering the payment of it in another place.

EXCHANGE [in law] is the exchanging or bartering one commo­
dity for another; so that exchange in the common law, is much the
same as permutation in the civil law.

King＇s EXCHANGE, is the place appointed for the exchange of
bullion, gold, silver, or plate, for the king＇s coin, which is now the
mint at the tower.

EXCHANGE-Brokers, men who give information to merchants,
&c. how the exchange goes, and who are fit persons to exchange
with.

EXCHANGE [in a law sense] is when one man being seized or pos­
sessed of certain land, and another being seized of other land, they
exchange their lands by deed indented, or otherwise, so that each of
them shall have the other＇s lands so exchanged, in fee, fee tail, or for
term of life: such exchange is good without livery or seisin.

EXCHANGE [in a law sense] is also used to signify the compensation
or satisfaction which must be made by the warranter to the warrantee,
value for value, if the land warranted be recovered from the war­
rantee.
EXCHANGE is no robbery.
Or rather, Fair exchange is no robbery. Spoken when we take up one
thing and lay down another. Fr. Troc n＇est point vol. It. Il cambio
non é ladrocinio.

EXCHA＇NGERS, they who return money beyond sea, by bills of ex­
change, &c.

EXCHE＇AT, subst. See ESCHEAT. To make one get by others loss
is bad excheat. Spenser.

EXCHE＇ATOR, the same with escheator. Carew uses it.

EXCHE＇QUER [l＇eschouier, O. Norm. Fr.] the place or office where
the king＇s cash is kept and paid, properly called, the receipt of the ex­
chequer.

EXCHEQUER Court. 1. A court of record, in which all causes relating
to the crown revenues are handled. 2. The prerogative court of the
archbishop of York, where all last wills and testaments made in that
province are to be proved.

Black Book of EXCHEQUER, a book composed in the reign of king
Henry II. A. D. 1175, which is in the custody of the two cham­
berlains of the exchequer.
This book contains a description of the English court at that time,
its officers, ranks, privileges, power, jurisdiction, wages, perquisites;
also the revenues of the crown in money, grain, and cattle.
By this book it appears that as much bread might be bought for a
shilling as would serve 100 men a whole day; that the price of a fat
bullock was but about twelve shillings, a sheep four shillings, &c.

EXCHE＇QUERED [of l＇exchequier, Fr.] put into, or cited to answer
to an accusation exhibited in the exchequer-court; a cant word.

EXCI＇NERATED, part. adj. [excineratus, Lat. of cineris, gen. of cinis,
ashes] having the ashes taken away.

EXCI＇SEABLE, adj. liable to pay excise.

EXCISE [accise, Fr. cisa, Sp. accisz, Ger. acciis, Du. excisum, Lat.]
an imposition or charge laid by act of parliament, upon beer, ale,
cider, distilled spirits and many other commodities.

To EXCI＇SE, verb act. [from the subst.] to levy excise upon persons
or things.

EXCI＇SEMAN [of excise and man] an officer who inspects commo­
dities, and rates their excise.

EXCI＇SION, Fr. [excisio, Lat.] the act of cutting off, the state of
being cut off. Destruction grown ripe for excision. Atterbury.

EXCISION [with surgeons] a cutting off any member, or part of the
body.

EXCITA＇TION, Fr. [eccitamento, It. excitaciòn, Sp. of excitatio, Lat.]
1. The act of exciting, stirring up, or putting into motion. Bacon
uses it. 2. The act of rousing or awakening. The recollection and
fresh excitation of ideas. Watts.

To EXCI＇TE [exciter, Fr. eccitare, It. excitàr, Sp. of excito, Lat.]
1. To stir up or egg on; to quicken, to encourage. Poesy which ex­
cites to virtue the greatest men. Dryden. 2. To put into motion, to
raise, to awaken.

EXCI＇TED, part. p. [excitatus, Lat. excité, Fr.] stirred up, egged
on, encouraged, quickned, &c.

EXCI＇TEMENT [of excite] the act of stirring up, the motive by
which one is put in action. Excitements of my reason and my blood.
Shakespeare.

EXCI＇TER [of excite] 1. One that stirs up others. The tumults
and their exciters. K. Charles. 2. The cause that puts any thing in
motion or action. Hope is the grand exciter of industry. Decay of Piety.

To EXCLA＇IM, verb neut. [esclamare, It. exclamàr, Sp. exclamo,
Lat.] to cry out, to call aloud, to declare with loud bawling.
Is Cade the son of Henry the Vth.
That thus you do exclaim you＇ll go with him? Shakespeare.

EXCLA＇IM, subst. [from the verb] clamour, outcry; now obsolete.
Shakespeare uses it.

EXCLAMA＇TION, Fr. [esclamazione, It. exclamaciòn, Sp. exclamatio,
Lat.] 1. Vehement and outrageous outcry. 2. [With rhetoricians]
a figure, wherein, by raising the voice and using an interjection,
either expressly or understood, an uncommon warmth and passion of
mind is denoted; as, O heavens! O earth! to you, O men, I call!
3. A note thus marked [!] that is subjoined to a pathetical sentence.

EXCLA＇MER [of exclaim] one that exclaims or makes vehement
outcries, one that speaks with great heat and passion.

EXCLA＇MATIVE, adj. of or pertaining to exclamation.

EXCLA＇MATORY [exclamatorius, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to exclamation,
practising exclamation. 2. Containing exclamation.

EXCLO＇SED [of exclusus, Lat.] excluded, put out.

To EXCLU＇DE [exclurre, Fr. escludere, It. excluyr, Sp. of excludo,
Lat.] 1. To shut out from entrance or admission. 2. To debar or
keep from participation, to prohibit. To share in all our beneficial
bargains, and exclude none wholly from theirs. Swift. 3. To ex­
cept in any position. 4. Not to comprize in any privilege. Thou­
sands whom the goodness of Almighty God doth not exclude.
Hooker.

EXCLUSA＇GIUM, or EXCLUSA [old Latin records] a sluice for wa­
ter dammed or pent up.

EXCLU＇SION, Fr. and Sp. [esclusione, It. of exclusio, Lat.] 1. The
act of excluding, barring, or shutting out. The exclusion of air. Ba­
con. 2. Rejection, not reception in any manner. An entire exclusion
of fear. Addison. 3. The act of debarring from any privilege. 4.
Exception. With an exception and exclusion that he should not marry
her. Bacon. 5. The dismission of young from the egg.

EXCLU＇SIVE, adj. 1. Pertaining to or having the force of excluding
or denying admission. Exclusive bars. Milton. 2. Debarring from
participation. To inherit all, exclusive of his brethren. Locke. 3.
Not comprising in an account or number. Opposed to inclusive. I
know not whether he reckons the dross exclusive or inclusive. Swift.
4. Excepting.
N. B. As to the exclusive term μονος, in Greek, solus, in Latin, and
ONLY, or ALONE, in English, it excludes only in THAT SENSE, in
which the thing predicated is applied to the subject mentioned; as,
“God ONLY wise,” “God ONLY holy,” “the blessed and ONLY po­
tentate;” “who ONLY has immortality,” and the like. The import
of all such propositions is not to exclude other beings from being wise,
holy, or possessed of power and immortality, but only in that MOST
HIGH and ABSOLUTE SENSE, in which these and all other divine at­
tributes belong to GOD. “Why callest thou me good? there is none
good [good, in the most high and ABSOLUTE sense of the word] but
one [εις, one single person] even God.” See FIRST CAUSE and CO­
IMMENSE compared.

EXCLU＇SIONERS [in the time of king Charles II.] a name given to
those members of parliament that were for excluding the duke of York
from the crown; a cant word.

EXCLU＇SIONS [with mathematicians] a method of coming at the
solution of problems (in numerical cases) by previously ejecting or ex­
cluding out of our consideration such numbers, which are of no use
in solving the question, and whereby, of consequence, the process
may be regularly and judiciously abbreviated.








EXCLU＇SIVE [exclusis, Fr. esclusivi, It. exclusivo, Sp.] Propositions
[with rhetoricians] are such propositions which signify that a predicate
does so agree with its subject, as that it agrees with that alone, and
no other; as, ＇tis virtue only which makes nobility, nothing else can ren­
der a man truly noble.

EXCLU＇SIVELY, adv. [exclusivè, Lat.] 1. In a manner exclusive of,
or of not taking in an account or number. 2. Without admission of
another to participation. Exclusively to all the rest. Boyle.

EXCLU＇SIVENESS [of exclusive] exclusive quality.

EXCLU＇SORY [exclusorius, Lat.] having power to exclude.

To EXCO＇CT, verb act. [excoctum, sup. of excoquo, from ex and
coquo, Lat. to boil] to boil up. Bacon uses it.

To EXCO＇GITATE, verb act. [excogitatum, sup. of excogito, from
ex and cogito, Lat. to think] to invent, or find out by thinking. More
and Hale use it.

EXCOGITA＇TION [excogitatio, Lat.] an invention by means of think­
ing, a device.

To EXCOMMU＇NICATE [excommunier, Fr. escommunicare, It. exco­
mulgàr, Sp. excommunicatum, sup. of excommunico, from ex and com­
munico, Lat. to communicate] to put out or exclude from the commu­
nion of the church by an ecclesiastic censure, to interdict from the par­
ticipation of holy mysteries.

EXCOMMUNICA＇TION, Fr. [escommunicaziòne, It. excommuniòn, Sp. of
excommunicatio, Lat. among the ancient Pagans] was an excluding
or debarring men from the participation of the sacred mysteries of
their worship, and a cutting them off from communicating with men
of the same religion.

EXCOMMUNICATION [with Christians of the church of England,
&c.] is a sentence pronounced by an ecclesiastical judge, against an
obstinate offender, debarring him or her from the sacraments, as also
sometimes from the communion of the faithful, and all civil privileges.
See Revelat. c. xiii. v. 17.

EXCOMMUNICA＇TO capiendo, a writ directed to the sheriff for the ap­
prehension of one who standeth obstinately excommunicated forty
days; for such an one not having absolution, hath or may have his
contempt certified into the chancery; whence this writ issues for
laying him up, without bail or mainprise, until he conforms him­
self.

EXCOMMUNICATO deliberando, a writ to the under sheriff, for
the delivery of the excommunicate person out of prison, upon the
certificate of the ordinary of his conformity to the ecclesiastical juris­
diction.

EXCOMMUNICATOrecipiendo, a writ, whereby persons excommu­
nicated, being for their obstinacy committed to prison, and unlaw­
fully set at liberty before they have given caution to obey the au­
thority of the church, are commanded to be sought for and laid up
again.

To EXCO＇RIATE, verb act. [excoriatum, sup. of excorio, from co­
rium, Lat. leather.] to flay off the skin.

EXCORIA＇TION, Fr. [escoriazione, It.] 1. [With surgeons] is when
the skin is rubbed or torn off; or else eaten or fretted away from any
part of the body. 2. The act of stripping of possessions, spoil, plunder.
A pitiful excoriation of the poorer sort. Howel.

EXCORTICA＇TION [excorticatio, from ex and cortex, Lat. the bark]
the act of barking, taking, or pulling off the outward bark of trees,
roots, &c.

To EXCRE＇ATE, verb act. [excreatum, sup. of excreo, Lat.] to
strain in spitting, to hawk, to force matter from the throat.

EXCREA＇TION, Lat. a spitting with reaching or hawking.

E＇XCREMENTS of the Body, Fr. [escrementi, It. escrementos, Sp. and
Port. of excrementa, Lat.] whatsoever is evacuated out of an animal
body after digestion, being what in other respects is superfluous and
prejudicial thereto; as ordure, urine, spittle, &c.

EXCREME＇NTAL, adj. [of excrement] voided as excrement. Excre­
mental parts. Raleigh.

EXCREMENTI＇TIOUS, adj. [excrementitius, Lat.] of, pertaining to,
or of the nature of excrements, containing excrements.

EXCRE＇SCENCE, or EXCRE＇SCENCY [excroissance, Fr. escrescenza, It.
of excresco, Lat.] that which sticks to or grows upon another thing,
any preternatural production; as cats tails upon a nut-tree, &c.

EXCRE＇SCENCE, or EXCRE＇SCENCY [in surgery] superfluous flesh,
&c. that grows on any part of the body; as a wart, wen, &c.

EXCRE＇SCENT, adj. [excrescens, Lat.] growing out of another pre­
ternaturally. Lop th＇ excrescent parts. Pope.

EXCRE＇TION, Lat. [with physicians] the act of separating and
voiding either excrements or excrementitious humours from the ali­
ments and the mass of blood.

EXCRETION BONY [with farriers] a disease in horses, when a sort
of substance grows in the bone of the leg, &c.

EXCRE＇TIVE, adj. [excretus, Lat.] having the power of separating
and throwing out excrementitious parts.

EXCRE＇TORY, adj. [of excretion] 1. Having the power of separat­
ing and ejecting superfluous parts. 2. [In anatomy] certain small
ducts or vessels, making part of the composition or structure of the
glands, are called excretory ducts, &c.

EXCRU＇CIABLE [excruciabilis, Lat.] worthy or liable to be tor­
mented.

To EXCRU＇CIATE, verb act. [excrucio, Lat.] to torture, to torment.
Gnawing and excruciating fears. Bentley.

EXCRU＇CIATED, part. pass. [excruciatus, Lat.] tormented or put to
pain.

EXCRUCIA＇TION, Lat. the act of tormenting or putting to pain.

EXCUBA＇TION, Lat. the act of keeping watch and ward all night.

EXCULCA＇TION, Lat. the act of trampling under foot.

To EXCU＇LPATE, verb act. [of ex and culpo, Lat.] to clear from
the imputation of a fault. A law term among civilians.

EXCU＇RSION, Fr. [of ex and curro, Lat. to run] 1. A digression in
speech, or going from the matter in hand. Excursion from the main
design. Atterbury. 2. The act of running out, an invasion or inroad.
3. An expedition into some distant part. The mind makes excursions
into that incomprehensible. Locke. 4. Progression beyond fixed limits.
Excursions of the seasons into the extremes of cold and heat. Ar­
buthnot.

EXCU＇RSIVE, adj. [excurro, Lat.] rambling, wandering. Thom­
son uses it.

EXCU＇SABLE, Fr. and Sp. adj. [scusabile, It. excusabilis, Lat.] that
may be excused, pardonable.

EXCU＇SRABLENESS [of excusable] capability of being excused, par­
donableness. Boyle uses it.

EXCUSA＇TION [of excuse] excuse, apology. Bacon and Brown
use it.

EXCU＇SATORY, adj. [excusatorius, Lat.] serving to excuse, making
apology.

To EXCU＇SE [excuso, Lat. excuser, Fr. scusare, It. escuzar, Sp. and
Port.] 1. To extenuate by apology, to justify. Bad men excuse their
faults. Johnson. 2. To disengage from an obligation, to remit at­
tendance. I pray thee have me excused. St. Luke. 3. To remit, not
to exact. 4. To weaken obligation to any thing, to obtain remission.
Nor could the real danger of leaving their dwellings to go up to the
temple, excuse their journey. South. 5. To pardon by allowing an
apology. Excuse some courtly strains. Pope. 6. To throw off im­
putation by a seigned apology. Think you that we excuse ourselves
unto you. 2 Corinthians.

EXCUSE, Fr. [scusa, It. escusa, Sp. of excusatio, Lat. the last syllable
of the verb is sounded as if written excuze, that of the noun with
the natural sound] 1. A reason by which we endeavour to justify
some offence or fault committed; apology, plea offered for extenua­
tion. 2. The act of excusing or apologising.
That thou mightest win the more thy father＇s love,
Pleading so wisely in excuse of it. Shakespeare.
3. Cause for which a person is excused. Rich ill poets are without
excuse. Roscommon.
A bad EXCUSE is better than none.
It is better to have something to say in defence of what we are taxed
with, than to be obliged quite to hold our tongues; and indeed it
must be a very bad case or action that will admit of no excuse. This
proverb is, however, generally said tauntingly to those who defend
themselves but badly; or have but very little to say in their own ex­
cuse, and yet will offer at it.

EXCU＇SELESS, adj. [of excuse] that for which no excuse or apology
can be given.

EXCU＇SER [of excuse] 1. One who excuses or pleads for another.
2. One who forgives another.

To EXCU＇SS, verb act. [excussum, sup. of excutio, Lat.] to seize and
detain by law. A term in the civil law. Ayliffe.

EXCU＇SSABLE [excussabilis, Lat.] that may be shaken or thrown
off.

EXCU＇SSION, Lat. 1. The act of shaking off. 2. A diligent inqui­
sition or examination. 3. Seizure by law. Ayliffe.

EXCU＇TIENT, adj. [excutiens, Lat.] shaking off.

E＇XEAT, Lat. [i. e. let him go out] a term used in church disci­
pline for a permission, which a bishop grants to a priest to go out of
his diocese.

E＇XECRABLE, Fr. and Sp. [escarabele, It. execrabilis, Lat.] accursed,
detestable, hateful.

E＇XECRABLENESS [of execrable] accursedness, abominableness.

E＇XECRABLY, adv. [of execrable] 1. Cursedly, abominably. 2.
By way of hyperbole in common conversation, to denote something
very poor and mean. ＇Tis sustian all, ＇tis execrably bad. Dryden.

To E＇XECRATE, verb act. [execror, Lat.] to curse, to abominate.
Some from contrary to that which they lately execrated and detested.
Temple.

E＇XECRATAD, part. pass. [execratus, Lat.] accursed.

EXECRA＇TION, Fr. [esecrazione, It. execraciòn, Sp. of execratio, Lat.]
a cursing or banning, a wishing mischief to one; a dreadful oath, im­
precation or curse. The Indians at naming the devil did spit on the
ground in token of execration. Stillingfleet.

To EXE＇CT, verb act. [execo, or exseco, Lat.] to cut out, to cut
away. Harvey uses it.

EXE＇CTION [of exect] the act of cutting out.

To E＇XECUTE [executum, of exequor, Lat. executer, Fr. executàr,
Sp.] 1. To do, to effect what is plann＇d or determin＇d. The govern­
ment almost executes itself. Swift. 2. To practise, to perform. I
will execute judgment. Exodus. 3. To put to death by authority or
by form of law, to punish capitally. Executed for treason. Davies.
4. To put to death, to kill in general.
Falstaff wounds my peace,
Whom with my bare fists I would execute,
If I now had him. Shakespeare.

EXECU＇TION, Fr. [esecuzione, It. execuciòn, Sp. of executio, Lat.]
1. The executing or doing a thing, performance, practice. Things
are come to the execution. Bacon. 2. Hanging, beheading, or burn­
ing of a malefactor, capital punishment, death inflicted by forms of
law. 3. Destruction, slaughter in general. The execution had been
too cruel. Hayward.

EXECUTION [in law] the last act of the law in civil causes, by which
possession is given of body or goods, as in a fine, a judgment, &c.
Sir Richard was committed to the Fleet in execution for the whole.
Clarendon.

Final EXECUTION [in law] is that which makes money of the de­
fendant＇s goods, and extendeth his lands and delivers them to the
plaintiff.

Military EXECU＇TION, is the pillage or plundering of a country by
the enemy＇s army.

EXECU＇TIONE Facienda, Lat. a writ commanding the execution of
a judgment.

EXECUTIONE Facienda in Withernam, a writ which lies for the
taking of his cattle, that had before convey＇d another man＇s cattle out
of the country.

EXECU＇TIONER [of execution] 1. He that executes or puts in act.
The executioners of this office. Bacon. 2. The hangman or finisher of
the law, he that inflicts capital punishment. 3. He that kills or mur­
thers in general. I would not be thy executioner. Shakespeare. 4. The
instrument by which any thing is performed.







Tools of wrath, anvils of torments hung,
Fell executioners of foul intents. Crashaw.

EXE＇CUTIVE, or EXE＇CUTORY, adj. [from execute, or executoire,
Fr.] 1. Having the quality of executing or performing. Executive of
the commands of the soul. Hale. 2. Having the power of putting in
act the laws, active, not legislative or deliberative. The legislative
as well as executive power. Addison.

E＇XECUTOR, or E＇XECUTER [exécuteur, Fr. esecutore, It. of execu­
tor, Lat.] one who does or performs any thing. Impartial executers
of poetic justice. Dennis. 2. (In law) a person nominated by a te­
stator to take care to see his will and testament executed, and his sub­
stance disposed of according to the tenure of the will. In this sense
the accent is on the second syllable.3. An executioner, one who
puts others to death. Obsolete.
Delivers o＇er to executers pale,
The lazy yawning drone. Shakespeare.

EXE＇CUTOR de son Tort [a law phrase] i. e. of or to his own wrong;
an executor who takes upon him the office of an executor by intrusion,
not being constituted thereto by the testator, nor authorized by the or­
dinary to administer.

EXE＇CUTORSHIP, or EXE＇CUTERSHIP [of executor] the office of a
testamentary executor. Bacon.

EXE＇CUTRIX, she who is intrusted to perform the will of the testa­
tor. Bacon.

EXE＇DRÆ, Lat. [εξεδρα, Gr.] places where the ancient philosophers,
sophists, and rhetoricians, used to hold their conferences and dis­
putes.

EXE＇GESIS [εξηγησις, of εξηγουμαι, Gr. to explain] an explica­
tion.

EXEGESIS Numerosa or Linealis [in algebra] is the numeral or lineal
solution of extraction of roots out of adfected equations.

EXEGESIS [with rhetoricians] a figure wherein that which the ora­
tor has delivered darkly, he afterwards renders more clear and intelli­
gible in the same sentence; as, Time at the same instant seemed both long
and short; long in the protraction of his desires, and short in the pleasure
of calling them to mind.

EXE＇GETES [εξηγητης, of εξηγουμαι, Gr. to explain] persons among
the Athenians learned in the laws of the juris consulti; whom the
judges used to consult in capital cases.

EXEGE＇TICAL, adj. [exegetique, Fr. exegeticus, Lat. εξηγητικος, Gr.]
that serves to explain or unfold. Some exegetical notes. Walker. N. B.
The particle και in Greek, which answers to AND in English, is supposed
by the authors of marginal corrections of scripture, to be only exegeti­
cal in some texts, where they had much better have retain＇d its strict
and proper sense; as Rev. cap. i. ver. 6. And hath made us king
and priests [not to God even his Father, but] to HIS GOD AND FA­
THER. See Revel. iii. 12. compared with 1 Pet. i. 3. and many
other places.

EXEGE＇TICALLY, adv. [of exegetical] explanatorily.

EXEGE＇TICALNESS [of exegetical] explanatoriness.

EXE＇MPLABLE, adj. [exemplabilis, Lat.] that may be imitated.

EXE＇MPLAR, Sp. and Lat. [exemplaire, Fr. esemplare, It.] an exam­
ple or pattern to be imitated. The idea and exemplar of the world was
first in God. Raleigh.

EXE＇MPLARILY, adv. [of exemplary] 1. In an exemplary manner,
such as deserves imitation. Exemplarily loyal. Howel. 2. In such a
manner as may warn others. Exemplarily punished. Clarendon.

EXE＇MPLARINESS [of exemplary] fitness or worthiness to be an ex­
ample, or pattern to be copied. Tillotson uses it.

EXE＇MPLARY, adj. [exemplaire, Fr. esemplare, It.] 1. Which serves
for a pattern to follow, whether persons or things. That lives
and doctrines ought to be exemplary. Bacon. 2. Such as may give
warning to others. Exemplary justice. K. Charles. 3. Such as may
attract notice and imitation. Abyss of exemplary vice. Prior.

EXEMPLIFICA＇TION, Lat. [esemplificazione, It. exemplificacion, Sp.]
1. A demonstrating a thing by an example. 2. A copy of an original
writing. An ambassador of Scotland demanded an exemplification of
the articles of peace. Hayward.

EXEMPLIFICATION [of letters patent] a duplicate or copy of them,
drawn from the inrolled originals, and sealed with the great seal of
England.

EXE＇MPLIFIED, part. pass. of exemplify [exemplificatus, Lat.] 1.
Cleared, proved or confirmed by an example or instance. 2. Copied
out from a deed or writing.

To EXE＇MPLIFY [esemplificare, It. exemplificàr, Sp. of exemplifico,
Lat. of exemplum and facio, Lat.] 1. To prove or confirm by an ex­
ample. Our author has exemplified his precepts in the very precepts
themselves. Spectator. 2. To copy out a deed or writing.

To EXE＇MPT [exemptum, sup. of eximo, Lat. exemter, Fr. esentare,
It. esentàr, Sp.] to free or discharge from, to privilege, to grant im­
munity from.

EXEMPT, or EXE＇MPTED, part. pass. [exemptus, Lat.] 1. Free from,
privileged. 2. Not subject, not liable to. No man is exempt from
the chances of human life. Atterbury. 3. Clear, not included.
His dreadful imprecation hear,
＇Tis laid on all, not any one exempt. Lee.
4. Cut off from. Obsolete
By his treason stand＇st not thou attainted,
Corrupted and exempt from ancient gentry. Shakespeare.

An EPEMPT, Fr. a life guard man free from duty.

An EXEMPT [in France] an officer in the guards, who commands
in the absence of the captain and lieutenant.

EXE＇MPTION, Fr. [esenzione, It. esenciòn, Sp. of exemptio, Lat.]
immunity, freedom from imposts or burthensome employments.

EXEMPTION [in law] a privilege to be free from appearance or ser­
vice.

EXEMPTI＇TIOUS, adj. [of exemptus, Lat] separable, that may be
taken from another. Loose or exemptitious from matter. More.

To EXE＇NTERATE, verb act. [exentero, Lat.] to take out the bowels.
Brown uses it.

EXENTERA＇TION, Lat. an embowelling.

EXE＇QUIAL, adj. [exequialis, Lat.] pertaining to exequies or fune­
rals.

E＇XEQUIES, subst. without a singular [exequiæ, Lat.] funeral rites
or solemnities, the procession of burial; (for this word, obsequies is of­
ten used, but not so properly. Johnson.)

EXE＇RCENT, adj. [exercens, Lat.] that exercises or practises any cal­
ling. Exercent advocate. Ayliffe.

To E＇XERCISE, verb act. [exercer, Fr. essercitare, It. exercitàr, Sp.
and Port. exerceo, Lat.] 1. To inure or train up to. Your own language
they were instructed and exercised in. Locke. 2. To employ, to en­
gage in employment. This faculty when exercised immediately about
things, is called judgment. Locke. 3. To make skilful by practice.
Reason strong and exercised. Locke. 4. To busy, to keep busy. He
will exercise himself with pleasure. Atterbury. 5. To task, to keep
employed as a penal injunction. Sore travel hath God given to the
sons of men to be exercised therewith. Ecclesiastes. 6. To practise, to
perform. All offices he may exercise by his friend. Bacon. 7. To
exert. The princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over you. St. Mat­
thew. 8. To use in order to habitual skill. To exercise their arms.
Addison.

To EXERCISE, verb neut. to use exercise for health or amusement.
Alexander the Great exercised at it. Broome.

EXERCISE, Fr. [esercizio, It. exercìcio, Sp. of exercitium, Lat.] 1.
Labour of the body as conducive to the cure or prevention of diseases.
Exercise and a spare diet. Bacon. 2. Something done for amusement.
To perform all things rather as an exercise than as a labour. Bacon. 3.
Habitual action, by which the body is formed to gracefulness, air, and
agility. The French apply themselves more universally to their exer­
cises than any nation. Addison. 4. Use, actual application. The use
and exercise thereof shall cease. Hooker. 5. Practice, outward per­
formance. The public exercise of their religion. Addison. 6. Em­
ployment. Exercise of the eyes and memory. Locke. 7. Task, that
which one is appointed to perform. Patience is more oft the exercise
of saints. Milton.8. Act of of divine worship, private or public.
I＇m in your debt for your last exercise,
Come the next sabbath and I will content you. Shakespeare.

E＇XERCISE [in military affairs] is the practice of all motions, actions
and management of arms, by which a soldier is instructed in the dif­
ferent postures he is to be in under arms, and the different motions he
is to make to oppose an enemy.

E＇XERCISER [of exercise] he that directs or exercises.

E＇XERCISES [exercitia, Lat.] the task of a scholar at school, or of
a young student at the university.

EXERCITA＇TION, [exercitatio, Lat.] 1. Practice, use. By fre­
quent exercitations we form them within us. Felton. 2. An inge­
nious discourse upon any subject, a critical comment.

EXERCITATION [with physicians] exercise, a vehement and volun­
tary motion of the body for the sake of health. Corporal exercitations.
Brown.

EXERGA＇SIA, Lat. [with rhetoricians] a figure, when one thing in
often repeated in different terms; as, the object of his thoughts, the en­
tertainment of his discourse, and the contentment of his heart.

EXE＇RGASY [exergasia, Lat. εξεργασια, Gr.] polishing.

EXE＇RGUE, or EXE＇RGUM [of εξ, and εργον, Gr. the work] a term
among medallists, used to signify the little space around or without the
work or figures of a medal, for an inscription, cypher, device, date,
&c. to be placed there.

To EXE＇RT, verb act. [exertum, sup. of exero, Lat.] 1. To thrust
out or put forth, to perform. The will has exerted an act of command.
South. 2. To use with an effort. Your courage and conduct you
may exert. Dryden. 3. To enforce, to push to an effort; with the
reciprocal pronoun; as, to exert one＇s self, is to use one＇s utmost endea­
vour.

EXE＇RTION, Lat. the act of exerting, operation, production.

EXE＇SION [exesus, Lat.] the act of eating through. Brown uses it.

EXESTUA＇TION [exæstuo, Lat.] the state of boiling, ebullition.

E＇XETER, the capital city of Devonshire, situated on the river Ex,
ten miles north of the British Channel, and 172 miles from London.
It is the see of a bishop, sends two members to parliament, and gives
title of earl to a branch of the noble family of Cecil. See Plate IX.
Fig. 22.

To EXFO＇LIATE, verb neut. [s＇exfolier, Fr. of ex, and folium, Lat. a
leaf; a chirurgical term] to scale, as splinters of a broken bone: or
when a carious bone, by the assistance of the sound parts and vis vitæ,
throws off what is decay＇d.

EXFOLIA＇TION, Lat. [in surgery] a rising up in leaves and splinters,
as a broken bone does.

EXFO＇LIATIVE, adj. [of exfoliate] that which has the power of pro­
curing exfoliation.

EXFOLIATIVE Trepan, one proper to scrape, and at the same time
to pierce a bone, and so to exfoliate or raise several leaves or flakes
one from another.

EXFRE＇DIARE [in old law] to break the peace, to commit open
violence.

EX GRAVI QUERELA, a writ which lies for one who is kept from
the possession of his lands or tenements by the devisor＇s heir, which
were devised to him by will.

EXHA＇LABLE, adj. [of exhale] that which may be exhaled or eva­
porated.

EXHA＇LANT, adj. [exhalans, Lat.] sending out an exhalation.

EXHALA＇TION [exhalaison, Fr. esalazione, It. esalaciòn, Sp. of exha­
latio, Lat.] 1. The act of exhaling, emission. 2. The state of eva­
porating, evaporation. 3. A fume or vapour, which is raised up
from the surface of the earth, either by the heat of the sun, or subter­
raneous fire, of which meteors, as mists, fogs, rain, snow, hail, &c.
are produced.

EXHALATION [with chemists] an operation, by means of which
the more airy, volatile parts of things are raised and dispersed by heat.

EXHALATION [in physic] a subtil, spirituous air, which breathes
out of the bodies of animals.

To EXHA＇LE, verb neut. [exhaler, Fr. esalare, It. esalàr, Sp. exha­
lare, Lat.] to breathe or steam out.

To EXHALE, verb act. 1. To send forth a fume, steam or vapour.
The vapour had been exhaled. Temple. 2. To draw out.
＇Tis thy presence that exhales this blood
From cold and empty veins where no blood dwells. Shakespeare.








EXHA＇LEMENT [of exhale] matter exhaled, vapour. Brown uses
it.

To EXHAU＇ST [exhaustum, sup of exhaurio, Lat.] 1. To draw quite
out till nothing is left. They exhausted not all its treasures. Locke.
2. To drain, to deprive by draining. Their means are less
exhausted. Bacon. 3. To waste, spend or consume.

EXHAU＇STED Receiver [in chymistry] a glass or other vessel applied
on the plate of the air-pump, and the air extracted out of the same,
by the working of the engine.

EXHAU＇STION [of exhaust] the act of drawing out or draining.

EXHAU＇STIONS [in mathematics] a way of proving the equality of
two magnitudes by a reductio ad absurdum; shewing that if one be
supposed either greater or less than the other, there will arise a contra­
diction.

EXHAU＇STLESS, adj. [of exhaust] not to be emptied, inexhausti­
ble.

EXHÆ＇RESIS, Lat. [εξαιρεσις, of εξαιρεω, Gr. to take out] a chirur­
gical operation, whereby something foreign, useless, and even perni­
cious, is taken from a human body.

EXHE＇BENUS, Lat. [εξεβενος, Gr.] a kind of white stone, with
which goldsmiths polish gold.

EXHE＇NIUM, EXE＇NNIUM [in old Latin records] a new year＇s gift,
a present, a token.

To EXHE＇REDATE, verb act. [exhereder, Fr. exhæredo, Lat.] to dis­
inherit, to set aside the right heir.

EXHEREDA＇TION [in civil law] a father＇s excluding a son from in­
heriting his estate.

To EXHI＇BIT, verb act. [exhiber, Fr. esibire, It. exhiber, Sp. of ex­
hibeo, Lat.] 1. To produce, to shew, to present or offer to view or
use, to propose in a formal or public manner. To exhibit a charge of
high treason. Clarendon. 2. To show, to display. Exhibiting a
miserable example. Pope.

To EXHIBIT [in law] is when a deed, acquittance, or other
writing, is in a chancery suit exhibited to be proved by witness, and
the examiner writes on the back, that it was shewed to such an one at
the time of his examination.

EXHI＇BITER [of exhibit] he that exhibits or offers any thing as a
petition or charge publickly. Shakespeare uses it.

EXHIBI＇TION, Fr. [esibizione, It. of exhibitio, Lat.] 1. The act of
producing or shewing of titles, authorities, and other proofs of a mat­
ter in contest; display, setting forth. Exhibition of mathematic de­
monstrations. Grew. 2. Allowance, pension. A pension or exhi­
bition out of his coffers. Bacon.

EXHIBI＇TIONS [in the universities] the settlements of benefactors
for the maintenance of scholars at the university, not depending upon
the foundation.

EXHI＇BITIVE, adj. [of exhibit] displaying, representative. Nor­
ris uses it.

To EXHI＇LERATE, verb act. [exhilero, Lat.] to cheer up, to make
merry, to delight, to enliven.

EXHILERA＇TION [of exhilerate] 1. A cheering up or making mer­
ry. 2. The state of being enlivened. Exhileration hath some affinity
with joy. Bacon.

To EXHO＇RT [exhorter, Fr. exhortàr, Sp. esortare, It. of exhortor,
Lat.] to encourage, to encite or stir up to any good action.

EXHORTA＇TION, Fr. [esortazione, It. exortacíon, Sp. of exhortatio,
Lat.] 1. An encouragement by words or incitement to good. 2.
The form of words by which one is exhorted. I＇ll end my exhorta­
tion after dinner. Shakespeare.

EXHORTA＇TIVE, or EXHORTA＇TORY [esortativo, It. of exhortati­
vus, Lat.] serving to exhort, encouraging to good.

EXHO＇RTER [of exhort] one who exhorts or encourages by
words.

EXHUMA＇TION, the act of digging up a body interred in holy
ground, especially by the authority of the judge.

To EXI＇CCATE, verb act. [exicco, Lat.] to dry up.

EXICCA＇TION [of exiccate] The act of drying up, the state of being
dried up. Drought and exiccation of the earth. Bentley.

EXI＇CCATIVE, adj. [of exiccate] having a dry quality.

E＇XIGENCE, E＇XIGENCY, or E＇XIGENT [exigence, Fr. esigenza, It.
exigencia, Sp.] 1. Need, want, demand, occasion; that which a
thing requires, or is suitable thereto. Exigencies of our station. Ro­
gers. 2. Pressing necessity, sudden occasion.
Now in such exigencies not to need!
Upon my word you must be rich indeed. Pope.
3. A pinch or strait; an occasion that requires immediate help.

E＇XIGENT. 1. A writ lying where the defendant in a personal ac­
tion cannot be found, nor any thing of his within the county whereby
to be attached or distrained; it is directed to the sheriff to call the
party five county days successively, to appear under pain of outlawry;
if he appear not, he is said to be quinquies exactus, and is oatlawed.
Shakespeare uses for any extremity. Hanmer. 2. The same writ
also lies in an indictment of selony, where the party indicted cannot
be found. 3. End. Wax dim, as drawing to their exigent. Shake­
speare.

E＇XIGENTER, or EXIGE＇NDARY, an officer of the court of common
pleas, who makes out exigents and proclamations in all actions in
which process of outlawry lies.

EXI＇GUOUSNESS, or EXIGU＇ITY [exiguitas, Lat.] littleness, small­
ness, slenderness. Boyle uses it.

EXI＇GUOUS [exiguus, Lat.] little, small, slender.

E＇XILE, adj. [exilis, Lat.] fine, thin, slender; not powerful. Not
in use but in philosophical writings.

EXI＇LE, subst. [exìlér, Fr. esule, It. of exul, Lat.] a person sent into
some place far distant from his native country, under a penalty not to
return for a term of years, or life, &c.

E＇XILE, subst. [exil, Fr. esilio, It. of exilium, Lat.] banishment,
state of being banished from one＇s country. This word seems an­
ciently to have had the accent indifferently on either syllable: now it
is uniformly on the first.

To E＇XILE, verb act. [exiler, Fr. esiliare, It. of exulo, Lat. this had
formerly the accent on the last syllable, now generally on the first;
tho＇ Dryden has used both] to send into banishment, to transport, to
drive from one＇s country.

EXI＇LEMENT [of exile] banishment. Wotton uses it.

EXILI＇TION [exilitio, Lat.] the act of springing or rushing out sud­
denly. Brown uses it.

EXI＇LLES, a strong fortress on the frontiers of Dauphine and Pied­
mont, about 10 miles west of Susa, and 25 north-west of Turin.

EXI＇LITY [exilitas, Lat.] slenderness, smallness. Bacon uses it.

EXI＇LIUM [old law] a waste or destruction of lands, houses, woods,
&c. also a prejudice done to an estate, by altering the condition or
tenure of it, either by ejecting, advancing, &c.

EXI＇MIOUS [esimio, It. of eximius, Lat.] choice, rare, famous,

EXI＇MIOUSNESS, or EXI＇MITY [eximietas, Lat.] excellency, notable­
ness, &c. excellentness.

EXINANI＇TION [exinanitio, Lat.] privation, loss.

EXI＇SCHIUS [εξισχιος, Gr.] a term used by surgeons, when the is­
chium or thigh bone is disjointed. Its ETYMOLOGY explains the
meaning, of εξ, out of, and ιχεον, Gr. the bone ISCHIUM.

To EXI＇ST [exister, Fr. existere, It. existèr, Sp. of existo, Lat.] to
be or have a being.

EXI＇STENCE, or EXI＇STENCY [existence, Fr. esistenza, It. existéncia, Sp.
of existentia, low Lat.] being, as the existence of a God, is the BEING
of a God; and the mode or manner of his existence, is the mode or
manner of his BEING; not like ours, and all other derived beings,
dependent upon WILL and POWER; but INDEPENDENT and UNDE­
RIVED; or what exists by ABSOLUTE NECESSITY within itself, and
superior to all production and causality whatsoever. See FIRST CAUSE,
AUTOTHEISM, and SELF-EXISTENCE.

EXI＇STENT, adj. [of exist] in being, possessed of existence

EXI＇STIBLE, adj. [of exist] capable of existing.

EXISTIMA＇TION. 1. The act of thinking or judging, an opinion.
2. Esteem.

E＇XIT [exitus, Lat.] 1. A departure, act of quitting the theatre of
life. Make a figure at their exit. Swift. 2. A word that marks
the time of the going of an actor off the stage. 3. Passage out of
any place. An easy entrance or exit. Glanville. 4. Way by which
there is a passage out. Its ordinary exits, wells and the outlets of
rivers. Woodward.

To make his EXIT. 1. To go off the stage as an actor. 2. To
die.

EXI＇TIABLE, or EXI＇TIAL, adj. [exitiabilis, Lat.] hurtful, de­
structive, mortal. Exitial fevers. Harvey.

EXITIO＇SE, or EXI＇TIOUS, adj. [exitiosus, Lat.] mischievous, dan­
gerous, destructive.

EXITUS, Lat. [in law] issues, or the yearly rents of lands or tene­
ments.

EX MERO MOTU [i. e. of my own proper motion] words of form
used in a charter, intimating, that what the prince granted is of his
own will and motion, and not by sollicitation.

EXO＇DIUM [εξοδιον, Gr.] 1. An interlude or farce at the end of a
tragedy. 2. A song sung at the conclusion of a meal.

E＇XODUS, or E＇XODY [εξοδος, of εξ and οδος, Gr. a way] a going
or departing out; the title of the second of the five books of Moses,
so called, because it describes the journey of the Israelites from Egypt.
The time of the Jewish exody. Hale.

EXO＇DIARY [in the Roman tragedy] a droll or mime, who ap­
peared on the stage when the tragedy was ended, and performed the
exodium.

EX OFFI＇CIO [from office or duty, officiously] used of an oath
whereby one who was supposed to be an offender, was forced to con­
fess, accuse, or clear himself of any criminal matter.

EXOLE＇TE, adj. [exoletus, Lat.] 1. Faded, or withered; as flowers,
&c. 2. Grown out of use, obsolete.

To EXO＇LVE, verb act. [exolvo, Lat.] 1. To unbind. 2. To pay
clear off.

EXO＇MPHALOS, Lat. [εξομϕαλος, of εξ and ομϕαλος, Gr.] 1. A
protuberance of the navel. 2. A dropsy or rupture in the navel.

EXOMOLOGE＇SIS [εξομολογησις, Gr.] confession in an ecclesiastical
sense.

EXO＇NCHOMA [of εξ, out, and ογχος, Gr. a swelling] any large
prominent tumour.

To EXO＇NERATE, verb act. [exonero, Lat.] to unburthen, to un­
load, to ease, to discharge from any incumbrance. Ray uses it.

EXONERA＇TION [of exonerate] the act of disburthening or discharg­
ing. Repletion and exoneration. Grew.

EXONERATIO＇NE Sectæ, a writ which lay for the ward or heir of
the king＇s tenant under age, to be disburthened of all suit, &c. to the
county, hundred, leet, or court-baron, &c. during the time of his
wardship.

EXONEI＇ROSIS [εξονειρωσις, of εξονειρωττω, Gr.] a species of gonorrhæa,
commonly called Pollutio nocturna, when the semen flows involuntarily
in sleep.

EXOPHTHA＇LMIA [εξοϕθαλμια, Gr.] a protuberance of the eye out
of its natural position.

EXO＇PTABLE, adj. [exoptabilis, Lat.] desirable, to be sought with
eagerness.

EXOPTA＇TION, Lat. an earnest wishing.

EXO＇PTATED [exoptatus, Lat.] wished for, earnestly desired.

E＇XORABLE, Fr. and Sp. [esorabile, It. of exorabilis, Lat.] that
may be prevailed upon by reason, prayers, or entreaties.

E＇XORABLENESS, easiness to be entreated.

EXO＇RBITANCE, or EXO＇RBITANCY [esorbitanza, It. exorbitáucia,
Sp. exorbitantia, Lat. of ex and orbita, Lat. a path] 1. The act of
going out of the track prescribed. Exorbitancies of the tongue.
2. A thing done out of measure, square, or rule, an irregularity, an
enormity. To commit such exorbitancies as could not end but in the
dissolution of the government. Swift. 3. Boundless depravity.
They riot still
Unbounded in exorbitance of ill. Garth.

EXO＇RBITANT, adj. Fr. [esorbitante, It. exorbitánte, Sp. exorbitans,
Lat.] 1. Going out of the prescribed track. Exorbitant commotions
of the waters. Woodward. 2. Irregular, not comprehended in a
settled rule. Inured with causes exorbitant. Hooker. 3. Excessive,







extravagant, immoderate. Impositions so very exorbitant. Addi­
son.

To EXO＇RBITATE, verb neut. [of ex and orbita, Lat.] To go out
of the track prescribed, to deviate. Bentley uses it.

To E＇XORCISE [exorciser, Fr. isorcizzare, It. exorcizàr, Sp. exor­
cizare, Lat. εξορκιζω, Gr.] 1. To cast out evil spirits by certain forms
of adjuration. 2. To adjure by some holy name. 3. To purify
from the influence of malignant spirits by religious ceremonies.
Bless their halls,
And exorcise the beds, and cross the walls. Dryden.

E＇XORCISER [of exorcise] one who exorcises, or practises to drive
away evil spirits.

E＇XORCISM [exorcisme, Fr. esorcismo, It. exorcismo, Sp. exorcismus,
Lat. of εξορκισμος, Gr.] a laying or casting out spirits; prayers or ad­
jurations, wherewith to exorcise, i. e. to drive out devils from persons
possessed, to purify unclean creatures, or preserve from danger. De­
vout prayers or exorcisms. Harvey.

E＇XORCIST [exorciste, Fr. exorcista, It. Sp. and Lat. of εξορκιστης,
Gr.] 1. One who by adjurations and prayers casts out evil spirits.
2. An enchanter, a conjurer. Improper.
Thou like an exhorcist hath conjur＇d up
My mortified spirit. Shakespeare.

EXO＇RDIUM, Lat. [exorde, Fr. esordio, It. exòrdio, Sp.] a beginning,
a formal preface or preamble. Long prefaces and exordiums. Addi­
son.

EXORDIUM [with rhetoricians] a speech by which the orator pre­
pares the minds of the auditors for what is to follow.

EXORNA＇TION, Lat. the act of adorning, ornament, embellishment.
Curious exornations. Hooker.

EXO＇RTIVE [exortivus, Lat.] pertaining to the rising of the sun, or
the east.

EXO＇SSATED [exossatus, Lat.] having the bones pulled out, deprived
of bones.

EXOSSA＇TION, Lat. the act of boning or taking out the bones.

EXO＇SSEOUS, adj. [of ex, and ossa, Lat. bones] wanting bones, be­
ing boneless. Brown uses it.

EXOSTO＇SIS [εξοστωσις, of εξ, and οστεον, Gr. a bone] the bunching or
swelling of a bone out of its natural place, occasioned by the settling
of a corrupt humour in its proper substance. One symptom that ac­
companies the RACHITIS is an exostosis, or swelling of the bones;
but without pain. Distinguish this from an exostosis, which comes
from an INFLAMMATION of the periosteum, whether external or inter­
nal.

EXOTE＇RICAL, the contrary of acroamatical, which see.

EXOTE＇RICS [εξοτερικαι, Gr.] the lectures of Aristotle upon rhetoric,
which any one had the liberty to hear.

EXO＇TICALNESS [of exotical] outlandishness.

EXO＇TICUS, Lat. [of εξω, Gr. outward; with botanists] which
grows originally foreign.

EXO＇TICAL, or EXO＇TIC, adj. [exoticus, Lat.] brought out of ano­
ther country, not domestic. Exotic plants. Evelyn.

EXO＇TIC, subst. [exoticæ, Lat.] a foreign plant. Plants unknown
to Italy; and such as the gardeners call exotics. Addison.

To EXPA＇ND [expando, Lat.] 1. To lay open as a net or sheet.
2. To stretch out, to open wide every way, to diffuse. Expands its
fibres. Arbuthnot.

EXPA＇NSE [expansum, Lat.] the firmament, a body widely extended
without inequalities.
You lofty grove＇s delicious bow＇rs to gain,
You cross th＇ EXPANCE of this enamell＇d plain.
The TABLE of Cebes, &c.

EXPA＇NSED [in heraldry] displayed or set out.

EXPANSIBI＇LITY [of expansible] possibility of being spread into a
wider surface.

EXPA＇NSIBLE [of expansus, Lat.] capable of being expanded,
spread wide and displayed.

EXPA＇NSILE [of expansus, of expando, Lat.] of or pertaining to ex­
pansion.

EXPA＇NSIVE, adj. [of expand] having the power to spread into a
wider space. The elastic or expansive faculty of the air. Ray.

EXPA＇NSION [expansum, sup. of expando, Lat.] 1. The act of dis­
playing, opening, or spreading abroad. The easy expansion of the
wing of a bird. Grew. 2. The state of being expanded. The con­
densation and expansion of any portion of the air. Bentley. 3. Extent,
space to which any thing is extended. Beyond the utmost expansion of
matter. Locke. 4. Pure space, as distinct from extension of solid mat­
ter. Distance or space I call expansion, to distinguish it from extension,
which expresses this distance only as it is in the solid parts of matter.
Locke.

EXPA＇NSION [in a metaphysical sense] the idea we frame in our
minds of lasting distance, whose parts exist together.

EXPANSION [in physic] is the dilating, spreading or stretching out
of a body; whether from any external cause, as the cause of rare­
faction; or from an internal cause, as elasticity.

EX PARTE, Lat. i. e. partly, or of one part, as a commission ex
parte in chancery.

EX PARTE Talis, a writ which lies for a bailiff or receiver, who
having auditors assigned to take his account, cannot obtain a reasona­
ble allowance.

To EXPA＇TIATE, verb act. [expatior, Lat.] 1. To enlarge upon a
subject in speaking. 2. To range at large, to rove without any pre­
scribed limits. Wide enough for her votaries to expatiate in. Addison.

To EXPA＇TIATE, verb neut. to let loose, to allow to range. Very
improper. An ample field of matter wherein to expatiate itself. Dry­
den.

EXPA＇TIATING [expatians, Lat.] running abroad, launching out
in discourse, spreading far and wide.

To EXPE＇CT, verb act. [aspettaré, It. expecto, Lat.] 1. To have a
previous apprehension of either good or ill. 2. To wait or attend the
coming. Epecting there the queen. Dryden.

To EXPECT, verb neut. to wait, to stay. Elihu had expected till Job
had spoken. Job.

EXPE＇CTABLE [expectabilis, Lat.] to be looked for, to be hoped or
feared.

EXPE＇CTANCE, or EXPE＇CTANCY [of expect] 1. The act or state of
expecting, expectation. This blessed expectance must be my theme. Boyle.
2. Something expected. There is expectance here from both the sides.
Shakespeare. 3. Hope, that of which the expectation is accompanied
with pleasure. Th＇ expectancy and rose of the fair state. Shakespeare.

EXPE＇CTANT, Fr. adj. [of expectans, Lat.] expecting or looking
for. The expectant heir. Swift.

EXPECTANT Fee [in common law] land given to a man, and to the
heirs of his body, the remainder to him and his heirs, in which case
there is a fee-simple expectant after the fee-tail.

EXPE＇CTANT, subst. [of expect] one who waits in expectation of any
thing. Gentlemen who had employments, or were expectants. Swift.

EXPECTA＇TION, Fr. [aspettazione, It. expectaciòn, Sp. of expectatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of expecting, looking or longing for. Within the
note of expectation. Shakespeare. 2. The state of expecting, hope or fear
of things to come. Serious expectation of that day. Rogers. 3. Prospect
of any thing good to come. My expectation is from him. Psalms. 4.
The object of happy expectation; the Messiah expected.
Our great expectation should be called
The seed of woman. Milton.
5. A state in which something excellent is expected from us. Of so
rare not only expectation but proof. Sidney.

EXPE＇CTATIVE, as gratiæ expectativæ, are certain bulls frequently
given by popes or kings for future benefices, before they become
void.

EXPE＇CTER [of expect] 1. One who has hopes of something. These
are not great expecters under your administration. 2. One who
waits for another. The expecters of our Trojan part. Shakespeare.

To EXPE＇CTORATE, verb act. [expectoro, Lat.] to discharge or spit
phlegm out of the stomach.

EXPECTORA＇TION [of expectorate] 1. The act of raising and spitting
forth phlegm. 2. That discharge which is made.

EXPECTORA＇TIVE, adj. [of expectorate] having the quality of pro­
moting expectoration.

EXPECTORATIVE, subst. any thing that causes expectoration.

EXPE＇DIENCE, or EXPE＇DIENCY [from expedient] 1. Fitness, ne­
cessariness to be done, propriety. The high expediency and great use
of such practices. South. 2. It is used in Shakespeare for expedition,
adventure, or attempt.
Our council did decree
In forwarding this dear expedience. Shakespeare.
3. It is also used in Shakespeare for expedition, haste, dispatch.
I shall break
The cause of our expedience to the queen,
And get her leave to part. Shakespeare.

EXPE＇DIENT, Fr. adj. [spediente, It. and Sp. of expediens, expedit,
Lat.] 1. Needful or fit to be done, proper, convenient. 2. In Shake­
speare, quick, expeditious. His marches are expedient to this
town.

EXPEDIENT, Fr. subst. [spediente, It.] 1. A method, way, or
means to an end. He would never have invited us to the one, but as
an expedient to the other Decay of Piety. 2. A shift, means to an
end which are contrived in an exigency. He flies to a new expedient to
solve the matter. Woodward.

EXPE＇DIENTLY, adv. [of expedient] 1. Fitly, conveniently. 2.
In Shakespeare, hastily, quickly. Do this expediently, and turn him
going. Shakespeare.

EXPE＇DIENTNESS [of expedient] fitness, convenientness.

EXPEDITA＇TION [in forest law] the cutting out the ball of a dog＇s
fore-feet, for the preservation of the game.

To E＇XPEDITE, verb act. [expédier, Fr. spedire, It. of expeditum, sup.
of expedio, Lat.] 1. To dispatch or rid, to do a thing quickly. Ex­
pedite the conversion of the papists. Swift. 2. To facilitate, to free
from impediment.
A broad way now is pav＇d
To expedite your glorious march. Milton.
3. To dispatch, to issue from a public office. Charters be expedited.
Bacon.

E＇XPEDITE, adv. [spedito, It. of expeditus, Lat.] 1. Ready, being
in readiness, easy, clear from encumbrances. The way plain and
expedite enough. Hooker. 2. Hasty, soon performed, quick. Expe­
dite execution. Sandys. 3. Active, agile, nimble. The more nim­
ble and expedite it will be in its operations. Tillotson. 4. It seems to
be used by Bacon for light armed in the Latin sense. With expedite
forces. Bacon.

EXPEDI＇TELY, adj. [of expedite] with quickness, haste and readi­
ness. Grew.

EXPEDI＇TION, Fr. [spedizione, It. espediciòn, Sp. of expeditio, Lat.]
1. Dispatch, or quickness in dispatch of business, activity. Quick
and speedy expedition. Hooker. 2. A march or voyage with martial
intentions. Bending their expedition tow＇rd Philippi. Shakespeare.

EXPEDI＇TIONARY [spedizioniere, It. in the pope＇s court] an officer
who takes care of dispatches.

EXPEDI＇TIOUS [expeditif, Fr. speditivo, It. expeditus, Lat.] quick,
nimble, making dispatch.

EXPEDI＇TIOUSLY, adv. [of expeditious] quickly, nimbly.

EXPEDI＇TIOUSNESS [of expeditio, Lat.] quickness of dispatch.

To EXPE＇L, verb act. [espellere, It. espellér, Sp. expello, Lat.] 1.
To drive or chace forth, to thrust or turn out, to eject by the natural
passages. Other parts of the body are moved to expel by consent. Ba­
con. 2. To banish, to drive from the place of abode. Expell＇d and
exil＇d left the Trojan shore. Dryden.

EXPE＇LLER [of expel] one that expels or drives away.

To EXPE＇ND, verb act. [spendere, It. expendo, Lat.] to spend or lay
out money.

EXPE＇NDITOR, a steward or officer who looks after the repairs of
the banks of Romney-marsh.

EXPE＇NSE [espánsa, Sp. expansa, Lat.] cost, charges.

EXPE＇NSIS Militum Levandis, Lat. a writ directed to the sheriff for
levying the allowance for knights in parliament.

EXPENSIS Militum non Levandis, Lat. a writ forbidding the sheriff
from levying any allowance for knights of the shire, upon those who
hold in ancient demesne.

EXPE＇NSEFUL, adj. [of expense and full] costly, chargeably. Wot­
ton uses it.








EXPE＇NSELESS, adj. [of expense] bearing no expense. Frugal and
expenseless means. Milton.

EXPE＇NSIVE, adj. [of expense] 1. Causing expence, chargeable,
costly; as, an expensive table. 2. Given to expence, luxurious, extra­
vagant. Idle and expensive men. Temple. 3. Liberal, generous, di­
stributive. An active, expensive, indefatigable goodness. Spratt.

EXPE＇NSIVELY, adv. [of expensive] with great expence or cost.

EXPE＇NSIVENESS [of expensive] 1. Costliness. 2. Freeness in spend­
ing, extravagance. Arbuthnot.

EXPERGEFA＇CTION, Lat. an awaking out of sleep.

EXPE＇RIENCE [experience, Fr. esperienza, It. esperiéncia, Sp. of ex­
perientia, Lat.] 1. Long proof, practice or trial upon sight or obser­
vation. Hereof experience hath inform＇d reason. Raleigh. 2. Know­
ledge or skill gotten by use or practice, without a teacher.
Mark what I advise,
Whom age and long experience render wise. Pope.
EXPERIENCE is the mistress of fools.
Lat. Experientia stultorum magistra. Wise men learn by other
mens mishaps, fools by their own: like Ep. Ος επει κακον εχε νοησν:
or, as HOMER chose to express it; “ρεχθεν δε τε νηπιος εγνω.” The
Ger. say as we; Erfahrung lehret die narren.

EXPERIENCE has been represented in sculpture and painting by an
elderly woman in a garment of gold; in her right hand a geometrical
square, and in her left a scroul with the words rerum magistra (the rui­
stress of things.) At her feet a touch-stone, and a vase, out of which
proceeded flames.

To EXPE＇RIENCE, verb act. [experior, Lat.] 1. To try, to practise.
2. To know by practice.

EXPE＇RIENCED, part. pass. [expertus, Lat.] 1. Made skilful by ex­
perience, versed in, skilled. Learn them from such as are used to that
sort of things, and are experienced in them. Locke. 2. Wise by long
practice. Experienc＇d Nestor. Pope.

EXPE＇RIENCER [of experience] one who makes trials, one who practises
experiments. Digby.

EXPE＇RIMENT [esperimento, It. of experimentum, Lat.] essay, trial,
proof of any thing; a trial of the effect or result of certain applications
and motions of natural bodies, in order to discover something of the
laws and natures thereof. When we are searching out the nature or
properties of any being by various methods of trial, this sort of obser­
vation is called experiment. Watts.

To EXPE＇RIMENT, verb act. [experimenter, Fr. esperimentare, It.] to
search out by experiment, to try. Ray.

EXPERIME＇NTAL, adj. Fr. [esperimentale, It.] 1. Pertaining to ex­
periment. 2. Grounded upon experiment, formed by observation.
Experimental testimony. Brown. 3. Known by trial. An experimen­
tal exception. Newton.

EXPERIME＇NTALLY, adv. [of experimental] by experience or obser­
vation, by trial.

EXPE＇RIMENTER [of experiment] one who makes experiments.

EXPERIME＇NTUM Crucis [a metaphor taken from the setting of
crosses where divers ways meet, to direct travellers in their right course]
such an experiment as leads men to the true knowledge of the thing
they enquire after.

EXPE＇RT, adj. Fr. [esperto, It. experto, Sp. of expertus, Lat.] 1.
Skilful, intelligent in business, that has much experience and practice.
Expert officers. Shakespeare. 2. Ready, dextrous. Expert in mode and
figure. Locke. 3. Skilful by practice or experience. This sense is rare.
Expert men can execute and judge of particulars. Bacon. It is used by
Pope, with of before the object, but generally with in. Expert of
arms. Pope.

EXPE＇RTLY, adv. [of expert] skilfully, readily.

EXPE＇RTNESS [of expert] readiness, skilfulness, dexterity. Expert­
ness and valour of the soldiers. Knolles.

EXPE＇TIBLE, adj. [expetibilis, Lat.] desirable, worth seeking after.

EXPE＇TIBLENESS [of expetible] desirableness.

EXPI＇ABLE, adj. [expiabilis, Lat.] capable of expiation, that may
be atoned for.

To E＇XPIATE, verb act. [expier, Fr. espiare, It. expiàr, Sp. expia­
tum, sup. of expio, Lat.] 1. To atone, to make satisfaction for. To
expiate their crimes. Bacon. 2. To avert the threats of prodigies.

EXPIA＇TION, Fr. [espiazione, It. of expiatio, Lat.] 1. The act of
expiating or atoning for a crime. 2. A satisfaction or atonement, the
means of expiation. Such an expiation and atonement as Christianity
has revealed. Addison. 3. Practices by which the threats of prodigies
were averted. Upon the birth of such monsters, the Grecians and Ro­
mans did use diverse sorts of expiations. Hayward.

EXPIATO＇RINESS [of expiatory] expiating quality.

E＇XPIATORY, adj. [expiatorius, Lat.] that makes an atonement.

EXPILA＇TION [expilatio, Lat.] robbery, the act of committing
waste upon land.

EXPILATION [in the civil law] the act of withdrawing or diverting
any thing belonging to an inheritance, before any body had declared
himself heir thereof.

EXPIRA＇TION, Fr. [spirazione, It. of expiratio, Lat.] 1. The act of
expiring or breathing out air. 2. The giving up the ghost, the last e­
mission of breath, death. We have heard him breathe the groan of expira­
tion. Rambler. 3. Evaporation, act of suming out. 4. Vapour, the mat­
ter expired. Cold is an expiration from the earth. Bacon. 5. The
end of an appointed time. The expiration of the treaty. Clarendon.
6. The cessation of any thing to which life is figuratively ascribed.
To satisfy ourselves of its expiration, we darken＇d the room, and in
vain endeavour＇d to discover any spark of fire. Boyle.

EXPIRATION [in a medicinal sense] is an alternate contraction of
the chest, whereby the air, together with fuliginous vapours, are ex­
pell＇d or driven out by the wind-pipe. Bacon.

To EXPI＇RE, verb act. [expirer, Fr. spirare, It. espiràr, Sp. of expiro,
Lat.] 1. To breathe out.
Scorching fire,
Which he from hellish entrails did expire. Spenser.
2. To send out in exhalations. The fluid expired goes off in insensible
parcels. Woodward. 3. To bring to an end, to conclude.
When as time flying with wings swift,
Expired had the term. Spenser.

To EXPIRE, verb neut. 1. To die. The fair in all their pride ex­
pire. Pope. 2. To make an emission of the breath. The inspiring and
expiring organ. Walton. 3. To perish, to be destroyed.
All thy praise is vain,
Save what this verse which never shall expire,
Shall to thee purchase. Spenser.
4. To fly out with a blast. The linstocks touch, the pond＇rous balls
expire. Dryden. 5. To breathe one＇s last, to give up the ghost, to die.
6. To be out or come to an end, as time does. 7. To throw out
the air in the act of breathing, as contradistinguished from inspiration,
which signifies the act of taking it into the lungs.

To EXPLA＇IN [spiegare, It. explicàr, Sp. and Port. explano, Lat.]
to make plain or clear by notes, to expound.

EXPLA＇INABLE, adj. [of explain] capable of being interpreted or
explained.

EXPLA＇INER [of explain] an expositor or commentator.

EXPLANA＇TION [of explain] the act of explaining or making plain,
the interpretation or sense given by a commentator.

EXPLA＇NATORINESS [of explanatory] explicative quality.

EXPLA＇NATORY, adj. [of explain] serving to explain or give light
to, containing explanations.

E＇XPLETIVE, subst. Fr. [expletivum, Lat.] that which fills up a
place.

E＇XPLETIVENESS [of expletive] expletive or filling up quality.

E＇XPLICABLE [esplicabile, It. explicabilis, Lat.] that may be ex­
plained.

E＇XPLICABLENESS [of explicable] capableness of being ex­
plained.

To E＇XPLICATE, verb act. [explico, Lat.] 1. To unfold, to lay out,
to expand, to display. They explicate the leaves. Blackmore.2. To
clear, to interpret, to explain.

EPLICATE, n. adj. explicit. More explicate. Watts.

EXPLICA＇TION, Fr. [esplicazione, It. explicaciòn, Sp. of explicatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of unfolding or opening out. 2. The act of ex­
plaining, an exposition or interpretation. 3. The sense given by an
explainer, interpretation.

E＇XPLICATIVE, adj. [of explicate] having a tendency to explain.

E＇XPLICATOR, Lat. an expounder.

EXPLI＇CIT, or EXPLI＇CITE, adj. [explicitus, Lat.] unfolded, plain,
clear, distinct, not merely implied.

EXPLI＇CITLY, adv. [of explicite] plainly, clearly, distinctly, not
merely by implication.

EXPLI＇CITNESS [of explicit] expressness, plainness.

EXPLI＇CIA, EXPLE＇TIA, or EXPLE＇TA [in old records] the rents or
mean profits of an estate, in custody or trust.

To EXPLO＇DE [of explodo, Lat.] 1. To drive out disgracefully with
noise, as with clapping of the hands, &c. to hiss out, to dislike abso­
lutely and openly. 2. To drive out, to emit with noise and violence.
The kindled powder did explode
The massy ball, and the brass tube unload. Blackmore.

EXPLO＇DER [of explode] one that hisses, or drives out any person or
thing with noise and open scorn.

EXPLO＇IT, Fr. [expletum, res expleta, Lat.] a great action or per­
formance, a successful attempt.

To EXPLO＇IT, verb act. [from the noun; exploiter, O. Fr.] to do
some great action. Camden.

To EXPLO＇RATE [explorer, Fr. esplorare, It. exploratum, sup. of ex­
ploro, Lat.] to view thoroughly, to search out. Brown uses it.

EXPLORA＇TION [of explorate] a spying, a diligent searching out.

EXPLORA＇TOR, Lat. [esploratore, It.] a searcher, an examiner.

EXPLO＇RATORY, adj. [exploratorius, Lat.] pertaining to searching
out diligently or espying, examining.

EXPLORATO＇RIUM, a surgeon＇s instrument called a probe.

To EXPLO＇RE, verb act. [exploro, Lat.] to search into, to examine
by trial. The exploring experiments of the fire. Boyle.

EXPLO＇REMENT [of explore] search, trial. Brown uses it.

EXPLO＇SION, the action of a thing that drives another out of its
place, that before it possess＇d, and that with noise and violence.

EXPLOSION [with naturalists] 1. An action of the animal spirits,
whereby the nerves are suddenly drawn together, when some particles
of a different kind are mixed with the spirits, by which they are vio­
lently expanded or spread forth, or driven into confusion, like the
parts of fired gun-powder. 2. A violent expansion of the parts of air,
gun-powder, or any fluid that occasions a crackling sound.

EXPLO＇SION [with chemists] that violent heat and bubbling up,
arising from the mixture of some contrary liquors, as that when spirit
of nitre and that of wine, oil of vitriol and oil of turpentine, &c. are
mingled together.

EXPLO＇SIVE, adj. [of explode] driving out with noise and violence.
Its explosive power. Woodward.

EXPOLI＇TION [in rhetoric] a figure whereby the same thing is ex­
plained in different phrases, in order to shew it more fully.

To EXPO＇NE, verb act. [esporre, It. exponèr, Sp. expono, Lat.] to
set forth, to lay open, to expound.

EXPO＇NENT [in algebra] is a number, which being placed over
any power, shews how many multiplications are necessary to pro­
duce that power; thus X3 the figure is its exponent, and shews it is
produced by three continued multiplications of X into itself.

EXPONENT of the Ratio [in algebra] or of the proportion between
two numbers or quantities, is the quotient arising, when the antece­
dent is divided by the consequent. Thus 8 is the exponent of the
ratio which 40 has to 5. Also a rank of numbers in arithmetical
progression, beginning from 0, and placed over a rank of numbers
in geometrical progression, are called indices or exponents: and on this
is founded the reason and demonstration of logarithms; for addition
and subtraction of these exponents answers to multiplication and di­
vision in the geometrical numbers. Harris.

EXPONE＇NTIAL [of exponens, Lat.] expounding, laying open to
view.

EXPONENTIAL Calculus, is the method of differencing exponential
quantities, and of summing up the differentials of exponentials.

EXPONENTIAL Curves [with mathematicians] are such curves as
partake both of the nature of the algebraic and transcendental ones.
They partake of the algebraic, because they consist of a finite number
of terms, though those terms themselves are indeterminate, and they







are in some sort transcendental, because they cannot be constructed
algebraically.

EXPONENTIAL Equations [with mathematicians] are the same that
are called geometric irrationals by Sir Isaac Newton; sometimes
they are called transcendentals.

EXPONENTIAL Quantities [in mathematics] are such quantities
whose exponents are indeterminate, variable or flowing, and are of
several degrees and orders; as, when the exponent is a simple indeter­
minate quantity, it is called an exponential of the first or lowest de­
gree. When the exponent itself is an exponential of the first degree,
then it is called an exponential of the second degree, and so on.

To EXPO＇RT [exporto, Lat.] to bear, carry or convey out of a
country, to send abroad over sea, generally by way of traffic.

E＇XPORT, subst. [from the verb] commodity exported or carried
out in traffic.

EXPORTA＇TION [of export] The act of sending or carrying com­
modities abroad.

EXPO＇RTER [of export] a merchant, &c. who sends or carries goods
into other countries; opposed to importer, who brings goods in.

To EXPO＇SE [exposer, Fr. esporre, It. exponer, Sp. expositum, sup. of
expono, Lat.] 1. To set or lay abroad in public view or examination.
Freely expose their principles to the test, and are pleased to have them
examined. Locke. 2. To cast out to hazard or chance. As, to ex­
pose a child. 3. To render ridiculours, by laying open one＇s failings
to others, to lay open to censure. You only expose the follies of men.
Dryden. 4. To lay open, to make liable to. Expose thyself to feel
what wretches feel. Shakespeare. 5. To put in the power of any
thing. He would not to the scas expose his wife. Dryden. 6. To
make bare, to lay open so as to be acted upon.
While the balmy western spirit blows
Earth to the breath her bosom dares expose. Dryden.
7. To put in danger. Exposing himself, did sometimes change the
fortune of the day. Clarendon. 8. To censure, to treat with dis­
praise; a colloquial impropriety. A little wit is capable of exposing
a beauty, and of aggravating a fault. Addison.

EXPOSI＇TION, Fr. [esposizione, It. exposicion, Sp. of expositio, Lat.]
1. The situation in which any thing is placed with respect to the sun
or air. From springs with an easterly exposition. Arbuthnot. 2. [from
expono, Lat. to expound] an explication, an expounding, an interpre­
tation. Your exposition of the holy text. Shakespeare.

EXPOSITION [in rhetoric] a figure, whereby the same thing is ex­
plained, in different phrases or expressions, in order to shew it more
clearly.

EXPO＇SITOR, Lat. an expounder, an interpreter, an explainer.
Copious expositors of places. Locke.

EX POST, Lat. [in law] a term used of a thing done after the
time.

To EXPO＇STULATE, verb neut. [expostulo, Lat.] to argue the case by
way of complaint about an injury received, to debate without open
rupture. The bishop will expostulate. Swift.

EXPOSTULA＇TION [expostulatio, Lat.] 1. An arguing a matter in
private without rupture. Expostulations end well with lovers. Specta­
tor. 2. An accusation, a charge brought against one. Expostulation
is a private accusation of one friend touching another, supposed not
to have dealt singly or considerately in the course of good friendship.
Ayliffe.

EXPOSTULA＇TOR, Lat. one who reasons by way of complaint of
wrong done, without any rupture.

EXPOSTULA＇TORY, adj. [expostulatorius, Lat.] serving to expostu­
lation, or by way of complaint, containing expostulation. An expos­
tulatory debate. L＇Estrange.

EXPO＇SURE. 1. [In gardening] the aspect or situation of a garden wall,
building, or the like, with respect to the sun, winds, &c. A southern
exposure. Evelyn. 2. The act of exposing or setting out to observa­
tion or view. 3. The state of being thus open to observation.
When we have our naked frailties hid
That suffer in exposure, let us meet. Shakespeare.
4. The state of being exposed or liable to a thing. A wild exposure
to each chance. Shakespeare. 5. The state of being in danger.
To weaken or defend it our exposure,
How hard soever rounded in with danger. Shakespeare.

To EXPO＇UND, verb act. [expono, Lat.] 1. To explain or unfold, to
shew the meaning of. 2. To lay open: a Latin sense.
He expounded both his pockets,
And found a watch with rings and lockets. Hudibras.

EXPO＇UNDER [of expound] one that expounds or interprets. Care­
ful expounders. Hooker.

To EXPRE＇SS [exprimer, Fr. esprimere, It. exprimìr, Sp. expressum,
sup. of exprimo, Lat.] 1. To declare by words, to pronounce or utter.
We have nothing but words to express them by. Locke. 2. To pour­
tray or represent by any of the imitative arts, as poetry, painting, or
sculpture.
Each skilful artist shall express thy form
In animated gold. Smith.
3. To copy, to represent, to resemble.
So kids and whelps their sires and dams express. Dryden.
4. To make known any way.
That air and shape of harmony express,
Fine by degrees, and delicately less. Prior.
5. To utter, to declare; with the reciprocal pronoun. Mr. Philips
did express himself with much indignation against me. Pope. 6. To
denote, to designate. These men expressed by their names. Num­
bers. 7. To squeeze out. The fruits out of which drink is expres­
sed. Bacon. 8. To extort by violence: a sense borrowed from the
Latin.
Halters and racks cannot express from thee
More than thy deeds. B. Johnson.

EXPRE＇SS, adj. [exprès, Fr. espresso, It. and Sp. expressus, Lat.]
1. Plain, manifest, in direct terms. Formal express consent. Hooker.
2. Copied, exactly like. His face express. Milton. 3. Clear, not
dubious or obscure. Where scripture is express for any opinion.
Locke. 4. On set purpose, for a particular end. A messenger sent
express from the other world. Atterbury.

EXPRESS, subst. [exprès, Fr.] 1. A messenger sent on purpose
about a particular errand; a courier who carries letters of advice about
news. The king sent an express. Clarendon. 2. The tidings thus
brought, message sent. Popular captations which some men use in
their speeches and expresses. K. Charles. 3. A declaration in plain
terms: unusual. The general design and particular expresses of the
gospel. Norris.

EXPRE＇SSED [expressus, Lat.] represented or pourtrayed; also pres­
sed out. See To EXPRESS.

EXPR＇ESSED Oils [with chymists] those that are prepared only by
squeezing out the juice of fruits or seeds.

EXPRE＇SSIBLE, adj. [of express] 1. That may be uttered or decla­
red. With notes of the greatest terror expressible. Woodward. 2.
That may be forced out by squeezing or expressing.

EXPRE＇SSION, Fr. and Sp. [espressione, It. of expressio, Lat.] 1. The
manner of delivering or conveying one＇s idea to another, the form
or cast of language in which our thoughts are uttered. In very
strong expressions. Broome. 2. A phrase, a mode of speech. 3. The
act or power of representing any thing. Variety of instructive expres­
sions by speech. Holder.

EXPRESSION [in physic, &c.] the act of pressing or squeezing out
the juices or oils of plants, either by the hand or the press. The
juices of leaves are obtained by expression. Arbuthnot.

EXPRESSION [in painting] the natural and lively representation of
the subject, or of the several objects intended to be shewn.

EXPRE＇SSIVE [expressif Fr. espréssivo, It.] 1. Proper to express. 2.
Having the power of utterance; commonly with of before the thing
expressed. The most expressive acknowledgment. Rogers.

EXPRE＇SSIVELY, adv. [of expressive] in a clear expressive man­
ner.

EXPRE＇SSIVENESS [of expressive] the power of representation by
words. All the expressiveness that words can give. Addison.

EXPRE＇SSLY, adv. [of express] plainly, clearly, manifestly, in di­
rect terms, not by implication, not generally.

EXPRE＇SSURE [of express] now obsolete. 1. Expression, utte­
rance.
An operation more divine,
Than breath or pen can give expressure to. Shakespeare.
2. The form or likeness represented. Expressure of his eye. Shake­
speare. 3. The mark, the impression.
Th＇ expressure that it bears green let it be. Shakespeare.

To EXPRO＇BRATE, verb act. [exprobàr, Sp. of exprobro, Lat.] to
upbraid, to blame openly, to charge with reproach. To exprobrate
their stupidity. Brown.

EXPROBRA＇TION, Lat. a reproach, a twitting or upbraiding. Mat­
ter of exprobration, and not of grief. Hooker.

To EXPRO＇PRIATE, verb act. [of ex and proprius, Lat.] to make
no longer one＇s own; now obsolete. Consigned your expropriated
will to God. Boyle.

To EXPU＇GN, verb act. [expugno, Lat.] to take by assault, to over­
come.

EXPU＇GNABLE, adj. [expugnabilis, Lat.] that may be overcome or
won by assault.

EXPUGNA＇TION [espugnazione, It. of expugnatio, Lat.] the act of
conquering by force; the act of taking a town by storm. The Ex­
pugnation of Vienna. Sandys.

To EXPU＇LSE, verb act. [expulsum, sup. of expello, from ex, out, and
pello, Lat. to drive] to expel, drive out, or force away. Peleus was
expulsed from his kingdom. Broome.

EXPU＇LSION, Fr. [espulzione, It. expulciòn, Sp. of expulsio, Lat.]
1. The act of thrusting or driving out. Continual attraction and ex­
pulsion of one another. Wilkins. 2. The state of being driven out.
The expulsion of Tarquin. Stillingfleet.

EXPULSION [in medicine] the act of driving a thing out by vio­
lence from the place it was in. The expulsion of gravel. Arbuth­
not.

EXPU＇LSIVE, adj. [expulsif, Fr. expulsivo, It. of expulsivus, Lat.]
having a power to expel or drive out.

EXPULSIVE Faculty [in physic] that by which the excrements are
forced out and voided.

EXPU＇NCTION [expunctum, sup. of expungo, Lat.] the act of expung­
ing or blotting out, abolition.

To EXPU＇NGE, verb act. [expungo, Lat.] 1. To blot, cross or wipe
out. Expungings made by great authors. Swift. 2. To abolish or
deface, to annihilate. Expunge th＇ offence. Sandys.

EXPURGA＇TION, Lat. the act of purging or making clean; purifica­
tion from bad mixture; as of error or falsehood. Brown uses it.

EXPURGA＇TION [in astronomy] is a term used by some authors for
the state and action of the sun, wherein, having been eclipsed and
hidden by the interposition of the moon, it begins to appear again;
it is generally called emersion.

EXPU＇RGATORY, adj. [expurgatoire, Fr. of expurgatorius, Lat.] 1.
Of a cleansing quality, that has the virtue to purge, cleanse or scour.
2. Employed in purging away whatever is noxious. Expurgatory
animadversions. Brown.

EXPU＇RGATORY Index, a book set forth and published by the pope,
containing a catalogue of those authors and writings, that he thinks
fit to censure and forbid to be read by Roman Catholics. But the ety­
mology of this word should import something more, I mean, the
purging out of the books themselves what is judged to be erroneous, or
contrary to what is the current orthodoxy of the times. And thus DAL­
LÆUS de Usû Patrum understood the term, “Procusi sunt indices
expurgatorii, &c. i. e. The Expurgatorial Indices (as they are styled)
are coined, the Belgic; that of Madrid, and others; by which these
excellent censors stab, as with so many ponyards, authors of every
kind; whole periods, chapters, and tracts, are changed and new
fashioned by them at pleasure. I know it is given out by these censors,
that they draw their weapons only upon modern writers: but who
does not see that this is a mere pretence?—What things are with so
much sollicitude expunged out of modern books, being likely to do
much more mischief when occurring in ancient writers.” To which
he adds, “that the inquisition of Madrid has eraced from the index of
ATHANASIUS＇ works this clause, “It belongs to GOD alone to be wor­
shipped.” Orat. contra Arian, Ed. Paris, p. 394. And from the index







of St. AUSTIN, they expunge, “Christ gave the SIGN of his body.”
And from the same [authority] they order these words to be INSERT­
ED, “AUSTIN judged the EUCHARIST necessary for infants.” I shall
only add, that the modern catholics must not assume to themselves the
whole honour of new-modelling books in this gallant manner. Who­
ever considers that famous dispute between St. JEROM and RUFFINUS,
will find this liberty had been taken by them, with the books of ORI­
GEN long before. Not to observe how often this artifice has been
played upon the ancient doxologies, and indeed on many an ancient
writer. And if St. JOHN had not been avised how some would dare
to offer the like violence even to the SACRED ORACLES themselves,
he might have spared that solemn caution and protest against it, with
which he concludes his Apocalypse. “If any man shall ADD unto
these things, God shall ADD unto him the plagues that are written in
this book. And if any man shall TAKE AWAY from the words of the
book of this prophecy, God shall TAKE AWAY his part out of the
book of life.”———And no wonder; for of all THEFTS and FRAUDS,
those of the pious elass are the most mischievous and fatal to mankind.
See BIBLIOTAPHIST, APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTIONS, and EUNOMI­
ANS compared.

E＇XQUISITE [exquís, Fr. esquisito, It. and Sp. of exquisitus, Lat.
much sought after] 1. Farsought, complete, choice, curious, exact,
rare. The most exquisite judgment. Addison. 2. Consummately
bad. With exquisite maliee. K. Charles.

E＇XQUISITELY, adv. [of exquisite] completely; either in a good or
bad sense. Rare manuscripts exquisitely written. Wotton. Exquisitely
ill. Addison.

E＇XQUISITENESS [of exquisite] curiousness, exactness, artificialness,
perfection. Boyle uses it.

EXQUISITI＇TIOUS [exquisititius, Lat.] not natural, but produced by
art, exquisitely, complete.

EXSA＇NGUINOUS [of exanguis, Lat.] void or empty of blood. See
EXANGUIOUS.

EXSA＇NGUINOUSNESS [of exsanguinous] the quality of being without
blood.

E＇XSCRIPT, subst. [exscriptum, Lat.] a copy, an extract or
draught.

EXSIBILA＇TION, Lat. a hissing out or off the stage.

EXSI＇CCANT, adj. [of exsiccate] having the quality of drying. Wise­
man uses exsiccants substantively.

To EXSI＇CCATE, verb act. [exsicco, Lat.] to dry. Droughts exsic­
cate and waste the moisture. Mortimer.

EXSICCA＇TION, Lat. the act of drying up. Brown uses it.

EXSI＇CCATIVE, adj. [of exsiccate] having the quality of dry­
ing.

EXSI＇CCATIVES, Subst. [of exsiccate] medicaments that are of a dry­
ing quality.

EXSPUI＇TION [expuitio, from expuo, Lat. to spit out] a discharge of
saliva by spitting. Quiney uses it.

EXSU＇CCOUS, adj. [exsuccus, Lat.] dry, without moisture.

EXSU＇CTION [exsuctum, sup. of exugo, Lat.] the act of sucking or
draining out. Boyle uses it.

EXSUDA＇TION [exudatio, Lat.] 1. The act of sweating out. 2.
An extillation, an emission. Derham uses it.

To EXSU＇FFOLATE, verb act. [a word peculiar to Shakespeare]
to whisper, to buzz in the ear; from the Ital. suffolare. Hanmer.
Exchange me for a goat,
When I shall turn the bus＇ness of my soul
To such exsuffolate and blown surmises. Shakespeare.

EXSUFFLA＇TION [exsufflatio, from ex and sufflo, Lat. to blow under]
a blast working underneath. Bacon uses it.

To EXSU＇SCITATE, verb act. [of exsuscito, Lat.] to wake from
sleep, to rouze, to stir up.

E＇XTA, Lat. the bowels or entrails of an animal body.

E＇XTANCY [of extant] the quality or state of parts rising up above
the rest. Opposed to those depressed. Boyle uses it.

E＇XTANT [extans, Lat.] 1. Standing out to view, standing above
the rest. 2. Public, not suppressed. Weekly bills of mortality ex­
tant at the parish clerks hall. Graunt. 3. Now in being.

E＇XTASY, E＇XTACY, or E＇XSTASY [extase, Fr. estasi, It. extási, Sp.
extasis, Lat. of εκστασις, Gr.] a rapture of the mind, a depravation or
defect of the judgment and imagination, common to melancholy and
distracted persons, or a transport whereby a person is hurried out of
himself, and his senses suspended; a trance, a swoon. See EC­
STASY.

EXTA＇TIC, or EXTA＇TICAL, adj. [extatique, Fr. estatico, It. εκστα­
τικος, Gr.] 1. Of or pertaining to an extacy. 2. Tending to some­
thing external. 3. Rapturous. Trance extatic. Pope. See EC­
STATICAL.

EXTA＇TICALNESS [of extatical] extatical quality; or the being in
extasy.

EXTE＇MPORAL, or EXTE＇MPORARY, adj. [extemporalis, and extem­
porarius, Lat.] 1. Done or spoke without studying or thinking before­
hand; quick, sudden, not premeditated. Of good extemporal judg­
ment. Wotton. 2. Speaking without premeditation. If they speak
in haste or be extemporal. B. Johnson.

EXTE＇MPORALLY, adv. [of extemporal] quickly, without preme­
ditation. Shakespeare uses it.

EXTEMPORA＇LITY [extemporalitas, Lat.] a promptness or readiness
to speak without premeditation or study.

EXTEMPORA＇NEOUS, adj. [extemporaneus, Lat.] extemporal, sud­
den.

EXTE＇MPORARY, the same with extemporal.

EXTE＇MPORINESS [of extempore] the faculty of speaking or acting
suddenly, without premeditation.

EXTE＇MPORE, adv. [of ex and tempore, Lat. out of time] 1. All on a
sudden, immediately, without premeditation or previous preparation,
readily. You may do it extempore. Shakespeare. 2. It is sometimes
very improperly used as an adjective. A long extempore dissertation.
Addison.

To EXTE＇MPORIZE, verb neut. [of extempore] to speak extempore
or without premeditation. The extemporizing faculty. South.

To EXTE＇ND, verb act. [etendre, Fr. estendere, It. estendèr, Sp. of
extendo, Lat.] 1. To stretch out towards any part. Extends his hands.
Pope. 2. To make longer, to magnify so as to fill some assignable
space, to make local.
The mind, say they, while you sustain,
To hold her station in the brain,
You grant at least she is extended. Prior.
3. To spread abroad. Persuades himself that he can extend his
thoughts farther than God exists. Locke. 4. To widen to a large
comprehension. Few extend their thoughts towards universal know­
ledge. Locke. 5. To encrease in force or duration. Extend his pas­
sion. Shakespeare. 6. To impart, to communicate. To extend
mercy unto him. Psalms. 7. To seize by a course of law.
If it judge upon your side,
Will soon extend her from your bride. Hudibras.
8. To continue, to enlarge.
To Helen＇s bed the gods alone assign
Hermione t＇ extend the regal line. Pope.

To EXTE＇ND, verb neut. to reach or go far, to be enlarged in com­
prehension. Who can assure us that it extendeth farther than to those
things. Hooker.

To EXTEND [in a legal sense] is to value the lands and tenements
of one bound by statute, &c. and who hath forfeited his bond, to
such an indifferent rate, that by the yearly rent, the obligator may in
time be fully paid his debt.

To EXTEND [a horse] signifies to make him go large.

EXTE＇NDA Facias, Lat. a writ commonly called a writ of extent; a
writ whereby the value of lands, &c. is commanded to be made and
levied in divers cases.

EXTE＇NDED, part. pass. [of extend] stretched out. See To EXTEND.

EXTE＇NDER [of extend] the person or instrument by which any
thing is extended.

EXTE＇NDIBLE [of extend] capable of extension, that may be
stretched. Rigid and hardly extendible. Arbuthnot.

EXTE＇NDLESSNESS [of extend] unlimited extension. [In this sense
it is once found, but I think with little propriety. Johnson] Extend­
lessness of excursions every moment into new figures and animals.
Hale.

EXTENSIBI＇LITY [of extensible] the quality of being extensible.
Grew uses it.

EXTE＇NSIBLE [extensis, Lat.] 1. That may be extended or stretched
into length, depth or breadth. Holder uses it. 2. Capable of being
extended to a larger comprehension. Extensible beyond the object of
poetry. Glanville.

EXTE＇NSIBLENESS [of extensible] capacity of being extended or car­
ried on to a greater length.

EXTE＇NSION, Fr. [estensione, It. of extensio, Lat.] 1. The act of ex­
tending, reaching out in length, or far and wide. 2. The state of
being extended. The extension of body distinguished from the exten­
sion of space. Locke.

EXTENSION [in physics] that property by which a thing is consti­
tuted long, broad, or deep, &c.

EXTE＇NSIVE, adj. [estensivo, It. and Sp. of extensivus, Lat.] large,
vast, of a great extent, wide.

EXTE＇NSIVELY, adv. [of extensive] in an extensive manner, widely,
largely.

EXTE＇NSIVENESS [of extensive] 1. Largeness, state of stretching
out wide, diffusiveness. 2. Possibility of being extended. Dilatability
or extensiveness of the throats and gullets of serpents. Ray.

EXTE＇NSOR, Lat. [i. e. a stretcher out] a name common to divers
muscles, which serve to extend or stretch out the parts; and particu­
larly the hands and feet.

EXTENSOR Carpi Ulnaris, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle coming from
the internal protuberance of the humerus, and passing tendinous under
the ligamentum annulare, is inserted into the upper part of the bone
metacarpium; this and the ulnaris flexor moving together, draw the
hand side-ways towards the ulna.

EXTENSOR Carpi Radialis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the wrist,
or rather two distinct muscles, which lie along the external part of the
radius, and are inserted into the bone of the metacarpus; they extend
the wrist.

EXTENSOR Digitorum Manus Communis, Lat. [in anatomy] a mus­
cle of the fingers, which arises from the external protuberances of the
humerus, and is divided into three portions, that are let into the up­
per parts of the first, second, and third bones of the fore, middle, and
third fingers.

EXTENSOR Indicis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle which arises from
the middle of the external part of the ulna, and joins with the tendon
of the extensor communis, and is inserted with it to the upper part of
the third bone of the fore-finger; this muscle stretches out the fore­
finger.

EXTENSOR Primi Internodii Ossis Pollicis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle
that arises from the upper and external part of the ulna, and passing
obliquely over the tendon of the radius externus, is inserted near the
second joint of the thumb.

EXTENSOR Secundi Internodii Ossis Pollicis, Lat. [in anatomy] a
muscle arising from the upper and external part of the radius,
and is inserted into the upper part of the second bone of the
thumb.

EXTENSOR Tertii Internodii, &c. Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the
thumb arising from the ulna, a little below the first extensor, and is let
into the upper part of the third bone of the thumb.

EXTENSOR Minimi Digiti, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle arising from
the external protuberance of the humerus, and from the upper part
of the ulna, and passing under another ligament, is inserted into the
third bone of the little singer.

EXTENSOR Pollicis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle arising near the up­
per part of the perone forwards, and passing under the annular liga­
ment, is inserted into the third bone of the little singer.

EXTENSOR Pollicis Pedis Brevis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the
great toe, arising from the fore part of the os caleis, and is let into
the upper part of the second bone of the great toe, and stretches or
pulls it upwards.

EXTENSOR Pollicis Pedis Longus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle derived
from the fore-part of the upper epiphysis of the tibia, and growing
tendinous about the middle of it, runs into four tendous under







the annular ligament, to the third bone of every toe, except the
pollex.

EXTE＇NT, part. pass. [of extend, En. extentus, Lat.] extended.
Spenser uses it.

EXTENT, subst. [extentum, Lat.] 1. The extension or reach of a
thing in length, or breadth, depth, compass, space, &c. 2. Com­
munication, distribution.
For th＇ extent
Of equal justice us＇d with such contempt. Shakespeare.

EXTENT [in law] the estimate or valuation of lands, tenements,
&c. by the sheriff, by virtue of a writ called the extent; an execution,
seizure.
Let my officers
Make an extent upon his house and land. Shakespeare.

EXTENT of the Idea [among logicians] the subjects to which that
idea agrees; which is also called the inferiors of a general term,
which with respect to them is called superior, as the idea of a triangle
in general extends to all the divers kinds of triangles.

To EXTE＇NUATE, verb act. [extenuer, Fr. estenuare, It. atenuàr,
Sp. of extenuo, Lat.] 1. To lessen in bulk. Grew uses it. 2. To
diminish in any quality in general.
To persist
In doing wrong, extenuates not wrong,
But makes it much more heavy. Shakespeare.
3. To degrade, to lessen in honour.
Righteous are thy decrees on all thy works;
Who can extenuate thee? Milton.
4. To take off from the heinousness of a crime or fault, to lessen in
representation, to palliate; opposed to aggravate. To excuse or ex­
tenuate his fault. Bacon. 5. To make lean.

EXTENUA＇TION, Fr. [estinuazion, It. atenuacion, Sp. of extenuatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of representing things less ill than they are, pallia­
tion; the opposite of aggravation. 2. Alleviation of punishment.
In extenuation of our punishment. Atterbury.

EXTENUATION [in rhetoric] a figure whereby things are exten­
uated and made less than they really are; it is the opposite to an hy­
perbole.

EXTENUA＇TION [with physicians] a leanness of the body.

EXTE＇RIOR, adj. Sp. and Lat. [exterieur, Fr. esteriore, It.] outward,
not inward; the opposite of interior.

EXTERIOR Polygon [in fortification] the outlines of the works,
drawn from one outmost angle to another; or the distance of one
outward bastion to the point of another, reckoned quite round the
works.

EXTE＇RIOR Talus [in fortification] is the slope allow＇d the work on
the outside from the place, and towards the campain or field.

EXTE＇RIORLY, adv. [of exterior] outwardly, not inwardly.

To EXTE＇RMINATE, verb act. [exterminer, Fr. esterminare, It. ex­
terminatum, sup. of extermino, from ex, and terminus, Lat. a bound or
term] to drive away or cast out, utterly to destroy, root out or cast
off. To explode and exterminate rank atheism out of the world.
Bentley.

EXTERMINA＇TION, Fr. [esterminatione, It. of exterminatio, Lat.]
the act of extirpating or destroying a people, race, or family, &c.
excision, destruction. Bacon uses it.

EXTERMINA＇TOR [exterminateur, Fr. esterminatore, It. of exter­
minator, Lat.] a destroyer, either the person or instrument by which
any thing is destroyed.

To EXTE＇RMINE, verb act. [extermino, It.] to exterminate, to de­
stroy. Shakespeare uses it.

EXTE＇RN, adj. [externus, Lat.] 1. External, visible. In compli­
ment extern. Shakespeare. 2. Being without itself, not internal, not
depending on itself, not inherent, nor intrinsical. Extern violence im­
pelling it. Digby.

EXTE＇RNAL, adj. [esterno, It. externo, Sp. of externus, Lat.] 1. Out­
ard, operating from without, not internal. 2. Having the outward
appearance, having to the view any particular nature. South uses it in
the form of a substantive. Glorious in his externals.

EXTERNAL Angles [in geometry] are the angles of any right-lin＇d
figure, without it, when all the sides are severally produced, and they
are, all taken together, equal to four right angles.

EXTERNAL Digestives [with surgeons] are such as ripen a swelling,
and breed good and laudable matter in a wound, and prepare it for
mundification.

EXTE＇RNALLY, adv. [of external] outwardly, not internally.

EXTE＇RNALNESS [of external] the state of being without, or the
property of being outward.

EXTE＇RNUS Auris, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the ear, arising
from the upper and outward edge of the auditory passage, and is in­
serted to the long process of the membrane called malleus.

EXTERRA＇NEOUS [exterraneus, Lat.] foreign, or of another country.

EXTE＇RSORY [extersorius, Lat.] rubbing, cleansing.

EXTE＇RSION, Lat. the act of wiping or rubbing out.

To EXTI＇L, verb neut. [extillo, of ex, from, and stillo, Lat. to fall
by drops] to drop or distil from.

EXTILLA＇TION [extillatio, of ex, and stillo, Lat. to drop] the act
of dropping out.

To EXTI＇MULATE, verb act. [of ex, and stimulo, Lat. to spur] to
prick, to incite by stimulation. Brown uses it.

EXTIMULA＇TION [extimulatio, of ex and stimulo, Lat.] the act of
pricking forward, stirring up, or egging on, the power of exciting
motion or sensation, pungency.

EXTISPI＇CIOUS, adj. [extispicium, Lat.] relating to the inspection of
entrails in order to augury or divination.

EXT＇INCT, adj. [etient, Fr. estinto, It. extinto, Sp. extinctus, Lat.]
1. Quenched, put out, extinguished. Extinct her fires. Pope. 2.
Ceasing to be, dead, being at a stop, not having progressive succession.
The nobility are never likely to be extinct. Swift. 3. Annull＇d, abo­
lish＇d, being out of force. Tho＇ such law be extinct. Ayliffe.

EXTI＇NCTION [estinzione, It. of extinctio, Lat.] 1. The act of put­
ting out fire, light, &c. Brown uses it. 2. The state of being ex­
tinguished. Consumed thro＇ extinction of their native heat. Harvey.
3. Destruction, excision. Extinction of nations. Rogers. 4. Suppression.
Total extinction of th＇enlighten＇d soul. Thomson.

EXTINCTION [with chemists] is the quenching of red hot minerals
in some liquor, to abate their sharpness, or to impart their virtue to
that liquor.

EXTI＇NCTNESS [of extinct] the state of being extinguished or extinct.

To EXTI＇NGUISH [eteindre, Fr. estinguere, It. extinguìr, Sp. of ex­
tìnguo, Lat.] 1. To quench, smother, or put out any thing that burns.
2. To destroy or abolish. They extinguish＇d the love of the people to
the young king. Hayward. 3. To obscure, to cloud. Her natural
graces that extinguish art. Shakespeare.

EXTI＇NGUISHABLE, adj. [of extinguish] that may be quenched, put
out, suppressed or destroyed.

EXTI＇NGUISHER, a hollow cone of metal placed on a burning can­
dle, to put it out.

EXTI＇NGUISHMENT [of extinguish] 1. The act of quenching, put­
ting out, or extinguishing, suppression, destruction. Resolution or
extinguishment of the spirits. Bacon. 2. Abolition, nullification. Di­
vine laws may not be alter＇d by extinguishment. Hooker. 3. Termina­
tion of a family or succession. He perish＇d himself, and made a final
extinguishment of his house and honour. Davies.

EXTINGUISHMENT [in law] is an effect of consolidation; as when
a man has a yearly rent out of any lands, and afterwards purchases
the same lands, both the property and rent are consolidated, and uni­
ted in one possessor, and the rent is therefore said to be extin­
guished.

To EXTI＇RP, verb act. [extirpo, of ex and stirpo, Lat.] to root out.
Now obsolete.

To EXTI＇RPATE, verb act. [extirper, Fr. estirpare, It. extirpàre,
Sp. of extirpo, Lat.] to pluck up by the roots, to root out or destroy,
To extirpate the affections. Addison.

EXTIRPA＇TION, Fr. [estirpazione, It. extirpacion, Sp. of expirpatio,
Lat.] the act of extirpating, plucking up by the roots or utter destroy­
ing.

EXTIRPATION [with surgeons] a cutting off a part of the body by
reason of a cancer, mortification, &c.

EXTIRPA＇TIONE, Lat. a writ that lies against one, who after a ver­
dict found against him for lands, &c. spitefully overthrows any house
upon it.

EXTIRPA＇TOR, Fr. [estirpatore, It. of extirpator, Lat.] one that ex­
pirpates, roots out and destroys.

E＇XTISPICE [extispicium, Lat.] divination by consulting or viewing
the entrails of beasts offered in sacrifice.

E＇XTISPICES [of extra, entrails, and inspicio, Lat. to inspect] the
same with the aruspices, which see.

EXTISPI＇CIOUS, adj. [extispicium, Lat.] relating to the inspection of
entrails, in order to augury or divination.

EXTOGA＇RE [in old records] to grub up wood-land, and reduce it
to arable or meadow.

To EXTO＇L [estollere, It. of extollo, Lat.] to praise greatly, to raise
or advance a commendation; to cry up, to celebrate.

EXTO＇LLER [of extol] one that praises to the clouds.

EXTO＇RSIVE, adj. [of extort] having the quality of drawing by vio­
lent means.

EXTO＇RSIVELY, adv. [of extorsive] violently.

To EXTO＇RT, verb act. [extorquer, Fr. extorcér, Sp. extortüm, sup.
of extorqueo, Lat.] 1. To wrest, wring, or get out of one by force,
threat, or authority, to force out. My real concern for your wel­
fare extorts this from me. Wake. 2. To obtain by violence or oppres­
sion. Are my chests filled up with extorted gold? Shakespeare.

To EXTORT, verb neut. to practice extortion or violence. Now ob­
solete. They extort upon all men. Spenser.

EXTO＇RTER [of extort] one who uses extortion or oppression. Cam­
dem uses it.

EXTO＇RTION, or EXTO＇RSION [extortion, Fr. estortione, It. of extor­
sio, Lat.] 1. The act of unlawful and violent wringing out of money
or monies worth from any person. 2. Force by which any thing is
unjustly taken away. Just recovery of rights from unjust usurpations
and extortions. K. Charles. 3. An exacting more than is due; the
taking more for the interest of money than the law allows.

EXTO＇RTIONER [of extortion; extortor, Lat.] a practiser of extor­
tion, a griping usurer. Extortioners, church-robbers, traitors. Cam­
den.

E＇XTRA, Lat. in the composition of English words, signifies with­
out, beyond, over and above.

EXTRA-CONSTE＇LLATED [of extra, without, and stellatio, Lat.]
placed or situated out of a constellation.

EXTRA-NA＇TURAL, adj. [of extra and naturalis, Lat.] beyond the
common course of nature.

To EXTRA＇CT, verb act. [extraire, Fr. estrarre, It. extractum, sup.
of extraho, Lat.] 1. To draw or pull out of something. The drawing
one metal out of another we call extracting. Bacon. 2. To copy out,
to take from something of which the thing taken was a part.
Woman is her name, of man
Extracted. Milton.
3. To draw out of some cavity or containing body. These waters
were extracted. Burnet. 4. To select from a larger treatise. I have
extracted out of that pamphlet a few notorious falshoods. Swift. 5.
(In the practice of Scotland) to take from any of their judicial records.
6. (With chemists) to separate the purer parts from the grosser, as in
distillations, &c. Rum and rices spirit extract. J. Philips.

E＇XTRACT [extractum, Lat.] 1. A draught or copy of a writing,
as in the fifth sense of the verb. 2. Some select matter, doctrine,
passage, &c. taken from a book, an abstract, an epitome. Extracts
out of authors. Camden.

EXTRACT [extrait, Fr. estratto, It. extráto, Sp. with chemists] is
that pure unmix＇d, efficacious substance, which, by the help of some
liquor, is separated from the grosser and more unactive earthy parts
of plants, &c. The extract of the vegetables. Boyle.

EXTRA＇CTA Curiæ, Lat. [in old records] the issues or profits
of holding a court, which arise from the customary fines, fees, and
dues.

EXTRA＇CTION, Fr. [estrazione, It. of extractio, Lat.] 1. The act of
extracting or drawing out of a compound the principal substance by
chemical operations. Distillations of waters, extractions of oils. Hake­







well. 2. The state of being descended of such and such a family, li­
neage, derivation from an original. A family of an ancient extraction.
Clarendon.

EXTRACTION [with chemists] the drawing forth of an essence or
tincture from a mixed body by means of some proper liquor, as spirit
of wine, &c.

EXTRACTION [in genealogy] is the line, stem, branch or family
that one is descended from.

EXTRACTION of the Roots [in mathematics] the method of finding
out the true root of any number or quantity given.

EXTRACTION of the Roots [in arithmetic] the unravelling of a num­
ber (which being multiplied once or more times by itself, is called a
power) in order to find out its side or root.

EXTRACTION of the Square or Quadrate Root [in arithmetic] is
when having a number given, another is found out, which being multi­
plied by itself, produces the number given.

EXTRACTION of the Cube Root [in arithmetic] is that by which,
out of a number given, another number is found out, which being
first multiplied by itself, and that product multiplied by the root, be­
comes equal to the number given.

EXTRACTION of the Biquadrate Root [in arithmetic] is the un­
twisting of opening of a given number to find another number,
which being multiplied by itself, and the product also being multiplied
by itself, may produce the number first given.

EXTRA＇CTOR [with surgeons] an instrument to lay hold of the
stone in the operation of cutting for it; also the person by whom any
thing is extracted.

EXTRA＇CTORY, adj. [extractorius, Lat.] that hath the nature or
power to draw out.

EXTRA＇CTUM Panchymagogum, Lat. [in medicine] a collection of
the purest substances of several purgative and cordial medicines, to
purge out ill humours.

EXTRADI＇CTIONARY, adj. [of extra and dictio, Lat. a word] not
verbal but real. Extradictionary and real fallacies. Brown.

EXTRAGENE＇ITY [of extragenus, Lat.] the quality of being of a
foreign kind.

EXTRAGE＇NIOUS, adj. [of extra, without or beyond, and genus, Lat.
kind] alien, or of a foreign kind.

EXTRAJUDI＇CIAL, adj. [of extra and judicialis, Lat.] done out of
the ordinary course of law, as when judgment is given in a court, in
which the cause is not depending, or where the judge has no jurisdic­
tion.

EXTRAJUDI＇CIALY, adv. [of extrajudicial] in a manner different
or contrary to the ordinary course of law.

EXTRAMI＇SSION [of extra and missio, from missum, sup. of mitto,
Lat. to send] the act of emitting outwards. Opposed to intromission.
Brown uses it.

EXTRAMUNDA＇NE Space [of extra and mundanus, Lat. i. e. without
the world] a term in philosophy for the infinite, empty, void space,
which (by some) is supposed to reach beyond the bounds of the uni­
verse; and so it must, unless the things which are made, are commen­
surate to their author. “GOD (says Sir Isaac Newton) endures al­
ways, and is present every where, and by existing always and every
where, he constitutes DURATION and SPACE, ETERNITY and INFI­
NITUDE. NEWTON＇s Principia Mathemat. p. 483. See CO-IM­
MENSE and FIRST CAUSE, compared with ETERNAL GENERATION.

EXTRA＇NEOUS [estraneo, It. of extraneus, Lat.] foreign, being of
different substance, not intrinsical, but superinduced. Freed from ex­
traneous matter. Woodward.

EXTRANEOUS [in surgery] is a term used to express the same as
excrescence; i. e. that is not natural to the substance it grows out of,
or that does not properly belong to the part to which it adheres.

EXTRAO＇RDINARILY, adv. [of extraordinary] 1. In a manner out
of the common order, unusually. To countenance some extraordi­
narily. Bacon. 2. Particularly, remarkably. Extraordinarily mag­
nificent. Wilkins. 3. Uncommonly.

EXTRAO＇RDINARY, adj. [extraordinaire, Fr. estraordinario, It. ex­
traordinario, Sp. of extraordinarius, Lat. This word and its deriva­
tives are generally pronounced extraordinary, whereby the a is liquified
into the o] 1. That is beyond or different from the common order and
method, unusual, uncommon, not ordinary. Extraordinary power.
Hooker. 2. Different from the ordinary course of law. A martial or
other extraordinary way, without any form of law. Clarendon. 3. Re­
markably eminent, more than common. Things which seemed to
have something extraordinary in them. Stillingfleet.

EXTRAORDINARY, adv. [This word seems only a colloquial barba­
rism used for the case of pronunciation. Johnson] extremely, greatly,
extraordinarily. Things in it that are extraordinary rare. Addison.

EXTRAO＇RDINARINESS [of extraordinary] extraordinary quality,
unusualness, rareness, eminence. The extraordinariness of their guilt.
Government of the Tongue.

EXTRAPARO＇CHIAL [of extra, out of, and parochia, Lat. the parish]
being out of the bounds of a parish; also freed from parish duties.

EXTRAPAROCHIAL Lands, such lands as having been newly left by
the sea, have not been taken into any parish.

EXTRAPROVI＇NCIAL, adj. [of extra and provincia, Lat. a province]
not being within a province, not under the jurisdiction of the same
archbishop. Ayliffe.

EXTRARE＇GULAR, adj. [of extra and regula, Lat. a rule] not com­
prehended within a certain rule, producing strange things beyond
common rules. Taylor uses it.

E＇XTRA Tempora, Lat. [in the Roman catholic chancery] a licence
or leave from the pope to take holy orders at any time besides the ca­
nonical seasons.

EXTRA＇VAGANCE, or EXTRA＇VAGANCY, Fr. [stravaganza, It. ex­
travagáncia, Sp. extravagans, part. of extravagor, Lat.] 1. Lavish­
ness, prodigality. Vain and superfluous extravagance. Arbuthnot.
2. Sally or excursion beyond prescribed bounds. I have troubled you
too far with this extravagance, I shall make no delay to recal myself
into the road again. Hammond. 3. Irregularity, wildness. 4. Out­
rage, violence, excessive vehemence. Wild fury and extravagancy of
their passions. Tillotson. 5. Bombast, unnatural swelling of style.
Verses of my own which cry vegeance upon me for their extrava­
gance. Dryden.

EXTRA＇VAGANT, adj. Fr. [stravagante, It. extravagánte, Sp. of
extravagans, Lat.] 1. Vainly, expensive, prodigal, wasteful. An
extravagant man, who has nothing else to recommend him but a false
generosity. Addison. 2. Wandering out of one＇s bounds. This is the
original sense; but now obsolete.
The extravagant and erring spirit hies
To his confinement. Shakespeare.
3. Roving beyond prescribed methods and proper bounds.
Wishes are extravagant,
They are not bounded with things possible. Dryden.
4. Not comprised in a thing. This is used in a substantive form by
Ayliffe. Twenty constitutions of Pope John XXII. are called the ex­
travagants; for that they being written in no order or method, va­
gantur extra corpus collectionum canonum. Ayliffe. 5. Wild, irregular,
anomalous. There appears something nobly wild and extravagant in
great natural geniuses. Addison.

EXTRAVAGANT, subst. one who is not confined in a general rule or
definition. Fatuous extravagants. Glanville.

EXTRA＇VAGANTLY, adv. [of extravagant] 1. In an extravagant
wild manner, Extravagantly new. Dryden. 2. In an unreasonable
dagree. Others as rashly and extravagantly contradict his admirers.
Pope. 3. With vain and wasteful expence, luxuriously, excessively,
prodigally, &c.

EXTRA＇VAGANTNESS [of extravagant] extravagancy, excess, ex­
cursion beyond limits.

EXTRAVAGA＇NTES, a part of the canon law, containing divers con­
stitutions of the popes not contained in the body of the canon law;
also certain constitutions and ordinances of princes not contained in
the body of the civil law.

To EXTRA＇VAGATE, verb neut. [extravagor, Lat. extravaguer, Fr.
stravagare, It.] 1. To ramble up and down. 2. To talk imperti­
nently, or out of due bounds.

To EXTRA＇VASATE, verb neut. [of extravaser, Fr. stravasar, It. of
extra and vas, Lat. a vessel] to get out of its proper vessels, as the
blood and humours sometimes do. Rarely used.

EXTRA＇VASATED, adj. part. [of extra and vasa, Lat. extravasé,
Fr. This seems to be the only form in which the word is used] got or
forced out of the proper vessels.

EXTRAVASA＇TION [with anatomists, &c.] 1. Containing any thing
extravasated out of its proper vessels, as when the blood and humours
by some accident flow besides the veins and arteries. 2. The state of
being forced out of the proper vessels.

EXTRA＇VENATE, adj. [of extra and vena, Lat. a vein] let out of
the veins. Extravenate blood. Glanville.

EXTRAVE＇RSION [of extra and versio, Lat.] 1. The act of throw­
ing out. 2. The state of being thrown out. An extraversion of
the sulphur. Boyle.

EXTRAU＇GHT, part. pass. [the obsolete participle of extract, as dis­
traught from distract] extracted. Knowing whence thou art extraught.
Shakespeare.

EXTRE＇ME, adj. Fr. [estremo, It. and Sp. of extremus, Lat. This
word is sometimes corrupted with the superlative termination, of
which it is by no means capable, as it has in itself the superlative
signification. Johnson] 1. Last, that beyond which there is nothing.
I go th＇ extremest remedy to prove,
To drink oblivion and to drench my love. Dryden.
2. Utmost. On the sea＇s extremest borders stood. Addison. 3. Exceed­
ing, very great, of the highest degree. The extremest of evils. Ba­
con. 4. Pressing in the last degree, very urgent. Cases of necessity
sometime extreme. Hooker.

EXTREME, subst. Fr. [estremo, It. and Sp. of extremum, Lat.] 1. The
utmost bound of a thing, that which terminates its extremity, points
at the greatest distance from each other. The extremes on either hand.
Bacon. 2. Utmost point, highest degree. Praised in an extreme.
Pope.

EXTREME and mean Proportion [with geometricians] is when a line
is so divided, that the whole line is to the greater segment as that
segment is to the other.

EXTREME Unction [in the Romish church] one of the sacraments;
a solemn anointing of a sick person at the point of death.

EXTRE＇MELY, adv. [of extreme; extremment, Fr.] 1. Very much,
greatly; in familiar language. Extremely comforted. Swift. 2. In
the utmost degree. En extremely doleful voice. Sidney.

EXTRE＇MES [in logic] are the two extreme terms of the conclusion
of a proposition, viz. the predicate and the subject. The fillogistic
form only shews, that if the intermediate idea agrees with those it
is on both sides immediately applied to, then those two remote ones,
or as they are called extremes, do certainly agree. Locke.

EXTRE＇MITY [of extreme; extremitas, Lat. extremité, Fr. estremità,
It. extremidàd, Sp.] 1. The edge, hem, skirt, brink, or border of a
thing, the utmost parts, those most remote from the middle. The
extremities or end of the feet. Dryden. 2. Necessity, great distress,
misery, the utmost rigour, the worst or lowest condition or violence.
Reduced to extremity. Clarendon. 3. The utmost point, the highest
degree. Extremity of cold. Hooker. 4. The points in the utmost
degree of opposition.
Made up of all the worst extremities
Of youth and age. Denham.
5. Remotest parts, parts far distant. To the extremities of Æthiopia.
Arbuthnot. 6. Violence of passion. The strong extremities of their
outrage. Spencer.

To E＇XTRICATE [extrico, Lat.] to disentangle or disengage; to
deliver or rid out of a state of perplexity. Extricating herself from
her oppressions. Addison.

EXTRICA＇TION, Lat. the act of disembarrassing, disentanglement,
&c. Made rather by transmutation than extrication. Boyle.

EXTRI＇NSIC, or EXTRI＇NSICAL [estrinseco. It. and Sp. of extrinse­
cus, Lat.] that is on the outside, outward, being from without, not
intrinsic. It is commonly written so, but analogy requires extrinsec
and extrinsecal. Extrinsical agent. Digby.

EXTRI＇NSICALLY, adv. [of extrinsical] from without, outwardly.

EXTRI＇NSICALNESS [of extrinsical] the state of being on the outside.

To EXTRU＇CT, verb act. [extructum, sup. of extruo, Lat.] to build
or set up.








EXTRU＇CTOR, Lat. a raiser, builder, or contriver.

EXTRU＇CTION, Lat. a building or raising up.

To EXTRU＇DE, verb act. [extrudo, from ex and trudo, Lat. to
thrust out] to thrust or push out with violence. The sea had been
extruded and driven off by the mud. Woodward.

EXTRU＇SION [extrusum, sup. of extrudo, Lat.] the act of thrusting
out. A violent depression of some parts, and an extrusion and eleva­
tion of others. Burnet＇s Theery.

EXTU＇BERANCE [extuberantia, from ex and tuber, Lat. a bunch]
a swelling or bunching out, a knob, or parts prominent from the
rest. The irregularities or extuberances. Moxon.

EXTU＇BERATED, adj. [extuberatus, Lat.] swoln into knobs or
knots.

EXTU＇BEROUS [of ex and tuber, Lat. a swelling] swelling or bunch­
ing out.

EXTU＇BEROUSNESS [of extubero, Lat.] the state of swelling or
bursting out in a body.

EXTUBERA＇TION, Lat. [in surgery] a swelling or rising up in the
flesh; also the starting out of a bone.

E＇XTUMÆ [old records] the reliques of saints.

EXTUME＇SCENCE [of extumosco, Lat. to swell or rise up] a swelling
or rising up in the body.

EXU＇BERANCE, or EXU＇BERANCY [exuberantia, Lat.] an over­
growth, a superabundance, superfluity, luxuriance. In his similies
that exuberance is avoided. Garth.

EXU＇BERANT [exuberans, Lat.] 1. Overflowing, superabounding,
growing with superfluous shoots, luxuriant. Similies too exuberant.
Pope. 2. Abounding in the highest degree. Exuberant devotion.
Addison.

EXU＇BERANTLY, adv. [of exuberant] abundantly, to a superfluous
degree. Exuberantly fruitful. Woodward.

EXU＇BERANTNESS [of exuberant] an over abounding, superabun­
dance.

To EXU＇BERATE, verb neut. [exuberatum, sup. of exubero, Lat.] to
abound in the highest degree. Vast confluence and immensity that exu­
berates in God. Boyle.

EXU＇CCOUS [exuccus, from ex, and succus, Lat. juice] being without
moisture or juice. Brown uses it.

EXUDA＇TION, Lat. 1. The act of sweating out, the act of emitting
moisture thro＇ the pores. 2. The matter issuing out by sweat. The
fine exudations of stone. Bacon.

To EXU＇DE, or To EXU＇DATE, verb neut. [exudo, Lat.] to issue out
by sweat. The humour included doth exudate. Brown. Honey exu­
ding from all flowers. Arbuthnot.

To EXU＇LCERATE, verb act. [exulceratum, sup. of exulcero, from
ex, and ulcus, Lat. an ulcer] 1. To affect with a running or eating
fore. Exulcerating the jaws. Ray. 2. To afflict, to corrode, to en­
rage.
Exasperate, exulcerate, and raise
Dire inflammation. Milton.

EXU＇LCERATED, part. pass. [exulceratus, Lat.] grown to an ulcer.

EXULCERA＇TION, Lat. [with surgeons] 1. A solution of continuity,
which proceeds from some gnawing matter, and, in those parts of the
body that are soft, is attended with a loss of their quantity. The be­
ginning erosion which wears away the substance, and forms an ulcer.
Quincy. 2. Corrosion, exacerbation, exasperation. Exulceration of
mind. Hooker.

EXU＇LCERATORY [exulceratorius, Lat.] that causeth ulcers, having
a tendency thereto.

To EXU＇LT, verb neut. [exulto, Lat.] to leap and skip for joy, to
rejoice exceedingly, to triumph. The whole world did seem to exult.
Hooker.

EXU＇LTANCE, EXU＇LTANCY, or EXULTA＇TION, Fr. [esultazione,
It. of exultatio, It.] a rejoicing or triumphing. Great cause of exul­
tance. Government of the Tongue. Transports of joy and exultation.
Addison.

EXUMBILICA＇TION, Lat. a starting out of the navel.

To EXU＇NDATE, verb neut. [exundo, Lat.] to overflow.

EXUNDA＇TION, Lat. overflow, abundance. The exundation and
overflowing of his transcendent goodness. Ray.

To EXU＇NGULATE [exungulatum, sup. of exungulo, Lat.] 1. To
pull off the hoofs. 2. To cut off the white part from rose leaves.

EXUNGULA＇TION, Lat. a pulling off the hoofs.

EXU＇PERABLE [exuperabilis, Lat.] conquerable; also that may be
got over, exceeded or surpassed.

EXU＇PERANCE, or EXUPERA＇TION [exuperantia, Lat.] overbalance,
greater proportion; also preeminence.

EXU＇PERANT [exuperans, Lat.] exceeding, overbalancing.

To EXU＇SCITATE, verb act. [exsuscito, Lat.] to awake or raise one
up from sleep, to rouse, to stir up.

EXUSCITA＇TION, Lat. a raising up from sleep.

EXU＇STION [exustio, Lat.] the act of burning up, consumption by
fire.

EXU＇VIÆ, Lat. the slough or old cast skin of a snake; any thing
thrown off or shed by animals. Hence

EXUVIÆ [with natural philosophers] signify those shells and other
fossills, that are frequently found in the bowels of the earth, supposed
to have been left there at the universal deluge; because they are the
cast skins of once living creatures. Only the skins or exuviæ, rather
than entire bodies of fishes. Woodward.

EY, as formerly written at the end of words, is now more generally
and better written with a single y.

EY, EA, or Ee, may either come from ig, an island, by melting the
Saxon g into y, which is usually done; or from the Saxon ea, which
signifies a water, river, &c. or lastly from ieag, a field, by the same
kind of melting. Gibson＇s Camden.

EY＇AS, or EY＇ESS, subst. [niais, Fr.] a young hawk just taken from
the nest, not able to take prey for itself. Hanmer.This is an aiery
of children, little eyasses that cry out. Shakespeare.

EYAS-MUSKET, subst. a young unfledged male hawk of the musket
kind. Hanmer. Here comes little Robin—how now, my eyas-musket.
Shakespeare.

EYES, obsolete: plur. eyne, now eyes [eag, eage or egh, Sax. oye,
Dan. oga, Su. and H. Ger. ooge, Du. aug, O. and L. Ger. oeil,
Fr. occhio, It. ojo, Sp. olho, Port. oculus, Lat. all of aucon, auga,
Goth. ee Scottish, plur. eene] 1. The wonderful instrument or organ of
sight, accounted the seat of contempt, and of the passions of the
soul. Fire hurteth the eye. Bacon. 2. Sight, ocular view. Before
whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth. Galatians. 3.
Look, conntenance. I＇ll say yon grey is not the morning＇s eye. Shake­
speare. 4. Front, face. Her shall you hear disproved to your eyes.
Shakespeare. 5. Aspect or regard. Having an eye to a number of
rites. Hooker. 6. A posture of direct opposition, where one thing is
in the same line with another.
Both strive to intercept and guide the wind,
And in its eye more closely they come back. Dryden.
7. Notice, attention, observation. They might have an eye and ob­
servation upon them. Davies. 8. Opinion formed upon and resulting
from observation. She design＇d to be beautiful in no body＇s eye but
his. Sidney. 8. Sight, view, the place in which any thing may be
seen.
Hear sweet discourse, converse with noblemen;
And be in eye of every exercise
Worthy his youth and nobleness of birth. Shakespeare.
10. Any thing formed like an eye. Colours like the eye of a peacock＇s
feather. Newton. 11. Any small perforation. The streightness of a
needle＇s eye. South. 12. A small catch into which a hook goes. By
little hooks and eyes or other kind of fastenings entangled in one ano­
ther. Boyle. 13. A small shade of colour. Red with an eye of blue,
makes a purple. Boyle. 14. The intellectual power of perceiving.
The eyes of your understanding being enlighten＇d. Ephesians.

EYE [in geography] a borough town of Suffolk, 92 miles from
London. It gives title of baron to lord Cornwallis, and sends two
members to parliament.

EYE [with architects] the middle of the scroll of the Ionic capital,
cut in the form of a little rose; also any round window made in a pe­
diment, an Attic, the reins of a vault, &c.

EYE [in botany] that part of a plant where the buds put forth;
also the bud itself. Save one or two of the stoutest vine shoots vi
three or four eyes of young wood. Evelyn.

EYE [with physicians] a hole or aperture.

EYE [with printers] is sometimes used for the thickness of the types
or characters used in printing; or more strictly the graving in rèlievo
on the top or face of the letter.

EYE of a Bean [with horsemen] a black speck or mark in the ca­
vity of the corner-teeth of a horse, when he is about the age of 5 and
a half, and remains till 7 or 8.

An EYE wide open [hieroglyphically] represented wisdom and ju­
stice.

EYE [with jewellers] the lustre and brilliancy of pearls and precious
stones, more usually called water.

Bull＇s EYE [in astronomy] a star of the first magnitude in the con­
stellation Taurus.

Cat＇s EYE, a precious stone, called also oculus solis, or the sun＇s
eye.

Hare＇s EYE [with physicians] a disease arising from the contraction
of the upper eye-lid, which hinders it from covering its part of the
eye.

Goat＇s EYE [with oculists] a white speck on the cornea.

Bullock＇s EYE [in architecture] a little sky-light in the covering or
roof, intended to illuminate a granary or the like.

EYE of an Anchor, a hole wherein the ring is put into the shank.

EYE of the Strap [with sailors] the compass or ring which is left
of the strap-rope, to which any block or pulley is fastened.
Please the EYE, and pick the purse.
Fr. Merchandise qui plait est a demi vendue. See CHEAP.
The master＇s EYE makes the horse fat.
Lat. Oculus magistri saginat equum. Gr. Ο του δεσποτου οϕθαλμος ιππον
πιαινει. Fr. L＇oeil du maitre engraisse le cheval. The design of this
proverb is to intimate the benefit accruing to a man＇s attending his
own concerns; and is thereby an admonition at the same time to us
not to entrust in the hands of others what we are capable of perform­
ing ourselves, or at least to have a watchful eye ourselves over the ma­
nagement of those we do or are obliged to employ to act for us.
Ene EYE-witness is better than ten hearsays.
Lat. Pluris est oculatus testis unus, quam auriti decem. Plaut. Fr. Un
temoin oculaire vaut mieux que dix qui parle par oui-dire. Relations of
things are so liable to be vary＇d or enlarg＇d upon by frequent repeti­
tion and conveyance from one to the other, that it is but common pru­
dence to be cautious how we give credit to what is related to us upon
hearsay; or, or least, if we are inclined to believe it, and, for any
reason, to divulge it further, to declare to others, what grounds we
have for our belief and report; and that it is not upon our own know­
ledge.
What the EYE sees not, the heart rues not.
And therefore it is good sometimes to wink or shut one＇s eyes; and
not to pry too narrowly into trifling things, which may give us more
uneasiness than they are worth, especially if they are of such a nature
that either there is no remedy against them, or if there be, it is as bad
or worse than the disease. The Sp. say; Lo que los ójos no veen, cora­
còn no dessea.
Two EYES see better than one.
Lat. Plus vident oculi quam oculus. See ALL and Two.

To EYE, verb act. [from the subst.] to watch, to keep in view.
Continually eyed and noted of all men. Spenser.

To EYE, verb neut. to appear, to show. My becomings kill me
when they do not eye well to you. Shakespeare.

EYE-BALL [of eye and ball] the pupil, the apple of the eye.

To EYE-BITE [of eye and bite, of eag and bihtan, Sax.] to be­
witch by a certain evil influence of the eye.

EYE-BRIGHT [euphrasia, Lat.] a herb; it hath an anomalous per­
forated flower of one leaf. Out of the flower cup rises the pointal,
which afterwards turns to a fruit or oblong husk, replete with small
seeds. Miller.

EYE-BROW [of eye and brow, of eagan-bregh, Sax. augen-braun,
Ger.] the upper part of the eye lid, the hairy arch over the eye.

EYE-BROW [in architecture] the same as list or fillet.

EYE of the Volute [in architecture] the centre of the volute, or that







point where the helix or spiral, of which it is formed, commences,
or else it is the little circle in the middle of the volutes, wherein
are found the thirteen centres for describing the circumvolutions
thereof.

EYE-DROP [of eye and drop] a tear. Gentle eye-drops. Shake­
speare.

EYE-GLASS [of eye and glass] glasses to assist the sight, spectacles.
A concave eye-glass. Newton.

EY＇ELESS, adj. [of eye and less] having no eyes, deprived of sight.
Eyeless in Gaza at the mill with slaves. Milton.

E＇YELET [aillet, Fr. a little eye] a small hole for a lace to go
through; as, eyelet-holes. Wiseman.

EY＇E-LID [of eye and lid] the membrane that shuts over the
eye.

EY＇RAC, or IZA＇CO-ARABIC [the Arabian Irac] a province of
Asiatic Turkey, on the river Euphrates, being the ancient Chaldea or
Babylonica.

EYRAC, or IRA＇C-AGEM [the Persian Irac] the ancient Parthia,
now the principal province of Persia, situated near the centre of that
kingdom; its capital is Ispahan, the metropolis of the whole king­
dom.

EY＇ESS. See EYASS.

EYE-SE＇RVANT [of eye and servant] a servant who works only while
watched.

EYE-SE＇RVICE [of eye and service] service performed only while under
the master＇s eye.

EY＇E-SHOT, subst. [of eye and shot] sight, view, glance. Out of
eye-shot from the other windows. Dryden.

EY＇E-SIGHT [of eye and sight] sight of the eye. Josephus sets this
down from his own eye-sight. Wilkins.

EY＇E-SORE [of eye and sore] something offensive to the sight. Is
the like conclusion of psalms become now an eye-sore. Hooker.

EY＇E-SPOTTED, adj. [of eye and spot] marked with spots like eyes.
Juno＇s bird in her eye-spotted train. Spenser.

EY＇E-STRING [of eye and string] the string of the eye, the tendon
by which the eye is moved. The Eye-strings ruddy. Mortimer.

EY＇E-WITNESS [of eye and witness] one who gives evidence to facts
seen with his own eyes.

EY＇RAR [aire, Fr. in old records] an eyric, nest or brood of young
birds.

EYRE, or EIRE [eyre, of gruerie, Fr. iter, Lat.] the court of jus­
tices itincrent or going their circuit, which Bracton in many places
calls justiciarios itinerantes.

EYRE of the Forests, the court that was wont to be held there every
three years, by the justices of the forest, journeying up and down for
that purpose.

EY＇RIE, or EY＇RY [ey, Sax. an egg] a brood or nest; a place
where hawks and other birds of prey build and hatch their young.
On cliffs and cedar tops their eyries build. Milton.

EZEKIEL＇S Reed, a measure of 6 cubits, or 16 feet 11 inches;
mentioned by that prophet; others say, 1 English foot 11 inches one
third of an inch.












F.

F f, Roman, F, f, Italick, F, f, English; the sixth letter of
the alphabet. The Greeks and Hebrews have no letter that
answers exactly to F; but those that come the nearest to it,
are the Φ, ϕ, phi, Gr. and פ, phe, Hebrew. I question
the truth of this remark, with reference to the Greek and
Hebrew languages; the Greek ϕ [phi] answering to the Latin f;
and the Hebrew [or Syriac] phe being by the Jewish writers them­
selves expressed by the Greek phi, as in the word “ephatha, or effa­
tha, the term which our Lord used when opening the eyes of the blind.
F, is generally reckoned a consonant, and admitted by Scaliger
among the semi-vowels, and accordingly distinguished in the enume­
ration of the alphabet by a name beginning with a vowel; yet it has
so far the nature of a mute, that it is easily pronounced before a
liquid in the same syllable.

F, f, still keeps its force and sound invariable in the English, and
is formed by compression of the whole lips and a forcible breath. Its
kindred letter is V, which in the Islandic language is only distinguish­
ed from it by a point in the body of the letter; and when it is the last
letter of a word, is always doubled; as, staff, stiff, muff, &c.

F [in old Latin numbers] signified 40

F̅ with a dash at top, signified 40,000.

F [in music books] is an abbreviation of the word forte, It. strong.

F [in physical prescriptions] stand for fiat, i. e. let it be done.

F [in music] is one of the signed clifts or keys placed at the be­
ginning of one of the lines of a piece of music.

FA, one of the notes in music.

F. S. A. [in physical prescriptions] stands for fiat secundem artem,
Lat. i. e. let it be done according to art.

FABA＇CEOUS, adj. [fabaceus, from faba, Lat. a bean] of or be­
longing to a bean, having the nature of beans.

FABA＇RIA, Lat. [with botanists] orpine, or live-long.

To FA＇BLE, verb neut. [dire des fables, Fr. fabulo, Lat. fabilen, Du.
and Ger.] 1. To tell a falshood, to lye. 2. To feign, to write fic­
tion or fables, not truth. Fabling poets. Prior.

To FABLE, verb act. to feign, to tell of falsities. Fairer than
fam＇d of old or fabl＇d since. Milton.

FA＇BLE, Fr. [favola, It. fabel, Du. Ger. and Su. fabula, Sp. Port.
and Lat.] 1. A tale or feigned narration, designed to instruct or en­
force some moral. Jotham＇s fable of the trees. Addison. 2. A fic­
tion in general. In spite of all those fable-makers. Dryden. 3. A
foolish or vicious fiction. Old wives fables. 1 Timothy. 4. A lye.
This is a mere familiar sense.

FABLE [of an epic or dramatic poem] the series or contexture of
events that constitute such pieces: fable is the principle part or soul of
these. The first thing a good poet ought to think on in forming a
fable, is the instruction he would give by the moral: this moral is to
be afterwards reduced into action; and this action, which is presented
by the recital, must be universal, imitated, feigned, and the allegory
of a moral truth. See ACTION.

Rational FABLES, are relations of things supposed to have been said
and done by men, tho＇ really they were not; the same as pa­
rables.

Moral FABLES, are those wherein beasts are introduced as speakers
or actors; also trees, &c. these are the same as apologues.

Mixt FABLES, are those which are composed of both sorts rational
and moral, wherein men and brutes are introduced conversing to­
gether.

FABLE was with the heathens an allegorical deity, feigned to be the
daughter of slumber and the night, and the wife of lying. She was
represented richly dressed, and her face covered with a mask.

FABLED, adj. [of fable] celebrated in fables or romances.
Hail, fabled grotto! Tickel.

FA＇BLER [fabulator, Lat.] an inventor or maker of fables, one
who writes feigned stories.

FA＇BRIC [fabbrica, It. fabrica, Sp. and Lat.] 1. A building, a
structure, an edifice. As well beauty as strength of the fabric. Wot­
ton. 2. Any system of matter in general, any thing that is framed of
dissimilar parts.
All the parts of this great fabric change. Prior.

To FA＇BRIC, verb act. [from the subst.] to build, to frame, to
construct. How fabric their mansions. Philips.

To FA＇BRICATE [fabbricare, It. fabricár, Sp. fabrico, Lat.] 1. To
build, to frame, to construct. 2. To invent, to forge, to devise
falsely. This sense is retained among the Scottish lawyers: for when
they suspect a paper to be forged, they say it is fabricate.

FA＇BRIC Lands [in law] lands given for the rebuilding, repairing,
or maintaining of cathedrals or other churches.

FABULA＇TION, Lat. the moralizing of fables.

FABULI＇NUS, Lat. a deity, who, as the Romans imagined, presided
over infants at their first beginning to speak.

FA＇BULIST [fabuliste, Fr.] one who writes fables or feigned stories.
Quitting Æsop and the fabulists. Croxal.

FABULO＇SITY [fabulositas, Lat.] quality of lying, fulness of sto­
ries, fabulous invention. In their fabulosity they would report that
they had observers for twenty thousand years. Abbot.

FA＇BULOUS, adj. [fabuleux, Fr. fabuloso, It. and Sp. fabulosus, Lat.]
feigned, full of fables, or invented tales. One who thinks the ap­
pearance of spirits fabulous and groundless. Addison.

FA＇BULOUSLY, adv. [of fabulous] in a fabulous manner, in fic­
tion.

FA＇BULOUSNESS [fabulositas, Lat.] fulness of fables, feignedness,
falseness.

FACA＇DE, Fr. the outside or fore-front of a great building.

FACE, Fr. [faccia, It. faz, Sp. facies, Lat.] 1. Visage. A man
shall see faces. Bacon. 2. Countenance, look, air of the face, cast
of the features. To be grave exceeds all pow＇r of face. Pope. 3.
The superficies of any thing. Face of the ground. Genesis. 4. The
front or fore part of any thing. The face of the house. Ezekiel. 5.
State of affairs, condition. A new face of things in Europe. Addi­
son. 6. Appearance, resemblance, shew. The face of probability.
Baker. 7. Presence, fight; as, before my face, in my presence. 8.
Confidence, boldness. The face to charge others with false citations.
Tillotson. 9. Distortion of the face. Why do you make such faces?
Shakespeare.

FACE to face [an adverbial phrase] 1. When both parties are pre­
sent. 2. Nakedly, without the intervention of any body. Now we
see through a glass darkly; then face to face. 1 Corinthians.
To set a good FACE on a bad game.
Fr. Faire bonne mine à mauvais jeu. Lat. In re mala animo si bono







utare, juvat. The best way to overcome a misfortune or difficulty is
to conceal it from every one, but those who we have just reason to be­
lieve have a capacity and inclination to contribute towards our relief.
The world is but too apt to keep them down that it knows to be so, and
therefore prudence teaches us not to give such a handle, where necessity
don＇t oblige us to it.

FACE [in architecture, the same as facade; of facia, or fascia, Lat.]
a flat member, having but a small breadth, and a considerable pro­
jecture, such are the bands of architraves, larmiers, &c.

FACE of a Bastion [in fortification] is the strait line comprehended
between the angle of the shoulder and the flanked angle, which is
composed of the meeting of the two faces, and is the most advanced
part of a bastion towards the campaign.

FACE of a Place [in fortification] is the front, that is comprehended
between the flanked angles of two neighbouring bastions, composed of
a curtain, two flanks and two faces. The same that is called the te­
naille of a place.

FACE Prolonged [in fortification] is that part of the line of de­
fence razant, which is betwixt the angle of the shoulder and the cur­
tain; or the line of defence razant, diminished by the length of a
face.

FACE of a Gun, is the superficies of the metal, at the extremity of
the muzzle.

FACE [in astronomy] the third part of a sign, each side being sup­
posed to be divided into four faces; each consisting of ten degrees.

FACE of a Stone, is the surface or plane of a stone, which is to lie in
the front of the work.

To FACE, verb neut. 1. To look toward such a side, or to turn the
face to it, to come in front. Face about, man. Dryden. 2. To
bear a counterfeit appearance, to act the hypocrite. To face, to
forge, to scoff. Hubbard＇s Tale. 3. To line; as, to face a pair of
sleeves, &c. 4. To look one in the face.

To FACE [in military affairs] is to turn the face and whole body
according to the word of command.

To FACE, verb act. 1. To cover with some additional superficies.
The whole fortification is faced with marble. Addison. 2. To meet one
in front, to oppose boldly and firmly. To face the enemy in the field.
Addison. 3. To turn; as, to face a card. 4. To outface, to op­
pose with impudence; generally with down. 5. To stand opposite to.
The Palatine mountain that faces it. Addison.

FA＇CELESS [of face] without a face.

FA＇CE-PAINTER [of face and painter] a drawer of portraits, one
who paints from the life.

FA＇CE-PAINTING [of face and painting] the art of portrait draw­
ing.

FA＇CET, subst. [facette, Fr. with jewellers, &c.] a little side of
the body of a diamond, &c. cut into a great number of angles. Like
diamonds cut with facets. Bacon.

FACE＇TIOUS, adj. [facetieux, Fr. faceto, It. and Sp. of facetus,
Lat.] witty, merry, pleasant, jovial, gay.

FACETIOUSLY, adv. [of facetious] pleasantly, merrily, &c.

FACE＇TIOUSNESS [of facetious] merry discourse, pleasant gaiety.

FA＇CEAS [in architecture] corruptly pronounced by workmen for
fasciæs, the broad lists or fillets commonly made in architraves, and in
the corners of pedestals.

FA＇CIES, Lat. [in botanic writers] a face.

FACIES Hippocratica, Lat. [i. e. Hippocrates＇s face] is when the
nostrils are sharp, the eyes hollow, the temples low, the tips of the
ears contracted, the fore-head dry and wrinkled, and the complexion
pale or livid. A bad presage indeed!

FA＇CILE, adj. [Fr. It. and Sp. of facilis, Lat.] 1. Easy to be done,
not difficult, attainable with little labour. To make it more facile and
commodious. Wilkins. 2. Easy of belief, as to good or bad, pli­
ant, ductile to a fault. Men are of that facile temper. Calamy. 3.
Easy of excess or converse, not supercilious or austere. Courteous,
facile, sweet. B. Johnson. 4. Easily surmountable. The facile
gates of hell too slightly barred. Milton.

FA＇CILENESS [of facile] 1. Easiness, readiness to grant or do. 2.
Courteousness. See FACILITY.

To FACI＇LITATE, verb act. [faciliter, Fr. facilitare, It. facilitàr,
Sp.] to make or render easy, to clear from impediments. To facili­
tate their passage. Clarendon.

FACI＇LITY [facilité, Fr. facilità, It. facilidàd, Sp. facilitas, Lat.]
1. Easiness to be performed, freedom from difficulty. Facility and
hope of success. Bacon. 2. Readiness in performing, skill, dexterity.
The facility we get of doing things. Locke. 3. Courtesy, gentleness,
easiness of access, affability. Offers himself to the visits of a friend
with facility. Bacon. 4. Vitious ductility, or easiness to be persuaded
to any thing good or bad. To take facility for good-nature. L＇E­
strange.

FACINE＇RIOUS, adj. corrupted by Shakespeare from facinorous.
He＇s of a most facinerious spirit. Shakespeare.

FA＇CING, subst. [from to face] that which covers any thing on the
outside, by way of decoration. The facings and fringes of his great­
ness. Wotton.

FACI＇NOROUS, adj. [facinorosus, Lat.] villanous, wicked, detesta­
bly bad.

FACK [with seamen] a round of a cable quoiled up out of the
sea.

FACT [fait, Fr. fatto, It. of factum, Lat.] 1. Action or deed.
However the doubtful fact is understood. Dryden. 2. A thing done,
an effect produced. To mistake the fact or effect, and rashly to take
that for done which is not done. Bacon. 3. Reality, not supposition,
not speculation. True in fact. Addison.

FACT [in arithmetic] the product.

FA＇CTA Armorum, Lat. feats of arms, justs, or tournaments.

FA＇CTION, Fr. [fazione, It. of factio, Lat.] 1. A company or
band of men; a cabal or party, formed in a state to oppose an esta­
blished government. One of Simon＇s faction. 2 Maccabees. 2. Tu­
mult, dissention. In great faction among themselves. Clarendon.

FA＇CTIONARY, subst. [factionaire, Fr.] one of a faction or party.
A word now obsolete.

FA＇CTIOUS [factieux, Fr. fazioso, It. factiosus, Lat.] 1. Given or
inclinable to faction, seditious; addicted to form parties and raise pub­
lic disturbances. Be factious for redress. Shakespeare. 2. Proceeding
from public dissensions, tending to public discord. Factious tumults.
K. Charles.

FA＇CTIOUSLY, adv. [of factious] seditiously, criminally tumul­
tuous. Factiously discontenred. K. Charles.

FA＇CTIOUSNESS [esprit factieux, Fr. of factious] factious humour,
inclinableness to be factious or seditious, violent clamourousness for a
party.

FACTI＇TIOUS [factice, Fr. fattizio, It. of factitius, Lat.] artificial,
any thing made by art, in opposition to the product of nature, counter­
feit. The factitious stones of chemists being easily detected. Ray.

FACTI＇TIOUSNESS [la qualité artificiel, Fr. of factitious] the quality
of being factitious or artificial, counterfeitness.

FA＇CTOR, Lat. [facteur, Fr. fattore, It. fatòr, Sp.] one who is an
agent for a merchant beyond sea, one that buys and sells goods as a
trustee for other persons. I should send up an English factor. Raleigh.

FACTORS [in arithmetic] are both the numbers that are given to be
multiplied, which are so called, because they constitute or make the
product.

FA＇CTORAGE [of factor] provision or commission-money, the wages
allowed to a factor, i. e. so much for every hundred pound value of
the proceed of goods bought or sold by him.

FA＇CTORSHIP [of factor] the office or employment of a factor.

FA＇CTORY [factorerie, Fr. fattoria, Sp.] a place where a conside­
rable number of factors, in a distant country reside for the conve­
niency of trade; also the traders themselves thus embodied.

FAC TOTUM, Lat. [i. e. do all. It is used likewise in burlesque
French] one who manages all affairs in a family, a servant who does
all business, like Scrub in the Stratagem.

FAC TOTUM, a thing to play withal; also a border which printers
use to put a letter in.

FA＇CTUM, Lat. [in arithmetic] the product of two quantities mul­
tiplied by each other.

FA＇CTURE, Fr. [factura, Lat.] the act or manner of making any
thing.

FA＇CULÆ, Lat. [with astronomers] a name given to certain spots
on the disk of the sun, that appear brighter and more lucid than the
rest of his body.

FA＇CULENCE [faculentia, Lat.] brightness, clearness.

FA＇CULTIES [of faculte, Fr. facultas, Lat.] powers, abilities, ta­
lents; commonly applied to the powers of the mind, imagination,
reason, and memory. The understanding and will are two faculties
of the mind. Locke.

Court of FACULTIES, a court under the archbishop of Canter­
bury, for dispensations.

Master of the FACULTIES, the officer of the court of faculties.

FA＇CULTY [faculté, Fr. facultà, It. faculdàd, Sp. facultas, Lat.]
1. The power or ability of performing any action. 2. Power, either
corporal or intellectual. No kind of faculty or power in man. Hooker.
3. Knack, habitual dexterity, talent. 4. Aptness, readiness. An
excellent faculty in preaching. Swift. 5. Quality, disposition or ha­
bit of good or ill.
Tongues which neither know
My faculties nor person. Shakespeare.
6. Power, authority. Borne his faculties so meek. Shakespeare. 7.
Privilege or right to do any thing. Law hath set down to what per­
sons almost every faculty or favour shall be granted. Hooker.

Animal FACULTY [in physic] that whereby an animal perceives and
moves; or is that whereby the soul executes the offices of imagination,
reasoning, sense and motion.

Natural FACULTY, is that by which the body is nourished and en­
creased, or another engendered like it, and is distinguished into three
parts; nutrition, growth and generation.

Vital FACULYY, is that which preserves life in the body, and per­
forms the functions of the pulse and respiration.

FACULTY [in a civil sense] a privilege or special power granted
to a man, by favour, indulgence, or dispensation, to do that which
by the common law he cannot do, as to marry without banes, to eat
flesh in Lent, &c.

FACULTY [in an university] a body of doctors in any science; as,
the faculties of divinity and physic, humanity or philosophy, and juris­
prudence.

FACU＇ND, adj. [facundus, Lat.] eloquent.

FACU＇NDIOUS [facundiosus, Lat.] full of eloquence.

To FA＇DDLE, verb. act. to dandle, to make much of, to cherish.

To FADDLE, verb neut. [corrupted from to fiddle, or toy with the
fingers. Johnson] to trifle, to toy, to play.

Fiddle FADDLE [a corrupt reduplication of fiddle] trifling, of no
consequence; perhaps of fadouses, Fr. trifles.

To FADE, verb neut. [prob. of fade, Fr. impotent, flat, unsavory,
or of vado, Lat. to go, i. e. to decay, or of vadem, Du. or as Casau­
bon will, of σϕαδαζω, Gr.] 1. To decay as a flower or other vegetable.
An oak whose leaf fadeth. Isaiah. 2. To grow weak, to languish.
3. To tend from a brighter to a weaker colour. The colours not fa­
ding or declining gradually. Woodward. 4. To die away gradually, to
vanish, to be worn out. Ideas in the mind quickly fade. Locke. 5.
To be naturally transient, to lose vigour or beauty easily and soon.
A fading flower. Isaiah.

To FADE, verb act. to wear any thing away, to deprive of fresh­
ness or vigour, to cause to wither. Not usual. A man old, wrinkled,
faded, wither＇d. Shakespeare.

FA＇DELESS, adj. [of fade] not fading.

To FADGE [of gefegan, Sax. fugen, Ger.] 1. To agree, not to
quarrel. 2. To succeed, to hit. The fox had a fetch, and when he
saw it would not fadge, away goes he. L＇Estrange. 3. To fit, or
suit with, to be consistent.
How will this fadge? my master loves her dearly,
And I, poor monster, fond as much on him. Shakespeare.
4. This is a mean word not now used, unless perhaps in ludicrous and
low compositions.

FA＇DING [of vadens, Lat. or se vadant, Fr.] decaying as a flower,
losing its colour, beauty, &c. perishing, languishing.








FA＇DOM [fætlim, Sax. vadem, Du. faem, or fadem, L. Ger.] a
measure of six feet. See FATHOM.

To FADOM [fademen, L. Ger.] 1. To sound the depth of water.
2. To penetrate or discover the intentions or design of any one. See
To FATHOM.

FA＇DY, adj. seeming to fade, appearing faded, or decayed in co­
lour.

FÆ＇CAL Matter [in medicine] the fæces or excrements voided by
stool.

FÆCES, Lat. the grounds or settlings of any liquor or metal; dregs,
dross; also the excrements.

FÆCES [with chemists] the gross substance, dregs, settlings or im­
purities which settle after fermentation, or remain after the purer,
more volatile and fluid parts have been separated by distillation, eva­
poration, decantation, &c.

FÆ＇CULÆ, Lat. 1. Small dregs or flying lees. 2. The dust that
sinks in the pressing of some plants, as in aurum, briony, &c. 3. A
sort of white powder made of certain green roots, washed and prepared,
which, if beaten together with a little water, and strained, will sink
to the bottom of the vessel, and is to be afterwards lightly dried.

FAE＇NZA, a city and bishop＇s see of Italy, in the pope＇s territories,
about 30 miles east of Bologna.

To FAG, verb neut. [fatigo, Lat.] to become weary, to faint with
weariness. Creighton withheld his force till the Italian began to fag.
Mackenzie＇s Lives.

To FAG, verb act. [with the vulgar] to beat soundly.

FAGO＇NA [in anatomy] a conglomerated gland, called also thymus.

FAG＇END [of fag and end, fegan, Sax. to join together] 1. The
end of a web of cloth, &c. generally, says Johnson, made of coarser
materials. 2. The refuse or meaner part of any thing.
In the world＇s fag end
A nation lies. Fanshaw.

FA＇GOT [fagot, Fr. fagod, Wel. and Armor. féixe, Port.] 1. A
bundle of sticks or wood for fuel. Mitres or fagots have been the re­
wards of different persons. Watts. 2. A bundle of sticks for any
purpose in general. The black prince filled a ditch with fagots. Ad­
dison.

FA＇GOT a badge which in times of popery was worn on the sleeve
of the upper garments, by such persons who had recanted and ab­
jured heresy.

FAGOTS [with military men] are ineffective persons, who receive
no regular pay, nor do any regular duty; but are hired occasionally
to appear at a muster, and fill up the companies, and hide the real
deficiencies thereof.

FAGGOT of steel, 120 pound weight.

To FA＇GOT, verb act. [from the substantive] to tie up, to bundle
together. Fagoted his notions as they fell. Dryden.

To FAGGOT a Person, is to bind him hand and foot. A low
phrase.

FAGOTRI＇TICUM, or FAGOPY＇RUM, Lat. [of ϕηγος and πυρος, Gr.]
a kind of grain, buck-wheat.

FA＇GOTTED, part. pass. of to fagot [of fagot, Fr.] 1. Tied up in a
bundle. 2. Bound hand and foot.

FAGOTTI＇NO, It. [in music books] a single curtail, a musical instru­
ment, somewhat like a bassoon.

FAGOTTO, It. a double or large bass curtail.

FA＇GUS, Lat. [with botanists] the beech tree.

To FAIGN, or To FEIGN [feindre, Fr. fingir, Sp. of fingere, Lat.]
to make a shew of, to pretend. See To FEIGN.

To FAIL, verb neut. [faillir, Fr. fallare or fallire, It. faltàr, Sp.
of fallo, Lat. faelen, Du. fehlen, Ger. feela, Su. faeln, Wel. Pezron]
1. To come short of, to be deficient, not to be equal to demand or
use. Credit and money fail. Locke. 2. To be extinct, to cease to be
produced. The faithful fail from among the children of men. Psalms.
3. To cease, to perish, to be lost. Lest the remembrance of his
grief should fail. Addison. 4. To die, to lose life. They all shall
fail together. Isaiah. 5. To sink, to languish through resistance.
The spirit should fail before me. Isaiah. 6. To decay, to languish.
Mine eyes fail. Psalms. 7. To miss, not to produce the desired
effect; with of before the thing missed. A cause which seldom faileth
of the effect. Bacon. 8. To miss, not to succeed in a design. Have
failed in their design. Addison. 9. To be deficient in duty; with
of. To fulfil God＇s commands, and repent as often as you fail of it.
Wake.

To FAIL in the world, to break, to turn bankrupt.

To FAIL, verb act. 1. To desert, not to continue to supply.
Mens hearts failing them for fear. St. Luke. 2. To neglect, to omit
to help. Nature fails us in no needful thing. Davies. 3. To omit,
not to perform. Th＇ inventive God who never fails his part. Dryden.
4. To be wanting to. There shall not fail thee a man on the
throne. 1 Kings.

FAIL, subst. [from the verb] 1. Miscarriage, unsuccessfulness. 2.
Omission, nonperformance. Without fail. Joshua. 3. Deficience,
want. 4. Death, extinction.
Grounded he his crown
Upon our fail. Shakespeare.

FAI＇LING, part. act. of to fail; which see [of faillant, Fr. fallens,
Lat.] disappointing, frustrating; also doing amiss, offending.

FAILING, subst. [of fail] deficiency, lapse, not an atrocious fault.
Many failings and lapses to lament. Rogers.

FAILING of Record [in law] is when the defendant having a day
to prove a matter by record, he fails, or else brings in such an one,
which is no bar to the action.

FAILLIS [in French heraldry] a term used to denote some failure
or fraction in an ordinary, as if it were broken, or a splinter taken
from it.

FAI＇LURE [of fail, feel, Su. schler, Ger.] 1. A slight fault, a lapse.
2. Deficience, ceasing. An universal failure and want of springs.
Woodward. 3. Omission, slip. Failure of memory. South.

FAIN, adj [fægen, Sax.] 1. Glad, cheerful, fond. This sense is still
retained in Scotland. My lips will be fain when I sing unto thee.
Common Prayer. 2. Forced, compelled. [This sense seems to have
arisen from the mistake of the original signification in some ambi­
guous expressions: as, I was fain to do this, would equally suit with
the rest of the sentence, whether it was understood to mean, I was
compelled, or I was glad, to do it for fear of worse. Thus the
primary meaning seems to have been early lost.] The learned Castalio
was fain to make trenches at Basle to keep himself from starving. Locke.

FAIN, adv. [from the adjective] gladly, very desirously. I would
fain die a dry death. Shakespeare.

To FAIN, verb neut. to wish fondly. Faining eye. Spenser.

FAINT, adj. [fane, Fr] 1. Weak, feeble. Rendered faint and sluggish.
Temple. 2. Not bright, not striking. A faint dark colour. Newton.
3. Not loud, not piercing. The sound grew fainter. Boyle. 4. Fee­
ble of body, weak in strength. Faint with thirst. Rambler. 5. Cow­
ardly, not vigorous, not ardent. Faint heart never won fair lady.
Camden. 6. Dejected, dispirited. Lest ye be weary and faint in
your minds. Hebrews. 7. Not active, not vigorous, slack. The
faint prosecution of the war. Davies.

To FAINT, verb neut. [of faner, Fr. to cause to decay] 1. To grow
low spirited. Lest they faint at the sad sentence rigorously urg＇d.
Milton. 2. To decay, to waste away quickly. Figures in the gilded
clouds, while we gaze upon them, faint before the eye. Pope. 3.
To sink motionless and senseless, to lose the animal functions for a time,
to swoon. Ready to faint with fasting. 1 Maccabees. 4. To grow
feeble. It will faint and lose strength. Bacon.

To FAINT, verb act. to depress, to enfeeble: a word little in use.
It faints me. Shakespeare.

FAINT Action [in law] is such an one, as that though the words
of the writ are true, yet, for certain causes, there is no title to recover
thereby; whereas, in a false action, the words of the writ are false.
FAINT heart never won fair lady.
This proverb animates to constancy and resolution in any honour­
able undertaking; having a more extensive view than the courting of
a mistress. It intimates the injuriousness of being low spirited and de­
spairing, in that a dejection of mind will, in all probability, frustrate
the success: for that despair is the parent of ruin; in that it dispirits a
man, and enfeebles or enervates his whole forces. Le couard n＇auræ
belle amie, say the French. And indeed a low spirited person, who
is terrified with disappointments and difficulties, is as unfit for arms
as amours; nay, civil affairs too. But courage, on the other hand,
makes difficulties, which to appearance at first seem unsurmountable,
give way; for, audentes fortuna juvat, as say the Romans; when,
e-contra, Αλλα οι γαρ αθυμουντες ανερες ουποτε τροπαιον, &c. say the Greeks.

FAINT-HEA＇RTED [of faint and heart, faner or vain, Fr. of vanus,
Lat. and heort, Sax.] void of courage, cowardly, easily depressed.
Fainthearted cowards. Knolles.

FAINT-HEA＇RTEDLY, adv. [of faint-hearted] in a cowardly timo­
rous manner.

FAINT-HEA＇RTEDNESS [of faint-hearted] want of courage, coward­
liness.

FAI＇NTING, subst. [from faint] temporary loss of animal motion,
swooning.

FAI＇NTISHNESS [of faint] weakness in a slight degree, beginning
weakness. Faintishness and debility. Arbuthnot.

FAI＇NTLING, adj. [of faint] timorous. A burlesque or low word.
A faintling silly creature. Arbuthnot.

FAI＇NTLY, adv. [of faint] 1. Feebly, languidly. Will faintly burn.
Walsh. 2. Not in lively colours. The lines, though touch＇d but
faintly, are drawn right. Pope. 3. Without force of representation.
Confused idea represents the object faintly. Locke. 4. Without
strength of body. He faintly licks his prey. Dryden. 5. Without
vigour or activity. Faintly besiege us one hour in a month. Shake­
speare. 6. Timorously, dejectedly. He faintly now declines the fa­
tal strife. Denham.

FAI＇NTNESS [of faint] 1. Weakness, lowness or sinking of the ani­
mal spirits; feebleness, want of strength. Languishing faintness.
Hooker. 2. Want of vigour, inactivity. Faintness in following.
Spenser. 3. Timorousness, dejection, cowardice. The faintness of
my master＇s heart. Shakespeare. 4. [Spoken of colours] not deep
or strong.

FAINT-VI＇SION [in optics] is when a few rays make up one
pencil; and though this may be distinct, yet it is obscure and dark,
at least not so bright and strong, as if a great number of rays met
together.

FAINTS [with distillers] all that runs after the proof is drawn off,
where the proportion of water is much greater than of the totally in­
flammable spirit.

FA＇INTY, adj. [of faint] weak, languid, enfeebled. The fainty
knights were scorch＇d. Dryden.

FAIR, adj. [fæger, Sax.] 1. Beautiful, handsome. Fair seems, in
the common acceptation, to be restrained, when applied to women, to
the beauty of the face. A fair woman to look upon. Genesis. 2. Clear­
skinned, not black, not brown, white in the complexion. The nor­
thern people large and fair complexioned. Hale. 3. Clear, pure;
as fair water. 4. Upright, honest, just in dealing, not practising any
fraudulent or insidious means. The rogue and fool by fits are fair and
wise. Pope. 5. Pleasing to the eye, beautiful in general. Fair in
his greatness and in the length of his branches. Ezekiel. 5. Not
cloudy, foul or tempestuous. The weather was very fair. Clarendon.
6. Favourable, prosperous; as, a fair wind. 7. Likely to succeed.
In a fair way to have enlarged. Raleigh. 8. Equal, just. Fair and
honourable conditions of peace. Clarendon. 9. Not effected by any
insidious or frandulent means, not soul. Died a fair and natural
death. Temple. 10. Open, direct. Fair in fight, full in a line.
Dryden. 11. Gentle, not compulsory. By fair means. Hudibras.
12. Mild, not rigid, not severe. A fair dismission. Milton. 13.
Pleasing, civil. Fair words. L＇Estrange. 14. Equitable, not inju­
rious. His doom is fair. Milton. 15. Commodious easy. A stand
where you may make the fairest shoot. Shakespeare.
FAIR words will not make the pot boil. or
FAIR words butter no parsnips.
V. Fair words will not fill the BELLY. See under BELLY.
FAIR and softly goes far.

FAIR, adv. [from the adjective] 1. Gently, decently, not violent­
ly. He fair and softly goes. Locke. 2. Civilly, complaisantly.
One spoke him fair. L＇Estrange. 3. Happily, successfully. Fair







befal thee. Shakespeare. 4. On good terms. To keep fair with
the world. Collier.
FAIR and softly goes far.
Fr. Pas à pas on va bien loin. (Step by step, or by degrees, goes far,
or holds out longest.) The Italians say; chi va piano va sano. (He
that goes softly goes safely.) We say likewise, soft fire makes sweet
malt. The Lat. say; sat citò, si sat benè; and so the Fr. ce qui est
bien fait est toujours assé tôt fait. (That which is well done, is always
soon enough done.) The Lat. say; festina lenté. The Sp. as the Fr.
pássa pásso van a léxos. They explain one another.

FAIR, subst. [foire, Fr. feriæ, Lat. fiera, It. holidays on which
fairs were usually kept, or of forum, Lat. a market] an annual or ge­
neral market for a city or town, a stated meeting for buyers and sel­
lers, a time for traffic more frequented than a market. The privilege
of holding fairs in England is granted by the king. They traded in
thy fairs. Ezekiel.
To come a day after the FAIR.
Lat. Post festum venire. Gr. Κατοπιν της εορτης ηκεις. Fr. venir apres
la fête. It. venire allo scorcio della siera. Generally spoken to those
who come too late to partake of a thing they had in view; or to those
who speak of a thing when it is past remedy.

FAI＇RFORD, a market town of Gloucestershire, 78 miles from
London. It has its name from its old ford over the Coln (a little
above its influx into the Thames) over which it has now two fair
bridges.

FA＇IRING [of fair, En. une foire, Fr.] a present bought and given
at a fair.
How pedlars stalls with glitt＇ring toys are laid,
The various fairings of the country maid. Gay.

FA＇IRLY, adv. [of fair] 1. Honestly, justly, without fraud or
shift. The whole body of the people are fairly represented. Swift.
2. Beautifully; as, a mansion fairly situated. 3. Commodiously,
suitably to any purpose.
Within a trading town they long abide,
Full fairly situate on a haven＇s side. Dryden.
4. Ingenuously, openly, plainly.
The stage how loosely does Astræa tread,
Who fairly puts all characters to bed. Pope.
5. Candidly, without sinistrous interpretation.
I interpret fairly your design. Dryden.
6. Without violence to right reason. May be fairly deduced from
him. Dryden. 7. Without blots or blurrs. In a set hand fairly is
engross＇d. Shakespeare. 8. Completely, without difficiency. All
this they fairly overcame. Spenser.

FA＇IRNESS [of Fægernesse, Sax.] 1. Beauty, clearness of com­
plexion; in opposition to swarthiness; elegance of form. That made
her fairness much the fairer. Sidney. 2. Honesty, candour, ingen­
uity. 3. Justness, equity in dealing. Little of goodness or fairness
in this conduct. Atterbury.

FA＇IR-PLEADING, a writ upon the statute of Marlborough, whereby
it is provided, that no fines shall be taken of any man for not pleading
fairly, or to the purpose.

FA＇IR-SPOKEN [of fair and spoken, of speak] artful. A marvellous
fair-spoken man. Hooker.

FA＇IRY, subst. [some derive the name of ferhth, Sax. a spirit, and
others from fée or phée, Fr. a terrible elf; but Skinner of faran, Sax. to go
or gad about; and Minshew from daerlick, Du. terrible; but Casaubon
of ϕηρες, Gr. fawns. Ab ερα terra fit & ϕερα Macedonum dialecto, unde ενεροι
& Romanis inferi, qui Scoto Saxonibus dicuntur feries, nostratique vulgo cor­
ruptius fairies καταχονιοι δαιμονες sive dii manes. Baxter＇s Glossary.] 1. A
kind of genii, or imaginary deities, a sort of little diminutive elves or
spirits in human shape, fabled to haunt houses in companies, to reward
cleanliness, to dance and revel in meadows in the night time; and,
according to the tales of old women in old time, play a thousand freak­
ish pranks. Some suppose them to be an intermediate kind of beings,
neither gods nor angels, nor men nor devils. They are of oriental
extraction; and the notion of them seems to have been first intro­
duced by the Persians and Arabs, whose history and religion abounds
with tales of fairies and dragons. The Persians call them peri; and
the Arabs gínn; who suppose them to inhabit a peculiar country,
which they call Ginnistan, and we Fairy-land. “Yet they have set
up the genii as partners with God, [i. e. as objects of worship in con­
junction with him] altho＇ he created them, and they have falsely at­
tributed to him sons and daughters.” Sale＇s CORAN, chap. 6. p. 109.
Upon which passage that judicious translator has the following note.
“[Genii] this word signifies properly the genus of rational and invi­
sible beings, whither angels, devils, or that INTERMEDIATE species,
usually call＇d genii.” And the 72d chap. entitled, the genii reveal＇d
at Mecca, begins thus. “Say, it has been reveal＇d to me that a com­
pany of genii attentively heard me reading the CORAN, and said, ve­
rily we have heard an admirable discourse, which directeth unto the
right institution; wherefore we believe therein, and we will by no
means associate any other with our LORD: He (may the majesty of
our LORD be exalted!) has taken no wife, nor hath He begotten any
issue; yet the foolish among us [viz. Eblis, or that APOSTATE ge­
nius which we call the devil] hath spoken that which is extremely
false of GOD: but we verily thought, that neither man nor genius
would by any means have uttered a lye concerning GOD.” Sale＇s
Coran. p. 468. See CABA [or CAABA] DITHEISM and FAITH com­
pared.
2. An elf, a hag. 3. An Enchantress.
To this great fairy I＇ll commend thy acts,
Make her thanks bless thee. Shakespeare.

FAIRY, adj. [from the subst.] 1. Given by fairies. Such bor­
row＇d wealth, like fairy money. Locke. 2. Belonging to fairies.
This is the fairy land. Shakespeare.

FAI＇RY Circle, or FAIRY Ring, an appearance pretty frequently
seen in the fields, &c. being a kind of round, supposed by the vulgar
to be traced by fairies in their dances. There are two sorts of these
rings or circles; one of them is about seven or eight yards in diameter,
being a round bare path about a foot in breadth, having green grass in
the middle; the other is of different sizes, being encompassed with
a circumference of grass, much fresher and greener than that in the
middle.
The philosophers suppose these rings to be made by lightening,
and this opinion seems to be confirmed, in that they are most fre­
quently found after storms, and the colour and brittleness of the grassy
roots is a further confirmation.
The second kind of circle they suppose to rise originally from the
first, in that the grass that had been burnt up by lightening, usually
grows more plentiful afterwards; some authors say, that these fairy
rings are formed by ants; these insects being sometimes found tra­
velling in troops therein.

FAIRY Sparks, an appearance often seen on clothes in the night,
shell fire.

FAIRY Stone [of fairy and stone] it is found in gravel pits, being
of an hemispherical figure, hath five double lines arising from the
centre of its basis, which meet in the pole. Brown uses it.

FAIT, Fr. a fact, deed, or action.

FAIT, Fr. [in common law] a deed or writing sealed and deli­
vered, to testify and prove the agreement of the parties, whose deed
it is, and consists of three principal points, writing, sealing and de­
livery.

FAITH [fides, Lat. foy, Fr. fede, It. fe, Sp. and Port.] 1. Belief, an
assent of the mind to such matters, the authority of which depends
upon testimony, whether divine or human; and sometimes it signifies
an assent to a proposition, the truth of which is demonstrated to us by
the LIGHT OF NATURE, and just exercise of REASON. Otherwise
what shall we make of that assertion of St. Paul? “He that cometh
to GOD, must believe that He is, and is a just REWARDER of them
that diligently seek him.” Or that of St. James? “Thou believest
that God is one, [in the original, εις, ONE SINGLE PERSON] thou
doest well; the devils believe [as much] and tremble. 2. A trust in
the honesty and veracity of another. 3. Belief of the revealed truths
of religion. Faith if it have not works is dead. St. James. 4. The
system of revealed truths held by the Christian church, the credenda.
This is the catholic faith. Common Prayer. 5. Trust in God. Faith
is an entire dependence upon the truth, power, justice and mercy of
God. Swift. 6. Tenet held.
Which to believe of her
Must be a faith that reason without miracle
Should never plant in me. Shakespeare.
7. Fidelity, firm and unshaken adherence. Her faith to me re­
mains. Milton. 8. Honour, social confidence. I have broke my
faith with injur＇d Palamon. Dryden. 9. Sincerity, honesty, vera­
city. In good faith, in mere verity. Shakespeare. 10. Promise
given.
I have been forsworn
In breaking faith with Julia. Shakespeare.

Confession of FAITH, a creed or formula, containing all those arti­
cles, the belief whereof is accounted necessary to salvation. See CREED.

FA＇ITH-BREACH [of faith and breach] breach of fidelity, disloyaly,
perfidy. Now minutely revolts upbraid his faith-breach. Shake­
speare.

FA＇ITHED, adj. [of faith] honest, sincere; now obsolete. Make
thy words faith＇d. Shakespeare.

The FA＇ITHFUL [with divines] believers endued with saving faith.

FA＇ITHFUL [of faith and full, En. fidelle, Fr. fedele, It. fiel, Sp. and
Port. fidelis, Lat.] 1. Honest, upright, not fraudulent. Moses is
faithful in all mine house. Numbers. 2. Sincere, observant of com­
pact or promise. Faithful to his word. Dryden. 3. Trusty, loyal,
true to the allegiance or duty professed.
Among the faithless, faithful only he. Milton.
4. Firm in adherence to the truth of religion. Be thou faithful unto
death. Revelations.

FA＇ITHFULLY, adv. [of faithful] 1. Honestly, without fraud or
ambiguity. They suppose the nature of things to be truly and faith­
fully signified by their names. South. 2. Sincerely, with strong pro­
mises. He did faithfully promise. Bacon. 3. Trustily, with strict
adherence to allegiance and duty. Followed both my fortunes faith­
fully. Shakespeare. 4. Without failure of performance, exactly.
Faithfully my last desires fulfil. Dryden. 5. With firm belief in re­
ligion. 6. With full confidence in God. 7. In Shakespeare, ac­
cording to Warburton, fervently; perhaps rather confidently, steadi­
ly. Johnson.
If his occasions were not virtuous
I should not urge it half so faithfully. Shakespeare.

FA＇ITHFULNESS [of faithful] 1. Trustiness, adherence to duty,
loyalty. The same zeal and faithfulness continues in your blood,
which animated one of your ancestors to sacrifice his life in the quarrel
for his sovereign. Dryden. 2. Veracity, sincerity, honesty. There
is no faithfulness in your mouth. Psalms.

FAITHFULNESS [in God] is a communicable attribute, and means
an exact correspondence between his word and his mind, and of con­
sequence between his word and the truth and reality of things; espe­
cially in regard to any promises he has made, in which there is an ob­
ligation of justice added to his word.

FA＇ITHLESS, adj. 1. Being without belief in the revealed truths of
religion, unconverted, unbelieving. Believe we, or be we as yet
faithless. Hooker. 2. Not to be trusted, insincere, perfidious, not
true to duty, profession, or promise. A most unnatural and faithless
service. Shakespeare.

FA＇ITHLESSNESS [of faithless] 1. Unbelief, as to revealed religion.
2. Insincerity, treachery, perfidy.

FA＇ITOR [faitard, Fr.] a scoundrel, a mean fellow, a poltroon;
an obsolete word. False faitour. Spenser.

FA＇KIRS, or FA＇QUERS, a sort of dervices or Mahometan religious
men, who travel the country and live on alms. See DERVISE.

FAKE, or FACK [sea term] one circle or roll of a cable or rope
quoiled up round.

FA＇KENHAM, a market town of Norfolk, 18 miles from Norwich,
and 110 from London.

FALA＇NGOSIS [with oculists] a certain disease about the eyes.

FALA＇SIA, or FALA＇ZIA [in old records] a steep bank, hill, of
shore by the sea-side.

FALCA＇DE, Fr. [falcis, gen. of falx, Lat. a hook; in horseman­
ship] a horse is said to make falcades, when he throws himself upon







his haunches two or three times, as in very quick corvets, which is
done in forming a stop, and half a stop; so that a falcade is the ac­
tion of the haunches and of the legs, which bend very low, as in cor­
vets, when a stop or half stop is made.

FA＇LCATED, adj. [falcatus, Lat.] hooked, crooked, bowed or
bended like a reaping hook; the enlightened part of the moon is said
to be falcated when she moves from the conjunction to the opposition,
that is, from the new moon to the full; but from full to new again,
the enlightened part appears gibbous, and the dark falcated. Harris.

FALCA＇TION. 1. The act of mowing or cutting with a bill or hook.
2. Form like that of a reaping hook. A long falcation or forcipated
tail. Brown.

FALCATU＇RA [in old records] one day＇s mowing performed by
an inferior tenant, as a customary service due to his lord.

FA＇LCHION [fauchon, Fr. ensis falcatus, Lat.] a kind of short
sword, turning up somewhat like a hook, a cymeter.

FA＇LCON [faulcon, Fr. falcone, It. balcon, Sp. falcam, Port. falco
credo a rostro falcato five adunco, Lat. from the falcated or crooked bill.
Johnson. falck, Ger. all of falncho, Celt.] a sort of hawk about the
bigness of a raven, trained for sport.

FALCON Gentle, a kind of hawk, so called from its gentle dispo­
sition.

FALCON [in gunnery] a small piece of cannon, whose diameter at
the bore is two inches and a quarter, is in length six feet, and in
weight 400 pound. Its charge of powder is a pound and a quarter,
the ball 2 inches and 1-8th diameter, and in weight 1 pound 5 ounces,
and its point blank shot 90 paces.

FA＇LCONER [faulconnier, Fr. falconarius, Lat.] one who looks after
and manages hawks.

FALCONE＇T [falconnette, Fr. with gunners] is a small gun, about
two inches diameter at the bore. Falconets and other small pieces to
take the streights. Knolles.

FA＇LCONRY [fauconnerie, Fr. falconarius, of falco, Lat.] the art
of keeping, training and managing of hawks, and training up birds of
prey.

FA＇LDA [in old records] a sheep-fold.

FA＇LDAGE [faldagium, barb. Lat.] the privilege which anciently se­
veral lords reserved to themselves, of setting up solds for sheep in any
field within their manours, for the better manuring of them, and this
not only with their own but their tenants sheep, which they called secta
faldæ. This faldage in some places they call a foldcourse or freebold,
and in some old charters ＇tis called foldsoca, that is, libertas foldæ, or
faldagii. Harris.

FA＇LDFEE, a composition paid anciently by tenants for the privi­
lege of faldage.

FA＇LDING, a sort of course cloth.

FA＇LDISDORY [of falda, an hedge, and stow, Sax. a place] the
throne or seat of the bishop within the chapel.

FA＇LDSTOOL [of fald or fold, and stool] a kind of stool placed at the
south side of the altar, at which the kings of England kneel at their
coronation.

FA＇LERA, a certain disease in hawks.

FALL [val, Du. fall, Ger. fald, Dan. and Su.] 1. The act of fal­
ling or dropping from on high.
A mouldring rock is plac＇d,
That promises a fall. Dryden.
2. The act of tumbling from an erect posture. His fall enrag＇d him.
Shakespeare. 3. A steep descent downwards; a declivity. Falls of
bridges. Bacon. 4. Ruin, dissolution.
Now shalt thou stand, tho＇ sword, or time, or fire,
Or zeal, more fierce than they, thy fall conspire. Denham.
5. The violence suffered in dropping from on high. A fever or fall
may take away my reason. Locke. 6. Death, overthrow, destruction.
A great fall before our enemies. Judith. 7. Downfall, loss of great­
ness, state of being deposed from a high station, degradation into mi­
sery or meanness. Her own hand-writing was there to bear testimony
against her fall. Sidney. 8. Declension of greatness, power or domi­
nion. The fall of the Romans huge dominion. Hooker. 9. Decrease
or diminution of price. The fall of our interest. Child. 10. Diminu­
tion of sound, cadence, close of music. That strain again, it had a
dying fall. Shakespeare. 11. Cascade, cataract, rush of water down
a precipice. A pleasing fall of water running violently. Wisdom. 12.
The outlet of a current into any other water. The fall of the Po into
the gulph. Addison. 13. Fall of the leaf, autumn. How last fall he
rais＇d the weekly bills. Dryden. 14. Any thing that falls in great
quantities, A great fall of rain. L＇Estrange. 15. The act of felling
or cutting down; as, the fall of timber.

FALL [with astrolologers] an essential debility in a planet, when it
is opposite to the place of its exaltation.

To FALL, irreg. verb neut. FELL, irreg. pret. have FALLEN or FALN,
comp. pret. FALN, FALLN or FALLEN, irreg. part. pass. [feallan, Sax.
ballen, Du. failen, Ger. falie, Dan. falda, Su.] 1. To tumble down
from an erect to a prone posture. Saul fell all along on the earth.
1 Samuel. 2. To drop from a higher place. The night fell upon me.
Spectator. 3. To drop off, to be held on no longer. His chains fell
off from his hands. Acts. 4. To descend downwards. Their parts
glide and fall off any way. Burnet. 5. To drop ripe from the tree.
As a falling fig from the fig-tree. Isaiah. 6. To pass at the outlet as
a river. To build his gallies on the Loire, and the rivers that fall
into it. Arbuthnot. 7. To have a particular tendency, to be deter­
mined to some precise direction. That the centre of gravity may fall
on the foot they stand on. Cheyne. 8. To apostatize, to depart from
faith or goodness. To waver or fall off, and join with idols. Milton.
9. To die by violence. They shall fall before you by the sword. Le­
viticus. 10. To come to a sudden end. The greatness of these lords
suddenly fell and vanished. Davies. 11. To be degraded from great­
ness, to sink into meanness, disgrace, or sudden misery. They shall
fall among them that fall. Jeremiah. 12. To decline from power,
to be overthrown.
Heaven and earth will witness,
If Rome must fall, that we are innocent. Addison.
13. To enter into a state worse than the former. Fallen into great in­
conveniencies. Dryden. 14. To come into any state of weakness, ter­
ror, or misery. Learned men could fall into so great absurdity. Addi­
son. 15. To abate, to decrease, to be diminished. The as fell to
two ounces. Arbuthnot. 16. To ebb, to grow shallow. 17. To de­
crease in value. The price of corn falleth. Carew. 18. To sink,
not to amount to the full. Revenue doth fall under computation.
Bacon. 19. To be rejected, to become null. This book must stand
or fall. Locke. 20. To decline from violence to calmness, from in­
tenseness to remissness. At length her fury fell. Dryden. 21. To en­
ter into any new state of body or mind. She fell distracted. Temple.
22. To sink into an air of discontent or dejection. Let not thy coun­
tenance fall. Judith. 23. To sink below something else in compari­
son. Finding this fame fall short of truth. Waller. 24. To happen,
to befal. Such things do fall scarce once in many ages. Hooker. 25.
To come by chance, to light on. The Romans fell upon this model
by chance. Swift. 26. To come in a stated method. It does not
fall within my subject. Felton. 27. To come unexpectedly. We fell
into a very pleasing walk. Addison. 28. To begin any thing with ar­
dour and great earnestness. They fell to blows. L＇Estrange. 29. To
handle directly. We must immediately fall into our subject. Addison.
30. To come vindictively as a punishment. There fell wrath for it
against Israel. 2 Chronicles. 31. To come by any mischance to a new
possessor. Could not well brook that his province should fall into their
hands. Knolles. 32. To drop, to pass by carelessness or impudence.
Some expressions fall from him. Swift. 33. To come irresistibly.
Fear fell on them all. Acts. 34. To become any one＇s property by
lot, chance, inheritance, or any other way. All the lands which will
fall to her Majesty. Spenser. 35. To languish, to grow faint. Their
hopes or fears for the common cause rose or fell with your lordship＇s
interest. Addison. 36. To be born, to be yeaned. Lambs at their
first falling. Mortimer. 37. To fall away; to grow lean. In a Lent
diet people commonly fall away. Arbuthnot. 38. To fall away; to
revolt, to change or cast off allegiance. The fugitives fell away to the
king. 2 Kings. 39. To fall away; to apostatize, to sink into wicked­
ness. These for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away.
St. Luke. 40. To fall away; to perish, to be lost. Fall away into
nothing, almost as soon as it is created. Addison. 41. To fall away;
to decline gradually, to fade, to languish. In a curious brede of nee­
dle-work, one colour falls away by just degrees, and another rises in­
sensibly. Addison. 42. To fall back; to fail of a purpose or promise.
Often fallen back from our resolutions. Taylor. 43. To fall back, to
recede, to give way. 44. To fall down [down is sometimes added to
fall, tho＇ it adds little to the signification] to prostrate one＇s self in
adoration. All kings shall fall down before him. Psalms. 45. To
fall down; to sink, not to stand. As she was speaking she fell down
for faintness. Esther. 46. To fall down; to bend in supplication.
They shall fall down unto thee. Isaiah. 47. To fall from, to revolt,
to depart from adherence. Fell by degrees from the king of England.
Haayward. 48. To fall in; to concur, to coincide with. Any single
paper that falls in with the popular taste. Addison. 49. To fall in
(or to agree) with one. 50. To fall in; to comply, to yield to. A
sovereign prone to fall in with all the turns. Addison. 51. To fall
off; to separate, to be broken. Friendship falls off. Shakespeare.
52. To fall off; to perish, to die away, to become obsolete. Words
are continually falling off thro＇ disuse. Felton. 53. To fall off; to
apostatize, to revolt, to forsake. They did then fall off and forsake
him. Hayward. 54. To fall on; to begin eagerly to do any thing.
Fall on, and try thy appetite to eat. Dryden. 55. To fall on; to begin
the attack, to make an assault. To have fallen soul on priesthood.
Dryden. 56. To fall over; to revolt, to desert from one side to the
other. Dost thou now fall over to my foes? Shakespeare. 57. To
fall out; to quarrel, to grow contentious, to jangle and jarr. But one
thing can make us fall out. Addison. 58. To fall out; to happen, to
come to pass. It so falleth out. Hooker. 59. To fall to; to begin
eagerly to eat. Fall to with eager joy on homely food. Dryden.
60. To fall; to apply one＇s self to. They fell to raising money.
Clarendon. 61. To fall under; to be subject to, to become the object
of. Fall under our deliberation. Taylor. 62. To fall under; to be
ranged or reckon＇d with. Fall under that class of poetry. Addison.
63. To fall upon; to attack, invade, or assault. Man falls upon every
thing that comes in his way. Addison. 64. To fall upon; to attempt.
To fall upon nice philosophical disquisitions. Holder. 65. To fall
upon; to rush against. We are falling soul upon one another. Addison.
This is one of those general words of which it is very difficult to ascer­
tain or detail the full signification. It retains, in most of its senses,
some part of its primitive meaning, and implies, either literally or fi­
guratively, descent, violence, or suddenness. In many of its senses it is
opposed to rise; but, in others, has no counterpart or correlative.

To FALL, verb act. 1. To drop or let fall any thing. Unusual.
To fall this argument. Dryden. 2. To sink or depress any thing; as,
to raise or fall his voice. 3. To diminish a thing in value, to let it sink
in price. You fall the price of your native commodities. Locke. 4.
To yean, to bring forth as an ewe in yeaning time. Fall party­
colour＇d lambs. Shakespeare.
If a man once FALL, all will tread on him.
The Fr. say; Quand l＇arbre est à terre, tout le monde court aux
branches. (When the tree is fallen, every one will have a share of the
branches.) The It. Al caneche invecchia la volpi gli piscia adosso.
See To put a good face on a bad game, under FACE.

To FALL Off, [a sea term] is when a ship under sail, keeps not so
near the wind as she should do, they say, she falls off.

Takle FALL [with sailors] is that part of a rope of a takle which is
haled by them.

FALL Not Off [a sea phrase] a word of command from him that
cons the ship, and signifies as much as keep the ship near the wind.

FALL [with shipwrights] a ship is said to have a fall or several falls,
when one part of the deck is raised higher, or some parts have risings
more than others.

Land FALL [a sea term] as, a good landfall, is when a ship makes
or sees the land she expected, or according to her reckoning.

FALLA＇CIOUS, adj. [fallacieux, Fr. fallace, It. fallax, Lat.] 1. De­
ceitful, mocking expectation. Fallacious fruit, fallacious hope. Mil­
ton. 2. Producing mistake, sophistical. It is never used of persons
but of things, as writings, propositions, &c. Things actually false
and fallacious. South.

FALLA＇CIOUSLY, adv. [of fallacious] deceitfully, sophistically, with
unfound reasoning. How fallaciously the author has stated the case.
Addison.








FALLA＇CIOUSNESS [of fallacious] deceitfulness, tendency to deceive,
inconclusiveness.

FA＇LLACY [falacia, Sp. fallacia, It. and Lat. fallace, Fr.] deceit,
craft, a deception or false appearance.

FALLACY [with logicians] a proposition framed with an intention
to deceive, and otherwise termed a sophism, a logical artifice. By a
fallacy of argument. Sidney.

FALLIBI＇LITY, or FA＇LLIBLENESS [of fallible] liableness to err, un­
certainty.

FA＇LLING, subst. [of fall] indentings or depressions, opposed to
prominencies. The several prominencies and fallings in the features.
Addison.

FA＇LLIBLE [fallibile, It. falible, Sp. of fallibilis, Lat.] that may
err, liable to be deceived.

FA＇LLING Evil [in horses] a distemper.

FALLING Sickness. See EPILEPSY.

FALLN, or FA＇LLEN. See To FALL.

FALLO＇PIAN Tubes [in anatomy] two ducts arising from the womb,
one on each side of the fundus thereof, and then extended to the ova­
ries; having a considerable share in the affair of conception, so named
from Fallopius, their first discoverer. The reader will find a good
draught of these TUBES, and their use described, in BOERHAAVE＇s Oeco­
nomia Animal. ÆREIS Tabulis Illustrat. Ed. Lond. p. 157. And as
to their use, it is well known, from anatomical dissection, that the two
broad ligaments of the womb are only a production or continuation of
the peritonæum from the sides of the womb; to which ligaments the
ovaria are fasten＇d at one end, and the FALLOPIAN TUBES run along
the other; they rise from the bottom of the womb by a narrow begin­
ning, and dilate in form of a trumpet (a circumstance which explains
their etymology) to their extremities; where they are contracted again
into a small orifice, from whose circumference they dilate into a pretty
broad membrane, which looks as if it were torn at its edges. By this
membrane and its fimbriæ the FALLOPIAN TUBES (which stiffen and
contract in the act of copulation) embrace the ovaria; and accordingly
the conception (as Boerhaave observes) may take place wherever the
seed finds its proper receptacle, viz. the ovum or egg; whether first in
the cavity of the womb (in which case the egg by the action and com­
pression of the FALLOPIAN TUBES, is forced through their cavity into
the womb) or 2dly, if the seed should meet the ovum in its passage
through the TUBE; or 3dly, when the seed (as may sometimes hap­
pen) passes through the womb and through the TUBES, and arrives at
the ovarium itself: in whose bullulæ (while yet adhering to it) have
the EMBRYOS been found. BOERHAAV. Oeconom. Animal. Ed. Lond.
p. 156, 157.

FA＇LLOW, adj. [falewe, Sax. fahl, Ger.] 1. Of a palish or palish-
yellow colour, like that of a burnt brick, a deer-colour. A great
park for red as well as fallow deer. Clarendon, 2. Unsowed, left to
rest after years of tillage. Supposed to be so called from the colour of
naked ground. The ridges of the fallow field lay traversed. Hay­
ward. 3. Plowed, but not sowed, plowed, as prepared for a second
tilth. Her predecessors did but sometimes cast up the ground, and so
leaving it fallow, it became quickly overgrown with weeds. Howel.
4. Unplowed, uncultivated.
Her fallow lees,
The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory,
Doth root upon. Shakespeare.
5. Unoccupied, neglected. Let the cause lie fallow. Hudibras.

FALLOW, subst. [from the adj.] 1. Ground plowed in order to be
plowed again. The plowing of fallows is a great benefit to land.
Mortimer. 2. Ground lying at rest. Around it fallows, meads and
pastures fair. Rowe.

A FALLOW Field [of fealga, Sax. an harrow] a field that has laid
long untilled or barren.

To FALLOW [of fealgian, Sax. to harrow] to prepare land by
ploughing, long before it is ploughed for sowing. The first fallowing
ought to be very shallow. Mortimer.

FA＇LLOWNESS [of fallow] barrenness, exemption from bearing any
crop. Affects my muse now a chaste fallowness. Donne.

FALLOW Smiter, a bird.

FA＇LMOUTH, or FA＇LCHESMOTUM [folcmote, Sax.] either the
county court or sheriff＇s turn; also a general meeting of the people, to
consult about and order state affairs. Old records.

FA＇LMOTUM, a market and port town of Cornwal, so called from
its situation at the mouth of the Fale. It is 282 miles from London,
and gives title of viscount to the family of Boscawen.

FALN. See To FALL.

FALSE, adj. [faux, fausse, Fr. falso, It. Sp. and Port. of falsus, Lat.
valsco, Du. falsch, Ger. false, Sax. falsh, Dan. and Su.] 1. Untrue,
not morally true, as expressing that which is not thought. There are
false witnesses. L＇Estrange. 2. Not physically true, as conceiving that
which does not exist.
How can that be false which every tongue
Of every mortal man affirms for true. Davies.
3. Counterfeit, forged, hypocritical, not real. False tears true pity
moves. Dryden. 4. Treacherous, unfaithful, deceitful. Turns false
unto him. Bacon. 5. Supposititious, succedaneous. Make a false
bottom. Bacon. 6. Deceiving expectation. The ground is false un­
der us. L＇Estrange. 7. Not agreeable to rule or propriety. Fy upon
my false French, in true English I love thee Kate. Shakespeare. 8.
Not honest, not just. False play. Donne. 9. In all these senses true
is the word opposed.

FALSE Alarum [with military men] is sometimes occasioned by a
fearful or negligent centinel, and sometimes designedly, to try the
readiness of the guards.

FALSE Arms [in heraldry] are those wherein the fundamental rules
of the art are not observed, as if metal be put on metal, and colour
upon colour.

FALSE Attack [in the art of war] a feigned attack, designed to
cause the enemy to draw all their forces to one side, in order to favour
them in making a real attack upon the other.

FALSE Bray [in fortification] a small mount of earth four fathom
wide, erected on a level round the foot of the rampart on that side to­
wards the field, bordered with a parapet to defend the moat.

FALSE Claim [in law] is when a man claims more than his due.

FALSE Conception, a lump of shapeless flesh, &c. bred in the
womb.

FALSE Flower [in botany] a flower which does not seem to produce
any fruit, as those of the hazel, mulberry, &c. also a flower that does
not rise from any embryo, or that does not knit like those of the melon,
cucumber, &c.

FALSE Diamond, one that is counterfeited with glass.

FALSE Imprisonment, a trespass by imprisoning a man without lawful
cause; also the name of a writ brought upon the commission of such a
trespass.

FALSE Keel [with shipwrights] a second keel, sometimes put un­
der the first to make it deeper, when the ship rolls too much by reason
of the shallowness of her keel.

FALSE Muster [in military affairs] is when in the review of a troop
of horse or company of foot, such men pass who are not actually listed
among the soldiers.

FALSE Quarter [with farriers] a rift or crack in the hoof of a horse,
which is an unfound quarter, seeming as if it were a piece put in, and
not all entire.

FALSE Roof [with carpenters] is that part of a house which is be­
tween the roof and the covering.

FALSE Stem [of a ship] is when the stem being too flat, another is
fastened to it, which makes her bear more sail, and rid more way.

To FALSE, verb act. [from the adj.] 1. To violate by failure of ve­
racity. Thou falsed hath thy faith with perjury. Spenser. 2. To de­
ceive. In his falsed fancy he her takes
To be the fairest wight that lived yet. Spenser.
3. To balk, defeat, or shift, as fencers commonly do. Falsed oft his
blows t＇allude him with such bait. Spenser. This word in all its senses
is now obsolete.

FALSEHEA＇RTED [of false and heart] treacherous, deceitful, hol­
low. Falsehearted friends. Bacon.

FA＇LSEHOOD [of falsitas, Lat. fausseté, Fr. and the English term hood,
falskhed, Dan. falsheet, Su. valschhayt, Du. falschheet, Ger. and L.
Ger. falschheit, H. Ger.] 1. Want of truth or veracity. Falshood
passing from words to things. South. 2. Want of honesty, treachery,
perfidy. 3. A lie, a false assertion.

FA＇LSELY, adv. [of false] 1. Not truly, with contrariety to truth.
Treated ill and upbraided falsely. Addison. 2. By mistake, erro­
neously. We falsely think. Smalridge. 3. Treacherously, perfi­
diously.

FA＇LSENESS [of false] 1. Contrariety to truth. 2. Want of vera­
city, violation of promise. Perjury and falseness to a man＇s word.
Tillotson. 3. Double dealing, deceit. Falseness or foulness of inten­
tions. Hammond. 4. Treachery, perfidy. Betrayed by the falseness,
or cheated by the avarice of such a servant. Rogers.

FA＇LSER, subst. [of false] an hypocrite, a deceiver. Now obso­
lete.

FA＇LSEHOOD [in ethics] an act of the understanding, representing a
thing otherwise than it is; a false judgment of any thing.

FALSI＇FIC, or FALSI＇FICK, adj. [falsificus, Lat.] making false, fal­
sifying, dealing falsely, &c.

Crimen FA＇LSI, Lat. [in civil law] a fraudulent subornation or con­
cealment, with design to darken or hide the truth, and make the
things appear otherwise than they are.

FALSIFI＇ABLE, adj. [of falsify] that may be falsified, counterfeited,
or corrupted.

FALSIFICA＇TION [falsificazione, It. of falsificatio, Lat.] 1. The
act of counterfeiting or forging any thing so as to make it appear what
it is not. To counterfeit the living image of a king in his person, ex­
ceedeth all falsifications. Bacon. 2. Confutation. To preserve his story
from detection of falsification. Broome. 3. Violation of promise, act
of not standing to one＇s word.

FA＇LSIFIER [of falsify] 1. One that falsifies or counterfeits by ma­
king any thing to seem what it is not. Falsifiers of coin. Boyle. 2. A
liar, one that contrives falsehoods. Boasters are naturally falsifiers.
L＇Estrange.

To FA＇LSIFY, verb act. [falsifier, Fr. falsificàr, Sp. falsificare, It.
and Lat.] 1. To forge or counterfeit, to produce something for that
which in reality it is not. Falsified additions. Hooker. 2. To break
one＇s word, to violate by falsehood. Thy saith falsified. Sidney. 3. To
confute, to prove false. To baffle and falsify the prediction. Addison.
4. To pierce, to run through.
His crest is rash＇d away, his ample shield
Is falsify＇d, and round with jav＇lins fill＇d. Dryden.
Of this word Mr. Dryden writes thus. My friends quarrell＇d at the
word falsified as an innovation in our language. The fact is confess＇d;
for I remember not to have read it in any English author, tho＇ perhaps
it may be found in Spenser＇s Fairy Queen. But suppose it be not
there, why am I forbidden to borrow from the Italian, a polish＇d lan­
guage, the word which is wanting in my native tongue? Horace has
given us a rule for coining words, si græco fonte cadant, especially when
other words are joined with them which explain the sense. I use the
word falsify in this place to mean that the shield of Turnus was not of
proof against the spears and javelins of the Trojans, which had pierc＇d
it through and through in many places. The words which accompany
this new one makes my meaning plain:
Ma si l＇Usbergo d＇Ambi era perfetto
Che mai poter falsarlo in nessum canto. Ariosto, can. XXVI.
Falsar cannot otherwise be turned than by falsified; for, his shield was
falsed is not English. I might indeed have contented myself with say­
ing, his shield was pierced and bored, and stuck with javelins. Dryden.
[Dryden, with all this effort, was not able to naturalize the new signi­
fication, which I have never seen copied except once by some obscure
nameless writer; and which indeed deserves not to be received. John­
son.]

To FA＇LSIFY [in law] to prove a thing to be false.

To FALSIFY a Thrust [with sencers] is to make a feigned pass.

To FALSIFY, verb neut. to tell lies, to violate the truth. It is ab­
solutely unlawful to lie and falsify. South.

FA＇LSIFYING, part. act. [falsificans, Lat. falsificant, Fr.] rendring
or proving false, adulterating, counterfeiting. See FALSIFY.

FALSI＇LOQUENCE [falsiloquentia, Lat.] deceitful speech.

FA＇LSIMONY [falsimonia, Lat.] falsity, falseness.








FA＇LSITY, or FA＇LSENESS [falsitas, Lat. fausseté, Fr. falsità, It.
falsidàd, Sp.] 1. Falsehood, untrueness, contrariety to truth. The
truth or falsity of things. South. 2. Counterfeitness. 3. A lie, a
false assertion or position, an error.

FA＇LSO Judicio, Lat. a writ which lies for false judgment given in
the county, hundred, court-baron, or others that are no courts of re­
cord.

FALSO Retorno Brevium, Lat. a writ which lies against the sheriff
for making false returns of writs.

To FA＇LTER, verb neut. [faltàr, Sp. to fail or be wanting, folteren,
Du. to torture or wrack; vaulter, a stammerer, Islandic, which is
probably a word from the same radical. Johnson] 1. To hesitate.
Faltering tongue. Dryden. 2. To stammer in one＇s speech, to stumble,
to fail in any act of the body.
Her native king
Shall falter under foul rebellion＇s arms. Shakespeare.
3. To fail in any act of the understanding. How far ideots are con­
cerned in the want or weakness of any or all faculties, an exact obser­
vation of their several ways of faltering would discover. Locke. 4.
To fail in one＇s design, to desist or not to procesd in a business with
resolution.

To FALTER, verb act. to sift, to cleanse. This word seems to be
merely rustic or provincial. Barley well falter＇d from foulness. Mor­
timer.

FA＇LTERING, part. act. [of falter] 1. Stumbling in going. 2.
Stammering in speech. 3. Slackening or failing in the performance
of any thing.

FA＇LTERINGLY, adv. [from falter] with hesitation, with difficulty,
with feebleness.

FLAX [with anatomists] one of the processes made by doubling the
membrane of the skull, called dura mater, which divides the brain
into right and left parts, and separates it from the cerebellum. It is
so called from its resemblance to a sickle or reaping-hook. Lat.

FAMAGOU＇STA, a city of Asiatic Turky, situated on the east end of
the island Cyprus.

To FA＇MBLE, verb neut. [famber, Dan.] to falter or stammer in
speech. This word I find only in Skinner. Johnson.

FA＇MACIDE [of fama and cædo, Lat. to kill] a slanderer.

FAME [fama, It. Sp. Port. and Lat. ϕαμα, Doric Gr.] 1. Report,
relation. We have heard the fame of him and all that he did. Jo­
shua. 2. Renown, glory, reputation. The desire of fame. Addison.
Moralists say fame is to be pursued as far as it redounds from worthy
actions, that are agreeable to reason, and promote the good of human
society, and as it opens a wider field to such generous under­
takings.
Common FAME＇s seldom to blame.
To which answers: It must be true what every man says; or, No
smoke without some fire. That is, a general report is seldom without
some grounds. Lat. Rumor publicus non omnino frustra est. The Lat.
say likewise, Flamma fumo est proxima.
Better a good FAME than a good face,
That is, reputation is preferable to beauty. According to another
proverb. Grace will last, favour will blast.
The one is perpetual, but the other decays visibly every day.

FA＇MED, adj. [of fame] renowned, celebrated, much talked of.
Famed for his learning and wisdom. Addison.

FA＇MELESS, adj. [of fame] being without fame or renown. Then
let me fameless love the fields and woods. May.

FAMELICO＇SE, adj. [famelicosus, Lat.] often or very hungry.

FA＇MES Caninus [with physicians] a canine appetite, or extreme
hunger; a sort of disorder.

FAMI＇GEROUS, adj. [famiger, Lat.] carrying news, tales, &c.

FAMI＇LIAR, adj. [familier, Fr. famigliare, It. familiàr, Sp. of fa­
miliaris, Lat.] 1. Intimately acquainted with, habituated by custom.
The mind growing familiar with some of them Locke. 2. Common
or usual. There is nothing more familier than this. Locke. 3. Plain,
easy, or natural, unconstrained, unforced. Sports in loose familiar
strains. Addison. 4. Domestic, relating to a houshold. They range
familiar to the dome. Pope. Affable, not formal, easy in conversation.
Be not too familiar with Poins. Shakespeare. 6. Unceremonious, free,
as among acquaintance. In such familiar sort to have spoken. Sidney.
7. Well known, brought into knowledge by frequent practice. Made
familiar unto all. Hooker. 8. Too nearly or unlawfully acquainted. A
poor man found a priest familiar with his wife. Camden.

FAMI＇LIAR, subst. [familier, Fr. familiàr, Sp.] 1. An intimate
acquaintance. Neglected his familiars. Rogers. 2. Dæmon, spirit,
or devil, supposed to attend upon sorcerers, witches, &c. to execute
their commands. Love is a familiar, there is no evil angel but love.
Shakespeare.

FAMILIA＇RITY, or FAMI＇LIARNESS [familiaritas, Lat. familiarité,
Fr. famigliarità, It. familiaridàd, Sp.] 1. Intimate correspondence,
acquaintance, habitude, easy intercourse. Any mortals may enjoy the
most intimate familiarities with these. Pope. 2. Easiness of conversation,
affability. 3. Acquaintance, habitude in general. An intimacy and
familiarity with them. Atterbury.
Too much FAMILIARITY breeds contempt.
Fr. Familiarité engendre mepris. It. La troppa famigliarità genera
disprezzo. Being too familiar renders us open, and often lead us un­
warily to the discovery of secrets, which upon every interruption of
friendship, are liable to be turn＇d to our disadvantage. The surest rule
is not to put it in the power of the most intimate friend to do us an ill
turn. But of all familiarity, that with our servants or inferiors, lays us
open to the greatest contempt. Betray your secret to your servant, and
he becomes your master; to your inferior, and it is great odds but he
betrays it out of vanity.

To FAMILIARI＇ZE [se familiariser, Fr.] 1. To make one＇s
self familiar with, to make familiar, to make easy by habitude.
2. To bring down from a state of distant superiority. A look of com­
passion and affability that familiarized him to my imagination. Addi­
son.

FAMI＇LIARIZINO, part. act. [of se familiariser, Fr.] making fami­
liar.

FAMI＇LIARLY [familiarement, Fr. familiariter, Lat.] 1. After a
familiar manner, without ceremony. He talks familiarly of John of
Gaunt. Shakespeare. 2. Commonly, frequently, with the easiness of
long habitude. Lesser mists and fogs than those which cover＇d Greece,
do familiarly present our senses with as great alterations. Raleigh. 3.
Easily, without formality.
Like a friend familiarly convey
The truest notions in the easiest way. Pope.

FAMILI＇STICAL, adj. of or pertaining to the sect called Familists.

FA＇MILISTS [of familia, Lat. famille, Fr.] a sect called the family
of love.

FAMI＇LLE [en famille, Fr.] in a family way, domestically.
At their dinners en famille,
Get leave to sit whene＇er you will. Swift.

FA＇MILY [famille, Fr. famiglia, It. familia, Sp. Port. and Lat.] 1.
A particular society, consisting of a husband, wife, children, and ser­
vants; a household. I cannot answer for my whole family. Swift.
2. Kindred, lineage, or parentage, a race, a generation. 3. A class,
a species. Two great families of things, sulphureous and mercurial.
Bacon.

FAMILY of Love, a sect that sprung up about the year 1550, whose
chief tenet was, that Christ was already come in his glory to judge the
world.

FAMILY [in old records] a hide of plough＇d land.

FAMILY of Curves [in algebra] a congeries of several curves of dif­
ferent orders or kinds, all which are defined by the same indetermi­
nate equation, but in a different manner, according to their different
orders.

FA＇MINE [fames, Lat. whence famine, Fr. fame, It.] a general scar­
city of corn, and other food or provisions.

To FA＇MISH, verb act. [fancis, O. Fr. affamer, Fr. affamiare, It.
famesco, Lat.] 1. To starve, to kill with hunger. 2. To kill by de­
privation or denial of any thing necessary to life. Famish him of
breath, if not of bread. Milton.

To FAMISH, verb neut. to die of hunger. Resolved rather to die
than to famish. Shakespeare.

FA＇MISHMENT [of famish] the pain of hunger, want of food. Fear­
ing to suffer thirst and famishment. Hakewell.

FAMO＇SE [famosus, Lat.] greatly renowned.

FAMO＇SITY [famositas, Lat.] famousness, renown.

FA＇MOUS [fameux, Fr. famoso, It. Sp. and Port. famosus, Lat.] 1.
Renowned, celebrated by fame or common report, much talked of and
praised. 2. It has sometimes a middle signification, and imports fame
good or ill. Menecrates and Menas, famous pirates. Shakespeare.

FA＇MOUSLY, adv. [of famous] 1. Renownedly, with great praise.

FA＇MOUSNESS [famositas, Lat.] renownedness, great reputation.

A FAN [vannus, Lat. evantail, Fr. ventaglio, It. avanillo, Sp.
fan, Sax.] 1. An instrument to winnow corn, whereby the chaff is
blown away. For the cleansing of corn is used a wicker-fan, or a
fan with sails. Mortimer. 2. [Van, Fr.] A utensil used by ladies for
raising wind, and for cooling themselves. 3. Any thing spread out like
a woman＇s fan into a triangle. The peacock spreads his tail, and chal­
lenged the other to show him such a van of feathers. L＇Estrange. 4.
Any thing by which the air is moved, wings. Then stretch＇d his fea­
ther＇d fans with all his might. Dryden. 5. An instrument to raise the
fire. Nature worketh in us all a love to our own counsels: the con­
tradiction of others is a fan to inflame that love. Hooker.

To FAN [vanner, Fr. vanno, Lat.] 1. To winnow corn. 2. To
cool with a fan, as women, &c. do. 3. To ventilate, to affect by air
put in motion. Calm as the breath which fans our eastern groves.
Dryden.

FANA＇TIC, subst. [fanatique, Fr. fanatico, Sp. fanaticus, Lat.] a
wild, extravagant, visionary, enthusiastical pretender to inspiration.
The tumultuary weapon snatch＇d up by a fanatic. Decay of Piety.

FANA＇TICAL, adj. [fanatique, Fr. fanatico, Sp. fanaticus, Lat.] en­
thusiastic, struck or possessed with a superstitious frenzy. Fanatic
Egypt. Milton.

FANA＇TICISM [of fanatic] pretended inspiration, the opinions or te­
nets of fanatics, enthusiasm, religious frenzy. Assaults of popery on
the one hand, and fanaticism on the other. Rogers. In this author＇s
use of the word [fanaticism] it means the main body of the dissenters
from the established church; but with what justice a term expressive of
that false and fanciful kind of devotion which belongs to enthusiasts on
ALL SIDES, is appropriated to ONE SIDE, I must leave him to re-con­
sider. How much better is lord SHAFTESBURY＇s account of things!
“Inspiration (says he) is a real feeling of the divine presence, and
enthusiasm a false one. But the passion they raise is much alike. For
when the mind is taken up in vision, and fixes its view either on any
real object, or mere spectre of divinity; when it fees, or thinks it fees,
any thing prodigious, and more than human; its horror, delight,
confusion, fear, admiration, or whatever passion belongs to it, or is
uppermost on this occasion, will have something vast, immane, and, as
painters say, beyond life. And this is what gave occasion to the name
of FANATICISM, as it was used by the ancients in its original sense (as
an apparition transporting the mind)”. SHAFTESBURY＇s Charact.
Vol. I. p. 53.

FANA＇TIO [in old records] the fawning time of deer, or fence
month.

FA＇NCIFUL [fantasque, Fr. fantastico, It. phantasticus, Lat. of ϕαν­
ταστικος, Gr.] 1. Imaginative, rather guided by imagination than rea­
son. Some fanciful men. Woodward. 2. Full of wild images, di­
rected by imagination, not reason. His sumptuous buildings, how
foolish and fanciful. Bacon.

FA＇NCIFULLY, adv. [of fanciful] imaginarily, capriciously, with
the wildness of imagination.

FA＇NCIFULNESS [of fanciful] aptness to be fanciful or imaginative
without sufficient ground or reason, capriciousness.

FA＇NCY [contracted from phantasy, fantasia, It. phantasia, Lat. of
ϕαντασια, Gr. fantasie, Fr.] 1. The imagination, that power by which
the mind forms to itself images and representations of all kinds. No evi­
dence affects the fancy so strongly as that of sense. Atterbury. 2. Image,
conception, thought, notion. Of forriest fancies your companions ma­
king. Shakespeare. 3. Frolic, vagary. Took up a fancy of putting a trick







on Mercury. L＇Estrange. 4. Foolish conceit, caprice, humour,
whim. They should take a fancy to turn the course of that river.
Arbuthnot. 5. An opinion bred rather by the imagination than the
reason. Not disturbed by any fancies in religion. Clarendon. 6.
Taste, conception. Of things built with a pretty fancy. Addison. 7.
Inclination, liking, fondness. To fit your fancies to your father＇s
will. Shakespeare. 8. Something that pleases or entertains. Lon­
don pride is a pretty fancy. Mortimer.
FA＇NCY surpasses beauty.
The power of imagination is so great, and we see so many unaccount­
able instances of it, in other things, as well as in judging of the fair
sex, that it becomes a saying.
FANCY will kill or cure.

To FA＇NCY, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To imagine, to image
to one＇s self, to think.
He whom I fancy, but can ne＇er express. Dryden.
2. To like a thing, to be pleased with. Demolish this town in what­
ever manner she pleaseth to fancy. Swift.

To FANCY, verb neut. to imagine, to believe without being able to
prove. We rather fancy than know. Locke.

FA＇NCY-MONGER [of fancy] one who deals in whims or tricks of
the imagination.

FA＇NCY-SICK, adj. [of fancy and sick] one whose imagination is
unsound, one whose distemper is in his own mind. When we come
once to be fancy-sick, there is no cure. L＇Estrange.

FANE [fana, Sax. fahne, Ger. faan, Su.] a weather-cock which
turns about as the wind changes, and shews from what quarter it blows.
This is commonly written vane, which see.

FANE, Fr. [fanum, Lat.] a temple, a place consecrated to religion.
A poetical word. Nor fane nor capitol. Shakespeare.

FA＇NFARON, Fr. [from the Sp. Originally in Arabic, it signifies
one who promises what he cannot perform. Menage.] 1. A hector,
or bully. 2. A boaster of more than he can perform, a blustering
fellow. The character of a fanfaron, or hector. Dryden.

FANFA＇RONADE [of fanfaron, Fr.] a bluster, a tumour of fictitious
grandeur. The fanfaronade of Monsieur Boussteurs. Swift.

FANG [of fangan, Sax. to fasten upon] 1. A large exerted tooth,
like that of a boar, or other animal. Overlong or outgrowing teeth,
which we call fangs or tusks. Bacon. 2. The nails, the talons.
3. Any shoot or other thing by which hold is taken. The protu­
berant fangs of the yuca. Evlyn.

To FANG [fangan, Sax. vangen, Du. fangen, Ger. fahan, Goth.]
to take or catch, to seize, to gripe. Destruction fang mankind Shake­
speare.

FA＇NGED, adj. [of fang] furnished with fangs. Adders fanged.

FA＇NGLED, as new fangled [probably of evangelia, Lat. of ευαγ­
γεγια, Gr. gospels, q. d. new gospels] novel, upstart, &c.

FA＇NGLE [evangelia, Lat. gospels, Hensh. q. d. new gospels, from
fehan, Sax. to attempt. Skinner.] a whimsy, silly attempt, scheme,
or device. It is never used, or rarely, but in contempt, with the
epithet new; as, new fangles, new fangleness, new fangled.

FA＇NGLED, adj. [of fangle] This word seems to signify gaudy,
vainly, showy. This sense is still retained in Scotland; as, he＇s new­
fangled, or whimsical and fond of novelty.
Be not as in this fangled world, a garment
Nobler than that it covers. Shakespeare.

FA＇NGLESS, adj. [of fang] without fangs, toothless. Like to a
fangless lion. Shakespeare.

FA＇NGOT, a quantity of wares; as raw silk, &c. containing from
one to two hundred weight three quarters.

FA＇NION, Ital. a banner borne by a soldier of each brigade of
horse or foot, at the head of the baggage.

FANNA＇TIO, or FAONA＇TIO, barb. Lat. [in forest law] the act of
fawning, calving, or bringing forth young, as does or hinds do.

FA＇NNEL [fanon, Fr.] a sort of ornament like a scarf, worn about
the left arm of a mass priest, when he officiates.

FA＇NNER, [of fan] one that fans. Fanners that will fan her. Je­
remiah.

FANTA＇SIA, It. [in music books] a kind of air in which the com­
poser is not tied up to such strict rules as in most other airs, but is al­
lowed all the freedom of fancy and invention, that can reasonably be
desired.

FA＇NTASIED, adj. [of fantasy] filled with wild imaginations or idle
whimsies. People strangely fantasied. Shakespeare.

FA＇NTASM [phantasma, Lat. ϕαντασμα, Gr. fantôme, Fr. fantasma,
It. and Sp.] 1. A vain apparition, a spirit, a hobgoblin, &c. 2.
An idle conceit. See PHANTASM.

FANTA＇STIC, or FANTA＇STICAL [fantastique, Fr. fantastico, It. and
Sp. of phantasticus, Lat. of Gr.] 1. Irrational, bred only in the fan­
cy. A fantastical, preternatural complacency. South. 2. Subsist­
ing only in the imagination, imaginary. My thought whose murder
yet is but fantastical. Shakespeare. 3. Having the nature of a phan­
tom, not real, only apparent.
Are ye fantastical, or that indeed
Which outwardly ye shew? Shakespeare.
4. Capricious, humoursome, unsteady. Any turn of her fantastic
wheel. Prior. 5. Whimsical, indulging one＇s own imagination.
Fanciful, expensive, and fantastic mistress. Tatler.

FANTA＇STICALLY, adv. [of fantastical] 1. Whimsically, in compli­
ance with mere fancy. Fantastically chuse even or odd. Grew. 2.
By the force of imagination. 3. Capriciously, humourously, un­
steadily.
Her sceptre so fantastically borne
By a vain, giddy, shallow, humourous youth. Shakespeare.

FANTA＇STICALNESS, or FANTA＇STICNESS [of fantastical or fan­
tastic. En. humeur fantasque, Fr. mores phantastici, Lat.] 1. Fantasti­
cal, fanciful humour, compliance with mere fancy. 2. Whimsical­
ness, unreasonableness. Convinced him of the fantasticalness of it.
Tillotson.

FANTASTICAL Colours. See EMPHATICAL Colours.

FA＇NTASY [fantasie, Fr. fantasia, It. Sp. and Port. phantasia, Lat.
of ϕαντασια, Gr.] 1. Imagination, the power of imagining. See
FANCY. By the power of fantasy we see colours in a dream. New­
ton. 2. Idea, image of the mind. Fantasies impure. Spenser. 3.
Inclination. Drawing the scriptures to your fantasies and affections.
Whitgife. 4. Humour, crotchet, maggot, whim.

FA＇NTOME [fantôme, Fr. See FANTASM. ϕαντασμα, Gr.] an hob­
goblin, a spright, a spectre; also a chimera, an idle conceit. a vain
apparition which we imagine we see, tho＇ it exists no where but in our
disturbed imagination. See PHANTOME.

FANTOME Corn, lank, or light corn.

FAONA＇TIO [of faonner, Fr.] the same as fannatio, which see.

FAP, adj. fuddled, drunk. It seems to have been a cant word in
Shakespeare＇s time. The gentleman had drunk himself out of his
five senses, and being faped, Sir was cashier＇d. Shakespeare.

FA＇PESMO [with logicians] is the fourth imperfect mood of the first
figure of a catagorical syllogism, in which the first proposition is an
universal affirmative, the second an universal negative, and a third a
particular negative.

FA＇QUERS, certain counterfeit devotees, or hermits, in the East­
Indies, who voluntarily undergo most severe and almost incredible pe­
nances.

FAR, adv. [feor, Sax. verre, Du. fehr, O. Ger. fern, H. Ger.]
1. To great extent in length. Far-shooting. Prior. 2. To a great
extent every way. This is less proper. The far-extended ocean.
Prior. 3. To a great distance progressively. Is it far you ride?
Shakespeare. 4. At a great distance, remotely. Far and wide.
Hooker. 5. To a distance. Travelled far off. Raleigh. 6. In a
great part. The day was far spent. Judges. 7. In a great propor­
tion or measure, by many degrees. Her price is far above rubies.
Proverbs. 8. To a great height, magnificently. This is found per­
haps only in Shakespeare.
———You speak him far.
———I don＇t extend him, Sir. Shakespeare.
9. To a certain point or degree. So far forth as it hath in it any
thing more than the law of reason doth teach. Hooker. 10. It is of­
ten used in composition; as, far-wandering, far-shooting. See the
alphabetical order.

FAR, adj. 1. Remote, distant. Some to far oaxis shall be sold.
Dryden. 2. It was formerly used not only as an adverb but an ad­
jective; with off. Far off dawning of God＇s glorious brightness.
Raleigh. 3. From far, elliptically for a far or remote place. Bring a
nation against you from far from the end of the earth. Deuteronomy.
4. The remoter of the two [in horsemanship] the right side of the
horse, which the rider turns from him when he mounts; as, the far
foot, or far side. No true Ægyptian ever knew in horses the far side
from the near. Dryden.

FAR, subst. [contracted from farrow] the offspring of a sow, young
pigs.
Now is the loss of the far of the sow,
More great than the loss of two calves of the cow. Tusser.
FAR fetch＇d and dear bought is good for ladies.
The Fr. say; vache de loin, a laet assez. (a far fetch＇d cow never
wants milk.) Lat. Magis ea juvant quæ pluris emuntur. Witness tea,
coffee, &c. which, if they were the product of our own country,
would probably be little regarded.

A FA＇RANDMAN [of faran, Sax. to travel, and man] a merchant
stranger, to whom, according to the practice of Scotland, justice
ought to be done with all expedition, that his business and journey be
not hindered.

FA＇RANTTY, adj. [probably from farand, as commonly whatever
is foreign or far fetched is valued] handsome.

FARCE, subst. Fr. [farsa, It. and Sp. from the verb, or faner, Fr. to
mock] a mock comedy or droll. Farce descends to grimace and
buffoonry of the most ordinary sort, and being wholly composed of
ridicule and the like, never exceeds her stint of three acts; whereas
comedy and tragedy contain five. Farce is that in poetry which gro­
tesque is in a picture. The persons and actions of a farce are all
unnatural, and the manners false, that is, inconsistent with the charac­
ters of mankind. Dryden.

To FARCE, verb act. [farcir, Fr. farcio, Lat.] 1. To stuff or
cram with mingled ingredients. Some stuff to the farcing of that fable.
Carew. 2. To swell out, to extend. The farced title running ＇fore
the king. Shakespeare.

FA＇RCES, Fr. [in cookery, signify forced meat, corruptedly for farce­
meat] meat, spice, &c. chopped small for stuffing either flesh, fowl,
or fish.

FA＇RCICAL, adj. [of farce] relating to a farce, appropriated to a
farce. They deny the characters to be farcical, because they are ac­
tually in nature. Gay.

FARCIMINA＇LIS Tunica, Lat. [with anatomists] a coat pertaining to
a child in the womb, which receives the urine from the bladder; so
named, because in many beasts it is in the shape of a gut pudding; but
in some others, as well as in men, it is round.

FA＇RCY [farcina, It. farcin, Fr. in horses] is a disease, or a poi­
son or corruption, that infects their blood, and appears in swellings
like strings along the veins in knots, and even in ulcers; an infectious
leprosy among horses, probably curable by antimony.

FARD, Fr. 1. A sort of paint used by women for beautifying their
face. 2. Disguise, pretence, or dissimulation.

FA＇RDEL [of fardeau, Fr. fardello, It.] a bundle, a little pack, a
burthen. Who would fardels bear. Shakespeare.

FARDEL of Land, is the fourth part of a yard land.

FA＇RDINGALE [vertugado, Sp. which Dr. Th. H. derives from ver­
tu garde, i. e. the guard of virtue; because young women preserve the
reputation of their chastity, by hiding their great bellies. The French
call it vertugadin] a kind of hoop-petticoat, or whale-bone circle
which ladies formerly wore upon their hips, to make their petticoats
stand out. See FARTHINGALE.

FA＇RDING Deal, or FA＇RUNDEL [of feord, fourth, and dæle, Sax.]
the fourth part of an acre.

FARE [of faran, Sax. to journey, whence far, Sax. a journey]
1. Money paid for passage in any vehicle by land or by water; it is
only used of the money paid for the person, not the goods. He
found a ship going to Tarshish, so he paid the fare thereof, and went
down into it. Jonas. 2. The persons so called, in popular language.
3. [Of vaeren, Du.] food, dict, victuals for the table. A great deal
of coarse fare, of which the emperor eat. Addison.








FARE [pharos, Lat. ϕαρος, Gr.] a watch tower at sea; as, the fare
of Messina.

The FARE, or PHA＇ROS, of Alexandria, in Ægypt, built by Pto­
lemy Philadelphus, was reckoned one of the wonders of the world.
See PHAROS.

To FARE, verb neut. [of faran, Sax. vaeren, Du. fahren, Ger.
fare, Dan. fara, Su. or, as Casaubon will, of ϕερεσθαι, Gr.] 1. To
go, pass or travel.
Resolving forward still to fare. Spenser.
2. [In point of health] to be in any state, good or bad; as, how
fare you? English ministers never fare so well as in a time of war.
Addison. 3. To proceed in a train of consequences, good or bad. In
an impersonal form; with it preceding. Thus it fareth. Hooker. 4.
To happen well or ill. In the same impersonal form as the third
sense. We shall see how it will fare with the hand. South. 5. To
eat, to feed. The rich man fared sumptuously. St. Luke.

FA＇REHAM, a market town of Hampshire, six miles from Ports­
mouth, and 65 from London.

FARE-WELL, adv. [vaere-wel, Du. fahr-wohl, Ger. This word is
originally the imperative of the verb fare well, or fare you well, sis
felix, or bene sit tibi: but in time use familiarized it to an adverb:
and it is used both by those that go, and those that are left. Johnson]
1. The parting compliment, adieu, God b＇y. 2. It is sometimes
used only as an expression of separation, without kindness. Farewel
the year which threaten＇d so. Waller.

FAREWEL, subst. 1. The act of going away, leave. Before I take
my farewel of this subject. Addison. 2. It is sometimes used ad­
jectively for leave taking. Taken their leave of the public in fare­
wel papers. Spectator.

FA＇RFARA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb colts-foot.

FARFA＇RIA, Lat. the herb betony.

FA＇RFARUS, or FA＇RFARUM, Lat. [with botanists] 1. The white
poplar-tree. 2. The herb colts-foot.

FA＇R-FETCH, subst. [of far and fetch] a deep stratagem. A ludi­
crous word. In all their politic far-fetches. Hudibras.

FA＇R-FETCHED [of far and fetch] 1. Brought from places distant.
Farfetch＇d gold. Dryden. 2. Elaborately strained, not easily or na­
turally introduced. An unaccountable farfetch＇d analogy. Watts.

FARI＇NA, Lat. the flower or powder of some grain or pulse, sifted
from the bran.

FARINA fæcundans Lat. [with botanists] a fine dust prepared in the
male flower of plants, which being afterwards shed on the female,
does the office of sperm or semen, by impregnating it.

FARINA＇CEOUS [farinaceus, Lat.] 1. Made of corn or meal. 2.
Mealy, tasting like meal or flower of corn. The farinaceous or mealy
seeds. Arbuthnot.

FA＇RING, part. act. [of to fare, of faran, Sax. to travel] as way­
faring, travelling.

FA＇RING, part. [of vaeren, Du. to be well] living, enjoying, eat­
ing, &c.

FA＇RLEU, or FA＇RLEY, a duty of six-pence paid to the lord of the
manor of West Slapton, in Devonshire, in the western parts; far­
leu being distinguished as the best good thing, from heriot, the best
beast.

FARM [ferme, Fr. feorm, sood, of feormian, Sax. to afford a
livelihood] 1. Part of an estate in land employed in husbandry, and
let to a tenant, upon condition of paying rent to the owner. Re­
ducing lands and farms to their ancient rents. Hayward. 2. The
state of lands let out to the culture of tenants. To set out your land in
farm. Spenser.

To FARM [feormian, Sax. to afford a livelihood, prende à ferme,
Fr.] 1. To cultivate land. 2. To hire or take a farm at a certain
rate. Scant twenty shillings for thirty which the earl of Cornwall
farmed of the king. Camden. 3. To let out to tenants at a certain
rate. We are enforced to farm our royal realm. Shakespeare.

FA＇RMABLE [of farm] that may be let out to farm.

FA＇RMER [fermier, Fr.] 1. One who occupies and cultivates a
farm or hired ground. A farmer＇s dog. Shakespeare. 2. One who
occupies and cultivates ground, whether his own or another＇s. 3. A
game at cards.

FA＇RMOST, adj. [superlative of far] most distant. Its farmost part.
Dryden.

FA＇RNESS [feornesse, Sax.] distance, not nearness. Their far­
ness from timely succour. Carew.

FA＇RNHAM, a market town of Surry, the capital of the hundred of
its own name. It stands on the river Wey, 40 miles from London,
and supposed to have had its name from the fern, which formerly
abounded here. Here is one of the largest wheat markets in England;
and very large plantations of hops.

FA＇RO, a sea-port town of Portugal, in the province of Algarva.
Lat. 36° 50′ N. Long. 9° W.

FA＇RON, a sort of game.

FA＇R-PIERCING, adj. [of far and pierce] penetrating a great way.
Far-piercing eye. Pope.

FARRA＇CEOUS [farraceus, Lat.] made of wheat.

FARRA＇GINOUS, adj. of or pertaining to a farrago mixture, formed
of different ingredients. Farraginous concurrence of all conditions.
Brown.

FARRA＇GO, Lat. a mixture of several sorts of grain sown in the
same plat of ground, or afterwards mingled together; bollimong,
maslin, mescelin.

FA＇RRIER [ferrare, It. ferrier, Fr. ferrader, Port. ferrarius, of fer­
rum, Lat. iron] 1. One whose trade is to shoe horses. 2. One who
professes to cure those that are diseased or lame. A piece of a farrier.
Swift.

To FA＇RRIER, verb neut. [from the subst.] to practise physic or
surgery on horses. The art of farriering. Mortimer.

FA＇RRIERS Company, were incorporated, they say, very early, and
are a master, three wardens, twenty-four assistants, and thirty-nine on
the livery. Their armorial ensigns are three horse-shoes. They have
no hall, but meet at the George in Ironmonger-lane.

F＇ARROE BUCK, a roe-buck in the fifth year.

FA＇RROW, subst. [fearh, Sax.] a little pig. Litter＇d her nine far­
row. Shakespeare.

To FA＇RROW [of farr, Sax. verres, Lat. a boar-pig] to bring
forth pigs, applied to a sow. Tusser.

FA＇RSANG [parasanga, Lat.] a Persian league, or the space of three
miles.

To FART [prob. of ferten, Sax. or verten, Du. fartzen or furtzen,
Ger. fiaerta, Su.] to break wind backwards.

FART [fert, Sax. fartz or furtz, Ger. fiaert, Su.] wind from be­
hind.

To FA＇RTHEL [of fardeler, Fr.] to furl; thence

FA＇RTHELING Lines [in a ship] are small lines made fast to all the
top-sails, top-gallant-sails, and the missen yard arm.

FA＇RTHER, adv. [furor, Sax. veerder, Du. O. and L. Ger. ferner,
H. Ger. This word is now generally considered as the comparative
degree of far, but by no analogy can far make farther, or farthest:
it is therefore probable that the ancient orthography was nearer the
true, and that we ought to write further and furthest, from forth, for­
ther, forthest, fordor, furder, Sax. the o and u by resemblance of
sound being first confounded in speech and afterwards in books.
Johnson.] a great way off, at greater distance, to a greater distance,
beyond, moreover.

FARTHER, adj. [supposed from far, more probably from forth]
1. More distant. A farther truth. Dryden. 2. Longer, extending to
greater distance. Before our farther way the fates allow. Dryden.

FA＇RTHERANCE [more properly furtherance, from further] encou­
ragement, promotion.

FA＇RTHERMORE, adv. [more properly furthermore] besides, more­
over, over and above.

To FA＇RTHER, verb act. [more proper to further] to promote, to
facilitate. Dryden uses it.

FA＇RTHEST, adv. [more properly furthest. See FARTHER] 1. At
the greatest distance. 2. To the greatest distance.

FA＇RTHEST, adj. [furwest, Sax. verst, Du.] 1. Most remote,
being at the greatest distance. The greatest part are they which be
farthest from perfection. Hooker.

FA＇RTHING [farden, Fr. fardino, It. feorthling, or feorthing,
from feower, Sax. four. q. d. a fourthling, fierding, Su.] 1. The
fourth part of a Saxon penny, a copper coin, the least piece of En­
glish money. 2. Copper money in general.
Our church-wardens
Feed on the silver and give us the farthings. Gay.
3. Sometimes it is used in an hyperbolical or proverbial sense; as,
it is not worth a farthing.

FARTHING of Gold [q. fourthling] a coin in ancient times, the
fourth part of a noble, i. e. twenty pence.

FARTHING of Land, a certain considerable quantity of land, diffe­
rent from a farundel.

FA＇RTHINGALE, subst. See FARDINGDALE. [This word has much
exercised the etymology of Skinner, who at last seems to determine
that it is derived from vertu garde. If he had considered what vert
signifies in Dutch, he might have found out the true sense. Johnson]
a hoop, in which rounds of whalebone are used, to spread the petti­
coat wide. A huge farthingale to swell her sustian stuff. Swift.

FA＇RTHINGWORTH, subst. [of farthing and worth] as much as is
sold for a farthing. Arbuthnot uses it.

FASC [with physicians] See FASCICULOUS.

FASCE＇, Fr. [fascia, Lat.] 1. A fesse. 2. The same that we call
barry.

FA＇SCES, Lat. bundles of rods carried before the Roman magistrates
as a badge of their authority.
Shook aloft the fasces of the main. Dryden.
These fasces were bundles of rods bound round on the helve of an
hatchet, the head of the hatchet appearing at top of them; these in­
timated that some offenders were to be chastised with milder punish­
ments, i. e. with rods; and that others, when there was no remedy,
were to be cut off with an hatchet. These were carried before the
consuls and other supreme magistrates. Abbe Vertot says, “that
ROMULUS had twelve lictors to accompany him, when he appeared
in public, and every lictor was armed with a hatchet, environed with
bundles of rods, to signify the right of the sword, a symbol of SOVE­
REIGNTY.” Revolut. Rom. vol. 1. p. 5.

FA＇SCIA, Ital. 1. A swathe or swaddling band. 2. A swathe or
long bandage used by surgeons.

FASCIA, Lat. [in architecture] 1. One of the bands that make up the
architrave, being three in number. 2. A range of stones to divide the
stories in a building.

FASCIA Lata, or FASCIA＇LIS latus [with anatomists] a muscle
which moves the leg, the same as musculus membranosus.

FA＇SCÆ [in astronomy] certain rows of spots in the planet Jupiter,
which appear like swathes or fillets round about his body.

FASCIA＇LIS, Lat. [of fascia, Lat. in anatomy] a muscle of the leg,
the same that is called sartorius.

FA＇SCIATED [fasciatus, Lat.] bound round with swaddling bands,
tied with a bandage.

FASCIA＇TION [fascia, Lat. with surgeons] the act of binding
swathes about a limb in order to its cure, bandage. Wiseman
uses it.

FASCI＇CULAR [fascicularis, Lat.] of or belonging to a bundle.

FASCI＇CULUS, Lat. [in medicine] as many herbs, &c. as may
be held in the arm when bent and rested on the top of the
haunch.

To FA＇SCINATE, verb act. [fasciner, Fr. fascinatum, sup. of fascino,
Lat.] to bewitch, to influence in some wicked and secret manner by
incantation. None of the affections have been noted to fascinate or
bewitch, but love and envy. Bacon.

FASCINA＇TION, Fr. [facinazione, It. of fascinatio, Lat.] 1. The
power or act of bewitching, charming, or enchanting. 2. Witch­
craft, charms or spells, which alter the appearance of things, and re­
present them quite different from what they are, unseen, unexplicable
influence. A kind of fascination and enchantment. Bacon.

FASCI＇NE, Fr. and It. [fagine, Sp. of fascis, Lat.] a faggot or
bavin.

FASCI＇NES [in fortification] are branches of trees or small wood,
bound about at the ends and middle, which are laid together with
earth in ditches to fill them up; also to make parapets, trenches, &c.







also being the first dipt into pitch or tar, are used to set on fire and
burn the enemies lodgments or other works.

FA＇SCINOUS, adj. [fascinum, Lat.] acting or caused by enchant­
ment. Harvey uses it.

FA＇SHION [façon, Fr. fayciòn, Sp.] 1. Mode, custom operating
upon dress, and other domestic ornaments. The cheerful fashion.
Shakespeare. 2. General practice, custom. It was the fashion to do
such things. Arbuthnot. 3. Form, make, state of any thing as to its
outward appearance. Grieved at our solemnities in erecting churches,
at their form and fashion. Hooker. 4. The make or cut of clothes.
The fashion of your garments. Shakespeare. 5. Manner, way. In
such unseasonable and unseasoned fashion. Hayward. 6. Manner imi­
tated from another way, established by precedents or examples.
Sorrow so royally in you appears,
That I will deeply put the fashion on. Shakespeare.
7. General approbation, mode. Diversions in fashion. Locke. 8.
Rank above the vulgar. It is used in a sense below that of quality,
but mostly confounded now therewith. Men of fashion and gentlemen.
Raleigh. 9. Any thing worn. I scorn thee and thy fashion, peevish
boy. Shakespeare. 10. The farcy, the leprosy in horses. A barbarous
word. Infected with the fashions. Shakespeare.
Better out of the world, than out of the FASHION.
An idle, ridiculous saying, to excuse a too ready compliance with the
endless changes of the mode. Every one should, as far as his circum­
stances will reasonably allow, avoid being ridicul＇d for singularity. But
for people in inferior stations of life to aim at the tip-top of the fashion,
with those of superior quality, either in their clothes, furniture or way
of living, exposes them not only to ridicule and contempt, but of­
ten proves the ruin of their fortune, for more reasons than the bare ex­
pence.

FASHION Pieces [with shipwrights] two pieces of timber which
make up the breadth of the stern, and are the outmost timbers on each
side of it, excepting aloft where the counters are.

To FA＇SHION, verb act. [faszonner, Fr.] 1. To form or shape, to
mould, to figure. Did not one fashion us? Job. 2. To fit, to ac­
commodate. Laws ought to be fashioned to the manners and condi­
tions of the people. Hooker. 3. To cast into outward appearance, to
frame. To fashion a carriage to rob love from any. Shakespeare. 4.
To form according to the rule prescribed by the mode or custom.
Fashioned plate sells for more than its weight. Locke.

FA＇SHIONABLE [of fashion] 1. Made rich. Fashionable robes.
Dryden. 2. Established or approved by custom, modish. Make
philosophy fashionable. Glanvilie. 3. Observant of the mode. Like
a fashionable host. Shakespeare. 4. Having rank above the vulgar,
but below nobility.

FA＇SHIONABLENESS [of fashionable] modishness, such appearance as
is according to the present mode or custom. Outside fashionableness of
the taylor. Locke.

FA＇SHIONABLY, adv. [of fashionable] in a fashionable manner, con­
formably to custom. He must so fashionably and genteelly have been
duelled into another world. South.

FA＇SHIONED, part. pass. of to fashion [façonné, Fr.] formed, framed,
figured.

FA＇SHIONER, FA＇SHIONIST, or FA＇SHION-Monger. 1. One that
makes or invents new modes. 2. One that forms, frames, or gives
the figure or shape. 3. One who affects following the fashions, a
fop, a coxcomb.

FA＇SHIONS [in horses] a disease, the same as farcin.

To FAST, verb neut. [fæstan, Sax. vasten, Du. fasten, Ger. faste,
Dan. fasta, Su. fasten, Goth.] 1. To abstain from food. 2. To mor­
tify the body by religious abstinence. When thou fastest anoint thy
head. St. Matthew.

FAST, adj. [fæst, of fæsthian, Sax. vast, Du. vest or fest, Ger.
fast, Dan. and Su.] 1. Firm, immovable. 2. Secure, strong im­
pregnable. Lurking in woods and fast places. Spenser. 3. Fixed.
Fast in the deep mud. Knolles. 4. Deep, sound. In a most fast sleep.
Shakespeare. 5. Firm in allegiance or adherence to any person or cause.
Neither fast to friend nor fearful to foe. Ascham. 6. (From ffest, Wel.
quick) speedy, quick. 7. Swift. This work goeth fast on. Ezra.
8. Fast and loose; uncertain, unconstant, deceitful. Play at fast and
loose each with other. Sidney.

FAST, subst. [fasten, Sax. vasten, Du. fasten, Ger. fast, Dan. and
Su. which Casaubon derives of απαστεα, Gr.] 1. A forbearance or ab­
stinence from food. 2. Religious mortification by abstinence, pious
humiliation. The outward solemnities of a fast. Atterbury.

FAST, adv. 1. Firmly, immovably. Fast to the chair. Shake­
speare. 2. Close by, nearly. The castle fast by. Knolles. 3. Swiftly,
quickly. One going fast out of the world. Pope. 4. Frequently.
Gave evidence of his fidelity as fast as occasions were offered. Ham­
mond.
FAST bind, FAST find.
This proverb teaches that people being generally loose and perfidious,
it is a great point of prudence to be upon our guard against treachery
and impositions, in all our dealings and transactions, either in buying,
selling, borrowing or lending, in order to preserve a good understanding
and a lasting friendship among mutual correspondents.

FAST [with sailors] a rope to fasten a ship or boat.

FAST Country [with tin-miners] a shelf.

To FA＇STEN, verb act. [fastrian, Sax. fastna, Su.] 1. To make
fast, to make firm, to fix immoveably. 2. To hold together, to ce­
ment, to link. Their ships are fastened with wood. Brown. 3. To affix,
to conjoin. Different ideas fasten＇d to them. Swift. 4. To stamp, to
impress. To fasten in our hearts that they have courage. Shakespeare.
5. To settle, to confirm. Not so well fasten their disguise. Decay of
Piety. 6. To lay on with strength. Could he fasten a blow. Dry­
den.

To FASTEN Upon, verb neut. [prob. of anfassen, Teut.] to seize and
lay hold upon, to fix one＇s self. A horseleech will hardly fasten upon
a fish. Brown.

FA＇STENER [of fasten] one that fastens or makes fast and firm.

FASTEN＇s Een or Even, Shrove-tuesday, so called as being the eve
of Ash-wednesday, the first day of the fast of Lent.

FA＇STENING, subst. [festnung, Sax.] that which makes any
thing last; also the making a thing fast.

FA＇STER [of fast] one who fasts or abstains from food.

FA＇STERMANS, or FA＇STING Men, men of repute and substance, or
rather bonds-men, pledges, sureties who in the time of the Saxons
were to answer for one another＇s peaceable behaviour.

FA＇STHANDED, adj. [of fast and hand] close-handed, covetous.
The king being fasthanded, and loth to part with a second dowry. Ba­
con.

F＇ASTI, Lat. the Roman Calendar, in which were set down all
days of feasts, pleadings, ceremonies, and other public business
throughout the year.

FASTI Dies, Lat. the days on which the lawyers might plead in,
like our term-time.

FASTI＇DIOUS [fastidiosus, Lat. fastidieux, Fr. fastidioso, It.] dis­
dainful, proud, haughty, scornful, delicate to a vice, insolently nice.
A squeamish fastidious niceness in meats. L＇Estrange.

FASTI＇DIOUSLY, adv. [of fastidious] squeamishly, disdainfully,
scornfully.

FASTI＇DIOUSNESS [of fastidious] disdainfulness, squeamishness.

FASTI＇DIUM Cibi, Lat. [with physicians] a loathing of meat.

FASTI＇GIA, Lat. the tops of any thing.

FASTI＇GIATED [fastigiatus, Lat.] made sharp towards the top,
roofed, narrowed to the top.

FASTI＇GIUM, Lat. the top or height of any thing.

FASTIGIUM [in architecture] the ridge of a house, the highest
pitch of a building; also a kind of ornamental member.

FA＇STINGDAY, subst. [of fast and day] a day of mortification by re­
ligious abstinence.

FA＇STNESS [festinysse, of fastnian, Sax.] 1. Firmness, firm
adherence. Fastness to the former government. Bacon. 2. A strong
hold or castle, fortification, intrenchment. He intrenches himself in a
new fastness. Watts. 3. Swiftness, nimbleness. 4. Strength, security.
Places of fastness laid open. Davies. 5. Closeness, conciseness. Bring
his stile from all loose grossness to such firm fastness in Latin as in De­
mosthenes. Ascham.

FA＇STUOUS, adj. [fastuosus, Lat. fastueux, Fr.] disdainful, proud,
haughty.

FASTUO＇SITY, or FA＇STUOUSNESS [fastuositas, Lat.] disdainfulness,
loftiness, &c. pride.

FAT, adj. [fat, Sax. vet, Du. fatt, Ger. fod, Dan. feet, Su. Ca­
saubon＇s derivation of it from ϕατνη, Gr. a manger, seems strain＇d] 1.
Gross, coarse, dull. Fat minds. Dryden. 2. [fat, Fr.] Full or
abounding with fat, plump, full fed, not lean. To be fat and smooth.
L＇Estrange. 3. Wealthy, rich. A fat benefice. Ayliffe.
Every one bastes the FAT hog, while the lean one burneth.
To him who hath shall be given, and he is sure to have the most
gifts who the least wants them. The Lat. say; Pauper eris semper, si
pauper es; quintiliane dantur opes nullis, nunc; nisi divitibus.

FAT, subst. [with anatomists] a greasy substance which is bred of the
oily and sulphureous part of the aliment and blood, which is deposited in
the cells of the membrana adiposa immediately under the skin. There
are two sorts of fat, one yellow, soft and lax, which is easily melted;
called pinguedo; another, firm, white, brittle, and which is not so ea­
sily melted, called sebum, suet or tallow. Some reckon the marrow of
the bones a third sort of fat. Quincy.

FAT [a sea term] broad; as they say, a ship has a fat quarter,
when the tuck of her quarter is deep.

FAT, or VAT [fat, Sax. vat, Du. vass, fass, Ger. of vas, Lat.
This is generally written vat, which is more analogous to the deriva­
tion] a large wooden vessel in which any thing is put to ferment or to
be soaked. It is of various dimensions according to pleasure.

FAT, or VAT [of merchandise] an uncertain quantity, as of yarn,
from 210 to 211 bundles; of wire, from 20 to 25 pound weight,
&c.

To FAT, verb act. [from the subst.] to fatten, to make plump with
abundant food. They fat such enemies as they take. Abbot.

To FAT, verb neut. to grow plump and full-fleshed. An old ox
fats. Mortimer.

FA＇TAL, adj. F. and Sp. [fatale, It. fatalis, Lat.] 1. Of or pertain­
ing to fate, proceeding by destiny, inevitable. These things are fatal
and necessary. Tillotson. 2. Destructive, deadly. When it seizeth
the heart fatal. Arbuthnot. 3. Appointed by destiny. It was fatal
to the king to fight for his money. Bacon.

FA＇TALIST [of fate] one who maintains that all things happen by
inevitable necessity. Watts.

FATA＇LITY [fatalité, Fr. fatalita, It. of fatalis, Lat.] 1. Pre­
determined order of things, preordination of inevitable causes acting
invincibly in succession; the necessity of an event, the cause of which
is unknown, and which the ancients usually attributed to destiny. The
Stoics held a fatality, and a fixt unalterable course of events. South. 2.
Decree of fate. The fatality of dying by a lion. L＇Estrange. 3. Ten­
dency to danger, or to some hazardous event. The year sixty-three
is conceived to carry with it the most considerable fatality. Brown.

FA＇TALLY, adv. [of fatal] 1. Destructively, even to death.
When fatally your virtue they approve,
Cheerful in flames, and martyrs of their love. Dryden.
2. By the decree of fate, inevitably. Bentley.

FA＇TALNESS [of fatal] unavoidableness, disasterousness, invincible
necessity.

FA＇TE [fato, It. fatum, of fandi, Lat. speaking] it primarily im­
plies the same with effatum, a word or decree pronounced by God, or
a fixt sentence, whereby the deity has prescribed the order of things,
and allotted every person, what shall befal him. The Greeks call it
ειμαριμενη, as tho＇ a chain or necessary series of things indissolubly linked
together, and the moderns call it providence.
This description which our lexicographer gives of FATE, reminds me
of a pretty curious fragment of PLATO＇s, preserv＇d by Alcinoüs “παντα
μεν, &c. All things (says Plato) are in fate [i. e. within its sphere or
scheme] But not all things fated.” And he explains the distinction as
follows, “For ＇tis not in fate (says he) that one man shall do so and
so, and another shall suffer so and so; for that were destructive of our
free agency and liberty: But if any soul should choose such a life, and
do such or such things, then is it in fate, that such and such conse­
quences shall ensue upon it. The soul therefore is [αδεσποτον] free,
and uncontrouled, and it lies within itself to act or not; and there is







no compulsion or necessitating here: But what follows upon the action,
καθ᾿ ειμαρμενην συντελεσθησεται, i. e. shall be accomplish＇d according to
fate, or the constitution of things. For example; that Paris should
bear off Helen by force, was something dependent on himself; but that
a war should ensue, is the [το ακολουθον] the CONSEQUENCE.” Ex Al­
cinoo de PLATON. Dogmat. Or, as the same philosopher is cited by
Hierocles, “The choice of action is in our own power; but the just
award, or retributions of good or ill, which ensue upon the choice,
lies in the breast of those ethereal judges who are appointed under
GOD. Such was Plato＇s fatality; and considering how the Stoics laid
the same stress with him on the το εϕ᾿ ημιν, or that which is within our
choice, option, and power, as free agents, I suspect their FATE and
his were much the same; viz. Not that, which necessitates our acting
so and so; but where (our choice and action being presupposed) it is
in the establish＇d order and constitution of things, that such and such
EVENTS, good or bad, shall ensue. Nor am I as yet certain, that
HOMER himself (tho＇ his system of divinity was far inferior in worth
to PLATO＇s) meant any thing more than this natural chain, nexus, and
suite of things. Tho＇ after all, it must be confess＇d, the words fate
and fatality are sometimes with us taken in a far greater latitude, and
imply an absolute necessity laid upon us, as well to chuse and act, as to
sustain the good or evil, which ensues upon our action; which I the
rather mention, not only as it gives a new sense of the word; but as it
also suggests a caution of the last importance in our enquiries after truth,
I mean, that we should take care, when conversing with ancient wri­
ters, not hastily to affix modern ideas to ancient terms (for the signifi­
cation of words alters with time) but examine in what sense they are
used by the writers themselves. A hint of equal use, whatever be the
subject of enquiry, and of no less consequence to the PHYSICIAN, than
it is to the DIVINE.

Astrological FATE, a necessity of things and events arising from the
influence and position of the heavenly bodies, which give laws (as they
say) both to the elements and mix＇d bodies, and to the wills of men.

Stoical FATE, is by Cicero defined to be an order or series of causes,
wherein cause being linked to cause, each produces other: and thus
all things flow from one prime cause. Chrysippus calls it a natural, in­
variable succession of all things ab æterno, each involving other.

FATE. 1. Destiny. What I will is fate. Milton. 2. Event pre­
determin＇d. Tellme what fates attend the duke of Suffolk. 3. Death,
destruction.
In the common fate
The adjoining abbey fell. Denham.
4. A cause of death.
With full force his deadly bow he bent,
And feather＇d fates among the mules and sumpters sent. Dryden.

FA＇TED, adj. [of fate] 1. Ordered, decreed or appointed by fate.
Was fated here to reign. Dryden. 2. Determin＇d in any manner by
fate. Fated from force of steel by Stygian charms. Dryden. 3. En­
du＇d with any quality by fate. Her awkward love indeed was oddly
fated. Prior. 4. Invested with the power of fatal determination. Pe­
culiar to Shakespeare.
Thy fated sky
Gives us free scope. Shakespeare.

The FATES [fata, Lat.] the destinies according to the poets, the
three fatal sisters, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos; which see.

FA＇THER [fader or fæder, of foan, Sax. to feed. fader, Dan.
fader, Dan. and Su. vader, Du. faeder, O. and L. Gerr natter, H.
Ger. pere, Fr. padre, It. and Sp. pay, Port. pater, Lat. and Scyth.
πατηρ, Gr. aacher, Erse. This word is found likewise in the Persian
language] 1. He who has begotten a child, either son or daughter.
2. The first ancestor. Abraham is the father of us all. Romans. 3.
The appellation of an old man. A poor blind man was accounted
cunning in prognosticating weather: Epsom, a lawyer, said in scorn,
tell me father, when doth the sun change? The old man answer＇d,
when such a wicked lawyer as you goeth to heaven. Camden. 4. The
title of any man reverend for age, piety, or learning. Reverend fa­
thers and well learned bishops. Shakespeare. 5. One who has given
original to any thing good or bad. Jubal was the father of all such as
handle the harp or organ. Genesis. 6. The ecclesiastical writers of the
first century. Men may talk of the fathers. Stillingfleet. 7. One
who acts with paternal care and tenderness. I was father to the poor.
Job. 8. The title of a confessor, particularly of a Jesuit among the
Romanists. A father of a convent. Addison. 9. The title of a sena­
tor of old Rome. From thence the race of Alban fathers come. Dry-
10. The compellation of God as creator, begetter of all things; and
in particular, as having communicated of his own power and God­
head to his first and [in a sense] his only begotten Son. See CIRCUM­
INCESSION and FIRST-BORN compar＇d.
Like FATHER like son.
This proverb does not only intimate the force of nature, but also of
example; as much the strength of imagination and practice in the lat­
ter, as the violent bent of inclination in the former. ＇Tis true, that
children, tho＇ not always, are generally like the father or mother, in
their minds as well as their bodies; the faculties of the former com­
monly run in a blood; and as for the features and complexion of the
latter, they often look as if they were cast in the same mould: But I
presume the point of the proverb is chiefly directed at their examples,
and that such as are the parents, as to vice or virtue, such are too
commonly the children; that the ill examples of a vicious father al­
most universally tend to the debauching a son, when the good precepts
and examples of a virtuous father go a great way to the forming a vir­
tuous one. Mali corvi, malum ovum, say the Latins. The It. say,
Qual padre, tal siglio.

Adoptive FATHER, is one who takes the children of some other per­
son, and owns them for his own.

Natural FATHER, is one who has illegitimate children.

Putative FATHER, is he who is only the reputed or supposed father.

To FA＇THER, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To take or adopt as a
son or daughter. Rather father thee than master thee. Shakespeare.
2. To supply with a father. He childed as I father＇d. Shakespeare.
3. To adopt a composition.
Men of wit
Often father＇d what he writ. Swift.
4. To father a thing upon a person; is to impute it to him, to ascribe it
to him as his offspring or production. One was pleased to father on
me a new set of productions. Swift.

FA＇THERHOOD [of father] the character or authority of a father.
Their fatherhoods of Trent. Hall.

FA＇THER-IN-LAW [of father] the father of one＇s husband or wife.

FA＇THER-LASHER, a kind of fish.

FA＇THERLESS [of fætherleas, Sax.] being without a father, de­
stitute of a father.

FA＇THERLESNESS [of fatherless] the state or condition of having no
father.

FA＇THERLINESS [fætherlicnesse, Sax.] the disposition of a fa­
ther, fatherly affection.

FA＇THERLY, adj. [from father] paternal, like a father, tender,
careful. The piety and fatherly affection of our monarch. Dryden.

FATHERLY, adv. in the manner of a father. Adam fatherly dis­
pleas＇d. Milton.

FA＇THERS [by way of emphasis] the bishops of the primitive
church; also archbishops and bishops of the present church. See FA­
THER.

FA＇THIMITES [among the Turks] the descendants of Mahomet by
his wife Fathima.

FA＇THOM, or FA＇DOM [fæthm, Sax. fadem, Du. faen, or fadem,
O. and L. Ger.] 1. A measure of six feet; the Hebrew fathom con­
tained seven feet three inches, and a little more. 2. It is the usual
measure applied to the depth of the sea, and is called the fathom-line.
Shakespeare uses it. 3. Reach, depth of contrivance.
Another of his fathom they have none
To lead their business. Shakespeare.

FATHOM of Wood, the sixth part of that quantity commonly called a
coal firc.

To FA＇THOM, verb act. [fæthmian, Sax.] 1. To found the depth
of water. To try the heights, and fathom the depths of his flights.
Felton. 2. To dive into or discover a person＇s designs. 3. To en­
compass with the arms extended or encircling. 4. To reach, to
master. To fathom such high points as these. Dryden.

FA＇THOMLESS, adj. [of fathom] 1. That of which no bottom can
be found. 2. That whose circumference cannot be embraced.
Buckle in a waste most fathomless. Shakespeare.

FATI＇DIC, or FATI＇DICAL, adj. [fatidicus, Lat. fatidique, Fr.]
prophetic, foretelling future events. The oak of all other trees only
fatidical. Howel.

FATIDICS, or FATI＇DICKS [fatidici, of fatum dico, Lat.] destiny­
readers, fortune-tellers.

FATI＇FEROUS [fatifer, Lat.] bringing on fate, bringing destruc­
tion, deadly.

FA＇TIGABLE, adj. [fatigo, Lat.] that may be tired easily.

FATI＇GABLENESS [of fatigable] liableness, or capableness of being
wearied, fatigued, or tired.

To FA＇TIGATE, or To FATIGUE, verb act. [fatigo, Lat. fatiguer,
Fr. faticare, It. fatigàr, Sp.] to weary, to tire, to harrafs, to exhaust
or oppress with labour, only used in the participle passive. Requick­
en＇d what in flesh was fatigate. Shakespeare.

FATI＇GUE, Fr. [fatica, It. fatiga, Sp.] 1. Weariness. 2. The cause
of weariness, toil.

FATI＇LOQUIST [fatiloquus, Lat.] a destiny-reader, a sooth-sayer.

FAT-KI＇DNEYED [of fat and kidney] fat; in contempt and reproach.
Shakespeare uses it.

FA＇TLING, sub. [of fat] any young animal made fat for the
slaughter. The young lion and the fatling shall lie down together.
Isaiah.

FA＇TNER [of fat] that which produces fatness. Fatner of the
earth. Arbuthnot.

FA＇TNESS [fatnesse, Sax.] 1. The quality of being fat and full
fed. 2. Fat, fulness of flesh.
With fatness swoln were his eyes. Spenser.
3. Greasy matter. A nitrous fatness. Bacon. 4. Unctiousness, sli­
miness. The fatness and heaviness of the ground. Arbuthnot. 5.
Fertility, fruitfulness. God give thee of the dew of heaven and the
fatness of the earth. Genesis. 6. That which causes fertility. The
fatness of showers. Bentley.

To FA＇TTEN, verb act. [fattian, Sax.] 1. To make plump or
fat. 2. To make fertile. Town of stuff to fatten land. Lib. Lon­
doniensis. 3. To feed grossly, to encrease.
Conveys his wealth to Tyber＇s hungry shores,
And fattens Italy with foreign whores. Dryden.

To FA＇TTEN, verb neut. to be pampered, to grow fat.

FA＇TTY [fattig, Sax. uettigh, Du. fettig, Ger.] unctuous. The
like cloud, if oily or fatty, will not discharge. Bacon.

FA＇TUARI [so called of Fatua, the wife of the deity Faunus, who,
as the Romans imagined, inspired men with the knowledge of futu­
rity] such persons who seeming to be inspired foretold future
things.

FA＇TUOUS, adj. [fatuus, Lat.] 1. Stupid, foolish. Fatuous ex­
travagants. Glanville. 2. Impotent, illusory. Alluding to an ignis
fatuus. Thence fatuous fires and metcors. Denham.

FATU＇ITY [fatuité, Fr. from fatuus, Lat.] foolishness, weakness
of mind, some degree of frenzy. Extreme fatuity of mind. K.
Charles. A sort of fatuity or madness. Arbuthnot.

FAT-WITTED [of fat and wit] heavy, dull, stupid. Shakespeare
uses it.

FAU＇CET [fausset, Fr. fauces, Lat.] a part of a tap put in a cask to
give vent to the liquor, and stopped up by a peg or spigot. It is
sometimes improperly written fosset.

FAU＇CEUS [with anatomists] the upper part of the gullet.

FAU＇CHION, or FAU＇LCHION [fauchon, Fr.] a sort of crooked
sword. See FALCHION.

FAU＇CON, a piece of ordnance, the diameter of which at the bore
is 5¼ inches, weight 750 lb, length 7 feet, load 2¼ pounds, shot 2½
inches diameter, 2½ pound weight.

FAU＇CONET, a sort of cannon, the diameter of which at the bore is
4½ inches, weight 400 lb, length 6 feet, load 1¼ pounds, shot some­
thing more than 2 inches diameter and 1¼ pound weight.

FAU＇FEL, subst. Fr. the fruit of a species of the palm-tree.

FAUGH Ground, ground that has laid a year or more unploughed.








FAVI＇LLOUS, adj. [favilla, Lat.] consisting of ashes. Brown
uses it.

FAVI＇SSA [with antiquaries] a hole, pit, or vault under-ground,
wherein some rarity of great value was kept.

FAUGHT. See To FETCH.

FAU＇LCON, or FAU＇LCONRY. See FALCON, or FALCONRY.

FAULT [faute, Fr. faltar, Sp. to be deficient, fehler, Ger. the l
is sometimes sounded and sometimes mute; in conversation it is com­
monly suppressed] 1. A slight crime, a trivial mistake, somewhat lia­
ble to consure or objection. He finds no fault with your opinion.
Stillingfleet. 2. Defect, absence. The fault is in thine own people.
Exodus. 3. Difficulty; as, the enquirer is at a fault.

To FAULT, verb neut. [from the subst.] to be wrong, to fail;
obsolete. To furnish our tongue in this kind wherein it faulteth.
Spenser.

To FAULT, verb act. to charge with a fault; obsolete.

FAU＇LTER [of fault] one who commits a fault.
Behold the faulter here in sight. Fairfax.

To FAU＇LTER [prob. of faltar, Sp. to fail, or falteren, Du.] 1.
To stammer or hesitate in one＇s speech. 2. To proceed but coolly in
a design. See To FALTER.

FAU＇LT-FINDER [of fault and find] one that censures, an ob­
jector.

FAU＇LTILY, adv. [of faulty] not rightly, defectively, blama­
bly.

FAU＇LTINESS [of faulty] 1. Badness, evil disposition. Practised in
knowing faultiness. Sidney. 2. Actual offence, delinquency. The
faultiness of their people heretofore, is by us laid open. Hooker.

FAU＇LTLESS [of fault] being without fault; not deserving blame,
complete, excellent.

FAU＇LTLESSNESS [of faultless] the quality of being free from
faults.

FAU＇LTY [faultif, Fr.] 1. That is bad, guilty of a fault, blame­
able, not innocent; as, one which is faulty. 2 Sam. 2. Wrong, er­
roneous. The form of polity by them set down, is three ways faulty.
Hooker. 3. Defective, or bad in any respect, unfit for the use intend­
ed. A faulty helmet. Bacon.

FAUNA＇LIA, Lat. [among the Romans] feasts held in December,
in honour of Faunus, during which the country-people leaving work,
diverted themselves with dancing and other merriments.

FAU＇NI, Lat. the sons of Faunus and Fauna; they had horns on
their heads and pointed ears and tails. They were crowned with
branches of pine-trees; they had hoofs, and their lower parts were
like goats.

FAVO＇NIUS, Lat. one of the winds, supposed the most advantage­
ous for the good of the earth.

FA＇VOUR [favor, Lat. favore, It. faveur, Fr. Sp. and Port.] 1.
Countenance, kindness, kind or propitious regard. Samuel was in
favour with the Lord, and also with men. 1 Sam. 2. Good office
or turn, kindness granted. All favours and punishments passed by
him. 3. Support, vindication. Very different from those in favour
of which they are here alledged. Rogers. 4. Lenity, mitigation of
punishment; opposed to rigour, especially in matters of justice. The
lenity and favour of this sentence. Swift. 5. Leave, good-will,
pardon. Because thou hast a favour unto them. Psalms. 6. Object
of favour, person or thing.
Man
His chief delight and favour. Milton.
7. Something given by a lady to be worn. Wearing a mistress＇s fa­
vour. Spectator. 8. Any thing worn openly as a token. Wear thou
this favour for me. Shakespeare. 9. Feature, countenance. A
youth of fine favour and shape. Bacon. 10. A knot of ribbons
given at a wedding.
Great mens FAVOURS are uncertain.
Lat. Favor aulæ incertus. And unhappy is the man who has any
dependance on them. Dryden, who knew this truth as well as any
man, says;
If I＇d curse the man I hate,
Let attendance and dependance be his fate.

To FA＇VOUR [faveo, Lat. favoriser, Fr. favorire, It. favorecer,
Sp. and Port.] 1. To shew favour, to support or countenance, to re­
gard with kindness. Men favour wonders. Bacon. 2. To assist
with advantages or conveniencies. To favour an enemy in his ap­
proaches. Addison. 3. To be like in countenance or resemble an­
other person in features. The gentleman favour＇d his master. Spec­
tator. 4. To conduce to.

FA＇VOURABLE [favorable, Fr. and Sp. favorevole, Sp. of favora­
bilis, Lat.] 1. Apt to favour, assist or promote, kind, obliging. Lend
a favourable ear. Shakespeare. 2. Palliative, averse from censure.
None can have the favourable thought. Dryden. 3. Conducive to.
Favourable to generation. Temple. 4. Accommodate, convenient, suit­
able. A place very favourable for the making levies. 5. Beautiful,
well favoured, well featured; obsolete. None more favourable nor
more fair. Spenser.

FA＇VOURABLENESS [of favourable] kindness, benignity.

FA＇VOURABLY, adv. [of favourable] kindly, obligingly, with ten­
terness, propitiously.

FA＇VOURED, part. pass. [of to favour] 1. Regarded with kindness.
Some favour＇d traveller. Pope. 3. [From favour, the 9th sense of
the substantive] featured, always conjoined with well or ill.

FA＇VOUREDLY, adv. [of favoured] in a fair or foul manner; al­
ways joined with well or ill.

FA＇VOURER [of favour] one who favours or regards with kindness,
a well-wisher. The favourers of magic. Addison.

FAVOURER [fauteur, Fr. fautor, Lat.] one who countenances or
encourages, &c.

FA＇VOURITE [favori, favorite, Fr. favoreto, It. ille, or illa qui
favetur, Lat.] 1. A darling, a minion, one who enjoys the good will
or kindness of another; a person or thing regarded with peculiar ap­
probation or affection. Favourite passages in an author. Addison. 2.
One chosen as a companion to a superior, a mean wretch, whose
whole business is by any means to please. A great favourite to a
great king. Clarendon.

FA＇VOURLESS, adj. [of favour] 1. Not favoured, not regarded
with kindness, unsupported, uncountenanced. 2. Not favouring,
unpropitious. Fortune favourless. Spenser.

FAU＇SEN, subst. a sort of large eel.
Fausens and other fish
Did shole. Chapman.

FAU＇SSEBRAY, Fr. [in fortification] a small rampart about three or
four fathoms wide, bordered with a parapet aud banquette, the use of
which is to defend the foss.

FAU＇STIALIS, the goddess of good luck, or public felicity, she had
many altars erected to her; was represented on a throne with Mer­
cury＇s wand in one hand, and a horn of plenty in the other; and wor­
shipped for the increase of cattle.

FAU＇TOR, Lat. a favourer, an abetter. I am neither author nor
fautor of any sect. B. Johnson.

FAU＇TRESS [fautrix, Lat. fautrice, Fr.] a woman that favours or
shews countenance. Minerva＇s aid his fautress still. Chapman.

FAUX BURGH, Fr. the suburbs of a city, the buildings without the
walls.

To FAWN, verb act. [faonner, Fr.] to bring forth young, spoken
of a doe or hind.

To FAWN, verb neut. [of uncertain original, perhaps a contraction
of the Fr. fanfan, a term of fondness for children. Johnson] 1. To
court by frisking before one, as a dog does. The dog fawned upon
his master. Spenser. 2. To court by any means. Used by animals.
Is it not strange that a rational man should worship an ox? that he
should fawn upon his dog? South. 3. [Of fandian, Sax.] to coaks,
flatter or sooth, to court servilely. The craving fawning crowd.
Pope.

FAWN [faon, Fr. from fan, in old Fr. a child, prob. from infans,
Lat.] a young deer, buck or doe of the first year.

FA＇WNER [of fawn] one that fawns or courts servilely. The appel­
lation of fawners. Spectator.

FAW＇NING, subst. [of fawn] flattering, soothing behaviour.

FA＇WNINGLY, adv. [of fawn] in a servile, cringing manner.

FA＇XED, adj. [fæx, Sax. hair] hairy; obsolete. They could call
a comet a faxed star, which is all one with stella crinita or cometa.
Camden.

FAY, subst. [fée, Fr.] 1. A fairy, an elf. The yellow-skirted fays.
Milton. 2. [From foi, Fr.] faith; wholly obsolete. Their doctrine
and their fay. Spenser.

FAY＇TOURS [old statutes] idle fellows, vagabonds. See FAI­
TOURS.

FAY＇LING of Records [law term] is when an action is brought
against one who pleads any matter of record, and avers to prove it by
record, and fails to bring it into court, or brings such an one as is
no bar to the action.

FAYNT Pleader [law term] is a false, couvinous, or collusory man­
ner of pleading, to the deceit of a third person.

FE, Sp. as auto de fé [i. e. the act of faith] the trial or sentence
of the inquisition in Spain, or their execution of burning of here­
tics.

F F [in music books] stands for forte forte, and denotes very
loud.

FE＇ABERRY, or FEABS, goose-berries.

To FEAGUE, or To FEAGE, verb act. [Gower uses to feige, free to
censure; of fegen, Ger. to sweep, fyken, Du. to strike; in Scottish,
feake, to be idly or officiously busy] to beat, to whip, to chastise;
whence probably comes our word fagging.

FEAL, i. e. trusty, the tenants by knights service used anciently to
be feal and leal, i. e. faithful and loyal to their lord.

To FEAL, to hide, N. C.

FE＇ALTY [feaulté, old Fr. fidelitas, Lat. fidelité, Fr.] fidelity to a
master, loyalty or duty to a superior. Pledges of my fealty. Shake­
speare.

FEALTY [in law] an oath taken at the admitting of a tenant, to be
true to the lord of whom he holds the land.

General FEALTY, that which is to be performed by every subject to
his prince.

Special FEALTY, is what is performed by tenants to their landlord.
The forms are, a freeman doing fealty, holds his right hand upon a
book, and says thus. Hear you, my lord W. that J. R. shall be to you
both faithful and true, and owe my fealty to you, for the land I hold of
you, on the terms assigned. So help me God and all his saints.
A Villain doing fealty, puts his right hand over the book, and says
thus. Hear you, my lord W. that J. R. from this day forth to you shall
be true and faithful, and shall owe to you fealty for the land I hold of you
in villenage, and shall be justified by you in body and goods. So help me
God and all his saints.

FEAR [ferht, Sax. vreese, vaer, Du. forcht, O. and L. Ger.] 1.
Painful apprehension of evil, dread, or fright. Fear is an uneasiness
of the mind upon the thought of future evil likely to befal us. Locke.
2. Awe, dejection of mind at the presence of any person or thing.
The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast. Ge­
nesis. 3. Anxiety, solicitude. The greatest and principal fear was
for the holy temple. 2 Maccabees. 4. The cause of fear.
Near him, thy angel
Becomes a fear, as being o＇erpower＇d. Shakespeare.
5. The object of fear. Except the God of Abraham, and the fear of
Isaac had been with me. Genesis. 6. Something hung up to scare
deer by its colour or noise. He who fleeth from the noise of the fear
shall fall into the pit. Isaiah. 7. [Of foera, Sax.] a companion;
obsolete.
Fair Clarissa to a lovely fear
Was linked, and had many pledges dear. Spenser.

FEAR, is represented in painting and sculpture, by a woman with
a little, pale face, in a running posture, with her hands stretched out,
and her hair standing an end. On her shoulder a frightful monster
whispering in her ear.








To FEAR, verb act. [feran, Sax, vreesen, Du. forchten, O. and L.
Ger. furchten, H. Ger. fuerde, Dan.] 1. To terrify or put into fear.
The inhabitants being feared with the Spaniards landing and burning,
fled. Carew. 2. To be afraid of, to be apprehensive of, to dread.
It shall be feared above all the kingdoms before it. 2 Esdras.

To FEAR, verb neut. 1. To live in horror, to be afraid. Well you
may fear too far. Shakespeare. 2. To be anxious or solicitous; with
for before the subject of anxiety.
If any fear
Less for his person than an ill report. Shakespeare.

FE＇ARFUL [ferhtful, Sax.] 1. Timorous, easily made afraid. He＇s
gentle and not fearful. Shakespeare. 2. Apprehensive of evil, afraid;
with of before the object of fear. Fearful of death. Dryden. 3.
Awful, to be reverenced. Fearful in praises. Exodus. 4. Terrible,
frightful, impressing fear. Neither fast to friend nor fearful to foe.
Ascham.

FE＇ARFULLY, adv. [ferhtfullic, Sax.] 1. After a terrible man­
ner, dreadfully.
There is a cliff whose high and bending head
Looks fearfully on the confined deep. Shakespeare.
2. Timorously, in fear.
Did Thisbe fearfully o＇ertrip the dew,
And saw the lion＇s shadow. Shakespeare.

FE＇ARFULNESS [ferhtfulnesse, Sax.] 1. Apprehensivencss of evil,
timorousness. 2. State of being afraid, dread. Professed fearfulness
to ask any thing. Hooker.

FEA＇RLESLY [ferhtleaslic, Sax.] without fear, undauntedly, cou­
rageously. Fearlesly expose themselves. Decay of Piety.

FE＇ARLESNESS [ferhtleasnesse, Sax.] unapprehensiveness of dan­
ger or death, intrepidity. invincible courage and fearlesness in danger.
Clarendon.

FE＇ARLESS [ferhtleas, Sax.] void of fear or apprehension of evil,
bold, daring. Fearless of death. Temple.

FEASIBI＇LITY [of feasible] the quality of a thing being practica­
ble. Brown uses it.

FE＇ASIBLE [faisible, Fr.] that may be done, easy to be done;
sometimes in a substantive form. Easy feasibles. Glanville.

FE＇ASIBLENESS [of feasible] easiness to be done or performed.

FE＇ASIBLY, adv. [of feasible] practically.

FEAST [feste, feslin, Fr. fiésta, Sp. festino, It. feest, Du. fest, Ger.
festum, Lat.] 1. A festival or anniversary day of rejoicing, either on a
civil or religious account; opposed to a fast. This day is called the
feast of Crispian. Shakespeare. 2. An entertainment of the table,
a sumptuous treat. On Pharoah＇s birth-day he made a feast. Genesis.
3. Something delicious to the palate. Dishes which are a feast to
others. Locke. 4. An entertainment of eating and drinking. It is
used by St. PAUL to express the LORD＇S SUPPER. See EUCHARIST,
and read there, “that became PASSIBLE, or capable of suffering.
Better at the latter end of a FEAST, than the beginning of a fray.
Fr. Il vaut mieux venir sur le fin d＇un festin, qu＇au commencement d＇un
combat. It. E meglio venire alla sine d＇un festino, ch＇ al principeo, d＇una
zuffa. And the reason is very plain; for it is better to take up with
a slender meal, than to be heartily beaten.

To FEAST, verb act. [festum adornare, Lat.] 1. To make a feast
for, to entertain sumptuously. He was entertained and feasted by the
king. Hayward. 2. To delight, please, or pamper. The feasted
sense. Dryden.

To FEAST, verb neut. To eat sumptuously together on a day of re­
joicing.
Great friends
Did feast together. Shakespeare.

FE＇ASTER [of feast] 1. One that fares sumptuously and deliciously.
Those feasters could speak of great and many excellencies in manna.
Taylor. 2. One that entertains others magnificently.

FE＇ASTFUL, adj. [of feast and full] 1. Festive, joyful. Feastful
days, feastful friends. Milton. 2. Riotous, luxurious.
His herds and flocks in feastful rites devour. Pope.

FE＇ASTRITE [of feast and rite] custom observed in entertain­
ments.
Board with plenty crown＇d,
Revives the feastrites old. Philips.

Immovable FEASTS, are those that are celebrated the same day of the
year, as Christmas-day, the Circumcision, Epiphany, Candlemass,
Lady-day, All Saints, the several days of the apostles, &c.

Moveable FEASTS, are those that are not confined to the same day
of the year, the principal of which is Easter, which gives law to the
rest, as Palm Sunday, Good Friday, Ash Wednesday, Sexagesima,
Ascension-day, Pentecost, and Trinity Sunday.

FEA＇STING, part. eating or drinking with, or entertained at a feast.

FEA＇T, subst. [fait, Fr. fatto, It. factum, Lat.] 1. An action, a
great and noble deed. Our soldiers perform such feats as they are not
able to express. Hayward. 2. A ludicrous performance, a trick or
slight. Feats of activity and motion. Bacon.

FEAT, adj. 1. Fine, spruce, neat, nice.
My garments sit upon me
Much feater than before. Shakespeare.
2. Ready, ingenious.
So tender over his occasions, true,
So feat, so nurselike. Shakespeare.
3. It is now only used in irony or contempt. That feat man at contro­
versy. Stillingfleet.

FE＇ATEOUS, adj. [of feat] neat, dexterous. Obsolete.

FE＇ATEOUSLY, adv. [of feateous] neatly, dexterously.
With fine fingers cropt full feateously
The tender stalks on high. Spenser.

FE＇ATHER [fæðer, Sax. veder, Du. feder, Ger. fiader, Su. which
however Casaubon chooses rather to derive of πτηρον, Gr.] 1. A plume
of a fowl or bird in general. 2. Species, nature, from the proverbial
expression, birds of a feather.
I am not of that feather to shake off
My friend. Shakespeare.
3. An ornament, an empty title; as, that title is only a feather in a
man＇s cap.
Birds of a FEATHER flock together.
Every fowler knows the truth of this proverb; but it has a further
meaning than the association of irrational creatures: It intimates that
society is a powerful attractive, but that likeness is the lure that draws
people of the same kidney together. A covey of partridges in the coun­
try, is but an emblem of a company of gossips in a neighbourhood, a
knot of sharpers at the gaming-table, a pack of rakes at the tavern, &c.
That one fool loves another, one sop admires another, one blockhead is
pleased at the assurance, conceit, and affectation of another, and there­
fore herd together. Lat. Pares cum paribus fascillime congregantur.
Gr. Ωσαει τον ομοιον αγει Θεος ως τον ομοιον. Homer.

FEA＇THER [with horsemen] is a certain sort of natural frizling of
the hair in horses, which in some places rises above the lying hair,
and there represents the figure of the tip of an ear of corn.

To FE＇ATHER, verb act. [of feather, Sax.] 1. To dress in fea­
thers. 2. To fit with feathers. 3. To tread as a cock. He fea­
ther＇d her. Dryden. 4. To enrich, to adorn, to exalt. To plume
his nobility and people to feather himself. Bacon. 5. To scrape riches
together, to furnish plentifully; as, to feather one＇s nest. Alluding to
birds which collect feathers, among other materials, for making up
their nests.

To cut a FEATHER [sea term] said of a ship when she makes the
water foam before her.

FEA＇THERBED [of feather and bed] a bed stuffed with feathers, a
soft bed.

FEATHER Bed Lane, any bad road, but particularly that between
Dunchurch and Daintry.

FEATHER Boiling [with consectioners] is the boiling of sugar so
often or so long, that blowing through the holes of a skimmer, or
shaking a spatula with a back stroke, thick and large bubbles fly up
on high, it is become feathered; and when after frequent trials those
bubbles are perceived to be thicker and in greater quantities, so that
they stick together, and form as it were a flying flake, then they say
the sugar is greatly feathered.

FEATHER Driver [of feather and drive] one who cleanses feathers
by whisking them about. Derham.

FEA＇THERED [of feather] 1. Cloathed with feathers. Feathered
creatures. Addison. 2. Fitted with feathers, carrying feathers. An
arrow feathered from her own wing. L＇Estrange.

FEA＇THEREDGE, subst. Boards or planks that have one edge thin­
ner than another, are called featheredge. Moxon.

FEATHER-edged Boards [in carpentry] boards that are thinner on
one edge than the other. Mortimer uses it.

FEATHER-top Grass, an herb.

FEA＇THERFEW, a plant both single and double: it flowereth most
part of the summer. Mortimer.

FEA＇THERLESS, adj. [of feather] being without feathers. Howel
uses it.

FEA＇THERSELLER [of feather and seller] one who sells feathers for
beds.

FEA＇THERY, adj. [of feather] cloathed with feathers. His feathery
dames. Milton.

A Roman FEATHER [with horsemen] a feather upon the neck of a
horse, which is a row of hair turned back and raised, which just by
the mane forms a mark like the blade of a sword.

FEA＇TLY, adv. [of feat] neatly, nimbly, readily. Foot it featly
here and there. Shakespeare.

FEA＇TNESS [of feat] neatness, dexterity,

FEA＇TURE [faiture, O. Fr. fatezza, It. fayciones, Sp.] 1. The cast
or make of the face. Report the feature of Octavia, her years.
Shakespeare. 2. Any single part or lineament of the face. Try if we
can find in his looks and features the haughty, cruel, or unmerciful
temper. Addison.

To FEA＇TURE, verb act. to resemble in countenance, to favour.
A glass that featur＇d that. Shakespeare.

To FEAZE, verb act. See FAXED. [Perhaps from fax, Sax. hair]
1. To untwist the end of a rope. 2. To beat, to whip with rods.
See FEAGUE.

FEA＇ZING, part. act. [of feaze] the ravelling out of any great rope
or cable at the ends.

To FEBRI＇CITATE, verb neut. [febricitor, Lat.] to be in a fever.

FEBRICITA＇TION, Lat. a state of inclining to a fever or ague.

FEBRI＇CULOSE, adj. [febriculosus, of febris, Lat. a fever] that hath
or is subject to a high fever.

FEBRICULO＇SITY [febriculositas, Lat.] the same as febricitation.

FE＇BRIFUGE, subst. Fr. [febrifuga, of febris, a fever, and fugo, Lat.
to drive away] a medicine which drives away or cures a fever.

FEBRIFUGE, adj. having the power to cure fevers.

FEBRILE, adj. Fr. [febrilis, Lat.] 1. Constituting a fever. 2. Pro­
ceeding from a fever.

FE＇BRIS, Lat. a fever or ague.

FEBRIS Ungarica, a pestilential fever, common in Hungary, called
lues pannonica.

FE＇BRUARY [Fevrier, Fr. Febbrajo, It. Febréro, Sp. Februarius,
Lat. of Φεβρυαριος, Gr. or februando, or februis, Lat. the expiatory
facrifices that the Romans used to offer this month for the purifying
the people] anciently the 12th month of the year, now the 2d. This
month is represented in painting and sculpture, by the image of a man,
clad in a dark sky-colour, carrying in his right hand the astronomical
sign Pisces.

FE＇CES. See FÆCES. [feces, Fr. fæces, Lat.] 1. Dregs, sediment.
2. Excrement.

FECIA＇LES, Lat. [among the Romans] certain state priests institu­
ted at Rome by Numa, consisting of 20 persons selected out of the
best families, who were to assist in treaties of peace, and declarations
of war. It was not lawful to conclude any business of peace or war,
until they had pronounced it just: and when they intended to go to
to war with any nation, the pater patratus, who was the chief of them,
was sent to declare it; and when they concluded a peace, they car­
ried with them some grass out of Rome, and upon meeting the other
parties, the pater patratus caused a hog to be placed at his feet, and
with a great stone knocked it on the head, swearing and wishing that
Jupiter would thus punish him, or that people, that intended any de­
ceit by the treaty, or that should first violate their oaths, and break
the agreement by any public acts of hostility.

FE＇CULA, Lat. [in pharmacy] a white, mealy substance or powder,
which subsides and gathers at the bottom of the juices or liquors
of divers roots.

FE＇CULENCE, or FECULENCY [fæculentia, Lat.] 1. Dregginess,
muddiness, quality of being full of dregs and lees. 2. Lees, feces,







sediment. The separation of its feculencies. Boyle.

FE＇CULENT, Fr. [fæculens, Lat.] full of dreggs, dreggy, excremen­
titious. As the light of the candle to the gross and feculent snuff.
Glanville.

FE＇CUND [fæcundus, Lat.] fruitful, prolific. Graunt uses it.

FECUNDA＇TION [fæcundo, Lat.] the act of making fruitful or proli­
fic. A medicine of fecundation. Brown.

To FECU＇NDIFY, verb act. to render fruitful or prolific.

FECU＇NDITY, or FECU＇NDNESS [fecondite, Fr. fecondita, It. fæ­
cunditas, Lat.] 1. Fertility, fruitfulness, the quality of producing in
great abundance. The extreme luxuriance and fecundity of the earth.
Woodward. 2. The power of bringing forth. Some seeds retain
their fecundity forty years. Ray.

FECUNDITY [in sculpture and painting] is represented by a young
damsel, crowned with a garland of hemp, holding a nest of gold­
finches; at her feet rabbets and chickens.

FED, pret. and part. pass. of to feed. See To FEED.

FE＇DARY, subst. [fædus, or feudum, Lat.] This word, peculiar to
Shakespeare, may signify either a confederate, a partner, or depen­
dant.
Damn＇d paper,
Black as the ink that＇s on thee, senseless bauble!
Art thou a fedary for this act? Shakespeare.

FE＇DERAL [of fædus, Lat. a covenant] of or pertaining to a cove­
nant or agreement. Contrary to all federal right. Grew.

FEDERAL Holiness [with divines] i. e. covenanted holiness, such
as is attributed to young children born of christian parents and newly
baptized, as being included within the covenant of grace.

FE＇DERALNESS [of federalis, Lat.] the state of appertaining to a
covenant.

The FEE of a Bullock, the bones of a bullock＇s thighs and should­
ers, having the meat cut off (but not clean) for salting for victualling
ships.

FEE [of feah, feoh, Sax. a fief, fee, Dan. cattle, feudum, low
Lat. feu, Scot.] 1. Property, peculiar.
What concern they?
The general cause, or is it a fee grief
Due to some single breast? Shakespeare.
2. Reward, wages, gratification.
Livings in courts be gotten tho＇ full hard,
For nothing there is done without a fee. Spenser.
3. Payments occasionally claimed by persons in office. At our en­
largement what are thy due fees? Shakespeare. 4. Reward paid to
lawyers or physicians. He does not refuse doing a good office for a
man because he cannot pay the fee of it. Addison. 5. Portion, pit­
tance: obsolete.
In pruning and trimming all manner of trees,
Reserve to each cattle their property fees. Tusser.

FEE [as Spelman defines it] is a right which the vassal has in
land, or some immoveable thing of his lord＇s, to use the same, and
take the profits of it hereditary, rendering to his lord such feudal
duties and services, as belong to military tenure; the meer propri­
ety of the soil always remaining to the lord. (In law) All lands and
tenements that are held by any acknowledgement of superiority to
a higher lord, wherein a man hath perpetual estate to him and his
heirs. Such lands and tenements are divided into allodium and feu­
dum: allodium is every man＇s own land which he possesses merely in
his own right, without acknowledgement of any service, or payment
of any rent to any other. Feudum or fee is that which we hold by
the benefit of another, and in name whereof we owe services, or pay
rent, or both, to a superior lord. And all our land in England, the
crown land, which is in the king＇s own hands in right of his crown,
excepted, is in the nature of feudum. So that no man in England
has directum dominium, that is, the very property or demesne in any
land, but the prince in right of his crown: for though he that has
fee has jus perpetuum and utile dominium, yet he owes a duty for it,
and therefore it is not simply his own. Cowel.

FEE Absolute, or FEE Simple, is an estate, &c. of which a person is
possessed in those general words, To us and our heirs for ever.

FEE Conditional, or FEE Tail. 1. Is that whereof a person is pos­
sessed in these words, To us and our heirs. 2. With limitation, that is,
the heirs of our body, &c. And fee tail is either general or special:
general is where land is given to a man and the heirs of his body.
Fee tail special is that where a man and his wife are seized of land to
them and the heirs of their two bodies. Cowel.

FEE Farm [law term] tenure by which land is held of another in
fee, that is, forever to himself and his heirs, paying a certain annual
rent out of it. John surrendered his kingdoms to the pope, and
took them back again to hold in fee farm. Davies.

To FEE, verb act. [from the substantive] 1. To give or pay a fee,
to reward. No man fees the sun. South. 2. To bribe. Feed every
slight occasion that could but niggardly give me sight of her. Shake­
speare. 3. To keep one in hire as a mercenary.
There＇s not a thane of them, but in his house
I have a servant feed. Shakespeare.

FEE＇BLE [foible, Fr. feble, Sp.] weak, languid, sickly, without
strength or force either of body or of mind. The men carried all the
feeble upon asses. 2. Chronicles. We be now miserable and feeble.
Bentley.

To FFE＇BLE, verb act. [from the adjective] to weaken, to enfee­
ble: obsolete.

FEE＇BLEMINDED [of feeble and mind] weak of mind, defective in
resolution and constancy. 1 Thessalonians.

FEE＇BLENESS [of feeble; foiblesse, Fr.] weakness, languidness, want
of strength.

FEE＇BLY, adv. [of feeble] faintly, languidly, without strength.

To FEED, irreg. verb act. pret. and part. pass. fed, [foedd, Su. fedan,
Sax. fode, Dan. foeda, Su. fodan- Goth. voeden, Du. foeden, O. and
L. Ger. but Casaubon will have it of παω, Gr.] 1. To furnish or sup­
ply with food. 2. To furnish, to supply in general. The warm
springs that feed the many baths. Addison. 3. To graze, to consume
by cattle. Feed your mowing lands. Mortimer. 4. To cherish, to
nourish. To feed despair, and cherish hopeless love. Prior. 5. To
keep one in expectation. Feeding him with the hope of liberty.
Knolles. 6. To entertain, to delight, to keep from fatiety. The al­
teration of scenes feeds and relieves the eye. Bacon.

To FEED, verb neut. 1. To eat, to take food; chiefly applied to
animals. To feed were best at home. Shakespeare. 2. To prey, to
live by eating. Some birds feed upon the berries. Brown. 3. To
pasture, to place cattle to feed or graze. Feed in another man＇s field.
Exodus. 4. To grow plump, fat or fleshy.

FEED, subst. [from the verb] 1. Food, that which is eaten; chiefly
applied to animals. When he comes to the best feed. Sidney. 2.
Pasture. Shakespeare and Milton use it.

FEE＇DER [of feed] 1. One that gives food. His feeder＇s hand.
Denham. 2. One that excites, an encourager. Feeder of my riots.
Shakespeare. 3. One that eats food. Food doth choak the feeder.
Shakespeare. 4. One that preys upon. The misselthrush, or feeder
upon misseltoe. Brown. 5. One that eats nicely, one that feeds lux­
uriously. Such fine feeders are no guests for me. Dryden.

To FEEL, irr. verb neut. felt, preter. and part. pass. [felan, Sax.
voelen, Du. fuhlen, Ger.] 1. To use the sense of feeling, to have per­
ception of things by the touch. 2. To search by feeling. See FEELER.
3. To have a quick sensibility of right or wrong, good or evil. Man
who feels for all mankind. Pope. 4. To appear to the touch. One
feels flaccid. Sharp.

To FEEL, verb act. 1. To perceive by the touch, to touch, to
handle. That I may feel the pillars. Judges. 2. To try, to sound.
To feel my affection. Shakespeare. 3. To have sense of pain or
pleasure. He best can paint them, who shall feel them most. Pope.
4. To be affected by. Felt the flatteries that grow upon it. 5. To
know, to be acquainted with. Then, and not till then, he felt him­
self. Shakespeare.

To FEEL a horse in the hand [with horsemen] is to observe that
the will of the horse is in their hand; that he tastes the bridle, and
has a good appui in obeying the bit.

To FEEL a horse upon the haunches [in horsemanship] is to observe
that he plies or bends them, which is contrary to leaning or throwing
upon the shoulders.

FEEL, subst. [from the verb] the sense of feeling, the touch. Sharp
uses it.

FEE＇LER [of feel] one that feels. Shakespeare uses it. 2. The
antennæ and horns of insects. Derham uses it.

FEE＇LING, subst. 1. Is one of the external senses, whereby we
get the ideas of solid, hard, soft, rough, smooth, hot, cold, wet,
dry, or other tangible qualities; as also of distance. &c. 2. Sen­
sibility, tenderness. Their king, out of a princely feeling, was
sparing and compassionate. Bacon. 3. Perception. Internal feeling.
Watts.

FEELING, part. adj. [of to feel] 1. Expressive of great sensibility.
A feeling declaration. Sidney. 2. Sensibly felt. This sense is not
sufficiently analogous. By the art of known and feeling sorrow.
Shakespeare.

FEE＇LINGLY, adv. [of feeling] 1. Sensibly, after a feeling manner,
with expression of great sensibility. Who spake so feelingly. Sidney.
2. So as to be sensibly felt. Feelingly persuade me what I am.
Shakespeare.

FEES, a premium given to counsellors, attorneys, &c. See FEE.

FEET, the irr. plur. of foot [fotas, Sax. foet, L. Ger.] parts of
an animal body; also a measure in length 12 inches. See FOOT.

FEET [in poetry] a certain number of syllables in a verse. See
FOOT. The French and Italian poets are unacquainted with feet
and quantity; and some have weakly imagined, that the English have
none; but we find, by a very little alteration, that without feet the
harmony of the sweetest verse is spoiled; and that plainly shews, that
the measure of feet and quantity being truly observed, makes the
music, as may be perceived in what follows,
When man on many multiply＇d his kind.
When man multiply＇d his kind on many.
I＇ll not be responsible for this sorry compliment which our lexico­
grapher has here paid to the French and Italian poetry: but as to
our own, may I not venture to affirm, that our Heroic verse, though
consisting for the most part of the Iambic foot, yet takes in several
others, as the Spondee, the Trochaic, the Anapest, the Pyrrhichius,
the Tribrachus, &c. and by a judicious change and arrangement of
these, not only makes the sound become the better ECCHOE to the
sense; but obliges the voice to rest on any part of the verse in which
the poet intends the emphasis should lie; and above all also avoids
that MONOTONY, which in some of our modern compositions so
much distastes the ear. If the reader desire to see more on this head,
he may consult two essays on the subject of numbers by SAMUEL
SAY.

FEG, adj. handsome, clean. N. C.

FEGA＇RY [q. vagary, of vagando, Lat. wandering] a roving, ram­
bling, or roaming about. A cant word.

To FEIGN, verb act. [fingere, It. and Lat. feindre, Fr. fingàr, Sp.]
1. To pretend falsely to do a thing, to make a false show. Feigns
a laugh to see me search around. Pope. 2. To dissemble, to
counterfeit, to conceal. Obsolete. Both strive in fearfulness to feign.
Spenser. 3. To contrive, devise forge, or invent. No such things
are done as thou sayst, but thou feignest them out of thine own
heart. Nehemiah. 4. To make a show of.
Above the water were on high extent,
And feigned to wash themselves incessantly. Spenser.

To FEIGN, verb neut. to image from the invention, to relate false­
ly. The poet did feign that Orpheus drew trees. Shakespeare.

FEI＇GNEDLY, adv. [of feign] in fiction, not truly. Bacon uses it.

FEI＇GHNER [of feign] inventer, contriver of a fiction. B. Johnson
uses it.

FEIGNING, part. act. of feign [feignant, Fr. fingens, Lat.] making
a show of, conterfeiting, &c.

FEINT, part. pass. of to feign, for feigned [feint, Fr.] Any feint
appearance of truth. Locke.

FEINT, subst. [feinte, Fr.] a counterfeit offer, a show or pretence,
a false show, a disguise. A feint to get off. Spectator.

FEINT [in fencing] a false attack, a show of giving a stroke, or
making a push in one part, with a design to bring a person to guard







that part, and to leave some other part unguarded, where the stroke
is really intended; a mock assault.
But in the breast encamps prepares
For well bred feints and future wars. Prior.

FEINT [in music] a semi-tone, the same that is called diesis.

FEINT [in rhetoric] a figure whereby the orator touches on some­
thing, in making a shew of passing it over in silence.

To FEIST [versten, Du. feisten, Ger. vesser, Lat.] to let wind go
without a noise.

FEIST [feast, Ger. veest, Du. vesse, Fr. fist, Sax.] wind let go
without noise.

FE＇LSUS [in old records] a small bundle or armful.

FE＇LTRING, part. act. entangling.

FEL, Lat. the gall, one of the humours of the body.

FEL Terræ, Lat. [in botany] the lesser or common centaury.

FEL Vitri, Lat. the dross or scum of melted glass, called san­
dever.

FELA＇NDERS, subst. worms in hawks.

FELA＇PTON [in logic] a technical name of the sixth mood of the
third figure of a categorical syllogism, wherein the first proposition is
an universal negative, the second an universal affirmative, and the
third a particular negative.

To FELI＇CITATE [feliciter, Fr. felicitare, It. and Lat.] 1. To
make or render happy. Pleasure would fill and felicitate his spirit.
Watts. 2. To congratulate. Forms of speeches felicitating the good,
or depricating the evil to follow. Brown.

FELICITA＇TION, Fr. [of felicitate] congratulation.

FELI＇CITATIVE, adj. 1. Rendering felicitous. 2. Congratula­
tory.

FELI＇CITOUS, adj. [felix, Lat.] happy.

FELI＇CITOUSLY, adv. [from felicitous] happily.

FELI＇CITOUSNESS [of felicitous] happiness, happy circumstances.

FELI＇CITY [felicité, Fr. felicità, It. felicidàd, Sp. felicidade, Port.
felicitas, Lat.] happiness, blessedness, prosperity. The felicities of
her wonderful reign. Atterbury.

FELI＇CITY, the Goddess [in painting, &c.] was represented as a
lady sitting on an imperial throne, holding in one hand a caduceus,
and in the other a cornucopia, clad in a purple vestment, trimmed
with silver.

FE＇LINE, adj. [felinus, of felis, Lat. a cat] belonging to a cat, re­
sembling a cat. His tail, which is feline. Grew.

FELL [felle, Sax. vel, Du. fell, Ger. fiil, Goth. fel, Dan.] 1.
Cruel, outragious, barbarous. Fell and cruel hounds. Shakespeare.
2. Savage, ravenous. The keen hiena, fellest of the fell. Thomson.
3. Destructive.
To guard it＇s readers from fell bane,
And then reveng＇d itself again.
Hud. P. 1. Cant. II. L. 804—5.

FELL, subst. [felle, Sax. vel, Teut.] the skin of a beast, the hide.
Devour them flesh and fell. Shakespeare.

To FELL, verb act. [feallen, Sax. vellen, Du. fellen, or fallen,
Ger. fello, Teut.] 1. To strike, to knock down to the ground. He
struck him on the head with the stock, and fell＇d him. Raleigh. 2.
To cut down, to hew down. Woods which he did lately fell. Spen­
ser.

FELL, pret. of to fall. See To FALL.

FE＇LLER [of fell] one that fells or hews down.

FELL Monger [of felle, a skin, and mangere, Sax. a monger] one
who deals in skins of cattle, and parts the wool from the pelts, in order
to be dressed for leather or parchment.

FELL Wort, on herb.

FE＇LLABLE, that may be felled, or fit to fell.

FELLI＇FLUOUS [fellifluus, of fell, gall, and fluo, Lat. to flow] flow­
ing or abounding with gall.

FE＇LLNESS [of fellnysse, Sax.] fierceness, cruelty, savageness.

FE＇LLOW [prob. of follow. Minshew. from fe, faith, and lag, Sax.
bound. Junius. fallow, Scottish] 1. A companion, one with whom
we consort. In youth I had twelve fellows like myself. Ascham. 2.
A peer, an equal. To be hereafter fellows, and no longer servants.
Sidney. 3. An associate, one embark＇d in the same cause or united in
the same affair. Each on his fellow for assistance calls. Dryden. 4.
One of the same kind or species. One favourite dog he fed, and took
more care of him than of any of his fellows. L＇Estrange. 5. One
thing suited to another, one of a pair. The soul and the body do not
seem to be fellows. Addison. 6. One like another; as, this rogue has
not his fellow. 7. A familiar appellation used sometimes with fond­
ness, sometimes with esteem, but generally with some degree of con­
tempt. A pleasant fellow. Bacon. 8. A word of contempt. The
foolish mortal, the mean wretch, the sorry rascal. Some scurvy fellow.
Shakespeare. 9. Sometimes it implies a mixture of pity with contempt.
The fellow cried out that he was not the miller. Hayward. 10. A
member of a college that shares its revenues; as, fellow of Brazen-
Nose in Oxford.

To FELLOW, verb act. 1. To match, to pair, or couple. 2. To
make to suit with.
Imagination,
With what＇s unreal, thou co-active art,
And fellow＇st nothing. Shakespeare.
Fellow is often used in composition to mark community of nature, sta­
tion, or employment.

FELLOWCO＇MMONER, subst. 1. One who has the same right of a
common. Lock uses it. 2. A commoner at Cambridge of the higher
order, who dines with the fellows.

FELLOWCRE＇ATURE, subst. one that has the same creator. Our
fellowcreatures the brutes. Watts.

FELLOWHEI＇R, subst. co-heir, partner of the same inheritance.

FELLOWHE＇LPER, subst. one who concurs in the same business, a
coadjutor.

FELLOWLA＇BOURER, subst. one who labours in the same design.

FELLOWSE＇RVANT, subst. one that has the same master. Fellowser­
vants to the same heavenly master. Atterbury.

FELLOWSO＇LDIER, subst. one who fights under the same commander.
An endearing appellation used by officers to their men.

FELLOWSTU＇DENT, subst. one who studies in company with ano­
ther.

FELLOWSU＇BJECT, subst. one who lives under the same govern­
ment.

FELLOWSUF＇FERER, subst. one who shares in the same misfortune.
Not only their patrons but fellowsufferers. Addison.

FELLOWWRI＇TER, subst. one who writes at the same time or on the
same subject. Addison uses it.

FELLOWFEE＇LING, subst. 1. Sympathy. L＇Estrange uses it. 2.
Combination, joint interest. Your milkwoman and your nursery­
maid have a fellowfeeling. Arbuthnot.

FE＇LLOWLIKE, or FE＇LLOWLY, adj. [of fellow and like] being on
equal terms, like a companion, companionable. A good fellowlike
kind and respectful carriage. Carew. Fellowly neighbourhood. Tus­
ser.

FE＇LLOWS [in fortification] are six pieces of wood, each of which
form an arch of a circle, and those joined altogether by duledges, make
an entire circle with twelve spokes, which make the wheel of a gun­
carriage.

FE＇LLOWSHIP [of fellow] 1. Society, companionship. Made for
society and mutual fellowship. Calamy. 2. Company, state of being
together. Parted our fellowship. Shakespeare. 3. Partnership, joint
interest. Fellowship in pain divides not smart. Milton. 4. Association,
confederacy. The Fellowship of that war. Knolles. 5. Equality.
6. Frequency of intercourse, social pleasure. In a great town friends are
scattered, so that there is not that fellowship which is in less neigh­
bourhoods. Bacon. 7. Fitness and fondness for festal entertainments,
commonly with good preceeding. Excessive good fellowship. Clarendon.
8. The place of a member of a college in the university, an establish­
ment therein, with share in its revenues.

Rule of FE＇LLOWSHIP [with arithmeticians] a rule of great use in
ballancing accounts among merchants, &c. where a number of per­
sons putting together a general stock, it is required to give every one
his proportional share of the loss or gain.

FELLY, adv. [of fell] cruelly, barbarously. Spenser uses it.

FE＇LO DE SE [in law] one who commits felony by laying violent
hands upon himself, a self-murderer; such a one is to be interr＇d with­
out christian burial, with a stake driven through his corps, and to for­
feit his goods.

FE＇LON, subst. Fr. [felow, low Lat. fel, Sax.] 1. A malefactor
who commits felony, one who has committed a capital crime. 2. A
whitlow a tumour between the bone and its investing membrane that is
very painful. Wiseman.

FELON, adj. cruel, inhuman, traiterous. Felon deeds. Spenser.
Felon hate. Pope.

FELO＇NIOUS [en felon, Fr. fellonesco, It. of felonia, Lat.] like a fe­
lon, wicked, traiterous, destructive. Felonous heart. Dryden.

FELO＇NIOUSLY, adv. [of felonious] in a felonious manner.

FELO＇NIOUSNESS [of felonious] felonious quality or circumstances.

FE＇LONOUS, adj [of felon] wicked, felonious. Felonous force. Spen­
ser.

FE＇LONY [felonie, Fr. fellonia, It. and Lat. prob. of ϕηλωσις or ϕη­
λωμα, Gr. a capital crime] an offence that is next in degree to petty
treason, and comprehends divers particulars, as murder, sodomy,
rape, firing of houses wilfully, &c. the punishment of all which is
death.

FELT, pret. of to feel. See To FEEL.

FELT subst. [felt, Sax. filtz, Ger.] 1. A sort of course wool, or
wool and hair for making of hats, united into cloath without weaving.
Shakespeare. 2. A hide or skin. See that the felt be loose. Morti­
mer.

To FELT, verb act. [from the subst.] to unite without weaving.
The same wool one man felts into a hat, another weaves it into cloth.
Hale.

To FE＇LTRE, verb act. to clot together like felt. Feltred locks.
Fairfax.

FELTS, i. e. felt hats, were made first in England by Spaniards and
Dutchmen, in the beginning of the reign of king Henry VIII.

FELU＇CA, or FEL＇UCCA, It. and Sp. [felouque, Fr. felkon, Arab.]
a little vessel with six oars, not covered over, and much used in the
Mediterranean. It is in size about that of a sloop or chaloop. It may
bear its helm on both sides, which is likewise shifted from behind for­
wards occasionally.

FE＇MALE, subst. [femelle, Fr. femella, Sp. and Lat. fémea, Port.]
the she-kind of all animals, that brings young.

FEMALE, adj. 1. Not male Female hand. Dryden. 2. Female
rhymes; double rhymes so called, because in the French, from which
the term is taken, they end in e weak or feminine. For instance:
Th＇ excess of heat is but a fable,
We know the torrid zone is now found habitable. Cowley.

FEME Covert [Fr. law term] a married woman, who is also said
to be under covert baron. Blount.

FEME SOLE, subst. Fr. a single woman, an unmarried woman.

FEMINA＇LITY [fæmina, Lat.] female nature. Brown uses it.

FE＇MININE, adj. [feminin, Fr. femminino, It. feminino, Sp. of fæ­
mininus, Lat.] 1. Of the female kind, of the sex that brings young.
Thus we chastize the god of wine
With water that is feminine. Cleaveland.
2. Soft, delicate. Soft and feminine. Milton. 3. Effeminate, emas­
culated. Altogether feminine and subjected to ease and delicacy. Ra­
leigh.

FEMININE Gender [in grammar] a term applied to such nouns in
the Latin as are declined with the feminine article hæc. It seems to
intimate that the noun belongs to the female. We have no distinction
by articles in the English language, the French have la.

FEMININE Planets [in astrology] are such as surpass in the passive
qualities, i. e. moisture and dryness.

FEMININE, subst. a female, one of the sex that brings young.
Why not fill the world at once
With men as angels without feminine. Milton.

FEMO＇RAL, adj. [femoralis, Lat.] belonging to a thigh. Sharpuses
it.

FEMO＇RIUS, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the leg, called also
crureus.

FE＇MUR, Lat. the thigh, the part from the buttock to the knee.








FEN [fenne, Sax. veen, Du. fani, Goth.] a marsh or moorish
ground, a bog.

FE＇NBERRY [of fen and berry] a kind of blackberry. Skinner uses
it.

FEN Cricket, an insect.

FENCE [of defence] 1. An hedge or inclosure, a mound. 2. Guard,
security, outwork, defence. There＇s no fence against inundations.
L＇Estrange. 3. The art of fencing, the art of defence. A master of
fence, Shakespeare. 4. Skill in defence. Despite his nice fence and his
active practice. Shakespeare.

To FENCE, verb act. [of defendo, Lat.] 1. To inclose with a fence,
to secure by an inclosure. Fenced about with walls. 2 Maccabees. 2.
To guard in general. To fence my ear against thy sorceries. Milton.

To FENCE, verb neut. [of defendo, Lat.] 1. To fight with swords,
to use the arts of manual defence, to practise the weapons. Swords
put into his servants hands to fence with. Locke. 2. To guard against,
to act on the defensive. The more dangerous evil, and therefore in
the first place to be fenced against. Locke. 3. To fight according to
art. A man that cannot fence will keep out of bullies company. Locke.

FENCE Month [in forest law] a month in which it is unlawful to
hunt in the forest, because in that month the female deer fawn; it is
fifteen days before Midsummer.

FE＇NCELESS, adj. [of fence] being without inclosure, open. The
wide fenceless ocean. Rowe.

FENCER [of fence] a sword-player, one who teaches or practises
the art of defence by the use of the weapons. A nimble fencer.
Digby.

FE＇NCIBLE, adj. [of fence] capable of defence. Addison uses it.

Simple FE＇NCING, is what is performed directly and simply on the
same line.

Compound FENCING, includes all the possible arts and inventions to
deceive the enemy, and cause him to leave unguarded the place that is
intended to be attacked.

FE＇NCINGMASTER [of fence and master] one who teaches the use of
weapons.

FE＇NCINGSCHOOL [of fence and school] a place in which the use of
weapons is taught.

To FEND, verb act. [of defend] to defend or ward off, to shut out.
To fend the bitter cold. Dryden.

To FEND [with sailors] as, to fend the boat, is to save it from being
dash＇d to pieces against the rocks, shore, or sides of the ship.

To FEND, verb neut. to dispute, to shift off a charge. To fend and
prove with terms. Locke.

FE＇NDER [of fend] an iron plate to keep up cinders or ashes from
rolling toward the floor.

FE＇NDERS [with sailors] pieces of old cables, ropes, or wooden bil­
lets, hung over the sides of a ship, to keep other ships from rubbing
against her; the same also as are used for boats.

FENDER Bolts [in a ship] iron pins, having long and thick heads,
stuck into the outermost bends or wales of a ship, to save her sides
from bruises or hurts.

FENDU＇EN PAL [in heraldry] signifies a cross cloven down from top
to bottom, and the parts set at some distance from one another.

FENERA＇TION [fæmeratio, Lat.] usury, the practice of increasing
money by lending. Brown uses it.

FENE＇STRA, Lat. a window.

FENESTRA, Lat. [with anatomists] two holes in the barrel of the
ear next the drum, the one called ovalis, and the other rotunda.

FENESTRA Ovalis [in anatomy] a hole in the barrel of the ear
where the basis of the stapes stands.

FENESTRA Rotunda, Lat, [in anatomy] a hole in the barrel of the
ear that leads to the cochlea, and is covered by a fine membrane in­
closed in the rift of the hole. The reader will find the most curious
portraitures of this organ, and indeed of most other parts of the human
body, in BOERHAAV. Oeconomia Animal. ÆRÆIS Tabulis Illustrat. Ed.
Lond.

FE＇NNEL [fenouil, Fr. finocchio, It. fenalho, Port. fenchel, Ger. fœ­
niculum, Lat.] an herb of strong scent. It is an umbelliferous plant.

FE＇NNELFLOWER, the name of a plant.

FE＇NNELGIANT, a plant of a large succulent milky root.

FE＇NNISH, or FE＇NNY [fennig, Sax.] 1. Full of, or abounding
with fens, marshy, moorish. Where the ground proves fenny or
moorish. Moxon. 2. Inhabiting a marsh or bog. Fillet of a fenny
snake. Shakespeare.

FENNY Stones, a plant somewhat of the same quality as the plant
dog-stones.

FE＇NSUCKED, adj. [of fen and suck] sucked out of fens. Fensuck＇d
fogs. Shakespeare.

FE＇NUGREEK [q. d. fœnum græcum, Lat.] an herb of a papiliona­
ceous flower.

FEOD, or FEUD [feod, Sax. feodum, low Lat.] the same as fee.

FE＇ODAL, adj. Fr. [feudale, It. of feod] of or pertaining to fee, held
of another.

FEODA＇LITAS [in old records] fealty or homage paid by a feodal
tenant to his lord.

FEO＇DARY, FEU＇DARY, or FEU＇DATORY, subst. [feodum, Lat.] an
officer formerly belonging to the courts of wards and liveries, whose
office was to survey and value the lands of the ward.

FE＇ODARY, or FEU＇DATORY, subst. a tenant who holds his lands by
feodal service; one who holds his estate under the tenure of suit and
service to a superior lord. Hanmer.

FEO＇DUM [feudum, Goth.] any fee, benefit or profit.

FEODUM Laicum, Lat. [in old records] a lay-fee, or land held in
fee for a lay-lord, by common services, in opposition to the ecclesia­
stical hold in frank almoine.

FEODUM Militis [in old records] or

FEODUM Militare, Lat. knight＇s fee, which by the usual computa­
tion is 480 acres; 24 acres making a virgate, 4 virgates a hide, and
5 hides a knight＇s fee.

To FE＇OF, verb act. [fief, fieffer, Fr. feoffo, low Lat.] to enfeoff,
to put in possession, to invest with title or right.

FEOFFEE＇ [a law term] he that is infeoffed, or to whom a feoff­
ment is made.

FEOFFE＇R, subst. [fieffe, Fr. feoffator, low Lat.] the person that puts
another in possession.

FEO＇FFMENT [in common law] the gift or grant of honours, castles
manours, messuages, lands, or other corporeal or immoveable things
of the like nature to another in fee-simple, i. e. to him and his heirs
for ever, by the delivery of seisin, and the possession of the thing gi­
ven, when it is in writing, it is called a deed of feoffment; and in
every feoffment the giver is called the feoffer, feoffator, and he that re­
ceives by virtue thereof the feoffee, feoffatus. The proper difference
between a feoffor and a donor is, that the feoffor gives in fee-simple,
the donor in fee tail. Cowel.

FEOFFMENT in Trust [in common law] is the devising or making
over lands, &c. by will to trustees for the payment of debts, legacies,
&c.

FEO＇FFOR [feoffator, low Lat.] he who makes a feoffment to ano­
ther, one who gives possession. See FEOFFMENT.

FEORM [feorme, of feormian, Sax.] a certain portion of victuals
and other necessaries, which the tenants of our lands anciently gave to
the thane or lord; hence comes our name of farm and farmer.

FER de Fourchette [in heraldry] or, croix a fer de fourchette, i. e. a
cross with forked irons at each end, representing a sort of iron firmer
used by musketeers, to rest their muskets on; and in this it differs from
the cross fourchée, that the ends of that turn forked, but this has that
sort of fork fixed upon the square end.

FER de Mouline [in heraldry] is the same as the cross milrine, or
ink milrine, and is as much as to say, the iron of a mill, i. e. the piece
of iron that upholds the mill.

FERA＇CITY [feracitas, Lat.] fertility, fruitfulness.

FE＇RAL [feralis, Lat.] mortal, deadly, dismal, funereal.

FERAL Signs [with astrologers] are Leo, and the last part of Sa­
gittarius, which are so called, not only on account of their represent­
ing wild beasts in figure, but because they imagine them to have some
kind of savage influence, and give fierce and cruel disposition to those
that are born under them.

FERDELIA Terræ [in old records] a fardel, 10 acres of land.

FERA＇LIA [of ferendis epulis, Lat. i. e. of carrying victuals] festi­
vals held in February, and dedicated to the manes, in which they car­
ried victuals to the urns and sepulchres of their deceased relations.

FE＇RDEN, or VE＇RDEN, a city of Germany, subject to Hanover,
situated in the Lower Saxony, on the river Aller, 26 miles south east
of Bremen.

FERD FARE [fend fare, Sax.] an immunity from going to the
wars.

FERD-WIT [ferd-wite, of ferd, an army, and wite, a composi­
tion] a formulary in ancient times, by which the king pardoned man­
slaughter committed in the army.

FERE, the name of two towns of France, one in Picardy, 42 miles
from Amiens, and the other in Champaign, 30 miles from Troyes.

FERETI＇NO, a city and bishop＇s see of Italy, 50 miles east from
Rome.

FERE＇TTE, a town of Alsace, subject to France, 45 miles south of
Strasburgh.

FERIA＇TION [feriatio, Lat.] the act of keeping holiday, cessation
from work. Brown uses it.

FERISON [with logicians] a term when the propositions are an­
swerable to ferio, as, no severity is pleasant, some severity is necessary,
therefore something that is necessary is not pleasant.

FE＇RITY [feritas, Lat. ferocité, Fr. ferità, It.] fierceness, cruelty,
savageness, brutality.

FE＇RINE [ferinus, Lat.] of or like wild beasts, savage, fierce.
Hale uses it.

FERI＇NENESS [of ferine] barbarity, savageness, wildness. Barba­
rism and ferineness. Hale.

FERIO [with logicians] a mood, when the first proposition of a ca­
tegorical syllogism is an universal negative, the second a particular ne­
gative.

FE＇RLING [in old records] the fourth part of a penny; also the
quarter of a ward in the borough.

FERLINGA＇TA, or FERLI＇NGUS [in old records] the fourth part of
a yard of land.

FERM [feorm, Sax.] a house, or land, or both, taken by inden­
ture of lease, or lease parole.

FERMANA＇GH, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, the
chief town of which is Inniskilling.

FERME a Ferme [in riding academies] a term used to signify in the
same place, without stirring or parting.

FERME＇NT, Fr. [fermentum, Lat. in physics] 1. Any kind of body,
which being applied to another, produces a fermentation therein, that
which causes intestine motion, as the acid in leaven, &c. 2. The
intestine motion, tumult. See FERMENTATION.

To FE＇RMENT, verb act. [fermenter, Fr. fermentare, It. fermentàr,
Sp. fermento, Lat.] to exalt, to rarify by intestine motion of its parts.
Youth ferments your blood. Pope.

To FERMENT, verb neut. to rise or puff up as leaven or yeast does,
to work as beer and other liquors do, so as to clear itself from dregs
and impurities.

To be in a FERMENT, to have the parts put into intestine motion, to
be warm in mind, to be discompos＇d.

FERME＇NTABLE, adj. [from ferment] capable of heing fermented.

FERME＇NTAL, adj. [of ferment] having the power of causing fer­
mentation. Fermental faculty of the stomach. Brown.

FERMENTA＇TION, Fr. [fermentazione, It. of fermentatio, Lat.] an
intestine motion or commotion of the small insensible particles of a
mixt body, arising without any apparent mechanical cause, usually
from the operation of some active acid matter, which rarifies, exalts,
and subtilizes the soft and sulphureous particles, as when leaven or
yeast ferments.

FERMENTATION [with chemists] a kind of ebullition or bubbling
up, raised by the spirits that endeavour to get out of a mixt body; so
that meeting with gross, earthy parts, which oppose their passage,
they swell and render the liquor thin, till they find their way.

FERME＇NTATIVE, adj. [of ferment] causing fermentation. Arbuth-
not uses it.








FERMISO＇NA [in ancient deeds] the winter season of deer.

FERN [fearn, Sax. farn, Ger.] a plant that grows on heaths. The
female fern is common on the stumps of trees in woods, and on the
banks of ditches; the leaves are formed of a number of small pinnules,
dentated on the edges. On the back of these are produced the seeds,
small and extremely numerous. Decoctions of the root and diet drinks
have been used in chronic disorders and obstructions. The country
people esteem it a sovereign remedy for the rickets in children. Hill.

FERNA＇NDO, or JUAN-FERNANDES, an island in the Pacific Ocean.
Lat. 33° S. Long. 83° W.

FE＇RNIGO [in old records] a heat or waste place, where fern
grows.

FE＇RNY, adj. [of fern] overgrown with fern. Dryden uses it.

FERO＇CIOUS, adj. [ferocis, gen. of ferox, Lat. feroce, Fr.] 1. Sa­
vage, fierce. Each ferocious feature. Pope. 2. Ravenous, rapacious.
The lion and ferocious animals. Brown.

FERO＇CITY [ferocitas, Lat. ferocité, Fr. ferocità, It. ferocidàd, Sp.]
fierceness, cruelty, savageness. Uncommon ferocity in my counte­
nance. Addison.

FERO＇NIA [among the Romans] a goddess of the woods, of whom
it is fabled, that when her grove, upon the mountain Soracte was
burnt down, the people carried thither her picture, and the wood pre­
sently sprang up again afresh.

FERRA＇RIA, a city and archbishop＇s see in Italy, Lat. 44° 50′ N.
Long. 12° 6′ E.

FE＇RREOUS, adj. [ferreus, of ferrum, Lat. iron] irony, of the
nature of iron. Brown uses it.

FE＇RRET [ferret, Du. fret, Ger. furett, It. furet, Fr. ferám, Port.
fured, Wel. viverra, Lat.] 1. A small creature like a weasel, a sort of
rat with red eyes and a long snout, used in catching of rabbits. 2. A
sort of narrow ribbon.

FERRET [with the canting crew] a pawn-broker.

To FE＇RRET, verb act. [fereter, Fr.] 1. To drive out of lurking
places, as the ferret does rabbits. The archbishop ferreted him out of
all his holds. Heylin. 2. To teaze or vex one.

FERRET [or red] eyed.

FE＇RRETER [of ferret] one that hunts another in his privicies.

FE＇RRIAGE [of fare, Sax.] the hire of a ferry-boat, money paid for
a passage over a river or arm of the sea.

FE＇RRO, the most westerly of the Canary islands, from whence the
longitude of places is often reckoned; but those mentioned in this
work are from the meridian of London.

FE＇RROL, a sea-port town of Spain, in the principality of Galacia,
situated in a bay of the Atlantic ocean, 20 miles north-east of the
Groyne, and 50 miles north of Compostella.

FERRU＇GINOUS [ferrugineux, Fr. ferruginosus, Lat.] like rusty iron,
partaking of the particles and qualities of iron. Ray uses it.

FERRU＇GO, Lat. the rust of iron, or a kind of calx found on the
surface of it.

FE＇RRULE, subst. [ferrum, Lat.] an iron ring put round any thing to
keep it from splitting. Iron hoops or ferrules. Ray.

FE＇RRUM, Lat. the metal called iron.

FERRUMEN, Lat. 1. Steel or iron hardened. 2. Solder.

FERRUMINA＇TION, the act of soldering or fastening together, pro­
perly in iron; in chemistry, a soldering together of metals.

FE＇RRURE, Fr. a shoeing of horses.

To FE＇RRY verb act. [prob. of faran, Sax. to pass over, or of
veeren, Du. or fahr, or fuhren, Ger. faria, Su. or of ferri, Lat. to be
carried] to carry over in a boat. Him to ferry over that deep ford.
Spenser.

To FERRY, verb neut. to pass over water in a boat. Milton
uses it.

FE＇RRY, subst. [from the verb] 1. A vessel of carriage, in which
persons or goods are carried over water. I went down to the river
Brent in the ordinary ferry. Addison. 2. A place in a river where
persons, horses, coaches, &c. are carried over.

FE＇RRY-MAN [of ferry and man] one who keeps a ferry, or who for
hire transports passengers and goods over the water.

FE＇RSCHET [fare-scot, Sax.] the ferriage or customary payment
for ferrying over and crossing a river.

FERTH, or FORTH, common terminations, the same as in English
an army, from the Sax. fyrd. Gibson.

FE＇RTILE, Fr. and It. [fértil, Sp. of fertilis, Lat.] 1. Fruitful,
plentiful, abundant. 2. With of before the thing produced.

FERTI＇LITY, or FE＇RTILNESS [fertilité, Fr. fertilità, It. of fertili­
tas, Lat.] fruitfulness, plentifulness.

To FERTI＇LITATE, verb act. [of fertile] to fertilize, to make
fruitful. Brown uses it.

To FE＇RTILIZE, verb act. [fertiliser, Fr.] to make fertile, fruit­
ful, or plentiful. Woodward uses it.

FE＇RTILY, adv. [of fertile] fruitfully, plentifully.

FE＇RVENCY, or FE＇RVOUR [fervens, Lat. ferveur, Fr. fervore, It.
fervor, Sp. and Lat.] 1. Earnestness, heat of mind.
A salt fish on his hook, which he
With fervency drew up. Shakespeare.
2. Flame of devotion, pious zeal. Our first fervency towards God.
Hooker.

FE＇RVENT, Fr. [fervente, It. ferviente, Sp. of fervens, Lat.] 1.
Hot, boiling. Fervent blood. Wotton. 2. Hot in temper, vehe­
ment, eager. Fervent to dispute. Hooker. 3. Zealous in piety, flam­
ing with devotion. Fervent in the spirit. Acts.

FE＇RVENTLY, adv. [of fervent] 1. Eagerly, vehemently. Spen­
ser uses it. 2. Zealously, with pious ardour.

FERVE＇SCEN＇T [fervescens, Lat.] growing hot.

FE＇RVID [fervido, It. of fervidus, Lat.] 1. Hot, burning, boiling.
2. Full of zeal or fervour, vehement, eager.

FERVI＇DITY, or FE＇RVIDNESS [ferviditas, Lat.] heat, fervency,
eagerness, passion. The Fervidness of St. Peter. Bentley.

FE＇RULA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb fennel-giant.

FE＇RULA, subst. [ferule, Fr. from ferula, Lat. fennel giant] an
instrument of correction, with which young scholars are beaten on the
hand; so named because anciently the stalks of fennel giant were used
for this purpose. These differ as much as the rod and ferula. Shaw＇s
Grammar.

FERULA＇CEOUS Plants, plants which grow like the herb fennel­
giant.

FERULÆ, Lat. [with surgeous] splents or light chips made of sir,
or paper glued together, or leather, &c. for binding up loosened or
disjointed bones, after they have been set again.

To FE＇RULE, verb act. to chastise with the ferula.

FE＇RVOUR [fervor, Lat. ferveur, Fr.] 1. Warmth, heat. That
an effectual fervour proceeded from this star. Brown. 2. Vehe­
mence, great zeal, ardour of devotion. If the devotion of its princes
continues in its present fervour. Addison.

FE＇RVOR of the Matrix, a disease, when the intire substance of the
womb is extremely hot; attended with a pain and heaviness of the
loins, a loathing, suppression of urine, and the like; at the same time
the patient being very desirous of copulation, though by reason of pain
at the same time she fears it.

FE＇SCENNINE Verses [by some derived of fascinum, Lat. a charm,
they taking such songs to be proper to drive away witches, or prevent
their inchantments] a sort of satyrical verses, full of open, wanton,
and obscene expressions, sung or rehearsed by the company at mar­
riages.

FE＇SCUE [fuscello, It. festuca, Lat.] a small wire, or some such
thing, to point to letters in reading. Holder and Dryden use it.

FE＇SELS, subst. a kind of base grain.
Disdain not fesels or poor vetch to sow. May.

FESSE [fascia, Lat. a band or girdle; in heraldry] is one of the
nine honourable ordinaries, and consists of lines drawn directly cross
the escutcheon, from side to side, and takes up the third part of it be­
tween the honour point and the nombril. It represents a waist belt,
or girdle of honour.

Party per FESSE, signifies parted across the middle of the shield
from side to side, through the fess-point.

FE＇SS-POINT [in heraldry] is the exact centre of the escutcheon,
and is so called because of the point through which the fess-line is
drawn from the two sides, and accordingly divides it into two equal
parts, when the escutcheon is parted per fess, as is represented by the
letter E, in the escutcheon. See ESCUTCHION.

FESSE-WAYS [with heralds] or, in fesse, signifies those things that
are borne after the manner of a fesse, that is, in a rank across the mid­
dle of the shield.

FE＇STAL, adj. belonging to a feast; as, festal joys, &c. the same
as festive.

To FE＇STER [festrer, Fr. fesse, in Bavarian, a swelling corrupted.
Junius] to putrify, to rankle, as a sore sometimes does, to grow vi­
rulent. The sore which had deeply festered. Sidney.

FE＇STINATE, adj. [festinatus, Lat.] hasty, hurried. A word not
at present in use. A most festinate preparation. Shakespeare.

FE＇STINATELY, adv. [of festinate] hasty, speedily. Obsolete.
Bring him festinately hither. Shakespeare.

FESTINA＇TION [festinatio, Lat.] haste, speed, hurry.

FE＇STING-MEN [of festnian, Sax. to fasten; with the ancient Sax­
ons] such as were pledges for others, and bound for their forth-com­
ing, who should transgress the laws.

FE＇STING-PENNY, earnest given to servants when hired.

FE＇STINANCE [festinantia, Lat.] the act of hastening, haste.

FE＇STING [with logicians] a technical word, used when the first
proposition of a syllogism is an universal negative, the second a parti­
cular negative, and the third a particular affirmative; as, no vice is
excusable; some errors are not vices; therefore some errors are excus­
able.

FE＇STIVAL, adj. [festivo, It. of festivus, Lat. pertaining to a feast]
1. Merry, jocund, pleasant, diverting. Great tables and festival
entertainments. Atterbury. 2. Pertaining to an holy-day or fes­
tival.

FESTIVAL, subst. [dies festus, or festivus, Lat.] time of feast, anni­
versary day of rejoicing, either civil or religious.

FE＇STIVE adj. [festivus, Lat.] joyous, befitting a feast. Festive
mirth. Thomson.

FESTI＇VITY [festività, It. of festivitas, Lat.] 1. Mirth, rejoicing,
pleasantness, temper or behaviour befitting a feast. Festivity and joy
of a holiday. Taylor. 2. A festival, a time of rejoicing. An an­
nual festivity observed. Brown.

FE＇STIVOUS [festivo, It. of festivus, Lat.] jocund, jovial, merry.

FE＇STIVOUSNESS [of festivous] pleasantness, wittiness, jocular­
ness.

FE＇STOONS [festons, Fr. festoni, It. festonos, Sp. the French call them
festons, prob. of festus, Lat. merry, jovial, being usually applied on
festival occasions; in architecture] an ornament of carved wood in
manner of wreaths or garlands hanging down, of flowers or leaves
twisted together, thickest at the middle, and suspended by the two ex­
tremes, whence it hangs down perpendicularly, as in plate VII, fig.
6. anciently used at the gates of temples, &c. where festivals were
celebrated.

FE＇STUCINE, adj. [festuca, Lat.] straw colour, between green and
yellow. A festucine or pale green. Brown.

FESTU＇COUS, adj. [of festuca, Lat.] 1. Formed of straw. Straws,
or festucous diversions. Brown. 2. Of or pertaining to a shoot or
stalk of a tree or herb. 3. Having a tender branch or spring.

To FET, verb act. to fetch, to go and bring. And they fet forth
Urijah out of Egypt. Jeremiah.

FET, subst. [I suppose from fait, Fr. a part or portion. Johnson] a
piece.
The bottom clear,
Now laid with many a fet
Of seed pearl. Drayton.

To FETCH, irr. verb; fetchtor, or faught, irr. pret. and part.
pass. fetched, anciently fet, unless it rather came from to fet, [fet­
tan, feccan, Sax.] 1. To go and bring a thing. 2. To derive, to
draw. Whose blood is fetcht from fathers of war proof. Shakespeare. 3.
To strike at a distance. The conditions of weapons and their improve­
ments, are the fetching afar off. Bacon. 4. To bring to any state by
some powerful operation. Fetching men again when they swoon. Ba-







con. 5. To draw within any confinement or prohibition. Not fetch
us within the compass of the ordinance. Sanderson. 6. To produce
by some kind of force. The skill of the polisher fetches out the colours.
Addison. 7. To perform any excursion. They must fetch a compass
three miles. Knolles. 8. To perform suddenly or violently. She
fetches a deep sigh. Addison. 9. To reach, to arrive at. I can
fetch up the tortoise when I please. L＇Estrange. 10. To obtain as
its price. Silver in the coin will never fetch so much as the silver in
bullion. Locke.

To FETCH, verb neut. to move with a quick reciprocation. It
makes the course of thoughts to fetch about. Shakespeare.

FETCH, a subtilty, a sly pretence to deceive a person, a trick, an
artifice, by which any thing is indirectly performed. With this fetch
he laughs at the trick he hath played me. Stillingfleet.

FETCH him up [sea phrase] signifies give chace, or pursue a
ship.

FE＇TCHER [of fetch] one that fetches any thing.

FETCHT. See To FETCH.

FE＇TID [fetido, It. of fætidus, Lat.] stinking or smelling ill. Ba­
con uses it.

FE＇TIDNESS [of fetid] the quality of stinking, ill savour.

FETI＇FEROUS [of fætifer, Lat.] bringing forth fruit or young.

FE＇TIPOUR, a city of the Hither India, 25 miles west of Agra.

FE＇TLOCK [q. d. feetlock] of a horse, is a tuft of hair, as large as
the hair of the main, that grows behind the pastern joint of many
horses; those of a low size have scrace any such tuft. Farriers
Dictionary.

FETLOCK Joint, the joint at a horse＇s fetlock, his ankle joint.

FE＇TOR, subst. [fætor, Lat.] a stink, a strong and offensive smell.
Arbuthnot uses it.

To FE＇TTER [gefeterian, Sax.] to put chains or fetters on the
feet, to enchain, to shackle, to tie.

FETTERS [fettere, Sax. from feet, most commonly used in the
plural] irons to be put upon the legs either of malefactors or cattle;
figuratively, bondage.

To FE＇TTLE, verb neut. [a cant word from feel] to do trifling bu­
siness, to ply the hands without labour. Pretend to fettle about the
room. Swift.

FE＇TUS, subst. [fœtus, Lat.] any animal in embrio, any thing un­
born, and yet only in the womb. The fetus respires in the womb.
Boyle.

FEUD [feude, Teut. fæhth, Sax.] quarrel, contention, war, op­
position. Intestine feuds and discords. Addison.

FEUDS [with civilians] a volume of the civil law, so called, be­
cause it contains the customs and services which a vassal does to
his sovereign prince or lord, for the lands or fees that he holds of
him.

FEUD [in the north of England] a combination of kindred to
revenge the death of any of their blood upon the killer, and all his
race.

FEUD BOTE [fæhth-bote, Sax.] a recompence for engaging in
such a feud or faction, and the damages that happen thereupon.

FE＇UDAL, adj. [feudalis, low Lat.] pertaining to fees, fens or te­
nures by which lands are held of a superior lord. Not always the
feudal territory of England. Hale.

FE＇UDATARY, subst. [of feudal] one who holds not in chief, but
by some conditional tenure from a superior. A feudatary or benefici­
ary king of England. Bacon.

FEUDE [of feoh, Sax. a reward, or fod, Sax. a condition; with
civilians] a grant of lands, honours, or fees, made to a man, upon
condition that he and his heirs do acknowledge the donor and his heirs
to be their lord and sovereign, and shall do such service for the said te­
nure, to him and his, as is covenanted between them, or is proper to
the nature of the feude.

FE＇VER [febris, Lat. fievre, Fr. febbre, It. febre, Port. fever, Dan.
fiever, Ger. fefor, Sax.] a disorder very differently defined by phy­
sicians; as, a strenuous endeavour or effort of nature to throw off
some morbific matter, that incommodes the body. Sydenham. A
velocity of the blood; a fermentation or great motion of it, with heat
and thirst. Quincy. A disease wherein the body is violently heated,
and the pulse quickened, or in which heat and cold prevail by turns.
How much better is that definition which BOERHAAVE has given?
“A swifter contraction of the heart than usual, joined with an encreased
resistance at the capillaries, completes the idea of every acute fever.”
BOERHAAVE＇s Aphorisms, 581.

Continual FE＇VER, is one that never intermits, tho＇ at times there
may be some remission or abatement of its force. This, strictly speak­
ing, is the febris continua, and by this circumstance of remission, it is
distinguished from the febris continens, in which there is no remission of
the fervor, tho＇ a continual fever, in the latter acceptation of the
word, may include both.

Intermitting FEVER, has certain times of intermission.

An Essential FEVER, is one, the primary cause of which is in the
blood itself, and does not arise as an effect or symptom from any other
disease in the solids or other parts.

A Symptomatical FEVER, is one which arises as an accident or symptom
of some disorder that is antecedent to it.

Diary FEVER, is that which ordinarily does not last longer than 24
hours.

Hectic FEVER [of εκτικος εξις, Gr. habitude] is one that is slow
and durable, extenuating and emaciating the body by insensible de­
grees.

Putrid FEVER, one arising from the discharge of putrid purulent
matter from some morbid part; as, an ulcer in the lungs. This is
one species of the putrid fever; but with BOERHAAVE the conti­
nent putrid fever is that which arises from some greater cause than a
simple inflammation, and from greater acrimony of the juices, &c.
Aphorism, 730.

Burning, or Ardent FEVER, a very acute fever, attended with a ve­
hement heat, intolerable thirst, a dry cough, a delirium, and other
violent symptoms.

Colliquative FEVER, one wherein the whole body is consumed and
emaciated in a short time, the solid parts and the fat, &c. are melted
down, and carried off by a diarrhæa, sweat, urine, &c.

Quotidian FEVER, is one where the paroxism returns every day.

Double Quotidian FEVER, is one, the paroxism of which comes
twice in 24 hours.

Tertian FEVER, one which returns every other day, and is of two
kinds, legitimate and spurious.

Legitimate Tertian FEVER, is one that lasts only twelve hours, and
is followed by an absolute intermission.

Spurious Tertian FEVER, holds longer than 12 hours, and sometimes
18 or 20 hours.

Double Tertian FEVER, is one that returns twice every other
day.

Semitertian FEVER [ημιτριταιον, Gr.] a compounded fever, so cal­
led, as consisting of a continued QUOTIDIAN, and an intermitting TER­
TIAN. Galen. “It returns (says Dr. MEAD) every third day, and
out of 48 hours takes up about 36 in the fit, more or less; nor does it
absolutely desist in the REMISSION, but only abates of its violence.”
Monita & Præcepta Medica, p. 41.

Quartan FEVER, is one which returns every fourth day.

Double Quartan FEVER, is one which has two paroxisms every
fourth day.

Triple Quartan FEVER, is one that has three paroxisms every fourth
day.

Eruptive FEVERS, are such, as, besides the symptoms common to
other fevers, have their crisis attended with cutaneous eruptions.

Miliary FEVERS, are fevers in which rough pustulæ appear over the
whole body, of a bad smell, sometimes red, sometimes white (which
are the more dangerous of the two) and sometimes a mixture of both.
Monita & Præcepta Med. p. 22.

Pestilential FEVERS, are such as are acute, contagious and mortal.

Petechial FEVERS, are a malignant kind of fevers, wherein, on the
fourth day, or oftener on the seventh day, there appear petechiæ, or
red spots like flea-bites, on the breast, shoulders and abdomen.

FEVER, was sacrificed to by the ancients, as a malevolent deity.

To FEVER, verb act. [from the noun] to put into a fever. The
white hand of a lady fever thee. Shakespeare.

FE＇VERET, subst. [of fever] a slight fever, a febricula. Ayliffe
uses it.

FE＇VERFEW, subst. [of febris, a fever, and fugo, Lat. to drive
away] a plant of a fibrose root. There are nine species of it. The
first, called common feverfew, is the sort used in medicine, and is
found wild in many parts of England, but is however cultivated in
medicinal gardens. Miller.

FE＇VERISH, 1. Having the symptoms of a fever; inclinable to a
fever. A feverish disorder. Swift. 2. Troubled with a fever. Turns
feverish. Arbuthnot. 3. Uncertain, now hot, now cold. Our feverish
will. Dryden. 4. Hot, burning. The feverish north. Dryden.

FE＇VERISHNESS [of feverish] feverish symptoms, inclinableness to a
fever, a slight disorder of a feverish kind.

FE＇VEROUS, adj. [fievreux, Fr.] 1. Troubled with a fever or
ague.
Thou mad＇st thine enemies shake, as if the world
Were feverous. Shakespeare.
2. Having the nature of a fever. All feverous kinds. Milton. 3.
Having a tendency to produce fevers. A feverous disposition of the
year. Bacon.

FE＇VERSHAM, a port-town of Kent, 48 miles from London. It is
one of the cinque-ports, and gives title of baron to Anthony Dun­
comb.

FE＇VERY, adj. [of fever] diseased with a fever. All thy body
fev＇ry. B. Johnson.

FE＇UILLAGE, subst. Fr. a bunch or row of leaves. To make
room for feuillage or laurel round the oval. Jervas to Pope.

FE＇VILLANTINES, Fr. [in cookery] small tarts filled with sweet­
meats.

FE＇UILLE Mort, Fr. [q. d. dead-leaf] the colour of a faded leaf;
corrupted commonly to philemot, or fillemot.

FE＇UILLE DE SCIE [with some French heralds] a term used, to ex­
press that an ordinary, that has a fesse or a pale, is indented only on
one side, because then it looks like a saw, as the French word de­
notes, signifying the leaf of a saw.

FE＇UTERER, or FEW＇TERER, a dog-keeper, he who lets them
loose in a chase. Perhaps the cleaner of the kennel. Johnson.

A FEW [faer, C. Br. feo, feawe, or feawa, Sax. fua, Dan. fahe,
Teut. fawai, Goth.] 1. A small number, not many. 2. Sometimes
elliptically. Not many words. The very substance of that they con­
tain is in few but this. Hooker.

FEW [in Scotland] a tenure, called also few-farm, by which lands
are held, paying a kind of duty, called feuda firma.

FE＇WEL, or FU＇EL [of feu, Fr. fire, and alo, Lat. to feed or nourish]
coals, wood, turf, or any thing to be burned.
Take away FEWEL, take away flame.
A good lesson for temperance and moderation; for where the body is
not pampered, the mind and passions are generally cool in proportion.
As we say in the same sense: Without meat and drink, love is cold;
and so the French; Sans le vin & la bonne chére, l＇ amour est bien
froid. The Lat. say; Sine Cerere & Baccho friget Venus. Per.
Without Ceres, the goddess of corn, &c. and Bacchus, the god of
wine, Venus, the goddess of love, is cold.

To FE＇WEL, verb act. [from the noun] to feed with fewel
The dreadful name
That fewels th＇ infernal flame. Cowley.

FE＇WNESS [feawnes, Sax.] 1. Smallness of number. 2. Brevity,
conciseness. Fewness and truth ＇tis thus. Shakespeare.

FE＇W-METS, or FEW-MISHING [of fimaison, O. Fr. of fimus, Lat.]
the dung of a deer.

To FEY, verb act. [veghen, Du.] to cleanse a ditch of mud.
Tusser uses it.

FEZ, the capital of the empire of Fez and Morocco, in Africa.
Lat. 33° 30′ N. Long. 6° W. It is a large and populous city, and
usually the residence of the emperor. This city suffered very greatly
by the late earthquake on the first of November, 1755.

F＇FAUT [in the scale of music] the seventh or last note of the third
septenaries of the gamut.

FI＇ANTS, or FU＇ANTS [fiente, Fr.] the dung of a badger, fox, &c.








FIASCO＇NE, a city and bishop＇s see of Italy, about 12 miles south of
Orvietto.

FIAU＇TO, It. a flute.

FIAUTO Transverse, It. a German flute.

To FIB, verb neut. [prob. of fable, q. d. to tell a fable or romantic
story] to say false, to lie, to tell lies.

A FIB [a cant word among children] a softer expression for a lie,
a falsehood. Destroy his fib or sophistry. Pope.

FI＇BBER [of fib] a teller of fibs.

FI＇BRA, Lat. a fibre, a similar part of the animal body, called also
a filament.

FI＇BRES, or FI＇BERS [fibre, Fr. fibre, It. fibra, Lat. in anatomy]
Fibres are long slender threads, which being interwoven or wound up,
form the various solid parts of an animal body; so that the fibres are
the stamina or matter of which an animal body is composed.

The FIBRES are by anatomists distinguish＇d into four kinds, as car­
neus or fleshy, nervous; tendinous, and osseous or bony; which again are
divided, according as they are situated, into

Direct Longitudinal FIBRES, those are such as proceed in right
lines.

Transverse FIBRES, are such as go a-cross the longitudinal ones.

Oblique FIBRES, are such as cross or intersect them at unequal an­
gles.

Muscular FIBRES, are such whereof the muscles or fleshy parts of
the body are composed, these are called motive fibres.

Nervous FIBRES, are those minute threads, whereof the nerves are
composed, these are called sensitive fibres.

FIBRES [in botany] threads or hairs like strings in plants, roots, &c.
the first constituent parts of bodies.

FI＇BRIL, subst. [fibrille, Fr. fibrilla, Lat.] a small fibre or string.
Cheyne uses it.

FIBRI＇LLÆ, Lat. [in anatomy] the fibrils, or smallest threads of
which the fibre consist.

FI＇BROUS, adj. [fibreux, Fr. fibroso, It. of fibrosus, Lat.] consisting
of or full of fibres or stamina.

FI＇BULA, Lat. a button.

FIBULA [with ancient surgeons] a sort of contrivance or bandage
for the closing up wounds, concerning which authors differ. Guido
says, that these fibula＇s were made of iron circles, as it were semicir­
cles crooked backwards on both sides, the hooks whereof being fa­
stened to the gaping wound, answered exactly one another. Celsus
says, that fibula＇s were made of a needle-full of soft untwisted silk or
thread, wherewith they sewed the lips of the gaping wound toge­
ther.

FIBULA [with anatomists] the lesser and outer bone of the leg; the
focile minus much smaller than the tibia, it lies on the outside of the
leg. Hippocrates uses the word for that part only of the bone that
forms the outer ancle, perhaps because they used to buckle their shoes
in that place.

FIBULÆ＇US, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the leg called pero­
næus primus.

FICA＇RIA, Lat. [with botanists; of ficus, Lat. a fig] the herb fig­
wort.

FI＇CKLE, adj. [ficol, Sax. of facilis, Lat. as though easily per­
suaded to change his mind, others fetch it from ποικιλος, Gr. various]
1. Inconstant, variable, light. 2. Irresolute, not fixed, subject to vicissi­
tude. Lest the adversary
Triumph and say, fickle their state whom God
Most favours. Milton.

FI＇CKLENESS [of fickle] inconstancy, variableness, wavering in mind,
changeable humour.

FI＇CKLY, adv. [of fickle] with fickleness, without certainty or stabi­
lity. Southern uses it.

FI＇CO, subst. It. An act of contempt done with the fingers, expres­
sing a fig for one. He then gives the fico to all that his adversaries
can by siege, force or famine attempt. Carew.

FI＇CTILE, adj. [fictilis, Lat.] moulded into form, manufactur＇d by
the potter. Fictile earth is more fragil than crude earth. Bacon.

FI＇CTILENESS [of fictile] the quality of being manufactur＇d by the
potter.

FI＇CTION, Fr. [fizione, It. fitiòn, Sp. of fictio, Lat.] 1. The act of
feigning or inventing. By a mere fiction of the mind. Stillingfleet. 2.
The thing feigned or invented, an invention or device. The fiction of
those golden apples kept by a dragon. Raleigh. 3. A lie, a false­
hood.

FI＇CTIOUS, adj. [fictius, Lat.] fictitious, imaginary. A word
coined by Prior. Study＇d lines and fictious circles draws. Prior.

FICTI＇TIOUS [fittizio, It. of fictitius, Lat.] 1. Feigned, imaginary.
The human persons are as fictitious as the airy ones. Pope. 2. Coun­
terfeit, false, not genuine. Trappings of fictitious fame. Dryden. 3.
Not real, not true. Characters of a shadowy and fictitious nature. Ad­
dison.

FICTI＇TIOUSLY, adv. [of fictitious] feignedly, fabulously, falsely,
counterfeitly. Brown uses it.

FICTI＇TIOUSNESS [of fictitious] feignedness, counterfeitness, fabu­
lousness.

FI＇CUS [in surgery] are the external protuberances of the anus,
commonly called the piles.

FIDD [fitta, It. with mariners] an iron or wooden pin, made ta­
pering and sharp at the end, to open the strands of rope, when they
are to be spliced or fastened together; also the heel of the top mast
that bears it upon the chess-trees.

FIDD Hammer, a mariner＇s hammer, being a fid at one end, having
a head and claw, to drive in, or draw out a nail.

FIDD [with gunners] or fuse, a little oakam shaped like a nail, to
put into the touch-hole of a gun, which being covered with a plate of
lead, keeps the powder dry in the gun.

FI＇DDLE [fidicula, Lat. vedel, Du. fiddel, Ger. fedel, Su. fidel,
Teut. fithele, Sax. fiûl, Erse] a musical stringed instrument, a vio­
lin.

To FI＇DDLE, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To play upon the fid­
dle. 2. To triflle, to shift the hands often and do nothing. They call
fiddling work, where abundance of time is spent and little done. Swift.

FIDDLE-Faddle, a cant word for trifles. Spectator.

FIDDLE-Faddle, adj. trifling, making a bustle about nothing. A
troublesome fiddle-faddle old woman. Arbuthnot.

FI＇DDLER [of fiddle] one who plays upon a fiddle.

FI＇DDLESTICK [of fiddle and stick] the bow and hair which a fiddler
draws over the strings of a fiddle.

FI＇DDLESTRING [of fiddle and string] the string of a fiddle.

FI＇DDLING, part. act. [of fidlen, Teut.] 1. Playing upon a fiddle.
2. Doing or acting triflingly.

FIDE-JUSSOR [in civil law] a surety, one who is a pledge and surety
for another, especially in a pecuniary affair.

FIDE＇LITY [fidelitas, Lat. fidelité, Fr. fidelià, It. fidelidàd, Sp.]
1. Faithfulness, integrity, honesty, veracity. The principal thing re­
quired in a witness is fidelity. Hooker. 2. Faithful adherence. They
mistake credulity for fidelity. Clarke.

FIDELITY was painted by the ancients as a damsel clad in white,
holding in one hand a seal, and in the other a key; a dog lying at her
feet. Or,
As an agreeable woman standing upright upon a cube, treading
masks of all sorts under her feet, and holding a looking-glass in her
hand. All which emblems are very obvious.

FIDELITY [hieroglyphically] was represented by an elephant.

FI＇DES, Lat. [public faith] had a temple instituted to her by Numa,
with sacrifices that were always performed without blood. She was
clothed with white robes, drawn in a chariot, with her right hand
open to intimate her candour and sincerity.

To FIDGE, or To FI＇DGET, verb neut. [a cant word; q. d. fudge;
of fugio, Lat.] to move up and down from place to place nimbly and
irregularly. It implies, in Scotland, frequent agitation. You wrig­
gle, fidge, and make a rout. Swift.

FI＇DGETY, adj. [from fidge] moving up and down from place to
place, unsettled, restless.

FIDI＇CINALES [with anatomists] the muscles of the fingers called
lumbricales, from the use they are put to by musicians, in playing upon
some instruments.

FIDU＇CIAL, adj. [fiducialis, Lat.] confident, undoubting. Fiducial
reliance on the promises. Hammond.

FIDUCIA＇LITY [fiducialitas, Lat.] firm trust.

FIDU＇CIARY, subst. [fiduciarius, Lat.] 1. A trustee, one who is
entrusted by another with something. 2. One who depends on faith
without works. Hammond uses it.

FIDU＇CIARY, adj. [fiduciarius, Lat.] 1. Confident, steady, un­
doubting. A fiduciary assent to whatever the gospel reveals. Wake.
2. Not to be doubted. Fiduciary obedience. Howel.

FIE [fi! Fr. vah, Lat.] an interjection denoting disapprobation on
account of absurdity, obscenity, &c.

FIEF [fief, Fr. a fee or feodal tenure, or lands held by fealty]
lands or tenements which a vassal holds of his lord by fealty and ho­
mage, and for which he owes service or pays rent; also a manour or
noble inheritance.

FIELD [feld, or feald, Sax. veldt, Du. feld, Ger. fela, Celt. to
wage war] 1. Arable land, cultivated tract of ground. In Pharian
fields to sow the golden grain. Pope. 2. Ground not inhabited, ground
not built on. Buried out of the city in the fields. Ayliffe. 3. Ground
not enclosed. Field lands are not excepted from mildews nor smut,
where it is more than in inclosed lands. Mortimer. 4. The open
country; opposed to quarters. Since his majesty went into the field.
Shakespeare. 5. The ground of battle. What tho＇ the field be lost.
Milton. 6. A battle, a campain, the action of an army while it
keeps the field. Whilst a field should be dispatch＇d and fought. Shake­
speare. 7. A wide expanse. Where fields of light and liquid ether
flow. Dryden. 8. Space, compass, extent. A large field to expa­
tiate in. Addison.

FIELD [with heralds] in an escutcheon, signifies the whole surface of
the shield, and takes its name probably of those atchievements which
were acquired in the field.

FIELD of a Painting, the ground or blank space on which figures
are drawn. Let the field or ground of the picture be clean. Dryden.

FIELD-Colours, small flags about a foot and a half square, carried
along with the quarter-master-general in marking out the ground for
the squadrons and battalions of an army.

FIELD-Officers [in an army] are such as have the power and com­
mand over a whole regiment, viz. colonel, lieutenant colonel and
major; but those commands which reach no farther than a troop, are
not field-officers.

FIELD-Pieces [in the art of war] small cannon carried along with
an army in the field, as three pounders, minions, sakers, six pounders,
used in battles, but not sieges.

FIELD-Staff [in gunnery] a staff carried by the gunners, with
lighted match skrew＇d into it.

FIELD Works [in fortification] are works thrown up by an army in
the besieging of a fortress; or by the besieged in defence of the place.

FIE＇LDBASIL, subst. [of field and basil] a plant with a labiated
flower.

FIE＇LDBED [of field and bed] a bed contrived to be easily set up in
the field.

FIE＇LDED, adj. [of field] being in the field of battle. To help our
fielded friends. Shakespeare.

FIE＇LDFARE, subst. [of feld, and faran, Sax. to wander in the
fields] a bird. Woodcocks and fieldfares. Bacon.

FIELDMA＇RSHAL [of field and marshal] commander of an army in
the field.

FIE＇LDMOUSE [of field and mouse] a mouse that burrows in banks,
and makes her house with various apartments.

FIEND [fiende, or feond, Sax. viand, Du. feind, Ger. fiende,
Dan. and Su. fiand, Goth. an enemy] 1. A foe, an enemy, the great
enemy of mankind, Satan. The foul fiend. Shakespeare. 2. Any evil
spirit, or infernal being. All hell contains no fouler fiend. Pope.

FIE＇RABBASS, Fr. [i. e. fierce at arms] an hector or bully.

FIERCE [ferox, Lat. fier, Fr. feroce, It. feroz, Sp. and Port.] 1.
Savage, ravenous, easily enraged. As a fierce lion. Job. 2. Vehe­
ment in rage, eager of mischief. Tyrants fierce that unrelenting die.
Pope. 3. Violent, outrageous. Cursed be their anger for it was
fierce. Genesis. 4. Passionate, angry, furious. Positive and fierce for
positions. Locke. 5. Strong, forcible. Driven of fierce winds. St. James.








FIE＇RCELY, adv. [of fierce] 1. Violently, furiously. Fiercely as­
sailed. Knolles. 2. Cruelly, sternly.

FIE＇RCENESS [of fierce] 1. Ferocity, savageness. Gives a fierce­
ness to our natures. Swift. 2. Eagerness for blood, fury. A she­
bear not far from him of little less fierceness. Sidney. 3. Quickness to
attack, keenness in anger and resentment. Fierce to their skill, and
to their fierceness valiant. Shakespeare. 4. Violence, outragious pas­
sion. His pride and brutal fierceness I abhor. Dryden.

FIERI Facias, Lat. a writ which lies for him who has recovered
in an action of debt or damages, against whom the recovery was had,
commanding the sheriff to levy the debt or damages on his goods.

FIE＇RILY, furiously, hastily.

FI＇ERINESS [fyricgness, Sax.] fiery or furious nature or quality.

FI＇ERINESS [of fiery] 1. Heat, fiery qualities. The ashes by their
heat and fieriness. Boyle. 2. Heat of temper, mental ardour. Natu­
ral fieriness of temper. Addison.

FIERTEˋ, noun subst. fierceness, or also a vivacity joined with haugh­
tiness. A term imported from the French.

FI＇ERY [fyricg, Sax. byerigh, Du. furig, O. and L. Ger. feurig,
H. Ger.] 1. Consisting of fire. Fiery footed team. Spenser. 2. Hot
like fire. Hath thy fiery heart so parch＇d thy entrails? Shakespeare.
3. Vehement, active. Fiery expedition be my wing. Shakespeare. 4.
Passionate, outrageous, easily provoked, hasty. The fiery quality of
the duke. Shakespeare. 5. Unrestrained, fierce. A hot and fiery
steed. Shakespeare. 6. Heated by fire. The sword made fiery.
Hooker.

FIERY Triplicity [in astrology] are those signs of the zodiac, which
surpass the rest in fiery qualities, viz. heat and dryness, as Leo, Aries
and Sagittarius.

FIFE [fifre, Fr. piffero, It. pisero, Sp. pfeiffe, H. Ger.] a sort of
military wind music, a small pipe, blown to the drum.

FIFE [in geography] a county of Scotland, bounded by the Frith
of Tay on the north, by the German sea on the east, by the Frith of
Forth on the south, and by Menteeth and Sterling on the west.

FIFE-Rails [in a ship] are such as are placed on the bannisters, on
each side the top of the poop, &c.

FIFFA＇RO, It. a small pipe, flute or flagelet, used by the Germans,
together with a drum, in the army.

FIFTEE＇N, adj. [fiften, Sax. vijftien, Du. fuftein, L. Ger. funf­
zehn, H. Ger.] five and ten.

FIFTEE＇NTH, adj. [fifteoða, Sax.] 1. The ordinal of fifteen, the
fifth after the tenth. 2. All the ordinals are taken elliptically for the
part which they express; as, a fifth, a fifth part, a third, a third part,
&c.

FIFTEENTH, an ancient tribute or imposition of money, laid upon
any city, town, &c. through the realm.

FIFTH, adj. [fifta, Sax. vijfoe, Du. fufte, L. Ger. fünfte, H. Ger.]
the ordinal of five, the next to the fourth.

FIFTH [in music] the same as diapente.

FI＇FTHLY, adv. [fiftlic, Sax.] in the fifth place.

FI＇FTIETH, adj. [fiftiogowa, Sax.] the ordinal of fifty.

FI＇FTY, adj. [fiftig, Sax. vyftigh, Du. fuftig, L. Ger. funfzig,
H. Ger.] five tens.

FIG [figue, Fr. fico, It. higo, Sp. figo, Port. ficus, Lat. vyge, Du.
feige, Ger. fig or fic, Sax. fige, Dan. fika, Su.] 1. A tree that bears
figs. The flowers are male and female in the same fruit. The entire
fruit is for the most part turbinated and globular, fresh, and of a sweet
taste. Miller. 2. A luscious soft fruit, fruit of the fig-tree.

FIG [in a horse] is a kind of wart on the frush, and sometimes all
over his body; it makes an evacuation of nasty stinking humours that
are hard to cure.

To FIG, verb act. 1. To insult with fico＇s or contemptuous snap­
ping of the fingers. Do this and fig me. Shakespeare. 2. To put
something useless into one＇s head. A low cant sense. Figs her in the
crown with another story. L＇Estrange. See FICO.

FI＇GAPPLE, a fruit which hath no core nor kernel, in these resem­
bling a fig, and differing from other apples. Mortimer.

FIGA＇RY [q. d. vagary, of vagor, to rove and ramble up and
down] a roving or roaming about; also a caprice or whimsey. See
VAGARY.

FIG-Pecker, a bird that feeds on figs.

FIG-Wort, an herb.

FIGE＇NTIA, Lat. [with chemists] things which serve to fix volatile
substances.

A FIGHT [fyht, Sax. gevecht, Du. gefecht, Ger.] 1. A combat,
duel. Herilus in single fight I slew. Dryden. 2. Battle, engage­
ment.

To FIGHT, irreg. verb act. FOUGHT, pret. and part. pass. vecte, Du.
fochte, Ger. [feohtan, Sax. becten, Du. fechten, Ger. fathta, Su.
fihta, Teut.] 1. To combat, to duel, to contend in single fight. One
shall undertake to fight against another. 2 Esdras. 2. To contend in
battle, to war, to contend in arms. It is used of armies and single
combatant. To fight in thy defence. Shakespeare. 3. To act as a
soldier in any case. Fought the holy wars. Shakespeare. 4. It has
with before the person opposed. 5. To contend. The dry and hu­
mid fight. Sandys.

To FIGHT, verb act. to war or combat against. To fight the Phry­
gian and Ansonian hosts. Dryden.
FIGHT dog, FIGHT bear, the d__l part you.
Spoken when we see people contending, and won＇t concern our­
selves in the quarrel.

FIGHTS [in a ship] waste cloaths which hang round a ship in a
fight, to prevent the men from being seen by the enemy.

Close FIGHTS [in a ship] bulk-heads, set up for men to stand secure
behind in a ship, and thence to fire on the enemy in case of board­
ing.

Running FIGHTS [at sea] are where the enemies ship does not stand
the battle, but is continually chased.

FI＇GHTER [of fyht, Sax. vechter, Du. fechter, Ger.] one who
fights, a warrior, a duellist.

FIGHTING, part. adj. [of fight] 1. Qualified for war, fit for battle.
Fighting men. 2 Chronicles. 2. Occupied by war, being the scene
of war. In fighting fields. Pope.

FIGHT-WITE [fyht-pite, Sax.] a fine imposed upon a man for
causing a quarrel.

FI＇GMENT [figmentum, Lat.] a fiction, an invention, the idea
feign＇d. An appearance of figment and invention. Woodward.

FI＇GULATE [figulatus, from figulus, Lat. a potter] made of earth
or potters clay.

FI＇GURABLE, adj. [of figura, Lat.] capable of being brought to a
certain form and retained in it. Thus lead is figurable but not
water. Bacon.

FIGURABI＇LITY [of figurable] the quality of being capable of a
certain and stable form.

FI＇GURAL, adj. [of figure] represented by delineation. Figural
resemblances. Brown.

FIGURAL Number, or FIGURATIVE Numbers, are such numbers as
do ordinarily represent some geometrical figure, and are always con­
sidered in relation thereto, being either lineary, superficial or solid.

FI＇GURANCE [figurantia, Lat.] the act of expressing, figuring, or
drawing forms or shapes, &c.

FI＇GURATE, adj. [figuratus, Lat.] 1. Being of a certain and determi­
nate form. Plants are all figurate and determinate. Bacon. 2. Re­
sembling any thing of a determinate form; as, figurate stones retaining
the forms of shells in which they were formed by the deluge.

FIGURATE Descant [with musicians] is that wherein some discords
are intermix＇d with the concords, called also florid descant, and may
aptly be termed the rhetorical part of music, inasmuch as here are
brought in all the variety of points, syncopes, figures, and whatever
else is capable of affording an ornament to the composition.

FIGURATE Counterpoint [in music] that wherein there are a mix­
ture of discords along with the concords.

FIGURA＇TION [figurazione, It. of figuratio, Lat.] 1. The act of
fashioning or giving a certain form. Brown uses it. 2. Determina­
tion to a certain form. Articulate figurations of the air. Bacon.

FIGURA＇TION [with rhetoricians] a figure in which here is a re­
presentation of the manners and passions of men, either to their praise
or reproach.

FI＇GURATIVE, adj. [figurativus, Lat.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or
spoken by way of figure, or that teaches under some obscure resem­
blance, typical, representative. 2. Changed by rhetorical figures from
the primitive meaning, not literal. Words in a figurative sense. Stilling­
fleet. 3. Full of figures, full of changes from the original sense. The
most figurative expressions. Dryden.

FIGURATIVE Speeches, are ways of expressing ourselves, whereby we
make use of an improper word, which custom has applied to another
subject. Arguments taken from figuration, and metaphoric expressions,
are very fallacious; because these figurative terms themselves must be
explained from the NATURE of the SUBJECT to which they are apply＇d.
See NECESSARY Cause, and CIRCUM INCESSION compar＇d.

FIGURATIVE Stile, is one which abounds in figures.

FIGURATIVELY [figurément, Fr. figurativè, Lat.] after a figurative
manner, by way of figure, not literally; in a sense different from
what words originally imply.

FI＇GURE, Fr. [figura, It. Sp. Port. and Lat.] 1. Form of any thing
as terminated by the outlines. 2. Shape, form, resemblance. In
the figure of a lamb. Shakespeare. 3. Person, external appearance, as
graceful or inelegant, mean or grand. The gracefulness of his figure.
Addison. 4. Distinguished appearance, remarkable character. To
give him a figure in my eye. Addison. 5. A statue, an image, some­
what made in resemblance of something else. The several statues
were nothing else but so many figures in snow. Addison.

FIGURE [in arithmetic] is one of the nine digits or numerical cha­
racters; as, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; denoting a number. The
only figure among cyphers. Bacon.

FIGURE [in theology] the mysteries represented or delivered ob­
scurely to us under certain types in the Old Testament; type, repre­
sentative. Who was the figure of him that is to come. Romans.

FIGURE [with grammarians] an expression which deviates from the
common and natural rules of grammar; either for the sake of elegancy
or brevity, as when any word is left to be supplied by the reader,
&c.

FIGURE [in geometry] is a space terminated on all parts by lines
either straight or crooked.

Rectilineal FIGURE, is one, all whose extremities are right lines.

Regular FIGURE, is one which is equilateral and equiangular.

Irregular FIGURE, is that which is not equilateral and equiangular.

FIGURE [in conics] is the rectangle made under the latus rectum
and transversum in the hyperbola.

FIGURE [of the diameter] the rectangle under any diameter and
its proper perimeter, in the ellipsis or hyperbola.

FIGURE [in architecture] sculpture, representation of things made
on solid matter.

FIGURE [in painting, drawing, &c.] the lines and colours which
form the representation of a man. The principal figures of a picture.
Dryden.

FIGURE [in heraldry] a bearing in a shield representing or resem­
bling a human face, as the sun, an angel, &c.

FIGURE [in astrology] a description or draught of the state and dis­
position of the heavens, at a certain hour containing the places of the
planets and stars, marked down in a figure of 12 triangles. Figure­
flingers and star-gazers. L＇Estrange.

FIGURE [in geomancy] is applied to the extreme points, lines or
numbers thrown or cast at random; on the combinations or variations
whereof the pretenders to this found their divinations.

FIGURE [in dancing] the several steps which the dancers make in
order and cadence, which mark divers figures on the floor.

FIGURE [in logic] is the due disposing of the middle term in a syl­
logism with the two extremes, arrangement, modification.

FIGURE [in rhetoric] any mode of speaking in which words are
detorted from their literal and primitive signification; or figures are
manners of expression distinct from those that are natural and common.
In strict acceptation, the change of a word is a trope, and any affec­
tion of a sentence a figure, but they are generally confounded by the
exactest writers. A strange figure invented against the plain and natu­
ral sense of the words. Stillingfleet.








FI＇GURED, part. adj. [figure, Fr. figuratus, Lat.] represented, hav­
ing figures or forms drawn upon it.

To FI＇GURE, verb act. [figurer, Fr. figurare, It. figuràr, Sp. of
figuro, Lat.] 1. To represent by a corporeal resemblance, as in pic­
ture or statuary. O＇er figur＇d worlds now travels with his eye. Pope.
2. To form into any particular shape. Rough with figur＇d gold.
Dryden. 3. To cover or adorn with figures, to draw figures upon.
My figur＇d goblet. Shakespeare. 4. To diversify or variegate with
adventitious matter. The vaulty top of heav＇n figur＇d quite o＇er with
burning meteors. Shakespeare. 5. To represent typically. Holds a
globe in his hand to figure out the earth. Addison. 6. To image in
the mind. Figure to himself those imaginary charms in riches. Tem­
ple. 7. To prefigure, to foreshew. The heavens figure some event.
Shakespeare. 8. To form figuratively, to use not in a literal sense.
Figured and metaphorical expressions. Locke.

FI＇GURE FLINGER [of figure and fling] a pretender to astrology and
fortune-telling. Collier uses it.

FIGURE＇TTO [so called from the figures or flowers of it] a sort of
flowered stuff.

FI＇GWORT [of fig and wort] a plant of an anomalous flower.

FILA＇CEOUS [of filum, Lat. a thread, &c.] consisting of filaments,
i. e. of small threads or strings about the roots of plants.

FI＇LACER [filazarius, low Lat. of filum, Lat. a thread; in the
court of common pleas] an officer, so called because he files those
writs on which he makes process: there are fourteen of them in their
several divisions and counties.

FILA＇CIUM, low Lat. a file, a thread or wire on which writs and
other deeds are filed up in courts.

FILA＇GO [with botanists] a sort of cud wort or cotton weed.

FI＇LAMENT [filamenta, Lat.] a slender thread, any body long and
slender like a thread, a fibre, &c.

FI＇LAMENTS [with botanists] those small threads which compose
the beards of Foots.

FI＇LAMENTS [with physicians] little slender rays, like threads, that
appear in urine.

FILAMENTS [with anatomists] are the small fibres or threads which
compose the texture of the muscles.

FI＇LANDERS [filandres, Fr. filandre, It.] a kind of worms, small as
threads, which he in the reins of a hawk.

FI＇LAZER [of fil, Fr. of filum, Lat. a thread] an officer in the
court of common pleas, who files the writs, whereon he makes out
process. See FILACER.

FI＇LBERDS [q. full-beards. Junius and Skinner. It probably had
its name, like many other fruits, from some one that introduced or
cultivated it, and is therefore corrupted from Filbert or Filibert, the
name of him who first brought it hither] a sort of fine hazel nut with
a thin shell.

To FILCH, verb act. [prob. of filonter, Fr. or, according to Ca­
saubon, of ϕιλεω, or ϕιλητης, Gr. A word of uncertain etymology;
the Fr. word filer, from which some derive it, is of very late produc­
tion, and therefore cannot be its original. Johnson] to steal, to pil­
fer, to rob. It is usually spoken of petty thefts. Filch＇d away his
neighbour＇s goods. L＇Estrange.

FI＇LCHER [un filou, Fr.] a petty thief or robber.

FI＇LCHING [of filouterie, Fr.] petty stealing.

FILE, Fr. [feol, Sax. vyle, Du. feile, Ger. fyl, Su.] 1. A tool of
steel, to work or polish iron or other metal with, and rub down the
prominences. 2. A thread. The file of my relation. Wotton.

FILE [of filum, Lat. a thread] 1. A wire or thread on which loose
papers are filed up together. 2. A catalogue, a roll, a series. Our
present musters grow upon the file. Shakespeare.

FILE [in military discipline] is the strait line or row made by sol­
diers, standing one behind or below another; which is the depth of
the battalion or squadron.

FILE [in fencing] a sword without edges, with a button at the
point.

To FILE, verb act. [seolan, Sax. vylen, Du. feilen, Ger.] 1. To
polish steel, &c. with a file, to cut with or file. 2. [Filum, Lat. a
thread] to string upon a thread or wire; whence, to file a bill, is to
offer it in its order to the notice of the the judge. 3. [From filan,
Sax.] to foul, to sully; this sense is retained in Scotland. All fil＇d and
mangled. Chapman.

To FILE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to march in a file, not
abreast, but one after another; as,

To FILE Off [military term] to fall off from marching in a large
front, and to march in length by files.

FILE [in heraldry] is represented in plate VII. fig. 7. tho＇ sometimes
of more, and sometimes of fewer points. It is sometimes borne as a
charge in coat armour; but it is usually the mark of distinction which
the elder brother bears in his coat during his father＇s life.

FI＇LE-LEADERS the first men of every file, which compose the front
of a battalion.

Double the FILES [military phrase] is to put two files into one.

FI＇LEMOT, subst. [corrupted from feuille morte, Fr. a withered
leaf] a brown or yellow brown colour. Swift uses it.

FI＇LER [of file] one who files, or uses the files in cutting or polish­
ing metals.

FI＇LET [in anatomy] See FILLET.

FILET, or FILLET [in architecture] a little square member or or­
nament, used in divers places, and upon divers occasions, but gene­
rally as a fort of corona over a large moulding.

FILET [with botanists] is used to signify those threads that are
usually found in the middle of flowers, as the lilly, tulip, &c.

FI＇LETS Minions [in cockery] large slices of beef, veal, &c. spread
over with a rich farce, rolled up and covered with bards, or thin
slices of bacon, then dressed in a stew-pan between two fires, and
served up with a cullis or ragoo.

FI＇LIAL, adj. [Fr. filiale, It. of filialis, filius, Lat. a son] 1. Of or
pertaining to a son, befeeming a son. Filial piety. Sidney. 2. Bearing
the relation or character of a son. The filial godhead. Milton.

FILIA＇LITY, adv. [of filial] in a manner like a son.

FI＇LIALNESS [of filial] sonship, relation of a son.

FILIA＇TION [filius, Lat. a son] sonship, the relation of a son to a fa­
ther; correlative to paternity. Hale uses it. “We are all (as St. Paul
observes) his offspring” the offspring of that common parent, the first
cause and Father of the universe “of whom the whole family, both in
heaven and earth is named.” But God has one Son, so called, by way
of distinction and eminence, above all the rest; “the first-born [or
first-begotten] of every creature.” See CREATION, and FIRST-BORN,
and Only-BEGOTTEN.

FI＇LINGS, subst. without a singular [from file] fragments rubbed off
by the action of the file.

FI＇LIUS Ante Patrem [with botanists] i. e. the son before the fa­
ther, a term applied to plants, whose flowers come out before their
leaves.

FILIO＇LUS, Lat. a little son. In our writers it is sometimes used
for a grandson, and sometimes for a nephew.

FILIPE＇NDULA, Lat. [with botanists] dropwort.

FI＇LIX, Lat. [with botanists] fern.

FI＇LCALE, or FI＇CTALE [prob. q. field ale] a custom of drinking in
the fields by bailiffs of hundreds, for which they gathered money of
the inhabitants.

To FILL, verb act. [fyllan, Sax. vullen, Du. füllen, Ger. fylde,
Dan. fylla, Su.] 1. To make full, to store till no more can be ad­
mitted. Fill the water pots. St. John. 2. To store plentifully.
Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters. Genesis. 3. To satisfy,
to content. Adequality fill, and superabundantly satisfy, the infinite
desires of intelligent beings. Cheyne. 4. To satiate, to surfeit, to
glut. To see meat fill knaves. Shakespeare. 5. To fill out; to pour
out liquor for drink. 6. To fill out; to extend by something contain­
ed. He wants majesty to fill them out. Dryden. 7. To fill up [up is
often used without much addition to the force of the verb] to make
full. It pours the bliss that fills up all the mind. Pope. 8. To fill up;
to supply. Filling up the laborious part of life. Shakespeare. 9. To
fill up; to occupy by bulk. Hills would fill up part of that space
upon the land. Woodward. 10. To fill up; to engage, to em­
ploy.
As will fill up the time
＇Twixt this and supper. Shakespeare.

To FILL, verb neut. 1. To give to drink. Fill to her double.
Revelations. 2. To grow full. 3. To glut, to satiate. Things that
are sweet and fat are more filling. Bacon. 4. To fill up; to grow
full. Neither the Euxine, nor any other seas, fill up or by degrees
grow shallower. Woodward.

FILL, subst. as, to have his FILL. 1. To have as much as gives
entire satisfaction. Waters flowed out to your fill. 2 Esdras. 2.
[more properly thill] the place between the shasts of a carriage. The
fill of a cart. Mortimer.

FI＇LLEMOT [feuille morte, Fr. i. e. dead leaf] a colour like that of
a faded leaf. See FILEMOT.

F＇ILLER [of fill] 1. Any thing that fills up room without use. A
mere filler to stop a vacancy in the hexameter. Dryden. 2. One whose
business is to fill vessels of carriage. Five or six diggers to four fillers.
Mortimer.

FI＇LLET [of filum, Lat. fillett, Fr. faléte, Sp.] 1. An hair-lace or
ribbon to tie up womens hair, a band tied round any part. 2. The
fleshy part of the leg adjoining to the loin; applied commonly to veal.
Legs and fillets for the feast. Dryden. 3. Meat rolled together and
tied round. In fillets roll＇d or cut in pieces. Swift. 4. [In archi­
tecture] a little member which appears in the ornaments and mould­
ings, and is otherwise called lestel. Harris.

FILLET [in anatomy] the extremity of the membraneous ligament
under the tougue, more commonly called the frœnum or bridle.

To FI＇LLET, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To bind with a fillet
or bandage. 2. To adorn with an astragal. Overlaid the chapiters
and filleted them. Exodus.

FI＇LLETS [in heraldry] a kind of orle or bordure, containing only
a third or fourth part of the breadth of the common bordure.

FILLETS [of a horse] are the fore-parts of the shoulder next the
breast.

FILLETS [with painters] a little rule or riglet of leaf gold, drawn
over certain mouldings, or on the edge of frames, pannels, &c.

FI＇LLETED, part. adj. [of filet, Fr. of filum, Lat. a thread] having
a fillet or fillets.

FI＇LLIGRANE, FI＇LLIGRAM, or, FI＇LLEGREEN [of filum and gra­
num, Lat.] a kind of enrichment on gold and silver, delicately wrought
in manner of little threads or grains, or both intermixed.

To F＇ILLIP [probably q. to fly up; a word, says Skinner, formed
from the sound. This resemblance I am not able to discover, and
therefore am inclined to imagine it corrupted from fill up, by some
combination of ideas which cannot be recovered. Johnson] 1. To throw
up a piece of money with one＇s finger and nail. 2. To hit with the
same method, by a sudden spring or motion. If you filip a lutestring,
it sheweth double or treble. Bacon.

FILLIP, subst. [from the verb] a jerk of the finger let go from the
thumb.

FI＇LLY, subst. [filoy, Wel. fille, Fr.] a young horse or mare. An
unback＇d filly. Suckling.

FILLY Foal [of fille, Fr. filia, Lat. a daughter, and foal] 1. A young
mare; as opposed to a colt or young horse. Neighing in likeness of
a filly foal. Shakespeare. 2. In contempt, applied to a woman. I
am join＇d in wedlock, for my sins, to one of those fillies who are dis­
cribed in the old poet. Addison.

FILM [film, filmewa, Sax. velamen, Lat.] a thin skin or pellicle.
To remove the film of the cataract. Bacon.

FILM [with botanists] that thin, woody skin, that separates the
seed in the pods.

To FILM, verb act. [from the noun] to cover with a thin skin.
It will but skin and film the ulcerons-place. Shakespeare.

FI＇LMINESS [of filmy] filmy quality, or state of abounding with
films or thick skins.

FI＇LMY [filmic, Sax. prob. of velamen, Lat.] having or being full
of film. Flap filmy pinions oft. Philips.

FI＇LTER [filtre, Fr. of filtrum, Lat.] 1. A twist of thread, of
which one end is dipped in the liquor to be defecated, and the other
hangs below the bottom of the vessel, so that the liquor drips from it.
2. A charm, an allurement, a love-potion. 3. A strainer, a scarce.
The saline particles will pass through a tensold filter. Ray.























To FI＇LTER verb act. [filtrer, Fr. of filtrum, Lat. a strainer] to
strain thro＇ a paper, cloth, &c. Filter it through a paper. Grew. 2.
To defecate by drawing off liquor with depending threads.

FILTH [filth, Sax.] 1. Dirt, soil, nastiness, any thing that fouls.
2. Corruption, pollution, grossness. The dross and filth of sensual
delights. Tillotson.

FI＇LTHILY, adv. [of filthy] after a filthy manner.

FI＇LTHINESS [filthinesse, Sax.] 1. Dirtiness, impurity, nasti­
ness, &c. Men of virtue suppressed it, lest their shining should dis­
cover the others filthiness. Sidney. 2. Corruption, pollution. All
the filthiness and licentiousness of life. South.

FI＇LTHY [filthic, Sax.] 1. Dirty, impure, nasty. The fog and
filthy air. Shakespeare. 2. Gross, polluted. Nothing of immoral,
low, or filthy. Dryden.

To FI＇LTRATE, verb act. [of filter] to strain, to filter. Ashes
boiled in water and filtrated. Arbuthnot.

FILTRA＇TION [in pharmacy] a straining of liquor through paper,
which, by reason of the smallness of the pores, admits only the finer
parts through, and keeps the rest behind.

FI＇LTRUM, or FE＇LTRUM, Lat. a strainer, through which liquors
are passed to clarify them.

FILTRUM, or FELTRUM [in old records] a covering for the head,
made of coarse wool cottoned together; a felt hat.

FI＇LUM Aquæ, Lat. [in ancient deeds] a stream or course of
water.

FI＇MASHING [with hunters] the dunging of several kinds of wild
beasts.

FI＇MBLEHEMP, subst. The light summer hemp that bears no seed,
is called fimblehemp. Mortimer.

FI＇MBRIA, Lat. a skirt or edge of any thing.

FI＇MBRIATED [fimbriatus, Lat.] bordered, edged round, laced,
fringed on the edges.

FIMBRIATED [with botanists] the leaves of plants are said to be
so, when they are jagged, and have a kind of a fringe about them.

FIMBRIATED [in heraldry] signifies that an ordinary is edged
round with another of a different colour; he beareth or, a cross, patee­
gules, fimbriated sable.

FI＇MBRIÆ [with anatomists] the extremities or borders of the tubæ
fallopianæ, formerly so termed, because they resemble a fringe or
border.

FIN [fin, or finne, Sax. pinna, Lat. vin, Du.] 1. The limb or
fin of a fish, by which he moves in the water. 2. A quill or
wing.

To FIN a Chevin [in carving] is to carve or cut up a chub-fish or
chevin.

FIN, or FINA＇LE, Fr. and It. [in music books] the end or last
note of a piece of music.

FI＇NEABLE, adj. [of fine] liable to be fined, that admits a fine.

FI＇NEABLENESS [of fineable] liableness to be fined, or to pay a fine
or amercement.

FI＇NAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [finale, It. of finalis, Lat.] 1. Last, ul­
timate. Their chief good and final hope. Milton. 2. Conclusive,
decisive. Sea fights have been final to the war. Bacon. 3. Mortal,
destructive. To work by final smart. Spenser. 4. Respecting the mo­
tive or end.

FINAL Cause, is the end for which any thing is done; or that cause
for which a thing is what it is.

FINAL Causes [in theology] are those great, wise, and good ends,
which Almighty God, the author of nature, had in creating and
proportioning, in fitting and disposing, in continuing and preserving, all
the several parts of the universe. Our reasoning from final causes, in
proof of a designing all wisely creating and disposing mind, is very
conclusive. Who, for instance, that compares the use or final cause
of an EYE or EAR with the structure of those organs, and with the
properties belonging to light and sound, but must of necessity infer
DESIGN, and from design, INTELLIGENCE? “He that formed the
eye, shall He not see? He that fashioned the ear, shall He not
hear?”

FINAL Letters [in the Hebrew tongue] ץ ק ו ם ד, caph, mem,
nun, ph, tzade, which every where, but at the ends of words, are
written צ פ ג מ ב.

FINAL [with carvers] an emblem of the end of life, being an in­
richment placed on monuments, viz. a boy without wings, holding
in his hand an extinguished torch, with the flame end fixed on a death＇s
head at the boy＇s feet.

FINA＇L [in geography] a port town of Italy, situated on the Me­
diterranean sea, about 37 miles south-west of Genoa, to which it is
subject.

FI＇NALLY, adv. [final, En. finalement, Fr. finaliter, Lat.] 1. In
the last place, in the end. 2. Completely, without recovery. Fi­
nally rooted out by the hand of justice. Davies.

FINA＇NCE, subst. Fr. revenue, profit. It is seldom used in the sin­
gular. Ordinary finances lie casual. Bacon.

FINA＇NCES, Fr. [finanze, It.] a fine, a certain sum of money paid
to the French king for the enjoyment of some privilege or other.

FINANCES [in France] the treasures or revenues of a king.

FINA＇NCER, Fr. an officer belonging to the finances, one who col­
lects or farms the public revenue.

FI＇NARY, or FI＇NERY, subst. [from to fine; in the iron works] the
second forge at the iron mill.

FINCH [finc, Sax. finck Ger.] a bird of several sorts; as, bulfinch,
chaffinch, goldfinch.

To FIND, irr. verb act. found, pret. and part. p. [fund, Sax. vond,
Du. fand or fund, H. Ger. funden, Sax. gevonden, Du. gefunden,
Ger. findan, Sax. funde, Dan. finna, Su. vinden, Du. finden, Ger.]
1. To obtain by seeking or searching. Seek and ye shall find. St.
Matthew. 2. To recover a thing lost. He hath found his sheep.
3. To discover something which before lay hid. A curse on him who
found the oar. Cowley. 4. To know experimentally.
His fortunes find to be
So airy and so vain. Cowley.
5. To meet with, to fall upon. In woods and forests thou art found.
Cowley. 6. To discover by study. With sharpen＇d sight some re­
medies may find. Dryden. 7. To hit on by chance, to perceive ac­
cidentally.
They build on sands, which if unmov＇d they find,
＇Tis but because there was no wind. Cowley.
8. To gain by any mental effort in general.
Each finding like a friend,
Something to blame and something to commend. Pope.
9. To remark, to observe. Beauty or wit in all I find. Cowley. 10.
To detect, to catch, to deprehend. When found in a lie. Locke. 11.
To reach, to retain. Glad when they can find the grave. Job. 12.
To meet. In ills their bus＇ness and their glory find. Cowley. 13.
To settle any thing in one＇s opinion.
Some men
The marks of old and catholic would find. Cowley.
14. To determine by judicial verdict. Found him guilty of high trea­
son. Shakespeare. 15. To provide, to allow, to furnish, to supply;
as, my father finds me in money. 16. [In law] to approve; as, the
grand jury find a bill. 17. To find himself; to be, to fare with regard
to health or sickness, pain or ease. 18. To find out; to solve, to
unriddle. The finding out of parables. Ecclesiasticus. 19. To find out;
to discover something hidden. Canst thou by searching find out God?
Job. 20. To find out; to obtain the knowledge of. To find out and
thoroughly to understand what nature has made most beautiful. Dry­
den. 21. To find out; to invent, to excogitate, Skilful to work in
gold, and to find out every device. 2 Chron. 22. The particle out is
added often, without any other use than that it adds some emphasis
and force to the verb.

To FIND the Ship＇s Trim [sea phrase] is to find out how she will
sail best.

FI＇NDER [of find] 1. One that meets or falls upon any thing.
Crown thee for a finder of madmen. Shakespeare. 2. One that picks
up any thing lost.

FI＇NDERS [in old statutes] the same officers as those now called
searchers, employed about discovering uncustomed or prohibited
goods.

FI＇ND-FAULT [of find and fault] one that censures or cavils.
Shakespeare uses it.

FI＇NDABLE, adj. [findibilis, of findo, Lat. to cleave] that may be
cleft.

FI＇NDABLENESS [of findable] capableness of being cleft.

FI＇NDY, adj. [fyndig, Sax.] plump, weighty, firm. Thus the
proverb,
A cold May and a windy,
Makes the barn fat and findy,
means, that it stores the barn with plumb and firm corn. Junius.

FINE, adj. [fin, Fr. fyn, Du. Erse, and L Ger. fein, H. Ger.
perhaps from funeus, Lat. compleated. Johnson] 1. Spruce, gay,
showy, splendid. A fine fashion. Pope. 2. Pure, without mixture,
refined. Fine copper. Ezra. 3. Clear, transparent; as, the beer or
wine is fine. 4. Not coarse. Purple and fine linen. St. Luke. 5.
Subtile, thin; as, the fine spirits evaporate. 6. Refined, subtilely
invented or excogitated. Those things were too fine to be fortunate
and succeed in all parts. Bacon. 7. Keen, thin, smoothly sharp.
The finer edges or points of wit. Bacon. 8. Nice, exquisite, deli­
cate. The irons of planes are set fine or rank. Moxon. 9. Artful,
dexterous. Fine deliveries and shifting of dangers. Bacon. 10. Frau­
dulent, knavishly subtle. His fine handling and his cleanly play.
Spenser. 11. Elegant, with dignity and elevation. To call the trum­
pet by the name of the metal was fine. Dryden. 12. Applied to per­
sons it means beautiful, with dignity, genteel, neat, handsome. 13.
Accomplished, elegant of manners, polite. The finest gentleman of
his time. Felton. 14. [In irony] something that will serve the turn,
something worth contemptuous notice. The finest mad devil of jea­
lousy. Shakespeare.
FINE feathers make FINE bitds.
That is, fine apparel and ornaments will set off persons, and some­
times make a homely one appear handsome, at least tolerable. De­
cency, according to a man＇s rank and circumstances, is, to be sure,
as commendable as extravagance and foppery is dispicable. The Lat.
say; Vestis virum facit (clothes make the man.)

FINE [fin, Cimb. of finis, Lat. an end, q. a final conclusion] 1.
A penalty.
Your breathing shall expire,
Paying the fine of rated treachery. Shakespeare.
2. A pecuniary punishment, a mulct or amends made in money for
an offence against the king and his laws, or against a lord of a manor.
Davies uses it. 3. Forfeit, money paid for any exemption or liberty.
Fines set upon plays. Addison. 4. [From fin, enfin, Fr. finis, Lat.]
the end, the conclusion; as, in fine.

FINE [in law] a covenant made before justices, and entered of re­
cord, for conveyance of lands, tenements, or any thing inheritable;
being in esse tempore finii, to cut off all controversies, to cut off entails,
&c. also a sum of money paid for entrance upon lands or tenements
let by lease.

FINES for Alienation [law term] were certain fines paid to the king
by his tenants in chief, for license to alien or make over their lands to
others.

FINE Force [in law] signifies an absolute, unavoidable necessity or
constraint; as, when a man is forced to do what he can no way avoid,
he is said to do it, de fine force, i. e. upon pure force.

FINE Annullando, &c. Lat. a writ to the justice, for the disannul­
ling or making void a fine levied on lands holden in ancient demesn,
to the prejudice of the lord.

FINE Levando, &c. Lat. a writ directed to the justices of the Com­
mon Pleas, and empowering them to admit of a fine for sale of lands
holden in capite.

FINE non Capiendo pro Terris, &c. Lat. a writ which lies for one,
who, upon conviction by a jury, having his lands and goods seized
for the king＇s use, and his body imprisoned, obtains favour for a sum
of money, &c. to be set at liberty, and recover his estate.

FINE pro Disseisina, &c. Lat. a writ lying for the release of one
laid in prison, for a redisseisin, upon a reasonable fine.







Those with the fineness of their souls,
By reason guide his execution. Shakespeare. 4. Thinness and
smallness of threads in cloth, &c.

FINE non Capiendo pro Pulchre, &c. Lat. a writ forbidding officers
of court to take fines for fair pleading.

FINE Drawing, a rentering, a fine and imperceptible sewing up the
parts of a cloth, &c. torn or rent in the dressing, wearing, &c.

A FINE Executed [in law] is such, which of its own force gives a
present possession (at least in law) to a cognizee, so that he needs no
writ of habere facias seisinam, for execution of the same; but may en­
ter.

A FINE Executory [in law] is such as of its own force does execute
the possession in the cognizee.

A Single FINE [in law] one by which nothing is granted or ren­
dered back again by the cognizees to the cognizors or any of them.

A Double FINE, contains a grant and renderback either of some rent,
common, or other thing out of the land, &c. to all or some of the
cognizors for some estate, limiting thereby remainders to strangers, not
named in the writ of covenant.

To FINE, verb act. 1. To purge and clear from dregs, to make
transparent. The fining of wine. Mortimer. 2. To refine, to purify
from dross. The fining pot is for silver. Proverbs. 3. To embellish,
to set off. Now obsolete. To fine his title with some shews of truth.
Shakespeare. 4. To make less coarse. It fines the grass. Mortimer.
5. [from the subst.] to set a fine upon, to punish with pecuniary
mulct. To fine men one third of their fortune.

To FINE, verb neut. to pay a fine. What poet ever fin＇d for sheriff?
Oldham.

To FI＇NEDRAW, verb act. [of fine and draw] to sow up a rent with
so much nicety that it is hardly perceivable.

FI＇NEDRAWER [of finedraw] one whose trade is to sow up rents
nicely.

FI＇NEFINGERED, adj. [of fine and finger] nice, exquisite, artful.
The most finefinger＇d workman. Spenser.

FI＇NELY, adv. [of fine] 1. Sprucely, gayly as to appearance, not
coarsely not meanly. Finely attired in white. Bacon. 2. Elegantly, beau­
tifully, more than justly. Plutarch says very finely. Addison. 3. Keenly,
sharply, with a thin edge or point. Black lead sharpen＇d finely.
Peacham. 4. In small parts, not grossly. Finely powdered. Boyle.
5. (By way of irony) wretchedly, in such a manner as to deserve con­
temptuous notice. You will find that kingdom finely govern＇d in a
short time. South.

FI＇NENESS [of fine, En. finesse, Lat.] 1. Spruceness, gayness in
cloaths, shew. The fineness of cloaths. Decay of Piety. 2. Elegance,
beauty, delicacy. The fineness of her genius. Prior. 3. Subtilty,
artfulness, ingenuity.

FI＇NERY, subst. [of fine] gaiety in attire, show. Cultivating clean­
liness and finery together. Swift.

FI＇NER [of fine] one who purifies or refines metals.

FINE＇SSE, subst. Fr. artifice, stratagem. An unnecessary word
which is creeping into the language.

FINE＇W, mouldiness or hoariness, dirtiness or nastiness,

FI＇NGER [finger, from fangen, Sax. to hold, finger, Dan. Du.
and Ger. Sv. finger, Teu. fick, Goth.] 1. A part of the hand, that
flexible member of the hand by which we catch and hold. The fin­
gers and thumb in each hand consist of fifteen bones, there being
three to each finger. They are a little convex and round towards the
back of the hand, but hollow and plain towards the palm, except the
last where the nails are. The order of their dispositions is called first,
second and third phalanx. Besides these there are some small bones
called ossa sesamoida, because they resemble sesamum grains. They
are reckoned about twelve in each hand, and are placed at the joint
of the fingers under the tendons of the flexors, to which they serve as
pullies. Quincy. 2. A small measure of extension. Remov＇d four
fingers from approaching death. Dryden. 3. The hand, the instru­
ment of work, manufacture, art.
Her stubborn look
This softness from thy finger took. Waller.
To have a thing at one＇s FINGER＇s ends.
Lat. Scire tanquam ungues digitosque. To be very apt at a thing, to
know it perfectly well.

To have a FINGER in the Pye; that is, to be concern＇d in, or to
have to do with a business. A cant phrase.
His FINGERS are lime-twigs.
That is, will stick to every thing, or he is given to pilfering. The
Fr. say; Il a les doits crochus. (He has crooked fingers.)

To FI＇NGER, verb act. [of fengan, Sax. fingeren or fingeren, Du.
fingeren, Ger.] 1. To touch lightly, to toy with. The mere sight
and fingering of money. Grew. 2. To touch thievishly or unseasona­
bly. Fingering the sceptre, and hoisting himself into his father＇s
throne. South. 3. To touch any instrument of music. Bow＇d her
hand to teach her fingering. Shakespeare. 4. To perform any work
exquisitely with the fingers. Skill＇d in loops of fingering fine. Spenser.

FINGER-Fern, a plant.

FINGER＇s Breadth, a measure of two barley-corns in length, or four
laid side by side.

FI＇NGLE-FANGLE [a corrupt repetition of fangle] a trifle. A bur­
lesque word.
We agree in nothing but to wrangle
About the slightest fingle-fangle. Hudibras.

FI＇NICAL, adj. [of fine] spruce, affected, conceited, nice, foppish,
pretending to superfluous elegance. A finical fop. L＇Estrange.

FI＇NICALLY, adv. [of finical] sprucely, conceitedly, foppishly.

FI＇NICALNESS [of finical] affectedness in dress, foppery, super­
fluous nicety.

FINI＇RE [in old records] to fine, or to pay a fine upon composition.

FI＇NIS, Lat. [in music books] the same as fin or finale, the end.

FINIS, Lat. an end or conclusion.

FINIS Cujus Gratia, Lat. [with logicians] is that we pretend to do
or obtain. Thus health is the end of physic, because it pretends to
procure it.

FINIS Cui [with logicians] is the person for whom work is done;
so is man of physic, because it is designed to cure him.

To FI＇NISH [finir, Fr. and Port. finalizàr, Sp. finire, It. and Lat.]
1. To end, to put an end to. 2. To bring to the end purposed, to
complete. Episodes taken separately finish nothing. Broome. 3. To
perfect, to polish to the excellency intended. As finish＇d as my last
work ought to be. Pope.

FI＇NISHER [of finish; celui qui finit, Fr. finitor, Lat.] 1. One who
finishes, makes complete or perfects. The author and finisher of our
faith. Hebrews. 2. A performer, an accomplisher.
He that of greatest works is finisher,
Oft does them by the weakest minister. Shakespeare.
3. One that puts an end, an ender. No friend but God and death,
the one a defender of his innocency, the other a finisher of all his trou­
bles. Hooker.

FI＇NISHING [with architects] is frequently applied to a crowning
croter, &c. raised over a piece of building to terminate, compleat or
finish it.

FI＇NITE [finito, It. finitus, Lat.] that which has terms or bounds
to its essence, something bounded or limited, in opposition to infinite;
having fixed and determinate bounds set to its power, extent and du­
ration. N. B. That may be infinite in one sense, which is finite in
another. Thus, an infinite line is infinitely less than an infinite plane;
and an infinite plane is infinitely less than an infinite solid. But that,
and that only, is absolutely infinite, which is infinite in ALL respects.
See CO-IMMENSE, CO-ETERNAL, and FIRST CAUSE, compar＇d.

FI＇NITELESS, adj. [of finite] being without bounds, unlimited.
Brown uses it.

FI＇NITELY, adv. [of finite] within certain limits, to a certain de­
gree.

FI＇NITENESS [of finite] boundedness, limitation. Norris uses it.

FI＇NITEUR [in Italian riding academies] a term used importing the
end of a career or course.

FI＇NITIVE, adj. [finitivus, Lat.] defining, bounding.

FINI＇TOR, Lat. the same as horizon.

FI＇NLAND, a province of Sweden, lying on the north side of the
gulph of Finland, and on the east side of the Bothnic gulph.

FI＇NITUDE [of finite] confinement within certain boundaries.
Cheyne uses it.

FI＇NLESS, adj. [of fin] being without fins. A finless fish. Shake­
speare.

FI＇NLIKE, adj. [of fin and like] formed in imitation of fins. Fin­
like oars. Dryden.

FI＇NNED, adj. [of fin] having broad edges like fins spread out on
either side. A broad finned plough. Mortimer.

FINNY, adj. [of fin] furnished with fins, formed for the element of
water. Finny fish. Dryden.

FI＇NORS, or FI＇NERS [affineurs, Fr. affinatori, It.] of metal, such
as purify gold, silver, &c. from dross. See FINER.

FINO＇CHIO, subst. a species of fennel.

FI＇NTOED, adj. [of fin and toe] palmipedous, having a membrane
between the toes. Ray uses it.

FI＇PPLE, subst. [fibula, Lat.] a stopper. The fipple that straiteneth
the air. Bacon.

FIR [ffyrr, Wel. fyr, fir, Dan. vueren, Du. füren, Ger. furh­
wudu, Sax.] the fir-wood or tree of which deal boards are made. It is
ever green. See PINE-TREE, and FIRR.

FIRDEFA＇RE [fird fare, Sax.] the act of going into the army, or
taking arms.

FI＇RDWRITH [fird-writh, Sax.] men worthy to bear arms.

FIRE [fyre, Sax. feu, Fr. fuoco, It. fuego, Sp. fogo, Port. πυρ, Gr.
fyer, Du. fuer, L. Ger. feuer, H. Ger. fuir, Celt. fon, Goth.] 1. One
of the four elements, the igneous element. 2. Any thing burning. A
little fire. Shakespeare. 3. A conflagration of towns or countries. Suf­
fered damage by a great fire. Arbuthnot. 4. Flame, light, lustre.
Stars hide your fires. Shakespeare. 5. Fortune by burning. Rejoice
in fire. Prior. 6. The punishment of the damned. Isaiah. 7. Any
thing provoking, any thing that inflames passion. What fire is in my
ears. Shakespeare. 8. Ardour of temper, vehemence of passion. He
had fire in his temper. Atterbury. 9. Liveliness of imagination, force
of expression, and spirit of sentiment. Life and fire in fancy and
words. Felton. 10. The passion of love. The fire of love in youth­
ful blood. Shadwell. 11. Eruptions or imposthumations; as, St. An­
thony＇s fire. 12. To set fire on, or set on fire; to kindle, to inflame.
He that set a fire on a plane-tree. Taylor.

FIRE [with naturalists] is by some defined to be a collection of par­
ticles of the third element, moved with the most rapid motion imagi­
nable; or a lucid and fluid body, consisting of earthy particles, most
swiftly moved by the matter of the first element, upon which they swim
as it were.
Fire is propagated several ways, where there is none.
1. By collecting the sun＇s rays in a convex glass, which will set fire
to that point, on which the rays fall, provided it be a combustible
matter, i. e. such as will burn. 2. By striking flints one against the
other or against steel. 3. By rubbing wood or iron, or any other so­
lid body, a great while together and very hard, at last it will take fire;
also by winding cords about a stick and swiftly twitching them, this
way and that way, will set them on fire. Some hard canes struck
with a tobacco pipe, will force out fire.

FIRE of London, a dreadful conflagration in the year 1666, which
began the second of September, in Pudding-Lane, and in three days
space consumed 78 parish-churches, 5 chapels, and besides halls and the
exchange, 13200 houses; the whole loss valued at 9,900000 pounds
sterling.

FIRE, as, to give the fire to a horse, is to apply the firing-iron red
hot to some preternatural swelling, in order to discuss it.
FIRE and water are good servants but had masters.
They are so good servants that there is no possibility of living with­
out them, especially the latter. On the other hand, it is hard to de­
termine which is the worst master.
He who will enjoy the FIRE must bear with the smoak.
The Lat. say; Commoditas quævis sua fert incommoda secum. (Every
conveniency carries its inconveniency along with it.) And indeed it is
very hard to find any of the conveniencies of life, entirely freed from
all the inconveniencies, which generally, and even naturally attend
them. All that a wise man can do is to be prudent in the choice, and
easy and resigned in the enjoyment of the comforts of this life.
There＇s no FIRE without some smoak.
Fr. Nul feu faus fumie. See FUME.








FIRE [in coat armour] may signify persons, who being ambitious
of honour, have performed brave actions with an ardent courage, and
their thoughts aspiring as the fire continually ascend upwards; tho＇
there are but few coats in England that bear fire; yet there are many
in France and Germany that do.

To FIRE, verb act. [of fyre or fyran, Sax.] 1. To set on fire, to
kindle. Fired the houses. Hayward. 2. To animate, to inflame the
passions. Fire your mind. Dryden. 3. To drive by fire.
He that parts us shall bring a brand from heav＇n,
And fire us hence. Shakespeare.

To FIRE, verb neut. 1. To discharge fire arms. 2. To be inflamed
with passion, to grow hot and fiery. 3. To take fire, to be kin­
dled.

FIRE-BARE, or FIRE-BOOT [of fyre-bearan, Sax.] a sort of bea­
con to be set on the highest hill in every hundred, throughout the
kingdom of England.

FIRE-BOOT, or FIRE-BOTE [fyre-bate, Sax.] fuel for necessary
occasions; an allowance of wood to maintain competent firing for the
use of the tenant, and which he may take out of the lands granted
to him.

FI＇REBRAND [of fire and brand] 1. A piece of wood kindled. 2.
An incendiary, one who inflames factions, and causes mischief. Took
alive John Chamber their firebrand. Bacon.

Circulary FIRE, or Reverberatory FIRE [with chemists] a furnace,
the heat of which goes not out by a direct funnel; but is returned
upon the vessel or matter to be managed by it.

Elementary FIRE, or Pure FIRE, is such as it exists in itself, and
which we properly call fire, of itself it is imperceptible, and only dis­
covers itself by certain effects which it produces in bodies.

Common FIRE, or Culinary FIRE, is that which exists in ignited bo­
dies, or excited by the former in combustible matter.

Potential FIRE is that contained in caustic medicines.

FIRE-CROSS, two firebrands fastened cross-ways on the top of a
spear, and besmeared with blood, anciently used as a signal in Scot­
land, to give notice of a sudden invasion, and in order to a sudden
rising of the inhabitants. They fly with it from one village to another
with the utmost speed; and whoever refuses to take the cross and con­
vey it on farther, is shot directly dead on the spot by the person who
last carried it. Hayward.

FI＇REDRAKE [in meterology] a fiery meteor, sometimes flying in
the night, bearing some resemblance to a dragon; also a kind of ar­
tificial firework.

FI＇RELOCK [of fire and lock] a soldier＇s gun, a musket.

FI＇REMAN [of fire and man] 1. One employed to extinguish houses
on fire. 2. A man of violent passions. The fate to drink a bottle
with two of these firemen. Tatler.

FI＇REPAN [of fire and pan] 1. A pan for holding fire. 2. (In a
gun) the receptacle for the priming powder.

FI＇RESHOVEL [fir-scofl, Sax.] an utensil with which hot coals are
thrown up in kitchens.

FI＇REWOOD [of fire and wood] fuel, wood for burning.

FIRE-Workers, labourers or under-officers to the fire-masters.

FI＇REPOTS [with engineers] are small earthen pots, into which is
put a granade filled with powder, and covered with a piece of parch­
ment and two matches laid a-cross lighted, which is to be thrown by
a handle of match, to burn what they design to set fire to.

FIRE-Ships, are ships charged with artificial fire-works, who having
the wind of an enemy＇s ship, grapple her, and set her on fire.

A Running FIRE [in military art] a term used when soldiers, being
drawn up for that purpose, fire one after another, so that it runs the
whole length of the line, or round a town, tower, &c.

FIRE-WORKS [ars pyrotechnica, in painting and sculpture] is re­
presented by a youth with a rocket in one hand, and Jupiter＇s thun­
derbolt in the other. At his feet, on the one side, a genius blowing
up a fire, and on the other side all sorts of fire-works prepar＇d.

Wheel FIRE [with chemists] one that is lighted all round a cruci­
ble or other vessel to heat it all alike.

Olympic FIRE, is that of the sun, collected in the focus of a burn­
ing mirrour.

Actual FIRE [with surgeons] is a hot iron.

FIRE Muster [in our train of artillery] an officer who gives direc­
tions, and the proportions of the ingredients for all the compositions
of fire-works.

FI＇RESTONE [of fire and stone] The fire-stone or pyrites is a com­
pound metallic fossil, composed of vitriol, sulphur, and an unmetallic
earth, but in very different proportions in the several masses. The
most common sort, which is used in medicine, is a greenish shapeless
kind found in our clay-pits, out of which the green vitriol or cop­
peras is procured. It has its name of pyrites or fire-stone from its giv­
ing fire on being struck against a steel, much more freely than a flint
will do. Hill.

FIRE-Stone, a stone used about chimneys or fire-hearths, which re­
ceives, retains, and also emits heat.

FIRE-Eater, a sort of charletan, or one who pretends to eat fire
before spectators at shews.

FIRE-BRASS [fier à bras, Fr.] a bully or hector.

FIRE-Works, are preparations made of gun-powder, sulphur, and
other inflammable ingredients, on occasion of public rejoicings, &c.

Wild-FIRE, a sort of artificial or factitious fire, which will burn
even under water; and also with greater violence than out of it.

Walking-FIRE, a Jack in a lanthorn, or Will in a wisp.

St. Anthony＇s FIRE, a certain disease, an erisepylas.

Degrees of FIRE [with chemists] are five, the first degree is equal
to the natural heat of the human body, or rather that of a hen hatch­
ing her eggs.
The second degree, is such as gives a person pain, but does not de­
stroy or consume the parts, as that of a scorching sun.
The third degree, is that of boiling water, which separates and de­
stroys the parts of bodies.
The fourth degree, is that which melts metals and destroys every
thing else. But this also admits of DEGREES; for lead, which is the
heaviest metal but one, melts with the smallest degree of heat; and iron,
which is the lightest but one, in order to its fusion, requires the
GREATEST degree of heat.
The fifth degree, is that whereby gold is made to emit sumes and
evaporate.

FI＇RING, subst. [of fire] fewel. Mortimer uses it.

To FIRK, verb act. [of ferio, Lat. to strike] 1. To beat or whip,
to correct, to chastise. To firk and whip another＇s sin. Hudibras.
2. To cohabit with a woman.

FI＇RKIN [q. d. fourth kin, of feower, Sax. four and kin, a di­
min.] 1. The fourth part of a barrel or 9 galons. 2. A small vessel
in general.
Now lift to another that miracle＇s brother,
Which was done with a firkin of powder. Denham.

FIRKIN of foul Stuff [with the vulgar] a coarse corpulent woman;
very low cant.

FIRKIN Man, one who buys small-beer of the brewer, and sells it
again to his customers.

FI＇RM, adj. [ferme, Fr. fermo, It. firme, Sp. and Port. firmus, Lat.]
1. Fast, strong, not easily pierced, hard, solid; opposed to soft. A
firm building. Dryden. 2. Resolute, unshaken, constant, fixed,
steady. Firm persuasion. Tillotson.

To FIRM, verb act. [firmo, Lat.] 1. To settle, to confirm, to fix.
Firming those letters with all their hands and seals. Knolles. 2. To
fix without wandering. He on his card and compass firms his eye.
Spenser.

FI＇RMA [in the practice of Scotland] a duty which the tenant pays
to his landlord; the same with feu or fee.

FIRMA [in doom＇s-day book] a tribute anciently paid towards the
entertainment of the king of England for one night.

FI＇RMAMENT, Fr. [fermamento, It. firmamento, Sp. of firmamentum,
Lat.] the eighth heaven or sphere, being that wherein the fixed stars
are supposed to be placed; also the sky, the heavens. These large
volumes of the firmament. Raleigh. But in the Mosaic use of the term
it should imply no more than that expanse or ATMOSPHERE of air,
which is stretch＇d between waters of the clouds, and those on the sur­
face of our earth.

FIRMAME＇NTAL, adj. [of firmament] celestial, belonging to the up­
per regions. Firmamental waters. Dryden.

FI＇RMAN [in India, or the Mogul＇s country] a passport or permit
granted to foreign vessels to trade within their jurisdiction.

FIRMARA＇TIO [in old records] farming or holding to farm.

FIRMA＇RY, subst. [a law term] a farmer＇s right to the lands, tene­
ments, let to him, ad firmam.

FIRMA＇TION, Lat. the act of strengthening.

FIRME＇ [in old records] a farm, or land and tenements hired at a
certain rate.

FIRMED, or FULL FIRMED [with falconers] well fledg＇d; a hawk
is said to be so, when all the feathers of his wings are entire.

FI＇RMLY, adv. [of firm] 1. Steadily, constantly, resolutely. Firmly
persuaded. Addison. 2. Strongly, impenetrably, immoveably. Stick
together so firmly. Newton.

FI＇RMNESS [of firm] 1. Steadiness, constancy, resolution. This
armed Job with firmness and fortitude. Atterbury. 2. Compactness, sta­
bility, hardness, solidity. It would become by degrees of greater
consistency and firmness. Burnet. 3. Durability, lastingness. The
easiness and firmness of union. Hayward. 4. Certainty, soundness.
The truth and firmness of the one, and the flaws and weakness of
the other. South.

FI＇RMNESS [in a philosophical sense] according to Mr. Boyle, con­
sists, in that the particles which compose such bodies as are commonly
called firm or solid, are pretty gross, and are either so much at rest, or
so entangled one with another, that there is a mutual cohesion or stick­
ing together of their parts, so that they cannot flow from, slide over,
or spread themselves every way from one another, as the parts of fluid
bodies can, or it is defined to be a consistence of that state of a body,
wherein its sensible parts are so united together, that a motion of one
part induces a motion of the rest.

FIRR [fur wudu, Sax.] a fir-tree or wood, deal. See FIR.

FIRST, adj. [first, Sax. forst, Dan. and Su. furist, Teut.] 1. The
ordinal of one, that which is in order before any thing else. 2. Ear­
liest, in time. The first covenant. Hebrews. 3. Prime, chief, highest
in dignity. Three presidents, of whom Daniel was first. Daniel. 4.
Great, excellent.
My first son,
Where will you go? Shakespeare.

FIRST, adv. 1. Before any thing else, earliest. 2. Before any
other consideration. First, metals are more durable than plants. Bacon.
3. It has often at before it, and implies at the beginning. Creatures
that can provide for themselves at first. Bentley. 4. First or last; at
one hour or other. All are fools and lovers first or last. Dryden.
FIRST come, FIRST serv＇d.
Fr. Qui arrive le premier au moulin, premier doit moudre. It should
be so; but, according to another proverb,
He that＇s FIRST up, is not always FIRST served.
V. Desert and reward seldom keep company; under DESERT.
The It. say as we: Il primo venuto, il primo servito.

FIRST BEGOT, or FIRST BEGOTTEN, subst. [of first and begot, or
begotten] the eldest.

FIRST-BORN, [or first-begotten] of every creature, Coloss. i. 15.
FIRST-BORN, that which is first produced. Or 2dly, first in dignity
or station. As the first-born [or first-begotten] of the sons of Jacob, is
the FIRST SON which Jacob begat: And as the “first-born [or first­
begotten] from the dead” [Coloss. i. 18.] is the first dead person
whom God begat, in the SENSE there intended, i. e. so raised to life,
as that he should die no more: So, by parity of argument, and from
the very nature of language, “the first-born [or first-begotten] of
every creature”, should signify the first creature which GOD begat.
Or (as St. Irenæus well expressed it) “the first-begotten in the whole cre­
ation”. [See FILIATION] In what sense St. HILARY and other
Consubstantialists of the fourth century, did not scruple to apply (as
their predecessors in the faith had done before them) these and the
like terms to the son of God, considered in his HIGHEST capacity, the
reader will find under the word [CREATION]; and that they did not
herein contradict the NICENE creed and council (in whose defence
they wrote) will appear hereafter. [See NICENE] It should not be
dissembled, that the learned author of the Scripture Doctrine of the Tri­







nity, p. 186. has given a different turn to this phraseology, as it stands
in the original, “πρωτοτοκος πασης κτισεως,” he would suppose it to
express, not “that Christ was the first born of;” but “born [or
brought forth] BEFORE the whole creation.” It could have been
wished, in justice to our translators, (not to say in support of his
deviating from them) that most judicious critic had produced one
single instance out of any Greek writer, whether sacred or profane, in
which the compound word [πρωτοτοκος] when placed in this construction,
viz. with a genitive case after it, has been used in the sense by him
assigned. He appeals indeed to one or two passages in St. JUSTIN,
which at first blush seem to favour him: But overlooks the whole strain
and tenor of St. JUSTIN＇s writings and PHRASEOLOGY, which point
another way. “He is styled the first-born of every creature (says St.
Athanasius) He is the first of this, [i. e. the new] creation, as his flesh
[or body] was first saved, and delivered, [meaning from the state of
death.] And again, “He is called the first born, because of his
CONDESCENSION with reference to the creatures, by which he be­
came the BROTHER of MANY.” And yet after all, fearing to rest his
cause here, and knowing the promiscuous use of these terms, [be­
getting, creating, and the like] with reference to Christ＇s original
production, not only in SCRIPTURE, but also in primitive writers, he
crowds one solution upon the back of another, by telling us, that even
with reference to the creation properly so called, he was styled the
first-born, “because by an act of CONDESCENSION towards the crea­
tures, he laid hold of THEM [in their non-existent state] and brought
them into being.” Is it possible to assign a stronger instance of the
force of LANGUAGE, that this most zealous (not to say also most art­
ful) writer chose rather to break through those ESTABLISHED LAWS
of CRITICISM, which are founded in connexion and context; nay more,
break through and overturn (so far as in him lay) the eternal truth
and NATURE of things, than dare to oppose the well-known and
common acceptation of WORDS? How much juster was that reflection,
which St. Irenæus made on this occasion: CHRIST (says he) is the
first-begotten of the dead, AS he is the first-begotten in the whole
creation? Or that of St. JUSTIN before him? Who having applied (as
did the main body of the antenicenes) those words in the 8th of Pro­
verbs, “Κυριος εκτισε με, &c. i. e. the LORD created me, the BEGIN­
NING of his ways” to Christ＇s original production, tells us, “that he
being the first-born of every creature, [or of all creation] became
again the BEGINNING of a new race, which, under him, are born again
through water, &c. In plain terms, as he is (in St. Justin＇s style)
God＇s πρωτον γεννημα, God＇s FIRST-PRODUCTION in both creations, so
he is the GREAT AGENT by [or through] whom GOD (in St. Justin＇s
style) PRODUCES all the rest; “that in ALL things (as the apostle
observes) he might have the PRE-EMINENCE;” that in all he might
possess the rights and prerogatives of the FIRST-BORN, first in dignity,
as well as birth; and bear the closest relation to that COMMON FATHER,
“of whom the whole family both in heaven and earth is named.” I
could offer a great deal more from St. Justin, Origen, Clemens Alexan­
drinus, Eusebius, and all ANTIQUITY on this head. But what puts
our present version with me beyond all dispute is this, that could St.
PAUL＇s expression have admitted of any other rendring, than what
our translators have given; neither St. ATHANASIUS, nor St. CHRY­
SOSTOM after him (who were both Greeks, and well acquainted with
the genius of their mother-tongue) would have been reduced to so poor
a shift (when endeavouring to reconcile St. PAUL＇s phraseology with
their scheme) as to insinuate, though in defiance of the whole context,
(not to say also of all antiquity) “that St. Paul is speaking here, not
of the first, but second creation.” The passages referred to are IRE­
NÆUS adv. Hæreses, Ed. Grab. p. 240. ATHANAS. Opera, tom. I.
Ed. Paris, p. 436, 432, 433, 435, compared with p. 376, and tom.
II. p. 539. And Photius＇ Bibliothee. p. 847. And, ABOVE ALL,
Justin. Dialog. with Trypho. Ed. Rob. Steph. p. 74, and p. 126.
If any thing further be wanting to reconcile St. Justin, and our
English version, the reader will find it under the words FIRST CAUSE,
compared with GENIUS of Language, and UNIVERSAL Propositions.
See FATHER, ENERGUMENI, and Only-BEGOTTEN.

FIRST-BORN, subst. eldest, the first by the order of birth.

FIRST-FRUITS, subst. [of first and fruits] 1. What the season first
produces or ripens of any kind. First fruits the green ear and the
yellow sheaf. Milton. 2. The earliest effect of any thing. See
father what first-fruits on earth are sprung. Milton. 3. The profits
of spiritual livings for one year, which in old time were given to the
pope throughout Christendom, but here in England translated to the
king, by stat. 26 of Henry VIII.

FI＇RSTLING, adj. [firstling, Sax.] that which is first brought
forth or produced. Deuteronomy.

FIRSTLING, subst. 1. The first produce or offspring. The firstlings
of the flock. Pope. 2. The thing first thought or done.
The very firstlings of my heart shall be
The firstlings of my hand. Shakespeare.

FIRTH [of fyrhto, Sax. i. e. terror or astonishment, Somner] a
bug-bear or frightful apparition.

FISC [fiseus, Lat.] the treasury of a prince or state; or that to
which all things due to the public do fall.

FI＇SCAL, adj. [fiscale, It. of fiscus, Lat.] relating to the pecuniary
interests of the king, the public treasure or revenue of the Exchequer
of a prince or state.

FISCAL, subst. [fiscus, Lat. a treasury] exchequer, revenue. The
ordinary fiscal and receipt. Bacon.

FISH [fisc, Sax. poisson, Fr. pesce, It. pescado, Sp. peixo, Port. pis­
ces, Lat. visch, Du. fisch, Ger. fish, Dan. and Su. fisg, Teut. it ei­
ther takes es in the plural, or may be used without] water animals.
All is FISH that comes to his net.
That is, he makes a gain of every thing.
I have other FISH to fry, that is, I have something else to do.
FISH must swim thrice.
Sc. In water, its natural element; in sauce, at the table, because
otherwise insipid; and in wine, or other strong liquor, because sup­
posed to be cold and phlegmatic.
Neither FISH, nor flesh, nor good red herring.
That is, nothing at all, or rather, good for nothing at all.

FISH [with mariners] any timber made fast to the masts or yards
to strengthen them, when there is danger of their breaking.

To FISH, verb act. [siscian, Sax. fisker, Dan. vischen, Du. fis­
chen, Ger. fiskia, Su.] to search water in order to catch fish, or any
thing else. Some have fished the very jakes for papers. Swift.

To FISH, verb neut. 1. To be employed in catching fish. 2. To
endeavour at any thing by trick or artifice. Others fish with craft
for good opinion. Shakespeare.

To FISH the Mast [sea phrase] is to strengthen it against stress of
weather.

Green FISH, is what hath been lately salted, and still remains moist.

Red FISH, is some fresh fish broiled on a gridiron, then fryed in
oil, and afterwards barreled up in some proper liquor.

FI＇SHER [of fish] one who is employed in catching fish.

FI＇SHERBOAT [of fisher and boat] a boat employed in catching fish.

FI＇SHERMAN [of fisher and man] one whose employment and live­
lihood is to catch fish.

FI＇SHERTOWN [of fisher and town] a town inhabited by fishermen.

FI＇SHERSCOAT [of fisher and coat] a coat worn by a fisher.

FI＇SHERY [pêcherie, Fr. fischirey, Ger. of fiseian, Sax. to catch
fish] the trade or employment of fishing.

FI＇SHES [emblematically] represent silence, because having no or­
gan of speech, they cannot form any voice; and thence proceeds the
old proverb, as mute as a fish. They are also an emblem of watch­
fulness, because they either sleep not at all, or but very little.

FISHES [in blazonry] according to their different postures are to
be express＇d as follows: all fishes that are borne in an escutcheon­
traverse, in blazoning must be termed naiant, i. e. swimming, because
that is their posture, when they swim.
Fishes that are represented directly upright in an escutcheon, must
be blazoned hauriant, i. e. drawing or sucking; because they frequent­
ly put their heads above water, to take in the air.
Fishes that are borne feeding, are in blazonry to be termed de­
vouring; because they swallow all whole without chewing.

Cartilaginous FISHES, such as have many cartilages or gristles, as
thornbacks, &c.

Cetaceous FISHESS those of the whale kind.

Fluviatile FISHES, river fish.

Oviparous FISHES, such as produce their kind by eggs or spawn.

Spinous FISHES, such as have prickles, as thornbacks, &c.

Viviparous FISHES, such as produce their kind alive.

FI＇SHFUL, adj. abounding with fish, stored with fish. Fishful and
navigable rivers. Camden.

FI＇SHHOOK [of fish and hook] a hook baited, with which fish are
caught.

To FI＇SHIFY, verb act. [of fish] to turn to fish. A cant word.
O flesh, flesh, how art thou fishify＇d! Shakespeare.

FI＇SHING, subst. [of fish] the action of taking fish. A good ha­
ven, and a plentiful fishing. Spenser.

FI＇SHKETTLE [of fish and kettle] a small caldron made long for
the fish to be boiled without bending or breaking them.

FI＇SHMEAL [of fish and meal] diet of fish, an abstemious diet.
Sharpe uses it.

FI＇SHMONGER [fisc-mangere, Sax.] a seller of fish, a dealer in
fish.

FISHMONGERS, were formerly two companies, the Stock-fish,
and Salt-fishmongers, who united anno 1536. They are 6 wardens
(the first of which is called the prime warden) 28 assistants, and 222
upon the livery; their fine is about 14 l. They are the 4th of the 12
companies. Their armorial ensigns are azure, 3 dolphins naiant in
pale between 2 pair of lucies saltirewise proper crowned or, on a chief
gules. 6 keys in 3 saltires (the ward end upwards) as the crowns.
The crest on a helmet and torse, 2 arms supporting an imperial
crown upon the second. The supporters a merman and maid, the
latter with a mirror in her left hand proper. The motto, All wor­
ship be to God alone.

FI＇SHPOND [of fish and pond] a small pool for fish.

FI＇SHY, adj. [of fish] 1. Consisting of fish. The fishy flood. Pope.
2. Having plenty of fish. 3. Having the qualities of fish. Fishy
extremity below. Brown. 4. Tasting like fish.

FI＇SSILE, adj. [fissilis, Lat.] that may be cleft, having the grain in
a certain direction for that purpose.

FI＇SKING, running about here and there, flirting from place to
place.

FI＇SSURE, Fr. [fissura, Lat.] a cleft or opening. Woodward uses it.

To FI＇SSURE, verb act. [from the subst.] to cleave, to make a fis­
sure. Wiseman uses it.

FISSU＇RE [with surgeons] a cleft or opening, as when a bone is
split lengthways; and in the skull, when the bone is split without de­
pression, rising, or a piece being wholly divided.

FI＇SSURES [with naturalists] are certain interruptions, serving to
distinguish the several strata or layers, of which the body of the earth
is composed.

Perpendicular FISSURES, such interruptions as are intersected or cut
thro＇ again by others.

FIST [fist, or fysta, Sax. vayst, Du. faust, Ger. vust, Teut.
and Celt.] the hand clinched, with the fingers doubled down, in or­
der to give a blow, or keep hold of any thing.

To FIST, verb act. 1. To strike with the fist. Fisting her most un­
mercifully. Dryden. 2. To gripe with the first. Fisting each other＇s
throat. Shakespeare.

FI＇STINUT, subst. a pistachio nut.

FI＇STICUFFS, subst. [of fist and cuffs] blows with the fist. Falling
together by the ears at fisticuffs. More.

FI＇STULA, Lat. a pipe, a musical instrument; also a conveyance
for water, &c.

FISTULA [fistule, Fr. fistola, It. fistula, Sp. and Lat. with sur­
geons] a narrow callous ulcer, hard to cure; any sinuous ulcer.
Wiseman uses it.

FISTULA Lacrymalis [with surgeons] is when the punctum lachry­
male, or hole in the bone of the nose, is grown hard and callous, by
means of which there is a continual defluction of tears; but this is only
the first and mildest stage of the disease: in the next there is matter
discharged with the tears from the punctum lachrymalia, and some­
times from an orifice broke thro＇ the skin between the nose and angle
of the eye. The last and worst degree of it is, when the matter of







the eye, by its long continuance, has not only corroded the neigh­
bouring soft parts, but also affected the subjacent bone. Sharp.

FISTULA Pulmonis, Lat. the wind-pipe.

FISTULA Sacra, Lat. that part of the back-bone which is per­
forated.

FISTULA Urinaria, Lat. the urinary passage of the penis.

FI＇STULAR, adj. [from fistula, Lat. a pipe] hollow like a pipe.

FISTULAR Flowers [in botany] such as are compounded of many
long, hollow, small flowers, like pipes, all divided into many jags at
the end.

FI＇STULARY, or FI＇STULOUS, adj. [fistularis, from fistula, Lat.
fistuleux, Fr.] of or pertaining to a fistula, callous or sinuous like a
fistula, having the nature of a fistula. Sinuous ulcers become fistulous.
Wiseman.

FI＇STULATED, adj. [fistulatus, Lat.] having a fistula.

FI＇STY-CUFFS, blows with fist. See FISTICUFFS.

FIT [fit, or fæd, Sax. vitten, Flemish. Junius] 1. Apt, meet,
proper, right, convenient; with for before the noun, and to before
the verb. It is fit for a man to know his own abilities. Boyle. 2.
Capable, ready, qualified, proper. Men of valour fit to go out.
1 Chron.

FIT [q. d. a fight. Skinner. It being a conflict between nature and
the disease, from viit, in Flemish, frequent. Junius] 1. A paroxism,
or exacerbation of any intermittent distemper. 2. Any short return
after intermission, interval. Religion is not the business of some fits
only and intervals of our lives. Rogers. 3. Any violent affection of
mind or body, a freak, whim, or humour. To throw him into a fit
of melancholy. Addison. 4. Disorder, distemperature.
Best knows
The fits o＇ th＇ season. Shakespeare.
5. It is used without an epithet of discrimination for the hysterical
disorders of women and the convulsions of children, and by the vul­
gar for the epilepsy. She fell downright into a fit. Arbuthnot.

To FIT, verb act. [befittan, Sax. vitten, Flemish. Junius] 1.
To make fit, to accommodate to any thing, to suit one thing to an­
other. He fitteth it with planes. Isaiah. 2. To accommodate a per­
son with any thing, to try on; as, the taylor fits his customers. 3.
To be adapted to, to suit any thing. She＇ll fit it. Shakespeare. 4.
To fit out; to furnish, to supply with necessaries or ornaments. The
English fleet could not be paid, and man＇d, and fitted out. Addison.
5. To fit up; to furnish, to make proper for the use or reception of
any one. He has fitted up his farm, Pope.

To FIT, verb neut. to be proper, to be fit. In an impersonal form.
Nor fits it to prolong the heavenly feast. Pope.

To FIT Out, or equip a ship.

FITCH [a colloquial corruption of vetch; vesse, Fr. veccia, It.] a
pulse, a vetch, a small kind of wild pea. Tusser uses it.

FITCH, FI＇TCHAT, or FITCHOW [prob. of fisse, Du. fisson, Fr.] a
pole-cat, or strong scented ferret, a stinking little beast that robs the
henroost and warren; Skinner calls him the stinking ferret; but he is
much larger, at least as some provinces distinguish them, in which the
pole-cat is termed a fitch-cat, and the stinking ferret a stoat.

FITCHEE＇ [in heraldry] a cross-fitchee signifies a cross that ends in
a sharp point, fit to be fixed in the ground, and is supposed to have
taken its use from the Christians in ancient times carrying crosses
with them, which they fixed in the ground whenever they settled any
where.

FI＇TFUL, adj. [of fit and full] varied by paroxisms, disordered by
change of maladies. After life＇s fitful fever he sleeps well. Shake­
speare.

FI＇THWITE [of fyht and wite, Sax.] a fine imposed upon one for
fighting and breaking the peace.

FITLY, adj. [of fit] 1. Aptly, conveniently, meetly.
To take a latitude,
Sun and stars are fittest view＇d
At their brightest. Donne.
2. Justly, reasonably, properly. Expressed most fitly by departing
from evil. Tillotson.

FI＇TNESS [of fit] 1. Propriety, justness, reasonableness. In things
the fitness whereof is not of itself apparent. Hooker. 2. Convenience,
the state of being fit.
They＇ve made themselves, and that their fitness now
Does unmake you. Shakespeare.

FI＇TMENT [of fit] something adapted to a particular purpose.
Shakespeare uses it.

FI＇TTER [of fit] 1. The person or thing that causes fitness for any
thing. A fitter of it for corn. Mortimer.

FI＇TTERS [of fetta, It. fitzen, Ger.] small pieces of a thing; as,
to cut into fitters. Skinner.

FITS of easy Reflection of the Rays of Light [in optics] the disposi­
tion of the rays to be reflected at any time. Sir Isaac Newton.

FITS of easy Transmition [in optics] the disposition of the rays of
light to be transmitted. Sir Isaac Newton.

FITZ, Norman [fils, Fr. a son] a word only used in law and ge­
neology, and commonly added to sirnames of persons descended of the
Norman race; as, Fitzroy, Fitzwilliams, Fitzherbert, Fitzthomas.
It is now mostly used of illegitimate children.

FIVE, adj. [fif, Sax. vyf, Du. fijf, O. and L. Ger. fueuf, H. Ger.
funf and sinf, Teut. finif, Goth. fem, Dan. and Su.] four and one,
the half of ten.
A man at FIVE may be a fool at fifteen.
A pregnant witty child, may prove a dull heavy man. The Lat. say;
Odi puerulos præcoci sapientia.

FIVE, the number or figure 5 is called hermaphrodite, because it is
composed of 2, the female, and 3, the male; it is also called the
first of all numbers. It is also called a circular number, because the
circle turns to the point from whence it begins; for 5 multiplied by
itself, ends always in 5, as, 5 times 5 makes 25, and that again by
5 makes 125, &c.

FIVE-FOLD [fif-fealð, Sax.] five times as much.

FIVE-FOOT, a sort of sea-insect, called also a star fish.

FIVE leav＇d Grass [in heraldry] cinque-foil is used by such as
would introduce a blazon by herbs and flowers instead of metals and
colours.

FIVES. 1. A play at ball or tennis. 2. A disease of horses. Past
cure of the fives. Shakespeare.

To FIX, verb act. [fixer, Fr. fissure, It. fixàr, Sp. fixum, sup. of
figo, Lat.] 1. To fasten, to make firm.
Fate had fix＇d too deep
Her dark foundations. Milton.
2. To establish invariably, to set, to appoint. Custom hath fixed his
eating to certain periods. Locke. 3. To direct without variation.
Thine eyes fixt to the fullen earth. Shakespeare. 4. To deprive of
volatility. Gold is fix＇d. Locke. 5. To pierce, to transfix; a sense
purely Latin.
While from the raging sword he vainly flies,
A bow of steel shall fix his trembling thighs. Sandys.
6. To withhold from motion.

To FIX, verb neut. 1. To settle the opinion, to determine the re­
solution. We must fix upon some foundation. L＇Estrange. 2. To
rest, to cease to wander. Resolv＇d to fix for ever here. Waller. 3.
To lose volatility, so as to be malleable. The quicksilver will fix.
Bacon.

FIXA＇TION, Fr. 1. The act of fixing, stability, steadiness. Your
Fixation in matters of religion. K. Charles. 2. Residence in a cer­
tain place. To light God gave no proper place or fixation. Raleigh.
3. Confinement, forbearance of excursion. A fixation and confine­
ment of thought to a few objects. Watts. 4. Reduction from flu­
idity to firmness. Salt dissolved upon a fixation returns to its affect­
ed cubes. Glanville.

FIXATION [with chymists] the act of making any volatile substances
capable to endure the fire, and not to fly away either by repeated
distillations or sublimations, or by adding something to it of a fixing
quality.

FI＇XED, part. pass. of to fix, En. [fixus, Lat. fixe, Fr. fisso, It. fixo,
Sp. and Port.] fastened, settled; set, appointed.

FIXED Line of Defence [in fortification] a line that is drawn along
the face of a bastion, and ends in the courtin.

FIXED Nitre [with chemists] is salt-petre dissolved in a crucible,
and then made to flame by throwing in burning coals, and afterwards
cooled, powdered, and dissolved in water, and then evaporated into a
a fine white salt.

FIXED Signs [with astronomers] are Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, and
Aquarius; so called, because the sun passes them respectively in the
middle of each quarter, when that particular season is more fixed and
settled than under the sign that begins or ends it.

FIXED Stars [in astronomy] the stars of the several constellations,
such as constantly retain the same position and distance with respect
to each other, by which they are contradistinguished from erratic or
wandering stars; which are continually shifting their situation and
distance.

FI＇XEDLY, adv. [of fixed] certainly, in a manner established.
Locke uses it.

FI＇XEDNESS [of fixed] 1. Stability, firmness. 2. Solidity, cohe­
rence of parts. Extreme fixedness and coherency. Bentley. 3. Stea­
diness, settled resolution. A fixedness in religion. K. Charles. 4.
[With chemists] a quality opposite to volatility.

FIXI＇DITY [of fixed] coherence of parts; opposed to volatility.
Boyle uses it.

FI＇XITY, FI＇XTNESS, FI＇XITE or FI＇XED, a quality opposite to
volatility; also that enables it to endure the fire, and other violent
agents. Kept from fuming away by their fixity. Newton.

FI＇XURE [of fix] 1. Position. The fixure of her eye hath motion
in＇t. Shakespeare. 2. Stable pressure. The firm fixure of the foot.
Shakespeare. 3. Firmness, stable state.
Rend and deracinate the unity and married calm of states,
Quite from their fixure. Shakespeare.
4. In popular language, any thing fix＇d; as, the fixures in a shop.

FIXT Bodies [in the general] are such as neither fire nor any corro­
sive has such effect on as to reduce or resolve them into their compo­
nent elements, i. e. absolutely to destroy them.

FIXT Bodies [with chemists] such as bear the violence of the fire
without evaporating.

FI＇ZGIG, a kind of dart or instrument with which they strike fish
while they swim. Sandys uses it.

To FI＇ZZLE, verb neut. [vesser, Fr. vesten, Du. feisten, Ger.] to
break wind backwards without noise.

FI＇ZZLING [of fizzle] a breaking wind backwards without noise.

FLA＇BBINESS [of flabby] limberness, softness, not firmness; oppo­
site to stiffness.

FLA＇BBY, adj. soft, easily shaking or yielding to the touch, not
firm. Flabby and black flesh. Arbuthnot.

FLABELLA＇TION [flabellum, Lat.] the act of fanning or airing.

FLA＇BILE, adj. [flabilis, Lat.] easily blown about by the wind.

FLACCE＇SCENSY [of flaccescens, Lat.] limberness, flagging quality,
flabbiness.

FLA＇CCID [flaccidus, Lat.] drooping, flagging, withering; also
weak, limber, not stiff, lax, not tense. Faint and flaccid in their
stalk. Bacon.

FLACCI＇DITY, or FLA＇CCIDNESS [of flaccidus, Lat. flasque, Fr.]
flagginess, limberness, weakness, aptness to hang down, laxity, want
of tension. Flaccidity joined with insensibility. Wiseman.

FLACCI＇DITY [in physic] a disorder of the fibres or solid parts of
the body, opposite to rigidity or stiffness.

FLA＇CKET, N. C. a bottle made in the fashion of a barrel.

To FLAG, verb neut. [fleogan, Sax. to fly, flacceo, Lat. or flagge­
ren, Du.] 1. To hang down loose, without stiffness. Bodies sepa­
rated and stretch＇d out, which otherwise, by reason of their flexible­
ness and weight, would flag and curl. Boyle. 2. To wither, to lan­
guish, to grow weak or feeble. When it is once at a stand, it naturally
flags and languishes. Addison. 3. To grow spiritless or dejected. The
pleasures of the town begin to flag and grow languid. Swift.

To FLAG, verb act. 1. To let fall, to suffer to droop. Flag their
wings. Prior. 2. [From flag, a sort of smooth stone] to lay with
broad stone. The sides and floor are all flagged with excellent marble.
Sandys.

FLAG, subst. [prob. of fleogan, Sax. or vlagge, Du. flagge, Ger.







flagga, Su.] 1. A banner, the colours or ensign of a ship or land­
forces, by which signals are made at sea, or regiments distinguish＇d.
He hangs out as many flags as he descries vessels. Sandys. 2. A sort
of river-grass or reed with a broad-bladed leaf and yellow flower, so
called from its motion in the wind. Laid it in the flags by the river＇s
brink. Exodus. 3. [flache, O. Fr.] a species of stone used for smooth
pavements. Flags or thin plates. Woodward.

FLAG-Ship [of flag and ship] a ship where the commander of a fleet
is, who has a right to carry a flag.

FLAG Royal [of England] or standard royal, ought to be yellow,
(viz. or) as some fay; or, as others, argent or white. It is charged
with a quartered escutcheon of England, Scotland, France, and Ire­
land. This is never carried but by the sovereign prince himself, his
high admiral or commission.

Another FLAG Royal [of England] is quarterly, the first and fourth
quarter counter-quartered. In which the first and fourth azure, 3
flower de luces or. The royal arms of France quartered with the
imperial ensigns of England, which are in the second and third gules,
8 lions passant, gardant in pale: or in the second place within a dou­
dle tressure counter flower de luce or, a lion rampant gules, for the
royal arms of Scotland. In the second place azure, an Irish harp or,
stringed argent, for the royal ensigns of Ireland.
But sometimes there is an alteration, as in setting the English arms
before the French, and the like.

Union FLAG [of England] is gules, charged with these words:
FOR THE PROTESTANT RELIGION AND FOR THE
LIBERTY OF ENGLAND.

FLAG [of the admiral of England] is red, charged with an anchor
argent, fet in pale, entangled in, and wound about with a cable of the
same.

Jack FLAG [of England] is blue, charged with a saltire argent,
and a cross gules, bordered argent.

FLAG [of an English merchantship] is red, with a franc-quarter
argent, charged with a cross gules.

FLAGS, are the colours that the admirals of a fleet carry on their
tops, and are marks of distinction both of officers and nations. The
admiral in chief carries the flag on his main-top, the vice-admiral on
the fore-top, and the rear-admiral on the mizen-top, when they are
to hold a council of war at sea: if it be to be held on board the ad­
miral, the flag hangs in the main-shrowds; if on board the vice­
admiral, in the fore-shrowds; and if on board the rear-admiral, in
the mizen-shrowds.

To Lower a FLAG, or To Strike a FLAG, is to take it in, or pull it
down upon the cap. And this is a respect due from all ships or fleets,
that are inferior, either in respect of right of sovereignty, place, &c.
and signifies an acknowledgement and submission, when they happen
to meet with any that are justly their superiors; it is also a signal of
yielding.
And in the case of sovereignty in the narrow feas of Britain, it has
been long claimed and made good by our kings, that if any ship of any
nation, meeting with an admiral of England, shall not acknowledge
his sovereignty, by this signal of taking in her flags, she may and is
to be treated as an enemy.

To Heave out a FLAG, is to put it abroad.

FLA＇GBROOM [of flag and broom] a broom for sweeping flags or
pavements, commonly made of birch twigs, or the leaves of the
dwarf palm imported from Spain.

FLAG-Officers, are those who command the several squadrons of a
fleet, as admirals, vice-admirals, and rear-admirals. Addison uses
it.

FLAG-Worm, an insect, so called, because it is found and bred in
flaggy ponds or fedgy places, hanging to the fibres or small strings,
that grow to the roots of the flags, and are usually found in a yellow
or reddish husk or case. Walton.

FLAG-Staff [plur. flag-staves. Dryden has flagstaffs. Bloody crosses
on his flagstaffs rise. In a ship] the staff which is set upon the head
of the top-gallant mast, and serves to fet, i. e. to shew abroad the
flag.

FLAGS [with falconers] the feathers in the wings of an hawk, next
to the principal ones.

FLA＇GELET [flageolet, Fr.] a small flute, an instrument of wind
music. More uses it.

FLAGE＇LLANTS [flagellantes, Lat.] a sect of heretics in the thir­
teenth century, who maintained that there was no remission of sins
without whipping, and therefore they chastised and disciplined them­
selves with whips in public, till the blood dropped from their naked
backs.

FLA＇GELLATED, part. adj. [flagellatus, Lat.] scourged, whipt.

FLAGELLA＇TION, Fr. [flagellazione, It. flagellatio, Lat.] the act of
whipping, lashing or scourging, the use of the scourge. As morning
prayer and flagellation end. Garth.

FLA＇GGINESS [of flaggy] want of tension, limberness.

FLA＇GGING, part. adj. [of flag] hanging down, loose, growing
limber, weak or feeble.

FLA＇GGY [of flag] 1. Limber, weak, not stiff. Flaggy wings.
Spenser. 2. Full of flags or river-grass. 3. Weak in taste, insipid.
A great flaggy apple. Bacon.

FLAGI＇TIOUS [flagitiosus, Lat.] very wicked, villainous, atrocious.
Villainy or flagitious action. South.

FLAGI＇TIOUSLY, adv. [of flagitious] wickedly, villainously.

FLAGITIO＇SITY, or FLAGI＇TIOUSNESS [flagitiositas, Lat.] out­
rageous wickedness.

FLA＇GON [flaxa, Sax. flessche, Du. flasche, Ger. flacon, Fr. flaske,
Dan. fflacced, Wel. fiasco, It. flasco, Sp. prob. of λαγηνος, Gr.] a
large drinking-pot.

FLA＇GRANCY [flagrantia, Lat.] properly a state of being all in a
flame, burning, heat, fire. Lust causeth a flagrancy in the eyes. Ba­
con.

FLA＇GRANT [flagrans, Lat.] 1. Very hot, eager or earnest, burn­
ing. Flagrant desires and affections. Hooker. 2. Notorious, infa­
mous, flaming. If the crimes be flagrant. Swift. 3. Glowing,
flushed.
At her toilet＇s greasy task,
And issuing flagrant to an evening mask. Pope.
4. Red, imprinted red. The beedles lash still flagrant on their back.
Prior.

FLA＇GRANTLY, adv. [of flagrant; flagranter, Lat.] earnestly, ar­
dently; also notoriously.

FLA＇GRANTNESS [of flagrant] flamingness, glitteringness, ardent­
ness of desire, earnestness; also notoriousness.

FLAGRA＇TION [flagro, Lat.] the act of flaming, burning, glitter­
ing; also an ardent desire.

FLAIL [fleau, Fr. flagello, It. flagellum, Lat. or vleule, Du. flegel,
Ger.] an instrument for threshing of corn.
No fence against a FLAIL,
Or,
Necessity has no law.
Spoken when people are necessarily forced to do a thing, and have
no way to avoid it.

To FLAIR, or To FLARE [with shiprights] is when a ship being
housed in near the water, and a little above that the work hangs over
a little too much, and is laid out broader aloft than the due proportion
will allow, they say, she flairs over.

FLAKE [flocon, Fr. fiocco, It. vlocke, Du. prob. of floccus, Lat. i. e.
a lock of wool, a lock of snow, white and soft as wool] 1. Any
thing that appears loosely held together like a flock of wool, a thin
plate of ice, snow, or other thing. Little flakes or pieces of ice.
Burnet. 2. A layer, film, or lamina in general. Tore away great
flakes of the metal. Moxon.

To FLAKE, verb act. [from the subst.] to form in flakes or bodies
loosely connected. Mould the round hail, or flake the fleecy snow.
Pope.

FLA＇KINESS, the state of having flakes, flaky quality.

FLA＇KY, adj. [of flake] 1. Hanging loosely together. Long flaky
sparks expire. Pope, 2. Being in flakes or thin slices, lying in
strata.

FLAM [Skinner derives it of flyma, a vagrant, or flean, Sax. to
flea. A cant word, of no certain etymology. Johnson] a sham or put
off, an illusory or false story, a lye. Cant and cheat, flam and delu­
sion. South.

To FLAM, verb act. [from the subst.] to deceive with a falsehood
or lye. God is not to be flammed off with lyes. South.

FLA＇MBEAU, or FLA＇MBOY, a lighted torch made of hempen wicks,
and wax, white or yellow, laid over them. Addison uses it.

FLAME [flamma, Lat. flamme, Fr. fiamma, It. blama, Sp. flama,
Port. vlamme, Du. flamme, Ger.] 1. The blaze of fire, the light
emitted from it. 2. Fire. The flames he once stole from thee, grant
him now. Cowley. 3. Ardour of temper or imagination, brightness
of fancy, vigour of thought. Great are their faults, and glorious is
their flame. Waller. 4. [In a figurative sense] an ardent affection or
passion, ardour of inclination, great eagerness of desire. Met conge­
nial, mingling flame with flame. Pope. 5. The passion of love. My
heart＇s on flame. Cowley. 6. A raging anger, confusion.

FLAME [according to Sir Isaac Newton] is a fume, vapour or exha­
lation, heated red hot, so as to shine; because bodies do not flame
without emitting a copious fume, and the fume burns in the flame.

FLAME [flamme, Fr.] an instrument to bleed horses with. This
should be phleme; seemingly some corruption or contraction of phebo­
tomy, or ϕλεβοτορμον, Gr. the instrument.

To FLAME, verb neut. [flamber, Fr. fiammare, It. vlamen, Du.
flokmen, Ger. flammo, Lat.] 1. To blaze out in a flame, as fire,
to emit light. 2. To shine like flame. At noon in flaming yellow
bright. Prior. 3. To break out into violence of passion.

FLA＇ME-COLOURED [of flame and colour] being of a bright yellow
colour like that of flame. A flame-coloured garment. Peacham.

FLA＇MET, or FLAMMANT, a large wild fowl of the size of a wild
goose, the legs and wings of which are very long, and its scent so ex­
quisite, and sight so quick, that it is difficult to be shot; so that the
fowlers are forced to get the wind of them, and to creep along co­
vered with an ox-hide till they come within gun-shot.

FLA＇MEN, or FLAMIN, Lat. [so called of filamen, a woollen thread
that was usually tied about their temples] a fort of priests among the
Romans, instituted by Romulus or Numa Pompilius, the latter fearing
that in process of time, kings, who also did exercise the office of
priests, might come to neglect the service of the gods, by reason of
the weight of affairs of state, established to every god one, to supply
the king＇s place. And these flamins bore the name of the gods to
whom they were consecrated; Jupiter＇s was call＇d Flamin Dialis;
and the chief of Mars was Flamen Martialis, &c. Jupiter＇s was the
most honourable, therefore he was permitted to wear a white hat,
and a purple gown called trabea, which was the cloathing only of
kings and augurs in performing their office.

FLA＇MING, pret. part. of to flame [flammans, Lat.] 1. Blazing.
2. Notorious. See To FLAME.

FLA＇MINGLY, adv. [of flaming] notoriously, egregiously.

FLAMMABI＇LITY [flammabilitas, of flamma, Lat. a flame] aptness
to flame, the quality of admitting to be set on fire. Brown uses it.

FLAMMA＇TION [flammatio, Lat.] 1. The act of setting on flame.
2. The act of flaming or blazing out. Brown uses it.

FLAMMEUM, a veil which the Roman brides covered themselves
with, when going to be married.
The Nymph was cover＇d with her flammeum,
And Phæbus sung th＇ Epithalamium. Swift.

FLA＇MMEOUS [flammeus, Lat.] like or partaking of the nature of
flame. Brown uses it.

FLAMMI＇FEROUS [flammifer, of flamma, a flame, and fero, Lat. to
bear] bringing, or bearing flames.

FLAMMI＇GEROUS [flammigerus, of flamma, a flame, and gero, Lat.
to bear] bearing flames.

FLAMMI＇VOMOUS [flammivomus, of flamma, a flame, and voma,
Lat. to vomit] that vomits or throws out flames.

FLA＇MMULA, Lat. a little flame.

FLAMMULA Vitalis, Lat. [i. e. the small vital flame] that natural
warmth that is the effect of the circulating blood.

FLA＇MMULA, a mark or badge worn by the Greek militia, on
either the casque, cuirass, or tip of the pike, &c. to distinguish the
several companies, battalions, regiments, &c.








FLA＇MY, adj. [of flame] 1. Inflamed, burning, being in flames.
Which flamy breaths do issue oft in sound. Sidney. 2. Being of the
nature of flame. A substance compounded of an airy and flamy mat­
ter. Bacon.

FLANCH, or FLANQU [in heraldry] is an ordinary, which is a seg­
ment of a circular superficies, which are ever borne double; as in
plate VII. sig. 11.

FLA＇NCONADE, Fr. [in fencing] a push or thrust in the flank.

FLA＇NDERS, a province of the Netherlands, bounded by the Ger­
man ocean and United Provinces on the north; by the province of
Brabant on the east; by Hainault and Artois on the south; and by
another part of Artois, and the German ocean, on the west; being
about 60 miles long, and 50 broad, and divided between the Au­
strians, the French, and the Dutch. Flanders is a perfectly cham­
paign country, watered with many fine rivers and canals. Its chief
commodities are fine lace, linen, and tapestry.

FLANK [flanc, Fr. according to Menage, from λαγων, more pro­
bably from latus, Lat. the side. Johnson. Fianco, It.] 1. That part of
the side of an animal near the hinder thigh. 2. [In men] the lateral
part of the lower belly.

FLANK [in military affairs] the side of a fleet or an army, bat­
talion or body of soldiers from the front to the rear. He might take
the flank of the enemy. Hayward.

FLANK [in fortification] is that part of the rampart that joins the
face and courtin, comprehended between the angle of the courtin,
and the angle of the shoulder, &c. and is the principal defence of a
place, and commands the opposite face, flank, and courtin.

FLANK Oblique, or Second FLANK [in fortification] that part of the
courtin, where the men can see to scowr the face of the opposite bas­
tion, being the distance between the lines fichant and razant.

FLANK Retired, or Low FLANK [in fortification] is one of the
platforms of the casemate, and is sometimes called the covered flank.
This is generally called the casemate, when there is only one plat­
form retired towards the capital of the bastion, and covered by the
orillon.

FLANK of the Courtin [in fortification] is that part of the courtin
between the flank and the point, where the saliant line of defence
terminates.

FLANK Covert [in fortification] is that, the outward part of which
advances to secure the innermost, which advanced part if it be round­
ed is called an orillon; it is the same as lower or retired flank.

FLANK Fichant [in fortification] is that from whence the can­
non playing, fireth its bullets directly in the face of the opposite
bastion.

FLANK Rasant [in fortification] is the point from whence the line
of defence begins, from the conjunction of which with the courtin,
the shot only razeth the face of the next bastion, which happens when
the face cannot be discovered.

Second FLANK, or Simple FLANK [in fortification] are lines which
go from the angle of the shoulder to the courtin, whose chief office is
for defence of the moat and place.

To FLANK, verb act. [flanquer, Fr.] 1. To strengthen or defend
a side. They stand and flank the passage. Dryden. 2. To attack an
army or navy on the flank or side.

To FLANK, verb act. [in fortification] is to discover and fire upon
the side of any place; also to fortify it with flanks.

FLA＇NKARDS [hunting term] the knots or nuts in the flank of a
deer.

FLA＇NKED Flank [in heraldry] the same as party per saltire, that
is, when the field is divided into four parts, after the manner of
an X.

FLANKED Angle [in fortification] the angle formed by the two
faces of the bastion, and so forms the point of it.

FLA＇NKER [of flank] a fortification jutting out so as to command
the side of a body marching to an attack. Beaten by the Spaniards
out of their flankers. Knolles.

To FLA＇NKER [flanker, Fr.] to fortify the walls of a city with bul­
warks or countermures, to fortify laterally.

FLANKS [with farriers] a wrench, crick, stroke or other grief in
the back of a horse; also a kind of pleurisy proceeding from too
much blood.

FLANKS [in the manage] the sides of a horse＇s buttocks.

FLA＇NNEL [flannelle, Fr. flanel, Ger. of lana, or lanella, Lat. soft
wool, gwlanen, Wel. from gwlan, wool. Davies] a sort of thin, soft,
woollen cloth.

FLAP [of læppe, Sax. or of flabellum, Lat.] 1. Any thing hanging
down broad and loose, fastened only by one side; as, the flap of a
pocket hole. A cartilaginous flap upon the opening of the larynx.
Brown. 2. A disease in horses. When a horse is said to have the
flaps, you may perceive his lips to be swelled on both sides of his
mouth; and that which is in the blisters is like the white of an egg.
You must, to cure it, cut some flashes with a knife, and rub it once
with salt. Farriers Dictionary. 3. A blow or stroke with the open
hand, or some broad thing, the motion of any thing loose and broad.
4. The flap of a shoe, of the ear, of a shirt, that which hangs broad
and loose in these respectively.

To FLAP, verb act. [prob. of flabbe, Du. or flabella, Lat.] 1. To
flap or strike with the hand, or with any thing broad; as, to fly flap, as
butchers do. 2. To move any thing with a flap or noise made by the
stroke of any thing broad. The raven flap＇d his wing. Tickel.

To FLAP, verb neut. 1. To ply the wings with noise. The dira
flapping on the shield of Turnus, and fluttering about his head. Dry­
den. 2. To hang down with flaps or broad parts, as a hat sometimes
will. Flapping hat. Gay.

To give one a FLAP with a fox＇s tail, to deceive or cozen one.

FLAP-DRAGON, subst. [from a dragon supposed to breathe fire] 1.
A play, in which they catch raisins out of burning brandy, and ex­
tinguishing them by closing the mouth, eat them. 2. The thing
eaten at this play. Drinks candles ends for flap-dragons. Shake­
speare.

To FLA＇P-DRAGON, verb act. [from the subst.] to swallow, to de­
vour; a low cant word. To see how the sea flap-dragon＇d it. Shake­
speare.

FLAP-EARED [of flap and ear] having loose and broad ears. Flap­
eared knave. Shakespeare.

FLA＇PPING [probably of flaccescens, Lat.] hanging down with lim­
berness.

To FLARE, verb neut. [prob. of flederen, Du. to flutter. Skinner;
perhaps accidentally changed from glare. Johnson] 1. To flutter with
a splendid show. Ribbands pendant flaring ＇bout her head. Shakespeare.
2. To glitter with transient lustre.
Speech alone
Doth vanish like a flaring thing. Herbert.
3. To glitter offensively.
The sun begins to fling
His flaring beams. Milton.
4. To be in too glaring light. Flaring in sunshine all the day.
Prior.

FLA＇RING, part. [of to flare] 1. Fluttering. 2. Wasting, or con­
suming wastfully; as a candle. See to FLARE.

FLASH [Skinner derives it of blæse, Sax. blaze, Eng. but Min­
shew and Casaubon of ϕλοξ, Gr. a flame] 1. A sudden quick blaze,
as of lightening. A flash of a piece is seen sooner than the noise is
heard. Bacon. 2. A body of water driven violently. 3. The lay­
ing or dashing of water. 4. Spurt or sally of wit, burst of merri­
ment. The light flashes of a wanton mirth. Rogers. 5. A transient
state of any thing. The Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash.
Bacon.

To FLASH, verb neut. 1. To blaze out on a sudden, to glitter with
a quick and transitory flame. Made to flash like melted nitre. Boyle.
2. To burst out into any kind of violence. He flashes into one gross
crime or other. Shakespeare. 3. To break out into wit, bright
thought or mirth. They flash out into an irregular greatness of thought.
Felton.

To FLASH, verb act. to strike up large quantities of water from the
surface. The sea water, flash＇d with a stick or oar, casteth a shining
colour. Carew.

FLASH of Flames, a sheaf of arrows.

FLA＇SHER [of flash] a man of more appearance of wit than
reallity.

FLA＇SHER [at a gaming table] one who sits by to swear how often
he has seen the bank stript; a cant word.

FLA＇SHILY, vainly, frothily.

FLA＇SHINESS [of flashy] 1. Insipidness or unsavouriness in taste. 2.
Want of solidity or substance in discourse.

FLA＇SHY [from flash, Eng. of flaccidus, Lat. Skinner] 1. Having
lost its favour, frothy, insipid, without spirit or force. Sour, waterish,
or flashy. Bacon. 2. Showy, without solidity, empty. Flashy wits.
Digby.

FLASK [flasque, Fr.] 1. A powder horn. Powder in a skilless sol­
dier＇s flask. Shakespeare. 2. A kind of thin glass bottle. The cham­
paigne is to each man his flask. King.

FLASK [flaxa, Sax. fiasco, It. flasc, Sp. flessche, Du. flasche, Ger.
flaske, Dan. flaska, Su.] a sort of bottle wrought over with wicker.

FLASK [in gunnery] a bed in the carriage of a piece of ord­
nance.

FLASK [in heraldry] a bearing, more properly called a flaunch.
It is an ordinary made by an arched line drawn downwards to the base
point; and is always borne double.

FLA＇SKET [of flask, Eng. ϕλασκωλος, Gr. a pouch, according to
Meric Casaubon] a large long basket, in which victuals is served.
The silverstands with golden flaskets grac＇d. Pope.

FLAT, adj. [flast, or flata, Su. plat, Fr. Du. and Ger. prob. of pa­
tulus, Lat. Menage] 1. Broad, spreading, horizontally level without
inclination. The houses are flat roofed. Addison. 2. Smooth,
without protuberances. A land flat to our sight. Bacon. 3. Being
without elevation or rising up. Beauty＇s plumes fall flat. Milton.
4. Level with the ground. What ruins kingdoms and lays cities flat.
Milton. 5. Lying along. The woodborn people fall before her flat.
Spenser. 6. [In painting] being without releivo or relief, having no
prominence of the figures. 7. Insipid, unsavoury, having lost its
brisk, pungent taste. To the tongue unelegant and flat. J. Philips.
8. Dull, unanimated. Flat insipid stuff. Dryden. 9. Depressed, spiritless.
My hopes all flat. Milton. 10. Unpleasing, tasteless. All earthly
satisfactions must needs look little and grow flat and unsavoury. At­
terbury. 11. Peremptory, absolute, downright. It is a flat wrong
to punish the thought. Spenser. 12. Not shrill, not sharp in sound.
A flat noise or rattle. Bacon.

FLAT, subst. [from the adj.] 1. A level, an extended plane. He
has cut the side of the rock into a flat for a garden. Addison. 2.
Even ground, not mountainous. Till of this flat a mountain you have
made. Shakespeare. 3. A smooth, low ground, exposed to inunda­
tions; generally used only in the plural. Bogs, fens, flats. Shake­
speare. 4. The broadside of the blade of a weapon, not the
edge.
The flat to sweep the visions from thy mind,
The edge to cut them thro＇ that stay behind. Dryden.
5. Depression of thought and language. No flats amongst his eleva­
tions. Dryden. 6. A surface without prominences or relievo. A dull
unvaried flat to make a sufficient compensation for the chief things of
the ancient mountains. Bentley. See FLATS.

FLAT in the Foresail [sea-term] means, hale in the foresail by the
sheet, as near the ship＇s side as possible: this is done when a ship will
not fall oft from the wind.

To FLAT, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To level, to make broad
and smooth. Flat them on the sides. Bacon. 2. To make vapid or
dead. Their juice somewhat flatted. Bacon. This sense is generally
used passively, or as a participle adjective.

To FLAT, verb neut. 1. To grow flat; opposed to swell. I ob­
served the skin shrink, and the swelling to flat yet more than at first.
Temple. 2. To obstruct, to retard, to make unanimated or evarid.
Likely to flat and hinder the spirit of prayer. K. Charles.








FLA＇TILE [flatilis, from flo, Lat. to blow] unconstant.

FLATI＇LITY [flatilitas, Lat.] unconstancy.

FLA＇TLY, adv. [of flat] 1. Horizontally, without inclination. 2.
Without prominence or elevation. 3. Without spirit, frigidly. 4.
Peremptorily, absolutely, downright. Flatly refused his aid. Sidney.

FLA＇TNESS [of flat] 1. Broadness, spreadingness, without inequa­
lities, evenness. 2. Want of prominence. The flotness of a figure.
Addison. 3. Deadness, insipidity, not briskness. Deadness or flat­
ness in cyder. Mortimer. 4. Dejection of state. The flatness of my
misery. Shakespeare. 5. Dejection of mind, want of life or spirit. 6.
Dulness, frigidity, want of vigour in thoughts and expressions. Flat­
ness and impertinency flow in upon our meditations. Collier. 7.
Not shrillness, not acuteness of sound. That flatness of sound is
joined with a harshness. Bacon.

FLATS, subst. [commonly used only in the plural] shallows in the
sea, sand-banks, shelves.

FLATS [in music] a kind of additional or half notes as contrived
together with sharps, to remedy the defects of musical instru­
ments.

To FLA＇TTEN, verb act. [flatir, Fr.] 1. To make broader and
thinner with a plain surface, to make even without prominence. 2.
To beat down to the ground. Beat it down or flatten it, it will rise
again. Mortimer. 3. To make dead or vapid. 4. To depress, to
dispirit.

To FLA＇TTEN, verb neut. 1. To grow even. 2. To grow dull
and insipid. Satisfactions that are attended with satiety, surfeits and
flattens in the very tasting. L＇Estrange.

FLA＇TTER [of flat] the person or instrument that flattens any thing.

To FLA＇TTER [flater, Fr.] 1. To praise excessively, to gratify
with servile compliments, to please with blandishments. 2. To praise
falsely. Flatter＇d crimes of a licentious age. Young. 3. To coax, to
sooth, to caress, to please. A mere Gallic sense. A harmony plea­
singly fills the ears and flatters them. Dryden. 4. To raise false hopes.
Hopes thee of flatt＇ring gales
Unmindful. Milton.

FLA＇TTERER [of flatter; flateur, Fr.] one that praises more than is
deserved, a cajoler, a fawner, one who endeavours to gain savour by
pleasing falsities.

FLA＇TTERING, part. [of to flatter] soothing, caressing.

FLA＇TTERINGLY, adv. [of flattering] soothingly, caressingly.

FLA＇TTERY [flatterie, Fr.] fawning, false praise, artful obsequi­
ousness.

FLA＇TTISH, adj. [of flat] somewhat flat, approaching to flatness.
Woodward uses it.

FLA＇TULENCY [of flatulent] 1. Windiness, fullness of wind. 2.
Emptiness, levity, airiness. The natural flatulency of that airy scheme
of notions. Glanville.

FLA＇TULENT [flatulens, of flatus, Lat. a blast] 1. Windy, ingen­
dring or breeding wind, swoln with wind. Arbuthnot uses it. 2.
Empty, vain, big without substance, puffy. A flatulent vanity. Glan­
ville. Flatulent writers. Dryden.

FLA＇TULENTNESS [of flatulent] windiness, flatulency.

FLATUO＇SITY, or FLA＇TUOUSNESS [flatuosité, Fr. flatuosus, of fla­
tus, Lat.] windiness, windy quality. The cause is flatuosity. Bacon.

FLA＇TUOUS [flatuosus, Lat. flateux, Fr. flatuoso, It.] windy, full of
wind. Not flatuous nor loathsome. Bacon.

FLAVI＇COMOUS [flavicomus, of flavus, yellow, and como, Lat. hair]
having yellow hair.

FLA＇TUS Lat. [with physicians] disorderly motions stirred up in
the body by wind or windy meats.

FLA＇TWISE, adj. [of flat and wise; so it should be written, and
not flat ways] having the flat and not the edge downwards. Its po­
sture in the earth was flatwise and parallel to the side of the stratum.
Woodward.

To FLAUNT, verb neut. [prob. of vaunt] 1. To make a fluttering
show in apparel. To flaunt it out. Boyle. 2. To be hung with some­
thing loose and flying. This sense seems improper. One flaunts in
rags, one flutters in brocade. Pope.

FLAUNT, subst. Any thing loose and airy. There my borrow＇d
flaunts. Shakespeare.

FLAU＇NTING, part. [of to flaunt] gaudy and stately in appa­
rel.

FLA＇VOUR [prob. of flatus, Lat.] 1. A certain pleasant or agreeable
relish, commonly applied to wine or other liquids. 2. The power of
pleasing the taste. Addison. 3. Sweetness to the smell, fragrance.
Each seems to smell the flavour which the other blows. Dryden.

To FLAVOUR, verb act. [from the noun] to give any thing a fla­
vour or good scent.

FLA＇VOURLESS, not having any flavour or scent.

FLA＇VOROUS [of flavour] 1. Delightful to the palate. Flav＇rous
taste. Dryden. 2. Fragrant, sweet scented.

FLA＇VOURY [prob. of savour, S mut. in Fl] palatable, having a
good relish, spoken of wine, &c.

FLA＇UTO, It. a flute.

FLAUTI＇NO, It. a small flute, like a sixth flute, or an octave flute.

FLAW [prob. of flo, Sax. fragment, or flaw, Brit. a segment, or
flean, Sax. the white of the eye, or, according to Casaubon, of ϕλαω,
Gr. to break in pieces, flauw, Du. broken in mind] 1. A fault, a de­
fect. A flaw in what the generality of mankind admires. Addison.
2. A little skin that grows at the root of one＇s nails. 3. A chink, a
crack, a breach in any thing. Tho＇ the vessel were whole without
any flaw. Bacon. 4. (A sea word) a sudden gust, a violent blast of
wind; from so, Lat. to blow. T＇expel the winter＇s flaw. Shakespeare.
5. A tumult, a violent uproar. The fury of this madbrain＇d flaw.
Shakespeare. 6. A sudden commotion of mind, a violent perturbation.
These flaws and starts. Shakespeare.

To FLAW, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To crack, to break.
The cup was flawed with a multitude of little cracks. Boyle. 2. To
violate, to break; obsolete. France hath flaw＇d the league. Shake­
speare.

FLA＇WLESS, adj. [of flaw] being without cracks, having no de­
fects. Boyle uses it.

FLA＇WY, adj. [of flaw] having flaws, being full of flaws.

FLAWN, subst. [flan, Fr. flena, Sax. flaeye, Du.] a sort of custard,
pie, &c. baked in a dish.

To FLA＇WTER, verb act. to scrape or pare a skin.

FLAX [fleax, or flex, Sax. flas, Du. flachs, Ger.] 1. A plant
from the fibres of which linen thread is made. The leaves grow alter­
nately on branches: the cup of the flower consists of one leaf and is
tubulons. The flower expands in form of a clove-gilliflower. The
ovary becomes an almost globular fruit, which is pointed and compo­
sed of many cells, in which are lodged many plain smooth feeds,
blunt at one end and sharp at the other. The species are six. The
first sort is that which is cultivated for use in divers parts of Europe,
and is reckoned an excellent commodity. Miller. 2. The fibres dres­
sed and combed for the spinner, the matter for spinning made of it.

FLA＇XCOMB [of flax and comb] the instrument with which flax is
dressed, and the fibres cleaned of the brittle parts.

FLA＇XDRESSER [of flax and dress] he that prepares flax for spin­
ning.

FLA＇XEN, adj. [fleaxen, of fleax, Sax.] 1. Made of flax. The
flaxen thread. Thomson. 2. Fair, long, and flowing like flax or flaxen
hair. A fine flaxen long perriwig. Addison.

FLAX Weed, an herb.

To FLAY, or To FLEA [flean, Sax. villen, Du. flaene, Su. or,
as Casaubon will, of ϕλοιω, Gr. to peel off the bark of a tree, adflaw,
Island. flae, Dan. vlaen, Du.] 1. To strip off the skin. Flayed alive.
Raleigh. 2. To take off the surface of any thing. Cutting scraws is
flaying off the green surface of the ground to cover their cabbins.
Swift.

FLA＇YER [of flay] he that flays or strips the skin off any thing.

FLEA [flea, or fleh, Sax. vloye, Du. floh, Ger. fleach, Scottish]
a little insect of a deep purple colour, approaching to black, remarka­
ble for its agility in leaping, for which purpose it has three pair of
legs. It sucks the blood of larger animals. It lays eggs called nits;
these produce a kind of nymphs or white worms, which after some
time are transformed like caterpillars into perfect fleas.
To send one away with a FLEA in his ear.
It. Io gli hò messo un pulce nel orecchio. It is said a flea put into that
part will make an incredible buzzing or noise.

To FLEA, verb act. [from the subst.] to clear from fleas.

FLEA-BANE, an herb. It hath undivided leaves, which for the
most part are glutinous, and have a strong scent.

FLE＇ABITE, or FLE＇ABITING, subst. [from flea and bite] 1. Red
marks made by fleas. A breaking out all over the body like a flea­
biting. Wiseman. 2. A small hurt or pain like that caused by the
sting of a flea. Fleabites to the pains of the soul. Harvey.

FLEA＇BITTEN, adj. [of flea and bite] 1. Stung by fleas. 2. Mean,
worthless.
Fleabitten synod, an assembly brew＇d
Of clerks and elders ana. Cleaveland.

FLEABITTEN Colour [in horses] spotted over with spots of a dark­
ish red.

FLEAM. See PHLEGM.

FLEAM [flamme, Fr. corrupted from ϕλεβοτομον, Gr. the instrument
for bleeding] a surgeon and farrier＇s instrument for lancing, chiefly
for letting blood of cattle, which is placed on the vein, and then dri­
ven by a blow.

FLEA-Wort, an herb. It agrees with plantain and buckshorn­
plantain in every respect, excepting that this rises up with leafy stalks,
and divides into many branches; whereas both the others produce
their flowers upon naked pedicles. Miller.

FLEAK, subst. [floccus, Lat.] a small lock, thread or twist. Little
long fleaks or threads of hemp and flax. More. See FLAKE.

To FLECK, verb act. [fleck, Ger. a spot. Skinner. Perhaps it is
derived from fleak or fleke, an old word for a grate, hurdle, or any
thing made of parts laid transverse, from the Islandick flake. Johnson]
to spot, to streak, to variegate. Let it not see the dawning fleck the
skies. Sandys.

FLE＇CKED, or FLECKT, part pass. [of fleck, Ger. a spot] speckled
or spotted; feathered (spoken of an arrow) or fledg＇d (spoken of
young birds.) See to FLECK.

FLE＇CKED [in heraldry] arched like the firmament.

To FLE＇CKER, verb act. [of fleck] to spot, to mark with red whelks,
to variegate with spots of different colours. Flecker＇d like a drunkard.
Shakespeare.

FLE＇CTA, a feather＇d arrow.

FLED [pret. and part. of flee, to run away; not properly of fly, to
use the wings] gone, run away.

FLEDGE, adj. [vederen, Du. to fly] full feather＇d, able to fly, able
to quit the nest. His shoulders fledge with wings. Milton.

To FLEDGE, verb act. [from the adj.] to furnish with wings, to
supply with feathers. The birds were not as yet fledg＇d enough to
shift for themselves. L＇Estrange.

FLE＇DGED, part. pass. of to fledge [of flederen, Du. to fly] to
be well covered with feathers, as young birds are when they begin
first to fly.

FLE＇DWIT [of flyht, Sax. flight, and wite, Sax. fine] a discharge or
freedom from fines, when an outlaw＇d fugitive comes to the peace of
his own accord.

To FLEE, irreg. verb neut. FLED, pret. and part. pass. [flydde, flye,
Dan. fleon, Sax. flya, Su. flichen, Ger. This word is now almost
universally written fly, tho＇ properly to fly, fleogan, is to move with
wings, and flee, flean, to run away; they are now confounded. John­
son] to run away hastily or swifty, to escape, to flee away from justice
or danger, to have recourse to shelter. This city is near to flee unto.
Genesis.
This verb should not be confounded (as it often is) with to fly (so,
with wings) is plain from its preter, fled, the preter of the other being
flew, and the particip. flown.

FLEECE [flyse, fles, Sax. vlies, Du. vliesz, Ger. vellus, Lat.]
1. A flock of wool, or so much as comes off from one sheep at once.
2. Sometimes it denotes the sheep themselves.
I am shepherd to another man,
And do not sheer the fleece, that I graze. Shakespeare.








To FLEECE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To clip the fleece off
a sheep. 2. To take bribes and to fleece the peeple. Addison uses
it. 3. To strip a person or despoil him of all, even to the bare skin,
as a sheep is robb＇d of his wool.

FLEE＇CED, adj. [of fleece] having fleeces. The rich fleeced flocks.
Spenser.

FLEE＇CY, adj. [of fleece] woolly, covered with wool. Fleecy wealth.
Milton.

To FLEER, verb neut. [fleardian, Sax. to trifle, fleardan, Scot­
tish. Skinner thinks it form＇d of leer, Dan. to laugh] 1. To cast a
disdainful or saucy look at one. 2. To mock or jest contemptuously.
To fleer and scorn at our solemnity. Shakespeare. 3. To leer, to grin,
flattering with an air of civility. How popular and courteous, how
they grin and fleer upon every man they meet. Burton.

FLEER, subst. [from the verb] 1. Mockery express＇d by words or
looks.
Mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns,
That dwell in ev＇ry region of his face. Shakespeare.
2. A deceitful grin of civility. Such false lines, and such a sly trea­
cherous fleer upon their faces. South.

FLEE＇RER [of fleer] a mocker, a flatterer, a fawner.

FLEE＇RING, part. act. of to fleer. Looking disdainfully or saucily,
mocking, jesting insolently.

FLEET, FLEOT, or FLOT, are all derived from the Saxon fleot,
which signifies a bay or gulph. Gibson＇s Camden.

FLEET [of flota, Sax. flotte, Fr. flotta, It. flota, Sp. frota, Port.
vloot, Du. rlotte, Ger.] a company of ships, a navy.

FLEET [fleot, Sax. an estuary or arm of the sea] a place where
the tide comes up, a creek, an inlet of water. A provincial word from
which the Fleet-prison and Fleetstreet are named. Landfloods or
fleeets running through them, which make a kind of a small creek.
Mortimer.

FLEET, adj. [fliotur, Island. flean, Sax. to fly] 1. Swift of pace,
nimble. One of the fleetest horses in England. Clarendon. 2. [In the
husbandry of some provinces] light, superficially fruitful. It is very
fleet for pasture. Mortimer. 3. Skimming the surface. Those lands
must be plow＇d fleet. Mortimer.

FLEET Prison, a prison in London, into which persons are com­
mitted for contempt of the king and his laws; also a prison of ease for
debtors.

To FLEET, verb neut. [flotan, Sax.] 1. To fly swiftly, to vanish.
All the other passions fleet to air. Shakespeare. 2. To be in any tranfient
state, the same as FLIT. This fleeting and unremarkable superficies.
Digby.

To FLEET, verb act. 1. To skim the water.
Who swelling sails in Caspian sea doth cross,
And in frail wood an Adrian gulph doth fleet. Spenser.
2. To live merrily, to pass time away lightly. Many young gentle­
men flock to him every day, and fleet the time carelessly. Shakespeare.
3. [Among county people; vlieten, Du.] to skim milk, to take the
cream off milk. Hence, a fleeting dish.

FLEE＇TING, part. act. of to fleet [of flean, Sax. to fly, or vlieten,
flietten, Teut.] passing away continually as time, &c. moving conti­
nually from place to place.

FLEETINGDISH [of fleet and dish] a skimming vessel.

FLE＇ETLY, adv. [of fleet] with nimble pace, swiftly.

FLEE＇TNESS [of fleet] fleeting quality; also swiftness, quickness.

FLEGM. See PHLEGM.

FLEGMA＇TICNESS [of flegmatic; flegmatique, Fr. flemmatico, It.
phlegmaticus, Lat. of ϕλεγματικος, Gr.] the state of being troubled
with flegm, flegmatic quality. See PHLEGMATIC.

FLE＇MAFARE [of flyma, an outlaw, and flean, Sax. to flay] a
claim of the felon＇s goods.

FLE＇MENES Firinth [of flyma and firmean, Sax. to offer victuals]
the relieving of a fugitive.

FLEMENES Freme [of flyma and freme, Sax.] chattels or goods of
a fugitive.

FLEMES Wite [of flyma and wite, Sax.] a liberty to challenge the
chattels or sines of one＇s servant who is a fugitive.

FLE＇MINGS [of flyming or flyma, Sax. a banished man, because
they were frequently forced to change their habitations, and go into
neighbouring countries, because of the inundations of the sea] the na­
tives or inhabitants of the Low Countries.

FLE＇MISH [of flyma, Sax.] belonging to the Flemings or Dutch.

FLESH [flœc, flesc, Sax. vleesch, Du. fleisch, Ger. feol, Erse] 1.
The muscles as contradistinguished from the skin, tendons, and bones.
2. A similar, fibrous part of an animal body. 3. The body as con­
tradistinguished from the soul. This flesh which walls about our life.
Shakespeare. 4. Animal food as contradistinguished from vegetable.
Flesh should be forborne as long as he is in coats. Locke. 5. The
body of beasts or birds used in food, as distinct from fishes. Suffering
flesh to be eaten in the house. Shakespeare. 6. Animal nature. The
end of all flesh is come before me. Genesis. 7. Carnality, corporal
appetites. To mortify the flesh and subdue the lusts thereof. Smal­
ridge. 8. [With divines] a carnal state, a worldly disposition; op­
posed to spiritual state. The flesh lusteth against the spirit. Galati­
ans. 9. Near relation by blood. He is our flesh. Genesis. 10. The
outward or literal sense. The Orientals termed the literal or immedi­
ate signification of a precept or type the flesh, and the remote or typi­
cal meaning the spirit. This is frequent in St. Paul＇s writings. Ye
judge after the flesh. St. John.

FLESH [in botany] the soft, pulpy substance of any fruit, inclosed
between the outer rind or skin and the stone; or that part of a root,
fruit, &c. that is fit to be eaten.

To FLESH, verb act. 1. To initiate; taken from the sportsman＇s
practice of feeding his hawks and dogs with the first game that they
take, or training them to pursuit by feeding them with the flesh of ani­
mals. A good tame quarry to enter and flesh himself upon. Govern­
ment of the Tongue. 2. To harden, to establish in any practice, as dogs
are by often feeding on any thing. Fleshed in cruelty, fleshed in malice.
Sidney. 3. To glut, to satiate. He fleshes his will in the spoil of her
honour. Shakespeare.

FLESH Broth [of flesh and broth] broth made by boiling flesh in it.
Wiseman uses it.

FLESH-Broker [with the canting crew] a bawd.

FLE＇SHCOLOUR [of flesh and colour] the colour of flesh. Earth with
a pale flesh-colour, that is, white with a blush of red. Woodward.

FLE＇SHFLY [of flesh and fly] a fly that seeds upon flesh and depo­
sites her eggs therein. In fleshflies a flymaggot in five days space after
it is hatched, arrives at its full growth. Ray.

FLE＇SHHOOK [of flesh and hook] a hook to draw flesh from the cal­
dron.

FLE＇SHINESS [of fleshy] fulness of flesh, or the state of having much
flesh.

FLE＇SHLESS [flescleas, Sax.] having no flesh.

FLE＇SHLINESS [flæschcnesse, Sax.] carnal disposition, being ad­
dicted to the pleasures of the flesh.

FLE＇SHLY, adj. [flæschc, Sax. vleschelick, Du. fleischlich, Ger.]
1. Corporeal, opposed to mental.
Our minds themselves from slumber keep,
When from their fleshly bondage they are free. Denham.
2. Carnal, given to the flesh, lascivious.
After Asmodai,
The fleshliest incubus. Milton.
3. Animal, not vegetable. If men with fleshly morsels must be fed.
Dryden. 4. Human, not celestial, not spiritual.
What time th＇eternal lord in fleshly shrine
Enwombed was. Spenser.

FLE＇SHMEAT [of flesh and meat] animal food. Fleshmeat is mon­
strously dear. Swift.

FLE＇SHMENT [of flesh] eagerness gained by successful initiation.
Taken from a dog or hawk that has been enter＇d with the flesh of an
animal. The fleshment of this dread exploit. Shakespeare.

FLE＇SHMONGER [of flesh] one who deals in flesh, a pimp. Was
the duke a fleshmonger. Shakespeare.

FLE＇SHPOT [of flesh and pot] a vessel in which flesh or meat is
cooked. Thence it denotes plenty of flesh. If he takes away the flesh­
pots, he can also alter the appetite. Taylor.

FLE＇SHQUAKE [of flesh and quake] a tremor of the body. A word
formed by Ben Johnson in imitation of earthquake.

FLE＇SHY [flæsicg, Sax. fleischicht, Ger.] 1. Having much flesh,
plump, musculous. All Ethiopes are fleshy and plump. Bacon. 2.
Pulpous, plump, with regard to fruits. Those fruits that are so fleshy.
Bacon.

FLE＇TA [fleot, Sax.] a place where the tide comes up.

FLE＇TCHER [of fleche, Fr. an arrow] a maker of arrows and bows.
Mortimer uses it.

FLETCHERS company. It is probable was as ancient as the bowyers
as to their incorporation. They are governed by 2 wardens, 10 as­
sistants, and 18 on the livery. Their ensigns armorial of seal are a
chevron between 3 arrows.

FLET, part. pass. [of to fleet] skimmed, deprived of the cream.
Flet milk. Mortimer.

To FLET, verb neut. [fleotan, Sax.] to swim, to float.

FLETI＇FEROUS [fletifer, of fletus, weeping, and fero, Lat. to bear]
causing weeping.

FLEURE＇TTE, or FLEURONNE＇E. See FLORY.

FLEURO＇NS [in cookery] fine tarts or puffs of pastry-work, for gar­
nishing dishes.

FLEU＇RY. See FLORY.

FLEW, pret. of to fly. See To FLY.

FLEW, or FLUE, subst. a small sort of fishing net; also the large
chaps of a deep mouthed hound. Hanmer uses it.

FLEWED, adj. [of flew] chapped, mouthed.
My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind,
So flew＇d, so sanded. Shakespeare.

FLEXA＇NIMOUS [flexanimus, of flexum, sup. of flecto, Lat. to bend]
having power to change the disposition of the mind; also easy to be
overcome by persuasion and entreaty.

FLEXA＇NIMOUSNESS [of flexanimous] flexibleness of mind or dispo­
sition.

FLEXIBI＇LITY, or FLE＇XIBLENESS [flexibilitas, Lat. flexibilité, Fr.
flessibilità, It.] 1. Pliantness, aptness to bend or yield. 2. Easiness to
be persuaded, facility, compliance. Rather to err by too much flexi­
bility than too much perverseness. Hammond. 3. Ductility, managa­
bleness. The flexibleness of the former part of a man＇s age. Locke.

FLE＇XIBLE [flexibile, It. flexibilis, Lat.] 1. Easy to bend, possible
to be bent, not brittle. The stalk harder and less flexible than before.
Bacon. 2. Pliant, a term applied to bodies that are capable of being
bent, or changed from their natural form and direction. 3. Not in­
exorable, not rigid, complying. A man of great severity and nowise
flexible to the will of the people. Bacon. 4. Ductile, manageable.
Tender and flexible years. Locke. 5. That may be adapted to va­
rious forms and purposes. A principle more flexible to their purpose.
Rogers.

FLE＇XILE, adj. [flexilis, Lat.] pliant, easily bent by any power or
impulse. Every flexile wave. Thomson.

FLE＇XION [flexio, Lat.] 1. The act of bowing or bending, a dou­
ble, the part bent, a joint. A sinuous pipe that may have some four
flexions. Bacon. 2. A turn towards any quarter. A flexion or cast of
the eye aside. Bacon.

FLEXOR, Lat. the general name of the muscles which act in bend­
ing or contracting the joints, which by its softness and other circum­
stances belonging to its consistency is distinguish＇d from a cartilage and
bone.








FLEXOR Carpi Radialis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the wrist,
which arises from the inward protuberance of the shoulder bone, and
is inserted into the upper part of the os metacarpi.

FLEXOR Carpi Ulnaris, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the wrist
arising tendinous from the inner protuberance of the humerus, with
the flexor radialis, and also from the upper and outward part of
the ulna, and running along under the ligamentum annulare, it is in­
serted into the fourth bone of the first row of the carpus.

FLE＇XOR Pollicis Pedis longus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the
great toe, which is a direct antagonist to the extensor longus; it arises
opposite to it from the back part of the fibula, and is inserted into
the upper end of the second bone of the great toe on the under
side.

FLEXOR primi & secundi Ossis Pollicis, Lat. [in anatomy] a large,
fleshy muscle, which arises from the bones of the carpus and os meta­
carpi of the middle finger; whence it passes to its insertion partly to
the ossa sesamoidea of the second internode, and partly to the first
bone of the thumb.

FLEXOR tertii Internodii Pollicis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the
thumb, having a twofold beginning, viz. the upper from the out­
ward knob of the shoulder-bone, and the lower from below the up­
per part of the radius, and thence it proceeds till implanted in the up­
per part of the third bone of the thumb.

FLEXOR Pollicis brevis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the great
toe, arising from the middle of the cuneiform bone, it is short, thick,
and fleshy, seemingly two, and running over the termination of the
peronæus, has a double insertion into the ossa sesamoidea.

FLEXOR secundi Internodii Digitorum Pedis, Lat. [in anatomy] a mus­
cle of the lesser toes that springs from the lower and inner part of the
os calcis, and has its four tendons implanted at the upper part of the
second bone of each lesser toe.

FLEXOR tertii Internodii Digitorum Pedis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle
of the lesser toes that springs from the back part of the tibia, and is
inserted into four tendons, which march through the holes of the ten­
dons of the perforatus pedis, and are let into the third bone of each
toe.

FLEXUO＇SITY [flexuositas, Lat.] crookedness.

FLE＇XUOSE [flexuosus, Lat.] winding in and out, crooked. See
FLEXUOUS.

FLE＇XUOUS, adj. [of flexus, Lat.] 1. Having turnings and windings.
The restrained flexuous rivulets of corporeal things. Digby. 2. Bend­
ing, not straight, not steady, variable. The flexuous burning of flames.
Bacon.

FLE＇XURE [flexura, Lat.] 1. The act of bending or bowing. His
legs are for necessity not flexure. Shakespeare. 2. The direction in
which any thing is bent. The flexure of the joints of our arms. Ray.
3. The joint, the part bent. The flexure of his navel. Sandys. 4.
Servile cringe, mean compliance or obsequiousness. Flexure and low
bends. Shakespeare.

To FLI＇CKER, verb neut. [fliccerian, Sax. fligheren, Du.] 1. To
have a flistering motion. Flick＇ring on her nest. Dryden. 2. To
flutter as a bird.

FLI＇CKERING, part. act. [of flicker] fluttering with the wings, as
a bird; also fleering and laughing scornfully.

FLIDE THRIFT, or SLIDE THRIFT, the game called shovel­
board.

FLIE [of a mariner＇s compass] that part on which the 32 points
are drawn, and to which the needle is fastened underneath.

FEI＇ER [of fly] 1. One that runs away. 2. That part of a ma­
chine which by being put into a more rapid motion sets the rest a go­
ing; as in a jack.

FLIGHT [flyht, Sax. fllucht, Du. vucht, Ger. fuite, Fr.] 1. An
escape from danger, the act of flying away of a fugitive, criminal, or
vanquished person. 2. Removal to another place. She to the Latian
palace took her flight. Dryden. 3. The act of using wings. He so
swift and nimble was of flight. Spenser. 4. Removal from place to
place by means of wings. The fowls shall take their fight away to­
gether. 2 Esdras. 5. A number, flock, or company flying; as of
birds. The infinite flight of birds. Bacon. 6. A volley, as much
as is discharged at once; as of arrows, &c. 7. A sprightly sally
of the soul. 8. Heat of imagination. Some of his flights. Pope.
9. The space past by flying. 10. Excursion on the wing. The
highest flight of folly. Tillotson. 11. The power of flying. I shot
his fellow of the self same flight. Shakespeare.

FLIGHT [in melting lead ore] a substance which flies away in the
smoak.

FLIGHT of a Stair Case, the stairs from one landing place to an­
other.

Capon＇s FLIGHT, a compass of ground, such as a capon might fly
over, due to the eldest of several brothers in dividing the father＇s ef­
fects, when there is no principal manor in a lordship.

FLI＇GHTY [of flight] 1. Fleeting, nimble, swift.
The flighty purpose never is o＇ertook,
Unless the deed go with it. Shakespeare.
2. Wild, full of imagination, having extravagant sallies of fancy.

FLI＇MSY, adj. [of this word I know not any original, and suspect
it to have crept into our language from the cant of manufacturers.
Johnson] 1. Limber, thin, slight of texture. 2. Mean, being with­
out spirit or force. Flimsy lines. Pope.

FLI＇MSINESS [of flimsy] limberness, thinness without sufficient stiff­
ness or substance.

To FLINCH, verb neut. [prob. of fliccerian, Sax. or of fling, En.
Skinner.] 1. To start, to flinch from any suffering or undertaking, to
draw back from pain or danger. Nor did they flinch from duty for
fear of danger. South. 2. [In Shakespeare] to fail.
If I break time or flinch in property
Of what I spoke, unpitied let me die. Shakespeare.

FLI＇NCHER [of flinch] he who flinches, shrinks, or fails in any
matter.

FLI＇NCHING, drawing back from by reason of apprehension of dan­
ger; also a flirting the nail of the middle finger slapped from the
thumb.

FLI＇NDERS, small and thin pieces, shivers, &c.

To FLING, irr. verb act. flung, pret. and part. p. old part. flong
[prob. of flean, Sax. to fly or flittven, Goth. to cast. Minshew, from
fligo, Lat. Skinner; according to others from flying; so to fling is to set
flying] 1. To throw or cast from the hand. 2. To hurl, to dart, to
cast with violence.
He among
A thousand ships like Jove his light＇ning flung. Dryden.
3. To scatter. Ev＇ry beam new transient colours flings. Pope. 4. To
drive by violence. Would expel the waters out of their places with
such a violence as to fling them among the highest clouds. Burnet＇s
Theory. 5. To move forcibly. The apartments to be flung open. Addison.
6. To eject, to dismiss. Fling away ambition. Shakespeare. 7. To
cast reproach. Fling but the appearance of dishonour on it. Addison.
8. To force into another condition; properly a worse. Squalid for­
tune into baseness flong. Spenser. 9. To fling down; to demolish, to
ruin. 10. To fling off; to baffle in the chace, to defeat of a prey.
Too well acquainted with the chace to be flung off by any false steps
or doubles. Addison.

To FLING, verb neut. as, To fling like a Cow [spoken of horses]
1. To raise only one leg, and to give a blow with it. This makes
them wince and fling. Tillotson. 2. To fling out; to grow unruly or
outrageous. From the act of an angry horse that throws out his
legs.
Duncan＇s horses
Turn＇d wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out. Shakespeare.

FLING, subst. [from the verb] 1. A throw, a cast. 2. A gibe, a
contemptuous or insolent remark. Has his fling at the poor wedded
pair. Addison.

FLI＇NGER [of fling] 1. He who throws. 2. He who jeers.

FLI＇NGING [with horsemen] is the fiery action of an unruly horse,
or a kicking with the hind-legs.

FLINT [flint, Sax. flinta, Su. ϕελλεις, Gr.] 1. A hard, livid, or
black pebble. A semi pellucid stone, composed of crystal debased,
of a blackish grey, of one similar and equal substance, free from
veins, and naturally invested with a whitish crust. It is well known
to strike fire with steel. It is useful in glass-making. Hill. 2. Any
thing eminently or proverbially hard.
Your tears a heart of flint
Might tender make. Spenser.

FLINT [flint, Sax.] See FLYNT. A certain idol of the ancient
Britons, so called because he stood in a flinty place.

FLINT-CASTLE, an old town and castle in north-wales, which
gives name to Flintshire. It is situated on the river Dee, 10 miles
east of St. Asaph, and sends one member to parliament. The coun­
ty of Flint also sends one member.

FLI＇NTY [of flinticg, Sax.] 1. Full of flints. Flints in flinty
ground. Bacon. 2. Made of flint, strong. A pointed flinty rock.
Dryden. 3. Being of the nature of flint, hard of heart, cruel, inex­
orable. Flinty Tartar＇s bosom. Shakespeare.

FLIP, a sort of drink among sailors, made of beer, geneva, bran­
dy or rum, and sugar. Dennis uses it.

FLI＇PPANT, adj. [a word of no great authority, prob. derived from
flip-flap. Johnson] 1. Nimble-tongued, moveable; it is only used of
the act of speaking. Addison. 2. Pert, talkative, brisk. Away with
flippant epilogues. Thomson.

FLI＇PPANTLY, adv. [of flippant] in a prating, flowing manner,
briskly, pertly.

FLI＇PPANTNESS [of flippant] nimble-tonguedness, briskness, pert­
ness.

To FLIRT, verb act. [Skinner thinks it formed from the sound] 1.
To throw any thing with a quick, vibrating motion. Flirts from his
cart the mud in Walpole＇s face. Swift. 2. To move any thing with
quickness. To kiss your hand or flirt your fan. Dorset.

To FLIRT at, verb neut. 1. To banter or jeer at one, to gibe.
2. To run about continually, to be fluttering and unsteady.

FLIRT [from the verb] 1. A quick vibratory motion. In unfurl­
ing the fan are several little flirts and vibrations. Addison. 2. A sud­
den trick or slight.
Have licence to play
At the hedge a flirt. Ben Johnson.
3. A pert young hussey; as a jill-flirt, or a flirt-jill. Several young
flirts about town. Addison.

FLI＇RTING, part. [of to flirt] throwing out ever and anon; also
bantering or jeering by flirts.

FLIRTA＇TION [of flirt] a quick sprightly motion; a cant word
among women. A very agreeable flirtation air. Pope.

To FLIT, verb neut. [from to fleet, or from flytter, Dan. to re­
move] 1. To fly away; in a passive form. At last it flitted is. Spenser.
A dreadful storm away is flit. Spenser. 2. To remove, to migrate. In
Scotland it is still used for removing from one place to another at quar­
ter day or the usual term; Spenser has it in the passive form. He the
flitted life does win. The souls of men departing this life did flit out
of one body into some other. Hooker. 3. To flutter, to rove on the
wing, to remove from place to place. The flitting bird. Dryden.
4. To be unstable or fluctuating. Flitting air. Dryden.

FLIT, adj. [of fleet] swift, quick. Two darts exceeding flit.
Spenser.

FLITCH [flicce, Sax. flyche, Du. flothe, fleche, Fr. Skinner] the
side or half of a hog salted and cured. He accompanies the present
with a flitch of bacon. Addison.

To FLITE, N. C. verb neut. [flitan, Sax.] to scold or brawl.

FLI＇TTER, a rag or tatter.

FLI＇TTER Mouse [fleder-muis, Du. fleder-mausz, Ger.] a bat.

FLITTING, subst. [flit, scandal] an offence or fault. Thou tel­
lest my flittings. Psalms.

FLITTING, or FLI＇TTERING, part. act. [of to flit, which see] re­
moving from place to place, a term properly applied to a horse, who
being tied to a stake, eats up all the grass that is round about him
within the compass of his rope.

FLIX, subst. [corrupted from flax] down, soft hair. His warm
breath blows her flix up as she lies. Dryden.

FLIX Weed, an herb.

FLIX-WOOD. See HEDGE-MUSTARD.

To FLOAT, verb neut. [floter, Fr. flotuare, It. flotàr, Sp. of floctue,
Lat.] 1. To swim on the surface of the water. Men being drowned
and sunk, do float the ninth day. Brown. 2. To move easily and
without labour in any fluid. That float in air. Dryden. 3. To pass
with a light irregular course. Floating ideas make not deep impres­
sions. Locke.

To FLOAT, verb act. to cover with water. A great town half
floated by a deluge. Addison.

FLOAT, subst. [from the verb] 1. The act of flowing, the flux;
opposed to the ebb; now obsolete. The main float and refloat of the
sea. Bacon. 2. Any thing so contrived as to swim upon the water.
A float of weeds and rushes. L＇Estrange. 3. The quill or cork of a
fishing line which swims above the water, by which the angler dis­







covers the bite of a fish. Casting a little of it into the place where
your float swims. Walton. 4. A level; a provincial and cant word.
Banks are measured by the float or floor, which is eighteen feet
square and one deep. Mortimer.

FLOATS [flottas, Su.] pieces of timber made fast together with
rasters, for conveying burdens down a river with a stream.

FLO＇ATAGES, those things which float on the sea or great rivers.

FLO＇ATING, part act. [of to float, En. flotant, Fr. fluctuans, Lat.]
swimming to and fro upon the water.

FLOATING, part act. [in husbandry] the watering or overflowing of
meadows.

FLOATING, part. act. [of cheese] is the separating the whey from
the milk.

FLOATING Bridge, a bridge made in the form of a redoubt, with
two boats covered with planks.

FLO＇ATY, adj. [of float] swimming a top, buoyant. A ship if she
be floaty. Raleigh.

FLOCK [flocca, Sax. flocon, Fr. of floccus, Lat. a flock of wool,
Casaubon＇s derivation of it of πωυ, Gr. seems a little strained] a com­
pany of sheep.

FLOCK [flocc, Sax.] 1. A company, commonly a company of
birds or beasts.
The flock of all affections else
That live in her. Shakespeare.
2. A company of sheep, as contradistinguished from herds, which are
of oxen or black cattle. The riches of the country consisted chiefly
in flocks and pasturage. Addison. 3. A body of men. The heathen
came to Nicanor by flocks. 2 Maccabees. 4. [floccus, Lat.] a lock
of wool.

FLOCK Bed, a bed filled with flocks of wool. For a flock-bed I
can shear my sheep. Dryden.

To FLOCK, verb neut, to assemble together, to come in flocks,
great numbers or companies. Many young gentlemen flock to him.
Shakespeare.

To FLOG, verb act. [flagrum, Lat. a scourge] to whip or scourge,
to chastise. The schoolmaster＇s joy is to flog. Swift.

FLONG, part. pass. [from to fling] used by Spenser. See the 8th
sense of To FLING, verb act.

FLOOD [flood, Dan. flod, Sax. vloedt, Du. flaht, Ger. floed, Da.
flodh, Su. flad, Goth. flot, Fr.] 1. An inundation, a deluge. Since
the great flood. Shakespeare. 2. The flow or the flux of the tide;
not the ebb, not the reflux. 3. The swelling of a river by rain or an
inland flood. Th＇ ebbs and floods of Nile. Davies. 4. A body of
water, the sea, a river. From the flood unto the world＇s end. Psalms.
5. The catamenia. Escape by means of their floods repelling the
humours from their lungs. Harvey.

FLOOD [with watermen] is when the tide begins to come up, or
the water to rise, which they call young flood; the next quarter­
flood, the next half-flood, and the next full-tide, or still, or high
water.

Young FLOOD, the time when the water begins to rise in the
river.

To FLOOD, verb act. [from the subst.] to cover with waters, to
deluge. Meadows are flooded. Mortimer.

FLOOD-GATE [of flood and gate] a kind of gate or shutter, by
which the course of the water is inclosed or opened at pleasure. The
cataracts or flood-gates of heaven being opened. Burnet＇s Theory.

FLOOK of an Anchor [pflug, Ger. a plough] that part that takes
hold of the ground.

FLOOR [flor, flore, and flering, Sax. floer, Du. fluhr, Ger.]
1. The area or surface of a room, the pavement, that part on which
one treads. A pavement is always of stone; the floor of wood or
stone. Johnson. 2. A story or flight of rooms.
He that building stays at one
Floor or the second, hath erected none. B. Johnson.

To FLOOR [floeren, Du. or of flore, Sax.] to cover the bottom
with a floor.

FLOOR [in a ship] so much of her bottom as she rests on when she
lies on ground.

FLOO＇RING, subst. [from floor] the bottom, the floor. The flooring
is a kind of red plaster made of brick. Addison.

To FLOP, verb act. [from flap] to clap the wings with a noise,
to play any thing with a noisy motion. A huge flopping kite. L＇E­
strange.

FLO＇RA, Lat. the goddess of flowers. She is painted in a mantle
of various colours, with a garland of flowers.

FLO＇RAL, adj. [floralis, of floris, the gen. of flos, Lat. a flower]
pertaining to Flora, or to flowers. Celebrated sports and floral play.
Prior.

FLORAL Games [in France] a ceremony beginning on May day
with a solemn mass. music, &c. at which the corporation attend,
and poems are rehearsed every day; the magistracy give a magnificent
treat, and adjudge the prizes, which are the rewards of three different
compositions, viz. a poem, an eclogue, and an ode, which are a
violet, an eglantine, and a pansy of gold, each a cubit high, worth
15 pistoles a-piece.

FLORA＇LIA, Lat. a feast and sports in honour of Flora, who hav­
ing left a certain sum of money for the celebration of her birth-day,
these games were celebrated with obscenities and debaucheries, and
not only with the most licentious discourses, but the courtesans being
called together by sound of trumpet, made their appearance naked,
and entertained the people with abominable postures.

FLO＇RAMOUR [q. flos amoris, Lat. or fleur d＇amour, Fr. i. e. the
flower of love] a kind of flower.

FLORE Radiato [in botanic writers] with a radiated flower, or such
as is like rays.

FLOREE＇, or FLO＇REY, the scum of boiled glastum or woad, dried
and beaten to powder; a blue colour used in painting.

FLO＇REN [so named, says Camden, because made by Florentines]
a gold coin of king Edward III, in value 6 s.

FLO＇RENCE, an archbishop＇s see, and city of Italy, on the river
Arno, in Tuscany, 45 miles east of Leghorn, Lat. 43° 30′ N. Long.
12° 15′ E. It is one of the most elegant cities in Italy, has an uni­
versity, and is six miles in circumference. The statues, paintings,
and curiosities in the grand duke＇s palace, are the admiration of tra­
vellers.

FLO＇RENTINE, a town of Champaign in France, 28 miles south-
west of Troys.

FLORENTINE [in pastry] a sort of tart or pudding baked in a dish.

FLORENTINE Marble, a sort of marble, the figures in which repre­
sent buildings naturally, called also landskip marble.

FLORENTINES, natives of Florence.

FLO＇RES, Lat. flowers. Thus,

FLORES [with chemists] are the most subtil parts of a substance se­
parated from the grosser by sublimation.

FLO＇RET, or FLOU＇RISH [with botanists] 1. Is a little tube expanded
at the top, usually divided into five segments, and sitting upon the
embryo of a single seed. From the inner part of the floret arise five
chives, which uniting to the inner part of the floret together form a
sheath; from the embryon of the sheath arises a bifid, reflexed stile,
which passes through the sheath. 2. [fleurette, Fr.] A small imper­
fect flower.

FLORI＇COMOUS [floricomus, of floris, gen. of flos, a flower, and co­
mo, Lat. to dress] having the top full of or adorned with flowers.

FLO＇RID [fiorito, It. florido, Sp. of floridus, Lat.] 1. Flourishing
or adorned with flowers, productive of flowers. 2. Bright in colour,
flushed with red. Our beauty when most florid and gay. Taylor. 3.
Splendid, embellished, brilliant with ornaments. The florid, elevated
and figurative way is for the passions. Dryden.

FLORID Descant [in music] See FIGURATIVE Descant.

FLORID Discourse, a discourse full of rhetorical flowers.

FLO＇RID Stile. See FLORID Discourse.

FLO＇RIDA, a name first given by the Spaniards to all that part of
North America, which lies to the northward of the gulph of Mexico.
But all that retains the name of Florida at present, is the peninsula
between the British colony of Georgia, and Cape Florida.

FLORI＇DITY [of florid] freshness of colour. Floyer uses it.

FLO＇RIDNESS [of florid] 1. Freshness of colour. 2. Fulness of
rhetorical flowers, embellishment, ambitious or affected elegance of
style. Boyle uses it.

FLO＇RIFER, Lat. [in botanic writings] producing flowers.

FLORI＇FEROUS [florifer, of floris, gen. of flos, a flower, and fero,
Lat. to bear] bearing flowers.

FLORI＇FEROUSNESS, flower-bearing quality.

FLORI＇GEROUS [floriger, Lat.] carrying or bearing flowers.

FLORILE＇GIUM, Lat. [of flores, flowers, and lego, Lat. to collect] a
collection of choice pieces, containing the finest of their kind.

FLO＇RIN, Fr. [fiorino, It. florin, Sp.] a coin first made by the Flo­
rentines, that of Germany is in value 2s. 4d. that of Spain 4s. 4d. ½,
that of Palermo and Sicily 2s. 6d. that of Holland 2s. Ayliffe.

FLO＇RIST [fleuriste, Fr. fiorista, It.] one who delights in and is
skilled in flowers, one who cultivates flowers. Thomson uses it.

FLO＇ROON [fleuron, Fr.] a border of flower-work.

FLO＇RULENT [florulentus, Lat.] flowry or blossoming, full of
flowers.

FLO＇RY [in heraldry] or fleure de lisse, or, as it is comonly written,
flower de luce, as a cross flower, is a cross with flower de luces at the
ends.

FLOS, Lat. a flower; as

FLOS Æris, Lat. [with chemists] brass-flower; a composition that
consists of small grains of brass like millet seed, which are separated
from its body, when hot brass is quenched in water.

FLOS Frumentorum, Lat. [with botanists] a flower called blue­
bottle.

FLOS [in botanic writings] a flower, as to the different kinds see
under their proper articles.

FLO＇SCULOUS [flosculus, Lat.] consisting of flowers, having the na­
ture or form of flowers. A dry and flosculous coat. Brown.

FLO＇TA, Sp. [with the Spaniards] the plate fleet, which they send
every year to some part of the West Indies.

FLO＇TAGES, are such things as are floating on the surface of the sea
or great rivers.

To FLO＇TE, verb act. to skim. Tusser uses it. See To FLEET.

FLO＇TSON, or FLO＇TZAM [fleotean, Sax.] any thing lost by ship­
wreck, which lies floating on the top of the water, these with jetson
and lagan, which see, are given to the lord admiral by his letters pa­
tent.

FLO＇TTEN Milk [part. pass. of to flote] fleet or skimmed milk.
Skinner uses it.

FLOUK, or FLOOK [of an anchor; flooc, Sax.] that part of it that
is barbed and taketh hold of the ground. See FLOOK.

To FLOUNCE, verb neut. [prob. of ploussen, Du.] 1. To plunge, to
roll about, to move with violence, to struggle or dash in the water.
Flounces in the waves. Addison. 2. To move with weight and tumult.
Six flouncing Flanders mares. Prior. 3. To move with passionate
commotion, to be in a toss or fume with anger. You neither fume,
nor fret, nor flounce. Swift.

To FLOUNCE, verb act. to adorn with a flounce or pucker. She
was flounced and furbelow＇d. Addison.

FLOUNCE [from the verb] any thing sewed to the garment in a
pucker, so as to swell and shake. A muslin flounce made very full.
Pope.

FLOU＇NDER [flynder, Dan.] a well known flat fish.

To FLOU＇NDER, verb neut. [from flounce or flounder] to struggle
with violent and irregular motions, as a horse in the mire. Deeper
sunk by flound＇ring in the mud. Dryden.

FLOU＇NDRING, part. act. [of to flounder] rustling or making a noise
with its fall, struggling violently in the mire.

FLOUR [fleur de farine, Fr. flos farinœ, Lat.] the fine part of
ground corn.

FLOUR [in geography] a city of the Lyonois, in France, 45 miles
south of Clermont.

To FLOUR, verb act. to sprinkle with flour of meal.

To FLO＇URISH [fleurir, Fr. fiorire, It. florecer, Sp. of florere, Lat.]
1. To be prosperous, to be in repute, vogue or esteem. 2. To be in
vigour, not to fade. The righteous shall flourish like a palm-tree.







Psalms. 3. To use florid language, to speak with copious and ambi­
tions elegance of style. To flourish in a copious barangue and diffusive
style. Watts. 4. To describe various figures by intersecting lines, to
play in irregular motions.
Impetuous spread,
The steam and smoking flurish＇d o＇er his head. Pope.
5. To boast, to vaunt. 6. [In music] to play some prelude.

To FLOURISH, verb act. 1. To adorn with vegetable beauty.
With shadowy verdure flourish＇d high. Fenton. 2. To adorn with fi­
gures of needle work. 3. To work with a needle into figures. Bottoms
of thread close wound up, which with a good needle perhaps may be flou­
rish＇d into large works. Bacon. 4. To move any thing in quick circles
or vibrations by way of show or triumph. Flourish＇d their snakes and
toss＇d their flaming brands. Crashaw. 5. To adorn with embellish­
ments of style, to set off with eloquence, ambitiously diffusive. The
labours of Hercules, flourish＇d with much fabulous matter. Bacon. 6.
To adorn, to grace in general.
The justice of your title
Doth flourish the deceit. Shakespeare.

To FLOURISH [in writing] is to adorn writing with ornamental
Strokes, &c. performed volante manu.

To FLOURISH Colours [in military affairs] is to display them.

FLOURISH [from the verb] 1. An ornament in discourse or writing,
a diffusive copiousness, a far-fetch＇d embellishment. Rhetorical flou­
rishes. More. 2. Bravery, beauty.
The flourish of his sober youth
Was the pride of naked truth. Crashaw.
3. Figures formed by lines curiously or wantonly intersecting each
other. The neat characters and flourishes of a bible curiously printed.
Boyle.

FLOURISH [in architecture] a flower-work.

FLOURISH [in discourse] a boast, a brag, a vaunt.

FLOURISH [in music] a prelude.

FLOU＇RISHER [of flourish] one that is in his prime or in high pros­
perity. Not the greatest flourisher can equal him in pow＇r. Chap­
man.

FLOU＇RISHING, part. act. [of to flourish] being in the prime, pros­
perous, being in vogue or esteem. I flourished in the opinion of the
world. Dryden.

To FLOUT, verb act. [fiuyten, Du. flouwe, Trisie. Mer. Cas. derives
it of ϕαυλιζω, Gr. to contemn or scorn] to mock or jeer, to treat with
gibing contempt. Phillida flouts me. Walton.

To FLOUT, verb neut. to practise mockery, to behave with contempt.
Nature hath given us wit to flout at fortune. Shakespeare.

FLOUT [from the verb] a mock, a word or act of contempt. Was
there never a flout or dry blow given. Bacon.

FLOU＇TER [from flout] one who flouts or jeers.

FLOU＇TING, part. act. [of to flout] mocking, jeering, with scorn
or disdain.

To FLOW, verb neut. [fleowan, Sax. floeden, floeyen, Du. viessen,
H. Ger. fluo, Lat.] 1. To pour in as water from the sea into a river, to
rise; opposed to ebb. This river hath thrice flow＇d, no ebb between.
Shakespeare. 2. To run or spread as water. Endless tears flow down
in streams. Swift. 3. To run; opposed to waters that stand.
With osier floats and standing water show
Of massy stones make bridges if it flow. Dryden.
4. To melt, to be liquified. Oh that the mountains might flow down
at thy presence. Isaiah. 4. To proceed, to issne. That which flows
from speculation. South. 5. To run or glide smoothly without aspe­
rity. Flowing eloquence. Hakewill. 6. To write smoothly, to speak
volubly. Virgil is sweet and flowing in his hexameters. Dryden. 7.
To abound, to be crowded. The dry streets flow＇d with men.
Chapman. 8. To be copious or full. Flowing cups. Shakespeare. 9.
To hang loose or waving. A flowing mantle of green silk. Spec­
tator.

To FLOW, verb act. to overflow, to deluge. To flow the ground.
Mortimer.

FLOW [from the verb] 1. The rise of water; opposed to the ebb.
The flows and motions of these seas. Brown. 2. A sudden plenty.
An accidental flow of spirits or a sudden tide of blood. Pope. 3. A
stream of eloquence, volubility of tongue. A flow of words. South.

It FLOWS South [with watermen] it is high water when the sun is
at that point at new or full moon.

It FLOWS Tide and Half Tide, i. e. it will be half-flood by the shore,
before it begins to flow in the channel.
Every FLOW will have its ebb.
The times and fate of men are in a continual fluctuation. Families
as well as single persons are subject to this vicissitude; according to the
Lat. proverb; Variæ sunt fortunæ vices. (The changes of fortune are
various.) The It. say, as we; Ogni flusso bà il suo reflusso; and so the
Fr. Tout flux a son reflux.

FLOWER [fleur, Fr. fior, It. flór, Sp. flor, Port. flos, Lat. (among
botanists) is variously understood. Some mean by it those fine co­
loured leaves, which are called the petals, others restrain it to signify
the organs of generation; the proper signification of it seems to be the
organs of generation with their coverings] 1. The part of a plant
which contains the seeds. 2. An ornament or embellishment. Ex­
cellent flowers of rhetoric. Hakewell. 3. The prime, the flourishing
part. In flower of age you perish for a song. Pope. 4. The meal
or edible part of corn. The bread I would have in flower, so as it
might be baked. Spenser. 5. The quintessence or most valuable part
of any thing. The choice and flower of all things. Hooker. 6. That
which is most distinguished for any thing valuable. He is not the
flower of courtesy. Shakespeare.

It is the best FLOWER in his Garden, that is, his best dependance.
We say likewise;
It is the best spoke in his wheel.

To FLOWER, verb neut. [floreo, Lat. flourir, Fr. fiorire, It. florecér,
Sp.] 1. To produce or bear flowers, to be in blossom. 2. To flourish,
to be in the prime. When flowered my youthful spring. Spenser. 3.
To froth, to ferment, to mantle, as drink, &c. That beer did
flower a little. Bacon. 4. To come as cream from the surface. These
few observations which have flowered off, and are as it were the
burnishing of many fludious and contemplative years. Milton.

To FLOWER, verb act. to adorn with irritated flowers.

FLOWERS [with chemists] are the most subtle parts of dry bodies,
which rise by fire to the top of vessels made on purpose to receive them,
as the flowers of benjamin, sulphur, &c.

Amentaceous FLOWER [flos amentaceus, Lat.] such as hang pendu­
lous, like the juli or catkins. Tournesort.

Apetalous FLOWER [flos apetalus, Lat.] is such as want the fine co­
loured leaves, called petala.

Campaniform FLOWER [flos companiformis, Lat.] such flower as is
in the shape of a bell.

Caryophylleous FLOWER [flos carycphylleus, Lat.] a flower in the shape
of a gilliflower or carnation.

Composit FLOWER [flos compositus, Lat.] a compound flower, which
consists of many flosculi, all making but one flower, is either discous
or discoidal, that is, whose flosculi are set together so close, thick and
even, as to make the surface of the flower plain and flat, which there­
fore, because of its compound form, will be like a discus; which
disk is sometimes radiated, when there are a row of petala standing
round in the disk, like the points of a star, as in the matricaria, cha­
mæmelum, &c. and sometimes naked, having no such radiated leaves
round the limb of its disk, as in the tenacctum.

Corniculated FLOWERS [flores corniculati, Lat.] are such hollow
flowers, as have on their upper part a kind of spur or little horn, as the
linaria, delphinum, &c. and the corniculum or calcar, is always im­
pervious at the top or point.

Cruciform FLOWER [flos cruciformis, Lat.] a flower that represents
the form of a cross.

Cucurbitaceous FLOWER, is one that resembles the flower of the
gourd, or has the same conformation with it.

Discous, or Discoidal FLOWERS, are those whose flosculi or little
flowers are set together so close, thick and even, as to make the sur­
face of the flower plain and flat; which therefore, because of its
round form, will be like a discus or quoit.

Fecund FLOWER [flos fœcundus] a fruitful flower.

Fistular FLOWER [flos fistularis, Lat.] a flower compounded of
many long, hollow, little flowers like pipes, all divided into large
jags at the ends.

Flosculous FLOWER [flos flosculosus, Lat.] a flower composed of many
little flowers.

Galeated, or Galericulate FLOWER [fles galeatus, Lat.] a flower
that resembles an helmet or hat. See Labiated FLOWER.

Imperfect FLOWERS [flores imperfecti, Lat.] such as want some of
the parts which compose a perfect flower, either petala, stamina, a­
pex, or stylus.

Infundibuliform FLOWER [flos infundibuliformis, Lat.] a flower that
resembles a funnel in shape.

Labiated FLOWER [flos labiatus, Lat.] is such as either has but one
lip only. 1. As in the acanthus and scordium, or with two lips, as in
the far greater part of labiated flowers. 2. When the upper lip is
convex above, and turns the hollow part down to its fellow below,
and so represents a kind of helmet or monkshood; and from thence
these are frequently called galeate, galericulate, and cucullate. 3.
Corniculate flowers: and in this form are the flowers of the lamium,
and most verticillate plants. Sometimes also the lamium is entire,
and sometimes jagged or divided.

Leguminous FLOWER, the flower of leguminous plants, which bear
some resemblance to a flying butterfly, and thence are called papilio­
naceous.

Liliaceous FLOWER [flos liliaceus, Lat.] a flower of the lily
form.

Monopetalous FLOWER [flos monopetalus, Lat.] is such as has the ba­
dy of the flower all of one entire leaf, though sometimes cut or divided
a little way into seeming petala or leaves, as in borage, bugloss, &c.

Monopetalous Anomalous FLOWER [flos monopetalus anomalus, Lat.]
an irregular monopetalous flower.

Papilionaceous FLOWER [flos papilionaceus, Lat.] is a flower that re­
presents something of the papilio or butterfly, with its wings dis­
played. In these the flower-leaves or petala are always of a difform
figure, being four in number, and joined together at the extremities;
such are the flowers of those plants that are of the leguminous kinds,
as peas, vetches, &c.

Perfect FLOWERS [flores perfecti, Lat.] are such as have a petala,
stamen, apex, and stylus; and whatever flower wants any of these is
accounted imperfect. These are divided into simple or compound.
1. Simple are those flowers which are not composed of other
smaller ones, and which usually have but one single style. 2. Com­
pounded, which consist of many flosculi, all making but one flower.

Personated FLOWER [flos personatus, Lat.] a flower that somewhat
resembles a mouth, as the snap-dragon, toad-flax.

Planifolious FLOWER [flos planifolius, Lat.] such as is composed of
plain flowers set together in circular rows round the center, and whose
face is usually indented, notched, uneven, and jagged, as the hierar­
chia, sonchia, &c.

Polypetalous FLOWER [flos polypetalus, Lat.] such as has distinct
petala, and those falling off singly and not altogether, as the seeming
petala of the monopetalous always do: both monopetalous and poly­
petalons are either uniform or difform; the former have their right
and left-hand parts, and the forward and backward parts alike; but
the difform have no such regularity.

Polypetalous Anomalous FLOWER [flos polypetalus aucmalus, Lat.] an
irregular polypetalous flower.

Radiated FLOWER [flos radiatus, Lat.] a flower whose leaves grow
in the manner of rays, as the heliotropium, or sun-flower.

Rosaceous FLOWER [flos rosaceus, Lat.] a flower whose leaves grow
in the form of a rose, as the ranunculus, &c.

Rotated FLOWER [flos rotatus, Lat.] such whose flower leaves grow
like the spokes of a wheel.

Semifistular FLOWER [flos semifistularis, Lat.] is such an one
whose upper part resembles a pipe cut off obliquely, as in the aristo­
lochia, &c.

Spicated FLOWER [flos spicatus, Lat.] when the flowers grow thick
together length-ways at the top of the stalk, as an ear of corn.

Stamineous FLOWER [flos stamineus, Lat.] a flower that only con­
sists of the calix, with small threads, &c.








Sterile FLOWER [fies sterilis, Lat.] i. e. barren flower.

Verticillate FLOWERS, are such as are ranged in stories, rings, or
rays along the stems, such as those of hoar-hound, clary, &c.

Umbelliferous FLOWER, is one which has several leaves double, and
disposed after the manner of a rose, and whose calix becomes a fruit
of two seeds.

FLOWER de luce [fleur de lis, Fr. i. e. the flower of light] an iris
with a bulbous root. It hath a lily flower of one leaf, shaped like
that of the common iris. The pointal has three leaves, and the em­
palement tarns to a fruit shaped like that of the common iris. Miller
specifies thirty-four species of this plant; and among them the Per­
sian flower de luce is greatly esteemed for the sweetness and beauty of
its variegated flowers, which are in perfection in February, or the be­
ginning of March. The iris is an emblem of the trinity, by reason
of its three branches, which also signify wisdom, faith and prowess.

FLO＇WERAGE [of flower] the setting of several sorts of flowers to­
gether in bundles, and hanging them up with strings; also store of
flowers.

FLOW＇ERED, part. pass. [of flower] wrought with flowers.

FLO＇WERET [fleürette, Fr.] see FLORET. A flower, a small flow­
er. With flow＇rets crown＇d. Dryden.

FLO＇WERGARDEN [of flower and garden] a garden in which flow­
ers chiefly are cultivated.

FLO＇WERINESS [of flowery] 1. Fulness or plenteousness of flowers.
2. Floridness of stile or speech.

FLO＇WERING, part poss. of to flower; which see [flourant, Fr.
flores producens, Lat.] producing or opening into flowers; also mant­
ling as drink.

FLO＇WERINGBUSH, a plant.

FLO＇WERS [in architecture] representations of some imaginary flow­
ers, by way of crowning or finishing on the the top of a dome.

FLOWERS [in heraldry] have been introduced among other bear­
rings, perhaps because of them chaplets have been formerly made to
adorn the heads of men esteemed for their virtues or meritorious
actions.

FLOWERS [in rhetoric] are figures and ornaments of discourse.
See FLOWER.

FLOWERS [in the animal œconomy] are womens menses.

FLO＇WERY, of or pertaining to, or full of flowers; also adorned
with flowers real or fictitious. A flow＇ry vest. Pope.

FLO＇WING, part act. [of to flow, of fleowan, Sax. fluens, Lat.] run­
ning in a stream as water, abounding.

FLO＇WINGLY, adv. [of flow] with plenty, with volubility.

FLOWK [of fluke, Scot.] a flounder; a sort of flat fish.

FLOWK Wort, an herb.

FLOWN, part. pass. of fly, or flee; they being confounded. 1.
Gone away. Flown to the upper world. Milton. 2. Puffed up, ela­
ted, inflated. Flown with insolence and wine. Milton.

FLOWN Sheets [a sea term] a ship is said to sail with flown sheets,
when they are not haled home, or close to the block.

FLUCTI＇FEROUS [fluctifer, of fluctus, a wave, and fero, Lat. to
bear] bearing or bringing waves.

FLUCTI＇FRAGOUS [fluctifragus, of fluctus, a wave, and frango,
Lat. to break] wave-breaking.

FLUCTI＇GEROUS [fluctiger, of fluctus, a wave, and gero, Lat. to
bear] borne by the waves.

FLUCTI＇SONOUS [fluctisonus, of fluctus, a wave, and sono, Lat. to
sound] sounding or roaring like waves or billows.

FLUCTI＇VAGOUS [fluctivagus, of fluctus, a wave, and vagor, Lat.
to wander] floating or tossed on the waves.

FLU＇CTUANT, adj. [fluctuans, Lat.] waving, uncertain. Fluctu­
ant, wandering humour. L＇Estrange.

To FLU＇CTUATE [fluttuare, It. fluctuàr, Sp. fluctuatum, sup. of
fluctuo, from fluctus, Lat. a wave] 1. To roll too and again, as wa­
ter in agitation. The fluctuating fields of liquid air. Blackmore. 2.
To be carried, float or toss to and fro, as with the motion of the wa­
ter. 3. To move with uncertain and hasty motion. New part puts
on, and as to passion mov＇d, fluctuates disturb＇d. Milton. 4. To be in
an uncertain state, to feel sudden vicissitudes. As my estate has been
hitherto of an unsteady and volatile nature, either tost upon seas, or
fluctuating in funds, it is now fixed and settled in substantial acres.
Addison. 5. To be wavering and unconstant, or uncertain in mind;
to be in suspense, to be irresolute.

FLU＇CTUATING, part. act. [of to fluctuate] floating; also waver­
ing in mind.

FLUCTUA＇TION, Fr. [fluctuatio, Lat.] 1. The reciprocal motion
of the water. The impulses and fluctuation of water. Woodward. 2.
Uncertainty, indeterminate state. Fluctuation of judgment. Boyle.

FLUE. [A word of which I know not the etymology, unless it be
derived from flew, the preter. of to fly. Johnson] 1. The down or
soft heir of a rabbit. 2. Little feathers or flocks which stick to
cloaths, or may fly in the air.

FLUE, a small winding chimney of a furnace, &c. to convey air,
heat, or smoke, and carried up into a main chimney.

FLUE＇LLIN, an herb, called also speedwel.

FLU＇ENCY [fluentia, Lat.] 1. Readiness of speech, volubility of
tongue, copiousness. Extemporary vein and fluency. K. Charles. 2.
The quality of flowing, smoothness, freedom from harshness. Flu­
ency of numbers. Garth. 3. Plenty, abundance; obsolete. Those
who grow old in fluency and ease. Sandys.

FLU＇ENT; adj. [fluens, Lat.] 1. Flowing, volubile in speech, ready,
copious. A fluent and luxurious speech. Bacon. 2. Liquid. It is
not malleable, but yet is not fluent, but stupified. Bacon. 3. Being
in flux or motion, flowing. Motion being a fluent thing. Ray.

FLU＇ENT, subst. a stream, a running water. To cut th＇ outrage­
ous fluent. J. Philips.

FLU＇ENTLY, adv. [of fluent] flowingly, volubly in discourse.

FLU＇ENTNESS [of fluent] quality or state of flowing easily.

FLU＇ID, adj. [fluide, Fr. fluidus, Lat.] having parts easily movea­
ble or separable, not solid. If particles slip easily, and are of a fit
size to be agitated by heat, and the heat is big enough to keep them
in agitation, the body is fluid. Newton.

FLUID, subst. 1. A liquid in general. The doctrine of fluids.
Boyle. 2. [in physic] an animal juice, as the blood, not the solids.
The course of the fluids. Arbuthnot and Pope.

FLUID Bodies [with naturalists] bodies whose parts easily give
place, and move out of the way, on any force put upon them, by
which means they easily move over one another.

FLUI＇DITY, or FLU＇IDNESS [fluiditas, Lat. fluidité, Fr. fluidità, It.]
the quality of flowing easily, aptness to flow; opposed to solidity or
stability. Fluidness and stability depend on the texture of the parts.
Boyle. Heat promotes fluidity very much. Newton.

FLUIDITY, is when the parts of any body, being very fine and
small, are so disposed by motion and figure, that they can easily slide
over one another＇s surfaces, all manner of ways.

FLUIDITY stands in direct opposition to firmness or solidity; and is
distinguished from liquidity and humidity, in that humidity implies
wetting and adhering; thus melted metals, air, æther, and even
smoke and flame itself, are fluid bodies, but not liquid ones, their
parts being actually dry, and not leaving any sense of moisture.

FLUKE. 1. A part of an anchor that pecks into the ground. 2. An
insect.

FLU＇MINOSE, adj. [fluminosus, fluminis, gen. of flumen, Lat. a river]
full of rivers.

FLU＇MMERY, a kind of food made by coagulation of wheat flour or
of oatmeal. Locke uses it.

FLUNG, pret. and part. pass. of fling. See To FLING.

FLU＇OR, Lat. a flux, a course or stream, a fluid state. Agitations
which keep liquors in a fluor. Newton.

FLUOR Albus, Lat. [in medicine] the catamenia. I should rather
have said, “a disease called the WHITES.”

FLUOR Uterinus, Lat. [with physicians] the catamenia.

FLUOR [in physics, &c.] the state of a body, which was before
hard and solid, but is now by fusion or fire reduced into a state of
fluidity.

FLUO＇RES, Lat. the catamenia.

FLUORES, Lat. [with naturalists] spars, a sort of stones found in
mines and quarries, which at first sight resemble gems, being of di­
vers colours and shapes.

FLU＇RRY. 1. A sudden gust of wind, a hasty blast. The boat was
overset by a sudden flurry. Gulliver. 2. Hurry, a violent commo­
tion.

To FLURT, to throw out, as spittle out of the mouth. This and
the substantive are commonly written flirt; which see.

FLURT [prob. of florre, Du. a fool] a sorry wench or woman; as,
a jill-flirt.

To FLUSH, verb neut. [fluysen, Du. to flow, flus, flux, Fr.] 1. To
flow violently. Milk heated to such a degree, doth suddenly flush up
and run over the vessel. Ray. 2. To come hastily.
I make them to flush
Each owl out of his bush. B. Johnson.
3. To feel a glowing in the skin, to have a colour in the face by a
sudden afflux of blood. The sudden flushing and confusion of a blush.
Collier. 4. To shine: obsolete. A flake of fire that flushing in his
beard. Spenser.

To FLUSH, verb act. 1. To redden, to make of a high colour.
Faces flush＇d with more exaited charms. Addison. 2. To elate, to
elevate. Flushed with great victories. Atterbury.

FLUSH, adj. 1. Full of vigour, fresh. I love to wear cloaths that
are flush. Cleaveland. 2. Abounding: a cant word. Strut was not
very flush in ready. Arbuthnot.

FLUSH, subst. [from the verb] 1. A red colour in the face, a sudden
flow or afflux of blood. 2. A violent impulse in general. A present
flush of joy. Rogers.

FLUSH Fore and Aft [sea phrase] a term used of a ship, when her
decks are laid level from head to stern.

FLUSH at Cards [flusso, It. flux, Fr. and Sp.] a set or hand of
cards, all of one sort, as all diamonds, &c.

FLU＇SHED, part. pass. [of to flush] encouraged, or put into heart, ela­
ted or lifted up with good success.

FLU＇SHING, subst. [of flush] a reddening of the face, caused by
some sudden apprehension or transport of the mind.

To FLU＇STER, verb act. [from to flush. Johnson. Skinner derives it
of flustrian, Sax. to weave; it being customary in ths same sense to
say his cap is well thrumb＇d] to make hot and rosy with drink, to
make half drunk. Fluster＇d with flowing cups. Shakespeare.

A FLUTE [flûte, Fr. fluyte, Du. flauto, It, flauta, Sp. and Port.]
1. An instrument of wind music, with stops for the fingers. 2. A
channel or furrow in a pillar, like the concave of a flute split. 3.
A sort of sea vessel.

FLUTE de Alemande, It. a German flute.

FLNTE a Bec, It. a common flute.

To FLUTE, verb act. to cut pillars into channels or hollows.

FLU＇TED, part. adj. [of to flute; with architects] channelled, or
wrought in the form of a gutter.

FLUTES, or FLU＇TINGS [in botany] used in describing the stems
and fruits of certain plants, which have furrows analogous to those of
columns.

FLUTES [in architecture] hollows made in the body of a column or
pillar.

FLUTES [in the pillars of the Corinthian, Composite, Doric and
Ionic orders] are commonly made along the body of the pillars, from
20 to 24 flutes in each column, each flute being hollowed in exactly
a quarter of a circle.

FLUTES [in the Doric order] join together without any interspace.

FLUTES [in the Composite, Corinthian, and lonic columns] have
a list running between every two of them.

To FLUTTER, verb neut. [foteran, Sax. flartern, Ger. flotter, Fr.]
1. To try to fly as a bird, to take short flights with great agitation
of the wings. An eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her
young. Deuteronomy. 2. To move about with great bustle idly.
Makes it flutter and froth high. Grew. 3. To be moved with quick
vibrations. The fluttering fan. Pope. 4. To be in great agitation, to
move irregularly, to be in a state of irresolution or uncertainty.
Their thoughts flutter about. Locke.

To FLUTTER, verb act. 1. To drive in disorder, like a flock of
birds suddenly roused.
Like an eagle in a dovecoat I
Flutter＇d your Volscians. Shakespeare.







2. To hurry the mind. 3. To disorder the position of a thing.

FLU＇TTER, subst. [from the verb] 1. Quick and irregular motion,
undulatory vibration. The flutter of a san. Addison. 2. Hurry, dis­
order of mind. 3. Confusion, irregular position of things.

FLU＇TTERING, part. act. [of to flutter] making a quick motion of
the wings, in trying to fly, as young birds.

FLUVIA＇TIC, adj. [fluviaticus, Lat.] that is in or belonging to a
river.

FLUVIA＇TILE, adj. [fluviatilis, Lat.] belonging to a river.

FLUVIA＇TILIS, Lat. [with botanic writers] growing in or near a
river.

FLU＇VIOSE, adj. [fluviasus, Lat.] flowing much.

FLUX, subst. [fluxus, Lat. flux, Fr. flusso, It. fluxo, Sp.] 1. The act
of flowing, passage. The most simple and primary motion of fire is a
flux in a direct line from the center of the fuel to its circumference.
Digby. 2. The state of passing away and giving room to others.
Languages, like our bodies, are in a perpetual flux. Felton. 3. [In
physic] an extraordinary issue or evacuation of some humour, a dysen­
tery. 4. Any flow or issue of matter in general. Quinces stop fluxes
of blood. Arbuthnot. 5. Excrement, that which falls from bodies.
Civet is the very uncleanly flux of a cat. Shakespeare. 6. Concourse,
confluence.
Misery doth part
The flux of company. Shakespeare.
7. The state of being melted; as, the gold was then in flux. 8. That
which mingled with a body makes it melt; as,

FLUX Powders [in chemistry] which are certain powders used for
dissolving of the harder metals, and in melting oars, in order to dis­
cover what proportion of metal they contain.

FLUX and Reflux [of the tide] the flowing and ebbing of it, occa­
sioned by the universal law of gravitation.

FLUX [in hydrography] a regular periodical motion of the sea,
happening twice in 24 hours, wherein the water is raised, and driven
violently against the shores.

FLUX, adj. [from the subst.] 1. Having a constant succession of
parts, not durable, unconstant.

To FLUX, verb act. 1. To melt. 2. To salivate, to evacuate by
spitting. Duelled or fluxed into another world. South.

FLUXIBI＇LITY, or FLU＇XIBLENESS, capableness of being made to
flow, or to be rendered fluid.

FLUXI＇LITY [fluxus, Lat.] possibility of being melted, easiness
of the separation of parts. Fluxility of the bodies here below. Boyle.

FLU＇XING, subst. [from to flux] a method of curing the venereal
disease by raising a salivation in the patient.

FLU＇XION, Fr. [flussione, It. of fluxio, Lat.] 1. The act of flowing.
2. The matter that flows.

FLUXION [in chemistry] the running of metals or any other bodies
into a fluid, either by fire or otherwise.

FLUXION, [in medicine] a flowing of humours or rheum.

FLUXION [in surgery] that which raises a tumor all at once, or in
a very little time, by the fluidity of the matter.

FLU＇XIONS [with mathematicians] the velocities of the increments
of variable or indeterminate quantities, considered, not as actually ge­
nerated, but quatenus nacentia, as arising, or beginning to be gene­
rated: and to form a just and adequate notion of them in the mind,
we must consider mathematical quantities, not as made up of an infi­
nite number of very small constituent parts, but as generated or dis­
cribed by a continued uninterrupted motion or regular flux.

FLU＇XUS, Lat. a flux or flowing.

FLUXUS Chylosus, Lat. [with physicians] a purging, when the meat
is thrown out, and does not produce any of that humour called
chyle. I should rather have thought, from the ETYMOLOGY of the
word, that it signifies an evacuation of the chyle itself, before it enters
the absorbent vessels and lacteals.

FLU＇XUS Hepaticus, Lat. [with physicians] a flux, in which black
shining blood, and as it were parched, is driven out of the guts thro＇
the fundament. It is also sometimes taken for a flux, wherein serous
sharp blood is voided.

To FLY, irr. verb neut. flew, preter. flown, irr. part. pass. and not
fled. To fly is properly to use wings, and gives flew and flown. To
flee is to escape or go away, flean, Sax. and makes fled. But they
are now confounded. [fleogan, Sax. flyga, Su. and Ger. vliegen,
Du. fliegen, Ger. voler, Fr. volar, Sp. volar, Port. volare, It. and
Lat.] 1. To move to and fro thro＇ the air. 2. To pass thro＇ the
air. Man is born unto trouble as the sparks fly upwards. Job. 3.
To pass away.
Help thee to pass the tedious time,
Which else would on thy hand remain,
Tho＇ flown it ne＇er looks back again. Prior.
4. To pass swiftly. The scouts with flying speed. Dryden. 5. To
spring violently, to fall on suddenly. Bark and fly at him. Bacon. 6.
To move with quickness. My chass and corn shall fly asunder. Shake­
speare. 7. To burst asunder with a sudden explosion. Be cautious,
or your bottle flies. Swift. 8. To break, to shiver. 9. [flean,
Sax. fliehen, Ger.] to run away, to attempt an escape; in this sense
the verb is properly to flee, whence fled is formed, but authors con­
found them.
He leapt
As lion fierce upon his flying prey. Spenser.
Abiather escaped, and fled after David. 1 Sam. 10. To fly in the
face; to insult. You will either neglect him or fly in his face. Swift.
11. To act in defiance. Fly in nature＇s face. Dryden. 12. To fly
off; to revolt.
The traitor Syphax
Flew off at once with his Numidian troops. Addison.
13. To fly out; to burst into sudden passion. Pride will fly out into
contumely. Collier. 14. To fly out; to break out into licence. Pa­
pists, when unopposed, fly out into all the pageantries of worship.
Dryden. 15. To start violently from any direction. Would fly out in
right lines, if they were not restrained. Bentley. 16. To let fly; to
discharge. The noisy culverin o＇ercharg＇d lets fly. Glanville. 17.
To be light and unencumbered; as, a flying camp.

To FLY, verb act. 1. To shun, to decline. If you fly physic in
health altogether, it will be too strong for your body when you shall
need it. Bacon. 2. To refuse association with, not to consort with.
Sleep flies the wretch. Dryden. 3. To quit by flight, To fly the
Cretan shore. Dryden. 4. To attack by a bird of prey. With her
fly other ravening fowl and kill them. Bacon. 5. It is probable that
flew was originally the preterite of fly, when it signified the act of
using the wings, and fled, when it signified escape. Flown should be
confined likewise to the act of using the wings; but these distinctions
are now confounded.

FLY [flege, fleoge, Sax. fluga, Su. fliege, Ger.] 1. A small wing­
ed insect of many species. 2. That part of a machine which being
put into a quick motion, sets all the rest a going in a regular grada­
tion. The fly or balance of the jack. Wilkins.

FLY [of the mariners compass] is that part on which the 32 points
or winds are described.

To FLY＇-BLOW, verb act. [of fly and blow] to taint any thing
with maggots or the nymphæ of flies. A fly-blown cake of tallow.
Swift.

FLY＇-BOAT, a large vessel with a broad bow, used by merchants in
the coasting trade.

FLY-Catcher [of fly and catch] 1. One that hunts and catches flies.
Dryden. 2. A small creature in America, which clears a place of
flies and other vermin.

Let FLY the Sheets [sea phrase] a word of command in case of
a gust of wind, lest a ship should overset, or spend her toptails
and masts, to have the sheet go again, and then the sail will hold no
wind.

FLY＇ER [of fly] 1. One that flies or runs away. 2. One that
uses wings. 3. The fly of a jack. 4. [in architecture] such stairs
as go strait, but are of an oblong square, and do not wind round,
and whose steps are not made tapering; but the fore and the back
part of each stair, and the ends, respectively parallel one to the other,
the second of these flyers stands parallel behind the first, and the third
behind the second, and so of the rest; if one slight carry them not to
the intended height, then there is a broad half-pace, whence they be­
gin to fly again as at the first.

To FLY-FISH, verb neut. [of fly and fish] to angle with a hook that
is baited with a fly. Walton uses it.

FLYING Army, is a small body under a lieutenant or major general,
sent out to harrass the country, intercept convoys, prevent the enemy＇s
excursions, cover its own garrisons, and keep the enemy in continual
alarms.

FLYING Bridge, is made of two small bridges laid one upon an­
other, so that the uppermost, by the help of ropes and pullies, is
forced backwards till the end of it points to the place designed.

FLYING Camp, the same as a flying army.

FLYING Fish, a fish like a herring, that has wings like a bat; which,
to avoid being made a prey by the greater fish, will rise 20 feet above
water, and fly 100 paces, and then drop into the sea.

FLYING Tiger, an insect in America, spotted like a tiger, that has
six wings, and as many feet; it feeds on flies, and at night sits on trees
and sings.

FLYING Pinion, a part of a clock, having a fly or fan, whereby to
gather air, and so to bridle the rapidity of the motion of the clock,
when the weight descends in the striking part.

FLY＇ING Worms [in horses] a tetter or ring worm.
There＇s no FLYING without wings.
Lat. Sine pennis volare haud facile est. Plaut. It. Non si puo volar sen­
za ale. That is, nothing can be done, or ought to be undertaken,
without the proper means, assistances, and power.

FLYNT, an idol of the ancient Germans and Saxons, so called on
account of his standing on a great flint stone. This idol was made like
the image of death, and naked, save only a sheet about him; holding
in his right hand a torch, or, as it was then called, a fire-blaze, on
his head a lion, resting his two fore-feet, standing with one of his hin­
der feet upon his left shoulder, and with the other in his hand, which
to support, he lifted up as high as his shoulder.

FOAL [fola, Sax.] the offspring of a mare or other beast of bur­
den. The custom now is to use colt for a young horse, and foal for a
young mare; but there was not originally any such distinction. John­
son.

To FOAL, verb act. [from the subst.] to bring forth a foal.

FO＇ALBIT, or FO＇ALFOOT, plants.

To FOAM, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To froth or gather
foam. Foam＇d at mouth. Shakespeare. 2. To be in a violent agita­
tion, to be in a rage or passion.

FOAM, subst. [fam, Sax.] froth, spume, the white substance ga­
thered on the top of liquors by agitation or sermentation.

FO＇AMY [of foam] frothy, covered with foam. Neptune＇s foamy
face. Sidney.

FOB [of fuppe, Teut. fupsacke, Ger.] 1. A small pocket for a watch,
&c. He put his hand into his fob. Addison. 2. A cheat or trick.

To FOB, verb neut. [foppen, fuppen, H. Ger.] 1. To cheat, to de­
fraud. He was fobbed again with another story. L＇Estrange. 2. To
fob off; to delude by a trick, to put off with shams, and trifling ex­
cuses or pretences. Fob＇d off with a garter. Addison.

FOB [of sham] action.

FO＇CAGE [focarium, Lat.] hearth-money.

FO＇CAL, adj. [focus, Lat.] belonging to the focus, which see, Focal
point. Derham.

FO＇CALE [in old records] fire-wood or fuel.

FO＇CIL, subst. [focile, Fr.] the same with focile.

FO＇CILE Majus, Lat. the greater bone between the knee and ankle,
called tibia, and between the elbow and wrist, called ulna.

FO＇CKEN, a town of China, capital of Fokien. Lat. 26° 20′ N.
Long. 118° E.

FO＇CILE Minus, Lat. [in anatomy] the lesser bone of the arm, called
radius, or the lesser bone of the leg called fibula.

FOCILLA＇TION [focillo, Lat.] comfort, support.

FO＇CILS [in anatomy] the two bones of the legs and of the arms
below the elbow, ulna, radius, tibia the major and minor. Wiseman
uses it.

FOCUS, Lat. a fire-hearth.

FOCUS [with anatomists] a certain place in the mesentery and







other parts, from whence the original of fevers were derived by the
ancients.

FOCUS [in geometry and conic sections] is applied to certain points
in the parabola, ellipsis, and hyperbola, wherein the rays reflected
from all parts of the curves do concur or meet.

FOCUS of an Ellipsis [in geometry] are the two navel points of an
ellipsis or oval, which serve for the drawing of that figure, and from
whence if two right lines be drawn to any point of the circumference,
the sum of them is equal to the transverse or longer axis.

FOCUS of the Hyperbola, a point in the principal axis within the op­
posite hyperbolas, from which if any two right lines are drawn, meet­
ing in either of the opposite hyperbolas, the difference will be equal to
the principal axis.

FOCUS of a Parabola, is so called by geometricians, as being the
point on which the sun＇s rays will be united, when reflected from a
parabolic curve, so as to set on fire natural bodies; and thence some
call it the burning point. It is the point in the axis within the figure,
distant from the vertex, or top, one fourth part of the parameter or
latus rectum.

FOCUS of a Glass [in optics] is the point of convergence or con­
course, where the rays meet and cross the axis after their refraction by
the glass. The first point from which rays diverge, or to which they
converge, may be called their focus. Newton.

Virtual FOCUS, is the same as point of divergence in a concave­
glass.

FO＇DDER [fodre, or fodher, Sax. voeder, Du. foder, Su. O. and
L. Ger. futter, H. Ger.] dry food for cattle of any kind, stored up for
winter.

FODDER [civil law] a prerogative that the king has to be pro­
vided of corn, &c. by his subjects, for his horses in any warlike ex­
pedition.

FODDER, or FO＇THER [prob. of fuder, Ger. a cart-load] a weight
of lead, containing eight pigs, every pig weighing three stone and a
half, reckoned at 2600 pounds in the book of rates, 2200 ½ at the
mines, and 1900 ½ by the London plumbers.

To FO＇DDER, verb act. [fodrian, Sax. voedern, Du. fodern, O.
and L. Ger. futtern, H. Ger. fodra, Su.] to give food, &c. to cattle,
to feed them with dry food.

FO＇DDERER [of fodder] one who fodders cattle.

FODERTO＇RIUM [in old records] provision of fodder, or forage,
made by custom to the king＇s surveyors.

FODI＇NA, Lat. a mine or quarry.

FODI＇NA [with anatomists] the labyrinth, or lesser pit in the bone
of the ear.

FOE, subst. [fah, Sax. fae, Scottish] 1. An enemy in war. The
obsolete plural of one. 2. A persecutor or enemy in common life.
Make use of every friend and every foe. Pope. 3. An opponent in
general, an ill-wisher. A foe to received doctrines. Watts.
A secret FOE gives a sudden blow.
Because unseen and unprovided against. The Lat. say: magis nocent
insidiæ quæ latent.

FOECU＇NDITY [fœcunditas, Lat.] fruitfulness. See FECUNDITY.

FOE＇DERAL [fœderalis, Lat.] belonging to a covenant. Thus both
Christ and Adam have been styl＇d fœderal heads by divines; each by
supposition being at the head of his respective covenant; the one called
a covenant of works, and the other a covenant of grace. And so far
at least the scripture seems to favour the notion; as mankind are in
the scripture account of things greatly interested in the conduct of
either; “for as in Adam all die, so in Christ shall all be made alive.”
But as to the many unscriptural ideas which have been affixed to this
term, we may apply here (as in many other instances in our modern
divinity) that most excellent caution of the wise man, “ADD thou not
to HIS WORDS.”

FOE＇NERATED [fœneratus, Lat.] put out to usury.

FOE＇NERATION, Lat. usury.

FOE＇MAN [of foe and man] an enemy in war, an antogonist; ob­
solete. Ever ready for your foeman fell. Spenser.

FOE＇MINA [with chemists] sulphur.

FOE＇NICULUM, Lat. fennel.

FOE＇NUM Græcum, Lat. the herb fenigreek.

FOE＇SA [in old records] herbage, grass.

FOETI＇FEROUS [fœtifer, Lat.] fruitful, or bringing fruit.

FOETI＇FIC [fœtificus, Lat.] making fruitful.

FOE＇TOR, a stink or ill smell, arising from stagnant, extravasated,
corrupted or poisonous humours; as also from any thing capable of
attenuating and volatilizing the oil and salt.

FOETOR Narium, Lat. the stench of the nostrils, a sort of disease
from a deep ulcer, withinside the nose, yielding a fœtid smell.

FOETOR [with physicians] stinking or fœted effluvia proceeding
from the body, or any parts of it; as, a stinking breath, proceeding
from filthiness about the teeth and gums.

FOE＇TUS, the child while yet contained in the womb of the mother,
but particularly after it is perfectly formed, till which time it is pro­
perly called embryo; also the young of other animals in general;
but in the same state. A fœtus in the mother＇s womb differs not much
from the state of a vegetable. Locke.

FOG [of fog, Sax. fog, Dan. a storm] a thick mist.

FOGS [with naturalists] are said to consist of aqueous particles ra­
refied; as is plain, in that they mightily bedew every thing that lies
open to them. It may be observed in a hot day, when there is no
wind stirring, that such a company of vapours rise out of a moist
ground as make thick fogs, which are sometimes higher and some­
times lower, as the multitude and motion of the vapours happen to
be. These fogs rise out of all places, mountainous or campaign, and
continue till they be dispelled by wind or heat; but they continue
longer in lowest grounds, because those places are fullest of moisture,
and are not so much exposed to the winds; but when the wind rises
upon them, whereever they be, they are dissipated and driven away
till we see no more of them. So likewise the heat of the sun, put­
ting them into a brisker motion, either dissipates them by rarefaction,
or raises them higher, and forms them into clouds.
And whereas sometimes fogs stink, it is not because they come from
stinking water, but because the vapours are mixt with sulphureous ex­
halations which smell so.

FOG, [fogagium, Low Lat. gramen in foresta regis locatur pro foga­
gio leges for Scot.] after grass; or that which grows in autumn, after
the hay has been mown.

FO＇GAGE, or FOGGE [forest law] rank grass not eaten in sum­
mer.

FO＇GGILY, adv. [of foggy] mistily, darkly, heavily.

FO＇GGINESS [foggicnesse, Sax.] foggy quality, or the state of
being foggy, dark or misty.

FO＇GGY [of foggig, Sax.] 1. Misty, cloudy, full of moist va­
pours. The weather fair and by no means foggy. Evelyn. 2. Dull,
cloudy in intellects.

FOH! [fi! Fr. vah! Lat. pfuy, Ger. fah, Sax. an enemy. John­
son] an interjection of dislike, scorn, disdain and abhorrence. As if
one should, at the sight of any thing hated, cry out foh! Shake­
speare.

FOI＇BLE, subst. Fr. a weakness of judgment, or blind-side, a fail­
ing. He knew the foibles of human nature. Friend.

FOIL [feuille, Fr. foglia, It. of folium, Lat.] a sheet of thin tin
on the backside of a looking-glass; also an ornament or set off for a
jewel.

To FOIL, verb act. [prob. of fouler, Fr. affoler, O. Fr. to wound]
to suppress or keep under, to defeat, tho＇ without a compleat victory.
In their conflicts with sin they have been so often foiled, that they now
dispair of ever getting the day. Calamy.

FOIL [fouille, Fr.] an instrument without a point to fence with.
The adventurous knight shall use his foil and target. Shakespeare.

FOIL. 1. A defeat, a miscarriage, an advantage gained without a
compleat conquest. 2. [With wrestlers] a fall not compleat, not
cleverly given. Whosoever overthroweth his mate in such sort, as
that either his back, or the one shoulder and contrary heel do touch
the ground, shall be accounted to give the fall: if he be endangered,
and make a narrow escape, it is called a foil. Carew.

FOIL [fouille, Fr. a leaf] 1. A leaf, gilding. Golden foil all
over them displayed. Spenser. 2. An ornament or set off, com­
monly a polished plate of steel upon which precious stones are set to
raise their lustre. The foil is a mixture of mastic and burnt ivory.
Grew.

FO＇ILER [of foil] one who has foiled or gained some advantage
over another.

FO＇ILING, subst. [hunting term] the footing and treading of deer
that is on the grass and scarce visible.

FOIN, subst. [from the verb] a pass in fencing, a thrust.

To FOIN [prob. of poindre, Fr. to prick. Skinner] to make a pass
in fencing, to push or thrust. They lash, they foin, they pass.
Dryden.

FOI＇NINGLY, adv. [of foin] in a pushing manner.

FOINS, a kind of fur, black at the top, upon a whitish ground,
and taken from a little animal like a weesel, or ferret, called a
foine.

FOI＇SON, subst. [foison, Sax.] plenty, abundance; now obsolete.
All foison, all abundance. Shakespeare.

To FOIST, verb act. [prob. of fausser, Fr. falsifico, Lat.] to insert
some passages into a book that are not genuine, to insert by forgery.
Partiality might admit or foist in abuses. Carew.

FOI＇STINESS [of foisty] mouldiness, fustiness.
Lay it in cellar up sweet.
Lest foistiness make it for table unmeet. Tusser.

FOI＇STY, adj. musty, fusty. See FUSTY.

FO＇KINGHAM, a market town of Lincolnshire, 104 miles from
London.

FO＇LKESTONE, a sea-port and market town of Kent, 69 miles from
London. It is one of the cinque-ports, and gives title of viscount to
Bouverie lord Montford.

FOL, abbreviation for folio.

FO＇LCLAND, FO＇LKLAND, or FOK＇LAND [folc-land, Sax.] the land
of the common people in the time of the Saxons.

FO＇LCMOTE, or FO＇LKMOTE [folc-gemot, Sax.] a general meet­
ing of the people, to consult of state affairs.

FOLD [fealde, falæd, fald, Sax. bouw, Du. folde, O. and L. Ger.
falte, Ger. fall, Su.] 1. The ground in which sheep are confined.
Sheep-walks and folds. Milton. 2. [From fild, Sax.] a double or
plait in a garment, cloth, &c. one part doubled upon another. Folds
of linen. Bacon. From the foregoing signification is derived the use
of fold in composition. Fold signifies the same quantity added.

FOLD [falde, Sax.] 1. The place where sheep are housed, a sheep­
fold. Time drives the flocks from field to fold. Raleigh. 2. The
flock of sheep. The hope and promise of my failing fold. Dryden.
3. A boundary, a march or limit. Nor leave their seats and pass the
dreadful fold. Creech. 4. It signifies also the convolution of a ser­
pent＇s body; as in that noble description which MILTON gives of the
erect position of the serpent.
——Rising folds, that towr＇d
Fold above fold, a surging maze. Paradise Lost.

FOLD [feald, Sax. fold, Dan. fardig, Su. boeldig, Du. and L. Ger.
falrig, H. Ger.] ten-fold, &c. ten times the quantity.

To FOLD, verb act. [faldian, Sax.] to put sheep into a sheep­
fold.

To FOLD [fealdan, Sax. bowmen, Du. folden, O. and L. Ger.
falten, H. Ger. falla, Su. falde, Dan. faldan, Teut. and Goth.] 1. To
complicate. 2. To double up or plait a garment, &c. As a vesture
shalt thou fold them up. Hebrews. 3. To inclose, to shut in general.
Fold him in our arms. Shakespeare.

To FOLD, verb neut. to close over another thing of the same kind,
to join with another of the same kind. The two leaves of the one
door were folding. 1 Kings.

FO＇LDING, doubling up, &c. also including in a sheep-fold.

FOLD-NET, a sort of net for catching small birds in the night.

FOLE, or FOAL [fola, or fole, Sax. fuellin, H. Ger. fole, Dan.
fulae, Goth. πωλος, Gr. pullus equinus, Lat.] a young colt. See
FOAL.

To FOLE, or FOAL, to bring forth a colt. See To FOAL.

FO＇LIA, Lat. [in botany] the leaves of plants and flowers, but
more properly of plants.








FOLIA＇CEOUS [foliaceus, of folium, Lat. a leaf] bearing a resem­
blance to leaves, consisting of leaves or laminæ. A blue talky fo­
liaceous spar. Woodward.

FOLIA＇CEUM Expansum, Lat. [in anatomy] that extreme of the Fal­
lopian tube next the ovary, and which is expanded like the mouth of a
trumpet, and invironed with a sort of fringe.

FOLIACEUM Ornamentum, Lat. [in anatomy] the soliage leaf-like
ornament at the extremity of the tubæ Fallopianæ.

FO＇LIAGE [feuillage, Fr. fogliame, It. of folia, Lat. leaves] branch­
ed work in painting, carving, tapestry, &c.

FOLIAGE, a cluster or assemblage of leaves, branches, flowers, &c.
tufts of leaves.

FOLIAGE [in architecture] an ornament used in cornices, frizes,
chapiters of pillars and other members, some of which represent the
leaves of brank ursin, and others those of several sorts of trees, as the
oak, laurel, &c. Finely engraven with fruits and foliage. Addison.

To FO＇LIATE, verb act. [foliatum, sup. of folio, from folium, Lat.
a leaf] 1. To beat into laminæ, or leaves. Gold foliated. Bacon.
2. To foliate looking-glasses, is to lay on a foil or thin broad leaf of
lead or tin, and then to make it stick to the glass by laying quicksilver
on the back-side, which eating through it makes it reflect the image.

FOLIATE, or FO＇LIATED, adj. [foliatus, Lat.] leaved or having
leaves.

FOLIA＇TION, or FO＇LIATURE [foliatio, from folium, Lat. a leaf]
1. The act of beating into laminæ or thin leaves. 2. [With botanists]
one of the parts of the flower of a plant, which is a collection of those
fine-coloured leaves called petala, which make the compass of the
flower.

FOLIATURE [folium, Lat. a leaf] the state of being hammer＇d
into thin leaves or plates.

FO＇LIO, a book is said to be in folio, when a sheet of paper makes
but two leaves.

FOLIO [in books of accounts] a leaf, or two pages of the ledger­
book.

FOLIO [in printing] the figure set at the top of every page in a
book.

FOLI＇OLA, Lat. [in botany] little leaves.

FO＇LIOMORT, adj. [folium mortuum, Lat. feuille morte, Fr.] a dark
yellow colour, being that of a faded leaf. It is vulgarly called philo­
mott. The exterior cortex of a foliomort colour. Woodward. See
FEUILLE Mort.

FO＇LIUM, Lat. [with botanic writers] a leaf.

FOLK, subst. [folc, Sax. volck, Du. and Ger. folck, Dan. and Su.
vulgus, Lat.] 1. People, in familiar language. Discourses of their
own and other folks misfortune. Sidney. 2. Nations, mankind. Thou
shalt judge the folks righteously. Psalms. 3. Any kind of people as
discriminated from others. Old folks and sick folks. Bacon. 4. It is
now only used in burlesque or familiar language. Goes with folks to
shew the sight. Swift. 5. It was most commanly used folks, and but
seldom folk.

FO＇LKMOTE, subst. that which you call folkmotes, built by the Sax­
ons, and signifies in the Saxon, a meeting of folk. Spenser. See
FOLCMOTE.

FO＇LLIA, It. [in music books] a particular air, commonly called
fardinal＇s round.

FOLLI＇ACLES [in botany] the keys or buds of maples.

FO＇LLICLE [folliculus, Lat.] 1. A cavity with strong coats, con­
taining any kind of humour in the body. No eminent and circular
follicle, no round bag or vesicle which long containeth this humour.
Brown. 2. The same with FOLLICULUS; which see.

FOLLICULUS, Lat. [with botanists] the seed-vessel, case, coat,
husk, or cover, that some fruits and seeds have over them, as that of
the alkengi, pedicularis, &c.

FOLLICULUS Fellis. Lat. [in anatomy] the gall-bladder.

To FO＇LLOW, verb act. [folgian, Sax. volgen, Du. folgen, Ger.
folge, Dan. follia, Su.] 1. To go after; not before, nor side by side.
2. To pursue as an enemy. Wherever guilt can fly, revenge can fol­
low. Irene. 3. To attend as a dependant. The three eldest sons of
Jesse went and followed Saul to the battle. 1 Samuel. 4. To pursue
in general. At that time following a Merlin. Sidney. 5. To succeed
another in order of time. 6. To be consequential, as effects to causes.
7. To copy, to imitate. Ill patterns are sure to be followed. Locke.
8. To addict one＇s self to, to be busied with. He that undertaketh
and followeth other mens business. Ecclesiasticus. 9. To obey, to ob­
serve. All who do not follow oral tradition. Tillotson. 10. To con­
firm by new endeavours, to keep up indefatigably. They bound
themselves to his laws and obedience, and in case it had been follow＇d
upon them, they should have been reduced to perpetual civility. Spen­
ser.

To FOLLOW, verb neut. 1. To come after another. 2. To be po­
sterior in time. 3. To be consequential, as effect is to cause. Great
mischiefs cannot but follow. Locke. 4. To be consequential, as infe­
rence to premises. This dangerous doctrine must necessarily follow,
from making all political power to be nothing else but Adam＇s pater­
nal power. Locke. 5. To continue endeavours. Then shall we
know, if we follow on to know the Lord. Hosea.
FOLLOW love and it will flee thee,
Flee love and it will FOLLOW thee.
Lat. Novi ingenium mulierum; nolunt ubi volis; ubi nolis, cupiunt
ultro. Ter. Experience so often confirms the truth of this saying, that
a prudent man will take care not to be too eager in the pursuit of love,
that is, not to let it get the mastery of his reason. The Lat. lays the
saddle upon the right horse.

FO＇LLOWER [of follow] 1. One who follows or comes after ano­
ther, not before him, nor side by side. 2. A dependant. 3. One who
waits upon or attends another. No follower but a friend. Pope. 4. An
associate, a companion. With Poins and other his continual follow­
ers. Shakespeare. 5. One under the command of another. Rather
withdraw their followers from them as much as may be. Spenser. 6.
A scholar, one that imitates or copies, one of the same sort. Be ye
followers of me, even as I am of Christ. 1 Corinthians.

FO＇LLY [folie, Fr. folia, It.] foolishness, simplicity, defect of un­
derstanding, weakness of intellect, a drawing false conclusions from
just principles, by which it is distinguished from madness, which is
drawing just conclusions from false principles. Locke. 2. Criminal
weakness or depravity of mind.
To plainness honour
Is bound, when majesty to folly falls. Dryden.
3. Act of negligence or passion, as unbecoming gravity or deep wis­
dom. In this sense it has a plural. The pretty follies that themselves
commit. Shakespeare.

FOMAHA＇NT [in astronomy] a star of the first magnitude in Aqua­
rius.

FOME [fæm, Sax. faum, Teut.] froth. See FOAM.

To FOME [fœman, Sax.] to froth at the mouth, or as waters do
upon a great and violent motion. See To FOAM.

To FOME＇NT [fomentare, It. and Lat. fomenter, Fr. fomentàr, Sp.]
1. To cherish or comfort by applying warm and liquid remedies. He
fomented the head with opiates. Arbuthnot. 2. To cherish with heat.
Fomented by his virtual power and warm＇d. Milton. 3. To abet or
encourage, to support. They foment their deeds no less than parents
do their children. Wotton.

FOMENTA＇TION, Fr. [fomentazione, It. fomentacion, Sp. of fomenta­
tio, Lat.] 1. A fomenting or bathing any part of the body with a me­
dicinal liquor, usually a decoction of herbs. A fomentation is partial
bathing, called also stuping, which is applying ho flannels to any
part, dipped in medicated decoctions, whereby the steams breathe into
the parts, and discuss obstructed humours. Quiney. 2. The lotion it­
self prepared to foment the parts. Arbuthnot uses it.

Simple FOMENTATION, one made with lukewarm milk, water, oil,
oxicrate, or some other like liquor.

Compound FOMENTATIONS, are decoctions of herbs, roots, flowers,
seeds, in water or other proper liquor, and with other ingredients.

Dry FOMENTA＇TION, is the applying bags stuffed with herbs and
other ingredients to any part of a body aggrieved.

FOME＇NTED, part. pass. of to foment [fomentus, Lat. fomenté, Fr.]
abetted, encouraged, cherished, fet on foot. &c.

FOME＇NTER [of foment] one that foments, encourages or supports.
The raisers and fomenters of them. Howel.

FOME＇NTUM, Lat. [with physicians] any thing that is laid to the
body to cherish it.

FON, subst. Scottish; now obsolete. A fool, an idiot. I hold him
for a greater fon. Spenser.

FONCEAU＇, Fr. is the botton or end of a cannon bit mouth, i. e.
the part of the bit that pins it to the banquet.

FOND, adj. [probably of fundian, Sax. to endeavour or gape after,
fonn, Scottish. A word of which I have found no satisfactory ety­
mology. To fonne is in Chaucer to doat, to be foolish. Johnson] 1.
Over-loving, Foolishly indulgent, injudiciously tender. I＇m a foolish
fond wife. Addison. 2. Foolish, silly, imprudent, indiscreet. Beaten
out of all love of learning by a fond schoolmaster. Ascham. 3. Tri­
fling, valued by folly. Fond sheckles of the tested gold. Shakespeare.
4. Pleased too highly, foolishly delighted. Cicero was perhaps too
fond of it. Dryden.

To FOND, or To FO＇NDLE, verb act. [from the adj.] to meat with
great indulgence, to cocker, to caress. Fonds thee on her breast.
Dryden. To use any fondling expressions. Swift.

To FOND, verb neut. to doat on, to be in love with, to be fond of.
I, poor monster, fond as much on him. Shakespeare.

FO＇NDANT, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies stooping for a prey.

FO＇NDI, a city and bishop＇s see of Naples, in the province of La­
voro, 30 miles north-east of Capua.

FO＇NDLER [of fondle] one who fondles.

FO＇NDNESS [of fond] 1. Foolish tenderness, love or indulgence.
My heart had still some foolish fondness for thee. Addison. 2. Indis­
cretion, want of sense or judgment.
Fondness it were for any being free,
To covet fetters, tho＇ they golden be. Spenser.
3. Tender passion. My very hate is constru＇d into fondness. A. Phi­
lips. 4. Unreasonable liking. Fondness to any sin. Hammond.

FO＇NDLY, adv. [of fond] 1. With extreme or great tenderness, in­
dulgently. Fondly or severely kind. Savage. 2. Foolishly, weakly,
injudiciously. Facinus fondly adviseth. Bacon.

FO＇NDLING, a person or thing that we are fond of, something re­
garded with great affection. Fondlings are in danger to be made fools.
L＇Estrange.

To FONDLE, to make much of, to cocker. See To FOND.

FONT [fonte, Fr. fonte, It. funt, Su. of fons, Lat. a fountain] a
baptistery or large bason of stone, in which the water for baptizing in­
fants is contained in the church. Hooker.

FONT [fonte, from fondre, Fr. to cast; with printers] a casting, or
compleat set of letters.

FONTA＇LIS, Lat. belonging to a spring.

FONTALIS, Lat. [with botanists] the herb pond-weed.

FONTANA＇LIA, or FONTINALIA, Lat. [among the Romans] the
feast of fountains, which they celebrated by crowning the fountains
with garlands of flowers, lamps, &c.

FO＇NTANEL, subst. [fontanelle, Fr.] an issue, a discharge for hu­
mours open＇d in the body. Wiseman uses it.

FONTANE＇LLA, Lat. a little fountain.

FONTA＇NGE, subst. [from the name of the first wearer] a knot of
ribbands on the top of the head-dress; now obsolete. These old
fashioned Fontanges rose an ell above the head, they were pointed like
steeples, and had long loose pieces of crape, which were fringed and
hung down their backs. Addison.

FONTI＇CULUS [with surgeons] an issue or little outlet made in
found parts of the body, to discharge bad humours, and to prevent or
cure diseases.

FONTI＇GENOUS [fontigena, Lat.] growing or breeding about foun­
tains or wells.

FOOD [fwyd, Brit. fode, Dan. forda, Su. foda, of fædan, Sax.
vocden, Du. to feed] 1. Victuals, provisions for the mouth. 2. Any
thing that nourishes.
Music, moody food
Of us that trade in love. Shakespeare.

FOO＇DFUL [of food and full] full of food, plenteous, fruitful. The
foodful earth. Dryden.








FOO＇DY, adj. [of food] eatable, fit for food. Foody meal. Chap­
man.

FOOL [ffol, Wel. fol, Islandic, fol, Fr.] 1. A silly person, an idiot,
one to whom nature has denied reason. 2. (In scripture) a wicked
man. The fool hath said in his heart there is no God. Psalms. 3. A
word of indignity and reproach. To be thought knowing you must
put the fool upon all mankind. Dryden. 4. One who counterfeits
folly, a buffoon. It may become him better than that fool＇s coat.
Denham. 5. To play the fool; to play tricks or pranks like a hired
jester, to make sport. Sidney. 6. To play the fool; to act like one de­
void of reason or common understanding. To be at liberty to play the
fool. Locke. 7. To make a fool of; to disappoint, to defeat. To break
promise with him, and make a fool of him. Shakespeare.
A FOOL＇s bolt is soon shot.
The instruction of this proverb lies in governing the tongue with
discretion and prudence. ＇Tis a lecture of deliberation, courtesy and
affabity in company, of fidelity and secrecy in affairs. It is also a sa­
tyr against babbling or blurting out a rash unlucky word to the preju­
dice of a person, whatever comes uppermost, without any regard to
good manners or sobriety. The proverb seems to be as ancient as So­
lomon. Prov. xxix. 11. And, Quicquid in buccam venerit effutit, say
the Latins. The French say; De fol juge brieve sentence. (A weak
judge, a quick sentence.)
Every wan hath a FOOL in his sleeve.
Or,
No man is a FOOL always, every man sometimes.
See No man wise at all times, under WISE.
One FOOL makes many.
To which is generally added,
Four Fatthings make a penny.
Either for rhime＇s sake, or on a supposition that one is as certain as
the other.
As the FOOL thinks, so the bell tinks or clinks.
Lat. Quod valde volumus fascile credimus. (What we eagerly desire,
we easily believe.)
Every man at thirty is a FOOL or a physician.
It is to be supposed that every discreet man has by that age observed
and knows his own constitution, which is a great step towards being his
own physician.

To FOOL, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To make a fool of, to
deceive, bubble, play upon, to disappoint, to defeat, to treat with
contempt. Not to give credit to those by whom they have been so of­
ten fool＇d and impos＇d upon. Addison. 2. To infatuate. Eternal
adieu to all unlawful pleasures; I will no longer be fool＇d or impos＇d
upon by them. Calamy. 3. To cheat; as, to fool a man of his mo­
ney.

To FOOL, verb neut. to trifle, to toy, to idle, to sport. Is this a
time for fooling? Dryden.

FOO＇LBORN [of fool and born] foolish from the birth. A foolborn
jest. Shakespeare.

FOO＇LERY [of fool] 1. Foolish or silly actions or sayings, an act of
folly. It is mere foolery to multiply distinct particulars. Watts. 2. Ha­
bitual folly. Foolery, Sir, doth walk about the orb like the sun. Shake­
speare. 3. Object of folly. That Pythagoras, Plato or Orpheus be­
liev＇d in any of these fooleries, it cannot be suspected. Raleigh.

FOO＇LHAPPY [of fool and happy] lucky by mere chance, without
contrivance or judgment. His foolhappy oversight. Spenser.

FOOLHA＇RDINESS [of foolhardy] mad rashness or temerity, a thought­
less adventurousness, courage without sense. There is a difference
between daring and foolhardiness. Dryden.

FOOLHA＇RDISE [of fool, and hardiesse, Fr.] the same with foolhardi­
ness. Obsolete. Reason with foolhardise over-ran. Spenser.

FOOLHA＇RDY [of fool, and hardi, Fr.] madly rash, thoughtlessly
daring or venturesome, foolishly bold. Some would be so foolhardy as
to presume to be more of the cabinet council of God Almighty than
the angels. Howel.

FOO＇LISH [of fool] 1. Silly, wanting reason, weak of intellect. 2.
Imprudent, indiscreet.
Like Romans, neither foolish in our stands,
Nor cowardly in our retire. Shakespeare.
3. Ridiculous, contemptible, impertinent, trifling. It is a foolish
thing to make a long prologue. 2 Maccabees. 4. [In scripture]
wicked, sinful.

FOOLISHLY, adv. [of foolish] 1. Weakly, sillily, &c. 2. [In scrip­
ture] wickedly, sinfully.

FOO＇LISHNESS [of foolish] 1. Silliness, want of reason or under­
standing. 2. Actual deviation from the right, foolish practice. Foolish­
ness being properly a man＇s deviation from right reason in point of
practice, must needs consist in his pitching upon such an end, as is un­
suitable to his condition. South.

FOO＇LSTONES, subst. a plant with an anomalous flower.

FOO＇LTRAP [of fool and trap] a trap or snare to catch fools in, in
the nature of a fly-trap. Dryden uses it.

FOOT, irreg. plur. feet [fot, Sax. voet, Du. foet, O. and L. Ger.
fusz, H. Ger. of fuaz, Teut. foot, Su. fot, Goth.] 1. A member
of an animal body, that part on which we stand, and on which the
body is supported. 2. The bottom of a pillar, wall, hill, &c. the
lower part, the base. The tops and sides and feet of mountains.
Hakewell. 3. That by which any thing is supported in the nature of
a foot; as, the feet of a table. 4. The end, the lower part.
A trifling sum of misery
New added to the foot of thy account. Dryden.
5. By foot; the act of walking. The sea passable by foot. 2 Maccabees.
6. On foot; walking, without carriage. About six hundred thousand
on foot. Exodus. 7. On foot; a posture of action. To be on foot at an
hour＇s warning. Shakespeare. 8. Infantry, armed footmen; not cavalry.
In this sense it has no plural. Himself with all his foot enter＇d the
town. Clarendon. 9. Foundation, bottom, state, condition, charac­
ter. That we should not put them upon the common foot of humanity.
Addison. 10. Scheme, settlement. The kingdom may be on a better
foot. Swift. 11. State of incipient existence. If such a tradition
were at any time set on foot, it is not easy to imagine how it should at
first gain entertainment. Tillotson. 12. It seems to have been once
proverbially used for the level, square, par. To sell their means, be
it lands or goods, far under foot. Bacon. 13. Motion, action. In the
government of the world the number and variety of the ends on foot.
Grew. 14. Step. Every foot and anon. L＇Estrange.

Foot [in fortification] the sixth part of a fathom, and the fifth of a
geometrical pace.

FOOT of Verse [with grammarians] a certain number of syllables,
two, three, or more, which serve for the measuring of such a verse.
Among the Greeks and Latins, those of two syllables are the Spondee,
Trochee, Iambus, &c. those of three the Dactyl, Anapest, Moloss,
Tribrach, &c. those of four, the Choryambus, Metritus, &c. Some
of them had in them more feet than the verses could bear. Shake­
speare.

FOOT [in measure] in England the length of 12 inches, in Spain
the same, at Paris 12 4-5ths, at Amsterdam 11 3-4ths, at Copenha­
gen 11 3-5ths, the same at Bremen, at Cologn 11 2-5ths, at Dant­
zick 11 3-10ths, at Venice 13 9-10ths. In this sense it is often,
but vitiously, written foot in the plural.

To FOOT, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To dance, to trip, to
tread wantonly. Featly footing seem＇d to skim the ground. Dryden.
2. To walk or travel on foot, not ride, not fly. The man set the boy
on the ass, and footed it himself. L＇Estrange.

To FOOT, verb act. 1. To spurn, to kick. You foot me as you
spurn a stranger cur over your threshold. Shakespeare. 2. To begin
to fix, to settle. Traitors late footed in the kingdom. Shakespeare.
3. To tread. They featly foot the green. Tickell. 4. To repair the
worn soles of stockings.

FOO＇TBALL [of foot and ball] a ball commonly made of a blown
bladder covered with leather, and driven with the foot.

FOOT-Bank, or FOOT-Step [in fortification] a step about a foot and
a half high and three foot wide, raised of earth under a breast-work,
upon which the men get up to fire over it.

FOO＇TBOY [of foot and boy] an attendant in livery.

FOO＇TBRIDGE [of foot and bridge] a bridge on which passengers
walk, a narrow bridge. Sidney uses it.

FOO＇TCLOTH [of foot and cloth] a sumpter cloth, Shakespeare
uses it.

FOO＇TED, adj. [of foot] shaped in the foot. Footed like a goat.
Grew.

FOO＇TSIGHT [of foot and sight] a sight on foot, opposed to that on
horseback. Sidney uses it.

FOOT-Pace [of foot and pace] 1. A pace no faster than a slow walk.
2. [In architecture] is a part of a pair of stairs, on which, after four
or six steps, you arrive to a broad place, where you may take two or
three paces before you ascend another step, thereby to ease the legs in
ascending the rest of the steps. Some call it a half-pace.

FOOT-Pace, a cloth, mat, &c. spread about a chair of state, bed,
&c.

FOO＇TGELD [of fot and geldan, Sax. to pay] an amerciament or
fine for not cutting out the balls of the feet of the great dogs in a fo­
rest.
To put a Horse upon a good foot. See To GALLOP.

Fat-FOOT [with horsemen] a term used of a horse, whose hoof is
so thin and weak, that unless the nails be driven very short, he is in
danger of being prick＇d in the shoeing.

FOOTHOLD [of foot and hold] space to hold the foot, space on which
we may tread securely. L＇Estrange uses it.

FOO＇THOOKS, or FU＇TTOCKS [in a ship] the compassing timbers,
which give the breadth and bearing to the ship.

FOOTHUCKS [in botany] are short heads out of which flowers
grow.

FOO＇TING, subst. [of foot] 1. Ground for the foot. Every step
gained is a footing and help to the next. Holder. 2. Foundation, ba­
sis, support. Want of a foundation and footing in most men. Locke.
3. Place.
Some more remote and flippery star,
Which loses footing when to mortals shewn. Dryden.
4. Tread, walk. I hear the footing of a man. Shakespeare. 5.
Dance.
These fresh nymphs encounter every one
In country footing. Shakespeare.
6. Steps, road, track. Like footings up and down, impossible to be
traced. Bacon. 7. Entrance, beginning, establishment. Ever since
our nation had any footing in this land. Davies. 8. State, condition,
settlement. Gaul was on the same footing with Egypt as to taxes.
Arbuthnot.

FOO＇TING, situation or manner; as, on what footing is he?

FOO＇TLICKER [of foot and lick] one who licks the foot, a fawning
slave. For ay thy footlicker. Shakespeare.

FOO＇TMAN [fot-man, Sax.] 1. One who travels on foot, one who
practises to walk or run. 2. A lacquey or page, a menial servant in
livery. 3. A soldier who marches and fights on foot. Of footmen three
millions, of horsemen one million. Raleigh.

FOO＇TMANSHIP, the performance, quality, or capacity of a foot­
man. Committed the safety of their lives to their nimble footmanship.
Hayward.

FOO＇TPAD [of foot and pad] a highwayman that robs on foot, not
on horseback.

FOO＇TPATH [of foot and path] a narrow path only for travellers,
not for horses or carriages.
—Both stile and gate, horseway and footpath. Shakespeare.

FOO＇TPOST [of foot and post] a post or messenger that travels on
foot. Carew uses it.

FOO＇TSTALL [of foot and stall] a woman＇s stirrup.

FOO＇TSTEP [fot-stæwas, Sax.] 1. The mark or impressions lost
by the foot, trace, or track. He has the footsteps of others to follow.
Locke. 2. Token, mark, notice given in general. Visible footsteps of
divine wisdom. Bentley. 3. Example, pattern.

FOO＇TSTOOL [of foot and stool] the stool on which he that sits places
his feet.

FOP [foppen, Ger. to make a fool of; a word probably made by
chance, and therefore without etymology. Johnson] a vain, fantastical
fellow, that is over-nice, curious, and affected in dress, behaviour,







and speech; a coxcomb, a man of small understanding, and much
ostentation, an impertinent.

FOP Doodle, a fop, a silly, vain, empty person, an insignificant
wretch. Hudibras uses it.

FO＇PPERY [fopperey, Ger.] 1. Folly, impertinence. Foppery of the
world. Shakespeare. 2. Affectation of show, or importance. 3.
Vain or idle practice. The people were better let alone in their fop­
peries. Stillingfleet.

FO＇PPISH [of fop] 1. Vainly, affected, foolish, idle. Wise men are
grown foppish. Shakespeare. 2. Fantastical in dress, foolishly osten­
tatious. Extremely expensive and foppish in this article. Arbuthnot.

FO＇PPISHLY, adv. [of foppish] vainly, ostentatiously.

FO＇PPISHNESS [of foppish] vanity, showy ostentation, vain affecta­
tion, over-nicety, and starchness in apparel.

FO＇PPLING [of fop] a petty fop, an underrate coxcomb. Tickell
uses it.

FOR, prep. [for, Sax. voor, Du. vor, and fuer, Ger. for, Dan.
forr, Su. fora, Teut. faur. Goth.] 1. Because of. That which we
for our unworthiness are afraid to crave. Hooker. 2. With respect to,
with regard to. It was young counsel for the persons, and violent
counsel for the matters. Bacon. 3. In this sense it has often as be­
fore it. As for Maramaldus the general, they had no just cause to
mislike him. Knolles. 4. In the character of. Fully assured of any
thing for a truth. Locke. 5. With resemblance of. I hear for cer­
tain. Shakespeare. 6. Considered as, in the place of. The council­
table and star-chamber held for honourable that which pleased, and
for just that which profited. Clarendon. 7. In advantage of, for the
sake of. An ant is a wise creature for itself. Bacon. 8. As condu­
cive or beneficial to. It can never be for the interest of a believer.
Addison. 9. With intention of going to a certain place. We sailed
directly for Genoa. Addison. 10. In comparative respect. For tusks
with Indian elephants he strove. Dryden. 11. In proportion to. He
could see clear for those times. Bacon. 12. With appropriation
to. Shadow will serve for summer, prick him. Shakespeare. 13.
After O, an expression of desire. O for a muse of fire. Shakespeare.
14. In account of, in solution of. Thus much for the beginning and
progress of the deluge. Burnet. 15. Inducing to as a motive. Eter­
nal reason for that which we call virtue. Tillotson. 16. In expecta­
tion of. The father cannot stay any longer for the portion. Locke.
17. Noting power or possibility. For one whom all men esteem a
saint, to fear least himself become a devil, is as hard as for a prince
to submit himself to be governed by tutors. Taylor. 18. Noting de­
pendance. The colours of outward objects brought into a darkened
room, depend, for their visibility, upon the dimness of the light.
Boyle. 19. In prevention of, for fear of. There must be no alleys,
with hedges at the hither end, for letting your prospect. Bacon. 20.
In remedy of. Cold things are good for the tooth-ach. Garretson.
21. In exchange for. He quitted that profession for this of poetry.
Dryden. 22. In the place of, instead of. To translate him line for line
is impossible. Dryden. 23. In supply of, to serve in the place of. Most
of our ingenious young men take up some cried up English poet for
their model. Dryden. 24. Through a certain duration. Some please
for once, some will for ever please. Roscommon. 25. In search of, in
quest of. Philosophers have run so far back for arguments. Tillotson.
26. According to. Chemists have not been able, for ought is vul­
garly known, by fire alone to separate true sulphur from an imony.
Boyle. 27. Noting a state of fitness or readiness. If you be an un­
dertaker, I am for you. Shakespeare. 28. In hope of, for the sake
of; noting the final cause. A sight worthy dying for. Boyle. 29.
Of tendency to, towards. It were more for his honour to raise his
siege. Knolles. 30. In favour of, on the part of, on the side of.
Void of all zeal for God＇s honour. Smalridge. 31. Noting accom­
modation or adaptation. Good havens both for the Adriatic and
Mediterranean. Addison. 32. With intention of. As patterns for
their daily imitation. Locke. 33. Becoming, belonging to. It is a
reasonable account for any man to give. Tillotson. 34. Notwith­
standing. This, for any thing we know to the contrary, might be
the self-same form. Hocker. 35. For all; notwithstanding. I assure
you, for all my apparel, there is nothing I desire more than fully to
prove myself a man. Sidney. 36. To the use of, to be used. The
oak for nothing ill. Spenser. 37. In consequence of. For love
they force through thickets of the wood. Dryden. 38. In recom­
pence of. Unconstrain＇d he nothing tells for nought. Dryden. 39.
In proportion to. He is not very tall, yet for his years he＇s tall.
Shakespeare. 40. By means of, by interposition of. What would
men do in such a case if it were not for God. Tillotson. 41. In re­
gard of, in preservation of. I cannot for my life, is, I cannot if my
life might be saved by it. I cannot for my heart leave a room before
I have thoroughly examined the papers pasted upon the walls. Addi­
son. 42. For to. In the language used two centuries ago, for was
commonly used before to, the sign of the infinitive mood, to note the
final cause; as, I come for to see you, for I love to see you: in the
same sense with the French pour. Thus it is used in the translation of
the bible. But this distinction was by the best writers sometimes for­
gotten; and for, by wrong use, appearing superfluous, is now always
omitted. Johnson. These things may serve for to represent. Bacon.

FOR, conjunction. 1. The particle by which the reason is given of
something advanced before. For never any man was yet so old. Den­
ham. 2. Because, on this account, that. For that the worst men are
most ready to remove, I would wish them chosen by discretion of wise
men. Spenser. 3. For as much; in regard that, in consideration of.
For as much as in public prayer we are not only to consider what is
needful in respect of God; but there is also in men that which we must
regard. Hooker. For why; because, for this reason that. For why
Solyman purposing to draw the emperor unto battle, had brought no
greater pieces of battery with him. Knolles.

FOR [for, Sax. far, Teut. fru and faur, Goth. ver, Du. and Ger.]
in the composition of English words, as a præf. or inseparable preposi­
tion, signifies negation or privation.

FO＇RAGE, Sp. [fourrage, Fr. foraggio, It.] 1. Provisions in general.
Provided forage our spent arms renewed. Dryden. 2. Search of provi­
sions, the act of seeding abroad.
A band select from forage drives
A herd of beeves. Milton.
3. Provisions sought abroad. Sent new forage to provide. Dryden.

To FO＇RAGE, verb neut. [fourrager, Fr. forragiare, It.] 1. To
wander far, to rove at a distance.
Forage and run
To meet displeasure farther from their doors. Shakespeare.
2. To wander in search of spoil, generally provisions. The dam
went abroad to forage for them. L＇Estrange. 3. To ravage, to feed
on spoil.
To behold his lion＇s whelp
Forage in blood of French nobility. Shakespeare.

To FORAGE, verb act. to plunder, to strip. It is easy to forage
and overrun the whole land. Spenser.

FO＇RAGER [fourrageur, Fr. foragiere, It.] one that forages or goes
to get provisions.

FORA＇GIUM [in old records] straw or stubble after the corn is thresh­
ed out.

FORA＇MEN, Lat. a hole.

FORAMEN Arteriæ Duræ Matris, Lat. [in anatomy] a hole in the
cranium, which allows a passage for the artery belonging to the dura
mater.

FORAMEN Lacerum, Lat. [in anatomy] the third hole in the os
sphænoides, by which the third pair of nerves pass out of the cra­
nium.

FORAMEN Ischium, Lat. [with anatomists] a large hole in the hip
bone, about whose circumference the muscles called obturator exter­
nus and internus take their rise.

FORAMEN Ovale [in anatomy] an oval aperture or passage thro＇
the heart of a fœtus, which closes after birth.

FORA＇MINATED, adj. [foraminatus, Lat.] bored full of holes.

FORAMINO＇SE, or FORA＇MINOUS [foraminosus, Lat.] full of holes.

FORASMU＇CH, whereas, because. See FOR, conj.

FORBA＇LCA [in old records] a balk lying forwards or next the
highway.

To FORBE＇AR, irr. verb neut. forbore, preter. forbare, old preter.
forbore or forborn, irr. part. pass. [forbæran, Sax. foer-baera, Su.]
1. To desist from, to intermit, to cease from any thing. To quarrel
with themselves forbear. Denham. 2. To pause, to delay.
In chusing wrong
I lose your company, therefore forbear a while. Shakespeare.
3. To omit voluntarily, to abstain. He forbare to go forth. 1 Sam.
4. To restrain any violence of temper, to be patient. By long for­
bearing is a prince persuaded. Proverbs.

To FORBEAR, verb act. 1. To omit voluntarily, to decline any
thing. Forbear his presence. Shakespeare. 2. To abstain from, to
shun to do. Execution should be thereupon forborn or suspended. Cla­
rendon. 3. To spare, to treat with mercy. Forbearing one another
in love. Ephesians. 4. To withhold. Forbear thee from meddling.
2 Chron.

FORBEAR [sea term] a word of command in a ship＇s boat, to hold
still any oar, either on the broad or whole side.

FORBE＇ARANCE [of forbear] 1. The care of avoiding any thing,
the negation of practice. The Forbearance of sin. South. 2. Inter­
mission of something. 3. Command of temper. Have a continent
forbearance, till the speed of his rage goes slower. Shakespeare. 4.
Lenity, delay of punishment. To display the mildness and forbear­
ance made use of. Addison.
FORBEARANCE is no acquittance.
Lat. Quod defertur non aufertur. Ger. Anfgeschoven is nicht geshenckt.
Fr. Ce qui est differé n＇est pas perdu. It. Il gastigo (chastisement) puo
differer se, mà non si toglie (may be defered, but will come in time.)
All which signify no more than that tho＇ a man may defer demanding
his right or due for a time, yet he don＇t entirely give it up.

FORBE＇ARER [of forbear] one who forbears, an intermitter, one
who intercepts any thing.
The west as a father all goodness doth bring,
The east a forbearer no manner of thing. Tusser.

To FORBI＇D, irr. verb act. forbade, preter. forbeod, Sax. forbod,
Dan. forbid, irr. part. pass. [forbeodan, Sax. vecbieden, Du. verboc­
den, L. Ger. verbioten, H. Ger. forbinde, Dan. faurbindan, Goth.]
1. To bid not to do or say any thing, to prohibit, to interdict any
thing. A strict observance of what it commands, but especially of
what it forbids. South. 2. To command to forbear any thing. She
with so sweet a rigour forbad him that he durst not rebel. Sidney. 3.
To oppose, to hinder. The moisture being forbidden to come up in
the plant, stayeth longer in the root. Bacon. 4. To accurse, to
blast; now obsolete. To bid is in the old language to pray, to forbid
therefore is to curse. He shall live a man forbid. Shakespeare.

To FORBID, verb neut. to utter a prohibition. The good gods
forbid. Shakespeare.

FORBI＇DDANCE [of forbid] the act of forbidding, edict against any
thing. Milton uses it.

FORBI＇DDENLY, adv. [of forbid] in an unlawful manner. Shake­
speare uses it.

FORBI＇DDER [of forbid] one that forbids or enacts a prohibition.
Brown uses it.

FORBI＇DDING, part. adj. [of forbid] raising abhorrence, causing aver­
sion. Tragedy was made forbidding and horrible. Aaron Hill.

FORBO＇RE, or FORBO＇RN, part. pass. [of forbæran, Sax.] let alone
for a time, &c. See To FORBEAR.

FO＇RCE, Fr. [forza, It. fuérça, Sp.] 1. Constraint, violence.
The crown,
Which now they hold by force, and not by right. Shakespeare.
2. Vigour, active power, might, strength. The force of his will.
Shakespeare. 3. Virtue, efficacy. Great virtue, force and efficacy.
Hooker. 4. Validness, power of a law. A testament is of force after
men are dead. Hebrews. 5. Armament, warlike preparation, troops.
Often forces in the plural. Miscellany forces of all nations. Bacon.
6. Destiny, necessity.
FORCE without fore-cast is little worth.
Strength alone, without skill and discretion in the use of it, will avail
but little. The Lat. say; Vis consilii expers mole ruit suà.








FORCE [with grammarians] something that stands in lieu of, or has
the same effect of another.

FORCE [in law] an offence by which violence is used to persons.

Simple FORCE [in law] is that which hath no other crime adjoined
to it; as if one enters another man＇s possession, but does no other un­
lawful act.

Mixed FORCE, Compound FORCE, is that violence committed with
such a fact as of itself only is criminal; as if one enters by force into
the possession of another, and there kills a man, or ravishes a woman.

FORCE [in mechanics] is that which is also called power, and is
the original cause of any motion of bodies; as weight, men, horses,
water, wind, &c. with respect to the body or weight to be moved.

To FORCE, verb act. [forcer, Fr. forzare, It. forçar, Sp.] 1. To
compel, to constrain. More dangers have deceiv＇d men than forced
them. Bacon. 2. To storm, to enter by violence, to take by force.
A new found world to force. Dryden. 3. To violate by force, to ra­
vish. Force her—I like it not. Dryden. 4. To overpower by strength.
To force their monarch and insult the court. Dryden. 5. To impel,
to press. Forcing an ax against them. Deuteronomy. 6. To draw or
push by main strength.
It stuck so fast, so deeply bury＇d lay,
That scarce the victor forc＇d the steel away. Dryden.
7. To drive by violence or power. Forcing their unwilling neigh­
bours out of all their possessions. Decay of Piety. 8. To gain by vio­
lence or power. They forc＇d from me one kind look or word. Dry­
den. 9. To enforce, to urge.
High on a mountain wave my head I bore,
Forcing my strength, and gathering to the shore. Dryden.
10. To constrain, to distort, not to obtain naturally or with ease.
Forced conceits. Addison. 11. To man, to garrison, to strengthen with
soldiers. That the passages be already forc＇d. Raleigh. 12. To force
out; to extort. The heat of the dispute had forced out from his expres­
sions, that seemed to make his doctrine run higher than really it did.
Atterbury.

To FORCE, verb neut. to lay stress upon. [This word I have only
found in the following passage. Johnson] His armourer put on his
back-piece before, and his breastplate behind; the which being espied
by such as stood by, was taken among them for an ill token, and
therefore advised him not to fight that day; to whom the duke an­
swered, I force not of such fooleries. Camden.

To FORCE Wool, is to cut off the upper and most hairy part of it.

FO＇RCED, part pass. of to force [forcé, Fr.] constrained, obliged by
force, ravished; also taken as a city, &c. by force, storm, &c. See
To FORCE.

FO＇RCEDLY, adv. [of force] violently, unnaturally, with con­
straint. Burnet uses it.

FO＇RCEFUL [of force and full] strong, driven with great might,
violent, impetuous. His forceful spear. Dryden.

FO＇RCEFULLY, adv. [of forceful] violently, with impetuosity.

FO＇RCELESS [of force] without force, weak, feeble.

FORCE＇NE, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies reared or standing upon his
hind legs.

FO＇RCEPS, Lat. [with surgeons] a pair of tongs, pincers, &c. to
lay hold of dead and corrupt flesh, and to extract any thing out of
wounds, and on the like occasions.

FO＇RCER [of force] 1. That which forces or constrains. 2. The
embolus of a pump working by pulsion, in contradistinction to a
sucker, which acts by attraction. Wilkins.

FO＇RCERS, an instrument used with tooth-drawers.

FO＇RCES, an army or considerable body of forces. See FORCE.

FO＇RCIBLE. 1. Strong, mighty: opposed to weak. That punish­
ment which hath been sometimes forcible to bridle sin, may grow af­
terwards too weak and feeble. Hooker. 2. Prevalent, being of great
influence. No inclination or temptation so forcible which our humble
prayers and desires may not frustrate. Raleigh. 3. Impetuous. 4.
Efficacious, active. Sweet smells are most forcible in dry substances
when broken. Bacon. 5. Effected by force. The abdication of king
James the advocates on that side look upon to have been forcible and
unjust. Swift.

FORCIBLE detaining a Possession [in a law sense] is a violent act of
resistance, by which the lawful entry of justices is barred and hin­
dered.

FORCIBLE Entry [in law] a violent actual entry into a land, house,
&c. so as to offer violence to any there, and to put them in fear of be­
ing hurt, or to drive any furiously out of possession.

FO＇RCIBLENESS [of forcible] violence, forcible or forcing quality.

FO＇RCIBLY, adv. [of forcible] 1. By violence, by force. Carrying
away of women forcibly and against their wills. Bacon. 2. Strongly,
powerfully, efficaciously. Such considerations as are fit to work very
forcibly. Tillotson. 3. Impetuously.

FORCI＇ER, a water-mill, an engine to convey water from one place
to another, as those at London-bridge, Islington, &c.

FO＇RCIPATED, adj. [of forceps, Lat.] formed like a pair of pincers
to open and inclose. Forcipated tail. Brown.

FORD [forda, ford, from faran, Sax. to pass, fuhrt, Ger. foerd,
Su.] 1. A shallow place in a river, that may be waded through with­
out swimming, or passed in a ferry-boat, by pushing it along with a
pole stuck in the ground. 2. It sometimes signifies the stream, the
current, without any consideration of passage or shallowness. To pass
the Stygian ford. Dryden.

To FO＇RD, verb act. [from the subst.] to pass without swimming.
Raleigh uses it.

FORDA, a cow with calf, or a milch-cow.

FO＇RDABLE [of ford] that may be passed or waded through on foot
without swimming. Raleigh uses it.

FO＇RDABLENESS [of fordable] capableness of being forded or passed
over without swimming.

FORDICI＇DIA [of forda, a cow with calf, and cædo, Lat. to stay] a
Roman festival celebrated to the goddess Tellus.

FO＇RDIKA [in old records] herbage, or grass that grows on the
edges of dikes or ditches.

FO＇RDOL, or FORDO＇LIO, a but or head-land that shoots out upon
other ground.

FORE, adj. anterior, that which comes first in a progressive motion.
Greater pressing on the fore than hind part. Cheyne.

FORE, adv. anteriorly, in the part which appears first to any that
meets it. A slight spar deck fore and aft. Raleigh.

FORE [fore, Sax. voor, Du. vor, Ger. παρος, Gr.] an inseparable
preposition, used in composition, generally denoting priority of time.

To FOREADVI＇SE, verb act. [of fore and advise] to council early,
to council before the time of action or the event. Shakespeare.

To FOREAPPO＇INT [of fore and appoint] to appoint or order be­
fore-hand.

To FOREA＇RM, verb act. [of fore and arm] to provide for attack or
resistance before-hand. A man should fix and forearm his mind.
South.

FOREARMED, part. adj. [of forearm] ready armed or prepared
against any thing, before-hand.

To FOREBO＇DE, verb neut. [fore-bodian, Sax.] 1. To signify or
portend before-hand, to presage. Foreboding words. Dryden. 2. To
foreknow, to feel a secret sense of something future. My heart fore­
bodes. Dryden.

FOREBO＇DER [of forebode] 1. One that forebodes, a soothsayer, a
prognosticator. Sets up for a foreboder. L＇Estrange. 2. One that
foreknows.

FORBE＇Y, prep. [of fore and by] near, hard by. Foreby a fountain.
Spenser.

FORE-BOLTS [in a ship] iron pins made like locks, with an eye at
each end, into which a forelock of iron is driven, to prevent starting
out.

To FORECA＇ST, verb act. [of fore and cast] 1. To scheme or plan
before execution. He shall forecast his devices against the strong
holds. Daniel. 2. To adjust, to contrive beforehand. The time so
well forecast. Dryden. 3. To foresee, to provide against. To fore­
cast consequences. L＇Estrange.

To FORECAST, verb neut. to form schemes beforehand.
How can frail fleshly wight
Forecast, but it must needs to issue come. Spenser.

FO＇RECAST [of the verb] contrivance before-hand, scheme, plan.
The forecast and predetermination of the gods. Addison.

FORECA＇STER [of forecast] one who forecasts or contrives before­
hand.

FO＇RE-CASTLE [in a ship] that part where the fore-mast stands,
which is separated from the rest of the floor by a bulk-head. That
part of the fore-castle which is aloft, and not in the hold, is called the
prow. Raleigh.

FORECHO＇SEN, part. [of fore and chosen] pre-elected.

FORECI＇TED, part. pass. [of fore and cite] quoted before, cited
above.

To FORECLO＇SE, verb act. [of fore and clysan, Sax. or forclorre,
Fr.] to shut up, to preclude, to prevent. The embargo with Spain
foreclosed this trade. Carew.

To FORECLOSE a Mortgage [in law] to cut off the power of re­
demption.

FORECLO＇SED, part. [in old law] barred, excluded or shut out for
ever.

FORE-COURSE, is the fore-sail of a ship.

FORE-DECK [of fore and deck] the anterior part of the ship. Chap­
man uses it.

To FOREDEE＇M [of fore-deman, Sax.] to think, judge, or deter­
mine before.

To FORE-DESI＇GN, verb act. [of fore and design] to design or plan
beforehand. Cheyne uses it.

To FOREDOO＇M, verb act. [of fore and doom] to predestinate, to de­
termine beforehand. The realm＇s foredoom＇d by Jove. Dryden.

To FOREDO＇, verb act. [from for and do, not fore] 1. To ruin, to
destroy; opposed to making happy. Obsolete. That either makes
me or foredoes me quite. Shakespeare. 2. To overdo, to weary, to fa­
tigue, to harrass. All with weary task foredone. Shakespeare.

FORE-DO＇OR [fore-dora, Sax.] a door in the fore-part of a house.

FORE-E＇ND [of fore and end] the anterior part. In the fore-end of it,
which was towards him. Bacon.

FORE-FA＇THER [of fore and father] predecessor, progenitor. The
decrees of our fore-fathers. Hooker.

FORE-FE＇ET [fore-fotas, Sax.] the foremost feet of a four-footed
animal.

FORE-FI＇NGER [fore-gingen, Sax.] the foremost or first finger,
the index.

To FORE-FE＇ND, or To FOR-END, verb act. [of fore, Sax. and de­
fend] 1. To hinder, to keep off, to avert. Heav＇ns forefend. Shake­
speare. 2. To provide for, to secure. His particular to forefend.
Shakespeare.

FO＇RE-FOOT, plur. fore-feet [of fore and foot] the anterior foot of a
quadruped. In contempt, a hand. Give me thy fist, thy forefoot to
me give. Shakespeare.

FORE-FOOT [a sea term] used when one ship lies or sails across the
way of another ship.

FORE-FRONT [of fore, Sax. and frons, Lat.] a forehead.

To FOREGO＇, verb act. [of for and go] 1. To quit, to give up.
To forego meaner for the attainment of higher degrees. Hooker. 2. To
go before, to be past [from fore and go] Many years foregone. Ra­
leigh. Foregoing speculations. Addison. 3. To lose.
This is the very ecstasy of love,
Whose violent property foregoes itself. Shakespeare.

FOREGO＇ER [of forego] ancestor, progenitor. Shakespeare uses it.

FOREGO＇ERS, purveyors who go before the king, when he goes a
progress, to make provision for him.

FO＇REGROUND [of fore and ground] that part of the field or expanse
of a picture which seems to lie before the figures. Dryden.

FO＇REHAND [of fore and hand] 1. The part of a horse which is be­
fore the rider. 2. The chief part. The sinew and the forehand of
our host. Shakespeare.

FOREHAND, adj. done too soon. The forehand sin. Shakespeare.

FOREHA＇NDED [of fore and hand] 1. Early, timely. An early and
forehanded care. Taylor. 2. Formed in the fore parts. He＇s a sub­
stantial true bred beast, bravely forehanded. Dryden.








FO＇REHEAD [fore-heafod, Sax.] 1. The upper part of the face,
that part of the face which reaches from the eyes upward to the hair.
2. Impudence, assurance. These men of forehead. Collier.
In the FOREHEAD and the eye,
The lecture of the mind doth lie.
Lat. Vultus index animi. The Fr. say; Le front & les yeux, sont
comme le miroir de l＇ame. (The forehead and the eyes are, as it were,
the mirror of the mind.) And so the Ital. La fronte e gli archi seno
come lo spechio dell＇ anima. There are a set of people in the world,
who are so hardened and void of shame, that nothing can alter their
countenance; but in general most men＇s minds are to be read in their
faces.

FOREHO＇LDING, subst. [of fore and hold] predictions, superstitions
prognostications. L＇Estrange uses it.

FO＇REIGN [forain, Fr. forano, Sp. from foris, Lat.] 1. Outlandish,
strange, not of this country, not domestic. Domestic and foreign
writers. Atterbury. 2. Alien, remote, not allied, without relation.
It is often used with to, but more properly with from. Fame is a good
wholly foreign to our natures. Addison. 3. Excluded, not admitted,
held at a distance. Kept him a foreign man still. Shakespeare.

FOREIGN Answer [a law term] an answer which is not triable in the
county where it is made.

FOREIGN Attachment, an attachment of a foreigner＇s goods found
within a liberty or city.

FOREIGN Matter [in law] a matter triable in another county.

FOREIGN Opposer, an officer in the exchequer, to whom all sheriffs,
after they are opposed of their sums out of the Pipe-office, do repair
to be opposed by him of the Green-wax.

FOREIGN Plea. 1. [In law] plantum forinsecum, as being a plea out
of the proper court of justice; a rejecting the judge as incompetent,
because the matter in hand was not within his precinct. 2. Extra­
neous, adventitious in general. Rich foreign mould. Philips.

FOREIGN Service [in law] is such service, whereby a mean lord
holdeth of another without the compass of his own fee; or that which
a tenant performs either to his own lord, or to the lord paramount,
out of his own fee.

FO＇REIGNER, an outlandish person, a stranger, not a native; also
one that is not free of a city, corporation, &c.

FO＇REIGNNESS [of foreign] remoteness, want of relation to a thing.
The foreignness of the subject. Locke.

To FOREIMA＇GINE, verb act. [of fore and imagine] to conceive or
fancy before proof. A foreimagin＇d possibility in that behalf. Cam­
den.

To FORJU＇DGE [of fore, Sax. and juger, Fr. of judico, Lat.] to
judge beforehand, to be prepossess＇d.

FOREJUDG＇D the Court, is when the officer of any court is banished
or expelled the same for some offence, or for not appearing to an
action per bill filed against him.

FOREJU＇DGER [in law] a judgment whereby a man is deprived or
put by the thing in question.

FORE-KNIGHT [of a ship] a piece of wood in the figure of a man＇s
hand, and first bolted to the beams upon the second deck.

To FOREKNO＇W [of fore-cnawan, Sax.] to know beforehand, to
foresee. We foreknow that the sun will rise. Raleigh.

FOREKNO＇WABLE [of foreknow] possible to be known before an
event happens. More uses it.

FORE＇KNOWLEDGE [of foreknow] prescience, knowledge of that
which has not yet happened.

FO＇RE-LAND [fore-land, Sax.] a point of land jutting out into the
sea, a cape or promontory. Nigh rivers mouth or foreland. Milton.

FORE-LAND [in fortification] a small space of ground between the
wall of a place and the moat.

To FORELA＇Y, verb act. [of fore and lay] to lay wait for, to entrap
by ambush. An ambush＇d thief forelays a traveller. Dryden.

To FORELI＇FT, verb act. [of fore and lift] to raise aloft any ante­
rior part. Forelifting up aloft his speckled breast. Spenser.

FO＇RELOCKS [in a ship] are little flat wedges or pieces of iron, used
at the ends of bolts, to keep them from flying out of the holes.

FO＇RELOCK [fore-loccas, Sax.] the hair which grows on the fore
part of the forehead. We must take time by the forelock. Swift.

FORE-LO＇IN [of fore and lung, Sax. of longes, Fr.] the shoulder
and part of the loin of a hog, &c.

FORE-LOIN [a hunting term] is when a hound going before the rest
of the cry, meets chace and goes away with it.

FO＇RE-MAN [fore-man, Sax.] the president or chief man of a com­
pany, &c. Foreman of the petty jury. Addison.

FO＇RE-MAST [fore-mæst, Sax.] the first mast of a ship towards
the head.

FORE Mast-Men [on ship-board] are those that take in the top-sails,
sling the yards, furl the sails, bend, trice, and take their turn at the
helm.

FOREME＇NTIONED, adj. [of fore and mentioned] mentioned or recited
before. Addison uses it. It is observable, that many participles are
compounded with fore, whose verbs have no such composition.

FO＇REMOST, adj. [foremæst, Sax.] 1. First in place. 2. First in
dignity. The foremost ranks of same. Sidney.
The FOREMOST dog catches the hare. See EARLY.

FORENA＇MED [of fore and name] nominated before. B. Johnson
uses it.

FO＇RENESS [of fore, Sax. and nesus, Lat.] a promontory.

FORE-NO＇ON [fore-non, Sax.] that part of the day betwixt morn­
ing and noon, opposed to afternoon.

FORENO＇TICE [of fore and notice] information of an event before
it happens. Rymer uses it.

To FORE-ORDA＇IN, verb act. [of fore, Sax. and ordonner, Fr. or
ordino, Lat.] to ordain beforehand, to predestinate. Hooker uses it.

FO＇RE-PART [of fore, Sax. and part. Fr.] the anterior part. The
fore-part of the day. Raleigh.

FORE-PA＇ST [of fore and past] past before a certain time. All
fore-past sins. Hammond.

FORE-POSSE＇SSED [of fore and possess] pre-occupied, pre-engaged,
prepossessed. Fore-possessed with prejudice. Sanderson.

FO＇RE-PRIZED, a term used in conveyances, and signifies ex­
cepted.

FO＇RERANK [of fore and rank] first rank, front. The forerank of
our articles. Shakespeare.

To FORE-RE＇ACH [sea language] is when two ships sail together,
or one after another; the ship which sails fastest is said to fore-reach
upon the other.

FORE-RECI＇TED [of fore and recite] mentioned or enumerated be­
fore. Shakespeare uses it.

To FORERU＇N, verb act. [of fore and run] 1. To come before as
an earnest of something following, to introduce as an harbinger.
Heaviness foreruns the good event. Shakespeare. 2. To precede, to
have the start of. To follow if not forerun all that is or will be prac­
tised in London. Graunt.

FORERU＇NNER [of forerun] 1. An harbinger, a messenger sent
before to give notice of the approach of others that follow. The
forerunner of day and the sun. Stillingfleet. 2. A prognostic, a sign
foreshowing any thing. The forerunner of death. South.

FO＇RE-SAIL, the sail belonging to the fore-mast.

FORESA＇W, pret. See To FORESEE.

To FORESA＇Y, verb act. [forsægen, Sax.] to predict, to foretel.
Shakespeare uses it.

To FORESE＇E, irr. verb act. foresaw, or foreseen, irr. part pass.
[forseon, Sax. foeresea, Su.] to perceive before-hand, to foreknow.
Any thing foreseen that is not usual. Taylor.

To FORESHA＇ME, verb act. [of fore and shame] to bring reproach
upon, to shame. Shakespeare uses it.

To FORESHE＇W, irr. verb act. foreshewn, irr. part pass. [fore­
sceawian, Sax.] to shew, signify, or betoken beforehand. See To
FORESHOW.

FORESHI＇P [of fore and ship] the anterior part of the ship. Acts.

To FORE-SHO＇RTEN [fore-asceortian, Sax.] to shorten at the
fore-end.

To FORE-SHORTEN [with painters] is when a head or face in a
draught is made to appear shorter before, for the sake of showing the
figures behind. He forbids the fore-shortenings, because they make
the parts appear little. Dryden.

To FORE-SHO＇W, verb act. [of fore and show] 1. To predict, to
prognosticate. According to that which the prophets and Moses had
foreshow＇d. Hooker. 2. To represent before it comes. What else is
the law but the gospel foreshow＇d? Hooker.

FO＇RESIGHT [fore-gesihthe, Sax. gesicht, Ger.] foreknowledge.
The accent was anciently on the last syllable, but now on the first.
Thou to fóresight wak＇st. Milton. 2. Provident care of futurity. He
had a sharp foresight and working wit. Spenser.

FORESI＇GHTFUL [of foresight] prescient, provident. Foresightful
care. Sidney.

FORESI＇GNIFY, verb act. [of fore and signify] to betoken before-
hand, to typify. Hooker uses it.

To FO＇RESKIN [of fore and skin] the prepuce. Cowley uses it.

FORESKI＇RT [of fore and skirt] the pendulous and loose part of the
coat before. Shakespeare uses it.

To FORESLA＇CK, verb act. [of fore and slack] to neglect by idle­
ness. So happy an occasion foreslacked. Spenser.

To FORESLO＇W, verb act. [of fore and slow] 1. To loiter, to delay,
to obstruct.
No mountain could foreslow
Their hasty pace. Fairfax.
2. To neglect, to omit. No coldness in foreslowing, but wisdom in
chusing his time. Bacon.

To FORESLO＇W, verb neut. to be dilatory. Foreslow no longer,
make we hence amain. Shakespeare.

To FORE-SPE＇AK, verb act. [fore-spæcan, Sax.] 1. To predict,
to foretel. Godfrey of Winchester thinketh no ominous forespeaking
to lie in names. Camden. 2. To forbid.
Thou hast forespoke my being in these wars,
And say＇st it is not fit. Shakespeare.

FORESPE＇NT, part. adj. [of fore and spent] 1. Wasted, tried. A
gentleman almost forespent with speed. Shakespeare. 2. Forepassed,
past. Is not enough thy evil life forespent? Spenser. 3. Bestowed be­
fore. His goodness forespent on us. Shakespeare.

FORESPU＇RRER [of fore and spurr] one that rides before. Shakes­
peare uses it.

FO＇REST [forêt, Fr. foresta, It. and barb. Lat. q. d. ferarum sta­
tio, Lat. i. e. the residence of wild beasts] 1. A large space of ground
or wood-land, left uncultivated; or partly pasture, and partly wood,
for breeding and hunting beasts of chase, &c. 2. [In law] a certain
territory of woody grounds and fruitful pastures, privileged for wild
beasts and fowls of forest, chace and warren, to rest and abide in, the
safe protection of the king for his pleasure. For the preservation of
which place, vert and venison, there are certain particular laws. The
properties of a forest are these: A forest, as it is strictly taken, can­
not be in the hands of any but the king, who hath power to grant
commission to a justice in eyre for the forest; the courts, the officers,
for preserving the vert and venison. The chief property of a forest
is the swainmote, which is no less incident to it than the court of
pyepowders to a fair. Cowel.

FO＇RE-STAFF, an instrument formerly used by mariners for taking
observations of the sun, moon, and stars, with the face towards the
object.

FORESTA＇GIUM, a duty anciently paid by a forester to the king.

To FORE-STA＇LL, verb act. [forestallan, of fore and stal, Sax.
a stall, or voor and stallen, Du.] 1. To buy or bargain for corn, cat­
tle, &c. as it is coming to any market or fair to be sold, in order to
sell the same at a higher price; to seize or gain possession of before
another. Abandon this forestalled place. Spenser. 2. To prevent, to
hinder by preoccupation. I will not forestall your judgment of the rest.
Pope. 3. To anticipate, to take up beforehand. What need a man
forestall his date of grief. Milton.

FORE-STA＇LLER, one who buys provisions coming to the market or
fair, in order to sell them at a higher price. Locke uses it.

FORESTBO＇RN [of forest and born] born in a wild. Shakespeare
uses it.

FO＇RESTER [forétier, Fr.] a forest-keeper, an officer who is sworn
and appointed by the king＇s letters patents to walk the forest, and to







watch the vert and venison; and to attaint or present all offences a­
gainst both, within his own bailiwic or walk; also one who inhabits
the wild country.

FORESTER in Fee, one who enjoys that office to him and his heirs.

FORESWA＇T, or FORESWA＇RT, adj. [of fore and swat, from sweat]
spent with heat. Like a couple of foreswat melters. Sidney.

To FORETA＇STE, verb act. [of fore and taste] 1. To have antepast
of, to have foreknowledge of. 2. To taste before another. Milton
uses it.

FO＇RETASTE [of fore, Sax. and tâter, Fr. or tasten, Ger. of tas­
tan, Sax.] a taste beforehand, anticipation of. The foretaste of
heaven. South.

To FORETE＇LL, verb act. [fore-tællan, Sax. foertalis, Su.] 1. To
tell of a matter before it happens, to predict, to prophesy. 2. To
foretoken, to foreshow.

To FORETE＇LL, verb neut. to utter prediction, or prophesy. Acts.

FORETE＇LLER [of foretell] one that foretells, a predicter. Boyle
uses it.

To FORETHI＇NK, verb act. [fore-thinkan, Sax.] to anticipate in
the mind, to have prescience of. Felt in himself another terror than
he had forethought, or could imagine. Raleigh.

To FORETHINK, verb neut. to contrive or think on beforehand.
Thou wise forethinking, weighing politician. Smith.

FORE-THO＇UGHT [fore-thoht, Sax.] 1. Anticipation, prescience.
By spitefulness of forethought, or by the folly of oversight. L＇Estrange.
2. Provident care.

FO＇RTHEN, or FO＇RTHY, N. C. therefore.

To FORETO＇KEN, verb act. [fore-tacnian, Sax.] to signify before-
hand by some signs or tokens, to foreshow. Strange prodigious signs
foretoken blood. Daniel.

FORETO＇KEN [from the verb] prognostication. Some ominous
foretoken of misfortune. Sidney.

FORETO＇OTH [of fore and tooth] the tooth in the anterior part of
the mouth, an incisor.

FO＇RETOP [fore-top, Sax.] the uppermost or forepart of any thing,
as that of a woman＇s head-dress that is forward, or the top of a peri­
wig. So may your hats your foretops never press. Dryden.

FOREVO＇UCHED, part. adj. [of fore and vouch] affirmed before,
told formerly. Shakespeare uses it.

FOREU＇SIC, adj. [foreusius, Lat.] pertaining to courts of justice or
judicature. Person is a foreusic term, appropriating actions and their
merit, and so belongs only to intelligent agents. Locke.

FO＇REWARD, subst. [of fore and ward] the van, the rout. They
that marched in the foreward. 1 Maccabes.

To FOREWA＇RN, verb act. [fore-wærnian, Sax.] 1. To give warn­
ing of beforehand, to caution against any thing beforehand. Phæbus
had forewarn＇d him of singing wars. Dryden. 2. To admonish before-
hand. I will forewarn you whom you shall fear. St. Luke. 3. To
inform previously of any future event.
To forewarn
Us timely, of what might else have been our loss
Unknown. Milton.
FOREWARN＇D, fore-arm＇d.
Lat. Præmonitus, prœmunitus. Fr. Un averti en vaut deux. Ger.
Uorwarnung briugt vorbereitschaft.

To FOREWA＇STE, verb act. [of fore and waste] to desolate, to de­
stroy; obsolete. Spenser uses it.

A FOREWI＇ND [fore-wind, Sax.] a wind that blows right forward.

To FOREWI＇SH, verb act. [of fore and wish] to desire beforehand.
The good forewished. Knolles.

FOREWO＇RN, part. pass. [of fore and worn, from wear] worn out,
wasted by time or use. The ink was already foreworn. Sidney.

FORFA＇NG [of fore and fangen, Sax.] a taking beforehand, the
taking up of provisions in fairs or markets, before the king＇s survey­
ors are served.

FO＇RFAR, the capital of the county of Angus in Scotland. It is a
parliament town, classed with Perth, Dundee, Cowper, and St. An­
drews, which all together send one member.

To FO＇RFEIT [forfaire, Fr.] to lose estates, goods, employments,
&c. for neglecting to do one＇s duty, or for some crime committed.
Forfeited all right to happiness. Boyle.

FORFEIT, part. pass. [from the verb] liable to penal seizure, lost
as to the right or possession by breach of conditions. Thy wealth
being forfeit to the state. Shakespeare.

FO＇RFEIT, subst. [forfait, Fr.] 1. Something by the commission of a
crime, something paid for explation of a crime, a default, a penalty,
a fine. 2. A person obnoxious to punishment, one whose life is for­
feited by his offence; obsolete. Your brother is a forfeit of the law.
Shakespeare.

FO＇RFEITABLE, liable to be forfeited.

FO＇RFEITABLENESS [of forfeitable] liableness or capableness of be­
ing forfeited.

FO＇RFEITED, part. [of forfeit] lost by some crime or breach of
conditions.

F＇ORFEITURE [forfaiture, Fr.] 1. The act of forfeiting, the pu­
nishment discharged by loss of something possessed. 2. That which
is forfeited, a fine, a mulct. To save and debar forfeitures. Bacon.

FORFEITURE of Marriage, a writ lying for the lord against his
ward, or tenant, under age, by knight＇s service, who refuses a con­
venient marriage offered him by his lord, and marries another without
the said lord＇s consent.

To FORFE＇ND, verb act. to prevent, to forbid. Hanmer.

FORGA＇SULUM [in law] forgavel, a small reserved rent in mo­
ney, a quit-rent.

FORGA＇T, old pret. [of forget] See To FORGET.

FORGA＇VE, pret. [of forgive] See To FORGIVE.

A FORGE [forge, Fr.] 1. A little furnace wherein smiths and other
artificers in iron or steel, &c. heat their metals red hot to soften
them, and render them more malleable and pliable, the place where
iron is beat into form. In common language we use forge for large
work, and smithy for small; but in books the distinction is not kept.
Johnson. 2. Any place where a thing is made or shaped. From no
other forge hath proceeded a strange conceit. Hooker.

To FORGE, verb act. [forger, Fr.] 1. To heat and hammer as a
smith does. 2. To make by any means. Names that the schools
forged. Locke. 3. To falsify, to counterfeit.
I should forge
Quarrels unjust against the good and loyal. Shakespeare.

A FO＇RGER [forgeur, Fr.] 1. A worker at a forge, a counterfeit, a
falsifier. Forgers of libels. Government of the Tongue. 2. One who
makes or forms in general.

FORGER of false Deeds, one who makes and publishes false wri­
tings.

FO＇RGERY [of forge] 1. The crime of falsification. A forgery in
setting a false name to a writing. Swift. 2. Smith＇s work, the act
of the forge.
Useless the forgery
Of brazen shield and spear. Milton.

To FORGE＇T, irr. verb. forgat, or forgot, pret. forgotten, irr. part.
pass. [forgytan, Sax. vergeten, Du. O. and L. Ger. vergessen, H.
Ger.] 1. To lose memory of, to let slip from the remembrance. 2.
Not to attend, to neglect. Can a woman forget her sucking child.
Isaiah.

FORGE＇TFUL [forgytfull, Sax.] 1. Apt to forget, inattentive,
careless. Be not forgetful to entertain strangers. Hebrews. 2. Not
retaining the memory of. 3. Causing oblivion, oblivious. In large
forgetful draughts to steep the cares. Dryden.

FORGE＇TFULLY, in a forgetful manner.

FORGE＇TFULNESS [forgytfulnesse, Sax.] 1. Aptness or readi­
ness to forget, negligence, inattention. Charged with forgetfulness of
her duty. Hooker. 2. Cessation to remember, loss or deficiency of
memory. Steep my senses in forgetfulness. Shakespeare.

FORGE＇TTER [of forget] 1. One that forgets. 2. A careless, in­
attentive person.

FO＇RGIA, or FORGIA Ferraria [old records] a smithy, or smith＇s
forge.

To FORGI＇VE, irr. verb act. forgave, pret. forgiven, irr. part. pass.
[forgifan, Sax. vergeben, Du. O. and L. Ger. vergeben, H. Ger.]
1. To pass by an offence or fault, to pardon a crime. The people
shall be forgiven their iniquity. Isaiah. 2. To quit a person of a
debt or penalty, to remit. 3. To pardon a person, not to punish.
Heaven forgive him. Shakespeare.

FORGI＇VENESS [forgifenesse, Sax.] 1. The pardon or remission
of a fault or offence, forgiveness of sin. 2. Pardon of an offender.
Forgiveness to them that have sinned. Prayer of Manasseh. 3. The
act of forgiving. To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgive­
nesses. Daniel. 4. Tenderness, willingness to pardon. Principles of
meekness, forgiveness, bounty. Sprat. 5. Remission of a fine or pe­
nalty.

FORGI＇VER [of forgive] one that forgives or pardons.

FORGO＇T, or FORGO＇TTEN, pret. and part. pass. See To FORGET.

To FORHAI＇L, verb act. [an old word, probably for forhaul, from
for and haul] to harrass, to tear, to torment. Nought easeth the
care that doth me forhail. Spenser.

FORHE＇RDA [forherda, Sax.] a herd-land, fore-land, or headland.

FORI＇CULUS [among the Romans] a deity, who, as they fancied
had the guardianship or tuition of their doors, as Cardinia had of the
hinges, and Limentius of the thresholds.

FORI＇NSECUM Manerium, a manour which lies without the town or
bars, and is not included within the liberties of it.

FORINSECUM Servitium [in old records] the payment of aid, scu­
tage, and other extraordinary impositions of knight＇s service, in oppo­
sition to intrinsecum servitium, which signified the common and usual
duties within the lord＇s court and liberties.

A FORK [forc, Sax. florch, Welsh, vorck, Du. and L. Ger. four­
chette, Fr. forchetta, It. furca, Lat.] 1. An instrument divided at the
end into two or more prongs for various uses, especially for the table.
Swift. 2. Sometimes the point of an arrow.
The bow is bent and drawn: make from the shaft.
—Let it fall rather, tho＇ the fork invade
The region of my heart. Shakespeare.
3. A point of a fork. A thunderbolt with three forks. Addison.

FORK [fourche, Fr. forca, It. and Port. furca, Lat.] a dung-fork.

FORK Fish, a kind of thorn-back.

To FORK, verb neut. [from the subst.] to shoot into blades, as
corn does out of the ground. Mortimer uses it.

FO＇RKED, adj. [of fork] having sharp points like a fork, opening
into two or more parts. Like a forked radish. Shakespeare.

FORKED Heads [with hunters] a term used for all the heads of deer
that bear two croches on the top, or which have their croches
doubled.

FO＇RKEDLY, adv. [of forked] in a forked manner.

FO＇RKEDNESS [of forked] the state of being pointed as a fork, the
quality of opening into two parts.

FO＇RKHEAD [of fork and head] point of an arrow. Spenser.

FO＇RKY, adj. [of fork] forked, furcated, opening into two or more
parts. Forky tongue. Pope.

FORLA＇NA, It. a slow kind of jig, the fame as starella.

FO＇RLET Land, such land in the bishopric of Hereford, which was
granted upon lease, for the term, dum episcopus in episcopatu steterit,
that the successor might have it for his present income.

FORLO＇RE, [the pret. and part. of the Sax. fowleowan, in Du. ver­
loren] deserted, forsook, forsaken. Spenser.

FORLO＇RN, adj. [forleoran, Sax. verloren, Du. verlohren, Ger.] 1.
Forsaken, left comfortless, afflicted, miserable, solitary. Altogether
lost and forlorn. Knolles. 2. Lost, desperate. Is all his force forlorn,
and all his glory done? Spenser. 3. Small, despicable; ludicrously.
He was so forlorn, that his dimensions to any thick sight were in­
vincible. Shakespeare.

FORLORN, subst. a lost, solitary, forsaken man. Forc＇d to live in
Scotland a forlorn. Shakespeare.

The FORLORN Hope of an Army [so called from the greatness of
their danger] men detached from several regiments, or otherwise ap­
pointed to give the first onset in battle, or to begin the attack of a
besieged place. Still charge first the true forlorn of wit. Dryden.

FORLO＇RNLY, adj. [forlorenlic, Sax.] after a forsaken, comfortless
manner.








FORLO＇RNNESS [forlornnesse, Sax.] destitution, desolateness,
misery. Boyle uses it.

To FO＇RLYE, verb neut. pret. forlay, part. forlaid [of for and lye]
to lie across.
Knit with a golden baldric which forlay
Athwart her snowy breast. Spenser.

FORM [forma, It. Sp. Port. and Lat. forme, Fr.] 1. Fashion, fi­
gure, shape, manner, external appearance of any thing. I could not
discern the form thereof. Job. 2. Being, as modified by a particular
shape. Forms terrible to view. Dryden. 3. Particular model or mo­
dification. Any transient form of words. Addison. 4. Beauty, ele­
gance of appearance. He hath no form nor comeliness. Isaiah. 5.
Regularity, order. What he spoke lack＇d form a little. Shakespeare.
6. External appearance without the essential qualities, empty shew.
Sent only for form from schools. Swift. 7. Ceremony, external
rites. To observe all decency in their forms. Clarendon. 8. Stated
method, established practice. Constant forms of prayer. K. Charles.
9. A class, a rank of students. The masters of the first form. Dryden.
10. A formal cause, that which gives essence.

FORM [hunting term] the seat of an hare.

FORM [with philosophers] is the manner of being peculiar to each
body, or that which constitutes it such a particular body, and dis­
tinguishes it from every other body; or it is the second principle in
philosophy, which being joined to matter, composes all natural bodies.

FORM [in metaphysics] signifies the same as being, and is by its
form as well as its essence, what it is; yet there is in this term
this respect involved, that philosophers do more generally apply
it to particular and determinate beings. N. B. I question whether it
can be made to appear that the SCRIPTURE ever uses this term in the
metaphysic sense.

FORM and FIGURE [with logicians] is the exterior determination of
qualities, as being round, spherical, square, cubical, &c. or external
appearance in general; as in that noble portraiture of HAPPINESS
which the Table of CEBES gives us:
Within the porch, high on a jasper throne,
Th＇ imperial mother by her FORM is known;
Bright as the morn, when smiling on the hills,
Earth, air, and sea, with vernal joy she fills.
Table of CEBES in English verse with notes.

FORM, is an internal cause, by which a material being is consti­
tuted what it is.

Essential FORMS, are those forms whereby the several species of bo­
dies become each what they are, and are distinguished from all others,
as a hammer, a knife, &c.

Accidental FORMS, are such as are really inherent in bodies; but in
such manner that the body may exist in all its perfections without
them; as whiteness in a wall.

Syllogistic FORM, is the just disposition both of the terms in respect
both of predicate and subject, and of the propositions in respect to
quantity and quality.

Simple FORMS, are those of simple bodies, i. e. of such as have but
few properties.

Natural FORMS, are those which are inherent in bodies, without
any thing contributed thereto on the part of man; as the form of
marble.

Artificial FORMS, are those which arise from human industry; as a
statue.

FORM of Corporeity [according to the Scotists] is that which con­
stitutes body in the general essence of body.

FORM [in theology] is one of the essential parts of the sacrament,
being that which gives them their sacramental esse.

FORM [in mechanics] a kind of mould, whereon a thing is fastened
or wrought.

Printer＇s FORM, a frame composed of divers pages of composed let­
ters, to be printed off by the press-men.

FORM [in a moral sense] a manner of being or doing a thing ac­
cording to rule.

FORM [in law] certain established rules to be observed in processes
or judiciary proceedings.

To FORM, verb act. [formo, Lat. former, Fr. formàr, Sp. and Port.
formare, It.] 1. To shape, to fashion, to model to a particular shape.
2. To frame, devise, or contrive, to coin. The thought that labours
in my forming brain. Rowe. 3. To make out of materials. God
formed man of the dust. Genesis. 4. To modify, to scheme, to plan.
To form his hero. Dryden. 5. To arrange, to combine in any parti­
cular manner; as, he formed his army before such a siege, in such a
manner. 6. To adjust, to settle. Our differences with the Romanists
are formed into an interest. Decay of Piety. 7. To model by institu­
tion or education. Thus form＇d for speed he challenges the wind.
Dryden.

FO＇RMA Pauperis [law phrase] is when any person has cause of
suit, and is so poor that he cannot dispend the usual charges of suing at
law or equity.

FO＇RMABLE [of form] capable of being formed.

FO＇RMAL, Sp. [formel, Fr. formale, It. of formalis, Lat.] 1. Of or
pertaining to form or fashion, punctual, precise, affected, ceremo­
nious, particular in apparel. 2. Done according to established rules,
not irregular, not extemporaneous. Formal and written leagues.
Bacon. 3. Methodical, regular. The formal stars do travel so. Wal­
ler. 4. External, having the appearance but not the essence. Formal
duty. Dryden. 5. Depending upon custom or establishment. Bound
in formal or in real chains. Pope. 6. Having the power of making
any thing what it is, essential, constituent. The formal act of ado­
ration. Stillingfleet. 7. Retaining its proper and essential charac­
teristic.
Thou should＇st come like a fury cover＇d with snakes,
Not like a formal man. Shakespeare.

FORMAL Cause [with logicians] is that which gives an inward es­
sence or being to substance and accidents.

FO＇RMALIST [formaliste, Fr.] a follower of forms and modes; a
person of ceremony and compliment, one who seems what he is not.
To see what shifts formalists have. Bacon.

FORMA＇LITY [formalité, Fr. formalità, It. formalidàd, Sp. of for­
malitas, Lat.] 1. Form or ceremony, established mode of behaviour.
A matter of mere formality. Hooker. 2. Solemn order, dress, or ha­
bit. All sat down in their formalities. Swift. 3. Essence, the qua­
lity by which any thing is what it is. The formality of faculties.
Glanville. 4. Affectation.

FORMA＇LITIES, robes worn by the magistrates of a city or corpora­
tion, &c. on public occasions or solemnities.

To FO＇RMALIZE, verb act. [formaliser, Fr.] to model, to mo­
dify; an obsolete word. The same spirit which anointed the blessed
soul of our Saviour, doth so formalize, unite and actuate his whole race.
Hooker.

To FORMALIZE, verb neut. to be fond of ceremony, to act or play
the formalist.

FO＇RMALLY, adv. [of formal] 1. In form, according to form,
according to established rules or ceremonies. Formally according to
our law. Shakespeare. 2. With formality or ceremony, stiffly, pre­
cisely. Stiff, and formally reserved. Collier. 3. In external appear­
ance, with visible show. Formally divided against the authorized
guides of the church. Hooker. 4. Essentially, characteristically.
Dominion is not adequately and formally the image of God. South.

FORMALLY [with schoolmen] is used in various senses.
1. FORMALLY is used really, in opposition to objectively; as a thing
is said to be formally such, when it is such in the proper notion of the
thing spoken of.
2. FORMALLY is used in opposition to virtually and eminently, in
speaking of the manner, wherein a thing is contained in another.
3. FORMALLY is used in the same sense with adequately and totally;
thus a syllogism taken formally, requires three propositions.
4. FORMALLY is understood of the subject, when a predicate is
therein on account of some form; thus white formally taken, diffuses
the light, q. d. whiteness the form inherent in this subject, is the cause
why the subject disperses the light.
5. FORMALLY has also place in suppositions; a word being for­
mally supposed, when it is taken for the thing it was intended to sig­
nify; as man is an animal.
6. FORMALLY is sometimes used for quidditatively; this man for­
mally taken is a reasonable animal.

FO＇RMAMENT [formamentum, Lat.] a mould, form, or shape.

FO＇RMALNESS [of formal] ceremony, affectation.

FORMA＇TION, Fr. [formazione, It. of formatio, Lat.] 1. The act
of forming, or generating. Contributes to the formation of meteors.
Woodward. 2. The manner in which a thing is formed. A thick
membrane obscuring the formation. Brown.

FO＇RMATIVE, adj. [formo, Lat.] having the power of giving form,
plastic. Any formative power. Bentley.

FORMA＇TRIX, or FORMA＇TRICE, Lat. [with the ancients] virtus
or facultas formatrix, that whereby all bodies had their forms given
them.

FORME, or FORMY [in heraldry] as, a cross formé, is a cross nar­
row at the centre, and broad at the extremities, the same that is com­
monly called patée or pattee.

FO＇RMED Stones [with naturalists] are such bodies, which being
either pure stone or spars, are found in the earth so formed, that their
outward shape very nearly resembles the external form of muscles,
cockles, and other shells, &c.

FORME＇DON [in the descender] a writ that lies for the recovery of
lands, &c. given to one and the heirs of his body, or to a man and
his wife, being cousin to the donor in frank marriage, and afterwards
alienated by the donee; for after his decease, his heirs may have this
writ against the tenant or alliance.

FORMEDON [in the reverter] a writ which lies for the donor or his
heirs, where lands intailed to certain persons and their issue, with con­
dition that for want of such issue it shall revert to the donor and his
heirs, against him to whom the donee alienateth after the issue extinct,
to which it was entailed.

FORMEDON [in the remainder] a writ which lies where a man gives
lands in tail, the remainder to another in tail; and afterwards the for­
mer tenant in tail dieth without issue of his body, and a stranger
abateth; then he in the remainder may have this writ.

FORMEE＇ [in heraldry] the same as cross-patee.

FO＇RMER, subst. [of form] one that forms, maker, contriver, plan­
ner. Ray uses it.

FORMER, adj. [of formor, forma, Sax. first; whence former and
formost now commonly written foremost, as if derived from before.
Formost is generally applied to place, rank, or degree, and former on­
ly to time. For when we say the last rank of the procession is like the
former, we respect time rather than place, and mean that which we
saw before, rather than that which had precedence in place. Johnson]
1. Before another in time. A third is like the former. Shakespeare.
2. Mentioned before another, the preceeding, either person or thing.
To this answers the latter. A bad author deserves better usage than a
bad critic: a man may be the former merely through the misfortune of
an ill judgment, but he cannot be the latter without both that and an
ill temper. Pope. 3. Past; as, this fashion prevailed in former
days.

FO＇RMERLY, adv. [of former] in former times, in ancient times.

FO＇RMERS [on ship-board] round pieces of wood fitted to the bore
of a great gun to hold the cartridges, which contain the due charge of
powder; also hollow cases of tin or latten, in which the cartridges
are carried about in the time of an engagement.

FO＇RMETH [in hunting] i. e. squatteth, a term used of a hare,
when it squats in any place.

FO＇RMICA, Lat. the ant, emmet, or pismire, an insect.

FORMICA, Lat. [in falconry] a distemper that commonly seizes on
the beak of a hawk, and oftentimes, if not timely prevented, will
eat it away.

FO＇RMIDABLE, Fr. and Sp. [formidabile, It. of formidabilis, Lat.]
to be feared, dreadful, terrible.

FO＇RMIDABLENESS [of formidable] 1. Terribleness, the quality of
exciting dread. 2. The thing causing dread. Shewed the formida­
bleness of their danger. Decay of Piety.

FO＇RMADABLY, adv. [of formidable] dreadfully, terribly. Dryden
uses it.

FORMIDOLO＇SE [formidolosus, Lat.] fearful, dreading very greatly.








FORMIDOLO＇SITY [formidolositas, Lat.] fearfulness, very great
dread.

FO＇RMING [formans, Lat.] the art of giving being, or birth to any
thing.

FO＇RMLESS [of form] having no regular form, shapeless. Shake­
speare uses it.

FORMO＇SA, an island in the Indian ocean, about 100 miles east of
Canton in China; subject to the Chinese.

FO＇RMOST [formost, Sax.] the first, going in the front. See
FORMER, adj.

FO＇RMULA, Lat. [with physicians] a little form or prescription used
in extemporaneous practice, in distinction from the great forms which
are officinal medicines.

FORMULA [in law] a rule or model, an ordinance or certain terms
prescribed and decreed by authority for the form or manner of an act
or instrument, &c.

FORMULA [in theology, &c.] a profession of faith; a formulary.
See CREED.

FO＇RMULARY [formulaire, Fr. formulario, It. and Sp. of formula­
rium, Lat.] 1. A book of forms or precedents for law matters. 2.
The manner or style of proceeding in the law. 3. A writing which
contains the form of an oath to be taken upon some occasions.

FORMULE, subst. Fr. [formula, Lat.] a set form or model.

FORNACA＇LIA [among the Romans] the feast of ovens, kept in
commemoration of those ancient ovens, in which wheat was baked, be­
fore the way of grinding corn, and making bread, was found out.

FORNA＇GIUM [fornage, Fr. of fornax, Lat. a furnace, or furnus,
Lat. an oven] 1. A fee taken by a lord of his tenant, bound to bake in
his oven; or for liberty to use his own. 2. Hearth-money, chimney­
money.

To FO＇RNICATE, verb neut. [fornicare, It. fornicàr, Sp. from for­
nicor, Lat.] to commit fornication. It is a new way to fornicate at a
distance. Brown.

FORNICA＇TION, Fr. [fornicazione, It. fornicaciòn, Sp. of fornicatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of unchastity between single persons, concubinage, or
commerce with an unmarried woman. 2. [In scripture] sometimes
idolatry. Pouredst out thy fornications on every one that passed by.
Ezekiel.

FORNICATION [of fornix, Lat. in architecture] an arching or vault­
ing so called.

FORNICA＇TOR [forcicateur, Fr. fornicatore, It. fornicário, Sp. of
fornicator, Lat.] a whoremonger, one that has commerce with un­
married women. Query, whether fornication, in the scripture use of the
word, is not distinct from concubinage? and if so, whether our modern
acceptation of the word, gives a just idea of it? And by the way, if
adultery, in the scripture use, means only the cohabitation with an­
other＇s wife, query, if the modern use of this word also should not be re­
considered? See ADULTERY and CONCUBINAGE. N. B. Both adul­
tery and whoredom, in the scriptures, are also used metaphorically,
to signify the sin of idolatry. And, accordingly, the great whore in
the Apocalypse, is a certain apostate church, and where residing is de­
termined too, viz. “in a city famed for its seven hills, and which, in
St. John＇s time, reigned over the kings of the earth. Revelations
c. xvii, v. 9 and 18.

FO＇RNIX, Lat. an arch or vault.

FORNIX, Lat. [with surgeons] the brawny substance of the brain.

FORNIX [in anatomy] the extremity of the corpus callosum, which
is separated or divaricated into two legs, forming a kind of arch or
fornix.

FO＇RPRISE [in law] an exaction.

FO＇RRAGE [fourrage, Fr. See FORAGE] provision of hay, oats,
straw, &c. especially in a time of war.

To FO＇RRAGE, or To go a FO＇RRAGING [fourrager, Fr. See To
FORAGE] to ride about the country to get forage.

FO＇RRES, a parliament town of Scotland, in the county of Murray,
about 13 miles west of Eglin. It is classed with Inverness, Fortrose,
and Nairn, which all together send one member to parliament.

To FORSA＇KE, irr. verb act. forsook, preter. forsook, or forsaken,
irr. part. pass. [forsecan, Sax. forsage, Dan. bersagen, Ger. versae­
ken, Du. to deny] 1. To leave, to go away from, to quit. Unwil­
ling I forsook your friendly state. Dryden. 2. To leave in resent­
ment, neglect or dislike. The time when first Saul God forsook.
Cowley. 3. To desert, to sail. Shame the world forsook. Dryden.

FORSA＇KER [of forsake] one that forsakes, a deserter. Hateful,
forsakers of God. Apocrypha.

FO＇RSCHET [in old Sax. records] the outer or fore-part of a surlong,
skirt, or slip of ground that lies next the highway.

FORSCHO＇KE [in old law] land or tenements seized by the law for
want of the performance of services due from the tenant.

FO＇RSES, water-falls.

FO＇RSET, a small trunk or coffin.

FORSO＇OK. See To FORSAKE.

FORSOO＇TH [forsoth, Sax.] 1. In truth, very well. It is used
almost always in irony, or as an interjection of contempt. A fit man,
forsooth, to govern a realm. Hayward. 2. It is supposed to have
been once a title of reverence used in address to women. It is proba­
ble that an inferior, being called, shewed his attention by answering
in the word yes, forsooth, which in time lost its true meaning, and in­
stead of a mere exclamatory interjection, was supposed a compellation.
It appears in Shakespeare to have been used likewise to men. Johnson.
Our old English word forsooth, has been changed for the French ma­
dam. Addison.

FO＇RSTAL [fore-stal, Sax.] a being quit of fines for cattle arrested
within one＇s land.

To FORSWEA＇R, irr. verb neut. forswore, preter. forswore, or for­
sworn, irr. part. pass. [forspearian, Sax. bersweren, Du. verschwe­
ren, Ger. forswaere, Dan. foerswaria, Su. farswaran, Goth.] 1. To
take a false oath, to be perjured. False forswearing, and for mur­
ther too. Shakespeare.

To FORSWEA＇R, verb act. 1. To renounce upon oath. Never to woe
her more, but do forswear her. Shakespeare. 2. To deny upon oath.
Loudly he forswears thy gold. Dryden. 3. With the reciprocal pro­
noun; as, to forswear one＇s self; to be perjured, to swear falsly.

FORSWEA＇RER [of forswear] one who forswears or is perjured.

FORSWO＇RN [of forsperian, Sax.] one that hath taken a false oath,
perjured.

FORT, Fr. [forte, It. fuérte, Sp. probably of fortis, Lat. strong]
a little castle or fortress: a place of small extent, fortified either by
art or nature, or both; being encompassed round with a moat, ram­
part, and parapet, to secure some high ground or passage of a river,
and for other advantages.

FORT Royal, a sort which has 26 fathoms for the line of de­
fence.

Star FORT, a kind of redoubt, composed of re-entering and saliant
angles, which commonly have from five to eight points.

FORTAVENTU＇RA, one of the Canary islands, subject to Spain.

FORTE, Ital. [in music books] directs to play or sing loud and
strong.

FORTE FORTE, or F. F. It. [in music books] signifies a degree lou­
der than forte only.

FO＇RTED, adj. [of fort] furnished or guarded by fort; now ob­
solete.
It deserves with characters of brass,
A forted residence. Shakespeare.

FO＇RTEMENT, Fr. the same as forte.

Piu FO＇RTE, or P. F. It. [in music books] signifies a degree lou­
der than only forte.

FORTH, adv. [forth, Sax. boort, Du. fort, L. Ger.] 1. Out of
doors, abroad. I must come forth. Shakespeare. 2. Forward, out­
ward in time. From that day forth. Spenser. 3. Forward in order
or place. Madam Pandarus steps forth. Dryden. 4. Out, away,
beyond the boundary of any place. They will privily relieve their
friends that are forth. Spenser. 5. Out, in public state, or public
view. Your troubled country call＇d you forth. Waller. 6. Tho­
roughly, from beginning to end. To hear this matter forth. Shake­
speare 7. To a certain degree. Hence we learn how far forth we
may expect justification. Hammond. 8. On to the end. I repeated
the Ave Maria: the inquisitor bad me say forth; I said I was taught
no more. Memoir in Strype.

FORTH, prep. out of. Some forth their cabbins peep. Donne.

FORTH-CO＇MING, adj. [of forth and coman, Sax.] ready to be pro­
duced or brought forth, not absconding, not lost. See that he be
forth-coming. Shakespeare.

FORTH-I＇SSUING, adj. [of forth and issue] coming out, coming for­
ward from a covert. Pope uses it.

FORTHRI＇GHT, adv. [of forth and right] 1. Straight-forward,
without deflections. The river not running forthright, but almost
continually winding. Sidney. 2. It is used by Shakespeare as a sub­
stantive.
There＇s a maze trod indeed,
Through forthrights and meanders. Shakespeare.

FORTHWI＇TH, adv. [forth with, Sax.] presently, immediately,
out of hand, at once, straight.

FO＇RTIETH, adj. [of forty] the ordinal of forty, the fourth tenth,
the next after the thirty-ninth.

FO＇RTIFIABLE, adj. [of fortify] capable of being fortified.

FORTIFICA＇TION, Fr. [fortificazione, It. fortificaciòn, Sp. of fortifi­
catio, Lat. or military architecture] is the art of fortifying or strength­
ening a place, by making works around the same, in order to render
it capable of being defended by a small force against the attacks of a
more numerous enemy, a place built for strength. Images, battles,
and fortifications being then delivered to their memory. Sidney.

Ancient FORTIFICATION, was walls of defence made of trunks of
trees, &c. mixed with earth to secure them against the assaults of an
enemy. These in time were altered for walls of stone, with little
walls or parapets raised on the top of the other, behind which they
made use of their darts in security, the parapets being cut into loop
holes, and these walls flanked by round or square towers.

Artificial FORTIFICATION, is works raised by the engineers, to
strengthen the natural situation of a place, by repairing it, and supply­
plying its defects; such as ravelins, horn-works, half-moons, re­
doubts, &c.

Natural FORTIFICATION, consists in a place being strong by na­
ture, as being situated on a hill or in a marsh, or any other way that
makes it of difficult access; whether by rivers, marshes, strong defiles,
or the like.

Offensive FORTIFICATION, has regard to the several ways of an­
noying an enemy, and is the particular concern of the general of
an army, who designs to lay siege to some town; it consists in
knowing how to take all advantages in the manner of carrying on a
siege, &c.

Defensive FORTIFICATION, has respect to the precaution and in­
dustry by which a weak party opposes a stronger, and particularly
concerns governors of places, who knowing the strength and weakness
of the place intrusted to them, ought to endeavour to secure it from
surprizes, &c.

Regular FORTIFICATION, is one whose bastions are all equal, or
that are built in a regular polygon, the sides and angles whereof are
generally about a musket shot from each other.

Irregular FORTIFICATION, is when a town has such an irregular
form or situation, as to render it uncapable of being fortified regu­
larly, either because of the difference of its sides; some being too
long, and others too short; or by its being surrounded with precipices,
valleys, ditches, rivers, hills, rocks or mountains, &c.

Durable FORTIFICATION, is one that is built with a design that it
shall remain a standing shelter for ages.

Temporary FORTIFICATION, is one that is erected upon some emer­
gent occasion, and designed to last only a little time.

FO＇RTIFIED, part. adj. [fortifié, Fr.] made strong, strengthened
with fortifications.

FO＇RTIFIER [of fortify] 1. One who erects works for defence. The
fortifier of Pendennis. Carew. 2. One who supports or secures, one
who upholds. The fortifiers of wickedness. Sidney.

To FO＇RTIFY, verb. act. [fortificare, It. and Lat. fortifier, Fr. for­
tificàr, Sp.] 1. To strengthen or make strong, to fence, to secure a
place after a regular manner with ramparts, ditches, and other bul­







warks. He fortified the city against besieging. Ecclesiasticus. 2. To
confirm, to encourage. It greatly fortified her desires. Sidney. 3.
To six, to establish in resolution. Fortified with resolution to secure
his works. Locke.

FO＇RTILAGE [of fort] a little fort, a blockhouse. There should
be some little fortilage or wooden castle set. Spenser.

FORTI＇LITY [in old statutes] a fortified place, a castle or bul­
wark.

FO＇RTIN, Fr. a little fort or sconce built in haste for the defence
of a post or pass, &c. called a field-fort; a little fort raised to defend
a camp, particularly in a siege. Hanmer.

FO＇RTINS, or FO＇RLINS, are field forts or small fortresses or sconces,
the flanked angles of which are generally distant 120 fathom one from
another; they are different in their extent and figure, according to the
nature and situation of the ground; some of them having whole ba­
stions, and others only demi-bastions; the use of them is only tempo­
rary, and are either to defend the line of circumvallation, or to guard
some passage or dangerous post.

FO＇RTINGLES, the same as farundel.

FORTI＇SSIMO, It. [in music books] denotes extreme loud.

FO＇RTITUDE [fortitudo, Lat.] 1. Valour, courage, or stoutness of
mind; by which a man acts according to the rules of reason, even in
the midst of the greatest misfortunes or adversity. 2. Strength, vigour,
force; obsolete. Despairing of his own arm＇s fortitude. Shakespeare.

FORTITUDE [fortitudo, Lat.] bravery, the power of acting or suf­
fering well. It is one of the four cardinal virtues, which by moralists
is defined to be a constant purpose of mind to undergo dangers, pain,
labour, &c. whenever we think them to be best; and its chief rules are
to undertake and to endure. Yet by undertaking is not meant fool­
hardiness, running rashly into dangers; but the knowledge of under­
going an action to overcome a danger, weighing it well before it be
undertaken. Moralists also divide it into four species, viz. Magna­
nimity, Magnificence, Constancy and Patience, as to private evils, such
as imprisonment, poverty, &c.

FORTITUDE [in sculpture and painting] was represented by the
goddess Pallas embracing a pillar. Christian FORTITUDE has been
represented by a damsel in the habit of an Amazon, with a helmet on
her head, eagles wings on her shoulders, having in one hand a buckler
upon which was the sign of the cross, and in the other the banner of
Constantine. Both these portraitures remind me of those most beauti­
ful lines in the late masterly version of the Table of Cebes.
See KNOWLEDGE grasping a refulgent star,
See FORTITUDE in panoply of war.
Table of CEBES in English verse, with notes.

FO＇RTITUDES [with astrologers] are certain advantages which pla­
nets have to make their influences more strong by being so or so placed,
qualified or affected.

FO＇RTLET [from fort; in old law] a little fort.

FO＇RTNIGHT, subst. contracted from fourteen nights [feowretyne
night, Sax. It was the custom of the ancient northern nations to
count time by nights. Thus we say, This day sevennight: So Taci­
tus, non dierum numerum ut nos, sed noctium computant] the space of two
weeks.

FO＇RTRESS [forteresse, Fr. fortezza, It. fortaleza, Sp.] a place for­
tified either by art or nature, a strong hold, a castle of defence.

FORTU＇ITOUS [fortuit, F. fortuito, It. and Sp. of fortuitus, Lat.]
happening by chance, casual, accidental.

FORTU＇ITOUSLY, adv. [of fortuitous] casually, accidentally.

FO＇RTUNA [in ancient law books] the same that we call treasure.

FO＇RTUNATE [fortunatus, Lat. fortuné, Fr. fortunato, It. afortunà­
do, Sp. fortunado, Port.] happy, lucky, successful, not subject to mis­
carriage; applied to persons and things.

FORTUNATE Islands, a place famous among the ancients, on ac­
count of golden apples, fancied to grow in them; or, as Varro says,
for sheep with golden fleeces. Ancient geographers describe them as
situate without the straits of Gibraltar in the Atlantic ocean; but the
moderns take them to be the Canary stands, on account of their great
temperature and fertility.

FO＇RTUNATELY [of fortunate] happily, prosperously, success­
fully.

FO＇RTUNATENESS [of fortunate] luckiness, successfulness, prospe­
rousness.

FORTUNE, Fr. [fortuna, It. Sp. Port. and Lat.] 1. The power
supposed to distribute the lots of life according to her own humour.
Fortune that arrant whore. Shakespeare. 2. The good or ill that be­
falls mankind. Fortune is understood to befal only rational agents, but
chance to be among inanimate bodies. Bentley. 3. The chance of
life, the means of life. Driven to London to seek his fortune. Swift.
4. Event or success, good or bad. Surrounded by the fortune and
boldness of many navigators. Temple. 5. Estate, possessions. Of a
good birth but small fortune. Swift. 6. The portion of a man or wo­
man, generally that of a woman. The fortune-hunters. Spectator. 7.
Futurity, future events. You who mens fortunes in their faces read.
Cowley.

FORTUNE is fabled to be the daughter of Oceanus, and the servant
of the gods. They fancied she had in her possession, and at her dispo­
sal, the honours, riches, and happiness of life; that she gave them
and took them away at her pleasure: but that she was blind and very
unconstant; that she had a wheel in her hand, which she turned with­
out ceasing, raising men sometimes to the top of the wheel, and
sometimes casting them down, so that there was nothing settled or se­
cure, that did concern her; she was universally adored, and great
princes had her image in gold kept safe with them in their dwelling,
that she might be always favourable to them.
She was represented in a chariot dragged by four blind horses; un­
der her feet was a globe, and in her right hand she held the helm of a
ship, and in the left a cornucopia or horn of plenty. She had many
images, statues and temples erected to her, and the Romans adored no
deity more than Fortuna. At her right hand a youth named Favor,
play＇d upon a wheel to intimate how soon her favours might fly away
from us: there were at Rome two images of her that were remarkable,
Fortuna Calva, and Fortuna Vitrea, which were both very signifi­
cant.
She had also several temples erected to her honour. One to Fortuna
Primigenia, the other to Fortuna Mascula, which was near to the tem­
ple of Venus, and also Fortuna Muliebris. There was also Fortuna
Privata and Fortuna Obsequens, and also Fortuna Babata; there were
several other fortunes, who had temples.
When Fortune was not favourable to them, they were wont to load
her with curses and imprecations.

FORTUNE [τυχη, Gr.] was not known in the earlier ages; we do
not find in Homer or Hesiod any mention of her, the name not being
then invented.
In after days, it was introduc＇d as a machine, and made to serve
divers purposes in theology, &c.
Men taking notice of a world of evils and disorders which happened,
and not daring directly to complain of providence; and withal being
unwilling to excuse themselves from being the authors of their own
misfortunes, had recourse to the notion of Fortune, upon which they
might vent all their resentinents with impunity.
Plutarch observes, that before the name of Fortune had got into the
world, men perceiving a certain arbitrary cause, which dispos＇d of mat­
ters in an irresistible manner, called it God; but observing that the
same cause did seem sometimes to act at random and without any rule
or order at all, the Supreme being came to be divested of the attribute,
and Fortune or Desliay acknowledged in its stead.
It is not easy to determine what the ancients meant by Fortune.
The Romans meant by it some principle of fortuity, whereby things
came to pass without being necessitated thereto; but it seems as if they
never precisely thought what and whence that principle was.
Whence the philosophers often intimated that men only fram＇d
the phantom fortune to hide their ignorance, and that they called
whatever befel a man, without his knowing the reason why, For­
tune.
Juvenal affirms, that it was men that made a deity of Fortune.
Sed te, nos facimus, fortuna, deam, &c.
So then, according to the sentiments of the heathens, Fortune was
no more than the arrival of things in a sudden and unexpected man­
ner, without any apparent cause or reason. So that fortune, in a phi­
losophical sense, is what is vulgarly called Chance.
But Fortune, in a religious sense, had a farther force, for she had
many altars and temples erected to her.
This intimates that the heathens had personify＇d and even deify＇d
their Chance, and conceiv＇d her as a sort of goddess, who disposed of
the fate of men at her pleasure.
Hence it may be inferr＇d that the ancients at one time took fortune
for a peremptory cause, bent upon doing good to some and injury to
others; and sometimes for a blind, inconstant cause, without any
view or determination at all.
Fortune was also painted as a naked lady standing upon a globe or
ball, having an ensign or sail over-shadowing her. This position of
the goddess fortune is most happily explained by the ingenious author
of CEBES in English verse:
Her grace unstable as her tottering BALL,
Whene＇er she smiles, she meditates our fall.
Nor is the aforemention＇d blind and promiscuous distribution of her fa­
vours and frowns, less happily express＇d by him in these lines:
———With restless wings
The world she ranges, and her favours flings:
Flings, and resumes, and plunders and bestows;
CAPRICE divides the blessings and the woes.

FORTUNE [immutable] is represented in the same figure as usual,
but standing upon a cube instead of a wheel or ball, without wings on
her feet, and her fail hanging loose by her side.
FORTUNE favours fools.
Lat. Fortuna favet fatuis. Sp. Al ombre osádo la fortuna de da la
máno. (Fortune lends a hand to the bold.)
When FORTUNE knocks be sure to open the door.
That is, let no opportunity that offers slip, for fear it should never
come again.

To FORTUNE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to fall out, to happen,
to come casually to pass; generally in an impersonal form. It for­
tuned. Knolles.

FO＇RTUNED, adj. [of fortune] supplied by fortune. The full for­
tun＇d Cæsar. Shakespeare.

FO＇RTUNEBOOK [of fortune and book] a book conselted to know
fortunes, and foretel future events. Beauty lays ope love＇s fortune-book.
Crashaw.

FORTUNEHU＇NTER [of fortune and hunt] a man whose employment
is to enquire after unmarried women with great portions, to enrich
himself by marriage. Spectator.

FORTUNES [with astrologers] the two benevolent planets, Jupiter
and Venus, so termed on account of their kind and benevolent na­
ture.

To FO＇RTUNETELL, verb neut. [of fortune and tell] 1. To pretend
to the power of revealing future events. The profession of fortune­
telling. Shakespeare. 2. To reveal future events. Her fortune-telling
lines. Clarendon.

FO＇RTUNETELLER [of fortune and teller] one who cheats common
people by pretending to the knowledge of futurity. Dreams or for­
tunetellers. Duppa.

FO＇RTUNY [in ancient writings] a kind of tournament or running
a tilt on horseback with lances.

FO＇RTY [feowertig, Sax. veertigh, Du. viertig, L. Ger. viezig,
H. Ger.] four times ten.

To FORWA＇NDER, verb act. [of for and wander] to wander wildly
and wearily. A weary wight forwandering by the way. Spenser.

FO＇RUM, a place of negotiation or merchandizing among the Ro­
mans, answering to our market-place; also the place where a go­
vernor of a province sat to give judgment; also a public standing place
in the city of Rome, where causes were judicially tried, and orations
deliver＇d to the people: it is also sometimes used by the casuists for ju­
risdiction. The forum was a public place in Rome, where lawyers
and orators made their speeches before the proper judge, in matters of
property, or in criminal cases, to accuse or excuse, to complain or de­
send. Watts.

FORURTH [in ancient deeds] a long slip of ground.

FO＇RWARD [forweard, Sax. veorwaert, Du. vartuaerto, Ger.]
1. Ready, prompt, quick, hasty. Too forward or too slow in ma­







king observations. Locke. 2. Ardent, hot, violent. You＇ll still be
too forward. Shakespeare. 3. Eager, warm, earnest. We should re­
member the poor, which I also was forward to do. Galatians. 4.
Ready, confident, presumptuous. The boy too forward for his years.
Dryden. 5. Not reserved, not over-modest. Bold, quick, ingenious,
forward, capable. Shakespeare. 6. Premature, early, ripe. A for­
ward spring. Shakespeare. 7. Antecedent, anterior; opposed to po­
sterior. Let us take the instant by the forward top. Shakespeare. 8.
Not being behind-hand, not inferior. Forward of her breeding.
Shakespeare.

FO＇RWARD, adv. strait on before, in the fore part, onward pro­
gressively.

To FORWARD [from the adv.] 1. To push on, to hasten, to acce­
lerate in growth or improvement. We may house our own country
plants to forward them. Bacon. 2. To advance, to patronise.

FO＇RWARDER [of forward] he who forwards or promotes any
thing.

FO＇RWARDLY, adv. [of forward] eagerly, hastily, quickly.

FO＇RWARDNESS [forweardnesse, Sax.] 1. Promptness, quickness,
readiness. His teachers were fain to restrain his forwardness. Wotton.
2. Eagerness, ardour, readiness to act. Willingness to live, or for­
wardness to die. Hooker. 3. Early ripeness. 4. Confidence, assu­
rance, want of modesty. A kind of forwardness and assurance. Ad­
dison.

FO＇RWARDS, adv. straight before, progressively. Backward and
forwards several times. Arbuthnot.

FOSS [fosse, Fr. fasso, It. fos, Wel. of fossa, Lat.] a trench, moat,
ditch or pit.

FOSS [with anatomists] a kind of cavity in a bone, with a large
aperture, but no exit or perforation.

FO＇SSA, Lat. a ditch in which, in ancient times, women commit­
ting felony were drowned.

FOSSA [in anatomy] the middle part of the cervix, or hinder part
of the human neck; also the great chink of the pudendum muliebre.

FOSSA Magna [in anatomy] an oblong cavity, forming the inside
of the pudendum muliebre, and which presents itself upon opening
the labia, and in the middle of which are the carunculæ myrtifor­
mes.

FOSSATO＇RUM Operatio [in old records] foss-work, or the labour
formerly performed by the inhabitants and neighbouring tenants for
repairing and maintaining the ditches round a town.

FOSSA＇GIUM, the duty paid for such service.

FOSSA＇TUM, a trench, a place intrenched.

FOSSATUM [in old records] a place fenced with a ditch, or the
trench of a cut river.

FO＇SSET. See FAU＇CET.

FOSSET, or FORSET, a small chest or cabinet.

FO＇SSIL, adj. Fr. and It. [of fossilis, Lat.] that which is dug out of
the earth. Woodward uses it.

FO＇SSILS, subst. [fossilia, of fodere, Lat. to dig] all manner of things
that are dug out of the earth, or they are such as grow adhering to the
earth in such manner, as that there is no apparent distinction of parts
containing or contained, i. e. vessels and juices circulating in them.
Many other bodies, which because we discover them by digging
into the bowels of the earth, are called by one common name
fossils, under which are comprehended metals and minerals. Locke.
By the word fossil we understand bodies of a plain and simple stru­
cture, in which there is no visible difference of parts, no distinction
of vessels and their contents, but every portion of which is similar to
and perfect as the whole. Hill.

Native FOSSILS [by mineralists] are strictly defined to be sensible
bodies, generated and growing in and of the earth, whose constituent
parts are so simple and homogeneous, that there is no apparent di­
stinction of vessels and juices between the part and the whole.

Compound FOSSILS [with miners] are such as may be divided into
different and dissimilar parts.

Adventitious FOSSILS, or Foreign FOSSILS [in mineralogy] are the
subterraneous exuviæ of sea and land animals; and even vegetables, as
shells, bones, teeth, leaves, which are found in plenty in divers parts
of the earth.

Simple FOSSILS, are all metals, salts, both common and precious;
also earth.

FOSSIL-WOOD, trees dug deep out of the ground, supposed to have
laid there ever since the universal deluge.

FOSS-WAY, one of the four principal highways of England, made
by the Romans, and so called on account of its being ditch＇d in on
both sides; or because in some places it was never perfected; but left
as a great ditch. It leads from Cornwall through Devonshire, by Co­
ventry, Leicester, Newark, &c. and to Lincoln.

To FO＇STER [fostrian, Sax. fosterer, Dan. voesteren, Du.] 1. To
nourish, to bring up, to support, to nurse, to feed. Fostering has al­
ways been a stronger alliance than blood. Davies. 2. To pamper,
to encourage. Foster＇d up in blood. Sidney. 3. To cherish, to for­
ward. Ye fostering breezes blow. Thomson.

FO＇STERAGE, subst. [of foster] the charge of nursing. The charge
and fosterage of this child. Raleigh.

FOSTERBRO＇THER [of foster and brother; foster-broder, Sax.]
one bred at the same breast, one fed by the same nurse. Davies uses
it.

FOSTER-CHILD [foster-cild, Sax.] a child brought up by those
that are not his natural parents, a nursling.

FO＇STERDA＇M [of foster and dam] a nurse, one that performs the of­
fice of a mother by suckling a young child belonging to another.
Dryden uses it.

FO＇STEREA＇RTH [of foster and earth] earth by which a plant is nou­
rished, though it did not grow at first in it. Cherish＇d with foster­
earth. Philips.

FO＇STERER [of foster] a nurse, one who gives food in the place of
a parent. In Ireland they put their children to fosterers. Davies.

FOSTER-FA＇THER [foster-fæder, Sax.] one who brings up another
man＇s child, one who gives a child food in the place of the father.
Davies uses it.

FOSTER-LA＇ND, land allotted for the sustenance of any person.

FOSTER-LEA＇N [foster-lean, Sax.] the jointure of a wife or nup­
tial gifts.

FOSTERMO＇THER [of foster and mother] a nurse.

FOSTERNU＇RSE [of foster and nurse. This is an improper com­
pound, because foster and nurse mean the same. Johnson] a nurse.
Our fosternurse of nature is repose. Shakespeare.

FO＇STERSON [of foster and son] one fed, and educated, tho＇ not the
son by nature. O foster-son of Jove. Dryden.

FO＇THER [of fother, Sax.] any sort of meat for cattle. See FOD­
DER.

FO＇TUS, Lat. the same as somentation.

FO＇VEA, Lat. a pit or deep hole in the ground to catch wild beasts.

FOVEA, Lat. [in old records] a grave.

FOVEA [with astrologers] the fourth house of the figure of the hea­
vens, the same as Imum Cœli.

FOVEA Cordis, Lat. [with anatomists] a hollowness in the breast
above the pit of the stomach.

FOUGA＇DE [in the military art] a sort of little mine in the manner
of a well, scarce more than 10 foot wide and 12 deep, dug under
some work or fortification, and charged with barrels or sacks of gun­
powder, to blow it up, and covered over with earth.

FOUGHT, the pret. and part. See To FIGHT.

FOU＇GHTEN, the part. pass. of fight; seldom used. On the foughten
field. Milton.

FOUL [faul, Sax. vuyl, Du. fuhl, L. Ger.] 1. Not clean, filthy,
dirty, miry. Through most of its significations it is opposed to fair.
Deep and foul ways. Tillotson. 2. Impure, polluted, full of filth.
The foul disease. Shakespeare. 3. Wicked, detestable. Jesus rebuked
the foul spirit. St. Mark. 4. Not lawful, not according to established
rules. By foul play were we heav＇d hence. Shakespeare. 5. Hateful,
ugly, loathsome. Foul sights. Bacon. 6. Disgraceful, shameful.
That foul revolt. Milton. 7. Coarse, gross. Rank and foul feeding.
Felton. 8. Full of gross humours or bad matter, requiring mundifica­
tion or purgation. How foul it is, what rank diseases grow. Shake­
speare. 9. Not bright, not serene. Be fair or foul, or rain or shine.
Dryden. 10. With rough force, with unseasonable violence. Their
men might fall foul of each other. Clarendon.

FOUL [a sea term] intangled as a rope.

The Anchor is FOUL [a sea term] signifies the cable is got about the
flook.

The Ship makes FOUL Water [a sea term] is when a ship under sail
comes into shole water, so as to raise the sand.

To be FOUL on each other, is when ships come so close, as to entan­
gle their rigging, and do one another damage.

The Rope is FOUL [a sea term] signifies, the rope is entangled in it­
self, or hinder＇d by another, so that it cannot run or be haled.

FOUL Ship, is one that has been long untrimmed, so that grass,
weeds, periwinkles or barnacles stick or grow to her sides under wa­
ter.

To FOUL [faulan, Sax.] to make filthy, to daub, to dirty. She
fouls a smock. Swift.

FO＇ULFACED [of foul and face] having an ugly or hateful visage.
Shakespeare uses it.

FOULDS, folds. Milton uses it. See FOLD.

FOU＇LLY, adv. filthily, odiously, shamefully.
Never seek by FOUL means what you may have by fair.
It. Non cercar per forza, quel che puoi aver di buono voglia.

FOUL-MOUTHED [of foul and mouth] seurrilous, habituated to the
use of opprobrious language. So foulmouthed a witness never appeared.
Addison.

FOU＇LNESS [fylnesse, Sax.] 1. Filthiness, nastiness, the quality
of being foul. The spots or foulness of cloaths. Wilkins. 2. Pollu­
tion, impurity. Free from all pollution or foulness. Bacon. 3. Hate­
fulness, atrociousness. Discharging all its filth and foulness into this
one quality, as into a great sink. South. 4. Ugliness, deformity.
The foulness of th＇ infernal form to hide. Dryden. 5. Dishonesty,
want of candour. All falseness or foulness of intentions. Ham­
mond.

To FOUND [fundare, Lat. fonder, Fr. fondare, It. fundir, Sp.] to
build, settle, establish or ground.

To FOUND, verb act. [fundo, Lat. fonder, Fr.] 1. To lay the ba­
sis or foundation of any building. It was founded on a rock. St.
Mattew. 2. To build, to raise. He did the Theban city found.
Davies. 3. To establish, to erect. He founding a library. 2 Mac­
cabees. 4. To give birth or original to; as, he founded an art or a
family. 5. To raise upon, as on a principle or ground. Power
founded on contract. Locke. 6. To fix firm. Whole as the marble,
founded as the rock. Shakespeare.

To FOUND, verb act. [fundo, Lat. fondre, Fr.] to melt and cast
metals.

FOUND, pret. and part. pass. of to find. See To FIND.

FOUNDA＇TION, Fr. [fundaciòn, Sp. of fundatio, Lat.] 1. The lowest
part of a building, the basis which supports a building. 2. The act
of fixing the basis.
Ne＇er to these chambers where the mighty rest,
Since their foundation, came a nobler guest. Tickell.
3. The ground work of any thing, the principles on which any no­
tion is raised. There is a foundation in nature for it. Locke. 4. Ori­
ginal rise. Throughout the world even from the first foundation
thereof. Hooker. 5. Establishment, settlement. 6. A donation or
legacy, either of money or lands, for the maintenance or support of
some community, hospital, school, lecture, or other work of piety.
Opportunity of going to school on a foundation. Swift.

FOU＇NDAY [in the iron works] the space of six days.

FOU＇NDER [of found] 1. One who lays the foundation of, a build­
er, one who presides at the erection of a city. Preneste＇s founder.
Dryden. 2. One who establishes a revenue for any purpose, parti­
cularly charity. The honourable founder of this lecture. Boyle. 3.
One from whom any thing has its rise or original. James I. the
founder of the Stuart race. Addison. 4. [fondeur, Fr.] A caster, one
who forms figures by casting melted metal into moulds. Founders add
a little antimony to their bell metal. Grew.








To FO＇UNDER, verb neut. [fond, Fr. the bottom, ad fundum sub­
mergere, Lat. couier à fond, Fr. See FOUNDERING] 1. To sink to the
bottom. 2. To fail, to miscarry. In this point all his tricks founder.
Shakespeare.

To FOUNDER a horse [fondre, Fr.] to cause such a soreness and
tenderness in a horse＇s foot, by over-riding him in a hard road, that
he is unable to set it to the ground. I have founder＇d nine score and
odd posts. Shakespeare.

FOU＇NDERING, sinking: a ship is said to founder, when by a great
leak, or a great sea breaking in upon her, she takes in so much water,
that she cannot be freed from it; so that she will neither veer nor
steer; but lies like a log, and not being able to swim long, will at last
sink.

FOU＇NDERING [in the body] befals a horse by eating too much pro­
vender suddenly, when too hot; as also by drinking too much upon
travelling when hot, and not riding him after it.

FOU＇NDERS were incorporated anno 1614, and are a master, two
wardens, twenty-four assistants, and ninety-six on the livery, &c. the
livery fine is 6 l. Their armorial ensigns are azure, an ewer between
two pillars or; their crest a furnace, flames, and therein a pair of
tongues held by two hands, all proper.

FOU＇NDERY, or FOU＇NDRY [fouderie, from foudre, Fr.] 1. The art
of melting and casting all sorts of metals, particularly brass, iron, &c.
2. A casting-house, or place where figures are formed of melted
metals.

FOU＇NDRESS [of founder] 1. A woman who founds, builds, esta­
blishes, or begins any thing. 2. A woman who establishes any chari­
table revenue. Clarissa was their chiefest foundress. Spenser.

FOU＇NDLING, subst. [of findan, Sax. found, from to find] a child
left in a place, or dropt, and found there, a child exposed to chance,
and found without any parent or owner. We, like bastards, are laid
abroad, even as foundlings. Sidney.

FOU＇NDRING [in horses] is an universal rheumatism, or a defluxion
of humours upon the sinews of the legs, which causes so great a stiff­
ness in them, that they lose their wonted motion.

Chest FOUNDRING [in horses] a disease in a horse, discovered by
his often coveting to lie down, and standing stradling with his fore
legs.

FOUNT [fonte, It. fuénte, Sp. of fons, Lat.] 1. A fountain, well,
or spring. From the fount of life ambrosial drink. Milton. 2. A small
bason of spring water. Proofs as clear as founts in July. Shakespeare.
See the other senses under FOUNTAIN.

FOUNT [of fundere, Lat.] a set of printing letters or types.

FOU＇NTAIN [fontaine, Fr. fontana, It. fuente, Sp.] 1. A spring.
2. A well, a small bason of spring water. Can a man drink better from
the fountain when it is finely paved with marble, than when it swells
over the green turf? Taylor. 3. A Jet, a spout of water. Bacon uses
it. 4. The head or first spring of a river. Waters keep the tenor of their
fountains. Dryden. 5. First principle, first cause. Almighty God,
the fountain of all goodness. Common Prayer.

Arched FOUNTAIN, one whose bason and jet are placed perpendicu­
larly under an arch.

Bason FOUNTAIN, a bason having a jet, spout, or perhaps a statue,
&c. in the middle.

Covered FOUNTAIN, a kind of pavilion built of stone, inclosing a
reservoir, and spouting forth the water at a pipe or cock.

Cup FOUNTAIN, one which besides a bason has a cup supported on
a pedestal &c. and receiving a jet or spout of water rising out of the
middle of it.

Marine FOUNTAIN, a fountain composed of aquatic figures; as sea
divinities, naiades, tritons, dolphins, &c.

Naval FOUNTAIN, one made in the form of a ship or galley.

Open FOUNTAIN, is any spouting fountain, with a bason, cup or
other ornaments.

Rustic FOUNTAIN, a fountain adorned or enriched with rock-work,
shell-work, petrifactions, &c.

Satyrical FOUNTAIN, a rustic fountain in manner of a grotto,
adorned with satyrs, sylvans, fauns, &c.

Statuary FOUNTAIN, one which being open and insulated is adorn­
ed with one or more statues.

Symbolical FOUNTAIN, one whose principal ornaments are the at­
tributes, arms, or cognisance of the owner or erector.

Pyramidal FOUNTAIN, one that is composed of several basons or
cups, raised in stone over each other, each less than the other to the
top, supported by a hollow shaft or stem.

Spouting FOUNTAIN, any fountain whose water is darted forth im­
petuously through one or more jets or ajutages, and returns in rain,
net-folds, or the like.

Spring FOUNTAIN, a kind of plain spout or stream of water, issuing
out of a stone or hole in the wall, without any decoration.

FOUNTAINS [fontes, Lat. fontaines, Fr.] are of two sorts, such as
dry up in the winter, and such as slow always. Most are of opinion
that the former are produced by the rain. Those perpetual springs
may be defined to be collections of waters running down from the
higher to the lower parts of the earth. Out of a great number of
such fountains rivers are gathered, which carry the waters into the
sea.
Some have imagined, that the perpetual ones are derived from the
sea, and that there are subterraneous tubes in the earth, thro＇ which
the sea water is conveyed to the fountains. But this opinion is liable
to these two difficulties, how it is possible for the sea-water to be car­
ried to the tops of the highest mountains, since by all experiments in
hydrostatics it appears, that the surface of any water contained in any
vessel always lies even, so that it is impossible for any one part of the
surface to be higher than another, except it be made so by some ex­
ternal force.
2. How it comes to pass that fountain water is not salt.
Others again dislike this hypothesis, and that for several reasons,
and assign rain as the cause of fountains; but if rain were the only
cause, whence can it be, that those fountains are never dry in the time
of the greatest draught, when there has been no rain for a long time?
and therefore others to rain add vapours; which being by the heat of
the sun exhaled in vast quantities (as the learned Dr. Halley has
proved) and they being carried over the low land by the wind to the
ridges of mountains, where they presently precipitate, and gliding
down by the crannies of stone, and part of the vapours entering into
the caverns of the hills, the water thereof gathers, as in an alembic,
in the basons of stone it finds; which being once filled, all the
overplus of water runs over by the lowest place, and breaking
out by the sides of the hills, forms single springs, and many of
these running down the vallies between the ridges of the hills,
and coming to unite, form little rivulets or brooks; and many
of these meeting again in one common valley, and gaining the plain
ground, being grown less rapid, become rivers; and many of these
being united in one common channel, make the largest rivers, as the
Thames, the Rhine, the Danobe, &c.

FOU＇NTAINLESS [of fountain] being without a fountain or spring.
Barren, desert, fountainless, and dry. Milton.

FOU＇NTFUL [of fount and full] full of fountains or springs. The
fountful Ida＇s top. Chapman.

To FOUPE, verb act. to drive with sudden impetuosity; a word
now obsolete. The northern nations soupe their words out of the
throat with fat and full spirits. Camden.

FOUR, adj. [feower, Sax. veer, Du. vier, Ger. fire, Dan. fyra,
Su. fidwor, Goth. quatuor, Lat. quatre, Fr.] twice two; this figure is
called the cube＇s base, a cube or square having a foot or base of four
angles; and the cube among solid bodies is accounted the more ex­
cellent and perfect, representing firmness, continuance, and virtue.
The figure in its parts makes up ten, being considered two times and
a half, and also in this manner, 1, 2, 3, 4, make ten. It is the num­
ber of letters in the Hebrew name יתוח, and thence by divines called
tetragrammaton, or name of four letters; and many other nations have
given to God a name of four letters; as the Assyrian Adad, the Greek
Θεος, the Latins Deus, and thence the French Dieu.
He who gets FOUR and spends five has no need of a purse.
Sp. Qui én tiene quatro, y gásta cinco, no ha menestér bolnco. (he who
spends more than his plow, or profession, can support, must come to
ruin or be hang＇d) one or other of these is generally the fate of such
inconsiderate people.

FOUR Corners [with horsemen] to work a horse upon four corners
is, in imagination, to divide the volt or round into four quarters; and
when he has done so upon each of these quarters, the horse makes a
round or two at trot or gallop, and when he has done so upon each
quarter, he is said to have made the four quarters.

FOURBE, subst. Fr. a cheat or tricking fellow; now obsolete.
Thou art a false imposter and a fourbe. Denham.

FOURCH [in law] a delay or putting off or prolonging an action.

FOU＇RCER [old law term] a putting off, prolonging, or delaying
of an action.

FOURCHEE＇ [in heraldry] as a cross fourchée, is one that is forked
at the ends, that has its forks composed of strait lines and blunt ends,
as if cut off.

FOU＇RBERIE, Fr. tricking, cheating, knavery.

FO＇URFOLD, adj. [of four and fold] four times repeated.

FOURFOO＇TED, adj. [of four and foot] quadruped, having four
feet.

FOURI＇ER, Fr. an under harbinger or messenger.

FOU＇RNEAU, a powder-chamber, or chamber of a mine; a hole or
cavity made under a work; the top of which is sometimes cut
into several points like chimnies, to make more passages for the
powder, that it may have its effects on several sides at the same
time.

FOURSCO＇RE, adj. [of four and score] 1. Four times twenty, eighty.
2. It is used elliptically for fourscore years, in reckoning the age of
man.

FOURSQUA＇RE, adj. [of four and square] quadrangular, having
four sides and angles equal. A wall carried foursquare. Raleigh.

FOURTEE＇N, adj. [feowertyne, Sax. veertien, Du. viertein, L. Ger.
vierzehn, H. Ger. fiorten, Dan.] four and ten, twice seven.

FOURTEE＇NTH, adj. [veerttenste, Du. vierteinte, L. Ger. vierzehnte,
H. Ger.] the ordinal of fourteen, the fourth after the tenth, the next
to the thirteenth.

FOURTH, adj. [feoreh, Sax. vierde, Du. vierte, Ger. fierde, Dan.]
the ordinal of four, the next to the third, or the first after the
third.

FO＇URTHLY, adv. [of fourth] in the fourth place.

FOUR-WHEE＇LED [of four and wheel] running upon four wheels.
Pope uses it.

FOU＇TRA, subst. [foutre, Fr.] a fig, a scoff, an act of contempt.
A foutra for the world. Shakespeare.

FOUT-GELD, an amercement for not cutting out the balls of great
dogs feet in the forest.

FOW, fowl. A word used in Cheshire.

FOW＇EY, or FOY, a borough town of cornwall, situated on a river
of its own name, 240 miles from London. Here is a coinage for
tin. It has a great share in the fisheries of this county, and sends two
members to parliament.

FOWL [fugel, fuhl, Sax. fuyl, fugl, Dan. vogel, Du. and Ger. fogel,
Su. fugal, Teut. fuelo, or fuglo, Goth.] a bird, a winged and fea­
thered animal. It is colloquially used of edible birds; but in books, of
all the feathered tribes.

To FOWL [fulgelan, Sax. vogelen, Du. and Ger.] to go a fowl­
ing, to kill birds for food or game.

FOW＇LER [fugeler, Sax.] a bird-catcher, a sportsman who pursues
birds.

FOWLER [in military affairs] a piece of artillery so called.

FO＇WLING-PIECE [of fowl and piece] a gun for killing birds. Mor­
timer uses it.

FOX [fox, Sax. focks, Dan. fos, Du. O. and L. Ger. fuchs, H.
Ger.] 1. A crafty animal, a beast of chace; a wild animal of the
canine kind, with sharp cars and a bushy tail, living in holes and
preying upon fowls and small animals. 2. By way of reproach, it is
applied to a knave or cunning fellow.

A FOX [hieroglyphically] was used to represent a subtil fellow, full
of wicked intentions; because that animal is remarkable on account
of its craftiness.
He who will deceive the FOX must rise betimes.
That is, he who will be too wise (or wise enough) for a cunning,







deceitful man, had need to open his eyes in time, and be ever
watchful.
Fire, quoth the FOX, when he piss＇d on the ice.
This proverb is used in derision to those who make a great bustle,
and pretend great expectations from what is very unlikely to succeed.
The FOX knows much, but he knows more who catches him.
Sp. Mùcho sabe la rapófa, peré mas il que la tóma. This Spanish
proverb signifies no more, than that he who over-reaches a crafty man
must have more cunning than he.
Every FOX must pay his own skin to the flayer.
Fr. En fin le renard se trouve chez le pelletier. It. Tutte le volpi si
trovano in pellicaria. (Every fox is to be found in the end at the fur­
riers.) The most crafty are overtaken at last, and the most subtle
thieves generally come to the gallows in the end. The Lat. say, Sibi
quisque peccat. (Every one sins for his own reckoning.)
He sets the FOX to keep his geese.
This proverb reflects upon the ill conduct of men in the manage­
ment of their affairs, by entrusting either sharpers with their money,
blabs with their secrets, or enemies or informers with their lives.
Agreeable to the English is the Latin, Ovem lupo commisisti; and the
Greek, Τοις κυσε τους αρνας.

A FOX [in coat armour] may represent those, that have done sig­
nal service to their prince and country by the administration of justice;
or upon embassies or such like negotiations, where wit and dexterity is
of more use than strength or valour.

FO＇XCASE [of fox and case] a fox＇s skin. L＇Estrange uses it.

FO＇XCHASE [of fox and chase] the pursuit of the fox with hounds.
Pope uses it.

FO＇X-GLOVES [folcs-glofas, Sax. i. e. folks gloves] the herb
called by botanists digitalis. The leaves are produced alternate­
ly on the branches. The flower consists of one leaf, is tubu­
lose and compressed, and a little reflexed at the brim. These flowers
are disposed in a long spike, and always grow upon one side of the
stalk, and the ovary becomes a roundish fruit. Miller.

FOX＇HUNTER [of fox and hunter] a man who hunts foxes. A term
of reproach applied to country gentlemen. Spectator.

FO＇XSHIP [of fox and ship] the character or qualities of a fox, cun­
ning, mischievous art. Shakespeare uses it.

FO＇X-EVIL [with physicians] a disease, when the hair falls off from
the head, by the roots shedding of the hair, caused by the lues
venerea, or otherwise.

FO＇X-TAIL, an herb.

FO＇X-TRAP [of fox and trap] a gin or snare for catching foxes.
Tatler.

FOY, N. C. [voye, Fr. a way, foy, Du.] 1. A treat given to friends
by those who are going a journey. 2. [Foi, Fr.] faith, allegiance;
obsolete. Of them both did foy and tribute raise. Spenser.

To FOYL [with husbandmen] to fallow land in the summer or au­
tumn.

FOY＇LING [a hunting term] the footsteps of a stag upon the grass.

FRA＇CID [fracidus, Lat.] rotten, ripe, hoary, and putrefied.

To FRACT, verb act. [fractus, Lat.] to break, to violate. Found
perhaps only in the following passage, and as a participle adjective.
My rehance on his fracted dates
Has smit my credit. Shakespeare.

FRA＇CTION, Fr. [of fractio, Lat.] the act of breaking, the state of
being broken. Several parcels of nature retain still the evident
marks of fraction and ruin. Burnet＇s Theory.

FRACTION [in arithmetic] a broken number, being a proportiona­
ble part of any integer, or whole thing.

A Compound FRACTION, is one that consists of several numerators
and denominators, as ⅓ of ¾ of ⅘.

Decimal FRACTION, is one that has for its denominator 1, with cy­
pher or cyphers, as 5/10 10/100 400/1000 commonly for brevity sake is set
down thus, ,5 ,10.

Improper FRACTION, is when the numerator is either equal to, or
bigger than the denominator, as 25/25 and 30/20.

Proper FRACTION, is one whose numerator is less than the denomi­
nator, as ¼ 2/0.

A Simple FRACTION, is such as consists of one numerator, and de­
nominators, as ⅕.

Vulgar FRACTION, is one always expressed by two numbers, the
one written over the other with a line between, as ⅔.

FRA＇CTIONAL [of fraction] belonging to a fraction, or broken
number.

FRA＇CTIOUS [of fractus, or fractio, Lat.] quarrelsome, peevish.

FLA＇CTIOUSLY, adv. [of fractious] peevishly.

FRA＇CTIOUSNESS [of fractious] quarrelsome temper, aptness to
take offence, peevishness.

FRA＇CTURE, Fr. [frattura, It. of fractura, Lat.] 1. Breach, se­
paration of continuous parts in general. Fracture of the more stable
and fixed parts of nature. Hale. 2. The breach or rupture of a bone
in living bodies.

To FRACTURE, verb act. [from the subst.] to break a bone.

FRA＇CTURED, part. pass. [of fracture] crackt, broken.

FRÆ＇NULUM, Lat. [a little bridle; with anatomists] a skinny string
under the tongue.

FRÆ＇NUM Lat. [a bridle; in anatomy] a slender ligament, where­
by the prepuce is tied to the lower part of the glans.

FRAGA＇RIA, Lat. [with botanic writers] a straw-berry bush.

FRA＇GILE, adj. Fr. [fragilis, Lat.] 1. Brittle, easy to be broken,
or snapped. The stalk of ivy is tough and not fragile. Bacon. 2.
Weak, uncertain, easily destroyed. Fragile arms. Milton.

FRAGI＇LITY, of FRA＇GILENESS [fragilitas, Lat. fragilité, Fr.
fragilità, It. flagilidàd, Sp. of fragile] 1. Brittleness, easiness to be
broken. Bacon uses it. 2. Weakness, uncertainty, easiness to be
destroyed. The uncertainty of man＇s fragility. Knolles. 3. Frailty,
liableness to fault. This lower age of fragility. Wotton.

FRA＇GMENT [frammento, It. framento, Sp. of fragmentum, Lat.] a
broken piece of any thing, an imperfect piece, an unfinished piece.
Broken into fragments. Newton.

FRA＇GMENTARY, adj. [of fragment] consisting of fragments. A
word not elegant, nor in use. What fragmentary rubbish this world
is. Donne.

FRA＇GOR, Lat. a noise, crash, or crack. Pursued by hideous fra­
gors. Sandys.

FRA＇GRANCE, or FRA＇GRANCY [fragantia, Lat.] sweetness of
smell, grateful odour. In their full fragrancy and verdure. Addison.

FRA＇GRANT [fragrans, Lat.] odorous, sweet of smell.

FRA＇GRANTLY, adv. [of fragrant] with a sweet smell. Mortimer
uses it.

FRAIGHT, or FREIGHT [vrache, Du. fracht, Su. fracht, Ger. fret,
Fr. fléte, Sp. frete, Port.] the cargo, lading, or merchandize of a
ship; also the money paid for the carriage of it.

To FRAIGHT [vrachten, Du. frachten, Ger. fletàr, Sp. fretar,
Port.] to hire or furnish the cargo of a ship. See FREIGHT.

FRAIL, subst. 1. A basket of raisins, &c. about 75 pounds weight.
2. A basket made of rushes. 3. A rush for weaving baskets.

FRAIL, adj. [fragilis, Lat. fragile, Fr. and It. frágil, Sp.] 1.
Weak of nature, feeble, easily decaying, subject to casualties, easily
destroyed. The materials of the structure are frail and perishing.
Rogers. 2. Weak of resolution, liable to error. Man is frail and
prone to evil. Taylor.

FRAI＇LTY, or FRAI＇LNESS [fragilitas, Lat. fragilité, Fr. fragili­
tá, It. flagilidad, Sp. or from frail] 1. Weakness, infirmity, instabi­
lity of mind. Among all the frailness and uncertainties of this sublu­
nary world. Norris. God knows our frailty. Locke. 2. Fault pro­
ceeding from weakness, sins of infirmity. Common frailties.
Dryden.

FRA＇ISCHEUR, subst. Fr. freshness, coolness. A word foolishly in­
troduced by Dryden. To taste the fraischeur of the purer air.
Dryden.

FRAISE, subst. Fr. 1. The caul of any animal. 2. A pancake with
bacon in it.

FRA＇ISES [in military affairs] are pieces of wood of six or seven
feet long, planted under the cordon, in places which are not faced
with stone or brick, they are planted at the base of a parapet, being
let about half way into the rampart; they are not laid parallel to the
base of the rampart, but a little sloping downwards with their points,
that men cannot stand on them; their chiefest use is to hinder the
garrison from deserting, which would be easy without them, especially
in places with dry moats. They likewise prevent surprizes and es­
calades.

To FRAIZE a Battalion, is to line it every way round with pikes,
that if they should be charged with a body of horse, the pikes being
presented may cover the musketeers from the shock of the horse, and
serve as a barricade.

FRA＇ME [frome, Sax. rahm, Ger.] 1. Form, figure, make, shape,
proportion.
A bear＇s a savage beast,
Whelp＇d without form, until the dam
Has lick＇d it into shape and frame. Hudibras.
2. A fabric, any thing constructed of various parts, as the supporters
of a table. Frames of timber. Bacon. 3. Any thing made so, as to
inclose or admit something else. As the usual borders of a picture,
&c. A convenient wooden frame. Boyle. 4. Order, regularity, ad­
justed series. Still a repairing, ever out of frame. Shakespeare. 5.
Scheme, order, establishment. The whole frame of the government.
Clarendon. 6. Contrivance, projection. Whose spirits toil in frame
of villanies. Shakespeare. 7. Mechanical construction.

FRAME [with painters] a kind of chassy or square composed of four
long pieces or slips of wood joined together, the intermediate space of
which is divided by little strings or threads into a great number of lit­
tle squares, like the mashes of a net, used in reducing figures from
great to small, or from small to great.

To FRAME, verb act. [fremman, Sax.] 1. To form by orderly
construction of various parts. Framed of burnished ivory. Spenser.
2. To fit one to another, to square. They cut down their timber to
frame it. Abbot. 3. To make, to compose. Thereof did verses
frame. Spenser. 4. To regulate, to adjust. If we do not frame our
lives according to it. Tillotson. 5. To form and digest by thought.
Ideas, such as the understanding frames to itself. Locke. 6. To con­
trive, to plan. Insolence in contriving and framing this letter. Cla­
rendon. 7. To settle, to scheme out. I＇ll frame convenient peace.
Shakespeare. 8. To fabricate, to invent; in a bad sense. As to
frame a lie.

To be out of FRAME, i. e. to be disordered or discomposed in body
or mind.

FRAME-WORK KNITTERS were incorporated about the year 1664;
they are a master, two wardens, eighteen assistants, but no livery.
Their arms or seal (for I find them not in colours) are: G on a che­
veron between two combs, and as many leads of needles in chief,
and an iron jack, lead-sinker in base; a main spring between two
small springs; all which parts belong to a frame. Their hall is situa­
ted in Red-Cross Street.

FRA＇MLINGHAM, a market-town of Suffolk, near the source of
the river Ore, by some called Winckel, 86 miles from London.

FRA＇MPOLE Fence [in the manor of Writtle in Essex] a privilege
belonging to the inhabitants, to have the wood that grows on the
fence, and as many trees or poles as a man can reach from the top of
the ditch with the helve of an axe, for the repairing of his fence.

FRANC, a French livre, in value 1 s. 6 d.

FRANCE, a large kingdom of Europe, bounded by the English
Channel and Austrian Netherlands, on the north; by Germany,
Switzerland, Savoy, and Piedmont, in Italy, on the west; by the
Mediterranean Sea, and Pyrenean Mountains, which separate it
from Spain, on the south; and by the Bay of Biscay, on the west.
This kingdom was formerly divided into twelve provinces, but at
present it is divided into twenty-five general governments, over which
is an officer called an intendant, appointed by the king, who has a
power of comptrolling the governor, and all other officers of justice;
and presides over the receivers-general of his generality.

FRA＇NCFORT, a city of Germany, situated on the confines of
Hesse and Franconia, on both sides of the river Maine.

FRANCFORT on the Oder, a city of Germany, in the circle of Up­
per Germany, and Marquisate of Brandenburgh.

FRANCHE-COMTE. See BURGUNDY.

FRA＇NCHISE, Fr. [of franc, Fr. free, franchiggia, It.] 1. A parti­







cular immunity or privilege pertaining to a city or corporation, right
granted. They granted them markets and other franchises. Davies.
2. Exemption from any onerous duty. 3. Extent of jurisdiction, di­
strict. Not be travell＇d forth of their own franchises. Spenser.

FRANCHISE [in common law] a privilege or exemption from the
ordinary jurisdiction, or an asylum or sanctuary where people are se­
cure in their persons, &c.

FRANCHISE of Quarter [at Rome] a certain space or district where­
in the houses of ambassadors of the European princes are, and where,
when they retire, they cannot be arrested, nor prosecuted at law.

FRANCHISE Royal, is when the king grants to a man and his heirs,
that they shall be free from toll, and such like impositions; also a
place where the king＇s writ runs not, as Chester and Durham.

To FRA＇NCHISE, verb act. [affranchir, francare, It.] to grant li­
berty, privileges, freedoms, immunities, to make free, to keep free.
Still keep
My bosom franchis＇d. Shakespeare.

FRANCI＇GENA, a Frenchman, in our ancient customs, was a general
name for all foreigners.

FRANCI＇SCANS, an order of friars founded by saint Francis; they
are enjoined charity, poverty and obedience to the pope and their su­
periors, and are to live in common.

FRAN＇CLING, an old law word for a free-hold.

FRA＇NCOLIN, a sort of red-legg＇d bird, fit for hawking; a heath­
cock, snite or rail.

FRANCO＇NIA, a circle of the German empire, lying between Bohe­
mia on the east, and the electorate of Mentz on the west: Its capital
is Nuremburg.

FRA＇NGIBLE [frangibile, It. frangibilis, Lat.] that may be easily
broken, fragile, brittle. Boyle uses it.

FRA＇NGIBLENESS [frangibilitas, of frangere, Lat. to break] capa­
bleness or easiness to be broken.

FRA＇NGIPANE, an exquisite kind of perfume, frequently given to
the leather wherewith gloves, &c. are made. Pere RICHELET adds,
that the name is borrowed from Frangipani, an Italian, who was the
inventor of this perfume.

FRA＇NGULA, Lat. [with botanists] the black alder-tree.

FRA＇NION, subst. a paramour, a boon companion.
A mineing minion,
Who in her looseness took exceeding joy,
Might not be found a franker franion. Spenser.

FRANK, adj. [franc, Fr. franco, It. and Sp.] 1. Free, open in
speech and dealing, sincere, not reserved. 2. Liberal, generous,
not niggardly, not pinching. Their frank hearts and their open
hands. Sprat. 3. Without conditions, without payment. It is of
frank gift. Spenser. 4. Not restrained, licentious. Might not be
found a franker franion. Spenser.

FRANK, subst. [from the adj.] 1. A place to feed hogs in, a sty;
so called from the liberality of food. Doth the old boar feed in the
old frank? Shakespeare. 2. A letter which pays no postage.

To FRANK. 1. To feed, to fatten, to cram. Junius and Ains­
worth use it. 2. To shut up in a frank or sty. Hanmer uses it.
In the sty of this most bloody boar,
My son George Stanley is frank＇d up in hold. Shakespeare.

To FRANK Letters [from the adj.] to order them to be carried
without paying the postage, to exempt them from paying postage. I
send this under his cover, or at least frank＇d by him. Swift.

FRANK Allen, or FRANK Allodum, a land tenement or demesne that
does not hold of any superior lord.

FRANK Almoin, or FRANKA＇LMOIGNE [a law term] a sort of tenure,
holding such lands or tenements, as are bestow＇d upon people, who
wholly give themselves up to the service of God, for pure and per­
petual alms; the same which we in Latin call libera eleemosyna, or
free alms in English. Whence that tenure is commonly known among
our English lawyers by the name of a tenure in frank almoin or frank­
almoigne, which, according to Britton, is a tenure by divine service.
Ayliffe.

FRANK Bank, that estate in copy-hold lands, which the wife, being
espoused a virgin, has after her husband＇s decease as a dower.

FRANK Fee [a law term] a tenure in fee-simple, which a man holds
at the common law, to him and his heirs, and not by such service as
is required in ancient demesn.

FRANK Ferme [a law term] is land or tenement, wherein the na­
ture of the fee is changed by feoffment, or grant in fee-simple, out of
knights service for certain annual services, so as to be freed from ho­
mage, worship, relief, and all other services, not contained in the
feoffment.

FRANK Chase, a liberty of free chace in a circuit, which adjoins to
a forest, by which all men, though they have land of their own within
that compass, are forbidden to cut down wood, &c. without the leave
of the forester.

FRANK Fold, is where the lord hath the benefit of folding his tenants
sheep.

FRANK Law, is the benefit of the free and common law of the
land.

FRANK Marriage, a tenure in tail special, whereby lands or tene­
ments are held to a man and his wife, and the heirs of their bodies,
on condition of doing no service to the donor, but sealty to the fourth
degree.

FRANK Pledge [franciplegium, Lat. of franc, i. e. liber, and pleige,
i. e. fidei jussor] a pledge or surety for a free-man, an ancient custom
in England for the preservation of the public peace, whereby a certain
number of neighbours were bound one for another, to see every man
of their pledge forth coming at all times, or to answer for any trans­
gression with which he should be charged. Hence every free-born
man, at fourteen years of age (religious persons, clerks, knights, and
their eldest sons, excepted) was obliged to find security for his fidelity
to the king, or else be kept in prison. This was called frankpledge,
and the circuit thereof decenna, because it commonly consisted of ten
housholds, and every particular person thus bound was called decennier.
This custom was so strictly observed, that the sheriffs in every country
did from time to time take the oaths of young ones as they grew to the
age of fourteen, and see that they combined in one dozen or other:
whereupon this branch of the sheriff＇s authority was called visus franci
plegii, or view of frankpledge. Cowel.

FRA＇NKENDAL, a city of Germany, in the Palatinate of the Rhine,
situated on the west side of the river Rhine.

FRA＇NKINCENSE [of frank and incense; so called, perhaps, from its
liberal diffusion of odour; q. d. free incense; encens, Fr. incenso, It.
incienso, Sp. emcenso, Port.] an odoriserous drug. Frankincense is a dry
resinous substance in pieces or drops, of a pale yellowish white colour,
a strong smell, but not disagreeable, and a bitter, acrid and resinous
taste. As well as the world has been acquainted with the drug itself,
we are still uncertain as to the place whence it is brought, and much
more so as to the tree which produces it. It is commended against
disorders in the head and breast, and against diarrhæas and dysenteries.
Hill.

FRA＇NKLIN, subst. [of frank] a steward, a bailiff of land. It signi­
fies originally a little gentleman, and is not improperly Englished a
gentleman servant. Them does meet a franklin fair and free. Spen­
ser.

FRA＇NKLY, adv. [of frank] 1. Freely, plainly, sincerely, without
constraint, without reserve. Voluntiers who frankly listed themselves.
Clarendon. 2. Liberally, kindly, readily. He frankly forgave them.
St. Luke.

FRAN＇KNESS [of frank] 1. Freeness, open-heartedness, sincerity.
Sincerity and frankness of behaviour. Addison. 2. Liberality, bounti­
fulness. 3. Freedom from reserve or constraint. The frankness of a
friend＇s tongue. Sidney.

FRA＇NTIC, adj. [corrupted from phrenetic, frenetique, Fr. frenetico,
It. and Sp. phreneticus, Lat. ϕρενετικος, Gr.] 1. Distracted, mad, de­
prived of understanding by violent madness. Cebels frantic rites have
made them mad. Spenser. 2. Transported by violence of passion, out­
rageous.
See, frantic with remorseless fury, there
Fierce ANGUISH stamps and rends her shaggy hair.
Table of CEBES.

FRA＇NTICLY [avec frenesie, Fr. more phrenetico, Lat.] after a fran­
tic manner, madly. Shakespeare uses it.

FRA＇NTICNESS [of frantic] frenziness, craziness, madness, fury
of passion.

FRATE＇RIA [in old records] a fraternity, brotherhood, or society
of religious persons who were mutually bound to pray for the health,
&c. of their living brethren, and also the souls of those who were
dead.

FRATE＇RNAL, adj. [fraternalis, Lat. fraternel, Fr. fraternal, It.
fraternál, Sp.] of or belonging to or like a brother, brotherly, beco­
ming a brother. Admonitions fraternal or paternal. Hammond.

FRATERNA＇LITY [fraternalitas, Lat.] brotherhood, brotherliness,
brotherly affection.

FRATE＇RNALLY, adv. [of fraternal; fraternaliter, Lat. fraternelle­
ment, Fr.] after the manner of or like a brother.

FRATE＇RNITY [fraternité, Fr. fraternità, It. lofrádia, Sp. of fra­
ternitas, Lat. ϕρατρια or ϕρητρα, Gr. which EUSTATHIUS in his com­
ment on that clause in Nestor＇s speech;
Κριν᾿ ωνδρας κατα ϕυλα, κατα ϕρητρας———
says, is the third part of TRIBE Eustath. Vol. I. p. 180. 1. A bro­
therhood, the relation of one brother to another. 2. A company of
men entered into a society, corporation, association. Alliances, so­
cieties and fraternities, and all manner of civil contracts. L＇Estrange.
3. Persons of the same class or character. With what terms of respect
will knaves and sots speak of their own fraternity. South.

FRATERNITY of Arms, an alliance or association in arms, in ancient
times concluded between two knights, who thereby agreed to go toge­
ther, share their fortune, and mutually assist each other against all the
world.

FRA＇TRAGE, the partition among brothers or coheirs, coming to
the same inheritance or succession; also that part of the inheritance that
comes to the youngest brothers.

FRA＇TRES Conjurati, Lat. [in ant. Lat.] sworn brothers or compa­
nions.

FRA＇TRICIDE, Fr. [fratricido, Sp. fratricida, It. and Lat.] the mur­
der of a brother.

FRAUD [fraus, Lat. fraude, Fr. Sp. and Port. frode, It.] deceit,
guile, subtilty, stratagem.

FRAU＇DFUL, adj. [of fraud and full] treacherous, artful, subtle.
That fraudful man. Shakespeare.

FRAU＇DFULLY, adv. [of fraudful] deceitfully, with treachery, by
stratagem.

FRAU＇DULENCE, FRAU＇DULENCY, or FRAUDULENTNESS [fraudu­
lenza, It. fraudulentia, of fraudulentus, Lat.] deceitfulness, guileful­
ness, knavishness, proneness to trick. The fraudulence of heretics.
Hooker.

FRA＇UDULENT [frauduleux, Fr. fraudolente, It. fraudulento, Sp. of
fraudulentus, Lat.] 1. Deceitful, cheating, knavish, full of artifice.
His fraudulent temptation. Milton. 2. Performed by artifice, trea­
cherous. Frustrated the conquest fraudulent. Milton.

FRA＇UDULENTLY, adv. [of fraudulent] deceitfully, knavishly.
Taylor uses it.

FRAUGHT, part. pass. [from fraight, now commonly written freight,
vefrachter, Ger.] 1. Freighted, laden, charged. A vessel of our
country richly fraught. Shakespeare. 2. Filled, stored, thronged.
The scripture is fraught even with laws of nature. Hooker.

FRAUGHT, subst. [from the part.] a freight, a cargo. Swell bosom
with thy fraught. Shakespeare.

To FRAUGHT, verb act. [for freight, by corruption] to load, to
crowd.
If after this command thou fraught the court
With thy unworthiness, thou dy＇st. Shakespeare.

FRAU＇GHTAGE [of fraught] lading, cargo. A bad word.
Our fraughtage, Sir,
I have convey＇d aboard. Shakespeare.

FRAY [affray, of effrayer, Fr. to fright; but Casaubon derives it of
ϕυγαν, Gr. to mingle] 1. A scuffle, a fight, a broil. After the bloody
fray at Wakefield fought. Shakespeare. 2. A duel, a combat. Na­
ture and death continue long their fray. Denham.








To FRAY, verb act. [effrayer, Fr.] 1. To scare away, to fright, to
terrify. Fishes are thought to be frayed with the motion caused by
noise on the water. Bacon.

To FRAY, verb neut. [frayer, Fr.] to rub, to fret as muslin, &c.

FRAY [a hunting term] a deer is said to fray her head, when she
rube it against a tree to renew it, or cause the pills of her new horns to
come off.

FRAYGHT [of fracht, Ger.] fraighted, i. e. full laden. See
FREIGHT, FRAUGHT, and FRAIGHT.

FRAXINE＇LLA, Lat. [with botanists] bastard dittany.

FREAK [fræc, Sax. fugitive, frech, Ger. rash, sawcy, petulant]
1. A caprice, a whimsey, a maggot, an idle conceit, a capricious
prank. That freak has taken possession of a fantastical head. L＇E­
strange. 2. A sudden and causeless change of place. In a freak will
instantly change her habitation. Spectator.

To FREAK, verb act. [a word I suppose Scotch, brought into Eng­
land by Thomson. Johnson] to variegate.
Sables of glossy black and dark embrown＇d,
Or beauteous freak＇d with many a mingled hue. Thomson.

FRE＇AKISH, maggotty, whimsical, &c. L＇Estrange uses it.

FRE＇AKISHLY, adv. [of freakish] cacriciously, humoursomely.

FRE＇AKISHNESS [of freakish] capriciousness, maggottiness, &c.

FREAM [with husbandmen] arable or ploughed land worn out of
heart, and laid fallow till it recovers.

To FREAM [of fremo, Lat. fremir, Fr. a hunting term] used of a
boar that makes a noise at rutting time.

FRE＇CKLE [fleck, Ger. a spot; whence fleckle, freckle. Johnson] 1.
A sort of small, hard, dusky spot, arising on the skin of the face or
hands, by the sun, and mostly in persons of the finest and fairest skins.
Dryden uses it. 2. Any small spot or discoloration. Easterly winds
now spot your tulips, therefore cover such with matts to prevent
freckles. Evelin.

FRE＇CKLED, or FRE＇CKLY, adj. [q. d. speckled] having many
small reddish spots in the skin, discoloured with small spots. The
freckled trout. Drayton.

FRED, the same with peace; upon which our fore-fathers called
their sanctuaries fred-stole, i. e. the seats of peace. So Frederic, is
powerful or wealthy in peace; Winfred, victorious peace; Reinfred,
sincere peace. Gibson.

FRE＇DERICA, a town of Georgia, in North America, on the island
of St. Simons, in the mouth of the river Alatamaha.

FRE＇DERICSHALL, a strong town of Norway, in the province of
Agerhuys, situated on the frontiers of Sweden, 30 miles north-west of
Frederickstat.

FRE＇DERICKSODE, a town of Jutland in the province of Reypen, si­
tuated on the little Belt in the Baltic sea, 20 miles west of Odensee.

FRE＇DRERICKSTADT, a town of Sleswick, on the south of Jutland,
situated on the river Eyder, near the German ocean, 31 miles west of
Sleswick.

FRE＇DERICKSTAT, a town of Norway, in the principality of Ager­
huys, situated on a bay of the sea, called the Schaggerrack, near the
frontiers of Sweden.

FREE, adj. [freah, freo, or frygt, Sax. vry, Du. froy, Ger. fry,
Dan. and Su. frigar, or frise, Goth.] 1. Not in bondage or servitude,
at liberty, not in prison, not dependant. A free nation. Temple. 2.
Uncompelled, unrestrained. It was free and in my choice. South. 3.
Not bound by fate, not necessitated.
Not free, what proof could they have giv＇n sincere
Of true allegiance. Milton.
4. Permitted, allowed. Leaves free to all. Milton. 5. Licentious,
unrestrained. The critics have been very free in their censures. Fel­
ton. 6. Open, ingenuous, sincere, not reserved. Free of speech.
Shakespeare. 7. Acquainted, conversing without reserve. Very free
at a great feast. Hakewell. 8. Liberal, bountiful, not parsimonious
or niggardly. Too free of these in his latter works. Pope. 9. Frank,
not gained by importunity, not purchased. His noble free offers. Ba­
con. 10. Clear from distress. Leaving free things and happy shows
behind. Shakespeare. 11. Guiltless, innocent. Make mad the guilty,
and appall the free. Shakespeare. 12. Exempt. The will, free from
the determination of such desires. Locke. 13. Invested with privileges
or franchises, possessing a thing without vastalage. Art thou of Bed­
lam＇s noble college free? Dryden. 14. Being without expence, con­
stituted by charity; as, a free-school. 15. Exempt, privileged, frank,
open, liberal.

To FREE, verb act. [from the adj. verreyen, Ger. frian, Sax.
vryen, Du.] 1. To set or make free, to deliver from slavery or capti­
vity, to loose. He recover＇d the temple, freed the city. 2 Maccabees.
2. To rid from, to clear from any thing ill. To be freed of these in­
conveniencies. Clarendon. 3. To clear from obstructions. The fu­
rious lover freed his way. Dryden. 4. To banish, to rid. Free from
our feasts and banquets bloody knives. Shakespeare. 5. To exempt.
He that is dead is freed from sin. Romans. 6. To unlock, to open.
This master key frees every lock, and leads us to his person. Dryden.

To FREE [a sea term] when a ship＇s pump throws out more water
than she leaks into her, it is said to free her.

To FREE [a boat] is to bale or lade out the water.

FREE-Bench, is that estate in copy-hold lands, which the wife hath
after the death of her husband, for her dower, according to the custom
of the manor: different manors have different customs, as in the
manors of East and West Embourn, in the county of Berks, if a cu­
stomary tenant die, his wife shall have for her free bench all his copy­
hold lands, dum sola & casta fuerit; but if she commit incontinency, she
forfeits her estate: but if she will come into court riding backwards on
a black ram, with his tail in her hand, and say the following words,
the steward is bound by the custom to restore her to her free-bench.
Here I am,
Riding upon a black ram,
Like a whore as I am;
And for my crincum crancum,
Have lost my bincum bancum,
And for my tail＇s game,
Have done this worldly shame;
Therefore I pray you Mr. Steward,
Let me have my land again.

FREE-Booter. 1. A Soldier who makes inroads into an enemy＇s
country to drive away cattle. 2. A pirate or sea-rover. 3. A soldier
who serves for plunder without pay, a plunderer, robber or pillager.
His forces consisted mostly of base people and free-booters. Bacon.

FREEBOO＇TING, subst. the act of pislaging, plunder, robbery. When
he goeth abroad in the night on freebooting. Spenser.

FREE＇BORN, adj. [of free and born] inheriting liberty, not a slave.
Like a freeborn subject. Dryden.

FREE-BORN, subst. [of freah-beorne, Sax. fryboren, Su.] a person
born in freedom, with a right to privileges and immunities.

FREE Bord, a certain quantity of ground, beyond or without the
sence; as, of two foot and a half, which is claimed in some places.

FREE Chapel, one that is of the king＇s foundation, exempted or
freed from the jurisdiction of the ordinary; or a chapel founded within
a parish, over and above the mother church, to which it was free for
all the perishioners to come.

FREE-COST, subst. [of free and cost] freedom from expence or charges,
Being kind upon free-cost. South.

FREED-MA＇N, a slave manumitted, whom the Romans called liber­
tus. Dryden uses it.

FREE＇DOM [freadom, or freodome, Sax.] 1. Liberty, exemp­
tion from servitude, captivity, or confinement; independence. Their
liberty and natural freedom. Spenser. 2. Ease or facility in doing or
showing any thing. 3. Privileges, franchises, immunities. Your
city＇s freedom. Shakespeare. 4. Exemption from fate or necessity.
A higher and perfecter degree of freedom about that act. South. 5.
Unrestraint. Days of immunity and freedom for the Jews. Maccabees.
6. The state of being without any particular evil or inconvenience.
FREEDOM is an inestimable jewel.
Or,
No man loves fetters tho＇ they are of gold.
Lat. Dico tibi verum, libertas optima rerum. Nunquam servili sub nictu
vivito fili.
We, who live in the land of liberty, hardly know or are sensible of
our happy state. They, who have travelled and seen in what slavery
and servile subjection the vulgar of others (some reckoned the most
polite nations) live, under the despotic government of their princes,
and the pride and insolence of their ministers and officers, can best
judge of the difference.

FREEDOM of the Will, a state or faculty of the mind, wherein we
are enabled to determine on this or that; to do good or evil without
any force or constraint from any foreign cause whatsoever.

FREEDOM of Contradiction [with schoolmen] is that whereby we are
at our choice to will or nill; to love or not love, &c.

FREEDOM of Contrariety [with schoolmen] is that whereby we are
at our own choice to do good or evil; to be virtuous or vicious, to take
a horse or a lion.

FREEDOM of a City, &c. a right of exercising a trade or employ­
ment, &c. in a city or town corporate, and being elected to the
dignities and offices of it.

FREE＇DSTOLL, or FRI＇DSTOLL [of frith, peace, and rtole, Sax.
a seat] a stone chair in a church, near the altar, granted by king
Athelstan to John de Beverly, archbishop of York, to which offenders
used to fly for sanctuary.

FREE-FOO＇TED [of free and foot] not restrained in the marching.
Shakespeare uses it.

FREE-HEA＇RTED [of free and heart] liberal, unrestrained. Davies
uses it.

FREE-HO＇LD [of freah and healdan, Sax.] a free estate.

FREE-HOLD in Deed [in law] the actual possession of or right a man
has to hold lands or tenements, in fee, fee-tail, or for life, and that
before his entry or seizure. Freehold is sometimes taken in opposition
to villenage. Land, in the time of the Saxons, was called either
bockland, that is, holden by book or writing, which was by better
conditions and by the better sort of tenants, as noblemen or gentle­
men; or foleland, that is, holden without writing. This was com­
monly in the possession of clowns, being that which we now call, at
the will of the lord. Cowel.

FREE-HO＇LDER [of freehold] one who has a freehold.

FREE＇LY, adv. [freolice, Sax.] 1. At liberty, without vassalage.
slavery, or dependence. 2. Without restraint, lavishly. You would
drink freely. Shakespeare. 3. Without scruple or reserve. Censure
freely. Pope. 4. Without impediment. 5. With freedom and ease.
To eat acorns with swine, when we may freely eat wheatbread. As­
cham. 6. Without necessity or predetermination. They who com­
ply with his grace, comply with it freely. Rogers. 7. Frankly, libe­
rally. Nature freely and indifferently opens the bosom of the universe
to all. South. 8. Spontaneously, of its own accord.

FREE＇MAN [frea-man, Sax.] 1. One intitled to particular privi­
leges and immunities. Both having been made freemen on the same
day. Addison. 2. One free from servitude, neither a vassal nor slave.
Madmen and fools are only the freemen. Locke.

FREE-MI＇NDED [of free and mind] unconstrained, being without
load of care. To be free-minded and cheerfully disposed. Bacon.

FREE＇NESS [frehnesse, Sax.] 1. State or quality of being free.
2. Generosity, liberality. Freeness of giving. Sprat. 3. Openness,
unreservedness, sincerity, candour. The freeness of the confession.
Dryden.

FREE-SCHOO＇L, subst. [of free and school] a school in which learn­
ing is given, without pay or fees. There should be one free-school at
least erected in every diocese. Davies.

FREE-SPO＇KEN, adj. [of free and spoken] accustomed to speak with­
out reserve. A free-spoken senator. Bacon.

FREE＇-STONE, a sort of stone used in building, and dug up in many
parts of England. Free-stone is so named from its being of such a
constitution as to be wrought and cut freely in any direction. Wood­
ward.

FREE-THI＇NKER [of free and think] a libertine, one that contemns
religion, particularly the revealed doctrines of Christianity. Atheist
is an old-fashioned word; I am a free-thinker. Addison.

FREE Warren, the power of granting or denying licence to any to
hunt or chace in any such lands.








FREEWI＇LL [of free and will] 1. The power of directing our
own actions without comstraint, by necessity or fate. We have a
power to suspend this or that desire: this seems to me the source of
all liberty: in this seems to consist that which is improperly called
freewill. Locke. 2. Voluntariness, spontaneity. Minded of their
own freewill to go up. Ezra.

FREE-WO＇MAN [of free and woman] a woman not enslaved, not a
bond-woman.

To FREEZE, irr. verb neut. pret. froze [frysan, Sax. frysa, Su.
vriesen, Du.] 1. To be congealed with cold. 2. To be of that de­
gree of cold by which water is congealed. Thou art all ice, thy
kindness freezes. Shakespeare.

To FREEZE, verb act. part. pass. froze. 1. To congeal with cold.
2. To kill by cold. Frozen to death. Shakespeare. 3. To chill by
the loss of power or motion. What he touch＇d he froze. Dryden.

FREEZE [so called probably because first made by the Frisons, or in
Friezland] a sort of coarse woollen cloth. See FRIEZE.

FREEZE [with gunners] the same as the muzzle-ring of a can­
non.

FREEZE [frise, Fr. freggio, It. in architecture] is that part of the
entablature of columns between the architrave and corniche. This is
generally written FRIEZE, which see.

Tuscan FREEZE; Vitruvius makes it flat and plain, the highest 30
minutes, the lesser 35; Scammozzi makes it plain, and 42, and Pal­
ladio, convex or swelling, and in height but 26 minutes.

Doric FREEZE; both Vitruvius and Vignola make this freeze flat,
only carved with triglyphs and metopes, and the height of it 30 or
45 minutes, and Scammozzi and Palladio 45 minutes.

Ionic FREEZE; Vitruvius makes this freeze flat, but commonly carv­
ed with acanthus leaves, lions, men, &c. and in height 30 minutes,
Vignola 45, Scammozzi 28, and Palladio convex or swelling, but 27
minutes.

Corinthian FREEZE; Vitruvius makes this like the Ionic, and in
height 50 minutes 2 thirds; Vignoli the same, but 45 minutes; Scam­
mozzi and Palladio the same, but the former 31 and 3 fourths, and the
latter 28 minutes in height.

Composit FREEZE; Vitruvius makes this freeze flat, but beset with
cartouses, and carved between every cartouse, and in height 42 mi­
nutes and a half; Vignola the same, but 45 minutes; Scammozzi
but 32 minutes; Palladio, convex or swelling, but in height 32 mi­
nutes.

Convex FREEZE, or Pulvinated FREEZE, are those whose profile is a
curve.

Flourished FREEZE, is one inriched with rings of imaginary fo­
liages.

Historical FREEZE, is one adorned with bass relievos, representing
histories, sacrifices, &c.

Marine FREEZE, one representing sea-horses, tritons, and other
things pertaining to the sea; as shells of fishes, baths, grottos, &c.

Rustic FREEZE, is one whose courses are rusticated or imbossed.

Symbolical FREEZE, one adorned with things pertaining to religion,
as the apparatus of sacrifices, &c.

FREEZE [with Vintners] a small cyder, with which wine-coopers
lower their wines.

FREE＇ZING [in physiology] congelation, the fixing of a fluid;
or the depriving it of its natural mobility, by the action of cold; or
the act of converting a fluid substance into a firm, coherent, rigid one,
called ice.

FREEZING Mixture [in chemistry] a composition of ingredients, or
some simple ones which mixed with other bodies will cause them to
congeal into ice.

FREE＇ZLAND Horse, the same as chevaux de friez.

To FREIGHT, verb act. pret. freighted, part. fraught which being
now used as an adjective, freighted is adopted [fretter, Fr.] 1. To load
a ship or vessel of carriage with goods for transportation. Who freights
a ship to venture on the seas. Dryden. 2. To load, as the burthen
or freight of a vessel. The freighting souls within her. Shake­
speare.

FREIGHT, subst. 1. Any thing with which a ship is laden. Re­
ceives the mighty freight. Dryden. 2. The money due for transpor­
tation of goods.

FRE＇IGHTER [fretteur, Fr.] he who freights or loads a vessel.

FREN, subst. a worthless woman. [An old word wholly forgotten.
Johnson] By the opposition it would seem to be a soe. So now his
friend is changed for a fren. Spenser.

FRENCH [François, Fr.] of or belonging to the French nation.

FRENCH Chalk, subst. French chalk is an indurated clay, extremely
dense, of a smooth glossy substance, and soft and unxious to the touch,
of a greyish white colour, variegated with a dusky green. Hill.

FRENCH Marigold, the name of a plant.

To FRE＇NCHIFY, verb act. to infect with the manner of France,
to make a coxcomb. It would seem as if generally used participally.
They misliked nothing more in king Edward the Confessor, than that
he was frenchified. Camden.

FRE＇NCHIFIED, addicted to the French fashions, customs or in­
terest.

FRE＇NDENT [frendens, Lat.] gnashing the teeth.

FRE＇NDLESS Man [with the English Saxons] an outlawed man.

FRE＇NETIC, adj. [frenetique, Fr. ϕρενητικος, Gr. generally therefore
written phrenetic] mad, distracted. Frenetic malady. Daniel.

FRE＇NSY, or FRENZY [phrenitis, Lat. of ϕρενιτις, Gr. frenesie, Fr.
frenesia, It. frenesi, Sp. frenezia, Port. whence phrenetisy, phrenetesgue,
phrenzy, or frenzy] madness, distraction of mind, any violent passion
approaching to madness. Towering frenzy and distraction. Ad­
dison.

FRE＇QUENCE [frequentia, Lat.] crowd, concourse.
The frequence of degree,
From high to low throughout. Shakespeare.

FRE＇QUENCY, or FRE＇QUENTNESS [frequentia, Lat.] 1. The con­
dition of being often seen or done, usualness, commonness of occur­
rence. Its force and influence would be lost by the frequency of it.
Atterbury. 2. Concourse, full assembly.
Who,
Of such a frequency, so many friends
And kindred thou hast here, saluted thee? B. Johnson.

FRE＇QUENT [frequens, Lat. frequente, It. Sp. and Port.] 1. Often
done or seen, often happening, ordinary, common. Frequent funerals.
Dryden. 2. Habituated or often used to practise any thing. He has
been loud and frequent in declaring himself. Swift. 3. Full of con­
course, thronged, crowded. Frequent and full. Milton.

To FREQUE＇NT [frequento, Lat. frequenter, Fr. frequentar, Sp.] to
go often to a place, to visit often, to be much in a place. The apo­
stles frequented them. Hooker.

FRE＇QUENTABLE [of frequent] conversable, accessible; a word not
now used, but not inelegant. Johnson.

FREQUE＇NTITIVE, adj. [frequentatif, Fr. frequentativus, Lat.] a
term applied by grammarians to such verbs as denote the repetition or
often doing of an action.

FREQUE＇NTOR [of frequent] one who often resorts to a place.

FRE＇QUENTLY, adv. [of frequent] often, common.

FRE＇SCA [in old records] fresh water, rain; also a land flood.

FRESCA＇DES, It. cool walks, shady, retiring places.

FRE＇SCO, It. 1. Fresh, cool, shade, duskiness like that of the
morning or evening; to drink in fresco, to drink in the cool
shade, or to drink cool liquors; to walk in fresco, to walk in the
cool.
Hellish sprites,
Love more the fresco of the nights. Prior.
2. A picture not drawn in glaring light, but in dusk; as, to paint in
fresco, to paint upon green walls, that the colours may the better
sink in.

Ridotto al FRESCO [an assembly in the cool] a pretty contrivance
lately put in practice to cool inordinate heat, and vice versa.

FRESCO, a way of painting or plaistering (or rather both) upon
walls, to endure the weather, and representing birds, beasts, herbs,
fruit, &c. in relief. It is done with a compost of the powder of old
rubbish stones, mixt with burnt flint (or lime) and water, with which
the wall is plaistered a good thickness, and painted with colours
ground with lime-water, milk, or whey, and laid on the plaister while
it is wet, by which means they incorporate with the plaister so as ne­
ver to wash out.
This was the ancient Grecian way of painting, and afterwards used
by the Romans; there have been several whole towns of this work in
Germany, and excellently well done, but now they are ruined by the
wars.
There are three chambers in the pope＇s palace at Rome, done in
fresco, by Raphael Urbin and Julio Romano, and likewise a most ex­
cellent fresco work at Fontainbleau in France, which was the work of
Bollameo, Martin Rouse, a Florentine, and others, containing the
continued travels of Ulysses, in sixty pieces. A fading fresco here de­
mands a sigh. Pope.

FRESH [fresc, Sax. frisch and verlch, Du. frisch, Ger. fersk, Dan.
frisk, Su. frais, fraiche, Fr. fresco, It. Sp. and Port.] 1. New, not
stale; sweet, not stinking. 2. Not salt. A very great way within
the sea, men may take up fresh water. Abbot. 3. Cool, not heated,
not vapid with heat. Water from the freshest spring. Prior. 4.
New, not impaired by time. A fresher date. Dryden. 5. In a state
like that of recentness. Still keep fresh like flowers in water. Denham.
6. Recent, newly come. Fresh from life a new admitted guest. Dry­
den. 7. Repaired from any loss or diminution. Springs up to life,
and fresh to second pain. Dryden. 8. Florid, vigorous, cheerful,
unimpaired. A pope of fresh years. Bacon. 9. Healthy in coun­
tenance, ruddy. Fresh coloured young gentlemen. Addison. 10.
Brisk, vigorous, strong. A fresh gale of wind. Holder. 11. Fasting.
opposed to eating or drinking, particularly the latter; a provincial low
word.

FRESH Disseisin [law term] that disseisin that a man may seek
to defeat of his own power, without the help of the king or the
judges.

FRESH Fine [law term] that which was levied within a year
past.

FRESH Force [in law] a force done within forty days.

FRESH Gale [sea term] is when the wind blows pretty strongly im­
mediately after a calm.

FRESH Man, a novice or young student in an university, college,
&c. a colloquial phrase.

FRESH Shot [with mariners] the falling of a large river into the
sea, so that it will make the water fresh for a mile or two at the
mouth of the river.

FRESH the Hawse [sea phrase] or veer out more Cable, is when
part of a cable that lies in the hawse, is fretted or chased, and it is
required that more cable be veered out, that so another part of it may
rest in the hawse.

FRESH Spell [sea term] a fresh gang to relieve the rowers in the
long boat.

FRESH Suit, such a following of an offender as never ceases from
the time of the offence committed or discovered, till he be apprehend­
ed or seized.

FRESH Suit within the View, impowers the officers who pur­
sue trespassers in the forest, to seize them even without the bounds
of it.

FRESH Water Soldier, a raw and unexperienced one; a cant
term.

FRESH, subst. water not salt.
Shall drink nought but brine, for I＇ll not shew him
Where the quick freshes are. Shakespeare.

To FRE＇SHEN, verb act. [of fresh, En. rendre frais, Fr.] to make
fresh that which has been salted; or that which is grown faint or
discoloured. Large effusions o＇er the freshen＇d word. Thomson.

To FRESHEN, verb neut. to grow fresh. A freshening breeze.
Pope.

FRE＇SHET, subst. [of fresh] a pool of fresh water. Freshet or purl­
ing brook. Milton.

FRE＇SHLY, adv. [of fresh] 1. Coolly. 2. Newly, in the former
state renewed. Seeds which for a while lie unseen and buried in the
earth, but afterwards freshly spring up again. Hooker. 3. With a
healthy, ruddy look. Looks he as freshly as he did? Shake­
speare.








FRE＇SHNESS [of fresh] 1. Newness, vigour, spirit; opposed to va­
pidness. The freshness and sweetness of their odour. Bacon. 2. State
of not being salted, the state of being refreshed from tiredness, new­
ness of strength, freedom from fatigue. Freshness of men. Hayward.
4. Freedom from diminution by time, not staleness. The constant
freshness of it is such a pleasure as can never cloy. South. 5. Cool­
ness of air. There are some rooms in Italy and Spain for freshness,
and gathering the winds and air in the heats of summer. Bacon. 6.
Ruddiness, colour of health and complexion. Her cheeks, their
freshness lose. Granville.

FRE＇SHWATER [a compound word of fresh and water, used as an
adj.] raw, unexperienced, unskilled. A low term borrowed from
sailors, who stigmatize those who come first to sea as freshwater-men,
or novices. The nobility as freshwater soldiers, who had never seen
but some light skirmishes. Knolles.

FRET, subst. [of this word the etymology is very doubtful. Some
derive it from fretan, to eat, others from fretran, Sax. to adorn;
some from ϕριττω, Gr. Skinner: more probably from fremo or the
French. fretiller. Perhaps it comes immediately from the Lat. fre­
tum. Johnson] 1. A frith or streight of the sea, where the water, by
confinement, is always rough. Euripus generally signifieth any strait,
fret, or channel of the sea running between two shores. Brown. 2.
Any agitation of liquids by fermentation, consinement, or other cause
in general. It runs along upon the fret. Addison. 3. That stop of
the musical instrument, which causes or regulates the vibrations of the
strings. All the strings and frets of a lute. Grew. 4. Work rising
in relievo or protuberance. Curious fretworks of rocks and grottos.
Spectator. 5. Agitation of the mind, violent commotion of the mind,
sume or heat, passion. Yet then did Dennis rave in furious fret.
Pope.

To FRET, verb act. [of frettan, Sax. freton, Goth. freeten, L.
Ger. fressen, H. Ger. part. pass. sometimes fret, or, according to
Meric. Casaubon, of ϕριττω, or ϕρυαιτω, Gr.] 1. To rub against any
thing, to put into a violent agitation or motion.
To make a noise,
When they are fretted with the noise of heaven. Shakespeare.
2. To wear away by attrition. Grate and fret the object metal.
Newton. 3. To hurt by attrition.
They that over-ween,
And at thy growing virtues fret their spleen. Milton.
4. To gnaw, corrode, or eat away. It is fret inward. Leviticus.
5. To form into raised work. The roof was fretted gold. Milton.
6. To be chafed in mind, to variegate, to diversify.
Yon grey lines
That fret the clouds, are messengers of day. Shakespeare.
7. To make angry, to chase, to vex. Thou hast fretted me in all
these things. Ezekiel.

To FRET, verb neut. 1. To be in commotion, to be agitated. Dia­
bolical rancor that frets and ferments in some hellish breasts. South.
2. To be corroded or worn away. Sal armoniac will fret away, and
the gold remain behind. Peacham. 3. To make way by attrition.
Many wheals arose, and fretted one into another with great excoria­
tion. Wiseman. 4. To be angry, to be peevish, to vex himself. We
are in a fretting mind at the church of Rome. Hooker.

FRET, or FRETTE＇ [in architect] is a knot or ornament that con­
sists of two lists, or small fillets, variously interlaced or interwoven,
and running at parallel distances equal to their breadth, every turn of
which and intersection must be at right angles, they were used by
the ancients on flat members, as the faces of the corona or eaves of
cornices, under the roofs, fossits, &c.

FRET, or FRETTE [in heraldry] is supposed by some to be called
so, because its pieces seem to fret one another by their alternate su­
perposition. Some are of opinion it represents a true lover＇s knot.

FRE＇TFUL [fretful, Sax.] peevish, angry, in a state of vexation.
Extremely fretful and peevish, never well at rest. Harvey.

FRE＇TFULLY, adv. [of fretful] peevishly, in a fretful manner.

FRE＇TFULNESS [of fretful] peevishness, angry passion; as being in
pain.

FRETS [with miners] openings made in the banks of rivers by
land-floods.

FRE＇TTY, adj. [of fret] adorned with raised work.

FRE＇TWORK [so called of fretter, Fr.] it signified the timber-work
of a roof; also frets or raised work used to fill up and inrich flat,
empty spaces, principally used in roofs which are fretted over with
plaister work.

FRIABI＇LITY, the same with friableness.

FRI＇ABLE, Fr. [of friabilis, Lat.] that may be crumbled or rubbed
into small particles, easily reduced to powder. Bacon uses it.
And in a metaphorical use of the word, it signifies what easily gives
way, or yields to a dissolution; e. g. a certain physician, speaking of
the LIVER when inflamed, says, “It is a very friable viscus, and
“soon comes to a suppuration”. See INFLAMMATION, and Con­
tinual FEVER; and under the last word, read [LAXER] instead of
[latter.]

FRI＇ABLENES, or FRIABI＇LITY [friabilitas, Lat.] brittleness, aptness
to crumble into small particles, capability of being reduced to powder.
Hardness, friability and power to draw iron, are qualities to be found
in a loadstone. Locke.
Friability is supposed to arise from this, that friable bodies con­
sist wholly of dry parts, irregularly combined, and which are readily
separated, as having nothing glutinous, &c. to bind them together.

FRI＇AR [a corruption of frere, Fr.] a religious, a brother of some
regular order. See FRIER.

FRI＇ARLIKE, adj. [of friar and like] monastic, one unskilled in
the world. Their friarlike general. Knolles.

FRI＇ARLY, adj. being like a friar, or man unconversant in life.
Have no abstract or friarly contempt of riches. Bacon.

FRI＇ARSCOWL [of friar and cowl] a plant. It agrees with the
dragon and arum, from both which it differs only in having a flower
resembling a cowl.

FRI＇ARY, adj. [of friar] like a friar. A friary cowl. Camden.

FRI＇ARY, subst. [of friar] a monastry, or convent of friars.

FRIA＇TION [friatio, Lat.] the act of crumbling.

To FRI＇BBLE, verb neut. to trifle.
Tho＇ cheats, yet more intelligible
Than those that with the stars do fribble. Hudibras.

FRI＇BBLER [of fribble] a trifler. A fribbler is one who professes
rapture for the women, and dreads her consent. Spectator.

FRI＇BBLING, captious, impertinent, trifling; as, a fribbling question.

FRI＇BURGH, or FRI＇THBURGH [of frth, peace, and borge, Sax.
a surety] a surety for the peace and good behaviour of another.

FRIBURG, the capital of a canton of the same name in Switzerland,
situated 18 miles south west of Beru.

FRIBURG, a city of Swabia in Germany, 28 miles south of
Strasburg.

FRICA＇NDOES [in cookery] a sort of Scotch-scollops, larded, far­
ced, and stewed.

FRICASSE＇E, or FRICASEY＇, subst. Fr. [In cookery] a dish of meat,
as rabbets, chickens, &c. cut small, and dressed with strong sauce.
Stinking cheese and fricasy of frogs. King.

FRI＇CATION, the act of rubbing, chasing, or grating the surface of
one body against that of another. Gentle frication draweth forth the
nourishment. Bacon.

FRICE＇NTO, a town and bishop＇s see of Italy, 43 miles east of
Naples.

FRI＇CTION, Fr. [frictio, of frico, Lat. to rub; in mechanics] 1.
The act of rubbing two bodies together. Newton uses it. 2. The
resistance that a moving body meets withal from the surface whereon
it moves. 3. Medical rubbing with the fleshbresh, or with cloaths.
Bacon uses it.

FRICTION [with physicians] act of rubbing or chasing any part of
the body, either dry, with the hand, or linen-cloths; or moist, with
oils, ointments, waters, &c.

FRI＇DAY [Frigar-dæg, Sax. Urydaegh, Du. freytag, Ger.] the
sixth day of the week; so called of Freya or Friga, a Saxon deity.
See FRIGO.

Good FRIDAY, the Friday next before Easter.

FRI＇DBURG, the name of three places in Germany; one an impe­
rial city of Bavaria, and the other two towns in the circle of Upper
Saxony.

FRI＇DEGAST, a certain idol of the ancient Britons.

FRI＇DSTOLL, or FRI＇THSTOW [ftith, frow, of frith, peace, and
stow, Sax. a place] a seat, chair, or place of peace.

FRIEND [freond, Sax. vriendt, Du. fraend, L. Ger. freind, H.
Ger. friendt, Dan. and Su. friunt, Teut. frigen, Goth. This word,
with its derivatives, is pronounced as if written frend, frendly, &c.
the i being totally neglected] 1. A familiar or kind person, one join­
ed to another in mutual benevolence and intimacy; opposed to foe or
enemy. Some man is a friend for his own occasion. Ecclestasticus.
2. One without hostile intention.
Who comes so fast in silence of the night?
——A friend. Shakespeare.
3. One reconciled to another. This is put, by the custom of the
language, somewhat irregularly in the plural. He＇s friends with Cæ­
sar. Shakespeare. 4. An attendant, a company.
Ascends
His royal feat, surrounded by his friends. Dryden.
5. One propitious, one that favours. A friend to poetry. Peacham.
6. A familiar compellation to a person in general. Friend, how
camest thou in hither. St. Matthew.
Tell thy FRIEND the secret, and he＇ll lay his foot on thy throat.
Dio tuo amigo tuo secreto, glitenerte ha el piè on el pescue. Vid. Too
much familiarity breeds contempt.
A FRIEND in need is a FRIEND indeed.
Lat. Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. Fr. On connoit l＇ami en be­
soin. The Ger.
Einen guten freund crkenner man in der noht.
It is good however, according to another proverb,
To prove our FRIENDS before we have need,
Lest in time of necessity we find we have lean＇d on a broken reed:
for, as another saying has it,
All are not FRIENDS who speak us fair.
But on the contrary,
He is my FRIEND who grindeth at my mill.
Or that shews me real kindness.
Be a FRIEND to thy self, and others will befriend thee.
Take care by industry and frugality to make thy own circumstances
easy, and so not to want friends, and then thou wilt have friends
enough. Whereas, on the contrary: Infelicibus nulli sunt cognati, nec
amici. The unhappy have neither friends nor relations.
Be a FRIEND to one, and an enemy to none.
Sp. Amigo de uno, enemígo de ningúno.
That is, have one intimate bosom friend, but carry it fair and can­
didly to the whole world.
Never trust much to a new FRIEND, or an old enemy.
Very wholesome and always seasonable advice; for it is hard to
know how far the first is to be depended on, or the second may have
stifled his enmity.
Lat. Subita amicitia raro sine pænitentia colitur. The Sp. say, De
amigo reconciliádo guândate del cómo del diablo. Be as wary of a re­
concil＇d friend, as you would be of the devil.
A FRIEND in the may is better than a penny in the purse.
The Sp. say: Aqúellos son ricos que tiénen amigos. (They are rich
who have friends.) Friends do indeed sometimes supply the place of
riches; but it is to be feared, riches oftener supply the place of friends,
or procure them.

To FRIEND, verb act. [from the noun] to favour, to befriend, to
support. For the fault＇s love is the offender friended. Shakespeare.

FRIE＇NDLESS [freondleas, Sax.] 1. Having no friends, wanting
support or countenance, destitute. The friendless person. South. 2.
Friendless man. The Saxon word for him whom we call an outlaw,
because he was, upon his exclusion from the king＇s peace and pro­
tection, denied all help of friends.

FRIE＇NDLINESS [freondlienesse, Sax.] 1. Friendly or kind be­
haviour, exertion of benevolence. Charity, friendliness, and neigh­
bourhood. Taylor. 2. A disposition to friendship. Such a liking
and friendliness as hath brought forth the effects. Sidney.








FRIE＇NDLY, adj. [of friend] 1. Having the temper of a friend, be­
nevolent, favourable, friendlike, kind. Desiring them to be friendly
unto them. 2 Maccabees. 2. Disposed to union. Like friendly co­
lours. Pope. 3. Salutary, homogeneal. To life so friendly, or so
cool to thirst. Milton.

FRIENDLY, adv. [from the adj.] in the manner of a friend, with
the appearance of friendship. Let＇s drink together friendly and em­
brace. Shakespeare.

FRIE＇NDSHIP [of freond, Sax. and ship, Eng. vriendcschip, Du.
fruendschap, L. Ger. fruendschast, H. Ger. frendefchaft, Dan. and Su.]
1. The quality or state of minds united in mutual benevolence. There
is little friendship in the world. 2. Kindness of a friend, personal fa­
vour. Only preferred by friendship, and not chosen by sufficiency.
Spenser. 3. Highest degree of intimacy. His friendship＇s still to few
confin＇d. Swift. 4. Assistance, help.
Hard by here is a hovel,
Some friendship will it lend you ＇gainst the tempest. Shakespeare.
5. Conformity, affinity, correspondence, aptness to unite. Colours
which have a friendship with each other, and those which are incompa­
tible. Dryden.

FRI＇ER [father, Lat. frere. Fr.] a brother of a religious society, a
monk, &c. See FRIAR, and its derivatives.

FRIER [with printers] a page or sheet so ill wrought off at the
press, that it can scarce be read.

FRI＇ERS [fratres, Lat. freres, Fr. i. e. brethren] monks, or reli­
gious persons, of which there are four principal orders. 1. The Friers
Minors, or Franciscans, or Grey Friers. 2. The Augustins. 3. The
Dominicans, or Black Friers. 4. The Carmelites, or White Friers.

FRIERS, the several places of the city of London that are called by
the name of Friers, as White-Friers, &c. took their name originally
from houses or cloisters of friers there formerly situate.

FRI＇ERY, or FRI＇ARY [confraire, Fr.] a society of friers; also their
cloister or habitation.

FRIEZE, or FRIZE. See FREEZE, in architecture. The former is
the more usual spelling.

FRIE＇ZED, adj. [of frieze] shagged or napped with frieze.

FRIE＇ZELIKE, adj. [of frieze and like] resembling a frieze. A lit­
tle friezelike tower. Addison.

FRIE＇SLAND, one of the most northern provinces of the United Ne­
therlands, bounded by the German ocean on the north, by Groningen
and Overyssel on the east, by the Zuider-see and Overyssel on the
south, and by the same ocean on the west; its chief town is Lewar­
den.

East-FRIE＇SLAND, a province of Westphalia in Germany, being the
north-west part of Germany, bordering on Groningen.

FRI＇GA [friga, Sax.] a goddess of the ancient Britons, Saxons,
Germans, &c. whom they adored to obtain plenty and earthly bles­
sings and prosperity in their affairs. The idol represented both sexes,
as well man as woman, and as a hermophrodite is said to have both
the members of a man and the members of a woman. A certain au­
thor writes, that she stood on the right hand of the great god Thera­
mis, or Thor, sitting or lying in a great hall, and Woden, the god of
war, on the left. She was pictured with a sword in one hand, and a
bow in the other, to intimate that women as well as men should, in
time of need, be ready to fight. She was reputed the giver of peace
and plenty, and also the causer of love and amity. From this goddess
our Friday is supposed to have taken its name.

FRI＇GAT [fregate, Fr. fregata, It. fragata, Sp.] 1. A sort of ship,
a small man of war, built somewhat lower and longer than others
for swift sailing, and having no more than two decks. King＇s ships
under fifty guns are generally termed frigats. Johnson. Embez­
zled in certain frigats. Raleigh. 2. Any small vessel on the water.
Behold the water work and play
About her little frigat, therein making way. Spenser.

FRIGATOO＇N, a Venetian vessel, built with a square stern, without
any foremast, having only a main-mast, a mizzen-mast, and bow­
sprit, used in the Adriatic sea.

FRIGEFA＇CTION [of frigus and facio, Lat.] the act of making
cold.

FRI＇GEFIED [frigefactus, Lat.] make cold.

FRI＇GERATORY, subst. [frigeratorium, Lat.] a place either to make
or keep things cool in.

To FRIGHT, or To FRI＇GHTEN, verb act. [frihtan, Sax. fricter,
Dan. vorchenn or vruchten, Du. fürchten, Ger. furhten, Teut. faurhtan,
Goth.] to put into a fright, to terrify, to daunt.

FRIGHT [frict, Dan. friht, Sax. forhto, Teut. faurhta, Goth.
vorcht, Du. furcht, Ger.] sudden scar or terror.

FRI＇GHTFUL [frihtful, Sax.] 1. Causing fright or terror, dread­
ful. 2. Apt to be put into a fright. 3. A cant word among women,
for any thing unpleasing.

FRI＇GHTFULLY, adv. [of frightful] horridly, terribly, disagree­
ably, unpleasantly, not beautifully.
Betty, pray
Don＇t I look frightfully to day. Swift.

FRI＇GHTFULNESS [frihtfulnesse, Sax.] 1. Aptness to be affrighted.
2. Terribleness of aspect, the power of causing or impressing dread.

FRI＇GID, adj. [frigidas, Lat. frigido, It.] 1. Cold, having no
warmth. In this sense it is seldom used but in the sciences, The fri­
gid zones. Cheyne. 2. Impotent, being without warmth of body.
3. Being without warmth of affection. 4. Dull, being without fire
or life of fancy. Frigid rhimes. Swift.

FRIGID Stile, is a low, jejune manner of diction, wanting force,
warmth of imagination, figures of speech, &c.

FRIGI＇DITY, or FRI＇GIDNESS [frigilidas, Lat. of frigid] 1. Cold­
ness, want of warmth. 2. Impotency, want of bodily-warmth. Fri­
gidity of decrepit age. Glanville. 3. Dulness, want of intellectual
fire or spirit. The frigidities of wit. Brown. 4. Coldness of affec­
tion.

FRI＇GIDLY, adv. [of frigid] coldly, dully, without affection.

FRIGORI＇FIC [frigorificus, of frigus, cold, and facio, Lat. to make]
making or producing cold. A word used in science.

FRIGORIFIC Particles [with philosophers] such particles as are in
themselves essentially cold, and by entering and piercing other bodies,
produce in them that quality which is called cold. Frigorific atoms or
particles, mean those nitrous salts which sloat in the air in cold wea­
ther, and occasion freezing. Quincy.

To FRILL, verb neut. [of friller, Fr.] to quake or shake with cold;
used of a hawk; as, the hawk frills.

FRI＇NGE [frange, Fr. frangia, It. frigio, Lat. fránias, Sp. france,
Du. franze, Ger. fransa, Su.] a sort of ornamental appendages set on
dress or furniture.

To FRINGE, verb act. [franger, Fr.] to garnish with fringes.

FRI＇PLRER [un fripier, Fr.] a broker that new cleans, trims, and
sells old cloaths.

FRI＇PPERY [fripperie, Fr. fripperia, It.] 1. The place where old
cloaths are sold. Rag-fair is a place near the Tower of London,
where old cloaths and frippery are sold. Broome. Laurana is a frip­
pery of bankrupts. Howel. 2. Old cloaths, cast dresses, tatter＇d
rags. Whose works are e＇en the frippery of wit. Ben Johnson.

To FRISK, verb neut. [prob. of frizzare, It. or of friquer, Fr. fresh
and brisk, or, according to Casaubon, of σϕριγαω, Gr.] 1. To leap,
to skip. It will make the water frisk, and sprinkle up in a fine dew.
L＇Estrange. 2. To dance. A wanton heifer frisk＇d up and down in
a meadow at case and pleasure. L＇Estrange.

FRISK, subst. [from the verb] a frolic, a fit of wanton gaiety.

FRI＇SKER [of frisk] a wanton, one that is not constant or settled.
Camden uses it.

FRI＇SKINESS [of frisky] skittish wantonness in skipping and flitting
to and fro, gaiety, liveliness. A low word.

FRI＇SKY [prob. of friquet, frisque, Fr. brisk, or frizzare, It.] gay,
airy, leaping and jumping up and down. A low word.

To FRIST [prob. of fyrtan, Sax. to give respite, or fristen, Du.
and Ger.] to sell goods on trust or on time.

FRIT [with chemists] ashes or salt baked or fryed together with
sand.

FRITH [prob. of fretum, Lat.] 1. The sea, or strait of the sea,
where the water being confined, is rough. It is now used in Scotland
for an arm of the sea or the mouth of a river.
What desp＇rate madman then would venture o＇er
The frith. Dryden.
2. A kind of net. I know not whether this sense be retained. John­
son. It seems rather an artificial wear, or trap for catching fish. The
wear is a frith, reaching through the ose from the land to low water
mark, and having in it a bunt or cod with an eye-hook, where the
fish entering, upon their coming back with the ebb are stopped from
issuing out again. Carew.

FRITH [frith, Sax. peace] among the English Saxons signified a
wood; for they accounted several woods sacred, and made them
sanctuaries.

FRITH-BREACH [of frith and brice] the breaking of the peace.

FRI＇THGAR [frith-gear, Sax.] the year of jubilee.

FRI＇THGILD [in ancient records] the same as is now called a gild,
fraternity, or company.

FRITHSO＇KEN [frith-soen, Sax. asylum] a liberty, privilege or
power of having frank pledge.

FRITI＇LLARY subst. [fritillaire, Fr. with botanists] a plant which
hath a flower that is very finely checquered, and resembles the shape
of a dice-box, from whence it has its name.

FRI＇TINANCY, subst. [fritinnio, Lat.] the scream of an insect, as of
the cricket or grashopper. Brown uses it.

FRI＇TTER [of frit, frette, or friture, Fr. fried, of frigo, Lat.] 1.
A sort of small pancake, a small piece cut to be fried. Tusser uses it.
2. A fragment, a small piece of any thing in general. Breaketh all
about into shivers and fritters. Bacon. 3. A cheesecake, a wigg.

To FRI＇TTER, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To cut meat into
small pieces to be fried. 2. To break into small bits or fragments in
general. Break all their nerves, and fritter all their sense. Pope.

FRI＇VOLOUS [of frivolus, Lat. frivole, Fr. frivolo, It. and Sp.]
trifling, insignificant.

FRI＇VOLOUSLY, adv. [of frivolous] vainly, insignificantly.

FRI＇VOLOUSNESS [of frivolous] triflingness, insignificantness.

FRIZE. See FREEZE.

To FRI＇ZLE, or To FRI＇ZZLE, verb act. [friser, Fr.] to curl or
crisp in short curls like nap of frieze cloth. They frizled and curled
their hair with hot irons. Hakewell.

FRI＇ZLER [of frizle] one that frizles or makes hair into short
curls.

FRO, adv. [fra, Sax.] backward, by regression. It is only used
in opposition to the word to; as, to and fro, backward and forward.

FRI＇ZZLING [frisure, Fr.] a curling or crisping, properly of the
hair.

FRO＇ [contraction of from] Fro＇ the delves. Ben Johnson.

FROCK [froc, Fr. a monk＇s habit] 1. A garment worn over other
apparel; a dress or coat. Frock of mail. Milton. 2. A sort of close
upper coat for a man. My shepherd＇s frock. Dryden. 3. A kind of
gown for children.

FRO＇DINGHAM, a market-town of the cast-riding of Yorkshire, on
the Hull road, 172 miles from London.

FRO＇DSHAM, a market town of Cheshire, on the river Weaver, near
its conflux with the Mersey, 162 miles from London.

FRODMO＇RTEL, or FREOMO＇RTEL [freo morw-dead, Sax.] an im­
munity or free sardon granted for murder or manslaughter.

FROE＇NULUM Penis, or FROENUM Penis, Lat. [in anatomy] a mem­
brane which ties the præputium to the glans of the penis.

FROG [frogga or frocca, Sax. froc, Dan. vorsch, Du. poggc, L.
Ger. frosche, H. Ger. or, according to Casaubon, of ϕρυν. Gr.] 1.
A creature that lives both on land, and in the water, having four feet.
It is placed by naturalists among mixed animals, as partaking of beast
and fish. There is likewise a small green frog that perches on trees,
said to be venomous. 2. The hollow part of a horse＇s hoof.

FROGS are at Paris, by way of banter, called Dutch nightingales.

FROG-BIT Grass. Lettice, several sorts of herbs.

FRO＇GFISH [of frog and fish] a kind of fish.

FRO＇ISE [froiser, Fr. as the pancake is crisped and crimpled in fry­
ing] a sort of pancake with bacon inclosed in it.

FRO＇LIC, adj. [vrolick, Du. frohlich, Ger.] jocund, gay, merry,
full of play.








To be FROLICK [brolicken, Du. frolocken, Ger.] to be in a merry
humour, merrily disposed.

FROLICK, subst. [vrolick, Du.] a merry prank, a flight of whim and
levity.

To FRO＇LICK, verb neut. [from the subst.] to play wild pranks.
To play tricks of gaiety or levity. Rowe uses it.

FRO＇LICKLY, adv. [of frolic] gaily, wildly.

FRO＇LICKSOME, disposed to play, or full of merry pranks, whim­
sies or wild gaiety.

FRO＇LICKSOMENESS, the playing of merry pranks, whimsies.

FRONDA＇TION, the act of stripping or pulling the leaves off from
boughs.

FROM, or FRO＇ [fra and fram or from, Sax. fra, Dan. fram, Su.
Teut. and Goth.] 1. Away, noting privation. Took him trembling
from his sov＇reign＇s side. Dryden. 2. Noting reception. What time
would spare, from Steel receives its date. Pope. 3. Noting procession,
descent or birth. The song began from Jove. Dryden. 4. Noting
transmission. The messengers from our sister. Shakespeare. 5. Noting
abstraction, or vacation from.
I shall find time
From this enormous state. Shakespeare.
6. With to following. From first to last. Burnet. 7. Out of, noting
emission. Sigh＇d from her inward soul. Dryden. 8. Noting progress
from premises to consequences. The conclusion of experience from the
time past to the time present. Bacon. 9. Noting the person or place
from whom a message is brought. Cam＇st thou from the bridge?
Shakespeare. 10. Out of, noting extraction. From high Meonia＇s
rocky shores I came. Addison. 11. Because of; noting the reason or
motive of an act or effect. David celebrates the glory of God from the
consideration of the greatness of his works. Tillotson. 12. Out of;
noting the ground or cause of any thing. The praises which arise
from valour. Dryden. 13. Not near to; noting distance.
Half a mile at least
South from the mighty power of the king. Shakespeare.
14. Noting separation, or recession. From thee to die were torture
worse than death. Shakespeare. 15. Noting exemption or deliverance.
From jealousy＇s tormenting strife,
For ever be thy bosom free. Prior.
16. At a distance: noting absence.
Differences which I best thought it fit
To answer from our home. Shakespeare.
17. Noting derivation. Enos named from me. Dryden. 18. Since;
noting distance from the past. There were mountains from the crea­
tion. Raleigh. 19. Contrary to. Any thing so overdone is from the
purpose of playing. Shakespeare. 20. Noting removal. Thrice from
the ground she leap＇d. Dryden. 21. From is very frequently joined
by an ellipsis with adverbs; as, from above, from the parts above;
22. From below, from the places below. 23. From afar, from a
distant place. 24. From beneath. 25. From behind. 26. From far.
27. From thence. Here from is superfluous. 28. From whence. Here
from is superfluous too. 29. From where. 30. From without. 31.
From is sometimes followed by another preposition with its proper
case. 32. From amidst. 33. From among. 34. From beneath. 35.
From beyond. 36. From forth. 37. From off. 38. From out. 39.
From out of. 40. From under. 41. From within.
Above all, 42. SUPREME AGENCY, Isaiah, c. xliv. v. 24. com­
pared with John, c. v. v. 19; and c. xvi. v. 13. Vide Original.
See OF.

FRO＇MWARD, prep. [of fram and weard, Sax.] away from; opposed
to the word towards.

FROME, or FROME-SELWOOD, a large cloathing town of Somerset­
shire, nine miles from Bath, 18 from Bristol, and 99 from London.

FRO＇NDATED [frondatus, Lat.] leaved, having leaves.

FRO＇NDENT [frondens, Lat.] bringing forth leaves.

FRONDI＇FEROUS [frondifer, Lat.] bearing leaves.

FRONDO＇SENESS, or FRONDO＇SITY [frondositas, Lat.] leafiness.

FRONT, Fr. [fronte, It. of frons, Lat.] 1. The forehead, the up­
per part of the face. This front yet threatens, and his frowns
command. Prior. 2. The face; by way of censure or dislike; as,
a harden＇d front, a surly front. This is the usual sense. 3. The
face, as opposed to an enemy.
His forward hand inur＇d to wounds makes way
Upon the sharpest fronts of the most fierce. Daniel＇s Civil War.
4. The part or place opposed to the face. The rampier in front.
Knolles. 5. The van of an army. Front to front presented. Milton.
6. The forepart, the face of a work or building. The front of his
edifice. Brown. 7. The most conspicuous part or particular.

FRONT [in prospective] the orthographical projection of an object
upon a parallel plane.

FRONT of a Battalion, is the first rank of men.

FRONT of an Army [in a camp] is the first row of tents in the first
line, which (in the horse) are the quarter-masters tents, and (in the
foot) those of the serjeants.

FRONT [of a place] is the face of a plane, or the tenaille, i. e. all
that is contained between the flanked angles of two neighbouring ba­
stions, viz. the two faces, the two flanks, and the curtain.

To FRONT, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To oppose directly as
face to face, to encounter. Fronted with some other of the same party
that may oppose them. Bacon. 2. To stand opposed or over-against
any place. A town-house built at one end to front the church. Addison.

To FRONT, verb neut. to stand foremost.

To FRONT every Way [a military phrase] is when men are faced
to all sides.

FRO＇NTAL [in architecture] a little frontum or pediment sometimes
placed over a little door or window.

FRONTAL Bone, the bone of the forehead.

FRONTAL, a part of the bridle of an horse; also any external form
of medicine to be applied to the forehead.

FRONTA＇LE, Lat. [with physicians] an external medicine applied
to the forehead.

FRONTA＇LES [in anatomy] two muscles, one on each side of the
forehead, commonly supposed to spring from the scull; but now
known to arise from the occipital muscles; or the frontales and occi­
pitales are rather one continued digastric muscle on each moving the
scalp and skin of the forehead and eyebrows.

FRONTA＇LIS Vena [in anatomy] a vein in the front or forehead.

FRO＇NTATED [in botany] signifies that the petalum, or leaf of a
flower, grows broader and broader, and at last perhaps terminates in
a right line. Opposed to cuspated, which is when the leaves of a
flower end in a point.

FRONT-BOX [of front and box] the box in the playhouse from
which there is a direct view to the stage.

FRO＇NTED, adj. [of front] formed with a front. Milton uses it.

FRONTI＇ER, subst. [frontiere, Fr. frontiera, It. frontéra, Sp.] the
border, confine or boundary of a kingdon or province, which the
enemies find in the front when they are about to enter the same; pro­
perly that which terminates not at the sea, but fronts another coun­
try.

FRONTIER, adj. bordering. Frontier grounds. Addison.

FRONTI＇GNIAC, a town of Languedoc, 16 miles south-west of
Montpelier famous for producing excellent wines.

FRO＇NTIS Os [with anatomists] a bone of the skull, in figure almost
round, which joins the bones of the sinciput and the temples by the
coronal future, and the bones of the upper jaw by the transverse future,
and the os sphænoides by the sphenoidal future.

FRO＇NTISPIECE [frontispicilim, Lat. frontispice, Fr. frontispizio, It.
frontispicio, Sp.] the title or first page of a book done in picture; also
the forefront of a building; that part of any thing that directly meets
the eye.

FRO＇NTLESS, adj. [of front] without blushes, without shame or dif­
fidence. Frontless man. Dryden.

FRO＇NTLET [frontale, of frons, Lat. ün fronteau, Fr.] forehead at­
tire, a bandage worn upon the forehead.

FRO＇NTON [in architecture] an ornament with us more usually cal­
led pediment.

FRONTROO＇M [of front and room] an apartment in the forepart of
the house.

FRO＇PPISH, fretful, froward, peevish.

FRORE, adj. [frohr, Ger. and Su. bevroren, Du.] frozen. This
word has not been used since Milton＇s time.

FRORNE, adj. [gefroren, Sax. gefrobren, Ger. bevroren, Du.]
frozen, congealed with cold. My heart blood is well nigh frorne I
feel. Spenser.

FROST [frost, Sax. and Dan.] an excessive cold state of the wea­
ther, whereby the motion and fluidity of liquors is suspended; or that
state of the air, &c. whereby fluids are converted into ice. A hoar­
frost is generated, when the vapours near the earth are congealed by
the coldness of the night, which only happens in winter, when cold
predominates, so that the difference between dew and hoar-frost is,
that mists turn to dew, if they consist of drops of water; but into
hoar-frost, when they consist of vapours that are congealed in their
passage down to the earth.
Frost contracts metals, or rather the cold effects it; but on the con­
trary it dilates fluids; for a 12 foot tube of iron lost two lines in length,
being exposed to the air in a frosty night; but liquids are swelled and
dilated by frost near one tenth of their bulk, and by that means bursts
not only vessels of glass and earth; but even of wood or iron or other
metals, as has been found by many experiments: the appearance of
plants, trees, and the face of the earth sparkling with congelation of
dew. The groves that shine with silver frost. Pope.

FRO＇STBITTEN [of frost and bitten] nipped or wither＇d by the
frost. Mortimer uses it.

FRO＇STED, done or made in imitation of frost upon plants. Frosted
gold. Gay.

FRO＇STILY, adv. [of frosty] 1. With frost, with excessive cold.
2. Without warmth of affection.
I rather thou should＇s utterly
Dispraise my work, than praise it frostily. B Johnson.

FRO＇STINESS [frostighnesse, Sax.] frosty quality, cold, freez­
ing cold.

FRO＇STNAIL [of frost and nail] a nail with a prominent head driven
into the horses shoes, that it may pierce the ice. Grew uses it.

FRO＇ST-WORK [of frost and work] work in which the substance is
laid on unequally, like the dew congealed on shrubs. Blackmore
uses it.

FRO＇STY [frostigh, Sax. frostig, Ger.] 1. Having the power of
congelation, extreme cold; as, a frosty season. 2. Chill in affection,
without warmth of courage or kindness. What a frosty spirited rogue
is this. Shakespeare. 3. Hoary, greyhaired, resembling frost. The
frosty head. Shakespeare.

FROTH [prob. of ἀϕρος, Gr. or of fraade, froe, Dan. froe, Scottish]
1. The spume of fermented liquors or liquid things, foam, the bub­
bles caused in liquors by agitation. 2. Any empty or senseless show
of wit or eloquence. 3. Any thing not hard, solid, or substantial.
Who eateth his veal, pig and lamb being froth,
Shall twice in a week go to bed without broth. Tusser.

FRO＇THILY, adv. [of frothy] 1. With foam. 2. In an empty
manner.

FRO＇THINESS, fulness of froth, frothy quality; the want of solidity
and substance; lightness, emptiness, windiness.

FRO＇THY. 1. Full of froth. 2. Empty, vain, trifling. Vain and
frothy men. Tillotson. 3. Not substantial nor solid; light, soft, wast­
ing. Bathing should make them frothy. Bacon.

To FROTH, verb neut. [from the noun] to foam, to give or pro­
duce froth.

To FROUNCE, verb act. [from the subst.] to frizzle or curl the hair
about the face. This word was at first probably used in contempt.
An overstairing frounced head. Ascham.

To FROUNCE [with falconers] a disease in the mouth of an hawk.
in which white spittle gathers about a hawk＇s bill.

FROUNCE [with farriers] pimples or warts on the palate of an
horse.

FRO＇WZY, adj. a cant word, fœtid, musty. Swift uses it.

FROW [frouw, Du. frau, Ger.] a Dutch or German woman.

FRO＇WARD, adj. [framweard, Sax.] peevish, cross, surly, stub­
born; the contrary to toward.

FRO＇WARDLY [framweardlice, Sax.] in a froward manner.

FRO＇WARDNESS [framweardnesse, Sax.] peevishness, fretfulness,
surliness.

FRO＇WER, subst. a cleaving tool. Tusser uses it,








FRO＇WEY [with carpenters] timber is said to be frowey, when it is
evenly tempered all the way, and works freely without tearing.

FROWEY, without knots.

To FROWN, verb neut. [refrogner, or fronser le sourcil, Fr. frogner,
O. Fr. to wrinkle. Skinner] to knit the brows, wrinkle the forehead,
to look stern, threatning, or discouraging.
The landskip frowns with danger and dismay. Table of CEBES.

FROWN, subst. [from the verb] a wrinkled look, a look of dis­
pleasure.

FRO＇WNING [sourcils froncez, Fr.] knitting the brows, wrinkling
the forehead.

FRO＇WNINGLY, with an air of displeasure, &c.

FRO＇WY, adj. musty, mossy. This word is now obsolete; but in­
instead of it is used frouzy.

FROYSE, a pancake with bacon in the middle of it.

FRO＇ZEN, part. pass. [of to freeze] See To FREEZE.

FRO＇ZENNESS, congealedness by frost or cold air.

F. R. S. an abbreviation for Fellow of the Royal Society.

FRUCTI＇FEROUS [fruttifero, It. fructifer, Lat.] fruit bearing; also
producing gain or profit.

FRUCTIFICA＇TION [of fructify] the act of producing fruit, or of
bearing fruit; fertility.

To FRU＇CTIFY, verb act. [fructifier, Fr. fruttare, It. frutificàr,
Sp. fructifico, Lat.] to make fruitful, to fertilize. To fructify the
earth. Howel.

To FRUCTIFY, verb neut. to bring forth fruit. To the end it
may fructify. Hooker.

FRUCTUO＇SITY [fructuositas, Lat.] fruitfulness.

FRUCTUO＇SE [fructuosus, Lat.] fruitful, commodious, beneficial.

FRU＇CTUOUS, adj. [fructucux, Fr.] fruitful, impregnating with
fertility. Fructuous moisture. Philips.

FRU＇GAL, Fr. [frugale, It. frugalis, Lat.] thrifty, sparing, not
profuse.

FRUGA＇LITY, or FRU＇GALNESS [frugalitas, Lat. frugalité, Fr.
frugalità, It.] thriftiness, sparingness in expences.

FRU＇GALLY, adv. [of frugal] thriftily, sparingly.

FRU＇GGIN, a fork or pole to stir the fire about in an oven.

FRUGI＇FERENT [frugiferens, Lat.] bearing or producing fruit.

FRUGI＇FEROUS [frugifero, It. frugifer, Lat.] fruit-bearing.

FRUGI＇FEROUSNESS, fruit-bearing quailty, fertility.

FRUGI＇VOROUS [frugivorus, Lat.] devouring fruit.

FRUGI＇VOROUSNESS [of frugivorous] fruit-devouring quality or fa­
culty.

FRUIT, Fr. [frutto, It. fruto, fruito, Sp. and Port. of fructus, Lat.
brucht, Du. frucht, Ger. and Dan.] 1. In its general sense includes
whatsoever the earth produces for the nourishment and support of hu­
man kind and animals, the product of a tree or plant in which the
seeds are contained. It either takes an s, in the plural, or is used
without. 2. Production. The fruit of the spirit is in all goodness.
Ezekiel. 3. The offspring of the womb, the young of any animal.
When their swoln bellies shall enlarge their fruit. Sandys. 4. Ad­
vantage gained by any enterprize or conduct. What are the fruits of
them at this Day? Swift. 5. The effect or consequence of any
action. This is the fruit of my labour. Philippians.

FRUIT [with botanists] is defined to be that which succeeds to
each flower, whether it consists of one or more seeds; some restrain
the word fruit, to signify only that which is esculent.

Natural FRUITS, are such as the earth produces of its own accord,
without any culture.

FRUITS of Industry, are such as tho＇ they are natural, require some
culture to bring them to perfection.

Civil FRUITS [in law] are rents, salaries, wages.

FRUITS [in the canon law] denote every thing, whereof the re­
venue of a benefice consists, as glebe, tithes, rents, offerings, &c.

FRU＇ITAGE, Fr. [of fruit] all kinds of edible fruits. Ambrosial
fruitage. Milton.

FRUITAGE [with painters, carvers, &c.] the representation of
fruits or branched works.

FRU＇IT-BEARER [of fruit and bearer] that which produces fruit.
Mortimer uses it.

FRU＇IT-BEARING, adj. [of fruit and bear] having the quality of
yielding fruit. Mortimer uses it.

FRU＇ITERER [fruitier, Fr. fruttaruolo, It. frutero, Sp. frutiér, Port.]
a seller of fruit.

FRU＇ITERERS Company, were first incorporated anno 1604, and
consist of a master, two wardens, about seventeen assistants, and thir­
ty-nine on the livery. Their armorial ensigns are azure; the tree of
Paradise between Adam and Eve, all proper. They have no hall,
but sometimes meet at that of the parish clerks in Wood-street.

FRU＇ITERY [fruiterie, Fr.] 1. Fruit collectively taken. The small
fruitery. Philips. 2. A place for laying up and keeping fruits.

FRU＇ITFUL [of fruit, Fr. and full, Sax. &c.] 1. Fertile, abun­
dantly productive. 2. Actually bearing fruit.
Adonis gardens,
That one day bloom＇d and fruitful were the next. Shakespeare.
3. Childbearing, not barren. The damsel＇s fruitful. Gay. 4. Plen­
teous, abounding in any thing. Nations fruitful of immortal lays.
Addison.

FRUITFUL Signs [with astrologers] are Gemini, Cancer, and Pisces,
so called, because if the moon and principal significators be in any of
those signs, and strong, they doubt not but the enquiring party will
have children.

FRUI＇TFULLY, adv. [of fruitful] 1. In such a manner as to be
prolific; plentifully. 2. Abundantly.

FRU＇ITFULNESS [of fruit, Fr. and fulnesse, Sax.] 1. Fertility,
the quality of being prolific. So bless＇d the bed such fruitfulness con­
vey＇d. Dryden. 2. Exuberance of invention, great abundance. The
remedy of fruitfulness is easy. B. Johnson.

FRUITFULNESS [in hieroglyphics] is represented by an olive
tree.

FRUITFULNESS [in sculpture, &c.] was represented by a lady sit­
ting upon a bed, with two little infants hanging about her neck.

FRU＇IT-GROVES [of fruit and groves] shades, or close plantatione
of fruit trees. Pope uses it.

FRUI＇TION [fruizione, It. fruición, Sp. of fruitio, of fruor, Lat.]
enjoyment, possession, pleasure given by possession or use.

FRUITION [by moralists] is defined to be the rest or delight of the
will in the end obtained.

FRU＇ITIVE, adj. enjoying, possessing, having the power of ejoy­
Boyle uses it.

FRUI＇TLESS [of fruit, and leas, Sax.] 1. Barren of fruit, not
bearing fruit. 2. Vain, productive of no advantage, unprofitable.
Whose joys so fruitless are. Spenser. 3. Being without progeny or
offspring. A fruitless crown. Shakespeare.

FRU＇ITLESSLY, adv. [of fruitless] idly, vainly, unprofitably.

FRU＇IT-TIME [of fruit and time] the time for gathering fruit, the
autumn.

FRU＇IT-TREE [of fruit and tree] a tree of that kind, whose prin­
cipal worth arises from the fruit it produces.

FRUM; obsolete; luxuriant.

FRUMENTA＇CEOUS [frumentaceus, Lat.] pertaining to bread corn,
made of grain.

FRUMENTACEOUS Plants, are such as have a conformity with fru­
mentum, Lat. wheat, either in respect to their leaves, fruit, ears, or
the like; or such as have their culm pointed, and their leaves like
reeds; bearing their seeds in ears, like common corn.

FRUMENTA＇TION, Lat. a general dole of corn.

FRUMENTO＇SE [frumentosus, Lat.] full of corn.

FRU＇MENTY [of frumentum, Lat.] furmety, a pottage made of
wheat, milk, sugar, &c.

FRU＇MGILD [with the English Saxons] a payment, or recompence
to the kindred of a person slain or murdered.

FRU＇MSTOLE [frumstole, Sax.] a chief seat or mansion-house.

To FRUMP [prob. of ruemplen, Teut. i. e. to frizzle up the nose,
as in derision] to flout, jeer, or mock; to taunt, to snub, to brow­
beat.

FRU＇SCA Terræ [in old records] untilled, waste ground.

To FRUSH, verb act. [froisser, Fr.] to break, bruise, or crush.
I＇ll frush it, and unlock the rivits all. Shakespeare.

FRUSH, or FRUG [in horses] a sort of tender horn, arising in the
middle of the sole, and at some distance from the toe, dividing into
two branches, running towards the heel in the form of a fork.

FRU＇SSARE Terram [in ancient deeds] to break up new ground.

FRUSSURA Domorum [in old records] burglary, the breaking of
houses by thieves.

FRUSSURA Terræ [in old records] land newly broken or lately
ploughed up.

FRUSTRA＇NEOUS [of frustra, Lat. in vain] vain, useless, unpro­
fitable.

FRUSTRAI＇NEOUSLY, adv. [of frustraneous] vainly, unprofitably.

To FRU＇STRATE, verb act. [frustrer, Fr. frustrar, Sp. frustror,
Lat.] 1. To make void, to nullify. To frustrate the efficacy of it.
Atterbury. 2. To deceive, to disappoint, to baulk. Natural desire
cannot be utterly frustrate. Hooker.

FRUSTRATE, part. adj. [from the verb] 1. Ineffectual, useless,
unprofitable. Made the enterprize frustrate. Raleigh. 2. Void, null.
They should forthwith utterly become frustrate. Hooker. And in con­
struction with [of] it signifies baffled and disappointed.
Shorn of their all, and frustrate of their aim. Table of CEBES.

FRUSTRA＇TION [frustratio, Lat.] the act of rendering void, a dis­
appointment. South uses it.

FRUSTRATION [with astrologers] a debility or weakness that hap­
pens to a planet, when it proceeds towards a conjunction with an­
other, but before they are joined one of them becoming retrograde,
the design is frustrated.

FR＇USTRATIVE, adj. fallacious, disappointing.

FRU＇STRATORY, adv. 1. Of or belonging to frustration. 2. Apt
to frustrate. 3. Making any proceedure void. Ayliffe uses it.

FRU＇STUM, Lat. a fragment, a broken piece; a piece cut off or
separated from a body.

FRUSTRUM of a Pyramid or Cone, is a part or piece thereof, cut off
usually by a plane parallel to the base.

FRU＇TEX, Lat. [in botanic writings] a shrub.

FRUTICA＇TION [with botanists] a sprouting forth of young sprigs.

FRUTICO＇SE Stalks [in botany] those stalks of plants that are of a
hard, woody substance.

To FRY, verb act. [frigere, Lat. frire, Fr. friggere, It. freyr, Sp.
friten, Du. ϕρυγειν, Gr. ffrio, Wel.] to dress victuals in a frying-pan,
laid on the fire.

To FRY, verb neut. 1. To be roasted in a pan on the fire. 2. To
suffer the action of the fire. With crackling flames a cauldron fries.
Dryden. 3. To melt with heat. To keep the oil from frying in the
stomach. Bacon.

FRY [frai, Fr. frega, It. fro, foam, Dan. fraiw, Goth. sperm or
seed in general] 1. The spawn of fish, young fishes. 2. A multitude
or swarm of animals or young people, in contempt. The fry of these
rake-hell horse-boys. Spenser. 3. A kind of sieve. Mortimer uses it.

FRY＇ING-PAN, a pan for dressing meat on the fire.
But of the FRYING-PAN into the fire.
The Fr. say; tombre de fievre en chaud mal (to fall from a common
into a burning sever.) or, tomber de la poële dans la braise.
This proverb is usually applied to persons, who, impatient under
some smaller inconveniency, and rashly endeavouring to extricate
themselves, for want of prudence and caution, intangle themselves in
difficulties greater than they were in before: incidit in Scyllam cupiens
vitare Charybdim, say the Latins; and εις τε πυρ εκ καπιου, the
Greeks.
The It. say as the Fr. cader della padella nelle bragie. The Ger. born
regin in a bach kommen (to come out of the rain into the brook) The
Sp. del lódo, en el arrbyo.

FU＇AGE [fouage, Fr.] chimney-money, hearth-money.

FUB; as, a sat fub, or fubs, a plump young child.

To FUB, verb act. to put off, to delay by false pretences, to cheat.
Generally written fob, which see. Fub＇d off and fub＇d off from this
day to that. Shakespeare.








FU＇CATED [fucatus, Lat.] 1. Painted, coloured with paint. 2.
Disguised by false show.

FUCA＇TION, a disguising, a cloaking.

FUCUS, Lat. a paint for the face to heighten the complexion. The
fucus pull＇d off, and the coarseness underneath discover＇d. Collier.

FU＇CUS [in botany] a sea-plant, called also alpa. The flowers
grow on the whole extent of its leaves, in form of little tufts, composed
of a great number of extremely fine filaments, about the length of a
line. The seed is inclosed in a viscid matter at the extremity of the
leaves.

To FU＇DDEL, verb neut. [some derive it of a puddle, q. d. to drown
in a puddle of drink, wine, &c. others of the word full, Sax. full, by
inserting d, and the Scots use the word full to signify being in liquor
or drunk; as do likewise the Du. and Ger. Of unknown etymology.
Johnson] to drink till one is drunk, to drink to excess. L＇Estrange
uses it.

To FUDDLE, verb act. to make one drunk. The pavement faith­
less to the fuddled feet. Thomson.

FUDDLE CA＇P, or FU＇DDLER, a tippler, a drunken fellow.

To FU＇DGEL, to make a shew of doing or acting, but making no
riddance.

FU＇EL [of feu, Fr. fire] the aliment of fire, firing, as wood, coals,
or any matter fit for burning, for culinary or other uses.

To FUEL, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To feed fire with combu­
stible matter.
The dreadful name
That fuels the eternal flame. Cowley.
2. To store with firing. That the seat be well water＇d and well
fuel＇d. Wotton.

FU＇ELLIST [of fuel] a maker of charcoal, smallcoal, &c.

FUEI＇LLEMORTE, Fr. [corruptly pronounced and written philomot]
Fueillemorte colour signifies the colour of wither＇d leaves in autumn.
>Locke.

FU＇ER [a law term; fuïr, Fr.] escaping by flight.

FUER en Fait, Fr. [a law term] is when a man does actually run
away.

FUER en Lay, Fr. [a law term] is when a person being called in
the county, he appears not till he is outlaw＇d.

FU＇GA Dæmonium, Lat. [i. e. the flight of the devils] the herb
St. John＇s wort.

FUGA Vacui, Lat. [in ancient philosophy] a principle whereby va­
rious effects were produced, arising from an aversion (which they sup­
pos＇d) in nautre to a vacuum. But most of these phænomena modern
philosophers have demonstrated to arise from the gravity and pressure of
the air.

FUGA＇CIOUSNESS, or FUGA＇CITY [fugacitas, of fugacis, gen. of
fugax, from fugio, Lat. to fly] 1. Aptness to fly away, volatility.
Spirits and salts by their fugacity were like the salt and spirit of urine
and soot. Boyle. 2. Instability, uncertainty.

FUGA＇LIA, festivals observ＇d by the ancient Romans on account of
the expulsion of their kings. From which pattern the English seem to
have taken their Hock-Tide, and having cleared the land of their in­
solent neighbours the Danes, instituted the annual sports of Hock-
Tide, consisting of such pastimes, as throwing at cocks.

FUGA＇TION, Lat. the act of putting to flight.

FU＇GHA, It. [in music books] signifies a particular manner, ac­
cording to which some music is composed, of which there are several
sorts.

FU＇GILE, an impostume in the ears.

FU＇GITIVE, subst. [from the adj.] 1. One who flies out of his coun­
try, a deserter, a renegade from his station or duty. They are light
to run away, and almost all fugitives are of that condition. Bacon.
2. One who takes shelter under another＇s power from punishment.
The homage of rebellions fugitives. Dryden.

FU＇GITIVE, adj. [fugitif, Fr. fugitivo, It. and Sp. fugitivus, Lat.]
1. Not tenable, not to be detain＇d or held. Our idea of infinity is
a growing and fugitive idea, still in a boundless progression that can
stop no where. Locke. 2. Unsteady, not durable, unstable. 3. Vola­
tile, apt to evaporate, or fly away. The more tender and fugitive
parts the leaves. Woodward. 4. Flying, running from danger. The
fugitive Parthians. Shakespeare. 5. Flying from duty, falling off.
6. Wandering, runnagate, vagabond. A libellous pamphlet of a fu­
gitive physician. Wotton.

FUGITIVE Goods [a law term] the proper goods of him that flies
upon having committed a felony; which being lawfully found after
the flight, belong either to the king or the lord of the manor.

FU＇GITIVENESS [of fugitive] 1. Volatility, aptness to fly away or
evaporate. The fugitiveness of salt of hartshorn. Boyle. 2. Instabi­
lity, uncertainty.

FUGUE, subst. [from fuga, Lat. flight; in music] some point con­
sisting of four, five, six, or any other number of notes begun by some
one single part, and then seconded by a third, fourth, fifth and sixth
part, if the composition consists of so many, repeating the same or such­
like notes, so that the several parts follow, or come in one after ano­
ther in the same manner, the leading parts still flying before those that
follow. Harris. Plies his grave and fancied descant in lofty fugues.
Milton.

FUL, an adjective termination which denotes fulness or abundance
of any quality.

FU＇LCIMENT, subst. [fulcimen, fulcimentum, Lat.] a prop or un­
derset.

FULCIMENT [in mechanics] is the same as point of suspension, or
that point on which a libra or vectis plays, or is suspended. Wilkins.

FULD, a town and abbey in Germany, the abbot of which is a
prince of the empire.

To FULFI＇L [fulfillan, Sax. fullfolis, Su.] 1. To accomplish, to
perform, either a promise or prophecy. They have fulfill＇d them in
condemning him. Acts. 2. To fill till there is no room for more.
This sense is now obsolete. Corresponsive and fulfilling bolts. Shake­
speare. 3. To answer any purpose or design in general. Here nature
seems fulfill＇d in all her ends. Milton. 4. To answer any desire by
compliance or gratification. Faithfully my last desires fulfil. Dryden.
5. To answer any law by obedience. Love is the fulfilling of the law.
Romans.

FULLFRAU＇GHT [of full and fraught] fully stored. Shakespeare uses
it.

FU＇LGENCY, or FU＇LGENTNESS [of fulgentia, Lat.] brightness, ful­
gidity, spendor, glitter.

FU＇LGENT [fulgens, of fulgeo, Lat. to shine] shining, glistering,
dazzling. Milton uses it.

FU＇LGID [fulgidus, Lat.] bright, shining, dazzling.

FULGI＇DITY [fulgiditas, Lat.] brightness, shining glory.

FU＇LGINATED [fulginatus, of fuligo, Lat. soot] belmeared with soot.

FU＇LGOUR [fulgor, Lat.] dazzling brightness, like that of the
lightning. Brown uses it.

FULGURA＇TION [fulguratio, of fulguro, Lat. to lighten] the act of
a lightning, or flashing of fire in the clouds, which tho＇ to us it seems
to precede thunder, yet in reality they are both together.

FU＇LHAM, subst. a cant word for false dice. Hanmer.
Let vultures gripe thy guts for gourd and fulham＇s hold,
And high and low beguile the rich and poor. Shakespeare.

FULI＇GINOUS [fuliginesus, of fuligo, Lat. soot, fuligineux, Fr.]
full of soot, smoaky. To repress the fuliginous vapours of dusky me­
lancholy. Bacon.

FU＇LIMART [This word, of which Skinner observes that he found
it only in this passage, seems to mean the same with float. Johnson] 1.
A sort of stinking ferret. The frichat, the fulimart, and the ferret.
Walton. 2. A pole-cat, a kind of wild cat.

FULL [full, Sax. vol, Du. voll, Ger. fuldr, Dan. fulls, Goth.]
1. Well filled or stored with any thing. Full of days was he. Tickell.
2. Replete, being without any space void. Both the hands full. Ec­
clesiastes. 3. Abounding in any quality, good or bad. Full of incon­
venience. Bacon. 4. Plump, fat. Of a full body. Wiseman. 5. Sa­
turated, sated. I am full of the burnt-offerings. Isaiah. 6. Crowded
in the imagination or memory. Every one is full of the miracles done
by cold baths. Locke. 7. That which fills or makes full, large. A
full meal. Arbuthnot. 8. Complete, being such as that nothing further
is desired or wanted. He gave full credit to that promise. Hammond.
9. Complete, without abatement, being at the utmost degree. At the
end of two full years. Genesis. 10. Containing the whole matter, ex­
pressing much. My expressions are not so full as his. Denham. 11.
Strong, not faint, not attenuated, So full a voice. Shakespeare. 12.
Mature, perfect. After full age. Bacon. 13. [Applied to the moon]
Complete in its orb. Towards the full moon. Newton. 14. Noting
the conclusion of a matter or a full stop. Therewith he ended;
making a full point of a hearty sigh. Sidney. 15. Spread out to view
in all its dimensions. Drawn with a full face. Addison.

FULL, subst. [from the adj.] 1. Complete measure, freedom from
deficiency. Preserved the dignity of it to the full. Clarendon. 2. (Ap­
plied to the tide) the highest state or degree. At full tide. Shakespeare.
3. The whole, the total. This is the news at full. Shakespeare. 4.
The state of being full. When I had fed them to the full. Jeremiah.
5. (Applied to the moon) the time in which the moon makes a perfect
orb; as, the full of the moon.

To FULL, verb act. [fullare, Lat. fouler, Fr. bollen, Du.] to
mill cloth in order to thicken it, to cleanse cloth from its grease.

FULL, adv. 1. Without abatement. In the unity of place they
are full as scrupulous. Dryden. 2. With the full effect. The pencil
thrown luckily full upon the horse＇s mouth. Dryden. 3. Exactly.
Full in the centre. Addison. 4. Directly. He met her full. Sidney.
5. It is placed before adverbs and adjectives, to intend or strengthen
their signification; as,

FULL-Nigh [fullic, Sax.] very nigh.

FULL-Oft [full oft, Sax.] very often. Full well we reject the
commandment. St. Mark. Full is much used in composition, to inti­
mate any thing arrived at its highest state or utmost degree.

FU＇LLAGE, the money paid for fulling cloth.

FULLBLO＇WN, adj. [of full and blown] 1. Spread to the utmost ex­
tent, as a perfect blossom. 2. Stretched by the wind to the utmost ex­
tent. A fullblown sail. Dryden.

FULLBO＇TTOMED [of full and bottom] having a large bottom. A
fullbottom＇d wig. Addison.

FULLEA＇RED [of full and ear] having the heads full of grain. Full­
ear＇d corn. Denham.

FU＇LLER [fullo, Lat. fullere, Sax. foulon, Fr. follone, It. volder,
Du.] one who fulls or cleanses cloth from the grease.

FULLERS Earth, a sort of nitrous earth which scours like soap.
Fuller＇s earth is a marl of a close tecture, extremely soft and unctuous
to the touch: when dry it is of a greyish-brown colour in all degrees
from very pale to almost black, and generally has something of a
greenish cast in it. The finest fullers earth is dug in our own island.
Hill.

FULLERS Weed, or FULLERS Thistle, an herb.

FU＇LLERY, a workhouse or place where cloth is fulled.

FULLE＇YED [of full and eye] having large prominent eyes.

FULLFE＇D [of full and fed] sated, fat, saginated. As a partridge
plump, fullfed and fair. Pope.

FU＇LLINGMILL, subst. [of full and mill] a mill where the water
raises hammers, which beat the cloth till it is cleansed. Mortimer uses
it.

FULL-LA＇DEN [of full and laden] laden till there can be no more.
Like fruit upon a full-laden bough. Tillotson.

FULLO＇NICAL [fullonicus, Lat.] of or pertaining to a fuller.

FULLSPRE＇AD [of full and spread] spread out to the utmost extent.
With fullspread sail to run before the wind. Dryden.

FULLSU＇MMED [of full and sum] complete in all its parts. With
fullsummed wings. Howel.

FU＇LLY [fullice, Sax.] 1. To the full, completely, without lack,
without more to be desired. Graces which are in bestowing always,
but never come to be fully had in this present life. Hooker. 2. With­
out vacuity, without void space.

FU＇LMINANT, adj. Fr. [fulminans, of fulmino, Lat. to thunder]
thundering, making a noise like thunder.

To FU＇LMINATE, verb neut. [fulmino, It. and Lat. fulminer, Fr.]
1. To thunder. 2. To make a loud noise or crack. We cast in ano­
ther glowing coal, which made it fulminate afresh. Boyle. To issue out
ecclesiastical censures.








To FULMINATF, verb act. to throw out as an object of terror. Ex­
communication is not greatly regarded here in England as now fulmi­
nated. Ayliffe.

FU＇LMINATING Legion, a legion in the Roman army of Marcus Au­
relius, who were Christian soldiers, who in the war against the Sar­
mata, Marcomanni, &c. saved the whole army, ready to perish with
thirst, by their prayers procuring a very plentiful shower, with thun­
der, lightning, and hail.

FULMINA＇TION, Fr. [fulminazione, It. of fulminatio, Lat.] the act
of thundering.

FULMINATION [with chemists] is the great and crackling noise
made by metals or minerals heated in a crucible.

FULMINATION [in the Romish canon law] is the sentence of a bi­
shop or other ecclesiastic appointed by the pope, whereby it is decreed
that some bull sent from the pope shall be executed; it is also the exe­
cution or denunciation of a sentence of anathema made in public with
due solemnity. Denunciations of ecclesiastical censure. Ayliffe.
Sir Isacc Newton, when commenting on those words in the Apoca­
lypse, “He maketh sire come down from heaven, &c.” supposes the
prophetic spirit to allude here to the act of excommunication, in pro­
nouncing which they used to* This relation is made not in favour of the criticism, but only to point out the FACT. swing down a lighted torch from above.
NEWTON＇s Observations on Daniel, &c. p. 319.

FULMINA＇TORY, adj. [of fulminate] thundering, striking terror.

FULMI＇NEOUS [fulmineus, Lat.] of or belonging to thunder.

FULMI＇NEUM Telum, or FULMI＇NEUS Lapis, Lat. the thunder-stone,
a sort of hard stone that is supposed to fall out of the clouds with a clap
of thunder.

FU＇LNESS [fyllnesse, Sax.] 1. Plenty, wealth.
To lapse in fulness
Is sorer than to lie in need. Shakespeare.
2. The state of being fill＇d so as to have no vacancy. The fulness of
the wine-press. Numbers. 3. The state of abounding in any quality,
good or bad. 4. Completeness, such as leaves nothing to be desired.
Congratulating their fulness only with their continuance. K. Charles.
5. Completeness from the union of many parts. The fulness of the
cry. Bacon. 6. Completeness, freedom from deficiency. Whose ful­
ness and perfection lies in him. Shakespeare. 7. Repletion, satiety.
Effects of fulness, pride and lust. Taylor. 8. Swelling in the mind,
mental perturbation. The ease and discharge of the fulness of the
heart. Bacon. 9. Extent, largeness. There wanted the fulness of a
plot and variety of characters. Dryden. 10. Force of sound, such as
fills the ear, vigour. This sort of pastoral derives its whole beauty
from a natural case of thought and smoothness of verse: whereas that
of most other kinds consists in the strength and fulness of both. Pope.

FU＇LSOME [fulle, Sax. foul or fulsome, q. d. foulsom] 1. Noisome,
distasteful, nasty, loathsome, nauseous, offensive. Fulsome objects.
Roscommon. 2. Smelling rankly and strongly. Of rank and fulsome
smell. Bacon. 3. Tending to obscenity. A certain epigram which is
ascribed to the emperor is more fulsome. Dryden.

FU＇LSOMELY, adv. [of fulsome] distastefully, nastily, rankly, ob­
scenely.

FU＇LSOMENESS [of fulsome] 1. Loathsomeness, nastiness, nauseous­
ness. 2. Rank and strong smell. 3. Obscenity. No fulsomeness is
omitted. Dryden.

FU＇LVID [fulvidus, Lat.] of a deep yellow colour.

FUMA＇GIUM, smoak-farthing, fire-money, or a customary payment
for the hearths.

FUMA＇DO, or FUMA＇THO, It. and Sp. [from fumus, Lat. smoke]
our pilchards, garbaged, salted, and dried in the smoak. Fish that
serve for the hotter countries they used at first to fume by hanging
them up on long sticks one by one, drying them with the smoke of a
soft and continual fire, from which they purchased the name of fuma­
does. Carew.

FU＇MAGE [fumus, Lat.] hearth-money.

FUMA＇RIA, or FU＇MUS Terræ, Lat. [with botanists] fumitory,
earth-smoke.

FUMATED, adj. [fumatus, Lat.] smoaked, sumed.

FU＇MATORY [fumaria, Lat. fumeterre, Fr. It is more usually
written fumetory or fumitory] a plant which hath divided leaves resem­
bling those of the umbelliferous plants. The flowers, which are col­
lected into a spike, are of an anomalous figure, somewhat resembling
a papilionaceous flower. The fruit is either of a long or a round fi­
gure, which is like a pod. Miller. The darnel, hemlock, and rank
fumitory. Shakespeare.

To FU＇MBLE, verb neut. [femmolen, Du. fambler, Dan.] 1. To
attempt any thing clumsily or aukwardly. Our mechanic the­
ists will have their atoms never once to have fumbled in these their mo­
tions, nor to have produced any inept system. Cudworth. 2. To be
puzzled, to strain in perplexity. Fumbling half an hour for this excuse.
Dryden. 3. To play childishly. I saw him fumble with the sheets,
and play with flowers. Shakespeare.

To FUMBLE, verb act. to manage any thing aukwardly. He fum­
bles up all in one loose adieu. Dryden.

FU＇MBLER [of fumble] one who fumbles or acts aukwardly.

FU＇MBLINGLY, adv. [of fumbling] in an aukward manner, clum­
sily, awkwardly.

To FUME, verb neut. [fumo, Lat. fumer, Fr. fumare, It.] 1. To
smoak. The golden altar fum＇d. Milton. 2. To vapour, to yield
exhalation, to steam. Keep his brain fuming. Shakespeare. 3. To
pass away in vapours. Our hate is spent and fum＇d away in vapour.
B. Johnson. 4. (Prob. of faum, Teut. froth, q. d. to foam or froth at
the mouth for anger or rage, or of fumer, Fr. fumare, It.) to chase,
to be in a fret, to be enraged. He frets, he fumes. Dryden.

To FUME, verb act. 1. To smoke, to dry any thing in the smoke.
Those that serve for hotter countries they used at first to fume by dry­
ing them with the smoke of a soft fire. Carew. 2. To perfume with
odours in the fire. The fuming of the holes with brimstome. Morti­
mer. 3. To disperse or dissipate any thing in vapours. The heat will
fume away most of the scent. Mortimer.

FUME [prob. of faum, Teut. froth, q. d. frothing in the mouth by
reason of passion, or fumée, Fr. fuma, It. fumus, Lat. smoak, steam or
vapour] a rage, a fret.

FU＇METORY, an herb. See FUMATORY.

FU＇METS [with hunters] the ordure or dung of a hare, hart, &c.

FUME＇TTE, subst. Fr. a word introduced by cooks, to denote the
stink of meat.
A haunch of ven＇son made her sweat,
Unless it had the right fumerte. Swift.

FU＇MID, adj. [fumidus, Lat.] smoky, vaporous. Brown uses it.

FUMI＇DITY, or FU＇MIDNESS, smoakiness, or quality of being
smoaky, tendency to smoke.

FUMI＇FEROUS [fumiser, of fumus, smoke, and fero, Lat. to bring]
bringing smoke.

FUMI＇FIC [fumificus, Lat.] making smoke, perfuming.

FU＇MIGANT [fumigans, Lat.] smoaking, fuming.

To FU＇MIGATE, verb neut. [fumigo, Lat. of fumus, smoke, fumiger,
Fr.] 1. To perfume a place by smoke or vapour, to smoke, With
fragrant thyme the city fumigate. Dryden. 2. To medicate, to heal
by vapours. 3. To raise a salivation by the fumes of Mercury.

To FUMIGATE, verb act. [with chemists] is to make one mixt
body receive the smoke of another; to impregnate it with the volatile
parts of the burnt body.

FUMIGA＇TION [suffumigation, Fr. fumigazion, It. fumigatio, Lat.]
the act of perfuming with the smoke of sweet-wood, or other matter
for qualifying the air, scents raised by fire. Fumigations often repeat­
ed are beneficial. Arbuthnot.

FUMIGATION [with chemists] the act of fumigating or smoaking,
an crosion or eating away of metals by smoke or vapour, for helping
some kind of distempers.

FUMIGATION [with surgeons] a salivation raised by smoke, or
fumes of Mercury; also applications of medicines in general to the
body in fumes.

FU＇MINGLY, adv. [of fume] angrily, in a rage. They answer
fumingly. Hooker.

FU＇MITER, subst. see FUMATORY. Crown＇d with rank fumiter.
Shakespeare.

FU＇MOUS [fumosas, Lat. fumeux, Fr. fumoso, It.] smoaky, pro­
ducing fumes or vapours.

FUMO＇SITY [fumositas, Lat.] smoakiness.

FU＇MY [of fumus, Lat.] smoaky, or full of fume, producing
fumes. Puff＇d the fumy God from out his breast. Dryden.

FUN, sport, game, banter. A low cant word. Moor uses it.

To FUN one, to sooth, cajole, coaks, wheedle; a low cant phrase.

FUNAMBULA＇TION, Lat. [of funis, a rope, and ambulo, Lat. to
walk] the act of walking, or dancing on a rope.

FU＇NCHAL, the capital of the Madeira islands, subject to Portugal.

FU＇NCTION [functio, Lat. fonction, Fr. funzione, It. funciòu, Sp.]
1. The act of the performance or exercise of any office or duty. A
representing commoner in the function of his public calling. Swift.
2. Office or employment. This double function of the goddess. Ad­
dison. 3. Single act of any office. Without difference those functions
cannot in orderly sort be executed. Hooker. 4. Particular calling,
trade, occupation. Follow your function. Shakespeare. 5. Power,
faculty. Nature seems
In all her functions weary of herself. Milton.
6. Office of any particular part of the body.

FUNCTION [in a physical sense] is the same as action; an effective
motion produced in any part of an animal, by the proper aptitude or
fitness of such a part, for the uses appointed by the author of nature.

Animal FUNCTION, is that without which we cannot perceive, will,
remember, &c. such as feelnig, seeing, imagining, judging, passions,
voluntary motions, &c.

Natural FUNCTIONS, are those which change the food, &c. so as
to assimilate it to our own nature; such are the viscera or bowels, and
the vessels that receive, retain, secern, &c. the humours.

Vital FUNCTIONS, are those necessary to life; and without which
it cannot subsist, as the action of the heart, brain, lungs, &c.

FUND [fundus, land or a bottom, funda, Lat. a bag. Johnson; or
of fond, Fr. fondo, It.] 1. A bank or repository of public money, the
capital or stock of a company or corporation. My estate fluctuating
in funds. Addison. 2. By which any expence is supported or defray­
ed, a stock or capital in general. Performs all this out of his own
fund. Dryden.

FUND of the Eye [in anatomy] the part possessed by the choroeides
and retina.

FU＇NDAMENT [of fundamentum, Lat. a foundation, fondement, Fr.
fondamento, It.] the breech or buttocks, which are as it were the feat
and foundation of the body.

FUNDAME＇NTAL, adj. [fondamentale, It. fondamental, Fr. and Sp.
fundamentalis, Lat.] pertaining to a foundation, principal, chief;
serving for a base, rest or support of any thing, essential, not merely
accidental. The fundamental laws of the kingdom. Swift.

FUNDAME＇NTAL, subst. a leading proposition, an important or es­
sential part, which is the ground-work of the rest. The fundamen­
tals of faith. South.

FUNDAMENTAL Diagram, the projection of a sphere upon a plane.

FUNDAME＇NTALLY, adv. [of fundamental] essentially, originally,
according to fundamental principles. Virtue is seated fundamentally
in the intellect. Grew.

FUNDAME＇NTALNESS [of fundamental] fundamental quality; chief­
ness, principalness.

FU＇NDUS Cæli, Lat. [in astronomy] is the point opposite to the
point of culmination, or the point of the ecliptic, wherein it is inter­
sected by the meridian, beneath the horizon.

FUNDUS Plantæ, Lat. [in botany] that part of a plant, where the
stalk meets and joins the root.

FUNDUS Vesicæ Lat. [in anatomy] is the cavity of the bladder,
wherein the urine is contained.

FUNDUS Uteri [in anatomy] the bottoms, or principal part of the
womb, in contradistinction to the cervix or neck.

FUNE＇BRAL Staves, torches, links, stambeaux, used at funerals.

FUNE＇BREOUS [funebris, Lat. funebre, Fr. and It.] belonging to a
funeral, doleful, mournful.

FU＇NEN, the second island for magnitude belonging to the king of
Denmark, situated at the entrance of the Baltic Sea, and separated
from Jutland by the streight, called the Lesser Belt; and from the
island of Zealand by the belt, called the Great Belt: its chief town
is Odensee.








FU＇NERAL, adj. [funeralis, Lat. funerale, It.] of or pertaining to
a burial; used at the ceremony of interring the dead. Funeral rites.
Denham.

FUNERAL Oration, a sermon or discourse pronounced in praise of a
person deceased, at the ceremony of his funeral.

FU＇NERAL, subst. [funerale, It. and Lat. funerailles, Fr.] 1. A
burial, an interrment.
May he find his funeral
I＇th＇ sands, when he before his day shall fall. Denham.
2. The solemnization of a burial, obsequies, the payment of the last
honours to the dead. Had none to mourn for him, nor any solemn
funerals. 2 Maccabees. 3. The pomp or procession with which the
dead are carried. Desirous to see a funeral pass by. Swift.

FU＇NERARY, adj. [funerarius, Lat.] pertaining to funerals.

FUNE＇REAL, adj. [funereus, Lat.] fitting a funeral, dismal, dark.
To the pale shade funercal rites ordain. Pope.

FUNE＇ST [funestus, Lat.] deadly, mortal.

FUNGO＇SITY, or FU＇NGOUSNESS [of fungous, from fungus, Lat.]
spunginess, an excressence porous and unsolid.

FU＇NGOUS, adj. [fungoso, It. fungosus, Lat.] spungy or full of holes
like a mushroom, excrescent, wanting firmness. Sharp uses it.

FU＇NGOUS Flesh, a spongious excrescence, called proud flesh, fre­
quently growing on the lips of wounds, &c.

FU＇NGUS, subst. Lat. strictly a mushroom: A word used to express
any fleshy tumor or excrescence, very spongious, soft, and pale, arising
on the membranes, tendons, and other nervous parts, in consequence
of ulcers, wounds; or any excrescence from trees or plants, not
naturally belonging to them; as the agaric from the larch-tree, and
auriculæ judæ from elder. The fibres lengthen too much, are too
fluid, and produce funguses. Arbuthnot.

FU＇NICLE [funiculus, Lat.] a little rope, a small ligature, a fibre;
also the navel-string.

FUNI＇CULAR, adj. [funiculaire, Fr. funicularis, Lat.] belonging to
a rope or string, consisting of a small cord or fibre.

FUNICULAR Hypothesis [in mechanics] an hypothesis produced by
one Francis Linus, against the spring and weight of the air, so as to
explain the rising and falling of quick-silver in a weather-glass or ba­
rometer, by means of a funiculus or little string at the top, or a very
fine thin substance, which is continually drawing itself up, or is
stretched out more or less, according to the different temperature of
the outward air.

FUNI＇CULUS, Lat. a small rope.

FUNI＇CULUS, Lat. [with anatomists] the navel-string of a young
child, a skinny channel that reaches from the navel of the child to
the placentia of the womb. The use of which is to convey the
blood of the mother by the veins to the child, for its nourishment, &c.

FUNK, a strong rank smell, a suffocating smoke, &c. also touch­
wood. A low word.

FU＇NNEL [q. d. tunnel, of tun, or contract. of infundibulum, Lat.
whence fundible, fundle, funnel. Johnson; or of funil, Port.] 1. A
vessel for pouring liquor into a bottle, a tundish; it is somewhat in
the shape of a hollow inverted cone, with a pipe descending from it.
2. A pipe or passage of communication. Towards the middle are
two large funnels bored through the roof of the grotto, to let in light.
Addison.

FUR. See FURR.

FUR, adv. [it is now commonly written far] at a distance. Sid­
ney uses it.

FURA＇CIOUS [furacis, gen. of furax, Lat.] thievish, inclined to
steal.

FURA＇CIOUSNESS [of furacious] thievishness, &c.

FURA＇CITY [furacità, It. furacitas, Lat.] thievish inclination,
thievishness.

FU＇RBELOE, or FU＇RBELOW [of fur and below, fulbala, Fr.] fur
sewed formerly as an ornament on the lower part of the garment:
now any sort of plaited or ruffled trimming for women＇s scarves, pet­
ticoats, &c. Pope uses it.

To FU＇RBELOW, verb act. [from the subst.] to adorn with furbe­
lows, or ornamental appendages of dress. Flounced and furbelowed
from head to foot. Addison.

To FU＇RBISH, verb act. [fourbir, Fr. forbire, It.] to make arms, or
any thing else, bright, by scouring, cleansing, and polishing. Fur­
bish the spears. Jeremiah.

FU＇RBISHER [fourbisseur, Fr. forbitore, It.] one who brightens or
gives a lustre to arms, one who polishes any thing.

FU＇RCA and FOSSA, Lat. [in old records] the forked gibbet and
ditch, an ancient jurisdiction of punishing felons, the men by hang­
ing, and the women by drowning.

Ad FU＇RCAM & Flagellum, Lat. [old law] the meanest servile te­
nure or manner of holding land, when the bondsman was at his lord＇s
disposal, either for life or death.

FURCA＇LE Os, FU＇RCULA Superior, or FURCE＇LLA, Lat. [with a­
natomists] the upper bone of the sternum, otherwise called jugulum.

FURCA＇TION [from furca, Lat. a fork] the state of shooting out
two ways, like the points of a fork.

FURCHE＇ [fourchée, Fr.] a kind of cross in a coat of arms, forked
at each end.

FU＇RENDAL. See FARDING-DEAL.

FURFURA＇CEOUS [furfuraceus, Lat.] branny, husky, scaly.

FURFURA＇TION, Lat. the falling of scurf from the head, in comb­
ing, &c.

FU＇RFURES, Lat. those scales which fall from the head, or from
any other part or the body, which often happens, when the cuticula
or scarf-skin is separated from the cutis or real skin, scurff or dan­
driff, somewhat resembling bran.

FU＇RIA, or Con FU＇RIA, It. [in music books] signifies with fury
and violence; but not so much in respect to the loudness of sound, as
the quickness of time and movement.

The FU＇RIES [furies, Fr. furie, It. furias, Sp. furiæ, Lat.] infer­
nal deities, supposed to enter and possess men, to torment and punish
them; they are represented with eyes enflamed, their heads twisted
round with snakes, holding whips and burning torches in their hands.
According to the poets, they are the daughters of nox (night) and
Acheron one of the rivers of hell.
HOMER makes Agamemnon appeal to them, as the avengers of
PERJURY, when he restores Briseis to Achilles, and when declaring,
at the same time, that her HONOUR remained inviolate from him.
[See ERYNNES, and read there, “Briseis.”] But in VIRGIL we find
their office extends to crimes in general; as appears from those lines:
Continuò sontes ultrix accincta flagello
Tisiphoné, quatit insultans———Æneid. lib. 6. l. 570.
Or as Mr. Dryden renders it:
Straight o＇er the guilty ghost the FURY shakes
The sounding whip, and brandishes her snakes.

FU＇RIOUS [furieux, Fr. furieso, It. and Sp. of furiosus, Lat.] 1.
Mad, phrenetic. No man did ever think the hurtful actions of furious
men and innocents to be punishable. Hooker. 2. Raging, violent,
fierce, transported by passion beyond reason.

FU＇RIOUSLY, adv. [of furious] madly, fiercely, violently, vehe­
mently.

FURIO＇SITY, or FU＇RIOUSNESS [furiositos, Lat.] furious mood or
quality, frenzy, violent transport of passion.

To FURL, verb act. [ferler, fresler, Fr.] to wrap up and bind a
ship＇s-sail close to the yard, to contract, to draw up. Furl thy sails.
Creech.

FU＇RLED, part. adj. [ferlée, Fr.] tied up as sails.

FU＇RLING Lines [in a ship] small lines made fast to the top-sails,
top-gallant sails, and missen-yard arms, to furl up those sails.

FU＇RLONG [furlang, Sax.] a measure of length, being an acre in
length, or the 8th part of a mile.

FU＇RLOUGH [verloef, L. Ger. foerloff, Su.] a leave granted to a
soldier to be absent a while from his company.
Brutus and Cato might discharge their souls,
And give them furlo＇s for another world. Dryden.

FU＇RMETY, or FER＇MENTY [more properly frumenty, or frumety,
from frumentum, Lat. fromentée, Fr.] a sort of pottage made of hulled
wheat, boiled in milk. Tusser uses it.

FU＇RNACE [fornax, Lat. fourneau, Fr. fornace, It.] a kiln or fire­
place for melting, brewing, distilling, generally inclosed.

Moveable FURNACE, one used by chemists, in shape like a reverbe­
ratory furnace.

Wind FURNACE, a furnace so built as to draw the air strongly, to
make the fire burn vehemently, to fuse or melt the matter in the ves­
sels called coppels or crucibles.

To FU＇RNACE, verb act. [from the subst.] to throw out as sparks
from a furnace; a bad word.
He furnaces
The thick sighs from him. Shakespeare.

FU＇RNAGE [fournage, Fr.] a fee formerly paid by tenants of a lord
of a manor, for baking bread in his oven.

To FU＇RNISH, verb act. [fournir, Fr. fornire, It. fornìr, Sp.] 1. To
find, provide, or supply what is necessary. Thou shalt furnish him
liberally out of thy flock. Deuteronomy. 2. To give things for use.
The materials of all our knowledge are suggested and furnished to
the mind. Locke. 3. To fit up, to fit with appendages. A bed or couch
neatly and costly furnished. Bacon. 4. To fit out for any under­
taking. Christ is furnish＇d with superior powers to all the angels.
Watts. 5. To adorn, to deck, to set off.
The wounded arm would furnish all their rooms,
And bleed for ever scarlet in the looms. Halifax.

FU＇RNISHER [of furnish, fournisseur, Fr.] one who furnishes, sup­
plies, or fits out.

FU＇RNITURE [fourniture, Fr. fornimento, It.] 1. The utensils re­
quisite for an house, or any other thing; goods put in a house for
use, or for ornament. 2. Appendages. The form, and all the
furniture of the earth. Tillotson. 3. Decorations, equipage.
Fit it with such furniture as suits
The greatness of his person. Shakespeare.
Horses furniture. Dryden.

FURNITURE [in dialling] lines drawn on dials for ornament, as
the parallels of declination, length of the day, azimuth, almacan­
tars, &c.

FU＇RO, the fitchet or fitchow.

FUROLE＇ [probably of feu, fire, and roulir, Fr. to roll] a little
blaze of fire, which sometimes appears by night on the tops of sol­
diers lances, or on the sail yards of a ship at sea, which whirls and
leaps in a moment from place to place. It is at sea sometimes the
fore-runner of a storm. If there were two of these, the ancients
called them Castor and Pollux, and they were accounted to fore­
bode safety; but if one, Helena, and was thought to forebode ship­
wreck. This meteor has lately been found to be electrical fire.

FU＇ROR, Lat. fury, madness, rage.

FUROR Uterinus, Lat. [with physicians] i. e. the fury of the
womb, a species of madness peculiar to women, exciting them to
a vehement desire of venery, and rendering them infatiate there­
with.

FURR [fourure, Fr.] 1. The skin of some sorts of wild beasts dressed
with the hair on, worn both for warmth and ornament. Holding in
furr mittens the sign of Capricorn. Peacham. 2. The soft hair or
pile of beasts found in cold countries, hair in general. Swallowing
the hair or furr of the beasts they prey upon. Ray. 3. A sort of
hoariness upon the tongue in a fever, any moisture exhaled so, as
that the remainder sticks on the part. A filthy furr upon my tongue.
Dryden.

To FURR, verb act. [fourror, Fr. foderare, It.] 1. To adorn or
line a garment with furrs. Like rich tissue furred with lambsbins.
Sidney. 2. To cover with soft matter. Furr＇d with mouldy damps.
Addison.

To FURR, verb neut. to grow hoary or foul as the tongue, or as
an urine-vessel, &c.

FURR [in heraldry] is the representation of the skins of certain
wild beasts, seen in the doubling of mantlings in coat armour, and is
sometimes used in the bearing.

FU＇RRIER [fourreur, Fr. furriél, Sp.] one who deals in furrs.

FU＇RRING [with architects] is the making good the rafters feet in
the cornice, or it is, when rafters are cut with a knee, these furrings
are pieces that go strait along with the rafter from the top of the knee
to the cornice.








FURRING a Ship, a laying on double planks on the sides of a
ship after she is built, called plank upon plank; or more properly
the ripping off the planks, and putting new timbers on the former
timbers, and also other planks upon them, to make a ship the
stronger.

FU＇RROW [furh, Sax.] 1. A trench cast up by a plough, &c. 2.
Any long trench or hollow in general; as a wrinkle.
Time has plough＇d that face
With many furrows since I saw it first. Dryden and Lee.

To FU＇RROW, verb act. [fyrian, Sax.] 1. To cut in furrows.
Furrow＇d land. Milton. 2. To divide in long furrows. No briny
tear has furrow＇d her smooth cheek. Shakespeare. 3. To make by
cutting; with out emphatical. There go the ships that furrow out
their way. Wotton.

FU＇RROW-WEED [of furrow and weed] a weed that grows in fur­
rowed land. Shakespeare uses it.

FU＇RR-WROUGHT, adj. [of furr and wrought] made of furr.
With the furr-wrought fly delude the prey. Gay.

FU＇RRY, adj. [of furr] 1. Covered with furr, dressed in furr. His
furry troops. Fenton. 2. Consisting of furr. Their furry spoils.
Dryden.

FU＇RSTENBURGH, a town and castle of Germany, the capital of a
country of the same name, 30 miles from Constance.

FU＇RTHER, adj. [from forth, not from far, as is commonly ima­
gined: forth, further, furthest, corrupted from forther, forthest; for­
wor, Sax. Forther is used by Sir Thomas More. See FORTH and
FARTHER, of which the examples are to be referred to this word.
Johnson] 1. Being at a greater distance. 2. Being beyond this.
What further need have we of witnesses. St. Matthew.

FU＇RTHER, adv. [of forth] to a greater distance, beyond. The
angel of the Lord went further. Numbers.

To FU＇RTHER, verb act. [fordrian, Sax. vorderen, Du. befordern,
L. Ger.] to forward, to promote; to assist, to countenance. Further
not his wicked device. Psalms.

FU＇RTHERANCE [of further] a promotion and help, advancement.
For the furtherance of their trade. Spenser.

FU＇RTHERER [of further] promoter, advancer. Earnest favourer
and furtherer of God＇s true religion. Ascham.

FU＇RTHERMORE [forden-mare, Sax.] and besides what has been
said, moreover. Shakespeare uses it.

FU＇RTHERMOST [furder-mæst, Sax.] the most distant.

FU＇RTHEST [furwæst, Sax.] the most distant.

FU＇RTIVE, adj. [furtivus, Lat. furtif, Fr. furtivo, It.] stolen,
gotten by stealth. Dart furtive beams and glory not their own.
Prior.

FU＇RTIVELY, adv. [of furtive] clandestinely, by theft.

FU＇RUNCLE, subst. [furoncle, Fr. furunculus, Lat.] a bile, an angry
pustule. Wiseman uses it.

FURU＇NCULUS [with surgeons] a swelling as big as a pigeon＇s
egg, puffed up and painful, especially when it begins to ripen and
putrify.

FU＇RY [furor, Lat. furie, Fr. furia, It. and Sp.] 1. Rage, passion
of anger, tumult of mind approaching to madness. The furies of
wild beasts. Wisdom. 2. Madness, frenzy. 3. Enthusiasm, exalta­
tion of fancy. Her wit began to be with a divine fury inspired. Sid­
ney. 4. [Furia, Lat.] one of the deities of vengeance, and thence a
stormy, violent raging woman. See FURIES. It was the most pro­
per place for a fury to make her exit. Addison.

FURZ [fyrs, Sax.] a prickly sort of plant, used for fewel, gorse,
goss. The whole plant is very thorny. The flowers, which are of
the pea-bloom kind, are disposed in short thick spikes, which are
succeeded by short compressed pods. The species are three, each of
which grow wild on the heaths and upland commons in England.
Miller. Tusser calls it furzin.

FU＇RZY, adj. [of furze] overgrown with furze, full of gorse. The
furzy field. Gay.

FUSA＇ROLE [with architects] a moulding or ornament placed im­
mediately under the echinum in the Doric, Ionic, and Composit
capitals.

FUSCA＇TION [from fuscus, Lat.] the act of darkening or cloud­
ing.

To FUSE, verb act. [fusum, sup. of fundo, Lat,] to melt or liquify
by heat, to put into fusion.

To FUSE, verb neut. to be melted, to be capable of being liquified
by heat.

FUSE, or FUSEE＇, of a bomb or granado shell, is a pipe of wood
filled with meal powder, salt-petre and sulphur, having some threads
of quick-match fixed in the top of it. When it is used, it is driven
into the bomb, being cut to a length proportional to the distance the
bomb is to be thrown, that it may be spent, and the bomb break
when it falls.

FUSEE [fusil, Fr.] a kind of light, neat musket. This is more
properly written fusil.

FUSEE [of a watch; fuseau, Fr.] that part about which the chain
or string is wound. The motion of the fusee. Hale.

FUSIBI＇LITY, or FU＇SIBLENESS [of fusibilité, Fr. of fusilis, Lat.]
aptness or readiness to flow or melt, that quality in metals or minerals
that disposes them for fusion. Metals are distinguished from other bo­
dies by their weight, fusibility, and malleableness. Locke.

FU＇SIBL, or FU＇SILE, adj. [from fuse, En. fusilis, Lat. fusile, Fr.]
1. That may be melted, liquisiable by heat. Other bodies, especial­
ly fusible ones. Boyle. A kind of fusil marble. Woodward. 2. Run­
ning by the force of heat. Turn into a fusil sea. Philips.

FU＇SIL, subst. a small neat musquet, a kind of firelock.

FU＇SIL, or FUSE＇E [fusus, Lat. in coat armour] is a spindle, and
differs from the lozenge, in that it is longer, and the lower part is
more acute and sharp than the other, i. e. the collateral or middle
parts. Peacham.

FUSILE＇ER [fuselier, Fr.] a soldier that carries a fusil or light
gun.

FUSI＇LLIS or FUSILE＇ [in heraldry] signifies a field or an ordinary
intirely covered over with fusils.

FU＇SION, Fr. [fusione, It. of fusio, Lat.] 1. The act of founding,
melting, or running metals with heat. 2. The state of being melted
or running. Metals in fusion do not flame. Newton.

FUSS, a bustle, noise, hurry; as, to make a fuss. A low cant
word. Nor with senates keep a fuss. Swift.

FUST, Fr. [fusto, It. with architects] 1. The shaft of a column;
from the astragal to the capital, or that part comprehended between
the base and capital, called also the naked. 2. [From fusté, Fr.] a
strong smell, as that of a mouldy barrel.

To FUST, verb neut. [from the subst.] to become mouldy, to
smell badly.

FU＇STIAN, subst. [of futaine, Fr. fustàn, Sp. a place in Egypt,
where it was made; or, as Menage says, of faustanum, in corrupt
Latin writers, and supposes it to be derived of fustis, or fuste, a tree, on
account of the tree on which cotton grows] 1. A sort of nappy cotton
cloth, now made of cotton only, formerly of linen and cotton toge­
ther. In their new fustian and their white stockings. Shakespeare.
2. A high swelling kind of writing, made up of words and ideas ill
associated, bombast. Abominable fustian, that is, thoughts and words
ill sorted, and without the least relation to each other. Dryden.

FU＇STIAN, adj. [from the subst.] 1. Made of fustian. 2. Swel­
ling, ridiculously tumid; applied to style. His fustian description of
the statue on the brazen horse. Dryden.

FU＇STIC, a sort of wood brought from the West-Indies, used in
dying cloth.

To FU＇STIGATE, verb act. [fustigo, Lat.] to cane, to beat with a
stick.

FU＇STI-LUGS, a dirty drab, a sluttish woman, that smells rank;
a low cant word.

FUSTILA＇RIAN, subst. [of fusty] a low fellow, a scoundrel, a stink­
ard. A word used by Shakespeare only.

FU＇STINESS [of fusty] rankness in smell, mustiness.

FU＇STY, adj. [of fust] rank in smell, stinking, musty. A fusty nut
with no kernel. Shakespeare.

FU＇SURE [fusura, Lat.] the act of flowing, or melting of me­
tals.

FU＇TILE [futilis, Lat.] 1. Babbling, talkative, silly, foolish. One
futile person maketh it his glory to tell. Bacon. 2. Worthless,
trifling.

FUTI＇LITY [futilitos, Lat. futilité, Fr.] 1. Blabbing, talkativeness.
The futility of women. L＇Estrange. 2. Silliness, lightness, vanity,
triflingness, want of solidity. Trifling futility appears in their signs
of the zodiac. Bentley.

FU＇TURE, adj. [futurus, Lat. futur, Fr. futuro, It. and Sp.] that is
to come hereafter; as, the future state.

FUTURE, subst. [from the adj. unless by ellipsis for the future time]
time to come. The mind once jaded by an attempt above its power
is disabled for the future. Locke.

FU＇TURELY, adv. [of future] in time to come. Prescience is not
the cause of any thing futurely succeeding. Raleigh.

FUTURI＇TION [with philosophers] a future being or existing; the
state of being, to come to pass hereafter. In respect of its futurition.
South.

FUTU＇RITY [of future] 1. The time to come, events to come.
All futurities are naked before that all-seeing eye. South. 2. The
state of being to be, futurition. It may be well reckoned among the
bare possibilities which never commence into a futurity. Glanville.

FU＇TTOCKS, subst. [corrupted from foothooks. Skinner. In a ship]
the compassing timbers, which make the breadth of it, and are scarfed
upon the ground timbers, the lower timbers that keep a ship to­
gether.

FU＇TY [futilis, Lat.] foolish, silly, talkative. It seems a corrup­
tion of futile. Which see.

FUTY [futée, Fr.] crafty, cunning.

FUZEE＇ [in horses] two dangerous splents, joining above and
downwards.

To FUZZ, verb neut. [without etymology. Johnson] to fly out in
small particles.

FU＇ZZ-BALL [of fuzz and ball] a kind of blasted fungus, which
when pressed bursts and scatters dust in the eyes.

FY, or FIE [fi, Fr. and Flem. foy, Du. pfuy, Ger. ϕευ, Gr. vab,
Lat.] an interjection of blame, disapprobation, or abhorrence.

FYRDERO＇NGA [fyrterung, Sax.] a fault in not going upon a war­
like expedition after a summons.












G.

G g, Roman; G g, Italic; G g, English; are the seventh
letters of the alphabet; Γ γ, gamma, Gr. and ג, gimel,
Hebrew, are the third letters of their alphabets.

G, in Latin numbers, signified 400.

G̅, with a dash at top, signified 40000.
The letter G, in English, has a double sound, the one from the Greek
Γ, and the Latin, which is called that of the hard G, because it is
formed by a pressure somewhat hard of the forepart of the tongue
against the upper gum. This sound G retains before a, o, u, l, r,
as, gate, gold, gull, glad, grand. The other sound, called that of
the soft G, resembles that of J, and is commonly, tho＇ not always,
found before e i; as, gem, gibbet. G hath a hard and soft sound in
gorgeous, as if it were written gorjeous.
Foreigners reckon it a deficiency in our alphabet, that the name of
G only expresses one of these sounds or powers, and that in the bor­
rowed instead of the original sound, and that in the soft sound it is
confounded with J consonant.
We have followed the French in making our g soft or hard accord­
ing to the vowel it precedes; but we have altered the power, and given
our soft g a middle sound, between its original hard, and the modern
French sound, exactly agreeing with the Italian.
It is likewise reckoned a fault in our pronunciation, that our gram­
marians give no certain rule to determine when g must be soft, and
when hard before e, i, and y; but an observation of the derivation
of words would in a great measure remove this difficulty.
G before n at the end of a word is melted away, as in the French,
from which these words are commonly derived; thus for benign, ma­
lign, condign, we pronounce benine, maline, condine; and likewise it is
not hard in phlegm, sign, campaign, reign, design, feign. It is often
silent in the middle of words before h, as night. The Saxon G g
seems to have had generally the sound of y consonant: whence gate is
by rustics still pronounced yate.

G h sounds like ff in laugh, cough; nor is it sounded in night, might,
caught, bought, sought, thought, &c.

GA＇BARAGE, wrappers in which Irish goods are wrapped.

GA＇BBARA, a name by which the Egyptians called the dead bodies,
which they kept by them instead of burying them.

GA＇BARDINE, subst. [gavardina, It.] a coarse frock, any mean dress.
My Jewish gabardine. Shakespeare.

GA＇BBERDING [galverdine, Fr.] a shepherd＇s coarse frock or coat.
See GABARDINE.

To GA＇BBLE, verb neut. [gabbare, It. gabberen, Du. gabbelen,
Ger. to chirp, as birds do, or of javioler or babler, Fr. to prate] 1.
To talk fast, to prate or prattle, to chat or chatter loud without mean­
ing. To gabble like tinkers. Shakespeare. 2. To make any inarti­
culate noise.
Flocks of fowl that when the tempests roar,
With their hoarse gabbling seek the silent shore. Dryden.

GA＇BBLE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Inarticulate noise, like that of
brute animals. Chough＇s language, gabble enough. Shakespeare. 2.
Loud talk without meaning.
A hideous gabble rises loud
Among the builders. Milton.

GA＇BBLER [of gabble] one that gabbles or prates, a chatterer.

GA＇BEL [gabelle, Fr. gabella, It. gafel, or gafol, Sax. a tribute]
an excise in France upon salt, which writers say raises the king as
much money as all the mines of Chili, Potosi, and all the rest of Ame­
rica yields to the king of Spain. The whole commerce of salt for
the inland consumption lying wholly in the king＇s hands, who sells
and distributes all of it to his farmers and officers appointed for that
purpose. In our ancient records, &c. it is taken to signify a rent,
custom, duty or service done to the king or to some other lord; an
excise, a tax in general. The gabels of Naples are very high on oil.
Addison.

GA＇BION, subst. See GABIONS.

GA＇BIN, a town of Great Poland, 46 miles north-west of War­
saw.

GABIANA＇DO, a bulwark made with gabions.

GA＇BIONS, Fr. [gabbioni, It. gabionos, Sp.] are baskets of five or
six feet high, and four or five broad, equally wide at top and bottom;
they are made of pieces of willow of about six feet long, stuck in the
ground in a circle, which they work round with small branches, leaves
and all, and afterwards fill them with earth, to make a cover or pa­
rapet between them and the enemy; they are sometimes used in mak­
ing batteries. His battery was defended all along with gabions and
casks filled with sand. Knolles. See Plate VIII. fig. 10, 11.

GA＇BLE End of a House, Fr. [gaval, Wel.] 1. Is the upright and
triangular end, from the cornice or eaves to the top of the house. 2.
The sloping roof of a building. Take care that all your brickwork
be covered with the tiling, according to the new way of building,
without gable-ends, which are very heavy, and very apt to let the
water into the brickwork. Mortimer.

GA＇BLOCS [with sportsmen] false spurs for fighting cocks.

GAD, a measure of nine or ten feet, a geometrical perch.

GAD of Steel [gad, Sax. gaddur, Islan. a club] 1. A small bar,
wedge, or ingot of steel. Flemish steel is brought down the Rhine,
some in bars and some in gads, and therefore called Flemish steel and
sometimes gad steel. Moxon. 2. It seems to be used by Shakespeare
for a stile or graver [from gad, Sax. a goad]
I will go get a leaf of brass,
And with a gad of steel with write these words. Shakespeare.

To GAD [prob. of gaen, Du. or gangan, Sax. to go; derived by
Skinner from gadfly; by Junius from gadaw, Wel. to forsake] to
ramble, rove, range, or straggle about without any settled purpose,
loosely and idly.

GA＇DDER [of gad] one that gads or runs much abroad without bu­
siness. A drunken woman and a gadder abroad. Ecclesiasticus.

GA＇DDING [prob. of gad] rambling, roving, ranging, straggling
about.

GA＇DDINGLY, adv. [of gad] in a roving rambling manner.

GAD-FLY [prob. as tho＇ goad fly. Skinner. Because it pricks like a
goad; in Sax. gad; or of gadding, because it makes cattle to go
astray] an insect, called also the gad-bee or breeze, that when he
stings the cattle makes them gad or run madly about. Angry gad­
flies fasten on the herd. Thomson.

GAFF. 1. An iron hook to pull great fishes into a ship, an harpoon
or large hook. 2. A false spur for a fighting cock.

G＇AFFER [of god, good, and father, Sax. a father, gefere,
Sax. a companion. Johnson] a country appellation for a man; now
only applied in contempt, to a mean man, formerly a word of respect.
Obsolete.

GA＇FFLES, subst. [gafelucar, Sax. spears] 1. Artificial spurs put
on cocks when set to fight. 2. A steel contrivance to bend cross
bows.

GA＇FFOLD-GILD, the payment of custom or tribute.

GA＇FFOLD-LAND, land that pays a certain custom or tribute, called
gaffold-gild.

To GAG, verb neut. [gaghel, Du. the palate. Minshew] to stop
the mouth with something that may allow to breathe, but hinder to
speak. He is gagg＇d. Shakespeare.

GAG [from the verb] an instrument to put in the mouth to keep it
from closing, and consequently to hinder a person from speaking or
eating. A gag in her chaps. Dryden.

GAGA＇TES [so called of Gagus a city of Lysia in Asia, where it was
in Plenty] a sort of stone, which, when rubbed, smells like brim­
stone, and that will take fire immediately.

GAGE [gauge, or jauge, Fr.] a rod to measure casks with. This is
more properly written gauge.

GAGE, Fr. a pledge or pawn, any thing given in security. The
vouchers and gage of its probability. Locke.

Mort GAGE, is that which is left in the hands of the proprietor,
so that he reaps the fruit of it; in opposition to visgage, where the
fruits or revenues are reaped by the creditor, and reckoned as part of
the debt paid.

GAGE of a Ship, is so many feet of water as she draws.

To GAGE, or To GAUGE, verb act. [jauger, Fr.] 1. To mea­
sure with a gage, to find out how much any vessel of liquid contains.
This is more properly written gauge. You shall not gage me. Shake­
speare. 2. To wager, to deposit as a wager. 3. To give as a pawn,
pledge, or security. Gaging his faith for their safety. Knolles.

To GAGE Deliverance [law term] to give security that a thing shall
be delivered; the same as to wage deliverance.

Weather GAGE, when one ship is to the wind, or is to the weather
of another, she is said to have the weather gage.

GAGE [with joiners] is an instrument made to strike a line truly
parallel to the strait side of any board, &c.

GA＇GER [jaugeur, Fr.] a measurer of casks or vessels.

GA＇GGED, part pass. [of gag, which see. Prob. of geag, Sax. the
cheek bone] having an instrument or piece of wood put into the mouth
to keep it from shutting.

To GA＇GGLE, verb neut. [gagen, gagelen, Du.] to make a noise
like a goose. Geese gagle. Bacon.

GA＇GGLING, subst. [of gaggle] the noise made by a goose.

GAI＇ANITES [of Gaian, bishop of Alexandria] a sect, who denied
that Jesus Christ, after the hypostatical union, was subject to any of
the infirmities of human nature. I wish St. Hilary himself (tho＇, in
other respects, of all the Athanasian writers he warped the least from
his PREDECESSORS in the FAITH) could be well cleared of this charge.
What other construction shall we put on that assertion of his? “that
our SAVIOUR＇s body was no more susceptible of pain from a wound,
than the surface of water from a spear or javelin thrust into it.” And
in the same tract, addressing himself to the ARIANS, against whom he
wrote, “you will not allow, you HERETICS, that when the nails
peirced his palms, he felt no pain.” What is all this, but in effect to
deny that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh? [See ANTICHRIST and
CERINTHIANS] And by the way, as St. John, in his Epistles, has
made it the characteristic of antichrist, that he should subvert the
Christian doctrine of the INCARNATION, it is very remarkable that
about that time in which our apostle fixes the GREAT APOSTACY, I
mean, between the fall of Paganism and the irruption of the northern
nations on the Roman empire [Revelat. cap. 6th, 7th, and 8th, com­
pared] I say, in that age, this mark of antichrist was most conspi­
cuous. I do not mean that all carried the matter so far as the Gai­
anites and St. Hilary did; but that, in some shape or other, Cerinthianism
was now revived; a TRUE AND PROPER INCARNATION was explained
away; and, maugre that generous stand which was made by the Euse­
bians, Eunomians, and Apollinarians, a new system of religion, by the
aid of the secular arm, was established before the close of that cen­







tury; as MEDE and Sir ISAAC NEWTON have most fully shewn. But
this circumstance, how deplorable soever, has at least this good effect,
that it affords a fresh attestation to the truth of Christianity. “The
accomplishment of prophecies (as one of her most acute opposers has
confest) being itself a STANDING MIRACLE.” If the reader would
supply himself with yet further materials on this head, he may please
to consult the words, CREED, CATAPHRYGIANS, DIMÆRITÆ, [or
DIMERITÆ] and EUNOMIANS, compared.

GAIE＇TA, a strong fortified town of the kingdom of Naples, in
Italy, 35 miles north west of the city of Naples.

GA＇IETY [gaieté, Fr. gajezza, It.] 1. Cheerfulness of temper. 2.
Gallantry or fineness in apparel. See GAYETY.

GAILLA＇RD, Fr. brisk, merry, blithe, jolly, pleasant, light-hearted,
cheerful.

GA＇ILY, adv. [of gay] 1. Airily, cheerfully. 2. Splendidly, with
great pomp and show. That gaily blooms, but ev＇n in blooming dies.
Pope.

GAIN. Fr. [guadagno, It. ganancia, Sp. ganho, Port.] 1. Profit,
lucre, what a person reaps from his trade, employment, or industry;
advantage. Light gains come thick. Bacon. 2. Interest, lucrative
view. 3. Unlawful advantage. Did I make a gain of you? 2 Co­
rinthians. 4. Overplus in a comparative computation; opposed to
loss.

GAIN [with artichects] the bevelling shoulder of a joist or other
timber; also the lapping of the end of a joist, &c. upon a trimmer or
girder, and then the thickness of the shoulder is cut into the trimmer;
also bevelling upwards, that it may just receive the gain.

To GAIN, verb act. [gagner, Fr. guadagnare, It. ganar, Sp. gan­
har, Port. gynan, Sax. gewinnen, Ger.] 1. To get, to obtain as pro­
fit or advantage. Thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by ex­
tortions. Ezekiel. 2. To win. They who were sent to the other
pass, after a short resistance, gained it. Clarendon. 3. To have the
overplus in comparative computation. If you empty one vessel to fill
the other, you gain nothing by that. Burnet. 4. To obtain, to pro­
cure. It is not easy to imagine how it should at first gain entertain­
ment. Tillotson. 5. To obtain any thing good or bad. Have gained
this harm and loss. Acts. 6. To obtain increase of any thing allotted.
Ye would gain the time. Daniel. 7. To draw into any party or in­
terest. To gratify the queen and gain the court. Dryden. 8. To reach,
to attain. A very troublesome march to gain the top. Addison. 9. To
carry a point; as, he gained his point. 10. To gain over; to draw
to another party or interest. To gain over those who were represented
as their enemies. Swift.

To GAIN, verb neut. 1. To encroach, to come forwards by de­
grees.
On the land while here the ocean gains,
In other parts it leaves wide sandy plains. Pope.
2. To get ground, to prevail against. The English have not only
gained upon the Venetians in the Levant, but have their cloth in Ve­
nice itself. Addison. 3. To obtain influence with. My good beha­
viour had gained on the emperor. Gulliver. 4. To grow rich, to be
advanced in interest or happiness.

GAIN, adj. [an old word, now obsolete] handy, ready, dex­
terous.

GA＇INAGE [gaignage, Fr.] all plough tackle and instruments
for husbandry-work, carried on by the baser sort of sokemen and
villains.

GA＇INAGE [in law] 1. Land held of the meaner sort or villains.
2. The profit arising from the cultivation of such lands.

GA＇INER [of gain] one who gains, or receives profit or advantage.
We are as great gainers by the commodities of many other countries as
those of our own nation. Addison.

GA＇INERY, or GA＇INURE [in old records] 1. Tillage or husbandry.
2. The profits arising thence, or of the beasts used in that way.

GA＇INFUL [of gain and full] 1. Profitable, advantageous. The
lufcious proposal of some gainful purchase. South. 2. Lucrative, pro­
ductive of money. Nor knows he merchants gainful care. Dryden.

GA＇INFULLY, adv. [of gainful] profitably, advantageously.

GA＇INFULNESS [of gainful] profitableness, advantageousness.

GA＇INGIVING, subst. [of gain and give] the fame as misgiving, a giv­
ing against; as gainsaying, which is still in use, is saying against or
contradicting. Hanmer. It is but foolery; but it is such a kind of gain­
giving as would perhaps trouble a woman. Shakespeare.

GA＇INLESS, adj. [of gain] unprofitable, producing no advan­
tage.

GA＇INLESSNESS [of gainless] unprofitableness, want of advantage.
The parallel too in the gainlessness as well as laboriousness of the work.
Decay of Piety.

GAI＇NLY, adv. [of gain, adj.] cleverly, handily, dexterously.

GAI＇NNESS, handiness, dexterity.

To GAI＇NSAY, verb act. [gean-secgan, Sax. geensaga, Su. or
＇gainst and say] 1. To speak against, or contradict, to dispute with.
Speeches which gainsay one another. Hooker. 2. To deny any
thing.
Less impudence to gainsay what they did,
Than to perform it first. Shakespeare.

GAI＇NSAYER [of gainsay] an opponent, an adversary in dispute.
Such as may fatisfy gainsayers. Hooker.

GAI＇NSBOROUGH, or GA＇NESBOROUGH, one of the most flourishing
market towns of Lincolnshire; it stands on the river Trent, which
brings up ships of good burden with the tide, tho＇ near forty miles, by
water from the Humber. It is 137 miles from London, and gives
title of earl to the noble family of Noel.

＇GAINST, prep. for against, which see.

To GAI＇NSTAND [of ＇gainst and stand] to withstand, to resist, to op­
pose. Gainstand the force of so many enraged desires. Sidney.

GAI＇NSTANDING, part. act. [of gainstand, of gean-ftandan, Sax.]
resisting, opposing.

GAI＇NSTANDING, subst. [of gainstand] resistance, opposition.

GAI＇RISH [gearrian, Sax. to dress fine] 1. Gaudy, pompous,
showy, fine. Hide me from day＇s gairish eye. Milton. 2. Extra­
vagantly gay, flighty. It makes the mind loose and gairish. South.

GAI＇RISHNESS [of gairish] 1. Flaunting, gaudery, finery. 2.
Flighty or extravagant joy. Without vanity or gairishness of spirit.
Taylor.

GAIT [of gangan, Sax. to go, gat, Du.] 1. A particular motion
of the body, or an air in walking. The appearance of a great man,
which he preserved in his gait and motion. Clarendon. 2. A way; as
among the Scots, gang your gait. 3. March, walk. Scarce thy legs
uphold thy feeble gait. Spenser.

GAI＇TRE [getreop, Sax.] the dog berry-tree.

GALACTI＇TES [γαλακτιτης, of γαλακτος, gen. of γαλα, Gr. milk]
a precious stone so called, because it is as white as milk; also a fort
of earth called milk marl.

GALA＇CTOPOTE [galactopota, Lat. of γαλακτοποτης, of γαλα, milk,
and πινω, Gr. to drink] a milk drinker.

GALACTO＇PHAGIST [galactophagus, Lat. of γαλακτοϕαγος, of γα­
λα, milk, and ϕαγω, Gr. to eat] a milk-eater, a milk sop.

GALACTO＇PHORUS, Lat. [γαλακτοϕορος, of γαλα, milk, and ϕερω,
Gr. to carry] carrying or conveying milk; such cattle as by reason
of a plenty of good herbage produce more milk [in the original γα­
λακτοϕορα] than others. Append. ad Thesaurum H. Stephan. &c.

GALACTO＇PHORI Ductus, Lat. [in anatomy] certain vessels which
serve to convey the milk and humour, called chyle, from the intes­
tines to the glandules or kernels of the breast.

GALACTOPLE＇TIC Faculty [of γαλακτος, of γαλα, milk, and
πλεω, Gr. to fill] an aptitude to separate milk in the breasts.

GALA＇CTOSIS [γαλακτωσις, Gr.] the act of changing into milk, or
the production of milk in the breasts.

GA＇LANGE, subst. a shepherd＇s clog. My galange grown fast to
my heel. Spenser.

GA＇LANGAL, an Indian aromatic plant. It is a medicinal root, of
which there are two species. The lesser galangal is in pieces about an
inch or two long, of the thickness of a man＇s little finger, of a brown­
ish red colour, extremely hot and pungent. The larger galangal is in
pieces about two inches or more in length, and an inch in thickness,
its colour is brown with a faint cast of red; it has a disagreeable but
much less acid and pungent taste than the other: both are brought
from the East-Indies, the small kind from China, and the larger from
the island of Java, wherewith the natives while it is fresh, by way of
sauce, season their dishes; the small sort is used by us in medicine as
a stomachic, and is an ingredient in almost all bitter infusions and mix­
tures. Hill.

GALANTI＇NE, Fr. [in cookery] a particular way of dressing a
pig.

GALA＇TIA, the ancient name of Amasia, a province of Lesser
Asia.

GA＇LAXY [γαλαξια, of γαλα, Gr. milk] that long, white, luminous
tract which seems to encompass the heavens like a swathe or girdle,
and which is perceivable in a clear night, especially when the moon
does not appear; the milky way. Those innumerable stars in the
galaxy. Bentley.

GALBANE＇TUM, Lat. [with physicians] a medicinal composition
made of galbanum.

GALBA＇NUM, a gum issuing from the incision of a ferulaceous plant,
called ferula galbanifera. We meet with galbanum sometimes in
loose granules called drops or tears, which is the purest, and some­
times in large masses. It is soft like wax, of a yellowish or reddish co­
lour; its smell strong and disagreeable, its taste acrid, naufeous and
bitterish. It is of a middle nature between a gum and a refin, being
inflammable as a refin, and foluble in water as a gum, and will not
dissolve in oil as pure refins do. It is the produce of an umbelliferous
plant, whose stalks are about an inch thick, and five or six feet high;
its leaves are like the common anise, of a strong smell and acrid taste,
but the flowers, and especially the seeds, are much more so. The
whole plant abounds with a viscous milky juice, which it yields when
wounded, and which soon concretes into the substance called galbanum.
The plant is frequent in Persia, and in many parts of Africa. Its me­
dicinal virtues are considerable in asthmas, coughs, and hysteric com­
plaints. Hill.

GALE [prob. of awel, Brit. gahling, Ger. hasty, sudden. Johnson]
a blast or stream of wind, not stormy, yet stronger than a breeze.
Fresh gales and gentle air. Milton.

Loom GALE [a sea phrase] is when the wind blows gently, so that
the ship may bear her top-sails a trip.

A Fresh GALE, Stiff GALE, or Strong GALE [sea phrases] is used
of the wind when it is very high.

To GALE Away [a sea phrase] is said of a ship that sails faster than
another, finding more wind than the other in fair weather, when there
is but little wind.

GA＇LEA, Lat. [with botanists] the upper part of a flower, so called
because it resembles a helmet.

GALEA [with physicians] a pain in the head, so called because it
takes in the whole head like an helmet.

GALEA [with anatomists] a term used of the head of an insant that
is newly born, when it is covered with part of the membrane or skin
called amneos.

GALEANCO＇NES, Lat. [of γαλεν, weasle, and αγκων, Gr. an elbow]
such persons who have short arms.

GALE＇AS [galeasse, Fr. galeazza, It. galeáca, Sp.] a heavy, low
built vessel, with both sails and oars; it carries three masts; but they
cannot be lowered as in a galley, viz. a main-mast, fore-mast, and
misen-mast. It has 32 seats for rowers, and six or seven slaves to
each. They carry three tire of guns at the head; the lowermost has
two pieces of 36 pounders each; the second two pieces of 18 pounders
each. At the stern there are two tire of guns, each of two pieces,
and each piece 18 pounders. Thirty men of war, an hundred gallies,
and ten galeasses. Addison.

GALEATE Flowers, the same as galeatus.

GALEA＇TED, adj. [galeatus, of galea, Lat. an helmet] 1. Wearing
an helmet, covered as with an helmet. A galeated eschinus copied.
Woodward. 2. (In botany) such plants as bear a flower like a hel­
met.

GALEA＇TUS, Lat. [in botanic writers] hooded; whose upper part
resembles a kind of helmet or hood, as in the flower of sage, monks­
hood, &c.























GALE＇GA, Lat. [with botanists] goat＇s rue.

GALE＇NA, a sort of oar in mines that affords both silver and lead.

GALE＇NICAL, or GALE＇NIC, of or pertaining to Galen the physi­
cian, as Galenic physic, that which is founded upon the practice of
Galen.

GA＇LENIST, one who practises physic according to the principles of
Galen. See DOGMATICA Medicina.

GALEO＇NS, or GALLIO＇NS [galions, Fr. galeoni, It. galeonos, Sp.]
those Spanish ships that are sent to Vera Cruz in New Spain, and if
they are employed to any other part, they are not called by that
name.

GALEO＇PSIS, Lat. [of γαλιοϕις, Gr. with botanists] water betony,
or stinking dead nettle.

GALERI＇CULATE Flowers [galerus, Lat. a hat; in botany] covered
as with a hat; the same as cucullate.

GALERI＇CULATED, adj. [galericulatus, Lat.] having brims like a
hat.

GALI＇CIA, a province of Spain, bounded on the north-west by
the ocean, on the east by the provinces of Asturias and Leon, and on
the south by Portugal.

GALICIA, is also the name of a province of Mexico, bounded by
New Mexico on the north, by the gulph of Mexico on the east, by
Mexico proper on the south, and by the Pacific Ocean and the gulph
of California on the west.

GA＇LILE, or GA＇LILEE, once a province of Judea, now of Turky
in Asia. It was the scene of many of our Saviour＇s miracles.

GA＇LIUM, or GA＇LLIUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb cheese­
rennet, or our lady＇s bed straw.

GALL [galle, Du. and Ger. galde, Dan. gall, Teut. and Su. gealla,
Sax. the bile] 1. One of the humours of the body, a yellow juice,
secreted from the blood in the glands of the liver, remarkable for its
supposed bitterness. 2. The part which contains the bile. The mar­
ried couple, as a testimony of their future concord, did cast the gall of
the sacrifice behind the altar. Brown. 3. Any thing extremely bit­
ter. Grant that the honey＇s much, the gall is more. Dryden. 4. Ran­
cour, malignity. A perpetual gall in the mind of the people. Spenser.
5. A fret or sore, a slight hurt by rubbing off the skin. As a gangrene
is to a gall or scratch. Government of the Tongue. 6. Anger, bitterness
of mind.
Tho＇ he before had gall and rage,
He grows dispirited and low,
He hates the fight, and shuns the blow. Prior.
7. [From galla, Lat.] Galls or gallnuts are a kind of preternatural and
accidental tumours produced on various trees, but those of the oak only
are used in medicine. We have two kinds, the oriental and the Euro­
pean. The oriental are brought from Aleppo, of the bigness of a
large nutmeg, with tuburcles on their surface, of a very firm and so­
lid texture, and a disagreeable acerb and astringent taste. The Euro­
pean galls are of the same size, with perfectly smooth surfaces; they
are light, often spongy and cavernous within, and always of a lax tex­
ture. They have a less austere taste, and are of much less value both
in manufactures and medicine. The general history of galls is this:
An insect of the fly kind, for the safety of her young wounds the
branches of the tree, and in the hole deposites her egg; lacerated ves­
sels of the tree discharging their contents, form a tumor or woody
case about the hole: this tumor also serves for the food of the tender
maggot, which, as soon as it is perfect and in its winged state, gnaws
its way out, as appears from the hole found in the gall; and where no
hole is seen on its surface, the maggot or its remains are sure to be
found within on breaking it. The true reason of hard galls not being
produced with us, seems to be, that we want the peculiar species of
insect to which they owe their original, which is a fly of the ichneu­
mon kind, only found in hot countries. We find the several kinds
which occasion the different galls in our own kingdom, produce dif­
ferent kinds, and those of different degrees of hardness on the same
tree. Galls are used in making ink, in dying and dressing leather, and
in many other manufactures. In medicine they are very astringent
and good under proper management. Hill.

GALL-Bladder, a membranaceous receptacle, in figure resembling a
pear, situate at the lower margin of the liver, in which the humour
called gall is contained.

To GALL, verb act. [geallan, Sax. galer, Fr.] 1. To fret or rub
off the skin. His galled horse. Locke. 2. To impair, to wear away.
It would gall the ground, wash away plants by the roots. Ray. 3.
To teaze or vex, to fret. To gall their minds. Hooker. 4. To har­
rass, to mischief. We us＇d to gall them with our long bows. Addi­
son.

To GALL, verb neut. to fret, to be peevish. I have seen you
gleeking and galling at this gentleman. Shakespeare.
Touch a GALL＇D horse and he＇ll winch.
That is, accuse a person of what his conscience convinces him he is
guilty, and he will be sure to shew by some means or other that he is
touched to the quick. It is generally used tauntingly to those who
take every thing that is said as if designedly levell＇d at them, when
perhaps the person who is speaking has nothing less in view.

GALL-Nut, a sort of round nut or excrescence that grows on a oak,
used in making ink. See the 7th sense of GALL.

St. GALL, a town in Switzerland, five miles west of the lake of
Constance; forming a republic of itself, but without any territory. Its
legislative power is lodged in two councils. It is said to contain
10,000 inhabitants, all employed in the linen manufacture.

GA＇LLA, Lat. the gall-nut, or oak-apple.

GALLA Moschata, Lat. [with apothecaries] a certain fragment con­
fection.

GA＇LLANT, adj. [galant, Fr. galante, It. and Sp. from gala, Sp.
fine dress] 1. Fine, spruce, gay, showy, well-dressed, magnificent.
Neither shall gallant ships pass thereby. Isaiah. 2. Courageous,
brave, high-spirited. Made him seek his revenge in manner gallant
enough. Sidney. 3. Fine, noble, specious. How gallant and how
brave a thing it would be for his highness to make a journey into Spain.
Clarendon. 4. Inclined to courtship. In gallant thought to plume
their painted wings. Thomson.

GA＇LLANT, subst. [galant, Fr. galante, It. galàn, Sp.] a beau, a
gay, sprightly, splendid man. The gallants and lusty youths of Na­
ples came. Knolles. 2. One who caresses women to debauch them.
She had left the good man at home and brought away her gallant.
Addison. 3. One who courts a woman for marriage. In the two lat­
ter senses it has commonly the accent on the last syllable.

A GALLANT Man, one somewhat gayer, brighter, and more agree­
able than men in common are.

GA＇LLANTLY, adv. [of gallant] 1. Gaily, splendidly. 2. Bravely,
nobly, generously. You have not dealt so gallantly with us as we
did with you. Swift.

GA＇LLANTRY [galanterie, Fr. galanteria, Sp. 1. Amorous in
trigue, vicious love, debauchery. As if there were a certain point
where gallantry ends and infancy begins. Swift. 2. Splendor of
appearance, magnificence, glittering show, finery. Make the sea
shine with gallantry. Waller. 4. Valour, bravery, nobleness, ge­
nerosity. The eminence of your condition, and the gallantry of your
principles. Glanville. 4. A number of gallants, gallant men. Hector,
Deiphobus, and all the gallantry of Troy. Shakespeare. 5. Court­
ship, refined address to women.
The martial Moors in gallantry refin＇d,
Invent new arts to make their charmers kind. Glanville.

GALLE＇ASS [galleasse, Fr.] a great double galley. Bacon uses it.
See GALEAS.

GALLEO＇N [galion, Fr.] a large ship with four or sometimes five
decks, now in use only among the Spaniards. The Spanish galeons.
Bacon. See GALEON.

GA＇LLEYHALPENS, a sort of coin brought into England by the Ge­
noese merchants.

GA＇LLERY [gallerie, Fr. galleria, It. galería, Sp.] a sort of bal­
cony that surrounds a building.

GALLERY, a passage leading to several apartments in a great house.

GALLERY of a Mine, a narrow passage under-ground, leading to
the mine that is carried on under any work that is designed to be blown
up.

GALLERY for passing a Moat, is a covered walk made of strong
beams, and cover＇d over head with planks, and loaded with earth:
＇twas formerly used for carrying the mine to the foot of the rampart:
sometimes the gallery is covered over with raw hides, to defend it from
the artificial fires of the besieged. The gallery ought to be very strong,
of double planks on that side towards the flank, to make it musket-
proof. It is made in the camp, and brought along the trenches in
pieces, to be joined together in the foss; it ought to be eight foot
high, and ten or twelve wide; the beams ought to be half a foot thick,
and two or three foot asunder; the planks or boards nailed on each
side, and filled with earth or planks in the middle; the covering to rise
with a ridge, that what is thrown upon it by the besiegers with a de­
sign to burn it, may roll off. See plate VIII. fig. 6.

GALLERY [in a ship] is a kind of balcony made upon the stern
without board, in which there is a passage out of the captain＇s cabbin,
called the great cabbin.

GALLERY [galerie, Fr. derived by Du Cange from galeria, low
Lat. a fine room; with architects] 1. A covered place in a house,
much longer than broad, and which is usually on the wings of the
building, or it is a long narrow room on the sides or fronts of houses,
serving to walk in; also a little isle or walk, serving as a common pas­
sage to several rooms placed in a line or row; in general, any build­
ing whose length much exceeds its breadth. Covered galleries that lead
from the palace to five different churches. Addison. 2. The seats in
the play-house that are raised above the pit, in which the meaner sort
of people sit. All its throats the gallery extends. Pope.

GA＇LLETYLE, subst. [I suppose this word has the same import with
gallipot. Johnson] Make a compound body of glass and galletyle. Ba­
con.

GA＇LLEY [galere, Fr. galera, It. and Sp. galée, Port. derived,
some think, from galea, Lat. a helmet, which was pictured anciently
on the prow; others from γαλεωτης, Gr. the sword-fish; others from
galleon, expressing in Syriac men exposed to the sea. From galley
come galleass, galleon, galliot] 1. A ship that has both sails and oars,
much in use in the Mediterranean, but found unable to endure the agi­
tation of the main ocean. It is a low built vessel, that has both sails
and oars, and commonly carries two masts, viz. a main-mast and a
fore-mast, that may be struck or lowered at pleasure. They are ge­
nerally about 130 feet long, and 18 feet broad in the middle. 2. It
is proverbially considered as a place of toilsome misery, because crimi­
nals are condemned to row in them. He would fly to the mines and
the gallies. South.

Captain GALLEY, is the principal galley of state commanded by the
captain-general of the galleys.

Patroon GALLEY, the second galley of France, &c. commanded
by the lieutenant.

GALLEY [with printers] a wooden frame into which the composi­
tor empties his composing-stick as often as it is filled.

GALLEY-Men, merchants at Genoa, which antiently arrived in
England in galleys, landing their goods at a key near the custom­
house, thence called Galley-Key.

GALLEY-Slave, a person condemned to row in the galleys.

GALLEY-Worm, an hairy insect, whose legs on each side resemble
the oars of a galley.

Condemnation to the GALLEYS [in France and in Turkey] a penalty
imposed on criminals and delinquents, whereby they are adjudg＇d to
serve the king or state as slaves on board the galleys, either for their
life-time, or for a limited time. Such another freedom as the Turkish
galley slaves enjoy. Bramhall.

GALLIA＇MBIC Verses, verses so named of the Galli, or priests of the
goddess of Cybele and Jambus, a verse consisting of an anapæstus and
tribrachus.

GALLIA＇RD, subst. [gaillard, Fr. imagined to be derived from the
Gaulish ard, genius, and gay. Johnson; gagliardo, It.] a gay, brisk,
merry, jocund man, a fine fellow. Selden in a galliard by himself.
Cleaveland.

GALLIARD, a sort of nimble dance, consisting of very different mo­
tions and actions, sometimes gliding smoothly, sometimes capering,
and sometimes across: in both senses now obsolete. Those that dance
too long galliards. Bacon.








GALLIA＇RDA, It. [in music books] the name of the tune that be­
longs to the dance called galliard, and is commonly in triple time, of
a brisk lively humour, something like a jigg.

GA＇LLIARDISE, mirth, jocundness, gaiety.

GA＇LLIC, or GA＇LLICAN, adj. [Gallicane, It. Gallicano, It. Galli­
canus, Lat.] of or pertaining to France or the French nation; as, the
Gallic church, Gallic arms, and Gallic faith.

Anti-GALLICANS, an associated body so called, from the main end
and design of their societies, which are now of some years standing;
and were originally formed with intention to give the ALARM with re­
ference to the GROWING POWER of FRANCE; as also to discourage the
use of her manufactures; as well knowing that TRADE is the very nerves
and sinews of war. To which we may add, the encouragement they
give to our own, by præmiums, which are annually given to those ar­
tists who can produce the best specimen. They have several societies,
with their respective officers, and presidents; and one GRAND PRESI­
DENT, who is chose at their annual feast; nor should it be over-look＇d,
that they do also engage to be mutually assistant in their respective
spheres of business to one another. Upon the whole, whatever the
world might think of this institution in its first rise, I believe by
this time she is well satisfied, the scheme was POLITICALLY GOOD;
and these kingdoms would have been scarce threatened, as they now
are, with an INVASION from that quarter, had the ANTI-GALLICAN
PRINCIPLES and SPIRIT more generally prevail＇d.

GALLICE＇NTRUM, Lat. [with botanists] sage of Rome.

GALLICHRI＇STA [with botanists] the herb yellow or white rattle.

GA＇LLICISM [gallicisme, Fr. gallicismo, It.] a French idiom, or
mode of speaking after the manner of the French, such as he figured
in controversy, he held this conduct, he held the same language that
another had held before, with many other expressions to be found in
Bolingbroke＇s works. In English I would have gallicisms avoided.
Felton.

GALLIGA＇SKINS [of caligæ-gallo-vasconium, Lat. Skinner; i. e.
stockings of the Gallo-vascones, or the French-vascones, a people of
Gascoiny in France, who used them] a sort of wide breeches, large
open hose.
My galligaskins, that have long withstood
The winter＇s fury, and encroaching frosts,
By time subdu＇d. Philips.

GALLIMA＇TIAS, subst. [gallimathias, Fr.] a dark, perplexed dis­
course, where several things are huddled together, so as to make an
inconceivable jargon, nonsense, talk without meaning.

GALLIMA＇UFREY [gallimafreé, Fr.] 1. An hotch-potch of seve­
ral sorts of meats dressed together; a hash of several sorts of broken
meat, a medley. Hanmer. They have made of our English
tongue a gallimaufry, or hodge-podge of all other speeches. Spenser.
2. Any inconsistent or ridiculous medley in general. A ridiculous
piece of painting, and a mere gallimauffry. Dryden. It is used by
Shakespeare ludicrously of a woman. He loves thy gallimaufry
friend. Shakespeare.

GALLIO＇N, or GALLEO＇N, a sort of ship or large galley, having
four decks, and only using sails; in which the Spaniards, in war
time, convey their bullion and plate from the West-Indies. See
GALEONS.

GA＇LLIOT [galiote, Fr. galeotta, It. galeàta, Sp.] a small ship or
galley, fit for the chase. Knolles uses it.

GALLIOT, is a little galley, or a sort of brigantine, built very slight,
and fit for chase. It carries but one mast, and two or three pattere­
roes: it can both sail and row, and has sixteen or twenty seats for the
rowers, with one man to each oar. All the seamen on board it are
also soldiers, and each has a musket lying by him ready, when he
quits his oar.

GALLI＇POLI, a port town of European Turky, situated at the en­
trance of the Propontis, or sea of Marmora, about 100 miles south­
west of Constantinople.

GALLIPOLI is also the name of a port-town in the kingdom of
Naples, situated on the gulph of Otranto, about 23 miles west of
that city.

GA＇LLIPOT, subst. [gleye, Du. shining earth. Skinner. The
true derivation is from gala, Sp. finery; so that gala or gallypot
is a fine painted pot. Johnson.] A pot painted and glazed, common­
ly used for medicines in apothecaries shops. The apothecary＇s galli­
pots. Bacon.

GALLOGLA＇SSES, wild Irish soldiers, that fight on horseback. See
GALLOWGLASSES.

GA＇LLON [gelo, low Lat.] a liquid measure, containing four quarts.

GALLON [corn-measure] contains 272 ¼ solid inches. Winchester-
measure contains 272 ¼ solid inches.

GALLON [wine-measure] contains eight pints, or 231 solid inches.

GALLOO＇N [galon, Fr. and Sp. q. Gallica fimbria, a French lace] a
kind of narrow ribbon or tape of silk, a bone, or a close lace made of
gold or silver.

To GA＇LLOP [galoper, Fr. galoppare, It. galopeàr, Sp. derived by
all the etymologists after Budæus, from καλπαζειν, Gr. but perhaps it
comes from gant, all, and loopen, Du. to run, that is to go on full
speed. Johnson] 1. To ride fast, or with the swiftest pace of a horse.
We gallop＇d toward them. Sidney. 2. To move very fast. Superfi­
cial ideas he may collect in galloping over it. Locke.

GA＇LLOP [galop, Fr. galoppa, It. galòpe, Sp.] the swiftest pace
of a horse, the motion of a horse when he runs at full speed, in
which making a kind of a leap, he lifts both his forelegs very near at
the same time; and while these are in the air, and just upon the
point of touching the ground, he lifts both his hindlegs almost at
once. Farrier＇s Dictionary.
I should have thought, the RUN is the swiftest kind of motion;
and have been told, that it is distinguishable from the gallop, by this
circumstance, that in running, all the four feet are off the ground at
once, as appears by measuring the quantity of space that is gained by
any one single stroke or effort of the racer-steed.

GA＇LLOPER [of gallop] 1. A horse that gallops. Mortimer. 2. A
man that rides fast, or makes great haste.

GALO＇SHES [galoches, Fr. galochas, Sp.] leather-cases, a sort of
clogs to be worn o＇er shoes.

To GA＇LLOW, verb act. [agælwan, Sax.] to fright, to terrify, to
affright.
The wrathful skies
Gallow the very wand＇rers of the dark. Shakespeare.

GA＇LLOW, or GA＇LLOWS, subst. It is used by some in the singular,
but by more in the plural only, or sometimes it has another plural,
gallowses [galga, Goth. gaflaf, galga, or gealga, Sax. gallee, Dan.
galge, Du. and Su. gaigen, Ger. which some derive from gabalus furca,
Lat. others from gallu, Wel. power. But it is probably derived like
gallow, to fright, from agælwan, Sax. the gallows being the general
object of legal terror. Johnson] 1. A frame of wood upon which ma­
lefactors are hanged; it consists of a beam laid over two posts. Goal­
ers and gallowses. Shakespeare. 2. A wretch that deserves the gallows.
A shrewd unhappy gallows. Shakespeare. 3. A part of a printing press.
It has no singular.

GA＇LLOWAY [prob. of gàllopade, Fr. a small gallop] A horse not
more than fourteen hands high, much used in the north, probably as
coming originally from galloway, a shire in Scotland. Johnson.

GA＇LLOWAY, a province of Scotland, which gives title of earl to a
branch of the noble family of Stuart. It is divided into two di­
stricts; the western, called Upper Galloway, being the same with
Wigtonshire; and the eastern, or stewarty of Kircudbright, called
Lower Galloway.

GALLOWAY, is also the name of the capital of a country of the
same name, in the province of Connaught in Ireland.

New GALLOWAY, a borough-town of Scotland, in the county of
Wigton, with which, and some other boroughs, it classes.

GALLOWGLA＇SSES, subst. 1. It is worn then likewise of footmen
under their shirts of mail, the which footmen call gallowglasses: the
which name doth discover them also to be ancient English, for gallo­
glaw signifies an English servitor, or yeoman. And he being so
armed in a long shirt of mail, down to the calf of his leg, with a long
broad ax in his hand, was then pedes gravis armaturæ, and was, in­
stead of the footman that now weareth a corslet, before the corslet
was used, or almost invented. Spenser. 2. Soldiers among the wild
Irish, who serve on horseback.
A puissant and mighty power
Of gallowglasses and stout kernes. Shakespeare.

GA＇LLOWSES, contrivances made of cloth, and hooks and eyes,
worn over the shoulders by men to keep their breeches up.

GA＇LLOWSFREE, adj. [of gallows and free] exempt by destiny from
being hanged. Dryden.

GA＇LLOWTREE [of gallow and tree] the gallows. From the gal­
lowtree got loose. Cleaveland.

GALLS, a sort of hard fruit like a nut, which grow on the gall­
tree. See GALL.

GA＇LNES [in the Scotch law] any kind of satisfaction for murder
or manslaughter.

GALRE＇DA, a thick viscous juice extracted from the gristly parts
of animals, by boiling to a jelly.

GAM, GA＇MA, or GA＇MMOT, the first or gravest note in the modern
scale of music.

GAMBA＇DOES [of gamba, It.] a sort of leather-cases for the legs,
affixed to a horse-saddle, to preserve the legs from dirt in riding; spat­
terdashes, boots worn on the legs above the shoe. The pettifogger
ambles to her in his gambadoes. Dennis.

GAMBA＇GES, GA＇MBADE, or GAMBA＇DO [gamaches, Fr.] gamba­
does, spatterdashes. See GAMBADOES.

GAMBA＇LOOK, a sort of riding-gown worn in the eastern parts.

GAMBE＇RIA, or GA＇MBIA [old writ.] a sort of military boot or
defence for the legs.

GAMBEZO＇N, a kind of coat or doublet of canvas, anciently worn
by military men under their cuirass, to make it sit easy, and hinder it
from hurting the body.

GA＇MBIA, a great river of Africa, said to be navigable for sloops
600 miles; its course is nearly from east to west, emptying itself in­
to the Atlantic Ocean.

GAMBOI＇DEA, gamboge.

GA＇MBE [in heraldry] a leg, for jambe, Fr.

GA＇MBLER [a cant word, I suppose, for game or gamester. John­
son] a knave, whose practice is to invite the unwary to game and cheat
them.

GAMBO＇GE, subst. a concreted vegetable juice, partly of a gummy,
partly of a resinous nature. It is heavy, of a bright yellow colour,
and scarce any smell. It is brought from America, and many parts
of the East-Indies, particularly Cambaja or Cambogia, whence it
has its name. It was not known in Europe till 1603, and soon af­
ter got into use as a purgative medicine, but the roughness of its ope­
ration rendering it less esteemed as such, it got into use in painting,
where it yet retains its credit. Hill.

To GA＇MBOL, verb act. [gambader, gambiller, Fr. gambettare, It.]
1. To dance, skip, or frisk, to shew tricks by tumbling, and such
like exercises, wantonly.
Bears, tygers, ounces, pards,
Gambol＇d before them. Milton.
2. To leap, to start.
I the matter will record, which madness
Would gambol from. Shakespeare.

GA＇MBOL [gambade, Fr. gambetto, It.] 1. A skip, a leap for joy.
Playing a thousand pretty gambols. L＇Estrange. 2. Games or tum­
bling tricks played with the legs, certain sports used about Christmas
time, a frolic, a wild prank.
Who did ever play his gambols
With such insufferable rambles. Hudibras.

GA＇MBREL [gamba, gambarella, It.] the leg of a horse. The ten­
don lying on a horse＇s gambrel. Grew.

To GAME [gamewian, gamean, or gamian, Sax. Casaubon de­
rives it of γαμειν, Gr. to join in matrimony, all games and contentions
being by pairs, or matches] to play at any sport, to play wantonly
and extravagantly for money. Gaming leaves no satisfaction behind
it. Locke.

GAME [gaming and gamene, Sax. gaman, a jest. Island.] 1. A







play, sport, or divertisement of any kind. 2. Jest, opposed to earnest,
or seriousness. ＇Twixt earnest and ＇twixt game. Spenser. 3. Inso­
lent merriment. Or make a game of my calamities. Milton. 4. A
single match at play. 5. Advantage in play. And play the game
into each others hand. Dryden. 6. Scheme pursued, measures con­
certed. The present game of that crown. Temple. 7. Field sports,
as the chace, falconry. Sportsmen that were abroad upon game.
L＇Estrange. 8. Animals pursued in the fields. And thus, by a
most beautiful metaphor, it is applied to the debaucheé, by one of our
poets.
A short illusion his imagin＇d feast,
HIMSELF the GAME, himself the slaughter＇d beast.
Table of CEBES.
9. All sorts of beasts for hunting, and fowl for shooting. A variety
of game springing up before me. Dryden. 10. Solemn contests exhibited
as spectacles to entertain the people. The games are done. Shakespeare.
Better play at small GAME than stand out.
Lat. Auloedus sit, qui citharoedus esse non possit. Ger. Wer kein
harffenschlager werden kan, der bleibe ein pfeiffer. (He that can＇t play
upon the harp, let him play upon the pipe.) That is, let every man
do what he can, tho＇ it be never so little, rather than do nothing.

GA＇MECOCK [of game and cock] cocks bred to fight. As fiercely
as two gamecocks. Locke.

GA＇ME-EGG [of game and egg] eggs from which fighting cocks are
bred. Thus boys hatch game-eggs under birds of prey. Garth.

GA＇MEKEEPER [of game and keeper] one who looks after game,
and sees that it is not unlawfully destroyed.

GA＇MESOME, adj. [of gamian and som, Sax.] full of play, wanton,
frolicksome, gay, sportive. Geron, tho＇ old, yet gamesome. Sidney.

GA＇MESOMELY, adv. [of gamesome] wantonly, frolicksomely, mer­
rily.

GA＇MESOMNESS [of gamesome; of gamian, som, and nesse, Sax.]
wantonness, frolicksomness, &c.

GA＇MESTER [gamestre, Sax.] 1. One that plays at games, one
that is vitiously addicted to play. A common gamester. Addison.
2. One that is engaged at play. That a gamester seeth always more
than a looker on. Bacon. 3. A merry, frolicksome person. You＇re
a merry gamester. Shakespeare. 4. A prostitute, a common woman.
A common gamester to the camp. Shakespeare.

GA＇MING [in sculpture and painting] is represented by a woman
sitting at a gaming table, and sweeping money into a bag full of holes,
through which it immediately falls out again. By her side an anchor,
and with her right foot endeavouring to stop the wheel of fortune.

GA＇MMER [of god, good, and mower, or mother, Sax. a mother:
perhaps of grand and mere, Fr. and therefore used commonly to old
women. Johnson] a country appellation for a woman, corresponding
with gaffer.

GA＇MMON [of jambon, Fr. a leg, gambone, It.] 1. A thigh, a ham
of an hog salted and dried, the lower end of a flitch; as, a gammon
of bacon. Dryden. 2. A kind of play with dice. The sounding
gammon. Thomson.

GAMMON Essence [in cookery] a dish made of thin slices of gam­
mon of bacon dressed with ragoo.

GA＇MMUT [game, Fr. gama, It.] the first note in the ordinary scale
of music; also the scale itself. To teach you gamut in a briefer
sort. Shakespeare.

GAMPHE＇LÆ [of γαμψος, Gr. crooked] the jaws.

＇GAN, for began. Spenser uses it.

GANCH [gancio, It. a hook, ganche, Fr.] a sort of punishment
with the Turks, of throwing a malefactor from a high place, so as to
be catched on hooks or spikes, and so hang on them.

To GANCH, verb act. or To GAUNCH [ganciare, It.] to execute,
by dropping a malefactor from a high place. To this practice Smith
alludes in his Pocockius:
Pendulive
Sanguineis luctantur in unæs. Musæ Anglican.

GA＇NDER [gandra, Sax.] the male of the goose.

GA＇NET [canet, Fr.] a wild duck.

GANG [gange, Sax. a walk] a company of persons that go or
herd together, a herd, a tribe. It is seldom used but in contempt or
abhorrence; as, a ship＇s gang, a press gang, a gang of porters, a
gang of thieves.

To GANG [gangan, Sax. gangen, Du. gang, Scottish] to go, to
walk; an old word now obsolete, except ludicrously, and in Scotland.
Your flaunting beaus gang with their breasts open. Arbuthnot.

GA＇NGAMON [γαγγαμον, Gr. a fishing net] the omentum or caul,
so called from its various intertexture of veins and arteries, resembling
a net.
Bruno adds, “that by others, a PLEXUS of nerves, which is per­
ceived round about the navel, is called gangaman.” And HESYCHIUS,
in his lexicon, defines the gangamon, to be either a net, or that part
of the hypochondria, which is round about the navel.

GANG-Flower [of gang, Sax. and fleur, Fr.] a flower that flou­
rishes in gang-week.

GA＇NGHON, subst. Fr. a sort of flower.

GANGIA＇TORES [in the practick of Scotland] officers whose busi­
ness is to examine measures, weights, &c.

GA＇NGLION [γαγγλιον, Gr.] a small, hard, knotty tumour, form­
ed on the nervous and tendinous parts, without any discolouring of
the skin, or sense of pain.
CASTELL. RENOVAT. calls it, “a knotty and renitent contraction
of a nerve, &c. but clear of pain.” GORRÆUS adds, that it frequent­
ly happens in the hands and feet; and Forestus, lib. 26. observ. 8.
noticed one upon the penis.

GA＇NGREL [of gangere, a goer, and ellen, Sax. strong, q. d. a
stout walker] a tall, ill shapen fellow or woman.

To GA＇NGRENE, verb neut. [se gangrener, Fr. incangrenàr, It. gan­
grenàr, Sp. gangrænam corripere, Lat. of γαγγρος inde γαγγραινα, Gr.]
to contract a cadaverous corruption, attended with a stench, blackness,
and mortification, to become mortified. They are apt to gangrene.
Wiseman.

To GA＇NGRENE, verb act. to corrupt to mortification. Gangrened
with cold. Bacon.

A GANGRE＇NE [gangrena, Sp. of Lat. γαγγραινα, Gr. gangrené, Fr.
gangrena, It.] a stoppage of circulation followed by putrefaction, a
mortification in its first beginning.
Bruno defines it, “Incipiens mortificatio, and adds, that when the
part is wholly dead, it is called a sphacelus, or sideratio, quæ est gan­
grænæ terminus. But see SPHACELUS.

GA＇NGRENOUS, adj. [of gangrene] mortified, producing or beto­
kening mortification.

GANGS [with seamen] are the several companies belonging to a
ship, and employed in executing their several watches, works, &c. as
the boat-swain＇s gang, &c.

GANG-Way [of a ship] all the several ways or passages from one
part of it to the other.

GANG-Week [gangan weoc, Sax.] i. e. walking week; rogation-
week, when processions are made to lustrate the bounds of pa­
rishes, &c.

GA＇NTLET, or GA＇UNTLET [gantelet, Fr.] a sort of glove or ar­
mour for the hand or arm, made of iron, &c.

GANTLET [with surgeons] a sort of bandage for the hand.

GANTLET, GANTELOPE, or GANTLOPE [gantlet is only corrupted
from gantelope, of grant, all, and loopen, Du. to run] a punishment a­
mong soldiers, in which the criminal running between the ranks, re­
ceives on his back a lash from each man, with a green rod. To run
the gantlet. Dryden.

To run the GANTLET, to undergo that punishment.

GA＇NZA, subst. [gansa, Sp. a goose] a kind of wild goose, by a
flock of which a virtuoso was sabled to be carried to the lunar world.
They are but idle dreams and fancies,
That savour strongly of the ganza＇s. Hudibras.

GAOL [gayol, O. Fr. geol, Wel. geole, Fr.] a prison. It is always
pronounced, and too often written jail, and sometimes goal.

GA＇OLER [of gaol] the keeper of a gaol, a prison-keeper.

GAOL-Delivery, is the clearing of a prison of prisoners, by a judi­
cial condemnation or acquittal of such as have been confined therein.
A general gaol-delivery of souls not for punishment. South.

GAP [of geapan, Sax. to gape, gaap, Su.] 1. An open or broken
place in a hedge. To mend gaps. Mortimer. 2. A breach in gene­
ral. The opening of that gap, not into the kingdom of Hungary
only, but to all that side of Christendom. Knolles. 3. Any passage.
Stands in the gap, and heads for more preferment. Shakespeare. 4.
An avenue, an open way. Now such a gap of mischief lies open
thereby, that I could wish it were well stopt. Spenser. 5. A hole,
a deficiency. Nor is it any botch or gap at all in the works of
nature. More. 6. Any interstice, a vacuity. A third can fill the gap
with laughing. Swift. 7. An opening of the mouth in speech du­
ring the pronunciation of two successive vowels. The hiatus or gap
between two words is caused by two vowels opening on each other.
Pope. 8. To stop a gap is to escape by some mean shift: alluding to
hedges mended with dead bushes till the quicksets will grow. Swift.

GA＇P-TOOTHED, adj. [of gap and tooth] having interstices between
the teeth. The broad-speaking gap-toothed wife of Bath. Dryden.

GAP [in geography] a city and bishop＇s see of Dauphine, in France,
18 miles west of Embrun.

To GAPE, verb neut. [geopan, or geapan, Sax. gapen, Du. and L.
Ger. gapa, Su.] 1. To open the mouth, to yawn. 2. To open the
mouth for food as a young bird. 3. To desire earnestly, to crave;
with for. Thou who gap＇st for my estate, draw near. Dryden. 4.
With after. Gaping after court favour. L＇Estrange. 5. With at.
Many have gap＇d at the church revenues. South. 6. To open in fis­
sures or holes. The great horse-mussel with the fine shell doth gape
and shut. Spenser. 7. To open with a breach. When the vessels are
open, and gape by a wound. Arbuthnot. 8. To open, to have an
hiatus. One vowel gaping on another for want of a cæsura. Dryden.
9. To make a noise with open throat. That noisy, nauseous, gaping
fool is he. Roscommon. 10. To stare with hope or expectation.
Others will gape t＇anticipate
The cabinet designs of state. Hudibras.
11. To stare with wonder. A very monster in a Bartholomew fair for
the mob to gape at. Dryden. 12. To stare irreverently. They have
gap＇d upon me with their mouth. Job.
You may GAPE long enough e＇er a bird fall in your mouth.
He that GAPETH until he be fed,
Well may he GAPE until he is dead.
That is, a man is not so entirely to depend upon providence, as not
to use the ordinary means, and his utmost endeavours, to gain a liveli­
hood, and obtain all his ends in a lawful and commendable manner.

GA＇PER [of gape] 1. One who gapes or opens his mouth. 2. One
who stares foolishly. 3. One who longs or craves. Every gaper＇s
mouth. Carew.
GAPING is catching.
The Fr. say; Un bon bàilleur en fait bailler deux. (One good gaper
will make two follow him.) It might as well have been said twenty,
for it affects the whole company.

GA＇PING, part. act. of to gape [gapeung, Sax.] opening wide

GAPE-Seed, one staring, gaping, loitering, idling in going on an
errand. A cant word.

GAR, in Sax. signifies a weapon; so Edgar is a happy weapon,
Ethelgar a noble weapon. Gibson＇s Camden.

To GAR, verb act. [geira, Island.] to cause, to make. Obsolete.
It is still in use in Scotland. What gars the greet. Spenser.

GARANTRO＇NIUM-Marmor, a sort of marble stone of a gold colour,
and a purple ground, with lines resembling Arabic letters.

GA＇RB [prob. of gearwan, Sax. to trim up, or garbe, O Fr.] 1. Ex­
terior appearance.
Constrains the garb
Quite from his nature. Shakespeare.
2. Attire, dress, cloaths. The garb and habit of a professor of phy­
sic. L＇Estrange. 3. Fashion of dress.
Horace＇s wit and Virgil＇s state,
He did not steal but emulate,
And when he would like them appear,
Their garb but not their clothes did wear. Denham.








GARB [of liquor] a sharp and poignant taste.

GARBA Sagittarum [in old records] a sheaf of 24 arrows.

GA＇RBAGE [prob. of garbelare, It. or of garbler, O. Fr. or cribler,
Fr. to cleanse drugs, garblear, Sp. This etymology is very doubtful.
Johnson] the entrails, &c. or offal of cattle, that part of the inwards
which is separated and thrown away. Your confessor, that parcel of
guts and garbage. Dryden.

GARBE [in heraldry] a sheaf (of garbe, Fr. a sheaf of any kind of
grain.) The garbe represents Summer, as the bunch of grapes does
Autumn; flowers the Spring, and a tree withered and without leaves,
Winter.

GA＇RBEL, a plank next the keel of a ship, called also a garboard.

GA＇RBIDGE, subst. corrupted for garbage. Mortimer.

GA＇RBISH, subst. corrupted for garbage. Mortimer.

To GA＇RBLE, verb act. [garbellare, It.] to fist, to part, to separate
the good from the bad. Had our author set down this command with­
out garbling, as God gave it. Locke.

GA＇RBLER [of garble] one who garbles or separates one part from
another. The projectors, or at least the garblers. Swift.

GA＇RBLER of Spices, an officer of the city of London who was im­
powered to enter into any shop or warehouse to view and search drugs,
spices, &c. and to garble or cleanse them.

GA＇RBLES, the dust, filth, &c. separated by garbling.

GA＇RBLING [part. act. of to garble] cleansing of spices from dross,
&c.

GA＇RBLING of Bow-Staves [in old statutes] the sorting or culling
out the good from the bad.

GA＇RBOARD Plank [of a ship] the first plank of a ship, fastened to
her keel on the outside.

GARBOARD Strake, is the first seam in a ship next to her keel.

GA＇RBOIL [of garbouil, O. Fr. garbuglio, It.] trouble, disturbance,
uproar, disorder. Hanmer. What garboils she awak＇d. Shakespeare.

GARCE, or GA＇RCIO [in old records] a poor servile lad, a boy-
servant.

GARCO＇N, Fr. a boy or male child any time before marriage.

GARD [garde, Fr. guardia, It. guarda, Sp. and Port.] protection or
defence. See GUARD.

GARD [in a law sense] guardianship or management of children
under age, or of idiots.

Writ of GARD, a writ in relation to guardianship.

GARD-du-Cord, or GARD-du-Gut, that which stops the fuzee of a
watch when wound up, called also the guard-cock.

GARD-Manger, Fr. a store-house for victuals.

GA＇RDANT, Fr. [in heraldry] denotes any beast full fac＇d, looking
right forward.

GARD-Robe, Fr. a ward-robe or place to keep clothes in.

GA＇RDEN [gardel, Brit. jardin, Fr. and Sp. jardim, Port. giardino,
It. garten, Ger. gaard, Dan. all of gard or gaerd, of the verb gaerda,
Celt. to inclose] 1. A plot of ground inclosed and cultivated with ex­
traordinary care, furnished with plants, flowers or fruit, for food, or
laid out for pleasure. 2. A place particularly fruitful or delightful.
Fruitful Lombardy,
The pleasant garden of great Italy. Shakespeare.
3. Garden is often used in composition, to denote belonging to a garden.

To GARDEN, verb neut. [from the subst.] to lay out gardens, to
cultivate a garden. Men come to build stately sooner than to garden
finely. Bacon.

To GARDEN a Hawk [in falconry] is to put her on a turf of grass
to chear her; also to give her an airing, or to let her fly at large.

GA＇RDENER [jardinier, Fr. giardiniero, It. gardinéiro, Port. gaert­
ner. Ger.] a dresser of a garden, one that attends a garden.

GA＇RDENING, subst. [of garden] the act of planning out or cultivating
gardens. My compositions in gardening are after the Pindaric manner.
Addison.

GARDENMOU＇LD, subst. [of garden and mould] mould fit for a gar­
den. Mortimer uses it.

GARDENTI＇LLAGE [of garden and tillage] tillage used in culti­
vating gardens. Mortimer uses it.

GARDENWARE [of garden and ware] the produce of gardens.
Mortimer uses it.

GA＇RDIAN. See GUA＇RDIAN.

GA＇RDIANSHIP, for GUA＇RDIANSHIP, the office of a guardian.

GARE, a sort of coarse wool, such as grows about the shanks of
sheep.

GARGA＇NTUA [of gargantua, Sp.] the name of an imaginary great
giant or monster, a bugbear.

GARGA＇REON [γαργαρεων, Gr.] the cover of the wind-pipe.

To GA＇RGARIZE, verb act. [gargarizare, Lat. gargariser, Fr. gar­
garizzare, It. gargarizàr, Sp. γαργαριζειν, Gr.] to gargle, to rinse or
wash, spoken of the throat or mouth, with medicated liquors. Bacon
uses it.

GA＇RGARISM [gargarisme, Fr. gargarismo, It. and Sp. gargarismus,
Lat. γαργαρισμος, Gr.] a liquid medicine to wash or cleanse the throat
or mouth.
Query, If HIPPOCRATES de Naturâ Oss. p. 279. does not use this
term [gargarism] to express a more than ordinary secretion from the
glands and vessels belonging to the mouth? and by what Plutarch says
[de Sanitate tuend. p. 126] it should seem to express a liquid applica­
tion to OTHER parts, besides the mouth and fauces. APPENDIX AD
THESAUR. H. STEPHAN, SCAPULÆ, CONSTANTIN, &c.

GA＇RGET, a distemper in cattle, causing their eyes and lips to
swell. The garget appears in the head, maw, or in the hinder parts.
Mortimer.

GA＇RGID, a distemper in geese.

GARGI＇LLON [a hunting term] the principal part of the heart of
a deer.

To GA＇RGLE, verb act. [gargarizo, Lat. gargogliare, It. gargouil­
ler, O. Fr. gorgelen, Du. gurgeln, of gurgel, Ger. the throat.] 1. To
wash the mouth and throat, by gargling the liquor to and fro in the
mouth, without swallowing it. 2. To warble, to play in the throat.
Improper.
Those which only warble long,
And gargle in their throats a song. Waller.

GA＇RGLE, subst. [gargouille, Fr. the spout of a gutter, gurgel, Ger.
and Teut. gorgel, Du. gurgulia, Lat.] 1. The gullet of the throat.
2. A wash for the mouth or throat. Wiseman.

GA＇RGLION, subst. an exfudation of nervous juice, from a bruise or
the like, which indurate into a hard immoveable tumor. Quincy.

GA＇RGOL, subst. a distemper in hogs. The signs of the gargol in hogs
are hanging down of the head, moist eyes, staggering and loss of ap­
petite. Mortimer.

GA＇RISH [of gerwian, Sax. to make preparation] gawdy, gorge­
ously apparelled. See GAIRISH.

GA＇RISHLY, gayly, gawdily.

GA＇RISHNESS, gayness, glaringness, gorgeousness in attire, showi­
ness.

GA＇RLAND [garlande, Fr. ghirlanda, It. guirnalda, Sp.] a coronet
or ornament of flowers made for the head, a wreath of branches or
flowers.

GARLAND [of a ship] a collar of rope wound up about the head of
a main mast, to keep the shrouds from galling.

GA＇RLIC [garleac, of gar, Sax. a lance, and leek, the leek that
shoots up in blades] a plant. It has a bulbous root, consisting of
many small tubercles included in its coats. The leaves are plain.
The flowers consist of six leaves, and are succeeded by a subrotund
fruit. Miller. Garlic is of an extremely strong smell, and of an acrid
and pungent taste. It is an extremely active and penetrating medicine,
as may be proved by applying plaisters of garlic to the soles of the feet,
which will in a very little time give a strong smell to the breath.
Bruized and laid on any tender part of the skin, it corrodes it and
raises blisters. Some are very fond of it in food, and a little of it is
not only agreeable this way, but assists digestion, and strengthens the
stomach. Hill.

Wild GARLIC, subst. a plant that agrees in every respect with the
garlic, but hath for the most part a sweet scent, and the flowers are
produced in an umbel. Miller.

GARLIC-EA＇TER [of garlic and eater] a mean fellow. The breath
of garlic-eaters. Shakespeare.

GARLIC-PEA＇RTREE, a plant which hath an anomalous flower, con­
sisting of four petals, which stand erect. The pointal becomes a glo­
bular fleshy fruit. The tree is pretty common in Jamaica, and several
other of the warmer parts of America, where it usually rises to the
height of thirty or forty feet, and spreads into many branches. The
fruit is about the size of a tennis ball, which when ripe has a rough
brownish rind, and a mealy sweet pulp, somewhat like some of the
European pears, but has a strong scent of garlic. Miller.

GA＇RMENT [guarniment, O. Fr. of garnir, Fr. to garnish or adorn,
q. d. garnishment or garniture, Fr.] any vestment or wearing apparel
by which the body is covered.

GA＇RNER [granarium, Lat. grenier, Fr. granajo, It. granéro, Sp.]
a storehouse for corn, a granary, in which threshed grain is stored up.

To GA＇RNER, verb act. [from the subst.] to store up, as in gar­
ners. There where I have garner＇d up my heart. Shakespeare.

GARNESTU＇RA [in ancient writings] furniture or implements of
war.

GA＇RNET [of garnata, Sp. garnato, It. granatus, low Lat.] a gar­
nate stone, a sort of carbuncle, so called from its red colour, like that
of the seed of a pomegranate. The garnet is a gem of a middle de­
gree of hardness between the saphire and the common crystal. Its
surfaces are not so smooth as those of a ruby, and its colour is ever of a
strong red, with a plain admixture of bluish. It always wants much
of the brightness of the ruby. Hill.

GARNIAME＇NTUM [in old records] any manner of garnishing or
trimming of clothes, &c.

To GA＇RNISH, verb act. [of gearwian, Sax. to prepare, or garnir,
Fr. guarnire, It. guarnecèr, Sp.] to adorn, set off or trim, to furnish
with ornamental appendages. A terrestrial garden garnished with
fruits. Raleigh. 2. [In cookery] to adorn dishes with some­
thing laid round them, Or garnishes his lamb with spitchcock＇d eel.
King. 3. To fit with fetters.

GA＇RNISH, subst. [from the verb] 1. Ornament, embellishment.
For garnish this, and that for use. Prior. 2. Things laid round a dish.
3. [In gaols] fetters.

GARNISH, a prison fee paid to the fellow prisoners, &c. at the first
entrance into prison, pensiuncula carceraria, Lat.

GARNISHEE＇ [in the court of Guild-hall] the party in whose hands
the money of another person is attach＇d.

GA＇RNISHER [of garnish] he that adorns or sets off.

GA＇RNISHMENT [of garnish] 1. Ornament, embellishment. With­
out any garnishment of sculpture. Wotton. 2. [In law] a warning or
notice given to one for his appearance, for the better furnishing of the
cause and court.

GA＇RNITURE, Fr. [of garnir, Fr.] furniture of a chamber or dwel­
ling-house, trimming of garments, &c. ornament. The garniture of
their knees. Gov. of the Tongue.

GA＇ROUS, adj. [garum, Lat.] resembling pickle made of fish. A
garous excretion. Brown.

GA＇RRAN, subst. [an Erse word importing the same as gelding.
The word is still retain＇d in Scotland] a small horse. A highland
horse which when brought into the north of England takes the name of
galloway. Swift.

GA＇RRET [of garite, O. Fr. a turret, or of galetas or grenier, M. Fr.
in the same signification] 1. The uppermost floor in a house. 2. Rot­
ten wood. The colour of the shining part of rotten wood by day-light
is in some pieces white and some pieces inclining to red, which they
call the white and red garret. Bacon.

GARRETE＇ER, one who lives in a garret or upper room of a house.

GA＇RRISON [garnison, Fr. guarnigione, It. guarniciòn, Sp.] 1. A
place of defence, into which soldiers are put.
Whom the old Roman wall so ill confin＇d,
With a new chain of garrisons you bind. Waller.
2. A body of forces disposed in a fortress, to defend it against an ene­
my, or to keep the inhabitants in subjection, or to be subsisted during
the season. Thou art no soldier fit for Cupid＇s garrison. Sidney. 3.
The state of being placed in a fortification for its defence. Some of
them that are laid in garrisons. Spenser.








To GA＇RRISON [from the noun; mettre en garrison, Fr.] 1. To fur­
nish a garrison with soldiers. 2. To secure by fortified places.
Others those forces join,
Which garrison the conquests near the Rhine. Dryden.

GA＇RRULOUSNESS, or GARRU＇LITY [garrulità, It. of garrulitas,
Lat.] 1. Incontinence of tongue, inability to keep a secret. Shame­
ful garrulity. Shakespeare. 2. Talkativeness, pratingness. Loquacity
or garrulity. Ray.

GA＇RRULOUS [garrulo, It. garrulosus, Lat.] full of talk, always
prating.
Old age looks out,
And garrulous recounts the feats of youth. Thomson.

GARSU＇MME [in old records] a fine or amerciament. It is much used
in Scotland, where it is customary with the tenants under their lords
and lairds, upon the expiration of their leases, to pay down a sum of
money before they can be renewed.

GA＇RTER [jarretiére, Fr. jaratèira, Port.] 1. A bandage for the
leg, being a string or ribbon to hold up the stocking. 2. The mark
of the garter, the highest order of English knighthood. By my
George, my garter. Shakespeare. 3. The principal king at arms.
The most noble order of the garter, a military order of knight­
hood, was instituted in the year 1350, by king Edward III. as
some say, on account of his many signal victories, particularly one,
that over the French at Cressy, wherein, it is said, the king＇s garter
was used for the signal. But others say, on the following account;
that the king dancing one night with his queen and other ladies, took
up a garter, which one of them had dropt; whereat some of the lords
present smiling, the kind said, that he would make that garter of high
reputation; and soon after erected the order of the Blue Garter, with
this motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense, i. e. Evil to him that evil thinks.
The latter of these motives is most generally believed to have been the
ground of the institution of this order of knighthood, tho＇ our best an
tiquaries think the former. However, both these motives might con­
cur to the same end; and it has ever since been esteemed a great addi­
tion of honour bestow＇d on the noblest person of the English nation,
and many foreign princes have thought themselves honoured in being
admitted into it. The number of the knights is 26, including the
king, who is the sovereign or chief of the order, and that is one thing
that enhances the value of it, that never any more are admitted,
whereas all, or most other orders, have been so freely bestowed, that
they have lost their esteem by it. The famous warrior, St. George of
Cappadocia, is made the patron of this order; and every knight of it
is to wear a blue ribbon across his left shoulder, and, as his badge, a
gold collar, and the image of St. George on horseback, trampling on
a dragon, with his spear ready to pierce him, the whole garnished with
precious stones appendant to a blue ribbon about their necks; because
that Saint is said to have slain such a monster, that in his days ravaged
the country.
They are also obliged to wear a garter on the left leg, set with
pearls and precious stones, having this motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense,
i. e. Evil to him that evil thinks; without which two ornaments they
are never to appear abroad; and also king Charles the Ist ordained,
that every knight should always wear a star of silver, embroidered on
his coat or cloak, with the escutcheon of St. George within the garter,
in the centre of it. See St. George. This order is a college or cor­
poration, having a great and little seal; their officers are a prelate,
chancellor, register, king at arms, and usher of the black rod; they
have also a dean, with twelve canons and petty canons, vergers, and
twenty-six pensioners or poor knights. The college of the order is
seated in the castle of Windsor, with the chapel of St. George and the
chapter-house, erected by the founder for that purpose.

GARTER King at Arms, the chief of the three kings at arms,
the other two being named Clarencieux and Norroy; also a bend in
heraldry.

To GARTER, verb act. [from the noun; attacher les jarretieres, Fr.]
to tie or bind with a garter.

GARTH, subst. N. C. [geard, Sax.] a yard or backside.

GARTH, subst. [as if girth, from gird] the bulk of the body mea­
sured by the girdle.

Fish GARTH, a wear or dam in a river for catching of fish.

GA＇RTHMAN, the owner of an open wear, where fish are kept.

GARYOPHY＇LLUM, Lat. [του καρυου ϕυλλον, Gr. i. e. the leaf of a
nut] the glove-gilliflower.

GAS [a word invented by the chemists] according to Van Hel­
mont, a spirit not capable of being coagulated, or the most subtile and
volatile parts of any thing; but he uses it loosely in many senses,
and very unintelligibly and inconsistently.

GASCONA＇DE, a boasting or vaunting of something very improbable;
so termed from the Gascoons, a people of Gascony in France, said to
be much addicted to bragging and rhodomontade. Swift uses it.

To GASCONA＇DE, verb neut. [from the subst. faire des gasconnades,
Fr.] to boast, brag, vaunt, &c.

GASCO＇YNS, the inward parts of a horse＇s thighs, commencing
from the stiffle, and reaching to the ply or bending of the ham.

GA＇SE HOUND [agasæus, Lat.] a dog that hunts by sight, so as to
make excellent sport with the fox and hare. See GAZEHOUND.

To GASH, verb act. [hacher, Fr. to cut. Skinner] to cut deep, so
as to make a gaping wound. Grievously gashed or gored to death.
Hayward.

GASH [from the verb] 1. A deep cut or wide wound. Newton
gave him such a gash on the leg. Hayward. 2. The mark of a
wound. This seems to be improper. I now bear in my body many
a black and blue gash and fear. Arbuthnot.

GA＇SKINS, subst. [from gascoigne] wide hose, wide breeches. An
old ludicrous word.
If one point break, the other will hold,
Or if both break, your gaskins fall. Shakespeare.

GASP [from the verb] 1. The act of gaping for breath. 2. The
short catch of breath in the last agonies. At the latest gasp of breath.
Addison.

To GASP, verb neut. [q. d. gape. Skinner, by an epenthesis of the
letter S, gispe, Dan. to sob. Junius] 1. To open the mouth wide,
to pant for breath. A scantling of wit lay gasping for life. Dryden.
2. To emit breath by opening the mouth convulsively. To gasp my
latest breath. Dryden. 3. To long earnestly for; this sense is impro­
per, as nature never expresses desire by gasping. Dearly they loved
one another, and gasped after their liberty. Spectator.

To GAST, verb act. [from gast, Sax. See AGHAST] to make
afraid, to shock, to terrify.
Whether gasted by the noise I made,
Full suddenly he fled. Shakespeare.

GA＇STER [γαστηρ, Gr.] the whole lower belly, the womb or the
stomach.

GASTER Epiploica [in anatomy] a vein which opens into the trunk
of the vena portæ, formed of several branches derived from the sto­
mach and epiploon.

GA＇STLINESS [gastgelicnesse, of gast, Sax. a ghost] ghost­
likeness, frightfulness, terribleness of aspect.

GA＇STLY [gastgelic, Sax.] like a ghost, frightful, terrible.

GA＇STRIC [of γαστρικος, Gr.] pertaining to the belly or the ga­
strica.

GASTRIC Juice, the juice of the stomach.

GA＇STRICA, Lat. [in anatomy] the upper branch of the splenic vein
bestowed on the stomach.

GA＇STRICUS Major [in anatomy] the greatest gastric vein, which is
inserted into the splenic vein.

GASTRICUS Minor [in anatomy] the lesser gastric vein, which is
inserted into the trunk of the vena portæ.

GASTRILO＇QUUS, Lat. [of γαστηρ, Gr. the belly, and loquor, Lat.
to speak] one who speaks out of the belly.

GASTROCNE＇MIUS Externus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the
tarsus, which, with the gastroenemius internus, makes up the calf of
the leg; when this muscle acts, the foot is said to be extended or pul­
led backwards.

GASTROCNEMIUS Internus, Lat. [in anatomy] called also soleus,
from its figure, resembling a sole fish, is placed under the gastrocne­
mius externus. These muscles are serviceable in walking, running,
leaping, &c. Οι κατα γαστροκνημιην πονοι, &c. HIPPOC. Prædict. lib.
1. p. 70. B.

GASTROCNEMIUS Suralis Internus, Lat. [in anatomy] is placed un­
der the external, and is called soleus.

GASTRO-EPIPLOICA, Lat. [of γαστηρ and επιπλοον, Gr. the caul] a
vein and artery that go to the stomach and omentum.

GASTRO＇LOGY [of γαστηρ, the belly, and λογος, Gr. a treatise] a
treatise concerning the belly. Athen. Deipn. lib. 3. p. 104. APPEN­
DIX ad Thesaur. H. Stephan. &c.

GASTRO＇LATER, Lat. [of γαστηρ, the belly, and λατρευω, Gr. to
worship] a glutton or belly god. See Philip. c. iii. v. 19.

GASTRO＇MANCY [γαστρομαντεια, of γαστηρ, the belly, and μαντεια,
Gr. divination] the manner of which was thus; they filled certain
round glasses with fair water, about which they placed lighted torches,
and then invoked a dæmon, praying in a low murmuring voice, and
proposed the question to be solved; a chaste, unpolluted boy, or a
woman big with child, was appointed to observe with the greatest
care and exactness all the alterations of the glasses; at the same time
desiring, beseeching, and also commanding an answer; which at
length the dæmon used to return by images in the glasses, which by
reflection from the water represented what should come to pass.

GA＇STROMARGY [gastromargia, Lat. of γαστρομαργια, Gr.] gluttony,
ravening.

GASTROMY＇TH, subst. [εγγαστριμυθος, of γαστηρ, the belly, and μυθος,
Gr. speech] one who speaks inwardly, as out of the belly. Such (if I am
not mistaken) was the witch of Endor, whom king Saul in his distress
consulted. And of much the same class were some of those lying won­
ders, with which the GRAND APOSTACY from the faith once delivered
to the saints was introduced. The reader will find a specimen of them
under the word EUNOMIANS; to which I would here beg leave to
subjoin one or two quotations more from antiquity on that head. “Vi­
gilantius (says St. JEROM) asserts, that the TOMBS of the martyrs are
not to be reverenced.” L. contra. Vigilant. And again in the same
book; “the devils, says he, with which Vigilantius [that good re­
former] is possessed, ROAR at the reliques, and confess they cannot
bear the presence of the martyrs.” And in his 53d epistle he writes
thus: “he calls us DUST-WORSHIPPERS and IDOLATERS for reve­
rencing dead mens bones.” “So true it is, says a late popish writer,
that the imputation of superstition and idolatry, for the veneration of
reliques, is an old calumny against the catholic church.” And what if
we should say, this IMPUTATION (tho＇ not in the form of calumny) is
somewhat older still; and, in proof of that, appeal to 2 Thessalon. c. ii.
v. 3—11, compared with 1 Tim. c. iv. v. 1—3, and Revelat. c. ix.
v. 20, 21? all which texts refer to some great corruption and apostacy
within the pale of the christian church; and which we have shewn [un­
der the word GAIANITES, CREED, CATAPHRYGIANS, GNOSTICS,
&c.] to be as old, at least, as the fourth century; but the first seeds
of it to have been cast (as St. PAUL suggests) long before.

GASTRO＇TOMY [γαστροτομια, of γαστηρ, the belly, and τεμνω, Gr. to
cut] a cutting open the belly or womb.

GASTRO＇RAPHY [of γαστηρ, the belly, and ραϕη, Gr. a future] a
sewing up of wounds of the belly. This, in strictness of etymology,
signifies no more than sewing up any wound of the belly; yet, in
common acceptation, it implies, that the wound of the belly is com­
plicated with another of the intestine.

GAT, pret. of GET. See To GET.

GATE [gata, Su. gate, or geat, Sax.] 1. An entrance into a city,
palace, castle, or large building. 2. A frame of timber upon hinges
to give passage into inclosures. Both stile and gate. Shakespeare. 3.
An avenue, an opening in general. Setting the Venetians together
by the ears with the Turks, and opening a gate for a long war.
Knolles.

GATE, a motion or posture of the body in walking.

GATE [with hunters] a term used when they endeavour to find a
hart by his slot, &c.

GATE of the Sea, or Sea GATE [with sailors] is when two ships
lie aboard one another in a wave or billow, and by that means some­
times become rib broken.

GATE-VEIN [of gate and vein] the vena portæ. Bacon uses it.

GA＇TEWAY [of gate and way] a way through the gates of inclo­
sures. Mortimer uses it.








To GA＇THER, verb act. [gatherian, gaderan, Sax.] 1. To col­
lect, to bring into one place, to get harvest in. 2. To pick up, to
glean, to collect. Gather out the stones. Isaiah. 3. To crop; as,
herbs, flowers, &c. A rose just gathered from the stalk. Shakespeare.
4. To lay in plaits, to pucker needle-work. 5. To assemble. There
were gathered some people. Bacon. 6. To heap up or accumulate.
He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, shall gather
it for him that will pity the poor. Proverbs. 7. To select and take.
Gather us from among the heathen. Psalms. 8. To sweep together.
A net that was cast into the sea and gathered of every kind. St. Mat­
thew. 9. To collect charity. 10. To bring into one body, party,
or interest. I will gather others to him, besides those that are gathered
unto him. Isaiah. 11. To draw together from a state of diffusion, to
contract, to bring into less room. Gathering his flowing robe. Pope.
12. To gain. He gathers ground upon her in the chace. Dryden.
13. To collect logically, to know by inference. Gathering that the
Lord had called us. Acts. 14. To gather breath [a proverbial ex­
pression] to have respite from any calamity. To gather breath in many
miseries. Spenser.

To GATHER, verb neut. 1. To thicken, to be condensed. The
gathering clouds we fear. Dryden. 2. To grow larger by the accre­
tion of similar parts. Their snow-fall did not gather as it went. Bacon.
3. To be assembled. The gathering together of an unruly multi­
tude. Eccles. 4. To generate pus or matter. The ease of a broken im­
posthume after the painful gathering and filling of it. Decay of Piety.

GA＇THER [from the verb] 1. Pucker, cloth drawn together in
wrinkles. 2. A plait in a garment. The length of breeches and the
gathers. Hudibras.

GA＇THERER [of gather] 1. One that gathers or collects, a collec­
tor. I am but a gatherer and disposer of other mens stuff. Wotton. 2.
One that gets in a crop of any kind. A gatherer of sycamore fruit.
Amos.

GA＇THERING [gawdrunge, Sax.] 1. A collection of charitable
contributions. That there be no gatherings when I come. 1 Co­
rinthians. 2. What is collected at one time.

GA＇TTEN-TREE, a species of cornelian cherry.

GA＇TTON, a borough town of Surry, 18 miles from London. It
sends two members to parliament.

GAU＇DE subst. [the etymology of this word is uncertain. Skinner
imagines it may come from gaude, Fr. a yellow flower, yellow being
the most gaudy colour. Junius, according to his custom, talks of
αγανος; and Mr. Lye finds gaude in Dowglass to signify deceit or fraud,
from gwaudio, Wel. to cheat. It seems to me most easily deducible
from gaudium, Lat. joy; the cause of joy, a token of joy: thence
aptly applied to any thing that gives or expresses pleasure. In Scot­
land this word is still retained both as a showy bauble and the person
that is fooled thereby. It is also retained in Scotland to denote a
yellow flower. Johnson] an ornament, a fine thing, any thing worn
as a sign of joy, any variegated toy or bauble; as a necklace; only the
Scots pronounce it gawdy. Bracelets of thy hair, rings, gaudes,
conceits. Shakespeare. Bore all the gaudes the simple natives wear.
Dryden.

To GAUDE, verb neut. [gaudeo, Lat.] to exult, to rejoice at any
thing. Go to a gossip＇s feast and gaude with me. Shakespeare.

GAU＇DERY, subst. finery, ostentatious, luxury of dress. The tri­
umph was not pageants and gaudery. Bacon.

GAU＇DLES [of gaudia, Lat. joys] double commons, such as are al­
lowed in inns of court on gaudy days.

GAUDILO＇QUOUS [gaudiloquus, Lat.] speaking gladsome things.

GAU＇DILY, adv. [of gaudy] Showily, affectedly, gayly.

GAU＇DINESS [of gaudy] affected gayness in apparel; shewiness, tin­
sel appearance.

GAU＇DY, adj. [of gaude] affected, gay or fine, showy, ostenta­
tiously splendid. To gather every gaudy flower. Watts.

GAUDY, subst. [gaudium, Lat.] a feast, a day of plenty. He may
surely be content with a fast to day, that is sure of a gaudy to-morrow.
Cheyne.

GAUDY Days [of gaudium, Lat. joy] certain festival days observed
in inns of court and colleges.

GAVE, the preter. of give. See To GIVE.

GA＇VEL [gafel, Sax.] 1. Tribute, toll, or custom; yearly rent,
payment or revenue. 2. A provincial word for ground. Let it lie
upon the ground or gavel. Mortimer.

GAVEL-KIND [of gefe eal cyn, Sax. i. e. given to all the kin]
William the conqueror, after passing through Kent towards Dover,
was suddenly surrounded by the Kentish men, each of them bear­
ing a bough in his hand; but soon, throwing down their branches,
they discovered their arms, proffering to give him battle, if he
would not let them enjoy their ancient liberties and customs of gavel­
kind, &c. which he then, compelled by his ill circumstances, swore to
do; and now they only, of all England, enjoy the ancient English
liberties.

GAVEL-KIND [in law] signifies a custom, whereby the land of the
father was equally divided at his death among all his sons; or the
land of the brother at his death, equally divided among all his bre­
thren, if he have no issue of his own. This custom, with some dif­
ference, is still observed in Urchenfield in Herefordshire, and else­
where; and all gavel-kind lands in Wales, are made descendable to
the heirs according to the course of the common law. In gavel-kind,
tho＇ the father be hanged, the son shall inherit; for their custom is,
The father to the bough, the son to the plough. Among other Welch
customs he abolished that of gavel-kind, whereby the heirs female
were utterly excluded, and the bastards did inherit as well as the legi­
timate, which is the very Irish gavel-kind. Davies.

GA＇VELOC, a piece or bar of iron to enter stakes into the ground.

GA＇VELOCS [gafelucar, Sax.] shafts, javelins, warlike engines,
&c.

To GAUGE, verb act. [gauge, jauge, Fr. a measuring rod. It is
pronounced gage] 1. To measure the contents of a vessel. 2. To
measure, with regard to any proportion. That artful manner in Ho­
mer＇s battles of taking measure or gauging his heroes by each other.
Pope.

GAUGE, subst. [from the verb] a measure, a standard. This plate
must be a gauge to fill your worm and groove. Moxon.

GAUGE Point, of solid measure, the diameter of a circle whose area
is equal to the solid content of the same measure.

GAU＇GER [from gauge, Eng. jaugeur, Fr.] a measurer of casks and
vessels containing liquid things, or one who measures quantities. Ca­
rew uses it.

GAU＇GING, subst. [of jauger, Fr. gauge] the art of measuring of
vessels for liquids, and finding their capacities or contents.

GAUNT, adj. [as if gewant, of gewanian, Sax. to decrease] lean,
having lost his flesh and fat, slender, meager. Two mastiffs gaunt and
grin. Dryden.

GAU＇NTLY, adv. [of gaunt] leanly, meagerly, slenderly.

GAU＇NTLET, subst. [gantelet, Fr.] an iron glove used for defence,
and thrown down in challenges. It is sometimes used in poetry for
the cestus or boxing glove. A scaly gauntlet. Shakespeare. Who
with gauntlets gave or took the foil. Dryden.

GA＇VOT [gavote, Fr.] a fort of brisk dance in common time.

GAVO＇TTA [in music books] an air of a brisk and lively nature, and
always in common time; divided into two parts, each to be played
twice over; the first part usually in four or eight bars, and the second
in four, eight, twelve, or more.

GAUR, a word in frequent use with the Turks, it answers to the
word infidel with us.

GAUZE, or GAWZ [gaze, Fr.] a sort of very thin silk for hoods,
neckcloths, &c. They were thin like gauze. Arbuthnot.

GAWK, subst. 1. A cuckoo. 2. A foolish fellow. In both senses
it is retained in Scotland.

GAW＇NTREE, subst. Scottish, a wooden frame on which beer casks
are set when tunned.

GAY, adj. [gai, Fr. gajo, It. prob. of gaudens, Lat. rejoicing] 1.
Merry, pleasant of temper, airy, frolic. Belinda smil＇d, and all the
world was gay. Pope. 2. Fine, spruce in attire, showy. A virgin
that loves to go gay. Baruch.

GAY, subst. [from the adj.] an ornament. Gays and pictures.
L＇Estrange.

GAY＇ETY, subst. [gayeté, Fr.] 1. Chearfulness, airiness. 2. Acts
of juvenile pleasure or frolic.
And from those gayeties our youth requires,
To exercise their minds our age retires. Denham.
3. Pomp, finery, show. Our gayety and our guilt. Shakespeare.

GA＇YLY, adv. [of gay] 1. Merrily, pleasantly; 2. Sprucely,
showily.

GAY＇NAGE [in husbandry] 1. Plough-tackle and such like instru­
ments. 2. The profit proceeding from tillage of land, held by the
baser kind of fokemen.

GAYNA＇RIUM [in old Lat. records] wainage, plough-tackle, or in­
struments of husbandry.

GAY＇NESS. 1. Airiness, briskness, merriness. 2. Gayety, finery.
Not much in use.

GAY＇TER Tree, the tree called prickwood.

To GAZE, verb neut. [prob. of gesean, Sax. to see; but Minshew
will have it from αγαζομαι, Gr. to admire] to stare, to look about or
earnestly upon.

GAZE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Fixed look, look of eagerness
or wonder. Having stood at gaze. Addison. 2. The object gazed
on. Made of my enemies the scorn and gaze. Milton.

GA＇ZER [of gaze] he that gazes, or looks with eagerness or ad­
miration.

GA＇ZEFUL, adj. [of gaze and full] looking intently. Spenser
uses it.

GAZE-Hound, or GAST-Hound [canis agasæus, Lat.] a dog which
hunts by sight and not by the smell, and makes good sport with a fox
or hare.
See＇st thou the gazehound! how with glance severe,
From the close herd he marks the destin＇d deer. Tickell.

GA＇ZING [of gesean, Sax. or αγαζωμαι, Gr. to admire, according
to Minshew] staring, looking about, or earnestly.

GA＇ZEL. 1. A kind of Arabian deer. 2. An antelope of Bar­
bary.

GAZE＇TTE, Fr. [gazzetta, It. gazéta, Sp. some derive it of gazet­
ta, a Venetian halfpenny, a coin anciently current at Venice, the
common price of the first news-papers printed there] a news-paper,
a paper of public intelligence. It is accented indifferently on the first
or last syllable.

GAZETTEE＇R, or GAZETTIE＇R [gazetier, Fr. gazzettiere, It. ga­
zetére, Sp.] 1. A writer or publisher of gazettes, or news-papers in
general. 2. It was lately a term of the utmost infamy, being usually
applied to wretches who were hired to vindicate the court.
Satire is no more: I feel it die,
No gazetteer more innocent than I. Pope.

GA＇ZING-STOCK, subst. [of gaze and stock] a person gazed at with
scorn or abhorrence. Making us gazing-stocks to others, and objects
of their scorn and derision. Ray.

GA＇ZI, [from gazà, to make a military expedition, or invade a
country] Mons. DHERBELOT says it is a title in use among the Turks
and Arabs, and applied to such princes as made war upon infidels
[i. e. upon us Christians, &c.] and by so doing extended the limits
of the Mahometan religion. Thus Sultan Morad, who reigned the
third of the Ottoman house, who took many cities both in Europe and
Asia, and Adrianople among the rest, and who first instituted that mili­
tary body called the Janisaries, was stiled MORAD AL-GAZI. Pocock
Supplement, p. 44.

GA＇ZONS [in fortification] sods or pieces of fresh earth covered with
grass, about a foot long, and half a foot broad, cut in form of a wedge
to line the parapet and the traverses of galleries; if the earth be fat
and full of herbs it is the better; they are made so, that their solidity
makes a triangle; to the end, that being mixed and beat with the rest of
the earth of the rampart, they may easily settle together, and incorporate
in a mass with the rest of the rampart. The first bed of gazons is
fixed with pegs of wood; the second bed ought to be laid to bind the
former, that is, over the joints of it, and so continued till the rampart
is finished; betwixt these beds there is usually sown all sorts of binding
herbs to strenthen the rampart.

GA＇ZUL, a weed growing in Egypt, of which the finest glasses are
made.








GEAR, or GEER [of gearwian, to make ready, gyrian, to cloath,
or gearwe, Sax. furniture] 1. Furniture, accoutrements, dress,
attire, habit, ornaments. Array thyself in her most gorgeous gear.
Spenser. 2. Harness for draught horses, or oxen.
Took her angry run
At king Eumulus, and brake his gears. Chapman.
3. Stuff. Hanmer. If fortune be a woman, she is a good wench
for this gear. Shakespeare. 4. In Scotland, goods or riches.

GE＇ASON, adj. [a word which I find only in Spenser. Johnson]
wonderful. It to leeches seemed strange and geason. Hubberd＇s Tale.

GEAT [gagates, Lat.] a kind of precious stone or solid bitumen,
commonly called black-amber or jett.

GEAT, subst. [corrupted from jett] the hole thro＇ which the metal
runs into the mold. Moxon uses it.

GE＇BURSCRIP [geburscriw, Sax.] neighbourhood, an adjoining
town or territory.

GE＇BURUS [gebur, Sax.] a country neighbour.

GECK, subst. [geac, Sax. a cuckow, geck, Ger. a fool, gowk, Scot­
tish] a bubble, one easily imposed upon. Hanmer. To become the
geck and scorn o＇th＇ other＇s villany. Shakespeare.

To GECK, verb neut. [from the subst.] to truck, to cheat.

GEE, a term used by waggoners to their horses, when they would
have them go faster.

In his GEERS [of gearwuere, Sax. preparation] in order, furnish­
ed, dressed, ready prepared to act. See GEAR.

GEESE [gees, of gos, Sax.] the plural of goose.

GEHE＇NNA [גיא הנום, Heb. i. e. the valley of Hinnom, pro­
bably the possessor of it] a valley near Jerusalem, in which there was a
place called Tophet, where the Israelites sacrificed their children to
Moloch; wherefore, to put a stop to those cruel and abominable
practices, king Josias gave order for all the filth and carcasses to be
carried thither, and a fire to be kept continually burning to consume
them. And hence, by a metaphor, it is taken to signify hell.
Query, If the word Tophet also, by the like figurative uses, does
not express as much? But N. B. The idea of filth, ordure, and COR­
RUPTION in this place [as well as the perpetual fire] must not be
overlooked in the COUNTERPART; as appears from that clause in the
last chapter of Isaiah, “and they shall be an abhorrence [of nausca] to
all flesh.”

GE＇LABLE [gelabilis, of gelu, Lat. frost] capable of being frozen,
or congealed into a jelly.

GELATI＇NA [in pharmacy] any sort of clear, gummy juice.

GE＇LATINE, or GELA＇TINOUS, adj. [gelatus, Lat.] formed into a
jelly; viscous, stiff, cohesive. That pellucid gelatinous substance.
Woodward. Spermatic gelatine matter. Derham.

GELD, GILD, or GYLD [gild, of gildan, Sax. to pay, gelt, Du.
geld, Ger.] money, tribute, or tax; also an amends or satisfaction
made for a crime.

To GELD, irr. verb; pret. and part. pass. gelded, or gelt [gylte,
Sax. gaelder, Dan. gyltan, Sax.] 1. To castrate, to deprive of the
power of generation. 2. To deprive of any essential part.
Gelding th＇ opposed continent as much,
As on the other side it takes from you. Shakespeare.
3. To deprive of any thing immodest, or liable to objection. To
make sure work, and to geld it so clearly in some places, they took
away the manhood of it. Dryden.

GE＇LDABLE [of gildan, Sax. to pay] liable to pay taxes.

GELDABLE [of gaelder, Dan.] capable of being gelded.

GE＇LDED, part pass. of geld [gylte, Sax. or of guelder, Dan.] cas­
trated.

GE＇LDER [of geld] one that gelds or castrates. Sow gelder. Hu­
dibras.

GELDER Rose, a flower, I suppose brought from Guelderland,
Johnson. The leaves are like those of the maple-tree. The flowers
consist of one leaf, which expands in a circular rose-form, and collected
in form of an umbel, the largest of which grow on the outside,
and are barren, but those in the middle are fruitful, producing red
berries. Miller.

GE＇LDERLAND, comprehending Zutphen, is a province of the
United Netherlands, bounded by the Zuider Sea and Overyssel, on
the north; by Westphalia, on the east; by Brabant, on the south;
and by the province of Utrecht, on the west.

GE＇LDING [of gylte, Sax. or gaelder, Dan.] a gelded animal, par­
ticularly a horse.

GE＇LDRESS, a city of Gelderland, 23 miles south of Nimeguen;
subject to the king of Prussia.

GELENHAU＇SEN, an imperial city of Germany, governed by its
own magistrates, nine miles north of Hanau.

GE＇LID [gelidus, Lat.] extremely cold, frozen. Thomson.

GELI＇DITY, or GE＇LIDNESS [geliditas, Lat.] coldness, frozenness,
extreme cold.

GE＇LLY [of gelando, Lat. gelée, Fr. gelatina, It. jaléa, Sp.] the li­
quor of meat boiled to a thick consistence, any viscous body, viscidi­
ty, gluey substance.

GELO＇SCOPY [of γελως, laughter, and σκοπεω, Gr. to view or con­
sider] a sort of divination performed by means of laughter, or a di­
vining any persons, qualities, or character, by observation of the
manner of his laughing.

GELSE＇MINUM, Lat. [with botanists] jessamin.

GELT [gaeld, Su. pret. and part pass. of to geld] See To GELD.

GELT, subst. [corrupted, for the sake of rhyme, from gilt] tinsel,
any gilded surface.
I won her with a girdle of gelt,
Embost with bugle about the belt. Spenser.

GEM [gemma, It. and Lat.] 1. A jewel, a precious stone of what­
ever kind. 2. The first bud.
From the joints of thy prolific stem,
A swelling knot is raised, call＇d a gem. Denham.

To GEM, verb act. [gemmo, Lat.] to adorn as with jewels or buds.

To GEM, verb neut. [gemmo, Lat.] to put forth gems or the first
buds. Gem＇d their blossoms. Milton.

GE＇MARA, the second part of the Babylonish Talmud of the
Jews.

GEMA＇TRIA [גמרתיא, Heb.] the first kind of arithmetical cabba­
la, in use among the cabalistical Jews. An arithmetical or geometri­
cal manner of explaining words; the first consists in taking the nume­
rical value of each letter in a word or phrase, and giving it the sense
of some other word, whose numeral letters, taken after the same man­
ner, make the sum.
BUXTORF calls it, a species of the CABBALA [or traditionary doc­
trine of the Jews] wherein. from the equal number of different words,
they collect the same sense. E. g. From the word SHILO [Gen.
c. xlix. v. 10.] containing the same number [394] with MESSIAH,
they infer that the prediction relates to him. And again, from the
words SHEFAH ACHATH [i. e. one lip [or language] Gen. c. xi. v. 1.
containing the same number [794] with LESHON HACCODESH, i. e.
holy tongue, they infer, that the Hebrew was the original language of
mankind. See CABBALA, and CHERUB, or CHERUBIM, and instead
of the fanciful etymology of the word there assigned, substitute as fol­
lows. The judicious MEDE, by comparing Ezekiel, c. i. v. 10. and
c. x. v. 14. together, infers that the proper import of the word che­
rub, is that horned animal which is used in ploughing—and its true
etymology with him is from CHERAB, Syr. to plough; and I find that
SHAAF in his Syriac Lexicon, assigns the same derivation.

GEMBLOU＇RS, a town of the Austrian Netherlands, in the pro­
vince of Brabant, on the river Orne, 10 miles north of Namur.

GE＇MELLES [in heraldry] the bearing bars by pairs or couples in
a coat of arms.

GEME＇LLUS [with anatomists] a muscle of the elbow, so called
from its double rise, viz. from the upper part of the shoulder blade
inwardly, and from the upper back part of the shoulder bone.

To GE＇MINATE, verb act. [gemino, Lat.] to double.

GEMINA＇TION, Lat. [of geminate] the act of doubling, redupli­
cation, repetition. Boyle uses it.

GE＇MINI, or GEMINY, subst. [gemini, Lat.] twins, two children or
young born at one birth, a brace, a pair; a couple. A gemini of ba­
boons. Shakespeare.

GEMINI [with anatomists] a pair of muscles serving to move the
thigh outward.

GEMINI [with astrologers] one of the twelve signs of the zo­
diac.

GEMINI [with astronomers] twins, one of the signs of the zodiac;
Castor and Pollux, the sons of Jupiter and Leda. These are called
dioscuri; they were born and brought up in the land of Laconia,
where they chiefly shewed themselves, and out did all men in bro­
therly love. For they neither contended for command, nor any thing
else. Jupiter therefore, that he might make the memory of their
unanimity immortal, called them gemini, i. e. twins, and assigned
them both the same place among the stars. Poet.

GEMIMA＇TUS, Lat. [in botanic writers] divided into two by a par­
tition, as the seed-pots of tragacantha, goat＇s beard, &c.

GE＇MINOUS, adj. [geminus, Lat.] double. Geminous births, and
double connascencies. Brown.

GEMINOUS Arteries [in anatomy] two small arteries passing down
the joint of the knee, between the processes of the thigh-bone.

GEMI＇TES, a precious stone, in which one may see two white hands
holding together.

GE＇MMA, Lat. [with botanists] the turgid bud of any tree, when
it is beginning to bear.

GEMMÆ Sal, Lat. a sort of common salt, which is taken out of
pits, and shines like crystal.

GE＇MMARY, adj. [of gemma] belonging to gems or jewels. The
principle and gemmary affection is its translucency. Brown.

GEMMARY, subst. a jewel-house.

GE＇MMOW Ring [of geminus, Lat. double] a double ring in links.

GE＇MOTE [gemot, Sax.] a court holden on any occasion, the court
of the hundred: now obsolete.

GE＇MUND, the name of three towns in Germany; the first on the
river Roer, in the circle of Westphalia, and dutchy of Juliers; the
second on the river Rems, in the circle of Swabia, and county of
Rechsberg; and the third on the river Maine, in the circle of Fran­
conia.

GENA Mala, Lat. [with anatomists] the part of the face from the
nose to the ears; also the chin and the jaw-bone, either upper or
under.

GENDA＇RMES, Fr, horsemen who formerly served in compleat arms,
now a particular body of cavalry in France.

GE＇NDER [gendre, Fr, genere, It. género, Sp. of genus, Lat.] 1. A
kind, a sort. If we will supply it with one gender of herbs. Shakes­
peare. 2. A sex. 3. [Among grammarians] a denomination gi­
ven to nouns, from their being joined with an adjective, in this
or that termination. Clarke. Gender is founded on the dif­
ference of two sexes, male and female, and they are called from the
Latins masculine and feminine, and few languages have any more
genders but these two; but the Greeks and Latins have another gen­
der, which the Latins call neuter, that is, as much as to say neither
(masculine or feminine) as homo, a man, is masculine; and mulier, a
woman, is feminine; and saxum, a stone, is neuter.
These genders are in Latin distinguished by the articles hic, hœc,
and hoc; but it is a difficult thing to distinguish the gender in the
English tongue; and there is scarce any language in the world, but
the English tongue, that does not admit of a difference of gender in
its articles and nouns; all the distinctions that it has, consists in the
pronouns, he, she, &c. The adjectives of either gender in the Eng­
lish tongue have no difference in their termination. As for instance,
the adjectives good and white have no difference in the termination,
whereas the Latins have albus, alba, album, for white, and the French,
blanc and blanche.

GENDER [with geometricians] geometrical lines are distinguished
into genders, classes, or orders, according to the number of the di­
mensions of an equation, expressing the relation between the ordinates
and the abscissæ.

To GE＇NDER, verb act. [engender, Fr.] 1. To beget. 2. To pro­
duce, to cause. They do gender strife. 2 Timothy.

To GENDER, verb neut. to copulate, to breed. Thou shalt not
let thy cattle gender with a diverse kind. Leviticus.








GENEALO＇GICAL, adj. [genealogique, Fr. genealogico, It. and Sp.
genealogicus, Lat. γενεαλογικος, Gr.] of or pertaining to genealogies or
pedigrees.

GENEA＇LOGIST [généalogiste, Fr. genealogista, It. genealogus, Lat.
of γενεαλογος, of γενος, race, and λογος, Gr. a treatise] one skilled in
describing pedigrees.

GENEA＇LOGY [genéalogie, Fr. genelozia, Port. genealogia, It. Sp.
and Lat. of γενεαλογια, of γενος, a descent, and λογος, Gr. a discourse]
a series or succession of ancestors or progenitors; a summary account
of the relations and alliances of a person or family, in the direct or
collateral lines.
As to St. Paul＇s use of this word, 1 Tim. c. i. v. 4. See BASTI­
DIANS and GNOSTICS.

GE＇NEARCH [genearcha, Lat. γενεαρχος, Gr.] the chief of a stock
or family.

GE＇NERABLE [generabilis, Lat.] that may be engendered or be­
gotten.

GE＇NERAL, adj. [general, Fr. and Sp. generale, It. of generalis,
Lat.] 1. Pertaining to all kinds, common, that extends to a genus,
comprehending many species or individuals, not particular, not spe­
cial; sometimes in a substantive form. To conclude from particulars
to generals is a false way of arguing. Pope. 2. Lax or loose in signifi­
cation, not restrained to any special or particular import. The more
loose and general explications. Watts. 3. Not restrained by narrow
or distinctive limitations. A general idea is an idea in the mind, con­
sidered there as separated from time and place. Locke. 4. Relating
to a whole class or body of men, or a whole kind of any being.
They because some have been admitted without trial, make that fault
general which is particular. Whitgifte. 5. Public, comprising the
whole. The general safety. Milton. 6. Not directed to any single
object. That general aversion will be turned into a particular hatred.
Sprat. 7. Extensive, though not universal. 8. Common, usual.
I knew it the most general way. Shakespeare. 9. General is appended
to several officers; as, attorney-general, solicitor-general, vicar-ge­
neral.

GENERAL, subst. [Fr. Sp. and Port. generale, It.] 1. The chief
commander of an army. A general is one that hath power to com­
mand an army. Locke. 2. The whole, the totality, the main, with­
out insisting on particulars. He excels in general under each of these
heads. Addison. 3. The public, the interest of the whole; obsolete.
Nor doth the general
Take hold on me, for my particular grief
Ingluts and swallows other sorrows. Shakespeare.
5. The principal governor of a religious order among the catholics.

GENERAL [in military affairs] a particular beat of drum early in
the morning, to give notice for the foot to be in readiness to march.

GENERAL Officers [in an army] are such as command a body of
several regiments of horse and foot.

GENERAL Synod, a council held, in which bishops, priests, &c. of
all nations are assembled together.

GENERA＇LE, the single commons, or the ordinary or usual provi­
sion of the religious in convents.

GENERALI＇SSIMO [generalissimus, Lat.] supreme general, one that
commands generals; a commander in chief.

GENERA＇LITY [generalitas, Lat. generalité, Fr. generalità, It. gene­
ralidàd, Sp.] 1. The whole, the main body, the common mass. He
excludes from salvation the generality of his own church. Tillotson. 2.
The state of being general, the quality of including species or parti­
culars. Restrained unto such generalities, as every where offering
themselves are apparent. Hooker.

GE＇NERALLY, adv. [of general] 1. Commonly, for the most part,
frequently. 2. In general, without specification or exception. So
many giddy fancies as he hath generally taxed their whole sex withal.
Shakespeare. 3. Extensively, though not universally. 4. In the
main, without minute detail in the whole taken together. Generally
speaking they live very quietly. Addison.

GE＇NERALNESS [of general] wide extent, though short of univer­
sality, frequency, commonness. A general consent rather springing
by the generalnéss of the cause, than of any artificial practice.
Sidney.

GE＇NERALSHIP, the office or dignity of a general.

GE＇NERALTY [of general] the whole, the totality. The munici­
pal laws of this kingdom are of vast extent, and include in their gene­
ralty all those several laws which are allowed as the rule of justice.
Hale.

GE＇NERANT, adj. [generans, Lat.] begetting, generating, or bring­
ing forth.

GE＇NERANT, subst. [from the adj.] the begetting or productive
power. Some believe that the soul is made by God, some by angels,
and some by the generant. Glanville.

To GE＇NERATE, verb act. [generare, It. and Lat.] 1. To beget,
to propagate. 2. To cause to produce. Sounds are generated where
there is no air at all. Bacon.

GE＇NERATED Quantity, or GE＇NITED Quantity [with mathemati­
cians] whatever is produced in arithmetic, either by the multiplica­
tion, division, extraction of roots; or in geometry, by the invention,
or finding out the contents, area, and sides; or of extreme and mean
proportionals, without arithmetical addition and subtraction.

GE＇NERATING Line, or GE＇NERATING Figure [in geometry] is that
which by its motions or revolutions produces any other figure plain
or solid.

GENERA＇TION, Fr. [generazione, It. generaciòn, Sp. of generatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of procreating or producing a thing, which before
was not in being. So it may be thought of founds in their first gene­
ration. Bacon. 2. Lineage, race, or descent, family. Thy mother＇s
of my generation. Shakespeare. 3. Offspring, progeny. He that
makes his generation messes. Shakespeare. 4. A single succession,
one gradation in the scale of genealogy. This generation shall not pass.
St. Matthew. 5. An age. Throughout all generations and ages of
the Christian world. Hooker.
Our lexicographer seems here to have overlooked the ecclesiastic use
of this term, with the word [eternal] prefixed; which imports the
production of something, which has always existed. See Eternal
GENERATION.

Eternal GENERATION. All antiquity applied those words in the
8th of Proverbs, “the LORD created me (for so the Septuagint ver­
sion, then most in use, renders it) or as it might have been rendered
more close to the original, the LORD possessed [or obtained possession of]
me, the BEGINNING of his ways,” to CHRIST＇s original production
from GOD the FATHER; St. Irenæus only excepted, who seems of
not interpolated) to have understood it of the third person; IRENÆUS
advers. Hereses, Ed. Grabe, p. 331. I say, if not interpolated; because
he most undoubtedly affirm＇d of the SON, that “He is the first-begot­
ten in the whole creation.” [See FIRST-BORN.] This therefore was a
generally receiv＇d article, that CHRIST was the first of beings, which
God by his WILL and POWER produced, and by producing obtained
POSSESSION of (for the highest possession [or PROPERTY] is that which
is founded in the COMMUNICATION OF EXISTENCE.) Nor did even the
post-Nicenes scruple to affirm as much, as we have fully shewn under
the words FIRST-CAUSE, BEGOTTEN, CREATION, GHOST, ESSENCE,
&c. But now comes on a difficulty (tho＇ a difficulty perhaps more of
our own making, than founded in any scripture-passage, which seldom,
if ever, amuses us with metaphysic problems; but contents itself with
truths of the most substantial use, and best adapted to our capacities) I
mean, whether we are to conceive of GOD to be prior in duration, as
well as in the order of nature, to his first production; or whether we
should affirm with Doctor CLARKE, and the latter Platonists, “that
＇tis just as easy to conceive of God always acting, as always existing,
and OPERATING before all ages as easily as DECREEING before all
ages.” [Script. Doct. p. 275.] I need not observe what embarrasments
arise, on either hypothesis; since, on the one hand, the cause (in our
conception of things) must be PRIOR to the effect; and on the other
(i. e. supposing any point of duration in which GOD＇s first production
was not yet in being) ＇tis no less hard to conceive, how the FIRST CAUSE
and FOUNTAIN of all perfection should have spent a whole eternity be­
fore that date, without having one single object on which to exercise
his GOODNESS and POWER. See GENESIS and ISOCHRONAL.

GENERA＇TION [with schoolmen] a total change or conversion of
a body into a new one, which contains no sensible part or mark of its
former state.

GENERATION [with philosophers] is defined to be a real action,
whereby a living creature begets another like it of the same kind.

GE＇NERATIVE, adj. [generatif, Fr. generativo, It. and Sp. of gene­
rativus, Lat.] 1. Having the power to generate or beget. He gave
to all that have life a power generative, thereby to continue their spe­
cies. Raleigh. 2. Prolific, fruitful, having the power to produce, or
multiply. The generative faculty. Bentley.

GENERA＇TOR, subst. [genero, Lat.] the power which begets or pro­
duces. Brown uses it.

GE＇NERIC, or GENE＇RICAL, adj. [generique, Fr. from genus, or
genericus, Lat.] of or pertaining to a genus or kind, that which com­
prehends the genus or distinguishes from another genus, but does not
distinguish the species. A general or generic difference. Watts.

GENE＇RICALLY, adv. [of generic] with regard to the genus, tho＇
not the species. Woodward uses it.

GERERO＇SA, Lat. [a law term] a gentlewoman, so that if a gentle­
woman be termed spinster in any original writ, appeal or indictment,
she may abate and quash the same.

GENERO＇SITY, or GE＇NEROUSNESS [generosité, Fr. generosita, It.
genérosidàd, Sp. generositade, Port. generositas, Lat.] generous disposi­
tion, bountifulness, magnanimity. The grounds of true virtue and
generosity. Locke. The overflowing generousness of the divine nature.
Collier.

GE＇NEROUS [generosus, Lat. generose, It. Sp. and Port.] 1. Not of
mean birth, of good education. 2. Noble of mind, open of heart,
magnanimous, free. His generous spouse. 3. Liberal, munificent,
bountiful. 4. Strong, vigorous. Generous wine. Boyle.

GENERO＇SITY [in painting and sculpture] is represented by a
comely dame clad in cloth of gold, leaning with her left hand on the
head of a lion, and holding in her right clains of gold, with jewels
hanging on them for presents.

GE＇NEROUSLY, adv. [of generous] 1. Not meanly, with regard to
extraction. 2. Nobly, magnanimously. Generously he does his arms
withhold. Dryden. 3. With liberality, with munificence, nobly,
bountifully.

GE＇NESIS [γενεσις, Gr. genese, Fr.] the first of the five books of Mo­
ses, so called by the Greeks, on account of its beginning with the hi­
story of the generation or production of all things. By its etymology it
should import production, or the bringing into being; and yet the AN­
TIENTS did not scruple to apply this word to CHRIST＇s original ex­
istence before all worlds. Thus St. CLEMENS [stromat. Ed. Paris,
p. 702.] calls the SON “το πρεσβυτερον εν γενεσει, that which is older in
point of production. And St. IRENÆUS says, in his treatise against
heresies, Ed. GRABE, p. 173. “that we are NOVISSIMI a Verbo &
Spiritû Dei,” i. e. the NEWEST [latest or youngest] from the WORD and
SPIRIT of God.” His meaning is, that those two persons were God＇s
most ancient productions, as being AB INITIO, &c. i. e. from the
beginning, with the Father; for so he explains it, p. 333, 331: or, as
St. ORIGEN express＇d it, “the Son of God (says he) the FIRST-BORN of
every creature, tho＇ he was lately incarnate; yet is he not therefore
νεος, i. e. new, or of late original: for the scriptures declare, that He
is the ancientest of all things, that God has built [or made.] Cont. Cels.
lib. 5. And yet I think, neither St. Origen, nor his predecessor St.
Clement, would have affirmed, “that there was any point of duration,
in which the SON of GOD was not.” Because both appear to have rea­
son＇d upon that plan, which was suggested under the words, GRACF,
and ETERNAL GENERATION, compared. And because tho＇ St. Cle­
mens does not scruple to call him “the BEGINNING and FIRST­
FRUITS of the things that are,” p. 152; and in the next page tells
us, “that He came into being.” Yet in these very places, he as
much scruples to assign a BEGINNING to his production, as in other
places he expressly denies, that “GOD ever BEGAN, or will ever
CEASE to do GOOD.” Tho＇, after all, absolute eternity, or to be, in
strictness of speech, the MOST ANTIENT OF ALL THINGS, was in the
judgment of these writers (add if you will Eusebius of Casarea,
St. Irenæus, and I think also the main body of the Antenicenes) the
peculiar prerogative of the UNBEGOTTEN and SELF-EXISTENT FA­







THER. See CLEM. Alex. Stromat. Ed. Paris, p. 615, 702, 703.
Irenæus adv. Hereses, Ed. Grabe, p. 120, 122, 379. Justin. Dialog­
cûm Tryphone, Ed. Rob. Steph. p. 36. HUET. Origenian, p. 45. with
CO-ETERNAL and ORIGENISM, compared.

GENESIS, generation, original, rise.

GENESIS [with geometricians] the forming of any plain or solid
figure by the motion of some line or surface, called the describent,
and that, according to which the motion is made, called the diri­
gent. Thus a right line moved parallel to itself, is said to generate a
parallelogram, and a parallelogram turned about one of its sides as an
axis, generates a cylinder.

GE＇NET [The word originally signified a horseman, and perhaps a
gentleman or knight. Johnson] a small-sized well proportion＇d Spanish
horse.

GENET [with horsemen] a Turkish bit, the curb of which is all of
one piece, and made like a large ring, and made above the liberty of
the tongue.

GENET, a little creature, whose fine furr is called by that name.

GENETHLI＇ACAL, adj. [γενεθλιακος, of γενεθλη, Gr. nativity] of or
pertaining to nativities, shewing the configurations of the stars at any
birth. Genethliacal ephemerists. Howel.

GENETHLI＇ACI, Lat. [γενεθλιακοι, Gr.] astrologers, persons who
erect horoscopes, or pretend to tell persons what shall befal them, by
means of the planet which presided at their nativity.

GENE＇THLIACS, subst. [γενεθλη, Gr.] the science of calculating na­
tivities or predicting the future events of life, from the stars predomi­
nant at one＇s birth.

GENETHLI＇ACUM Carmen, Lat. a poem or composition in verse upon
the birth of a prince or other illustrious person, in which the poet, by
a kind of prediction, promises him honours, successes, &c.

GENETHLIA＇TIC, subst. [γενεθλη, Gr.] he who calculates nativities.
Drummond uses it.

GENETHLIA＇LOGY [genethlialogia, Lat. γενεθλιαλογια, Gr.] the art
of casting nativities. Tiberius was also greatly addicted to genethli­
alogy. Joseph. Ant. p. 894. APPENDIX ad Thesaur. H. Steph. Sca­
pulæ. Constantin. &c.

GENE＇VA [genevre, Fr. a juniper-berry] a distilled water, chiefly
produced from the berries of the juniper tree. We used to keep a
distilled spirituous water of juniper in the shops, but the making of it
became the business of the distiller, who sold it under the name of ge­
neva. At present only a better kind is distilled from the juniper-berry:
what is commonly sold is made with no better an ingredient than oil
of turpentine put into the still with a little common salt, and the coarsest
spirit they have, which is drawn off much below proof strength.
Hill.

GENEVA [in geography] a city near the confines of France and
Switzerland, on the river Rhone, about 60 miles north-west of Lyons.
Lat. 46° 20′ N. Long. 60° E. Geneva is a fortified town, about
two miles in circumference, situated at the west end of a lake 60 miles
long, and 12 broad, called the lake of Geneva. It is a republic, go­
verned by a council of 200, and a senate of 25 members; and is said
to contain 30,000 inhabitants.

GE＇NIAL, adj. [genialis, Lat.] 1. That gives cheerfulness or supports
life. So much I feel my genial spirits droop. Milton. 2. That which
contributes to propagation. A term applied by the ancients to certain
deities, who (as they imagined) presided over the affairs of genera­
tion. Genial power of love. Dryden. 3. Natural, native. Natural
incapacity and genial indisposition. Brown. 4. Festival, joyful,
merry.

GENIA＇LES Dii, Lat. the four elements, the twelve signs, and the
sun and moon, so called by the ancients.

GENIA＇LITY, or GE＇NIALNESS, festivity, merriness at table.

GE＇NIALLY, adv. [of genial] 1. By genius, naturally. Genially dis­
posed to some opinions. Glanville. 2. Cheerfully, merrily, gayly.

GENICULA＇RIS, Lat. [with botanists] garden valerian.

GENI＇CULATED, adj. [geniculatus, Lat.] knotted, jointed. Some
geniculated plant. Woodward.

GENICULA＇TION [geniculatio, Lat.] knottiness, the quality in plants
of having joints.

GENI＇CULUM, Lat. [with botanists] the joint or knot in the stalk
of a plant; hence those plants which have knots or joints are called
geniculate plants.

GE＇NIO, subst. It. [genius, Lat.] a man of a particular turn of mind.
Some genio＇s are not capable of pure affection. Tatler.

GE＇NII [of gignendo or generando, begetting, i. e. suggesting unto us
thoughts] the heathens imagined that every person was born with two
genii, proper to him or her; these were also named dæmones; the one
was good and favourable, and persuaded to honesty and virtue, and in
recompence of it procured all manner of good things proper to his
estate; and the other was the evil genius, who was the cause of all
wickedness and mishap. That they were of a middle nature between
gods and men; that they partook of immortality from the one, and
passions from the other; and having bodies framed of an aerial matter,
inhabited the vast region of the air, and acted as mediators between
gods and men, and were the interpreters and agents of the gods, com­
municated the wills of the gods to men, and carried the prayers and
vows of men to them; they believed that the good genii rejoiced at
the good, and were afflicted at the ill fortune of their wards; that the
evil genii took a pleasure in persecuting men and bringing them evil
tidings, which last were called larvæ and lemures. That they very
rarely appeared to men, and wherever the former did, it was in fa­
vour of some extraordinary virtue, &c.

GENIOGLO＇SSI, Lat. [in anatomy] a pair of muscles proceeding
inwardly from the fore-part of the lower jaw, under another called
geniohyoides, and which, enlarging themselves, are fastened into the
basis of the tongue.

GENIOHYOI＇DÆUS, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the hyoides,
which, with its partner, arising from the internal parts of the lower
jaw bone, are inserted into the superior part of the fore-bone of the os
hyoides.

GENIO＇GRAPHY, considers or treats of the nature of angels and in­
telligences.

GENISTE＇LLA, Lat. [with botanists] dier＇s-weed, base-broom.

GENI＇STA, Lat. the shrub called broom.

GE＇NITAL, Fr. [genitale, It. of genitalis, Lat.] generative, beget­
ting.

GENITAL Bodies, the beginning of all things, the elements.

GENITAL [in medicine] relating to genitals.

GENITA＇LIS, Lat. [with botanists] glader, sword-grass.

GE＇NITALS, or GENITO＇RES, subst. [genitoires, Fr. genitivos, Sp. geni­
talia, Lat.] the parts belonging to generation. Brown.

GE＇NITES, or GENI＇TEI, such persons among the Jews, who de­
scended from Abraham, without any mixture of foreign blood; or
such who issued from parents, who, during the Babylonish captivity,
had not married with any gentile family.

GE＇NITING, or GENITIN [q. d. Junetin of June. A corruption
of Janeton, Fr. signifying Jane or Janet, having been so called in
honour of some lady of that name, and in the Scottish dialect they are
called Janet apples, which is the same with Janeton. Johnson] a kind
of apple that is the earliest ripe of all others, and gathered in June.

GE＇NITIVE, adj. [genitif, Fr. genitivo, It. and Sp. genitivus, Lat.]
Case [in grammar] one of the six cases of nouns, by which property
or possession is chiefly implied; as, filii, of a son, from filius, Lat. a
son. This case, among other relations, signifies one begotten, as son
of a father. N. B. There is a genitive of the efficient and a genitive of the
subject matter, e. g. “The doctrines OF Dæmons in 1 Tim. iv. 1. may
either signify doctrines of which Dæmons are the AUTHORS, or doc­
trines of which they are the SUBJECT, i. e. doctrines relating to the
Dæmons; and in this latter sense it is understood by the judicious
Mede. See DÆMON.

GENITU＇RA, Lat. a name by some given to the semen, male and
female.

GENIUS of Language, i. e. any particular idiom or manner of diction,
in which one language differs from another, e. g. In expressing the
comparative degree, an Englishman would say CÆSAR was GREATER
THAN Alexander; but a Hebrew, when conveying the same idea in his
language, would say, Cæsar was GREAT FROM [or after] Alexander,
and a Grecian would differ from both. Again, it would sound very
uncouth to an English ear, to say, with NOVATIAN, “Post omnem
creaturam homo,” i. e. Man [was produced] after every creature;
and by the way, whoever should infer from this phraseology, that in
NOVATIAN＇s judgment man was no creature, might with ease be re­
futed, by shewing that NOVATIAN meant no more, than this, that
man, in the order of production, was the last of the creatures. And by
parity of argument, had he said, that man was produced before all
creatures, no more could be fairly inferred from this lax manner of
expression, than man being (in his judgment) the first of creatures;
especially if, in the self-same tract, he should have affirm＇d, that
“God CREATED man; and above all, if in the same writer we should
find a PROMISCUOUS USE of the words, creating, producing, begetting,
and the like, WHATEVER be the SUBJECT spoken of, whether greater
or less; and that he judged one common circumstance belonging to all
derived beings without exception, viz. the being an effect of GOD THE
FATHER＇s will and power. And this, by the way, is one solution of
all those citations from JUSTIN MARTYR, which are referred to (as
produced, and, I think, misunderstood by Dr. CLARKE) under the
word FIRST BORN. But some further light may possibly be thrown
upon this branch of criticism under another head. See UNIVERSAL
PROPOSITIONS, compared with a most remarkable instance of this lax
kind of phraseology in Clemens Alexand. Stromat. Ed. Paris. p. 703.

GENIUS of Mankind, a good genius presiding over mankind.
——— But yet untold remains
What the good genius to the crowd ordains,
Just on the verge of life. Table of CEBES, in English verse, &c.
On which the learned and ingenious translator has the following
note: “Does not this venerable personage represent HUMAN REASON?
and does not the manuscript he holds in his hand, contain the laws and
dictates of reason?—or are we to suppose our author＇s Dæmon or ge­
nius personates those SUPERIOR BEINGS, which some philosophers ima­
gined to attend on mankind? &c.” What strokes of literature he
gives us on this head, the reader may consult at leisure.

GE＇NIUS. 1. [Among the ancients] was used to signify a spirit ei­
ther good or evil, which they supposed did attend upon every person;
they also allow＇d genii to each province, country, town, &c. Th＇ un­
seen genius of the wood. Milton. 2. A man＇s natural disposition, in­
clination, by which he is qualified for some particular employment.
A happy genius is the gift of nature Dryden. 3. The force or faculty
of the soul, considered as it thinks or judges; the intellectual powers.
The state and order does proclaim
The genius of that royal dame. Waller.
4. A man endowed with superior faculties. Mentioned as a prodi­
gious genius. Addison. 5. Nature, disposition. Studious to please
the genius of the times. Dryden.

GE＇NNET, an animal not much unlike a cat, as well for bigness as
shape; but the nose or snout is long and slender like a weasel; it is
extraordinary light and swift, and the skin as fine and soft as down.
There are two sorts of them, the most common is grey, mottled or
full of black spots, the other as black as jet, and as glossy as the finest
velvet; but specked with red, and their smell is much like that of a
civet cat.

GE＇NOA, a city and archbishop＇s see of Italy, and capital of a repub­
lic of the same name, built on a strand near the sea, and rises gradually
to the top of a hill; the houses, which are lofty and well built, rising
like the seats of a theatre, afford a fine prospect at sea. The harbour
is large and deep, and the principal street, from one end to the other,
resembles a double row of palaces. Lat. 44° 30′ N. Long. 9° 30′ E.
The territories of the republic lie in the form of a crescent, along
the coast of the Mediterranean, extending 150 miles; but the country
no where reaches above 20 miles from the sea, and in some places not
ten.

GENT, adj. O. Fr. elegant, soft, politic: a word now obsolete.
Genussa gent. Spenser. Noble, wise as fair and gent. Fairsax.

GENT [abbrev. of genteel] in a good garb, fine, spruce, neat.

GENT, an abbreviation of gentleman.

GE＇NTNESS [of gent] neatness, spruceness, fineness in dress.

GENTE＇EL, adj. [of gentilis, Lat.] 1. Having the air, behaviour,
and carriage of a gentleman, graceful in mien. 2. Cecil, polite, ele­







gant. No notion of genteel comedy. Addison. 3. Handsomely dres­
sed, gallant.

GENTEE＇LLY, adv. [of genteel] 1. Elegantly, politely. Genteelly
learned. Glanville. 2. Gracefully, handsomely. 3. Neatly,
sprucely.

GENTEE＇LNESS [of genteel] 1. Genteel carriage, elegance, polite­
ness, gracefulness. A genius full of genteelness and spirit. Dryden. 2.
Qualities befitting a man of rank. 3. Genteel dress.

GE＇NTIAN, subst. [gentiane, Fr. gentiana, Lat.] the plant felwort or
baldmoney. The leaves grow by pairs opposite to each other, the
flower consists of one leaf shaped like a cup; it is succeeded by a mem­
branous oval shaped fruit, ending in a sharp point. Miller. The root
of the gentian is large and long, of a tolerable firm texture, and re­
markably tough: it has a faintish and somewhat disagreeble smell,
and an extremely bitter taste. Hill.

GENTIA＇NA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb gentian.

GENTIANE＇LLA, Lat. the herb bastard-felwort; also a kind of blue
colour.

GE＇NTIL, a sort of maggot or worm that is a bait to fish with. See
GENTLE.

GE＇NTILE, subst. [gentile, Fr. gentil, It. gentilo, Sp. gentilis, Lat.]
1. Among the Jews all were called Gentiles, who were not of the twelve
tribes; but now those are called Gentiles by the Christians, who do
not profess the Christian faith; one of an uncovenanted nation,
who knows not the true God. Of the Jew first, and also of the Gen­
tile. Romans. 2. A person of rank: obsolete. Ladies and gentiles.
Tusser.

GENTILES [with grammarians] nouns which betoken a person＇s
being of such a country.

GENTILE＇SSE, subst. Fr. complaisance, civility. Her complaisance
and gentilesses. Hudibras.

GE＇NTILISM [from gentle; gentilisme, Fr.] heathenism, i. e. the
opinions or practices of the heathens, paganism. Stillingfleet uses it.

GENTILI＇TIOUS [gentilitius, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to a stoek, kin­
dred or ancestors, hereditary, intailed on a family. A particular and
perhaps a gentilitious disposition of body. Arbuthnot. 2. Peculiar to a
nation, endemial. An unsavory odour is gentilitious or national.
Brown.

GENTI＇LITY [gentilité, Fr. gentilità, Sp. of gentilis, Lat.] 1. The
quality of a gentleman, good extraction, dignity of birth. 2. Ele­
gance of behaviour, gracefulness of mien, nicety of taste. 3. Gene­
rally the class of persons well born. Gavelkind must in the end make
a poor gentility. Davies. 4. Heathenish, paganism. The falshood of
oracles, whereupon all gentility was built. Hooker.

GE＇NTLE, adj. [gentil, Fr. Sp. and Port. gentile, It. of gentilis, Lat.]
1. Meek, mild, tame, moderate, civil, obliging. Reverend in con­
versation, and gentle in condition. Maccabees. 2. Well born, well
deseended, antient, tho＇ not noble. Our noble and gentle youth.
Milton. 3. Soothing, pacific. Gentle music. Davies.

GENTLE, subst. 1. A gentleman, a man of birth: now obsolete.
Gentles, methinks you frown. Shakespeare. 2. The same with gentil.
A particular kind of worm or maggot. A green gentle. Walton.

To GE＇NTLE, verb act. to make gentle, to raise from the vulgar: ob­
solete. Be he ne＇er so vile,
This day shall gentle his condition. Shakespeare.

GE＇NTLEFOLK, subst. [of gentle and folk] persons distinguished by
their birth from the vulgar. Swift uses it.

GE＇NTLENESS [of gentle] 1. Dignity of birth or extraction. 2.
Softness of manners, sweetness of disposition, tenderness. Perpetual
gentleness and inherent goodness. Dryden. 3. Kindness, benevolence:
obsolete. The gentleness of all the gods go with thee. Shakespeare.
4. Meekness, mildness, tameness, civility, &c.

GE＇NTLEMAN [gentilhomme, Fr. gentilhuomo, It. that is, homo gen­
tilis, or generosus, Lat. a man of family or ancestry. All other deri­
vations seem to be whimsical. Johnson] 1. A man of birth and extrac­
tion, tho＇ not noble. The gentlemen and the peasants. Sidney. 2.
A man raised above the vulgar by his character or post.
Some mean born gentleman,
Whom I will marry steight to Clarence daughter. Shakespeare.
3. A term of complaisance. The same gentlemen who have fixed this
piece of morality on the three naked sisters. Addison. 4. The servant
that waits about the person of a man of rank. His gentleman usher.
Camden. 5. It is used of any man, however high. The king is a
noble gentleman. Shakespeare.
When Adam dug and Eve span,
Where was then the GENTLEMAN?
Lat. Primus majorum quis quis fuit ille tuorum,
Aut pastor fuit, aut illud quod dicere nolo.
This proverb intimates that merit and not birth makes the gentle­
man; and that tho＇ some of our fore-fathers may have had that claim
to gentility, yet if we have degenerated we have no real right or pre­
tension to it, whatever law or custom may have given us.
Iack will never make a GENTLEMAN.
This proverb teaches, that every one will not make a gentleman,
that is vulgarly called so, now a days: there is more than the bare
name required, to the making him what he ought to be by birth, ho­
nour and merit. You cannot make a silken purse of a sow＇s car. Ex
quovis ligno Mercurius non fit, say the Latins.

GE＇NTLEMANLIKE, or GE＇NTLEMANLY, adj. [of gentleman and
like] like a gentleman, becoming a man of birth. Enureth himself
to his weapon and gentlemanly trade of stealing. Spenser. A most lowly
gentlemanlike man. Shakespeare.

GENTLEMEN of the Chapel, officers in number thirty-two, whose
duty and attendance is in the royal chapel; of which twelve are priests,
and the other twelve are called clerks of the chapel, who assist in the
performance of divine service.

GE＇NTLEWOMAN [of gentle and woman] 1. A woman of birth, a
woman well descended. The gentlewoman of Rome. Abbot. 2. A
man who waits about one of high rank. The late queen＇s gentlewo­
man. Shakespeare. 3. A word of civility or irony. Now gentlewoman
you are confessing. Dryden. See GENTLEMAN.

GE＇NTLY, adv. [of gentle] 1. Softly, mildly, tamely, meekly,
tenderly, inoffensively. Mischiefs that come by inadvertency or ig­
norance are but very gently to be taken notice of. Locke. 2. Softly,
without violence. A wound so gently made as not to awake them.
Grew.

GE＇NTRY [gentilhommerie, Fr. gentlery, gentry, from gentle] 1. The
lowest degree of nobility, such as have descended of ancient families,
and always borne a coat of arms; those between the vulgar and the
nobility. They slaughtered many of the gentry. Sidney. 2. Birth,
condition.
Clerklike experien＇d, which no less adorns
Our gentry, than our parents noble name. Shakespeare.
3. A term of civility real or ironical. The many colour＇d gentry there
above. Prior. 4. Civility, complaisance: obsolete. Shew us so
much gentry and good will. Shakespeare.

GENUFLE＇XION, Fr. [genuflessione, It. of genuflectio, from genu, the
knee, and fecto, Lat. to bend] the act of bending the knee or kneel­
ing down, adoration thereby expressed. “With all submission and
genuflection to your beauty.” DON QUIXOT.

GE＇NUINE, adj. [genuinus, Lat.] true, real, natural, not spurious
nor counterfeit. The true and genuine effects. Tillotson.

GENUINE Teeth, dentes sapientiæ; which see.

GE＇NUINELY, adv. [of genuine] naturally, truly, without sophisti­
cation or foreign admixtures. Boyle uses it.

GE＇NUINENESS [of genuine, and nesse, Sax.] natural state, free­
dom from adulteration, purity, freedom from being counterfeit.
Boyle uses it.

GE＇NUS, Lat. 1. Kindred, stock or lineage. 2. Manner, sort,
fashion.

GENUS, Lat. [with grammarians] signifies the kind of the noun,
masculine, feminine or neuter.

GENUS, Lat. [among logicians] is the first of the universal ideas;
and is when the idea is so common, that it extends to other ideas,
which are also universal; as, the quadrilater is genus with respect to
the parrallelogram and trapezia; substance is genus with respect to
body and mind.

GENUS Summum, Lat. [with logicians] is that which holds the up­
permost class in its predicament; or it is that which may be divided
into several species, each whereof is a genus in respect to other species
placed below.

GENUS Subaltern, Lat. [with logicians] is that, which being a me­
dium between the highest genus and the lowest species, is sometimes
considered as a genus and sometimes as a species.

GENUS Remotum, Lat. [with logicians] is where there is another
genus between it and its species.

GENUS Proximum, Lat. [in logic] the next or nearest genus is where
the species is immediately under it; as man under animal.

GENUS [in botany] is a system or assemblage of plants agreeing in
some one common character, in respect to the structure of certain parts,
whereby they are distinguished from all other plants.

GENUS [in music] a certain manner of sub-dividing the prin­
ciples of melody, i. e. the consonant intervals into their concinnous
parts.

GENUS [with rhetoricians] is distributed into demonstrative, deli­
berative, and judiciary.

GENUS [in algebra] this art by the ancients was distributed into two
genera, logistic and specious.

GENUS [with anatomists] an assemblage or system of similar parts,
distributed throughout the body; as, the genus nervosum, the nerves
so considered.

GEOCE＇NTRIC [of γη, the earth, and κεντρον, Gr. a centre] the earth
being snpposed to be the centre.

GEOCENTRIC [with astronomers] is applied to a planet or its orbit,
to denote its being concentric with the earth, or as having the earth
for its centre.

GEOCENTRIC Latitude of a Planet [in astronomy] is the latitude of
the planet beheld from the earth; or the inclination of a line con­
necting the planet and the earth to the plane of the earth or true
ecliptic.

GEOCENTRIC Place of a Planet [in astronomy] is the place in which
it appears to us from the earth; supposing the eye fixed there; or it is
a point in the ecliptic to which a planet seen from the earth is re­
ferred.

GEOCE＇NTRICALLY, adv. [from geocentric] according to that sy­
stem of the world, that supposes the earth to be the centre of the uni­
verse.

GEODÆ＇SIA [γηοδασια, of γη and δαιω, Gr. to divide or distribute]
the art of measuring and surveying of land or surfaces, and finding the
contents of all plain figures.

GEODÆ＇TICAL, adj. [from geodæsia] pertaining to the art of sur­
veying or measuring surfaces and finding their contents.

GEODÆTICAL Numbers, such as are considered according to the
vulgar name or denominations; by which money, weights, measures,
&c. are generally known or particularly divided by the laws or customs
of several nations.

GEODÆ＇TICALLY, adv. [from geodætical] by way of survey of the
earth.

GEO＇GRAPHER [geographe, Fr. geografo, It. and Sp. geographus, Lat.
γεωγραϕος, of γη, the earth, and γραϕω, Gr. to describe] a person
skilled in geography, one who describes the earth according to the
position of its different parts.

GEOGRA＇PHIC, or GEOGRA＇PHICAL [geographique, Fr. geografico,
It. and Sp. geographicus, Lat. of γεαγραϕικος, Gr.] pertaining to geo­
graphy.

GEOGRAPHICAL Mile, is the 60th part of a degree of a great cir­
cle, the same as a sea mile.

GEOGRA＇PHICALLY, adv. [of geographical] according to the rules
of geography, in a geographical manner.

GEOGRAPHY [geographie, Fr. geografia, It. geographia, Sp. Port.
and Lat. γεωγραϕια, of γη, the earth, and γραϕω, Gr. to describe]
the doctrine or knowledge of the earth as to its self, and as to its af­
fections; or it is a description of the whole globe of the earth or
known habitable world; together with all parts, limits, situations,
and other remarkables pertaining to it. Geography, in a strict sense,
signifies the knowledge of the circles of the earthly globe, and the situ­
ation of the various parts of the earth. When it is taken in a little
larger sense, it includes the knowledge of the seas also; and in the







largest sense of all, it extends to the various habits and governments of
nations. Watts.

GEOGRAPHY was represented by the ancients, in painting and
sculpture, by an elderly woman, having a terrestrial globe stand­
ing by her, in her right hand a compass, and in her left a squaring
rule.

GEO＇LOGY [of γη and λογος, Gr.] the doctrine of the earth, the
knowledge of its state and nature.

GEO＇MANCER [γεωμαντις, from γη, the earth, and μαντις, Gr. a di­
viner] a pretender to skill in geomancy, a fortune-teller, a caster of
figures, a cheat who pretends to foretel future events by other means
than an astrologer. Brown uses it.

GEO＇MANCY [geomance, Fr. geomanzia, It. geomancia, Sp. geomantia,
Lat. γεωμαντια, of γη, the earth, and μαντια, Gr. divination] a kind
of divination performed by a number of little points or dots made on
paper at random; and considering the various figures and lines, which
those points present, and thence forming a judgment of futurity, and
deciding any question proposed; the art of casting figures.

GEOMA＇NTIC [of geomancy] belonging to the art of casting figures.
Dryden uses it.

GEOMA＇NTICALLY, adv. [of geomantic] according the to art of geo­
mancy.

GEO＇METRIC, or GEOME＇TRICAL, [geometrique, Fr. geometrico, It.
and Sp. geometricus, Lat. of γεωμετρικος, Gr.] 1. Of or pertaining to
geometry. A geometrical scheme. More. 2. Prescribed or laid down by
geometry. Geometrical proportions. Stillingfleet. 3. Disposed ac­
cording to geometry. Geometric jasper secmeth of affinity with the
lapis sanguinalis. Grew.

GEO＇METER, subst. [of geometre, Fr. γεωμετρης, Gr.] a geometri­
cian, one skilled in geometry. Watts uses it.

GEO＇METRAL, adj. Fr. [from geometry] relating to geometry.

GEOME＇TRICAL Place, is a certain bound or extent, wherein any
point may serve for the solution of a local or undetermined pro­
blem.

GEOMETICAL Line, is that wherein the relation of the abscissæ to the
semi-ordinates may be expressed by an algebraic equation.

GEOMETRICAL Proportion, is a similitude or identity of ratios; as
8, 4, 30, and 15, are in geometrical proportion.

GEOMETRICAL Progression, a series of quantities in continued geo­
metrical proportion, i. e. increasing in the same ratio; as, 1, 2, 4, 8,
16, 32, and so on.

GEOMETRICAL Place, a line whereby an indeterminate problem is
constructed.

GEOMETRICAL Construction of an Equation, is the contriving and
drawing lines and figures, whereby to demonstrate the equation, the­
orem, or canon to be geometrically true.

GEOMETRICAL Solution of a Problem, is when the problem is
solved according to the rules of geometry; and by such lines as are
truly geometrical or agreeable to the nature of the problem.

GEOME＇TRICALLY, adv. [of geometrical] according to the geome­
trical art, according to the rules of geometry.

GEOMETRI＇CIAN [geometre, Fr. geometro, It. geométra, Sp. and Lat.
γεωμετρης, Gr.] one skilled in the science of geometry. An expert ge­
ometrician. Watts.

To GEO＇METRIZE, verb neut. [γεωμετρεω, Gr.] to act according to
the rules of geometry. Confined herself to geometrize. Boyle.

GEO＇METRY [géometrie, Fr. geometria, It. Sp. Port. and Lat. γεομε­
τρια, of γη, the earth, and μετρεω, Gr. to measure] geometry originally
signified the art of measuring the earth, or any distances or dimensions
on or within it; but it is now used for the science of quantity, ex­
tension or magnitude abstractedly considered, without any regard to
matter.
It is very probable, that it had its first rise in Egypt, where the
river Nile, every year overflowing the country, and leaving it co­
vered with mud, laid men under a necessity to distinguish their lands
one from another by the consideration of their figure; and to be able
also to measure the quantity of it, so that each man, after the fall of
the waters, might have his portion of ground allotted and laid out to
him.

Theoretical GEOMETRY, or Speculative GEOMETRY, is a science which
treats of magnitude or continued quantity, with its properties consi­
dered abstractedly, without any relation to material beings; it con­
templates the property of continuity, and demonstrates the truth of
general propositions, called theorems.

Practical GEOMETRY, is the method of applying speculative to
practice; as the measuring of land or solid bodies, as navigation, for­
tification, dialling.

Elementary GEOMETRY, is that which is employed in the consider­
ation of right lines, and plain surfaces and solids generated from
them.

Sublimer GEOMETRY, is employed in the consideration of curve­
lines, conic sections, and bodies formed from them.

GEOPO＇NICAL [geoponique, Fr. γεωπονικος, of γη and πονος, Gr.
labour] pertaining to the tilling or manuring of land.

GEOPO＇NICS [γεωπονικα, of γη, the earth, and πονος, Gr. labour]
1. The science of agriculture. 2. Books treating of husbandry.

GEORGE. 1. A figure of St. George on horseback, worn by the
knights of the garter. Look on my George. Shakespeare. 2. A
brown loaf. [Of this sense I know not the original. Johnson] Com­
monly used with the word brown. On a brown george with lousy
swobbers fed. Dryden.

St. GEORGE, the patron of England, some say, was a famous war­
rior of Cappadocia, who, after he had exercised his valour in the wars,
laid down his life for the christian faith, on which account he was
revered of all the christian world, and many churches were erected in
honour of him, and he became at length to be the patron saint of
England. This St. George, according to the legend, did many brave
exploits in his life time, and after his death is said to have appeared
several times in the wars undertaken against the infidels in the holy
land, and to have fought on the side of the christians. And the devo­
tion of Justinian introduced him into the calendar, and that of Robert
d＇Oily built him a church in the castle at Oxford, and king Edward
III built him a chapel at Windsor. However, Gelasius, bishop of
Rome, condemned the legend of St. George, as heretical and ridicu­
lous; and the synod of Ariminum declared the sufferings of George
apocryphal, as set forth by heretics.

GEORGE Noble, a golden coin in the time of king Henry VIII, in
value or current at 6s. 8d.

GEO＇RGIA, a province in Asia, bounded by Circassia and Dagestan
on the north, by the Caspian sea on the east, by Armenia, or Turco­
mania, on the south, and by Mingrelia on the west.

GEORGIA, one of the British plantations in America, taken out of
South Carolina, from which it is separated by the river Savannah.

GEO＇RGIANS [so called from one David George, a Hollander] who
held that the law and gospel were unprofitable for the attaining heaven,
and that himself was the true messias.

GEO＇RGIC, adj. relating to the science of agriculture. The Man­
tuan＇s georgic strains. Gay.

GEO＇RGICS, subst. [georgiques, Fr. giorgica, It. and Lat. γεωργικα,
Gr.] books treating or husbandry, tillage, breeding cattle, &c. Some
part of the science of husbandry put into a pleasing dress, and set off
with all the beauties and embelishments of poetry. Addison.

GEO＇SCOPY [of γη and σκοπεω, Gr. to view] a knowledge of the
nature and qualities of the earth or soil, obtained by viewing and
considering it.

GEO＇TIC, subst. [of γη, Gr. the earth] a sort of magic performed
by the assistance of a dæmon, the same as geomancy.

GEOTIC, adj. terrestrial, relating to the earth.

GEO＇TY, geotic magic.

GE＇RAH, Heb. a silver coin, in value 7d. half penny English; but
others say 159/160 of a penny. TAYLOR, in his CONCORDANCE, calls it
a piece of money of the value of three half pence.

GERA＇NIUM, Lat. [γερανιον, Gr.] the herb called stork＇s bill.

GERANO＇MACHY, Gr. the cranc-fight, or fight of the pygmies with
the cranes. HOMER＇s Geranomachy of the pygmies. Strab. Geor. lib.
2. p. 121. See BATRACHOMYOMACHY.

GERA＇NTES [of γερανη, Gr. a crane] a precious stone in colour like
a crane＇s neck.

GE＇RENT, adj. [gerens, Lat.] bearing, carrying or behaving.

GE＇RESOL [in music] one of the cleffs.

GE＇RFALCON, or GY＇RFALCON [gerfalcone, It. prob. of gyro, Lat.
to turn round, and falco, Lat. from its turning round in the flight]
a bird of prey, in size between a vulture and a hawk; and of the
greatest strength next the eagle.

GERGE＇NTUN, a town of Sicily, the Agnigendum of the ancients,
about 50 miles south of Palermo.

St. GER＇MAINS, a town and royal palace of France, 14 miles north
of Paris.

St. GERMAINS, a borough of Cornwall, eight miles west of Ply­
mouth. It sends two members to parliament.

GERMAIN, subst. a kind of long and pretty large pear.

GE＇RMAN, subst. [germain, Fr. germano, It. ermáno, Sp. of germa­
nus, Lat.] brother, one approaching to a brother in proximity of
blood. Thus the children of brothers or sisters are called cousins
german.

GERMAN, adj. related, come of the same stock. Those that are
german to him. Shakespeare.

Brother GERMAN, a brother both by the father and mother＇s side,
in distinction to an uterine brother, which is only so by the mother＇s
side.

Cousin GERMANS, are cousins in the first or nearest degree, being
the children of brother or sister.

GERMA＇NDER [germandrée, Fr.] the herb called English treacle. It
has small thick leaves, which are lacinated somewhat like those of
the oak; the flowers which are produced at the wings of the leaves
are labiated. The cup of the flower is fistnlous. Miller.

GERMA＇NITY [germanitas, Lat.] brotherliness; the relation of a
brother; also brotherly behaviour.

GERMAN, or GERMANIC, belonging to Germany. “The Ister [or
Danube] arises from the Germanic western extremities.” Strabo, as
cited by the APPENDIX ad Thesaur. H. Stephan. &c.

GE＇RME, subst. [germen, Lat] a sprout, a shoot, that part which
grows and spreads. The germe or treadle of the egg. Brown.

GE＇RMIN, subst. [germen, Lat.] a shooting or sprouting seed.
All germins spill at once
That make ungrateful man. Shakespeare.

GE＇RMANY, an extensive empire of Europe, bounded by Denmark
and the Baltic sea on the north, by Poland and Hungary on the east,
by Switzerland and the Alps on the south, and by France, Holland,
&c. on the west. It is divided into ten circles; three on the north,
three on the south, three about the middle, and one on the west; but
the last, which consisted of the dutchy of Burgundy and the seventeen
united Netherlands, has long been detached from the empire.

GER＇MERSHEIM, a town of Germany, subject to France, about 10
miles east of Landau.

GE＇RMINANT, adj. [germinans, Lat.] sprouting, budding, shooting
out.

To GE＇RMINATE [germer, Fr. germinare, It. and Lat.] to sprout
out, to bud, to blossom, to put forth. A spirit that will put forth and
germinate. Bacon.

GERMINA＇TION, Fr. [germinazione, It. of germinatio, Lat.] the act
of springing, spouting, or budding forth, growth. Acceleration of
germination. Bacon.

GE＇RMINS, plur. of germin [germina, Lat.] See GERMIN.

GEROCO＇MICA, Lat. physic prescribing diet for old men.

GERO＇NTES, Lat. [of γερων, Gr. an old man] magistrates in Greece,
the same at Sparta that the Areopagites were at Athens.

GERONTOCO＇MIA, Lat. [γεροντοκομια, Gr.] a part of physic which
shews the way of living for old men, in order to preserve their
health.

GERONTOCO＇MIUM, Lat. [γεροντοκομειον, of γερων, an old man,
and κομεω, Gr. to take care of] an hospital or alms-house for poor
old people.

GE＇RSA [with apothecaries] a fine powder made of some sorts of
roots, as snake-weed, wake-robin, &c.

GE＇RSA Serpentaria, Lat. [with apothecaries] a kind of ceruss made
of the roots of the herb aron or cuckowpintle.








GE＇RSUMA, or GE＇RSUME [gersuma, Sax.] a fine. See GAR­
SUMME.

GERSUMA＇RIUS, one sineable, liable to be amerced, or fined at the
discretion of the lord of the manor.

GE＇RUND, subst. [gerondiff, Fr. gerundio, It and Sp. gerundium, Lat.
of gero, to administer or govern; in the Latin grammar] it is a part
of a verb, or a verbal noun, that admits no variation, and governs
the same cases as the verb; but has neither tense, number, or person.
In the English tongue, gerunds and participles are the same in ter­
mination, and have no other distinction but the participle and the
noun-substantive, which always follow and precede the one the other;
as loving is both a participle and a gerund, as a loving man, loving is
here a participle: in loving him, loving is a gerund.
N. B. I humbly conceive this distinction is not very adequate, be­
cause the gerund in English is very often used without any particle or
substantive before or after it, as the nominative and accusative of a
substantive itself; as stealing brings a man to the gallows, he abhors
stealing. And so in infinite other instances. The best distinction, I
take it, is, that the participle is always an adjective, and the gerund
always a substantive.

GE＇RYON [as the poets tell us] this Geryon was a monstrous giant
that had three heads. But the truth of the matter is, there was a city
in the Euxine sea, called Tricarenia [τρικαρηνια, Gr. i.e. three heads]
where Geryon dwelt in great reputation, and abounding in wealth,
and, among the rest, had an admirable herd of oxen; Hercules
coming to drive them away, slow Geryon, who opposed him; and
they that saw him drive away the oxen admired at it, and to those
that enquired concerning the matter, they answered, that Hercules
had driven away the oxen of Tricarenian Geryon; from which some
imagined that Geryon had three heads: and this gave birth to the fic­
tion. Palæphatus.

GESSAMPI＇NI [in botany] cotton-trees.

GE＇SSANT [in heraldry] a term used when the head of a lion is
borne over a chief.

GE＇SSES, the furniture pertaining to an hawk.

GEST, subst. [gestum, Lat.] 1. An atchievement, an exploit, an
action. Goodly can discourse of many a noble gest. Spenser. 2. Show,
representation. Gests should be interlarded after the Persian manner
by ages young and old. Bacon. 3. The roll or journal of the several
days and stages prefixed in the progresses of our kings, many of them
being still extant in the herald＇s office [from giste or gite, Fr. Han­
mer]
To let him there a month behind the gest
Prefix＇d for＇s parting. Shakespeare.

GESTA＇TION [gestatio, Lat.] 1. The act of carrying or bearing the
young in the womb. 2. The time or continuance of a child or other
young in the womb of the mother. Time of its gestation. Brown.

To GESTI＇CULATE, verb act. [gesticuler, Fr. gesticulor, Lat.] to
be full of action or motion, to play antic tricks, to show postures.

GESTICULA＇TION, Fr. of Lat. the act of representing a person by
gestures and postures, antic tricks, various postures; also the using
too much gesture in speaking.

GESTICULO＇SE [gesticulosus, Lat.] full of gestures or motions of the
body.

GESTS, plur. of gest [gesta, Lat. gestes, Fr. gesti, It.] noble feats,
noble exploits, &c.

GESTUO＇SE [gestuosus, Lat.] full of gesture.

GE＇STURE [gesius, Lat. geste, Fr.] 1. Action or posture expressive
of sentiment or passion of the mind; behaviour. If you had heard his
words or seen his gestures. Sidney. 2. Movement of the body, car­
riage and air in walking. In ev＇ry gesture dignity and love. Milton.

To GE＇STURE, verb act. [from the subst.] to accompany with
action or posture. Not orderly read, nor gestured as beseemeth.
Hooker.

To GET, irr. verb act. got, anciently gat, pret. got, gotten, part.
p. [getan, or gytan, Sax.] 1. To obtain, to acquire, to procure.
David gat him a name. 2 Samuel. He insensibly got a facility.
Locke. 2. To force, to seize. Such losels and scatterings cannot
easily by any constable or other ordinary officer be gotten. Spenser. 3.
To win. To have gotten a victory. Knolles. 4. To have possession
of, to hold. Thou hast got the faee of man. Herbert. 5. To beget
upon a female. Children they got on their female captives. Locke.
6. To gain as profit. Tho＇ the creditors will lose one fifth of their
principal and use, and landlords one fifth of their income, yet the
debtors and tenants will not get it. Locke. 7. To gain as advantage
or superiority. If they get ground and ＇vantage of the king. Shake­
speare. 8. To earn, to gain by labour. A tree which they get down
not with cutting, but with fire. Abbot. 9. To receive as a price or
reward. Makes the importer get more for them. Locke. 10. To
learn. Get by heart the more common and useful words. Watts 11.
To procure to be. How we may get it thus informed. South. 12.
To put into any state. How to get the lovers out of the place, the
gates being watch＇d. Addison. 13. To prevail on, to enduce. Could
not get him to engage in a life of business. Spectator. 14. To draw,
to hook. He got into his family the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hun­
gary. Addison. 15. To betake, to remove. Get thee out and depart
hence. St. Luke. 16. To remove by force or art. She was quickly
got off the land again. Knolles. 17. To put on. Get on thy boots.
Shakespeare. 18. To get off; to sell or dispose of by some expedient.
To get his half-pence off. Swift.

To GET, verb neut. 1. To arrive at any state or posture by de­
grees, with some kind of labour, effort, or difficulty. Cannot get to
sleep. Bacon. 2. To fall, to come by accident; in a passive form.
Two or three men of the town are got among them. Tatler. 3. To
find the way. Nothing appears to get in at the shell. Boyle. 4. To
move, to remove. Rise up and get you forth. Exodus. 5. To have
recourse to. To get up into the bulwark to help their fellows. Knolles.
6. To go, to repair. Not as yet all got into the castle. 7. To put
one＇s self in any state. They might get over the river. Clarendon. 8.
To become by any act what one was not before. Bathes and gets
drunk. Dryden. 9. To be a gainer, to receive advantage. Her
beauty by the shade does get. Waller. 10. To get off; to escape.
The gallies, by the benefit of the shores and shallows, got off. Bacon.
11. To get over; to conquer, to suppress, to pass without being
stopped in the thinking or acting. To hear the lady propose her
doubts, and to see the pains he is at to get over them. Addison. 12. To
get up; to rise out of bed or from repose. Sheep will get up betimes.
Bacon. 13. To get up; to rise from a seat. Get you up from about
the tabernacle of Koran. Numbers. 14. Get is very often a pleonasin
in English, as I have got no money, and in thousands of the like exam­
ples.

GE＇TTER [of get] 1. One who gets, procures, or obtains. 2.
One who begets on a female. A getter of more bastard children than
war＇s a destroyer of men. Shakespeare.

GE＇TTING [getan, Sax. to get] 1. The act of getting acquisitions,
things gotten by labour, traffic, &c. With all thy getting get under­
standing. Proverbs. 2. Gain, profit. A small monthly share of their
gettings to be a portion for the child. Swift.

GEU＇LES [in heraldry] a red or vermilion colour.

GE＇WGAW, subst. [gegas, trifles, or heawgas, Sax. images, jayan,
Fr.] playthings for children, toys, trifles, showy playthings. A glit­
tering gewgaw. L＇Estrange.

GEWGAW, adj. showy without value, glitteringly, trifling. Poor
gewgaw happiness. Law.

GHA＇STFUL, adj. [of gast and fulle, Sax.] dismal, melancholly,
fit for walking spirits. Ghastful grave. Spenser.

GH＇ASTLINESS, ghostliness, frightful aspect, resemblance of a ghost,
paleness.

GHA＇STNESS [gast, Sax.] ghastliness, horror of looks. The ghast­
ness of the eye. Shakespeare.

GHA＇STLY [gastlie, Sax.] 1. Like a ghost, having horror in the
countenance, pale, dreadful. To shew her ghastly face. Knolles. 2.
Horrible, shocking. Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and
mail. Milton.

GHE＇NT, or GA＇UNT, a capital city of Flanders, 30 miles north-
west of Brussels. It is large and fortified, 12 miles in circumference,
and defended by a citadel.

GHE＇RKINS [gurcken, Ger. gurker, Su. a cucumber] a sort of fo­
reign cucumbers pickled. Skinner.

To GHESS, verb neut. See To GUESS. [Ghess is by critics consi­
dered as the true orthography, but guess has universally prevail＇d.
Johnson] to conjecture.

GHEUX [gheux, Fr. a beggar] a name given to the protestants in
the time of the civil commotions in the Low Countries, because the
protestant persons of quality, habited like beggars, assembled together
to a banquet in the house of Florentius Pallan, count of Gulemburgh;
and there, while they were merry over their cups, laid the scheme of
a conspiracy for the liberty of their country.

GHI＇LUN, a province of Persia, lying close upon the south west part
of the Caspian sea; its longitude from 74 to 76, latitude from 35 to
36. Dherbelot.

GHI＇LIAN, a town of the French Netherlands, 5 miles west of
Mons.

GHI＇TTAR, or GHI＇TTERN [guitern, Fr. prob. of Cithara, Lat.] a
musical instrument formerly much in use with the Italians, &c.

GHI＇ZZARD [gigerium, Lat. or of ghizzern, Lincoln] one of the
stomachs of a fowl. See GI＇ZZARD.

GHOST [gast, or gæste, Sax. geist, Du. geust, Ger. which Ca­
saubon derives of αγαστος, Gr. terriblis, Lat.] 1. The spirit of a per­
son deceased appearing after death. The mighty ghosts of our great
Harry＇s rose. Dryden. 2. The soul of man. Vex not his ghost.
Shakespeare. 3. To give up or yield up the ghost; to die, to yield up
the spirit into the hands of God. Our army lies ready to give up the
ghost. Shakespeare. 4. The third person in the ever-blessed Trinity, cal­
led the HOLY GHOST: so styl＇d from his most sacred and important of­
fice, erected in support of TRUTH, PIETY and VIRTUE, in opposition
to that SPIRIT of SIN and ERROR, which worketh in the children of
disobedience. [See DEVIL.] I need not repeat here what has been
already suggested (under the words, DOVE, CHRIST, &c.) concerning
the SUBORDINATE CAPACITY of this divine personage, with reference,
not only to the ONE GOD and FATHER; but also to the ONE LORD,
“who has receiv＇d from the Father all POWER both in heaven and in
earth.”—I shall only subjoin here (in confirmation of the accounts we
there gave of the PRIMITIVE doctrine) two most remarkable reflec­
tions, which St. BASIL made on this head. The first is contained in
his fifth book against EUNOMIUS, p. 120. where he puts the question,
“Why the Spirit is not styled the son of the son?” and then gives this
answer, “ου δια το μη ειναι εκ Θεου δι᾿ υιου,” &c. i. e. not because he is
not FROM God THRO＇ the Son (for St. BASIL, with Athanasius, Ori­
gen, Eusebius, and other ancients, held that the Spirit was, as Ter­
tullian express＇d it, a Patre per Filium, i. e. from the Father THRO＇
the Son) but that the TRINITY might not be conceiv＇d, πληθος απρ­
ερον υιους εξ υιων, &c. i. e. an endless multitude [or series] of sons produced
from sons, as in human genealogies. And in the preceding book, en­
quiring by what name [or title] this SPIRIT should be called, he says,
“αγεννητον δε ουδεις, &c. i. e. no one is so ABSOLUTELY divested of all
thought and reason as to style any one UNBEGOTTEN [or self existent]
except the GOD OF THE WHOLE [meaning the FIRST CAUSE and FA­
THER of the universe] neither can we call him “SON; because there
is but ONE ONLY BEGOTTEN [son.] What then, says he, must we
call him? The Holy Spirit, and Spirit of God, and Spirit of truth,
who is sent FROM the FATHER, and administer＇d [to us] THRO＇ the
SON, &c. What is all this but to own, that we had best acquiesce in
the scripture style, and not insert more articles into our creed (so far as
reveal＇d religion is consider＇d) than what are expressly contain＇d in the
sacred writings? BASIL adv. Eunom. See ESSENCE, FIRST-CAUSE,
and HOMOUSIANS.

To GHOST, verb neut. [from the subst.] to yield up the ghost, to
die: now obsolete. Sidney uses it.

To GHOST, verb act. to haunt with apparitions of departed men:
obsolete.
Julius Cæsar,
Who at Philippi the good Brutas ghosted. Shakespeare.

GHO＇STLINESS [gastgelic and nesse, Sax.] likeness to a ghost;
also spiritualness, in opposition to carnalness, quality of having refe­
rence, chiefly to the soul.

GHO＇STLY, adj. [of ghost] 1. Spiritual, not carnal, not secular,
relating to the soul. Lack which we all have, as well of ghostly as of
earthly favours. Hooker. 2. Having a character from religion, spiri­
tual. The ghostly father now hath done his shrift. Shakespeare.








GIALA＇LINA, subst. It. earth of a bright gold colour, found in the
kingdom of Naples, very fine, and much valued by painters. Wood­
ward uses it.

GIA＇MBEUX, subst. [jambes, Fr. legs] armour for the legs, greaves.
A large purple stream adown their giambeux falls. Spenser.

GI＇ANT [gigant, Sax. gigas, Lat. of γιγας, Gr. geant, Fr. gigante,
It. Sp. and Port.] a person of a large and uncommon size and stature,
a man unnaturally large. It is observable that the idea of a giant is
always connected with pride, brutality and wickedness.

GI＇ANTESS [of giant; une geante, Fr.] a gigantic woman, a wo­
man of unnatural bulk and height. That huge giantess. Howel.

GI＇ANTLIKE, or GI＇ANTLY, adj. [of giant and like] gigantic, vast,
bulky. Giantly difficulties. Decay of Piety. Their giantlike objec­
tions. South.

GIA＇NTSHIP [of giant] quality or character of a giant. Milton
uses it.

GI＇BBE, subst. any old worn out animal. Hanmer.
Who that＇s but a queen, fair, sober, wise,
Wou＇d from a paddock, from a bat, a gibbe,
Such dear concernings hide. Shakespeare.

To GI＇BBER, verb neut. [of jabber] to speak inarticulately. Squeek
and gibber. Shakespeare.

GI＇BBIER, subst. [from gibier] the genus of game, all kinds of
game. Addison uses it.

GI＇BBERISH [prob. q. d. jabberish, of jabber, or gabberen, Du. to
trifle away the time, or of gabbere, Sax. an inchanter: Derived by
Skinner from gaber, Fr. to cheat. But as it was anciently written ge­
brish, it is probably derived from the chemical cant, and originally im­
plied the jargon of Geber and his tribe. Johnson] pedlers French, jar­
gon, nonsensical, unintelligible talk, cant, the private language of
rogues and gypsies. That we speak no English, but gibberish. Spenser.

GIBBERO＇SITY [gibberositas, Lat.] crumb shoulderedness, crooked­
ness in the back.

GI＇BBERUS, Lat. [in anatomy] the backward and larger process of
the ulna, which enters the hinder cavity of the shoulder.

GI＇BBET, or GI＇BET [gibet, Fr. guibetto, It.] 1. A gallows with
one post upright, and another at the top in the form of the letter T,
for the hanging malefactors on, or on which their carcases are exposed.
2. Any traverse beams.

To GI＇BBET, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To hang or expose on
a gibbet. I＇ll gibbet up his name. Oldham. 2. To hang on any
thing that goes traverse, as the beam of a gibbet. Swifter than he
that gibbets on the brewer＇s bucket. Shakespeare.

GIBBI＇ER, subst. Fr. game, wild fowl. The fowl and gibbier are
tax free. Addison.

GI＇BBLE, gabble, prating, nonsensical foolish talk.

GIBBO＇SITY, or GI＇BBOUSNESS [gibbositas, Lat.] 1. The bunchiness
or sticking out most commonly on the back. 2. Protuberance, con­
vexity in general. The gibbosity of the interjacent water. Ray. The
convexity and gibbousness would vanish. Bentley.

GI＇BBOUS [gibboso, It. gibbosus, Lat.] hump-backed, crooked­
backed, convex, protuberant, swelling into inequalities in general.
Reducing those that are concave and gibbous to a flat. Woodward.

GIBBOUS [in astronomy] a word applied to the enlightened parts of
the moon, during her course from full to new, when the dark part ap­
pears falcated or horned, and the light one gibbous and bunched out.

GIBBOUS Solid [with mathematicians] is that which is compre­
hended under gibbous superficies, and is either a sphere or various. A
sphere is a gibbous body absolutely round and globular.

A Various GIBBOUS Body, is a body which is comprehended by
various superficies, and a circular base, and is either a cone or a cy­
linder.

GI＇BCAT, subst. [of gib and cat] an old worn out cat, a he cat. As
melancholy as a gibcat. Shakespeare.

To GIBE, verb neut. [of gaber, Fr. to sneer, to ridicule, gabberen, Du.
to trifle away the time] to jeer, mock, flout, to join censoriousness
with contempt. Lest they should afterwards laugh and gibe at our
party. Hooker.

To GIBE, verb act. to reproach one by contemptuous hints, to ri­
dicule, to taunt. While I gibe them. Swift.

GIBE, subst. [from the verb] a sneer, taunt, hint of contempt by
word or look.
The rich have still a gibe in store,
And will be monstrous witty on the poor. Dryden.

GI＇BER [of gibe] one who gibes or sneers, one who turns others to
ridicule by contemptuous hints. He＇s a giber. Ben Johnson.

GI＇BBINGLY, adv. [of gibe] with scorn, contemptuously. Gib­
bingly and ungravely. Shakespeare.

GI＇BBLETS [of gobe, V. Fr. dainty mouthfuls; according to Min­
shew from gobbet, gobblet, q. d. gobblets: according to Junius more
probably from gibier, Fr. game] the neck, legs, pinions, gizzard,
and liver of a goose, which are cut off before it is roasted. When I
am laid, may feed on gibblet pie. Dryden.

GI＇BELOT [in cookery] a particular way of dressing chickens.

GI＇DDILY, adv. [of giddy] 1. With the head seeming to turn
round, vertiginously. 2. Inconstantly, unsteadily. To roam giddily.
Donne. 3. Carelessly, heedlessly, rashly, inconsiderately. I hold as
giddily as fortune. Shakespeare.

GI＇DDINESS [of giddy] 1. Inconsiderateness, rashness, heedlesness,
wildness. 2. Vertiginousness, the sensation we have when every thing
seems to turn round. Megrims and giddiness. Bacon. 3. Inconstancy,
changeableness. There be that delight in giddiness, and count it a bon­
dage to fix a belief. Bacon. 4. Frolic, wantonness of life. These
vanities and giddinesses. Donne. 5. Quick rotation, inability to keep
its place. Such a giddiness seized upon government. South.

GI＇DDY [gidicg, prob. of gyddan, Sax. to play. I know not whe­
ther this word may not come from gad, to wander, to be in motion,
gad, gid, giddy. Johnson] 1. Vertiginous, having in the head a sensa­
tion of circular motion, such as happens through disease or drunken­
ness. By giddy heads and staggring feet betray＇d. Tate. 2. Whirling,
running round with celerity. The giddy motion of the whirling mill.
Pope. 3. Unsteady, changeful, unsettled in mind. Flies have their
imagination more mutable and giddy. Bacon. 4. Heedless, wild, rash,
inconsiderate. Many giddy foolish hours. Rowe. 5. That which causes
giddiness. The giddy precipice. Prior. 6. Tottering, unfixed. The
giddy footing of the hatches. Shakespeare. 7. Intoxicated or elated to
thoughtlesness, overcome by any predominant enticement. Art thou
not giddy with the fashion? Shakespeare.

GIDDY-BRA＇INBD [of giddy and brain] careless, thoughtless.
Giddy-brain＇d ass. Otway.

GIDDY-HEA＇DED [of giddy and head] being without thought or
caution, being without steadiness. Our giddy-headed antic youth.
Donne.

GIDDY-PA＇CED [of giddy and pace] moving without regularity.
Most brisk and gidd-paced times. Shakespeare.

GIER-EAGLE, subst. [sometimes written ger-eagle] an eagle of a
particular kind, mentioned in Leviticus.

GIFT, subst. [gift, Sax. geft, L. Ger. goeswa, Su.] 1. Something
given or bestowed without price. 2. A donation, gratuity, present.
3. Endowment, qualification, power, faculty. The gift of ridicule.
Addison. 4. The act of giving freely. That which comes to him by
free gift. South. 5. Oblation, offering. Many nations shall come
with gifts. Tobit. 6. A bribe. Thou shalt not respect persons, nei­
ther take a gift. Deuteronomy.

GIFT, adj. [for gifted] given, as,
We must not look a GIFT horse in the mouth.
Lat. Noli equi dentes inspicere donati. It. A cavallao daio non guar­
dar in bocca. Fr. A cheval donné il ne faut pas regarder aux dents. Or,
according to the monkish rhyme. Lat. Si quis det mannos ne quære in
dentibus annos. The Sp. say, as we; A cavall dáio no le mirem el
diénte. The meaning of all which is, we are not to pry too nar­
rowly into and cavil at the faults of what costs us nothing.

GI＇FTED [of gift, Sax.] 1. Endowed, qualified, furnished with
extraordinary gifts or endowments; as, a gifted brother among en­
thusiasts, commonly by way of irony. Two of their gifted brother­
hood. Dryden. 2. Given, bestowed. My heaven gifted strength. Milton.

GIFT-Rope [a sea term] a boat-rope, a rope with which the boat
is fastened to the bow, when she is swifted, in order to her being
towed at the stern of the ship.

GIG, subst. [etymology uncertain. Johnson] 1. Any thing that＇s
whirl＇d round in play, a sort of horn top for boys to whip round; as,
tops, gigs, battledores. Locke. 2. [of gigia, Island.] a fiddle; now
obsolete.

GIG, GI＇GUE, or GI＇GQUE, It. [in music books] a jigg, some of
which are to be play＇d slow, and others brisk and lively, but also in
triple time of one kind or another.

GIGA＇NTIC [gigantesque, Fr. gigantesco, It. giganteus, of gigantes,
plur. of gigas, Lat. a giant, γιγαντεοις, of γιγας, Gr. a giant] 1. Gi­
ant-like, of or pertaining to giants, big-bodied. Gigantic deeds. Mil­

ton. 2. Wicked, atrocious.

GIGA＇NTICNESS [of gigantic] giant-like size.

GIGANTO＇MACHY [gigantomachia, Lat. of γιγαντομαχια, of γιγας
and μαχη, Gr. a fight] the war (as the poets tell us) that the giants
made against heaven. See GERANO＇MACHY.

GIG-Mill, a fulling-mill for woollen cloth.

To GI＇GGLE, verb neut. [of gichgesen, Du.] to laugh wantonly or
sillily, to titter, to grin with merry levity. It is retained in Scotland.
Our present joking, giggling race. Garrick.

GI＇GGLER, subst. [of giggle] one that giggles or titters, one idly
merry. The giggler is a milkmaid. Herbert.

GI＇GLET, subst. [geagl, Sax. geyl, Du. Gillat, Scottish, is still re­
tained] a wanton lascivious girl: now obsolete. Away with those
giglets. Shakespeare.

GI＇GGLING, part. adj. [of to giggle] laughing out, wantonly, child­
ishly or sillily.

GI＇GOT, Fr. a leg of a sheep or calf, or the knuckle part after the
fillet has been cut off, the hip-joint.

GIGS [in horses] a disease, when swellings grow on the inside of
the lips.

GILAN, a province of Persia, bounded by the Caspian sea on the
north. Its capital is of the same name.

GI＇LBERTINES, a religious order of 700 friars and 1100 nuns,
founded by one Gilbert in Lincolnshire, in the year 1145.

GILD [gild, Goth. gilo, of gildan, Sax. to pay] a tribute, a tax,
a contribution; also a society or fraternity, a company of persons uni­
ted jointly to carry on some affair, either religious or civil. In Popish
times there were many gilds in most parish churches, by the contribu­
tions of several persons, who bestowed so much annually, for the
maintenance of a priest to say so many masses, &c. on such certain
days, and for themselves particularly, and also for wax tapers and
other necessaries in that service.

To GILD, irreg. verb act. GILT and GILDED, pret. and part. pass.
[of gyldan, Sax. bergulden, Du. berguelden, Ger.] 1. To wash,
plait or do over with gold, &c. to cover with foliated gold. We lose
our freedom in a gilded snare. Roscommom. 2. To cover with any yel­
low matter in general. The stale of horses, and the gilded puddle.
Shakespeare. 3. To decorate splendidly, to adorn with lustre. No
more the rising sun shall gild the morn. Pope. 4. To brighten, to
illuminate. Not that trivial, vanishing, superficial thing that only
gilds the apprehension, and plays upon the surface of the soul. South.
5. To recommend, to set off by adventitious ornaments. I＇ll gild
it with the happiest terms I have. Shakespeare.

GI＇LDABLE, liable to pay a gild.

GILD-Ale [gild æle, Sax.] a drinking-match, where every one
paid his club or share.

GILHA＇LDA Teutonicorum, the fraternity of easterly merchants, held
at a place in London, called the Still or Steel-yard.

GILD-Hall, or GUILD-Hall [gilda-aula, Lat.] the chief hall of the
city of London.

GILD Merchant, a privilege by which merchants may hold pleas
of land among themselves.

GILD Rent, certain rents payable to the crown by any gild or fra­
ternity.

GI＇LDER [of gild] 1. One who gilds or does over any surface with
gold. 2. A coin from one shilling and six-pence to two shillings.

GI＇LDING, subst. [of gild] gold laid on any surface by way of orna­
ment. Cover＇d with statues, gilding and paint. Addison.

GILGUL HA＇MMETHIM [גלגול חמתים, Heb. i. e. the rolling
of the dead] the Jews have a tradition, that at the coming of the
Messiah, all the Israelites, in whatsoever part of the world buried,







shall rise in the Holy Land, and that they shall roll thither from their
tombs under ground. How fanciful soever this notion is, it looks to
me, as if founded on some misconstruction of that prophecy in Ezekiel,
where the restoration of the Jews to their own land, and their heing
once more form＇d into a body politic nation, professing the true religion,
is finely adumbrated, by GOD＇s re-inspiring the dead bones with life,
&c. And as to their future restoration, it seems not only grounded on
several passages of their own prophets; but to have been the prevail­
ing belief of the Christian world in St. Justin＇s time. The learned
and judicious MEDE, if I＇m not mistaken, affirms that Pope DAMASUS,
and his chief agent St. JEROM, were the men, that procur＇d this doc­
trine, or at least that of the millennium, to be run down and exploded
out of the church. See HIEROM, CHILIAST, MILLENNIUM and DI­
MÆRITÆ, [or DIMERITÆ] compar＇d.

GILL [gilla, barb. Lat.] 1. A measure of liquids, containing a
quarter of a pint. 2. [of aguilla, Sp. gula, Lat.] the apertures on
each side a fish＇s head. 3. The flaps that hang below the beak of
some fowls. The turkey-cock hath great and swelling gills. Bacon.
4. The flesh under the human chin; generally in contempt. About
the cheeks and gills. Bacon.

GILL Heoter, an owl.

GILL, or GILL creep by the Ground, the herb ale-hoof or ground­
ivy; a sort of malt liquor medicated with the groundivy.

GILL [Gillian, the old English way of writing Julian, Juliana,
Lat.] 1. The appellation of a woman in ludicrous language. Each
Jack will have his gilb. Ben Johnson. 2. A mean sorry wench.

GI＇LLA Vitrioli [in chemistry] vomitive vitriol, or white vitriol
purified.

GILL-HOUSE [of gill and house] a house where the medicated gill
is sold. Thee each gill-house mourn. Pope.

GI＇LLY-FLOWER, subst. [either corrupted from July-flower, or from
giroftée, Fr.] See JULY-FLOWER. Gillyflowers, or rather July­
flowers, so called from the month they blow in, are of a very great
variety. Mortimer.

GILT, subst. [of gild] golden show, gold laid on any surface: now
obsolete. Our gayness and our gilt are all besmirch＇d. Shakespeare.

GILT, part. pass. of to gild. See To GILD.

GILT HEAD. subst. [of gilt and head] a sea-fish.

GILT TAIL, subst. [of gilt and tail] a worm so called from his yel­
low tail.

GIM, adj. neat, spruce, well-dressed: an old word.

GI＇MCRACK, subst. [supposed by Skinner to be ludicrously formed
from gin as derived from engine] a slight or trivial mechanism.

GI＇MLET [un gibelot, guimbelet, Fr.] a nail-piercer or borer, with a
screw or worm at its point.

GI＇MMAL, subst. [supposed by Skinner and Ainsworth to be derived
from gemellus, Lat. and to be used only of something consisting of
correspondent parts or double. It seems rather to be gradually cor­
rupted from geometry, geometrical. Johnson] some little quaint devices
or pieces of machinery. Hanmer.
I think by some odd gimmals or device,
Their arms are set like clocks, still to strike on. Shakespeare.

GIMMAL Ring. See GEMMOW.

GI＇MMER. subst. movement, machinery. The gimmers of the world
hold together. More. See GIMMAL.

GIMP, subst. See GIM. [Gimp in old English is neat, spruce.
Johnson. guipure, Fr.] a sort of mohair thread covered with the same,
or a silk twist or lace for several works formerly in use.

To GIMP [guiper, Fr.] to make gimp-work, or to work in gimp.

GIN. subst. [prob. a contraction of engine] 1. A trap or snare for catch­
ing wild beasts or birds, &c. With twenty gins we will the small birds
take. Sidney. Thy gins and toils. Milton. 2. [A contraction of ge­
neva, genevre, Fr.] a spirit made of Juniper-berries. And hurls the
thunder of our laws on gin. Pope. 3. Any thing moved with screws,
as a rack or an engine of torture. Typhæus＇ joints were stretched
upon a gin. Spenser. 4. A pump worked by rotatory sails. The
gin-pump of Mostyn coalpits. Woodward.

GI＇NCRACK [the same with gimcrack; which see] a contemptible
name for some trivial things of engine-work or machinery. This
spelling seems more analogous to the etymology.

GI＇NGER [gingembre, Fr. zenzero, It. gingibre, Sp. and Port. of
zinziber, Lat. of σιγγιβερις, Gr.] an Indian root of a biting hot taste;
the flower consists of five leaves, shaped somewhat like those of the
iris. Miller. The root is of the tuberous kind, knotty, crooked and
irregular. The Indians eat both the young shoots of the leaves, and
the roots themselves, cut small in their sallads, and make an excellent
sweetmeat of them. Ginger is an excellent carminative and stoma­
chic. Hill.

GI＇NGERBREAD [of ginger and bread] a kind of farinaceous sweet­
meat, made of dough, like that of bread or biscuit, sweetened with
treacle and flavoured with ginger, and some other aromatic seeds. It
is sometimes gilt.

GI＇NGERLY, adv. [I know not whence derived. Johnson] cautiously,
nicely, gently, softly, easily, tenderly.
What is＇t that you
Took up so gingerly? Shakespeare.

GI＇NGERNESS, tenderness, niceness

GI＇NGIVAL, adj. [gingiva, Lat.] belonging to the gums. Holder.

GI＇NGIBER Florens, Lat. [with botanists] dittany or dittander.

To GI＇NGLE, verb neut. [prob. of jangle] 1. To make a tinkling
noise, or like little bells; to utter a sharp noise in quick succession.
Gingling halfpence. Gav. 2. To use words which have a chiming and
affected sound in the periods and cadence.

To GINGLE, verb act. to shake so that a sharp, shrill clattering
noise should be made. The bells she gingled and the whistle blew.
Pope.

GINGLE, subst. [from the verb] 1. A shrill resounding noise, 2.
Affectation in the sound and cadence of periods.

GI＇NGLING, subst. [q. d. tingling, prob. of tinnio, Lat.] a noise like
that of bells, &c. also chiming in sound.

GI＇NGLYMOID, adj. [γιγγλυμος, a hinge, and ειδος, Gr. form] re­
sembling a ginglynius, approaching to a ginglymus. Holder uses it.

GI＇NGLYMUS [γιγγλυμος, Gr. a hinge. Hesyth.] a joining of bones,
when the head of one is received into the cavity of the other; and
again, the cavity of the latter into the head of the former, as that of
the thigh bone with the tibia, and that of the elbow.

To GI＇NGREAT, to chirp as a bird does.

GI＇NGUMBOBS, toys or tristes. A cant word.

GI＇NNET, subst. [γιννος, Gr.] a nag, a mule, a degenerated breed.
Hence, according to some, but I believe, erroneously, a Spanish gen­
net, improperly written for ginnet. Johnson.

GI＇NSENG [I suppose Chinese. Johnson] a root brought lately into
Europe. It never grows to any great size, and is of a brownish colour
on the outside, and somewhat yellowish within, and so pure and fine,
that it seems almost transparent. Its taste is acrid and aromatic, and
has somewhat bitter in it. We have it from China, and there is of
it in the same latitudes in America. The Chinese value this root so
highly, that it sells with them for three times its weight with silver.
The Asiatics in general think the ginseng almost an universal medi­
cine. The virtues most generally believed to be in it, are those of a
restorative and a cordial. The European physicians esteem it a good
medicine in convulsions, vertigoes, and all nervous complaints, and
recommend it as one of the best restoratives known. Hill.

GIOVENA＇ZZO, a bishop＇s see in the kingdom of Naples, 12 miles
west of Barri.

To GIP, verb act. to take out the guts of herrings.

GIPE, a coat full of plaits.

GI＇PSIES, plur. [of gipsy, corrupted from Ægyptii, i. e. Egyptians;
for when they first appeared in Europe, they declared, and perhaps
truly, that they were driven from Egypt by the Turks. They are
now mingled with all nations. Johnson] 1. Pilsering stragglers and va­
gabonds, who pretend to tell people their fortunes, commonly by pal­
mestry and physiognomy. Shuts himself up in the pantry with an old
gipsy. Addison. The French call them Bohemians, and the Germans
Tartars 2. A name of reproach for a dark complexion. Cleo­
patra a gipsy Shakespeare. 3. A name of slight reproach to a wo­
man. The widow play＇d the gipsy. L＇Estrange.

GI＇RAFFA, an Asiatic beast, called in Latin camelopardalus.

GI＇RASOL [of giro and sol, Lat.] the sun stone, the opal-stone, a
precious stone of a whitish, shining colour, which, when placed to­
wards the sun, sends forth a golden lustre; also the herb turnsol.

To GIRD, irr. verb act. [gyrdan, Sax. giorde, Dan. guerten,
Ger.] 1. To bind round about. Girded their loins with sackloth.
2 Maccabees. 2. To tie up close, to fasten by binding. He girt his
warlike harness about him. 1 Maccabees. 3. To put on so, as to sur­
round or bind. Bandages which the workmen had girt round my
neck. Swift. 4. To invest. I gird thee with the valiant sword of
York. Shakespeare. 5. To dress, to clothe, to habit. I girded thee
about with fine linen. Ezekiel. 6. To reproach, to gibe. He will
not spare to gird the gods. Shakespeare. 7. To furnish, to equip.
Girded with snaky wiles. Milton. 8. To inclose, to encircle.
That Nyserian isle
Girt with the river Triton. Milton.

To GIRD, verb neut. to give cutting language, to break a scorn­
ful jest, to gibe, to sneer. Men of all sorts take a pride to gird at
me. Shakespeare.

GIRD, subst. [from the verb] a twitch, a pang, from the sensation
caused by a bandage or girdle drawn hard suddenly. This word is
now seldom used. Many fearful girds and twinges which the atheist
feels. Tillotson.

GI＇RDER [in architecture] the largest pieces of timber in a floor,
whose ends are usually fastened into the summers or breast summers,
and the joists are usually framed into the girders.

GI＇RDLE [gyrdel, Sax. gioerdel, Su. guertel, Ger.] 1. A belt or
band of leather or other matter, to gird up the loins, either tied or
buckled. 2. Enclosure, circumference. Within the girdle of these
walls. Shakespeare. 3. The equator, the torrid zone. Under the
girdle of the world. Bacon.

To GIRDLE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To gird, to bind as
with a girdle. Girdling one another. Shakespeare. 2. To environ,
to inclose, to shut in.
Those sleeping stones,
That as a waist do girdle you about. Shakespeare.

Christians of the GIRDLE, the christians of Asia, and particularly
those of Syria and Mesopotamia, who are almost all Nestorians or Ja­
cobites, are so called, on account of their wearing a broad leathern
girdle, by the order of Motavachal, 10th califf of the Abassines,
A. C. 856. See NESTORIANS and JACOBITES.

Queen＇s GIRDLE [in France] an ancient duty or tax intended for the
maintenance of the queen＇s houshold, at the rate of 3 deniers upon
every muid of wine, and 6 upon each queue at Paris.

G＇IRDLE-BELT [of girdle and belt] the belt that surrounds the
waist. Dryden.

GI＇RDLER [of girdle] a maker of girdles; but now chiefly a
maker of bridles for horses, &c.

GIRDLERS, were incorporated August 6, anno 1448. They are a
master, 3 wardens, 24 assistants, and 84 livery-men, &c. Their ar­
morial ensigns are per fess azure, and or a pale counter-changed, each
piece of the 1st, changed with a gridiron of the 2d. The crest
is the demy effigy of St. Laurence, holding in his right hand a grid­
iron, in the left a book, the first of the colour, the latter of the me­
tal aforesaid. The motto, Give thanks to God. Their hall is in Ba­
singhall Street.

GIRE, subst. [gyrus, Lat.] a circle described by any thing in mo­
tion. This should be written GYRE.

GIRE＇LLA, a vane or weather-cock.

GIRL. [About the etymology of this word there is much ques­
tion. Skinner imagines that the Saxons, who used ceorl, for a man,
might likewise have ceorla, Sax. for a woman, though no such word
is now found. Minshew supposes it to be derived of garrula, Lat.
prating, because they are usually talkative; or of gireila, It. a wea­
ther-cock, because of their sickleness; or according to Meric Ca­
saubon, of κορη, Gr. Junius thinks that it comes from herlodes, Wel.
from which, says he, harlot is very easily deduced. Dr. Hickes de­
rives it most probably from the Islandic, karlinna, a woman] a young
maid, or female child.

GIRLE [a hunting term] a roe-buck of two years old.

GI＇RLISH, adj. [of girl] suiting a girl, youthful like a girl.








GI＇RLISHLY, adv. [of girlish] after the manner of a girl.

GI＇RLISHNESS [of girlish] disposition or behaviour of a girl.

To GIRN, verb neut. seems a corruption of grin. It is still used
in Scotland, and applied to a crabbed, captious, or peevish person.

GI＇RNING, part. act. [of grin] grinning.

GI＇RON, or GU＇IRON [in heraldry] a gore or triangular figure,
having a long, sharp point, like the step of a stair-case, and ending in
the centre of the escutcheon.

GIRONNE＇, or GIRO＇NNY [of giran, Fr. a lap; in heraldry] as
if you suppose one sitting, his knees being posited somewhat asunder,
and a traverse line being imagined drawn from one to the other, that
with the two thighs make a giron.

GIRONNE [in geography] a large city and bishop＇s see of Spain,
in the province of Catalonia, 45 miles north-east of Barcelona.

GI＇RROCK, subst. a sort of fish.

GIRT, part. pass. of to gird. See To GIRD.

To GIRT, verb act. [of gird] to encompass, to gird; improper.
The radiant line that girts the globe. Thomson.

GIRT, subst. [from the verb] 1. A band by which the saddle or
burthen is fastened upon the horse. Death hath broke his girt
Milton. 2. A circular bandage. Wiseman.

Girding GIRT, or To be GIRT [a sea term] used of a ship, when
the cable is so taught, i. e. strained, that upon the turning of the
tide they cannot get it over the stern-post, but it lies across it.

GIRTH [of gird, gyrdel, Sax. gordel, Du. guertel, Ger.] 1. A
girdle for a horse, which comes under his belly, and is buckled on his
side, to fasten the saddle on. 2. The compass measured by the gir­
dle. He＇s a lusty jolly fellow that lives well, at least three yards in
the girth. Addison.

To GIRTH, verb act. to fasten with a girth.

The GIRTH of a piece of timber, the compass of it round.

GIRTH [with cock-fighters] the compass of the body of a cock.

GIRTH Web, the tape or ribbon of which horse-girths are made.

GI＇RTHOL [in the practick of Scotland] a sanctuary or place of
refuge.

GI＇SARMS, or GUI＇SARMS, a kind of halbert or weapon with two
spikes, which some call bisarms.

GI＇SBORN, a market-town in the west-riding of Yorkshire, 189
miles from London.

GI＇SBOROUGH, a very pleasant town in the north-riding of York­
shire, 214 miles from London, and 4 from the mouth of the Tees,
where there is a bay and harbour for ships.

To GISE Ground, is when the owner of it does not feed it with his
own stock, but takes in other cattle to graze.

GI＇SEMENT [of gise] cattle so taken in to be grazed, or to feed at
so much per week.

GI＇SLE, among the English Saxons, signifies a pledge. Thus fred­
gisle is a pledge of peace, gislebert, an illustrious pledge, like the
Greek Homerus. Gibson＇s Camden.

GITH, an herb or weed that grows among corn, called Guiney
pepper.

To GIVE, irr. verb. act. [gifan, Sax. geben, Du. O. and L. Ger.
geben, H. Ger. gifve, Dan. gifwa, Su. or, as Casaubon will, of εγγυαω,
Gr.] gave, pret. [gafve, Dan. geaf, Sax. gav, Du. O. and L. Ger.
gah, H. Ger.] given, irr. part. pass. [gifen, or agifen, Sax. ge­
geven, Du. gegeben, Ger. gifven, Dan.] 1. To bestow, to confer
without price or reward. Give us of your oil. St. Matthew. 2.
To transmit from one＇s self to another by hand, speech, or wri­
ting, to deliver, to communicate. She gave me of the tree.
Genesis. 3. To put into one＇s possession, to consign into one＇s hands.
Nature gives us many children. Temple. 4. To pay as price or reward, or
in exchange. All that a man hath will he give for his life. Job. 5.
To yield, not to with-hold. Having so tamely given an ear to the
proposal. Addison. 6. To quit, to yield as due. Give place, thou
stranger. Ecclesiasticus. 7. To confer, to impart. Nothing can give
that to another, which it hath not itself. Bramhall. 8. To expose.
Give to the wanton winds their flowing hair. Dryden. 9. To grant, to
allow. He has not given Luther fairer play. Atterbury. 10. To yield,
not to deny. I gave his wise proposal way. Rowe. 11. To yield
without resistance. 12. To permit, to commission. Then give thy
friend to shed the sacred wine. Pope. 13. To enable, to allow. God hath
given the world to understand. Hooker. 14. To pay. The applause and
approbation, most reverend for thy stretch＇d out life, I give to both
your speeches. Shakespeare. 15. To utter, to vent. The Rhodians
seeing their enemies turn their backs, gave a loud shout. Knolles. 16.
To exhibit, to express. This instance gives the impossibility of an
eternal existence. Hale. 17. To exhibit as the result of a calcula­
tion. The number of men being divided by the number of ships,
gives four hundred and twenty-four. Arbuthnot. 18. To do any act,
the consequence of which reaches to others. We desire to give no
offence ourselves. Burnet. 19. To exhibit, to send forth as odours from
a body. The ripping of their rind giveth out their smell. Ray. 20.
To addict, to apply. The first thing we read they gave themselves
into, was the tilling of the earth. Hooker. 21. To resign, to yield
up. We gave ourselves for lost men. Bacon. 22. To conclude, to
suppose. All gave you lost. Garth. 23. To give away, to alienate
from one＇s self, to make over to another, to transfer. The more he
got, the more he shewed that he gave away to his new mistress. Sid­
ney. 24. To give back; to return, to restore. Their vices give back
all those advantages which their victories procured. Atterbury. 25.
To give forth; to publish, to tell abroad. Soon after it was given
forth and believed. Hayward. 26. To give the hand; to yield pre­
eminence, as being subordinate or inferior. They may in this respect
no less take, than in others they must give the hand, which betoken­
eth pre-eminence. Hooker. 27. To give over; to leave, to quit. Let
novelty therefore in this give over endless contradictions. Hooker. 28.
To give over; to addict, to attach to. I am wholly given over unto
thee. Sidney. 29. To give over; to conclude lost. The physicians
had given her over. Addison. 30. To give over; to abandon. Best
to give it over. Hooker. 31. To give out; to proclaim, to utter.
The fathers give it out for a rule. Hooker. 32. To give out; to show
in false appearance. She that so young could give out such a seeming.
Shakespeare. 33. To give up; to resign, to yield, to quit. Ready
to give up the ghost for cold. Knolles. 34. To give up; to abandon.
A vain young creature given up to the ambition of same. Pope. 35.
To give up; to deliver. Joab gave up the sum of the number.
2 Samuel.

To GIVE, verb. neut. 1. To rush, to fall on, to give the assault;
a phrase merely French, and not worthy of adoption. The enemy
gives on with fury led. Dryden. 2. To relent, to soften, to grow
moist, to begin to thaw. They afterwards give again and grow soft.
Bacon. 3. To move; a French phrase. Now back he gives, then
rushes on amain. Daniel＇s Civil War. 4. To give in; to go back,
to give way. The Scots battalion was inforced to give in. Hayward.
5. To give in to [a French phrase] to adopt, to embrace. The poets
have sometimes given in to it. Addison. 6. To give off; to cease, to for­
bear. If we gave off, as soon as we perceived that it reached the mind.
Locke. 7. To give over; to cease, to act no more, If they speak
to the purpose, they must give over. Hooker. 8. To give out; to pub­
lish, to proclaim. Giving out that himself was some great one. Acts.
9. To give out; to cease, to yield. That for twenty denials you
would not give out. Swift. 10. To give way; to yield, not to re­
sist, to make room for. Private respects with him gave way to the
common good. Carew.
To GIVE or to forbear, requires judgment.
It. A dare e tenere, ingegno bisogna havere.
That is, to give or to forbear with equity, justice, candor, and rea­
son, requires a great deal of caution and consideration.
GIVE a thing, and take a thing, &c.
This proverb, though puerile, is very ancient. Plato mentions it
as a saying in his time: Των ορθως δοθε των αϕαιρεσις ουκ εστι. Gr.

GI＇VEN, part. pass. of to give. See To GIVE.

GIVEN [with mathematicians] signifies something supposed to
known.

GIVEN [of gifan, Sax.] bestowed, afforded, produced.

GIVEN to, propense or addicted to.

GI＇VER [of give] one that gives or bestows, a donor; a distribu­
ter, a granter.

GIVES [gevangsies, Du. a prison] setters, shackles. See GYVES.

GI＇ZZARD [gesier, Fr. gigeria, Lat. it is sometimes called gizzerne.
See GHIZZARD] 1. The strong musculous stomach of a fowl. Their
second ventricle the gizzerne. More. 2. It is proverbially used for
apprehension or conception of mind. The gizzards of our publi­
cans. L＇Estrange.

GLA＇BRITY [glabritas, from glaber, Lat.] smoothness, bareness
of hair.

GLA＇CIAL, adj. Fr. [glacialis, Lat.] icy, belonging to ice, made
of ice, frozen.

GLACIA＇LIS Humor, Lat. [with oculists] the icy humour, one of the
three humours of the eye, which is contained in the uveous coat,
and is thicker than the rest.

To GLA＇CIATE, verb act. [glacer, Fr. from glacies, Lat. ice] to
turn any liquor into ice.

GLA＇CIATED, part. adj. [glaciatus, Lat.] frozen, turned to ice.

GLACIA＇TION, the act of freezing or turning any liquid into ice,
ice formed. Brown uses it.

GLA＇CIS of a Cornish [in architecture] an easy, imperceptible slope
in the cymaise of a cornish, to promote the descent and draining off
the water.

GLACIS [in fortification] a gentle steepness, or an easy sloping
bank; but especially that which ranges from the parapet of the co­
vered way, to the level on the side of the field.

GLAD, adj. [glad, or glæd, Sax. glad, or glade, Dan. gladh, Su.
but Casaubon derives it of αγαλλεθαι, Gr. to rejoice] 1. Joyful, mer­
ry, chearful, gay. 2. Wearing a gay appearance, fertile, bright.
The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad. Isaiah. 3. Pleased,
elated with joy. It has generally of, sometimes at or with, before the
cause of joy; perhaps of is most proper, when the cause of joy is
something gained or possessed; and at or with, when it is some acci­
dent befallen one＇s self or another. Very much glad of it. Shakes­
peare. 4. Pleasing, exhilerating, enlivening.
Her conversation
More glad to me than to a miser money is. Sidney.
5. Expressing gladness. Hark, a glad voice the lonely desert cheers.
Pope.

To GLAD, verb act. [from the adj.] to make glad, to chear. Each
drinks the juice that glads the heart of man. Pope.

To GLA＇DDEN, verb act. [gladian, Sax.] to make glad, to delight.
Vital heat in the soul chears and gladdens her. Addison.

GLA＇DDER [of glad] one that makes glad. Dryden uses it.

GLA＇DDON, or GLA＇DWIN, an herb, also called spurge-wort.

GLADE [from glowan, Sax. to be hot, or to shine; whence the
Danish, glod, and the obsolete English, gleed, a red-hot coal John­
son; glade, Sax. the setting of the sun] a view or passage made
through a wood, by lopping the branches of trees; a lawn or
opening in a wood, lucus, Lat. It is taken for an avenue through
a wood, whether open or shaded, and has therefore epithets of op­
posite meaning.
As in that description which the Table of CEBES gives us, of the
place in which sensual pleasure resides.
In the green centre of those citron shades,
＇Mong gardens, fountains, bow＇ry walks, and glades,
VOLUPTUOUS SIN, &c. Table of CEBES.

GLA＇DEN, or GLADER, subst. [from gladius, Lat. a sword] sword­
grass. A general name of plants, that rise with a broad blade like
sedge. Junius.

GLA＇DFULNESS [of glad and fulness] joy, gladness. Spenser.

GLADIA＇TORS [gladiateurs, Fr. gladiatori, It. gladiatores, Lat. a­
mong the Romans] were sword-players or prize-fighters, who fought
in the Circensian games, and at the funerals of great men, one against
another, even to the loss of their lives; either to divert the people,
or to pacify the ghosts of their kindred. These exercises in the am­
phitheatres were very extravagant, for according to the greatness of
him that gave these pastimes to the people, there were to be seen







many hundred combatents appearing on the lists one after another.
And some emperors gave 1000, others 10000 fencers.
This CRUDELE SPECTACULUM, as Cicero calls it, was one of those
public entertainments, from which the primitive christians thought
themselves bound in duty to be absent; as appears (if my memory
does not fail me) from St. CYPRIAN and other ancient writers.

GLADIA＇TURE [gladiatura, Lat.] the feat of fighting with swords.

GLA＇DLY [of glad] joyfully, merrily.

GLA＇DNESS [gladnesse, Sax.] joy, mirth.

GLA＇DSOME [gladsome, Sax.] 1. Merry, joyous, delighted, gay.
Gladsome company. Spenser. 2. Causing joy, having the appearance
of mirth or gayety. Gladsome day. Prior.

GLA＇DSOMELY, adv. [of gladsome] with gayety and delight.

GL＇ADSOMENESS [of gladsome] gayety, showiness.

GLAIR, subst. [glær, Sax. amber, glar, Dan. glass, glarea, Lat.]
1. The white of an egg. Peacham uses it. 2. A kind of halbert.

To GLAIR, verb act. [from the subst. glairer, Fr.] to rub over
with glair, or the white of an egg. This word is still used among
bookbinders.

GLAIVE, O. Fr. a sort of weapon like an halbard, a kind of sword.

GLAMO＇RGANSHIRE, a county of South Wales, bounded by Breck­
nockshire on the north, by Bristol channel on the south, by Mon­
mouthshire on the east, and by Pembrokeshire and Caermarthenshire
on the west. Its capital is Landaff, and it sends one member to par­
liament.

To GLANCE, verb neut. [prob. of glaentzen, Ger. to shine, sparkle,
or glitter] 1. To give a glance or quick cast of the eye, to play the
eye. They sit again and sigh and glance. Suckling. 2. To shoot a
sudden beam of splendour. Through the gloom the glancing light­
nings fly. Rowe. 3. To fly off in an oblique direction. The jest did
glance away from me. Shakespeare. 4. To strike in an oblique di­
rection. Glancing downwards near his flank descends. Pope. 5. To
censure by indirect hints. Some men glance and dart at others.
Bacon.

To GLANCE, verb act. to move nimbly, to shoot obliquely.
Glancing an eye of pity on his losses. Shakespeare.

GLA＇NCINGLY, adv. [of glance] in an oblique, broken and in­
direct manner. Transiently, brokenly and glancingly. Hakewell.

GLA＇NDAGE Mastage, the season of turning hogs into the woods;
also the feeding hogs with mast.

GLA＇NDERS, a disease in a horse, a thick, skinny and bloody hu­
mour, proceeding from a defect in the lungs, and voided by the no­
strils. It is a corrupt matter, and differs in colour according to the
degree of the malignity, being white, yellow, green, or black. Far­
riers Dictionary. It has no singular.

GLANDI＇FEROUS [of glandifer, of glans, mast, and fero, Lat. to
bear] bearing mast or acorns, bearing fruit like acorns. Mortimer
uses it.

GLA＇NDINOSE [glandinosus, Lat.] full of mast.

GLAND [glans, Lat. gland, Fr.] glands are flesh-kernels, a sort of
substance in an animal body of a peculiar nature, the use of which is
to separate the fluids. All the glands of a human body are reduced to
two sorts, viz. conglobate and conglomerate.
But I should think Dr. KEIL＇s description of the glands far better,
who, after having observed that they are either simple and conglobate,
or compound and conglomerate, proceeds as follows. “A conglobate
gland is a little smooth body wrapped up in a fine skin, by which it is se­
parated from all other parts, only admitting an artery and nerve to pass
in, and giving way to a vein and excretory canal to come out; of this
sort are the glands of the BRAIN, the labial glands, and the testes. A
conglomerate gland is composed of many litte conglobate glands, &c.
See CONGLOMERATE.

Compound GLAND, the same with conglomerate gland. See GLAND.

Vascular GLANDS, are only clusters of little vessels, which uniting
together form the canal or excretory duct through which their secreted
juice is discharged.

Vesicular GLANDS, are assemblages of vesiculæ, communicating
with each other, and all terminating in two or three larger vessels, by
the prolongation of which the excretory duct is formed.

GLANDI＇VES, a city and bishop＇s see of Provence in France, situated
on the river Var, 26 miles north-west of Nice.

GLA＇NDULA, or GLA＇NDULE [glandulé, Fr. glandula, It. and Lat.
with anatomists] a small gland serving to the secretion of humours, a
kernel in the flesh, a soft, fat, spongy substance of a peculiar nature,
serving to strengthen the vessels, to suck up superfluous humours, and
to moisten other parts. Ray.

GLANDULA Guidonis [with anatomists] a kind of swelling like a
glandule, soft, moveable without roots, and separate from the parts
about it.

GLA＇NDULA Pinealis [with anatomists] a glandule or kernel in the
folding of the brain, called choroides, called also coronarium, on ac­
count of its resembling a cone or pine-apple in shape.

GLANDULA Pituitaria [in anatomy] a small glandule in the sella
equina of the brain, which kernel is covered over with the rete mira­
bile in many brutes, but not in men.

GLA＇NDULÆ Lumbares [in anatomy] three glands so termed on ac­
count of their lying upon the loins.

GLANDULÆ Odoriferæ Lat. [in anatomy] certain small glands in
that part of the penis where the præputium is joined to the balanus,
so called from a strong scent their separated liquor emits.

GLANDULÆ Sebaceæ, Lat. [in anatomy] a large number of glands,
lying under the skin of the auricle of the ear, and which because
they separate a greasy matter, are so called by Valsalva, the first dis­
coverer.

GLANDULÆ Myrtiformes, Lat. [in anatomy] the contracting of the
fibres of the broken hymen upon the first coition.

GLANDULÆ Renales [in anatomy] two glands lying wrapt up
in fat, between the aorta and the kidney, a little above the emulgent
vessels.

GLA＇NDULE [glandula, Lat.] a kernel in the flesh, a small gland
serving to the socretion of humours.

GLA＇DULES Adventitious [with surgeons] are those kernels, which
are sometimes under the arm-holes, in the neck; as the king＇s evil,
&c.

Perpetual GLANDULES, or Natural GLANDULES [with surgeons,
&c.] are the pancreas or sweet-bread, the glandula pinealis, &c.

GLANDULO＇SA Tunica Intestinorum, Lat. [with anatomists] small
glandules or kernels, of which the innermost coat of the intestines or
guts is full; whose use is to soak in the strained juice called chyle, and
to distribute it to the lacteal veins.

GLANDULO＇SA Corpora, Lat. [with anatomists] two glandules or
kernels, lying under the seminal vesicæ, near the common passage
of the femen and mine, which they serve to lubricate or make slip­
pery; also affording a kind of vehicle to the seminal matter.

GLANDULO＇SE or GLA＇NDULOUS [glandulosus, Lat. glanduleux, Fr.]
full of glandules or kernels.

GLANDULO＇SITY [of glandulous] a collection of glands. Brown
uses it.

GLA＇NDULOUSNESS [of glandulous] fulness of glandules.

GLA＇NDULOUS [glanduloso, It. glandulosus, Lat.] full of kernels,
belonging to the glands, subsisting in the glands, having the nature of
glands.

GLANDULOUS Roots [with botanists] those roots that grow ker­
nel-wise, and are fastened together with small glandules, fibres or
threads.

GLANDULOUS Flesh [with anatomists] is such flesh as that of the
almonds of the ears, breasts, sweet breads, &c.

GLANS, Lat. 1. An acorn. 2. The tip of the penis and cli­
toris.

GLANS Unguentaria, Lat. [with botanists] the fruit of a tree like
tamarisk, about the size of an hazel nut, with a kernel like an al­
mond.

To GLARE, verb neut. [glacren, Du. eclairer, Fr.] 1. To over­
blaze so as to dazzle the eves. A glaring light. Bacon. 2. To stare
intently upon, to look with fierce piercing eyes. Look how pale he
glares. Shakespeare. 3. To shine ostentatiously and with overlaboured
lustre. The most glaring and notorious passages are none of the finest
or most correct. Felton.

To GLARE, verb act. to shoot such splendor as the eye cannot
bear.
One spirit in them rul＇d, and ev＇ry eye
Glar＇d lightning, and shot forth pernicious fire. Milton.

GLARE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Overpowering lustre, such splen­
dor as dazzles the eye. Looking like a spectre amidst a glare of
flambeaux. Addison. 2. A fierce piercing look. A lion now he
stalks with fiery glare. Milton.

GLAREO＇SE, or GLA＇REOUS, adj. [glaireux, Fr. glareosus, Lat.]
1. Full of gravel and sand. 2. Consisting of viscous transparent mat­
ter, like the white of an egg.

GLA＇RING [probably of eclairant, Fr.] dazzling, blazing out, ap­
parent.

GLA＇RIS, the capital of one of the cantons of Switzerland of the
same name, situated about 35 miles south-east of Zurich.

GLA＇SCOW, a large city of Scotland, in the shire of Clydesdale,
situated on the river Clyde; 20 miles north-west of Lanerk, and 40
miles west of Edinburgh. It has an university, and a good foreign
trade.

To GLASE, or To GLAZE [of glæs, Sax. glass. To glass, only
accidentally varied. Johnson.] 1. To do over with glass, as potters
do their earthen ware: from the Fr. glaise, argilla, Lat. 2. To over­
lay with something shining and pellucid. Strong colours with which
we paint that which we intend to glaze. Dryden. 3. To set a gloss
upon linen, silk, &c. 4. To furnish with windows of glass, to make
glass lights for windows. Glazed with crystalline glass. Bacon. See
To GLAZE.

GLA＇SIER, or GLAZIER [corrupted from glassier, of glass] one
whose trade is to make glass windows. Other manufacturers of glass
are otherwise named.

GLA＇SIERS, were incorporated in the reign of queen Elizabeth.
They confist of one master, two wardens, twenty-one assistants, and
seventy-five livery-men, &c. the fine for which is 3 l. 6 s. 8 d. Their
arms are argent, two crossing irons falterways between four closing
nails fable on a chief gules, a lion of England crest, a lion＇s head
erased or, between two wings azure, supporters two fiscals (or boys)
each holding a torch proper. Their motto, Lucem tuam da nobis, O
Deus. They have no hall since the fire of London, but meet
at Lorimers hall.

GLASS [glæs, Sax. glas, Du. and Dan. as Pezron imagines from
glas, British, green, glass, Su. vlasz, Ger. in Erse it is called klârn,
and this primarily signifies clean or clear, being so denominated from
its transparency. The word glass cometh from the Belgic and High
Dutch glausen, which signifieth amongst them to shine; or perhaps
from glacies, in the Latin, which is ice, whose colour it resembles.
Peacham] 1. An artificial transparent substance, made by fusing fixt
salts and flint or sand together, with a very vehement fire. Glass is
said to have been first invented by the inhabitants of Sidon; the first
maker of it in Rome was in Tiberius＇s time, whom he put to death,
for fear it should take from the value of gold and silver, and they lose
their repute (as some relate.) It was first brought to England in the
year 662, by Renault, a foreign bishop. 2. A glass vessel of any
kind.
The eighth appears who bears a glass
Which shews me many more. Shakespeare.
3. A looking-glass, a mirrour.
With twinkling glasses to betray
The larks that in the meshes light. Dryden.
4. An hour glass; a glass used in measuring time by the running of
sand in it. 5. A cup of glass used to drink in. The sparkling glass.
Philips. 6. The quantity of wine usually contained in a glass, a
draught. A man thinks one glass more will not make him drunk.
Taylor. 7. A perspective glass. Those who have survey＇d the moon
by glasses. Dryden.

GLASS Drops or Bubbles, are small parcels of coarse green glass,
taken out of a pot in fusion at the end of an iron pipe, and being ex­
ceeding hot, are dropt into a vessel of cold water, and let to lie there
till they are cold. These are called Prince Rupert＇s drops, and
exhibit this surprizing phænomenon, that as soon as you break off the







least bit from the stem or picked end of them, the whole bulk of the
drop, or great part of it, flies into small atoms or dust, with a brisk
noise.

GLASS of Antimony [with chymists] the most fixed and hardest mat­
ter of that mineral, that is found at the bottom of the crucible, cleared
from the fæces or dregs.

Jealous GLASS, a sort of wrinkled window glass, of such a qua­
lity, that a person cannot distinctly see what is done on the other side
of it, but yet admits light to pass through it. It is cast in a mould,
and is composed all over its surface with oblong circular figures, or in
the form of a weaver＇s shuttle, concave on one side and convex on the
other.
GLASSES and lasses are brittle ware.
Both apt to fall, and both ruined by it.

GLASS, adj. made of glass, vitreous. Get thee glass eyes. Shake­
speare.

To GLASS, verb act. 1. To see as in a glass, to represent as in a
mirrour. In thy case do glass mine own debility. Sidney. 2. To case
in glass. Tendring their own worth from whence they were glasst.
Shakespeare. 3. To cover with glass, to glaze. Glaz＇d over by
a vitrifying heat. Boyle.

GLASS-FURNACE [of glass and furnace] a furnace in which glass is
made by liquefaction.

GLA＇SS-GAZING, adj. [of glass and gazing] finical, often beholding
one＇s self in a glass.

GL＇ASS-GRINDER [of glass and grinder] one whose trade is to
grind and polish glass.

GLA＇SS-HOUSE [of glass and house] a house where glass is manu­
factured.

GLA＇SS-MAN [of glass and man] one who sells glass.

GLASS-ME＇TAL [of glass and metal] glass in fusion.

GLA＇SS-WORK [of glass and work] manufactory of glass.

GLA＇SSWORT, subst. salicornia or saltwort. A plant with an apetalous
flower wanting the empalement; for the stamina or chives and the
embryoes grow on the extreme part of the leaves, which afterwards
become pods or bladders: the species are two. These plants grow
on the sea coasts in many parts of Europe, and upon the shores in se­
veral parts of England, which are washed every tide with the salt water.
The inhabitants upon the sea-coast cut them up toward the latter end
of summer, when they are fully grown, and after having dried them
in the sun, they burn them for their ashes which are used in making
of glass and soap. These herbs are by the country people called
kelp, and are promiscuously gathered for use. From the ashes of
these plants is extracted the salt called sal kali or alkali, much used by
the chemists. Miller.

GLA＇SSY, adj. [glæssicg, Sax.] 1. Made of glass, vitreous.
Turns to a glassy substance. Bacon. 2. Being of the nature of glass,
or like glass. The glassy stream. Shakespeare.

GLA＇STONBURY Thorn, a species of medlar. It produces some
bunches of flowers in winter, and flowers again in spring, and in no
other respect differs from the common hawthorn. Miller.

GLA＇STONBURY, a market town of sommersetshire, 120 miles from
London. Its abbey, the ruins of which are yet remaining, was one
of the most magnificent in the world. A mineral water, of great effi­
cacy in some disorders, has lately been discovered here.

GLA＇STUM, Lat. the herb woad, wherewith cloth is dyed blue;
with which the ancient Britons painted themselves, in order to make
a more terrible appearance to their enemies.

GLAVE, subst. [glaive, Fr. glaif, a hook, Wel. glaive is Erse for a
sword] a broad sword, a falchion. Each a glave had pendant by his
side. Fairfax.

GLA＇VEA [in old records] a glave, javelin, or hand-dart.

To GLA＇VER [glave, Wel. flattery, glifan, Sax. to flatter. It is
still retained in Scotland] to flatter, to wheedle, to fawn upon. A
glavering council. L＇Estrange.

GLA＇VERING, part. [of glaver] fawning, flattering.

GLAU＇CIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb celandine.

GLAU＇COMA, or GLAU＇COSIS, Lat. [γλαυκωμα, Gr. glaucome, Fr.]
a fault in the eye, when the crystalline humour is changed into a grey
or sky-colour, without detriment of sight, and therein differs from
what is commonly called suffusion. Quincy. The glaucoma is no other
disease than the cataract. Sharp.

GLAUCO＇NIUM, Lat. [with botanists] penny-royal.

GLAU＇COUS [with botanic writers] of a whitish green colour, with
something of a blueish cast; as the leaves of the Persian lily, French
sorrel-tree, sedums, &c.

GLAU＇CUS [according to the poets] a fisherman, who, as he caught
fish, threw them on the bank, and they had no sooner tasted of a cer­
tain herb, but they leaped into the sea again; which Glaucus per­
ceiving, tasted of the herb himself, and presently leaped into the sea,
and became one of the sea gods.

GLAY＇MOUS, muddy, clammy.

GLA＇YMOUSNESS [of glaymous] muddiness, clamminess.

To GLAZE [glæsean, Sax.] 1. To do over with glass. 2. To
set a gloss upon linen, &c. See To GLASE.

GLA＇ZED, adj. [of glasean, Sax.] 1. Done with glass. 2. Hav­
ing a gloss set upon it.

GLA＇ZEN [glæsen, Sax. glaesern, Ger.] made of glass.

GLA＇ZIER, one who works or makes glass windows. See GLA­
SIER.

GLEAD [glida, Sax.] a kite, a buzzard hawk. It still retains
this name in Scotland.

GLEAM [gleoma, gleam, or gleomung, Sax. a light] a sudden
shoot of light, lustre, brightness. Covers all the field with gleams of
fire. Addison.

To GLEAM, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To shine with sudden
flashes of light. At first faint gleaming in the dappled east. Thomson.
2. To shine. Or gleam in lengthen＇d vistas thro＇ the trees. Thomson.

To GLEAM [with falconers] is said of a hawk, when she casts or
throws up filth from her gorge.

GLE＇AMING, adj. [of gleam] shining or casting forth beams or sud­
den flashes of light.

GEE＇AMY, adj. [of gleam] flashing, darting sudden corruscations of
light. A gleamy ray. Pope.

To GLEAN, verb act. [glaner, Fr. as Skinner thinks, from granum,
Lat. a grain] 1. To pick up the scattered ears of corn after reaping.
She came and gleaned in the field after the reapers. Ruth. 2. To gather
any thing thinly scattered. They gleaned of them in the highways five
thousand men. Judges.

GLEAN, subst. [from the verb] a collection made laboriously and
by slow degrees. The gleans of yellow thyme distend his thighs.
Dryden.

GLE＇ANER [of glean] 1. One who gleans or gathers after the reap­
ers. Thomson uses it. 2. One who collects any thing slowly and la­
boriously. Coffee-house gleaner of the city. Locke.

GLE＇ANING, adj. [of glean] gathering ears after reaping.

GLEANING, subst. [of glean] 1. The act of gleaning. 2. The thing
gleaned. To gather the gleanings of the rich man＇s harvest. At­
terbury.

GLEAR. See GLAIR.

GLEBA＇RIÆ [in old records] turf, pete or earth fit to burn.

GLEBE, Fr. [gleba, Lat.] a turf or clod of earth, soil, ground.
Fertile of corn the glebe. Milton.

GLEBE Land, church-land, most commonly taken for land belong­
ing to a parish-church or parsonage besides the tithe and other offer­
ings. Spelman.

GLEBO＇US, or GLE＇BOSE, adj. [glebesus, of gleba, Lat.] full of
clods, turfy.

GLE＇BOUSNESS, or GLEBO＇SITY [of glebous] fulness of clods, qua­
lity of being turfy.

GLE＇BULENT, adj. [glebulentus, Lat.] cloddy, abounding with
turfs.

GLE＇BY, adj. [of glebe] turfy. Perhaps in the folowing passage
fat or fruitful, if it has indeed any meaning. Sadly diffus＇d o＇er vir­
tue＇s gleby land. Prior.

GLEDE [glida, gleda, glida, Sax.] a kite. See GLEAD. Deutero­
nomy.

GLEDE, or GLEED, [from glowan, Sax. to glow] a hot ember or
live coal. A provincial and obsolete word.

GLEE [gle, glie, glige, Sax.] gladness, mirth, joy. It an­
ciently signified music played at feasts. It is not now used, except in
ludicrous writings, or with some mixture of irony and contempt.
Many wayfarers make themselves glee. Carew.

GLEE＇FUL, adj. [gleful, Sax.] full of gladness, cheerful. Every
thing doth make a gleeful boast. Shakespeare.

GLEE＇FULLY, adv. [of gleeful] joyfully, &c.

GLEE＇FULNESS [of gleeful] fulness of joy, mirth, &c.

GLEEK, subst. [gligge, Sax.] 1. Music, or the musician.—No mo­
ney but the gleek — I will give you the minstrel. Shakespeare. 2. A
game at cards.

To GLEEK, verb neut. [gligman in Saxon is a mimic or droll] 1.
To sneer, to gibe, to droll upon. I can gleek upon occasion. Shake­
speare. 2. In Scotland it is still retained, and signifies to fool or spend
time idly with something of mimickry or drollery.

To GLEEN, verb neut. [I know not the original notion of this
word; it may be of the same race with glow or gleam. Johnson] to
shine with heat, polish, or burnish. Harden gleening armour. Prior.

GLEET, subst. [it is written by Skinner glitt, and derived of glidan
Sax. to glide or run softly] 1. A venereal disease, a flux of thin hu­
mour from the urethra. 2. A thin matter issuing out of ulcers or
sores. A sanious ooze. Wiseman.
If the running continues, after other symptoms of a gonorrhæa are
gone off, ＇tis called a GLEET, and is very difficult to care. Query, if
this is not that disease which ASTRUC calls the HABITUAL GONORR­
HÆA? Astruc de Morb. Vener. Ed. Paris, p. 201.

To GLEET, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To drip or ooze with
thin sanious liquor. Wiseman. 2. To run slowly. Gleet down the
rocky caverns of these mountains. Cheyne.

GLEE＇TY, adj. [of gleet] ichorous, thinly sanious. Wiseman
uses it.

GLEN, subst. [gleann, Erse] a valley, a dale, The widow＇s daugh­
ter of the glen. Spenser.

GLE＇NE, or GLE＇NA [γληνη, Gr.] 1. The ball or apple of the eye.
2. The hollowness of a bone, which receives another into it; those
cavities of bones that are of a middle kind, that is, neither the deepest
nor shallowest, but in a mean between both.

GLENOI＇DES [of γληνη and ειδος, Gr. form] are two cavities in the
lower part of the first vertebra or turning joint of the neck.

GLEW, subst. a viscous cement, made by dissolving the skins of
animals in boiling water, and drying the jelly. This is more usually
written glue. See GLUE.

GLIB [prob. of glidan, Sax. λειος, Gr. Skinner] slippery, smooth
as glass, so formed as to be easily moved. The parts being glib, and
continually in motion, fall off from one another. Burnet. 2. Smooth,
voluble. Never so much glib nonsense put together. Locke.

GLIB, subst. Long glibs, which is a thick curled bush of hair hang­
ing down over their eyes, and monstrously disguising them. Spenser.

To GLIB, verb act. [from the adj.] to castrate. Shakespeare
uses it.

GLI＇BLY, adv. [of glib] smoothly, volubly.

GLI＇BNESS [of glib, Eng. glidend and nesse, Sax.] slipperiness. A
polish＇d ice-like glibness doth enfold. Chapman.

GLICY＇RRHIZA. See GLYCYRRHIZA.

To GLIDE, irr. verb neut. glid and glided, pret. and part. p. [gli­
den, Sax. glijden, Du.] 1. To slide or pass along easily and gently.
The gliding ghosts. Dryden. 2. To flow gently and silently; as wa­
ter in a brook. The gliding Lethe leads her silent flood. Dryden. 3.
To move swiftly and smoothly along. The objects only glide before
the eyes and disappear. Dryden.

GLIDE, subst. [from the verb] lapse, the act or manner of passing
smoothly. With indented glides did slip away. Shakespeare.

GLI＇DER [of glide] one that glides. Spenser uses it.

GLIKE, subst. [glig, Sax. See GLEEK] a sneer, a scoff, a gibe;
now obsolete. Charles his glikes. Shakespeare.

To GLI＇MMER, verb neut. [glimmer, Dan. to shine, glimmen, Du.
to glow, glimma, Su.] 1. To shine faintly. The west yet glimmers
with some streaks of day. Shakespeare. Or as the word is by a most
beautiful metaphor introduced in the Table of CEBES.







An author＇s meaning in a tongue unknown,
May GLIMMER thro＇ translation in our own.
Table of CEBES in English verse, &c.
2. To begin to appear by degrees and faintly, as the light does at
break of day, to be perceived imperfectly. Got a glimmering who
they were. Wotton.

GLI＇MMER, subst. [from the verb] 1. Faint splendor, weak light.
2. A kind of fossil. The lesser masses that are lodged in sparry and
stony bodies dispersedly, from their shining and glimmering were an in­
ducement to the writers of fossils to give those bodies the name of
mica and glimmer. Woodward.

GLI＇MMERING part. [of to glimmer] casting a glancing or trem­
bling light.

GLIMPSE. 1. A sudden and transient beam or flash of light. Light as
the lightning glimpse they ran. Milton. 2. A sudden and short view. A
taste and glimpse of his present justice. Hakewell. 3. A weak faint light.
Got some faint glimpse of. Locke. 4. Transitory lustre. One glimpse
of glory to my issue give. Dryden. 5. Short fleeting enjoyment.
Glimpse of delight or pause from anxious woe. Prior. 6. The exhi­
bition of a faint resemblance. No man hath a virtue that he hath
not a glimpse of. Shakespeare.

GLI＇SCERE, Lat. to kindle or grow light, as fire does.

GLISCERE [in a medicinal sense] is applied to the natural heat and
increase of spirits; or the excerbation of fevers, which return peri­
odically.

GLISS, Lat. [with botanists] a thistle or piony root.

To GLI＇STEN, or To GLI＇STER, verb act. [glittra, Su. glittan, Ger.
glisteren, glinsteren, Du. glaentzen, Ger.] to shine, to be bright or
sparkling with light. Helmets glister brightest in the fairest sunshine.
Spenser. Glistening earth. Thomson.

GLI＇STER [properly clyster, from κλυζω, Gr.] See CLYSTER.

To GLI＇TTER, verb neut. [gliterian, glitirian, Sax.] to shine,
to gleam, to exhibit lustre. The glittering of a blade. Bacon. 2.
To be specious, to be striking. The most glittering temptations.
Decay of Piety.

GLI＇TTER, subst. [from the verb] lustre, bright show. The glitter
of his fortune. Collier.

GLI＇TTERANCE, shining, sparkling. A particle used by Chaucer
and the old English poets. This participial termination is still re­
tained in Scotland.

GLITT, or GLEET [with surgeons] a thin matter issuing out of
wounds and ulcers; especially when the nervous or sinewy parts are
bruised and hurt. See GLEET.

GLI＇TTERING, part. [of glitter, gliterung, Sax.] shining, bright,
sparkling.
Sees glitt＇ring visions in succession rise,
And langhs at Socrates the chaste and wise. Table of CEBES.

GLI＇TTERINGLY, adv. [of glitter] with shining lustre.

To GLOAR, verb neut. [glueren, Du.] 1. To look askew, to squint.
Skinner. 2. [In Scotland] to stare; as, what a gloarand quean!

GLOAR, adv. [prob. of gloriosus, Lat.] a, gloar fat, fulsomely
fat.

GLO＇ARY, fulsomely.

GLO＇BARD, subst. [of glow] a glow-worm.

GLO＇BATED, adj. [globatus, Lat.] made round or like a ball; sphe­
rical, spheroidical.

GLOBE, Fr. [globo, It. and Sp. of globus, Lat. with mathemati­
cians] is a solid body exactly round, contained under one surface, in
the middle of which is a point, from whence all right lines drawn to
the surface, are equal one to another. 2. The terraqueous ball.
This terrestrial globe. Locke. 3. A body of soldiers drawn into a
circle. A globe of fiery seraphim inclos＇d. Milton.

GLOBE Artificial Terrestrial, a globe that has all the parts of the
earth and sea drawn or delineated on its surface, like as on a map, and
placed in their natural order and situation. See plate vii. fig. 11.

GLOBE Artificial Celestial, is a globe, upon whose superficies is
painted the images of the constellation, and the fixed stars, with the
circles of the sphere. See plate vii. fig. 12.

GLOBE Hieroglyphically, represents instability. Thus in CEBES,
Ethics, or moral philosophy, is portray＇d as standing on a CUBE, for its
firmness and stability [See ETHICS] but FORTUNE, on a GLOBE or
Ball, for a reason well expressed by the ingenious translator in these
lines.
“Her grace unstable as her tottering BALL,
“Whene＇er she smiles, she meditates our fall.
Table of CEBES in English verse, &c.

A GLOBE is one of the emblems of eternity.

GLOBE-A＇MARANTH, or everlasting flower [amaranthoides, Lat.]
the flowers are small and cut into four segments which are collected
into squamose heads, from each of these scales is produced a single
flower; the ovary in the bottom of the flower becomes a roundish
crooked seed contained in a thin pellicle. Miller.

GLOBE-DA＇ISY, a kind of flower.

GLO＇BE-FISH, a kind of orbicular fish.

GLOBE-RANU＇NCULUS [hellebororanunculus, Lat.] it hath single cir­
cumscribed leaves like the ranunculus; the cup of the flower consists of
five small leaves of the same colour with the flower. Miller.

GLOBE-THI＇STLE, It hath the whole appearance of a thistle. The
leaves are produced alternately; the florets consist of one leaf, which
is divided into five segments, and is hollow, and each single floret has
a scaly cup. The flowers are collected into a spherical head. Miller.

GLOBO＇SE, or GLO＇BOUS, adj. [globosus, Lat.] round as a globe or
bowl. When the accent is intended to be on the last syllable, the
word should be written globóse; and when on the first, globous.
Then form＇d the moon
Globose. Milton.
But the above rule for the accent is not observed in the following
passage.
Wide over all the plain and wider far
Than all this glóbose earth in plains outspread. Milton.

GLOBO＇SENESS, or GLOBO＇SITY, subst. [globosità, It. globositas, Lat.]
roundness in form, globular form, sphericity. The globosity of the
earth. Ray.

GLO＇BULRR, adj. [globularis, of globulus, Lat.] round like a globe.
Grew uses it.

GLOBULAR Chart, is the representation of the surface, or some part
of the surface of the terraqueous globe upon a plain, wherein the pa­
rallels of latitude are circles nearly concentric; the meridians curves
bending towards the peles, and the rhumb lines also curves.

GLOBULA＇RIA, the name of a flosculous flower consisting of many
florets which are divided into several segments and have one lip.
Miller.

GLO＇BULARNESS [of globularis, Lat.] the same as globoseness.

GLO＇BULES [globulus, Lat.] globules are such particles of matter as
are of a globular or spherical figure.

GLO＇BULOUS [globulosus, Lat.] being round in form of a globe.
Boyle uses it.

GLO＇BULUS Nast [in anatomy] the lower cartilaginons moveable
part of the nose.

GLO＇CESTER, the capital of Glocestershire, and a bishop＇s see, 102
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament. The
county of glocester also sends two members.

GLO＇GOW, a city of Silesia, on the river Oder, 45 miles north-west
of Breslaw.

To GLO＇MERATE, verb act. [glomeratum, sup. of glomero, from
glomus, Lat. a ball] to gather any thing into a ball or sphere.

GLO＇MERATED, part. adj. [glomerato, Lat.] wound round in a
bottom, as yarn, &c.

GLOMERA＇TION [glomeratio, Lat.] the act of winding round in a
bottom or of forming into a ball, as yarn, &c. is wound; a body
formed into a ball. Bacon uses it.

GLO＇MEROUS, adj. [glomerosus, Lat.] round like a bottom of thread,
yarn, &c. gathered into a ball or sphere.

GLOOM, subst. [glomang, Sax. twilight] 1. Imperfect darkness,
dismalness, defect of light. Damps and dreadfal gloom. Milton. 2.
Cloudiness of aspect, sullenness, heaviness of mind.

To GLOOM, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To shine obscurely, as
the twilight; this sense is now obsolete. A little glooming light much
like a shade. Spenser. 2. To be cloudy, to be dark. 3. To be me­
lancholy, to be sullen.

GLOO＇MILY, adv. [of gloomy] 1. Obscurely, without perfect light,
dismally. 2. Sullenly, with cloudy aspect, with dark intentions.
How gloomily he looks. Dryden.

GLOO＇MINESS [of gloomy] 1. Duskiness, cloudiness, imperfect light,
dismalness. 2. Sullenness, melancholy, cloudiness of look, heavi­
ness of mind. The gloominess in which sometimes the minds of the
best men are involved. Addison.

GLOO＇MY, adj. [glomuag, Sax.] 1. Dusky, almost dark or cloudy,
dismal for want of light. Hid in gloomiest shade. Milton. 2. Dark
of complexion. Gloomy dis. Milton. 3. Sullen, melancholy, cloudy
of look.

GLO＇RIA PATRI [i. e. glory to the father] a formula or verse in
the liturgy, repeated at the end of each psalm, and upon other occa­
sions to give glory to the holy trinity, called also doxology. See
DOXOLOGY.

GLO＇RIA in Excelsis, Lat. [i. e. glory in the highest] a kind of hymn
also rehearsed in the divine offices.

GLO＇RIED, adj. [from glory] illustrious, decorated with glory, dig­
nified with honours. Your once gloried friend. Milton.

GLORIFICA＇TION, Fr. [glorificazione, It. glorificación, Sp. of glori­
ficatio, Lat.] 1. The act of glorifying. 2. An admitting to the state
of glory. 3. A giving glory. The glorification of God. Taylor.

To GLO＇RIFY, verb act. [glorificare, It. and Lat. glorifier, Fr. glo­
rifiàr, Sp.] 1. To give glory to, to pay honour or praise to in worship.
God is glorified. Hooker. 2. To procure honour or praise to a person.
Makes them sit sure and glorifies the throne. Daniel. 3. To praise,
to extol. Him they set up and glorify. Spenser. 4. To exalt to
glory or dignity, to place among the blessed. Whom he justified they
he also glorified. Romans.

GLO＇RIOUS [glorieux, Fr. glorioso, It. and Sp. of gloriosus, Lat.] 1.
Honourable, renowned, praise-worthy, noble, excellent. Glorious
over the whole world. Daniel. 2. Boastful, haughty, ostentatious.
They that are glorious must needs be factious. Bacon.

GLO＇RIOUSLY, adv. [of glorious] splendidly, illustriously. Cele­
stial flames which shine so gloriously in their works. Dryden. 2. Ho­
nourably, renounedly.

GLO＇RY [gloire, Fr. gloria, It. Sp. Port. and Lat.] 1. Honour,
renoun, reputation, fame. Thought it no glory to swell in tyranny.
Sidney. 2. Praise paid in adoration and worship. Glory to God in
the highest. St. Luke. 3. The felicity of heaven prepared for those
that please God. Receive me to thy glory. Psalms. 4. Splendor,
magnificence. Solomon in all his glory. St. Matthew. 5. Lustre,
brightness. The several glories of the heaven and earth. Addison.
6. Pride, boastfulness, arrogance. The vain glory of men. Wisdom.
7. Generous pride. Your ears, to which all worthy fame hath glory
to come unto. Sidney.

To GLORY [glorio, Lat. se glorifier, Fr.] to boast, brag or vaunt;
to pride one＇s self in. Your glorying is not good. 1 Corinthians.

GLORY [in painting] those beams of light commonly drawn round
the head of our Saviour, saints, &c. Sits like a glory upon the
countenance. Collier.

GLORY [with divines] the majesty of God considered with infinite
power, and all other divine perfections. Query, if the word GLORY,
in the scripture use, does not also imply some visible brightness, or
emblematic symbol of the divine presence, such as descended on the
Mosaic tabernacle, or such as appeared to Ezekiel in the prophetic
vision? And as to that use of the word which imports an essemblage
and blaze of divine power and perfections, it admits of different DE­
GREES, according to the different subjects to which it is applied in
scripture; whether to the angelic world in general, or to beings of a
higher order, for “one star differs from another star in glory.” But
what is the whole system of sun, moon, and stars, what the upshot of
all derived excellence and perfection, if compared with that BEING
who dwells in light that cannot be approached, that FATHER of GLORY,
of whom the whole family both in heaven and earth is named. See







DITHEISM, FIRST CAUSE, HOMOUSIANS, and SCALE of BEING,
compared.
N. B. The word [glory] is sometimes used in the concrete sense,
to signify the PERSONAGE to whom it belongs; as in 2 Pet. c. i.
v. 17. c. ii. v. 10. and Jude viii. 9. [Vid. original] See MAJESTY,
DEITY, DIVINITY, &c.
GLORY is the reward of virtue.
Fr. La gloire est la recompense de la vertû. H. Ger. Die thre ist
die vergeitung der tugend.
What encouragement have we not then strictly to walk in her paths,
and to act and live conformable to her dictates; especially if we con­
sider that this glory, which our great creator has appointed for the re­
ward of virtue, is eternal.

To GLOSE [of glesan, Sax.] to flatter, to sooth, to collogue.
Hanmer. See to GLOZE.

GLOSS [glose, Fr. glosa, It. and Sp. glosse, Ger. glossa, Lat. γλοσ­
σημα, of γλωσσα, Gr.] 1. A comment, exposition, or interpretation.
Their glosses upon it are the word preached. Hooker. 2. A shining
lustre set upon silk, cloth, stuff, &c. Steel glosses are more resplen­
dent. Bacon. 3. An interpretation artfully specious, a specious
representation. To set upon the face of this cause any fairer gloss.
Hooker.

GLOSS, a literal translation or interpretation of an author in another
language word for word.

To GLOSS, verb neut. [glosare, It. glosàn, Sp. gloser, Fr. glosso, Lat.]
1. To comment or make notes upon. Glossing on the gods com­
mands. Dryden. 2. To make sly remarks. And laughing gloss＇d
that libra serv＇d so well. Prior.

To GLOSS, verb act. 1. To explain by comment. Assurance big
as gloss＇d civil laws. Donne. 2. To palliate by specious exposition or
representation. Paradise in description, whereof so much glossing and
deceiving eloquence hath been spent. Hooker. 3. To embellish with
superficial lustre. Gloss＇d over only with a saint-like show. Dryden.

GLO＇SSARY, subst. [glossaire, Fr. glosa, It. glossario, Sp. of glossa­
rium, Lat.] a dictionary explaining the hard, obscure or antiquated
words of a language. I could not add another word to the glossary.
Baker.

GLOSSA＇TOR, subst. [glossateur, Fr.] a writer of glossaries, a com­
mentator. Ayliffe uses it.

GLO＇SSER [glossarius, Lat.] a scholiast, a commentator, a po­
lisher.

GLO＇SSING upon, adj. [of gloss] commentating briefly upon.

GLO＇SSINESS [of glossy] shewiness, smooth polish, superficial lustre.
Their surfaces had a smoothness and glossiness. Boyle.

GLOSSOCATO＇CHOS [of γλωσσα, the tongue, and κατεχω, Gr. to re­
press] an instrument to repress the tongue.

GLOSSOCO＇MIUM, Lat. [of γλωσσα, and κομεω, Gr. to guard] an in­
strument for setting broken limbs.

GLOSSOCO＇MON [in mechanics] a machine composed of divers
dented pinions, for raising huge weights or burthens.

GLO＇SSOGRAPHER [glossographe, Fr. of glossographus, Lat. γλωσσο­
γραϕος, of γλωσσα, the tongue, and γραϕω, Gr. to write] a writer of
explanations, a commentator, a scholiast. I should rather (as to the
primary sense of this word) have said with the learned and judicious
author of the APPENDIX ad Thesaur. H. Stephan. &c. Glossographus
is one who professes to assign the signification of words. “The glos­
sographers (says EUSTATHIUS) affirm, that the word ιερος, i. e. sacred,
signifies great.” EUSTATH. in Iliad K. p. 702. Odyss. A. p. 29.

GLO＇SSOGRAPHY [γλωσσογραϕια, of γλωσσα, and γραϕω, Gr. to de­
scribe] the act of compiling, or the skill of writing a commentary.

GLOSSOGRA＇PHICAL, according to the art of glossography.

GLOSSPE＇TRE [of γλωσσα and πετρα, Gr.] a precious stone resem­
bling the tongue of a man; also a stone called the tongue-stone.

GLO＇SSY [of gloss] shining, smoothly polished. Azure colour far
more glossy than ours. Bacon.

GLO＇TTIS [γλωττις, Gr.] one of the five gristles of the larynx or
head of the wind-pipe; the chink of the wind-pipe.

GLOVE [glof, Sax. from klaffue, Dan. to divide, luva, Port.] a
covering for the hand.

GLOVE Silver [in old records] money given to servants to buy them
gloves.

To throw the GLOVE, a practice or ceremony anciently used, being
a challenge to a single combat.

To GLOVE, verb act. [from the subst.] to cover as with a glove.
A scaly gauntlet now with joints of steel,
Must glove this hand. Shakespeare.

GLO＇VER [glofere, Sax.] a maker or seller of gloves.

GLO＇VERS, they were incorporated a master, four wardens, and as­
sistants not exceeding 24, and the livery are 120. Their arms party
per fess sable and argent, a pale counterchang＇d on every piece of the
first, a ram springant of the second. Their hall is in Beech-lane.

GLOVERS Stich [with surgeons] is when the lips of a wound are
few＇d upward after the manner of gloves.

To GLOUT, or To GLOWT, verb neut. [a low word, of which I
find no etymology. Johnson. It is still used in Scotland, and I may
add, in common use amongst ourselves] to look surlily and doggedly,
to pant. Where glowting round her rock to fish she falls. Chapman.

GLOU＇TY, adj. dogged, sullen, surly.

To GLOW [glowan, Sax. gloeyen, Du. gluhen, Ger.] 1. To grow
hot or red as the cheeks or ears do, to feel heat of body. Did not his
temples glow? Addison. 2. To be heated so as to shine without flame.
Did take seven glowing irons. Hakewell. 3. To burn with vehement
heat. Fires that glow. Pope. 4. To exhibit a strong bright colour.
With smile that glow
Celestial rosy red. Milton.
5. To feel passion of mind or activity of fancy. Glow in thy heart,
and smile upon thy face. Pope. Or, ＇tis expressive of the vital
warmth, in a sound and vigorous state of health, as in that elegant de­
scription, which the Table of CEBES gives us of a recovery,
Then clear and strong the purple current flows,
And life renew＇d in every member glows.
TABLE of CEBES in English Verse, with Notes.
But the SCOTCH physicians use the same term to express a præter­
natural and morbid heat: “The pulse is slow, says one of them, when
there is simple water [in the head] but if the water has an ebullition,
there is a GLOW.”

To GLOW, verb act. to make hot so as to shine: obsolete.
Divers colour＇d fans whose wind did seem
To glow the delicate cheeks which they did cool. Shakespeare.

GLOW, subst. [from the verb] 1. Shining heat. 2. Vehemence
of passion. 3. Brightness or vividness of colour. The red glow of
scorn. Shakespeare.

GLOW-WORM [glew-wyrm, Sax.] a sort of creeping insect that shines
in the dark by a luminous tail.

To GLOZE, verb neut. 1. To flatter, to wheedle, to fawn, to in­
sinuate. A false glozing parasite. South. 2. To comment. This
should be gloss.
Which Salique land the French unjustly gloze,
To be the realm of France. Shakespeare.

GLOZE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Flattery, insinuation. Now to
plain dealing, lay these glozes by. Shakespeare. 2. Specious show,
smooth and shining gloss. If then a bodily evil in a bodily gloze be
not hidden. Sidney.

GLO＇ZING, part. act. [of to gloze] flattering, colloguing, &c.

GLU＇CKSTAT, a fortified town of Germany, situated on the east
side of the river Elbe, 30 miles north-west of Hamburg.

GLUE [glu, Fr. birdlime, gluten, Lat. glud, Wel.] a sticky, clam­
my composition, commonly made by boiling the skins of animals to a
jelly, to join boards together, &c. any tenacious matter, cement.

To GLUE. 1. To join together with this viscous cement or com­
position. 2. To hold together. Others tell us their bodies are glued
together by rest. Newton. 3. To join, to inviscate. Sink us down
into sense, and glue us to those low and inferior things. Tillotson.

GLU＇E-BOILER [of glue and boil] one whose trade is to make glue.

GLU＇ER [of glue] one who joins with glue.

GLU＇INESS [of glue] sticky quality.

GLU＇ISH [glutinosus, Lat.] of a sticking, clammy, or gluey nature
or quality.

GLUM, adj. [a low cant word, formed by corrupting gloom. John­
son. Or of glome, Sax. or gloom, Eng.] sour, sullen, frowning,
stubbornly grave.

GLUMNESS [of glomung, Sax.] fullenness in looks.

To GLUT [glutio, Lat. to swallow, γλυζω, Gr. engloutir, Fr.] 1.
To swallow, to devour. Suck＇d and glutted offal. Milton. 2. To
cloy, to sate, to disgust. Enough to glut the hearers. Bacon. 3. To
feast, to delight even to satiety. With death＇s carcase glut the grave.
Milton. 4. To over-fill, to load. Glutting the market. Arbuthnot.
5. To saturate. The menstruum being already glutted, could not act
powerfully. Boyle.

GLUT, subst. [from the verb] 1. That which is gorged or swallowed.
Disgorging foul
Their devilish glut, chain＇d thunderbolts and hail. Milton.
2. Plenty even to satiety and loathing. In the very glut of his delights.
L＇Estrange. 3. An over-charge or over-stock, more than enough, over­
much. If you pour a glut of water upon a bottle. Ben Johnson. 4.
Any thing that fills up a passage. By some glut, stop, or other means,
arrested in their passage. Woodward.

GLUTÆ＇I, Lat. [γλουτια, Gr.] the name of several muscles which
move the buttocks.

GLU＇TÆUS Major [with anatomists] the largest muscle of the
thigh, that makes up the buttocks, which takes its rise from the out­
ward part of the spine of the os ileum, as also from the hindermost
parts of the sacrum and os coccygis, and is let into the linea aspera,
on the back of the thigh bone; so that when this muscle acts, it puts
the thigh directly backwards.

GLUTÆUS Medius [with anatomists] the middle muscle of the
thigh, lying chiefly under the tendinous beginning of the glutæus ma­
jor, arising from the outward part of the os ileum, and having its in­
sertion into the upper and outward part of the root of the great tro­
chanter. This muscle is employed in turning the thigh inwards.

GLUTÆUS Minor [with anatomists] the lesser muscle of the thigh,
lying wholly under the glutæus medius, taking its rise from the dor­
sum ilei, and having its insertion at the upper part of the root of the
great trochanter, so that its fibres running parallel with those of the
medius, assist it in all its actions.

GLU＇TEN, Lat. [with the ancient physicians] a kind of dewy hu­
mour, that sticks close to the parts, otherwise called ros glutæa.

GLU＇TIA, Lat. [γλουτια, Gr.] two prominences of the brain called
nates.

GLUTI＇NAMENT, Lat. paste or gluish matter.

GLU＇TINOUS, adj. [glutineux, Fr. from gluten, Lat. glue] gluey,
viscous, tenacious.

GLU＇TINOUSNESS [of glutinous] gluish or sticking quality, tenacity.
Cheyne uses it.

GLU＇TOS [γλυτος, Gr.] one of the processes in the upper part of the
thigh bone, otherwise called the greater rotator.

GLU＇TTON [glouton, Fr. ghiotto, It. glotòn, Sp.] 1. A greedy de­
vourer of victuals, one who indulges himself too much in eating. 2.
One eager of any thing to excess. Gluttons in murder, wanton to de­
stroy. Glanville.

GLUTTON, a certain animal said to be found in Lithuania, Mus­
covy, and other northern nations. This gluttonous beast stuffs itself
with carrion, till its paunch sticks out like a drum, and then getting
in between two trees, &c. it presses out the ordure backwards and for­
wards, and afterwards returns to the carcass to gorge itself again.

To GLU＇TTONIZE, verb neut. [of glutton] to play the glutton, to be
luxurious.

GLU＇TTONOUS, adj. [of glotton] given to excessive feeding, de­
lighted over-much with food.

GLU＇TTONOUSLY, adv. [of gluttonous] with the luxury and voracity
of a glutton.

GLU＇TTONY [gloutonnie, Fr. ghiottornia, It. glotoneria, Sp. glotona­
ria, Port.] excess of eating, luxury of the table.

GLU＇Y, adj. [of glue; glutinosus, Lat.] sticking, or like glue, tena­
cious, quality of being very gluy or viscous.

GLYCO＇NIAN Verse, a verse consisting of two feet and a syllable; or,
as others say, of three feet, a spondee and two dactyls, or rather a
spondee, choriambus and a pyrrhiohius.








GLYCHE [in architecture] a general name for any cavity or canal
used as an ornament.

GLYCIPI＇CRIS, Lat. [with botanists] the plant bitter-sweet, or
windy night shade.

GLYCYRRHI＇ZA, Lat. [γλυκυῤῥιζα, Gr.] the plant called liquorice.

GLY＇CYSIDE, Lat. of Gr. [with botanists] the prony.

GLYN, subst. Irish [glean, Erse, plur. glynn, glenn, Scottish; in
dooms-day-book] a valley or dale, a hollow between two mountains.
Those narrow corners and glyns under the mountain＇s foot. Spenser.

GLY＇PHICE [γλυϕικη, of γλυϕω, Gr. to carve or engrave] the art of
carving, cutting or casting the images or resemblances of natural things
in metal.

GNAPHA＇LIUM, Lat. of Gr. [with botanists] the plant cud-weed.

GNAR, a hard knot in wood.

To GNAR, or To GNARL, verb neut. [gnyrran, Sax. knorren, Du.]
to growl, to snarl, to murmur. And selly gnar. Spenser. Gnarling
sorrow hath less power to bite. Shakespeare.

GNA＇RLED, adj. [gnar, nar, or nurr, is, in Staffordshire, a hard
knot of wood which boys drive with sticks. Johnson] gnotty. Gnarled
oak. Shakespeare.

To GNASH, verb act. [of gnægan, Sax. to gnaw] to strike togo­
ther, to clash. Gnash＇d his teeth. Dryden.

To GNASH, verb neut. 1. To grate or make a grating noise with
the teeth, to grind the teeth. He shall gnash with his teeth. Psalms.
2. To rage even to collision of the teeth, to fume, to growl.
Gnashing for anguish. Milton.

GNAT [gnæt, or gnat, Sax. or according to Casaubon, of κνιψ, Gr.]
1. A small insect or fly that stings. 2. Any thing proverbially small.
Which strain at a gnat and swallow a camel. St. Matthew.

GNA＇TFLOWER [of gnat and flower] a flower otherwise called the
beeflower.

GNAT Snapper [of gnat and snap] a bird, so called because he lives
by catching gnats. Hakewell uses it.

GNATHO＇NICAL [playing or acting the part of Gnatho, a parasite]
flattering, deceitful in words, soothing persons humours for self ends.

GNA＇THONIZING, part. adj. as if from gnathonize [of Gnatho, a flat­
terer in Terence] flattering, soothing the humour of a person, &c.

To GNAW, verb act. [of gnægan, Sax. or kuagen, Du. nagen, Ger.
naga, Su.] 1. To bite off by little and little, to eat or devour by de­
grees. 2. To bite in agony or rage. They gnawed their tongues for
pain. Revelations. 3. To wear any thing away by biting. The
monse gnawed the threads to pieces. L＇Estrange. 4. To fret, to waste,
to corrode. 5. To pick with the teeth. His very bones they gnaw.
Dryden.

To GNAW, verb neut. to exercise the teeth. Like the spaniel gnaw
upon the chain. Sidney.

GNA＇WER [of gnaw] one that gnaws.

GNO＇MA [γνωμη, from γινοσκω, Gr. to know] a short, pathetic, use­
ful, sententious observation, reflection or the like, worthy to be trea­
sured up or remembered.

GNOMES, a name which the cabalists give to a sort of invisible peo­
ple, who, as they fancy, inhabit the inward parts of the earth, and
fill it to its centre. They are represented to be very small of stature,
tractable and friendly to men, and are accounted the guardians of
mines, quarries, hidden treasures, &c.

GNOMOLO＇GICAL, n. adj. what relates to gnomology. “The diction
is charg＇d after the gnomologic manner, [i. e. so as to convey a senti­
ment] for to attempt a thing beyond our power, is foolish.” Scholiast.
in Sophoc. Antigon. ver. 67. as cited by APPENDIX ad Thesaur. H.
Stephan.

GNOMO＇LOGY [of γνωμη, a sentiment, and λογος, Gr. treatise] The
HOMERIC GNOMOLOGY is a treatise concerning the sentiments, i. e.
divine, moral, or political reflections, which are found in the writings
of HOMER.

GNO＇MON [γνωμων, Gr.] an index.

GNOMON [in parallelograms] a figure made of two complements,
together with either of the parallelograms about the figure, as in this
parallelogram, the gnomon is N added to A, A added to B, or N ad­
ded to G, added to D, added to E. Plate VII. Fig. 14.

GNOMON [in dialling] is the stile, pin or cock of a dial, the sha­
dow of which pointeth out the hours. The gnomon of every dial is
supposed to represent the axis of the world, and therefore the two ex­
tremities thereof must directly answer to the north and south. Harris.

GNOMO＇NIC, or GNOMO＇NICAL, adj. [of γνωμωνικος, of γνωμων, Gr.
the stile, pin, or cock of a dial] belonging to a dial, or the art of dial­
ling or gnomonics.

GNOMONICS, subst. [of γνωμονικη, Gr.] the art of dialling.

GNOMONOLO＇GICAL, adj. [of γνωμων, a pin of a dial, and λογος, Gr.
a description] of or pertaining to the art of dialling.

GNOSI＇MACHI [γνοσιμαχοι, Gr. q. d. enemies of wisdom or know­
ledge] a sect of hereties who were prosessed enemies to all studied
knowledge in divinity.

GNO＇STICS [gnostiques, Fr. gnostici, It. and Lat. γνωστικοι, of γνωσις,
Gr. knowledge] a sect of heretics, in the 1st and 2d centuries, who
arrogated to themselves a high degree of knowledge, and looked upon
all other Christians as simple and ignorant. St. Irenæus (in his 2d
book against Heresies, Ed. GRABE, p. 142.) supposes St. Paul refers
to these ancient corrupters of the faith once delivered to the saints in those
words, “O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust,
avoid profane vain-babblings, and oppositions of SCIENCE FALSELY
SO CALL＇D.” 1 Tim. cap. vi. ver. 20. And to the same effect, in his
2d Ep. cap. ii. ver. 15, 16. “Rightly dividing the word of truth;
but avoid profane vain babblings;” or, as St. IRENÆUS＇ copies read
it, Βεβηλους καινοϕωνιας, i. e. prosane novelties of speech; alluding to
those new doctrines, which under pretence of higher degrees of know­
ledge, the GNOSTICS introduced; who by the way rejected these two
epistles of St. Paul; and no wonder, as St. CLEMENT (STROM. Ed.
Paris, Lib. I. p. 383.) observes, when finding themselves mark＇d out
by them. St. Irenæus (p. 95.) traces up their rise to Menander and
other disciples of SIMON MAGUS, “a quibus FALSI NOMINIS SCIEN­
TIA accepit initia.” And from this root, as he observes, they branch＇d
out into various sects, as Valentinians, Cerinthians, Basilidians, Mar­
eionites, Colobarsians, &c. of which more under their respective names.
But one thing, and which is too important to be overlooked. I must
here, in justice to truth, observe; that whoever impartially examines
that FATHER＇s portraiture of these ancient heresies, will find there the
FIRST SEEDS and ELEMENTS of those connoversies, which so much
disturbed the peace of the church in the 4th and following centuries.
And indeed it could be wish＇d, the chief patrons of some doctrines
which our first reformers either started themselves or BROUGHT WITH
THEM out of the Romish persuasion, wou＇d carefully examine St. Ire­
næus; were it only to see, under what class that ancient writer would
have ranged them; whether within the pale of the PRIMITIVE church;
or, among the errors which she unanimously exploded. And indeed I
must refer my reader to the same author for a more full detail of the
Gnestic and Valentinian systems. But one or two things should not be
overlooked, as which of all others have created the most confusion; I
mean first, their tenet of PROBOLÆ or internal productions; by which
they meant something originally residing within the essence of God,
and formed by him into a DISTINCT PERSONAL SUBSISTENCE from
him; a doctrine not only inconsistent with the simplicity and immuta­
bility of the divine nature; but which also is attended with this mani­
fest contradiction, viz. the supposing one and the same effence to be
both UNDERIV＇D, and DERIV＇D, SELF-EXISTENT, and BEGOTTEN.
“Anaximander (says this ancient father, and meaning the Pagan phi­
losopher so called) affirmed that which is immense to be the original of
all things; containing after a SEMINAL MANNER within himself the
production of all.—This notion they have borrowed from him, and
applied to their BYTHUS and ÆONS, i. e. to their SUPREME FATHER,
and the whole system of divine personages derived from Him.” IREN.
adv. Hereses. Ed. Grabe, p. 140. And on the same plan they profest to
explain the production of the animal and material world, not by God＇s
creating it out of nothing; for this Valentinus deny＇d: But by some flux
or emanation of substance, or passion, from one of their Æons, e. g.
from the tears of Achamoth, they supposed the element of water to have
been produced, and light from her laughter, p. 130. 2dly, In much the
same way they accounted for the origin of MORAL GOOD and EVIL,
not by founding them wholly in the will of the free agent; but in his
SUBSTANCE or NATURE, made up (it seems) of certain qualities ori­
ginally implanted in Him; qualities in which his own consent and will
was not the least concern＇d, as being coæval with his existence, and,
as I before observ＇d, interwoven with his very NATURE. From hence
came the cosmocrator, or diabolic power; and (to use their phraseo­
logy) the WHOLE SPIRITUAL SUBSTANCE of wickedness, p. 26. And
from hence, 3dly, descending lower down, I mean to the human spe­
cies, they divided it into number three, the material, animal, and spi­
ritual: The first class, whose souls were of much the same kind with that
of the brutes, they affirmed was absolutely uncapable of salvation; and,
by the way, they abjured to a man all belief of the resurrection of the
body, and affirmed, that departed souls were immediately upon death
conveyed beyond the seventh heaven, and admitted to the beatific vi­
sion of God. The 2d were candidates for happiness, and were train＇d
up for it by faith and good works; tho＇ allotted to a happiness of a
lower kind; as being made up only of SOUL, and not like the third
class, having a SPIRIT too, nor being, like them, possess＇d of PERFECT
KNOWLEDGE; and under this [i. e. the 2d] division (says Irenæus)
they place US who are of the church. For which reason, a GOOD LIFE
[or practice] (they say) is necessary for US; because in no other way is it
possible that WE should be saved. But they affirm that themselves
[who are of the 3d and highest rank] shall be saved, μη δια πραξεως,
αλλα δια το ϕυσει πνευματικους ειναι. i. e. not by PRACTICE; but be­
cause they are BY NATURE SPIRITUAL and SEEDS of ELECTION.
p. 29, 30, and 450, 451, &c. compared. And lastly, when applying
all this to the doctrine of the INCARNATION, they laid down this foun­
dation principle, “that the Saviour from above, assum＇d the FIRST­
FRUITS of whatever he intended to save.” Accordingly he assum＇d
both a soul and spirit, as belonging to the 2d and 3d class: But they
absolutely deny＇d his assuming any thing material, or a body of the
same kind with ours. p. 29. This soul they called the animal Christ,
as contradistinguished from the SAVIOUR [or divine personage] that
came down from heaven; and it was this Animal Christ [or human soul]
and not the SAVIOUR FROM ABOVE, that suffered for us. p. 33. It is
not easy to trace every scheme from its first rise, through all the changes
it undergoes with time, and through all its various shapes and forms
(tho＇ in effect still the same): But if the reader desire to furnish himself
with some materials of this kind, he may consult the following words:
CATAPHRYGIANS, HOMOUSIANS, MONTANISM, ORIGENISM, NI­
CENE and LATERAN Councils, DECREE of Election and Reprobation,
MANICHÆANS, BEATIFIC Vision, CERINTHIANS, and INCARNA­
TION.

To GO, irr. verb act. [went, gone, or I have gone, gan, Sax. This
was probably changed to gone or gang, then contracted to go.
Johnson. gan and gangan, Sax. gaen, Du. and L. Ger.] 1. To
walk, to move step by step. 2. To move, not to stand still.
Rise, let us be going. St. Matthew. 3. To walk solemnly. To go
forth in solemn procession. Hooker. 4. To walk leisurely, not to run.
Must I go to him?—thou must run to him. Shakespeare. 5. To travel
a-foot. To go a mile. St. Matthew. 6. To proceed, to make pro­
gress. So the jest goes round. Dryden. 7. To remove from place to
place. Returning were as tedious as to go o＇er. Shakespeare. 8. To
depart or move from a place: opposed to the verb to come. She went
her way. John. 9. To move or pass in any manner or to any pur­
pose. The mourners go about the strects. Ecclesiastes. 10. To pass
in company with others. Thou shalt go forth in the dances of them
that make merry. Jeremiah. 11. To proceed in any course of life,
good or bad. He goeth in company with the workers of iniquity. Job.
12. To proceed in mental operations. Going over all these particulars.
South. 13. To take any road. A man may go his own way and his
own pace. Temple. 14. To march in a hostile or warlike manner.
Not able to go up against the people. Numbers. 15. To change
state or opinion for better or worse. To go from our religion. 1 Mac­
cabees. 16. To apply one＇s self. He went not to denial, but to justify
his cruel falshood. Sidney. 17. To have recourse to. Go to law. Co­
rinthians. 18. To go about to do. Deserves for the rarity, and I
was going to say for the incredibility. Locke. 19. To shift, to pass life
not quite well. They should be sure to go without it. Locke. 20. To
decline, to tend towards death or ruin. He is far gone. Shakespeare.
21. To be in party or design. They with the vanquish＇d prince and
party go. Dryden. 22. To escape. Let him go with his life. 2 Mac­
cabees. 23. To tend to any act.







Wou＇d have gone near
To fall in love with her. Shakespeare.
24. To be uttered. The report which had gone abroad. Addison. 25.
To be talked of, to be known. That goes under the name of Anoca­
prea. Addison. 26. To pass, to be receiv＇d. She goes for a woman.
Sidney. 27. To move by mechanism. The bell goeth for him. Bacon.
28. To be in motion, from whatever cause. Clipt and wash＇d money
goes about. Waller. 29. To move in any direction. It will go into
his hand and pierce it. 2 Kings. 30. To flow; to pass, to have a
course.
Fattens as it goes,
Tiber my name. Dryden.
31. To have tendency. Against right reason all your counsels go.
Dryden. 32. To be in a state of compact or partnership. They were
to go equal shares in the booty. L＇Estrange. 33. To be regulated by
any method, to proceed upon principles. We are to go by another
measure. Sprat. 34. To be pregnant. Women go commonly nine
months. Bacon. 35. To pass, not to remain. His strength went
from him. Judges. 36. To pass, not to be retained. Then he lets
me go. Shakespeare. 37. To be expended. To let age go for orna­
ment, if they will not serve for use. Felton. 38. To be in order of
time or place. The connexion of that sentence with those that go be­
fore. Watts. 39. To reach or be extended to any degree. No man＇s
knowledge here can go beyond his experience. Locke. 40. To extend
to consequences. It goes a great way barely to permit them. L＇Estrange.
41. To reach by effects. So much money might go farther. Wilkins.
42. To extend in meaning. His amorous expressions go no further
than virtue may allow. Dryden. 43. To spread, to be dispersed, to
reach farther. Cut to make it further go. Tate. 44. To have influ­
ence, to be of weight. Another reason to decline it that ever goes far
with me. Temple. 45. To be rated one with another, to be consi­
dered with regard to greater or less worth. As the world goes, he was
a good sort of man. Arbuthnot. 46. To contribute, to conduce, to
concur. The medicines which go to the ointments. Bacon. 47. To
fall out or terminate, to succeed. They shall declare unto him how
things go with thee. Tobit. 48. To be in any state. This sense is
impersonal. It shall go ill with him. Job. 44. To proceed in train
or consequence. Duration in itself is to be considered as going on.
Locke. 50. To go about; to attempt, to endeavour, to set one＇s self to
any business. Like to prevail in what they went about. Clarendon.
51. To go aside; to err, to deviate from the right. If any man＇s wife
go aside. Numbers. 52. To go between; to interpose, to moderate be­
tween two. I did go between them. Shakespeare. 53. To go by; to
pass away unnoticed. The time goes by. Shakespeare. 54. To go by;
to find or get in the conclusion. He＇s sure to go by the worst. L＇Estrange.
55. To go by; to observe as a rule. A better rule to go by. Sharp. 56.
To go down; to be swallowed, to be received, not rejected. It goes
down whole with him for truth. L＇Estrange. 57. To go in and out; to
do the business of life. Thy going out and thy coming in. Psalms. 58.
To go in and out; to be at liberty. He shall go in and out and find pa­
sture. John. 59. To go off; to die, to decease. In this manner he
went off, not like a man that departed out of life, but one that re­
turned to his abode. Tatler. 60. To go off; to depart from a post.
Will not go off until they hear you speak. Shakespeare. 61. To go on;
to make attack. He would go on upon the gods. Ben Johnson. 62. To
go on; to proceed. Fain to go on in his story. Sidney. 63. To go over;
to revolt, to betake himself to another party. The practice of those
to whom they go over. Addison. 64. To go out; to go upon any expe­
dition. Other men fitter to go out than I. Shakespeare. 65. To go
out; to be extinguished. Spirit of wine burned till it go out of itself,
will burn no more. Bacon. 66. To go through; to perform throughly,
to execute. Able to go through that kind of life. Sidney. 67. To go
through; to suffer, to undergo. Thou shouldst go through this opera­
tion. Arbuthnot. 68. The senses of this word are very indistinct.
Its general notion is motion or progression.

GO To, interj. Come, come, take the right course: a scornful ex­
hortation. Go go, go to, thou art a foolish fellow. Shakespeare.

GO By, subst. delusion, circumvention, over-reach. Give you the
go by upon occasion. Collier.

GO-Cart, subst. [of go and cart] a machine in which children are
inclosed to teach them to walk, and which they push forward without
danger of falling.

GO to Bed at Noon, the name of a herb.

To GO to God, or To GO without Day [a law phrase] is to be dis­
missed the court.

GO, subst. a gate, or manner of going, spoken chiefly of horses; in
common use among the vulgar.

GOA [in geography] a large city and sea-port of the hither India,
in Asia, situated on the Malabar coast, in the kingdom of Visapour,
the capital of the Portuguese settlements in the East Indies.

GOA, the arched fig-tree; a tree in some parts of Asia, of one of
which comes a whole wood; for the boughs reaching to the ground,
take root.

To GOAD, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To prick or drive with a
goad. 2. To incite, to instigate, to drive forward. Goaded on by
thee. Dryden.

GOAD, subst. [goad, Sax.] a staff pointed with sharp iron, to drive
cattle with, particularly oxen.

GOAD, an English ell, by which Welch frize is measured.

GOAL [as some imagine of goel, Du. or gaule, a pole, which being
set in the ground was the place to run to] 1. The end of a race, the
point marked out to which racers run. Shun the goal. Milton. 2.
The starting post. From the goal they start. Dryden. 3. The final
purpose, the end to which a design tends. Our poet has always the
goal in his eye. Dryden.

GOAL [geole, Fr.] a prison or jail. This is sometimes improperly
written for gaol or jail.

GOA＇LER [geolier, Fr.] the keeper of a jail or prison. This is im­
properly written too for gaoler.

To GOAR [prob. of geborian, Sax.] to boar or piercewith a horn,
as a bull, &c.

GOAR, subst. [goror, Wel.] 1. Any edging sewed upon cloth to
strengthen it. Skinner uses it. 2. Any piece put in to widen cloth.

GOA＇RY, dawbed with gore blood.

GOA＇RING [a sea term] a sail is said to be cut goaring, when it is
gradually cut sloping, and is broader at the clew than at the earing.

GOAT [gæte, Sax. gote, Scottish, geyt, Du. gede, Dan. geer, Su.
geiz, Teut. gait, Goth.] a ruminant animal, that seems a middle spe­
cies betwixt deer and sheep.

A GOAT is used in coat armour; but it is hard to guess what in­
duced them that took them for their arms, unless it were to denote
that they had subdued their passions, or that they had conquered some
enemy, who was subject to the viciousness of goats.

A wild GOAT [hieroglyphically] was used to represent a very so­
ber man, because this animal lives in desart places not frequented,
drinks seldom, and will subsist a long time without water.

A GOAT is, however, a common emblem of lasciviousness.

GOAT＇s Bread, Goat＇s-beard, Goat＇s-marjoram, Goat＇s-rue; several
sorts of herbs.

GOAT-Chafer, an insect, a kind of beetle.

GOAT Hart, a stone buck.

A GOA＇T-HERD [gæte-hierde, Sax.] a keeper or feeder of goats.

GOA＇TISH [of gæticg, Sax.] being of the nature of, or like a
goat in any qualities, as rankness, lust, &c.

GOAT＇s Milker, GOAT Milker, or GOAT Sucker [of goat and milk,
of gæte and melcan, Sax.] a kind of owl so called from sucking
goats, &c.

GOAT＇s-RUE, subst. [galega, Lat.] a plant that hath a perennial root.
The flower is of the papilionaceous kind. This plant is propagated for
medicinal use. Miller. Goat＇s rue is a native of Italy, and some parts
of Spain, where it has the reputation of being a great alexipharmic
and sudorific. The Italians eat it raw and boiled, and make a kind
of tea of it, but with us it is of no esteem. Hill.

GOA＇T-SKIN [of goat and skin] the hide of a goat.

GOAT＇s-Thorn, a shrub. It hath a papilionaceous flower, which
afterwards becomes a bicaspular pod. Tournesort says, the gum a­
drigant, or dragon, is produced from this plant in Crete.

GOB, subst. [gobe, Fr.] a small quantity; a low word. To part
with such a gob of money. L＇Estrange.

GO＇BBET, subst. [gobe, Fr.] a mouthful, a great hit of meat, as
much as can be swallowed at once. Slicing it into little gobbets. Sandys.

To GO＇BBET, verb act. [from the noun] to swallow at a mouth­
ful. A low word.

To GO＇BBLE [gober, O. Fr.] to eat voraciously, or swallow down
without chewing, as ducks, &c. to swallow hastily with noise. So
keep upon the acorns, that they gobbled up now and then a piece of
the coat. L＇Estrange.

GO＇BBLER [of gobble] one that devours in haste, a greedy eater.

GO＇BBLING, part. of gobble [gobam, Fr.] eating voraciously, swal­
lowing down hastily.

GO＇BELINS, a celebrated manufactory at Paris for the making of
tapestry, &c. for the use of the crown.

GO＇BETWEEN, subst. [of go and between] one that transacts business,
by running between two parties. Her assistant or gobetween. Shakes­
peare.

GO＇BLET [gobelet, Fr. as some will have it of cupa, barb. Lat. but
Budæus of κυπελλον, Gr.] a large drinking vessel, commonly of a
round form, and without either foot or handle.

GO＇BLIN [gobelin, Fr. gobelina, It. which Spenser has once re­
tained, writing it in three syllables. This word some derive from
the gibellines, a faction in Italy, so that else and goblin is guelph and
gibelline, because the children of either party were terrified by their
nurses with the name of the other: but it appears that elffe is Welch,
and much older than those factions. Eilff vylhon are phantoms of the
night; and the Germans likewise have long had spirits among them
named goboldi, from which gobelin might be derived. Johnson] 1. An
evil spirit, a bugbear, a hobgoblin, a frightful phantom. Notions of
spirits and goblins. Locke. 2. A fairy, an elf. The wicked gobbelines
in bloody field. Spenser.

GO＇BONE, or GO＇BONATED [in heraldry] See COMPONE.

GOD [god, Sax. which likewise signifies good. The same word
passes in both senses, with only accidental variations through all the
Teutonic dialect; godt, Du. gott, Ger. gud, Dan. gudh, Su. goth,
Goth.] 1. The divine being, the supreme being. 2. A false being,
an idol. 3. Any person or thing deified, or too much honoured.
Whose God is their belly. Philippians.
To which we may add, 4. An earthly prince or magistrate, “I have
said ye are gods.” As princes resemble GOD not in nature (for that
is of the same kind with the meanest of their subjects) but in autho­
rity and power; and this is the true key to the different acceptations
of this term [God] as we have in part suggested under the word
[DEITY.] Thus one and the same word, which is expressive of
power and dominion, is applied in scripture to earthly princes; it is
applied in a higher sense to the angels; in a higher still to that truly
divine and glorious personage, who has all the angels [and indeed
the whole creation] of God, put in subjection to him: But in the
HIGHEST sense of all, to the ONE GOD and FATHER of all, who is
above all, whose godhead or dominion extends over all. We have al­
ready given Sir Isaac Newton＇s definition of GOD to this effect; [see
DEITY] in which that great philosopher spoke the language of all
antiquity. Thus Clemens Alexand. “It may suffice for me to say,
that GOD is Lord of all; I mean, absolutely speaking, LORD of ALL,
and where nothing is left out by way of exception.” Stromat. Ed.
Paris. lib. 6. p. 689. So Lactantius, “Deus est nomen SUMMÆ PO­
TESTATES,” i. e. the term [God] absolutely understood, is expressive
of SUPREME POWER.” So St. Cyprian, “There is one LORD GOD
OF ALL; neither has that SUBLIMITY any compeer; because within
itself alone it contains ALL POWER.” So St. Irenæus, Novatian, Eu­
sebius, and Justin Martyr perpetually; above all, St. Gregory Nyssen,
and St. Basil; the last of which [p. 905.] expressly denies the word
[GOD] to be expressive of NATURE; and in support of his remark
he appeals to that text, “I have made thee a God to Pharaoh.” And
this, by the way, will explain one circumstance, otherwise not easy to
be accounted for, in the old consubstantialists; I mean, that although
they maintained a sameness of nature between the FATHER and the
Son, yet they did not scruple (with all antiquity) to affirm the Father
alone to be the GOD OF THE WHOLE, the God over all, not the Son
and Spirit excepted; as has been shewn under the words First CAUSE,
GHOST, or HOLY SPIRIT, ESSENCE, APOSTOLICAL CONSTITU­
TIONS, &c. And herein the Nicene creed led them the way; and in­
deed every other creed which appropriates the title “ALMIGHTY







[παντοκρατωρ, i. e. who has the command and power over all] to GOD
THE FATHER; according to that most just explication of this term,
which Hippolytus has given, “παντων μεν κρατει ο Χριστος, αυτου δε ο
Πατηρ, i. e. Christ has the command or power over all; but the FA­
THER over HIM.” See APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTIONS; and rectify
the MISTAKE of the PRESS (with reference to this last citation) from
HENCE.

GOD [hieroglyphically] was by the ancient Egyptians represented
by the body of a man, covered with a long garment, bearing on the
top of the head an hawk; by the excellency, courage, nimbleness,
and good qualities of this bird, shadowing out the incomparable per­
fections of its creator.
The Egyptian priests also represented God, by a man sitting upon
his heels, with all his lower parts covered, to intimate, that he hath
hid the secret of his divine nature, in his works that appear to our eys.

To GOD, verb act. [from the subst.] to deify, to exalt to divine
honours. Lov＇d me above the measure of a father,
Nay godded me indeed. Shakespeare.
As sure as GOD＇s in Gloucestersbire.
This proverb is said to have its rise, on account that there were
more rich and mitred abbies in that, than in any two shires in Eng­
land besides; but some from William of Malmsbury refer it to the
fruitfulness of it in religion, in that it is said to have returned the
seed of the gospel, with the increase of an hundred fold.
When GOD wills all winds bring rain.
Lat. Deus undecunque juvat modò propitius. Erasm.
What the divine providence gives a blessing to, must and will
prosper.

GO＇DALMIN, a market-town of Surry, on the river Wey, 34 miles
from London.

GO＇DBOTE [godbote, Sax.] an ecclesiastical fine or amercement
antiently paid for offences against God.

GOD-Child [godcyld, Sax.] the child for whom sureties undertake
at baptism, and promise to see educated as a christian. A term of
spiritual relation.

GOD-Daughter [goddohtor, Sax.] a woman-child, for whom spon­
sors have answered in baptism, and promised to see educated in chris­
tianity. A term of spiritual relation.

GO＇DDESS [godesse, Sax.] a she deity.

GO＇DDESSHOOD, in Clarissa.

GO＇DDESSLIKE, adj. [of goddess and like] resembling a goddess.

GOD-Father [god-fawer, Sax.] a man that is surety for a child in
baptism. The correlative to god-son.

GOD-Fathers [of duels] in antient times, were a kind of advocates
chosen by the two parties, to represent the reasons of their combat to
the judge.

GO＇DHEAD [gottheit, Ger.] 1. The divinity, the deity, the di­
vine nature.
Th＇ imperial throne
Of godhead. Milton.
2. A deity in person, a god or goddess. Were your godheads to bor­
row of men, men would forsake the gods. Shakespeare.
Or lastly, what is the strict and proper import of the word, “di­
vine power, and dominion.” “Moses, says St. BASIL, was constituted
a god over the Egyptians.” And if Moses, says NOVATIAN, had this
title given him, when constituted a god to Pharaoh, how much more
may it be applied to Christ, who is CONSTITUTED God of the whole
creation? See Coloss. c. ii. v. 9, compared with Coloss. c. 1. v. 19;
and John, c. x. v. 34—36. Above all, see the words, GOD, DE­
ITY, GHOST, MARCELLIANS, and ESSENCE, compared.

GODI＇VO [in cookery] a delicious kind of fare.

GO＇DLESS [godleas, Sax.] without God, that is without sense or
duty to God, atheistical, impious, wicked.

GO＇DLIKE, adj. [of god and like] divine, resembling a divinity,
supremely excellent. So wise and godlike. Locke.

GO＇DLILY, adv. [of godly] piously, religiously.

GO＇DLINESS [godlicnesse, Sax.] 1. Pious or religious quality or
disposition, piety to God. 2. General observation of all the duties
prescribed by religion. Virtue and godliness of life. Hooker.

GO＇DLING, subst. [of god] a little divinity, a diminutive god.
Dryden. Mede, I think, uses it by way of contempt, to express some
fictitious deity, whether in ancient or modern ROME. See CHRIST­
LING, LORDLING, &c.

GO＇DLY, adj. [of God] 1. Pious towards God. 2. Good, righ­
teous, religious. The godly man ceaseth. Psalms.

GODLY, adv. piously, righteously. Every one which will live
godly. Hooker.

GO＇DLYHEAD, subst. [of godly] goodness, righteousness; an old
word. I crave your godlyhead. Spenser.

GOD-MAN, a name given to the Son of God, considered as incarnate.
See GNOSTICS, MANHOOD, and INCARNATION.

GO＇D-Mother, [godmower, Sax.] a woman that is surety for a child
at baptism. The correlative to god-daughter.

GO＇DSHIP, subst. [of God] the rank or character of a god, deity,
or divinity.

GOD Son [god-suna, Sax.] a man-child, for whom sureties have
undertaken at baptism to see him educated a christian. The correla­
tive to god-father.

GO＇DWARD, adv. to godward, is toward God. So we read,
Hac arethusa tenus, for hactenus arethusa. Virgil.

GO＇DWIT, subst. [of god, good, and wita, Sax. an animal] a kind of
quail, a bird of a peculiar delicacy. Nor ortclans nor godwits crown
his board. Cowley.

GO＇DYELD, or GO＇DYIELD, adv. [corrupted from God shield, or
protect] a term of thanks; now obsolete, except in the north country,
where it is pronounced as if godchild. How you should bid godyeld
us for your pains. Shakespeare.

GO＇EL, adj. [goler, Sax.] yellow; an old word. The goeler and
younger, the better I love. Tasser.

GO＇ER [of go] 1. One that goes, a runner. Impertinence of those
goers between us. Pope. 2. A joaker, one that has a gait or man­
ner of walking good or bad. So far from being a good dancer, that
he was no graceful goer. Wotton.

To be a GOG [probably of gogues, O. Fr. a merry, mad, fellow]
to be eagerly desirous of.

To GO＇GGLE, verb neut. to look asquint. And wink and goggle like
an owl. Hudibras.

GOGGLE Eyed, adj. [scegl egen, Sax.] squint-eyed, not looking
straight. Ascham uses it.

GO＇GING Stool, a ducking stool. A cant phrase.

GOGMA＇COG, a British giant, said to have been twelve cubits
high; an image of which stands in the Guild-hall of London.

GO＇ING, part. act. of to go [of gan, Sax. to go] walking, moving.

GOING to the Vault [with hunters] used of a hare, when ske takes
to the ground like a coney.

GOING, subst. 1. The act of walking, Going shall be used with
feet. Shakespeare. 2. Pregnancy. Most women coming according
to their reckoning, within the compass of a fortnight, that it is the
twentieth part of their going. Grew. 3. Departure. Thy going is
not lowly. Milton.

GO＇LA [with architects] an ornament, an ogee or wave, the same
with cymatium. Spectator.

GOLD [gold, Sax. goudt, Du. gold, Ger. guld, Dan. and Su. go­
lud, Wel. riches. It is called gold in our English tongue, either of
geel, as Scaliger says, which is in Dutch to shine, or of another
Dutch word, which is gelten, and signifies in Latin valere; in English,
to be of price or value. Hence cometh their ordinary word gelt, for
money. Peacham] 1. The richest and heaviest metal, and the most
solid or least porous. Gold is not subject to rust, and being heated or
melted, preserves its heat longer than any other metal, and in weight
is ten times heavier than earth, and there is seven times as much mat­
ter in a piece of gold, as in one of glass of the same magnitude. 2.
Money. Give me thy gold, if thou hast any gold. Shakespeare. 3.
It is used for any thing pleasing or valuable. So among the ancients,
χρυση αϕροδιτη, and animamque moresque aureos educit in astra. Horace.
A heart of gold. Shakespeare.
All is not GOLD that glisters.
Fr. Tout ce qui reluit n＇est pas or. H. Ger. Est ist nicht alles gold,
was da glaentzet. The Lat. say: Fronti nulla fides. The It. as we,
Non è oro tutto quel che luce. And so the Lat. likewise, Non omne quod
splendet aurum est; or, aurea ne credas, quæcunque nitesere cernis. This
proverb is designed as an admonition to us not to depend too much up­
on outward appearances, for in so doing we may be easily deceived.
GOLD goes in at any gare except heaven＇s.
Philip, the father of Alexander, is reported to have said, that he
did not question but he would take any sort or castle, let the ascent be
never so steep, or the avenues never so difficult, if he could but drive
up an ass laden with gold to the gate. A later great monarch knew
this secret likewise very well. The Ger. say as we: Das gold machet
alle thûre auf nur des himmels nicht.
A man may buy GOLD too dear.
That is, pay too dear for a commodity, tho＇ never so good.

GOLD of Pleasure, subst. [myagrum, Lat.] a plant which hath a
flower of four leaves, placed in form of a cross, which becomes a
turbinated fruit. Miller.

Burnish＇d GOLD, is gold smoothed and polished with a steel instru­
ment, called a burnisher.

Fine Gold, is that which is refined and purged by fire, of all its
impurities, and all alloys.

Million of GOLD, a phrase used to signify a million of crowns. A
cant word.

Mosaic GOLD, gold applied in pannels on a proper ground, distri­
buted into squares, lozenges, and other compartments, part whereof
is shadowed to raise or heighten the rest.

Shell GOLD, is that used by the illuminers, and with which persons
may write in gold with a common pen. It is made of leaves of gold
reduced to an impalpable powder, by grinding on a marble.

A Tun of GOLD, with the Dutch, is in value 100000 florins; with
the Germans, it is 100000 dollars, or about 20000 l. a tun of gold,
at 4 l. the ounce, amounts to 96000 l.

Virgin GOLD, is gold just taken out of the mines, before it hath
passed under any action of fire, or other preparation.

GO＇LDBEATER [of gold and beat] one whose business is to beat, or
foliate gold so, as to gild other matter.

GO＇LDBEATERS-SKIN, subst. The intestinum rectum of an ox, pro­
perly prepared, which gold-beaters lay between the leaves of their
metal while they beat it, whereby the membrane is made thin, and
fit to apply to cuts, and small fresh wounds, as is now the common
practice. Quincy.

GO＇LDBOUND, adj. [of gold and bound] encompassed with gold.

GO＇LDEN, adj. [from gold, golden, Sax. goude, Du. gulden, Ger.]
1. Made or consisting of gold. 2. Shining, resplendent. Wear a
golden sorrow. Shakespeare. 3. Yellow, of the colour of gold. Gold­
en russeting hath a gold-coloured coat under a russet hair. Mortimer.
4. Excellent, valuable. Golden opinions. Shakespeare. That golden
rule. Watts. 5. Happy, resembling the age of gold. As they did
in the golden world. Shakespeare.

GOLDEN Age [according to the poets] the reign of Saturn. The
happiness of which times was so magnified by them, as to be called
the golden age. They say there was no occasion then for ploughing
or sowing, but that the earth then freely produced whatever might
contribute to use or pleasure; all things being common to all, with
abundance of superfluity beyond the profusest wishes; so there could
be no differences or contentions, but a perfect harmony in the affecti­
ons of all persons who were good and just, out of their own inclina­
tions and tempers; that care, want, punishments, wars, diseases, old
age, were things unheard of, but that persons after length of days
were dissolved in a pleasing sort of sleep, and wasted to the mansions
of the gods, and to regions of eternal love and happiness.

GOLDEN Fleece. The story is this: Athamas king of Thebes, had
Phrixus and Helle by a wife called Nephele; but he afterwards took
another wife called Ino, who fell in love with Phrixus; but she be­
ing neglected by him, fell into an extreme aversion to him, and there
happening a great dearth of corn, she persuaded Athamas that it could
not be remedied till Phrixus or Helle was sacrificed. But as they stood
at the altar, Nephele (i. e. a cloud) took them away, and gave them
a golden ram that she had received from Mercury, which carried them
through the air to Colchis, where Phrixus was kindly received by
king Æta. That there he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, and hung up







the skin in the grove of Mars. From whence it was carried away
by Jason and the Argonauts. See ARGONAUTÆ and EGYPTIAN EM­
PIRE.

GO＇LDENLY, adv. [of golden] delightfully, splendidly. Reports
speaks goldenly of his profit. Shakespeare.

GOLDEN Number [in astronomy] a number beginning with one,
and encreasing one every year, till it comes to nineteen, and there
begins again, the use of which is to find the change, full and quar­
ter of the moon.

GOLDEN-RING, a worm that gnaws the vine, and wraps itself up in
its leaves.

GO＇LDEN-ROD, the name of an herb.

GO＇LDEN-RULE [is so called by way of excellence] a rule in arith­
metic, and which is either single or compound, direct or inverse.

The single Golden-Rule, is when three numbers or terms are pro­
posed, and a fourth proportional to them is demanded; as the ques­
tion following: If four horses eat eighteen bushels of corn in a cer­
tain number of days, what will eight horses require in the same
time? viz. thirty six bushels.

The compound Golden-Rule, is when five terms are propounded, in
order to find out a sixth: As if four horses eat eight bushels of corn in
three months, how much will serve eight for nine months?

The Golden-Rule direct, is when the sense or tenor of the question
requires the fourth number sought, to bear such proportion to the se­
cond, as the third number has to the first: so in the first question, as
eight is the double of four, so ought the fourth number to be the
double of eighteen, i. e. thirty-six.

The Golden-Rule inverse, is when the fourth term required ought
to proceed from the second term, according to the same rate or pro­
portion, that the first proceeds from the third; as for example, if four
horses require a certain quantity of corn in six days, how many
days will the same quantity serve eight horses? here four is half eight,
so ought the fourth term required to be half six. This is called also
the rule of three indirect, or backwards.

GOLDEN Saxifrage [chrysoplenium, Lat.] a plant. It hath a pe­
rennial fibrous root.

GOLDEN Sulphur of Anatomy [with chemists] regulus of antimony
boiled in water and strained, having vinegar afterwards poured on
it, so that a reddish or gold-coloured powder will sink to the bottom
of the vessel.

GO＇LDFINCH [gold-finc, Sax.] a bird.

GO＇LD-FINDER [of gold and findan, Sax.] one who finds gold;
a term ludicrously applied to one who empties privies or houses of
easement.

GOLD-Foil [of gold, and feuille, Fr. a leaf] leaf-gold.

GOLD-HAMMER [gold-hamer, Sax.] a bird.

GO＇LDILOCKS, or GO＇LDYLOCKS, subst. [coma aurea, Lat. goldi­
loccas, Sax.] a plant which hath a fibrous, perennial root, and
a yellow, or golden flower.

GO＇LDING [guldelin, Du.] a sort of apple.

GO＇LDLING, a fish.

GO＇LD-PLEASURE, the name of an hero.

GO＇LDSMITH [gold smidth, Sax. taur-smit, Du. gold-scchmied,
Ger. guld-smevh, Su.] 1. A worker or seller of gold or silver vessels.
2. A banker, one who keeps money for others in his hands. Swift.

GOLDSMITHS. They were incorporated in the 16th of king Ki­
chard II, anno 1392. They are 4 wardens, about 90 assistants, 294
on the livery. Their livery fine is 11 l. 5 s. They are the 5th of
the 12 companies. Their patron is St. Dunstan. Their arms are
gules, a leopard＇s head or, quartered with azure, a covered cup be­
tween 2 bucklers of the 3d; crest, a dainty lady holding in her right
hand a balance (with her arms extended proper) in the left a touch­
stone of the 3d. The supporters 2 unicorns or. Their hall is in
Forster-Lane.

GOLL, or GOLLS, subst. [corrupted, as Skinner thinks, from wal or
wol, whence wealdan, Sax. to handle or manage. Others of galss,
of gealsian, Sax. to weild, because the hands handle and manage
affairs] hands, claws, paws. Used in contempt; now obsolete.
They set hands, and Mopsa put to her golden golls among them, and
blind fortune that saw not the colour of them, gave her the pre-emi­
nence. Sidney.

GO＇LNAW, a city of Brandenburg-Pomerania, 15 miles north of
Stetin.

GO＇LOPS, or GO＇LPES [in heraldry] little balls or roundelets of a
purple colour.

GO＇MAN, or GO＇MMAN [prob. q. goodman] a husband or master
of a family.

GOMBI＇ON, the greatest sea-port in Persia, situated on the streight
at the entrance of the gulph of Persia, opposite to the island Ormus.

GOME, the black and oily grease of a cart-wheel, &c.

GO＇MPHÆNE [with botanists] the herb jealousy or popinsay.

GOMPHI＇ASIS [γομϕιασις, Gr.] a distemper of the teeth, when they
are loose and ready to drop out.
BRUNO says, it is a word peculiar to DIOSCORIDES, and relates more
especially to the GRINDERS, which are called gomphoi, i. e. nails; be­
cause, like a nail fastened in a sure place, they are inserted into the
gums.

GO＇MPHOMA, or GO＇MPHOSIS, Lat. [γομϕωμα, and γομϕωσις, Gr.]
the fastening of one bone into another like a nail, as of the teeth in
the jaws, a particular sort of articulation. Gomphosis is the connection
of a tooth to its socket. Wiseman.

GO＇NAMBUSH [in Brasil] a bird not much bigger than a fly, with
shining wings, that sings so sweetly, that it is not much inferior to a
nightingale.

GO＇MPHOS [γομϕος, Gr.] a kind of swelling in the eye, when the
ball of it goes beyond the skin called uvea tunica.

GONA＇GRA [γοναγρα, of γονυ, the knee, and αγρα, Gr. a capture]
the gout in the knee.

GONA＇RCHA, or GONO＇RCHA [of γονυ, a knee, or γωνια, Gr. an an­
gle] some take it to be a dial drawn on divers surfaces or planes, some
of which being horizontal, others vertical, others oblique, &c.
whereby are formed divers angles.

GONDALI＇ER, or GONDOLI＇ER subst. [from gondola, It.] one that rows
a gondola, a boatman. A knave of hire, a gondalier. Shakespeare.

GO＇NDOLA, It. [gondole, Fr. some derive it of γομτελας, a bark or
little ship; others of γονδυ, Gr. a little vase] a flat long boat used
by the Venetians, a small boat. A little gondola bedecked trim.
Spenser.

GONE, part. of to go; see To Go. 1. Advanced, forward in
progress. Farther gone of late in lies. Swift. 2. Ruined, undone.
＇Tis none of your daughter nor my sister: we are gone else. Shake­
speare. 3. Past. The particular acccidents gone by. Shakespeare. 4.
Lost, departed. The hope of their gains was gone. Acts. 5. Dead,
departed this life. I mourn Adonis dead and gone. Oldham.

GONE out a Head [a sea phrase] a term used, when a ship under
sail has passed before the head of another.

GO＇NFALON, GO＇NFANON, or GOU＇FANON, Fr. [gunfana, Island.
from gunn, a battle, and fani, a flag. Mr. Lye] 1. An ensign, a
standard in general.
Standards and gonfalon＇s, ＇twixt van and rear,
Stream in the air. Milton.
2. The church-banner carried in the pope＇s army. 3. A kind of
round tent, borne as a canopy at the head of the processions of the
principal churches in Rome, in case of rain, its verge or banner serv­
ing for a shelter.

GONFALONI＇ER [of gonfalon] the pope＇s standard bearer.

GO＇NGRONA [with surgeons] a swelling that happens in the sinewy
parts, with hardness and roundness.

GONORRHOE＇A [γονοῥῥοια, of γονος, seed, and ῥεω, Gr. to flow] a
venereal disease when there is a frequent discharge, or an involuntary,
dripping of the seed without erection of the penis; called also a clap
or running of the reins.

GONORRHOEA Cordata, Lat. [with surgeons] a venereal distemper,
when, together with the effusion of matter, the urethra is bent like a
bow with pain.

GOOD, adj. [god, Sax. goedt, Du. and L. Ger. gut, H. Ger. god,
Dan. godh, Su.] 1. Having such physical qualities, as are expected or
desired. Behold it was very good. Genesis. 2. Proper, fit, conveni­
ent. It was a good time to comply. Clarendon. 3. Uncorrupted, un­
damaged. For nuts that would last good for his eating. Locke. 4.
Wholesome. Then finds the walls not good to eat. Prior. 5. Medi­
cinal, salutary. Sweeter than other waters in taste, and excellent
good for the stone. Bacon. 6. Pleasant to the taste. Eat thou honey
because it is good. Proverbs. 7. Compleat, full. A good third of its
people. Addison. 8. Useful, valuable. Useful and good for somewhat.
Locke. 9. Sound, not false, not fallacious. The proposition which
Luther let go for good. Atterbury. 10. Legal, valid, rightly claimed
or held. According to military custom the place was good. Wotton.
11. Confirmed, attested, valid. Make good your accusation. Smith.
12. Having the qualities desired to a considerable degree. A good
fleet. Clarendon. 13. With as preceding. It has a kind of negative,
or inverted sense; as good as, no better than. Of one, and him as
good as dead. Hebrews. 14. No worse. As good as his word. L＇Es­
trange. 15. Well qualified, not deficient. Every father of a fami­
ly had been as good a prince, and had as good a claim to royalty, as
these. Locke. 16. Skilful, ready, dexterous. Those are generally
good as flattering, who are good for nothing else. South. 17. Happy,
prosperous. Good morrow Catesby. Shakespeare. 18. Honourable.
Silence the knaves repute, the whore＇s good name. Pope. 19. Cheer­
ful, gay; joined with any words expressing temper of mind. They
may be of good comfort. 2 Maccabees. 20. Considerable, not small,
though not very great. A good while ago. Acts. 21. Elegant, de­
cent, delicate; joined with breeding. Good breeding in his raillery.
Addison. 22. Real, serious, earnest. Love not in good earnest.
Shakespeare. 23. Rich, being of credit, able to fulfil engagements.
Antonio is a good man. Shakespeare. 24. Having moral qualities, such
as are wished, virtuous. For a good man some would even dare to die.
Romans. 25. Kind, soft, benevolent. Her manners did breed good
will. Sidney. 26. Favourable, loving. The men were very good un­
to us. 1 Sam. 27. Companionable, sociable, merry; often used ironi­
cally. Sir Roger had been a good fellow in his youth. Ascham. 28.
It is sometimes used as an epithet of slight contempt, implying a kind
of negative virtue, or bare freedom from ill. She had left the good
man at home, and brought away her gallant. Addison. 29. In a lu­
dicrous sense. For all other good women that love to do but little
work. Spenser. 30. Hearty, earnest, not dubious. The good will
of the nation. Temple. 31. In good time; not too fast. Collier. 32.
In good sooth; really, seriously. Shakespeare. 33. To make good; to
keep, to maintain, not to give up, not to abandon. To make good
their retreat. Clarendon. 34. To make good; to perform, to confirm.
To make all this good. Shakespeare. 35. To make good; to supply. To
make good in one circumstance what it wants in another. L＇Estrange.

GOOD, subst. 1. That which physically contributes to happiness,
benefit, advantage; opposed to evil. The emperor means no good
to us. Shakespeare. Or as the contrast, in the philosopher＇s sense of the
word is well expressed in these lines:
His EVIL was not EVIL, nor his GOOD
Ought else but vanity misunderstood. Table of CEBES.
2. Prosperity, advancement. Unto the good, not ruin of the state.
Ben Johnson. 3. Earnest, not jest. She came to die for good and all.
L＇Estrange. 4. Moral qualities, such as are desireable, virtue, righ­
teousness, piety. Depart from evil and do good. Psalms. 5. Good
placed after bad, with as, seems a substantive; but the expression is,
I think, vitious, and good is rather an adjective elliptically used, or
it may be considered as adverbial; See GOOD, adv. He had as good
leave his vessel to the direction of the winds. South.

GOOD, adv. 1. Well, not ill, not amiss. 2. As good; no worse.
Had you not as good have been eating worms now as pidgeons.
L＇Estrange.

GOOD, interj. well! right! It is sometimes used ironically.
GOOD wine needs no bath.
This proverb intimates, that virtue is valuable for itself, and that
internal goodness stands in need of no external flourishes, or orna­
ments; and so we say, a good face needs no band. It seems to be of a
Latin original; as, Vino vendibili hedera suspensa nihil est opus; and ac­
cordingly the French say, A bon vin il ne faut point d＇euseigne.







GOOD is GOOD, but better is better.
That is, there is hardly any thing so good, but better may be
found.

Good a Bearing, or GOOD Behaviour [in law] is an exact carriage
of a subject towards the king and his liege people, to which some per­
sons, upon their dissolute course of life, are bound.

GOOD-CONDI＇TIONED, adj. being without ill qualities or symptoms.

GOOD Country, an assize or jury of countrymen or good neighbours.

GOOD Escheat [in law] forfeited.

GOOD-HOPE, or Cape of GOOD-HOPE, the most southern promonto­
ry of Africa, subject to the Dutch, who have built there a good town
and castle.

GOOD-LACK! an interjection of admiration.

GO＇ODLINESS [godlienesse, Sax.] goodly appearance, beauty, grace,
elegance. The goodliness of trees. Hooker.

GO＇ODLY, adj. [of good] 1. Comely, handsome, fine, splendid;
now little in use. A prince of a goodly aspect. Sidney. 2. Bulky,
swelling, affectedly turned. Goodly and great he sails beyond his link.
Dryden. 3. Happy, desirable, gay. The mild and goodly govern­
ment of the confessor. Spenser.

GO＇ODLY, adv. excellently; obsolete. Attempered goodly well for
health and for delight. Spenser.

GO＇ODLYHOOD, subst. [of goodly] grace, goodness; obsolete. But
mote thy goodlyhood forgive it me. Spenser.

GO＇ODMAN [godman, Sax.] 1. A slight appellation of civility;
generally ironically. Goodman boy, if you please. Shakespeare. 2. A
country appellation for a master of a family, gaffer. Goodman
Hodge＇s barn. Gay.

GO＇ODNESS [of good] 1. Desirable qualities either moral or physical,
kindness, favour. Because therein he might exercise his goodness.
Sidney. 2. Good quality.

GOODNESS, is whatever tends or conduces to preserve or improve
nature or society; in opposition to evil, which tends to destroy or im­
pair it.

GO＇OD-NOW, interj. 1. In good time, a la bonne heure, Fr. a gen­
tle exclamation of entreaty; it is now a low word. 2. A soft excla­
mation of wonder.

GO＇ODY, q. d. [god-wife, Sax. i. e. good-wife] a common coun­
try appellation of a woman, a term of civility used to mean persons.
Soft goody sheep then said the fox, not so. Spenser.

GOODS, subst. [from good, it has no singular] 1. Moveables in a house.
To forfeit all your goods. Shakespeare. 2. Wares, merchandize. The
goods of our English merchants were attached. Raleigh.

Adventitious GOODS [in law] are such as arise otherwise than by
succession from father or mother, or from ancestor to descendant.

Dotal GOODS, are such as accrue from a dowry, and which the
husband is not allowed to alienate.

Paraphernal GOODS [in law] are those which the wise gives the
husband to enjoy, on condition of withdrawing them when she
pleases.

Provectitious GOODS [in law] are such as arise by direct succession.

Receptitious GOODS [in law] are such as the wife might reserve a
full or intire property of to herself, and enjoy them independant of
her husband, in distinction from dotal and paraphernal.

Vacant GOODS [in law] are those abandoned and left at large, ei­
ther because the heir renounces them, or because the deceased has no
heir.
Ill gotten GOODS seldom prosper.
Lat. Mala lucra æqualia damnis. Gr. Κατα κερδεα ισ᾿ ατησιν, Hes.
It. Vien presto conjumato l＇ingiustament acquistato. The French say,
among other proverbs to the same purpose: De mal est venu l＇agneau,
et à mal retourne le peau. (Ill come the lamb, and ill goes its skin.)
The Germans say, Nebel gewohnen, nebel geronnen. We have seve­
ral other proverbs to the same purpose, which, with observations on
them, see under their respective heads.
A man has no more GOODS than he gets good of.
This proverb is Scottish; we say to the same purpose:
The gown is her＇s that wears it, and the world his who enjoys it.
The meaning is, that what a man enjoys of his substance is really
his, the rest he has only in keeping. The Lat. say, Nullus argenti
color est———nisi temperato splendeat usu. The It. say: La robba non
è di chi la hà, mà di chi la gode. (Wealth is not his who possesses it,
but his who enjoys it.)

GOOGE [gouge, Fr. gurgio, It.] a tool for rounding or hollowing
wood. This should be written gouge. See GOUGE.

GOOLE [prob. of gewaian, Sax.] a ditch, a trench, a puddle.

GOOSE, irr. plur. Geese [gos, Sax. gass, Su. gans, Da. gos, G.
and L. Ger. gans, H. Ger. gawe, Ersc, plur. geey; ansar, Sp. ganzo,
Port. anser, Lat. all of can, Celt. white] 1. A large waterfowl pro­
verbially noted, I know not why, sor foolishness. 2. A taylor＇s
smoothing iron.

A GOOSE [hieroglyphically] was by the Egyptians pourtrayed, to
signify a vain babbler, or a silly poet.
Every man thinks his own GEESE swans.
This proverb intimates that an inbred philauty runs through the
whole race of flesh and blood, and that self-love is the mother of va­
nity, pride, and mistake. It turns a man＇s geese into swans, his
dunghill poultry into pheasants, and his lambs into venison. It blinds
the understanding, perverts the judgment, depraves the reason of the
otherwise most modest distinguishers of truth and falsity. It makes a
man so fondly conceited of himself, that he prefers his own art for its
excellency, his own skill for its perfection, his own compositions for
their wit, and his own productions for their beauty. It makes even
his vices seem to him virtues and his deformities beauties; for so every
crow thinks her own bird fairest, though never so black and ugly:
Suum cuique pulchrum, say the Latins. The Germans say, Eine
gurte mutter balt thre kinder vor die schônsten. (Every mother thinks
her own children the fairest.)
What is sauce for the GOOSE is sauce for the gander.
A proverb among the women to signify that what is proper for the
wife is fit for the husband.

Winchester GOOSE, a swelling in the thigh; an old name for a ve­
nereal bubo, so called, as the bishop of Winchester had the licensing
of the stews and brothels in Southwark in former times.

GOO＇SE-BERRY [gosberian, Sax. probably so called, because used
as sauce for green geese] The leaves are lacineated or jagged. The
whole plant is set with prickles. The fruit grows dispersedly upon
the bush, having, for the most part, but one fruit upon a foot-stalk,
which is of an oval or globular figure, containing many small seeds
surrounded by a pulpy substance. The species are: 1. The com­
mon gooseberry. 2. The large manured gooseberry. 3. The red
hairy gooseberry. 4. The large white Dutch gooseberry. 5. The
large amber gooseberry. 6. The large green gooseberry. 7. The
large red gooseberry. 8. The yellow leav＇d gooseberry. 9. The
striped leav＇d gooseberry. Miller.

GOO＇SE-BILL, an instrument used by surgeons.

GOOSE-FOOT [chenopodum, Lat.] the plant wild orach.

GOO＇SE-GRASS, an herb generally called clivers. Mortimer uses it.

GOOSE Intentos [Lancashire] a custom by which the husbandmen
claim a goose on the sixteenth sunday after pentecost, at which time
the old church prayer ended thus; ac bonïs operibus jugitur præstat esse
intentos.

GOOSE Wing [sea term] a particular way of fitting up the sail on
the misten yard, in order that the ship may sail more freely before a
wind or quarter wind, with a fair, fresh gale; it is sometimes called
a studding sail.

GOR, the capital of a province of the same name, in the East-In­
dies, subject to the mogul.

GO＇RBELLIED, adj. [of gor, filth, and bælig, Sax.] having a
great belly, fat, having swelling paunches. Shakespeare uses it.

GO＇RBELLY, subst. [from gor, Sax. dung, and belly, according to
Skinner and Junius. It may perhaps come from gor, Welsh, beyond,
too much; or, as seems to me most likely, may be contracted from
gormand, or gorman＇s belly, the belly of a glutton. Johnson] a big
paunch, a swelling belly. A term of reproach for a fat man.

GORCE, or GORZE [georis, Sax.] furz, a shrub. See GORSE.

GORCE, 1. A pool of water to keep fish in. 2. A stop in a river;
as mills, stakes, &c.

GO＇RCUM, a city of the United Provinces, situated in that of Hol­
land, on the river Waal, 22 miles east of Rotterdam.

GORD, subst. an instrument of gaming, as appears from Beaumont
and Fletcher. Thy dry bones can reach at nothing now but gords and
ninepins. Beaumont and Fletcher. Gords and Fulham holds. Shake­
speare.

GO＇RDIAN KNOT, an intricacy, so called in allusion to one Gordius,
a Phrygian, who being exalted from a husbandman to be a king, hung
his plough and husbandry utensils in the temple, ty＇d up in such an in­
tricate knot, that the monarchy of the world was promised to him that
should untie it; which Alexander the Great, after several essays, not
being able to do, cut it with his sword.

GORE [gore, Sax. gor, Wel, sanious matter] 1. Blood. Forth
gush＇d a stream of gore blood thick. Spenser. 2. Congealed, corrupt
or clotted blood. Rolling in dust and gore. Milton.

GORE [in old records] a small, narrow slip of ground.

GORE [in heraldry] is one of the abatements of honour, and is a
figure consisting of two lines drawn, one from the sinister chief, and
the other in the sinister base, both meeting in an acute angle in the
middle of the fesse point; and Guillim says, denotes a coward.

To GORE [geborian, Sax.] to wound with a horn, as a bull, &c.
does. Some toss＇d, some gor＇d, some trampling down he kill＇d. Dry­
den. 2. To stab, to pierce in general. His brother swine to gore.
Tate.

GORGE, subst. Fr. 1. The throat, the swallow. Songs when the
watry instrument did make their gorge deliver. Sidney. 2. That
which is gorged or swallowed. He spew＇d up his gorge. Spenser.

GORGE [in fortification] the entrance of a bastion, or of a ravelin,
or of other out-work.

GORGE of a flat Bastion [in fortification] is a right line, which
bounds the distance comprehended between the two flanks.

GORGE of a Ravelin, is the space contained between the two ends
of their faces next the place.

GORGE [in architecture] a kind of moulding hollow on the in­
side, which is larger, but not so deep as the scotia, and serves for
compartments, chambranles, &c. also the narrowest part of the Do­
ric and Tuscan capitals, lying between the astragal, the shaft of the
pillar, and the annulus.

GORGE of a Chimney, is that part between the chambranle and the
crowning of the mantle.

GORGE of the Half-moon [in fortification] is the space contained
between the two ends of the faces next the place, called also gorge of
the ravelin.

GORGE of the Out-works [in fortification] is the space between
their wings or sides, next to the great ditch.

To GORGE, verb act. [gorger, Fr.] 1. To fill up to the throat, to
glut, to cram. To gorge his appetite. Shakespeare. 2. To swallow;
as, the fish has gorged the hook.

GO＇RGED [gorgé, Fr.] filled, glutted, crammed, &c.

GORGED [with farriers] swelled.

GORGED [in heraldry] is when a crown, coronet, or the like, is
represented about the neck of a lion or swan.

GO＇RGEREN, a part of the ancient armour, being that which co­
vered the throat.

GO＇RGEOUS, adj. [gorgias, O. Fr. Skinner] sine, costly, rich, mag­
nificent, splendid, glittering in various colours. In such a gorgeous
palace. Shakespeare.

GO＇RGEOUSLY, adv. [of gorgeous] sumptuously, splendidly.

GO＇RGEOUSNESS, subst. [of gorgeous] sumptuousness, costliness, splen­
didness, show.

GO＇RGET [une gorgette, Fr. gorgietta, It.] 1. A woman＇s neck­
dress. 2. A sort of breast-plate worn by soldiers, and which for­
merly desended the throat. His head-piece, gorget and gauntlets
lying by him. Knolles.

GO＇RGON, subst. [γοργων, Gr.] 1. A monster with snaky hairs, of
which the sight turned the beholders to stone. 2. Any thing ugly
or horrid. Gorgons and hydras and chimeras dire. Milton.

GO＇RGONS [according to the poets] came of the same parents as
Medusa. They used to turn all persons into stones that they looked
on, and were said at length to have been thrown into hell, to become







the tormentors of wicked persons, according to the heathen mytholo­
gy. I do not remember that HOMER mentions more than ONE gorgon,
whose head he fixes (I suppose for its terrible aspect) in the shield [or
ægis] which Minerva bore, when descending to assist the Greeks.
Εν δε τε γοργειν κεϕαλη δεινοιο πελωρου. Iliad, lib. 5. l. 741.
But the heathen mythology might have its improvements with time as
well as ours; and accordingly we find the term mentioned in the
PEURAL number by Virgil.
Gorgones, Harpyæque.———Æneid, lib. 6. l. 289.
Upon which his learned editor has the following note.
These Gorgons are said to be three daughters of Phorcus, residing in
the extreme parts of Africa, near Mount Atlas, and had but one eye
in common to them all, which they used by turns. Their names
were Sthenyo, Euryale, and Medusa. —— But SERENUS the poet says,
they were three maids of the same beauty, who struck the youths that
beheld them with astonishment, and from hence the fiction of this
turning their beholders (at the first sight) into stone.

GO＇RLITZ, a city of Upper Saxony, in Germany, 50 miles east of
Dresden.

GO＇RMAND, subst. [gourmand, Fr.] a greedy eater, a glutton, a
luxurious voracious feeder.

To GO＇RMANDIZE, verb neut. [gourmander, Fr.] to eat glutton­
ously.

GO＇RMANDIZER [from gormandize] a voracious eater.

GO＇RMAGONS, a society of men who of late years pretend to have
been of great antiquity, like the free and accepted masons.

GO＇RSTY, or GO＇SSY [gorstig, Sax.] furzy, full of furze.

GORSE, or GORZ, subst. [gors, Sax.] furz, a thick prickly shrub
that bears a yellow flower.

GO＇RY, adj. [of gore] 1. Covered with congealed blood. Gory
sides. Spenser. Gory locks. Shakespeare. 2. Bloody, murtherous,
fatal; obsolete. A gory emulation ＇twixt us twain. Shakespeare.

GO＇SHAWK [of gos, a goose, and hagfoe, or hafoe, Sax. a hawk]
a bird of prey, a hawk of a large kind. Fairfax uses it.

GO＇SLAR, an imperial city of Lower Saxony, in Germany, 30
miles south of Brunswie.

GO＇SLIN, or GO＇SLING, subst. [of goose, a diminitive of gos, a
goose, q. d. gooseling] 1. A young goose. 2. A sort of substance
called cats tail, that grows on nut trees and pines.

GO＇SPEL [godspel, of God, God or good, and spellan, Sax. to
tell or relate. q. d. God＇s relation or good saying, God＇s or good
tidings, soskkell, skeal suach, Erse, happy tidings] God＇s word, the
holy book of the Christian revelation, particularly the books of the
New Testament, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; also the princi­
ples and doctrines of Christianity in them revealed, divinity, theo­
logy.

To GOSPEL, verb neut. [from the subst.] to fill with sentiments of
religion. This word, in Shakespeare, in whom alone I have found it,
is used, tho＇ so venerable in itself, with some degree of irony; I sup­
pose from the Gospellers, who had long been held in contempt.
Are you so gospel＇d
To pray for this good man and for his issue. Shakespeare.

GO＇SPELLER. 1. He that reads the gospel in a cathedral church.
2. A name of the followers of Wickliff, who first attempted a re­
formation from popery, given them by the papists, in reproach, for
their professing to follow and preach only the gospel.
These gospellers have had their golden days,
Have trodden down our holy Roman faith. Rowe.

GO＇SSAMER, subst. [gossipium, low Lat.] the down of plants, the
long white cobwebs which fly in the air in calm, sunny weather, espe­
cially about the time of autumn. Hanmer.
A lover may bestride the gossamer
That idles in the wanton summer air. Shakespeare.

GO＇SPORT, a market town of Hants, on the west side of Portsmouth
harbour. See PORTSMOUTH.

GO＇SSIP [of god, God, and syb, Sax. affinity, relation, q. d. rela­
tion in God] 1. A sponsor in baptism. Go to the gossip＇s feast and
gaude with me. Shakespeare, 2. A tippling companion. And some­
times lurk I in a gossip＇s bowl. Shakespeare. 3. One who runs about
tattling like women at a lying-in. 4. Hence a prating, talkitive
woman, that goes from house to house, telling or hearing gossipping
stories. The common chat of gossips when they meet. Dryden.
The Spectator thus describes the talkitive faculty of a gossip: Mrs.
Fiddle-Faddle, says he, launches out into discriptions of christenings;
runs divisions upon a head-dress; knows every dish of meat that is
served up in her neighbourhood, and entertains the company a whole
afternoon with the wit of her little boy, before he is able to speak.

To GOSSIP, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To chat, to prate, to
be merry. 2. To be a pot companion. Full warm of blood, of
mirth, of gossiping. Shakespeare.

GO＇SSIPING, a merry meeting of gossips at a woman＇s lying-in; a
spending the time idly, in gadding from place to place, to hear or tell
news or tales concerning persons or things. Gossipings must not be
robbed of their ancient privilege. Locke.

GO＇SSIPRED, subst. [gossipry, from gossip] gossipred or compaternity
by the canon law is a spiritual affinity. Davies.

GO＇STING, subst. an herb.

GO＇SSOMER, a thin, cobweb-like, or downy substance, that flies
about in sunny weather, and which is supposed to rot sheep. See GOS­
SAMER.

GOT, pret. and part. pass. of to get. See To GET.

GO＇THA, the capital of the dutchy of Saxe-gotha, in Upper
Saxony.

GO＇THIC Building, a manner of building brought into use after those
barbarous people, the Goths and Vandals, made their irruptions into
Italy; for they demolished the greatest part of the ancient Roman archi­
tecture, as the Moors and Arabs did the Grecian, and instead of those
admirable and regular orders and modes of building, introduced a li­
centious and fantastical mode, wild and chimerical, whose profiles are
incorrect, which altho＇ it was sometimes adorned with expensive and
costly carvings, but lamentable imagery, has not that augustness,
beauty, and just symmetry, which the ancient Greek and Roman fa­
brics had: however, it is oftentimes found very strong, and appears
rich and pompous, as particularly in several English cathedrals. The
acute and ingenious author of the Essay on Ridicule, has, in his IN­
VESTIGATOR, suggested, that the Gothic architecture is no less than
the old PARTHIAN mode of building revived; and I think has given
the public to expect from him a distinct treatise in support of that as­
sertion.

Ancient GOTHIC Architecture, is that which the Goths brought with
them from the north. Those edifices built after this manner, are ex­
ceeding massive, heavy, and coarse.

Modern GOTHIC Architecture, is light, delicate, and rich to an ex­
treme, full of whimsical and impertinent ornaments; as Westminster­
Abbey, Coventry-cross, &c.

GOTHIC Character, is a letter pretty much like the Roman, only
full of angles, turns and bendings, especially at the beginnings and
endings of the letters.

GOTHIC Column [in architecture] is any round pillar in a Gothic
building, that is either too small or too thick for its heigth.

GOTHS, an ancient people of Gothia, an island in the Baltie sea,
eighteen miles in length, situated by Denmark, and not far from Nor­
way, subject to the crown of Sweden. The first of them came out of
Scythia, in the northern part of Europe. From Gothia or Gothland
they rambled into Germany, where an hundred thousand of them
were slain before the year of Christ 314. But not long after they
brought into subjection and barbarism a great part of the Christian
world. If by BARBARISM our lexicographer means not so elegant a
taste for the FINE ARTS; allowed. — But I think these NORTHERN
people have sufficiently aton＇d for that defect, by introducing, where­
ever they spread their conquests thro＇ the Roman empire in its most
degenerate state, a spirit of LIBERTY, both civil and ecclesiastic; by
tying up the hands of persecution, and no longer suffering that SECT,
which had got possession of the imperial ear, to rend and worry the rest.
Not to add, that CHASTITY and SOBRIETY, for which (in the con­
fession of Salvianus, tho＇ an enemy) they were so much famed—to
the utter shame of the CATHOLICS, falsely so called, who were now
become as corrupt in their morals as they were in their FAITH; above
all, these most excellent and wholesome LAWS, by which Italy in parti­
cular, under the rule of the Gothic princes, was made the pride and
glory of the earth. This account of the Goths is the more authentic,
as being delivered by Salvianus, Bower, and other writers, who were
no friends to their SYSTEM OF RELIGION, a system very opposite to the
Consubstantialists; but which [in the true spirit of christianity] allowed
LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE to its greatest enemies. See CÆLICOLÆ,
CROISADES, and EUNOMIANS, compared.

GO＇THLAND, the most southern province of Sweden, being a Pe­
ninsula, surrounded on three sides by the Baltic sea. It is subdi­
vided into east and west Gothland, Smaland, Halland, Blcken and
Schonen.

GOTHLAND, is also the name of an island in the Baltic, situated be­
tween the provinces of Gothland and Livonia.

GO＇TTEN, part. pass. of to get. See To GET.

GO＇TTENBURG, a port town of Sweden, situated without the
Sound, on the coast of the Schaggerac sea, near the entrance of the
Baltic.

GO＇TTENGEN, a city of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony,
and dukedom of Brunswic.

GO＇TTORP, a city of the dukedom of Sleswie, in Denmark, and
capital of the territories of the duke of Holstein Gottorp.

GOUD, or GAUD, the plant called woad, used by dyers in making
a yellow colour.

GOUDE, a city of the United Netherlands, in the province of Hol­
land, 10 miles north of Rotterdam.

GOU＇DHURST, a market town of Kent, 48 miles from London.

To GOVE, verb act. to mow, to put in a gove, goff, or mow. An
old word.

To GO＇VERN, verb act. [gouverner, Fr. governare, It. governàr,
Sp. and Port. guberno, Lat.] 1. To rule as a chief magistrate. 2. To
manage, to restrain. Go after her; she＇s desperate; govern her.
Shakespeare. 3. To regulate, to influence, to direct. By this he is
to govern all his counsel. Atterbury. 4. [In grammar] to have
force with regard to Syntax; as, doceo governs the accusative case.
5. To pilot, to regulate the motions of a ship, to look to, to take
care of.

To GOVERN, verb neut. to keep superiority, to behave with haugh­
tiness. To give bad counsel, that you still may govern. Dryden.

GO＇VERNABLE [of govern] 1. Submissive to authority, manage­
able. Locke uses it. 2. That may be governed.

GO＇VERNABLENESS [of govern] capableness or disposition to be go­
verned or ruled.

GO＇VERNANCE, subst. [of govern] 1. Government, rule, manage­
ment. Jonathan took the governance upon him. 1 Maccabees. 2.
Controul, as that of a guardian. Under the surly Glo＇ster＇s gover­
nance. Shakespeare. 3. Behaviour, manners; obsolete.

GOVERNA＇NT, or GOVERNA＇NTE [gouvernante, Fr.] a governess,
or lady who has the bringing up of young girls of quality; the more
usual and proper word is governess.

GO＇VERNESS, subst. [gouvernesse, O. Fr.] 1. A female invested with
authority, a female governor. The moon, the governess of floods.
Shakespeare. 2. A woman who has the care of young ladies. As the
old governess of Danae is painted. Sidney. 3. An instructress, a di­
rectress, a tutoress. Great affliction that severe governess of the life of
man brings. More.

GO＇VERNING, part. adj. of govern [gouvernant, Fr. gubernans, Lat.]
exercising rule, &c.

GO＇VERNMENT [gouvernement, Fr. governo, It. and Port. goviérno,
Sp.] 1. The manner of governing, rule, dominion, form of a com­
munity as to the disposition of the authority. There seem to be but
two general kinds of government in the world. Temple. 2. The place
governed. As he was ordered away to his government of Jamaica.
Swift. 3. An establishment of legal authority. Every one knows
who has considered the nature of government. Addison. 4. Admini­
stration of public affairs. Safety and equal government. Waller. 5.
Regularity of behaviour. Defect of manners, want of government.
Shakespeare. 6. Manageableness, obsequiousness. 7. Management
of the limbs or body; obsolete. I them warded off with wary govern­







ment. Spenser. 8. [In grammar] influence, with regard to con­
struction.

GO＇VERNOUR [gouverneur, Fr. governatore, It. governadòr, Sp. and
Port. of gabernator, Lat.] 1. A ruler, one who has the supreme di­
rection in general. Christ working as a creator and governor of the
world. Hooker. 2. One who is invested with supreme authority in a
state. He is the governour among the nations. Psalms. 3. One who
rules any place with temporary and delegated power. To you, lord
governour. Shakespeare. 4. A tutor, one who has care of a young
man. The great work of a governour is to fashion the carriage and
form the mind. Locke. 5. A pilot, one that regulates or manages.
Turned about with a very small helm whithersoever the governour
listeth. St. James.

GOUGE, an instrument used by divers artificers; a sort of round,
hollow chissel, for cutting holes, channels, grooves, &c. See
GOOGE.

GOU＇JERES, subst. [of gouje, Fr. a camp trull] the French disease.
Hanmer.

GOURD, subst. [cucurbita, Lat. gourde, Fr.] a plant, something re­
sembling a melon. It hath a flower consisting of one leaf, of the ex­
panded bell shape. This, like the cucumber, has male and female
flowers on the same plant. The fruit of some species are long, of
others round or bottle-shaped. Miller.

GO＇URDINESS, subst. [of gourdy] a swelling in a horse＇s leg after a
journey. Farriers Dictionary.

GOU＇RDY Legs [of gourd] swollen legs, a distemper in horses.

GOU＇RNET. 1. A small bird. 2. A fish.

GOUST [goût, Fr. gusto, It. gustus, Lat.] taste. See GOUT.

GOUT [la goutte, Fr. gotta, It. gota, Sp. and Port. prob. of gutta,
Lat. a drop, q. d. a humour that descends as it were by drops into the
joints, γουτορα, Gr.] 1. A painful, periodical disease, which may affect
any membranous part, but commonly those which are at the greatest
distance from the heart or the brain, where the motion of the fluids
is the slowest, the resistance, friction and stricture of the solid parts the
greatest, and the sensation of pain, by the dilaceration of the nervous
fibres, extreme. Arbuthnot. 2. A drop [goutte, Fr. gutta, Lat.] gout
for drop is still used in Scotland by physicians. On the blade of the
dudgeon gouts of blood. Shakespeare. 3. [goût, Fr.] a taste; an af­
fected cant word. Any one that has a gout for the like studies. Wood­
ward.

GOU＇TINESS [of gouty] the state or condition of a gouty person.

GOU＇T-WORT [of gout and wort] the herb gerard, ash-weed, or
jump-about.

GOU＇TY [gouteux, Fr. gottoso, It. gotòso, Sp.] 1. Afflicted or dis­
eased with the gout. 2. Relating to the gout.

GOWN [goon, C. Br. gonnelle, Fr. gonna, Ital. gwne, Erse] 1. A
long upper garment in general. I said a loosebodied gown. Shake­
speare. 2. A woman＇s upper garment in particular. 3. The long
habit of a man dedicated to acts of peace; as, divinity, medicine,
law. 4. The dress appropriated to peace, in contradistinction to arms,
which are peculiar to war. Arms to gowns made yield. Dryden.

GO＇WNED [of gown] dressed in a gown. Gravely gowned.
Spenser.

GOW＇NMAN [of gown and man] one who wears a gown, particu­
larly one devoted to the acts of peace, whose proper habit is a gown.
Mean fawning gownmen. Swift.

GOWTS, canals or pipes under ground.

GRABATA＇RII, Lat. [of γραβατος, Gr. a hanging bed or couch]
such persons which antiently deferred the receiving baptism till they
came to be on their death bed.

To GRA＇BBLE [grabelen, Teut. probably corrupted from grapple.
Johnson] 1. To handle outwardly, to grope, to feel eagerly with the
hands. With their bloody hands grabbling in my guts. Arbuthnot.
2. To lie prostrate on the ground. Ainsworth.

GRACE, [grazia, It. grácia, Fr. gratia, Lat. graace, Erse] 1. Fa­
vour, good-will, kindness. The highest love in no base person may
aspire to grace. Sidney. 2. Agreeableness, a genteel air, pleasing
appearance, adventitious or artificial beauty. To write and speak cor­
rectly gives a grace and gains a favourable attention. Locke. 3.
[With divines] a gift which God gives to man of his own free libe­
rality, and without his having* This exclusion of desert or merit on the receiver＇s part, frequently enters into the scripture-use of this term, according to that text, “Not of works, but of GRACE”, or that, “To him that worketh the reward is not reckoned of GRACE, but of DEBT”, and, to say no more, “Not of WORKS, but according to his own purpose and GRACE given us in Christ Jesus before the world began [or, as it is in the original, before the eternal times] Tit. c. i. v. 9. And such, beyond all dispute, was the gospel-plan, of which St. Paul is here speaking, viz. the effect of rich all-bounteous GRACE; ＇tis so, whether we consider the GREATNESS of the benefit, or the supposed corrupt and degenerate state of the SUBJECTS, for whom it was ordained. ALL is of GRACE, and no wonder it should be so with reference to us, when even that universal authority and power, with which CHRIST HIMSELF (good and excellent as He is beyond compare) now stands invested, is resolved by St. Paul into the FATHER＇S GRACE; “Because he humbled himself and became obedient to death,—therefore God also has highly exalted him, and given him [in the original εχαρισατο, i. e. has given him of his GRACE] a name above every name, that at the name [or authority] of Jesus every knee should bow— and every tongue should confess that Jesus is LORD, to the GLORY OF GOD THE FATHER”. Philip. c. ii. v. 9. compared with Rom. c. viii. v. 32. 1 Cor. c. ii. v. 12. Gal. c. iii. v. 18. for in all these texts one and the same term is used, and in all an act of GRACE is intended. STRANGE language (it may possibly be said) and new to modern ears, this of St. PAUL! But what if we should venture to add something stranger still? and make it to appear, that the most strenuous defenders of the Nicene creed and council in the fourth century did not scruple to apply these and the like terms to CHRIST＇S ORIGINAL production from GOD THE FATHER before all worlds? What else shall we make of that clause in St. HILARY, “GRATIAM sumptæ nativitatis”, i. e. the GRACE [or FAVOUR] of his received nativity; speaking of his autemundane production, and giving it by way of comment, on these words, “My FATHER is GREATER than I”. Hil. de Trinitat. Ed. Erosm. p. 186. For in that text even the old Consubstantialists understood our Saviour as speaking in his highest capacity; as the learned Cudworth has proved from some passages of theirs; and which might be confirmed by more. But to resume St. Hilary; having affirmed, p. 94, that the Son of God was originally produced “virtute omnipotentiæ”, i. e. by the efficacy of GOD＇S OMNIPOTENCE, he adds (by way of address to the FATHER) “BONUM te etiam ex nativitate meâ didici; atque ob id NON INVIDUM te bonorum tuorum in UNIGENITI tui nativitate esse confido”. i. e. in other words, ALL production must be ultimately resolved into the FATHER＇S GOODNESS; not his first and greatest excepted. Nor was St. HILARY singular in this; the learned reader will find the same sentiment frequently occur in EUSE-BIUS, APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTIONS, and other ancient writings. See Erseb. Dem. Evang. Ed. Rob. Steph. p. 63, 64, and Clem. Alex. Stromat. Ed. Paris, p. 613, 702, compared. See FIRST-CAUSE, GENESIS, and CIRCUM-INCESSION. deserved it at his hands; whether this
gift respect the present or the future life; favourable influence of God
upon the human mind. 4. Virtue, effect of God＇s influence. How
Van wants grace, who never wanted wit. Pope. 5. Pardon. Bow
and sue for grace. Milton. 6. Favour conferred. Great favour and
grace. Prior. 7. Privilege. To few great Jupiter imparts this grace.
Dryden. 8. A goddess, by the heathens supposed to bestow beauty.
See GRACES. 9. Behaviour, considered as decent or unbecoming.
They would have ill grace in denying it. Bolingbroke. 10. Natural
excellence. Men whom God hath endowed with graces both of wit
and learning. Hooker. 11. Embellishment, recommendation, beauty.
Know that order is the greatest grace. Dryden. 12. Single beauty.
I pass their form and ev＇ry charming grace. Dryden. 13. Ornament,
flower, highest perfection. By their hands this grace of kings must
die. Shakespeare. 14. Virtue, goodness. The graces of his religion
prepare him. Rogers. 15. Virtue physical.
Mickle is the powerful grace that lies
In plants. Shakespeare.
16. The title of an archbishop or duke in England, formerly of the
king, meaning the same as your goodness, or your clemency. High
and mighty king, your grace. Bacon. 17. A short prayer said be­
fore and after meat. While grace is saying. Swift.

Act of GRACE, is an act of parliament for the relief of insolvent
debtors in prison, &c.

Days of GRACE [in commerce] a certain number of days allowed
for the payment of a bill of exchange after it becomes due; which in
England are three.

To GRACE, verb act. [from the subst. faire-grace, Fr.] 1. To do
honour, to favour. Pass＇d her o＇er, nor grac＇d with kind adieu.
Dryden. 2. To dignity, to recommend, to adorn. This they grace
with a wanton superfluity of wit. Hooker. 3. To raise or dignity by
an act of favour. Grace with a nod and ruin with a frown. Dryden.

GRA＇CE-CUP [of grace and cup] the cup or health drank after grace.
The grace-cup serv＇d. Prior.

GRA＇CED [of grace] 1. Beautiful, graceful. One of the properest
and best graced men that ever I saw. Sidney. 2. Virtuous, regular,
chaste.
More like a tavern or a brothel
Than a graced palace. Shakespeare.

GRA＇CEFUL [of grace] handsome, comely, beautiful with dignity.
Graceful ease. Pope.

GRA＇CEFULLY, adv. [of graceful] 1. Elegantly, with pleasing
dignity. Walking gracefully. Watts. 2. Handsomely.

GRA＇CEFULNESS [of grace, and fulnesse, Sax.] comeliness, ele­
gance of manner, dignity with beauty. A secret gracefulness of youth.
Dryden.

GRA＇CELESS [of grace, and leas, Sax.] void of grace, wicked,
abandoned, hopelesly corrupt. Graceless and hopeless characters. L＇E­
strange.

GRA＇CELESSLY [adv. of graceless] wickedly.

GRA＇CELESSNESS [of graceless] graceless or wicked nature or dispo­
sition.

GRACES, subst. good graces or favour; seldom used in the sin­
gular. Her goods and chattels and good graces. Hudibras.

Expectative GRA＇CES, are a sort of reversionary benefices, disposed
of before they become vacant.

GRACES [in the heathen theology] were a set of fabulous deities,
three in number, who attend on Venus, supposed to be the daughters
of Jupiter; their names Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne.

The GRACES are said to be the beneficent daughters of Jupiter;
and they will have them to have been born of Eurydomene, who pos­
sessed ample fortunes. And some say that Juno was mother of the
graces.

The GRACES are said to accompany the Muses and Mercury as well
as Venus; for where learning, eloquence and love are conjoined,
there will never be wanting true joy, health and contentment; and
where good-will, concord and bounty meet, there Thalia with a
flourishing estate, Aglaia with splendor and glory, and Euphrosyne with
true joy and comfort, will be always present.

The GRACES are called χαριτες, of χαρα, Gr. joy; because those who
are beneficent are of a cheerful countenance, and their beneficence
makes them that receive it cheerful.
They are represented handsome, both because they are beautiful
themselves, and in that they add a lustre to the beauty of those that ex­
ercise liberality, and are prone to do good offices.

GRA＇CILE [gracilis, Lat.] slender, lean, small.

GRA＇CILENESS [of gracile] slenderness, leanness.

GRA＇CILENT [gracilentus, Lat.] slender, lean.

GRACILIS Musculus. Lat. [with anatomists] i. e. the slender mus­
cle; a muscle of the leg, arising from the inward jointing of the os
pubis, and inserted into the tibia, so as to assist in bending the leg and
thigh inwards.

GRACI＇LITY, subst. [gracilitas, Lat.] slenderness, smallness.

GRA＇CIOUS [gracieux, Fr. grazioso, It. gracioso, Sp. of graciosus,
Lat.] 1. Full of grace, virtuous, good. Kings are unhappy, their







issue not being gracious. Shakespeare. 2. Merciful, benevolent. The
good and gracious God could not be pleased with any thing barbarous.
South. 3. Favourable, kind. The Lord was gracious unto them.
2 Kings. 4. Acceptable, favoured. He made us gracious before the
kings of Persia. 1 Esdras. 5. Excellent. To study how so gracious a
thing may again be reduced to that first perfection. Hooker. 6. Grace­
ful, becoming. Our womens names are more gracious than their Ru­
tilia, that is, red head. Camden.

GRA＇CIOUSLY, adv. [of gracious] 1. Courteously, favourably, in
a pleasing manner. 2. Kindly, with kind condescension. His testi­
mony he graciously confirmed. Dryden.

GRA＇CIOUSNESS [of gracious] 1. Gracious disposition. 2. Kind
condescension. The graciousness and temper of this answer. Clarendon.
3. Pleasing manner.

GRA＇DATED, adj. [gradatus, Lat.] having, or made with degrees
or steps.

GRADA＇TIO, Lat. [with rhetoricians] the same figure that is called
climax. See CLIMAX.

GRADA＇TION, Fr. of Lat. 1. Going step by step, regular progress
from one degree to another. The desire of more and more rises by a
natural gradation to most. L＇Estrange. 2. Regular advance, step by
step. The several gradations by which men at last come to this horrid
degree of impiety. Tillotson. 3. Order, arrangement.
Preferment goes by letter and affection,
Not as of old gradation, where each second
Stood heir to th＇ first. Shakespeare.

GRADATION [in architecture] an artful disposition of several parts,
as it were by steps or degrees, after the manner of an amphitheatre.

GRADATION [with chemists] a kind of process belonging to metals,
&c. and is the raising or exalting them to a higher degree of purity
and goodness, so as both to increase their weight, colour, consistence,
&c.

GRADATION [with logicians] an argumentation, consisting of four
or more propositions, so disposed, as that the attribute of the first is the
subject of the second, and the attribute of the second the subject of the
third, and so on; a regular process of argument. A direct gradation
of consequences from this principle of merit. South.

GRADA＇TORY, subst. a place which ascended by steps; the ascent
out of a cloister into a choir of a church.

GRA＇DIENT, adj. [gradiens, Lat.] walking, moving by steps. Gra­
dient automata. Wilkins.

GRADI＇SKA, a city of Sclavonia, on the river Save, 25 miles west
of Posega.

GRADUAL [gradalis, Lat. graduel, Fr. graduale, It.] done by de­
grees, advancing step by step from one stage to another.

GRADUAL, subst. [from gradus, Lat.] an order or range of steps.

The GRADUAL [le graduel, Fr. in the Romish church] that part of
the mass, which is sung between the epistle and the gospel.

GRADUAL Psalms, are 15 psalms, from the 118th or the 119th to the
134th, which were anciently sung by the Levites, as they went up the
15 steps of Solomon＇s temple, a psalm on each step.

GRADUA＇LITY, or GRA＇DUALNESS [of gradual] regular progres­
sion, gradual procedure, the act of going step by step. Brown uses
it.

GRA＇DUALLY, adv. [of gradual] by degrees, step by step, in re­
gular progression.

To GRA＇DUATE, verb act. [graduer, Fr. of gradus, Lat.] 1. To
give degrees in an university. Graduated a doctor, and dub＇d a
knight. Carew. 2. To mark with degrees. He graduates his ther­
mometers. Derham. 3. [Among chemists] to raise to a higher place
in the scale of metals. To transmute or graduate as much silver as
equall＇d in weight that gold. Boyle. 4. To heighten, to improve.
Dyers advance and graduate their colours with salts. Brown.

GRA＇DUATE [gradué, Fr. graduato, It. graduado, Sp.] one who has
taken a degree in the university, a man dignified with an academical
degree.
Of graduates I dislike the learned rout,
And chuse a female doctor for the gout. Bramston.

GR＇ADUATED, part. adj. [graduatus, Lat.] having taken, or on
whom is conferred a degree in the university.

GRADUA＇TION [with mathematicians] 1. The act of graduating or
dividing any thing into degrees. 2. Regular progression by succession
of degrees. The graduation of the parts of the universe is likewise ne­
cessary to the perfection of the whole. Grew. 3. The act of confer­
ring academical degrees.

GRAFF, subst. a ditch, a moat. The walls were good, and the grass
broad and deep. Clarendon.

GRAFF, or GRAFT [greffe, Fr.] a scion of a tree, &c. inserted or
ingraffed into another stock, and nourish＇d by its sap, but bearing its
own fruit, tho＇ larger and more improved; a young scion. God gave
unto man all kinds of seeds and graffs of life. Raleigh.

To GRAFF, or To GRAFT [greffer, Fr.] 1. To insert a branch or
scion of one tree into the stock of another. Graft you on to bear.
Dryden. 2. To propagate by insertion or inoculation. To graft not
only upon young stocks, but upon divers boughs of an old tree. Ba­
con. 3. To insert into a place or body to which it did not originally
belong. God is able to graff them in again. Romans. 4. To fill with
an adscititious branch. Her royal stocks graft with ignoble plants.
Shakespeare. 5. To join one thing so as to receive support from ano­
ther. A new incident grafted on the original quarrel. Swift.

GRA＇FFER [in old statutes] a scrivener or notary.

GRA＇FFIUM [in old records] a writing-book or register of deeds
and evidences.

GRA＇FTER [of graft] one who grafts or propagates fruit by graf­
fing. Evelyn uses it.

GRAIL, subst. [grele, Fr.] small particles of any kind. Lying
down upon the sandy grails. Spenser.

GRAIN [granum, Lat. graine, Fr. grano, It. and Sp. gram, Port.]
1. Any single fruit or seed growing in a spica or ear of corn, as wheat,
&c. 2. A minute body or parcel of a body pulverized, as a grain of
salt, sand, &c. 3. Corn. Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain.
Shakespeare. 4. The seed of any fruit. 5. The smallest weight used
in England, taken from the weight of a grain of wheat, taken out of
the ear of corn dried; 24 grains make a penny-weight, 20 penny­
weights an ounce, 12 ounces a pound Troy weight. 6. Any thing
proverbially small. As a little grain of the balance. Wisdom. 7. Grain
of allowance; something indulged or remitted, something above or un­
der the exact weight. He whose very best actions must be seen with
grains of allowance. Addison. 8. The body of the wood. Hard box
and linden of a softer grain. 9. The body considered with respect to
the form or direction of its constituent parts. A curdled grain which is
not to be found in ivory. Brown. 10. Grain [of gold] is in value two
pence, of silver, half a farthing. 11. Grain Colour [prob. of grana,
Sp. and It.] red or purple, dyed with the grain called cochineal.
Like crimson dyed in grain. Spenser. 12. Temper, disposition, hu­
mour. Tho＇ much against the grain forc＇d to retire. Dryden. 13. The
heart, the bottom. As brothers glued together, but not united in
grain. Hayward. 14. The form of the surface with regard to rough­
ness and smoothness. Bringing its roughness to a very fine grain.
Newton.

GRAIN, the figure or representation of grains on leather, as Mo­
rocco leather, &c.

GRAIN [with apothecaries] 20 grains make a scruple, 3 scruples a
dram, 8 drams an ounce.

GRAI＇NED, adj. [of grain] rough, made less smooth. This grained
face. Shakespeare.

GRAINS, subst. [without a singular] the husks of malt exhausted in
brewing by infusion. Give them grains their fill. Ben Johnson.

GRAINS of Paradise, the plant or seeds of cardamum.

GRAINING-Board [with curriers] a board made with nicks or teeth
like a saw, used in graining leather.

GRA＇INY, adj. [of grain] 1. Full of corn. 2. Full of grains or
kernels.

GRAME＇RCY, or GRAMME＇RCY, interj. [contracted from grant me
mercy, others from grandem mercedem det tibi Deus, i. e. God gives you
a great reward] an obsolete expression of surprize.

GRAMI＇NEOUS, or GRAMINO＇SE [gramineus, Lat.] fall of or abound­
ing with grass, grassy. Gramineous plants are such as have a long
leaf without a footstalk.

GRAMINIFO＇LIOUS [of gramen, grass, and folium, Lat. a leaf] ha­
ving leaves like grass.

GRANIMI＇VOROUS [of gramen, grass, and voro, Lat. to devour] eat­
ing grass, living upon grass. The graminivorous kind. Sharp.

GRA＇MMA [γραμμα, Gr. a letter] hence comes grammar, because
it shews in the first place how to form articulate sounds, which are re­
presented by letters.

GRA＇MMAR [grammaire, Fr. gramatica, It. and Sp. of grammatica,
Lat. γραμματικη, Gr.] 1. The art of speaking and writing truly,
established by custom, reason and authority. The grammar rules. Locke.
2. Propriety or justness of speech, speech according to grammar.
The adjectives are neuter and animal must be understood to make them
grammar. Dryden. 3. A book that contains the rules of any language.

GRAMMA＇RIAN [grammairien, Fr. gramatico, It. and Sp. gramma­
ticus, Lat. of γραμματικος, Gr.] one who is skilled in grammar learn­
ing, one who teaches grammar. Dryden.

GRA＇MMAR-SCHOOL, subst. a school in which the learned languages
are grammatically taught.

GRAMMA＇TICAL [gramatical, Fr. gramaticale, It. and Sp. gramma­
ticalis, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to grammar. Grammatical rules. Sidney.
2. Taught by grammar. Grammatical construction. Dryden.

GRAMMA＇TICALLY, adv. [of grammatical] according to the rules
or science of grammar. Analysed grammatically. Watts.

GRAMMATICA＇STER, Lat. a smatterer in grammar, a mean verbal
pedant, a paltry school-master. The eternal triflings of the French
grammaticasiers. Rymer.

GRA＇MMIC [grammicus, Lat. of γραμμη, Gr. a line] made by lines,
demonstrated by lines.

GRA＇MPUS, a fish of the whale kind; but that does not grow so
large.

GRANADI＇ER [grenadier, Fr. granatiero, It. granadéro, Sp.] a sol­
dier that throws granadoes. See GRENADIER.

GRANA＇DO [grenade, Fr.] an iron and sometimes a pasteboard globe
filled with combustible matter, having a fuzee at the touch-hole, to
be fired and thrown among the enemies in a battle. See GRENADE.

GRA＇NARY [granarium, Lat. grenier, Fr. granajo, It. granéro, Sp.]
a store-house for threshed corn.

GRA＇NATE, subst. [granato, It. grenat, Fr. granate, Sp.] a precious
stone of a shining, transparent, yellowish red; also a kind of marble,
so called because it is marked with small variegations like grains, other­
wise granite.

GRA＇NATE, adj. [granatus, Lat.] that has many grains or kernels.

GRAND, Fr. [grande, It. Sp. and Port. of grandis, Lat.] 1. Great,
illustrious, high in power. So grand a lord. Raleigh. 2. Great,
splendid, magnificent. Louis le grand, Lewis the great. See BOUR­
BON, and read there, Lewis the 14th. 3. Noble, sublime, conceived
or expressed with great dignity.
A voice has flown
To re-enflame a grand design. Young.
4. It is used to signify ascent or descent of consanguinity, as grand­
father, grandson.

GRA＇NDAM, or GRA＇NDAME [of grand and dam or dame] 1. A
grandmother, my father＇s or my mother＇s mother. 2. An old wither＇d
woman. The grandame hag. Dryden. 3. Any female, as a prede­
cessor in general in the ascending line. We have our forefathers and
great grandames all before us, as they were in Chaucer＇s days. Dry­
den.

GRAND Cape [in common law] a writ which lies when any real
action is brought, and the tenant does not appear; but makes default
upon the first summons.

GRA＇NDCHILD, the child of ones child, either son or daughter; one
in the second degree of descent.

GRAND-DAU＇GHTER [of grand, and dohtor, Sax.] a son or daugh­
ter＇s daughter.

GRAND Distress [in law] a distress taken of all lands or goods that
a man has within the county or bailliwick.

GRAND Days [at the inns of court] certain days solemnly observed
in every court, as Ascension day, St. John Baptist, All-Saints, All­
Souls, and Candlemas-day.








GRAND Gusto [with painters] a term used to signify, that there is
something in the picture that is very great and extraordinary, calcu­
lated to surprize, please, and instruct.

GRANDE, It. [in music books] grand or great, and is used to di­
stinguish the grand or great chorus from the rest of the music.

GRANDEE＇ [grand, Fr. grandis, Lat.] a man of great rank, power
or dignity, particularly a nobleman of Spain, one of the prime rank
and quality, &c. Such an interview of grandees. Wotton.

GRA＇NDEUR, Fr. 1. Greatness, dignity, state, magnificence,
splendor of appearance. The distance of ceremony and grandeur.
South. 2. Elevation of sentiments or language.

GRANDE＇VITY [grandævitas, of grandæus, Lat.] very great age,
length of life.

GRANDE＇VOUS [grandævus, Lat.] very old, long lived.

GRA＇NDFATHER [of grand, Fr. of Lat. and father, Sax.] a fa­
ther＇s or mother＇s father.

GRA＇NDMOTHER [of grand, and mother, Sax.] a father＇s or mo­
ther＇s mother.

GRAND Seignior [a great lord] the title given to the emperor of the
Turks. See SULTAN.

GRAND Serjeantry, is where a man holds certain lands of the king
by the personal service of carrying a banner or lance, or leading his
horse, or being his champion, carver, butler, &c. at his corona­
tion.

GRA＇NDSIRE [of grand and sire] 1. A grandfather. My grandsire
and my father. Shakespeare. 2. Any ancestor in general. Poetical.
Placed in their ranks their godlike grandsires stood. Dryden.

GRANDI＇LOQUENCE [grandiloquentia, Lat.] lostiness of speech, high
style or manner of expression.

GRANDI＇FIC [grandificus, of grandis, great, and facio, Lat. to
make] 1. Making great. 2. Doing great things.

GRANDINO＇SUM Os [in anatomy] the fourth bone in the foot,
otherwise called cuboides.

GRA＇NDITY [of grandis, Lat.] greatness, grandeur, magnificence:
an old word. Our poets excel in grandity and gravity. Camden.

GRA＇NDSON [of grand and son] the son of a son or daughter.

GRANGE, Fr. a large farm furnished with barns, granaries, sta­
bles, and all conveniencies for husbandry; generally a farm with a
house at a distance from neighbours. An unlucky odd grange. Ben
Johnson.

GRANI＇FEROUS Seed Pods [in botany] such pods as bear small seeds
like grains.

GRA＇NITE [granit, Fr. granito, It. from granium, Lat.] a sort of
speckled marble resembling or as it were consisting of grains or small
distinct particles. Granite is composed of separate and very large con­
cretions, rudely compacted together, of great harduess, giving fire
with steel, not fermenting with acids, and imperfectly calcinable in a
great fire. The hard white granite, with black spots, commonly cal­
led moorstone, that is beautifully variegated, is found in Cornwall and
the adjacent counties, on the surface of the earth, in prodigious mas­
ses, and brought to London, where it is used for the steps of public
buildings. Hard red granite, variegated with black and white, now
called oriental granite, is valuable for its extreme hardness and beauty,
and capable of a most elegant polish. It is common in Egypt and
Arabia, and is also found in the west of England little inferior. A
third sort of granite has a beautiful variegation of red, white, black,
and yellow, and capable of an elegant polish. It is little inferior in
beauty to the oriental granite, and there are immense strata of it in
Minorca. Detached nodules of it two or three feet in circumference
are also frequent on the shores of Guernsey, Jersey, from whence it is
brought as ballast, and used in paving our streets. Hill.

GRA＇NNAM, subst. [from grandam] grandmother. Only used in
burlesque language or writing. Gay.

GRANI＇VOROUS [granivorus, of grana, grains, and voro, Lat. to de­
vour] devouring or feeding on grains. Brown and Arbuthnot use it.

GRANT. 1. The act of granting or bestowing. 2. A concession
of a thing desired or begged of one, the thing granted, a boon, a gift,
an allowance.

GRANT [in law] 1. A gift in writing of such a thing as cannot
aptly be passed or conveyed by word of mouth only; as rents, rever­
sions, services, advowsons in gross, common in gross, tithes, &c. or
made by such persons as cannot give but by deed; as the king and all
bodies politic. 2. Admission of something in dispute. Of this so
large a grant we are content not to take advantage. Hooker.

To GRANT, verb act. [Minshew derives it of gratuitò, Lat. freely;
others of garantir, Fr. to warrant, or engage to make good, Skinner
and Junius; or rather, as Johnson supposes, from gratia or gratificor]
1. To allow, to admit that which is not yet proved. They may take
it for granted. Addison. 2. To give, to bestow something which can­
not be claimed of right. God also to the gentiles granted repentance.
Acts.

To lie or be in GRANT [a law phrase] used of a thing that cannot
be assigned without deed.

GRA＇NTABLE [of grant] that which may be granted. Ayliffe uses
it.

GRANTEE＇ [of grant] the person to whom a grant is made. Swift
uses it.

GRA＇NTOR [of grant] the person who makes a grant. Ayliffe uses
it.

GRA＇NULARY, adj. [of granule] resembling a small grain of seed,
small and compact. Brown uses it.

To GRA＇NULATF, verb neut. [granuler, Fr. of granium, Lat. a grain]
to be formed into small grains.

To GRANULATE, verb act. 1. To break into small masses or gra­
nules. 2. To raise into small asperities. Ray.

GRA＇NULATED, part. adj. [of granulate] made into grains or
corns.

GRANULA＇TION, Fr. [with chemists] 1. An operation performed on
metals, by dropping them melted thro＇ an iron colander, birchen
broom, &c. into cold water, that it may congeal or harden into
grains. 2. The act of shooting or breaking into small masses. The
little granulations of the flesh. Sharp.

GRA＇NULE [granulum, of granium, Lat. a grain] a small grain.
Boyle uses it.

GRA＇NULOUS, adj. [of granule] full of little grains.

GRANULOUS Root [with botanists] is a kind of grumous root, with
small knobs, each resembling a grain of wheat, as in white saxifrage.

GRAPE [grape, Fr. a bunch or cluster of grapes] the fruit of di­
vine growing in clusters, the fruit from which wine is expressed.

GRAPF-HYACINTH, or GRAPE-FLOWER. See MUSK.

GRA＇PESTONE [of grape and stone] the stone or seed contain＇d in
the grape.

GRA＇PHICAL [of γραϕικος, of γραϕω, Gr. to describe] curiously de­
scribed, or after the life, exact, well delineated. The letters will
grow more large and graphical. Bacon.

GRA＇PHICALLY, adv. [of graphical] in a graphical manner, with
good description or delineation. Brown uses it.

GRA＇PHICE, Lat. [γραϕικη, Gr.] the art of painting, limning or
drawing.

GRAPHOI＇DES [in anatomy] a process of the scull-bone, about the
basis of the brain, shaped like a pen for a table-book.

GRAPHO＇METER, a mathematical instrument, being half a circle
divided into 180 degrees, having a ruler, sights, and a compass in the
middle, to measure heights, &c.

GRA＇PNEL Anchor [grapin, Fr.] a small anchor for a boat, small
ship, or galley, being without a stock, and having four flooks; also a
grappling iron with which in sight one ship fastens on another.

GRA＇PNELS [in ships of war] iron instruments to be thrown into an
enemy＇s ship to take hold of her.

To GRA＇PPLE, verb neut. [grabbelen, Teut. and Du. krappelen,
Ger.] 1. To contend or strive earnestly for, by seizing each other
as wrestlers. To tug or grapple, and to close. Milton. 2. To close
in boxing. 3. To contest in close fight. Two grappling Ætna＇s on
the ocean meet. Dryden.

To GRAPPLE [with horsemen] is when a horse lifts up one or both
his legs at once, and raises them with precipitation, as if he were a
curveting.

To GRAPPLE, verb act. 1. To fasten, to fix, to join indissolubly:
now obsolete. Grapples you to the heart and love of us. Shakespeare.
2. To seize, to grasp or lay fast hold of.

GRA＇PPLE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Contest hand to hand, in
which the combatants seize each other, the wrestlers hold or gripe.
Fiercer grapple join＇d. Milton. 2. Close fight. In the grapple I
boarded them. Shakespeare. 3. An iron instrument, by which one ship
fastens on another. His crooked grapples. Dryden.

GRA＇PPLEMENT [of grapple] close fight, hostile embrace. Spenser
uses it.

GRA＇SHOPPER. See GRASSHOPPER.

GRA＇SIER, or GRAZIER [of grass, or as some will have it, of gras,
Fr. fat] one who grazes, seeds and fattens cattle for sale.

To GRASP, verb act. 1. To inclose in the hand, to take hold
on with or in the hand, to gripe, or rather to seize with some degree
of sorce, and by seizing to hold,
“Like him, who of some virtuous drug possest,
“GRASPS the fell viper coil＇d within her nest. TABLE of CEBES.
Fool, that thought I could grasp water. Sidney. 2. To seize or catch
at. This grasping of the militia of the kingdom into their own hands.
Clarendon.

To GRASP, verb neut. 1. To endeavour strenuously to obtain a
thing, to catch, to try at. They will grasp at all. Swift. 2. To
struggle, to strive, to grapple: now obsolete.
As one that graspt
And tug＇d for life. Shakespeare.
3. To gripe, to encroach. Who grasps and grasps till he can hold no
more. Dryden.

GRASP, subst. [from the verb] 1. The gripe or seizure of the hand.
One may see it held something in its grasp. Addison. 2. Possession,
hold. The whole space that＇s in the tyrant＇s grasp. Shakespeare. 3.
Power of seizing.
Within the powerful grasp
Of savage hunger, or of savage heat. Milton.

GRA＇SPER [of grasp] one that grasps, seizes, or catches at.

GRA＇SPING, part. act. niggardly, covetous; also ambitious.
All GRASP, all lose.
Lat. Plurima qui aggreditur, nil apte perficit unquam. See All covet,
all lose.

GRASS [græs, Sax. gras, Du. grasz, Ger. græs, Dan. graeac, Su.]
herbage for cattle, an herb with long narrow leaves.

GRASS Cocks [in husbandry] small heaps of mown grass, lying the
the first day to dry.

GRASS of Parnassus [parnassia, Lat.] it hath a rose-shaped flower,
out of the flower-cup arises an oval membranaceous fruit. This plant
grows wild in most meadows, particularly in the north. It is called
Parnassia from mount Parnassus, where it was supposed to grow; and
because the cattle feed on it, it obtained the name of grass, tho＇ the
plant has no resemblance to the grass kind. Miller.

To GRASS, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To breed grass, to be­
come pasture. Tusser. 2. To spread out on the grass.

GRA＇SSHOPPER [of græs and hoppar, Sax. grasz-hoepger, L. Ger.
græshopper, Dan. graashoppa, Su.] an insect that hops in the summer
grass. The cidada of the Latins, or cicala of the Italians, is often by
the poets translated grashopper, but improperly.

GRA＇SSINESS [of grassy; or of græs and nesse, Sax.] the state or
quality of abounding in grass.

GRA＇SSPLOT [of grass and plot] a small level covered with short
grass. Grassplots bordered with flowers. Mortimer.

GRA＇SSPOLY, a species of willow wort.

GRA＇SSY [græsicg, Sax.] full of or covered with grass. Grassy
turf. Milton.

GRATE [crates, Lat.] 1. The range of bars within which sires are
made, a part of chimney furniture, conveniency for a fire. An old­
fashion＇d grate consumes coals. Spectator. 2. A sort of iron lattice
work or partition made with bars placed near to one another or cros­
sing each other, such as are in cloysters or prisons. Endeavouring to
creep out at the grates. Addison.

To GRATE, verb act. [gratter, Fr. grattare, It.] 1. To scrape or
reduce into a coarse powder by rubbing on a grater, to rub or wear
any thing by the attrition of a rough body. By rolling up and down
grate and sret the object metal. Newton. 2. To offend, to vex, to







fret, to gall, by any thing harsh or vexatious. More gentle dictates,
which should less grate and disturb them. Dryden. 3. To form a
sound by collision of rough or hard bodies. On their hinges grate
harsh thunder. Milton. 4. To inclose or furnish a place with grate­
work.

To GRATE, verb neut. 1. To rub hard so as to injure or offend,
to offend as by oppression or importunity; with on or upon. To grate
upon the truth. L＇Estrange. 2. To make a harsh noise, as that of a
rough body drawn over another.

GRATE, part. adj. [of to grate; graté, Fr.] 1. Fretted or made
small by rubbing on a grater. 2. Vexed, galled; fretted. 3. Done
with grate-work.

GRA＇TEFUL [of gratus, Lat. and full, Sax.] 1. Willing or propense
to reward, or make amends for service done; or ready to acknowledge
a favour receiv＇d. 2. Agreeable, acceptable, pleasant. Grateful by
custom. Bacon.

GRA＇TEFULLY, adv. [of grateful] 1. In a grateful manner, with
willingness to acknowledge and repay benefits. 2. In a pleasing man­
ner. Gratefully strike the imagination. Watts.

GRA＇TEFULNESS [of grateful] 1. Grateful disposition or temper,
duty to benefactors: now obsolete. Sidney. 2. Quality of being ac­
ceptable, pleasantness.

GRA＇TER [gratoir, Fr. grattuggia, It.] an utenfil to grate any thing
upon; also a kind of course file with which soft bodies are rubb＇d to
powder.

GRATES [plur. of grate, which see; crates, Lat.] 1. Iron lattices.
2. Iron bars in a frame on a fire hearth to make a fire in.

GRA＇TIA Dei, Lat. [with botanists] the plant lesser centaury.

GRATIÆ Expectativæ, Lat. expectative benefices or favours, bulls
by which the pope grants mandates for church livings before they be­
come void.

GRATICULA＇TION, the act of dividing a draught or design into
squares, in order to reduce it.

GRATIFICA＇TION, Fr. [gratificazione, It. gratificaciòn, Sp. of gra­
tificatio, Lat.] 1. The act of rewarding and making amends for some
service; a low word. 2. The act of pleasing. The present gratifica­
tion of their palates. South. 3. Pleasure, delight. To renounce those
gratifications in which he has been long used to place his happiness.
Rogers. 4. A reward, a recompence: a low word.

GRATIFICA＇TOR, n. subst. one that performs the act of gratifying.
See To GRATIFY.

To GRATIFY, verb act. [gratifier, Fr. gratificare, It. gratificàr,
Sp. of gratificor, Lat.] 1. To recompense, to requite with one good
turn for another; as, I＇ll gratify you for this trouble. 2. To indulge,
to please by compliance. Nor gratify whate＇er the great desire. Dry­
den. 3. To delight, to please. Gratified with sauces rather than
food. Tatler.

GRA＇TING, adj. [gratant, Fr.] rough, harsh, disagreeable.

GRA＇TINGLY, adv. [of grating] harshly, disagreeably, offen­
sively.

GRA＇TINGS [of ships] wooden grate-work, which lies on the upper
deck, between the main and fore-masts, to let in air and light to the
parts underneath.

GRA＇TIOUS, &c. See GRACIOUS.

GRATIO＇SO, It. [in music books] an agreeable manner of play­
ing.

GRATIS, adv. Lat. freely, for nothing; without reward or recom­
pence.

GRA＇TITUDE [gratitudine, It. gratitud, Sp. gratitudo, Lat.] 1. Du­
ty to benefactors, 2. Thankfulness, grateful disposition or carriage, de­
sire to return benefits. Gratitude is properly a virtue disposing the mind
to an inward sense and an outward acknowledgment of a benefit re­
ceived, together with a readiness to return the same or the like. South.
It is a virtue in the receiver of a benefit, by which he demonstrates,
that the kindness was acceptable to him, and upon that score enter­
tains a hearty respect for the author of it, seeking all occasions to re­
quite him.

GRATU＇ITOUS [gratuit, Fr. gratuito, It. gratuitus, Lat.] 1. Done
voluntarily, without any regard to interest or recompence, freely be­
stowed without claim or merit. The gratuitous blessings of heaven.
L＇Estrange. 2. Asserted without proof. To introduce this gratuitous
declination of atoms. Ray.

GRATU＇ITOUSLY, adv. [of gratuitous] 1. Without claim or merit.
2. Without proof. Cheyne.

GRATU＇ITOUSNESS, free bestowment, without expectation of re­
ward or recompence.

GRATU＇ITY [gratuité, Fr.] a free gift, a present, an acknowledg­
ment. Dismissed him with a small gratuity. Broome.

To GRA＇TULATE, verb act. [gratulatus, of gratulor, Lat.] 1. To
salute with congratulations or expressions of pleasure on good success,
&c. And congratulate his safe return to Rome. Shakespeare. 2. To
declare joy for. Who this thy ＇scape from rumour gratulate. Ben
Johnson.

GRATULA＇TION [gratulatio, Lat.] the act of rejoicing on the be­
half of another; the act of wishing joy, expression of joy. I shall
turn my wishes into gratulations. South.

GRA＇TULATORY, pertaining to gratulation, or wishing another joy
of good successes.

GRATZ, a city of Germany, and capital of the dutchy of Stiria,
65 miles south of Vienna.

GRAVE, a final syllable in the names of places, is from the Sax.
græf, a grove or cave.

GRAVE [grafe, græf, Sax. gref, Du. and L. Ger. grab, H. Ger.
grafve, Dan. gruova, Teut.] a hole in the ground, dug for burying a
dead person.
He hath one foot in the GRAVE.
Lat. Pedem alterum habet in-cymbâ Charontis. (in Charon＇s boat.)
Gr. Τον ετερον ποδα εν των πορθμειω εχει. Luc. Fr. Il a un pied dans la
fosse. It. Aver un piede nella fossa. That is, he is at death＇s door, or
near his end.

GRAVE-CLOATHS [of grave and cloaths] the dress of the dead.
St. John.

GRAVE-STONE [of grave and stone] the stone that is laid over the
grave. Shakespeare.

GRAVE, adj. [Fr. It. and Sp. gravis, Lat.] 1. That is of a com­
posed countenance, serious, sober, sedate, not light, not gay, not tri­
fling, solemn. 2. [Spoken of sounds] low or deep, not sharp of
sound, not acute. The acute accent raising the voice in some certain
syllables to a higher, i. e. more acute pitch or tone, and the grave de­
pressing it lower. Holder. 3. Being of weight, credible, not futile;
little used. The gravest of their own writers. Grew. 4. Not showy,
not tawdry; as, a grave suit of cloaths.
He is more GRAVE than wise.
That is, he has only the appearance of wisdom. The Lat. say iro­
nically, Tertius è cœso cecidit Cato. Juv. (A third Cato is fallen from
heaven.)

GRAVE, Ital. [in music books] a very grave or slow motion, some­
what faster than adagio, but slower than largo.

GRAVE, or GREEVE [grefe, Sax. a governor, grave, greve, Du. a
viscount, graaf, Ger. gravo, Teut. an earl] a German title, signifying
a count, a governor, &c.

GRAVE [in grammar] an accent opposed to acute, thus (ˋ).

GRAVE [in geography] a strong city of the Netherlands, in the
province of Dutch Brabant, 8 miles south of Nimeguen.

To GRAVE, irr. verb act. graved, pret. graven, irr. part. pass.
[grafen, Sax. but as it is very little in use except adjectively, and then
not always, this verb might be reckoned among the regulars; gra­
fan, Sax. graver, Fr. prob. of γραϕω, Gr. to write, graven, or ein­
graven, Ger. grafue, Dan. grafwa, Su. to dig] 1. To engrave, to
carve a figure or inscription in any hard substance. With bossy sculp­
tures graven. Milton. 2. To carve or form. The graven image.
Hebrews. 3. To copy paintings upon wood or metal, in order to be
impressed on paper. To give much strength to what they grave.
Dryden. 4. [From grave, subst.] to inter, to entomb; obsolete.
Ditches grave you all. Shakespeare. 5. To clean, caulk, and sheath
a ship. Ainsworth.

To GRAVE a Ship, is to bring her to lie dry a ground, and then
to burn off all the old filth that sticks to her sides without board.

GRAVE＇DO, Lat. [in physic] a heaviness or listlesness which accom­
panies a lessened transpiration or taking cold.

GRA＇VEL [gravelle, or gravier, Fr. graveel, Du. gravel, Armor.
glarea, Lat.] 1. The larger and stony part of sand, sand consisting of
very small pebble-stones. Gravel consists of flints of all the usual
sizes and colours of the several sorts of pebbles; sometimes with a
few pyritæ, and other mineral bodies, confusedly intermixed, and
common sand. Woodward. 2. [Gravelle, Fr.] sandy matter concre­
ted in the bladder and kidneys of human bodies. Arbuthnot.

To GRA＇VEL, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To cover or pave
with gravel, to lay walks with gravel. Bacon uses it. 2. To stick in
the sand. William the conqueror, when he arrived in this island,
chanced, at his arrival, to be gravelled, and one of his feet stuck so
fast in the sand, that he fell. Camden. 3. To puzzle, perplex, or
non-plus. How are we gravelled by their cutting dilemma＇s. Glan­
ville. 4. [In horsemanship] to hurt the foot with gravel confined by
the shoe.

GRA＇VELESS [of grave] not buried, being without a tomb or
grave. Shakespeare.

GRA＇VELIN, a port-town of the French Netherlands, 12 miles
south of Dunkirk.

GRA＇VELLINESS [of gravelly] fulness of gravel.

GRA＇VELLING [with farriers] a disorder incident to travelling
horses, occasioned by little gravel stones getting in between the hoof
and the shoe.

GRA＇VELLY, adj. of gravel [graveleux, Fr.] full of gravel, con­
sisting of gravel. Gravelly stone. Bacon.

GRA＇VELY, adv. [of grave] 1. Seriously, soberly, sedately, so­
lemnly, not lightly, without mirth. 2. Without gaudiness, without
show.

GRAVE＇MENT, adv. Fr. [in music books] a very slow movement,
the same as grave.

GRA＇VEN, part. pass. of to grave. See To GRAVE.

GRA＇VENESS [of grave] a fevere, composed, quiet countenance,
soberness, and solemnity of behaviour, seriousness. Numbers make
long disputes, and graveness dull. Denham.

GRAVEO＇LENCE, or GRAVEO＇LENCY [graveolentia, Lat.] a stink­
ing, rank smell.

GRAVEO＇LENT [graveolens, Lat.] smelling rank, stinking.

GRA＇VER [græfer, of grafan, Sax. to engrave, graveur, Fr.] 1.
An engraver, one who carves upon hard substances, as wood or me­
tal to be printed on paper. Dryden. 2. The style or tool used in grav­
ing. The known ways of softening gravers. Boyle.

GRAVER [with surgeons] an instrument for taking the scales off
from teeth, &c.

GRA＇VESEND, a port town of Kent, on the southern shore of the
river Thames, 20 miles east of London.

GRA＇VID [gravidus, Lat.] big with child.

GRAVI＇DITY [graviditas, Lat.] state of being big with child, preg­
nancy. Arbuthnot.

GRAVI＇NA, a city, a bishop＇s see of Naples, 27 miles south-west of
Barri.

GRA＇VING, subst. [of grave] carved work. To grave any manner
of graving. 2 Chronicles. Leagues can never blot out those former
gravings or characters. K. Charles.

GRA＇VITAS Acceleratrix, Lat. [in mechanics] the same as vis cen­
tripeta, or that quality by which all heavy bodies tend towards the
centre of the earth, accelerating their motion as they come nearer to
its surface.

To GRA＇VITATE, verb neut. [gravis, Lat.] to weigh or press down­
wards, to tend to the centre of attraction.

GRA＇VITATING, part. act. [of gravitate] weighing or pressing
downward.

GRAVITA＇TION [with philosophers] is the exercise of gravity,
or a pressure that a body, by the force of its gravity, exerts on ano­
ther body under it.

GRA＇VITY [gravitas, Lat. gravité, Fr. gravità, It. gravedàd, Sp.]
1. Is that force by which bodies are carried or tend towards the cen­
tre of the earth, or the natural tendency of one body towards another;
also the mutual tendency of each body, and each particle of a body







towards all others. 2. Atrociousness, weight of guilt. To punish
the injury committed according to the gravity of the fact. Hooker.

GRAVITY [in mechanics] the conatus or tendency of bodies to­
wards the centre of the earth.

Absolute GRAVITY [with philosophers] is the whole weight, by
which any body tends towards the earth.

Accelerate GRAVITY, is the force of gravity considered as growing
greater, the nearer it is to the attracting body.

Relative GRAVITY, is the excess of the gravity in any body, above
the specific gravity of a fluid it is in.

GRAVITY [in hydrostatics] the laws of bodies gravitating in
fluids.

Specific GRAVITY, or Apparent GRAVITY, is the excess of gravity
in any body, above that of an equal quantity and bulk of another.

GRAVITY [in music] an affection of sound, whereby it becomes
denominated grave, low, or flat.

GRAVITY, seriousness, a composed sedate countenance. Serious­
ness, patience, and gravity of hearing. Bacon.

GRA＇VY, the juice of meat, not much dried by the fire.

GRAY [grag, graig, or grei, Sax. grawu, Du. grau, Ger. grae,
Dan. grea, Su. gris, Fr. grigio. It.] 1. A mixed colour, partly of
black and white. 2. White or hoary with old age. Gray headed.
Walton. 3. Dark, like the opening or close of day. The gray-eyed
morn. Shakespeare.

GRAY, subst. a badger. Ainsworth.

GRA＇YBEARD [of gray and beard] an old man in contempt.
Shakespeare.

GRAY-Hound, or GREY-Hound [of grig-hunde, grag-hunde,
Sax. or graa, Dan. and hunde, Sax.] an hunting-dog. See GREY­
Hound.

GRAY of the Morning, the break of day.

GRAY＇LING, a fish; the umber. The grayling lives in such ri­
vers as the trout does, and is usually taken with the same baits, and
after the same manner; he is of a fine shape; his flesh white, and his
teeth, those little ones that he has, are in his throat. He is not so
general a fish as the trout, nor so good to eat. Walton.

GRAY＇NESS [of gray] ashcolouredness, the quality of being gray.

To GRAZE, verb neut. [ecraser, to crush, or rather of razer, Fr.
in the same sense] 1. To glance, pass lightly on the ground, as a
bullet does. Like to the bullets grazing. Shakespeare. 2. To move
on devouring. The fire perpetually grazed. Bacon.

To GRAZE, verb neut. [grasian, of gras, Sax.] 1. To seed on
grass, to eat grass. To see my ewes graze. Shakespeare. 2. To sup­
ply grass. It will never graze to purpose. Bacon.

To GRAZE, verb act. 1. To tend grazing cattle, to set cattle to
feed on grass, to keep cattle at grass. To graze his cows. Swift.
2. To feed upon. The lambs with wolves shall graze the verdant
mead. Pope.

GRA＇ZIER [either of graze, gras, Sax. or graisser, or engraisser,
Fr. to fatten] one who fattens cattle for sale.

GRA＇ZING, part. acte [of to graze] 1. Feeding on grass. 2.
Glanceing, passing lightly over a thing.

GREASE [graisse, Fr. grasso, It. gráca, Port.] the soft part of the
fat of beasts.

GREASE [with farriers] a swelling and gourdiness of legs, which
generally happens to a horse after his journey.

To GREASE, verb act. [graissor, Fr.] to dawb or smear with grease,
to bribe, to corrupt with presents. The greas＇d advocate that grinds
the poor. Dryden.
To GREASE in the fist.
Fr. Defoncer le poignet. To see or bribe a person.

GREASE Molten, a distemper in a horse, when his fat is melted by
over-hard riding or labour.

GRE＇ASED, part. pass. [graisse, Fr.] dawbed with grease.

GREA＇SILY, in a greasy manner.

GREA＇SINESS [of grease] greasy condition, oiliness, fatness. Boyle.

GRE＇ASY [convert de graisse, Fr.] 1. Dawbed with grease. The
greasy rogues. Otway. 2. Fat, oily. Greasy reliques. Shakespeare.
3. Fat of body, bulky; in reproach. This greasy knight. Shakespere.

GREAT, adj. [great, Sax. groot, Du. groet, O. and L. Ger. grosz,
H. Ger.] 1. Large, big, huge, as to bulk or number. A great mul­
titude. St. Matthew. 2. Having any quality in a high degree.
There were they in great fear. Psalms. 3. Considerable in extent or
duration. A great while to come. 2 Samuel. 4. Important, weighty.
A great truth. Tillotson. 5. Chief, principal. The great seal.
Shakespeare. 6. Mighty, noble, of high rank, of large power.
None could be unhappy but the great. Rowe. 7. Illustrious, emi­
nent. O Lord thou art great. Jeremiah. 8. Grand of aspect, of
exalted mein. She walks serencly great. Dryden. 9. Noble, mag­
nanimous. Great mindedness. Sidney. 10. Swelling, proud. Great
looks. Knolles. 11. Familiar, much acquainted; a low word. Those
that are great with them. Bacon. 12. Teeming, pregnant. Cattle
great with young. May. 13. It is added in every step of ascending
or descending consanguinity; as, my great grandfather is the father
of my grandfather, or grandmother; great grand-daughter is the
daughter of my grandson, or grand-daughter. 14. Difficult, hard,
grievous; a proverbial expression. It is no great matter. Taylor.

GREAT, subst. [from the adj.] the whole, the gross, the whole in
a lump. No ships should be builded by the great. Raleigh.

GEE＇ATBELLIED [of great and belly] pregnant, teeming. A great­
bellied woman. Wilkins.

GREAT Circles of the Globe or Sphere [with astronomers] are those,
whose planes passing through the centre of the sphere, divide it into
two equal parts or hemispheres, of which there are six drawn on the
globe, viz. the meridian, horizon, equator, ecliptic, and the two
coloures.

GREAT Circular-sailing [with navigators] is the manner of conduc­
ting a ship in, or rather pretty near the arch of a great circle, that
passes through the zenith of the two places, from whence and to
which she is bound.

To GRE＇ATEN, verb act. [from great] to make great, to amplify,
to enlarge, to augment, to aggrandize themselves in Italy. Raleigh.
FORDYCE＇s dialogues on Education.

GRE＇ATHEARTED [of great and heart] high-spirited, undejected.
The earl as greathearted as he. Clarendon.

GRE＇ATLY, adv. [of great] 1. In a great degree. Thy sorrow I
will greatly multiply. Milton. 2. Nobly, illustriously. By an high
fate thou greatly didst expire. Dryden. 3. Magnanimously, gene­
rously, bravely.
Where are these bold intrepid sons of war,
That greatly turn their back upon the foe. Addison.
4. Hugely, mightily, very much.

GRE＇ATNESS [greatnesse, Sax.] 1. Largeness of number or quan­
tity. 2. Comparative quantity. We judge of the greatness of these
sort of quantities. Locke. 3. High degree of any quality. The great­
ness of the reward. Rogers. 4. High place, dignity, influence, em­
pire. Greatness at sea. Swift. 5. Mightiness, nobleness; sometimes
a title of dignity. I beg your greatness not to give the law. Dryden.
6. Swelling pride, affected state. It is not of pride or greatness that
he cometh not. Bacon. 7. Merit, nobleness of mind, magnanimity.
Greatness of mind and nobleness. Milton. 8. Grandeur, state. Great­
ness with Timon dwells in such a draught. Pope.

GREAVE, subst. [græf, Sax.] a grove. Spenser.

GREAVES [greves, Fr.] armour antiently worn on the legs, a kind
of boots; without a singular. He had greaves of brass upon his legs.
2 Samuel.

GRE＇CIAN, a native of Greek; also one learned in the Greek
tongue.

GRECIAN Empire. The Medo-Persian or Persian empire (as has
been already shewn) raised itself on the ruins of the Babylonian, whose
metropolis was taken by CYRUS, in the year before Christ 538. And
in the year before Christ 333, was that decisive battle of ISSUS fought,
in which Alexander the Macedonian, at the head of all confederate
Greece (the Lacedemonians only excepted) overcame Darius Codomannus,
the last of the Persian kings; and laid the foundation of a new em­
pire, which extended from Macedonia and Epirus, as far as India.
This kingdom, as Sir Isaac Newton observes, remained entire, du­
ring the reign of Alexander the Great, and his brother Aridæus and
two young sons; and then it broke into several independent states.
Antigonus, who first of all Alexander＇s officers assumed the title of
KING, reigned over Syria and Lesser Asia. After his example, Se­
leucus, Cassander, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy, took upon themselves the
same title and dignity. Seleucus reigned over the nations which were
beyond the Euphrates; but after six years he conquered Antigonus, and
thereby became possessed of one of the FOUR HORNS, or kingdoms,
which, in the prophetic vision of Daniel, arose out of the he-goat, af­
ter the FIRST HORN [i. e. the whole entire kingdom under Alexander and his house] was broken up. Cassander reigned over Macedon,
Greece, and Epirus; Lysimachus over Thrace; and Ptolemy over Egypt.
But these kingdoms, through a series of wars, and changes in process
of time, became reduced into two notable ones, henceforward called
by the same prophet, the kings of the South and the North: For
Ptolemy now reigned over Egypt, Lybia, Æthiopia, Arabia, Phœnicia,
Cælosyria, and Cyprus; and Seleucus having united three of the four
kingdoms, had a dominion scarce inferior to that of the Persian em­
pire, conquered by Alexander the Great. But how great and formi­
dable soever these powers were, they were obliged at length to
stoop under the force of the ROMAN arms; which (after the conquest
of Macedon, in the year before Christ 168) rent from them at least all
the territories on this side the Eupbrates; and at length extended their
empire so far southward, as to take in Egypt. NEWTON＇s Observat.
on Daniel, &c. p. 116, 117, 172, 173, 189; compared with Petav.
Rationar. Temp. p. 137, &c.

GRE＇CISM [grecism, Fr. of græcismus, Lat.] the idiom or propriety
of the Greek language.

GREE [gré, Fr. probably from gratia, Lat.] 1. Good will, favour,
good graces.
To her makes present of his service seen,
Which she accepts with thanks and goodly gree. Spenser.
2. Contentment, satisfaction.

GREE [in heraldry] degree or step.

GREE [in law] will, allowance, liking.

To make GREE to Parties [in law] is to give them satisfaction for
an injury done.

GREECE, subst. [corrupted from degrees] a flight of steps. The
lord archbishop, upon the greece of the quire, made a long oration.
Bacon.

GREECE [in geography] the present Rumelia, and the ancient
Hellas, reaches from the Adriatic Sea, to the Archipelago.

GRE＇EDILY, adv. [of greedy] eagerly, ravenously, with keen ap­
petite or desire.

GRE＇EDINESS [grædicgnesse, Sax.] a greedy, covetous, eager
appetite or desire after any thing, voracity, ravenousness. Wolf in
greediness. Shakespeare.

GRE＇EDY [gredig, Sax. graadig, Dan. gretig, Du.] 1. Ravenous,
hungry, covetous or eager after, desiring more than enough. 2. Eager,
vehemently desirous of any thing; now commonly taken in an ill
sense. Greedy of gain. Proverbs.

GREEK, of or pertaining to Greece; also the Greek language.

GREEN, adj. [grene, Sax. grun, Ger. groen, Du.] 1. Not ripe,
young, because fruits are green before they are ripe. 2. Half raw,
not roasted. We say the meat is green when it is half roasted. Watts.
3. Fresh, new. As a green wound. Bacon. 4. Having a colour
formed, by mixing blue and yellow; having the colour of grass,
herbs, leaves of tree. This colour is said to be the most favourable
to the sight. The general colour of plants is green. Bacon. 5. Pale,
sickly. Whence we call the maid＇s disease the green sickness, the
chlorosis; like Sapphos, χλωροτερη ποιας. 6. Flourishing, undecayed,
fresh. From the colour of trees in spring. 7. Not dry, moist, juicy,
having the sap in it. The wood was green. Hooker.

GREEN, subst. [from the adj.] 1. The green colour, which is of
different shades. The two colours of yellow and blue, if mingled to­
gether in any considerable proportion, make a green. Watts. 2. A
grassy plain. These greens before your town. Shakespeare. 3. Leaves,
branches, wreaths. The fragrant greens I seek, my brows to bind.
Dryden.

To GREEN, verb act. [from the subst.] to make green. A low
word. Thomson.








GREE＇N-BROOM [cytiso genista, Lat.] a plant which hath a papi­
lionaceous flower, succeeded by compressed pods, that contain many
kidney-shaped seeds. This shrub grows wild upon barren dry heaths.
Miller.

GREEN Chaffer, a kind of beetle.

GREEN-Cloth, a board or court of justice held in the compting­
house of the king＇s houshold, for the taking cognizance of all matters
of government and justice within the king＇s court-royal, and for cor­
recting all the servants that shall offend. The green-cloth law. Bacon.

GREE＇NEYED [of green and eye] having eyes of a green colour.
Greeney＇d jealousy. Shakespeare.

GREEN-Finch, a bird. Mortimer.

GREE＇NFISH, a kind of fish. Ainsworth.

GREENGA＇GE, a species of plum.

GREEN-Hide, is one not yet curried; but as it is just taken off from
the carcasses of beasts.

GREEN-House, a conservatory for tender plants. Like so many na­
tural green-houses. Addison.

GREEN-Hue [in forest law] every thing that grows green within
the forest.

GREE＇NISH, adj. [of green] inclinable to, or of a faint green,
somewhat green.

GREE＇NISHNESS [of greenish grenesse, Sax.] a faint greenness.

GREE＇NLAND, a cold, miserable country, lying near the north­
pole: but remarkable for the whale-fishery, carried on with great
success on its coasts.

GREE＇NLY, adv. [of green] 1. With a green, or greenish colour.
2. Freshly, newly. 3. Not ripely. 4. Wanly, palely, timidly. I
cannot look greenly. Shakespeare.

Mountain GREEN, a sort of greenish powder, found in little grains
like sand, in some mountains in Hungary, &c.

GREE＇NNESS [of green] 1. Green colour, or quality. 2. Unripe­
ness, not maturity. The errors in his nature were excused by the
greenness of his youth. Sidney. 3. Freshness, vigour. The picture of
a man in the greenness and vivacity of his youth. South. 4. Newness,
not staleness.

GREENS, whatever grows in a kitchen-garden, excepting roots and
pulse.

GREENSI＇CKNESS [of green and sickness] the chlorosis.

GREEN Silver [in Writtle in Essex] the duty of an half-penny paid
yearly to the lord of the manor.

GREE＇NSWARD, or GREE＇NSWORD [of green and sword; of the
same original with swarth] the turf on which grass grows. The
greensword. Dryden. A thin greensward. Swift.

GREEN Wax [statute law] a term used for the estreats, issues, and
fines in the Exchequer, delivered to the sheriffs under the seal of that
court, made in green wax, to be levied in the county.

GRE＇ENWEED [of green and weed] dyers weed.

GRE＇ENWICH, a market town of Kent, six miles from London. It
is famous for a royal hospital for seamen, and a royal observatory.

GRE＇ENWOOD [of green and wood] a wood considered, as it ap­
pears in the spring or summer; it is sometimes used as one word.
Greenwood shade. Dryden.

To GREET, verb act. [gretan, Sax. grooten, Du. groten, O. and
L. Ger. grüssen, H. Ger. grator, Lat.] 1. To salute one in kindness
or respect, to wish to or for a person some felicity or other. The
mayor of London comes to greet you. Shakespeare. 2. To congra­
tulate. To greet his victory. Spenser. 3. To address at meeting.
I would gladly go
To greet my Pallas. Dryden.
4. To address in whatever manner in general. Mark my greetings
well. Shakespeare. 5. To pay compliments at a distance. This dia­
mond he greets your wife withal. Shakespeare. 6. To meet as those
do who go to pay congratulations; not much in use. We will greet
the time. Shakespeare. Our eyes unhappy never greeted more. Pope.

To GREET, verb neut. to meet and salute. There greet in si­
lence. Shakespeare.

GRE＇ETER [from greet] one that greets or salutes.

GREE＇TING, subst. [of greet] the act of saluting; salutation at meet­
ing, or compliments at a distance. Shakespeare.

GREEZE, subst. [otherwise written greece, grieze, grise, or grice] a
flight of steps, a step. Shakespeare.

GRE＇GAL [gregalis, Lat.] pertaining to a flock.

GREGA＇RIOUS [gregarius, Lat.] going in flocks, herds, or compa­
nies, like sheep or partridges. Ray.

GREGARIOUS Birds, such as do not live solitary, but associate in
slights or coveys, a great many together in company.

GREGO＇RIAN Calendar, is one which shews the new and full moon,
with the time of Easter, and the moveable feasts that depend upon it,
by means of epacts disposed through the several months of the Grego­
rian year, and is different from the Julian calendar, in both the form
of the year, and that it uses epacts instead of golden numbers.

GREGORIAN Epocha, is the epocha or time whence the Gregorian
calendar or computation took place.

GREGORIAN Year, a new account of time, the new account or
new style, established upon the reformation of the calendar, by pope
Gregory XIII, A. D. 1582, according to which the year consists of
365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, and 12 seconds; whereas, accord­
ing to the old style, or Julian account by Julius Cæsar, the year did
consist of 365 days, 6 hours, whereby 11 days being taken out of the
month of October, the days of their months go always 11 days be­
fore the computation in the Julian account. Which new style or ac­
count is used now in England, since the year 1752, when the old stile
was altered by act of parliament, which example hath been followed
by Sweden and Denmark: and it is now become the common way
of reckoning in most parts of Europe.

GRENA＇DE [in cookery] veal collops larded, pidgeons, and a ra­
goo baked in a stew-pan, being covered underneath and on the top
with thin slices of bacon.

GRENA＇DE, subst. [from ponum granatum, Lat.] a little hollow globe
or ball of iron, or other metal, commonly two inches and a half in
diameter, which being filled with fine powder, is set on fire by means
of a small fusee fastened to the touch-hole. As soon as it is kindled,
the case flies into many shatters. They serve to fire close and nar­
row passages, and are aften thrown with the hand among the soldiers
to disorder their ranks. See GRANADE.

GRENADI＇ER, Fr. a tall foot soldier, that wears a cap, of whom
there is one company in every regiment; such men being employed to
throw granades.

GRENA＇DO, subst. the same with grenade. To quench a flaming
grenado. Watts.

GRENO＇PLE, a city of France, capital of Dauphiny, 45 miles south­
east of Lyons.

GREVE [gerefa, or greefa, Sax.] a denomination of power and
authority, signifying as much as count. See GRAVE.

GREUT [in mines] the earthy part of what is dug up, having no
oar in it.

GREW, pret. of to grow. See To GROW.

GREY, adj. [gris, Fr.] more properly written gray. See GRAY.

GREY-HOUND [grig-hund, Sax. which Minshew will have of græ­
cus, q. greek-hound, such dogs having been first used in hunting; but
others of grey, a badger, a hound, q. a dog that hunts the badger] a
swift, slender hunting dog that chases in sight.

GRICE, subst. 1. A young wild boar, a little pig. Gouldman.
Twelve white greeces. Gawin Douglas. 2. For greeze or degrees, a
step. No, not a grice. Shakespeare.

To GRIDE, verb neut. [gridare, It.] to cut, to make way by cut­
ting [A word elegant but not in use. Johnson] Through his thigh the
mortal steel did gride. Spenser.
The griding sword with discontinuous wound,
Pass＇d through him. Milton.

GRI＇DELIN Colour, a changeable colour, mixt of white and red.
The bloomy gridelin. Dryden.

GRI＇D-IRON [prob. of grate and iron, q. d. a grated iron. Of grind,
Island. a grate, and iron. Johnson] 1. A kitchen utensil, a portable
grate for broiling meat upon the fire.

GRIEF [from to grieve, griff, Wel. prob. from the English. John­
son] 1. Sorrow of heart, trouble of mind for something past. 2.
Grievance, harm [grier, Fr. grave, Lat. heavy] Be factious for re­
dress of all these griefs. Shakespeare. 3. Pain, disease.

GRI＇EVANCE [of grief, Fr. or gravis, Lat.] 1. An injury, loss, or
any thing that causes grief. Used of such causes as are the effects
of human conduct. Swift. 2. A state of uneasiness; obsolete.

To GRIEVE, verb act. [prob. of grever, O. Fr. to aggrieve, grie­
ver, Flem. gravo, of gravis, Lat.] to afflict, to hurt, sometimes in an
impersonal form. It grieved him at his heart. Genesis.

To GRIEVE, verb neut. to be sorrowful, to be in pain for some­
thing past, to mourn, as for the death of friends; with at or for.

GRIE＇VINGLY, adv. [of grieving] in sorrow. Shakespeare uses it.

GRIE＇VOUS [of grief or grever, O. Fr.] 1. Causing grief or sorrow.
A great, but grievous truth. Watts. 2. Afflictive, painful, burden­
some, hard to bear. Affliction is naturally grievous. Hooker. 3.
Expressing a great degree of uneasiness. Grievous complaints. Cla­
rendon. 4. Atrocious, heavy, odious. A grievous fault. 5. Some­
times used adverbially in low language. He＇s grievous sick. Shake­
speare.

GRIE＇VOUSLY, adv. [of grievous] 1. In a grievous manner, pain­
fully, with pain.
A large lukewarm flood,
Red as the rose, thence gushed grievously. Spenser.
2. With discontent, with ill-will. Grievously the matter was taken.
Knolles. 3. Calamitously, miserably. Grievously vexed. Hooker. 4.
Vexatiously, to a great degree of uneasiness. Grievously annoyed with
mire and dirt. Ray.

GRIE＇VOUSNESS [of grievous] sorrow, pain, calamity, heaviness,
burdensomeness, afflictedness. Isaiah.

GRI＇FFIN, or GRI＇FFON [griffon, Fr. grifone, It. grifo, Sp. gryp,
Su. Du. and L. Ger. greiff, H. Ger. this should rather be written
gryfon or gryphon, gryps, Lat. γρυψ, Gr. but it is generally written
griffin. Johnson.] a fabulous creature, half an eagle and half a lion,
as being generated between these two animals, having the head and
paws of the lion, and the wings of the eagle; to express strength and
swiftness joined together, extraordinary vigilancy to preserve things
with which they are intrusted. They really exist no where but in
painting or sculpture, tho＇ the poets feign that Apollo had his chariot
drawn by them; the heathen naturalists persuaded the ignorant, that
these creatures guarded the gold mines with incredible watchfulness
and resolution, that none might come at them.

GRIG [prob. of crecca, Sax. the brink of a river, under which
they chiefly lie, krieke, Bavar. a little duck. Johnson] 1. It seems
originally to have signified any thing below the natural size. 2. The
smallest sort of eel. 3. A merry creature [supposed from Greek, græ­
culus festivus, Lat.] Merry as a grig. Swift.

GRILL, a sort of small fish.

To GRILL, verb neut. [grille, Fr. a grate] to broil on a grid­
iron.

To GRILL Oisters, the same as scolloping them, to roast oisters in
the deep shell on the fire with butter and crumbs of bread.

GRILLA＇DE, Fr. a dish of broiled meat; any thing broiled on a
gridiron.

To GRI＇LLY, verb act. [from grill] this word signifies, as it seems,
to harrass, to hurt; as we now say, to roast a man, for to teize him.
We＇re grilled all at Temple-Bar. Hudibras.

GRIM, adj. [grim, grimma, Sax. grimmich, Du.] 1. Fierce of
countenance, frightful, hideous. To see the lion look so grim. Spen­
ser. 2. Ugly, ill looking. Grim visag＇d war. Shakespeare.

GRIMA＇CE, Fr. [of grim, Sax. or Eng. and acies, Lat. prob. of
grimmig, Ger. gryn, Su.] 1. A distortion of the visage or countenance,
either by way of contempt, or from affectation or habit. Addicted to
grimace. Spectator. 2. Air of affectation.
Vice in a vizard to avoid grimace.
Allows all freedom but to see the face. Granville.

GRIMA＇LKIN, subst. [gris, Fr. grey and malkin, or little moll] 1. A
grey little woman. 2. The name of an old cat. J. Philip.

To GRIME, verb act. [begrimen, Du.] to besmut or dawb with soot,
to fully deeply. My face I＇ll grime with filth. Shakespeare.

GRIME, subst. [grim, Eng. or grime, Du.] smut, or daubed with
soot, dirt deeply insinuated, fullying blackness not easily cleansed.







Collow is the word by which they denote black grime of burnt coals
or wood. Woodward.

GRI＇MLY, adv. [of grim] 1. Horribly, terribly. The skies look
grimly. Shakespeare. 2. Sourly, crabbedly, sullenly. Look grimly.
Shakespeare.

GRI＇MNESS [of grim] fierceness of countenance, horror.

GRI＇MSBY, a borough and port town of Lincolnshire, near the
mouth of the Humber, 158 miles from London. It sends two mem­
bers to parliament.

To GRIN, verb neut. [grinian, Sax. grienen, L. Ger. grinden, gry­
nen, Du. Undoubtedly of the same origin with to grind, as we now
say, to grind the teeth, grincer, Fr. Johnson] 1. To shew the teeth,
to set the teeth together and withdraw the lips, to laugh contemptu­
ously. Others grinning and only shewing their teeth. Stillingfleet.
2. To fix the teeth, as in anguish. I like not such grinning however.
Shakespeare.

GRIN, subst. [from the verb] the act of closing the teeth and shew­
ing them. He shewed twenty teeth at a grin. Addison. 2. [gryn,
gryene, Sax.] a trap or snare. Like a birde that hasteth to his gryn.
Chaucer. The grin shall take him by the heel. Job.

To GRIND, irr. verb act. pret. I ground, part. pass. ground, [ge­
grunden, of grindan, Sax.] 1. To break small with a mill, to re­
duce any thing to powder by attrition. Do we grind inanimate corn
into living and rational meal? Bentley. 2. To sharpen or smooth by
rubbing upon something hard; as, to grind an ax, a knife, &c. 3.
To rub one thing against another. Grinding of one stone against an­
other. Bacon. 4. To harrass, to oppress. To grind the Neapolitans.
Addison.

To GRIND, verb neut. 1. To perform the act of grinding, to move
a mill.
To grind
Among the slaves and asses. Milton.
2. To be moved, as in the act of grinding. My grinding jaws.
Rowe.
To GRIND with every wind.
Lat. Servire scenæ. Ger. sich in alles schicken. To accommodate
one＇s self to every occurrence of life; or to hold with every side or
party, to be a turn-coat or time-server.

GRI＇NDER [grindere, Sax.] 1. One who grinds, one that works
in a mill. 2. The instrument of grinding. 3. [grind-tothas, Sax.]
the great teeth of an animal, that grind and break the meat in chew­
ing, the back teeth, the double teeth. 4. The teeth, in irony or
contempt. Whetted grinders try＇d. Dryden.

GRI＇NDING, part. act. [of grind] 1. Sharpening by grinding on a
grindstone. 2. Breaking small with a mill.

GRI＇ND-STONE, or GRI＇NDLE-STONE [of grind and stone, grind­
stan, Sax.] a round stone for grinding or sharpening iron tools. The
grind-stone to sharpen the coulters. Hammond.

GRINGOLEE＇ [in heraldry] as a cross gringolée, is a cross made in the
same manner as the cross anchrée or anchored, with this difference, that
those that should represent the flooks of the anchors at the end, are
the heads of the stakes, which turn both ways as the flooks do.

GRI＇NNER [of grin] he that grins. Addison.

GRI＇NNINGLY, adv. [of grin] with a grinning laugh.

GRI＇NSTEAD-EAST, a borough town of Sussex, 29 miles from Lon­
don. It sends two members to parliament.

GRIP, or GRIPE [grip, Sax.] a small ditch cut across a meadow or
ploughed land, in order to drain it.

GRIPE [gripe, Sax. greep, Du. O. and L. Ger. grieff, H. Ger.
garve, O. Ger. garwan, Teut.] 1. A squeeze, pressure.
He strain＇d the breast,
＇Tis true the harden＇d breast resists the gripe. Dryden.
2. Grasp, hold, seizure of the hand or paw. They put a barren
sceptre in my gripe. Shakespeare. 3. Oppression, crushing power.
Out of the gripes of cruel men. Shakespeare. 4. Affliction, pinching
distress. Chilling gripe of sorrow. Milton. 5. A covetous, tena­
cious, oppressive userer.

GRIPE [of a ship] is the compass or sharpness of her stern under wa­
ter, especially towards the bottom of the stern.

To GRIPE, verb act. [grcipan, Goth. gripan, Sax. gribe, Dan.
grypa, Su. grypen, Du. O. and L. Ger. greiffen, H. Ger. ghirifften,
Pers.] 1. To hold fast in the fist, to grasp, to press with the fingers.
Griping hold. Dryden. 2. [griper, Fr.] To seize or lay fast hold of,
to catch eagerly. The griped prey. Spenser. 3. To close, to clutch.
The more thou ticklest, gripes his hand the faster. Pope. 4. To
squeeze hard with the hand, to pinch, to press. Grip＇d her flanks.
Dryden.

To GRIPE, verb neut. to give the cholic, to twinge or wring the
guts. The griping of an hungry belly. Locke.

To GRIPE [with sailors] a ship is said so to do, when she keeps a
good wind.

GR＇IPER [of gripe] an oppressor, userer, or extortioner. Bur­
ton uses it.

The GRIPES, in the plur. [of gripe, Sax.] a wringing or twist­
ing of the bowels, belly-ach, cholic; in low language.

GRI＇PE-STICK [with surgeons] a stick used in cutting off an arm.

GRI＇PINGLY, adv. [of griping] with pain in the guts. Bacon
uses it.

GRI＇PLE, subst. a greedy snatcher, or griping miser. Spenser
uses it.

GRI＇SAMBER, subst. used by Milton for ambergrise, in his Pardise
Regained.

GRISE, subst. See GREEZE, as it should be written. A step, or
scale of steps. As a grise or step. Shakespeare.

GRI＇SKIN, subst. [grisgin, Irish, roast meat] the vertebræ of a hog;
as, a pork griskin.

GRI＇SLED, hoary, grey-headed.

GRI＇SLY [grislie, Sax. gruwelick, or asgryselick, Du. asgrieselick,
L. Ger. granszlich, H. Ger.] hideous, frightful to behold; rough,
squalid, ugly. The grisly toadstool grown there. Spenser. The
grisly bear. Addison.

GRIST [grist, Sax.] 1. Corn to be ground at a mill. Get grist
to the mill. Tusser. 2. Supply, provision.
Form say I, as well as they,
Must fail, if matter bring no grist. Swift.
3. To bring grist to one＇s mill; to bring advantage or gain. Ayliffe
uses it.

GR＇ISTLE [gristle, Sax.] a cartilage, a part of the body next in
hardness to a bone. Bacon uses it.

GRI＇STLINESS [of gristle, Sax.] fulness of gristles.

GRI＇SLY, full of grisles, made of grisles. Fins are made of grisly
spokes or rays. Ray.

GRIT, a fish, called also a grample.

GRIT [gret, grwt, Brit. gretta, greot, Sax.] 1. The coarse
part of meal. 2. Oats husked or coarsely ground. 3. The dust of
stones, sand, rough hard particles. Without the least particle of grit.
Grew. 4. Grits are fostils found in minute masses, forming toge­
ther a kind of powder; they seem the rudely broken fragments of
larger masses. One sort is a fine, dull-looking, grey grit, which, if
wetted with salt water into mortar or paste, dries almost immediately,
and coalesces into a hard stony mass, such as is not easily afterwards
disunited by water. This is the pulvis nuteolanus of the ancients,
mixed among their cements used in buildings sunk into the sea; and
in France and Italy, an ingredient in their harder plaisters, under the
name of pozzolane. It is common on the sides of hills in Italy.
Another species, which is a coarse, beautifully green, dull grit, is the
chrysocolla of the ancients, which they used in soldering gold; long
supposed a lost fossil. It serves the purpose of soldering metals better
than borax, and may be had for carriage from the shores of New
England. The ferrugineous black glittering grit, is the black shining
sand employed to throw over writing, found on the shores of Italy.
What is commonly used in London is from Genoa. The coarse, glit­
tering, brownish black is nearly of the same nature, but inferior in all
respects. Hill.

GRI＇TTINESS [of gritty] sandiness, fulness of grit, or dust of stones,
&c. Mortimer uses it.

To GRI＇TTLE, to just break corn, or to grind it but a little in the
mill.

GRI＇TTY [of grit] sandy, or full of grit. Newton uses it.

GRITH [grith, Sax.] peace, agreement.

GRI＇ZELIN, adj. [more properly gridelin] A grizelin or pale red.
Temple.

GRI＇ZZLE, subst. [grisaille, from gris, Fr. gray] a mixture of white
and black; gray. When time has sown a grizzle on thy face. Shake­
speare.

GRI＇ZLED, or GRIZZLE, adj. [of grizzle] variegated with streaks,
&c. of different colours, as black and white intermixt, interspersed
with grey. His beard was grizzled. Shakespeare.

GRI＇ZZLY [gris, Fr. gray] somewhat gray, grizled. Old squir­
rels turn grizzly. Bacon.

GROAN [prob. of grwn, Brit. or gran, Sax.] 1. A deep sigh, either
from sorrow or pain, breath expired with noise and difficulty. Sighs
and groans and shricks that rend the air. Shakespeare. 2. Any hoarse
dead sound. Such groans of roaring wind. Shakespeare.

To GROAN [granian, Sax.] to fetch deep, hard and loud sighs; as
in pain or agony. To sigh his griefs and groan his pains. South.

To GROAN [with hunters] who say a buck groans when she makes
a noise at rutting time.

GRO＇ANFUL [of groan and full] sad, agonizing. A groanful sound.
Spenser.

GLO＇ANING, part. act. [of to groan, of graman, Sax.] fetching
deep or loud sighs, &c.

GROAT [groot, Du. grosse, Fr. grossa, It.] 1. A silver coin of four
pence value. 2. A proverbial word for a small sum. Without a
groat to her fortune. Swift.

GROATS, hull＇d grits or oatmeal coarsely ground. Scott.

GRO＇CER [this should be written grosser, from gross, a large
quantity, because anciently they sold all by the gross or whole­
sale; or as others, of grossus, Lat. a green fig, in which they traded,
and which their present state seems to favour.] A grocer is a man who
buys and sells tea, sugar, plums and spices for gain. One of the
twelve chief companies of London.

GROCERS, were incorporated anno 1344, by the name of grocers,
having been formerly called pepperers. They are governed by a mas­
ter, four wardens, seventy assistants, and there are about 277 on the
livery; the livery fine is 20 l. they are the second of the twelve
companies.
Their armorial ensigns are argent, a cheveron gules, between fix
cloves in chief, and three in base sable, crest on a helmet, and torse
a camel trippant proper, bridled of the second, supporters two griffins
per fess gules and or. The motto, God grant Grace.

GRO＇CERY, subst. [of grocer] 1. Grocers ware, such as tea, plums,
sugar, spices, &c. which are sold by grocers. Clarendon uses it. 2.
Half-pence and farthings.

GRO＇ENLAND. See GREENLAND.

GRO＇GRAM, or GRO＇GRAN [q. gros-grain, Fr. i. e. coarse grain or
thread, grossogranus, low Lat.] stuff woven with large wooff and a
rough pile, a sort of stuff and silk; it is in reality no more than a taf­
fety coarser and thicker than ordinary.

GROIN [prob. of growan, Sax. to grow, on account of the increase
of nature. Of uncertain derivation. Johnson] the part of the body
between the belly and the thighs. Pierced his groin. Dryden.

GRO＇METS [in a ship] small rings fastened with staples on the up­
per side of the yard, to which the lines called laskets and caskets are
tied and made fast.

GRO＇MWELL, subst. [lithospermum, Lat.] a plant called gromil or
graymil.

GRO＇NENGEN, the capital of a province of the same name, which
makes one of the seven United Provinces.

GROOM [of grom. Du. a boy, &c.] 1. Formerly a servant in some
mean station, a lad sent on errants, a laquey, a waiter; but now it
is usually taken for one who looks after horses. Them many a ＇squire
attends and many a groom. Fairfax. 2. A young man. I presume
for to entreat this groom. Fairfax. 3. A man newly married. It is
now chiefly compounded with bride. The brides are wak＇d, their
grooms are dress＇d. Dryden.

GROOM Porter, an officer belonging to the king＇s court, who has
the direction of games.

GROOM of the Stole [of στολη, Gr. a robe] an officer of the court, who
has the charge of the king＇s wardrobe.








GROOVE [grave, of grafan, Sax. to engrave] a hollow channel
cut with a tool in stone, wood, &c. Into which grooves fit the re­
spective taps. Moxon.

GROOVE [with miners] a deep hole or pit sunk in the ground to
search for minerals. Work in a groove or mine pit. Boyle.

To GROOVE, verb act. [from the subst.] to cut hollow. Every
point of it was well grooved. Swift.

To GROPE, verb neut. [grapian, or grapan, Sax.] to feel with the
hands, as persons in the dark. Better for men than that they should
in the dark grope after knowledge. Locke.

To GROPE, verb act. to search by feeling in the dark, to feel with­
out being able to see. To grope them out by twilight. Brown.

GRO＇PER [of grope] one that gropes or searches in the dark.

GROSS [grosz, Ger. crossus, Lat. gros, Fr. grossa, It.] 1. Having
large size, or bulk. Two gross volumes. Baker. 2. Shameful, un­
seemly, foul, notorious. Foul and gross corruptions. Hooker. 3.
Intellectually coarse, palpably impure, unrefined. The grossest sensu­
ality. Spratt. 4. Inelegant, disproportionate in bulk. The gloomy
hue and feature gross. Thomson. 5. Burly, thick, fat. 6. Stupid,
dull. Talking in gross confusion. Watts. 7. Thick, not refined,
not pure and clear. The object standeth in the finer medium, and the
object is in the grosser. Bacon. 8. Coarse, rough; opposed to deli­
cate. Fine and delicate sculptures are helped with nearness, and gross
with distance. Wotton.

GROSS [in the sense of the law] absolute or independant; as, ad­
vowson in gross, is distinguished from advowson appendant.

GROSS Weight, the weight of goods together with the cask or vessel
containing, &c. out of which both tare and tret are to be allowed.

GROSS, subst. [grot, O. and L. Ger.] 1. In some of the lower parts
of Germany, especially at Bremen, and thereabouts, they have to
this day pieces of current money which go by that denomination, and
are four of their pennies, or in value near ⅖ of an English penny. 2.
[grosse, Fr.] The number of twelve dozen. Those distinct simple
modes of a dozen, a gross, and a million. Locke. 3. The chief or
main part of any thing. The gross and mass of things. Bacon. 4.
The main body, the main force. The gross of the people. Addison.
5. The bulk, the whole, not divided into several parts. An opinion
in gross. Abbot. 6. Not individual, but a body together. They re­
join one by one into a gross. Dryden.

GRO＇SSLY, adv. [of gross] 1. Greatly, bulkily, coarsely; as, the
powder is grossly pounded. 2. Without subtilty, without delicacy or
refinement, palpably, coarsely. Ceremonies as have been so grossly
and shamefully abused. Hooker.

GRO＇SSNESS [of gross] 1. Thickness, greatness of parts, coarseness,
not subtilty. The grossness of the vapours. Bacon. 2. Inelegant, fat­
ness, unweildy corpulence. So by little and little eat away the gross­
ness that is in them. Ascham. 3. Dulness, baseness, want of refine­
ment or delicacy, intellectual coarseness. The grossness of those faults.
Dryden.

GROT, or GRO＇TTA [grotte, Fr. grotta, It. grotte, Ger.] 1. A cave
or den, a hole in the ground, a cavern or den in a mountain or rock;
also a little artificial edifice made in a garden, in imitation of a natu­
ral grotto. For coolness and pleasure lonely grot. Prior. The ege­
rian grot. Pope.

GROTE＇SK [grotesco, It. grotesque, Fr.] figures in painting or car­
ving, representing odd or preposterous things; a fort of antique
work.

GRO＇TSKA, a city of Silesia, a capital of a dutchy of the same
name, 30 miles south of Breslaw.

GROTE＇SQUE, or GROTE＇SCO, adj. [grotesque, Fr. grotesio, It.] 1.
Didistorted of figure, wildly formed, unnatural. Grotesques wild. Milton.
Grotesque work. Addison. 2. [In painting and sculpture] a work or
composition in the grotesque manner or taste, consisting either of things
which are entirely imaginary and have no existence in nature, so as
to surprize and raise ridicule. Grotesco roofs. Pope.

GRO＇TTO, subst. [grotte, Fr. grotta, It.] a cave or cavern made for
coolness. It is not used properly by Woodward, of a dark horrid ca­
vern. The cool grotto＇s. Dryden.

GROVE [grove, Sax.] a small wood or place set with trees, a walk
covered by trees meeting above.

To GRO＇VEL, verb neut. [grufde, Island, flat on the face. It may
perhaps come by gradual corruption from ground-feel. Johnson] 1. To
lie prone, to creep low on the ground. ＇Tis to creep and grovel on
the ground. Dryden. 2. To be without dignity, to be mean. Seve­
ral thoughts may be natural which are low and groveling. Addison.

GRO＇VELING, part. adj. [grutwelig, Su.] lying with the face towards
the ground.

To GROUL [prob. of grollen, Teut. to be angry] to make a noise
as a dog beginning to be angry, to grumble or mutter. See to
GROWL.

GRO＇ULING, part. act. [of grollen, Teut. to be angry] grumbling,
muttering.

GROUND [grund, Sax. Su. Dan. Ger. and Teut. grondt, Du.
grunde, Dan.] 1. The earth considered as solid or as low. On dry
ground. Exodus. 2. A pavement, the floor, the level of a place. Da­
gon was fallen on his face to the ground. 1 Samuel. 3. The earth as
distinguished from air or water. Man and beast upon the ground. Je­
remiah. 4. Land, country. The level grounds. Hudibras. 5. Re­
gion, territory. Syrian ground. Milton. 6. Farm, estate, possession.
Thy neighbours grounds. Dryden. 7. The settlings or dregs of drink,
lees, fæces, that which settles at the bottom of liquors. Mortimer. 8.
[In painting] the first layer of paint upon which the figures are after­
wards painted, or the surface upon which the figures and other objects
are raised and represented. Placed on light and transparent grounds.
Dryden. 9. The fundamental substance, that by which the additional
or accidental parts are supported. The finest lines in nature should be
drawn upon the most durable ground. Pope. 10. The plain song, the
tune on which descants are raised. On that ground I＇ll build a holy
descant. Shakespeare. 11. First hint, first traces of an invention, that
which gives occasion to the rest.
Tho＇ jealousy of state th＇ invention found,
Yet love refin＇d upon the former ground. Dryden.
12. The foundation or original cause, the true reason. The ground
and event of this accident. Sidney. 13. The first principles of know­
ledge, principles of any art or science. The easy grounds of religion.
Milton. 14. The field or place of action.
This act thy death did bring,
Or hasten＇d at the least upon this ground. Daniel＇s Civ. War.
15. The space occupied by an army as they fight, advance, or retire.
The Arcadians began to lose ground. Sidney. 16. the intervening
space between the flier and pursuer. To see another get ground upon
them. Addison. 17. The state in which one is with respect to oppo­
nents or competitors. He will stand his ground against all the attacks
that can be made. Atterbury. 18. State of progress or recession. I
wonder it has gain＇d no more ground. Temple. 19. The foil to set a
thing off. Like bright metal on a sullen ground. Shakespeare.

GROUND, pret. and part. of to grind See To GRIND.

GROUND Angling, a fishing under water without a float.

GROUND Ivy [grund-ifig, Sax. hedera terrestris, Lat.] an herb
called alehoof or tunhoof. The shoots trail upon the ground, and
emit roots almost from every joint, which fasten themselves into the
earth. The leaves are roundish; the flowers are produced at the joints
of the shoots. The species are, first, common ground-ivy or gill go­
by-ground, and the second lesser ground-ivy. Miller.

GROUND is much used in composition for that which is next the
ground or near the ground.

GRO＇UNDASH, subst. A sapling of ash, taken from the ground, not a
branch cut from the tree. Some cut the young ashes off about an inch
above the ground, which causes them to make very large straight
shoots, which they call groundash. Mortimer.

GROUND-BAIT [of ground and bait] a bait made of barley or malt
boiled, which being thrown into the place where you design to angle,
sinks to the bottom, and draws the fish to it. Walton.

GROUND-FLOOR [of ground and floor] the lower floor of a house.

GROUND-OAK [of ground and oak] an oak taken from the ground.
Mortimer.

GROUND-PINE [chamæpitys, Lat.] the name of a plant. The leaves
are narrow and trifid, and the flower labiated. The flowers rarely
grow in whorles, but one or two are produced at the wings of the
leaves. Miller. The whole plant has a very singular smell, resem­
bling that of resin, whence the name ground-pine. It grows on dry
and barren hills, and on the ditch-banks by some road sides. It is
highly extolled by the generality of medical writers as an aperient, ce­
phalic and nervous medicine; but it is however little used at present.
Hill.

GROUND Plates [with architects] the outermost pieces of timber
lying on or near the ground, and framed into one another with mor­
tise and tenons, in these also are mortises made to receive the tenons of
the joists, the summers and girders; and sometimes the trimmers for
the stair-case and chimney-way, and the binding joists. Mortimer.

GROUND-PLOT. 1. The ground on which any building is placed
Canst thou find any small ground plot for hope to dwell upon? Sidney.
2. The ichonography of a building.

GROU＇ND-RENT, rent paid for the privileges of building on ano­
ther man＇s ground.

GROUND-ROOM, a room on the same level with the ground.

GROUND Plumbing [with anglers] is the finding the depth of the
water with a leaden plummet on the line.

GROUND Tackle [in a ship] anchors, cables, &c. and all those
things requisite to make her ride safe at anchor in a convenient road.

GROUND Timbers [in a ship] are the timbers which lie on the keel,
and are fastened to it with bolts through the keelson.

To GROUND, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To fix, to set or lay a
thing in the ground. Wherever she had grounded her foot. Rambler.
2. To found as upon cause or principle. Grounded upon the principles
of nature. Swift. 3. To settle in first principles or rudiments of know­
ledge. Rooted and grounded in love. Ephesians.

GROU＇NDED, part. adj. [of to ground] founded, built or rested upon,
sustained by.

GROU＇NDEDLY, adv. [of grounded] upon firm and stable principles.
Glanville uses it.

GROU＇NDLESS [grundleas, Sax]. without ground, foundation or
reason. How groundless that reproach. Addison.

GROU＇NDLESSLY, adv. [of groundless] in a manner without grounds
or reason. Boyle uses it.

GROU＇NDLING [grundling, Ger.] a fish so called, which keeps at
the bottom of the water. Hence one of the low vulgar. Hanmer.
To split the ears of the groundlings. Shakespeare.

GROU＇NDSEL [grund, Sax. and prob. of senil, Fr. or schwalle, Ger.
or from grund and sile, Sax. the basis, perhaps from sella, Lat. John­
son] the ground timber, raised pavement or threshold of a door.
Moxon uses it.

GROUNDSEL [senecio, Lat.] a plant. It hath a flosculous flower,
consisting of many florets. The embryo afterward becomes a seed fur­
nished with down, at which time the empalement is reflexed to make
way for the feeds to escape. Miller.

GROUND-WORK [of ground and work] 1. The ground, the first
stratum, the first part of the whole, that to which the rest is additional.
The ground-work is of stars. Dryden. 2. The first part of an under­
taking, the fundamentals. The main skill and ground-work will be.
Milton. 3. First principle, original cause or reason. The ground­
work of his instruction. Dryden.

GROUP [groupe, Fr. gruppo, It. in painting and sculpture] an as­
semblage or knot of two or more figures of men, beasts, fruits, or the
like, which have no apparent relation one to the other, a cluster, a
huddle, a number thronged together. Groups or knots of figures dis­
posed at proper distances. Dryden.
Within, a group of female figures stood.
In motley dress. TABLE of CEBES.

GROUP [in regard to the design] are combinations of divers figures,
which have relation to each other, either on account of the action, or
of their proximity, or of the effect they have.

GROUP [in music] is one of the kind of diminutions of long notes,
which in the working forms a sort of group, knot, bush, &c. a group
commonly consists of four crotchets, quavers, &c. tied together.

GROUP [in architecture] a term used of columns; as they say a
group of columns, when there are three or four columns joined toge­
ther on the same pedestal.








GROUPS [in regard to the clair obscure] are bodies of figures, wherein
the lights and shadows are diffused in such manner, that they strike the
eye together, and naturally lead it to consider them in one view.

To GROUP [grouper, Fr.] to make an assemblage or complication
of figures, to huddle together, to put into a group or crowd, as the
painters term it. Grouping such a multitude of different objects.
Prior.

GROU＇SE, a kind of fowl, a heathcock.
Fly the house
For better game, and look for grouse. Swift.

GROUT [grut, Sax. grutt, L. Ger. grütz, H. Ger. In Scotland
they call it groats] 1. Coarse oatmeal, or the larger or hully part of
oatmeal, pollard. Carous＇d in nutbrown ale and din＇d on grout. King.
2. That which purges off. Sweet honey some condence, some purge the
grout. Dryden. 3. [Agriomelum, Lat.] a sort of wild apple.

To GROW, irr. verb act. grew, irreg. preter. grown, irreg. part. pass.
[growan, Sax. groeyan, Du.] 1. To vegetate, to increase by vegeta­
tion, to thrive. The grass to grow for the cattle. Proverbs. 2. To be
produced by vegetation. Such things as grow of themselves. 2 Kings.
3. To shoot in any particular form. As they first are fashion＇d al­
ways grow. Dryden. 4. To increase in stature. It grew up together
with him. 2 Samuel. 5. To come to manhood from infancy. The
prince groweth up fast to be a man. Bacon. 6. To issue as plants
from a soil, or as branches from the main stock. Not stuck into him,
but grow out of him. Dryden. 7. To encrease in bulk, to become
greater or more numerous. As for nails they grow continually. Bacon.
8. To improve, to make progress. Grow in grace. 2 Peter. 9. To
advance to any state. Grown to such an height of reputation. Bacon.
10. To come by degrees to any state. After they grew to rest upon
number. Bacon. 11. To come forward, to gather or gain ground.
Winter began to grow fast on. Knolles. 12. To turn or to be changed
from one state to another, to become either better or worse. We may
trade and be busy, and goow poor by it. Locke. 13. To proceed as
from a cause. What will grow out of errors. Hooker. 14. To ac­
crue, to be fourth coming.
Ev＇n just the sum that I do owe to you,
Is growing to me by Antipholis. Shakespeare.
15. To adhere, to stick together. The frog＇s mouth grows up. Wal­
ton. 16. To swell, a sea term. Used of the tumbling and rolling of
ships from side to side. When the sea is never so little grown. Raleigh.

GRO＇WER [of grow] an increaser. Mortimer.

GRO＇WING [of growan, Sax.] encreasing, thriving, waxing larger,
&c.

To GROWL [grollen, Teut.] 1. To snarl or make a noise, as a dog
when irritated. By nature never bark, but growl when they are pro­
voked. Ellis＇s Voyage. 2. To murmur, to grumble in general. He
would growl so manfully. Gay.

GRO＇WLING, part. act. [of to growl] snarling, making a noise like
a dog.

GROWN, part. pass. [of grow] 1. Advanced in growth. 2. Co­
vered or filled with the growth of any thing. All grown over with
thorns. Proverbs. 3. Arrived at full growth or stature. A grown wo­
man. Locke. See To GROW.

GROWN, subst. an engine to stretch woollen cloth upon after it has
been woven.

GROWSE, a kind of fowl in the northern parts of England, a heath
powt. See GROUSE.

GROWTH [growthe, Sax.] 1. Vegetation, increase of vegetation.
Trees that have the slowest growth. Atterbury. 2. Product, the thing
produced. His story was of English growth. Dryden. 3. Increase in
number, bulk or frequency. The growth of this disease. Temple. 4.
Increase of stature, advance to maturity. An animal arrives at its full
growth. Atterbury. 5. Progress, improvement, advancement. The
growth of his own estate and dignity. Hooker.

GROWTH Half-penny, a rate paid in some places, as a tithe for
every fat beast.

GROW＇THEAD, GROW＇TNOL, or GROW＇TNOB, subst. [from gross or
greathead, capito, Lat.] 1. A sort of fish. Ainsworth. 2. An idle,
lazy fellow. Hob growthead. Tusser.

GRUB [from grubbing or mining] 1. A sort of maggot or small
worm that eats holes in bodies. They are eaten with grubs. Mortimer.
2. A short thick man, a dwarf: in contempt. A short clownish
grub. Carew.

To GRUB Up, verb act. [groben, Teut. graban, to dig, pret. grob,
Goth.] to delve or dig up the roots of trees, to destroy by digging out
of the soil. The grubbing up of woods. Mortimer.

GRUB-AX [in husbandry] a grubbing-tool.

GRUBBS [with physicians] a kind of white, unctuous, little pimples
or tumours, rising on the face, chiefly on the alæ of the nose.

To GRU＇BBLE, verb act. [grabbelen, grubelen, Ger. to search into]
to grobble, to search or feel all over in the dark. Let me rowl and
grubble thee Dryden.

GRU＇BSTREET, subst. originally the name of a street in Moorfields,
London, much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictionaries,
and temporary poems. Whence any mean production is called Grub­
street. Arbuthnot.

To Grudge, verb act. [gruger, Fr. which, according to Skinner, signi­
fies to cranch with the teeth, to grind or eat. In this sense we say of
one who resents any thing secretly, he chews it. Graugnach, in Welch,
is to murmur, to grumble. Grunig, in Scotland, denotes a grumbling
morose countenance. Casaubon, however, will have this verb, as
well as to growl and to grumble, derived from γογγυζειν, Gr.] 1. To
think much of, to envy one a thing, to see any advantage of another
with discontent, a grudging incommunicative disposition. Spectator.
2. To give or take unwillingly. They have grudged those contribu­
tions. Addison.

To GRUDGE, verb neut. 1. To murmur, to repine. Nor is there
cause why the guilty should grudge or complain of injustice. Hooker.
2. To be unwilling, to be reluctant. They go with great grudging to
serve. Raleigh. 3. To be envious. Grudge not one against another.
St. James. 4. To wish in secret: A low word. He had a grudging
still to be a knave. Dryden. 5. To give or have any uneasy remains.
[I know not whether the word in this sense be not rather grudgeous or
remains, grudgeous being the part of corn that remains after the fine
meal has passed the sieve. Johnson] Hast thou not still some grudgings
of thy sever. Dryden.

GRUDGE [from the verb] 1. Old quarrel, sullen and inveterate
malice. Old grudges to Corinth. Sidney. 2. Anger, ill will.
The god of wit, to shew his grudge,
Clapt ass＇s ears upon the judge. Swift.
3. Unwillingness to benefit. 4. Envy, odium, invidious censure.
Those to whom you have
With grudge prefer＇d me. Ben Johnson.
5. Remorse of conscience. Ainsworth. 6. Some little commotion or
forerunner of a disease. Ainsworth.

GRU＇DGING, subst. [from grudge] See the verb.

GRU＇DGING, part. act. [of to grudge] thinking much, envying.

GRU＇DGINGLY, adv. [of grudging] with an ill will, with reluc­
tance. Dryden uses it.

GRU＇EL [gruau, gruelle, Fr.] 1. A sort of food made of oatmeal by
boiling it with water. 2. Any mixture made by boiling ingredients in
water. Gruel made of grain. Arbuthnot.

GRUFF [groff, Su. O. and L. Ger. grob, H. Ger. coarse, un­
mannerly] sour of aspect, churlish, dogged. Such an one the gruff.
Addison.

GRU＇FFLY, adv. [of gruff] churlishly, doggedly, harshly, rug­
gedly. Gruffly look＇d the god. Dryden.

GRU＇FFNESS [of gruff] surliness, churlishness, sour looks, &c.
harshness of mien or voice.

GRUM, adj. [grim or gram, Sax. grumm, Du. Contracted from
grumble. Johnson] grim-faced, sour-looked, surly, severe: A low word.
Nic look＇d sour and grum. Arbuthnot.

To GRU＇MBLE, verb neut. [grommeler, Fr. grommelen, grommen,
Du.] 1. To murmur with discontent. Thou grumblest and railest
every hour on Achilles. Shakespeare. 2. To growl, to guarle, to
mutter between the teeth. With sullen pleasure grumbles o＇er his
prey. Dryden. 3. To make a hoarse rattle. Thou grumbling thun­
der join thy voice. Motteux.

GRU＇MBLER [of grumble] one that grumbles, one that murmurs, a
discontented person. Swift uses it.

GRU＇MBLING, part. adj. [of to grumble, grommelan, Fr.] muttering
between the teeth, signifying displeasure, tho＇ unwilling to declare the
cause.

GRU＇MBLING, subst. [of grumble] a murmuring thro＇ discontent, a
grudge. Without or grudge or grumblings. Shakespeare.

GRUME [grumeau, Fr. grumus, Lat. in medicine] a particle of blood,
milk, or other fluid, which is coagulated, thickened, hardened, or
not sufficiently thin and diluted.

GRU＇MNESS [of grum] crabbedness, fierceness of countenance.

GRU＇MOUS [grumosus, Lat.] full of grumes, little clots or lumps,
thick, clotted.

GRUMOUS Blood [in medicine] that which is too thick for circula­
tion. Arbuthnot.

GRUMOUS Root [with botanists] that which is composed of several
knobs, as the asphodel and pile-wort.

To GRUNT, or To GRU＇NTLE, verb neut. [grunnio, Lat. grynter,
Dan.] to murmur, or make a noise like a hog.

GRUNT, subst. [from the verb] the noise of a hog. The grunts of
bristled boars. Dryden.

GRU＇NTER [of grunt] 1. He that grunts. 2. [Χρομις, Gr.] a kind
of fish. Ainsworth.

GRU＇NTING, part. [grunniens, Lat. gruntzen, Teut.] making a
noise like a hog. The grunting hog. Swift.

GRU＇NTLING, subst. [of grunt] a young hog.

GRU＇PPA, It. [in painting, sculpture, &c.] a cluster or crowd of
figures, as cherubims heads, &c. so close that the whole figures of
them cannot be discerned.

To GRUTCH, verb neut. [corrupted for the sake of rhyme from
grudge] to envy, to repine.

GRUTCH [from the verb, for grudge] malice, ill will. To whom
he bore so fell a grutch.

GRY [γρυ, Gr. according to Mr. Locke] 1. A measure containing 1/10
of a line, a line being 1/10 of an inch, and an inch one 1/10 of a philoso­
phical foot. 2. Any thing of little value, as the pairing of the nails,
&c. Ainsworth uses it. The term in Greek signifies (according to
Hesychius) the dirt that gathers under the nails; and from thence το
ελαχιστον και βραχυ, i. e. what is short, and very little.

GUAIA＇CUM, the wood of a tree in the West Indies, very much
used in physic, called also lignum sanctum. See LIGNUM Vitæ. Guaia­
cum is attenuant and aperient, and promotes discharges by sweat and
urine. It is an excellent medicine in many chronic cases, and was
once famous for curing the venereal disease, which it still does singly
in warmer climates, but with us we find it insufficient. We have a
resin of it improperly called gum guaiacum. Hill.

GUAIA＇VAS, a sort of Indian root.

GUARANTE＇E, subst. [garant, of garder, Fr. to keep, &c.] a prince
or power appointed by stipulating parties, to see that articles of agree­
ment are performed on each side; the power that undertakes this of­
fice. Guarantee of the Westphalian treaty. Addison.

GUARANTE＇E [in law] he whom the warranter undertakes to in­
demnify or secure from damage.

GUA＇RANTY, the office or duty of a guarantee.

To GUARANTY, verb act. [guarantir, Fr.] to undertake to secure
the performance of any articles.

GUARD [guarde, of guarantir, Fr. guardia, It. guarda, Sp. and Port.
ward, Teut.] 1. A man, or body of men, whose business is to watch
by way of defence or prevention. The guard bare him. 1 Kings. 2.
A state of caution or vigilance, defence or protection. To stand upon
his guard. Davies. 3. Limitation or restriction, anticipation of ob­
jection, caution of expression. They have expressed themselves with
as few guards and restrictions as I. Atterbury. 4. An ornament, hem
or border of lace. 5. A part of a sword hilt.

GUARD [in sencing] an action or posture proper to defend or screen
the body from the efforts or attacks of an enemy＇s sword.

GUARD [in military art] the duty performed by a body of soldiers,
to secure all by watchfulness against the attempts of the enemy.








Advance GUARD, a party of horse or foot, which marches before
when an army is upon the march, to give notice of the approaching
danger.

Main GUARD [in a garrison] a guard from whence all the other
guards are detach＇d; and (in the field) it is a considerable body of
horse, sent out to the head of the camp, to secure the army.

Picquet GUARDS, small guards at the head of every regiment.

Royal GUARDS, are such as guard the king＇s person.

Quarter GUARD [in a camp] a small guard, commanded by a
subaltern officer, and posted about an hundred yards before every bat­
talion.

Grand GUARD [in a camp] consists in three of four squadrons of
horse, commanded by a field officer, and posted before the camp on
the right and left wing, towards the enemy, for the security of the
camp.

Regiment of GUARDS, certain regiments which do duty wheresoever
the king＇s person is.

Standard GUARD, a small guard of foot, which a regiment of horse
mounts in their front, under a corporal.

To GUARD [garder, Fr. guardare, It. guardàr, Sp. from the Eng.
ward, the w being changed by the French into g, as Galles for Wales.
Johnson] 1. To watch by way of defence and security; as, to guard a
town in the night time with soldiers. 2. To defend or keep from, to
ward off danger, to protect. The port of Genoa is very ill guarded
against the storms. Addison. 3. To preserve by caution. To guard
ones self against this particular imperfection. Addison. 4. To provide
against objections. Homer has guarded every circumstance with as
much caution as if he had been aware of the objection. Broome. 5.
To decorate or set off with lists, laces or ornamental borders. In a
long motley, guarded with yellow. Shakespeare.

To GUARD, verb neut. to be in a state or caution of defence. Nice
cases in which a man must guard. Collier.

GUA＇RDAGE [of guard] the state of wardship.
A maid so tender, fair, and happy,
Run from her guardage. Shakespeare.

GUA＇RDANT [in heraldry] a term used of a lion borne in a coat of
arms, when his face is turned towards the spectator, and he appears
in a posture of defence of himself.

GUA＇RDED, part. pass. of to guard [gardé, Fr.] defended with a
guard.

GUARD Cock. See GARDECAUT.

GUA＇RDER [of guard] one who guards. Ainsworth.

GUARDS [with astronomers] a name sometimes applied to the two
stars nearest the pole, being in the hind part of the chariot, at the tail
of the little bear.

GUA＇RDIAN, subst. [gardien, Fr.] he to whom the charge or custody
of any person or thing is committed.

GUA＇RDIAN [in law] 1. One who is intrusted with the education,
tuition, &c. of such as are not of sufficient discretion to guide them­
selves and their own affairs, as children and idiots; one that has the
care of an orphan, serving instead of parents. Her uncle and her
guardian. Shakespeare. 2. One to whom the care and preservation of any
thing in general is committed.
I gave you all;
Made you my guardians, my depositaries. Shakespeare.
3. A repositary or storehouse; obsolete.
The sacred storehouse of his predecessors,
And guardian of their bones. Shakespeare.

GUARDIAN of the Spiritualities, a person to whom the spiritual ju­
risdiction of a bishopric is committed, during the vacancy of the see.
He may be either guardian in law, or jure magistratus, as the arch­
bishop is of any diocese within his province, or guardian by delega­
tion, as he whom the archbishop or vicar-general doth for the time
depute. Cowel.

GUARDIAN, adj. performing the office of a kind protector or su­
perintendant. Like my guardian angel. Dryden.

GUA＇RDIANSHIP [of guardian] the office of a guardian. A kind of
titulary guardianship over goods and chattels. L＇Estrange.

GUA＇RDLESS, adj. [of guard] being without guard or defence.
The guardless herd, their keeper slain. Waller.

GUARD-SHIP [of guard] 1. Protection, care. Under whose wise
and careful guardship. Swift. 2. [from guard and ship] a king＇s
ship to guard the coasts.

GUAIA＇VA, or GUA＇VA, a plant whose flowers consist of five leaves,
produced in a circular order, the ovary is of a long, tubulous figure,
which becomes a fleshy fruit; which, says Sir Hans Sloane, is ex­
tremely delicious and wholsome. They have only this inconvenience,
that being very astringent, they stop up the belly, if taken in great
quantities. Miller.

GUA＇STALD, a person who has the custody or keeping of the king＇s
mansion-houses.

GUAY [in French heraldry] as a cheval guay, signifies a horse
rearing and standing upon his hind legs.

GUBERNA＇TION [gubernatio, Lat.] government, superintendency,
superior direction. Employed as a medium or conscious instrument of
this extensive gubernation. Watts.

GU＇DGEON [gobio, Sp. and Lat. goujon, Fr.] 1. A small fish found
in rivers and brooks, easily caught, and therefore made a proverbial
name for a man easily cheated. To draw you in like so many gud­
geons to swallow his false arguments. Swift. 2. Something to be
caught to a man＇s own disadvantage, a bait, an allurement; gud­
geons being commonly used as baits for pike. For this fool＇s gudgeon,
this opinion. Shakespeare.

GUDGEONS [in a ship] a sort of rudder-irons, being the eyes drove
into the stern post, into which the hooks called pintles go to hang on
the rudder.

GUELPHS, a noted faction in Italy; antagonists to the Gibellines.

GUE＇RDON, subst. [guerdon, gardon, Fr.] a reward, a recompence.
A word now obsolete. Spencer, Knolles and Milton use it.

GUE＇RITE, is a sort of small tower of stone or wood, generally on
the point of a bastion, or on the angles of the shoulder, to hold a cen­
tinel, who is to take care of the foss, and to watch to hinder sur­
prizes; some call ecaugette those which are made of wood and are of
a square form, for the guerites of stone are roundish, and are built
half without the wall, and terminate at a point below, which ought
to be at the gordon, that the centinel may discover along the faces,
flanks and curtins, and all along the foss; they ought to be about six
feet high, and their breadth three and a half.

GUE＇RNSEY, an island in the English channel, on the coast of Nor­
mandy, ten miles long and about seven broad, containing ten parishes.
The inhabitants are still governed by the Norman laws, but subject to
England.

GUE＇RKINS, a sort of pickling or pickled cucumbers.

GUESS [ghisse, Du.] a conjecture, a judgment without certain
grounds.

To GUESS, verb neut. [ghissen, Du.] to conjecture, to judge with­
out any certain principle. Should he not very often guess rightly of
things to come. Raleigh. 2. To conjecture rightly. One may guess
by Plato＇s writings what his meaning as to the inferior deities was.
Stillingfleet.

To GUESS, verb act. to hit upon by accident, to determine rightly
of any thing without certain direction of the judgment.

GUE＇SSER [of guess] one that guesses or conjectures, one who
judges without certain knowledge.

GUE＇SSINGLY, adv. [of guessing] by conjecture, with uncertainty.
Shakespeare.

GUEST [giest, or gest, Sax. gwest, Wel. gast, Du. and Ger.
gieste, Dan. gast or giest, Su. kast, Teut. gast, Goth. all of guaistan,
Goth. to honour or revere] 1. A person invited to an entertainment,
one entertained in the house of another. 2. A stranger, one who
comes newly to reside.

GUE＇ST-CHAMBER [of guest and chamber] a chamber of entertain­
ment. St. Mark.

GUEST Rope [with mariners] a rope by which the boat is kept
from steeving, or going too much in and out, as she is towed after a
ship.

To GU＇GGLE [of gorgoggliare, It. or of glou-glou, a word the Fr.
have invented to imitate that sound] to make a noise, as liquor poured
out of a bottle that has a narrow neck.

GUI＇DAGE, subst. [of guide] the reward given to a guide, money
paid for a safe conduct through a strange and foreign territory.

GUI＇DANCE [of guide] conduct, leading, government. The gui­
dance of reason. Atterbury.

To GUIDE, verb act. [guider, Fr. guidare, It. guiàr, Sp.] 1. To direct
or conduct in a way or journey. He will guide you into all truth. St.
John. 2. To govern by counsel, to instruct. Lead me and guide me.
Psalms. 3. To regulate, to superintend. The guiding of the house.
Decay of Piety.

GUIDE, subst. Fr. [guida, It. guia, Sp.] 1. A director or conductor
of another in his way. Judas was guide to them that took Jesus.
Acts. 2. One who directs another in his conduct. Left him to an
happy guide. Waller. 3. A director, a regulator. Who the guide
of nature, but only the God of nature? Hooker.

GUI＇DELESS [of guide] being without a guide, governor, or super­
intendant. Dryden.

GUI＇DER [of guide] one that guides, a director, a regulator. To
acknowledge chance for his chirurgeon, and providence for the guider
of his hand. South.

GUI＇DON. 1. A kind of flag or standard borne by the king＇s life­
guard; being broad at one extreme and almost pointed at the other,
and slit or divided into two. 2. The officer who bears it.

GUIE＇NNE, a province of France, bounded by the Orleanois on the
north, by Gascony, from which it is separated by the river Garonne,
on the south, by Languedoc on the east, and by the Bay of Biscay
on the west.

GUILD [gild, gildscip Sax. a corporation, gilde, Du. O. and
L. Ger.] a tax, tribute, or fine; also a company or incorporated so­
ciety combined together by orders and laws made among themselves
by their prince＇s licence; hence comes gild or guild-hall. q. d. the hall
of the guilds or companies of the city, being a fraternity or common­
alty of men gathered into one combination, supporting the common
charge by mutual contribution. Cowel. Ancient guilds were settled
in England for this manufacture. Hale.

GUI＇LD-HALL [gild, of gildan, Sax. to pay, because a common
contribution, and heal, Sax. an hall, i. e. the common hall of the
gilds, or companies, or incorporated citizens of London] this hall was
first built in the year 1411, by Thomas Knolls, then mayor, the al­
dermen and citizens; but being destroyed by the great fire, 1666, it
was rebuilt more spacious, being in length from east to west 170 feet,
and in breadth 68. It cost the city 40,000l. the two giants of terrible
aspect and monstrous height, that stand facing the entrance of the hall,
the one holding a pole-ax, the other a halbert, are supposed, the for­
mer to represent an ancient Briton, and the latter a Saxon.

GUILD-MERCHANT, a certain liberty or privilege, whereby mer­
chants are enabled to hold certain pleas of land within their own
precincts.

GUI＇LDERS [gulden, Du. and Ger.] a Dutch coin in value about
2 s. or 1 s. 10 d. sterling; that of Germany is in most or all parts
about 2 s. 8 d. excepting the guilders of Misnia, which is about
3 s. 1 d.

GUILE [guille, gille, of guiller, O. Fr. the same with wile, or be­
galian, Sax. to bewitch] fraud, deceit, mischievous cunning.

GUI＇LEFUL, adj. [of guile and full] wily, insidiously artful. In­
veigled by them that are so guileful thro＇ skill. Hooker. 2. Treache­
rous, secretly mischievous. That guileful hole. Shakespeare.

GUI＇LEFULNESS [of guileful] fraudulentness, deceitfulness, crafti­
ness, wiliness, tricking cunning, secret treachery.

GUI＇LELESS [of guile] free from guile or deceit, simply honest.

GUI＇LFORD, a borough town of Surry, situated on the river Wye,
30 miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

GUI＇LER [of guile] See BEGUILE. One that insidiously betrays
into danger. Spenser uses it.

GUILT [guilt, or gylt, Sax. of gild, a tax, &c. of gildan, Sax.
to pay a tax, &c. q. d. liable to make an amends or pay for a fault
committed. It originally signified the fine or mulct paid for an offence,
and afterwards the offence itself. Johnson. gielde, Dan.] 1. Guilti­
ness, consciousness of having committed a fault, the state of a man
justly charged with a crime; the contrary to innocence. 2. An of­







sence, a crime, &c.
Close pent up guilts
Rive your concealing consinements. Shakespeare.

GUI＇LTINESS, the state of being guilty, wickedness, culpableness,
liableness to suffer for a crime proved to have been committed. Sidney
uses it.

GUI＇LTILY, adv. [of guilty] without innocence, without clear­
ness of conscience. Shakespeare uses it.

GUI＇LTLESS [of guilt] free from crime, innocent.

GUI＇LTLESSLY, adv. [of guiltless] without guilt, innocently.

GUI＇LTLESSNESS [of guiltless] freedom from crime, innocency.

GUI＇LTY [guiltig, or gyltig, Sax.] 1. One condemned to pay a
fine for an offence, justly chargeable with a crime, culpable, being in
fault, deserving to be condemned or blamed, not innocent. 2. Wick­
ed, corrupt. The tumult of a guilty world. Thomson.

GUI＇NEA [in geography] a large country in Africa, where the
English, French, Dutch, and other nations, have factories.

GUI＇NEA, or GUI＇NEY [of Guinea, a country in Africa abounding
with gold] a gold coin, now current at 21s.

GUI＇NEA-DROPPER [of guinea and drop] one who cheats by drop­
ping guineas. Gay uses it.

GUI＇NEA-HEN, a small Indian hen.

GUI＇NEA-PEPPER [capsicum, Lat.] a plant, whose flowers consist
of one leaf, and expanded like those of nightshade; the fruit is soft,
fleshy, and membranous, in which are contained many flat kidney­
shaped seeds. Miller.

GUI＇NEA-PIG, a small animal with a pig＇s snout; a small species
of pig.

GUISE, the same with wise [guise, Fr. guisa, It. and Sp. wiyse, Du.
O. and L. Ger. weise, H. Ger. wisa, Sax. the w, or w, being
changed, as is commonly the case, into g] 1. Manner, mien, cast
of behaviour. This is her very guise. Shakespeare. 2. Mode, fashion,
custom, practice. Old guise must be kept. B. Johnson. 3. External
appearance, dress. Under the guise of religion. Swift.

GUITA＇R, subst. [ghitara, It. guiterre, Fr.] a stringed instrument of
music. Prior uses it.

GU＇LA, Lat. the upper part of the throat.

GU＇LE, or GU＇LA [in architecture] the neck or narrowest part of
the lowest capital of a pillar; or a wavy member, whose contour re­
sembles the letter S, called an ogee.

GULCH, or GU＇LCHIN [prob. of gulo, Lat. a glutton] a little glut­
ton. Skinner.

GULES [a red rose. Menestrier. gueule, Fr. the throat; in heraldry]
signifies the red colour; in engraving it is made by perpendicular lines
from the top of the escutcheon to the bottom. See plate VII, fig. 15.

GULF [golfe, Fr. golfo, It. Sp. and Port.] 1. Apart of the sea run­
ning between two land scalled streights; being embraced and almost sur­
rounded, a bay, an opening into land. The gulf of the Adriatic.
Knolles. 2. A depth that cannot be fathomed, an abyss. This is the
gulph through which Virgil＇s Alecto shoots herself into hell. Addison.
3. A sucking eddy, a whirlpool. As waters to the sucking of a gulf.
Shakespeare. 4. Any thing insatiable.
Maw and gulph
Of the rav＇ning salt sea shark. Shakespeare.

GU＇LFY, adj. [of gulf] full of gulfs or whirlpools, vorticosus.
Utmost Tweed, or Oose, or gulfy Dun. Milton.

GULL [from the verb] 1. A weed that grows among corn. 2. A
sea bird. 3. A cheat, fraud, or trick. An apparent cheat and gull.
Government of the Tongue. 4. A stupid animal, one easily cheated.
Forged to cheat such gulls as you. Hudibras.

To GULL [guiller, Fr.] to deceive, cheat, to cousen, chouse or
defraud. Grosly gulled. Dryden.

GU＇LL-CATCHER [of gull and catch] a cheat, a tricking man, one
who catches silly people. Shakespeare.

GU＇LLER [of gull] a cheat, an imposter.

GU＇LLERY [of gull] cheat, trick, imposture. Ainsworth.

GU＇LLET [gula, Lat. goulet, Fr. gola, It. golla, Port.] the throat,
the œsophagus, the meat-pipe. The gullet, or feeding channel.
Brown.

GU＇LLING, part. adj. [of to gull] deceiving, cheating, defrauding,
duping.

GULLING [a sea term] is when the pin of a block or pulley eats
into the shiver, or the yard into the mast.

To GU＇LLY, verb neut. [of goulet, Fr. the throat. Corrupted from
gurgle. Johnson] to make a noise in drinking, to run with noise.

GU＇LLY-HOLE, a place at the grate, or entrance of the street-chan­
nels for a passage into the common sewer.

To GU＇LLY, or To GO＇GGLE, verb neut. [gorgogliare, It.] to make
a noise, as liquor poured out of a bottle.

GULO＇SITY [gulositas, of gula, Lat.] gluttony. Brown uses it.

GULP [goulée, Fr.] as much liquor as goes down the throat at one
swallow. Gulps of air. More and Dryden.

To GULP [golpen, Du.] to swallow down eagerly, and with a
noise, to suck down without intermission. See them puff off the froth
and gulp amain. Gay.

To GUM [gommer, Fr.] to close or dawb with gum. Wiseman.

GUM [gomme, Fr. gomma, It. and Port. goma, Sp. gomme, Du.
gummi, Lat.] 1. A vegetable juice issuing through the pores of certain
plants, and there hardening into a tenacious transparent mass by the
warmth of the sun and air, but is still dissolvable by water. It differs
from a resin, in being more viscid and less friable. See RESIN. 2.
[goma, Sax. gumme, Du.] The fleshy covering that invests and con­
tains the teeth.

GU＇MMATA [in medicine] strumous tumors.

GU＇MMATED, adj. [gummatus, Lat.] done over with gum.

GU＇MMINESS [of gummy] gummy nature or quality, the state of
being gummy, accumulation of gum. Wiseman.

GUMMO＇SE, adj. [gummosus, Lat.] that hath much gum, having the
nature of gum. Woodward.

GU＇MMOUS, or GUMMO＇SITY [of gummous] gumminess, the nature
of gum, gummy quality. Floyer.

GU＇MMY [gummosus, Lat. gommeux, Fr.] 1. Full of gum, over­
grown with gum. His gummy eyes. Dryden. 2. Consisting of gum,
having the nature of gum. A gummy juice. Raleigh. 3. Productive
of gum. The gummy bark of fir. Milton.

GUN [Somner derives gun of mangon, a warlike machine, used
before the invention of guns; but there is no satisfactory etymo­
logy. Mr. Lye observes, that gun in Iceland signifies battle, but
when guns came into use, we had no commerce with Iceland.
Johnson] a fire-arm or weapon of several sorts and sizes, the instru­
ment from which shot is discharged by fire. It is a general name for
fire-arms.

GU＇NNEL [corrupted from gunwale] See GUNWALE.

GU＇NNER [of gun] 1. A cannoneer, he whose employment is to
manage artillery. 2. One that uses fire-arms.

GU＇N-POWDER, a composition of salt-petre, sulphur, and charcoal,
mixed together, and usually granulated, which easily takes fire, and
raresies or expands with great vehemencé, by means of its elastic
force.

GUN-POWDER Treason, a festival day observed on the fifth of No­
vember, in commemoration of the happy deliverance of king James I,
and the house of lords and commons, by the discovery of the gun­
powder plot.

GU＇NSHOT, subst. [of gun and shot] the reach or range of a gun,
the space to which a shot can be thrown. Dryden.

GU＇NSMITH [of gun and smith] a man who makes guns.

GU＇NSTICK [of gun and stick] the rammer or stick with which the
charge is driven.

GU＇NSTOCK [of gun and stock] the wood to which the barrel of a
gun is fix＇d.

GU＇NSTONE [of gun and stone] the shot of cannon. They used for­
merly to shoot stones from artillery. Shakespeare.

GU＇NTER＇s Line [so called of Mr. Gunter, formerly geometry pro­
fessor of Gresham college] called also the line of numbers, is the
logarithms laid off upon straight lines; the use of which is for per­
forming arithmetical operations, by means of a pair of compasses,
or even without, by sliding two of these lines of numbers by each
other.

GUNTER＇s Quadrant, a quadrant of wood, brass, &c. being partly
of a stereographical projection upon the plane of the equinoctial, the
eye being in one of the poles, where the tropic, ecliptic, and horizon,
are arches of circles; but the hour circles are all curves, drawn by
means of the several altitudes of the sun, for some particular latitude,
every day in the year. The use of it is to find the hour of the day,
sun＇s azimuth, &c. See Plate VII, fig. 16.

GUNTER＇s Scale, that which sailors commonly call the gunter, is a
large plain scale, with the lines of artificial sines and tangents upon it,
laid off by straight lines, and so contrived to a line of numbers that is
on it, that by the help of this scale, and a pair of compasses, all the
cases of trigonometry, both plain and spherical, may, to a tolerable
exactness, be solved, and of consequence all questions in navigation,
dialling, &c. may be wrought by it.

GUNWALE [of a ship] is that piece of timber, which on either side
side reaches from the half deck to the fore-castle, being the uppermost
bend which finisheth the upper works of the hull in that part, and
wherein they put the stanchions which support the waste trees; and
this is called the gunwale, whether there be guns in the ship or no;
also the lower part of the port, where any ordnance are.

GURGE [gurges, Lat.] a whirl-pool, a gulf. Milton.

GU＇RGION, the coarser part of the meal sifted from the bran.

To GU＇RGLE, verb neut. [gurgulio, Lat. gorgoliare, It.] to fall or
gush with noise, as water from a bottle. A fountain＇s gurgling wa­
ters play. Pope.

GU＇RGLING, part. [of to gurgle] making a noise, as water pour­
ing out of a bottle, or in swallowing a liquid.

GURGU＇LIO, Lat. [with anatomists] the cover of the wind-pipe;
the same as cion and epiglotis.

GU＇RNARD, or GU＇RNET [gournal, Fr. a kind of sea-fish] the name
of a fish. Sowe＇d gurnet. Shakespeare.

To GUSH [of geotan, Sax. gestelen, Du.] 1. To pour or run out
suddenly, and with force, not to spring in a small stream, but in a
large body. The water gush＇d out that made the deluge. Burnet＇s
Theory. 2. To emit in a copious stream or effluxion. My gushing
eyes. Pope.

GUSH [from the verb] 1. An emission of liquor in a large quan­
tity at once. 2. The liquor so emitted. Harvey.

GU＇SHING, part. [geotung, Sax.] pouring or running out sudden­
ly, and with force.

GU＇SSET [gousset, Fr.] a triangular, small piece of cloth, used in
shirts, smocks, &c. in order to strengthen them.

GUSSET [in heraldry] is formed by a line drawn either from the
dexter or sinister chief points, and falling perpendicularly down to the
extreme base: or thus, it proceeds from the dexter or sinister angle
of the chief, descending diagonally to the chief point, and from
thence another line falls perpendicularly upon the base. Mr. Guillim
calls it one of the whimsical abatements of honour, for a person
who is either lascivious, effeminate, or a sot, or all of them.

GUST [gist, Sax. guster, Island. gustus, Lat. goute, Fr. gusto, It.]
1. A sudden puff, or violent blast of wind. Libels are the gusts of
liberty of speech restrained. Bacon. 2. The sense of taste. For thy
sport or gust. Pope. 3. Height of perception, height of sensual en­
joyment. Mere sensual gust. Dryden. 4. Love, liking. The gust
and relish of true happiness. Tillotson. 5. Turn of fancy, intellectual
taste. The gust and manner of the ancients. Dryden. 6. It is writ­
ten in Spenser vitiously for justs, sports. Knightly gusts and fierce
encounters. Spenser.

GUST [old writ.] a stranger or guest who lodges with a person the
second night.

GU＇STABLE [gustoso, It. gustabilis, of gusto, Lat. to taste] 1. That
may be tasted. Brown. 2. Agreeable to the taste. A gustable thing
seen or smelt, excites the appetite. Derham.

GUSTA＇TION [gusto, Lat.] the act of tasting. Brown.

GU＇STFUL [of gust and full] tasteful, well tasted. Decay of Piety.

GU＇STO, It. 1. A relish, favour, or taste of any thing, the power
by which any thing excites sensations in the palate. Pleasant gusto＇s.







Derham. 2. Intellectual taste or liking. Let them bring no particu­
lar gusts along with them. Dryden.

GU＇STY, adj. [of gust] stormy, tempestuous. A raw and gusty
day. Shakespeare.

GUT [prob of kuttein, or, according to Casaubon, of γεγτα,
Gr.] 1. A canal or pipe in the abdomen, through which the food
passes to the colon, the stomach, the receptacle of food; proverbi­
ally. Cram＇d them till their guts did ake. Hudibras. 2. Gluttony,
love of gormandising.
Apicius thou didst on thy guts bestow
Full ninety millions. Hakewell.

To GUT, verb act. 1. To take out the guts, to draw. Most part
of their fish are gutted. Carew. 2. To empty, to plunder of con­
tents. Having gutted a proper name of its vowels. Spectator.

GU＇TTA, Lat. a drop of any liquor.

GUTTA Rosacea [with physicians] a redness, with pimples in the
nose, cheeks, or over the whole face, as if they were sprinkled with
rose-coloured drops.

GUTTA Serena [with oculists] a disease in the eye, consisting in
an entire prevention of sight, without any apparent defect of the eyes;
excepting a dilatation of the pupil, which SOMETIMES gradually arises
from this disease; I say SOMETIMES, and where the disease itself comes
on gradually, and does not break forth at once from a sudden cause.
See MEAD Monita, &c. p. 183.

GU＇TTAL Cartilage [with anatomists] is that which includes the
third and fourth gristle of the larynx.

GU＇TTATED, adj. [guttatus, Lat.] spotted with spots or speckles
like drops, besprinkled with drops, bedropped.

GU＇TTE [in architecture] are certain parts in figure like little bells,
in number six, placed below the triglyphs in an architrave, of the do­
ric order. They are so called of gutta, Lat. a drop, from their shape,
resembling the drops of water that have run along the tryglyph, and
still hang under the closure betwixt the pillars.

GU＇TTER [goutiere, Fr. guttur, Lat.] a canal or spout for carrying
off water.

To GU＇TTER, verb act. [from the subst.] to cut in small hollows.
It seems commonly used as the particle passive. The gutter＇d rocks.
Shakespeare.

To GU＇TTER, verb neut. to sweal or run as a candle.

GUTTER Tile, a three-cornered tile laid in gutters.

GU＇TTERA [old records] a gutter or spout to convey water from
leads or roofs of buildings.

To GU＇TTLE, verb neut. [of gut, Fr.] to eat much, to feed luxuri­
ously, to gormandise; a low word. Dryden.

To GUTTLE, verb act. to swallow. He guttled them up. L＇Estrange.

GU＇TTLER [of guttle] one that guttles or gormandises.

GU＇TTULOUS, adj. [guttula, Lat. a little drop] being in the form
of a small drop. Brown.

GU＇TTURAL [gutturalis, Lat.] of or pertaining to the throat.

GUTTURAL Letters, such as are pronounced in the throat.

GU＇TTURIS Os, Lat. [in anatomy] the same that is called hy­
oides os.

GU＇TTUS, Lat. [with antiquaries] a sort of vase used in the Ro­
man sacrifices, to take wine and sprinkle it guttatim, i. e. drop by
drop upon the victim.

GU＇TTY [in heraldry] signifies drops; and they being represented
in coat armour of several colours, the colour should be mentioned in
blazon.

GUY Rope [in a ship] 1. A rope made fast to the fore-mast at one end,
and is received through a single block siezed to the pennant of the
winding tackle, and then again reeved through another, seized to the
fore-mast. The use of which is to hale forward the penant of the
winding tackle. 2. A rope used to lift any thing into the ship. Skinner.

GU＇ZES [in heraldry] with the English, are roundles of a sanguine
or murrey colour; but the French call them torteux. Guzes being of
a bloody hue, are supposed by some to represent wounds.

To GU＇ZZLE, verb neut. [from gut or gust, to guttle or gustle] to
gormandise, to feed immoderately; also to drink greedily or much,
to tipple. Lapping and guzzling till they burst. L＇Estrange.

GU＇ZZLER [of guzzle] one that guzzles, or eats or drinks voraci­
ously.

GWA＇LSTOW [of gwal, a gallows, and stow, Sax. a place] a place
for the execution of malefactors.

GWAYF, goods that felons, when pursued, threw down and left in
the high-way, which were forfeited to the king or lord of the manor,
unless lawfully claimed by the right owner within a year and a day.

To GYBE, verb neut. to joke upon, banter, jeer, flout, &c. Com­
mon courtiers love to gybe and fleer. Spenser.

GYBE, subst. see GIBE. A sneer, a sarcasm. Ready in gybes.
Shakespeare.

GYLT-WITE [gylt-wite, Sax.] a satisfaction or amends for a
trespass.

GYMNA＇SIARCHA [gymnasiarcha, Lat. γυμνασιαρχης, of γυμνασιον,
a place of exercise, and αρχη, Gr. rule] a chief or head master of a
school, the governor of a college.

GYMNA＇SIUM, Lat. [γυμνασιον, Gr.] a place of exercise in any art
or science, a school.

GYMNA＇STICALLY, adv. [of gymnastic] athletically, in a manner
fit for strong exercises. Brown.

GYMNA＇STICE [γυμναστικη, Gr.] the gymnastic art, or the art of
performing the exercises of the body.

GYMNA＇STIC, adj. [of gymnasticus, Lat. γυμναστικος, of γυμναζω, Gr.
to exercise] pertaining to exercise, consisting of leaping, wrestling,
running, throwing the dart or quoit.

GYMNA＇STICS [γυμναστικη, Gr.] that part of physic which teaches
how to preserve health by exercise.

GY＇MNIC, adj. [γυμνικος, Gr. gymnique, Fr.] such as practice the
athletic or gymnastic exercise. Gymnic artists. Milton.

GYMNODISPE＇RMOUS Plants [of γυμνος, naked, δις, twice, and
σπερμα, Gr. seed] such as bear two naked seeds inclosed in a calyx,
without any seed-vessel.

To GYMNO＇LOGIZE [γυμνολογιζω, Gr.] to dispute naked, or like an
Indian philosopher.

GYMNOPÆ＇DIA, Lat. [γυμνοπαιδια, Gr.] a kind of dance in use a­
mong the Lacedæmonians, performed by young persons dancing
naked, during the time of the sacrifices, and singing a song in honour
of Apollo.
Plutarch, if I＇m not mistaken, says, Lycurgus instituted this rite in
his small republic, with design to encourage matrimony.

GYMNOPO＇LYSPERMOUS Plants [of γυμνος, πολυ, many, and σπερ­
μα, Gr. seed] such as have many naked seeds inclosed in a calyx, with­
out any seed-vessel.

GYMNOSO＇PHISTS [of γυμνος, naked, and σοϕιστης, Gr. a sophister]
certain Indian philosophers who went naked, and lived solitary in
woods and desarts, feeding on herbs.

GYMNOSPE＇RMOUS Plants [of γυμνος, naked, and σπερμα, Gr. seed]
such fruits as bear a naked seed inclosed by the calix only, without any
seed-vessel.

GYMNOTE＇TRASPERMOUS Plants [of γυμνος, τετρα, four, and σπερ­
μα, Gr. seed] such as have four naked seeds inclosed in a calyx, with­
out any seed-vessel.

GYNÆCI＇A, Lat. [γυναικια, Gr.] such accidents in general as hap­
pen to women; also womens monthly courses.

GYNÆCI＇UM, Lat. [γυναικειον, Gr.] the womens apartment, or a
separate place, where the women kept themselves retired, and out of
the sight of men.
A custom, to this day not unusual in Asiatic countries. The Arabi­
ans call this part of the house or palace the “Haram, or prohibited
place;” and by the same term they express the sacred enclosure of the
Beit-ollah, or house of God in Meccah.

GYNÆCO＇CRACY [γυναικοκρατια, of γυνη, a woman, and κρατος,
Gr. power] petticoat government, feminine rule, female power.

GYNÆ＇COCRA＇TUME＇NIANS [of γυνη and κρατουμενος, Gr. overcome]
an ancient people of Sarmatia Europæa, said to be so called, because,
after they had been overcome by the Amazons, they were obliged to
have venereal commerce with them.

GYNÆ＇COMASTON, or GYNÆ＇COMASTOS [γυναικομαστον, Gr.] a tu­
mor or swelling in the flesh or breasts of women.

GY＇PSUM, Parget, Lat. white lime, plaister; also a sort of plaister­
stone, white and soft like alabaster, which being lightly burnt, serves
to make the chalk called plaister of Paris.

GY＇PSY [q. Ægyptii, Lat. of Ægyptians] stroling beggars, who
pretend to tell fortunes. See GIPSY.

GYRA＇TION [gyro, Lat.] 1. The act of turning or whirling any thing
round. Brown. 2. A giddiness.

GY＇ROMANCY [of gyro, Lat. and μαντεια, Gr. divination] a
kind of divination, by walking round in a circle.

GYRE [gyrus, Lat.] a circle described by any thing going in an
orbit. Quick and more quick he spins in giddy gyres. Dryden.

GYRO＇NE, Fr. [in heraldry] an ordinary which consists of two
straight lines, drawn from several parts of the escutcheon, and meeting
in an acute angle in the fesse point of the same.

GYRO＇SE [gyrosis, gyrosus, Lat.] full of turnings.

To GYVE, verb act. [from the subst.] to fetter, to shackle, to en­
chain, to ensnare. I will gyve thee. Shakespeare.

GY＇VES, subst. [without a singular; gevyn, Wel.] fetters, chains for
the legs. Break off their chains and gyves. Knolles.












H.

H h, Roman; H h, Italic; H h, English; ה, Hebrew, is
expressed only by (῾) a note of aspiration in Greek.

H, in English, as in other languages, is not accounted
properly a letter, but note of aspiration before a vowel,
being sounded only by a strong emission of the breath,
without any conformation of the organs of speech; among the poets it
sometimes obtains the power of a consonant. The h in English is
scarcely ever mute at the beginning of a word, or where it imme­
diately precedes a vowel. In Latin it never comes before a consonant;
but always before one of the five vowels and y; as habeo, habes, hia­
tus, homo, homus, hydra, &c. but in English it does, as bought, taught,
&c. In this case, where it is followed by a consonant it has no sound
according to the present pronunciation; but antiently, as now in Scot­
land, it made the syllable guttural.

H̅, with a dash at the top [with the ancients] signified 200000.

HA, interj. [ha, Lat.] 1. An expression of wonder, surprise, sud­
den question or sudden exertion. Ha! what art thou? Rowe. 2. An
expression of laughter.

HANK, or HAKE, a sort of dried fish.

HABDA＇LA [חברלה of בדל, Heb. i. e. to separate] separation, i. e.
a ceremony practised by the Jews every sabbath-day in the evening.
It runs thus: Towards the close of the sabbath, when the stars begin
to appear, each master of a family lights a torch, or at least a lamp
with two wicks. A little box of spices is prepared, or a glass of wine
taken; then singing or rehearsing a prayer, and blessing the wine and
the spices, they all smell them; and after they have performed a few ce­
remonies about the torch, or lamps, they cast a little of the consecrated
wine into the flame; every one tastes, and thus they break up, wish­
ing one another a good week.

HA＇BEAS Corpora, Lat. a writ lying for the bringing in a jury, or
so many of them as refuse to appear upon the summons called venire
facias, for the trial of a cause.

HABEAS Corpus, Lat. a writ which a man, indicted of a trespass
before justices of the peace, or otherwise, and laid in prison, may
have out of the king＇s bench, to remove himself thither at his own
cost, and to answer the cause there.

HABE＇NA [with surgeons] a bandage for the drawing together the
lips of wounds, instead of stitching them.

HABE＇NDUM [in a deed or conveyance] i. e. to have and to hold;
a word of form. All deeds or conveyances consist of two parts, the
premisses and the habendum; the former consists of the names of the
grantor and grantee, and the thing granted; the latter limits and qua­
lifies the estate.

HA＇BERDASHER [Minshew derives it of habt ihr das. Teut. have
you this? as shop-keepers say when offering their wares to sale] a
pedlar, a dealer in small wares, as tape, thread, pins, needles, &c.
also a dealer in hats.

HA＇BERDASHERS, were incorporated a brotherhood of St. Katha­
rine their patroness, anno 1447; and were confirmed in the seven­
teenth of Henry VII. anno 1501, and named Merchant Haberdashers.
They are a master, four wardens, ninety on the court of assistants,
three hundred and twenty-nine on the livery. The livery-fine is
twenty-five pounds. They bear for their arms barry nebule of six ar­
gent and azure on a bend gules, a lion passant gardant or, crest on a
helmet and torse, two arms supporting a laurel proper, and issuing out
of a cloud argent. Their supporters two Indian goats argent, attired
and hoofed or. Their motto, Serve and obey.
They are the eighth of the twelve companies. There have been
twenty-two lord mayors free of this company. Their hall is in Maiden­
Lane.

HA＇BERDINE [abberdaen, Du.] a sort of salt-fish, a dried salt cod.

HA＇BERGION, HA＇BERGEON, or HA＇BERION [haubergion, Fr. hal­
bergium, low Lat.] 1. Armour to cover the neck and breast, breast-plate,
neck-piece, gorget. Some a haberion. Fairfax. Lodg＇d in Mag­
nano＇s brass habergeon. Hudibras. 2. A short coat of mail covering
the head and shoulders.

HABE＇RE Facias Seisinam, Lat. a judicial writ, which lies where a
man has recovered lands in the king＇s court, directed to the sheriff,
commanding him to give him the seisin thereof.

HABE＇RE Facius Visum, Lat. a writ which lies in divers cases, as in
dower, formedon, &c. where a view is to be taken of the land or tene­
ments in question.

HA＇BERJECTS, a sort of cloth of a mix＇d colour.

HABI＇LE, Fr. [abile, It. and Sp. of habilis, Lat.] active, nimble.

HABI＇LIMENT [habilement, Fr.] apparel, cloathing, attire. Spenser.

HABI＇LIMENTS of War [in ancient statutes] armour, harness, uten­
sils, and other provisions for war.

To HABI＇LITATE, verb act. [habiliter, Fr.] to qualify, to entitle.

HABILITATE, part. adj. [from the verb, for habilitated] qualified.
Not legal nor habilitate to serve in parliament. Bacon.

HABILITA＇TION [of habilitate] qualification. Habilitations to­
wards arms. Bacon.

HABI＇LITY [habilité, Fr.] faculty, power. It is now commonly
written ability.

HA＇BIT [abito, It. and Sp. of habitus, Lat.] 1. The constitution or
temper of the mind or body. 2. The state of any thing; as, a habit
of body. 3. Inveterate use, custom. A fixed confirmed habit of sin.
South. 4. Attire, dress, accoutrement. Dressed in the same English
habit. Dryden.

HABIT [in metaphysics] is a quality that is superadded to a natu­
ral power, that makes it very readily and easily perform its opera­
tions.

HABIT [with logicians] one of the ten predicaments.

To HABIT, verb act. [from the subst.] to dress, to array, to ac­
coutre. They habited themselves like those rural deities. Dryden.

HA＇BITABLE, Fr. and Sp. [abitabile, It. habitabilis, Lat.] that may
be inhabited or dwelt in, capable of sustaining human creatures. The
habitable world. Bacon.

HA＇BITABLENESS [of habitable] capacity of being inhabited. Ray
uses it.

HA＇BITABLE, Fr. [abitaculo, It. habitaculo, Sp. of habitaculum,
Lat.] a dwelling-place.

HA＇BITANCE [habitatio, Lat.] dwelling, abode. Spenser uses it.

HA＇BITANT, subst. Fr. [habitans, Lat.] one that lives or dwells in
any place, an inhabitant. Milton uses it.

HABITA＇TION, Fr. [abitazione, It. habitaciòn, Sp. of habitatio, Lat.]
2. A dwelling, a place of abode. Wisdom made not this nor that
man her habitation, but dwelt in us. Hooker. 2. The act of dwelling,
the state of a place receiving dwellers. Inconvenient for habitation.
Woodward.

HABITA＇TOR, Lat. a dweller, an inhabitant. Brown uses it.

HA＇BITED, part. adj. [from to habit; habillé, Fr.] attired, dressed;
also accustomed.

HABI＇TUAL [habituel, Fr. abituale, It.] grown to a habit by long
use, customary, established by frequent repetition. Habitual know­
ledge. South.

HABITUAL Grace [with divines] is that which is conveyed to per­
sons by baptism, and afterwards augmented and improved by the
eucharist and other means.

HABI＇TUALLY, adv. [of habitual] customarily, by habit.

To HABI＇TUATE [s＇habituer, Fr. abituarsi, Ital. of habitus, Lat.]
to accustom to by frequent repetition. They habituate themselves to
their vitious practices. Tillotson.

HABI＇TUATED, part. pass. [of habituate] that which has gotten a
habit of, accustomed to.

HA＇BITUDE, Fr. [habitudo, Lat.] 1. The respect or relation that
one thing bears to another. A certain habituae or relation to one an­
other. South. 2. [With philosophers] is used for what we popularly call
habit, viz. a certain disposition or aptitude for the performing or suf­
fering certain things, contracted by reiterated acts of the same kind.
Impossible to gain an exact habitude, without an infinite number of
acts. Dryden. And to the same import the Table of CEBES, speaking
of a man confirm＇d in the practice of virtue, says,
——In righteous habitude inur＇d,
From passion＇s baneful anarchy secur＇d,
In each enticing scene, each instant hard,
That sovereign antidote his mind will guard.
3. Familiarity, frequent intercourse. Frequent habitudes with the best
company. Dryden. 4. Long custom, inveterate habit or use. A plea­
sing error strengthened by a long habitude. Dryden.

HA＇BITUS, Lat. [in metaphysics] is the application of a body to
that which is near it.

HA＇BLE, a sea-port or haven.

HAB-NAB [a contraction of habban, to have, and nabban, Sax. not
to have; or, if you had rather, of happen hap, i. e. whether it happen
or not, hap ne hap or nap, as would ne would, will ne will, that is, let
it happen or not. Johnson] rashly, at a venture, without any rule or
certainty of effect. Hudibras.

To HACK, verb act. [hacken, Du. and Ger. haecan, of aease, Sax.
an ax, hacka, Teut. hacher, Fr.] 1. To cut into small pieces, to cut
slightly with frequent or unskilful blows. Armour hack＇d in some
places. Sidney. 2. To speak unreadily, and with something of hesi­
tation. Let them keep their limbs whole and hack our English. Shake­
speare.

To HACK, verb neut. to hackney, to turn hackney or prostitute.
Hanmer. These knights will hack. Shakespeare.

To HA＇CKLE, verb act. [hackelen, Du.] to cut small; also to dress
flax.

HA＇CKLE, subst. 1. An instrument for dressing flax. 2. Raw silk,
any filmy substance unspun, according to Johnson. It would seem to
be a kind of shining feather used by anglers. Take the hackle of a
cock or capon＇s neck, or a plover＇s top, take off one side of the fea­
ther, and then take the hackle, silk, gold or silver thread, and make
these fast. Walton.

HA＇CKNEY [haquenée, Fr. a nag or pad, hacnai, Wel. hackeneye,
Teut. a horse] 1. Let to hire, hired horses being usually taught to
pace or recommended as good pacers. 2. A pacing horse. 3. A
hackney coach-horse, a hireling, a prostitute, a common writer, &c.
Hackney tongue. Roscommon. Hackney lady. Hudibras. 4. Any thing
let out for hire. A hackney coach may chance to spoil a thought.
Pope. 5. Much used, common. Notions young students in physick
derive from the hackney authors. Harvey.

To HACKNEY, verb act. [from the noun] to practise in one thing,
to accustom to the road, to make a hackney or slave of one. He is
long hackney＇d in the ways of men. Shakespeare.

HA＇CQUETON, subst. [haquet, O. Fr. a little horse] some piece of
armour. Riding shoes of costly cordwain, his hacqueton and his ha­
bergeon. Spenser.








HAD-BOTE [had-bote, Sax.] a recompence made for offences against
the holy order, or violence offered to clergymen.

HAD, the preter. and part. pass. of have. See To HAVE.

HA＇DDINGTON, a parliament town of Scotland, about 18 miles east
of Edinburgh.

HA＇DDOCK [hadot, Fr.] a sort of cod fish, but small. Carew.

HAD-I-WIST [i. e. I wist or I thought I had it] it imports an un­
certainty, a doubtful matter. Hence in the N. C. one who trifles or
idles time away without any certain aim, is called a had-i-wist.

HA＇DLEY, a market town of Suffolk, 64 miles from London.

HÆLO＇SIS, Lat. [with oculists] a reflected inversion of the eyelid.

HÆMA＇LOPS [αιμαλοψ, of αιμα, blood, and ωψ, Gr. the sight] a
redness of the eyes, proceeding from an inflammation; or a stretching
of the blood-vessel, commonly called blood-shotten eyes.

HÆMASTA＇TICAL [of αιμα and στατικος, Gr.] pertaining to the
weight or ponderosity of the blood.

HÆMATI＇TES [αιματιτης, Gr.] the blood-stone, a stone used in
stopping of blood.

HÆMATO＇DES, Lat. [αιματοδης, Gr.] the herb cranes-bill.

HÆMATOCHY＇SIS, Lat. [αιματοχυσις, of αιμα, blood, and χυω, Gr.
to flow] any preternatural flowing of blood, whether critical or symp­
tomatical; the same as hæmorrhage.

HÆMATOCE＇LE, Lat. [αιματοκηλη, Gr.] a tumour turgid with
blood.

HÆMATOMPHALOCE＇LE, Lat. [of αιμα, blood, ομϕαλος, a navel,
and κηλη, Gr. a tumour] a swelling in the navel turgid with blood.

HÆMO＇PTOICUS, Lat. [of αιμα, and πτυω, Gr. to spit] one who
spits blood.

HÆMATO＇SIS, Lat. [αιματοσις, Gr.] the act or faculty of making
blood.

HÆMAPHO＇BUS, Lat. [of αιμα, blood, and ϕοβος, Gr. fear] one
who is afraid to be let blood.

HÆMO＇PTICA, Lat. [αιμοπτυκα, Gr. belonging to blood-spitting]
remedies which cure spitting of blood.

HÆMOPTY＇SIS, Lat. [αιμοπτυσις, of αιμα, blood, and πτυω, Gr. to
spit] a spitting of blood.

HÆMORRHA＇GIA, Lat. [αιμοῤῥαγια, of αιμα, blood, and ρηγνυμι,
Gr. to burst] a bursting forth of blood out of the nostrils, mouth, eyes,
or other parts of the body.

HÆMORRHOI＇DAL Veins Internal [with anatomists] are branches of
the mesenteric vein, which pass to the gut rectum, and thence to the
fundament.

HÆMORRHO＇IDAL Veins External, arise from the hypogastric vein,
and sometimes from a double branch of it, spreading about the sphinc­
ter of the anus.

HÆ＇MORROIS, Lat. [αιμοῤῥοις, of αιμα, blood, and ρεω, Gr. to flow]
the hæmorrhoid serpent; so called, because those that are bitten by it,
blood issues out of all the passages of their body.

HÆMORRHOI＇DES [αιμοῤῥοις, of αιμα, blood, and ρεω, Gr. to flow]
swelling inflammations in the fundament, the emerods or piles; so cal­
led, because frequently (not always) they are attended with discharge
of blood.

HÆMOSTA＇TICS, subst. plur. of hæmostatic [of αιμα, blood, and στα­
τικος, Gr. causing to stop] medicines which stanch blood.

HÆ＇REDE Abducto [in law] a writ which lay for the lord, who ha­
ving by right the wardship of his tenant under age, could not come at
his body, he being conveyed away by some person.

HÆREDE Deliberando, &c. a writ directed to the sheriff, willing
him to command one who had the body of him who was ward to ano­
ther, to deliver him to the party whose ward he was by reason of his
land.

HÆRE＇SIARCH [hæresiarcha, Lat. αρεσιαρχης, of αρεσις, heresy, and
αρχος, Gr. a ruler] an arch or chief heretic.

HÆRETA＇RE [a law term] to give a right of inheritance, to make
donation, scoffment or gift hereditary to the grantee and his heirs.

HÆRE＇TICO Comburendo, a writ which lay against one who was an
heretic, viz. who having once been convicted of heresy by his bishop,
and having abjured it, afterwards falling into it again, or some other,
is thereupon committed to the secular power. See DONATISTS and
CÆLICOLÆ.

HA＇ERLEM, a populous city of the United Provinces, in the pro­
vince of Holland, situated near a lake, which from this town is called
Haerlem-meer; four miles from the German ocean, and 12 west of
Amsterdam.

HAFT [haft, Sax. hacht or hafet, Du. hefft, Ger. from to have or
to hold] the handle of any instrument, that part which is taken into the
hand.

To HAFT, verb act. [from the subst.] to set in a haft or handle.
Ainsworth.

HAG [haggesse, Sax. here, Ger. heckle, Du. a witch] 1. A fury,
a she monster. His foul hags rais＇d their heads and clapt their hands.
Crashaw. 2. An enchantress, a witch You witch, you hag. Shake­
speare. 3. An old ugly woman. Old hag, of threescore years and
three. Dryden.

To HAG, verb act. [from the subst.] to torment, to harrass with
vain terror. Superstitious men hagged out of their wits with the fancy
of omens. L＇Estrange.

HA＇GA [haga, Sax.] a mansion or dwelling-house.

HA＇GARD, adj. Fr. 1. Wild, untamed, irreclaimable, having a
fierce or wild look. Hagard hawk. Spenser. 2. [hager, Ger.] lean.
To this sense I have put the following passage; for so the author ought
to have written. A hagged carrion of a wolf, and a jolly sort of dog.
L＇Estrange. 3. [Hage, Wel.] ugly, rugged, wildly disorder＇d. As
hagard as the rock. Shakespeare. Hagard eyes. Dryden.

HAGARD Hawk a wild hawk, who prey＇d for herself some time be­
fore she was taken.

HA＇GGARD, subst. 1. Any thing wild or untameable. I have lov＇d
this proud disdainful haggard. 2. A species of hawk. The wild hag­
gard. Sandys. 3. A hag. [So Garth has us＇d it for want of under­
standing it. Johnson] In a dark grot the baleful haggard lay. Garth.

HA＇GGARDLY, adv. [of haggard] ugliness, with deformity. Dry­
den uses it.

HA＇GGESS [of hacken, Du. to cut small. Of hog or hack. Johnson]
a mass of meat, generally pork chopt and inclosed in a membrane.
In Scotland it is a sort of pudding made of liver, lights, &c. a sheep＇s
maw filled with minced meat, shredded suet and spices.

HA＇GGISH, adj. [of hag] being of the nature of a hag, deformed,
horrid. Haggish age. Shakespeare.

To HA＇GGLE, verb act. [q. d. to hackle or hack, of hackelen, Du.]
to cut unhandsomely, to chop, to mangle. York all haggled o＇er.
Shakespeare.

To HAGGLE, verb neut. to be tedious in a bargain, to be long in
coming to the price.

HA＇GGLER [of haggle] 1. One that haggles or chops. 2. One
that is long in bargaining.

HAGS, a kind of fiery meteor which appears on mens hair, or on
the manes of horses.

HAGIO＇GRAPHA, Lat. [αγιογραϕα, of αγιος, holy, and γραϕω, Gr. to
write] the canonical books of holy scripture. But the modern Jews,
(who divide their bible into the law, prophets, and hagiographa) reduce
under the last the 12 following books: Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Can­
ticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiates, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Ne­
hemiah and Chronicles. And in compliance with this arbitrary ar­
rangement of theirs, JOHN LEUSDEN, in his edition of the Hebrew bi­
ble, Amsterdam, anno 1667, places these books (in the order above
given) all together.

HAGIOSI＇DERE [of αγιος, holy, and σιδηρος, Gr. iron] a plate of iron
about three inches broad, and sixteen long, which the Greeks under
the dominion of the Turks (being prohibited the use of bells) strike
on with a hammer, to call the people to church.

HAGIO＇GRAPHER [αγιογραϕος, of αγιος, holy, and γραϕω, Gr. to
write] a writer of holy things, the title appropriated to the authors of
the holy bible. The Jews divide the holy scriptures of the old testa­
ment into the law, the prophets, and the hagiographers.

HAH, interj. an expression of sudden effort. She stamps and then
cries hah! at every thrust. Dryden.

HAGUE, a town of the United Provinces, in the province of Hol­
land, two miles from the sea, and 14 from Rotterdam. It is one of
the finest towns in Europe; but tho＇ it enjoys all the privileges of a
city of Holland, except that of sending representatives to the states, it
it has no walls, and is esteemed only a village. Here all the public
affairs of the United Provinces are transacted.

HA-HA [in gardens] a small canal of water, a bank with a moat
that interrupts any alley or walk.

HAIL [of hægel, or hægol, Sax. hagel, Su. Du. and Ger.] a me­
teor formed of flakes of snow, which being melted by warm air, and
afterwards meeting with cold air, is congealed and turns to hail, whose
stones are of a different figure, according to the solution of the flakes,
and fall rudely by reason of their weight. Others suppose the stones
of hail to be formed of drops of rain frozen in their falling. Locke.

HAIL, interj. [hæl, health, Sax. heel, Du. heil, Ger. hil, Dan.
hails, Goth. hail, therefore is the same as salve of the Latins or
υγιαινε of the Greeks] health be to you, a term of salutation, now
only used in poetry.

To be HAIL Fellow, well met together; that is, to be very sami­
liar together, without distinction or respect of persons. The Scots say,
All fellows, Jockey and the laird, (the man and the master.) These
proverbs are likewise spoken when unworthy persons intrude them­
selves into the company of their betters.

To HAIL, verb neut. [hagla, Su. hageln, Du. and Ger.] to shower
hail.

To HAIL, verb act. [from the interj.] to salute, to call to. Hail
me thrice to everlasting rest. Dryden.

To HAIL a Ship [a sea phrase] to call to men on board, to salute
them, and enquire whither she is bound. Knolles.

HAI＇LED, adj. [of hail, subst.] struck with hail.

HAI＇LSHOT, subst. [of hail and shot] small shot scatter＇d like hail.
Murthering hailshot. Hayward.

HAIL-Stone [hægolstan, Sax.] a small globule of hail.

HAI＇LY, adj. [of hail] consisting of hail. Pope uses it.

HAI＇NOUS [hainoux, of hain, Fr. hatred] odious, hateful, horrid,
outragious. See HEINOUS.

HAI＇NOUSLY, adv. [of hainous] odiously, hatefully, &c.

HAI＇NOUSNESS [of hainous] outragiousness, stagitiousness, odious­
ness, hatefulness, &c.

HAIR [heare, or hær, Sax. hayr, Du. haar, Ger. Dan. and Su.] 1. A
flexible substance growing out of the skin of animals, one of the com­
mon integuments of the body. It is found upon all the parts of the
body except the soles and palms. With a microscope we find that
each hair hath a round bulbous root which lies pretty deep in the skin,
and that each hair consists of five or six others wrapt up in a common
tube. They grow as the nails, each part near the root thrusting for­
ward that which is immediately above it, and not by any liquor run­
ning along the hair in tubes, as plants grow. Quincy. 2. A single
hair. Like the coursers hair. Shakespeare. 3. Any thing proverbially
small. He judges to a hair. Dryden. 4. Course, order, grain, the
hair falling in a particular direction. You go against the hair of your
profession. Shakespeare.

HAI＇RBRAINED, adj. [this should rather be written harebrained] un­
constant, unsettled, wild as a hare, irregular, unsteady. Shakespeare
uses it.

HAIR-BREADTH, or HAIR＇S-BREADTH [among the Jews] it was
accounted the 48th part of an inch. A very small distance, the diame­
ter of a hair. Judges.

HAI＇RBEL, subst. the name of a flower, the hyacinth.

HAI＇RCLOTH [of hair and cloth] stuff made of hair, very rough
and prickly, worn sometimes in mortification. Grew.

HAI＇RINESS [hearicgnesse, Sax.] the state of being hairy, the
quality of abounding with hair.

HAI＇RLACE [of hair and lace] the fillet with which women tie up
their hair. A woman＇s hairlace or fillet. Harvey.

HAI＇RLESS [of hair] being without hair. Shakespeare.

HAI＇RY [hearicg, Sax.] 1. Covered with hair, overgrown with
hair. Bacon. 2. Consisting of hair. Hairy honours of their head.
Dryden.

HAKE, a pot-hook, also a kind of fish. Mackel and hake. Ca­
rew.

HAKEDS, a sort of large pike fish, caught in Ramsey Meer.

HAL is derived like al, from the Sax. heails, i. e. a hall, a palace.
In Gothic alh signifies a temple or any other famous building. Gioson＇s
Cambden.








HA＇LBARD, or HA＇LBERD [halebarde, Fr. alabarda, It. and Sp.
hellebaert, Du. hellebarde, Ger. from barde, an ox, and halle, Sax. a
court: halberds being the common weapons of guards. Johnson] a
battle-ax fixt to a long pole.

HALBERD [among farriers] an iron soldered to the toe of a horse＇s
shoe, that sets out before to prevent a lame horse from treading on his
toe.

HALBERDI＇ER [haleberdier, Fr. alaberdiere, It. alaberdéro, Sp.] an
halberd-bearer, one armed with a halberd. Bacon.

HA＇LCYONS, subst. plur. of halcyon [halcyo, Lat.] a kind of sea
birds, of whom it is related that they build their nests on the waves of
the sea, in the midst of the most stormy winters; but when the young
ones, being hatched, peep out of the shell, the sea round about them
appears calm, and if it be rough, it never hurts them. As halcyons
brooding on a winter sea. Dryden.

HA＇LCYON, adj. [from the subst.] quiet, still, peaceful; as,

HALCYON Days, a time of peace and tranquility. Denham.

To HALE, verb act. [haler, Fr. halen, Du.] to pull or drag along
violently; also to call to a ship at sea: This is commonly written
hail, which see.

HALE, adj. [this should rather be written hail, from hæl, Sax.
health] healthy, hearty, well-complexion＇d. Hale men. Addison.

HA＇LER [from to hale] one that hales or pulls by force.

HA＇LESWORTH, a market town of Suffolk, on the river Blyth, 97
miles from London.

HALF, subst. plur. halves [half, or healf, Sax. and all the Teuto­
nic dialects. Often the l is not pronounced] 1. The equal part of any
thing divided into two, a moiety. 2. Sometimes it has a plural signi­
fication, when a number is divided.
Had the land selected of the best,
Half had come hence. Dryden.
3. It is much used in composition to signify a thing imperfect, as will
appear from the following examples.
Well begun HALF ended.
Lat. Dimidium facti qui bene cœpit habet. Ger. Wole angefangen
est halb vollei det. Sp. Buén princípio la metád es hicho.

HA＇LF-BLOOD, subst. one not born of the same father and mother.
Locke.

HALF-BLOO＇DED [of half and blood] mean, degenerate. Half­
blooded fellow. Shakespeare.

HA＇LF-CAP, a cap imperfectly put off or but faintly mov＇d. With
certain halfcaps and cold moving nods. Shakespeare.

HA＇LFENDEAL, subst. [of half and deal, Sax.] part. Spenser.

HALF-FACED [of half and face] shewing only part of the face,
small faced. Half-faced fellow. Shakespeare.

HALF-HATCHED [of half and hatch] imperfectly hatched. Gay.

Front HALF Files [with military men] the three foremost men of a
battalion.

Rear HALF Files, the three hindermost men of a battalion.

HALF-HEARD, adj. imperfectly heard, not heard to an end.

HALF Bloom [in the iron works] a round mass of metal that comes
out of the finery.

HALF Mark, a noble, six shillings and eight pence.

HALF Moon. 1. The moon＇s appearance when at half increase or
decrease. 2. Any thing in the shape of a half-moon. Rhombs and
wedges, and half-moons and wings. Milton. 3. [In fortification] an
outwork that hath only two faces, forming together a sailant angle,
which is flanked by some part of the place, and of the other bastions.

Knights of the HALF Moon or Crescent, an order of knighthood,
created by Rene, duke of Anjou, when he conquered Sicily, with
this motto, Los, i. e. praise.

HALF Pence, the plur. of halfpenny [of half and penny] a copper
coin, of which two make a penny. Halfpence and farthings were first
ordered to be made by king Edward I. in the year 1280, for before
that time the penny had a double cross, with a crease, so that it might
be easily broken in the middle to make halfpence, or into four quar­
ters to make farthings.

HALF-Pike [of half and pike] the small pike carried by officers of
foot-soldiers. Tatler.

HA＇LF-PINT [of half and pint] the fourth part of a quart of li­
quor.

HA＇LF-SCHOLAR, imperfectly learned. Watts.

HA＇LF-SEAL [in chancery] the sealing of commissions to delegates
appointed upon any appeal in cases ecclesiastical or marine.

HALF Seas Over, a proverbial phrase for any one far advanced. It
is commonly used for one half drunk. I am half seas o＇er to death.
Dryden.

HA＇LF-SIGHTED [of half and sight] seeing imperfectly, having a
weak discernment. Bacon.

HA＇LF-SPHERE [of half and sphere] hemisphere. Ben Johnson.

HA＇LF-STRAINED [of half and strain] half-bred, imperfect. A
half-strained villain. Dryden.

HA＇LF-SWORD, close fight within half the length of a sword. Shake­
speare.

HA＇LF-TONGUE, a jury impanelled in a cause where the party to be
try＇d is a foreigner.

HA＇LF-WAY, adv. [of half and way] in the middle. Meets de­
stiny half-way. Granville.

HA＇LF-WIT [of half and wit] a foolish fellow, a blockhead. Half­
wits are fleas. Dryden.

HALF-WITTED [of half and wit] imperfectly furnished with un­
derstanding. Half-witted crack brained fellow. Arbuthnot.

HA＇LIBUT, a sort of fish. See HALLIBUT

HALICA＇CABUS, Lat. [αλικακαβος, Gr.] the red winter-cherry, or
red night-shade.

HA＇LIDOM [haligdom, i. e. holy judgment, or halig and dame,
Sax. for lady. Johnson.] Our blessed lady. Spenser. Whence, in an­
cient times, by my halidom, was a solemn oath among country people.

HALIEU＇TICS, subst. [αλιευτικη, of αλς, Gr. the sea] books treating
of fishes, or the art of fishing.

HA＇LIFAX, one of the largest and most populous towns in England,
situated near the Calder, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 199 miles
from London. It formerly gave title of Marquis to the family of Sa­
vil, as it does now those of earl and baron to the present noble George
Montague, son to the late auditor of the exchequer.

HA＇LIMASS [q. d. holy-mass, of halig and mass, Sax.] the feast of
All-Saints; November 1. Sent back like halimass or shortest day.
Shakespeare.

HALIO＇GRAPHER [of αλς, the sea, and γραϕω, Gr. to describe] a
describer of the sea, an hydrographer.

HALIO＇GRAPHY, the description of the sea.

HALI＇TUOUS [halituosus, of halitus, Lat. breath] passing through
the pores, vaporous, thin, fumous. A peculiar thin and halituous
liquor. Boyle.

HALL [of heal, hal, or healle, Sax. halle, Du. aula, Lat.] 1. A
public edifice, a place or court of justice. 2. A great room where
the servants of a noble family dine, called the servants hall. 4. A
place or noble house for the assemblies of companies of tradesmen.
In ancient time, mansion houses were called halls; and hence, at this
day, the feats of gentlemen are still called halls. 4. A manor house,
so called, because in it were held courts for the tenants. The hall­
house and the whole estate. Addison.

HALL [with architects] a large room at the entrance of a fine
house, &c.

HA＇LLAGE, a fee due for cloths brought for sale to Blackwell-Hall
in London; also a toll paid to the lord of a fair or market, for com­
modities sold in the common hall of the place.

HA＇LLATON, a market town of Leicestershire, 80 miles from
London.

HA＇LLIARDS [in a ship] are ropes which serve for hoising up all the
yards, except the cross jack, and the sprit-sail-yard.

HA＇LLIBUT [heilbut, L. Ger.] a fish something like a plaice, but
longer.

HALLILU＇JAH, Heb. [i. e. praise the Lord] a song of thanksgiving,
a term of rejoicing; sometimes repeated at the end of verses on that
occasion.

To HALLO＇O, verb act. 1. To set on or incite a dog to fall on cat­
tle, &c. to encourage with shouts. Old John hallooos his hounds
again. Prior. 2. To chace with shouts. Halloo me like a hare.
Shakespeare. 3. To call or shout to. He that first lights on him hal­
loo the other. Shakespeare.

HALLOO, interj. [the original of this word is controverted; some
imagine it from à lui, Fr. to him! others from allons, Fr. let us go!
and Skinner from haller, Fr. to draw] a word of encouragement when
dogs are let loose on their game. Cries halloo. Dryden.

To HALLO＇O, verb neut. to cry, as after dogs. Country folks
hallooed and houted after me. Sidney.

To HA＇LLOW, verb act. [halgian, halig, Sax. holy, heyligen, Du.
heiligen, Ger. helga, Su.] 1. To make holy, to consecrate, to set
apart for divine service. We sanctify or hallow churches. Hooker.
2. To reverence as holy. Hallowed be thy name. Lord＇s Prayer.

HALLUCINA＇TION [hallucinatio, Lat.] a blunder or oversight, an
error of opinion, mistake, folly. The hallucination of the transcriber.
Addison.

HALM or HAULM [healm, Sax. halm, Su.] the stem or stalk of
corn, straw, &c. it is pronounced hawm.

HALMYRO＇DES αλμυρωδης, of αλς, Gr. the sea] a fever attended
with sharp, brackish sweats.

HA＇LO [with astronomers] a ring or circle round the sun or moon,
which sometimes appears coloured like the rainbow.

HALO [with physicians] the red circle round the nipples of wo­
men.

HA＇LSENING, adj. [hals, Ger. hass, Scottish, the neck or throat]
sounding harshly, unharmonious in the throat or tongue. This ill
halsening horny name. Carew.

HA＇LSER, or HAW＇SER [of halse, the neck, and seel, Sax. a
rope, or of hasiere, Fr. It is now in marine pronunciation corrupted
to hawser] a rope less than a cable, to hale a barge, &c. along a
river.

HA＇LSER, or HA＇LSTER, one who hales a barge or ship along.

HA＇LSTED, a market town of Essex, 45 miles from London.

HALT, adj. [from the verb, healt, Sax. halte, Dan. halt, Su.]
lame, crippled.

To HALT [healtan, to limp, healt, Sax. lame] halte, Dan. halts,]
Su. 1. To go lame, to limp. 2. [faire halte, Fr. far alto, It.] to
stand still, to discontinue the march; a phrase most properly used to
soldiers; to stop in a march. Forced to halt in this perpendicular
march. Addison. 3. To hesitate, to stand doubtful. How long halt
ye between two opinions. 1 Kings. 4. To fail, to faulter. All my
familiars watch＇d for my halting. Jeremiah.

HALT, subst. [from the verb] 1. The act or manner of limping.
2. [alte, Fr.] a stop in a march.

You HALT before you are lame, or, you cry before you are hurt.

HA＇LTER [healtre, healse, Sax. halster, Du. and Ger.] 1. A
rope to tie about the neck of an horse; or of a malefactor, in order to
hanging. 2. [From to halt] one who halts or limps. 3. A cord,
any strong string in general. Whom neither halter binds nor burdens
charge. Sandys.

To HA＇LTER, verb act. [of healtre, Sax.] to put a rope, &c.
about the neck, to bind with a cord, to catch in a noose. Catching
moles and haltering frogs. Atterbury.

HA＇LTER-CAST [with farriers] an excoriation of the pastern, caused
by the halter of an horse being intangled about the foot, upon the
horse＇s endeavouring to rub his neck with his hinder foot.

HALTWE＇SEL, a market town of Northumberland, 257 miles from
London.

To HALVE, verb act. [from halves, plur. of half] to divide into
two equal parts.

HALVES, interj. [from halves, the plur. of half] an expression by
which any one lays claim to an equal share of any thing, particularly
of that sound by accident. When the twin cries halves she quits the
first. Cleaveland.

HA＇LYMOTE [halig-gemote, Sax.] 1. The meeting of the tenants
of an hall or manor; a court-baron. 2. An assembly of citizens in
their public hall, so termed in some places in Herefordshire. 3. It
may also signify an ecclesiastical or holy court.

HAM, Sax. [hamme, Teut. and Du.] 1. The hip, the hinder part







of the articulation of the thigh with the knee. 2. The leg and thigh
of a hog salted. Pope uses it.

HAM, either at the beginning or end of a name or place, is derived
from ham, Sax. a house, farm or village.

HAMADRY＇ADES [αμαδρυαδες, of αμα and δρυς, Gr. an oak] nymphs
feigned to have inhabited the woods and meadows, among the flowers
and green pastures, and were thought to be born and to die with the
trees over which they had charge. The Limniades in lakes, the
Ephydriades in fountains, in which they used to hide themselves.
These nymphs denote the power of moisture, which diffuses itself
through every thing; and how the nature of water contributes to the
procreation of all things, and to the nourishment of Ceres and Bac­
chus, that is, of whatever conduces to the necessary support or plea­
sure of human life. See DRYADES.

HA＇MATED, adj. [hamatus, Lat.] hooked, set with hooks.

To HA＇MBLE, verb act. [of ham] to cut the sinews of the thigh,
to hamstring.

HA＇MBLING, or HA＇MELING of Dogs, part. adj. [forest law] is the
same as expeditating or lawing, but most properly ham-stringing.

HA＇MBURGH, a large city and well fortified port-town of Ger­
many, on the north side of the river Elbe. It is an imperial city, or
sovereign state, governed by its own magistrates, and subject only to
the general laws of the empire.

HAME, subst. [hama, Sax.] the collar by which a horse draws in
a waggon.

HA＇MLET [prob. of ham, Sax. and let, Teut. a member, or let,
the diminitive termination, or of hameau, Fr. a village] a division of
a manor, &c. divided into precincts, having parish officers distinct
from the other parts or divisions; also a few straggling houses that
depend upon another parish or town, any small village.

HA＇MMA [in ancient writings] a home close, or small croft, or
little meadow.

To HA＇MMEL, or HA＇M-STRING, verb act. [from ham] to cut the
ham, or sinews of the thigh; to hough.

HA＇MMER [hamer, Sax. hammer, Dan. and Su. hamer, Du. ham­
mer, L. and H. Ger.] 1. A tool used by various sorts of artificers.
It consists of a long handle and heavy head, with which any thing is
forged or driven. 2. Any thing destructive. That renowned pillar
of truth and hammer of heresies, St. Augustine. Hakewell.

To HA＇MMER [of hamer, Sax.] 1. To knock or beat with a ham­
mer. Hammer＇d steel. Sandys. 2. To forge or form with a hammer.
Hammered money instead of milled. Dryden. 3. To work intellec­
tually, to contrive by mutual labour. Hammering treachery. Shake­
speare.

To HAMMER, verb neut. 1. To work, to be busy. I＇ll hammer
en＇t. Shakespeare. 2. To be in great commotion or agitation. Blood
and revenge are hammering in my head. Shakespeare.

HA＇MMERER [of hammer] one who hammers or works with a ham­
mer. The word is also used [I suppose by way of metaphor] to ex­
press the act of stammering. SWIFT.

HA＇MMER-HARD, adj. [of hammer and hard] hammer-hard is
when you harden iron or steel with much hammering on it. Moxon.

HA＇MMOC [of hammaca, Sax.] a hanging bed for sailors on ship­
board, any bed that swings. Temple uses it.

To HA＇MPER [prob. of embarasser, Fr. The original of this word
in its present meaning is uncertain. Junius observes that hamplyns in
Teutonic is a quarrel. Other imagine that hamper or hanaper being
the treasury to which fines are paid, to hamper, which is commonly
applied to to the law, means originally to fine. Johnson] 1. To
shackle, to entangle. A lion hamper＇d in a net. L＇Estrange. 2. To
perplex, to confound, to embarrass by many lets and troubles.
When they＇re hamper＇d by the laws. Hudibras. 3. To inveigle, to
catch with allurements. ＇Till they＇re hamper＇d in the noose. Hudi­
bras. 4. To complicate, to tangle. Stretch their small tubes and
hamper＇d nerves unwind. Blackmore.

HAMPER [of hand panier, as Minshew supposes, but hanaperium
appears to have been a word long in use: whence hanaper, hamper.
Johnson] a sort of large basket with handles, for putting up bottles of
liquor, or any other carriage.

HA＇MSTRING, subst. [of ham and string] the tendon or sinew of
the ham.

To HA＇MSRTING, verb act. pret. hamstringed and ham strung,
part. pass. hamstrung. To lame, by cutting the tendon of the ham.
Hamstring＇d behind, unhappy Gyges dy＇d. Dryden.

HAN, in the third person plural, for have. Spenser.

HA＇NAPER, subst. [hanaperium, low Lat.] a treasury, an ex­
chequer.

Clerk of the HANAPER [in chancery] an officer who receives all
money due to the king for the seal of charters, patents, &c. and the
fees due to the officers for enrolling, &c.

HA＇NCES [in architecture] the ends of elliptical arches, which are
areas of a smaller circle than the scheme, or middle part of the
arch.

HA＇MPSHIRE, a fine and fertile county in England, on the English
channel. Its principal towns are Winchester, Southampton and
Portsmouth; and its islands, the Wight, Guernsey, and Jersey. It
sends two members to parliament.

HA＇NCES, or HA＇NSES [in a ship] falls or descents of the fife-rails;
placed on banisters on the poop and quarter deck down to the gang­
way.

HANCH [hanche, Fr. hanke, Du. anca, Sp.] the hip, a part of the
body. See HAUNCH.

HAND [hand, hond, Sax. handt, Du. hand, Ger. hand or heend,
Dan. and Su. hant, Teut. handius, Goth.] 1. A member of the body,
with which we hold or use any instrument, the palm with the fingers.
2. [With horsemen] the measure of the fist clinched, i. e. four inches,
a measure used in the matches and height of horses, a palm. 3. Side,
right or left. On this hand and that hand. Exodus. 4. Part, quarter
side. It is allowed on all hands. Swift. 5. Ready payment, with
respect to the receiver. Receiving in hand one year＇s tribute. Knolles.
6. Ready payment, with regard to the payer. Give it him out of
hand. Tobit. 7. Rate, price. Bought at a dear hand. Bacon. 8.
Terms, conditions. At no hand consistent with humility. Taylor. 9.
Act, deed, external action. The contradiction between my heart
and hand. K. Charles. 10. Labour, act of the hand. That poem
which lay so long under Virgil＇s correction, and had his last hand put
to it. Addison. 11. Actual performance. Y＇ave made a fine hand,
fellows. Shakespeare. 12. Power of performance. To try his hand
at a spectator. Addison. 13. Attempt, undertaking. You dare take
in hand to lay open the original of such a nation. Spenser. 14. Man­
ner of gathering or taking. As her majesty hath received great profit,
so may she by a moderate hand from time to time reap the like. Ba­
con. 15. Workmanship, power or act of manufacturing or making.
Coming out of the hands of infinite perfection. Cheyne. 16. Manner
of acting or performing. Chang＇d his hand and check＇d his pride.
Dryden. 17. Agency, part in any action. That which David was
not thought fit to have an hand in. South. 18. The act of giving
or presenting. That I may eat it at her hand. 2 Samuel. 19. Act
of receiving any thing ready to one＇s hand, when it only waits to be
taken. The materials that are made to his hand. Locke. 20. Care,
necessity of managing. A farm a long time upon his hands. L＇E-
strange. 21. Discharge of duty. Requir＇d at the hands of the clergy.
Hooker. 22. Reach, nearness; as, at hand, within reach, near, ap­
proaching. 23. Manual management. Nor swords at hand, nor
hissing darts afar. Dryden. 24. State of being in preparation. What
revels are in hand. Shakespeare. 25. State of being in present agita­
tion. The matter in hand. Locke. 26. Cards held at a game. There
was never an hand drawn. Bacon. 27. That which is used in oppo­
sition to another. Confute, change hands, and still confute. Hudibras.
28. Scheme of action. Willing to change the hand in carrying on
the war. Clarendon. 29. Advantage, gain, superiority. Supposing
to make his hand by those rude ravages. Hayward. 30. Competition,
contest.
She in beauty, education, blood,
Holds hand with any princess of the world. Shakespeare.
31. Transmission, conveyance, agency of conveyance. The saluta­
tion by the hand of me Paul. Colossians. 32. Possession, power. The
use whereof is in our hands, the effect in his. Hooker. 33. Pressure
of the bridle. Like horses hot at hand. Shakespeare. 34. Method of
government, discipline, restraint. Menelaus bare an heavy hand over
the citizens. 2 Maccabees. 35. Influence, management.
Flattery, the dangerous nurse of vice,
Got hand upon his youth, to pleasures bent. Daniel Civ. War.
36. That which performs the office of a hand in pointing. The hands
of clocks. Locke. 37. Agent, person employed. What may not his
subject hope for when he changeth hands. Swift. 38. Giver and
receiver. Transmitted from hand to hand. Tillotson. 39. An actor,
a workman, a soldier. Requires too many hands. Locke. 40.
Catch or reach without choice. All that came to hand. Judges. 41.
A hand-writing or signature, the form or cast of writing. The hand
writing agreed with the contents. Addison. 42. Hand over head;
negligently, rashly, without seeing what one does. Doing things
hand over head, without fear or wit. L＇Estrange. 43. Hand to hand;
close fight. In single opposition hand to hand. Shakespeare. 44. Hand
in hand: in union, in conjunction. The advantage of the country
would then have gone hand in hand with his own. Swift. 45. Hand
to mouth; as want requires. I can get bread from hand to mouth,
and make even at the year＇s end. L＇Estrange. 47. To bear in hand;
to keep in expectation, to elude. A rascally yea forsooth knave,
to bear in hand and then stand upon security. Shakespeare. 47. To be
hand and glove; to be intimate and familiar.
An empty HAND is no lure for a hawk.
He that will have his business done, must grease. The Ger. say,
Wer schmeert der fahert. (He who greases, sc. the wheels of his
coach, rids way.) The Lat. say, Da si vis accipere. (Give if thou
wilt receive;) as likewise, pro nihilo, as well as de nihilo, nihil fit, for
nothing, as well as of nothing, nothing comes.

HAND [in the menage] is used in division of the horse into two
parts, in respect to the rider＇s hand; as,

Bridle HAND, the left hand;

Spear HAND, the right hand.

Fore Hand [of a horse] is the fore-parts of him, as head, neck, and
fore-quarters.

Hind-HAND [of a horse] all the parts except those before men­
tioned.
To live from HAND to mouth.
Fr. Vivre au jour la journeé. Lat. In diem vivere; that is, to spend all
one gets; or, according to another saying, To make both ends meet.
Heip HANDS for I have no lands.
That is, I have no dependance but my labour or ingenuity.

To HAND, verb act. 1. To pass a thing from one to another by
the hand. Our Saviour could hand the sop unto him. Hooker. 2.
To guide, to lead by the hand. Angels did hand her up. Donne. 3.
To seize, to lay hands on.
Let him that makes but trifles of his eyes,
First hand me. Shakespeare.
4. To manage, to move with the hand. I bless my chains, I hand
my oar. Prior. 5. To transmit in succession, to deliver down from
one to another. Handed down to future ages. Addison.

HAND＇s Breadth, a measure of four inches.

HAND of Justice. a sceptre or battoon, about a cubit long, having
an ivory hand at the extremity of it, used as an attribute of kings,
with which they are painted in their royal robes, as on their corona­
tion day.

HAND is much used in composition, for that which is manageable
by the hand; as, a handsaw; or borne in the hand; as, a hand­
barrow.

HA＇ND-BARROW [of hand and barrow] a wooden frame on which
any thing is carried by the hands of two men, without wheeling on
the ground. Tusser.

HA＇ND-BASKET, a portable basket. Mortimer.

HA＇ND-BELL, a bell rung by the hand. Bacon.

HA＇ND-BREADTH, a space equal to the breadth of the hand, a palm.
The Eastern people determined their hand-breadth by the breadth of
barley-corns, six making a digit, and twenty-four a hand＇s-breadth.
Arbuthnot.








HA＇NDED, adj. [of hand] 1. Having the use of the right or left
hand. Brown. 2. With hands joined. Milton.

HA＇NDER [of hand] one that hands or transmits, a conveyer in
succession. Dryden.

HA＇NDED-Root [with botanists] is a kind of tuberous root, divided
as it were into several fingers, as in some species of orchis.

HAND-FAST, subst. [of hand and fast] hold, custody; obsolete.
Shakespeare.

HA＇NDFUL, subst. [handfulle, Sax.] 1. As much as can be grasp­
ed in the hand. Addison. 2. A palm, a hand＇s-breadth, four inches.
About an handful from the bottom. Bacon. 3. A small number or
quantity; proverbially. A handful of men Clarendon.

HAND-GRITH [hand-grith, Sax.] peace or protection given by
the king with his own hand.

HAND Habend [i. e. having in the hand, handla, Dan.] a thief
taken in the very fact, having the stolen goods in his hand.

HA＇NDICRAFT [of handcraft, Sax.] 1. A working trade, work
performed by the hand. Several kinds of handicrafts. Moxon. 2.
The persons who have manual occupations. Children of ordinary
gentlemen and handicrafts. Swift.

HA＇NDICRAFTSMAN [of handicraft and man] a manufacturer, one
of a manual occupation. The profaneness and ignorance of handi­
croftsmen. Swift.

HA＇NDILY, adv. [of handy] with skill, dextrously.

HA＇NDINESS [of handy] dexterity, readiness.

HA＇NDIWORK [of handy and work] work of the hand, manufac­
ture, product of labour. They are his own handiwork. Hooker.

HA＇NDKERCHIEF [of hand, Sax. the hand, and couvrer, Fr. to co­
ver, and chief, the head] a piece of silk or linen for covering the neck,
or for the pocket, to wipe the face with.

HA＇NDGALLOP, a slow gallop, in which the hand presses the bridle,
to hinder increase of speed. He is always upon a handgallop. Dryden.

HA＇NDGUN, a gun managed in the hand. Camden.

HA＇NDLE [handle, Sax.] 1. That part of an instrument, ves­
sel, or of any thing else. 2. That of which use is made. The sure
but fatal handle of his own good nature. South. 3. That is to be
held in the hand.

To HANDLE [of hand, handlian, Sax. handle, Dan. handelen, Du.
or hendeln, Ger.] 1. To touch, to feel with the hand. The bodies
which we daily touch. Locke. 2. Thence metaphorically; to ma­
nage, to wield. That fellow handles his bow like a cowkeeper.
Shakespeare. 3. To make familiar to the hand by frequent touching.
To house and handle their colts. Temple. 4. To treat of in discourse.
The exact handling of every particular. 2. Maccabees. 5. To deal
with, to practise. They that handle the law. Jeremiah. 6. To treat
well or ill. Rid of an enemy that had handled them so ill. Clarendon.
7. To practise upon, to do with. Give me leave to question: you
shall see how I＇ll handle her. Shakespeare.

HA＇NDLESS [of hand and less] being without a hand. Shakespeare.

HA＇NDMAID, a maid that waits at hand. Wait on her as her
handmaids. Addison.

HA＇NDMILL [of hand and mill] a mill moved by the hand.
Dryden.

HA＇NDSAILS, sails managed by the hand. Temple.

HA＇NDSAW, a saw manageable by the hand.

HA＇NDSEL [hansel, Du. a first gift] the first act of using any thing,
the first act of sale. The handsel or earnest of that which is to come.
Hooker.

To HA＇NDSEL, verb act. to use or do any thing the first time. In
timorous dear he handsels his young paws. Cowley. See HANSEL.

HANDS OFF, a vulgar phrase for keep off, forbear. L＇Estrange.

HA＇NDSOME [of hand, and the term som, Sax. handsaem, Du.
ready, dexterous] 1. Comely, beautiful, with dignity, graceful.
Finding his wife very handsome. Addison. 2. Ready, gainly, conve­
niently. For a thief it is so handsome. Spenser. 3. Elegant, graceful.
That easiness and handsome address in writing. Felton. 4. Ample,
liberal, plentiful; as, a handsome estate. 5. Generous, noble; as, a
handsome action. 6. Decent, becoming.

To HA＇NDSOME, verb act. [from the adj.] to render elegant and
neat. For his device in handsoming a suit. Donne.

HA＇NDSOMELY, adv. [of handsome] 1. Elegantly, neatly. Wrought
it handsomely, and made a vessel thereof. Wisdom. 2. Conveniently,
dexterously. Cleanly convey any fit pillage that cometh handsomely
in his way. Spenser. 3. Beautifully, gracefully, decently, becoming­
ly. 4. Liberally, generously. An alms-house which I intend to en­
dow very handsomely. Addison.

HA＇NDSOMENESS [of handsome] comliness, beauty, grace, elegance.
For handsomeness sake, it were good you hang the upper glass upon
a nail. Bacon.

HAND Speck, or HAND Spike, a sort of wooden leaver for moving
heavy bodies.

HA＇NDVICE [of hand and vice] a vice to hold small work in.
Moxon.

HA＇NDWRITING, subst. [of hand and writing] a form of writing pe­
culiar to each hand. The diversity of handwriting. Cockburn.

HA＇NDY [handigh, Du. or from hand] 1. Ready with the hand,
dexterous, skilful. Each is handy in his way. Dryden. 2. Executed
or performed by the hand. If ever they came to handy blows.
Knolles. 3. Convenient. More handy than the long jointer. Moxon.

HA＇NDYDANDY, subst. a play in which children change hands and
places. Shakespeare.

HA＇NDYWORK [of hand and weore, Sax.] work done by the hand.

To HANG, verb act. hanged, pret. and part. pass. hung, hong,
anciently [hangan, Sax. hanglia, Su. hangen, Du. hangen, Ger.
hange, or henge, Dan.] 1. To suspend or hang upon, to fasten in such
a manner, as to be sustained not below but above. Hung up before
Jerusalem. South. 2. To place without any solid support. That
hangst the solid earth in fleeting air. Sandys. 3. To choak and kill,
by suspending by the neck, so as that the ligature intercepts the
breath and circulation. Virgil has described hanging more happily
than Homer. Broome. 4. To display, to show aloft. Like the hang­
ing out of false colours. Addison. 5. To let fall below the proper si­
tuation, to decline. A wicked man that hangeth down his head. Ec­
clesiasticus. 6. To fix in such a manner, as to be moveable in a cer­
tain direction. The chambers they renewed and hanged doors upon
them. 1 Maccabees. 7. To adorn by hanging upon. Hung be the
heavens with black. Shakespeare. 8. To furnish with ornaments or,
draperies fastened to the wall. Music is better in chambers wain­
scotted than hanged. Bacon.

To HANG, verb neut. 1. To he suspended, to be supported above,
not below. Over it a fair portcullis hung. Spenser. 2. To depend,
to fall loosely on the lower part, to dangle. Hanging sleeves. Hudi­
bras. 3. To bend forward. By hanging is only meant a posture of
bending forward to strike the enemy. Addison. 4. To float, to play.
That gentle tongue,
Where civil speech and soft persuasion hung. Prior.
5. To be supported by something raised above the ground. Whate­
ver is placed on the head may be said to hang, as we call hanging
gardens such as are planted on the top of the house. Addison. 6. To
rest upon by embracing. She hung about my neck. Shakespeare. 7.
To hover, to impend. The dread of popery hung over us. Atter­
bury. 8. To be loosely joined. As idle as she may hang together
for want of company. Shakespeare. 9. To drag, to be incommodi­
ously joined. Life hangs upon me, and becomes a burthen. Addison.
10. To be compact or united. Your device hangs very well together.
Addison. 11. To adhere. Gloominess is apt to hang upon the mind.
Addison. 12. To rest. The babes hanging at their breasts. 2 Maccab.
13. To be in suspense, to be in a state of uncertainty. Thy life shall
hang in doubt before thee. Deuter. 14. To be delayed, to linger. She
thrice essay＇d to speak, her accents hung. Dryden. 15. To be depen­
dant on. That poor man that hangs on a prince＇s favours. Shakespeare.
16. To be fix＇d or suspended with attention. Wondring senates hung on
all he spoke. Pope. 17. To have a steep declivity. The sides of
hanging grounds. Mortimer. 18. To be executed by the halter. The
court forsakes him, and Sir Balaam hangs. Pope. 19. To decline, to
send down. His neck obliquely o＇er his shoulders hung. Pope.

HA＇NGER [of hang] a broad, crooked, short sword.

A HA＇NGER-ON [of hang] a spunger, a dependant, one that eats
and drinks without payment. He is a perpetual hanger-on. Swift.

HA＇NGERS, 1. That by which any thing hangs; as, pothangers.
2. Irons for hanging a pot over the fire.

HA＇NGINGS, subst. [of to hang] lining for rooms, &c. of arras,
tapestry hung or fastened against the walls, by way of ornament.

HA＇NGING, adj. [of to hang] 1. Foreboding death by the halter.
You have a hanging look. Shakespeare. 2. Requiring to be punished
by the halter.
Save a thief from HANGING, or the gallows, and he＇ll cut your throat.
This proverb is as severe a lecture against doing an unthankful per­
son a kindness, as against saving a thief from the gallows; intima­
ting, that there is as much imprudence in the one, as danger in the
other; for nothing can engage an ingrate against abusing his bene­
factor, or a thief unhang＇d against cutting his friend＇s throat. Thus
say the Romans, Perit quod facis ingrato; and the French, Otez un
vilain du gibet il vous y mettera.
Marriage and HANGING go by destiny. Probably one as much
as t＇other.

HA＇NGLING, adj. [with cock fighters] measuring the girth of a
fighting cock＇s body, by the grasp of the hand and fingers.

HANG-Man [of hang and man, hangan and man, Sax. hanger, Dan.]
the public executioner.

HA＇NGWITE [of hangan and wite, Sax. a fine] a liberty to be quit
of a felon, who had been hanged without a trial, or escaped out of
custody.

HANK [hunk, Island.] 1. A chain or coil of rope. 2. A skain of
thread or silk, a tie, obligation, check, influence; a low word. Do
we think we have the hank that some gallants have on their trading
merchants. Decay of Piety. 3. A habit, custom, or propensity of
mind.

To HA＇NKER, verb neut. [hankeren, Du.] to long importunately,
to covet after, to be earnestly desirous of; generally with after before
the object of desire. Always hankering after the diversions of the
town. Addison.

HA＇NOVER, a city of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony,
and dukedom of Brunswick, situated on the river Leina, 36 miles
west of Brunswic: It is the capital of his Britannic majesty＇s German
dominions.

HANSE [an antient Gothic word, signifying a meeting, or assem­
bly] a society of merchants, or a corporation united together for the
good usage and safe passage of merchandize from kingdom to king­
dom, or for the better carrying on of commerce.

HANSE Towns [in Germany] the Germans bordering on the sea,
being antiently infested with Barbarians, for their better defence en­
tered into a mutual league, and gave themselves that name, either
from the sea on which they bordered, or from their faith, which to
one another they had plighted (with their hand, hausa) or from the
same word, which in their old language signified a league, society, or
association.

HANSEA＇TIC, belonging to Hanse.

HA＇NSEL [q. d. handsale, probably of handset, a new-year＇s gift]
the first money taken for the sale of any commodity, or taken the fast
in the morning. See HANDSEL.

HANS in Kelder [i. e. Jack in the cellar] a child in the belly of
the mother.

HANS-GRAVE, the chief of a company, or Society.

HAN＇T, an abbreviation of have not, hath not, and has not.

HAP, subst. [anhap in Welsh, is misfortune] 1. Fortune, chance.
That which a man doth but chance to think well of, cannot still have
the like hap. Hooker. 2. That which happens by chance. It hath
been the hap thereof to have been used by the church of Rome.
Hooker. 3. Accident, casual event, misfortune. Valour in their
evil haps. Knolles.

To HAP, verb neut. [of happer, Fr. happen, Du. to snatch up] by
chance to fall out, to come or happen by accident. The remnant
which hap to be reproved. Bacon.

HA＇PLESS [of hap] unhappy, unfortunate, luckless.

HA＇PLY, adv. [of hap] 1. Perhaps, peradventure, it may be.
For instruction of any other state that may haply labour under the like
circumstances. Swift. 2. By chance or accident. Him haply slum­
bring on the Norway foam. Milton.








To HA＇PPEN, verb act. [of hap] 1. To fall out, to chance. Shew
us what shall happen. Isaiah. 2. To light, to fall by chance. I have
happen＇d on some other accounts. Graunt.

HA＇PPILY, adv. [of happy] 1. Prosperously, fortunately, luckily.
To make a tragedy end happily. Dryden. 2. Gracefully, without la­
bour.
Form＇d by thy converse happily to steer
From grave to gay, from lively to severe. Pope.
3. In a state of felicity; as, he lives happily. 4. By chance, per d­
venture; in this sense happily is written erroneously for haply. To de­
sire of them who happily may peruse these two treatises. Digby.

HA＇PPINESS [of happy] 1. Felicity, a state wherein the desires are
satisfied. Every one does not place his happiness in the same thing.
Locke. 2. Good luck, good fortune. 3. Fortuitous elegance, unstu­
died grace. Certain graces and happinesses peculiar to every language.
Denham.

HA＇PPY [from hap, as lucky, from luck, happus, C. Brit.] 1.
Prosperous, felicitous, successfully. Happy in finding experiments.
Boyle. 2. Being in a state where the desire is satisfied, being in a
state of felicity. The presence of imaginary good cannot make us
happy. Addison. 3. Addressful, ready. Happy at a reply. Swift.
Better be the HAPPY man, than the HAPPY man＇s son.
Spoken when the son of a prosperous man is come to penury.

HA＇QUETON, subst. a piece of armour. Spenser.

HARA＇NGUE [harangue, Fr. aringa, It. derived, as some think, of
ara, Lat. an altar, because harangues were made before altars. The
original of the French word is much questioned. Menage thinks it a
corruption of hearing English. Junius imagines it to be discours au­
rang, Fr. discourse to a circle; which the It. aringa seems to favour.
Perhaps it may be from orare, or orationare, orationer, oraner, aranger,
haranguer. Johnson] a public oration or speech; also a tedious or trou­
blesome discourse, a too pompous, prolix, or unseasonable declama­
tion.

To HARANGUE [haranguer, Fr. aringare, It.] to make a public
speech or oration.

HARA＇NGUER [of harangue] one that harangues, a public speaker.
Generally with some mixture of contempt.

To HA＇RASS [harasser, Fr. from harasse, a heavy buckler, accord-
to Du Cange] 1. To tire, to weary out, to fatigue with labour and
uneasiness. Harassed with a long and wearisome march. Bacon. 2.
To lay waste a country by continual inroads.

HARASS [from the verb] waste, disturbance. The harass of their
land. Milton.

HA＇RBINGER [herberger, Ger. one who has harbours or shelters,
one who goes to provide lodgings or an harbour for those that follow]
1. A forerunner, a precursor. I＇ll be myself the harbinger. Shakespeare.
2. An officer of the court, who goes a day before, and provides lodg­
ings for a king in his progress.

HA＇RBOUR [hereberga, Sax. herberg, Ger. an inn, hereberge,
Teut. herberge, Fr. herberg, Du. albergo, It.] 1. A port or harbour,
2 station where ships may be safe. 2. A lodging, a place of enter­
tainment. For harbour at a thousand doors they knocked. Dryden.
3. A shelter, or place of refuge.

To HA＇RBOUR, verb neut. [herhergen, Du. and Ger.] to receive en­
tertainment, to take shelter, to sojourn. This night let＇s harbour
here. Shakespeare.

To HARBOUR, verb act. 1. To receive, entertain, or lodge, to per­
mit, to reside. An old friend who harbours us. 2. To shelter, to
secure. Harbour yourself this night in this castle. Sidney.

To HARBOUR, verb neut. [a hunting term] is said of a deer, when
it lodges or goes to rest.

HA＇RBOURAGE [of harbour; herbergage, Fr.] shelter, entertainment.
Shakespeare.

HA＇RBOURER [of harbour] one that harbours or entertains another.

HA＇RBOURLESS [of harbour, hereberga and lesse, Sax.] without
lodging, having no harbour or shelter.

HA＇RBROUGH, used for harbour, by Spenser.

HARD, adj. [heard, Sax. hardt, Du. harte, Ger. haart, Dan. hard,
Su. hardo, Teut. hardu, Goth.] 1. Close, compacted, firm, resisting pe­
netration or separation, not soft. 2. Difficult, not easy to the intel­
lect. Hard to be known. Sidney. 3. Difficult of accomplishment,
full of difficulties. Is any thing too hard for the Lord? Genesis. 4.
Burdensome, sour, rough. Have you given him any hard words?
Shakespeare. 5. Painful, distressful, laborious, covetous. Continual
hard duty. Clarendon. 6. Cruel, oppressive, rigorous. Grievances
of a hard government. Addison. 7. Unfavourable, unkind. A little
hard on his fanatic nations. Dryden. 8. Insensible, untouched.
I＇m not so stupid or so hard,
Not to feel praise, or fame＇s deserv＇d reward. Dryden.
9. Unhappy, vexations. A hard quality upon our soil. Temple. 10.
Vehement, keen, severe; as, a hard frost. 11. Unreasonable, un­
just. The hardest case in the world. Swift. 12. Forced, not easily
granted. No hard supposition. Burnet. 13. Powerful. Struggling
with a power which will be always too hard for them. Addison. 14.
Austere, rough as liquors. Leaveth the spirit more sour and hard.
Bacon. 15. Harsh, stiff, constrained. Make their figures harder
than even the marble itself. Dryden. 16. Not plentiful, not prospe­
rous. If the times had not been hard. Dryden. 17. Faultily sparing,
covetous.

HARD, adv. [hardo, very old Ger.] 1. Close, near. Hard by was
a house of pleasure. Sidney. 2. Diligently, laboriously, incessantly,
earnestly. An ant works hard. Addison. 3. Uneasily, vexatiously,
It goes hard. Shakespeare. 4. Vehemently, distressful. The question
is hard set. Brown. 5. Fast, nimbly. The Philistines followed hard
upon Saul. 2 Samuel. 6. With difficulty, in a manner requiring la­
bour. They draw and wind hard. Bacon. 7. Tempestuously, bois­
terously. When the north wind blows hard. Taylor.

HA＇RDBOUND, adj. [of hard and bound] costive. Hardbound brains.
Pope.

To HA＇RDEN, verb neut. [of hard, heardian, Sax. verhatten, Du.
harten, or verhatten, Ger. hardna, Su.] to grow hard. It will harden
to the hardness of a stone. Bacon.

To HARDEN, verb act. 1. To make hard, to indurate. 2. To
make impudent, to confirm in audacious assurance or effrontery. 3.
To confirm in wickedness, to make obdurate. Lest any of you be
harden＇d thro＇ the deceitfulness of sin. Hebrews. 4. To stupify or make
insensible. Years have not yet harden＇d me. Swift. 5. To make
firm, to endue with constancy. One raises the soul, and hardens it to
virtue. Dryden.

HA＇RDENER [of harden] one that hardens or makes any thing
hard.

HARDFA＇VOURED [of hard and favour] coarse of features, harsh of
countenance. The sister hardfavoured. L＇Estrange.

HARDHA＇NDED [of hard and hand] coarse, mechanic, having hands
hard with labour. Shakespeare.

HA＇RDHEAD, subst. [of hard and head] clash of heads, a manner of
fighting, in which the combatants dash each others heads together. I
have been at hardhead with your butting citizens. Dryden.

HARDHE＇ARTED [of hard and heart] cruel, inexorable, merciless,
savage. Hardhearted to his sister Peg. Arbuthnot.

HARDHE＇ARTEDNESS of [hardhearted] cruelty, want of tenderness
and compassion. Hardheartedness or want of compassion. South.

HA＇RDIHEAD, or HA＇RDIHOOD, subst. [of hardy] stoutness, bra­
very; obsolete. Fierce hardyhead. Spenser. With dauntless hardi­
hood. Milton.

HA＇RDILY, boldly, stoutly.

HA＇RDIMENT, subst. [of hardy] courage, stoutness. Full of fire
and greedy hardiment. Spenser.

HA＇RDINESS [of hardinesse, Fr.] 1. Hardship, fatigue. Great endu­
rers of cold, hunger, and all hardiness. Spenser. 2. Boldness, stout­
ness.

HA＇RDISH, adj. [of heardicg, Sax.] being somewhat hard.

HA＇RDLABOURED [of hard and labour] elaborate, studied, diligent­
ly wrought. My hardlaboured poem. Swift.

HA＇RDLY, adv. [of hard] 1. Severely, unfavourably. To think
hardly of our laws. Hooker. 2. With difficulty, with much ado, not
easily. Parts that nourish and repair hardly. Bacon. 3. Scarcely,
scantly, not lightly. Hardly shall you find any one so bad. South. 4.
Grudgingly, as an injury. Aught committed that is hardly borne.
Shakespeare. 5. Rigorously, oppressively. Hardly dealt with. Cla­
rendon. 6. Unwelcomely, harshly. Such information comes very
hardly and harshly to a grown man. Locke. 7. Not softly, not ten­
derly, not delicately.
Heaven was her canopy, bare earth her bed,
So hardly lodg＇d. Dryden.
Things HARDLY attain＇d, are long retain＇d.
Fr. On retient facilement ce qu＇on a bien de la peine à apprendre; like
plants, the longer they are taking roots, the deeper the roots
are.

HA＇RDMOUTHED [of hard and mouth] disobedient to the rein, not
sensible of the bit, not tractable. My hardmouth＇d coursers to con­
troul. Dryden.

HA＇RDNESS [heardnesse, Sax.] 1. Hard quality; that quality
whereby the parts cohere firmly together, so as to resist the touch.
Hardness is a firm cohesion of the parts of matter that make up masses
of a sensible bulk, so that the whole does not easily change its figure.
Locke. 2. Difficulty to be understood.
This label on my bosom, whose containing
Is so from sense in hardness, that I can
Make no collection of it. Shakespeare.
3. Difficulty to be accomplished. The hardness of this enterprize.
Sidney. 4. Scarcity, penury. The hardness of the times. Swift. 5.
Obduracy, profligateness. Every commission of sin introduces into
the soul a certain degree of hardness. South. 6. Coarseness, harshness
of look. By their virtuous behaviour they compensate the hardness of
their favour. Ray. 7. Keenness, vehemence of weather or seasons.
The hardness of the winter. Mortimer. 8. Cruelty of temper, sa­
vageness, harshness. Make roughness smooth, and hardness mollify.
Denham. 9. Stiffness, harshness. To make many ample folds which
are insufferable hardnesses, and more like a rock than a natural gar­
ment. Dryden. 10. Stinginess, faulty parsimony.

HA＇RDOCK, subst. I suppose the same with burdock. Johnson. With
hardocks, hemlock. Shakespeare.

HARDS of Flax, &c. [heordes, Sax.] the coarser part of flax se­
parated from the finer, the refuse.

HA＇RDSHIP [of hard; heard and ship, Sax.] 1. Injury, oppression,
hard case. The effects of their hardships upon us. Swift. 2. In­
convenience, fatigue. Exposed to hardship and penury. Sprat.

HA＇RDSHREW, a kind of mouse.

HA＇RDWARE [of hard and ware] manufactures of metal.

HA＇RDWAREMAN [of hardware and man] a maker or seller of me­
tal manufactures. Wood an hardwareman. Swift.

HA＇RDY, adj. [hardi, Fr.] 1. Bold, stout. To make one cock more
hardy. Bacon. 2. Strong, hard, firm. His hardy fabric. South. 3.
Confident, firm.

HARE and HERE, differing in pronunciation only, signify both an
army and a lord. So Harold is a general of an army, hareman a chief
man in the army, herwin a victorious army, which are much like Stra­
tocles, Polemarchus, and Hegesistratus among the Greeks. Gibson＇s Camd.

HARE [hara, Sax. hare, Dan. hare, Su. hare, Du. and Ger. karh,
Erse] 1. A beast of venery or forest, with long ears and short tail; it
moves by leaps, remarkable for timidity, vigilance, and fecundity.
2. A constellation. The hare appears. Creech.

A HARE [emblematically] denotes vigilancy, quick hearing, wan­
tonness, fear, fruitfulness, and solitude.

To HARE, verb act. [harier, Fr.] to hurry with terror, to put into
confusion. To hare and rate them. Locke.

HA＇RE-BELL, subst. [of hare and bell] a blue campaniform flower.
The azur＇d hare-bell. Shakespeare.

HARE-Brained [from hare, the verb, and brain] 1. Unsettled, wild,
fluttering, hurried. That hare-brained wild fellow. Bacon. 2. Heed­
less, giddy-headed.

HARE＇s-Ear, an herb.

HARE＇s-Foot [of hare and foot] 1. A bird. Ainsworth. 2. An
herb. Ainsworth.

HARE-Lip, a lip cloven or parted like that of a hare, a fissure in the
upper lip with want of substance, a natural defect. Quincy.








HARE-Pipe, a snare for catching hares.

HA＇RESEAR, subst. [bupleurun, Lat.] a plant. Its leaves grow al­
ternately upon the branches, and for the most part surround the stalk,
having no foot-stalk, the seeds are oblong, smooth and furrowed.
Miller.

HA＇RIER [of hare] a sort of hunting dog to catch hares. Ains­
worth.

HARIOLA＇TION, Lat. a soothsaying. See ARIOLATION.

HA＇RIOT, or HERIOT [heregat, according to Sir Edward Coke,
of here, an army, and gat, Sax. a beast] the best beast that a tenant
has at the hour of his death, which by custom is the due of the lord of
the manor.

HA＇RIOTABLE [of haregat, Sax.] liable to pay hariots.

HA＇RIOT-Service [a law term] is when a man holds land by pay­
ing hariots at the time of his death.

To HARK, verb neut. [contracted from hearken] to listen.

HARK, interj. [it is originally the imperative of the verb to hark]
list, hear, listen!

HARL. 1. The filaments of flax. 2. Any filamentous matter.
Hives of privet, willow, or harl. Mortimer.

HA＇RLEQUIN [this name is said to have been given by Francis of
France to a busy buffoon, in ridicule of his enemy Charles le Quint.
Menage derives it more probably of harlequino, little Harlay, a nick­
name given by his friends to a famous Italian comedian, on account of
his frequenting the house of Monsieur Harlay in Paris] a buffoon, a
merry-andrew, a jack-pudding.

HA＇RLESTON, a market town of Norfolk, on the river Waveney,
94 miles from London.

HARLING-EAST, a market town of Norfolk, 88 miles from Lon­
don.

HA＇RLOT [a diminutive of whore, q. d. whorelet, i. e. little whore,
or of Arlotta, concubine of Robert, father to William the Conqueror,
or arlotta, It. a proud whore; herlodes, Wel. a girl. Hurlet is used in
Chaucer for a low male drudge. See the following article] a whore,
a concubine, a miss.

HA＇RLOTRY [from harlot; q. d. whorcletry, or little whoredom] 1.
The practice of whores or harlots, fornication. Dryden. 2. A name
of contempt for a woman. A peevish selfwill＇d harlotry. Shake­
speare.

HARM [hearm, Sax. herma, Teut. calumny] 1. Injury, crime,
wickedness. 2. Hurt, damage, mischief. It would keep them out
of harm＇s way. Swift.
HARM watch, HARM catch.
This proverb intimates; that to intend, study, or contrive any harm
to our neighbours, is birdlime all over, and will catch ourselves at last.
This, though persons are generally apt to forget in the raging of their
anger, or in insensibility, is a trite adage, and accordingly, Et si pa­
rat malum, qui alteri parat, say the Latins. The Germans say, Wer
sinen anvern agt winselber mude, He who hunts another, tires him­
self.
To be out of HARM＇s way.
Lat. In portu navigare. Ter.

To HARM [hearmian, Sax.] to injure, hurt, to do damage to,
&c.

HA＇RMFUL [hearmful, Sax.] hurtful, mischievous, noxious.
Without any mixture of harmful quality. Raleigh.

HA＇RMFULLY, adv. [of harmful] hurtfully, mischievously,
noxiously. Ascham.

HA＇RMFULNESS [of harmful] hurtfulness, mischievousness.

HA＇RMLESS [hearmlesse, Sax.] 1. Innocent, not apt to do harm,
not hurtful. Ceremonies harmless in themselves. Hooker. 2. Unhurt,
undamaged. To save himself harmless. Raleigh.

HA＇RMLESLY, adv. [of harmless] innocently, without hurt, with­
out crime. Walton.

HA＇RMLESNESS [of harmless] harmless disposition or quality, inno­
cence, freedom from hurt. South.

HARMO＇NIA, It. [in music books] harmony, the result or agreement
of several different notes or sounds joined together in concord.

HARMONIA [in anatomy] a joining of bones by a plain line, as is
visible in the bones of the nose and palate.

HARMONICA [in music] a term used by the ancients of that part
which considers the difference and proportion of sounds, with respect
to acute and grave.

HARMO＇NICAL, or HARMO＇NIC [harmonicus, Lat. αρμονικος, Gr.]
pertaining to harmony, musical, proportioned to each other. Harmo­
nical sounds. Bacon.

HARMONICAL Division of a Line [with geometricians] is a division
of a line in such manner, that the whole line is to one of the extremes,
as the other extreme is to the intermediate part.

HARMONICAL Proportion [in music] three or four quantities are said
to be in an harmonical proportion; when in the former case, the dif­
ference of the first and second shall be to the difference of the second
and third, as the first is to the third; and in the latter, the difference
of the first and second to the difference of the third and fourth, as the
first is to the fourth.
If there are three quantities in an harmonical proportion, the diffe­
rence between the second and twice the first, is to the first as the se­
cond is to the third; also the first and last is to twice the first, as the
last is to the middle one.
If there are four quantities in an harmonical proportion, the diffe­
rence between the second and twice the first, is to the first as the third
to the fourth.

HARMONICAL Arithmetic, is so much of the theory and doctrine of
numbers, as relates to the making the comparisons, reductions, &c.
of musical intervals, which are expressed by numbers, in order to the
finding out the mutual relations, compositions, and resolutions.

HARMO＇NICAL Series, is a series of many numbers in continued har­
monical proportion.

HARMONICAL Composition, in a general sense, includes the composi­
tion both of harmony and melody.

HARMONICAL Intervals, is an interval or difference of two sounds,
which are agreeable to the ear, whether in consouance or succes­
sion.

HARMONICAL Sounds, such sounds as always make a certain deter­
minate number of vibrations in the time that some other fundamental
sound, to which they are referred, makes one vibration.

HARMO＇NIOUS [harmonieux, Fr. armoniaso, It. harmonicus, Lat.]
1. Adapted to each other, having the parts proportioned to each other.
God has made the intellectual world harmonious. Locke. 2. Full of
harmony or melody, musical. The verse of Chaucer is not harmonious
to us. Dryden.

HARMO＇NIOUSLY, adv. [of harmonious] 1. With just proportion of
parts to each other. Accurately and harmoniously adjusted. Bentley.
2. Melodiously, with concord of sounds.

HARMO＇NIOUSNESS [of harmonious] agreeableness in sound and
musical proportion.

HA＇RMONISTS, writers which study to make the gospels and sacred
writings harmonize or agree one with another.

To HA＇RMONIZE. verb act. [of harmony] to adjust in fit proportion,
to make musical. The motion measur＇d harmoniz＇d the chime. Dry­
den.

HA＇RMONY [harmonie, Fr. armonia, It. Sp. and Port. harmonia,
Lat. αρμονια, Gr.] melody, a musical concert, a due proportion, an
agreement or pleasing union between several sounds continuing at the
the same time, either of voices or musical instruments. Harmony is a
compound idea, made up of different sounds united. Watts. 2. [In a
lower sense] signifies agreeableness, suitableness, the due proportion
of one part to another. Equality and correspondence are the causes
of harmony. Bacon. 3. Mental concord, correspondent sentiment.
Harmony to behold in wedded pair. Milton.

HARMONY of the Spheres, or HARMONY Celestial [with philoso­
phers] a kind of music, supposed to be produced by the sweetly tuned
motions of the stars and planets; a phisosophic chimæra, long since
exploded.

HARMONY [in architecture] an agreeable relation between the
parts of a building.

HARMONY [in painting] is a term used both in the ordonnance and
composition, and in the colours of a picture: In the ordonnance it sig­
nifies the union or connection between the figures, with respect to the
subject of the piece.

To HA＇RNESS [harnacher, Fr.] 1. To accoutre, to dress in armour.
Harness＇d in rugged steel. Rowe. 2. To fix horses in their traces.
Harness the horses. Jeremiah.

HA＇RNESS [arnese, It. harnisch, Ger. harnois, Fr. supposed from
iern or hiern, Runnic, hiairn, Wel. harnas, Du. harniak, Dan.
harnes, Su.] 1. The accoutrements of an armed horseman, ar­
mour, defensive furniture of war. Doff thy harness, youth. Shake­
speare. 2. All the accoutrements of an horse, the furniture of horses,
particularly for carriages of pleasure or state: Of other carriages we
say geer. Their harness studded all with gold and pearl. Shakespeare.

Hasting HARNESS, a sort of harness, the wearers whereof have but
single allowance.

HARP [hearpe, Sax. harpa, Su. harpe, Du. and L. Ger. harsse,
H. Ger. harpe, Fr. arpa, It. harpa, Sp. and Port. It is used through
both the Teutonic and Roman dialects, and has been long in use.
Romanusq; lyrâ plaudat tibi, barbarus harpa. Ven. Fort.]
1. A musical instrument of a triangular form, having twenty-seven
strings of wire, and struck with the fingers. 2. A constellation. Next
shines the harp. Creech.

To HARP, verb neut. [hearpian, Sax. harper, Fr.] 1. To play
upon an harp. 2. To touch any passion as the harper touches a
string; to dwell on any subject. Harp on that. Shakespeare.

To HARP upon the same String, i. e. to insist pertinaciously on any
particular matter, to mention the same thing over and over.

HA＇RPER [haspere, Sax.] one who plays on the harp.

HA＇RPIES, plur. of harpy [harpie, Fr. arpa, It. harpyiæ, Lat. αρ­
πυια, αρπαζω, Gr. to seize violently] three fabulous monsters, called
Aello, Ocypete, and Celæno; who, according to the fictions of the
poets, were birds having the faces of virgins, the ears of bears, the
bodies of vultures, crooked hands and feet, with sharp talons.
Gorgones, harpyæq;————— Virgil.

HA＇RPING Irons [harpagines, Lat.] a sort of bearded darts or spears
fastened to lines, wherewith they strike and catch wales and other fish,
as sturgeons, &c. Waller.

HARPO＇CRATES [among the Egyptians] was esteemed the god of
silence, and the son of Isis; and his statue stood near the image of Sc­
rapis, with a finger on his lips, and a wolf＇s skin full of eyes about his
shoulders.

HARPONE＇ER [harponneur, Fr.] one who catches fish by striking
them with harping-irons.

HA＇RPSICORD, or HA＇RPSICOL [harpsicorde, Fr. arpicordo, It.] a
kind of musical instrument.

HA＇RPY [harpyia, Lat. harpie, harpye, Fr.] 1. A kind of soul ra­
venous bird, according to the fables of the poets. 2. A ravenous
wretch. Conference with this harpy. Shakespeare. See HARPIES.

HA＇RQUEBUSS [arquebuse, Fr. archibuso, It. archabuz, Sp.] a sort of
hand gun. See ARQUEBUSE.

HA＇RQUEBUSSIER [of harquebuss] one armed with a harquebuss.
Knolles.

HA＇RRIDAN, subst. [corrupted from harridelle, a worn-out worthless
horse] a decayed strumpet. Batter＇d harridan. Swift.

HA＇RRIER [of harier, Fr. to hurry] a hound of an admirable scent,
and excellent to hold the pursuit of his game. See HARIER.

To HA＇RROW [of hergian, Sax. harfuta, Su. herser, Fr. erpieare,
It.] 1. To break the clods of ground with an harrow. 2. To tear
up, to rip up. My aged muscles harrow＇d up with whips. Rowe. 5.
To pillage, to strip, to lay waste. See to HARRY, which in the
Scottish dialect is the same thing. To harrow his people. Bacon.
4. To invade, to harass with incursions, [hergian, Sax.] He that
harrowed hell with heavy stowre. Spenser. 5. To disturb, to put into
commotion. [This should rather be written harry, harer, Fr.] It
harrows me with fear. Shakespeare.

HARROW [charroul, Fr. harcke, Ger. a rake, hars, Su. herse, Fr.
erpice, It.] a drag or frame of timbers crossing each other, and set with
iron teeth, to break the clods of earth after ploughing, and particu­
larly drawn over sowed ground to throw the earth over the seed.








HARROW, interj. an exclamation of sudden distress: now obso­
lete.

HA＇RROWER [of harrow] 1. One who harrows. 2. A kind of
hawk. Ainsworth.

HARROW-TINE, an iron spike of a harrow.

To HA＇RRY, verb act. [harer, Fr.] 1. To teaze, to hare, to ruffle.
I so harry＇d him. Shakespeare. 2. In Scotland it signifies to rob, plunder,
or oppress. As one harried a nest, that is, he took the young away;
as also, he harried me out of house and home; that is, he robb＇d me
of my goods and turn＇d me out of doors. See To HARROW.

HARSH [herbisch, Teut. hervische, Germ. Skinner. harsk, Su.] 1.
Sharp, tart, austere, roughly sour. The harsh fruit of colder coun­
tries. Swift. 2. Severe, crabbed, peevish. In his nature harsh and
haughty. Bacon. 3. Rough to the ear. Harsh in sound. Shakespeare.
4. Rugged or rough to the touch. Harsh sand. Boyle. 5. Unplea­
sing, rigorous. Tho＇ harsh the precept, yet the preacher charm＇d.
Dryden.

HA＇RSHLY, adv. [of harsh] 1. Sharply, tartly, sourly or austerely
to the palate, as unripe fruit. 2. With violence, in opposition to gen­
tleness: unless in the following passage, it rather signifies unripely.
Till like ripe fruit thou drop
Into thy mother＇s lap, or be with ease
Gather＇d, not harshly pluck＇d. Milton.
3. Severely, morosely, crabbedly. A man of a rough temper that
would treat me harshly. Addison. 4. Ruggedly to the ear. ＇Twould
sound harshly in her ears. Shakespeare.

HA＇RSHNESS [of harsh] 1. Sharpness in taste, sourness. Bacon.
2. Severity, moroseness, crabbedness. Shakespeare. 3. Roughness to
the ear. The perpetual harshness of their sound. Dryden. 4. Rough­
ness or ruggedness to the touch. Harshness and ruggedness of bodies.
Bacon.

HA＇RSLET, or HA＇SLET [probably of hatilles, Fr. of hate, O. Fr.
a spit; because roasted on a spit] the entrails of a hog.

HART [heost, Sax. hiort, Su. hert or hirt, Du. hirsch, Ger. hiret,
Teut.] a stag, a he deer of the large kind, the male of the roe.

HART-ROYAL, subst. a plant, a species of buckthorn plantain.

HART＇S-HORN [heorts-horn, Sax.] 1. The horn of stags shaved or
rasped, and used in physic. The hartshorn that is used here are the
whole horns of the common male deer which fall off every year.
This species is the fallow deer. But some tell us that the medicinal
hartshorn should be that of the true hart or stag called the red deer.
The salt of hartshorn is a great sudorific, and the spirit has all the vir­
tues of volatile alkalies. It is used to bring people out of faintings by
its pungency, holding it under the nose, and pouring down some drops
of it in water. Hill. 2. An herb. Ainsworth.

HA＇RTS-TONGUE, subst. [lingua cer vina, Lat.] a plant that com­
monly grows out from the joints of old walls and buildings, where
they are moist and shady. There are very few of them in Europe.
Miller.

HART-EVIL [with farriers] the stag-evil, a rheum or defluxion that
falls upon the jaws and other parts of the fore-hand of a horse, which
hinders him from cating.

HART-WORT [tordylium, Lat.] it is an umbelliferous plant with a
rose-shaped flower. It is an annual plant, and perishes soon after it
has perfected its seed. It is found wild in several parts of England.
Miller.

HART Royal, one that has been hunted by the king or queen, and
has escaped alive.

HA＇RTFORD, the shire town of Hertfordshire, stands on the river
Lee, 23 miles from London. It gives title of earl to the noble family
of Seymour, and sends two members to parliament. The county of
Hartford also send two members.

HA＇RTLAND, a market town of Devonshire, 197 miles from Lon­
don.

HA＇RTLEPOOL, a port town of Durham, 236 miles from London.

HA＇RVEST [hærfest, Sax. prob. q. d. herb-feast, farmers usually
making a feast for their reapers, harust, L. Ger. herbst, H. Ger.] 1.
The time of reaping and gathering the corn. 2. The corn ripened,
gathered and inn＇d. Such seed he sows, such harvest shall he find.
Dryden. 3. The product of labour. Let us the harvest of our labour
eat. Dryden.
Good HARVESTS make men prodigal, bad ones provident.
Prosperity is apt to make men extravagant; as, on the other hand,
poverty or scarcity necessarily makes us careful of the little we have.

HA＇RVEST-HOME, subst. 1. The song which the reapers sing at the
feast made for having inn＇d the harvest. Merrily roar out harvest-
home. Dryden. 2. The feast at the end of harvest. At harvest-home
and on the shearing day. Dryden. 3. The opportunity of gathering
treasure. I will use it as the key of the cukoldy rogues coffer, and
there＇s my harvest-home. Shakespeare.

HA＇RVESTER [of harvest] one at work at the harvest.

HA＇RVEST-LORD, the head reaper at the harvest. Tusser.

HA＇RVEST-MAN [of harvest and man] a labourer in harvest. Shake­
speare.

HARVEST Work [hærfest porc, Sax.] the gathering in the fruits
of harvest.

HA＇RWICH, a borough and port town of Essex, 71 miles from Lon­
don. It sends two members to parliament; and is the station for the
packet-boats between England and Holland.

HAS, for HATH, the 3d person singular of to have. See To HAVE.

HASH [hachi, Fr.] a dish of meat minced and stewed, &c.

To HASH, verb act. [hacher, Fr.] to mince, to chop into small
pieces and mingle them.

HASK, subst. This seems to signify a case or habitation made of
rushes or flags.
Establish＇d hath his steeds in lowly lay,
And taken up his inn in fishes hask. Spenser. See HASSOCK.

HA＇SLE [hæsl, Sax.] a sort of wood. See HAZEL.

HA＇SLE-WORT, an herb.

HA＇SLET, or HA＇RSLET, subst. [hasla, Island. a bundle, hasterel,
hastereau, hastier, Fr.] the heart, liver and lights of a hog, with the
wind-pipe, and part of the throat to it.

HA＇SLEMERE, a borough town of Surry, 41 miles from London,
and sends two members to parliament.

HA＇SLINGDEN, a market town of Lancashire, 178 miles from Lon­
don.

To HASP [hæpsian, Sax. gespen, Du.] to fasten with a hasp.

HASP, subst. [aspo, It.] 1. A reel to wind yarn on. 2. [Hæps,
Sax. whence in some provinces it is yet called hapse, gespe, Du. and
L. Ger.] a fastening for a door, being a clasp folded over a staple,
and fastened on with a padlock. Mortimer. 3. A hook.

HA＇SSOCK [some derive it of hase, Teut. an hare, and socks, hare­
skins, being sometimes worn instead of socks on the feet in winter; ha­
seck, Ger. Skinner] 1. A mat or cushion made of rushes to kneel upon
in churches. Addison. 2. In Scotland it is applied to any thing made of
rushes or privet, on which a person may sit. It is therefore probable
that hassock and hask are the same.

HAST, the 2d person sing. of to have. See To HAVE.

To HASTE, or To HA＇STEN, verb neut. [hasten, Du. and Ger.
hasta, Su. haster, hâter, Fr.] 1. To make haste, to be in a hurry, to
be busy, to be expeditious. I have not hasten＇d from being a pastor to
follow thee. Jeremiah. 2. To move with swiftness. They were
troubled and hasted away. Psalms.

To HASTE, or To HASTEN, verb act. to quicken, press, or urge
on, to drive to a swifter pace. Nor hastens nor retards his neighbour＇s
race. Prior.

HASTE, or HA＇STINESS [of haeste, Du. and Ger. haste, háte, Fr.]
quickness, urgency, hurry, speed, passion, vehemence. I said in my
haste all men are lyars. Psalms.
The more HASTE the worse speed.
Lat. Qui nimiùm properat, seriùs absolvit. The Latins say likewise,
Canis festinans cæcos parit Catulos. Gr. Ἡ κυων σπευδουσα τυϕλα τικτει.
The French say, Qui trop se hâte en cheminant, en bon chemin se fourvoy
souvent. (He who walks too hastily, often stumbles in an even way.)
Let us take more time, that we may have the sooner done, may seem a pa­
radox; but when put in practice, generally proves true. The Italians
say, Chi troppo s＇affretta meno avanza.
HASTE makes waste.
Any thing too hastily done, is generally spoiled.

HA＇STENER [of hasten] one that hastens or hurries.

HA＇STILY, adv. [of hasty] 1. In a hurry, speedily. 2. Rashly,
with precipitation. We hastily engaged in a war. Swift. 3. With
vehemence, angrily, passionately.

HA＇STINESS [of hasty] 1. Speed, haste. Sidney. 2. Hurry, pre­
cipitation. Hastiness to embrace a thing. Hooker. 3. Passionate ve­
hemence, angry testiness.

HA＇STINGS, a borough town of Sussex, on the English channel,
62 miles from London. It is one of the cinque-ports, and sends
two members to parliament.

HASTINGS, subst. [of hasty] peas that come early. Mortimer.

HA＇STIVE, adj. hasty, forward; as, hastive fruits. This seems
a corruption of hasty.

HA＇STY [hastig, Su. and Ger. haestigh, Du. hatif, Fr.] 1. Done
in haste, sudden, quick, hurrying. Hasty-footed time. Shakespeare.
2. Soon angry, passionate, vehement. He that is hasty of spirit ex­
alteth folly. Proverbs. 3. Rash, precipitate, A man hasty in his
words. Proverbs. 4. Early ripe. As the hasty fruit before the sum­
mer. Isaiah.

HA＇STY-PUDDING, subst. a pudding made of milk and flower,
boiled quick together; as also of oatmeal and water boiled together.
Dorset.

HAT [hett, Brit. hæt, Sax. hoedt Du. hut, hatt, H. Ger. hat, or
hatta, Su.] a covering for the head.

HA＇TBAND [of hat and band] a string tied round the hat.

HA＇T-CASE [of hat and case] a slight box for a hat.

HATCH [hæca, Sax. hecke Du. a bolt] 1. A sort of half door, fre­
quently made of wooden grate work, the opening over the door.
Shakespeare. 2. A brood excluded from the egg, a brood of young
birds. 3. The act of exclusion from the egg. 4. Disclosure, dis­
covery.
His melancholy sits on brood,
And I do doubt the hatch and the disclose
Will be some danger. Shakespeare.
5. [In the plur.] the doors or openings by which they descend from
one deck or floor of a ship to another. 6. To be under hatches; to be
in a state of ignominy, poverty, or depression, to be in bad circum­
stances, or trouble. Made and supported all the kings of the earth,
till the captivity in Egypt, and then the poor father-hood was under
hatches. Locke.

To HATCH, verb act. [hecken, Ger. as Skinner thinks from heg­
hen, eghen, æg, Sax. egg.] 1. To produce young from eggs, as birds
do, by the warmth of incubation. The number of eggs they can
cover and hatch. Ray. 2. To quicken the egg by incubation. Others
hatch their eggs. Addison. 3. To produce by precedent action. 4.
To plot, to contrive, to form by meditation; generally in a bad
sense. To hatch the heresy. Hooker. 5. [hacker, Fr. to cut] to
shade by cross lines in drawing or graving. This sword silver＇d and
hatcht. Chapman.

HATCH. 1. A vessel or place to lay grain in. 2. A trap to catch
weasels.

HA＇TCHEL, or HI＇TCHEL [hackel, Du. heckel, Ger.] an instru­
ment for dressing flax.

To HA＇TCHEL, verb act. [hackelen, Du. heckelen, Ger.] to dress
flax with an hatchel, so as to separate the fibres from the brittle parts.
Hatchelling, spinning and weaving it. Woodward.

HA＇TCHELLER [of hatchel] one that hatchels or beats flax.

HA＇TCHES [in a ship] a sort of trap doors of the deck in the mid­
dle of the ship, between the main and fore-mast, for letting down
goods of bulk into the hold.

HATHCES, flood gates set in a river, to stop the current of the
water.

HA＇TCHET [hachette or hache, Fr. hacha, Sp. ascia, Lat.] a lit­
tle ax.

HA＇TCHET-FACE, subst. an ugly face; such, I suppose, as might
be hewn out of a block by a hatchet. Johnson.

HA＇TCHING, the act whereby fecundated eggs, after seasonable in­
cubation, exclude their young.








HA＇TCHING, part. [of to hatch; in drawing] a method of shadow­
ing by a continued series of many lines, shorter or longer.

HA＇TCHMENT, subst. [corrupted from atchievement, which see]
an atchievement.

HATCHMENT [in heraldry] the marshalling of several coats of arms
in an escutcheon; also an escutcheon fixed on the side of an house
where a person died.

HA＇TCH-WAY [of hatches and way; in a ship] that place directly
over or through the hatches.

To HATE, verb act. [hætian, Sax. haata, Su. haten, Du. O. and
L. Ger. hassen, H. Ger. hadr, Dan. hatjan, Goth. hatir, Fr.] to bear
ill-will to, to have an aversion to, to abhor, to regard with the passion
contrary to love.

HATE, subst. [from the verb; hate, Sax.] detestation, malig­
nity; the contrary to love.

HA＇TEFUL [hateful, Sax.] 1. Deserving hate, odious, that which
causes abhorrence. There is no vice more hateful to God. Hooker.
2. Detesting, malevolent. To view with hateful eyes. Dryden.

HA＇TEFULLY, adv. [of hateful] 1. Abominably, odiously. 2.
Maliciously. They shall deal with thee hatefully. Ezekiel.

HA＇TEFULNESS [of hateful] odious quality.

HA＇TER [of hate] one that hates or detests. A hater of virtue.
Sidney.

HA＇TFIELD-BISHOPS, a market town of Hartfordshire, 20 miles
from London.

HA＇TFIELD-BROAD-OAK, or KI＇NG＇S-HATFIELD, a market town
of Essex, 28 miles from London.

HA＇THERLY, a market town of Devonshire, on a branch of the
river Towridge, 160 miles from London.

HA＇T-MAKERS Company, is an ancient company, of a master,
four wardens, and twenty-four assistants; but no livery. Their ar­
morial ensigns, a dexter hand and hat. They have no hall since the
fire; but now meet at pewterers-hall.

HA＇TRED [of hateful, Sax. to hate, and red, counsel, haet, Du.
hafz, H. Ger. haat, Su.] ill-will, hate, detestation. The passion con­
trary to love.

To HA＇TTER verb act [perhaps corrupted from batter. Johnson]
to harrass, to wear out with fatigue. He＇s hatter＇d out with penance.
Dryden.

HA＇TTER [of hat] a maker of hats.

HA＇TTOC [attoc, Erse] a shock of corn containing twelve sheafs;
or, as others say, three sheafs laid together.

HAU＇BERK [hauberg, O. Fr.] a coat of mail, a breast-plate.
Dryden.

HAVA＇NNA, a port town in the island of Cuba in America, situated
at the entrance of the gulph of Mexico, subject to Spain.

HA＇VANT, a market town of Hampshire, 63 miles from London.

To HAVE, irr. verb act. this verb, contrary to the general rule,
is irregular in the present tense, and has hast in the second, and has
or hath in the third person singular, had, pret. and part. pass. [hafde,
Dan. hadde, Du. hatte, H. Ger. and likewise, contrary to the
general rule, has not the compound pres. and imp. tenses with do and
did. habban, Sax. hebben, Du. O. and L. Ger. haben, H. Ger. hafv,
Dan. hafwa, Su. haban, Teut. and Goth. avoir, Fr. avere, It. aver,
Sp. and Port. habeo, Lat.] 1. To possess, to hold. He that gathered
much had nothing over. Exodus. 2. To obtain, to enjoy. Glorify
thou me with thine own self with the glory which I had with thee be­
fore the world was. St. John. 3. Not to be without. That after
examination had I might have something to write. Acts. 4. To
carry, to wear. Having nothing upon him. Sidney. 5. To make
use of. I have no Levite to my priest. Judges. 6. To bear, to
carry, to be attended with or united to, as an accident or concomi­
tant. Nor believe he can have every thing in him by wearing his
apparel neatly. Shakespeare. 7. To take, to receive. Curiosa felicitas
I suppose he had from the feliciter audere of Horace. Dryden. 8. To be
in any state. Have I need of madmen. 1 Sam. 9. To put, to take.
Go and cart it and have it away. Tusser. 10. To procure, to find.
I would fain have any one name to me that tongue. Locke. 11. Not to
neglect, not to omit. Have a care of thyself. Shakespeare. 12. To
hold, to regard. The proud have had me greatly in derision. Psalms.
13. To maintain, to hold opinion. They will have them to be na­
tural heat. Bacon. 14. To contain. Pedlars that have more in them
than you＇d think. Bolingbroke. 15. To require, to claim. What
would these madmen have? Dryden. 16. To be an husband or wife
to another. I would not have had him. Shakespeare. 17. To be en­
gaged, as in a task. We have to strive with a number of heavy pre­
judices. Hooker. 18. To wish, to desire. I would have no man
discouraged. Addison. 19. To buy. We should have them much
cheaper. Collier. 20. It is most used in English, as in other Euro­
pean languages, as an auxiliary verb to make the tenses; have, the
preterperfect, and had, the preterpluperfect. 21. Have at, or with,
is an expression denoting resolution to make some attempt. ＇Tis my
occupation, have at it with you. Shakespeare. Have with you, lady
mine. Dryden.

HA＇VEN, [hafn, Brit. hafen, Dan. and Ger. haven, Du. haaf, Su.
havre, Fr.] 1. A harbour for ships, a port, a safe station for shipping.
2. A shelter, an asylum.
All places that the eye of heaven visits,
Are to a wise man ports and happy havens. Shakespeare.

HA＇VENER [of haven] an overseer of a port. Carew.

HA＇VER, subst. [of have] 1. A possessor, a holder. Shakespeare. 2.
A common word in the northern counties for oats; as, haver­
bread, for oaten-bread. Peacham.

HA＇VERFORD-WEST, a borough town of Pembrokeshire, in South-
Wales, 12 miles from St. David＇s. It sends one member to parlia­
ment.

HA＇VERIL, a market town, partly in Essex and partly in Suffolk,
49 miles from London.

HAUGH, or HAWGH [according to Camden] a little meadow lying
in a valley.

HAUGHT, adj. [haut. Fr.] 1. Haughty, proud, insolent. The
haught Northumberland. Shakespeare. 2. High, proudly magna­
nimous. His courage haught. Spenser.

HAU＇GHTILY, adv. [of haughty] proudly, loftily, contemptuously.
Dryden.

HAU＇GHTINESS [of haughty, Eng. hautesse, Fr.] loftiness of mind,
pride, arrogance. Dryden.

HAU＇GHTY [hautain, Fr.] 1. Proud, lofty, contemptuous. A
woman of a haughty and imperious nature. Clarendon. 2. Proudly
great, elated. Haughty Britain yields to arbitrary sway. Prior. 3.
Bold, adventurous. This haughty enterprize. Spenser.

HA＇VING; subst. [of have] 1. Possession, estate, fortune. My hav­
ing is not much. Shakespeare. 2. The act or state of possessing.
Having that do choak their service up
Even with the having. Shakespeare.
3. Behaviour, regularity; this is still retained in the Scottish dialect.
The gentleman is of no having. Shakespeare.

HA＇VIOUR, subst. [from behaviour] conduct, manners. Their ill
haviour gars men missay. Spenser.

To HAUL, verb act. [haler, Fr. to draw] to pull, to draw, to drag
by violence. A word, which when applied to things implies violence,
and to persons awkwardness or rudeness. To haul up others after
him. Swift.

HAUL, subst. [from the verb] Pull, violence in dragging. The
leap, the slap, the haul. Thomson.

HAUM, HAME, or HALM, subst. [See HALM healm, Sax. halm, 
Du. and Dan.] straw. Tusser.

HAUNCH, subst. [hancke, Du. hanche, Fr. anca, It.] 1. The thigh,
the hind hip. 2. The rear, the hind part. The haunch of winter.
Shakesp. 3. [of a horse, &c.] is the hip, or that part of the hind
quarter that extends from the reins or back to the hough or ham.
To rest on his haunches. Locke.

To HAUNT, verb act. [hanter, Fr.] 1. To frequent troublesomly, as
spirits are said to do; this is eminently used of apparitions. Your
haunted town. Pope. 2. To frequent, to be much about any place
or person. She continually almost haunted us. Sidney. 3. It is used
frequently in an ill sense of one that comes unwelcome. Thus still to
haunt my house. Shakespeare.

To HAUNT, verb neut. to be much about, to appear frequently.
Where they most breed and haunt. Shakespeare.

HAUNT, subst. [from the verb] 1. A place in which one is fre­
quently found. In their own haunts and walks. L＇Estrange. 2. Habit
of being in a certain place. The haunt you have got about the
courts. Arbuthnot.

HAUNT [with hunters] the walk of a deer, or the place of her
usual passage.

HAU＇NTER [of hanteur, Fr.] one that goes often to, or frequents a
place, &c. Haunters of theatres. Wotton.

HA＇VOCK, subst. [of hafoc, Sax. an hawk, hafog, Wel. devastation.
Johnson] waste, spoil, wide destruction, general devastation. To
express the great havock. Addison.

HAVOCK, interj. [from the subst.] a word of encouragement to
slaughter. Cry havock, kings. Shakespeare.

To make HAVOCK [of hafoc, Sax. an hawk, being a bird of prey]
to make waste, to destroy, &c.

To HAVOCK, verb act. [from the substantive] to destroy, to lay
waste. The soldier spoileth and havocketh likewise. Spenser.

HAU＇RIANT [in heraldry] is a term peculiarly applied to fishes,
and denotes their being raised directly upright.

HAUT GOUT, Fr. high relish.

HAU＇TEOIS, or HAUTBOY subst. [of haut and bois, Fr.] a hoboy,
a musical wind instrument. Shakespeare.

HAW＇TBOY Strawberry. See STRAWBERRY.

HAW [hagan, Sax.] a berry, the fruit of the white thorn.

HAW [of haga, Sax. haw, Dan. a garden] 1. A close, a small
piece of land near an house; in Scotland they call it haugh. 2. [hag,
hæg, Sax.] the berry and seed of the hawthorn. Store of haws and
hips. Bacon.

HAW [with farriers] a gristle or excressence growing between the
nether eyelid and the eye of a horse.

To HAW, as, to hum and haw, to hesitate.

To HAWK, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To go a fowling with
hawks, to fly hawks at fowls, to catch birds by means of a hawk.
He that hawks at larks. Locke. 2. To fly at, to attack on the wing.
Or hawk that flies elsewhere. Dryden. 3. [hoch, Wel.] To force up
phlegm with a noise. Without hawking or spitting. Shakespeare. 4.
To sell by proclaiming or crying about in the streets [from hock, Ger.
a salesman] his works were hawk＇d in every street. Swift.

HAWK [hafoc, Sax. hacke, Teut. hæbeg, Wel.] 1. A bird of prey
of a bold and generous nature, used much anciently in sport to catch
other birds. 2. [hoch, Wel.] An effort to force phlegm up the
throat.

HAW＇KED, adj. [of hawk] formed like a hawk＇s bill. Brown.

HAW＇KER [hock, Ger.] one who sells his wares by crying them in
the streets. Bawled about by common hawkers. Swift.

HAW＇KERS, were anciently fraudulent persons, who went about
from place to place buying brass, pewter, &c. which ought to be ut­
tered in open markets; now pedlers, who go about the town or coun­
try selling wares.

HAW＇KSHEAD, a market town of Lancashire, 265 miles from Lon­
don.

HAW＇KWEED, a plant; its stalks are branched and slender, the
leaves produced alternately, and the flower consists of many leaves
placed orbicularly and open, in form of a marigold; the seeds are
slender and angular or furrowed: the whole plant hath a milky juice.
Oxtongue is a species. Miller.

HAWM [healm, Sax.] the lower part of the straw, after the ears of
corn have been cut off.

HAWS [in doom＇s day book] mansions or dwelling houses.

HAW＇SER [hausiere, Fr.] a three strond rope, or small cable.

HAW＇SES [in a ship] are two round holes under her head, through
which the cables pass when she is at anchor.

Clearing the HAWSE [sea term] is the untwisting of two cables,
which being let out at different hawses, are twisted about one an­
other.

To fresh the HAWSE [sea term] i. e. to lay new pieces upon the
cable in the hawse, to prevent it from fretting.








Thwart the HAWSE [sea term] the same as rides upon the hawse,
i. e. when a ship lies athwart with her stern just before the hawse of
another ship.

Riding upon the HAWSE [sea term] is when any heavy thing lies
across, or falls directly before the hawse.

HAY [of hæg, hieg, hag, Sax. hoo, Su. hoc, Dan. heu, Teut. howi,
Goth. hoy, Du. heu, Ger. heno, Sp.] grass mowed and dried in the
sun to fodder cattle in winter.
To make HAY while the sun shines
Is a proverb, and implies, that we should not neglect the proper time
and opportunity of doing a thing, or obtaining some advantage sup­
posed.

HAY, or HA＇YA [in old records; haie, Fr. a hedge] a sence or
inclosure formed with rails, wherewith some forests, parks, &c. were
inclosed in ancient times.

HAY [hæg, Sax. haie, Fr. a hedge] a net to catch conies in, and
which incloses the haunt of animals. Mortimer.

HAY, a sort of dance.

To dance the HAY, to dance in a ring; probably from dancing
round a haycock. Johnson. Let them dance the hay. Shakespeare.

HA＇Y BOOT [hæg-bote, Sax.] a mulct or recompence for hedge­
breaking; but rather, a right to take wood necessary for repairing
hedges.

HA＇YESHAM, a market town of Sussex, 53 miles from London.

HA＇Y-MAKER [of hay and make] one employed in drying grass for
hay. Pope.

HAY Monds, the herb ale-hoof.

HAYNAU＇LT, a province of the Netherlands, bounded by Brabant
and Flanders on the north; by Namur and Leigh on the east; by the
Cambresis, Picardy, and Champaign on the south; and by Artois,
and another part of Flanders on the west. The north part is subject
to the house of Austria, and the south part to France.

HA＇YWARD, a keeper of the common herd of cattle of a town;
whose business is to look to them that they do not break or crop
hedges or inclosures.

HAYZ [with astrologers] a certain dignity or strengthening of a
planet, by being in a sign of its own sex; and a part of the world
agreeable to its own nature.

HA＇ZARD, Fr. [azar, Sp. haski, Runic, danger] 1. Chance, for­
tune, fortuitous hap, accident. The effects of chance and hazard.
Locke. 2. Chance of danger, peril, danger. The hazard I have
run. Dryden. 3. A game at dice or billiards. Playing at hazard at
the groom-porters. Swift. 4. A term used at tennis, when a ball
does not rebound as usual, so that no judgment can be made of it.

To HA＇ZARD, verb act. [hazarder, Fr.] to expose to chance, to
put into danger. To hazard himself against a man of private conduct.
Hayward.

To HAZARD, verb neut. 1. To run the hazard or risk of, to ven­
ture, to lay at stake. Rather than hazard to have you her foe. Wal­
ler. 2. To try the chance.
Pause a day or two
Before you hazard. Shakespeare.

HA＇ZARDABLE [of hazard] venturesome, liable to chance. Brown.

HA＇ZARDER [of hazard] he who hazards.

HA＇ZARDOUS [hazardeux, Fr.] full of hazard, dangerous, exposed
to chance. Dryden.

HA＇ZARDOUSLY [of hazardous] with hazard or danger.

HA＇ZARDOUSNESS [of hazardous] dangerousness.

HA＇ZARDS, the holes in the sides of a billiard-table, into which the
gamesters endeavour to strike their adversaries ball.

HAZE [prob. of has, Sax. The etymology unknown. Johnson] a
thick fog or time.

To HAZE, verb neut. to be foggy or misty.

To HAZE, verb act. to fright one. Ainsworth.

HA＇ZEL, subst. [hæsl, Sax. hasel, Su. and Ger.] the nut-tree. It
hath male flowers growing at remote distances from the fruit on the
same tree. The nuts grow in clusters, and are closely joined together
at the bottom, each being covered with an outward husk or cup
which opens at the top, and when the fruit is ripe it falls out. The
leaves are roundish and entire. The species are hazel nut, cob nut,
and filbert. The red and white filbert are most esteemed for their
fruit. Miller.

HAZEL, adj. [from the subst.] being light brown, of the colour of
hazel. Light hazel mould. Mortimer.

HA＇ZELLY, adj. being of the colour of hazel, a light brown. Mor­
timer.

HAZEL-NUT [hæsl-nutu, Sax. hazel-nooth, Su.] the common
small nut.

HA＇ZY, adj. [of haze] thick, foggy, rimy, misty. Our clearest day
here is misty and hazy. Burnet＇s Theory.

HE [he, Sax. hy, Du. he, O. and L. Ger. a pronoun of the third
person singular masculine. Gen. him, plur. they, gen. them. It
seems to have borrowed the plural from ðis, plur. das, dative disum]
1. The man that was named before. All the conspirators save only
he Shakespeare. 2. The man, the person. It sometimes stands
without reference to any foregoing word.
He is never poor
That little hath, but he that much desires. Daniel.
3. Man or male being. Death to any he that utters them. Shakespeare.
4. Male in general, to distinguish the male from the female; as, he­
cousin, or he goat, &c. 5. In the two last senses he is rather a noun
than a pronoun.
He is as good as she.
Fr. Monsieur vaut bean Madam. Jack is as good as Jill.

HEAD [heafed, heafd, Sax. hooft, Du. haupt, H. Ger. haft, L.
Ger. hasoet, Dan. huswud, Su. haubith, Goth. haubit, Teut. heved,
O. Eng. whence by contraction, head] 1. The uppermost or chief
part of the body, the part of the animal that contains the brain or the
organ of sensation or thought. Some who hold their heads higher. Swift.
2. Person as exposed to any danger or penalty. Let it lie on my head.
Shakespeare. 3. Head and ears; the whole person. Granville. 4. De­
nomination of any animals. Thirty thousand head of swine. Addison.
5. Chief, principal person, leader, one to whom the rest are subor­
dinate. Where they have great and potent heads. Bacon. 6. Place
of honour, the first place. They made room for the old knight at the
head of them. Addison. 7. Place of command. Marlborough at the
head of them. Addison. 8. Countenance, presence. Never shew thy head.
Shakesp. 9. Understanding, faculties of the mind. We laid our heads
together. Addison. 10. Face, front, forepart. The ravishers turn head.
Dryden. 11. Resistance, hostile opposition. Making head against them.
Raleigh. 12. Spontaneous resolution. Voluntaries upon their own
head. Davies. 13. State of a deer＇s horns by which his age is known.
A buck of the first head. Shakespeare. 14. Individual. It is used in
numbers or computation. Four acres for every head. Graunt. 15.
The top of any thing bigger than the rest. His spear＇s head. 1 Sa­
muel. 16. Place of chief resort. The head quarters. Clarendon. 17.
The forepart of any thing, as of a ship. Gallies with brazen heads.
Raleigh. 18. That which rises on the top. Beating down the head
or yeast. Mortimer. 19. The blade of an ax. The head slippeth
from the helve. Deuteronomy. 20. Upper part of a bed. The bed＇s
head. Genesis. 21. The brain. And turn their heads to limit to the
sun. Pope. 22. Dress of the head. To buy them a laced head.
Swift. 23. Principal topics of discourse. There heads are set down
more fully. Burnet. 24. Source of a stream. At the head they never
fail. Hooker. 25. Crisis, pitch. The indisposition is at last grown to
such a head. Addison. 26. Power, influence, strength. He has so
long given his unruly passions their head. South. 27. Body, conflux.
Rebels run upon an head together. Bacon. 28. Power, armed force.
A mighty and a fearful head they are. Shakespeare. 29. Liberty in
running a horse. He gave his able horse the head. Shakespeare. 30. It
is very improperly applied to roots. Turnips hide their swelling heads
below. Gay. 31. Head and shoulders; by force, violently. Bringing
it in by head and shoulders. L＇Estrange.
You have hit the nail on the head.
Fr. Vous avez frappé au but. You have hit the mark. The Ita­
lians say, Havete dato in brocca. You have hit the pitcher. Lat.
Rem acu tetigisti. You have guess＇d right; or, you have begun your
business at the right end, or the right way.
It is a sound HEAD that has not a soft piece in it. See WISE.
Better be the HEAD of a pike than the tail of a sturgeon.
And so we say, Better be the HEAD of an ass than the tail of an horse;
the HEAD of a dog, than the tail of a lion; or, to speak plainer, The
HEAD of the yeomanry, than the tail of the gentry. So prevalent is the
love most men have to priority and precedency, that they rather chuse
to rule than be ruled, to command than obey, &c. though in an infe­
rior rank. The Italians say as we, in the first proverb. E meglio
esser testa di luccio, che coda di sturione.

HEAD [with anatomists] the extremity of a bone; also the extreme
of a muscle that is inserted in the staple bone; also the head of a mus­
cle, which is a tendon.

HEAD [in mechanic arts] the upper parts of inanimate and artificial
bodies, as the head of a nail, &c.

HEAD [in painting, carving, &c.] the picture or representation of
that part of a human body.

HEAD [with architects] an ornament of sculpture or carved work,
often serving as the key of an arch, platband, &c.

HEADS [with bricklayers] a term by which they mean half in
length, but to the full breadth of a tile. These they use to lay at the
eves of a house.

HEAD of a Work [in fortification] the front of it nearest to the
enemy, and farthest from the body of the place.

Moor＇s HEAD [in engineery] a kind of bomb or grenado shot out of
a cannon.

Moor＇s HEAD [with chemists] a cover or capital of an alembic, ha­
ving a long neck for the conveyance of the vapours into a vessel that
serves as a refrigeratory.

HEAD of a Camp, is the ground before which an army is drawn
out.

HEA＇D-ACH [of head and ach] a pain in the head.

HEA＇D-BAND [of head and band] 1. A fillet for the head, a top­
knot. Isaiah. 2. [Among bookbinders] the band at each end of a
book.

HEA＇DBOROUGH [of hefod and borge, Sax. q. d. head or principal
officer of a borough] he who anciently was the chief officer of the frank­
pledge; now an officer subordinate to the constable; or the same as
constable.

HEA＇D-DRESS [of head and dress] 1. The covering of a woman＇s
head. Addison. 2. Any thing resembling a head-dress and prominent
on the head. Among birds the males often appear in a most beautiful
head-dress, whether it be a crest, or a comb. Addison.

HEA＇DER [from head] 1. One that heads nails, or pins, or the
like. 2. The first brick in the angle. Moxon.

HEAD of Flax, twelve sticks of flax tied up to make a bunch.

HEA＇DGARGLE [of head and gargle] a disease, I suppose, in cattle.
Johnson. For the headgargle give powder of fennygreek. Mortimer.

HEA＇D-LAND [in husbandry] that part plough＇d across at the ends
of other lands, ground under the hedges. Tusser.

HEAD-LAND [with navigators] a point of land lying farther out at
sea than the rest, a promontory, a cape. Dryden.

HEA＇DLESS [of head] 1. Being without a head, beheaded. A
headless carcass. Denham. 2. Being without a chief or leader. They
had made the empire stand headless. Raleigh. 3. Obstinate, inconsi­
derate, wanting understanding. Perhaps for heedless. Headless har­
diness in condemning. Spenser.

To HEAD, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To command, to be at
the head of, to lead, to influence, to govern. From him that heads
an army. South. 2. To behead, to kill by taking away the head.
If you head and hang all. Shakespeare. 3. To fit any thing with a
head or principal part. Headed with flints and feathers. Spenser. 4.
To lop trees. Necessary to head them. Mortimer.

HEA＇DILY, adv. [of heady] obstinately, stubbornly.

HEA＇DINESS [of heafdig, Sax.] strong quality in liquors; also
hurry, rashness, obstinacy. Witless headiness in judging. Spenser.

HEA＇DSHIP [of head] dignity, authority, chief place.

HEA＇DSMAN [of head and man] executioner, one that cuts off
heads. Dryden.

HEA＇DSTALL [of head and stall] part of the bridle that covers the
head. Shakespeare.








HEA＇DSTONE [of head and stone] the first or capital stone. The
stone which the builders refused is become the headstone. Common­
prayer Psalms.

HEA＇DLONG, adj. 1. Rash, thoughtless. 2. Sudden, precipitate.
Never stopt his race till it came to a headlong overthrow. Sidney.

HEA＇DLONG, adv. [of head and long] 1. With the head foremost.
It is often doubtful whether this word be adjective or adverb. 2.
Rashly, without thought, with precipitation. To push him on headlong
into it. South. 3. Hastily, without delay or respite. Drag＇d head­
long from thy cradle to thy tomb. Dryden. 4. It is very negligently
used by Shakespeare. Hence will I drag thee headlong by the heels.
Shakespeare.

HEAD-Mould-Shot [in anatomy] is when the futures of the skull,
generally the coronal, ride, i. e. have their edges shot over one another,
which is frequent in infants, and occasions convulsions and death.

HEAD-PIECE. 1. Armour of defence for the head, an helmet, a
morion. I pull＇d off my head-piece. Sidney. 2. Understanding, force
of mind. Eumenes had the best head-piece of all Alexander＇s captains.
Prideux.

HEAD-QUARTERS, subst. [of head and quarters] the place of gene­
ral rendezvous or lodgment for soldiers. The brain is the head-quar­
ters or office of intelligence. Collier.

HEAD-SAIL [of a ship] those fails belonging to the foremast and
boltsprit, which govern the ship＇s head.

HEAD-SEA, a great wave coming right a-head of the ship in her
course.

HEA＇DON, a borough town of the East-riding of Yorkshire, 172
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

HEA＇DSTRONG, adj. [of head and strong] ungovernable, violent,
resolute, to run his own way; as, a horse whose head cannot be held
in. Headstrong and inconsiderate zeal. Hooker.

HEA＇DSTRONGNESS [of headstrong] ungovernableness.

HEAD-WORKMAN [of head, work, and man] the foreman or chief
servant over the rest. Swift.

To HEAL, verb act. [halgan, Goth. hælan, Sax. hela, Su. heilen,
Ger. haulian, Du.] 1. To cure a wound, fore, &c. Thou hast no
healing medicines. Jeremiah. 2. To restore from hurt or sickness,
to cure a person. Our Saviour healed the sick. Addison. 3. To per­
form the act of making a sore, to cicatrize after it has been cleansed.
After separation of the escar, I deterged and healed. Wiseman. 4. To
reconcile, to make friends again; as, he healed all dissensions.

To HEAL, verb neut. to grow well. Used of wounds or fores.
Wounds heal. Shakespeare.

HEA＇LER [of heal] one who heals or cures. Isaiah.

HEA＇LING, part. adj. [of hælan, Sax.] sanative, making sound;
also mild, mollifying, assuasive; as, he＇s of a healing pacific disposi­
tion.

HEALING, subst. [with bricklayers] the covering of the roof of any
building, either lead, slate, tiles, &c.

HEALTH [of hwyl, Brit. hæl, hælu, or hælð, Sax. helsa, Su.] 1.
A state of body opposed to disease, a due temperament or constitution of
the several parts, juices, &c. whereof an animal body is composed,
both in respect of quantity and quality; freedom from bodily pain or
sickness. Health is the faculty of performing all actions proper to a
human body in the most perfect manner. Quincy. 2. Welfare of mind,
goodness, principle of salvation. There is no health in us. Common
Prayer. 3. Salvation spiritual and temporal. Why hast thou forfa­
ken me, and art so far from my health. Common-prayer Psalms. 4.
Wish of happiness in drinking.
HEALTH surpasics riches.
Or, Is the greatest riches; or, Is above wealth.
Lat. Si ventri bene, si lateri pedibusque tuis,
Nil divitiæ poterunt regales addere majus.
Ger. Gesundheit ist besser ais reichtulin.
That health is one of the greatest happinesses or riches, none are more
sensible of, than those who have been in an ill state of body: but to
see how free and lavish most people are of it, one would think it was
of no value.

HEA＇LTHFUL [of health and full] 1. Of a sound constitution, free
from sickness. 2. Well-disposed. Had you an healthful ear to hear
it. Shakespeare. 3. Wholesome, salubrious. Good and healthful airs.
Bacon. 4. Salutary, productive of salvation. The healthful spirit of
thy grace. Common-prayer.

HEA＇LTHFULLY, adv. [of healthful] in good health; also whol­
somely.

HEA＇LTHFULNESS [healfulnesse, Sax.] 1. Soundness of constitu­
tion, state of being well. 2. Wholsomeness, falubrious qualities.
The healthfulness of their air. Addison.

HEA＇LTHILY, adv. [of healthy] without sickness or bodily pain.

HEA＇LTHINESS [of healthy] healthfulness, the same as health, that
state of the body, whereby it is fitted to discharge the natural functions
easily, perfectly, and durably.

HEA＇LTHLESS, [hæl-leas, Sax.] wanting health, sickly, infirm.
Taylor.

HEA＇LTHSOME, adj. [of health] wholsome, salutary. Healthsome
air. Shakespeare.

HEA＇LTHY [healðg, Sax.] having health, free from sickness, hale,
sound.

HEAM, the same in beasts as the after-burthen in women.

HEAP [heape, Sax. hoop, Du. and Scottish, hupen, L. Ger. hauffen,
H. Ger.] 1. A pile of things laid one upon another. 2. A crowd, a
rabble. A heap of vassals. Bacon. 3. Cluster, number driven toge­
ther. The sailors run in heaps. Dryden.

To HEAP, verb act. [of hypan, or heapian, Sax. hoopen, Du. hu­
pen, L. Ger. hascuen, H. Ger.] 1. To pile, to throw together.
Heap on wood. Ezekiel. 2. To lay up in heaps, to accumulate;
with up. The wicked heap up silver. Job. 3. To add to something
else. The late dignities heap＇d up to them. Shakespeare.
The more you HEAP the worse you cheap.
Many men, as their riches increase, instead of being more generous,
grow the more niggardly. The Lat. say, Crescit amor nummi quantum
ipsa pecunia crescit. Money, and the love of money, increase toge­
ther.

HEA＇PER [of heap] one that heaps or makes piles.

HEA＇PY, adj. [of heap] lying in heaps. Gay.

To HEAR, irreg. verb neut. heard [horde, Dan.] irreg. pret. and
part. pass. [of hyran, Sax. hooren, Du. horen, Ger. hora, Su.] 1. To
receive a voice or sound by the ear, to enjoy the Sense by which
sounds are distinguished. 2. To listen, to hearken.
What you so well
Are pleas＇d to hear, I cannot grieve to tell. Denham.
3. To be informed, to have an account of. I have heard by many of
this man. Acts.

To HEAR, verb act. 1. To perceive by the ear. As one sound to
be heard. 2 Chronicles. 2. To give an audience or allowance to speak.
He sent for Paul and heard him concerning the faith. Acts. 3. To
attend, to listen to, 10 obey. Hear the word at my mouth. Job. 4.
To attend favourably. They think they shall be heard for their much
speaking. St. Matthew. 5. To try, to attend judicially, to examine a
cause as a judge or arbitrator does. Hear the causes and judge righ­
teously. Deuteronomy. 6. To acknowledge: A Latin phrase.
Or hearest thou rather pure ethereal stream,
Whose fountain who shall tell? Milton.

HEARD signifies a keeper, and is sometimes initial; as, heardbearth,
a glorious keeper; sometimes final, as cyneheard, a royal keeper.
Gibson＇s Cambden. It is now written herd; as, cowherd, a cow­
keeper, hyrd, Sax.

HEA＇RER [of hear] one who hears or attends to any doctrine or
discourse delivered originally by another.

HEA＇RING, subst. [hyrung, Sax.] 1. That sensation whereby from a
due motion of the small fibres of the auditory nerves, impress＇d upon
the ears, and convey＇d to the brain or common sensory, the soul per­
ceives founds, and judges of them. They have hearing. Bacon. 2.
Audience. To give him hearing. Shakespeare. 3. Judicial trial.
The place of hearing. Acts. 4. Reach of the ear. In our hearing the
king charged thee. 2 Samuel.

To HEA＇RKEN, verb neut. [of hearcnian, Sax. horchen, Ger.]
1. To listen by way of curiosity. To hearken after any expedient.
Rogers. 2. To give ear to, to attend, to pay regard. Hearken unto
me thou son of Zippor. Numbers.

HEA＇RKENER [of hearken] a hearer, a listener.

HEA＇RKEE, abbreviation for hearken you.

HEA＇RSAY, subst. [of hear and say] report, rumour, what is known
no otherwise than by account from others. Depend upon hearsay to
defame him. Addison.

HEARSE, subst. [of unknown etymology. Johnson] 1. A close car­
riage for carrying dead corps to burial. 2. A temporary monument set
over a grave. You now bedew king Henry＇s hearse. Shakespeare.

HEARSE [a hunting term] a hind in the second year of her age.

HEART [of heort, Sax. hiarto, Goth. herce, Du. O. and L. Ger.
hertz, H. Ger. hrerte, Dan. hrerta, Su.] 1. The seat of life in an ani­
mal body, situated in the thorax, which by its alternate contraction
and dilatation is the chief instrument of the circulation of the blood, and
the principle of vital action. It is supposed in popular language to be
the seat sometimes of courage, sometimes of affection. 2. The chief
part, the vital part. Barley will sprout half an inch, and if it be let
alone much more, until the heart be out. Bacon. 3. The inner part
of any thing. The heart of the country. Abbot. 4. Person, chara­
cter. Used with respect to courage or kindness. What says my heart
of elder? Shakespeare. 5. Courage, spirit. I will after take heart.
Sidney. 6. Seat of love. Who lost my heart while I preserv＇d my
sheep. Pope. 7. Affection, inclination. The king＇s heart was towards
Absalom. 2 Samuel. 8. Memory. Deliver＇d over by heart and tradition.
Raleigh. 9. Good-will, ardour of zeal. To take to heart any thing
is to be zealous or solicitous about it. 10. Passions, anxiety, concern.
Set your heart at rest. Shakespeare. 11. Secret thoughts, recesses of the
mind. She despis＇d him in her heart. 2 Samuel. 12. Disposition of
mind. He had a heart to do well. Sidney. 13. The heart is consi­
dered as the seat of tenderness. A hard heart therefore is cruelty.
Heart-hardening spectacles. Shakespeare. 14. To find in the heart;
to be not wholly averse. Sidney. 15. Secret meaning, hidden inten­
tion. Then shew you the heart of my message. Shakespeare. 16.
Conscience, sense of good or ill. Every man＇s heart and conscience.
Hooker. 17. Strength, power. To give trees more heart. Bacon.
To plow ground out of heart. Mortimer. 18. Utmost degree. Beguil＇d
me to the very heart of loss. Shakespeare. 19. Life. For my heart,
seems sometimes to signify, if life was at stake, and sometimes for
tenderness. 20. It is much used in composition for mind or affection.
What the HEART thinketh the tongue speaketh.
It should be so always; and tho＇ wicked men take a great deal of
pains to conceal the evil intentions of their hearts by lying and deceit,
yet their tongue generally betrays them soon or late.

HEARTS [in coat armour] anciently denoted the valour or since­
rity of the bearer, when arms were the reward of virtue; but since,
they are become common to all persons that have wealth instead of
worth.

HEART of a Tree, the middle part of it longitudinally.

HEART-ACH [of heart and ach] sorrow, anguish of mind. Shake­
speare.

HEART-BREAK [of heart and break] oyerpowering sorrow. Shake­
speare.

HEART-BREA＇KER [of heart and break] a cant name for a woman＇s
curls, supposed to break the heart of all her lovers. Like Samson＇s
heart-breakers it grew. Hudibras.

HEA＇RT-BREAKING, adj. [of heart and break] overpowering with
sorrow. Heart-breaking moan. Spenser.

HEART-BREAKING, subst. overpowering grief. Greater heart­
breaking and confusion. Hakewell.

HEA＇RT-BURNED [of heart and burn] having the heart enflamed.
Shakespeare.

HEA＇RT-BURNING, subst. [of heart and burn] 1. A pain in the sto­
mach, commonly from an acrid humour. Woodward. 2. Discontent.
Heart-burning and discontent. Swift. 3. A spleen or grudge against
a person.

HEART-DEAR, adj. [of heart and dear] sincerely beloved. Shake­
speare.

HEART-EASE, subst. [of heart and ease] quiet, tranquillity. Shake­
speare.

HEA＇RTED, adj. It is only used in composition, as hard-hearted.








HEART-EASING, adj. living quiet. Milton.

HEART FELT, adj. felt in the conscience. Pope.

HEART-PEAS, a plant. It hath a trailing stalk, emitting claspers,
whereby it fastens itself to whatever plant stands near it. The flower­
cup consists of three leaves, and the flower of eight, and are of an
anomalous figure; the ovary becomes a fruit like a bladder, contain­
ing round seeds in form of peas, of a black colour, having the figure
of an heart, of a white colour, upon each. Miller.

HEART-QUELLING, adj. conquering the affections. Spenser.

HEART-RENDRING, adj. killing with anguish. Waller.

HEART-ROBBING, adj. exstatic, depriving of thought. Spenser.

HEARTS-EASE, a plant. It is a sort of violet that blows all summer,
and often in winter. It sows itself. Mortimer.

HEA＇RT-SICK, adj. 1. Pained in mind. If we be heart-sick. Taylor.
2. Mortally ill, hurt in the constitution. Heart-sick groan. Shake­
speare.

HEART-SORE, subst. that which strikes the heart with sorrow. Spen­
ser.

HEART-STRING, subst. [of heart and string] the tendons or nerves
supposed to brace and sustain the heart. To be sad till thy heart­
strings crack. Taylor.

HEART-STRUCK, adj. 1. Smitten to the heart. Milton. 2. Driven
to the heart, infixed for ever in the mind. Shakespeare.

HE＇ART-SWELLING, adj. rankling in the mind. Spenser.

HE＇ART-WHOLE, adj. 1. Having the affections yet unfixed. Dry­
den. 2. Having the vitals yet unimpaired. Shakespeare.

HE＇ART-WOUNDED, adj. Filled with passion of love or grief.
Pope.

HE＇ART-WOUNDING, adj. Filling with grief. Rowe.

To HE＇ARTEN, verb act. [of heart, of hyrtan, Sax.] 1. To put
into heart, to encourage, to strengthen, to make lively. Heartening
them that were formed. Sidney. 2. To meliorate with manure. May.

HEARTH [heord, or hearth, Sax. haerdt, Du. hert, Ger.] a chim­
ney-floor, on which a fire is made.

HE＇ARTILY, adv. [of hearty] 1. Sincerely, vigorously, diligently.
Atterbury. 2. From the heart, fully. I heartily forgive them. Shake­
speare. 3. Eagerly, with desire. Eating heartily of the food. Ad­
dison.

HEA＇RTINESS [of hearty] 1. Freedom from hypocrisy, sincerity,
cordialness. Derive a liberty from heartiness. Shakespeare. 2. Vigor,
diligence, strength. With more heartiness than the kindness of a
friend. Taylor.

HEA＇RTLESS [heartlesse, Sax.] wanting courage or hope, des­
pairing, spiritless.

HE＇ARTLESLY, adv. [of heartless] without courage, faintly.

HE＇ARTLESNESS [of heartless] want of courage or spirit, dejection
of mind.

HE＇ARTY [of heorta, Sax.] 1. Healthy, lusty, lively, in full health.
2. Cordial, sincere, warm, zealous. Hearty inclination to peace.
Clarendon. 3. Vigorous, strong. Whose laughs are hearty. Pope.
4. Strong, hard, durable. True hearty timber. Wotton.

HE＇ARTYHALE, adj. [of heart and hale] good for the heart. Ba­
sil heartyhale. Spenser.

HEAT [heat, or hæt, Sax. heede, Dan. heeta, Su. heito, Goth.
hitte, Du. and L. Ger. hitre, H. Ger.] 1. One of the four primary
qualities, which (according to the new philosophy) consists very much
in the rapidity of motion in the smaller particles of bodies, and that
every way; or in the parts being rapidly agitated all ways. 2. Un­
der vehemence of rage. 3. The cause of the sensation of burning.
The intolerable heats which are there. Bacon. 4. Hot weather.
Fearing the heats might advance. Addison. 5. State of any body un­
der the action of the fire. A blood-red heat. Moxon. 6. One vio­
lent action unintermitted. Refreshment betwixt the heats. Dryden. 7.
A course at a race, between each of which courses there is an inter­
mission. The last heat. Dryden. 8. Pimples in the face. Flush
heats in their faces. Addison. 9. Agitation of sudden or violent pas­
sion, vehemence of action. In the heat of the battle. Atterbury.
10. Faction, contest, party rage. Popular heat. K. Charles II.

Actual HEAT [in physic] is that which is an effect of real elemen­
tary sire.

Potential HEAT, is that which is found in wine, pepper, and seve­
ral chymical preparations; as brandy, oil of turpentine, &c.

HEAT [in geography] is diversified according to the different
climes, seasons, &c. and arises from the different angles under which
the same rays strike upon the surface of the earth: For it is shewn by
mechanics, that a moving body striking perpendicularly upon ano­
ther, acts with its whole force; and that a body that strikes not di­
rectly, by how much more it deviates from the perpendicular, acts
with the less force.
And this is one reason assigned in solution of that philosophic problem,
“Why it is warmer in summer than in winter, when it is well known,
that the earth is nearer the sun in winter than in summer?” Answer,
Because in summer, his rays strike more direct upon us, in winter
more oblique.

To HEAT, verb act. [hatian, Sax. eeten, Du.] 1. To make hot,
to endue with the power of burning. 2. To cause to ferment.
Hops lying undried heats them. Mortimer. 3. To make the consti­
tution feverish. To see meat fill knaves, and wine heat fools.
Shakespeare. 4. To warm with vehemence of passion or desire. A
noble emulation heats your breast. Addison. 5. To agitate the blood
and spirits with action. When he was well heated. Dryden.

HE＇ATER, subst. [of heat] an iron made hot, and put into a box­
iron, to smooth and plait linen.

HEATH [hæd, Sax. heyde, Du. heede, L. Ger. heade, Su. and H.
Ger. erica, Lat.] 1. A kind of plant, or wild shrub. It is of low
stature, the leaves are small, and abide green all the year; the flower
consists of one leaf, is naked, and for the most part shaped like a
pitcher. The ovary, which is in the bottom of the flower, becomes
a roundish fruit, containing many small seeds. Miller. 2. The place
or land where it grows plentifully, a place overgrown with it. Upon
this blasted heath you stop our way. Shakespeare. 3. A place co­
vered with shrubs of whatever kind. Heaths of rosemary. Bacon.

HEATH-Cock, a large fowl that frequents heaths.

HE＇ATHEN, subst. [hæden, Sax. heyden, Du. heiden, Ger. hedning,
Dan. harthn, Goth.] pagans, idolaters. It either takes an s in the
plural, or may be used without.

HEATHEN, adj. gentile, pagan.

HE＇ATHENISH, belonging to the heathens, wild, savage, rapaci­
ous, cruel. A heathenish, or rather inhuman, edict. South.

HEA＇THENISHLY, like an heathen.

HEA＇THENISHNESS [of heathenish] heathenish manner, nature, or
disposition.

HEA＇THENISM [of heathen] the principles or practices of heathens,
paganism.

HEATH-Powt, a bird.

HEATH-Pease, a kind of wild pease, a species of bitter vetch.

HEATH-Rose, a flower.

HEATS, plur. [of heat; which see] the exercises that are given
horses by way of preparation.

To HEAVE, irr. verb act. hove, pret. hoven, irr. part. pass. [heo­
fen, Sax. hoven, Du. heffan, Teut. hafian, Goth. N. B. This verb
may always, and is now generally used as a regular one; hæfian. Sax.
h fwa. Su. heven, Du. and L. Ger. hewen, H. Ger.] 1. To lift, to
raise from the ground. Had risen or heav＇d his head. Milton. 2.
To carry. Heave him away upon your winged thoughts. Shakespeare.
3. To raise, to lift. His heavy hand he heaved up on high. Spenser.
4. To cause to swell.
The groans of ghosts that cleave the earth with pain,
And heave it up. Dryden.
5. To force up from the breast. The wretched animal heav＇d forth
such groans. Shakespeare. 6. To exalt, to elevate. One heav＇d on
high to be hurl＇d down below. Shakespeare. 7. To puff, to elate.
Heaved up into high hope. Hayward.

To HEAVE, verb neut. 1. To pant, to breathe with pain. He
heaves for breath. Dryden. 2. To labour. Struggled and heaved at
a reformation. Hooker. 3. To rise with pain, to swell and fall. The
heaving of this prodigious bulk of waters. Addison. 4. To keck, to
feel a tendency to vomit.

To HEAVE and Set [a sea phrase] used of a ship, when at anchor,
she rises and falls by the force of the waves.

HEAVE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Lift, effort upwards. The next
heave of the earthquake. Dryden. 2. Rising of the breast. There＇s
matter in these fighs, these profound heaves. Shakespeare. 3. Effort
to vomit. 4. Struggle to rise.
After many strains and heaves
He got up to his sadle eaves. Hudibras.

HE＇AVEN [heofen, probably of heafian, Sax. to elevate, because
we must lift up our heads to behold it; or heofd, Sax. the places
over head, Johnson; heven, O. and L. Ger.] 1. The throne of God,
the seat of the blessed, both angels and pure spirits departed. That
summons thee to heaven. Shakes. 2. The regions above, the expanse of
the sky, the firmament. Rome, whose ascending tow＇rs shall heav＇n
invade. Dryden. 3. The supreme power, the sovereign of heaven.
As a testimony of their being sent by heaven. Temple. 4. The pagan
gods, the heathen divinities, the celestials. No more obey the
heavens than our courtiers. Shakespeare. 5. Elevation, sublimity.
The brightest heav＇n of invention. Shakespeare. 6. It is often used in
composition.

Query, If the words [HEAVENS and EARTH] mean any more than
our sublunary system, or the earth and its atmosphere, in many passages
of scripture; and in particular in these texts, “The waters ABOVE
the heavens”, and “the heavens and earth which now are, are re­
served for fire”—&c.?

HEA＇VEN [with astronomers, called also the etherial or starry
heaven] is that immense region, wherein the stars, planets, and co­
mets are disposed.

HEA＇VEN-BEGOT, begot by a celestial power. Dryden.

HEA＇VEN-BORN, descended from the celestial regions, native of
heaven. Pope.

HEA＇VEN-BRED, produced or cultivated in heaven. Shakespeare.

HEA＇VEN-BUILT, built by the agency of gods. Pope.

HEA＇VEN-DIRECTED. 1. Raised towards the sky. Pope. 2. Taught
by the powers of heaven. Pope.

HEA＇VENLY, adj. [of heaven] 1. Resembling heaven, supremely
excellent. The love of heaven makes one heavenly. Sidney. 2. In­
habiting heaven, celestial. The mother of the heavenly race.
Dryden.

HEAVENLY, adv. 1. In a manner resembling that of heaven.
Heavenly pensive contemplation. Pope. 2. By the agency or influence
of heaven. Our heavenly guided soul. Milton.

HEA＇VENWARD, adv. [of heaven, and weard, Sax.] towards heaven.
Prior.

HE＇AVE-Offering [among the Jews] the first-fruits given to the
priests. Numbers.

HEAULME, or HEAUME, Fr. [in heraldry] an helmet, or head­
piece.

HE＇AVILY, adv. [of heavy] 1. With great weight. 2. Grievously,
afflictively. Collier. 3. Sorrowfully, with an air of dejection. Why
looks your grace so heavily to day? Shakespeare. 4. Slowly, dully.

HE＇AVINESS [of heavy] 1. The quality of being ponderous weight.
2. Dejection of mind, depression of spirit. Inclined unto sorrow and
heaviness. Hooker. 3. Inaptitude to motion or thought, dulness of
spirit, languor. Our strength is all gone into heaviness. Shakespeare.
4. Oppression, affliction. 5. Deepness or richness of soil. The fat­
ness and heaviness of the ground. Arbuthnot. 6. Weightiness, sad­
ness of mind.

HE＇AVY [heafig, Sax. heesoe, Dan.] 1. Weighty, tending strong­
ly to the centre; opposite to light. 2. Dejected, sad, melancholy.
A light wife doth make a heavy husband. Shakespeare. 3. Sluggish,
slow. Heavy-gaited toads lie in his way. Shakespeare. 4. Grievous,
oppressive, afflictive. Menelaus bore a heavy hand over the citizens.
2 Maccabees. 5. Wanting alacrity, wanting briskness of appearance.
My heavy eyes. Prior. 6. Wanting spirit of sentiment, unanimated.
A heavy writer. Swift. 7. Wanting activity, indolent, lazy. A
heavy, dull, degenerate mind. Dryden. 8. Drowsy, dull, torpid.
Heavy with sleep. St. Luke. 9. Stupid, foolish. Heavy headed.
Shakespeare. 10. Burthensome, tedious, troublesome. My idle and







heavy hours. Locke. 11. Loaded, encumbered. His men heavy and
laden with bouty. Bacon. 12. Not easily digested, not light to the
stomach. Heavy to the stomach. Arbuthnot. 13. Rich in soil, fer­
tile; as, heavy lands. 14. Deep, cumbersome; as, heavy roads.

HEAVY, adv. [and as such, it is only used in composition] heavily.
Heavy-laden. St. Matthew.

HE＇BBERMAN [probably so called of ebb] one that fishes below
bridge for whitings, smelts, &c. and commonly at ebbing water.

HEBDO＇MAD, subst. [of εβδομας, Gr. the number seven] seven, as
years, weeks, days, &c. Brown.

HEBDO＇MADAL, adj. or HEBDO＇MADARY [of hebdomas, Lat. a week]
pertaining to a week, weekly, consisting of seven days. Brown.

HEBDO＇MADARY, or HEBDOMADER＇R [of εβδομας, Gr. a week] the
hebdomary or week＇s-man, a canon or prebendary in a cathedral
church, who took care of the choir and offices of it for his week.

HE＇BE [ηβη, Gr. youth] the goddess of youth.

HEBE＇NUS, Lat. [with botanists] the ebony tree.

To HE＇BETATE, verb act. [hebeto, Lat. hebetor, Fr.] to dull, to
blunt, to stupify. Hebetate and clog his intellectuals. Arbuthnot and
Pope.

HEBETA＇TION [hebetatio, Lat.] 1. The act of making dull or
blunt. 2. The state of being dulled.

HE＇BETUDE [hebetudo, Lat.] bluntness, dullness. Harvey.

HEBI＇SCUS, Lat. [with botanists] marsh-mallows.

HE＇BRAISM [hebraismus, Lat. hebraisme, Fr.] an idiom of the He­
brew language.

HE＇BRAIST [hebræus, Lat.] one skilled in Hebrew.

HE＇BREW [עכרות, Heb.] the Hebrew language.

HEBRI＇CIAN, subst. [of Hebrew] one skilled in Hebrew. Raleigh
and Peacham.

HEBRI＇DES, islands on the west of Scotland, of which Sky, Mull,
Isla, and Arraan, are some of the largest.

HE＇CATE, a goddess of the heathens, to whom the poets give three
names, as Luna, in heaven; Diana, on earth; and Proserpina, in
hell.

HE＇CATOMB [hecatombe, Fr. ecatombe, It. hecatumia, Sp. hecatombe,
Lat. εκατον βους, i. e. an hundred oxen] Eustathius says, an hecatomb
signifies a sacrifice of an hundred oxen; but it is generally taken for an
hundred animals of any sort. Others are of opinion, that hecatomb
is only a finite number put for an indefinite, and so signifies no more
than a great many. Slaughter＇d hecatombs around them bleed. Ad­
dison.

HECATOMBÆ＇ON, Lat. [εκατομβαιον, of εκατον, an hundred, and
βους, Gr. an ox, because an hundred oxen were then offered in sacrifice
to Jupiter] the month of June.

HECATOMPHO＇NIA, Lat. [of εκατον, an hundred, and ϕονευω, Gr.
to slay] a sacrifice offered among the Messenians, by such as had slain
an hundred enemies in battle.

HECATONTAPHY＇LLUM, Lat. [of εκατον, an hundred, and ϕυλλον,
Gr. a leaf] the hundred-leafed rose.

HECK, a rack at which horses are fed with hay.

To HE＇CKLE Flax [hackelen, Du. hachelen, Ger. heckla, Su.] to
break it with a wooden instrument, called

A HECKLE [hackel, Du. hechel, Ger. hackle, Su.] an instrument
for dressing flax or hemp.

HE＇CTIC, or HE＇CTICAL, adj. [hectique, Fr. of εξις, Gr. habit]
1. Pertaining to a hectic fever, habitual, constitutional. This word
is joined only to that kind of fever which is slow and continued, and
ending in a consumption, is the contrary to those fevers which arise
from a plethora, or too great fulness from obstruction, because it is
attended with too lax a state of the excretory passages, and generally
those of the skin, whereby so much runs off, as leaves not resistance
enough in the contractile vessels to keep them sufficiently distended,
so that they vibrate oftener, agitate the fluids the more, and keep
them thin and hot. Quincy. 2. Troubled with a morbid heat. No
hectic student fears the gentle maid. Taylor.

HECTIC, subst. an hectic fever. Shakespeare.

HE＇CTICA, Lat. an hectic fever.

HECTICA FEBRIS, Lat. [of εξις, Gr. habit] a continual slow fe­
ver, as though it was riveted in the constitution.

HE＇CTOR, a vapouring, blustering, turbulent, noisy fellow, a
bully; from Hector, the valiant son of Priamus king of Troy. South.

To HECTOR, verb act. [from the noun] to play the hector, to
threaten, to treat with insolent authoritative terms. Hectoring his ser­
vants. Arbuthnot.

To HE＇CTOR, verb neut. to insult, to bully, to vapour, to vaunt.
Others ranting and hectoring. Stillingfleet.

HE＇DA [old records] a haven, a port, a landing-place, a wharf.

HEDA＇GIUM, toll or custom paid at an hythe or wharf for landing
goods.

HE＇DERA, Lat. [with botanists] the ivy-tree.

HEDERA＇CEOUS [hederaceus, Lat.] belonging to ivy, producing
ivy.

HE＇DERA Terrestris [with botanists] the herb ground-ivy.

HE＇DERAL Crown [among the-Romans] a crown of ivy, worn in
public feastings and rejoicings.

HEDERI＇FEROUS [hederiser, Lat.] bearing ivy.

HEDERIFO＇RMIS Lat. [of hedera, ivy, and forma, Lat. form] of the
form of ivy.

HEDERO＇SE [hederosus, Lat.] full of ivy.

To HEDGE, verb act. [hegian, Sax. heggen, Du. hecken, L. Ger.]
1. To inclose or encompass with an hedge, or fence of wood, either
dry or quicksets. 2. To obstruct. I will hedge up thy way with
thorns. Hosea. 3. To encircle for defence. England hedg＇d in with
the main. Shakespeare. 4. To shut up within an inclosure. A law
to hedge in the cuckow. Locke. 5. To force into a place already full.
[This seems to be mistaken for edge. To edge in, is to be put in by
the way that requires least room; but hedge may signify to thrust in
with difficulty, as into a hedge. Johnson]
You forgot yourself
To hedge me in, I am a soldier. Shakespeare.

To HEDGE, verb neut. to shift, to hide the head. To shuffle, to
hedge, and to lurch. Shakespeare.

To HEDGE [at cock-fighting] to lay on both sides.

HEDGE, subst. [hegge, Sax. hegge, Du. hecke, L. Ger. haye,
Fr.] a sence of thorns, or some shrubs about a piece of land.

HEDGE, prefixed to any word, notes something mean, vile, of the
lowest class: perhaps from a hedge, or hedgeborn-man, a man without
any known place of birth. Johnson. The hedge priest. Shakespeare.

HE＇DGEBORN, adj. [of hedge and born] meanly born, or no known
birth. Shakespeare.

HEDGEFU＇MUTORY, subst. a plant. Ainsworth.

HEDGE-HOG [hegge-hog, Sax.] 1. A quadruped all over defended
with sharp prickles, like thorns in a hedge. 2. A term of reproach.
———I grant ye
———Dost grant me hedge hog. Shakespeare.

HEDGE-HOG, trefoil, an herb; also the globe fish. Ainsworth.

HEDGE-HY＇SSOP, subst. [of hedge and hyssop] a species of willow­
wort. It is a purging medicine, and a very rough one. Externally
it is said to be a vulnerary. Hill.

HEDGEMU＇STARD, a plant. The flower has four leaves expanded
in a crucial form, it becomes a long, slender, bivalve pod, contain­
ing many round seeds. The species are five. Miller.

HE＇DGENETTLE, a plant.

HE＇DGENOTE [of hedge and note] a word of contempt for low
writing. They left these hedgenotes for another sort of poem. Dryden.

HE＇DGEPIG [of hedge and pig] a young hedgehog. Shakespeare.

HE＇DGER [of hedge] one that makes hedges. Milton.

HE＇DGEROW [of hedge and row] the series of trees or bushes
planted for inclosures. Hedgerows of myrtle. Berkeley.

HE＇DGESPARROW, a sparrow that lives in bushes.

HE＇DGINGBILL, subst. [of hedge and bill] a cutting bill used in
making hedges.

HEDY＇OSMUS, or HEDY＇OSMUM [εδυοσμος, Gr. sweet-smelling] the
herb mint.

HEDY＇PNOIS [ηδυπνοις, Gr. sweet treating] the herb priest＇s-crown,
a sort of succory.

HEDY＇SMATA, sweet oils or sauces.

HEDYSMATA [with physicians] any thing that gives a medicine a
good scent.

HEED, subst. [of hedan, Sax. to beware, hoeden, Du. huten, Ger.]
1. Wariness, carefulness, fearful attention, suspicious watch. Take
heed, have open eye. Shakespeare. 2. Care, attention. With wan­
ton heed and giddy cunning. Milton. 3. Care to avoid. We should
take heed of the neglect or contempt of his worship. Hooker. 4. No­
tice, observation. Birds give more heed, and mark words more than
beasts. Bacon. 5. Seriousness, stayedness.
He did it with a serious mind, a heed
Was in his countenance. Shakespeare.
6. Regard, respectful notice. No heed is given to what he says.
L＇Estrange.
Take good HEED will surely speed.
Lat. Abundantia juris non nocet. (Abundance of law, breaks no law.)
The more carefully we go about a thing, the more reason we have
at least to hope success.

To HEED, verb act. [hedan, Sax. hoeden, Du.] to mind, to ob­
serve, to attend, to regard.

HE＇EDFUL [hedfull, Sax.] 1. Careful, attentive, observing. His
heedful ears. Shakespeare. 2. Wary, cautious, suspicious. Give him
heedful note. Shakespeare.

HE＇EDFULLY, adv. [of heedful] attentively, carefully, warily.
Watts.

HE＇EDFULNESS [of heedful] wariness, watchfulness, &c.

HE＇EDILY, adv. cautiously, with vigilance.

HE＇EDLESS [of hedleas, Sax.] careless, regardless, unattentive.

HE＇EDLESLY, adv. [of heedless] carelesly, unwarily. Arbuthnot
and Pope.

HE＇EDLESNESS [of heedless] negligence, inattention, want of heed.
Locke.

HEEL [hele, Sax. hiele, Du. haal, Su.] 1. The back part of the
foot that protuberates behind. 2. The whole foot of animals. A
fountain running from his heel. Addison. 3. The feet as employed
in flight. Shew them a fair pair of heels for＇t. L＇Estrange. 4. To
be at the heels; to pursue closely, to follow hard. Upon the heels of
my preferment. Shakespeare. 5. To pursue as an enemy. Chased
by the English navy at their heels. Bacon. 6. To follow close as a
dependant.
He came sighing on,
After th＇ admir＇d heels of Bolingbroke. Shakespeare.
7. To lay by the heels; to setter, to shackle, to put in gyves. 8. Any
thing shaped like a heel. A kind of heel or knob. Mortimer. 9.
The back part of a stocking; whence the phrase to be out at heels,
to be worn out. Shakespeare.

To HEEL, verb neut. [from the subst.] to dance.
I cannot sing,
Nor heel the high lavolt. Shakespeare.
One pair of HEELS is worth two pair of hands.
That is, it is better to run for it, than be beaten, where a man has
not the courage or force to withstand his enemy. The Fr. say, qui
n＇a cæur, qu＇il ait jambes; he who has no heart, let him have
legs.

HEEL of a Mast, that part at the foot of a mast of a ship that is pa­
red away slanting, to fit the step in the keelson.

To HEEL, verb neut. [sea language] a ship is said to heel, when
she lies down on her side.

To HEEL, verb act. or lay down a ship on one side, in order to
caulk, cleanse, or sheathe her.

HE＇ELER [with cock-fighters] a cock who strikes much with his
spurs.

HE＇EL-PIECE [of heel and piece] a piece of leather fixt on the hin­
der part of the shoe, to supply what is worn away.

To HE＇EL-PIECE, verb act. [of heel and piece] to put a piece of
leather on a shoe-heel.

HEFT [heft, or heave, Sax.] heaving, effort.
He cracks his gorge, his sides,
With violent hefts. Shakespeare.
2. [For haft] handle. Both blade and heft.








HEGE＇MONICÆ, Lat. [with physicians] a term used for the prin­
cipal actions of a human body, called vital and animal.

HE＇GIRA [flight, ARABIC; with chronologers] the epocha or
account of time used by the Turks and Arabians, who begin their
accounts from the day that Mahomet was forced to make his escape or
flight from the city of Mecca, which was on Friday, July 16. A. C.
622.

HE＇GLER, a sore-staller, a huckster, one who buys up provisions in
the country to sell them again by retail. See HIGLER.

HEI＇FER [heafor, Sax.] a young cow.

HEI＇GH-HO, interj. 1. An expression of slight uneasiness and lan­
guor. Heigh-ho, an＇t be not four by the day I＇ll be hang＇d. Shake­
speare. 2. It is used by Dryden, contrary to custom, as a voice of
exultation. And heigh-ho for the honour of old England. Dryden.

HEIGHT [of haut, Fr. hyde, hede, or heah, Sax. high; hooghte,
Du. hochte, O. and L. Ger. hoche, H. Ger. hochet, Su.] 1. Elevation
above the ground or any place assigned, tallness. From what height
fallen. Milton. The height of a well proportioned man, is equal to
the distance from one end of the finger of one hand to the other, when
the arms are extended as wide as may be. 2. Altitude, space mea­
sured upwards. In breadth twenty, and in height near fifty feet.
Addison. 3. Degree of latitude. Guinea lieth to the north sea in
the same height as Peru. Abbot. 4. Summit, ascent, towering emi­
nence. Not climb the heights to which some others have arrived.
Watts. 5. Elevation of rank, dignity of station. England to her
greatest height attained. Daniel. 6. The utmost degree, full com­
pletion. Putrefaction doth not rise to its height at once. Bacon. 7.
Utmost exertion. I shall now put you to the height of your breeding.
Shakespeare. 8. State of excellence, advance towards perfection.
Social duties are carried to greater heights. Addison.

HEIGHT [with geometricians] the third dimension of a body, con­
sidered with regard to its elevation above the ground.

HEIGHT of a Figure [in geometry] is a perpendicular line drawn
from the top to the base. As A B, Plate VIII.

To HEI＇GHTEN, verb act. 1. To encrease in height, to raise higher.
2. To improve, to meliorate. 3. To aggravate. To heighten our
confusions. Addison. 4. To improve by decorations. The heighten­
ings of poetry. Dryden.

HEIGHTS [in military art] the eminences round a fortified place,
on which the besiegers usually post themselves.

HEILAMI＇DES, Lat. the membranes which invest the brain.

HEI＇NOUS, adj. See HAINOUS [haineux, Fr. from hain, hate, or
from the Teutonic hoon, shame; hence hainous would seem the more
analogous orthography] atrocious, wicked in a high degree. Most
heinous and accursed sacrilege. Hooker.

HEI＇NOUSLY, adv. [of heinous] atrociously wicked.

HEI＇NOUSNESS [of heinous] atrociousness, wickedness. Rogers.

HE＇INUSE [hunting term] a roebuck of the fourth year.

HEIR [hæres, Lat. heretier, Fr. erede, It. heredero, Sp. heredeiro,
Port. erf, Du. and L. Ger. erbe, H. Ger. erfe, Sax. ereve, Teut.
heire, O. Fr.] one who succeeds to an inheritance, &c.

HEIR [in common law] one who succeeds by right of blood to any
man＇s lands or tenements in fee.

HEIR of Blood [law term] one that succeeds by right of blood to
any man＇s lands.

HEIR of Inheritance, an heir that cannot be defeated of his inheri­
tance upon any displeasure.

HEIR Loom [heir and geloma, Sax. goods; law term] houshold
goods, furniture, such as having for several descents belonged to a
house, are never inventoried, but necessarily come to the heir along
with the house or other freehold. Swift.

HEIR Apparent, is he on whom the succession is so settled that it
cannot be set aside, without altering the laws of succession.

HEIR Presumptive, the next relation or heir at law to a person,
who is to inherit from him ab intestato, and who, ＇tis presum＇d, will
be heir; nothing but a contrary disposition in the testator being able to
prevent him.

To HEIR, verb act. [from the subst.] to inherit. Dryden.

HE＇IRDOM, heirship, or the right and title of an heir or heiress.

HEI＇RESS [heretiere, Fr. berede, It. heredera, Sp. heredeira, Port.
hæres, Lat.] a female heir, a woman that inherits, an inheritrix.

HEI＇RLESS [of heir] being without an heir, wanting one to inherit
after him.

HEI＇RSHIP [of heir] the state, character, or privileges of an
heir.

HELCL＇SAITES, a sect in the second century, who condemned vir­
ginity, and held it a duty of religion to marry.

HE＇LCOMA, or HELCO＇SIS, Lat. [with surgeons] an ulceration; a
turning to an ulcer.

HELCY＇DRIA, Lat. certain small ulcers in the skin of the head,
thick and red like the nipples of breasts, and that run with matter;
little ulcers. Bruno calls them pustulæ ulcerosæ, in general, and ap­
peals both to GALEN＇s, and P. ÆGINÆTA＇s use of the word.

HELD, pret. and part. pass. [of to hold] See To HOLD.

HELEA＇GNUS, Lat. [with botanists] the herb elecampane.

HELE＇POLIS, Lat. an ancient military machine, for the battering
down the walls of besieged places.

HE＇LIACA, Lat. [of ηλιος, Gr. the sun] sacrifices and other solem­
nities performed in honour of the sun.

HELI＇ACAL [ηλιακος, Gr. heliaque, Fr.] pertaining to the sun.

HELIACAL Rising of a Star [with astronomers] is its issuing or
emerging out of the rays and lustre of the sun, wherein it was before
hidden. Brown.

HELIACAL Setting of a Star, &c. is its entering or emerging into
the rays of the sun, and so becoming inconspicuous by the superior
light of that luminary.

HE＇LIACALLY, adv. [of heliacal] by emersion from the rays of the
sun. Brown.

HELIA＇NTHE, HELIA＇NTHEMUM, or HELIA＇NTHON, Lat. [ηλιαν­
θεμον, Gr.] the herb hedge-hyssop, or wild rush.

HE＇LICAL, adj. [ελιξ, Gr. helice, Fr.] spiral, having many convo­
lutions. Wilkins.

HE＇LICE Major and Minor, Lat. [with astronomers] two constel­
lations, the same as Ursa Major and Minor.

HELICOI＇D Parabola [with mathematicians] is a parabolic spiral,
or a curve, that arises from the supposition of the axis of the common
Apollonian parabola, being bent round into the periphery of a circle;
and is a line then passing through the extremities of the ordinates,
which do now converge towards the centre of the said circle.

HELICO＇METRY [of ελιξ, a spiral curve, and μετρον, Gr.] an art
which teaches how to draw or measure spiral lines upon a plain, and
shew their respective properties.

HELICO＇METES [of ηλιος, the sun, and κωμητης, Gr. a comet] a
phœnomenon sometimes seen at the setting of the sun.

HELICO＇NIAN, of or pertaining to Mount Helicon, a hill of Pho­
cis, sacred to the Muses.

HELICO＇SOPHY [of ηλιξ, a spiral curve, and σοϕια, Gr. wisdom] is
the art of delineating all sorts of spiral lines in plano.

HELIOCE＇NTRIC Place of a Planet [of ηλιος, the sun, and κεντρον, a
centre, Gr. heliocentrique, Fr. in astronomy] is that point of the eclip­
tic to which the planet, supposed to be seen from the sun, is refer­
red, and is the same as the longitude of the planet seen from the sun.

HELIOCHRY＇SUS [ηλιοχρυσος, Gr.] the flower golden locks, or
golden tufts.

HELIO＇GRAPHIC, adj. [of ηλιος, the sun; and γραϕικος, Gr. des­
criptive] belonging to the description of the sun.

HELIO＇GRAPHY [ηλιογραϕια, of ηλιος, the sun, and γραϕω, Gr. to
describe] a description of the sun.

HELIO＇SCOPE [ηλιοσκοπιον, of ηλιος, the sun, and σκοπεω, Gr. to
view, helioscope, Fr.] is a sort of telescope, fitted so as to look on the
body of the sun without offending the eye; which is done by making
the object and eye-glasses of it either of red or green glass.

HELIO＇STROPHON, Lat. [ηλιοστροϕον, Gr.] the great marygold, or
turnsole flower.

HE＇LIOTROPE [ηλιοτροπιον, of ηλιος, the sun, and τρεπω, Gr. to
turn] a plant called turnsole, which is said always to follow the course
of the sun; the sun-flower.

HELIOTROPE of Pherecydes, was an erected stylus, whose shadow
should mark the advance and recess of the sun to and from the tropics.
The old Scholiast on HOMER＇s Odyssey, supposes some such heliotrope to
have been in the island of Ortygia; and that the poet refers to it in
that clause,
——— οθι τροπαι κελιοεο.
i. e. Where are the returns, or tropics of the sun.
Odyss. lib. 15. l. 403.
An ENQUIRY into the Life and Writings of HOMER, p. 284, &c.

HELISPHE＇RICAL Line [of helix and sphere; in navigation] is the
rhumb line, so called, because on the globe it winds round the pole
spirally, and still comes nearer and nearer to it.

HE＇LIX, Lat. [ελιξ, Gr.] the outward brim of the ear, or the out­
ward circle of the auricle. By its etymology it should signify some­
thing in a spiral form.

HELIX [with geometricians] a spiral line, or figure.

HELIX [in architecture] the collicoles or little volutes under the
capital of the Corinthian order.

HELL [helle, Sax. helle, Du. O. and L. Ger. holle, H. Ger. hella,
Teut. haige, Goth. enfer, Fr. infernum, Lat. αδης, Gr. עןאול, Heb.]
1. The residence of the devil and of wicked spirits. That summons
thee to heaven or to hell. Shakespeare. 2. The place of separate
souls, whether good or bad. He descended into hell. Apostles Creed.
See HADES. 3. Temporal death. The pains of hell came about me,
the snares of death overtook me. Psalms. 4. The place at a running
play to which such as are caught are carried. Sidney. 5. The va­
cancy underneath a taylor＇s shop-board, into which he throws his
shreads. Hudibras. 6. The infernal powers. While Saul and hell
croft his strong fate in vain. Cowley. 7. It is used in composition
by the old writers more than by the modern.

HE＇LL-BLACK, adj. Black as hell. Shakespeare.

HE＇LL-BRED, adj. [of hell and bred] produced in hell. Spenser.

HE＇LL-BROTH, subst. [of hell and broth] a composition boiled up
for infernal purposes. Shakespeare.

HE＇LL-DOOMED [of hell and doom] consigned to hell. Milton.

HELLEBORA＇STRUM, Lat. [with botanists] the wild black helle­
bore.

HELLEBORA＇STER, Lat. [with botanists] the great ox-heel.

HE＇LLEBORE [ελλεβορος, Gr. helleborus, Lat.] a plant called Christ­
mas flower. It hath a digitated leaf, the flower consists of several
leaves placed orbicularly, and expanding in form of a rose; in the
centre of the flower rises the pointal, encompassed about the base with
several little horns between the chives and petals, which turn to fruit
full of roundish or oval seeds. Miller.

HELLEBORE, White [veratrum, Lat.] a plant. The flower is na­
ked, consisting of six leaves expanding in form of a rose; the pointal
turns to a fruit, in which three membranaceous sheaths are gathered
into a little head full of oblong seeds, resembling a grain of wheat.
There are great doubts whether any of its species be the true hellebore
of the ancients. Miller.

HELLEBORI＇NE, wild white hellebore.

HELLEBORO＇SE [helleborasus, Lat.] full of hellebore.

HE＇LL-GOVERNED, directed by hell. Shakespeare.

HE＇LL-HATED, abhorred like hell. Shakespeare.

HE＇LL-HAUNTED [of hell and haunt] haunted by the devil.
Dryden.

HE＇LL-HOUND, subst. [helle-hund, Sax.] 1. Dogs of hell. A hell­
hound that doth hunt us all to death. Shakespeare. 2. Agents of hell.
My hellhounds to lick up the draff and filth. Milton.

HE＇LLISH. 1. Having the nature and qualities of hell, infernal, de­
testable, egregiously wicked. Some hellish breasts. South. 2. Sent from
hell, belonging to hell. What other heavenly or hellish title thou list to
have. Sidney.

HE＇LLISHLY, adv. [of hellish] egregiously wicked, insernally
detestable.

HE＇LLISHNESS [of hellish] wickedness, detestableness.

HELL Kettles [in the county of Durham] certain pits full of
water.

HE＇LL-KITE [of hell and kite] a kite of infernal breed. The term
hell prefixed to any word notes detestation.

HE＇LLENISM [ελληνισμος, Gr.] an imitation of the Greek tongue,
the proper idiom or peculiar phrases in the Greek tongue.








HELLENI＇STICAL [ελληνιστικος, Gr.] pertaining to the Greeks or
Hellenists.

HE＇LLENISTS, Grecians; also Grecising Jews, who used the Sep­
tuagint translation of the bible.

HE＇LLESPONT [ελλησποντος, Gr.] the narrow sea or streight of Con­
stantinople, so called of Helle, who was drowned there.

HE＇LLWARD, adv. [of hell] towards hell. Pope.

HELM, denotes defence; as, eadhelm, happy defence; sighelm,
victorious defence; berthelm, eminent defence: like Amyntas and Bæ­
tius among the Greeks. Gibson＇s Camden.

HELM [helm, from helan, Sax. to cover, to protect, helm, Du.
and Ger. hielm, Su.] 1. A covering for the head in war, a helmet, a
morion, a head piece. 2. The upper part of a coat of arms that
bears the crest. Camden. 3. [helma, Sax.] The tiller, or handle of the
rudder of a ship. 4. [With chemists] the head of a still or alembic,
the upper part of the retort, so called from its bearing some resem­
bance to an helmet. 5. In the following line it is difficult to deter­
mine whether steersman or defender is intended: I think steersman.
You slander
The helms o＇th＇ state, who care for you like fathers. Shakesp.

HELM of the State, the chief place of government in a nation, the
station of government. Let those who are at the helm contrive it bet­
ter. Swift.

To bring a Thing over the HELM [with chemists] is to force it by
fire up to the top of the vessel, so that it may distil down by the beak
of the head into the receiver.

To HELM, verb act. [from the subst.] to guide, to conduct.
Hanmer. The business he hath helmed. Shakespeare.

HE＇LMED, adj. [of helm] furnished with a helm or head-piece.
Milton.

HE＇LMSLEY, a market town of the North Riding of Yorkshire,
near the river Rye, 197 miles from London.

HEL＇MET [of helm, Sax. probably a diminutive of helm. Johnson.
helm, Du. Ger. and Teut. or heaume, Fr. elmo, It. yelmo, Sp. helmus,
barb. Lat.] armour for the head, a helm, a head-piece.

HELMET [with heralds] is accounted the noblest part of a coat­
armour, for which there were anciently established rules; but, at
present, many wear rather what they fancy, than what they have a
right to.

HELMINTHAGO＇GIC [of ελμινθος, a worm, and αγωγος, of αγω, Gr.
to draw or lead out] expelling worms.

HELMINTHA＇GOGUES, medicines which expel worms by stool.

HELMI＇NTHIC, adj. [ελμινθος, Gr. a worm] relating to worms.

HE＇LODES [ελωδες, Gr. moist, marshy] a particular kind of fever,
accompanied with colliquative sweats, the tongue being dry and hard.
Bruno more correctly defines it to be a humid fever, and which is from
the beginning attended with SYMPTOMATIC [not critical] sweats,
sweats which give no relief, &c.

HE＇LOS [ηλος, Gr. a nail or stud] a round, white, callous swelling
of the foot, like the head of a nail, and fixed in the roots of the hard
skin of the foot.

HELO＇SIS, Lat. of Gr. [with surgeons] a turning back of the eyelid.

To HELP, irr. verb act. [holp, pret. help, or hialp, Dan. holpen,
irr. part. pass. hiulpen Dan. holpen, Du. and L. Ger. helpan, Sax.
helpen, O. and L. Ger. helffen, H. Ger. hielpe, Dan. hielps, Su. hel­
fan, Teut. hilpan, Goth.] 1. To aid, to assist, to support. 2. To
remove, to advance by help. To help him up. Ecclesiastes. 3. To
free from pain or disease. Help and ease them. Locke. 4. To cure, to
heal. Love doth to her eyes repair
To help him of his blindness. Shakespeare.
5. To remedy, to change for the better. It is a thing we cannot
help. Sanderson. 6. To forbear, to avoid. He cannot help believ­
ing. Atterbury. 7. To promote, to forward. It will help the expe­
riment. Bacon. 8. To help to; to supply or furnish with. Whom
they would help to a kingdom, those reign. 1 Maccabees. This verb
may always, and is now mostly used as a regular one.

To HELP (or serve) one at table.

To HELP, verb neut. 1. To contribute assistance. Servants help
much to reputation. Bacon. 2. To bring a supply. Made it their
care that the actors should help out where the muses failed. Rymer.

HELP [help, Sax. hielp, Su. hilp or hulp, Du. O. and L. Ger. hulff,
H. Ger. helf, Teut. hilp, Goth.] 1. Aid, assistance, succour, support.
2. That which forwards or promotes. An help to the teeth of children.
Bacon. 3. That which gives help. Another help St. Paul himself
affords us. Locke. 4. Remedy. There is no help for it. Holder.

HE＇LPER [of help] 1. One that helps or assists, an assistant, an
auxiliary. His helper is omnipotent. Taylor. 2. One that admini­
sters a remedy. An helper oftentimes of evils. More. 3. A supernu­
merary servant. A helper in the stable. Swift. 4. One that sup­
plies with any thing wanted.
As it hath fated her to be my motive
And helper to a husband. Shakespeare.

HE＇LPFUL [of helpful, Sax.] 1. Assisting, useful. Helpful swords.
Shakespeare. 2. Wholesome, salutary. Helpful medicines. Raleigh.

HE＇LPLESS [of helpleas, Sax.] 1. Destitute of help, unsupported,
void. Helpless of all that human wants require. Dryden. 2. Wanting
power to succour one＇s self. All three now helpless by each other lie.
Dryden. 3. Wanting support or assistance. Your helpless fame de­
fend. Pope. 4. Irremediable, admitting no help. Such helpless harms
it＇s better hidden keep. Spenser.

HE＇LPLESLY, adv. [of helpless] without succour, without ability.

HE＇LPLESNESS [of helpless] want of succour, want of ability, the
being destitute of help.

HELPS [in the manage] are seven; the voice, rod, bit, or snaffle,
the calves of the legs, the stirrups, the spur, and the ground.

HE＇LSTON, a borough town of Cornwal, 294 miles from London.
It sends two members to parliament.

HE＇LTER-SKELTER, adv. [heolster-sceado, Sax. Skinner. i. e. the
darkness of hell; hell, says he, being a place of confusion] confusedly,
disorderly, in a hurry. Shakespeare.

HELVE [helse, Sax.] the handle of an ax. Raleigh.

To HELVE, verb act. [from the subst.] to fit with a helve or handle.

HE＇LXINE [ελξινη, Gr.] pellitory of the wall.

HELVE＇TIC, of or pertaining to the Helvetii, i. e. the Switzers or
Swiss Cantons.

HEM [hem, Lat.] an interjection of calling.

HEM, subst. [hem, Sax.] 1. The edge part of cloth. 2. The edge
of a garment turned down and sewed to keep threads from spreading.
Wiseman. 3. [Hemmen, Du.] the noise uttered by a sudden and violent
expiration of the breath. His morning hems. Addison.

To HEM, verb act. 1. To close the edge of cloth by a hem or dou­
ble border sewed together. 2. To border, to edge.
All the skirt about
Was hemm＇d with golden fringe. Spenser.
3. [Hemmen, Ger.] to inclose, to encompass, to surround, to shut.
Hemm＇d in by woody hills. Sidney.

To HEM, verb neut. to utter a noise by violent expulsion of the
breath; as,

To HEM a Person [hummen, Du.] to call a person at a distance by
crying hem.

HEMEROBA＇PTISTS [of ημερα, a day, and βαπτιστης, Gr.] daily
baptists, a sect who baptiz＇d themselves every day.

HEMERALO＇PIA, Lat. [ημεραλοπια, of ημερα, the day, and ωψ, Gr.
an eye] a distemper when a person can only see by day-light.

HEMERO＇BIOUS, adj. [of ημερα, a day, and βιος, Gr. life] that lives
but one day.

HEMEROCA＇LLIS, Lat. [ημεροκαλλις, Gr.] a sort of lilly that opens
itself in a very clear day, and shuts itself up at night.

HEMERODRO＇MI, Lat. [of ημεροδρομος, of ημερα, a day, and δρομος,
Gr. a course] centinels or guards among the ancients, appointed for
the security and preservation of cities and other places, by walking
round the city every morning, and patrolling all day round to see that
no enemy was high the place.

HEMEROLO＇GIUM, Lat. [ημερολογιον, Gr.] a diary; a book in
which the actions of every day are enter＇d down.

HE＇MI [ημισυ, Gr.] half, a word only used in composition.

HEMICERAU＇NIUS, Lat. [of ημικερασυ, and υνιος, Gr.] a surgeon＇s
bandage for back and breast. Bruno.

HEMICRA＇NION [ημικρανιον, of ημισυ, half, and κρανιον, Gr. the cra­
nium] a pain in either half part of the head only at a time.

HE＇MICRANY, subst. [of ημισυ, half, and κρανιον, Gr. the skull or head]

HE＇MICYCLE, Fr. [hemicyclus, Lat. ημικυκλος, of ημισυ, half, and
κυκλος, Gr. a circle] an half circle.

HEMIDRA＇CHMON, Lat. [of ημισυ and δραχμη, Gr.] half a dram.

HE＇MINA, subst. an ancient measure. Now used in medicine to sig­
nify about ten ounces in measure. Quincy.

HEMIO＇LUS, Lat. [of ημισυ, half, and ολος, Gr. the whole] an an­
cient mathematical term, occurring chiefly in musical writers, signify­
ing the ratio of a thing, whereof one contains the other once and a half.

HEMIO＇NITIS, Lat. [ημιονιτις, Gr.] the herb moon fern or mules-fern.

HEMIO＇NIUM, Lat. [ημιονιον, Gr.] the herb hart＇s-tongue.

HEMIPLE＇GIA, Lat. [ημιπλεξια, of ημισυ, and πλεσσω, Gr. to strike]
a palsy on one side of the head only. By its etymology it should sig­
nify that species of the palsy, which attacks one HALF of the body.

HE＇MIPLEGY, subst. the same with hemiplegia. Some partial disor­
der of the nervous system.

HE＇MISPHERE, Fr. [emisfero, It. emisfério, Sp. hemisphærium, Lat.
ημισϕαιρα, of ημισυ, and σϕαιρα, Gr. a sphere] the half of the globe or
sphere, supposed to be cut through the centre, in the plane of one of
its greatest circles. Thus the equator divides the terrestrial globe into
northern and southern hemispheres; and the equinoctial the hea­
vens after the same manner. The horizon also divides the earth into
two hemispheres; the one light, and the other dark, according as the
sun is above or below that circle.

HEMISPHE＇RIC, or HEMISPHE＇RICAL, adj. [of hemisphere] being
half round, containing half a globe.

HEMESPHEROI＇DAL [in geometry] something approaching the fi­
gure of an hemisphere; but is not justly so.

HE＇MISTIC [hemistiche, Fr. ημιστιχιον, Gr.] half a verse. Dryden.

HE＇MITONE [in music] half a tone.

HEMITRITÆ＇US, Lat. [ημιτριταιος, Gr.] an irregular intermitting
fever, which returns twice every day.

HEMITRITÆUS [with physicians] a semitertian fever. MEAD
calls it a kind of intermittent, which returns every third day, and of
48 hours takes up about 36 in the fit, nor in the remission does it ab­
solutely cease; but becomes only lighter; for which reason GALEN
rightly observ＇d, that ＇tis a compound of a quotidian continued fever, and
a tertian intermittent. MEAD Monita, &c. p. 41.

HE＇MLOCK [heamleac, hemloc, Sax.] a narcotic plant used in
physic. The leaves are cut into many minute segments, the petals of
the flower are bifid, heart-shaped and unequal. The flower is suc­
ceeded by two short channelled seeds. One sort is sometimes used in
medicine, tho＇ it is noxious. But the hemlock of the ancients, which
was such deadly poison, is generally supposed different. Miller.

HE＇MMED In, part. adj. of to hem [of hemmen, Ger.] inclosed, sur­
rounded.

HE＇MORRHAGE, or HE＇MORRHAGY [hemorragle, Fr. αιμορραγια,
from αιμα, blood, and ρηγνυμι, Gr. to break or burst] a violent flux
of blood.

HE＇MORRHOIDS, subst. without a singular [hemorrhoides, Fr. emorroido,
It. αιμορροιδες, of αιμα, blood, and ρεω, Gr. to flow] a disease in the
fundament, commonly called the piles.

HEMORRHOI＇DAL, Fr. adj. [from hemorrhoids] belonging to the veins
in the fundament.

HEMP [henep, Sax. hamp or hennep, Du. hamp, hannep, O. and L.
Ger. hanff, H. Ger. chanvre, Fr. canapa, It. canamo, Sp. canhamo, Port.
cannabis, Lat.] a sort of fibrous plant of which linen and ropes are
made. It hath digitated leaves opposite to one another, the flowers
have no visible petals, it is male and female in different plants. It is
propagated in the rich fenny parts of Lincolnshire in great quantities
for its bark, which is used for cordage, cloth, &c. And the seed af­
fords an oil used in medicine. Miller.

HEMP-A＇GRIMONY, a plant. It is found wild by ditches and sides
of rivers. Miller.

HE＇MPEN, adj. [of hemp] made of hemp.

HE＇MUSE [a hunting term] a roe in the third year.

HEN [henne or hen-fugel, Sax. horn, Du. O. and L. Ger. henne,
han, H. Ger. a cock, hene, Dan. hona, Su.] 1. The female of the
house cock. 2. A land sowl of any species of the female sex, to di­
stinguish the females from the male; as, a hen-sparrow.
















HENCE, adv. or interj. [hinden, Goth. heonon, Sax. hennes, O.
Eng.] 1. From this place to another. Let them hence away. Shake­
speare. 2. Away, to a distance. Hence with your little ones. Shake­
speare. 3. At a distance, in other place. All members of our cause
both here and hence. Shakespeare. 4. From this time, in the future. A
year hence. Locke. 5. For this reason, in consequence of this. Hence
perhaps it is that Solomon calls the fear of the Lord the beginning of
wisdom. Tillotson. 6. From this reason, from this ground. By too
strong a projectile motion the aliment tends to putrefaction. Hence
may be deduced the force of exercise in helping digestion. Atterbury.
7. From this source, original, or store.
All other faces borrow＇d hence,
Their light and grace as stars do thence. Suckling.
8. From hence, is a vitious expression which crept into use even among
good authors, as the original force of the word hence was gradually
forgotten. Dryden.

To HENCE, verb act. to send off, to dispatch to a distance: obso­
lete. With that his dog he henc＇d, his flock he curst. Sidney.

HE＇NCEFORTH, adv. [heonon-forð, Sax.] from this time forward.

HEN-BANE [hen-bana, Sax. hyocyamus, Lat.] an herb. The leaves
are soft and hairy, growing alternately upon the branches. The cup
of the flower is short, bell-shaped, and divided into five segments.
The fruit resembles a pot with a cover to it, containing many small
seeds. It is very often sound growing upon the sides of banks and old
dunghills. It is a very poisonous plant.

HE＇NBIT, a plant. The seeds of the ivy-leaved speed well, or
small hen-bit. Derham.

HENCEFO＇RWARD, adv. [of hence and forward] after this time, for
all time to come.

HE＇NCHMAN [of hync, a servant, and man. Skinner. hengst, a
horse, and man. Spelman] a page, an attendant, a groom: obso­
lete. Shakespeare.

To HEND, verb act. [hentan, Sax. from hends, low Lat. pret. and
part. pass. hent; which seems borrowed from hand or hond, Teut.] 1.
To seize, to lay hold on.
The serjeants hent the young man stout,
And bound him likewise in a worthless chain. Fairfax.
2. To crowd, to surround. Perhaps the following passage is corrupt,
and should be read hemmed. Johnson.
Have hent the gates, and very near upon
The duke is entering. Shakespeare.

HE＇N-DRIVER [of hen and driver] a kind of hawk. Walton.

HE＇N-HARM, or HEN-HA＇RRIER, a kind of kite. Ainsworth. So
called probably from destroying chickens.

HEN-HEA＇RTED [of hen and heart] timorous, cowardly, like a
hen: a low word.

HE＇N-PECKED [of hen and peck] governed by the wife, cowed,
kept under by a woman. He was hen-pecked. Arbuthnot.

HE＇N-ROOST [of hen and roost] the place where the poultry rest at
night.

HE＇NS-FEET, a sort of plant. Ainsworth.

HENDE＇CAGON [of ενδεκαγωνος, of ενδεκα eleven, and γωνια, Gr. a
corner] a geometrical figure, having eleven sides, and as many angles.

HENDECASY＇LLABUM Canmen, Lat. a Greek or Latin verse, con­
sisting of eleven syllables, and comprehending a dactyle, a spondee,
and three trochees.

HENDI＇ADIS [ενδιαδις, Gr.] a rhetorical figure, when two noun
substantives are used instead of a substantive and adjective. See a bold
instance of this figure under MANHOOD of CHRIST.

HE＇NLEY upon Thames, a market town of Oxfordshire, 35 miles from
London.

HE＇NLEY in Arden, a market town of Warwickshire, 83 miles from
London.

HE＇NFARE [in doomsday-book] a fine for flight upon the account
of murder.

HE＇NGHEN [in old law] a prison or house of correction.

HENI＇OCHUS, Lat. [in astronomy] one of the northern constella­
tions of fixed stars. see AURIGA.

HENEPHY＇LLUM, Lat. [of ενος, of εις, one, and ϕυλλον, Gr. a leaf]
the herb one-blade.

HENO＇TICUM [ενοτικον, Gr. unitive, reconciliative] an edict of the
emperor Zeno, intended to reconcile and unite the Eutychians and
the catholics. See EUTY＇CHIANS, and CHRISTIANS of the GIRDLE,
and read there, Caliph of the house of Abbas.

HENO＇SITY [ενοτης, Gr.] unity, oneness, identity.

HE＇PAR, Lat. [ηπαρ, Gr.] the liver.

HEPA＇TICA [ηπατικη, Gr.] the herb liver-wort.

HEPATICA Vena [in anat.] the liver-vein, the inner vein of the arm.

HEPA＇TIC, or HEPA＇TICAL [hepatique, Fr. epatico, It. hepaticus,
Lat.] pertaining to the liver.

HEPATIC Aloes, the finest sort of aloes, so called, of its being in
colour something like that of the liver.

HEPA＇TICUS Ductus, Lat. [with anatomists] a passage in the liver,
otherwise called porus biliarius.

HEPATICUS Morbus, Lat. [with physicians] the hepatic flux; a
disease, when a thin sharp blood like water, in which raw flesh has
been washed, is voided by stool.

HEPATO＇RIUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb liver-wort.

HEPATI＇TIS, Lat. [in physic] an inflammation of the liver, with
an abscess or imposthume.

HEPATOSCO＇PIA, Lat. [of ηπατος, gen. of ηπαρ, the liver, and σκοπεω,
Gr. to view] a sort of divination by inspecting the entrails of beasts.

HEPS, or HIPS, the fruit of the black thorn shrub, commonly
written hips. Bacon.

HEPTACA＇PSULAR [of επτα, seven, and capsula, Lat. a seed-vessel]
having seven seed-vessels.

HE＇PTACHORD Verses [of επτα, seven, and χορδη, Gr. a string] ver­
ses sung or play＇d on seven chords, i. e. in seven different tones or
notes, and probably on an instrument of seven strings.

HEPTAE＇DRON [επταεδρον, Gr.] a geometrical figure having seven
sides.

HE＇PTAGON [of heptagone, Fr. ettagono, It. of επτα, seven, and γο­
νια, Gr. an angle] a figure of seven sides and angles.

HE＇PTAGON [in fortification] a place that has seven bastions for its
defence.

HEPTA＇GONAL, adj. [of heptagon] pertaining to an heptagon, ha­
ving seven angles and sides.

HEPTAGONAL Numbers, a sort of polygonal numbers, wherein the
difference of the terms of the corresponding arithmetical progression
is five.

HEPTA＇MERIS, Lat. [of επτα, seven, and μερις, Gr. part] a seventh
part.

HEPTA＇MERON, Lat. [of επτα, seven, and ημερα, Gr. a day] a book
or treatise of the transactions of seven days.

HE＇PTATEUCH [επτατευκος, of επτα and τευκος, Gr. a work or
book] a volume consisting of seven parts.

HEPTA＇NGULAR [of επτα, Gr. seven, and angularis, Lat. having
angles] consisting of seven angles.

HEPTA＇PHONY [επταϕωνια, Gr.] the quality of having seven sounds.

HEPTA＇PHYLLUM, Lat. [επταϕυλλον, Gr.] the herb setsoil, i. e.
seven leaves, or tormentil. Its etymology imports what has seven leaves.

HEPTA＇PLEURON [επταπλευρον, Gr.] the greatest sort of plantain.

HE＇PTARCHY [επταρχια, of επτα, seven, and αρχη, Gr. dominion]
a government of seven kings or sovereigns, as that of the Saxons
here in England called the Saxon Heptarchy.

HEPTHEMI＇MERIS, a verse in Greek and Latin poetry, consisting
of three feet and a syllable, i. e. of seven half feet.

HER, pronoun [hera, her, in Sax. stood for their, or of them, which
at length became the female possessive; haer, Du. ehr, L. Ger. ihr,
H. Ger.] she, in the oblique cases. Fear attends her not. Shakespeare.

HER [the feminine of the pronoun possessive conjunctive] belong­
ing to a female, of a she, of a woman. See HERS.

HERACLE＇ON, Lat. [ηρακλειον, Gr.] the herb milsoil or yarrow.

HERACLEONI＇TES [so called of Heracleon their leader] heretics of
the sect of the Gnostics, upon whose divinity they refined. They de­
nied the authority of the prophecies of the old testament, and main­
tained that St. John the Baptist was the only true voice that directed
to the Messiah.

HERACLI＇DES, Lat. the descendants from Hercules.

HE＇RALD [of here, an army, and heald, Sax. a champion, he­
rault, heraut, Fr. herald, Ger. araldo, It. because it was part of his
office to charge or challenge unto battle or combat] 1. One whose
business it is to register genealogies, adjust ensigns armorial, regulate
funerals, and anciently to carry messages between princes, and to
proclaim war and peace. 2. A forerunner, a barbinger.
The most mighty gods by tokens send
Such dreadful heralds to astonish us. Shakespeare.

To HE＇RALD, verb act. [from the subst.] to introduce as a herald;
now obsolete. To herald thee into his sight. Shakespeare.

HE＇RALDRY, subst. [heraulderic, Fr.] 1. The art or office of a he­
rald. I am writing of heraldry. Peacham. 2. Blazonry.
Metals may blazon common beauties, she
Makes pearls and planets humble heraldry. Cleaveland.
Heraldry is a science which consists in the knowledge of what relates
to royal solemnities, cavalcades, and ceremonies, at coronations, in­
stalments, creation of peers, funerals, marriages, and all other public
solemnities; and also all that appertains to the bearing of coat-armor,
assigning those that belong to all persons, regulating their right and
precedency in point of honour, restraining those from bearing coat­
armor, that have not a just claim to them, &c. See Plate IX.

HERALDS College, a corporation established by king Richard III,
consisting of kings at arms, heralds, and pursuivants; who are em­
ployed to be messengers of war and peace; to martial and order co­
ronations, funerals, interviews, &c. of kings, &c. cavalcades; al­
so to take care of the coats of arms, and genealogies of the nobility
and gentry.

HERB [herbe, Fr. erba, It. yerva, Sp. erva, Port. of herba, Lat.
with botanists] is defined to be a plant that is not woody, and whose
stalks are soft, as grass and angelica, and which generally loses that
part which appears above ground, every year.

HERB Christopher, or Baneberries, a plant. The flower consists of
five leaves, placed orbicularly in form of a rose. The ovary becomes
a soft fruit or berry, of an oval shape, and filled with seeds, which
for the most part adhere together. Miller.

HERB Paris, Robert, Two-pence, several sorts of herbs.

HERBA＇CEOUS [herbaceus, Lat.] 1. Belonging to herbs or grass.
Herbaceous plant. Ray. 2. Feeding on vegetables. Their teeth are
fitted to their food, the rapacious to catching, holding, and tearing
their prey, the herbaceous to gathering and comminution of vegeta­
bles. Derham.

HE＇RBÆ Capitatæ [in botany] such herbs as have their flowers
made up of many small, long, fistulous, or hollow flowers gathered
together in a round button, knob, or head, as the thistle.

HER＇BAGE, Fr. [erbaggio, It.] 1. Herbs collectively, grass, pas­
ture. Thin herbage. Dryden. 2. The fruit of the earth provided by
nature for cattle. 3. The tythe of pasture. Ainsworth.

HERBAGE [in law] the liberty that one has to feed his cattle in
another man＇s ground, or in the forest.

HERBA＇GIUM Anterius, Lat. [in ancient writers] the first crop of
grass or hay, in opposition to the second cutting or aftermath.

HERBA Salutaris [in botany] the white thorn, so called upon sup­
position that our Saviour Christ was crown＇d with it in derision, when
he suffered on the cross.

HE＇RBAL [of herba, Lat.] 1. A book which gives an account of
the name, genus, species, nature, and use of herbs or plants. We
leave the description of plants to herbals, and other like books of na­
tural history. Bacon. 2. A set or collection of specimens of the se­
veral kinds of plants, dried and preserved in the leaves of a book.

HE＇RBALISM [from herbal] skill in herbs.

HE＇RBARIST, or HE＇RBORIST [herbarius, of herba, Lat. an herb.
herboriste, Fr.] a person skilled in distinguishing the forms, virtues, and
nature of all sorts of herbs, a person curious in herbs. Herborist
seems a mistake for herbarist. Herbarists have exercised a commen­
dable curiosity. Boyle. A curious herborist has a plant, whose flower
perishes in about an hour. Ray.

HE＇RBAR, subst. [a word, I believe, to be found only in Spenser.
Johnson] an herb, a plant. Decked with flowers and herbars daintily.
Spenser.

HERBA＇RIOUS [herbarius, Lat.] pertaining to herbs or grass.

HERBA＇TIC [herbaticus, Lat.] belonging to herbs.








HE＇RBE [in French academies] a reward, or some good stuff given
to a horse that has work＇d well in the manage.

HE＇RBELET, subst. [diminutive of herb, or herbula, Lat.] a small
herb.
Even so
These herbelets shall which we upon you strow. Shakes.

HERBE＇SCENT [herbescens, Lat.] growing to be herbs.

HE＇RBID [herbidus, Lat.] full of grass or herbs.

HERBI＇FEROUS [herbifer, Lat.] bearing or producing herbs.

HE＇RBILE [herbilis, Lat.] belonging to herbs, or fed with herbs.

HERBI＇VOROUS [herbivorus, Lat.] eating or devouring herbs or
grass.

HE＇RBOROUGH, subst. a place of temporary residence; now com­
monly written harbour. The German lord, when he went out of
Newgate into the cart, took order to have his arms set up in his last
herborough. B. Johnson.

HE＇RBULENT [herbulentus, Lat.] plentiful in grass, containing
herbs.

HE＇RBWOMAN [of herb and woman] a woman that sells herbs.
Arbuthnot.

HE＇RBY, adj. [of herb] having the nature and qualities of herbs.
Moss or herby substance. Bacon.

HERCU＇LEAN, pertaining to Hercules, an antient famous heroe.

HERCULEAN Labours, great and dangerous exploits, such as those
that were performed by Hercules.

HE＇RCULES, according to the poets, was the son of Jupiter and
Alcmena, the most illustrious and glorious of all the heroes of anti­
quity. Dion Halicarn. says, he was a prince of Greece, that travel­
led with his army as far as the Straights of Gibraltar, and destroyed
all the tyrants of his time. See BACCHUS and Herculis COLUMNÆ.

HERCULES＇s Pillars, two pillars which Hercules is said to have
erected; the one at Cadiz in Spain, and the other at Couta in Africa.
See COLUMNÆ and BACCHUS.

HERCULE＇US Morbus, Lat. [with physicians] the epilepsy or falling­
sickness; so termed from the terror of its attacks, and the difficulty of
cure.
I should rather suspect it was so called from the MANNER of its at­
tack, as though the patient were struck down by a sudden blow of a
club; and for the same reason as it is called the morbus caducus, or
falling-sickness.

HERD [heord, Sax. herde, Du. and Ger. hiard, Dan. hairda, Goth.]
1. A number of cattle or beasts together. It is peculiarly applied to
black cattle. Thus flocks and herds are sheep and oxen with kine.
2. A company of men: in contempt or detestation.
Survey the world, and where one Cato shines,
Count a degenerate herd of Catilines. Dryden.
3. It anciently signified a keeper of cattle, and in Scotland it is still
retained. hyrd, Sax. And it is here also still used in composition;
as, a cowherd, goatherd, shepherd.

To HERD together [of heord, Sax. an herd] 1. To live, run,
or keep together in herds. Herd together like fellow-sailors in a
storm. Norris. 2. To associate. I＇ll herd among his friends. Ad­
dison.

To HERD, verb act. to throw or put into an herd. Are herded
with the vulgar. B. Johnson.

HE＇RDGROOM [of herd and groom] a keeper of herds. Yonder
herdgroom. Spenser.

HE＇RDMAN, or HE＇RDSMAN [of herd and man] one that tends
herds, formerly an owner of herds. A herdsman rich. Sidney.

HE＇RDWERCH, or HEO＇RDWERCH [heordiwerc, Sax.] labours or
services of herdsmen, formerly done at the will of their lord.

HERE, adv. [here, Sax. hier, Du. and Ger. her, Dan. haer, Su.
hiera, Teut. her, Goth.] 1. In this place. 2. In the present state.
Thus shall you be happy here, and more happy hereafter. Bacon. 3.
It is used in making an offer or attempt. Here＇s to the king one cries.
Prior. 4. It is often opposed to there, dispersedly, in one place and
another. In the heath here and there, not in order. Bacon. 5. Here
seems, in the following passage, to mean this place. Thou losest here,
a better where to find. Shakespeare.

HE＇REABOUT, or HE＇REABOUTS, adv. [of here and about; of here
and butan, Sax.] about, or near this place. I saw hereabouts nothing
remarkable. Addison.

HEREA＇FTER, adv. [of here and after; of hyre-efter, Sax.
herafter, Dan. hareaffter, Su.] 1. After this time, in time to come. 2.
In a suture state.

HEREAFTER, subst. a suture state. ＇Tis heaven itself that points
out an hereafter. Addison.

HERE-AT, adv. [of here and at; here and æt, Sax.] at this, upon
this. Offended here-at. Hooker.

HEREBY＇, adv. [of here and by; of here and bi, Sax.] by this.
Hereby the Moors are not excluded. Brown.
And so herein, hereof, hereon, hereto, heretofore, hereunto, here-
with, &c.

HERE de Cæsar, an account of time, or epocha, from which the
Saracens and Arabians reckoned their number of years: It took date
thirty-eight years before Christ.

HERE＇DITABLE, adj. [hæres, Lat.] what may be possessed as inhe­
ritance. Locke.

HEREDI＇TAMENT [heredium, Lat. in law] hereditaments are such
things unmoveable, as a man may have to himself and his heirs by
way of inheritance; or such things as descend to a man and his heirs
by way of inheritance, and fall not within the compass of an executor
or administrator, as chattels do.

HERE＇DITARILY, adv. [of hereditary] by inheritance. Pope.

HERE＇DITARY, adj. [hæreditarius, Lat. hérédetaire, Fr. ereditario,
It. hereditárío, Sp.] pertaining to inheritance, or succession; that
which passes from family to family, or from person to person, by right
of natural succession, possessed or claimed by right of inheritance.

HERE＇DITARY Diseases, such as children derive from their parents
in the first rudiments of the fœtus.

HEREDITARY Right, is a right or privilege, by virtue whereof a
person sucçeeds to the estate or effects of his ancestors.

HE＇REFARE [of here, an army, and faran, Sax. to go] a going on
a military expedition.

HE＇REGATE [of here, war, and gate, Sax. a beast] a tribute
paid in ancient times towards carrying on a war.

HE＇REGELD [of here and geld, Sax. a payment] a tax raised for
maintaining an army.

HEREI＇N, adv. [of here and in] in this.

HE＇REINTO, adv. [of here and into] into this. Hooker.

HEREMI＇TICAL, adj. [heremitique, Fr. it should be written eremi­
tical, from ερημος, Gr. a desart] solitary, adapted to an hermit.
Heremitical state of life. Pope.

HEREO＇F, adv. [of here and of] from this, of this.

HEREO＇N, adv. [of here and on] upon this.

HEREO＇UT, adv. [of here and out] 1. Out of this place. Spenser.
2. All the words compounded of here and a preposition, except here-
after, are obsolete or obsolescent: never used in poetry, and seldom
in prose, by elegant writers, though, perhaps, not unworthy to be
retained. Johnson.

HERE＇SIARCH [hérésiarque, Fr. eresiarca, It. αιρεσιαρχης, of αιρεσις,
an heresy, and αρχος, Gr. a chief] an arch or chief of hereticks, or
the author of an heresy. Stillingfleet.

HERESIO＇GRAPHER [of αιρεσις and γραϕω, Gr. to write] a writer
of heresies.

HERESIO＇GRAPHY [of αιρεσις, heresy, and γραϕω, Gr. to write] the
writing or treating of heresies.

HERESIO＇LOGY [of αιρεσις and λεγω, Gr.] a discourse of heresies.

HE＇RESY [hérésie, Fr. eresía, It. heregía, Sp. hæresis, Lat. αιρεσις,
Gr.] an error in some fundamental point of christian faith; and an
obstinacy in defending it; an opinion of private men, different from
that of the catholic and orthodox church.
Query, If St. AUSTIN does not suggest a much better definition of
heresy in that saying, “Errare possum, hærcticus esse NOLO,” i. e. err I
may; [as being a fallible man] but I WILL NOT be a heretic; making
error to be something incident to the understanding: But heresy [or
the COINING some new doctrine in order to make a PARTY in the
church] an ACT OF THE WILL* St. Augustin＇s own definition of a heretic is, Qui alicujus temporalis commodi gratiâ, &c. falsas ac novas opiniones vel gignit vel sequitur. IREN. Ed. Grab. p. 94.; or as St. PAUL stiles it, “a WORK
OF THE FLESH,” i. e. the effect of some corrupt and degenerate state of
mind; a work in which the spirit of ambition, avarice, or sensual pleasure,
is included; and where consequently the party concerned is a subject,
not of conviction, as in mere mistake of judgment, but of ADMONI­
TION, or REPROOF; and if hardening himself against the latter,
should be rejected, as SELF-CONDEMN＇D, as appears from Gal. c. v.
v. 19, 20. Tit. c. iii. v. 10, 11. Acts, c. xx. v. 30. 1 Tim. c. v.
v. 5, 6. 2 Pet. c. ii. v. 14, 15, compared. See BASILIDIANS, CER­
DONIANS, CERINTHIANS, &c.

HERESY [in law.] Heresy, in scripture, is a WORK OF THE FLESH:
But heresy, in law, is a dissent of judgment, from the first four gene­
neral councils. See BERÆANS, COUNCILS, and œcumenical CREED
compared. Above all, consult the word ADRIANISTS, and add
there: But why this mistaken body should be branded with the name
of heretics, I know not; but of this, I＇m assured, that it is not a
mere error of the understanding that constitutes any man a heretic.

HE＇RETEG, or HE＇RETOG [of here an army, and togen, Sax. to
lead]  a leader of an army, a duke.

HE＇RETIC, subst. [heretique, Fr. hæreticus, Lat. αιρετικος, Gr.] one
who holds heretical opinions, and propagates them in opposition to
the catholic church.

HERE＇TICAL, adj. [hérétique, Fr. eritíco, It. herético, Sp. hæreti­
cus, Lat. αιρετικος, Gr.] pertaining to heretics, or heresy, containing
heresy. Hooker.

HERE＇TICALLY, adv. [of heretical] with heresy, in the manner of
an heretic.

HERETO＇, adv. [of here and to] to this, further, add to this.

HERETOFO＇RE, adv. [of hereto and fore] formerly, anciently.

HEREUNTO＇, adv. [of here and unto] to this.

HEREWI＇TH, adv. [of here and with] with this.

HE＇RIOT Custom, was when the tenant for life was by custom ob­
liged to the payment of the best thing in his possession, commonly the
best horse, at his death; which payment is to be made, not only by
the next heir in blood, but by any the next successor. The olive dis­
penseth with his conscience to pass it over with a compliment, and an
heriot every year. Howel. Love as lord doth claim a heriot due.
Cleaveland.

HE＇RISON, is a barricre made of one strong beam or plank of
wood, stuck full of iron spikes: it is supported in the middle, and
turns upon a pivot, or axis. It is used in stopping a passage, in na­
ture of a turnstile; for it is equally balanced upon the pivot which
stands upright in the middle of the passage, upon which it turns
round, as there is occasion to open or shut the passage.

HE＇RISSE [in heraldry, of herisson, an hedgehog] signifies set with
long sharp points.

HE＇RITABLE, adj. [hæres, Lat.] one that may inherit whatever may
be inherited. This son shall be legitimate and heritable. Hale.

HE＇RITAGE, subst. Fr. 1. Inheritance, estate devolved by suc­
cession, estate in general. His proper home and heritage. Rogers.
2. [In divinity] the people of God. Bless thine heritage. Common-
Prayer.

HERMA＇PHRODITE, subst. [ermafrodito, It. hermaphrodita, Sp. her­
maphroditus, Lat. ερμαϕροδιτης, of Ερμης, Mercury, and Αϕροδιτη, Gr.
Venus] an animal uniting both sexes. Monstrosity could not inca­
pacitate from marriage, witness hermaphrodites. Arbuthnot and Pope.
BRUNO very gravely puts this question, Whether there have been
any such? though GALEN (as he observes) seems to deny the fact;
and no wonder if the structure of the parts in either sex be well con­
sidered, and what has been already said under the words CRURA
CLITORIDIS, and CORPORA CAVERNOSA Penis, be compared.

HERMAPHRODI＇TICAL, adj. [of hermaphrodite] partaking of both
sexes. Brown.

HERMENEUMA＇TICAL, or HERMENEUTICAL [hermeneuticus, or
hermeneumaticus, Lat. hermetique, Fr. from Hermes or Mercury, from
ερμηνευω, Gr. to interpret] interpreting, pertaining to interpretation.








HE＇RMES [Ερμης, Gr. Mercury] the god of eloquence.

HE＇RMES [with antiquaries] a kind of figure or statue of the god
Mercury, usually made of marble, but sometimes of brass, without
arms and legs, and usually placed by the Greeks and Romans in
their cross-ways.

St. HERMES Fire, a sort of meteor that appears in the night on the
shrouds, &c. of ships.

HERME＇TIC Art [hermetique, Fr. ermetico, It.] a name given to
chemistry, upon a supposition, that Hermes Trismegistus was the in­
ventor thereof, or excelled therein. We know but little of this Her­
mes, but that he was an ancient king of Egypt, a thousand years be­
fore Æsculapius. There are several pieces still extant under his name,
but all supposititious.

HERME＇TIC, or HERME＇TICAL, adj. [hermetique, Fr. from Hermes
or Mercury] pertaining to Hermes or Mercury, or to Hermes Tris­
megistus, the famous Egyptian philosopher. See ALCHYMY and
ALCORAD, and under both read “GOLIUS.

HERMETICAL Philosophy, is that which pretends to solve and ex­
plain all the phænomena of nature, from three chemical principles,
salt, sulphur, and mercury.

HERMETICAL Physic, is that system or hypothesis in the art of
healing, which explains the causes of diseases, and the operation of
medicines, on the principles of hermetical philosophy.

HERMETICAL Seal. See HERMETICALLY.

HERME＇TICALLY, adv. [of hermetical; with chemists] as a glass
sealed hermetically, is one, that having its neck heated, till it is just
ready to melt, is twisted close together with a pair of red-hot pincers.

HE＇RMIANS, a sect of heretics in the second century, who held that
God was corporeal.

HE＇RMIT [hermite, Fr. contracted from eremite, ermitanno, Sp. ere­
mita, It. and Lat. ερημιτης, of ερημος, Gr. a wilderness] 1. A devout
person retired into solitude, to be more at leisure for contemplation,
a solitary, an anchorite. He took on him the habit of a hermit. Ad­
dison. 2. A beadsman, one bound to pray for another; improper.
For those of old,
And the late dignites heap＇d up to them,
We rest your hermit. Shakespeare.
The reader will distinguish these single recluses from those incorpo­
rated MONKS, who form societies. But I think that observation of
MEDE and NEWTON holds good of both, viz. that monkery, and the
invocation of dead men, came in together. A late popish writer ob­
serves, from the learned Chemnitius, that the invocation of saints
was BROUGHT INTO public assemblies about the year 730, by St.
Basil, St. Gregory Nyssen, and St. Gregory Nazianzen, all of the mo­
nastic order. Examen Concil. Trident, part 3, p. 200; and then, af­
ter having enforced the argument with the additional weight of St.
Ambrose, St. Austin, St. Jerom, St. Chrysostem, St. Cyril, and many
other lights both of the Greek and Latin church, he adds, “Shall we
have the boldness to say, that all these GREAT and HOLY men were
guilty of encouraging an abominable practice?” To which I answer,
“Yes; if the decision of St. PAUL (who is a much better authority
than all put together) may be received, 1 Tim. iv. 1——5. See
CREED, BRANDEUM, CATAPHRYGIANS, and EUNOMIANS, compared.

HE＇RMITAGE, Fr. [ermitaggio, It. ermita, Sp.] the place of retire­
ment or dwelling of an hermit, the cell of an hermit. We went to see
an hermitage. Addison.

HER＇MITAN, a dry north and north-easterly wind, that blows on
the coast of Guinea; a hurricane.

HE＇RMITESS [of hermit] a female hermit.

HERMI＇TICAL [ερμιτικος, Gr.] pertaining to an hermit, suitable
to an hermit.

HE＇RMITORY, subst. [hermitorium, in old records] a chapel, ora­
tory, or place of prayers belonging to an hermitage.

HERMODA＇CTYL [ερμοδακγυλος, Gr. i. e. Mercury＇s finger] a root
representing the common figure of a heart cut in two, from half an
inch to an inch in length. This drug was first brought into medici­
nal use by the Arabians, and comes from Egypt and Syria, where the
people use them, while fresh, as a vomit or purge, and have a way
of roasting them for food, which they eat in order to make themselves
fat. The dried roots which we have are a gentle purge, but they are
now little used. Hill.

HERMOGE＇NIANS [so called of Hermogenes their leader] a sect of
heretics in the second century, who held that matter was the first
principle, or at least self-existent and co-eternal with God, and idea
the mother of all the elements.

HERN, contracted from heron [heron, Fr. airone, It. airòn, Sp.] a
kind of large fowl. Peacham.

HERN at Seige, a hern standing at the water-side, and watching for
prey.

HE＇RNRY, or HE＇RNSHAW [from hern] a place to which hern sre­
sort, and where they breed.

HERNE＇SIUM, barb. Lat. [in old Writings] any sort of houshold
furniture, implements of trade, &c.

HE＇RNHILL, subst. [of hern and hill] the name of an herb. Ains­
worth.

HE＇RNIA, Lat. [with physicians] any kind of rupture, diversified
according to the name of the part affected. Wiseman.

HE＇RNIA Aquosa, Lat. a watry rupture.

HERNIA Carnosa, Lat. a fleshy rupture.

HERNIA Humoralis, Lat. is when the testes are filled with unnatural
humours.

HERNIA Scrotalis, or HERNIA Veneris, a distemper when the testes
grow too big by reason of immoderate venery. I should have thought
the scrotal Hernia consists in the intestine slipping thro＇ the ring of ab­
dominal muscles into the scrotum, as the thigh rupture is, when it slips
down into the thigh, and umbilical rupture, when it slips thro＇ at the
navel.

HERNIA Ventosa, Lat. a windy rupture.

HERNIA Uteri, Lat. the same as PROCEDENTIA Uteri; which see.

HERNIA＇RIA, Lat. rupture-wort, burst-wort, or knot-grass.

HE＇RNIOUS, adj. [of hernia, Lat.] bursten bellied.

HE＇RO, Sp. [eroe, It. heroe, Port. heros, Fr. and Lat. of ηρως, Gr.]
1. It anciently signified a great and illustrious person, who, though he
was of mortal race, yet was esteemed by the people a participant of
immortality; and after his death, was numbered among the gods; now
it is used for a person of eminent magnanimity and virtue. And so it
was used as old as HOMER＇s time, who applies it to the Greek soldier
in common; as in the beginning of Agamemnon＇s speech.
Ω ϕιλοι ηρωες δαναοι. Iliad, book 2. l. 109.
2. A man of the highest rank in any respect.

HERO＇DIANS, Jewish heretics, who took Herod for the Messiah.

HE＇ROESS, subst. [herois, Lat.] a heroine, a female hero. Chap­
man.

HERO＇ICAL, adj. [of hero] becoming an hero, heroic.

HERO＇I-COMICAL, adj. i. e. both heroic and comical.

HERO＇IC, adj. [heroicus, Lat. heroique, Fr. eroico, It. heroico, Sp. ηρωικος,
Gr.] 1. Becoming an hero, brave, noble, intrepid, illustrious. That
which justly gives heroic name. Milton. 2. Productive of heroes.
That heroic line. Shakespeare 3. Reciting the acts of heroes. An
heroic poem. Dryden.

HEROIC Age, that age or period of the world wherein the heroes
lived.

An HEROIC Poem may be divided into these six parts. 1. The fa­
ble. 2. The action. 3. The narration. 4. The characters. 5.
The machines. 6. The thoughts and expressions.

HEROIC Verse, is the same with hexameter in latin poetry, and con­
sists of six feet, being either dactyls or spondees, without any certain
order, save that a dactyl is commonly in the fifth place; though it is
not always so; for sometimes a spondee is found in the fifth place.
As to our English heroic, see FOOT [or FEET] and BLANK Verse com­
pared. See also Achilles, and read, “it takes its name from Achilles;
its action conducing—

HERO＇ICALNESS, or HERO＇ICNESS, heroical nature, quality, dispo­
sition, &c.

HERO＇ICALLY, adv. [of heroical] in an heroical manner, in a
way suitable to a hero.

HERO＇ICLY, adv. [of heroic] suitably to an hero. Heroically is
more frequent and more analogical. Milton.

HE＇ROINE [heroïne, Fr. eroina, It. heroina, Lat. ηροινη, Gr.] a fe­
male hero. Anciently, according to English analogy, heroess. The
heroine assum＇d the woman＇s place. Dryden.

HE＇ROISM [heroisme, Fr.] the actions or principles of heroes, the
qualities or character of a hero. Broome.

HE＇RON, Fr. a large kind of water-fowl that feeds upon fish. It
is now commonly pronounced hern. Gay.

HE＇RONRY, or HE＇RONSHAW. See HERNRY.

HE＇RON＇s-Bill, an herb.

HE＇RPES [ερπης, of του ερπειν, Gr. i. e. creeping] a kind of St. An­
thony＇s fire, which some call the shingles, some the running worm;
others wild-fire. A cutaneous inflammation of two kinds, miliaris or
pustularis, which is like millet seed upon the skin, and exedens, which
is more corrosive or penetrative, so as to form little ulcers, if not
timely taken care of. Quincy.

HERPES Pustularis, or HERPES Miliaris, Lat. [with physicians] a
sort of yellow bladders or wheals like millet-seed, that seize the skin,
cause much itching, and turn to eating ulcers.

HERPES Exedens, Lat. a cutaneous inflammation, more corrosive
and penetrating as to form.

HE＇RRING [hæring, Sax. haering, Du. haring, Ger. harang, Fr.
aringa, It. arenque, Sp. and Port.] a small sea fish.

HERRING Buss, a vessel or ship used in the herring fishery.

HERRING Cob, a young herring.

HERRING Hog, a large kind of fish, that follows the shoals of her­
rings to prey upon them.

HERRING Silver, money anciently paid in lieu of a certain quantity
of herrings for the provision of a religious house.

Crux HERRINGS, such as are caught after the fourteenth of Sep­
tember.

Corred HERRINGS, such as are caught in the middle of Yarmouth
seas, from the end of August to the middle of October, and serve to
make red herrings.

HERS, pronoun; the female possessive which is used when it refers
to a substantive going before; as, such are her charms, such charms
are hers. This pride of hers. Shakespeare. See HER.

HERSE [hersia, low Lat. supposed to come from herian, to praise]
1. A temporary monument raised over a grave. 2. A carriage for
drawing dead corpse to the grave. Frequent herses shall besiege your
gates. Pope. See HEARSE.

HERSE [in military architecture] an engine like a harrow, stuck full
of iron spikes; it is used in place of the chevaux de frise, to throw in
the ways where horse or foot are to pass, to hinder their march, and
upon breaches to stop the foot. Common harrows are sometimes
made use of, and are turned with their points upwards.

To HERSE, verb act. [from the subst.] to put into a herse. Wou＇d
she were hersed at my foot. Shakespeare.

HERSE＇LF, pronoun, the female personal pronoun, in the oblique
cases reciprocal.

HE＇RSELIKE, adj. [of herse and like] funereal, suitable to funerals.
You shall hear as many herselike airs as carols. Bacon.

HERSI＇LLON, is for the same use as the herse, and is made of one
strong plank of wood about ten or twelve feet long, stuck full of
points or spikes on both sides.

HERST [hyrst, Sax.] in the names of places, intimates, that the
places took their name from a wood or forest.

To HE＇RY, verb act. [herian, Sax.] to praise, to celebrate; now
obsolete. And hery with hymns thy lass＇s glove. Spenser.

HE＇s, abbreviation for he is.

HE＇SITANCY [hæsitantia, Lat.] hesitation; a state of being in doubt
or uncertainty; suspence. Boyle.

To HE＇SITATE, verb neut. [hesiter, Fr. and Sp. esitare, It. hæsita­
tum, sup. of hæsito, Lat. to doubt] 1. To doubt, to be uncertain
what to do or say, to pause, to make a difficulty. They hesitate to
accept Hector＇s challenge. Broome. 2. To stammer or faulter in the
speech.

HESITA＇TION, Fr. 1. Doubt, uncertainty, difficulty made. The
difficulties and hesitations of every one. Woodward. 2. Faultering or
intermission in the speech, want of volubility. They are hardly able
to go on without perpetual hesitations. Swift.








HEST [hest, Sax.] command or decree, precept, injunction. As
him that doth thy lovely hests despise. Spenser.

HESPE＇RIAN Gardens, the gardens of the Hesperides.

HESPE＇RIDES, the daughters of Hesperus; Ægle, Arethusa, and
Æsperathusa; who, according to the poets, had gardens and orchards
that bore golden fruit, which were guarded by a vigilant dragon.
Varro is of opinion, those golden apples were sheep (which might be
so called, because their fleeces were of the colour of gold; or that the
word μηλον, in Greek, signified both a sheep and an apple) and that
the dragon was the shepherd.

HESPE＇RIUM Malum, Lat. an orange or lemon.

HE＇SPERIS, Lat. [εσπερις, Gr.] a kind of wall-flower, dame-violet
or rocket.

HE＇SPERUS, Lat. [εσπερος, Gr.] the evening star, or evening
tide.

HE＇SPERUS, is said to be the son of Atlas, who lived in Italy,
from whom it was called Hesperia; and had the evening star, the
brightest in the heavens, called after his name.

HESYCHA＇STES [of ησυχαζω, Gr. to be quiet] a person who keeps
himself at leisure to attend on the contemplation of divine things.

HETÆRIA＇RCHA [εταιριαρχης, of εταιρος, a friend or ally, and αρκη,
Gr. dominion] an abbot, or prior; the head of a college or hall; the
warden of a corporation or company; also an officer of the Greek em­
pire, of which there were two, the chief of which had the command
of the troops of the allies.

HETERO＇CLITES, plur. of heteroclita, subst. Fr. [heteroclitum, Lat.
of ετερος, different, and κλινω, Gr. to decline heteroclites, Fr. eterocliti,
It. heterocliti, Lat. with grammarians] 1. Nouns which vary in their
gender or declension, being either defective or redundant. 2. Any
person or thing that deviates from the common rule.

HETEROCLI＇TICAL, adj. [of heteroclite] deviating from the com­
mon rule. Of sins heteroclitical. Brown.

HETERO＇CRANY [heterocrania, Lat. ετεροκρανια, Gr.] a disease, a
pain or swelling on one side of the head.

HE＇TERODOX, adj. [heterodoxe, Fr. eterodosso, It. heterodoxus, Lat.
ετεροδοξος, Gr.] 1. Contrary to the faith or doctrine established in the
true church; such OUGHT TO BE the definition of heterodoxy; but in fact
no more is meant by it, than to dissent from the commonly received opi­
nion, whether right or wrong. 2. Not orthodox. Heterodox tenets.
Locke.

HE＇TERODOX, subst. an opinion peculiar. Not only a simple hetero­
dox, but a very hard paradox. Brown.

HE＇TERODOXY, or HE＇TERODOXNESS [of ετεροδοξια, Gr.] the state
or quality of being different in opinion from the generality of the esta­
blished principles.

HETERO＇DROMOUS, adj. [of ετερος and δρομος, Gr. a course] a sta­
tical term for the common vectis or leaver, which has the hypomoclion
placed below the power and weight. Of this kind of leavers are the
prong and dung-fork; whose hypomoclion is the labourer＇s knee.
And all pincers, sheers, cutting-knives, &c. fastened to blocks which
are double.

HETERO＇DROMOUS Victis [in mechanics] is a leaver, or that where
the hypomoclion is placed, between the power and the weight; and
where the weight is elevated by the descent of the power, and
è contra.

Perpetual HETERODROMOUS Leavers [in statics] are the wheel,
windlas, capstan, crane, &c. and also the outermost wheels of all
wind and water-mills, and all log-wheels.

HETEROGE＇NEAL, or HETEROGE＇NEOUS, adj. [heterogene, Fr. ete­
rogeneo, It. heterogeneus, Lat. ετερογενης, of ετερος, different, and γενος,
Gr. kind] being of a different nature, kind, or quality, not kin­
dred.

HETEROGE＇NEAL, or HETEROGE＇NEOUS Bodies [in mechanics]
those bodies whose density is unequal in different parts of their bulk.
Heterogeneous bodies. Woodward.

HETEROGE＇NEAL Light [according to Sir Isaac Newton] is light
that consists of rays of differing degrees of refrangibility: Thus the
common light of the sun or clouds is heterogeneal, being a mixture of
all sorts of rays. That light, whose rays are some more refrangible
than others, I call compound, heterogeneal and dissimilar. Newton.

HEREROGE＇NEAL Nouns [in grammar] are such as have one gender
in the singular number, and another in the plural.

HETEROGE＇NEAL Numbers, are those referred to different units, or
integers.

HETEROGENEAL Quantities, are those which are of such different
kind and considerations, as that one of them, taken any number of
times, never equals but exceeds or falls short of the other.

HETEROGENEAL Surds [in algebra] are such as have different radi­
cal signs.

HETEROGENE＇ITY [in physic] 1. The quality or disposition that
renders a thing heterogeneous, opposition of nature. 2. Opposite or
dissimilar part. The same wood distilled in a retort, does yield far
other heterogeneities. Boyle.

HETEROGENE＇ITIES [with chemists] the parts and principles of
different natures, such as oil, salt, spirit, water, and earth, that can
be separated from any body, being analized by fire, are so called, be­
cause they are all of very different natures and kinds from one ano­
ther.

HETEROGENEOUS Particles [of ετερογενης, of ετερος and γενος, Gr.
kind; with philosophers] are such as are of different kinds, natures,
and qualities, of which generally all bodies are composed. See HE­
TEROGENEAL.

HETEROGE＇NEOUSNESS, heterogeneity; the state of being of a dif­
ferent nature, kind or quality.

HETEROGE＇NIUM, Lat. [in physic] is used when any thing that is
disproportionate is mingled with the blood and spirits.

HETERORHY＇THMUS, Lat. [of ετερος, another, and ῤυθμος, Gr. a
proceeding by rule, order, just proportion and measure] a word used
for pulses, when they beat differently or irregularly in diseases. Some
use it for a course of life, unsuitable to the age of those who live in it;
as if a young man should use the way of living of an old man.

HETERO＇PTICS, false optics. Spectator.

HETERO＇SCH, or HETERO＇SCIANS, subst. Lat. [of ετεροσκιοι, of ετε­
ρος, another, and σκια, Gr. shadow] the people who inhabit between
the equator and the two tropics in either of the temperate zones; who
have their shadow at noon east on a contrary side towards one of the
poles, viz. that which is above their horizon.

HETEROU＇SH [of ετερος, another, and ουσια, Gr. substance] such as
held that the son of God was not of a substance the same in kind or
species with that of the Father. The characteristic of the ÆTIANS,
EUNOMIANS, and many other Christians of the fourth and succeeding
centuries, who opposed the admission of these and the like metaphysic
speculations into the creed. See the word [GOD] and read there,
“Deus est nomen summæ potestatis.” See also LUCIFERIANS, EUNO­
MIANS, and ÆTIANS, and read there, “Aetians, so called from Ac­
tius, a presbyter of Antioch in the fourth century—And after Nicepho­
rus, &c. add, “Not much beholden is this heterodox body (as they
are called) to Nicephorus, for this portraiture, which he gives of them:
But perhaps a more just account, may be found under the words EU­
NOMIANS and DEMONSTRATIO a l＇OSTERIORI compar＇d.”

To HEW, irreg. verb act. [heawian, Sax. houwen, Du. hauen, Ger.
huge, Dan. hugga, Su. HEWN, irreg. part. pass. hauwen, Du. hauen,
Goth.] 1. To cut with edged tools, to hack. One vane was grie­
vously hewn. Hayward. 2. To cut, to chop. Us＇d his noble hands
the wood to hew. Dryden. 3. To fell as with an ax. And hew down
all that would oppose our passage. Addison. 4. To form, to shape
with an ax. A long valley that seems hewn out on purpose. Ad­
dison. 5. To form laboriously. Rather polishing old works than
hewing out new. Pope.
N. B. This verb may be always regular.

HEW, or HUE [hywe, Sax.] form, colour, appearance.

HEWER [of heweian, Sax.] a cutter of timber or stones.

HEXACA＇PSULAR [of εξ, Gr. six, and capsula, Lat. a little chest,
&c.] a term used of suclr plants as have six seed-vessels.

HE＇XACHORD [εξοχορδον, Gr.] a chord in music, commonly called
by the moderns a sixth.

HEXAE＇DRON [εξαεδρον, Gr.] one of the five regular bodies, having
six sides, a cube.

HE＇XAGON, subst. [hexagone, Fr. esagono, It. hexagonius, Lat. εξα­
γωνος, Gr.] a solid figure, having six equal sides, and as many angles,
a cube, a parallelopepid, bounded by six equal squares, the most capa­
cious of all the figures that can be added to each other without any in­
terstice; and therefore the cells in honey combs are of that form.

HEXA＇GONAL [of εξαγωνος, of εξ, six, and γωνια, Gr. a corner] ha­
ving six sides and as many corners. Hexagonal or six cornered.
Brown.

HEXA＇GONALLY, adv. [of hexagonal] after the manner of an hexa­
gon, or a geometrical figure that has six equal sides, and as many
angles.

HEXA＇GONY, subst. [of hexagon] a hexagon, a figure of six angles.
I read in St. Ambrose of hexagonies, or sexangular cellars of bees.
Bramhall.

HEXA＇MERON [εξαμερον, of εξ, six, and ημερα, Gr. a day] a name
given to discourses or commentaries on the first six days of the world,
according to the first chapter of Genesis.

HEXA＇METER [hexametre, Fr. esametro, It. hexàmetro, Sp. εξαμε­
τρος, of εξ, six, and μετρον, Gr. measure] a verse consisting of six feet.
The Latin hexameter has more feet than the English heroic. Dryden.

HEXAMI＇LION [of εξ, six, and μιλιον, Gr. a mile] a celebrated wall,
built by the emperor Emmanuel over the isthmus of Corinth, six miles
in length.

HEXA＇NGULAR, adj. [of εξ, Gr. six, and angulus, Lat.] the same as
hexagonal, having six angles. Woodward.

HEXAPE＇TALOUS [of εξ, six, and πεταλον, Gr. a leaf] composed of
six leaves, as the felix, pulsatilla, &c.

HEXAPHY＇LLOUS, adj. [of εξ, six, and ϕυλλον, Gr. a leaf] a term
applied to such plants as have six-leaves.

HEXA＇PLA, Lat. [εξαπλα, Gr.] a work of Origen＇s, a bible disposed
in six columns, containing the four first Greek translations of the bible:
Together with the Hebrew text, and the Hebrew written in Greek
characters.

HE＇XAPOD, subst. [of εξ, six, and ποδος, gen. of πους, Gr. a foot] an
animal having six feet. Ray.

HEXA＇PTOTON [of εξ, six, and πτωσις, Gr. case] a noun declined
with six cases.

HEXA＇STIC, subst. [εξαστιχον, of εξ, six, and στιχος, Gr. a verse] an
epigram or stanza consisting of six verses or lines.

HEXA＇STYLE, subst. [εξαστυλος, of εξ, six, and στυλος, Gr. a column]
an ancient building which had six columns in the front.

HE＇XAM, a market town of Northumberland, near the conflux of the
north and south Time, 176 miles from London.

HE＇XIS [εξις, Gr.] a habit or constitution.

HEY, inters. [from high] an expression of joy or mutual exhortation,
the contrary to hei, Lat. Hey, for praise and panegyric. Prior.

HEY＇BOTE [in old records] the liberty granted to a tenant for cut­
ting so much underwood, bushes, &c. as were necessary for mending
or maintaining the hedges or fences belonging to the land.

HEY-DAY [for high-day] an interjection of frolic and exultation,
and sometimes of admiration. Thou spend＇st such hey-day wit in
praising him. Shakespeare.

HEY-DAY, subst. a frolic wildness. The hey-day in the blood is
tame. Shakespeare.

HEY＇DEGIVES, a wild frolicksome dance.
Light-foot nymphs can chace the ling＇ring night
With heydegives and trimly trodden traces. Spenser.

HEY-NO! an interjection of bewailing.

HEYRS [in husbandry] young timber-trees usually left for standers
in felling of woods or copses.

HI＇ACINTH [in heraldry] in blazoning by precious stones, signifies
blue. See HYACINTH.

HIA＇TION, subst. [from lio, Lat.] the act of gaping. Brown.

HIA＇TUS, Lat. 1. A chasm or gap, an aperture, a breach. Those
hiatus＇s are at the bottom of the sea. Woodward. 2. The opening
of the mouth by the succession of an initial to a final vowel. Pope. 3.
A defect in a manuscript copy, where some of it is lost.








HIBE＇RNAL, adj. [hibernus, Lat.] belonging to the winter. Brown.

HIBE＇RNIAN, adj. [of Hibernia, Lat. Ireland] belonging to Ire­
land.

HIBI＇SCUM, or HIBI＇SCUS, Lat. [with botanists] the herb mash­
mallows.

HI＇BRIS, Lat. a mongrel; also one born of parents of different
countries.

HI＇CCIUS Doctius, subst. [an unintelligible term, sometimes used by
jugglers; corrupted, I fancy, from hic est doctus, Lat. this, or here is
the learned man: used by jugglers of themselves. Johnson] a cant
word for a juggler; one that plays fast and loose. Hiccius doctius
play＇d in all. Hudibras.

HI＇CCOUGH, HI＇CKET, or HI＇CKUP [so called by way of similitude
to the catching motion; or of hicken, Su. and Dan. hoquet, Fr.] a con­
vulsive motion of the stomach that produces fobs. BRUNO chooses ra­
ther to call it “a convulsive motion of the diaphragm, drawing into a
consent the stomach and neighbouring parts.” With HIPPOCRATES
the hiccup-fevers [πυρετοι λογγωδεες η λυγμωδεες] are fevers attended
with frequent hiccup. HIPPOC. Coac. T. 45. See ACRASY, and
read there, κρασις. Sneezing cureth the hiccough. Brown.

To HI＇CCOUGH, or To HI＇CCUP, verb neut. [from the subst.] to
sob with convulsion of the stomach. Hiccup is a corruption of hiccough,
and formed by Hudibras for the sake of rhyme.

HI＇CKLING, a market-town of Norfolk, situated in a marshy
ground, not far from the sea, 119 miles from London.

HI＇CKWAL, or HI＇CKWAY, a bird called otherwise a wood­
pecker.

HID, or HI＇DDEN [hyd, hydden, Sax.] pret. and part. pass. of
to hide. See To HIDE.

HI＇DAGE, a royal aid or tribute raised on every hide of land.

HIDE [hyde or hide, Sax. huyt, Du. huut, O. and L. Ger. haut,
H. Ger. hund, Dan. hudh, Su.] 1. The skin of a beast, either raw
or drest. 2. The human skin. In contempt. Oh tyger＇s heart,
wrapt in a woman＇s hide! Shakespeare. 3. [Hyde, Fr. hida, barb.
Lat.] a certain quantity of land, as much as one plough can till. Ains­
worth.

Raw HIDE, a hide just taken off the beast, before it has undergone
any preparation.

Salted HIDE, a green hide seasoned with salt, allom, or saltpetre,
to prevent it from corrupting by lying long.

Tanned HIDE, a hide having the hair taken off, and steeped in tan­
pits.

Curried HIDE, one which, after tanning, has passed through the
hands of the currier, and is fitted for use in making shoes, &c.

To HIDE, irreg. verb act. pret. hid, part. pass. hid, hidden [hydan,
Sax.] to lay or put in a private place, to conceal, to withdraw from
sight or knowledge.

To HIDE, verb act. to lye hid, to be conceal＇d, to abscond, to lurk.
Some hiding place. L＇Estrange.

HIDE and Seek, subst. a play among children, in which some hide
themselves, and another seeks them. Swift.
HIDE nothing from thy priest, physician, or lawyer;
Lest thou wrong thy soul, body, or estate.

HIDE-Bound, adj. [of hide and bound; with farriers] a disorder in
a horse, or other beast, when his skin sticks so tight to his ribs and
back, that it cannot be loosened from it with the hand. It sometimes
proceeds from poverty or bad keeping, at other times from over­
riding or a surfeit. Farrier＇s Dictionary.

HIDE-Bound [in husbandry] a term used of trees, when the bark
sticks too close and hinders their growth. Bacon.

HIDE-Bound, 1. Harsh, untractable.
And still the harsher and hide-bounder
The damsels prove, become the fonder. Hudibras.
2. Stingy, close-fisted, niggardly.

HIDE of Land, a measure or quantity of land, as much as one
plough could cultivate in a year. See HIDE.

HIDE-Lands, appertaining to a hide, or mansion-house.

HIDE and Gain [in old law] arable or ploughed lands.

HI＇DEL, a sanctuary or place of protection.

HI＇DEOUS [hideux, Fr.] dreadful, frightful, terrible to look at,
shocking.

HI＇DEOUSLY, adv. [of hideous] dreadfully, frightfully.

HI＇DEOUSNESS [of hideous] frightfulness, terror.

HI＇DEGILD [of hide and gild, Sax.] the price by which a person
redeemed his hide from being whipped, or bought off a whipping.

HI＇DER [of hide] one that hides.

To HIE, verb neut. [hiegan, Sax.] 1. To hasten, to go in haste.
Hie you home to bed. Shakespeare. 2. It was anciently used with the
reciprocal pronoun. It is now almost obsolete. Cruel Auster thither
hy＇d him. Crashaw.

HI＇ERA Picna [of ιερος, holy, sacred, and πικρος, Gr. bitter] a
purging composition made of aloes, cinnamon, zedoary, assarunt,
the lesser cardamon feeds, and saffron.

HIERA＇NTHEMIS, Lat. [with botanists] the herb camomil.

HI＇ERARCH, subst. [hierarque, Fr. of ιερος, sacred, and αρχη, Gr.
government] the chief of a sacred order. Under their hierarchs in or­
ders bright. Milton.

HIERA＇RCHICAL [hierarchique, Fr. gerarchico, It. jerárchicho, Sp.
hierarchicus, Lat. ιεραρχικος, Gr.] pertaining to hierarchy or church-
government.

HI＇ERARCHY [hierarchie, Fr. gerarchia, It. jerarchia, Sp. hierar­
chia, Lat. ιεραρχια, of ιερος, sacred, and αρχη, Gr. domination] sacred
or church-government, the subordination between prelates and other
ecclesiastics. The hierarchy of England. Bacon.

HIERARCHY [in theology] the order or subordination among the
several choirs or ranks of angels and holy beings. The highest faint
in the celestial hierarchy. Howel.

HIERA＇TIC Paper [among the ancients] the finest sort of paper,
which was set apart only for sacred or religious uses.

HIROBOTA＇NE [ειροβοτανη, Gr.] the herb vervain.

HIE＇ROGLYPH, or HIEROGLY＇PHIC, subst. [hieroglyphe, Fr. geroglifico,
It. hieroglyfica, Lat. ιερογλυϕικα, of ιερος, sacred, and γλυϕω, Gr. to carve
or engrave] 1. Certain characters or portraitures of several sorts of crea­
tures instead of letters, under which forms they expressed their concep­
tions; or, hieroglyphics are certain sacred or mysterious characters, figures,
or images of creatures, under which the ancient Egyptians couched
their principles of philosophy, history, and policy; whence the word is
now taken for any symbol, emblem, or mystical figure. Hierogly­
phics were used before the alphabet was invented. A lamp amongst
the Egyptians is the hieroglyphic of life. Wilkins. 2. The art of wri­
ting in picture. It is against all the rules of hieroglyph to assign those
animals as patrons of punch. Swift.

HIEROGLY＇PHIC, or HIEROGLY＇PHICAL, adj. [hieroglyphique, Fr.
hieroglyfico, Sp. geroglyfico, It. hieroglyfious, Lat. ιερογλυϕικος, Gr.]
pertaining to hieroglyphics, symbolical, expressive of some meaning
beyond what immediately appears. The original of the conceit was
probably hieroglyphical. Brown.

HIEROGLYPHIC Marks [in palmistry] are those crooked or wind­
ing lines or wrinkles in the hand, by which the retainers of that art
pretend to tell persons their fortunes.

HIEROGLY＇PHICALLY, adv. [of hieroglyphical] emblematically,
symbolically. Brown.

HIEROGRAMMATE＇I [of ιερογραμματοι, Gr.] priests among the an­
cient Egyptians, appointed to explain the mysteries of religion, and to
direct the performance of the ceremonies thereof. They invented and
wrote the hieroglyphics, and hieroglyphical books, and explained
them, and other religious matters. See Jackson Chronol. Antiquities.

HI＇EROGRAMS [ιερογραμματα, Gr.] sacred writings.

HIERO＇GRAPHER [of ιερογραϕος, Gr.] a writer of divine things.

HIEROGRA＇PHIC, or HIEROGRA＇PHICAL [ιερογραϕικος, Gr.] per­
taining to hierography.

HIERO＇GRAPHY [of ιεῥα, holy, and γραϕω, Gr. to write.] sacred
writings, or the writings of sacred things.

HI＇EROME, or HIERO＇NYMUS, Jerome, one of the fathers of the
church. He belonged to the western or Latin church, and was per­
haps one of the most learned men of the times; but in whose controver­
sial writings, Mede, Bower, and others, have discovered such traits of
disingenuity and want of candor; (not to say FRAUD and FOUL PLAY)
as renders some caution necessary, when conversing with his works.—
Happy! for the cause of truth if that kind of artifice had ceas＇d with him.
To which I may add, that with all his literature and knowledge, he
crouched low enough to the bishop of Rome; so far, that upon a certain
controversy arising in the East, concerning the TRINITY [See HY­
POSTASIS] he applied to pope Damasus for his orders: He would
know from him which side to espouse; and does it in that courtly
style, “JUBE quid dicam; i. e. COMMAND me, what I shall say.”
Not to observe, that his zeal for monkery ran so high, as to have been
the author of that very wise remark, “that all the unclean beasts went
into the ark by PAIRS;” and tracing this religious cælibacy higher
still, he says, if I remember right, “Before the fall [i. e. of our first
parents] was virginity: No sooner SIN enter＇d, but forthwith com­
menced MARRIAGE.” Compare all this with those other branches of his
scheme, referred to under the words EUNOMIANS, and HERMIT, and
with that spirit of the times, which St. GREGORY gives us under the
word CREED; and then consider, if we have not here, at least in
part, that PREDICTION of St. Paul fulfilled, 1. Tim. iv. 1—3. See
HERMIT and CREED.

HIERONO＇MIANS, an order of monks said to have been established
by St. Jerome; also another order of hermits founded A. C. 1365,
by one Granel of Florence.

HIEROPHA＇NTÆ, Lat. [at Athens in Greece] priests who were
overseers of sacrifices and holy things; also the priests of the goddess
Hecate.

HI＇EROPHANT, subst. [ιεροϕαντης, of ιερος, sacred, and ϕαινω, Gr.
to shew] 1. A priest, one who teaches rules of religion. Heathenish
priests and hierophants. Hale. 2. An officer that shews sacred places,
relics, or mysteries.

HIEROPHA＇NTIC, adj. pertaining to an hierophant.

HIERO＇SCOPY [ιεροσκοπια, of ιερα, sacred things, and σκοπεω, Gr.
to view] a kind of divination, performed by viewing and considering
the victim, and every circumstance that occurs during the course of the
sacrifice.

To HI＇GGLE, verb neut. [of uncertain etymology, probably cor­
rupted from haggle. Johnson] 1. To chaffer, to be penurious in a bar­
gain. Why all this higgling with thy friend about such a paultry sum?
Arbuthnot. 2. To go selling provisions from door to door. This
seems the original meaning.

HI＇GGEDLY Piggedly, a cant expression, corrupted from higgle, which
denotes any confused mass, as higlers carry a huddle of provisions to­
gether.

HI＇GGLER [of to higgle] one who sells provisions by retail.

HIGH, adj. [heah, Sax. hey, Dan. hog, Su. haugh, Goth. hooch,
Du. hoch, Ger. haut, Fr.] 1. Tall, long upwards, rising above from
the surface or center. The higher parts of the earth. Burnet. 2.
Raised aloft, elevated in place. Reason elevates our thoughts as high
as the stars. Locke. 3. Exalted in nature. 4. Exalted in condition or
rank; as high priest. 5. Exalted in sentiment.
Solomon liv＇d at ease, nor aim＇d beyond
Higher design than to enjoy his state. Milton.
6. Difficult, abstruse. They meet to hear and answer such high things.
Shakespeare. 7. Boastful. After all their high discourses. Clarendon.
8. Arrogant, proud, lofty. His high and threatening language. Cla­
rendon. 9. Severe, oppressive. There appeareth on either side an high
hand. Bacon. 10. Noble, illustrious. So high blood. Shakespeare. 11.
Violent, tempestuous, loud: applied to the wind. A high wind. Duppa.
12. Tumultuous, turbulent, ungovernable. High passions. Milton.
13. Full, complete. It was high time to do so. Clarendon. 14. Strong
tasted, gustful. High sauces and rich spices. Baker. 15. Advanced
in latitude from the line. To take their course either high to the north,
or low to the south. Abbot. 16. Being at the most perfect state, in
the meridian; as, by the sun it is high noon. 17. Far advanced into
antiquity. The nominal observation of the several days of the week
is very high, and as old as the ancient Egyptians. Brown. 18. Dear,
exorbitant in price. At so high a rate. South. 19. Capital, great:
opposed to little; as, high treason, in opposition to petty treason.
The HIGHER the tree, the greater the fall.
Lat. Celsie graviore casu decidunt turres. HOR.
The HIGHER standing, the lower fall.
Lat. Tolluntur in altum, ut lapsa graviore ruant.
Those who climb (or aspire) the highest, must expect when they do







make a slip, to fall the heavier; and their presumption makes them
generally fall unpitied.

HIGH, subst. high place, elevation, superior region. The king of
gods beheld from high. Dryden.

On HIGH, aloft, above, into superior regions. Rais＇d on high.
Dryden.

HIGH is much used in composition with variety of meaning.

HIGH-Bearing Cock, a fighting cock.

HIGH-BLEST, adj. supremely happy. God high-blest. Milton.

HIGH-BLOWN, adj. swelled much with wind. My high-blown pride.
Shakespeare.

HIGH-BORN, adj. being of a noble extraction. High-born beauties.
Rowe.

HIGH-BUILT, adj. 1. Being of lofty structure. His pile high-built
and proud. Milton. 2. Covered with loftly buildings. The high­
built elephant his castle rears. Creech.

HIGH-COLOURED, adj. having a deep or glaring colour. High­
coloured urine. Floyer.

HIGH-CRE＇STED, or HIGH-RI＇GGED [with archers] the same as
shouldered.

HIGH-DESI＇GNING, having great schemes. His high-designing
thoughts were figur＇d there. Dryden.

HIGH-FED, adj. pampered. A favourite mule high-fed. L＇E-
strange.

HIGH-FLA＇MING, adj. throwing flames to a great height.
Hecatombs of bulls to Neptune slain,
High-flaming please the monarch of the main. Pope.

HIGH-FLI＇ER, subst. one that carries his opinions to extravagance.
Swift.

HIGH-FLOWN. 1. Proud, haughty, elevated. High-flown hopes.
Denham. 2. Turgid, extravagant. A high-flown hyperbole.
L＇Estrange.

HIGH-FLY＇ING, extravagant in claims or opinions. High-flying ar­
bitrary kings. Dryden.

HIGH-HEA＇PED, adj. 1. Covered with high piles. The plenteous
board high-heap＇d with cates divine. Pope. 2. Raised into high piles.
Brass high-heap＇d. Pope.

HIGH-HEELED, adj. having the heel of the shoe much raised.
These embroider＇d high-heel＇d shoes. Swift.

HIGH-HUNG, adj. hung aloft. The high-hung taper. Dryden.

HI＇GHLAND, subst. [of high and land] a mountainous or hilly region.
The highlands of Scotland. Clarendon.

HI＇GHLANDER, subst. [of highland] an inhabitant of a hilly coun­
try. His cabinet-council of highlanders. Addison.

HI＇GHAM-FERRIS, or FE＇RRERS, a borough town of Northampton­
shire, 45 miles from London. It was once one of the king＇s manors,
and took the latter part of its name from the Ferrers family. It sends
one member to parliament.

HI＇GHLY, adv. [of high] 1. Elevated with regard to places and
situation. 2. In a great degree. Greatly useful to the public, and
highly tend to its safety. Addison. 3. Proudly, arrogantly, ambi­
tiously.
What thou would＇st highly,
That thou would＇st boldly. Shakespeare.
4. With esteem. Not to think of himself more highly than he ought.
Romans.

HI＇GHMOST, adj. [an irregular word] highest, topmost. Now is
the sun upon the highmost hill. Shakespeare.

HIGH-ME＇TTLED, adj. proud or ardent of spirit.

HIGH-MI＇NDED, adj. proud, arrogant. Be not high-minded, but
fear. Romans.

HI＇GHNESS [heahnes, Sax.] 1. Elevation above the surface, tal­
ness. 2. A title given princes, anciently that of kings. 3. Dignity
of nature, supremacy. By reason of his highness I could not endure.
Job.

HIGH-PRI＇NCIPLED, adj. extravagant in notions of politics. Swift.

HIGH-RED, adj. deeply red. A high-red tincture. Boyle.

HIGH-SEA＇SONED, adj. piquant to the palate. High-seasoned meats.
Locke.

HIGH-SI＇GHTED, adj. always looking upwards. High-sighted ty­
ranny. Shakespeare.

HIGH-SPI＇RITED, adj. bold, daring, insolent.

HIGH-STO＇MACHED, adj. obstinate, lofty. High-stomached are they
both, and full of ire. Shakespeare.

HIGHT [this is an imperfect verb used only in the preterite tense,
with a passive signification; of heitan or heetan, of hatan, Sax.
to call; heeten or heiten, O. and L. Ger. heissen, H. Ger. to be na­
med or called] 1. Was called, was named. The city of the great king
hight it well. Spenser. 2. It is sometimes used as a participle passive,
and signifies called, named. It is now obsolete, except in burlesque
writings.
Quoth Ralph, not far from hence doth dwell,
A cunning man HIGHT Sidrophel.
Hud. P. II. Cant. III. l. 105, 106.
So I have seen in black and white,
A prating thing, a magpy HIGHT,
Majestically stalk, &c.
Swift and Pope＇s Miscellany, Vol. III. p. 139.

HIGH-TA＇STED, gustful, piquant. High-tasted meats. Denham.

HIGH-VI＇CED, adj. enormously wicked. Some high-vic＇d city.
Shakespeare.

HI＇GHTY-Tighty, or HOITY-Toighty. 1. Hand over head 2. In­
conderately. 3. After a ramping wanton manner. A cant word.

HIGH-WA＇TER, subst. [of high and water] the utmost flow of the
tide just before its reflux. Halley.

HI＇GHWAY, subst. [of high and way] the great road, the public
path. Appius who made the highway. Addison.

HI＇GHWAYMAN, subst. [of highway and man] a robber on the high­
way.

HI＇GHWORTH, a market town of Wiltshire, 73 miles from Lon­
don.

HI＇GLER, one who buys poultry, eggs, butter, &c. in the country
markets, and brings it to town to sell. See HIGGLE and HIG­
GLER.

HI＇GLEDY-Pigledy, adv. confusedly, pell-mell: a cant word. See
HIGGEDLY-Piggedly.

HILA＇RIA, Lat. [among the Romans] feasts celebrated annually
with great galety in honour of the mother of the gods.

HILA＇RITY [hilaritas, Lat.] cheerfulness, merriment. Brown.

HILARO＇DIA, Lat. [of ιλαρος, cheerful, and ωδη, Gr. a song] a
poem or composition in verse, sung by a sort of rhapsodists, called
hilarodes.

HILA＇RO-TRAGEDIA, a dramatic performance, partly tragic or se­
rious, and partly comic or merry.

HILD, in Ælric＇s grammar is interpreted a lord or lady: So Hilde­
bert is a noble lord, Mathild an heroic lady: And in the same sense is
Wiga, also found. Gibson＇s Camden.

HI＇LDING, subst. [hild, Sax. signifies a lord. Perhaps hilding means
originally a little lord, in contempt for a man that has only the deli­
cacy or bad qualities of high rank, or a term of reproach abbreviated
from hinderling, degenerate. Hughes＇s Spenser] 1. A sorry, paltry,
cowardly fellow. He was some hilding fellow. Shakespeare. 2. It is
likewise used for a mean woman. Helen and Hero, hildings and har­
lots. Shakespeare.

HILL [hill, Sax. hugel, Ger. hals, Goth.] a rising or high ground
less than a mountain.
Up the HILL favour me;
Down the HILL, take care of thee.
Spoken with reference to a horse, that we should never ride him hard,
either up hill or down hill: The first, in regard to him; the second,
for our own safety.
The higher the HILL, the lower the grass.
People of the greaiest fortunes are not always the most liberal.

HI＇LLOC [hilloc, Sax.] a little hill. Addison.

HI＇LLOCKY, adj. [of hilloc] full of hillocs or little hills.

HI＇LLY, adj. [of hill] full of hills, being unequal on the surface.

HILT [hilo, from healdan, Sax. to hold] the handle of a sword,
&c.

HIM [him, Sax. hem, Du. ihm, Germ. hannem, Dan.] 1. An ob­
lique case of the pronoun he. 2. Him was anciently used for it, in a
neutral sense.

HIMSE＇LF, pron. [of him and self] 1. In the nominative the same
as he, but more emphatically. 2. In ancient authors it is used neu­
trally for itself. Above the clouds as high as heaven himself. Shake­
speare. 3. In the oblique cases it has a reciprocal signification. A re­
provable badness in himself. Shakespeare. 4. It is sometimes not re­
ciprocal. To see another so much himself as to sigh his griefs. South.

To HIMPLE, N. C. to halt.

HIN [חן, Heb.] a Jewish liquid measure, containing one gallon,
two pints, two inches and a half solid measure.

HIND, adj. compar. hinder, super. hindermost [hyndan, Sax.] back­
ward, contrary in position to the face. Hind legs. Pope. See HIN­
DER and HI＇NDERMOST.

HIND [hine, Sax. hinde, Du. hindim, H. Ger. hinh. Su.] a doe of
the third year, the she to a stag, the female of red deer. Job.

HIND, or HINE [hine, a servant, hineman, Sax.] a peasant, a
boor, a mean rustic. A lab＇ring hind in show. Dryden. A couple of
Ford＇s knaves, his hinds. Shakespeare.

HIND-Berries [hind-berian, Sax.] raspberries.

HIND-Calf, a hart of the first year.

HE＇NDENI [of hendene, Sax.] a society, or class of men.

To HI＇NDER [hyndrian, Sax. hindern, Du.] to let, to put a stop
to, to obstruct.

HI＇NDER, adj. [of hind] being in a position opposite to the face,
the same with hind; as, the hinder or hind part of any thing. Hin­
der feet. Addison.

HI＇NDERANCE [of hinder] a stop, let, or impediment.

HI＇NDERER [of hinder] he or that which hinders or obstructs.
Brakes, great hinderers of all ploughing, grow. May.

HI＇NDERLING [hynderling, Sax.] an unthriving child, a paltry,
worthless beast, a degenerate fruit, &c.

HI＇NDERMOST, or HI＇NDMOST, adj. [hindermost seems to be less
proper than hindmost] last, most behind, in the rear.

HI＇NDERSOME, adj. [of hinder] troublesome, in the way.

HI＇NDFARE [of hind, a servant, and faran, Sax. to go] the run­
ning away of a servant from his master.

HI＇NCKLY, a market town of Leicestershire, 91 miles from Lon­
don.

HI＇NDON, a borough town of Wiltshire, 94 miles from London. It
sends two members to parliament.

HINGE [hengh or henghsel, Du. and L. Ger. or hingle, from han­
gle, or hang. Johnson] 1. Joints of iron, on which a gate or door
turns. 2. The cardinal points of the world, east, west, north, and
south. If when the moon is in the hinge at east. Creech. 3. A go­
verning rule or principle. The other hinge of punishment might turn
upon a law. Temple. 4. To be off the hinges; to be in a state of irre­
gularity and disorder. Out of order, and off the hinges. Tillotson.

To HINGE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To furnish with hinges.
2. To bend as an hinge. Be thou a flatt＇rer now, and hinge thy knee.
Shakespeare.

HI＇NGHAM, a market town of Norfolk, 94 miles from London.

To HINT [enter, Fr. Skinner] 1. To give a brief, short, or partial
notice of any thing, to bring to mind by a slight mention or remote
allusion. Just hint a fault and hesitate dislike. Pope. 2. To hint at;
to allude to, to touch slightly upon. Agriculture ought to be some­
what hinted at. Addison.

HINT, subst. [ente, Fr.] 1. A brief notice, remote allusion, distant
insinuation. The first hints and whispers of good and evil. South. 2.
Suggestion, intimation. They take different hints. Addison.

HIP [hipe, Sax. henped, Du. hustres, Ger. huy, Goth.] 1. The
uppermost part of the thigh, the joint of the thigh, the fleshy part of
it. 2. To have on the hip; a low phrase, implying to have an advan­
tage over another. [It seems to be taken from hunting, the hip or
haunch of a deer being the part commonly seized by the dogs. John­
son.]

HIP, subst. [heopa, Sax.] the fruit of the briar or dog-rose. Store
of haws and hips. Bacon.








To HIP, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To sprain or shoot the hip.
His horse was hip＇d with an old motly saddle. Shakespeare.

HIP-HOP, a cant word formed by the reduplication of hop. Like
Volscius hip-hop in a single boot. Congreve.

HIP, interj. an exclamation or calling to one. The same as the
Latin eho, heus. Ainsworth.

HIP, or HI＇PPISH, adj. a corruption of hypochondriac. Ains­
worth.

HI＇PPIUS [of ιππος, Gr. an horse] a title given to Neptune.

HI＇PSHOT, adj. [of hip and shot] sprained or dislocated in the hip.
Waggling so like a fool, as if you were hipshot. L＇Estrange.

HIP SHOT [with horsemen] is said of a horse, when he has wrung
or sprain＇d his haunch or hip, so as to relax the ligaments that keep
the bone in its due place.

HIP Wort, an herb.

HIP Roof [in architecture] such a roof as has neither gable-heads,
shred-heads, nor jerkin-heads.

HIPPELA＇PHUS Lat. [ιππελαϕος, of ιππος, a horse, and ελαϕος, Gr.
a stag or hind] a beast part horse and part stag.

HI＇PPEUS [ιππεος, Gr.] a comet or blazing star, with beams resem­
bling a horse＇s mane.

HI＇PPIA Major, Lat. [with botanists] chickweed.

HIPPI＇ADES [ιππιαδες, of ιππος, Gr. a horse] images representing
women on horseback.

HIPPI＇ATRICE [of ιππος, a horse, and ιατρευω, Gr. to cure] the
art of curing the diseases of horses and other beasts.

HIP, or HI＇PPO [contractions of hypochondra, Lat. υποχονδριον, Gr.
that part of the belly where the liver and spleen lie] a disease called
hypochondriacus affectus, a lower species of melancholy.

HI＇PPING-HOLD, or HI＇PPING-HAWD, a place where people stay to
chat or gossip, when they are sent on an errand.

HIPPOCA＇MELUS, Lat. a monster, part horse and part camel.

HIPPOCA＇MPA [ιπποκαμπη, Gr.] a sea-horse.

HIPPOCAMPA, Lat. of Gr. [with anatomists] the processes or chan­
nels of the foremost ventricles of the brain.

HIPPOCE＇NTAUR [of ιπποκενταυρος, Gr.] fabulous monsters, repre­
sented by painters as half men half horses.

HIPPO＇COURIUS [of ιππος, an horse, and κυριευω, Gr. to lord over]
a title given to Neptune.

HI＇PPOCRAS, Fr, and Sp. [ipocras, It. quasi vinum Hippocratis, Lat.]
an artificial sort of wine, made of claret, or white wine and spices, and
strained through a flannel bag; a medicated wine. King.

HIPPO＇CRATES＇s Sleeve [in pharmacy] a woollen bag of a square
piece of flannel, having the opposite corners joined, so as to make it
triangular, for straining syrups and decoctions for clarifications.

HIPPOCRA＇TICA Facies [with physicians] i. e. hippocratical, or
Hippocrates＇s countenance, a distemper, when the nostrils are sharp,
the eyes hollow, the temples low, the laps of the ears drawn together,
the skin about the forehead high and dry, the complexion pale, of a
leaden colour, or black.

HIPPOCRA＇TIA, Lat. [of ιππος and κρατος, Gr. q. d. the power or
command over horses] a festival observed in honour of Neptune; du­
ring which horses were led along the streets richly harnessed, and decked
with flowers.

HIPPOMA＇CHY [ιππομαχια, Gr.] a fighting or justing on horse­
back.

HIPPODRO＇ME [ιπποδρομος, of ιππος, an horse, and δρομος, Gr. a
a race] a place for the coursing and running of horses.

HIPPOGLO＇SSA, or HIPPOGLO＇SSUM, Lat. [ιππογλοσσον, Gr.] the
herb horse-tongue, blade or tongue-wort.

HIPPOGLO＇TTION, Lat. [υπογλοττιον, Gr.] laurel of Alexandria, or
tongue-laurel.

HI＇PPOGRIFF, subst. [hippogriffe, Fr. of ιππος, a horse, and γρυψ,
Gr. a griffon] without wing. Of hippogriff bore thro＇ the air sublime.
Milton.

HIPPOLA＇PATHUM, Lat. of Gr. [with botanists] the herb patience
or monks-rhubarb.

HIPPO＇MANES [ιππομανης, q. ιππου μανια, Gr. what the mare is
mad for] 1. A black fleshy kernel in the forehead of a young colt,
which the mare bites off as soon as she has foaled. 2. A noted poison
among the ancients, one of the chief ingredients in love potions.

HIPPOMANES [with botanists] the thorn apple, a kind of herb,
which if eaten by horses makes them mad.

HIPPOMARA＇THRUM, Lat. [ιππομαραθρον, Gr.] wild or great
fennel.

HIPPO＇PHAES, Lat. [ιπποϕαες, Gr.] a kind of bur or teasel with
which sheer-men dress their cloth.

HIPPOPHÆ＇STON, Lat. [ιπποϕαιστον, Gr.] a sort of herb growing
on the fullers thorn.

HIPPOPO＇DES [of ιππος, a horse, and πους, ποδος, Gr. a foot] an
appellation given by ancient geographers to certain people situate on
the Scythian sea, who were supposed to have horses feet.

HIPPOPO＇TAMUS [ιπποποταμος, of ιππος, a horse, and ποταμος,
Gr. a river] an amphibious creature, that lives both on land and in
the water, a river horse; an animal found in the Nile, and supposed
by the learned BOCHART to be the behemoth in Job; as the leviathan,
in his judgment, is the crocodile. See BEHEMOTH.

HI＇PPURIS, Lat. [εππουρις, Gr.] the herb horse-tail or shave­
grass.

HI＇PPUS [of ιππος, Gr. a horse] an affection of the eyes, wherein
they continually shake and tremble, and thereby represent objects as
continually fluctuating, or in the like kind of motion as if they were
on horseback.

HI＇RCI Barba, Lat. [with botanists] the herb goat＇s-beard.

HIRCISU＇NDA [old law term] the division of an estate among
heirs.

HIRCULA＇TION [with gardeners] a disease in vines, when they
run out into branches and wood, and bear no fruit.

HI＇RCULUS, Lat. [with botanists] a kind of spikenard.

HI＇RCUS, Lat. [with meteorologists] a goat, a sort of comet,
encompassed with a kind of mane, seeming to be rough and
hairy.

HIRCUS [with anatomists] the corner of the eye, otherwise called
canthus; also a knob in the hollow of the ear.

To HIRE, verb act. [hyran, Sax. hueren, Du. huren, L. Ger.
heuren, H. Ger.] 1. To take or procure a thing for temporary use at
certain price.
His sordid avarice rakes
In excrements and hires the jakes. Dryden.
2. To engage a man to temporary service for wages. Hire to bear
their staves. Shakespeare. 3. To bribe.
Themetes first, ＇tis doubtful whether hir＇d,
Or so the Trojan destiny requir＇d,
Mov＇d that the ramparts might be broken down. Dryden.
4. To engage one＇s self for pay. They that were full, hired out
themselves for bread. 1 Sam.

HIRE [hyre, Sax. huer, Du. hur, L. Ger. haur, H. Ger.] 1.
Wages paid for service. Little was their hire, and light their gain.
Dryden. 2. Price, recompence paid for the use of any thing.

HI＇RELING, subst. [hyrling, Sax.] 1. One who works for hire.
Three hundred carpenters employed for a year, besides many other
hirelings for carriages. Wilkins. 2. A mercenary, a prostitute. No
hireling she, no prostitute to praise. Pope.

HI＇RELING, adj. serving for hire, venal, mercenary. Hireling
mourners for his funeral. Dryden.

HI＇RER [of hire] 1. One who uses any thing paying a recompence,
one who hires or employs others by paying wages. 2. In Scotland,
it denotes one who keeps small horses to let.

HIRSE [heers, or heers-grut, Du. and L. Ger.] millet, a sort of
grain.

HIRST [hirst, Sax.] a little wood.

HI＇RSUTE, adj. [hirsutus, Lat.] rough, brisly, full of hair. Rugg­
ed hirsute roots. Bacon.

HIRUNDINA＇RIA [of hirundo, Lat. a swallow; with botanists] ce­
landine, or swallow-wort.

HIRU＇NDO, Lat. [with anatomists] i. e. a swallow, the hollowness
in bending the arm.

HIS, pron. possessive [his, Sax.] 1. The masculine possessive, pertain­
taining to him that was before mentioned. 2. It was anciently used in a
neutral sense, where we now say its. This rule is not so general, but
that it admitteth his exceptions. Carew. 3. It is sometimes used as a
sign of the genitive case; as, the man his hat, for the man＇s hat. 4.
It is sometimes used in opposition to this man＇s. Desire his jewels, and
this other＇s house. Shakespeare. 5. Anciently before self. Every of
us, each for his self. Sidney.

To HISS, verb neut. [hissen, Du.] to imitate the hissing of a ser­
pent, to utter a noise like that of a serpent and some other animals.
It is remarkable that this word cannot be pronounced without making
the noise which it signifies.

To HISS, verb act. [hiscean, Sax.] 1. By way of contempt or
loathing. 2. To condemn by hissing, to explode. She would de­
serve to be hissed off the stage. More. 2. To procure hisses or dis­
grace.
A part whose issue,
Will hiss me to my grave. Shakespeare.

HISS subst. [from the verb] 1. The noise of a serpent and some other
animals. 2. Censure, expression of contempt used in theatres.
A dismal universal hiss, the sound
Of public scorn. Milton.

HI＇SSING, subst. [of hiss] a noise or cry of serpents, or people by
way of contempt.

HIST, interj. [of this word I know not the original. Probably it
may be a corruption of hush, hush it, husht, hist. Johnson] an excla­
mation commanding silence.

HISTRIODRO＇MIA, or HYSTRIODRO＇MIA [of ιστιον, a sail, and δρο­
μος, Gr. a course] navigation, the art of sailing or conducting
ships.

HISTO＇RIAN, subst. [historien, Fr. istorico, It. historico, Sp. historicus,
Lat. ιστορικος, Gr.] one well versed in facts and events, or a writer
of histories.

HISTO＇RIC, or HISTO＇RICAL [historique, Fr. istorico, It. historiador,
Sp. of historicus, Lat. ιστορικος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining or suitable to history
or narrative. In an historical relation. Burnet. 2. Containing or
giving an account of facts and events. The method of a poet histo­
rical is not such as of an historiographer. Spenser.

HISTO＇RICALLY [of historical, Eng. historiquement, Fr.] by way of
history.

HISTO＇RICE [ιστορικη, Gr.] part of grammar, that explains the
meaning of authors.

To HISTO＇RIFY, verb act. [of history] to relate, to record in his­
tory. Matters have been more truly historified. Brown.

HISTORIO＇GRAPHER [historiographe, Fr. istoriografo, It. historiadòr,
Sp. historiographus, Lat. ιστοριογραϕος, Gr.] a writer of histories, an
historian. The writings of those our historiographers. Addison.

HISTORIÓ＇GRAPHY [historiographia, Lat. ιστοριογραϕια, of ιστορια
and γραϕω, Gr. to write] the art or employment of writing his­
tory.

HISTORIO＇LOGY [ιστοριολογια, Gr.] the knowledge of, or quality of
being well versed in history.

HI＇STORY [histoire, Fr. istoria, It. historia, Sp. Port. and Lat. ιστο­
ρια, Gr.] 1. A recital, narration, or relation of facts and events with
dignity, as they have happened in a continued series of the principal
facts and circumstances thereof. 2. Narration, relation in general.
The history part lay within a little room. Wiseman. 3. The knowledge
of facts and events. History, so far as it relates to the affairs of the
bible, is necessary to divines. Watts.

Natural HISTORY, a description of natural bodies; either terre­
strial, as animal, vegetables, fossils, fire, water, air, meteors; or ce­
lestial, as planets, stars, comets, &c.

Civil HISTORY, is that of people, states, republics, cities, com­
munities, &c.

Singular HISTORY, is one which describes a single action, as an ex­
pedition, battle, siege, &c.

Simple HISTORY, one delivered without any art or foreign orna­
ment; being only a just and bare relation of matters, in the exact
manner and order wherein they were transacted.








Personal HISTORY, is one that gives the life of some single person.
See BIOGRAPHY.

Figurate HISTORY, is one that is inriched with the ornaments of
wit, ingenuity, and address of the historian.

Mixt HISTORY, is that, which besides the ornaments of figured
history, calls in the proofs and authorities of simple history, furnishing
authentic memoirs, letters, &c.

HISTORY, or HISTORY Piece [in painting] is a picture composed of
divers figures, or persons, and represents some transaction, either real
or feigned. A large history piece, where even the less important figures
have some convenient place. Pope.

HISTRIO＇NIC, or HISTRIO＇NICAL, adj. [histrion, Fr. histrionicus, of
histrio, Lat. a buffoon] pertaining to an actor or stage-player, befit­
ting the stage, becoming a buffoon, theatrical.

HISTRIO＇NICALLY, adv. [of histrionical] in the manner of a buf­
foon, theatrically.

To HIT, irr. verb neut. hit, pret. and part. pass. [Minshew de­
rives it of ictus, Lat. a blow; Junius from hitte, Dan. to throw at
random] 1. To strike, to touch with a blow. His conscience shall
hit him in the teeth. South. 2. To touch the mark, not to miss. To
hit the mark with a shaking hand. South. 3. To attain, to reach the
point. Their endeavours to hit the notes right. Locke. 4. To strike
a ruling passion. There you hit him; St. Dominic loves charity.
Dryden. 5. To hit off; to strike out, to fix or determine luckily.
What prince soever can hit off this great secret, need know no more.
Temple. 6. To hit out; to perform by good luck. He mought needs
in singing hit out some of their tunes. Spenser.

To HIT, verb neut. 1. To clash, to collide. How can they move
and hit one against another. Locke. 2. To chance luckily, to suc­
ceed by accident, not to miss. Conveying of effectual, and imprint­
ing passages amongst compliments, is of singular use, if a man can
hit upon it. Bacon. 3. To succeed, not to miscarry. This may hit.
Dryden. 4. To light on. None of them hit upon the art. Addison.

HIT, subst. [from the verb] 1. A stroke. In a dozen passes be­
tween you and him, he shall not exceed you three hits. Shakespeare.
2. A lucky chance. Not a true judgment but a lucky hit. South.

To HITCH [perhaps of hiegan, Sax. or hocher, Fr. Skinner] to
wriggle or move by degrees, to catch. I know not where it is used
but in the following passage. Slides in a verse, or hitches in a rhime.
Pope.

To HITCH [spoken of horses] to hit the legs together in going.

To HITCH [a sea term] to catch hold of any thing with a hook
or rope.

To HI＇TCHEL, verb act. see HATCHEL; to bend or comb flax or
hemp.

HITCHEL, subst. [heckel, Ger.] the instrument with which flax or
hemp is beaten or combed.

HI＇TCHEN; or as Mr. Norden will have it, HI＇TCHEND, because
situated at the end of a wood called Hitch, a market-town of Hert­
fordshire, 35 miles from London.

HITH, HIDD, or EAST-HITH, one of the cinque ports, situated in
the south-east part of the county of Kent, 67 miles from London. It
sends two members to parliament, called barons of the cinque ports.

HI＇THE [hyde, Sax.] a small port for landing goods, out of small
vessels or boats; as, Queenhithe and Lambhithe, now Lambeth.

HI＇THER, adv. [hider, Sax. hieher, Ger. hid, Dan. hidre, Goth.]
1. To this place, from some other. 2. It is used in opposition; as,
hither and thither, to this place and that. 3. To this end, to this
topic of argument [huc, Lat. huc refer exitum] Hither belong all these
texts. Tillotson.

HITHER, adj. [of hithermost] nearer towards this part. The
hither end. Hale.

HI＇THERMOST, adj. [super]. of hither, adv. of hider-mæst, Sax.]
the nearest on this side. Hale.

HI＇THERTO, adv. [of hither] 1. To this time, yet, in any time
till now. Hitherto I have only told the reader what ought not to be
the subject of a picture. Dryden. 2. At every time till now. This
alone has hitherto been the practice of the moderns. Dryden.

HI＇THERWARD, or HI＇THERWARDS, adv. [hider-weard, Sax.]
towards this place, this way.
A rougher tongue
Draws hitherward. Milton.

HIVE [hive, hyfe, Sax.] 1. A conveniency for keeping bees,
their habitation or cell. 2. The bees inhabiting a hive. The com­
mons, like an angry hive of bees. Shakespeare. 3. A company.
What modern masons call a lodge, was by antiquity called a hive of
free masons. Swift.

To HIVE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To put into a hive, to
harbour. My latter swarm is scarcely worth hiving. Dryden. 2. To
contain in hives.
At Fnscara＇s sleeve arriv＇d,
Where all delicious sweets are hiv＇d. Cleaveland.

To HIVE, verb neut. to take shelter together. At this season we
get into warmer houses, and hive together in cities. Pope.

HI＇VER [of hive] one who hives bees, or puts them into a hive.
Mortimer.

HIVE Dross, a sort of wax which bees make at the mouth of their
hives to expel the cold.

HO, or HOA, interj. [eho, Lat.] a word of sudden exclamation, to
give notice of approach, or any thing else.

HOAR, adj. [har, Sax.] 1. White. From loughs and forests hoar.
Fairfax. 2. Gray with age. A matron grave and hoar. Spenser.
Youth and hoar age. Pope. 3. White with frost.

HOAR-Frost [hoarig-frost, Sax.] the congelations of dew in frosty
mornings on the grass, &c.

HOAR-Frost, is generated when the vapours near the earth are con­
gealed by the coldness of the night; which is only in winter time,
when the cold is predominant. The difference between dew and
hoar-frost, is, that mists turn to dew, if they consist of drops of wa­
ter; but into hoar-frost, when they consist of vapours that are frozen
before, or are congealed in their passage down to the earth.

HOARD, subst. [hord, Sax.] a store laid up in secret, a hidden trea­
sure. This providential reserve, this hoard that was stowed in the
strata underneath. Woodward.

To HOARD, verb neut. to make hoards, to lay up store. Nor cared
to hoard for those whom he did breed. Spenser.

To HOARD, verb act. To lay any thing in hoards, to store secretly.
They hoard him up as misers do their grandam gold. Dryden.

HO＇ARDER [of hoard] one that hoards or stores up in secret. Hoard­
ers of money. Locke.

HO＇ARHOUND, subst. [marrubium, Lat.] a plant of the verticillate
kind, with a lip flower consisting of one leaf, whose upper lip or
crest is upright, with two horns, but the under-lip or beard is divided
into three parts. Miller. Hoarhound has its leaves and flower-cup
covered very thick, with a white hoariness. It is famous for the re­
lief it gives in moist asthmas, and in all diseases of the breast and
lungs, of which a thick and viscous matter is the cause; but it is now
little used. Hill.

HOA＇RINESS [of hoar] whiteness by reason of age, mould, &c.
Dryden.

HOARSE [of heersch, Du. heisch, Ger. heese, Su. or has, Sax.]
having a rough voice, as with cold, having a rough sound. Without
hawking or spitting, or saying we are hoarse. Shakespeare.

HOA＇RSELY, with hoariness, or with a hoarse voice. Dryden.

HOA＇RSENESS [hasnesse, Sax.] a roughness of voice.

HO＇ARY [of hoarig, or harian, har, harung, Sax.] 1. White,
whitish. The hoary willows. Addison. 2. White with age. The
hoary old prince. Knolles. 3. White with frost. Hoary headest frosts.
Shakespeare. 4. White with moldiness, mossy, rusty. Hoary mould­
ed bread. Knolles.

To grow HOARY [harian, Sax.] to grow grey-headed, to grow
white with age, frost, mouldiness, &c.

HOB. 1. A contraction of Robin. 2. A clown.

HO＇BNOB. This is probably corrupted from habnab, by a coarse
pronunciation; see HABNAB. Hobnob is his word, give＇t or take＇t.
Shakespeare.

To HO＇BBLE [of hobben, hobbelen, or huppelen, Du. or from to
hop, to hopple, to hobble. Johnson] 1. To limp, to go lame or auk­
wardly upon one leg more than the other, leaning now to this side,
then to that, to hitch. A kind of hobbling march. Addison. 2. To
move roughly or unevenly. Feet being ascribed to verses, whatever
is done with feet is likewise applied to them. Untunable hobbling
verse. Dryden.

HO＇BBLE, subst. [from the verb] uneven, aukward walk or gait.
One of his heels is higher than the other, which gives him a hobble in
his gait. Swift.

HO＇BBLER [prob. of hobble] one who limps or goes lame.

HO＇BBLERS [in our antient customs] men, who by their tenure,
were obliged to keep a little light nag or horse for certifying of any
invasion towards the sea-side; also certain Irish knights, who rode on
hobbies, serving as light-horse men. For twenty hobblers armed the
Irishmen were so called, because they serv＇d on hobbies, he paid six­
pence a piece per diem. Davies.

HO＇BBLINGLY, adv. [of hobble] aukwardly, with a halting gait.

HO＇BBY [hobbie, Du. hobereau, Fr.] a sort of hawk. Bacon.

HO＇BBY [hoppe, Dan. and Goth. a horse, hobin, Fr. a pacing
horse] a little Irish or Scottish nag, a pacing horse, a highland
garran.

HOBBY, or HOBBY-Horse. 1. A stick, with a horse＇s head at the
end of it, for children to ride on. Like aged Socrates on his boy＇s
hobby-horse. Glanville. 2. A stupid fellow. These hobby-horses must
not near. Shakespeare.

HOB-GOBLIN [as Skinner thinks for Rob-goblins, a corruption of
Robin-goodfellow, hob being the nickname of Robin; but more pro­
bably according to Wallis and Junius, hob-goblins, empusæ, because
they do not move their feet: whence, says Wallis, came the boys
play of fox in the hole, the fox always hopping on one leg] Ima­
ginary apparitions, spirits, fairies.

HO＇BIT [in gunnery] a sort of small mortars, of use for annoying
of an enemy at a distance with small bombs.

HO＇BNAIL, subst. [of hobby and nail] a nail used in shoing a hob­
by or little horse, a nail with a thick strong head. Shakespeare.

HO＇BNAILED, adj. [of hobnail] set with hobnails. Hobnail＇d shoes.
Dryden.

HO＇BSON＇s-Choice. Tobias Hobson was a carrier who lived in Cam­
bridge, and was the first in this island who let out hackney horses:
and observing that the scholars rid hard, his manner was to keep a
large stable of horses, with boots, bridles, and whips, &c. to furnish
gentlemen at once, without going from college to college to borrow,
as they have done since his death. He kept a stable of forty good
cattle, always ready, and fit for travelling; but when a man came
for a horse, he was sent into the stable, where there was a very great
choice; but he obliged him to take the horse which stood next the
stable door: So that every customer was alike served, according to
his chance; and every horse ridden with the same justice: From whence
it became a proverb, when what ought to be your election, was forced
upon you, to say Hobson＇s Choice.

HO＇CCUS Salis [in doomsday-book] a hoke or small pit of salt.

HO＇CHSTET, a town of Swabia in Germany, 25 miles north-east of
Ulm.

HOCK, the same with hough [hoh, Sax. hock, Du.] the joint be­
tween the knee and setlock, the small end, or knuckle of a gammon
of bacon.

HOCK, or HOCA [hoc, Fr.] a game at cards.

HOCK, or HO＇CKAMORE [old hock, rhenish wine] so called from
the village of Hockheim on the Mayne, opposite to Mentz, where is
supposed to be the best growth. Wine becomes sharp as in hock.
Floyer. As unfit to bottle as old hockamore. Mortimer.

To HOCK, verb act. [from the noun] to cut beasts in the hock or
hough, so as to disable them.

HO＇CKHERB [of hock and herb] a plant, the same with mallows.
Ainsworth.

To HO＇CKLE [of hoh, Sax. q. d. to houghle] to hamstring, or cut the
joints about the ham or hock. Hanmer.

HOCK-Tide [of heah-tid, Sax. hooghan-tide, Du. q. d. hichtydt, O.
and L. Ger. hochteit, H. Ger.] a time of scorning and triumphing;
though, in reality, it signifies no more than a high time, or festival;
and in the modern German, a wedding. The Danes having reigned
in England twenty-six years, and tyrannized two hundred and fifty-
five, the English, enraged at their oppressors, slew most of the Danes







in one night, &c. by way of surprize; and so got rid of their trou­
blesome masters. It consisted of such pastimes in the streets, as are
now used at Shrove-tide.

HOCK-Tuesday Money, a tribute anciently paid to the landlord, for
giving his tenants and bondmen leave to celebrate hock-Tuesday, or
hoke-day, in commemoration of the expulsion of the Danes.

HO＇CUS-Pocus [a humorous term] a juggler, one who shews tricks
by leger-de-main, or slight of hand.

HOCUS-Pocus [q. d. hoc est corpus, a corruption of words used by
the Roman catholics, at the consecration of the sacramental bread, ac­
cording to Tillotson. Junius derives it from hocced, Wel. a cheat,
and poke or pokus, a bag, jugglers using a bag for conveyance. It is
corrupted from some words that had once a meaning, which perhaps
cannot be discovered. Johnson] A juggle, a cheat. See REVELAT.
c. v. v. 21. L＇Estrange licentiously uses it in the form of a verb.
This gift of hocus-pocussing, and of discussing matters.

HOD, subst. [corrupted perhaps in contempt from hood, a hod being
carried on the head. Johnson] a sort of a tray with a long handle, for
carrying mortar for masons to work with.

HO＇DDESDON, a market-town of Hartfordshire, on the river Lee,
19 miles from London.

HO＇DDY, Scot. well-disposed, pleasant, jocund, in good humour.

HODGE [with the vulgar] a nickname for Roger; also a country
clown.

HO＇DEGOS [οδηγος, Gr.] a guide.

HODGE-Podge, subst. [haché, poché, hochepot, quasi, hachis en pot, Fr.]
a dish of meat cut in pieces, and stewed together with several sorts of
other things, a medly of sundry incredients. They have made our
English tongue a gallimanfry or hodge-podge of all other speeches.
Spenser.

HODGE Pot [in law] a mixture or putting several tenures together,
for the more equal dividing them.

HODI＇ERNAL, adj. [hodiernus, Lat.] of or pertaining to the present
day or time.

HO＇DMAN [at the university] a young scholar admitted from West­
minster school, to be student in Christ-Church college at Oxford; a
cant word.

HODMAN [of hod and man] a labourer who carries a hod.

HO＇DMANDOD, a fish. The hodmandod or dodman. Bacon.

HO＇DNET, a market-town of Salop, 135 miles from London.

HODOME＇TRICAL, adj. [of οδος, a way, and μετρικος, Gr. pertain­
ing to measure] pertaining to the measuring of any way. It is ap­
plied to the finding the longitude at sea, which is the method of com­
putation of the measure of the way of a ship between place and
place, i. e. of observing the rhumbs and lines on which the ship sails,
and what way she has made.

HOE, subst. [houe, Fr. houwe, Du.] a husbandman＇s tool for cutting
up weeds, whose blade is at right angles with the handles. Mortimer.

To HOE, verb act. [houer, Fr. houwen, Du.] to cut or dig with a
hoe. Mortimer.

HOG [prob. of suge, Sax. soegh, Du. sog, L. Ger. a sow. Skinner;
Wachterus derives it of chok; Purs. of scyth, or of hwch, Camb. Br.]
1. The general name of swine. 2. A castrated boar. 3. A wild
boar in the second year. 4. To bring hogs to a fair market, to sail
of one＇s design. Spectator.
To lose a HOG for a halfpennyworth of tar.
That is, to spare out of season; or run the hazard of losing a great
deal, to save a little. This is in particular the case of those who let
houses, ships, or any thing else run to ruin for want of necessary re­
pairs; and of those who hazard their lives and constitutions, rather
than be at the charge of a little physic.
He has brought his HOGS to a fine market.
Lat. Ad restim ipsi res rediit. Spoken when a man has brought his
circumstances, or any matter, to an ill crisis.

HOGA＇CIUS, or HO＇GGASTER [old records] a young sheep of the
second year, the same as hoggerel; which see.

HO＇GAN-Mogan [hoogen moegend, Du. high and mighty] a title
given to the States of Holland, or the United Provinces of the Ne­
therlands; a cant phrase.

HOG＇COTE, subst. [of hog and cote] a hogsty, a place or house for
hogs. Mortimer.

HO＇GENHINE, one who comes to an inn or house as a guest, and
lies there the third night; after which time the host or landlord was to
be answerable, if he committed any breach of the king＇s peace, while
he continued there.

HO＇GGEREL, subst. a two year old ewe. Ainsworth.

HO＇GGISH, adj. swinish, having the qualities and nature of a hog,
brutish, selfish, greedy. The hoggish shrewdness of her brain.
Sidney.

HO＇GGISHLY, adv. [of hoggish] greedily, selfishly, in the manner
of a hog.

HO＇GGISHNESS [of hoggish; of sugu and nesse, Sax.] swinish na­
ture, selfishness, greediness, brutality.

HOG-Grubber, a hoggish, niggardly fellow; a cant word.

HOGH, subst. [otherwise written ho, how, or hough, from hoogh,
Du.] a hill, a rising ground, a cliff; obsolete.
The western hogh besprinkled with the gore
Of mighty Goemot. Spenser.

HO＇GHERD, subst. [of hog, and hyrd, Sax. a keeper] a keeper of
hogs. Broome.

HOG-Louse, an insect.

HO＇GO [haut gout, Fr.] a high favour or relish; also a stink or noi­
some offensive smell.

HO＇GOE [in cookery] a mess so called from its high favour or
relish.

HO＇GSBEANS, HO＇GSBREAD, HO＇GSFENNEL, or HO＇GSMUSHROOMS,
subst. plants. Ainsworth.

HO＇GSHEAD [hoyshede, C. Br. oxhooft, L. Ger.] 1. A cask or vessel of
liquid measure, containing sixty-three gallons. 2. Any large barrel in
general. They slung up one of their largest hogsheads. Swift.

HOG-Steer, a wild boar three years old.

HOG-Sty, a hut for keeping hogs in to be fed. Swift.

HO＇GWASH [of hog and wash] the draff. or swillings which are gi­
ven to swine. Arbuthnot.

HOI＇DEN, subst. [hœden, Wel. fæmina levioris famæ, Lat.] a ramp­
ing, ill-bred, clownish, aukward wench.

To HOI＇DEN, verb neut. [from the subst.] to romp indecently.
Hoidening with the young apprentices. Swift.

To HOISE up, or To HOIST up, verb act. pret. and part. pass. [of
hoist or hoisted; hausser, Fr.] to list up by strength, to raise aloft.
The engineer hoist up with his own petar. Shakespeare.

HOKE-Day, the Tuesday fortnight after Easter-day; which in old
times was celebrated with rejoicings and sports, in commemoration of
the slaughter of the Danes on that day, and the expelling the rest the
kingdom, in the reign of king Ethelred, A. D. 1002.

HO＇LBECK, a market-town of Lincolnshire, ninety-eight miles from
London.

To HOLD, verb act. [healdan, Sax. holde, Dan. halla, Su. haltan,
Teut. haldan, Goth. holden, houden, or henden, Du. and L. Ger.
halten, H. Ger. held, irr. pret. heod, Sax. hieit, Ger. huid, Dan.
held, or holden, irr. part. pass. heolden, Sax. halten, Ger. houden,
Du.] 1. To lay hold of, to grasp in the hand, to gripe. That hand
which thou dost hold. Shakespeare. 2. To gripe fast, to keep or re­
tain. Hold fast that which is good. 2 Thess. 3. To restrain, to stop.
Men held their hands. Bacon. 4. To contain. 5. To maintain as
an opinion. Men with assurance hold and profess. Locke. 6. To con­
sider as good or bad, to hold in regard. Hold such in esteem. St.
Paul. 7. To have any station. To have a light held us forth from
heaven. Cheyne. 8. To possess, to enjoy. The castle holden by a
garrison. Knolles. 9. To possess in subordination. Of him to hold his
seigniory. Knolles. 10. To suspend, to refrain. Hold thy blow.
Crashaw. 11. To fix to any condition.
His gracious promise you might,
As cause had call＇d him up, have held him to. Shakespeare.
12. To preserve, to keep.
My cloud of dignity
Is held from falling with so weak a wind. Shakespeare.
13. To confine to a certain state. The most high then shewed signs
for them, and held still the flood. 2 Esdras. 14. To detain. It was
not possible that he should be holden of it. Acts. 15. To retain, to
continue. But still he held his purpose to depart. Dryden. 16. To
solemnize, to celebrate. He held a feast in his house. 1 Samuel. 17.
To offer, to propose. Holding forth nothing but piety, charity, and
humility. Temple. 18. To conserve, not to violate. Her husband
heard it, and held his peace. Numbers. 19. To manage, to handle
intellectually. Able to hold all arguments. Bacon. 20. To main­
tain. They held them battle a long season. 1 Maccabees. 21. To
form, to plan. The pharisees went and held a council against him.
St. Matthew. 22. To carry on, to continue. Holding his course.
Abbot. 23. To hold forth; to offer, to exhibit. Propositions which
those books hold forth and pretend to teach. Locke. 24. To hold in;
to restrain, to govern by the bridle as a horse. I could scarce hold
him in. Swift. 25. To hold in; to restrain in general. Ye wish they
had held themselves longer in, and not so dangerously flown abroad.
Hooker. 26. To hold off; to keep at a distance. The cave of the
ear doth hold off the found a little from the organ. Bacon. 27. To
hold on; to continue, to protract, to push forward. Holding on his
course to Afric. Raleigh. 28. To hold out; to extend, to stretch
forth. The king held out to Esther the golden sceptre. Esther. 29.
To hold out; to offer, to propose. Fortune holds out these to you as
rewards. B. Johnson. 30. To hold out; to continue to do or suffer.
He cannot long hold out these pangs. Shakespeare. 31. To hold up; to
raise aloft. Does he not hold up his head? Shakespeare. 32. To hold
up; to sustain, to support. As, he holds himself up in virtue. Sidney.

To HOLD, verb neut. 1. To stand, to be right, to be without ex­
ception. This holdeth not in the sea-coasts. Bacon. 2. To continue
unbroken or unsubdued. Our force by land hath nobly held. Shake­
speare. 3. To last, to endure. We see by the peeling of onions,
what a holding substance the skin is. Bacon. 4. To continue. He did
not hold in this mind long. L＇Estrange. 5. To refrain.
His dauntless heart would fain have held
From weeping, but his eyes rebell＇d. Dryden.
6. To stand up for, to adhere. If they hold to their principles. Hale.
7. To be dependent on. Great princes tho＇ holding of him. Sidney.
8. To derive right. I therefore hold from that which first made kings.
Dryden. 9. To hold forth; to harangue, to speak in public, to set
forth publicly. A petty conjurer telling fortunes, held forth in the
market-place. L＇Estrange. 10. To hold in; to restrain one＇s self. I
am weary with holding in. Jeremiah. 11. To hold in; to continue in
luck. A duke held in a great many hands. This seems to be laying
stakes at any game. 12. To hold off; to keep at a distance without
closing with offers. With a perverse coyness we hold off. Decay of
Piety. 13. To hold on; to continue, not to be interrupted. The
trade held on for many years. Swift. 14. To hold on; to proceed. He
held on. L＇Estrange. 15. To hold out; to last, to endure. They dis­
sipate and cannot hold out. Bacon. 16. To hold out; not to yield, not
to be subdued. The Spaniards sore charged by Achimetes, had much
ado to hold out. Knolles. 17. To hold together; to be joined. Those
old Gothic castles made at several times hold together. Dryden. 18.
To hold together; to remain in union. Robbers, who break with all
the world besides, must keep faith amongst themselves, or else they
cannot hold together. Locke. 19. To hold up; to support one＇s self.
Obstinate minds, without the assistance of philosophy, could have held
up pretty well of themselves. Tillotson. 20. To hold up; not to be
foul weather. It may hold up and clear. Hudibras. 21. To hold up;
to continue the same speed. Why could not he hold up. Collier.
A man may HOLD his tongue in an ill time.
Lat. Amyclas silentium perdidit. The Amycleans had been so often
alarmed with false reports of their enemy coming upon them, that they
at last made a law, forbidding any man, under severe penalty, to
bring or tell such news: upon which it happened, that when they
were indeed attacked, they were surprized and overcome. Thus si­
lence may sometimes be of prejudice, though, perhaps, it is oftener
on the other side of the question.

HOLD, has the appearance of an interjection, but is the imperative
mood. Forbear, stop, be still;
Hold, hold! are all thy empty wishes such. Dryden.








HOLD, subst. [from the verb; a hunting term] 1. A cover or
shelter for deer, and wild beasts. 2. [Heald, Sax.] prison, place of
custody. They lay him in hold. Hooker. 3. Custody.
King Richard he is in the mighty hold
Of Bolingbroke. Shakespeare.
4. Power, influence. Gives fortune no more hold of him than of ne­
cessity he must. Dryden. 5. The act of seizing, gripe, grasp, seizure.
Many things they cannot lay hold on at once. Hooker. 6. Something
to be held, support. An high place without rails or good hold. Ba­
con. 7. Catch, power of seizing or keeping. The law hath yet
another hold on you. Shakespeare. 8. A fortified place, a fort. To
leave no hold behind him. Spenser. 9. Hold of a Ship, that part be­
tween the keelson and the lower deck, where the goods, stores, &c.
are laid up. Now a sea into the hold was got. Dryden.

HOLD, in the old glossaries, is mentioned in the same sense with
wold, i. e. a governor or chief officer; but in some other place for
love, as holdlic, lovely. Gibson＇s Camden.

HOLD Fast, subst. [of hold and fast] 1. An iron hook, in the shape
of the letter S, fixed in a wall to support it. 2. Any thing which takes
hold, a catch, a hook. Teeth are furnished with hold-fasts suitable
to the stress they are put to. Ray. 3. A joiner＇s tool.

To HOLD off [in sea language] is to hold the cable fast with nip­
pers, or else to bring it to the jeer capstan, when in heaving it is stiff,
and apt to slip back.

To HOLD Water, is to stop a boat by a particular way of turning
the oar.

HO＇LDEN, part pass. [of to hold] See To HOLD.

HO＇LDER [of hold] 1. One that holds or grasps any thing in his
hand. Mortimer. 2. A tenant, one that holds lands under another.
Carew.

HOLDER-FORTH [of hold and forth] one who speaks in public, an
haranguer, a preacher, in contempt. Seeing the holder-forth. Ad­
dison.

HO＇LDING, subst. [of hold] 1. Tenure, farm. Carew. 2. It some­
times signifies the burthen or chorus of a song. Hanmer. The hold­
ing every man shall beat. Shakespeare.

HOLE [hole, Sax. hol, Du. hole, Ger. huule, Dan. hols, Su.] 1.
A cavity narrow and long, either perpendicular or horizontal. In
holes and caverns the air is often detained. Burnet. 2. A perforation,
a small interstitial vacuity. Linen that has small holes. Boyle. 3. A
cave, a hollow place. A precious ring that lightens all the hole.
Shakespeare. 4. A cell of an animal. A tortoise spends all his days
in a hole. L＇Estrange. 5. A mean habitation. Hole is generally used,
unless in speaking of manual works, with some degree of dislike or
contempt; as, a doghole. 6. Some subterfuge or shift. Ainsworth.

HO＇LIDOM, or HA＇LIDOM [of haligdom, Sax. fanctity, or holy
judgment, or of holy dame, i. e. the Virgin Mary] an ancient oath,
by the blessed lady. Shakespeare.

HO＇LILY, adv. [of holy] 1. Piously, religiously. Shakespeare. 2.
Inviolably, without breach. Friendship so holily was observed to the
last. Sidney.

HO＇LINESS [of halignesse, Sax.] 1. Piety, fanctity, religious
goodness. The holiness of the professors is decayed. Bacon. 2. The
state of being hallowed, dedication to religion; as, the holiness of a
place. 3. The title of the pope.

HOLI＇PPÆ [with physicians] small cakes or wafers made of wheat­
flour and sugar, tempered with a medicinal liquor.

HOLLA＇, interj. [hola, Fr.] a word used in calling any one at a
distance.
List. list, I hear
Some far off holla break the silent Air. Milton.
who seems to use it in a substantive form.

To HOLLA, verb neut. [from the interjection.] This word is now
vitiously written hollo by the best authors, sometimes holloo, and some­
times hollow. In his ear I＇ll hollo. Shakespeare.

HO＇LLAND, subst. fine linen made in Holland. Dryden.

HO＇LLAND [prob. q. d. hollow land, because it abounds with ditches
full of water] a place in Lincolnshire.

HOLLAND, one of the United Provinces: it is about 100 miles
long, from north to south; and about 30 broad, from east to west;
but enjoys the greatest trade of any province in the world; and in
point of strength and riches, is equal to the other six United Provin­
ces. Sir William Temple says, Holland is a country where the earth
is better than the air, and profit more in request than honour; where
there is more sense than wit, more good nature than good humour,
and more wealth than pleasure; where a man would rather chuse to
travel, than to live; and will find more things to observe, than de­
sire; and more persons to esteem, than love.

HOLLAND, is also the name of the south-east division of Lin­
colnshire.

HO＇LLOW [hol, of holian, Sax. holligh, Du. hal, Ger. holig, Su.]
1. Having a cavity within, not solid. 2. Noisy, like sound reverbera­
ted from a cavity. Such a blast and hollow roar. Dryden. 3. Not
faithful, not sound, not what one appears. Hollow church papists.
Bacon.

HOLLOW, subst. 1. A cavity. Some vault or hollow. Bacon. 2.
Cavern, den, hole. This gaping hollow of the earth. Shakespeare.
3. Pit. An unsightly hollow. Addison. 4. Any opening or vacuity.
He touched the hollow of his thigh. Genesis. 5. Passage, canal. The
main hollow of the aqueduct. Addison.

HOLLOW [in architecture] a concave moulding, being about a qua­
drant of a circle; the same as some call a casement, and others an
abacus.

HOLLOW Tower [in fortification] is a rounding made of the re­
mainder of two brisures, to join the curtain to the orillon; where the
small shot are played, that they may not be so much exposed to the
view of the enemy.

To HOLLOW, verb act. [holian, Sax. hola, Su. holen, Ger.] to
make hollow.

To HOLLOW, verb neut. [this is written by neglect of etymology
for holla. See HOLLA] to shout, to hoot. I do not hoot and hollow
and make a noise. Addison.

HOLLOW-ROOT [of hollow and root] a plant. Ainsworth.

HO＇LLOWLY, adv. [of hollow] 1. With cavities. 2. Unfaithfully,
with insincerity.
Try your penitence; if it be sound,
Or hollowly put on. Shakespeare.

HO＇LLOWNESS [of hollow] 1. The state of having a cavity, a cavity.
2. Treachery, insincerity. The hardness of most hearts, the hollowness
of others. South.

HOLLOW Square [in the military art] is a body of foot drawn up
with an empty space in the middle, for the colours, drums, and bag­
gage, facing every way, and covered by the pikes to oppose the
horse.

HO＇LLY [holeyn, Sax.] a sort of tree. The leaves are set about the
edges with long, sharp, stiff prickles; the berries are small, round,
and generally red, containing four triangular striated seeds in each.
There are several species, some variegated in the leaves, some with
yellow berries, and some with white. Miller.

HOLLY-BUSH [prob. q. holy bush] i. e. on account of its being set
up in churches; or as tho＇ it were the bush in which the lord appeared
to Moses.

HO＇LLYHOCK [holihoc, Sax. commonly called and written holyoak]
rosemallow. It is in every respect larger than the common mallow;
its leaves are rougher, and its flowers, which are in some species dou­
ble, adhere closely to the stalk. They flower in July. Miller.

HOLLY-ROSE, or HOLLY-TREE, subst. names of plants. Ains­
worth.

HOLM [holme, or howme, holme, Sax.] 1. Either single or joined to
other words, signifies a river-island, or a place surrounded with wa­
ter. But if this signification be not applicable to some places, then it
may probably signify a hill, or any rising ground, or plain grassy
ground by the water-side. 2. The evergreen oak or ilex.

HO＇LOCAUST, subst. [holocauste, Fr. olocosto, It. holocausto, Sp. holo­
caustum, Lat. of ολοκαυστον, from ολος and καιω, Gr. to burn] a sacri­
fice, where the whole is burnt on the altar, or consumed by fire. An
holocaust, or burnt offering, to be consumed into ashes. Brown. An
holocaust, or an entire sacrifice. Broome.

HO＇LOGRAMMON [of ολος, and γραμμα, Gr. a letter] a will written
all with the testator＇s own hand.

HO＇LOGRAPH [ολογραϕον, from ολος, whole, and γραϕω, Gr. to write]
a will all written with the testator＇s own hand. This word is used in
the Scottish law to denote a deed written altogether by the granter＇s
own hand.

HOLO＇METER [of ολος, whole, and μετρον, Gr. measure] a mathe­
matical instrument serving universally for taking all sorts of measures,
both on the earth and in the heavens.

HOLO＇STEON [ολοστεον, Gr.] the herb stitch-wort.

HOLP, or HO＇LPEN, the old pret. and part. pass. of to help. See
To HELP.
His great love, sharp as his spur, hath holp him
To＇s home before us. Shakespeare.
In a long trunk the found is holpen. Bacon.

HO＇LSOM [in sea language] is used of a ship, which, when she will
hull, try and ride well without labouring, is then said to be holsom.

HOLSTE＇IN, a dutchy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony,
100 miles long, and 50 broad. It is bounded by Sleswic on the
south, Jutland on the north, by the Baltic sea and the dutchy of Saxe-
Lawenburg on the east, by the river Elbe on the south, and by the
German sea on the west.

HO＇LSTER, subst. [heolster, Sax. holster, Du.] leather cases for
pistols to be carried on horseback. Hudibras.

HOLT, either at the beginning of the name of a place, as Holton,
or at the end, denotes, the place did anciently abound with wood, or
is now woody; from the Sax. holt, a wood; or sometimes, possibly,
from the Sax. hol, i. e. hollow, especially when the name ends in tun
or dun. Gibson＇s Camden.

HO＇LY [halig, hælig, or hælg, from hal, Sax. healthy, or in a
state of salvation; heyligh, Du. hillig, O. and L. Ger. heilig, H. Ger.
hellig, Dan. helig, Su. which some will force from αγιος, Gr. but they
might as well say of sanctus, Lat.] 1. Sacred. An evil soul pro­
ducing holy witness. Shakespeare. 2. Hollowed, consecrated to divine
use. State holy or unhallowed. Shakespeare. 3. Pious, good. A
holy man. Shakespeare. 4. Pure, immaculate. The most holy God.
South.

HOLYBUT, a fish.

HO＇LYDAY, subst. [of holy and day] 1. The day of some ecclesi­
astical festival. 2. Anniversary feast. They kept that day as one of
their solemn holy days. Knolles. 3. A day of gaiety and joy. The
holy-day time of my beauty. Shakespeare. 4. A time that comes sel­
dom. Courage is but a holy-day kind of virtue to be seldom exercised.
Dryden.

HO＇LIHOCK, or HO＇LYHOCK [holihoc, Sax.] a flower, a kind of
garden mallows. See HO＇LLYHOCK.

HOLY Ghost, subst. [of halig and gast, Sax.] the third person of
the adorable trinity.

HOLY Ghost [in heraldry] as a cross of the Holy Ghost, has a circle
in the middle, and on it the Holy Ghost in figure of a dove; the four
arms are drawn narrow from the centre, and widening towards the
end; and there the returning lines divide each of them into two sharp
points: upon each of which is a pearl; and four fleurs-de-lis issue from
the intervals of the circle, between the arms.
Order of the HOLY-GHOST, the principal military order in France,
instituted by Henry III, in 1569. It consists of an hundred knights,
who are to make proof of their nobility for three descents. The
king is the grand master or sovereign. The knights wear a golden
cross, hung about their necks by a blue silk ribbon or collar. But be­
fore they receive the order of the Holy Ghost, that of St. Michael is
conferred, as a necessary degree; and for this reason their arms are
surrounded with a double collar.

HOLY Mysteries that were brought to Light [hieroglyphically] were
by the Egyptians represented by a crab-fish; because it lives in holes
under the rocks.








HOLY-Rood-Day, a festival, otherwise called the exaltation of the
cross.

Knights of the HOLY Sepulchre, an order of knighthood founded by
a British lady, St. Helena, after she had visited Jerusalem, and found
the cross of our blessed Saviour.

HOLY Thursday, a festival observed ten days before Whitsuntide,
upon the account of our Saviour＇s ascension.

HOLY Water Sprinkle [with hunters] the tail of a fox.

HOLY Week, the last week in Lent, the week immediately before
Easter.

HOLY Year, the year of jubilee.

HO＇MAGE [hommage, Fr. ommaggio, It. omenáge, Sp. homagium,
low Lat. of homo, Lat. a man; because when the tenant takes the
oath, he says, ego devenio homo vester, i. e. I become your man] 1. In the
general and literal sense, denotes the reverence, respect, and submis­
sion, which a person yields his master, lord, prince, &c. by external
action, obeisance in general. To this both knights and dames their
homage made. Dryden. 2. Service paid and fealty professed to a sove­
reign or superior lord. The chiefs in a solemn manner did their
homages. Davies.

HOMAGE [in law] is an engagement of promise or fidelity, which
is rendered to the lord by the vassal or tenant who holds a fee, when
he is admitted to it.

HOMAGE Ancestral, is where a man and his ancestors have held
land of the lord and his ancestors time out of mind by homage.

Plain HOMAGE, is where no oath of fidelity is taken.

HOMAGE Liege, a more extensive kind of homage, where the vassal
held of the lord not only for his land, but for his person.

HOMAGE of Devotion, is a donation made the church, and imports
not any duty or service at all.

HOMAGE of Peace, is that which a person makes to another after a
reconciliation.

To HO＇MAGE, verb act. [from the subst.] to reverence by external
action, to profess fealty.

HO＇MAGEABLE, adj. [of homage] subject or liable to do homage;
also pertaining to homage.

HO＇MAGER [hommageur, Fr.] one who pays homage, one who
holds by homage of some superior lord. The duke of Bretagne his
homager. Bacon.

HOMA＇GIO Respectuando, Lat. a writ directed to the escheator, re­
quiring him to deliver possession of lands to the heir, who is of full
age, tho＇ his homage be not done.

HOMA＇GIUM Reddere, Lat. was renouncing homage, when a vas­
sal made a solemn declaration of disowning and denying his lord.

HOME, subst. [ham, or hæm, Sax. heem, O. and L. Ger. heim,
H. Ger. heimme, Dan. heima, Teut. and Celt. haim, Goth.] 1. One＇s
own or private dwelling. I＇m now from home. Shakespeare. 2.
One＇s own country. Their native home. Atterbury. 3. House,
place of abode, or of constant residence. The home of war. Prior.
4. When joined with a substantive it signifies domestic. Or home com­
modities. Bacon.
HOME is HOME, though it be never so homely.
Fr. Il n＇y a rien tel que d＇étre chez soi.
There is nothing like being at HOME.
Lat. Domus amica, domus optima.
Gr. Οιχος ϕιλος, οιχος αριστος.
It. Più pro fà, il pan sciutto à casa sua che l＇arosto fuori.
(Better dry bread at home, than roast meat at abroad.)
Ger. Ost i pest, zu hause best:
(East or west, at home is best) Or,
Eignener heerd is goldes wehrt.
(One＇s own hearth is worth gold:) or again.
Wer da will haben gut gemath, der bleib daheim unter seinem tach:
He that will be at ease, let him remain under his own roof.
The meaning is, that we are generally more at our ease, and better
satisfied with homely plain cheer at home, than with dainties abroad:
a hankering after variety will, however, sometimes get the mastery.

One＇s Long HOME, the grave.

HOME, adv. [from the subst.] 1. To one＇s own habitation. Home
he carries it. Locke. 2. To one＇s own country. 3. Close to one＇s
own breast or affairs. A consideration that comes home to our interest.
Addison. 4. It is likewise used both as an adjective, and signifies ef­
fectual, as a home-thrust, home-proof, and as an adverb, and signifies
to the purpose, to the utmost, closely, fully; as, to speak-home, &c.

HO＇ME-BORN, adj. [of home and born] 1. Natural, native. Home­
born intrinsic harm. Donne. 2. Domestic, not foreign. With Home­
born lyes or tales from foreign lands. Pope.

HOME-BRED, adj. [of home and bred] 1. Natural, native. Home­
bred lusts. Hammond. 2. Not polished by travel, plain, rude. Only
to me two home-bred youth belong. Dryden. 3. Domestic, not foreign.
By home-bred fury rent. J. Philips.

HO＇ME-FELT, adj. [of home and felt] inward, private. Homefelt
delight. Milton.

HO＇MELINESS [of homely] plainness, unadornedness, want of beauty,
&c. rudeness, simplicity. The homeliness of some of his sentiments.
Addison.

HO＇MELILY, adv. [of homely] rudely, inelegantly.

HO＇MELY, adj. [from home, q. d. such as is commonly worn at
home] unadorned, not handsome, course, plain, rude, homespun,
not fine. Homely without loathsomeness. Sidney.

HOMELY, adv. plainly, coarsely, rudely. His father homely drest.
Dryden.

HO＇MELYN, subst. a kind of fish. Ainsworth.

HO＇ME-MADE, adj. [of home and made] made at home, not ma­
nufactured in foreign parts. Home-made commodities. Locke.

HO＇MER, subst. a measure of about three pints. Leviticus.

HO＇ME-SPUN, adj. [of home and spun] 1. Unpolished, clownish,
coarse, rude, homely. Home-spun cotton. Sandys. 2. Spun or
wrought at home, not made by regular manufacturers. Home-spun
coifs. Swift. 3. Not made in foreign countries. Home-spun ware.
Addison.

HOME-SPUN, subst. a coarse, rude, untaught, rustic man. What
hempen home-spuns. Shakespeare.

HOME＇RICAL, adj. pertaining to the poet Homer.

HO＇MESTAL, or HO＇MESTEAD, subst. [of ham, and stall or
stede, Sax.] the place of the house. Both house and homestead into
seas are borne. Dryden.

HO＇MESOKEN [ham and socn, Sax.] freedom from an amercement
or fine for entering houses violently, and without licence.

HO＇MEWARD, or HO＇MEWARDS, adv. [of ham-peard, Sax.] to­
wards home, towards the place of residence.

HOMICI＇DAL, adj. [of homicide] murtherous, bloody. Homicidal
rage. Pope.

HO＇MICIDE, subst. Fr. [omicida, It. homicída, Sp. and Lat.] a
man-slayer, a murderer. Hector comes the homicide. Dryden.

HOMICIDE [omicido, It. homicído, Sp. homicidium, Lat.] man­
slaughter, murder. Hooker. 2. Destruction. In the following line
it is not proper. The homicide of names is less than lives. Dryden.

Casual HOMICIDE, when the slayer kills a man, &c. by meer
mischance.

Voluntary HOMICIDE, is when it is deliberate, and committed de­
signedly on purpose to kill, either with precedent malice, or without:
the former is murder; the latter only manslaughter.

HOMILE＇TICAL, adj. [ομιλητικος, Gr.] social, conversible.

HOMILETICAL Virtues, are virtuous habits required in all men of
all conditions, for the regulating their mutual conversation. His vir­
tues active chiefly and homiletical. Atterbury.

HO＇MILIST [of homily] a writer of homilies.

HO＇MILY [of homelie, Fr. omelia, It. homilia, Sp. and Lat. ομιλια, of
ομιλω, Gr. to make a speech] a plain discourse made to the people,
instructing them in matters of religion. Upon festival days the subject
of the homily was constantly the business of the day. Hammond.

HO＇MINE Eligendo, &c. a writ directed to a corporation for the
choice of a new man, to keep one part of the seal, appointed for
statutes-merchant, when another person is dead.

HOMINE Replegiando, a writ to bail a man out of prison.

HOMINE Capto, &c. a writ to take him, who has conveyed any
bond-man or woman out of the county, so that he or she cannot be
replevy＇d according to law.

HOMINI＇COLÆ [of homo, a man, and colo, Lat. to worship] a
name by which the Apollinarians denominated all those, who, with pope
Damasus and St. Basil, affirmed Christ to be a compound of two intelli­
gent minds, one divine, and the other human; and consequently, if wor­
shipping the latter at all, were worshippers of a MAN; whereas the
Apollinarians knew no other object of this mediatorial worship, besides
that divine person, who had glory with the FATHER before all ages;
and had now assumed a body for our sakes. “We therefore (said the
APOLLINARIANS) are worshippers of a GOD; but you (that make in
effect TWO PERSONS of Christ) are worshippers of a man.” THEO­
DORET, in the Dialogues ascribed by Petavius to him, thought to ward
off this stroke, by observing, “that the Apollinarians themselves wor­
shipped a God united to a body.” But with submission, if he thought
to RETORT the charge of being man-worshippers upon them, he was
mistaken here; the cases being widely different: for he that worships
a GOD united to a body, pays no worship to the BODY, but to that
GOD who dwells in it: whereas he that professes to worship a COM­
POUND of TWO INTELLIGENT AGENTS, the one divine, and the other
human, must either EXCLUDE the latter; and if so, what becomes of
those words, “that in the name of Jesus every knee should bow?”
Or if forced by these and the like scriptures to INCLUDE the man in
the act of worship, still as the GOD must be worshiped too, a new dif­
ficulty will arise, viz. the necessity of applying two different kinds of
worship, supreme, and subordinate, to ONE and THE SELF SAME IN­
DIVIDUAL PERSON. However, in justice to the old consubstantialists, it
should not be dissembled, that they did not (if I understand Theodoret
aright) proceed so far as this; they had indeed espoused that notion,
which St. Irenæus combats, of two intelligent minds or spirits in the
ONE person of Christ; but I do not find as yet they appropriated any
worship to the human spirit; no,—nor would they allow the latter to
be a το ηγεμονικον, or ruling principle; (for that Theodoret expressly de­
nies) But addressed their worship to that divine person, which dwelt in
the man; and to whom the human spirit was subjected (upon their
scheme) in much the same manner, as a musical instrument is to the ar­
tist＇s will and hand, that plays upon it; as himself observes in the pro­
cess of that debate. The PASSAGES referred to in THEODORET are ta­
ken from Dialog. VII. Advers. Apollinar. Ed. Paris, p. 404, 389,
405. See DIMERITÆ, CERINTHIANS and NESTORIANS, compared.
See also the word [GRACE] and read there, CLEM. ALEX. STROM.
p. 615.

HOMOCE＇NTRIC, adj. [of ομος, joint, or the same, and κεντρον, Gr.
a centre] having the same centre, concentrical.

HOMO-DROMUS Vectis [in mechanics] is such a leaver, where the
weight is in the middle, between the power and the fulcrum; or the
power in the middle, between the weight and the fulcrum.

HOMOIO＇PTOTON [ομοιοπτωτον, Gr. like cased] a rhetorical figure,
where several members of a sentence end in like cases.

HOMOGE＇NEAL, or HOMOGE＇NEOUS, adj. [homogene, Fr. homogeneus,
Lat. of ομογενης, Gr.] being of similar parts, being of the same kind
and nature, suitable to each other. Congregation of homogeneal parts.
Bacon. Homogeneous concretion. Brown.

HOMOGE＇NEOUS, or HOMOGE＇NEAL Light [in optics] that whose
rays are all of one and the same colour, degree of refrangibility and re­
flexibility. The light whose rays are all alike refrangible I call simple,
homogeneal and similar, and that whose rays are some more refrangible
than others I call compound, heterogeneal and dissimilar. Newton.

HOMOGENEOUS Particles [with philosophers] particles that are alto­
gether like one another, being all of the same kind, nature, and pro­
perties; as the small parts of pure water, &c.

HOMOGENEAL Surds [in algebra] are such as have one common
radical sign.

HOMOGE＇NEALNESS, HOMOGENE＇ITY, or HOMOGE＇NEOUSNESS, subst.
the sameness of nature, property, &c. participation of the same princi­
ples, similitude of kind. Similarity or homogeneity of parts. Cheyne.

HOMOGE＇NEUM Comparationis, Lat. [with algebraists] is the abso­
lute number or quantity in a quadratic or cubic equation, and which
always possesses one side of the equation.

HOMO＇GENY, subst. [ομογενια, Gr.] joint nature. Every part retur­
neth to his nature or homogeny. Bacon.

HOMOIME＇RICAL, or rather HOMOIOME＇RICAL Principles, the prin­
ciples of Anaxagoras were so called; which were as follows; He held,
that there were in all mixed bodies (such as flesh, fruits, &c.) determi­
nate numbers of such similar principles, that when they came to become
parts (exempli gratia) of an animal body; would there make such







masses and combinations as the nature of them required, viz. the
sanguinary particles, would then meet altogether, and make blood;
the urinous particles, would make urine; the carneous, flesh; and the
osseous, bones.

HOMOI＇MERY, or HOMOI＇MOMERY [ομοιομερια, of ομοιος, like,
and μερος, Gr. a part] a likeness of parts one to another.

HOMO＇LOGAL, adj. [ομολογος, Gr.] agreeable, or like one another.

HOMO＇LOGOUS, adj. [hom-logue, Fr. ομολογος, Gr.] having the same
ratio, or proportion, agreeable or like to one another.

HOMO＇LOGOUS Quantities, &c. [in geometry] those which are pro­
portionate and like to one another in ration.

HOMOLOGOUS Sides or Angles of two Figures, are such as keep the
same order from the beginning in each figure, as in two similar trian­
gles.

HOMO＇LOGOUSNESS [of homologous] agreeableness, or likeness in
reason or proportion to one another.

HOMO＇LOGOUS Things [in logic] are such as agree only in name,
but are of different natures.

HOMO＇LOGY [ομολογια, Gr.] proportion, agreeableness.

HOMONI＇MITY [of homonymia, Lat. of ομονυμια, Gr.] the signifying
divers things by one word.

HOMONY＇MIA [ομονυμια, Gr.] is when divers things are signified by
one word.

HOMO＇NYMOUS [homonyme, Fr. homonymus, Lat. of ομονυμος, Gr.]
comprehending divers significations under the same word, ambiguous,
equivocal. As words signifying the same thing are called synonimous,
so equivocal words, or those which signify several things, are called
homonymous, or ambiguous; and when persons use such ambiguous
words with a design to deceive, it is called equivocation. Watts.

HOMO＇NYMY, subst. [homonyme, Fr. ομονυμια, Gr.] equivocation,
ambiguity.

HOMO＇OUSIANS [of ομος, jointly, and ουσια, Gr. essence] a name by
which that body of professors in the fourth and succeeding centuries
were denominated, who maintained, first, that the SON, and in process
of time that the Holy Ghost also are of a substance the same in KIND or
SPECIES with GOD the FATHER; not as the moderns understand it,
identically or numerically the fame; for St. Athanasius and his cotem­
poraries disowned this latter sense, as being mere SABELLIANISM. And
when styling the SON coessential or consubstantial with the FATHER, pro­
fessed to intend no more by it than this; that he derived his existence
FROM Him, and was of a substance DISTINCT indeed in number, but the
SAME IN KIND or SPECIES with him; as we have already proved under
the words BEGOTTEN, CIRCUMINCESSION, &c, by many a citation
from St. ATHANASIUS and others. Nor was that writer [as Doctor
WHITBY, in his Disquisitiones Modestæ, imagin＇d) inconsistent with
himself on this head. For tho＇ he speaks sometimes of a ταυτοτη: της
ουσιας, i. e. a sameness of essence; yet he meant no more by this word
also than a sameness in KIND or species, appears from what he says in
his book De Synodis, p. 107, 928, &c. and so Hesychius in his Lexi­
con defines it. And on this foot St. BASIL observed, that Sabellia­
nism is overthrown by the word CONSUBSTANTIAL. “For one and
THE SAME thing (says he) is not CONSUBSTANTIAL to ITSELF, but
one thing to ANOTHER.” Lib. III. Ep. 300. It should not be dis­
sembled, this notion of the old consubstantialists has been long since de­
serted by the schoolmen, and after them by the main body of our modern
divines, as being, I suppose, judged incompatible with the divine na­
ture and unity, and introductory either of DITHEISM or TRITHEISM
under another name. [See ATHENASIANS and MARKII MEDULLA,
p. 64. compared] Tho＇ in justice to the old consubstantialists it should
be observed, that few (if any) of them, in the infancy of this debate,
professed to understand by this term an absolute coequality; as we have
already shewn under the words FIRST Cause, APOSTOLIC Constitutions,
DITHEISM, CO-ORDINATION, GHOST, DIMÆRITÆ [or DIMERITÆ]
compared. Nor indeed did the term itself imply as much; as St. Ire­
næus well observes. Iren. adv. Hereses, Ed. Grabe, p. 147, 148. And
accordingly we find TERTULLIAN the first of all our ecclesiastic writers,
that expresly advanced this notion of a consubstantial production did
not include under it the idea of equality; “For the FATHER (says he,
in his book against Praxeas) is the WHOLE substance; the SON a deriva­
tion from the WHOLE, and a PART.” Tertull. Ed. Coloniæ, p. 608.
And in the same book, he represents the latter as bearing no greater
proportion to the former, than a single ray does to that immense pleni­
tude and mass of light which resides in the whole ORB of the SUN,
p. 610; and descending lower still, I mean to the third person (whom
he derives from the first THRO＇ the second) he represents him (if I＇m
not mistaken) as the “Apex a radiô, or tip of the ray.” p. 608; and
suggests, in the same tract, that the SPIRIT (when speaking in his OWN
PERSON, concerning the FATHER and the SON) styles the latter
“HIS LORD,” in these words; The LORD said unto my Lord, “Sit Thou
at my right band, till I make thy enemies thy footstool.” p. 609. Not to
observe how (with all antiquity) he applied those words in Proverbs,
“the Lord created me [he reads it, condidit me] the beginning of his
ways,” to the Son＇s original production, p. 607. And in his tract
against Hermogenes, who maintained the SELF-EXISTENCE and ABSO­
LUTE ETERNITY of MATTER, he says to him, “How can it be that
any thing should be MORE ANCIENT than God＇s first and only-begotten
Son, and upon that account MORE NOBLE? Not to add, that which is
UNBEGOTTEN is greater in power than what is begotten; and what is
UNMADE [observe his expression] is stronger than what is made: for
that which stood in need of no author, is MUCH SUBLIMER, than that,
which in order to its existing had an author.” Alluding to that SUBLI­
MITY of the UNBEGOTTEN GOD which (as St. CYPRIAN after him well
expressed it) has no COMPEER. TERTULL, adv. Hermog. p. 297. But
to resume his notion of generation or production, this (as by him ex­
plained) was little else than the old Gnostic or Valentinian PROBOLE re­
vived: Himself starts this objection against his scheme, and owns, in
effect, the charge, p. 608. Nay more, appeals in support of this very
doctrine, to that PROPHETIC SPIRIT which spoke in Montanus;—
“Quemadmodum etiam paracletus docet, &c. i. e. GOD produced his
word after that manner, which the PARACLITE also teaches, AS a root
its shrub; a fountain its stream; and SUN its ray: For these kinds
also are PROBOLÆ, [i. e. internal productions and emanations] of those
SUBSTANCES from whence they proceed,” p. 608. and p. 617. He
calls this Paraclete (or spirit which he supposed to have inspired Mon­
tanus) the INTERPRETER of the OECONOMY; tho＇ by his own conses­
sion, it was a scheme regarded with a jealous eye by his contemporaries,
and which had as yet got little or no footing either in the Greek or La­
tin churches, p. 606, 607. If the reader desires to see this most im­
portant piece of church history carried somewhat lower down, he may
compare what has been already offered under the words GNOSTICS,
DOVE, DEITY, and CATAPHRYGIANS, with MONTANISM, NICENE
and LATERAN Councils, PROBOLE＇, and INTERPOLATION. Above all see
the word [FIRST-BORN] and restore the true order, which by a mistake
of the press has been disturbed, by proceeding after the words [another
way] to “I could offer, &c. and read on as far as the words “se­
cond creation.” And then return back to those words, “He is stiled,
&c.

HOMO＇PHAGI, Lat. [of ωμος, raw, and ϕαγω, Gr. to eat] a name gi­
ven by the ancient geographers, to certain people who eat raw flesh.

HOMO＇PLATA, Lat. [ομοπλατη, Gr.] the shoulder-blade.

HOMO＇TONA, Lat. [ομοτονος, Gr.] a continued fever that always acts
alike.

HOMO＇TONOUS, adj. [ομοτονος, Gr.] equable, a term which physi­
cians use of such distempers as keep a constant tenor of rise, state, and
declension. Galen applies it to such continued fevers, as otherwise are
called acmastic.

HOMU＇NCIONATES, orthodox in the fourth century, to whom the
Arians gave that name, by reason they admitted two substances and
two natures in Jesus Christ.

HOMU＇NCIONISTS [of homuncio, Lat. a little man] a sect the same
as Photinians, so called, of denying the two natures of Jesus Christ,
and holding, that he was only mere man.

HOMU＇NCIONITES, heretics who denied the Godhead of Christ, or
such as held that the image of God was impressed on the body, but
not on the mind.

HOMU＇NCULUS＇s [homunculi, Lat. i. e. little men] monkies.

HONE [Junius derives this word from hogsaen, Wel. Skinner, who
is always rational, says Johnson, from hæn, a stone, hænan, Sax. to
stone; and M. Cafaubon of ακονη, Gr.] a fine sort of whetstone for
razors; also any whetstone in general. A hone and a parer to pare
away grass. Tusser.

To HONE, verb neut. [hongian, Sax.] to pine, to long for any
thing.

HO＇NEST, adj. [honeste, honnéte, Fr. onesto, It. honesto, Sp. and Port.
honestus, Lat.] 1. Just, righteous, giving every man his due. 2. Up­
right, true, sincere. An honest and diligent enquiry. Watts. 3. Chaste.
Wives may be merry and yet honest too. Shakespeare. 4. It is used in
a criminal sense for dishonest, base. I＇ll devile some honest slanders.
Shakespeare.

An HONEST Man [hieroglyphically] was represented by a man
with his heart hanging by a chain upon his breast.

HO＇NESTLY, adv. [of honest] 1. Uprightly, justly. Honestly and
innocently designed. Swift. 2. With chastity, modesty.

HO＇NESTY [onestà, It. honestidad, Sp. honestidade, Port. of honesius,
Lat. honestete, honnéteté, Fr.] truth, virtue, principle of justice be­
tween man and man, purity. Goodness as that which makes men
prefer their duty and their promise before their passions or their inte­
rest, and is properly the object of trust, in our language goes by the
name of honesty. Temple.
HONESTY is the best policy.
To which some wickedly add,
But plain-dealing will a beggar die.

HONESTY may be dear bought, but can never be an ill pennyworth.
Because it certainly makes a man a gainer in the end. The Latins
say, Lætins est quoties magno sibi constat honestum.

To HONEST [honesto, Lat.] to dignify.

HO＇NEY [hunig, Sax. hoenigh, Du. honig, Ger. hunning, Dan.
honig, Su.] 1. A sweet juice made by bees; a thick, viscid, fluid sub­
stance, of a whitish or yellowish colour, sweet to the taste, soluble in
water, and becoming vinous on fermentation, inflammable, liquifiable
by a gentle heat, and of a fragrant smell. We have three kinds of
honey; the first and finest is virgin honey, not very firm, and of a fra­
grant smell; it is the first produce of the swarm, obtained by draining
from the combs without pressing. The second is thicker than the first,
often almost solid, procured from the combs by pressure; and the worst
is the common yellow honey extracted by heating the combs over the
fire, and then pressing them. In the flowers of plants, by certain
glands near the basis in the petals, is secreted a sweet juice, which the
bee, by means of its proboscis or trunk, sucks up, swallows it, flies
away with it to the hive, and discharges again from the stomach thro＇
the month into some of the cells of the comb. This honey is destined
for the food of the young offspring; but in hard seasons the bees are
sometimes reduced to the necessity of feeding on it themselves, and die
of hunger after they have eat it all up. Honey is an excellent pecto­
ral, is detergent, aperient and diuretic. Hill. 2. Sweetness, luscious­
ness. A honey tongue. Shakespeare. 3. A name of tenderness. Ho­
ney, you shall be well desir＇d in Cyprus. Shakespeare.
Who hath no HONEY in his pot, ist him have it in his mouth.
He comes too dear by HONEY, who licks it off of thorns.
Fr. Trop achete le miel, qui sur epines le leche. See THORNS.

To HONEY, verb neut. [from the subst.] to talk fondly. Honeying
and making love. Shakespeare.

HONEY-BAG, subst. [of honey and bag] The honey-beg is the sto­
mach. Grew.

HO＇NEY-COMB [honig-cemb, Sax.] that repository the bees make
to save their honey in.

HONEY-COMB [with gunners] a flaw in the metal of a piece of ord­
nance, when it is ill cast.

HO＇NEY-COMBED, adj. [of honey-comb] spoken of a piece of ord­
nance flawed with little cavities by being ill cast. Wiseman.

HO＇NEY-FLOWER [melanthus, Lat.] a plant with a perennial root,
and the appearance of a shrub: The leaves are like those of burnet.
The flower consists of four leaves, sometimes in the shape of a fan,
and at other times conical. The ovary becomes a fruit resembling a
bladder, four-cornered, pregnant, with roundish seeds. This plant
produces large spikes of chocolate coloured flowers in May, in each of
which is contained a large quantity of black sweet liquor, whence it is
supposed to derive its name. Miller.








HO＇NEY GNAT [of honey and gnat; mellio, Lat.] an insect. Ains­
worth.

HO＇NEY-MOON, the first month after marriage, when there is no­
thing but tenderness and pleasure. Addison.

HO＇NEY-SUCKLE [caprifolium, Lat.] woodbine; a plant. It hath a
climbing stalk, which twists itself about whatsoever tree stands near it.
The flowers are tubulous and oblong, consisting of one leaf. The tube of
the flowers is bent, somewhat resembling a huntsman＇s horn. They
are produced in clusters and are very sweet. Miller enumerates ten
species, of which three grow wild in our hedges.

HO＇NEYLESS, adj. [of honey] without honey. Shakespeare.

HO＇NEY-WORT [cerinthe, Lat.] a plant. It hath glancous, deep
green leaves beset with prickles: The flowers are cylindrical in shape
like those of comfrey, and are pendulous. Miller.

HO＇NEY-DEW [of honey and dew] a sweet tasted dew, found early
in a morning on the leaves of divers kinds of plants. Mortimer.

HO＇NFLEUR, a port town of France, in the province of Normandy,
situated on the south side of the river Seyne, near the English Chan­
nel.

HONI soit qui mal y pense, Fr. i. e. Evil (or rather shame) to him
that evil thinks of it. The motto of the most noble order of the
knight of the garter.

HO＇NITON, a borough town of Devonshire, 156 miles from London.
It sends two members to parliament.

HO＇NORABLE. See HO＇NOURABLE.

HO＇NORARY, adj. [honorarius, Lat.] 1. Done in honour. Hono­
rary arches erected. Addison. 2. Conferring honour without gain.
Little honorary rewards. Addison.

HONORARY Counsellors, such as have a right to sit in assemblies,
courts, &c.

HONORI＇FIC, adj. [honorificus, Lat.] bringing honour.

HO＇NOUR [honor, Lat. honneur, Fr. onore, It. honra, Sp. and Port.]
1. Respect or reverence paid to a person, due veneration. This is a
duty in the fifth commandment required towards our prince and our
parent, under the name of honour. Rogers. 2. Fame, reputation,
glory. An ill husband of his honour. Bacon. 3. Chastity, modesty.
Be she honour flaw＇d. Shakespeare. 4. High rank, dignity. 5. The
title of a man of rank. His honour and myself. Shakespeare. 6. Sub­
ject of praise.
The clearest gods who make them honours
Of man＇s impossibilities, have preserv＇d thee. Shakespeare.
7. Nobleness of mind, magnanimity, scorn of meanness. If by ho­
nour is meant any thing distinct from conscience, ＇tis no more than a
regard to the censure and esteem of the world. Rogers. 8. Dignity of
mien.
With native honour, clad
In naked Majesty, seem＇d lords of all. Milton.
9. Boast, glory. The honour of his profession. Burnet. 10. Public
mark of respect. In honour of the dead. Atterbury. 11. Privileges
of rank or birth. Restored to me my honours. Shakespeare. 12. Ci­
vilities paid. To do the honours, and to give the word. Pope. 13.
Ornament. The honours of his head. Dryden. 14. At cards, a court
card.

HONOUR is or should be the reward of virtue; and he that aspires
after it, ought to arrive at it in the paths of virtue. This the Romans
intimated very significantly, by building the temple of honour in such
a manner, that there was no coming at it without passing through the
temple of virtue. Kings are called fountains of honour; because it is
in their power to bestow titles and dignities.
Where HONOUR ceaseth, there knowledge decreaseth.
Lat. Honos alit artes. Cic. Fr. L＇Honneur nourit les arts.
HONOUR and ease are seldom bedfellows:
For it generally is attended with great care and solicitude, and a hun­
dred other inconveniencies, which keep ease at too great a distance
from it.
HONOURS change manners. Lat. Honores mutant mores.
As poverty depresses a man＇s mind, so honours and preferment do (or
at least ought) to enlarge it; and so far it is good: But they very of­
ten likewise corrupt it, and make it haughty and untoward. The rea­
son is pretty obvious. The French say as we: Les honneurs changent
les mæurs.

HO＇NOURS, plur. of honour; which see [honores, Lat.] dignities,
preferments; also court or pictured cards, that are the highest trumps
at the game called whisk, or whist.

HONOUR [in a law sense] the nobler sort of lordships or signiorics,
upon which other inferior lordships and manors do depend.

HONOUR Courts, are courts held within the bounds of an honour or
lordship.

HONOURS of a City, are the public offices or employments of it.

HONOURS of a Church, are the rights belonging to the patron, &c.

Funeral HONOURS, are the ceremonies performed at the interments
of great men.

HONOURS of the House, certain ceremonies observed in receiving vi­
sits, making entertainments, &c.

Maids of HONOUR, are young ladies in the queen or princess＇s
houshold, whose office is to attend the queen, &c.

HONOUR-Point [in heraldry] is that which is next above the exact
centre of the escutcheon, and divides the upper part into two equal
portions; so that the first upwards from the centre, is the honour-point;
and the next above that, is the precise middle-chief.

To HONOUR, verb neut. [honnorer, Fr. onorare, It. honàr, Sp. hono­
ro, Lat.] 1. To respect or reverence, to regard with veneration, to
value or esteem. The poor man is honoured for his skill. Ecclesiasticus.
2. To dignify, to raise to greatness. I will be honoured upon Pha­
raoh. Exodus.

To HONOUR a Bill of Exchange [among the merchants] is to pay it
in due time.

HO＇NOURABLE, adj. [honorable, Fr. onorabile, It. honoróso, Sp.
honorado, Port. honorabilis, Lat.] 1. Worthy, or possessed of honour,
noble. The honourable of the earth. Isaiah. 2. Great, magnani­
mous, generous.
Think＇st thou it honourable for a nobleman
Still to remember wrongs. Shakespeare.
3. Conferring honour. This honourable task. Dryden. 4. Accompa­
nied with tokens of honour. Vouchsase her honourable tomb. Spenser.
5. Not to be disgraced. My chambers are honourable. Shakespeare.
6. Being without taint or reproach. He was honourable in all his acts.
1 Maccabees. 7. Honest, being without intention of deceit. They
did conceive him to be so honourable. Hayward. 8. Equitable.

HONOURABLE Amends, an infamous or disgraceful kind of punish­
ment: The offender is delivered up to the common hangman, who
having stripped him to his shirt, puts a rope about his neck, and a
wax taper in his hand, and leads him to the court, there to beg par­
don of God, the king, and the court.

HO＇NOURABLENESS, or HO＇NORABLENESS [of honourable] honou­
rable quality, magnificence, generosity.

HO＇NOURABLY, adv. [of honourable] 1. Noble, in an honourable
manner, reputably, with exemption from reproach. Why did I not
more honourably starve? Dryden. 2. With tokens of honour. Honou­
rably received. Shakespeare. 3. Magnanimously, generously. Six
weeks distance of time the king did honourably interpose. Bacon.

HO＇NOURARY, or rather HO＇NORARY, adj. [honoraire, Fr. honorarius,
Lat.] pertaining to honour, done or conferred upon any one upon
account of honour.

HO＇NOURARY, subst. [honorarium, Lat.] a lawyer＇s see, a salary
given to public professors of any art or science.

HONOURARY, or HONORARY, is a term used of a person who bears
or possesses some quality or title, only for the name＇s sake, without do­
ing any of the functions thereto belonging, or receiving any of the ad­
vantages thereof.

HOOD [had, hæd, and hade, Sax. heyt, Du. ieet, Su. O. and L.
Ger. heit, H. Ger. and Teut. hed, Dan.] a termination, which de­
notes state, condition, and quality, as manhood, livelihood, priesthood,
widowhood, knighthood, childhood, fatherhood. Sometimes it is used
after the Du. as maidenhead. Sometimes it is taken collectively, as
brotherhood, a confraternity; sisterhood, a company of sisters.

HOOD [hod, Sax. prob. from hefod, head, hoedt, Du.] 1. The
upper covering for a woman＇s head. 2. Any thing drawn upon the
head and wrapping round it. To gesture and mussle up himself in his
hood. Wotton. 3. [With falconers] a piece of leather wherewith the
head of a hawk, &c. is covered when he is not to fly. 4. An orna­
mental fold that hangs down the back of a graduate to mark his de­
gree.

To HOOD, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To dress in a hood. The
friar hooded. Pope. 2. To blind as with a hood. I＇ll hood mine eyes.
Shakespeare. 3. To cover. And hoods the flames that to their quarry
strove. Dryden.

HOO＇DMAN-BLIND, subst. a play among children, in which the per­
son hooded is to catch another and tell his name, blindman＇s buff.
Cozen＇d you at hoodman-blind. Shakespeare.

To HOOD-WINK, to keep a person in ignorance or blind-folded.

To HOOD-WINK, verb act. [of hood and wink] 1. To blind with
something bound over the eyes. Hood-winking themselves from see­
ing his faults. Sidney. 2. To cover, to hide in general.
The prize I＇ll bring thee to,
Shall hood-wink this mischance. Shakespeare.
3. To deceive, to impose upon. He, hood-wink＇d with kindness,
least of all men knew who struck him. Sidney.

HOOF [hof, Sax. hoef, Du. huff, Ger.] the horny part of the foot
of a horse, and of other graminivorous animals.

HOOF-Bony [with farriers] a round bony swelling growing on a
horse＇s hoof.

HOOF-Bound, adj. [of hoof and bound] a shrinking of the top of a
horse＇s hoof. A horse is said to be hoof-bound when he has a pain in
the fore-feet, occasioned by the dryness and contraction or narrowness
of the horn of the quarters, which straitens the quarters of the heels,
and oftentimes makes the horse lame. Farriers Dictionary.

HOOF-Cast, is when the coffin or horn of the hoof falls clean away
from it.

HOO＇FED, adj. [of hoof] furnished with hoofs. Grew.

HOOF-Loosen＇d, is a loosening of the coffin from the flesh.

HOOK [hoce, Sax. hoeck, Du. haac, O. and L. Ger. haacken, H.
Ger. haka, Su.] 1. A bent iron to hang things on, any thing bent so
as to catch hold, as a shepherd＇s hook and pothooks. 2. The bent
wire on which the bait is put for catching fish, and with which the
fish is pierced. 3. A snare, a trap in general.
That hook of wiring
Fairness which strikes the eye. Shakespeare.
4. A kind of sickle, but without teeth, to reap corn. Mortimer. 5.
An iron to seize the meat in the caldron.
About the caldron many cooks accoil＇d
With hooks and ladles. Spenser.
6. An instrument to cut or lop with. Slashing Bently with his despe­
rate hook. Pope. 7. The part of the hinge fixed to the post. Whence
the proverb, Off the hooks, for being in disorder. Easily put off the
hooks, and monstrous hard to be pleased again. L＇Estrange. 8. [In hus­
bandry] a field sown two years running. Ainsworth.

HOOK-Land [in husbandry] land ploughed and sowed every year,
called also ope-land.

HOOK-Pins [with architects] taper iron pins, only with a hooked
head to pin the frame of a roof or floor together.

HOOKS [in a ship] those forked timbers placed upright upon the
keel, both in her rake and run.
A HOOK well lost to catch a salmon.
Fr. Il faut bien perdre un veron, pour pêcher un saumon: That is, it
is good to hazard a small matter, for greater things in view. And it
is to be sure so, when our views are grounded on reason.
By HOOK or by crook.
Lat. Quo jure quâque injuriâ. Ter. Fr. A droit, ou à tort: (right
or wrong) one way or other, by any means direct or oblique.

To HOOK, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To catch with a hook.
Addison. 2. To entice or draw any one in, to entrap, toensnare. Dryd.
3. To draw as with a hook. But she I can hook to me. Shakespeare.
4. To fasten as with an hook. 5. To draw by force or artifice. No
way reducible of the two tables, unless hooked in by tedious conse­
quences. Norris.

HOO＇KED [of hook] crooked, bent. An hooked or aquiline nose.
Brown.








HOO＇KEDNESS [of hooked] the state of being bent like a hook.

HOOK＇NOSED [of hook and nose] having the aquiline nose rising in the
middle. The hooknos＇d fellow of Rome there. Shakespeare.

HOOP [huppe, Fr. abobilla, Sp. poupa, Port. upapa, It. and Lat.] a
bird called a lapwing.

HOOP [hop, Sax. hoep, Du.] 1. Any thing circular, to bind some­
thing else, as a cask or barrel, &c. 2. The whalebone with which
women extend their petticoats, a farthingale. A petticoat without a
hoop. Swift. 3. Any thing circular in general. A wheel or hoop of
marble in his hand. Addison.

To HOOP, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To bind or enclose with
hoops. Hooped as a wine cask, or hooped with iron. Raleigh. 2. To
encircle, to clasp, to surround.
I hoop the firmament, and make
My embrace the zodiac. Cleaveland.

To HOOP, verb neut. see WHOOP [from wopgan, or wopyan, Goth.
or houpper, Fr. derived from the Goth. This word is generally writ­
ten whoop, which is more proper, if we deduce it from the Gothic;
and hoop, if we derive it from the French. Johnson] to shout, to
make an outcry by way of call or pursuit.

To HOOP, verb act. 1. To drive with a shout. Hoop＇d out of
Rome. Shakespeare. 2. To call one by a shout.

HOO＇PER [from hoop, to inclose with hoops] one that hoops vessels,
a cooper; also a wild swan.

HOO＇PING-COUGH, or WHOO＇PING-COUGH [from to hoop, to shout]
a convulsive cough so called from its noise, the chincough.

To HOOT, verb neut. [hwt, Wel. huer, Fr.] 1. To shout in con­
tempt. Hollowed and hooted after me. Sidney. 2. To make a noise
like an owl. Shakespeare.

To HOOT, verb act. to drive with noise and shouts. Patridge and
his clan may hoot me. Swift.

HOOT [from the verb, huée, Fr.] clamour, shout, noise. The hoot
of the rabble. Glanville.

HOP, subst. [from the verb] 1. A leap with one leg. I can go
above an hundred yards at a hop, step, and jump. Addison. 2. A
jump, a light leap. 3. An assembly of lewd people, under pretext of
dancing. 4. A place where meaner people dance. Ainsworth. 5. A
plant. See HOPS.

To HOP, verb neut. [hoppan, Sax. hopper, Dan. huppelen, Du.
huppen, O. and L. Ger. hupfen, H. Ger. hoppa, Su.] 1. To leap with
one leg. Others with one huge foot alone, whereupon they did hop
from place to place. Abbot. 2. To jump, to skip lightly. The thrush
hopping about my walks. Spectator. 3. To walk lamely, or with one
leg less nimble or strong than the other, to limp, to halt. And hop­
ping here and there, himself a jest. Dryden. 4. To move, to play.
To prove if any drop
Of living blood yet in her veins did hop. Spenser.

To HOP, verb act. to impregnate with hops, to put hops into beer.

HOPS, plur. of hop [hopes, Du. hoppen, Ger. hoblon, Sp. houblon,
Fr. lupulus, Lat.] a plant with a creeping root. The leaves are rough,
augular, and conjugated; the stalks climb and twist about whatever is
near them; the flowers are male and female on different plants. The
male flower has no petals; the female plants have their flowers col­
lected into squamose heads, which grow in bunches: from each of
the leafy scales is produced an horned ovary, which becomes a single
roundish seed. Miller. It is an ingredient usually boiled in beer, to
strengthen and keep it from sowring.

To HOPE, verb act. [hopian, Sax. hoppen, Du. haapen, O. and L.
Ger. hoffen, H. Ger. haabe, Dan. hoppa, Su.] 1. To live in expecta­
tion of some good. Hope for good success. Taylor. 2. To place con­
fidence in futurity, to trust. He shall strengthen your heart, all ye that
hope in the Lord. Psalms.

To HOPE, verb act. to expect, to wait for with desire. And
hopes the hunted bear. Dryden.

HOPE [hopa, Sax. hoppa, Su. hope, Du. haapnung, O. and L. Ger.
hoffnung, H. Ger.] 1. Expectation of some good indulged with plea­
sure. 2. Assistance, trust, confidence in a future event, or the future
conduct of any body. Blessed is he who is not fallen from his hope in
the Lord. Ecclesiasticus. 3. That which gives hope, that on which
the hopes are fixt, as an agent by which something desired may be ef­
fected. Forty truncheoneers draw to her succour, the hope of the
strand where she was quarter＇d. Shakespeare. 4. The object of hope.
Such was his care, his hope, and his delight. Dryden.
If it were not for HOPE, the heart would break.
Lat. Spes alunt exules: Or, Spes servat afflictos. Gr. Ανηρ ατυχων
σωζεταε ταις ελπισι.
Lat. Spes bona dat vires, animum quoque spes bona firmat.
Vivere spe vidi, qui moriturus erat.
We say, however, in another proverb:
He that lives on HOPE, has a slender diet.
Lat. Qui spe aluntur, pendent, non vivunt.
The best is to follow another proverb:
HOPE well, and have well.
That is, Let your hopes be grounded on reason: hope for nothing but
what is good, just, and what, at least, there is a reasonable probabi­
lity of obtaining; and then you have a reasonable expectation.

HO＇PEFUL, adj. [hopeful, Sax.] 1. Affording ground of hopes, pro­
mising, likely to answer expectation. A most hopeful young prince.
Bacon. 2. Full of expectation of success. This sense is almost con­
fined to Scotland, though it is analogical, and found in good writers.
Men of their own natural inclination, hopeful and strongly concerted.
Hooker.

HO＇PEFULLY, adv. [of hopeful] 1. In such a manner as to raise
hope, promiscuously. Ready to renew the war, and to prosecute it
hopefully. Clarendon. 2. With hope, without despair. This sense is
rare. We may hopefully expect a considerable enlargement of the his­
tory of nature. Glanville.

HO＇PEFULNESS [of hopeful] a quality that affords grounds to hope
for some benefit, likelihood to succeed, promise of good. Certain
signatures of hopefulness or characters. Wotton.

HO＇PELESS [hopeleaf, Sax.] 1. Not affording ground to hope,
promising nothing pleasing. The hopeless word of never to return.
Shakespeare. 2. Being without hope, or pleasing expectation. Immo­
derate and hopeless lamentation. Hooker.

HO＇PER [of hope] one that hopes, or has pleasing expectations.
Swift.

HO＇PINGLY, adv. [of hoping] with hope or expectation of good.
Hammond.

HO＇PLOMACHI, Gr. [with the antients] a sort of gladiators who
fought in armor, either cap-a-pee, or only with a cask and cuirass.

HO＇PLOCHRISM [of οπλον, a weapon, and χρισμα, Gr. salve] wea­
pon-salve.

HO＇PPER [so called, because it is always hopping, or in agitation.
It is called in French, for the same reason, tremic, or tremue. Johnson]
1. The open and wooden frame or trough of a corn-mill, into which
the corn is put to be ground. Grew. 2. A basket for carrying seed.
Ainsworth. 3. [From hop] he who hops or jumps on one leg. Ains.

HOPPER-Ars＇d, having the buttocks or hips standing out more than
is common.

HOPPERS [commonly calld Scotch hoppers] a sort of play, in which
the actor hops on one leg.

To HO＇PPLE an Horse, verb act. [prob. of copulo, Lat. to couple]
to tie his feet with a rope.

HO＇RÆ, Lat. [hours] are personified by the poets, and made god­
desses, the daughters of Jupiter and Themis, nurses to Venus, and
perpetual companions of the graces. They are said, by HOMER, to
have the keeping of the gate of heaven committed to them, and that
they could make fair or cloudy weather when they pleased.

HO＇RAL, adj. [hora, Lat.] relating to the hour.
If the horal orbit ceases,
The whole stands still, or breaks to pieces. Prior.

HO＇RARINESS [of horarius, Lat. horaire, Fr.] horary, or hourly
quality.

HO＇RARY, adj. [horaire, Fr. orario, It. horarius, Lat.] 1. Pertain­
ing to hours. An horary question. Tatler. 2. Continuing for an
hour. Horary or soon decaying fruits of summer. Brown.

HORD, or HORDE. 1. A clan, a company or body of wandring
people (as of the Tartars) who have no settled abode or habitation.
Drove martial horde on horde with dreadful sweep. Thompson. 2. A
sort of village of fifty or sixty tents, with an open place in the
middle.

HORD [hord, Sax. hord, or hoard, Dan. hort, Teut.] a hord, a
storehouse, a treasury; also what is laid up there. This is commonly
written hoard.

To HORD [hordan, Sax.] to lay up money, &c. See HOARD.

HORDA＇CEOUS [hordaccus, of hordeum, Lat. barley] made of barley.

HORDEA＇TUM [from hordeum, Lat. barley; with physicians] a li­
quid medicine made of barley beaten and boiled, &c.

HORDEO＇TUM, Lat. [with surgeons] a small push or swelling grow­
ing in the eye-brows; so named from its resemblance to barley-corns.

HORDE＇RIUM, barb. Lat. [old records] a hord, treasury, or store­
house.

HORDICA＇LIA, or HORDICI＇DIA [of horda, Lat. a cow with calf]
a Roman festival, wherein they sacrificed cattle big with young.

HORE＇HOUND, an herb. See HOARHOUND.

HORI＇ZON, Fr. [orizonte, It. horizónte, Sp. οριζον, or οριζων, of οριζω,
Gr. to terminate, limit, or bound; it is falsely pronounced hórizon
by Shakespeare] that great circle that divides the heavens and earth
into two parts or hemispheres, distinguishing the upper from the low­
er. It is either sensible or apparent, rational or true.

Apparent HORIZON [with astronomers] is that circle of the heavens
which bounds the sight of any person; who being placed either in a
large plain, or in the sea, looks round about, and by which the earth
and heavens seem to be joined, as it were, with a kind of inclosure,
the same as sensible or visible horizon.

Rational, Real, or True HORIZON [with astronomers] is a circle
which encompasses the earth exactly in the middle, and whose poles
are the zenith and nadir, which are the two points; the one exactly
over our head, and the other under our feet.

HORIZON on a Globe, &c. a broad wooden circle encompassing it a­
bout, and representing the natural horizon.

Oblique HORIZON, is that which cuts the equator obliquely.

Parallel HORIZON, is that where the pole of the world is the zenith,
or that which is either in the equator, or parallel to it.

Right HORIZON, is that which cuts the equator at right angles.

The sensible or apparent HORIZON [with astronomers] is that circle,
which limits our sight, and may be conceived to be made by some great
plain, or the surface of the sea.
It divides the heavens and earth into two parts; the one light, and
the other dark; which are sometimes greater or lesser, according to the
condition of the place, &c.

HORIZO＇NTAL, adj. [Fr. and Sp. orizontale, It. horizontalis, Lat.]
1. Pertaining to the horizon. 2. Near the horizon. Looks through
the horizontal misty air. Milton. 3. Parallel to the horizon, being on
a level. An obelisk erected, and golden figures placed horizontal
about it. Brown.

HORIZONTAL Dial, is one drawn on a plane parallel to the ho­
rizon.

HORIZONTAL Line, any line drawn upon a plane parallel to the
horizon.

HORIZONTAL Plane, is that which is parallel to the horizon of the
place.

HORIZONTAL Plane [in perspective] is a plane parallel to the ho­
rizon, passing through the eye, and cutting the perspective plane at
right angles.

HORIZONTAL Projection, a projection of the sphere in arches of
circles, wherein the sphere is pressed into the plane of the horizon,
and the meridians and parallels of the sphere described on it.

HORIZONTAL Range [with gunners] is the level range of a piece
of ordnance; being the line it describes parallel to the horizon, or the
horizontal line.

HORIZONTAL Shelters [in gardening] are defences over fruits, pa­
rallel to the horizon, as tiles, boards, &c. fixed to walls over tender
fruits, to preserve them from blasts, frosts, &c.

HORIZONTAL Superficies [in fortification] the plain field which lies
upon a level, without any rising or sinking.

HORIZO＇NTALLY, adv. [of horizontal, horizontalement, Fr.] in a
direction parallel to the horizon.  Brown.








HORN [horn, Sax. horn, Du. Ger. and Su. haurn, Goth.] 1. The
hard pointed bodies which grow on the heads of some graminivorous
quadrupeds, and serve them for defensive weapons. 2. An instrument
of wind music made of horn. 3. The extremity of the waxing or wain­
ing moon, as mentioned by the poets. 4. The feelers of a snail.
Whence the proverb, to pull in the horns, to repress or refrain one＇s
ardor. The tender horns of cockle snails. Shakespeare. 5. A drinking
cup made of horn. 6. Antler of a cuckold.
If I have horns to make one mad,
Let the proverb go with me; I＇ll be horn mad. Shakespeare.
7. Horn-mad; perhaps mad as a cuckold. See the 6th sense.

HORN Beam, subst. [from horn, and boem, Du. a tree, from the
hardness of the timber] a sort of tree. It hath leaves like the elm or
beech tree; the katkins are placed at remote distances from the fruit
on the same tree, and the outward shell of the fruit is winged. This
tree was formerly much used in hedges for wildernesses and orangeries;
the timber is very tough and inflexible. Miller.

HORNA＇GIUM, barb. Lat. the same as horn-geld.

HO＇RN-BEAK, or HO＇RN-FISH, subst. a sort of fish. Ainsworth.

HORN-Beam Pollengers, trees which have been lopped, of about
twenty years growth.

HORN-BOOK [of horn and book] the first book for children, in which
the alphabet is covered with transparent horn.

HO＇RNED, adj. [of horn] furnished with horns. Their horned
fronts. Spenser.

HO＇RNER [of horn] one that works and sells horns. Grew.

HO＇RNET [hyrnette, Sax. q. d. horned, hornise, Ger.] an insect or
fly, that is large, strong and stinging; it makes its nest in hollow
trees. Mortimer.

HORN-FLY, an American insect.

HO＇RN-FOOT [of horn and foot] hoofed. Hornfoot horses. Hake­
well.

HORN-GELD, a tax on all manner of horned beasts feeding within
the bounds of a forest.

HORN-OWL, a bird, a species of the owl. Ainsworth.

Shoeing-HORN, a horn for drawing on a tight shoe.

Shoeing HORN, a fond lover, drilled on by a coquet to draw on
others.

HO＇RNPIPE [of horn and pipe] a country dance, danced commonly
to a horn. Johnson. The Derbyshire hornpipe. Tatler.

HO＇RNSTONE, a kind of blue stone. Ainsworth.

HO＇RN-WORK [in fortification] an outwork which advances towards
the field, carrying two demi-bastions in the form of horns in the fore­
part, a sort of angular fortification.

HORN with Horn [in old law] the feeding together of horned beasts
that are allowed to run upon the same common.

HO＇RNCASTLE, a market town of Lincolnshire, 122 miles from
London.

HORNDON on the Hill, a market town of Essex, 25 miles from
London.

HO＇RNSEY, a market town of the east riding of Yorkshire, 170
miles from London.

HO＇RNY, adj. [of horn] 1. Of the nature of horn, hard as horn,
callous. His horny fist. Dryden. 2. Made of horn. 3. Resembling
horn. Encompassed with a kind of horny substance. Addison.

HO＇RODIX, subst. Gr. [of ωρα and δειξις, Gr. a shew] an instrument
or machine to indicate the passing away of time.

HORO＇GRAPHY [horographie, Fr. of ωρη, and γραϕω, Gr. to write,
&c.] the art of making and constructing dials; also an account of
the hours.

HO＇ROLOGE, or HO＇ROLOGY [horloge, Fr. orologio, It. horologium,
Lat. of ωρολογειον, Gr.] a dial, clock or watch; any instrument that
tells the hour. He＇ll watch the horologe. Shakespeare. Before the
days of Jerome there were horologies. Brown.

HOROLO＇GICAL, adj. [horologicus, Lat. of ωρολογικος, Gr.] pertain­
ing to a dial, clock, &c.

HOROLOGIO＇GRAPHER [of ωρολογειον, an instrument or machine that
shews the hours or time of the day, and γραϕω, Gr. to describe] a
maker of dials, clocks or instruments to shew the time of the day.

HOROLOGIO＇GRAPHY [of ωρολογειον and γραϕω, Gr. to describe] the
art of clock-making, or any other machine or instrument to shew the
time; also a treatise about it.

HORO＇METRY [of ωρα and μετρεω, Gr. to measure] the art of mea­
suring time by hours, &c. Brown.

HORO＇PTER [in optics] is a right line drawn through the point,
where the two optic axes meet, parallel to that which joins the two
eyes, or the two pupils.

HORO＇SCOPAN, adj. pertaining to an horoscope.

HO＇ROSCOPE [oroscopo, It. horoscopus, Lat. ωροσκοπος, Gr.] is the de­
gree of the ascendant, or star rising above the horizon, at any certain
time when a prediction is to be made concerning a future event; as
the fortune of a person then born, &c. the configuration of the
planets at the hour of birth. That one horoscope or conjunction which
is found at his birth. Brown.

Lunar HOROSCOPE [in astronomy] is the point which the moon
issues out when the sun is in the ascending point.

HORO＇SCOPIST [of horoscopus, Lat. of ωροσκοπος, Gr.] one who ob­
serves horoscopes, or the degree of the ascendant, or the star ascend­
ing above the horizon, at the moment an astrological figure or scheme
is made; an astrologer.

HORRE＇NDOUS [horrendus, Lat.] horrible, horrid.

HO＇RRIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [orribile, It. horribilis, Lat.] hideous,
ghastly, frightful, enormous. The most horrible to human appre­
hension. South.

HO＇RRIBLENESS [of horrible and ness] dreadfulness, terribleness,
&c.

HORRIBI＇LITY [horribilitas, Lat.] great terror or fear.

HO＇RRIBLY, adv. [of horrible] 1. Hidiously, frightfully. Horribly
loud. Milton. 2. To a dreadful degree. Horribly infects children.
Locke.

HO＇RRID [horridus, Lat.] 1. Dreadful, terrible, shocking. Horrid
hell. Shakespeare. 2. Shocking, offensive, unpleasing. In woman＇s
cant. Already hear the horrid things they say. Pope. 3. Rough,
ruggid. Horrid with fern. Dryden.

HO＇RRIDLY, adv. [of horrid] dreadfully, terribly.

HO＇RRIDNESS [of horrid] horribleness, hideousness, enormity.
Horridness of the fact. Hammond.

HORRI＇FEROUS [horrifer, Lat.] bringing horror.

HORRI＇FIC [horrificus, Lat.] causing dread, fear, trembling, &c.
His jaws horrific. Thomson.

HORRI＇FICA Febris [with physicians] a fever that causes the patient
to fall into shaking fits, and an horrible agony; the same as phri­
codes.

HORRI＇SONOUS [horrisonus, Lat.] sounding dreadfully.

HO＇RROUR [in medicine] a shivering or trembling of the skin over
the whole body, with a chilness after it.

HO＇RROR, or HO＇RROUR [horreur, Fr. orrore, It. horror, Sp. and
Lat.] 1. Such an excess of fear as makes a person tremble, terror
mixed with detestation, both strong. A trembling horror in our souls
we find. Davies. 2. Gloom, dreariness. And breathes a browner
horror on the woods. Pope. 3. [With physicians] the shuddering or
quivering which precedes the fit of an ague, a sense of shuddering or
shrinking. Quincy.

HORS de son fee [in law] an exception to quash an action brought
for rent issuing out of certain lands, by one who pretends to be lord;
or for some custom or services.

HORSE [hors, Sax. hors, Su. horsz, Teut. frose, Ger.] 1. A Neigh­
ing quadruped, used in war, and for draught and carriage. 2. It is
used in the plural sense, but with a singular termination, for horses,
horsemen, or cavalry. Twenty-five thousand horse and foot. Bacon.
3. Something upon which another thing is supported; as, a horse for
drying of linen. 4. A wooden machine which soldiers ride by way
of punishment, with their hands tied, and muskets fastened to their
heels; it is sometimes called a timber mare. 5. When joined to an­
other substantive, it signifies something large or coarse; as, a horse­
face; a face, of which the features are large and indelicate. 6. An
horse is an emblem of war, strength, and swiftness.
It is a good HORSE that never stumbles.
This proverb intimates to us, that there is no creature but has made
some false step or other; that there is no person in the world without
his weak side; and therefore pleads a pardon for mistakes, either in
conversation or action, and puts a check upon intemperate mockery,
or uncharitable censure.
Fr. Il n＇y a bon cheval, qui ne bronche.
They can＇t set their HORSES together.
That is, they can＇t agree.
I＇ll get the HORSE or lose the faddle.
That is, I＇ll get all, or lose all.

HORSE [in a ship] a rope made fast to one of the shrowds, having a
dead man＇s eye at the end, through which the pendant of the spritsail
sheet is reeved.

HORSE [with carpenters] a piece of wood joined across two other
perpendicular ones, to support the boards, planks, &c. which make
bridges over small rivers.

To HORSE, to cover a mare, as a stallion does; also at school,
to take up a boy to be whipp＇d.

HO＇RSE-BACK [horsbæc, Sax.] the seat of the rider, the state of sit­
ting upon an horse.

HORSE-BEAN [of horse and bean] a small bean usually given to
horses. Mortimer.

HO＇RSE-BLOCK [of horse and block] a block on which they mount a
horse.

HO＇RSE-BOAT, a boat used in ferrying horses.

HO＇RSE-BOY [of horse and boy] a boy employed in dressing horses, a
stable boy. Knolles.

HO＇RSE-BREAKER [of horse and break] one who breaks or tames
horses to the saddle. Creech.

HORSE-CHESNUT [of horse and chesnut] a plant. It hath digitated
leaves; the flowers are of an anomalous figure, and there are male
and female upon the same spike; the female flowers are succeeded by
nuts which grow in green prickly husks. Miller.

HORSE-COURSER [of horse and courser. Junius derives it from horse
and cose, an old Scotch word which signifies to change; and it should
therefore, he thinks, be written horsecoser. The word now used in
Scotland is horsecouper, to denote a jockey, seller, or rather changer
of horses. It may well be derived from course, as he that sells horses
may be supposed to course or exercise them. Johnson] 1. One that
runs horses, or keeps horses for the race. 2. A dealer in horses.
L＇Estrange.

HO＇RSE-CRAB [of horse and crab] a sort of fish. Ainsworth.

HORSE-CUCUMBER [of horse and cucumber] a plant. The large
green cucumber, and the best for the table, green out of the garden.
Mortimer.

HO＇RSE-DUNG [of horse and dung] the excrements of horses.

HORSE-EMMET [of horse and emmet] an ant of a large kind.

HORSE-FLESH [of horse and flesh] the flesh of horses.

HORSE-fly [of horse and fly] a fly that stings horses and sucks their
blood.

HORSE-FOOT, an herb, the same with coltsfoot. Ainsworth.

HORSE-HAIR [of horse and hair] the hair of horses.

HORSE-HEEL, an herb. Ainsworth.

HORSE-KNOBS, heads of knap weed.

HORSE-LAUGH [of horse and laugh] a rude violent loud laugh.
Pope.

HORSE-LEECH [of horse and leech] 1. A large leech that bites horses.
Proverbs. 2. A farrier. Ainsworth.

HORSE Leechery, the art of curing horses of diseases.

HORSE-LITTER [of horse and litter] a carriage hung upon poles
between two horses, in which the person carried lyes along. 2 Mac­
cabees.

HO＇RSEMAN [of horse and man] 1. One skilled in riding, a good
rider. Dryden. 2. One that serves in war on horseback. Six-pence
a day to a horseman. Arbuthnot. 3. A rider, a man on horseback.
A horseman＇s coat. Prior.

HO＇RSEMANSHIP [of horseman] the art of riding or managing
horses.

HORSE-MARTEN, a sort of large bee. Ainsworth.








HO＇RSEMATCH, a bird. Ainsworth.

HORSE-MEASURE, a measuring rod, divided into hands and inches,
for measuring the height of horses.

HORSE-MEAT [of horse and meat] provender for horses. Bacon.

HORSE-MINT, a large coarse mint.

HORSE-MUSCLE, a large sort of muscle. Bacon.

HORSE-PLAY [of horse and play] coarse, rough, rugged play.
Dryden.

HORSE-POND [of horse and pond] a pond for horses.

HO＇RSERACE [of horse and race] a match of horses in running. Ad­
dison.

HORSE-RADISH [of horse and radish] a root acrid and biting, a
species of scurvy-grass.

HORSE-SHOE [of horse and shoe] 1. A plate of iron fitted and nailed
to horses feet. 2. An herb. Ainsworth. 3. [In fortification] a work
sometimes of a round sometimes of an oval figure, raised in the ditch
of a marshy place, or in low grounds, and bordered with a breast­
work.

HORSE-SHOE-HEAD, a disease in infants, wherein the futures of the
head are too open.

HORSE Twitchers [among the farriers] an instrument to hold an un­
ruly horse by the nostrils.

HORSE-STEALER [of horse and steal] a thief who takes away horses.
Shakespeare.

HORSE-TAIL, a plant

HORSE-TONGUE, an herb. Ainsworth.

HORSE-WAY [of horse and way] a broad way by which horses may
travel. Shakespeare.

HO＇RSHAM, a borough town of Suffex, 35 miles from London; so
called from Horsa, brother to Hengist the Saxon. It fends two mem­
bers to parliament.

HO＇RTA, Lat. [of hortor, Lat. to exhort] a goddess esteemed by the
Romans, who invited men to great enterprizes, and had a temple
which stood always open.

HORTA＇TION [hortatio, Lat.] the act of exhorting. A hortatory pre­
cept or encouragement.

HORTA＇TIVE, or HORTATORY [hortativus, Lat.] pertaining to ex­
hortation, encouraging; used of precepts, not of persons; as, a har­
tatory speech, not a hortatory speaker.

HO＇RTATIVE, subst. [from hortor, Lat.] precept by which one in­
vites or animates; exhortation.

HO＇RTICULTURE [of hortus, a garden, and cultura, Lat. tillage]
the art of gardening.

HORTICULTURE was represented by the ancients, in painting and
sculpture, by the goddess Flora, crowned with a garland of flowers,
and holding up another in her hand, embraced by Pomona, having
under her arm a horn of plenty, out of which fell all manner of fruit,
holding in her hand a pruning knife.

HO＇RTULAN, adj. [hortulanus, Lat.] pertaining to a garden or gar­
dener. My hortulan kalendar. Evelyn.

HOSA＇NNA [הושענא, Heb. i. e. save, we beseech thee; οσαννα, Gr.]
a solemn exclamation of praise to God, used by the Jews, and espe­
cially at the feast of tabernacles. The hosannas and acclamations of
the people. Fides.

HOSANNA Rabbi, a name the Jews give to the seventh day of the
feast of tabernacles, in which the word hosanna is often repeated in
their prayers, &c.

HOSE [hosa, Sax. hose, Du. O. and L. Ger. hosan, Wel, ossan,
Erse, ossanen, plur. chausse, Fr.] 1. A stocking, coverings for the legs.
2. Breeches. These men were bound in their coats, their hosen, and
their hats. Daniel.

HOSE Husk [with botanists] a long round husk within another.

HO＇SIER [of hose] one who sells stockings.

HO＇SPITABLE [hospitalier, Fr. ospitale It. hospitabilis, Lat.] using
hospitality, friendly, courteous to strangers.

HO＇SPITABLENESS [of hospitable] hospitality, hospitable disposition.

HO＇SPITABLY, adv. [of hospitable] with hospitality, with kind­
ness to strangers. Prior.

HO＇SPITAL [hospitium, Lat. hôpital, Fr. spodale, It. hospedàl, Sp.]
1. A house built for the entertainment and support of the poor, sick,
lame. &c. To build an hospital. Addison. 2. A place for shelter or
entertainment in general.
Which chusing for that evening＇s hospital,
They thither marched. Spenser.

HOSPITA＇LITY [hospitalité, Fr. ospitalità, It. hospedalidàd, Sp. hospi­
talitas, Lat.] the practice of entertaining and relieving strangers.

HO＇SPITALLER [hospittallier, Fr. hospitalarius, low Lat. hospital,
Eng.] one residing in an hospital, who entertains and provides for
poor people, travellers and strangers. Ayliffe.

HO＇SPITALLERS, an order of knights so called, because they built an
hospital at Jerusalem, in which the pilgrims were received.

To HO＇SPITATE verb neut. [hospitor, Lat.] to reside under the
roof of another. This hospitates with the living animal in the same
shell. Grew.

HO＇SPITICIDE [hospiticida, Lat.] one who murders his host or enter­
tainer; also the killing of a guest.

HO＇SPODAR, a title of the princes of Moldavia and Walachia.

HOST [hospes, Lat. hôte, Fr. oste, It. huesped, Sp.] 1. One who
gives entertainment to another. Sidney. 2. The landlord of an inn,
an inn-keeper. Shakespeare.

HOST [of hostia, Lat. a sacrifice, hostie, Fr. and Sp. ostia, It. hortia,
Port.] the consecrated wafer in the Roman Catholic communion, the
sacrifice of the mass.

HOST [hostia, Lat.] a victim or sacrifice to the deity.

HOST [from hostis, Lat.] 1. An army of soldiers, numbers assembled
in war, hostile forces. The numbers of our host. Shakespeare. 2. Any
great number. An host of tongues. Shakespeare.

To HOST, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To take up entertain­
ment. The centrum where we host. Shakespeare. 2. To encounter in
battle.
That angel should with angel war,
And in fierce hostings meet. Milton.
3. To review a body of men, to muster. Lords have had the lead­
ing of their own followers to the general hostings. Spenser.

To reckon without one＇s HOST. See CHICKEN and BEER.

HO＇STAGES [otage, Fr. ostaggio, It. of hospes, Lat.] a person left as
surety for the performance of the articles of a treaty, or of any con­
ditions.

HO＇STEL, or HO＇STELRY, subst. [hostel, hostelene, Fr.] an inn. Ains­
worth.

HOSTELA＇GIUM [in ancient deeds] a right which lords had to take
lodging and entertainment in their tenants houses.

HO＇STELER [hotelier, Fr.] an inn-keeper.

HO＇STERS, such who take in lodgers.

HO＇STESS [hospita, Lat. hôtesse, Fr. otessa, It. huespéda, Sp.] the
mistress of an inn; also a female host, a woman that gives entertain­
ment. Be as kind an hostess as you have been to me. Dryden.
The fairer the HOSTESS, the fouler the reckoning:
Fr. Belle hôtesse, mal pour la bourse: Or, La belle hôtesse augmente
l＇écot: (The beauty of the hostess encreases the reckoning.)
A pretty woman in the bar of a public house, makes many an un­
reasonable bill pass unexamined.

HOSTESS-SHIP [of hostess] the character of an hostess. Shakespeare.

HO＇STIA, Lat. [among the Romans] a sacrifice for having obtained
victory over enemies.

HO＇STICIDE [hosticida, Lat.] one who kills or beats his enemy.

HO＇STILE [ostile, It. hostilis, Lat.] enemy-like, pertaining to an
enemy, adverse, opposite. Hostile strokes. Shakespeare.

HO＇STILENESS [of hostile] hostility, the state or practice of ene­
mies.

HOSTILI＇NA [among the Romans] a goddess who presides over the
corn when it shoots forth into ears.

HOSTI＇LITY [hostilité, Fr. ostilità, It. hostilidad, Sp. hostilitas, Lat.]
the state or practices of open enemies, opposition in war. Hostility
being thus suspended with France. Hayward.

HOSTILA＇RIA [in old records] a room or place in religious houses,
where guests and strangers were received.

HO＇STING, part. adj. encountering in a hostile manner, fighting,
warring. See To HOST.

HO＇STLER [of hostelier, Fr. from hostel] one who looks after the
stables, and has the care of horses at an inn. Spenser.

HO＇STRY [corrupted from hostelry; hotelerie, Fr.] the place where
horses of guests are kept.
An hostry now for waggons, which before
Tall ships of burthen on its bosom bore. Dryden.

HOT [hot or hat, Sax. heet, Du. O. and L. Ger. heise, H. Ger.]
1. Having the power to cause the sense of heat, fiery, contrary to
cold, lustful, lewd. The hot-blooded Gods. Shakespeare. 2. Strongly
affected by sensible qualities; in allusion to dogs hunting. In hot scent
of gain. Dryden. 3. Violent, furious, dangerous. One of the hot­
test services and most dangerous assaults that hath been known. Bacon.
4. Ardent, vehement, passionate, precipitate. 5. Eager, keen in de­
sire. Hot in the pursuit of pleasure. Locke. 6. Piquant, acrid.
HOT sup, HOT swallow. See BREW.

HOT-Beds [in gardening] wooden frames filled with old horse­
dung, with a good coat of mould covered with glass doors, for raising
tender plants early in the spring.

HOT-BRAINED [of hot and brain] violent, vehement, furious.
Dryden.

HOTCH-POT, or HOTCH-POTCH, subst. [huts-pot, Du. haché en
poche, Fr. or haché en pot, Fr. as Camden has it, as being boiled up
in a pot. Yet hotchpotch is now generally used] a mixture, a mingled
hash, flesh cut into small pieces, and stewed with herbs and roots.
Such patching maketh Littleton＇s hotchpot of our tongue, and in effect
brings the same rather to a Babellish confusion than any one entire lan­
guage. Camden. And hence, by way of metaphor, it signifies the
putting together of lands for the equal distribution of them.

HOT-Cockles [hautes coquilles, Fr.] a play, in which one covers his
eyes and guesses who strikes him.
At hot-cockles once I laid me down,
And felt the weighty hand of many a clown. Gay.

HO＇TEL-DIEU, Fr. the chief hospital of any city, in France, for
sick persons.

HOT-Shoots, a compound of one third part of the smallest pit-coal,
charcoal, &c. and mixing them together with loam, to be made into
balls with urine, and dried for firing.

HO＇TLY, adv. [of hot] 1. With heat, not coldly. 2. Violently,
vehemently, ardently. Hotly pursued. Sidney. 3. Lustfully. Vora­
cious birds that hotly bill and breed. Dryden.

HOT-MOUTHED [of hot and mouth] headstrong, ungovernable.
Spoken of a horse particularly. That hot-mouth＇d beast that bears
against the curb. Dryden.

HO＇TNESS [of hot] heat; also passion, violence, fury.

HOTTS, or HUTTS [with cockers] round balls of leather fastened
to the sharp ends of the spurs of fighting cocks, to prevent them from
hurting one another in sparring or breathing one another.

HO＇T-HEADED [of hot and head] vehement, violent, passionate.
Arbuthnot.

HOT-HOUSE [of hot and house] 1. A bagnio, a place to sweat and
cup in. Shakespeare. 2. A brothel. Ben Johnson. 3. A green-house
or stove. Miller.

HO＇TSPUR [of hot and spur] 1. One violent, passionate, heady
and precipitate. Unquiet hotspurs. Burton. 2. A kind of pea of
quick growth. Mortimer.

HO＇TSPURRED [of hotspur] rash, heady, vehement. Hotspurred
Harpalice in Virgil. Peacham.

HOVE, pret. of to heave. See To HEAVE.

HO＇VEL [diminutive of hofe, Sax. a horse] 1. A shed open on the
sides and covered over head, a covering or sheltering of hurdles, &c.
for cattle. Make a large hovel thatched over some quantity of
ground. Bacon. 1. Any mean building, a poor cottage. Such sorry
hovels and sheds as they build to inhabit. Ray.

To HO＇VEL, verb act. [from the subst.] to shelter one in an hovel,
To hovel thee with swine. Shakespeare.

HOVEN, part. pass. of to heave. Tusser. See To HEAVE.

To HO＇VER, verb neut. [of hefian, Sax. to heave up, hovio, Wel.
to hang over] 1. To flutter with spread wings, to hang over the head
in the air, without flying off one way or other. Birds are hovering







about the bridge. Addison. 2. To stand in suspence or expectation.
He hovereth in expectation of new worlds. Spenser. 3. To wander
about one place. So great an army hovering on the borders. Addison.

HOUGH [hoh, hoe, Sax.] 1. The joint of the hinder leg of a beast,
the lower part of the thigh. 2. [Huë, Fr.] an adz, a hoe. See HOE.
That a man by houghs and an ax could cut a God out of a tree. Stil­
lingfleet.

To HOUGH, verb act. [howen, Ger.] 1. To cut the hough, to
hamstring. Joshua. 2. To break clods of earth, to cut up with a
hough or hoe. 3. To hawk. This orthography is uncommon. See
To HAWK. Neither could we hough or spit from us. Grew.

HOUGH, or HOW, at the beginning of a name, is an intimation
that the place is of low situation, as Holland in Lincolnshire, which is
the same as Howland.

HOUGH-Bonny [in horses] A hard round swelling or tumour,
growing upon the tip of the hough or hoof.

HOU＇LET [houletee, Fr.] a little owl; the vulgar name for an owl.
The Scots and northern countries retain it, the latter calling it genny­
houlet.

HOULT, subst. [holt, Sax.] a small wood: obsolete. The wind in
hoults and shady greaves. Fairfax.

HOU＇LSWORTHY, a market town of Devonshire, on the river Ta­
mar, near the borders of Cornwall, 194 miles from London.

HOUND [hunde, Sax. and Scottish, hondt, Du. hund, Ger. Dan.
and Su. which, however, signify any sort of dog. Casaubon derives it,
without necessity, of κυνιδιον, Gr.] a dog for hunting.

To HOUND verb act. 1. To hunt, to pursue in general. If the
wolves had been hounded by tygers, they should have worried them.
L＇Estrange. 2. To hound a Stag [a hunting term] to set the dogs
at him. As he who only lets loose a greyhound out of the slip, is said
to hound him at the hare. Bramhall.

HOU＇NDFISH, a sort of fish. Ainsworth.

HOUNDS [in a ship] are holes in the cheeks at the top of the mast,
to which the ties run to hoise the yards.

HOUND＇S-TONGUE [cynoglossum, Lat.] an herb. The cup of the
flower consists of one leaf and the flower two, and is fennel-shaped.
The pointal changes into a fruit containing a flat seed. Miller.

HOUND TREE, a sort of tree. Ainsworth.

HOUP [upupa, Lat.] the puet. Ainsworth. See HOOP.

HOUR [uyr, Du. uhr, Ger. ora, It. heure, Fr. hora, Lat.] 1.
The twenty-fourth part of a natural day, the space of sixty minutes.
2. A particular time. The hour of death. Shakespeare. 3. The time
as marked by the clock. A genteel man who kept good hours. Tatler.

HOUR Lines [on a dial] are lines which arise from the intersection
of the dial-plane, with the several planes of the hour-circles.

HOUR Circles [with astronomers] great circles meeting in the poles
of the world, and crossing the equinoctial at right angles, dividing it
into twenty-four equal parts.

Astronomical HOUR [hora, Lat. heur, Fr. ωρα, of ωριζειν, Gr. to
bound, limit, or divide, because it divides the day] is the twenty-
fourth part of a natural day, and contains sixty minutes, and each
minute sixty seconds, &c. which hours always begin at the meridian,
and are reckoned from noon to noon.

Babylonish HOURS, are begun to be accounted from the horizon at
the sun＇s rising, and are reckoned on for twenty-four hours, till his ri­
sing again.

Jewish HOURS, are one twelfth part of the day, or night, reckoned
from the sun-rising to the sun-setting (whether the days or nights be
longer or shorter) which are called, in scripture, the first, second, or
third hours, &c. of the day, or night; as appears from Math. xx.
1—5. I speak of the DAY, as opposed to NIGHT. But the Jews in
general began the nyethemer, or space of time containing 24 hours from
the evening of the preceding day, conformable to those words of Moses,
“And the evening and the morning was the first day.” And accord­
ingly we find they open their sabbath worship not on the morning of
the 7th day, but on the evening of the sixth.
N. B. St. John, who wrote his gospel the last of all, and when chri­
stianity had now made a considerable spread in the gentile world, makes
use of the Roman computation, which began (like ours) at midnight.
And accordingly, it being about six in the morning when Pilate had
that struggle with the Jews, before he delivered up Christ into their
hands, it might be about our nine (i. e. what St. Mark calls the 3d
hour of the day) when they crucified him without the gates. And this
reconciles what otherwise might seem to be a contradiction in the two
gospels, as touching the time of our Saviour＇s suffering. See Mark xv.
25. John xix. 14. and Matthew xx. 1—5. compared.

European HOURS, are equal hours reckoned from midnight twelve
hours, from thence to noon, and twelve from noon to midnight.

Italian HOURS, are reckoned after the manner of the Babylonish
hours, only they begin at the sun＇s setting, instead of its rising.

Forty HOURS of Prayer [with Roman catholics] are public prayers
continued for the space of eight days successively, and without inter­
mission, before the holy sacrament, to obtain the assistance of heaven
upon some important occasion. On these occasions, the sacrament is
exposed forty hours.

HOUR-Grunters, old watchmen. A cant word.

HOUR-GLASS [of hour and glass] 1. A glass filled with sand,
which running through a narrow hole, marks the time. 2. Space of
time. A manner of speaking rather affected than elegant. Within
the hour-glass of two months. Bacon.

HOU＇RLY, adj. [of hour] happening or done every hour, frequent,
often repeated. Hourly expectation. Swift.

HOURLY, adv. frequently, every hour.
Hourly conceiv＇d,
And hourly born. Milton.

HOUR-PLATE [of hour and plate] the plate on which hours pointed
by the hand of a clock are inscribed, the dial-plate. Locke.

HOU＇SAGE, money paid by carriers, &c. for laying up goods in a
house.

HOUSE [huf, Sax. huys, Du. huse, Scottish, huus, O. and L. Ger.
and Dan. haus, H. Ger. hus, Teut. and Goth.] 1. A place to dwell
in, a place wherein a man lives. 2. Any place of abode in general.
From their hives and houses driven away. Shakespeare. 3. A place in
which religious or studious persons live in common, a monastery, a
college. A religious house in the city. Addison. 4. The manner of
living, the table. He kept a miserable house. Swift. 5. Family of
ancestors, descendants and kindred, race. The patrimonies of your
house. Dryden. 6. A body of the parliament, the lords or commons
collectively considered. The major part of both houses. K. Charles.

To bring an old HOUSE over one＇s Head, to bring one＇s self into trou­
ble.

HOUSE [with astrologers] a twelfth part of the heavens, the station
of a planet in the heavens astrologically considered. The celestial
houses. Stillingfleet.

HOUSE-Botet [husebote, Sax.] an allowance of timber out of the
lord＇s wood, to repair, &c. a tenant＇s house.

HOUSE-BREAKER [of house and break] one who makes his way in­
to a house to steal, a burglar. L＇Estrange.

HOUSE-BREAKING, subst. [of house and break] burglary. Swift.

HOUSE-DOG [of house and dog] a mastiff kept to guard a house. Ad­
dison.

HOUSE-LEEK, an herb. The flower consists of several leaves, pla­
ced orbicularly, and expanded in form of a rose; it turns to a fruit
composed of many seed-vessels, resembling husks, which are collected
into a kind of head, and full of small seeds. The species are six.
Miller.

HOUSE-WA＇RMING, subst. [of house and warm] a meeting of friends
to eat and drink at an house newly inhabited or entered into.

HOUSE-WIFE [hus-wif, Sax. This is now frequently written hus­
wife or hussy.] 1. The mistress of a family. A good housewife. Spen­
ser. 2. A woman of good œconomy in houshold affairs. A bad
housewife. Spenser. 3. One skilled in female business. She made him
as good a housewife as herself; he could preserve apricots, and make
jellies. Addison.

HOU＇SING, subst. [of house] 1. Quantity of inhabited buildings.
The increase of housing. Graunt. 2. [Houseau, heuses, or housses, Fr.]
a horse-cloth, a piece of cloth worn about and behind the saddle.

HOUSING [with bricklayers] a term used when a tile or brick is
warped or cast crooked or hollow in burning, the say such a brick or
tile is housing.

HOU＇SHOLDER [of houshold] a master of a house or family. St. Mat­
thew.

HOU＇SHOLD-Stuff [of houshold and stuff] furniture of an house, uten­
sils proper for a family. Costly houshold-stuff. Bacon.

HOUSE-KEEPER [of house and keep] 1. A house-holder, a master of
a family. House-keepers and substantial tradesmen. Locke. 2. One
who lives in plenty. Apter to applaud house-keepers than house-raisers.
Wotton. 3. One who lives much at home. You are manifest house­
keepers. Shakespeare. 4. A woman servant that has care of a family,
and superintends the other maid-servants. The old house-keeper. Swift.
5. A house-dog. Distinguish the house-keeper, the hunter. Shake­
speare.

HOUSE-KEEPING, subst. hospitality, liberal and plentiful table.
The old housekeeping of an English nobleman. Prior.

To HOUSE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To give house-room for
any person or thing, to bring cattle into the house, to harbour, to ad­
mit to residence. To house all the helots. Spenser. 2. To shelter, to
keep under a roof. We house hot country plants. Bacon.

To HOUSE, verb neut. to take shelter, to reside. No suffer it to
house there. Spenser. 2. To have an astrological station in the heavens.
I housing in the lion＇s hateful sign. Dryden.

HOUSED-In [with shipwrights] is when a ship, after the breadth
of her bearing, is brought in too narrow to her upper works.

HOU＇SEL [husel, Sax. of hunsla, Goth. a sacrifice, or hostia, di­
minut. hostiola, Lat.] the eucharist or sacrament.

To HOUSEL, verb act. [from the subst.] to give or receive the sa­
crament. Both the verb and substantive are obsolete.

HOU＇SELESS [of house] being without abode, wanting habitation.
This hungry, houseless, suffering, dying Jesus, fed many thousands
with five loaves and two fishes. West.

HOUSE-MAID [of house and maid] a maid employed to keep the
house clean. Swift.

HOUSE-ROOM [of house and room] Dryden.

HOUSE-SNAIL, a sort of snail.

HOU＇SHOLD [of house and hold; of hus, and healdan, Sax.] 1. A
family living together. A little kingdom is a great houshold. Bacon.
2. Family life, domestic management. Rich stuffs and ornaments of
houshold. Shakespeare. 3. It is used in the manner of an adjective to
signify domestic, belonging to the family. Two of his houshold ser­
vants. Acts.

HOUSHOLD Days, four solemn festivals in the year, when the king,
after divine service, offers a bezant of gold on the altar to God. These
days are Christmas, Easter, Whitsunday, and All Saints.

HO＇USEWIFELY, adj. [of housewife] skilled in the practices beco­
ming a housewife.

HOUSEWIFELY, adv. [of housewife] with the œconomy of a house­
wife.

HOU＇SWIFERY. 1. Domestic or female business, management be­
coming the mistress of a family. To busy herself about her houswifery.
Spenser. 2. Good œconomy in managing the affairs of an house. The
obligation of Christian women to good houswifery. Taylor.

HOU＇SLING, adj. [of house] provided for entertainment at first en­
trance into a house, housewarming. The housling fire. Spenser.

HOUSS, subst. [houseaux or houses, Fr.] covering of cloth laid over
horses, originally used to keep off dirt, now added to saddles as orna­
mental; housings. This word, though used by Dryden, I do not
remember in any other place. Johnson. The houss and trappings of a
beast. Dryden.

To HOUST [heostan, Sax. houesten, Du. husten, Ger.] to cough.

HOW, adv. [hu, Sax. hoe, Du. wo, L. Ger. wie, H. Ger.] 1. Af­
ter what manner, to what degree. How long wilt thou refuse to hum­
ble thyself. Exodus. 2. In what manner. ＇Tis much in our power
how to live. L＇Estrange. 3. For what reason, from what cause. How
chance the roses there do sade so fast? Shakespeare. 4. By what
means. How is it thou hast found it so quickly? Genesis. 5. In what
state. For how shall I go up to my father? Genesis. 6. It is used in a
sense noting proportion or correspondence. So much the more dan­
gerous, by how much the spirits were more active. Hayward. It is







much used in exclamations. How are the mighty fallen! Samuel. 8.
In an affirmative sense, not easily explained, that so it in, that. Know­
ing how that part of the South Sea was utterly unknown. Bacon.

HOWBE＇IT, or HOWBE＇, adv. [how be it] nevertheless, notwith­
standing, yet, however: now obsolete. Howbe I am but rude and
borrel. Spenser. Howbeit this wisdom saveth them not. Hooker.

HOWD＇YE [contracted from how do ye. In what state is your health]
a message of civility. I now write no letters but of plain business or
plain howd＇ye＇s. Pope.

HOW, or HOE [with gardeners] a tool for cutting up weeds. See
HOE.

To HOW, or dig up [houër, Fr.] See To HOE.

To HOWT [huër, Fr.] to exclaim against or ridicule one; also to
shout. See to HOUT.

HOW-now? What is the meaning of that?

HOWE＇VER, or HOWSOE＇VER, adv. [of howso, and ever] 1. In what­
soever manner, in whatsoever degree. Highest agents deem＇d however
wise. Milton. 2. Yet, notwithstanding, nevertheless. Several ranges
of mountains which are, hwever, at so great a distance that they
leave a wonderful variety of beautiful prospects. Addison. 3. Be it
as it will, at all events, at least. Freed from all, if it may be, how­
ever, from the greatest evils. Tillotson.

HO＇WKER, a vessel built like a pink, but masted and rigged like a
hoy.

To HOWL, verb neut. [huylen, Du. hyle, Dan. heulen, Ger. hurler,
Fr. ululo, Lat.] 1. To cry like a wolf, dog, &c. 2. To utter cries
in distress. New widows howl. Shakespeare. 3. To speak with a
belluine cry or tone.
Go tell thy horrid tale
To savages, and howl it out in deserts. A. Philips.
4. It is used poetically of any noise loud and horrid.

HOWL, subst. [from the verb] 1. The cry of a wolf or dog. The
last howls of a dog. Swift. 2. The cry of a human creature, in
horror.
She raves, she runs with a distracted pace,
And fills with horrid howls the public place. Dryden.

To HOWL [with shipwrights] when the foot hooks of a ship are
searfed into the ground-timbers, and bolted, and the plank laid on up
to the orlop, then they say, they begin to make their howl.

HO＇WLET [of howling] a night bird. See HOULET.

HOWSOE＇VER. See HOWEVER.

To HOX, verb act. [hog, Sax.] to hough, to hamstring. With
his sword hoxed his horse. Knolles.

HOY [prob. of hoogh, Du. high, or hou, O. Fr.] a small bark, or
a large boat with one deck. To define a barge and a hoy, which are
between a boat and a ship, is hard. Watts.

HOYE, a town of Westphalia, capital of a county of the same
name, and subject to the elector of Hanover.

To HOZE Dogs, to cut off their claws or balls of their feet.

A HU＇BBLE-Bubble, a device for smoaking tobacco through water,
which makes a bubbling noise; also a person who speaks so quick, as
to be scarce intelligible, a talkative person, a rattle. A cant word.

HU＇BBUB, subst. [I know not the etymology, unless it be from up
up, or hobnob. Johnson] a tumult or uproar, a riot. In the hubbub of
the first day there appeared nobody of name. Clarendon.

HU＇CKABACK, a sort of linen cloth that is woven so, as to be partly
raised.

HU＇CKLE-BACK＇D [of huckend, Teut. bending, hocker, Ger. a bunch
and back. Johnson] crump-shouldered, having a bunch on the back.

HU＇CKLE-BONE [prob. of hucken, Ger. to bend, or sit down] the
hip-bone.

HU＇CKSTER, or HU＇CKSTERER, subst. [hck, Ger. a pedlar, hock­
ster, a she-pedlar. Johnson] 1. One who sells goods or provisions by
retale, or in small quantities, a pedlar. The being hucksters to such
vile merchandise. Government of the Tongue. Those hucksterers or
money-jobbers. Swift. 2. A trickish mean fellow. Now the ape
wanted his huckster man. Spenser.

To HU＇CKSTER, verb neut. [from the subst.] to deal in petty bar­
gains. They must pay a shilling for changing their piece into silver
to some huckstering fellow, who follows the trade. Swift.

To HU＇DDLE, verb act. [hudeln, Ger. probably from hood. Johnson]
1. To put or lay things up after a rough, confused manner, to throw
together in confusion. Our adversary huddling several suppositions to­
gether. Locke. 2. To dress up close, so as not to be discovered, to
mobble. 3. To put on carelesly in a hurry. Her cloaths were
huddl＇d on by two. Prior. 4. To cover up in haste. 5. To perform
in a hurry. This is not a play huddled up in haste. Dryden.

To HU＇DDLE, verb neut. to come in a crowd, or in a hurry. They
will run against things, and huddling forward fall from high places.
Brown.

HU＇DDLE, subst. [from the verb] a confusion, a bustle, a disor­
der, a crowd. A huddle of words. Glanville.

HU＇DSON＇s Bay, a large Mediterranean sea in North America, situ­
ated between the latitude 51° and 63° N.

HUE [hæwe, heaw, or hyew, Sax.] 1. Complexion, colour, dye.
Three months have changed thrice their hue. Spenser. 2. [Huée, Fr.]
a clamour, a legal pursuit, an alarm given to the country.

HUE and Cry [of huër and crier, Fr. i. e. to shout or cry aloud] in
ancient times, if a person who had been robbed, or any one in the
company had been murdered, came to the next constable, ordering
him to raise hue and cry, and make pursuit of the offender, describing
the person, and the way he was gone, the constable was obliged to call
upon his parishioners to aid and assist him in secking him; and not
finding him, to give notice to the next constable, and he to the next,
and so from one to another till he was apprehended, or to the sea-side.
In Scotland, this was performed by blowing an horn, and making an
outcry after the offender. Immediately comes a hue and cry after a
gang of thieves. L＇Estrange.

HU＇ER [huer, Fr. to cry] one whose business is to call to others.
Directed by a balker or huer. Carew.

To HUFF, verb act. [from the noun, of heosan, Sax.] 1. To puff
or blow, to swell. The diaphragm may easily be huffed up with air.
Grew. 2. To hector, to treat with arrogance or brutality. 3. To
give angry words to a person, to chide.

To HUFF, verb neut. to swell with indignation or pride, to bounce,
to swagger, rant, or vapour. Huffing to cowards. Roscommon.

HUFF [from hove, or hoven, swelled; he is huffed up by dis­
tempers. So in some provinces we still say, the bread huffs up, when
it begins to heave or ferment: huff therefore may be ferment. To be
in a huff, is then to be in a ferment, as we now speak. Johnson] 1.
A swaggering fellow, a bully, one swelled with a false opinion of his
own value. Lewd, shallow-brained huffs. South. 2. Treatment with
angry words, swell of arrogance. Wonderfully upon the huff about
his extraction. L＇Estrange.

HU＇FFER [of huff] one that huffs, a blusterer, a bully. Hu­
dibras.

HU＇FFING, part. adj. [of to huff] vapouring, ranting, &c.

HU＇FFISH, adj. [of huff] arrogant, hectoring.

HU＇FFISHLY, adv. [of huffish] with arrogance, with hectoring
bluster.

HU＇FFISHNESS [of huffish] petulance, noisy swell and bluster.

To HUG, or To HUGG, verb act. [hegian, Sax. to hedge, to inclose,
hugghen, Du. to be tender of hogan, Sax. to embrace close in the
arms] 1. To press close in an embrace. What would not he do now
to hug the creature? L＇Estrange. 2. To fondle, to treat with tender­
ness, to be pleased with a thing one＇s self. We hug deformities, if
they bear our names. Glanville. 3. To hold fast. Age makes us most
fondly hug and retain the good things of life. Atterbury.

HUG, or HUGG [from the verb] close embrace.

A Cornish HUG [with wrestlers] is when one has his adversary on
his breast, and holds him fast there.

HUGE [Minshew derives it of augero, Lat. to increase; others of
hefig, Sax. weighty. Johnson. from hooh, H. Du.] 1. Very
large, vast, immense. This space of earth is so huge. Abbot. 2.
Great, even to deformity or terribleness. A huge feeder. Shakespeare.

HU＇GELY, or HU＇GEOUSLY. 1. Vastly, immensely, enormously.
Doth it not flow as hugely as the sea? Shakespeare. 2. Very much,
greatly. I am hugely bent to believe. Swift.

HU＇GENESS [of huge] vastness, largeness, enormous bulk. Shake­
speare.

HU＇GEOUS, very large.

HU＇GGER-Mugger [prob of hogan, Sax. hugghen, Du. and morker,
Dan. darkness; corrupted perhaps from hug er morcker, or, hug in the
dark. Morker, in Danish, is darkness; whence our murky. It is
written by Sir Thomas More, hoker moker. Hoker, in Chaucer, is
peevish, cross-grained, of which moker may be only a ludicrous re­
duplication. Hooke is likewise in Ger. a corner, and moky is in Eng­
lish, dark. I know not how to determine. Johnson] by-place, se­
crecy.
Where-e＇er th＇ in HUGGER-MUGGER lurk,
I＇ll make them rue their handiwork.
HUD. P. I. Cant. III. L. 267, 268.

HU＇GUENOTE, Fr. a kind of kettle for a stove, or an earthen stove
for a pot to boil on.

HU＇GUENOTS [this name is variously derived by authors: Some
derive it from hue non venimus, the beginning of the first protestation
of the apologetical oration, made before cardinal Lotharingius, in the
time of Francis II. of France. Du Verdier derives it of John Huss,
whose opinions they embraced; and guenon, an ape, q. d. John Huss＇s
apes. Others from Hugh Capet, whose right of succession to the
crown, the calvinists maintained against the house of Guise. Others
of Huguenot, a piece of money, a farthing in the time of Hugh Ca­
pet. q. d. not worth a farthing. Others of Hugon, a gate in the city
of Tours, where they assembled when they first stirred. Pasquer de­
rives it of Hugon, an imaginary spright, that the populace fancied
stroled about in the night; and because in the night they generally
went to pray, they called them huguenots, i. e. disciples of king Hu­
gon] a nickname the papists give to the protestants in France. See
CÆLICOLÆ.

HUGUENOTISM, the profession or principles of the huguenots.

HU＇GY, adj. vast, large, huge; see HUGE.
This hugy rock one finger＇s force
Apparently will move. Carew.

HUKE, subst. [huque, Fr.] a cloak. A messenger in a rich huke.
Bacon.

HULK [hule, Sax. hulcke, Du. and L. Ger.] 1. A broad vessel or
sort of ship for setting in of masts. 2. The body of a ship. You have
not seen a hulk better stuff＇d in the hold. Shakespeare. 3. Any thing
bulky or unweildy, a great lazy fellow. This sense is still retained
in Scotland. The hulk Sir John. Shakespeare.

To HULK [with hunters] to take out the garbage of a hare or co­
ney, to exenterate,

HULL [hulle, Teut. hulgan, Goth. to cover, hule, Scottish] the
husk of pulse, chaff, &c. the outer covering; as, the hull of a nut
covers the shell.

HULL, the body of a ship without rigging, the hulk. Hull and
hulk are now confounded, but hulk seems originally to have signified
not merely the body or hull, but a whole ship of burthen, heavy and
bulky.

HULL [in geography] a large borough-town in the east-riding of
Yorkshire, on the river Hull. It has a large trade both inland and
foreign, and sends two members to parliament.

To HULL, verb neut. [sea language] to float, to ride to and fro
upon the water without sails or rudder. They saw somewhat come
hulling to them. L＇Estrange.

To he a HULL [sea language] a term used of a ship when she
takes all her sails in, so that nothing is abroad but her masts, yards,
and rigging; and this is done either in a dead calm (that she may not
beat them against the masts) or in a storm, when she cannot carry
them.

HU＇LLOCK [sea word] a piece of missen sail cut, and let loose, to
keep the ship＇s head to sea in a storm.

HU＇LLY [of hull] sull of hulls.

HU＇LVER, subst. holly. Tusser.

To HUM, verb neut. [hummen, Ger.] 1. To make the noise of
bees. Bacon. 2. To make an inarticulate and buzzing sound. I
heard a humming. Shakespeare. 3. To pause in speaking, and supply
the interval with an audible emission of breath. The man lay hum­







ming and hawing. L＇Estrange. 4. To sing low. The musical accents
of the Indians to us are but inarticulate hummings. Glanville. 5. To
applaud. Approbation was commonly expressed in public assemblies
by a hum, about a century ago.

HUM [from the verb] 1. The noise of bees or insects. The
shard-born beetle with his drowsy hums. Shakespeare. 2. The noise
of bustling crowds. The busy hum of men. Milton. 3. Any low,
dull noise.
Who sat the nearest by the hum o＇ercome
Slept fast, the distant nodded to the hum. Pope.
4. A pause, with an inarticulate sound. These hums and haws.
Shakespeare. 5. In Hudibras it seems used for ham.
His countrymen the Hums
Did stew their meat between their hums,
And the horses backs o＇er which they shaddle. Hudibras.
6. An expression of applause. You hear a hum in the right place.
Spectator.

HUM, interj. a sound implying doubt and deliberation. See Sir
Robert——hum! Pope.

HU＇MAN [humain, Fr. umano, It. humáno, Sp. of humanus, Lat.]
1. Pertaining to mankind. The highest of all human certainty. Locke.
2. Having the qualities or nature of man. Whether he be a human
creature. Swift.

HUMAN Signs [with astrologers] those signs of the zodiac, which
have a human shape, as Virgo, Aquarius, and half Sagittarius.

HUMA＇NE, adj. [humaine, Fr.] kind, civil, good-natured. It
maketh men become humane and charitable. Bacon.

HUMA＇NELY, adv. [of humane] affably, courteously, &c. Shake­
speare.

HU＇MANIST [humaniste, Fr. umanista, It.] one who is skilled in hu­
man learning, a grammarian, a philosopher.

HUMA＇NITIES, plur. [of humanity, which see; humaniores literæ,
Lat.] the study of the Greek and Latin tongue, grammar, rhetoric,
poetry, and the ancient poets, orators, and historians.

HUMA＇NITY [humanité, Fr. umanità, It. humanidàd, Sp. of huma­
nitas, Lat.] 1. The nature of man, or that which denotes him human.
Reach not beyond humanity. Sidney. 2. The collective body of mankind.
He is able to teach all humanity. Glanville. 3. Gentleness, courtesy,
affability, mildness. The common offices of humanity and friendship.
Locke. 4. Grammatical studies, philology. See HUMANITIES.

To HU＇MANIZE, verb act. [humaniser, Fr. umanare, It.] to civi­
lize, to make tractable, gentle, or mild, to make susceptive of bene­
volence or tenderness. To humanize our natures with compassion.
Addison.

HU＇MANIZED, part. adj. [humanise, Fr.] rendred humane, softened.

HU＇MANKIND, subst. [of human and kind] mankind, the race of
man. A knowledge both of books and humankind. Pope.

HU＇MANLY, adv. [of human; humaniter, Lat. humaniment, Fr.]
1. After a human manner, after the notions of men, according to the
power of men. Humanly speaking. Atterbury. 2. Kindly, with good
nature. This should be humanely. Modestly bold and humanly se­
vere. Pope.

HU＇MANNESS [of human] humanity.

HU＇MBER, a river of England formed by the Trent, Ouse, and
several other streams united. It divides Yorkshire from Lincolnshire,
and falls into the German sea at Holdernesse.

HU＇MBIRD [of hum and bird] the humming bird. The humbird
not much exceeding a beetle. Brown.

To HU＇MBLE, verb act. [humilier, Fr. umiliare, It. humillar, Sp.
humilio, Lat.] 1. To lower, to bring down from an height. The
highest mountains may be humbled into valleys. Hakewell. 2. To
make humble or submissive, to make to bow down with humility.
Humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God, that he may ex­
alt you. 1 Peter. 3. To crush, to subdue, to mortify. To see him
taken down and humbled in his reputation. Addison. 4. To make to
condescend. He humbles himself to speak to them. Locke.

HU＇MBLE, Fr. [humile, It. humilde, Sp. and Port. humilis, Lat.]
1. Low-minded, lowly, modest, not proud, not arrogant. Humble
in our imperfections. Taylor. 2. Low, not high, not great. An hum­
ble roof, and an obscure retreat. Yalden.

HU＇MBLE-BEE [of hum and bee] a buzzing wild bee. The hum­
ble-bees and the tinderboxes. Atterbury.

HUMBLEBE＇E-EATER, a fly that eats the humble-bee. Ainsworth.

HU＇MBLEMOUTHED [of humble and mouth] mild, meek. You are
meek and humblemouthed. Shakespeare.

HU＇MBLENESS [of humble] humility, absence of pride. With all
subjected humbleness to thank her excellencies. Sidney.

HU＇MBLER [of humble] one that humbles or subdues himself or
others.

HU＇MBLE-PLANT, a species of sensitive plant, so called, because
as soon as you touch it, it prostrates itself on the ground, and in a
short time elevates itself again. Mortimer.

HU＇MBLES, subst. entrails of a deer.

HU＇MBLESS, subst. [of humble] humbleness, humility. With meek
humbless and afflicted mood. Spenser.

HU＇MBLY, adv. [of humble] 1. Without pride.
And praise thee for thy goodness past,
And humbly hope for more. Addison.
2. Without height, without elevation, with humility or submission.

HU＇MDRUM, adj. [from humdrone, or humming-drone. Johnson]
dull, dronish, stupid. An old humdrum follow. Addison.

HU＇MECT, verb act. [the same with humectate; which see] of a
cool humecting quality. Wiseman.

HUMECTA＇NTIA, Lat. [with physicians] moistening remedies, such
as are capable of infinuating themselves into the pores of the body.

To HUME＇CTATE, verb act. [humecter, Fr. umettare, It. humecta­
tum, sup. of humecto, Lat.] to make moist, to wet. To humectate
the bordering soil. Howel.

HUMECTA＇TION [umettazione, It. of humectatio, Lat. in pharmacy]
the act of moistening or preparing of a medicine, by steeping it in
water, to soften it when too dry; or to cleanse it, or to hinder its
subtile parts from being dissipated in grinding, or the like. Re­
solved by humectation. Brown.

HU＇MERAL, adj. Fr. [from humerus, Lat. the shoulder] belonging
to the shoulder. Sharp.

HUMETTE＇E [in heraldry] a term applied to a chevron, the same
as fessee.

HUMICUBA＇TION, subst. [of humi, on the ground, and cubo, Lat.
to lie down] the act of lying on the ground. Bramhall.

HU＇MID [humide, Fr. umido, It. humido, Sp. humidus, Lat.] damp,
moist, wet, watery. If it be apt to stick to things it is humid.
Newton.

HUMI＇DITY [humidité, Fr. umidità, It. humedàd, Sp. of humidi­
tas, Lat.] dampness, moistness, or the power of wetting other bo­
dies. It differs from fluidity, in that some fluids will not wet or ad­
here to all they touch; as quicksilver will not wet or adhere to hands
or cloaths, though it will to gold and other metals. Young animals
have more tender fibres, and more humidity than old. Arbuthnot.

HU＇MIDNESS [humiditas, Lat. humidité, Fr.] moisture.

HUMI＇FIC [humificus, Lat.] moistening.

HU＇MIDUM Primogenium, Lat. [in medicine] the blood which is to
be seen in generation before any thing else.

HUMIDUM Radicale, Lat. [in medicine] the radical moisture of
man＇s body; which is understood by some, to be the mass of blood,
which is the common promptuary whence all other fluids in a human
body are derived; or the purest and most defecate part of the nutri­
tious matter, in a condition ready to be assimilated.

HUMILIA＇TES, a religious order, who lived very strict and mortified
lives.

HUMILIA＇TION, Fr. [umiliazione, It. humiliácion, Sp. of húmilia­
tio, Lat.] 1. State of being humbled, abased, or brought down or
low, mortification, external expression of sin and unworthiness. The
doctrine he preached was humiliation and repentance. Brown. 2. The act
of bringing down, or abating a person＇s pride or self-conceit. A great
lesson of humiliation to mankind. Swift. 3. Descent from greatness,
act of humility. The former was an humiliation of deity, the latter
an humiliation of manhood. Hooker.

HU＇MILIS Musculus, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle which draws
the eye down towards the cheek.

HUMI＇LITY [humilité, Fr. umilità, It. humilidàd, Sp. humilidade,
Port. of humilitas, Lat.] 1. Humbleness, lowliness of mind, meek­
ness, freedom from pride, modesty. The humility of a christian
teacheth to forgive. Hooker. 2. Act of submission. With these hu­
milities they satisfied the young king. Davies.

HU＇MMER [of hum] an applauder. Ainsworth.

HU＇MMERKIN, a vessel containing two thirds of a hogshead.

HU＇MMING Liquor, strong liquor that makes a humming noise, by
being put into agitation, by pouring out of a bottle, &c. into ano­
ther vessel.

HU＇MMUMS, the name of a sweating house.

HU＇MORAL, adj. [of humour] proceeding from the humours.
Harvey.

HUMO＇RES, Lat. [with physical authors] the humours of the body,
of which, three that are called general, are distributed, through the
whole body, viz. the blood, the lymph, and the nervous juice.

HUMORES Oculares, Lat. the humours of the eye; which are three,
viz. the aqueous or watry, the chrystalline or icy, and the vitreous or
glassy.

HUMORES in Secundinis, Lat. [with physicians] are the humours in
the three membranes or skins, that cover a child in the womb.

HU＇MORIST [humorista, It. humoriste, Fr.] 1. One full of humors,
whimsies, or conceits, a fantastical or whimsical person, one who gra­
tifies his own fancy and humor. The notion of a humorist is one that
is greatly pleased, or greatly displeased with little things, his actions
seldom directed by the reason and nature of things. Watts. 2. One
who has violent and peculiar passions. The peccant humors and hu­
morists must be discovered and purged, or cut off. Bacon.

HUMORISTS, the title of the members of a celebrated academy of
learned men at Rome.

HUMORO＇SI, the name of an academy established at Cortona in
Italy.

HU＇MOUR [umore, It. humeur, Fr. Sp. and Port. humor, Lat.] 1.
Moisture, juice. The aqueous humour of the eye. Ray. 2. General
turn or temper of mind. A young lord led hither with the humour of
youth. Sidney. 3. Present disposition. Their humours are not to be
won. Hudibras. 4. Grotesque imagery, jocularity. 5. Diseased or
morbid disposition. A body full of humours. Temple. 6. Petulance,
peevishness. Has he not humours to be endured. South. 7. A trick,
a practice. I like not the humour of lying. Shakespeare. 8. Caprice,
predominant inclination, fancy, whim. In private men are more bold
in their own humours. Bacon.

HUMOUR [in comedy] is defined to be a fainter or weaker passion,
peculiar to comic characters, as being found in persons of a lower de­
gree than those proper for tragedy; or it is that which is low, ridicu­
lous, &c.

HUMOUR, is accounted as peculiar to the English drama, at least,
our comic poets have excelled therein, and carried it beyond those of
any other nation: and ours, perhaps, is the only language that has a
name for it.
I suspect, the incomparable Moliere, and his admirers, will scarce
think themselves much beholden to our Lexicographer for this re­
flection.

HUMOUR [in dramatic poetry] is used for a subordinate or weak­
er species, of what the critics call manners.

HUMOUR [in medicine] the particular temperament or constitution
of a person, considered as arising from the prevalence of this or that
humour or juice of the body. The different kind of moisture in man＇s
body were reckoned by the old physicians to be phlegm, blood, cho­
ler and melancholy, which, as they predominated, were supposed to
determine the temper of mind; as, a choleric humour, a melancholy
humour, a sprightly humour, &c. See BILIOUS; and after [Crispy
hair] read, HOMER has given, &c.

Aqueous HU＇MOUR [with oculists] or waterish humour, or rather
lens, lies in the forepart of the globe, immediately under the cornea.
“This humour, says Dr. Keil, is thin and liquid, of a spirituous na­
ture; for it will not freeze in the greatest frost”. But this last remark
of his, I fear, is a mistake.








Crystalline HUMOUR [with oculists] lies immediately next to the
aqueous, behind the uvea, opposite to the pupilla; it is the least of the
humours; but much more solid than any of them. Its figure, which
is convex on both sides, resembles two unequal segments of spheres, of
which the most convex is its backside, which makes a small cavity in
the glassy humour in which it lies. It is covered with a fine coat,
called aranea. KEIL. This by some is called glacialis, and is the
primary instrument of vision, in respect of its collecting and reception
of the rays, which coming thither, dilated by the aqueous humour,
are collected and conveyed to the retina.

Vitreous HUMOUR [with oculists] or glassy humour, is bigger than
any of the rest, and fills the backward cavity of the eye.
Dr. KEIL adds, “That it is contained in a very fine coat of the
same name; and that, upon its back-part, the retina is spread; which
it holdeth from the chrystalline humour, at a distance requisite to re­
ceive the impression of objects distinctly.” The reader will find most
curious draughts both of these, and other organs, in BOERHAAVE Oeco­
nomia Animal. Ed. Londin.

To HU＇MOUR, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To please, to gratify,
to sooth by compliance. I would humour his men. Shakespeare. 2. To
fit, to comply with. The king has humour＇d the genius of the place.
Addison.

HU＇MOURIST. HUMORIST.

HU＇MOROUS, adj. [of humour] 1. Fantastical, without any rule but
the present whim, irregular. A fanciful temper of mind, and an hu­
morous conduct in his affairs. Watts. 2. Full of grotesque or odd
images. Others, that this passage alludes to the story of the satire
Marsgas, who contended with Apollo, which I think is more humo­
rous. Addison. 3. Pleasant, jocular.

HU＇MOROUSLY, adv. [of humorous] 1. Whimsically, fantastically.
2. Merrily, jocosely. A cabinet of medals Juvenal calls very humo­
rously, concisum argentum in titulos faciesque minutas. Addison.

HU＇MOROUSNESS, comicalness, fulness of pleasantry; also fantasti­
calness, fickleness.

HU＇MORSOME. 1. Peevish, fretful, hard to please, petulant. 2.
Odd, humorous. Singular and humorsome disguises. Swift.

HU＇MORSOMELY, adv. [of humorsome] peevishly, petulantly.

HU＇MORSOMENESS [of humorsome] hardness to be pleased, peevish­
ness.

HUMP, subst. [corrupted perhaps from hump. Johnson. See BUMP]
the protuberance formed by a crooked back. The hump fell.
Tatler.

HUMP-BACK, subst. [of hump and back] crooked back, high should­
ers. Born with an hump-back and high nose. Tatler.

HU＇MP-BACKED, having a crooked back.

To HUNCH [prob. of husch, Teut. a blow] 1. To push or thrust
with the elbow. To hunch and push one another. Arbuthnot. 2. To
strike or punch with the fist. 3. [Horker, Ger. a crooked back] to
crook the back. Thy crooked mind within hunch＇d out thy back.
Dryden.

HUNCH-BACK＇D [q. hunched-backed] crook-backed, hump-shoul­
dered. Flat nosed and hunch-backed. L＇Estrange.

HU＇NDRED, adj. [hund, hundred, Sax. hondert, Du. hundert, Ger.
hundrede, Dan. hundrade, Su. hund, Goth.] the number consisting of
ten, multiplied by ten. It has no plural, except when the number is
indeterminate, and a genitive follows, as hundreds of pounds; or
when a genitive itself, as what number of hundreds; or in the nu­
meration-table, unites, tens, hundreds, where it is properly a geni­
tive, and supposes the place of hundreds; or when another preposition
goes before, as by hundreds.

HUNDRED, subst. [hundred, Sax. hundredum, Lat. hundrede, O.
Fr.] 1. A particular part of a shire or county, because i. consisted of
ten tithings, and each tithing of ten housholds, and so consisted of
an hundred families, and thence called hundred; or because it furnish­
ed the king with a hundred men for his wars. Johnson says, a can­
ton or division of a county, perhaps once containing an hundred ma­
nors. That that he wins in the hundred he loseth in the shire. Bacon.
2. A company or body, consisting of an hundred.

HU＇NDREDERS, men empannelled, or fit to be impannelled on a
jury, upon any controversy, dwelling within the hundred where the
land in question lies; also bailiffs of hundreds.

HUNDRED-Lagh, the hundred-court, from which all the officers of
the king＇s forest are freed.

HUNDRED-Law. See HUNDRED-Lagh.

HUNDRED Secta [old law] the payment of personal attendance,
ordering suit and service at the hundred-court.

HU＇NDREDTH, adj. [hundreonteogowa, Sax.] the ordinal of a hun­
dred, the tenth ten times told.

HU＇NDREDUS Affirmatus [old records] the profits of an hundred­
court, farmed out for a standing rent.

HUNG, the pret. and part. pass. of to hang. See To HANG.

HU＇NGARY, a kingdom of Europe, bounded by the Carpathian
mountains, which divide it from Poland, on the north; by Transil­
vania and Walachia on the east; by the river Drave, which separates
it from Sclavonia, on the south; and by Austria and Moravia on the
west.

HU＇NGER [hunger, Sax. honger, Ger. Dan. and Su. hambre, Sp.]
1. A craving of the appetite after food, the pain felt from fasting.
The subacid part of the animal spirits being cast off by the lower
nerves upon the coats of the stomach, vellicates the fibres, and there­
by produces the sense we call hunger. Grew. 2. Any violent desire.
The necessity of preparing our appetites and hungers for them.  Decay
of Piety.

HUNGER will break through stone walls. See NECESSITY has no
Law, under NECESSITY.
HUNGER makes hard bones sweet beans.
L. Famem efficere ut crudæ etiam fabæ saccharum sapiant. Erasm. The
full stomach (saith Solomon) loatheth the honeycomb; but to the hungry
every bitter thing is sweet. The Scot. say, the hungry man sees meat far.
The French say, l＇appitit fait toute bon: (a good stomach makes every
thing good.) See HUNGRY dogs will eat dirty pudding, under HUNGRY.

Natural HUNGER, is an irritation of the stomach, occasioned by
fasting.

Animal HUNGER, is the sensation or perception of that irritation,
and the appetite or desire of food, that is the consequence of it.

To HUNGER, verb neut. [hungrian, Sax. hungret, Dan. hungra,
Su. hungeren, Du. hungern, Ger.] 1. To crave after food, to feel the
pain of hunger. As if they hunger＇d for the food they bore. Cowley.
2. To desire with great eagerness. Dost thou so hunger for my empty
chair? Shakespeare.

HU＇NGER-BIT, or HU＇NGER-BITTEN, adj. [of hunger and bít]
pained or weakened with hunger. His strength shall be hunger-bitten.
Job.

HU＇NGERFORD, a market town of Berkshire, on the river Kennet,
64 miles from London.

HU＇NGERLY, adj. [of hunger] hungry, being in want of nourish­
ment.
His beard
Grew thin and hungerly, and seem＇d to ask
His sops as he was drinking. Shakespeare.

HUNGERLY, adv. with keen appetite. They eat us hungerly.
Shakespeare.

HU＇NGERSTARVED [of hunger and starved] starved with hunger,
pinched by want of food. Or lambs pursu＇d by hungerstarved wolves.
Shakespeare.

HU＇NGRED, adj. [of hunger] pinched by want of food. Men an
hungred love to smell hot bread. Bacon.

HU＇NGRILY, adv. [of hungry] with keen appetite. When on
harsh acorns hungrily they fed. Dryden.

HU＇NGRINESS [of hungry] craving appetite.

HUNGRY [hungrig, Sax. hongeriah, Du. hungerig, Ger. Dan.
and Su.] 1. Craving after food, feeling pain from want of food.
2. Not fat, not fruitful, not prolific, more disposed to draw from
other substances than impart to them. Hungry and barren soil.
Smalridge.

HU＇NGRY Evil [in horses] an unnatural and over-hasty greediness
to devour their meat before they can chew it.
HUNGRY Dogs will eat dirty pudding.
This proverb is used by way of satire against those persons, whose im­
petuous lusts make them demean themselves beneath their quality.
HUNGER＇s the best sauce.
Thus say the Latins: Jejunus raro stomachus vulgaria temnit; & fames
est optimum condimentum. The Fr. A la faim, il n＇y a point de mauvais
pain: And the Ital. L＇asino chi a fame mangia d＇ogni strame.
HUNGRY flies bite sore.
This is spoken when needy people are very importunate and craving.

HUNKS, subst. [hunskur, Islandic, sordid] a miser, a covetous nig­
gardly wretch. A close hunks worth money. Addison.

To HUNT, verb act. [huntian, from hund, Sax. a dog] 1. To
chase wild beasts. 2. To pursue, to follow close. Evil shall hunt
the violent man. Psalms. 3. To search after. I do hunt out a pro­
bability. Spenser. 4. To direct or manage hounds in the chase. He
hunts a pack of dogs better than any man. Addison.

To HUNT, verb neut. 1. To follow the chace. To hunt for veni­
son. Genesis. 2. To pursue or search. Hunting after arguments.
Locke.

HUNT [from the verb] 1. A pack of hounds. The common hunt.
Dryden. 2. A chace. The hunt is up. Gay. 3. Pursuit in ge­
neral.
By the happy hollow of a tree,
Escap＇d the hunt. Shakespeare.

To HUNT Change, is when the hounds take fresh scent, hunting
another chace, till they stick and hit it again.

To HUNT Counter, signifies that the hounds hunt by the heel.

HU＇NTER [of hunt] 1. A chaser of wild beasts for pastime. 2. A
dog that scents game or beasts of prey. Shakespeare.

HU＇NTING, part. adj. [from to hunt] chasing of wild beasts, or
searching after.

HUNTING the Foil, is when the chace fails off and comes on
again.

HU＇NTINGDON, the shire town of a county of the same name, situ­
ated on the river Ouse, 57 miles from London; it gives title of earl to
the noble family of Hastings, and sends two members to parliament;
the county of Huntingdon also sends two members.

HU＇NTING-HORN [of hunting and horn] a horn used to cheer the
hounds, a bugle. Prior.

HU＇NTRESS [of hunter] a woman that follows the chace. He de­
scribes her as an huntress. Broome.

HU＇NTSMAN [of hunt and man] 1. One who hunts or delights in
the chace. 2. The servant whose office it is to manage the chace.
Apply this moral rather to the huntsman that managed the chace than
to the master. L＇Estrange.

HU＇NTSMANSHIP [of huntsman] the qualifications of a hunter,
Donne.

HU＇RDLE [of hurdel, Sax. hurdel, Du. hurde, Ger.] 1. Hasle rods
or any other sticks wattled together. Hurdles and the flail. Dryden. 2.
A kind of low carriage, upon which criminals for treason are conveyed
to the place of execution. Taking pleasure upon the hurdle to think
that he should be famous in after times. Bacon.

HU＇RDLES, or CLAYES, are made of branches or twigs, inter­
woven together in the figure of a long square, about five or six feet
long, and three, or three and a half broad; the closer they are
woven they are the better. They are for several uses, as for co­
vering traverses and lodgments, caponeers, &c. and are covered
over with earth to secure them from the artificial fireworks of the
enemy, and from the stones which might be thrown upon them; and
likewise to lay upon marshy ground, or to pass the foss, especially
when it is full of mud or slime.

HU＇RDLES [in husbandry] are frames made either of split sticks,
or hazle rods platted together, to make sheep-folds, &c.

HURDS, subst. the refuse of hemp or flax. Ainsworth. This in the
country is commonly called hards.

HURE [in heraldry] the head of a wild boar, a bear, a wolf, or
some such fierce creature; but not of lions, or other such noble crea­
ture.

To HURL, verb act. [from huorlt, Islandic, to throw down, or,
perhaps, corruptly, according to Skinner, of whirl] 1. To throw, to







cast with violence, to drive impetuously. Hurling stones. Chronicles.
2. To utter with vehemence. 3. [hurler, Fr.] To make an howling or
hideous noise. He hurls out vows. Spenser. 3. To play at a sort of
game. Hurling taketh its denomination from throwing of the ball,
and is of two sorts, to goals and to the country; for hurling to goals,
there are fifteen or thirty players, more or less, chosen out on each
side, who strip themselves, and then join hands in ranks one against
another; out of these ranks they match themselves by pairs, one em­
bracing another, and so pass away; every of which couple are to
watch one another during this play. Carew.

HURL, subst. [from the verb] tumult, riot, commotion. Knolles.

HU＇RLBAT [of hurl and bat] a whirlbat. Ainsworth.

HURL-BONE [of an horse] a bone near the middle of the buttocks,
very apt to go out of its socket by a slip or strain.

HURLE, the hair of flax, which is either fine or wound.

HU＇RLER [of hurl] one that plays at hurling. Carew.

HU＇RLING, part. act. [of hurl, q. d. whirling] throwing stones,
&c. with a whirling motion of the hand.

HU＇RL-WIND [of hurl and wind] a whirlwind, a violent gust; an
obsolete word. We now call it whirlwind. Sandys.

HU＇RLY, or HU＇RLY-BURLY [of whirle, Eng. and burgh, Sax.
I have been told that this word owes its original to two neighbouring
families, named Hurly and Burly, or Hurleigh and Burleigh, which
filled their part of the kingdom with contests and violence. If this
account be rejected, the word must be derived from hurl, hurly, and
burly, a ludicrous reduplication; hurlade, Fr. hurlubrelu, inconside­
rately. Johnson] a tumult, uproar, bustle, or commotion. At the
hurly death itself awakes. Shakespeare. All places were filled with
tumult and hurly-burly. Knolles.

HU＇RLY-THRUMBO, a bawling noisy preacher, orator, &c. who
lays about him violently, using much action and gesture; also one
that uses many extravagant expressions and rants.

HU＇RRICANE, or HURRICA＇NO, subst. [ouragan, Fr. of hurracàn,
Sp.] a violent storm of wind, which often happens in the East and
West-Indies, in September and October, overthrowing trees, houses,
and whatsoever is in its way. Hurricanes begin in the north, but
turn round, and in a little time veer through all the points of the
compass. A storm or hurricano, tho＇ but the force of air, makes a
strange havock where it comes. Burnet＇s Theory.

HU＇RRY [of harier, Fr.] great haste.

To HURRY, verb act. [harier, Fr. hergian, Sax. to plunder; hurs
was likewise a word used by the old Germans, in urging their horses
to speed, but seems the imperative of the verb. Johnson] to hare, to
hasten too much, to put into precipitation or confusion. Impetuous
lust hurries him on. South.

To HURRY, verb neut. to move on with precipitation, to make
great haste. You would not hurry. Dryden.

HU＇RRY [from the verb] commotion, precipitation. A very great
hurry. Addison.

HURST [of hyrst, Sax.] joined with the names of places, denotes
that they took their name from wood or forest.

HURST [hyrst, Sax.] a grove or thicket of trees. Ainsworth.

HURTS, HUERTS, or HEURTS [in heraldry] are roundles, azure,
&c. the same the Fr. call torteaux d＇azure. Some imagine they sig­
nify bruises or contusions in the flesh; but others hurtle-berries.

HURT [hyrt, Sax.] 1. A wound or bruise. Received two great
hurts in his body. Hayward. 2. Harm, mischief, an injury, a da­
mage. The hurt which cometh thereby is greater than the good.
Spenser.

To HURT [irr. verb act. hurt and hurted, pret. and part. p. hyr­
tan, hyrt, Sax. wounded, heurtur, Fr. to strike] 1. To harm, to mis­
chief, to do injury. Virtue may be assailed, but never hurt. Milton.
2. To wound, to pain by some bodily harm. It hurts my hand.
Shakespeare.

HU＇RTER [of hurt] one that hurts or does harm.

HU＇RTFUL [hyrt-full, Sax.] injurious, prejudicial, mischievous.

HU＇RTFULLY, adj. [of hurtful] perniciously, mischievously.

HU＇RTFULNESS [of hurtful] mischievousness.

To HU＇RTLE, [verb neut. heurter, Fr. urtare, It.] to dash, to skir­
mish, to run against any thing, to jostle, to meet in shock and en­
counter. Hanmer. The noise of battle hurtled in the air. Shakespeare.

To HU＇RTLE, verb act. [to move violently or impetuously. This
harmful chub he gan to hurtle high. Spenser.

HU＇RTLE-BERRY [hiort bar, Dan.] bilberry.

HU＇RTLESS [hyrtleas, Sax.] 1. Harmless, innocent. Hurtless
blows. Dryden. 2. Receiving no hurt.

HU＇RTLESLY, adv. [of hurtless] without hurt or harm.

HU＇RTLESNESS [of hurtless] freedom from harm or any hurtful
quality.

HU＇RT-SICKLE, an herb.

HU＇SBAND [husband, Sax. hosbonde, hussband, from house and
bonda, Runic, a master] 1. The consort of a wife, a man married to a
woman, the correlative to wife. 2. The male of animals.
Tho＇ a snowy ram thou shouldst behold,
Prefer him not in haste for husband to thy fold. Dryden.
3. An œconomist, a man that knows and practises the arts of fruga­
lity and profit. Its signification is always qualified by some epithet
that implies good or bad. Edward I. shewed himself a right good
husband. Davies. 4. A farmer or tiller of the ground. Husbands
work is laborious and hard. Spenser.

HUSBAND of a Ship, a person whose office it is to see a ship＇s cargoe
entered, landed, laid up in warehouses, &c. for the merchants.

To HU＇SBAND, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To manage with
frugality. Wifely husbanding the possession of a victory. Clarendon.
2. To supply with a husband. If he should husband you. Shake­
speare. 3. To till the ground, to cultivate it properly, A farmer
cannot husband his ground, if he sits at a great rent. Bacon. 4. To
be a good husband, or sparing of a thing.

HU＇SBANDLESS, adj. [of husband] being without a husband.  Shake­
speare.

HU＇SBANDLY, adj. [of husband] frugal, thifty. A husbandly part.
Tusser.

HU＇SBANDMAN [of husband and man] one who works in tillage.
He is your serving man and your husbandman. Shakespeare.

HU＇SBANDRY [of husband] 1. Manner of cultivating land; tillage
of land. The art of husbandry. Sidney. 2. The management of ex­
pences, frugality, thrift. To break into any rules of the strictest good
husbandry. Swift. 3. Care of domestic affairs. The husbandry and
manage of my house. Shakespeare.

HUSBANDRY was represented by the antients, in sculpture and paint­
ing, by the goddess Ceres, holding in her left hand the zodiac, and
in her right a young tree which began to grow up.

HUSCA＇RLE [hus-carl, Sax.] an houshold servant.

HUSE, a fish, of which the white glue called isinglass is made.

HU＇SEANS [huseaux, Fr.] a sort of boots or spatterdashers.

HUSEFA＇STNE [of hus, and fast, Sax.] one who holds house and
land.

HUSGA＇BLE [in old records] house-rent.

HUSH, interj. [prob. of השקה, Heb. or of huschen, L. Ger. to
sing, lull, or entice to sleep, as nurses do children in their cradles.
Johnson says ＇tis without etymology] be still, silence, no noise. Shake­
speare.

HUSH, adj. [from the interj.] silent, quiet. As hush as death.
Shakespeare.

To HUSH, verb neut. [from the interj.] to be still, to be silent. At
these strangers presence every one did hush. Spenser.

To HUSH, verb act. to silence, to still, to appease. The court was
hushed, and a whisper ran. Addison.

To HUSH Up, verb act. to suppress in silence, to forbid to be men­
tioned. This matter is hush＇d up. Pope.

HU＇SHMONEY [of hush and money] a bribe to hinder information,
pay to secure silence. Swift.

HUSK [hulse, Ger. gousse, Fr. guscio, It. hudsch or hwyscken, from
hys, Du. Johnson] the outer coat of corn, grain, seed, &c. the
rind. Bacon.

To HUSK, verb act. [from the subst.] to strip off the outward rind.

HUSKANA＇WING, a solemnity practised by the Virginian Indians,
once every fourteen or sixteen years. It is an institution or discipline
that all young men must pass under before they can be admitted to be
of the number of great men, officers, or cockarouses of the nation.

HU＇SKED, adj. [of husk] covered with a husk.

HU＇SRY, adj. [of husk] abounding in husks, consisting of husks.
A husky harvest from the grudging ground. Dryden.

HUSSA＇RS, Hungarian horsemen, said to be so called from the huzza,
or shout, they give at the first charge.

HU＇SSELING People, people who received the sacrament.

HU＇SSITES, the followers of John Huss the reformer.

HU＇SSY [corrupted of house-wife, huswif, Sax. taken in an ill
sense] a sorry or bad woman, a worthless wench; a name given to
a girl, maid, or woman in contempt or anger. And it is often used
ludicrously in slight disapprobation. Get you in, hussy. Southerne.

HU＇STINGS [this some derive of hus, an house, and ðing, Sax. q. d.
the house for trying causes] 1. A council, a court held particularly, a
court held before the lord mayor and aldermen of the city of London.
2. The place where this court is held; as, he made a speech from
the hustings.

To HU＇STLE, verb act. [perhaps corrupted from hurtle] to shake
together.

HU＇SWIFE [huswif, Sax. the mistress of a house] 1. A bad manager,
a sorry woman. It is common to use housewife in a good, and huswife
or hussy in a bad sense. Johnson.
A huswife that by selling her desires,
Buys herself bread and cloth. Shakespeare.
2. A good manager of houshold affairs, a thrifty woman, The boun­
teous huswife nature. Shakespeare.

To HU＇SWIFE, verb act. [from the subst.] to manage with œco­
nomy and frugality. Huswifing the little heaven had lent. Dryden.

HU＇SWIFERY, subst. [of huswife] 1. Management good or bad.
Good huswifery trieth
To rise with the cock;
Ill huswifery lyeth
Till nine of the clock. Tusser.
2. Management of rural business committed to women.
If cheeses in dairy have Argos＇s eyes,
Tell Cisley the fault in her huswifery lies. Tusser.

HU＇UST, N. C. [of hwostan, Sax. hoesten, Du. husten, Ger. to
cough] a cough.

HUT [hutte, Sax. hutte, Du. and Ger. hutte, Fr.] 1. A small
poor cottage or hovel. In his poor hut to pass the night. Swift. 2.
A lodge for soldiers in the field.

HUTCH, subst. [huche, Fr. hucha, Su. huæcca, hutta, Sax.] 1. A
vessel to lay corn in, a corn-chest. Keep them in hutches or close
casks. Mortimer. 2. A wooden cage, &c. to keep rabbits in. 3. A
trap for catching vermin.

HUTE＇SIUM [in old records] a hue and cry, especially in Scotland,
where, when a robbery had been committed, they blew an horn, and
made an outcry; after which, if the thief ran away and did not surren­
der himself, he might be lawfully killed, or hanged upon the next gal­
lows.

HU＇THERSFIELD, a market town in the west riding of Yorkshire,
161 miles from London. It stands on the Calder, and is one of the
five towns in this county most noted for the clothing trade.

HU＇XING a Pike [with anglers] a particular and diverting method
of catching that fish.

To HUZZ, verb neut. [from the sound] to hum as bees do, to buzz,
to murmur.

HUZZA＇, interj. [of Hussars, or Hungarian horsemen; it being their
custom to shout at the making the onset; or, as some imagine, from
hosanna, Heb. i. e. save now] a loud acclamation, a shout for joy.
The huzza＇s of the rabble. L＇Estrange.

To HUZZA, verb neut. [from the interjection] to utter acclamation.
The huzzaing mob. King.

To HUZZA＇, verb act. to receive one with acclamations. He was
huzzaed into the court. Addison.

To HY, verb neut. [of higan, Sax.] to make haste. See To HIE.

HY＇ACINTH, or JA＇CINTH [υακινθος, Gr.] a precious stone; the
same with the lapis lyncurius of the ancients; so called from its resem­
blance of the purple flower named hyacinth; of which there are four







sorts; those that are intermixed with a vermillion colour, those of a
saffron colour, those of an amber colour, and those of a white inter­
mixed with a faint red, and are either oriental or occidental. These
stones either engrave or cut fine, and were it not that the graving often­
times costs more than the stone, they would be more used for seals,
&c.
These stones were used by the antients for amulets and talismans,
who wore them about their necks or in rings, &c. and imagined they
had in them a virtue to secure them from the plague. The jacinth or
hyacinth was a mixture of purple and blue, or a blue purple. Crisp.

Confection of HYACINTH [in medicine] is a thin electuary of a cor­
dial quality, composed of divers precious stones, the hyacinth stone be­
ing one of the principal ingredients; and also coral, hartshorn, seeds,
roots, and divers other ingredients pulverized or ground, and mixed
together.

HY＇ACINTH [hyacinth, Fr. jacinto, It. Sp. and Port. hyacinthus,
Lat. υακινθος, Gr.] a plant. It hath a bulbous root; the leaves are
long and narrow, the stalk is upright and naked, the flowers growing
on the upper part of a spike. Miller.

HY＇ACINTH [in heraldry] the tenne, or tawny colour in the coats
of noblemen.

HYACI＇NTHIA, festivals held at Sparta, in honour of Apollo, and
remembrance of his famous Hyacinth.

HYATHI＇NTHINE [hyathinthinus, Lat. υακινθινος, Gr.] pertaining
to or like the hyacinth, made of hyacinths.

HYACI＇NTHING, or HYACI＇NTHIAN, n. adj. resembling the hya­
cinth or flower so called. His hyacinthian locks. Milton. And thus HO­
MER long before him, —υακινθινω ανθει ομοιας, i. e. resembling the
flower of a hyacinth, not much for its colour, which is diverse; but, as
I rather think, for its CURLS.

HYACI＇THIZONTES [of υακινθιζω, Gr.] a kind of emeralds incli­
ning to a violet-colour.

HY＇ADES, or HY＇ADS [so called of απο του υειν, i. e. to rain] a wa­
tery constellation, called the seven stars. The poets feign them to be
the daughters of Atlas and Æthra, whence they are also called Atlan­
tiades. Their names are Ambrosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Coronis,
Plexauris, Pytho, and Tyche. They are famous among the poets for
bringing rain; they are placed in the bull＇s head, and the chief of
them (the most fulgid, says GOLIUS) is by the Arabs called aldeba­
ran.
The poets feign, that Hyas their brother having been torn to pieces
by a lioness, they wept so vehemently for his death, that the Gods,
in compassion to them, translated them to heaven, and placed them in
the forehead of the bull; where they still continue to weep: And
hence the constellation is supposed by some to presage rain.

HY＇ALINE [hyalinus, Lat. of υαλινος, Gr.] pertaining to glass,
glassy, resembling glass. The clear hyaline, the glassy sea. Milton.

HYÆ＇NA, or HY＇EN, Lat. [υαινα, Gr.] a kind of beast much like
a wolf, very ravenous and subtil; of which it is fabulously related by
some writers, that he will come in the night-time to shepherd＇s houses,
and learning their names, by counterfeiting a man＇s voice, call them
out and devour them.
A wonder more amazing would we find,
The Hyen shews it of a double kind,
Varying the sexes in alternate years,
In one begets, and in another bears. Dryden.

HYALOI＇DES [υαλοειδες, of υαλον, glass, and ειδος, Gr. look] the
vitreous or glassy humour of the eyes.

HYBERNA＇GIUM [in old records] the season for sowing winter
corn.

HYBE＇RNAL [hybernus, Lat.] pertaining to winter.

HYBERNAL Occident, the winter-west, or south-west. That point
where the sun sets at its entrance into the tropic of Capricorn, i. e.
on the shortest day.

HYBERNAL Orient, the winter-east, or south-east. That point of
the horizon where the sun rises at its entrance into the tropic of Can­
cer.

HYBI＇STRICA, a festival with sacrifices and other ceremonies cele­
brated by the Greeks; at which the men wore the apparel of women,
and the women of men, in honour of Venus, either as a God, or a
goddess, or both; or, as others say, a festival held at Argos; where the
women, habited like men, insulted their husbands with all the tokens
of superiority, in memory of the Argian dames having defended their
country with notable courage against Cleomenes and Demaratus.

HYBO＇MA [υβομα, Gr. gibbosity] a bending-in of all the vertebras
or turning-joints. Bruno says the Hyboma is the same with cyphosis
or gibbosity; tho＇ GALEN sometimes uses the word to express “omnem
vertebrarum eversionem.” Gal. 3 Artic. Tom. 53.

HY＇BRIDA, Lat. a mongrel creature, whose fire is of one kind,
and dam of another.

HY＇BRIDOUS, adj. [υβρις, Gr. hybrida, Lat.] begotten between ani­
mals of different species. Ray.

HYDA＇RTHROS [of υδωρ, water, αρθρον, Gr. a joint] a gleet from a
wounded joint.

HYDA＇TIDES [υδατιδες, of υδωρ, Gr. water] watery blisters on the
liver or bowels of dropsical persons, supposed to proceed from a disten­
tion and rupture of the lymphæducts.

HYDATOI＇DES [υδατοιδες, of υδωρ, water, and ειδος, Gr. form] the
watery humour of the eye.

HYDA＇TIS [υδατις, Gr.] a disease in the eyes, consisting of a fatty sub­
stance or excrescence growing under the skin of the upper eye-lid. See
LORDOSIS. CASTELL. RENOVAT. who says also, “it is a pustule of
the palpebræ, or pinguis quædam materia palpebræ cuti, p. n. substracta.”
GALEN. and C. HOFFMAN.

HYDATOSCO＇PIA [of υδατος, of water, and σκοπεω, Gr. to view] a
divination or foretelling future events by means of water.

HYDE-GILD [hyd-gild, Sax.] a ransom paid to save a person＇s hide
from being beaten.

HY＇DEROS, the same as hydrops, a dropsy.

HYDO＇GRAPHER [of υδωρ, water, and γραϕω, Gr. to describe] a
describer of water, of seas, with the coasts, islands, &c. belonging to
them. “Our hydographers do not place them so far westward.” Dam­
pier.

HY＇DRA [hydre, Fr. idra, It. hydra, Sp. and Lat. υδρα, Gr.] The
poets tell us, That hydra was a Lernæan serpent, having an hundred
heads, and but one body; and that when one head was cut off, two
sprang up in its place; and that Carcinus came and assisted the hydra.
The ground of the story is this: Lernus was a king at that time, when
men universally dwelt in towns or villages, and every town had its
king; among which, Sthenelus, the son of Perseus, governed Mycenæ,
the largest and most populous place: Lernus not bearing to be subject
to him, it was the occasion of a war between them. Lernus＇s town
was a little well-fortified place, defended by fifty stout archers, which,
day and night, were shooting their arrows from the tower. The name
of this little town was Hydra. Upon which, Euristheus sent Her­
cules thither; but they who were beneath threw fire, and aimed at the
defenders of the tower; and if any one was hit with it, and fell, im­
mediately two stout archers rose up in his place. But Hercules at
length took the town, burnt the tower, and destroyed the town: And
this gave birth to this fable. Palaphætus.

HY＇DRA [υδρα, Gr.] a water-serpent; especially that monstrous one
said by the poets to have an hundred heads, and bred in the lake
Lerna, and to have been slain by Hercules, and placed among the
stars, whence any multiplicity of evils is called a hydra. The hydra
of the many-headed hissing crew. Dryden.

HYDRÆ＇LON [of υδωρ, water, and ελαιον, Gr. oil] a composition of
common oil and water.

HYDRA＇GOGA, Lat. [of υδωρ and αγω, Gr.] medicines that drive
out, or purge watery humours.

HYDRAGO＇GICAL [of υδραγωγια, of υδωρ, water, and αγω, Gr. to
lead] pertaining to the conveyance of water.

HYDRA＇GOGNES, subst. [of υδωρ, water, and αγω, to drive, hydrago­
gue, Fr.] such medicines as occasion the discharge of watery humours,
which is generally the case of stronger cathartics, because they shake
most forcibly by their vellications the bowels and their appendages,
so as to squeeze out water enough to make the stools seem to be little
else. Quincy.

HYDRA＇GOGY [υδραγωγια, Gr.] a conveying of water by furrows
and trenches, from one place to another.

HYDRA＇RGIRAL, pertaining to, or of the nature of quicksilver.

HYDRA＇RGYRUM [υδραργυρον, Gr. i. e. water-silver] quick-silver.

HYDRAU＇LIC, or HYDRA＇ULICAL [of υδραυλικος, of υδραυλος,
sounding water, of υδωρ, water, and αυλος, Gr. a pipe] pertaining to
the conveyance of water through pipes. Derham.

HYDRA＇ULICS [υδραυλικη, Gr.] the art of making engines for car­
rying and raising water, and all sorts of water works; also that part
of statics that considers the motion of fluids, and particularly water.

HYDRAU＇LOPNEUMATIC Engine, one that raises water by means of
the spring of the air.

HYDRO＇A, Lat. of Gr. [with surgeons] certain little moist pimples,
like millet-seeds, which make the skin ulcerous and rough.

HYDROCA＇RDIA [υδροκαρδια, Gr.] a dropsy of the pericardium.

HYDROCANISTE＇RIUM, Lat. a machine which spouts water plenti­
fully, and for extinguishing fires and conflagrations.

HYDROCE＇LE [υδροκηλη, Gr.] a kind of swelling of the outermost
skin of the scrotum, or testes, called hernia aquosa, a watery rupture.
BRUNO calls it a serous tumor, arising from a collection of lymph or
serum in the scrotum.

HYDROCE＇PHALOS [υδροκεϕαλος, from υδωρ, water, and κεϕαλη, Gr.
the head] a dropsy, or swelling of the head, caused by a watery hu­
mour; and sometimes a bursting of the lymphatic vessels. To which
I may venture to add, or, if not burst, at least there may be too great
a collection of lymph within the cranium, which admits of a cure;
but desperate indeed, if discharged within the SUBSTANCE of the
BRAIN.

HYDROCRI＇TICS [of υδωρ, and κριτικα, Gr.] a critical judgment
taken from sweating.

HYDROENTERO＇CELE [of υδωρ, water, εντερον, the entrails, and κηλη,
Gr. a tumour] a falling of the guts, together with water, into the
scrotum, or a swelling or bloating of the outward integument or skin
of the scrotum, caused by watery humours cast or detained therein.
BRUNO takes no notice of this latter sense.

HYDRO＇GRAPHER [hydrógraphe Fr. of υδωρ, water, and γραϕω, Gr.
to describe] one skilled in hydrography. Boyle.

HYDROGRA＇PHICAL [hydrographique, Fr. idrografica, It. hidrogra­
phia, Sp.] of or pertaining to hydrography.

HYDROGRAPHICAL Charts, certain sea maps delineated for the use
of pilots, &c. in which are marked the points of the compass, the
rocks, shelves, sands, capes, &c.

HYDRO＇GRAPHY [hydrographie, Fr. idrografia, It. υδρογραϕια, from
υδωρ, water, and γραϕω, Gr. to describe] the art of making sea charts.
It teaches how to describe and measure the sea, accounting for its
tides, counter tides, currents, bays, soundings, gulphs; also its sands,
shallows, shelves, rocks, promontories, distances, &c. from port to
port, with whatsoever is remarkable either out at sea, or on the
coast.

HYDROLA＇PATHUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb water-dock.

HY＇DROMANCY [hydromancie, Fr. idromancia, It. hydromantia, Lat.
of υδρομαντεια, of υδωρ, water, and μαντεια, Gr. divination] a manner
of divining or making conjectures by water, in which the victims
had been washed, and some parts of them boiled; also a divination
by common water, in which they observed the various impressions,
changes, fluxes, refluxes, swellings, diminutions, colours, images,
&c. of the water. Sometimes they dipped a looking-glass into the
water, when they desired to know what would become of a sick per­
son; for as he looked well or ill in the glass, accordingly they conjec­
tured as to his future condition. Sometimes they filled a bowl with
water, and let down into it a ring, equally poised on both sides, and
hanging by a thread tied to one of their fingers; and then in a form
of prayer, requested the gods to declare or confirm the question in dis­
pute: whereupon, if the thing were true, the ring of its own accord
would strike against the side of the bowl a set number of times: some­
times they threw stones into the water, and observed the turns they
made in sinking.

HY＇DROMEL [υδρομελι, of υδωρ, water, and μελι, Gr. honey] mead,
a decoction of water and honey. Mortimer.








HYDRO＇METER [of υδωρ, water, and μετρον, Gr. measure] an in­
strument to measure the gravity, density, velocity, force, or other
property belonging to water.

HYDROMETRI＇A [υδρομετρια, Gr.] the mensuration of waters, and
other fluid bodies; their gravity, force, velocity, quantity, &c.

HYDRO＇METRY, subst. [of υδωρ, water, and μετρον, Gr. measure] the
art of measuring the extent and other properties of water.

HYDROMPHA＇LUM [υδρομϕαλον, of υδωρ, water, and ομϕαλος, Gr.
the navel] a protuberance of the navel, proceeding from watery hu­
mours in the abdomen.
CASTELL. RENOVAT. calls it a species of the watery hernia, pro­
duced in the navel.

HYDROMY＇STES [of υδωρ, water, and μυστης, Gr. a person set apart
for the offices of religion] officers in the Greek church, whose busi­
ness it was to make the holy water, and sprinkle it on the people.

HYDRO＇NOSUS, Lat. [with physicians] a fever, in which the pa­
tient sweats extreamly; the sweating-sickness.

HYDROPARA＇STATES [of υδωρ, water, and παριστημι, Gr. to offer or
set before] a sect; a branch of the Manichees, whose distinguishing te­
net was, That water should be used in the sacrament instead of wine.
Whereas the primitive church (in imitation of the Jewish custom,
which it is supposed our Saviour followed) used water in conjunction
with wine. See EUCHARIST.

HYDRO＇PEGE [of υδωρ, and πηγη, Gr. a fountain] spring-water.

HYDROPHO＇BIA, Lat. [υδροϕοβια, of υδωρ, water, and ϕοβος, Gr. fear]
a distemper proceeding from the bite of a mad dog; in which the pa­
tient dreads water, &c. the pathognomic sign, that the disease is
come to its height, and rarely happens till within three or four days of
the patient＇s death, the disease being then unanimously allowed to be
incurable by physicians, both antient and modern. Among those dis­
mal symptoms that follow the bite of a mad dog, the dread of water
is the most remarkable. Quincy.

HYDROPHORI＇A [of υδωρ, and ϕερω, Gr. to bear] a festival, or fu­
neral ceremony, performed by the Athenians, &c. in memory of them
that perished in the deluge.

HYDROPTHA＇LMION, that part under the eye, which usually swells
in those who have the dropsy. See HYDROPHTHALMY.

HYDROPHTHA＇LMY [of υδωρ, water, and οϕθαλμος, Gr. an eye] a
disease in the eye, when it grows so big, as almost to start out of its
orbit.

HYDRO＇PIC, subst. a dropsical person. The water of the hydropics
is a remedy for the disease. Arbuthnot.

HYDRO＇PIC, or HYDRO＇PICAL [hydropicus, Lat. of υδροπικος, Gr.
hydropique, Fr. hydrops, Lat.] pertaining to the dropsy, dropsical, dis­
eased with extravasated blood.

HYDRO＇PICA, Lat. [of υδροπικος, Gr. pertaining to a dropsy] me­
dicines that drive out the watery humours in a dropsy.

HYDRO＇PICS [υδροπικα, Gr.] medicines good to expel watery hu­
mours in the dropsy.

HYDROPI＇PER [υδροπιπιερ, Gr.] the herb water-pepper, or arse­
mart.

HY＇DROPOTE [of υδροποτες, Gr.] a water-drinker.

HY＇DROPS ad Matulam [in medicine] the disease otherwise called
diabetes.

HY＇DROSCOPE [υδροσκοπειον, of υδωρ, and σκοπεω, Gr. to view] an
instrument for discovering the watery streams of the air.

HYDROSELI＇NUM, Lat. [with botanists] water-parsley.

HYDROSTA＇TICAL [of υδωρ, water, and στατικα, Gr. relating to
weight] pertaining to the doctrine of hydrostatics. Taught by hydros­
tatics. Bentley.

HYDROSTA＇TICAL Balance, an instrument contrived for the easy
and exact finding the specific gravities of bodies, either liquid or so­
lid. It estimates the degrees of the purity of bodies of all kinds, the
quality and richness of metals, oars, or minerals, the proportions in
any mixture, adulterations, &c. of which, the only adequate way of
judging, is the specific weight.

HYDROSTA＇TICALLY, adv. [of hydrostatical] according to hydro­
statics. Bentley.

HYDROSTA＇TICS [υδροστατικη, of υδωρ, and στατικη, Gr.] the doc­
trine of gravitation in fluids; or that part of mechanics that considers
the weight or gravity of fluid bodies, especially of water; and also
of solid bodies immerged therein.

HYDRO＇TIC, subst. [of υδωρ, Gr. water, hydrotipe, Fr.] a purger of
water or phlegm.

HYE＇MAL [hyemalis, of hyems, Lat. winter] pertaining to winter.

HY＇EN, or HYE＇NA, subst. [hyene, Fr. hyæna, Lat.] an animal like a
wolf; see HYÆNA. I will laugh like an hyen. Shakespeare.

HYGIA＇STIC [of υγιεια, Gr.] tending to preserve health.

HYGI＇EA [υγιεια, Gr. health] which consists in a good temperature
and right conformation of parts. Health is a disposition of the parts
of an human body, fit for the performance of the actions of that bo­
dy; or a found and natural state of things in the animal œconomy.

HYGI＇EIA, Lat. [υγιεια, Gr.] health, which consists in a good tem­
perature and right disposition of the parts of the body.

HYGIEI＇NA [υγιεινη, Gr. health] that part of physic that teaches
the way of preserving health, which some divide into three parts.

HYGIEINA Analeptica [υγιεινη αναληπτικη, Gr.] that part of physic
that restores the strength, flesh, &c. after the expulsion of the disease.

HYGIEINA Prophylactica [υγιεινη προϕυλακτικη, Gr.] that part of
physic which has regard to future diseases.
Its etymology signifies the art of guarding against diseases, before
they arrive. See DIATERETICA; and after [preserve] read, “the
Art of preserving Health,” which is also the title of a most excellent
poem upon that subject, for which the public is indebted to Doctor
ARMSTRONG.

HYGIEINA Synteretica [υγιεινη συντηρητικη, Gr.] which preserves
present health.

HYGRAU＇LIC [of υγρος, moist, and αυλος, Gr. a pipe] pertaining
to pipes, or conveyances for water.

HYGRO-ORGA＇NICAL [of υγρος, moist, and οργανον, Gr. an instru­
ment] pertaining to vessels or contrivances for the conveyance of
moisture or water.

HYGROCIRSOCE＇LE [υγροκιρσοκηλη, of υγρος, and κιρσοκηλη, Gr.] a
branch of the vein swelled with ill blood, or other humours.

HYGROCOLLY＇RIUM [υγροκολλουριον, Gr.] a liquid medicine for cu­
ring distempers in the eyes.

HYGRO＇METER, or HY＇GROSCOPE [υγρομετρον, of υγρος, moist, and με­
τρον, measure, hygrometre, Fr. or υγροσκοπιον, of σκοπεω, Gr. to view]
hpgroscope, a machine or instrument for measuring the degrees of dry­
ness or moisture of the air. Moisture in the air is discovered by hy­
croscopes. Arbuthnot.

Statical HYGROSCOPE, an instrument or machine for discovering the
dryness and moisture of the air by a balance, or pair of scales.

HYGROSTA＇TICS [of υγρος, and στατεω, Gr. to weigh] the art of find­
ing the specific weights of moist bodies.

HYLA＇RCHICAL, adj. [of υλη, matter, and αρχη, Gr. dominion]
presiding over matter.

HYLA＇RCHICAL Principle [according to Dr. Henry Moore] the uni­
versal spirit of the world.

HYLEG, or HYLE＇CH, an Arabic term which astrologers apply to
a planet or part of heaven, which, in a man＇s nativity, becomes the
moderator and significator of life. Its etymology is uncertain; perhaps
from halega, Arab. i. e. to relate incredible things; or possibly from
halaca, Arab. i. e. to mark a camel with the stamp of a ring or circle.”

HYLEGI＇ACAL Places [with astrologers] are such, in which when
a planet happens to be, it may be said to be fit to have the government
of life attributed to it.

HYLO＇BII [of υλη, wood, and βιος, Gr. life] such philosophers who
retired to woods and forests, to be more at leisure for contemplation.

HY＇MEN [in poetry] a term of invocation, as Hymen Hymenæe.

HYMEN [υμεναιος, Gr.] the god of marriage. The antients repre­
sented Hymen with a chaplet of roses, and, as it were, dissolved and
enervated with pleasures, with long yellow hair, in a mantle of purple
or saffron colour, holding a veil of flame colour, to represent the
blushes of virgins, bearing a torch in his hand.

HYMEN [in anatomy] is a circular folding of the inner membrane
of the vagina uteri, which being broke at the first copulation, its fibres
contract in three or four places, and form what they call glandulæ myr­
tiformes. See NYMPHÆ.

HYMEN [in botany] a fine delicate skin, wherewith flowers are in­
closed while in the bud, and which bursts, as the flower blows or
opens.

HYME＇NIAL, or HYME＇NEAN, adj. [υμεναιος, Gr.] nuptial, relating
to marriage. A signal of her hymeneal choice. Pope.

HYMN [υμνος, of υμνοδεω, Gr. to celebrate] a song or ode in honour
of God; or a poem proper to be sung in honour of some deity, an en­
comiastic song.

To HYMN, verb act. [υμνεω, Gr.] to praise in song, to worship
with hymns. Milton.

HY＇MNIC, adj. [υμνος, Gr.] relating to hymns. The hymnic notes.
Donne.

HYMNIGRA＇PHER [of υμος, a hymn, and γξαϕω, Gr. to write] a
writer of hymns.

HYMNO＇LOGY [υμνολογια, Gr.] a singing of hymns or psalms.

HYMNO＇POLIST [υμνοπωλης, of υμνος, and πολεω, Gr. to fell] a sel­
ler of hymns.

HYOI＇DES [υοιεδες, of Υ or υ, upsilon, the Greek letter, and ειδος,
Gr. form, i. e. of the shape of the letter so called] a bone at the root
of the tongue, having two muscles which keep it in its place.

HYOTHYROI＇DES [of hyoides and thyroides] two muscles of the la­
rinx, which proceed from the lower part of the bone hyoides, and
serve to draw the larinx upwards.

To HYP, verb act. [barbarously contracted from hypochondriac] To
make melancholy, to dispirit. Hypped since I saw you. Spectator.

HYPÆ＇THRON, or HYPÆ＇THROS [of υπο, under, and αιθηρ, Gr.
the air] a kind of temple exposed to the air, being open at the top.

HYPA＇LLAGE [υπαλλαγη, Gr. a changing or altering] a rhetorical
figure, wherein words change their cases with each other, or the order
of words is contrary to the meaning of them in construction.

HYPA＇NTE, or HY＇PAPANTE [with the Greeks] a name given to
the feast of the purification of the Virgin Mary, on the presentation of
Jesus in the temple.

HY＇PER [υπερ, Gr.] in the composition of English words, signifies
over-and-above or beyond.

HY＇PER, subst. [a word barbarously contracted by Prior from hyper­
critic, the meaning of which he did not know. Johnson] a hypercri­
tic, one more critical than necessity requires.
Critics I read on other men,
And hypers upon them again. Prior.

HYPE＇RBATON [υπερβατον, of υπερβαινω, Gr. to pass over or beyond]
this is sometimes treated on as a figure in grammar; but always rather
to be taken notice of, as bearing the character of a strong and violent
passion, and so a figure in rhetoric. It is nothing but a transposition of
thoughts and words from the natural order of discourse. Such is the
definition which LONGINUS in his treatise of the sublime, gives of this
figure. “It is, says he, a disturbed kind of arranging our thoughts
or expressions so as to deviate from the natural order, and is the true
characteristic of some STRONG and VIVID PASSION. Ed. Londin. p. 76.
And p. 81. he observes, that this figure occurs most frequently in the
orations of DEMOSTHENES; may not I also add, in the epistles of
St. PAUL; a circumstance which should be most carefully attended to,
if we propose to keep pace with either of those masterly writers.

HYPE＇RBOLA [in geometry] is one of the curve lines formed by the
section of a cone by a plane, so that the axis of the section inclines to
the opposite leg of the cone, which in the parabola is parallel to it, and
the ellipsis intersects it. The axis of the hyperbolical section will meet
also with the opposite side of the cone, when produced above the ver­
tex.

Apollinarian HYPERBOLA, is the common hyperbola, in contradi­
stinction to hyperbola＇s of the higher kinds.

HYPE＇RBOLE, Fr. [iperbole, It. hiperbole, Sp. hyperbole, Lat. υπερ­
βολη, Gr. i. e. a surpassing] a figure in rhetoric, wherein an expression
goes beyond truth, so as to represent things much greater or lesser than
they are; as, a horse runs swifter than the wind; he moves slower than
a snail, &c. They were above the hyperboles that fond poetry bestows.
Glanville.

HYPERBOLOI＇DES, hyperboliform figures, or hyperbola＇s of the
higher kind.








HYPERBO＇LIC, or HYPERBO＇LICAL [hyperbolique, Fr. iperbolico, It.
hiperbólico, Sp. hyperbolicus, Lat. υπερβολικος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to an
hyperbola, having the nature of an hyperbola. Hyperbolic lines.
Grew. Hyperbolical or parabolical figure. Ray. 2. [From hyperbole]
exaggerating or extenuating beyond fact. It is parabolical and proba­
bly hyperbolical, and therefore not to be taken in a strict sense. Boyle.

HYPERBO＇LIC Space [in geometry] is the area, space, or content,
which is comprehended between the curve of an hyperbola, and the
whole ordinate.

HYPERBO＇LICALLY, adv. [of hyperbolical] 1. In form of an hyper­
bola. 2. With exaggeration or extenuation, in an hyperbolic man­
ner. Hyperbolically described by Homer as inaccessible. Broome.

HYPERBO＇LICUM Acutum, Lat. [in geometry] a solid, made by
the revolution of the infinite area of the space made between the curve
and its assymptote, in the Apollinarian hyperbola, turning round that
assymptote, which produces a solid infinitely long, which is neverthe­
less cubable.

HYPERBO＇LIFORM Figures [of hyperbola, and forma, Lat. in mathe­
matics] such curves as approach in their properties to the nature of an
hyperbola, the same that are called hyperboloides.

HYPERBO＇LIUM [in civil law] that which is given by the husband
to the wife at his death above her dowry.

To HYPE＇RBOLIZE, verb neut. to use hyperboles.

HYPERBO＇REAN, adj. [hyperborien, Fr. hyperboreus, Lat.] northern.

HYPERBO＇REANS, subst. those people who inhabit very far north.

HYPERCATALE＇CTIC Verse [υπερκαταληκτεκον, of υπερ, beyond, and
καταληγω, Gr. to number] a verse that has one or two syllables too
much, or beyond the measure of regular verse.

HYPERCATHA＇RTICS, subst. [of υπερ, beyond, and καθαιρω, Gr. to
purge] purges which work too long, and too violently.

HY＇PERCRISIS [υπερκρεσις, Gr.] an immoderate critical exerction;
or a voiding any thing above measure in the turn of a disease; as when
a fever terminates in a looseness, and the humour sometimes flows off
faster than the strength can bear.

HYPERCRI＇TIC, subst. [υπερκριτικος, Gr. hypercritique, Fr.] over-
rigid censurer or critic, who lets nothing pass, but animadverts severely
on the slightest fault. These hypercritics in English poetry. Dryden.
See HYPER.

HYPERCRI＇TICAL, adj. [of hypercritic] critical beyond necessity or
use. Nice and hypercritical punctilios. Evelyn.

HYPERCRI＇TICISM, a too severe censure; and over-nice criticism.

HYPERDISSY＇LLABLE [of υπερ, beyond, and δισσυλλαβον, Gr.] a
word consisting of more than two syllables.

HYPE＇RMETER [υπερμετρος, Gr.] the same as hypercatalectic; any
thing greater than the standard requires. When a man rises beyond
six foot, he is an hypermeter. Addison.

HYPERDU＇LIA [υπερδουλεια, of υπερ, above, and δυλεια, Gr. wor­
ship] the worship paid to the Virgin Mary, so called, as being supe­
rior to Dulia, the worship paid to the saints. See CREED and HER­
MIT, and read there 370.

HIPEREPHRI＇DOSIS, or rather HYPEREPHI＇DROSIS [of υπερ, beyond,
and εϕιδρωω, Gr. to sweat; with physicians] a too great sweating.

HYPE＇RICON, Lat. [υπερικον, Gr.] St. John＇s-wort.

HYPERO＇A [υπερωα, Gr.] the roof of the mouth.

HYPERO＇ON [of υπερ, Gr. above] the palate of the mouth.

HYPERPHY＇SICAL [of υπερ, and ϕυσικος, Gr.] that which is supe­
rior to physics, or natural philosophy; metaphysical.

HYPERSA＇RCOSIS [of υπερ, beyond, and σαρκος, gen. of σαρξ, Gr.
flesh] a fleshy excrescence, such as arises on the lips of wounds, the
growth of fungous or proud flesh. Wiseman.

HYPE＇RTHYRON [υπερθυρον, Gr. above the door] with ancient archi­
tects, a sort of table used after the manner of a frieze over the jambs of
the doors and gates, and lintels of windows of the Doric order.

HYPE＇THRE [in architecture] is two ranks of pillars all about, and
ten at each face of any temple, with a perystile within, of six co­
lumns.

HY＇PHEN [υϕεν, Gr.] a small or short line set between two words,
to shew that they are to be joined together, as loving kindness. By
its etymology [υϕ᾿ εν] it should signify the bringing two or more things
into one; and so HESYCHIUS explains it by the words αμα or ομου, i. e.
together.

HY＇PO [υπω, Gr. under] a particle used in the composition of many
words.

HYPNO＇TICS, subst. [υπνοτικα, of υπνος, Gr. sleep] medicines which
cause sleep.

HY＇POBOLE [υποβολη, of υπο, under, and from thence 2dly by
way of prevention, and βαλλω, Gr. to cast] a rhetorical figure, whereby
an answer is made to what the adversary was prevented of objecting.

HYPOCATHA＇RSIS [υποκαθαρσις, Gr.] a too faint or feeble purga­
tion. See HYPO.

HYPOCA＇USTRIA [υποκαυστον, of υποκαιω, Gr. to set on sire] were
feasts consecrated to Minerva, for rescuing persons from the injuries
of casual fire.

HYPOCAU＇STUM [υποκαυστον, Gr.] a subterraneous funnel or slove
under ground, used by the ancients to heat the baths.

HYPOCHÆ＇RIS [with botanists] the herb sow-thistle.

HYPOCHO＇NDRES, subst. Fr. [hypochondre, Fr. υποχονδριον, Gr.] the
same with hypochondria. see HYPOCHONDRIA.

HYPOCHO＇NDRIA [hypocondres, Fr. ipocondria, It. hipochondria, Sp.
hypochondria, Lat. υποχονδρια, of υπο, under, and χονδρος, Gr. a carti­
lage] the two sides of the upper part of the belly about the short ribs,
the cartilago ensiformis, and the tip of the breast, under which the li­
ver, stomach, and spleen lie.

HYPOCHO＇NDRIAC, or HYPOCHO＇NDRIACAL [hypocondriaque, Fr.
ipocondriaco, It. hypochondriaco, Sp. hypochondriacus, Lat. υποχονδριακος,
Gr.] 1. Pertaining to the hipochondria, afflicted with the spleen, or a
lower species of melancholy, disordered in the imagination. He＇s not
recorded either as fool or hypochondriac. Decay of Piety. 2. Producing
melancholy. Hypochondriacal passions. Bacon.

HYPOCHONDRIAC Regions [in anatomy] the two regions lying on
each side the cartilago ensiformis, and those of the ribs, and the tip of
of the breast, which have in one the liver, and in the other the
spleen.

HYPO＇CHYMA [υποχυμα, of υπο, under, and χυμα, Gr. effusion]
a suffusion, a fault in the sight, when gnats, cobwebs, little clouds
&c. seem to fly before the eyes.

HYPOCHY＇SIS, the same as hypochyma.

HY＇POCIST, subst. [υποκιστις, Gr. hypociste, Fr. See HYPO] an inspls­
sated juice in large flat masses, considerably hard and heavy, of a fine
shining black colour when broken. It is brought from the Levant,
sometimes from France and other parts of Europe. The stem of the
plant, from which it is produced, is thick and fleshy, and much
thicker at the top than towards the bottom. The fruits contain a
tough glutinous liquor, which are gathered before they are ripe, and
the juice is expressed, then evaporated over a gentle fire, formed
into cakes, and dried in the sun. It is an astringent medicine of con­
siderable power. Hill.

HYPOCLE＇PTICUM Vitrum, Lat. [with chemists] a glass funnel to
separate oils from water.

HYPOCOE＇LON [of υπο, under, and κοιλος, Gr. hollow] that hollow
part that lies under the eyes.

HYPOCOPHO＇SIS [of υπο and κωϕοσις, Gr.] the same as cophosis,
but in a less degree. See HYPO.

HYPO＇CRISY [hypocrisie, Fr. ipocrisia, It. hipocresía, Sp. hypocrisis,
Lat. υποκρισις, Gr.] dissimulation, counterfeit goodness or holiness;
knavery cloaked with a veil of religion or honesty.

HY＇POCRITE, Fr. [ipocrito, It. hipocrita, Sp. hypocrita, hypocriticus,
Lat. υποκριτης, Gr.] a dissembler, one who makes a false shew of vir­
tue or piety.

HYPOCRI＇TIC, or HYPOCRI＇TICAL [hypocrite, Fr. ipocrito, It. hipo­
critico, Sp. υποκριτικος, Gr.] dissembling, making a false shew of vir­
tue and piety.

HYPOCRI＇TICALLY, adv. [of hypocritical] with dissimulation, in­
sincerely, falsely.

HYPOCRI＇SIS [υποκρισις, Gr.] a rhetorical figure, which the Latins
call pronunciatio.

HYPO＇DESIS [υποδησις, Gr. an under-binding] a bandage used by
surgeons before the bolster is laid on; also called epidesmus.

HYPOGA＇STRIC, adj. [hypogastrique, Fr. from υπερ and γαστηρ, Gr.
the belly] seated in the lower belly.

HYPOGASTRIC Artery [in anatomy] an artery that arises from the
iliaca interna, and is distributed to the bladder, the rectum, and the
genital parts, especially in women.

HYPOGASTRIC Vein [in anatomy] a vein arising in the same parts
with the hypogastric artery, and discharging itself into the iliaca in­
terna.

HYPOGA＇STRIUM [υπογαστριον, Gr.] the lower part of the belly, or
the lower belly, beginning from two or three inches below the navel,
and extending to the os pubis.

HYPOGÆ＇UM [υπογειον, of υπο, and γη, Gr. the earth, a place
under ground] the fourth house of the heavens, by astrologers called
also imum cœli. See HELIOTROPE, and read — “τροπαιηελιοιο.

HYPOGE＇UM [in ancient architecture] a name commonly used of
all the parts of a building that are under ground, as cellars, vaults,
&c.

HYPOGE＇SUM, Lat. [υπογεισον, Gr.] the herb sengreen, or hous­
leek.

HYPOGLO＇SSIS, or HYPOGLO＇TTIS [υπογλοσσις, of υπο, under, and
γλοσσα, Gr. tongue] an inflammation or ulceration under the tongue;
also in anatomy, two glands of the tongue, or a piece of flesh that
joins the tongue to the nether part of the mouth.

HYPOGLOSSUM [υπογλωσσον, Gr.] the herb horse-tongue.

HYPOGLO＇TTIDES [in anatomy] two large glands of the tongue,
situate under it, near the venæ ranulares, and there are two more
large glands on the side of it. They all filtrate a kind of serous mat­
ter of the nature of saliva, which they discharge into the mouth by
little ducts.

HYPOGLOTTIDES Pillulæ [with physicians] pills to be put under the
tongue, for asswaging a cough.

HYPOGLU＇TIS [of υπο, under, and γλουτος, Gr. the buttock] the
fleshy part under the buttocks.

HYPONO＇MON [of υπονομος, Gr. a mine, or subterraneous passage,
prob. of υπο and νομος, of νεμω, to feed or pasture upon and consume]
an ulcer that has many finus＇s.

HYPOMO＇CLION [υπομοκλιον, Gr. in mechanics] is a fulcrum or
prop, or any roler, which is usually set under the lever, or under
stones or pieces of timber, that they may be more easily moved.

HYPOPHA＇ULUM, Lat. [with physicians] an ordinary diet, observ­
ing a mean between a plain and exquisite diet.

HYPOPHO＇RÆ [of υποϕερω, Gr. to carry under] deep gaping and
sistulous ulcers. GORRÆUS adds, “quasi quæ deorsum seruntur, i. e.
as tending downwards.” agreeable to its etymology.

HYPOPHO＇RA [υποϕορα, Gr.] a rhetorical figure, which produces
the objection, as the anthepophora answers it.

HYPOPHTHA＇LMIA [υποϕθαλμια, Gr.] a pain in the eye, under the
horny coat. CASTELL. RENOVAT. says, “the hypophthalmium is that
part which lies under or below the eye, which is wont to swell in* HIPPOCRATES calls it τα υπο τους οϕθαλμους, and observes of these parts, that they are raised [or clevated] in subjects whose spleen is over-grown. Gorræus. ca­
chectic and hydropic subjects.” And indeed its etymology should import
as much. He adds; that ＇tis also the same as the hypopion. See
HYPOPION and HYDATIS, and read there “substrata.”

HYPOPHILOSPE＇RMOUS Plants, are such as bear their seeds on the
backside of their leaves.

HYPOPHY＇SIS, Lat. a fault in the eye, the same as hypochyma.

HYPOPO＇DIUM [υποποδιον, Gr.] a plaister to be laid to the feet.

HYPOPI＇ON [υποπιον, Gr.] a collection or gathering together of mat­
ter under the tunica cornea of the eye. CASTELL. RENOVAT. says,
the hypopion signifies SUGILLATIO SUB OCULIS, i. e. when the blood,
from a solution of the continuity of the veins, is poured out under the
skin. With him therefore it is a black kind of appearance below the
eyes, and not something seated in the eye itself; or, as GORRÆUS well
observes, a disease rather of the face than the eye: and indeed its ety­
mology should import as much; and accordingly, as HOMER, when
describing the ardour of Hector in the field, tells us, “that he foam＇d
at the mouth”; so when representing his forcing the Greek entrench­
ments, he says, that the illustrious Hector leap＇d within the gates,







νκτι θοη αταλαντος υπωπια.— i. e. with a gloom, not upon, but below
or just under his eyes, resembling night. Iliad. Lib. 12. l. 463.

HYPORCHE＇MA [in Greek poetry] a poem composed in divers kinds
of verses, and of different lengths, but always short, and full of pyr­
rhic feet.

HYPOSPADIÆ＇US [prob. quasi aliquo modo spado] one whose urethra
is terminated underneath the glands.

HYPOSPATHI＇SMUS [υποσπαθισμος, Gr.] an incision made by three
lines or divisions on the forehead, to the pericranium, so that a spatula
may be thrust in between it; and from this last circumstance (as GOR-
RÆUS well observes) its etymology is explained, “SUBJICIENDA
etiam est SPATHA, unde sectioni huie inditum nomen fuit.”

HYPOSA＇RCA, or HYPOSARCI＇DIUM [of υπο, under, and σαξ, Gr.
flesh] a kind of dropsy; called also anasarca.

HYPO＇SPHAGMA [υποσϕαγμα, Gr.] bloodshottenness of the eye pro­
ceeding from a blow.

HYPOSTA＇SIS [hipostase, Fr. ipostasi, It. hypostasi, Sp. hypostasis,
Lat. υποστασις, Gr.] in theology, it is used to signify a subsistence
or person of the trinity. The etymology of this word is of the
compound kind, of υπο, under, and ιστημι, Gr. to stand; and ac­
cordingly it answers to substantia in Latin, and INDIVIDUAL SUB­
STANCE, or substantial individual existence with us (whether of
the corporeal or intellectual kind) and so TERTULLIAN, the first of all
our consubstantialists, understood it; i. e. to imply a distinct being;
and not (in the scholastic sense of the word) a different mode of exist­
ence in one and the same being; for he says, quæcunque ergo SUBSTAN­
TIA sermonis fuit, ILLAM dico personam, &c. i. e. whatever therefore
was the SUBSTANCE of the logos, THAT I call the Person, and to THAT
I ascribe the name of Son. Advers. Prax. Ed. Colon. p. 608. Nor
was he singular in this; for St. Jerom, the most learned of all the
Latins, assures us, in his letter to pope DAMASUS, 57 “tota secula­
rium literarum schola, &c. i. e. the whole learned world knows of no
other sense of the word hypostasis besides that of essence; so (says he)
the Nicene fathers understood it; so the fathers of Sardica; and it is
probable [he might have said most certain] that ORIGEN used it in the
same sense.” Not to add the whole council of Antioch, A. C. 340,
which affirmed the Father, Son and Holy-Ghost to be τρια υποστασει
συϕωνια εν, i. e. (as St. HILARY well interprets it) three things in
SUBSTANCE, but one thing in agreement or concord. And the reflection
which St. JEROM made on the like expression in ORIGEN, is well
worth our notice. “When Origen said, that the Father and son are
one in CONSENT and CONCORD, after he had said they were two in hy­
postasis, he seems PLAINLY to use the word HYPOSTASIS to denote
SUBSTANCE; for if in this passage he had meant they were two with
respect to PERSON only, he would have added, that they were one as to
ESSENCE: but since he [and I may add the whole council of Antioch]
has said, that they are one in CONSENT, he seems not to have acknow­
ledged any other unity, but to have believed them to be two in ES­
SENCE.”——But if the reader desires to see ORIGEN＇s sentiments on
this head more fully explained, he may consult the words NICENE
Council and ORIGENISM. St. ATHANASIUS tells us, that the collection
of properties with respect to man in GENERAL is that which is called
ουσια or essence; but the same when applied to one single [individual]
man is called hypostasis.” De sanct. Deip. vol. 1. p. 1031. And St.
BASIL, to the like purport, in his 43d epistle, shews, that “the
Greek word ουσια, or essence, denotes the common nature of things of
the same kind, as man in GENERAL; but hypostasis is [το ιδιως λεγομενον]
that which is spoken of any one in PARTICULAR; as Peter, Paul,
&c.” And in his Ep. 300, he says, “that ουσια, or essence, has the
same respect to hypostasis, as that which is COMMON [or general] to
that which is SINGLE, or individual.” So far therefore this part of
the consubstantialists agreed with St. Origen, and other antenicenes, as
by affirming three hypostases, they affirmed the Son and Spirit to be
numerically distinct in SUBSTANCE from GOD the FATHER: but herein
they differed from them (at least before the CLOSE of the fourth cen­
tury) in ascribing to all three one COMMON coequal nature. What
changes have been since made in our conception of things, and (with
that) in the signification of WORDS, the reader will find already suggested
under the words ATHANASIANS and HOMOUSIANS, and read, as appears.

HYPO＇STASIS Urinæ [in medicine] is that thick substance that sub­
sides at the bottom of urine; as, on the other hand, what floats upon
the surface of the urine is called by HIPPOCRATES and GALEN, epista­
sis; and the etymology of both explains the signification; the first (in
Greek) signifying what stands under, and the second what stands above.

HYPOSTA＇TICAL [hypostatique, Fr. ipostatico, It. hypostático, Sp. hy­
postaticus, Lat. υποστατικος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to an hypostasis, or per­
sonal subsistence, personal, distinctly personal. Used in speaking of
the adorable Trinity. 2. Constitutive, constituent, as distinct ingre­
dients.

HYPOSTATICAL Principles [with chymists] are the three chymical
elements, salt, sulphur, and mercury. Boyle.

HYPOSTATICAL Union [in theology] the union of the human na­
ture with the divine in Jesus Christ; or more explicitly thus: such a
union of two intelligent substances, as to constitute (if possible) but
one person. Thus in some modern systems of divinity, three persons
constitute one intelligent being: and, on the reverse, two intelligent
beings constitute one person. But what the main body of antiquity
would have said to all this, see HYPOSTASIS, HOMINICOLÆ, and
CIRCUM-INCESSION, compared.

HYPO＇THECA, Lat. [in civil law] an obligation, whereby the ef­
fects of a debtor are made over to his creditor, to secure a debt due to
him.

HYPOTHE＇NAR [υποθεναρ, Gr.] a muscle serving to draw the little
finger from the rest; also the space from the forefinger to the little
finger.

HYPO＇THENNAR [of υπο, beneath, and θεναρ, Gr. the hollow of the
hand] the space from the fore to the little finger.

HYPOTHENU＇SAL Line, the same as hypothenuse.

HYPOTHENU＇SE [υποθεινουσα, Gr.] is the longest side of a right an­
gled triangle, or that side which subtends, or is opposite to the right
angle, the subtense. The square of the hypotenuse in a right angled tri­
angle is equal to the squares of the two other sides. Locke.

HYPO＇THESIS [hypothese, Fr. ipostesi, It. hypotesi, Sp. hopothesis, Lat.
υποθεσις, Gr.] supposition of that which is not, for that which may
be, a system formed upon some principle not proved. South.

HYPO＇THESIS [with philosophers] principles supposed as granted for
the solution of any phænomena, that from thence an intelligible and
plausible account may be given of the causes and effects of the phæno­
mena proposed. The laying down or supposing such principles to be
granted, is called an hypothesis. It is not absolutely necessary, that
what is supposed be true, but it must be possible, and ought also to be
probable. But “hypotheses non fingo; I coin no hypotheses” (says
Sir ISAAC NEWTON) No; — he raised his superstructure on a far
more sure and stable foundation, upon experiments and mathematics.
For hypotheses have been as great a BANE to philosophy as they have
been to religion.
Where wild hypothesis and learn＇d romance,
Too oft lead up the philosophic dance. Table of CEBES.

HYPOTHESIS [with astronomers] signifies a system formed upon
some principle not proved, and is commonly used and understood in
respect to the universe, and in relation to the dispositions of the hea­
vens, and the motions of the stars; concerning which, an hypothesis
that is elaborately contrived, is called a system; as the Ptolemaic,
Copernican, or Tychonian.

HYPOTHETIC, or HYPOTHE＇TICAL [hypothetique, Fr. hypotheticus,
Lat. υποθετικος, Gr.] pertaining to an hypothesis or supposition, in­
cluding a supposition, conditional.

HYPOTHE＇TICAL Syllogism [with logicians] is one which begins
with a conditional conjunction; as, if he be a man, he is an animal.
Watts.

HYPOTHE＇TICALLY, adv. [of hypothetical] by supposition, condi­
tionally. Broome.

HYPOTRACHE＇LION [υποτραχηλιον, of υπο and τραχηλιον, Gr. the neck]
the top or neck of a column, the most slender part of it which is next
to the capital; or a little freeze in the Tuscan and Doric order, be­
tween the astragal and the annulets.

HYPOTRACHELION [in anatomy] the lower part of the neck.

HYPOTY＇POSIS [υποτυπωσις, of υπο and τυπος, Gr. a type or form]
a figure in rhetoric; this figure is thus denominated, because it paints
things, and forms images, as striking as if the things themselves were
present. It is a kind of enthusiasm, which causes a person to fancy he
sees things that are absent, and to represent them so sensibly to the
sight of them that hear him, that they fancy they see them too. It is
frequently used by orators, and in dramatic poetry, and expresses a
passion very lively, when the object of our passion is before our eyes,
and we hear or see it, though absent; as, in Macbeth＇s Dagger, or,
Auditis? an me ludit amabilis
Insania? &c. Hor. lib. 3. ode 4.

HYPOZEU＇GMA [with grammarians] a part of the figure called
zeugma.

HYPOZO＇MA, Lat. [with anatomists] a membrane, or that skin
which parts two cavities or hollow places in the body, as that called
mediastinum in the chest.

HYPSIOLOGLO＇SSUM [with anatomists] a pair of muscles that draw
the tongue downwards; called also basioglossum.

HYPSISTRA＇RIANS, a sect in the fourth century, who (if we may
credit all that their adversaries have said of them) made a mixture of
the Jewish religion with paganism; for they observed the sabbath and
legal abstinence with the Jews, and worshipped fire with the pagans.

HY＇PULUS [of υπο, under, and ουλη, Gr. a cicatrix] an ulcer that
lurks under the cicatrix or scar.

HYRST, HURST, or HERST [hyrst, Sax.] in the names of
places, denotes that they took their names from a wood or forest.

HY＇SSOP [hyssope, Fr. isopo, It. and Port. ysopo, Sp. of hyssopus, Lat.]
a virticillate plant with long narrow leaves, the crest of the flower is
roundish, erect, and divided into two parts: the whorles of the
flowers are short, and at the lower part of the stalk are placed at a
great distance, but toward the top are closer joined, so as to form a
regular spike. It hath been a great dispute, whether the hyssop com­
monly known, is the same which is mentioned in scripture. Miller.

HYSSO＇PIC Art, a name given to chymistry by Paracelsus; in allu­
sion to that text in the Psalms, Purge me with hyssop; because that
art purifies metals, minerals, &c.

HYSSO＇PUS, [υσσοπος, Gr.] an herb.

HYSTE＇RA, Lat. [υστερα, Gr.] the uterus or womb.

HYSTERALGI＇A, Lat. [of υστερα, the womb, and αλγος, pain] a
pain in the matrix or womb, caused by an inflammation or other­
wise.

HYSTE＇RICA, Lat. [υστερικος, Gr.] medicines proper against diseases
of the womb, or against the hypochondriac disease, so called as being
supposed to arise from some disorder in that part. But surely we may
here (as well as in many other cases) apply that remark of the poet.
Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas.
See HYSTERICS.

HYSTERICA Passio, Lat. [with physicians] a disease in women,
called fits of the mother; also a suffocation of the womb.

HYSTE＇RIC, or HYSTE＇RICAL [hysterique, Fr. isterico, It. hystericus,
Lat. of υστερικος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to the womb, troubled with fits,
disordered in the regions of the womb. Harvey and Floyer. 2. Pro­
ceeding from uterine disorders. Who gave th＇ hysteric or poetic fit.
Pope.

HYSTE＇RICS [υστερικα, Gr.] 1. Remedies against hysteric affections.
2. Also fits of women supposed to preceed from disorders in the
womb.

HYSTEROCE＇LE [υστεροκηλη, Gr.] a rupture, or falling down of the
womb.

HYSTERO＇LOGY [υστερολογια, Gr.] the same as hysteron proteron.

HYSTERO＇LITHOS [of υστερα and λιθος, Gr.] a kind of stone, so call­
ed (I suppose) because of its resemblance to the womb, or parts ad­
jacent.

HISTEROPO＇TMOI [υστεροποτμοι, Gr.] such as had been thought
dead, and after a long absence in foreign countries, returned safe
home; or such as had been thought dead in battle, and after un­
expectedly escaped from their enemies, and return home. These
(among the Romans) were not permitted to enter their own houses
at the door, but were received at the passage opened in the
roof.

HY＇STERON Proteron [υστερον προτερον, Gr. i. e. the last first] a pre­







posterous manner of speaking, putting that which should be last first;
or, as we say, The cart before the horse.

HYSTEROTO＇MIA, Lat. [υστεροτομια, of υστερα and τεμνω, Gr. to cut]
the cutting of a child out of the womb.

HYSTEROTOMATO＇CIA, Lat. [of υστερα, τομη, a cutting, and τοκος,
Gr. birth] an operation more usually called the Cæsarian operation,
the same as hysterotomy.

HYTH, or HYTHE [hyðe, Sax.] a little haven or port where small
ships load and unload goods; as Queen-Hythe. See HITHE.












I

I, i, Roman; I, i, Ital. I, i, Eng. Ι, Ι, Gr. are the ninth
letters of their respective alphabets; and י, Heb. is the
tenth in order of that alphabet.

I, is in English considered both as a vowel and consonant;
tho' since the vowel and consonant differ in their form as
well as sound, this may be more properly accounted two letters. I
vowel has a long sound; as, fine, thine, shine, brine; which is usually
marked by an e final, and a short sound; as, fin, gin, binn, thin.
Prefixed to e, it makes a dipthong of the same sound with the soft i,
or double e, ee, thus field, shield, wield, yield, are spoken as feeld,
sheeld, except friend, which is spoken frend. Subjoined to a or e it
makes them long; as fail, neigh; and to o makes a mingled sound,
which approaches more nearly to the true notion of a dipthong, or
a sound composed of the sounds of two vowels, than any other com­
bination of vowels in the English language; as oil, coil, boil, coin.
The sound of i before another i, and at the end of a word, is always
expressed by y. J consonant has invariable the same sound with that
of g, in giant; as jay, jade, jet, jilt, jolt, just.

I, the vowel, is not sounded in parliament, suit, fruit, height, &c.
and though it very often ends foreign words, it never ends English
ones: before r, it has the sound of u short; as bird, third, first, &c.
or rather of the French e feminine.
Foreigners find fault with our alphabet, because the name of I, ex­
presses only its power when long; and that that power is not simple,
as the power of simple vowels ought to be, but compound, or the
power of a proper dipthong, which ought to be expressed by two let­
ters; and likewise that our J consonant has no name to express its
power.

I, [Ic, Sax. Ick, Du. Ik, Goth. Ich, Ger. Ego, Lat. Εγω, Gr.]
1. The pronoun personal; I, gen. me, plur. we, gen. us, the pro­
 ic  me  we  us 
noun of the first person singular, myself. 2. Me, is in the following
passage improperly written for I. There is but one man whom she
can have, and that is me. Clarissa. 3. I, is more than once, in
Shakespeare, Ben Johnson, and other old writers, written for ay, or
yes. Did your letters pierce the queen? — I, Sir, she took them and
read them in my presence. Shakespeare.

JABA’RII [among the Musselmen] a sect who are said to hold, that
God may, without making any discrimination of good or bad, either
admit all men into Paradise, or plunge them into hell; and not be
guilty of any INJUSTICE on either supposition: JUSTICE being (ac­
cording to them) the disposing of what is our own according as we
please. ABULPHARAG. Query, if we have not heard doctrines of
a-kin to this, advanced among us Christians, under covert of a blind
and mistaken zeal for the divine SOVEREIGNTY.

To JA’BBER [gabberen, Du. gaber, Fr. to banter] 1. To speak
much, to talk idly and without thinking, to chatter. To jabber of
parties. Swift. 2. To speak hastily and indistinctly, to talk gib­
berish.

JA’BBERER [of jabber] one who talks inarticulately or unintelli­
gibly.
Outcant the Babylonian labourers,
At all their dialects of jabberers. Shakespeare.

JAC

JA’CENT, adj. [jacens, Lat.] lying at length. They are more apt
in swaggering down to pierce them in the jacent posture. Wotton.

JA’CINTH, for hyacinth; as Jerusalem for Hierusalem [hiacinthus,
Lat. υαχινθος, Gr.] 1. A precious stone of a deep reddish yellow, ap­
proaching to a flame colour or the deepest amber. Woodward. 2. A
kind of flower. See HYACINTH.

JACK [probably by mistake from jaques, which in French is James.
Johnson] 1. The deminutive of John, used as a general term of con­
tempt for saucy or paltry fellows, Every jackslave hath his belly-full
of fighting. Shakespeare. 2. A common name given to boys em­
ployed in mean offices, and such being used in great houses as turn­
spits, before the invention of machines for that use, they afterwards
were called by the same name. 3. An engine or machine for roasting
meat. Ordinary jacks used for roasting of meat, commonly consist
but of three wheels. Wilkins. 4. An instrument for pulling off boots,
as supplying the place of a boy. 5. A horse or wooden frame to
saw timber upon. 6. [In a ship] a flag usually hoisted at the sprit­
sail topmast head, the colour of a ship. 7. The male of ani­
mals. A jack-ass for a stallion was bought. Arbuthnot. 8. [With
falconers] the male kind of birds of sport. 9. [At bowls] a little
bowl which is the mark to be bowled at. It may acquire a liberty of
will, and so run spontaneously to the jack. Bentley.

JACK, is an engine much used about guns or mortars, and is al­
ways carried along with the artillery, for raising up the carriages, or
supporting the axletree, if a wheel chance to be broken; it is likewise
used for traversing large mortars, such as those of eighteen inches
diameter, which are upon Low Dutch carriages, and for elevating
them; for traversing the sea mortars, and many other uses too tedious
to be named. With this engine, one man is able to raise more than
six could without it.

JACKS [of virginals] small bits of wood fixed to the keys, or to
those of a harpsicord or spinet. In a virginal, as soon as ever the
jack falleth and toucheth the string, the sound ceaseth. Bacon.

JACK, a young pike-fish. Mortimer.

JACK [jaque, Fr.] 1. A sort of coat of mail, anciently worn by horse­
men, in the wars; not made of solid iron, but of many plates of iron
fastened together: these jacks, some sort of tenants who held lands
were obliged to provide upon any invasion made upon the country.
The residue were on foot well furnished with jack and skull. Hay­
ward. 2. A cup of waxed leather. A foul jack or greasy mapple
cup. Dryden. 3. A cunning fellow who can turn to any thing. Jack
of all trades, show and sound. Cleaveland.

JACK by the Hedge, an herb that grows wild under hedges, is eaten
as other sallads are, and much used in broth. Mortimer.

JACK in (or with) a Lanthorn, an ignis fatuus, a certain meteor,
or clammy vapour in the air, which reflects light in the dark, common
in church-yards, fens, and marshes, as steaming out of a fat soil, and
there hovering about where there is a continual flux of air. It appears
like a candle and lanthorn, and sometimes leads travellers out of their
way.

JACKA’L [chacal, Fr.] a wild beast, about the bigness of a spaniel­
dog, with black shagged hair; who, in the evening, hunts for prey
for the lion with open cry; to whom the lion listens, and follows to
seize it: for the jackal will not eat of it till the lion is satisfied, and
afterwards feeds on what he leaves. The mighty lion, before whom
stood the little jackal, the faithful spy of the king of beasts. Arbuth­
not and Pope.

JACKALE’NT, subst. [jack in lent, a poor starved fellow] a simple,
sheepish fellow. You little jackalent, have you been true to us?
Shakespeare.

JA’CKANAPES, subst. [of jack and ape] 1. A monkey, an ape. 2.
A coxcomb, an impertinent. A young upstart jackanapes. Arbuthnot.

JA’CKBOOTS [from jack, a coat of mail] boots which serve as ar­
mour to the legs. A man on horseback in his breeches and jackboots.
Spectator.

JACKDA’W [of jack and daw] a cock-daw, a bird taught to imitate
the human voice. Watts.

JA’CKET [jaquette, Fr. jaquetilla, Sp.] 1. A short coat anciently
worn by horsemen over their armour and cuirasses. It was made of
cotton or silk stitched between two light stuffs, and sometimes of cloth
of gold. 2. A short coat, a close waistcoat in general. Here a sai­
lor's jacket hangs to dry. Swift. 3. To trim or beat one's jacket, is
to beat the man. She fell upon the jacket of the parson. L'Estrange.

JA’CK-KETCH, the common hangman in London, so called from
one formerly, whose name was so.

JACK-Pan, a device used by barbers to heat water.

JA’CK-PUDDING [of jack and pudding] a zani, a merry andrew.
A buffoon is called by every nation, by the name of the dish they
like best: In French, jean pottage; and in English, jack-pudding.

JACOBÆ’A [with botanists] the herb St. James-wort, or rag-wort.

JA’COBINE, subst. a pidgeon with a high tuft. Ainsworth.

JA’COBINS [so called, because their principal convent stands near
the gate of St. James, in the city of Paris, in France] monks and nuns
of the order of St. Dominic.

JA’COBITES [of Jacobus, James] a term of reproach bestowed on
those, who vindicating the doctrines of passive obedience and non-re­
sistance, with respect to the arbitrary proceedings of princes, disallow
of the late revolution, and assert the supposed rights, and adhere to
the interests of the late abdicated king James, and his family.

JA’COBITES, a sect, anciently a branch of the Eutychians, follow­
ers of one Jacob, a Syrian, who owned but one nature in Jesus
Christ. See EUTYCHIAN.
Monsieur DHERBELOT observes, that this Jacob [or Jacoub] Al­
baradei, was a disciple of Severus, patriarch of Antioch, in the reign
of the Greek emperor Anastasius: That Jacob went to preach the
doctrine of Etyches in Mesopotamia, and Armenia; and that from him
the Eutychians took the name of Jacobins, which they keep to this day.
He adds, that the Jacobins possessed the churches of Egypt and Syria,
from the time in which the Arabians rendered themselves masters of
those provinces, for the space of about a hundred year; until the
chaliph Hesham, son of Abdolmelic, re-established the Melchites, i. e.







the royalists [a name by which the orthodox had been stiled, as being of
the KING'S religion.] He concludes with observing, “that Dioscorus,
patriarch of Alexandria, had infected the greater part of those people
with the heresy of Eutyches, and had sent heretical bishops into Nu­
bia, and Ethiopia; so that this heresy (as Monsieur Dherbelot calls it)
must have had an ample spread indeed; by extending from Nubia and
Ethiopia in the south, so far as to include the countries above-mentioned
in the north. And considering that LIBERTY of CONSCIENCE, which
the Mahometan princes in general allowed it was now exempt from those
hardships and severities, which under the Greek emperors, the COURT-
RELIGION [or ecclesiastic royalism] almost perpetually laid on all that
dissented from it.” See DONATISTS, CÆLICOLÆ, DIMÆRITÆ,
EUNOMIANS, with Newton's Observations on Daniel and the Apoca­
lypse compared.

JACOBI’TISH, inclined to the principles of Jacobites, or attached to
the interest of king James II.

JA’COB'S-LADDER, the same with valerian.

JA’COB'S-STAFF. 1. A mathematical instrument for taking heights
and distances, a cross staff, a sort of astrolabe. 2. A staff conceal­
ing a dagger. 3. [With pilgrims] a staff which they carry in their
hands, in going a pilgrimage to St. James of Compostella in Spain.

JACO’BUS, a gold coin of king James I. of two sorts: the one
weighing five-penny weights, eighteen grains, lately current at twenty­
three shillings; the other weighing six-penny weights six grains, cur­
rent at twenty-five shillings, but called in by king George II.

JACTITA’TION [of jactitio, Lat.] tossing, motion, restlesness, hea­
ving. Harvey.

JACULA’TION [jaculatio, from jaculor, Lat.] the act of shooting or
darting, any missive weapon.
So hills amid the air encounter'd hills,
Hurl'd to and fro with jaculation dire. Milton.

JA’CULATORY [jaculatorius, Lat.] suddenly cast like a dart.

JADE [of uncertain etymology. Johnson; according to Skinner, of
gaad, Sax. a goad or spur, q. d. one that will not go without the
spur] 1. A sorry horse, a horse of no spirit, a hackney or hired
horse, a worthless nag. Tir'd as a jade in over-loaden cart. Sidney 2.
A sorry woman; a word of contempt, sometimes noting age, but gene­
rally vice, as a lewd wench, a strumpet. She shines the first of bat­
ter'd jades. Swift. 3. A young woman; in irony and slight con­
tempt. You see now and then some handsome young jades among
them. Addison.

JADE, a species of stone. The jade is a species of the jasper, and
of extreme hardness. Its colour is composed of a pale bluish gray, or
ash-colour, and a pale green, not simple and uniform, but intermixed.
It appears dull and coarse on the surface, but it takes a very elegant
and high polish. It is found in the East-Indies, and is much used by
the Turks for handles of sabres. It is so highly esteemed by the In­
dians, as to be called the divine stone. They wear it externally as a
remedy for the gravel, and an amulet to preserve them from the bite
of venomous animals. Hill.

To JADE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To tire, to harass, to dis­
pirit, to weary. It is a dull thing to tire and jade any thing too far.
Bacon. 2. To overbear, to crush, to degrade, to harass as a horse
that is ridden too hard. To be thus jaded by a piece of scarlet.
Shakespeare. 3. To employ in vile and mean offices.
The honourable blood
Must not be shed by such a jaded groom. Shakespeare.
4. To ride, or rule tyrannically. I do not now fool myself, to let
imagination jade me. Shakespeare.

To JADE, verb neut. to lose spirit, to sink. Many offer at the ef­
fects of friendship, but they do not last: they are promising in the be­
ginning, but they fail and jade, and tire in the prosecution. South.

JA’DISH, adj. [of jade] 1. Lazy, apt to be tired; spoken of a horse.
2. Vitious, bad, as an horse.
That hors'd us on their backs, to show us
A jadish trick at last, and throw us. Hudibras.
3. Incontinent, unchaste. If the humour takes her to be jadish, not
all the locks and spies in nature can keep her honest. L'Estrange.

To JAGG, verb act. [gagaw, Wel. slits or holes] to cut into in­
dentures, to notch in the form of a saw. Some square, and many
jagged on the sides. Bacon.

JAGG, subst. [from the verb] an indenture, a protuberance. The
figure of the leaves is divided into so many jaggs or escallops, and cu­
riously indented round the edges. Ray.

JA’GGED, part. adj. [of to jagg] ragged, or notched like the teeth
of a saw, uneven, denticulated, indented. His teeth stood jaggy in
three dreadful rows. Addison.

JA’GGEDNESS, subst. [of jagged] unevenness, the state of being in­
dented or denticulated. Making them plain with your coal or lead,
before you give them their veins or jaggedness. Peacham.

JA’GGING-Iron, an instrument used by pastry-cooks.

JAIL, subst. [geol, Fr.] a gaol, a prison, a place where criminals
are confined; see GAOL. It is written either way, but commonly by
latter writers, jail.

JAIL-Bird [of jail and bird] one that has been prisoner in a goal.
See GOAL.

JAI’LER [of jail] a gaoler, one that keeps a prison. Her jealous
jailers. Sidney.

JAKES [prob of jaceo, to lie along, or jacio, Lat. to cast. Of un­
certain etymology. Johnson] a lay-stall; also an house of office. Some
have fished the very jakes for papers left there by men of wit. Swift.

JA’LAP [jalapium, L. Lat.] the root of a sort of a West-Indian
solanum, or nightshade, of a black colour on the outside, and red­
dish within, with resinous veins. Jalap is a firm and solid root of a
wrinkled surface, and generally cut into slices, heavy and hard to break;
of a faintish smell, and of an acrid and nauseous taste. It was not
known in Europe till after the discovery of America, and had its
name jalapium, or jalapa, from Xalapa, a town in New Spain, in
the neighbourhood of which it was discovered; though it is now
principally brought from the Madeiras. It is an excellent purgative
in all cases where serous humours are to be evacuated. Hill.


JAM

JAM of Cherries, Raspberries, &c. [I know not whence derived.
Johnson. Probably of j'aime, i. e. I love it; as children used to say
in French formerly, when they liked any thing] a sweetmeat or con­
serve, made by boiling these fruits with sugar and water.

JAM, or JAMB [with miners] a thick bed of stone, which hinders
them from pursuing the vein or oar.

JAMA’ICA, an island of America in the Atlantic ocean, about 140
miles long, and 60 broad, belonging to the English. Lat. 17° 20′
N. Long. 77° 30′W.

JAMA’ICA Wood, a sort of speckled wood, of which cabinets, &c
are made.

JAMA’NA; a province of Arabia, situated about the middle of it.

JAMB, subst. [jambe, Fr. a leg] any supporter on either side; as,
the posts of a door. The foreside of the chimney jambs. Moxon.

IA’MBE [according to the poets] the daughter of Pan and Echo;
who to divert the goddess Ceres from her melancholy, would tell
her pleasant stories, and make her laugh by jests and fancies that she
would put into Iambic verse; and from her, that sort of metre, which
was before unknown, took its name.

IA’MBIC, subst. [jambique, Fr. iambicus, Lat.] verses composed of
iambic feet, that is a short and long syllable alternately; originally
used in satire, therefore taken for satire.
Thy genius call thee not to purchase fame
In keen iambics, but mild anagram. Dryden.

IAMBIC Verse [jambique, Fr. jambo, It. jambicus, Lat.] is so called
of the jambic feet, of which it chiefly consists, which are one short,
and one long syllable; as (mĕōs.) It is the most various of all other
sorts of verse, being of three sorts; dimeter, trimeter, or senarie;
the last of which is most in use: This consists chiefly of iambic feet,
and has now and then a spondee and trochee; as, (sŭīs ĕt īpsă Rōmă
vīrĭbūs rūĭt.)

JA’MBIER, Fr. an armour for the leg, a greave, or leg-piece.

JAMBS, or JAUMBS, plur. of jamb, which see [jambs, jambage, Fr.]
the side of the posts of a door.

IA’MBUS, Lat [ιαμβος, which some derive of ιαμβιζω, Gr. to re­
vile] an iambic foot in verse, consisting of two syllables, the first short,
and the other long.

St. JAMES'S-Cross [in heraldry] is one whose head or top termi­
nates in the form of a heart, and the two arms bearing some resem­
blance to the cross patonee, so called, because worn by the Spanish
knights of Santiago, or St. James.

JA’MES TOWN, a pretty large town in Virginia, and once the capi­
tal of that colony; but the seat of government and courts of justice
are now removed to Williamsburgh.

St. JAMES-Wort, an herb.

JA’MPNUM [a law word] furze, or gorse; also gorsy-ground.


JAN

JANEI’RO, a province of Brazil in South America, so called from
the river Janeiro, which runs through it. This province is the most
valuable part of Brazil, affording great quantities of gold, and pre­
cious stones.

To JA’NGLE, verb neut. [jangler, Fr. Skinner] 1. To differ, or be
at variance, to contend in words. Matter of contention and jangling.
Raleigh. 2. To make a noise, as bells when rung in no set time.

To JANGLE, verb act. to make to sound untuneable.
In our verse, ere monkish rhymes
Had jangl'd their fantastic chimes. Prior.

JA’NGLER [from jangle] one that jangles, a wrangling, noisy, chat­
tering fellow.

JA’NITOR [in anatomy] the lower orifice of the stomach, the same
as pylorus.

JA’NIZARIES, plur. [of janizary, a Turkish word; janissaire, Fr.
giannizzary, It.] the grand signior's guard, or the soldiers of the Tur­
ish infantry. The standards lost, and janizaries slain. Waller.

JA’NIZARY [in the court of Chancery at Rome] an officer of the
third bench in that court; of which there are several, who are revi­
sors and correctors of the pope's bulls.

JA’NNOC, subst. [prob. a corruption of bannoc] oaten bread. A
northern word.

JA’NSENISM [jansenisme, Fr. giansenismo, It.] the principles and te­
nets of Jansenius, bishop of Ypres, who held St. Augustin's opinion
concerning grace, freewill, and predestination, and opposed the je­
suits. But Jansenius' treatise on grace, entitled Augustin's, was con­
demned by the popes. And at last Clement XI. put an end to the
dispute, by his constitution of July 17, 1705 (the controversy having
been carried on with great warmth on both sides, from the year 1640.)
This is the famous bull UNIGENITUS, so called from its beginning
with the words, “UNIGENITUS dei filius, &c.” which has occasioned
so much confusion in France.
But St. Austin himself (it is to be feared) had first introduced a far
greater CONFUSION in the church by that teint, which he imbibed in his
youth from the MANICHEES; for long-ingrafted principles are not
easily erased; and whoever compares the points in which he dif­
fered from St. Chrysostom, Theodoret, and other lights of the Greek
church in those days (not to say from the whole body of the ANTE­
NICENES) with the doctrine of the old GNOSTICS and MANICHÆANS,
will perhaps wonder, how the bishop of Hippo should have been the
chief standard of ORTHODOXY with us, for so many ages. See MANI­
CHÆANS.

JA’NSENIST [janseniste, Fr. giansensta, It.] a follower of Jansenius.

JA’NTY, adj. [corrupted from gentil, Fr. see JAUNTY] fluttering,
showy. This sort of woman is a janty slattern. Spectator.

JA’NUARY [janvier, Fr. genajo, It. enero, Sp. janeiro, Port. janua­
rius, Lat. is supposed to take its name of Janus, an ancient king of
Italy, whom they established to bear rule at all beginnings; and by
others, of janua, Lat. a gate, it being, as it were, the enterance to
the rest of the months] the first month in the year. Is repre­
sented in painting all in white, like snow or hoar-frost, blowing his
fingers; holding in the left arm a billet, and Aquarius standing by his
side.

JA’NUS, the most ancient king of Italy among the Aborigines, a­
bout the year of the world 2629, and 1319 before the birth of Christ;
who entertained Saturn when he was banished by his son Jupiter. It
is related of him, That he was the wisest of all kings, and knew
things past and to come; and therefore they pictured him with two
faces, and deified him after his death; and Numa built him a tem­
ple, which was kept shut in time of peace, and open in time of war.
Some are of opinion, that Janus was the same as Ogyges, or Noah,
or Japhet; and thence said to have two faces; the one looking back­
wards, and the other forwards, i. e. the one on the world before the







flood, and the other on the world after the flood: and he is said to
have come into Italy in the golden age of the world (when there
was no gold coined, when men were just) and to have taught men to
plant vines, &c. to offer sacrifice, and to live temperately.

JAPA’N, subst. [from Japan, in Asia, where figured work was ori­
ginally made] work varnished and raised in gold and colours. A
large japan glass. Swift.

JAPA’N, the largest of a cluster of islands in the Eastern Ocean,
forming a very rich and powerful kingdom.

To JAPA’N, 1. To varnish and draw raised figures, &c. on utensils
of wood, metal, &c. after the manner of the artificers of Japan.
Nor standish well japan'd avails
To writing of good sense. Swift.
2. To black shoes, and make them shine; a low phrase. And aids
with soot the new japanning art. Gay.

JAPA’NNER [of japan] 1. One skilled in japan work. 2. A shoe­
black.
They change their weekly barber, weekly news
Prefer a new japanner to their shoes. Pope.

JAR [from the verb] 1. A kind of rattling vibration of sound.
The sound is affected with a trembling jar. Holder. 2. A difference,
a contention, a quarrel, clash, discord. His peace is but continual
jar. Spenser. 3. A state in which a door unfastened and half open
may strike the post. Like opening a few wickets, and leaving them
a jar. Swift. 4. [Jarra, Sp. giarro, It.] an earthen vessel of oil,
it contains from 18 to 36 gallons. About the upper part of the jar
there appear'd a good number of bubbles. Boyle.

To JAR, verb neut. [from eorre, Sax. anger, or guerre, Fr. war,
or garren, O. Teut. to clamour. Johnson. Of guerroyer, O. Fr. to
brawl, according to Skinner; of garrio, Lat. to prattle, according
to Minshew] 1. To strike or beat together with a sort of short rat­
tle. A jarring sound. Dryden. 2. [In music] to disagree in sound,
or to go out of tune. 3. To strike or sound untuneably. The untun'd
and jarring senses O wind up. Shakespeare. 4. To interfere, to clash,
to act in opposition, to be inconsistent. A jarring murmur fill'd the
factious court. Dryden. 5. To quarrel, to contend. Ignorant of
the means conducing to those ends, in which alone they can jar and
oppose each other. Dryden.

JA’RDES, or JA’RDONS [with horsemen] are callous and hard swel­
lings in the hinder legs of an horse, seated on the outside of the
hough, a little below the bending of the ham, as the spavin is on the
inside. This distemper, in time, will make the horse halt, and be­
come so painful, as to cause him to pine away, and become light-bel­
lied. It is most common to managed horses, that have been kept too
much upon their haunches. Farriers Dictionary.

JA’RGON, subst. [jargon, Fr. gerigonça, Sp.] intelligible talk, gib­
berish, gabble. He will hold it to be plain fustian or jargon. Bram­
hall.

JARGONE’LLE, subst. a species of pear.

JARRE’TIER, O. Fr. [with horsemen] a horse, whose houghs are
too close together; now, by the French, called crouchu, i. e.
crooked.

JA’RRING, subst. [of jar] disagreement between persons, falling
out, quarrelling.

JA’SHAWK, subst. a young hawk. Ainsworth.

JA’SMINE, Fr. [gelsamino, It. jasminum, Lat. It is often pronounced
jessamine] a certain shrub bearing very fragrant flowers, of a funnel
shape; the pointal becomes the fruit or pod, which grows double and
opens lengthwise, discovering the seeds, which are oblong. These
are ranged over each other like slates on a house, and are fastened to
the placenta. Miller.

JASMINE, Persian, subst. a plant. A species of lilac.

JA’SPER [jaspe, Fr. and Port, diaspro, It. diáspero, Sp. jaspis, Lat.
ιασπις, Gr.] a hard stone of a bright beautiful green colour, sometimes
clouded with white, found in masses of various sizes and shapes. It is
capable of a very elegant polish, and is found in many parts of the East
Indies, and in Egypt, Africa, Tartary and China. Hill. The basis
of jasper is usually of a greenish hue, and spotted with red, yellow and
white. Woodward. A precious stone of a deep transparent bluish green.
CRISPE. But if the ancient jasper admitted of no other colour, how
shall we understand that description which Virgil gives us of his he­
ro's sword:
——Atque illi stellatus Jaspide fulvâ,
Ensis erat.—— Æneid, Lib. IV. v. 261.
Shall we venture to say, with his learned editor, that the poet uses the
word [fulva] for viridis, i. e. the tawny for green? or with Pliny,
[Natural Hist. Book 37. c. 8.] that there were many kinds of jaspers,
and, among the rest, that of the [fulvus or] tawny hue?

JASPO’NYX [ιασπονξ, Gr.] a kind of jasper of a white colour with
red streaks.

JASS-HAWK, a young hawk newly taken out of the nest.

JATROLE’PTES, Lat. [ιατραλειπτης, of ιατρος, a physician, and αλειπτης,
an anointer, of αλειφω, Gr. to anoint] a physician who undertakes to
cure diseases by external unctions.

JATROLE’PTIC, adj. [iatroleptique, Fr. of ιατρος, a physician, and
αλειφω, Gr. to anoint] that which cures by anointing, that part of
of physic that cures by friction, with unctuous substances and the ap­
plication of somentations and plasters.

JATROCHY’MIST [jatrochymicus, Lat. of ιατρος, a physician, and χυ­
μια, Gr. chemistry] a chemical physician, or one who uses or prescribes
chiefly chemical preparations. See ALCHYMY.

JATROMATHEMATI’CIAN [of ιατρος, a physician, and μαθηματιχος,
Gr. a mathematician] a physician who considers diseases and their
causes mathematically, and prescribes according to mathematical pro­
portions; a goodly rule indeed! See DOGMATICA Medicina.


JAV

JA’VA, an island of the East Indies, partly under the dominion of the
Dutch.

JAVA’RIS, a sort of swine in America, difficult to be taken; because
it is scarcely to be tired in running, and so furious, that it rends every
thing to pieces with its tushes.

To JA’VEL, or To JA’BBLE, verb act. to soil over or bespatter with
dirt through much traversing and travelling. This word is still re­
tained in Scotland and the northern counties.

JA’VEL, subst. [perhaps from the verb] a wandering migratory fel­
low.
The term that those two javels
Should render up a reckoning of their travels. Spenser.

JA’VELIN [javeline, Fr. giavalotto, It. javelina, Sp.] a sort of half­
pike or spear, a long dart, anciently used either by foot or horse. It
had a pointed iron head.
Flies the javelin swifter to its mark,
Launch'd from the vigour of a Roman arm? Addison.

JAU’NDICE [jaunisse, of jaune, Fr. yellow] a disease proceeding
from obstructions in the glands of the liver, and which turns the
complexion yellow. Sometimes the glands are so indurated as never
after to be opened, and straighten the motion of the blood so much
through that viscus, as to make it divert with a force great enough into
the gastric arteries which go off from the hepatic, to break through
them, and drain into the stomach: so that vomiting of blood, in this
distemper, is a fatal symptom. Quincy.

JAU’NDICED, adj. [of jaundice] infected with the jaundice. All
looks yellow to the jaundic'd eye. Pope.

To JAUNT, verb neut. [janter, Fr. or jancer, O. Fr. to drive a
horse about till he sweat] to wander here and there, to bustle from
place to place. It is now always used in contempt or levity. Spur­
gall'd and tir'd by jaunting Bolinbroke. Shakespeare.

JAUNT, subst. a tedious fatiguing walk, an excursion, a ramble. It
is commonly used ludicrously, but solemnly by Milton.
Our Saviour meek, and with untroubled mind,
After his airy jaunt, tho' hurry'd sore,
Hungry and cold, betook him to his rest. Milton.

JAU’NTINESS, subst. [from jaunty or janty, corrupted from gentil,
Fr. See JANTY] airyness, flutter, genteelness. A certain stiffness in
my limbs entirely destroyed that jauntiness of air I was once master of.
Addison.

JAUNTS [jantes, Fr.] the fellows of a wheel.

JAW [Dr. Henshaw supposes it to be derived of chawing, and that
it was anciently written chaw; but Skinner rather of geagle, Sax. the
cheek-bone; and Casaubon of ηιον, Gr. joue, Fr. a cheek: whence
joowbone or cheekbone, then jaw] 1. A bone of the mouth in which
the teeth are set. His nether jaw is immoveable. Grew. 2. The
mouth. My tongue cleaveth to my jaws. Psalms.

JA’WLAPS, the red skins under the cock's jaws.

JAY [named from his cry. Skinner. geai, Fr.] a bird. To see the jay
or the thrush hopping about my walks. Spectator.

JA’ZEL, a precious stone of an azure or blue colour.

IBERNA’GIUM [in old records] the season for sowing winter corn.

I’BIS, a tall bird in Egypt, said to have eaten up the ser­
pents which annoyed the country, and was therefore worshipped an­
ciently by the inhabitants. Langini writes, that they learned the use
of clysters from this bird; who, when it was sick, used to inject the
water of the river Nile into its fundament. It is a kind of snipe or stork.

ICA’DES [of ειχας, of ειχοσι, Gr. twenty] an ancient festival cele­
brated monthly on the twentieth day, by the Epicurean philosophers,
in memory of their master Epicurus, born on the twentieth. They
bore his images about their houses in state, and made sacrifices.

ICA’RUS, the son of Dædalus, who (according to the poets) flying
from Crete with his father, through youthful wilfulness, despised his
father's counsel, and flew higher than he should, and so melted the
wax which held his feathers together, and was drowned.

ICE [iis, Dan. is, Sax. iis, Du. iese, L. Ger. eise, H. Ger.] 1. Water
congealed into a glassy substance by a cold air or freezing wind. 2.
Concreted sugar. 3. To break the Ice [scindere glaciem, Lat. Romper il
giaccio, It.] to be the first in any hazardous attempt, or difficult un­
dertaking. Thus have I broken the ice to invention. Peacham. 4.
To break the ice; to be the first to propose, or break the discourse upon
a subject.

To ICE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To cover with ice, to turn to
ice. 2. To cover with concreted sugar; as, to ice a plumcake over.

ICE-Birds, a sort of Greenland birds.

ICE-HOUSE, subst. [of ice and house] a house in which ice is repo­
sited against the warm months.

I’CELAND, an island in the northern ocean, belonging to Denmark,
famous for three vulcanoes, from whence there continually issue flames
and smoak.

ICE’NI, the name of the people who anciently inhabited the coun­
ties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire.


ICH

ICH Dien [ich, I. and dienen, Ger. to serve] a motto which Ed­
ward the black prince took for his, and ever since has been the motto
of the arms of the princes of Wales. The prince observed it on the
shield of John, king of Bohemia, who served in the French wars, at
the battle of Cressi, where he was killed; and therefore took it as his
motto, in token of subjection to his father, under whom he served in
that war against France.

ICHNEU’MON [ιχνευμων, of του ιχνευω, Gr. to trace, because it searches
after the eggs of the crocodile] an Egyptian rat, an animal about the
bigness of a cat, a bitter enemy to the crocodile, whose eggs it breaks;
and sometimes kills them, by stealing unawares into their mouths when
they gape, and eating out their bowels.

The ICHNEUMON [hieroglyphically] was used to represent safety and
and preservation.

ICHNEUMON-FLY, subst. a sort of fly. Derham.

ICHNOGRA’PHICAL [of ιχνος, vestige, and γραφω, Gr. to describe]
relating to or representing the ground-plot of any thing.

ICHNO’GRAPHY [of ιχνογραφια, of ιχνος, a draught, or rather the
impression made by a foot on the ground, and γραφη, Gr. a delineation]
is threefold; geometrical, in fortification, and perspective.

ICHNOGRAPHY [in fortification] is the plan or representation of the
length and breadth of a fortress; the distinct parts of which are marked
either upon paper, or upon the ground itself.

ICHNOGRAPHY [with architects] is a plan or platform of an edi­
fice, or the ground-plot of an house or building, delineated upon pa­
per, describing the forms of the several apartments, windows, chim­
neys, &c. the same that is called a plan; so that the ichnography of
a church is the mark left by it, if it were razed; or the first appear­
ance of it in building, when the foundation of it is ready to appear







above ground. To have a draught of the ground-plot or ichnography
of every story in a paper by itself. Moxon.

ICHNOGRAPHY [in perspective] is the view of any thing cut off by a
plane parallel to the horizon, just at the base or bottom of it.

I’CHOGLANS, the grand signior's pages or white eunuchs, who serve
in the seraglio. They are Christians children, and brought up in a
discipline so severe, as is scarce credible.

I’CHOR [ιχωρ, Gr.] in strictness, a thin watery humour. It will
turn to an ichor. Arbuthnot. But is used for a thick matter of several
colours, that issues out of ulcers or sores. BRUNO observes that the
word has various senses, as first the scum of the blood in a sound and
natural state, in which sense, he observes that both GALEN and PLATO
use it; secondly, it is used to express too watry a state of the blood,
whether mild or accompanied with acrimony; thirdly, for a sanies or
this excretion issuing from ulcers. Cels. Lib. V. c. 26. Fourthly, and
most especially a liquor that distils from a wound of the joints, and
nervous parts, accompanied with pain and other severe symptoms.
HILDAN. de Ichore & Meliceria. And what if to all we should add,
Homer's use of the word, when applying it to a fluid of a different
kind from all animal juices; and which he tells us, flowed from a
WOUNDED GOD.
ιχωρ, οιος περ τε ρεει μαχαρεσσι Θεοισι. Iliad, Lib. V. l. 340.

ICHOROI’DES [of ιχωρ, and ειδος, Gr. form; with physicians] a
moisture like corruption.

I’CHOROUS, adj. [of ichor] sanious, thin, undigested. A superficial,
sanious, or ichorous exulceration. Harvey.

ICHTHYOCO’LLA [ιχθυοχολλα, of ιχθυς, a fish, and χολλα, Gr. glue]
fish-glue; glue made of the skins of fishes.


ICT

ICTHYO’LOGIST [ιχθυολογος, Gr.] a writer or describer of fishes.

ICHTHYO’LOGY [ιχθυολογια, of ιχθυς, a fish, and λογος, from
λεγω,
Gr. to describe] a treatise or description of fishes. Brown.

ICHTHY’OMANCY [ιχθυομαντεια, of ιχθυς, a fish, and μαυτεια, Gr.
divination] divination by the entrails of fishes; for which, Tiresias is
said to have been famous.

ICHTHYO’PHAGIST [of ιχθυοφαγος, of ιχθυς, a fish, and θαγω, Gr.
to eat] a fish-eater.

ICHTHYO’GRAPHY [ιχθυοφαγια, from ιχτυς, a fish, and φαγω, Gr.
to eat] the practice of eating of fish, diet of fish.

I’CICLE, subst. [of ice] a shoot of ice hanging down from the upper
part. Found in form of an icicle hanging down from the tops and sides
of grottos. Woodward.

I’CINESS [of icy] icy nature or qualities; also plenty or abundance
of ice, the state of producing ice.

I’CON [ειχων, Gr.] a cut or picture, the image or representation of
any thing. Brown and Hakewell.

ICONO’CLAST [iconoclaste, Fr. ειχονοχλαςης, of ειχων, an image, and
χλαω, Gr. to break] a demolisher or destroyer of images and statues.
See ICONOLATER.

ICONOGRA’PHIA, Lat. [of ειχων, an image, and γραφω, Gr. to de­
describe] a description of images or ancient statues of marble and cop­
per, of busts and semibusts, of penates, paintings in fresco, Mosaic
work, and ancient pieces of miniature.

ICO’NISM [of ειχονισμος, Gr.] an expression of act of fashioning, a
true and lively description of a thing.

ICONO’LATER [of ειχων, an image, and λατρευω, Gr. to worship] a wor­
shipper of images. The great struggle in the Greek church between the
opposers of image-worship, and its votaries, held, according to MEDE,
from A. C. 720, till after 840, i. e. for about 120 years. It was
established by a packed council (as he calls it) at Nice, under the em­
press Irene; and was at the same time (or rather long before) most
strenously espoused by the bishops of Rome MEDE's Works. Ed. Lond.
p. 684, 685. I said long before, “for Bale, our countryman [Script,
Illust. Britan. Cent. 1. c. 91, 99] relates, that about the year 712.
one Egwin of Worcester, published certain Revelations, yea express vi­
sions, he had seen, wherein he was enjoin'd to set up in his diocese of
Worcester, the IMAGE of the blessed Virgin for the people to worship;
which pope Constantine the First having made him confirm by oath, not
only RATIFIED by his bull; but caused Brithwald the archbishop to
hold a council of the whole clergy at London to commend them to the
people, “And thus you see, says MEDE, p. 687. (after having told
us how the invocation of saints was introduced by St. Basil and the two
Gregories about the year 370.) You see, how the FIRST-BORN and
MOST ANCIENT part of the doctrine of dæmons, i. e. the DEIFYING of
saints and martyrs, was advanced by the hypocrisy of liars [alluding to
that prediction of St. PAUL, 1 Tim. iv. 1, 2, &c.] The same you
shall find to be verified also in the advancing of the NEXT-BORN dæmo­
nalatry, IMAGE-WORSHIP; and of the THIRD, the idolatry of the
MASS-GOD; all brought in and established by the means and ways
afore-named; they are all well enough known; and primum in uno­
quoque genere est mensura consequentium. By that I spake of the FIRST,
[meaning those forged and fictitious miracles, with which the monks of
the fourth century introduced the FIRST abuse] you may judge of
those which follow.” Alluding to those pious FRAUDS, which have
been practised in support of this great apostacy ever since. See CATA­
PHRYGIANS and EUNOMIANS, and under the last word, add to the
lying wonders, there mentioned from St. Jerom, the tales of many
miraculous cures and deliverances obtained by touching the relics of
the saints, or by prayers put up at their tombs. See HERMIT and
HIEROM.

ICONO’LOGY [iconologie, Fr. of ειχων, and λογος, Gr.] the doctrine
of picture or representation, interpretation of ancient images, monu­
ments, and emblems; also of the virtues, vices, passions, &c.

ICOSAE’DRON [ειχοσαεδρον, of ειχοσι, twenty, and εδρα, Gr. base or
seat] a regular body, consisting of twenty triangular pyramids; the
vertexes of which meet in the centre of a sphere, supposed to circum­
scribe it, and have their height and bases equal.

ICTE’RIAS [of ιχτερος, Gr. the jaundice] a precious stone good for the yellow jaundice.

ICTE’RICAL [ictericus, of icterus, Lat. the jaundice, ιχτεριχος, Gr.
icterique, Fr.] 1. Troubled with, or subject to the jaundice. The
icterical have a great sourness. Floyer. 2. Good against the jaundice.

ICTE’RUS, Lat. [ιχτερος, Gr.] the jaundice.

ICTERUS Albus, Lat. [with physicians] the green sickness, a dis­
case in young virgins, proceeding from the stoppage of the courses,
&c.

I'CTUS, Lat. 1. A stroke or blow. 2. Biting or stinging. 3. A
blast, puff, &c.

I’CTUS Cœcus, or ICTUS Orbis [in old writers] a bruise or swelling;
any sort of maim or hurt without breaking the skin, as distinguished
from a wound.

I’CY [of isicg, Sax.] 1. Having or abounding with ice, covered
with ice, cold, frosty. The excessive coldness of the water they met
with in summer in that icy region. Boyle. 2. Cold, free from passion.
The icy precepts of respect. Shakespeare. 3. Frigid, backward.
If he be leaden, icy, cold, unwilling,
Be thou so too. Shakespeare.

I’D, is used as an abbreviation both of I had, and I would; more
generally the latter.

IDE’A [idée, Fr, ydéa, Sp. and Port. idea, It. and Lat. ιδεας, of
ειδος, form, or of ειδω, Gr. to see] the form or representation of any
sensible object, transmitted into the brain through the organs of sight or
the eye; But in a more general sense, it is taken for the immediate ob­
ject of understanding, whatever it be; or, as others define it, thus:
Idea is whatever the mind perceives in itself, or stands there for the
immediate object of any phantasm, notion, species, thought, or under­
standing. Locke. Ideas are either simple or complex.

Simple IDEAS, are those ideas that come into our mind by sensation;
as colours, by the eye; sounds, by the ear; heat, cold, and solidity, by
the touch; which come into the mind only by one sense: Also space,
extension, figure, rest and motion, which we gain by more than one
sense: Also pleasure, pain, power, existence, unity, and succession;
which convey themselves into the mind by all the ways of sensation.

Complex IDEAS, or compounded ideas, are formed by the power which
the mind hath of comparing, separating, or extracting its simple ideas,
which come into it by sensation and reflection.

IDEA [with logicians] is not to be understood only of those images
that are painted by the fancy, but all that is within our understanding,
when we can truly say, we conceive a thing, after what manner so­
ever we conceive it.

IDEA the Goddess. See VESTA.

IDEA Morbi, Lat. [in medicine] the property or quality of a disease;
or a complex perception of such a collection of accidents as concur to
any distemper, expressed by some particular term.

IDE’AL, adj. Fr. [ideale, It. of idealis, Lat.] pertaining to an idea,
mental; not perceived by the senses. There is a two-fold knowledge
of material things; one real, when the thing, and the real impression
thereof on our senses is perceived; the other ideal, when the image or
idea of a thing absent in itself is represented to and considered on the
imagination. Cheyne.

IDE’ALLY, adv. [of ideal] intellectually, not materially. A trans­
mission is made materially from some parts, and ideally from every
one. Brown.

IDÆI Dactyli, Lat. were the ancient inhabitants of Crete, and had
their original from mount Ida in Phrygia, and were called dactyli,
from their being ten in number, according to that of the fingers. They
carried their rites and mysteries into Samothracia; and being believed
to have found out the use of fire, to have discovered the nature and
use of brass, iron, and other metals, and to have invented many other
things of great service and advantage to mankind; were therefore re­
puted as gods or dæmons. The reader, if I'm not mistaken, will
find a more correct account of them in JACKSON's Chronologic Antiqui­
ties; who adds, that “as the Curetes and Idœi Dactyli, were both priests
of Cybelè and her mysteries, which were the same with those of the mo­
ther of the gods, which she carried from Samothrace into Phrygia, they
might live about the same time; unless we suppose that the Curetes
were the ancient inhabitants of Crete, and instituted there the myste­
ries of the mother of the gods, many ages before the Phrygian mysteries
were instituted by Cybele.” I the rather produce this citation from
him, as it shews, how much darkness and uncertainty envelops the an­
cient account of things. Jackson's Chronolog. Antiq. Vol. III. p. 70.
See CURETTES, and read CURETES, and correct the account there
given from hence.

IDÆ’US, Lat. [of mount Ida] a surname of Jupiter.

IDE’NTIC, or IDE’NTICAL, adj. [identique, Fr. identico, It. and Sp.
of idem, Lat] the same, implying the same thing, comprising the
same idea. There Majus is identical with Magis, Hale.

IDE’NTICALLY, adv. [of identical] by, or according to the same
idea.

IDE’NTITATE Nominis, Lat. a writ lying for one, who upon capias
or exigent, is taken and committed to prison for one of the same
name.

IDE’NTITY [identité, Fr. identità, It. identitas, school Lat.] same­
ness, not diversity. It is defined by metaphysicians, to be the agree­
ment of two or more things in another.

I’DEOT. See IDIOT.

IDES, Fr. [idi, It. idus, Lat. so called of iduo, in the old Tuscan
language, to divide; because they divided the months, as it were,
into two parts] were the days of the month, among the Romanś, af­
ter the nones were out: and they commonly fell out on the 13th of
all the months, except March, May, July, and October, in which
they fell on the 15th; because in those months, the nones were on the
7th. It has no singular. Beware the ides of March. Shakespeare.


IDI

IDIO’CRACY [idiocrase, Fr. of ιδιοχρασια, of ιδιος, proper, and χρα­
σις, Gr. temperature] the proper temperament or disposition of a thing,
peculiarity of constitution.

IDIOCRA’TICAL, adj. [of idiocrasy] pertaining to idiocracy, peculiar
in constitution.

IDI’OCY [ιδιωρια, Gr.] want of understanding. Their idiocy in
thinking that horses did eat their bits. Bacon.

I’DIOM [idioma, It. Sp. and Lat. idiome, Fr. ιδιωμα, of ιδιος, Gr. pro­
per] the peculiar phrase or manner of expression in any language,
a propriety or mode in speaking, the peculiar cast of a tongue. He
followed their language, but did not comply with the idiom of ours.
Dryden. See GENIUS of Language.

IDIOMA’TIC, or IDIOMA’TICAL, adj. [from idiom] being accord­
ing to the idiom, i. e. the peculiar phrase or manner of expression in a







language, or the propriety of speech, phraseological. Idiomatic ways
of speaking. Spectator.

IDIOMA’TICALLY, adv. [of idiomatical] by the idiom, or after the
manner of an idiom.

IDIOPATHE’TICAL, adj. [of idiopathy] pertaining to idiopathy.

IDIO’PATHY [idiopathie, Fr. ιδιοπαθεια, of ιδιος, proper, and παθος,
Gr. affection] that proper or peculiar affection that persons naturally
have to any thing; also, in physic, a primary disease that neither de­
pends on nor proceeds from another. Quincy.

IDIOSY’NCRASY [idiosyncrase, Fr. of ιδιοσυνχρασις, of ιδιος, proper,
συν, with, and χρασις, Gr. temperament] a temperament of body pe­
culiar to any living creature, not common to another, by which the
creature hath, either in health or sickness, a peculiar inclination to,
or aversion from some things; or by means of which some medicines,
which agree well enough with other constitutions, are sound to be
here injurious. Any idiosyncrasy or peculiarity of constitution.
Brown.

IDIOSYNCRA’TICAL, adj. [of idiosyncrasus] pertaining to idiosyn­
cracy, peculiar in constitution.

I’DIOT [idiot, Fr. of idiota, It. Sp. and Lat. of ιδιοτης, of ιδιος, Gr.
proper] a changeling, a natural, a fool, one devoid of reason. He
holds them idiots. Raleigh.

I’DIOTISM, or I’DIOCY [idiotisme, Fr. idiotismo, It. idiotismus, Lat.
ιδιωτισμος, Gr.] 1. A propriety or peculiarity of speech belonging to any
language. Terminations and idiocisms suitable to their native language.
Hale. 2. The condition of an idiot; natural folly or simplicity.

I’DLE, adj, [ydel, Sax. ydel, Du ytel, O. and L. Ger. eitel, Ger. which,
however, in their general use, signify vain or empty] 1. Slothful,
lazy, averse from labour. 2. Not busy, being at leisure. For want
of idle time. Shakespeare. 3. Unactive, unemployed. Children ge­
nerally hate to be idle. Locke. 4. Useless, vain, ineffectual. Down
their idle weapons drop'd. Milton. 5. Worthless, barren, not pro­
ductive of good. Of antres vast and desarts idle. Shakespeare. 6. Silly,
trifling, of no importance; as, an idle story. This answer is idle.
Hooker.
Better be IDLE than ill-employed,
May be true; but there is no manner of necessity for either. A man
has it every moment in his power to be doing some good to himself,
or others: Besides, as Idleness is the root of all evil, there is so little
distance between the root and the stock, that it is hard to determine
sometimes whether be the worst, the remedy or the disease. The La­
tins say however, Satius est otiosum esse, quàm nihil agere. PLIN. [By
Nihil agere, it is to be supposed, Pliny means doing nothing to the
purpose] Fr. Il vaut mieux étre à rien faire qui de ne rien fare qui
vaille. We say likewise, The brain that sows not corn, plants this­
les.

To I’DLE, verb neut. [from the adj.] to lose time in laziness and
inactivity.
She and all her fellow gods,
Sit idling in their high abodes. Prior.

IDLE-HEADED, adj. [of idle and head] foolish, unreasonable. These
idle-headed seekers. Carew.

I’DLENESS [idelnesse, Sax.] 1. Laziness, slothfulness, sluggish­
ness, aversion from labour. Idleness is both itself a great sin, and the
cause of many more. South. 2. Absence or want of employment.
To lose any of our time in so troublesome an idleness. Sidney. 3. O­
mission of business.
Ten thousand harms more than the ills I know,
My idleness doth hatch. Shakespeare.
4. Trivialness, unimportance. 5. Inefficacy, uselesness. 6. Bar­
renness, worthlesness. 7. Want of judgment, or reason, foolishness,
madness. There is no heat of affection but is jocund with some idle­
ness of brain. Bacon.
IDLENESS is the key of beggary.
Lat. Otia non ditescunt. Fr. L'Oisivete nous mene (leads us) à la
mendicité.

I’DLER [of idle] a sluggard, an idle person. Poor fishermen and
idlers. Raleigh.

I’DLY, adv. [from idle; idelichg, Sax.] 1. After a lazy, slothful
manner, without employment. Living idly here in pomp and ease.
Shakespeare. 2. Foolishly, in a trifling manner, sillily.
Yield that fleeting breath,
Which play'd so idly with the darts of death. Prior.
3. Carelessly, without attention.
This from Rumour's tongue
I idly heard. Shakespeare.
4. Ineffectually, in vain. Cease to bark any longer idly against the
truth. Hooker.


IDO

I’DOL [idole, Fr. idolo, It. and Sp. idolum, Lat. ειδωλον, Gr.] 1. An
image; and accordingly the worship of an idol is the worship of an
image; whether it be designed to represent a true or false divinity:
for in both cases it is alike forbid in scripture; “ Thou shalt not bow
down and worship them.” And 'tis a pretty extraordinary kind of re­
ply, which a Romish writer makes to this prohibition; “ As to the
Jews (a nation so extremely prone to idolatry, &c.) if they had any
further restraint [meaning than what the law of natural religion lays on
mankind in common] we Christians are not at all concerned in it.”
In answer to which see ICONOLATRY, and DEMONOLATRY, compar'd
with 1 Tim. iv. 1, 2, &c. and Revelat. ix. 20, 21. 2. An image
worshipped as God, a counterfeit. Woe to the idol shepherd that
leaveth the flock. Zechariah. 3. An image.
Never did art so well with nature strive,
Nor ever idol seem'd so much alive. Dryden.
4. A representation.
Do her adore with sacred reverence,
As th'idol of her maker's great magnificence. Spenser.
5. One loved or honoured to adoration.
He's honour'd and lov'd by all,
The soldier's god, and people's idol. Denham.

IDO’LATER [idolatre, Fr. idolatro, It. idolátra, Sp. idololatra, Lat.
ειδωλολατρης, Gr.] a worshipper of idols, one who pays divine honours
to images, one that worships for God what is not God. He may be
an idolater, or a pagan. Bentley.

IDO’LATRESS, a female image-worshipper.

To IDO’LATRIZE, verb act. [of idolater] to worship idols. Ains­
worth.

IDO’LATRIZING, part. adj. [of adolatrize] committing idolatry,
worshipping of idols.

IDO’LATROUS, adj. [of idolater] tending to idolatry, comprising the
worship of false gods. Peacham.

IDO’LATROUSLY, adv. [of idolatrous] after an idolatrous manner.
Hooker.

IDO’LATRY [idolatrie, Fr. idolatria, It. Sp. and Lat. of ειδωλολα­
τρεια, Gr.] idol-worship, the worship of images or of any thing as
God which is not God. Idolatry is not only an accounting or worship­
ping that for God which is not God, but it is also a worshipping the
true God in a way wholly unsuitable to his nature, and particularly
by the mediation of images and corporeal resemblances. South.
Query, If the applying to any invisible being a homage superior to
his proper due, is not to make an idol of him? See DEITY, GOD,
and LATRIA, compar'd with Philipp. ii. 11.

I’DOLIST [of idol] a worshipper of images. A poetical word.
Op'd the mouths
Of idolists and atheists. Shakespeare.

To I’DOLIZE, verb act. [of idol] to love or reverence to adoration.
The first broacher of their idolized opinions. Decay of Piety.

I’DOLIZING, part. adj. [of idolize] making an idol of, being ex­
tremely fond of, doting upon.

IDOLOTHY’SY [ειδωλοθνσια, of ειθωλον, an idol, and θνω, Gr. to sa­
crifice] act of sacrificing to idols.

IDOLS of the Ancients, were at first nothing but a rude stock or stone;
and such a one was that of Juno Samia, which afterwards, in the ma­
gistracy of Procles, was turned into a statue. Pausanias relates, That
in Achaia, there were kept very religiously thirty square stones, on
which were engraven the names of so many gods. And in another
place, he tells us of a very ancient statue of Venus at Delos, which,
instead of feet, had only a square stone. And some imagine the foun­
dation of adoration being paid to stones, was from the stone that Sa­
turn is fabled to have swallowed.
One thing is remarkable in these stones; as particularly in the square
stone that represented the god Mars at Petra in Arabia, that their co­
lour was commonly black; by which it should seem, that that colour,
in those times, was thought most solemn, and becoming things dedi­
cated to sacred uses.
They were called in Greek, βαιτνλια, which seems to be derived
from the Phœnician language, לאתיב, Bethel, that signifies the house
of God: And thence, some think that their true original is to be de­
rived from the pillar of stone that the patriarch Jacob erected at
Bethel.

IDO’NEUS [of idoneus, Lat.] fit, meet, adequate, convenient. Ido­
neous body. Boyle. Idoneous person. Ayliffe.

IDU’MEA, or EDOM, a country anciently so called, being part of
Arabia Patræa, in Asia, lying between Palestine and the Red Sea,
peopled by the descendants of Esau.

I’DYL, or IDY’LLON [idyllum, Lat. ειδυλλιον, of ειδος, Gr. figure or
representation] a little short poem, containing a description or nar­
ration of some agreeable adventure.

I. E. for id est, Lat. that is.

JE ne scay quoi, Fr. I know not what.

JEA’LOUS [jaloux, Fr. geloso, It. zeloso, Sp.] 1. Suspicious in love.
The virtuous creature that hath the jealous fool to her husband. Shake­
speare. 2. Emulous, full of competition. I am jealous of this sub­
ject. Dryden. 3. Zealously cautious against dishonour. I have been
very jealous for the Lord. 1. Kings. 4. Suspiciously vigilant. His
jealous nature had much of sagacity in it. Clarendon. 5. Suspiciously
careful. Jealous of the honour of the English nation. Bacon. 6. Sus­
piciously fearful, afraid of having a rival. Jealous of the clergy's am­
bition. Swift.

JEA’LOUSLY, adv. [of jealous; avec jealousie, Fr.] with jealously,
with suspicious fear, vigilance, or caution.

JEA’LOUSNESS [of jealous] the state of being jealous, rivalry, suspi­
cious vigilance. The unjust hatred and jealousness of too many. K.
Charles.

JEA’LOUSY [jealousie, Fr. gelosia, It. zélos, Sp. zelotypia, Lat. ζηλο­
τνπια, Gr.] 3. Suspicion, mistrust in love. He's a very jealousy man.
Shakespeare. 2. Suspicious fear. Refusing to treat with the king,
proceeded only from his jealousy. Clarendon. 3. Suspicious caution
or rivalry.

JEAR-ROPE [in a ship] a piece of hawser fastened to the main and
fore-yard, to help to hoise up the yard, and to keep the yard from
falling, if the ties should break.

JEAT [jayet, Fr.] is a mineral or fossil stone, extremely black, for­
med of a lapidific or bituminous juice in the earth, in the manner of
coal; called also black amber. See JET.

JECORA’RIA, Lat. [of jecoris, the gen. of jecur, Lat. the liver; in
botany] liverwort, or woodrow; or agrimony, as some take it.

JECTIGA’TION [with physicians] a trembling felt in the pulse of a
sick person; which indicates that the brain, which is the organ of the
nerves, is attacked and threatened with convulsions,

JECUR, Lat. the liver.

JECUR Uterinum, Lat. [with anatomists] a part which in colour and
substance somewhat resembles the liver; its flesh is soft, and full of
glandules or kernels, having many fibres or small vessels. Its use is to
convey nourishment to the child in the womb, and is taken out after
the birth; it is also called placenta uterina.

JE’DDO, the capital of the kingdom of Japan.


JEE

To JEER, verb neut. [of scheeren, Ger. to teize. Skinner. Or, of
schertzen, Ger. to jest. Of uncertain etymology. Johnson] to laugh at,
to flout, to scoff. Loud talking and jeering are called indecencies.
Taylor.

To JEER, verb act. to treat with scoffs, to ridicule. My children
abroad are driven to disavow me for fear of being jeered. Howel.

JEER, subst. [from the verb] scoff, taunt, mock, flout, jibe. Ex­
pos'd to all their jeers. Swift.

JEE’RER [of jeer] one that jeers, a scoffer, a mocker.

JEE’RINGLY, adv. [of jeering] scornfully, in derision. Derham.

JEER-Rope. See JEAR-Rope.

JEE’RCT, a sort of running race on horseback, the combatants dart­







ing lances one at another, an exercise among the Turks.

JE’GGET, subst. a sort of sausage. Ainsworth.

JEHO’VAH, subst. [הוהי, Heb.] the proper name of God in the
Hebrew language.

JE’JUNE [jejunus, Lat.] 1. Empty, wanting, vacant. The melting
sheweth that gold is not jejune, or scarce in spirit. Bacon. 2. Hungry,
not saturated. Jejune or limpid water. Brown. 3. Unaffecting,
barren, dry, mean; as, a jejune stile. You may look upon an en­
quiry made up of mere narratives, as somewhat jejune. Boyle.

JEJU’NENESS [of jejune] 1. Penury, poverty. The jejuneness or ex­
treme comminution of spirits. Bacon. 2. Want of matter that can
engage the attention, barrenness, emptiness of stile, dryness.

JEJU’NUM Intestinum, Lat. [with anatomists] the second of the small
guts; so called, because it is often found empty. It is about eight
feet long in men.

JE’LLIED. adj. See GELLY. Viscous, brought to a state of gluti­
nousness.
The kiss that sips
The jellied philtre of her lips. Cleaveland.

JE’LLY [gelée, Fr. gelatina, It. jaléa, Sp. of gelatinum, of gelando,
Lat. See GELLY, which is the proper orthography] 1. Any thing
brought to a state of glutinousness, as some kinds of broth made of
glutinous substances.
Distill'd
Almost to jelly with th' effect of fear. Shakespeare.
2. A smeetmeat made by boiling sugar in the gelly. The desert came
on and jellies brought. King.

JE’MMARD, creased and scalloped; also the peculiar affection that
we naturally have to any particular things. Dr. More.

JE’NNET, subst. See GENNET. A Spanish horse. The Spanish
king presents a jennet. Prior.

JE’NNETING, subst. [corrupted from juneting. Johnson; janneton,
Fr.] a species of apple, soon ripe, and of a pleasant taste. Mor­
timer.

JEO’FAIL [in common law] is when a cause or issue is so badly
pleaded or joined, that it would be error if they did proceed; an
oversight in pleading.

To JE’OPARD, verb act. See JEOPARDY. To hazard, to put in
danger; obsolete. He had been accused of Judaism, and did boldly
jeopard his body and life for the religion of the Jews. 2 Maccabees.

JE’OPARDED, part. adj. [of to jeopard] brought into danger or ha­
zard.

JE’OPARDOUS, adj. [of jeopardy] dangerous, hazardous.

JE’OPARDOUSNESS [of jeopardous] hazardousness.

JE’OPARDY [of j'ai perdu, Fr. I have lost. jeu perdu, Fr. i. e. a lost
game. Skinner and Junius] danger, hazard, risk, peril. A word
now obsolete. A casualty or jeopardy. Bacon.

JE’RGUER, an officer belonging to the customs, who oversees the
actions and accounts of the waiters.

JE’REY, a market town of Cumberland, near the source of the
Elne, 290 miles from London.

JERK [either of gyrd, Sax. a rod, or gercken, Goth. according to
Minshew] 1. A smart quick lash, as of a whip, a hasty pull or twitch.
Wit is not the jerk or sting of an epigram. Dryden. 2. A sudden
spring, a quick jolt that shocks or starts. They commonly swim
backwards by jerks or springs, reaching ten yards at once. Grew.

To JERK, verb act. [gercken, Goth. to beat, geweckan, Sax. to
strike with a quick smart blow] 1. To lash. Sometimes it is written
yerk. I thought to have jerk'd him here under the ribs. Shakespeare.
2. To pull or twitch suddenly.

To JERK, verb neut. to strike up, to accost eagerly. This seems
to be the meaning in this place, but is mere cant. Johnson.
Nor blush should he some grave acquaintance meet,
But proud of being known will jerk and greet. Dryden.

JE’RKEN, JERKIN, or JERKING [of cyrtel, a coat, and kIN, Sax.
a diminutive] 1. A short upper coat, a jacket, a close waistcoat. A
man may wear it on both sides, like a leather jerken. Shakespeare. 2.
A male hawk; this should be written gyrkin.

IE’ROMANCY [ιερομαντεια, Gr.] divination by sacrifices; it made
conjectures from the external parts and motions of the victim;
from its entrails; the flame in which it was consumed; the cakes and
flower; from the wind and water, and from several other things.

IEROMONA’RCHES [of ιερος, sacred, and μοναρχης, Gr. a chief] the
priests or regulars among the Greeks.

JEROSCO’PISTS [ιεροσχοποι, of ιερος, sacred, and σχοπεω, Gr. to
view] persons, who when they espied any thing in the victim (at of­
fering sacrifice) that seemed to portend any misfortune to themselves,
or their country, used to pray that it might be turned on the victim's
own head.

JE’RSEY, subst. [from the island of Jersey, where much yarn is
spun] fine yarn made of wool.

JE’RSEY, an island in the English channel, 15 miles from the coast
of Normandy, belonging to the crown of England,
New JERSEY, the name of two provinces in North America, situ­
ated between New York and Pensylvania.

JERU’SALEM, the capital city of Judea or Palestine, in Asiatic
Turkey; once an imperial and opulent city, but now subject to the
Turks, and the buildings mean, and but thinly inhabited.

JERU’SALEM Artichokes, a root resembling artichokes in taste, a
species of sun-flower. Mortimer.


JES

JE’SDEGERDIC Epocha [with chronologers] a Persian epocha, which
takes its date from the coronation of Jesdegerdis, the last king of Per­
sia; or rather from Persia being conquered by the Saracens. July 16,
A. C. 632.

JESS, subst. [geste, Fr. getto, It.] a short strap of leather tied about
the legs of a hawk, with which she is held on the fist. Hanmer.
If I prove her haggard,
Tho' that my jesses were her dear heartstrings,
I'd whistle her off. Shakespeare.

JE’SSAMIN [jasminum, Lat. jasemin, Fr. gelsamino, It. jasmin, Sp.
and Port.] a plant bearing flagrant flowers. See JASMINE.

JESSAMIN [in heraldry] by those that blazon by flowers, instead of
metals and colours, is used for argent, on account of the whiteness of
the flowers.

JE’SSANT [in heraldry] signifies shooting forth, as vegetables do,
and frequently occurs in fleurs-de-luce.

JESSES, plur. of jess, which see [with falconers] leather straps fas­
tened to a hawk's legs, and so to the varvels.

To JEST, verb neut. [of gesto, or gestus, Lat. or, perhaps of schert­
zen Ger. in the same signification, gesticulor, Lat. Johnson] to speak
jocosely, to divert or be merry by words or actions. Jest not with a
rude man. Ecclesiasticus.

JEST, subst. [from the verb] 1. Any thing ludicrous or meant only
to raise laughter, a joke or banter.. As for jest there be certain things
which ought to be privileged from it. Bacon. 2. The object of
jest, a laughing-stock. Let me be your jest. Shakespeare. 3. Man­
ner of doing or speaking feigned, not real; ludicrous, not serious;
game, not earnest. He spoke and did those things in jest, which
would have become a king in earnest. Grew.
He who laughs at his own JEST, spoils all the mirth of it:
And not only so, but makes himself ridiculous, or, at least to be
look'd upon as a person who has an exceeding good opinion of his own
wit.
Better lose a JEST than a friend.
There are very few, or perhaps none, but what are convinced of the
truth of this saying; and yet the itch of breaking a jest has such a
power over the minds of many, who have a great opinion of their own
wit, that they hazard not only the loss of a friend, but of their own
fortune and welfare, rather than stifle it.

JE’STER [of jest, Eng. gesticulator, Lat. a mimick; for in antient
times, the mimicks used gesticulations or gestures in breaking their jests
to the company] 1. A jocose person, formerly kept by princes, &c.
to break jests for their diversion; a buffoon, a jack-pudding. Loose
fellows do pass up and down amongst gentlemen by the name of
jesters. Spenser. 2. One given to merriment and pranks. Shallow
jesters. Shakespeare. 3. One addicted to sarcasms.
Now as a jester I accost you,
Which never yet one friend has lost you. Swift.

JE’STINGLY, adv. [of jesting] in a jesting manner.

JESUA’TI, an order of monks, so called from their having the name
of Jesus often in their mouth.

JE’SUITED, adj. [of jesuit] which has embraced the principles of
the Jesuits.

JESUI’TICAL, pertaining to, or like the Jesuits; also equivocat­
ing.

JESUI’TICALLY, adv. [of jesuitical] after the manner of the Jesuits;
also with equivocation.

JE’SUITS [of de jusuite, Fr. a religious order, so denominated from
Jesus] certain religious men of the society of Jesus, first founded by
Ignatius Loyola, a native of Guipuscoa, in Spain. This is now the
most famous religious order in the Romish church. Ignatius, in the
year 1538, having assembled ten of his companions at Rome, prin­
cipally chosen out of the university of Paris, made a proposal to them,
to form a new order; when after many deliberations, it was agreed to
add to the three ordinary vows, of chastity, poverty, and obedience,
a fourth, which was to go into all countries whither the pope should
please to send them, in order to make converts to the Romish
church.

JE’SUIT's Powder, the drug quinquina, or cortex peruviana.

JE’SUS [ιησους, Gr. Joshuah, Heb.] a SAVIOUR. Thou shalt call his
name JESUS; for he shall SAVE his people from their sins.” Matt. c. i.
v. 21. See CHRIST, CERINTHIANS, and INCARNATION, com­
pared.

JET [gagates, Lat. gagat, Sax. jayet, Fr.] 1. A black kind of
brittle stone. Jet is a very beautiful fossil, of a firm and very even
structure, and of a smooth surface, found in masses, seldom of a great
size, lodged in clay. It is of a fine deep black colour, having a grain
resembling that of wood. The ancients recommend jet in medicine,
but it is now used only in toys. It is confounded with canal coal,
which has no grain, and is extremely hard, and the jet is but mode­
rately so. Hill. 2. A yard; sometimes written yate, obsolete, for gate.
What orchard unrobbed escapes,
What pullet dare walk in their jet. Tusser.

To JET, verb neut. [jetter, Fr.] 1. To cast, toss; or to carry the
bodyin a stately manner; to move up and down in a frisky manner, to
strut. Contemplation makes a rare turkey-cock of him; how he jets
under his advanced plumes. Shakespeare. 2. To shoot forward, to
jut out, to intrude upon.
Think you not how dangerous
It is to jet upon a prince's right. Shakespeare.
3. To jolt or be shaken [jetter, Fr.] Upon the jetting of a hackney
coach she was thrown out. Wiseman.

JET d'Eau, Fr. the pipe of a fountain which throws up the
water into the air; a spout or shoot of water.
Thus the small jet which hasty hands unlock,
Spurts in the gard'ner's eyes who turns the cock. Pope.

JE’TTY, adj. [of jet] 1. Made of jet. 2. Black as jet, of the
colour of jet. Of a jetty black. Brown.

JE’TSAM, or JE’TSON [prob. of jetter, Fr. to throw up] goods,
merchandises, or other things, which having been cast over-board in
a storm, or after shipwreck, are thrown upon the shore, and belong
to the lord admiral.


JEW

JEW, one who makes profession of Judaism, an Hebrew.

JE’WEL [jeweel, jeweelen, Du. joyau, Fr. gioja, It. joya, Sp. and
Goth.] 1. A wearing ornament of great value, commonly adorned
with precious stones. Wear this jewel for me, 'tis my picture. Shake­
speare. 2. A gem, a precious stone. 3. A name of fondness, an
appellation of tender regard.
— Ye jewels of our father, with wash'd eyes
Cordelia leaves you. Shakespeare.

JEWEL Office, or House, an office, where care is taken of fashioning
and weighing the king's plate, and delivering it out by such warrants
as the masters receive from the lord chamberlain, also the place where
the regal ornaments are reposited. Master of the jewel-house. Shake­
speare.

JE’WELLER [jouailier, Fr. giojellire, It. joyéro, Sp.] a dealer in, or
worker of Jewels. I will turn jeweller: I shall then deal in diamonds
and all sorts of rich stones. Addison.








E’WELRY [of jewel] the place or office where Jewels are kept;
so the art and mystery of a jeweller.

JE’WESS, a female Jew.

JE’WISH, pertaining to the Jews,

JEWS Ears [from its resemblance to the human ear. Skinner. auri­
culæ judæ, Lat] a plant, a kind of mushroom, of a spongy substance;
a fungus tough and thin, and naturally, while growing, of a rumpled
figure, like a flat and variously hollowed cup. Its sides are undulated,
and in many places run into the hollow, so as to represent in it ridges
like those of the human ear. Its substance is tough like leather, and
its colour very dark. It is light when dry, of a disagreeable smell,
and nauseous taste. It generally grows on the lower parts of the
trunks of elder trees, especially where they are decaying. It is not
much used by physicians, but the common people cure themselves of
sore throats with a decoction of it in milk. Hill.

JEWS-HARP. See JEWS TRUMP.

JEWS-MALLOW, subst. [corchorus, Lat.] a plant whose leaves are
produced alternately at the joints of the stalks; the flower has five
leaves, which expand in form of a rose, the pointal becomes a cylin­
drical fruit filled with angular seeds. Ranwolf says it is sown in great
plenty about Aleppo as a pot herb, the Jews boiling the leaves of
this plant to eat it with their meat. Miller.

JEWS-STONE, a stone otherwise called a marchasite; an extraneous
fossil, being the clavated spine of a very large egg-shaped sea urchin,
petrified by long lying in the earth. It is of a regular figure, oblong
and rounded, swelling in the middle, and gradually tapering to each
end. It is ridged and furrowed alternately in a longitudinal direction,
and its colour is a pale dusky grey, with a feint cast of dusky redish­
ness. It is found in Syria, lodged in a loose, sandy stone or a marly
very hard earth. It is diuretic, but has been falsely recommended as
a lithontriptic. Hill.

JEWS-TRUMP, or JEWS-HARP, a musical instrument held between
the teeth, which gives a sound by the motion of a broad spring of
steel, which being struck by the hand, plays against the breath.

IF [gif, Sax. iof, Teut.] a conditional conjunction. 1. Suppose
that, allowing that, Absolute approbation without any cautions, qua­
lifications, ifs or ands. Hooker. 2. Whether or no. Uncertain if by
augury or chance. Dryden. 3. Tho', I doubt whether, suppose it
be granted that. Such mechanical circumstances, if I may so call
them. Boyle.


IGN

IGNA’VUS, Lat. a wild beast called the sluggard.

I’GNEOUS, adj. [igneus, Lat.] fiery, containing fire, emitting fire,
having the nature of fire. Ignorant of the immediate way of igneous
solutions. Glanville.

IGNI’FEROUS [of ignifer, Lat.] bearing or producing fire.

IGNI’FLUOUS [ignifluus, Lat.] running or flowing with fire.

IGNI’GENOUS [ignigena, Lat.] ingendered in or by fire.

IGNI’POTENCE [of ignipotens, Lat.] efficacy, prevalency against,
or power over fire.

IGNI’POTENT, adj. [of ignis, fire, and potens, Lat. powerful] pre­
siding over fire. Pope's Homer.

I’GNIS, Lat. fire.

IGNIS Actualis, Lat. [with surgeons] actual fire, that which burns
at first touch, as fire itself, or heated searing irons.

IGNIS Judicium, Lat. [old law] purgation, or clearing a person's
self by fire, or the old way of fiery ordeal.

IGNIS Persicus, [with surgeons] a gangrene, a carbuncle, or fiery
plague-sore

IGNIS Potentialis, Lat. [in surgery] potential fire, a caustic or burn­
ing composition, which being laid on a part of the body for some
time, produces the same effect as fire.

IGNIS Reverberii, Lat. [with chemists] a reverberatory fire, the
flame of which beats back upon the vessel, and is heightened by bel­
lows.

IGNIS Rotæ, Lat. [with chemists] a wheel fire, is when the flame
in the furnace runs round like a wheel, covering the crucible, &c.
entirely over both at the top, and round the sides.

IGNIS Sacer, Lat. the distemper called St. Anthony's fire, or the
shingles.

IGNIS Suppressionis, Lat. [with chemists] a fire above the sand.

IGNIS sylvestris, Lat. [with surgeons] a sort of pimple otherwise
called phlyctæna.

To I’GNITE, verb act. [of ignis, Lat. fire] to kindle, to set on
fire. Ignite it in a crucible. Grew.

IGNITE’GIUM, Lat. the covering of fire; the eight-o'clock bell, so
termed from the injunction that king William the Conqueror laid upon
his subjects, to put out their fires and lights at that hour, upon the
signal of a bell.

IGNI’TION, Fr. [from ignite] 1. The act of kindling or setting on fire.
The laborant stirr'd the kindled nitre that the ignition might be pre­
sently communicated. Boyle. 2. [With chemists] the application of
fire to metals till they become red-hot, without melting.

IGNI’TIBLE, adj. [of ignite] inflammable, capable of being set
on fire. Such bodies only strike fire which have sulphur or ignitible
parts. Brown.

IGNI’VOMOUS [ignivomus, Lat.] vomiting out fire. Vulcanos and
ignivomous mountains. Derham.

IGNO’BLE, Fr. [ignobile, It. ignobilis, Lat.] 1. Being of mean birth,
not noble, not of illustrious race. Th' ignoble crowd. Dryden. 2.
Worthless, not deserving honour, vile, base, being of no repute or
esteem; used of things or persons. Her royal stock graft with ignoble
plants. Shakespeare.

IGNO’BLY, adv. [of ignoble] 1. Ignominiously, dishonourably. There
scatter'd o'er the field ignobly fly. Dryden. 2. Basely, vilely.

IGNOMINIOUS [ignominieux, Fr. ignominioso, It. ignominiosus, Lat.]
dishonourable, full of shame or reproach, disgraceful; used both of
persons and things. One single, rapacious, obscure, ignominious pro­
jector. Swift.

IGNOMI’NIOUSLY, adv. [of ignominious] meanly, reproachfully,
shamefully, dishonourably. It is some allay to the infamy of him
who died ignominiously to be buried privately. South.

I’GNOMINY [ignominie, Fr. ignominia, It. Sp. and Lat.] discredit,
dishonour, disgrace, reproach, shame. Their generals have been re­
ceived with honour after their defeat, yours with ignominy after con­
quest. Addison.

IGNORAMUS, Lat. [i. e. we know not] 1. A term used by the grand­
jury, which they write upon a bill of information for the inquisition
of criminal causes, when they approve not the evidence, as defective,
or too weak to make a true presentation; and then all further enquiry
upon the party is stopped as to that fault, and he delivered without
further answer. 2. An ignorant or silly fellow, a vain uninstructed
pretender. A low word. Tell an ignoramus in place and power.
South.

I’GNORANCE [ignorantia, Lat. ignorance, Fr. ignoranza, It. igno­
rancia, Sp.] 1. Want of knowledge, unskilfulness. As learned as
themselves are that most complain of ignorance in others. Hooker. 2.
Want of knowledge, discovered by external effects. In this sense it
has a plural. Forgive us all our sins, negligencies, and ignorances.
Common Prayer.

I’GNORANT, adj. Fr. [ignorante, It. and Sp. ignorans, Lat.] 1. That
knows nothing of a matter, unacquainted with it, illiterate or un­
learned. So foolish was I and ignorant, I was as a beast. Psalms. 2.
Unknown, undiscovered.
If you know aught which does behove my knowledge
Thereof to be inform'd, imprison't not
In ignorant concealment. Shakespeare.
3. Having no knowledge of some particular; with of. Let not judges
be so ignorant of their own right. Bacon. 4. Unacquainted with. In
a good sense; with of. Ignorant of guilt, I fear not shame. Dryden.
5. Ignorantly made, bunglingly performed.
His shipping,
Poor ignorant bawbles, on our terrible seas
Like eggshels mov'd. Shakespeare.

I’GNORANT, subst. one untaught, one uninstructed.
Did I for this take pains to teach,
Our zealous ignorants to preach? Denham.

I’GNORANTLY, adv. [of ignorant] without knowledge, unskilfully,
through ignorance. We sometimes mistake his blunders for beauties,
and are so ignorantly fond as to copy after them. Watts.

To I’GNORE, verb act. [ignorer, Fr. ignoro, Lat.] not to know a thing,
to be ignorant of it. This word Boyle endeavour'd to introduce, but
it has not been received. I ignored not the stricter interpretation.
Boyle.

IGNO’SCIBLE [ignoscibilis, Lat.] fit to be pardoned or forgiven, ca­
pable of pardon.

I’GNUS FATUUS, Lat. [q. d. a foolish fire] a certain meteor, which
appears chiefly in summer nights, and for the most part frequents
church-yards, meadows and bogs, consisting of a somewhat viscous
substance, or a fat exhalation, which being kindled, reflects a kind of
thin flame in the dark, but having no sensible heat; often flying
about rivers, hedges, &c. because it meets with a flux of air in those
places, and it frequently causes people to wander out of the way.
The country people know this meteor by the name of Jack with a lant­
horn, and Will of the wisp. Vapours arising from putrified waters
are usually called ignes fatui. Newton.
I. H. S. are a contraction of the words Jesus hominum salvator,
Lat. i. e. Jesus the Saviour of men, a motto which the jesuits com­
monly make use of. It is sometimes also taken to signify Jesus ho­
minum sanctissimus, i. e. Jesus the most holy of men: but most com­
monly it signifies the former, the middle letter H being taken for H
the Greek long E.
I should rather have said, it is a mere abbreviation, as containing
the three first letters of the Greek word, which answers to Jesus in
Latin and English.

JIG [of gige, Dan. or geig, Ger. a fiddle, according to Skinner;
or of gigue, Fr. giga, It.] an airy, brisk kind of dance, or tune.
These jig-given times. B. Johnson.

To JIG, verb neut. [from the subst.] to dance carelesly, to dance
lightly; expressed in contempt. The jigging part and figures of
dances. Locke.

JI’GMAKER, subst. [of jig and make] one who dances or plays
merrily. Your only jigmaker? What should a man do but be merry?
Shakespeare.

JI’GGUMBOB, subst. [a cant word] a knick-knack, a slight contri­
vance in machinery.
He rifled all his pokes and fobs
Of gimcracks, whims, and jiggumbobs. Hudibras.

JILL, a quarter of a pint; this is commonly written gill.

JILL [of Julia, or Juliana, Lat.] a doxy, an harlot.

JILL Flirt, a sorry wench, an idle baggage.

JILT [gilia, Island. to entrap in an amour, Mr. Lye. Perhaps
from giglot by contraction, or gillet, or gillot, the diminutive of gill,
the ludicrous name for a woman. It is also called jillet in Scotland.
Johnson] 1. A woman who gives her lover hopes, yet cheats or dis­
appoints him.
Dilitary fortune plays the jilt
With the brave, noble, honest, gallant man,
To throw herself away on fools. Otway.
2. A name of contempt for a woman. Jilts rul'd the state, and
statesmen farces writ. Pope.

To JILT, verb act. to cheat, deceive, or disappoint, a man by flat­
tering his love with hopes, and then leaving him for another. Tell a
man passionately in love that he is jilted. Locke.

JI’LTING, part. adj. [of to jilt] deceiving, tricking, cheating, &c.
used by some strumpet and lewd woman, especially in the point of
amours. See JILT, and To JILT.

To JI’NGLE, verb neut. [a word made from jangle, or copied from
the sound intended to be expressed. Johnson] to chink, to sound cor­
respondently. There jingling fools. Shakespeare.

JINGLE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Correspondent sounds. Vulgar
judges are nine parts in ten of all nations, who call conceits and
jingles wit. Dryden. 2. Any thing sounding, a rattle, a bell. If you
plant where savages are, do not only entertain them with trifles and
Jingles, but use them justly. Bacon.


ILE

ILE, subst. [corrupted from aisle, Fr.] 1. A walk or alley in a
church or public building; properly aile. And arches widen, and
long iles extend. Pope. 2. [Aisle, Fr.] an ear of corn. Ainsworth.








ILE. [ειλεος, Gr. ileus, Lat. in anatomy] the cavity or hollowness
from the chest to the thigh-bones, the flanks that contain the small
guts, &c.

ILES, or OILS, plur. [of isle; which see] the spires or beards of corn.

I’LET [islette, or isle, Fr.] a little island.

ILET-Hole. See OYLET.

I’LEUM, I’LIUM, or I’LION [ειλεος, Gr.] the third of the small guts,
so called, by reason of its turnings and windings, and being in length
about twenty hands breadth. It begins where the gut jejunum ends,
and ends itself at the cœcum.

ILE’US, Lat. The consequences of inflammation is an ileus, com­
monly called the twisting of the guts, but is really either a circumvo­
lution or insertion of one part of the gut within the other. Arbuthnot.

I’LEX, Lat. [with botanists] the holm-oak. The ilex or great
scarlet oak thrives well in England, and is a hardy sort of tree. The
Spaniards have a sort they call enzina, the wood of which, when old,
is finely chambleted, as if it were painted, and is useful for stocks of
tools, mallet-heads, chairs, axle-trees, wedges, beetles, pins, and
pallisadoes for fortifications, being very hard and durable. Mortimer.

I’LIA, Lat. [with anatomists] the flanks, the side parts of the low­
er belly between the last rib and the privities, the small guts.

I’LIA [ιλια, Gr.] the daughter of Numitor, king of the Albanes,
who being a vestal virgin (as it is said, was gotten with child by
Mars on the bank of the river Tiber, and brought forth twins, Ro­
mulus and Remus; for which fact she was set alive in the ground, and
her children exposed hard by the same river; but being found by
Faustulus, the king's shepherd, he brought them up.

I’LIAC Passion [with physicians] a kind of convulsion in the belly,
a nervous colic, whose seat is the ileum, which is a painful wringing
or twisting of the guts, when the peristaltic motion is inverted; or
when the upper part sinks or falls into the lower, the same that is
called chordapsus and volvulus, from volo, Lat. to roll.

ILIAC Vessels [in anatomy] the double forked vessels of the trunks
of the great artery, and the great vein of the belly, about the place
where the bladder and womb are situated.

ILI’ACAL, or I’LIAC [iliaque, Fr. iliacus, Lat.] pertaining to the
ilia, or lower bowels.

ILIA’CUS Externus, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the thigh,
that takes its name from its situation, arising from the lower and inner
part of the os facrum, and is inserted by a round tendon to the upper
part of the root of the great trochanter: the use of it is to move the
thigh-bone somewhat upwards, and turn it outwards.

ILIACUS Internus, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the thigh, ari­
sing from the inward hollow part of the ilium, and joining with the
psoas magnus, is inferted with it under the pectineus, so that they
both serve to move the thigh forward in walking.

I’LIADS, plur. of iliad [ιλιαδες, plur. of ιλιας, Gr.] the title of one
of HOMER's heroic poems, so called, as the scene of action is upon
the coast and plains of ILIUM, which is only another name for the
city of Troy.

I’LIUM, or I’LIOS [with anatomists] the small or thin gut.

ILIUM, or ILIOS, Lat. [with physicians] the twisting of the small
guts when their coats are doubled inward, and there is such a stoppage
that nothing can pass downward. See ILEUS.

ILIUM Os [with anatomists] the upper part of the bone called offa
innominata, so called, because it contains the gut ilium, which lies
between it and its fellows. It is a large bone, and connected to the
sides of the three superior vertebræ of the os sacrum.

ILK, adv. [ealc, Sax.] eke, also. It is still retained in Scotland,
and denotes each, as ilk ane of you, every one of you. It also sig­
nifies the same, as Macintosh of that ilk, denotes a gentleman, whose
surname, and the title of his estate, are the same.
Shepherds should it not yshend
Your roundels fresh, to hear a doleful verse
Of Rosalind, who knows not Rosalind,
That Colin made, ilk can I you rehearse. Spenser.


ILL

ILL, before words beginning with l, stands for in.

I'LL, an abbreviation for I will.

ILL, adj. [an abbreviation of evil, and retaining all it senses; see
EVIL; id, Dan. worse, worst, irr. comp. and superl.] 1. Bad or
evil in any respect, contrary to good, whether physical or moral. Nei­
ther is it ill air only that maketh an ill seat, but ill ways, ill markets,
ill neighbours. Bacon. 2. Sick, disordered, not in health [I know
not that evil is ever used in this sense. Johnson.]
You wish me health in very happy season,
For I am on the sudden something ill. Shakespeare.

ILL, subst. 1. Wickedness. Ill to man's nature, as it stands per­
verted, hath a natural motion strongest in continuance. Bacon. 2.
Misfortune, misery.
Who can all sense of others ills escape,
Is but a brute at best in human shape. Tate.

ILL, adv. 1. Not well, not rightly in any respect. Ill at ease both
she and all her train. Dryden. 2. Not easily. Ill bears the sex a
youthful lover's fate. Dryden.

ILL, subst. or adv. is used in composition to express any bad qua­
tity or condition.

ILL, subst. the craft of ill-designing men. Swift.

ILL, adv. the ungrateful treason of her ill-chosen husband over­
throws her. Sidney.
ILL news comes a-pace:
Or at least, sooner than we would have it; for that is all the saying
can mean.
ILL weeds grow a-pace.
Fr. Mauvaise herbe croit toujours. It. Pazzi crescono senza in affiargli.
It is generally used jestingly to or of children who grow a-pace.

ILLA’CERABLE [of illacerabilis, Lat.] whole, or uncapable of divi­
sion.

ILLA’CRYMABILE [illacrymabilis, Lat.] uncapable of weeping.

ILLA’PSE, subst. [illapsus, Lat.] 1. Gradual entrance of one thing
into another. A piece of iron red hot, by reason of the illapse of the
fire into it, appears all over like fire. Norris. 2. Sudden attack, ca­
sual coming.
Life is oft preserv'd
By the bold swimmer, in the swift illapse
Of accident disastrous. Thomson.

ILLA’PSED, part. adj. [illapsus, Lat.] fallen or slid gently in or
upon.

To ILLA’QUEATE, verb act. [illaqueo, Lat.] to entangle; to entrap,
to ensnare. I am illaqueated, but not truly captivated into an assent
to your conclusion. More.

ILLA’QUEATED, part. adj. [illaqueatus, Lat.] intangled or in­
snared.

ILLAQUEA’TION [of illaqueate] 1. The act of catching or ensnar­
ing. The word in Matthew doth not only signify suspension or pen­
dulous illaqueation, but also suffocation. Brown. 2. A snare, any
thing to catch or entrap.

ILLA’TION, Lat. an inference or conclusion drawn from premises.
Locke.

ILLA’TIVE, adj. [illatus, Lat.] relating to illation, or conclusion.
Such causal particles as, for, because, manifest the act of reasoning, as
well as the illative particles, then and therefore. Watts.

ILLA’TIVELY, adv. [of illative] by way of inference.

ILLAUDA’BLE [illaudabilis, Lat.] unworthy of praise. Milton.

ILLECE’BRA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb wall-pepper, or stone­
crop.

ILLE’CTIVE, subst. [of illiceo, Lat.] an allurement or enticement.

ILLE’GAL [of in, neg. and legalis, Lat.] contrary to law. An il­
legal patent. Swift.

ILLEGA’LITY, subst. [of illegal] contrariety to law. The illegali­
ty of all those commissions. Clarendon.

ILLE’GALLY, adv. [of illegal] not according to law, in a manner
contrary thereto.

ILLE’GALNESS [of illegal] contrary to law.

ILLE’GIBLE, adj. [of in and legibilis, from lego, Lat. to read] that
cannot be read. Howel.

ILLEGI’TIMACY [of illegitimate] state or quality of bastardy.

ILLEGI’TIMATE [illégitime, Fr. illegitimo, It. and Sp. of illegiti­
mus, Lat.] unlawfully or basely born, belonging to a bastard, not be­
gotten in wedlock. Being illegitimate, I was deprived of that en­
dearing tenderness. Addison.

ILLEGI’TIMATELY, adv. [of illegitimate] not in wedlock.

ILLEGITIMA’TION [of illegitimate] baseness of birth, the state of
one not begotten in wedlock. False and incompetent pretexts, the
one of attainder, the other of illegitimation. Bacon.

ILLE’VIABLE [of levar, a law term] that cannot or may not be le­
vied, recovered, or exacted. He rectified the method of collecting
his revenue, and removed obsolete and illeviable parts of charge.
Hale.

ILLFA’VOURED, deformed. An old illfavoured castle. Sidney.

ILLFA’VOUREDLY, adv. [of illfavoured] with deformity.

ILLFA’VOUREDNESS, deformity.

ILLI’BERAL [illiberalis, Lat.] 1. Ungenteel, not noble, not ingenu­
ous. The charity of most men is grown so cold, and their religion
so illiberal. K. Charles. 2. Base, niggardly, not generous, not muni­
ficent. That earth did not deal out their nourishment with an over­
sparing or illiberal hand. Woodward.

ILLI’BERALLY, adv. [of illeberal] ungenteel, basely.

ILLIBERA’LITY [illiberalitas, Lat.] niggardliness, unbountifulness,
meanness of spirit, want of munificence. The illiberality of parents
in allowance towards their children is an harmless error. Bacon.

ILLI’CIT [illicitus, Lat. illícite, Fr. illicito, It.] unlawful.

To ILLI’GHTEN, verb act. [of in and lighten] to enlighten, to illu­
nate; a word I believe only in Raleigh. Every day we see the air
illightened. Raleigh.

ILLI’MITABLE [of in, neg. and limes, Lat. a limit] unbounded,
that cannot be limited. The idolatry was direct in the people, whose
credulity is illimitable, and who may be made believe that any thing
is God. Brown.

ILLI’MITABLY, adv. [of illimitable] without capability of bounds.

ILLI’MITED [of in and limes, Lat. illimité, Fr.] unbounded, inter­
minable.

ILLI’MITEDNESS [of illimited] exemption from all bounds. The
absoluteness and illimitedness of his commission. Clarendon.

ILLI’NCTUS, Lat. [in medicine] broth or liquor that may be sup­
ped, as an electuary or lohoch.

ILLI’QUATED, part. adj. [illiquatus, Lat.] melted down.

ILLIQUA’TION, Lat. the act of melting down one thing in another.

ILLI’TERATE [illiteratus, Lat.] not learned, untaught. The igno­
rant and illiterate embraced torments and death. Tillotson.

ILLI’TERATELY, adv. [of illiterate] unlearnedly.

ILLI’TERATENESS [of illiterate] unlearnedness of science. The
illiterateness and impostures of those that pretend skill in it. Boyle.

ILLI’TERATURE [of ill and literature] want of learning. Want of
holy orders, illiterature or inability for the discharge. Ayliffe.

ILLNA’TURE [of ill and nature] habitual malevolence, want of
humanity. Illnature inclines a man to those actions that thwart and
sour, and disturb conversation. South.

ILLNA’TURED [of illnature] 1. Habitually malevolent, wanting
good will. These ill qualities denominate a man illnatured. South.
2. Philips applies it to land; not yielding to culture, untractable.
The fondly studious of increase,
Rich foreign mold on their ill-natur'd land
Induce. J. Philips.

ILLNA’TUREDLY, adv. [of ill-natured] with ill-nature, in a peevish
manner.

ILLNA’TUREDNESS [of ill-natured] want of a kindly disposition.

I’LLNESS [of ewel, Sax. and ness] 1. Sickness, want of health. On
the Lord's day which immediately preceeded this illness, he had re­
ceived the sacrament. Atterbury. 2. Badness or inconvenience, natu­
ral or moral. The illness of the weather. Locke. 3. Wickedness.
Art not without ambition, but without
The illness should attend it. Shakespeare.

ILLO’GICAL [of in and logical] 1. Not agreeable to the rules of lo­
gic, unreasonable. An inference so utterly illogical. Decay of Piety.
2. Ignorant, or negligent of the rules of reasoning. Bold and illogi­
cal in the dispute. Walton.

ILLO’GICALLY, adv. [of illogical] in a manner contrary to the rules
of reasoning.








To ILLU’DE, verb act. [illudo, Lat.] to mock, to jeer, to play upon,
to deceive, to torment by some contemptuous artifice of mockery.
T'illude him with such bait. Spenser.

To ILLU’ME, verb act. [illuminer, Fr.] 1. To enlighten, to illumi­
nate. T'illume that part of heaven. Shakespeare. 2. To adorn, to
brighten. Illum'd with fluid gold. Thomson.

ILLU’MINABLE, capable of being enlightened.

ILLU’MINARY, pertaining to illuminating.

To ILLU’MINATE [illuminer, Fr. illuminare, It. illuminàr, Sp. illu­
minatum, sup. of illumino, from lumen, Lat. light] 1. To enlighten, to
supply with light. All nature is illuminated by a single light. Wotton.
2. To adorn with bonfires or festal lamps. 3. To enlighten intellec­
tually with grace or knowledge. He illuminates the mind with super­
natural light. Locke. 4. [With painters] to beautify, to set off; to
lay gold or colours on initial capital letters, and other ornaments, as
was anciently done in manuscript books. 5. To illustrate. To illu­
minate the several pages with variety of examples. Watts. 6. To gild
and colour maps and prints, so as to give them, as it were, the greater
light and beauty.

ILLUMINA’TION, Fr. [illuminazione, It. illuminaciòn, Sp. of illumi­
natio, Lat.] 1. The act of enlightening or supplying with light. 2.
That which gives light. A body illightened and an illumination cre­
ated. Raleigh. 3. Festal lights, as lamps and bonfires as a token of
joy. Windows with illuminations grac'd. Dryden. 4. Brightness,
splendor. The illuminators of manuscripts borrowed their little from the
illumination which a bright genius giveth to his work. Felton. 5. In­
fusion of intellectual light, knowledge or grace. Forms of prayers
imploring God's aid and blessing for the illumination of our labours.
Bacon.

ILLU’MINATIVE, adj. [illuminatif, Fr. of illuminate] tending to en­
lighten, having the power to give light. What admits the illumina­
tive action of fire and is not seen, is called air. Digby.

ILLU’MINATIVE Month [in astromony] that space of time, during
which the moon gives light, or is to be seen betwixt one conjunction
and another.

ILLUMINA’TOR [from illuminate] 1. One who gives light. 2. A
gilder or colourer, &c. of writing, &c. one who decorates manu­
scripts with pictures and other ornaments of various colours at the be­
ginning of chapters. See 4th sense of illumination. Raleigh.

To ILLU’MINE, verb act. [illuminor, Lat. illuminer, Fr.] to illumi­
nate, to enlighten, to supply with light.
The sudden blaze.
Far round illumin'd hell. Milton.
2. To adorn, to set off with decorations.
To Cato Virgil paid one honest line,
O may my country's friends illumine mind. Pope.

ILLU’MINED, part. adj. a term used anciently of such as had been
baptized, and arose from a custom of putting a lighted taper in the
hand of the baptized, as a symbol of the faith and grace received
thereby. I should rather have said with JUSTIN MARTYR, who flou­
rished long before such idle and superstitious ceremonies were introdu­
ced amongst us, “Because the persons, who in baptism DEDICATED
themselves thro' Christ (as St. Justin expresses it) to God, the absolute
LORD and FATHER of all things, had their minds well ENLIGHTENED
with the knowledge of these truths; and in particular of the indispen­
sable necessity of a free and voluntary regeneration from the vain con­
versation transmitted to them by their fathers, before they were admit­
ted to that most solemn ordinance. JUSTIN Apolog. 2d Ed. Rob. Ste­
phan. p. 160. This use of the word seems to have been as old as the
apostolic age; as appears from Heb. vi. 4. and Heb. x. 32. See
BAPTISM, and PRIMITIVE Christianity compared.

ILLU’MINERS, or ILLU’MINATORS, painters and gilders of manu­
script capital letters. See To ILLUMINATE.

ILLU’SION, Fr. [illusione, It. ilusiòn, Sp. of illusio, Lat.] a mockery,
a false representation or shew, a sham or cheat, error, or rather a false
appearance to the mind.
—and deceiv'd no more,
They own th' illusion, which deceiv'd before.
TABLE of CEBES.

ILLU’SIVE, adj. [of illusus, Lat.] deceitful, &c. deceiving by false
appearance. Illusive dreams. Blackmore.

ILLU’SORY, adj. [illusoire, Fr. of in lusorius, Lat.] deceiving, frau­
dulent. The fallacious and illusory use of obscure or deceitful terms.
Locke.

ILLU’SIVENESS, or ILLU’SORINESS [of illusive and illusory] mock­
ing nature, deceitfulness.

To ILLU’STRATE, verb act. [illustrare, It. ilustràr, Sp. illustra­
tum, sup. of illustro, Lat. illustrer, Fr.] 1. To make clear and evident,
to explain. Illustrate matters of undeniable truth. Brown. 2. To
brighten with lght. 3. To brighten with honour.
Thee she enroll'd her garter'd knights among,
Illustrating the noble list. J. Philips.

ILLUSTRA’TION, Fr. [illustrazione, It. ilustraciòn, Sp. of illustratio,
Lat.] the act of making clear, evident or plain, exposition. The
comparing them one with another may perhaps be of use for their illu­
stration. Locke.

ILLUSTRA’TIVE, adj. [of illustrate] having the quality of clearing
or explaining. They play much upon the simile or illustrative argu­
mentation. Brown.

ILLU’STRATIVELY, adv. [of illustrative] by way of illustration or
explication. Brown.

ILLU’STRIOUS [illustris, Lat. illustre, Fr.] eminent, famous, re­
nowned, noted, noble, excellent. The most illustrious titles are de­
rived from things sacred. South.

ILLU’STRIOUSLY, adv. [of illustrious] eminently, renownedly, no­
bly, conspicuously. That he might more illustriously manifest his cha­
rity. Atterbury.

ILLU’STRIOUSNESS [of illustrious] illustrious quality, famousness,
nobleness, renownedness.

ILLUTAME’NTUM, Lat. [in medicine] an ancient form of an exter­
nal medicine, like the ceroma, with which the limbs of wrestlers and
others were rubbed, especially after bathing.

ILLY’RICUS, Lat. [in botanic writers] growing in Dalmatia, in the
countries to the north-east of the gulf of Venice.

I’M, abbreviation for I am.

I’M is used commonly in composition for in before mute letters.

I’MAGE, Fr. [imagine, It. imagàn, Sp. imagem, Port. of imago,
of imago, Lat.] 1. A natural lively representation of an object opposed
to a smooth well-polished surface, generally used for any corporeal re­
presentation or likeness of a thing, either natural or artificial; a statue
or picture. Whose is this image and superscription? St. Matthew. 2.
An idol, a false image. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven
image. Deuteronomy. 3. A copy, representation, likeness.
He made us to his image all agree,
That image is the soul, and that must be
Or not the maker's image, or be free. Dryden.
4. Semblance, shew, appearance. The face of things a frightful
image bears. Dryden.

IMAGE [in physics] is the trace or mark which outward objects im­
press upon the mind, by means of the organ of sense, an idea, a pic­
ture drawn in the fancy. We may have a clear idea of the number
one thousand angles; but the image or sensible ideas we cannot distin­
guish by fancy from the image of a figure that has nine hundred angles.
Watts.

IMAGE [in optics] is an object projected on the base of a convex
mirror.

IMAGES [in discourse] any thoughts proper to produce expressions,
and which present a kind of picture to the mind; or, in a more limi­
ted sense, such discourses as some persons, when by a kind of enthu­
siasm or extraordinary emotion of the soul, they seem to see things
whereof they speak.

To IMAGE, verb act. [from the subst.] to represent, to copy by the
fancy, to imagine. How are immaterial substances to be imaged,
which are such things whereof we have no notion? Dryden.

I’MAGERY [of image] 1. Painted or carved work, tapestry with fi­
gures, any sensible representations of figures. An altar carved with
cunning imagery. Spenser. 2. Show, appearance. The paint and
imagery, that attracted our senses, fade. Rogers. 3. Copies of the
fancy, false ideas, imaginary phantasms. The imagery of a melan­
choly fancy. Atterbury. 4. Representations in writing, such descrip­
tions as force the image of the thing described upon the mind. I wish
there may be in this poem any instance of good imagery. Dryden.

IMA’GINABLE, Fr. [immaginabile, It. of imaginabilis, Lat.] that may
be imagined, possible to be conceived. Sunk into the greatest dark­
ness imaginable. Tillotson.

IMA’GINABLENESS [of imaginable] capableness of being imagined.

IMA’GINANT, adj. Fr. forming ideas, imagining what the force of
imagination is either upon the body imaginant, or upon another body.
Bacon.

IMA’GINARINESS [of imaginary] the quality of not having a real
existence, but only in the fancy.

IMA’GINARY [imaginaire, Fr. immaginario, It. imaginario, Sp. ima­
ginarius, Lat.] fancied, existing only in the imagination. Fortune is
nothing else but a power imaginary. Raleigh.

IMAGINA’TION, Fr. [immaginazione, It. ímaginaciòn, Sp. imaginà­
çam, Port. of imaginatio, Lat.] 1. Is an appellation of the mind to the
phantasm or image of some corporeal thing impressed in the brain:
Or it is a power or faculty of the soul, by which it conceives and forms
ideas of things, by means of certain traces and impressions that had
been before made on the brain by sensation or reflection; the power
of representing things absent to one's self or others. Imagination I un­
derstand to be the representation of an individual thought. Imagina­
tion is of three kinds, joined with belief of that which is to come,
joined with memory of that which is past, and of things present, or as
if they were present. Bacon. 2. Idea, conception, image in the mind.
Despair darkens all her imaginations. Sidney. 3. Contrivance, scheme.
Thou hast seen all their vengeance and all their imaginations against
me. Lamentations. But the author of that noble poem called the Plea­
sures of Imagination, observes, “that there are certain powers in hu­
man nature, which seem to hold a middle place between the organs of
bodily sense, and the faculties of moral perception; they have been
called by a very general name, THE POWERS OF Imagination.——
As they are the inlets of some of the most exquisite pleasures we are
acquainted with, men of warm and sensible tempers have sought
means to recall the delightful perceptions they afford, independent of
the objects which originally produced them. This gave rise to the
imitative or designing arts; some of which like PAINTING and SCULP-
TURE, directly copy the external appearances which were admired in
nature; others, like MUSIC and POETRY, bring them back to remem­
brance by signs universally established and understood.”——And con­
cludes by observing, that tho' these arts, when improved with time,
might take in something more, “yet as their primary intention was
only to express the OBJECTS of IMAGINATION, and as they still
abound chiefly in ideas of that class, they of course retain their origi­
nal character, and all the different pleasures they excite, are termed in
general, PLEASURES OF IMAGINATION.”

IMA’GINATIVE [imaginatif, Fr. immaginativo, It. of imaginativus,
Lat.] apt to imagine, pertaining to or full of imagination, fantastic.
Witches are imaginative, and believe oft-times they do that which
they do not. Bacon.

IMAGINA’TIVENESS [of imaginativus, Lat. and ness] fantastical­
ness; also suspiciousness, jealousy, thoughtfulness.

To IMA’GINE, verb act. [imaginer, Fr. immaginare, It. imaginàr,
Sp. and Port. imaginor, Lat.] 1. To conceive or fancy, to think or
suppose, to paint in the mind. The repeated additions of certain ideas
of imagined parts of duration and expansion with the infinity of num­
ber. Locke. 2. To scheme, to contrive. They imagined a mischie­
vous device. Psalms.

IMA’GINER [of imagine] one who imagines or forms ideas. Still he
did it by first telling the imaginer, and after bidding the actor think.
Bacon.

IMA’GINES, Lat. [among the Romans] certain images of ancestors,
which the noblemen kept under the porches of their houses, in wooden
cases; which were carried about at their funeral pomps or triumphal
entries.


IMB

To IMBA’LM, verb act. [embaumer, Fr. imbassamare, It. embalsamàr,
Sp.] to anoint a dead body with certain unguents, drugs, or spices,
&c. in order to preserve it. See EMBALM.

To IMBA’NK, verb act. [of in, and banc, Sax.] to inclose, bound
or keep up within banks.








IMBA’RGO, Sp. and Port. [imbarco, It.] a stop or stay upon ship­
ping by public authority; sometimes that none shall go out of the port
or harbour, sometimes that none shall either come in or go out. See
EMBARGO.

To IMBA’RK [of embarquer, Fr.] to ship, to get or put on ship­
board; also to engage in a business, to undertake it, to be in with it.
See To EMBARK.

IMBARKA’TION [embarquement, Fr.] the act of putting or going on
shipboard. See EMBARKATION.

IMBA’SED, part. adj. [of im, and bas, Fr.] made lower in value,
mixed with a baser metal. See To EMBASE.

To IMBA’TTLE, verb act. [of im, and batailler, Fr.] to draw an
army up in battalia, or dispose it in order of battle. See To EMBAT­
TLE.

IMBE’CILE [imbecille, Fr. imbecillis, Lat.] weak, feeble, wanting
strength of either mind or body.

To IMBE’CILE, verb act. [from the adj. This word is corruptly
written embezzle] to weaken a stock or fortune by clandestine ex­
pences or unjust appropriations. Not suffering their persons to be op­
pressed, or their estates imbeciled. Taylor.

IMBECI’LENESS, or IMBECI’LITY [imbecilio, Lat. imbecillité, Fr. im­
becillità, It.] weakness, feebleness of mind or body. A weak and im­
perfect rule argueth imbecility and imperfection. Hooker.

To IMBE’LLISH, verb act. [embellir, Fr. abbellire, It.] to adorn,
beautify, set off, or grace. See To EMBELLISH.

An IMBE’LLISHING, or IMBE’LLISHMENT [embellissement, Fr. ab­
bellimento, It.] an ornament or beautifying. See EMBELLISHMENT.

To IMBE’ZZLE, verb act. [of imbecillis, Lat. weak, q. d. to weaken]
to make away with, waste, or purloin; spoken of things committed
to one's trust. This should be written imbecile; which see.

IMBE’ZZLEMENT, waste, consumption, spoil.

IMBIBI’TION [imbibition, Fr. with chymists] the act of eager re­
ceiving or drinking in any liquid thing. To all made faction there is
received an imbibition. Bacon.

To IMBI’BE, verb act. [imbiber, Fr. imbevere, It. embebèr, Sp. of
in and bibo, Lat. to drink] 1. To suck or drink i. The warm wa­
ter imbibeth more of the salt. Bacon. 2. To admit into the mind, to
receive by education. Prejudices it has imbibed by custom. Locke. Or
apply'd to good instruction; as,
Then wing your journey forward, till you reach
True wisdom, and IMBIBE the truths she'll teach.
Table of CEBES.
3. To drench, to soak. [This sense, though unusual, perhaps un­
exampled, is necessary in the English, unless the word imbue be adop­
ted, which our writers seem not willing to receive. Johnson] This
earth imbibed with more acid, becomes a metallic salt. Newton.

IMBI’BER [of imbibe] that which drinks or sucks. Salts are strong
imbibers of sulphureous steams. Arbuthnot.

To IMBI’TTER, verb act. [of im and bitter; bitter, Sax.] 1. To
make bitter. 2. To deprive of pleasure, to make unhappy. Let them
extinguish their passions which imbitter their lives. Addison. 3. To
exasperate, to provoke.

IMBLA’ZED, part. adj. [of in and blase, Sax.] made to blaze, shi­
ning. See To EMBLAZE.

IMBLA’ZONARY, or IMBLA’ZONRY [of blazon, Fr.] shield and co­
lours with coat armour, &c. Milton.

To IMBO’DY [of im and bedige, Sax.] 1. To make up into one
body, to bring together into one mass or company.
I by vow am so embodied yours,
That she which marries you must marry me. Shakespeare.
2. To invest with matter, to join to a body. More than our im­
bodied souls can bear without lassitute. Glanville. 3. To mingle toge­
ther, as several ingredients. 4. To condense to a body. 5. To inclose;
improper. The same metal or mineral imbodied in stone, or lodged in
coal. Woodward.

To IMBODY, verb neut. to coalesce, to be united into one body or
mass. They imbody and run into one. Locke.

To IMBO’IL, verb neut. [of boil] to move with violent agitation,
as boiling liquor in a caldron. The knight imboiling in his haughty
heart. Spenser.

To IMBO’LDEN, verb act. [of im and bold; of bald, Sax.] to make
bold, to encourage. Their virtues and superior genius imbolden'd
them. Swift.

IMBO’RDERED, part. adj. [of im and border; bordure, Fr.] bordered,
having borders, or ranged by way of border; as,
————— ——————Flowers
Imborder'd on each bank, the hand of Eve. Milton.
See EMBORDER.

To IMBO’RDURE, verb act. [of im and bordure, Fr.] to encompass
with a border. See EMBORDURE.

IMBO’RDURING [in heraldry] is when the field, and circumference
of the field, are both of one metal and colour, or fur.

To IMBO’SOM, verb act. [of bosom] 1. To hold on the bosom, to
cover fondly with the folds of one's garments, to hide under any co­
ver. Villages imbosom'd in trees. Thomson. 2. To admit to the heart
or affection.
Glad desire his late embosom'd guest,
Yet but a babe with milk of sight he nurst. Sidney.

IMBO’SOMED, part. adj. [of im and bosom, from bosom, Sax.] in­
closed in the bosom. By whom in bliss imbosom'd sat the son. Milton.

To IMBO’SS, verb act. [of imbossare, It.] to raise with bosses. See
To EMBOSS.

To IMBO’SS a Deer [with hunters] is to chase her into a thicket.

IMBO’SSEMENT, or IMBOSSING, imbossed work, a sort of carving or
engraving, on which the figures stand out above the plan on which
they are made. See EMBOSSMENT.

To IMBO’UND, verb act. [of bound] to inclose, to shut in.
That sweet breath
Which was imbounded in this beauteous clay. Shakespeare.

To IMBO’W, verb act. [of bow] to vault, to arch. Imbowed win­
dows be pretty retiring places for conference. Bacon.

IMBO’WELLED, part. adj. [of im, neg. and bowel] having the bow­
els taken out. See To EMBOWEL.

To IMBO’WER, verb act. [of in and bower] to cover with a
bower, to shelter with trees. Ham's embowering walks. Thomson.

IMBO’WMENT [of imbow] an arch, a vault. Not so much as any
embowment near any of the walls left. Bacon.

IMBRA’CERY [a law term] the act of tampering with a jury; the
penalty of which is 20l. and imprisonment at the pleasure of the
judge.

To IMBRA’NGLE, verb act. to entangle; a low word.
They're catch'd in knotted law like nets;
In which when once they are imbrangled
The more they stir, the more they're tangled. Hudibras.

IMBRICA’TED, adj. [with botanists] applied to the leaves of some
plants which are hollowed in like an imbrex or gutter-tile.

IMBRICA’TION [imbrex, Lat. with architects] the act of making
crooked like a gutter or roof-tile. Concave indenture adorned with
neat imbrications. Derham.

IMBROCA’DO, Sp. cloth of gold or silver.

IMBRO’CUS, barb. Lat. [old records] a brook, drain, or water­
course.

To IMBROI’DER [of im and broder, Fr.] to make flowers or other
figures with a needle, on silk, cloth, &c. See EMBROIDER, and its
derivatives.

IMBROI’DERER [of imbroider] a worker of imbroidery.

IMBROI’DERY [of im and broderie, Fr.] imbroidered work.

To IMBROI’L, verb act. [of im and brouiller, Fr.] to cause broils,
stirs, or quarrels; to put into confusion or disorder, to set together
by the ears. See EMBROIL.

To IMBRO’WN, verb act. [of brown] to make brown, to darken,
to cloud. Imbrown'd in native bronze, lo Henley stands. Pope.

IMERO’WNED, rendered opaque, shady.
Where th' unpierc'd shade
Imbrown'd the noontide bowers. Milton.

To IMBRU’E, verb act. [of in and brue; imbuo, Lat.] 1. To
moisten or wet, to soak or steep much or long, as to imbrue the hands
in blood, i. e. to commit murder. Embrued with the christian blood.
Knolles. 2. To pour, to emit moisture; obsolete.
Some bathed kisses, and did oft embrue
The sugar'd liquor through his melting lips. Spenser.

To IMBRU’TE, verb act. [of im and brute] to render brutal, or like
a brute beast. This essence to incarnate and imbrute. Milton.

To IMBRUTE, verb act. to sink down to brutality.
The soul grows clotted by contagion,
Imbodies and imbrutes. Milton.

To IMBU’E, verb act. [imbuo, Lat. This word, which seems want­
ed in our language, has been proposed by several writers, but not yet
adopted by the rest. Imbû, Fr. the participal adjective is only used]
1. To tincture deep with any liquor or die. Throughly embued with
black. Boyle. 2. To season one's mind with good principles, virtue,
learning. Those that are deeply imbued with other principles. Digby.

To IMBU’RSE [embourser, Fr.] to stock with money, also to put to
a stock of money; this should be written emburse.

IMBU’RSEMENT [of imburse] money to put into a purse or stock.

IMITABI’LITY [imitabilis, Lat.] the quality of being imitable.
The multifariousness of this imatibility. Norris.

I’MITABLE, Fr. [imitabile, It. of imitabilis, Lat.] 1. That may be
imitated. The characters of men placed in lower stations of life are
more useful, as being imitable by greater numbers. Atterbury. 2.
Worthy of imitation. The most base men, and separate from all imi­
table qualities. Raleigh.

I’MITABLENESS [of imitable] a capableness of being imitated.

To I’MITATE, verb act. [imiter, Fr. imitare, It. ymitár, Sp. imi­
tar, Port. of imitatum, sup. of imito, Lat.] 1. To follow the example
of another, to do the like according to a pattern, to endeavour to re­
semble. We imitate and practise to make swifter motions than any
out of your muskets. Bacon. 2. To counterfeit. That sustained an imi­
tated shield. Dryden. 3. To pursue the course of a composition, so
as to use parallel images and examples. For shame! what, imitate an
ode! Gay.

IMITA’TION, Fr. [imitazione, It. imitaciòn, Sp. of imitatio, Lat.]
1. The act of imitating or copying, endeavouring to resemble. Both
these arts are not only true imitations of nature, but of the best na­
ture. Dryden. 2. That which is offered as a copy. 3. A method
of translating looser than paraphrase, in which modern examples and
illustrations are used for ancient, or domestic for foreign. In the way
of imitation the translator not only varies from the words and sense,
but forsakes them as he sees occasion. Dryden.

IMITATION [in painting and sculpture] is represented by a woman
holding in one hand a painter's pallat and pencils, and in the other a
mask, at her feet an ape; all emblems of imitation.

IMITA’TIONE, or IMITAZZIONE [in music books] a particular way
of composition, wherein each part is made to imitate the other.

I’MITATIVE [imitativus, Lat.] inclined to copy, done by imitation.
Imitative of the first in Thrace. Dryden.

I’MITATIVES [with grammarians] verbs that express any kind of
imitation, as patrissare, to take after the father; as to imitate his ac­
tions, humour, &c.

IMITA’TOR, Lat. [imitateur, Fr. imitatore, It. imitàdor, Sp.] he
who imitates or copies another, one who endeavours to resemble ano­
the. Imitators are but a servile kind of cattle. Dryden.

IMITA’TRIX [imitratrice, Fr. and It. of imitratrix, Lat.] she who
imitates.


IMM

IMMA’CULATE [immaculé, Fr. immaculato, It. immaculado, Sp. of
immaculatus, Lat.] 1. Unspotted, spotless, undefiled. To keep this
commandment immaculate and blameless. Hooker. 2. Pure, clear,
limpid; improper. Thou clear, immaculate, and silver fountain.
Shakespeare.

IMMA’CULATENESS [of immaculate] spotlesness, undefiledness.

To IMMA’NACLE, verb act. [of im and manacle] to fetter, to confine.
Tho' this corporal rind
Thou hast immanacl'd. Milton.

IMMA’NE [immanis, Lat.] huge, vast, prodigeously great.

IMMA’NENT, adj. [of in and manens, Lat.] inherent, internal. Con­
trary to the very first notions we have of the infinite perfections of the







divine nature, to state or suppose any new immanent act in God.
South.

IMMA’NIFEST, adj. [of in and manifest] not plain, not manifest.
Immanifest and unknown. Brown.

IMMA’NITY [immanitas, Lat.] cruelty, outrageousness, fierceness,
savageness. Such immanity and bloody strife. Shakespeare.

IMMARCE’SSIBLE [immarcessibilis, of in and marcesio, Lat.] never­
fading, that cannot wither or decay.

IMMARCE’SSIBLENESS [of immarcessible] never-fading nature, &c.

IMMA’RTIAL, adj. [of in and martial] not martial, not warlike.
My powers are unfit,
My self immartial. Chapman.

To IMMASK, verb act. [of in and mask] to cover, to disguise. To
immask our noted outward garments. Shakespeare.

IMMATE’RIAL [immaterial, Fr. immateriale, It. immateriàl, Sp. im­
materialis, of in and materia, Lat. matter] 1. Not consisting of mat­
ter, incorporeal, distinct from matter. Angels are spirits immaterial.
Hooker. 2. Of little or no consequence, impertinent, having no re­
lation. [This sense has crept into the conversation and writings of bar­
barians, but ought to be utterly rejected. Johnson]

IMMATERIA’LITY [immaterialité, Fr.] quality of not being made
up of matter, distinctness from body or matter, incorporeity. When
we know cogitation is the prime attribute of a spirit, we infer its im­
materiality. Watts.

IMMATE’RIALIZED, adj. [of in and materia, Lat.] incorporeal, di­
stinct from matter. No trouble to immaterialized spirits. Glanville.

IMMATE’RIALLY, adv. [of immaterial] in a manner not depending
upon matter. The visible species of things strike not our senses imma­
terially. Brown.

IMMATE’RIATE, adj. [of in and materia, Lat.] incorporeal, not
consisting of matter, not having a body. A virtue which may be
called incorporeal and immateriate. Bacon.

IMMATU’RE [immaturo, It. immaturus, Lat.] 1. Unripe. 2. Not
come to perfection, not arrived at completion. An ill measured and
immature counsel. Bacon. 3. Early, hasty, done before its time, come
to pass before the natural time. Call not that death immature, if a
man lives till seventy. Taylor.

IMMATU’RE [in medicine] a term applied to the aliments and ani­
mal juices not sufficiently digested or concocted.

IMMATU’RELY, adv. [of immature] before the time or season, out
of season, before ripeness or completion.

IMMATU’RITY [immaturità, It. immaturitas, Lat.] unripeness, incom­
pleteness. Faults committed in an immaturity of age and judgment.
Glanville.

IMMEABI’LITY [immeabilis, Lat.] want of power to pass. Immea­
bility of the juices. Arbuthnot.

IMMEA’SURABLE [of in and measure] immense, not to be mea­
sured, indefinitely extensive. Churches reared up to an height im­
measurable. Hooker.

IMMEA’SURABLY, adv. [of immeasurable] immensely, beyond all
measure. The Spaniards immeasurably bewail their dead. Spenser.

IMMECHA’NICAL, adj. [of in and mechanical] not according to the
laws of mechanics. To show any thing that is immechanical, or not
according to the established laws of nature Cheyne.

IMME’DIACY [immediaté, Fr.] personal greatness, power of act­
ing without dependance; this is a harsh word, and sense peculiar to
Shakespeare. Johnson.
He led our powers,
Bore the commission of my place and person,
The which immediacy may well stand up
And call itself your brother. Shakespeare.

IMME’DIATE [immediat, Fr. immediato, It. and Sp. of immediatus,
of in and medius, Lat.] 1. That acts without means, not acting by
second causes. To be ascribed to the immediate will of God. Abbot.
This, in the most strict and proper sense of the word, expresses that
act of GOD THE FATHER, by which he produced his first, and (in a
sense) his only-begotten Son. GOD having produced all other beings
BY [or THRO'] him. See FIRST CAUSE, and Mediate AGENCY
compared.
2. That follows, or happens presently, instant with regard to time;
Prior therefore should not have written more immediate. Supply im­
mediate. Shakespeare.
And arm'd with more immediate power,
Calls cruel silence to her aid. Prior.
3. Without any thing between, proximate, being in such a state with
respect to something else, as that there is nothing between them.
Moses mentions the immediate causes. Burnet's History.

IMME’DIATELY, adv. [of immediate] 1. Without the intervention
of any other cause or event. Immediately by himself, or mediately by
the hands of the bishop. South. 2. Instantly, at the time present,
without delay.
With him at Eaton
Immediately to marry. Shakespeare.

IMME’DIATENESS [of immediate] 1. Presence, with regard to time.
2. The state of following another thing without any thing coming be­
tween. 3. The acting without means, exemption from second or
intervening causes.

IMME’DICABLE [immedicabilis, Lat.] incurable. Wounds immedi­
cable. Milton.

IMME’MORABLE [of immemorabilis, Lat.] not worthy of remem­
brance, not remarkable.

IMMEMO’RIAL [immemoriel, Fr. immemorabile, It. from in and me­
moria, Lat. memory] that is, out of mind, or beyond the memory of
man; being of so long continuance, that its beginning cannot be
known or traced. Long immemorial practice. South.

IMMEMORIAL [in a law sense] a time immemorial, that was before
the reign of our king Edward II.

IMMEMO’RIALNESS [of immemorial] the quality of being out of
mind, or beyond the memory of man.

IMME’NSE, Fr. [immenso, It. and Sp. of immensus, Lat.] being of
so great or large an extent, that it cannot be measured or equalled by
any finite measure, unmeasurable, infinite, unbounded. Infinite or
immense essence hath no relation unto body. Grew.

IMME’NSELY, adv. [of immense] infinitely, beyond measure. The
void space of our system is immensely bigger than all its corporeal
mass. Bentley.

IMME’NSENESS, or IMME’NSITY [immensitè, Fr. immensità, It. im­
mensidad, Sp. of immensitas, Lat.] unmeasurableness, unbounded
greatness, an amplitude or extension that cannot be equalled by any
finite measure whatsoever, or how oft soever repeated. By the power
we find in ourselves of repeating as often as we will, any idea of
space, we get the idea of immensity. Locke. See COIMMENSE.

IMMENSURABI’LITY, or IMME’NSURABLENESS [of immensurable]
uncapableness, or impossibility of being measured.

IMME’NSURABLE [of in, neg. and mensurabilis, Lat.] incapable of
being measured.

To IMME’RGE, verb act. [immergo, Lat. see BAPTISM] to dip or
plunge into water, or some liquid.

IMME’RIT, subst. [immerito, Lat.] want of worth or merit. Rea­
son and my own immerit tell me it must not be for me. Suckling.

IMME’RSE, for IMME’RSED, part. adj. [immersus, Lat.] buried, co­
vered, sunk deep. Inquiry of things immerse in matter. Bacon.

To IMME’RSE, verb act. [immersum, sup. of immergo, Lat.] 1. To
dip or plunge over head and ears, to put under water. 2. To sink
or cover deep. More than a mile immers'd within the wood. Dryden.
3. To keep in a state of intellectual depression. Immersed in the er­
rors of the church of Rome. Addison.

IMME’RSED, or IMME’RGED, part. adj. [of immerse and immerge,
which see; immersus, Lat.] plunged or dipped into, over head and
ears.

IMME’RSION, Fr. [immersione, It. of immersio, Lat.] 1. The act of
dipping, plunging, or pulling any body into a fluid below the surface.
Invulnerable all over, excepting that part which the mother held in
her hand during this immersion. Addison. 2. The state of sinking be­
low the surface of a fluid. 3. The state of being overwhelmed or
lost in any respect. Too deep an immersion in the affairs of life. At­
terbury. See BAPTISM.

IMMERSION [with astronomers] signifies, that any planet is begin­
ning to come within the shadow of another, as in eclipses; and when­
ever the shadow of the eclipsing body begins to fall on the body eclip­
sed, they say, that is the time of the immersion; and when it goes out
of the shadow, that is the time of the emersion.

IMMERSION [with chemists] is the putting metals or minerals into
some corrosive matter, to reduce them to powder.

IMMERSION [with physicians] a method of preparing a medicine,
by steeping it in water.

IMME’RSUS Musculus, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the arm,
which arises from its whole basis in the upper and lower rib, and is in­
serted in a semicircular manner, into the neck of the os humeri.

IMMETHO’DICAL [of im and methodical, from methodus, Lat.] with­
out due method or order, confused. M. Bayle compares the answer­
ing of an immethodical author, to the hunting of a duck. Addison.

IMMETHO’DICALLY, adv. [of immethodical] after an immethodical
or irregular manner.

To IMMI’GRATE, verb neut. [immigro, Lat.] to pass, or come
into.

I’MMINENCE [of imminent] any ill impending, state of being near
danger; an obsolete word.
I do not speak of flight, of fear or death,
But dare all imminence that gods and men
Address their dangers in. Shakespeare.

I’MMINENT, Fr. [imminente, It. and Sp. imminens, Lat.] approach­
ing, at hand, ready to come upon a person, hanging over the head,
threatenig; always in an ill sense. What dangers at any time are im­
minent, what evils hang over our heads, God doth know, and not
we. Hooker.

I’MMINENTNESS [of imminent] readiness to come upon us, &c.
state of being, or as it were, hanging, just over our heads.

To IMMI’NGLE, verb act. [of mingle] to mix, to unite things toge­
ther. Where purity and peace immingle charms. Thomson.

IMMINU’TION [imminuo, Lat.] the act of diminishing, or lessening,
decrease, diminution. Did not a providence continually oversee and
secure them from all alteration or imminution. Ray.

IMMISCIBI’LITY [of in and misceo, Lat. to mingle] incapacity of
being mixed.

IMMI’SSION [immissio, from in and mitto, Lat. to send] injection,
the act of sending in; opposed to emission.

To IMMI’T, verb act. [immitto, Lat.] to inject, to let or send in.

To IMMI’X, verb act. [of in and mix] to mingle. Sampson with
these immixt, inevitably pulled down the same destruction on himself.
Milton.

IMMI’XABLE [of in and mix] impossible to be mingled. Such li­
quors as may be clear, of the same colour and immixable. Wilkins.

IMMOBI’LITY [immobilité, Fr. immobilità, It. immobilitas, Lat.]
unmoveableness, stedfastness, want of motion, resistance to motion.
Weakness, immobility and debility of the vital force. Arbuthnot.

IMMO’DERATE [immoderè, Fr. immoderato, It. immoderàdo, Sp. of
immoderatus, Lat.] beyond the bounds of moderation, excessive, dis­
orderly. Not afflicted with violent passions, or distracted with immo­
derate cares. Ray.

IMMO’DERATELY, adv. [of immoderate] excessively, &c. Drying it
immodorately, and chapping it. Burnet's Theory.

IMMO’DERATENESS [of immoderate] immoderation, excess.

IMMO’DERATION, Fr. [immoderatio, Lat. without moderation, ex­
cess, want of moderation.

IMMO’DEST [immodesté, Fr. immodesto, It. and Sp. immodestus, Lat.]
1. That has no modesty, wanting shame, chastity, or delicacy. So
immodest to write to one she knew would flout her. Shakespeare. 2.
Unchaste, impure, wanton, bold, lascivious.
Immodest deeds you hinder to be wrought,
But we proscribe the least immodest thought. Dryde.
3. Obscene. The most immodest word. Shakespeare. 4. Unreason­
able, exorbitant, arrogant.

IMMO’DESTLY, adv. [of immodest, immodeste, Lat. immodestement,
Fr.] without modesty.

IMMO’DESTY [immodestie, Fr. immodestia, Lat. It. and Sp.] want
of modesty, or shamefacedness, indecency. It was a piece of immo­
desty. Pope.

To I’MMOLATE, verb act. [immolo, Lat. immoler, Fr.] to offer or
kill in sacrifice, to sacrifice. Forced to immolate their own desires to
their vanity. Boyle.








IMMOLA’TION, Fr. [immolazione, It. of immolatio, Lat.] 1. The
act of sacrificing, or offering in sacrifice. In the picture of the immo­
lation of Isaac, or Abraham sacrificing his son, Isaac is described as a
little boy. Brown. 2. The sacrifice offered. We make more bar­
barous immolations than the most savage heathens. Decay of Piety.

IMMO’MENT, adj. [of in and moment] trifling, of no importance or
value; a barbarous word. Immoment toys. Shakespeare.

IMMO’RAL [of in, neg. and moralis, Lat.] of depraved morals,
contrary to good manners, wanting regard to the laws of natural reli­
gion, dishonest.

IMMORA’LITY [of im and moralitas, Lat.] want of morality, or
contrariety to morality, want of virtue, dishonest. Who encourage
the grossest immoralities, to whom all the bawds of the ward pay con­
tribution. Swift.

IMMO’RALLY [of immoral] in a manner contrary to morality.

IMMORI’GEROUS [immoriger, Lat.] disobedient.

IMMO’RTAL, adj. Sp. [immortel, Fr. immortale, It. of immortalis,
Lat.] 1. Never dying, exempt from death. The king eternal, im­
mortal, invisible. Timothy. 2. Sometimes used substantively.
Like terror did among th' immortals breed,
Taught by her wound that goddesses may bleed. Waller.
3. Perpetual, never ending. I have immortal longings. Shake­
speare.

IMMORTA’LITY [immortalitas, Lat. immortalité, Fr. immortalità,
It. immortalidàd, Sp.] the state of that which is immortal, state of
never dying, life that never ends. This corruptible shall put on in­
corruption, and this mortal immortality. Corinthians.

To IMMO’RTALIZE, verb act. [immortaliser, Fr. immortalare, It.
immortalizàr, Sp.] to render everlasting, to exempt from death, to
perpetuate.
Mortal things desire their like to breed,
That so they may their kind immortalize. Davies.

To IMMO’RTALIZE, verb neut. to become immortal. [This word
is, I think, peculiar to Pope. Johnson]
Fix the year precife,
When British bards begin t'immortalize. Pope.

IMMO’RTALLY, adv. [from immortal, Eng. immortaliter, Lat.] so
as never to die, perpetually. He cannot wallow immortally in his
sensual pleasures. Bentley.

IMMO’VEABLE, adj, [of in and moveable, Eng. immobilis, Lat.]
1. Which cannot be moved, unmoveable, not to be forced from its
place. An immoveable base to place his engine upon. Brown 2.
[In law] not liable to be carried away, real. The immoveable estate.
Ayliffe. 3. Unshaken, unaffected. Much happier is he, who cen­
tering on himself remains immoveable, and smiles at the madness of
the dance about him. Dryden.

IMMOVEABLE Feasts, such festivals as constantly are upon the same
day of the month, though they vary as to the day of the week.

IMMO’VEABLY, adv. [of immoveable, Eng. immobiliter, Lat.] in
an immoveable manner, in a state not to be shaken. Immoveably
firm to their duty. Atterbury.

IMMO’VEABLENESS [of immoveable] unmoveableness, unshaken­
ness.

INMU’NITY [of immunitas, Lat. immunité, Fr. immunità, It. immu­
nidàd, Sp.] 1. Privilege or exemption. Granting great immunities to
the commons. Sidney. 2. Discharge from any obligation. To ar­
gue from ay man's immunity from observing the same, it were a
point of most insolent madness. Hooker. 3. Freedom. Immunity
from venomous creatures. Brown.

To IMMU’RE, verb act. [of in and murus, Lat. a wall, emmurer,
O. Fr. so that it might be written emmure] to shut up or inclose with­
in walls, to imprison. Lysimachus immured it with a wall. Sandys.

IMMU’RE, subst. [from the verb] a wall, an inclosure; as in Shake­
speare.
To ransack Troy, within whose strong immures,
The ravish'd Helen, Menelaus' queen,
With wanton Paris sleeps. Shakespeare.

IMMU’SICAL [of in and musical] unmusical, not harmonious. All
sounds are either musical, which are ever equal, or immusical, which
are ever unequal. Bacon.

IMMUTABI’LITY [immutabilitas, Lat. immutabilité, Fr.] unchange­
ableness. The immutability of God. Hooker.

IMMUTABILITY [in God] is an incommunicable attribute, and is a
freedom from all possibility of change or unconstancy, both as to his
nature and purposes. When our lexicographer calls this an INCOM­
MUNICABLE attribute, does he not refer to that manner of existence
which is peculiar to the FIRST CAUSE; I mean self existence, an ex­
istence founded in necessity of nature, and which by necessary conse­
quence is absolutely uncapable of admitting any change? This is that
attribute, which St. Irenæus so excellently describes in those words,
“Sine initiô & sine fine, verè & semper IDEM, & eodem modô se habens
SOLUS est Deus, QUI EST OMNIUM DOMINUS. Iren. Ed. Grabe, p.
192, 193. On this attribute St. Eusebius grounds his reasoning, when
proving that the FIRST CAUSE and FATHER of the universe was not
the person that made those APPEARANCES which are mentioned in the
Old Testament. Euseb. Hist. lib. 1. Ed. Rob. Stephan. p. 2. And from
the same attribute, in conjunction with absolute supremacy and immen­
sity, St. Justin argues; “When 'tis said, God ascended from Abra­
ham;—or, the Lord descended to behold the tower; or, that God shut
the ark after Noah; and the like, do not imagine that the UNBEGOT­
TEN GOD himself has descended, or ascended from any place. For the
ineffable FATHER and LORD of ALL, neither arrives nor moves up
and down at any place, nor walks, nor sleeps, nor rises up; but in his
station (wherever it is) ABIDES.—Nor does He move, who is not to
be CONTAINED by any place, nor by the whole universe. — How
then should He hold conference with any man? or be seen by any? or
appear upon some small spot of ground? when even the glory of a
person sent and commissioned from him was too great for the people at
Mount Sinai to bear?” — And then concludes by observing,
“that neither Abraham, nor Isaac, nor Jacob, nor any other man
has seen the FATHER and ineffable LORD of ALL, and of CHRIST
himself; but him [i. e. CHRIST] who, according to his [i. e. the
FATHER's] WILL, is both a God, as being his Son, and an angel [or
messenger] so called from his ministerial capacity or acting in sub­
serviency to his WILL; and whom also he has WILL'D to become a man,
alluding [I suppose) to that NEW MODE of EXISTENCE on which he
entered, when EMPTYING himself of his pre-existent glory, and as­
suming the FORM of a servant [or rather a slave] who was before in the
FORM of a God. Justin. cum Tryphone. Ed. Stephan. p. 119, 120.
See FIRST-CAUSE, and CO-IMMENSE.

Moral IMMUTABILITY [in God] consists in his not being liable to
any change in his thoughts or designs, but that what he wills, he has
willed from all eternity.

IMMU’TABLE, Fr. and Sp. [immutabile, It. of immutabilis; Lat.]
unchangeable, constant. By two immutable things in which it was
impossible for God to lie, we have a strong consolation. Hebrews.

IMMU’TABLE Circles [in astronomy] are the ecliptic and equator, so
called, because they never change, but are the same to all the inhabi­
tants of the earth.

IMMU’TABLY, adv. [of immutable] unchangeably. His love is
like his essence immutably eternal. Boyle.

IMMUTA’TION [with rhetoricians] a change, the same as hy­
pallage.


IMP

IMP, subst. [imp, Wel. a shoot, sprout, or sprig] 1. A son, the
offspring, progeny. That noble imp your son. Lord Cromwell to
king Henry.
Most dreaded imp of highest Jove,
Fair Venus' son. Spenser.
2. [Of impius, Lat. wicked] a familiar spirit, a subaltern or puny
devil, a dæmon, said to attend upon witches. Such we deny not to
be the imps and limbs of Satan. Hooker. 3. A kind of grass to be set
in a tree.

To IMP, verb act. [impio, Wel. to engraff] to lengthen or enlarge
with any thing adscititious. Imp out our drooping country's broken
wings. Shakespeare.
Help the tart satirists to imp my rage,
With all the scorpions that should whip this age. Cleaveland.

To IMP the Feathers of Time with Pleasure, &c. to divert one's self
with recreation.

To IMPA’CT, verb act. [impactum, sup. of impingo, Lat.] to drive
close or hard.

IMPA’CTED, part. adj. [impactus, Lat.] driven in. Impacted so
thick and confusedly together. Woodward.

To IMPA’INT, verb act. [of in and paint] to paint, to decorate
with colours; obsolete. Such water colours to impaint his cause.
Shakespeare.

To IMPA’IR, verb act. [impairer, C. Fr. or of im, neg. and pejoro,
Lat. to make worse; or, according to Casaubon, of αμπηρος, for
αμαπηρος, Gr. maimed or hurt, empirer Fr. to make worse. Skinner]
to weaken, to make worse, to lessen in quantity, value, or excellence.
To change any such law, must needs, with the common people. im­
pair and weaken the force of those grounds whereby all laws are made
effectual. Hooker.

To IMPAIR, verb neut. to be lessened, to be worn out. Flesh may
impair, quoth he, but reason can repair. Spenser.

IMPAIR, subst. [from the verb] diminution, decrease. Impair in
activity and exchange of faces. Brown.

IMPA’IRING, or IMPA’IRMENT [prob. of im, and pejorare, Lat.]
the act of diminishing, lessening, making worse; injury, diminution.
His posterity, at this distance, and after so perpetual impairment, can­
not but condemn the poverty of Adam's conception. Brown.

To IMPA’LE, verb act. [impalare, It. impaler, Fr. empalàr, Sp. of
in and palus, Lat. a stake] 1. To inclose or fence about with stakes.
2. A way of punishing malefactors, by driving a stake through their
bodies. See to EMPALE.

IMPA’LED, undaunted. Milton.

IMPA’LED [in heraldry] is when the coats of a man and his wife,
who is not an heiress, are borne in the same escutcheon, and are mar­
shalled in pale; the husband's on the right side, and the wife's on
the left; called also baron and femme, two coats impaled.

IMPA’LEMENT [of impale] an execution by driving a stake, &c.
through the body of a malefactor.

IMPA’LPABLE [of im, and palpabilis, Lat.] that whose parts are
so extremely minute, that they cannot be distinguished by the feeling.
Beaten into an impalpable powder. Boyle.

IMPANA’TION [of im, and panis, Lat. bread] a term applied to the
Lutheran doctrine of the Lord's supper, on account of their principles
that the body of Christ subsists with the species of bread in the sacra­
ment.

IMPA’NNELLED, part. adj. [prob. of in, and paneau, Fr. a square
piece] inrolled, or put into the roll, containing the names of jury­
men. See EMPANEL.

IMPANNULA’RE, barb. Lat. [in old law] to impannel a jury.

To IMPA’RADISE, verb act. [imparadisarc, It.] to put into a place
or state resembling paradise in felicity. This imparadised neighbour­
hood made Zelmane's soul cleave unto her. Sidney. Imparadis'd in
one another's arms. Milton. It seems only used in the passive
form.

IMPA’RADISED, part. adj. [of imparadise, Eng. of in, and paradisus,
Lat. παραδεισος, Gr.] placed in a state resembling the bliss of para­
dise, enjoying a paradise, delighted. Milton.

IMPARASY’LLABIC, adj. [of impar, unequal, and syllabus, Lat. a
syllable] having unequal syllables.

IMPARGAME’NTUM, barb. Lat. [in old records] the right of pound­
ing cattle.

IMPARI’LITY [imparilitas, Lat.] inequality, unequalness, unlike­
ness.

IMPA’RITY [imparitas, impar, Lat.] inequality, unlikeness, un­
evenness, disproportion. Hardness is caused chiefly by the jejuneness
of the spirits and their imparity with the tangible parts. Bacon. 2.
Oddness, indivisibility into equal parts. By pariety or impariety of
letters in mens names, to determine misfortunes on either side of their
bodies. Brown.

To IMPA’RK, verb act. [of in, and park] to inclose with a park,
to sever from a common.

IMPA’RKED, part. adj. [of impark, of in, and park, Eng. of pear­
roc, Sax. or imparcatus, Lat. inclosed in a park] closed or fenced in
for a park.








IMPA’RLANCE [law term; of im, and parlant, Fr. speaking] a
motion made in court upon account of the demandant, by the tenant,
on the declaration of the plaintiff, by the defendant, whereby he crav­
eth respite, or another day to put in his answer.

General IMPARLANCE, is when it is set down and entered in general
terms, without any special clause.

Special IMPARLANCE, is when the party desires a farther day to an­
swer, adding also these words, salvis omnibus advantagiis, &c.

IMPARSONNE’ [law term] inducted; as, a parson imparsonné, i. e.
one inducted or put into possession of a benefice.

To IMPA’RT, verb act. [impartior, Lat.] 1. To grant, to give.
High state and honours to others impart,
But give me your heart. Dryden.
2. To give part to another, to communicate, to deliver one's mind.
Secret men come to the knowledge of many things, while men rather
discharge than impart their minds. Bacon.

IMPA’RTIAL [impartiel, Fr. imparziale, It.] void of partiality, just,
upright, disinterested, equal in distribution of justice, free from re­
gard to party. It is used both of actions and persons. Jove is impar­
tial, and to both the same. Dryden.

IMPARTIA’LITY [of im, neg. and partialité, Fr.] disinterestedness,
state of not favouring or inclining to one party, &c. more than to
another, equitableness, justice. A pious and well disposed will, gives
not only diligence, but also impartiality to the understanding in its
search into religion. South.

IMPA’RTIALLY, adv. [of impartial] equitably, honestly, uprightly,
disinterestedly. He only can plead a title to such a pardon, whose con­
science impartially tells him that he has performed the required condi­
tion. South.

IMPA’RTIBLE, Fr. [of im, and partior, Lat.] that may be imparted,
communicable, to be conferred or bestowed. [This word is elegant,
tho' used by few writers. Johnson] The same body may be conceived
to be more or less impartible then it is active or heavy. Digby.

IMPA’SSABLE [of in and passable] that cannot be passed or gone
through. There are in America many high and impassable mountains,
which are very rich. Raleigh.

IMPASSIBI’LITY [from impassible, Eng. impassibilite, Fr.] exemption
from suffering, unsusceptibility of injury from any thing external.
Two divinities might have pleaded their prerogative of impassibility,
or at least not have been wounded by any mortal hand. Dryden.

IMPA’SSIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [impassibile, It. of impassibilis, passus, from
patior, Lat. to suffer] uncapable of suffering, exempt from pain or
the agency of external causes. A perpetual impassible nothing. Ham­
mond.

IMPA’SSIBLENESS [of impassible] exemption from pain, impassibility.
To reserve all the sensualities of this world, and yet cry out for the
impassibleness of the next. Decay of Piety.

IMPA’SSIONED [of in and passion] 1. Seized with a passion. The
tempter all impassioned. Milton. 2. Wrought up to a passion. Milton.

IMPA’SSIVE, adj. [of in and passive] exempt from the agency of
external causes. Forms without bodies and impassive air. Dryden.

IMPASTA’TION [in masonry] a work made of stuck or stone, beaten
to powder, and wrought up in manner of a paste. Some persons are
of opinion, that the huge obelisks, and antique columns, still remain­
ing, were made either by impastation or fusion.

IMPA’STED [of in and paste] covered as with paste.
With blood of fathers, mothers, daughters, sons,
Bak'd and impasted with the parching fires. Shakespeare.

IMPA’TIENCE, Fr. [impazienza, It. impaciencia, Sp. of impatientia,
Lat.] 1. Uneasiness of mind, or rage, under sufferings, inability to
suffer pain. Upon thought and not rashness or impatience. Temple.
2. Hastiness of temper or heat of passion. 3. Eagerness, inability to
bear delay.

IMPA’TIENT, Fr. [impaziente, It. impaciente, Sp. of impatiens, Lat.]
1. Hasty, unquiet, choleric, vehemently agitated by some painful pas­
sion. Impatient at the death of a person. Taylor. 2. Not able to
endure, incapable to bear; with of. Fame impatient of extremes.
Pope. 3. Unable to bear pain, furious with pain; with of. And
flings about his foam, impatient of the wound. Dryden. 4. Eager,
vehemently desirous, unable to bear delay. Impatient for the world,
and grasps his promis'd pow'r. Dryden.

IMPA’TIENTNESS [of impatient] impatience, impatient temper, &c.

IMPA’TIENTLY, adv. [of impatient] 1. Passionately. He consi­
dered one thing so impatiently, that he would not admit any thing else
to be worth consideration. Clarendon. 2. With eagerness or great
desire, hastily, unquietly.

IMPATRONIZA’TION [from in and patronize] the act of putting into
full possession of a benefice.

To IMPA’TRONIZE, verb act. [impatroniser, Fr. of in and patronize]
to gain to one's self the jurisdiction of any seigniory; an unusual word.
To impatronize himself of the dutchy. Bacon.

IMPA’TRONIZED part. adj. [of impatronize, Eng. impatronise, Fr.]
having taken, or being put into the possession of any benefice.

To IMPAW’N, verb act. [of in and pawn] to pawn, to give as a
pledge or security.
Take heed how you impawn our person,
How you awake our sleeping sword of war. Shakespeare.

To IMPE’ACH, verb act. [of empecher, Fr. to hinder; or of in
and pecco, Lat. to offend, &c.] 1. To accuse of a crime by public
authority; as felony, treason, &c. Both impeached by a house of
commons. Addison. 2. To hinder, to impede. This sense is little
used. There was no bar to stop, nor foe him to impeach. Spenser.

IMPEA’CH, subst. [from the verb] hindrance, impediment. Why,
what an intricate impeachment is this? Shakespeare.

IMPE’ACHABLE [of impeach] capable or liable to be impeached, ac­
cusable. The wisdom of his providence had been impeachable.
Grew.

IMPE’ACHER [of impeach] one who impeaches or brings an accusa­
tion against another. Many of our fiercest impeachers. Government
of the Tongue.

IMPE’ACHMENT [of impeach] 1. Obstruction, hindrance; obsolete.
The greatest impeachment to the good government thereof. Spenser. 2.
Public charge or accusation preferred. His accusers would gladly
have dropped their impeachment. Addison. 3. An accusation or in­
formation against one.

IMPEACHMENT of Waste [common law] a restraint from commit­
ting waste upon lands or tenements.

To IMPEA’RL. 1. To form into pearls of dew.
Dew-drops which the sun
Impearls on every leaf and every flower. Milton.
2. To decorate as with pearls. The dews of the morning impearl
every thorn. Digby to Pope.

IMPE’CCANCE, IMPECCABILI’TY, or IMPE’CCABLENESS [impecca­
bilità, It. impeccabilité, Fr. of impeccable] an incapacity to com­
mit sin, exemption from sin or failure. Infallability and impeccability
are two of his attributes. Pope.

IMPE’CCABLE, Fr. [impeccabile, It. impecáble, Sp. of impeccabilis, of
in, neg. and pecco, Lat. to sin] that cannot sin or offend, exempt from
possibility of sinning. A rare charm to render him impeccable. Ham­
mond.

I’MPED, part. adj. [of imp; with gardeners] inoculated or grafted.

To IMPE’DE [impedire, It. impedio, Lat.] to hinder, stay, let, &c.
Forces are mustered to impede its passage. Decay of Piety.

IMPE’DIMENTS, plur. of impediment [impedimenti, It. impedimentos,
Sp. of impedimenta, Lat.] hindrance, obstruction, obstacle, impeach­
ment, opposition. We have the impediments of honour, and the tor­
ments of conscience. Sidney.

IMPE’DIATI Canes [in law records] dogs that are lawed or disabled
from doing mischief in a forest, by cutting out the balls of their feet.

To IMPE’L, verb act. [impellere, It. impello, Lat.] to drive or thrust
forward, to force or press on. The surge impell'd me on a craggy
coast. Pope.

IMPE’LLENT, subst. [impellens, Lat.] a power that impels or drives
forward. Mere blind impellents and material conveyances. Glanville.

To IMPE’ND, verb neut. [impendeo, Lat.] to hang over one's head,
as dangers or judgments, to be at hand, to press nearly. God's im­
pending wrath. Smalridge.

IMPE’NDENCE, subst. [of impendent] the state of hanging over, near
approach, close pressure. The impendence of a greater sensible evil.
Hale.

IMPE’NDENT, or IMPE’NDING, part. adj. [impendens, Lat.] hanging
over the head, being at hand, imminent, closely pressing. The evil
feared or impendent. Hale.

IMPENETRABI’LITY [impenetrabilité, Fr. impenetrabilità, It. of im­
penetrabilis, Lat.] 1. An uncapableness of being penetrated or pierced
through. We have no other evidence of universal impenetrability be­
sides a large experience. Newton. 2. Impracticability or impossibi­
lity of. 3. Divided into, insusceptibility of intellectual impressions.

IMPENETRABI’LITY [with philosophers] is the distinction of one
extended material substance from another, by which the extension of
one is different from that of another; so that two cannot be in the
same place, but must of necessity exclude each other.

IMPE’NETRABLE, Fr. and Sp. [impenetrabile, It. impenetrabilis, Lat.]
1. That cannot be penetrated or pierced through by any external
force. Th'impenetrable shield. Dryden. 2. Not admitting entrance.
Wrapped up in impenetrable obscurity. Locke. 3. That cannot be di­
ved into; as, an impenetrable secret, 4. Not to be taught, not to be
informed nor instructed. 5. Not to be moved or affected. Credulous
in all affairs of life, but impenetrable by a sermon of the gospel. Tay­
lor.

IMPE’NETRABLENESS [of impenetrable] uncapableness of being pe­
netrated, pierced, or divided into; impenetrability.

IMPE’NETRABLY, adv. [of impenetrable] with such degree of hard­
ness as not to be pierced or penetrated.
Blunt the sense, and fit it for a skull
Of solid proof, impenetrably dull. Pope.

IMPE’NITENCE, IMPE’NITENCY, or IMPE’NITENTNESS, Fr. [impe­
nitenza, It. impœnitentia, Lat.] want of remorse for crimes, unrelen­
tingness, a hardness of heart, which causes a man to continue in sin,
and hinders him from repenting, obduracy of heart, final disregard of
God's threatenings or mercy. Where one man overcomes to repent,
a thousand end their days in final impenitence. South. The wicked­
ness and impenitency of the heathens. Hooker.

IMPE’NITENT, Fr. [impenitente, It. and Sp.] 1. Finally disregardful
of the duty of repentance, unrelenting, obdurate, remorseless. Our
Lord in anger hath granted some impenitent mens requests. Hooker. 2.
Sometimes used substantively. Punishment of impenitents. Hammond.

IMPE’NITENTLY, adv. [of impenitent] without penitence, obdu­
rately, unrelentingly. Mixed with much weakness and perhaps with
many sins, so they be not wilfully and impenitently lived and died in.
Hammond.

I’MPENNOUS, adj. [of in, and penna, Lat.] having no wings. It is
generally received an earwig hath no wings, and is reckoned among
impennous insects. Brown.

I’MPERATE, adj. [imperatus, Lat.] done with consciousness or direc­
tion of the mind. Those imperate acts wherein we see the empire of
the soul. Hale.

IMPE’RATIVE [a term of grammar; imperatif, Fr. imperativo, It.
and Sp. imperativus, Lat.] bidding or commanding. The verb is
formed in a different manner, to signify the intention of commanding,
forbidding, allowing, disallowing, entreating: which likewise, from
the principal use of it, is called the imperative mood. Clarke's Latin
Grammar.

IMPERATO’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb master-wort.

IMPERATO’RIUS, Lat. or emperor's piece, a Roman cold coin, in
value 15s. Sterling.

IMPERCE’PTIBLE, Fr. [imperceptibile, It. of imperceptus, Lat.] that
cannot be perceived, small, subtle, so as to elude observation. Some
things are in their nature imperceptible by our sense. Hale.

IMPERCE’PTIBLENESS, or IMPERCEPTIBI’LITY [of imperceptible]
quality of being unperceivable, or uncapableness of being perceived.
Their subtilty and imperceptibility to us. Hale.

IMPERCE’PTIBLY, adv. [of imperceptible] 1. Unperceivably, in
such a manner as not to be perceived. The moral insinuates itself im­
perceptibly. Addison.

IMPE’RFECT [imperfait, Fr. imperfetto, It. imperfecto, Sp. imper­







feito, Port. of imperfectus, Lat.] not perfect or compleat, unfinished,
faulty; used either of persons or things. Opinion is a light, vain, crude
and imperfect thing. Ben Johnson. 2. Frail, not completely good.

IMPERFECT Flowers [in botany] are such as want the petala, or
those fine coloured leaves that stand round and compose a flower.

IMPERFECT Plants [in botany] are such as either really want
flowers or seeds, or seem to want them.

IMPERFECT Tense [in grammar] a time between the present and
the past.

IMPE’RFECT Numbers [in arithmetic] are such whose aliquot parts
taken together, do either exceed, or fall short of that whole number
of which they are parts.

IMPERFE’CTION, Fr. [imperfezione, It. imperfeciòn, Sp. of imperfectio,
Lat.] unperfectness, defect, the want of something that is requisite or
suitable to the nature of the thing, failure, fault, whether physical or
moral. Respecting persons or things. Laws, as all other things hu­
man, are many times full of imperfection. Hooker.

IMPERFE’CTION [with printers] one or more sheets that are want­
ing to make a complete or perfect book.

IMPE’RFECTLY [of imperfect; imperfaitement, Fr.] after an imper­
fect manner, incompletely, not without failure. Imperfectly the many
vows are paid. Stepney.

IMPE’RFECTNESS [of imperfect] want of perfection.

IMPE’RFORABLE [of in, neg. and perforo, Lat.] not to be bored
through.

IMPE’RFORATE, adj. for imperforated [of in, and perforatus, Lat.]
not pierced through, being without a hole. Sometimes children are
born imperforate. Sharp.

IMPE’RIAL, Fr. and Sp. [imperiale, It. of imperialis, Lat.] 1. Per­
taining to an emperor or monarch, royal, monarchical. Th'imperial
palace. Dryden. Imperial arts. Dryden. 2. Royal, possessing royalty.
Th'imperial votress passed on. Shakespeare. 3. Betokening or mark­
ing royalty. My due from thee is this imperial crown. Shakespeare.

IMPERIAL [with moralists] are acts enjoined; performed by other
human faculties on the motion and appointment of the will.

IMPERIAL Lilly, a flower.

IMPERIAL Table, a mathematical instrument for measuring land.

IMPE’RIALIST, subst. [of imperialis, Lat.] a partizan or subject of
an emperor, one that belongs to an emperor. The Imperialists impu­
ted the cause of so shameful a flight to the Venetians. Knolles.

IMPE’RIOUS [imperieux, Fr. imperioso, It. and Sp. of imperiosus, Lat.]
1. Commanding, lordly, haughty, tyrannical, arrogant. An impe­
rious dictator of the principles of vice. More. 2. Powerful, over­
bearing, having ascendent. A man by a vast and imperious mind, and
a heart large as the sand upon the sea-shore, could command all the
knowledge of nature and art. Tillotson.

IMPE’RIOUSLY, adv. [of imperious] with arrogance of command,
haughtily. Imperiously obtruded upon God and his church. Hall.

IMPE’RIOUSLY, adv. [of imperious] with arrogance of command,
haughtily. Imperiously obtruded upon God and his church. Hall.

IMPE’RIOUSNESS [of imperious] 1. Authority, air of command. So
would he use his imperiousness, that we had a delightful fear and awe.
Sidney. 2. Arrogance of command, insolence of authority, lordly,
domineering, &c. humour, or acting. Imperiousness and severity is
but an ill way of treating men. Locke.

IMPE’RISHABLE [of imperissable, Fr: of in, and perish] uncapable of
perishing.
We find this our empyreal form
Incapable of mortal injury,
Imperishable. Milton.

IMPE’RSONAL, Sp. [impersonel, Fr. impersonale, It. of impersonalis,
Lat.] not varied according to the persons. Thus

IMPERSONAL Verbs [with grammarians] are generally such as have
no other sign, but that of the third person singular (it) as it rains, it
snows, &c. and in Latin, pluit, ningit.

IMPE’RSONALLY, adv. [of impersonal] after the manner of an im­
personal verb e. g. the verb rain is used impersonally.

IMPERSUA’SIBLE [impersuasibilis, Lat.] that cannot be persuaded.
As impersuasible an auditory. Decay of Piety.

IMPE’RTINENCE, or IMPE’RTINENCY, Fr. [impertinenza, It. imper­
tinéncia, Sp. of impertinentia, Lat.] 1. That which is of no present
weight, that which has no relation to a matter in hand. Their
thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinen­
cies. Bacon. 2. Foolery, nonsense, rambling thought.
O, matter and Impertinency mixt,
Reason and madness. Shakespeare.
3. Intrusion, troublesomeness. The vexation and impertinence of pe­
dants, who affect to talk in a language not to be understood. Swift.
4. Trifle, thing of no consequence. To represent as impertinencies
any parts of learning. Addison.

IMPE’RTINENT, Fr. [impertinente, It. and Sp. of in, and pertinens,
Lat.] 1. Not to the purpose, having no relation to the matter in hand.
The contemplation of things that are impertinent to us. Tillotson. 2.
Meddling, intrusive, importunate. So impertinent as to enquire what
the world does. Pope. 3. Foolish, trifling, absurd, silly.

IMPERTINENT, subst. a troublesome or foolish person, a trifler, a
meddler, an intrader. Every meddling officious impertinent. L'E­
strange.

IMPE’RTINENTLY, adv. [of impertinent; impertinentement, Fr.] 1.
After a silly, absurd manner. 2. Without relation to the matter in
hand. 3. Troublesomely, intrusively, with officiousness. Imperti­
nently officious. Addison.

IMPE’RTINENTNESS [of impertinent] extravagance, nonsense, ab­
surdness; also unreasonable or ill-tim'd troublesomeness.

IMPERTRANSIBI’LITY [of in, neg. per, thro', and transeo, Lat. to
pass] impossibility to be passed through. The impertransibility of
eternity, and impossibility therein to attain to the present limit of an­
tecedent ages. Hale.

IMPE’RVIOUS [impervius, Lat.] 1. That does not afford any pas­
sage through it, consisting of such a closeness of pores, or particular
configuration of parts, as will not admit another through; impenetra­
ble. The solid or impervious parts of bodies. Newton. 2. Inac­
cessible; perhaps improper. A river's mouth impervious to the wind.
Pope.

IMPERVIOUS Bodies [with philosophers] bodies are said to be im­
pervious to others, when they will neither admit the rays of light, &c.
nor the effluvia of other bodies to pass through them.

IMPE’RVIOUSNESS [of impervious] the state of being impracticable
to be passed, impassableness; or the state of having no way.

IMPE’TIBLE [impetibilis, Lat.] that cannot be come at or hurt.

IMPETI’GINOUS [impetiginosus, Lat.] troubled with the impetigo or
scabbiness, scurfy, covered with small scabs.

IMPE’TIGO, Lat. [in medicine] a cutaneous foulness; as the itch, a
ring-worm, or tetter.

IMPETIGO Celsi, a sort of leprosy or scabbiness.

IMAETIGO Plinii [with physicians] a disease called lichen græcorum.

IMPE’TRABLE [impetrabile, It. of impetrabilis, Lat.] easy to be at­
tained by entreaty, possible to be obtained.

To I'MPETRATE, verb act. [impêtrer, Fr. impetrare, It. of impetro,
Lat.] to get or obtain by earnest request or entreaty.

IMPETRA’TION, Fr. [impetragione, It. of impetratio, from impetro,
Lat.] the act of obtaining by request or prayer. Means of impetration in
this world. Taylor.

IMPETRATION [in old statutes] a getting of benefices and church
offices before-hand from the church of Rome, which belong to the
king or other lay patron.

IMPETUO’SITY, or IMPE’TUOUSNESS [impetuosité, Fr. impetuosità, It.
of impetusitas, Lat.] a violent motion or driving on; vehemency, fu­
riousness, force. Violently pursued by his spirit and impetuosity. Cla­
rendon.

IMPE’TUOUS [impetueux, Fr. impetuoso, It. and Sp. of impetuosus,
Lat.] 1. Violent, forcible, fierce. The torrent's too impetuous speed.
Prior. 2. Vehement, raging, boisterous, hasty, passionate. The
king, 'tis true, is noble, but impetuous. Rowe.

IMPE’TUOUSLY, adv. [of impetuous] vehemently, boisterously, vio­
lently. Through rocks and woods impetuously he glides. Addison.

IMPE’TUOUSNESS. See IMPETUOSITY.

IMPE’TUS, Lat. 1. Violent tendency to any point, strong effort.
Both mutual attraction and impetus carried them. Bentley. 2. [In me­
chanism] the blow or force with which one body strikes another.

IMPIE’RCEABLE [of in and pierce] impenetrable, not to be pierced.
For never felt his impierceable breast,
So wondrous force from hand of living wight. Spenser.

IMPI’ERMENT [in old statutes] the act of impairing or prejudicing.

IMPI’ETY, or I'MPIOUSNESS [impieté, Fr. impietà, It. impiedàd, Sp.
of impietas, Lat.] irreligion, ungodliness, irreverence to the deity,
contempt of religious duties.
To keep that oath were more impiety
Than Jephtha's, when he sacrific'd his daughter. Shakespeare.
2. A particular act of wickedness, expression of irreligion. In this
sense it has a plural. Such amazing impieties can be equalled by no­
thing but by those cities consumed of old by fire. Swift.

To IMPI’GNORATE, verb act. [of in, and pignus, Lat. a pledge] to
pawn, to pledge.

I’MPING, part. adj. [of to imp] See TO IMP.

To IMPI’NGE, verb neut. [impingo, Lat.] to strike against, to fall
against, to clash with. The cause of reflection is not the impinging of
light on the solid or impervious parts of bodies. Newton.

To IMPI’NGUATE, verb act. [of in, and pinguis, Lat.] to fatten, to
make fat. Frictions also do more fill and impinguate the body than ex­
ercise. Bacon.

I’MPIOUS [impieu, Fr. impio, It. and Sp. of impius, Lat.] ungodly,
wicked, profane, without reverence for religion. We judge it pro­
fane, impious and irreligious. Hooker.

I’MPIOUSLY, adv. [of impious] wickedly, profanely.
The Roman wit, who impiously divides
His hero and his gods to different sides. Granville.

IMPLACABI’LITY, or IMPLA’CABLENESS [implacabilitas, Lat.] un­
appeasable, or irreconcileable hatred, determined malice.

IMPLA’CABLE, Fr. and Sp. [implacabile, It. of implacabilis, Lat.]
not to be appeased or pacified, inexorable, constant in enmity. The
most implacable and dangerous enemies. Addison.

IMPLA’CABLY, adv. [of implacable] 1. Inexorably, with malice not
to be pacified, irreconcileably. And disinclined them from the queen,
whom they begun every day more implacably to hate. Clarendon. 2.
It is once used by Dryden in a kind of mixed sense of a tyrant's love.
Love thee implacably, yet hate thee too. Dryden.

To IMPLA’NT [impiantare, It. of in, and planto, Lat.] to engraft,
to settle, to set, to sow, to fix or fasten in the mind. To implant those
innate notions in his mind. Locke.

IMPLANTA’TION, the act of setting, planting, or fixing into.

IMPLANTATION, is one of the six kinds of transplantation.

IMPLANTATION [with some pretenders to physic] a method of cu­
ring by placing plants, or at least their roots, in a ground prepared for
that purpose, and watered with what the patient used to wash himself,
by which means they pretend that the disease is translated into the
plant.

To IMPLEA’D, verb act. [of im, and plaider, Fr.] to sue or prose­
cute by course of law.

I’MPLEMENT [implement, from impleo, Lat. to fill, or of employer,
Fr. q, d. employment] 1. Something that fills up vacancy, or sup­
plies want. Unto life many implements are necessary. Hooker. 2.
Commonly used in the plural only. Instruments of manufacture, neces­
saries of a handicraft trade, as tools, &c. to carry about with them.
The whole implements of trade, Broome. 3. The vessels of a kitchen.

IMPLE’TION [impleo, Lat.] the act of filling; also, the state of be­
ing full. Upon a plentiful impletion there may succeed a disruption of
the matrix. Brown.

IMPLE’X, adj. [implexus, Lat.] intricate, entangled, not simple.
Every poem is either simple or implex: It is called simple when there
is no change of fortune in it; implex, when the fortune of the chief
actor changes from bad to good, or from good to bad. Spectator.

To I'MPLICATE, verb act. [impliquer, Fr. implicare, It. implicàr, Sp.
implicatum, sup. of implico, Lat.] to infold, to wrap up in, to entangle.
The ingredients of salt-petre do mutually implicate and hinder each
other. Boyle.

I’MPLICATED, part. adj. [of implicate] in medicine, is applied to
those fevers, when the patient is afflicted by two at a time; either of
the same kind, or a different; as, a double tertian, or an intermittent
tertian, and a quartan.

IMPLICA’TION, Fr. [implicaziòn, Sp. of implicatio, Lat.] 1. The
act of folding or wrapping up within another thing; act of intangling,







an incumberance, involution, entanglement. The implication of the
component parts. Boyle. 2. Inference not expressed, but tacitly incul­
cated. The doctors are, by implication, of a different opinion. Ayliffe.

IMPLI’CIT [implicite, Fr. implicito, It. and Sp. of implicitus, Lat.]
1. Entangled, complicated, enfolded.
In his woolly fleece
I cling implicit. Pope.
2. Inferred, tacitly understood, that is not expressed in plain terms,
but only follows by consequence. Our express requests are not granted,
but the implicit desires of our hearts are fulfilled. Smalridge. 3. Rest­
ing upon another, trusting without reserve or examination. Implicit
ignorance. Bacon.

IMPLICIT Faith [with divines] is such a belief, as is grounded
upon, and altogether upheld by the judgment and authority of others.
See BERÆANS.

IMPLI’CITLY, adv. [of implicet] 1. By inference comprised tho'
not expressed in implieit terms. He that denies this, doth implicitly
deny his existence. Bentley. 2. By connexion with something else,
with unreserved confidence or obedience, dependently. We implicitly
follow in the track in which they lead us. Rogers.

IMPLI’CITNESS [of implicit] a state of being folded or enveloped in
another; also the quality or state of not being expressed in plain terms,
but only following by consequence; a tacit understanding.

To IMPLO’RE, verb act. [implorer, Fr. implorare, It. imploràr, Sp.
of imploro, Lat.] 1. To beg earnestly with prayers and tears, to beseech,
to call upon in supplication, to solicit. Imploring all the gods. Pope.
2. To ask, to beg in general. I kneel, and then implore her blessing.
Shakespeare.

IMPLORE, subst. [from the verb] the act of begging, solicitation.
Obsolete. With piercing words and pitiful implore. Spenser.

IMPLO’RER [of implore] one that implores or solicits. Mere implo­
rers of unholy suits. Shakespeare.

To IMPLO’Y [employer, Fr. impiegare, It. empleàr, Sp.] to keep in
action. See EMPLOY, and its derivatives..

IMPLOY, or IMPLO’YMENT [employ, Fr. impiego, It. emplèo, Sp.]
occupation, business, trade, &c. See EMPLOYMENT.

IMPLU’MED, adj. [of implumis, Lat.] unfledged, not feathered,

IMPLU’VIOUS [of impluvius, Lat.] wet with rain.

To IMPLY’, verb act. [impliquer, Fr. implicàr, Sp. implicare, It. and
Lat.] 1. To enfold or contain, to cover, to entangle. His blushing
face in foggy cloud implies. Spenser. 2. To involve or comprise as a
consequence or concomitant. That it was in use among the Greeks
the word triclinium implieth. Brown.

To IMPOI’SON, verb act. [empoisonner, Fr. It ought to be written
empoison. See EMPOI’SON] 1. To corrupt with poison. An ill word
doth impoison liking. Shakespeare. 2. To kill with poison. This is
rare. A man by his own alms empoison'd,
And with his charity slain. Shakespeare.

IMPO’LARILY, adv. [of in, and polar] not according to the direction
of the poles. Impolarily adjoined into a more vigorous loadstone.
Brown.

IMPOLI’TE [impoli, Fr. impolitus, Lat.] unpolished, rude, coarse,
rough.

IMPOLI’TELY, adv. [of impolite] rudely, coarsely.

IMPO’LITIC, or IMPOLI’TICAL, adj. [of in and politic; of in, neg.
and politicus, Lat. πολιτιχος, Gr.] disagreeable, contrary to the rules of
policy, imprudent, unwise, void of art or forecast. He that exhort­
eth to beware of an enemy's policy, doth not give council to be impo­
lic, but rather to use all prudent foresight and circumspection. Hooker.

IMPO’LITICLY, or IMPOLI’TICALLY, adv. [of impolitic or impoliti­
cal] imprudenly, without art or forecast.

IMPO’LITICNESS [of im and politic] contrariety to the rules of po­
licy, imprudence, want of art or forecast.

IMPORCA’TION, Lat. the act of making a balk or ridge in
ploughing of land.

IMPO’NDEROUS, adj. [of in and ponderous] void of perceptible
weight. Imponderous and invisible emissions. Brown.

IMPORO’SITY [of in, and porous] closeness, absence of interstices.
The porosity or imporosity betwixt the tangible parts. Bacon.

IMPO’ROUS [of in. neg. and porosus, Lat.] having no pores or little
holes for the passage of sweat, vapours; free from interstices or vacuities;
close of texture; compact. Its body is left imporous. Brown.

IMPO’ROUSNESS [of imporous] a state of, a being free from pores
for the passage of sweat, vapours, &c. 

I’MPORT, subst. [from the verb] 1. Importance, consequence. In
proportion to the import of the cause. Aylisse. 2. Tendency. Add to
the former observations made about vegetables, a third of the same
import. Boyle. 3. Any foreign goods imported into a nation.

To IMPO’RT [importàr, Sp. importare, It. and Lat.] 1. To bring
in foreign commodities into a port, to carry into any country from
abroad. Opposed to export.
For Elis I would sail with utmost speed,
T'import twelves mares, which there luxurious feed. Pope.
2. To imply, to infer. This question we now asked, imported as that
we thought this land a land of magicians. Bacon. 3. To produce
consequentially.
Something he left imperfect in the state,
Which since his coming forth is thought of, which
Imports the kingdom so much fear and danger. Shakespeare.
4. [qu' importe, Fr. Impersonally] to be of moment; as, it imports.
It may import us in this calm to hearken more than we have done.
Temple.

IMPO’RTABLE [of in, and portable] not to be endured, unsupporta­
ble. A word peculiar to Spenser, which he accents on the first sylla­
ble. With hideous stroakes and importable power.

IMPO’RTANCE [importance, Fr. importanza, It. importancia, Sp.]
1. Moment, consequence, weight. Thy own importance know.
Pope. 2. Meaning, thing imported or implied. The wisest beholder
that knew no more but seeing, could not say if the importance were joy
or sorrow. Shakespeare. 3. Matter, subject. Put together with so
mortal a purpose as then each bore upon importance of so slight a na­
ture. Shakespeare. 4. Importunity. An improper use peculiar to
Shakespeare.
Maria writ
The letter at Sir Toby's great importance. Shakespeare.

IMPO’RTANT [important, Fr. importante, It. and Sp.] 1. Being of
moment, consequence, weight. The most important and pressing care.
Wotton. 2. Momentuous, forcible, of great efficacy. This seems to
be the meaning here.
He fiercely at him flew,
And with important outrage him assailed. Spenser.
3. Importunate. A corrupt use of the word.
Great France,
My mourning and important tears have pitied. Shakespeare.

IMPORTA’TION [of import] the act or practice of importing or bring­
ing into any country from abroad. Not exportation. Profit should not
be neglected upon importation and exportation. Bacon.

IMPO’RTER [of import] one that imports or brings in goods from
abroad. Swift.

IMPO’RTLESS, adj. [of import] being of no moment or consequence.
This is a word not in use, but not inelegant. That matter needless,
of importless burthen. Shakespeare.

IMPO’RTING, part. adj. [importans, Lat. important, Fr.] bringing
commodities into a port; also concerning, consequentially.

IMPO’RTUNATE [importun, Fr. importuno, It. and Sp. importunus,
Lat.]
troublesome, wearying with repeated requests, or unreasonable
ones; very urgent and incessant in solicitations, not to be repulsed.
The clamour of an importunate suitor. Smalridge.

IMPORTU’NE, adj. [importun, Fr. importuno, It. and Sp. of importu­
nus, Lat. It was anciently accented on the second syllable, but now
on the last] 1. Troublesome by frequency, continually recurring,
incessant. With greedy malice and importune toil. Spenser. To have
busied himself with importune and incessant labour. Bacon. 2. Trou­
blesome, vexatious in general. That importune rebellious servant shall
be eternally cast off. Hammond. 3. Unreasonable, coming, asking or
happening at an undue time.
Compell'd
Me thus, tho' importune perhaps, to come
And gaze and worship thee. Milton.

To IMPORTU’NE [importunare, It. importuner, Fr. importunus, Lat.
Anciently accented on the second syllable, now on the last] to teize,
to harass with slight vexation; continually recurring, to molest.
Against all sense you do importune her. Shakespeare. Some frisking
ideas which thus importune the understanding. Locke.

IMPO’RTUNATELY, adv. [of importunate] pertinaciously, with in­
cessant solicitation, troublesomely, pressingly. So importunately trou­
some as makes many think it impossible to be freed from them.
Duppa.

IMPORTU’NELY, adv. [of importune] 1. Incessantly, vexatiously.
To weet who called so importunely. Spenser. 2. Unseasonably, im­
properly. With much importunity, but very importunely urged by the
disciplinarians. Sanderson.

IMPORTU’NITY [importunité, Fr. importunità, It. importunidàd, Sp.
of importunitas, Lat.] the act of eager urging or pressing, troublesome­
ness, a wearying with too frequent or unseasonable requests, hard
dunning, incessant solicitation. She with more and more importu­
nity craved. Sidney. Overcome with the importunity of his wife.
Knolles.

IMPO’RTUOUS [importuosus, Lat.] without ports or harbours.

To IMPO’SE [impositum, sup. of impono, from in, and pono, Lat. to
place, imposer, Fr. imporre, It. imponèr, Sp.] 1. To put, set, or lay
upon, to fix on, to impute to. Except we impute that unto the first
cause which we impose not on the second. Brown. 2. To lay or set a
tax upon, to lay on as a penalty. It shall not be lawful to impose toll
upon them. Ezra.. 3. To enjoin as a law or duty. The law which
God hath imposed upon his creatures. Hooker. 4. To impose upon; to
put upon one, to deceive, to put a cheat on. Philosophers have suf­
fered themselves to be so far imposed on. Boyle. 5. To obtain falla­
ciously.
Our poet thinks not fit.
T'impose upon you what he writes for wit. Dryden.
6. [With printers] is to set the pages in their proper order in a form or
chace, in order to be ready for the press. 7. The five first senses have
commonly on or upon.

IMPO’SE, subst. [from the verb] command, injunction. Obsolete.
According to your ladyship's impose,
I am thus early come. Shakespeare.

IMPO’SEABLY [of impose] to be laid as obligatory on any body.
Not simply imposeable or any particular man, further than as he was a
member of some church. Hammond.

IMPO’SER [of impose] one who imposes or enjoins, one who lays any
thing on another as a hardship. The imposers of these oaths might re­
pent. Walton.

IMPOSI’TION, Fr. [imposizione, It. impositiòn, Sp. of impositio, Lat.]
1. The act of laying any thing on another. The imposition of hands.
Hammond. 2. The act of giving a note of distinction. The first impo­
sition of names. Camden. 3. In an injunction of any thing as a law or
duty. Imposition of strict laws. Milton. 4. An assessment. 5. Con­
straint, oppression. The constraint of receiving and holding opinions
by authority, was rightly called imposition.. Locke. 6. Deceiving,
fallacy, imposture.

IMPOSSIBI’LITY [impossibilitas, Lat. impossibilité, Fr. impossibilità, It.
impossibilidàd, Sp.] 1. The state of that which is not feasible or practi­
cable. They confound difficulty with impossibility. South. 2. That
which cannot be done. A manifest impossibility in itself. Hooker.

IMPO’SSIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [impossible, It. of impossibilis, Lat.] that is
not possible, or cannot be done, impracticable. Difficult it is, but
not impossible. Chillingworth.

IMPO’SSIBLY, adv. [of impossible] in an impossible manner.

I’MPOST [impót, Fr. imposta, It. impositum, Lat.] toll, custom, tri­
bute, and more particularly the tax received by the prince for such mer­
chandizes, as are brought into any haven from other nations. Taxes
and imposts upon merchants. Bacon.

IMPOST [in architecture] is a plinth or little cornice, that crowns a
piedroit or pier, and supports the coussinet, which is the first stone that
a vault or arch commences; or,

I’MPOSTS [imposte, Fr. incumba, Lat. in architecture] are some­
times called chaptrels, they being the parts on which the feet of arches
stand, or the capitals of pilasters that support arches. These imposts







are conformable to their proper orders: The Tuscan has a plinth only;
the Doric two faces crowned; the Ionic a larmier or crown over the
two faces; the Corinthian and Composite have a larmier, freeze, and
other mouldings.

To IMPO’STHUMATE, verb neut. [of imposthume] to form an abscess,
to gather matter, to form a cyst or bag that contains pus. The bruise
imposthumated. Arbuthnot.

To IMPOSTHUMATE, verb act. to afflict with an imposthume. That
surgeon whose lancet threatens none but the imposthumated parts. Decay
of Piety.

IMPO’STHUMATED, part. adj. [apostumé, Fr.] grown to an imposthu­
mation, i. e. a gathering or collection of corrupt matter in the body.

IMPOSTHUMA’TION [of imposthumate] the act of imposthumating or
forming an imposthume, the state in which an abscess is formed. Ma­
lign ulcers and pernicious imposthumations. Bacon.

IMPO’STHUME, subst. [this seems to have been formed by corrup­
tion from impostem, as South writes it; and impostem to have been
written erroneously for apostem, αποςημα, Gr. and abscess. Johnson] a
collection of purulent matter in a bag or cystis. Bladders full of impost­
humes. Shakespeare.

IMPO’STOR [imposteur, Fr. impostore, It. impositor, Lat.] a false pre­
tender, a deceiver, a cheat, one who imposes on people under a ficti­
tious character. That grand impostor the devil. South.

IMPO’STURE, Fr. [of impostura, It. and Lat.] deceit, cosenage,
fraud, cheat, committed by giving to persons or things a false cha­
racter. Who is it that retains not a great part of the imposture. Glanville.

I’MPOTENCE, or I’MPOTENCY [impuissance, Fr. impotenza, It. impo­
tencia, Sp. of impotentia, Lat.] 1. Weakness, want of power, or
strength, or means to perform any thing. This is not a restraint or
impotency. Bentley. 2. Ungovernableness of passion, A Latin sig­
nification, animi impotentia. Your beauty, and my impotence of mind.
Dryden. 3. A natural defect which hinders generation, incapacity of
propagation. Impotence in love. Pope.

I’MPOTENT [impuissant, Fr. impotente, It. and Sp. of impotens, Lat.]
1. Unable, weak, wanting force or power. We that are strong must
bear the imbecility of the impotent. Hooker. 2. Disabled by nature or
disease. A certain man impotent in his feet. Acts. 3. Being without
power of restraint, without command of passion. Animi impotens.
Then impotent of tongue her silence broke. Dryden.
By passion fir'd, and impotent of mind. TABLE of CEBES.
4. Being without power of propagation, Beau Prim who is thought
impotent. Tatler.

I’MPOTENTLY, adv. [of impotent] without power, weakly. Igno­
bly vain and impotently great. Pope.

To IMPO’VERIH, verb act. [appauvrer, Fr. impoverire, It. empobre­
cèr, Sp. depaupero, Lat.] to make poor. See EMPOVERISH.

IMPO’VERIHMENT [of impoverish] the state of being made poor.
See EMPO’VERISHMENT.

To IMPO’UND, verb act. [of in, and pound] 1. To inclose as in a
pound, to confine, to shut in. To impound the rebels, that none of
them might escape. Bacon. 2. To Impound cattle; to shut them up in
a pinfold. I took him up for a stray and impounded him. Dryden. 3.
To put them in a pound, upon account of some trespass done by
them. See POUND.

To IMPO’WER [of in and power, of pouvoir, Fr. or potestas, Lat.]
to put into power, to authorize, to furnish with power. See EM­
POWER.

IMPRA’CTICABLE [impracticabile, It. impraticable, Sp.] 1. That
cannot be done, unfeasible, impossible. An extravagant and impracti­
cable undertaking. Woodward. 2. Unmanageable, untractable. That
fierce impracticable nature. Rowe.

IMPRA’CTICABLENESS [of impracticable] impossibility. The im­
practicableness of doing this. Swift.

To I’MPRECATE, verb act. [imprecor, Lat.] to wish evil, to curse,
to call down mischief upon.

IMPRECA’TION, Fr. [imprecazione, It. of imprecatio, Lat.] the act of
cursing, calling or wishing for mischief upon another, prayer by
which any evil is wished. Uncursed by any language or imprecation of
mine. K. Charles.

IMPRECA’TIONS [with the ancients] a kind of goddesses which the
Latins also called Diræ, who they imagined to be the executioners of
evil consciences; who were called Eumenides in hell, Furies on earth,
and Imprecations in heaven. They invoked these deities with prayers
and pieces of verses to destroy their enemies.

IMPRECA’TORY [of imprecate] that contains or implies imprecation
or cursing, or wishes of evil.

To IMPRE’GN, verb act. [of in, and prægno, Lat.] 1. To fill with
young. 2. To fill with any matter or quality.
His persuasive words impregn'd
With reason to her seeming. Milton.

IMPRE’GNABLE [impregnable, Fr.] 1. That cannot be taken by
force, not to be stormed. A rock impregnable. Sidney. 2. Unshaken,
unaffected. The man's affection remains wholly unconcerned and im­
pregnable. South.

IMPRE’GNABLENESS [of impregnable] uncapableness of being taken
by force, impossibility and impractability or being stormed.

IMPRE’GNABLY, adv. [of impregnable] so as not to be stormed, in
such a manner as to defy force and hostility. Impregnably fortified.
Sandys.

To IMPRE’GNATE, verb act. [s'impregner, Fr. impregnarsi, It. em­
prennàr, Sp. of in, and prægneo, Lat.] 1. To get with child, to fill with
young, to make prolific. Hermaphrodites, altho' they include the
parts of both sexes, cannot impregnate themselves. Brown. 2. [Impreg­
ner, Fr.] to saturate, to fill. To impregnate the hearts and the lives of
its proselites. Decay of Piety.

IMPRE’GNATED, part. adj. [impregnatus, Lat.] great with child,
&c.

IMPREGNATED, part. adj. [s'impregné, Fr.] imbibed, soaked, satu­
rated.

IMPREGNA’TION [of impregnate] 1. The act of making prolific, fe­
cundation. The first begetting or impregnation. Bacon. 2. That with
which any thing is impregnated. What could implant in the body
such impregnations. Derham. 3. [Impregnation, Fr.] saturation

IMPRE’GNED, part. adj. [impregné, Fr.] impregnated. Milton. See
IMPREGN.

IMPREJU’DICATE, adj. [for imprejudicated; of in, præ and judico,
Lat. to judge] not prepossessed or prejudiced, impartial. Imprejudi­
cate apprehensions. Brown.

IMPREPARA’TION [of in and preparation] want of preparation, un­
preparedness. Impreparation and unreadiness. Hooker.

IMPRE’SS [impressio, Lat.] 1. A stamp, a mark of distinction. This
general impress or character upon them, that they were exceeding
good. South. 2. Mark, or print made by pressure taken. The im­
presses of the insides of these shells. Woodward. 3. Effects upon a­
nother substance. What impresses they make upon the differing or­
gans of another, he only knows that feels them. Glanville. 4. De­
vice, motto. Impresses quaint, caparisons and steeds. Milton. 5. Act
of forcing any into service, seizure, compulsion; now commonly
written press; as, a press-gang. Ajax was here the voluntary, and
you as under an impress. Shakespeare.

To IMPRE’SS [imprimer, Fr. mprimere, It. imprimìr, Sp. impressum,
sup. of imprimo, from in and premo, Lat. to press] 1. To print by
pressure, to stamp. He his own image on the clay imprest. Denham.
2. To fix deep, to make an impression on the mind, or upon the na­
tural faculties. We should dwell upon the arguments, and impress the
motives of persuasion upon our own hearts. Hooker.

To IMPRESS Soldiers or Seamen, is to force or compel them into the
public service. This is now generally spoken and written press. For
impressing of ships. Clarendon.

IMPRE’SSED, part. adj. [of impressus, Lat.] printed, stamped, having
an impression on it; also compelled into the public service. See To
IMPRESS.

IMPRE’SSED Species [with the peripatetics] species which (they say)
bodies emit resembling them, which are conveyed by the exterior sen­
ses to the common sensory, these impressed species or impressions, be­
ing material and sensible, are rendered intelligible by the active in­
tellect, and being thus spiritualized, they are thus termed as expressed
from others.

IMPRE’SSIBLE [of impress] that may be impressed. The differen­
ces of impressible and not impressible, figurable and not figurable, are
plebeian notions. Bacon.

IMPRE’SSION, Fr. and Sp. [impressione, It. of impressio, Lat.] 1. The
act of pressing one body upon another. Sensation is such an impression
or motion made in some part of the body, as produces some percep­
tion in the understanding. Locke. 2. A print, stamp, or mark made
by pressure. That carries no impression like the dam. Shakespeare.
3. Image fixed in the mind. A due impression on the mind. Atter­
bury. 4. Operation, influence. The impressions of flattery. Atterbury.
5. [Of books] is that number which is printed off at the same time,
edition of a book. Ten impressions which his works have had. Dry­
den. 6. Effect of an hostile attack. Any of the bravest impressions in
ancient times. Wotton.

IMPRE’SSION [with philosophers] is a term applied to the species
of objects, which are supposed to make some mark or impression on the
senses, the mind, and the memory.

IMPRE’SSURE [of impress] the mark made by pressure, the im­
pression.
Lean but upon a rush,
The cicatrice and capable impressure
Thy palm some moments keeps. Shakespeare.

I’MPREST Money, money given to soldiers, &c. compelled into the
public service.

IMPRI’MING [with hunturs] is the rousing, unharbouring, or dis­
lodging a wild beast; also causing her to forsake the herd.

IMPRI’MINGS, first essays, beginnings.

IMPRI’MIS, Lat. in the first place, first of all.

To IMPRI’NT, verb act. [imprimo, Lat. imprimer, Fr. imprimìr, It.]
1. To impress or fix a thing, or make an impression upon the mind,
or memory. Retention is the power to revive again in our minds those
ideas, which after imprinting have disappeared. Locke. 2. To mark
upon any substance by pressure. One and the same seal imprinted up­
on pieces of wax. Holder. 3. To stamp words upon paper with types,
by means of a printing-press.

To IMPRI’SON [emprisonner, Fr. imprigionaré, It.] to put into pri­
son or jail; also to shut up, to confine, to keep from liberty in gene­
ral. A man imprisons himself in his closet. Watts.

IMPRI’SONMENT [emprisonnement, Fr. imprigionamento, It.] state of
being imprisoned, confinement, the restraint of a person's liberty,
whether in his own house, the jail, or the stocks; it may be written
emprisonment. Lost his senses by his long imprisonment. Addison.

IMPROBABI’LITY [impropabilita, It. improbabilidàd, Sp. of impro­
babilitas, Lat.] unlikeness to be true, difficult to be believed. The im­
probabilities of a spirit appearing. Dryden.

IMPRO’BABLE, Sp. [improbabile, It. improbabilis, Lat.] unlikely,
that has not any likelihood of being true, incredible. This account
of party patches will appear improbable. Addison.

IMPRO’BABLY, adv. [of improbable] 1. Without likelihood. 2. In
a manner not to be approved; obsolete. He speaks very improbably.

To IMPRO’BATE, verb act. [of in and probo, Lat. to prove] not to
approve. Ainsworth.

IMPROBA’TION, Fr. [improbatio, Lat.] act of disallowing or disap­
proving of, dislike.

IMPRO’BITY [improbite, Fr. improbidàd, Sp. improbitas, from im­
probas, Lat.] knavery, dishonesty, baseness. Cast out for notorious
improbity. Hooker.

IMPRO’CREATED, part. adj. [improcreatus, Lat.] not begotten.

To IMPROLI’FICATE, verb act. [of in and prolific] to impregnate,
to fecundate; an obsolete word. How the sperm of the cock improlifi­
cates, and makes the oval conception fruitful. Brown.

IMPRO’PER [impropre, Fr. improprio, It. and Sp. of improprius,
Lat.] 1. Unfit, not conducive to the right end. The methods used
in an original disease, would be very improper in a gouty case. Ar­
buthnot. 2. Not well adapted, unqualified. A genius peculiarly
improper for every one. Burnet. 3. Not just, not accurate; applied
to language. Thus an improper word, is a word that does not agree
with the thing, nor expresses it sufficiently. 'Tis improper speech
to say he dy'd. Dryden.








IMPROPER Fraction. See FRACTION.

IMPRO’PERLY, adv. [of improper] 1. Not fitly, incongruously, in­
conveniently. 2. Not justly, not accurately. Where I spoke im­
properly. Dryden.

To IMPRO’PRIATE, verb act. [of in and proprius, Lat.] 1. To con­
vert to private use, to seize for one's own use. To impropriate the
thanks to himself. Bacon. 2. To put the possessions of the church in­
to the hands of laics. The impropriate parsonage of Bardwel.
Spelman.

IMPROPRIA’TION, is when a layman is possessed of a church-living,
and converts the profits of it to his own private use, only maintain­
ing a vicar to serve the cure. Ayliffe.

IMPROPRIA’TOR, a layman that has a parsonage or ecclesiastical li­
ving in his possession. Ayliffe.

IMPROPRI’ETY [improprieté, Fr. improprietà, It. impropriedàd, Sp.
improprietas, Lat.] quality of something that is unfit or improper, un­
suitableness, inaccuracy, want of justness in language, the use of
improper and insignificant words by a speaker or writer. The impro­
priety of that appellation. Brown.

IMPRO’SPEROUS [of in and prosperous] unfortunate, not successful.
Punishment of improsperous rebels. Decay of Piety.

IMPRO’SPEROUSLY, adv. [of improsperous] unhappily, unsuccess­
fully. Improsperously attempted. Boyle.

IMPRO’VABLE [of improve] that may be improved or made better,
capable of being advanced from a good to a better state. Improva­
ble lands. Addison.

IMPRO’VABLENESS [of improvable] capableness of being improved
or made better.

IMPRO’VABLY, adv. [of improveable] in a manner that admits me­
lioration.

To IMPRO’VE, verb act. [of in and prouver, Fr. or in and probus,
probum facere, Lat. Skinner] 1. To better, or make the best of; to
promote or advance, to bring to greater perfection, to raise from good
to better. We amend a bad, but improve a good thing. To improve
the honour of the living, by impairing that of the dead. Denham.
2. To make a progress in goodness. To improve in our frugality.
Atterbury.

To IMPROVE, verb neut. [of in and prouve, improuver, Fr. improbo,
Lat.] to disprove. Tho' the prophet Jeremy was unjustly accused,
yet doth not that improve any thing that I have said. Whitgifte.

IMPRO’VEMENT [of improve] 1. The act of bettering, advance­
ment of any thing from good to better. The improvement and secu­
rity of estates. Tillotson. 2. An advancing of profits, progress from
good to better. The history of architecture, with its several improve­
ments and decays. Addison. 3. Act of improving. Sinon, Camilla,
and some few others, are improvements on the Greek poet. Addison.
4. Act of thriving, or benefiting in any kind of profession, effect of
melioration. Friendship the noblest and most refined improvements of
love. South. 5. Instruction, edification. The best place of improve­
ment. Swift.

IMPRO’VER [of improve] 1. One that makes himself, or any thing
else better. The greatest improvers of those qualifications. Clarendon.
2. Any thing that improves or meliorates. Chalk is a very great im­
prover of most lands. Mortimer.

IMPROVI’DED [improvisus, Lat. imprevu, Fr.] unexpected, unpro­
vided for. To work new woe and improvided scath. Spenser.

IMPRO’VIDENCE [improvidezza, It. improvidentia, Lat.] want of
forecast, or of taking thought beforehand, want of caution. Some
might perish through improvidence. Hale.

IMPRO’VIDENT [improvido, It. improvidénte, Sp. improvidus, Lat.]
not forecasting, unheedful, wanting care to provide. That brisk and
improvident resolution was taken. Clarendon.

IMPRO’VIDENTLY, adv. [of improvident] without forecast or care,
unheedfully. Improvidently proud. Donne.

IMPROVI’SION [of in and provision] want of forethought. Her
improvision would be justly accusable.

IMPRU’DENCE [imprudence, Fr. imprudenza, It. imprudencia, Sp. of
imprudentia, Lat.] indiscretion, unadvisedness, want of deliberation,
forethought, precaution, inattention to interest.

IMPRU’DENT, Fr. [imprudento, It. and Sp. imprudens, Lat.] incon­
siderate, unwise, unadvised, negligent. There is no such imprudent
person as he who neglects God. Tillotson.

IMPRU’DENTLY, adv. [of imprudent] inconsiderately, unad­
visedly.

I’MPUDENCE, I’MPUDENCY, or I’MPUDENTNESS [Fr. impudencia, Sp.
of impudentia, Lat.] shamelesness, state or quality of being void of
modesty. Cham's impudency. K. Charles.

I’MPUDENT, Fr. [impudente, It. of impudens, Lat.] shameless, bra­
zen-faced, wanting modesty. Impudent sauciness. Shakespeare.

I’MPUDENTLY, adv. [of impudent] shamelessly, immodestly. Im­
pudently rail. Sandys.

To I’MPUGN, verb act. [impugner, Fr. impugnàr, Sp. impugnare, It.
and Lat.] to endeavour to confute a doctrine, &c. by argument, to
attack, to assault. The truth hereof I will not rashly impugn.
Peacham.

IMPU’GNER [of impugn] one that impugns or attacks.

IMPUI’SSANCE, Fr. want of power, strength, or ability. Bacon.

I’MPULSE [impulso, It. and Sp. of impulsus, Lat.] 1. The act of
pushing or driving forward, the effect of one body acting upon ano­
ther, communicated force. Bodies produce ideas in us manifestly by
impulse. Locke. 2. An inforcement, motive, persuasion, influence
upon the mind, idea. Finding an impulse upon his mind to go to
Pharaoh. Locke. 3. Hostile impression. Sustain th' impulse, and re­
ceive the war. Prior.

IMPU’LSED, part. adj. [impulsus, Lat.] driven forward, forced
on, &c.

IMPU’LSION, Fr. [impulso, It. and Sp. of impulsus, Lat.] 1. Act of
driving forward; act of thrusting or pushing on, the agency of body in
motion upon another body. To the impulsion there is requisite the
force of the body that moveth, and the resistance of the body that is
moved. Bacon. 2. Influence, operating on the mind. Divine im­
pulsion. Milton.

IMPU’LSIVE [impulsif, Fr. impulsivo, It.] that drives or thrusts for­
ward, having the power of impulse, impellent. The fountain, or
impulsive cause of this prevention of sin. South.

IMPU’LSIVENESS, impelling, forcing or driving in quality.

IMPU’NITY [impunité, Fr. impunità, It. impunidàd, Sp. impunitas,
Lat.] a freedom or exemption from punishment. A general impunity
would confirm them. Addison.

IMPU’RE [impur, Fr. impuro, It. and Sp. of impurus, Lat.] 1. Un­
clean, unholy; contrary to sanctity. Condemning as impure what
God has made pure. Milton. 2. Lewd, unchaste. One could not
devise a more proper hell for an impure spirit, than that which Plato
has touch'd upon. Addison. 3. Foul with extraneous mixtures, dros­
sy, feculent.

IMPU’RELY, adv. [of impure] with impurity, foully, lewdly, &c.

IMPU’RENESS, or IMPU’RITY [impureté, Fr. impurità, It. impuri­
dad, Sp. of impuritas, Lat.] 1. Filthiness, uncleanness, want of ho­
liness. 2. Act of unchastity, lewdness. The foul impurities that
reigned among the monkish clergy. Atterbury. 3. Drossy admixture,
feculence. The impurities will be carried into the blood. Arbuthnot.

To IMPU’RPLE, verb act. [empourprer, Fr.] to colour as with pur­
ple, to make red.

IMPU’RPLED, part, adj. [of in and pourpree, Fr. purpuratus, Lat.]
rendered of a purple colour. Impurpled with celestial roses. Milton.

IMPU’TABLE [of impute] 1. Chargeable upon any one. That first
sort of foolishness is imputable to them. South. 2. Accusable, charge­
able with a crime or fault; not proper. The fault lies at his door,
and she is no wise imputable. Ayliffe.

IMPU’TABLENESS [of imputable] the quality of being imputable.
'Tis necessary, to the imputableness of an action, that it be avoidable.
Norris.

IMPUTA’TION, Fr. [imputazione, It. imputaciòn, Sp.] 1. Act of im­
puting or laying to one's charge, attribution of any thing, generally
of ill. To clear myself from any imputation of self-conceit. Dryden.
2. Sometimes attribution of good. I would humour his men with the
imputation of being near their master. Shakespeare. 3. Reproach,
censure. There groundless imputations of our enemies. Addison. 4.
Hint, reflection, insinuation.
——Anthonio is a good man.
——Have you heard any imputation to the contrary?
Shakespeare.

IMPU’TATIVE [of imputatus, Lat.] that is imputed; also that which
may impute. Ainsworth.

To IMPU’TE, verb act. [imputer, Fr. imputare, It. imputàr, Sp. im­
puto, Lat.] 1. To charge upon, to attribute; generally ill, sometimes
good. It was imputed to him for righteousness. Romans. Those who
imputed it to folly. Temple. 2. To account, reckon, or ascribe to
one what does not properly belong to him.
Thy merit
Imputed, shall absolve them who renounce
Their own both righteous and unrighteous deeds. Milton.

IMPU’TER [of impute] one that imputes.

IMPUTRESCIBI’LITY [of imputrescibilis, Lat.] incorruptibleness.

I’MUM Cœli, Lat. [i. e. the lower part of the heavens] a term that
astrologers use for the fourth house in a figure in the heavens.


INA

IN [on, Sax. ind and i, Dan. in, Goth. Du. and Ger. en, Fr. in,
Lat.] 1. As a separable preposition, among a great many significa­
tions and uses, serves chiefly to denote the time. The present time
we are in. Locke. 2. Noting the place, where any thing is present.
In school of love are all things taught averse. Fairfax. 3. Noting
the state present at any time. No one proof is yet brought forth,
whereby it may clearly appear to be so in very deed. Hooker. 4.
Noting power. To feed mens souls, quoth he, is not in man.
Spenser. 5. Noting proportion. Let usury in general be reduced to
five in the hundred. Bacon. 6. Concerning. I only consider what
he, who is allowed to have carried this argument farthest, has said in
it. Locke. 7. For the sake; a solemn phrase. Now in the names of
all the gods at once. Shakespeare. 8. Noting cause. Lord Clifford
vows to fight in thy defence. Shakespeare. 9. Noting the manner of
being, thinking, acting, or doing; the motive which sets us on in
action, and the means by which we act. 10. In that; because. Some
things they do in that they are men. Hooker. 11. In as much; since,
seeing that. Those things are done voluntarily by us, which other
creatures do naturally, in as much as we might stay our doing of them
if we would. Hooker.

IN, adv. 1. Within some place, not out. To play in and out.
South. 2. Engaged to any affair. These pragmatical flies value
themselves for being in at every thing. L'Estrange. 3. Placed in
some state. Who loses and who wins, who's in, who's out. Shake­
speare. 4. Noting entrance. Serve in the meat, and we will come
in. Shakespeare. 5. Into any place. To come in with a smooth gale.
Collier. 6. Close, home. They are in with you, if you offer to fall
back without keeping your guard. Tatler.

IN. In composition is used to denote privation, or negation, as the
Latin, in, and gives a contrary sense to the word it is compounded
with. Thus active denotes that which acts, inactive that which does
not act.

IN before r, is changed into r; as, irregular, irresolute: before l,
into l; as, illative, illiterate, illegal; and into m, before some other
consonants; as, impotent, improbable, impious.

IN, the same as the Latin preposition; as, in a place, &c.

INABI’LITY [of in, neg. and habilis, Lat. inhabilité, Fr. inabilità,
It. inabilidàd, Sp.] incapacity to do or act, want of power, impo­
tence. Neither ignorance nor inability can be pretended. Rogers.

To INA’BLE [of in and able] to put into a capacity. See To
ENABLE.

INA’BSTINENCE [of in, neg. and abstinentia, Lat.] intemperance,
want of power to abstain.
What misery the inabstinence of Eve
Shall bring on man. Milton.

INACCE’SSIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [inaccessibile, It. of in and accessibilis,
Lat.] unapproachable, that no person can approach, not to be come
at. Too remote and inaccessible for us to come to. Ray.

INACCESSIBLE Height or Distance [with surveyors] that which can­
not be measured, by reason of some obstacle in the way, as a river,
ditch, &c.








INACCE’SSIBLENESS [of inaccessible] unapproachableness.

INA’CCURACY [of inaccurate] the want of accuracy, inartificialness,
want of exactness.

INA’CCURATE [of in, neg. and accuratus, Lat.] without care and
exactness, not accurate. It is used sometimes of persons, but more
frequently of performances.

INA’CTION, Fr. inactivity, a privation of motion, cessation from
labour, forbearance of labour. I lie in a refreshing kind of in­
action. Pope.

INA’CTIVE [of in and active] indolent, not busy, idle, sluggish.

INA’CTIVELY, adv. [of inactive] idly, without labour, without
motion, indolently. Whether he inactively loiters. Locke.

INACTI’VITY, or INA’CTIVENESS [of inactive] want of activity,
slothfulness, rest. To introduce a lazy inactivity. Rogers.

INA’DEQUATE [of in, neg. and adæquatus, Lat.] disproportionate,
not equal to the purpose, defective. Inadequate ideas are such which
are but a partial or incomplete representation of those archetypes to
which they are referred. Locke.

INADEQUATE Ideas [in philosophy] is a partial or incomplete re­
presentation of any thing to the mind.

INA’DEQUATELY, adv. [of inadequate] not completely, defectively,
disproportionately. These pores they may either exactly fill, or but
inadequately. Boyle.

INA’DEQUATENESS [of inadequate] disproportionateness, incom­
pleteness.

INADVE’RTENCE, or INADVE’RTENCY [of inadvertance, Fr. inaver­
tenza, It. inadvertencià, Sp.] 1. Want of heed or care, inattention,
negligence. An habitual, heedless inadvertency. Addison. 2. The
act or effect of negligence. Many lapses and inadvertencies. Addison.
3. Not sufficiently heeding.

INADVE’RTENT [of in, and advertens, Lat.] negligent, careless.

INADVE’RTENTLY, adv. [of inadvertent] heedlessly, negligently.

INA’FFABLE [of in, neg. and affabilis, Lat.] unpleasant in con­
versation, uncourteous.

INAFFECTA’TION [of in and affectation] unaffectedness, quality of
being free from preciseness or formality.

INA’LIENABLE, Fr. [inalienabile, It. of alieno, Lat.] that which can­
not be validly alienated or made over to another.

INA’LIENABLENESS [of inalienable] incapableness of being alienated,
or transferred to another by law.

INALIME’NTAL [of in and alimentum, Lat.] that does not nourish,
affording no nourishment. Bacon.

INA’MIABLE [of inamabilis, Lat.] unlovely, not worthy to be
loved.

INA’MIABLENESS [of inamiable] unloveliness, quality of not de­
serving love.

INAMI’SSABLE [inamissibile, It. of amissibilis, Lat.] that can never
be lost. These advantages are inamissible. Hammond.

INAMISSIBI’LITY, or INAMI’SSIBLENESS [of inamissible] uncapable­
ness of being lost.

INAMORA’TO, It. a lover, a sweetheart.

To INA’MOUR [of in, and amor, Lat.] to engage in love, to indear
in affection. See ENAMOUR.

INA’NE [inanis, Lat.] empty, vain. We sometimes speak of space
in the great inane, beyond the confines of the world. Locke.

INANI’LOQUENT [inaniloquus, Lat.] talking or babbling vainly.

To INA’NIMATE, verb act. [of in, and animo, Lat.] to animate, to
quicken. This word is now obsolete.
There's a kind of world remaining still,
Tho' she which did animate and fill
The world be gone. Donne.

INA’NIMATE, adj. [from animated, Eng. inanimé, Fr. inanimato, It.
inanimatus, Lat.] void of life, being without animation. Inanimate
bodies have their spirits no whit inflamed. Bacon. The inanimated
part of the universe. Cheyne.

INA’NIMATED, adj. [inanimatus, Lat.] lifeless, dead, without life
or animation.

INANI’TION, Fr. of Lat. [in medicine] emptiness, want of fulness
in the vessels of the animal. Arbuthnot.

INA’NITY [inanitas, from inanis, Lat. empty] emptiness, or absolute
vacuity, implying absence of all body and matter whatsoever, void
space. This opinion excludes all such inanity, and admits no vacuity
but so little ones as no body whatever can come to but will be bigger
than they. Digby.

INA’PPETENCY [inappetenza, It. of in and appetentia, Lat.] a want
of appetite for victuals.

INA’PPLICABLE, adj. [of in and applicable] not to be put to a par­
ticular use.

INA’PPLICABLENESS [of in and applicabilis, Lat. and ness] uncapa­
bleness of being applied to.

INAPPLICA’TION, Fr. heedlesness, indolence.

INA’RABLE [inarabilis, of in and aro, Lat. to plough] not to be
ploughed, not capable of tillage.

To INA’RCH, verb act. [of in and arch] Inarching is a method of
grafting which is commonly called grafting by approach. This method
is used when the stock and the tree may be joined. Take the branch
you would inarch, and having fitted it to that part of the stock where
you intend to join it, pare away the rind and wood on one side about
three inches in length; after the same manner cut the stock or branch
in the place where the graft is to be united, so that they may join
equally together that the sap may meet; then cut a little tongue up­
wards in the graft, and make a notch in the stock to admit it; so that
when they are joined the tongue will prevent their slipping, and the
graft will more closely unite with the stock. Having thus placed them
exactly together, tie them, then cover the place with grafting clay,
to prevent the air from entering to dry the wound or the wet from
getting in to rot the stock. You should fix a stake into the ground, to
which that part of the stock, as also the graft, should be fastened, to
prevent the wind from breaking them asunder. In this manner they
are to remain about four months, in which time they will be sufficient­
ly united, and the graft may then be cut from the mother tree, ob­
serving to slope it off close to the stock and cover the joined parts with
fresh grafting clay. The operation is always performed in April or
May, and is commonly practised upon oranges, myrtles, jasmines,
walnuts, firs, and pines, which will not succeed by common grafting
or budding. Miller.

INARGENTA’TION [of in and argentum, Lat. silver] the act of gild­
ing or covering a thing with silver.

INARTI’CULATE [inarticule, Fr. of in and articulatus, Lat.] not ar­
ticulate, indistinct, confused, not uttered with the distinctness of hu­
man voice. Our solemn music which is inarticulate poesy. Dryden.

INARTI’CULATELY, adv. [of inarticulate] not distinctly.

INARTI’CULATENESS [of inarticulate] confusion of sounds, want of
distinctness in pronouncing.

INARTIFI’CIAL [of inartificialis, Lat.] artless, unworkmanlike,
contrary to art. I have rank'd this among the effects; and it may be
thought inartificial to make it the cause also. Decay of Piety.

INARTIFI’CIALLY, adv. [of inartificial] artlesly, in a manner con­
trary to the rules of art. Clumsily and inartificially managed. Col­
lier.

INARTIFI’CIALNESS [of inartificial] artlesness, want of art, clum­
siness.

INATTE’NTION, Fr. [of in and attention] want of heed, heedles­
ness, disregard, neglect. A strange inattention to this most important
prospect. Rogers.

INATTE’NTIVE, adj. [of in and attentive] careless, negligent. An
unsteady and inattentive habit. Watts.

INAU’DIBLE, It. [inaudibilis, Lat.] not to be heard, void of sound.

To INAU’GURATE [inaugurare, It. inauguràr, Sp. inauguratum;
sup. of inauguro, Lat.] 1. To admit into the college of augers among
the Romans. 2. To consecrate, to install, to invest with a new of­
fice or dignity by solemn rites, to begin with good omens; to begin.
As if kings did chuse remarkable days to inaugurate their favours.
Wotton.

INAUGURA’TION, Fr. [inaugurazione, It. of inauguratio; Lat.] an
installment, the ceremony performed at the coronation of a king, or
making a knight of the garter, &c. investiture by solemn rites. At
his regal inauguration. Brown.

To INAU’RATE [inauratum, of inauro, from in and aurum, Lat.
gold] to gild or cover with gold.

INAURA’TION, Lat. the act of covering or gilding with gold. Some
sort of their inauration or gilding must have been much dearer than
ours. Boyle.

INAUSPI’CIOUS [inauspicatus, Lat.] unlucky, ill-boding. The stars
feel not the diseases their inauspicious influence produces. Boyle.

INAUSPI’CIOUSLY, adv. [of inauspicious] unlucky.

INAUSPI’CIOUSNESS [of inauspicious] unluckiness, unfortunate­
ness.

INBE’ING, subst. [of in and being] inherence, inseparableness.
They have a sort of inbeing in the substance itself. Watts.

INBLAU’RA, barb. Lat. [in old records] the product or profit of
land.

INBO’RN, adj. [of in and born] innate, implanted by nature. All
passions being inborn to us. Dryden.

IN-BOROW and Out-borow, an office in ancient times of observing
the ingress and egress of those who travelled between the two king­
doms of England and Scotland.

I’NBREATHED, adj. [of in and breath] inspired, infused by inspira­
tion. Dead things with inbreath'd sense able to pierce. Milton.

I’NBRED [of in, i. e. within, and bred, of bredan, Sax. to breed]
natural, bred within, produced within, hatched or generated within.
Inbred affection. L'Estrange.


INC

I’NCA, or YNCA, a name or title given by the Peruvians to their
kings and princes of the blood.

To INCA’GE, verb act. [of in and cage] to confine in a cage, to
shut up in any narrow space. Incaged birds. Shakespeare.

INCALE’SCENCE, or INCALE’SCENCY [of incalesco, Lat.] the state of
growing warm by some internal motion and fermentation, or by fric­
tion, warmth, beginning heat. A sober incalescence and regulated es­
tuation from wine. Brown.

INCALE’SCENT [incalescens, Lat.] a growing hot by some internal
motion or fermentation.

INCALESCENT Mercury [with chemists] a name which Mr. Boyle
gives to mercury or quicksilver, prepared after a particular manner,
so that being mingled with a due proportion of leaf gold or filings,
would amalgamate or turn to a paste, and grow hot with the gold,
even in the palm of the hand.

INCAMERA’TION [in the apostolic chancery at Rome] the union of
some land, right, or revenue, to the dominion of the pope.

To INCA’MP [of in and camper, Fr. accampare, It. accampàr, Sp.]
to pitch tents, or build huts, on a place appointed for that purpose.
See ENCAMP.

INCA’MPMENT [campement, Fr.] an encampment, the lying of an
army in the field. See ENCAMPMENT.

INCANTA’TION, Fr. [incantazione, It. encánto, Sp. incanto, Lat.]
enchantment, a charm or spell uttered by singing, words or ceremo­
nies used by magicians to raise devils; or to abuse the simplicity of the
people. Paternal gods might be called forth by charms and incanta­
tions. Brown.

INCA’PABLE, Fr. [incapace, It. incapàz, Sp. of incapax, Lat.] 1.
Not capable, unable, unfit, not equal to any thing.
Is not your father grown incapable
Of reasonable affairs? Is he not stupid? Shakespeare.
2. Wanting power, wanting understanding, unable to comprehend or
learn. Incapable and shallow innocents. Shakespeare. 3. Not able
to receive any thing. Wilmot, when he saw Goring put in com­
mand, thought himself incapable of reparation. Clarendon. 4. Dis­
qualified by law. Rendered incapable of purchasing. Swift. 5. In
conversation it is usual to say a man is incapable of falsehood, incapa­
ble of generosity, or of any thing good or bad.

INCAPA’CIOUS [of in and capacious] narrow, of small content.
Souls that are made little and incapacious cannot enlarge their thoughts.
Burnet.

INCAPA’CIOUSNESS [of incapacious] the state of wanting room or
space, narrowness.

INCAPABI’LITY, or INCA’PABLENESS, inability natural, disquali­
fication legal. A kind of incapability in yourself to the service. Suck­
ling.








To INCAPA’CITATE, verb act. [of in and capacitate] 1. To disa­
ble, to weaken. 2. To disqualify. Monstrosity could not incapaci­
tate from marriage. Arbuthnot. 3. To render uncapable, to put out
of a capacity.

INCAPA’CITY [incapacité, Fr. incapacità, It. incapacidàd, Sp.] the
want of qualities, power, or parts, sufficient or necessary to do or re­
ceive a thing; inability, want of power of body or comprehensive­
ness of mind. Natural incapacity, and genial indisposition. Brown.

INCAPACITY in Matters of Benefices [with the Roman Catholics]
is of two kinds, the one renders the provision of a benefice null in its
original; as want of a dispensation for age in a minor, legitimation
in a bastard, naturalization in a foreigner, &c. the other is accession­
ary, and annuls the provisions, which at first were valid; as grievous
offences and crimes, &c. which vacate the benefice to all intents, and
render the holding it irregular.

To INCA’RCERATE [incarcerare, It. incarcero, Lat.] To imprison,
to confine. It is used in the Scots law to denote imprisoning or con­
fining in a goal, otherwise it is seldom found. Dense bodies that
easily incarcerate the infected air. Harvey.

INCARCERA’TION [of incarcerate] the act of imprisoning, or put­
ting into prison, confinement, imprisonment.

To INCA’RN, verb act. [of incarno, Lat.] to cover with flesh.
Wiseman.

To INCARN, verb neut. to acquire flesh. The ulcer happily in­
carned. Wiseman.

To INCA’RNADINE, verb act. Fr. [incarnadino, It.] to die of a pale
carnation or flesh-colour. This word I find only once.
Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood
Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather
The multitudinous sea incarnadine,
Making the green one red. Shakespeare.

INCARNA’NTIA, Lat. [in surgery] such medicaments as bring on
flesh.

To INCA’RNATE, verb act. [incarner, Fr. incarno, Lat.] to cloath
with flesh, to embody with flesh. This essence to incarnate and im­
brute. Milton.

INCA’RNATE, part. adj. for incarnated [incarnat, Fr.] 1. Cloathed
with flesh, embodied in flesh. The nature of God itself, in the person
of the Son, is incarnate and has taken to itself flesh. Hooker. 2. In
Scotland, incarnate is applied to any thing tinged of a deep red
or scarlet colour, from its resembance to a flesh colour. [incarnadine,
Fr. incarnadino, It.]

INCARNATE Devil, a devilish person, a devil in the shape of a man
or cloathed with flesh. It may be doubted whether Swift understood
this word.
But he's possess'd
Incarnate with a thousand imps. Swift,

INCA’RNATED, part. adj. [incarné, Fr. incarnato, It. encarnàdo, Sp.
of incarnatus, Lat.] having taken flesh upon him; also supplied or
filled up with new flesh. See INCARNATE.

INCARNA’TION, Fr. [incarnazione, It. encarnaciòn, Sp. of incarna­
tio, Lat.] the act of assuming body or taking of flesh. “When coming
into the world, he saith, a BODY hast thou prepared me”. What the
sentiments of St. IRENÆUS were on this head, we have in part sug­
gested under the word CERINTHIANS; wherein the reader will find
him combating theirs and the old Valentinian notion of TWO [or more]
intelligent minds in the ONE person of Christ. [See GNOSTICS and
CERINTHIANS.] I shall now give that writer's own description of the
incarnation: only premising, that the Valentinians affirmed their souls
to be of the same kind with Jesus; to which he replies, that their souls
were “in nullo similes; i. e. in NOTHING like to Jesus, and He only
was the SON of GOD; by which term St. Irenæus always means Christ
in his HIGHEST capacity. Iren. Adv. Hæres. Ed. Grabe. p. 188. But
to proceed: “As from the beginning of our formation in Adam,
that inspiration of life which was from God, being united to the body,
animated the man, and shewed a rational animal; so in the end, the
word of the FATHER and SPIRIT of GOD [meaning by an endiadis,
one and the same person under different names] being united [AD UNI-
TUS, in the singular number] to the ancient substance of formation of
Adam [i. e. to a human body] makes [or constitutes] a living and
PERFECT man which holds the perfect FATHER [for in Irenæus' judg­
ment, wheresoever the Son of GOD resides, there THE FATHER with
all his powers is present] that as in the ANIMAL [i. e. in Adam] we
all die, so in the SPIRITUAL we should all be made alive.” Irenæus
Adv. Hæreses. Ed. Grabe. p. 394 and 415 compared. On the first of
which places his learned editor has made this just remark; “that by
the INSPIRATION (or, as an old manuscript reads it, aspiration) of
LIFE, St. IRENÆUS means the human soul;” that breath of life, which
GOD infused in Adam; and so our author himself calls it, p. 408,
409. Now the COUNTERPART to this SOUL, or breath of life, is most
evidently that divine intelligent agent which he calls the WORD and
SPIRIT of God. [See p. 393] And thus St. Irenæus explains himself
in more places than one; for, when speaking of this divine Spirit or
person, uniting himself to a body, he uses the term CONSPERSIO;
that very term by which the ancients expressed the union of soul and
body, as supposing (with St. Irenæus) the one [i. e. the soul] to be
distributed and diffused throughout the whole of the other. p. 421.
And to the same effect in another place, which I cannot at present
recollect, he says, the divine logos was unitus & consparsus *The passage, which I have since found, is in p. 241; and
Grabe's annotation is worth our notice “Consparsus, Græcè,
πεφυρμενος, uti conjicio, commixtus, i. e. intimè unitus, quomodo
PLUTARCHO in Romulo dicitur πεφυρμενη σωματι ψυχη. suo plas­
mati, q. d. after the manner of an animating soul he was united and
diffused thro' that body, which HIMSELF HAD FORMED. The first
man, Adam, therefore (with Irenæus) was an animal man, or human
body animated by a mere soul, a soul of the same species with ours;
but the second man was a being of a far HIGHER and MORE PERFECT
kind [p. 393] united to a body [p. 358] or, as St. PAUL before him
expressed it [1 Cor. c. 15. v. 45] “a QUICKNING SPIRIT.” But so
much for St. IRENÆUS; in whom we have the doctrine of the WHOLE
CHURCH in his days; for so he tells us, p. 266, &c. and indeed the
doctrine of the ANTENICENES in general; I say in general, because
St. Origen (and, I think, also Methodius) was an exception. But 'tis
no less remarkable, that St. Origen, by affirming TWO SPIRITS in
Christ, advanced a notion foreign to the age in which he lived; as ap­
pears from hence, that one charge drawn up against him by his own
cotemporaries was that of his making TWO CHRISTS. But more of St.
Origen in another place. If we descend into the fourth century, we
shall find here the whole body of the EUSEBIANS, EUNOMIANS, and
APOLLINARIANS, on St. Irenæus' side; and throughout the contro­
versy between EUSEBIUS of Cesarea, and Marcellus, it was an agreed
point between them both, that the divine logos was the SOLE PRIN-
CIPLE of life, intelligence, and operation in our Saviour's body. Nor
did St. Athanasius himself at first think otherwise; as appears not only
from his phraseology, but from his reasonings and constructions which he
puts on scripture, in all his earlier writings, and before (for reasons
best known to himself) he changed his sentiments. If the reader would
see more of antiquity on this head, he may consult the words, EUNO­
MIANS, DIMÆRITÆ, EUTYCHIANS, NESTORIANS, MANHOOD, PER­
FECT MAN, UNION, and ORIGINISM compared.

INCARNATION 1. [In theology] is the union of the Son of God
with human nature. The incarnation of our blessed Saviour. Taylor.
2. [With surgeons] the act of making flesh grow in wounds, &c.
the state of breeding flesh. Incarnation of the wound. Wiseman.

INCARNATION [incarnadin, Fr. incarnato, It.] a deep, rich carna­
tion colour.

INCA’RNATIVE Bandage [with surgeons] is a fillet with a nooze or
eye at one end of it, so that the other may be put through it.

INCARNATIVE subst. [incarnatif, Fr.] a medicine that produces or
causes flesh to grow. Wiseman.

To INCA’SE, verb act. [of in and case] to inclose, to enwrap.
Rich plates of gold the folding doors incase. Pope.

INCA’STELLED [of in, and castellum, Lat. a castle] inclosed within
a sort of round castle of stone or brick, as conduits are.

INCASTELLED [of encastellé, Fr.] hoof-bound, or narrow-heeled,
spoken of beasts

INCA’VATED [incavatus, Lat.] made hollow.

INCAU’TIOUS [of in and cautious] unwary, negligent. Any in­
cautious reader. Keil against Burnet.

INCAU’TIOUSLY, adv. [of incautious] unwarily, negligently. In­
cautiously expose themselves. Arbuthnot.

INCE’NDIARY [incendiaire, Fr. incendiario, It. and Sp. of incendia­
rius, Lat.] one who sets houses on fire in malice or for robbery;
also one who sows strife and division, one who promotes quarrels and
inflames animosities. Incendiaries of figure. Addison.

I’NCENSE, subst. [encens, Fr. incenso, It. inciénso, Sp. of incensum,
Lat.] a rich perfume, used in Sacrifices and sacred uses.

To INCE’NSE, verb act. [incensus, Lat.] to enkindle to rage, to
provoke, to fire, to heat, to exasperate. How could my pious son
thy pow'r incense? Dryden.

INCENSE-WORT, an herb.

INCE’NSED, part. adj. [incensus, of incendo, Lat. to burn] perfumed
or fumed with incense.

INCE’NSED, part. adj. [incensus, of incendo, Lat. to kindle] pro­
voked to anger, set in a flame, exasperated.

INCE’NSEMENT [of incense] rage, great heat, fury. His incense­
ment at this moment is implacable. Shakespeare.

INCE’NSING, part. adj. the burning of perfumes to the honour of
some deity.

INCE’NSION [incensio, Lat.] the act of kindling, the state of being
on fire. Incension or evaporation. Bacon.

INCE’NSOR, Lat. a kindler of anger, an inflamer of passions. Im­
portunate incensors of the rage. Hayward.

I’NCENSORY, subst. [of incense, Eng. encensoir, Fr. incensiere, It. in­
censorium, Lat.] a censer, or perfuming pan, in which incense is burnt
and offered.

INCE’NTIF, subst. [incentivum, Lat.] 1. That which kindles. Un­
reasonable severity was not the least incentive that blew up into those
flames the sparks of discontent. King Charles. 2. That which pro­
vokes or encourages, an incitement or motive. It is used of that
which incites, whether to good or ill. Powerful incentives to charity.
Atterbury.

INCENTIVE, adj. [incentivo, It. and Sp. incentivus, Lat.] 1. Encou­
raging. Competency is the most incentive to industry. Decay of Piety.
2. Inciting or stirring up.

INCE’NTOR, the same as incendiary.

INCE’PTION [inceptio, Lat.] beginning. The inception of putrefac­
tion. Bacon.

INCE’PTIVE, subst. [with grammarians] as, verbs inceptives are such
as express a proceeding by degrees in any action, inchoative begin­
ning.

INCEPTIVE, adj. [inceptivus, Lat.] pertaining to a beginning, noting
a beginning. An inceptive and desitive proposition; as, the fogs vanish
as the sun rises; but the fogs have not yet begun to vanish; therefore the
sun is not yet risen. Locke.

INCEPTIVE Magnitude [in geometry] a term used to signify such
motions or first principles, as tho' of no magnitude themselves, are yet
capable of producing such: as for instance, a point has no magnitude
of itself, but is inceptive of it. A line considered one way, has no
magnitudes as to breadth, but by its motion is capable of producing a
surface, which hath breadth.

INCE’PTOR, Lat. 1. A beginner, one who is in his rudiments. 2.
[In the university] it signifies one who has newly taken the degree of
master of arts, &c.

INCE’RATED, adj. [inceratus, Lat.] covered with wax, seared.

INCERA’TION [incero, Lat.] 1. The act of covering with wax.
2. [In pharmacy] the act of mixing moisture with something
that is dry, till the substance is brought to the consistence of soft
wax.

INCE’RTITUDE, Fr. [incertitudo, Lat.] uncertainty, doubtfulness.

INCE’SSANT [incessans, Lat.] without ceasing, continual. Raging
wind blows up incessant showers. Shakespeare.

INCE’SSANTLY, adv. [of incessant] continually, without interrup­
tion. Incessantly comforting one another with the example and history
of our Saviour. Addison.

INCE’SSANTNESS, continualness, unceasingness.








I’NCEST [inceste, Fr. incesto, It. and Sp. of incestus, Lat.] unnatural
and criminal conjunction of persons within degrees prohibited: but it
should be remembered, that by these arbitrary restrictions, which the
BISHOPS of ROME have made, they have occasioned the applying the
word [INCEST] to cases, where, in strictness of speech, it does not
belong.

Spiritual INCEST, is when a vicar, or spiritual person, enjoys both
the mother and the daughter, i. e. holds two benefices, the one of
which depends upon the collation of the other.

INCE’STUOUS [incestúeux, Fr. incestuoso, It. and Sp. of incestuosus,
Lat.] guilty of incest or unnatural cohabitation. An incestuous Herod
discoursing of chastity. South.

INCE’STUOUSLY, adj. [of incestuous] with incest or unnatural love.
Loved each other incestuously. Dryden.

INCE’STUOUSNESS [of incestuosus, Lat. and ness] marriage or carnal
copulation with one that is too near a kin.

INCH [ince, Sax. uncia, Lat] 1. A measure of length supposed
equal to three grains of barley laid end to end. 2. A proverbial
name for any small quantity. To consume by inches. Collier. 3. A
nice point of time. Beldame, I think we watch'd you at an inch.
Shakespeare. 4. The twelfth part of a foot.

INCH by Inch, gradually.
Give him an INCH, and he'll take an ell.
Fr. Si on lui en donne un pouce, il en prendra grand comme un bras;
(allow him one inch of it, and he'll take it as long as his arm) Scots
say, give a carl (an unmannerly fellow) your finger, and he'll take your
whole hand. Let the devil into the church, and he'll soon be upon the high
altar. The Lat. say, Post folio cadunt & arbores; (after the leaves,
fall the trees too.) The Spaniards say, All villáno dádle el pie, tema­
ráse la m'ano; (give a clown your foot, and he'll take your hand.

INCH of Candle, or Sale, is when a large parcel of merchandises are
divided into several parcels, called lots, and according to the propo­
sals of sale; the buyers bid, while about an inch of wax candle is
burning, the last bidder, before the going out of the candle, has the
lot.

To INCH Out, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To drive by inches.
He gets too far into the soldiers graces,
And inches out my master. Dryden.
2. To deal out by inches, to give sparingly. 3. To inch out, to
lengthen out to the utmost.

To INCH, verb neut. to advance or retire a little at a time.

I’NCHED, adj. [with a word of number before it] containing inches
in length or breadth. To ride on a bay trotting horse over four
inched bridges. Shakespeare.

To INCHA’IN, verb act. enchainer, Fr. encatenare, It.] to put into
chains. See ENCHAIN.

To INCHA’NT, verb act. [incantare, It. and Lat. enchanter, Fr.
encantàr, Sp.] to bewitch or charm, to use some magic or a diabolical
art, for the working of something not agreeable to the course of nature.
See ENCHANT.

INCHA’NTMENT [enchantement, Fr. incantamento, It. encánto, Sp. of
incantamentum Lat.] a spell or charm. See ENCHANTMENT.

INCHA’NTER [enchanteur, Fr. incantatore, It. encantadòr, Sp. of in­
cantator, Lat.] a magician. See ENCHANTER.

INCHA’NTRESS [enchanteresse, Fr. incantatrice, It. of incantatrix,
Lat.] a sorceress, a witch. See ENCHANTRESS.

To INCHA’CE, verb act. [enchasser, Fr. incastrare, It.] to set or work
in gold, silver, &c. See ENCHASE.

I’NCHIPIN [with hunters] the lowest gut of a deer, some of the in­
side. Ainsworth.

I’NCHMEAL, subst. [of inch and meal] a piece an inch long.
Make him
By inchmeal a disease. Shakespeare.

To I’NCHOATE, verb act. [inchoatum, sup. of inchoo, Lat.] to begin,
to commence. Not a substance inchoate. Raleigh.

INCHO’ATED, part. adj. [inchoatus, Lat.] begun.

I’NCHOATIVE, adj. a term signifying the beginning of a thing or
action, inceptive.

INCHO’ATIVE, [in grammer] See INCEPTIVES.

INCI’CURABLE [of in, neg. and curabilis, of cicur, Lat.] not to be
made gentle or tame.

To INCI’DE [incido, Lat.] to cut into: medicines are said to incide
which consist of pointed or sharp particles, as acids and most salts, by
which the particles of other bodies are divided from one another. Thus
some expectorating medicines are said to incide or cut the phlegm.
Quincy.

I’NCIDENCE, or IN’CIDENCY [incidence, Fr. incidenza, It. of incidens,
of incido, Lat. to fall] a falling in with, or meeting together.

I’NCIDENCE [in geometry] the direction by which one body strikes
upon another.

Angle of INCIDENCE, the angle made by that line of direction, and
the plane struck upon.

INCIDENCE Point [in optics] is that point, in which a ray of light
is supposed to fall on a piece of glass.

I’NCIDENCY [incidens, Lat.] accident, hap. What incidency thou
dost guess of harm, declare. Shakespeare.

I’NCIDENT, subst. [incidens, Lat. incident, Fr. incidente, It.] a thing
that happens or falls out occasionally, something happening beside the
main design. No incident in the play but must be of use to carry on
the main design. Dryden.

INCIDENT, adj. Fr. [incidens, Lat.] 1. Casual, falling in beside the
main design, happening beside expectation. Mens rather incident ne­
cessities. Hooker. Incident occasions. Wotton. 2. Happening, apt
to happen. Passion incident to human nature. South. 3. [In com­
mon law] a thing necessary, and depending on another as more prin­
cipal; as, a court baron is incident to a manor, &c.

I’NCIDENT [in a poem] is an episode or particular action, tack'd
to the principal action or depending on it.

INCIDE’NTAL, adj. happening or falling out occasionally, not in­
tended, not deliberate. Incidental discourses which we have wan­
dered into. Milton.

INCIDE’NTALLY, adv. [of accidental] beside the main design, oc­
casionally. Occasionally and incidentally mentioned in scripture. San­
derson.

INCIDE’NTALNESS [of incident] the quality of happening or falling
out occasionally.

I’NCIDENTLY, adv. [of incident] occasionally, by the bye. It was
incidently moved amongst the judges. Bacon.

I’NCIDENTNESS [of incident] liableness.

INCI’DING Medicines, cutting ones, which divide the particles of
other bodies that before cohered one with another. See To INCIDE.

To INCI’NERATE, verb act. [of in and cineris, gen. of cinis, Lat.
ashes] to burn to ashes. It doth incinerate and calcinate. Bacon.

INCI’NERATED, part. adj. [incineratus, Lat.] reduced to ashes by a
violent fire.

INCINERA’TION [with chemists] the reducing the bodies of plants,
minerals, &c. to ashes by means of a strong fire. Salts made by inci­
neration. Boyle.

INCI’RCLED, part. adj. [incirclé, Fr. of in and circulus, Lat.] in­
compassed or surrounded with a circle. See ENCIRCLE.

INCIRCUMSPE’CTION [of in, and circumspection] want of caution or
heed. The incircumspection of their belief. Brown.

INCI’SED, adj. [inciser, Fr. incisus, Lat.] 1. Cut, made by cutting;
as, an incised wound.

INCI’SION, Fr. [incisione, It. of incisio, Lat.] 1. A cut, a gash, the
act of cutting or lancing, made with a sharp instrument. Generally
used for wounds made by a surgeon. The incisions of the plough.
South. A small incision knife. Sharp. 2. Division of viscosities by
medicines. Abstersion is a scouring off or incision of the more viscous
humours. Bacon.

INCISION [with surgeons] the cutting the skin or flesh to open a tu­
mour, or widen the orifice of a wound; also a fracture or wound of
the skull, made by a cutting instrument.

Crucial INCISION [in surgery] the cutting or lancing of an impost­
hume or swelling crosswise.

INCI’SIVE, adj. [incisif, Fr. incisus, Lat.] having the quality of cut­
ting or dividing. Very piercing and incisive liquors. Boyle.

INCISI’VI, or INCISO’RES, Lat. [with anatomists] the foremost
teeth in each jaw.

INCISI’VUS Musculus [in anatomy] a muscle which draws the up­
per lip upwards.

INCI’SOR, subst. Lat. a cutter, a tooth in the fore part of the mouth.
See INCISIVI or INCISORES.

INCI’SORY, adj. [incisoire, Fr. incisorius, Lat.] that cutteth, having
the quality of cutting.

INCISORES [with anatomists] i. e. the cutters; the foremost teeth,
most commonly four in each jaw, which have but one root or fang.

INCI’SURE [incisura, Lat.] a cut or gash, an aperture. A deep in­
cisure up into the head. Derham.

INCITA’TION, or INCI’TEMENT, Fr. [incitazione; It. incitaménto,
Sp. of incitatio, or incitamentum, Lat.] inducement, motive, impulse,
inciting power. Incitations to the other passions to act. Decay of Piety.
Occasion and incitement of great good to this island. Milton.

To INCI’TE, verb act. [inciter, Fr. incitàr, Sp. incito, Lat.] to stir
up, to move, to egg, set or spur on, to animate. He incited Prusias
to join in war. Bacon.

INCI’VIL, Fr. [insivile, It. incivilis, Lat.] unmannerly, clownish,
rude, ill-bred. See UNCIVIL.

INCIVI’LITY [incivilité, Fr. from incivil, or from in, and civility]
1. Rudeness, unmannerliness, want of courtesy. 2. Act of rudeness.
Loud talking and jeering in civil account, are called indecencies and
incivilities. Taylor.

INCI’VILLY, clownishly, rudely.

INCLAU’SA [in old records] a home close or inclosure near an
house.

I’NCLE, a sort of tape. See INKLE.

INCLE’MENCY [inclementia, Lat. inclemence, Fr. inclemenza, It.] ri­
gorousness, sharpness, unmercifulness, cruelty, roughness.
And tho' by tempests of the prize bereft,
In heav'n's inclemency some ease we find. Dryden.

INCLE’MENT [inclemens, Lat.] unkind, unmerciful, unpitying;
also rigorous.
Th'inclement seasons, rain, ice, hail and snow. Milton.

INCLI’NABLE [enclin, Fr. inclinevole, It. inclinabilis, of inclino, Lat.]
1. Inclining to, bent, prone, favourably disposed, willing. That di­
vine authority was the same way inclinable. Hooker. 2. Having a
tendency, apt to. More likely and inclinable to fall this thousand years
than the last. Bentley.

INCLINA’TION [from inclinable, or inclinaison, inclination, Fr. in­
clinazione, It. inclinaciòn, Sp. of inclinatio, Lat.] 1. Tendency to­
wards any point. 2. Proneness to, propensity, natural aptness, na­
tural disposition. The natural inclination of the soil leads that way.
Addison. 3. Propension of mind, favourable disposition, incipient
desire. Totally aliened from all thoughts or inclination to the mar­
riage. Clarendon. 4. Love, affection. We have had few knowing
painters, because of the little inclination which princes have for paint­
ing. Dryden. 5. Disposition of mind.
Report the features of Octavia, her years,
Her inclination. Shakespeare.
6. The tendency of the magnetical needle to the east or west.

INCLINATION [with mathematicians] signifies a mutual approach,
tendency or leaning of two lines or two planes towards each other, so
as to make an angle.

INCLINATION of two Planes [in geometry] is the acute angle, made
by two lines drawn one in each plane, and perpendicular to their
common section.

INCLINATION of Meridians [in dialling] is the angle that that hour­
line on the globe, which is perpendicular to the dial-plate, makes
with the meridian.

INCLINATION of a Plane [in dialling] is the arch of a vertical cir­
cle, perpendicular to both the plane and the horizon, and intercepted
between them.

INCLINATION of the Planes of the Orbits of the Planets to the Plane of
the Ecliptic, are, by astronomers, accounted as follows: The orbit of
Saturn makes an angle of 2 degrees 30 minutes; that of Jupiter 1 de­







gree and 1 third; that of Mars is a small matter less than 2 degrees;
that of Venus is 3 degrees and 1 third; that of Mercury is almost 7
degrees.

INCLINATION of a right Line to a Plane, is the acute angle which
this right line makes with another right line drawn in the plane thro'
the point, where it is also cut by a perpendicular, drawn from any
point of the inclined line.

INCLINATION of the Axis of the Earth, is the angle that it makes
with the ecliptic.

INCLINATION of a Ray [in dioptrics] is the angle made by that
ray with the axis of incidence in the first medium, i. e. at the point of
incidence.

INCLINATION [in pharmacy] is the pouring any liquor from its set­
tlement or dregs, by causing the vessel to lean on one side; which is
also called decantation.

INCLI’NATORY, adj. [of incline] having a quality to incline to one
or other. The inclinatory virtue. Brown.

INCLI’NATORILY, adv. [of inclinatory] with inclination to one side
or the other, obliquely, with some deviation from north to south. Re­
frigerated inclinatorily. Brown.

To INCLI’NE, verb neut. [incliner, Fr. inclinàr, Sp. inclinare, It.
and Lat.] 1. To lean or bend, to tend towards any part. Her house
inclineth unto death. Proverbs. 2. To be favourably disposed to, to fecl
desire beginning.
Doth her majesty
Incline to it or no? Shakespeare.

To INCLINE, verb act. 1. To give a tendency or direction to any
thing, place or state. Now to the bar on fate inclines the field. Pope.
2. To turn the desire towards any thing. 3. To bend, to incurvate.
With due respect my body I inclin'd. Dryden.

INCLI’NING, adj. [inclinatus, Lat. inclinant, Fr.] bowing or bend­
ing to, leaning forwards.

INCLI’NING Planes [in dialing] are those that lean or bend to the
horizon.

To INCLI’P, verb act. [of in, and clip] to grasp, to inclose or sur­
round. Whate'er the ocean pales, or sky inclips. Shakespeare.

To INCLOI’STER, verb act. [of in. and cloister] to shut up in a cloi­
ster.

INCLOI’STERED, part. adj. [of in, and cloitrér, Fr.] shut up in
a cloister or monastery.

To INCLO’SE, verb act. [inclosum, sup. of includo, Lat. inclorre, Fr.
inchiudere, It. inchuyre, Sp.] to shut in, to fence about, to surround
with a wall, bank, &c. to contain. See ENCLOSE.

INCLO’SURE [enclose, or clóture, Fr. or of in, and clausura, Lat.] a
place inclosed or fenced in. See ENCLOSURE.

To INCLOU’D, verb act. [from in, and cloud] to darken, to obscure
as with a cloud.
In their thick breaths,
Rank of gross diet, shall we be inclouded. Shakespeare.

To INCLU’DE, verb act. [includo, Lat. inchiudere, It. encluìr, Sp.]
to inclose, to shut in, to take in, to comprehend, to contain, to com­
prise. To include the same within one entire lease. Bacon.

INCLU’SIO, Lat. a figure in rhetoric called epanadiplosis, the rcpeti­
tion of any word.

INCLU’SIVE [inclusif, Fr. inclusivo, It. and Sp.] 1. That comprehends
or takes in; as, from Saturday to Monday inclusive. 2. Inclosing,
encircling.
The inclusive verge
Of golden metal that must round my brow. Shakespeare.

INCLU’SIVELY, adv. [of inclusive] with an inclusion, or with reck­
oning the thing mentioned into the account. The several percods or
growth of the common law until the time of Edward I. inclusively.
Hale.

INCLU’SION, the act of including, inclosing or comprehending.

INCOA’GULABLE [of in, neg. and coagulo, Lat.] that cannot be
curdled or congealed together.

INCOEXI’STENCE [of in, con, and existence] the quality of not exist­
ing together, non-association of existence. The incoexistence of ideas.
Locke.

INCO’G [corrupted by mutilation; of incognito, Lat.] privately, in
a state of concealment,
But if you're rough, and use him like a dog,
Depend upon it he'll remain incog. Addison.

INCO’GITANCY, INCO’GITANTNESS, or INCOGITA’TIVENESS [inco­
gitantia, Lat.] a want of thought. Boyle. Stupid and merely vegeta­
ble state of incogitancy. Decay of Piety.

INCO’GITATIVE, adj. [of in, and cogitative] wanting the power of
thought. Locke.

INCO’GNITO, adv. Lat. See INCOG. In a state of concealment.
It was long ago
Since gods came down incognito. Prior.

INCOGNO’SCIBLE [incognoscibilis, Lat.] that cannot be known.

INCOHE’RENCE, or INCOHE’RENTNESS [of in, and coherens, Lat.]
1. Disagreement, or state of not suiting well together, want of con­
nection. The incoherence of the argumentations. Locke. 2. Laxness
of parts, want of cohesion. The smallness and incoherence of the
parts. Boyle.

INCOHE’RENT [incohærens, Lat.] 1. That does not hang, agree,
or suit well together, inconsistent, inconsequential. We have instan­
ces of perception whilst we are asleep, and retain the memory of them,
but how extravagant and incoherent are they? Locke. 2. Loose, not
fixed to each other, incohesive. The matter whereof they consist
continued lax and incoherent. Woodward.

INCOHE’RENTLY, adv. [of incoherent] inconsistently, inconsequen­
tially. Speaking irrationally and incoherently. Broome.

INCOLU’MITY [incolumitas, Lat.] safety, freedom from all danger.
A word very little in use. The incolumity and welfare of a country.
Howel.

INCOMBUSTIBI’LITY [of incombustible] the quality of resisting fire
so as not to be consumed by it. Ray.

INCOMBU’STIBLE, Fr. [incombustible, It. incombusto, Sp. of in, and
combustibilis, Lat.] that cannot be burned or consumed by fire. Being
incombustible and not consumable by fire. Wilkins.

INCOMBU’STIBLENESS [of incombustible] a quality of that which will
not be wasted by fire.

INCOMBUSTIBLE Cloth, a sort of linen cloth made from a stone in the
form of talc; which stone is called lopis amianthus and asestos. This
cloth is said to be of that nature, that it will not be consum'd, tho'
thrown and let to lie never so long over a hot fire; and therefore in
ancient times (as Pliny relates) shrouds were made of it, and used at
royal obsequies to wrap up the corps, that the ashes of the body might
be preserved distinct from those of the wood of the funeral pile.
But in two trials made before the royal society in London, a piece
of this cloth, of twelve inches long, and six broad, which weighed
twenty-four drams, being put into a strong fire for some minutes, lost
one dram each time.

I’NCOME [q. d. comings in] revenue, rent, profit, gain, produce
of any thing. The greatness of his incomes. South.

INCOMMENSURABI’LITY [of incommensurable] the state of one thing
with respect to another, when they cannot be compared by any com­
mon measure.

INCOMME’NSURABLE, Fr. [incommensurabile, It. of in, neg. con,
with, and mensurabilis, Lat.] that cannot be measured, that has not
an equal measure or proportion.

INCOMME’NSURABLE Numbers [with arithmeticians] are such as
have no common divisor, that can divide them both equally,

INCOMME’NSURABLE Quantities [with mathematicians] are such,
which have no aliquot part, or any uncommon measure, that may
measure them; as the diagonal and side of a square; for although,
that each of those lines have infinite aliquot parts, as the half, the
third, &c. yet not any part of the one, be it never so small, can pos­
sibly measure the other.

INCOMME’NSURABLE Quantities [in power] is when between the
squares of two quantities, there can no area or content be found, that
may serve for a common measure to measure both exactly.

INCOMME’NSURABLENESS [of incommensurable] uncapableness of
being measured by any other equal quantity.

INCOMME’NSURATE, adj. [of in, con, and mensura, Lat.] not ad­
mitting one common measure. The diagonal line and side of a qua­
drate, which to our apprehension are incommensurate, are yet com­
mensurable to the infinite comprehension of the divine intellect. More.

INCOMME’NSURATENESS [of incommensurate] incommensurability,
incommensurable quality.

To INCO’MMMODATE, or To INCOMMO’DE, verb act. [incommoder,
Fr. incommodàr, Sp. incommodare, It. and Lat.] to cause inconve­
nience, to hinder or embarass without any great injury. They some­
times molest and incommode the inhabitants. Woodward.

INCOMMO’DIOUS [incommode, Fr. incomodo, It. and Sp. of incommo­
dus, Lat.] inconvenient, troublesome, vexatious without great in­
jury, Incommodious to a few. Hooker.

INCOMMO’DIOUSLY, adv. [of incommodious] inconveniently.

INCOMMO’DIOUSNESS, or INCOMMO’DITY [incommoditas, Lat. inco­
modità, It. incomodidàd, Sp. incommodité, Fr. or incommodious] incon­
veniency, slight trouble. What incommodity you have conceived to
be in the common law. Spenser.

INCOMMU’NICABLE, Fr. [incommunicabile, It. of incommunicabilis,
Lat.] 1. That cannot be made common, or imparted to others. One
supreme excellency, which was incommunicable to any creatures.
Stillingfleet. 2. Not to be expressed or told. Those incommunicable
revelations of the divine love. South.

INCOMMU’NICABLENESS, or INCOMMUNICABI’LITY, incommunica­
ble quality, quality of not being impartible.

INCOMMU’NICABLY, adv. [of incommunicable] in a manner not to
be communicated. Incommunicably the effect of a power divine.
Hakewell.

INCOMMU’NICATING, adj. [of in and communicating] having no in­
tercourse with each other. If the administration was by several incom­
municating hands. Hale.

INCOMMU’TABLE [incommutabilis, Lat.] not liable to change, or
that cannot change.

INCOMPA’CT, or INCOMPA’CTED, adj. [of in and compact, or compact­
ed; incompatus, Lat.] not compact, or close joined together. The
other four elements might be variously blended, but would remain in­
compacted. Boyle.

INCO’MPARABLE, Fr. [incomparabile, It. incomperabilis, Lat.] be­
yond compare, not having its like, matchless, peerless, excellent, a­
bove all competition. Incomparable Pamela. Sidney.

INCO’MPARABLENESS [of incomparable] incomparable nature or
quality.

INCO’MPARABLY, adv. [of incomparable] 1. Without competition,
beyond compare. Incomparably the wisest man. Hooker. 2. Excellently,
in the highest degree; a low phrase. All incomparably well cut. Ad­
dison.

To INCO’MPASS. See To ENCOMPASS.

INCOMPA’SSIONATE [of in and compassionate] void of compassion or
pity.

INCOMPATIBI’LITY [incompatibilité, Fr. incompatibilità, It. or from
incompatible, properly incompetibility, from in and competo, Lat. John­
son] a state of being incompatible, contrariety, inconsistency of one
thing with another. He overcame that natural incompatibility, which
hath been noted between the vulgar and the sovereign favour. Wotton.

INCOMPA’TIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [incompatibile, It. of incompatibilis,
Lat. rather incompetible, as it is sometimes written, of in and competo,
Lat. Johnson.] that cannot subsist, suit, or agree together, inconsist­
ent with something else, that cannot be possessed together with some­
thing else. Fortune and love have ever been so incompatible. Suckling.

INCOMPA’TIBLY, for incompetibly, adv. [of incompatible] incon­
sistently.

INCOMPE’NSABLE [incompensabile, It. of in and compensare, Lat.] un­
capable of being compensated, or that cannot be recompensed.

INCO’MPETENCY [incompetance, Fr. incompetenza, It. of incompetens,
Lat.] insufficiency, inability, want of adequate ability or qualifi­
cation. The incompetency of our eyes to discern some motions. Boyle.

INCO’MPETENT [incompetant, Fr. incompetente, It. and Sp. of in and
competens, Lat.] uncapable, not duly qualified, improper, unsuitable,
unfit, not adequate, not proportionate; in the civil law it denotes
some defect of right to do any thing. Incompetent or corrupt judges.
Dryden.

INCO’MPETENTLY, adv. [of incompetent] unsuitably, unduly, in­
sufficiently.








INCOMPE’TIBLE [of in, neg. and competible, Fr. of competo, Lat.]
unsuitable, that does not agree with.

INCOMPE’TIBLENESS, the condition of a thing that will not square
or agree with another.

INCOMPE’TIBLY, adv. incompetible, unsuitably, &c.

INCOMPLE’TE [of in and completus, Lat.] not complete, not brought
to perfection, unfinished. In incomplete ideas. Locke.

INCOMPLE’TELY, adv. [of incomplete] imperfectly.

INCOMPLE’TENESS [of incomplete] incomplete, unfinished quality,
imperfection. The incompleteness of our seraphic lovers happiness.
Boyle.

INCOMPLI’ANCE [of in and compliance] 1. The state of not con­
senting, or not being disposed to comply with, untractableness, imprac­
ticableness, contradictious humour. Peevishness and incompliance of
humour. Tillotson. 2. Refusal of compliance. The worst inconve­
niencies that can attend our incompliance with men. Rogers.

INCOMPO’SED [of in and composed, from compositus, Lat.] disordered,
discomposed, disturbed. Somewhat incomposed they are in their trim­
ming. Howel.

INCOMPO’SEDLY, adv. [of incomposed] with discomposure.

INCOMPO’SEDNESS [of incomposed] disorderedness, the state of being
out of frame, or disturbed in mind.

INCOMPO’SITE Numbers [in arithmetic] are those numbers made
only by addition, or the collection of units, and not by multiplica­
tion; so as an unit can only measure it, as 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. called also
prime numbers.

INCOMPOSSIBI’LITY [of incompossible] quality of not being possible,
but by the negation or destruction of something else, inconsistency
with something. The manifold incompossibilities and lubricities of mat­
ter cannot have the same fitnesses in any modification. More.

INCOMPO’SSIBLE [of in, con and possible] 1. Not possible to exist
together. 2. Not possible but by the negation of something else.

INCOMPO’SSIBLE Proposition [in logic] that which affirms what a­
nother denies.

INCOMPREHENSIBI’LITY, or INCOMPREHE’NSIBLENESS [of incompre­
hensibilité, Fr. incomprensibilità, It. of incomprehensibilis, Lat.] quality
that cannot be comprehended or conceived in the mind, unconceiva­
bleness, superiority to human understanding. I might argue from
God's incomprehensibleness. Watts.

INCOMPREHE’NSIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [incomprensibile, It. incomprehen­
sibilis, Lat.] 1. That cannot be comprehended or conceived in the
mind, not to be fully understood. Annexing incomprehensible rewards.
Hammond. 2. Not to be contained or comprized; now obsolete.
Presence every where is the sequel of an infinite and incomprehensible
substance: for what can be every where, but that which can no where
be comprehended? Hooker.

INCOMPREHE’NSIBLY, adv. [of incomprehensible] in a manner not to
be conceived. Incomprehensibly infinite. Locke.

INCOMPRESSIBI’LITY, or INCOMPRESSI’BLENESS, uncapacity of be­
ing compressed into less room.

INCOMPRE’SSIBLE [incompressibilis, Lat.] not to be compressed or
squeezed together into less room. Water is incompressible when the
air lodged in it is exhausted. Cheyne.

INCONCE’ALABLE [of in and conceal] not to be hid or kept se­
cret. The inconcealable imperfections of ourselves. Brown.

INCONCEI’VABLE [inconceivable, Fr.] not to be conceived or ima­
gined. Divine inconceivable promises. Hammond.

INCONCEI’VABLENESS [of inconceivable] quality, nature, or proper­
ty, that cannot be conceived.

INCONCEI’VABLY, adv. [of inconceivable] in a manner not to be
conceived. A condition inconceivably more miserable. South.

INCONCE’PTIBLE [of in and conceptible; conceptus, Lat.] not to be
conceived, incomprehensible; a word now obsolete. It is inconcepta­
ble. Hale.

INCONCI’NNITY [inconcinnitas, Lat.] ill-fashionedness, unfitness, &c.

INCONCLU’DENT [of in and concludens, Lat.] inferring no conse­
quence. Ayliffe.

INCONCLU’SIVE adv. [of in and conclusive] not enforcing any deter­
mination of the mind, not exhibiting cogent evidence.

INCONCLU’SIVELY, adv. [of inconclusive] without cogent evidence.

INCONCLU’SIVENESS [of inconclusive] want of rational cogency.

INCONCO’CT, or INCONCO’CTED, adj. [of in and concoct] unripened,
not wholly digested. It is all that while crude and inconcoct. Bacon.
My organical parts less digested and inconcocted. Hale.

INCONCO’CTION [of inconcoct] unripeness, the state of being indi­
gested. Crudity and inconcoction. Bacon.

INCONCU’RRING, adj. [of in and concur] not concurring. Inconcur­
ring causes. Brown.

INCO’NDITE, adj. [inconditus, Lat.] irregular, rude, unpolished.
Incondite rhymes. Philips.

INCONDI’TIONAL [of in and conditional] without exception, limita­
tion, or stipulation. An inconditional and absolute verity. Brown.

INCONDI’TIONATE, adj. [of in and condition] absolute, not limited,
not confined by any conditions. Inconditionate decree of election or
reprobation. Boyle.

INCONFO’RMITY [of in and conformity] incompliance with the prac­
tice of others. Utter inconformity with the church of Rome. Hooker.

INCONFU’SION [of in and confusion] indistinctness. The inconfusion
in species visible. Bacon.

INCONGEA’LABLE [of in and congelabilis, Lat.] that cannot be
frozen.

INCONGEA’LABLENESS [of incongealable] nature or quality of not
being liable, or that cannot be congealed or frozen.

INCO’NGRUENCE [of in and congruence] unsuitableness. Incongru­
ence of the component particles of the liquor to the pores of the bodies
it touches. Boyle.

INCONGRU’ITY [incongruité, Fr. incongrità, It. incongruéncia, Sp. of
incongruitas, Lat.] 1. Unfitness, unsuitableness of one thing to ano­
ther. The incongruity of images to the deity. Stillingfleet. 2. Incon­
sistency, absurdity, impropriety. To avoid absurdities and incongrui­
ties. Dryden. 3. Disagreement of parts, want of symmetry.
She whom after what form soe'er we see
Is discord and rude incongruity. Donne.

INCONGRUITY [with grammarians] an impropriety of speech.

INCONGRUITY [in physics] a property by which a fluid body is
hindered from uniting with another fluid or solid body, that is dissimi­
lar to, or different from it.

INCO’NGRUOUS [incongruo, It. incongru, Fr. incongruus, Lat.] 1. Un­
fitting, unsuitableness. Iucongruous to a divine nature. Stillingfleet.
2. Inconsistent, absurd.

INCO’NGRUOUSLY, adv. [of incongruous] improperly, unfitly, un­
suitably.

INCONNE’XEDLY, adv. [of in and connex] without connexion, or
dependance. What perhaps but casually or inconnexedly succeeds.
Brown.

INCONNE’XIO [in rhetoric] the same as asyndeton.

INCONNE’XION [of in, neg. and connexio, Lat.] a defect in joining
things together, want of coherence, or the quality of things that are
not hanged, linked, or joined together.

INCO’NSCIONABLE [of in and conscionable] void of the sense of good
and evil, without influence of conscience. So inconscionable are these
common people, and so little feeling have they of God, or their own
souls good. Spenser.

INCO’NSEQUENCE, INCO’NSEQUENCY, or INCO’NSEQUENTNESS [incon­
sequence, Fr. inconsequentia, Lat.] weakness of arguing, when the
conclusion does not follow, or cannot be fairly drawn from the pre­
mises, inconclusiveness. Shewing the inconsequence of it. Stillingfleet.

INCO’NSEQUENT, adj. [of in and consequens, Lat.] without just con­
clusion, without regular inference. His illation from thence deduced
inconsequent. Hakewell.

INCO’NSEQUENTLY [of inconsequent] by a weak manner of ar­
gument.

INCONSI’DERABLE [inconsiderabile, It.] not worthy of regard, or
notice; of little or no account or worth, unimportant. Cares very
inconsiderable with respect to us. Addison.

INCONSI’DERABLENESS [of inconsiderable] small importance. The
inconsiderableness of this short dying life. Tillotson.

INCONSI’DERANCY [inconsiderancia, Lat.] inconsiderateness, unad­
visedness, rashness.

INCONSI’DERATE, adj. [inconsideré, Fr. inconsiderato, It. inconsidera­
tus, Lat.] 1. Unadvised, rash, careless, negligent, inattentive. That
there should be any so inconsiderate among us, as to sacrifice morality
to politics. Addison. 2. Wanting due regard. He cannot be so in­
considerate of our frailties. Decay of Piety.

INCONSI’DERATELY, adv. [of inconsiderate] negligently, unatten­
tively. Inconsiderately fighting and precipitating the charge. Bacon.

INCONSI’DERATENESS, or INCONSIDERA’TION [inconsideration, Fr.
inconsiderazione, It. inconsideraciòn, Sp. of inconsideratio, or inconsideran­
tia, Lat.] want of thought, thoughtlesness, negligence, inattention.
Inconsideration, precipitancy, or giddiness in actions. Taylor. Great
stupidity and inconsiderateness. Tillotson.

INCONSI’STENCE, INCONSI’STENCY, or INCONSI’STENTNESS [of in,
neg. and consistentia, Lat.] 1. Quality of not agreeing, suiting, or con­
sisting with; a state of being incompatible; such opposition, as that one
proposition infers the negative of the other; such contrariety, that
both cannot be together. There is a perfect inconsistency between that
which is of debt, and that which is of free gift. South. 2. Absur­
dity in argument or narration, self-contradiction, argument, or nar­
rative, where one part destroys the other. 3. Incongruity. Mutability
of temper, and inconsistency with ourselves. Addison. 4. Unsteadiness,
changeableness.

INCONSI’STENT [of in and consistens, Lat.] 1. That is not consistent,
suitable, or agreeable to; that does not comport with. Inconsistent
with conscience. Clarendon. 2. Contrary, so as that one infers the
negation or destruction of the other. Made up of two parts very dif­
ferent, if not inconsistent. Locke. 3. Absurd, having parts of which
one destroys the other.

INCONSI’STENTLY, adv. [of inconsistent] absurdly, incongruously,
with self contradiction.

INCONSO’LABLE, Fr. [inconsolabile, It. inconsolabilis, Lat.] that can­
not be comforted or cheered, sorrowful beyond susceptibility of com­
fort. She is inconsolable by reason of my unkindness. Addison.

INCONSO’LABLENESS, a state of uncomfortableness, or that will not
admit of comfort.

INCONSO’LABLY, adv. [of inconsolable] in an inconsolable manner.

INCO’NSONANCY [inconsonantia, Lat.] disagreeableness in sound;
also disagreement with itself.

INCONSPI’CUOUS [of in and conspicuous] not perceptible by the sight,
indiscernible. There yet remained store of inconspicuous bubbles.
Boyle.

INCO’NSTANCY, Fr. [incostanza, It. inconstancìa, Sp. inconstantia,
Lat.] unsteadiness, changeableness, fickleness, mutability of temper
and affection. Irresolution on the schemes of life that offer to our
choice, and inconstancy in pursuing them. Addison.

INCO’NSTANT, Fr. [inconstante, It. of inconstans, Lat.] 1. Fickle,
light, wavering, uncertain, not steady in affection, wanting perseve­
rance. He is so naturally inconstant. Sidney. 2. Changeable, varia­
ble. Th' inconstant moon. Shakespeare.

INCO’NSTANTLY, fickly, wavering.

INCONSU’MABLE [of in and consume] not to be consumed or wasted.
Coats inconsumable by fire. Brown.

INCONSU’MPTIBLE [of in and consumptus, Lat.] not to be spent,
not to be brought to an end, not to be destroyed by fire. [This seems
a more elegant word that inconsumable. Johnson] Pretended inconsump­
tible lights. Digby.

INCONTE’STABLE [incontestable, Fr. incontestabile, It.] indisputable,
not admitting debate. An evident and incontestable proof of a deity.
Locke.

INCONTE’STABLENESS [of incontestable] incontestability, indisputa­
bleness.

INCONTE’STABLY, adv. [of incontestible] indisputably.

INCONTI’GUOUS [of in and contiguous] not touching, not joined to­
gether. Little incontiguous beads. Boyle.

INCO’NTINENCE, INCO’NTINENCY, or INCO’NTINENTNESS [inconti­
nence, Fr. incontinenza, It. incontinéncia, Sp, of íncontinentia, Lat.]
inability of the want of a due restraint of unlawful desires, unchastity.
The Julia's were both noted of incontinency. Dryden.








INCO’NTINENCY [with physicians] is a term used of such natural dis­
charges as are involuntary through weakness; as, an involuntary dis­
charge of urine, &c.

INCO’NTINENT, Fr. [incontinente, It. and Sp. of incontinens, Lat.] 1.
Unchaste, indulging unlawful pleasure. False accusers, incontinent.
2 Timothy. 2. Shunning delay, immediate; a meaning now obso­
lete. Put on sullen black incontinent. Shakespeare.

INCO’NTINENTLY, adv. [of incontinent] 1. Without restraint of un­
lawful appetites, unchastely. 2. Presently, at once, immediately;
an obsolete sense. We will not incontinently submit ourselves. Hay­
ward. Incontinently I left Madrid. Arbuthnot and Pope.

INCONTROVE’RTIBLE [of in and controvertible] indisputable, not to
be controverted.

INCONTROVE’RTIBLY, adv. [of incontrovertible] to a degree be­
yond controversy, in a manner beyond dispute. The Hebrew is in­
controvertibly the primitive and surest test to rely upon. Brown.

INCONVE’NIENCE, or INCONVE’NIENCY, subst. [inconvenient, Fr. in­
convenienza, It. inconveniéncia, Sp. of inconveniens, Lat.] 1. Cross ac­
cident, difficulty, disadvantage, cause of uneasiness. Above all clouds
of rain, or other inconvenience. Raleigh. 2. Unfitness, inexpedience.
They plead against the inconvenience, not the unlawfulness of popish
apparel. Hooker.

INCONVENI’ENT, adj. [inconveniente, It. and Sp. of inconveniens,
Lat] 1. Incommodious, disadvantageous. More unjust and more in­
convenient for the common people. Spenser. 2. Unfit, inexpedient.

INCONVENI’ENTLY, adv. [of inconvenient] 1. Unfitly, incommo­
diously. 2. Unseasonably. Ainsworth.

INCONVE’NIENTNESS [of inconvenient] inconvenience.

INCONVE’RSABLE, Sp. [of in and conversable, Fr.] unsociable, un­
fit for conversation, incommunicative. He is a person very inconver­
sable. More.

INCONVE’RSABLENESS [of inconversable] unsociableness.

INCONVE’RTIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [inconvertibile, It. of inconvertibilis,
Lat.] that cannot be changed, or altered, not transmutable. It ac­
companieth the inconvertible portion into the siege. Brown.

INCONVE’RTIBLENESS [of inconvertable] uncapableness of being
changed or turned, unalterableness.

INCONVI’NCIBLE [of in and convincible] not to be convinced, inca­
pable of conviction.

INCONVI’NCIBLY, adv. [of inconvincible] without admitting convic­
tion. Obstinately and inconvincibly to side with any one. Brown.

INCO’NY, adj. [perhaps from in coun, to know. Johnson] IN Scotland
it denotes mischievously unlucky; as, he's an incony fellow. This
seems to be the meaning in Shakespeare.
O my troth, most sweet jests, most incony vulgar wit,
When it comes so smoothly off. Shakespeare.

INCO’RDING [with farriers] a disease when a horse's guts fall down
into his testes or sheath.

INCO’RPORAL, adj. [of in and corporal] immaterial, distinct from
matter or body. Whether light be corporeal or incorporal. Raleigh.

INCO’RPORALNESS, INCORPORE’ITY, or INCORPORA’LITY [incorpo­
ralitàs, Fr. of incorporalitas, Lat.] the state or quality of being with­
out a body, immaterialness, distictness from body.

INCO’RPORALLY, adv. [of incorporal] immaterially, without matter
or body,

To INCO’RPORATE, verb act. [incorporer, Fr. incorporare, It. incorpo­
ràr, Sp. of incorporo. Lat.] 1. To imbody. Courtesy that seemed incor­
porated in his head. Sidney. 2. To mingle different ingredients so as
that they shall make one mass. A fifteenth part of silver incorporate
with gold. Bacon. 3. To conjoin inseparably.
That great
Which did incorporate and make us one. Shakespeare.
4. To form into a society, corporation, or body politic. The same is
incorporated with a mayoralty. Carew. 5. To unite, to associate. To
incorporate them into their own community. Addison.

To INCORPORATE, verb neut. to unite into one mass. Painters co­
lours and ashes do better incorporate with oil. Bacon.

INCO’RPORATE, adj. [of in and corporate] immaterial, imbodied.
Things invisible and incorporate. Raleigh.

INCO’RPORATED, part. adj. [incorporatus, Lat. incorporé, Fr. incor­
porato, It. incorporàdo, Sp.] imbodied, formed, or admitted into a
corporation or society. See To INCO’RPORATE.

INCORPORATED [with chemists] mixed well or united, as the par­
ticles of one body with those of another, so as to appear an uniform
substance.

INCO’RPORATEDNESS [of incorporated] the state or condition of be­
ing incorporated, or the union of one thing with another.

INCORPORA’TION, Fr. [incorporazione, It.] 1. The act of incorpo­
rating, uniting or joining of one body or substance with another, the
union of several ingredients together. The incorporation of iron with
flint. Bacon. 2. The formation of a body politic. 3. Adoption,
union, association. By our actual incorporation into that society which
hath him for their head. Hooker.

INCORPORATION [with chemists] the mixing of dry and moist bo­
dies together, so as to make one uniform mass, without leaving a
possibility of distinguishing the ingredients or bodies mixed.

INCORPO’REAL [incorporeus, incorporalis, Lat. incorporel, Fr. incor­
poreo, It. and Sp.] having no body, bodiless, immaterial, A virtue
which may be called incorporeal and immateriate. Bacon.

INCORPO’REALLY, adv. [of incorporeal] without body, immate­
rially. More incorporeally than the smelling. Bacon.

INCORPORE’ITY, the state or condition of that which has no body,
immateriality, distinctness from body; as, the incorporeity of the soul of
man.

To INCO’RPSE, verb act. [of in and corpse] to unite into one body.
He grew unto his seat,
As he had been incorps'd and demi natur'd
With the brave horse. Shakespeare.

INCORRE’CT [incoretto, It. of incorrectus, Lat.] faulty, not nicely
finished, inaccurate. The piece you think is incorrect. Pope.

INCORRE’CTLY, adv. [of incorrect] not accurately, not exactly,
faultily, not well corrected.

INCORRE’CTNESS [of incorrect] faultiness, inaccuracy, want of ex­
actness.

INCO’RRIGIBLE [incorrigibile, It. incorregíble, Sp. incorrigibilis,
Lat.] bad beyond correction, depraved so as not to be amended or re­
claimed by any means, erroneous, beyond hope of instruction. Va­
riety of incorrigible error. L'Estrange.

INCO’RRIGIBLENESS, or INCORRIGIBI’LITY [of incorrigible, Fr. of
in, neg. and corrigibilis, Lat.] bad quality or temper, &c. that will
not be amended, hopeless depravity. Penitence becomes a sad at­
testation of our incorrigibleness. Decay of Piety.

INCO’RRIGIBLY, adv. [of incorrigible] to a degree of depravity be­
yond all means of amendment. Appear incorrigibly mad. Roscommon.

INCORRU’PT, or INCORRU’PTED [incorotto, It. of incorruptus, Lat.]
1. Free from foulness or depravation.
Sin, that first
Distemper'd all things, and of incorrupt
Corrupted. Milton.
2. Pure of manners, honest, good. It is particularly applied to a
mind above the power of bribes.

INCORRUPTIBI’LITY [incorruptibilité, Fr. incorruttibilità, It.] 1. In­
susceptability of corruption, incapacity of decay. In his book of the
world's incorruptibility. Hakewell. 2. [With metaphysicians] is an
inability not to be.

INCORRU’PTIBLE [incorruptibilis, Lat.] 1. Not subject to corrup­
tion or decay. Our bodies shall be changed into incorruptible and im­
mortal substances. Wake. 2. That cannot or will not be bribed.

INCORRU’PTIBLES, a sect of the Eutychians, who held, that the
body of Jesus Christ was incorruptible, i. e. not susceptible of any
change or alteration from its formation in the womb of his mother,
nor of natural passions, as hunger, thirst, &c. See GAIANITES.

INCORRU’PTIBLENESS [incorruptible] the state or condition of that
which is incorruptible.

INCORRU’PTIBLY, in a manner not to be corrupted.

INCORRU’PTION [of in and corruption] incapacity of corruption. It
is sown in corruption, it is raised in incorruption. 1 Corinthians.

INCORRU’PTNESS [of in and corrupt] 1. Purity of manners, ho­
nesty, integrity. Integrity and incoruptness of manners. Woodward.
2. Freedom from decay or degeneration.

To INCOU’NTER [rencontrer, Fr. incontrare, It. though only in the
latter sense, encontràr, Sp.] 1. To fight with, to join in battle 2. To
meet.

INCOU’NTER, subst. [rencontre, Fr. incontro, It. though only in the
latter sense] 1. A brunt, skirmish or fight. 2. A meeting. See EN­
COUNTER.

To INCOU’RAGE, &c. See ENCOURAGE.

INCRASSA’NTIA, Lat. [with physicians] incrassating or thickening
things, such as are mixed with thin watery liquid juices, or with blood
of too dissolute a state, to bring them to a due consistence.

To INCRA’SSATE, verb act. [of in and crassus, Lat.] to thicken.
The contrary to attenuate. Acids dissolve or attenuate, alkalies pre­
cipitate or incrassate. Newton.

INCRA’SSATIVE, subst. [of incrassate] that which hath the quality of
thickening. Incrassatives to thicken the blood. Harvey.

INCRA’SSATED, part. adj. [of incrassate; incrassatus, Lat] thick­
ened.

INCRASSA’TION. 1. The act of making thick or gross, a rendering
fluids thicker than before by the mixture of less fluid particles. 2. The
state of growing thick. The determination of quicksilver is fixation,
that of milk coagulation, and that of oil incrassation. Brown.

To INCREA’SE, verb neut. [cresciere, It. crecèr, Sp. of in and cresco,
Lat.] to grow more in number or greater in bulk, to advance in
quantity or value, or any quality that is capable of being more or
less. That ye may increase mightily. Deuteronomy.

To INCREASE, verb act. to make more or greater. I will increase
the famine. Ezekiel.

INCREA’SE, subst. [from the verb] 1. The state of growing more or
greater, augmentation. For three years he lived with great increase.
Dryden. 2. Increment, that which is added to the original stock. 3.
Produce. Those grains which grew produced an increase beyond ex­
pectation. Mortimer. 4. Generation. Dry up in her the organs of
increase. Shakespeare. 5. Progeny, offspring.
Him young Thoasa bore the bright increase
Of Phorcys. Pope.
6. The state of waxing or growing full orbed. Applied to the moon.
Not decrease- The increase of the moon. Bacon.

INCRE’ASED in Number [in astrology] a planet is said to be so, when
by its proper motion it exceeds the mean motion.

INCRE’ASER [of increase] he who increases.

INCREA’TE, adj. for increated [of in, neg. and creatus, Lat.] not
depending upon another by creation, uncreated.

INCREA’TED, the same with increate. The absolute and increated
infinite can adequately fill it. Cheyne.

INCREDIBI’LITY, or INCRE’DIBLENESS [incredibilité, Fr. incredibi­
litas, Lat.] the quality of surpassing belief, the quality of not being
credible. Objects of incredibility. Dryden.

INCRE’DIBLE [incroyable, Fr. incredibile, It. incroyble, Sp. incredibi­
lis, Lat.] that is not to be believed, surpassing belief. The ship Argo,
that there might want no incredible thing in this fable, spoke to them.
Raleigh.

INCRE’DIBLY, adv. [of incredible] in a manner not to be believed.

INCREDU’LITY, or INCRE’DULOUSNESS [incredulitas, Lat. incredu­
lité, Fr. incredulità, It. incredulidàd, Sp.] unbelieving temper, hard­
ness of belief. To take away all scruple from the incredulity of future
ages. Raleigh.

INCRE’MABLE [of in and cremo, Lat.] not consumable by fire. If
from the skin of the salamander these incremable pieces are composed.
Brown.

INCRE’DULOUS [incrédule, Fr. incredulo, It. and Sp. of incredulus,
Lat.] hard of belief, who will not believe. I am not altogether in­
credulous but there may be such candles. Bacon.

I’NCREMENT [incrementum, Lat.] 1. An increase, cause of growing
more. Matter for the formation and increment of animal and vegeta­
ble bodies. Woodward. 2. Act of waxing bigger. Divers concep­
tions are concerning its increment or inundation. Brown. 3. Produce.







The loosen'd roots then drink
Large increment, earnest of happy years. J. Philips.

INCREMENT [with algebraists] is used to signify the infinitely small
increase of a line, &c. in fluxions, growing bigger by motion.

INCREME’NTUM [with rhetoricians] a figure wherein a speech rises
up by degrees, from the lowest to the highest pitch; as, neither silver,
gold, nor precious stones, are worthy to be compared with virtue.

INCREMENTUM, Lat. [in old records] the advance in rent or other
payments, in opposition to decrementum.

INCREMENTUM, improvement of land; also a plot of land en­
closed out of common or waste ground.

To I’NCREPATE, verb act. [increpare, It. and Lat.] to chide or re­
buke.

INCREPA’TION [increpazione, It. of increpatio, Lat.] act of rebuking
or chiding, a rebuke, a check. Than more public reprehensions and
increpations. Hammond.

INCRE’SSANT, or INCRE’SCANT [in heraldry] signifies the moon in
the increase, from the new to the full.

To INCRI’MINATE [of incriminor, Lat.] to recriminate.

To INCRO’ACH [of accrocher, Fr. to hook in] to gain upon. See To
ENCROACH.

INCRO’ACHMENT, the act of entering upon, gaining, hooking in, or
usurping. See ENCROAHMENT.

INCRO’ACHINGNESS [from incroach] incroaching disposition or qua­
lity.

INCRU’ENTOUS [incruentus, Lat.] unbloody.

To INCRU’ST, or To INCRU’RSTATE, verb act. [incruster, Fr. in­
crusto, Lat.] to cover with an additional adhering to the internal mat­
ter. Baked and incrustate upon the sides. Bacon. To cover and in­
crust the stones. Woodward.

INCRUSTA’TION [incrustatura, It. of incrustatio, Lat.] 1. The act of
making or becoming hard on the outside like a crust, an adherent
coat, something superinduced. These chapels are laid over with such
a rich variety of incrustations. Addison. 2. Rough casting or parget­
ting.

INCRUSTATION [in architecture] is a column which consists of se­
veral pieces of hard polished stones, or rather brilliant matter disposed
in compartiments in the body of a building; also a plaister with which
a wall is lined.

INCRU’STED, part. adj. [incrustatus, Lat.] covered with a hard
crust.

INCRUSTED Column [in architecture] is a column consisting of seve­
ral pieces or slender branches of some precious marble, agate, jasper,
&c. masticated or cemented round a mould of brick, or any other
matter; which is done for two reasons; the one is to save the precious
stones, or to make them appear of an uncommon largeness, by the
neatness and closeness of the incrustation, when the mastic is of the
same colour.

To I’NCUBATE, verb neut. [incubo, Lat.] to sit upon eggs.

INCUBA’TION, or INCU’BITURE, Fr. [of incubatio, Lat.] the act of
sitting abrood, for hatching eggs as a hen. Whether that vitality was
by incubation. Raleigh.

I’NCUBATED, part, adj. [incubatus, Lat.] brooded or set over, as
by a bird on her eggs or nest.

INCU’BUS, a dæmon, who in the shape of a man, has carnal know­
ledge of a woman.

INCUBUS, Lat. [incube, Fr. with physicians] a disease called the
night-mare, proceeding from an inflation of the membranes of the
stomach, which hinders the motion of the diaphragma, lungs, pulse,
with a sense of a weight of pressing the breast. Floyer.

To INCU’LCATE, verb act. [inculquer, Fr. inculcare, It. inculcàr,
Sp. inculcatum, sup. of inculco, Lat.] to repeat and insist upon often,
to impress by frequent admonitions. Homer continually inculcates
morality. Broome.

INCULCA’TION [of inculcate] the act of impressing by frequent ad­
monition.

INCU’LPABLE, Sp. [incolpabile, It. of inculpabilis, Lat.] unreprove­
able, unblameable, blameless. South.

INCU’LPABLENESS [of inculpable] unblameableness.

INCU’LPABLY, adv. [of inculpable] irreproveably. South.

I’NCULT, adj. [inculte, Fr. incultus, Lat.] uncultivated, untilled.
Her forests huge,
Incult, robust and tall. Thomson.

INCU’MBENCY [of incumbens, Lat.] 1. The act of lying upon ano­
ther. 2. The state of keeping or possessing a benefice. Paid to the
bishop during his incumbency in the same see. Swift.

INCU’MBENT, adj. [incumbens, Lat.] 1. Lying or resting upon.
The weight of the incumbent water. Boyle. 2. Imposed as a duty.
Those good works that are incumbent on the Christians. Sprat.

INCU’MBENT, subst. [of incumbeo, Lat. to labour strenuously; be­
cause he ought to bend his whole study to discharge his function] a
person who has the care or cure of souls, one that enjoys a benefice,
one in present possession. Swift.

To INCU’MBER, verb act [encombrer, O. Fr. ingombrare, It.] to
clog, to hinder, to embarrass.
My cause is call'd, and that long long'd for day
Is still incumber'd with some new delay. Dryden.

INCU’MBRANCE [encombre, Fr. ingombro, Sp.] hinderance, clog,
embarrasment.

To INCU’R [incourir, incorrere, It. incurrìr, Sp. of incurro, Lat.] to
expose or render one's self liable to a punishment or reprehension. I
have incurred displeasure.

To INCUR, verb neut. to occur, to press on the senses. The motions
of the minute parts of bodies are invisible, and incur not to the eye.
Bacon.

INCURABI’LITY [incurabilité, Fr.] impossibility of cure, utter in­
susceptibility of remedy. Harvey.

INCU’RABLE, Fr. and Sp. [incurabile, It.] that cannot be cured,
healed or remedied, irremediable, hopeless. A schirrus is not abso­
lutely incurable. Arbuthnot.

INCU’RABLENESS [of incurable] incapacity of being cured, state
of not admitting any cure.

INCU’RABLY, adv. [of incurable] without remedy, in an incurable
manner. Incurably ignorant. Locke.

INCU’RIOUS [incuriosus, Lat.] careless, negligent, inattentive. A
careless incurious eye. Derham.

INCU’RIOUSNESS [of incurious] carelesness, heedlesness.

INCU’RSION [incurro, Lat.] 1. Attack, mischievous occurrence.
Sins of daily incursion. South. 2. [Incursion, Fr.] inroad, ravage, in­
vasion without conquest. To make an hostile invasion or incursion.
Bacon.

To INCU’RVATE, verb act. [incurvo, Lat.] to bend, to crook.
Rays passing by the edges of bodies are incurvated by the action of
these bodies. Newton.

INCURVA’TION. 1. The act of bending, bowing, or making
crooked. One part moving while the other rests, one would think
should cause an incurvation in the line. Glanville. 2. Flexion of the
body in token of reverence. As incurvation and sacrifice. Stilling­
fleet.

INCURVATION of the Rays of Light [in dioptrics] is the variation
of a ray of light, from that right line, in which its motions would
have continued, were it not for the resistances made by the thickness
of the medium through which it passes, so as to hinder its strait
course, and turn it aside.

INCURVATION [with surgeons] a bunch or swelling on the back;
also the bending of a bone, &c. from its natural shape.

INCU’RVITY [incurvus, Lat.] crookedness, the state of bending
inward. The incurvity of a dolphin. Brown.

I'NCUS, Lat. a smith's anvil.

INCUS, Lat. [with anotomists] a bone of the inner part of the ear,
resembling a grinder-tooth, and lying under the bone called malleus.
See BOERHAAVE Oeconom. Ed. Lond.

INCU’RSION, Lat. a violent shaking against or into.


IND

To I’NDIGATE [indigare, It. and Lat.] to search diligently, to beat
out.

INDAGA’TION, Lat. [indagazione, It. of indagatio, Lat.] the act of
diligent searching or enquiring into, examination. In the indagation
of colours. Boyle.

INDAGA’TOR, Lat. a searcher or enquirer into matters. Skilful in­
dagators of nature. Boyle.

To INDA’MMAGE, verb act. [of endommager, Fr. danneggiare, It.]
to bring damage, to hurt or prejudice. See ENDAMAGE.

INDA’MMAGEMENT, damage, hurt, prejudice. See ENDAMAGE­
MENT.

To INDA’NGER, verb act. [of in and danger, Fr.] to expose to dan­
ger or hazard. See ENDANGER.

To INDA’RT, verb act. [of in and dart] to dart or strike in.
No more deep will I indart my eye,
Than your consent gives strength to make it fly. Shakespeare.

To INDE’AR, verb act.. [of in, intensive, and dyran, Sax.] to ren­
der dear to, to gain the affection of. See ENDEAR.

INDEA’RMENT [of indear] the act of rendering dear, an engaging
carriage. See ENDEARMENT.

INDE’AVOUR. See ENDEAVOUR.

To INDE’BT, verb act. 1. To put into debt. 2. To oblige, to put
under obligation.

INDE’BTED, part. adj. [of in and debt; endetté, Fr. indebitato, It.]
having incurred a debt, that owes to another, obliged by something
received, bound to restitution. It has to before the person to whom
the debt is due, and for before the thing received. Let polity ac­
knowledge itself indebted to religion. Hooker.

INDE’CENCY, or INDE’CENTNESS [indecentia, Lat. indecence, Fr. in­
decénza, It. indecencia, Sp.] unbecomingness, unseemliness, any thing
contrary to good manners, something wrong, but scarce criminal.
To reform indecency in his pupil. Locke.

INDE’CENT, Fr. [indecente, It. and Sp. indecens, Lat.] unbecoming,
unseemly, unfit either for the eyes or ears. Intrinsically unlawful or
indecent. South.

INDE’CENTLY, adv. [of indecent] without decency, unbecomingly.

INDECI’DUOUS [of in and deciduous] not falling, not shed. The in­
deciduous and unshaken locks of Apollo. Brown.

INDE’CIMABLE [of in and decimæ, Lat.] not tithable, not liable to
pay tithes.

INDECLI’NABLE, Fr. [indeclinabile, It. of indeclinabilis, Lat.] not
varied by terminations; as indeclinable nouns, in grammar, are such
as do not vary the cases. Arbuthnot.

INDE’COROUS [indecorus, Lat.] undecent, unseemly, unbecoming.
What can be more indecorous. Norris.

INDE’COROUSNESS [of indecorous] indecency.

INDECO’RUM, Lat. unbecoming behaviour, unseemliness.

INDEE’D [of in, and dæd, Sax.] 1. Certainly, truly, in fact, in
reality. Yet loving indeed, and therefore constant. Sidney. 2. Above
the common rate. Far from being Israelites indeed. South. 3. This is
to be granted that. A particle of connection. This limitation, indeed,
of our author, will save those the labour who would look for Adam's
heir amongst the race of brutes. Locke. 4. It is used sometimes as a
slight assertion or recapitulation in a sense hardly perceptible or expli­
cable. This is indeed more criminal in thee. Shakespeare. 5. It is
used to note concession in comparisons. Against these forces were pre­
pared to the number of near one hundred ships; not so great of bulk
indeed, but of a more nimble motion. Bacon.

INDEFA’TIGABLE [of indefatigabile, Fr. infaticabile, It. of indefa­
tigabilis, Lat.] unwearied, not tired, not exhausted by labour. A
constant indefatigable attendance. South.

INDEFA’TIGABLENESS [of indefatigable] unwearied diligence, or
application.

INDEFA’TIGABLY, adv. [of indefatigable] unweariedly. A man in­
defatigably zealous in the service of the church and state. Dryden.

INDEFEA’SIBLE [of in, neg. and defaire, Fr.] that which cannot be
cut off, defeated, or made void; as, an indefeasible right to an estate,
&c.

INDEFECTIBI’LITY, the quality of being never liable to fail, or not
being subject to defect or decay.

INDEFE’ISIBLE [indefaisible, Fr.] not to be vacated, irrevocable,
not to be cut off. Generally written indefeasable. So indefeisible is
our estate in those joys, that if we do not sell it in reversion, we shall,
when once invested, be beyond the possibility of ill husbandry. Decay
of Piety.








INDEFE’NSIBLE [of in and defensum, sup. of defendo, Lat.] what
cannot be defended or maintained. It is altogether false and indefensi­
ble. Sanderson.

INDEFE’CTIBLE [of indefectus, Lat.] that cannot or will not fail,
not liable to defect or decay.

INDEFE’NSUS [in old records] one who is impleaded, and refuses to
answer.

INDE’FINITE [indefini, Fr. indefinito, It. and Sp. of indefinitus, Lat.]
1. That has no bounds or limits set, unlimited, undefined. Her ad­
vancement was left indefinite. Bacon. 2. Which has no certain
bounds, or to which the human mind cannot conceive any, large beyond
the comprehension of man, tho' not absolutely without limits. Tho'
it is not infinite, it may be indefinite; tho' it is not boundless in itself,
it may be so to human comprehension. Spectator.

INDE’FINITE Pronouns [with grammarians] are such that have a
loose and undetermined signification, and are called either indefinite
pronouns personal; as, whosoever, whatsoever, each, other; or, pro­
nouns indefinite, which relate both to person and thing; as, any, one,
none, and the other.

INDE’FINITENESS [of indefinite] uncapableness of bounds or limits,
unlimitedness.

INDEFINI’TELY, adv. [of indefinite] 1. In an indefinite manner, to
a degree indefinite. If the world be indefinitely extended, that is so far
as no human intellect can fancy any bounds of it, then what we see
must be the least part. Ray. 2. Without any settled or determinate
limitation. To shew indefinitely what was done. Hooker.

INDEFI’NITUDE [of indefinite] quantity not limited by our under­
standing, tho' yet finite. They arise to a strange and prodigious mul­
titude, if not indefinitude. Hale.

INDELI’BERATE, or INDELI’BERATED, adj. [indelibere, Fr. in and
deliberate, Eng.] unpremeditated, done without consideration. The
indeliberate commissions of many sins. Government of the Tongue.

INDE’LIBLE [indélébile, Fr. and It. of indelibilis, Lat.] 1. That
cannot be cancelled or blotted out; it should be written indeleble. In­
delible characters. K. Charles. 2. Not to be annulled. Indeleble
power from above. Sprat.

INDE’LIBLENESS [of indelible] uncapableness of being blotted out
or destroyed.

INDE’LICACY [of in and delicacy] want of delicacy, want of elegant
decency. Your papers would be chargeable with worse than indelicacy,
they would be immoral. Addison.

INDE’LICATE [of in and delicate] wanting elegant decency, void
of a sensibility of decency.

INDEMNIFICA’TION [of indemnify] 1. Security against loss or pe­
nalty. 2. Reimbursement of loss or penalty.

To INDE’MNIFY, verb act. [of fio and indemnis, Lat. or indemnifier,
Fr.] 1. To save or bear harmless, to maintain unhurt. Insolent, sig­
nifies rude and haughty; indemnify, to keep safe. Watts. 2. To
secure against loss or penalty.

INDE’MNITY [indemnité, Fr. indemnità, It. of indemnitas, Lat.] a
state of being screened or exempted from punishment. In the ways of
amnesty and indemnity. K. Charles.

INDEMNITY [in old law] an annual pension of one or two shillings,
paid to the archdeacon, when a church was appropriate to an abby or
college, instead of induction money.

INDEMO’NSTRABLE [indemonstrabilis, Lat.] that cannot be proved
or demonstrated.

INDEMO’NSTRABLENESS [of indemonstrable] incapableness of being
demonstrated.

To INDE’NT, verb act. [endenter, Fr. from in and dens, Lat. a
tooth] 1. To mark any thing with inequalities, like a row of teeth; to
make to wave or indulate. The margins on each side do not termi­
nate in a straight line, but are indented. Woodward. 2. To jag or
notch in and out.

INDE’NT, subst. [from the verb] inequality, incisure, indentation.
Trent shall not wind with such a deep indent. Shakespeare.

INDENTA’TION [of in and dens, Lat. a tooth] an indenture, a
waving in any form. Each indentation being continued in a small
ridge across the line to the indentation that answers it on the opposite
margin. Woodward.

INDE’NTED [in heraldry] having indentations; there are two sorts
of it, which are only distinguishable by the largeness of the teeth, the
smaller being commonly called indented, and the larger, by the French,
dancette, or dantelé.

INDE’NTURE [indentura, Lat.] an agreement or contract between
two or more persons in writing, because cut or indented at the top,
and answering to another copy, which contains the same covenants
and articles, to be kept by the other party. In Hall's chronicle much
good matter is quite marred by indenture English. Ascham.

INDEPE’NDENCE, or INDEPE’NDENCY [independance, Fr. independen­
za, It. independéncia, Sp.] state of having no dependence upon an­
other, freedom, exemption from reliance or controul. Some intima­
tions of its independency on matter. Addison.

INDEPE’NDENT, adj. [independant, Fr. independente, It. and Sp.]
1. That has no dependency upon any one, not relying on another, not
controlled. It is used with on, of, or from, before the object; of
which on seems most proper, since we say, to depend on, and conse­
sequently dependent on. Johnson. Princes of independent governments.
Locke. 2. Not relating to any thing else as to a superior cause or
power. An incorporeal substance independent from matter. Bentley.

INDEPENDENT, subst. See INDEPENDENTS. A very famous inde­
pendent minister. Addison.

INDEPENDENT [with metaphysicians] is when one thing does not
depend on another as its cause.

INDEPE’NDENTISM, the state or condition of being independent;
also the principles of a sect called Independents.

INDEPE’NDENTS [plur. of independent] dissenters, who manage all
things relating to church discipline within their own congregations,
and allow not of any dependence on any other church or superior au­
thority. See CONGREGATIONALLY.

INDEPE’NDENTLY, adv. [of independent] without reference to other
things. Furnishing every thing independently the one after the other.
Dryden.

INDE’PRECABLE, that will not be entreated.

INDESE’RT, subst. [of in and desert] want of merit. To think the
fame of his merit a reflection on their own indeserts. Addison.

INDESI’NENTLY, adv. [indesinenter, from in and desino, Lat. to
cease] without ceasing. They continue a month indesinently. Ray.

INDESTRU’CTIBLE [of in and destructible] not to be destroyed. In­
destructible by art or nature. Boyle.

INDETE’RMINABLE [of in and determinable] not to be defined or
settled. As its period is inscrutable, so is its nativity indeterminable.
Brown.

INDETE’RMINATE [indeterminé, Fr. indeterminato, It. indetermina­
tus, Lat.] not defined, unfixed. For an indeterminate number of
successions. Newton.

INDETE’RMINATELY, adv. [of indeterminate] in an indeterminate
manner, not in any settled manner. The depth of the hold is indeter­
minately expressed. Arbuthnot.

INDETE’RMINED [of in and determined] unsettled, unfixed. Float­
ing words of indetermined signification. Locke.

INDETERMINA’TION [of in and determination] want of determina­
tion, want of settled direction. The indetermination or accidental con­
currence of the causes. Bramhall.

INDETE’RMINED Problem [with mathematicians] is one which is
capable of an infinite number of answers; as to find out two num­
bers, whose sum, together with their product, shall be equal to a given
number; or to make a rhomboides, such that the rectangle under the
sides be equal to a given square; both of which ploblems will have in­
finite solutions.

INDEVO’TION Fr. [indevozione, It. of indevotio, Lat.] want of devo­
tion, irreligion. Our former indevotion. Decay of Piety.

INDEVOU’T, adj. [of in and devout, Eng. indivot, Fr.] not devout,
irreligious. Whilst he is meek, but indevout. Decay of Piety.

I’NDEX. 1. A mark to shew or direct to any thing, as the hour or
way, or the hand of a clock. The index of a watch. Bentley. 2.
The discoverer, the pointer out. Tastes are the indexes of the diffe­
rent qualities of plants. Arbuthnot. 3. A table of the contents of a
book, generally arranged alphabetically. If a book has no index.
Watts.

I’NDEX [in music books] a little mark at the end of each line of a
tune, shewing the note the next line begins with.

I’NDEX of a Logarithm, is the character or exponent of it, and is
that figure, which shews of how many places the absolute number be­
longing to the logarithm does consist, and of what nature it is, whe­
ther it be an integer or a fraction. Thus in this logarithm, 2.-562293,
the number standing on the left hand of the point, is called the index,
and shews that the absolute number answering to it consists of three
places; for it is always one more than the index. Again, if the ab­
solute number be a fraction, then the index of the logarithm hath a
negative sign, and is marked thus, . 562293.

INDEX of a Quantity [with algebraists, is that quantity shewing to
what power it is to be involved, as a3 shews that a is to be involved
to the third power, &c.

INDEXES of Powers [in algebra] are the exponents of powers, and
are so named, because they shew the order, seat, or place of each
power; as also its number of dimensions or degrees, i. e. how many
times the root is multiplied in respectively producing each power:
thus 2 is the index or exponent of the second power or square, 3 of
the third power or cube, 4 of the fourth power or biquadrate, &c.

INDEXTE’RITY [of in and dexterity] want of dexterity, want of
handiness. Harvey.

I’NDIAN, belonging to India.

I’NDIAN Arrow Root, subst. [marcanta, Lat.] a root with a flower
consisting of one leaf, almost funnel-shaped. It afterwards becomes
an ovalshaped fruit, having one cell with one hard rough seed. It
was brought from the Spanish settlements in America into the islands of
Barbadoes and Jamaica, where it is cultivated as a medicinal plant,
it being a sovereign remedy for the bite of wasps, and expelling the
poison of the manchineel tree. This root the Indians apply to ex­
tract the venom of their arrows. After they have dug it up, they
clean it, mash it and lay it as a poultice to the wounded part, and are
generally successful in the cure. Miller.

INDIAN Cresses [agriviola, Lat.] an herb, the leaves are round, im­
bilicated and placed alternately, the stalks trailing, the flower-cup is
quinquifid. The species are five. Miller.

INDIAN Fig, [opuntia, Lat.] a plant. The flower consists of many
leaves which expand in form of a rose; the ovary becomes a fleshy
umbilicated fruit with a soft pulp. Miller.

INDIAN Mouse, an ichneumon, a little creature that creeps into the
mouths of crocodiles, and gnaws their intrails and so kills them.

INDIAN Red, a kind of mineral earth. Indian Red, so called by the
painters, is a species of ochre, and is a very fine purple earth of firm
compact texture and great weight: while in the stratum it is of a pure
blood colour and almost of a stony hardness: when dry it is of a
strong glowing red, of a rough dusky surface, and, when broken, full
of white particles, large, solid, bright and glittering. It is also called
Persian Earth, and is dug in the island of Ormuz in the Persian gulf,
and also at Bombay. Hill.

I’NDICANT, adj. [indicans, Lat.] indicating, shewing, pointing to
as it were with the finger.

INDICANT Days [with physicians] those days which signify that a
crisis or a change in a disease will happen on such a day.

To I’NDICATE [indiquer, Fr. indicàr, Sp. indicare, It. and Lat.]
1. To shew, to point out. 2. [In physic] to discover or point out a
remedy.

INDICA’TION, Fr. [indicazione, It. indicacion, Sp. of indicatio, Lat.]
the act of shewing, a sign or symptom, mark taken.

INDICATION [in medicine] a discovering what is to be done in
order to recover the patient's health.

INDICATION Curative [with physicians] those indications that shew
how the disease is to be removed that the patient labours under at the
present time.

INLICATION Palliative, is that which directs what is to be done by
lessening the effects or taking off some of the symptoms of a distemper
before it can be wholly removed.

INDICATION Preservative, are those that shew what is to be done
for the preservation and continuance of health.

INDICATIONS Vital, are such as respect the life of the patient.








INDI’CATIF [in law] the name of a writ by which the patron of a
church may remove a writ commenced against the clerk upon account
of tithes, from the court christian to the king's court.

I’NDIA, Proper, the name of a large district of Asia, bounded by
Usbec Tartary and Thibet on the north; by another part of Thibet,
the kingdom of Asem, Ava, and Pegu, on the east; by the bay of
Bengal, and the Indian Ocean on the south; and by the same ocean
and Persia on the west; being about 2000 miles in length from north
to south, and 1500 miles in breadth from east to west, where broadest,
tho' the southern part of the peninsula is not above 300 miles broad.
It is frequently called Indostan, a name supposed to be derived from the
river Indus, on its western frontiers.

INDIA beyond the Ganges, a large country of Asia, bounded by Thibet
and Boutan on the north; by China, Tonquin, and Cochin-China on
the east; by the Indian ocean on the south; and by the Hither India,
the bay of Bengal, and the straits of Malacca on the west.

I’NDIA, West, a name given to the Antilles and Caribbee Islands of
America.

INDI’CATIVE [indicatif, Fr. indicativo, It. of indicativus, Lat.]
shewing or declaring, informing or pointing out.

INDICATIVE Mood [in grammar] a mood which barely affirms and
denies, and no more The verb is formed in a certain manner, to af­
firm, deny, or interrogate, which formation, from the principal use
of it, is called the indicative mood. Clarke's Latin Grammar.

INDI’CATIVELY, adv. [of indicative] in such a manner as shows or
betokens. These images formed in the brain are indicatively of the
same species with those of sense. Grew.

INDI’CATOR, Lat. [in anatomy] one of the muscles which extends
the fore-finger, so called, because it serves to point at any thing.

INDICATO’RIUS Musculus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle which turns
the eye aside.

INDICA’TUM [in medicine] is that which is signified to be done in
order to recover the patient's health.

I’NDICES Dies [with physicians] the same as critical days.

To INDI’CT, verb act. [indictum, sup. of indico, from in and dico, Lat.
to say] to impeach, accuse, or prefer a bill against an offender in due
course of law.

INDI’CTABLE [of indict] that may or is liable to be indicted or
prosecuted.

INDI’CTED, part. adj. [of indictus, Lat.] accused or impeached in
a court of judicature.

INDI’CTION, Fr. [indizione, It. indiciòn, Sp. of indictio, Lat.] 1. De­
claration, proclamation. A denunciation and indiction of a war.
Bacon. 2. [With chronologers] the space of 15 years, a way of
reckoning time. The indiction instituted by Constantine the Great
is properly a cycle of tributes orderly disposed for fifteen years, and
by it accounts of that kind were kept; afterwards, in memory of the
great victory obtained by Constantine over Mezentius, 8 Cal. Oct.
312, by which an entire freedom was given to Christianity, the coun­
cil of Nice, for the honour of Constantine, ordained that the accounts
of years should be no longer kept by the Olympiads, which till that
time had been done; but that instead thereof the indiction should be
made use of by which to reckon and date their years; which hath its
epocha, A. D. 313, Jan. 1. 3. Indiction also signifies the convocation of
an ecclesiastical assembly, as of a synod or council, and even a diet.

INDI’CTIVE [among the Romans] an epithet given to certain feast
days appointed by the magistrates, as consul, prætor, &c.

INDI’CTMENT [indictamentum, of indico, Lat. to shew, &c.] an
accusation or impeachment for some crime, presented in a court of
justice.

INDI’FFERENT, Fr. [indifferente, It. indiferénte, Sp. indifferens, Lat.]
1. Neutral, not determined to either side. Indifferent in his choice
to sleep or die. Addison. 2. Unconcerned, unattentive, regardless.
An indifferent spectator of the contending parties. Addison. 3. Not
to have such difference as that the one is for its own sake preferable
to the other. Indifferent to the matter in hand which way the learned
shall determine. Locke. 4. Impartial, disinterested. Partial to none,
but indifferent to all. Ascham. 5. Having mediocrity, neither the
best nor the worst, pretty good or passable; this is an improper and
colloquial use, especially when applied to persons. To publish an
indifferent collection of poems, for fear of being thought the author
of a worse. Prior. In the same sense it has the force of an adverb.
I am myself indifferent honest. Shakespeare.

INDI’FFERENTLY, adv. [of indifferent] 1. With indifference; in a
neutral state, without wish or aversion. And I will look on death in­
differently. Shakes. 2. Without preference, without distinction. Were
pardon extended indifferently to all, which of them would think himself
under any particular obligation? Addison. 3. Not well, tolerably,
passably. A moyle will draw indifferently well. Carew.

INDI’FFERENCE, INDI’FFERENCY, or INDI’FFERENTNESS [indiffe­
rentia, Lat. indifference, Fr.] 1. The state of having little or no concern
or affection for, negligence. With the indifference of strangers. Rogers.
2. Nutrality, suspension, equipoise, or freedom from motives on either
side. An equal indifferency for all truth. Locke. 3. Impartiality.
Read the book with indifference and judgment. Whitgift. 4. State in
which no moral nor physical reason preponderates, state in which there
is no difference. The choice is left to our discretion, except a prin­
cipal bond of some higher duty remove the indifference that such things
have in themselves. Hooker.

I’NDIGENCE, I’NDIGENCY, or I’NDIGENTNESS [indigentia, Lat. indi­
gence, Fr. indigenza, It.] neediness, poverty, want. Where there is
happiness there must not be indigency or want of any due comforts of
life. Burnet.

INDIGE’NOUS [indigene, Fr. indigena, Lat.] native to a country,
originally born or produced in a region. Negroes were all transported
from Africa, and are not indigenous or proper natives of America.
Brown.

I’NDIGENT, Fr. [indigente, It. of indigens, Lat.] 1. Needy, poor,
necessitous. Charity consists in relieving the indigent. Hooker. 2. In
want, wanting. Indigent of nothing from without. J. Philips. 3.
Void, empty. The tangible parts indigent of moisture. Bacon.

INDIGE’ST, or INDIGE’STED [indigesté, Fr. indigesto, It. and Sp. of
indigestus, Lat.] 1. Not digested, confused, out of order, not separated
into distinct orders. Indigested matter or chaos created in the begin­
ning, was without the proper form. Raleigh. 2. Not formed or shaped.
Foul indigested lump. Shakespeare. 3. Not well considered and me­
thodised. Senseless effusions of indigested prayers. Hooker. 4. Not
digested or concocted in the stomach, crude or raw. Fumes of indi­
gested food. Dryden. 5. Not brought to suppuration. His wound
was indigested and inflamed. Wiseman.

INDIGE’STEDNESS [of indigest] the state of not being digested; con­
fusedness, want of order.

INDIGE’STIBLE [indigestibile, It. of indigestibilis, Lat.] that cannot
be digested in the stomach, not convertible to nutriment. Arbuthnot.

INDIGE’STIBLENESS, uncapableness of being digested.

INDIGE’STION, Fr. [indigestione, It. of indigestio, Lat.] want of di­
gestion in the stomach, the state of meats unconcocted. The fumes
of indigestion may indispose men to thought. Temple.

To INDI’GITATE [indigitatum, sup. of indigito, Lat.] to shew or
point at as it were with a finger. The depressing this finger which in
the left hand implied but six, in the right hand indigitated six hun­
dred. Brown.

INDIGITA’TION, the act of pointing or shewing as it were with a
finger, a plain proof, a convincing demonstration. Which things I
conceive no obscure indigitation of a providence. Brown.

INDI’GITES [according to some so called of indigeo, Lat. to want,
q. d. those that wanted nothing; but others of in loco geneti, born in the
place] demi-gods, or certain eminent persons or heroes, for their noble
atchievements enrolled among the gods.

INDI’GN, adj. [indigne, Fr. indignus, Lat.] 1. Unworthy, unde­
serving. Unable or indign to govern. Bacon. 2. Bringing indig­
nity; now obsolete.
All indign and base adversities,
Make head against my estimation. Shakespeare.

INDIGNABU’NDUS, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the eye,
which draws off the eye from the nose, so called, because it is made
use of in scornful looks.

INDI’GNANT, adj. [indignans, Lat.] angry raging, inflamed at once
with anger and disdain. The valorous and indignant Martin. Ar­
buthnot and Pope.

INDIGNA’TION, Fr. [indegnazione, It. indignaciòn, Sp. of indignatio,
Lat.] anger mingled with contempt or disgust. Suspend your indig­
nation against my brother. Shakespeare. 2. The anger of a superior.
There was great indignation against Israel. 2 Kings. 3. The effect
of anger.
If heavens have any grievous plague in store,
Let them hurl down their indignation. Shakespearé

INDIGNATO’RIUS Musculus, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the
eye, the fourth straight one; so named because in drawing the eye
outward, it causes that cast or motion that is peculiar to persons in
anger.

INDI’GNITY [indignité, Fr. indegnità, It. indignidàd, Sp. of indig­
nitas, Lat.] affront, unworthy usage or treatment of a person beneath
his merit or character; contemptuous injury, violation of right ac­
companied with insult. A person of so great place and worth con­
strained to endure so foul indignities. Hooker.

I’NDIGO, or I’NDICO [indicum, Lat.] a plant, by the Americans
called anil. It hath pennated leaves terminated by a single lobe, the
flowers disposed in a spike consist of five leaves, and are of the papi­
lionaceous kind. The style becomes a jointed pod, containing one
cylindrical seed in one partition. Miller. The indigo used by the
dyers is a fecula procured from the leaves of this plant, frequent in the
East and West Indies, where they plant and cultivate it with great
care; when it is ripe they cut the leaves, tie them up in bundles, and
lay them to rot in large vats of river or spring water: in three or four
days the water boils by mere force of the plant heating it, &c. upon
this they stir it up with large poles, and then letting it stand to settle
again, take out the plant, which is now void both of leaves and bark.
Afterwards they continue to stir what remains at bottom divers times;
after it has settled for good, they let out the water, take the sediment
which remains at bottom, put it into forms or moulds, and expose it in
the air to dry; and this is indigo.

INDIRE’CT [Fr. indiretto, It. of indirectus, Lat.] 1. Not straight,
not rectilinear. 2. Not direct, or strait forwards, not tending other­
wise than collaterally or consequentially to a point. An indirect and
peevish course. Shakespeare. 3. Not upright, unfair, foul, base, not
honest. Indirect dealing will be discovered one time or other. Til­
lotson.

INDIRECT Modes of Syllogism [in logic] are the four last modes of
the first figure, expressed by the barbarous words, baralipton, celantis,
dabitis, frisesomorum.

INDIRE’CTION [of in and direction] 1. Oblique means, tendency
not in a straight line. By indirections find directions out. Shakespeare.
2. Dishonest practice.
I had rather coin my heart, than wring,
From the hard hands of peasants, their vile trash,
By any indirection. Shakespeare.

INDIRE’CTLY, adv. [of indirect] 1. Unfairly, not rightly. I took
the forfeiture indirectly. Shakespeare. 2. Not in express terms. She in­
directly mentions it. Broome. 3. Not directly, not in a right line,
obliquely.

INDIRE’CTNESS [of indirect] 1. Unfair dealing or management. 2.
Obliquity.

INDISCE’RNIBLE [of in, neg. and discernible] not to be discerned,
not perceptible. Denham.

INDISCE’RNIBLENESS [of indiscernible] uncapableness of being dis­
cerned.

INDISCE’RNIBLY, adv. in a manner not to be discerned.

INDISCE’RPIBLE [of in and discerpo, Lat.] that cannot be rent, di­
vided, or separated, incapable of being destroyed by dissolution of
parts.

INDISCERPIBI’LITY, or INDISCE’RPIBLENESS [of indiscerptible] a
term used by philosophers, to signify incapability of dissolution.

INDISCO’VERY [of in and discovery] the state of being hidden; an
unusual word. The indiscovery of its head. Brown.

INDISCREE’T [of in and discretus, Lat. indiscret, Fr. indiscreto, It.
and Sp.] unwise, unadvised, unwary, imprudent. If thou be among
the indiscreet, observe the time. Ecclesiasticus.








INDISCREE’TLY, adv. [of indiscreet] without prudence, unadvisedly,
unwarily. Let him manage it indiscreetly. Taylor.

INDISCRE’TION, or INDISCRE’ETNESS, Fr. [indiscrezione, It. indiscre­
sion, Sp.] want of discretion or judgment, imprudence, inconsidera­
tion. From negligence, rashness, or other indiscretion. Hayward.

INDISCRI’MINATE [indisriminatus, Lat.] undistinguishable, not dif­
ferenced, not marked by any note, no distinction.

INDISCRI’MINATELY, adv. [of indiscriminate] without difference or
distinction. A flowing current bears away indiscriminately whatever
lies in its way. Government of the Tongue.

INDISPE’NSABLE, or INDISPE’NSIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [indispensabile,
It.] not to be dispensed with or spared, that is of absolute necessity.
Of indispensable use and necessity. Woodward.

INDISPE’NSABLENESS [of indispensable] necessity.

INDISPE’NSABLY, adv. [of indispensable] without remission, neces­
sarily. Indispensably obliged to the practice of duty. Addison.

To INDISPO’SE, verb act. [indisposer, Fr.] 1. To render unfit or un­
capable; with for. Nothing can be reckoned good or bad to us in
this life, any further than it prepares or indisposes us for the enjoyments
of another. Atterbury. 2. To disincline, to make averse; with to.
To indispose the heart to religion. Hooker. 3. To disorder, to disqua­
lify for its proper functions. The distemperature of indisposed organs.
Glanville. 4. To disorder slightly with regard to health. It made him
rather indisposed than sick. Walton. 5. To make unfavourable; with
towards. The king was sufficiently indisposed towards the persons or
the principles of Calvin's disciples. Clarendon.

INDISPO’SED, part. adj. see To DISPOSE [indisposé, Fr. indisposto,
It. indispuésto, Sp. of in, neg. and dispositus, Lat.] disordered in bo­
dy or mind.

INDISPO’SEDNESS [of indisposed] state of unfitness or disinclination, a
depraved state. The indisposedness of our own hearts. Decay of Piety.

INDISPOSI’TION, Fr. [indisposizione, It. indisposiciòn, Sp.] 1. A dis­
order of health, tendency to sickness. Rather an indisposition in
health, than any set sickness. Hayward. 2. Dislike or disinclination.
The indisposition of the church of Rome to reform herself. Stillingfleet.

INDISPU’TABLE, Fr. [indisputabile, It. of in, neg. and disputabilis,
Lat.] that is not to be disputed or questioned, uncontrovertable. No
maxim in politics more indisputable. Addison.

INDISPU’TABLENESS [of indisputable] unquestionableness, cer­
tainty.

INDISPU’TABLY, adv. [of indisputable] 1. Incontestably, certainly.
Nor is it indisputably certain. Brown. 2. Without opposition. A
duty that had been indisputably granted to so many preceding kings.
Howel.

INDISSO’LVABLE, or INDISSO’LUBLE [of in and dissolvable, or in­
dissoluble, Fr. and Sp. indissolubile, It. indissolubilis, Lat.] 1. Resisting
all separation of its parts, firm, stable. Their union will be indisso­
luble. Boyle. Tasteless and indissolvable in water. Newton. 2. That
cannot be broken or undone, binding for ever, subsisting for ever.
Bands of indissoluble love. Hooker. An indissolvable bond. Ayliffe.

INDISSO’LVABLENESS, or INDISSO’LUBLENESS [of indissolvable, or
indissoluble] resistance to separation of parts, indissolubility, uncapa­
bleness of being dissolved, &c.

INDISSOLUBI’LITY [of indissoluble; indissolubilité, Fr.] resistance to
any dissolving power, firmness, stableness. Whence steel has its firm­
ness, and the parts of a diamond their hardness and indissolubility.
Locke.

INDISSO’LUBLY, adv. [of indissoluble] 1. In a manner not to be dis­
solved. Indissolubly united. Boyle. 2. For ever obligatorily.

INDISTI’NCT, Fr. [indistinto, It. of indistinctus, Lat.] 1. Not di­
stinct, confused, disordered. Our ideas of these little bodies become
obscure and indistinct. Watts. 2. Not exactly discerning.
We throw out our eyes for brave Othello,
Even till we make the main, and th' ethereal blue
An indistinct regard. Shakespeare.

INDISTI’NCTION [of indistinct] 1. Confusion, uncertainty. The
indistinction of many of the same name. Brown. 2. Omission of dis­
crimination. An indistinction of all persons, or equality of all orders.
Sprae.

INDISTI’NCTLY, adv. [of indistinct] 1. Uncertainly, confusedly,
disorderly. In its sides it was bounded distinctly, but on its ends con­
fusedly and indistinctly. Newton. 2. So as not to be distinguished.
Both the liquors soaked indistinctly through the bowl. Brown.

INDISTI’NCTNESS [of indistinct] confusion, obscurity, uncertainty.
Unevenness or indistinctness in the style. Burnet.

INDISTI’NGUISHABLE [of in and distinguishable] that cannot be di­
stinguished.

INDISTU’RBANCE [of in and disturb] calmness, freedom from distur­
bance. Temple.

To INDI’TE [prob. of inditum, Lat. to put in, or of dihtan, Sax. or
dichten, Ger. to invent or compose, particularly in writing] to com­
pose or dictate the matter of a letter, or other writing. See To
ENDITE.

INDIVI’DUAL, adj. [individuel, Fr. individuo, It. and Sp. of indivi­
duus, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to an individuum, numerically one, single,
separate from others of the same species; commonly used in a sub­
stantive form. As individual and private mortals. Swift. 2. Undi­
vided, not to be separated or disjoined. United as one individual soul.
Milton.

INDIVI’DUAL, or INDIVI’DUUM, subst. Lat. a body or particle so
small, that it cannot be divided, an atom.

INDIVIDUA’LITY [of individual] separate or distinct existence. That
individuality could hardly be predicated of any man. Arbuthnot.

INDIVI’DUALLY, adv. [of individual] in an individual manner,
with separate or distinct existence, numerically. An attribute indivi­
dually proper to the godhead. Hakewell.

To INDIVI’DUATE, verb act. [individuus, Lat.] to distinguish from
others of the same species, to make single. Life is individuated into
infinite numbers. More.

INDIVI’DUATION [of individuate] that which makes an individual.
What is the principle of individuation? Watts.

INDIVIDU’ITY [individuus, Lat.] the state of being an individual,
separate existence.

INDIVI’DUUM, Lat. [with logicians] is what denotes one only
person or thing, or it is a particular being of any species, or that
which can't be divided into two or more beings equal or alike, and is
four fold.

INDIVIDUUM Demonstrativum, is when a demonstrative pronoun is
used in the expression, as, this man, or that woman.

INDIVIDUUM Determinatum, Lat. is when the thing is named and
determined, as, Alexander, the river Thames, &c.

INDIVIDUUM ex Hypothesi, Lat. or by supposition, is when an uni­
versal name or term is restrained by the supposition, to a particular
thing, as, the son of such an one, and it is known that he had but
one son.

INDIVIDUUM Vagum, is that, which though it signifies but one
thing, yet may be any of that kind; as when we say a man, a
certain person, one said so or so; but one person is meant; but that
one person, may be any body, for what appears to the contrary.

INDIVI’NITY [of in and divinity] want of divine power; obsolete.
How openly did the oracle betray his indivinity unto Crœsus? Brown.

INDIVISIBI’LITY, or INDIVI’SIBLENESS [indivisibilité, Fr. indivibi­
lità, It. indivisibilis, Lat.] uncapableness of being divided, state in
which no more division can be made. Locke.

INDIVI’SIBLE, Fr. [indivisibile, It. of indivisibilis, Lat.] which can­
not be divided, or broken into parts. One indivisible point of time.
Dryden.

INDIVI’SIBLES [indivisibilia, Lat.] things that cannot be divided.

INDIVI’SIBLES [with geometricians] are such principles or elements,
that any body or figure may ultimately be resolved into; and these are
supposed to be infinitely small in each peculiar figure. As for exam­
ple, a line may be said to consist of an infinite number of points; a
surface of an infinite number of parallel lines; and a solid of infinite
parallel surfaces. This doctrine of indivisibles, the antients called by
the name of the method of exhaustions, and is supposed to have been
invented by Archimedes.

INDIVI’SIBLY, adv. [of indivisible] in an indivisible manner, so as it
cannot be divided.

INDIVI’SUM, Lat. [in law] that which two persons hold in com­
mon, without partition.

INDO’CILE, or INDO’CIBLE [indocile, Fr. and It. of indocilis, Lat.]
unteachable, that cannot be taught, stupid, dull, blockish. Indocile,
intractable fools. Bentley.

INDO’CIBLENESS, INDOCI’LITY, or INDO’CILNESS [indocilitas, Lat.
indocilité, Fr. indocilità, It.] unaptness to learn or be taught, unteach­
ableness, refusal of instruction.

To INDO’CTRINATE [endoctriner, O. Fr.] to instruct or teach, to
tincture with any science or opinion. Indoctrinating his young unex­
perienced favourite. Clarendon.

INDOCTRINA’TION [of indoctrinate] instruction, information. Pos­
tulates are very accommodable to junior indoctrinations. Brown.

I’NDOLENCE, I’NDOLENCY, or I’NDOLENTNESS [indolentia, Lat. in­
dolence, Fr. indolenza, It.] 1. Freedom from pain or grief. As there
must be indolency where there is happiness, so there must not be indi­
gency. Burnet. 2. An unconcernedness, regardlessness, laziness.
Roused from their ancient indolence. Bolingbroke.

I’NDOLENT, Fr. [indolente, It. of indolens, Lat.] 1. Free from pain.
Ainsworth. 2. Insensible, careless, supine, negligent, lazy. To
waste long nights in indolent repose. Pope.

I’NDOLENTLY, adv. [of indolent.] 1. With freedom from pain.
2. Lazily, unattentively, carelesly, supinely. Calm and serene you
indolently sit. Addison.

INDO’MABLENESS [of indomabilis, Lat.] untameableness.

To INDO’RSE, verb act. [endosser, Fr. indorsare, It. endossar, Port.]
to write on the back of an instrument or deed, something that relates
to the matter therein contained; also to write ones name on the back
of a money-bill.

INDO’RSED [in heraldry] fishes are said to be borne indisorsed,
when they are represented with their backs to each other.

INDO’RSEMENT [endossement, Fr. indorsamento, It. of in and dorsum,
Lat. the back] a writing on the backside of a bond, deed, note, &c.

To INDO’W [indoto, Lat. or of indouaire, Fr.] to bestow a dower, to
settle rents or revenues upon, to enrich with gifts, whether of fortune
or nature. See To ENDOW.

INDO’WMENT [of indow] act of bestowing a gift of nature, an ac­
complishment, as to natural gifts or parts.

INDRAPO’RE, a Dutch settlement on the west coast of Sumatra, in
the East-Indies, 160 miles north-west of Bencoolen.

I’NDRAUGHT [of in and draught, of droht, Sax.] 1. A gulph or
bay running in between two lands, an opening into the land into
which the sea flows. Ebbs and floods there could be none, when
there was no undraughts bays or gulphs to receive a flood. Raleigh.
2. Inlet, passage inwards. Navigable rivers are so many indraughts to
attain wealth. Bacon.

To INDRE’NCH, verb act. [of drench] to soak, to drown.
My hopes lie drowned, in many fathoms deep
They lie indrench'd. Shakespeare.

INDU’BIOUS [of in and dubious] not doubtful, not suspecting, cer­
tain. An indubious confidence. Harvey.

INDU’BITABLE, Fr. [indubitabile, of indubitabilis, Lat.] not to be
questioned, past all doubt. Certain and indubitable. Watts.

INDU’BITABLENESS [of indubitable] undoubtedness, certainty.

INDU’BITABLY, adv. [of indubitable] undoubtedly, unquestionably.
Indubitably invested with both these authorities. Sprat.

INDU’BITATE [indubitatus, Lat.] undoubted, certain, evident. The
indubitate heirs of the crown. Bacon.

INDU’BITATELY, adv. [of indubitate] undoubtedly.

To INDU’CE, verb act. [induire, Fr. indurre, It. induzir, Sp. of in­
duco, Lat.] 1. To bring on, to superinduce. A kind of petrifying
crime, which induces the induration to which the fearful expectation of
wrath is consequent. Decay of Piety. 2. To introduce, to bring into
view. Inducing his personages in the first Iliad. Pope. 3. To cause ex­
trinsically, to produce. Sour things induce a contraction in the nerves.
Bacon. 4. To lead, to persuade, to influence to any thing. Yet would
she never be induced to entertain marriage with any. Hayward. 5. To
produce by persuasion or influence. As this belief is absolutely ne­
cessary to all mankind, the evidence for inducing it must be of that na­
ture, as to accommodate itself to all species of men. Forbes. 6. To
offer by way of induction, or consequential reasoning. To induce
their enthymemes into people. Brown. 7. To inculcate, to enforce.







This induces a general change of opinion concerning the person.
Temple.

INDU’CEMENT [of induce] motive, reason for doing any thing, that
which allures or persuades. Many inducements besides scripture may
lead me. Hooker.

INDU’CER [of induce] one that induces, persuades, or influences.

INDU’CIARY [induciarius, Lat.] pertaining to a truce.

INDU’CIATE [of induciatus, Lat.] immediate, next, presumptive;
as, induciate heir, &c.

To INDU’CT, verb act. [inductus, Lat.] 1. To introduce, to bring
in. The ceremonies in the gathering were first inducted by the Vene­
tians. Sandys. 2. To put into the actual possession of a benefice.
Ayliffe.

INDU’CTION, Fr. [induzione, It. of inductio, Lat.] the act of bring­
ing or leading into, entrance, introduction.
These promises are fair, the parties sure,
And our induction full of prosp'rous hope. Shakespeare.

INDUCTION [with logicians] an inference or consequence drawn
in reasoning from several established principles; a kind of imperfect
syllogism, when the species is gathered out of the individuals, the ge­
nus out of the species, and the whole out of the parts. Induction is
when, from several particular propositions, we inser one general; as
the doctrine of the Socinians cannot be proved from the gospels, it
cannot be proved from the acts of the apostles, it cannot be proved
from the epistles, nor the book of revelations; therefore it cannot be
proved from the new testament, Watts.

INDUCTION [in a law sense] a term used for the giving possession
to an incumbent of his church, by leading him into it, and delivering
him the keys by the commissary or deputy of the bishop, and by his
ringing one of the bells.

INDU’CTIVE [of inductus, Lat.] 1. Apt to induce or lead into, per­
suasive; with to.
A brutish vice
Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve. Milton.
2. Capable to infer or produce. They may be probable and induc­
tive of credibility. Hale.

To INDU’E, verb act. [of in and douaire, Fr. or induo, Lat. to in­
vest] 1. To qualisy, supply, or furnish with.
One first matter all
Indu'd with various forms. Milton.
2. It seems sometimes to be, even by good writers, confounded with
endow or indow; to furnish or enrich with any quality or excellence.
The angel by whom God indued the waters of Bethesda with super­
natural virtue, was not seen. Hooker. His pow'rs with dreadful
strength indu'd. Chapman.

To INDUE [of in and dauen, Ger. to digest] signisies speaking of
an hawk, to digest or concoct her meat.

To INDU’LGE [indulgere, It. and Lat.] 1. To cocker, to make much
of, to fondle, to gratify with concession, to foster. To indulge her
daughters with dogs. Locke. 2. To grant not of right, but favour.
Privileges indulged by former kings to their people. Taylor.

To INDU’LGE, verb neut. [a latinism now obsolete] to be favoura­
ble, to give indulgence; with to. He must, by indulging to any one
sort of reproveable discourse himself, defeat all his endeavours against
the rest. Government of the Tongue.

INDU’LCENCE, or INDU’LGENCY [of indulgence, Fr. indulgenza, It.
indulgéncia, Sp. of indulgentia, Lat.] 1. Fondness, fond kindness. She
first his weak indulgence will accuse. Milton. 2. Forbearance, gentle­
ness, tenderness; opposed to severity and rigour. They err, that
thro' indulgence to others, or fondness to any sin in themselves, sub­
stitute for repentance any thing less. Hammond. 3. Favour granted.
If all these gracious indulgencies are without any effect on us, we must
perish. Rogers. 4. [With Romanists] grant of the church of Rome,
defined by themselves, the remission of a punishment due to a sin,
granted by the pope, &c. and supposed to save the sinner from pur­
gatory. Base prostitution of indulgencies. Atterbury.

INDU’LGENT, Fr. [indulgence, It. and Sp. of indulgens, Lat.] 1.
Favourable, mild. Th' indulgent censure of posterity. 2. Kind,
gentle. All that the most indulgent Creator could do. Rogers. 3.
Gratifying, favouring, giving way to; with of. The feeble old in­
dulgent of their ease. Dryden.

INDU’LGENTLY, adv. [of indulgent] without severity, favourably,
mildly, kindly, &c.

INDU’LGENTNESS [of indulgent; indulgentia, Lat.] indulgence,
indulgent nature.

INDU’LT, Fr. or INDU’LTO, It. [of indulgeo, Lat.] a special grant
of the pope, to any society, corporation, or private person, to do or
obtain something contrary to the canon law.

INDULTO [in commerce] a duty or impost laid by the king of Spain,
to be paid for the commodities imported in the galeons, &c. from the
Spanish West-Indies.

INDULT of Kings, a power granted by the pope to nominate to con­
sistorial benefices, either by treaty or agreement, or otherwise.

INDU’RABLE [of in and duro, Lat.] that may be endured or
borne.

INDU’RABLENESS [of indurable] capableness of being borne or suf­
fered; also lastingness.

INDU’RANCE, the act of bearing, suffering, or holding out.

INDURA’NTIA, Lat. [with physicians] hardening medicines.

To I’NDURATE, verb neut. [induratum, sup. of induro, Lat.] to har­
den, to grow hard. Ligneous bodies may indurate under water.
Brown.

To INDURATE, verb act. 1. To make hard. A contracted indu­
rated bladder is a circumstance sometimes attending on the stone.
Sharp. 2. To harden the mind, to sear the conscience.

INDURA’TION [from indurate] 1. The act of hardening or of giv­
ing a harder consistence to a thing by a greater solidity of their par­
ticles; or a dissipation of the thineer parts of any matter, so that the
remainder is left harder. 2. The state of growing hard. A notable
instance of condensation and induration. Bacon. 3. Obduracy, hard­
ness of heart. A kind of petrifying crime which induces that indura­
tion. Decay of Piety.

To INDU’RE [indurer, Fr.] to last or continue; also to bear or suf­
fer. See ENDURE.

I’NDUS, a large river of Asia, has its rise in the mountains which
separate Tartary from India, and after a long course through several
provinces, discharges itself into the Indian ocean.

INDU’SIUM, Lat. a shirt or shift.

INDUSIUM [with anatomists] the innermost coat, which covers a
child in the womb; called also amnion.

INDU’STRIOUS [industrieux, Fr. industrioso, It. Sp. and Port. indu­
striosus, Lat.] 1. Laborious, pains-taking, diligent. Opposed to
slothful. Industrious to seek out the truth. Spenser. 2. Designed, done
for the purpose. The industrious perforations of the tendons. More.

INDU’STRIOUSLY, adv. [of industrious] 1. Laboriously, diligently.
If industriously
I play'd the fool, it was my negligence. Shakespeare.
2. With design, for the set purpose. The uniting had been indu­
striously attempted both by war and peace. Bacon.

I’NDUSTRY [industrie, Fr. industria, It. Sp. Port. and Lat.] pains­
taking, diligence, labour. To employ our industry, that we might not
live idle loiterers. More.
INDUSTRY is fortune's righr hand, and frugality her left.
And where both are but in action it is very hard if success does not
follow.


INE

To INE’BRIATE, verb act. [eneyver, Fr. inebriare, It. inebrio, Lat.]
to make drunk, to intoxicate. Wine sugared inebriateth less than wine
pure. Bacon.

To INEBRIATE [in a metaphorical sense] to make proud or con­
ceited.

To INEBRIATE, verb neut. to grow drunk, to be intoxicated. Fish
that come from the Euxine sea into the fresh water, do inebriate and
turn up their bellies. Bacon.

INEBRIA’TION [inobriazione, It. of inebriatio, Lat.] drunkenness,
intoxication. Not that an amethyst prevents inebriation. Brown.

INE’DIA, Lat. want of food or drink.

INEDIA [in medicine] abstinence, an eating less than usual.

INEFFABI’LITY [of ineffable] unspeakableness.

INE’FFABLE, Fr. and Sp. [ineffabile, It. of ineffabilis, Lat.] un­
speakable, not to be uttered or expressed. It is used almost always in
a good sense. Ineffable comforts. South.

INEFFABLE Numbers [with algebraists] the same as surd numbers,
which see.

INE’FFABLENESS, or INEFFABI’LITY [ineffabilità, It.] unspeaka­
bleness, &c.

INE’FFABLY, adv. [of ineffable] in a manner not to be expressed.
He all his father full expressed,
Ineffably into his face receiv'd. Milton.

INEFFE’CTIVE [ineffectif, Fr.] that can have no effect. The word
of God without the spirit, is a dead ineffective letter. Taylor.

INEFFE’CTUAL [of in and effectual] unable to produce its proper
effect, being without power, weak. A thing ineffectual to do good.
Hooker.

INEFFE’CTUALLY, adv. [of ineffectual] without effect.

INEFFE’CTUALNESS [of ineffectual] want of power to produce
its proper effect, inefficacy. The ineffectualness of some men's devo­
tions. Wake.

INE’FFICACIOUS [inefficace, Fr. and It. of inefficax, Lat.] ineffectual,
not able to produce effects, weak. Better than always to have the
rod in hand, and by frequent use of it misapply and render inefficacious
this useful remedy. Locke.

INEFFICA’CIOUSLY, adv. [of inefficacious] ineffectually, weakly.

INEFFICA’CITY, INE’FFICACY, or INEFFE’CTUALNESS [inefficacité,
Fr. of inefficax, Fr.] inefficaciousness, want of force and virtue, want
of effect.

INELA’BORATE [inelaboratus, Lat.] unlaboured, not well wrought
or composed.

INE’LEGANT [inelegans, Lat.] 1. Not having any gracefulness or
beauty, unbecoming. Opposed to elegant. This very variety of sea
and land, hill and dale, which is here reputed so inelegant and unbe­
coming, is indeed extremely charming. Woodward. 2. Mean, de­
spicable, Low and inelegant translations. Broome.

INE’LEGANTLY, adv. [of inelegant] without elegance or grace.

INE’LEGANCE, INE’LEGANCY, or INE’LEGANTNESS [inelegantia,
Lat.] want of elegancy, absence of grace or beauty.

INE’LOQUENT [of in and eloquens, Lat.] not persuasive, unoratori­
cal. Opposed to eloquent.

INEME’NDABLE [inemendabilis, Lat.] that cannot be amended; in
ancient times a crime was said to be inamendable, which could not be
atoned for by fine.

INEME’NDABLENESS [of inamendable] uncapableness of being a­
mended.

INENA’RRABLE [inenarrabilis, Lat.] that cannot be related.

INENA’RRABLENESS [of inenarrable] unspeakableness.

INENO’DABLE [inenodabilis, Lat.] not to be united or explained.

INENO’DABLENESS [of inenodable] uncapableness of being unloosed,
untied, or explicated.

INE’PT [ineptus, Lat.] unfit, uncapable, useless, foolish. The
works of nature neither useless nor inept. More. Inept and improper
for the formation of vegetables. Woodward.

INE’PTLY, adv. [of inept; inepté, Lat.] triflingly, unfitly, foolishly,
None of them made foolishly or ineptly. More.

INE’PTITUDE [ineptitudo, Lat.] unaptness, incapacity, unfitness.
No ineptitude or stubbornness of the matter being ever able to hinder
him. Ray.

INE’QUABLE [of in, neg. and æquabilis, Lat.] unequal or uneven.

INEQUA’LITY, or INE’QUALNESS [of in, neg. and æqualitas, Lat.
inegalité, Fr.] 1. Inequality, difference of comparative quantity. An
inequality in the length of our legs and arms. Ray. 2. Interchange of
higher and lower parts, unevenness. The country is cut into so many
hills and inequalities. Addison. 3. Disproportion to any purpose or of­
fice, state of not being adequate. The great inequality of all things to
the appetites of a rational soul. South. 4. Change of state, unlike­
ness of a thing to itself, difference of quality or temper. Inequality of
air is even an enemy to health. Bacon. 5. Difference of rank or sta­
tion. Inequality between man and man. Hooker.

INEQUALITY of Natural Days, though the sun is supposed, vulgarly,
to measure our time equally, yet it is very far from doing so; and as it







is impossible for a good clock or movement to keep time with the sun;
so one that is truly such, will measure time more truly, and go exacter
than any sun-dial.
The reason of the inequality of natural days, is, that the motion of
the earth itself, round its axis, is not exactly equable or regular, but
is sometimes swifter and sometimes slower.

INERGE’TICAL [of in, neg. and energia, Lat. of ενεργια, Gr.] slug­
gish, unactive.

INERGETICAL Bodies [with naturalists] are such as are unactive
and sluggish.

INERGE’TICALLY [of inergetical] slugglishly, unactively.

INERRABI’LITY, or INE’RRABLENESS [of inerrable] exemption
from error, infallability, uncapableness of erring. I cannot allow
their wisdom such a completeness and inerrability as to exclude myself
from judging. K. Charles. Infallibility and inerrableness. Hammond.

INE’RRABLE [of in. neg. and err, from erro, Lat.] that cannot err,
infallible. Decisions from the inerrable and requisite conditions of
sense. Brown.

INE’RRABLY, adv. [of inerrable] infallibly.

INE’RRINGLY, adv. [of in and erring] without error or mistake.
Glanville.

INE’RT [iners, Lat.] sluggish, unfit for action, motionless. Body
alone, inert and brute. Blackmore.

INE’RTITUDE [inertitudo, Lat.] slothfulness, sluggishness.

INE’RTLY, adv. [of inert] dully, sluggishly. Suspend awhile your
force inertly strong. Pope.

INESCA’TION [of in and esca, Lat.] the act of catching with a bait.

INESCATION [with some pretenders to physic] a kind of transplan­
tation used in curing some diseases. It is done by impregnating a pro­
per medium or vehicle with some of the mumia or vital spirit of the pa­
tient, and giving it to some animal to eat. It is pretended that the
animal unites and assimilates that mumia with itself, imbibing its vi­
cious quality, by which means the person to whom the mumia be­
longed is restored to health.

INESCU’TCHEON [in heraldry] is a small escutcheon borne within
the shield, with some other coat, and is generally the same as scutcheon
of pretence, as the arms of a wife, who is an heiress, and by that
means has brought the arms and estate into her husband's, which he
bears within his own: it contains one fifth of the field, is borne as an
ordinary thus; Ermin and inescutcheon gules.

IN Esse [i. e. in being] signifies a thing that is apparent and visible,
having a real being, opposed to a thing in posse or potentia, which is
not, but may be.

INE’STIMABLE, Fr. and Sp. [inestimabile, It. of inæstimabilis, Lat]
which cannot be sufficiently esteemed or valued, surpassing all price.
His infinite perfections and his inestimable benefits. Boyle.

INE’VIDENT [of in and evident] not plain, obscure. Now obsolete.
A stable assent unto things inevident. Brown.

INEVITABI’LITY [of inevitable] impossibility to be avoided, cer­
tainty. An universal immunity from all inevitability and determina­
tion. Bramhal.

INE’VITABLE [inévitable, Fr. and Sp. inevitabile, It. inevitabilis,
Lat.] not to be escaped, unavoidable. It is inevitable. Shakespeare.

INE’VITABLENESS [of inevitable] unavoidableness.

INE’VITABLY, adv. [of inevitable] unavoidably. How inevitably
does an immoderate laughter end in a sigh? South.

INEXCO’GITABLE [inexcogitabilis, Lat.] that cannot be found out or
thought of.

INEXCU’SABLE, Fr. [inescusabile, It. inescusable, Sp. of inexcusa­
bilis, Lat.] that will admit of no excuse or that cannot be excused or
palliated by apology. A folly inexcusable. L'Estrange.

INEXCU’SABLENESS [of inexcusable] enormity beyond palliation or
forgiveness. South. Also uncapableness or undeservingness to be ex­
cused.

INEXCU’SABLY, adv. [of inexcusable] to a degree of guilt or folly
beyond excuse, in a manner not to be excused. Brown.

INEXHA’LABLE [of in and exhale] that which cannot exhale or be
evaporated. Brown.

INEXI’STENT, or INEXI’STING [of in and existent, or exist] not hav­
ing any existence or being, not to be found in nature. To com­
pound and piece together creatures of allowable forms into mixtures
inexistent. Brown.

INEXI’STENCE [of in and existence] want of being or existence.
From a state of inexistence. Broome.

INEXHAU’STED [inexhaustus, Lat.] not exhausted, drawn out, or
emptied, not possible to be emptied. An early rich and inexhausted
vein. Dryden.

INEXHAU’STIBLE [of in and exhaustible] not to be spent, that can­
not be drawn out or emptied. The variety of combinations which
may be made with number whose stock is inexhaustible. Locke.

INEXHAU’STIBLENESS [of inexhaustible] uncapableness of being
emptied or drawn dry.

INE’XORABLE, Fr. [inesorabile, It. of inexorabilis, Lat.] that is not
to be entreated or persuaded, not to be prevailed upon with prayers
or entreaties. Inexorable to all his invitations. Rogers.

INE’XORABLENESS [of inexorable] temper or humour not to be in­
treated.

INEXPA’NSUS, Lat. [in botanic writers] that does not blow open as
flowers do.

INEXPE’CTABLE [inexpectabilis, Lat.] not be looked for.

INEXPE’DIENCE, or INEXPE’DIENCY [of in, neg. and expediens,
Lat.] inconveniency, unfitness, unsuitableness to time or place, im­
propriety, The expediency and inexpediency of what they enjoin.
Sanderson.

INEXPE’DIENT [of in and expedient] that is not expedient, conve­
nient or fit, unsuitable to time or place. It is inexpedient they should
be known. Boyle.

INEXPE’RIENCE, Fr. [inesperianza, It. of in and experiantia, Lat.]
want of experience or skill, want of experimental knowledge. Preju­
dice and self-sufficiency naturally proceed from inexperience of the
world. Addison.

INEXPE’RIENCED [inexpertus, Lat.] not experienced.

INEXPE’RT [inexpertus, Lat.] unskilled, unskilful. In letters and in
laws inexpert. Prior.

INE’XPIABLE, Fr. [inexpiabilis, Lat.] 1. Not to be expiated or a­
toned for. 2. Not to be mollified by atonement. To raise in me in­
expiable hate. Milton.

INE’XPIABLENESS [of inexpiable] uncapableness of being expiated.

INE’XPIABLY. adv. [of inexpiable] to a degree beyond atonement.
Excursions are inexpiably bad. Roscommon.

INEXPLA’NABLE [inexplanabilis, Lat.] that cannot be explained.

INE’XPLEABLY, adv. [of in and expleo, Lat.] insatiably. An obso­
lete word. What were these harpies but flatterers, delatous and inex­
pleably covetous. Sandys.

INE’XPLICABLE, Fr. [inesplicabile, It. inexplicabilis, Lat.] that can­
not be unfolded or explained. Inexplicable passions of the mind.
Hooker.

INE’XPLICABLENESS [of inexplicable] capableness of being ex­
plained.

INE’XPLICABLY, adv. [of inexplicable] in a manner not to be ex­
plained.

INEXPRE’SSIBLE [of in and expressible] ineffable, unutterable. So
inexpressible a pleasure. South.

INEXPRE’SSIBLY, adv. [of inexpressible] unutterably. Inexpressibly
melodious. Addison.

INEXPU’GNABLE, Fr. [inespugnabile, It. inexpugnabilís, Lat.] not to
be taken or won by force, impregnable, not to be subdued. Such a
vehement and impregnable appetite. Ray.

INEXTI’NGUISHABLE [inextinguible, Fr. inestinguibile, It. of inextin­
guibilis, Lat.] unquenchable, not to be quenched or put out. An in­
extinguishable desire, Grew

INEXTI’RPABLE [inextirpabilis, Lat.] that cannot be extirpated,
rooted out, pulled up or utterly destroyed.

INE’XTRICABLE, Fr. [inestrigabile, It. inextricabilis, Lat.] not to
be disentangled, not to be freed from obscurity or perplexity. Lost
in the wild inextricable maze. Blackmore.

INE’XTRICABLENESS [of inextricable] uncapableness of being dis­
entangled or extricated.

INE’XTRICABLY, adv. [of inextricable] to a degree of perplexity
or obscurity, as not to be cleared. Inextricably puzzled and baffled.
Bentley.

INEXU’PERABLE [inexuperabilis, Lat.] not to be overcome or sur­
passed.

To INE’YE, verb neut. [of in and eye] to inoculate, to propagate
trees by the insition of a bud into a foreign stock.
Let sage experience teach thee all the arts
Of grafting and ineying. J. Philips.


INF

INFALLIBI’LITISHIP, the gift of being infallible; a sarcastical title
given to the pope, or any other pretender to infallibility.

INFALLIBI’LITY, or INFA’LLIBLENESS [infallibilité, Fr. infallibili­
tà, It. infalibilidàd, Sp.] unerring quality, impossibility of being de­
ceived, exemption from error. Infallibility is the highest perfection of
the knowing faculty. Tillotson.

INFA’LLIBLE, Sp. [infallible, Fr. infallibile, It. of infallibilis, Lat.]
that cannot err, or be deceived, certain, never failing. Infallible
evidence of proof. Hooker.

INFA’LLIBLY, adv. [of infallible] 1. Without danger of deceit,
with security from error. We cannot be as God, infallibly knowing
in good and evil. Smalridge. 2. Certainly, without fail. Such a
conduct as will infallibly render us happy. Rogers.

To INFA’ME, verb act. [infamer, Fr. infamo, Lat.] to defame, to
censure publickly, to brand. Livia is infamed for the poisoning of her
husband. Bacon.

INFAME’, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies disgraced, spoken of a lion, or
some other beast that hath lost his tail, as if by that it were made in­
famous or disgraced.

I’NFAMOUS [infame, of infamant, Fr. It. and Sp. of infamis, Lat.]
publickly branded with guilt, being of a bad nature, notoriously con­
trary to virtue or honour. Whether Hotham were more infamous at
Hull or Tower-hill. K. Charles.

I’NFAMOUSLY, adv. [of infamous] 1. With open reproach. 2.
Shamefully, scandalously. That poem was infamously bad. Dryden.

I’NFAMOUSNESS, or I’NFAMY [infamie, Fr. infamia, It. Sp. Port.
and Lat.] infamous quality or condition, public reproach. Indelible
characters of infamy. K. Charles.

I’NFANCY [infantia, Lat. enfance, Fr. infanzia, It. infancia, Sp.]
1. the first state of human life, reckoned, according to naturalists,
from the first to the seventh year. Impressions on our tender infan­
cies. Locke. 2. Civil infancy, extended by the English law to one
and twenty years. 3. The first age of any thing, original, com­
mencement. In the infancy, and in the grandeur of Rome. Arbuthnot.

INFA’NGTHEFE, or HINGFA’NGTHEFT [in fangtheof, Sax. from
in, fang, or fong, to take or catch, and thef] a privilege allowed in
the time of our Saxon ancestors, to the lords of certain manours, of
passing judgment upon any theft committed by their own servants, or
any thief within the see.

I’NFANT [infans. Lat. enfans, Fr. infante, It. and Sp. of in neg.
and fari, Lat. to speak] 1. A child under the age of seven years.
That powerful grace which openeth the mouths of infants to sound
his praise. Hooker. 2. [In law] all persons are so reputed, who are
under the age of twenty-one years.

INFA’NTA, Sp. a daughter of the king of Spain or Portugal.

INFA’NTE, a son of the king of Spain or Portugal.

INFA’NTICIDE [of in and fanticide, Fr. particularly the slaughter
of the infants by Herod; infanticida, or infanticidium, Lat.] 1. A kil­
ler of infants. 2. A killing of infants.

INFA’NTILE [infantilis, Lat.] belonging to childhood, pertaining
to an infant. The fly lies all the winter in these balls in its infantile
state. Derham.

I’NFANTRY [infanterie, Fr. fanteria, It. infanteria, Sp.] the foot­
soldiers in an army. The principal strength of an army consisteth in
the infantry or foot. Bacon.

INFA’RCTION [of in and farcio, Lat. to stuff.] stuffing.

INFA’TUATE, adj. the same in sense with infatuated.
There station'd to what end?—In watch for prey,
Fortune's INFATUATE favourites of a day. Table of CEBES.
See INFATUATED and FRANTIC, and under the last of those words,
read,







And frantic with REMORSEFUL fury, there
Fierce anguish stamps, and rends her shaggy hair.
Table of CEBES.

To INFA’TUATE, verb act. [infatuer, Fr. infatuare, It. and Lat.
from in and fatuus, Lat.] to deprive of understanding, to strike with
folly. Universally infatuated with the notion. Addison.

INFA’TUATED, part. adj. [infatuatus, Lat. infatué, Fr.] made or
become foolish, besotted.

INFATUA’TION [of infatuate] the act of striking with folly, de­
privation of reason. South.

INFA’USTING, subst. [infaustus, Lat.] the act of making unlucky;
an odd and inelegant word. Johnson. He did withal bring a kind of
malediction and infausting upon the marriage, as an ill prognostic.
Bacon.

INFAU’STOUS [infaustus, Lat.] unhappy, unlucky.

INFE’ASIBLE [of in and feasible] impracticable. So difficult and
infeasible. Glanville.

To INFE’CT [infecter, Fr. infettare, It. inficìonàr, Sp. infectum, sup.
of infico, Lat.] 1. To communicate to another poison or pestilence, to
taint, to poison, to pollute. One of those fantastical mind infected
people, that children and musicians call lovers. Sidney. 2. To fill
with something hurtfully contagious. Infected be the air whereon
they ride. Shakespeare.

INFE’CTED, part. adj. [infectus, Lat. infecté, Fr.] corrupted or
tainted, seized with a noxious distemper received from another.

INFE’CTION, Fr. [infezione, It. inficiòn, Sp. of infectio, Lat. in me­
dicine] that way of communicating a disease by some effluvia or par­
ticles which fly off from distempered bodies, or bales of goods, &c.
a plague, a pestilence, a poison.

INFE’CTIOUS [infect, Fr. infecto, It. of infectio, Lat.] apt to infect
or taint, contagious, influencing by communicated qualities. Some
known diseases are infectious. Bacon.

INFE’CTIOUSLY, adv. [of infectious] contagiously. Shakespeare.

INFE’CTIOUSNESS [of infectious] contagiousness, infectious nature,
or quality.

INFE’CTIVE, apt or tending to infect, having the quality of conta­
gion. True love well consider'd, hath an infective power. Sidney.

INFECU’ND [infæcundus, Lat.] barren, unfruitful. Render'd unfe­
cund in the waters. Derham.

INFECU’NDITY [of infæcunditas, Lat.] unfruitfulness, barrenness.

To INFEE’BLE, verb act. [of in and foibler, or affoibler, Fr. infiebo­
lire, It.] to make feeble, to weaken. See ENFEEBLE.

INFELI’CITY [infelicitas, Lat.] unhappiness, unfortunateness, mi­
sery, calamity. The ignorance and infelicity of the present state.
Glanville.

To INFEO’FF [of infeoder, Fr.] to unite or join to the fee.

INFEO’FFMENT [feoffamentum, barb. Lat.] a settlement in fee. See
FEOFFMENT.

To INFE’R, verb act. [inferrer, Fr. inferire, It. inferìr, Sp. infero,
Lat.] 1. To bring on, to induce. Vomits infer some small detri­
ment to the lungs. Harvey. 2. To conclude or gather, to draw a
consequence. To infer is nothing but by virtue of one proposition
laid down as true, to draw in another as true, i. e. to see or suppose
such a connection of the two ideas of the inferred propositions. Locke.
3. To offer, to produce.
Full well hath Clifford play'd the orator,
Inferring arguments of mighty force. Shakespeare.

I’NFERENCE, Fr. a consequence, a conclusion drawn from premises.
These inferences or conclusions are the effects of reasoning. Watts.

INFE’RIBLE [of infer] deducible from premises. Conclusions no
way inferible from their premises. Brown.

INFE’RIOR, adj. Lat. and Sp. [of inferieur, Fr. inferiore, It.] 1. Low­
er in place. 2. Lower in station or rank of life. A great person gets
more by obliging his inferior, than by disdaining him. South. 3.
Lower in value or excellency. Whether they are equal or inferior to
my other poems, an author is the most improper judge of. Dryden.
4. Subordinate. General and fundamental truths in philosophy, re­
ligion, and human life, conduct our thoughts into a thousand infe­
rior and particular propositions. Watts.

INFERIOR Planets [with astronomers] such as are placed between
the orbit of the earth and the sun.

INFERIO’RITY, or INFE’RIORNESS [inferiorité, Fr. inferiorità, It.
inferioridàd, Sp. or of inferior, Lat. and ness] lower rank or value.
We are to rest contented with that only inferiority, which is not pos­
sible to be remedied. Dryden.

INFE’RIOUR, subst. [inferior, Lat.] one of a lower degree or merit,
a person of a meaner quality, or lower rank than another.

INFE’RNAL, Fr. and Sp. [infernale, It. of enfernus, infernalis, Lat.]
pertaining to hell, tartarean, hellish. Nine acres of infernal space.
Dryden.

INFERNAL Stone [with surgeons] a perpetual caustic or burning
composition, so called on account of the exquisite pain it causes in the
operation; it is the same with the silver cautery. Infernal stone, or
the lunar caustic, is prepared from an evaporated solution of silver, or
from crystals of silver. It is a very powerful caustic, eating away the
flesh, and even the bones to which it is applied. Hill.

INFE’RNALNESS [of infernal] the being of the nature, temper, or
disposition of hell, hellish quality.

INFE’RTILE, Fr. and It. [of infertilis, Lat.] unfruitful, barren. An
infertile soil. Government of the Tongue.

INFERTI’LITY, or INFE’RTILENESS [infertilité, Fr. infertilità, It.
of in, neg. and fertilitas, Lat.] unfruitfulness, barrenness. The in­
fertility or noxiousness of the soil. Hale.

To INFE’ST, verb act. [infester, Fr. infestár, Sp. infestare, It. and
Lat.] to annoy, to harrass, to plague. A people infested and
mightily hated of all others. Hooker. Passions that infest human life.
Addison.

INFESTI’VITY [infestivitas, Lat.] unpleasantness, mournfulness,
want of cheerfulness.

INFE’STRED, adj. [of in and fester] rankling, inveterate. Mind­
ful of that old infestred grudge. Spenser.

INFEUDA’TION [of in and feudum, Lat.] the act of enfeoffing, or
of putting one in possession of a fee or estate. Upon the infeudation
of the tenant. Hale.

INFIBULA’TION, Lat. the act of buttoning or buckling into.

I’NFIDEL, subst. [infidelis, Lat. infidelle, Fr. infidele, It. infiél, Sp.]
an unbeliever, one who does not profess or believe the truths of the
christian religion, a miscreant. Not to join herself to an infidel.
Hooker.

INFIDE’LITY [infidelitas, Lat. infidelité, Fr. infedeltà, It. infieldàd,
Sp.] 1. Unbelief, the state of unbelief, or of an unbeliever, want of
faith. Silencing the murmurs of Infidelity. Taylor. 2. Disbelief of
the doctrines of christianity. Infidelity is propagated with as much
fierceness and contention, as if the safety of mankind depended upon
it. Addison. 3. Unfaithfulness, treachery, deceit. The infidelities
between the two sexes. Spectator.

INFI’MUS Venter, Lat. [with anatomists] the lowermost of the
three ventures in a human body.

I’NFINITE [infini, Fr. infinito, It. and Sp. of infinitus, Lat.] 1.
Endless, boundless, immense, having no limits to its nature. The
very substance of God is infinite. Hooker. 2. It is hyperbolically used
for large, great. Infinite implies a contradiction, to have terms or
bounds to its essence and attributes, and in this sense God only is in­
finite. See GOD, DIVINITY, CO-IMMENSE, and CO-ETERNAL, com­
pared with ENERGUMENI, and FIRST-BORN. The word is also used
to signify that which had a beginning, but shall have no end, as an­
gels and human souls. See FINITE.

Infinitely INFINITE Fractions [in arithmetic] are those whose nu­
merator being one, are together equal to an unite; from whence it is
deduced, that there are progressions infinitely farther than one kind
of infinity,

INFINITE Line [in geometry] an indefinite or undeterminate line
to which no certain bounds or limits are prescribed.

INFINITE in itself [in metaphysics] is not that which is only so in
reference to us, as the sand, stars, &c. because their number cannot
be discovered by any man; but as God.

INFINITE, in respect to us, as the sand, stars, &c. because their
number cannot be discovered by any man.

I’NFINITELY, adv. [of infinite] immensely, boundlesly, endlesly;
also, by way of hyperbole, exceedingly.

INFI’NITENESS [of infinite] immensity, boundlessness, infinity.
The infiniteness of his vows. Sidney.

INFINITENESS [in God] is an incommunicable attribute; by which
is meant, that he is not bounded by place, space, or duration; but
is without limits or bounds, without beginning or end.

INFINITE’SIMAL, adj. [with mathematicians] applied to such quan­
ties as are supposed to be infinitely small, infinitely divided. Some­
times it is used in a substantive form.

INFI’NITIVE Mood [infinitif, Fr. infinitivo, It. and Sp. of infiniti­
vus, Lat. with grammarians] a mood so termed, because not limited
by number or person, as the other moods are. The infinitive affirms
or intimates the intention of affirming, which is one use of the indi­
cative; but then it does not do it absolutely. Clarke's Lat. Grammar.

INFI’NITUDE [of infinite] infiniteness, boundlessness. Stood
vast infinitude confin'd. Milton. The incompossibility of the very
nature of things successive or extensive with infinitude. Hale.

INFI’NITY, or I’NFINITENESS [infinité, Fr. infinità, It. infinidàd,
Sp. of infinitas, Lat.] 1. Endlessness, boundlessness, unmeasurable­
ness, immensity, boundless qualities. Infinity of goodness. Hooker.
2. Endless number; an hyperbolical use. Homer has concealed
faults under an infinity of admirable beauties. Broome.

INFI’RM [inferme, Fr. infermo, It. enférmo, Sp. of infirmus, Lat.]
1. Weak, feeble, sickly, disabled of body. A poor, infirm, weak,
and despis'd old man. Shakespeare. 2. Weak of mind, irresolute.
Infirm of purpose. Shakespeare. 3. Not stable, not solid. He who
fixes upon false principles, treads upon infirm ground. South.

To INFI’RM, verb act. [infirmer, Fr. infirmo, Lat.] to weaken, to
enfeeble, to shake; now obsolete. A sufficient reason to infirm all
those points. Raleigh.

INFI’RMARY [infirmarium, Lat. infermerie, Fr. infermerio, It.] an
apartment, or lodgings, for sick people. One should be for an infir­
mary, if any special person should be sick. Bacon.

INFI’RMITY [infirmité, Fr. infirmità, It. infermidàd, Sp. of infirmi­
tas, Lat.] 1. Weakness of age, sex, or temper. The infirmities of
the body, pains, and diseases. Rogers. 2. Failing, weakness, fault.
A friend should bear a friend's infirmities. Shakespeare. 3. Disease,
malady, weakness, feebleness of body, sickness. General laws are
like general rules of physic, according whereunto, as now, no wise
man will desire himself to be cured, if there be joined with his disease
some special accident, in regard to others in the same infirmity, but
without the like accident, may. Hooker.

INFI’RMNESS [of infirm] weakness, feebleness. The infirmness
and insufficiency of the paripatetic doctrine. Boyle.

INFI’STULATED, adj. [of in and fistulatus, Lat.] turned to or be­
come fistulous; also full of fistula's.

To INFI’X, verb act. [infixum, sup. of infigo, Lat.] to fix or fasten
into, to drive in immoveable. Infix'd and frozen round. Milton.

To INFLA’ME, verb act. [enflammer, Fr. infiammare, It. inflamàr,
Sp. of inflammo, Lat.] 1. To set, to kindle. Its waves of torrent fire
inflam'd with rage. Milton. 2. To kindle desire. Their lust was in­
flamed towards her. Susannah. 3. To aggravate, to exaggerate. A
friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy inflames his crimes. Ad­
dison. 4. To heat the body morbidly with obstructed matter. 5.
To heat, to inrage, to incense, to provoke, to irritate. A little vain
curiosity weighs so much with us, or the church's peace so little, that
we sacrifice the one to the whetting and inflaming of the other. De­
cay of Piety. 6. To put into a passion, to fire with passion. Satan
with thoughts inflam'd of highest design. Milton.

To INFLAME, verb neut. to grow hot, angry, and painful, by ob­
structed matter. If the vesiculæ are opprest, they inflame. Wiseman.

INFLA’MER [of inflame] the thing or person that inflames. Inte­
rest is a great inflamer, and sets a man on persecution under the co­
lour of zeal. Addison.

INFLAMMABI’LITY [of inflammable] the quality of being easily
kindled or catching fire. If the ambient air be impregnate with sub­
tile inflammabilities. Brown.

INFLA’MMABLE [inflammable, Fr. inflammabile, It. of inflammo,
Lat.] capable of being inflamed or set on fire, having the quality of
flaming, easy to be set on a flame. Sulphureous, fat and inflamma­
ble parts. Newton.








INFLA’MMABLENESS [of inflammable] the quality of being easily
set on flame. The inflammableness of bodies. Boyle.

INFLAMMA’TION Fr. [infiamazione, It. inflamaciòn, Sp. of inflam­
matio, Lat.] 1. The act of setting on flame. 2. The state of being
in a flame. 3. [In medicine] a disease so called. If that bright spot
stay in his place, it is an inflammation of the burning. Leviticus. 4.
The act of exciting heat or fervour of mind. The mind delighted
with that contemplative sight of God, taketh every where new in­
flammations. Hooker.

INFLA’MMATIVE [inflammativo, It.] being of an inflaming nature
or quality.

INFLA’MMATORY, adj. [of inflamed] having the power of inflaming.
An inflammatory distemper. Arbuthnot.

To INFLA’TE, verb act. [inflatum, sup. of inflo, from in and flo,
Lat. to blow] 1. To blow, swell, or puff up with wind. The mus­
cles are inflated in time of rest. Ray. 2. To fill with the breath.
With brazen trumpets and inflated box. Dryden.

INFLATE Expression, an expression swelling with big words, but to
no great purpose.

INFLA’TION [in medicine] the state of being puffed up, a windy
swelling, the extention of a part occasioned by windy humours, fla­
tulence. Inflations and tumours of the belly. Arbuthnot.

To INFLE’CT [inflecto, Lat.] 1. To bend or bow, to turn. Are
they not reflected, refracted, and inflected by one and the same prin­
ciple. Newton. 2. To change, to vary. 3. To vary a noun or
verb in its termination.

INFLE’CTION, or INFLE’XION [inflectio, Lat.] 1. The act of bend­
ing or bowing. The divine determinations, persuasions, or inflexions
of the understanding. Hale. 2. Modulation of the voice. The mo­
tion of his body, and the inflections of his voice. Hooker. 3. [With
grammarians] is the variation of nouns and verbs in their several
cases, tenses, and declensions. The same word in the original tongue,
by divers inflections and variations, makes divers dialects. Brerewood.

INFLECTION [in optics] a multiplex refraction of the rays of light,
caused by the unequal thickness of any medium; so that the motion
or progress of the ray is hindred from going on in a right line, and
is inflected or bent back on the inside by a curve.

INFLE’CTIVE, adj. [of inflect] having the power of bending or
turning. This inflective quality of the air is a great incumbrance.
Derham.

INFLEXIBI’LITY, or INFLE’XIBLENESS [inflexibilitas, Lat. inflexi­
bilité, Fr. inflessibilità, It.] quality of that which cannot be bowed or
bended, stiffness; also a temper not to be bent, obstinacy, stiffness of
disposition, inexorable pertinacy.

INFLE’XIBLE, Fr. [inflessibile, It. of inflexibilis, Lat.] 1. Not to be
bent or incurvated. Inflexible to the powerful arm of reason. Brown.
2. Not to be prevailed on, stiff, obstinate, immoveable. A man of
an upright and inflexible temper. Addison. 3. Not to be changed or
altered. The nature of things are inflexible, and their natural re­
lations unalterable. Watts.

INFLE’XIBLY, adv. [of inflexible] obstinately, inexorably, invaria­
bly, without relaxation or remission. It should be begun early, and
inflexibly kept to. Locke.

To INFLI’CT, verb. act. [infliger, Fr. infliggere, It. infligir, Sp.
inflictum, sup. of infligo, Lat.] to lay a punishment upon. Sufficient
is this punishment which was inflicted. 2 Corinthians.

INFLI’CTER [of inflict] he who inflicts any thing as a punishment.
Extended to the utmost power of the inflicter. Government of the
Tongue.

INFLI’CTION, Fr. [inflizione, It. of inflictio, Lat.] 1. The act of
laying a punishment upon. Death not only as to merit, but also as
to actual infliction. South. 2. The punishment imposed. His se­
verest inflictions are in themselves acts of justice. Rogers.

INFLI’CTIVE [of inflict; influctive, Fr.] being laid on as a punish­
ment.

I’NFLUENCE, Fr. [influenza, It. influéncia, Sp. influentia, of in­
fluo, Lat.] 1. An emission of a power or virtue. The sacred influence
of light appears. Milton. 2. The act of working or prevailing upon,
power over in directing or modifying. God hath his influence into
the very essence of all things. Hooker.

INFLUENCE [in astrology] power of the celestial aspects, operating
upon terrestrial bodies and affairs; a quality supposed to flow from
the bodies of the stars, or the effect of their heat and light, to which,
the pretenders to that art, attribute all the events that happen on the
earth.

To I’NFLUENCE [influer, Fr. of influere, It. and Lat.] to have an
influence upon, to sway, bias, or have power over, to lead or guide
to any end. Not influenced by the weight or pressure of the atmos­
phere. Newton.

I’NFLUENCED, part. adj. swayed, biassed, inclined towards, wrought
upon.

I’NFLUENT, adj. [influens, Lat.] flowing into. A term used where
any liquor or juice, by the contrivance of nature, or the laws of cir­
culation, flows or falls into another current or receptacle.

INFLUENT Juices [in medicine] such juices of a human body, that
by the contrivance of nature and laws of circulation, fall into ano­
ther current or receptacle, as the bile into the gall-bladder, &c. Keep­
ing a just equilibrium between the influent fluids and vascular solids.
Arbuthnot.

INFLUE’NTIAL, adj. [of influence] 1. Exerting influence or
power. Dangerously influential. Glanville. 2. Influencing, or bear­
ing sway.

I’NFLUX [influxus, Lat.] 1. The act of flowing or running into,
especially of one river into another. The influx of the rivers. Addison.
2. Infusion. The influx of the knowledge of God. Hale. 3. Influ­
ence, power; in this sense now obsolete. Transmission and influx of
in material virtues. Bacon.

INFLU’XIOUS, adj. [of influx] influential; obsolete. The moon
hath an influxious power to make impressions upon their humours.
Howel.

To INFO’LD, verb. act. [of in and fold, from feoldan, Sax.] to
fold or wrap up, to involve. Let me infold thee. Shakespeare.

To INFO’LIATE, verb act. [of in and folium, Lat. a leaf] to co­
ver with leaves. Long may his fruitful vine infoliate and clasp about
him. Howel.

To INFO’RCE [enforcer, Fr.] to prevail upon by force or argument,
to constrain or oblige. See ENFORCE.

INFO’RCEMENT, a compulsion or restraint. See ENFORCEMENT.

To INFO’RM, verb. act. [informer, Fr. informár, Sp. informare, It.
and Lat.] 1. To tell, to instruct, to teach, to make acquainted with,
to supply with new knowledge. Before the thing communicated was
anciently put with; now generally of, sometimes in. I know not
how proper. Johnson. To inform their minds with some method of
reducing the laws into their original causes. Hooker. What sense in­
forms us of. Digby. Few inform themselves in these to the bottom.
Locke. 2. To animate, to actuate by vital powers. Breath informs
fleeting frame. Prior. 3. To prefer an accusation before a magistrate.
Tertullus informed the government against Paul. Acts.

To INFO’RM, verb neut. to give notice, to give intelligence.
It is the bloody business which informs
Thus to minc eyes. Shakespeare.

INFO’RM [informis, Lat.] unshapen, without form; also ugly.

INFO’RMAL, adj. [of inform] offering an information, accusing; an
obsolete word.
These poor informal women are no more
But instruments of some more mightier member. Shakespeare.

INFO’RMA Pauperis, Lat. [i. e. under the form of a poor person] is
when a person having made oath before a judge, that he is not worth
five pounds, his debts paid, is admitted to sue, having council or an
attorney assigned to manage his business without any fees.

INFO’RMANT, subst. Fr. 1. One who gives information or instruc­
tion. Made up of terms which his informant understands. Watts.
2. One who presses an accusation.

INFORMA’TION, Fr. [informazione, It. informacion, Sp. of informa­
tio, Lat.] 1. The act of informing or actuating. 2. Intelligence gi­
ven, instruction. The active informations of the intellect. South. 3.
Charge or accusation preferred. 4. An accusation brought against one
before a magistrate.

INFORMA’TUS non Sum [i. e. I am not informed] a formal answer
made in court, by an attorney who has no more to say in the defence
of his client.

INFO’RMED Stars [with astronomers] are such fixed stars as are not
ranged under any form or particular constellation.

INFO’RMER [of inform] 1. One who gives intelligence. A want
of judgment to chuse his informers. Swift. 2. One who in any court
of judicature informs against, or prosecutes any persons who transgress
any law or penal statute, one who discovers offenders to the magis­
trate. Informers are a detestable race of people. Swift.

INFO’RMIDABLE [of in and formidabilis, Lat.] not to be dreaded.
Foe not informidable. Milton.

INFO’RMITY [informis, Lat.] shapelessness. Brown.

INFO’RMOUS [informe, Fr. and It. of informis, Lat.] that is without
form, fashion, or shape, being of no regular figure. A bear brings
forth her young informous and unshapen. Brown.

INFO’RTUNATE [infortuné. Fr. infortunatus, Lat.] unfortunate, un­
lucky, unhappy; see UNFORTUNATE, which is commonly used. All
either false, faint, or infortunate. Brown.

INFO’RTUNATENESS [of infortunate] unhappiness, unluckiness.

INFO’RTUNES [with astrologers] the planets Saturn and Mars, so
called, by reason of their ill-disposed natures and unfortunate in­
fluences.

I’NFRA Scapularis Musculus, Lat. [with anatomists] a broad or
fleshy muscle of the arm, arising from the lower side of the scapula,
and ending in the third ligament of the shoulder.

INFRA Spinatus Musculus [with anatomists] a muscle of the arm, so
termed from its being placed below the spine, under which it arises
from the scapula, and is inserted into the shoulder bone. This muscle
moves the arm directly backwards.

To INFRA’CT, verb act. [infractum, sup. of infringo, from in and
frango, Lat. to break] to break. With wild infracted course and
lessen'd roar. Thomson,

INFRA’CTION [infraction, Fr. infractio, Lat.] the act of break­
ing in, a rupture or violation of a treaty, a law, ordinance, &c. Pre­
tending an infraction in the abuse of their hostages. L'Estrange.

INFRALAPSA’RIANS, a sect who hold that God has created a cer­
tain number of men, only to be damned; or, in other words, sent
them into being upon such terms, as preclude all possiibility of their
being saved; and the votaries of this doctrine, which seems so much
to derogate from the GOODNESS (not to say JUSTICE) of the ever­
blessed God, are called infra-lapsarians, because they suppose God (in
this absolute decree) to have considered the objects of it, as FALLEN
IN ADAM; and by him so morally depraved, as to become proper sub­
jects of so severe and rigorous a proceeding. See GNOSTICS, MANI­
CHÆANS, and Bull UNIGENITUS.

INFRAMU’NDANE [of infra, beneath, and mundanus, of mundus, Lat.
the world] beneath or below the world.

To INFRA’NCHISE [of affranchir, Fr. affrancare, It.] to set free,
to give one his liberty; to make a freeman or denizon, to incorpo­
rate into a society or body politic. See ENFRANCHISE.

INFRA’NCHISEMENT [affranchisement, Fr.] the act of making free,
&c. also delivery, discharge, release. See ENFRANCHISEMENT.

INFRA’NGIBLE [of infrangibilis, Lat.] not to be broken, durable,
strong. These atoms are supposed infrangible. Cheyne.

INFRA’NGIBLENESS, uncapableness of being broken.

INFRA-SCAPULARIS Musculus, Lat. [in anatomy] the shoulder­
blade.

INFRE’QUENCY [of infrequentia, Lat.] rarity, uncommonness. The
infrequency of objects. Broome.

INFRE’QUENT [of infrequens, Lat.] seldom happening, rare, un­
common.

INFRICA’TION, or INFRI’CTION, Lat. the act of rubbing or chaf­
ing in.

To INFRI’GIDATE, verb act. [of in and frigidus. Lat.] to make cold,
to chill. Boyle.

To INFRI’NGE [enfraindre, Fr. infringo, Lat.] 1. To break a law,
custom, or privilege, to violate a contract. Having infringed the







law. Waller. 2. To destroy, to hinder. Homilies being plain and
popular instructions, do not infringe the efficacy. Hooker.

INFRI’NGEMENT [of infringe] violation or breach. The punishing
of this infringement. Clarendon.

INFRI’NGER [of infringe] one that infringes, breaks or violates.
Ayliffe.

INFRUCTUO’SE [infructuosus, Lat.] unfruitful.

INFRUGI’FEROUS [infrugiferus, Lat.] bearing no fruit.

INFU’CATED [infucatus, Lat.] painted over.

INFUCA’TION, Lat. the act of painting of the face, a colouring
or disguising.

I’NFULA, a name antiently given to some of the pontifical ornaments,
which are said to be filaments or fringes of wool, with which priests,
victims, and even temples were adorned.

To INFU’MATE, verb act. [infumare, Lat.] to smoke or dry in the
smoke.

INFUMA’TION, Lat. the act of drying in the smoke.

INFUNDIBU’LIFORM, adj. [of infundibulum, a funnel, and forma,
Lat. shape] being of the shape of a funnel or tundish.

INFUNDI’BULIFORMES, Lat. [with botanists] a term applied to such
flowers, as are shaped like a funnel.

INFUNDI’BULUM, Lat. a tunnel or funnel for the poring of liquors
into a vessel.

INFUNDIBULUM Cerebri, Lat. [in anatomy] the brain tunnel, a
hollow place in the root of the brain, through which serous humours
are discharged.

INFUNDIBULUM Renum, Lat. [in anatomy] the pelvis or basin of
the reins, thro' which the urine passes to the ureters and bladder.

INFU’RIATE [of in and furiatus, from furia, Lat. fury] raging, fu­
rious.
At th' other bore with touch of fire
Dilated and infuriate. Milton.

INFUSCA’TION, Lat. the act of making dark or dusky.

To INFU’SE, verb act. [infuser, Fr. infondere, It. infundir, Sp. of
infusum, sup. of infundo, Lat.] 1. To pour in, or into, to instil. To
have qualities infused into his son. Swift. 2. To steep or soak in any
liquor with a gentle heat, to macerate so as to extract the virtues of
any thing. Take violets, and infuse a good pugil of them in a quart
of vinegar. Bacon. 3. To inspire, to pour into the mind. Infuse
into their young breasts such a noble ardor, as will make them re­
nowned. Milton. 4. To make an infusion with any ingredient, to
tincture, to saturate with any thing infused. Drink infused with
flesh. Bacon. To inspire with, to endue with. Infuse his breast with
magnanimity. Shakespeare.

INFU’SIBLE [of infuse] 1. Possible to be infused. From whom
the doctrines being infusible into all. Hooker. 2. Incapable of solu­
tion, not fusible. The subtile earth draws the earth and infusible part
into one continuum. Brown.

INFU’SION, Fr. and Sp. [infusione, It. of infusio, Lat.] 1. The act of
pouring in, instillation. Our language has received innumerable ele­
gancies and improvements from the infusion of hebraisms, which
are derived to it from the poetical passages in holy writ. Addison.
2. The act of pouring into the mind, inspiration. By habitual and
real infusion, as when grace is inwardly bestowed. Hooker. 3. [In
pharmacy] the act of steeping of any kinds of drugs, roots, leaves,
&c. in some liquor proper to draw out their virtues. Repeat the In­
fusion of the body. Bacon. 4. The liquor made by infusion. Boyle.

INFU’SIVE, adj. [of infuse] having the power of infusion, or being
infused; a word not authorised. Th' infusive force of spring on man.
Thomson.


ING

ING, a Saxon, Dan. Teut. and Ger. diminutive term, signifying
the young or offspring of any animal.

ING, Dan. a meadow, a pasture, N. C.

ING is the English termination of the active participle, and is added
to the infinitive mood.

To INGA’GE. See To ENGAGE.

INGA’TE, subst. [of in and gate] entrance, passage into. One no­
ble person stoppeth the ingate of all the evil. Spenser.

INGANNA’TION [ingannare, It.] cheat, juggle, trick, slight; a
word hardly ever used or necessary. Inability to resist such trivial in­
gannations from others. Brown.

INGA’THERING, subst. [of in and gathering] the act of getting in
the harvest. The feast of ingathering. Exodus.

I’NGE, in the names of places, signifies a meadow, from the Sax.
ing, of the same import. Gibson's Camden. See ING.

To INGE’MINATE, verb act. [ingemino, Lat.] to double or repeat
often. He would often ingeminate the word peace. Clarendon.

INGE’MINATED Flowers [with botanists] are such when one flower
stands on, or grows out of another.

INGEMINA’TION [of in and geminatio, Lat.] the act of doubling or
repeating, reduplication, repetition.

To INGE’NDER [ingenero, Lat. and It. engendrer, Fr. engendrar,
Sp.] to beget, to produce, or cause to breed. See To ENGENDER.

INGE’NDERER [of ingender] he that generates or ingenders. See
ENGENDERER.

INGE’NERABLE [ingenerabilis, Lat.] that cannot be engendered,
not to be produced or brought into being. Ingenerable and incor­
ruptible. Boyle.

INGE’NERABLENESS, uncapableness of being generated; also inca­
pableness of being born.

INGE’NERATE, or INGE’NERATED [ingeneratus, Lat.] 1. Unbegot­
ten, not produced by generation; not commonly used. Our first and
ingenerated forefathers. Brown. 2. Innate, inborn, naturally imbred
in a person or thing. Qualities ingenerate in his judgment or nature.
Bacon.

INGENI’ER. See ENGINEER.

INGE’NIO, It. a sugar-mill or workhouse.

INGE’NIOUS [ingenieux, Fr. ingegnoso, It. ingenioso, Sp. engenhoso,
Port. ingeniosus, Lat.] 1. Quick, full of wit, inventive, possessed of
genius. Our ingenious friend Cowley. Boyle. 2. Mental, intellectual;
now obsolete.
I stand up and have ingenious feeling
Of my huge sorrows. Shakespeare.

INGE’NIOUSLY, adv. [of ingenious] wittily, subtily. Men too in­
geniously politic. Swift.

INGE’NIOUSNESS [ingeniosus, Lat.] wittiness, ingenious nature or
disposition, strength of genius. Appearance of ingeniousness there is
in the practice. Boyle.

INGE’NITE [ingenitus, Lat.] inborn, inbred, bred by nature, na­
tural. Notions are not ingenite and imprinted by the finger of na­
ture. South.

INGENITE Disease [in medicine] a disease that a person brings in­
to the world with him, much the same as hereditary.

INGENU’ITY [ingenuité, Fr.] 1. Openness, candor, freedom from dis­
simulation. Part of my professed ingenuity. Wotton. 2. [Of inge­
nious] genius, wit, invention, subtilty. Ingenuity of discourse, nor
fineness of conversation. South. Virtue surpasses ingenuity. Wood­
ward.

INGENUITY [in painting and sculpture] is represented by a young
man, because the intellect never grows old; of a daring aspect, to
denote strength and vigour; a helmet on his head, with an eagle for
it's crest, to shew the generosity and loftiness of ingenuity, and with
a bow and arrow ready to shoot, to denote its inquisitiveness and
acuteness.

INGE’NIUM, Lat. natural quality or disposition, fancy; capacity,
judgment.

INGE’NIUM, Lat. [old records] an engine, instrument or device.

INGENU’ITAS Regni [in old records] the free-holders or commo­
nalty of the kingdom; and sometimes it was used to signify the chief
barons, i. e. the great lords, and the king's common council.

INGE’NUOUS [ingenu, Fr. ingenuo, It. of ingenuus, Lat.] 1. Frank,
sincere, without disguise or double meaning, generous, noble. The
glory of an ingenuous mind he hath purchased by these words only, Be­
hold I will lay mine hand upon my mouth. Hooker. 2. Free born,
not of servile extraction. It will never diminish rights nor ingenuous
liberties. K. Charles.

INGE’NUOUSLY, adv. [of ingenuous] frankly, openly, fairly, can­
didly, generously. I will ingenuously confess. Dryden.

INGE’NUOUSNESS, or INGENU’ITY [ingenuitas, Lat. ingenuité, Fr.
ingenuità, It.] frankness, freeness in discourse or dealing, sincerity,
candor.

I’NGENY [ingenium, Lat.] genius, parts, wit. Now obsolete. The
production of his ingeny. Boyle.

I’NGERSTONE, a market town of Essex, 23 miles from London.

To INGE’ST [ingestum, sup. of ingero, from in and gero, Lat. to bear]
to throw into the stomach. Through which ingested meats with ease
descend. Blackmore.

INGE’STION [of ingest] the act of throwing into the stomach. The
daily ingestion of milk and other food. Harvey.

INGINI’ER [of engin, Fr. of ingenium, Lat.] enginier an artist in ei­
ther fortifying or attacking fortified places.

I‘NGLE, a boy hired to be abused contrary to nature, a pathic.

INGLO’RIOUS [of in and glorieux, Fr. inglorioso, It. inglorius, Lat.]
that is of no renown or repute, dishonourable, base, mean. It was
never held inglorious or derogatory for a king to be guided by his great
council. Howel.

INGLO’RIOUSLY, adv. [of inglorious] dishonourably, shamefully.
Replenish'd not ingloriously at home. Pope.

INGLO’RIOUSNESS, dishonourableness, &c.

INGLU’VIES, Lat. [in medicine] a ravenous appetite.

To INGO’RGE [of in and gorger, Fr.] to cram, glut or stuff the sto­
mach.

I’NGOT [un lingot, Fr. or from ingegoten, Du. melted] 1. A mass
of metal. Ingots of gold. Dryden. 2. A wedge of metal, either gold
or silver.

To INGRA’FF, or To INGRA’FT, verb act. [of in and greffer, Fr.]
1. To set in as a shoot in the stock of a tree. 2. To propagate trees
by incition. How to ingraff, how to inoculate. May. 3. To implant,
imprint or fix in the mind, to settle. We have a natural thirst after
knowledge ingrafted in us. Hooker. 4. To plant any thing not native.
This fellow would ingraft a foreign name
Upon our stock. Dryden.

INGRA’FTMENT [of ingraft] 1. The act of ingrafting. 2. The
sprig ingrafted.

INGRAI’LED, part. adj. [ingrelé, Fr.] notched about, as a bordure
ingrailed in heralday is, when the line of which it is made bends to­
wards the end.

INGRA’TE, or INGRA’TEFUL, adj. [ingrat, Fr. ingratus, Lat.] 1.
Ungrateful, unthankful. Perfidious and ingrate. Pope. 2. Unplea­
sing to the sense. That which is pleasing or ingrate to the hearing.
Bacon.

INGRATE, subst. [ingratus, Lat.] an ungrateful, an unthankful per­
son.

To INGRA’TIATE [of in and gratia, Lat.] to put in favour of ano­
ther, to recommend to kindness. Generally with the reciprocal pro­
noun. To ingratiate themselves with them. Addison.

INGRA’TITUDE, Fr. [ingratitudine, It. ingratitud, Sp. ingratidao,
Port. ingratitudo, Lat.] unthankfulness, ungratefulness, return of evil
for good. Ingratitude is abhorred both by God and man. L'Estrange.

INGRAVIDA’TION [of in and gravidatio, Lat.] the same as impreg­
nation, or the state of being young with child.

INGRA’VIDATED [of in and gravidatus, Lat.] impregnated, great
with child.

INGRE’DIENT, subst. Fr. [ingredienti, It. ingredientes, Sp. of ingre­
dientia, Lat.] 1. Any simple in a compound medinine 2. The
respective parts or principles that go to the making up of a mixed
body. The ointment is made of divers ingredients. Bacon.

I’NGRESS [ingressus, Lat.] an entrance, power of entrance. The
ingress and egress of the air. Arbuthnot.

INGRESS [with astronomers] signifies the sun's entering the first scru­
ple of one of the four cardinal signs; especially Aries.

INGRE’SSION, Fr. [ingressio, Lat.] the act of entering. To get in­
gression. Digby.

INGRE’SSU in Casu Consimili, a writ of entry granted where a tenant
in courtesy, or tenant for term of life, or for the life of another, alie­
nates or makes over land in fee or in tail, or for the term of another's
life.








INGRESSU in Casu Proviso, a writ of entry given by the statute of
Glocester, where a tenant in dower aliens in fee, or for term of life,
or in tail; and it lies for the party in reversion against the alience.

INGRESSU ad Terminum que Præteriit [in law] a writ lying where
the lands or tenements are let for a term of years, and the tenant hold­
eth over his term.

INGRESSU Causa Matrimonii Prælocuti, Lat. [in law] a writ lying in
case, where a woman gives lands to a man in fee simple, to the in­
tent he shall marry her, and he refuses to do so in a reasonable time,
the woman having required him so to do.

INGRESSU dum fuit infra Ætatem, Lat. [in law] a writ lying where
one under age sells his land, &c.

INGRESSU dum non fuit Compos Mentis, Lat. [in law] a writ lying
where a man sells lands or tenements, when he is not compos mentis,
i. e. while he is mad.

INGRE’SSU in le per [in law] a writ lying where one man demands
lands or tenements, let by another after the term is expired.

INGRESSU sine Assensu Capituli, Lat. [in law] a writ given by com­
mon law to the successor of him that alienated, sine assensu capituli.

INGRESSU super Desseisina, Lat. [in law] a writ lying where a man
is disseised and dies, for his heir against the disseisor.

INGRESSU sur Cui in Vitâ [in law] a writ lying where one demands
lands or tenements of that tenant that had entry by one to whom it was
let, by some ancestor of the plaintiff, for a term now expired.

INGRESSUS ad Communem Legem, a writ that lies where a tenant for
term of life makes a feoffment and dies; so that he in reversion shall
have the said writ against any person, who is in the land.

IN GROSS [a law term] that which appertains to the person of the
lord, and not to any manor, lands, &c.

To INGRO’SS [of in and grossoyer, Fr.] 1. To write over the draught
of a deed in fair and large characters. 2. To buy up any commodities in
the gross, to forestal, to enhance the price of the market. See EN­
GROSS.

INGROSSA’TOR Magni Rotuli [in law] the clerk of the pipe.

INGRO’SSER, a clerk that writes deeds, conveyances, records, or any
law writings.

INGROSSER, one who buys up corn while it is growing, or other
provisions before the market, in order to sell them again.

INGRO’SSING of a Fine [in law] is when the indentures being drawn
up by the chirographer, are delivered to the party to whom the cogni­
zance is made.

INGRO’SSMENT, the act of ingrossing.

I’NGUEN, Lat. [in anatomy] the upper part of the thigh, the groin,
the share, the space from the bending of the thigh to the privities.

I’NGUINAL, adj. Fr. [from inguen, Lat. the groin] belonging to the
groin. The axillary, inguinal and other glands. Arbuthnot.

INGUINA’LIA, Lat. [in medicine, &c.] any subdivision made of the
groin, or any thing therein contained, or applied thereto, as a medi­
cine.

To INGU’LF [of in and gouffre, or engloutir, Fr. inghiottire, It. or
golpe, Du.] 1. To swallow down, to devour as a gulph.
A river large
Pass'd underneath ingulph'd. Milton.
2. To cast into a gulf. We ingulf ourselves into assured danger. Hay­
ward.

To INGU’RGITATE, verb act. [ingurgitatum, sup. of ingurgito,
from in and gurges, Lat. a whirlpool] to swill, to swallow greedily, to
devour gluttonously.

INGURGITA’TION, Lat. [of ingurgitate] the act of swilling or swal­
lowing greedily, voracity.

INGU’STABLE [ingustabilis, Lat.] that may not or cannot be tasted,
not perceptible by the taste, The body of the element is ingustable,
void of all sapidity. Brown.


INH

INHA’BILE, Fr. [inhabil, Sp. of inhabilis, Lat.] unmeet, unfit, un­
skilful, unqualified.

INHABI’LITY [inhabilité, Fr, inhabilidàd, Sp. inhabilitas, Lat.] dis­
ability.

To INHA’BIT, verb act. [habiter, Fr. inabitare, It. habitar, Sp. of
inhabito, Lat.] to dwell in, to hold as a dweller. They shall build
houses and inhabit them. Isaiah.

To INHABIT, verb neut. to dwell, to live. Wild beasts inhabit
here. Waller.

INHA’BITABLE, Fr. [inabitabile, It. of inhabitabilis, Lat.] 1. Not
habitable, incapable of inhabitants, uninhabitable. Obsolete.
The frozen ridges of the Alps,
Or any other ground inhabitable. Shakespeare.
2. That may be inhabited, capable of affording habitation. Systems
of inhabitable planets. Locke,

INHA’BITABLENESS [of inhabitable] fitness or commodiousness to
be inhabited.

INHA’BITANCE [of inhabit] residence of dwellers. The ruins yet
resting in the wild moors, testify a former inhabitance. Carew.

INHA’BITANT [habitant, Fr. abitante, It. of inhabitans, Lat.] one
who dwells in a place, a resider. In this place they report that they
saw inhabitants. Abbot.

INHABITA’TION [of inhabit] 1. Habitation, place of residence.
Universal groan,
As if the whole inhabitation perish'd. Milton.
2. The act of inhabiting or planting with dwellings, state of being in­
habited. The beginning of nations and of the world's inhabitation.
Raleigh. 3. Quantity of inhabitants. We shall rather admire how
the earth contained its inhabitation than doubt it. Brown.

INHA’BITER [of inhabit] one that inhabits, a dweller. The in­
landers or midland inhabiters of this island. Brown.

To INHA’LE, verb act. [inhalo, Lat.] to draw in with the air, to
inspire. To inhale the fresh breeze. Arbuthnot and Pope.

INHARMO’NICAL, It. inharmonious.

INHARMO’NIOUS, adj. [of in and harmonious] unmusical, not sweet
of sound. His lines are rough, and his numbers inharmonious. Fel­
ton.

To INHE’RE [inhæreo, Lat.] to stick or cleave fast to, to exist in
something else. They do but inhere in their subject which supports
them. Digby.

INHE’RENCE, or INHE’RENCY [inhérence, Fr. inerenza, It. inherén­
cia, Sp. of inhærentia, Lat.] quality of that which adheres.

INHERENCE [with philosophers] a term applied to the junction
and connexion of an accident with its substance.

INHE’RENT, Fr. [inerente, It. inherénte, Sp. of inherens, Lat.] 1. Ex­
isting in something else, adhering or cleaving to. 2. Innate, inborn.
Their inherent right. Swift.

To INHE’RIT, verb act. [inheriter, Fr. ereditare, It. heredàr, Sp.
and Port. of hæres, Lat. an heir] 1. To receive, to enjoy or possess
by inheritance or succession, to be heir to a person. The son cannot
claim or inherit it by a title. Locke. 2. To possess, to obtain posses­
sion of in general.
To bury so much gold under a tree,
And never after to inherit it. Shakespeare.

INHE’RITABLE [of inherit] obtainable by succession, transmissible
by inheritance. A kind of inheritable estate. Carew.

INHE’RITANCE [jus hæreditarium, Lat. heritage, Fr. eredità, It. heren­
cia, Sp.] 1. A perpetual descendance of lands and tenements to a man
and his heirs; also an estate by succession; as every fee simple and fee
tail, patrimony, hereditary possession. Is there yet any portion or in­
heritance for us in our father's house. Genesis. 2. In Shakespeare,
possession in general. The inheritance of their loves. Shakespeare. 3.
The reception of possession by hereditary right. Men are not pro­
prietors of what they have merely for themselves, their children have
a title to part of it, which comes to be wholly theirs, when death has
put an end to their parents use of it; and this we call inheritance.
Locke.

INHE’RITOR [heritier, Fr. erede, It. hæres, Lat.] one who holds
lands or receives any thing by inheritance, an heir. They mulct it in
the inheritors. Bacon.

INHE’RITRESS, or INHE’RITRIX [heretiere, Fr.] a female inheritor,
an heiress. Inheritrix is more commonly used, tho' inheritress be a
word more analogically English. Johnson]
No feme
Should be the inheritrix in Salike land. Shakespeare.
Anne, inheritress to the dutchy of Bretagne. Bacon.

To INHE’RSE, verb act. [of in and herse] to inclose in a funeral mo­
nument. See where he lies inhersed. Shakespeare.

INHE’SION [inhæsio, Lat.] the act of cleaving to, the state of exist­
ing in something else.

To INHI’BIT, verb act. [inhiber, Lat. and Fr. inibire, It. inhibir, Sp.
of inhibeo, Lat.] 1. To hold in, to hinder, to repress. Their motions
also are excited and inhibited. Bentley. 2. To prohibit, to forbid. All
men were inhibited by proclamation at the dissolution, so much as to
mention a parliament. Clarendon.

INHIBI’TION, Fr. [inhibizione, It. inhibitión, Sp. of inhibitio, Lat.]
1. Prohibition, embargo. He might be judged to have imposed an en­
vious inhibition on it, because himself has not stock enough to main­
tain the trade. Gov. of the Tongue. 2. [In law] a writ forbidding a
judge from proceeding farther in the cause before him: but inhibition
is most usually a writ issuing out of a higher court christian to a lower
or inferior, upon an appeal, and prohibition out of the king's court to
a court christian, or to an inferior temporal court. Cowel. 3. [In the
Scottish law] a precept from the lords of council and session at Edin­
burgh, whereby a person is precluded from contracting debts upon
lands or tenements already involved, and such creditors as have got
fecurities upon them, have their respective claims farther ascertained.
So that priority of inhibition gives a preference to the several claimants.

INHO’C, or INHO’KE [in old records] a corner or out-part of a com­
mon field, plough'd up and sown, and sometimes enclosed, whilst the
other part of the field lies fallow.

To INHO’LD, verb act. [of in and hold] to contain it itself, to have
inherent. The fame which the sun inholdeth and casteth forth. Ra­
leigh.

I’NHOLDER [of inne and healdan, Sax. to hold or keep] 1. An inn­
keeper 2. A master of a house.

INN-HOLDERS were incorporated anno 1505. They consist of a ma­
ster, 3 wardens, about 24 assistants, and 112 on the livery. Their
armorial ensigns are azure a chevron argent between three oat-garbes
or, on a chief of the 2d, St. Julian's cross sable. Their crest a star on
a helmet and torse involved in clouds. Their supporters two horses.
Their hall is on College-Hill.

INHONESTA’TION, Lat. the act of disparaging or disgracing.

INHO’SPITABLE [inhospitalis, Lat.] not given to hospitality, show­
ing no kindness or entertainment to strangers, uncourteous, uncivil.
Inhospitable rocks. Dryden.

INHO’SPITABLENESS, or INHOSPITA’LITY [inhospitalité, Fr. of in­
hospitalitas, Lat.] inhospitable temper or behaviour, discourteousness
to strangers or guests.

INHO’SPITABLY, adv. [of inhospitable] unkindly to strangers.
Of guests he makes them slaves,
Inhospitably. Milton.

INHU’MAN [inhumaine, Fr. inumano, It. inhumáno, Sp. inhumanus,
Lat.] void of humanity, barbarous, savage, cruel, uncompassionate.
Inhuman cruelties. Atterbury.

INHU’MANLY, adv. [of inhuman] barbarously, cruelly. Most in­
humanly treated. Swift.

INHU’MANNESS, or INHUMA’NITY [inhumanitas, Lat. inhumanité,
Fr. inumanità, It. inhumanidàd, Sp.] is as it were a putting off, or
stripping one's self of human nature, savage nature, cruelty, barba­
rity. Inhumanity and impudence. K. Charles.

To INHU’MATE, or To INHU’ME, verb act. [inhumer, Fr. inhuma­
tum, sup. of inhumo, Lat.] to bury, to interr. Inhume the natives in
their native plan. Pope.

INHUMA’TION, Lat. the act of burying or interring.

INHUMATION [with chemists] is when two pots, the lowermost of
which is full of little holes, are covered with earth, and a wheel fire
made, causing the vapours to sweat through in the distillation; also
a digestion made by burying the materials in dung or in the earth.


INJ

To INJE’CT, verb act. [injectum, sup. of injicio, Lat.] 1. To cast or
dart in. Angels inject thoughts into our minds. Glanville. 2. To
throw up, to cast up. And mound inject on mound. Pope.

INJE’CTIO Intestinalis, Lat. [with physicians] a clyster.








INJE’CTION, Fr. [injezione, It. of injectio, Lat.] the act of casting
or throwing in. The repeated injection of well kindled charcoal.
Boyle.

INJECTION [in surgery] the injecting or casting in any liquid medi­
cine into wounds, or the cavities of the body, by syringe, clyster,
&c.

INJECTION [with anatomists] is the filling the vessels of a human or
animal body with wax, or any other proper matter, to shew their ra­
mifications.

INI’LUM, or I’NIUM [with anatomists] the beginning of the ob­
longated marrow.

INIMA’GINABLE [of in and imaginable] not to be imagined.

INIMITABI’LITY [of inimitable] incapacity to be imitated. The
various modes of inimitability or participation. Norris.

INI’MITABLE, Fr. and Sp. [inimitabile, It. of inimitabilis, Lat.]
that cannot be imitated, not to be copied. What is most excellent is
most inimitable. Denham.

INI’MITABLENESS [of inimitable] quality, &c. that cannot be imi­
tated.

INI’MITABLY, adv. [of inimitable] in a manner not to be imitated.
A man could not have been always blind who thus inimitably copies
nature. Pope.

To INJOI’N [injungo, Lat. enjoindre, Fr. ingiugnere, It.] 1. To com­
mand, to enforce by authority, to require, to lay an injunction upon.
See ENJOIN. Laws do not only teach what is good, but they enjoin
it; they have in them a certain constraining force. Hooker. 2. In
Shakespeare, To join. There injoined them with a fleet.

To INJO’Y [of in and jouir, Fr.] to take pleasure in; also to pos­
sess. See To ENJOY.

INJO’YMENT [of injoy] pleasure, possession.

INI’QUITOUS [from iniquity; inique, Fr.] unjust, sinful, wicked.

INI’QUITOUSLY, adv. [of iniquitous] unjustly, wickedly, &c.

INI’QUITY [iniquitas, Lat. iniquité, Fr. iniquità, It. iniquidàd, Sp.]
1. Injustice, unreasonableness. According to the righteousness or ini­
quity of the cause. Smalridge. 2. Crime, sin, wickedness. Want of
the knowledge of God is the cause of all iniquity amongst men. Hooker.

INI’TIAL, Fr. [iniziante, It. initialis, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to begin­
ning, placed at the beginning. Initial letters. Pope. 2. Incipient,
not complete. Initial diseases. Harvey.

INITIALIA [among the Romans] a name given to the mysteries of
Ceres.

To INI’TIATE, verb act. [initiatum, sup. of initio, Lat. initier, Fr.
iniziare, It] to enter, to instruct in the first principles of any art or
science, to admit into any society, order or faculty, to place in a new
state. To initiate his pupil in any part of learning. Locke.

To INI’TIATE, verb neut. to do the first part, to perform the first
ite. The king himself initiates to the power. Pope.

INITIATE, adj. [initié, Fr. initiatus, Lat.] unpractised.
My strange and self abuse
Is the initiate fear that wants hard use,
We're yet but young. Shakespeare.

INI’TIAMENTS, plur. of initiament [initiamenta, Lat.] the first in­
structions of any kind of knowledge, science, &c.

INITIA’TION, Fr. [iniziazione, It. of initiatio, Lat.] the act of en­
tering or admitting one into any order or faculty, admission into a new
state. At our initiation into sacred mysteries. Broome.

INJO’CUND [injocundus, Lat.] unpleasant.

INJOCU’NDITY [injocunditas, Lat.] unpleasantness.

INJU’DICABLE [injudicabilis, Lat.] that cannot be judged, not cog­
nizable by a judge.

INJUDI’CIAL [of in and judicialis, Lat.] not agreeable to judgment,
injudicious.

INJUDI’CIOUS [of in. neg. and judicieux, Fr.] void of judgment or
discretion. To expose him to the contempt of injudicious people. Til­
lotson.

INJUDI’CIOUSLY, adv. [of injudicious] without judgment or discre­
tion, not wisely. Scaliger injudiciously condemns this description.
Broome.

INJUDI’CIOUSNESS [of injudicious] want of judgment or discretion,
&c.

INJU’NCTION [injonction, Fr. of injunctio, Lat.] a command, order,
precept. Established by solemn injunction. Hooker.

INJU’NCTION [in law] a writ grounded upon an order or interlocu­
tory decree in chancery, to give possession to the plaintiff, for want of
the defendant's appearance; or to stay proceedings in another court;
sometimes the king's ordinary court, and sometimes the court chri­
stian.

To I’NJURE [injurior, Lat. injurier, Fr. ingiuiare, It. injuriàr, Sp.]
1. To wrong, to hurt unjustly, to mischief undeservedly. They in­
jure by chance in a croud. Temple. To annoy, to affect with any in­
convenience in general. Lest heat should injure us. Milton.

I’NJURER [of injure] one that hurts another unjusty, one who
wrongs or injures. Whoever be the injurer or the sufferer. Atterbury.

INJU’RIOUS [injurieux, Fr. ingiurioso, It. injurioso, Sp. injuriosus,
Lat.] 1. Unjust, invasive of another's rights. Injurious strength
would rapine still excuse. Dryden. 2. Wrongful, guilty of injury or
wrong.
Yet beauty, tho' injurious, hath strange power
After offence, returning to regain
Love once possest. Milton.
3. Unjustly, hurtful, mischievous. To undo our fault, or at least to
hinder the injurious consequences of it. Tillotson. 4. Outragious,
abusive, wrongful, reproachful. How injurious, how contumelious
must it be. South.

INJU’RIOUSLY, adv. [of injurious] wrongfully, unjustly, abu­
sively. The vindication of his character when it is injuriously at­
tacked. Pope and Gay.

INJU’RIOUSNESS [of injurious] hurtful quality, injury, wrong, &c.
Injuriousness or oppression. K. Charles.

I’NJURY [injure, Fr. ingiuria, It. injuria, Sp. and Lat.] 1. Abuse,
outrage, reproachful language. Spake all the injuries he could de­
vise of Charles. Dryden. 2. Hurt with injustice. In keeping of them
no injury was offered. Hayward. 3. Mischief, detriment. We do
injury to a cause by dwelling on trifling arguments. Watts. 4. An­
noyance. Great injuries such vermin as mice and rats do. Mortimer.
5. Any thing contrary to justice and equity.

INJURY [with civilians] a private offence committed designedly,
and with an evil intention to any man's prejudice.

INJU’ST [injuste, Fr. injustus, Lat.] wrongful, offensive. See UN­
JUST.

INJU’STLY, adv. [of injust] wrongfully, offensively.

INJU’STICE, Fr. [ingiustizia, It. injusticia, Sp. injustitia, Lat.] un­
fair dealing, dishonesty, &c. any vice contrary to justice.

INK [inck, Du. inchiostro, It. ancre, Fr. tinta, Sp. and Port. dint,
H. Ger.] 1. A black liquor for writing. Vitriol is the active or chief
ingredient in ink. Brown. 2. Ink denotes any liquor with which we
write; as, red ink, green ink, &c.

INK [with falconers] the neck of any bird which a hawk preys
upon.

To INK, verb act. [from the subst.] to black or daub with ink;
as, his cloaths is all over inked.

INK-BOX, or INK-HORN [of inck, Du. and box or horn, Sax.] a
vessel to hold ink, being a portable case for writing implements, com­
monly made of horn. What is more frequent than to say a silver ink­
horn. Grew.

I’NKINESS [of inck, Du.] inky nature; also smearedness or state of
being blotted with ink.

To INKI’NDLE, verb act. [of in and kindle, of tyndelan, Sax.] to
light, to set on fire.

To INKI’NDLE, verb neut. to catch fire, to break out into a flame.
See ENKI’NDLE.

I’NKLE, a sort of linen tape or narrow fillet. Inkles, caddisses, cam­
brics. Shakespeare.

IN’KLING [some derive it of in and kallen, Du. to prate, or of mun­
kelen, Teut. a small rumour. But Minshew of inclinando, Lat. and
Skinner from inklincken, Ger. to sound within; which sense is still re­
tained in Scotland; as, I heard not an inkling of it] a whisper, a
hint, an intimation. They had some inkling of secret messages be­
tween the marquis of Newcastle and young Hotham. Clarendon.

INK-MAKER [of ink and maker] one who makes and sells ink.

I’NKY, adj. [of ink] 1. Consisting of ink. Inky blots. Shakespeare.
2. Resembling ink. Inky blackness. Boyle. 3. Black as ink. My
inky cloak. Shakespeare.

INLA’UGH [law word] a person subject to the law, one who was
included in some frank pledge, and not outlawed.

INLA’GARY, subst. the act of restoring of an outlawed person to the
king's protection, and to the estate or benefit of a subject.

I’NLAND, adj. [of in, within, and land, Sax.] situate upon the
mid-land, or in the heart of the country, remote from the sea, inte­
rior. For a general excise or inland duty. Swift.

INLAND, subst. interior or midland parts. They spread themselves
into the inland. Spenser.

INLAND [Saxon Law] that inner land, or part of a manor, which
lay next, or most convenient for a lord's mansion-house, for the
maintenance of his family, &c.

INLAND Bills [in commerce] bills for money, payable in the same
lands in which they are drawn.

INLAND Towns, towns situated far in the land, to which ships, &c.
cannot come up.

INLAND Trade, a trade carried on wholly within one country.

I’NLANDER [of inland] a dweller remote from the sea. The in­
landers or midland inhabiters of this island. Brown.

INLA’NTAL [in old records] inland, or demesn, opposed to delantal,
or outland, or land tenanted.

To INLA’PIDATE, verb act. [of in and lapido, Lat.] to make
stoney, to turn to stone. Some natural spring waters will inlapidate
wood. Bacon.

To INLA’RGE [of in and large] to make large.

To INLARGE, verb neut. to discourse largely upon a subject. See
To ENLARGE.

INLA’RGEMENT [élargissement, Fr.] the act of enlarging or making
more large; an expaciating or treating more largely. See ENLARGE­
MENT.

INLA’Y, subst. [from the verb] an inlaid work, or what is inlaid,
wood formed to inlay.
Crocus and hyacinth with rich inlay,
Broider'd the ground. Milton.

To INLA’Y [in and lay, Eng. of leyden, Du.] 1. To make inlaid
work, to diversify with different bodies inserted into any ground or
substratum. The timber bears a great price with the cabinet-makers,
when large for inlaying. Mortimer. 2. To variegate or make variety
by being inserted into bodies.
Seagirt isles,
That like to rich and various gems inlay
Th' unadorned bosom of the deep. Milton.

INLAYD-WORK [of in and leagan, Sax.] worked in wood or metal,
with several pieces of different colours curiously set together. See
MARQUETTRY.

INLE’ASED, adj. [enlasse, Fr.] catched in a leash or snare, en­
tangled.

To INLA’W, verb act. [of in and law] to clear of outlawry or
attainder. It should be a great incongruity to have them to make
laws, who themselves were not inlawed. Bacon.

I’NLET [of in, into, and letan, Sax. to let] an entrance or pas­
sage into. Doors and windows inlets of men and of light. Wotton.

To INLI’GHTEN [of in and lihtan, Sax.] to give light to. See
ENLIGHTEN.

INLI’GHTENED, part. adj. [of in and lihtan, Sax. to make light]
having received light, or being made light; being made to know
was before unknown.

INLI’STED, part. adj. [of in and liste, Fr. lista, It. a roll] entered
as a soldier into the service of a prince, &c. See ENLISTED.

I’NLY, adj. [from in] internal, secret. The inly touch of love.
Shakespeare.

INLY, adv. internally, secretly in the heart. I've inly wept.
Shakespeare. Whereat he inly raged. Milton.


INM

I’NMATE [of in and mata, Sax. a mate] a lodger in the same house
with the possessor or owner of it.








IN-MATES [in law] are such as for money dwell jointly in the
same house with another man, but in different rooms, passing in and
out at the same door, and not being able to keep a whole house them­
selves.

I’NMOST [of immæst, Sax.] the most inward, remotest from the
surface, deepest within. I got into the inmost court. Swift.


INN

INN [inne, or inn, Sax. a dwelling in general; or, as Casaubon
will, of ενδιον, Gr.] 1. A house of entertainment for travellers. Ram­
bling from one inn to another. Locke. 2. A house where students
were boarded and taught: whence we still call the colleges of com­
mon law inns of court. See INNS.

To INN, to lodge at a public inn.

To INN Corn, to get it into the barns, &c. at the harvest-time.

INNS of Court, are four particular houses or colleges for the enter­
tainment of students in the law, viz.

Gray's INN, anciently the manor house of baron Gray, in the reign
of king Edward III.

Lincoln's INN, first built, for his own dwelling house, by Henry
Lacy, earl of Lincoln.
The two TEMPLES, the inner and the middle, which were ancient­
ly the habitation of the knights templars; to which the outward tem­
ple was added afterwards, called Essex-house.

INNS of Chancery are eight, appointed for young students in the
law.
1. Bernard's INN, which once belonged to Dr. Macworth, dean
of Lincoln; and in the possession of one Lionel Bernard.
2. Clement's INN, once a messuage belonging to the parish of St.
Clement Danes.
3. Clifford's INN, sometime the dwelling house of Malcolm de Her­
sey, and afterwards of the Cliffords, earls of Cumberland, of whom
it was rented.
4. Furnival's INN, once the mansion house of Sir Richard Furnival,
and afterwards of the Talbots, earls of Shrewsbury.
5. Lion's INN, once a private house, known by the name of the
Black lion.
6. New INN, once the dwelling house of Sir J. Tynclaux; which
has been also called our lady's inn.
7. Staple's INN, so called, because formerly it belonged to the mer­
chants of the staple.
8. Thavy's INN, anciently the dwelling house of John Thavy, ar­
mourer of London.
And also Serjeant's INNS, two houses of a higher rank, set apart for
the judges and serjeants at law.

INNA’TE, adj. [innatus, Lat. inne, Fr.] born with a person, inbred,
natural, not adscititious. It is applied to things as well as persons,
but more properly to persons. Johnson. Innated integrity. Howel.
Innate and essential to matter. Bentley.

INNA’TED, or INNATE Principles or Ideas [with moralists] certain
original notions or characters, which some hold to be stamped on the
mind of man, when it first receives its being, and which it brings into
the world with it; but this doctrine has been sufficiently confuted by
Mr. Locke.

INNA’TENESS [of innate] the quality of being innate or inborn, na­
turalness.

INNA’VIGABLE [innavigabilis, Lat.] that cannot be sailed in, not
to be passed by sailing. Twice to pass th' innavigable lake. Dryden.

INNA’VIGABLENESS [of innavigable] unfitness to be sailed in, qua­
lity of not being navigable.

I’NNER [from in; inor, Sax.] inward, not outward. The inner
parts of America. Addison.

I’NNERMOST [innemest, Sax.] the inmost, or most inward, re­
motest from the outward parts. [This seems less proper than inmost.
Johnson] the innermost rings. Newton.

I’NN-HOLDER [of inn and hold] one who keeps an inn.

I’NNINGS, lands recovered from the sea by draining and banking.

INN-KEEPER [of inn and keeper] one who keeps an inn, where there
are lodgings and provisions for the entertainment of strangers.

I’NNOCENCE, or I’NNOCENCY [innocence, Fr. innocenza, It. inocéncia, Sp.
of innocentia, Lat.] 1. Inoffensiveness, harmlessness. Suited to a golden
age and to the first innocency of nature. Burnet's Theory. 2. Untainted
integrity, purity from injurious actions. A conscience of its own inno­
cence and integrity. Tillotson. 3. Freedom from guilt. If truth and
upright innocency sail me. Shakespeare. 4. Simplicity of heart, per­
haps with some degree of weakness.
I urge this childhood proof,
Because what follows is pure innocence. Shakespeare.
The ancients represented INNOCENCY in sculpture and painting, by
a beautiful damsel, crowned with palms, clad in white, her hands
folded together, her eyes lift up towards heaven, a flame rising out of
the midst of her crown, and at her feet a lamb. The dress which our
lexicographer has here given to INNOCENCE, reminds me of that couplet,
which, in the Table of Cebes, winds up his description of the several
virtues:
While moral order tunes her golden lyre,
And white rob'd probity compleats the choir.
Table of CEBES in English verse with NOTES.

I’NNOCENT, adj [Fr. innocente, It. inocénte, Sp. of innocens, Lat.]
1. Inoffensive, guiltless, harmless. So pure an innocent as that same
lamb. Shakespeare. 2. Silly, simple.

INNOCENT, subst. a ninny, a silly or half witted person, a natural,
an idiot. Innocents are excluded by natural defects. Hooker.

I’NNOCENTLY, adv. [of innocent] 1. Inoffensively, harmlessly.
Balls at his feet fell innocently dead. Cowley. 2. With simplicity,
silliness or imprudence. 3. Without guilt. The humble and con­
tented man pleases himself innocently and easily. South.

I’NNOCENT'S Day, a festival held the 28th of December, in memo­
ry of the innocent children, whom Herod slew upon the birth of our
Saviour.

INNO’CUOUS [innocuns, Lat.] harmless in effects, doing no hurt.
The most dangerous poisons, skilfully managed, may be made not
only innocuous, but of all other medicines the most effectual. Grew.

INNO’CUOUSLY, adv. [of innocuous] harmlessly, without mischie­
vous effects. Brown.

INNO’CUOUSNESS [of innocuous] harmlessness. Innocuousness of the
effect. Digby.

INNO’MINABLE [innominabilis, Lat.] not fit, or that cannot be
named.

INNO’MINATA Ossa, Lat. [in anatomy] the nameless bones, two
large bones situate on the sides of the os sacrum; each of which, in
young children, may be separated into three bones; but in those of
riper years, grow all into one bone.

INNOMINATA tunica oculi, Lat. [with occulists] a certain coat of
the eye which wants a name.

INNOMINA’TUS Humor, Lat. [in medicine] one of the four secondary
humours, with which the ancients thought the body to be nourished;
the other three being, ros, gluten, and cambium.

INNO’MINATE, adj. unnamed, not having a name assigned to it.

INNOTE’SCIMUS [of innotescimus per præsentes, Lat. i. e. we make
known by these presents] letters patents so called, which are always
of a charter of feoffment, or some other deed not of record.

To I’NNOVATE, verb act. [innover, Fr. inovàr, Sp. innovare, It. and
Lat.] 1. To lay aside old customs and bring up new ones, to change by
introducing novelties. He proceeds to innovate God's worship. South.
2. To bring in something not known before. Time innovateth
greatly. Bacon.

INNOVA’TION, Fr. [innovazione, It. innovaciòn, Sp. of innovatio,
Lat.] the act of bringing in of new customs or opinions, change, al­
teration by the introduction of novelties. Want of experience maketh
apt unto innovations, Hooker.

INNOVA’TOR [novateur, Fr. innovatore, It. inovadòr, Sp. of innova­
tor, Lat.] 1. One who lays aside old customs, and brings up new ones,
one that makes changes by introducing novelties. Innovators of di­
vine worship. South. See INTERPOLATION and DOXOLOGY. 2. An
introducer of novelties. Time is the greatest innovator. Bacon.

INNO’XIOUS [innoxius, Lat.] 1. Not hurtful, harmless, free from mis­
chievous effects. Benign and of innoxious qualities. Brown. 2.
Pure from crimes.
Stranger to civil and religious rage,
The good man walk'd innoxious thro' his age. Pope.

INNO’XIOUSLY, adv. [of innoxious] harmlessly. Brown.

INNO’XIOUSNESS [of innoxious] harmlessness.

INNUE’NDO [of innuo, to beckon or nod with the head] an oblique
hint; a word frequently used in writs, declarations and pleadings, to
declare a person or thing that was mentioned before but obscurely, or
left doubtful. A libellous innuendo on all the great men. L'Estrange.

INNU’MERABLE, Sp. [innombrable, Fr. innumerabile, It. innumera­
bilis, Lat.] that cannot be numbered, numberless. Innumerable parts.
Locke.

INNU’MERABLENESS [of innumerable] uncapability of being num­
bered.

INNU’MERABLY, adv. [of innumerable] beyond number.

INNU’MEROUS [innumerus, Lat.] innumerable, being too many to
be counted. In this close dungeon of innumerous boughs. Milton and
Pope.


INO

INOBE’DIENCE [inobedientia, Lat.] disobedience.

INOBSE’RVABLE [of in, neg. and observabilis, Lat.] unworthy of
observation; not to be observed.

To INO’CULATE, verb act. [inoculo, from in and oculus, Lat. the
eye] to practice inoculation, to propagate any plant by inserting its
bud into another stock. See INOCULATION.

INOCULA’TION [inoculatio, Lat.] 1. A kind of grafting in the bud;
as when the bud of the fruit-tree is set in the stock or branch of
another, so as to make several sorts of fruits grow on the same tree.
Inoculation is practised upon all sorts of stone fruit, and upon oranges
and jasmines. In order to perform it, be provided with a sharp pen­
knife having a flat haft, and some sound bass-mat. Having taken off
the cuttings from the trees you would propogate, chuse a smooth part
of the stock; then with your knife make an horizontal cut cross the
rind of the stalk, and from the middle of that cut make a slit down­
wards about two inches in length in form of a T; but be careful not to
cut too deep, lest you wound the stock; then having cut off the leaf
from the bud, leaving the footstalk remaining, make a cross cut
about half an inch below the eye, and with your knife slit off the
bud, with part of the wood to it: this done, with your knife pull off
that part of the wood which was taken with the bud, observing
whether the eye of the bud be left to it or not; for all these buds
which lose their eyes in stripping are good for nothing; then raising
the bark of the stock with the flat haft of your penknife clear to the
wood, thrust the bud therein, placing it smooth between the rind and
the wood of the stock, cuting off any part of the rind belonging to
the bud which may be too long; and so having exactly fitted the bud
to the stock, tie them closely round with bass-mass, beginning at the
upper end of the slit and so proceed to the top, taking care not to bind
round the eye of the bud. The March following cut off the stock
three inches above the bud, sloping it that the wet may not pass off.
To this part of the slock above the bud fasten the shoot which pro­
ceeds from the bud, and which would be in danger of being blown
out, but this must continue no longer than one year; after which it
must be cut off close above the bud, that the stock may be covered
thereby. Miller. 2. An operation, to give the small pox to persons
in perfect health, much in use in some eastern countries: and of late
years practised in England. The method of transplanting the small
pox, is by infusion of the matter from ripened pustules into the veins
of the uninfected, in hopes of procuring a milder sort than what fre­
quently comes by infection. Quincy.

INO’CULATOR [of inoculate] 1. One that practises the inoculation
of trees. 2. One who propogates the small-pox by transplantation or
inoculation. Had John a Gaddesden been now living, he would
have been at the head of the inoculators. Friend. See CIRCASSIA.

To INO’DIATE, verb act. [of in, neg. and odi, Lat. to hate] to
bring an odium upon, to render odious, to disgrace.

INO’DORATE, adj. [of in and odoratus, Lat.] having no scent or smell.
Bacon.

INO’DOROUS [inodorus, Lat.] without scent, unperfumed, not effect­
ing the nose. Insipid inodorous liquor. Arbuthnot.

INOFFE’NSIVE, adj. [of in and offensive, Fr.] that gives no offence
or scandal, giving no provocation. A stranger inoffensive, unpro­







voking. Fleetwood. 2. Giving no pain, causing no terror. Till it
be grown inoffensive to them. Locke. 3. Harmless, hurtless, inno­
cent. Thy inoffensive satires never bite. Dryden. 4. Unembarrassed,
being without stop or obstruction; a Latin idiom of speech.
A passage broad,
Smooth, easy, inoffensive, down to hell. Milton.

INOFFE’NSIVELY, adv. [of inoffensive] innocently, harmlessly.

INOFFE’NSIVENESS [of inoffensive] freedom from appearance of
harm, harmlessness.

INOFFI’CIOUS [inofficiousus, Lat.] backward in doing any good office
or turn, discourteous, disobliging.

INOFFI’CIOUSNESS [of innofficious] backwardness in doing any good
office.

INOPERA’TIO [in law] one of the legal excuses to exempt a man
from appearing in court.

INO’PINATE [inopiné, Fr. inopinato, It. inopinatus, Lat.] unex­
pected.

INOPPORTU’NE [inopportunus, Lat.] unseasonable, inconvenient.

INO’RDINACY [of inordinate] irregularity, disorder. That inordi­
nacy sets them in opposition to God's designation. Government of the
Tongue.

INO’RDINATE [inordinato, It. of inordinatus, Lat.] out of order, ir­
regular, deviating from rectitude. Left unto their own inordinate life.
Spenser.

INORDINATE Proportion [in geometry] is where the order of the
terms is disturbed.

INORDINATE Proportion [in numbers] is as follows, suppose 3 mag­
nitudes in one rank, and three others proportionate to them in an­
other, then compare them in a different order; as these three numbers
2 3 9 being in one rank, and these three other 3 24 36 in another
rank proportional to the precedent in a different order, so that 2 shall
be to 3 as 24 to 36, and 3 to 9 as 8 to 24; then cast away the mean
terms in each rank, conclude the first 2 in the first rank is to the last
9, as 8 the first of the other rank to the last 36.

INO’RDINATELY, adv. [of inordinate] 1. Not rightly. A man
desires any thing inordinately. Taylor. 2. disorderly, immode­
rately.

INO’RDINATENESS [of inordinate] want of regularity, excess or in­
temperance of any kind, immoderateness, extravagantness.

INORDINA’TION [of inordinate] irregularity, deviation from right.
Intrinsic inordination and deviation from right reason. South.

INORDINA’TUS [in old records] one who died intestate.

INORGA’NICAL [of in, neg. and orgonicus, Lat. of οργανιχος, Gr.]
without proper organs or instrumental parts. The lowest and most in­
organical parts of matter. Locke.

INOSCULA’TION [of inosculate] motion of the mouths of the capil­
lary veins and arteries, union by conjunction of the extremities. In­
finite ramifications and inosculations of all the several sorts of vessels
may easily be detected by glasses. Ray.

IN PACE, Lat. [i. e. in peace] a term used by the monks for a
prison, where such of them are shut up as have committed any grie­
vous fault.

I’NPENY and Outpeny [in old records] money paid by the custom
of some manors upon the alienation of tenants, &c.

IN POSSE, or IN POTENTIA [in a law sense] that is not, but may
be.

IN PROCI’NO [in procinctu, Lat.] in readiness, ready. Milton.

IN PROMPTU, Lat. [readily] a term sometimes used to signify some
piece made off hand, extemporary, without any previous meditation,
merely by the vivacity of imagination.


INQ

I’NQUEST [inqueste, Fr. inquisitio. Lat.] 1. Judicial enquiry or ex­
amination. When that grand inquest begins. Atterbury. 2. [In law;
enquête, Fr. inchiesta, It.] a search, especially made by a jury. The
inquest of jurors, or by jury, is the most usual trial of all causes both
civil and criminal, in our realm; for in civil causes, after proof is
made on either side, so much as each part thinks good for himself, if
the doubt be in the fact, it is referred to the discretion of twelve in­
different men, impanelled by the sherish for the purpose; and as they
bring in their verdict, so judgment passes: for the judge saith, the
jury finds the fact thus; then is the law, and so we judge. For the
inquest in criminal causes, see JURY. Cowel. 3. The jury itself; en­
quiry, search, study in general. This is the laborious and vexatious
inquest that the soul must make after science. South.

The Court of INQUEST [at Guild-hall, London] a court held for
determining all complaints preferred for debt, by one freeman against
another, under 40s. called also the Court of Conscience.

INQUI’ETUDE, Fr. [inquietudine, It. of inquietudo, Lat.] restlessness,
disquiet, uneasiness, want of quiet, an attack on the quiet. En­
gaged in honour to support him at home from any farther inquietude.
Wotton.

INQUIETUDE [with physicians] a convulsive motion of the muscles
in the limbs, which causes the sick patient to throw himself from one
side to the other.

To INQUI’NATE, verb act. [inquino, Lat.] to pollute, to corrupt.
Brown.

INQUINA’TION [inquinatio, Lat.] the act of defiling or fouling,
corruption, pollution. Inquination or inconcoction is a kind of putre­
faction. Bacon.

INQUI’RABLE [of inquiro, Lat.] that may be inquired about or
searched into.

To INQUI’RE, verb neut. [enquirer, Fr. inchierere, It. inquirìr, Sp.
inquiro, Lat.] 1. To ask questions, to make search, to exert curiosity
on any occasion. They began to inquire among themselves which of
them it was. St. Luke. 2. To examine or search into.
He hears and judges each committed crime,
Inquires into the manner, place and time. Dryden.

To INQUI’RE, verb act. 1. To ask about any thing, to seek out.
2. To call, to name; obsolete. See ENQUIRE. Cantium, which
Kent we commonly inquire. Spenser.

INQUIRE’NDO [in law] an authority given to a person or persons,
to enquire into something for the king's advantage.

INQUI’RER [of inquire] a searcher, an examiner, one curious and
inquisitive. A question only of inquirers, not disputers, who neither
affirm nor deny, but examine. Locke. 2. One who interrogates or
questions.

INQUI’RY [of inquire] 1. The act of asking, interrogation, search
by question. The men which were sent from Cornelius had made in­
quiry for Simon's house. Acts. 2. Examination, search in general.
Physical inquiries. Locke,

INQUISI’TION, Fr. [inquisizione, It. inquisiciòn, Sp. of inquisitio, Lat.]
1. A strict enquiry, search, or examination. When inquisition was
made of the matter, it was found out. 2 Esther. 2. Judicial inquiry.
When he maketh inquisition for blood, he remembereth them. Psalms.
3. [In a legal sense] is a manner of proceeding in matters criminal by
the office of the judge; or by the great inquest before justices in eyre.
4. The court established in some Romish countries for the detection of
heresy; as the Spanish inquisition, a sort of council (so called because
the judges of this office take cognizance of crimes by common report,
without any legal evidence) first appointed by Ferdinand, king of
Spain, who having subdued the Moors, and having obtained from
ROME a dispensation of his oath and treaty, ordered that no Moors nor
Jews should stay there, but such as were baptized. But though the
occasion of this court has long since ceased, yet the power of it is
still continued, and exercised with barbarous cruelty against Christians
themselves, under the notion of heretics, and even against all who are
not stanch Roman catholics.
If they want antiquity in support of these and like generous practices,
our Lexicon will supply them with many presidents; and some, I
think, as old as the FOURTH century. Let them consult DONATISTS,
EUNOMIANS, DIMÆRITÆ, CÆLICOLÆ; and above all, Revelat.
c. xiii. v. 17. compared with that remark St. AUGUSTIN, who (if I
am not mistaken) observes, that upon his coming to his bishopric at
Hippo, he could do little with the dissenters by way of reasoning, but
made converts in plenty, whence once letting loose the imperial edicts
upon them.

INQUI’SITIVE, adj. [inquisitus, Lat.] desirous to know every thing,
curious, prying; with about, after, or of, sometimes into. The Irish
were ever the most inquisitive people after news of any nation in the
world. Davies.

INQUI’SITIVELY, adv. [of inquisitive] with curiosity, with strict
and narrow scrutiny.

INQUI’SITIVENESS [of inquisitive; inquisitus, Lat. and ness] inqui­
sitive humor, &c. a desire to know every thing, diligence to pry
into things hidden. He thought inquisitiveness an uncomely guest.
Sidney.

INQUI’SITOR, Lat. [inquisiteur, Fr.] a judge of the Spanish inqui­
sition; also a coroner, or any person that makes judicial search after
any thing. In these particulars I have played myself the inquisitor.
Bacon.

INQUISITORS [in law] sheriffs, coroners, &c. who have power to
enquire judicially in certain cases.

To INRA’GE [enrager, Fr.] to put into a rage, to make mad. See
ENRAGE.

To INRA’IL, verb act. [of in and rail] to inclose with rails. What
the whole church doth think convenient for the whole, the same if any
part do wilfully violate, it may be reformed and inrailed again.
Hooker.

To INRI’CH, verb act. [enrichir, Fr. arrichire, It. enriquecèr, Sp.]
to make rich, to imbellish, to adorn. See ENRICH.

INRI’CHMENT [of inrich] an inriching, or being inriched, imbel­
lishment, &c.

I’NROAD [of in and rode, did ride, of ridan, Sax. or in and road]
an invasion, or entring a country in a hostile manner, a sudden and
desultory incursion. Some alarms and inroads into the northern parts.
Bacon.

To INRO’L, verb act. [of enroller, Fr. arrolare, It.] to enter or
write down in a roll, to register. See ENROL.

INRO’LMENT [enrolement, Fr.] act of registring, recording, or en­
rolling of any act, as a recognizance, statute, fine, &c. in the rolls of
Chancery, or in those of the Exchequer, King's-Bench, Common-
Pleas, &c.


INS

INSA’NABLE [insanabilis, Lat.] not to be cured.

INSA’NE, adj. [insanus, Lat.] out of order as to health, also mad,
making mad; this is the more usual sense.
Have we eaten of the insane root,
That takes the reason prisoner? Shakespeare.

INSA’NENESS [of insane] unhealthfulness; also madness.

INSA’NGUINED [of in and sanguinis, gen. of sanguis, Lat. blood]
rendered bloody, drenched with blood.

INSA’NIA, Lat. madness, frenzy, dotage, which happens when the
faculties of imagination and judgment are damaged, impaired, or
quite destroyed.

To INSA’NIATE, verb act. [of insanio, Lat.] to render or make
mad.

INSA’TIABLE, Fr. insaziabile, It. insaciable, Sp. of insatiabilis, Lat.]
that cannot be satisfied with meat, drink, &c. greedy beyond mea­
sure.

INSATIABLE [in a metaphorical sense] is applied to the passions;
as, insatiable ambition, insatiable avarice, &c.

INSA’TIABLENESS [of insatiable] unsatisfiedness, uncapableness of
ing satisfied, greediness not to be gratified or appeased. Hydropic
insatiableness. K. Charles.

INSA’TIABLY, adv. [of insatiable] with greediness, not to be ap­
peased, unsatisfiedly.

INSA’TIATE, or INSA’TIATED, adj. [insatiaus, Lat.] greedy, so as
not to be satisfied or filled. That insatiate Edward. Shakespeare. In­
satiate to pursue. Milton.

INSA’TIATENESS, or INSATI’ETY [insatietas, Lat.] unsatisfiedness.

INSATISFA’CTION [of in and satisfaction] want, unsatisfied estate.
The emptiness or insatisfaction of several bodies, and their appetite
to take in others. Bacon.

INSA’TURABLE [insaturabilis, Lat.] that cannot have enough, not
to be glutted or filled.

INSCO’NCED, adj. [of in and skantze, Dan.] spoken of part of an
army, encompassed with a sconce or little fort, in order to defend
some pass.








INSCRI’BABLE, that may be inscribed or contained in other figures,
as a triangle, square, &c. in a circle.

To INSCRI’BE, verb act. [inscrire, Fr. inscrivere, It. of inscribo,
Lat.] 1. To write within or upon any thing; generally applied to
something written on a monument, on the outside of something. Ori­
ginally inscribed in the mind. Hale. 2. To mark any thing with writ­
ing; as, I inscribed the stone with my name. 3. To assign to a
patron without a formal dedication. That which is inscribed to the
present earl of Rochester. Dryden. 4. To draw a figure within ano­
ther. In the circle inscribe a square. Notes to Creech's Manilius.

INSCRI’BED, part. adj. [in geometry] a figure is said to be inscribed
in another, when all the angles of the figure inscribed touch either the
angles, sides, or planes of the other figure.

INSCRIBED Bodies [in geometry] the same as regular bodies.

INSCRIBED Hyperbola [with geometricians] is such an one as lies
entirely within the angle of its asymptotes, as the conical hyperbola
doth.

INSCRI’PTION, Fr. [inscrizione, It. inscripciòn, Sp. of inscriptio,
Lat.] 1. A title. Joubertus by the same title led our expectation,
whereby we reap'd no advantage, it answering scarce at all the pro­
mise of the inscription. Brown. 2. A character, or something written
or engraved on marble, brass, &c. Those long inscriptions crowded
on the tomb. Dryden. 3. [In law] an obligation made in writing,
whereby the accuser binds himself to undergo the same punishment,
if he shall not prove the crime which he objects to the party accused
in his accusatory libel, as the defendant himself ought to suffer, if the
same be proved. Ayliffe. 4. Consignment of a book to a patron,
without a formal dedication.

INSCRIPTIONS [old records] written instruments, by which any
thing was granted.

INSCRU’TABLE, Fr. [inescrutable, Sp. of inscrutabilis, Lat.] un­
searchable, unfathomable, not to be traced out by study or search.
This king had a large heart inscrutable for good. Bacon.

INSCRU’TABLENESS, [of inscrutable] unsearchableness.

INSCRU’TABLY, adv. [of inscrutable] in a manner not to be traced
out unfathomably.

To INSCU’LP, verb act. [insculpo, Lat.] to engrave, to cut.
A coin that bears the figure of an angel
Stampt in gold, but that insculpt upon it. Shakespeare.

INSCU’LPED, part. adj. [insculptus, Lat. insculpé, Fr.] engraved,
carved, or cut upon.

INSCU’LPTURE [of in and sculpture] any thing engraved. On the
gravestone this insculpture. Shakespeare. Precious gems and rich in­
sculptures were added. Brown.

To INSE’AM, verb act. [of in and seam] to mark with a seam or
cicatrice. Deep o'er his knee inseam'd remain'd the scar. Pope.

I’NSECT [insectum, of insecare, Lat. to cut in, insecte, Fr. insetto, It.
insecto, Sp. and Port.] 1. A worm, fly, &c. any small creature that creeps
or flies, either not divided into limbs and joints, as other creatures are,
but encompassed with rings or divisions, capable of being parted
without destroying life, as worms, &c. or else divided between the
head and body, as bees, flies, pismires, &c. Insects may be consi­
dered together as one great tribe of animals: They are called insects
from a separation in the middle of their bodies, whereby they are cut
into two parts, which are joined together by a small ligature, as we
see in wasps and common flies. Locke. 2. Any thing small or con­
temptible.
Some with whom compar'd your insect tribes,
Are but the beings of a summer's day,
Have held the scale of empire. Thomson.

INSE’CTABLE [insectabilis, Lat.] that cannot be followed.

INSECTA’TION [insector, Lat.] the act of railing or inveighing a­
gainst one, q. d. a following or persecuting a person with foul lan­
guage.

INSECTA’TOR, [from insector, Lat.] a railer, slanderer, or backbiter;
also one that persecutes or harrasses with pursuit, a prosecutor at law.

INSE’CTILE, adj. [of insect] having the nature of insects. Insectile
animals. Bacon.

INSE’CTION, Lat. the act of cutting into.

INSECTI’VOROUS [of insectum and vorax, Lat] that feeds upon
insects.

INSECTO’LOGER [of insect and λογος, Gr. description] one who stu­
dies or describes insects.

INSECU’RE [of in and securus, Lat.] 1. Not secure, not confident
of safety. Continually insecure, not only of the good things of this
life, but even of life itself. Tillotson. 2. Unsafe.

INSECU’RENESS, or INSECU’RITY [of in and securitas, Lat.] 1. Un­
safety, hazard, danger. The danger and desperate insecurity of those
that have not so much as a thought. Hammond. 2. Uncertainty, want
of reasonable confidence. Witty, without insecurity of truth. Brown.

INSECU’RELY, adv. [of insecure] unsafely.

INSEMINA’TION, Fr. [insemino, from in and semen, Lat. seed] 1.
The act of scattering seed on ground. 2. [With pretenders to phy­
sic] one of the four kinds of transplantation of diseases; the method
of performing it is by mixing the impregnated medium with the mu­
mia taken from the patient, with fat earth, where has been sown the
seed of a plant appropriate to that disease, and by sprinkling it with
water wherein the patient has washed; this done, they imagine the dis­
ease will decline in proportion as the plant grows.

INSE’NSATE [insensé, Fr. insensato, It. of insensatus, Lat.] stupid,
void of thought, being without sensibility. Obdurate insensate crea­
tures. Hammond.

INSE’NSATELY, adv. [of insensate] stupidly, without thought.

INSENSIBI’LITY, or INSE’NSIBLENESS [from insensible, or insensibilite,
Fr.] 1. Absence of perception, inability to perceive. Insensibility of
slow motions. Glanville. The insensibleness of the pain. Ray. 2.
Stupidity, dulness of mental perception. 3. Torpor, dulness of cor­
poral sense. 4. Voidness of sense, senselesness.

INSE’NSIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [insensibile, It. of insensibilis, Lat.] 1. Void
of sense or feeling, mental or corporal. Insensible and forthwith to
dissolve. Milton. 2. Not perceptible by the senses. Two small and
almost insensible pricks were found upon Cleopatra's arm. Brown. 3.
Slowly, gradual.
They fall away,
And languish with insensible decay. Dryden.
4. Void of emotion or affection. Insensible to their beauties. Dryden.

INSE’NSIBLY, adv. [of insensible] 1. By slow degrees. Proposals
agreeable to our passions will insensibly prevail. Rogers. 2. In such a
manner as is not perceivable by the sense imperceptibly. The hills
rise insensibly. Addison. 3. Without mental or corporal sense.

INSEPARABI’LITY [of inseparable] not to be divided. The parts
of pure space are immoveable, which follows from their inseparability.
Locke.

INSE’PARABLE, Fr. and Sp. [inseparabile, inseparabilis, Lat.] that
cannot be separated, severed, or parted. The parts of pure space are
inseparable one from the other. Locke.

INSE’PARABLENESS [of inseparable] inseparable quality or condi­
tion. The same with inseparability.

INSE’PARABLY, adv. [of inseparable] in an inseparable manner, in­
dissolubly. Inseparably incorporated. Bacon.

To INSE’RT [inserer, Fr. inserire, It. inserir, Sp. of insertum, sup.
of insero, from in, and sero, Lat. to sow] to put or place in or amongst
other things. Those words were inserted. Stillingfleet,

INSE’RTION, Fr. [of inserzione, It. of insertio, Lat.] 1. The act of
inserting or putting in or amongst other matter. The insertion of re­
cords in their narration. Felton, 2. The act of grafting. 3. The
thing inserted. He softens the relation by such insertions. Broome.

INSERTION [in physics] the implication of one part within ano­
ther.

To INSE’RVE, verb act. [inservio, Lat.] to promote, to be of use to
an end.

INSE’RVICEABLE [of in and serviceable] unserviceable. See UNSER­
VICEABLE.

INSE’RVIENT, adj. [inservens, Lat.] conducive, of use to an end.
Inservient to that intention. Brown.

INSERVI’RE [in old records] to reduce persons to servitude.

INCE’SSUS [in medicine] a bath, or half bath, prepared of a de­
coction of several kinds of herbs, proper for the lower parts, in which
the patient sits down to the navel.

INSETE’NA [insetena, Sax,] an inditch.

To INSHE’L, verb act. [of in and shell] to hide in a shell.
Thrusts forth his horns again into the world,
Which were inshell'd when Marcius stood for Rome. Shakespeare.

To INSHI’P, verb act. [of in and ship] to shut or stow in a ship, to
put on board.
See them safe brought to Dover, where inship'd,
Commit them to the fortune of the sea. Shakespeare.

To INSHRI’NE, verb act. [of in and shrine] to inclose in a shrine or
precious case.
Warlike and martial Talbot, Burgundy
Inshrines thee in his heart. Shakespeare.

INSICCA’TION, Lat. the act of drying in.

INSI’DE [of in and side, from side, Sax.] the inward part of any
thing. Opposed to the outside or surface. Here are the outsides of
the one, the insides of the other. L'Estrange.

INSI’DIATOR, Lat. a lier in wait.

INSIDIATO’RES Variorum, Lat. [in old statutes] way-layers, or liers
in wait to insnare or deceive.

INSI’DIOUS [insidioso, It. insidieux, Fr. insidiosus, Lat.] sly, insna­
ring, treacherous, circumventive. Their insidious vigilance. Atter­
bury.

INSI’DIOUSLY, adv. [of insidious] treacherously, in a sly manner,
deceitfully. Insidiously and in violation of league. Bacon.

INSI’DIOUSNESS [of insidious] fulless of wiles, deceitfulness, crafti­
ness.

I’NSIGHT [insicht, Du. and L. Ger. einsicht, H. Ger.] thorough
knowledge of a matter, inspection, deep view. Fraught with an uni­
versal insight into things. Milton.

INSI’GNIA, Lat. ensigns or arms.

INSIGNI’FICANT [of in and significans, Lat.] 1. Signifying nothing,
wanting meaning. Those words are insignificant and vain. Blackmore.
2. Unimportant, wanting weight, inconsiderable. Insignificant testi­
monies. Glanville.

INSIGNI’FICANTLY, adv. [of insignificant] 1. Without meaning.
They understood not their import, but use them insignificantly. Hale.
2. Without importance or effect.

INSIGNI’FICANCE, INSIGNI’FICANCY, or INSIGNI’FICANTNESS [in­
significance, Fr. of in, neg. and significantia, Lat.] 1. Inconsiderate­
ness, worthlesness, unimportance. 2. Want of meaning, unmeaning
terms. The insignificancies and verbal nothings of this philosophy.
Glanville.

INSI’LIUM [in old records] destructive counsel, ill advice.

I’NSIMUL Tenuit, one species of the writ called formedon.

INSINCE’RE, adj. [insincerus, Lat.] 1. Not what one appears, not
hearty, dissembling. 2. Not sound, corrupted. To render sleep's
soft blessings insincere. Pope.

INSINCE’RITY [of insincere] dissimulation, want of truth or fide­
lity. That betrays design and insicerity. Broome.

To INSI’NEW, verb act. [of in and sinew] to strengthen, to confirm.
All members of our cause,
That are insinew'd to this action. Shakespeare.

INSI’NUANT, adj. Fr. having the power to gain favour. Plausible
insinuant and fortunate men. Wotton.

To INSI’NUATE, verb act. [insinuer, Fr. insinuare, It. insinuàr, Sp.
of insinuo, Lat.] 1. To introduce any thing gently. With the reci­
procal pronoun. The water easily insinuates itself into, and placidly
distends the vessels of vegetables. Woodward. 2. To push gently into
regard; commonly with the reciprocal pronoun. To wind or
screw one's self into favour, cunningly or craftily. Some appearance of
goodness whereby to insinuate itself. Hooker. 3. To impart indirectly,
to intimate, to hint.
And all the fictious bards pursue,
Do but insinuate what's true. Swift.
4. To instil, to infuse gently. To insinuate wrong ideas. Locke.

To INSINUATE, verb neut. 1. To wheedle, to gain on the affec­
tions by gentle degrees. Base insinuating flattery. Shakespeare. 2. To
steal into imperceptibly, to be conveyed insensibly. Pestilential mi­
asms insinuate into the humoral and consistent parts. Harvey. 3. I
know not whether Milton does not use this word, according to its
etymology, for to enfold, to wreath, to wind.







Close the serpent sly,
Insinuating of his fatal guile,
Gave proof. Milton.

INSINUA’TION [with rhetoricians] is a crafty address or beginning
of an oration, whereby the orator slily creeps into the favour of the
audience.

INSINUATION of a Will [in civil law] the first production of it; or
the leaving it with the register in order to its probate.

INSI’NUATIVE, adj. [insinuant, Fr. insinuante, It. and Sp. insinuati­
vus, Lat.] apt to insinuate, engaging, stealing on the affections. A
strange insinuative power which example and custom have upon us.
Gov. of the Tongue.

INSI’NUATOR, Lat. he that insinuates. Ainsworth.

INSI’PID [insipide, Fr. insipido, It. of insipidus, Lat.] 1. Having no
taste or relish, unsavoury. A liquor very far from being inodorous or
insipid. Boyle. 2. Flat or dry, without spirit or pathos, heavy, dull.
Flat insipid stuff. Dryden.

INSIPI’DITY, or INSI’PIDNESS [insipidité, Fr. scipidezza, It.] 1. Un­
savoriness, the want of taste or relish. 2. Want of life, spirit, or pa­
thos. Dryden's lines shine strongly through the insipidity of Tate's.
Pope.

INSI’PIDLY, adv. [of insipid] unsavorily, flatly, drily, dully. Chil­
dren abandon themselves wholly to silly sports, and trifle away all their
time insipidly. Locke.

INSI’PIENCE, or INSI’PIENCY [ínsipienza, It. insipientia, Lat.] sil­
liness, want of understanding, folly.

To INSI’ST, verb neut. [insister, Fr. insistere, It. and Lat.] 1. To
stand or rest upon. The angles on one side insist upon the centres of
the bottom. Ray. 2. To dwell upon in discourse, to urge, to press
hard upon. No other act of hostility but that which we have hitherto
insisted on. Decay of Piety. 3. To persist or hold on in one's designs
or pretensions, not to recede from terms or assertions.
Upon such large terms, and so absolute
As our conditions shall insist upon,
Our peace shall stand as firm as rocky mountains. Shakespeare.

INSI’STENT, adj. [insistens, Lat.] resting upon any thing. Double
to the insistent wall. Wotton.

INSI’STING, part. adj. [with geometricians] the angles in any seg­
ment are said to be insisting, when they stand upon the arch of ano­
ther segment below.

INSI’STENCY [of in and sitio, Lat to thirst] exemption from thirst.
The insistency of a camel for travelling in desarts. Grew.

INSI’STURE [of insist. This word seems in Shakespeare to signify
constancy or regularity. Johnson]
Insisture, course, proportion, season, form,
Office and custom, in all line of order. Shakespeare.

INSI’TION [of insitio, Lat. with gardeners] the act of letting or graft­
ing any branch, cion or bud into the stock of a tree. No pruning or
lopping, grafting or insition. Ray.

INSI’TIVE, adj. [insitivus, Lat.] grafted or put in, not natural.

To INSLA’VE, verb act. [of in and slave; from slave, Du] to make
a slave or drudge of.

To INSNA’RE, verb act. [of in and snare; prob. of vesnaere, Du.]
1. To draw into a snare, to surprize or catch in a trap, gin or snare,
to inveigle.
That bottled spider,
Whose deadly web insnareth thee about. Shakespeare.
2. To entangle in difficulties. That the hypocrite reign not, lest the
people be insnared. Job.

INSNA’RER [of insnare] one that insnares.

INSO’CIABLE, Fr. [of insociabilis, Lat.] 1. Not sociable, unfit for
society or conversation, incapable of connexion or union. Lime and
wood are insociable. Wotton. 2. Averse from conversation. This
austere insociable life. Shakespeare.

INSO’CIABLENESS [of insociable] unfit for society, unsociable tem­
per.

INSOBRI’ETY [of in and sobriety] want of sobriety, drunkenness.
Insobriety towards himself. Decay of Piety.

To I’NSOLATE, verb act. [of insolo, from in and sol, Lat. the sun] to
dry in the sun, to expose to the action of the sun.

I’NSOLATED, part. adj. [insolatus, Lat.] laid in the sun, bleached.

INSOLA’TION, Fr. the act of laying in the sun, the act of bleaching;
also exposition to the sun. We use these towers for insolation, refrige­
ration. Bacon.

INSOLATION [in pharmacy] the digestion of any ingredients or
mixed bodies, by exposing them to the sun-beams.

I’NSOLENCE, I’NSOLENCY, or I’NSOLENTNESS [insolence, Fr. inso­
lenza, It. insoléncia, Sp. of insolentia, Lat.] haughtiness, sauciness,
contemptuous treatment of others, petulant contempt. They could
not restrain the insolency of O'Neal. Spenser.

To I’NSOLENCE, verb act. [from the subst.] to treat with contempt,
to insult. A very bad word. The bishops who were first faulty, in­
solenced and assaulted. K. Charles.

I’NSOLENT, Fr. [insolente, It. and Sp. insolens, Lat.] saucy, proud,
lifted up in mind, contemptuous of others, over-bearing. Victory it­
self hath not made us insolent masters. Atterbury.

I’NSOLENTLY [of insolent; insolenter, Lat.] saucily, proudly, with
insolence or contempt of others. Briant being naturally of an haughty
temper, treated him very insolently. Addison.

INSO’LVABLE, Fr. [from in and solve] 1. Not to be solved, inextri­
cable, admitting of no explication. Some insolvable difficulties.
Watts. 2. That cannot be paid, not able to pay.

INSO’LVABLENESS, inabiliy to pay.

INSO’LUBLE, Fr. [insolubilis, Lat.] 1. That cannot be cleared or
resolved. Doubts insoluble. Hooker. 2. Not to be dissolved or se­
parated. When any thing insoluble sticks in any part of the body, it
gathers a crust. Arbuthnot.

INSO’LUBLENESS, uncapableness of being resolved.

INSO’LVENCY [of insolvent] inability to pay debts.

INSO’LVENT, adj. [insolvens, of in and solvo, Lat.] 1. Not able to
pay. He proclaimed himself insolvent of those vast sums. Hayward.
2. Sometimes in a substantive form. An insolvent is a man that can­
not pay his debts. Watts.

INSO’LVENCY, or INSO’LVENTNESS [of insolvent; of in, neg, and
solvo, Lat. to pay] incapacity of paying debts, &c.

INSO’MNIOUS [insomniosus, or insomnis, Lat.] troubled with dreams,
not sleeping soundly.

INSOMU’CH, conj. [from in, so, and much] so that, to such a de­
gree. That they made the ground uneven about their nest, insomuch
that the slate did not lie flat. Addison.

To INSPE’CT, verb act. [inspectum, sup. of inspicio, Lat.] to look
narrowly into by way of examination, to oversee.

INSPE’CTION, Fr. [inspezione, It. inspeciòn, Sp. of inspectio, Lat.]
1. Prying examination, narrow and close survey. The inspection of
the severest and the most awakened reason. South. 2. Superinten­
dence, presiding care. In the first sense it should have into before
the object, and in the second sense may admit over: But authors con­
found them. His perpetual presence with us, and inspection over us.
Atterbury. The divine inspection into the affairs of the world. Bentley.

INSPE’CTOR [inspecteur, Fr. inspettore, It. of inspector, Lat.] 1. An
overseer, one to whom the care and conduct of any work is commit­
ted. A wise inspector or tutor. Watts. 2. A prying examiner.

To INSPE’RSE, verb act. [inspersum, sup. of inspergo, from in and
spargo, Lat. to sprinkle] to sprinkle upon.

INSPE’RSION, Lat. a sprinkling upon.

INSPE’XIMUS, Lat. [so called, because they begin with the word
inspeximus, i. e. we have looked upon or considered] letters patents.

To INSPHE’RE, verb act. [of in and sphere] to place in an orb or
sphere.
Where those immortal shapes
Of bright aereal sptrits live inspher'd. Milton.

INSPI’RABLE, adj. [of inspire] which may be drawn in with the
breath, that may be infused. Inspirable hurts. Harvey.

An INSPIRA’DO, a person who pretends to be divinely inspired.

INSPIRA’TION, Fr. [inspirazione, It. inspiración, Sp. of inspiratio,
Lat. in physic] 1. The act of inspiring or breathing into any thing.
2. The act of taking in air or breath by the alternate contraction and
dilatation of the chest. A most exquisite pain increased upon inspira­
tion. Arbuthnot.

INSPIRATION [with divines] the act of conveying of certain extra­
ordinary or supernatural notices or motions into the soul; also being
moved by the spirit of God to speak and act in an extraordinary man­
ner. Inspiration is when an overpowering impression of any propo­
sition is made upon the mind by GOD HIMSELF, that gives a con­
vincing and indubitable evidence of the truth and divinity of it: So
were the prophets and the apostles inspired. Watts.
I should rather have thought, inspiration came not immediately
from GOD HIMSELF; for by that term, St. JUSTIN, TERTULLIAN,
and all antiquity would have expressed the FIRST CAUSE and FATHER
of the universe; but from that Spirit, which is FROM GOD. “The
Spirit (says Ignatius) is not deceived [or does not err] as being FROM
GOD; for he knows, FROM WHENCE he cometh, and whether he go­
eth [or withdraws] and he detects [or reproves] secret things.” IO­
NAT. Epist. Ed. Smith, p. 28. And a GREATER than Ignatius has
told us, “He [i. e. the Spirit] shall lead you into all truth; FOR he
shall not speak of [or FROM] himself: But whatsoever he shall HEAR,
that shall he speak”;—alluding to his subordinate capacity and com­
mission received from the FATHER and the SON. See CHRIST, GHOST,
DOVE, HOLY SPIRIT; and above all, the word CERINTHIANS and
AUTHENTIC, compared.

To INSPI’RE, verb neut. [inspirer, Fr. inspiràr, Sp. inspirare, It.
and Lat.] to draw in the breath. The inspiring and expiring organ
of an animal. Walton.

To INSPI’RE, verb act. 1. To breathe into, to infuse into the mind,
to impress upon the fancy. He that inspired into him an active soul.
Wisdom. 2. To animate by supernatural infusion. To inspire with
sentiments of virtue. Addison. 3. To draw in with the breath. To
inspire and expire the air with difficulty. Harvey.

INSPI’RER [of inspire] he that inspires.

To INSPI’RIT, verb act. [of in and spirit] to fill with life and vi­
gour, to animate, to encourage. To inspirit and actuate all his evan­
gelical methods, by a concurrence of supernatural strength. Decay
of Piety.

INSPI’RITED, part. adj. [of inspirit] having life and spirit put into
one. Inspirited by love of empire. Pope.

To INSPI’SSATE, verb act. [of in and spissus, Lat. thick] to thicken.
Sugar doth inspissate the spirits of the wine. Bacon.

INSPISSATE, part. adj. [for inspissated; inspissatus, Lat.] thickened.

INSPISSA’TION, Lat. the act of thickening or rendering thick; as
when a liquid is brought to a thicker consistence, by evaporating the
thinner parts. The inspissation of the air. Bacon.

INSTABI’LITY, or INSTA’BLENESS [instabilitas, Lat. instabilité, Fr.
instabilità, It.] unstedfastness, unconstancy, fickleness, uncertainty,
mutability of opinion or conduct. Instability of temper ought to be
check'd. Addison.

INSTA’BLE, Fr. [instabile, It. instabilis, Lat.] unstable, inconstant,
uncertain, changeable. See UNSTABLE.

To INSTA’LL, verb act. [of in and stal, Sax. or installer, Fr. in­
stallare, It.] to put into possession of an office, order, or benefice; pro­
perly to place a clergyman in a cathedral church, or a knight of the
garter in his stall, where every one has his particular stall or seat. He
was installed of the most noble order. Wotton.

INSTALLA’TION, or INSTA’LMENT [installation, Fr. installazione,
It.] 1. The act of installing into an order, as that of the garter; the
act of giving visible possession of a rank or office, &c. 2. The seat
in which one is installed.

I’NSTANCE, or I’NSTANCY, Fr. [instanza, It. instancia, Sp. of in­
stantia, Lat.] 1. Eager suit, earnestness, entreaty, solicitation. Pre­
cepts which our Lord and Saviour with so great instancy gave us con­
cerning peace. Hooker. 2. Motive, influence, pressing argument.
Not now in use. My desires had instance and argument to recom­
mend them. Shakespeare. 3. Prosecution, process of a suit. The
instance of a cause is said to be that judicial process, which is made
from the contestation of a suit even to the time of pronouncing sen­
tence in the cause, or till the end of three years. Ayliffe. 4. Docu­
ment, model, example. 5. State of any thing. The form of a law in







the first instance. Hale. 6. Occasion, act. The most severe and dif­
ficult instances of duty. Rogers.

To I’NSTANCE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to bring or produce an
instance or example. I shall instance in two or three. Tillotson.

I’NSTANT, adj. [instant, Fr. instans, Lat.] 1. Pressing, importunate,
earnest. Instant in prayer. Romans. 2. Immediate, present, without
any time intervening. Impending death is thine, and instant doom.
Prior. And in the same sense it is applied to the sufferer himself.
——By folly's law we die,
Not INSTANT VICTIMS of his cruelty.
From day to day our reas'ning pow'r she wounds.——
Table of CEBES.
3. Quick, without delay. Instant he flew with hospitable haste.
Pope.

I’NSTANT, subst. Fr. [instante, It. and Sp. with philosophers]
1. Is defined to be an indivisible in time, that is neither time nor a
part of it, whereto nevertheless all the parts of time are joined; a por­
tion of time so small, that it can't be divided; or, as others define it,
an instant is an instantly small part of duration, that takes up the
time of only one idea in our minds, without the succession of another,
wherein we perceive no succession at all. Instant is such a part of du­
ration, wherein we perceive no succession. Locke. 2. It is used in low
and commercial language, for a day of the present or current month.
On the twentieth instant. Addison.

INSTANTA’NEOUS [instantaneus, Lat.] done in an instant, acting
with the utmost speed. The instantaneous actions of creation and an­
nihilation. Burnet's Theory.

INSTANTA’NEOUSLY, adv. [of instantaneous] in an indivisible point
of time. Instantaneously generated. Derham.

INSTANTA’NEOUSNESS [of instantaneous] the quality of being done
in an instant, or with the utmost speed.

I’NSTANTLY, adv. [of instant] 1. Earnestly. 2. Presently, or im­
mediately. Sleep instantly fell on me. Milton.

I’NSTANTNESS [of instant] immediateness.

To INSTA’TE, verb act. [of in and state] 1. To place in a certain
rank or condition. This kind of conquest does only instate the vic­
tor in these rights of government, which the conquered prince had.
Hale. 2. To invest; obsolete.

INSTAURA’TA Terra [in antient deeds] land ready stocked or fur­
nished with all things necessary to carry on the employment of a
farmer.

INSTAURA’TION, Fr. [instauratio, Lat.] restoration, reparation,
renewal.

INSTAU’RUM [in antient deeds] the whole stock upon a farm, as
cattle, waggons, ploughs, and all other implements of husbandry.

INSTAURUM Ecclesiæ, the vestments, plate, books, and other u­
tensils belonginging to a church.

INSTEA’D, prep. [a word formed by the coalition of in and stead,
place. Johnson. in or on stede, Sax. anstatt, Ger.] 1. In the lieu, or
place of. Instead of the word church, make it a question in politics,
whether the monument be in danger. Swift. 2. Equal to. Instead of
a thousand arguments. Tillotson.

To INSTE’EP, verb act. [of in and steep] 1. To soak, to macerate
in moisture. In gore he lay insteep'd. Shakespeare. 2. Lying under
water.
The gutter'd rocks and congregated sands,
Traitors insteeped to clog the guiltless keel. Shakespeare.

I’NSTEP [of in and step] the upper part of the foot, where it joins
to the leg. Tied above the instep with leather thongs. Arbuthnot.

To I’NSTIGATE, verb act. [instiguer, Fr. instigàr, Sp. instigare, It.
and Lat.] to spur, to egg or set on to ill, to provoke or incite to a
crime.

INSTIGA’TION, Fr. [instigazione, It. of instigatio, Lat.] an egging
on, sollicitation or incitement to a crime, impulse to ill.

INSTIGA’TOR [instigateur, Fr. instigatore, It. instigadòr, Sp. of
instigator, Lat.] an encourager or inciter to ill.

To INSTI’L, verb act. [instiller, Fr. instilàr, Sp. instillare, It. and
Lat.] 1. To pour in by drops. He from the well of life three drops
instill'd. Milton. 2. To infuse principles or notions, to insinuate any
thing insensibly into the mind. To instil their poison into men's minds.
Hooker.

INSTILLA’TION, Fr. [instillazione, It. of instillatio, Lat.] 1. The
act of dropping into, or of pouring in by drops. 2. The act of infu­
sing slowly into the mind. 3. The thing infused. They embitter
the cup of life by insensible instillations. Rambler.

INSTI’MULATION, Lat. a pricking forward, an egging on.

I’NSTINCT, adj. Fr. [instinctus, Lat.] moved, animated. A word
now obsolete. Itself instinct with spirit. Milton.

I’NSTINCT, Fr. [instinto, It. and Sp. of instinctus, Lat. This word
was formerly accented on the last syllable] a natural bent or inclina­
tion; that apitude, disposition, or natural sagacity in any creature,
which by its peculiar formation it is naturally endowed with, by vir­
tue whereof, they are enabled to provide for themselves, know what
is good for them, and are determined to preserve and propagate the
species.

INSTI’NCTED, adj. [instinctus, Lat.] impressed as an animating
power. This word, nether musical nor proper, was perhaps introdu­
ced by Bentley.

INSTI’NCTIVE [of instinctus, Lat.] belonging to instinct, acting
without the application or choice of reason, arising in the mind with­
out apparent cause. Milton.

INSTI’NCTIVELY, adv. [of instinctive] by instinct or the call of na­
ture.

To I’NSTITUTE, verb act. [instituer, Fr. instituire, It. instituyr, Sp.
of instituo, Lat.] 1. To enact, to ordain, to appoint, to establish, to
fix. God then instituted a law natural. Hooker. 2. To educate, to
form by instruction. If children were early instituted, knowledge
would insensibly insinuate itself. Decay of Piety.

I’NSTITUTE, subst. Fr. [instituto, It. institutum, Lat.] 1. Principle,
maxim, precept. To make the Stoic institutes thy own. Dryden. 2.
Established law or ordinance.
This law, tho' custom now directs the course,
As nature's institute is yet in force. Dryden.

I’NSTITUTES, the first part of the four volumes of the civil law,
made by the order of Justinian the emperor, for young students.

INSTITU’TION, Fr. [instituzione, It. instituciòn, Sp. of institutio,
Lat.] 1. The act of establishing. 2. Settlement, establishment
appointment. The institution of God's law is described. Hooker. In­
stitutions of government. Swift. 3. Positive law. The law and in­
stitution founded by Moses was to establish religion. Forbes. 4. In­
struction, education, the act of training up. His learning was not the
effect of precept or institution. Bentley.

INSTITU’TION to a Benefice, is the bishop's putting a clerk into pos­
session of the spiritualities of a benefice; a rectory or parsonage for the
cure of souls.

INSTITU’TIONARY, adj. [of institution] containing the first princi­
ples of doctrine, elemental. The institutionary rules of youth.
Brown.

INSTITU’TOR, Lat. [instituteur, Fr.] 1. One who settles, an esta­
blisher. The institutors of the civil months of the sun. Hooker. 2.
One who educates, an instructor. Every institutor of youth. Walker.

INSTI’TUTIST [of institute] a writer of institutes or elemental prin­
ciples. Harvey.

To INSTO’P, verb act. [of in and stop] to stop or close up.
With boiling pitch another near at hand
The seams instops. Dryden.

To INSTRU’CT [instruire, Fr. and It. instruyr, Sp. instructum, sup.
of instruo, Lat.] 1. To teach, to train or bring up, to educate, to in­
form authoritatively, to direct. His God doth instruct him to discre­
tion. Isaiah. 2. To model, to form. Little in use. They speak to
the merits of a cause, after the proctor has prepared and instructed the
same for a hearing. Ayliffe.

INSTRU’CTER [of instruct] a teacher or institutor, one who deli­
vers precepts. Several instructers were disposed among this little
helples people. Addison.

INSTRU’CTION, Fr. [instruzione, It. instruciòn, Sp. of instructio,
Lat.] 1. The act of teaching, education, information, precepts,
conveying knowledge. Will ye not receive instruction to hearken to
receive my words. Jeremiah. 2. Mandate, authoritative informa­
tion. Anon I'll give thee more instruction. Shakespeare.

INSTRU’CTIONS, directions in an affair of moment and conse­
quence.

INSTRU’CTIVE [instructif, Fr. instruttivo, It.] instructing, convey­
ing knowledge. If my mirth ceases to be instructive, it shall never
cease to be innocent. Addison.

INSTRU’CTIVENESS [of instructive] instructive quality.

I’NSTRUMENT, Fr. [instrumento, It. and Sp. of instrumentum, Lat.] 1.
A tool to do any thing with. An instrument of iron. Numbers. 2. A
public act, deed or writing drawn up between two or more parties,
and containing several covenants agreed upon between them. An
instrument of covenants. Tobit. 3. A frame constructed so as to yield
harmonious sounds. He that striketh an instrument with skill. Hooker.
4. The agent or mean of any thing. It is used of persons as well as
things; but of persons very often in an ill sense. Arms and legs,
instruments of doing. Sidney. The instruments of our ruin. Swift. 5.
One who acts only as subservient to the purposes of another. It is
the principal that we are to consider, not the instrument. L'Estrange.

INSTRUME’NTAL, Fr. [instrumentale, It. of instrumentalis, Lat.] 1.
Pertaining to an instrument, serviceable or contributing to as a means,
to an end, organical. Second and instrumental causes. Raleigh. 2.
Acting to some end, helpful: used of persons and things. They al­
ledge themselves instrumental towards the restoration. Swift. 3. Con­
sisting of musical instruments, not of voices. Instrumental music.
Hooker. 4. Produced by musical instruments, not vocal. Sweet
voices mixt with instrumental sounds. Dryden.

INSTRUMENTA’LITY, instrumental agency of any thing as means
to an end. The instrumentality of the spirits. Hale.

INSTRUME’NTALLY, adv. [of instrumental] in the manner of an
instrument, as means to an end. Wrought chiefly by God's spirit,
and instrumentally by his word in the heart. South.

INSTRUME’NTALNESS, subst. [of instrumental] instrumental action.
The instrumentalness of riches to works of charity. Hooker.

INSUCCA’TION [in pharmacy] the moistening of drugs with the
juice of roses, violets, &c.

INSU’FFERABLE [of in and sufferable] 1. Intolerable, intense, be­
yond indurance. Insufferable cold. Brown. 2. Contemptible, de­
testable. Their insufferable stuff. Dryden.

INSU’FFERABLY, adv. [of insufferable] to a degree beyond endu­
rance. Insufferably proud. South.

INSUFFI’CIENCE, or INSUFFI’CIENCY [insufficience, insuffisance, Fr.
insufficienza, It. insufficiéncia, Sp.] inability, incapacity, inadequate­
ness to any end or purpose, want of requisite value. The minister's
aptness or insufficiency. Hooker.

INSUFFLA’TION, [of in and sufflo, Lat.] the act of breathing upon.
That divine insufflation which Christ used. Hammond.

INSUFFI’CIENT [insufficient, insuffisant, Fr. insufficiente, It. and Sp.
of in and sufficiens, Lat.] not sufficient, incapable, inadequate to any
need or purpose, wanting abilities, unfit. Reject them as incapable
and insufficient. Spenser. Insufficient to our own happiness. Rogers.

INSUFFI’CIENTLY, adv. [of insufficient] with want of proper abili­
ties, without skill.

INSULA’TA Columna [in architecture] a pillar which stands alone
or free from any contiguous wall.

I’NSULAR, or I’NSULARY, adj. [insulaire, Fr. insularis, Lat.] be­
longing to an island. Many other insulary advantages. Howel.

INSU’LSE [insulsus, Lat.] unsavoury, insipid, dull, heavy.

To INSU’LT, verb act. [insulter, Fr. insultàr, Sp. insultare, It. and
Lat.] 1. To treat with insolence or contempt. It is used sometimes
with over, sometimes without a preposition, Insulting over his mur­
therer. Pope. 2. To trample upon, to triumph over. Insulting o'er
the toil they underwent. Dryden.

To INSULT [in a military sense] to attack a post by open force,
falling to handy strokes without making use of trenches, saps or other
methods to gain ground foot by foot. This should be written as­
sault.

I’NSULT, subst. [insulte, Fr. insulto, It. and Sp. of insultus, Lat.] 1.
The act of leaping upon any thing. In this sense it is accented on the
last syllable. This sense is rare. The bull's insult at four she may
sustain. Dryden. 2. Act of insolence or contempt. Railleries are an
insult on the unfortunate. Broome.








INSU’LTER [of insult] one who insults, one who treats another
with insolent triumph and contempt. The merciless insulter man.
Rowe.

INSU’LTINGLY, adv. [of insulting] with insult or contemptuous tri­
umph. Insultingly he made your love his boast. Dryden.

INSU’PER, Lat. [i. e. over and above] a term used by the auditor
of accounts in the exchequer, who says so much remains insuper to such
an one.

INSUPERABI’LITY [of insuperable] the quality of being invincible.

INSU’PERABLE [insuperabile, It. of insuperabilis, Lat.] not to be
overcome, invincible, insurmountable. An insuperable objection.
Digby.

INSUPERABI’LITY, the same with invincibleness.

INSU’PERABLENESS, impossibility to be surmounted.

INSU’PERABLY, adv. [of insuperable] invincibly, insurmountably.
Insuperably hard. Grew.

INSUPPO’RTABLE, Fr. [insupportabile, It. of in, neg. and supporta­
ble] not to be borne up under, intolerable.

INSUPPO’RTABLENESS [of insupportable] intolerableness, the state
of being beyond endurance. The insupportableness of her desires.
Sidney.

INSUPPO’RTABLY, adv. [of insupportable] beyond endurance. The
poem was insupportably too long. Dryden.

INSU’RANCE [of asseurance, Fr. assicuranza, It.] security given to
make good any loss that shall happen of ships or merchandize at sea,
or houses and goods on land, for a certain premium paid.

To INSU’RE, verb act. [asseurer, Fr. assicurare, It. assiguràr, Sp. and
Port.] to secure by making insurance. See ENSURE.

INSU’RER [assureur, Fr.] one who for a certain premium or sum of
money, undertakes to make good any loss that may happen, or has
happened unknown, to goods, ships, houses, &c. by casualties of pi­
rates, the seas, fire, &c.

INSURMOU’NTABLE [of in and surmountable, Fr. insurmountabile, It.]
that cannot be overcome by labour or industry, insuperable. This dif­
ficulty is insurmountable. Locke.

INSURMOU’NTABLENESS [of insurmountable] impossibility of be­
ing overcome, by labour, industry, &c.

INSURMOU’NTABLY, adv. [of insurmountable] invincibly, insuperably.

INSURRE’CTION, Fr. of Lat. a seditious rising against, a revolt, a
popular tumult or uproar. Insurrections of base people are commonly
more furious in their beginnings. Bacon.


INT

INTA’BULATED, part. adj. [intabulatus, Lat.] written on tables.

INTA’CTÆ, Lat. [with geometricians] are right lines to which
curves do continually approach, and yet can never meet with or touch
them, which are most usually called asymptotes.

INTA’CTILE [intactilis, Lat.] that cannot be touched.

INTA’CTIBLE, or INTA’NGIBLE, adj. [of in and tactum, sup. of tan­
go, Lat. to touch] 1. Not perceivable to the touch. Something which
is invisible, intastable and intangible. Grew. 2. That cannot be
touched.

INTA’GLIOS, subst. It. any thing, as precious stones, having the heads
of great men or inscriptions, &c. engraved on them, such as we fre­
quently see set in rings, seals, &c. We meet with the figures which
Juvenal describes on antique intaglios and medals. Addison.

To INTA’NGLE [prob. of in and tangle, Sax. a little twig, of
which they made snares for birds; unless you had rather derive it
from tendicula, Lat. a snare or trap] to make intricate, to twist toge­
ther, to perplex, to confound, to engage one's self perplexedly. See
ENTANGLE.

INTA’NGLEMENT [of intangle] puzzle, perplexity, &c.

INTA’STABLE [of in and taste] not gustible, not causing any
sensation in the organs of taste. Something that is invisible, intastable
and intangible. Grew.

I’NTEGER, subst. Lat. [with arithmeticians] a whole number, as
distinguished from a fraction, or any thing entire, as one pound, one
ounce, one yard, &c. Arbuthnot.

I’NTEGRAL, adj. [integrale, It. of integer, Lat.] 1. Whole, intire:
applied to a thing considered as comprising all it consistituent parts.
A local motion keepeth bodies integral and their parts together. Ba­
con. 2. Complete, not defective, uninjured. Of integral principles.
Holder. 3. Not broken into fractions. Thus

INTEGRAL Numbers, are whole numbers in opposition to broken
numbers or fractions.

INTEGRAL Parts [with philosophers] those parts that make up the
whole.

INTEGRAL, subst. the whole consisting of parts. Integrals of the
human body. Hale.

I’NTEGRATED, adj. [integratus, Lat.] renewed, restored, brought
into the former state, made whole.

INTEGRA’TION, the act of making whole, a renewing, a restoring.

INTE’GRITY [integritas, Lat. integrité, Fr. ietegrità, It. integridàd,
Sp.] sincerity, uprightness, honesty, purity of manners, uncorrupted­
ness. Without violence to his integrity. Swift. 2. Purity, genuine
unadulterate state. Language continued long in its purity and inte­
grity. Hale. 3. Entireness, unbroken, whole. There is no chasm,
nor can it affect the integrity of the action. Broome.

INTE’GUMENT [integumentum, from in and tego, Lat. to cover] a
covering.

INTE’GUMENTS [in anatomy] the common coverings of the body,
whether the cuticula, cutis, or membranes of any particular parts.
One of the integuments of the body. Addison.

I’NTELLECT [intellectus, Lat. intellect, Fr. intelletto, It.] that fa­
culty of the soul commonly called the understanding, judgment, the
intelligent mind. The reliques of an intellect defaced with sin and
time. South.

INTELLE’CTION, Fr. [intellectio, Lat.] the act of understanding.
The soul's naked intellection of an object. Glanville.

INTELLE’CTIVE, adj. [intellectif, Fr.] having the power of under­
standing. A man as intellective. Glanville.

INTELLE’CTUAL, adj. [intellectuel, Fr. intellettuale, It. intellectuál,
Sp. of intellectualis, low Lat.] 1. Pertaining to the understanding,
transacted by the mind. In actions natural, civil and intellectual. Taylor.
2. Belonging to the mind, comprising the faculty of understanding.
Our reason or intellectual powers. Watts. 3. Ideal, perceived by the
intellect, not the senses. Intellectual scene. Pope. 4. Having the
power of understanding. An intellectual worker. Hooker. 5. Propo­
sed as the object not of the senses, but of the intellect. Thus Cud­
worth calls his book the intellectual system of the universe.

INTELLECTUAL, subst. [l'intellect, Fr. intellelto, It. of Lat.] the
power, faculties, &c. of the understanding, the intellect. This is lit­
tle in use. The repute of my intellectuals. Glanville.

INTE’LLIGENCE, or INTE’LLIGENCY [intelligence, Fr. intelligenza,
It. intelligéncia, Sp. of intelligentia, Lat.] 1. Knowledge, understand­
ing, judgment or skill. 2. Commerce of information, the correspon­
dence that statesmen and merchants hold in foreign countries, advice
or news of things distant or secret. 3. Commerce of acquaintance, in­
tercourse, terms on which men live one with another. 4. Spirit, un­
bodied. Glorious angels and created intelligences. Hale.

INTE’LLIGENCER, one who gives intelligence, i. e. notice, know­
ledge or advice of what happened; one who makes it his business
to enquire into and spread news of private or distant transactions, one
who carries messages between parties. The best intelligencers to the
king of the true state of his whole kingdom. Bacon.

INTE’LLIGENCES, plur. [of intelligence; which see] angels or other
spiritual beings.

INTE’LLIGENT, Fr. [of intelligens, Lat.] 1. Knowing well, in­
structed, skilful. A most wise and intelligent architect. Woodward.
2. Giving information or intelligence.
To France the spies and speculations,
Intelligent of our state. Shakespeare.

INTELLIGE’NTIAL, adj. [of intelligence] 1. Intellectual exercising,
understanding.
His heart or head possessing soon inspir'd
With act intelligential. Milton.
2. Consisting of unbodied mind. Intelligential substances. Milton.

INTELLIGIBI’LITY [of intelligible] 1. Possibility to be understood.
2. The power of understanding, intellection. Not proper. The soul's
nature consists in intelligibility. Glanville.

INTE’LLIGIBLE, Fr. [intelligibile, It. inteligible, Sp. of intelligibilis,
Lat.] capable of being understood, possible to be apprehended or con­
ceived by the understanding. A fair and intelligible account of the de­
luge. Burnet's Theory.

INTE’LLIGIBLENESS [of intelligible] possibility of being understood,
perspicuity. The propriety and intelligibleness of our speaking.
Locke.

INTE’LLIGIBLY, adv. [of intelligible] clearly, plainly, in an intel­
ligible manner. To write of metals and minerals intelligibly. Wood­
ward.

Sub INTELLI’GITUR [i. e. understood] signifies that something is
to be understood, that is not directly expressed.

INTE’MERATE, adj. [intemeratus, Lat.] unpolluted, undefiled.

INTE’MPERAMENT [of in and temperament] bad constitution. The
intemperament of the part ulcerated. Harvey.

INTE’MPERANCE, or INTE’MPERANCY [intemperance, Fr. intempe­
ranza, It. intemperància, Sp. intemperantia, Lat.] a vice the contrary
to temperance, uncapableness to rule and moderate one's appetites,
inordinateness of life or desires, excess as to appetites, particularly in
meat or drink. To hate drunkenness and intemperance. Watts.

INTE’MPERATE [intemperé, of intemperant, Fr. intemperato, It. in­
temperado, Sp. of intemperatus, Lat.] 1. Immoderate in appetite as to
food, drink, drunken, gluttonous. Men being more intemperate than
women, die. Graunt. 2. Ungovernable, passionate, being under no
rule or restraint. Use not thy mouth to intemperate swearing. Eccle­
siasticus.

INTE’MPERATELY, adv. [of intemperate] 1. Excessively. Many
believe no religion to be pure, but what is intemperately rigid. Sprat.
2. With breach of the rules of temperance, immoderately, dissolutely.
Living intemperately or unjusty. Tillotson.

INTE’MPERATENESS [of intemperate] 1. Want of moderation. 2.
Unseasonableness of weather. Ainsworth.

INTE’MPERATURE [of intemperate] a disorder in the air; also in the
humours of the body, an excess of some quality.

INTEMPERATURE [with physicians] a distemper or indisposition
that consists in inconvenient qualities of the body, as an hot, thin, or
salt disposition.

To INTE’ND, verb act. [intentàr, Sp. intendere, It. and Lat.] 1.
To design or purpose, to mean. The words themselves sounded so as
she could not imagine what they intended. Sidney. 2. To stretch out.
Obsolete. With sharp intended sting so rude him smote. Spenser. 3.
To enforce, to make intense. Opposed to remit. To cause or intend
the heat. Brown. Magnetism may be intended and remitted. Newton.
4. To regard, to attend, to take care of. 5. To pay regard or at­
tention to. This sense is but little used at present. They could not
intend to the recovery of that country. Spenser. While the king in­
tended his pleasure. Bacon.

INTE’NDANCY [intendance, Fr.] the office or management of an in­
tendant, i. e. one who has the inspection, conduct of a jurisdiction,
&c.

INTE’NDANT, Fr. [intendente, It.] 1. One who has the inspection,
conduct and management of certain public affairs. Onesicrates his in­
tendant general of marine. Arbuthnot. 2. The governor of a province
in France.

INTE’NDIMENT [intendement, Fr.] attention, patient hearing, ac­
curate examination. This word is only to be found in Spenser.

INTE’NDMENT [entendement, Fr. intendimento, It. of intendo, Lat.]
true meaning, purpose, intention, design. Within the intendment of
this emblem. L'Estrange.

To INTE’NERATE, verb act. [of in and tener, Lat.] to make tender,
to soften. Intenerating milky grain. J. Philips.

INTENERA’TION [of in and tener, Lat. or intenerire, It.] the act of
softening or making tender. Inteneration of the parts. Bacon.

INTE’NIBLE, adj. [of in and tenible] that cannot hold. It is com­
monly written intenable.
In this captious and intenible sieve,
I still pour in the waters of my love. Shakespeare.

INTE’NSE [intenso, It. and Sp. of intensus, Lat.] raised or strained
to a high degree, not slight, not lax, not unbent. So intense and un­
usual a degree of heat. Boyle. 2. Vehement, ardent. Ardent and
intense phrases. Addison. 3. Anxiously attentive, kept on the stretch,
not relaxed.







In disparity
The one intense, the other still remiss. Milton.

INTE’NSELY, or INTE’NSIVELY, adv. [from intense or intensive] to
a great degree, to a high pitch. Intensively in the degree of freedom,
but not extensively in the latitude of the object. Bramhall. How in­
tensely it is heated. Addison.

INTE’NSENESS, or INTE’NSITY [of intense] the state of being af­
fected to a high degree, contrariety to laxity or remission, sorce.
Evaporated more or less in proportion to the greater or lesser intense­
ness of heat. Woodward.

INTE’NSION, Fr. [intensio, Lat.] the act of forcing or straining a
thing, not remission or relaxation. The intension or remission of the
wind. Bacon.

INTE’NSIVE [of intense] 1. Sretched or increased with respect to it­
self. The intensive distance between the perfection of an angel and of
a man is but finite. Hale. 2. Full of care, intent. Assiduous atten­
dance and intensive circumspection. Wotton.

INTE’NT, or INTE’NSION, subst. Fr. [intento, It. and Sp.] meaning,
purpose, design, drift, a view formed. The principal intent of scrip­
ture is to deliver the laws of duties supernatural, Hooker.

INTE’NT, or INTE’NTIVE, adj. [intento, It. intentus, Lat.] fixed or
close bent upon a business, anxiously diligent. Generally with on or
upon, sometimes to. Most men intent to their own safety. K. Charles.
Intent upon his command. Clarendon. To have the sense intentive and
erect. Bacon.

INTE’NTION, Fr. of Lat. the end proposed in any action, the deter­
mination of the will in respect to any thing, design, purpose. The
principal intention is to restore the tone of the solid parts. Arbuthnot.

INTENTION [of study] 1. Eagerness of desire, deep thought or at­
tention, vehemence or ardour of mind. Intention is when the mind
with great earnestness and of choice fixes its view on any idea, consi­
ders it on every side, and will not be called off by the ordinary solici­
tation of other ideas. Locke. 2. The state of being intense or strained.
This for distinction is more generally and more conveniently written
intension. The operations of agents admit of intension and remission.
Locke.

INTE’NTIONAL [of intentionnel, Fr. intentionale, It. of intentio, Lat.]
belonging to the intention, designed, done designedly. A direct and
intentional service. Rogers.

INTE’NTIONALLY, adv. [of intentional] 1. With fixed choice, with
design. This inward principle doth exert many of its actions inten­
tionally and purposely. Hale. 2. In will, if not actually. You are
intentionally doing so. Atterbury.

INTE’NTIVE. See INTENT.

INTE’NTIVELY, or INTE’NTLY, adv. [of intentive, or intent] with
close application or attention, with eager desire. Fix your eye in­
tently upon them. Atterbury.

INTE’NTNESS [of intent] the state of being intent, close applica­
tion. Intentness of his own affairs. Swift.

I’NTER [a Latin preposition, used in the compounding many Eng­
lish words] within, between, among.

INTER Canem & Lupum, Lat. an expression antiently used for the
twilight, which is called day-light's gate in some place in the north of
England, and in others, betwixt hawk and buzzard.

To INTE’R, verb act. [enterrer, Fr.] to cover under-ground, to
bury. nterred between the very wall and the altar. Addison.

INTE’RCALAR, or INTERCA’LARY Day [intercalaire, Fr. intercolare,
It. of intercalaris, Lat.] the odd day added in leap-year, inserted out
of the common order, to preserve the equation of time; as, the 29th
of February, in a leap-year, is an intercalary day.

To INTE’RCALATE, verb act. [intercaler, Fr. intercalo, Lat.] to in­
sert an extraordinary day.

INTE’RCALATED, part. adj. [intercalatus, Lat.] put between; as
the putting in a day in the month of February, in leap-year.

INTERCALA’TION, Fr. [intercalazione, It. of intercalatio, Lat.] an
inserting or putting in a day in the month of February every 4th
year, which is called the leap-year, or bissextile. Omitting the inter­
calation of one day every 4th year. Brown.

To INTERCE’DE, verb neut. [interceder, Fr. and Sp. intercedere, It.
of intercedo, Lat.] 1. Signifies properly to come in between, to pass
between. A vast period interceded. Hale. 2. To perform the office of a
mediator, to act between two parties, with a view of reconciling dif­
ferences. Our advocate continually interceding with his Father in be­
half of all true penitents. Calamy. 3. To entreat, or pray in the
behalf of another.

INTERCE’DENT, part. adj. [intercedens, Lat.] coming in between.

INTERCEDENTAL Day [with physicians] an extraordinary critical
day, which being occasioned by the violence of the disease, falls be­
tween the ordinary critical days.

INTERCE’DER [of intercede] one that intercedes, a mediator, an
agent.

To INTERCE’PT [interceptum, sup. of intercipio, Lat. intercepter,
Fr. intercettare, It. interceptàr, Sp.] to cut off, to obstruct, to take
up by the way, or in the mean while, to prevent, or stop from being
communicated. To intercept some part of the light. Newton.

INTERCE’PTED, part. adj. [interceptus, Lat. intercepté, Fr.] catch­
ed up by the way, prevented.

INTERCEPTED [with mathematicians] taken between, comprehend­
ed, or contained.

INTERCEPTED Axes, or INTERCEPTED Diameters [in conic sec­
tions] the same as abscissæ.

INTERCE’PTION, Fr. [interceptio, Lat.] the act of intercepting,
stoppage in course, obstruction. Interception of the sight. Wotton.

INTERCE’SSION, Fr. and Sp. [intercessione, It. of intercessio, Lat.] as
it were a stepping in between to keep off harm or danger, intreaty in
behalf of another, mediation, agency in the cause another, generally
in his favour.

INTERCE’SSOR, Lat. [intercesseur, Fr. intercessore, It.] a mediator,
an agent between two parties to procure a reconciliation.

To INTERCHAI’N, verb act. [of inter and chain] to chain, to
link together. Shakespeare.

To INTERCHA’NGE [of inter and change] 1. To exchange be­
tween parties, or reciprocally, as complement, writing; to put each
in the place of the other, to give and take mutually. 2. To succeed
alternately.

I’NTERCHANGE [from the verb] 1. Commerce, permutation of
commodities. Those people have an interchange or trade with Elana.
Howel. 2. Alternate succession. The interchanges of light and
darkness, and succession of seasons. Holder. 3. Mutual donation
and reception. A continual interchange of kindnesses. South.

INTERCHA’NGEABLE [of interchange] 1. Mutual, given or taken.
2. Following each other in alternate succession, or by turns.

INTERCHA’NGEABLY, adv. [of interchangeable] in a manner where­
by each gives and receives, mutually. It ought to have been done
interchangeably. Swift.

INTERCHA’NGEMENT [of interchange] exchange, mutual transfe­
rence. Strengthen'd by interchangement of your rings. Shakespeare.

INTERCI’PIENT, subst. [intercipiens, Lat.] something that makes a
stoppage, an intercepting power. Wiseman.

INTERCI’SION [of inter and cædo, Lat. to cut] act of cutting off
between, an interruption. By cessation of oracles we may understand
their intercision, not abscission or consummate desolation. Brown.

INTERCLU’SION, a shutting up between, or a stopping up the pas­
sage between one thing and another.

To INTERCLU’DE, verb neut. [intercludo, Lat.] to shut from a
place or course by something intervening, to intercept. The voice is
sometimes intercluded by a hoarseness. Holder.

INTERCLU’SION [of interclusum, sup. of intercludo, from inter and
claudo, Lat. to shut] interception, stoppage, obstruction.

INTERCOLUMNIA’TION [with architects] the space or distance be­
tween the pillars of a building. Wotton.

To INTERCO’MMON, verb neut. [of inter and common] to feed at
the same table.

INTERCO’MMONING, part. adj. [in law] is when the commons of
two manors lie together, and the inhabitants of both have, time out of
mind, caused their cattle to feed promiscuously in each.

To INTERCOMMU’NICATE, verb act. [of inter and communico, Lat.]
to communicate mutually, or one with another.

INTERCOMMU’NITY [of inter and community] a mutual communi­
cation, a mutual freedom or exercise of religion.

INTERCO’STAL, adj. [intercostal, Fr. from inter and costa, Lat. a rib]
between the ribs. The inward intercostal muscles. More.

INTERCO’STAL Nerve [with anatomists] a nerve proceeding from
the spinal marrow, and spreading itself in the belly through all the
bowels.

INTERCOSTAL Vessels [with anatomists] vessels that lie between the
ribs, i. e. the veins and arteries that run along through the parts.

INTERCOSTA’LES Externi, or INTERCOSTA’LES Interni [with ana­
tomists] certain muscles lodging in the intervals or spaces of the
ribs, their number on each side being 22; being 11 outward, and as
many inward.

I’NTERCOURSE [intercursus, Lat. a running amongst, or of entre­
cours, Fr.] 1. Mutual correspondence, communication. 2. Commerce,
exchange.
This sweet intercourse
Of looks and smiles. Milton.

INTERCU’RRENCE [of intercurro, Lat.] passage between. Without
the intercurrence of a liquor. Boyle.

INTERCU’RRENT, adj. [intercurrens, Lat.] running between two
lands, as a river. Some very subtile, intercurrent matter. Boyle.

INTERCUTA’NEOUS [of intercutaneus, Lat.] lying between the flesh
and skin.

INTERDE’AL, subst. [of inter and deal] traffic, intercourse. The
alteration of the trading and interdeal with other nations, has greatly
altered the dialect. Spenser.

To INTERDI’CT, verb act. [interdire, Fr and It. interdictum, sup. of
interdico, Lat.] 1. To prohibit or forbid, to exclude from partaking
of the sacraments. 2. To prohibit from the enjoyment of commu­
nion with the church. An archbishop may excommunicate, and in­
terdict by suffragans. Ayliffe.

INTERDICT [from the verb] prohibition, prohibiting decree. He
did ordain the interdicts and prohibitions touching entrance of stran­
gers. Bacon.

INTERDI’CT [interdictio, Lat.] a papal censure, forbidding all di­
vine offices (except baptism to children, the sacrament of the eucha­
rist, and extreme unction at the point of death) to be performed with­
in any parish, town, county, or nation. This was commonly in­
flicted on a pretence that the privileges of the church had been viola­
ted, by the lords, magistrates, or princes of any nation; and England
wholly lay under an interdict from the pope for six years, in the reign
of king John. In the time of the interdict. Wotton.
Does not this kind of spiritual power and jurisdiction, seem to tally
with that portray'd by St. PAUL? 2 Thess. v. 2, 4. See INQUISITION
and ANATHEMA.

INTERDI’CTED [of water and fire] a sentence antiently pronounced
against such as for some time were to be banished, which though it
was not pronounced, yet was with an order that no man should receive
them into his house, or afford them the use of water or fire, which are
two elements very necessery for life.

INTERDI’CTION, Fr. [interdizione, It. of interdictio, Lat.] 1. The act
of forbidding or debarring from the use of any thing, prohibition, for­
bidding decree.
Sternly he pronounc'd
The rigid interdiction. Milton.
2. Curse, from the papal interdict; an improper use of the word.
Johnson.
——The truest issue of thy throne,
By his own interdiction stands accurst. Shakespeare.

INTERDICTION [in law] is an ecclesiastical censure, forbidding the
exercise of the ministerial function, or the performance of sacred rites.

INTERDI’CTORY, adj. [of interdict] belonging to an interdiction.
Ainsworth.

INTERDU’CTUS, a space left between periods or sentences, in writ­
ing or printing; also a stop or fetching one's breath in reading or
writing.

To I’NTEREST, verb act. [intéresser, Fr. interessare, It. interessàr,
Sp. of inter and esse, insin. for edo, Lat. to eat] to concern, to af­







fect, to give share in; generally with a reciprocal pronoun. Every
one to be interested in those precious blessings which any one of them
receiveth. Hooker.

To I’NTEREST, verb neut. to affect, to move, to touch with com­
passion, to gain the affections; as, this is an interesting story.

I’NTEREST, subst. [of interest impers. verb Lat. it concerneth, in­
téret, Fr.] 1. Concern, good, advantage, benefit. For the common
good and interest. Calamy. 2. Power or influence over others. They
who had hitherto perserved them, had now lost their interest. Cla­
rendon. 3. Share, part in any thing. 4. Regard to private profit.
Wherever interest or power thinks fit to interfere. Swift. 5. Usury,
money paid for the use, loan, or forbearance of money lent. Pay­
ing interest for old debts. Arbuthnot. 6. Any surplus of advantage.
You shall have your desires with interest. Shakespeare.

Compound INTEREST, is that which arises from the principal, and
the interest forborn.

Simple INTEREST, is that which arises from the principal only.

INTERFÆMI’NEUM, Lat. [with anatomists] a part of the body be­
twixt the thighs and the groin.

To INTERFE’RE, verb neut. [of inter, among, &c. and ferio, Lat.
to strike] 1. To interpose or intermeddle. 2. To clash, to be in op­
position to each other. 3. [Spoken of horses] to strike or hit one
heel against the other, so as to hurt one of the fetlocks, or graze the
skin off.

INTERFLU’ENT, or INTERFLU’OUS [interfluens, interfluus, Lat.] flow­
ing between. Swimming in the celestial interfluent matter. Boyle.

INTERFU’LGENT [interfulgens, Lat.] shining among or between.

INTERFU’SED [interfusus, Lat.] poured forth, in, or among.
Milton.

INTERGA’PING Vowel [with grammarians] is when two vowels
meet together, one at the end of a word, and the other at the begin­
ning of the next, so as to make a harsh sound.

INTERJA’CENCY [interjacens, Lat.] 1. The act or state of lying be­
tween. Divided only by the interjacency of the Tweed. Hale. 2.
The thing that lies between. Motions which winds, storms, shores,
and every interjacency irregulates. Brown.

INTERJA’CENT, adj. [interjácens, Lat.] lying between, intervening.
Void of little islands interjacent. Raleigh.

To INTERJE’CT, verb act. [interjectum, sup. of interjicio, from inter
and jacio, Lat. to throw] to throw in between.

INTERJE’CTION, Fr. [interjezione, It. of interjectio, Lat. with gramma­
rians] 1. Is an expression which serves to shew a sudden motion of the
soul, either of grief, joy, desire, fear, aversion, admiration, surprize,
&c. And as the greatest part of those expressions are taken from na­
ture only in all languages; true interjections consist generally of one
syllable. The Latins borrowed most of their interjections from the
Greeks, and we, and the rest of the moderns, borrowed them from the
Latins; though the English have some of their own; but they are
but few.
Sanctius, and other modern grammarians, do not allow it a place
in the parts of speech, but account it among the adverbs; but Julius
Cæsar Scaliger, reckons it the first and principal part of speech, because
it is that which most shews the passions. A part of speech that disco­
vers the mind to be seized or affected with some passion, such as are
in English, o, alas, ah! Clarke's Lat. Gram. 2. Intervention, inter­
position, act of something coming between, act of putting something
between. The loud noise which maketh the interjection of laughing.
Bacon.

I’NTERIM, subst. Lat. the mean time or while, intervening time.
In this interim comes a torrent. L'Estrange.

INTERIM, a certain formulary or confession of faith which was ten­
dered by the emperor Charles V. at Augsburgh, to be subscribed both
by papists and protestants, and to be observed till a general council
should be called, to decide all points in dispute between them. It was
obtruded upon the protestants after Luther's death by the emperor, when
he had defeated their forces, and was by most of them rejected. It
retained the greatest part of the doctrines and ceremonies of the Ro­
manists, excepting that of marriage, which was allowed to priests,
and communion to the laity under both kinds.

To INTERJOI’N, verb act. to join mutually, to intermarry.
Grow dear friends,
And interjoin their issues. Shakespeare.

INTE’RIOR, adj. [interieur, Fr. interiore, It. interiòr, Sp. and Lat.]
more inward, belonging to the inside, internal, inner, not outward or
superficial. The interior parts of the earth. Burnet's Theory.

INTERKNO’WLEDGE [of inter and knowledge] mutual knowledge.
All nations have interknowledge one of another. Bacon.

To INTERLA’CE, verb act. [entrelacer, entrelasser, Fr. intralaciare,
It. entrelacár, Sp.] to twist one with another, to insert or put in a­
mong, to intermix. Some are to be interlaced between the divine
readings of the law. Hooker. Every where interlaced with dialogue.
Dryden.

INTERLA’PSE, subst. [of inter and lapse] the flow of time between
any two events. A short interlapse of time. Harvey.

To INTERLA’RD [entrelarder, Fr.] 1. To lard between, or as the
lean of well fed meat is with streaks of fat; to stuff bacon or fat in be­
tween meat. 2. To interpose or insert between. Jests should be in­
terlarded. Carew. 3. To diversify by mixture. Mingled and inter­
larded with many particular laws of their own. Hale. 4. J Philips
has used this word very harshly, and probably did not understand it.
Johnson.
They interlard their native drinks with choice
Of strongest brandy. J. Philips.

To INTERLE’AVE, verb act. [of inter and leave] to chequer a book
by the insertion of blank leaves.

INTERLEA’VED, part. adj. [of inter, Lat. and leaf, Sax.] put be­
tween leaves of a book, as blank paper.

To INTERLI’NE, verb act. [interlineare, It. entrelineàr, Sp. of inter,
between, and linea, Lat. a line] 1. To write in alternate lines. In­
terlining Latin and English one with another. Locke. 2. To cor­
rect by something written between the lines, to write any thing be­
tween two lines. The interlining and rasing out of words Ayliffe.

INTERLI’NEARY, adj. [interlinearis, Lat.] interlined.

INTERLI’NEARY Bible, a bible that has one line of a Latin tran­
flation, printed between every two lines of the Hebrew and Greek
originals.

INTERLINEA’TION [of inter and lineation] correction made by
writing between the lines. With such frequent blots and interlinea­
tions. Swift.

To INTERLI’NK, verb act. [of inter and link] to connect links
or chains one to another, to join one in another. Two chains which
are interlinked, which contain, and are at the same time contained.
Dryden.

INTERLOCU‘TION, Fr. [interlocuzione, It. interlocuciòn, Sp. of in­
terlocutio, Lat.] 1. Dialogue, interchange of speech. It is done by
interlocution, and with a mutual return of sentences from side to side.
Hooker. 2. [In law] an intermediate sentence before a final deci­
sion, or a determining some small matters in a trial, till such time as
the principal cause be fully known and determined. Some new in­
cident in judicature may emerge upon them, on which the judge ought
to proceed by interlocution. Ayliffe.

INTERLO’CUTOR [of inter and loquor, Lat. to speak] a dialogist,
one that talks alternately with one another. The interlocutors com­
pliment with one another. Boyle.

INTERLO’CUTORY [interlocutoire, Fr. interlocutorio, It. and Sp. of
interlocutorius, from inter and loquor, Lat. to speak] 1. Pertaining to
interlocution, consisting of dialogue. Interlocutory forms of speech.
Hooker. 2. Some incidental determination, preparatory to a final
decision.

INTERLO’CUTORY, INTERLO’CUTOR, or INTERLOQUITUR, subst.
in the Scottish law, an incidental or preparatory decision, very frequent
in the court of session before the lords at Edinburgh, and also in in­
ferior courts. This, though for the most part used substantively, is
an adjective, to which sentence is referred, as the substantive under­
stood.

INTERLOCUTORY Order, Sentence, or Judgment [in law] is that
which does not decide the cause, but only settle some intervening
matters relating to it.

To INTERLO’PE, verb act. [of inter, Lat. between, and loopen,
Du. to run, q. d. to run in between, and intercept the commerce of
others] to trade without proper authority, or interfere with a com­
pany in commerce, to run in between parties, and intercept the ad­
vantage that one should gain from the other, to forestal, to antici­
pate irregularly. To leave off this interloping trade, or admit the
knights of the industry to their share. Tatler.

INTERLO’PER [of interlope] one who runs into business to which
he has no right, an irregular, or illegal trader. An interloper upon
the spider's right. L'Estrange.

INTERLO’PERS [in law] are those who, without legal authority,
intercept or hinder the trade of a company or corporation legally es­
tablished, by trading the same way.

INTERLUCA’TION, Lat. [in agriculture] the lopping off branches
to let in light between.

INTERLU’CENT [interlucens, Lat.] shining between.

I’NTERLUDE [interludium, Lat.] that part of a play, that is repre­
sented or sung between the several acts, something plaid at the in­
tervals of festivity, a farce or entertainment. Masques, and revels,
and interludes. Bacon.

INTERLU’ENCY [interluo, from inter and luo, Lat. to wash] inter­
position of a flood, water intervening. Now disjoined by the inter­
luency of the sea. Hale.

INTERLU’NAR, or INTERLU’NARY, adv. [of inter and lunaris, from
luna, Lat. the moon] pertaining to the time or space between the old
moon and the new, when it is about to change, and is invisible. Hid
in her vacant interlunar cave. Milton.

INTERLU’NIUM, Lat. [with astronomers] the time in which the
moon has no phasis or appearance.

INTERMEA’TION, Lat. act of flowing between or passing through.

INTERMA’RRIAGE [of inter and marriage] marriage between two
families, where each takes one, and gives another. Many alliances
and intermarriages. Addison.

To INTERMA’RRY, verb neut. [of inter, between, and marry, from
marier, Fr.] to marry one among another of the same families, as the
brother or sister of one, with the sister or brother of the other. It
was declared lawful for nobles and plebeians to intermarry. Swift.

To INTERME’DDLE, verb neut. [of inter and meddle; entreméler,
Fr.] to concern one's self in the business of another, to interpose.

To INTERME’DDLE, verb act. to mingle, to intermix [This is, per­
haps, misprinted for intermelled. Johnson.] Many other adventures
are intermeddled. Spenser.

INTERME’DDLER [of intermeddle] one that intermeddles or inter­
poses officiously, one that thrusts himself into business to which he has
no right.

INTERME’DIACY [of intermediate] interposition, intervention; an
unauthorised word. Johnson. In buds the auditory nerve is affected
by only the intermediacy of the columella. Derham.

INTERME’DIAL [of inter and medius, Lat.] intervening, lying be­
tween. Active enough without any intermedial appetites. Taylor.

INTERME’DIATE [intermediate, Fr. intérmediato, It. of intermedia­
tus, Lat.] lying between, intervening, holding the middle place or de­
gree between two extremes.

INTERME’DIATELY, adv. [of intermediate] by interposition, by
way of intervention, by lying in a manner between.

To INTERME’LL, verb act. [entremesler, Fr.] to mix, to mingle.
Many other adventures are intermelled, but rather as accidents than
intendments. Spenser.

INTE’RMENT [from interr; enterrement, Fr. interment] sepulture,
burial.

INTERMIGRA’TION, Fr. [of inter and migro, Lat.] the act of removing
from one place to another, such as that of two parties removing
when each takes the place of the other.

INTE’RMINATED [interminatus, Lat.] unbounded, having no li­
mits.

INTE’RMINABLE, or INTE’RMINATE [interminatus, of in and termi­
no, Lat.] boundless, endless, immense, admitting no bounds. A sleep
interminate. Chapman.

To INTERMI’NGLE [intermiscere, Lat. entreméler, Fr.] to mingle
among or with.








INTERMINA’TION, Fr. [intermino, Lat. from inter and minæ,
threats] the act of threatening, threat, menace. The threats and
interminations of the gospel. Decay of Piety.

To INTERMI’NGLE, verb. act. [of inter and mingle] to mingle to­
gether, to mix, to put some things amongst others.

To INTERMINGLE, verb neut. to be mixed or incorporated,

INTERMI’SSION, Fr. and Sp. [intermissione, It. of intermissio, Lat.]
1. Discontinuance, a breaking or leaving off for a while, ceasing,
pause, intermediate stop. The water ascends gently and by intermis­
sions. Wilkins. 2. Intervening time. Cut short all intermission. Shake­
speare. 3. State of being intermitted. Words borrowed of antiquity,
have the authority of years, and out of their intermission do win to
themselves a kind of gracelike newness. B. Johnson. 4. The space
between the paroxysms of a fever or any fits of pain, rest, pause from
sorrow. Rest or intermission none I find. Milton

INTERMI’SSIONS [with architects] the spaces between a wall and
the pillars, or between one pillar and another.

INTERMI’SSIVE, adj. [of intermit] coming by fits, not continual.
After so many intermissive wars. Howel.

To INTERMI’T, verb act. [intermettere, It. intermitír, Sp. inter­
mitto, Lat.] to leave off any thing for a while, to interrupt. If nature
should intermit her course. Hooker.

To INTERMI’T, verb neut. to grow mild between the paroxysms or
fits; applied to fevers.

INTERMI’TTENT, or INTERMI’TTING, adj. Fr. [intermittenta, It.
intermittens, Lat.] leaving off for a while, coming by fits. Short in­
termittent or swift recurrent pains. Harvey.

INTERMI’TTENT Disease, such as comes at certain times and then
abates a little. I should rather have said, with BOERHAAVE, “that
'tis called an intermittent, when there is a FULL [or compleat] apy­
rexy between fit and fit;” by which circumstance it is distinguished
from a REMITTENT fever, which abates indeed at certain times of its
force and fervour, but never is wholly suspended. BOERHAAV.
Aphorism 727.

INTERMITTENT Stitch [in surgery] a sort of stitch made at certain
separate points, in the sewing up of cross or traverse wounds.

INTERMITTENT Pulse [with physicians] a pulse which is held up
or stopped by the fit for a while, and then beats again.

To INTERMI’X, verb act [intermixtum, sup. of intermisceo, from
inter and misceo, Lat. to mix, or of inter, Lat. and mische, H. Ger.]
to mingle, to join, to put something between or among other things.
Her persuasions she intermixed with tears. Hayward.

To INTERMIX, verb neut. to be mingled together.

INTERMI’XTURE [of inter and mixture, from mixtura, Lat.] 1.
The act of mingling between or among others. 2. Mass formed by
mingling bodies. Some intermixtures of the divided bodies with those
employed. Boyle.. 3. Something additional mingled in a mass. An
intermixture of levity. Bacon.

INTERMU’NDANE [of inter and mundanus, Lat. the world] relating
or pertaining to the space between worlds, according to the supposition
of Epicurus, subsisting between orb and orb. The vast distances be­
tween these great bodies are called intermandane spaces. Locke.

INTERMU’RAL Space [of intermuralis, from inter and murus, Lat.
a wall] a space betwixt two walls.

INTERMU’TUAL [of inter and mutual] mutual, interchanged. In­
ter before mutual is improper. By intermutual vows protesting. Da­
niel's Civil War.

INTE’RN, adj. [interne, Fr. internus, Lat.] inward, intestine, not
foreign. Her riches are intern and domestic. Howel.

INTE’RNAL [interne, Fr. interno, It. and Sp. of internus, Lat.] 1.
Inward, not outward. Such internal veneration for good rules.
Locke. 2. Intrinsic, real, not depending on external accidents. The
internal rectitude of our actions. Rogers

INTERNAL Angles [in geometry] are all angles made by the sides
of any right lined figure within; also the two angles between the pa­
rallel lines on each side the crossing line; as A, B, and C are called
the internal Angles, and are always equal to two right angles. See
plate IV, fig. 13.

INTERNAL Digestives [with physicians] such as are prescribed to
prepare the body by purgation, by rendering the humours fluid;
thinning, &c. clammy or rough substances, and tempering such as
are sharp.

INTE’RNALLY, adv. [of internal] 1. Inwardly. 2. Mentally,
intellectually. By faith and the spirit of God internally united to
Christ. Taylor.

INTE’RNALNESS [of internal] inwardness.

INTERNE’CINE, adj. [internecinus, Lat.] endeavouring mutual de­
struction.
Th'Egyptians worship'd gods, and for
Their faith made internecine war. Hudibras.

INTERNE’CION, Fr. [internecio, Lat.] massacre, slaughter. Natural
principle of self preservation will necessarily break out into wars and
internecions. Hale.

INTERNO’DIL Musculi, Lat. [in anatomy] certain muscles in the
hand, likewise called the extensores pollicis.

INTERNO’DIUM, Lat. [with anatomists] the space betwixt the join­
ing together of the bones of the fingers and toes.

INTERNU’NTIO [internonce, Fr. internunzio, It. internuncio, Sp. of in­
ter and nuntius, Lat.] an agent for the court of Rome, in the courts
of foreign princes, where there is not an express nuntio.

INTE’RNUS Musculus Auris [with anatomists] a muscle of the
ear which lies in a bony channel, cavated in the bone called os
petrosum.

INTERO’SSEI Musculi [in anatomy] the muscles of the hands be­
tween the bones which move the fingers.

INTEROSSEI Pedis [in anatomy] seven muscles of the toes arising
from the ossa metatarsi of the lesser toes, and falling down into the
first internode of each toe side-ways.

INTERPELLA’TION, Fr. [interpellatio, Lat.] interruption or disturb­
ance; also a summons, a call upon. One citation, monition or ex­
trajudicial interpellation is sufficient. Ayliffe.

To INTERPLEA’D [of entre and plaider, Fr.] to discuss or try a point
which accidentally falls out, before the determination of the main
cause: as when two several persons are found heirs to land by two
several offices, and the thing is brought in doubt to which of them
possession ought to be given; so that they must interplead; i. e. for­
mally try between themselves who is the right heir.

To INTE’RPOLATE, verb act. [interpoler, Fr. interpolatum, sup. of inter
polo, Lat.] 1. To alter from the original copy, to falsify, to insert some
thing not genuine or written by the original author, to foist any thing
into a place to which it does not belong. Another law which was cited
by Solon, or, as some think, interpolated by him. Pope. 2. To renew,
to begin again, to carry on with intermissions. That motion of the
first moveable partly interpolated and interrupted. Hale.

INTERPOLA’TION, Fr. [from interpolate] the act of new vamping;
a falsifying an original by putting in something which was not in the
authors copy; also that which is so inserted. I have changed the situa­
tion of some of the Latin verses and made some interpolations. Cromwell
to Pope. This liberty of adding to, and taking from ancient writers,
is one species of those PIOUS FRAUDS, by which the grand apostacy has
supported itself from its first rise down to the present day. See 2 Thes.
c. 2. v. 10. compared with 2. Tim. c. 4. v. 2. and Rev. c. 22. v.
18, 19. I'll give you one single instance out of many: When St.
Basil, in the latter half of the fourth century, introduced something
like our modern doxology into his church, he was immediately charged
with innovation. In reply to which, he confesses, that the other
doxology, for which his adversaries pleaded, viz. the ascribing glory
to God the FATHER thro' his Son and Spirit, was the usual and ordinary
one in the foregoing century; as indeed St. JUSTIN tells us, it was the
practice of the church in his days [See DOXOLOGY and EUCHARIST
compared] Nay more; he [i. e. St. Basil] is so much at a loss for
any authentic president in the public liturgies of the church, that he is
obliged to have recourse to what he calls a mean and trivial thing, viz.
a private form, used (as he supposes) time out of mind. And when
searching for authorities in the works of St. ORIGEN, IRENÆUS, CLE­
MENS ROMAN, and other antenicene writers, he is not able to produce
one passage that is clearly in point. Whereas in our present and even
best editions of the antenicene both liturgies and private writers, we
find a plenty of those very doxologies, for which St. BASIL, in the
fourth century, searched; but, with all his literature, searched in
vain. How come this? I answer with the poet,
Tum vero manifesta FIDES, danaûmque patescunt
INSIDIÆ —
But, alas! this is but one instance out of many: CLARKE, in his Scrip­
ture Doctrine, p. 302, and in his reply to Nelson, p. 206, has men­
tioned some liberties of this kind, that affect the SACRED WRITINGS
themselves; and no doubt but others might be produced; as St. EPI­
PHANIUS himself confesses upon Luke, c. 22, v. 44, and his sweat was
as it were great drops of blood. Of which text he says, “ορθοδοξοι,
&c. i. e. the orthodox out of fear took it away.” GRABE notæ in
IRENÆUM, p. 260. And if the reader desires further satisfaction on
this head, I mean of forgery in general, he may consult that elaborate
comment which MEDE has given upon one of the above-cited texts.
MEDE'S works, Ed. Lond. p. 687, &c. compared with what we have
already offered under the words, CREED, BIBLIOTAPHIST, EUNOMI­
ANS, BRANDEUM, & c.

INTERPOLA’TOR, Lat. [interpolateur, Fr.] one that interpolates or
soists in counterfeit passages, a falsisier of original writings by inter­
polations. You or your interpolator. Swift.

INTERPO’SAL, subst. [of interpose] 1. Interposition, agency be­
tween two persons. The interposal of my lord of Canterbury's com­
mand for the publication. South. 2. Intervention. Intercepted by
the interposal of the benighting element. Glanville.

To INTERPO’SE, verb act. [interposer, Fr. interporre, It. interpositum,
sup. of interpono, Lat.] 1. To put in or between, to make interve­
nient. Some weeks the king did honourably interpose. Bacon. 2.
To thrust in as an obstruction, interruption, or inconvenience. Hu­
man frailty will too often interpose itself. Swift. 3. To offer as a
favour or relief. The common father of mankind seasonably inter­
posed his hand. Woodward.

To INTERPOSE, verb neut. 1. To mediate, to act between two par­
ties. 2. To put in by way of interruption, to intermeddle in an affair.

INTERPO’SER [of interpose] 1. One that comes between others.
No rest be interposer between us twain. Shakespeare. 2. One that
interposes as a mediator, any intervenient agent.

INTERPOSI’TION, Fr. [interpositione, It. of interpositio, Lat.] 1. The
act of stepping in or concerning one's self in a business, or difference
between two parties, mediation, agency between. 2. Intervening
agency. 3. Intervention, state of being placed between two. By
reason of the entire interposition of the earth. Raleigh. 4. The thing
interposed.
A shelter and a kind of shading cool
Interposition, as a summer's cloud. Milton.

To INTE’RPRET, verb act. [interpréter, Fr. interpretrare, It. inter­
pretàr, Sp. of interpretor, Lat.] to expound or explain, to translate, to
solve, to decipher, to clear by exposition. Interpreting of dreams.
Daniel.

INTE’RPRETABLE [interpretabilis, Lat.] that may be, or that is easy
to be expounded or deciphered. These singularities are interpretable
from more innocent causes. Collier.

INTERPRETA’TION, Fr. [interpretazione, It. interpretacìon Sp. of
interpretatio, Lat.] 1. An exposition, the sense given by an interpreter,
or translation, a commentary, the act of interpreting. Interpretation
will misquote our looks. Shakespeare. 3. The power or faculty of ex­
plaining. To give us the interpretation and use of it in mercy. Bacon.

INTE’RPRETATIVE, adj. [of interpret] collected by interpretation.
The rejecting their conditions may justly be deemed an interpretative
siding with heresies. Hammond.

INTE’RPRETATIVELY, adv. [of interpretative] so as may be col­
lected by interpretation. The Almighty interpretatively speaks to him
in this manner, Ray.

INTE’RPRETER [interprete, Fr. and Sp. interpretatore, It. of inter­
pres, or interpretator, Lat.] 1. A person who explains the thoughts,
words or writings of another person, an expositor, an expounder.
2. A translator.

INTERPU’NCTION, Fr. [from inter and pungo, Lat.] a distinction,
by pricks or points, set between, a pointing between words or sen­
tences.

To INTE’RR [of in and terra, Lat. enterrer, Fr. enterrar, Sp.] to
bury or lay under ground. See INTER.








INTERRE’GNUM [interregne, Fr. interregno, It. of Lat.] the vacancy
of a throne; or the space between the death or deposition of one king,
and the succession or restoration of another.

INTERREI’GN [interregne, Fr. interregnum, Lat.] vacancy of the
throne. There could not be any interreign or suspension of title.
Bacon.

I’NTER-REX, Lat. the person who governs during an interregnum,
or while there is no king.

To INTE’RROGATE, verb neut. [interroger, Fr. interrogàr, Sp. of
interrogare, It. and Lat.] to ask, to put questions.

To INTERROGATE, verb act. to question, to examine.

INTERROGA’TION, Fr. [interrogazione, It. interrogaciòn, Sp. of inter­
rogatio, Lat.] a question put, an examining or enquiry.
Note of INTERROGATION, a point of distinction denoting a question,
marked thus (?) as, Is this consistent with common honesty?

INTERROGATION [with rhetoricians] is a figure that is very com­
mon. In a figurative discourse, passion continually carries an orator
towards those that he would persuade, and causes him to address what
he says to them by way of question. An interrogation has a wonder­
ful efficacy in making the audience listen to what is said. LONGINUS,
in his treatise of the SUBLIME, represents this figure as one of the more
active and vivid kind, and which gives not only a greater force and
spirit, but also credit to what is spoken. “For the pathetics, says he,
then impress us most, when they do not seem to have been furnish'd or
introduced by the artifice of the speaker; but to arise out of the occa­
sion, or subject itself.” LONGIN. de sublim. Ed. Pearce, p. 72. I
shall only add, that this celebrated critic ranges the interrogation, as
our lexicographer has done, under the class of PATHETICS; and ac­
cordingly HOMER, who was a perfect master of nature, has given us a
whole series of these impassionate forms of speech, in that reply which
his incensed hero makes to Ulysses. Iliad 9th. l. 337. 341.

INTERRO’GATIVE [interrogatif, Fr. interrogativo, It. of interrogati­
vus, Lat.] that interrogates or asks, denoting a question, expressed in
a questionary form of words.

INTERROGATIVE [with grammarians] certain pronouns, &c. used
in asking questions; as, who? what? which?

INTERRO’GATIVELY, adv. [of interrogative] in the manner or
form of a question.

INTERRO’GATOR [of interrogate] one who asks questions.

INTERRO’GATORY, subst. [interrogatoire, Fr.] a question, an en­
quiry. To put interrogatories unto him. Sidney.

INTERRO’GATORIES [interrogatoires, Fr. interrogatorio, It. interro­
gatorios, Sp. of interrogatoria, Lat.] questions.

INTERRO’GATORY, adj. [interrogatoire, Fr. interrogatorio, It. and
Sp. interrogatorius, Lat.] pertaining to an interrogation or examin­
ation, containing or expressing a question.

To INTERRU’PT, verb act. [interrompre, Fr. interrompere, It. in­
terrumpir, Sp. interruptum, sup. of interrumpo, from inter and rumpo,
Lat. to break] 1. To break or take off, to hinder the process of any
thing by breaking in upon it. Neither tree nor bush to interrupt his
charge. Clarendon. 2. To hinder, to stop one from proceeding, by
interposition. Answer not before thou hast heard the cause, neither
interrupt men in the midst of their talk. Ecclesiasticus. 3. To divide,
to separate.

INTERRUPT, part. pass. for interrupted.
Seest thou what rage
Transports our adversary, whom no bounds,
Nor yet the main abyss wide interrupt can hold. Milton.

INTERRU’PTEDLY, adv. [of interrupted] not in continuity, with
interruption, not without stoppages. Reflected more or less interrupt­
edly. Boyle.

INTERRU’PTER [of interrupt] one who interrupts.

INTERRU’PTION, Fr. [interruzione, It. interrupciòn, Sp. of interrup­
tio, Lat.] 1. Intervention, interposition. 2. A discontinuance or break­
ing off, interposition, breach of continuity. Severed from the con­
tinent by the interruption of the sea. Hale. 3. Hindrance, let, stop.

INTERSCA’PULAR, adj. [of inter and scapula, Lat. the shoulder]
placed between the shoulders.

INTERSCAPULAR [in anatomy] a process or knob of the scapula
or shoulder-blade, in that part of it which rises, and is commonly
called the spine.

INTERSCAPULA’RIA, Lat. [with anatomists] the cavities or hol­
low places between the shoulder-blades and the vertebræ or turning
joints.

To INTERSCI’ND verb. act. [interscindo, from inter and scindo, Lat.
to cut] to cut in two in the midst, to cut off by interruption.

To INTERSCRI’BE, verb act. [interscribo, from inter and scribo, Lat.
to write] to write between, to interline.

INTERSCRI’PTION, Lat. an interlineation or writing between.

INTERSE’CANT, adj. [intersecans, Lat.] cutting in two in the mid­
dle, dividing any thing into parts.

INTERSE’CANTS [in heraldry] pertransient lines, which cross one
another.

To INTERSE’CT, verb act. [intersectum, sup. of interseco, from inter
and seco, Lat.] to cut off in the middle, to divide each other mu­
tually.

To INTERSE’CT, verb neut. to meet and cross each other. At that
point where these lines intersect. Wiseman.

INTERSE’CTION, Fr. [intersezione, It. of intersectio, Lat.] the act of
cutting off in the middle, the point where lines cross each other.
Without any intersection or meeting aloft. Wotton.

INTERSECTION [with mathematicians] signifies the cutting off one
line or plane by another; and thus they say the mutual intersection of
two planes is a right line.

To INTERSE’MINATE, verb act. [interseminatum, sup. of intersemino,
from inter and semen, Lat. seed] to sow among or between.

To INTERSE’RT, verb act. [intersertum, sup. of intersero, from inter
and sero, Lat. to sow] to put in between other things. If I may in­
tersert a short philosophical speculation. Brerewood.

INTERSE’RTION [of intersert] an insertion, or what is inserted be­
tween any thing.

INTERSHO’CK, [of inter and choquer, Fr.] a clashing or hitting
of one thing against another.

To INTERSHOCK, verb act. [s'entechoquér, Fr.] to clash or hit one
against another.

INTERSOI’LING [with husbandmen] the laying of one kind of earth
upon another.

I’NTERSPACE [of inter, between, and spatium, Lat.] a space be­
tween things.

To INTERSPE’RSE, verb act. [of inter and sparsum, sup. of spargo,
Lat.] to scatter or sprinkle here and there, or among other things. A
void space interspersed amongst bodies. Locke.

INTERSPE’RSION [of intersperse] the act of scattering here and there.
The interspersion of now and then an elegiac or a lyric ode. Watts.

INTERSPE’RSUM Vacuum, Lat. See VACUUM.

INTERSPI’NALES Colli [with anatomists] the name of five pair of
small muscles of the neck, arising from the upper parts of each double
spinal process of the neck, except of the second vertebræ, and end in
the lower part of all the said double spines.

INTERSPIRA’TION [from inter and spiro] the act of breathing be­
tween, a fetching breath.

INTERSTE’LLAR, adj. [of inter and stellaris, Lat. pertaining to a
star] being between or among the stars, intervening between the stars.
The interstellar sky hath so much affinity with the star, that there is a
rotation of that as well as of the star. Bacon.

INTERSTELLAR Parts of the Universe [in astronomy] those parts
which are without and beyond our solar system; in which there are
supposed to be several other systems of planets, moving round the fixed
stars, as the centres of their respective motions, as the sun is of ours;
and so, if it be true, as it is not improbable, that every such star may
thus be a sun to some habitable orbs moving round it, the interstellar
world will be infinitely the greatest part of the universe.

I’NTERSTICE, Fr. [interstizio, It. interstitium, Lat.] 1. A distance
or space between one thing and another. 2. The time between one
act and another. The interstices of time. Ayliffe.

INTERSTI’TIAL, adj. [of interstice] containing interstices, having a
space between. The interstitial division. Brown.

INTERTE’XT, adj. [intertextus, Lat.] interwoven.

INTERTE’XTURE [intertexo, Lat.] the act of weaving between.

INTERTRANSVERSA’LES Colli [in anatomy] certain muscles between
the transverse processes of the vertebræ of the neck, of the same size
and figure with the interspinales.

To INTERTWI’NE, or to INTERTWI’ST, verb act. [of inter and
twine, or twist] to unite by twisting one in another.

I’NTERVAL [intervalle, Fr. intervallo, It. entreválo, Sp. of intre­
vallum, Lat.] 1. The distance or space between two extremes of a
place, interstice, void or vacant space. Through any one interval
of the teeth. Newton. 2. Time passing between any two assignable
points. The intervals between every war being so short. Swift. 3.
Remission of a distemper or delirium. His intervals of sense being
few and short, left but little room for the offices of devotion. Atterbury.

INTERVAL [in music] the difference between two sounds in respect
of grave or acute, or that imaginary space terminated by two sounds
differing in gravity or acuteness.

INTERVAL of the Fits of easy Reflection, or of easy Transmission of the
Rays of Light [in optics] is the space between every return by a fit,
and the next return.

To INTERVE’NE, verb neut. [intervenire, It. intervenio, Lat.] to
come between things or persons, to make intervals, to be intercepted.
Every cross accident that can interven. Taylor.

INTERVENE, subst. [from the verb] opposition or perhaps interview.
A word now obsolete. They had some sharper and some milder dif­
ferences which might easily happen in such an intervene of grandees.
Wotton.

INTERVE’NIENT, adj. [interveniens, Lat. intervenant, Fr.] interve­
ning or coming in between, interposed, passing between. I intermit
things intervenient. Wotton.

INTERVE’NTION, Fr. [interventio, Lat.] 1. An interposition, the state
of being interposed. The intervention of that lax membrane. Holder.
2. Agency between persons. God will judge the world in righteous­
ness by the intervention of the man Christ Jesus. Atterbury. 3. A­
gency between antecedents and consecutives. Some things he does
by himself, others by the intervention of natural means. L'Estrange.

To INTERVE’RT, verb. act. [interverto, from inter and verto, Lat.
to turn] to turn to another course. The duke interverted the bargain.
Wotton.

I’NTERVIEW [entreveue, Fr.] mutual sight, a sight of one another.
It is commonly used for a formal and appointed meeting or conference
between persons.

INTERVIGILA’TION, the act of watching or waking between
whiles.

To INTERVO’LVE, verb act. [intervolvo, Lat.] to involve one thing
with another.

INTERVO’LVED, part. adj. [of inter and volve] rolled one within
another.
Mazes intricate,
Eccentric, intervolv'd, yet regular. Milton.

To INTERWEA’VE, verb act. pret. interwove, part. pass. interwove,
interwoven or interweaved [of inter and weave; from weafan, Sax.
weven, Du. and L. Ger. weben, H. Ger.] to weave in, with, or among
any thing else, to intermingle. Trees thick interwoven. Milton. Words
interwove with sighs. Milton. So interweav'd, so like, so much the
same. Denham.

To INTERWI’SH, verb act. [of inter and wish] to wish mutually to
each other.
What tyrants and their subjects interwish,
All ill fall on that man. Donne.

INTERWO’VEN, part. adj. [of interweave] weaved or woven with or
among.

INTE’STABLE [intestabilis, Lat.] uncapable or unqualified to make
a will. Rendered infamous and intestable. Ayliffe.

INTE’STATE, adj. [intestatus, Lat. intestat, Fr. intestato, It.] dying
without making a will, wanting a will. Intestate death. Dryden.

INTESTI’NA Gracilia, Lat. [with anatomists] the small guts.

INTE’STINAL, adj. Fr. belonging to the guts. The intestinal tube.
Arbuthnot.

INTE’STINE, adj. [intestius, Lat. intestin, Fr. intestino, It. and Sp.]
1. Inward, being within side, not external. These inward and in­
testine enemies to prayer. Duppa. 2. Contained in the body. Inte­
stine stone and ulcer. Milton. 3. Domestic, not foreign. I know not







whether the word be properly used in the following example of Shake­
speare. Perhaps for mortal and intestine should be read mortal interne­
cine. Johnson.
Since the mortal and intestine jars
'Twixt thy seditious countrymen and us. Shakespeare.

INTESTINE War, a civil war, as it were within the bowels of a
state or kingdom.

INTESTINE Motion of the Parts of Fluids, where the attracting cor­
puscles of any fluid are elastic, they must of necessity produce an inte­
stine motion; and this greater or lesser according to the degrees of
their elasticity and attractive force.

INTESTINES, Fr. [intestini, It. intestinos, Sp. of intestina, Lat.] the
entrails, the bowels, the inward parts of any living creature.

INTE’STINUM, Lat. a bowel or gut.

INTESTINUM Rectum, Lat. the strait gut.

To INTHRA’L [of in and thrall, from thræl, Sax. a slave] to en­
slave, to bring into bondage, to shackle. A word now seldom used,
at least in prose. Those people which he has subjected and inthralled.
Raleigh.

INTHRA’LMENT [of inthral] slavery, servitude, or the act of bring­
ing into bondage, the state of being enslaved.
Sent from God to claim
His people from inthralment. Milton.

To INTHRO’NE, or To INTHRONI’ZE, verb act. [inthronizatum,
Lat. inthroniser, Fr.] to seat or place on a throne, to raise to royalty.
One chief in gracious dignity inthron'd. Thomson.

INTHRONIZA’TION, an instalment, the act of placing on the throne
or seat of majesty.

To INCI’TE, verb act. [prob. of in and tihtan, Sax. to over-per­
suade, or actiser, Fr.] to allure or draw in by fair words, &c. See
ENTICE.

INTI’CEMENT [from entice. See ENTICEMENT] the act of alluring
or drawing in, &c.

IN’TIMACY [of intimate] close familiarity. To confine our friend­
ships and intimacies to men of virtue. Rogers.

I’NTIMATE, subst. [intimus, Lat. intime, Fr. intimo, It. intimado,
Sp.] a familiar friend.

INTIMATE, adj. [intime, Fr. intimo, It. intimado, Sp. of intimus,
Lat.] 1. Familiar, particular, closely acquainted. 2. Inward, inte­
stine, inmost. Fear being so intimate to our natures, it is the strongest
bond. Tillotson. 3. Near, not kept at a distance. He was honoured
with an intimate and immediate admission. South.

To I’NTIMATE, verb act. [intimare, It. and low Lat. intimer, Fr.]
to give to understand, to hint, to point out indirectly or not very
plainly.

I’NTIMATELY, adv. [of intimate] 1. Familiarly, particularly, with
close friendship. 2. Closely, with intermixture of parts. 3. Nearly,
inseparably.

I’NTIMACY [of intimate] great familiarity, strict friendship.

INTIMA’TION, Lat. and Fr. [intimazione, It. of intimatio, Lat.] a
hint, an obscure or indirect declaration or direction.

I’NTIME, adj. [intimus, Lat.] inward, being within the mass, not ex­
ternal nor on the surface. An intime application of the agents.

To INTI’MIDATE [intimider, Fr. intimidire, It. of in and timidus,
Lat.] to put in fear, to frighten, to dishearten, to make cowardly.

INTIMIDA’TION [of intimidate] the act of affrighting or putting in
fear.

INTI’RE, adj. See ENTIRE.

To INTI’TLE [intituler, Fr. intitolare, It. intitulàr, Sp. of intitulo,
Lat.] to give a title. See ENTITLE.

INTI’TLED, part. adj. [of intitle, intitulé, Fr.] having a title, name
or subscription; also having a right to claim, &c.

INTITULA’TION, Fr. [intitolazione, It.] an intitling.

I’NTO [into, Sax.] 1. A preposition, noting entrance with regard
to place. To put into them a living soul. Locke. 2. Noting penetra­
tion beyond the outside, or some action which reaches beyond the su­
perficies. To look into letters already opened or dropt, is held an un­
generous act. Pope. 3. Noting a new state, to which any thing is
brought by the agency of a cause. They naturally spread themselves
into lakes. Addison.

I’NTOL [of in and tol, Sax. tol, Du. and L. Ger.] custom paid for
commodities imported.

INTO’LERABLE, Fr. and Sp. [intollerabile, It. of intolerabilis, Lat.]
1. Unsufferable, not to be borne with or endured, having any quality
in a degree too powerful to be endured. Our load will be as intolera­
ble as it is unreasonable. Taylor. 2. Bad beyond sufferance,

INTO’LERABLENESS [of intolerable] unbearableness, &c.

INTO’LERABLY, adv. [of intolerable] to a degree beyond sufferance,
unsufferably.

INTO’LERANT, adj. [intolerant, Fr.] not enduring, not able to en­
dure. The powers of human bodies being limited and intolerant of
excesses. Arbuthnot.

To INTO’MB, verb act. [from in and tomb; entomber, Fr.] to put in
a tomb, to bury.

To I’NTONATE, verb neut. [intonare, It. and Lat.] to thunder or
make a rumbling noise.

INTONA’TION, Fr. [l'intonare, It.] 1. In music, is the giving the
tone or key, by the chanter in a cathedral, to the rest of the choir.
2. The act of thundering.

To INTO’NE, verb neut. [from intono, or rather from tone, intonner,
Fr.] to make a flow protracted noise. Ass intones to ass. Pope.

To INTO’RT, verb act. [intortuo, Lat.] to twist, to wreath, to
wring. A canal vriously intorted and wound up together. Arbuthnot.

To INTO’XICATE, verb. act. [tossicare, It. entofigár, Sp. intoxico,
from in and toxicum, Lat. a poisonous potion] to make drunk, to ine­
briat. The more a man drinketh of the world, the more it intoxica­
teth. Bacon.

INTOXICA’TION [of intoxicate] the act of making drunk or suddling,
the state of being drunk, inebriation, ebriety.

INTRA’CTABLE [intraitable, Fr. intrattabile, It. intratable, Sp. of
intractabilis, Lat.] 1. Not to be managed. 2. Violent, stubborn,
obstinate, ungovernable, unruly.

INTRA’CTABLENESS [of intractable] obstinacy, perverseness, un­
governabless, unmanageableness.

INTRA’CTABLY, adv. [of intractable] ungovernably, stubbornly.

INTRA’NEOUS [intraneus, Lat.] that is within, inward.

INTRANQUI’LLITY [of in and tranquillity] unquietness, want of
rest. To relieve that intranquillity which makes men impatient of lying
in their beds. Temple.

INTRA’NSED [of in and transe, Fr.] cast into a trance. Milton. See
ENTRANCED.

INTRA’NSITIVE [intransitivus, Lat.] 1. Not passing into another.
2. [In grammar] A verb intransitive is that which signifies an action
not conceived as having an effect upon any object, as curro, I run.
Clarke's Lat. Grammar.

INTRANSMU’TABLE [of in and transmutable] that cannot be chan­
ged into any other substance. Experienced chemists do affirm quick­
silver to be intransmutable. Ray.

To INTRA’P [attraper, Fr. attrapare, It. entrampár, Sp.] to catch
in a trap, to insnare. See ENTRAP.

To INTREA’SURE, verb act. [of in and treasure] to lay up as in a
treasury. Shakespeare.

To INTREA’T [of in and traiter, Fr.] to ask humbly, to suppli­
cate.

INTREA’TY [from intreat] a submissive acting, a supplication. See
ENTREATY.

To INTRE’NCH, verb. act. [of in and tranchér, Fr. trincierare, It.
atrincheràr, Sp.] 1. To fortify with a trench or rampart; as, the
French army were intrench'd in their camp. 2. To break with hol­
lows.
His face
Deep scars of thunder had intrench'd. Milton.

To INTRENCH, verb neut. to encroach upon, to usurp, to invade,
to cut off part of what belongs to another; with upon. We are not
to intrench upon truth. Locke.

INTRE’NCHANT, adj. [This word, which is, I believe, found only
in Shakespeare, is thus explained by one of his editors: The intren­
obant air means the air which suddenly encroaches and closes upon the
space left by any body which had passed through it. Hanmer. I be­
lieve Shakespeare intended rather to express the idea of indivisibility or
invulnerableness, and derived intrenchant from in, privative, and
trancher, to cut; intrenchant is indeed properly not cutting, rather than
not to be cut; but this is not the only instance in which Shakespeare
confounds words of active and passive signification. Johnson] not to be
divided, not to be wounded, indivisible.
As easy may'st thou the intrenchant air
With thy keen sword impress, as make me bleed. Shakespeare.

INTRE’NCHMENT [retranchement, Fr. trinciamento, It.] 1. The act
of intrenching with a breastwork. 2. An encroachment.

INTRENCHMENT [in the art of war] any work that defends a post
against the attacks of an enemy, and is generally taken for a trench or
ditch.

INTRE’PID [intrepide, Fr. intrepido, It. of intrepidus, Lat.] fearless,
undaunted, resolute, daring, brave.
Argyle,
Calm and intrepid in the very throat
Of sulphurous war on Teniers dreadful field. Thomson.

INTREPI’DITY, or INTRE’PIDNESS [intrepidité, Fr. intrepidità, It.]
undaun edness, fearlesness, courage. The intrepidity of these diminu­
tive mortals, who drust venture to walk upon my body without trem­
bling. Swift.

INTRE’PIDLY, adv. [of intrepid] fearlesly, courageously, daringly.
He launches forward intrepidly. Pope.

I’NTRICACY, or I’NTRICATENESS, perplexity, intanglement, dif­
ficulty, involution, complication of facts or notions. He found such
intricateness that he could see no way to lead him out of the maze.
Sidney. Perplexing that fable with very agreeable plots and intricacies.
Addison.

To I’NTRICATE [intricatum, sup. of intrico, Lat.] to intangle, to
perplex, to darken. Not proper, and now obsolete. Alterations of sir­
names have so intricated or rather obscur'd the truth of our pedigrees.
Camdem.

I’NTRICATE [intrigato, It. entricado, Sp. of intricatus, Lat.] per­
plexed, intangled, involved, obscure. Fit to convey the most intri­
cate business to the understanding with the utmost clearness. Addison.

I’NTRICATELY, adv. [of intricate] in a perplexed manner, with
perplexity, with complication or involution of one in another. Va­
riety of factions into which we are so intricately engaged. Swift.

INTRI’GUE [intrigue, Fr. intrigo, It,] 1. A secret contrivance, cun­
ning design, a plot, a private transaction, in which many parties are
engaged; usually an affair of love. 2. Intricacy, complication, in­
volution; little in use. Hale. 3. The complication of a fable or
poem. As these causes are the beginning of the action, the opposite
designs against that of the hero are the middle of it, and form that
difficulty or intrigue which makes up the greatest part of the poem.
Pope. 4. An assemblage of events or circumstances occurring in an
affair, and perplexing the persons concered in it.

To INTRI’GUE, verb neut. [intriguer, Fr.] to plot, to cabal,
to carry on an intrigue, or private designs.

INTRI’GUER [of intrigue; intriguer, Fr.] one who busies himself
in private transactions, one who forms petty plots, one who pursues
women.

INTRI’GUINGLY, adv. [of intriguing] with intrigue, with secret
plotting.

INTRI’NSECAL, INTRI’NSIC, or INTRI’NSICAL [intrinseque, Fr. in­
trinseco, It. and Sp. of intrinsecus, Lat. This word is now generally
written intrinsical, though contrary to etymology] 1. Inward, real,
genuine, solid, natural, not accidental. Intrinsic goodness. Hammond.
2. Not extrinsic, outward, or merely apparent. These measure the
laws of God not by the intrinsecal goodness and equity of them.
Tillotson. Intrinsic value. Rogers. 3. Intimate, closely familiar; ob­
solete. He falls into intrinsecal society with Sir J. Graham. Wotton.

INTRI’NSECALLY, adv. [of intrinsecal] 1. Inwardly, naturally,
really. A lie is a thing absolutely and intrinsecally evil. South. 2.
Within, at the inside. The less he shewed without, the more it
wrought intrinsecally. Wotton.

INTRI’NSECALNESS [of intrinsecal] reality, inwardness.

INTRI’NSECATE, adj. [This word seems to have been ignorantly
formed between intricate and intrinsecal. Johnson] perplexed, involved
or complicated.








I’NTRO, a Latin adverb, that signifies within.

To INTRODU’CE, verb act. [introduire, Fr. introdurre, It. introdu­
cir, Sp. of introduco, Lat.] 1. To bring or lead in, to usher into a
place, or to a person. To introduce into their minds ideas of infinity.
Locke. 2. To bring something into notice or practice. He shall in­
troduce a new way of cure. Brown. 3. To produce, to give occasion
to. Whatsoever introduces habits in children. Locke. 4. To bring
into writing or discourse by proper preparatives.

INTRODU’CER [of introduce] 1. One who conducts another to a
person or place. 2. One who brings any thing into notice or prac­
tice. As an introducer or supporter, not as a teacher. Wotton.

INTRODU’CTION, Fr. [introduzione, It. introduciòn, Sp. of intro­
ductio, Lat.] 1. The act of leading in or introducing to any place or
person, the state of being ushered in or conducted. 2. The act of
bringing any thing new into notice or practice. The archbishop had
pursued the introduction of the liturgy, and the canons into Scotland.
Clarendon. 3. A preface to a book, discourse, &c. containing pre­
vious matter.

INTRODU’CTIVE [from introduce; introductif, Fr.] 1. Serving as the
means or preparatory to something else. That great instrumental in­
troductive art, that must guide the mind into the former. South. 2.
Serving to bring in.

INTRODU’CTOR [introducteur, Fr. introduttore, It. of introductor,
Lat.] an introducer of ambassadors, &c.

INTRODU’CTORY, adj. [introductus, introductorius, Lat.] serving to
introduce, serving as a means to something further, previous. This
introductory discourse. Boyle.

INTROGRE’SSION [introgressio, Lat.] the act of going into, entrance.

INTRO’IT, subst. [introit, Fr.] the beginning of the mass, the be­
ginning of public devotions.

INTROMI’SSION [intromissio, Lat.] 1. The act of letting or sending
in. A general intromission of all sects and persuasions. South. 2. [In
the Scottish law] the act of intermeddling with another's effects. As
he shall be brought to an account for his intromissions with such an es­
tate.

To INTROMI’T, verb act. [intromitto, Lat.] to send or let in, to be
the medium by which any thing enters. Glass in the window intromits
light without cold. Holder.

To INTROSPE’CT, verb act. [introspectum, sup. of introspicio, Lat.]
to take a view of the inside, to look into, to consider.

INTROSPE’CTION [introspectio, Lat.] a view of the inside, the act
of looking narrowly into. To make an introspection into my own
mind. Dryden.

INTROSU’MPTION [in philosophy] the taking in of nourishment,
whereby animal bodies are increased.

INTROVE’NIENT, adj. [of intro and veniens, Lat.] coming in, en­
tering. The commixture of introvenient nations. Brown.

INTROVE’RSION [of intro and versum, sup. of verto, Lat. to turn]
the act of turning inwards.

To INTRU’DE, verb neut. [intrudere, It. intrudo, Lat.] 1. To thrust
one's self rudely into company or business, to intermeddle, to usurp
or get possession of a thing unjustly, to come in unwelcome by a kind
of violence, to enter without invitation or permission; commonly
with upon. That this might so enter, as not to intrude, it was to
bring its warrant from the same hand. South. 2. To encroach, to
force in uncalled or unpermitted; with into. Intruding into those
things which he hath not seen. Colossians.

To INTRU’DE, verb act. to force without right or welcome; with
the reciprocal pronoun. Not to intrude one's self into the mysteries
of government. Pope.

INTRU’DER [of intrude] he who intrudes, an usurper, one who
forces himself into company or affairs without right or welcome.
Every new intruder into the world of fame. Addison.

INTRUDER [in common law] one who gets possession of lands that
are void by the death of a tenant for life or years, and differs from
an abator, in that an abator enters upon lands void by the death of a
tenant in fee. They were but intruders upon the possession. Davies.

INTRU’SION, Fr. and Sp. [intrusione, It. intrusio, Lat.] 1. An un­
mannerly thrusting one's self rudely into company, where one is not
acceptable, or into business; the act of thrusting or forcing a person
or thing into any place or state. The separation of the part of one
body upon the intrusion of another. Locke. 2. Encroachment upon
any place or person, entrance without invitation or permission. I may
close, after so long an intrusion upon your meditations. Wake. 3. Vo­
luntary and uncalled undertaking of any thing. I handle an art no
way suitable to my employment or fortune, and so stand charged with
intrusion and impertinency. Wotton.

INTRUSION [in law] a violent or unlawful seizing upon lands or
tenements, void of a possesser, by one who has no right to them.

To INTRU’ST, verb act. [of in and trust] to put in trust with, to
treat with confidence, to charge with any secret commission or thing
of value. None of the duke's officers were intrusted with the know­
ledge of it. Clarendon.

INTUI’TION [of intuitus, intueor, Lat.] 1. Sight or view of a mat­
ter, commonly used of mental view, immediate knowledge. These
propositions we know by a bare simple intuition of the ideas. Locke. 
2. [In metaphysics] a perception of the certain agreement or disa­
greement of any two ideas, immediately compared together. Locke.
3. Knowledge not obtained by the deduction of reason, but instanta­
neously accompanying the ideas that are its object. All knowledge of
causes is deductive, for we know none by simple intuition. Glanville.

INTU’ITIVE [intuitive, Fr. intuitivus, low Lat.] 1. Seen by the
mind immediately, without the deduction or intervention of reason.
When by comparing two ideas together in our minds, we see their a­
greement or disagreement; this therefore is called intuitive knowledge.
Locke. 2. Seeing, not barely believing. The intuitive vision of God.
Hooker. 3. Having the power of discerning truth immediately with­
out raciocination. Their intuitive intellectual judgment. Hooker.

INTU’ITIVELY, adv. [of intuitive; intuitivement, Fr. by immedi­
ate perception, without deduction of reason. The searcher of all
mens hearts, who alone intuitively doth know who are his. Hooker.

INTUME’SCENCE, or INTUMESCENCY [intumescentia, intumesco, Lat.]
the act of swelling, puffing, or rising up, tumor, the state of being
swoln. They variously begin, continue, or end their intumescencies.
Brown.

INTU’RGESCENCE, or INTU’RGESCENCY [of in and turgesco, Lat.]
the act or state of swelling, swell. Not by attenuation of the upper
part of the sea, but intergescencies caused first at the bottom. Brown.

INTU’SE, subst. [from intusum, sup. of intundo, from in and tundo,
Lat. to beat] bruise. Spenser.

To INTWI’NE, verb act. [of in and twine] 1. To twist or wreath
together. This opinion, though false, yet intwined with a true.
Hooker. 2. To encompass, by circling round it.
The vest and veil divine
Which wand'ring foliage and rich flowers intwine. Dryden.


INV

To INVA’DE, verb act. [envadir, Fr. invadere, It. and Lat.] 1. To
attack a country, to enter it hostily. Should he invade any part of
their country. Knolles. 2. To attack or set upon, to assail, to as­
sault. There shall be sedition among men, and invading one ano­
ther. 2 Esdras. 3. To seize violently, to usurp, to violate with the
first act of hostility, to attack, not to defend. And virtue may repel
tho' not invade. Dryden.

INVA’DER [of invade] 1. One that invades or enters with hostility
into the possessions of another. Neither durst they, as invaders, land
in Ireland. Bacon. 2. An assailant. 3. An encroacher, an intruder.
Enlarged for the repelling and preventing heretical invaders. Hammond.

To INVA’LIATE, verb act. [from in and vadis, gen. of vas, Lat.
a surety; old records] to engage or mortgage lands.

INVADIA’TIONS [old records] mortgages or pledges.

INVALE’SCENCE [invalescentia, of invalesco, from in and valeo,
Lat.] health, strength, force.

INVA’LID [invalide, Fr. invalido, It. and Sp. of invalidus, Lat.]
1. Infirm, weak. 2. Of no force or strength, of no cogency, that does
not stand good in law.
Admitting motion in the heavens to shew
Invalid, that which thee to doubt in mov'd. Milton.

To INVA’LIDATE, verb act. [invalider, Fr. invalidare, It.] to weak­
en, to make void, to deprive of force or efficacy. To invalidate
such a consequence. Boyle.

INVALI’DE, subst. Fr. one disabled by sickness or wounds.
What beggar in the invalides,
With lameness broke, with blindness smitten,
Wish'd ever decently to die? Prior.

INVELI’DITY, or INVA’LIDNESS [invalidité, Fr. invalídità, It.] 1.
The nullity of an act or agreement, weakness, want of cogency. 2.
Want of bodily strength. This is no English meaning. That none
who could not work by age, sickness, or invalidity, should want.
Temple.

INVA’LUABLE [of in and valuable] inestimable, precious above
estimation. The glorious and invaluable blessings of believing. At­
terbury.

INVA’RIABLE [of in and variable, Fr. invariabilis, Lat.] unchange­
able, constant, firm, stedfast. Known and invariable signs. Brown.

INVA’RIABLENESS [of invariable] immutability, constancy.

INVA’RIABLY, adv. [of invariable] constantly, steadfastly, unchange­
ably. He who steers his course invariably by this rule. Atterbury.

INVA’SION, Fr. and Sp. [invasione, It. of invasio, Lat.] 1. A de­
scent upon a country, an hostile encroachment upon the rights or pos­
sessions of another. We made an invasion upon the Cherethites.
1 Samuel. 2. An attack of an epidemical disease. What demon­
strates the plague to be endemial to Egypt, is its invasion and going
off at certain seasons. Arbuthnot.

INVA’SIVE, adj. [of invade] entering hostilely upon others posses­
sions, not defensive. Not make more invasive wars abroad. Dryden.

INVE’CTED, or INVE’CHED [in heraldry] is fluted or furrowed,
and is the reverse of ingrailed, in that ingrailed has the points out­
wards toward the field; whereas invected has them inwards, the or­
dinary and small semi-circles outwards toward the field.

INVE’CTIVE, adj. [invettivo, It. of invectus, Lat.] railling, re­
proachful, virulent, satirical, abusive. His invective muse. Dryden.

INVE’CTIVE, subst. [invecte, Fr. invettiva, It. invectiva, Sp. and low
Lat.] railing, sharp, virulent words or expressions. A reproachful ac­
cusation, a censure in words or writing. Bitter invectives. Hooker.

INVE’CTIVELY, adv. [of invective] satirically, abusively, reproach­
fully, virulently.

INVE’CTIVENESS [of invective] reproachfulness, virulence in
words, &c.

To INVEI’GH, verb act. [inveho, Lat.] to rail, to declaim, to speak
bitterly against one, to utter censure or reproach; generally with a­
gainst. Inveighing so sharply against the vices of the clergy. Dryden.

INVEI’GHER [of inveigh] one that inveighs, a vehement railer.
These inveighers against Mercury. Wiseman.

To INVEI’GLE, verb act. [of invogliare, It. Minshew; or aveugler,
enaveugler, Fr. to make blind, Skinner and Junius] to allure, entice,
or deceive with fair words, to wheedle, to persuade to something bad
or hurtful. Designed to exalt our conceptions, not inveigle or de­
tain our passions. Boyle.

INVEI’GLER [of inveigle] a seducer, an enticer to ill. The prince
clapt him up as his inveigler. Sandys.

To INVE’LOP, verb act. [enveloper, Fr. inviluppare, It.] to wrap up,
to infold. See ENVELOPE.

INVE’NDIBLE [invendibilis, from in and vendo, Lat. to sell] unsale­
able, that cannot be sold.

To INVE’NOM [envenimer, Fr.] to poison, to infect. See EN­
VENOM.

To INVE’NT [inventare, It. ynventàr, Sp. inventar, Port. inven­
ter, Fr. invenio, Lat.] 1. To find out, to contrive or devise, to pro­
duce something not made before. A screw invented by Archimedes.
Arbuthnot. 2. To forge, to contrive falsely, to fabricate. Such
things as those men have maliciously invented against me. Susan­
nah. 3. To feign, to make by the imagination. Hercules' meet­
ing with pleasure and virtue, was invented by Prodicus. Addison. 4. 
To light on, to meet with; obsolete.
Or Bacchus merry fruit they did invent,
Or Cybel's frantic rites have made them mad. Spenser.








INVE’NTER [of invent] 1. One who devises something new, or not
known before. As an inventer he was rich. Garth. 2. A forger,
one who fabricates.

INVE’NTION, Fr. [invenzione, It. invencion, Sp. of inventio, Lat.]
1. The act of finding out, a contrivance or device, a subtlety of mind,
or somewhat peculiar in a man's genius, which leads him to the dis­
covery of things that are new. Mine is the invention of the charm­
ing lyre. Dryden. 2. Fiction. Invention is a kind of muse. Dry­
den. 3. Discovery. Four pair of channels to convey it into the
mouth, which are of a late invention. Ray. 4. Forgery.
If thou canst accuse,
Do it with invention suddenly. Shakespeare.
5. The thing invented. A place not fairer in natural ornaments,
than artificial inventions. Sidney.

INVENTION [with logicians] is that part of logic that supplies ar­
guments for demonstration.

INVENTION [with poets] every thing that the poet adds to the his­
tory of the subject he has chosen, and of the turn he gives it.

INVE’NTIVE [inventif, Fr. inventivo, It.] apt to invent, ingeni­
ous, sharp witted, ready at expedients, having the power of fiction.
He had an inventive brain. Raleigh.

INVE’NTOR, Lat. 1. One that finds out something new. Your
monk that was the inventor of ordnance and gunpowder. Bacon.
2. A contriver, a framer; in an ill sense.
In this upshot purposes mistook,
Fal'n on th' inventors heads. Shakespeare.

INVE’NTORIALLY, adv. [from inventory, whence perhaps invento­
rial] in the manner of an inventory. To divide inventorially would
dizzy the arithmetic of memory. Shakespeare.

I’NVENTORY [inventaire, Fr. inventorio, It. inventario, Sp. of in­
ventarium, Lat.] a catalogue of goods and chattels, particularly those
found in the possession of a party deceased, and appraised, which
every executor or administrator is bound to deliver to the ordinary,
whenever it shall be required. In Persia, the daughters of Eve are
reckoned in the inventory of their goods and chattels. Spectator.

INVENTORY [in commerce] a list or particular valuation of goods.

To INVE’NTORY, verb act. [inventorier, Fr.] to register, to place
in a catalogue. The philosopher thought friends were to be inven­
tored as well as goods. Government of the Tongue.

INVE’NTORIED, part. adj. [inventorié, Fr.] written down in an in­
ventory.

INVE’NTRESS [inventrix, Lat. inventrice, Fr.] a female inventer.
Their inventors and inventresses were to be deified. Burnet's
Theory.

INVERNE’SS, a port town of Scotland, capital of the county of In­
verness, situated at the mouth of the river Ness, in Murray frith,
106 miles north of Edinburgh.

INVE’RSE, adj. [inversus, Lat.] inverse a reciprocal, opposed to
direct.

INVERSE Rule of Three, or INVERSE Rule of Proportion, a method
of working the rule of three, which seems to be inverted or turned
backwards. It is so called, when the fourth term is so much greater
than the third, as the second is less than the first; or so much less
than the third, as the second is greater than the first.

INVERSE Method of Fluxions [with mathematicians] is the method
of finding the flowing quantity of the fluxion given, and is the same
that foreigners call calculus integralis.

INVERSE Method of Tangents, is the method of finding an equation
to express the nature of a curve in an equation expressed in the nearest
terms.

INVERSE Ratio [with mathematicians] is the assumption of the
consequent to the antedent; like as the antecedent to the consequent,
as if B : C : : D : E, then by inversion of ratio's C : B : : E : D.

INVE’RSELY, adv. [of inverse] backwardly, or in an inverted
order.

INVE’RSION, Fr. [inversione, It. of inversio, Lat.] 1. The act of
turning the inside out. 2. A change in the order of words or things,
so as that each takes the room of the other. 3. Change of order or
time, so as that the last is the first, and the first last. A subtile inver­
sion of the precept of God. Brown.

INVERSION [with geometricians] is when, in any proportion, the
consequents are turned into antecedents, & e contra.

INVERSION [with rhetoricians] a figure whereby the orator makes
that for his advantage, which was alledged against him.

To INVE’RT, verb act. [invertere, It. and Lat.] 1. To turn upside
down, or inside out, to turn backward, or the contrary way, to place
in a contrary order to that which was before. Poesy and oratory omit
things essential, and invert times and actions. Watts. 2. To place
the last first. 3. To divert or turn into another channel, to embezzle.
Instead of this, convert or intervert is now commonly used. Invert­
ing his treasure to his own private use. Knolles.

INVE’RTED [in heraldry] as wings inverted, is when the points of
them are down.

INVE’RTEDLY, adv. [of inverted] in a contrary or reversed order.
A pretty landskip of the objects abroad invertedly painted on the
paper. Derham.

To INVE’ST, verb act. [investir, Fr. and Sp. investire, It. and Lat.]
1. To confer on any one the title of a fee, dignity, or office, to place
in possession thereof; having with or in. We invest God himself
with them. Hooker. Invested in that high dignity. Clarendon. 2. To
dress, to cloath, to array; it has in or with before the thing.
Thou with a mantle didst invest
The rising world of waters. Milton.
3. To adorn, to grace; having with.
For this they have been thoughtful to invest
Their sons with arts and martial exercises. Shakespeare.
4. To confer, to give. It investeth a right of government. Bacon.

To INVEST [in law] to put into possession of lands, tenements,
&c. also to instal with any dignity or honour.

To INVEST a Place [in the art of war] is to besiege a place so
closely, as to stop up all its avenues, and cut off all communication
with any other place; as, the enemy invested the town.

INVE’STIENT, adj. [investiens, Lat.] clothing, covering. Its inve­
stient shell. Woodward.

INVE’STIGABLE, adj. [of investigate] that may be searched out, dis­
coverable by a rational discussion. In such sort they are investigable.
Hooker.

To INVE’STIGATE, verb act. [investigare, It. and Lat.] to trace or
find out by steps, to search or enquire diligently, and by rational dis­
quisition. Investigate the variety of motions. Holder.

INVESTIGA’TION [investigazione, It. investigacion, Sp. of investiga­
tio, Lat.] 1. The act of tracing, searching or finding any thing out
by rational disquisition. The investigation of truth. Watts. 2. Exa­
mination, A diligent investigation of my own territories. Pope.

INVESTIGATION [with grammarians] is the art, method, or man­
er of finding the theme in verbs, the mood, tense, &c.

INVE’STITURE, Fr. [investidúra, Sp. investitura, It. and Lat.] 1.
The act of giving up, or putting into the possession of any manor, office
or benefice. 2. The right of giving the possession of these. To yield
up to the pope the investiture of bishops. Raleigh.

INVE’STMENT [of in and vestment] dress, clothes, habit. Whose
white investments figure innocence. Shakespeare.

INVE’TERACY, or INVE’TERATENESS [inveteratio, Lat.] 1. Long
continuance of any thing bad, obstinacy confirmed by time. The in­
veterateness of his malice. Brown. The inveteracy of the people's
prejudices. Addison. 2. [In physic] long continuance of a disease.

INVE’TERATE [invétéré, Fr. inveterato, It. inveterádo, Sp. of inve­
teratus, Lat.] 1. Grown, rooted in, or settled by long continuance,
old, long, established. An inveterate and received opinion. Bacon.
2. Obstinate by long continuance. A long inveterate course and cus­
tom of sinning. South.

To INVE’TERATE, verb act. [inveterer, Fr. invetero, Lat.] to har­
den or make obstinate by long continuance. An ancient tacit expec­
tation which had by tradition been infused and inveterated into mens
minds. Bacon.

INVETERA’TION, Lat. the act of growing into use by long custom.

INVI’DIOUS [invidiosus, Lat.] 1. Envious, malignant. Without
imposture or invidious reserve. Evelyn. 2. Likely to incur or to bring
hatred. This is the more usual sense. Agamemnon found it an invi­
dious affair to give the preference to any. Pope.

INVI’DIOUSLY, adv. [of invidious] 1. Enviously, malignantly.
The laity invidiously aggravate the immunities of the clergy. Sprat.
2. In a manner likely to provoke hatred.

INVI’DIOUSNESS [of invidious] the quality of provoking hatred or
envy.

INVI’GILANCY, Lat. want of watchfulness or of carefulness.

To INVI’GORATE, verb act. [invigorire, It. of in and vigoratum,
Lat.] to inspire with vigour, life and spirit, to strengthen, to enforce.
Invigorating the laws. Addison.

INVIGORA’TION [of invigorate] 1. The act of invigorating. 2.
The state of being invigorated. In the very height of activity and in­
vigoration. Norris.

INVI’NCIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [invincibile, It. of invincibilis, Lat.]
not to be overcome or conquered, not to be subdued. That invinci­
ble nation. Knolles.

INVI’NCIBLENESS [of invincible] insuperableness, unconquerable­
ness.

INVINCIBLY, adv, [of invincible] unconquerably. Invincibly im­
peded. Decay of Piety.

INVI’OLABLE, Fr. and Sp. [inviolabile, It. inviolabilis Lat.] 1. Not
to be violated or broken. In a league of inviolable amity. Hooker.
2. Not to be profaned, not to be injured. Inviolable powers ador'd
with dread. Dryden. 3. Not susceptible of hurt or wound.
Th' inviolable saints
In cubic phalanx firm advanc'd entire. Milton.

INVI’OLABLENESS [of inviolable] uncapableness of being violated.

INVI’OLABLY, adv. [of inviolable] without breach or failure, in an
inviolable manner. Inviolably yours. Dryden.

INVI’OLATE for INVI’OLATED, adj. Fr. [inviolatus, Lat.] unhurt,
unpolluted, unbroken. His fortune of arms was still inviolate. Bacon.

INV’IOLATED [inviolato, It. inviolatus, Lat.] not violated or
broke.

I’NVIOUS, adj. [invius, Lat.] impassable, not trodden. Virtue in­
vious ways can prove. Hudibras.

To INVI’RON [environner, Fr. invironare, It.] to compass or sur­
round. See ENVIRON.

To INVI’SCATE, verb act. [of in and viscus, Lat.] to slime, to en­
tangle in glutinous matter. It hath in the tongue a mucous and slimy
extremity, whereby upon a sudden emission it inviscates and entan­
gleth those insects. Brown.

INVISIBI’LITY, or INVI’SIBLENESS, the quality of being invisible,
uncapableness of being seen, imperceptibleness to the sight. Substitu­
ting their smalness for the reason of their invisibility. Ray.

INVI’SIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [invisibile, It. of invisibilis, Lat.] that
cannot be seen. That he is a spirit, and consequently that he is invi­
sible and cannot be seen. Tillotson.

INVI’SIBLY, adv. [of invisible] imperceptibly to the sight.

INVITA’TION, Fr. [invitamento, It. of invitatio, Lat.] the act of
bidding, inviting or calling to any thing with ceremony and civility.
That other answer'd with a lowly look,
And soon the gracious invitation took. Dryden.

INVITA’TORY [invitatoire, Fr.] of an inviting quality, using or
containg invitation.

INVITATORY Verse [in the Roman catholic service] a verse that stirs
up to praise and glorify God.

To INVI’TE, verb act. [inviter, Fr. invitare, It. and Lat.] 1. To
bid, call or desire one to come to a place, particularly one's house,
with intreaty and civility. If thou be invited of a mighty man, with­
draw. Ecclesiasticus. 2. To persuade, to incite, to entice, or allure.
Facility and hope of success might invite some other choice. Bacon.

To INVITE, verb neut. [invito, Lat.] to ask or call to any thing
pleasing.
All things invite
To peaceful counsels. Milton.

INVI’TER [of invite] he who invites. Interest was the scope of the
inviter. Smalridge.

INVI’TINGLY, adv. [of inviting] in such a manner as invites or al­
lures, a temptation. To look invitingly. Decay of Piety.









INU

To INU’MBRATE, verb act. [inumbro, from in and umbra, Lat. a
shadow] to shade, to cover with shades.

I’NULA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb enulacampane.

INU’MBRATED, part. adj. [inumbratus, Lat.] shadowed.

INUNCA’TION, Lat. the act of hooking into.

INU’NCTION [from inuctum, sup. of inunguo, of in and unguo,
Lat. to anoint] the act of anointing or smearing. An oily liniment
fit for the inunction of the feathers. Ray.

INUNDA’TION [inondation, Fr. inondazione, It. inundaciòn, Sp. of
inundatio, Lat.] 1. An overflowing of water, a flood, a delugate.
Inundation, says Cowley, implies less than deluge. The same inun­
dation was not past forty feet. Bacon. 2. A confluence of any kind.
That inundation of the Irish. Spenser.

To I’NVOCATE, or To INVO’KE, verb act. [invoquer, Fr. invocàr,
Sp. invocare, It. and Lat.] to call upon for aid, help or relief, to im­
plore, to pray to. The power I will invoke lies in her eyes. Sidney.
Be't lawful that I invocate thy ghost. Shakespeare.

INVOCA’TION, Fr. [invocazione, It. invocaciòn, Sp. invocatio, Lat.]
1. The act or form of calling upon or crying to any being for help,
aid or assistance. The invocation is divided between two deities. Ad­
dison. 2. The act of calling upon God for aid or assistance in prayer.
Devout invocation of the name of God. Hooker.

INVOCATION [in an epic poem] is accounted the third part of the
narration; and most poets, in imitation of Homer, have begun their
poems with an invocation; who, no doubt, thought the invocation
would give a sanction to what he should say, as coming from divine
inspiration. But the great masters of antiquity have introduced the in­
vocation of their muse, not only in the BEGINNING of their poem, but
also upon any extraordinary work, or labour, which arises in the set
quel of the composition; as HOMER in his catalogue of the ships; and
VIRGIL in his muster of the Italian forces. I need not add, that our
MILTON has taken the same liberty with both; tho' as the muse which
he invokes had far better pretensions to divinity than theirs, he adds
very judiciously in the close of one of these invocations, with which he
opens his seventh book:
For THOU art heav'nly; she an empty dream.
PARADISE Lost, Book 7th.

I’NVOICE, subst. [This word is perhaps corrupted from the Fr. en­
voyez, send; in traffic] a particular account of merchants goods, cu­
stom, provision, charges, &c. sent by a merchant to his factor or cor­
respondent in another country.

INVOICE Tare, the weight of the cask, bag, &c. in which goods
mentioned in the invoice, are contained.

INVOLU’CRUM, Lat. any covering of particular parts of the body.

INVOLUCRUM Cordis [with anatomists] a membrane which sur­
rounds the heart, the same as pericardium.

To INVO’LVE, verb act. [involvo, Lat.] 1. To wrap or fold any
thing in. So vain are they to think they oblige the world by involving
it in darkness. Decay of Piety. 2. To imply, to comprise. To shew
that the contrary necessarily involves a contradiction. Tillotson. 3. To
entwist, to join. He knows his end with mine involv'd. Milton. 4.
To take in, to catch. Our hatred of it may involve the person which
we should not hate. Spratt. 5. To entangle. It only serves the
more to involve us in difficulties. Locke. 6. To complicate, to make
intricate. Fallacies that are often concealed in florid, witty or in­
volved discourses. Locke. 7 To blend, to mingle together confusedly.
Earth with hell mingle and involve. Milton.

To INVOLVE [with algebraists] is to multiply a number by itself.

INVO’LUNTARILY, adv. [of involuntary] not by choice, not spon­
taneously, unwillingly, without a free will.

INVO’LUNTARY [involuntaire, Fr. involuntario, It. and Sp. involun­
tarius, Lat.] 1. Not voluntary, not chosen, not done willingly. The
forbearance of that action consequent to such command of the mind,
is called voluntary, and whatsoever is performed without such a
thought of the mind, is called involuntary. Locke. 2. Not having
the power of choice.
The gathering number as it moves along,
Involves a vast involuntary throng. Pope.

INVOLUNTARY [in medicine] applied to any natural excretion,
which happens thro' weakness, or want of power to restrain it; all
convulsive motions, where the muscles are preternaturally invigorated
to action, without the consent of the mind.

INVO’LUNTARINESS [of involuntary] unwillingness, or the quality
of not being done with the free will.

INVOLU’TION [involutio, Lat.] 1. The act of wrapping or rolling
up in any thing. 2. The state of being entangled, complication.
Causes blended by mutual involutions. Glanville. 3. That which is
wrapped round any thing. The involution or membranous covering
called the sillyhow. Brown.

INVOLUTION [with algebraists] is the raising up any quantity as­
signed, considered as a root to any power assigned; so that if the root
be multiplied into itself, it will produce the square, or second power,
and if the square be multiplied by the root, it will produce the cube,
or third power, and so on.

INURBA’NE, adj. [inurbanus, Lat.] uncivil, clownish.

INURBA’NENESS, or INURBA’NITY [of inurbane] clownishness, in­
civility.

To INU’RE, verb act. [of in and ure or uti, Lat. to use] 1. To ac­
custom, to habituate, to make ready or willing by practice and cus­
tom. It had antiently with before the thing accustomed, now to. We
must a little inure their ears with hearing. Hooker. Lately inured to
the mild and goodly government of the Confesser. Spenser. And to
the same import in construction with the preposition [In].
———In righteous habitude inur'd,
From PASSION'S baneful anarchy secur'd. TABLE OF CEBES.
2. To bring into use, to practise again,
He soon after fresh again inur'd
His former cruelty. Spenser.

To INURE [in a law sense] to be of effect, to be available.

INU’REMENT [of inure] practice, use, custom, frequency. A con­
stant plight and inurement.

To INU’RN, verb act. [of in and urn] to intomb, to bury.
The sepulchre
Wherein we saw thee quietly inurn'd. Shakespeare.

INU’SITATE [inusité, Fr. inusitato, It. of inusitatus, Lat.] not in use.

INU’STION [inustio, Lat.] 1. The act of burning. 2. [In medicine]
a term sometimes used for hot and dry seasons.

INUSTION [with surgeons] the operation of cauterizing.

INU’TILE, adj. Fr. [inutilis, Lat.] useless, unprofitable. A com­
pendious and inutile speculation.

INUTI’LITY [inutilitas, Lat. inutilité, Fr. inutilità, It.] unprofita­
bleness, uselesness.

INVU’LNERABLE, Fr. [invulnerabile, It. of invulnerabilis, Lat.] that
cannot be wounded, secure from wound. Th'invulnerable clouds of
heav'n. Shakespeare.

INVU’LNERABLENESS [of invulnerable] uncapability of being
wounded.

To INWA’LL, verb act. [of in and wall] to inclose within a wall.
They would be able with little to inwall themselves strongly. Spenser.

I’NWARD, or I'NWARDS, adv. [inweard, Sax. inwaertes, Su.] 1.
On the inside, within, towards the inner parts. If they were used in­
wards, they would kill. Bacon. 2. With incurvity, concavely. His
breast winding inward. Dryden. 3. Into the mind or thoughts. Look­
ing inward we are stricken dumb. Hooker.

INWARD, adj. 1. Placed within, not on the outside. The inward
structure. Pope. 2. Reflecting, deeply thinking.
Bent and inward to myself again
Perplex'd, these matters I revolv'd in vain. Prior.
3. Intimate, domestic. All my inward friends abhorred me. Job.
4. Seated in the mind. An outward honour for an inward toil. Shake­
speare.

INWARD, subst. 1. Any thing within, generally the bowels. Sel­
dom has this sense a singular. The inwards and their fat. Milton. 2.
An intimate, a near acquaintance. Sir, I was an inward of his.
Shakespeare.

I’NWARDLY, adv. [of inward] 1. Within, on the inside. Can­
tharides he prescribes both outwardly and inwardly. Arbuthnot. 2.
In the heart, privately. That which inwardly each man should be.
Hooker. 3, With inflexion or concavity.

I’NWARDNESS [of inward] familiarity, intimacy.
My inwardness and love
Is very much unto the prince. Shakespeare.
2. The state of being on the inside.

To INWEA’VE, verb act. [pret. inwove, or inweaved, part. pass. in­
wove, inwoven, inweaved] 1. To mix any thing in weaving so that it
forms part of the texture. Inwoven with an ivy winding trail. Spenser.
Rich tapestry stiffen'd with inwoven gold. Pope. 2. To intwine, to
complicate.
The roof
Of thickest covert was inwoven shade. Milton.

To INWOO’D, verb act. [of in and wood] to hide in woods. He got
out of the river, inwooded himself. Sidney.

INWO’VEN, part pass. [of inweave] weaved in.

To INWRA’P, verb act. [of in and wrap] 1. To involve or wrap
round. As an amber drop inwraps a bee. Donne. 2. To perplex, to
puzzle with difficulty or obscurity. The case is no sooner made than
resolved, if it be made not enwrapped but plainly. Bacon.

INWROU’GHT, adj. [of in and wrought] adorned with work. In­
wrought with figures dim. Milton.

To INWREA’TH, verb act, [of in and wreath] to surround as with
a wreath. Bind their resplendent locks inwreath'd with beams. Mil­
ton.

JOA’CHIMITES [of Joachim, an abbot of Flora in Calabria] a sect
who esteemed Joachim a prophet, and who left at his death several
books of prophecies.

JOA’NNITICS, a certain order of monks, who wear the figure of the
chalice upon their breasts.

JOBB [a low word, now much in use, of which I cannot tell the
etymology. Johnson] 1. A small piece of chance-work to be done,
petty pedling work. 2. A low mean lucrative busy affair. Like an
old favourite of a cunning minister after the job is over. Arbuthnot.
3. A sudden stab with a sharp instrument.

To JOB, verb act. 1. To strike suddenly with a sharp instrument, or
any thing like it. As an ass with a galled back was feeding in a mea­
dow, a raven pitched upon him, and there sat jobbing of the sore.
L'Estrange. 2. To drive in a sharp instrument. Let peacock or tur­
key leave jobbing their bex. Tusser.

To JOB, verb neut. to play the stockjobber, to buy and sell as a
broker. The judge shall job. Pope.

JO’BBER [of job] 1. One that undertakes jobs, one that does
chancework. 2. One who sellsst ocks in the public funds.
So cast it in the southern seas,
And view it through a jobber's bill. Swift.

JO’BBERNOWL [of jobbe, Flemish, dull or stupid, and nowl, the
crown of the head, hnol, Sax. a head] a stupid fellow, a blockhead,
a loggerhead.
And like the world mens jobbernowls
Turn round upon their ears the poles. Hudibras.

To JOBE [at the university] to rebuke, to reprimand, to chide.

JOBE [with the canting crew] a guinea.

JO’BENT Nails, a smaller sort of nails, commonly used to nail thin
plates of iron to wood.

JOB'S Tears, subst. an herb. Ainsworth.


JOC

JO’CKEY, subst. [from Jack, the diminutive of John, comes Jacky, or
as the Scotch Jockey, used for any boy, and particularly for a boy that
rides race horses] 1. A fellow that rides horses in a race. These were
the wise ancients, who heaped up greater honours on Pindar's jockies
than the poet himself. Addison. 2. One who trims up and rides about
with horses for sale, one who deals in horses. 3. A cheat, a trick­
ing fellow.

To JO’CKEY, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To justle by riding
against one. 2. To cheat, to trick.

JO’CKLET, or YO’CKLET [yoclet, Sax.] a little farm, requiring as
it were but one yoke of oxen to till it. Kentish.

JOCO’SE [giocoso, It. of jocosus, Lat.] given to jesting, merry, plea­
sant, waggish. Jocose or comical airs should be excluded. Watts.

JOCO’SELY, adv. [of jocose] in jest, in game, waggishly. That
Ulysses may possibly speak jocosely. Broome.

JOCO’SENESS, or JOCO’SITY [from jocose or jocositas, Lat.] merriness







in jesting, drollery, waggery. A laugh there is of contempt or indig­
nation as well as of mirth or jocosity. Brown.

JOCO’SITY, or JO’CULAR [from jocose, or jocularis, Lat.] used in
jest, merry, waggish, not serious. The style is partly serious and
partly jocular. Dryden.

JOCULA’RITY [of jocular] disposition to jest, merriment. Men
could maintain immutable faces, and persist inalterably at the efforts
of jocularity. Brown.

JO’CULARNESS [of jocular] jocoseness, jesting humour.

JO’CUND [jocundus, Lat.] full of joy, blithe, sportful, merry, plea­
sant, airy, lively. With jocund music charm his ear. Milton.

JO’CUNDLY, adv. [of jocund] merrily, gaily. He is ruined jocundly
and pleasantly. South.

JO’CUNDNESS [of jocund] merriness, pleasantry, sportfulness.

To JOG, or To JO’GGLE, verb act. [incertain etymology, unless of
skaka, Su. schocken, Du. according to Johnson] to push, to shove, or
shake by a sudden impulse, to give notice by a sudden push. Fruition
jog'd me out of my pleasing slumber. Norris.

To JOG, verb neut. to move by succussation, to move with small
shocks like those of a low trot. As they were jogging on, the wolf
spied a bare place about the dog's neck. L'Estrange.

JOG, or JOGGLE, subst. [from the verb] 1. A push or shove, a sud­
den interruption by a push or shake, a hint given by a push. A fox
gave him a jog and whisper'd him. L'Estrange. 2. A rub, a small
stop, an irregularity of motion. How that which penetrates all bodies
without the least jog, should impress a motion on any, is inconceivable.
Glanville.

JO’GGER [of jog] one who moves heavily and dully. They with
their fellow joggers of the plough. Dryden.

To JO’GGLE, verb neut. See JOG. To shake. There is less dan­
ger of the two brains joggling. Derham.

JO’GHIS [in East India] a sect of heathen religious, who never
marry, nor hold any thing in private property; but live on alms, and
practise great severities; they travel from country to country preach­
ing; are properly a sort of penitent pilgrims, and are supposed to be a
branch of the Gymnosophists. They pretend to live several days with­
out eating or dreaking, and after having gone through a course of dis­
cipline for a certain time, they account themselves as impeccable and
privileged to do any thing; upon which they give a loose to their pas­
sions, and run into all manner of debauchery.

JO’HNAPPLE, subst. a species of apple. A johnapple is a good relished
sharp apple the spring following when most other fruit is spent: they
are fit for the cyder plantations. Mortimer.

St. JOHN's Bread, a kind of shrub.

St. JOHN's Wort, an herb.


JOI

To JOIN, verb act. [jungo, Lat. joindre, Fr. giungere, It. juntàr, Sp.
ajuntar, Port.] 1. To knit or unite together, to add one to another in
continuity. The wall was joined together into the half. Nehemiah. 2.
To couple, to combine, Repeating and joining together its ideas.
Locke. 3. To unite in league or marriage.
Nor frequent prodigies permit to join
With any native of the Ausonian line. Dryden.
4. To dash together, to encounter. When they joined battle, Israel
was smitten. 1 Samuel. 5. To associate. Go near and join thyself
to this chariot. Acts. 6. To unite in one act. Thy tuneful voice
with numbers join. Dryden. 7. To unite in concord. Be perfectly
joined together in the same mind. 1 Corinthians. 8. To act in concert
with. We jointly vow to join no other head. Dryden.

To JOIN, verb neut. 1. To grow to, to adhere to, to be continuous.
Justus' house joined hard to the synagogue. Acts. 2. To close, to
clash. As the battles joined. Shakespeare. 3. To unite within marriage
or any other league. Should we again break thy commandments, and
join in affinity with the people? Ezra. 4. To become confederate.
They join unto our enemies and fight against us. Exodus.

JOI’NDER, subst. [of join, or joindre, Fr.] conjunction, joining. Con­
firm'd by mutual joinder of your hands. Shakespeare.

JOINDER [in law] two joined in an action against another.

JOI’NER [of join] one who makes wooden furniture and utensils of
wood joined.

JOI’NERS, were incorporated anno 1570, and are a master, 2 war­
dens, 24 assistants, and 190 on the livery. Their armorial ensigns are
gules, a chevron argent between two pair of compasses above, and a
sphere in base or, on a chief of the 3d, two roses of the first, and be­
tween them a pale sable, charged with an escallop-shell of the second.
The crest is a demi-savage proper, holding a spear or. The supporters
2 cupids of the last, the dextet holding a woman crowned with a castle,
the sinister a square, both proper. Their hall is in Thames-street, near
Dowgate-hill.

JOI’NERY, the art of working in wood, and of fitting or assembling
various parts or members of it together; it is employed chiefly in small
work, and in that differs from carpentry, which is conversant about
larger work. Joinery is an art whereby several pieces of wood are so
fitted and joined together by strait lines, squares, miters, or any level,
that they shall seem one entire piece. Moxon.

JOI’NING, part. adj. from join [jungens, Lat. joinant, Fr.] uniting,
&c.

JOINT, subst. [junctura, Lat. jointure, Fr. giuntura, It. juntura, Sp.]
1. A place where any bone is added to another, the juncture or articula­
tion of limbs in animal bodies. 2. Hinge, junctures which admit mo­
tion of the parts. 3. A knot or commissure in a plant. 4. One of the
limbs of an animal cut up by the butcher. See the fourth sense of the
verb. 5. [With architects] the separation between the stones, which
which is filled with mortar, plaister or cement. 6. [In carpentry or
joinery; jointre, Fr.] the several manners of joining or fitting pieces
of wood together. Straight lines, in joiners language, is called a
joint, that is two pieces of wood are shot that is plained. Moxon. 7.
Out of joint; thrown into confusion and disorder, confused, full of
disturbance.
The time is out of joint, oh, cursed spight!
That ever I was born to set it right. Shakespeare.
8. Out of joint; spoken of bones. Slipped from the socket or corres­
pondent part where a bone naturally moves, luxated.

JOINT, adj. [joint, Fr.] 1. Shared among many. The joint pro­
perty of this country. Locke. 2. United in the same possession; as,
joint-heirs, joint-heiresses, signifying co-heirs or co-heiresses; thus,
joint-tenants [in law] are such as come to and hold lands or tene­
ments by one title, or without partition. Man walk'd with beast
joint-tenant of the shade. Pope. 3. Combined, acting together in
consort. The joint force of so many nations. Addison.

To JOINT, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To join together in con­
federacy. Jointing their force 'gainst Cæsar. Shakespeare. 2. To
form many parts into one. Pierc'd thro' the yielding planks of jointed
wood. Dryden. 3. To form in articulations. The fingers are jointed
together for motion. Ray. 4. To divide a joint, to cut or quarter
into joints. This seems a market corruption of disjoint, as also the
substantive in this sense.

JOI’NTED, adj. [of joint] full of joints, knots, or commissures.

JOI’NTER [of joint; with joiners] a sort of plane.

JOI’NTLY, adv. [of joint] 1. Together, not separately, in con­
junction with. All that are of the church cannot jointly and equally
work. Hooker. 2. In a state of union or co-operation. Where pi­
ety and valour jointly go. Dryden.

JOI’NTRESS, subst. [of jointure] a female who holds any thing in
jointure. Th' imperial jointress of this warlike state. Shakespeare.

JOINT-STOOL, subst. [of joint and stool] a stool made not merely
by insertion of the feet, but by inserting one part in another.

JOI’NTURE, or JOY’NTURE [jointure, Fr. junctura, Lat.] a main­
tenance allotted or made over by the husband to the wife, to be en­
joyed after his decease, in consideration of the dowry she brought
him.

To JOINTURE a Wife, is to make over a jointure or settlement to
her.

JOI’NTURED, adj. [spoken of a wife] having a jointure settled on
her.

JOIST [of joindre, Fr. to join] timbers framed into the girders or
sommers of a building, the secondary beam of a floor.

To JOIST, verb act. [from the subst.] to fit in the smaller beams
of a flooring.

To JOKE, verb neut. [glocare, It. to play, or fauchzen, Ger. jeuchen,
Du. to frolic, jocor, Lat.] to jest, to speak merrily, to act merrily, to
droll. In joking talk. Gay.

JOKE [jocus, Lat.] a jest, a merry drolling speech, something not
serious. A merry joke upon a stage. Watts.

JO’KER [of joke] a jester, a merry fellow.

JOLE, subst. [gueule, Fr. crol, Sax.] 1. The face or cheek. It is
seldom used but in the phrase cheek by jole. 2. The head of a fish,
particularly of a salmon.

To JOLL, verb act. [joll, the head] to beat the head against any
thing, to clash with violence. Jolled to pieces and devoured for want
of a buckler. L'Estrange.

JO’LLITY, adv. [of jolly] in a disposition to noisy mirth. The
goodly empress jollity inclin'd. Dryden.

JO’LLIMENT, subst. [of jolly] mirth, merriment, gaity.

JO’LLITY, or JO’LLINESS [q. d. jovialitas, of jovis, Lat. Jupiter,
or from jolly] 1. Gaiety, elevation of spirit. He with a proud jollity
commanded him to leave that quarrel only for him. Sidney. 2. Festi­
vity, mirth, good humour. Never so surprised as in the midst of
their jollities. South. Dropping in the midst of mirth and jollity.
Addison.

JO’LLY [of joli, Fr. pretty, or jol, Goth. delight, jovialis, Lat.]
1. Brisk, gay, merry, cheerful, jovial. All my griefs to this are
jolly. Burton. 2. Plump, like one in high health. A florid jolly
white and red. South.

To JOLT, verb act. [prob. of jouter, Fr. I know not whence de­
rived. Johnson] to shake or jostle too and fro, as a coach, waggon,
&c. in rough ground, or a trotting horse. A jolting of the chariot.
Wilkins.

To JOLT, verb act. to shake one as a carriage does.

JOLT, subst. shock, violent agitation.

JOLT Head [prob. of ceole, Sax. the cheek or jaws] one who has
a great head; a block-head, a dolt. Had he been a dwarf he had
scarce been a reasonable creature, for he must then have had a jolt­
head. Grew.

IO’NIA, anciently a province of the lesser Asia, or Natolia, bound­
ed by Etolia on the north, Lidia on the east, Caria on the South, and
the Archipelago on the west. The chief cities of this province were
Ephesus and Smyrna.

IO’NICK Dialect, a manner of speech peculiar to the people of
Ionia.

IONICK Mood [in music] a light and airy sort of soft and melting
strains.

IONICK Order [in architecture] an order so called from Ionia in
Lesser Asia, the body of the pillar is usually channelled or furrowed
with 24 gutters, and its length, with the capital and base, is 29 mo­
dules, the chapiter being chiefly composed of volutes or scrolls.
Virtruvius says, the people of Ionia formed it on the model of
a young woman dressed in her hair, and of an easy, elegant shape;
whereas the Doric had been formed on the model of a robust, strong
man.

JONQUI’L [jonquille, Fr. giunchiglia, It.] a flower, a species of daf­
fodil. The flowers of this plant, of which there are single and double
kinds, are greatly esteemed for their strong sweet scent. Miller.

JO’NTHUS, Lat. [ιονθος, Gr.] a little hard callus in the skin of the
face.

JO’RDAN, a river of Asiatic Turkey, in the province of Judea or
Palestine, rising in the mount Libanus, and discharges itself into the
lake called the Dead Sea.

JO’RDEN, subst. [gor, stercus, and den, Sax. receptaculum] a pot.
They will allow us ne'er a jorden. Shakespeare.

JO’SEPHS Flowers, subst. a plant. Ainsworth.

JO’SSING Block, a block for getting on horseback.

To JO’STLE, verb act. [of jouster, jouter, Fr.] to thrust, shake or
push with the elbows, to rush against, to justle.

JO’STUM [in old records] agistment, the pasturing or feeding of
cattle.


JOT

JOT [jota, Lat. and Fr. of ιωτα, Gr.] a point or tittle, the least
quantity assignable. Not one jot of knowledge. Locke.

JO’TACISM [iotacismus, Lat. of ιωταχισμος, Gr.] a running much
upon the letter Iota or I.








JO’VIAL, Fr. [gioviale, It. of jovialis, Lat. of jove] jolly, merry,
airy. Of a jovial nature. Bacon. 2. Being under the influence of
Jupiter. The planets are esteemed martial or jovial. Brown.

JO’VIALIST [q. d. one born jove læto, under the jovial planet Jupi­
ter] a pleasant, jolly, merry fellow.

JO’VIALLY, adv. [of jovial] merrily, gaily.

JO’VIALNESS [of jovial] gaity, merriment.

JO’VIANISTS, heretics in the fourth century, who disputed against
the virginity of the mother of our Saviour.

JOUI’SANCE, subst. [rejouissance, Fr.] jollity, merriment, festivity.
Songs of some jouisance. Spenser.

JO’URNAL, adj. [journale, Fr. giornale, It.] daily, quotidian. Ob­
solete. Whilst from their journal labours they did rest. Spenser.

JOURNAL, subst. [giornale, It. of jour, Fr. a day] a day-book, di­
ary, or register of what passes daily. A most judicious journal. Hay­
ward.

JOURNAL [in merchants accounts] a book into which every parti­
cular article is posted out of the waste book and made debtor or credi­
tor, clearly expressed and fairly written.

JOURNAL [with navigators] a book wherein is kept an account
of the ship's way at sea, the changes of the wind and other oc­
curences.

JOURNAL, any news-paper published daily, a common name of se­
veral news-papers, which give a detail of the particular transactions
of Europe.

JO’URNALIST [of journal] a writer of journals.

JO’URNEY [journeé, Fr. the whole day, or the course of the day,
of jour, Fr. a day, giornata, It. jornada, Sp. and Port.] 1. The travel
of a day. 2. Travel by land, a voyage or travel by sea. 3. Passage
from place to place.

To JOURNEY, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To pass from place
to place, to travel. 2. A day's work in husbandry, properly as
much ground as may be passed over in a day. I have journeyed this
morning. Bacon.

JOURNEY Choppers, sellers of yarn by retail.

JOURNEY Accounts [law term] is when a writ is abated or over­
thrown with the default of the plaintiff or demandant, and a new one
purchased by journey accounts, i. e. as soon as possibly it can be done,
after the abatement of the first writ.

JOURNEYMAN [of journée, Fr, a day, and man; journalier, Fr.]
one who works by the day, a hired workman.

JOURNEY-WORK [of journée, Fr. and work] work performed for
hire. Her family she was forced to hire out at journey-work to her
neighbours. Arbuthnot.

JOUST, subst. Fr. mock fight, tilt, tournament. It is now written,
less properly, just. Milton.

To JOUST, verb neut. [jouster, Fr.] to run in the tilt. Jousted in
Aspramont or Montalban. Milton.

JOWL [ceole, Sax. the jaw] the head, neck, &c. of a salmon.
See JOLE.

JOW’LER [prob. from having a great jowl or head; or perhaps cor­
rupted from howler, as making a hidious noise after the game, whom
the rest of the pack follow as their leader] a sort of hunting dog or
beagle.

JOW’RING, or JOU’ERING, as a jowring pain, a constant grumbling
pain, as that of the tooth-ach.

JO’WTER, subst. [perhaps corrupted from jolter] plenty of fish is
vented to the fish-drivers, whom we call jowters. Carew.

JOY [joye, Fr. gioja, It.] 1. The passion produced by any happy
accident. 2. Gladness, mirth, gaiety, festivity. The roofs with joy
resound. Dryden. 3. Happiness, felicity. To the general joy of the
whole table. Shakespeare. 4. A term of fondness.
Now our joy
Altho' our last, yet not our least young love. Shakespeare.

To JOY, verb neut. [from the subst. rejouir, Fr.] to be glad, to re­
joice. I will joy in the Lord. Hebrews.

To JOY, verb neut. 1. To congratulate, to entertain kindly. To
joy the friend, or grapple with the foe. Prior. 2. To make glad, to
exhilerate. My soul was joy'd in vain. 3. [jouir de Fr.] to enjoy,
to have happy possession. And let her joy her raven colour'd love.
Shakespeare.

JO’YANCE, subst. [joiant, old Fr.] gaiety, merriment. With joy­
ance bring her and with jollity. Spenser.

JO’YFUL, or JO’YOUS [joyeux, Fr. of joy and full, Eng.] 1. Merry,
glad, full of joy, exulting. My soul shall be joyful in my God. Isaiah.
2. Sometimes with of before the cause of joy. Sad for their loss, but
joyful of our life. Pope.

JO’YFULLY, adv. [of joyful] merrily, gladly, with joy. Joyfully
receives his summons. Wake.

JO’YFULNESS [of joyful] joy, gladness. Thou servedst not the
Lord with joyfulness and gladness of heart. Deuteronomy.

JO’YLESS, adj. [of joy] 1. Destitute of joy. 2. It has sometimes of
before the object. Is joyless of the grove, and spurns the growing grass.
Dryden. 3. Giving no pleasure.
Not in the bought smiles
Of harlots, loveless, joyless, unendear'd. Milton.

JOI’NDER, or JOY’NDER [in common law] the joining or coupling
of two persons in a suit or action against another.

JO’YNING of Issue [law term] is when the parties agree to join, and
refer their cause to the trial of the jury.

JOY’NTURE, the state or condition of joint tenants, also the joining
of one bargain to another. See JOINTURE.

JO’YOUS, adj. [joyeux, Fr.] 1. Glad, gay, merry. Then joyous
birds frequent the lonely grove. Dryden. 2. Giving joy. They all
as glad as birds of joyous prime. Spenser. 3. Sometimes with of be­
fore the cause of joy. And joyous of our conquest early won. Dryden.

I’PSWICH, a borough town of Suffolk, on the river Orwell, 68
miles from London; it sends two members to parliament.


IPE

IPECACUA’NHA, a medicinal West-Indian root. Ipecacuanha is a
small irregularly contorted root, rough, dense and firm. One sort is
of a dusky greyish colour on the surface, and of a paler gray when
broken, which is brought from Peru: the other sort is a smaller root,
resembling the former, but it is of a deep dusky brown or blackish
colour on the outside, and white when broken; brought from the
Brasils. The gray ought to be preferred in medicinal use, because the
brown being stronger is apt to operate more roughly. Ipecacuanha
was in the middle of the last century first brought into Europe, and
became celebrated for the cure of dysenteries, a virtue discovered in
it by the Indians; but after a few years it sunk into oblivion, being
given in two large doses. Hill.

IRA’SCIBLE, Fr. and Sp. irascibile, It. irascibilis, low Lat. of irasci,
Lat.] capable of anger, pertaining of the nature of anger. The
irascible passions follow the temper of the heart. Brown.

IRASCIBLE Appetite, a passion of the soul to which philosophers
ascribe wrath, boldness, fear, hope and despair.

IRA’SCIBLENESS [of irascible] capableness of being angry, angri­
ness, aptness or readiness to be angry.

IRE, Fr. [ira, It. and Lat. irre, yrre, or irsung, Sax.] anger,
rage, passionate hatred. Fain would be free, but dreaded parents ire.
Sidney.

IRE ad largum [i. e. to go at large] an expression frequently used
in law.

I’REFUL, adj. [irreful, or irrungful, Sax.] very angry, raging,
furious. There learn'd this maid of arms the ireful guise. Fairfax.

I’REFULLY, adv. [of ireful] with ire, angrily.

I’REFULNESS [of ireful] wrathfulness, angriness.

I’RELAND, i. e. the land of the people called Erii; an island in
the Atlantic ocean, belonging to the crown of England.

I’RIS, Lat. [iris, Sax.] 1. The rain-bow. The folary iris which
God shewed unto Noah. Brown. 2. Any appearance of light re­
sembling the rainbow. I measured the breadth of the iris. Newton.

IRIS [in anatomy] the black about the nipples of a woman's
breasts; also the fibrous circle next the pupil of the eye. The iris,
says Dr. Keill, is the outside of the uvea, where the different colours
appear, and the excurrent margin of the choroeides, says Boerhaave,
forms the uvea, in whose center is the pupil. BOERHAV. Oecon. Ani­
mal. Ed. Lond. ÆNEIS Tabulis Illustrat.

IRIS [with botanists] the fleur-de-luce, cresses, rocket gentle or
rocket gallant. Iris all hues, roses and jessamines. Milton.

IRIS [in optics] those changeable colours that sometimes appear in
the glasses of telescopes, microscopes, &c. also that coloured figure
which a triangular glass will cast on a wall, when placed at a due an­
gle in the sun-beams.

I’RISH Tongue, the language spoken in Ireland. It is accounted
to have been of British extraction; but the old Irish is now become al­
most unintelligible, very few persons being able to read or understand it.

To IRK, verb act. [yrk, Islandic, work. This word is used only
impersonally; it irks me, mihi pœnæ est, it gives me pain, or I am
weary of it. Thus the authors of the accidence say, tædet, it irketh.
Johnson] to be troublesome or uneasy to the mind. It irks his heart
he cannot be reveng'd. Shakespeare.

I’RKSOME, adj. [from irk, Eng. yrhthe, Sax. yrkie, Goth. to urge]
uneasy, tedious, wearisome, tiresome, unpleasing. There is nothing
so irksome as general discourses. Addison.

I’RKSOMELY, adv. [of irksome] uneasily, tediously, wearisomely.

I’RKSOMENESS [of irksome] wearisomeness, troublesomeness, te­
diouseness, &c.


IRO

I’RON [kaiarn, Wel. hiarn, Erse, isern, iron, or iren, Sax. isern,
L. Ger. eisern, H. Ger. jaern, Su.] 1. A hard, fusible, malleable metal.
Iron is accounted the hardest of all other metals, and yet it is one of
the lightest. I should rather have said, that IRON, the lightest metal
but one, requires the greatest degree of heat in order to its fusion; and
lead, the heaviest metal but one, melts with the smallest degree of heat.
[See GOLD and TIN] It is a metal common to all parts of the world,
plentiful in most, and of a small price, tho' superior in real value to
the dearest. When wrought into steel, or when in the impure state
from its first fusion, in which it is called cast iron, it is scarce malle­
able; and the most ductile iron heated and suddenly quenched in cold
water loses much of this quality. Iron is more capable of rust than
any other metal, is very sonorous, and requires the strongest fire of all
the metals to melt it, and is with difficulty amalgamated with mer­
cury. Most of the other metals are brittle while they are hot, but
this is most malleable as it approaches nearest to fusion. It consists of
a vitriolic salt, a vitrifiable earth, and a peculiar bituminous matter.
The specific gravity of iron is to water as 7632 is to 1000. It is the
only known substance that is attracted by the loadstone. Iron is not
only soluble in all the stronger acids, but even in common water.
Pure iron has been found in some places, but very rarely. Iron has
greater medicinal virtues than any of the other metals. Hill. 2. Any
instrument or utensil made of iron. Canst thou fill his skin with bar­
bed irons. Job. 3. Chain, shackle, manackle; as, he was put in
irons.
He who hath many IRONS in the fire will let some of them burn,
(or cool.)
The meaning is, he that has too many affairs in hand will neglect
some of them; and of such a man we say; he has too many irons in the
fire. The Scots say; many irons in the fire part mon coole.

IRON [with chemists] is called Mars, and represented by the cha­
racter ♂ which is an hieroglyphic, and denotes gold at the bottom;
only its upper part, too sharp, volatile and half corrosive, which be­
ing taken away the iron would become gold.

IRON, adj. 1. Made of iron. Powdered with iron dust. Wood­
ward. 2. Resembling iron in colour. Of dark iron-gray colour.
Woodward. 3. Harsh, severe, rigid, calamitous; as, the iron age,
for an age of hardship and wickedness. Jove crush the nations with
an iron rod. Pope. 4. Indissoluble, unbroken. Him death's
iron sleep opprest. J. Philips. 5. Hard, impenetrable. I will con­
verse with iron witted fools. Shakespeare.

To IRON, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To put into irons, i. e.
chains or fetters. 2. To smooth linen, &c. with a heated iron. 3.
To shackle with irons.

IRON-Monger [iron-mongere, Sax.] a dealer in iron.

I’RON-MONGERS were incorporated in 1462, and consist of a master,
two wardens, and a hundred assistants (being all on the livery) besides
yeomanry. The livery fine is 15 l. 12 s. and that for steward 16 l.
Their arms are argent on a chevron gules between 3 gads of steel a­
zure, as many pair of shacles or. The crest on the helmet and torse
2 lizards combatant proper, chained or collared, or; no supporters.







Their motto, God is our strength. Their hall is in Fenchurch-street,
near Billeter-lane.

IRON Moulds, certain yellow lumps of earth or stone found in chalk
pits; also certain spots in linen.

IRON Oar, is found in the mines, in grains and lumps, and being
melted and burned in forges, is brought into forms by main force of
fire. Iron being heated red hot, and then put into water, hardens
it; and by the often doing so, it becomes steel, which is more stiff
and hard, but yet more brittle; but has more of a springy nature to
leap back, than any other metals, for both steel and iron have abun­
dance of pores, which go turning and winding like screws, by means
of which it approaches to the loadstone, and is said to be a-kin to
the loadstohe, being dug out of the same mines. If a plate of iron
be put in the fire, and made red-hot, it (is said) will come out longer
than it was when it was put in.

IRON Sick [a sea phrase] a ship is said to be so, when her spikes,
bolts, nails, &c. are so eaten away with rust, and worn out, that they
stand hollow in the planks, and so cause the ship to leak.

I’RON-WOOD, subst. a kind of wood extremely hard, and so ponde­
rous as to sink in water. It grows in America.

IRON-Wort [sideritis, Lat] an herb with a labiated flower, con­
sisting of one leaf. Out of the flower cup rises the pointal, attended
by four embryos, which turn to so many oblong seeds, shut up in an
husk. The flowers grow in whorles at the wings of the leaves, which
are cut like a crest, and differ from the other leaves of the plant.
Miller.

Clerk of the IRONS, an officer in the mint, whose business is to take
care that the irons be clean, and fit to work with.

IRO’NICAL [ironique, Fr. ironico, It. and Sp. of ironicus, Lat. of
ειρωνιχος, Gr.] pertaining to irony or raillery, expressing one thing, and
meaning another; speaking by contraries.

IRO’NICALLY, adv. [of ironical] by the use of irony, in an ironi­
cal sense. The dean ironically grave. Swift.

I’RONY [ironie, Fr. ironia, It. Sp. and Lat. ειρωνεια, Gr.] is a man­
ner of speaking quite contrary to what we think, as when we call a
lewd woman chaste, and a known rogue an honest man. The chief sign
of this trope is generally the tone of the voice in pronouncing ironies.
So grave a body upon so solemn an occasion, should not deal in irony,
or explain their meaning by contraries. Swift.

IRONY [with rhetoricians] a figure used by orators, when they
speak contrary to what they mean, so as to make a shew of praising
an adversary, and at the same time to scoff and despise him, and
e contra.
Query, If St. PAUL (whose writings abound in tropes and figures)
does not make use of the irony in the close of that text, Galat. c. ii.
v. 2. for considering the fulness of his commission, c. i. v. 1. He
was too INDEPENDENT from the apostles at Jerusalem, to fear, that
without applying to them, he might run, or should have run in vain.
And accordingly we find, in the same context, he opposed St. PETER
to his face, when finding that apostle's conduct to be not of a piece
with his principles.

I’RONY, adj. [of iron] made of iron, partaking of iron. The
irony particles. Woodward.


IRR

IRRA’DIANCE, or IRRA’DIANCY [irradiance, Fr. irradio, from in
radius, Lat. a ray] 1. Emission of rays, or beams of light upon any
object. The irradiancy and sparkling found in many gems. Brown.
2. Beams of light emitted.
Or do they mix
Irradiance, virtual, or immediate touch? Milton.

To IRRA’DIATE, verb act. [irradiare, It. irradio, Lat.] 1. To
adorn with light emitted upon any thing, to brighten. The whole
place it irradiates. Digby. 2. To enlighten intellectually, to illumi­
nate. Celestial light
Shine inward, and the mind through all her pow'rs
Irradiate. Milton.
3. To animate by heat or light. Ethereal or solar heat must digest,
influence, and irradiate, and put those mere simple parts of matter
into motion. Hale.

IRRA’DIATING [in chemistry] is the operating of some mineral in­
gredients, by imparting their virtue, without sending forth any thing
material out of them, or losing any thing of their own substance or
weight.

IRRADIA’TION, Fr. 1. The act of casting forth beams of light, an
enlightening, a lustre or brightning. Within the whole sphere of the
irradiation of it. Digby. 2. Illumination of the mind, intellectual
light. By immediate irradiation or revelation. Hale.

IRRA’TIONABLE [irrationabilis, Lat.] unreasonable.

IRRA’TIONABLENESS [of irrationable] unreasonableness, irratio­
nality.

IRRA’TIONABLY, adv. [of irrationable] unreasonably.

IRRA’TIONAL [irrazionale, It. irracionál, Sp. of irrationalis, Lat.]
1. Void of reason, or understanding, being without the discoursive
faculty, unreasonable.
And knows, and speaks, and reasons, and discerns
Irrational till then. Milton.
2. Absurd, contrary to reason. Not wishing so irrational a thing that
every body should be deceived. Pope.

IRRA’TIONAL Lines [with geometricians] are such as are incom­
mensurable to rational ones; and so figures incommensurable to a ra­
tional square, may be called irrational or surds.

IRRATIONAL Quantities [with mathematicians] are such, between
which there is no expressible reason or proportion; all such as are in
no wise commensurable to a given quantity.

IRRA’TIONAL Root [with mathematicians] is a surd root, i. e. that
square root, or any other root, which cannot be perfectly extracted
out of a rational number, and is usually expressed by some character
called the radical sign: thus √ 5, or √ (2) 5, signifies the squre root
of 5: and √ (3) 16, the cube root of 16, &c.

IRRATIONA’LITY, or IRRA’TIONALNESS [of irrational] want of
reason.

IRRA’TIONALLY, adv. [of irrational] unreasonably, absurdly.

IRRECLAI’MABLE [of in and reclaimable] not to be reclaimed or
changed to the better. Obstinate, irreclaimable, professed enemies.
Addison.

IRRECONCI’LABLE, adj. [irreconcilable, Fr. and Sp. irreconciliabile,
It.] 1. That cannot be reconciled, not to be appeased; with to. Ir­
reconcilable to one another. Dryden. 2. Not to be made consistent;
it has with or to. Irreconcilable to the rules of honesty. Arbuthnot.

IRRECONCI’LABLENESS [of irreconcilable] estate, condition, qua­
lity, &c. that cannot or will not be reconciled, impossibility to be re­
conciled.

IRRECONCI’LABLY, adv. [of irreconcilable] in a manner not to be
reconciled.

IRRE’CONCILED, adj. [of in and reconcile] not atoned. Many ir­
reconciled iniquities. Shakespeare.

IRRECO’VERABLE [of in, neg. and recoverable, of recouvrable,
Fr.] 1. That is not to be recovered or gotten away, not to be repair­
ed or restored. Time, in a natural sense, is irrecoverable. Rogers.
2. Not to be remedied. The irrecoverable loss of so many livings.
Hooker.

IRRECO’VERABLY, adv. [of irrecoverable] in a manner not to be
recovered. The credit of the Exchequer is irrecoverably lost. Temple.

IRREDU’CIBLE [of in and reducible] not to be turned or reduced.
The corpuscles of air to be irreducible into water. Boyle.

IRREFRAGABI’LITY, or IRREFRA’GABLENESS [of irrefragable]
strength of argument not to be refuted, undeniableness, uncapable­
ness of being baffled, &c.

IRREFRA’GABLE, Fr. [irrefragabile, It. of irrefragabilis, Lat.] un­
deniable, not to be baffled or withstood, not to be confuted. An ir­
refragable reason. Swift.

IRREFRA’GABLY, adv. [of irrefragable] with force above confuta­
tion, undeniably.

IRREFU’TABLE [irrefutabilis, Lat.] not to be refuted, or over­
thrown by argument.

IRREFU’TABLENESS [of irrefutable] impossibleness of being refuted
or disproved.

IRREFU’TABLY, adv. [of irrefutable] in a manner not to be re­
futed.

IRRE’GULAR, Sp. [irregulaire, Fr. irregolare, It. of irregularis, Lat.]
1. Deviating from rule, custom, or nature. Howe'er irregular his
fire. Prior. 2. Not confined to any certain rule or order. This
motion seems excentrique and irregular. K. Charles. 3. Not being in
conformity to the laws of virtue. A soft word for vitious.

IRREGULARR Bodies [with mathematicians] are solids not termina­
ted by equal and like surfaces.

IRREGULAR Column [with architects] is such an one as not only de­
viates from the proportions of any of the five orders, but whose or­
naments either in the shaft or capital are absurd and ill chosen.

IRREGULA’RITY, or IRRE’GULARNESS [irregularité, Fr. irregola­
rità, It. irregularidàd, Sp. of Lat.] 1. Deviation from rule. 2. Neg­
lect of method or order. So much irregularity and confusion. Ad­
dison. 3. Inordinate practice. Ashamed of his irregularities. Rogers.

IRRE’GULARITY [in common law] an incapacity of taking holy
orders, viz. being base born, notoriously guilty of a crime, maimed
or much deformed, &c.

IRRE’GULARLY, adv. [of irregular] without observation of rule or
method. Irregularly bold. Locke.

To IRRE’GULATE, verb act. [from in and regular, Lat. a rule] to
disorder or make irregular.

IRRE’LATIVE, adv. [of in and relativus, Lat.] having no reference
to any thing, unconnected, single. In uncommunicated varieties and
irrelative seminalities. Brown.

IRRELI’GION, Fr. [irriligione, It.] contempt of religion, ungodli­
ness, impiety. Prophaneness and irreligion. Rogers.

IRRELI’GIOUS [irreligieux, Fr. irreligioso, It. of irreligiosus, Lat.]
1. Ungodly, contemning of religion, or despising sacred things. The
portion of the impious and irreligious. South. 2. Contrary to reli­
gion. Irreligious, prophane discourse. Swift.

IRRELI’GIOUSLY, adv. [of irreligious] with irreligion, impiously.

IRRELI’GIOUSNESS [of irreligious] irreligion, ungodliness.

IRRE’MEABLE [irremeabilis, Lat.] admitting no return. Pass'd on
and took the irremeable way. Dryden.

IRREME’DIABLE, Fr. [irremediabile, It. of irremediabilis, Lat.] that
cannot be remedied, desperate, helpless, admitting no cure. The
irremediable error of former times. Hooker.

IRRE’MEDIABLENESS [of irremediable] quality or circumstance that
cannot be remedied.

IRRE’MEDIABLY, adv. [of irremediable] without cure, in a man­
ner not to be remedied. It happens to us irremediably and inevitably.
Taylor.

IRREMI’SSIBLE, Fr. [irremissibile, It. irremissibilis, Lat.] not to be
remitted or forgiven, unpardonable.

IRREMI’SSIBLENESS [of irremissible] uncapable of being remitted,
unpardonableness. The aggravation and irremissibleness of the sin.
Hammond.

IRREMI’SSIBLY, adv. [of irremissible] unpardonably.

IRREMO’VABLE [of in and remove] not to be moved, not to be
changed.

IRRENO’WNED [of in and renown] void of honour. And end
their days with irrenowned shame. Spenser.

IRRE’PARABLE, Fr. and Sp. [irreparabile, It. of irreparabilis, Lat.]
not to be repaired, not to be recovered. An irreparable injustice.
Addison.

IRRE’PARABLENESS [of irreparable] impossibility of being repaired
or restored to its first state.

IRRE’PARABLY, adv. [of irreparable] in a manner not to be re­
paired. Irreparably injurious to her. Decay of Piety.

IRREPLE’VIABLE [of in and replevy; a law term] not to be re­
deemed or recovered, that cannot be replevied.

IRREPREHE’NSIBLE, Fr. and Sp. [inreprensibile, It. of irreprehensi­
bilis, Lat.] not to be reprehended or blamed, exempt from blame or
fault.

IRREPREHE’NSIBLENESS [of irreprehensible] undeservingness of be­
ing blamed or reprehended.

IRREPREHE’NSIBLY [of irreprehensible] unblameably.

IRREPROA’CHABLE [irreprochable, Fr.] not to be reproached or
charged with any fault. Of an innocent, irreproachable, nay, exem­
plary life. Atterbury.








IRREPRO’ACHABLY, adv. [of irreproachable] without reproach or
blame.

IRREPRO’VEABLE [of in, neg. and reprovable] not to be reproved.

IRREPRO’VEABLENESS [of irreproveable] exemption from reproof.

IRRESISTIBI’LITY [of irresistible] power or force above opposition.
The doctrine of irresistibility of grace. Hammond.

IRRESI’STIBLE [of irresistible, Fr.] that cannot be resisted. Irre­
sistible power to hurt. Hooker.

IRRESI’STIBLY, adv. [of irresistible] in a manner not to be resist­
ed. God irresistibly sways all. Dryden.

IRRESI’STLESS [a barbarous, ungrammatical conjunction of two
negatives] irresistible, restless.
Those radiant eyes, whose irresistless flame
Strikes envy dumb, and keeps sedition tame. Granville.

IRRE’SOLUBLE [of in and resolubilis, Lat.] not to be broken, not
to be dissolved. Irresoluble by fire alone. Boyle.

IRRE’SOLUBLENESS [of irresoluble] resistance to separation of the
parts. The irresolubleness of diamonds. Boyle.

IRRESO’LVEDLY, adv. [of in and resolved] with settled determina­
tion, or fixt resolution. To hear me speak so irresolvedly. Boyle.

IRRE’SOLUTE [irresolu, Fr. irresoluto, It. and Sp. of irresolutus, Lat.]
not constant in purpose, not determined. Ingenious but irresolute
men. Temple.

IRRE’SOLUTENESS, or IRRESOLU’TION, Fr. [irresoluzione, It.] un­
certainty, unresolvedness, want of firmness of mind, suspence. Men
in fear, or men in irresolution. Bacon

IRRE’SOLUTELY, adv. [of irresolute] without firmness or deter­
mined purpose of mind, unresolvedly.

IRRESPE’CTIVE [of in and respective] having no regard to any cir­
cumstances. Persuading himself of his particular, irrespective election.
Hammond.

IRRESPE’CTIVELY, adv. [of irrespective] without regard to circum­
stances.

IRRETRIE’VABLE [of in and retrievable] irrecoverable, not to be
retrieved.

IRRETRIE’VABLENESS [of in retrouver, Fr. and ness] irrecoverable
or irretrievable state or quality.

IRRETRIE’VABLY, adv. [of irretrievable] irreparably, irrecovera­
bly. Irretrievably lost. Woodward.

IRRE’VERENCE, Fr. [irreverenza, It. irreveréncia, Sp. irreverentia,
Lat.] 1. Want of reverence, respect or veneration. Our scandalous
irreverence towards God's worship. Decay of Piety. 2. State of be­
ing disregarded. The irreverence and scorn the judges were justly in.
Clarendon.

IRRE’VERENT, Fr. [irreverente, It. irrevérente, Sp. of irreverens,
Lat.] without reverence, not paying due homage, not conceiving or
expressing due veneration. Irreverent confidence wherewith true hu­
mility cannot stand. Hooker.

IRRE’VERENTLY, adv. [of irreverent] without due respect or ve­
neration, disregardfully of sacred things, &c.

IRRE’VERENTNESS [of irreverent] irreverence, want of respect or
regard to sacred or dignified persons or things.

IRREVE’RSIBLE [of in and reversus, Lat.] that cannot be revoked,
or recalled, irrevocable, not to be changed. An eternal irreversible
sentence. Rogers.

IRREVE’RSIBLY, adv. [of irreversible] without change, irrevo­
cably.

IRREVO’CABLE, Fr. and Sp. [irrevocabile, It. of irrevocabilis, Lat.]
not to be recalled, reversed, or brought back. Firm and irrevocable
is my doom. Shakespeare.

IRREVO’CABLENESS, condition, &c. that cannot be revoked or called
back to its former state.

IRREVO’CABLY, adv. [of irrevocable] without recall, irreversibly.
Irrevocably extinguished. Boyle.

To I’RRIGATE, verb act. [irrigare, It. and Lat.] to water, to wet.

IRRIGA’TION [of irrigate] the act of moistening. The help of
ground is by watering and irrigation. Bacon.

IRRI’GUOUS [irriguus, Lat. irriguo, It.] 1. Dewy, moist. Philips
seems seems to have mistaken the Latin phrase, irriguus sopor. Johnson.
T'exhale his surfeit by irriguous sleep. Philips. 2. Watery, wet,
plashy.
The flow'ry lap
Of some irriguous valley spreads her store. Milton.

IRRI’SION, Fr. [irrisione, It. of Lat.] the act of laughing to scorn,
flouting or mocking at another.

I’RRITABLE [irritabilis, Lat.] quickly made angry.

To I’RRITATE, verb act. [irriter, Fr. irritare, It. irritàr, Sp. of
irrito, Lat. irsian, of irre, Sax.] 1. To provoke, to incense, to cease
to exasperate. To irritate his choleric disposition. Clarendon. 2. To fret,
to put into motion or disorder by irregular or unaccustomed impulse,
to stimulate. Cold maketh the spirits rigorous, and irritateth them.
Bacon. 3. To heighten, to agitate, to enforce. Air, if very cold,
irritateth the flame. Bacon.

IRRITA’TION, Fr. [irritazione, It. of irritatio, Lat.] 1. The act of
provoking, exasperation. 2. Act of stirring up, especially of the
humours of the body, vellication, stimulation. Irritations of the
nerves. Arbuthnot.

IRRITATION [with physicians] a species of stimulus, expressing a
lesser degree of it than vellification or corrugation.

IRRORA’TION [from roris, gen. of ros, Lat. dew] the act of be­
dewing or sprinkling.

IRRORATION [with some pretenders to physic] a kind of trans­
plantation, used for the curing some diseases. It is thus performed;
they sprinkle trees, or other proper plants, daily with the urine or
sweat of the patient, or with water in which his whole body, or at
least the part affected, has been washed, till such time as the disease is
removed.

IRRU’MPENT, adj. [irrumpens, Lat.] breaking into.

IRRU’PTION, Fr. of Lat. 1. The act of breaking into by violence,
the act of any thing forcing an entrance. Inundations made in ma­
ritime countries, by the irruption of the sea. Burnet's Theory. 2. An
inroad, a burst of invaders into any country. The irruptions of the
barbarous nations. Addison.


IS

IS, irr. 3d pers. sing. of the pr. ind. of the verb, to be; see To
BE [ist, H. Ger. and is, L. Ger. Du. and Teut. est, Lat. εσι, Gr. is,
or ys, Sax.] 1. As, I am, thou art, he or she is. 2. It is sometimes
expressed elliptically by 's. There's some among you. Shakespeare.

ISABE’LLA Colour, subst. a kind of colour. Ainsworth.

ISAGO’GICAL, adj. [of isagogicus, Lat. of εισαγωγιχος, of εισαγωγω,
Gr. to introduce] pertaining to an introduction; introductory.

I’SAGON, Lat. [ισαγωνιος, of ισος, equal, and γωνια, Gr. a corner]
a figure in geometry that consists of equal angles.

ISATO’DES [with surgeons] a boil sore, whose colour resembles that
of woad.

ISA’TIS, Lat. of Gr. the herb woad; also a kind of wild lettice.

ISCHÆ’MA [ισχαιμων, Gr.] medicines for stopping blood.

ISCHIA’DIC, adj. [ischiadique, Fr. ισχιαδιχος, from εσχιον, Gr.
the haunch or hough; in anatomy] a term applied to the two veins
of the foot, which terminate in the crural.

I’SCHIAS [ισχιας, Gr.] the hip-gout.

ISCHI’AS Major [with anatomists] a branch of the crural, which
goes to the muscle and the calf of the leg, and then is divided into
several branches, which are spread out to the toes.

ISCHIAS Minor [in anatomy] a small branch of the crural veins
which is wholly spent on the muscles and skin, which are about the
upper joint of the thigh.

ISCHIA’TIC [of ισχιας, Gr.] troubled with, or subject to a pain in
the hip.

ISCHI’UM, Lat. [ισχιον, of ισχος, Gr. strength] the hip or huckle
bone.

ISCHOPHO’NIA, Lat. [ισχοφωνια, of ισχος, shrill, and φωνη, Gr.
voice] a shrilness of voice.

ISCHNO’TES [ισχνοτης, Gr.] a fault in speech, being a pro­
nouncing of words with a mincing and slender tone.

ISCHURE’TIC, adj. [ischuretique, Fr. from eschury] belonging to
such medicines as force urine when suppressed.

I’SCURY [ischurie, Fr. iscuria, Lat. ισχερια, Gr. a stoppage, &c. of
urine, of ισχω, to suppress, and ουρον, Gr. the urine] a suppression or
stoppage of urine.

ISH [isc, Sax. isch, Ger. ish, Goth.] 1. Termination of an adjec­
tive; as, whitish, &c. in which, and the like, when derived from
adjectives, it implies a diminutive; or, 2. As wolfish, in which, and
the like, when derived from substantives, it generally denotes a like­
ness or participation of the qualities of the substantive to which it is
added; as, fool, foolish; rogue, roguish. 3. It is likewise sometimes
the termination of a gentile or possessive adjective; as, Scottish, be­
longing to the Scots; Swedish territories, the territories of the Swedes.

I’SIA, Lat. feasts and sacrifices antiently solemnized in honour of
the goddess Isis.

ISIA’CI, Lat. priests of the goddess Isis; they wore shoes made of
the thin bark of the tree called papyrus, and were clothed with linen
garments, because Isis was held to be the first that taught the culture
of linen to mankind; they bore in their hands a branch of the marine
absynthium, sung the praises of the goddess twice a day, viz. at the
rising and setting of the sun; at the first of which they opened their
temple, and went about begging alms the rest of the day; and at
night, they returned, repeated their orisons and shut their temple.

I’SICLE, more properly icicle [of ice, Sax. but ice should be writ­
ten ise, from iss, Sax.] a drop, &c. of water frozen, that hangs on
eaves of houses, or such like places, a pendant shoot of ice.
Chaste as the isicle
That's curdled by the frost from purest snow,
Hanging on Diana's temple. Shakespeare.

I’SINGLASS, subst. [from ice or ise, and glass, matter congealed
into glass, ichthyocolla, Lat.] a kind of fish glue, brought from
Islandia and other parts, used in physic, and for fining down wines.
Isinglass is a tough, firm and light substance, of a whitish colour, and
in some degree transparent, much resembling glue, but cleanlier and
sweeter. We usually receive it in twisted pieces of a roundish figure,
like a staple, which the druggists divide into thin shreds like skins,
that easily dissolve. The fish from which Isinglass is prepared is one
of the cartilaginous kind, and a species of sturgeon. It grows to
eighteen and twenty feet in length, and in its general figure greatly
resembles the sturgeon. It is frequent in the Danube, the Boristhenes,
the Volga, and many other of the largest rivers of Europe. From
the intestines of this fish the isinglass is prepared, by boiling. The
greatest quantity of isinglass is made in Russia. It is an excellent ag­
glutenant and strenghener, and is often prescribed in jellies and broths.
The wine coopers find it efficacious for clearing wines. Hill.

ISINGLASS Stone, subst. this is a fossil which is one of the purest and
simplest of the natural bodies. It is found in broad masses, composed
of a multitude of extremely thin plates or flakes. The masses are of
a brownish or reddish colour, but when the plates are separated they
are perfectly colourless, and more bright and pellucid than the finest
glass. It is found in Muscovy, Persia, the Island of Cyprus, in the
Alps and Apenines, and the mountains of Germany. The ancients
made their windows of it instead of glass. It is also sometimes used
for glass before pictures, and for horn in lanthorns. Hill.

I’SIS [in portraiture] was represented full of breasts, to signify (hie­
roglyphically) the benefits that men receive from the happy influences
of the moon, which was worshipped under the statue of Isis in
Egypt.


ISL

I’SLAND, or ISLE [pronounced iland, and ile; isle, Fr. isola, It.
isla, Sp. insula, Lat. eig-land, ea-land, or ig-land, Sax. q. d. water­
land, ealand, Erse, eilandt, Du. insel, or eiland, Ger.] a country sur­
rounded with the sea, or other water.

ISLAND Crystal, a transparent stone of the nature of a talc, a bit
whereof laid on a book, every letter seen through it will appear
double.

I’SLANDER [from island, Eng. insularis, Lat. insulaire, Fr.] an in­
habitant of an island.

ISLE [written I think corruptly for aile, aile, Fr. ala, Lat. a wing;
the aile being probably at first only a wing or side walk. It may come
likewise from alleé, Fr. a walk. Johnson] a long passage in a church
or public building. Long sounding isles and intermingled graves.

ISLE of France, a province of that kingdom, in which Paris, the
capital, is situated. It is bounded by Picardy on the north, by Cham­
pain on the east, by Orleanois on the south, and by Normandy on the
west.

I’SLET [isleta, Sp.] a little isle.








ISO’CHRONAL [ισοχρονος, of ισος, equal, and χρονος, Gr. time]
being of equal time or duration.

ISOCHRONAL Line [in geometry] is that in which a heavy weight
is supposed to descend, without any acceleration.

ISOCHRONAL [ισοχρονος, Gr.] equal in time; as the isochronal vi­
brations of a pendulum, are such as are made in equal time; or co­
equal in respect of duration. Thus Galen call pulses of equal times
isochronal pulses; and thus St. Irenæus, when comparing Self-
existence with deriv'd existence, supposes the latter not to be
strictly speaking isochronal, or equal in respect of duration to the for­
mer. “If (says he, speaking of the Valentinian vacuum) it is not
derived, then is it self-existent, and æquiparans in tempore [Græcè
ισοχρονος uti conjicio] i. e. ISOCHRONAL or equal in duration to that
person, who, according to them, is Bythus, the FATHER of all; and
so it will be of the SAME NATURE and of the SAME HONOUR with him.
IRÆNÆUS adv. Hæreses, Ed. Grabe, p. 119, compared with p. 192,
193, and 379. What is all this, but in effect to say, that nothing
derived can (in strictness of speech) be of the SAME NATURE, and
of the SAME HONOUR, and CO-EQUAL in respect of duration, to that
which is SELF-EXISTENT? In other words; would we find out an
EQUAL to the UNBEGOTTEN GOD, we must produce some other per­
son UNBEGOTTEN like him, some other to whom SELF-EXISTENCE
belongs; THAT (and THAT ONLY) constituting a strict and proper
equality with him. The reader will find much the same sentiment
in JUSTIN MARTYR, whom St. IRENÆUS by the way often copies.
JUSTIN Dialog. cum Tryphone, Ed. Rob. Stephan. p. 36. And to the
same purport with them both, TERTULLIAN (when opposing the ab­
solute eternity of matter which Hermogenes affirmed) expresses himself
as follows: “How can it be that any thing should be more ancient
than God's first and only-begotten Son, except the FATHER?” The
reader will find the passage cited more at large under the word HO­
MOUSIANS; and the sentiments of EUSEBIUS and other ancients on
this head, under CO-ETERNAL, ESSENCE, FIRST-CAUSE, &c.

ISO’COLON [of ισος, equal, and χολον, Gr. a member] a term used
by grammarians, when two sentences are alike in length.

ISOPERI’METERS, n. subst. See ISOPERIMETRICAL.

ISOPERIME’TRICAL, adj. [of ισος, περι, round, and μετρον, Gr. mea­
sure; in geometry] what have equal perimeters or circumferences, of
which the circle is the greatest. Harris.

ISO’SCELES [isoscele, Fr. of ισος, equal and σχελος, Gr. a leg] a
triangle that has two legs equal.

I’SPAHAN, the capital of the Persian empire, situated in a fine plain
almost surrounded with mountains. The city is of an oval form, 12
miles in circumference, and stands 200 miles north of the gulph of
Persia.

I’SSUANT [in heraldry] signifies coming up or out, intimating that
the thing is half come out; but it is used chiefly of those beasts, &c.
that come out of the bottom of a chief. See NAISSANT.

I’SSUE, Fr. 1. A passage, outlet, exit. Unto the Lord belongs
the issues from death. Psalms. 2. The act of passing out, an end,
consequence, or event. If things were cast upon this issue. South.
3. Offspring. 4. Termination, conclusion. To bring difficult mat­
ters to an issue. Broome. 5. Sequel deduced from premises.
Not to strain my speech
To grosser issues. Shakespeare.
6. Progeny, offspring. Strange issues of human birth. Locke.

ISSUE [in common law] are children begotten between man and
wife; also profits from fines, or of lands and tenements; also that
point of matter depending in suit, upon which the parties join and
put their cause to the trial of the jury.

General Issue [in law] that whereby it is referred to the jury to
bring in their verdict, whether the defendant hath done any such
thing as the plantiff lays to his charge.

Special ISSUE [in law] is that when special matter being alledged
by the defendant in his defence, both parties join thereupon, and so
grow rather to a demurrer, if it be questio juris, or to the trial by a
jury, if it be questio facti.

ISSUE [in surgery] is a small artificial aperture, made in some
fleshy part of the body, to give vent to some noxious humour; also
a flux of the blood, an evacuation. Diseased with an issue. St.
Matthew.

To I’SSUE, verb neut. [of issuë, Fr. isse, uscire, It.] 1. To pass or
come out of any place. Waters issued out. Ezekiel. 2. To make an
eruption. And furl their sails and issue from the land. Pope. 3. To
proceed as an offspring. Of thy sons that shall issue from thee.
2 Kings. 4. To be produced by any fund. These alterages issued
out of the offerings. Ayliffe. 5. To run out in lines. Issuing into
a straight concave. Bacon.

To ISSUE, verb act. 1. To send out, to put forth. To issue the
spirits. Bacon. 2. To send out judicially or authoritatively. This
is the more frequent sense. The council issued out any order against
them. Clarendon.

I’SSUELESS [of issue] without offspring or descendants. Dying
issueless. Carew.

I’STHMIAN Games [among the ancient Greeks] certain games ap­
pointed by Theseus in honour of Neptune, and celebrated every fifth
year on the isthmus of Corinth.

I’STHMUS [ισθμος, Gr.] a narrow part or neck of land, that lies
between two seas, and joins a peninsula to the continent.

ISTHMUS [in anatomy] are such parts, as in the situation have
some resemblance to an isthmus of land; as that part which lies be­
tween the mouth and the gullet; the ridge that separates the nos­
trils, &c. Hence Hippocrates calls an inflammation of the tonsils (as
being placed on each side of the isthmus) PARISTHMIA.


IT

IT [hyt, Sax. yt, L. Ger. het, Du. det, Su.] 1. The pronoun neu­
ter in the singular number, the pronoun neutral, used in speaking of
things. 2. It is used absolutely for the state of a person or affair.
How is it with our general? Shakespeare. 3. It is used for the thing,
matter or affair. It's come to pass. Shakespeare. 4. It is sometimes
expressed by 't. He rallied and again fell to't. Hudibras. 5. It is
used ludicrously after neutral verbs, to give an emphasis. A mole
courses it. Addison. 6. Sometimes applied familiarly, ludicrously,
or rudely to persons. It is a peerless kinsman. Shakespeare. It is
sometimes used for the first or second person, sometimes of more.
This mode of speech, tho' used by good authors, and supported by
the il y a of the French, has yet an appearance of barbarism. John­
son. 'Tis two or three my lord that bring you word. Shakespeare.

ITA’LIAN, or ITA’LIC [italien, Fr. italiano, It. and Sp. italicus,
Lat.] pertaining to Italy.

ITA’LIC Architecture, the composite order.

I’TALY, a part of Europe, something in the form of a boot, di­
vided into several states and dutchies. Its capital city is Rome, once
the mistress of the world.

ITCH, subst. [gicha, Sax. inck, Ger.] 1. A cuticular distemper, ex­
tremely contagious, which overspreads the body with small pustules
filled with a thin serum, and raised, as microscopes have discovered,
by animalcula. It is cured by sulphur, white precipitate, &c. 2.
The sensation of uneasiness in the skin which is eased by rubbing.
3. A constant teazing desire.
ITCH and ease can no man please.
A silly proverbial rhime of little signification; some will have it Scotch,
who say the reverse.
ITCH and ease must all men please.

To ITCH, verb neut. [from the noun] 1. To feel that uneasiness
in the skin which is removed by rubbing. 2. To long, to have a
continual teasing desire. Itching ears. Decay of Piety.

I’TCHING, subst. [of itch] a certain uneasiness in the skin removed
by rubbing.

I’TCHY, adj. [of itch] infected with the itch.

I’TEM, adv. Lat. also, a word used when any article is added to the
former.

ITEM, subst. 1. Any new article of an account. I have one item
more of mine. Glanville. 2. A warning or caution, a hint or inu­
endo.

I’TERANT, adj. [iterans, Lat.] repeating. An iterant echo. Ba­
con.

To I’TERATE, verb act. [itero, Lat.] 1. To repeat, to inculcate by
frequent mention. To iterate his motion that the French would desist.
Bacon. 2. To do over again. By iterated decoctions. Brown.

I’TERATED, part. adj. [of to iterate] repeated, done over again.

ITERA’TION, Fr. [iteratio, Lat.] recital over again, repetition.
Iterations are commonly loss of time. Bacon.

ITI’NERANT, adj. Fr. [itenerans, Lat.] 1. Wandering, not settled.
To sweeten and mellow the voices of itenerant tradesmen. Addison.
2. Travelling, or journeying; as, itenerant judges.

Justices ITINERANT, such justices as were formerly sent into divers
countries to hear and determine such causes especially as were pleas of
the crown.

ITINERA’RIUM, Lat. [with surgeons] an instrument, which being
fixed in the urinary passage shews the sphincter or neck of the blad­
der, in order to a more sure making an incision to find out the
stone.

ITI’NERARY, subst. [itinerarium, Lat. itineraire, Fr. itinerario, It.
and Sp.] a journal or diary of the occurrences in a journey, a book of
travels. Reproached in most itineraries. Addison.

ITINERARY, adj. [itinerarius, Lat] pertaining to a journey, done
on a journey, travelling. An itinerary circuit of justice. Bacon.

ITS, the pronoun poss. or adj. neut. in the sing. numb. See IT.

ITSE’LF, pronoun [of it and self] the neuter reciprocal pronoun
applied to things.

JU’BA [with botanists] a soft, loose beard, hanging at the ends of
the husks of some plants, which are of the nature of corn.

JU’BARB [q. d. Jovis barba, i. e. Jupiter's beard] the plant house­
leek.

JU’BEBS. See JUJUBES.

JU’BILANT, adj. [jubilans, Lat.] singing for joy, uttering songs of
triumph. The proud pomp ascended jubilant. Milton.

JU’BILATE [in the Romish church] a term used of a monk, canon,
or doctor, who has been fifty years a professor.

JUBILEE [of לבוי, Heb. a ram's horn] a year of rejoicing or a fe­
stival year among the Jews, which was celebrated every 50th year, at
which time those who were bond servants were made free; and posses­
sions that had been alienated or sold, returned to the first owners. This
festival was called the JUBILEE, or RAM'S-HORN, because the procla­
mation of it was made with that instrument. BUXTORF.

JUBILA’TION, Fr. [jubilatio, Lat.] the act of declaring triumph.

JU’BILEE, a season of joy, a time of public rejoicing. The recrea­
tion of the judgment or rejoicing, the jubilee of reason. South.

JUBILEE [among Christians] was a solemnity first instituted A. D.
1300, by pope Boniface VIII, to be observed once every hundred
years; and afterwards, in the year 1350, pope Clement VI. ordered
it to be observed every 50th year; and in the year 1475, pope Six­
tus IV, enjoyned it to be observed every 25th year, which custom
has continued ever since, and is observed not on secular accounts, as
the Jewish was; but in the performance of several pompous cere­
monies, in order to obtain pardons, remissions from sins, indul­
gences, &c.

JU’CKING Time [with fowlers] the season of going to the haunts of
partridges, to listen for the calling of the cock partridges.

JUCU’NDITY [jucunditas, from jucundis, Lat.] pleasantness, agree­
ableness. The new or unexpected jucundities. Brown.


JUD

JUDA’ICAL [judaique, Fr. giudaico, It. of judaicus, Lat.] pertaining
to the Jews, Jewish.

JUDA’ICUS Lapis [with apothecaries] a stone found in Judea, often
used in distempers of the reins.

JUDA’ICUM Bitumen. See ASPHA’LTOS.

JU’DAISM, the religion, customs, or religious rites of the Jews.

To JU’DAIZE, verb neut. [judaiser, Fr. judaizo, low Lat.] to con­
form to the manner of the Jews. Paul judaiz'd with Jews, was all to all.
Sandys. N. B. St. PAUL himself uses the word, Gal. ii. 14. where he
blames St. Peter for that false step of his, by which he did in effect
compel the Gentile converts to Judaize, i. e. conform to the rites and
customs of Moses. See the ORIGINAL.

JU’DAIZING, adj. [judaizans, Lat. judaizant, Fr.] imitating the
Jews, practising Judaism, i. e. the religion, customs, or religious ce­
remonies of the Jews.

JU’DAS-Tree [siliquastrum, Lat.] a tree with broad leaves, some­
thing resembling those of the apricot, growing in the hedges of Italy







and Spain. It hath a papilionaceous flower, which afterwards be­
comes a long flat pod, containing several kidney-shaped seeds. Mil­
ler.

JUDGE [judex, Lat. juge, Fr. giudice, It. juez, Sp. juiz. Port.] 1.
One who is invested with authority to determine any cause real or per­
sonal. A judge of the widows is God. Psalms. 2. One who presides
in a court of judicature. By learned approbation of the judges. Shake­
speare. 3. One who has skill sufficient to decide upon the merit of any
thing.
A perfect judge will read each piece of wit
With the same spirit that its author writ. Pope.

Lateral JUDGE, is one who assists and sits on the bench with another
judge.

To JUDGE, verb neut. [judico, Lat. juger, Fr. giudicare, It. juzgàr,
Sp. julgar, Port.] 1. To think, believe, or suppose, to conceive or
imagine. To form or give an opinion whether it be a divine revelation
or no, reason must judge. Locke. 2. To pass sentence. Ye judge not
for man. 2 Chronicles. 3. To discern, to distinguish. Judge your­
selves. 1 Corinthians.

To JUDGE, verb act. 1. To hear and determine a cause finally, to
pass sentence upon. Traitors judg'd their cause. Dryden. 2. To pass
severe sentence, to doom severely. Judge not that ye be not judged.
St. Matthew.

JU’DGER [of judge] one who forms judgment, or passes sentence.
Judgers of their judges. K. Charles.

JU’DGMENT [judicium, Lat. jugement, Fr. giudicio, It. juyzio, Sp.
juizo, Port. judaico, Sp.] 1. The discerning faculty, reason. The fa­
culty which God has given man to supply the want of certain know­
ledge is judgment, where the mind takes any proposition to be true or
false, without perceiving a demonstrative evidence in the proofs. Locke.
2. Notion, opinion. She, in my judgment, was as fair as you. Shake­
speare. 3. Sentence of a judge against a criminal. Desiring to have
judgment against him. Acts. 4. Doom, the right or power of passing
judgment. Judgment only doth belong to thee. Shakespeare. 5. The
act of exercising judicature. They gave judgment upon him. 2 Kings.
6. Determination, decision in general. We would form a just judgment
of things proposed. Watts. 7. The quality of distinguishing propriety
and impropriety, criticism. 'Tis with our judgments as our
watches. Pope. 8. Condemnation. The judgment was by one to
condemnation. Romans. 9. The last doom. The dreadful judgment
day. Shakespeare. 10. Distribution of justice. In judgments between
rich and poor. Taylor. 11. Statutes, judiciary laws. If ye hearken
to these judgments. Deuteronomy. 12. [In physics] a faculty of the
soul, by which it perceives the relation that is between two or more
ideas.

JUDGMENTS of God, are the remarkable punishments, which he
inflicts upon nations, families, and private persons, for their sins and
transgressions. And the LAST or general judgment, is that judicial
proceeding, by which “GOD shall judge the world in righteousness
by that Man, whom he has ordained,” and render to every man, not
according to some absolute unconditional decree, whether of the supra­
lapsarian or infra-lapsarian kind; but, “according to the DEEDS done in
the body, whether good or evil.” See SUPRA-LAPSARIANS, and INFRA­
LAPSARIANS, and (what appear to me to have been the true progeni­
tors of both) GNOSTICS and MANICHÆANS.

JU’DICABLE [judicabilis, Lat.] that may be judged.

JU’DICATORY, adj. [of judicatorius, Lat.] belonging to judgment.

JUDICATORY, subst. [judico, Lat.] 1. Distribution of justice. The
lords the supreme judicatory. Clarendon. 2. Court of justice. Human
judicatories give sentence. Atterbury.

JU’DICATURE, Fr. [giudicatura, It. of judico, Lat.] judgment or
trying causes, power of distributing justice; a term applied either to
the court wherein the judge sits, or the extent of his jurisdiction; also
the profession of those who administer justice. A place of judicature.
Bacon.

Court of JUDICATURE, an assembly of competent judges and other
officers, for the hearing, trying, and determining of causes.

JUDI’CIAL [judicaire, Fr. giudiciale, It. judiciàl, Sp. of judicialis,
Lat.] 1. Practised in the distribution of public justice, done in due
form of justice, or according to the course of law. What government
can be without judicial proceedings? Bentley. 2. Inflicted on as a pe­
nalty. A judicial hardness. South.

JUDI’CIAL, or JUDI’CIARY [in astrology] a science or art that pre­
tends to judge of and foretel future events, by considering the posi­
tions and influences of the stars, &c.

JUDI’CIALLY, adv. [of judicial] 1. In the forms of legal justice.
Passing the same judgment which he intends hereafter judicially to de­
clare. Grew. 2. In a judiciary manner.

JUDI’CIALNESS [of judicial] judicial quality, state or condition.

JUDI’CIARY, adj. [of judiciaire, Fr. judiciarius, Lat.] passing judg­
ment upon any thing. Notions of judiciary astrologers. Boyle.

JUDI’CIOUS [judicieux. Fr. giudizioso, It. judicioso, Sp.] endowed
with much judgment and reason, rational, discreet, prudent, advised,
skilful in any matter or affair. Beholden to judicious writers. Locke.

JUDI’CIOUSLY, adv. [of judicious] skilfully, wisely, with just de­
termination, discerningly.

JUDI’CIOUSNESS [of judicious] discerning faculty, &c.

JUDI’CIUM Dei [i. e. the judgment of God] a name given by our
ancestors to the trials called ordeal.

St. IVES, a borough and port-town of Cornwall, on the Irish chan­
nel, 258 miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

St. JVES, is also the name of a market town in Huntingdonshire, on
the river Ouse, 57 miles from London.


JUG

JUG [not improbably of Jug a nick-name for Joan, jugge, Dan.]
a sort of large pitcher or earthen pot with a handle and gibbous or
swelling belly for drink; also a common pasture or meadow.

JUGA [of jugo, Lat. to yoke] a title of Juno, so called on account
of her introducing persons into the yoke of matrimony, and recom­
mending that union that ought to be between them.

JU’GALE Os [in anatomy] the jugal bone about the temples; the
same as zygoma.

JU’GATED, adj. [jugatus, Lat.] yoked or coupled together.

To JU’GGLE, verb neut. [jougler, or jongler, Fr. jocor, Lat. gioco­
lare, It. juglár, Sp. gyckla, Su.] 1. To play tricks by slight of hand,
to shew false appearances of extraordinary performances. 2. To prac­
tise artifice or imposture.

JU’GGLE, subst. [from the verb] 1. A trick by legerdemain. 2.
An imposture, a deception.

JU’GGLING, adj. shewing tricks with slight of hand; also acting
clandestinely, cheating, &c.

JU’GGLINGLY, adv. [of juggling] in a cheating manner.

JU’GLANS, Lat. a walnut tree or walnut.

JU’GLER [of juggle; giocolatore, It. jugador, Sp. and Port.] one
who practises slight of hand, one who deceives the eye by nimble con­
veyance, one who gets his livelihood by such tricks, also a cheat, a
trickish fellow.

JU’GULAR [jugularis, from jugulum, Lat. jugulaire, Fr.] pertaining
to the throat or wind-pipe.

JU’GULAR Veins [in anatomy] those veins that go along the side of
the neck, and terminate in the subclavian.

JU’GULATED, adj. [jugulatus, Lat.] having the throat cut.

JU’GULUM, Lat. [in anatomy] 1. The fore-part of the neck,
where the wind-pipe lies. 2. The neck-bone or channel-bone. 3.
The upper breast-bone.

JUICE [jus, Lat. and Fr. juys, Du.] moisture; gravy.

JUICE [with naturalists] 1. A liquid substance, which makes part
of the composition of plants and fruits, which communicates itself to
all the other parts, and serves to feed and increase them. Wine is a
juice not liquid, for juice includes both substance and liquid. Watts.
2. The vapours and humidities inclosed in the earth.

JUICE [with physicians] a kind of fluid in an animal body, as ner­
vous juice, that which is found in the nerves. Our lexicographer should
not have said, “IS FOUND”, because no such juice can be FOUND,
I'll not say by the naked eye; but with the best assistance of glasses;
tho' that there is such a fluid, secreted in the brain, and distributed by
the nerves throughout the body, may from the structure of the brain,
&c. be with reason INFERR'D.

Pancreatic JUICE [with physicians] a liquor separated in the glands
of the pancreas.

JUI’CELESS [sans jus, Fr.] having no juice or moisture, dry. A
juiceless green carpet. More.

JUI’CINESS [of juicy] the quality of abounding in, or abundance of
juice, succulence.

JUICY [of juice; plen de jus, Fr.] full of juice, moist. Herbs of a
flat and juicy substance. Bacon.

I’VINGO, a market town of Buckinghamshire, 55 miles from Lon­
don.

JU’JUB, or JU’JUBES, subst. [zizyphus, jujubæ, Lat.] a sort of Ita­
lian prunes, whose flower consists of several leaves, which are placed
circularly, and expand in form of a rose, which afterwards becomes
an oblong fleshy fruit, shaped like an olive, including an hard shell di­
vided into cells, each containing an oblong nut or kernel. The fruit
is like a small plum, but it has little flesh upon the stone. Miller.

To JUKE [joucher, Fr. of jugum, Lat.] 1. To perch or roost as a
hawk or any other birds do. 2. Juking in Scotland still denotes any
complaisance by bending of the head. He went juking and tossing of
his head. L'Estrange.

JUKE [with falconers] the neck of any bird that a hawk preys
upon.

JU’KING, adj. [of jouchant, Fr.] 1. Perching as a hawk or other
bird does. 2. Bending or bowing the head in complaisance.

JU’LAP, or JU’LEP [julep, Fr. giulebbo, It. julepe, Sp. julapium,
Lat. of julep, Pers. or Arab. a sweet potion] a liquid medicine of an
agreeable taste. Julap is an extemporaneous form of medicine made of
simple and compound water sweetened, and serves as a vehicle to
other forms not so convenient to take alone. Quincy.

JULE [with the Greeks and Romans] a hymn sung in honour of
Ceres and Bacchus, in the time of harvest, to engage those deities
to be propitious.

JU’LI, or JU’LUS, Lat. [in botanic writers] a catkin, or catkins,
i. e. bunches of small dusty flowers grewing on some trees, as pines,
poplars, hasels, walnuts, &c.
Mr. Ray supposes them to be a kind of collection of the stamina of
the flowers of the tree; because in fertile trees and plants they have
abundance of seminal vessels and seed pods.

JU’LIAN Period [so called of Julius Cæsar Scaliger the inventer of
it] is a cycle of 7980 years successively following one another; by the
continual multiplication of the 3 cycles, viz. that of the sun of 28
years, and that of the moon of 19 years, and that of the indiction of
15 years; which epocha, altho' but feigned, is yet of very good use
in calculations, in that every year, within the period, is distinguishable
by a certain peculiar character; for the year of the sun, moon, and
the indiction will not be the same again, till the whole 7980 years be
revolved. He fixed the beginning of this period 764 years before the
creation.

JULIAN Year,  is the old account of the year (or a space of time con­
sisting of 365 days and 6 hours, instituted by Julius Cæsar, who caused
the Roman calendar to be reformed) which till the 2d of Sptember,
1752, we used in England, and called it the old stile in contradistinction
to the new account, framed by pope Gregory, which is 11 days be­
fore the Julian account, and is called the new stile, and which is now
adopted among us by act of parliament.

JU’LIERS, the Duchy of, a district in the circle of Westphalia in
Germany, about 60 miles long, and thirty broad.

JU’LIFER, Lat. [in botanic writers] that bears catkins, or long
slender bunches of stamineous flowers.

JU’LIO. a piece of Italian or Spanish coin, in value about 6d. Ster­
ling.

JU’LUS, July flower. See CLOVE-GI’LLIFLOWER and GILLI­
FLOWER.

JU’LY [Juillet, Fr. Lugtio, It. Julio, Sp. Julho, Port. of Julius,
Lat. was so called of Julius Cæsar, who regulated the year, for be­
fore that time the month was called Quintilis, as being the fifth from
March] the 7th month in the year, beginning with January.


JUM

JU’MART, subst. Fr. Mules and jumarts, the one from the mixture
of an ass and a mare, the other from the mixture of a bull and a mare,
are frequent. Locke.








JU’MBALS [in confectionary] a sort of sugared paste.

To JU’MBLE, verb act. [in Chaucer jombre, from combler, Fr. Skin­
ner] to mingle, to confound, to shake violently together.

To JUMBLE, verb neut. to be shaken together. They will all meet
and jumble together into a perfect harmony. Swift.

JUMBLE, subst. [from the verb] confused mixture, violent and con­
fused agitation.

JU’MENT [guimento, It. of jumentum, Lat.] a labouring beast, any
sort of beast used in tilling land, or in drawing carriages, a beast of
burthen. Juments, as horses, oxen and asses. Brown.

JUMENTA’RIOUS, of or pertaining to jumenta or labouring beasts.

To JUMP, verb. neut. [gumpen, Du.] 1. To skip, to move forward
without step or sliding, to leap. 2. To leap suddenly. 3. To jolt.
The jumping chariots. Nahum. 4. To agree, to tally, to join. Good
wits jump. More.

JUMP, adv. exactly, nicely. Obsolete. Hitting jump that indivisi­
ble point or center wherein goodness consisteth. Hooker.

JUMP, subst. [from the verb] 1. The act of jumping, a leap, a skip.
2. A lucky chance.
Our fortune lies
Upon this jump. Shakespeare.
3. [Jupe, Fr. It is generally used in the plural] A short coat, a
waistcoat, a sort of bodice, loose or limber stays for women, and
worn by sickly ladies.
The weeping cassock scar'd into a jump,
A sign the presbyter's worn into the stump. Cleaveland.


JUN

JU’NAMES [in agriculture] a land sown with the same grain that it
was sown with the year before.

JUNCA’RE [in old records] to strew or spread with rushes, accord­
ing to the old custom of adorning churches.

JU’NCATE, subst. [juncade, Fr. giuncata, It.] 1. Cheesecake, a kind
of sweetment made of curds and sugar. 2. Any delicacy. 3. A fur­
tive or private entertainment. It is now improperly written junket, in
this sense, which alone remains much in use.

JUNCO’SE, or JU’NCOUS, adj. [junceus, juncosus, Lat.] full of bull­
rushes.

JU’NCTO, or JU’NTO, Sp. a cabal, a factious assembly, a meeting
of men to sit in council.

JU’NCTUM, Lat. a soil or place where rushes grow.

JU’NCTURE, Lat. [with surgeons] the reducing of crooked members
to their due state; the same as diorthrosis.

JU’NCTURE [jointure, Fr. in the first, conjoncture, Fr. in the second
sense, congiontura, It. in the second sense, coyuntura, Sp. of junctura,
Lat.] 1. The act of joining or coupling together, union, amity.
Juncture of hearts. K. Charles. 2. The present posture of affairs, a
critical point of time. In that juncture of time. Addison 3. The line
at which two things are joined together. At the junctures of the distil­
latory vessels. Boyle. 4. Joint, articulation. All one entire bone
without those gristly junctures. More.

JUNE [Juin, Fr. Guigno, It. Junio, Sp. Junho, Port. Junius, Lat.
takes its name, either of Juniores, Lat. the youngers, because young
people had an assembly in that month for their recreation; or of Junius
Brutus (as others say) who drove out the king of the Romans in that
month] the sixth month of our year from January.

JU’NETIN [q. d. an apple of June, or perhaps Janeton, Fr. the
name of Jane] a small apple that ripens early, commonly called a ge­
niting.

JU’NIOR, adj. Lat. 1. One younger in age than another. I was
ripening at the rise of my juniors. Tatler. 2. A younger in standing
in any art, profession or faculty,

JU’NIPER [genevrier, Fr. ginepro, It. henebro, Sp. junipro, Port. of
juniperus, Lat.] a sort of tree or shrub. The leaves of the juniper are
long, narrow and prickly; the male flowers are in some species pro­
duced at remote distances from the fruit on the same tree; but in other
species they are produced on different trees from the fruit. The first
is a soft pulpy berry containing three seeds in each. Miller. It is no
uncommon thing to see berries of three different years at once on the
same tree. The shrub is very common with us on heaths and barren
hills, but the berries used medicinally in our shops are brought from
Germany, where it is greatly more abundant. The berries are power­
ful attenuants, diuretics and carminative. Hill.

JUNK. 1. Pieces of old cable. 2. An Indian sea-vessel or ship.
America, which have now but junks and canoes, abounded then in
tall ships. Bacon.

JU’NKET, subst. [joncades, O. Fr. sweetmeats. Properly juncate.
See JUNCATE.] 1. A sweatmeat. There wants no junkets at the
feast. Shakespeare. 2. A stolen entertainment.

To JU’NKET, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To feast secretly, to
make entertainments by stealth. Whatever good bits you can pilfer in
the day, save them to junket with your fellow-servants at night. Swift.
2. To feast in general. Job's children feasted and junketed often. South.

JU’NKETING, adj. [of junket] feasting or making merry.

JU’NO, the Pagan goddess so called, in HOMER'S account was the
daughter of CRONUS [supposed to be the same with Saturn] and both
sister and wife of JOVE; his partner (according to that poet's repre­
sentation) of the bed, but not of the throne; and by what Homer ob­
serves of her stopping the labour pains in one woman, and hastening
the birth in another, it should seem, this goddess had a peculiar super­
intendency over the nuptial bed. And accordingly Virgil gives her
the title of Pronuba or president of marriage.
———Prima & tellus & PRONUBA Juno
Dant signum, summoque ulularunt vertice nymphæ.
See JUNONIA. Æneid. lib. IV. l. 166, &c.

JUNO’NIA, a yearly solemnity performed in commemoration of her
marriage, at which time the maids of all ages ran races in honour of
Juno, petitioning her for husbands, calling her Juno Pronuba and Ju­
galis; and at Rome an altar was erected to Juno Juga, where the
new-married couple appeared to offer sacrifice, which was ei­
ther a white cow, geese or ravens; and they took the gall from the
sacrificed beast, and cast it behind the altar, to intimate that all­
bitterness of spirit should be banished from married persons.

JUNO’NES, were the genii dæmones, or goddesses that waited upon
women, watching over and protecting them.

JU’NTO, subst. It. a cabal, a kind of men combined in any secret de­
sign. A junto of petty tyrants. South.

I’VORY [ebur, Lat. ivoire, Fr.] the tooth of an elephant.

JU’PITER, the son of Cronus [or Saturn] and Rhæa.
Lord Herbert tells us, “That the most celebrated of all the Jupi­
ters was the CRETAN (tho' of later date than the Argive) who, as
Diodorus Siculus writes, excelled all the rest in fortitude and virtues,
and having received the kingdom after Saturn, conferred many and
very great benefits on human life, what with his just administration at
home, and his making wars for suppressing robbers and pirates abroad.”
HERBERT de Relig. Gentilium. As to the Egyptian Jupiter, or JUPI­
TER AMMON, see BACCHUS and EGYPTIAN Empire.

JU’PITER [with heralds] who blazon the arms of princes by pla­
nets, instead of metals and colours, is used for azure or blue. This
colour is represented in engraving by parallel strokes. See Plate
IV. fig. 27.

JUPITER [with astronomers] is accounted the biggest of all the
planets, being computed to be 2460 times bigger than our earth. Its
periodical time is 43332 days, 12 hours, and revolves about its axis,
in 9 hours, 56 minutes.

JUPITER'S Distaff, an herb, otherwise called mullein.

JU’PPON, subst. Fr. a short close coat. A breastplate and a light
juppon. Spenser.

JU’RAT [of juratus, and jurator, from jura, Lat. juré, Fr.] a ma­
gistrate in some corporations in the quality of an alderman, for go­
verning the corporation.

JU’RATORY, adj. [juratoire, Fr. from jura, Lat.] giving an oath.
To give juratory caution, de parendo juri. Ayliffe.

JU’RDEN, or JU’RDON [prob. of gor, filth, and den, Sax. a recep­
tacle or lodging, q. d. the filth of the chamber] a chamber-pot. See
JORDEN.

JURI’DICAL [juridique, Fr. giuridico, It. of juridicus, Lat.] 1. Per­
taining to the law, used in courts of justice, judicial, orderly. A
juridical account. Hale. 2. Acting in the distribution of justice.

JURIDICAL Days, court days on which the law is administred.

JURI’DICALLY, adv. [of juridical] with legal authority, accord­
ing to forms of justice, judicially.

JURISCONSU’LT, subst. [juris consultus, Lat.] one who gives his opi­
nion in cases of law. A decision of the jurisconsult javolemus. Ar­
buthnot.

JURISDI’CTION, Fr. [giurisdizione, It. juridiciòn, Sp. of jurisdictio,
Lat.] 1. A power or authority which a man has to do justice, in case
of complaint made before him, legal authority, extent of power. No
such power as gave him sovereign jurisdiction over mankind. Locke.
2. A court of judicature. 3. The verge or extent of any au­
thority.

JU’RIS-PRUDENCE, Fr. [juris-prudenza, It. juris-prudentia, Lat.]
the skill or knowledge of the law, rights, customs, statutes, &c. of
what is just or unjust.

Canonical JURIS-PRUDENCE, is that of the canon law.

Civil JURIS-PRUDENCE, is that of the Roman law.

Feodal JURIS-PRUDENCE, is that of the fees.

JU’RIST [juriste, Fr. from jura, Lat.] a civilian, a lawyer, one
who professes the science of the law. Not to be measured by the
principles of jurists. Bacon.

JU’ROR [juro, Lat.] a juryman, who has been sworn, one who
serves on a jury. The jurors picked out of choice men. Spenser.

JU’RY [in common law] signifies either 24 or 12 men sworn to in­
quire of the matter of fact, and to declare the truth upon such evidence
as shall be delivered them, touching the matter in question.

Grand JURY, consists of 24 grave and substantial persons, either
gentlemen, or some of the better sort of yeomen, chosen indifferently
by the sheriff, out of the whole county, to consider of all bills of in­
dictment preferred to the court, which they approve of by writing
upon them billa vera, or else disallow, by indorsing on them igno­
ramus.

Petty-JURY, consists of 12 men at the least, and are impannelled
as well upon criminal, as upon civil causes. Those that pass upon of­
fences of life and death, do bring in their verdict either guilty or not
guilty; whereupon the prisoner, if he be found guilty, receives judg­
ment and condemnation; or otherwise is acquitted or set free. In ci­
vil cases, the jury, after due consideration, bring in their verdict either
for the plaintiff or defendant; and in real actions, either for the de­
mandant or tenant.

Clerk of the JURIES, an officer in the court of Common-Pleas, who
makes out the writs called habeas corpora, and distringas, for the ap­
pearance of the jury, after they have been returned upon the venire
facias.

JURY-MAST [with mariners] is when the fore-mast or main-mast is
broken down by a storm, or lost in a fight, they put some great yard
that is saved into the step of the broken mast, and fasten it into the
partners; fitting it with sails and ropes, so as to make a shift to sail
and steer the ship.

JU’RYMAN [of jury and man] one who is impannelled on a jury.


JUS

JUS, Lat. law, right, equity.

JUS Coronæ, Lat. the right of the crown, which differs in many
things from the general law, relating to the subject.

JUS Curialitatis Angliæ, Lat. the law called the courtesy of England.

JUS Hæreditatis, Lat. the right of inheritance.

JUS Patronatus [in canon law] the right of presenting a clerk to
a benefice, the same that is called advowson in the common law.

JUS Retractus, or JUS Retrovendendi [in the civil law] is an agree­
ment between buyer and seller, that the latter and his heirs, may buy
back the goods or wares again, before any other.

JUSQUI’AMUS [with botanists] the herb henbane or hogbane.

JU’SSEL, a dish made of several meats minced together.

JUSSU’LENT [jussulentus, Lat.] sodden or stewed in broth.

JUST [juste, Fr. giusto, It. justo, Sp. and Port. of justus, Lat.] 1.
Right, righteous, upright, incorrupt, equitable in the distribution of
justice. 2. Honest, being without crime in dealing with others. Just
balances, just weights. Leviticus. 3. Exact, proper, accurate. 4.
Virtuous, innocent, pure. Noah was a just man and perfect. Genesis.
5. True, not forged, not falsely imputed, well grounded. Crimes
were laid to his charge too many, the least whereof being just, had
bereaved him of estimation. Hooker. 6. Equally retributed. He re­
ceived a just recompence of reward. Hebrews. 7. Complete, with­







out superfluity or defect. A little above just stature. Bacon. 8. Re­
gular, orderly. The war shall stand ranged in its just array. Addi­
son. 9. Exactly proportioned. Just distance 'tween our armies.
Shakespeare. 10. Full, of full dimensions. Like to have come to a
just battle. Knolles. 11. Exact in retribution.

JUST, adv. [just, Du. Ger. Su.] 1. Exactly, nicely, accurately.
Pan guided my hand just to the heart of the beast. Sidney. 2.
Merely, barely. To value themselves upon just nothing at all.
L'Estrange. 3. Nearly, in the very point. Just at the point of death.
Temple.

JUST, subst. [jouste, Fr.] mock encounter on horseback tilt tour­
nament. Justs with both sword and launce. Sidney.

To JUST, verb neut. [jouster, Fr.] 1. To tilt, to engage in a
mock fight. 2. To push, to drive, to justle. See JUSTLE.

JUST Divisors [in mathematics] such numbers or quantities, which
will divide a given number or quantity, so as to leave no remainder.

JU’STICE, Fr. [giustizia, It. justitia, Sp. justissa, Port. of justitia;
Lat.] justness, equity, reasonableness, right law.

JUSTICE, or JUSTI’CER [justiciarius, Lat.] an officer appointed by
the king or commonwealth, to do right by way of judgment. And
thou Esdras, ordain judges and justices. 2 Esdras.

To JU’STICE, verb act. [from the subst.] to administer justice to
any; a word now obsolete. The emperor hath been judge and par­
ty, and hath justiced himself. Bacon.

JUSTICE [in God] is a communicable attribute, by which is in­
tended not only the rectitude of his nature in general, but more espe­
cially his dealing with his creatures, according to the desert of their
deeds. See JUDGMENTS of God, and GNOSTICS.

JUSTICE [in men] 1. The virtue by which they give every man
his due. O that I were judge, I would do justice. 2 Samuel. 2. Vin­
dicative retribution, punishment. He executed the justice of the
Lord. Deuteronomy. 3. Right, assertion of right. Thy arm may
do thee justice. Shakespeare.

JUSTICE [with moralists] is not to injure or wrong any one.

Commutative JUSTICE, is that which concerns all persons one with
another, in relation to dealings, as buying, selling, exchanging, lend­
ing, borrowing, &c.

Distributive JUSTICE, is that which concerns princes, magistrates,
and officers, &c.

General JUSTICE, or Universal JUSTICE is a constant giving to
every one his due, and this hath for its object all laws divine and
human.

Particular JUSTICE, is a constant will and desire of giving to every
one his due, according to a particular agreement, or the laws of civil
society; and this is also called commutative, or expletory justice.

Positive JUSTICE [with moralists] is to do right to all, to yield
them whatsoever belongs to them.
And this, in the most extensive use of the word, implies a due ob­
servance of rights, whatever be the subject in which those rights re­
side, whether of a superior, equal, or inferior kind. A thought which
the Table of Cebes has most judiciously (not to say elegantly) por­
tray'd in that couplet,
Justice her equal scale aloft displays,
And RIGHTS both human and divine she weighs.
And in the same latitude the term justice or righteousness [διχαιοσο­
νη] is frequently used in scripture, I mean as expressive of all true
sanctity and virtue; or the GOOD CHARACTER in general, as being
founded in the observance of those rights, which belong both to GOD
and to MAN,

JUSTICE Seat, the highest forest court, always held before the lord
chief justice in eyre of the forest, upon warning forty days before;
where judgments are given, and fines set for offence.

JUSTICE, or Lord Chief Justice [of the Common Pleas, justiciarius
communium placitorum, Lat.] is one who, with his assistants, hears and
determines all causes at the common law; that is to say, all civil
causes between common persons, as well personal as real.

JUSTICE of the Forest [justiciarius forestæ, Lat.] is also a lord by
office, and the only justice that can appoint a deputy. He is also called
justice in eyre of the forest. He has the hearing and determining of
all offences, within the king's forests, committed against venison or
vert.

JUSTICE, or Chief Justice [of the King's Bench, justiciarius de ban­
quo regis, Lat.] is the capital or chief justice of England, and also a
lord by his office. Which is more especially to hear and determine
all pleas of the crown, i. e. such as concern offences committed against
the crown, dignity, and peace of the king; as, treasons, felonies,
mayhems, &c.

JU’STICEMENT, subst. [of justice; a law word] importing all things
belonging to justice, procedure in courts.

JU’STICER, subst. [from to justice] an administrator of justice; an
old word. He was a singular good justicer. Davies.

JU’STICES of Assize [justiciarii ad capiendas assisas, Lat.] are such as
were wont by special commission to be sent into this or that county to
take assizes for the ease of the subjects. These commissions of late
years have been settled and executed only in Lent, and the long va­
cation, when the justices of both benches go on their circuit by 2 and
2 through all England, and dispatch their business by several com­
missions.

JUSTICES in Eyre [justiciarii itinerantes, Lat. so termed of the
French; erre iter, Lat.] these, in ancient times, were sent with com­
missions unto divers counties to hear such causes, especially as were
termed pleas of the crown; and that for the ease of the subject, who
must else have been hurried to the courts of Westminster, if the cause
were too high for the county court.

JUSTICES of Goal Delivery [justiciarii ad gaolas deliberandas, Lat.]
are such as are commissioned to hear and determine causes appertain­
ing to those, who for any offence are cast into goals. Their commis­
sion is now turned over to the justices of assize.

JUSTICES of Labourers, were justices formerly appointed to curb
the frowardness of labouring men, who would either be idle, or exact
unreasonable wages.

JUSTICES of Nisi Prius, are now all one with justices of assize, for
it is a common adjournment of a cause in the Common-Pleas, to put
it off to such a day, Nisi prius justiciarii venerint ad eas partes, i. e.
unless the justices come before into those parts to take assize; and
from that clause of the adjournment, they are also called justices of
nisi prius.

JUSTICES of Oyer and Terminer, were justices that were deputed on
some special occasions, to hear and determine some particular causes.

JUSTICES of the Pavilion, were certain judges of a pie-powder
court, of a singular jurisdiction, which were anciently authorized by
the bishop of Winchester, at a fair kept at St. Giles's-hill, near that
city.

JUSTICES of the Peace [justiciarii ad pacem, Lat.] are persons of
interest and credit, appointed by the king's commission to maintain the
peace in the county where they dwell. Thou hast appointed justices
of the peace to call poor men before them. Shakespeare.

JUSTICES of the Peace [within the liberties] are such, in cities and
towns corporate, as the former are in any county; and their authority
and power is altogether the same, within their several precincts.

JUSTICES of the Quorum, are such of those justices before-mentioned,
whose commission has this clause, Quorum vos unum esse volumus.

JU’STICES of Trial Baston, or Trayl Baston [of trailer, to draw, and
baston, Fr. a staff, because they had a staff delivered to them as a
badge of their office] were certain justices appointed by king Ed­
ward I, to make inquisition through the realm upon all officers,
touching bribery or extortion, and intrusion; as also upon barretors,
breakers of the peace, and other offenders.

Lords JUSTICES [of the kingdom] are noble persons deputed to be
regents or chief governors of the realm, during the absence of the
king.

JU’STICESHIP [of justice] rank or office of a justice. Swift.

JU’STICIABLE [of justice] proper to be examined in courts of jus­
tice; also being under jurisdiction, subject to suit.

JUSTI’CIARY [justiciaire, Fr. justiciarius, Lat. justicier, Fr. giusti­
ziere, It.] one that administers justice.

JU’STICIES [in law] a writ directed to the sheriff for the dispatch
of justice in some spiritual cause, wherewith, of his own authority, he
cannot deal in the county court. This writ particularly enables him
to hold plea of a great sum; whereas, by his ordinary power, he can
hold no pleas but of sums under forty shillings.

JUSTIFI’ABLE [from to justify; of justus and fio, Lat.] that may
be justified, defensible by law or reason, conformable to justice. A
justifiable resemblance to some at land. Brown.

JUSTIFI’ABLENESS [of justifiable] rectitude; possibility of being
fairly defended, capability of being justified, warrantableness.

JUSTIFI’ABLY, adv. [of justifiable] with justice, justly, so as to be
supported by right. A man may more justifiably throw cross and pile
for his opinions. Locke.

JU’STIFIED, part. adj. [justificatus, Lat.] cleared or proved inno­
cent of any crime, charge, or accusation; also verified, maintained
for good, proved. See To JUSTIFY.

JUSTIFICA’TION, Fr. [giustificazione, It. justificaciòn, Sp. of justifi­
catio, low Lat.] the act of justifying, clearing, or making good, de­
fence, maintenance, support. For my brother's justification. Shake­
speare.

JUSTIFICATION [with divines, so far as they all agree] is an act
of God's free GRACE, or CLEMENCY, by which he forgives our sins,
and by conferring ETERNAL life and happiness upon us, treats us, as
though we had not offended, and all this through the redemption which is
in his Son Jesus Christ. See Romans, c. iii. v. 24, compared with
c. v. v. 17, 18, 19. and what has been already offered under the
word GRACE. FÆDERAL Head, CALVINISM, &c.

JUSTIFICATION [in common law] a shewing in court a good rea­
son, why a person did such a thing, for which he is called to answer.

JUSTIFICA’TOR, subst. [from to justify] one who justifies, defends,
or vindicates.

JUSTIFICATORS [in law] are compurgators; such persons, who
apon oath justify the innocence, report, or oath of another: also ju­
rymen, because they justify that party for whom they give their
verdict.

To JU’STIFY, verb act. [justifier, Fr. giustificare, It. justificàr, Sp.
of justifico, low Lat.] 1. To clear from imputed guilt, to absolve from
an accusation, to make innocency appear. Wisdom is justified of her
children. St. Matthew. 2. To verify, to shew or prove, to maintain
or make good. To justify his cruel falshood. Sidney. 3. To free from
past sin by pardon. By him all that believe are justified from all
things. Acts. N. B. It implies more than a mere pardon. See JUS­
TIFICATION.

To JUSTIFY [with divines] to declare innocent; to bring into a
state of grace.

To JUSTIFY [in law] is to give a reason why such an act was done.

To JUSTIFY [with printers] is to make the lines they compose
even.

JU’STIFYING, adj. [justificans, Lat.] rendering or declaring in­
nocent.

JU’STINGS, or JUSTS, subst. See JUST [joútes, of joúter, Fr. to run at
tilts] were exercises used in former times by such persons, who desired
to gain reputation in feats of arms, of whatsoever degree or quality,
from the king to the private gentleman; they were usually performed
at great solemnities, as marriages of princes, and also on other occa­
sions. The time and place being appointed, challenges were sent
abroad into other nations, to all that desired to signalize themselves.
And rewards were appointed by the prince for those who came off
conquerors.
There were many circumstances relating to these performances; as,
if a man was unhorsed he was quite disgraced, or if he was shaken in
the saddle, or let his lance fall, or lost any piece of his armour, or
wounded his antagonist's horse, &c. all which were accounted disre­
putable. And there were also certain rules for distributing the prizes
to them that behaved with the greatest gallantry.

JU’STLE, verb neut, [from jouster, Fr.] to encounter, to clash, to
rush against each other. They shall justle one against another. Na­
hum.

To JUSTLE, verb act. to jostle, shake or jogg, to push, to force by
pushing against it. A man may justle a post. Collier.

JU’STLY, adv. [of just] 1. In a just manner, uprightly, honestly.
Nothing can justly be despised, that cannot justly be blamed. South.







2. Properly, exactly, accurately. Their feet assist their hands, and
justly beat the ground. Dryden.

JU’STLY, adv. [of just] duly, rightly, reasonably, with justice.

JU’STNESS [of just] 1. Just quality, justice, reasonableness, equity.
Justness is properly applied to things, and justice to persons: Tho' we
now say the the justice of a cause as well as of a judge. Johnson. Ac­
cording to the justness of the cause. Spenser. 2. Accuracy, propriety,
the exactness or regularity of any thing. The justness and regularity
of his productions. Addison.

JUSTNESS of Language, consists in using proper and well-chosen
terms, and in speaking neither too much nor too little.

JUSTNESS of Thought, consists in a certain accuracy or preciseness,
by which every part of it is perfectly true and pertiment to the sub­
ject.

To JUT Out, verb neut. [of jetter, Fr. to cast or throw. This word
is supposed to be corrupted from jet, perhaps from shoot. Johnson.] to
stand out beyond the rest of a building, to shoot into prominences, to
come out beyond the main bulk. It seems to jut out of the structure
of the poem. Broome.

JU’TER [with chemists] the fertile, congealing, saltish quality of
the earth.

JU’TLAND, a peninsula of Denmark, anciently called the Cimbrian
Chersonese, bounded by the Catgate sea, which separates it from
Norway on the north; by the same sea, which divides it from the Da­
nish islands and Sweden, on the east; by Holstein on the south, and
by the German ocean on the west.

To JU’TTY, verb act. to shoot out beyond.
As doth a galled rock
O'erhand and jutty his confounded base. Shakespeare.


JUV

JUVENA’LIA, Lat. [among the Romans] certain games or feats of
activity, instituted by Nero the first time his beard was shaved, cele­
brated for the health of youth.

JU’VENILE [giovanile, It. of juvenilis, Lat.] youthful, young. Its
youth when it is luxuriant and juvenile. Bacon.

JU’VENILENESS, or JUVENI’LITY [juvenilitas, Lat.] youthfulness,
youthful heat or temper. The restoration of grey hairs to juvenility.
Glanville.

JU’XTA Position, Fr. [juxta and positio, Lat. with philosophers]
Apposition, the state of being placed near each other, a contiguity or
nearness; a ranging the small parts of any mixt body into such a po­
sition, order or situation, that the parts being contiguous, shall deter­
mine or shew a body to be of such a figure or quality; or to be endued
with such properties, as are the natural result of such a configuration
or disposition of parts. At last come to parts that are united by a
juxta position. Glanville.

I’VY [ifig, Sax. hedera, Lat.] it is a parasytic or a twinging plant,
that runs about trees, walls, &c. by means of roots and fibres from its
branches. The leaves are angular, the flowers for the most part con­
sisting of six petals, and are succeeded by round berries which grow in
round bunches. Miller.

I’XIA [ιξια, Gr.] a swelling of the veins; the same as cirsos and va­
rix. Some distinguish between the cirsos and ixia, applying the former
term to these kind of swellings, wherever they happen; and the latter
term, only when appearing in the legs. But Gorræus and Castellus
both are of opinion, that no such distinction should be admitted.

IXIA, or I’XINE [ιξια or ιζινη, Gr.] a sort of carduus, called came­
leon.

I’XWORTH, a market town of Suffolk, 73 miles from London.


JYM

JY’MOLD, adj. See GIMAL. And in their pale dull mouths the jy­
mold bit. Shakespeare.













K

K k, Roman, K k, Italic, K k, English, K k, Saxon, K Κ,
Greek, are the 10th letters in order of the alphabets, ק,
the 19th of the Hebrew. K is a letter borrowed by the
English from the Greek alphabet. It has before all the
vowels one invariable sound, as keen, ken, kill, but is not
much in use except after c at the ends of words, as knock, clock, which
were anciently written with e final, as clocke, checke. It is also in use
between a vowel and the silent e final, as cloke, broke, brake. It like­
wise ends a word after a dipthong, as look, book, break. K is silent in
the present pronunciation before n, as knife, knee, knell.

K, is a numeral letter, signifying 250.

K̄, with a dash over it, stood for 150000.
The letter K, tho' most commonly written, is not pronounced, but
is lost after C, as in arithmetick, logick, magick, physick, &c. pick,
prickle, stick, stickle, &c. In those words derived from the French, it
is better omitted, because that tongue has no k: But in those derived
from the northern tongues, it may for the sake of etymology be pre­
served.
The letter K [in old charters and diploma's] had various significa­
tions, as K. R. was set for Chorus, K. R. C. for Cara Civitas, i. e. the
dear city; K. R. M. for Carmen, i. e. a verse, K. R. A. M. N. for
Charus Amicus Noster, i. e. our dear friend, &c.

KARL-Cat [of karle, Sax. a male] a boar cat.

KAB [בק, Heb.] an Hebrew measure containing three English
pints. Rabbi David Kimchi in his book of roots, says 'tis the sixth
part of a SEAH. See SEAH.

KA’BIN, or KE’BIN [among the Persians and Turks] a temporary
marriage for a time, upon condition that the husband shall allow the
wife a certain sum of money if he repudiates or quits her. What our
lexicographer here calls a TEMPORARY marriage, is (I fear) the only
marriage which the Mahometans use; as not regarding the state as in­
tended for life; but to be exchanged at pleasure; and accordingly pro­
vision is made in the marriage articles for the support of the woman
when divorced. See DIVORCE.

KA’DARES, or KA’DARITES [among the Mahometans] a sect who
deny the generally received tenet of predestination, and maintain the
doctrine of free will, and the liberty of it in its full extent. See CA­
DARIANS.

KALE [kael, Su. kohl, Du. and Ger.] colewort.

KA’LENDAR, or KA’LENDER [calendarium, of calendæ, Lat. the first
days of every month among the Romans] an ephemeris or almanack,
to shew the days of the month, an account of time.

KALI [an Arabic word] the sea herb grass-wort, which grows on
the sands, on the sea-shore in Egypt, Syria, and other places, used in
making glass, soap, &c. Whence the word alkali. The ashes of the
weed kali is sold to the Venetians. Bacon. See ALKALI.

KAM

KAM, adj. crooked. Kaam in Erse is squint-eyed, and applied to
any thing awry: clean kam signifies crooked, athwart, awry, cross
from the purpose, A schembo, It. Hence our English a kimbo. Clean
kam is by a vulgar pronunciation brought to kim kam.
—This is clean kam
—Merely awry. Shakespeare.

KAN [in Persia] a magistrate, the same as a governor in Europe,
and sometimes sovereign prince, and lord. [See CHAM.] Golius says,
it signifies in general the satrapa or prefect of any great province.

KA’NTREF [kant, kref, C. Br.] a division of a county in Wales,
containing an hundred towns.

KA’RATA, a kind of aloes, which grow in America, the leaves of
which being boiled, are formed into thread, of which fishing nets,
cloth, &c. are made. The root or leaves being thrown into a river,
stupifies the fish, so that they may be easily taken with the hand; and
the stalk being dried and set on fire, burns like a match; and if it be
rubbed briskly on a harder wood, takes fire and consumes itself.

KARE’NA [with chemists] the 23d part of a drop.

KA’RITE, a name which the monks gave to the best drink or strong
beer, that was kept in the monastery.

KARL [ceorl, Sax. karel, Du. kerl, Ger.] a man, a servant; as,
huscarle, Sax. a houshold servant; buscarle, a seaman.

KARL, hemp, the latter green hemp.

KA’ROB, a small weight used by goldsmiths, being the 24th part of
a grain. See CARAT.

KA’SI, the fourth pontiff of Persia, who is the second civil lieute­
nant, and judge of temporal as well as spiritual affairs.

KA’TZEN Silver, a sort of stone, which, it is said, cannot be con­
sumed either by fire or water.

To KAW, verb neut. [of kawe, Du. a jack-daw, or from the sound]
to cry as a jack-daw, raven, crow, or rook. Jack-daws kawing and
fluttering about their nests. Locke. See CAW.

To KAW verb act. [of kauchen, Du.] to fetch the breath with
difficulty; to gape for breath.

KAW, subst. [from the verb] the cry of a raven, crow, or rook.
With her loud kaws her craven kind doth bring. Dryden.

KAY, or KEY [kaeye, Du. kae, L. Ger. and Teut. quai, Fr. See
KEY.] a place to land or ship off goods at, a wharf.

KAYLE, subst. [quille, Fr.] 1. Ninepins, kettlepins, of which
skittles seems a corruption. And now at Kayle they try a harmless
chance. Sidney. 2. A kind of play still retained in Scotland, in
which nine holes, ranged in threes, are made in the ground, and an
iron bullet rolled in among them.


KEB

KE’BER [among the Persians] a sect who are generally rich mer­
chants. They are distinguished from the rest of the Persians by their
beards and dress, and are had in great esteem for the regularity of
their lives. They believe the immortality of the soul, and hold some
notions like those of the ancients, concerning hell and the Elysian
fields. When any of them die, they let loose a cock in his house,
and drive it into a field; if a fox siezes it and carries it away, they
take it for a proof that the soul of the dead person is saved. If this
experiment does not answer their expectations, they prop the carcass
up with a fork against a wall in the church-yard, and if the birds first
pick out the right eye, they take it for granted, that he is one of the
predestinated, and bury it with great ceremony; but if the birds first
pick out the left eye, they look upon him a reprobate, and throw the
carcass into a ditch.








KE’BLEH, or KI’BLEH [among the Turks] the point or quarter to
which they turn themselves when they make their prayers, which is
towards the temple at Mecca; also an altar or nich in all their mosques,
which is placed exactly on the side which looks toward the temple at
Mecca. Its etymology is derived from cabala, Arab. to be in an oppo­
site situation, as Sestos and Abydos; and, according to GOLIUS, the
word kebleh [keblah or cabilat] is applied by the Asiatic writers as
well to the temple of Jerusalem, as to that of Mecca. Sale, in his
notes on the Coran, tells us, that “when the prophet fled to Medina,
he directed his followers to turn [in the act of prayer] towards the
temple at Jerusalem [probably to ingratiate himself with the Jews]
which continued to be their KEBLAH for six or seven months; but
either finding the Jews too untractable, or despairing otherwise to gain
the pagan Arabs, who could not forget their respect to the temple of
MECCA, he ordered that prayers for the future should be towards the
last. This change was made in the second year of the hegira, as A­
bulfeda relates, and occasioned many to fall from him, taking offence
at his inconstancy.” SALE's Coran, p. 17. I cannot dismiss this sub­
ject, without subjoining that most excellent moral reflection, which
MAHOMET throws in, when appointing this very change. “Every
sect (says he) has a certain tract [or region] to which they turn them­
selves in prayer; but do ye strive to run after GOOD THINGS : WHEREVER
ye be, GOD will bring you back [meaning at the resurrection]
for GOD is almighty”. And indeed, in justice to Mahomet, it should
be observed in general, that tho' he has instituted both this and other
rites, yet he has taken the utmost care to guard his followers against
confounding positive institutions with the MORAL GOOD, and does most
uniformly and constantly remind them of this truth, that nothing short
of solid and substantial PIETY and VIRTUE will entitle to the future
happiness. See MAHOMETISM, BAIT-OLLAH, and DIVORCE.

KE’BLEH NOMA, a pocket compass which the Turks always carry
about them, to direct them how to place themselves exactly when they
go to prayers.

To KECK, or To KE’CKLE, verb neut. [prob. of kuchgen or kuch,
Du. a cough] 1. To make a noise in the throat, by reason of diffi­
culty of fetching breath. 2. [kecken, Du.] to heave the stomach, to
reach at vomitting. Patients must not keck at them. Bacon.

To KE’CKLE a cable, to wind or twine some small ropes about the
cable or bolt rope, to prevent them from galling in the hawse, or in
the ship's quarter.

KECKS, or KE’CKSY, subst. commonly KEX [cique, Fr. cicuta, Lat.
Skinner] 1. Skinner seems to think kecksy or kex the same as hemlock.
It is used in Staffordshire both for hemlock and any other hollow
jointed plant. 2. The dry hollow stalks of some plants. Hateful docks,
rough thistles, kecksies, burs. Shakespeare.

KE’CKY, adj. [from kecks or kex] resembling a kex. A soft kecky
body. Grew.

To KEDGE, verb neut. [kaghe, Du. a small vessel]

KE’DGER, a small anchor used in a river.

KE’DGING [with mariners] is setting up the fore-sail or fore-top­
sail and missen, and so letting a ship drive with the tide; letting fall
and lifting up the kedg-anchor, as oft as occasion serves; when in a
narrow river they would bring the ship up or down, the wind being
contrary to the tide.

KE’DLACK, subst. a weed that grows among corn, charnock.
Tusser.


KEE

KEE, the provincial plur. of cow, properly kine. Cic'ley the western
lass that tends the kee. Gay.

KEEL [quille, Fr. cæle or cæla, Sax. kiel, Du. kioel, Su. prob. of
χοιλος, Gr. a hollow, or the belly] the lowest timber in a ship, at the
bottom of her hull. Her sharp bill serves for a keel to cut the air.
Grew.

KEEL, a vessel for liquors to stand and cool in.

To KEEL, verb act. [cœlan, Sax.] this word, which is preserved
in Shakespeare, probably signifies to cool; tho' Hanmer explains it
otherwise. To keel seems to mean to drink so deep as to turn up the
bottom of the pot; like turning up the keel of a ship. Hanmer.
While greasy Joan doth keel the pot. Shakespeare.

KEE’L-FAT, subst. [cœlan, Sax. to cool, and fat, or vat, a vessel]
a cooler, a tub in which liquor is let to cool.

KEEL-HA’LING, or KEEL-RA’KING, a punishment at sea, inflicted
on a malefactor, by putting a rope under his arms, about his waste,
and under his breech, and hoisting him up to the end of the yard, and
thence letting him down into the sea, and drawing him underneath
the ship's keel and up again on the other side.

KEE’LSON [of a ship] the piece of timber near to her keels.

False KEEL [of a ship] a second keel, which is sometimes put un­
der the first.

KEEL Rope [of a ship] a hair rope, running between the keel and
the keelson, to clear the limber holes when they are choaked with
ballast.

KEE’LING, a sort of fish, a species of cod.

KEES [Cæls, Sax.] a sort of long boats, in which the Saxons in­
vaded England; also a large boat or lighter, used at Newcastle, for
loading of coals.

KEEN [cene, Sax. keen, kuhn, Ger. kienn, Goth.] 1. Sharp, that
cuts well, not blunt. A sword keen-edged. 2. Severe, piercing. As
it changed to the north-west or north it became excessively keen. El­
lis's Voyage. 3. Eager, vehement. The sheep were so keen upon the
acorns. L'Estrange. 4. Acrimonious, bitter of mind. Keen against
Ireland. Swift.

To KEEN, verb act. [from the adj.] to make keen, to sharpen.
An unauthorised word. Cold winter keens the brightening flood.
Thomson.

KEE’NLY, adv. [of keen] sharply, vehemently, eagerly, bit­
terly.

KEE’NNESS [of cenenesse, Sax.] 1. Sharpness, edge. Not the hang­
man's ax bears half the keenness. Shakespeare. 2. Piercing cold, ri­
gour of weather. 3. Asperity or bitterness of mind. The keenness
against the court. Clarendon. 4. Eagerness, vehemence.

To KEEP, irr. verb act. kept, pret. and part. pass. [keepen, Du. ke­
pan, Sax.] 1. To retain, not to lose. I kept the field with the death
of some. Sidney. 2. To preserve, not to let go. Men of war that
could keep rank. 1 Chron. 3. To have in custody. Always kept in
the castle. Knolles. To preserve in a state of security. Where the
duke keeps his gallies. Addison. 5. To protect, to guard. I am with
thee to keep thee. Genesis. 6. To guard from flight. A soldier that
kept him. Acts. 7. To detain. What's the cause that keeps you here
with me. Dryden. 8. To hold for another. A man delivers money
or stuff to keep. Exodus. 9. To reserve, to conceal. To keep back
somewhat. Bacon. 10. To tend. God put him in the garden of
Eden to keep it. Genesis. 11. To preserve in the same tenor or state.
I will keep this order. Bacon. 12. To regard, to attend. If that
idea be steadily kept to. Locke. 13. To not suffer to fail. My mercy
will I keep for him for ever. Psalms. 14. To hold in any state. To
hold the reins and keep the child in order. Locke. 15. To retain by
some degree of force in any place or state. To suffer an evil to grow
up which he might timely have kept under. Spenser. 16. To con­
tinue any state or action. The house of Ahaziah had no power to
keep still the kingdom. Kings. 17. To preserve in any state. Keep
the flower of thine age sound. Ecclesiasticus. 18. To practise, to use
habitually. I rule the family very ill, and keep bad hours. Pope.
19. To copy carefully. Her measures kept and step by step pursued.
Dryden. 20. To observe any time. You shall keep it a feast to the
Lord. Exodus. 21. To observe, not to violate. Keep with thy ser­
vant that thou promisedst him. 1 Kings. 22. To maintain, to sup­
port with necessaries of life. The work of many hands which earns
my keeping. Milton. 23. To have in the house. Nor shall my Nell
keep lodgers. Shakespeare. 24. Not to intermit. Keep a sure watch
over a shameless daughter. Ecclesiasticus. 25 To maintain, to hold.
Every one of them kept house by himself. Hayward. 26. To re­
main in, not to leave a place. Doth he keep his bed? Shakespeare.
27. Not to reveal, not to betray. A fool cannot keep counsel, Eccle­
siasticus. 28. To restrain, to withhold. To keep them from being
religious. Tillotson. 29. To debar from any place. To keep out
such a foe. Milton. 30. To keep back; to withhold, to restrain.
Keep back thy servant from presumptuous sins. Psalms. 31. To
keep back; to reserve, to withhold. I will keep nothing back from
you. Jeremiah. 32. To keep company; to accompany, to frequent
any one. Who keeps her company? Shakespeare. 33. To keep com­
pany with; to have familiar intercourse. Keeping company with men.
Broome. 34. To keep in; to conceal, not to tell. That you will not
extort from me what I am willing to keep in. Shakspeare. 35. To
keep in; to restrain, to curb. Keep her in straightly. Ecclesiasticus.
36. To keep off; to bear to distance, not to admit. 37. To keep off;
to hinder. The common opinion of his invincible obscurity has kept
off some from seeking in him the coherence of his discourse. Locke.
38. To keep up; to maintain without abatement. Land kept up its
price. Locke. 39. To keep up; to continue, to hinder from ceasing.
To keep up and improve your hopes of heaven. Taylor. 40. To
keep under; to oppress, to subdue. Kept under with the sense of our
wretchedness. Hooker.

To KEEP, verb neut. 1. To remain by some labour or effort in a
certain state. A man that cannot fence will keep out of bullies and
gamesters company. Locke. 2. To continue in any place or state,
to stay. The necessity of keeping well with the maritime powers.
Temple. 3. To remain unhurt, to last. Grapes will keep. Bacon.
4. To dwell, to live constantly in a place. Knock at the study where
they say he keeps. Shakespeare. 5. To adhere strictly. Did they
keep to one constant dress. Addison. 6. To keep on; to go forward.
With unalter'd pace kept on. Dryden. 7. To keep up; to continue
undismayed. Yet he still kept up that he might free his country. Dry­
den. 8. The general idea is care, continuance, or duration.

KEEP, subst. [from the verb] 1. Custody, guard. Which of our
lambkins takest keep. Spenser. 2. Guardianship, restraint. Youth is
least look'd into when they stand in most need of good keep and re­
gard. Ascham. 2. A strong tower in the middle of a castle, the last
resort of the besieged; as, the keep of Windsor-castle, &c.

To KEEP her to, or To KEEP your Loof [sea phrase] a term used
when the steersman is directed to keep the ship near the wind.

KEE’PER [of keep] 1. One who holds any thing for the use of an­
other. Received the things with the mind of a keeper, not of an
owner. Sidney. 2. One who has prisoners in custody. The keeper of the prison called to him. Shakespeare. 3. One who has the care
of parks or of beasts of chace. A keeper here in Windsor forest.
Shakespeare. 4. One who has the superintendance or care of any
thing. Hildah, keeper of the wardrobe. 2 Kings.

KEEPER of the Exchange and Mint, the same as warden of the
mint.

KEEPER of the Great Seal of England [is a lord by his office, and
one of the king's privy-council, whose authority and jurisdiction is
much the same in effect with that of the lord chancellor, thro' whose
hands pass all charters, commissions, and grants from the king,
strengthened by the great or broad seal, without which they are of no
force at all.

KEEPER of the Privy Seal, a member of the privy-council, thro'
whose hands pass all charters signed by the king, before they come to
the broad-seal; and also some deeds which do not pass the great-seal
at all: he is also a lord by office.

KEEPER of the Forest, is an officer who has the principal govern­
ment of all things belonging to the forest, and the check of all the
other officers; called also the warden of the forest.

KEEPER of the Touch, an officer of the mint, who is now called
the master of assay.

KEEPER of the liberties of England, by the authority of Parliament,
&c. [custodes libertatis Angliæ autoriate parliamenti] the style in which
writs and other proceedings at law run during the usurpation of Oli­
ver Cromwell.

KEE’PERSHIP [of keeper] the office of a keeper. The common
gaol of the shire is kept at Launceston. This keepership is annexed to
the constableship of the castle. Carew.

KEE’VER, a brewing vessel to cool wort in before it is work'd.

KEG [caque, Fr.] a vessel for sturgeon, salmon, and other pickled
fish, a small barrel.


KEL

KELL, subst. 1. A sort of pottage. Ainsworth. The same with
kale. It is so called in Scotland, being a soupe made with oatmeal
and shredded greens. 2. The omentum or fat that enwraps the







guts. The very weight of bowels and kell in fat people is the occa­
sion of a rupture. Wiseman. 3. A kiln; which see.

KE’LLINGTON, a borough town of Cornwall, on the road to La­
mara, 199 miles from London. It sends two members to parlia­
ment.

KELP, subst. 1. A salt produced from calcined seaweed. 2. A
substance made of sea-weed dried and burnt, which being stirred with
an iron rake cakes together. The ashes of a sea-weed called kelp.
Boyle.

KE’LTER [prob. of cultura, Lat, trimming, cultivation, &c. but
Skinner chuses to derive it of opkilter, Dan. to gird] order, fitness,
preparedness; as, he is not in kelter; that is, he is not ready.

To KEMB, verb act. [cæmban, Sax. kammen, Du. kâmmen, Ger.
Now written, perhaps less properly, to comb. Johnson] to comb, to
separate or disintangle by a denticulated instrument. More kemb'd
and bath'd, and rub'd and trim'd. B. Johnson.

KEN, subst. [from the verb] view, reach of sight. What lies
within our ken. Locke.

KEN Miller [with the canting crew] a house-breaker.

KEN-BOW, or AKI’MBO [some derive it of χαμπτω, Gr. to bow or
bend; others of ascembo, It.] as, the arms set akembo, i. e. each hand
upon each hip.

To KEN, verb act. [cennan, Sax. kennen, Du. and Ger. kianna,
Su. χοννειν, Gr.] 1. To know. 'Tis he, I ken the manner of his gate.
Shakespeare. 2. To descry, to spy out at some distance. We saw
within a kenning before us thick clouds. Bacon.

Within KEN, within sight or view.

KE’NDAL, a market town of Westmoreland, on the river Can,
257 miles from London.

KENKS [sea term] doublings in a cable or rope, when it does not
run smooth, as it is handed in or out; also when any rope makes
turns, and does not run clever in the blocks or pullies, they say it
makes kenks.

To make KENKS [sea phrase] is said of a rope that makes turns,
and does not run clever in the blocks or pullies.

KE’NNEL [of canile, Lat. chenil, Fr.] a dog's hut or cote, the hole
of a fox.

KENNEL of Hounds [with sportsmen] a pack of hounds.

KENNEL [chenal, Fr. canalis, Lat. kennel, Teut.] a course in a
street for water.

To KENNEL, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To lie, to dwell.
Used of beasts, and of man in contempt. The dog kennel'd in a hol­
low tree. L'Estrange. 2. A fox is said to kennel when he lies close
in his hole.

KENNETS [in a ship] small pieces of timber nailed to the inside,
to which the tacks or sheets are belayed or fastened.

KE’NNING, adj. [from ken, cenung, Sax.] knowing, descrying at
a distance.

KENODO’XTY [χενοδοξια, of χενος, empty, vain, and δοξη, Gr. glo­
ry] vain glory.

KENT, a county of England, bounded by the river Thames on
the north; by the ocean on the east; by Sussex and the Streights of
Dover on the South; and by Surry on the west. This county sends
two members to parliament.

KEPT, pret. and part. pass. of to keep. See To KEEP.


KER

KERB Stone, a stone laid round the brim of a well.

KE’RCHEIF [couvre-chef, Fr. Chaucer, couvrir, to cover, and chef,
Fr. the head, q. d. a covering for the head; and hence a handker­
chief to wipe the face or hands] 1. A sort of garment of linnen, silk,
&c. a head-dress—A plain kerchief, Sir John. Shakespeare. 2. Any
cloth used in dress; as handkerchief, neckerchief. Every man had a
large kerchief folded about the neck. Hayward.

KE’RCHEIFED, or KE’RCHEIFT, adj. [from kerchief] covered, veiled.
The evening comes
Kercheift in a comely cloud. Milton.

KERF, subst. [ceorsan, Sax. to cut; with sawyers] the way
made by the saw, or the away slit in a piece of timber or board. The
sawn away slit between two pieces of stuff is called a kerf. Moxon.

KE’RMES, a roundish body of the bigness of a pea, and of a
brownish red colour, covered, when most perfect, with a purplish
gray dust. It contains a multitude of little distinct granules, soft, and
when crushed yield a scarlet juice. It is found adhering to a kind of
holm oak, and till lately was generally understood to be a vegetable excrescence; but we now know it to be the extended body of an ani­
mal parent filled with a numerous offspring which are the little red
granules. Hill.

KERN [in old British, prob. of cornu, Lat.] an horn.

KERN [an Irish word] an Irish foot soldier, lightly armed with a
dart or skene; also a vagabond or strolling fellow, a country bump­
kin, an Irish boor. Out of the fry of these rakehell horse-boys,
growing up in knavery and villany, are their kern supplied. Spenser.

KERN, subst. a handmill, consisting of two pieces of stone by which
corn is ground. It is still used in some parts of Scotland, and called a
kurn.

To KERN, verb neut. [probably from kernel, or by change of a
vowel corrupted from corn] 1. To harden as ripen'd corn. An ill
kerned or saved harvest soon emptieth their old store. Carew. 2. To
take the form of grains, to granulate. Making the juice when suffi­
ciently boiled, to kern or granulate. Grew. 3. To salt meat, to pow­
der beef, pork, &c.

KE’RNEL [cirnel, or cyrnel, Sax. a gland, cerneau, Fr. keern, Du.
kern, Ger. koarna, Su.] 1. The eatable part of a nut contained within
the shell. The kernel of the nut serves them for bread and meat.
More. 2. Any thing included in a husk or integument, or the stone
of any fruit. The kernel of a grape. Denham. 3. The seeds of
pulpy fruits. The apple inclosed in wax was as fresh as at the first
putting in, and the kernels continued white. Bacon. 4. The central
part of any thing upon which the ambient strata are concreted; a nu­
cleus. A solid body in the bladder makes the kernel of a stone. Ar­
buthnot. 5. Knobby concretions in childrens flesh.

To KE’RNEL. verb neut. [from the subst.] to ripen to kernels.
Garden rouncivals sown in the fields kernel well. Mortimer.

KE’RNELLY, adj. [of kernel] full of kernels, having the quality or
resemblance of kernels.

KE’RNELWORT, subst. an herb. Ainsworth.

KE’RRY, a county of Ireland in the province of Munster, bounded
by the river Shannon, which divides it from Clare on the north, by
Limeric and Cork on the east, by another part of Cork on the south,
and by the Atlantic ocean on the west.

KE’RSEY [q. d. course say; karsaye, Du. carisée, Fr.] a sort of
coarse woollen cloth. Another weaves it into cloth, and another into
kersey or serge. Hale.

KE’SHITAH [הטישק, Heb. i. e. a lamb] an Hebrew coin, so cal­
led from its having the figure of a lamb upon it. BUXTORF. It oc­
curs in Gen. xxxiii. 19. which our translators render “with a 100
pieces of money”; and the marginal correction “with a 100 lambs.”

KEST, the pret. of cast. It is still used in Scotland. Only that
noise heav'ns rolling circles kest. Fairfax.

KE’STREL, a little kind of bastard hawk. Hanmer. Kites and kes­
trels have a resemblance with hawks. Bacon.

KE’SWICK, a market town of Cumberland, 283 miles from Lon­
don.

KETCH [caicchio, It. a barrel] a heavy ship, a vessel like a hoy,
but something less.

KE’TTERING, a market town of Northamptonshire, 72 miles from
London.

KE’TTLE [cetl, Sax. keetl, Du. and L. Ger. kessel, H. Ger.] a
large boiling vessel of brass or other metal.

KE’TTLE-DRUM, subst. [of kettle and drum] a drum, the vellum
head of which is spread over a body of brass.

KE’VILS [chevilles, Fr. in a ship] small wooden pins, upon
which the tackle and sails are hung to dry; called also chevils.

KEY [cæg, coge, or caige, Sax. clavis, Lat. clé, Fr. chiave, It.
clave, Sp. chave, Port. χλεις, Gr.] 1. An instrument for opening a
lock. It is formed with cavities correspondent to the wards of a lock,
by which the bolt of a lock is pushed forward or backward. 2. An
instrument by which something is screwed or turned. Hide the key
of the jack. Swift. 3. [With musicians] is a certain tone, whereto
every composition, whether it be long or short, ought to be fit­
ted; and this key is said either to be flat or sharp, not in respect of its own nature, but with relation to the slat or sharp third, which is join­
ed with it. In what key shall a man take you to go in the song?
Shakespeare.

KEY [of an author or book] an explication that lets into some se­
crets in respect to persons, places, and times, &c. which don't ap­
pear without it, an explication of any thing difficult. An emblem
without a key to't. L'Estrange.

KEY [in polygraphy and stenography] is the alphabet of the writing
in cypher, which is a secret known only to the person who writes the
letter, and he to whom it is sent.

KEY of a River [kay, Teut. kaye, Du. quai, Fr.] a wharf, a place
on the side of a river for shipping off and landing goods. A key of
fire ran along the shore. Dryden.

KE’YAGE, subst. [of key] money paid for lying at the key. Ains­
worth.

KE’YHOLE, subst. [of key and hole] the perforation in the door or
lock through which the key is put.

KEY Stone [with architects] the middle stone of an arch, for bind­
ing the sweeps of the arch together. Moxon.

KEYS [of spinets, organs, &c.] little bits, by means of which the
jacks play, so as to strike the strings of the instrument; and wind is
given to the pipes of an organ, by raising and sinking the sucker of
the sound-board. The parts of a musical instrument which are struck
with the fingers.

KEYS of the Island [in the Isle of Man] are the 24 chief com­
moners, who are as it were the keepers of the liberties of the people.

KE’YNSHAM, a market-town of Somersetshire, 111 miles from
London.

KIBE, subst. kibws, C. Br. Minshew, from kerb, Ger. a cut. Skin­
ner] a chilblain, with inflammation on the heels, often occasioned by
cold. If it were a kibe, 'tw'd put me to my slipper. Shakespeare.

KI’BED, adj. [of kibe] troubled with kibes; as, kibed heels.

KI’BED Heels, [in horses] scabs breeding about the nether joint,
and overthwart the fetlock.

To KICK, verb act. [kauchen, Ger. calco, Lat.] to strike with the
foot.

To KICK, verb neut. to beat the foot in anger or contempt.

KICK, subst. [from the verb] a blow with the foot.

KI’CKER [of kick] one who strikes with his foot.

KI’CKLE, or KI’TTLE, adj. uncertain, doubtful, as when a man
knows not his own mind.

KI’CKSHAW [pŕob, of quelque chose, Fr. any thing, or something.
Yet Milton seems to have understood it otherwise, for he writes lt
kickshoe, and seems to think it used in contempt of dancing] 1. Some­
thing uncommon, fantastical, or ridiculous. Transformed into mi­
mics, apes, and kickshoes. Milton. 2. A dish so changed by the
cookery, that it can scarcely be known. A joint of mutton, and any
pretty little tiny kickshaws. Shakespeare. 3. Tarts, cheese-cakes, or
such like piddling things.

KI’CKSY-WICKSEY, subst. [from kick and wince] a made word, in
ridicule and disdain of a wife. Hanmer. Hugs his kicksy-wicksey here
at home. Shakespeare.


KID

KID [kud, Dan. kid, Su. geyte, Du. hœdus, Lat. of ירנ, Heb.]
1. A young goat. He would snap one of the kids. Wotton. 2. [From
cidwlen, Wel. a faggot] a bundle of heath or furze. 3. [From kind,
Du. a child] a young person trepanned by a kidnapper.

To KID, verb neut. [from the subst.] to bring forth kids.

To KI’DNAP, verb act. [from kind, Du. a child, and nap] to steal
children, to steal human beings.

KI’DNAPPER [of kidnap] a trepanner of children and young per­
sons, to sell them for the plantations, one who steals human beings.
These people lie in wait for our children, and may be considered as
a kind of kidnappers within the law. Spectator.

KI’DNEY [some derive it of cennan, Sax. to beget. Etymology un­
known. Johnson] parts of animal bodies, in which the urine is per­
colated. These are two in number, one on each side, they have the
same figure as kidneybeans; their length is four or five fingers, their
breadth three, and their thickness two: the right is under the liver,







and the left under the spleen. The use of the kidneys is to separate
the urine from the blood, which by the motion of the heart and ar­
teries, is thrust into the emulgent branches which carry it to the little
glands, by which the serosity being separated, is received by the ori­
fice of the little tubes, which go from the glands to the pelvis, and
from thence it runs by the ureters into the bladder. Quincy. 2. Kind
or race. A man of my kidney. Shakespeare.

KIDNEY-BEAN [so named from its shape] a pulse, more common­
ly called French-beans. It hath a papilionaceous flower, the pointal
becomes a long pod, inclosing several seeds, which are shaped almost
like a kidney. Miller.

KIDNEY-VETCH, an herb.

KILDA’RE, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster,
bounded by East-Meath, on the north; by the counties of Dublin
and Wicklow, on the east; by Caterlaugh, on the south; and by
Neath and King's counties, on the west.

KI’LDERKIN [kindekin, Dan. and Du. a baby] a vessel containing
two firkins, or eighteen gallons. Make in the kilderkin a great bung­
hole. Bacon.

KI’LHARN, a market-town of the east riding of Yorkshire, 198
miles from London.

KILKE’NNY, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster,
bounded by Queen's county, on the north; by the county of Wexford,
on the east; by Waterford, on the south; and by the county of Tip­
perary, on the west. The capital city of the county is also called
Kilkenny.

To KILL, verb act. anciently to quell [cwellan, or cuellan, Sax.
kilia, Goth. to wound, kelen, Du.] 1. To deprive of life, to put to
death as an agent. There was killing of young and old. 2 Macca­
bees. 2. To destroy animals for food. Flesh that I have killed for my
shearers. 1 Samuel. 3. To deprive of life as a cause or instrument.
If they were used inwards would kill those that use them. Bacon. 4.
To deprive of vegetative, or other motion, or of any active qualities.
Such things as kill not the bough. Bacon.

KI’LLER [of kill] one that kills or deprives of life. The killer of
his only son. Sidney.

KI’LLOW, subst. [this seems a corruption of coal, and low, a flame,
as soot is thereby produced] a mineral, used in drawing lines. The
cæruleus, lapis an earth of a blackish or deep blue colour, and
doubtless had its name from kollow, by which name in the north, the
smut or grime on the backs of chimneys is called. Woodward.

KILN, or KILL, [cyln, Sax.] a sort of furnace, where chalk is
burnt for lime, or for drying malt, hops, &c. Creep into the kiln­
hole. Shakespeare.

To KI’LNDRY, verb act. [of kiln and dry] to dry by means of a
kiln. The best way is to kilndry them. Mortimer.

KI’LT, for KILLED. Spenser.

KI’MBO, adj. [a schembo, It.] 1. Crooked, bent, arched. The
kimbo handles. Dryden. 2. Adverbially. Forced to sit with his arms a­
kimbo. Arbuthnot.

KIMBO’LTON, a market-town of Huntingdonshire, 62 miles from
London.


KIN

KIN, subst. [cynne, Sax.] 1. Relation either of consanguinity or
affinity. 2. Relatives, those who are of the same race. 3. A rela­
tion, one related. Naming her kin to God, and God's bright ray.
Davies. 4. The same generical class, though perhaps not the same
species; thing related. Of kin to that of other alcalizate salts. Boyle.
5. A diminutive termination, from kind, Du. Ger. and Teut. a child;
as, mannikin, minikin.

KIN, Du. [chen, or gen, Ger.] a diminutive termination, which
being added to words, lessens the signification of them; as lambkin,
a little lamb; manikin, a little man, &c.

KIND, adj. [from cynne, Sax. relation] 1. Filled with general good­
will, benevolent. Like kind-hearted men. South. 2. Favourable,
beneficent. He is kind to the unthankful. St. Luke.

KIND, subst. [cynne, cyn, or cynd, Sax. kyn, Goth.] 1. Race, ge­
nerical class. Kind, in teutonic English, answers to genus, and sort to
species; though this distinction, in popular language, is not always
observed. Of what nature and force laws are according to their
kinds. Hooker. 2. Particular nature. Most perfect in their kind.
Baker. 3. Natural state. To take them in kind, or compound for
them. Bacon. 4. Nature, natural determination. Led by kind Vad­
nine, your fellow creature. Dryden. 5. Manner, way. Many will
rather venture in that kind, than take five in the hundred. Bacon. 6.
Sort. It has a slight and unimportant sense. Asked in a kind of scorn.
Bacon.

KI’NDER, a company of cats.

To KI’NDLE, verb neut. [cinnu, Wel. cyndelan, Sax.] 1. To catch
fire. Neither shall theflame kindle upon thee. Isaiah, 2. [From cennan,
Sax. to bring forth] spoken of rabbets, &c. to bring forth young.
The coney that you see dwells where she is kindled. Shakespeare.

To KI’NDLE, verb act. [cyndelan, Sax. tünden, L. Ger. zünden,
H. Ger.] 1. To light, to cause to burn as fire, to set on fire. 2. To
inflame the passions, to exasperate, to animate.

KI’NDLER [of kindle] one who kindles, lights, or enflames.

KI’NDLY, adv. [of kind] benevolently, favourably, with good
will.

KI’NDLY, adj. [prob. from kind, the substantive] 1. Congeneal,
kindred, of the same nature, homogeneal. Kindly juice. Hammond.
2. The foregoing sense seems to have been originally implied by this
word; but following writers, inattentive to its etymology, confound­
ed it with kind. 3. Mild, softening. And scatter'st where thou
goest the kindly seeds of love. Dryden.

KI’NDNESS [of kind] benevolence, friendly disposition, favour,
love.

KI’NDRED [from kin; of cynrene, Sax.] 1. Those of the same
descent or blood, relatives. The queen's kindred. Shakespeare. 2.
Relation by birth or marriage, cognation, affinity. Like her of
equal kindred to the throne. Dryden. 3. Relation, sort. The stirrups
of no kindred.

KINE, subst. [the plural of cow] to milk the kine. B. Johnsoa.
See Cow.

KI’NETON, a market-town of Warwickshire, 89 miles from
London.

KING [Kong, Dan. konig, Du. konung, Su. kônig, Ger. and Teut.
cyng, cynig, or cyning, Sax. of kennen, Teut. to know, on account
of the great knowledge and prudence wherewith such persons ought
to be endued; or of können, to can, to be able, or to have power,
because of their power over the people; a contraction of the Teuto­
nic word cuning or cyning, the name of sovereign dignity. In the
primitive tongue, it signifies stout or valiant, the kings of most na­
tions being, in the beginning, chosen by the people, on account of
their valour and strength. Verstegan] 1. A chief ruler of a kingdom,
a monarch. 2. It is taken by Bacon in the feminine, as prince also
is. Ferdinand and Isabella kings of Spain. Bacon. 3. A card, with
the picture of a king.

To KING, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To supply with a king.
England is so idly king'd. Shakespeare. 2. To make royal, to raise
to royalty. Then am I king'd again. Shakespeare.

KING Apple, a kind of apple. The king-apple is preferred before
the jenneting. Mortimer.

KINGS at Arms, or of Heralds, officers of great antiquity, and an­
tiently of great authority; they direct the heralds, preside at their
chapters, and have the jurisdiction of armory. There are three in
number, Garter, Norroy, and Clarencieux, of whom Garter is the prin­
cipal officer at arms, and has the pre-eminence over the society.

KING's-Bench, a court of judgment seat, so called in regard the
king is supposed to sit in person, as judge of the court, and may do
whensoever he pleases, as kings antiently have done. This court is
more especially exercised about criminal matters and pleas of the
crown. The lord chief justice of England is president of it.

KING'S-COUNTY, a county of Ireland, in the province of Lein­
ster, bounded by Westmeath, on the north; by the county of Kil­
dare, on the east; by Queen's county and Tipperary, on the south,
and by the river Shannon, which separates it from Galloway, on the
west.

KI’NG-CRAFT, subst. [of king and craft] the act of governing; a
word commonly used by king James.

KING-CUP, subst. [of king and cup] a flower very common in the
meadows.

KI’NGDOM [from king; cyngdom, Sax.] the dominion of a king,
the territories subject to a monarch.

KINGDOM [with chemists and naturalists] 1. A class, as the three
orders of natural bodies are, animal, vegetable, and mineral. The
animal and vegetable kingdoms. Locke. 2. A region, a tract. The
watry kingdom is no bar. Shakespeare.

KING'S Evil, a scrophulous disease, in which the glands are ulce­
rated, the gift of curing which has been commonly attributed to the
kings and queens of England, ever since the time of Edward the
Confessor.

KING'S Fisher, a bird so called, because it seeds on fish, and has
blue feathers resembling a king's purple robe.

KING-GELD, escuage or royal aid.

KI’NGLIKE, or KI’NGLY, adj. [from king] 1. Pertaining to a
king. With thy kingly hand. Shakespeare. 2. Royal, monarchical,
sovereign. A kingly government. Swift. 3. Noble, august. Such
a kingly entertainment, such a kingly magnificence, such a kingly
heart for enterprize. Sidney.

KI’NGLY, adv. [of king] with an air of royalty, with superior
dignity. Low bow'd the rest, he kingly did but nod. Pope.

KING Piece [in architecture] a piece of timber standing upright in
the middle, between two rafters.
KI’NGS have long hands.
For their power and authority reach through their whole domini­
ons. The Lat. say : An nescis longas regibus esse manus. The Ger.
Say: Mit greffen herren ist nicht gut hirschen essen. (It is not good to
eat cherries with great men.) Because they may chance to throw
the stones in your eyes.

KI’NGSBRIDGE, a market-town of Devonshire, 201 miles from
London.

KI’NGSCLERE, a market-town of Hampshire, 52 miles from Lon­
don. It was once the seat of the Saxon kings, whence its name.

KI’NGSHIP, subst. [of king] royalty, monarchy.

Clerk of the KING'S Silver, an officer of the court of Common-
Pleas, to whom every fine is brought after it has been with the custos
brevium.

KING'S Spear, an herb, the flower of which is supposed to be
good against the poison of asps.

KI’NGSTON, a large port-town of the island of Jamaica, in A­
merica.

KINGSTON upon Thames, a market-town of Surry, 12 miles from
London. It has its name from being formerly the residence of the
Saxon kings.

KI’NGTON, or KE’YNETON, a market-town of Herefordshire, on
the river Arrow, 146 miles from London.

KI’NGSTONE, subst. a fish. Ainsworth.

KING'S Widow, a widow of the king's tenant in chief, who to
keep the land after her husband's decease, was obliged to make oath
in chancery, that she would not marry without the king's leave.

KI’NSFOLK, sub. [of kin and folk] those who are of the same fa­
mily, relations. My kinsfolk have failed. Job.

KI’NSMAN [of kin, from kind, Teut. or cynne and man, Sax.] a
man of the same race or family, a male-cousin. Chosen out of their
nearest kinsmen. Spenser.

KI’NSWOMAN [of kin and woman; cynne and wiman, Sax.] a she
cousin, a female relation.

KI’NTAL [quintal, Fr.] a weight of one hundred pounds more or
less, according to the different customs of nations.

KI’NVER, a market-town of Staffordshire, 109 miles from Lon­
don.

KIPE, a basket of osiers broad at bottom, and brought narrower to
the top, for taking of fish.

KI’PPER Time, a space of time between the 3d of May and the
12th day, during which, salmon fishing in the river Thames is for­
bidden.


KIR

KI’RAT, a weight of three grains.

KIRK [circe, or cyrc, Sax. kirk, Du. kirch, Ger. kyrkia, Su.]







χυριαχη, Gr.] an old word for a church; it is yet retained in Scotland;
as, the kirk of Scotland.

KIRK Mote, a meeting of parishioners upon church affairs.

KIRK Sessions, the name of a petty, ecclesiastical sessions in Scot­
land. It is the lowest judicature in the kirk, and consists of the el­
ders of a parish, and their minister, who prefides over them. Mat­
ters of scandal amongst the parishioners, particularly fornication, are
the chief matters that come before them.

KI’RKBY-LONSDALE, a market-town of Westmorland, 232 miles
from London.

KIRKBY-MORESIDE, a market-town of the north riding of York­
shire, 198 miles from London.

KIRKBY-STEPHEN, a market-town of Westmorland, on the river
Eden, 223 miles from London.

KI’RKHAM, a market-town of Lancashire, 191 miles from London.

KI’RK-OSWALD, a market town of Cumberland, on the rive E­
den, 248 miles from London.

KI’RTLE [cyrtel, of cyrt, Sax. kort, Du. and L. Ger. and kurtz,
H. Ger. short] a sort of short jacket, an upper garment, a gown.
Thy cap, thy kirtle, and thy posies. Raleigh.

KIRTLE of Flax, a bunch containing 22 heads, in weight about an
100 pounds.

KI’RTON, a market-town of Lincolnshire, 136 miles from Lon­
don.

KISS [cosse, Sax. kys, Dan. Kyfe, Su. kus, Du. kufz, Ger.] a
loving or friendly salute by joining lips.

To KISS, verb act. [kyssan, cyssan, or cyssian, Sax. kysse, Dan.
kussen, Du. cusan, Wel. küssen, Ger. χυσαι, Gr.] 1. To salute or touch
with the lips. 2. To treat with fondness. The hearts of princes
kiss obedience. Shakespeare. 3. To touch gently. When the sweet
wind did gently kiss the trees. Shakespeare.
If you can KISS the miuresa, never KISS the maid.
To which, however, some add, unless the maid be handsomer or
younger; this proverb is best answered by another, Fancy surpasses
beauty, and, indeed, every other quality and qualification of the fe­
male sex.

KI’SSER [of kiss] one that kisses.

KI’SSING, subst. [from kiss] saluting, by joining the lips.
KISSING goes by favour.
And what does not? This proverb is a reflection upon partiality,
where particular marks of kindness and bounty are bestowed on per­
sons who are favourites, whether they deserve it or no, when persons
more meritorious are neglected. But thus it will be, where persons are
led more by humour than judgment; so say the Romans, Trahet sua
quemque voluptas; and the Greeks, Ου παντος ανδρος εις χορινθον εσθ, ο
πλους.

KI’SSING-CRUST, subst. [of kissing and crust] a crust formed, where
one loaf in the oven touches another.

KIT. 1. An abbreviation of Christopher. 2. [kitte, Du.] a large
bottle. 3. A small wooden vessel, or a small tub with a cover, in
which Newcastle salmon is sent up to town. 4. A small diminutive
siddle, or a small violin for the pocket. Like a dancing master's
kit. Grew. 5. A milking pail.

KIT Keys, the fruit of the ash-tree.

KI’TCHEN [cycene, Sax. kegin, Wel. keg, Flem. cuisine, Fr. cucina,
It. kytshen, Erse, keucken, Du. küche, Ger. cioek, Su. coquina, Lat.]
the room in a house where victuals are dreft.

Clerk of the KITCHEN [in a king's house, &c.] one whose bu­
siness is to buy in provisions, &c.

KI’TCHEN-GARDEN, sub. [of kitchen and garden] a garden in which
esculent plants are produced for the kitchen.

KI’TCHEN-MAID, subst. [of kitchen and maid] a cookmaid.

KITCHEN-Stuff [from kitchen and stuff, of cycene, Sax. and etoffe,
Fr.] grease, &c. the refuse of a kitchen, or the fat of meat skum'd
off the pot, or gathered out of the dripping-pan.

KI’TCHENWENCH [of kitchen and wench] a scullion, a wench em­
ployed to clean the instruments of cookery. Roasting and boiling
leave to the kitchenwench. Swift.

KI’TCHENWORK [of kitchen and work] work done in the kitchen,
cookery.

KITE [cyta, Sax.] 1. A bird of prey, that infests the farms, and
steels the chickens. 2. A name of reproach that denotes rapacity.
Detested kite! thou liest. Shakespeare. 3. A factitious bird made of paper common among boys.

KI’TE'SFOOT, subst. a plant.

KI’TLING, or KI’TTEN [of cat and ling, dimin. katteken, Du.] a
young cat.

To KI’TTEN, verb neut. [from the subst.] to bring forth young
cats.

To KLICK, verb neut. [prob. clack, of cliquet, a mill clapper] 1.
To make a small sharp noise. 2. In Scotland it denotes to pilser or
steal away suddenly with a snatch.


KNA

To KNAB, verb act. [knaapen, Du. knaap, Erse] to bite. Per­
haps properly to bite something brittle, that makes a noise when it is
broken; so as that knab and knap may be the same. Knabbing crusts.
L'Estrange.

To KNACK, verb act. [knacken, Du. and Ger. knacka, Su.] to snap
with the fingers, to make a sharp, quick noise, as when a stick breaks

KNACK [of knawinge, Sax. knapp, Su. knowledge] 1. A little
machine, petty contrivance or knick-knack. 2. A readiness, a
lucky dexterity, a particular skill or facility. There is a certain knack
in the art of conversation. L'Estrange. 3. A nice track.

KNA’CKER [of knack] 1. A maker of small work or toys. 2.
[restio, Lat.] a ropemaker. Ainsworth.

KNAG, or KNAP [cnæp, Sax. the top of an hill, or any thing that
stands out.

KNAG, or KNAP [cnæp, Sax. knsg, Dan. a wart] a knot in wood;
it is retained in Scotland; also a stump that grows out of the horns of
an heart, near the forehead.

KNA’GGINESS [of knaggy; cnæp and nesse, Sax.] fulness of knots,
as wood.

KNA’GGY, adj. [from knag] set with hard rough knots, full of
knags or knots.

KNAP, subst. [cnap, Wel. a protuberance, or a broken piece,
cnæp, Sax. the same] a swelling prominence, a protuberance. Many
fine seats set upon a knap of ground. Bacon.

To KNAP, verb act. [knappen, Du.] 1. To snap or break in sun­
der, to bite. He knappeth the spear in sunder. Common Prayer
Psalms. 2. [Knaap, Erse] to strike so, as to make a sharp noise like
that of breaking. Knap a pair of tongues. Bacon.

To KNAP, verb neut. to make a short sharp noise. I reduced
shoulders so soon, that the standers by heard them knap in. Wiseman.

To KNAP [a hunting term] to brouze or feed upon the tops of
leaves, shrubs, &c.

To KNA’PPLE, verb act. [of knap; knappen, Du.] to knaw off.

To KNA’PPLE, verb neut. to be broken off with a sharp quick
noise. Ainsworth.

KNA’PPY, adj. [of knap] having knots or knaps. The leaves are
neither rough nor knappy. Miller.

KNAP-Sack, [of knappen, to eat. Johnson; probably of knab, H.
Ger. and Teut. cnapa, Sax. a boy, and sack, a bag] q. d. boys bag,
in which a soldier carries his necessaries upon his back in a march.

KNAP Weed [jacea, Lat.] an herb. This is one of the headed
plants, destitute of spines; the cup is squamose, the borders of the
leaves are equal, being neither serrated nor indented; the florets round
the border of the head is barren; but those placed in the center are
succeeded each by one seed, having a down adhering to it. There
are fifty species of this plant, thirteen of which grow wild in England,
and the rest are exotics. Miller.

KNARE, subst. [knor, Ger.] a hard knot. Woods with knots and
knares deform'd and old. Dryden.

KNAVE [cnapa, or cnafe, Sax. knab, Teut. and Ger. a boy] 1. A
male child; and so the meaning of it was originally in English. 2.
A servant; both these senses are obsolete. 3. A petty rascal, a scoun­
drel, a dishonest, tricking fellow. Crafty knaves. L'Estrange. 4. A
card, with a soldier painted on it.

KNAVE Child [cnapa cild, Sax.] a male-child; afterwards it was
used to signify a servant boy, and afterwards a serving man: now
used to signify a fraudulent person in dealing.

KNA’VERY [of knave] 1. In antient times, had no worse sense than
a servile state or condition, scyld-cnapa, Sax. shield bearer; but now
it is generally used in an opprobrious sense, for craft, deceit, cheat­
ing, fraud, petty villainy, tricks. 2. Mischievous tricks or prac­
tices. In a passage of Shakespeare it seems a general term for any thing
put to an ill use, or perhaps for trifling things of more cost than use.
When KNAVES fall out, honest men come by their right.
Fr. Les larrons s' entrebattent, les larcins se decouvrent. (When
rogues fall out theft is discover'd.) The meaning of this proverb is
too obvious to need any illustration; and it is very often verified;
tho' oftner in the sense of the French, than of our proverb.

KNA’VESBOROUGH, a borough town in the north riding of York­
shire, on the river Nid, 175 miles from London. It sends two mem­
bers to parliament.

KNA’VISH. 1. Deceitful, fraudulent, dishonest, wicked. It is fool­
ish to conceal it at all, and knavish to do it from friends. Pope. 2.
Waggish, mischievous.
A KNAVISH wit, a KNAVISH will.
Lat. Mala mens, malus animas. Ter. in Adr.
Fr. C'est un méchant, esprit qui a les inclinations maudites.

KNA’VISHLY, adv. [of knavish] 1. Dishonestly, fraudulently. 2.
Waggishly, mischievously, deceitfully, fraudulently.

KNA’VISHNESS, verb act. [of knavish] 1. Dishonesty, fraudulent­
ness, &c. 2. Waggishness.


KNE

To KNEAD verb act. [cnædan, or cnedan, Sax. knava, Su. kneven,
Du. knâten, Ger.] to treat or mingle any substance together. It is sel­
dom applied in popular language, but to work meal mixed with
water and yeast into dough. Pronetheus, in the kneading up of the
heart, seasoned it with some furious particles of the lion. Addison.

KNEA’DING-TROUGH [of knead and trough] a trough in which the
paste of bread is worked together.

KNECK [with sailors] the twisting of a rope or cable as it is veer­
ing out.

KNEE [knie, Du. Ger. and Teut. cneo, or cneow, Sax. knæ, knae,
Su. Dan.] 1. That part that joins the leg and thigh together. Seven
thousand who have not bowed the knee to Baal. Kings. 2. A knee is
a piece of timber growing crooked, and so cut, that the trunk and
branch make an angle. Moxon.

To KNEE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To supplicate by kneel­
ing. To knee his throne, and squirelike pension beg. Shakespeare.
2. To fasten with a knee, as shipwrights do the sides of ships,
boats, &c.

KNEED, adj. [from knee] 1. Having knees. 2. Having joints.

KNE’EDEEP, adj. [of knee and deep] 1. Rising to the knees. 2.
Sunk to the knees.

KNEE Grass, an herb.

KNEE Holm, a shrub; also an herb. Ainsworth.

KNE’EPAN, subst. [of knee and pan] a little round bone about
two inches broad, pretty thick, a little convex on both sides, and co­
vered with a smooth cartilage on its foreside. It is soft in children,
but very hard in those of riper years. It is called patella or mola;
over it passes the tendon of the muscles, which extend the leg, to
which it serves as a pully. Quincy.

KNEE Timber [with shipwrights] timber proper for making the
knees of a ship. Like to knee timber that is good for ships, that are
to be tossed. Bacon.

To KNEEL, verb neut. [from knee; knielen, Du. cneowian, Sax.
knien, Ger.] to bear one's self upon the knees, to bend the knees, to
perform the act of genuflection.

KNEE’LING, a sort of small cod-fish of which stock-fish is made;
called also menwell or melwell.

KNEES [in botany] those parts in some plants, which resemble
the knees and joints in animals.

KNEES of a Ship, are pieces of timber, bowed like a knee, which
bind the beams and futtocks together.

KNEE-TRIBUTE [of knee and tribute] worship or obeisance shewn
by kneeling, genuflection. Knee-tribute yet unpaid, prostration vile.
Milton.








KNELL, subst. [cnil, Wel. a funeral pile, of cnyllan, or cnellan,
Sax. to knock or strike a bell] a passing-bell, anciently rung at the
departure of a person just ready to expire; but now when dead, the
sound of a bell rung at a funeral.

KNE’TTLES [with sailors] two pieces of spun yarn, put together
untwisted into a block or pully.

KNEW, pret. [of to know] See To KNOW.


KNI

KNICK-Knacks, fine things to play withal, gew-gaws; also curio­
fities valued more for fancy than real use.

KNICK-Knacketary Man, one who makes a collection of knick­
knacks or curiosities; things uncommon in nature or art, a vertuoso.
A cant phrase.

KNIFE, plur. knives [cnif, Sax. knyf, Du. and O. Ger. knif, Su.
kniff, Dan.] a cutting instrument for various uses, being edged and
pointed. Pain is not in the knife that cuts us. Watts.

KNIGHT [knecht, Ger. and Teut. knegt, cniht, or cnyht, Sax.
a servant: And so it originally signified in English; but from being
used for the servants or attendants of kings, in their wars, it became a
title of honour] 1. A person whom the king has singled out from the
common class of gentlemen, and dignified with the honour of knight­
hood, a man advanced to a certain degree of military honour. It
was anciently the custom to knight every man of rank or fortune, that
he might be qualified to give challenges, to fight in the lists, and to
perform feats of arms. In England knighthood confers the title of
Sir, as Sir Thomas, Sir Robert. When the name was not known, it
was usual to say Sir knight. 2. Among us, the order of gentlemen
next to the nobility, except the baronets. 3. A champion. To help
their knight against their king. Denham. In ancient times there were
six particulars required in him that was to be made a knight. 1. That
he was no trader. 2. That besides other things he was not of servile
condition. 3. That he should take an oath that he would not refuse
to die for the sake of the gospel and his country. 4. His sword was
to be girt on by some nobleman. 5. That he should have the badge
of knighthood put upon him. And, 6thly, That he should be enrol­
led in the king's books. It was also required, that knights should be
brave, undaunted, expert, provident and well behaved. Christian
kings appointed many religious ceremonies to be observed at the crea­
tion of knights, and none were admitted to the order of knights, but
such as had merited the honour by some commendable and extraordi­
nary exploits. They were antiently distinguished by a belt, a target,
a sword, or some material token. But now the honour being grown
cheap, these ceremonies have been laid aside, and there goes nothing
now to the making a knight in England, but the king's touching him
with a sword as he kneels, and saying, Rise up Sir R. N.

KNIGHTS Bannerets, the ceremony of their creation is thus: The
king, or his general, at the head of his army, drawn up in order of
battle after a victory, under the royal standard display'd, attended by
all the officers and the nobility of the court, receives the knight, led
by two knights of note or other men renowned in arms, carrying his
pennon or guidon of arms in his hand, being preceeded by the heralds,
who proclaim his valiant atchievements, for which he has merited to
be made a knight banneret, and to display his banner in the field;
then the king or the general says, Advances thy banneret, and causes
the point of his pennon to be rent off, and the new knight is sent back
to his tent, the trumpets sounding before him, and the nobility and
officers attending him, where they are nobly entertained. This order
is certainly most honourable, because never conferr'd but upon the
performance of some heroic action in the field; whereas all other or­
ders are bestowed by favour or other meaner motives. But there have
been none of these knights made for many years past, excepting those
made after the battle of Dettingen,

KNIGHTS Baronets, is a modern degree of honour, and next to a
baron: they have precedency before all knights, except those of the
garter, bannerets and privy counsellors, and the honour is hereditary
in the male line. This order was first instituted in the year 1611 by
king James I. They are created by patent, the proem whereof figni­
fies, that it is for propagating a plantation in the province of Ulster in
Ireland, for which purpose each of them was to maintain thirty sol­
diers in Ireland for three years, allowing each soldier 8d. per diem, the
whole sum of which was paid into the exchequer upon passing the pa­
tent. They are to bear in a canton, or in an escutcheon, the arms of
Ulster, viz. a field argent, a sinister hand couped at the wrist gules.

KNIGHTS Batchelors [either of bas chevaliers, Fr. i. e. low knights,
or of baccalaria, a kind of fees or farm, consisting of several pieces of
ground, each of which contained twelve acres, or as much as two
oxen would plough; the possessors of which baccalaria were called
batchelors; others derive the name of bastailler, Fr. to combat or fight]
knights so called, as being the lowest order of knights, or
inferior to bannerets. They were obliged to serve the king in his
wars at their own expence, for the space of forty days. They are
now called equites aurati in Latin; equites, i. e. horsemen, because
they were to serve on horseback; and aurati, golden or gilded, be­
cause they had gilt spurs given them at their creation. This dignity
was at first confined to military men, but afterwards it was conferred
on men of the robe. It was an ancient ceremony at the creation, to
honour the knights with the girdle of knighthood; which he who re­
ceived was to go to church and solemnly to offer his sword upon the
altar, and to vow himself to the service of God. In process of time,
besides the girdle and sword, gilt spurs were added for the greater or­
nament.

KNIGHTS of the Bath, this order of knighthood is of no less anti­
quity than the times of our Saxon ancestors, and tho' the original of
it cannot be exactly determined, yet it appears that Geoffrey of An­
jou, before his marriage to Maud the empress, daughter to our king
Henry I. was thus made a knight at Rome, An. 1227, tho' Cambden
and others write that it was instituted by Richard II. and Henry IV.
an. 1339, upon this occasion: King Henry being in the bath, and
being informed by some knight that two widows were come to de­
mand justice of him, he immediately leaped out of the bath, saying,
He ought to prefer doing justice to his subjects before the pleasure of the
bath; and thereupon created knights of the bath. Some say these
knights were made within the lists of the bath, and that king Ri­
chard ordain'd that there should be no more than four of them; but
King Henry IV. encreased them to forty-six; their motto was Tres in
uno, Lat. i. e. three in one, signifying the three theological virtues.

KNIGHT Errant [chevalier errant, Fr.] a pretended order of knights
mentioned in romances. A sort of heroes who travelled the world in
search of adventures, redressing wrongs, rescuing damsels, and taking
all opportunities of signalizing their prowess. Like a bold knight er­
rant did proclaim combat to all, and bore away the dame. Denham.

KNIGHT Errantry [from knight errant] the character or manners
of wandering knights.

KNIGHTS Fee [ancient law term] signifying so much inheritance
as was sufficient to maintain a knight and a suitable retinue; which
in Henry III. time was reckoned at 15l. per an. others say 40.
All who had 20l. a year in fee or for term of life, might be com­
pelled to be knights.

KNIGHT Marshal, an officer of the king's house, having jurisdic­
tion and cognizance of any transgression within the king's house and
verge; as also of contracts made there, when one of the king's house
is a party.

KNIGHT of the Post, a person who for hire will swear before a ma­
gistrate or in a court of judicature, whatsoever you would have him,
a hireling evidence. There are knights of the post and booby cheats
enough, to swear the truth of the broadest contradictions. South.

KNIGHTS [in a ship] are two pieces of timber, to each of which go
4 shivers, 3 for the halliards and one for the top ropes, they are usually
in the figure of some head.

KNIGHTS of the Shire, the representatives of a county, of which
there are two knights or gentlemen of worth, chosen to serve in
parliament by the king's writ in pleno comitatu, by such of the freehol­
ders as can expend 40s. a year; he formerly was a military knight,
but now any man having an estate in land of six hundred pounds a
year, is qualified.

KNIGHTS Service, a tenure whereby several lands in this nation
were anciently held of the king, which drew after it homage, escuage,
wardship, marriage, &c.

KNIGHTS Spur, an herb.

To KNIGHT, verb act. [from the subst.] to create one a knight.

KNI’GHTEN Court, a court baron or honour court, held twice a
year by the bishop of Hereford, at his palace, where the lords of the
manors and their tenants, holding by knights service of the honour
of that bishoprick, are suitors.

KNIGHTEN Guild, an ancient gild or society consisting of 13 knights,
founded by king Edgar, and he gave them a portion of ground lying
without the city, now called Port-soken ward.

KNI’GHTHOOD [cniht-hade, Sax. knechtheir, Ger. a state of ser­
vitude] the dignity or character of being a knight. You'll gain at
least a knighthood. Pope.

KNI’GHTLY, adj. [of knight] befitting or beseeming a knight. A
more knightly combat shall be performed. Sidney.

KNI’GHTLESS, adj. [of knight] unbecoming a knight. Obsolete.
Spenser.

To KNIT, irr. verb act. knit or knited, pret. and part. pass. [cnitt,
Sax. geknütt, L. Ger. have knit. cnyttan, cnytten, or cnyttan, Sax.
knyta, Su. knitten, Du. knütten, L. Ger.] 1. To make or unite by
texture without a loom. 2. To tie. 3. To join, to unite. Mine heart
shall be knit unto you. 1 Chronicles. 4. To contract. What are the
thoughts that knit thy brow in frowns. Addison. 5. To tie up. A
great sheet knit at the four corners, Acts.

To KNIT, verb neut. 1. To weave without a loom. A young
shepherdess knitting and singing. Sidney. 2. To join, to close, to be
united.
Our sever'd navy too
Have knit again. Shakespeare.

KNIT, subst. [from the verb] texture. Their garters of an indif­
ferent knit. Shakespeare.

KNI’TTER [of knit] one who knits or weaves.

KNI’TTING-NEEDLE [of knit and needle] a wire which is used in
knitting.

KNI’TTLE, subst. [of knit] a string that gathers a purse round.
Ainsworth.


KNO

KNOB [cnœp, Sax. knoppe, Dan. and Su. knoop, Du. and L. Ger.
knopf, H. Ger. a button] a rising, &c. upon a tree, an extuberance
or bunching, a blunt rising out on any thing.

KNO’BBED, adj. [of knob] set with knobs, having protuberances.

KNO’BBINESS [of knobby] the quality of having knobs.

KNO’BBY, adj. [of knob] full of, or having knobs, hard, stubborn.
A knobby kind of obstinacy. Howel.

KNOCK, subst. [from the verb] 1. A sudden stroke, a blow. 2.
A loud stroke at a door for admission.

To KNOCK, verb neut. [cnoce, Sax. a blow, of enoccio, Brit. cnu­
cian, Sax.] 1. To beat, as at a door for admission. 2. To clash, to
be driven suddenly together, to hit or strike upon, any hard body
thrust forwards by another body contiguous. 3. To knock under; a
common expression, that denotes when a man yields or submits.

To KNOCK, verb act. 1. To affect or change in any respect by blows.
He that has his chains knocked off. Locke. 2. To dash together with
a sharp noise. On the hard earth the Lycian knock'd his head. Dry­
den. 3. To knock down; to fell by a blow. He began to knock down
his fellow citizens. Addison. 4. To knock on the head; to kill by a
blow, to destroy. Knock'd on tbe head by a tree. South.

KNO’CKER [of knock] 1. He that knocks. 2. The hammer affixed
to the door in order to strike for admission.

To KNOLL, verb act. [from knell] to ring the bell, generally for a
funeral. His knell is knoll'd. Shakespeare.

KNOLL, subst. a little hill. Ainsworth. In the North they call it
knowl.

KNOP [a corruption of knap; cnæp, Sax. knoppe, Dan. and Du.
knopf, Ger.] a knob, also any tufty top. Ainsworth.

KNOPH, a divinity of the Egyptians, whom they represented as a
beautiful man with feathers upon his head, a girdle, and a scepter in
his hand; and an egg proceeding out of his mouth; the egg was the
hieroglyphic of the world; the shell signified the heavens, that shut in
all visible things on every side; the white, the air and water, and the
yolk the earth, that contains in it a secret virtue, that causeth it to







produce living creatures by the assistance of a natural heat: the egg
proceeding out of the mouth, bespeaks the image and representation
of the creator of the universe.

KNOT [cnutta or cuotta, of cnyttan, Sax. knut, Su. knot, Ger.
knutte, Du. knotte, Erse] 1. Complication of a line, string, &c. not
easily disentangled. 2. Any figure of which the lines frequently intersect
each other. Garden knots. Bacon. 3. Any bond of union or asso­
ciation. Nuptual knot. Shakespeare. 4. A hard part in a piece of
wood, caused by the protuberance of a bough, and consequently by a
transverse direction of the fibres; a joint in a plant. 5. A confede­
racy, an association, a small band. A knot of his admirers. Addison.
6. Difficulty, intricacy. Perplexed with knots and problems of busi­
ness. South. 7. Any intrigue, or difficult intricacy of affairs. The
knot of the play untied. Dryden.. 8. A cluster, a collection. A
meeting or knot of a number of small stars. Bacon.

To KNOT, verb act. [knutten, L. Ger. knoten, Ger.] 1. To tye in
knots, to complicate or involve in knots. Here's a queen, when she
rides abroad is always knotting threads. Sidney. 2. To perplex, to
entangle. 3. To unite.

To KNOT, verb neut. 1. To form buds, knots, or joints in vege­
tables. 2. To knit knots for fringes.

KNO’TBERRYBUSH, subst. a plant. Ainsworth.

KNO’TTED, adj. [of knot] full of knots.

KNOTS [so called from king Canutus, who esteemed them very
highly] a kind of delicious small birds, well known in some parts of
England.

KNOTS [with physicians] tuberosities formed in the joints of old
gouty people, consisting of a thick, viscous, crude, indigested pituita,
accompanied with a bilious humour, hot and acrimonious.

KNO’TTESFORD, a market town of Cheshire, near the river Mersey,
154 miles from London.

KNO’TTING, part. adj. [of knot] tying of thread, or other mate­
rials full of knots, an amusement well known to the ladies; also the
thread, &c. when so tied into knots.

KNO’TTINESS [of knotty] unevenness, fulness of knots, intricacy,
perplexedness, difficulty.

KNO’TTY, adj. [of knot] 1. Full of knots. The knotty oaks.
Shakespeare. 2. Hard, rugged. When heroes knock their knotty
heads together. Rowe. 3. Intricate, perplexed, embarrassed. A
point of great difficulty, and knotty to solve. Bacon.

To KNOW, irr. verb act. knew, or have known, cneow, Sax. irr.
pret. known. cnawen, Sax. irr. part. pass. cnawan, or cænnan, Sax.
[kianna, Su. kennen, Du. and Ger. connoitre, Fr. conoscere, It. conocer,
Sp. conhecer, Port. cognosco, Lat.] 1. To perceive with certainty,
either intuitive or discursive. 2. To be informed of, to be taught.
3. To distinguish. Giving to the whole a new name whereby to
know it from those before and after. Locke. 4. To recognise. How
he was known of them in breaking of bread. St. Luke. 5. To be no
stranger to.
Who by the art of known and feeling sorrows,
Am pregnant to good pity. Sbakespeare.
6. To converse with another sex. Adam knew Eve his wife. Genesis.
7. To see with approbation. They have set a seigniory over them­
seves, but I knew nothing of it. Hosea.

To KNOW, verb neut. 1. To understand, to have clear and certain
perception, not to be doubtful. 2. Not to be ignorant of. When
they know within themselves they speak of that they do not well
know, they would nevertheless seem to others to know of that which
they may not well speak. Bacon. 3. To be informed. Sir John
must not know of it. Shakespeare. 4. To know for; to have know­
ledge of; a colloquial expression. He might have more diseases than
he knew for. Shakespeare. 5. To know of; in Shakespeare is to take
cognizance of, to examine. Know of your youth, examine well your
blood. Shakespeare.
He KNOWS much who KNOWS how to speak; but he KNOWS more who
KNOWS how to hold his tongue.
Fr. Beaucoup scait qui scait parler, mais plus scait qui scait se taire. The
Ger. say; Schweigen und dencken mag niemand krancken. [Silence
and thought hurts no man.] The Lat. say; Tutum præmium silentii.
We have several other proverbs to inculcate the caution of not letting
our tongues run before our wits.
He who KNOWS how to want, KNOWS how to have
Ger. Wer wohl mangeln kan, der kan wohl haben. That is, by be­
ing content to deprive ourselves of some superfluities, we shall always
have it our power to supply our real wants.
KNOW when to spend and when to spare.
And be you not busy, and you need not be bare
This proverb is Scotch: we say in the same sense, to give and keep
requires art.

KNO’WABLE, adj. [of know] possible to be discovered or under­
stood. The law of nature knowable by reason. Locke.

KNO’WER [of know] one who knows, one who has skill or know­
ledge. We are pitiful knowers. Glanville.

KNO’WING, adj. [of know] 1. Skilful, well instructed, remote
from ignorance. Knowing in their profession. South. 2. Conscious,
intelligent. A knowing prudent cause. Blackmore.

KNO’WING. subst. [of know] knowledge. As suits gentlemen of
your knowing. Shakespeare.

KNO’WINGLY, adv. [of knowing] with knowledge, with skill, de­
signedly. He knowingly and willingly brought evil into the world.
More.

KNO’WINGNESS [of knowing] knowledge.

KNOWLEDGE, 1. Acquaintance with things or persons. 2. Cer­
tain perception, indubitable apprehension. 3. Learning, illumination
of the mind. Knowledge, the wing wherewith we fly to heaven. Shake­
speare. 4. Skill in any thing.
Do but say to me what I should do
That in your knowledge may by me be done. Shakespeare.
5. Cognisance, notice. Why have I found grace in thine eyes, that
thou shouldst take knowledge of me. Ruth. 6. Information, power
of knowing. I pulled off my head-piece and humbly intreated her
pardon, or knowledge why she was cruel. Sidney.

KNO’WLEDGE [according to Mr. Locke] consists in the perception
of the connection and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy of
our ideas. Thus we know that “what is of GRACE, cannot be of
DEBT;” “what is underived cannot be one and the same thing with that
which is derived,” and the like, are ideas that do not agree.

To KNOWLEDGE, verb act. to acknowledge, to avow. Now ob­
solete. Bacon.

KNOWN. See KNOW.

To KNU’BBLE [of knipler, Dan. to beat. Skinner. Or, knubble,
Teut. a knuckle] to beat with the knuckles or fist.

KNU’CKLE [knogle, Dan. knoge, Su. cnucle, Sax. knockle, Du.]
1. The external middle joint of a finger, the joints of the fingers protu­
berant when the fist is closed. With knuckles bruis'd and face besmear'd
with blood. Garth. 2. The knee joint of a calf. 3. The articula­
tion or joint of a plant.

To KNUCKLE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to submit. I suppose
from an old custom of striking the under side of the table with the
knuckles in confession of an argumental defeat.

KNU’CKLED, adj. [of knuckle] joined. It is hollow, and it is knuckled
both stalk and rook. Bacon.

KNUFF, subst. [perhaps corrupted from knave, or the same with
chuff. Johnson.] a lowt: an old word preserved in a rhyme of pre­
diction by Hayward.

KNUR, or KNURLE [knorr, Teut.] a knot in wood, a hard sub­
stance.

KO’NED, for knew. Spenser.

Kt. is used as an abbreviation for knight.

To KYD, verb neut. [corrupted, probably, from cuð, Sax.] to
know. obsolete. Spenser.

KYRIE ELEESON [χυζΙΕ ΕΛΕΕΙΣΟΝ, Gr. i. e. Lord have mercy upon us]
a form of solemn invocation used in the popish liturgy.

KYRK [of χυζιαχη, Gr.] a church. See KIRK.


KYS

KY’STUS [χυστις, Gr.] a bag or membrane in form of a bladder full
of unnatural and morbid humours.













L

L l, Roman, L l, Italic, L l, English, L l, Saxon, Λ Λ, Greek,
are the eleventh letters of the alphabet, and ל, Hebrew,
the twelfth. L, a liquid consonant which preserves always
the same sound in English. In the Saxon it was asperated,
plat, leaf; plæfdig, Lady. L, if it be the last letter of a
word of two or more syllables, it is generally single; as evil, civil,
&c. especially such as are derived from the Latin; but in words of
one syllable it is for the most part double; as fall, tell, fill, roll, bull,
except after a dipthong; as fail, feel, veal, cool; and if a consonant
be next before l, joined with a vowel at the end of a word, they must
not be parted; as bi-ble, ca-ble, affa-ble, &c. and in these it is sound­
ed feebly.

L

L, stands for libra, a pound; also for liber, a book.

L, in Latin numbers, stands for 50.

L̄, with a dash over it, denotes 50000.


LAB

LA. is used as an abbreviation for lady.

LA, interj. corrupted by an effeminate pronunciation from lo. See
LO.

LA’BANT, adj. [labans, Lat.] sliding, falling down, wavering.

LA’BDANUM, subst. a resin of the softer kind, of a strong and not un­
pleasant smell, and an aromatic but not agreeable taste. This juice
exsudates from a low spreading shrub of the cistus kind in Crete and
the neighbouring islands; and the Grecian women make balls of it
with a small admixture of ambergris by way of a perfume. It was
formerly used externally in medicine, but is now neglected. Hill.

LA’BARUM, a royal standard which the Roman emperors had borne
before them in the wars. It was a long pike or spear, with a staff go­
ing cross way at the top, from which hung down a long purple







standard or streamer, embroidered with gold, fringed on the edges,
and adorned with precious stones.

LABEFA’CTION, act of weakening, enfeebling, or causing to de­
cay.

To LA’BEFY, verb act. [labefacio, Lat.] to weaken, to impair.

LA’BEL [labellum, Lat.] 1. A small slip or scrip of writing. This la­
bel on my bosom. Shakespeare. 2. Any thing appendant to a larger
writing. On the label of lead, the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul are
impressed from the papal seal. Ayliffe. 3. A long thin brass ruler, with
a small sight at one end and a centre hole at the other, commonly used
with a tangent line on the edge of a circumferenter, to take alti­
tudes, &c.

LABEL [in law] a narrow slip of paper or parchment, affixed to a
deed or writing in order to hold the appending seal; so also any paper
annexed by way of addition or explication to any will or testament, is
called a label or codicil. Harris.

LABEL [in heraldry] is generally allowed to be the difference of
the second son, and his family, and of such dignity, that the son of an
emperor cannot bear a difference of higher esteem. And Morgan con­
jectures, that it may represent in the one label, the banner of love from
all eternity, or that of the three lambeaux, is the symbal of the three
divine virtues, Faith, Hope, and Charity, united in one being.

LA’BELS, ribbands hanging down on each side of a miter, crown or
garland of flowers.

LA’BIA, Lat. the lips of the mouth, of the womb, or a wound,
&c.

LABIA Leporina, Lat. [with surgeons] such lips as, by reason of
their ill make, will not come together.

LA’BIAL [labialis, Lat.] pertaining to the lips, as labial letters,
such as require the use of the lips in pronouncing them. The He­
brews have assigned which letters are labial. Bacon.

LA’BIATE, adj. [of labium, Lat.a lip] having lips.

LABIATE Flowers [with florists] are difform monopetalous flowers,
divided usually into two lips, as in sage, rosemary, &c. of which
some represent a monk's hood, or a sort of helmet.

LA’BIATED [in botanic writers] which has an under lip hanging
down or formed with lips, as have most of the hooded flowers; tho'
some have a lip and no hood, as germander, scordium, &c.

LABIODE’NTAL, adj. 1. Formed or pronounced by the co-operation
of the lips and teeth. 2. Sometimes in a substantive form. The la­
biodentals. Holder.

LA’BIS, Lat. [of ΛΑΜβΑΝΩ, Gr. to lay hold of] any forceps or such
like instrument.

LA’BORANT, subst. [laborans, Lat. with chemists] 1. An assistant, or
one who attends upon them, while they are about any process or ex­
periment. 2. A chemist; now obsolete in both senses.

LABORA’TION [laboratio, Lat.] the act of labouring.

LA’BORATORY, subst. [laboratoire, Fr. laboratorium, of laboro, Lat.]
a work-room or a chemist's shop, where he performs operations,
where the furnaces are built, the vessels kept, &c.

LABORATORY [with gunners] a place or work-house, where the
fire-workers and bombardiers prepare their stores; as, driving fuzees,
fixing shells, making quick-match, fixing carcasses, and all other fire­
works belonging to war, &c.

LABORATORY Tent [in an army] a large tent, carried along with
the artillery into the field, furnished with all sorts of tools and mate­
rials for the fire-workers, for the uses above mentioned.

LABORI’FEROUS [laborifer, Lat.] 1. Bearing or enduring labour.
2. Bringing or causing labour.

LABO’RIOUS [laborieux, Fr. laborioso, It. and Sp. of laboriosus, Lat.]
1. Pains-taking, diligent in work, assiduous. 2. Requiring much
labour, tiresome, not easy.

LABO’RIOUSLY, adv. [of laborious] with toil, in a laborious man­
ner.

LABO’RIOUSNESS [of laborious] 1. Toilsomeness, difficulty. 2.
Diligence, assiduity, pains-taking.

To LA’BOUR, verb neut. [lavorare, It. laboro, Lat.] 1. To do
work, to take pains. 2. To endeavour earnestly, to act with painful
effort, to toil. 3. To move with difficulty. The stone that labours
up the hill. Granville. 4. To be diseased [morbo laborare, Lat.]
Another who in child-bed laboured of an ulcer. Wisemam. 5. To be
in distress, to be pressed. Afflictions you now labour under. Wake.
6. To be in child-birth, to be in travail of bringing forth.

To LABOUR, verb act. 1. To work at, to move any thing with dif­
ficulty, to form with labour, to prosecute with effect. 2. To beat,
to belabour.

To LABOUR [a sea phrase] is said of a ship when she rolls, tum­
bles, and is very unsteady, either a hull or under sail.

LA’BOUR [labeur, O. Fr. labor, Sp. and Lat.] 1. The act of doing
that which requires painful effort or tiresome perseverance, pains,
work, toil, drudgery, difficulty. 2. Travel, child-birth. 3. Work
to be done. A labour of so great difficulty. Hooker. 4. Exercise,
motion somewhat violent.
I have my LABOUR for my pains.
The Fr. say; J'ai l'aller pour le venir. (I have my going for my
coming.) That is, I have done it for nothing.

LA’BOURER [laboureur, Fr.] 1. One who does coarse and toilsome
work. 2. One who takes pains in any employment. Sir, I am a
true labourer, I earn that I eat. Shakespeare.

LA’BOURSOME [laboriosus, Lat.] laborious, toilsome, made with
great labour and diligence. Your laboursome and dainty trims. Shake­
speare.

LA’BRA, subst. Sp. a lip. Hanmer. Word of denial in thy labras
here. Shakespeare.

LA’BRING, adj. [contracted from labouring; of labour] essaying,
striving with effort at any thing, labouring. Milton.

LA’BYRINTH, subst. [labyrinthe, Fr. laberinto, It. and Sp. labyrin­
thus, Lat. ΛΑβυρΙΝΘΟΣ, Gr.] a maze, a place formed with inextricable
windings and meanders.

LABYRINTH of Egypt, built by Psamniticus, on the banks of the
river Nile, situate on the south of the pyramids, and north of Arsinoe:
It contained within the compass of one continued wall, 1000 houses,
and 12 royal palaces, all covered with marble; and had only one en­
trance; but innumerable turnings and returnings, sometimes one over
another; and all in a manner scarce to be found, but by such as were
acquainted with them. The main entrance of all was white marble,
adorned with stately columns, and curious imagery. Being arrived
at the end, a pair of stairs of 90 steps, conducted to a stately portico,
supported with pillars of Theban stone, which was the entrance into
a stately and spacious hall (the place of their general conventions) all
of polished marble, adorned with the statues of their gods. This la­
byrinth was accounted one of the seven wonders of the world. This
work was afterwards imitated by Dædalus, in the Cretan labyrinth,
tho' it fell as short of the glories of this, as Minos was inferior to
Psamniticus in power and riches. There was also a third at Lemnos,
famous for its sumptuous pillars; and a fourth, that of Italy, which
Porsenna, king of Hetruria, designed for a sepulchre for him and his
successors. There was also one at Woostock in Oxfordshire, made by
king Henry II. for fair Rosamond.

LABYRINTH [in a figurative sense] is used to signify any kind of in­
tanglement or intricate business.

LABYRINTH [with anatomists] the name of the second cavity of the
internal ear, which is hollowed out of the os petrosum, and so called
on account of its having several windings in it. The tender labyrinth
of a maid's soft ear. Donne. See BOERHAV. Oeconom. Tabulis Æris
Illustrat.


LAC

LAC, is usually distinguished by the name of a gum, but improperly,
because it is inflammable and not soluble in water. We have three
sorts of it, which are all the product of the same tree. 1. The stick
lac. 2. The seed lac. 3. The shell lac. Authors leave us uncer­
tain whether this drug belongs to the animal or the vegetable kingdom.
Hill.

LAC Lunæ, Lat. [in chemistry] a kind of white earth, which being
dissolved in water, will tinge it of a milky colour, or a fat, porous,
friable earth, insipid, but dissolvable in water.

LAC Sulphuris, Lat. [with chemists] a white liquor, made of brim­
stone dissolved and distilled in vinegar.

LA’CCA. See LAC.

LACE [lacet, Fr. laqueus, Lat.] 1. A line, string, or cord, of silk,
thread, &c. 2. An edging of fine white thread wrought in figures,
for womens head clothes, &c. 3. Textures of thread with gold and
silver. 4. A snare, a gin, a trap. The king had snared been in
love's strong lace. Fairfax. 5. A plaited string of thread or silk, with
which women fasten their clothes. 6. Sugar. A cant word. He
drinks his coffee without lace. Prior.

To LACE, verb act. [lacer, Fr.] 1. To brace, to tye, fasten or join
with a lace or string run thro' oilet holes. 2. To adorn with lace, or
textures of gold and silver sewed on. 3. To embellish with variega­
tions. 4. To beat, whether from the form which L'Estrange uses, or
by a corruption of the lash. I'll lace your coat for you. L’Estrange.

LA’CED Mutton, an old word for a whore. Shakespeare.

LA’CEMAN [of lace and man] one who deals in lace.

LACE’DEMON, now MI’SITRA, a city of European Turkey, in the
peninsula of the Morea, the ancient Peloponnesus, on the river Euco­
lus. Lat. 36° 45′ N. Long. 23° E.

LA’CERABLE [lacerabilis, Lat.] that may be rent or torn. Their
thin and lacerable composure. Harvey.

To LA’CERATE, verb act. [lacerer, Fr. lacerare, It. and Lat.] to
rent or tear in pieces, to separate by violence. My sons lacerate and
rip up viper-like the womb that brought them forth. Howel.

LACERA’TION, Fr. [lacerazione, It. of laceratio, Lat.] the act of
tearing or rending in pieces, the breach made by tearing. Arbuthnot.

LA’CERATIVE, adj. [of lacerate] tearing, having the power to
tear. The continual afflux of lacerative humours. Harvey.

LACE’RTUS, Lat. [with anatomists] 1. The arm from the elbow
to the wrist. 2. The bastard mackarel spotted like a lizard. 3. A
lizard.

LA’CHESIS [of ΛΑχΕΙΝ, from ΛΑΓχΑΝΩ, Gr. to apportion or to obtain
by lot] one of the three destinies, the others being Clotho and Atropos.
The three fatal goddesses, who (according to the poets) reside in the
palace of Pluto; or the destinies, who appointed to every one the
several adventures of his life; what they had decreed, according to
the judgment of the gods, could not be altered: they were more espe­
cially occupied in handling the thread of man's life: the youngest held
the distaff and drew the thread; the next in age wound it about
the spindle or reel; and the third, being old and decrepid, cut it off:
and this was followed by the immediate death of the person living.

LA’CHRYMÆ [with naturalists] whatsoever is strained through and
drops out naturally, or is let out by incision, from any part of a plant,
whether gum, oil, rosin, &c.

LACHRYMÆ [in anatomy] a moisture which is separated by the
glandules or kernels of the eyes to moisten them; which, when it falls
in drops in weeping, is called tears.

LACHRYMÆ Christi, Lat. [i. e. the tears of Christ] a pleasant sort
of wine, made of grapes growing in Terra di Lavoro in the province
of Naples.

LACHRYMÆ Jobi, Lat. [i. e. the tears of Job] the herb grom­
wel.

LACHRYMAL, adj. Fr. generating tears. The lachrymal glands.
Cheyne.

LACHRYMAL Point [with anatomists] a hole in the bone of the
nose, by which the matter that makes tears passes to the nostrils.

LACHRYMA’LIS Glandula, Lat. [with anatomists] the name of a
small oblong gland, situate above the eye, whence proceed two or
three small ducts, which filtrate a serosity to moisten the ball of the
eye and facilitate its motion.

Fistula LACHRYMALIS, Lat. [with oculists] a fistula in the larger
angle of the eye.

LACHRYMA’LIA Puncta, Lat. [with anatomists] two small aper­
tures in the extreme angles of each eyelid, by which an aqueo-saline,
pellucid humour is conveyed to the nose.

LA’CHRYMARY, adj. [lachrymæ, Lat.] containing tears. Ancient
urns, lamps and lachrymary vessels. Addison.

LACHRYMA’TION [lachryma, Lat.] 1. The act of weeping or shed­
ding of tears. 2. A dropping of moisture.

LACARYMA’TORY, subst. [lachrymatoire, Fr.] a small earthen vessel,
in which, in ancient times, the tears of surviving relations and friends
were put and buried with the urns and ashes of the dead.








LACI’NIATED [laciniatus, from lacina, Lat.] notched, jagged on
the edges, adorned with fringes and borders.

LACINIATED Leaf [with botanists] a jagged leaf.

To LACK, verb act. [laecken Du. to lessen, laccan, or laccean,
Sax. to decrease] to want, to need, to be without.

To LACK, verb neut. 1. To be in want of. The lions do lack and
suffer hunger. Common-Prayer psalms. 2. To be wanting, to be
deficient in. Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty righteous.
Genesis.

LACK, subst. [from the verb] want, need, failure. Lack, whether
verb or substantive, is now almost obsolete.

LA’CKBRAIN, subst. [of lack and brain] one that wants wit. What
a lackbrain is this? Shakespeare.

LA’CKER, subst. [so called of gum lac, of which it is made] a
varnish used over leaf-silver, or spread upon any white substance, in
gilding picture frames, whereby it exhibits a gold colour.

To LA’CKER, verb act. [from the subst.] to do over with lacker.

LA’CKEY [laquais, Fr. of lakei, Goth. a runner, jumper, or foot­
servant, from laikan, Goth. to leap] a page, a footman or boy, an
attending servant.

To LA’CQUEY, verb act. [from the subst.] to attend servilely. I
know not whether Milton has used the word properly, Johnson. A
thousand liveried angels lacquey her. Milton.

To LA’CKEY, verb neut. to act as a footboy, to pay servile atten­
dance. He lacqueys by the side of Virgil, but never mounts behind
him. Dryden.

LA’CKLINEN, adj. [of lack and linen] wanting shirts. Your poor,
base, rascally, cheating, lacklinen mate. Shakespeare.

LA’CKLUSTRE, adj. [of lack and lustre] wanting brightness. Look­
ing on it with a lacklustre eye. Shakespeare.

LACO’NIC [laconique, Fr. laconico, It. of ΛΑχΩΝΙχΟΣ, Gr.] concise,
brief, according to the custom of the Lacedæmonians, or Lacones,
who used few words. I grow laconic even beyond laconicism. Pope.
See DIASYRMUS.

LACO’NICUM, Lat. [so called, because much in use in Laconia] a
dry stove to sweat, a stew or hot-house.

LA’CONISM [laconisme, Fr. laconismo, It. laconismus, Lat. ΛΑχΩΝΙΣΜΟΣ,
Gr.] a short, pithy way of speaking, such as the Lacedæmonians used,
a concise stile; called by Pope laconicism; see LACONIC. No laco­
nism can reach it. Collier. See DIASYRMUS.

LA’CTANT [lactans, Lat.] suckling, giving milk.

LA’CTARY, adj. [lactis, gen. of lac, Lat. milk] milky, full of
juice like milk. Lactary or milky plants. Brown.

LA’CTARY, subst. [lactarium, Lat.] a dairy house.

LACTA’TION, Lat. the act or time of suckling a child; also a suck­
ing of milk from the breast.

LA’CTEA Febris, Lat. [i. e. a lacteal fever] the milk fever, which
happens to women in child-bed.

LA’CTEA Via, Lat. the milky way. See GALAXY.

LA’CTEAL, adj. [lactis, of lac, Lat. milk] conveying chyle. The
lacteal veins. Locke.

LA’CTEAL, subst. the vessel that conveys the chyle. The mouths
of the lacteals. Arbuthnot.

LA’CTEAL Veins [in anatomy] certain veins which spread them­
selves all over the mesentery, and take their name from their milky
substance.

LA’CTEOUS, adj. [lacteus, Lat.] 1. Milky, pertaining to, or like
milk. Plants which have a white and lacteous juice. Brown. 2. Lac­
teal, conveying chyle. The lacteous vessels for the reception of the
chyle. Bentley.

LACTE’SCENCE, subst. [lactescio, Lat.] tendency to milk. This
lactescence does commonly ensue. Boyle.

LACTE’SCENT, adj. [lactescens, Lat.] producing milk. Among the
potherbs are some latescent plants, as lettuce, and endive. Arbuthnot.

LACTI’FEROUS, adj. [of lac and fero, Lat. to bring] that conveys
or brings milk. Its excretory vessel, or lactiferous duct. Ray.

LACTI’FIC, or LACTI’FICAL [lactificus, Lat.] that makes or breeds
milk.

LACTU’CINA, the goddess of young corn, while the milk is in it.

LACTU’MINA, Lat. [with physicians] wheals or pimples about the
internal parts of the mouth; as also about the ventricle in infants:
the thrush, so called, because they happen chiefly to sucking children.

BRUNO says, it is a word of the same import with ACHORES.
See ACHORES.

LACTU’MNIA, or LACTU’MIA, Lat. [with surgeons] a crusted scab
on the head, the same as achor.

LACU’NÆ [with anatomists] small pores or passages ln the urethra,
or passage of the yard and vagina uteri, especially in the lower part of
the urinary ducts; they pour a viscous liquor into the passage that lu­
bricates and defends it from the salts of the urine.

LA’CUS, Lat. a standing pool.


LAD

LAD [leode, Sax. which commonly signifies people, but sometimes,
says Mr. Lye, a boy; probably of Jeled, Heb. a child] 1. A
boy, a stripling, in familiar language. The poor lad who wants
knowledge Locke. 2. A boy, in pastoral language. The shepherd
lad. Milton.

LA’DA [old records] 1. A lathe, or court of justice. 2. A lade,
or water-course. 3. Purgation or acquitment by a lawful trial.

LA’DANUM. See LABDANUM.

LA’DDER [hlædre, Sax. leeder, or leer, Du. leiter, Ger.] 1. A
machine or wooden frame made with steps placed between two up­
right pieces, for mounting up high places. 2. Any thing by which
one climbs. Such a one who wanted true sufficiency to raise him,
would make a ladder of any mischief. Sidney. 3. A gradual rise.
Mounting fast towards the top of the ladder ecclesiastical, which he
hath a fair probability to reach. Swift.

LADE [lade, Sax. or LODE, lode, Sax.] a purging or discharging,
usually signifies the mouth of a river, there being a discharge of the
waters into the sea, or into some greater river; sometimes a ford,
and is part of the proper names of places; as, Crecklade, Fromlade,
Lechlade, &c.

To LADE, verb act. pret. laded, part. pass. laded, or laden [hla­
dan, Sax. to dip or draw, laden, Du. and Ger. lada, Su.] 1. To
empty liquors out of a vessel with a ladle, or other small vessel, to
heave out, to throw out. There is no need of lading out any of the
water. Temple. 2. To load [from ladan, Sax. It is now commonly
written load] to freight, to burthen. In lading of ships, and shew­
ing what burden they will bear. Bacon.

LA’DING, subst. [from lade; of hladan, Sax. to load] the burden
or cargo of a ship.

LA’DLE [hlædle, from hladan, Sax. leaugh, Erse] 1. A kitchen
utensil, a sort of large spoon, being a vessel of wood or metal, with
a long handle, used in throwing out any liquid. 2. The receptacles
of a mill-wheel, into which the water falling turns it.

LA’DLEFUL, subst. [of ladle and full] the quantity that fills a
ladle.

LA’DY [of hlafdig, lafdig, or læfdige, of hlaf, Sax. a loaf or
bread, and dienen, Ger. to administer, on account of their distributing
the provisions to the family and the poor. This derivation of Ver­
stegan's is followed by most of our etymologists; but I rather take it
to be derived from lafda, or lafd, Goth. which have the same signifi­
cation] 1. The wife or daughter of a person of quality, any wo­
man of high rank. The title of lady properly belongs to the wives
of knights, of all degrees above them, and to the daughters of earls,
and all of higher ranks. 2. Any illustrious or eminent woman. Be­
fore Homer's time, this great lady was scarce heard of. Raleigh. 3. 
A woman who has authority or jurisdiction over any land. 4. A
word of complaisance used of women. I hope I may speak of
women without offence to the ladies. Guardian.

LADY-BEDSTRAW, subst. [galliun, Lat.] A plant of the stellate
kind; the leaves are neither rough nor knappy, and produced at the
joints of the stalks five or six in number, in a radiant form. The
flower consists of one leaf, each of these flowers is succeeded by two
dry seeds. Miller.

LADY-BIRD, LADY-COW, or LADY-FLY, subst. a small red infect,
vaginopennous. Gay.

LA’DY-DAY, subst. [of lady and day] the day on which the annun­
ciation of the blessed virgin is celebrated.

LA’DYLIKE, adj. [of lady and like] soft, delicate, elegant.

LA’DYMANTLE, subst. [alchimilla, a plant] the leaves of which are
serrated, the cup of the flower is divided into eight segments, ex­
panded in form of a star; the flowers are collected into bunches up­
on the tops of the stalks, each seed vessel generally contains two seeds.
Miller.

LA’DYSHIP, subst. [of lady] the title or character of a lady.

LA’DY'S-SLIPPER, subst. [calceolus, Lat.] a plant which hath an ano­
malous flower, consisting of six dissimilar leaves, four of which are
placed in form of a cross, the other two pass the middle, one of which
is bifid, and rests on the other, which is swelling and shaped like a
shoe. The empalement becomes a fruit open on three sides, to which
adhere the valves pregnant with very small seeds like dust. Miller.

LA’DY'S-SMOCK [cardamine, Lat.] a plant, the flower of which con­
sists of four leaves succeeded by narrow pods, which when ripe, roll
up and cast forth their seeds: the leaves are for the most part winged.
The first sort is sometimes used in medicine: the third sort is a very
beautiful plant, continuing a long while in flower. They are preser­
ved in botanic gardens. Miller.

LADY-Traces, a sort of satyrion or ragwort.

LAG, adj. [læng, Sax. long, lagg, Su. the end] 1. Coming be­
hind, falling short. The slowest footed who come lag. Carew. 2. 
Sluggish, slow, tardy; it is retained in Scotland. Lag souls and rub­
bish of remaining clay. Dryden. 3. Last, long delayed. The lag
end of their lewdness. Shakespeare.

LAG, subst. 1. The lowest class, the fag end, the rump. The com­
mon lag of people. Shakespeare. 2. [Spoken of persons] the last,
the hindermost, he that comes last, or hangs behind. The last, the
lag of all the race. Dryden.

To LAG, verb neut. [of lang, Sax. long. I chuse rather to de­
rive it from lagg, Su. end or extremity of a thing] 1. To loiter, to
move slowly. 2. Not to come in, to stay behind.

LA’GAN, or LAGON [of liggan, Sax. to lie, or leggen, Du. legen,
Ger. to lay] such goods as mariners, in danger of shipwreck, cast
overboard; to which a cork or buoy is usually fastened, that they
may find them again.

LA’GEMEN [lagaman, Sax.] legal men, such as we call good men
of the jury.

LA’GGER [of lag] a loiterer, an idler, one that lags or loiters
behind.

LA’GMAN, 1. A loiterer, one that is the last of a line or family.
2. One that degenerates from the virtues of his ancestors, and thereby
becomes a disgrace to his family.

LAGO’CHILUS [ΛΑΓΟχΕΙΛΟΣ, of ΛΑΓΩΟΣ, a hare, and χΕΙΛΟΣ, Gr.
lip] one who has cloven lips like a hare.

LA’GON [old law] a parcel of goods cast overboard in a storm, with
a buoy or cork fastened to them, in order to find them again.

LAGOPHTHA’LMUS, Lat. [ΛΑΓΟφΘΑΛΜΟΣ, of ΛΑΓΩΟΣ, an hare, and
ΟφΘΑΛΜΟΣ, Gr. the eye] one who has eyes like a hare.

LAGOPHTHA’LMY [ΛΑΓΟφΘΑΛΜΙΑ, Gr.] a disease in the eyes, or
the upper eye-lids, when they are so contracted that they cannot cover
the eyes, which is common to hares.

LAGOPO’NOS [qu. ΤΩΝ ΛΑΓΟΝΩΝ ΠΟΝΟΣ, Gr.] a disease, a fretting or
griping in the guts.

LAGO’PUS [ΛΑΓΩΠΟυΣ, of ΛΑΓΩΣ and ΠΟυΣ, Gr. a foot] the herb hare's
cummin, or hare's foot.

LAGOTRO’PHY [lagotrophia, Lat. of ΛΑΓΟΤρΟφΙΑ, of ΛΑΓΩΣ and ΤρΕφΩ,
Gr. to feed] a warren of hares.


LAI

LA’ICAL [laique, Fr. laico, It. of laicus, Lat. of ΛΑΙχΟΣ, of ΛΑΟΣ,
Gr. people] pertaining to the laity, or lay-men, or the people, as
distinct from the clergy.

LAICA’LITY [laicalitas, Lat. of ΛΑΙχΟΣ, of ΛΑΟΣ, Gr. the people]
the quality by which any one is said to be a lay-man.

LA’IC [ΛΑΙχΟΣ, of ΛΑΟΣ, Gr. the people] one not engaged in the
ministry, or who has not taken holy orders. See CLERGY and
DISME.

LAID, pret. and part. [of lay] See To LAY. Money laid up for
the use of widows. 2 Maccabees.

LAID. This is more properly written lain, part. pass. of lye.
Where the body of Jesus had lain. St. John. See To LIE.

LAIN. See To LIE.








LAI’NES [lanieres, Fr.] thongs, straps of leather.

LAINES [with architects] courses or ranks laid in the building of
walls.

LAIR, or LAY’ER [laier, Fr. a place where cattle usually rest under
some shelter. And mossy caverns for your noontide lair. Dryden.

LAIR [with hunters; lai in French signifies a wild sow or forest:
the derivation is easy in either sense, or from legen, Du.] 1. The couch
of a boar or wild beast. 2. The place where deer harbour by day.

LAIRD [hlaford, Sax.] the lord of a manor in the Scottish dialect.
A Scots gentleman of estate, who has a baronry, and which holds
only of the crown, and by these alone are the members of parlia­
ment for the shires in Scotland chosen.

LA’ITY [of ΛΑΟΣ, Gr. the people] 1. The state or condition of
laymen, or the want of holy orders. 2. The body of lay-persons,
as distinguished from the clergy. An humble clergy is avery good
one, and an humble laity too. Swift.

LAKE [laca, Sax. lac, Fr. lago, It. Sp. and Port. lacus, Lat.] 1.
A large diffusion of inland water. 2. A small plash or puddle of
water, a place of large extent full of water, encompassed with dry
land, and not having any communication with the sea, unless it be
through some great rivers; or it is a great quantity of water of an
inland place, of a great extent and depth; but, properly speaking, a
lake is only such as receives and emits some river.

LAKE, a fine crimson sort of paint, a middle colour betwixt car­
mine and vermilion, yet it is rather sweet than harsh. Dryden.


LAM

To LAM [lamen, Du. to make lame] to beat or bang.

LAMASABA’CHTHANI [of המל, why, and ינחקשב, Syr. hast
thou forsaken me] why hast thou forsaken me? Gospel.

LAMB [lamb, Sax. and Goth. lamb, Su. lamm, Dan. Du. and Ger.]
1. The young of a sheep while under a year old. 2. Typically the
Saviour of the world.

LAMB's-Wool [prob. from the similitude of it, in softness to the
palate, as the other in softness to the touch] roasted apples mixed
with water, wine, and sugar, commonly ale mixed with the pulp of
roasted apples.

LA’MBATIVE, subst. [of lambo, Lat. to lick] a medicine to be
licked off the end of a liquorice stick. Advising a lambative to be
taken. Wiseman.

LA’MBATIVE, adj. [from lambo, Lat. to lick] taken by licking. Sy­
rups and lambative medicines. Brown.

LA’MBEAUX, Fr. [in heraldry] Morgan says it is a cross patee at the
top, and issuing out at the foot into three labels, having a great deal
of mystery in relation to the top, whereon the first born Son of God
did suffer; sending out three streams from his hands, feet, and side.

LA’MBENT, adj. [lambens, Lat.] licking, playing about, gilding
over without harm. And lambent dulness play'd around his face.
Dryden.

LAMBENT Medicines [with physicians] such medicines as are taken
by licking them off a stick of liquorice, &c.

LA’MBITIVE, adj. Lat. pertaining to licking or lapping.

LA’MBKIN [from lamb] a little, or young lamb. And 'twixt them
both they not a lambkin left. Spenser.

LA’MBORNE, a market-town of Berkshire, 57 miles from London.

LAMDACI’SMUS [lamdacismus, Lat.] a fault in speaking, when a
person insists too long on the letter lamda (Λ) in Greek, or (L 1) in
English, &c.

LAMDOI’DAL Suture, or LAMDOI’DES [among anatomists] the hin­
dermost seam of the scull, so named, because in shape it resembles the
Greek capital lamda (Λ), and ΕΙΔΟΣ, Gr. shape, or a pair of com­
passes.

LAME [laam, lama, Sax. lam, Su. laem, Du. and L. Ger. lahm, H.
Ger.] 1. Enfeebled in limbs, crippled. 2. Hobbling, not smooth;
alluding to the feet or cadence of a verse. The prose is sustian, and
the numbers lame. Dryden. 3. Imperfect, unsatisfactory. And of­
fer'd many a lame excuse. Swift.

To LAME, verb act. [of laemen, Du. and L. Ger. lahmen, H. Ger.
to make lame] to make lame, to cripple. To let the child fall and
lame it. Swift.
You are good to help a LAME dog over a stile.
Spoken, when they who were thought to be our friends, either
through inadvertency or ignorance, speak to our disadvantage. The
Scots say, a man has no worse friends than those he brings with him,
for if they chance to say any thing to our disadvantage, it is believed,
upon a supposition, that they know us.

LAME’LLA, Lat. a little thin plate of metal.

LAME’LLÆ [with naturalists] little thin plates, whereof the scales
and shells of fishes are composed, as it were by a sort of net-work
of very fine fibres. See LAMINÆ.

LA’MELLATED, adj. [lamella, Lat.] covered with films or plates.
The lamellated antennæ of some insect. Ray.

LA’MELY, adv. [of lame] haltingly, like a cripple, without natu­
ral force or activity; imperfectly, without a complete exhibition of
all the parts. So lamely drawn, you scarcely know 'tis she. Dryden.

LA’MENESS [laamnesse, Sax.] 1. A defect or weakness, loss, or
hurt in the legs, arms, &c. the state of a cripple. 2. Imperfection,
weakness in general. If the story move, or the actor help the lame­
ness of it with his performance. Dryden.

LAME’NT [lamentum, Lat.] sorrow audibly expressed by complaints
or cries, a lamentation, expression of sorrow in general. To add to
your laments. Shakespeare.

To LAMENT, verb neut. [lamenter, Fr. lamentàr, Sp. lamentare, It.
lamentor, Lat.] to wail, to mourn, to moan, to take on grievously,
to express sorrow. Ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall re­
joice. St. John.

To LA’MENT, verb act. to bewail, to bemoan, to mourn, to be
sorry for.

LA’MENTABLE, Fr. and Sp. [lamentabile, It. of lamentabilis, Lat.]
1. To be lamented, causing sorrow. 2. Woeful, mournful, sorrow­
ful, expressing sorrow. A lamentable tune is the sweetest music to a
woeful mind. Sidney. 3. Miserable, in a ludicrous or low sense, pi­
tiful, despicable. This lamentable refuge. Stillingfleet.

LA’MENTABLENESS [of lamentable] woefulness, pitiableness.

LA’MENTABLY, adv. [of lamentable] 1. Woefully, in a piteous
manner, mournfully, with tokens, or expressions, or sorrow. 2. So
as to cause sorrow. 3. In a ludicrous sense, pitifully, despicably.

LAMENTA’TION, Fr. [lamentazione, It. lamentaciòn, Sp. of lamen­
tatio, Lat.] the act of bemoaning or bewailing, mournful complaint,
audible grief.

LAMENTA’TIONE, It. [in music books] signifies to play or sing in
a lamenting, mournful, doleful manner, and therefore pretty slow.

LA’MENTER [of lament] he who mourns or laments.

LAME’NTINE, a fish called a sea-cow or Manatee, some of which
are near twenty feet long, the head resembling that of a cow, and
two short feet, with which it creeps on the shallows and rocks to get
food, but has no fins. The flesh of them is commonly eaten, and is
delicious meat.

LA’MIA, as the poets feign, being beloved by Jupiter, Juno, out
of jealousy, destroyed all the children she had as soon as she bare
them, which so enraged her, that like a cruel monster, she devoured
all the children she found.

LA’MIÆ [among the Romans] hags, witches, she-devils, which
the vulgar fancied had eyes that they could take out and put in at
their pleasure, who, under the shape of fair women, enticed youth
to devour them: or, as others say, the lamiæ were the three harpies,
called Aello, Ocypite and Celæno, a strange sort of birds, with wo­
mens faces, dragons tails, and eagles talons; who are said to suck in
the night the blood of infants, and were very troublesome at public
feasts in the night. They are also called Furiæ and Striges.

LA’MIERS. See LANNIERS.

LA’MINA, Lat. a plate or thin piece of metal, a slate, one coat
laid over another; also a thin piece of board.

LA’MINÆ [with anatomists] two plates of the skull, the outmost of
which is something thick and smooth, and the innermost hard and
furrowed.

LA’MINATED, plated over. A term used of such bodies, the con­
texture of which discovers such a disposition as that of plates lying
over one another.

LAMINA’TION, Lat. the act of beating into thin plates.

LA’MIUM, Lat. [with botanists] archangel, or dead nettle.

To LAMM [prob. of laemen, Du. and L. Ger. lahmen, H. Ger. to
lame] to bast ones sides, to drub or bang one soundly with a cudgel.
At latter LA’MMAS. See CALENDS.

LAMMAS Day [so called, as some say, from the Saxon laffmæsse,
i. e. bread mass, it being observed as a festival of thanksgiving for the
fruits of the earth] the first of August. In 1578 was that famous lam­
mas day, which buried the reputation of Don John of Austria.
Bacon.

LAMP, subst. [lampe, Dan. Du. and Ger. lampa, Su. lampe, Fr.
lampada, It. and Port. lampara, Sp. of lampas, Lat. of ΛΑΜΠΑΣ, Gr.]
1. A light made with oil and a wick. 2. Any kind of light, in poe­
tical language real or metaphorical. The dying lamp of life. Rowe.

Perpetual LAMP, the ancient Romans are said to preserve lights in
their sepulchres many ages, by the oiliness of gold resolved by art into
a liquid substance. And it is reported, that at the dissolution of mo­
nasteries, in the time of King Henry VIII. there was a lamp found
that had then burnt in a tomb from about 300 years after Christ, which
was near 1200 years. Two of these subterranean lamps are to be seen
in the musæum of rarities at Leyden in Holland. One of these lamps,
in the papacy of Paul III. was found in the tomb of Tullia, Cicero's
daughter, which had been shut up 1550 years.

LAMPADAPHO’RIA [ΛΑΜΠΑΔΑφΟρΙΑ, of ΛΑΜΠΑΣ, a lamp, and φΕρΩ,
Gr. to bear] a ceremony of carrying lighted torches.

LA’MPADARY, an officer in the church of Constantinople, whose of­
fice was to see the church well illuminated, and to bear a tapor before
the emperor, empress and patriarch, when they went in procession or
to church.

LAMPA’DIAS [of ΛΑΜΠΑΣ, Gr.] a bearded comet or blazing star,
that resembles a lamp or burning torch.

LA’MPAS, LA’MPERS, or LA’MPRAS [lampas, Fr. with farriers]
a kind of swelling about the bigness of a nut, in a horse's mouth or
palate, i. e. an inflammation in the roof of his mouth, behind the
nippers of the upper jaw, and which rises above the teeth. It is so
called, because it is cured by a burning lamp or hot iron.

LAMPASSE', Fr. [in heraldry] is what is by the English heralds cal­
led langued, i. e. the tongue of a beast appearing out of his mouth,
being of a colour different from the body.

LA’MPBLACK, subst. [of lamp and black] a black made by holding a
torch under the bottom of a bason, and as it is furred, strike it with a
feather into some shell, and grind it with gum water. Peacham.

LAMPE’TIANS, a sect so called of Lampetius one of their ring­
leaders, who condemned all kinds of vows, particularly that of obe­
dience, as inconsistent with the liberty of the sons of God.

LA’MPING, adj. [ΛΑΜΠΕΤΑΩΝ, from ΛΑΜΠΕΤΑΩ, Gr.] shining, spark­
ling. Obsolete. Spenser.

LAMPOO’N [of lampon, Fr. a drunken song. It imports, let us
drink, from the old French lamper; and was repeated at the end of
each couplet at carousals. Trevoux] a personal satire, abuse, censure
written not to reform but vex, commonly exhibited in a poem or pam­
phlet, by which some person is treated with reproach or abuseful lan­
guage. Make satire a lampoon. Pope.

To LAMPOO’N one, verb act. to treat him with ridicule in a lam­
poon, libel or satire, to abuse with personal satire.

LAMPOO’NER [of lampoon] a scribler of personal satire.

LA’MPREY [lamproye, Fr. lampreye, Du. lampreda, It. lampréa, Sp.
lampréya, Port. of lampreta, Lat.] a fish shaped like an eel; called
also a suckstone.

LA’MPRON, a kind of sea-fish. Those rocks are frequented by lam­
prons and greater fishes, that devour the bodies of the drowned.
Broome.

LAMPRO’PHORI [ΛΑΜΠρΟφΟρΟΙ, of ΛΑΜΠρΟΣ, white, and φΕρΩ, Gr. to
bear] the Neophytes or New Converts, so called, during the seven
days after they had been baptized, on account of their being clothed
with a white robe.


LAN

LA’NAR [with falconers] a sort of hawk, a bird of prey.

LANA’RIOUS [lanarius, Lat.] pertaining to wool.

LA’NARY, subst. [lanarium, Lat.] a wool-house, a ware-house or
storehouse for wool.

LA’NCASHIRE, a county of England, bounded on the east by York­







shire; on the west by the Irish sea; on the north by Westmorland; and
on the south by the Mersey, which divides it from Cheshire. It sends
two members to parliament.

LA’NCASTER, the capital of Lancashire, situated near the mouth of
the Lone, over which it has a fine stone bridge, 232 miles from Lon­
don. It sends two members to parliament.

To LANCE, verb act. 1. To cut, to pierce in general. They lance
themselves with knives. Glanville. 2. To cut with a lancet, to sca­
rify, to open chirurgically in order to a cure.

LANCE, Fr. [lancia, It. lanca, Sp. of lancea, Lat.] a javelin, pike
or spear, an offensive weapon much in use with the ancients, it being a
long staff like a pike, pointed at the end, and armed with iron. In
the heroic ages it seems to have been generally thrown from the hand,
as by the Indians at this day. In later times the combatants thrust
them against each other on horseback.

LA’NCELY, adj. [of lance] suitable to a lance, done with a lance.
He carried his lances which were strong, to give a lancely blow. Sid­
ney.

LANCEPESA’DE, subst. [lance spezzate, Fr.] an officer under a corpo­
ral, who assists him in his duty, and performs it for him in his absence.
They teach the new raised men their exercise, and post the centries.
They are generally accounted the most vigilant and brave of the
company: and on a march, their place is on the right hand of the
second rank: not now in use among us. Arm'd like a dapper lance­
pesade. Cleaveland.

LA’NCET [lancette, Fr. lancetta, It. lancéta, Sp.] a surgeon's small
pointed instrument, used in letting blood, opening tumours, &c.

To LANCH, or To LAUNCH, verb act. [of lancer, Fr. This word
is too often written launch, and is only a vocal corruption of lance] 1.
To dart, to cast as a lance, to throw, to let fly. See whose arm can
lanch the surer bolt. Dryde. and Lee. 2. To put a ship or boat afloat
out of a dock, or from the stocks or place where it is built.

To LANCH out, verb act. [s' elancher, Fr.] to put a ship or boat
afloat out of a dock.

To LANCH out, verb neut. 1. To expatiate in words. 2. To be
extravagant in expences.

LANCI’FEROUS [lancifer, Lat.] bearing a lance or spear.

To LA’NCINATE, verb act. [lancinatum, sup. of lancino, Lat.] to
tear, to rend.

LANCINA’TION [lancinatio, Lat.] the act of tearing, laceration.

To LAND, verb act. [gelandian, Sax. lander, Dan. landen, Du.
and Ger. landa, Su.] to set on shore. And land him safely on the
shore. Dryden.

To LAND, verb neut. to come on land, from on board. Lan. ye
not, none of you. Bacon.

LAND [land, Sax. land, Goth. Dan. Su. Du. and Ger. and all the
Teutonic dialects] 1. In a general sense includes not only all kinds of
grounds, as meadows, pasture, arable, wood, &c. but also houses
and all manner of buildings: yet this latter part of the sense seems ap­
propriated to Scotland, for at Edinburgh a close or tract of building is
called such a man's lands; but, in a restrained sense, it signi­
fies only such ground as is ploughed. 2. A country, a region, as di­
stinct from other countries. The chief men of the land had great au­
thority. Broome. 3. Earth, as distinct from water. The sea disci­
pline differed from the land service. Sidney. 4. Ground, surface of a
place. Unusual. And roll'd with limbs relax'd along the land. Pope.
5. An estate real and immoveable. And enjoyed certain lands and
towns in the borders of Polonia. Knolles. 6. Nation, people. The
king himself divulg'd, the land believ'd. Dryden. 7. Urine [plond,
Sax. Probably this was a course expression in the cant strain, for­
merly in common use, but since laid aside and forgotten, which meant
the taking away a man's life: For land or lant is an old word for
urine; and to stop the common passages and functions of nature, is to
kill. Hanme.]
Wou'd I knew the villain.
I wou'd land-damn him. Shakespeare.

Head-LAND, a point of land, or that which lies farther out into the
sea than the rest.

To set Land [among sailors] is to see by the compass how it bears.

LAND Loper [of land and loopen, Du.] 1. A vagrant, one that
stroles about the country. 2. A landman. A term of reproach used
by seamen, of those who pass their lives on shore.

LAND-Boc [land-boc, Sax. land-boek, Du. and L. Ger. land-buck,
H. Ger.] a charter or deed, by which lands or tenements were made
over or held.

LA’NDBRED, adj. [of land and bred] native, belonging to a certain
country. Wash'd away whatsoever reliques there were left of the
landbred people. Spenser.

LAND Cheap [at Malden in Essex, &c.] an ancient fine still paid,
of 13 pence of every mark of the purchase money for certain lands
and houses sold in that town.

LA’NDED, adj. [of land] 1. Having a fortune or estate, not in mo­
ney, but land. A house of commons must consist, for the most part
of landed men. Addison. 2. Disembarked, put on shore out of a
ship, &c.

LAND-FALL [of land and fall] a sudden translation of property in
land by the death of a rich man.

LAND-FALL [among sailors] signifies to fall in with land: thus,
when mariners have been in expectation of seeing land in a short time,
and they happen to see it accordingly, they say, they have made a good
land-fall.

LANDEGA’NDMAN [in old records] a sort of customary inferior te­
nant of a manor.

LA’NEOUS [laneous, Lat.] woolly, made of wool.

LA’NDFLOOD [of land and flood] inundation. A landflood that might
roll they knew not how far. Clarendon.

LA’NDFORCES [of land and force] warlike powers, not naval, sol­
diers that serve on land. The greatest landforces that have ever been
known. Temple.

LAND Gabel, or LAND Gavel [in doom's-day book] a tax or rent
issuing out of land; a quit rent for the soil of an house, or the land on
which it stood.

LA’NDHOLDER [of land and holder] one whose estate is in land.
That pays the labourer and landholder. Locke.

LA’NDJOBBER [of land and job] one who buys and sells lands for
other men. At home to none but his landjobbers. Swift.

LAND-Layled [with mariners] the land is said to be laid, when a
ship is just got out of sight of the land.

LAND-Lock'd [a sea phrase] a ship is said to ride land-lock'd, when
she is shut in between land, i. e. when in a road or harbour the land
lies so round a ship at anchor, that no one point appears upon the sea.
Few natural parts better land-look'd and closed on all sides. Addison.

LAND-Mark [land-merck, Dan.] a boundary set up between lands
and parishes, in roads, &c. Then land-marks limited to each his
right. Dryden.

LAND-Mark [in sea language] any mountain, rock, church,
windmill, &c. by which the pilot knows how they bear by the com­
pass.

LAND Tenant [in statute law] a person who actually possesses land.

LANDA’FF, a city of South-Wales, in the county of Glamorgan.
It is the see of a bishop, but sends no member to parliament. See the
arms of this bishop on Plate IX. Fig. 3.

LA’NDING, or LA’NDING-PLACE, subst. [of land and place] 1. The
top of stairs. The landing place is the uppermost step of a pair of stairs,
viz. the floor of the room you ascend upon. Moxon. 2. [Of gelan­
dian, Sax.] to go or put out of a ship upon land.

LA’NDGRAVE [lantgrave, Du. land-graff, Ger.] one who has the
government of a tract of land or province in Germany; a count or
earl. This title in Germany is now peculiar to the house of Hesse,
of which we have now the Landgraves of Hesse Cassel, Hesse Hom­
berg and Hesse Rheinfels, all sovereign princes.

LANDGRA’VIATE, the jurisdiction or territory of a landgrave.

LA’NDLADY. 1. Properly a woman to whom lands or houses per­
tain, and of whom tenants hold. 2. The mistress of any inn or pub­
lic house. If a soldier drinks his pint, and offers payment in Wood's
halfpence, the landlady may be under some difficulty. Swift.

LA’NDLESS, adj. [of land] being without property, fortune or estate
in land. A landless knight hath made a landed squire. Shakespeare.

LA’NDLORD [of land and lord] 1. An owner of lands and houses
who has tenants under him. The universal landlord. Shakespeare. 2. 
The master of an inn. The jolly landlord knew him by his whistle.
Addison,

LA’NDRESS [lavandiere, Fr. lavandara, It. lavandéra, Sp.] a
washer-woman. See LAUNDRESS.

LA’NDRY [of lavo, Lat. to wash] a place or office where linen is
washed. See LAUNDRY.

LA’NDSCHAPE, or LA’NDSKIP [landscip, Sax. land-schap, Du. and
L. Ger. land-schaft, H. Ger.] 1. A region, the prospect of a coun­
try. Like men entertained with the view of a spacious landschape,
where the eye passes over one pleasing prospect into another. Addison.
2. A picture representing an extent of space, with the various objects
in it; a representation of part of a country, both place and persons;
the landskip being called the parergon or by-work, and the persons the
argument: or a landskip is a description of the land, as far as it can
be seen above our horizon, by hills, valleys, cities, woods, rivers,
&c. all that in a picture which is not of the body or argument (which
denote the persons) is called by this name of landskip. You cannot
make finer landschapes than those about the king's house. Addison.

LA’NDTAX, subst. [of land and tax] tax laid upon land and houses.

LA’NDWAITER [of land and waiter] an officer of the customs who
is to watch what goods are landed. A knavish landwaiter. Swift.

LA’NDWARD, adv. [of land] towards the land. Slender fortifica­
tion to landward. Sandys.

LANE, subst. [laen, Du. lana, Sax.] 1. A narrow street, an alley.
There is no street nor many lanes where there does not live one that
has relation to the church. Sprat. 2. A narrow way between hedges.
A pack-horse is driven constantly in a narrow lane. Locke. 3. A pas­
sage between men standing on each side. The earl's servants stood
ranged on both sides, and made the king a lane. Bacon.

To make a LANE [a military term] is to draw up soldiers in 2 ranks
for any great person to pass through.

LA’NERET, subst. a little hawk.

LA’NGATE [with surgeons] a linen roller for a wound.

LA’NGPORT, a market town of Somersetshire, 129 miles from Lon­
don.

LA’NGREL [with guuners] a shot used at sea to cut the enemies
rigging, a sort of shot that runs loose with a shackle or joint in the
middle, having half a bullet at each end, which is to be shortened
when put into the piece, but spreads itself when discharged.

LA’NGUAGE [langue or langage, Fr. lengua, Sp. lingoa, Port. of lin­
gua, It. and Lat.] 1. Human speech in general. We may define
language, if we consider it more materially, to be letters forming and
producing words and sentences; but if we consider it according to
the design thereof, then language is apt signs for communication of
thoughts. Holder. 2. Tongue or speech of one nation as distinct
from others, a set of words upon which a particular nation or people
are agreed, to make use of to express their thoughts.
I am not such a truant since my coming,
As not to know the language I have. Shakespeare.
3. Stile, manner of expression. Others for language all their care
express. Pope.

LA’NGUAGED, adj. [of language] having various languages. And
many languag'd nations has survey'd. Pope.

LANGUAGE-MASTER [of language and master] one whose profes­
sion is to teach languages. A sort of language-master, who is to in­
struct them in the stile proper for a minister. Spectator.

LA’NGUED [of langue, Fr. the tongue] having a tongue.

LA’NGUED [in heraldry] signifies the tongue of any animal hang­
ing out, of a different colour from the body; as, langued, azure,
gules, &c. i. e. having the tongue of a blue or red colour.

LA’NGUEDOC, a province of France, bounded by the Lionois on
the north; by the river Rhone, which divides it from Dauphine and
Provence, on the east; by the mediterranean and the Pyranees on
south; and by Guienne and Gascony on the west.

LANGUE’NTE, It. [in music books] the same as lamentatione;
slowly.

LA’NGUET [languette, Fr.] any thing cut in the form of a tongue.








LA’NGUID [languissant, Fr. languido, It. of languidus, Lat.] 1. Lan­
guishing, weak, faint, feeble. No motion so swift or languid, but a
greater velocity or slowness may still be conceived. Bentley. 2. Dull,
heartless. And fire their languid souls with Cato's virtue. Addison.

LA’NGUIDLY, adv. [of languid] faintly, weakly. The menstruum
worked languidly upon the coral. Boyle.

LA’NGUIDNESS [of languid] feebleness, want of strength.

LANGUI’DO. It. [in music books] the same as lamentatione; slowly.

To LA’NGUISH, verb act. [langueo, Lat. languir, Fr. and Sp. lan­
guire, It.] 1. To decay, to grow feeble, to lose strength, to pine
away. We and our fathers do languish of such diseases. 2 Esdras.
2. To be no longer vigorous in motion, not to be vivid in appear­
ance. Dryden uses it as a participle passive.
Their darts with clamour at a distance drive,
And only keep the languish'd war alive. Dryden.
3. To pine or sink under sorrow or any slow passion. She languishes
for the loss of her deceased lover. Addison. 4. To look with soft­
ness or tenderness. Languishing regards. Dryden.

LA’NGUISH, subst. [from the verb] soft appearance. And the blue
languish of soft Allia's eye. Pope.

LA’NGUISHINGLY, adv. [of languishing] feebly, weekly, with
feeble softness. What's roundly smooth and languishingly slow. Pope.
2. Dully, tediously. Thou seest how long and languishingly the weeks
are past over. Sidney.

LA’NGUISHMENT [languissement, Fr.] 1. The state of pining, de­
caying or drooping. 2. Softness of mien. Humility it expresses by
the stooping or bending of the head; languishment when we hang it on
one side. Dryden.

LA’NGOUR, Lat. [langueur, Fr. langore, It.] want of strength or
spirit. Languor and lassitude signify a faintness which may arise from
want or decay of spirits, thro' indigestion or too much exercise, or
from an additional weight of fluids from a diminution of secretion by
the common discharges. Quincy.

LA’NGUOROUS, adj. [languoreux, Fr.] tedious, melancholy. Left
in languorous constraint. Spenser.

To LA’NIATE, verb act. [laniatum, supine of lanio, Lat.] to
butcher, to cut in pieces, to rend, to tear.

LA’NIFICE [of lanificium, of lana, wool, and facio, Lat. to make,
&c.] the act of spinning, carding, or working wool, woollen manu­
facture. The moth breedeth upon cloth and other lanifices. Bacon.

LANI’GEROUS [laniger, from lana, wool, and gero, Lat. to bear]
bearing wool.

LANIGEROUS Trees [with botanists] such trees which bear a woolly,
downy substance.

LANK [slank, lancke, Du.] 1. Slender, that hangs flat down, not
filled up, not plump, loose. A great bladder well tied at the neck,
but very lank. Boyle. 2. Milton seems to use this word for faint,
languid. He piteous of her woes rear'd her lank head. Milton.

LA’NKNESS [of lank] want of plumpness, slenderness.

LA’NNER, subst. [lanier, Fr. lannarius, Lat.] a species of hawk.

LA’NNIERS, or LA’NNIARDS [in a ship] the ropes which fasten the
stoppers of the halliards to them; also small ropes let into the blocks
or pullies, called dead mens eyes, which serve to stiffen or slacken the
shrouds, chains and stays.

LANSQUE’NET, Fr. [of lands-knecht, Ger. lance and kneckt, Du.
Johnson] 1. A German foot soldier, a common foot soldier. 2. A
game at cards.

LA’NTERN, or LA’NTHORN [lanterne, Fr. linterna, Sp. lanterna,
It. and Port. laterna, Lat. It is by mistake often written lanthorn] 1.
A device, being a transparent case for carrying a candle in. A candle
lasteth longer in a lanthorn than at large. Bacon. 2. A light-house,
a light hung out to guide ships.
Caprea, where the lanthorn fix'd on high,
Shines like a moon through the benighted sky,
While by its beams the wary sailor steers. Addison.

Magical LANTERN [in optics] an instrument, by means whereof
little painted images are represented on an opposite wall of a dark
room, magnified to any bigness at pleasure.

LANTERN-JAWS, a term used of a thin visage, such as if a candle
were burning in the mouth might transmit the light. Very lucky in a
pair of lantern-jaws. Addison.

LANU’GINOUS [lanuginosus, Lat.] downy, covered with soft hair.

LANU’GO, Lat. [with botanists] a sort of soft down or cotton on
some fruits, as peaches, quinces, &c. on some herbs, as mullein,
clary, &c.

LANUGO, Lat. [with anatomists] the soft tender hairs that first ap­
pear on the faces of young men.

LA’ON, a great city of France, 57 miles north-east from Paris. It
is a bishopric, and its bishop a peer of France.


LAP

LAP [of læppe, Sax. lappe, Ger. or lap, Du.] 1. The loose part
of a garment which may be doubled at pleasure. Wipe it with the
lap of your coat. Swift. 2. The part of the cloaths that is spread
horizontally over the knees as one sits down, so as any thing may lie
in it. Men expect that religion should cost them no pains, and that
happiness should drop into their laps. Tillotson.

To LAP, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To wrap or twist round
any thing. A long tail, which, as he descends from a tree, he laps
rounds about the boughs. Grew. 2. To involve in any thing.
Bellona's bridegroom lapt in proof. Shakespeare.

To LAP, verb neut. to be spread or twisted over any thing. At
their hinder ends, where they lap over, transparent. Grew.

To LAP, verb neut. [lappian, Sax.] to feed by quick reciprocations
of the tongue. In the dog and cat kind by lapping. Ray.

To LAP, verb act.. to lick up. As a cat laps milk. Shakespeare.

LAP-DOG [of lap and dog] small chamber dogs, favourites of the
ladies, which they fondle in their laps. One made his court to the
lap-dog. Collier.

LAPA’RA [of ΛΑΠΑζΩ, Gr. to empty] the fleshy part between the
ribs and the hips, so called, because it falls in as if it were empty.

LA’PATHUM, Lat. [ΛΑΠΑΘΟΝ, Gr.] a general name with botanists,
for all kind of docks.

LA’PFUL, subst. [of lap and full] as much as can be contained in
the lap. And gathered there of wild goards his lapful. 2 Kings.

LAPHRI’A [ΛΑφρΙΑ, Gr.] an anniversary festival held in Achaia, in
honour of Diana. At the approach of the festival they made an as­
cent to the altar, heaping up earth in the manner of stairs; round the
altar they placed in order pieces of green wood, all of 16 cubits long,
and upon that they laid the driest wood that could be gotten. On
the first day of the solemnity, the priestess of Diana, who was a vir­
gin, rode in a chariot drawn by bucks: on the second they offered sa­
crifice of birds, bears, bucks, lions, wolves, and all sorts of animals
and garden-fruits.

LA’PIDARY, subst. [lapidiare, Fr. lapidario, It. and Sp. of lapidari­
us, Lat.] one who cuts, polishes, &c. precious stones; a jeweller,
one who deals in stones or gems. Of all the many sorts of the gem­
kind reckoned up by the lapidaries, there are not above three or four
that are original. Woodward.

LAPIDARY, adj. done or engraved on a stone.

LAPIDARY Verses, epitaphs of a middle nature, between prose and
verse; which are put on a grave stone, or other sepulchral manu­
ment.

To LA’PIDATE, verb act. [lapido, Lat.] to stone, to kill by
stoning.

LA’PIDATED, part. adj. [lapidatus, Lat.] stoned, battered with
stones.

LAPIDA’TION, subst. [lapidatio, Lat.] the act of stoning.

LAPI’DEOUS, adj. [lapideus, Lat.] stony, of the nature of stone.
The lapideous matter. Ray.

LAPI’DESCENCE [lapidesco, Lat.] stony concretion. Brown.

LAPIDE’SCENT, adj. [lapidescens, Lat.] having a property of turn­
ing bodies into a stony nature; also growing or turning to stone.

LAPIDESCENT Waters [with naturalists] such waters, which being
full of stony matter dissolved in them, and covering grass, leaves,
rushes and sticks that lie in them all over, cover them with a sort of
stony coat, so that they seem to be changed into a perfect stone.

LAPIDI’FIC, adj. [lapidifique, Fr.] forming stones. The lapidific as
well as saline principle. Grew.

LAPIDIFICA’TION, Fr. 1. The act of forming stones. Induration
and lapidification of substances more soft is another degree of conden­
sation. Bacon. 2. [With chemists] is the art of turning any metal
into stone; which operation is performed by dissolving the metal in
some corrosive spirit, and afterwards boiling the dissolution to the con­
sistence of a stone.

LAPIDI’LIUM [with surgeons] an instrument for extracting stones
out of the bladder.

LA’PIDIST, subst. [from lapidist, gen. of lapis, Lat. a stone] a
dealer in stones or gems. An ordinary lapidist. Ray.

LAPILLA’TION [with Parcelsians] that faculty in a human body
of turning things to a stony substance.

LA’PIS, Lat. a stone.

LAPIS Admirabilis, Lat. [in medicine] an artificial stone, so called
on account of its great virtues; it is compounded of vitriol, salt-petre,
allum, and several other ingredients.

LAPIS Armenus [of Armenia, where first found] a light, brittle
stone, of a blue colour inclining to green, of use in physic.

LAPIS Cæruleus Anglicus, a mineral found in Lancashire, there
called killow, used for drawing lines.

LAPIS Crusis, Lat. [i. e. the cross stone] is of two sorts, the one
shews a white cross on an ash-coloured ground; and the other a pur­
ple or black one.

LAPIS Hæmalites, Lat. [of ΑΙΜΑ, Gr. blood] the blood-stone; a cer­
tain red stone good for stopping of blood.

LAPIS Infernalis, Lat. [i. e. the infernal stone] a sort of caustic
composition.

LAPIS Judaicus, Lat. [so called, because sound in Judæa] a little
stone in the shape of an olive, with lines or streaks so equally distant
as if they were artificially made by a turner.

LAPIS Lazuli, Lat. a stone of an azure or blue colour, of which
the paint called ultramarine is made. The lapis lazuli, or azure stone,
is a copper ore, very compact and hard, so as take a high polish, and
is worked into a great variety of toys. It is found in detached lumps,
usually of the size of a man's fist, of an elegant blue colour, beau­
tifully variegated with clouds of white and veins of a shining gold co­
lour. That of Asia and Africa is much superior to the Bohemian or
German kind. It has been used in medicine, but the present practice
takes no notice of it. To it the painters are indebted for their beau­
tiful ultramarine colour, which is only a calcination of lapis lazuli.
Hill.

LAPIS limacis, Lat. the snail-stone; a small white stone of an oval
figure, found in the head of such snails as are without shells, and wan­
der about in fields and places under ground.

LAPIS Lipis, Lat. a stone of a saphire blue colour like indigo, but
somewhat transparent.

LAPIS Medicamentosus, Lat. an artificial stone, made of colcothar
or calcined vitriol, litharge, allum, &c. efficacious in stopping the
running of the reins, &c.

LAPIS Nephriticus, Lat. a stone of a green and milk white colour
mixed, of great efficacy against the stone in the kidneys.

LA’PLAND, the most northerly country in Europe, situated between
65 and 70 degrees of north latitude.

LA’PPA [with botanists] the plant bur or clot-bur.

LAPPA’GO, Lat. [with botanists] the herb maiden-lips, shepherd's­
rod or teazle.

LA’PPER [of lap] 1. One who laps or wraps up. They may be
lappers of linen. Swift. 2. One who laps or licks.

LA’PPET, [of lap, læppe, Sax.] the parts of a head-dress that hang
down loose. Lappets and ruffles. Swift.

LA’PPICE, or LA’PICE [hunting term] used when greyhounds open
their mouths in the course; or hounds in the leash or string.

LAPSA’NA, Lat. [with botanists] wild cole-wort or dock-cress; a
plant, on the root of which Cæsar's army lived a long time at Dyrra­
chium.

LAPSE [lapsus, Lat.] 1. A slip, a small mistake, a petty error.
These are petty errors and minor lapses. Brown. 2. Fall, flow,
glide. Lapse of time. Hale.

LAPSE [in law] 1. A translation of right from one to another; a







benefice is said to be in lapse, when the patron, who ought to present
thereto in six months after it is vacant, has omitted to do it; upon
which default the ordinary has a right to collate to the said benefice.
In a presentation to a vacant church a layman ought to present within
four months, and a clergyman within six, otherwise a devolution or
lapse of right happens. Ayliffe.

To LAPSE, verb neut. [lapsus, of labor, Lat.] 1. To fall from per­
fection, truth or faith. The lapsing state of human corruption. Decay
of Piety. 2. To glide flowly, to fall by degrees, A tendency to
lapse into the barbarity of those northern nations from whom we are
descended. Swift. 3. To slip, to fail in any thing.
To lapse in fulness
Is sorer than to lie for need. Shakespeare.
4. To slip by inadvertency or mistake. Lapsed into the burlesque cha­
racter. Addison. 5. To lose the proper time. By the appellants lap­
sing the term of law. Ayliffe. 4. To fall by the negligence of one
proprietor to another. If the archbishop shall not fill it up within six
months ensuing, it lapses to the king. Ayliffe.

LA’PSED [in theology] fallen from the state of innocency.

LA’PWING [of lap and wing; hleap-wince, Sax. q. d. clap-wing]
a clamorous bird, so called from its often clapping its long wings.

LA’PWORK [of lap and work] work in which one part is inter­
changeably wrap'd over the other. A kind of lapwork. Grew.

LA’QUEUS, Lat. [with anatomists] the navel-string

LAQUEUS [with surgeons] a sort of bandage for stretching out
broken or disjointed bones, to keep them in their places when they
have been set; so tied, that if it be drawn together or pressed with
weight, it shuts up close.


LAR

LA’RA, or LA’RANDA, one of the Naiades, a nymph, on whom
Mercury is said to have begotten the houshold gods, called Lares.
They were distinguished into public and private; the public Lares
were esteemed protectors of cities, people, and high-ways; and the
private Lares of familiies.

LA’RBOARD [q. d. lever-board, of lœvus, Lat. the left side] the
left hand side of a ship or boat, when a person stands with his face
towards the head. Tack to the larboard, and stand off to sea.
Dryden.

LARBOARD the Helm [a sea phrase] is to put the helm on the lar­
board, or left side of the ship.

LARBOARD Watch [a sea term] one half of a ship's crew, under
the direction of the chief mate, which watches in its turn with the
starboard watch.

LA’RCENY [latrocinium, Lat. larcin, Fr. ladrocinio, It.] petty theft,
stealing, a wrongful taking away of another person's goods. Those
laws would be very unjust, that should chastize murder and petty
larceny with the same punishment. Spectator.

Grand LARCENY [in law] is where the goods exceed the value of
one shilling from a person, five shillings in a shop, forty shillings in
a dwelling-house.

Petit LARCENY, is when the goods stolen exceed not the value of
a shilling, &c.

LARCH Tree [larix, Lat. so-called of Larissa, a city of Thessaly,
where it was first known] a lofty tree, bearing leaves like those of a
pine-tree, and a sort of mushroom or fruit called agaric. The gum of
this tree is called Venice turpentine. The leaves, which are long and
narrow, are produced out of little tubercles, in form of a painter's
pencil, as in the cedar of Libanus, but fall off in winter. The
cones are small and oblong, and for the most part have a small branch
growing out of the top. These are produced at remote distances
from the male flowers, on the same tree. The male flowers are, for
the most part, produced on the under-side of the branches, and at
their first appearance are very like small cones. Miller.

LARD, Fr. [lardo, It. and Sp. of lardum, Lat. bacon] 1. The fat
of a hog's belly melted, the grease of swine; commonly called
swine's seam. As suddenly as lard fat thy lean beasts. Donne. 2. Ba­
con, swine's flesh. And to the table sent the smoaking lard.
Dryden.

To LARD Meat, verb act. [larder, Fr. lardare, It. enlardàr, Sp. in
cookery] 1. To draw thin slips of fat bacon through the outsides of it,
to stuff with bacon. No man lards salt pork with orange peel. King.
2. To fatten in general.
Now Falstaff sweats to death,
And lards the lean earth as he walks along. Shakespeare.
3. To mix with something else by way of improvement. To lard
with wit thy hungry Epsom prose. Dryden.

LARDA’RIUM, Lat. [old records] the larder in a nobleman's house,
the place where the victuals are kept.

LA’RDER [of lard; lardier, O. Fr.] the room where meat is kept
or salted. In a cool and wet larder it will keep. Bacon.

LARDERA’RIUS Regis, Lat. the king's larderer, or clerk of the
kitchin.

LA’RDERER [of larder] one who has the charge of the larder.

LA’RDON, or LARDO’ON, subst. Fr. [in cookery] a small slip of ba­
con, proper for larding.

LARE, a turner's bench, bow, string, seat, &c. whereto he sits to
turn things.

LARES, certain domestic gods of the Romans, called also penates,
placed in some private place of the house, or in the chimney corner,
which the family honoured as their protectors, and therefore offered to
them wine and frankincense. Plutarch tells us, that they were co­
vered with dog's skin, and a dog placed next to them, to express the
care they had of the house, and their friendship to those that did be­
long to it. The poets feign that Lara being sentenced to lose her
tongue for revealing to Juno, Jupiter's intention of deflowring Jutur­
na, she was sent to hell under the conduct of Mercury, who lying
with her by the way, begat two sons, named Lares, from whence
these gods are derived.

LARGE, Fr. [largo, It. Sp. and Port. of largus, Lat.] 1. Wide,
extensive. There he conquer'd a thousand miles wide and large. Ab­
bot. 2. Big, bulky. Great Theron large of limbs, and giant height.
Dryden. 3. Liberal, abundant, plentiful. Thy sister's cup deep and
large. Ezekiel. 4. Copious, diffuse. A large testimony under his
hand. Clarendon. 5. At large; without restraint. It will carry the
voice farther than in the air at large. Bacon. 6. At large; diffusely.
That point debated at large. Watts.

To LARGE [spoken of a ship] when she goes neither before the
wind, nor upon the wind, but as it were quartered between both.

To LARGE [a sea phrase] the wind is said to large, when it blows
a fresh gale.

LARGE, as to go large [in horsemanship] is when a horse gains, or
takes in more ground in going wider of the center of the volt, and
describing a greater circumference.

LARGE [in music] the greatest measure of musical quantities; one
large containing two longs, one long two briefs, and one brief two
semibriefs.

LA’RGELY, adv. [of large] 1. Widely, extensively. 2. Copiously,
diffusely. Where the author treats more largely. Watts. 3. Liberal­
ly, bounteously. How largely gives, how splendidly he treats. Dry­
den. 4. Abundantly.
They their fill of love, and love's disport
Took largely. Milton.

LA’RGENESS [of large] 1. Greatness, elevation. Largeness of
mind. Collier. 2. Bigness, bulk. 3. Extension, amplitude. The
largeness of that offer. Hooker. 4. Wideness. The multitude and
largeness of rivers. Bentley.

LA’RGESS [largitio, Lat. largesse, Fr. larghezza, It.] a free gift be­
stowed upon any one, a dole or present, a bounty. Two thousand
ducats for a bounty to me and my fellows, for they give great lar­
gesses where they come. Bacon.

LARGE’TTO [in music books] signifies a movement a little quicker
than largo.

LARGI’FLUOUS [largifluus, Lat.] flowing abundantly.

LA’RGO [in music books] signifies a slow movement, yet one de­
gree quicker than grave, and two than adagio.

LA’RIX, Lat. the larch-tree that yields turpentine.

LARK [laferc, Sax. lerch, Ger. lærka, Su. lerk, Dan. lavrack,
Scottish] a small singing bird. It was the lark the herald of the
morn. Shakespeare.

LA’RKER [of lark] one that catches larks.

LA’RK-SPUR, subst. a plant. Its flower consists of many dissimilar
petals, with the uppermost contracted, which ends in a tail, and re­
ceives another bifid petal, which also ends in a tail; in the middle
rises a pointal, which becomes a fruit of many pods collected into a
head, and filled with seeds generally angular. Miller.

LA’RMIER [of larme, Fr. a tear, because it causes the water to fall
by drops or tears at a distance from the wall; in architecture] the eaves
or drip of a house; a flat square member placed on the cornice, below
the cymatium, and juts out the farthest.

LA’RVÆ, the ghosts or spirits of wicked men, which after death,
were believed to wander up and down the earth; phantoms or appari­
tions that torment the wicked, and affright good men.

LA’RVATED [larvatus, Lat.] 1. Wearing a mask. 2. Frighted with
spirits.

LA’RUM, subst. [of alarum, or alarm] 1. Alarm, a noise noting
danger. His larum bell might loud and wide be heard. Spenser. 2. 
An engine that makes a noise at a certain hour. That larum, which
though it were but three inches big, yet would both wake a man, and
of itself light a candle for him at any set hour. Wilkins.

LARYNGO’TOMY [of ΛΑρυΓξ and ΤΟΜΑ, from ΤΕΜΝΩ, Gr. to cut] the
act of cutting or opening of the wind-pipe, to prevent the persons
being choaked by a quinsey.

LA’RYNX [ΛΑρυΓξ, Gr. with anatomists] the top of the wind-pipe,
which lies below the root of the tongue before the pharynx, by which
the breath is drawn, and the voice formed. There are thirteen mus­
cles for the motion of the fine cartilages of the larynx. Derham.

LA’RYNX, Lat. [with botanists] the larinch-tree, or larch-tree,
that yields turpentine. See LARCH-TREE.


LAS

LASCI’VIENT, adj. [lasciviens, Lat.] playing, wantoning, frolick­
some.

LASCI’VIOUS [lascif, Fr. lascivo, It. and Sp. of lascivus, Lat.] 1.
Wanton in behaviour, lustful, lwed. The lascivious man to throw
off his leud amours. South. 2. Soft, luxurious, wanton in general.

LASCI’VIOUSLY, adv. [of lascivious] leudly, loosely, wantonly,
lustfully.

LASCI’VIOUSNESS [of lascivious] wantonness, looseness, leudness.
The lasciviousness of his elegies. Dryden.

LA’SER, Lat. [with botanists] the herb Benjamin.

LASERPI’TIUM [q. d. lac serpitium, Lat.] the plant laser-wort.

LASH [the most probable etymology of this word seems to be that
of Skinner, from schlagen, Du. to strike; whence flash and lash.
Johnson] 1. A blow with a whip, rod, or any thing pliant and tough.
Sounding lashes. Dryden. 2. The thong or smaller cord of the whip
that gives the cut or blow. Your whip wanted a lash to it. Addison.
3. A leash or string, in which an animal is held, a snare; obsolete.
The farmer they leave in the lash. Tusser. 4. A stroke of fatire, a
sarcasm. The moral is a lash at the vanity of arrogating that to our­
selves, which succeeds well. L'Estrange.

To LASH, verb act. [from the subst. some derive it of laqueus, Lat.
an halter, q. d. to lash one with a rope's end] 1. To whip, to
scourge, to strike with any thing pliant. Lucagus to lash his horses
bends. Dryden. 2. To move with a sudden spring or jirk. He falls,
and lashing up his heels his rider throws. Dryden. 3. To beat, to
strike with a sharp sound. And big waves lash the frighted shoars.
Prior. 4. To scourge with satire. Could pension'd Boileau lash in
honest strain. 5. To tie any thing down to the side or mast of a
ship.

To LASH, verb neut. 1. To ply the whip. They lash aloud,
each other they provoke. Dryden. 2. To use satire against. To
laugh at follies, or to lash at vice. Dryden.

LA’SHER [of lash] one that lashes or whips.

LA’SHERS [in a ship] the ropes which bind fast the tackles and
breechings of the ordnance, when they are made fast with boards.

LA’SHING, adj. [among sailors] the act of making fast, or tying
any thing to the ship's sides, masts, &c. as pikes, muskets, boards,
casks, &c.

LA’SHITE, or LA’SHLITE, in the Danish times, a common for­







feiture of twelve ores, each ore being in value 6 d. or as others 16 d.
sterling.

LA’SKETS [in a ship] those small lines like loops, fastened by
sowing into the bonnets and drablers.

LA’SKING [a sea term] the same as veering or sailing with quar­
ter winds, or going roomer, or going large, i. e. when a ship sails
neither by a wind, nor directly before the wind, but as it were quar­
tering between both.

LASS [the feminine of lad, and prob. an abbreviation of laddess.
Hickes] a girl, a maid, a young woman; now applied only to mean
girls or wenches. An honest, downright, plain-dealing lass it was.
L'Estrange.

LA’SSITUDE, Fr. [lassezza, It. of lassitudo, Lat.] weariness, a hea­
viness in the limbs, fatigue. Lassitude is a kind of contusion and
compression of the parts. Bacon.

LASSITUDE [with physicians] a stoppage of the animal spirits in
the nerves and muscles, which forebodes some sickness approaching.
Lassitude generally expresses that weariness which proceeds from a
distempered state, and not from exercise, which wants no remedy but
rest: it proceeds from an increase of bulk, from a diminution of
proper evacuation, or from too great a consumption of the fluids, ne­
cessary to maintain the spring of the solids, as in fevers; or from a
vitiated secretion of that juice, whereby the fibres are not supplied.
Quincy.

LASSITU’DO Ulcerosa [with physicians] a symptom usually attend­
ing the cold fit of an intermitting fever, being a soreness and weari­
ness of all the joints and bones.

LA’SSLORN, adj. [of lass and lorn] forsaken by one's mistress.
Brown groves,
Whose shadow the dismissed batchelor loves,
Being lasslorn. Shakespeare.

LAST, adj. [latest, Sax. laceste, or leste, Du. letzt, Ger.] 1. The
latest, that which follows all the rest in time. Here last of Britons
let your names be read. Pope. 2. The hindmost, which follows in
order of place. 3. Beyond which there is no more. Unhappy to
the last the kind releasing-knell. Cowley. 4. Next before the present;
as, last week. 5. Utmost.
Fools ambitiously contend
For wit and pow'r, their last endeavours bend. Dryden.
6. At last; in conclusion, at the end. He shall overcome at the last.
Genesis. 7. The last; the end. And blunder on in business to the
last. Pope.

LAST, adv. 1. The last time, the time next before the present.
When last I dy'd. Donne. 2. In conclusion.
Pleas'd with his idol he commends, admires,
Adores, and last the thing ador'd desires. Dryden.

LAST, subst. [læste, Sax. liest, Du. and L. Ger. leist, Ger. læst,
Su.] a mould or wooden foot to make shoes on. Used to cut faces
over his last. Addison.

To LAST, verb neut. [læstan, Sax.] to abide, to continue, to en­
dure. Contriv'd with great wisdom to last till time should be no
more. Addison.

LAST [læst, of hlæstan, Sax. to load, last, Du. and Ger.] a
burthen or measure, as of pitch, tar, or ashes, 12 barrels; of hides,
12 dozen; of red herrings, 20 cades; of stock-fish, 1000; of
gun-powder, 24 barrels.

LAST [in the marshes of Kent] a court held by 24 jurats, sum­
moned by the bailiff.
A shoemaker must not go beyond his LAST.
The moral instruction of this proverb, is, that persons, though
skilful in their own art, ought not to meddle or make with things out
of their own sphere, and not presume to correct or amend what they
do not understand. The proverb is only the Latin, Ne sutor ultra
crepidam, in an English dress; and first took its authority from a
story of the celebrated painter Apelles, who having drawn a famous
piece, and exposed it to public view, a cobler came by and found
fault with it, because he made too few latchets to the goloshoes; A­
pelles mends it accordingly, and sets it out again; and the next day
the cobler coming again, finds fault with the whole leg; upon which
Apelles comes out, saying, Cobler, go home, and keep to your last. See
COBLER.

LAST Heir [in law] he to whom lands fall by escheat, for want of
a lawful heir, as the king, lord of the manor, &c.

LA’STAGE, or LE’STAGE [lestage, Fr. lastagie, Du.] 1. Custom
challenged in some markets or fairs for carrying goods to them to be
sold. 2. Custom paid for freightage. 3. The ballast of a ship.

LA’STING, part. adj. [from last] 1. Containing, durable. Renders
the body less durable and lasting. Ray. 2. Of long continuance,
perpetual. It leaves a lasting caution in the man. Locke.

LA’STINGLY, adv. [of lasting] perpetually, in a lasting manner.

LA’STINGNESS [of lasting] continuance, durableness. The lasting­
ness of the motions. Sidney.

LA’STLY, adv. [from last] 1. In the last place. I will justify the
quarrel, secondly, balance the forces, and lastly, propound variety of
designs. Bacon. 2. In the conclusion or end, at last.


LAT

LATCH, subst. [letse, Du. laccio, It.] a fastning for a door, being a
sort of catch that is moved by a string or a handle. The latch moved
up. Gay.

To LATCH, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To fasten with a latch.
The door was only latched. Locke. 2. To fasten, to close, perhaps,
in this place; unless it rather signifies to wash, from lather. Johnson.
But hast thou yet latch'd th' Athenian's eyes
With the love juice, as I did did thee do? Shakespeare.

LA’TCHES of a Clock, those parts which wind up, and unlock the
work.

LA’TCHET [lacet, Fr. a lace to lace with] the string of a shoe, by
which it is fastened. The latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to
unloose. St. Mark.

LA’TCHETS, LA’TCHES, or LA’SKETS [in a ship] are small lines
sewn into the top sails, called bonnets and drablers, in the form of
loops, by which the bonnets are laced to the courses or plain sails, and
the drablers to the bonnets.

LATE [late, læt, or lœte, Sax. laet, Du. and L. Ger.] 1. Behind
in time, contrary to early, slow, long delayed. My late spring.
Milton. 2. Last in any placee, office, or character. The late ser­
vants, and those who stay'd in the family. Addison. 3. The deceased;
as, the late dean Swift. 4. Far advanced in the day or night.

LATE, adv. 1. After long delays, after a long time. When mor­
tals search too soon, and fear too late. Dryden. 2. In a latter season
Some flowers which come more early, and others which come more
late in the year. Bacon. 3. Lately, not long ago. Men have of
late made use of a pendulum. Locke. 4. Far in the day or night.
Was it so late, friend, ere your went to bed? Shakespeare.
Better LATE than never.
Fr. Il vaut mieux tard que jamais. Ger. Better spâht als gar
nicht. This is generally meant of reformation, or leading a new life;
and so we say,
It is never too LATE to repent.
It is true, when it is done; but how many (it is to be feared) re­
lying too much upon this proverb, let slip the opportunities and assis­
tances, which divine goodness affords them, till it is out of their pow­
er at all; we are therefore by no means to understand by this pro­
verb, that it is no matter how late we return, but that where persons
have been so unfortunate to defer it till the decline of their days, it is
better then, than not at all.

LA’TED, adj. [of late] belated, surprized, or overtaken by the
night.
Now spurs the lated traveller apace,
To gain the timely inn. Shakespeare.

LA’TELY, adv. [of late] not long ago. Aquila lately come from
Italy. Acts.

LA’TENESS [of late] time far advanced. Lateness in life might be
improper to begin the world with. Swift.

LA’TENT, adj. [latens, Lat.] lying hid, concealed, secret. Its re­
tired movements, and more secret latent springs. Woodward.

LA’TERAL [lateralis, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to the sides of any thing,
growing out on the side. Lateral branches. Ray. 2. Placed or act­
ing in a direction perpendicular to a horizantal line. Eurus and Ze­
phyr with their lateral noise. Milton.

LATERAL Disease, the pleurisy.

LATERAL Equation [in algebra] an equation that has only one
root, whereas a quadratic has two, a cubic three roots, &c.

LATERAL Judge, an assessor, one that sits on the bench with, and
assists another judge.

LATERA’LITY, subst. [from lateral] the quality of having distinct
sides. A right and left laterality in the ark. Brown.

LA’TERALLY, adv. [of lateral] by the side, sidewise. The days
are set laterally against the columns of the golden number. Holder.

LA’TERAN Council, a modern council, so called from the place in
which it was held at Rome, under pope Innocent the third, and which,
by decreeing, “that the DIVINE ESSENCE neither generates, nor is ge­
nerated,” gave (what we may call) the final blow to Athanasianism.
See BULL. Defens. Fd Nicen. Eid. Oxon. p. 441. And the first coun­
cil of Toledo, as cited by archbishop Usher, gave the like decision:
“Si quis dixerit, &c. i. e. if any one shall say, or believe, that Deity
is capable of being born [or begotten] let him be anathema.” USHER
de Ignatii Epist. p. 109. Of which decree it is very remarkable,
that bishop Bull, not without approbation, takes notice of LUTHER's
having ranged these decisions among the CORRUPTIONS of the Ro­
man church, p. 440. And on the other side, the good ARCHBISHOP
(if I do not mistake him) gives his sanction to them. For he pro­
tests against the notion of a begotten essence; and adds, “Illud enim
arctè nobis tenendum, &c. q. d. we must never let go firm hold of this,
that from the person of the Father by generation, the UNBEGOTTEN
ESSENCE was communicated to the Son.” p. 109. Thus one and the
same numeric essence (with him) is both begotten and unbegotten, i. e.
SELF-EXISTENT, and yet DERIVED. What the old consubstantialists,
and indeed all antiquity would have said to all this, the reader will
find under the words, FIRST-CAUSE, CIRCUMINCESSION, ESSENCE,
and GHOST, compared. But the innovation and confusion does not
stop here; if we may credit bishop Bull; who there complains of some
other Neoteric writers, that have ventured so far as to affirm, that the
Son is not (as the Nicene council declared God of God; but ΑυΤΟΘΕΟΣ
a seipso Deus, i. e. GOD FROM HIMSELF. “But why, says he, should
I attempt to hamper them with the AUTHORITY of the Nicene Synod,
who do not seem to value the AUTHORITY of that synod more than
a straw? For the chief leader and main champion of those that es­
pouse this doctrine [meaning Calvin] was not afraid to call the MOST
HOLY and VENERABLE FATHERS of the Nicene council fanatics; and
that formula of their confession, “God of God, Light of Light, very
God of very God”, he calls “harsh”; and he charges it with be­
ing a manifest battology, and fitter to be the burden of a song, than
clause of a creed. BULL, Defens. fid Nicen. p. 440, 441. But he goes
on, “Horresco referens, &c. i. e. I shudder while relating this, and
most seriously exhort our youth, to guard themselves against that spi­
rit, from whence such things have proceeded. We are much in­
debted to that man, for his excellent service against the church of
Rome; but God forbid that we should take him for our master,”
may not I add, “or any other human authority whatsoever. See CREED,
NICENE Council, HYPOSTASIS, and ATHANASIANS, compared.

LA’TEST [latest, Sax.] hindmost in time. See LATE, adj.

LA’TEWARD, adv. [of late and weard, Sax.] somewhat late.

LATH [lætta, or latt, Sax. late, latte, Fr.] a thin piece of cleft
wood, commonly used to support the tiles of houses, and for other
purposes. Binding it with a lath or stick. Bacon. Laths are made
of heart of oak for outside work, as tiling and plaistering; and of
fir for inside plaistering, and pantile lathing. Moxon.

To LATH, verb act. [latter, Fr.] to fit up with laths. An oaken
frame lathed on every side. Mortimer.

LATH [læwe, læd, Sax.] a great part or division in a country, con­
taining three or more hundreds. It is explained so by Du Cange,
I suppose from Spelman, portio comitatus major tres vel plures hundre­
das continens. This is apparently contrary to Spenser in the follow­
ing example. If all that tything failed, then all that lath was
charged for that tything; and if the lath failed, then all that hun­
dred was demanded for them; and if the hundred, then the shire.
Spenser.

LATHE, subst. the tool of a turner, by which he turns about his
matter so, as to shape it by the chizel. The vessel turned nimbly in
the lathe. Ray.








LA’THER [læder, Su.] the froth of water and soap.

To LA’THER, verb neut. [lewran, Sax.] to form a foam.
Chuse water pure,
Such as will lather cold with soap. Baynard.

To LATHER, verb act. to cover with froth of water and soap.

LA’THREVE, or LEI’DGREVE [in the Saxon government] an officer
who had authority over the third part of a country, whose territory
was called a tithing.

LA’THYRIS, Lat. [ΛΑΘΝρΙΣ, Gr.] the herb called garden spurge.

LA’THYRUS [ΛΑΠΘΝρΟΣ, Gr.] chichelings, pease-everlasting.

LA’TIAR, a feast instituted in honour of Jupiter Latialis.

LATICLA’VIUS [among the Romans] a tunic or coat trimmed with
broad studs or buttons like the head of a nail. It was a garment of
distinction, and of the senatorial order.

LATIFO’LIUS [in botanic writings] broad leafed.

LA’TIN, subst. [lingua Latina, Lat.] the tongue anciently spoken in
Rome; also an exercise practised by school-boys, who turn English
into Latin. In learning farther his syntaxis, he shall not use the com­
mon order in schools for making of latin. Ascham.

LATIN, adj. [latinus] written or spoken in the language of the old
Romans. Augustus himself could not make a new Latin word. Locke.

LAT’INÆ Feriæ, certain feasts appointed by Tarquinius Superbus,
king of Rome, and celebrated four days successively, during which
they offered sacrifices to Jupiter Latialis, for preserving the union be­
tween the Latins and Romans.

LA’TINISM [latinisme, Fr. latinismus, L. Lat.] a mode of speaking
or writing according to the propriety of the Latin tongue, a Latin
idiom. Milton has made use of frequent transpositions and latinisms.
Addison.

LA’TINIST [of Latin] one well versed in Latin.

LATI’NITY [latinitÉ, Fr. latinitas, Lat.] the Latin tongue, the
propriety of it, the purity of Latin stile. If Shakespeare was able to
read Plautus with ease, nothing in latinity could be hard to him. Denni.

To LA’TINIZE, verb neut. [latinifer, Fr. from Latin] 1. To use
words or phrases borrowed from the Latin. Terms and phrases that
are latinized. Watts. 2. To express one's self after the manner of
the Latins. 3. To give Latin terminations to words.

LA’TION [with philosophers] the translating or moving of a natu­
ral body from one place to another in a right line; and is much the
same as local motion.

LATIRO’STROUS, adj. [of latus, broad, and rostrum, Lat. a beak]
broadbeaked. Latirostrous and flat-billed birds. Brown.

LA’TISH, adj. [of late] somewhat late.

LATI’SSIMUS Dorsi [with anatomists] a muscle of the arm which
arises chiefly from the seven lower spines of the vertebræ, or turning
joints of the chest, and all those of the loins, and is inserted into the
shoulder-bone, by a short, flat, strong tendon. It is also called anis­
calptor and terser.

LA’TITANCY, or LATITA’TION [latitatio, latitans, from latito,
Lat.] the state of lurking or lying nid. Their secession or latitancy.
Brown.

LA’TITANT, adj. [of latitans, Lat.] concealed, lying hid. This
is evident in snakes and lizzards latitant many months in the year.
Brown.

LA’TITAT, a writ whereby all men in personal actions are called
originally to the king's-bench. Latitat signifies he lies hid, so that
being served with this writ, he must put in security for his appearance
at the day appointed.

LA’TITUDE, Fr. [latitudine, It. latitud, Sp. of latitudo, Lat.]
1. Width, breadth; in bodies of unequal dimensions, the shorter axis;
in equal bodies, the line drawn from right to left. Provided the length
do not exceed the latitude above one third. Wotton. 2. Room,
space, extent. There is a difference of degrees in mens understandings
to so great a latitude, that there is a greater difference between some
men and others than between some men and beasts. Locke. 3. The
extent of the earth or heavens, reckoned from the equator to either
pole. 4. Of a place [in geography] is the distance of that place
either north or south, from the equinoctial, and is measured by that
arch of the meridian of the place which is intercepted between the
place and the equinoctial. Places of the same latitude. Addison. 5. 
Unrestrained acceptation, licentious or lax interpretation. The be­
nign latitude of the doctrine of goodwill. South. 6. Freedom from
settled rules, laxity. In human actions there are no degrees and pre­
cise natural limits described, but a latitude is indulged. Taylor. 7.
Extent, diffusion. Great learning and latitude of knowledge. Brown.

Difference of LATITUDE [in navigation] is the northing or south­
ing of a ship, or the way gained, to the northward or southward.

LATITUDE of a Star [with astronomers] is the space that any star
or planet is at any time from the ecliptic.

Apparent LATITUDE [in astronomy] is the distance of its apparent
place from the ecliptic.

Northern LATITUDE if a Star [in astronomy] is its distance from
the ecliptic towards the north pole.

Southern LATITUDE of a Star [in astronomy] is its distance from
the ecliptic towards the south pole.

LATITUDE of Health [with physicians] that deviation from a cer­
tain standard of weight and bulk, which a person cannot admit of
without falling into a disease.

LATITUDINA’RIAN, adj. [latitudinaire, Fr. latitudinarius, L. Lat.]
not restrained, thinking or acting at large. Latitudinarian love will
be expensive. Collier.

LATITUDINA’RIANS, subst. [of latitudo, Lat.] persons who take
too great a liberty in matters of religion. Johnson says it implies
those who depart from orthodoxy, but others, persons of moderation
with regard to religious opinions, who believe there is a latitude in
the road to heaven which may admit people of different persuasions.

LA’TOMIST [latomus, Lat. ΛΑΤΟΜΟΣ, of ΛΑΣ, a stone, and ΤΙΜΓΜΩ, Gr.
to cut] a stone cutter, a mason.

LATO’NA [according to the poets] the mother of Apollo and Di­
ana by Jupiter. Homer.

LA’TRANT, adj. [latrans, Lat.] barking; as, a latrant writer, an
author who snarls at others. The minds and genius of the latrant
race. Tickell.

LATRI’A, Lat. [ΛΑΤρΙΙΑ, Gr. latrie, Fr.] the worship of God;
this is the highest kind, and distinguished by the Romanists from du­
lia, or inferior worship. Supplications and other acts of latria to the
cross. Stillingfleet. And this, if I am not mistaken, is what Dr.
Clarke styles accumulated idolatry; and partly as consisting in a viola­
tion of the second commandment, viz. by worshipping an image, and
partly as (by their own confession) they apply that worship [worship
in the MOST HIGH and ABSOLUTE sense of the word] to a subordinate
character, which in his judgment belongs only to the ONE SUPREME.
See CO-ORDINATION, DEITY and WORSHIP compared.

LATROCINA’TION, the act of robbing, plundering or pillaging.

LA’TTEN [latta, It. latón, Sp. lattoen, Du. leton, Fr. lattwn, Wel.]
thin plates of iron tinned over. A latten bason. Peacham.

LA’TTER, adj. [this is the comparative of late, tho' universally
written with double tt, contrary to analogy and to our own practice
in the superlative, latest. When the thing of which the comparison
is made is mentioned, we use later; as, this fruit is later than the
rest; but latter, when no comparison is expected; as, those are latter
fruits. Johnson] 1. Happening after something else. 2. Modern,
lately done or past. In these latter ages. Locke. 3. Mentioned the
last of two. The difference between reason and revelation, and in
what sense the latter is superior. Watts.

LATTER Math [latter mæth, Sax.] a second mowing.

LA’TTICE [of latta, Sax. a lathe, lattis, Fr. By Junius written
lettice, and derived from lett iren, a hindering iron, or iron-stop;
by Skinner imagined to be derived from latte, Du. a lath, or to be
corrupted from nettice, or network. I have sometimes derived it from
let and eye, leteyes, that which lets the eye. It may be deduced from
laterculus. Johnson] a window made of lathe work; a window made
with sticks or irons crossing each other at small distances.

To LA’TTICE, verb act. [from the subst.] to mark or bar with
cross parts like a lattice.

LATUS Primarium [in conic sections] a right line drawn thro' the
vertex of the section, parallel to the base of the triangular section of
the cone, and within it.

LATUS Rectum [in conic sections] the same as perameter.

LATUS Transversum [of the hyperbola] is a right line intercepted
between the vertices of the two opposite sections.

LAVEME’NTUM, Lat. a fomentation.

LAVA’NDULA, Lat. [with botanists] lavender, lavender spike.

LAVA’TION, subst. [lavatio, Lat.] the act of washing, especially of
metals and minerals, a cleansing them from their filth, by washing
them in water or some other liquor. The solemn day of her lavation.
Hakewell.

LA’VATORY, or LAVADE’RO, subst. [from lavo, Lat. to wash; in
physic] 1. A wash, something in which parts diseased are washed.
Lavatories to wash the temples, wrists, and jugulars. Harvey. 2. [In
Chili in America] certain places where gold is got out of the earth by
washing.


LAU

To LAUD, verb. act. [laudare, It. laudo, Lat.] to praise, to cele­
brate. We laud and magnify thy glorious name. Bentley.

LAUD [laude, It. of laus, Lat.] 1. Praise, honour paid, celebration
in general. Great laud and praise were mine. Pope. 2. That part
of divine worship which consists in praise. Laud and thanks to God.
Bacon.

LAU’DABLE, Fr. and Sp. [laudubile, It. of laudabilis, Lat.] 1. Wor­
thy of praise, commendable. The laudable aim of pleasing. Locke.
2. Healthy, salubrious. Laudable animal juices. Arbuthnot.

LAUDABLE Matter [with surgeons] such matter of a wound as is
natural, and has no bad quality.

LAU’DABLENESS [of laudable] praise-worthiness.

LAU’DABLY, adv. [of laudable] in a manner deserving praise,
praise-worthy. Obsolete words may be laudably revived. Dryden.

LAU’DANUM [with physicians, a cant word from laudo, Lat. to
praise] a soporific tincture, the finer and purer parts of opium, drawn
in water and spirits of wine, and then reduced to its due consistence
used to compose to rest.

LAU’DATIVE [laudativus, Lat.] pertaining to praise or commenda­
tion.

LAUDI’MIUM [in the civil law] the fiftieth part of the value of the
land or houses, which in ancient times the proprietor paid to the new
tenant, as an acknowledgment upon investiture, or for being put into
possession.

LAU’DUM, a decisive sentence or award of an arbitrator.

LAUDS [laudes, Lat.] praises said or sung last at morning or evening
service.

To LAVE, verb act. [of lavo, Lat. to wash] 1. To wash, to bathe.
2. [lever, Fr.] To lade, to draw out, to scoop or throw water out of
a vessel, boat, &c.
A fourth with labour laves
Th' intruding seas, and waves ejects on waves. Dryden.

To LAVE, verb neut. to wash one's self, to bathe. In her chaste
current oft the goddess laves. Pope.

To LAVE a Design [with painters] is to do a picture over with
wash; to cleanse, freshen, or touch it up.

LA’VEDAN, a gennet of an iron gray.

To LAVE’ER, verb act. [laveeren, Du. and L. G.] to steer a ship
sometimes one way, and sometimes another, to vary the direction of­
ten in a course. Those that 'gainst stiff gales laveering go. Dryden.

LA’VENDER [lavende, Fr. lavanda, It. lavendala, Port. of lavendu­
la, Lat.] a fragrant herb. It is one of the verticillate plants, whose
flower consists of one leaf, divided into two slips; the upper lip stand­
ing upright is roundish, and for the most part bifid, but the under lip
is cut into three segments. These flowers are disposed in whorles,
and are collected into a slender spike upon the top of the stalks.
Miller.

LAVENDER Cotton, an herb.

LA’VENHAM, a market town of Suffolk, on a branch of the river
Bret, 52 miles from London.

LA’VER [lavoir, Fr. labrum, Lat.] a vessel to wash in.
With lavers pure and cleansing herbs wash of
The clodded gore. Milton.

LAVER, a sort of sea plant; oister-green or sea-liver-wort.

LAVE’RNA, the goddess of thieves.

To LAUGH, verb neut. [hlæhan, or hlihan, Sax. lachen, Du. and
Ger. lach, Scottish] 1. To make that noise which sudden merriment







excites. 2. [In poetry] to appear gay, favourable, pleasant, or
fertile. Then laughs the childish gear with florets crown'd. Dryden.
3. To laugh at; to treat with contempt, to ridicule. You'll be
laugh'd at. Shakespeare.

To LAUGH, verb act. to scorn, to mock, to deride. Laugh him
to scorn. Psalms.
Let him LAUGH that wins.
Fr. Marchand qui perd ne peut rire. (The merchant who loses can't
laugh.) Spoken when persons laugh at our losses or misfortunes. The
Lat. say; Tu rides at ego ringor.
He'll LAUGH in your face and cut your throat.
This proverb is meant in general of those who are ever fawning and
flattering persons, against whom they are at the same time imagining
mischief in their hearts.
Women LAUGH when they can, and weep when they will.

To LAUGH in one's Sleeve, to be pleased with a thing privately,
without making any shew of it.

LAUGH, subst. [from the verb] the convulsion caused by merriment,
an inarticulate expression of sudden merriment. But feigns a laugh
to see me search around. Pope.

LAU’GHABLE, adj. [of laugh] such as may properly excite laughter.
He was not a laughable writer. Dryden.

LA’UGHER [of laugh] one that laughs or is fond of merriment.
The laughers are much the majority. Pope.

LA’UGHINGLY, adv. [of laughing] in a merry manner, merrily.

LA’UGHING-STOCK [of laugh and stock] a butt, an object of ridi­
cule. Both a prey and laughing-stock at once. L'Estrange.

LA’UGHTER [of laugh] convulsive merriment. See LAUGH and
LAUGHING.

LA’UGHING, or LA’UGHTER [hlawande and hleador, hleodor or
hleahter, Sax. gelachter, Du. gelâchter, Ger.] the act of laughing.
Laughing causeth a continual expulsion of the breath, with the loud
noise which maketh the interjection of laughing, shaking of the breast
and sides, running of the eyes with water if it be violent. Bacon.

LA’UGHTER, the ancients used to paint laughter, or the genius or
deity of it, in a garment of various colours.

LA’VINGTON-EAST, a market town of Wiltshire, 87 miles from
London.

To LA’VISH, verb act. [of lavo, Lat. to wash. Skinner. Of this
word I have been able to find no satisfactory etymology. Johnson.]
1. To scatter with profusion, to be lavish of, to waste or squander
away. We lavish'd at our deaths the blood of thousands. Addison.

LA’VISH, adj. 1. Prodigal, wasteful, extravagant, indiscretely libe­
ral. The dame has been too lavish of her feast. Rowe. 2. Scattered
in waste, profuse. 3. Wild, unrestrained. Curbing his lavish spirit.
Shakespeare.

LA’VISHER [of lavish] a prodigal, an unthrift, a profuse man.

LA’VISHLY, adv. [of lavish] profusely, prodigally. And lavishly
perfumes the fields around. Dryden.

LA’VISHNESS, or LA’VISHMENT [from lavish] 1. Prodigality. Spent
with pride and lavishness. Spenser. 2. profuseness, wastefulness.

LA’UNCESTON, a borough town of Cornwall, 208 miles from Lon­
don. It gives title of viscount to the Prince of Wales, and sends two
members to parliament.

To LAUNCH, verb neut. [of lancer, Fr. it is derived by Skinner
from lance; because a ship is pushed into water with great force] 1.
To force into the sea; as, to launch a ship or boat, is to put it afloat
out of a dock. Launch out into the deep. St. Luke. 2. To rove at
large, to expatiate. He launches out into very flow'ry paths. Prior.

To LAUNCH, verb act. 1. To push to sea. To sink episcopacy
and launch presbytery in England. K. Charles. 2. To dart from the
hand. [This perhaps for distinction sake might better be written lanch.
Johnson.]
Launching from the sky
His writhen bolt. Dryden.

LAUND [laund, Sax. lande, Fr. lawn, Wel.] signifies a plain
among trees. Lawn, a plain extended between woods. Hanmer.
Through this laund anon the deer will come. Shakespeare.

LA’UNDER [in the tin works] a trench in a floor cut eight feet long
and ten feet over, with a turf at one end for a stopper, to let the water
(that comes along with the bruised ore from the coffer of a stamping
mill) run away while the ore sinks to the bottom.

LA’UNDRESS [lavandara, It. lavandera, Sp. lavandéira, Port. la­
vandiere, Fr. Skinner imagines that lavanderesse may have been the
old word] one whose business is to wash linen, a washer-woman.
Carry them to the laundress. Shakespeare.

LA’UNDRY, subst. [as if lavanderie] 1. The room in which cloaths
are washed. Swift. 2. The act or state of washing. Laundry of
cloaths. Bacon.

LAVO’LTA, subst. [la volte, Fr.] an old dance in which was much
turning and capering. Hanmer.
I cannot sing,
Nor heel the high lavolt. Shakespeare.

LAU’REA, Lat. [with botanists] the bay-tree or laural.

LAU’REATE, or LAU’REATED, adj. [laureatus, Lat.] decked or
crowned with laurel. The ancient conquerors used to wear crowns of
laurel, in token of victory. To strew the laureate herse where Lycid
lies. Milton.

Poet LAU’REAT, a title commonly given to the king's poet, &c.

LAU’REATED Letters, letters bound up in laurel, such as the Ro­
man generals were wont to send to the senate, when the contents of
them were victory and conquest.

LAUREA’TION [of laureate] it denotes, in the Scottish universities,
the act or state of having degrees conferred, as master of arts, hav­
ing some of them a flowery crown, in imitation of laurel among the
ancients.

LAU’REL [laur, Sax. laurier, Fr. alloro, It. of laurus, Lat.]
one of the ever-green trees; called also the cherry bay. It hath
broad, thick, shining, ever-green leaves, somewhat like those of the
bay tree; the cup of the flower is hollow and funnel shaped, spread­
ing open at the top, and is divided into five parts. The flower con­
sists of five leaves, which expand in form of a rose. The fruit, which
is like that of the cherry-tree, is produced in bunches, and the stone is
longer and narrower than that of the cherry. Miller. The laurus, or
laurel of the antients, is affirmed by naturalists to be what we call the
bay-tree. Ainsworth.

LAUREL [figuratively] is the emblem of victory and triumph.

LAUREL [hieroglyphically] represents favour and preservation,
because lightening never blasts it as it does other trees; and upon that
account it is dedicated to Jupiter and Apollo.

LAU’RELED, adj. [of laurel] crowned or decorated with laurel.
Th' express is come,
With laurel'd letters from the camp to Rome. Dryden.

LAURENTA’LIA, Lat. [among the Romans] festivals or holy­
days dedicated to Laurentia, who was the nurse to Romulus and
Remus.

LAU’RETS, certain pieces of gold, coined A. D. 1619, with the
head of king James I. laureated. The twenty-shilling piece was
marked with XX, the ten shilling piece with X.

LAU’RUS, Lat. the bay tree.

LAURUSTI’NUS [with botanists] the wild bay.


LAW

LAW [lage, lagea, or lah, Sax. law, Dan. las, Su. loi, Fr. legge,
It. ley, Sp. and Port. lex, Lat. lawgh, Erse] 1. A rule of action. 2.
A decree, edict, statute, or custom, publickly established as a rule of
justice. 3. Judicial process. Taking the law of every body. Addi­
son. 4. Conformity to law, any thing lawful. When what's not
meet, but what must be, was law. Shakespeare. 5. An established
and constant mode or process, a fixed correspondence of cause and
effect.
I dy'd whilst in the womb he staid,
Attending nature's law, Shakespeare.
He'll go to LAW, for the wagging of a straw,
That is, he is a very letigious quarrelsome person.

LAW [among moralists] is a decree by which a sovereign obliges a
subject to conform his actions to what he prescribes, or a rule of acting
or not acting, set down by some intelligent being, or persons having
authority for so doing.

LAW of Merchants, a special law peculiar to merchants, and dif­
ferent from the common law of England; which is, if there be two
joint merchants, and one of them dies, his executor shall have the
moiety. It is also called the law of the staple.

LAW of Mark, or LAW of Mart, called also reprisal, it is that
whereby men take the goods of those by whom they have received
wrong, and cannot get ordinary justice, whenever they find them
within their own bounds or precincts.

LAW-Day [lage-dæg, Sax.] any day of open court; but was an­
ciently used of the more solemn courts of a county or hundred.

LAWS [of nations] are of two sors, either primary or secondary;
the primary laws are such as concern embassies, and the entertainment
of strangers, and such as concern traffic and the like; the secondary
laws, are such as concern arms.

LAW, was painted by the ancients in purple robes, seeded with
stars, in a mantle of carnation colour, fringed with gold.

LAW [lap, Sax.] signifies a hill among the borderers.

LAW [of arms] the allowed rules and precepts of war, as to make
and observe leagues and truces, to punish such as offend in a camp,
&c.

LAWS [of Molmutius] the laws of Dunwallo Molmutius, the 16th
king of the Britains, who began his reign 444 years before the birth
of our Saviour.

LAWS of Oleron [so called, because made at Oleron, an island of
France, when king Richard was there] certain laws belonging to sea
affairs.

LAWS Spiritual, the ecclesiastical or civil laws, according to which
the ordinary and ecclesiastical judges act in those causes that come un­
der their cognizance.

LAWS of the twelve Tables [among the Romans] certain laws com­
posed from those of Solon, and other constitutions of Greece, by order
of the Roman senate; which were engraved on ten tables of brass,
and committed to the custody of the magistrates, called Decemviri.

LAWES [in the borders between England and Scotland] certain round
heaps of stones.

LA’WFUL, adj. [of law and full] agreeable or conformable to
law, allowed legal, legitimate. It is not lawful for thee to have her.
St. Matthew.

LA’WFULLY, adv. [of lawful] legally, agreeably to law. What
an extent of power you have, and how lawfully you may exercise it.
Dryden.

LA’WFULNESS [of lawful] legality, allowance of law. The law­
fulness of the action. Bacon.

LA’WGIVER [of law and giver] one that makes laws, a legislator.
The lawgiver of our nation. Bacon.

LA’WGIVING, adj. [of law and giving] legislative. Lawgiving he­
roes fam'd for taming brutes. Waller.

LA’WING of Dogs, is cutting off three claws of the fore foot by the
skin, or the ball of the fore foot.

LA’WLESS Court [so called, because held at an unlawful hour] a
court held at King's-hall at Rochford in Essex, on the Wednesday
next after every Michaelmas-day, at the cock-crowing, by the lord
of the manor of Raleigh. The steward and suiters whisper to each
other, and have no candles, or any pen and ink, but supply that of­
fice with a coal. And he that owes suit and service to this court, and
appears not, forfeits to the lord double his rent, every hour he is ab­
sent.

LAWLESS Man, one who has no benefit of the law, an outlaw.

LAWLESS, adj. [laghelesse, Sax.] 1. That is without law, irregu­
lar, disorderly. 2. Not subject to law, not restrained by any law.
The necessity of war among human actions is the most lawless. Ra­
leigh. 3. Contrary to law, illegal. Lay down thy lawless claim.
Dryden.

LA’WLESLY, adv. [of lawless] in a manner contrary to law. And
will not use a woman lawlesly. Shakespeare.

LA’WLESNESS [of lawless] illegality, disorderliness; also the con­
dition of an outlaw'd person.

LA’WMAKER [of law and maker] one who makes laws, a law­
giver, a legislator. Their judgment is that the church of Christ
should admit no lawmakers but the evangelists. Hooker.








LAWN [land, Dan. lawn, Wel. lande, Fr.] 1. A great plain in a
park, an open space between woods. Forests intermixt with walks
and lawns and gardens. Addison. 2. [Linen, Fr. of ΛΙΝΟΝ, Gr.] a sort
of fine linen cloth, remarkable for being used in the sleeves of bishops.
To stop the wounds my finest lawn I'd tear. Prior.

LAWN [in dooms-day book] a plain between two woods.

LA’WSUIT [of law and suit] a process in law, a litigation. Law­
suits and wrangles. Swift.

LA’WYER [of law] a professor of law, a pleader, an advocate,
one who has studied and practises the law.
A good LAWYER, an evil neighbour.
Because it is his interest to set his neighbours together by the ears.

LAX, subst. 1. A kind of salmon fish. 2. A looseness of body, a
diarrhœa.

LAX, adj. [laxus, Lat.] 1. Loose, not confined, not closely joined.
Gravel and the like laxer matter. Woodward. 2. Slack, not tense.
Tho' your outward ear be stopt by the lax membrane. Holder. 3. 
Vague, not rigidly exact. Dialogues were only lax and moral dis­
courses. Baker. 4. Loose in body, so as to go frequently to stool.
Laxative medicines are such as promote that disposition. Quincy.

LA’XAMENT [laxamentum, Lat.] release, refreshment, relaxation.

LAXA’NTIA, Lat. [with physicians] loosening medicines, which
produce a slight and gentle discharge by the bowels. See ECCOPRO­
TICA, and PURGATIVES.

LA’XATED, adj. [laxatus, Lat.] loosened, &c.

LAXA’TION [laxatio, Lat.] 1. The act of loosening or flackening.
2. The state of being loosened or slackened.

LA’XATIVE, adj. [laxatif, Fr. lassativo, It. of laxativus, of laxo,
Lat.] that is of a loosening or opening quality, having the power to
ease costiveness. Honey is of a laxative power. Brown.

LAXATIVE, subst. a loosening medicine, a medicine that relaxes the
bowels without stimulation, a gentle purgative. Downward laxative.
Dryden.

LA’XATIVENESS [of laxative] power of easing constiveness.

LA’XITY [laxitus, Lat.] 1. Looseness, not costiveness. If some­
times it cause any laxity, it is in the same way with iron unprepared.
Brown. 2. Slackness, contrariety to tension. Laxity of a fibre is that
degree of cohesion in its parts which a small force can alter, so as to
increase its length beyond what is natural. Quincy. 3. Not compres­
sion, not close cohesion. A chaos of so great a laxity and thinness.
Bentley. 4. Contrariety to rigorous precision. 5. Openness, not
closeness. Enfeebled by the laxity of the channel in which it flows.
Digby.

LA’XNESS [of lax] laxity, not tension, not precision, not costive­
ness.


LAY

LAY, subst. [a word originally signifying sorrow or complaint; lay,
O. Fr. and then transferr'd to poems written to express sorrow. It is
derived by the Fr. from lessus, Lat. a funeral song; but it is found
likewise in the Teutonic dialect, ley, leod, Sax. leey, Dan. Johnson]
a kind of ancient poetry, consisting of very short verses, a song, a
poem. With a loud lay she thus him sweetly charmed. Spenser.

LAY, subst. [from to lay] 1. A row, a stratum. A lay of wire
strings below. Bacon. A lay of wood. Mortimer. 2. A wager. An
even lay. Graunt. 3. [Ley, leag, Sax. ley, Scottish] grassy ground,
meadow, ground unploughed and kept for cattle. More frequently
and more properly written lea. A flowry lay. Shakespeare.

LAY, pret. [of lye] I lay the first night at a village. Addison.

LAY [of leag, Sax.] whether it stand at the beginning or end of a
name, signifies a field or pasture; but such a field as is not often
ploughed.

To LAY, irreg. verb act. [legan, Sax. legge, Dan. laegga, Su. leg­
gen, Du. legen, Ger. LAID, pret. and part. pass. lede, Sax. lagde, Dan.
lagd, Su. legre. Ger.] 1. To place along. And lay a stumbling-block
in the way of thy uprightness. Ecclesiasticus. 2. To beat down corn
or grass. Laying of corn with great rains in harvest. Bacon. 3. To
keep from rising, to settle, to still. A refreshing fragrant shower of
rain had laid the dust. Ray. 4. To fix deep. To lay the foundation
of a new colony. Bacon. 5. To put, to place. Loth to lay his fin­
gers on it. Shakespeare. 6. To bury, to interr. David fell on sleep
and was laid unto his fathers. Acts. 7. To station, to place privily.
Lay thee an ambush for the city. Joshua. 8. To spread on a surface.
The colouring upon those maps should be laid on so thin as not to ob­
scure or conceal any part. Watts. 9. To plant, to enamel. The
pictures drawn in our minds are laid in fading colours. Locke. 10.
To put into any state of quiet. To abuse and lay asleep the queen.
Bacon. 11. To calm, to still, to quiet, to allay. At once the wind
was laid. Dryden. 12. To prohibit from appearing; as, to lay a spi­
rit. 13. To prohibit it from walking. To lay the devil in a petti­
coat. L'Estrange. 14. To set on the table. I laid meat unto them.
Hosea. 15. To wager. Lay no wagers. K. Charles. 16. To repo­
sit any thing. Where she may lay her young. Psalms. 17. To ex­
clude eggs. After the egg laid there is no further growth. Bacon.
18. To apply with violence. Lay siege against it. Ezekiel. 19. To
apply nearly. She layeth her hands to the spindle. Proverbs. 20. To
add, to conjoin. Woe unto them that lay field to field. Isaiah. 21. 
To put in any state. Lay it open first. Wiseman. 22. To scheme, to
contrive. Laying plans for empire. Pope. 23. To charge as a pay­
ment. A tax laid upon land. Locke. 24. To impute, to charge.
God layeth not folly to them. Job. 25. To impose, to enjoin. A
punishment laid upon Eve. Locke. 26. To exhibit, to offer. The
crime laid against him. Acts. 27. To throw by violence. The lofty
city he layeth it low even to the ground. Isaiah. 28. To place in
comparison. Lay down by those pleasures the fearful and dangerous
thunders and lightnings, and then there will be found no comparison.
Raleigh. 29. To lay apart; to reject, to put away. Lay apart all
filthiness. James. 30. To lay aside; to put away, not to retain. Let
us lay aside every weight. Hebrews. 31. To lay away; to put from
one, not to keep. Queen Esther laid away her glorious apparel.
Esther. 32. To lay before; to expose to view, to shew, to display.
Laying before you a prospect of your labours. Wake. 33. To lay by;
to reserve for some future time. Let every one lay by him in store.
1 Corinthians. 34. To lay by; to put from one, to dismiss. She went
away and laid by her veil. Genesis. 35. To lay down; to deposite as a
pledge, equivalent or satisfaction. I lay down my life for the sheep.
St. John. 36. To lay down; to quit, to resign. I will not have him
to lay down his arms any more. Spenser. 37. To lay down; to com­
mit to repose. I will lay me down in peace and sleep. Psalms. 38.
To lay down; to advance as a proposition. I have laid down the de­
scription of the old known world. Abbot. 39. To lay for; to attempt
by ambush or insidious practices. Not without the knowledge of So­
lyman hardly laid for at sea by Cortug-Ogli, a famous pirate. Knolles.
40. To lay forth; to diffuse, to expatiate. He lays himself forth upon
the gracefulness of the raven. L'Estrange. 41. To lay forth; to place
when dead in a decent posture. Embalm me, then lay me forth.
Shakespeare. 42. To lay hold of; to seize, to catch. Then shall his
father and his mother lay hold of him. Deuteronomy. 43. To lay in;
to store, to treasure. To lay in timely provisions for manhood and
old age. Addison. 44. To lay on; to apply with violence. Blows laid
on in a way different from the ordinary. Locke. 45. To lay open; to shew,
to expose. A fool layeth open his folly. Proverbs. 46. To lay over;
to incrust, to cover, to adorn superficially. It is laid over with gold
and silver. Habbakuk. 47. To lay out; to expend. The money of
all other the best laid out. Locke. 48. To lay out; to display, to disco­
ver. To lay out bigotry and false confidence in all its colours. Atter­
bury. 49. To lay out; to dispose, to plan. The garden is laid out
into a grove for fruits. Broome. 50. To lay out; with the reciprocal
pronoun. To exert, to put forth. To lay out himself for the good of
his country. Smalridge. 51. To lay to; to charge upon. To lay his
unkindness unto him. Sidney. 52. To lay to; to apply with vigour.
We should now lay to our hands to root them up. Oxford Reasons
against the Covenant. 53. To lay to; to harrass, to attack. The
English station was then hardly laid to by the bassa. Knolles. 54. To
lay together; to collect, to bring into one view. Hints upon this sub­
ject laid together. Addison. 55. To lay under; to subject to.
To civilize the rude unpolish'd world,
And lay it under the restraint of laws. Addison.
56. To lay up; to confine. No one was ever troubled with or laid up
by that disease. Temple. 57. To lay up; to store, to treasure. Every
man to lay up somewhat by him. Hooker. 58. To lay upon; to im­
portune, to request earnestly and instantly: obsolete. All the people
laid so earnesty upon him to take that war in hand. Knolles.

To LAY [with gardeners] is to bend down the branches of a tree,
or the twigs of a plant, and to cover them, that they may take root.
The chief time of laying gilliflowers is in July. Mortimer.

To LAY, verb neut. 1. To bring eggs. Hens will greedily eat the
herb which will make them lay the better. Mortimer. 2. To contrive.
To lay to draw him in by any train. Daniel's Civil War. 3. To lay
about; to strike on all sides, to act with great diligence and vigour.
Before, behind, and round about him lays. Spenser. 4. To lay at; to
strike, to endeavour to strike. The sword of him that layeth at him
cannot hold. Job. 5. To lay in for; to make overtures of public in­
vitation. I have laid in for these, by relating the satire. Dryden. 6. 
To lay on; to strike, to beat. He lays me on, and makes me bear the
blame. Dryden. 7. To lay on; to act with vehemence. My father
has made her mistress of the feast, and she lays it on. Shakespeare. 8.
To lay out; to take measures. And began to lay out their corn in the
sun. Addison.

To LAY Land [a sea phrase] is to sail from it just as far as you can
see it.

LAY, adj. [laicus, Lat. ΛΑΟΣ, Gr.] not clerical, belonging to the
people as distinct from the clergy. Lay persons. Ayliff.

LAY Brother [among the Romanists] an illiterate person, who does
the servile offices in a convent or monastery; but is not in any orders,
nor makes any vows, enters not into the choir, and wears a habit dif­
ferent from the monks, &c.

LAY-Man [of laicus, Lat. of ΛΑΙχΟΣ, Gr.] one who follows a secu­
lar employment, or has not entered into holy orders, one of the peo­
ple as distinct from the clergy. His title as ancient and as legal as that
of a layman. Swift.

LAY-Man, a statue of wood, whose joints are so made, that they
may be put into any posture, an image. You are to have a layman al­
most as big as the life for every figure in particular. Dryden.

LAY-Stall [of lay and stal, Sax.] a place to lay dung, soil or rub­
bish in.
Like a great lay-stall
Of murdered men, which therein strewed lay. Spenser.

LA’YER, a place in a creek, where small oisters are thrown, which,
by the laws of the admiralty, are to lie there till a broad shilling, put
in between both shells, my be heard to rattle when it is shut.

LAYER, subst. [of lay] 1. A stratum, a row, a bed, one body spread
over another. The terrestrial matter is disposed into strata or layers
placed one upon another. Woodward. 2. [With gardeners] a young
sprout or sprig of a plant, covered with mould, in order to raise its
kind. Many trees may be propagated by layers. This is to be per­
formed by slitting the branches a little way, and laying them under
the mould about half a foot, the ground should be first made very
light, and after they are laid they should have a little water given
them: If they do not comply well in laying them down, they must
be pegged down with a hook or two, and if they have taken suffi­
cient root by the next winter, they must be cut off from the main
plants, and planted in the nursery. Some twist the branch or bare
the rind: and if it be out of the reach of the ground, they fasten a
tub or basket near the branch, which they fill with good mould, and
lay the branch in it. Miller. 3. A hen that lays eggs: The oldest
are always reckoned the best fitters, and the youngest the best layers.
Mortimer.


LAZ

LA’ZAR [of Lazarus in the gospel] one deformed and nauseous
with filthy and pestilential diseases. Like loathsome Lazars by the
hedges lay. Spenser.

LA’ZARHOUSE, or LAZARE’TTO [lazaret, Fr. lazzeretto, or lazar,
It.] a house for the reception of the diseased, an hospital. A lazar­
house it seem'd. Milton.

LA’ZARWORT, subst. a plant.

LA’ZILY, adv. [of lazy] in a slothful, idle manner, heavily.

LA’ZINESS [of lazy] heaviness to action, slothfulness, sluggishness,
idleness. That instance of Fraud and laziness the unjust steward.
South.








LA’ZING, adj. [of lazy] sluggish, idle. He lay lazing and lolling
upon his couch. South.

LA’ZULI, subst. See LAPIS Lazuli.

LAZY [This word, Johnson says, is derived by a correspondent,
with great probability, from à l'aise, Fr. But it is however Teutonic,
liiser in Dan. and losigh, Du. and L. Ger. have the same meaning.
And Spelman gives this account of the word: Dividebantur antiqui
Saxones, ut testatur Nithardus, in tres ordines, Edhilingos, Trilingos
& Lazzos, hoc est nobiles, ingenuos & serviles: quam & nos distinc­
tionem diu retinuimus. Sed Ricardo autem secundo pars servorum maxima
se in libertatem vindicavit; sic ut hodie apud Anglos rarior inveniatur ser­
vus, qui manicipium dicitur. Restat nihilominus antiquæ appellationis com­
memoratio. Ignavos enim hodie lazie dicimus] 1. Unwilling to work,
slothful, sluggish, idle. Not fall to work, but be lazy and spend vic­
tuals. Bacon. 2. Slow, tedious. Too dull and lazy an expedient to
resist this torrent. Clarendon.

LD. is used as an abbreviation for Lord.

L. D. is used as an abbreviation for Doctor in Law.


LEA

LEA, subst. See LAY. [ley, a fallow, leag, Sax. a pasture] ground
inclosed, not open. On the lawns and on the leas. Milton.

LEA [at Kederminster] a quantity of yarn, containing 200 threads,
reeled on a reel four yards about.

LEACH, hard work, a term very common with the miners in the
north.

To LEACH [a term in carving] to cut up; as, leach that brawn,
i. e. cut it up.

LEACH Troughs [in the salt works] vessels in which the salt is set to
drain.

LEA’CHER [prob. of leger, Sax. or perhaps of leger, Fr. light, or
of lecher, Fr. to lick, q. d. lickerish, or of lecher, Ger. nice or delicate]
a lustful person, a whoremonger. See LECHER.

LE’ACHEROUS, lustful. See LECHEROUS.

LEAD [leade, or læd, Sax. loodt, Du.] a metal composed of an
earthy salt and sulphur, impure and ill digested with imperfect Mer­
cury, coming near to the nature of antimony. 1. It is the heaviest of
all bodies after mercury and gold. 2. It is the softest of all metals,
and very ductile, tho' less so than gold. 3. It melts the readiest. 4.
It easily dissolves in all weak acids, as in aqua fortis diluted with water,
and in vinegar; but very difficult in strong ones. It is very little sub­
ject to rust, and the least sonorous of all the metals except gold. The
specisic-gravity of lead to that of water, is as 11322 to 1000. Lead,
when kept in fusion over a common fire, throws up all other bodies
that are mixed, except gold. It afterwards vitrifies with the baser me­
tals, and carries them off in form of scoriæ to the sides of the vessel.
Gold, silver or copper become brittle on being mixed with lead in fu­
sion; and if lead and tin be melted together, the tin is thrown up to
the surface in little dusty globes. Lead is found in divers countries,
but abounds particularly in England in several kinds of soils and stones.
The smoke of the lead-works at Mendip in Somersetshire is a prodi­
gious annoyance, and subjects both the workmen and the cattle that
graze about them to a mortal disease; trees that grow near them have
their tops burnt, and their leaves and outsides discoloured and scorched.
Hill. It is easily bent, and differs only from iron, in that the parts lie
more close together, and more smooth, which make it so pliable and
heavier than iron. Lead is employed for the refining of gold and silver
by the cupel; hereof is made common ceruss with vinegar, of ceruss,
red lead; of plumbum cistum, the best yellow ochre; of lead and
half as much tin solder for lead. Grew. 2. [In the plural] a flat roof
to walk on. Goodly leads upon the top. Bacon.

To LEAD, verb act. [from the subst.] to fit with lead in any man­
ner. He applieth himself to lead it over. Ecclesiasticus.

LEAD [among sailors] See Sounding LEAD.

Sounding LEAD, or Dead Sea LEAD, is a lead of about six or seven
pound weight, ten or twelve inches longs and fastend at the end of the
sounding-line or deep sea-line.

To heave the LEAD [a sea phrase] is to stand by the ship's horse,
or in the chains, and to throw out the lead, and sound the depth of
the waters, to know where the ship may sail; and he that heaves the
lead, sings the depth he finds.

To LEAD, irreg. verb. act. [lædan, or ledan, Sax. leder, Dan.
leda, Su. leyden, Du. leiten, Ger. LED, pret. and part. pass. læd, Sax.
led, Dan.] 1. To conduct to any place. He leadth me beside the
still waters. Psalms. 2. To guide by the hand. And lead him away
to watering. St. Luke. 3. To conduct as head or commander.
Would you lead forth your army against the enemy. Spenser. 4. To
introduce by going first. Which may lead them out, and which may
bring them in. Numbers. 5. To guide, to shew the method of attain­
ing any thing. Not so proper to lead us into the knowledge of the
essence of things. Watts. 6. To entice, draw or allure. How to
lead him into a mistake. Clarendon. 7. To induce, to prevail on by
pleasing motives. Led by his own disposition. K. Charles. 8. To
pass, to spend in any certain manner. Luther's life was led up to the
doctrines he preached. Atterbury.

To LEAD, verb neut. 1. To go first and shew the way. I will
lead on softly. Genesis. 2. To conduct as a commander. Cyrus was
beaten and slain under the leading of a woman. Temple. 3. To shew
the way by going first. A new leading example. Wotton.

LEAD, subst. [from the verb] guidance, first place: A low despica­
ble word. Johnson. Yorkshire takes the lead of the other countries.
Herring.

LEA’DEN, adj. [leaden, Sax.] 1. Made of lead. A leaden bullet.
Wilkins. 2. Heavy, unwilling, motionless. If he be leaden, icy,
cold, unwilling. Shakespeare. 3. Heavy, dull. Lest leaden slumber
poise me down to-morrow. Shakespeare.

LEA’DER [of lead] 1. One that leads or conducts. 2. A captain,
a commander. A leader and commander to the people. Isaiah. 3.
One at the head of any party or faction. The understandings of a se­
nate are enslaved by three or four leaders. Swift.

LEA’DING, part. adj. principal. The shape is the leading quality.
Locke.

LEA’DING-STRINGS, subst. [of lead and string] strings by which
children, when they learn to walk, are held from falling.

LEA’DMAN [of lead and man] one who leads or begins a dance.
Obsolete. B. Johnson.

LEAD-WORT [of lead and wort] a kind of herb; the flower con­
sists of one leaf shaped like a funnel, and cut into several segments a­
top, the pointal becomes one ablong feed, for the most part sharp­
pointed which ripens in the flower-cup. Miller.

LEAF, subst. plur. leaves. [leafe, or leaf, Sax. loef, Su. leaf, Du.]
1. The green deciduous parts of a tree or plant. 2. [With botanists]
is defined to be a part of a plant extended into length and breadth, in
such a manner, as to have one side distinguishable from the other. 3.
A part of a book containing two pages. Peruse my leaves. Swift.
4. One side of a double door. The two leaves of the one door were
folding. 1 Kings. 5. Any thing soliated or thinly beaten. Leaf gold
flies in the air as light as down. Digby.

A simple LEAF, is that which is divided to the middle in several
parts, each resembling a leaf itself, as in a dock.

To LEAF, verb neut. [from the subst.] to bring forth leaves, to
bear leaves. Most trees sprout and fall off the leaves at antumn, and,
if not kept back by the cold, would leaf about the solstice. Brown.

LEA’FLESS, adj. [of leaf] naked or stipped of leaves. As a leaf­
less tree. Government of the Tongue.

LEAF Silver, a fine anciently paid by a tenant to his lord for leave
to plough and sow; also silver beat thin into leaves.

LEA’FY, adv. [of leaf] full of leaves. The leafy forest, and the
liquid main. Dryden.

LEAGUE [leuca, Lat. lega, It. legua, Sp. lieuë, Fr. lech, Wel.] 1.
A stone that was used to be erected at the end of every league. Cam­
den. 2. A measure containing three miles. Ere the ships could meet
by twice five leagues. Shakespeare. In France a league contains 2282
fathoms or toises, in Spain 3400 geometrical pacss, in Sweden 5000,
and in Hungary 6000.

LEAGUE [ligue, Fr. lega, It. liga, Sp. q. d. ligatio, Lat. a binding]
a confederacy, a combination, a treaty of alliance between nations,
princes, states, &c. A conjunction in parts and leagues. Bacon.

To LEA’GUB, verb neut. to be united or confederated. Men are
put to a loss where to league. South.

LEA’GUED, adj. [of league] confederated. And now thus leagu'd
by an eternal bond. Philips.

LEA’GUER, subst. [veleggeren, Du. leyger, Dan. leger, Ger.] a
siege laid to a town, any investment of a place; hence to beleaguer.

LEAK [lecke, Du. laeck, Su. in a ship] a hole or breach in it, by
which the water comes in.

To LEAK [lecken, Du. laeckae, Su. spoken of vessels] 1. Is when
the liquor contained in them, runs out at the same hole or chink, to
drop through a breach. Lee. 2. To let water in or out. Have his
shoes so thin that they might leak and let in water. Locke.

LEA’KAGE [in traffic] an allowance made to a merchant of 12 per
cent. in liquid things.

LEAKAGE [with brewers] an allowance of 3 in 23 barrels of beer,
and 2 in 22 of ale.

LEA’KING, part. adj. [of leak] running out of a vessel, through
some hole or chink.

LEA’KY, adj. [of leak] 1. Full of leaks, battered or pierced so as
to let water in or out. 2. Loquacious, not close, too open. Women
are so leaky, that I have hardly met with one that could not hold her
breath longer than she could keep a secret. L'Estrange.

LEAM [leoma, Sax.] a flash of fire or lightning.

LEAN, adj. [hlæne, læne, Sax.] 1. Poor in flesh, meagre, not fat,
bareboned. 2. Not unctuous, thin, hungry. Of terrestrial liquors
those that are fat and light, and those that are lean and more earthy
like common water. Burnet. 3. Low, poor. In opposition to great
and rich.
That which combin'd us was most great, and let not
A learner action rend us. Shakespeare.

LEAN, subst. that part of flesh which consists of the muscle without
the fat.

To LEAN, verb act. [hlynan, Sax. lana, Su.] to rest against, to
stay upon, to incline or bend against. A lady leanning against a pil­
lar. Peacham. 2. To propend, to tend towards. To lean to their
old customs. Spenser. 3. To be in a bending posture. Sharpening
their fight, and leaning from their stars. Dryden.

LEA’NLY, adv. [of lean] without plumpness, meagerly.

LEA’NNESS [of lean; lænesse, Sax.] poorness in flesh, meagreness,
not plumpness.

To LEAP, verb neut. [hlepan, or hleapan, Sax. loup, Scottish] 1.
To jump, to move upward or progressively, without change of the
feet. A man leapeth better with weights in his hands than without.
Bacon. 2. To rush with vehemence. After he went into the tent
and found her not, he leaped out to the people. Judith. 3. To bound,
to spring. Leap for joy. St. Luke. 4. To fly, to start. Sparks of
fire leap out. Job.

To LEAP, verb act. to pass over or into a place by leaping. To
leap a gulph for the saving of his country. L’Estrange. 2. To com­
press as animals. Let him not leap the cow. Dryden.

LEAP, subst. [hleap, Sax.] 1. A jump, a bound, the act of leap­
ing. 2. Space past by leaping. Carried their riders safe over all
leaps. L'Estrange. 3. Sudden transition. Sudden leaps from one ex­
treme to another are unnatural. L'Estrange. 4. An assault of a breast
of prey. The cat made a leap at the mouse. L'Estrange. 5. Com­
pression or embrace of animals. The rushing leap, the doubtful pro­
geny, Dryden. 6. Hazard or effect of leaping. You take a precipice
for no leap of danger. Shakespeare.

LEA’PFROG, subst. [of leap and frog] a play of children, in which
they imitate the jumping of frogs. If I could win a lady at leapfrog, I
should quickly leap into a wife. Shakespeare.

LEAP Year [so called of leaping a day] consists of 366 days, and
returns every 4th year, the other 3 containing but 365 days each.
The reason of it is, the sun not making his annual revolution in ex­
actly 365 days, but in 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 16 se­
conds, a day is added to every 4th year, and then February hath 29
days, which in common years hath but 28, to make amends for the
5 hours, 49 minutes, 16 seconds, which yet is too much.

LEA’RMOUTH, a market town of Northumberland, on the bank of
the river Tweed, 326 miles from London.

To LEARN, verb neut. [leornian, Sax.] 1. To gain instruction in letters,







arts, sciences, &c. to get knowledge or skill of. Learn a parable of
the fig-tree. St. Mattbew. 2. To take a pattern.

To LEARN, verb act. [læran, Sax. laere, Dan. laera, Su. leeren,
Du. lernen, Ger.] 1. To instruct or inform. 2. To teach. [It is
observable that in many of the European languages the same word
signifies to learn and to teach, to gain or impart knowledge. John­
son.]

LEA’RNED, adj. [of learn] 1. Versed in science and literature. The
learned bishop of Bath. Arbuthnot. 2. Skilled, skilful, knowing.
Learned in martial acts. Granville. 3. Skilled in scholastic knowledge.
Men of much reading are greatly learned, but may be little knowing.
Locke.

LEA’RNEDLY, adv. [of learned] with learning, knowledge, or
skill. But learnedly mad. Hooker.

LEA’RNER [leornere, Sax.] one who learns, or is yet in his rudi­
ments, one who is acquiring some new art or knowledge. The late
learners cannot so well take the ply. Bacon.

LEA’RNING [of learn] 1. Erudition, skill in languages or sciences,
generally scholastic knowledge. St. Paul was a great master in all the
Learning of the Greeks. Bentley. 2. Skill in any thing good or bad.
An act of contradiction by way of scorn, a learning wherewith we were
long sithence forewarned that the miserable times whereunto we are
fallen should abound. Hooker.

LEASE [of laisser, Fr. to leave or let. Spellman] 1. A deed or writing,
relating the demise or letting of lands or tenemenss for a certain rent.
for a rent reserved in writing indented.

LEASE [by indenture] 1. Is letting land or tenement, right or
common, rent or any inheritance, to another for terms of years or life,
Bishops leases. Swift. 2. Any tenure in general. Shorten'd hast thy
own life's lease. Milton.

LEASE Parole, is a lease as above, but by word of mouth.

To LEASE, verb act. [lisan, Sax.] to let by lease. The vicar
leases his glebe. Ayliffe.

To LEASE, v. a. [of lesen, Du. and Ger. to gather] to glean, to ga­
ther what the harvest people leave. She in harvest used to lease. Dryden.

LE’ASER [of lease] a gleaner, or one who gathers after reapers.
In the condition of leasers and gleaners. Swift.

LEASH, or LEASE [lesse, Fr. lascio, It. letse, Du.] a leather thong,
with which a falconer holds a hawk, or a courser leads his greyhound.
Hanmer.

To LEASH, verb act. [from the subst.] to bind, to hold in a
string. Leasht in like hounds. Shakespeare.

LEASH of Greyhounds, 1. Three in number. Even like a fawning
greyhound in the leash. Shakespeare. 2. A tierce, three in number
of any kind. Sworn brother to a leash of drawers. Shakespeare. 3. 
A band wherewith to tie any thing in general. Thou art a living
comedy, they are a leash of dull devils. Dennis.

LEA’SING, part. adj. [of lease] gleaning, picking up scattered corn
after reapers.

LEA’SING [lease, leasunge, Sax.] lies, falshood. How long will
ye have such pleasure in vanity, and seek after leasing? Psalms.

LEASSEE’, or LESSEE, the party to whom a lease is granted. See
LESSEE.

LEASSO’R, the person who lets or grants a lease. See LESSOR.

LEAST, adj. the superlative of little [least, or læst, Sax. This
word Wallis would persuade us to write lest, that it may be analogous
to less; but surely the profit is not worth the change. Johnson] little
beyond others, the smallest. A man can no more have a positive
idea of the greatest, than he has of the least space. Locke.

LEAST, adv. in the lowest degree, in a degree below others, less
then any other way. He who least deserves it. Pope.

At LEAST, or At LEA’STWISE, to say no more, not to demand or
affirm more than is barely sufficient at the lowest degree. They saw a
young man, at least if he were a man. Sidney.

LEA’SURE, or LEI’SURE [loisir, Fr.] opportunity, convenient, or
vacant time. See LEISURE.

LE’ASY, adj. [this word seems formed from the same root with
loisir, Fr. or loose. Johnson] flimsy, of weak texture. He never
leaveth, while the sense itself be left loose and leasy. Ascham.

LEAT, a trench for the conveyance of water, or to or from a
mill.

LEATH [leath, Sax.] a barn. N. C.

LEA’THER [lether, Sax. laeder, Dan. laeder, Su. leer, or leder,
Du. leder, Ger. leaâr, Erse] 1. The skin or hide of a beast tanned,
or otherwise dressed. 2. Skin; ironically. Some leather lost be­
hind. Swift.

LEA’THERCOAT [of leather and coat] an apple with a rough
rind.

LEA’THERDRESSER [of leather and dresser] he who dresses leather.
Entertained at the house of one Tychius a leatherdresser. Pope.

LE’ATHERMOUTHED, adj. [of leather and mouth] by a leather­
mouthed fish I mean, such as have their teeth in their throat, as the
chub or cheven. Walton.

LEA’THERN, adj. [of leather] made of leather.

LE’ATHERSELLER [of leather and seller] he who deals in leather,
and sells it.

LEA’THERSELLERS, were incorporated anno 1382, and confirmed
by several kings since, and are the 15th company in London. They
are a master, 3 wardens, 26 assistants, and 167 on the livery. Their
livery fine 20 l. and stewards 12 l. Their armorial ensigns are argent,
3 bucks regardant gules. Crest a buck or, attired sable, supporters
a buck as the last, and a ram of the first. Motto, Soli Deo honor
& gloria. Their hall is situate on the east end of Little St. Helens.

LE’ATHERY, adj. [of leather] resembling leather. Wormius calls
this crust a leathery skin. Grew.

LEAVE [leafe, from lyfan, Sax. to grant. lof, Su. oorlof, Du.
urlaub, Ger.] 1. Grant of liberty, permission, licence. By your
leave Ireneus. Spenser. 2. Farewel, adieu. Take leave and part.
Shakespeare.

To LEAVE, irr. verb act. [of lifan, or læfan, Sax. left, to have left,
pret. and left, part. pass. lafed, or læfd, Sax. lefnt, Dan. Of the de­
rivation of this word, the etymologists give no satisfactory account.
Johnson.] 1. To quit, to forsake, to depart from. A man shall
leave his father and his mother, and cleave to his wife. Genesis.
2. To desert, to abandon. He that is of an unthankful mind, will
leave him in danger that delivered him. Ecclesiasticus. 3. To have re­
maining at death. There be of them that have left a name behind
them. Ecclesiasticus. 4. Not to deprive of. They shall have left me
the providence of God. Taylor. 5. To suffer, to remain. It leaveth
a suspicion, as if more might be said than is expressed. Bacon. 6.
Not to carry away. They should leave behind them unnecessary bag­
gage. Knolles. 7. To fix as a token or remembrance. This I leave
with my reader, as an occasion for him to consider. Locke. 8. To
bequeath, to give as inheritance. That peace thou leav'st to thy
imperial line. Dryden. 9. To give up, to resign. Thou shalt leave
them for the poor. Leviticus. 10. To permit, without interposition.
Whether Esau were a vassal, I leave the reader to judge. Locke. 11.
To cease to do, to desist from. Let us return, lest my father leave
caring for the asses, and take thought for us. 1 Samuel. 12. To leave
off; to desist from, to forbear. He left off fox hunting. Addison.
13. To leave off; to forsake. He began to leave off some of his old
acquaintance. Addison. 14. To leave out; to omit, to neglect. No­
thing is left out or omitted. Bacon.

To LEAVE, verb neut. 1. To cease, to desist. He began at the
eldest, and left at the youngest. Genesis. 2. To leave off; to desist.
Grittus left off to batter, or undermine it. Knolles. 3. To leave off;
to stop. Wrongs do not leave off there where they begin. Daniel's
Civil War.

To LEAVE, verb act. [from levy; lever, Fr.] to levy, to raise; a
corrupt word, made, I believe, by Spenser for a rhyme. An army
strong she leav'd. Spenser.

To give LEAVE [of lifan, Sax. oorlof eeren, Du. erlauben, Ger.]
to permit.

LE’AVED, adj. [from leaves, plur. of leaf] 1. Furnished with fo­
liage or leaves. 2. Made with leaves or folds. To open before him
the two leaved gates. Isaiah.

LEA’VEN [levain, Fr. of levo, Lat.] 1. Ferment mixt with any
body to make it light, particularly a piece of fower dough put to
ferment a mass of bread. It shall not be baken with leaven. Levi.
ticus. 2. Any mixture which makes a general change in the mass.
Many of their propositions favour very strong of the old leaven of in­
novations. K. Charles.

To LE’AVEN, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To ferment by some­
thing mixt. Leavened bread. Exodus. 2. To taint, to imbue.
That cruel something unpossest,
Corrodes and leavens all the rest. Prior.

LEA’VER [from leave; levier, Fr. leva, It. of levator, Lat.] 1.
One who leaves, deserts, or forsakes. A master leaver and a fugi­
tive. Shakespeare. 2. A bar for raising a heavy weight.

LEAVER [in mechanics] one of the 6 principles, is a balance rest­
ing on a determinate point, called its hypomoclion or fulcrum, the cen­
tre not being in the middle, as in the common ballance, but near to
one end, by which means it will raise a great weight.

LEAVES, plur. [of leaf; of leaf, Sax.] of a tree, plant, &c. See
LEAF.

LE’AVINGS, subst. of leave] remnant, relicks, offal; it has no sin­
gular. With scraps and leavings to be fed. Swift.

LE’AVY, adj. [of leaf] full of leaves, covered with leaves. Leavy
twigs of laurel tree. Sidney.

LECA’NOMANCY [ΛΕχΑΝΟΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, of ΛΕχΑΝΗ, for ΛΑχΑΝΗ and ΜΑΝΤΕΙ,
Gr.] divination by water in a bason.

To LECH, verb act. [lecher, Fr.] to lick over. Hanmer.

LE’CHER [derived by Skinner from luxure, O. Fr. Luxuria is
used in the middle ages in the same sense, Johnson.] a whoremaster, a
lewd lustful person or animal. I will now take the lecher. Shake­
speare.

To LE’CHER, verb neut. [from the noun] to whore. The small
gilded fly does lecher. Shakespeare.

LE’CHEROUS, adj. [of lecher] leud, lustful. One that is lecherous.
Derham.

LE’CHEROUSLY, adv. [of lecherous] leudly, lustfully.

LE’CHEROUSNESS [of lecherous] leudness.

LE’CHERY [of lecher] leudness, lust. Open lechery. Ascham.

LE’CHLADE. See LETCHLADE.

LE’CTION [lectio, Lat.] a reading, a variety in copies. A various
lection shall be made authentic. Watts.

LE’CTIONARY, subst. a service-book or missal in the Romish church.

LE’CTURE, Fr. [lettura, It. lectura, Sp. Port. and Lat.] 1. The
act or practice of reading, perusal. In the lecture of holy scripture.
Brown. 2. An instruction given by a master to his scholars. 3. A
discourse, a sermon, or any other topic made upon a text of scrip­
ture, art or science. Dametas reads his rustic lecture. Sidney.

To LE’CTURE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To instruct formally.
2. To instruct insolently and dogmatically.

LECTURE, a magisterial reprimand or chiding speech; as, a cur­
tain lecture.

LE’CTURER [of lecture] a reader of lectures, i. e. certain portions
of any art or science, read in public schools.

LECTURER [of a church] a minister who preaches in the after­
noon, having no benefice besides the free gift of the people. To ad­
mit into his church a lecturer recommended by them. Clarendon.

LE’CTURESHIP [of lecture] the office of a lecturer. He got a
lectureship in town of sixty pounds a year, where he preached. Swift.

LECTU’RNIUM [old records] a reading desk or pew in a church.

LED, pret. and part. pass. of lead. See To LEAD.

LE’DBURY, a market-town of Herefordshire, 118 miles from
London.

LEDGE, subst. [leggen, Du. to lie] 1. A row, layer, or stratum.
The lowest ledge or row should be merely of stone. Wotton. 2. A
ridge rising above the rest. Stick rising above five inches higher than
the handkerchief, served as ledges on each side. Gulliver. 3. Any
prominence or rising part. Beneath a ledge of rocks his fleet he
hides. Dryden.

LE’DGER [prob. of lego, Lat. to gather together] the chief of a
merchant's books, in which every man's particular account, and also
all the goods bought and sold, are distinctly placed, each by them­
selves; as debtor on the left page, and creditor on the right.

LED-HORSE, subst. [of led and horse] a sumpter-horse.


LEE

LEE, LEG, or LEY [of leag, Sax.] whether it stand at the be­







ginning or end of a name, signifies a field or pasture, but such a field
as is not often ploughed. See LAY and LEA.

LEE, subst. [lie, Fr.] 1. Dregs, sediment, refuse. I'll mingle
with the people's wretched lee. Prior. In this sense the singular is
rare; but in the plural, it is most happily applied by the judicious
translator of CEBES, to those foul kind of relics which a disease leaves
behind it.
——In some dire disease
Machaon's skill first purges off the lees;
Then clear and strong the purple current flows,
And life renew'd in every member glows.
Table of CEBES, with Notes.
2. Supposed by Skinner to be derived from l'eau, Fr. [sea language]
that part which the wind blows upon, or is opposite to the wind, as
the lee-shore. Making a lee-shore in all weathers. Raleigh.

LEE Fangs [in a ship] a rope reeved, or let into the crengles of
the courses, when the mariners would hale to the bottom of the sail,
either to lace on a bonnet, or to take in the sail.

To be under the LEE Shore [a sea term] is to be close under the
shore on which the wind blows.

To come by the LEE, or To lay a Ship by the LEE [a sea phrase] is
to bring her so, that all her sails may be flat against the masts and
shrouds, and that the wind may come right on her broad-side, so
that she will make little or no way.

LEECH [læce, læc, of læcnian, Sax. to heal] 1. A physician, a
professor of the art of healing; whence we shall use a cow-leech, and
horse-leech, i. e. a cow-doctor, or a horse-doctor.
A leech, the which had great insight
In that disease. Spenser.
The learned leaches in despair depart. Dryden.
2. A kind of small water serpent, which fastens on animals, and sucks
the blood. It is used to draw blood where the lancet is less safe;
whence, perhaps, the name.

To LEECH, verb act. [from the subst.] to treat with medicines.

LE’ECHCRAFT [of leech and craft] the art of healing. We leech­
craft learn, but others cure with it. Davies.

LEEDS, a market-town in the west-riding of Yorkshire, on the ri-
Aire, 181 miles from London.

LEEF, adj. [liebe, lebe, Du.] kind, fond. Whilome all these were
low and leefe. Spenser.

LEEK [leac, Sax. loek, Su. looik, Du. leechk, Erse] a potherb. Its
flower consists of six petals, and is shaped like a bell; in the centre
arises the pointal, which afterwards becomes a roundish fruit, divided
into three cells, containing roundish seeds. The stamina are gene­
rally broad and flat, ending in three capillaments, of which the mid­
dle one is furnished with a chive. The flowers are also gathered in­
to almost globular branches. The roots are long, cylindrical, and
coated, the coats ending in plain leaves. Miller.

LEEK, a market-town of Staffordshire, 137 miles from London.

LEER, subst. [hleare, Sax. the face] 1. An oblique view. She
gives the leer of invitation. Shakespeare. 2. A laboured cast of coun­
tenance. Damn with faint praise, consent with civil leer. Pope.

To LEER, verb neut. [prob. of hlear, Sax. the fore-head, or leer,
Dan. to laugh] 1. To cast a fly or wishful look, to look obliquely. I
will leer upon him as he comes by. Shakespeare. 2. To look with a
forced countenance. To gild a face with smiles, and leer a man to
ruin. Dryden.

LEER, or LAIR, the place where a deer lies to dry himself after he
hath been wet by the dew.

To LEESE, verb act. [lesen, Du.] to lose; an old word. Perad­
venture we may find grass to save the horses and mules alive, that we
leese not all the beasts. 1 Kings.

LEET [of litibus, Lat. law-suits, or of lite, Sax. little, q. d. a lit­
tle court; or of lætan, Sax. to censure, or of leita, Goth. to recon­
cile, to enquire] a kind of court held by the lords of manors; as,
court-leet, leet-jury, &c. Leete, or leta, is otherwise called a law­
day. The word seemeth to have grown from the Saxon, lede, which
was a court of jurisdiction above the wapentake or hundred, compre­
hending three or four of them, otherwise called thirshing, and con­
tained the 3d part of a province or shire. These jurisdictions be now
abolished and swallowed up in the county-court. Cowel.

LEETCH [of a sail] the outward edge or skirt of it, from the ear­
ing to the clew; or rather the middle of the sails between these two.

LEETCH Lines [in a ship] lines to hale in the topsails, when they
are to be taken in.

LEE’WARD, adj. [of lee and weard, Sax.] See LEE. Towards the
shore on which the wind blows.

To fall to the LEEWARD [a sea phrase] is to loose the advantage of
the wind.

LEEWARD Tide, is when the wind and tide go both one way.

LEEWARD Way [with mariners] somewhat allowed for the driving
of a ship to the leeward, from that point which she seems to go by the
compass. Great quantity of leeward way. Arbuthnot.

LEFT, pret. and part. pass. of leave. See To LEAVE. Alas, poor
lady, desolate and left. Shakespeare.

LEFT, adj. [luft, Du. lævus, Lat.] finistrous, not right. And on
the right and left the palace bound. Dryden.

LE’FTHANDED, adj. [of left and hand] using the left hand rather
than right. Some are lefthanded. Bacon.

LEFTHA’NDEDNESS [of lefthanded] habitual use of the left hand.


LEG

LEG, [leg, Dan. leggar, Island. laeg, Su. lenghde, Du. lange, Ger.]
1. A limb or part of an animal body, that part by which we walk,
particularly from the knee to the foot. 2. An act of obeisance. He
made his leg and went away. Swift. 3. To stand on one's own legs;
to support one's self. Could well have stood upon their own legs.
Collier. 4. That by which any thing is supported on the ground;
as, the leg of a table.

LEGS [in a ship] small ropes of the martnets that go through the
bolt ropes of the main and fore-sail.

LEGS [in trigonometry] the two sides of a right-angled triangle,
when the third is taken for the hypothenuse.

LE’GA [old records] the allay of money.

LE’GABLE [legabilis, Lat.] not intailed as hereditary, but that may
be bequeathed as a legacy.

LE’GACY [legs, Fr. legato, It. of legatum, Lat.] a gift bequeathed
by a testator in his will. Legacy is a particular given by the last will
and testament. Cowel.

LE’GAL, adj. Fr. [legale, It. legalis, Lat.] 1. Lawful, according
to law, not contrary to law. 2. Conceived or done according to
law. In a legal sense. Hale.

LEGA’LITY, or LE’GALNESS [legalitÉ, Fr.] lawfulness.

To LE’GALIZE, verb act. [legaliser, Fr.] to make lawful, to au­
thorize. If any thing can legalize revenge, it should be injury from
an extremely obliged person, South.

LE’GALLY, adv. [of legal] lawfully. Justice when it is legally and
competently demanded. Taylor.

LE’GATARY, or LEGATEE’, subst. [legataire, Fr. legatorio, It. of
légatarius, Lat.] a person to whom a legacy is bequeathed. Creditors
and legataries. Ayliffe.

LE’GATE [legat, Fr. legato, It. legádo, Sp. of legatus, Lat.] is pro­
perly an envoy or ambassador, sent by one prince or state to another, to
treat on some affair; a deputy. The legates from the Ætolian prince
return. Dryden. But now the title of legate is given particularly to one
that is sent by the pope to a prince or state, and is estemed equal in
dignity to the extraordinary ambassador of any other prince, a com­
missioner deputed by the pope for ecclesiastical affairs. Upon the le­
gate's summons he submitted. Atterbury.

LEGATEE’. See LEGATARY.

LEGATI’NE, or LEGA’NTINE, adj. [of legate] pertaining to a le­
gate, made by a legate. Provided by a legatine constitution. Ayliffe.

LEGA’TION, or LE’GATESHIP, Fr. [legazione, It. of legatio, Lat.]
the office or function of a legate, deputation, embassy. Upon occa­
sion costly as in his legations. Wotton.

LEGA’TOR [lego, Lat.] one who makes a will and leaves legacies.
Bequeath'd by some legator's last intent. Dryden.

LE’GEND [legende, Fr. leggenda, It. legénda, Sp. of legendo, Lat.
reading] 1. A book used in the ancient Roman churches, containing
the lessons that were to be read in the holy offices. 2. An account,
chronicle, or register of the lives of saints. Legends grown in a man­
ner to be nothing else but heaps of frivolous and scandalous vanities.
Hooker. 3. An incredible unauthentic narrative. 4. Any memorial
or relation in general. 5. Any inscription particularly. The beauty and
comprehensiveness of legends on ancient coins. Addison. If the reader
would see when this game of ecclesiastic legends began and how carried
on, he may consult the words BRANDEUM, EUNOMIANS, &c. com­
pared with 2 Thess. c. ii v. 7—12. 1 Tim. c. iv. v. 1—3 and Rev.
c. xiv, v. 1—5. 6. A fabulous tale or relation. 7. The words that
are about the edge of a piece of coin or medal, serving to explain the
figure or device.

LE’GENDARY, adj. [of legend] pertaining to a legend, fabulous.

LE’GER, subst. [from legger, Du. to lie or remain in a place] any
things that lies in a place; as a leger ambassador, a resident; one
that continues at the court to which he is sent. Leger ambassadors or
agents sent to remain near the courts of princes. Bacon. See LEA­
GER.

LE’GERDEMAIN, subst. [leger etÉ de main, Fr. lightness of hand]
slight of hand, juggling, power of deceiving the eye by a nimble mo­
tion, trick, knack. The tricks and legerdemain by which men impose
upon their own souls. South.

LE’GEREMENT, Fr. [in music books] signifies lightly, gently, and
with ease.

LEGE’RITY, subst. [legeretÉ, Fr.] lightness, nimbleness; obsolete.
With casted slough and fresh legerity. Shakespeare.

LE’GGED, adj. [of leg] having legs, furnished with legs.

LEGHO’RN. or LIVORNO, a port town of Italy, in the dutchy of
Tuscany, on the Tuscan sea, 150 miles north west from Rome. It is
a free port, which has made it rich and populous.

LE’GIBLE [leggibile, It. of legibilis, Lat.] 1. That may be read,
easy to be read. To read what is hardly legible. Swift. 2. Appa­
rent, discoverable. Peoples opinions of themselves are legible in their
countenances. Collier.

LE’GIBLENESS [of legible] easiness, or possibility of being read.

LE’GIBLY, adv. [of legible] in a manner easy to be read.

LE’GION, Fr. and Sp. [legione, It. of legio, Lat.] 1. In the Roman
army, a regiment or body of soldiers, commonly consisting of 6000
men; but sometimes less. The greatest confirmation possible of the
story of the christian legion. Addison. 2. A military force. 3. Any
great number. Where one sin has entered, legions will force their
way through the same breach. Rogers.

LE’GIONARY, adj. [legionairy, Fr. legionario, It. and Sp. of legiona­
rius, Lat.] pertaining to a legion. 2. Containing a legion. 3. Con­
taining some great indefinite number. The legionary body of error.
Brown.

LEGISLA’TION [legislator, Lat.] the act of giving or enacting laws.
Pythagoras joined legislation to his philosophy. Littleton.

LEGISLA’TIVE, adj. [of legis and latus, Lat.] having the authority
of making laws, lawgiving. Their legislative frenzy they repent.
Denham.

LEGISLA’TOR [legislateur, Fr. legislatore, It. legisladòr, Sp. of legis­
lator, Lat.] a law maker, a law-giver. It spoke like a legislator;
the thing spoke was a law. South.

LEGISLA’TURE [of latura legis, Lat.] the authority of making
laws, the power that makes laws. Consent of all three parts of the
legislature. Hale.

LEGI’TIMACY [of legitimate] 1. Lawfulness of birth. In respect
of his legitimacy. Ayliffe. 2. Genuineness, not spuriousness. The
legitimacy or reality of those marine bodies. Woodward.

LEGI’TIMATE, adj. [legitime, Fr. legitimo, It and Sp. of legitimus,
Lat.] lawfully begotten, born in marriage. That they may do no in­
jury to the legitimate. Taylor.

To LEGITIMATE, verb act. [legitimer, Fr. legitimare, It. legitimar,
Sp. legitimatum, Lat.] 1. To make lawful. It would be impossible
for any enterprize to be lawful, if that which should legitimate it is
subsequent to it. Decay of Piety. 2. To procure to any the rights of
legitimate birth, to qualify with such conditions as are according to
law. Legitimate him that was a bastard. Ayliffe.

LEGI’TIMACY [legitimatÉ, Fr. legitimità, It.] genuineness; also
the state of being born in lawful wedlock.








LEGI’TIMATELY, adv. [of legitimate] lawfully, rightly, genuine­
ly. Difficulties prove a soul legitimately great. Dryden.

LEGITIMA’TION, Fr. [legitimazione, It. legitimaciòn, Sp.] 1. The
act of rendering natural children legitimate, or investing with the pre­
vileges of lawful birth. 2. Lawful birth. Questions of legitimation.
Locke.

LEGU’ME, or LEGUMEN, subst. [in botany; legume, Fr. legumen,
of lego, Lat. to gather, because they may be gathered with the hand
without cutting] all manner of pulse; as pease, beans, tares, and in
general all large seeds not reaped but gathered by the hand. Some
legumens, as pease or beans. Boyle. The corn and legumes. Ar­
buthnot.

LEGU’MINOUS, adj. [legumineux, Fr.] pertaining to pulse, consist­
ing of pulse. The siliquose or liguminous, as pease or beans. Ar­
buthnot.

LE’ICESTER, the county town of Leicestershire, situated on the
river Soure, 98 miles from London. It gives title of earl to the ho­
nourable family of Coke, and sends two members to parliament.

LEI’GHTON-BEAUDESERT, or BUZZARD, a market-town of Bed­
fordshire, 39 miles from London.

LE’IPSWICK, a city of Germany, in the circle of the upper Saxony,
and province of Minia, situated on the river Pleiss, 42 miles north­
west of Dresden.

LEITH, a port-town in Scotland, two miles north of Edinburgh,
and may be called the port-town of that capital.

LE’ISURE, subst. [loisir, Fr.] 1. Freedom from business or hurry,
vacancy of mind, power to spend time according to choice. 2. Con­
venience of time. To be considered at his leisure. Locke. 3. Want
of leisure; obsolete.
The leisure and enforcement of the time
Forbids to dwell on. Shakespeare.

LEI’SURABLE, adj. [of leisure] done at leisure, not hurried, en­
joying leisure. His works of leisurable hours. Brown.

LEI’SURABLY, adv. [of leisurable] at leisure, without hurry or tu­
mult. Leisurably ending their days in peace. Hooker.

LEI’SURELY, adj. [of leisure] not hasty, deliberate, done without
hurry. A lei urely march. Hayward.

LEI’SURELY, adv. [from leisure] not in a hurry, slowly. We des­
cended very leisurely. Addison.

LE’MA [with occulists] a white humour or matter, congealed in the
eyes.

LE’MAN [generally supposed to be l'aimant, the lover, or l'aimante,
Fr. the sweetheart; but imagined by Junius, with almost equal pro­
bability, to be derived from leef, Du. or leof, Sax. beloved, and
man; this etymology is strongly supported by the antient orthogra­
phy, according to which it was written leveman] a sweetheart, a gal­
lant, or a mistress. Hanmer. And drink unto the leman mine.
Shakespeare.

LE’MINGSTON, or LY’MINGTON, a borough town of Hampshire,
85 miles from London. It gives title of viscount to the earl of Ports­
mouth, and sends two members to parliament.

LE’MMA [ΛΗΜΜΑ, Gr. lemme, Fr. with geometricians] a proposition
previously assumed, an assumption or preparatory proposition, laid down
to clear the way for some following demonstration; often prefixed to
theorems, to render their demonstrations less perplext and intricate,
and to problems, in order to make their resolution more easy and
short.

LE’MNIAN Earth [of the island Lemnos, whence it is brought]
a medicinal astringent used in the same cases as bole.

LE’MON [limon, Fr. limonium, L. Lat.] 1. The fruit of the lemon­
tree. The juice of lemons. Arbuthnot. 2. The tree that bears le­
mons.

LEMONA’DE, subst. [of lemon] a drink made of water, lemons and
sugar. Buy toys, and drink lemonade. Arbuthnot.

LE’MPET, a sort of fish, a limpin.

LEMU’RES [q. Remures, of Remus, whose ghost is said to have ap­
peared to his brother Romulus, after he was slain by him] restlest
ghosts of departed persons, who returned to torment the living; the
spirits of dead persons, whom the Romans thought haunted houses in
the night, and were disposed to be mischievous.

LEMU’RIA [among the Romans] the festival of the Lemures, in­
stituted by Romulus, to the ghosts and phantoms; which was observed
the 9th day of May, every other night for three times, to pacify the
ghosts of the dead; they threw beans on the fire of the altar, to drive
them out of their houses: the temples were all shut up; and to marry
in this time, was accounted unlucky.


LEN

To LEND, irr. verb act. lent, pret. and part. p. [lenete, Du. lehnte,
Ger. lænan, Sax. laaner, Dan. laenen, Du. lehnen, Goth.] 1. To
grant the use of to another on condition that it be restored. I'll lend it
thee, my dear, but have no power to give it from me. Shakespeare.
2. To afford on condition of repayment. Nor lend him thy victuals
for increase. Leviticus. 3. To afford, to grant in general. They
lend to each other their name and office. Dryden.
He that LENDS to his friend loseth double.
Fr. Qui préte à son ami, perd au double. That is, his money and his
friend. So the proverb means it, and so it but too often happens.
But it is to be hoped, there are grateful friends (and that the greater
number) in the world; and therefore this proverb won't become a
rule.

LE’NDER [of lend] 1. One who lends any thing. 2. One who
makes a trade of putting money out to interest, an userer. If the
abatement be but small, it will not discourage the lender. Bacon.

To LE’NEFY [lenefier, Fr.] to soften, affuage. See LENITY.

LENGTH [length, or længe, Sax.] the extent or measure of any
thing material from end to end, the longest line that can be drawn
through a body. A church that is in length one hundred feet. Ba­
con. 2. Horizontal extension. Stretch'd at his length he spurns the
swarthy ground. Dryden. 3. A certain portion of space or time.
Large lengths of seas. Shakespeare. 4. Extent of duration. Having
thus got the idea of duration, the next thing is to get some measure of
this common duration, whereby to judge of its different lengths.
Locke. 5. Long duration or protraction. In length of time it will
cover the whole plain. Addison. 6. Reach or expansion of any thing.
Those extensive lengths to which the moderns have advanced them.
Watts. 7. Full extent, uncontracted state. I will insert it at length in
one of my papers. Addison. 8. Distance. He had marched to the
length of Exeter. Clarendon. 9. End, latter part of any assignable
time. All was brought at the length unto that wherein now we stand.
Hooker. 10. At length [it was formerly written at the length] at last,
in conclusion. At length I have thee in my arms. Dryden.

LENGTH [with geometricians] the first dimension of bodies, con­
sidered in their utmost extent.

To LE’NGTHEN, verb act. [lengthen, of leng, Sax. long] to make
longer, to draw out; to elongate. Easy to be lengthened without rup­
ture. Arbuthnot. 2. To protract, to continue. It may be a length­
ening of thy tranquility. Daniel. 3. To protract pronunciation.
Grammatical figures for the lengthening or abbreviation of them.
Dryden. 4. To lengthen out [the particle out is only emphatical] to
protract, to extend. It lengthens out every act of worship. Addison.

To LENGTHEN, verb neut. to grow longer, to increase in length.
One may as well make a yard whose parts lengthen and shrink, as a
measure of trade. Locke.

LE’NGTHWISE, adv. [of length and wise] according to the length.

LE’NIENT, adj. [leniens, Lat.] 1. assuasive, mitigating, softening.
Lenient of grief and anxious thought. Milton. 2. Emollient, laxative.
Oils relax the fibres, are lenient. Arbuthnot.

LENIENT, subst. an emollient, or assuasive application. I dressed
it with lenients. Wiseman.

LENIE’NTIA [with physicians] medicines that are softening and
assuaging of pain.

To LE’NIFY, verb act. [lena, or lindra, Su. lindern, Ger. lenifier,
O. Fr. lenificare, It. of lenio, Lat.] to allay, to soften, to appease, to
asswage. It seemeth to have a mollifying and lenifying virtue. Ba­
con.

LE’NITIVE, adj. [lenitif, Fr. from lenio, Lat.] emollient, assuasive.
Those milks have all an acrimony, tho' one would think they should
be lenitive. Bacon.

LENITIVE, subst. [lenitif, Fr. lenitivo, It. and Sp.] 1. A medicine
good to allay or ease pain. 2. A palliative. Lenitives that friend­
ship will apply. South.

LE’NITIVENESS [of lenitive] softening or assuaging quality.

LE’NIMENT [lenimentum, Lat.] the act of moderating, or that
which takes away uneasiness or harshness, &c.

LE’NITY [lenitas, Lat.] meekness, mildness, gentleness, mercy,
tenderness of temper. Yet could not the boldness be beaten down
either with severity, or with lenity be abated. Hayward.

LE’NO, or LI’NON [with anatomists] a part of the brain; also cal­
led torcular.

LENS [in dioptrics] a glass which either collects the rays into a
point in their passage thro' it, or desperses them farther apart, accord­
ing to the refraction. A glass spherically convex on both sides is
usually called a lens; such as is a burning glass or spectacle glass, or
an object glass of a telescope. Newton.

LENS [with oculists] the cystalline humour of the eye, so called
from its performing the same office with a convex glass, or rather from
its resembance to it.

LENS [with botanists] a lentil, a kind of round and flat pulse.

LENS Palustris, Lat. [with botanists] a water vegetable called duck's­
meat.

LENS Marina, Lat. [with botanists] sea or water lentils.

LENT, pret. and part pass. of to lend. See To LEND.

LENT [lenct, Sax. lent, Teut. the spring of the year, lentemaent,
in Du. and lentz-monaht, in Ger. are sometimes found to express the
month of March] a time of fasting and abstinence for forty days next
before Easter. It was first ordered to be observed in England, A. D.
640, or, as Baker in his Chronocles relates, that Ercombert, the 7th
king of Kent (who reigned about the year 650) commanded it. Lent
is from springing, because it falleth in the spring, for which our pro­
genitors the Germans use glent. Camden.

LE’NTEN, pertaining to Lent, such as is used in Lent, sparing.
What lenten entertainment the players shall receive from you. Shake­
speare. And with a lenten sallad cool'd her blood. Dryden.

LENTI’CULA, Lat. [in optics] a small concave or convex glass.

LENTICULA [with physicians] a kind of fever, the same as pete­
chialis, which throws upon the skin little spots like flea-bites; also the
same as lentigo.

LENTI’CULAR, adj. [lenticulaire, Fr.] doubly convex, having the
form of a lens. Of a lenticular figure, convex on both sides. Ray.

LENTICULA’RE Instrumentum, Lat. [with surgeons] an instrument
to make bones smooth.

LE’NTIFORM, adj. [from lentis, gen. of lens, and forma, Lat.] hav­
ing the form of a lens or convex glass.

LENTIFORM Prominences [in anatomy] protuberances on the crura
medullœ oblongatœ, i. e, the two heads or beginning of the marrowy
substance of the brain, gathered together as it were into two bundles.

LENTI’GINOUS, adj. [of lentigo, Lat.] full of freckles, scurfy, fur­
furaceous.

LENTI’GO, Lat. a freckle, a small red spot in the face or other part
of the body, resembling a lentil, a freckly or scurfy eruption of the
skin, such especially as is common to women in child-bearing.
Quincy.

LE’NTILS, subst. the plur. of lentil [lentilles, Fr. lenti, It. lentejas,
Sp. lentelhas, Port. lens, Lat.] a sort of pulse. It hath a papiliona­
ceous flower, the pointal of which becomes a short pod, containing
orbicular seeds for the most part convex: the leaves are conjugated,
growing to one midriff, and are terminated by tendrils. Miller.

LE’NTISCK [lentiscus, Lat. lentiscue, Fr.] Lentisck wood is of a pale
brown colour, almost whitish, resinous, of a fragrant smell and acrid
taste. It is the wood of the tree which produces the mastich, and is
esteemed astringent and balsamic in medicine. Hill.

LENTI’SCUS Vulgaris [with botanists] the lentisc or mastic tree.

LE’NTITUDE, slowness, sluggishness, negligence.

LE’NTNER, subst. a kind of hawk. The haggard and the two sorts
of lentners. Walton.

LE’NTO, It. [in music books] a slow movement, the same as lent
or lentement.

LE’NTOR, Lat. subst. [lenteur, Fr.] 1. Tenacity, viscosity in ge­
neral. Some bodies have a kind of lentor and more depectible nature







than others. Bacon. 2. Slowness, delay. The lentor of eruptions
not inflammatory points to an acid cause. Arbuthnot. 3. [In medi­
cine] that sizy, viscid, coagulated part of the blood, which obstructs
the capillary vessels in malignant fevers,

LE’NTOUS, adj. [lentus, Lat.] tenacious, viscous, capable of being
drawn out. A spawn of a lentous and transparent body. Brown.

LE’O [with astrologers] the 5th in order of the 12 signs of the zo­
diac, whose character is (♌).

LE’OD, signifies the people, or rather a nation, country, &c. Thus
leodgar is one of great interest with the people or nation. Gibson's
Camden.

LE’OF, denotes love: so leofwin is a winner of love; leoftan, best
beloved. Like these Agapetus, Erasmus, Philo, Amandus. &c. Gib­
son's Camden.

LEO’MINSTER, a borough town of Herefordshire, on the river
Lug, 136 miles from London. It gives title of baron to the earl of
Pontefact, and sends two members to parliament.

LE’ON, the capital of the province of Leon, in Spain, situated on
the river Elsa, 165 miles north-west of Madrid. It is the see of a
bishop, suffragan of Compostella.

LEO’NARD Hawk, a lanner hawk.

LEONARD [leonhast. Sax. a lion's heart] the proper name of a man.

LEONI’NE [leonin, Fr. leonino, It. of leoninus, of leo. Lat.] pertaining
to a lion, of a lion like nature.

LEONI’NE verses, a sort of Latin verses, that rhime in the middle
and end, so called from Leo the inventor; as, Gloria factorum temere
conceditur horum.

LEO’NTICA [with the ancients] a festival and sacrifice, celebrated
in honour of the sun. It was so called of Leo, a lion, because they
represented the sun in the form of a lion radiant, bearing a tiara, and
griping the horns of a bull in his fore paws, who in vain struggled to
disengage himself.

LEO’NTIKE, Lat. [ΛΕΟΝΤΙχΗ, Gr.] the herb wild chervil.

LEONTOPE’TALON [ΛΕΟΝΤΟΠΕΤΑΛΟΝ, of ΛΕΩΝ, a lion, and ΠΕΤΑΛΟΝ, Gr.
a leaf] the herb lion's-blade, lion's-leaf, or lion's-turnep.

LEONTOPO’DIUM, Lat. [ΛΕΟΝΤΟΠΟΔΙΟΝ, of ΛΕΩΝ, a lion, and ΠΟυΣ Gr. a
foot] the herb called lion's-foot.

LEONTO’STOMUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb columbine.

LEO’PARD, or LI’BBARD, Fr. [leopardo, It. Sp. and Port. leopardus,
Lat. ΛΕΟΠΑρΔΑΛΙΣ, of ΛΕΩΝ, a lion, and ΠΑρΔΑΛΙΣ, Gr. a panther] a
wild beast that is all over full of spots or streaks, ingendered by a male
panther and lioness. A leopard is every way in shape and actions like
a cat; his head, teeth, tongue, feet, claws, tail, all like a cat's; he
boxes with his forefeet, as a cat doth her kittens, leaps at the prey
as a cat at a mouse; and will also spit much after the same manner:
so that they seem to differ just as a kite doth from an eagle. Grew.

LEOPARD'S Bane, or LIBBARD'S Bane [with botanists] a sort of herb.

LEOPARD [in heraldry] represents those brave and generous war­
riors, who have performed some bold enterprize, with force, courage,
promptness and activity.

LEO’RNING Knight [leorning cnihtas, Sax. learning servants] dis­
ciples, scholars.


LEP

LEP and Lace [in the manor of Whittle in Essex] a custom that
every cart that comes over a part of it, called Green-bury, pays four
pence to the lord of the manor, except the owner of it be a nobleman.

LE’PER, subst. [lepreux, Fr. lebroso, It. leproso, Sp. of leprosus, from
lepra, Lat.] one who has the leprosy. The leper in whom the plague
is. Leviticus.

LE’PEROUS, adj. [formed from leprous, to make out a verse] le­
prous, infected with leprosy, causing leprosy. The leperous distil­
ment. Shakespeare.

LEPI’DIUM [ΛΕΠΙΔΙΟΝ, of ΛΕΠΙΣ, Gr. a scale, because it is believed to
take off spots and scurf from the face] the herb pepper wort or dit­
tander.

LEPIDOEI’DES, Lat. [of ΛΕΠΙΣ, a scale, and ΕΙΔΟΣ, Gr. form] the
scaly future of the skull.

LEPIDOSA’RCOMA, Lat. [of ΛΕΠΙΣ, a scale, and ΣΑρξ, Gr. flesh] a
certain tumor or swelling so called. See LEPIS.

LE’PIS, Lat. [ΛΕΠΙΣ, Gr.] the scum or dross of silver, the scales of
brass, &c. CELSUS says “that the caruncula which springs up be­
tween the sound and dead part of a cauterized bone, is called (be­
cause of its thinness and slightness) by the Greeks ΛΕΠΙΣ, i. e. squama,
i. e. a scale. CELS. Ed. Amstelædam, p. 513.

LEPORA’RIA, Lat. [with physicians] a distemper, when persons
sleep with their eyes open.

LEPORI’NA Libia, Lat. i. e hare's lips, used of such persons whose
upper lip has a natural defect like a slit towards the nose, resembling
that of an hare.

LE’PORINE, Lat. adj. [leporinus, of lepers, Lat. a hare] pertain­
ing to an hare, having the nature of an hare.

LE’PRA, Lat. a scurfy eruption upon the skin, that makes it scaly;
the leprosy. See ELEPHANTIASIS.

LEPRO’SITY, subst. [of leprous] squamous disease. If the crudities,
impurities and leprosities of metals were cured, they would become
gold. Bacon.

LE’PROSY [lepre, Fr. lebra, It. lépra, Sp. and Lat. leprosus, Lat.
ΛΕΠρΑ, Gr.] a dry white scab or scurf, by which the skin becomes
scaly like a fish. It is a plague of leprosy. Leviticus. BRUNO derives
the etymology of the word from ΛΕΠΙΣ, a scale, as being (says he) a scaly
disease. He describes it as a middle disease, between the psora, which
is a milder kind of leprosy, and the elephantiasis or lepra arabum;
which last takes place when the humour is become more malignant and
the disease of a longer-standing. He adds, that CELSUS calls it the
impetigo, 1. 5. c. 28, and AVICEN, the al-baras nigra, and impetigo
excorticativa, because the skin is resolved into bark and scale. Bruno
himself calls it the lepra grœcorum.

LE’PROUS [lepreux, Fr. lebroso, It. leproso, Sp. of leprosus, Lat.]
troubled with a leprosy.

LEPTU’NTICA, Lat. [with physicians] attenuating, thinning medi­
cines, which, by their acid particles, separate thick and clammy hu­
mours.

LE’PUS [in astronomy] the hare, a constellation of the southern
hemisphere.

LE’RE, subst. [lære, Sax. leere, Du.] a lesson, lore, doctrine. This
sense is still retained in Scotland.

LE’RRY [of lere] a rating, a lecture; a rustic word.

LE Roy s'avisera Fr. [i. e. the king will consider] by these words,
written on a bill presented to the king by the parliament, is under­
stood his absolute denial of that bill in civil terms, and it is thereby
wholly made null and void.

LE Roy le veut [i. e. the king is willing] a term in which the royal
assent is signified by the clerk of the parliament to public bills, giving
authority to them, which before were of no force nor virtue.

LE’SKARD, a borough town of Cornwall, 229 miles from London.
It sends two members to parliament.

LESS, [leas, Sax. loos, Du.] a negative or privative termination.
which added to substantives forms adjectives denoting want, absence
or privation of the thing expressed by that substantive; as, helpless,
worthless, senseless, &c.

LESS, adj. [leas, Sax.] 1. The comparative of little: opposed to
greater. Mary the mother of James the less. St. Mark. 2. Lesser is
sometimes used, which is only a corrupt comparative for less. See
LESSER.

LESS, adv. in a smaller or lower degree. A less merry, but not less
dangerous temptation to those in adversity. Decay of Piety.

LESS, subst. [læs or lass, Sax.] not so much, not so great a quan­
tity. Opposed to more.

LESSEE’, the person to whom a lease is granted.

To LE’SSEN, verb act. [of less] 1. To diminish in bulk. 2. To
diminish in degree of any quality. 3. To degrade, to deprive of
power or dignity.

To LESSEN, verb neut. to grow less, to be diminished, to shrink.

LESSER, adj. [a barbarous corruption of less, formed by the vulgar
from the habit of terminating comparatives in er; afterwards adopted
by poets, and then by writers of prose. Johnson.]
The larger here, and there the lesser lambs. Pope.

LESSER, adv. [formed by corruption from less] Others that lesser
hate him. Shakespeare.

LESSER Circles [with astronomers] those which divide the globe
into two unequal parts, as the polar circles, tropics, and parallels of
declination and altitude.

LE’SSES [laisses, Fr.] the dung of a wolf, bear or wild boar, and
other beasts, left on the ground.

LE’SSIAN Diet [of Lessius, a physician who prescribed rules for diet]
a spare, moderate diet.

LE’SSON [lectio, Lat. leçon, Fr. lezione, It. leciòn, Sp.] 1. A portion
of any thing to be read or recited by a teacher at one time, in order
to the improvement of the hearers. 2. Precept, notion inculcated.
Teach her not an evil lesson against thyself. Ecclesiasticus. 3. Portions
of scripture read in the divine service. 4. Tune pricked for an instru­
ment. Lessons set for a flute. Davies. 5. A rating lecture. She
would give her a lesson for walking so late. Sidney.

LE’SSOR, the person who grants a lease.

LEST, conj. [dh-læs, or las-dhe, Sax.] that, not, for fear that.
King Luitprand brought hither the corps, lest it might be abused by
the barbarous nations. Addison.

LE’STERCOCK, subst. Upon the north coast, for want of good har­
bours, they have a device of two sticks filled with corks, and crossed
flatlong, out of whose midst there riseth a thread, and at the same
hangeth a sail; to this engine, termed a lestercock, they tie one end
of their boulter, so as the wind coming from the shore filleth the sail,
and the sail carrieth the boulter into the sea, which after the respite of
some hours is drawn in again by a cord fastened at the nearer end.
Carew.

LESTWI’THIEL, a borough town of Cornwall, on the river Foy,
239 miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.


LET

To LET, irreg. verb act. [lætan, or letan, Sax. letten, laeten, Du.
læta, Su. LET, pret. and part. pass. læt, Sax.] 1. To allow, to suffer,
to permit. Let the uncertainty go Bp. Sanderson. 2. A sign of the op­
tative mood used before the first person, and of the imperative before
the third person. Before the first person singular it signifies resolu­
tion, fixed purpose, or ardent wish. Let me die with the Philistines.
Judges. 3. Before the first person plural, let implies exhortation.
Rise, let us go. St. Mark. 4. Before the third person singular or plu­
ral let implies permission or precept. Let the soldiers seize him. Dry­
den. 5. Before a thing in the passive voice, let implies command. Let
not the objects which ought to be contiguous be separated. Dryden.
6. Let has an infinitive mood after it, without expressing the particle
to. Thou shalt let it rest. Exodus. 7. To leave. Let me alone to
accuse him afterwards. Dryden. 8. To more than permit. If your name
is Horatio, as I am let to know it is. Shakespeare. 9 To lend out
to hire, to grant to a tenant; as, to let a house, horse, &c. He let
his vineyard unto keepers. Canticles. 10. To suffer any thing to take
a course which requires no impulsive violence. She let them down by
a cord. Joshua. 11. To permit to take any state or course. He let
loose his thoughts wholly to pleasure. Sidney. 12. To let blood. El­
liptically for to let out blood. To suffer it to stream out of the vein,
to free it from confinement. Hippocrates let great quantities of blood.
Arbuthnot. 13. To let blood is used, with a dative of the person or
thing whose blood or juice is let. Letting plants blood, as pricking
vines. Bacon. 14. To let in or into; to admit. They let in their springs
and reservoirs among their works. Addison. 15. To let into; to pro­
cure admission. They may let their thoughts into other mens minds
the more easily. Locke. 16. To let off; to discharge. Originally used
of an arrow dismissed from the gripe, and therefore suffered to fly off
the string. Now applied to guns. Charging my pisto! only with pow­
der, I first caution'd the emperor not to be afraid, and then let it off in
the air. Swift. 17. To let out; to lease out, to give to hire or farm.
18. To let [lettan, Sax.] to hinder, to obstruct, to oppose. Their
senses are not letted from enjoying their objects. Sidney. 19. To let,
when it signifies to permit or give leave, has let in the preterite and
participle passive; but when it signifies to hinder, it has letted; as,
multa me impedierunt, many things have letted me. Introduction to
Grammar.

To LET, verb neut. to forbear, to withhold one's self. After king
Ferdinando had taken upon him the person of a fraternal ally to the
king, he would not let to counsel the king. Bacon.








LET, subst. [from the verb] hindrance, obstacle, obstruction, im­
pediment. Secret lets and difficulties in public proceedings. Hooker.

LET, the termination of diminutive words from lyte, Sax. little,
small.

LE’TCHER, a lustful person. See LECHER and the derivatives.

LE’TCHEROUS, lustful.

LE’TCHERY, or LE’TCHEROUSNESS [prob. of leger-scipe, Sax.]
lustfulness, proneness to lust.

LE’TCHLADE, a market town of Gloucestershire, 74 miles from
London.

LETHA’RGIC [lethargique, Fr. letargico, It. lethargico, Sp. lethar­
gicus, Lat. of ΛΗΘΑρΓΙχΟΣ, of ΛΗΘΗ, oblivion, and ΑρΓΟΣ, Gr. slow]
heavy, pertaining to, also afflicted with a lethargy, sleepy beyond the
natural power of sleep. Till they awake from the lethargic sleep.
Hammond.

LETHA’RGICNESS [of lethargic] the state of being afflicted with a
lethargy.

LETHA’RGIED, adj. [from lethargy] laid asleep, entranced, sleepi­
ness, drowsiness.

LE’THARGY [lethargie, Fr. letargia, It. and Sp. letargi, Port. le­
thargia, Lat. of ΛΗΘΑρΓΙΑ, Gr.] a disease that causes an heavy sleepi­
ness, attended with a fever, and in a manner loss of reason and all the
senses, a sleep from which one cannot be kept awake. Europe lay
then under a deep lethargy. Atterbury. BRUNO chuses rather to call it
an impairing and depravation of the sensus communes, and other internal
senses, joined with an intense proclivity to sleep, and oblivion; to which
he adds, that it has generally an acute malignant fever attending it.
HIPPOCRAT. Lib. II. de Morbis LXIII.

LE’THE [ΛΗΘΗ, Gr. i. e. oblivion or forgetfulness] a draught of
oblivion.

LETHE, a river in Hell, which, according to the poets, had the
virtue of making all that drank of it forget every thing past. The
ancients had this notion, that after the souls had been a certain num­
ber of years in the Elysian fields, they were to return into the world
again, and there to live in other bodies; and that they might be con­
tent to undergo the trouble of a second life, before their departure they
drank a draught of the river Lethe, whose water had the virtue to
make them forget the miseries of a former life, and whatever passed
in those happy mansions.

LE’TTER [of let] 1. One who lets or permits. 2. One who hin­
ders. 3. One who gives vent to any thing.

LETTER [lettre, Fr. lettera, It. letra, Sp. and Port. of littera, Lat.
but these of let, lid, lit, Teut. whence glied, Ger. a member, as every
letter is of the words it composes; and thence the Ger. letter, and lit­
ter, in their ancient writings, as well as in some modern authors] a
character, such as the alphabets of all languages are composed of, one
of the elements of syllables. In letters of Greek, Latin and Hebrew.
St. Luke.

LETTERS [by whom invented] the first letters are said to be the
Chaldæan, which Philo affirms were invented by Abraham, and used
by the Chaldæans, Assyrians and Phœnicians; tho' there are some
that attribute the invention of letters, among the Assyrians, to Bada­
manth; but whether these were the same that Moses wrote in, is a
difficult matter to determine. Those characters, that Moses delivered
to the Jews, are by some thought not to be the same now used by the
Jews: And not without reason is it supposed by some learned men,
that what is now called the Samaritan type or letter, was that in use
by the Jewish state before the revolt of the ten tribes; and that the
present, i. e. the Chaldean character, was not in use, till after the Ba­
bylonish captivity: But if the reader desires further satisfaction on this
and the following head, he may consult JACKSON'S Chronologic Anti­
quities.

LETTER, an epistle sent by one person to another, a written mes­
sage.

LETTER of Advice [among merchants] a letter from one corres­
pondent to another, giving him advice or notice of what bills he hath
drawn on him.

LETTER. 1. The literal or expressed meaning. The letter of the
law. Taylor. 2. Letters without the singular [from the Fr.] learning.
How knoweth this man letters, having never learned. St. John. 3.
Any thing to be read. Good laws are at best but a dead letter. Addi­
son. 4. Type with which books are printed.

LETTER of Attorney, a writing whereby a person constitutes another
to do a lawful act in his stead, as to receive debts, give possession of
land, &c.

LETTERS Clause, i. e. close letters, such as are usually sealed up
with the king's signet or privy seal; and are distinguished from letters
patent, which are sealed with the broad seal and left open.

LETTERS of Credit [with merchants] letters given by merchants,
or bankers, to a person in whom they confide, to take up money of
their correspondents in foreign parts.

Dominical LETTERS [with astronomers] are the first seven letters of
the alphabet, which serve each in their turns to mark out the seven
days of the week; so that one of them always stands for Sunday or
Lord's day, and thence they take their name.

LETTERS Patents [so called from their being open] are writings
sealed with the great seal of England; whereby a man, a society or
corporation, are authorized to do or enjoy any thing, that otherwise
of themselves they could not do.

LETTERS of Mart, are letters under the privy seal, granted to the
king's subjects, impowering them to take by force of arms, what was
formerly taken from them contrary to the laws of mart.

LETTER of Licence, an instrument or writing granted by his credi­
tor, to a man who has failed or broke, to give him a longer time of
payment.

LETTER of Respite, a letter issued out by the king in favour of ho­
nest and unfortunate debtors, against too rigorous creditors, whereby
payment is delayed for a certain time.

LETTER Founder, one who casts letters or characters for printers.

To LE’TTER, verb act. [of letter] to stamp with letters.

LE’TTERED, adj. [literati, Lat.] 1. Skilled in letters, learned, lite­
rate, educated to learning. 2. Having letters marked or impressed,
as books lettered on the back.

LE’TTICE, or LE’TTUCE [laituë, Fr. lattuca, It. lechauga, Sp.
lactuca, Lat.] a garden herb.


LEV

LEVA’NA, a goddess that had an altar, and was worshipped at
Rome; she was thought to lift up young children from the ground.
As soon as the infant was born, the midwife laid it on the floor; then
the father took it up in his arms and embraced it; and without this
ceremony was performed, the children were scarce thought legiti­
mate.

LEVA’NT, adj. Fr. [in geography] signifies any country on the east
of us, on the eastern side of any continent or country, eastern.

LEVANT, subst. [with merchants, &c.] is understood of the Medi­
terranean sea, or countries on the east side of it, or to the east of
Italy.

LEVANT and Couchant, Fr. [in law] is when cattle have been so long
in another man's ground, that they have lain down and got up again
to feed.

LEVA’NTINE, adj. [of levant] that belongs to, or comes from the
Levant.

LEVA’TOR, Lat. a lifter up, a chirurgical instrument whereby de­
pressed parts of the skull are lifted up.

LEVATOR Ani, Lat. [with anatomy] a pair of muscles arising, fleshy
from each side of the share bone, &c. and are implanted in the
lower end of the strait gut in the anus, their use is to draw the anus
upwards.

LEVATOR Scapulæ, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the shoulder
blade, taking its rise from the second, third, fourth and fifth tranverse
processes of the vertebra's of the neck, and is inserted at the upper cor­
ner of the scapulæ, which it draws upwards.

LEVA’TORY, subst. [levatorium, Lat.] an instrument used by sur­
geons to raise up depressed parts of the skull; the same with lavator.

LEUCE [with physicians] a disease, when the hair, skin, and some­
times the flesh underneath turns white; and the latter, being pricked
with a needle, is insensible, and sends not forth blood but a milky hu­
mour.

LEUCOLA’CHANON [of ΛΕυχΟΣ and ΛΑχΑΝΟΝ, Gr.] lamb's-lettice, or
the white valerian.

LEU’COMA [ΛΕυχΩΜΑ, Gr.] a white scar in the horny coat of the
eye.

LEUCOPHLE’GMACY [ΛΕυχΟφΛΕΓΜ ΑΤΙΑΣ, of ΛΕυχΟΝ, white, and φΛΕΓΜΑ,
Gr. phlegm] a dropsy, consisting in a tumor or bloating of the whole
outer surface of the body, or some of its parts, white and soft, easily
giving way to the touch, and keeping the impression of the singer for
some time. See ANASARCA.

LEUCOPHLEGMACY [of leucophlegmatic] paleness, with viscid
juices and cold sweatings. Arbuthnot.

LEUCOPHLE’GMATIC [ΛΕυχφΛΕΓΜΑΤΙχΟΣ, of ΛΕυχΟΣ, white, and φΛΕΓ­
ΜΑ Gr. phlegm] troubled with the leucophlegmacy. Having such a
constitution of body, where the blood is of a pale colour, viscid and
cold, whereby it stuffs and bloats the habit, or raises white tumors in
the feet, legs, or any other parts; and such are commonly asthmatic
and dropsical. Quincy.

LEU’CORRHÆA, Lat. [of ΛΕυχΟΣ, white, and ρΕΩ, Gr. to flow] the
fluor albus, or whites in women.

LEVEE’ [levée, Fr.] 1. The time of rising. 2. The concourse of
those who crowd round a man of power in a morning. 3. A lady's
toilet or dressing cloth.

LE’VEL, adj. [læfel, Sax.] 1. Even, plain, flat, not having one
part higher than another. 2. Even with any thing else, in the same
line with any thing.

LE’VEL, subst. [from the adj.] 1. A plane, a surface without pro­
tuberances or inequalities. The level of Northamptonshire. Hale.
2. Rate, standard. Thoughts above the ordinary level of the world.
Sidney. 3. A state of equality. The time is not far off when we
shall be upon the level. Atterbury. 4. An instrument used by artifi­
cers, to try whether a floor, &c. lies parallel to the horizon. 5.
Rule; borrowed from the mechanic level. 6. The line of direction,
in which any missive weapon is aimed. 7. The line in which the
sight passes. Plate V. Fig. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6, represents several
sorts of levels. Fig. 1. is called a plumb level, because it shews the
horizontal lines by means of another line, perpendicular to that de­
scribed by a plummet. The plummet is fastened at the point 2, the
branch 2 G being hollow, and the circular hole at G covered with a
glass, to prevent the plummet's being agitated by the air. A teles­
cope, 1, is placed on the horizontal branch of the instrument, having
a hair placed horizontally in its focus, which determines the point of
level. It is fastened at 4 to a ball and socket. H, is a carpenter's
and paviour's level; and F, a level used by engineers. Fig. 2, is
called an air-level, because the horizontal position of the instrument is
shewn by a bubble of air. It consists of a glass-tube almost filled
with some liquor, the two ends being hermetically sealed. It is fitted
with two sights, one of which is plainly shewn at 3. and mounted on
a ball and socket. Fig. 3, is an instrument like the last, except that
instead of plane fights, it has a telescope to determine exactly a point
of level at a good distance. E, is the bubble that determines the
horizontal position of the instrument, and 3, 4, the screws that raise
or depress it. D and 2, are parts of the instrument separated, the
better to shew the contrivance. At 1, there is an hair stretched to
shew the level point, by applying the eye to the eye-glass at I. The
whole is mounted on a ball, and socked, as expressed in the figure.
Fig. 5, is called Hygens's level, because invented by that gentleman.
It consists of a telescope, a, 4, suspended by a ferril having two flat
parts b, b, at ends whereof are fastened little moving pieces which
carry two rings, by one of which the telescope is suspended to an
hook at the end of the screw 3; and to the other, a pretty heavy
weight is suspended to keep the telescope in equilibrio. I, is a ba­
lance lever, which being suspended by a ring, the two lights, when
in equilibrio, will be horizontal, or in a level. Fig. 6, is called a
gunner's level, because used by engineers in levelling ordnance. It
consists of a triangular brass plate, about four inches long, at the bot­
tom of which is a portion of a circle divided into 45 degrees; on the
center of this circular segment is screwed a piece of brass, by means
of which it may be fixed at pleasure; the end of this piece of brass is
made so, as to serve for a plummet and index, in order to shew the







different degrees of elevation of pieces of artillery. The foot of this
instrument is placed on the piece to be elevated, and the mouth of
the piece raised or depressed, till the point of plummet fall on the
proposed degree: this is what they call levelling the piece.

To LE’VEL, verb act. [of læfel, Sax. or libro, Lat.] 1. To make
level, even or plain, to free from inequalities. 2. To reduce to the
same height with something else. 3. To lay any thing flat. 4. To
bring to equality of condition. 5. To aim in point, in taking aim.
6. To direct to any end. A few men, whose designs from the first
were level'd to destroy both religion and government. Swift.

To LE’VEL, verb neut. 1. To take aim at, to bring the gun or ar­
row to the same direction with the mark. 2. To conjecture, to at­
tempt to guess. And according to my description level at my af­
fection. Shakespeare. 3. To be in the same direction with a mark.
4. To make attempts, to aim. Ambitious York did level at thy
crown. Shakespeare.

LEVEL Coil [of lever le cul, Fr. i. e. to lift up the buttock] hitch
buttock; a term used at play, when one who has lost the game sits
out, and gives another his place.

LEVEL Range [with gunners] the distance that a piece of ordnance
does carry a ball in a direct line; the same as point blank.

LE’VELLER [of level] 1. One who makes any thing even. 2.
One who destroys superiority, one who endeavours to bring all to the
same state of equality.

LE’VELLERS, people in Oliver Cromwel's army, who were for hav­
ing an equal share in the administration of the government between
the nobility and commonality.

LE’VELLING, the art of finding a line parallel to the horizon at
one or more stations, in order to determine the height of one place in
respect to another. Plate V. Fig. 7, shews the manner of finding the
difference of the level of a place, where D is the level, C and B
two fights level with each other; whence it follows, that as much
as the perpendicular distance C B exceed that between E, and the
surface of the ground, so much is the surface near E elevated above
B. Suppose it were required to know whether there be a sufficient
descent for conveying water from the spring A (Plate V. Fig. 8.) to
the point B. Here, because the distance from A to B is considerable,
it will be necessary to make several operations.
Having then chosen a proper place for the first station, as at I, set
up a staff in the point A, near the spring, with a proper mark to
slide up and down the staff, as L, and measure the distance from A to
I, which suppose two thousand yards. Then the level being adjusted
in the point I, let the mark L be raised and lowered till such time as
you spy some conspicuous part of it through the telescope or sights of
the level, and measure the height A L, which suppose thirteen feet
five inches. But in regard the distance A I is two thousand yards,
you must have recourse to your table for a reduction, because of the
circular figure of the earth, subtracting eleven inches, which will leave
the height of A L twelve feet six inches, and this note down in your
book. Now turn the level horizontally about, so that the eye-glass of
the telescope may be towards A, and fixing up another staff at H,
cause the mark G to be moved up and down, till you spy some conspi­
cuous part through the telescope or sights. Measure the height H G,
which suppose seven yards, one foot, two inches. Measure likewise
the distance of the points I H, which suppose one thousand three hun­
dred yards, for which distance four inches eight lines must be subtract­
ed from the height H G, which consequently will only leave seven
yards, nine inches, four lines, to be taken down in your book. This
done, remove the level forwards to some other eminence as E, whence
the staff H may be viewed; as also another staff at D, near the place
whether the water is to be conveyed. The level being again adjusted
in the point E, look back to the staff H, and managing the mark as
before, the visual ray will give the point F. Measure the height H F,
which suppose eleven feet six inches. Measure likewise the distance
H E, which suppose a thousand yards, for which there is two inches,
nine lines of abatement, which being taken from the height H F, there
will remain eleven feet three inches, three lines, which enter in your
book. Lastly, turning the level to look at the next staff D, the visual
ray will give the point D. Measure the height of D from the ground,
which suppose eight feet three inches. Measure also the distance from
the station E to B, which suppose nine hundred yards, for which di­
stance there are two inches three lines of abatement, which being taken
from the height B D, there will remain eight feet nine lines, which en­
ter as before.
For the manner of entering down observations in your book, ob­
serve, that when a proper place or station for the level between the
two points has been pitched upon, write down the two heights observed
at that station in two different columns, viz. under the first column,
those observed in looking through the telescope when the eye was from
the spring, or towards the point, which we may call back-sights; and
under the second column, those observed when the eye was next the
spring, which we call fore-sights. Having summed up the heights of
each column separately, subtract the lesser from the greater, the re­
mainder will be the difference of the level between the points A and
B. If the distance of the two points be required, and all the distances
measured together; and dividing the difference of height by the yards
of the distances, for each two hundred yards you will have a descent
of about two inches nine lines.

LE’VELNESS [of level] 1. Evenness, equality of surface. 2. E­
quality with something else.

LE’VEN [levain, Fr.] 1. Ferment, that which being mixt in bread
makes it rise and ferment. 2. Any thing capable of changing the na­
ture of a greater mass, any thing that tinctures the whole. See
LEAVEN.

LE’VER [levier, Fr. of levo, Lat. to lift up; in mechanics] is one
of the six powers; the lever differs from the common ballance in this,
that the center of motion is in the middle of a common ballance, but
may be any where in the lever.

LE’VERET [leveraut, from lievre, Fr. a hare] a young hare.

LE’VERPOOL, a large, populous, and trading sea-port borough­
town of Lancashire, on the river Mersey, 183 miles from London.
It sends two members to parliament.

LE’VEROOK, subst. [lafere, Sax.] this word is retained in Scotland,
and denotes the lark.

LE’VET, a lesson on the trumpet, a blast on the trumpet in gene­
ral; probably that by which the soldiers are called in the morning.

LE’VIABLE, adj. [of levy] that may be levied. To be leviable by
course of law. Bacon.

LEVI’ATHAN [ןחיול, Heb.] a whale, or as some suppose a wa­
ter-serpent of a great bigness. It is mentioned in the book of
Job. By some imagined to be the crocodile, but in poetry generally
taken for the whale. Can'st thou draw out leviathan with an hook?
Job.

LEVIATHAN [in a metaphorical sense] the devil.

To LE’VIGATE, verb act. [lævigo, Lat.] 1. To rub or grind to an
impalpable power. 2. To mix till the liquor becomes smooth and
uniform.

LEVIGA’TION, Lat. the act of making smooth.

LEVIGATION [with chemists] the reduction of any hard ponde­
rous bodies into a light, subtile powder, by grinding on a marble
stone with a muller; but unless the instruments are extremely hard,
they will so wear, as to double the weight of the medicine.

LEVITA’TION, the property directly opposite to gravitation.

LE’VITE, Fr. [levita, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. One of the tribe of Levi
among the Jews. 2. One born to the office of priesthood among
the Jews. 3. A priest; used in contempt.

LEVI’TICAL [levitique, Fr. levitico, It. and Sp. leviticus, Lat.]
belonging to the tribe of Levi, or to the priests office, which was the
peculiar inheritance of that tribe, under the Mosaical dispensation,
making part of the religion of the Jews. See CLERGY.

LEVI’TICUS, one of the five books of Moses, so called, because it
treats of the office and duties of the levetical order.

LE’VITY [levità, It. of levitas, Lat.] 1. Lightness of mind, in­
constancy, fickleness, changeableness. They every day broached
some new thing, which restless levity they did interpret to be their
growing in spiritual perfection. Hooker. 2. Unsteadiness, laxity of
mind. 3. Idle pleasure, vanity. He never employed his omnipo­
tence out of levity or ostentation. Calamy. 4. Trifling gaiety, want
of seriousness. 5. [With philosophers] is opposed to gravity, or is
the want of weight in a body, when compared with another that is
heavier.

Absolute LEVITY, or Positive LEVITY, a quality which some sup­
pose to be the cause, why bodies that are lighter in specie than water,
do swim up to the surface of it; but it appears by experiments, that
gravity and levity are only relative things.

To LE’VY [lever, Fr. leventàr, Sp. levare, It. and Lat.] 1. To
raise, gather, or collect men. And to that end levied a mighty ar­
my. Davies. 2. To raise money. Instead of a ship, he should levy
upon his country such a sum of money. Clarendon. 3. To make
war. This sense, though Milton's, seems improper. And levy cruel
wars. Milton.

To LEVY [in a law sense] is to set up or erect; as, to levy a mill.

To LEVY, is also to cast up or cleanse; as, to levy a ditch.

LE’VY [levee, Fr. leva, It.] 1. The act of raising money or men.
Every new levy they make must be at the expence of their farms.
Addison. 2. War raised. Malice domestic, foreign levy. Shakespeare.

LEWD, adj. [etymologists differ as to the original of this word;
some derive it of læwede, Sax. one of the laity, who were accounted
lewd in comparison to the religious clergy; or else of leod, Sax. the
common people, who are prone to lewdness; others from leidig, Ger.
wicked, damnable] 1. Lay, not clerical; obsolete. 2. Naughty.
Void of learning or lewd in life. Whitgifte. 3. Debauched, wanton,
riotous, lustful, libidinous.

LE’WDLY, adv. [of lewd] 1. Wickedly, naughtily, debauchedly.
2. Libidinously, lustfully.

LE’WDNESS [of lewd] 1. Wickedness. 2. Lustful licentiousness,
debauchedness.

LE’WDSTER [of lewd] a lecher, one addicted to criminal pleasures.
Against such lewdsters and their lechery. Shakespeare.

LE’WES, a borough-town of Sussex, on the river Ouse, 50 miles
from London. It sends two members to parliament.

LEX, Lat. a law.

LEX Talionis, Lat. [the law of retaliation, or like for like] a law
that renders one good or ill turn for another; or the requital of an in­
jury in the same kind; as, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, &c.

LEXICO’GRAPHER [lexicographe, Fr. ΛΕξΙχΟΓρΑφΟΣ, of ΛΕξΙχΟΝ, a dictio­
nary, of ΛΕξΙΣ, a word, from ΛΕΓΩ, to say, and ΓρΑφΩ Gr. to write] a
writer or compiler of a lexicon or dictionary. Commentators and lex­
icographers acquainted with the Syriac language have given these hints.
Watts.

LEXICO’GRAPHY, the art or employment of compiling lexicons, or
dictionaries. See ETYMOLOGY; and, to compleat what is there sug­
gested, add the following remark. How great a stress SOCRATES, the
best and greatest of the gentile sages, laid on the adjusting the true
force and import of WORDS, appears from Plato's testimony. And in­
deed as words are the medium or channel of conveyance thro' which
we come at TRUTH, it is of the last importance to be careful and ac­
curate here: it is so in almost every art and science; but perhaps no
where of so much consequence as under revealed religion; because
there a certain book is admitted for a RULE both of fact and worship,
I mean so far as any thing distinct from the light of nature is advanced;
and consequently of all men under the sun, both Jews and Christians
(may not I also add the Mahometans too?) should, with SOCRATES,
not disdain the labour of adjusting the true and proper import of
WORDS; and, above all, most carefully to enquire in what sense they
are used by the writers themselves; and not (as is too frequently the
case) content ourselves with affixing modern ideas to ANCIENT TERMS.
See HYPOSTASIS, BEGOTTEN, GRACE, MONEMENT, DECREE of
Election, with many other terms in the sequel of this work, to which
this important caution may be applied.

LEYS [in doom's-day-book] a pasture ground.

LEY, subst. ley, lee, lay are all from the Sax. leag, a field or pas­
ture, by the usual melting of the letter g or g. Gibson's Camden.


LIA

LI’ABLE, adj. [from lier, O. Fr.] obnoxious, not exempt, sub­
ject.

LI’AR, subst. [from lie; this word would analogically be lier, but
this orthography has prevailed, and the convenience of distioction
from lier, he who lies down, is sufficient to confirm it: leogore, Sax.







lugnar, Dan. lügner, Ger. luigare, Su.] a teller of untruths or fals­
hoods, one who wants veracity.

LI’ARD, Fr. a French farthing.

LIARD, adj. 1. Mingled, roan. Markham. 2. Liard, in Scotland,
denotes gray-haired; as, he's a liard old man.


LIB

LIBA’NOMANCY [ΛΙβΑΝΟΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, Gr.] a divination by frankincense,
which if it presently catched fire, and sent forth a grateful odour, was
esteemed an happy omen; but if the fire would not touch it, or any
nasty smell, contrary to the nature of franckencense, proceeded from
it, it was thought to forbode ill.

LIBA’NUS [ΛΙβΑΝΟΣ, Gr. הוגבל, Heb. of Mount Libanus, a hill
in Syria, 125 miles in length] the frankincense tree, which grows
plentifully on that great mountain.

LIBA’TION [libatio, Lat. with the Romans] a ceremony performed
by the priests in their sacrifices, who poured down wine, milk or other
liquors in honour of that deity to whom they sacrificed, having first
tasted a little of it; whence the word is used to signify the first taste or
smatch of a thing. A heathen sacrifice or libation to the earth. Bacon.
2. The wine so poured. They did not offer up libations and the
smoke of sacrifices to dead men. Stilling fleet.

LI’BBARD [libaerd, Du. liebard, Ger. leopardus, Lat.] a leopard.
The libbard and the tyger. Milton.

LIBBARD's Bane, an herb.

LI’BEL [libellus, Lat.] a little book, a petition or bill of request.

LIBEL [in civil law] an original declaration of an action, a charge
in writing against a person in court. This is retained in the Scots
law, and refers to any charge or suit before a court; as, the clerk read
the libel.

LIBEL [libelle, Fr. libello, It. libelo, Sp. of libellus, Lat.] a writing
containing reproaches or accusations against the honour and reputa­
tion of any person, a satire, a lampoon. Every such libel here, be­
comes a panegyric there. Decay of Piety.

LIBEL, in a strict sense, is a malicious defamation and aspersion of
another, expressed either in printing or writing, and tending either to
blacken the memory of one that is dead, or the reputation of one that
is alive; and, in a larger sense, any defamation whatsoever.

To LIBEL, verb act. [from the subst.] to set forth or publish libels
against one, to defame or slander in writing, to satirize, to lampoon.
Libelled, or any way defamed. Dryden.

LIBELLA’TICI, primitive christians in the persecution of Decius,
who obtained certificates called libelli, either by money or conformity
in private, by which they avoided persecution.

LI’BELLER [of libel] a defamer by writing, a lampooner. Our
common libellers are as free from the imputation of wit as of morality.
Dryden.

LIBE’LLO Habendo, Lat. [law term] a writ that lies, in case where
a man cannot procure the copy of a libel from the hands of an eccle­
siastic judge.

LI’BELLOUS, adj. of the nature of a libel, abusive, defamatory.
Countenanced by a libellous pamphlet. Wotton.

LI’BER [in botany] the inner parts of plants or herbs, rind.

LIBER [of liberando, Lat. delivering] a name of Bacchus.

LIBE’RA [in old records] a livery or delivery of so much grass
or corn to a tenant, who cuts down or prepares the said grass or corn,
and receives a small portion of it as a reward or gratuity.

LI’BERAL, adj. Fr. Sp. and Port. [liberale, It. of liberalis, Lat.]
1. Free, bountiful, generous, not parcimonious. 2. Not mean or
low in birth, not low in mind. 3. Becoming a gentleman, gentle­
man-like.

LIBERAL Arts, such as are fit for gentlemen and scholars; in oppo­
sition to mechanical arts; such as depend more on speculation than
operation; as grammar, rhetoric; also painting, sculpture, architec­
ture, music.

LIBERA’LITY, or LI’BERALNESS [liberalitÉ, Fr. liberalità, It. libe­
ralidàd, Sp. liberalidade, Port. of liberalitas, Lat.] generosity, bounti­
fulness.

LI’BERALLY, adv. [of liberal] freely, bountifully, largely. God
that giveth to all men liberally and upbraideth not. St. James.

LIBE’RIA. Lat. [among the Romans] a feast held on the day where­
in their children laid aside their juvenile habit, and took upon them the
garment called loga libera.

LIBE’RTAS [among the Romans] the goddess of liberty, who had
a temple at Rome, in which she was worshipped by the Romans; as
she was also by the Greeks, under the name of Eleutheria; she was
represented in the form of a virgin, clothed in white, holding in
her right hand a sceptre, and in her left a hat, with a cat before
her.

LIBERTAS Ecclesiastica [in old records] church liberty and eccle­
siastical immunities. This, at first, was no more than the right of in­
vestiture, but in process of time it grew very great, and under some
weak governments extended so far, as to exempt the persons and pos­
sessions of the clergy from the civil power and jurisdiction. See DE­
CRETALS, CATAPHRYGIANS, CREED, &c.

LIBERATE Probanda, a writ for such as were challenged for
villains and offered to prove themselves free, directing the sheriff to
take security of them to prove the same before the justices of the as­
size.

LIBERTA’TIBUS Allocandis, Lat. a writ lying for a citizen or bur­
gess of any city, &c. who, contrary to the liberties of that city, &c.
is impleaded by the king's justices, in order to have his privilege al­
lowed.

LIBERTATIBUS Exigendis, &c. a writ whereby the king requires
the justices in eyre to admit of an attorney for the defence of another
man's liberty.

LI’BERTINE [libertin, Fr. of libertinus, Lat.] 1. One of a loose
debauched life and principles; a dissolute and lewd liver, one who
pays no regard to the precepts of religion. That word may be ap­
plied to some few libertines in the audience. Collier. 2. One uncon­
fined, one at liberty. The air a charter'd libertine is still. Shakespeare.
3. One who lives without restraint or law. Man the lawless libertine
may rove. Rowe.

LIBERTINE [with the Romans] a person legally set free from ser­
vitude.

LIBERTINE [libertinus, Lat. in the civil law] a person who is ma­
numized and set free from bondage, to which he was born, a freed­
man, or rather the son of a freedman. As libertines against their pa­
trons. Ayliffe.

LI’BERTINES, a sect of heretics who sprung up in Holland, A. C.
1524, from one Quintin, a factor, and one Copin; who maintained
that whatever was done by man, was no sin but to those that thought
it so; they also asserted, that to live without any doubt or scruple was
to return to the state of innocency.

LI’BERTINISM, or LIBERTI’NITY, the state of him that of a slave
is made free.

LI’BERTINISM [of libertine; with divines] is a false liberty of be­
lief and manners, which will have no other dependance but on parti­
cular fancy and passion; a living at large, or according to a person's in­
clination, without regard to the divine laws; irreligion, licentiousness
of opinion and practice. That spirit of religion and seriousness va­
nished all at once, and a spirit of liberty and libertinism, of infidelity
and profaneness started up in the room of it. Atterbury.

LI’BERTY [libertÉ, Fr. libertà, It. libertàd, Sp. of libertas, Lat.]
a state of being free from obligation, servitude or constraint.

LIBERTY of Conscience, a right or power of making profession of any
religion a man sincerely believes.

LIBERTY to hold Pleas, signifies to have a court of ones own, and
to hold it before a mayor, bailiff, &c.

LIBERTY [in ethics] is a faculty of the will, by which all requi­
sites of actions being given, it may chuse one or more out of many
objects proposed, and reject the rest; or if one object only be pro­
posed, it may admit that, or not admit it; may do it, or not do it:
freedom, as opposed to necessity. Liberty is the power of any agent
to do or forbear any particular action, according to the determination
or thought of the mind, whereby either of them is preferred to the
other. Locke. See CIRCUMINCESSION, Efficient CAUSE, Necessary
CAUSE, GNOSTICS, and Synod of DORT.

LIBERTY [in speaking] a free or easy way of expression.

LIBERTY [in a law sense] 1. A privilege held by grant or prescrip­
tion, by which men enjoy some benefit beyond the ordinary subject,
exemption, immunity. Jury regalia, or any extraordinary liberties.
Davies. 2. Relaxation of restraint. 3. Leave, permission. I shall
take the liberty to consider. Locke.

LIBERTY of the Tongue [in horsemanship] is a void space left in the
middle of the bit, to give place to the tongue of a horse, made by the
bits arching in the middle, and rising towards the roof the mouth.
The various form of this liberty of the bit, gives name to the
bit.

LIBI’DINIST, subst. [of libidinosus, Lat.] a sensualist, one who gives
himself up to his lusts.

LIBI’DINOUS, adj. [libidinoso, It. and Sp. of libidinosus, Lat.] lustful,
leacherous, lewd. Wanton glances, and libinous thoughts. Bentley.

LIBI’DINOUSLY, adv. [of libidinous] lustfully, leacherously, lewdly,

LIBI’DIOUSNESS, lustfulness, &c.

LIBI’DO, Lat. lust.

LIBIDO [with physicians] any strong inclination, as to forward the
natural excretions by stool or urine; to scratch in those distempers that
cause itching.

LIBITI’NA [of libendo, Lat.] some say was Proserpina, others will
have her to be Venus; she had a temple in Rome, in which the fu­
neral pomp was kept, and sacrifices were there offered to her for the
dead: the furniture for funerals was laid up there, to put persons in
mind of mortality. She also presided over birth as well as death; the
birth being the first step to death.

LI’BITUM, or Ad LI’BITUM, at your pleasure [in music books]
you may if you please.

LI’BLONG, a sort of herb.

LI’BRA [with astronomers] one of the 12 signs of the zodiac,
who characteristic is (♎).

LIBRA’RIAN [librarius, Lat.] 1. A person who looks after a library.
2. One who transcribes or copies books. There are but two tides in
a day, but this is the error of the librarians. Broome.

LIBRA’RII, those persons who transcribed in legible and beautiful
characters, what had been written by the notarii, in notes and abbre­
viations.

LI’BRARY [librarie, Fr. libreria, It. libraria, Lat.] a study or
place where books are kept, a large collection of books public or
private; also the books themselves, lodged in that apartment.

LIBRA’TA Terræ, a space of ground containing 4 oxgangs, and
each oxgang 13 acres.

To LI’BRATE, verb act. [libro, Lat.] to poise, to balance, to hold
in equipoise.

LIBRA’TION, Fr. [libratio, Lat.] 1. The state of being weighed
or balanced; but it is usually used of the motion or swinging of a
pendulum or weight hanging on a string. This is what may be said
of the balance and the libration of the body. Dryden.

LIBRATION of the Moon [in astronomy] an apparent irregularity
or trepidation of the moon, by which she seems to librate or shake
about her own axis, sometimes from east to west, and sometimes on the
contrary. These planets which move upon their axis, do not all
make entire revolutions; for the moon maketh only a kind of libra­
tion, or a reciprocated motion on her own axis. Grew.

LIBRATION of the Earth, or Motion of LIBRATION [in astronomy]
is that motion, whereby the earth is so retained in its orbit, as that
the axis of it continues constantly parallel to the axis of the world.

LI’BRATORY, adj. balancing, playing like a balance.


LIC

LICE, plur. [of louse] See LOUSE.

LICE Bane, an herb.

LI’CENCE, or LI’CENSE, subst. Fr. [licenza, It. licéncia, Sp. of
licentia, Lat.] 1. Permission, leave. Have licence to answer for him­
self. Acts. 2. Exorbitant liberty, contempt of legal and necessary
restraint. A popular licence is the many-headed tyranny. Sidney. 3.
A grant of permission, power. A licence from the senate. Judith.

To LI’CENCE, or To LI’CENSE, verb act. [licencier, Fr. licenciar,
Sp.] 1. To give licence, leave, or liberty, to permit by a legal
grant. And the press groan'd with licens'd blasphemies. Pope. 2. To
set at liberty. When he listed he could license his thoughts. Wotton.








Poetical LICENCE, is a liberty, which poets take, of dispensing
with the ordinary rules of grammar; which licences were antiently
greater to the Greek poets, than are now allowed; and, may not I
add, perhaps no dispensation with the then present rules of speech at
all——Things were come to a fine pass indeed, if a few MODERN
rules of grammar, must be made the test and standard by which to
judge of the propriety or impropriety of expression in the GREAT
MASTERS of antiquity!

LI’CENCER, or LI’CENSER [of license] a granter of permission;
commonly a tool in power.

LICE’NTIATE [licenciÉ, Fr. licenziato, It. licenciádo, Sp. of licenci­
atus, low Lat.] 1. A man who uses license in foreign countries,
particularly Spanish universities 2. A degree whereby one has li­
cence and authority to practise in any art or faculty, as a batch­
elor of divinity, civil law, or physic. The degree of a licentiate or
master in this faculty. Ayliffe. 3. A barrister in common law.

LICENTIATE, with us, is generally used of a physician, who has
licence to practice, granted him by the college of physicians, or bi­
shop of the diocess.

To LICE’NTIATE, verb act. [licentier, Fr.] to permit, to encou­
rage by license. The licentiating of any thing that is coarse. L'
Estrange.

LICE’NTIOUS, adj. [licencieux, Fr. licenzioso, It. licencióso, Sp. of
licentiosus, Lat.] 1. Loose, leud, disorderly, unrestrained by law or
morality. 2. Presumptuous, unconfined. The Tyber, whose licen­
tious waves so often overflow'd. Roscommon.

LICE’NTIOUSLY, adv. [of licentious] with too much liberty, with­
out just restraint; see LICENTIATE; also loosely, leudly.

LICE’NTIOUSNESS [of licentious] 1. Boundless liberty, contempt of
just restraint. An effect of licentiousness, and not of liberty. Swift.
2. Looseness, leudness, disorderliness.

LICH, subst. [lice, Sax.] a dead carcase. Whence Lichfield, the
field of the dead, a city in Staffordshire, so named from martyred
christians.

LI’CHEN, Lat. a sort of tetter or ring-worm, a roughness and tu­
mor in the skin, that itches very much, and discharges matter.

LICHEN, Lat. [with botanists] the herb liverwort.

LI’CHFIELD, a city of Staffordshire, 118 miles from London. It
gives title of earl to the noble family of Lee, sends two members to
parliament, and is, together with Coventry, a bishopric. See the
arms, Plate IX. Fig. 16.

LICH Fowl [carcass birds, or rather lice-fugels, Sax. birds
who prey upon dead carcasses, or carrion] certain birds accounted
unlucky or ill-boding; as the night-raven, screech-owl, &c.

LICH Gate, a church-yard gate, through which dead corps are
carried.

LICH Owl, subst. [of lich and owl] a sort of owl, by the vulgar,
supposed to foretel death.

LICH Wake [of lice, a dead corps, and wacian, Sax. to watch]
the custom of watching the dead every night till they were buried;
the word is still retained in Scotland, and the custom too.

LI’CHWALE, an herb.

LICITA’TION, a setting out to be sold to the highest bidder.

To LICK, verb act. [lecken, Du. Ger. and Teut. liccian, Sax.
licke, Dan. sticka, Su. laigwan, Goth.] 1. To pass over with the
tongue. 2. To lap, to take up with the tongue. Let them not lick
the sweet which is their poison. Shakespeare. 3. To lick up; to devour.
Now shall this company lick up all that are round about us, as the
ox liketh up the grass. Numbers.

LICK, subst. [from the verb] a blow, rough usage; a low word.
And gave me a lick across the face. Dryden.

LI’CKERISH, LI’CKEROUS, or LI’CKORISH [prob of liccera, Sax.
a glutton, or of laecher, Su. lecker, Du. and Ger. nice, delicate, or
loving niceties, &c. Mer. Casaubon will have it ΛΙχΝΟΣ, Gr.] 1. Lov­
ing sweet things, dainties, or tid-bits, nice in the choice of food,
squeamish. A liquorish palate. L'Estrange. 2. Eager, greedy. Fit
commendation whereof womankind is so lickerish. Sidney. 3. Nice,
delicate, tempting the appetite. With lickerish baits, fit to ensare a
brute. Milton.

LI’CKERISHNESS [of lickerish] love of dainties, niceness of palate.

LI’CORICE, LI’CKORISH, or LI’QUORISH [ΓΛυχυρρΙζΑ, Gr. glycyrr­
biza, Lat. liquoricia, It.] a shrub, the root whereof is sweet. Li­
quorice hath a papilionaceous flower; the pointal becomes a short
pod, containing kidney-shaped seeds; the leaves are placed by pairs,
joined to the midrib, and are terminated by an odd lobe. Miller. Li­
quorice root is long and slender, externally of a dusky reddish brown,
but within of a fine yellow, full of juice, void of smell, and of a
taste sweeter than sugar. It grows wild in many parts of France, I­
taly, Spain, and Germany. This root is excellent in coughs, and
all disorders of the lungs. The inspissated juice of this root is brought
to us from Spain and Holland, from the first of which places it ob­
tained the name of Spanish juice. Hill.

LI’CTORS, Roman officers, who carried the axes and bundles of
rods before the magistrates, a sort of beadles that attended the con­
suls to apprehend or punish criminals. Lictors and rods the ensigns of
their power. Milton.

LID [hlid or hlide, Sax. or lid, Goth. a gate, lied, Ger.] 1. The
cover of any thing, that which shuts down upon a vessel, a stopple.
The lid of the cup. Addison. 2. The membrane, that when we sleep
or wink is drawn over the eye. Our eyes have lids. Ray.


LIE

LIE, subst. [lie, Fr.] any thing impregnated with some other bo­
by, as soap or salt.

LIE’ [in French heraldry] is used to express the strings that are to
any thing, which the English express by stringed.

To LIE, verb neut. [leogan, Sax. laege, Dan. liuga, Su. liegen,
Du. lügen, Ger.] to speak an untruth, to utter criminal falshood.
Should I lie against my right? Job.

LIE, subst. [liga, lige, Sax. loeg, Dan. logn, Su. leugen, Du. leue­
gen, Ger.] 1. A falsity, an untruth, a criminal falshood. When one
thing is signified or expressed, and the same thing not meant or in­
tended, that is properly a lie. South. 2. A charge of falshood. Men
will give their own experience the lie. Locke. 3. A fiction. The
truth is moral, tho' the tale a lie. Dryden.

To LIE, irr. verb neut. I lay, pret. I have lien, or lain, irr. part.
pass. [licegan, Sax.] 1. To lie horizontally. 2. To rest, to lean upon.
3. To be reposited in the grave. I will lie with my fathers, and thou
shalt carry me out of Egypt. Genesis. 4. To be in a state of decumbiture.
My little daughter lieth at the point of death. St. Mark. 5. To pass
the time of sleep. Lay down again and clos'd his weary eyes. Dry­
den. 6. To be laid up or reposited. Divers of them I have yet ly­
ing by me. Boyle. 7. To remain fixed. The recovering of Jamaica
has ever lien at their hearts. Temple. 8. To reside. If thou doest not
well, sin lieth at the door. Genesis. 9. To be placed or situated. De­
sarts where there lay no way. Wisdom. 10. To press upon. Thy
wrath lieth hard upon me. Psalms. 11. To be troublesome or tedi­
ous. To employ those hours that lie upon their hands. Addison. 12.
To be judicially fixed. What he gets more of her than sharp words,
let it lie on my head. Shakespeare. 13. To be in any particular state.
All ways do lie open. Shakespeare. 14. To be in a state of conceal­
ment. Many things in them lie concealed to us. Locke. 15. To be
in prison. 16. To be in a bad state. Why will you lie pining and
pinching. L'Estrange. 17. To be in a helpless or exposed state. Not
to lie at the mercy of the weather. Addison. 18. To consist. Diver­
sion may not lie in hard labour. Locke. 19. To be in the power of,
to belong to. As much as in him lies. Stillingfleet. 20. To be
charged in any thing; as, an action lieth against me. 21. To cost;
as, this lies me in more money. 22. To lie at; to teaze, to impor­
tune. 23. To lie by; to rest, to remain still. 24. To lie down; to
rest, to go into a state of repose. The leopard shall lie down with the
kid. Isaiah. 25. To lie down; to sink into the grave. The sin of
his youth, which shall lie down with him in the dust. Job. 26. To
lie in; to be in child-bed. 27. To lie under; to be subject to. A ge­
nerous person will lie under great disadvantage. Smalridge. 28. To
lie upon; to become an obligation or duty. The charge of souls lies
upon them. Bacon. 29. To lie with; to converse in bed. By this ring
she lay with me. Shakespeare.

To LIE under the Sea [with mariners] is said of a ship, when her
helm being made fast alee, she lies so ahull, that the sea breaks upon
her bow or broad-side.

LIEF, adj. [lieve, Du. lieb, Ger. leof, Sax.] I had as lief have
the foppery of freedom as the morality of imprisonment. Shakespeare.

LIEF, adv. willingly.

LIE’GANCY, or LIGE’ANCY [ligence, Fr.] such a duty or fealty as
no man may owe to more than one lord; and therefore most com­
monly taken for a true and faithful obedience of a subject to a sove­
reign prince; also the engagement of the sovereign to protect his sub­
jects; sometimes it is used to signify the dominion or territory of the
liege lord.

LIEGE, adj. [ligio, It. lige, Fr. of ligius, low Lat. ligando, Lat. binding]
1. Properly signifies a vassal, who holds a sort of fee which binds him
in a closer obligation than other people, subject. Whence liegeman
for a subject. 2. Sovereign. [This signification seems to have acci­
dentally risen from the former, the lord of liegemen being by mistake
called liege-lord. Johnson] My lady liege. Dryden. God our liege lord.
Grew.

LIEGE, subst. a sovereign, a superior lord. O pardon me, my
liege. Shakespeare.

LIEGE-Man [of liege and man] one who owes allegiance or homage
to the liege lord, a subject. Then subjects and liege-men. Spenser.

LIEGE Homage, a vassal was obliged to serve his lord towards all,
and against all but his own father.

LIEGE Lord, one who acknowledges no superior, a fovereign prince;
also the chief lord of the fee.

LIEGE People, are the subjects of a king, queen, or state.

LIE’GER, subst. [of liege] a resident ambassador. See LEGER.

LIEN, part. pass. of lie. See To LIE.

LIEN Personal [in law] a bond, covenant, or contract.

LIEN Real [in law] a judgment, statute, recognizance, &c. which
oblige and affect the land.

LIEN, Lat. [with anatomists] the spleen or milt.

LIENTE’RIC, adj. [lientericus, Lat.] Pertaining to a lientery. In
lienteric and other like cases. Grew.

LIENTE’RIC, subst. [from the adj.] one that is sick of a lientery,
ΟχΟΣΟΙΣΙ, χΟΙΛΙΑΙ, &c. i. e. where the belly is lienteric, it is bad to admi­
nister a vomit in the winter season. HIPPOC. Aphor. 1. 3. p. 1249.

LIE’NTERY [ΛΙΕΝΤΕρΙΑ, of ΛΕΙΟΣ, smooth, and ΕΝΤΕρΟΝ, Gr. a gut, lien­
terie, Fr.] a kind of looseness, wherein the food passes so suddenly
through the stomach and guts, as to be thrown out by stool with little
alteration.

IN LIEU, Fr. in the place, room, or stead of. In lieu of man's
endeavours. Hooker. In lieu of sham increase of dominion. Addison.

LIEU CONUS, Fr. [in old law] a castle, manor, or other notorious
place, well known to those who dwell about it.

LIEVE, adv. willingly. I had as lieve the town crier had spoke my
lines. Shakespeare. See LIEF.

LIEUTE’NANCY [lieutenance, Fr.] the office of a lieutenant.

LIEUTE’NANCY [of the city of London] the body of lieutenants, a
select council of the officers of the artillery company, and of the
trained bands, who govern and order matters relating to the militia of
it. The lieutenancy of our metropolis. Felton.

LIEUTE’NANT [of lieu, a place, and tenant, Fr. holding, or q. lo­
cum tenens, Lat.] one who supplies the place of another, a deputy,
one who acts by vicarious authority in war, an officer who holds the
place of a superior, and does his office when absent, as a general has
his lieutenant-generals, a colonel his lieutenant-colonel, and a captain
simply his lieutenant.

LIEUTENANT General [in an army] a great commander, next in
place to the general, who commands one of the wings or lines in a
battle; also a detachment or flying camp upon a march, and a parti­
cular quarter at a siege.

LIEUTENANT General [of artillery] is an officer who is next to the
general of the artillery or ordnance, and in his absence has the charge
of all that belongs to it.

LIEUTENANT General [of the ordnance] is an officer, whose duty
it is to receive all orders from the master, and to see them duly execu­
ted.








LIEUTENANT Colonel of Foot, is the second officer in the regiment;
he commands in the absence of the colonel, and in a battle takes post
on the left of his colonel.

LIEUTENANT of Horse, is the first captain of the regiment; he com­
mands in the absence of the colonel, taking place of all the other cap­
tains.

LIEUTENANT of a Ship, the officer next in place to the captain or
chief commander of the ship.

LIEUTE’NANTSHIP [of lieutenant] 1. The rank or office of lieu­
tenant.

LIEUTENANT of the Tower of London, one who is to act under the
constable for the time being, and to perform all his offices: he is a
justice of the peace for the counties of Middlesex, Kent, and Surry.


LIF

LIFE, plur. lives [lifv, Dan. lif, Su. lif, or lyf, from lifian, Sax.
to live, leven, Du. leben, H. Ger.] 1. Conduct, living, manner of
living, with respect to virtue and vice. 2. Liveliness, spirit, vivacity,
resolution. Life and fire in fancy and in words. Felton. 3. The du­
ration of animal being, or the space of time that passes between their
birth and death, the union and co-operation of the soul with body.
The moving creature that hath life. Genesis. 4. The constitution, or
the principle of heat and motion that animates bodies, and makes
them perceive, act and grow. 5. Present state. O life, thou no­
thing's younger brother. Cowley. 6. Enjoyment or possession of ter­
restrial existence. Their complot is to have my life. Shakespeare. 7.
Blood, the supposed vehicle of life. And the warm life come issuing
through the wound. Pope. 8. Condition, manner of living with re­
spect to happiness and misery. Such was the life the frugal Sabines
led. Dryden. 9. Continuance of our present state. The administra­
tion of this bank is for life. Addison. 10. The living form, resem­
blance exactly copied. Galen hath explained this point unto the life.
Brown. 11. Exact resemblance. No character of any person was
ever better drawn to the life. Denham. 12. General state of man.
All that cheers or softens life. Pope. 13. Living person. 14. Com­
mon occurrences, the course of things. Experience of life abroad in
the world. Ascham.

LIFE, a history or relation of what a man has done in his life-time,
narrative of a life past, animated existence, animal being. Full nature
swarms with life. Thomson.

Animal LIFE, or Sensitive LIFE, the life of living creatures, con­
sisting in the exercise of the senses.

Vegetative LIFE, the life of trees or plants, or that faculty by
which they grow.
Where there's LIFE there's hope.
Lat. ægroto dum animæ est spes est. Tull. ad. Att. Gr. EΛΠΙΔΕΣ ΕΝ
ζΩΟΙΣΙΝ, ΑΝΕΛΠΙΣΤΟΙ ΔΕ ΘΑΝΟΝΤΕΣ. Mythologists tell us, that when all evils
flew out of Pandora's box, Hope was left behind at the bottom of it.
The It. say as we; In fin che v'è fiato, v'è speranza. And so like­
wise the Lat. Dum spiro, spero. We say in another proverb to the
same purpose.
If it were not for hope the heart would burst.
LIFE consists not in breathing, but in enjoying LIFE.
Martial says; Non est vivere sed valere. No life without being in
health.

LI’FEBLOOD [of life and blood] the vital blood, the blood necessary
to life. With a warmth like that of lifeblood. Spectator.

LIFE Everlasting, a herb.

LI’FEGIVING, adj. [of life and giving] having the power to give
life. That lifegiving plant. Milton.

LIFE Guards, soldiers who are the body guard of the king or
prince.

LIFE Rent, a rent or salary which a man receives for term of life,
or for the maintenance of life.

LI’FELESS, adj. [lifeleas, Sax.] 1. Without life, dead. Ghastly
with wounds and lifeless on the bier. Prior. 2. Dull, stupid, without
power, force or spirit. A lifeless king, a royal shade I lay. Prior. 3.
Unanimated, void of life. A lifeless unactive heap of matter. Cheyne.

LI’FELESLY, adv. [of lifeless] without vigour, frigidly, jejunely.

LI’FELESNESS [of lifeless] deadness, dullness, want of vigour.

LI’FELIKE, adj. [of life and like] like a living person. Minerva
lifelike. Pope.

LI’FESTRING [of life and string] nerve, strings imagined to convey
life. The undecaying lifestrings of those hearts. Daniel.

LI’FETIME [of life and time] continuance or duration of life. Jor­
dain talk'd prose all his lifetime. Addison.

LI’FEWEARY, adj. [of life and weary] wretched, tired of living.
That the lifeweary taker may fall dead. Shakespeare.

To LIFT, verb act. [lifte, lofter, Dan. lyfta, Su. lever, Fr. levan­
tàr, Sp. and Port. levare, It. and Lat.] 1. To raise or heave up from
the ground, to hold on high. Prop'd by the spring it lifts aloft the
head. Dryden. 2. To bear, to support: obsolete. Spenser. 3. To
rob, to plunder. If nightrobbers lift the well-stor'd hive. Dryden. 4.
To exalt, to elevate mentally. My heart was lift up in the ways of
the Lord. 2 Chronicles. 5. To rise in fortune. The eye of the Lord
lifted up his head from misery. Ecclesiasticus. 6. To raise in estima­
tion. That we do offer disgrace to the word of God, or lift up the
writings of men above it. Hooker. 7. To exalt in dignity; with up.
See to what a height the Roman virtues lift up mortal man. Addison.
8. To elevate, to swell with pride. Lifted up with pride. Timothy.
9. Up is sometimes emphatically added to lift. Arise, lift up the lad.
Genesis.

To LIFT, verb neut. to strive, to raise by strength. Strained by
lifting at a weight too heavy. Locke.

LIFT, subst. 1. A raise, a hoist, the act of lifting up, manner of
lifting. Not the large stride or high lift that makes the speed. Bacon.
2. [In Scottish] the sky. Thus, in a starry night, they say how clear the
lift is! 3. Effort, struggle. Dead lift is an effort to raise what with
the whole force cannot be moved; and figuratively any state of impo­
tence or inability. To help him out at a dead lift. Hudibras. 4.
Lift, in Scotland, denotes a load or surcharge of any thing: as also if
one be disguised with much liquor, they say he has got his lift, or a
great lift.

LI’FTING, part. adj. [levans, Lat. levant, Fr.] raising or heaving up.

LIFTING Pieces [in a clock] certain parts of it, which lift up and
unlock the stops called detents.

LIFTS [in a ship] ropes pertaining to the arms of all yards: the
use is to make the yards hang higher or lower.

LI’FTER [of lift] one that lifts. The lifter up of mine head.
Psalms.


LIG

To LIG, verb neut. [ligan, Sax. ligger, Dan. liggen, Du. and L.
Ger. liegen, H. Ger.] to lie in bed or on any place, &c. Many
wild beasts liggen in wait. Spenser.

LI’GAMENTS, Fr. [ligamenti, It. ligamenta, Lat.] those things that
tie or bind one part to another, in popular or poetical language.

LIGAMENTS [with anatomists] 1. Are parts of an animal body of a
middle substance, between a cartilage and a membrane, being harder
than a membrane, but softer than a cartilage; whose use is to gird
and strengthen the juncture, especially of bones, to prevent their dislo­
cation. See COXENDIX, and there placing a full stop, after [Censen­
tur.] read VESALII opera, &c. 2. Bond, chain, entanglement.
Then the soul beginning to be freed from the ligaments of the body,
reasons like herself. Addison.

LIGAME’NTA Uterl, Lat. [in anatomy] the ligaments of the womb.
See FALLOPIAN Tubes.

LIGAME’NTAL, or LIGAME’NTOUS, adj. composing a ligament.
The urachos or ligamental passage is derived from the bottom of the
bladder. Brown.

LIGAME’NTUM Ciliare [in anatomy] the ligament of the eye-lid.

LIGA’TION [ligatio, Lat.] 1. The act of binding or tying. 2. The
state of being bound. It is the legation of sense, but the liberty of rea­
son. Addison.

LI’GATURE. 1. The act and manner of disposing and applying
bandages for closing wounds, and performing other operations in sur­
gery. By strong ligature and compression. Arbuthnot. 2. Any thing
bound on, bandage. Do but take off the ligature, it will beat imme­
diately. Ray. 3. The state of being bound. They let it pass too
soon, and contract no ligature. Mortimer.

LIGATURE [with mystic divines] a total suspension of the superior
faculties or intellectual powers of the soul.

LIGATURES [in the Greek tongue] characters made to express two
or more Greek letters together.

LIGATURES [with surgeons] bandages or fillets of cloth or linen,
for binding the arm, and facilitating the operation of bleeding.

LIGATURES [with mathematicians] are compendious notes or cha­
racters, by which are represented the sums, differences or rectangles of
several quantities.

LIGATURES [with printers] types consisting of two letters, as ct,
ff, fi, ss, si, sl, fl, st.

LIGES [in horses] a distemper, being little bladders or pustules un­
der the lips.

LIGHT [leoht, Sax. luis, Su. licht, Du. and Ger. lumiere, Fr.
luce, It. luz, Sp. and Port. lux, Lat.] 1. Is either the sensation that
arises from beholding any bright object, as the sun, a lamp, &c. cal­
led primary light; or else it is the cause of that sensation; that quality
or action of the medium of sight by which we see. 2. Illumination of
mind, instruction, knowledge. Discerned by the light of nature.
Hooker. 3. The part of a picture which is drawn with bright colours,
or that on which the lights is supposed to fall. Never admit two equal
lights in the same picture. Dryden. 4. Reach of knowledge, mental
view. Islands and contents that hitherto were not come to light. Ba­
con. 5. Point of view, situation, direction in which the light falls.
To consider any thing in its whole extent, and in all its variety of
lights. Addison. 6. Explanation. I have endeavour'd throughout
this discourse, that every former part might give strength unto all that
follow, and every latter bring some light unto all before. Hooker. 7.
Any thing that gives light, a pharos, a taper. Fixing some marks
like lights upon a coast. Temple.

LIGHT, adj. [liht, leoht, Sax. læt, Dan. laett, Su. lucht, Du. and
L. Ger. leicht, H. Ger. leger, Fr. leggiero, It. ligero, Sp. ligeiro, Port.
lævis, Lat.] 1. Not heavy, not tending to the centre with great
force. And soft with hard and light with heavy mixt. Dryden. 2. Not
burthensome, easy to be worn or carried or lifted. The lighter and
stronger the greater the gain. Tusser. 3. Not afflictive, easy to be
endured. Every light and common thing, incident into any part of
man's life. Hooker. 4. Easy to be performed, not difficult, not valua­
ble. The task was light. Dryden. 5. Easy to be acted on by any
power. Light of digestion now and fit for use. Dryden. 6. Not hea­
vily armed. A company of light horsemen. Knolles. 7. Active,
quick, nimble. Asahel was as light of foot as a wild roe. 2. Samuel.
8. Unencumbred, unembarrassed, free from impediments. Unmar­
ried men are best masters, but not best subjects, for they are light to
run away. Bacon. 9. Slight, not great. A light error in the man­
ner of making the following trials. Boyle. 10. Not crass, not gross.
Our soul loatheth this light bread. Numbers. 11. Easy to admit any
influence, unsteady, loose, unsettled. Light of ear, bloody of hand.
Shakespeare. 12. Gay, airy, without dignity or solidity, trifling. Se­
neca cannot be too heavy, nor Plautus too light. Shakespeare. 13.
Not chaste, not regular in conduct. A light wife doth make a heavy
husband. Shakespeare. 14 [from LIGHT, subst.] bright, clear. As
soon as the morning was light. Genesis. 15. Not dark, tending to
whiteness. A light coloured clay. Woodward.

LIGHT, adv. [for lightly by colloquial corruption] lightly, cheap­
ly. Shall we set light by that custom of reading. Hooker.
LIGHT gains make a heavy purse.
That is, a small profit and a quick return, turns to the best account,
which experience has sufficiently verify'd. The Fr. say, as we; Le
petit gain remplit (fills) la bourse. And so the It. I guadagni mediocri
empiono la borsa.

To stand in one's own LIGHT, that is, to act against one's own in­
terest.

LIGHT Horse [in military affairs] horsemen not in armour; all are
so called except the life-guards.

To LIGHT, verb act. [from light, subst.] 1. To kindle, to set on
fire, to enflame. 2. To give light to, to guide by light. 3. To il­
luminate. 4. Up is emphatically joined. No sun was lighted up the
world to view. Dryden. 5. [From the adj.] to ease of a burden, to
make more light, to lighten. And light this weary vessel of her load.
Spenser.








To LIGHT, verb neut. pret. part. pass. lit [lickt, Du. by chance]
1. To happen, to fall upon by chance. Whosoever first lit on a par­
cel of that substance called gold, could not rationally take the bulk
and figure to depend on its real essence. Locke. 2. To light, i. e.
to alight [of alihtan, Sax.] to get off horse-back, to get down from
a carriage. He lighted down from the chariot to meet him. 2 Kings.
3. To fall in any particular direction.
The wounded steed curvets, and rais'd upright,
Lights on his feet before. Dryden.
4. To fall, to strike on. None can find themselves grieved on whom­
soever it lighteth. Hooker. 5. To fall, to rest, or settle upon, as a
bird upon a tree, &c. She lights on that and this, and tasteth all.
Davies.

LI’GHTLY, adv. [of light] 1. Without weight. 2. Without deep
impression. 3. Easily, readily, without difficulty, of course. If they
write or speak publickly but five words, one of them is lightly about
the dangerous estate of the church. Hooker. 4. Without reason.
Not lightly or without reasonable occasion to neglect it. Taylor. 5.
Cheerfully, without affliction. Seeming to bear it lightly. Shake­
speare. 6. Not chastely. If I were lightly disposed, I could still
perhaps have offers. Swift. 7. Nimbly, with agility, nor heavily
or tardily. 8. Gaily, airily, with levity, without heed or care.
LIGHTLY come, LIGHTLY go. See BELLY.

To LI’GHTEN, verb neut. [of leoht, hlet, ligt, Sax.] 1. To
render less ponderous. 2. [Litenan, of lihtan, Sax.] to send forth
flashes out of the clouds, to flash with thunder. The lightning that
lighteneth. St. Luke. 3. To shine like lightning. His eye, bright
as the eagle's, lightens forth. Shakespeare. 3. [From light] to fall or
light on. Let thy mercy lighten upon us. Common Prayer.

To LI’GHTEN, verb act. [of light; subst.] 1. To enlighten, to illu­
minate. Lighten my spirit with one clear heavenly ray. Davies. 2.
To unload, to exonerate. The mariners were afraid, and cast forth
the wares that were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it. Jonah. 3.
To make less heavy. 4. To cheer, to exhilerate. Few tragedies
shall succeed in this age, if they are not lengthened with a course of
mirth. Dryden.

LI’GHTER [lichter, Du. ligtare, Su.] a large vessel to carry goods
in by water, a heavy vessel into which ships are unloaded and light­
ened.

LI’GHTERMAN [of lighter and man] one who manages a lighter.
Child.

LI’GHT-FINGERED [of light and finger] thievish, nimble at contri­
vance.

LI’GHT-FOOT, adj. [of light and foot] nimble in running or dan­
cing, active.

LI’GHT-FOOT, subst. venison; a cant word.

LI’GHT-HEADED, adj. [of light and head] 1. Unsteady, loose,
thoughtless, weak. Light-headed weak men. Clarendon. 2. Deli­
rious, disordered in the mind by disease.

LIGHT-HEA’DEDNESS [of light-headed] deliriousness, disorder of
the mind.

LI’GHT-HOUSE [of light and house] an high building, at the top of
which lights are hung to guide ships at sea.

LI’GHT-LEGGED [of light and leg] nimble. swift. Light-legged
Pas has got the middle space. Sidney.

LI’GHTLESS [of light] wanting light, dark.

LI’GHT-MINDED [of light and mind] unsettled, unsteady. He
that is hasty to give credit is light-minded. Ecclesiastes.

LI’GHTNING [from lighten, lightening, or lightning, Eng. litung,
Sax.] 1. A flashing of light or fire out of the clouds, the flash that
accompanies thunder. Lightning is a great flame very bright, extend­
ing every way to a great distance, suddenly darting upwards and there
ending, so that it is only momentaneous. Muschenbroek. 2. Mitiga­
tion, abatement. A lightning before death. Addison.

LI’GHTNESS [levitas, Lat. lihtnesse, or lyhtnesse, Sax.] 1. The
want of weight, which causes the hasting of a body upwards, by rea­
son of its rarity and subtility. 2. Levity.

LIGHTNESS [of leohtnesse, Sax.] 1. The opposite of darkness.
2. Inconstancy, unsteadiness. Lightness and unconstancy in love.
Spenser. 3. Unchastity, want of conduct in women. The opinion of
my lightness embolden'd such base fancies towards me. Sidney. 4.
Agility, nimbleness.

LIGHTS [so named prob. as being the lightest parts of an animal
body, supposed to be called so from their lightness in proportion
to their bulk] the lungs, the organs of breathing. The complaint
was chiefly from the lights. Hayward.

LIGHTS [in architecture] the openings of doors, windows and
other places through which the light hath passage.

LIGHTS [in painting] those parts of a piece that are illuminated,
or that lie open or exposed to the luminary, by which the piece is
supposed to be enlightened, and which, for that reason, are painted
in light, vivid colours.

LI’GHTSOME [of light] 1. Luminous, not dark, not opaque, not
obscure. White walls make rooms more lightsome than black. Ba­
con. 2. Gay, airy, having the power to cheer. That ligbtsome af­
fection of joy wherein God delighteth when his saints praise him.
Hooker.

LI’GHTSOMENESS [of lightsome] 1. Luminousness, not opacity, not
obscurity nor darksomeness. The lightsomeness of our air. Cheyne.
2. Cheerfulness, merriment, levity.

LIGN Aloes, subst. [lignum aloes, Lat.] the wood of aloes, a valua­
ble drug. As the trees of lign aloes. Numbers.

LI’GNEOUS, adj. [ligneux, Fr. ligneus, from lignum, Lat. wood]
made of or pertaining to wood, woody, resembling wood. Being of
a more ligneous nature. Bacon.

LI’GNUM Nephriticum, Lat. [in medicine] a wood of great efficacy
against the stone in the kidneys.

LIGNUM Rhodium, Lat. a sweet wood, of which the oil of rhodium
is made.

LIGNUM Sanctum, or LIGNUM Vitæ, Lat. the wood commonly cal­
led by physicians, guaiacum, a very hard wood.

LIGS [in horses] a disease, like bladders or pushes within the
lips.

To LIKE, verb act. [lyken, Du. of lican, or licean, Sax. lika,
Su.] 1. To chuse with some degree of preference. This speech was
not of them all liked. Knolles. 2. To approve, to view with appro­
bation, not fondness. Tho' they did not like the evil he did, yet they
liked him that did the evil. Sidney. 3. To please, to be agreeable
to; now obsolete; generally in an impersonal form. It liked her to
include the same within one entire lease. Bacon.

To LIKE, verb neut. 1. To be pleased with; having of before the
thing approved; obsolete. Of any thing more than of God they
could not by any means like. Hooker. 2. To chuse, to list, to be
pleased. The man likes not to take his brother's wife. Deutero­
nomy.

LI’KELINESS, or LI’KELIHOOD [of likely] 1. Worthiness to be liked,
comeliness; obsolete, only among the Scots. 2. Appearance, shew;
obsolete. 3. Resemblance, likeness; obsolete. 4. Probability, veri­
similitde, appearance of truth. Probability or likelihood of danger.
South.

To LI’KEN, verb act. [likne, Dan. likna, Su. vergelykken, Du, and
L. Ger. vergleichen, H. Ger.] to represent as having resemblance,
to compare with. Likening him to a singing man of Windsor. Shake­
speare.

LI’KENESS [of like; gelicnesse, Sax.] 1. Resemblance, fimili­
tude. Translation is a kind of drawing after the life, where there is
double sort of likness, a good one and a bad one. Dryden. 2. Form,
appearance. An enemy in the likeliness of a friend. L'Estrange. 3.
One who resembles another. I took you for your likeness Cloe.
Prior.

LIKE, adj. [of gelic, lic, Sax. lige, Dan. lik, Su. leiks, Goth. ge­
lijck, Du. gelyk, L. Ger. gleich, H. Ger.] 1. Being in the likeness
of, resembling, having resemblance. Whom art thou like in thy
greatness. Ezekiel. 2. Equal, of the same quantity. More clergy­
men were impoverished by the late war than ever in the like space
before. Sprat. 3. [For likely] probable, credible. It is like that the ex­
periment would have been effectual. Bacon. 4. Likely, in a state
that gives probable expectations. This is, I think, an improper, tho'
frequent use. Johnson. Many were not easy to be governed, not like
to conform themselves to strict rules. Clarendon.

LIKE, subst. [this substantive is seldom, more than the adjective,
used elliptically, the like for the like thing, or the like person] 1. Some
person or thing resembling another. Every like is not the same. Shake­
speare. 2. Near approach, a state like to another state. A sense com­
mon but not just. Report being carried secretly from one to another
in my ship, had like to have been my utter overthrow. Roleigh.

LIKE, adv. 1. In the same manner as. Like as a father pitieth
his own children. Psalms. 2. In such a manner as befits. Be strong
and quit yourselves like men. 1 Samuel. 3. Likely, probably. A
popular use not analogical.

LI’KELY, adj. [of like] 1. Such as may be liked, such as may
please; obsolete. 2. Probable, such as may be thought or believed,
such as may be thought more reasonbly than the contrary.

LI’KELY, adv. probably, as may reasonably be thought. He was
likely ignorant of nothing. Glanville.

LIKE Arches, or LIKE Arks [in projections of the sphere] are parts
of lesser circles, which contain an equal number of degrees with the
corresponding arches of great ones.

LIKE Figures] [in geometry] are such as have their angles equal,
and the sides about those angles proportional.

LIKE solid Figures [in geometry] are such as are contained under
the like planes equal in number.

LIKE Quantities [in algebra] are such as are expressed by the same
letters equally repeated in each quantity; thus, 2a and 3 a and
4 dd and 6 dd, are like quantities, but 2 b and 3 bb, are unlike quan­
tities.

LIKE Signs [in algebra] are when both are affirmative, or both
negative; thus 16 d and + d have like signs, but + 12 d and −
2 d have unlike.

LI’KEWISE, adv. [of like and wise; ligerwiis, Dan. gleicheweise,
Ger.] also, in like manner, moreover, too. So was it in the decay
of the Roman empire, and likewise in the empire of Almaigne.
Bacon.

LI’KING, adj. [perhaps because plumpness is agreeable to the sight.
Johnson] being in a state of plumpness, plump. Why should he see
your faces worse liking than the children which are of your sort.
Deuteronomy.

LIKING, subst. [of like] 1. Good state of body, plumpness. Their
young ones are in good liking, they grow up with corn. Job. 2.
State of trial. 3. Inclination.

LI’LACH Tree, a tree bearing blue, white or purple flowers.

LI’LITH [היליל, prob. of ליל, Heb. night.] the Jews have a
notion that she was Adam's first wife, and by pronouncing the name of
God, flew away into the air. This lilith they imagine to be a spec­
tre, that kills or carries away young children in the night; and there­
fore, as a charm against her, it is a custom to throw into the four cor­
ners of a chamber, where a Jewish woman lies in, a paper with these
words in it; Adam and Eve, Lilith, get the out.

LILIA’CEOUS [liliaceus, Lat.] of, pertaining to, or like a lily.

LI’LIED, adj. [of lily] embellished with lilies. Ladons lilied banks.
Milton.

LI’LIUM, Lat. the lily. See LILY.

LILIUM Convallium, Lat. [with botanists] lily of the vallies. See
LILY of the Valley.

L’ILLY, or LI’LY, subst. [lilie, Sax. lilia, Su. lilie, Dan. Du. and
Ger. lilium, Lat.] a beautiful flower.

LILY-DAFFODIL, subst. [lilio narcissus] a foreign flower.

LILY-HYACINTH, subst. [lilio hyacinthus] a flower composed of
fix leaves, shaped like the flower of hyacinth.

LILY of the Valley, or May-lily, subst. [lilium convallium] a flower
which consists of one leaf, shaped like a bell, and divided at top into
six segments.

L’ILY-LIVERED, adj. [of lily and liver] cowardly, white-livered,
A lily-livered, action-taking knave. Shakespeare.


LIM

LI’MA, the capital of a province of the same name, and also of the
whole kingdom of Peru, in South America; and was anciently the







capital of the Incas, or Indian monarchs. Lat. 12° 30’ S. Long.
76° W.

LIMA’CEOUS [of limax, Lat. a snail] of or pertaining to snails.

LIMA’TION, Lat. [with surgeons] the act of filing of bones, &c.

LI’MITURE [limatura, Lat.] powder or dust which comes from
filing, the filings of any metal.

LIMB [of lemme, Dan. lem, Su. lim, Sax. and Scottish] 1. A member,
a jointed or articulated part of an animal body. 2. [limbe, Fr. limbus,
Lat.] an edge, a border of any thing. A philosophical word. The
colours emerged out of the whiteness, the violet and the blue at its
inward limb, and at its outward limb the red and yellow. Newton. 3.
[With mathematitians] the utmost end or border of an instrument, as
an astrolabe, &c. also the circumference of the original circle in any
projection of a sphere upon the plane. 4. [With astronomers] the ut­
most edge or border of the body, or disk of the sun and moon, when
either is in an eclipse.

To LIMB, verb act. [of the subst.] 1. To supply with limbs. They
limb themselves. Milton. 2. To pull limb from limb, to tear asun­
der.

LI’MBECK [corrupted by popular pronunciation from alembic; alem­
bicus, L. Barb. alembic, Fr.] a still.

LI’MBED, adj. [of limb] formed with regard to limbs.

LI’MBER, adj. [prob. either of lencken, Du. and Ger. to bow or
bend, or of linder, Fr. soft] pliable, supple, apt to bend or flag, lithe.
He had tried and found him a prince of limber virtues. Wotton.

LIMBER Holes [in a ship] little square holes cut out in all the
ground timbers, next to the keel, to let water pass to the well of the
pump.

LI’MBERNESS [of limber] pliableness, aptness to be bowed or
bent.

In LI’MBO, Lat. [in prison; eo quod sit limbus inserorum. Du Cange]
1. A region bordering upon hell, in which there is neither pleasure
nor pain: popularly hell. As far from help as limbo is from bliss.
Shakespeare. A limbo large and broad. Milton. 2. Any place of
misery and restraint. Friar, thou art come off thyself, but poor I
am left in limbo. Dryden.

LI’MBUS, Lat. [with mathematicians] the limb or utmost edge of
an astrolabe, or other mathematical instrument. See LIMB.

LIMBUS Patrum, [is so called, because it is limbus inferorum] the
edge, brink or border of hell. See LIMBO.

LIMBUS Patrum [according to the notion of the Roman Catholics]
the place where the deceased patriarchs resided till the coming of our
Saviour; and also the place where our Saviour continued, from the
time of his death to his resurrection. [See BEATIFIC Vision and GNOS­
TIC compared] and where the souls of infants who die without bap­
tism are received; who have not deserved hell, as dying in innocence;
nor are fit for heaven, because of the imputation of original sin. See
FÆDERAL Head.

LIME [lim, gelyman, Sax. to glue] 1. A viscous substance drawn
over twigs, which catches and entangles the wings of birds that light
upon it. 2. Matter of which mortar is made, so called because used
in cement. 3. [Liim, Du. and L. Ger. leim, H. Ger.] stone, of
which (being burnt) mortar is made.

LIME, a borough and sea-port town of Dorsetshire, 144 miles from
London. It sends two members to parliament.

LIME Tree, or LINDEN [lind, Sax. with botanists] 1. A tree bear­
ing white sweet flowers; the linden or teyl-tree. The flower consists
of several leaves placed orbicularly in the form of a rose, having a
long narrow leaf growing to the footstalk of each cluster of flowers,
from whose cup rises the pointal, which becomes testiculated, of one
capsule, containing an oblong seed. The timber is used by carvers
and turners. These trees continue sound many years, and grow to a
considerable bulk; Sir Thomas Brown mentions one in Norfolk six­
teen yards in circuit. Miller. 2. [Lime, Fr.] a sort of limon. 3.
[Limon, Fr. lime, It.] mud or clay.

To LIME, verb act. [from the subst. geliman, Sax. to glue] 1. To
daub with lime. Those twigs in time will come to be limed. L'E­
strange. 2. To entangle, to ensnare in general. They are limed with
the twigs that threaten them. Shakespeare. 3. To cement. Who
gave his blood to lime the stones together. Shakespeare. 4. To ma­
nure ground with lime.

To LIME, or To LINE, verb neut. [prob. of ligner, Fr. Minshew]
to couple as dogs do.

LIME Bush, or Twig, a device for catching of birds, by a twig
daubed with bird-lime.

LIME-KILN [of lime and kiln] a kiln or furnace where stones are
burnt to lime.

LIME’NTIUS [of limen, Lat. a threshhold] the god of thresholds
among the Romans.

LI’MER [limier, Fr. a blood-hound] a large dog for the hunting of
a boar.

LIME-STONE [of lime and stone] the stone of which lime is made.

LIME-WATER, subst Lime-water, made by pouring water upon
quick-lime, with some other ingredients to take off its ill flavour, is
of great service internally in all cutaneous eruptions and diseases of
the lungs. Hill.

LI’MIT [limite, Fr. It. and Sp. of limitis, gen. of limes, Lat.] a
bound, boundary or border, utmost reach. The whole limit of the
mountain round about. Exodus.

To LI’MIT [limiter, Fr. limitàr, Sp. of limitare, It. and Lat.] 1. To
set limits or bounds, to confine, to shut in boundaries, to restrain, to
circumscribe, not to leave at large. A limited monarch. Swift. 2.
To restrain from a lax or general signification.

LIMITA’NEOUS, adj. [limitaneus, Lat.] of or pertaining to bounds
or frontiers.

LI’MITARY, adj. [of limes, Lat.] belonging to the limits or bounds;
also placed at the boundaries as a guard or superintendant.

LIMITA’TION, Fr. [limitazione, It. limitaciòn, Sp. of limitatio, Lat.]
1. The act of limiting, setting bounds to, restriction, circumscription.
2. Confinement, from a lax or undeterminate sense or meaning. Re­
straints and limitations all principles have in regard of the matter
whereunto they are applicable. Hooker.

LIMITATION of Assize [law term] a certain time set down by the
statute, wherein a man must alledge himself or his ancestors to have
been seized of lands, sued for by writ of assize.

LI’MITED Problem [in geometry] such a one which has but one
only solution, or which can be done only one way.

To LIMN [of enluminer, Fr. to adorn books with pictures, luminàr,
Sp. illumino, Lat.] to colour or illuminate prints or maps, to paint in
water colours; also to paint to the life in creons, oil colours, &c.
Emblems limned in lively colours. Peacham.

LI’MNER [corrupted from enlumineur, Fr. one who decorates book
with initial pictures, luminadòr, Sp. of illuminator, Lat.] one who
draws and paints, a picture-maker. That divers limners at a distance,
without either copy or design, should draw the same picture. Glan­
ville.

LI’MON, Fr. [limone, It.] See LEMON.

LIMONA’DE, Fr. [limonada, Sp.] a potable liquor made of limons,
water and sugar. See LEMONADE.

LIMO’NIA, Lat. [ΓΕΕΜΟΝΙΑ, Gr.] the anemony, emony, or wind­
flower.

LIMO’SITY [limosità, It. of limositas, Lat.] fulness of mud.

LI’MOUS [limoso, It. of limosus, Lat.] full of mud, slimy. The
muddy and limous matter brought down by the Nilus. Brown.

LIMP, adj. [limpio, It.] 1. Weak, vapid. The chub eats waterish,
and the flesh of him is not firm, but limp and tasteless. Walton. 2.
It is used in some provinces, and in Scotland, for limber, supple,
flexile.

To LIMP, verb neut. [of limp-healt, Sax. lame, limpen] to halt
or go lame. When Plutus, which is riches, is sent from Jupiter, he
limps and goes slowly. Bacon.

LI’MPET, subst. a kind of shell-fish. Ainsworth.

LI’MPHÆDUCTS. See LYMPHÆDUCTS.

LI’MPID, adj. [of limpide, Fr. limpido, It. limpidus, Lat.] pure, clear,
transparent. The springs which were clear, fresh, and limpid, become
thick and turbid. Woodward.

LI’MPIDNESS [of limpid] clearness, purity, transparency.

LI’MPINGLY, adv. [of limp] in a lame, halting manner.

LI’MPITUDE [limpitudo, Lat.] clearness, pureness.

LI’MPNESS [of limp] limberness.

LI’MY, adj. [of lime] 1. Viscous, glutinous. And wrapt his
winges twain in limy snares. Spenser. 2. Containing lime. Buried
in some limy soil. Grew.


LIN

To LIN, verb neut. [ablinnan, Sax.] to stop, to give over.

LINA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb toad-flax.

LINA’RIUM, Lat. a flax plat, where flax is sown.

LINCH Pin, or LINS Pin [of a cart, waggon, &c.] an iron pin
that keeps the wheel on the axle-tree.

LI’NGOLN, the capital city of Lincolnshire, situated on the river
Witham, 128 miles from London. It is the see of a bishop, gives
title of earl to the noble family of Clinton, and sends two members to
parliament. See the arms of this bishopric, Plate IX. Fig. 19.

LI’NCOLNSHIRE, one of the largest counties in England; divided
from Northamptonshire on the south, by the river Welland; and
from Yorkshire on the west, by the Humber: it has the German
ocean on the east, and on the west is bounded by some parts of York­
shire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, and Rutlandshire. It sends
two members to parliament.

LI’NCTUS, Lat. a licking or sucking.

LI’NCTUS, subst. [from linctum, sup. of lingo, Lat. in pharmacy] a
medicine to be licked up by the tongue.

LI’NDEN Tree [lind, Sax. of linden Ger. and treo, Dan.] 1. The
teyl, or lime-tree; see LIME. Hard box and linden of a softer grain.
Drydén. 2. A tree bearing sweet flowers.

LINE [ligne, Fr. linha, Port. linea, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. A row of
words in writing or printing, as much as is written from one margin
to the other, a verse. In the preceding line Ulysses speaks of Nausicau.
Broome. 2. Extension as to length. In curve lines. Bentley. 3. A
slender string. A line seldom holds to strein. Moxon. 4. A thread
extended to direct any operation. We, as by line, upon the ocean go.
Dryden. 5. The string that sustains the angler's hook. 6. Linea­
ments or marks in the hand or face. I shall have good fortune; go
to, here's a simple line of life, here's a small trifle of wives. Shake­
speare. 7. Delineation, sketch. Raising such buildings as I have
drawn you here the lines of. Temple. 8. Contour, outline. Free as
thy stroke, yet faultless as thy line. Pope. 9. Rank. 10. [French
measure] the 12th part of of an inch, or 144th part of a foot. 11.
Method, disposition. Office and custom in all line of order. Shakes.
12. Extension, limit. 13. Equator, equinoctial line. When the sun
below the line descends. Creech. 14. Progeny, family, either ascend­
ing or descending. 15. A line is one tenth of an inch. 16. [In the
plural] a letter; as I read your lines. 17. Lint or flax [from linum,
Lat.]

LINE [in geometry] quantity extended in length only, without ei­
ther breadth or thickness, and is formed by the motion of a point.

Curved LINE, or Crooked LINE [in geometry] a line whose points
are not equally placed between the two extremes.

Right LINE, or Strait LINE [in geometry] a line whose points are
equally placed between the two extremes or ends.

LINE of Numbers, a line usually placed on carpenters, &c. rules or
sectors, which running parallel with them, shews the artificial line,
and is called Gunter's line, he being the inventor.

LINE [in military affairs] signifies the posture of an army drawn up
for battle; the front being extended as far as the ground will allow,
to prevent its being flanked. These lines are, 1st, the van; 2dly, the
main body; and 3dly, the rear.

LINE of the Anomaly of a Planet [in astronomy] according to the
Ptolemaic system, is a right line, drawn from the centre of the excen­
tric, to the centre of the planet.

LINE of the Apses [in astronomy] is a right line passing from the
centre of the world, and that of the excentric; the two ends of which,
are the one the apogee, and the other the perigree of the planet.

LINE of the Apogee of a Planet [in astronomy] a line drawn from
the centre of the world, through the point of the apogee, as far as
the zodiac of the primum mobile.

Horizontal LINE [in geography] a line parallel to the horizon.








LINE of Longitude of a Planet, either greatest or least [in astronomy]
is that part of the line of the apses, which reaches from the center of
the world, to either the apogee or perigee of the planet.

LINE of mean Longitude [in astronomy] is a line drawn through the
centre of the world, at right angles to the line of the apses, and the
extreme points of it are termed the mean longitudes.

LINE of mean Motion of the Sun [in astronomy] is a right line
drawn from the centre of the world, as far as to the zodiac of the pri­
mum mobile.

LINE of mean Motion of the Sun in the Excentric [in astronomy] is
a right line drawn from the centre of the excentric, to the centre of
the fun, and parallel to the former.

LINE of real Motion of the Sun [in astronomy] a line drawn from
the centre of the world to the centre of the sun, and continued as far
as the zodiac of the primum mobile.

LINE of the Nodes of a Planet [in astronomy] is a right line from
the planet to the sun, being the common place of intersection of the
plane of the orbit of the planet, with that of the ecliptic.

Synodical LINE [in astronomy] (in respect to some phases of the
moon) is a right line, supposed to be drawn through the center of the
earth and sun.

LINE of the mean Syzygies [in astronomy] is a right line, ima­
gined to pass through the centre of the earth, and the mean place of
the sun.

LINE of the true Syzygies [in astronomy] a right line, supposed to
be drawn through the centre of the earth, and the real place of the
sun.

Equinoctial LINE [in dialling] is the common place, where the
equinoctial and the plane of the dial do mutually interfect one another.

Horary LINES [in dialling] are the common intersections of the
hour, circles of the sphere, with the dial plane.

Horizontal LINE [in dialling] is a common intersection of the hori­
zon, and the dial plane.

Substilar LINE [in dialling] is that line on which the style of the
dial is erected, and represents such an hour circle, as is perpendicular
to the plane of the dial.

LINE [in fencing] is that directly opposite to the adversary,
wherein the shoulders, the right arm and the sword should always be
found, and wherein also the two feet are to be placed, at a foot and
an half distance from each other; and in this position a man is said
to be in line.

LINE [in fortification] is what is drawn from one point to another,
in making a plan on paper. On the ground in the field, it is some­
times taken for a trench with a parapet; at other times, for a row of
bags of earth or gabions, set in a line to cover the men from the fire
of the enemy; work thrown up, trench. Unite thy forces, and at­
tack their lines. Dryden.

LINES of Approach, or LINES of Attack [in fortification] are the
ways of trenches, dug along the earth, towards a town that is besieged,
in order to gain the moat and the body of the place. See SIEGE.

LINE of the Base [in fortification] a right line, joining the points
of the two nearest bastions.

Capital LINE [in fortification] a line drawn from the angle at the
gorge, to the angle of the bastion.

LINE of Circumvallation [in military art] a treneh with a parapet,
made by the besiegers quite round their camp, within cannot shot of
the place, to oppose any army that may come to the relief of the place,
and to stop deserters.

LINES of Communication [in fortification] such lines as run from
one work to another; but more especially in a continued trench, with
which a circumvallation or contravallation is encompassed, so as to
maintain a communication with all its sorts, redoubts, and other
works.

LINE of Contravallation [in fortification] a trench with a breast­
work or parapet, which the besiegers make next to the place besieged,
to secure themselves against the sallies of the garrison; so that an ar­
my forming a siege, lies between the lines of circumvallation and
contravallation.

LINE of Defence [in fortification] a straight line, shewing the course
of a bullet, according to the situation it ought to have to defend the
face of the bastion.

LINE of Defence fichant [in fortification] a line drawn from the an­
gle of the courtin, to the flanked angle of the opposite bastion, never­
theless without touching the face of the bastion.

LINE of Defence razant [in fortification] is a line drawn from the
point of the bastion along the face, till it comes to the courtin, and
this shews how much of the courtin will scour the face.

LINE forming the Flank [in fortification] one drawn from the an­
gle, made by the two demi-gorges of the bastion, to the angle at the
flank.

LINES with inside [in fortification] are trenches or moats, or trenches
cut towards the place besieged, to hinder sallies.

LINES with outside [in the art of war] are trenches towards the
field, to hinder any succours from being brought to the besieged.

LINE of the Front [in perspective] is any right line parallel to a
terrestrial line.

Geometrical LINE, is a line drawn on a geometrical plane after any
manner.

Horizontal LINE [in perspective] is the common section of the ho­
rizontal plane, and that of the representation or draught; which also
passes through the principal point.

LINE of Incidence [in catoptrics] a ray starting from some luminous
body, and terminating in a point of some surface.

Objective LINE [in perspective] the line of an object, from whence
the appearance is sought for in the draught or picture.

Station LINE [in perspective] is the common section of the vertical
geometrical plane; or the perpendicular height of the eye above the
geometrical plane; or a line drawn on that plane, and perpendicular
to the line expressing the height of the eye.

Terrestrial LINE [in perspective] a right line. in which the geo­
metrical plane, and that of the draught or picture intersect each
other.

Vertical LINE [in perspective] is the common intersection of the
vertical plane, and the picture or draught.

LINE of Derection [in philosophy] is that according to which a
body endeavours to move.

LINE of Gravitation of an heavy Body [in philosophy] a line drawn
through its centre of gravity, and according to which it tends down­
wards.

LINE of Measures [in geometry] that line in which the diameter
of any circle to be projected falls.

To LINE, verb act. [supposed by Junius from linum, Lat linen, linings
being made of linen] 1. To cover on the inside. A box lined
with paper. Boyle. 2. To put a thing into the inside of another. The
charge amounteth very high for any one man's purse, except lined
beyond ordinary to reach unto. Carew. 3. [In fortification] to surround
and strengthen a work with a wall, turf, &c. 4. To line hedges [in
military art] is to plant musketeers along them under their covert, to
fire upon an enemy that comes open, or to defend themselves against
the horse, to guard within. They had lined some hedges with mus­
queteers. Clarendon. 5. To cover. Pluck the lin'd crutch from thy
old limping fire. Shakespeare. 6. To double, to strengthen. Lined
and assisted with subordinate commanders of great experience and va­
lour. Clarendon. 7. To impregnate, applied to animals, generating.

LI’NEA Alba, Lat. [in anatomy] a concourse of tendons of the
oblique muscles of the lower belly, which meet on both sides, and so
form a kind of coat, as if they were all but one tendon.

LINEA Celerrimi Descensus [in mathematics] that curve which a
body would describe in its descent if it moved with the swiftest mo­
tion possible.

LI’NEAGE [linage, Fr.] race, progeny, family, pedigree, either
ascending or descending. Joseph was of the house and lineage of
David. St. Luke.

LI’NEAL, adj. [lineale, It. of linealis, from linea, Lat. a line] 1.
Of or pertaining to a line, that is, or goes in a right line, composed
of lines, delineated. Errors ever occur more easily in the manage­
ment of gross materials than lineal designs. Wotton. 2. Descending
in a direct genealogy. The right of lineal succession. Locke. 3. 
Claimed by descent. 4. Allied by direct descent.

LI’NEALLY, adv [of lineal] in a direct line. The person upon
whom the crown lineally and rightfully descended. Clarendon.

LI’NEAMENT, subst. [of lineament, Fr. lineamentum, Lat.] a fine
stroke or line observed in the face, and forming the delecacy thereof;
or that which preserves the resemblance, and occasions the relation of
likeness or unlikeness to any other face, or the features or propor­
tion of the face, drawn out as it were in lines, discriminating mark
in the form in general. There are not more differences in men's
faces, and the outward lineaments of their bodies, than there are in
the makes and tempers of their minds. Locke.

LI’NEAR, adj. [linearis, from linea, Lat. a line] of or pertaining
to a line, composed of lines, having the form of lines. Covered with
linear striæ tending towards several centres, so as to compose flat stel­
lar figures. Woodward.

LINEAR Numbers, are such as have relation to length only, such as
represent one side of a plain figure.

LINEAR Problem [in mathematics] a single problem that is capable
of but one solution, or that can be solved geometrically by the inter­
fection of two right lines.

LINEA’TION [lineatio, from linea, Lat. a line] draught of a line.
There are in the horny ground two lineations. Woodward.

LI’NEN, subst. [linge, Fr. pannolino, It. lienco, Sp. lenco, Port. linum,
Lat. lün, Dan. lynwaet, Du. linnen, L. Ger. leinen, or leinwand, H.
Ger. linen, Sax.] cloth made of flax or hemp.

LI’NEN, adj. [lineus, of linum, Lat. flax.] 1. Made of linen. 2.
Resembling linen.

LI’NENDRAPER [of linen and draper] he who deals in linen.

LING [ling, Island.] 1. Heath. This sense is retained in the nor­
thern counties: yet Bacon seems to distinguish them Heath is the
young sort, and ling the tall, stubby kind, which they pull up for
firing, 2. [linghe, Du.] A sort of sea-fish of the cod kind.

LING, a termination which commonly notes diminution, as kit­
ling, a young cat, and is derived from the Ger. klein, little; some­
times a quality, as firstling, in which sense Skinner deduces it from
langen, old Teut. to belong.

LING Wort, the herb angelica.

To LI’NGER, verb neut. [of langern, Teut. from lenz, Sax. long.]
1. To pine away with a disease. 2. To remain long in languor or
pain, to languish. 3. To hesitate, to be in suspense. 4. To remain
long, to delay, to loiter; in an ill sense. Now live secure, and
linger out your days. Dryden. 5. To remain long without action or
determination. We have lingered about a match between Anne Page
and my cousin. Shakespeare. 6. To wait long in expectation or un­
certainty. 7. To be long in producing effects. She has strange lin­
g'ring poisons. Shakespeare.

To LI’NGER, verb act. to protract, to draw out to length; ob­
solete.

LI’NGERER [of linger] one who lingers.

LI’NGERINGLY, adv. [of lingering] tediously, without delay.

LI’NGET, subst. or LI’NGOT [languet, lingot, Fr. with chemists] an
iron mould of several shapes, in which melted metals are usually
poured; also a small mass of metal.

LI’NGO, subst. [Portuguese] language, tongue, speech. Congreve.

LI’NGUA, Lat. the tongue; also a language or speech.

LINGUA’CIOUSNESS, or LINGUA’CITY [of linguacious] talkative­
ness.

LINGUADE’NTAL, adj. [of lingua, the tongue, and dens, Lat. a
tooth] applied to letters that are pronounced by the joint action of the
tongue and teeth, sometimes in a substantive form. The linguadentals
f, v, as also the linguadentals th, dh, he will soon learn. Holder.

LINGUA’LIS, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle said to pass from the root
of the os hyoides, to the tip of the tongue.

LI’NGUIST, subst. [from lingua, Lat. the tongue] a person well
versed in tongues or languages. Our linguist received extraordinary
rudiments towards a good education. Addison.

LI’NGULA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb adder's or serpent's
tongue.

LINI’GEROUS [liniger, from linum, flax, and gero, Lat. to bear]
that bears flax or linen.








LI’NIMENT, Fr. [linimentum, Lat.] an external medicine of a mid­
dle consistence, between an oil and an ointment, a balsam.

LI’NING, subst. [of line] 1. The inner covering of any thing, the
inner double of a garment. 2. That which is within.

LINK, subst. [glencke, Ger. lenck, Dan. laenck, Su.] 1. Part of a
chain, a single ring of a chain. 2. Sausages, because made in that
form. 3. Any thing doubled and closed together. Make a link of
horsehair. Mortimer. 4. A chain, any thing connecting. 5. Any
single part of a series or chain of consequences, a proposition joined
to a foregoing and following proposition. The thread and train of
consequences is often long, and chained together by divers links.
Hale. 6. A series; this sense is improper. Addison has used link
for chain. I have here only chosen this single link of martyrs. Ad­
dison. 7. [Of ΛυχΝΟΣ, Gr. a candle. Cosuab.] a torch made of pitch
and hards. Thou hast sav'd me a thousand marks in links and torches.
Shakespeare. 8. Perhaps, in the following passage it may mean lamp­
black. There was no link to colour Peter's hat. Shakespeare.

To LINK, verb act. [from the subst. prob. of ligo, Lat. to bind]
1. To complicate; as, the links of a chain. 2. To unite in con­
cord. 3. To join. Link towns to towns with avenues of oak. Pope.
4. To join by confederacy or contract. 5. To connect. God has
linkt our hopes and our duty together. Decay of Piety. 6. To unite
in a regular series of consequences.

LI’NKBOY [of link and boy] a boy that carries a torch, to accom­
modate passengers with light in the night.

LINLI’THLIGO, a town of Scotland, in the county of Lothain, 16
miles west of Edinburgh, from whence the noble family of Leving­
ston take the title of earl.

LI’NNET [linot, F.] a small singing bird.

LINO’SITY [linositas, Lat.] state of abounding with flax.

LI’NSED [lin-sæd, Sax. semen lini, Lat. yn-zaedt, Du. lün-saed,
L. Ger. lein-saamen, H. Ger. of linum, Lat. flax] the seed of hemp
or flax, which is much used in medicine.

LI’NSEY Woolsey [of linen and wool] cloth of linen and woollen
mixt together, of different and unsuitable parts, vile, mean.

LI’NSTOC [lunte, or lente, Teut. with gunners] a short staff of
wood, with a match at the end of it, about three feet long, used in
firing cannons.

LINT [of linen, Sax. or linteum, Lat. llin, Welsh and Erse] 1.
The soft substance, commonly called flax. 2. Linen scraped to a
sort of tow, or soft woolly substance to lay on sores.

LI’NTEL [linteau, from linteal, Fr.] the upper part of a door or
window-frame, that lies over head and across the upright posts of ei­
ther. Strike the lintel and the two side-posts. Exodus.

LI’NTER, Lat. [in anatomy] the inner rim of the ear, the same as
schapa.

LI’NTON, a market-town of Cambridgeshire, 46 miles from
London.

LI’NUM Catharticum [in pharmacy] mountain flax, a powerful de­
tergent.

LINUM Incombustible [i. e. flax that will not be consumed by burn­
ing] a mineral substance of a whitish silver colour, and of a woolly
texture; consisting of small threads or longitudinal fibres, endued
with that admirable property of resisting fire, and remaining uncon­
sumed in the most intense heat. It is called also amianthus and asbes­
tos; which see.

LI’ON [lio, Sax. leyon, Su. lew, Du. and L. Ger. læwe, H. Ger.
lion, Fr. liena, It. leon, Sp. leam, Port. of leo, Lat. ΛΕΩΝ, Gr. leoon,
Erse] the fiercest and the most courageous and generous of all wild
beasts, the emblem of strength and valour. King Richards surname
was cor-de-lion, for his lion-like courage. Camden.

LION [in blazonry] in blazoning a lion, their teeth and talons
must always be mentioned, they being their only armour, and are in
coat armour for the most part made of a different colour from the body
of a beast; and therefore speaking of their teeth and talons, you must
say they are armed so and so.

LION'S Mouth, Paw, Tail, Tooth, several sorts of herbs.

LIO’NCEL [with heralds] a small lion, so called, to distinguish it
from one that is full grown; for there may be several lions in a coat,
or an ordinary, and still be of their full size; but the lioncel is ex­
pressed to be but a little lion.

LI’ONESS, the feminine of lion [lionne, Fr. lionessa, It. leono, Sp.
liona, Port. lhyinna, Su. leewinn, Du. and L. Ger. loewin, H. Ger.
leæna, Lat.] a she-lion.

LI’ONLEAF, subst. [leonto petalon, Lat.] a plant.

LIONNE’ [in French heraldry] signifies rampart, when they speak
of a leopard in that posture, which they say is peculiar to the lion.


LIP

LIP [levre, Fr. labbro, It. labio, Sp. of labium, Lat. lippa, Sax.
læv, Dan. læp, Su. lip or lippe, Du. and L. Ger. loppe or leffze, H.
Ger. lib, Pers.] 1. The outer part of the mouth, the muscles that
shoot beyond the teeth, which are of so much use in speaking, that
they serve for all the organs of speech. 2. The edge of any thing.
The sea bounded against those hills as its first ramparts or as the
ledges or lips of its vessel. Burnet's Theory. 3. To make a lip; to hang
the lip in sullenness and contempt.

To LIP, verb act. [from the subst.] to kiss: obsolete. To lip a
wanton. Shakespeare.

LI’PLABOUR [of lip and labour] action of the lips without concur­
rence of the mind, words without sentiments, mere talk.

LIPODE’RMOS [ΛΕΙΠΟΔΕρΜΟΣ, of ΛΕΝΠΩ, to leave, and ΔΙρΜΑ, Gr. the
skin] a disease of the skin whicn covers the glans. It should signify
from its etymology a want or failure of the skin [or scarfskin] in gene­
ral. But as Castell. Renovat. observes, 'tis more particularly used of
one, whose prepuce is wanting, whether from disease or from section,
and as such answers to the word “apella,”
—Credat Judæus Apella. Juvenal.

LIPOPSY’CHIA, Lat. [ΛΕΙΠΟψυχΙΑ, of ΛΕΙΠΩ, to fail, and ψυχΗ, Gr.
the soul] a little or short swoon or fainting fit. See LYPOTHY­
MIA.

LYPOTHY’MIA [ΛΕΙΠΟΘυΜΙΑ, of ΛΕΙΠΩ and ΘυΜΟΣ, Gr. the mind] the
act of fainting or swooning away from two great a decay or waste of
the spirits.

LIPO’THYMOUS, adj. [of ΛΕΙΠΩ, to faint, and ΘυΜΟΣ, Gr. the mind]
swooning, fainting. A lipothymous languor and great oppression about
the stomach. Harvey. ΛΙΠΟΘυΜΗΣΑΣ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕ. JOSEPH. Ant. Lib. VIII.
p. 469.

LIPO’THYMY, subst. [ΛΕΙΠΟΘυΜΙΑ, from ΛΕΙΠΩ, to faint, leave or fail,
and ΘυΜΟΣ, Gr. the mind] a swoon, a fainting fit. Boerhaave. under
the head of a diminution or absolute destruction of PULSE, says, “tis
reduced to a lipothymia, when it [i. e. the pulse] so far fails, as that
the force of life being greatly weakened, can scarce support the body;
to a lipopsychia, when the disease rises so high, that the natural heat
begins greatly to stagger; to a syncopè, when the heart SO FAR fails,
that heat, motion, and sense, are almost destroyed, and cold sweats en­
sue; and lastly, to an asphyxia, when all these are to appearance lost,
and the image of death succeeds. BOERHAAV. Pathologia, 829. See
APHYXIA, and supply what may be thought wanting there from
hence.

LIPOTHY’MIC, n. adj. of the same import with lipothymous, affected
with a lipothymia. HIPPOC. de Liquid. Usu, p. 425. See LIPOTHY­
MOUS, and the APPENDIX ad Thesaur. H. Stephan. &c.

LI’PPITUDE, Fr. [lippitudo, Lat. with oculists] a dry soreness in the
eyes, without running, when they feel rough, as if there were sand
in them; blear-eyedness, blearedness of eyes. Pestilences and lippi­
tudes. Bacon.

LIPTO’TES, a rhetorical figure when the force of words is not
answerable to the greatness of the matter. See LITOTES.

LI’PWISDOM [of lip and wisdom] wisdom in talk without practice.
I find that all is but lipwisdom which wants experience. Sidney.

LIPY’RIA, Lat. [ΛΕΙΠυρΙΑ, Gr.] a kind of continual fever, wherein
the inward parts burn, but the outward parts are cold. BRUNO and
GALEN.

LI’QUABLE [liquabilis, Lat.] that may be melted or dissolved.

LIQUA’MEN, Lat. any thing capable of melting: it is generally used
to express such unctuous substances as are procured by liquation.

LIQUA’TION, [from liquo, Lat. to melt] 1. The act of melting.
2. Capability or possibility of being melted.

To LI’QUATE, verb neut. [liquatum, sup. of liquo, Lat.] to melt,
to liquify.

LIQUEFA’CTION [liquefaction, Fr. liquefacione, It. of liquefactio,
Lat. with apothecaries] an operation, by which a solid body is redu­
ced into a liquid; or the action of fire or heat on fat, fusible bodies,
which puts their parts into motion; the act of melting, the state of be­
ing melted.

LIQUEFI’ABLE [of liquefy] that may be melted.

LI’QUEFIED, part. adj. [liquefactus, Lat.] melted.

To LI’QUEFY, verb act. [liquefier, Fr. liquefare, It. of liquefaceo,
Lat.] to melt, to dissolve.

To LI’QUEFY, verb neut. to grow liquid or limpid.

LIQUE’SCENT [liquescens, Lat.] melting.

LI’QUID, adj. [liquide, Fr. liquido, It. and Sp. liquidus, Lat.] 1. That
has its parts fluid and in motion, moist, not solid, not forming one
continuous substance. 2. Soft, clear. 3. Pronounced without any
jar or harshness. 4. [With civilians] apparently proved, as goods
that are clear and out of dispute are said to be liquid.

LIQUID Effects and Debts, are such as are not really existing; but
such as there can be no dispute about. Dissolved so as not to be at­
tainable by law. Johnson.

LIQUID [liquidæ literæ, of liquesco, Lat. to melt or dissolve] letters
liquid [with grammarians] are so called, not because they are never
solid, but because they are sometimes liquefied and dissolved in their
sounds; they are l, m, n, r.

LIQUID, subst. [with philosophers] liquids are such bodies which
have all the properties of fluidity; the small parts of which are so fi­
gured and disposed, that they stick to the surface of such bodies as are
dipt in them; which is called wetting; liquor, liquid substance.

To LI’QUIDATE, verb. act [of liquid] to clear away, to lessen
debts.

LI’QUIDATED, part. adj. [liquidatus, Lat.] made moist or clear;
also spoken of bills made current or payable; payed off, cleared.

LIQUIDA’TION, an ascertainment of some dubious or disputable
sum; or of the respective pretensions which two persons may have to
the same liquid or clear sum.

LIQUIDATION [in trade] the order and method which a trader en­
deavours to establish in his affairs.

LIQUI’DITY [of liquid] liquid quality, the property of fluidity or
quality of wetting other bodies immerged in it.

LI’QUIDNESS [of liquid] the quality of being liquid, fluency, flui­
dity.

LIQUOR [licqueur, Fr. liquore, It. licòr, Sp. of liquor, Lat.] 1.
Any liquid thing, drink, water, wine, juice, &c. It is commonly
used of fluids inebriating or impregnated with something, or made by
decoction. 2. In familiar language, strong drink.

To LI’QUOR, verb act. [from the subst.] to drench, to moisten.
Cart wheels squeek not when they are liquored. Bacon.


LIS

LI’SBON, the capital of Portugal, situated on the north bank of the
river Tagus. It was lately one of the most magnificent cities in Eu­
rope; but a terrible earthquake on the first of November, 1755, laid
it in ruins. Lat. 38° 45′ N. Long. 9° 25′ E.

LISIE’RE [in fortification] the same as breme or foreland.

LISLE, a large and populous city of the French Netherlands, on the
river Deule, 25 miles from Arras, and 12 from Tournay.

LI’SNE, subst. a cavity, a hollow. Hale.

To LISP, verb neut. [hliswan, hlisp, Sax. lispen, Du. lispein, Ger.
læspâ, Su.] to speak with too frequent appulses of the tongue to the
teeth or palate, like children.

LISP, subst. [from the verb] the act of lisping. I over-heard her
answer with a very pretty lisp. Tatler.

LIST, subst. [liste, Fr.] 1. A roll or catalogue of the names, &c. of
persons. He was the ablest emperor of all the list. Bacon. 2. [Lisse,
Fr. licium, Lat.] the border or edge of woollen cloth, a strip of cloth.
3. [Lice, Fr.] inclosed ground, in which tilts are run and combats
fought. 4. A border. 5. [With architects] a straight, upright ring,
which runs round the lower part of pillars, just above the torus, and
next to the shaft or body.

To LIST, to enter soldiers; also to enter his name as a soldier.

To LIST [lysta, Su. lystan, Sax.] to desire, to chuse, to incline,
to be disposed. To speak as they list. Hooker.








To LIST, verb act. [from list, a roll] 1. To enlist, to enrol, or re­
gister. 2. To retain and enrol soldiers. 3. [From list, enclosed
ground] to inclose for combats. As in a listed field to fight your cause.
Dryden. 4. [From list, a shred or border] to few together so as to
make a party-coloured shew. A kind of embroidering or listing of one
favour upon another. Wotton. 5. [Contracted from listen] to hear­
ken to, to attend, to listen. If with too credent ear you list his song.
Shakespeare.

LIST [of lust; listan, Sax.] desire, willingness, choice. List to
contradict. K. Charles.

LI’STLESNESS [q. d. lustlesness] want of will or inclination.

LI’STED [of lez, or lesiere, Fr.] having, or being made of, or re­
sembling the list of cloth, striped, particoloured in long streaks. Milton.

LI’STEL [with architects] a small band or rule in moulding; also
the space between the channeling of pillars.

To LI’STEN, verb act. [hlystan, Sax. lysta, Su. luystern, Du. all of
lausteren, Goth.] to hear, to attend: obsolete.

To LISTEN, verb neut. to give attention, to hearken.

LI’STENER [of listen] one that listens or hearkens, a hearkener.

LI’STLESS, adj. [of list] being without inclination or determination
to one thing in preference to another.

LI’STLESLY, adv. [of listless] without thought, without attention.

LI’STLESNESS [of listless] inattention, want of desire.

LISTS, plur. of list [lice, Fr. lizza, It.] a place inclosed with bars
or rails for the performing therein justs or tournaments, restling, races,
and other exercises. See LIST.


LIT

LIT, pret. of to light, whether it signifies to happen or to set on
fire, or guide with light. I lit my pipe with the paper. Addison. See
To LIGHT.

LI’TANY [litane, Fr. letania, It. litania, Sp. and Port. of ΛΙΤΑΝΕΙΑ,
Gr. See below] a general supplication or prayer, sung or said in
churches; especially one in the common-prayer-book of the church
of England. Supplications with solemnity for the appeasing of God's
wrath, were of the Greek church termed LITANIES, and ROGATIONS
of the Latin. Hooker.—ΜΕΛΗ ΛΙΤΑΝΑ ΘΕΟΙΣΙ. Æschyl. Supp. l. 816.

LITANY [litania, Lat. of ΛΙΤΑΙ, Gr. prayers] supplications and
public prayers, used in a solemn manner, to invoke God and the
saints for mercy; used in processions in popish countries, on Carpus
Christi day; and in several countries and towns on various days.

LITÆ [ΛΙΤΑΙ, Gr. prayers] the daughters of Jupiter, as represented
by HOMER; and as such, says that poet, they are not to be disre­
garded in supplications between man and man, least from that aversion
which these good-natured goddesses bear towards an hard and unforgi­
ving temper, they should make their complaint to Jupiter, and pull
down his judgments on the inexorable head. Iliad. Lib. IX. line
498—508.

LI’TERAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [literale, It. literalis, from litera, Lat.
a letter] 1. According to the letter, following the letter or exact
words. 2. Being according to the primitive meaning, not figurative.
3. Consisting of letters.

LITERAL, subst. primitive or literal meaning. How dangerous it
is in sensible things to use metaphorical expressions unto the people,
and what absurd conceits they will swallow in their literals, an exam­
ple we have in our profession. Brown.

LITERA’LITY [of literal] the original or primitive meaning.

LI’TERALLY, adv. [of literal] 1. In a literal sense, according to
the primitive import of words, not figuratively, not metaphorically.
2. With close adherence to words.

LI’TERATE, adj. [lettrÉ, Fr. litterato, It. of literatus, Lat.] learned
or skilled in letters or languages.

LITERA’TI, Lat. and It. learned men.

LI’TERATURE, Fr. [literaturra, It. literatura, Lat.] knowledge of
letters, learning.

LI’THANTHRAX [of ΛΙΘΟΣ and ΑΝΘρΑξ, Gr.] stony coal, a kind of
jeat, pit coal or sea coal.

LI’THARGE, Fr. [letargo, It. lithargyrium, Lat. ΛΙΘΑρΓΝρΟΣ, of ΛΙ­
ΘΟΣ, a stone, and ΑρΓΝρΟΣ, Gr. silver] the scum or frothy dross that
arises in purifying silver with lead; silver glet. Litharge is properly
lead vitrified either alone or with a mixture of copper. This recre­
ment is of two kinds, litharge of gold, and litharge of silver. It is
collected from the furnaces where silver is separated from lead, or
from those where gold and silver are purified by means of that metal.
The litharge sold in shops is produced in the copper works, where
lead has been used to purify that metal, or to separate silver from it.
It is used in ointments and plasters, and is drying, abstergent, and
slightly astrictive. Hill. If the lead be blown off from the silver by
the bellows, it will in great part be collected in the form of a darkish
powder; which, because it is blown off from silver, they call litharge
of silver. Boyle.

LITHE, adj. [lithe, Sax.] supple or limber, flexible, easily bent.
His lithe proboscis. Milton.

LI’THENESS [lithenesse, Sax.] suppleness, limberness, flexibility.

LI’THER, adj. [of lithe] 1. Soft, pliant, flexible. 2. [Lyther,
Sax.] bad, sorry, corrupt.

LITHI’ASIS, Lat. [ΛΙΘΙΑΣΙΣ, of ΛΙΘΟΣ, Gr. a stone] the breeding of
the stone in a human body.

LITHIZO’NTES [ΛΙΘΙζΟΝΤΗΣ, Gr.] an ordinary carbuncle.

LITHO’COLLA [ΛΙΘΟχΟΛΛΑ, of ΛΙΘΟΣ, a stone, and χΟΛΛΑ, Gr. glue]
stone glue, a sort of cement, with which stones are joined or fastened
together.

LITHOGLY’PHIC, adj. [of ΛΙΘΟΣ, a stone, and ΓΛΝφΩ, Gr. to grave]
pertaining to carving or cutting in stone.

LITHO’GRAPHY [ΛΙΘΟΓρΑφΙΑ, of ΛΙΘΟΣ, a stone, and ΓρΑφΩ, Gr. to
describe] the art of cutting or engraving in stone; also a description of
stones.

LITHOI’DES [ΛΙΘΟΕΙΔΗΣ, Gr.] the bone of the temples, which, in
the upper part, toward the sagittal suture, is easily circumscribed with
the scaly agglutitions; but behind with the parts or additions of the
suture lamdoides and the sixth seam, which severeth the lower parts
thereof from the sphenoides, and the fore part from the upper jaw.

LITHO’LABON [of ΛΙΘΟΣ, a stone, and ΛΑΘΕΩ, Gr. to take hold of]
an instrument for extracting the stone out of the bladder.

LI’THOMANCY [ΛΙΘΟΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, of ΛΙΘΟΣ, a stone, and ΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, Gr. di­
vination] was a sort of divination performed by a precious stone called
siderites, which they washed in spring water, in the night by candle­
light; the person that consulted it, was to be purified from all manner
of pollution, and to have his face covered: this being done, he re­
peated divers prayers, and placed certain characters in an appointed
order, and then the stone moved of itself, and in a soft gentle murmur,
or (as some say) in a voice like that of a child, returned an answer.

LITHO’NTRIBON, Lat, [of ΛΙΘΟΣ, a stone, and ΤρΙβΩ, Gr. to wear] a
confection of the apothecaries, so called, because it breaks and expels
the stone.

LITHONTRI’PTIC, adj. [of lithontriptique, Fr. [of ΛΙΘΟΝΤρΙΠΤΙχΑ, of
ΛΙΘΟΣ, a stone, and ΤρΙβΩ, Gr. to break, fret, or wear away] applied to
medicines good to break the stone in the bladder and kidneys.

LITHO’PHYTÆ, Lat. [of ΛΙΘΟΣ, a stone, and φΝΤΟΝ, Gr. a plant]
stony plants, such as coral, &c.

LITHO’SPERMON, Lat. [ΛΙΘΟΣΠΕρΜΟΝ, of ΛΙΘΟΣ, a stone, and ΣΠΕρΜΑ,
Gr. seed, q. d. stony seed] the herb stone crop gromwell or graymill.

LITHOSTRO’TA [ΛΙΘΟΣΤρΩΤΑ, of ΛΙΘΟΣ and ΣΤρΩΝΝυΜΙ, Gr. to pave] some
pavements of Mosaic work, such as the ancients made of fine pieces of
marble and other stones, curiously joined together, as it were inchased
in the cement, representing different figures by the variety of their co­
lours and dispositions.

LITHOTO’MIA [ΛΙΘΟΤΟΜΙΑ, of ΛΙΘΟΣ, a stone, and ΤΕΜΝΩ, Gr. to cut]
1. A quarry of stones. 2. A mason's work-house.

LITHO’TOMIST [ΛΙΘΟΤΟΜΟΣ, Gr.] 1. An operator who cuts for the
stone, a chirurgion who extracts the stone by opening the bladder.
2. A mason. See LYTHOTOMIA.

LITHO’TOMY [ΛΙΘΟΤΟΜΙΑ, Gr.] the operation of cutting the stone
out of human bodies.

LITHUA’NIA, a province of Poland, bounded by Samogitia, Livo­
nia, and part of Russia, on the north; by another part of Russia on
the east; by Volhinia and Polesia on the south; and by Prussia and
Polachia on the west. It is of a circular form, being near 250 miles
over either way, and contains eight palatinates, or counties.

LI’TIGANT, subst. Fr. [litigans, Lat.] one engaged in a lawsuit.
Decay of Piety.

LITIGANT, adj. engaged in a lawsuit or judicial contest. The par­
ties litigant. Ayliffe.

To LI’TIGATE, verb act. [litigo, Lat.] to contest in law, to de­
bate by judicial process.

To LITIGATE, verb neut. to manage a suit, to carry on a cause.

LITIGA’TION [litigatio, Lat.] judicial contest, suit or pleading at
law.

LITI’GIOUS, adj. [litigieux, Fr. litigioso, It. and Sp. of litigiosus,
Lat.] 1. That delights in going to law, quarrelsome, contentious,
wrangling. 2. Disputable, controvertible.

LITI’GIOUSLY, adv. [of litigious] in a wrangling manner, quarrel­
somely, contentiously.

LITI’GIOUSNESS [of litigious] a wrangling disposition, conten­
tiousness, delight in law suits.

LI’TMOSE, a sort of blue paint or colour.

LITO’TES, Lat. [among rhetoricians] a figure when less is spoken
than is intended; as, I cannot praise you, which implies, I have just
grounds to dispraise. How fine an instance of this figure has St. PAUL
given us in these words, “GOD is not unrighteous to forget your labour
of love, &c. See LEXICOGRAPHY, and read there ATONEMENT in­
stead of the word MONEMENT.

To LI’TTER, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To spread straw for
beasts to lie down on. 2. To cover with straw. 3. To throw things
about an house, to cover with things, regligently or sluttishly scat­
tered about. The room with volumes litter'd round. Swift. 4. To
bring forth. Used of beasts, or of human creatures in abhorrence or
contempt.

LITTER, subst. [of litiére, of lit, Fr. a bed] 1. A brood of a beast
brought forth at once, a brood of young. 2. A sort of carriage borne
between horses, capable of containing a bed, a vehiculary bed.
3. The straw that is spread for cattle to lie down on, or that is laid on
plants. Take off the litter from your kernel beds. Evelyn. 4. Things
in a room out of order, any number of things thrown negligently or
sluttishly about. All the litter as it lay. Swift. 5. A birth of animals.

LI’TTERINGS [with weavers] the sticks that keep the web stretch'd
on the loom.

LI’TTLE, adj. [compar. less, superlat. least; leifels, Goth. litel,
lytel or lytle, Sax. litet, and liten, Su. lidet or lille, Dan. luttel, Du.
lut, L. Ger.] 1. Small in quantity. The coast of Dan went out too
little for them. Joshua. 2. Small in bulk, diminutive, not great.
He was little of stature. St. Luke. 3. Of small dignity, power or
importance. All that is past ought to seem little to thee. Taylor. 4.
Not much, not many. 5. Some, not none. Any one who will but
read with a little attention. Locke.

LI’TTLE, subst. 1. A small space. 2. A small part, a small pro­
portion. 3. A slight affair, not much. These they are fitted for, and
little else. Cheyne.

LI’TTLE, adv. 1. In a small degree. Changed as little as possible.
Watts. 2. In a small quantity. 3. In some degree, but not great.
They are a little astringent. Arbuthnot. 4. Not much. The heart
of the wicked is little worth. Proverbs.

LI’TTLENESS [of little] 1. Smallness of bulk. 2. Meanness, want
of grandeur. 3. Want of dignity.

LI’TTLING [litling, Sax.] a little one.

LI’TTORAL, adj. [littoralis, of littoris, gen. of littus, Lat. the sea­
shore] belonging to the sea-shore.

LITTORAL Shells [with naturalists] such sea shells which are al­
ways found near the shore, and never far off in the deep.

LI’TURGIC [liturgicus, Lat.] of or pertaining to the liturgy, mini­
sterial.

LI’TURGY [liturgie, Fr. liturgia, It. Sp. and Lat. of ΛΕΙΤΟυρΓΙΑ, of
ΛΕΙΤΟυρΓΕΙΝ, Gr. to perform divine or religious service] a general word
for all manner of ceremonies belonging to divine service; with the
Romanists, the Mass; with us, the Common Prayer; a formulary of
public devotions.

LI’TURGIES are different according to the different nations and re­
ligions in the world. See APOSTO’LIC Constitutions, CREED, EUCHA­
RIST, Free and Candid DISQUISITIONS, and all compared with that
CLOUD OF WITNESSES, which Doctor Clarke has collected on this







head from some of the greatest lights and ornaments of the ESTA­
BLISHED CHURCH, all expressing their good wishes for a YET FUR­
THER REFORM. Scripture Doctrine, Ed. 3d. p. 415———426.

LI’TUUS, Lat. [with medalists] a staff used by augurs in form of a
crosier.


LIV

To LIVE, verb neut. [libhan or leofan, lyfian, lyfgian, Sax. lefwe,
Dan. lefwa, Su. leven, Du. and L. Ger. leben, H. Ger.] 1. To enjoy
life, to be in a state of animation, not to be dead. 2. To pass life in any
certain manner with regard to habits, good or ill, happiness or misery.
3. To continue in life. The way to live long. Ray. 4. To live
emphatically, to be in a state of happiness. Just to die when I began
to live. Dryden. 5. To be exempt from death temporal or spiritual.
Whether we wake or sleep, we should live together with him. 1 Thes­
salonians. 6. [sea term] to endure the sea, to remain understroyed.
A miraculous providence that could make a vessel, so ill man'd, live
upon the sea. Burnet. 7. To continue, to last, not to be lost. Mens
evil manners live in brass, Shakespeare. 8. To converse, to cohabit.
9. To feed. Those animals that live upon other animals have their
flesh more alkalescent than those that live upon vegetables. Arbuth­
not. 10. To maintain ones self. 11. To be in a state of motion or
vegetation. Cool groves and living lakes. Dryden. 12. To be un­
extinguished. Then on the living coals red wine they pour. Dryden.

LIVE, adj. [of alive] 1. Quick, not dead. 2. Active, not ex­
tinguished.

LI’VELESS, adj. [of live. It should be rather written lifeless] want­
ing life. Shakespeare.

LI’VELINESS [of lively; lifelinesse, Sax.] 1. Appearance of life.
Dryden. 2. Sprightliness, vicacity. Young fellows that have live­
liness and spirit. Locke.

LI’VELIHOOD [of life and heafod, Sax. the head. It appears to
me corrupted from livelo-de. Johnson] means of living, maintenance,
support of life.

LI’VELODE, subst. [of live and lode, from lead, the means of lead­
ing life] maintenance, support, livelihood. Spenser.

LI’VELONG, adj. [of live and long] 1. Tedious, long in passing.
2. Lasting, durable. A livelong monument. Milton.

LI’VELONG, subst. an herb.

LI’VELY, adj. [of live and like] 1. Vigorous, vivacious. 2. Gay,
airy. 3. Representing life. 4. Strong, energetic. His faith must
be not only living, but lively too. South.

LI’VELY, or LI’VELILY, adv. 1. Briskly, vigorously. 2. With
strong resemblance of life.

LI’VER [from live] 1. One who lives. 2. One who lives in any
particular manner with respect to virtue or vice, happiness or misery.
To gather a church of holy christian livers over the whole world.
Hammond. 3. [lifere, or lifer, of lif, Sax. the life, lever, Du.
and L. Ger. leber, H. Ger. lefwer, Su.] the liver or that viscus whose
office is to secrete the bile. See BILE.

LIVER-WORT, an herb. That sort of liver-wort which is used to
cure the bite of mad dogs, grows on commons and open heaths where
the grass is short, on declivities and on the sides of pits. This spreads
on the surface of the ground; and, when in perfection, is of an ash­
colour, but as it grows old it alters and becomes of a dark colour.
Miller.

LIVER [livre, Fr. lira, It.] a computation of money in France,
about twenty pence sterling. See LIVRE.

LIVER of Antimony [with chemists] antimony opened by salt-petre
and fire, so as to make it half glass and of a liver colour.

LIVER-COLOUR, adj. [of liver and colour] dark red. Woodward.

LIVER-GROWN, adj. [of liver and grown] having a big or over­
grown liver.

LI’VERY [livree, of livrer, Fr. to deliver or give, livrea, It. librea,
Sp.] clothes of different colours and trimming, given by a gentleman
to his footman, coachman, &c. to distinguish them from others.

LIVERY [in law] 1. The delivery of possession to those tenants,
which held of the king in capite or knight's service. 2. The act of
giving or taking possession. 3. Release from wardship.

LIVERY, a writ which lies for the heir to obtain the possession or
seizen of his lands at the hands of the king, the writ by which pos­
session is obtained.

LIVERY [in deed] is when the feoffer says to the feoffee, being in
view of the house or land, I give you yonder house or land, to you and to
your heirs, and therefore enter into the same and take possession of it ac­
cordingly.

LIVERY of Seizin [in law] a delivery of possession of lands or tene­
ments or things corporeal, to him who hath right or probability of
right to them.

LIVERY [of hay, &c.] the giving out a certain quantity for feed­
ing horses, the state of being kept at a certain rate.

LIVERY Stables, public stables, where horses are taken in to be
kept or to be let out for hire
To Stand at LIVERY, is to be kept at livery stables.

LIVERY-MAN, [of livery and man] 1. A servant who wears a
livery. 2. [In the companies of tradesmen in London] such mem­
bers of a company or corporation as are of some standing, and are
advanced above the yeomanry, and have a right to wear a livery
gown upon solemn occasions.

LIVES, plur. of life, subst. See LIFE.

LI’VID [livide, Fr. livido, It. of lividus, Lat.] discoloured as with
a blow, black and blue.

LIVID Muscle [in anatomy] one of the muscles that moves the
thigh, so called from its colour.

LIVI’DITY, or LI’VIDNESS [lividitÉ, Fr. lividitas, Lat.] the state
of being livid, or black and blue, discoloration as by a blow.

LIVO’NIA, anciently a province of Poland, since of Sweden, and
now of Russia; bounded by the gulph of Finland on the north; by
Ingria and Great Novogorod on the east; by Lithuania and Courland
on the south, and by the Baltic sea on the west.

LI’VOR, Lat. [with surgeons] a kind of leaden or dead bluish colour
in any part of the body, caused by a stroke or blow.

LI’VRE, Fr. an imaginary French coin of two kinds, of Tournois
and Paris; the livre Tournois contains 20 sols Tournois, and each
sol 12 deniers Tournois; the livre Parisis is 20 sols Parisis, each sol
Parisis worth 12 deniers Parisis, and each sol Parisis worth 15 deniers
Tournois; it is nearly equal to our shilling.

LIXI’VIAL, or LIXI’VIOUS [lixivium, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to lye, or
proceeding from lye, obtained by lixivium. Lixivial salts do not
pre-exist in their alkalizate state. Boyle. 2. Impregnated with salts
like a lixivium.

LIXI’VIATE, adj. [lixivieux, Fr. from lixivium, Lat.] making a
lixivium.

LIXIVIATE Salts [with chemists] are the fixed salts of plants,
drawn by calcining the plant, and then making a lye of the ashes
with water.

LI’XIVIATED, adj. [of lixivium, Lat.] pertaining to, or proceed­
ing from lye. The salt and lixiviated serosity. Brown.

LIXI’VIUM, Lat. a lye made of ashes, water impregnated with salt
of whatever kind, a liquor which has the power of extraction.

LI’ZARD [lisarde, Fr. lucertola, It. lagarto, Sp. and Port. of lacerta,
Lat.] a little creature of a green colour with four legs added to it,
much like an ever, but larger, very common in Italy and other hot
countries. There are several sorts of lizards, some in Arabia of a
cubit long. In America they eat lizards. It is very probable like­
wise that they were eaten sometimes in Arabia and Judea, since Moses
ranks them among the unclean creatures. Calmet.

LIZA’RDITAL, subst. a plant.

LIZARD-STONE [of lizard and stone] a kind of stone.
L. L. D. is used for an abbreviation of doctor of both the laws,
canon and civil.

LO, interj. [la, Sax.] behold, look, see. It is a word used to re­
cal the attention generally to some object of sight; sometimes to some­
thing heard, but not properly; often to something to be understood.
Lo! within a ken our army lies. Shakespeare.

To LOAD, irr. verb act. loaden, part. pass. loaded, laded [ladan,
Sax. laden, Du. and Ger. ladda, Su.] 1. To lay on a burden, to
freight, to burthen. 2. To oppress, to encumber, to embarrass.
3. To charge a gun. 4. To make heavy by something appended or
annexed. Thy dreadful vow loaded with death. Addison.

LOAD [lade, Sax.] 1. A burden or weight, a lading, a freight.
2. Any thing that depresses. 3. As much drink as one can bear.

LOAD [with miners; more properly lode, as it was anciently writ­
ten, from lædan, Sax. to lead. Johnson] a vein of oar, the leading
vein in a mine.

LOAD [of lædan, Sax. to lead] a trench to drain fenny places.

LO’ADEN. See To LOAD.

LO’ADER [of load] one who loads.

LO’AD-MANAGE, the money or hire paid to a guide or pilot.

LO’ADSMAN [of lædan, Sax. or lode and man] a guide, a pilot, one
who leads the way.

LO’ADSTAR [more properly, as it is in Maundeville, lodestar, from
lædan, Sax. to lead] the polestar, the cynosure, the leading or guid­
ing star.

LO’ADSTONE [properly lodestone, or lædingstone, of lædan, to lead,
and stan, Sax. a stone, q. d. leading-stone] a sort of ore dug out of
iron mines, the magnet, the stone on which the needle of the mari­
ners compass is touched to give it a direction north and south. The
loadstone is a peculiar and rich ore of iron, found in large masses, of a
deep iron grey where fresh broken, and often tinged with a brownish
or reddish colour. It is very heavy and considerably hard, and its
great character is that of affecting iron. This ore of iron is found in
England, and in most other places where there are mines of that
metal. Hill.

LOAF [hlaf, or hlafe, Sax. and lef, Goth. signifies bread in gene­
ral, laib, H. Ger.] 1. A portion or lump of bread, as it is formed by
the baker. A loaf is thicker than a cake. 2. Any mass into which
a body is wrought; as, a loaf of sugar.

LOAM, or LOME 1. Marl, a sort of fat, unctuous, tenacious earth.
2. [With gardeners] grafting clay, a sort of mortar made of clay and
straw.

LOAM [with chemists] a sort of cement used by chemists to close
up their vessels.

To LOAM, verb act. [from the subst.] to smear with loam, marl,
or clay, to clay.

LO’AMINESS [from loamy] fulness of loam, or loamy nature.

LO’AMY, adj. [of loam] of the nature of loam, marly. The mel­
low earth is the best, between the two extremes of clay and sand,
especially if it be not loamy and binding. Bacon.

LOAN [læna, hlæn or hlæna, Sax. laen, Su.] 1. A thing lent, any
thing given to another on condition of return or repayment, the act
of lending of money. 2. The interest for money lent.

LOATH, or LOTH, adj. [lath, Sax.] unwilling, disliking, not ready,
not inclined.

To LOATHE, verb act. [lathan, Sax.] 1. To nauseate, to consider
with the disgust of satiety. 2. To hate, to look on with abhorrence.
3. To see food with dislike.

To LOATHE, verb neut. to create disgust or abhorrence.

LO’ATHER [of loath] one that loaths.

LOA’THFUL, adj. [of loath and full] 1. Abhorring, hating. 2.
Abhorred, hated.

LO’ATHINGLY, adv. [of loathing] in a fastidious manner, with
loathing.

LO’ATHLY, adj. [of loath] hateful, abhorred, exciting hatred.
Bred in the loathly lakes of Tartary. Spenser.

LOATHLY, adv. [of loath] without liking or inclination.

LO’ATHNESS [of loath] unwillingness. A general silence and loath­
ness to speak. Bacon.

LO’ATHSOME, adj. [of loath] 1. Abhorred, detestable. 2. Caus­
ing satiety or fastidiousness.

LO’ATHSOMENESS [of loathsome] the quality of causing hatred.

LOAVES, plur. of loaf, which see.


LOB

To LOB, verb act. to let fall in a slovenly, aukward, or lazy
manner.

LOB’S Pound [with the canting crew] a prison. Probably a prison
for idlers or sturdy beggars. Johnson.

LOB Worm, a worm used in fishing for trouts, a large worm.








LO’BBY [of laube, Ger. and Teut. the porch of an house] a kind
of passage-room or gallery, an opening before a room.

LOBE, Fr. [lobus, Lat. ΛΟβΟΣ, Gr.] a division, a distinct part; used
commonly for a part of the lungs.

LOBES [ΛΟβΟΙ, Gr.] the several divisions of the lungs, liver, &c.
also the tip of the ear, which is more fat and fleshy than any other
part of it.

LOBES [with botanists] the divisions of the bulk of seeds, which
usually consists of two parts, as is plainly seen in beans, peas, &c.

LOBLO’LLY, a sort of sluttishly dressed pottage, whole groots or
catmeal boiled till they burst, and the buttered. See BURGOO.

LO’BSTER [loppestre, lobster, Sax.] a crustaceous fish. Those
that cast their shell are the lobster, the crab, and the craw-fish. Bacon.

LO’BULE [in anatomy] a little lobe.

LO’BULI Adiposi, Lat. [in anatomy] certain bladders of fat about
the skin, and in the spaces between the muscles.

LO’BUS Auris, Lat. [in anatomy] the lower part or tip of the ear.


LOC

LO’CAL, Fr. and Sp. [locale, It. of localis, from locus, Lat. a place]
1. Pertaining to place. The circumstance of local nearness. Hooker.
2. Having the properties of place. He took the very local possession
of glory. Hooker. 3. Being in a particular place. Local motion in
vacuum. Digby.

LOCAL [in law] tied or joined to a place.

LOCAL Colours [in painting] are such as are natural and proper for
each particular object in a picture.

LOCAL Medicaments [in surgery] such remedies as are applied out­
wardly to a particular place or part, as plaisters, salves, oint­
ments, &c.

LOCAL Problem [with mathematicians] is such an one as in capa­
ble of an infinite number of different solutions, as where the point
which is to solve the problem may be indifferently taken within a
certain extent, i. e. any where, in such a line, or within such a plane
or figure, &c. which is termed a geometrical locus, and the problem
is said to be a local or indeterminate one.

LOCA’LITY, or LO’CALNESS, the state of a thing being in a place,
relation of place or distance, existence in place.

LO’CALLY, adv. [of local] 1. With respect to place. Essentially
divided, tho' not locally distant. Glanville. 2. As in a place.

LOCH, subst. Scottish, a lake. A lake or loch, that has no fresh
water running into it, will turn into a stinking puddle. Cheyne.

LOCH, or LO’HOCH [ΕχΛΕΓΜΑ, Gr. linctus, Lat.] a thick medicament,
that is not to be swallowed at once, but to be licked, or suffered to
melt in the mouth, that it may have more effect upon the parts af­
fected; as the breast, lungs, &c.

LO’CHIA [ΛΟχΕΙΑ, of ΛΟχΟΣ, a lying in woman, or ΛΕχΟΣ, Gr. a bed]
the natural evacuations of women in child-bed, after the birth of the
fœtus, and the exclusion of the membrane, called secundinœ.

To LOCK, verb act. [belucan, loccen, or lucan, Sax. lueke, Dan.
luka, Goth. luchan, Alem. to shut] 1. To make fast with a lock, to
shut with a lock. 2. To shut up or confine as with a lock. 3. To
close fast. Death blasts his bloom, and locks his frozen eyes. Gay.

To LOCK, verb neut. 1. To become fast by means of a lock. 2.
To unite by mutual insertion. They lock into each other. Boyle.

LOCK, an infirmary or hospital for the cure of venereal patients.

LOCK of a Door [loc, Sax. loka, Goth. a bolt, probably all the locks
they had in those days] an instrument consisting of springs and bolts
for fastening a door or chest.

LOCK of Hair [locca, Sax.] a part, portion, or division of it hang­
ing together.

LOCK [of a river] a place where the current or stream of it is
stopped.

LOCK Spit [in fortification] a small trench opened with a spade, to
mark out the lines of any work.

LOCK [floccus, Lat.] 1. A small portion or bunch that hangs
together. 2. The part of the gun by which fire is struck. 3.
A hug, a grapple. Practised in all the locks and gripes of wrestling.
Milton. 4. Any inclosure. Shuts up th' unweildy centaur in the
lock. Dryden. 5. A tuft. Smelling to a lock of hay. Addison.

LO’CKER [of lock; in a ship] a chest or box ranging along the sides
to put things in, and that is closed with a lock, a drawer.

LO’CKET [of loc, Sax. and et, dimin. loquet, Fr.] a little lock of a
gold chain, or a set of diamonds; a spring or a catch to fasten a
necklace, or other ornament.

LO’CKING Wheel of a Clock, the same with the count wheel.

LO’CKMAN [in the isle of Man] an officer, who executes the or­
ders of the governor or deemsters, not much unlike to our under
sheriff.

LO’CKRAM, a coarse sort of linen cloth.

LO’CKRON, a sort of flower, called also locker-goulons, a kind of ra­
nunculus.

LOCOCE’SSION [in law] the act of yielding or giving place.

LOCOMO’TION [of locus, place, and motus, Lat. motion] power of
changing place. Progression or animal locomotion. Brown.

LOCOMO’TIVE, adj. [of locus, place, and moveo, Lat. to move]
changing place.

LOCOMOTIVE Faculty [with philosophers] that faculty which causes
moving from one place to another. The motion or locomotive faculty
of animals. Derham.

LOCULAME’NTA, Lat. [with botanists] little distant cells or parti­
tions within the common seed-bag of a plant or flower, as the pop­
pies, &c.

LO’CUS, Lat. a place.

LOCUS Apparens, Lat. [with astronomers] that place in which any
planet or star appears, when view'd from an eye at the sensible ho­
rizon.

LOCUS Geometricus, a line by which an indeterminate problem is
solved. Thus, if a right line suffice for the construction of the equa­
tion, it is called locus ad rectum; if a circle, locus ad circulum; if an
ellipsis, locus ad ellipsin, &c.

LOCUS ad Lineam, Lat. [in mathematics] is when a point that
solves the problem is found in a line, whether right or curve, and
that by reason of the want of one condition, only to render the pro­
blem determinate altogether.

LOCUS Partitus [in law] a division made between two towns or
counties, to make trial in which the land or place in question lies.

LOCUS Primarius, or LOCUS Absolutus, Lat. i. e. the primary
place [with philosophers] is that part of the absolute or immoveable
space, which a particular individual body takes up.

LOCUS in Quo, Lat. [in law] the place where any thing is said to
be done, in pleading.

LOCUS Secundarius, or LOCUS Relativus, Lat. [i. e. the secondary
place; with philosophers] is that apparent and sensible place, in which
we determine a body to be placed, with respect to other adjoining or
neighbouring bodies.

LOCUS ad Solidum [in mathematics] is when three conditions are
wanting to the determination of the point that is sought, and so it will
be found in a solid; and this may be included either under a plane,
curve, or mixt superficies, and those either determinate or indefinitely
extended.

LOCUS ad Superficium [in mathematics] is when there is two condi­
tions wanting to determine any point that solves any problem, and
that point may be taken throughout the extension of some superficies,
whether plane or curve.

LO’CUST [locusta, It. and Lat.] a mischievous insect, that eats up,
and spoils all green plants. The Hebrews had several sorts of lo­
custs, which are not known among us. The old historians and mo­
dern travellers remark, that locusts are very numerous in Afric, and
many places of Asia; that sometimes they fell like a cloud upon the
country, and eat up every thing they meet with. Moses describes
four sorts of locusts. Since there was a prohibition against using lo­
custs, it is not to be questioned but that these creatures were commonly
eaten in Palestine, and the neighbouring countries. Calmet.

N. B. The locusts sometimes coming from one country to another,
and making great depopulation where they come, for this reason, in
the prophetic style, they signify “ARMIES OF INVADERS”; and those
invaders, which under this image were predicted, Apocalypse, c. ix.
v. I——II, are by Mede, Newton, and other expositors, supposed
[not to say proved] to be the Arabians, or Saracens; and if the
reader would see how punctually the LENGTH OF TIME assigned them,
in which to harrass [but not destroy] the Greek empire, was fulfilled,
he need only compare what has been already said under the words

ABBASSIDES and CONSTANTINOPLE, with the 5th and 10th verses of
that chapter: Only remembring, that a day, in the prophetic style,
being put for a year, five months and five months will make 300
years.

LOCU’STÆ, Lat. [with botanists] the beards and hanging seeds of
oats and other plants, whose figure sometimes resembles that of a
locust.

LOCU’ST-TREE, a large tree common in America. It hath a papi­
lionaceous flower, whose pointal becomes an unicapsular hard pod,
including roundish hard seeds, which are surrounded with a fungous,
stringy substance. Miller.

LOCU’TION, Fr. [locuzione, It. of locutio, Lat.] phrase or manner of
speech.

LO’DDON, a market town of Norfolk, 105 miles from London.

LO’DESTAR. See LOADSTAR.

LO’DESTONE. See LOADSTONE.

LODE-WORKS [in the stannaries or tin-mines in Cornwall] works
performed in the high grounds, by sinking deep wells, called shafts.
See STREAM-WORKS.

To LODGE [gelogian, Sax. loger, Fr. allogiare, It. alojàr, Sp.]
1. To entertain with a lodging, to afford a temporary dwelling,
to supply with harbour for a night. 2. To place in a tempo­
rary habitation. 3. To place, to plant, to lay up in a place.
The ideas that are lodged in the memory. Locke. 4. To fix, to settle.
A lodg'd hate, and a certain loathing. Shakespeare. 5. To place in
the memory. This cunning the king would not understand, though
he lodg'd it, and noted it in some particulars. Bacon. 6. To har­
bour, to cover. The deer is lodg'd, I've track'd her to her covert.
Addison. 7. To afford place to. The memory can lodge a greater
store of images than all the senses can present at one time. Cheyne.
8. To lay flat. Our sighs and they shall lodge the summer corn.
Shakespeare.

To LODGE, verb neut. 1. To reside, to keep residence. Something
holy lodges in that breast. Milton. 2. To take a temporary habitation,
to take up a lodging in. Thy father is a man of war, and will not
lodge with the people. 2 Samuel. 3. To take up residence at night.
A lodging place of wayfaring men. Jeremiah. 4. To lie flat. Its
straw makes it not subject to lodge. Mortimer.

LODGE [logis, Fr. loggia, It.] 1. Any small house or apartment for
a porter, centinel, &c. 2. A small house in a park or forest.

To LODGE [a hunting term] a buck is said to lodge when he goes
to rest.

LO’DGEMENT [from lodge; logement, Fr.] 1. Accumulation or col­
location in a certain place. The curious lodgement and inosculation of
the auditory nerves. Derham. 2. Possession of the enemy's works.
The military pedant is making lodgements, and fighting battles. Ad­
dison. 3. [In military affairs] an encampment made by an army; a
retrenchment dug for a covert or shelter, when the counterscarp or
or some other post is gained; also a place where the soldiers are quar­
tered among the townsmen or burghers, in barracks, huts, or tents.

LODGEMENT on an Attack, is a work cast up by the besiegers, du­
ring their approaches in a dangerous post, where it is absolutely ne­
cessary to secure themselves from the enemy's fire; as in a covert
way, a breach, &c. These kind of lodgements are made of barrels
or bags full of earth, faggots, wool-packs, pallisadoes, to cover the
men in a place they have gained, and resolve to keep.

LO’DGER [from lodge] 1. One who lodges in an hired room or
apartment in another's house. 2. One that resides in any place.

LO’DGING, subst. [of lodge] 1. A place of habitation or repose for a
time, rooms hired in the house of another, a temporary habitation.
2. Place of residence. The nest of love, the lodging of delight.
Spenser. 3. Harbour, covert. The stag thought it better to trust to
the nimbleness of his feet, than to the slender fortification of his lodg­
ing. Sidney. 4. Convenience to lie and sleep on. Their feathers serve
to stuff our beds and pillows, yielding us soft and warm lodging. Ray.


LOF

LOFT [lloft, Wel. or lift, of lifter, Dan. to lift, or rather of
lofft, Su. the same] 1. The uppermost floor of an house. And ever
drizzling rain upon the loft. Spenser. 2. Any floor in general. There







is a traverse placed in a loft above. Bacon. 3. Rooms on high; as, a
corn loft.

LO’FTILY, adv. [of lofty] 1. On high, in an elevated place. 2.
Proudly, haughtily. 3. With elevation of language or sentiment,
sublimely. 4. In a lofty manner.

LO’FTINESS [of lofty] 1. High-mindedness, pride, haughtiness.
2. Height, local elevation. 3. Sublimity, elevation of thought.

LO’FTY [of lifter, Dan. loft or lift, Eng.] 1. High hovering, ele­
vated in place See lofty Lebanon his head advance. Pope. 2. Sublime,
elevated in sentiment. To sing and build the lofty rhyme. Milton.
3. Haughty, proud, high-minded. A lowly servant, but a lofty
mate. Dryden.


LOG

LOG [the original of this word is not known. Skinner supposes it
of ligan, Sax. to lie along, because of its weight; Junius from logge,
Du. sluggish; perhaps the Lat. lignum, is the true original. Johnson]
1. A large shapeless, thick piece of wood. Worms with many feet
are bred under logs of timber. Bacon. 2. A small piece of board
for measuring a ship's way.

LOG, an Hebrew measure, containing three quarters of a pint, and
1 and ½ solid inches, wine measure. According to Calmet, it held a
quarter of a cab, and consequently five sixths of a pint. According
to Dr. Arbuthnot, it was a liquid measure, the seventy-second part of
the bath or ephah, and twelfth part of the hin.

Defective LO’GARITHM, or Impure LO’GARITHM, the logarithm
of a fraction.

LOGARITHME’TIC Curve, or LOGARITHME’TIC Line, of pardie, is
a curve which discovers perfectly all the mysteries of logarithms, with
several other very excellent properties and uses.

LOGARITHME’TICAL, or LOGARITHMETIC, adj. [of logarithm]
pertaining to logarithms.

LOGARI’THMIC Spiral [with mathematicians] is a sort of spiral line,
which may be conceived to be formed much after the same manner
with other spirals. As supposing the radius of a circle to move uni­
formly through the circumference, while a certain point moves from
the extremity of this radius towards the centre, with a motion retard­
ed in a geometrical proportion; the mark of this point will form the
logarithmical spiral.

LOGARITHMOTE’CHNY [of ΛΟΓΑρΙΘΜΟΣ and ΤΕχΝΗ, Gr.] the art of
making logarithms.

LO’GARITHMS [logarithmes, Fr. logarithmi, Lat. of ΛΟΓΟΣ, a word,
and ΑρΙΘΜΟΣ, Gr. number] a series of artificial numbers, contrived for
the expedition of calculation, and proceeding in an arithmetical
proportion, as the numbers they answer to do in a geometrical one.
For instance,[ 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  1  2  4  8  16  32  64  128  256  512 ] where the num­
bers above beginning with (o), and arithmetically proportional are
called logarithms. The addition and subtraction of logarithms an­
swers to the multiplication and division of the numbers they corres­
pond with. In like manner will the extraction of roots be performed
by dissecting the logarithms of any numbers for the square root, and
trissecting them for the cube, and so on. Logarithms were invented
by the lord Nepier, baron of Merchiston is Scotland, and afterwards
compleated by Mr. Henry Briggs, Savilian professor of geometry at
Oxford.

LOG-Board [in navigation] a table divided into five colums, con­
taining an account of the ship's way, measured by the log, which is
to be entered daily into the log-board.

LO’GGATING, a certain unlawful game, now out of use, but men­
tioned in the statute, 23 Hen. VIII.

LO’GGATS, subst. Loggats is the ancient name of a play or game,
which is one of the unlawful games enumerated in the 23d statute of
Henry VIII. It is the same which is now called kittle-pins, in which
boys often make use of bones instead of wooden pins, throwing at
them with another bone instead of bowling.

LO’GGERHEAD [logge, Du. of log, a heavy motionless mass, and
head, as blockhead] a stupid person, a dolt a thickskull.

LO’GGERHEADED, adj. [of loggerhead] dull, stupid, doltish.

To go to LOGGERHEADS, or To fall to LOGGERHEADS [with the vul­
gar] to fight or box, to scuffle without weapons.

LO’GIA, barb. Lat. a little house, lodge, or cottage.

LO’GIC [logique, Fr. logica, It. Sp. and Lat. ΛΟΓΙχΗ, of ΛΟΓΟΣ, Gr.]
the art of guiding our reason in the knowledge of things, as well for
our own instruction, as that of others. It consists in the reflection
which men have made of the four principal operations of the mind,
viz. conceiving, judging, reasoning, and disposing. Logic is the art of
using reason well in our enquiries after truth, and the communication
of it to others. Watts.

Natural LOGIC, the power or force of reason, unassisted by art.

LO’GICAL, Sp. [logique, Fr. logicale, It. logicalis, Lat.] 1. Per­
taining to, or agreeing with the rules of logic, taught in logic. 2.
Skilled in logic, furnished with logic.

LOGICAL Division, in an oration or speech, an explanation of a
thing part by part.

LO’GICALLY, adv. [of logical] according to the laws of logic.

LOGI’CIAN, one skilled in the art of logic, a teacher or professor of
logic.

LOGIS’MUS, Lat. [with rhetoricians] a figure when a sentence is
framed without any consequent.

LO’GIST [ΛΟΓΙΣΤΗΣ, Gr.] an expert accountant.

LOGI’STICA, Lat. [ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙχΗ, Gr.] a species of arithmetic, which
applies the rules of multiplying, dividing, &c. to the degrees of sines,
circles, angles, &c.

LOGISTICA Linea [with arithmeticians] is the line, called also the
logarithmic line, where the ordinates, applied in equal parts of the
axis, are in geometrical proportion.

LOGISTICA Speciosa, Lat. [with mathematicians] literal or specious
algebra.

LO’GISTICAL Arithmetic, is now used by some for the expeditious
arithmetic of logarithms, by which all the trouble of multiplication
and division is saved.

LOGISTICAL Logarithms, a table of logarithms, adapted to sexa­
gefimal fractions.

LOGI’STICS, the same as logistical arithmetic; or, as some will have
it, the first general rules in algebra, of addition, substraction, &c.

LOG-Line [in navigation] a small long line tied to the log, having
knots at every 50 feet distance, round about a reel fixt for that pur­
pose in the gallery of a ship.

LO’GMAN [of log and man] one who carries logs.

LOGO’DÆDALIST [logodædalus, Lat. of ΛΟΓΟΔΑΙΔΑΛΟΣ, Gr.] an in­
ventor or forger of new words, and strange terms.

LOGO’DÆDALY [logodædalia, Lat. of ΛΟΓΟΣ, Gr. a word, and Dæ­
dalus, a famous antient architect] a goodly shew and flourish of
words, without much matter.

LOGO’GRAPHER [ΛΟΓΟΓρΑφΟΣ, Gr.] a writer of books of account.

LOGO’GRAPHY [of ΛΟΓΟΣ, an account, and ΓρΑφΩ, Gr. to write] the
art of keeping accounts, or accounting.

LOGOGRI’PHE [of ΛΟΓΟΣ, a word, and ΓρΙφΟΣ, Gr. a net] a kind of
symbol or riddle propos'd to students for a solution, in order to ex­
ercise and improve the mind. It is for the most part some equivocal
allusion, which being taken literally, signifies something quite differ­
ent from what is intended by it.

LOGOMA’CHY [ΛΟΓΟΜΑχΙΑ, of ΛΟΓΟΣ, a word, and ΜΑχΗ, Gr. a fight]
a contention about words, a contention in words. A mere kind of
sophistry of logomachy. See LEXIOGRAPHY, and LATERAN Council;
and under the last read, “Thus one and the same individual essence,
constitutes (on this scheme) TWO intelligent agents; and, (which is
no less exceptionable) it is supposed at one and the same time to be
UNBEGOTTEN and yet COMMUNICATED, i. e. SELF-EXISTENT and
yet DERIV'D.

LOG-Wood, a sort of wood used by dyers, called also Campechy
wood, as brought from Campechy, a province of New Spain. Log­
wood is of a very dense and firm texture; it is brought to us in very
large and thick blocks or logs, and is the heart only of the tree which
produces it. It is very heavy, and remarkably hard, and of a deep
strong red colour. It grows both in the East and West Indies, but
no where so plentifully as on the coast of the bay of Campeachy. It
has been long known by the dyers, and was but lately introduced in
medicine, and is found to be an excellent astringent. Hill.

LO’HOCH. See LOCH. Lohock is an Arabian name for those forms
of medicines, which are now commonly called eclegmas, lambatives,
or linctus's. Quincy.

LOIMO’GRAPHER [of ΛΟΙΜφ, a pestilence, and ΓρΑφΩ, Gr. to de­
scribe] one who writes about, or describes pestilences.

LOINS [lenden, Sax. lænder, Dan. lenden, Du. and Ger. lumbi,
It. and Lat. lomos, Sp. lombos, Port. of ΛΑΓΟΝΗΣ, Gr. llwyn, Wel.] 1.
The back of an animal cut out by the butcher. 2. Loins, the region
of the reins. 3. The lower parts of the back, near the hips, the
waste.

To LOI’TER, verb neut. [of luyaerden, Du. to be slothful. loteren,
Du. to lay behind, to linger] to spend time carelesly, to idle.

LO’ITERER [of loiter] a lingerer, an idler, one who is sluggish,
one who lives without business.

LO’LIUM, Lat. cockle or darnel, a weed that grows among corn.

To LOLL, verb neut. [of this word the etymology is not known.
Perhaps it might be contemptuously derived from lollard, a name of
great reproach before the reformation, among whom one tenet was,
that all trades not necessary to life were unlawful. Johnson.] 1. To
lean lazily against, or lie idly upon any thing. 2. To hang out;
used of the tongue hanging out in weariness or play.

To LOLL out the Tongue, verb act. [perhaps of leleken, Du. or ra­
ther of luila, Su.] to exert, or let it hang out of the mouth.

LO’LLARDS [either of Walter Lollard, the author of a sect in Ger­
many, &c. in the 13th century; or of Lolium Darniel, as being
tares amongst God's wheat] a contemptuous name given to the fol­
lowers of Wickliff, and the reformers in England, in the time of
king Henry III. See CÆLICOLÆ.

LO’LLARDY, the doctrines and opinions of the lollards.

LO’MBAR, or LO’MBARD [so named of the Lombards, a people in
Italy, who were great usurers] a bank for usury or pawns.

LO’MBAR-House, a house into which several sorts of goods are taken
as pawns; also where they are exposed to sale.

LO’MBARDY, a kingdom of Italy, formerly comprehending almost
all the north part of it, viz. Piedmont, Milan, most of the territory
of Venice, Mantua, Parma, Modena, and some other provinces.

LOMP, subst. a sort of roundish sish; probably corrupted of lump.


LON

LONCHI’TES [ΛΟΓχΙΤΗΣ, Gr.] the herb spleen-wort, so named, be­
cause the shape of its seed resembles a spear.

LONCHITES, a comet, which bears some resemblance to a lance or
spear; the head being of an oval form, the stream of its rays, or the
tail, being long, thin and pointed at the end.

LO’NDLESS [landleas, Sax.] a banished man.

LONE, adj. [contracted from alone] 1. Solitary. Here the lone
hour displays a blank of life. Savage. 2. Single, without company.
No lone house in Wales, with a mountain and a rookery, is more
contemplative. Pope.

LO’NELINESS [of lonely] solitude, want of company, disposition to
avoid company.

LO’NDON, the metropolis of Great Britain. As the limits we are
confined to will not admit our giving a full account of this large and
populous city, we shall refer the reader to Stowe's Survey, or Mait­
land's history of London, and only observe here, that it lies in the
latitude of 51° 32’, and sends four members to parliament.

LONDONDE’RRY, a city of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, and
county of Londonderry, situated on the river Mourn, near it mouth,
104 miles N. E. of Dublin.

LO’NELY, adj. [from lone; lonlig, Dan.] retired, solitary, addicted
to solitude.

LO’NENESS [of lone] solitude, dislike of company.

LO’NESOME, adj. [of lone] solitary, dismal.

LONG, adj. [lange, Sax. læng, Dan. laeng, Su. langh, Du. lang,
Ger. long, Fr. longo, It. and Port. longus, Lat.] 1. Being of extent as
to length, not short, 2. Having one of its geometrical dimensions in
a greater degree than either of the other. 3. Of any certain measure
in length. Women eat their children of a span long. Lamentations.
4. Not soon ceasing or at an end. Man goeth to his long home. Ec­
clesiasticus. 5. Dilatory. Death will not be long in coming. Ec­
clesiasticus. 6. [From the verb to long] longing, desirous: or perhaps
long continued from the disposition to continue looking at any thing
desired. Casting a long look that way. Sidney. 7. Reaching to a







great distance. If the way be too long for thee. Deuteronomy. 8.
[In music and pronunciation] protracted; as, a long note, a long sylla­
ble.

LONG, adv. 1. To a great length. Or forms the pillars long ex­
tended rows. Prior. 2. Not for a short time. When the trumpet
soundeth long. Exodus. 3. In the comparative it signifies for more
time; and in the superlative for most time. She could not longer hide
him. Exodus. Those who have longest had issue. Locke. 4. Not
soon. Not long after there are arose against it a tempestuous wind. Acts.
5. At a point of duration far distant. Generally spread long ago. Til­
lotson. 6. [For along au long, Fr.] all along, throughout. He fed
me all my life long to this day. Genesis.

LONG, verb neut. [gelang, Sax. a fault] by the fault, by the failure.
A word now out of use, but truly English. Mistress, all this coyl is
long of you. Shakespeare.

LONG-HEADED [of long and head] wise, wary.

LONG-WINDED, adj. [of long and wind] long-breathed, tedious; as;
a long-winded (or tedious) paymaster.

LONG-JOINTED [spoken of a horse] is one whose pasterns are slen­
der and pliant.

To LONG, verb neut. [longen, Sax. verlangen, Ger. and Du. ge­
langen, Ger. to ask. Skinner. langta, Su.] to desire very earnestly.
to wish with eagerness continued, with for or after before the thing
desired. Thine eyes shall look and fail with longing for them. Deute­
ronomy.

LONG Accent [in grammar] shews that the voice is to stop at that
vowel that has this mark (-) set over it.

LONG [in music] a note equal to two briefs.

LONG Boat, is the strongest and biggest boat belonging to a ship.
He did countenance the landing in his long boat. Wotton.

LONG Meg, a stone near Salkeld in Cumberland, near 15 feet
high.

LONG of you [prob. of gelang, Sax. a fault, blame, or of belangen,
Ger. and Teut. to sue, or anlangen, anbelangen, Ger. to belong to, or
concern] it is your fault.

LONG Primmer, a sort of printing letter.

LONGANI’MITY [longanimite, Fr. longanimità, It. longanimidàd, Sp.
of longanimitas, Lat.] long suffering, great patience of offences, sorbear­
ance. The longanimity and lasting sufferance of God. Brown.

LONGA’NIMOUS [longanimis, Lat.] long suffering, patient.

LONGA’NO, or LONGA’NON, the straight gut, the intestinum rec­
tum.

LO’NGER [compar. of long] more long.

LO’NGEST [superl. of long] most long.

LONGE’VITY [longævitas, Lat.] length of age, long life. The
longevity of the natives. Ray.

LONGE’VOUS [longævus, Lat.] long lived, living long.

LONGI’MANOUS, adj. [longimanus, Lat. longuemain, Fr.] long­
handed, having long hands. Whose malice was never so longimanous
as to reach the soul of their enemies. Brown.

LONG-WORT, the herb angelica.

LONGI’METRY [longimetrie, Fr. longus, Lat. and ΜΕΤρΕΩ, Gr. to
measure; with mathematicians] the art or practice of taking the di­
stance of things afar off, as the distances of steeples, towers, trees,
&c. either one or many together.

LO’NGING, subst. [of long] earnest desire, continual wish. Those
wishes grew to unquiet longings. Sidney.

LO’NGINGLY, adv. [of longing] with eager and incessant wishes.
To his first biass longingly he leans. Dryden.

LONGI’NQUITY [longinquitas, Lat.] length of place, remoteness;
also length of time or long continuance.

LO’NGISH, adj. [of long] something long.

LONGI’SSIMUS Femoris, Lat. [with anatomists] a certain muscle of
the thigh, otherwise called sartorius.

LONGISSIMUS Pollicis, Lat. [with anatomists] See FLEXOR Tertii In­
ternodii.

LO’NGITUDE, Fr. [longitudine, It. longitùd, Sp. of longitudo, Lat.]
1. Length, the greatest dimension. The variety of the alphabet was
in mere longitude only. Bentley. 2. [In geography] is an arch of the
equator, comprehended between the first meridian, and is usually
marked at the top and bottom of maps, charts, &c. the circumfe­
rence of the earth measured from any meridian. The first that did
compass the world through all the degrees of longitude. Abbot.

LONGITUDE [in navigation] is the distance of a ship or place, east
or west, from another; counted in proper degrees.

LONGITUDE [in the heavens] is an arch of the ecliptic, contained
between the first degree of the sign Aries, and that circle which passes
through the centre of any star.

LONGITUDE of the Sun, Planet, &c. from the next Equinoctial Point,
is the number of degrees and minutes they are from the beginning of
Aries or Libra, either before or after them, and can never be above
90 degrees.

LONGITUDE [in dialling] the arch of the equinoctial comprehended
between the substilar line of the dial, and the true meridian.

LONGITUDE of Motion [in mechanics] the measure of motion, rec­
koned according ot the line of direction, being the distance of length,
which the centre of any moving body runs through, as it moves on in
a right line.

LONGITU’DINAL, Fr. [from longitude] extended lengthwise, run­
ning in the longest direction, measured by the length.

LONGITUDINAL Suture [in anatomy] the cross seam of the scull,
that goes from one side to the other.

LONGITU’DINALLY, adv. [of longitudinal] length-wise.

LO’NGLY, adv. [of long] longingly, with great liking. Shakespeare.

LO’NGSOME, adj. [of long] wearisome by its length, tedious. Bacon.

LONGSU’FFERING, adj. [of long and suffering] patient, not easily
provoked.

LONGSU’FFERING, subst. patience of offence, clemency.

LO’NGTAIL, subst. [of long and tail] cut and long tail. A cant term
for one or another. I will come cut and longtail under the degree of
a 'squire. Shakespeare.

LO’NGTOWN, a market town of Cumberland, on the borders of
Scotland, near the conflux of the Esk and Kirksop, 316 miles from
London.

LO’NGUS Musculus [with anatomists] a muscle of the cubit or elbow;
which helps to stretch out the arm forwards; also a muscle of the ra­
dius, serving to turn the palm of the hand upwards.

LONGUS Colli [in anatomy] a muscle of the neck, which arises
chiefly fleshy, tho' partly tendinous from the fore part of the five upper
vertebræ of the back, and is inserted into every vertebra of the neck.
Its office is to bend the neck forwards.

LO’NGWAYS, adj. [This and many other words so terminated are
corrupted from wise] in the longitudinal direction.

LO’NGWISE, adv. [of long and wise] longitudinally.


LOO

LOO, subst. a game at cards.

LOO’BILY, adj [of looby and like] aukward, clumsey.

LOO’BY [Of this word the derivation is unsettled. Skinner mentions
lapp, Ger. foolish, and Junius llabe, Wel. a clown, which seems to be
the true original] a lubber, a clumsy clown, a lazy, heavy fellow.

LOOF [incertain etymology] is that part of a ship aloft, which lies
just before the timbers called chess-trees, as far as the bulk-head of the
fore-castle.

To LOOF, or To LUFF, verb act. [a phrase used in conning a ship]
as, loof up, i. e. keep the ship near to the wind; to loof into a harbour,
is to sail into it, close by the wind.

To spring a LOOF [a sea phrase] is when a ship that was going large
before a wind, is brought close by the wind.

Keep your LOOF, is a direction to the man at the helm, to keep the
ship near the wind.

LOO’FED, part. adj. [from aloof] gone to a distance.

LOOF Tackle [in a ship] a small tackle, serving to lift all small
weights in and out of a ship.

LOOF Hooks tackle with two hooks, one of which is to hitch into
the crengles of the main and fore-sail, and the other into a strap or pul­
ley-rope, let into the chess-tree, &c. its use being to succour the tackles
in a large sail.

LOOF Pieces, are those guns that lie in the loof of a ship.

To LOOK, verb neut. [locian, locan, locigen, or locican, Sax.] 1.
To direct the eye to or from any object. 2. To have the power or
faculty of seeng. 3. To direct the intellectual eye. Let us look up to
God. Bacon. 4. To expect. He must look to fight another battle be­
fore he could reach Oxford. Clarendon. 5. To take care, to watch.
He was only to look that he used them before they spoiled. Locke. 6.
To be directed with respect to any object. Let thine eyes look right
on, and let thine eyelids look straight before thee. Proverbs. 7. To
have any particular appearance. It would look more like vanity than
gratitude. Addison. 8. To seem. This makes it look the more like
truth. Cheyne. 9. To have any air, mien, or manner. Trust me you
look well. Shakespeare. 10. To form the air in any particular manner,
in beholding or regarding. 11. To look about one; to be alarmed, to
be vigilant. It will import those men who dwell careless to look about
them. Decay of Piety. 12. To look after; to attend, to take care of,
to observe with care, anxiety and tenderness. Looking after those
things which are coming on the earth. St. Luke. 13. To look for; to
expect. Telling him she never looked for any other. Sidney. 14. To
look into; to examine, to sift, to inspect closely, to observe narrowly.
To look into all that lies in his way. Addison. 15. To look on; to respect,
to esteem, to view, to think on. I looked on Virgil as a succinct maje­
stic writer. Dryden. 16. To look on; to be a mere idle spectator. Others
came only to look on. Tatler. 17. To look over; to examine, to try
one by one. Tir'd his maid every day to look them over. Locke. 18.
To look out; to search, to seek. To look out for a purchase. Locke. 19.
To look out; to be on the watch. Is a man bound to look out sharp to
plague himself? Collier. 20. To look to; to watch, to take care of.
We had work enough to get any of our men to look to our ship. Bacon.
21. To look to; to behold. 22. To look upon; to consider, to esteem.
They looked upon themselves as the happiest and wisest people of the
universe. Locke.

To LOOK, verb act. 1. To seek, to search for. 2. To turn the
eye upon. 3. To influence by looks. 4. To look out; to discover by
searching. I found encouragement from them to look out all the bills I
could. Graunt.

LOOK, interj. [properly the imperative mood of the verb; it is some­
times look ye] see, lo, observe, behold! Look, where he comes.
Shakespeare.

LOOK, subst. 1. The act of beholding or seeing. Then on the crowd
he cast a furious look. Dryden. 2. Air of the face, mien. Pain, dis­
grace and poverty have frightful looks. Locke. 3. A form of counte­
nance.

LOO’KER [of look] 1. One that looks. 2. Looker on, a spectator,
not an agent.

LOOKING-GLASS [of look and glass] a mirror, a glass which shews
forms of objects reflected.

LOOM [prob. of glomus, Lat. a ball of yarn, according to Minshew.
Lome is a general name for a tool or instrument. Junius.] the frame in
which a weaver works his cloth.

To LOOM, verb neut. [leoman, Sax.] to appear at sea. Skinner.

LOOM, a bird like a cormorant. A loom is as big as a goose, of a
dark colour, dappled with white spots on the neck, back and wings;
each feather marked near the point with two spots. They breed in
Farr island. Grew.

LOOM Gale [in sea language] a fresh or stiff gale; the best fair wind
to sail in, because the sea does not go high, and all the sails may be
borne out.

LOO’MING of a Ship, is the prospect or shew that she makes, as they
say, such a ship looms a great sail, i. e. she seems or appears to be a
great ship.

LOON, subst. [This, which is now used only in Scotland, is the En­
glish word lown. Johnson] a scoundrel, a rascal, a good for nothing
fellow.

LOOP [prob. of loopen, Du. to run, because it can be easily slipped]
1. A noose in a rope which will slip, a double through which a string
or lace is drawn. 2. An ornament for a button hole, an ornamental
double or fringe.

LOOP [in the iron works] about three quarters of a hundred weight
of iron, melted and broken off from a sow, in the fire of the finary.
Shingling the LOOP, is the breaking off this loop from a fow, and
working it into a bloom.








LOOP [in gunnery] a small iron ring in the barrel of a gun.

LOOP of Corn [at Riga] two bushels, and in some places four pecks
and 4 4/5.

LOO’PED, adj. [of loop] full of holes.

LOO’PHOLE, subst. [of loop and hole] 1. Aperture, a hole to give a
passage. 2. A shift, an evasion. Still you have a loophole for a friend.
Dryden.

LOO’PHOLED, adj. [of loophole] full of holes, openings or void spa­
ces. This uneasy loophol'd goal. Hudibras.

LOOP Holes [in fortification] are little holes in the walls of a castle
or fort to shoot through.

LOORD, subst. [loerd, Du. lourdant, Fr. lûrdan, Erse, a heavy stupid
or witless fellow. The dictionary de Trevoux derives lourdant from
Lorde or Lourde, a village in Gascoigny, the inhabitants of which were
formerly noted robbers, say they: But dexterity in robbing implies
some degree of subtilty, from which the Gascoigns are so far removed,
that at this day, they are aukward and heavy to a proverb. The Erse
imports some degree of knavery, but then it is used in a ludicrous
sense as in English, you pretty rogue! though in general it denotes re­
proachful heaviness or stupid laziness. Spenser's Scholiast says, loord
was wont, among the old Britons, to signify a lord; and therefore the
Danes, that usurped their tyranny here in Britain, were called, for
more dread than dignity, lurdans, i. e. lord Danes, whose insolence
and pride was so outragious in this realm, that if it fortuned a Briton
to be going over a bridge, and saw the Dane set foot upon the same,
he must return back till the Dane was clean over, else he must abide no
less than present death: but being afterward expelled, the name of
lurdane became so odious unto the people, whom they had long op­
pressed, that even at this day they use for more reproach to call the
quartan ague the fever lurdane. So far the scholiast, but erroneously.
From Spenser's own words it signifies something of stupid dulness ra­
ther than magisterial arrogance] a drone.

LOOSE [loos, Du. los, Dan. loes, Su. losz, Ger.] 1. Slack, not
tight, not bound up; as, a loose robe. 2. Untied, unbound. I
would turn her loose to him. Shakespeare. 3. Not fast, not fixed. 4.
Not crouded, not close. With horse and chariots rank'd in loose ar­
ray. Milton. 5. Wanton, not chaste. When loose epistles violate
chaste ears. Dryden. 6. Not close, not concise, lax. 7. Vague, in­
determinate. 8. Not strict, not rigid. 9. Unconnected, ram­
bling To put a loose indigested play upon the public. Dryden.
10. Lax of body, not costive. 11. Disengaged, not enslaved. To
sit as loose from those pleasures, and be as moderate in the use of them
as they can. Atterbury. 12. Disengaged from obligation. 13. Free
from confinement. 14. Remiss, not attentive. 15. To break loose; to
gain liberty. 16. To let loose; to set at liberty or at large, to free
from restraint in general.

To LOOSE, or To LOOSEN, verb act. [of loosen, Du. lose, Dan.
loesa, Su. lesan, Sax.] 1. To unbind, to untie any thing fastened.
2. To relax, to move a thing from its fixedness. The joints of his
loins were loosed. Daniel. 3. To unbind any one bound. 4. To free
from imprisonment. 5. To free from any obligation. 6. To free
from any thing that shackles the mind. 7. To free from any thing
painful. Woman, thou art loosed from thy infirmity. St. Luke. 8.
To disengage. When heav'n was nam'd, they loos'd their hold again.
Dryden.

To LOOSE, verb neut. to set sail, to depart by loosing the anchor,
Ye should have hearken'd and not have loosed from Crete. Acts.

LOOSE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Liberty, freedom from restraint.
2. Dismission from any restraining force.

LOOSE Strife [lysimachia, Lat.] willow-herb or willow-weed, which
is so called by country people, because there goes a tradition of it,
that if it be held to cattle when a fighting, it will part them.

LOO’SELY, adv. [of loose] 1. Not fast, not firmly. 2. Without
bandage. 3. Without union or connection. 4. Irregularity. A bi­
shop living loosely. Camden. 5. Negligently, carelesly. 6. Unsolidly
meanly, without dignity or elevation. 7. Unchastely.

To LOO’SEN, verb neut. [of loose] to part, to be separated. It be­
ing more ready to loosen when pulled in that direction. Sharp. See To
LOOSE.

To LOOSEN, verb act. 1. To relax any thing tied. 2. To make
less coherent. By loosening of the earth. Bacon. 3. To separate a
frame or compages. 4. To freee from restraint. 5. To make not
costive.

LOO’SENESS [from loose] 1. Laxativeness of body, diarrhœa, flux
of the belly. 2. Lewdness, unchastity. 3. State contrary to that of
being fast or fixed. 4. Latitude, criminal levity, depravedness of
morals. 5. Irregularity, neglect of laws. By strained curtesy and by
looseness of life. Hayward.

To LOP, verb act. [It is derived by Skinner from laube, Germ. a
leaf] 1. To cut off the tops or branches of trees. 2. To cut any
thing. The gardener may lop religion as he pleases. Howel.

LOP, subst. [from the verb] 1. That which is cut from trees. 2.
[Loppa, Su.] a flea.

To LOPE [of loopen, Du. and L. Ger. lobe, Dan. lauffen, H. Ger.
or labor, Lat.] to run away, to slip away privately. This is hardly
used, but in the Scottish dialect for leap.

LOPE, pret. of leap. Obsolete. This is retained in Scotland.

LO’PHIA [with anatomists] the upper part of the cervix, or the
back part of a human neck.

LO’PPER [of lop] one that cuts trees.

LO’PPERED, coagulated; as, loppered milk. Ainsworth.

LOQUA’CIOUS [loquax, Lat.] 1. Full of talk or tongue, prating.
2. Speaking. Loquacious strings. J. Philips. 3. Blabbing, not secret.

LOQUA’CIOUSNESS, or LOQUA’CITY [loquacitas, Lat.] talkativeness,
too much talk.

LOQUE’LA, Lat. talk, discourse, speech.

LOQUELA Sine Die, Lat. [in old records] an imparlance or petition
for a day of respite in a court of justice.


LOR

LORD [hlaford, of hlaf, Sax. a loaf, and afford, of a custom of
noblemen, anciently giving loaves of bread to the poor] 1. A noble­
man. 2. A monarch, ruler, governor. 3. Master, supreme person.
Shakespeare applies it to females. 4. A tyrant, an oppressive ruler.
5. A husband. My absent daughter, and my dearer lord. Pope. 6.
An overseer, one who is at the head of any business. 7. A general
name for a peer of England. Both houses, especially that of the lords.
K. Charles. 8. A baron. 9. An honorary title applied to offices;
as, lord chancellor, lord chief justice, lord-mayor, and lord chief
baron.

LORD in Gross [being a private person] is when a man makes a
gift in tail of all his lands, to hold of him, and dies, his heir is said
to have but a seignory or lordship in gross.

LORD [in law] is a person who has a fee, and of consequence the
homage of tenants within his manor.

LORD MESN [in law] the owner of a manor, who therefore has te­
nants holding of him in fee and by a copy of court roll.

LORD of the Geniture [with astrologers] is that planet which has
the greatest strength in the figure of any person's geniture or nativity,
and so becomes principal significator of his temperament, manners,
disposition of body, &c.

LORD of the Hour [with astrologers] a planet which governs the
twelfth part of the day; as also of the night severally, being divided
into 12 parts, which were called planetary hours.

LORD of the Year [with astrologers] that planet which has most
marks of fortitude in a revolutional figure.

To LORD, verb neut. to domineer, to rule despotically.

LO’RDANE, or LO’RDANT [of lord and Dane, because, when the
Danes had the government in England, they enjoyned the better sort
of people to keep a Dane in their houses; as a spy and curb upon them]
a dull, heavy fellow, a lazy lubber. See LOORD.

LO’RDING, subst. [of lord] lord, in contempt or ridicule. To lord­
ings proud I tune my lay. Swift.

LORDO’SIS [ΛΟρΔΩΣΙΣ, of ΛΟρΔΟΣ, Gr. crooked] the bending of the
back-bone forwards in children. GALEN, in his comment upon the
46th Aphorism of the 6th book, says, “that a hybosis of the spina is
sometimes occasioned by a blow, or fall; sometimes by certain hard
tubercles, whose seat is in the anterior part; by which if one vertebra
is drawn forward, there arises from thence a lordosis, i. e. a cavity
from behind; as also if many vertebræ are affected that are contiguous
to one another. But when the vertebræ which are thus put upon the
stretch are not contiguous, a cyphosis is produced.” See CYPHOSIS,
HYBOSIS, GIBBOSITY, &c. and if any thing be wanting there, the
reader may please to supply or rectify it from hence.

LO’RDLINESS [of lordly] 1. Dignity, high station. Shakespeare.
2. Stateliness, pride, haughtiness.

LO’RDLING, subst. a little lord, a term of contempt; so christling,
godling, &c.

LORDLING, subst. [of lord] a diminutive lord. By the dam from
lordlings sprung. Swift.

LO’RDLY, adj. [of lord] 1. Besitting a lord. 2. Imperious, inso­
lent, haughty, lofty, proud.

LORDLY, adv. imperiously, despotically, proudly.

LO’RDSHIP [of lord] 1. The title of honour used to a nobleman,
not a duke. 2. Dominion, power. They which are accounted to
rule over the Gentiles, exercise lordship over them. St. Mark. 3.
Seigniory, domain. 4. Titulary compellation of judges and some
other persons in authority and office. 5. Jurisdiction or manor of a
lord.

LORE, subst. [lære, of læran, Sax. to learn] instruction, lesson,
doctrine, direction, advice. The law of nations or the lore of war.
Fairfax.

LORE, adj. [leoran, Sax.] lost, destroyed.

LO’REL, subst. [leoran, Sax.] an abandoned scoundrel. Obso­
lete.

LORE’TTO, a city of Italy, in the pope's territories, 145 miles east
of Rome. It is famous for the holy house or chamber, in which,
the Roman Catholics pretend, the blessed virgin was born, saluted by
the angels, and brought up her son Jesus till he was twelve years of
age.

LO’REY, an article in the chamber of accounts in France, which
ordains, that if a combat be accepted, and afterwards taken up by
the consent of the lord of the fee, each of the parties shall pay 2s. 6d.
and the party overcome forfeits 112 shillings.

LO’RICA, Lat. a coat of mail or armour, worn in old times, wrought
over with many small iron rings.

To LO’RICATE, verb act. [lorico, Lat.] to plate over. Nature
hath loricated or plaistered over the sides of the tympanum in animals
with ear-wax, to stop and entangle any insects that should attempt to
creep in. Ray.

LORICA’TION [lorico, Lat.] the act of fencing or defending with
a coat of mail.

LORICATION [in masonry] the filling of walls with mortar.

LORIFICA’TION [with chemists] the covering a vessel, called a re­
tort, with loam or clay, before it is set over a naked fire.

LO’RIMER, or LO’RINER, subst. [lormier, Fr. bridle-cutter, prob. of
lorum, Lat. a thong or bridle] a company of artificers, who make
horse bits, spurs, &c. and other things for horses, horsemen, &c.

LORIMERS were incorporated about the year 1488, and are a mas­
ter, two wardens, about fifty assistants, and no livery. Their armo­
rial ensigns are azure on a chevron argent between three curbits or as
many bosses sable. Their hall is near London-wall.

LO’RIOT, a bird, that, as is fabulously reported, being looked upon
by one that has the jaundice, cures the person, and dies itself.

LORN, pret. and part, pass. [of lorian, Sax.] forsaken, lost.
Who after that he had fair Una lorn,
Thro' light misdeeming of her loyalty. Spenser.

LORRA’IN, a province of Germany, bounded by the dutchy of
Luxemburg on the north; by Alsatia, the dutchy of Deuxponts, and
the palatinate of the Rhine on the east; by the country of Burgundy on
the south; and by Champagne on the west.


LOS

To LOSE, irr. verb act. [lost, pret. and pass. pass. lesan, leosan,
losan, or hlosan, Sax. berliesen, Du.] 1. To forfeit by unlucky
contest; the contrary to win. They rush'd and won by turns, and lost
the day. Dryden. 2. To be deprived of any thing. He lost his
right hand by a shot. Knolles. 3. To suffer deprivation of. The
fear of the Lord goeth before obtaining of authority, but roughness
and pride is the losing thereof. Ecclesiasticus. 4. To possess no longer;
contrary to keep. We should never lose sight of the country. 5. To
have any thing gone so as that it cannot be found or had again.
Openly abandoned and lost to all shame. Swift. 6. To bewilder.
The mind loses itself. Locke. 7. To deprive of. How should you







go about to lose him a wife he loves. Temple. 8. To kill, to destroy.
9. To throw away, to employ ineffectually. Merit, good-nature,
and integrity are too often lost upon great men. Pope. 10. To miss,
to part with so as not to recover. There sharp encounters, where al­
ways many more men are lost than are killed or taken prisoners. Cla­
rendon.

To LOSE, verb neut. 1. To suffer loss, not to win. Who loses and
who wins, who's in, who's out. Shakespeare. 2. To decline, to
fail.
Wisdom in discourse with her
Loses, discountenanc'd, and like folly shews. Milton.

LO’SEABLE, adj. [of lose] subject to loss or privation. Whether
motion or a propensity be an inherent quality belonging to atoms in
general, and not loseable by them. Boyle.

LO’SEL, subst. [from losian, Sax. to perish] a scoundrel, a sorry
worthless fellow.

LO’SER [of lose] one that loses or is deprived of any thing, one
that forfeits any thing, one that is impaired in his possessions or hopes.

LO’SINGA, or LO’SINGER [in old records] a flatterer, a sycophant.

LOSS [of lose] 1. The act of losing, damage, forfeiture; the con­
trary to gain. 2. Miss. 3. Deprivation. 4. Destruction. 5. Fault,
puzzle. Reason is always striving, and always at a loss. Dryden. 6. 
Useless application.

LOST, pret. and part. pass. of lose. See To LOSE.

LOT [hlaut, Goth. hlot, or hlote, Sax. load, Dan. lott, Su. lot,
Du. and L. Ger. losz, H. Ger.] 1. A portion of a thing divided into
several parts, to be shared among several persons; a parcel of goods,
as being drawn by lot. 2. It seems in Shakespeare to signify a lucky
or wished for chance. 3. Fortune, state assigned. Our own lot is
best. L'Estrange. 4. A die, or any thing used in determining
chances.

LOTE Tree [lotos, Lat. ΛΩΤΟΣ, Gr.] a nettle tree; a tree, bearing
broad, jagged leaves, full of veins, the upper part being green, and
the under whitish. See LOTOS.

LOT, or LOTH [at the Derbyshire mines] a duty paid to the king
of every 15th dish of lead.

To pay Scot and LOT, to pay such parish duties as house keepers are
liable to.

LO’THERWIT, a penalty or fine anciently imposed on those that
committed adultery or fornication.

LOTH [lathe, Sax.] unwilling; as, I am loth, I have no mind to,
or, it irketh me. See LOATH.

To LOTHE, or To LOATH [lathian, Sax.] to nauseate, to abomi­
nate. See LOATHE.

LO’THNESS, unwillingness. See LOATHNESS.

LO’THING [lathte, Sax.] the act of nauseating or hating.

LO’THSOM [lathiansom, Sax.] nauseous, hateful. See LOATH­
SOME.

LO’THSOMNESS, hatefulness, nauseousness. See LOATHSOMENESS.

LO’TION, Fr. [lozione, It. of lotio, Lat.] the act of washing.

LOTION [with chemists] is the washing or cleansing any medicine
with water. See LUSTRATION.

LO’TIONS [in medicine] remedies that are of a middle kind, be­
tween a bath and a fomentation, used to wash the head, or any part
affected. A lotion is a form of medicine compounded of aqueous
liquids, used to wash any part with; from lavo, Lat. to wash.
Quincy.

LO’TOS, Lat. [with botanists] the herb clover or melilot; also the
same with lote. See LOTE.

To cast LOTS [hleotan, Sax. loten, Du. and L. Ger. lossen, H. Ger.]
to determine a doubt by lot.

LO’TTERY [lotteria, Sax. loterie, Fr. lateria, Sp.] a distribution
of prizes by chance; a game of chance in the nature of a bank,
wherein are put tickets for sums of money, mixt with many more
blank tickets; which tickets being mixed together, and drawn at a
venture, each person has the value of the lot drawn to the number of
his ticket. There are also lotteries of goods, which are much after
the same manner.

LO’TUS, Lat. [with botanists] the nettle tree. See LOTE.

LO’VAGE [levisticum, Lat.] an herb, the lobes of whose leaves are
cut about their borders like those of parsley.

LOUD, adj. [hlud, Sax. luyde, Du. luhd, L. Ger. laur, H. Ger.]
1. Sounding, noisy, striking the ear with great force. And loud ac­
claiming Greeks the victor bless'd. Pope. 2. Clamorous, turbulent.
She is loud and stubborn, her feet abide not in her house. Pro­
verbs.

LO’UDLY, adv. [of loud] 1. With noise, so as to be heard afar.
2. Clamorously. Loudly disclaiming toleration. Swift. 3. With a
noise.

LOU’DNESS [of loud] force of sound, vehemence of clamour, noisi­
ness.


LOV

LOVE [lufu or lufe, Sax. liefde, Du. lieve, L. Ger. liebe, H. Ger.]
1. The passion between the sexes. 2. Good will, kindness, friend­
ship. The one preach Christ of contention, but the other of love.
Philippians. 3. Courtship. 4. Tenderness, parental care. The
goodness of God and his tender love to mankind. Tillotson. 5. Lik­
ing, inclination to; as, the love of one's country. 6. Object beloved.
The lover and the love of human kind. Pope. 7. Lewdness, un­
chastity, when join'd with some epithet of that kind. On a leud love­
bed. Shakes. 8. Unreasonable liking. The love to sin makes a man
against his own reason. Taylor. 9. Fondness, concord. Come love
and health to all. Shakespeare. 10. Principle of union. Love is the
great instrument of nature, the bond and cement of society. South.
11. Picturesque representation of love. Dryden. 12. A word of en­
dearment. Dryden. 13. Due reverence to God. You have not the
love of God in you. St. John. 14. A kind of thin silk stuff. Ains­
worth.

LOVE [in ethics] is a friendly motion to mankind; but which the
moralists tell us, must not be thrown away on an ill object, nor pro­
cure base and unworthy fuel to its flames, nor hinder the exercise of
other duties.
LOVE and lordship, never like fellowship.
Fr. Amour & seigneurie ne veulent point de compagne. Ger. Liebe und
herschaft leiden keine geseischaft. It. Amor e seignoria non vogliono com­
pagnia. The meaning is, lovers and princes cannot endure rivals
And so the Lat. Nec regna ferre socium, nec tædæ sciunt.
Where Love fails we spy all faults.
And generally more than all; that is, we are but too apt to cavil at,
and find fault with all the actions of those, for whom we have once
conceived a hatred, or have no esteem for.

To LOVE [lufian, Sax. lieven, L. Ger. lieben, H. Ger.] 1. To have
a passionate affection for, as that of one sex to the other. 2. To re­
gard with the affection of a friend. 3. To regard with parental ten­
derness. 4. To be pleased with. Salmons and smelts love to get into
rivers. Brown. 5. To regard with reverend unwillingness to offend.
Love the Lord thy God with all thine heart. Deuteronomy.
LOVE me, LOVE my dog.
Fr. Qui aime Bertrand, aime son chien. (He who loves Bertrand, loves
his dog) And so the Sp. Quién bién quiérs a beliran, bien quiére a su
can. A vulgar proverb, signifying, if you love me, it is expected
you should love all who belong to me; or your love is not sincere.

LOVE Apple, a fruit in Spain, that inclines to a violet colour. The
love apple has a flower consisting of one leaf, which expands in a cir­
cular order; the style afterwards becomes a roundish soft fleshy fruit,
containing many flat seeds. Miller.

LOVE-KNOT [of love and knot] a complicated figure, by which af­
fection interchanged is represented.

LO’VELESS, subst. without love.
Of harlots loveless, joyless——MILTON.

LOVE-LETTER [of love and letter] letter of courtship.

LO’VELILY, adv. [of lovely] amiably, in such a manner as to ex­
cite love. Otway.

LO’VELINESS [of lovely, Eng. lufelic and nesse, Sax.] amiable­
ness, quality of mind or body exciting or deserving love.

LO’VELORN, adj. [of love and lorn] forsaken by one's love or
mistress. The lovelorn nightingale. Milton.

LO’VELY, adv. [of love, Eng. lufigendlice, Sax.] amiable, caus­
ing love. Saul and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives.
2. Samuel.

LO’VEMONGER, [of love and monger] one who deals in affairs of
love. Thou art an old lovemonger, and speakest skilfully. Shake­
speare.

LO’VER [of lufere, or lufiend, Sax.] 1. A sweet-heart, one who
is in love. 2. One who regards with kindness, a friend 3. One
who likes any thing. A lover of knowledge. Burnet's Theory,

LOVER, or LO’OVER, subst. [from l'ouvert, Fr. an opening] a tun­
nel in the roof or top of the house to avoid smoke; also an opening
for the smoke to go out at in the top of a cottage. Spenser.

LO’VESECRET, subst. [of love and secret] secret between lovers.

LO’VESICK, adj. [of love and sick] disordered with love, languish­
ing with amourous desire.

LO’VESOME, adj. [of love] lovely; obsolete. Dryden.

LO’VESONG [of love and long] song expressing love.

LO’VESUIT [of love and suit] courtship. Shakespeare.

LO’VETALE [of love and tale] narrative of love. Milton.

LO’VETHOUGHT [of love and thought] amorous fancy. Shake­
speare.

LO’VETOY [of love and toy] small presents given by lovers.

LO’VETRICK [of love and trick] art of expressing love. Donne.

LOUGH, [Irish and Erse, a lake; loch, Scottish. See LOCH] a lake,
a large inland standing water.

LO’UGHBOROUGH, a market-town of Leicestershire, 107 miles
from London.

LO’VING, part. adj. [of love] 1. Kind, good-natured, affectionate,
2. Expressing benevolence, shewing kindness.

LO’VINGKINDNESS, tenderness, favour, clemency, mercy.

LO’VINGLY, adv. [of loving] with affection, kindly.

LO’VINGNESS [of loving] kindness, affection.

LOUIS d'or, subst. Fr. a golden coin of France, valued at about
seventeen shillings sterling.

LOUND [lound, Sax.] signifies a plain among trees, a lawn.

To LOUNGE, verb neut. [lunderen, Du.] to idle, to live lazily.

LOU’NGER [of lounge] one that lounges, an idler.

LOU’RDAN, a lazy slothful fellow. See LORDAN.

LOURE, the name of a French dance, or the tune that belongs
to it.

LOURGE, subst. [lougurio, Lat.] a tall gangrel. Ainsworth.

LOUSE, irr. pl. lice [lus, Sax. luys, Du. luus, L. Ger. and Su.
lausz, H. Ger.] an insect, of which different species live on the bodies
of men, beasts, and perhaps of all living creatures.

To LOUSE, verb act. [luysen, Du. luusa, Su. lüusen, L. Ger. lau­
sen, H. Ger.] to clean from lice.

LOUSE Wort, an herb; also called rattle and cocks comb.

LOU’SILY, adv. [of lousy] in a lousy or despicable manner, scur­
rily.

LOU’SINESS [of lousy] lousy condition, state of being infested with
lice.

LOU’SY [from louse, Eng. lusi, Sax.] 1. Infested with lice,
swarming with lice. 2. Despicable, mean, low-born, bred on the
dunghill.

LOUT, or LOWT, subst. [prob. of læfed, Sax. a lay-man, or leod,
the people, one of the vulgar; loete, O. Du. Mr. Lye] a bumpkin, a
clownish unmannerly fellow, a mean aukward fellow.

To LOUT, verb neut. [hlutan, Sax. to bend] to pay obeisance, to
bow, to stoop; obsolete.

To LOUT, verb act. this word in Shakespeare seems to overpower.
I am louted by a traitor villain. Shakespeare.

LOUTH, a market-town in Lincolnshire, on the river Lud, 133
miles from London.


LOW

LOW, adj. [laegh, Du. laeg, Su.] 1. Not high. 2. Not rising far
upwards. A spreading vine of low stature. Ezekiel. 3. Not elevated
in situation. Carried down into the lower grounds. Burnet's Theory.
4. Descending far downwards, deep. 5. Not deep, shallow, not
swelling high; used of water. 6. Not of a high price. 7, Not
loud, not noisy. 8. Being in latitudes near to the line. 9. Not rising
to so great a sum as some other accumulation of particulars. 10. Late
as to time. 11. Dejected, depressed. 12. Impotent, subdued. To
keep them as low as he pleases. Graunt. 13. Not elevated in station







or rank, abject, mean. 14. Dishonourable, denoting meanness of
mind; as, low tricks. 15. Not sublime, not elevated in diction or
sentiment. 16. Reduced. being in poor circumstances.

LOW, adv. 1. Not aloft, not at a high price, meanly. 2. In
times near our own. As low down as Abraham's time. Locke. 3.
With a depression of the voice. Lucia, speak low. Addison. 4. In a
state of subjection. One so low brought and thoroughly subjected.
Spenser.

To LOW, verb act. [from the adj.] to make low, to sink [proba­
bly misprinted for lower. Johnson.] The value of guineas was lowed.
Swift.

To LOW, verb neut. [hlofan, or hlepan Sax, loeyen, Du. the ad­
jective low, not high, is pronounced as if written lo, and the verb low,
to bellow, lou] to bellow like an ox or cow. Or loweth the ox over
his fodder. Job.

LOW, East and West, two borough-towns of Cornwall, separated
only by the river LOW, over which there is a bridge of 15 arches.
They both derive their name from the river, as that does from
the lowness of it current between its high banks. They are 232
miles from London, and send four members to parliament, two for
each place.

LOW-BELL, subst. [laeye, Du. leg, Sax. or log, Islandic, a flame,
and bell, q. lowing bell] a device for catching birds in the night, in
which they are wakened by a bell, and lured by a flame into a net.
Lowe denotes a flame in Scotland, and to lowe to flame.

LO’W-BELLER [of low and bell] one who goes a fowling with a
light and bell.

LOWE, subst. Lowe, loe, comes from the Sax. hleap, a hill, heap,
or barrow: and so the Gothic hlaiw is a monument or barrow. Gib­
son's Camden.

LOW Masted Ship, one whose mast is either too short or too small,
so that she cannot bear a large sail enough to give her her true
way.

LOW Worm [in horses] a disease like the shingles.

LO’WNESS [loh, Du. and ness] low state or place, meanness, &c.

To LO’WER, verb act. [of low] 1. To bring low, to bring down
by way of submission. 2. To suffer to sink down. 3. To lessen, to
make less in price or value.

To LOWER, verb neut. to grow less, to fall, to sink.

To LOWER, verb neut. This should be LOUR [It is doubtful what
was the primitive meaning of this word: if it was originally applied
to the appearance of the sky, it is no more than to grow low, as the
sky seems to do in dark weather: if it was first used of the counte­
nance, it may be derived from the Du. loeren, to look eskance. John­
son] 1. To appear dark, stormy and gloomy, to be clouded. 2. To
frown, to pout, to look sullen.

LOWER, subst. for LOUR [from the verb] 1. Cloudiness, gloomi­
ness. 2. Cloudiness or sullenness of look.

LO’WERINGLY, adv. for LOU’RINGLY [of lower] gloomily, clou­
dily.

LO’WERMOST, adj. [from low, lower, and most] lowmost.

LO’WING [of hlofan, Sax.] bellowing like a cow, &c.

LO’WLINESS, humility, humbleness of mind.

LOW-LAND, subst. [of low and land] the country that is low, in
respect of neighbouring hills, the plain, the marsh.

LOW-LAND Men, the offspring of the English Saxons, in the east
part of Scotland. They rather seem to be so denominated from the
low country they possess, in contradistinction to the highlands, or
mountainous parts inhabited by the Scots Highlanders: for the divi­
sion of Scotland is very commonly made into Highlands and Low­
lands, and their inhabitants into Highlanders and Lowlanders.

LO’WLILY, adv. [of lowly] 1. Humbly, without pride. 2. Mean­
ly, without dignity.

LO’WLINESS [of lowly] 1. Humility, freedom from pride. 2.
Meanness, want of dignity, abject depression.

LO’WLY, adv. [of low] 1. Humble, meek, mild. For I am meek
and lowly in heart. St. Matthew.. 2. Mean, wanting dignity, not
great. One common right the great and lowly claims. Pope. 3.
Not sublime, not lofty. These rural poems and their lowly strain.
Dryden.

LO’WLY, adv. [of low] 1. Not highly, meanly, without gran­
deur, without dignity. 2. Humbly, meekly, modestly.

LOWN [loen, Du. a stupid drone, liun, Irish, loon, Scottish] a dull
heavy-headed fellow, a scoundrel, a rascal.

LO’WNESS [of low] 1. Absence of height, small distance from the
ground. 2. Meanness of condition, either mental or external. 3.
Want of rank, want of dignity. 4. Want of sublimity. The oppo­
site to loftiness. 5. Submissiveness. In such lowness of obedience as
subjects were like to yield. Bacon.

To LOWR or To LOUR [loeron, Du.] to frown, to look four or
grim; also to begin to be overcast with clouds. See LOWER.

LO’WRING, part. adj. [of lower] frowning.

LOW-THOUGHTED, adj. [of low and thought] having the thoughts
withheld from sublime or heavenly contemplations, mean of senti­
ment, narrow-minded.

LOW-SPIRITED, adj. [of low and spirit] dejected, depressed, not
lively, not sprightly.


LOX

LOXODRO’MIC, or LOXODRO’MICAL, adj. [of ΛΣξΟΣ, oblique, and
ΔρΟΜΟΣ, Gr. a course, loxodromus, Lat. with navigators] pertaining to
the method of oblique sailing.

LOXODROMIC Line [with navigators] an oblique line, the line of
the ship's way, when she sails upon a rhumb, or which she describes
when she does not sail under the equinoctial, or a meridian.

LOXODROMIC Tables [in navigation] certain tables of rhumbs,
and traverse tables of miles, &c. made to find out the requisites,
or resolve the cases of sailing, after the most true and expeditious
manner.

LOXODROMIC, subst. the art of oblique sailing by the rhumb, which
always makes an equal angle with every meridian, that is, when a
ship does not sail either directly under the equator, or under one and
the same meridian, but obliquely or across them; hence the table of
rhumbs, or the transverse tables of miles, with the tables of longi­
tudes and latitudes, by which the sailor may practically find his course,
distance, latitude or longitude, is called loxodromic.

LO’XODROMY, the course of a ship, or the point it describes in sail­
ing from any point towards another, excepting a cardinal point;
making equal angles with every meridian. See LOXODROMIC.

LO’YAL, Fr. [legalis, Lat. leale, It. leàl, Sp.] 1. Trusty, faithful,
more especially to the prince. 2. Faithful in love, true to a lady
to lover.

LOYAL [spoken of a horse] a horse is said to be loyal, who
freely bends all his force in obeying and performing any manage he
is put to; and does not defend himself, nor resist, altho' he is ill
treated.

LOYAL Mouth [of a horse] an excellent mouth, of the nature of
such mouths, as are usually called mouths with a full rest upon the
hand.

LO’YALIST, subst. [of loyal] one who professes true allegiance and
fidelity to his prince.

LO’YALLY, adv. [of loyal] faithfully, with true adherence to one's
king.

LO’YALNESS, or LO’YALTY [loyaute, Fr. lealtà, It. lealtàd, Sp.]
1. Fidelity, faithfulness, especially to a sovereign prince or state. Such
loyalty to the king as the law required. Clarendon. 2. Fidelity to a
lady or lover.

To LO’YTER, to tarry, to stand trifling, to spend time idly. See
To LOITER.

LO’ZEL, a lazy lubber, a scoundrel. See LOSEL.

LO’ZENGE [losenge, Fr. of unknown etymology] 1. A rhomb.
The best builders resolve upon rectangular squares, as a mean between
too few and too many angles; and through the equal inclination of
the sides, they are stronger than the rhomb or lozenge. Wotton. 2. Lo­
zenge is a form of a medicine made into small pieces, to be held or
chewed in the mouth till melted or wasted. It is so denominated from
its original form, which was rhomboidal. 3. A square cake, made
of preserved fruit, in the shape of a diamond cut, or quarrel of glass.

LOZENGE [in geometry] a figure, the two opposite angles of which
are acute, and the other two obtuse.

LOZENGE [in heraldry] is used to contain the coat armour of all
unmarried gentlewomen and widows, as some say, because it is the
figure of the antient spindle; or, as others say, because the shields of
the amazons were of that form: It is the form or shape of a pane of
window glass, before the square came so much in fashion, and has two
obtuse angles.

LOZENGE’, or LOZANGY [in heraldry] is a shield, or an ordinary
of all lozenges.

LP. is used as an abbreviation for lordship.

LT. is used as an abbreviation for lieutenant.

LU, subst. a game at cards. See LOO. Pope.

LU’BBER [of this word the best derivation seems to be from lubbed,
said by Junius to signify in Danish, fat] a sturdy lazy drone, an idle,
fat, bulky losel, a boody. Carew.

LU’BBERLY, adj. [of lubber] lazy and bulky.

LU’BBERLY, adv. awkwardly, clumsily.

To LU’BRICATE, verb act. [lubricatum, sup. of lubrico, from lu­
bricus, Lat. slippery] to make slippery or smooth, to smooth. This
lubricating quality, Arbuthnot.

LUBRI’CIOUSNESS, or LUBRI’CITY [of lubricious] 1. Slipperiness,
smoothness of surface. 2. Aptness to glide over any part, or to faci­
litate motion. The mucilage adds to the lubricity of the oyl. Ray.
3. Instability, slipperiness, uncertainty, fickleness. 4. Lewdness,
wantonness.

LU’BRIC, adj. [lubricus, Lat.] 1. Slippery, smooth on the surface.
2. Uncertain, unsteady. 3. Wanton, lewd [lubrique, Fr.] This lu­
bric and adult'rate age. Dryden.

LU’BRICOUS, adj. [lubricus, Lat.] 1. Slippery, smooth. The parts
of water being voluble and lubricous as well as fine, it easily insinuates
itself into the tubes of vegetables. Woodward. 2. Uncertain, un­
steady, fickle. Stored with lubricous opinions, instead of clearly
conceived truths. Glanville.

LUBRIFA’CTION [lubricus, slippery, and facio, Lat. to make] the
act of lubricating or smoothing. The cause is lubrifaction and rela­
tion, as in medicines emollient. Bacon.

LUBRIFICA’TION [of lubricus, slippery, and fio, Lat. to be made]
the act of smoothing. For in the inunction and lubrification of the
heads of the bones. Ray.


LUC

LUCA’RIA [of lucus, Lat. a wood or grove] a festival celebrated by
the Romans in a wood, where they retired and concealed themselves,
after they had been defeated and pursued by the Gauls.

LUCE, subst. [perhaps from lupus, Lat. Johnson] a pike full grown.
Shakespeare.

LU’CENT, adj. [lucens Lat.] bright, shining, splendid.

LU’CERN, a wild beast in Russia, almost as big as a wolf, the skin
of which has a very rich fur, of colour between a red and brown, and
something mailed like a cat, intermixt with black spots.

LU’CID, adj. [lucide, Fr. lucido, It. and Sp. lucidus, Lat.] 1. Clear,
bright, shining. 2. Transparent, pellucid. Abbana and Pharphar
lucid streams. Milton. 3. Bright with the radience of intellect, not
darkened with madness. I believ'd him in a lucid interval. Tatler.

LUCID Intervals, the space between the fits or paroxisms of ma­
niacs, wherein the frenzy leaves them in possession of their reason.

LU’CIDA Corona [in astronomy] a fixed star of the second magni­
tude in the northern garland.

LUCIDA Lancis [in astronomy] a star in the sign Scorpio.

LUCIDA Lyra [in astronomy] a fixed star of the first magnitude in
the constellation, called lyra.

LUCI’DITY, or LU’CIDNESS [luciditas, Lat. or lucid] brightness,
splendor.

LU’CIFER [with astronomers] the planet Venus; so called, when
it rises before the sun, q. d. lucem ferens, Lat. i. e. bringing light;
and hesperus, or the evening star, when it sets after the sun.

LUCIFE’RIANS [so called of Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari] a sect in
the fourth century, who held that the soul of man was propagated out
of his flesh.
I'll not be responsible for this particular; but so far I believe is
certain, that the Luciferians were, in fact, the most zealous of all the
Athanasians, and who carried their resentment against those Homöusian







bishops, who were *I say'd, supposed to have temporised; because the council of
Ariminum and others held under Constantius, having done no­
thing more than to leave out that new article, which had lately
crept into the creed, and which had caused endless quarrels
and divisions in the church; and by so doing, having reduced
it [the creed] to its former SIMPLICITY, or (as bishop Taylor
well observes) not to articles more particular and minute, than
the SCRIPTURES had done to their hand: Here was nothing
advanced, but what ALL SIDES agreed in, and consequently
might be subscribed ex animo, and without the least imputation
of temporising. See NICENE Council, and HOMÖUSIANS. supposed to have temporised in the reign of Con­
stantius, so high, as to disown all communion, not only with them,
but also with all those, who received them to communion upon their
retracting their former conduct; when now the face of things was
changed, and the Athanasians had once more got possession of the SE­
CULAR ARM; and whose WEIGHT the Luciferians themselves suffici­
ently felt in process of time; their orthodoxy itself being no skreen a­
gainst that persecuting spirit, which had got possession of the ESTA­
BLISHED CHURCH in those days; as appears from that imperial edict,
procured against them, A. C. 395; and which Sir Isaac Newton has
cited at large, in his observations upon Daniel, &c. p. 300. See DI­
MERITÆ, EUNOMIANS, &c.

LUCI’FEROUS, adj. [of lucifer, Lat.] giving light, affording means
of discovery. The experiment is in itself not ignoble, and luciferous
enough, as shewing a new way to produce a volatile salt. Boyle.

LUCIFEROUS Experiments [among naturalists] such experiments as
serve to inform and enlighten the mind, as to some truth or specula­
tion in philosophy, physic, &c.

LUCI’FIC, adj. [lucis, gen. of lux, light, and facio, Lat. to make]
Making or producing light. Their lucific motion. Grew.

LUCI’FUGOUS, adj. [lucifugus, Lat.] that shuns the light.

LUCI’GENOUS [lucigena, Lat.] born or begotten in the day-time.

LUCI’NA [with the poets] a name of Juno; or, as others say, of
Venus, supposing her to assist women in labour, whom they invoked
for a safe delivery.

LUCK [geluck, Du. glück, Ger. lyeka, Su.] 1. Chance, fortune,
hap, casual event. 2. Fortue, good or bad.
Eive a man LUCK, and throw him into the sea.
This proverb in terminis, savours a little too much of heathenism or
prophaneness, but it may very well befit a christian mouth, if that
which the vulgar call luck, and the learned fortune, be donominated
providence; for if that be on a man's side, you may throw him into
the sea, and not be actuaily and legally guilty of murder. This was
verified in the prophet Jonah: Sors domini campi, say the Latins; and
the Greeks, ΘΕΛΩ ΤυχΗΣ ΣΤΑΛΑΓΜΟΝ Η φρΕΝΩΝ ΠΙΘΟΝ

LU’CKILY, adv. [of luck] fortunately, by good hap.

LU’CKINESS [of lucky] fortunateness, good hap, casual happiness.

LU’CKLESS, adj. [of luck] unfortunate, unhappy.

LU’CKY, adj. [of luck; geluckig, Du.] happy by chance, for­
tunate.

LUCRA’TION, Lat. the act of gaining or winning.

LU’CRATIVE, adj. [lucratif, Fr. lucrativo, It. of lucrativus, Lat.]
gainful, profitable, bringing money. The trade of merchandize be­
ing the most lucrative, may bear usury. Bacon.

LUCRATIVE Interest [in civil law] is such as is paid, where there
hath been no advantage made by the debtor, and no delay nor deceit
in him.

LU’CRE, Fr. [lucro, It. lógre, Sp. of lucrum, Lat.] gain, advantage,
pecuniary profit, in an ill sense. Procuring letters by fraud, and the
printing them merely for lucre. Pope.

LUCRI’FEROUS, adj. [lucrum, gain, and fero, Lat. to bring] gain­
ful, profitable. The experiment, the cost and pains considered, was
not lucriferous. Boyle.

LUCRI’FIC, adj. [lucrificus, Lat.] gaining, making gain.

LUCTA’TION [luctor, Lat.] the act of wrestling, striving or strug­
gling, effort, contest.

LUCTI’FEROUS [luctifer, Lat.] causing or bringing sorrow or
mourning.

LUCTI’FIC [luctificus, Lat.] causing sorrow or mourning.

LUCTI’SONOUS [luctisonus, Lat.] sounding out sorrow, sounding
mournfully.

LU’CTUOUS [luctuosus, Lat.] sorrowful, full of sorrow.

To LU’CUBRATE, verb neut. [lucubror, Lat.] to study late, to
watch or to work by candle-light.

LUCUBRA’TION [lucubratio, Lat.] the act of studying or working
late, or by candle-light, any thing composed by night, nocturnal study.
Thy lucubrations have been perused. Tatler.

LU’CUBRATORY, adj. [lucubratorius, from lucubror, Lat.] composed
by candle-light. A solitary candle at your side to write an epistle
lucubratory to your friend. Pope.

LU’CULENCE [luculentia, Lat.] trimness, fineness, beauty, clear­
ness; also certainty, evidence.

LU’CULENT, adj. [luculentus, Lat.] 1. Trim, fine, beautiful, trans­
parent, clear, lucid. Thomson. This word is perhaps not used in this sense
by any other writer. 2. Certain, evident. They are against the obsti­
nate incredulity of the Jews, the most luculent testimonies that christian
religion hath. Hooker. A word of the same form as PURULENT, TUR­
BULENT, &c.


LUD

LU’DESCENT, adj. [ludescens, Lat.] beginning to play.

LU’DGERSHAL, a borough-town of Wiltshire, 57 miles from Lon­
don. It sends two members to parliament.

LUDI’BRIOUS [ludibriosus, Lat.] reproachful, shameful, ridiculous.

LU’DIBUND, adj. [ludibundus, Lat.] full of play.

LU’DICROUS, adj. [ludicer, Lat.] sportive, diverting, pleasant, bur­
lesque, merry, exciting laughter; also trifling, light, childish.

LU’DICROUSLY, adv. [of ludicrous] in burlesque, in such a man­
ner as to excite laughter, sportively, pleasantly.

LU’DICROUSNESS [of ludicrous] burlesque, merry cast or manner,
ridiculousness, sportiveness; also triflingness.

LU’DI Compitales [among the Romans] were solemnized in the
compitæ, i. e. the cross-ways and streets. Servius Tullius instituted
them in honour of the houshold gods or familiar spirit, it being given
out that he himself was begotten of one of the genii.

LUDIFICA’TION [ludificatio, of ludificor, Lat.] the act of mocking
or making sport with another.

LU’DLOW, a borough-town of Salop, on the north side of the ri­
ver Temd, near its conflux with the Carve, 136 miles from London.
It sends two members to parliament.

LU’ES, Lat. a great mortality, either among persons or cattle.

LUES Deifica, [i. e. the deifying lues; or LUES Sacra, Lat. i. e. the
sacred or holy lues] the falling sickness.

LUES Venerea, Lat. the French pox.

LUFF [a sea term] See LOOF.

To LUFF, or To LOOF, verb neut. [a sea term] to keep close to
the wind.

LUFF, or LOOF, subst. [in Scotland] the palm of the hand.

LUFF, or LOUGH, a light or flame to catch fowls with, a low-bell.

To LUG, verb act. [geluggian, aluccan, Sax. to pull, loga, Su.
the hollow of the hand] 1. To pull violently, to hale or pluck
ruggedly, to drag. 2. To lug out; to draw a sword; in burlesque.
They will be heard, or they lug out and cut. Dryden.

To LUG, verb neut. to drag along, to come heavily.

LUG, subst. 1. A kind of small fish. 2. A land measure, a pole or
perch. 3. [Prob. of geluggian, or ligan, Sax. to lie, because the
ears lie close to the head, contrary to those of four footed animals;
in Scotland] the ear.

LU’GGAGE [of lug; geluggian, Sax.] an heavy weight, lumber,
any thing cumbrous and unweildy, that is to be carried away, being
of more weight than value.

LUGU’BRIOUS [lugubre, Fr. lugubris, Lat.] mournful, sorrowful.
A demure, or rather a lugubrious look. Decay of Piety.

LUG Wort, an herb.

LUIDO’RE, a corruption of Louis d'or. See LOUIS d'or.

LUKEWA’RM, adj. [wlæc, and wearm, Sax. lau-warm, Ger. The
original of this word, says Johnson, is doubted. Warmth in Saxon,
is hleod, in old Frisic, lyh, in Dutch liewte: whence probably our
luke, to which warm may be added, to determine by the first word
the force of the second; as we say boiling hot] 1. Moderately or
mildly warm, being between hot and cold, so warm as to give only a
pleasing sensation. 2. Indifferent, not ardent, not zealous.

LUKEWA’RMLY [of lukewarm] 1. With moderate warmth. 2. With
indifferency.

LUKEWA’RMNESS [of lukewarm] 1. State of being between hot and
cold, moderate or pleasing heat. 2. Indifference, regardlesness, want
of ardour.

To LULL, verb act [lullo, Lat. lulla, Su. lulu, Dan.] 1. To com­
pose, to entice to sleep, by singing pleasing tunes. These lull'd by
nightingales imbracing slept. Milton. 2. To compose, to quiet, to
put to rest in general. And peace shall lull him in her flow'ry lap.
Milton. 3. To allure.

LU’LLABY [either of ΛΑΛΕΙΝ, Gr. to speak, q. d. talk to sleep, or
lallo, Lat. and abidan, Sax.] a nurse's song to cause a child to sleep,
or to still him.


LUM

LU’MA, Lat. [in botany] a kind of thorn that grows in meadows
and moist places.

LUMBA’GO, subst. [lumbi, Lat. the loins] a pain in the muscles of
the loins, which ss sometimes so very violent, that the patien cannot
sit down Lumbago's are pains very troublesome about the loins and
small of the back, such as precede ague fits and fevers. They are
most commonly from fullness and acrimony, in common with a dis­
position to yawnings, shudderings, and erratic pains in other parts,
and go off with evacuation generally by sweat, and other critical dis­
charges of fevers. Quincy.

LU’MBAR, or LU’MBARU, adj. [lumbaris, Lat.] pertaining to the
loins.

LUMBA’RES Arteriæ [with anatomists] certain arteries which arise
from the aorta, spreading themselves over all the parts of the loins,
and to the marrow of the back-bone.

LUMBA’RIS Vena, Lat. [with anatomists] a vein taking its rise from
the descending trunk of the vena cava, and is not always single, but
sometimes two or three on each side, and bestowed on the muscles of
the loins.

LU’MBER, subst. [loma, geloma, Sax. houshold stuff, lommering,
Du. the dirt of an house] old houshold stuff, things useless and of
small value, any thing of more bulk than value.

To LU’MBER, verb act. [from the subst.] to heap irregularly like
useless and cumbersome goods.

To LU’MBER, verb neut. to move heavily, as incumbered or bur­
thened with his own bulk.

LU’MBRICAL, adj. [of lumbricus, Lat.] pertaining to, or like an
earth-worm.

LUMBRICAL Muscles [with anatomists] four muscles in each hand,
and as many in the feet; so called on account of their smalness and
resemblance to earth-worms.

LUMBRICA’LES, Lat. the lumbrical muscles.

LUMBRICA’LIS Pedis, Lat. [in anatomy] one of the lumbrical mus­
cles of the lesser toes.

LU’MBRICUS, Lat. an earth-worm, a belly-worm, a maw-worm.

LUMINA’RE, Lat. a lamp or candle to burn on the altar of a church
or chappel.

LUMI’NARIA, Lat. [in the ancient western churches] the name of
the time of the nativity of our blessed Saviour, called Christmas.

LU’MINARIES [luminare, Lat.] the sun or moon, so called by way
of eminency; lights, lamps.

LU’MINARY [luminaire, Fr. luminare, It. and Lat.] 1. A body
that gives light, as the sun and moon, which are stiled luminaries by
way of eminency, because of their extraordinary brightness, and the
great quantity of light that they afford. The great luminary. Milton.
2. Any thing which gives intelligence. Wotton. 3. Any one that in­
structs mankind. Reserved for a late happy discovery by two great
luminaries of this island. Bentley.

LUMINA’TION, [luminatio, from lumen, Lat. emission of light] the
act of enlightening.

LU’MINOUS lumíneux, Fr. luminosus, Lat.] 1. Full of light, shining,
emitting light. How came the sun to be luminous? Bentley. 2. En­
lightened.
And with her part averse
From the sun's beam meet night, her other part
Still luminous by his ray. Milton.
3. Shining, bright. The most luminous of the prismatic colours are
the yellow and orange. Newton.








LUMP [klomp, Du. lompe, klump, Su.] 1. A small mass or piece
of any matter. 2. A shapeless mass. 3. Mass undistinguished. 4.
The whole together, the gross. They may buy them in the lump.
Addison. 5. [Lumpus, Lat.] the name of a fish.

To LUMP, verb act. to take in the gross, without attention to
particulars.

LU’MPING, adj. [of lump] large, heavy; a low word.

LU’MPISH, adj. [klompsch, Du.] 1. Heavy, dull, unactive, bulky.
Out of the earth is form'd the flesh of man, and therefore heavy and
lumpish. Raleigh. 2. In lumps, cloddy.

LU’MPISHLY, adv. [of lumpish] heavily, stupidly.

LU’MPISHNESS [of lumpish] the state of being in lumps or clods;
also dulness, heaviness, stupidity.

LU’MPY, adj. [of lump] full of lumps, full of compact masses.


LUN

LU’NA [q. d. lux aliena, Lat. a borrowed light, because she re­
ceives her light from the sun] the moon, the nearest the earth of all
the seven planets.

LUNA [with chemists] silver.

LUNA [in heraldry] the moon, is used by such as blazon the arms
of monarchs by planets, instead of metals and colours, for argent or
silver; because the moon is the second resplendent planet to our sight,
as silver is the second in value among metals. And some heralds
have accounted this way of blazon proper to distinguish the arms of
sovereigns, and those of subjects.

LUNA Cornea, or LUNA Cornua [with chemists] a rough, tasteless
mass, almost like horn, made by pouring spirit of salt upon crystals
of silver.

LU’NACY [of luna, Lat. the moon] a kind of frenzy or madness
so called, because supposed to be influenced by the moon; madness
in general; or moral lunacy in particular.
Of moral lunacy and reason's shame. Table of CEBES.

LU’NAR, or LU’NARY, adj. [lunaire, Fr. lunare, It. of lunaris, Lat.]
pertaining to the moon, under the dominion of the moon. Lunary
years to wit of a month. Raleigh.

LUNAR Cycle, Lat. [with astronomers] is a period or revolution of
19 years, invented to make the lunar year agree with the solar; so that
at the end of this revolution of 19 years, the new moons happen in
the same months, and on the same days of the month as they did 19
years before; and the moon begins again her course with the sun.
This lunar cycle is also called the golden number; the circulus decennove­
nalis; also enedecateris, and circulus Metonicus, of Meton the Athenian,
who first invented it.

LUNAR Months, months according to the course of the moon.

LU’NARIA, Lat. [with botanists] moon-wort or mad-wort.

LU’NARY, adj. [of lunaris, Lat.] belonging to the moon. See LUNA.

LU’NARY, subst. [lunaire, Fr. lunaria, Lat.] moon-wort.

LU’NATED, adj. [lunatus, from luna, Lat. the moon] crooked, like
a half moon, formed like a half moon.

LU’NATIC [lunatique, Fr. lunatici, It. and Sp. lunaticus, Lat.] af­
fected with lunacy, distracted, mad, having the imagination influenced
by the moon.

LU’NATIC, subst. a madman.

LUNATIC Eyes [in horses] a disease which makes their eyes look
as if they were covered with white.

LUNA’TION, subst. [lunaism, Fr. from luna, Lat. the moon] the
revolution of the moon.

LUNATION [with astronomers] the synodical month, accounted
from one conjunction of the moon with the sun, to another, or a re­
volution of the moon, or time between one new moon and another,
consisting of 29 days, 12 hours and 3 quarters of an hour.

LUNCH, or LU’NCHEON, subst. [Minshew derives it from louja, Sp.
Skinner from keinken, Teut. a small piece. It probably comes from
clutch, or clunch] as much food as one's hand can hold.

LU’NDRESS, Fr. [so named, because coined at London] certain sil­
ver-pence anciently, which weighed three times as much as now.

LU’NE, subst. [luna, Lat. the moon] 1. Any thing in the shape of
an half-moon. 2. Fits of lunacy or frenzy, mad freaks. 3. A lais;
as, the lune of a hawk. See LUNES.

LU’N en l'autre, Fr. [in heraldry] i. e. the one in the other, is the
same that the English call counter-changed, and is when the escutch­
eon is parted of two colours, and the charge extends over both; that
charge has the upper half, or metal of the lower part of the escutcheon,
and the lower part of the colour or metal, of the upper; or if party
per pale, then one side is of one colour, and the other of another, an­
swering to the two sides of the field.

LU’NES [with falconers] leashes or long lines to call in hawks;
called also lowings.

LUNES, or LUNULÆ [with geometricians] planes in the form of a
crescent or half-moon, terminated by the circumference of two circles,
which intersect each other within.

LUNETTE’, Fr. [with horsemen] a half horse shoe; a shoe without
the spunges (the part of the branches which run towards the quarters
of the foot, are so called.)

LUNE’TTES, Fr. [in fortification] are envelopes, counter-guards or
mounts of earth cast up before the courtin, about five fathom in
breadth, of which the parapet takes up three. They are usually
made in ditches full of water, and serve to the same purpose as faus­
brays; they are composed of two faces, which form a re-entring an­
gle; and their platform, being no more than twelve feet wide, is a
little raised above the level of the water, and hath a parapet three fa­
thom thick.

LUNETTES, Fr. [with horsemen] two small pieces of felt made
round and hollow, to clap upon the eyes of a vicious horse, that is
apt to bite, or strike with his fore-feet, or that will not suffer his rider
to mount him.

LU’NGED, adj. [of lungs] having lungs, having the nature of
lungs.

LU’NGGROWN, adj. [of lung and grown] the lungs sometimes grow
fast to the skin that lines the breast within. Whence such as are de­
tained with that accident are lunggrown. Harvey.

LUNGS, it has no singular [lungena, of lun, Sax. empty, because
they are empty, as containing nothing but wind, lungen, Du. lunge,
Ger. lungos, Su. the lights] a part or viscus of an animal body, con­
sisting of vessels and membranous vessicles, and serving for respiration.

LUNG Wort [pulmonaria, Lat.] an herb. The flower consists of
one leaf, which is shaped like a funnel: from its fistulous flower-cup,
which is for the most part pentagonal, rises the pointal, afterwards
becoming so many seeds inclosed in the flower-cup. Miller.

LUNI-SO’LAR, adj. [lunisolaire, Fr. of luna, the moon, and solaris,
Lat. belonging to the sun] compounded of the revolution of the sun
and moon. As

LUNI-SOLAR Year [in astronomy] a period made by multiplying
the cycle of the moon, or 19 into that of the sun, which is 28.

LUNT, subst. [lonte, Du. lunte, Ger. lunta, Su.] a match cord for
firing of guns.

LUPERCA’LES [so called of Lupercal, a place consecrated to Pan,
where Romulus and Remus were afterwards brought up by a wolf]
priests instituted by Evander, in honour of Pan. These priests run
about the streets naked, and barren women strove to touch them, or
be struck by them, fancying a blow from them had virtue in it, to ren­
der them fruitful.

LUPERCA’LIA, Lat. [so called, as some say, of Lupa, a she wolf,
which gave suck to Romulus and Remus; or, as others say, of ΛυχΟΣ,
a wolf, because the chief employment of Pan was to drive away such
beasts from the sheep that he protected] feasts celebrated by the Ro­
mans, on the 15th of February. The ceremony was thus: first a sa­
crifice was killed of goats, (because Pan was supposed to have goats
feet) and a dog (as being the necessary companion of shepherds) then
two noblemens young sons were brought to the luperci, and they stained
their foreheads with the bloody knife, and others wiped it off with
locks of wool dipped in milk: then they cut the skins of the goats into
thongs, and ran about the streets all naked but their middle, lashing
all they met in their way with the thongs, because the Romans had
happily recovered their beasts, when they ran in this manner after the
thieves that had stolen them away, while they were sacrificing to the
god Pan. The young women, and those that were barren, never en­
deavoured to get out of their way, but rather to come into it; because
they thought a stroke from them, was a great helper of conception and
delivery. See Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.

LUPE’RCUS, Lat. a name of the god Pan.

LU’PINE [lupinus, Lat.] a sort of pulse. It has a papilionaceous
flower, which turns into a pod filled with either plain or spherical seeds.
The leaves grow like fingers upon the footstalks. Miller.

LU’PUS, Lat. [with surgeons] a sort of cancer on the thighs and
legs.

LURCH, subst. [this word is derived by Skinner from l'ourche, Fr. a
game at draughts much used, as he says, among the Du. vurche he
derives from arca, Lat. a box or chest: So that I suppose those that are
lost are left in lorche, in the lurch or box, whence the use of the word.
Johnson.] to leave in the lurch, to leave in a forlorn or deserted con­
dition, to leave without help.

To LURCH, verb neut. [loeren, Du. or rather from the subst.] 1.
To lie hid, to lie in wait for. We now rather use lurk. 2. To shift,
to play tricks. Shakespeare.

To LURCH, verb act. [lurcor, Lat.] 1. To devour, to swallow
greedily. Bacon. 2. To defeat, to disappoint. A word now only
used in burlesque, from the game lurch. 3. To steal privily, to filch,
to pilfer.

LU’RCHER [of lurco, Lat.] 1. One who lies upon the lurch or upon
the catch, one who watches to steal, to betray or entrap. 2. A kind
of hunting dog, a pack of dogs made up of finders. 3. [Lurco, Lat.]
a glutton, a gormandizer. Obsolete.

LU’RCHING, part. adj. [of lurch] 1. Leaving a person under some
embarrassment. 2. Lying upon the catch.

LU’RDAN [prob. of lourd, Fr. as lourdant, Fr. a dunce, or of loer,
Du. stupid; or lordo, It. filthy, and perh. all of lort, Goth. a dunghill]
a scoundrel. See LORDANE and LOORD.

LURE [leurre, Fr. lore, Du.] a device which falconers use, made of
leather, in the form of two wings stuck with feathers, and baited with
a piece of flesh, to call back a hawk at a considerable distance. 2. A
decoy or allurement in general, any thing that promises advantage.
Beauty and her lures. Milton.

To LURE, verb neut. [leurer, Fr. luuren, L. Ger. lauren, H. Ger.
lura, Goth.] to bring a hawk to the lure, to call a hawk.

To LURE, verb act. to attract, to draw in general, to allure or de­
coy.

LU’RID, adj. [luridus, Lat.] pale, wan, black and blue, gloomy,
dismal. Thomson.

To LURK, verb neut. [prob. of loeren, Du. luuren, L. Ger. lauren,
H. Ger. to lie in ambush, or, as Skinner thinks, of lark, q. d. to lie
hid as a lark in a furrow; or more probable than all, of lurkr, Goth.
a stroling beggar. Probably lurch and lurk are the same word. See
LURCH.] to lie in wait, to lie close, to lie hid or concealed.

LU’RKER [of lurk] a thief that lies in wait, one that lurks.

LURKING, part. adj. [of lurk] lying hid.

LU’RKINGPLACE, subst. [of lurk and place] a hiding-place, a secret
place. The lurkingplaces where he hideth himself. 1 Samuel.


LUS

LU’SCIOUS, adj. [prob. of delicious, or of laxus, Lat. loose; but
Skinner more probably derives it from luxurious, corruptly pronounced]
1. Over sweet, cloying. 2. Sweet in a great degree. 3. Pleasing, de­
lightful. The luscious proposal of some gainful purchase. South.

LU’SCIOUSLY, adv. [of luscious] to a great degree of sweetness,
cloyingly.

LU’SCIOUSNESS [of luscious] over sweetness, cloying sweetness.

LU’SERN [lupus cervarius, Lat.] a kind of wolf called the stag­
wolf, a lynx.

LUSH, adj. of a dark, deep, full colour, opposite to pale and faint;
from lousche, Hanmer.

LU’SHBURG, a sort of base coin in the time of king Edward the
III. coined beyond sea, counterfeiting the English money.

LUSK, adj. [lusche, Fr.] idle, lazy, worthless.

LUSK [of luche, Fr. Minshew; or rather of lusk, Su. from loskr,
Goth.] a sluggish slothful fellow, a drone.

LU’SKISH, adj. [of lusk] somewhat inclinable to laziness or indo­
lence.

LU’SKISHLY, adv. [of luskish] lazily, indolently.

LU’SKISHNESS [of luskish] a disposition to indolence, laziness, sloth­
fulness. Spenser.

LUSO’RIOUS, adj. [lusorius, Lat.] sportive, used in play.

LU’SORY, adj. [lusorius, Lat.] jocular, sportive, used in play.
Watts.








To LUST [lysten, or lustan, Sax. lusten, Du. and L. Ger. ge­
lüsten, H. Ger. lysta, Su.] 1. To desire, to have an inclination to
carnality. 2. To desire vehemently. 3. To list, to like. Obsolete.
4. To have irregular dispositions or desires.

LUST [lust, Sax. lust, Du. and Ger. lusta, Su.] 1. Concupiscence,
unlawful passion or desire, lechery, wantonness. 2. Any violent or
irregular desire. The ungodly for his own lust doth persecute the
poor. Psalms. 3. Vigour, active power: obsolete. Increasing the
lust or spirit of the root. Bacon.

LU’STFUL, adj. [of lust and full] 1. Having irregular desires, le­
cherous, libidinous. 2. Inciting to lust or sensuality. Thence his
lustful orgies he enlarg'd. Milton.

LU’STFULLY [of lustful] with sensual concupiscence, leacherously.

LU’STFULNESS [of lustful] lustful nature, leacherousness, libidi­
nousness.

LU’STIHED, or LU’STIHOOD, subst. [of lusty] vigour, sprightliness,
corporal ability: now obsolete. Spenser.

LU’STILY, adv. [of lusty] with vigour, with mettle, stoutly.

LU’STINESS [of lusty] stoutness, sturdiness, strength of body,
healthiness.

LU’STLESS, adj. [of lust] not vigorous, weak. Spenser.

LU’STRABLE [lustrabilis, Lat.] that may be purged or purified.

LU’STRAL, adj. [lustrale, Fr. lustralis, Lat.] used in purification;
an epithet applied by the ancients to the water used in their ceremonies,
to sprinkle and purify the people, cities or armies, defiled by any
crime or impurity; a sort of holy water. His better parts by lustral
waves refin'd. Garth.

LUSTRA’TION, Fr. [lustrazione, It. of lustratio, Lat.] 1. The act of
going about every where to view. 2. Purification by water, the act
of purging by sacrifice, expiation, sacrifices or ceremonies by which
the Romans purified their cities, fields, armies and people, defiled by
any crime or impurity. Thereby he established the doctrine of lustra­
tions, amulets. Brown.
Sykes has given us the true etymology of the word, when observing
that the word lustrum with a short u is a very different word from lu­
strum with a long u. The former signifies a slough or muddy place;
but when it has u long, it signifies either the space of five years, at the
end of which a lustration of the [Roman] people was made, or else it
is used for that lustration itself, and comes from ΛΟυΩ, to wash; where
the u is in sound a dipthong, and is to be pronounced as if it were
loustrum. And so Dionys. Halycarn. rightly reads it. “With this sort
of purification, says he, the Romans are now in my time purified, at
the end of the CENSE, by those that are the chief in sacred matters,
calling this solemnity ΛΟυΣΤρΟΝ.” Dion. Halic. Lib. IV. p. 225. To
which he adds, “that there was a general purification made after
every five year's solemnity, when the CENSE was made, and a bull, a
ram, and a goat, were thrice led round the Campus Martius, and then
sacrificed to Mars.” Essay on Sacrifices, p. 261, 262. Nor should it
be dissembled, that the Romans had also their private lustrations made
by the master of an estate, wherein a private sacrifice was made; and
which Cato describes at large; “Command, says he, a sow pig, a
lamb, and a young calf to be led round the farm, &c.” Cato de R. R.
c. 141. I shall only add, that if the reader would see what rites simi­
lar to these were anciently observed amongst the Jews, he may con­
sult the word SACRIFICE, PROPITIATION, and the like.

LU’STRE, or LU’STER [lustre, Fr. lustro, It. luster, Du. of illustris,
Lat.] 1. Brightness, splendor, gloss, the brilliant appearance on any
thing, glitter. 2. Eminence, renown. Rather without obscurity
than with any great lustre. Wotton. 3. [lustre, Fr. lustum, Lat.] the
space of five years. Both of us have closed the tenth lustre. Boling­
broke. 4. A sconce with lights. The doubling lustres dance as quick
as she. Pope.

LU’STRES [plur. of lustre] sconces with lights.

LU’STY [lustigh, Du. lustig, Ger. which however signify merry]
strong in body, healthful, stout, vigorous. Lusty as health. Otway.

LU’STRICI Dies, Lat. [among the Romans] the days on which they
gave their children the name of the family.

LU’STRING, or LU’TESTRING [of lustre, Fr. brightness, glossiness]
a glossy sort of French silk, a shining silk commonly pronounced lute­
string.

LU’STROUS, adj. [of lustre] bright, shining, luminous. Shakespeare.

LU’STRUM, Lat. [among the Romans] the space of five years, or rather
50 months; at the end of which they from time to time numbered the
people, and purified the city. Others derive the word of lustrao, to
make a review, because the censors reviewed the army once in five
years. Varro derives it from luo, to pay, because at the beginning of
each five years, they paid tribute, that had been imposed by the se­
nate. See LUSTRATION.


LUT

LU’TANIST [of lute] one who plays on the lute.

LUTA’RIOUS, adj. [of lutarius, from lutum, Lat. mud] living in
mud, being of the colour of mud. Grew.

LUTE [lut or luth, Fr. liuto, It. laud, Sp. lalaude, Port. lute, Su.
laut, Ger.] a musical instrument with strings. In one hand a lute.
Peacham.

LUTE [from lut, Fr. lutum, Lat. with chemists] a compound paste,
made of sand, clay, potters earth, dross of iron, &c. for the building
of furnaces; and also for the joining and closing up the necks of re­
torts, receivers, &c. to coat glasses and earthen vessels to preserve
them from the violence of the fire.

To LUTE, verb act. [from the subst.] to cover or stop vessels with
lutes, or chemists clay.

LU’TEA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb loose strife.

LU’TEOUS, adj. [lutcus, Lat.] clayey, full of clay.

LU’THERANISM, the opinions and doctrines of Martin Luther, an
Augustin friar, who separated himself from the church of Rome, A. C.
1517. wrote against its errors, and began the reformation. See BU­
CERISM, and CALVINISM.

LU’THERANS, the followers of Luther's doctrines.

LU’THERNS [in architecture] windows in the top of an house, or
over the cornice in the roof of a building, standing perpendicular over
the naked of the wall, and serving to enlighten the upper stairs.

LU’TTERWORTH, a market town of Leicestershire, 84 miles from
London.

LU’TTON, a market town of Bedfordshire, 29 miles from London.

LU’TULENCE [lutulentia, Lat.] dirtiness, muddiness.

LU’TULENT, adj. [lutulentus, Lat.] muddy, turbid.

To LUX, or To LUXATE, verb act. [luxer, Fr. luxatum, sup. of
luxo, Lat.] to disjoint, to put out of joint.

LU’XATED, part. adj. [luxatus, Lat.] disjointed, put out of joint or
loosened. The luxated joint. Wiseman.

LUXA’TION [luxatio, from luxo, Lat. with anatomists] 1. The act
of loosening of the tendons or ligaments, so that the bones continue
not firm in their natural situation or place; or when a bone absolutely
goes out of its proper cavity into another place. 2. Any thing disjointed.

LUXA’TOR Externus [with anatomists] the same as externus auris.

LUXE, subst. Fr. [luxus, Lat.] luxury, voluptuousness. And all the
various luxe of costly pride. Prior.

LUXURIANCE, LUXU’RIANCY, or LUXU’RIANTNESS [luxurians,
from luxuria, Lat.] superfluous, abundance, wanton plenty or growth,
exuberance; as, luxuriancy of words.

LUXU’RIANT, adj. 1. Exuberant, superfluously plenteous. 2. [Lux­
urians, Lat.] growing rank, running out exceedingly. A fluent and
luxuriant speech. Bacon.

To LUXU’RIATE, verb neut. [luxurior, Lat.] to abound, to exceed,
to grow rank, to shoot superfluously.

LUXU’RIOUS [luxurieux, Fr. lussurioso, It. luxurióso, Sp. of luxurio­
sus, Lat.] 1. Given too much to luxury, delighting in the pleasures
of the table. 2. Administring to luxury. The luxurious board. Anon.
3. Lustful, lecherous, libidinous. 4. Voluptuous, enslaved to plea­
sure. Luxurious cities. Milton. 5. Softening by pleasure, enervating.
Protect the Latians in luxurious ease. Dryden. 6. Luxuriant, exube­
rant.

LUXU’RIOUSLY, adv. [of luxurious] voluputously, deliciously.

LUXU’RIOUSNESS, or LU’XURY [luxurÉ, Fr. lussuria, It. of luxuria,
Sp. Port. and Lat.] 1. Lust, lewdness. 2. Voluptuousness, addic­
tedness to pleasures. 3. Delicious and sumptuous fare, riotousness,
prosuseness. By laying on it earth furnish'd out a kind of luxury for a
hermit. Addison. 4. Luxuriance, exuberance, suptuousness in build
ing.

LY, term. [lic, Sax. ligh, Du. lich, Ger. and, with some altera­
tion, is common to all the northern tongues] being added to substan­
tives, and sometimes to adjectives, it forms other adjectives, which de­
note likeness; as, heavenly, earthly, goodly, badly, &c. And being
added to adjectives, it forms adverbs of quality; as, justly, poorly,
highly. In both these cases ly is contracted from lich, like. When ly
terminates the name of a place, it is derived from leaz, Sax. a field.

LY’CÆUS, a name of Jupiter; also of Pan.

LYCA’IA, an Arcadian festival, resembling the Roman Luperca­
lia. It was first observed by Lycaon, in honour of Jupiter, firnamed
Lycæus. It was celebrated with games; in which the conqueror was
rewarded with a suit of brazen armour, and a human sacrifice was of­
fered at this festival.

LYCA’NTHROPIST [lycanthropus, Lat. of ΛυχΑΝΘρΩΠΟΣ, of ΛυχΟΣ, a
wolf, and ΑΝΘρΩΠΟΣ, Gr. a man] one troubled with the melancholy
phrenzy, called lycanthrophy, with which persons that are siezed wan­
der in woods and desert places (or in cities, says Bruno) howling like
wolves. Bruno adds, that sometimes they bite as dogs; for which
reason he suppoes the disease was called by the ancients χυΝΑΝΘρΩΠΙΑ,
i. e. the dog-manhood.

LYCA’NTHROPY [ΛυχΑΝΘρΩΠΙΑ, Gr.] a madness, a disease, a kind
of phrenzy, in which men have the qualities of wild beasts, and
which causes people to run through the fields, streets, &c. in the
night.

LYCE’IA, Lat. [ΛυχΕΙΑ,, of ΛυχΟΣ, Gr. a wolf] a festival held at Ar­
gos to Apollo, on account of his delivering the Argives from wolves
that infested their country.

LY’CEUM, a place near Athens, where Aristotle taught philosophy
to his disciples. Hence lyceum is used to signify the Aristotelian or
Peripatetic philosophy.
—Lycœum's pride,
Disdainful soaring up to heights untry'd. TABLE OF CEBES, &c.
See PERIPATETIC, where the reader will find that learned and judi­
cious writer's note and animadversion upon this branch of the Gentile
philosophy.

LY’CHNIS, Lat. [ΛυχΝΙΣ, of ΛυχΝΟΣ, Gr. a candle or light] a kind
of rose so called, from its bright colour.

LYCHNIS [ΛυχΝΙΣ, Gr.] a precious stone that shines in the dark, so
as to illuminate a large room; but in the light only appears of a red
and fiery colour.

LY’CHNOBITE [lychnobius, Lat. of ΛυχΝΟβΙΟΣ, of ΛυχΝΟΣ, a candle,
and βΙΟΣ, Gr. life] a night-walker; one, who, instead of the day,
uses the night, and lives as it were by candle-light; one that turns day
into night, and night into day.

LYCOI’DES, Lat. a sort of madness like that of wolves. See LY­
CANTHROPIST.

LYCOPO’DIUM, Lat. [quasi ΛυχΟυΠΟυΣ, i. e. wolf's foot] the herb
wolf's claw.

LYCO’PSIS, Lat. [ΛυχΟΠΣΙΣ, Gr.] the herb garden bugloss, or wolf's
tongue.

LYDD, a market town of Kent, 75 miles from London.

LY’DIAN Mood [in music] a doleful and lamenting kind of it, the
descant being in a slow time.

LYE [læz, liz, or lize, Sax. lauge, Ger. lixivium, Lat.] a com­
position of ashes and water, for washing or scouring. See LEE and
LIE.

LYEKE, adj. for LIKE. Spenser.

LY’ING, part. adj. of lie, whether it signifies to be recumbent, or
to speak falsely.

LYING, was an infernal deity with the heathens, or by some un­
derstood for Mercury, and represented by him, with an affable se­
ducing countenance. See MERCURY.

LYE’F-YELD [lyef-yeld, Sax.] leave silver, a small fine or piece
of money, which, in the Saxon times, the tenant paid to the lord of
the manor, for leave to plow or sow, &c.


LYG

LY’GISMOS [of ΛυΓΙζΩ, Gr. to luxate] the same as a luxation or
contortion of a joint. Gorræus.

LYGMOI’DES [of ΛΝΓΜΟΣ and ΕΙΔΟΣ, Gr. form] a fever accompanied
with the hiccough.








LY’GMOS [ΛυΓΜΟΣ, Gr.] the hiccough or hickup, a convulsive mo­
tion of the muscles in the throat.

LYNN Regis, or King's-LYNN, a large and populous borough
town of Norfolk, near the fall of the Ouse into the sea, 98 miles from
London. It has a very large trade, both foreign and domestic; and
sends two members to parliament.

LYMPH, or LYMPHA, subst. [lymphe, Fr. lympha, Lat. of ΛυΜφΗ,
Gr.] a transparent fluid, as water, a colourless liquor.

LY’MPHÆDUCTS [of lympha and ductus, Lat.] slender, pellucid
tubes, arising in all parts of the body, which permit a thin and trans­
parent liquor to pass thro' them towards the heart, &c. lympheducts.
See LYMPHATIC Ducts, and BOERHAAVE œconom. animal ÆREIS ta­
bulis illustrat. ed. Lond.

LY’MPHA [with anatomists] a clear limpid humour, consisting of
the nervous juice, and of another secreted from the blood, which be­
ing continually separated by the glandules, is at last again discharged
into the blood, by its proper and peculiar vessels.

LYMPHA [with surgeons] a watery matter, issuing from sinews
that are pricked, and other wounds.

LYMPHA’TIC Persons [lymphatica, Lat.] persons frighted to distrac­
tion, or those that have seen spirits or fairies in the water.

LYMPHATIC Ducts, or LYMPHATIC Vessels, adj. [in anatomy]
very small, fine, hollow vessels, generally arising from the glands,
and conveying back a transparent liquor, called lympha, to the
blood.

LYMPHATIC, subst. [lymphatique, Fr. lympha, Lat.] The lympha­
tics are slender pellucid tubes, whose cavities are contracted at small
and unequal distances. They are carried into the glands of the me­
sentery, receiving first a fine thin lymph from the lymphatic ducts,
which dilutes the chylous blood. Cheyne.

LY’MPHEDUCT, subst. [of lympha and ductus, Lat.] a vessel which
conveys the lymph.


LYN

LY’NCHET [in agriculture] a line of green swerd, which separates
plough'd lands in common fields.

LYNCU’RIUM [ΛυΓχΟυζΙΟΝ, Gr.] a precious stone, supposed to be
formed of the congealed urine of the beast lynx.

LYNX, Fr. [lince, It. Sp. and Port. of lynx, Lat.] a wild beast spot­
ted all over his body, and very quick fighted, much of the nature of
the wolf.

LYNX [in physic] a distemper, the same as ligmos or the hic­
cough.

LY’RA Viol, a musical instrument, whence comes the common ex­
pression of playing leero way, corruptly for lyra way.

LYRE, Fr. [lyra, Lat.] a harp, some of which are strung with
wire, and others with guts; a musical instrument, to which poetry is
by poetical writers supposed to be sung. My softest verse, my darling
lyre. Prior.

LYRE [with astronomers] a constellation of 13 stars, feigned by
poets to be the harp of Arian.

LY’RIC, or LY’RICAL, adj. [lyrique, Fr. lyricus, Lat.] pertaining
to a lyre or harp, or to odes or poetry sung to an harp, singing to an
harp. Somewhat of a finer turn and more lyrical verse is yet wanting.
Dryden.

LY’RIC Verses, &c. are such as are set to the lyre or harp, applied
to the ancient odes and stanza's, and answer to our airs or tunes, and
may be play'd on instruments.

LYRIC, subst. a poet who writes songs to the harp. After the man­
ner of the old Grecian lyrics. Addison.

LY’RIST [lyristes, Lat. ΛυζΙΣΗΣ, Gr.] an harper, one that plays on,
or sings to the harp.

LYSI’MACHUS, Lat. [ΛυΣΙΜΑχΟΣ, Gr.] a sort of precious stone, hav­
ing veins of gold in it.

LY’SIS [ΛυΣΙΣ, Gr.] the act of loosening, unbinding, or releas­
ing.

LYSIS [in medicine] a weakness of the body by sickness.

LY’SSA [ΛυΣΣΑ, Gr.] the madness of a dog, the bite of a venomous
creature.


LYT

LYTE’RIA [ΛυΤΗρΙΑ, Gr.] a sign of the loosening, or rather abating
of a violent disease. I should rather say with Gorræus, that the lyte­
rian signs with HIPPOCRATES are such signs as precede, not the
abating, but firm [or thorough] solution of acute diseases; so as to
preclude all danger of relapse; of which kind, says he, is some con­
siderable excretion or abscess.













M

Mm, Roman; M m, Italic; M m, English; M m, Sax­
on; M Μ, Greek; are the twelfth letters of the alpha­
bet; and מם, the 13th of the Hebrew: M, in En­
glish, always keeps its sound invariably by compres­
sion of the lips; as man, came, tame, lamb, lamp: It
is never mute. Yet n following it is lost in autumn, solemn, &c.

M [in astronomical tables, &c.] signifies meridional or southern.

M [in law] was a brand or mark with which a criminal, convicted
of murder, and having the benefit of the clergy, was stigmatized, it
being burnt on the brawn of his thumb.

M [in Latin numbers] stands for a thousand.

 with a dash [with the ancients] signified a thousand thousand.

M, is an abbreviation of magister; as, M. A. or A. M. magister
artium, i. e. master of arts; as likewise of mensis, a month, and of
memorandum.

M [in physicians bills] signifies sometimes manipulus, Lat. i. e. an
handful; and at the end M stands for misce, Lat. i. e. mingle, or mix­
tura, a mixture.

MAC

MA, the name of one of Rhea's maids, who tended Bacchus; also
Rhea herself was so called.

MAC, or MACHK, a son, in the Irish and Erse languages, and is
added to the beginning of many sir-names, as Macdonell, Macartie,
Macintosh, Macbeth, Mac-ferlin, &c.

MA’CALEB [with botanists] bastard privet, or coral, or pomander
privet; a kind of shrub, whose berries are black and shining, and serve
for bracelets.

MACARO’NIC, subst. [among the Italians] a jumble of words of
different languages, with words of the vulgar tongue latinized, or
put into Latin terminations and forms; as sugarizavit, he sugared;
and Latin words put into the form of the modern; a sort of bur­
lesque poetry made out of their language, and the scraps and termi­
nations of divers other. The invention is attributed to one Theo­
philus Folengi, in the year 1520, and to have been so called, of
macarone, Ital. a course, clownish man, or of the Italian macarone,
which are a sort of cakes, made of unleavened flour, eggs, and
cheese, after a clumsy manner by the peasants: so that as the latter
was a hotchpotch of various ingredients; so were the macaronics
of Italian, Latin and French purposely corrupted.

MACARO’NIC, adj. pertaining to a macaronic stile or way of writ­
ing.

MACAROO’N, subst. [macarone, It.] 1. A rude, coarse, low fellow:
whence macaronic poetry. 2. [macaron, Fr. from μαχας, Gr. in con­
fectionary] lumps of boiled paste, strewed over with sugar, &c. or
a sweat-meat made of almonds, eggs, sugar, rose-water, &c.

MACCABEE’S, the name of two books, called Apocryphal; which
contain an history of the memorable actions of Judas Macchabæus,
and others of the family.

MACA’W Tree, subst. a species of the palm tree, very common in
the Caribbee Islands, where the negroes pierce the tender fruit, whence
issues a pleasant liquor, which they are very fond of; the body of the
tree affords a solid timber, with which they make javelins, arrows,
&c. and is supposed by some to be a sort of ebony. Miller.

MACCA’W, subst. a bird in the West-Indies.

MA’CCLESFIELD, a market town of Cheshire, on the river Bollin,
157 miles from London. It gives title of earl to the honourable family
of Parker.

MACE, It. [macia, Port. macis, Lat. of μαχες, Gr.] 1. A spice. The
nutmeg is inclosed in a threefold covering, of which the second is
mace: it is a thin and flat membranaceous substance, of an oleagi­
nature and yellowish colour. It has an extremely fragrant, aromatic
and agreeable smell, and a pleasant but acrid and oleaginous taste. Mace
is carminative, stomachic and astringent. Hill. 2. [massue, of masse
d'armes, Fr. magga, Sax. macia, Sp.] a heavy blunt weapon, a club
of metal. With their scymitars and heavy iron maces. Knolles. 3.
An ensign of authority worn before magistrates, as that carried before
a lord chancellor, and other great officers.

MA’CE-ALE [of mace and ale] ale spiced with mace. A draught
of mace-ale. Wiseman.

MA’CE-BEARER [of mace and bear] one who carries the mace be­
fore persons in authority. At a quadrangular table opposite to the
mace-bearer. Spectator.

MACEDO’NIAN, adj. belonging to Macedon, a country of Greece
so called.

MACEDONIAN Empire. See GRECIAN.

MACEDO’NIANS, a very considerable body of Christians in the latter
part of the fourth century, so called from Macedonius, a bishop of
Constantinople; whom Philostorgius places among the most celebrated
defenders [not of the Homoüsian, but] of the Homoiusian doctrine,
viz. that the Son is of an essence not the same in kind, but only re­
sembling that of GOD THE FATHER. By which tenet the Macedonians
were distinguished from the Consubstantialists on the one hand, who
maintained an essence the same in kind; and from the Eunomians on
the other; who would neither admit of the Homóüsian, nor Homoiusian
doctrine; but threw out of their creed alike all such metaphysic arti­
cles, and contented themselves with the simplicity of scripture. [See
ANOMÆANS and LUCIFERIANS compar'd] But this is not all: for tho'
the Homoüsians had advanced the consubstantiality of the SON, yet few (if
any) of them as yet admitted the consubstantiality of the SPIRIT. Not







even St. Hilary himself, as appears from his comment upon that
clause in the creed of Antioch, “Per substantiam tria, per consonan­
tiam vero unum, i. e. three in SUBSTANCE, and one in AGREEMENT”.
For in vindication of this phraseology, he says, quod autem dictum
est, “ut sint per substantiam tria, per consonantiam vero unum”, non
habet calumniam; quia COGNOMINATÔ SPIRITÛ, id est paracletÔ, CON-
SONANTIÆ potius quam ESSENTIÆ per similitudinem substantiæ præ­
dicari convenit unitatem.” i. e. there is no room for the imputation
of error upon that clause, “three in SUBSTANCE and one in AGREE-
MENT,” because the Spirit (or Comforter) being named in conjunction
with the other two, it was fit and proper that a unity of AGREEMENT
should be affirmed rather than a unity of ESSENCE. Hil. de Syno­
dis. Would St. Hilary have said this, had he believ'd at that time the
consubstantiality of the SPIRIT?—But Gregory Nazianzen has thrown
some further light on this affair. “Whereas, says he, we have been
divided into three parts; many being infirm or sickly in their faith
concerning the SON, and many more [or the greater part] concerning
the HOLY GHOST (so that to have been less impious has been esteemed
pious) and few having been sound with respect to the Son and Spirit
BOTH: HE [i. e. ATHANASIUS] was the FIRST and ONLY ONE, or at
least with a very few others, who ventured thus plainly and expressly
in his writings to confess the truth of ONE GODHEAD and ESSENCE in
three persons. And what many of our fathers had formerly [i. e. at
the council of Nice] the grace to acknowledge concerning the Son,
HE, AT LENGTH, was INSPIRED to profess concerning the Holy Ghost.”
Orat. 21. p. 394. However, the face of things soon changed, when
the ATHANASIANS had once got an emperor on their side; and
St. Gregory had the satisfaction to see this very point which he had so
much at heart, ascertained before the close of that century; notwith­
standing all the efforts which the Eusebians, Apollinarians, Eunomians,
and I must now add the Macedonians, made to the contrary. Would
the reader see by what ways and means this victory was obtained, he
may consult the words, CREED, COUNCILS Oecumenical, DIMERITÆ,
and CATAPHRYGIANS compared.

MACE GREFFS [macegrarii, Barb. Lat.] those who wittingly buy
and sell stolen fish.

To MA’CERATE, verb act. [macerer, Fr. maceràr, Sp. of macerare,
It. and Lat.] 1. To make lean or bring down in flesh, to wear away.
Headaches macerate the parts. Harvey. 2. To mortify, to harrass
with corporal severities. For such a man to macerate himself when
he need not. Burton. 3. To steep or soak almost to solution,
either with or without heat. Two portions of hellebore macerated in
two cotylæ of water. Arbuthnot.

MACERA’TION [Fr. macerazione, It. maceraciòn, Sp. of maceratio,
Lat.] 1. The act of making lean, wasting, or bringing down. 2.
Mortification, corporal hardship or severity. 3. [In pharmacy, &c.]
is an infusion, either with or without heat, wherein the ingredients
are intended to be almost wholly dissolved. The saliva serves for a
maceration and dissolution of the meat into chyle. Ray.

MACHA’ON, an ancient physician, said by HOMER to be one of
the sons of Æsculapius; from whom the art of physic in general is
called ars Machaonia; and any skilful physician is stiled machaon; as,
Machaon's skill first purges off the lees. TABLE OF CEBES.

MA’CHES, a kind of corn sallad.

MACHIAVI’LIAN, adj. [of Machiavel, a famous historian and poli­
tician of Florence] subtil or crafty.

To MACHI’AVILIZE, verb neut. [of Machiavel] to practise machia­
vilianism.

MACHIAVI’LIANISM [of Machiavel] a politic principle of Machia­
vel, such as not to stick at any thing to compass a design, especially
in relation to government.

MACHI’NA [of μηχανη, Gr. invention, art, and instrument belong­
ing to it] an engine, a machine.

MA’CHINAL, adj. [machinalis, of machina, Lat.] belonging to an
engine.

MACHI’NAMENT [machinamentum, Lat.] an engine.

To MA’CHINATE, verb act. [machiner, Fr. macchinare, It. maqui­
nar, Sp. of machinor, Lat.] to invent, to contrive, to devise, to plan.

MACHINA’TION, Fr. [macchinazione, It. of machinatio, Lat.] a sub­
til invention or devising, artifice, malicious scheme. Not by private
machinations, but in blessing. Spratt.

MACHINA’TOR, a deviser, a contriver, a plotter.

MACHI’NE, Fr. [macchina, It. of machina, Sp. and Lat.] 1. An
engine composed of several parts, set together by the art of mechanism,
as springs, wheels, &c. for raising or stopping the motion of bodies,
used in raising water, architecture, military, and many other affairs.
2. Any complicated piece of workmanship. 3. Supernatural agency
in poems. The marvellous fable includes whatever is supernatural,
and especially the machines of the Gods. Pope.

MACHI’NERY [of machine] 1. Enginery, complicated workman­
ship, an assemblage of self-moved parts. 2. The machinery signifies
that part which the deities, angels or demons, act in a poem.

MA’CHINIST [machiniste, Fr. macchinista, It. from machina, Lat.]
an inventor, constructor or manager of engines or machines.

MACHI’NULÆ, Lat. [with physicians] little compositions; parts of
more compound bodies, and which, by their peculiar configuration,
are destined to particular offices: or they are small corpuscles of matter,
that vary their distance and motion in every contraction or distraction
of a fibre, muscle or organ.

MA’CILENT [macilente, It. macilénto, Sp. of macilentus, Lat.] lean,
thin, lank.

MA’CKAREL, or MA’CKEREL, subst. [mackereel, Du. mackerel, Ger.
macquereau, Fr.] a sea-fish.

MA’CKEREL-GALE, a strong breeze; because in fishing for mackrel,
with hooks, it is necessary that the vessel sail a good pace. The
wind was fair, but blew a mackrel gale. Dryden.

MA’CKLED [maculatus, Lat.] blotted or daubed in printing.

MACROCE’PHALUS, Lat. [of μαχρος, long, and χεφαλη, Gr. an
head] one who has a head larger than is proportionable to the body.

MA’CROCOSM [macrocosme, Fr. of μαχρος, large or long, and χοσμος,
Gr. the world] the whole universe, or visible system; so called in
contradistinction to the microcosm, i. e. the little world or body of
man, which is frequently so called.

MACRO’LOGY [μαχρολογια, Gr.] a rhetorical figure, when more
words are used than are necessary; a prolixity in speech. See ANTI­
CLIMAX, and instead of the last verse there cited from Addison, substi­
tute, “Cover'd with tempests, and in OCEANS drown'd;” as being
one of those lines which Swift produces (tho' I think without reason)
as an instance of macrology. Nor is he, in my humble opinion, more
successful in his criticism on that line, in the campaign;
“Or where his friends retire, or foes succeed;”

MACRONO’SIA, Lat. [μαχρονοσια, of μαχρος, long, and νοσος, Gr. a
disease] a long sickness.

MACTA’TION [mactatus, Lat.] the act of killing or slaying for sa­
crifice.

MA’CULA, Lat. 1. A spot or stain. 2. [In physic] any spots upon
the skin, whether those in fevers or scorbutic habits.

MACULA Hepatica, Lat. [i. e. the liver spot] a spot of a brown or
a sad colour, about the breadth of the hand, on the breast, back or
groin, and sometimes over the whole body.

MACULA Matricalis, Lat. a brownish spot with which young chil­
dren are born.

MACULA Volatica [with physicians] a reddish or purple spot here
and there in the skin, which, if it comes to an orifice, proves mortal.

MA’CULÆ Solares, Lat. dark spots of an irregular figure, which ap­
pear in the sun. The body of the sun may contract some spots or ma­
culæ. Burnet's Theory.

To MA’CULATE, verb act. [maculer, Fr. maculare, It. and Sp.] to
spot, to stain or defile.

MACULA’TION [of maculate] the act of spotting or staining, a spot,
a taint. There's no maculation in thy heart. Shakespeare.

MA’CULATURE, Fr. [with printers] a waste sheet of paper.

MAD, adj. [gemaad, Sax. matto, It.] 1. Deprived of reason, broken
in the understanding, distracted. 2. Overrun with any violent or unrea­
sonable desire, with on, after, or, which is perhaps better, for, be­
fore the object of desire. They are mad upon their idols. Jeremiah.
Running mad after farce. Dryden. 3. Enraged, furious. Exceed­
ingly mad against them. Decay of Piety.

To MAD, verb act. [from the adj.] to make mad, to enrage, to
make furious. Madded with finding an unlook'd for rival. Sidney.

To MAD, verb neut. to be mad, to be furious.

MAD, subst. [mathu, Sax.] an earth worm. Ainsworth.

MA’DAM [ma dame, Fr. i. e. my dame, my lady or mistress] a ti­
tle of honour formerly given to women of quality only; but now not
only to most women of any fashion; but even to tradesmens wives,
and but too often to servant maids.

MA’DBRAIN, or MA’DBRAINED, adj. [of mad and brain] disordered
in the understanding, hot headed.

MA’DCAP, subst. [of mad and cap; either taking the cap for the
head, or alluding to the caps put upon distracted persons by way of
distinction] a madman, a wild hot-brained fellow. Shakespeare.

To MA’DDEN, verb act. [of mad] to make mad. Such mad'ning
draughts of beauty. Thomson.

To MADDEN, verb neut. to become mad, to act as a madman,
They rave, recite, and madden round the land. Pope.

MA’DDER [maddre, Sax.] a plant used by dyers. The flower of
the madder consists of one single leaf; the flower-cup becomes a fruit
composed of two juicy berries closely joined together, containing seed
for the most part hollowed like a navel; the leaves are rough, and
surround the stalks in whorles. Miller. Madder is cultivated in vast
quantities in Holland: what the Dutch send over for medicinal use,
is the root, which is only dried; but the greatest quantity is used by
the dyers, who have it sent in coarse powder. Hill.

MADE. See To MAKE.

MADEFA’CTION, or MADIFICA’TION [madefactum, sup. of madefa­
cio, Lat.] the act of moistening or wetting, properly the receiving so
much moisture, that the body is quite soaked through by it. To all
madefaction there is required an imbibition. Bacon.

To MA’DEFY, verb act. [madefacio, Lat.] to make moist, to wet.

MADEMOISE’LLE, Fr. a title given to the wives and daughters of
gentlemen.

MA’DNESS [of mad] 1. Distraction, disorder of the faculties, loss
of understanding, a kind of delirium without a fever, attended with
rage and deprivation of reason. There are degrees of madness as of
folly, the disorderly jumbling ideas together in some more, some less.
Locke. 2. Enragedness, fury, wildness. And restrains the madness of
the people. K. Charles.

MA’DLY, adv. [of mad] without understanding, furiously.

MA’DMAN [of mad and man] a man distracted or deprived of his
understanding.

MA’DHOUSE, subst. [of mad and house] a house where madmen are
cured or confined.

MADRI’ER [in military art] a thick plank armed with iron plates,
having a concavity sufficient to receive the mouth of the petard when
charged, with which it is applied against a gate, &c. intended to be
broken down. See PETARD.

MA’DRIGAL, Fr. and Sp. [madrigale, It. from mandra, Lat. whence
it was anciently written mandriale, It.] a pastoral song; a sort of Ita­
lian air or song to be set to music; a little amorous piece, which con­
tains a certain number of unequal verses; not tied to the scrupulous re­
gularity of a sonnet, or the subtlety of an epigram, but consists of some
tender, nice, delicate thoughts suitably expressed in it. It consists of
one single rank of verses, and in that is different from a canzonet,
which consists of several strophes or ranks of verses, which return in
the same order and number. More proper for sonnets, madrigals and
elegies, than heroic poetry. Dryden.

MADS, a disease in sheep.

MA’DWORT [of mad and wort] an herb; so called because for­
merly prescribed for mad people,

MAESTO’SO, or MAESTU’SO, It. [in music books] intimates that they
play with majesty, pomp and grandeur, and consequently slow; but
yet with strength and firmness of hand.


MÆA

MÆA’NDER, Lat. [μαιανδρος, Gr.] a river in Phrygia, full of turn­
ings and windings in its course, as it is said, to the number of 600;
whence any thing that is full of mazes, intricacy and difficulty, is cal­
led a Mæander.

MÆANDER, Lat. [with architects] a fret-work in arched roofs, or
carved cranks in vaults and caves.








MÆA’NDRATED [mæandratus, Lat.] turned windingly, intri­
cately wrought.

MÆMACTE’RIA [μαιμαχτηρια, of μαιμαχτη, Gr.] sacred festivals
celebrated to Jupiter the rainy or showery.

MÆMACTE’RION [μαιμαχτηριον, Gr.] the 5th month among the
Athenians, being about our September.

MÆR, comes from the Saxon word meere, famous, great, noted;
so ælmere is all famous, æthelmere famous for nobility. Gibson's Cam­
den. See MER.

To MA’FFLE, verb neut. to stammer or stutter.

MA’FFLER [of maffle] a stammerer. Ainsworth.


MAG

MAGA’DES, certain musical instruments used by the ancients.

MAGAZI’NE [magazin, Fr. magazzino, It. from the Arabic mach­
san, a treasure] 1. A public store-house; but it is most commonly used
to signify a place where all sorts of warlike stores are kept, where guns
are cast; smiths, carpenters and wheel-wrights, &c. are constantly
employed in making all things belonging to an artillery; as carriages,
waggons, &c. an arsenal or armory, or repository of provisions. 2.
Of late it has been applied to a great number of periodical miscella­
nies; as, the Gentleman's Magazine, the London Magazine, the
Universal Magazine, and the Magazine of Magazines, &c. See CRI­
TICISM.

MA’GBOTE [of meg, a kinsman, and bote, Sax. a recompence] a
compensation anciently made in money, for killing a kinsman.

MAGE, subst. [magus, Lat.] a magician. Spenser.

MAGELLA’NICK, adj. [of Magellan] pertaining to streights in the
South Sea, called the Magellan or Magellanic Streights, from Magel­
lan the first discoverer.

MAGE’LLAN's Clouds, two small clouds of the colour of the via lac­
tea, not far distant from the south pole.

MA’GGIO, a measure of corn in Italy, containing one bushel and a
half English.

MAGGIO’RE, It. [in music books] major or greater.

MA’GGOT [mathu, Sax. magrod, Wel. millepeda, Lat. maege, Du.
made, Ger. math, Su. a mite in bread] 1. A small worm or grub that
turns into a fly. 2. Odd fancy, caprice, whimsey. She prick'd his
maggot, and touch'd him in the tender point. Arbuthnot.

MA’GGOTTINESS [of maggotty] fulness of maggots; also freakish,
whimsical humour.

MA’GGOTTY, full of maggots; also freakish, capricious, whimsi­
cal. A maggotty unsettled head. Norris.

MA’GI [μαγον, Gr.] philosophers, astrologers and priests among
the Egyptians and Asiatics.

MA’GIAN, pertaining to the Magi, or Indian philosophers.

MA’GIC, or MA’GICAL, adj. [magique, Fr. magico, It. and Sp. magi­
cus, Lat. μαγιχος, Gr.] pertaining to the magic art, acting or per­
formed by secret and invisible powers, either of nature or the agency
of spirits, necromantic, incantating. The magic structures. Milton.
To tread the magic paradise of sin. TABLE of CEBES.

MAGIC, subst. [magie, Fr. magia, It. and Lat. μαγεια, Gr.] 1. The
art of putting in action the power of spirits. It was supposed that both
good and bad spirits were subject to magic; yet it was in general held
unlawful. 2. The secret operations of natural powers. The writers of
natural magic do attribute much to the virtues that come from the parts
of living creatures. Bacon.

MAGIC Lanthorn, a small optic machine, by means of which are
represented on an opposite wall in an obscure place, many monstrous
and hideous shapes terrifying to the beholder, and which, by those
who are ignorant of the device, are thought to be effected by magic.

MAGIC Square, is when numbers, in an arithmetic proportion, are
disposed into such parallel and equal ranks, as that the sums of each
row, as well diagonally as laterally, shall be equal.

MAGI’CIAN [magicien, Fr. mago, It. and Sp. magicus, magus, Lat.
of μαγος, Gr.] one skilled in magic, an enchanter, a necromancer.
The Persians called those magi or magicians, that the Greeks called
φιλοσοφους; the Latins, sapientes; the Gauls, druids; the Egyptians,
prophets or priests; the Indians, gymnosophists; all widely differing
from what in the English, are stiled cunning men, wizards, or conjurers.

MAGISTE’RIAL, adj. [magistral, Fr. magistrale, It. of magisterialis,
of magister, Lat. a master] 1. Such as suits a master, master-like.
Such a frame of government is paternal, not magisterial. K. Charles.
2. Arrogant, despotic, imperious, haughty. We are not magisterial
in opinions, nor dictator-like obtrude our notions. Brown. 3. Che­
mically prepared, in the manner of a magistery. The magisterial salt.
Grew.

MAGISTE’RIALLY, adv. [of magisterial] with arrogance, with an
air of authority, imperiously. Magisterially censuring the wisdom of
all antiquity. South.

MAGISTE’RIALNESS [of magisterial] haughtiness, arrogance, the
airs of a master. Magisterialness in matters of opinion. Government of
the Tongue.

MA’GISTERY [magistere, Fr. magisterio, It. of magisterium, Lat.] a
very fine chemical powder, made by dissolving and precipitating the
matter; as, magistery of bismuth, coral, lead. But the most genuine
acceptation is to express that preparation of any body, wherein the
whole or most part is, by the addition of somewhat, changed into a
body of quite another kind; as when iron or copper is turned into cry­
stals of Mars or Venus. Quincy.

MAGISTERY [according to Mr. Boyle] a preparation of a body
(not an analysis of it, because the principles are not separated) whereby
the whole, or very near the whole of it, by some additament is turned
into a body of a different kind.

MA’GISTRCAY [magistrato, It. of magistratus, Lat.] the dignity or
office of a magistrate. To dissuade men from magistracy, or undertaking
the public offices of state. Brown.

MAGISTRA’LIA Medicamenta, Lat. such medicaments as are usually
prescribed by physicians for several purposes.

MA’GISTRALLY, adv. [magistralis, low Lat.] despotically, magis­
terially, authoritatively. To assume to himself such a licence, to
control so magistrally. Bramhall.

MA’GISTRATE [magistratus, Lat. magistrat, Fr. magistrato, It. ma­
gistrado, Sp. magestrado, Port.] a man publickly invested with autho­
rity, an officer of justice, &c. a governor of a city, &c.

MA’GMA, Lat. [μαγμα, of μασσω, Gr. to knead] the refuse or
dross of a thing, especially of any liquid thing; more especially of
any liquid thing after straining.

MA’GNA Charta [i. e. the great paper or charter] King John, to
appease his barons, is said to have yielded to laws or articles of go­
vernment, much like to those of magna charta. But at this time we
find no law written antienter than this magna charta, which was grant­
ed the 9th year of Henry III, and confirmed by Edward I. This was
approved of by the subject, as so beneficial a law, and of so great
equity, in comparison to those which were in use before it, that king
Henry had, for granting it, the 15th penny of all the moveable goods,
of both the temporality and spirituality.
It is called the great charter, either because it contained more than
many other charters, or because of the great and remarkable solem­
nity in the denouncing excommunication and direful anathemas, a­
gainst the infringers of it. For when king Henry III. swore to the
observation of this charter, the bishops holding lighted candles, ex­
tinguished them, and then threw them on the ground, and every one
said, Thus let him be extinguished and stink in hell, who violates this
charter. Or else, because it contained the sum of all the liberties of
England; or else, because there was another charter, called charter de
foresta, established with it, which was the less of the two.

MAGNA’LITY, subst. [magnalia, Lat.] a great thing, something
above the common rate; obsolete. Too greedy of magnalities, we
make but favourable experiments of welcome truths. Brown.

MAGNANI’MITY [magnanimite, Fr. magnanimità, It. magnanimi­
dàd, Sp. of magnanimitas, of magnus, great, and animus, Lat. mind]
greatness of spirit, great courage, elevation of soul. Let but the
acts of the antient Jews be but indifferently weigh'd, from whose
magnanimity, in causes of most extreme hazard, strange and unwonted
resolutions have grown. Hooker.

MAGNANI’MITY [magnanimitas, Lat.] this the antients used to re­
present hieroglyphically, by a lion rampant.

MAGNA’NIMOUS, adj. [magnanime, Fr. magnanimo, It. and Sp. of
magnanimus, Lat.] that is of a brave spirit or courage, elevated in sen­
timent. She gives magnanimous contempt of fear. TABLE of CEBES.

MAGNA’NIMOUSLY, adv. [of magnanimous] with greatness of mind,
bravely. A compleat and generous education fits a man to perform
justly, skilfully, and magnanimously, all the offices of peace and war.
Milton.

MAGNA’NIMOUSNESS, magnanimity, greatness of mind.

MAGNE’SIA Opalina [with chemists] a kind of crocus metallorum,
or liver of antimony; but of a redder or more opaline colour than the
common one.

MA’GNET [magnete, It. magnes, Lat. μαγνης, Gr. so called of
Magnesia, a province of Lydia in Asia Minor, where it was found
in good plenty] a mineral stone, commonly called the loadstone. See
LOADSTONE.

MAGNE’TIC, or MAGNE’TICAL, adj. [magnetique, Fr. magnetico,
It. of magneticus, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to the magnet or loadstone.
2. Having powers correspondent to those of the magnet. Through
all dense bodies not magnetic. Newton. 3. Attractive, having the
power to draw things distant. The moon is magnetical of heat. Ba­
con. 4. Magnetic is once used by Milton for magnet. As the mag­
netic hardest iron draws. Milton.

MAGNE’TICAL Amplitude [in navigation] an arch of the horizon,
contained between the sun at his rising or setting, and the east and
west points of the compass; or it is the different rising and setting of
the sun, from the east or west points of the compass.

MAGNETICAL Azimuth [with astronomers] an arch of the horizon,
comprehended between the sun's azimuth circle, and the magnetical
meridian; or it is the apparent distance of the sun, from the north or
south point of the horizon.

MA’GNETISM [of magnet] 1. The magnetical attraction, or the
faculty of drawing or attracting iron, as the loadstone does. Many
other magnetisms and the like attractions through all the creatures of
nature. Ray. 2. The power of attraction in general. By the mag­
netism of interest our affections are irresistibly attracted. Glanville.

MAGNI’FIC [magnificus, Lat.] grand, illustrious, noble.

MAGNI’FICABLE, adj. [of magnify] to be extolled or praised. Un­
usual. Tho' wonderful in itself, and sufficiently magnificable. Brown.

MAGNI’FICAL, or MAGNI’FICO, subst. It. a great man, a nobleman
of Venice. The duke himself, and the magnificoes. Shakespeare.

MAGNI’FICENCE, or MAGNI’FICENTNESS [magnificence, Fr. magni­
ficenza, It. magnificenciá, Sp. of magnificentia, Lat.] greatness, stateli­
ness, grandeur of appearance, splendor.

MAGNI’FICENT [magnifique, Fr. magnifico, It. and Sp. of magnifi­
cus, Lat.] 1. Living in great state, fine, pompous, splendid in ap­
pearance. The magnificent harmony of the universe. Locke. 2. Fond
of splendor, setting greatness to view. If he were magnificent he spent
much with an aspiring intent. Sidney.

MAGNI’FICENTLY, adv. [of magnificent] pompously finely; splen­
didly. We can never conceive too highly of God, so neither too
magnificently of his nature, his handy-work. Grew.

MAGNI’FICI [in Germany] a title given to the rectors, or gover­
nors of universities, and the burger-masters of great cities.

MA’GNIFIER [of magnify] 1. One that praises or extols, an pane­
gyrist. The primitive magnifiers of this star were the Egyptians.
Brown. 2. A glass that magnifies or encreases the apparent bulk of
any object.

To MA’GNIFY, verb act. [magnifier, Fr. magnificár, Sp. magnifi­
care, It. and Lat.] 1. To commend or praise highly, to amplify or
enlarge in words, to exaggerate. The ambassador making his ora­
tion, did so magnify the king and queen, as was enough to glut the
hearers. Bacon. 2. To exalt, to elevate, to raise in estimation. 3.
To raise in pride or pretension. He shall magnify himself in his
heart. Daniel. 4. To make things appear bigger than they really are.
Magnifying glasses. Pope. 5. A cant word for to have effect. This
magnified but little with my father. Addison.

MA’GNIFYING Glass [in optics] a little convex glass, lens, &c.
which in transmitting the rays of light reflects them so, as that objects
viewed through them appear larger, than when viewed by the naked
eye.

MAGNI’LOQUY [magniloquium, Lat] lofty speech, big speaking.

MAGNI’LOQUOUS [magniloquus, Lat.] speaking big, loud, or of
great matters.








MA’GNITUDE [magnitudine, It. of magnitudo, Lat.] 1. greatness,
grandeur. With plain heroic magnitude of mind. Milton. 2. Com­
parative bulk, largeness, bigness. This tree hath no extraordinary
magnitude touching the trunk. Raleigh.

MAGNITUDE [in geometry] a continued quantity or extension, con­
sisting in lines, angles, surfaces, bodies.

Commensurable MAGNITUDES [with geometricians] are such as may
be measured by one and the same common measure.

MA’GNUS Pes, i. e. the great foot [with anatomists] is all that part
of the body that reaches from the buttocks down to the end of the
toes, comprehending the thigh, leg and foot.

MAGOPHO’NIA [of μαγος, and φονος, Gr. murder] a festival ob­
served by the Persians, in commemoration of the massacre of the
Magi, who had usurped the throne upon the death of Cambyses.

MA’GPIE, subst. [pie from pica, Lat. and mag, contracted from Mar­
garet, as phil for Philip, is used to sparrow, and pol for Polly, to a
parrot] a well-known bird, sometimes taught to talk.

MA’GPYDARE, subst. [magidare, Lat.] an herb. Ainsworth.

MA’HIM, or MA’YHIM [mehaigne, Fr.] maim, wound, hurt.

MAHO’METAN, adj. pertaining to Mahomet.

MAHO’METISM, the religion introduced by Mahomet, or, as the
true reading is, Mohammed, son of Abdallah; who flourished in the
7th century, and first opened his prophetic commission at Mecca, a
city in Arabia, which was his native place; but meeting with consi­
derable opposition there, he withdrew with his followers from thence
to Medina. From this flight, which according to Petavius and Dher­
belot happened on the 16th of July, A. C. 622, the Mahometans com­
mence their œra, called the Hegrah, or Hegirah, which in Arabic sig­
nifies a FLIGHT. The first and most fundamental article of that reli­
gion, which MAHOMET advanced, was the belief and worship of the
ONE GOD; and this not only in opposition to IDOLS, which he and
his followers demolished, wherever their conquests spread; but also in
opposition to those CORRUPTIONS of the scripture-doctrine of the Trinity,
which had now, by the aid of the secular arm, obtained full establish­
ment both in the Greek and western churches. [See DITHEISM
and Apostolic CONSTITUTIONS compared.] The second relates to the
truth of Mahomet's commission; and the making the profession of these
two articles, constitutes a Mahometan, according to that known for­
mula of theirs, “There is no God, but ALLAH [O Θεος, i. e. GOD
absolutely so called] and Mahomet is the messenger of ALLAH.” He
espoused also the doctrine of the resurrection and future judgment; and
though enjoyning some few positive institutions, yet made nothing
short of a good life the condition of divine acceptance. He profest to
advance nothing inconsistent with Christ and Moses; but, on the con­
trary, to revive that common religion which was maintained by both,
and indeed by all other prophets of God, since the world began. The
true religion being for substance the same with all. Though how far
he made good this profession of an entire consonance and harmony with
the Mosaic or Christian institution, the reader will find under the
word [DIVORCE;] and will find many other particulars relating to
Mahometism, under the words ADHHA, BAIRAM, BEIT-OLLAH, CA­
ABA, CARAVAN, CADARIANS, CIRCUMCISION, KIBLAH, or KEBLAH,
&c. But one thing should not be past over, as what is generally mis­
understood; I mean, his propagating religion by force of arms: he
did so, as professing a commission from heaven to invade, conquer, and
by conquest plant his religion in other countries; but compelled no man
to embrace it. On the contrary, I remember to have read (though I
can't recollect the place) in the Coran, this express declaration, “La
ikrâo fi-dîn, i. e. there is no FORCE [or compulsion] to be offered in
religion.” And whoever consults the eastern history, will easily in­
form himself, that as often as the Mahometan armies made themselves
masters of a place, they either expelled the inhabitants, or (which was
the more general practice) demanded of them the tribute, which be­
longed to the conquerors, and left them in the free possession of their
own religion; and in virtue of this original constitution, many thou­
sands of Christian churches are to this day subsisting in the Mahome­
tan territories; may not I add, with this advantage, that the secular
power being now taken out of Christian hands, their clashing sects
have no longer room (as formerly) to worry and tear to pieces one
another. See Cœlicoli, Dimeritœ, and above all, BOWER's History of
the Popes, in the 4th, 5th, and following centuries.

MAHO’N, a town and port in the island of Minorca.


MAI

MAID, or MAI’DEN [meden, mæden, or mægden, Sax. maagr, Du.
magd, Ger. madeh, Pers. magath, Goth.] 1. A virgin, a young mar­
ried woman. Building of bridges, and endowing of maidens. Carew.
2. A woman servant. 3. A female in general. If she bear a
maid child. Leviticus.

MAID, [with fishermen] a young thornback.

MA’IDEN, adj. 1. Consisting of virgins. Amid the maiden throng.
Addison. 2. Flesh, new, unused, unpolluted. With maiden flowers.
Shakespeare.

MAIDEN [in Scotland, &c.] an instrument or machine used in be­
heading persons.

MAIDEN Hair, an herb. This plant is a native of the southern parts
of France, and in the Mediterranean, where it grows on rocks and
old ruins, whence it is brought for medicinal use.

MAIDEN-Head [mæden-hade, Sax.] 1. Virgin, purity. The wreck
of maiden-head. Shakespeare. 2. Purity, newness, freshness, uncontami­
nated state; this is now become a low word. Stained the maiden­
head of their credit with some negligent performance. Wotton.

MAI’DENHEAD, a market-town of Berkshire on the river Thames,
over which it has an wooden bridge, 28 miles from London.

MAI’DENHODE, or MAI’DENHOOD, subst. [of maiden] virginity.

MAI’DENLIP, subst. an herb.

MAI’DENLY, adj. [of maiden and like] like a maid, modest, ti­
morous, decent. What a maidenly man at arms! Shakespeare.

MAI’DHOOD, subst [of maid] virginity. By maidhood, honour, and
every thing. Shakespeare.

MAI’DMARIAN, or MAI’DMARION [puer ludius, Lat.] a kind of
dance, so called from a boy dressed in girl's cloths to dance the mo­
risco, or morice-dance. Johnson says, it is so called from a man dres­
sed like a buffoon, who plays tricks to the populace. A set of mor­
rice-dancers danced a maidmarian with a tabor and pipe. Temple.

MA’IDPALE, adj. [of maid and pale] pale like a sick virgin.
Shakespeare.

MAI’DEN Rents [in the manor of Builth in Radnorshire] a noble,
or 6s. 8d. paid by every tenant to his lord upon the marriage of a
daughter.

MAI’DSERVANT, a female servant.

MAI’DEN-Sessions, is said of a sessions where none are capitally con­
victed.

MAI’DSTONE, a borough-town of Kent, situated on the Medway;
36 miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

MAJE’STIC, or MAJE’STICAL [majesteux, Fr.] 1. Full of majesty,
august, having dignity, great of appearance. 2. Pompous, splendid,
noble, stately, To perform a work so majestical and stately, was no
small charge. Hooker. 3. Sublime, elevated, lofty. All must be
grave, majestical, and sublime. Dryden.

MAJE’STICALLY, adv. [of majestical] with majesty, with dignity,
with grandeur. Northward she bends majestically bright. Granville.

MA’JESTY [majesté, Fr. majesta, It. majestàd, Sp. of majestas, Lat.]
1. An air or mein that is solemn, awful, and full of authority; state­
liness, greatness of appearance, grandeur, dignity. The voice of the
Lord is full of majesty. Psalms. 2. Power, sovereignty. Thine, O
Lord, is the power and majesty. 1 Chronicles. 3. Dignity, elevation,
a title of honour, usually given to kings and queens.

MAIL [maille, Fr. the mesh of a net. Skinner; maglia, It. malla,
Sp. maerla, Su. A quo fonte derivantur multa virorum nomina propr. ut
mailhir long or meiler, breich-vail clypeatus, vulgo broch-weel. Hy-vad,
Howel, boldly armed. Rowland] 1. An iron ring or rings, for making
coats of mail or armor. 2. [Male, Goth. male, malette, Fr.] a kind
of bag, a postman's bundle of letters, &c. 3. An armour. We stript
the lobster of his scarlet mail. Gay.

Coat of MAIL, a sort of defensive armour for the body, wrought in
mails or rings, linked together, and made pistol proof; a coat of
steel, network. Against any popular fury, a shirt of mail would be
but a silly defence. Wotton.

MAIL, a speck on the feathers of birds.

To MAIL, verb act. [from the noun] to arm defensively, to co­
ver as with armour. Mail'd up shame with papers on my back.
Shakespeare.

MA’ILE, a silver half penny in the time of king Edward V. This
word maile, taken in a larger sense, did not only signify money, but
also a proportion of grain, &c. paid as a rent or fine.

MAI’LED, adj. [spoken of fowls] spotted or speckled, as the fea­
thers of partridges, hawks, &c. or as the furs of wild beasts are.

MAIM [from the verb, mehaign, old Fr.] 1. The loss of a mem­
ber, privation of some essential part, lameness produced by amputa­
tion, a hurt or wound. More cause to fear, lest the want thereof be
a maim than the use a blemish. Hooker. 2. Injury, mischief. 3. Es­
sential defect. A maim in history. Hayward.

To MAIM, verb act. [mehaigner, old Fr. maitan, Goth. to cut off,
mehaina, Armor. mancus, Lat.] to cut off any limb, to deprive of any
necessary part, to cripple by a hurt or wound. They saw the dumb
to speak, the maimed to be whole. St. Matthew.

MAI’MED, part. adj. [mancus, Lat. maymis, old Fr.] having lost a
member, lamed, wounded in some essential part.

MAIN, adj. [magne, old Fr. magnus, Lat.] 1. Chief, principal
leading. The main chance. L'Estrange. 2. Violent, strong, vast,
overpowering. And bid the main flood bate his usual height.
Shakespeare. 3. Gross, containing the chief part. In the main bat­
tle. Shakespeare. 4. Important, forcible. Not with any main army.
Davies.

MAIN, subst. 1. The gross, the bulk, the greater part. The main
of them may be reduced to language, and an improvement in wisdom.
Locke. 2. The sum, the whole, the general. They allowed the li­
turgy and government of the church of England as to the main.
K. Charles. 3. The ocean. 4. [Mæzen of mazan, Sax. may or
can] might, power, violence, force. With might and main. Dryden.
5. [From manus, Lat.] a hand at dice. We throw a merry main.
Dorset. 6. The continent. We turn'd challengers, and invaded the
main of Spain. Bacon. 7. A hamper. Ainsworth.

MAIN-Body [of an army] that body which marches between the
front and rear-guard; and in a camp, that which lies between the
two wings.

MAIN-Guard [in military affairs] a body of horse, posted before
the camp for the safety of the army; and in a garrison, it is that
guard to which all the rest are subordinate.

MAIN-Hamper [of main, Fr. the hand] a hand-basket to carry
grapes in to the press.

MAI’NLAND, subst. [of main and land] continent. From the Celtic
mainland. Spenser.

MA’INLY, adv. [of main] 1. Chiefly, principally. The matter
whereof the strata mainly consist. Woodward. 2. Greatly, power­
fully.

MAIN-Mast of a Ship, that mast which stands in the waste or midst
of the ship, the principal mast, the length of it being usually 2½ the
length of the midship beam.

MAINPE’RNABLE [in law] bailable, that may be set at liberty up­
on bail, that may be admitted to give surety.

MAINPE’RNORS [in law] are those persons to whom a person is de­
livered out of custody or prison, upon security given either for his ap­
pearance or satisfaction, bail, sureties. Twenty-six noblemen became
mainpernors for his appearance. Davies.

MAIN-Port, a small duty paid in some places, in recompence for
small tithes, by the parishioners to the parson.

MAI’NPRIZE [of main, a hand, and pris, Fr. taken] is the re­
ceiving a man into friendly custody, that is, or otherwise might be
committed to prison, upon security given for his forth-coming at a
day appointed, bail. Desmond was left to mainprize. Davies.

To MAI’NPRISE, verb act. to bail.

MAINPRISE [in law] one who is bail-pledge or security for a­
nother.

MAI’NSAIL, subst. [of main and sail] the sail of the mainmast.

MAI’NSHEET [of main and sheet] the sheet of the mainsail.

MA’INSWORN, N. C. [the first syllable of this word is a remnant of







Gothic, which most of the northern tongues have preserved, and sig­
nifies evil or false] forsworn.

To MAINTA’IN [maintenir, Fr. mantenere, It. mantenér, Sp.] 1. To
preserve, to keep. Maintain the blood in a gentle fermentation.
Harvey. 2. To defend, to hold out, to make good. Every one as
he maintains his post. Grew. 3. To vindicate, to justify, to make
good a thing affirmed. He could too well maintain and justify those
contradictions. Clarendon. 4. To continue, to keep up. Maintain talk
with the duke. Shakespeare. 5. To keep up, to support the expence
of. That I have maintains my state. Shakespeare. 6. To support
with the conveniencies of life, to give a livelihood to. To maintain
himself by his own labour. Hooker. 7. To preserve from failure.

To MAINTA’IN, verb neut. to support by argument, to assert as a
tenet. In tragedy and satire I maintain, against some of our modern
critics, that this age and the last have excel'd the antients. Dryden.

MAINTA’INABLE, adj. [of maintain] which may be maintained,
defensible, justifiable.

MAINTA’INER [of maintain] a supporter, a cherisher, an upholder,
provider for, &c.

MAINTAINER [in law] a person who supports a cause between
others, either by laying out money, or making friends for him or her.

MAI’NTENANCE [maintein, maintenant, Fr. mantenimento, It. man­
tenimiento, Sp.] 1. Supply of food and necessaries for life, sustenance.
2. Support, protection, defence. 3. Continuance, security from fai­
lure. For God's honour, and the maintenance of his service. South.
4. [In law] an unjust or wrongful upholding a person; also the name
of a writ which lies against a person for such an offence.

MAI’NTOP, subst. [of main and top] the top of the main-mast.

MAIN Top gallant Mast, a small mast, half the length of the main­
top-mast.

MAI’NYARD, subst. [of main and yard] the yard of the main-mast;
which is usually 5/6 of the length of the ship's-keel.

MA’JOR, adj. Lat. 1. Greater in number, quantity or extent. The
major part of a general assembly. Hooker. 2. Greater in rank or
dignity. 3. When one is of age he is said to be major. This sense
is chiefly used in Scotland. 4. A mayor or chief officer of a city or
town; obsolete.

MAJOR, subst. [with logicians] 1. The first proposition of a regular
syllogism. 2. Containing some generality. The major of our au­
thor's argument. Boyle.

MAJOR of a Brigade, either of horse or foot, is he who receives
orders, and the word from the major general, and gives them to the
particular majors of each regiment.

MAJOR General [in military affairs] he who receives the general's
order, and delivers them out to the majors of the brigades, with whom
he concerts what troops to mount the guard, &c. he is next chief
commander to the general and lieutenant general; when there are
two attacks at a siege, he commands that on the left.

MAJOR of a Regiment, the officer above the captain, the lowest
field-officer; an officer whose business it is to convey all orders to the
regiment, to draw it up and exercise it, to see it march in good or­
der; to rally it, if it happens to be broken in an engagement. He
is the only officer of foot, who is allowed to ride on horseback.

MAJOR of a fortified Town, has the charge of the guards, rounds,
patrols, and centinels.

MAJOR Domo [majeur dome, Fr.] the steward of a great man's
house, a master of the houshold; also one who occasionally holds that
place.

MAJOR and Minor [in music] are spoken of the concords which
differ from each other by a semitone.

MA’JORALTY, the time or office of a mayor or major of a city, &c.
This is now more commonly written mayoralty. See MAYORALTY.

MAJORA’TION, subst. [of major] 1. Encrease, enlargement. Five
ways of majoration of sound. Bacon.

MAJO’RITY [majorité, Fr. maggiorità, It.] 1. The greater number
or part. 2. State of a person's being at full age, end of minority.
During the infancy of Henry III. the barons were troubled in ex­
pelling the French; but this prince was no sooner come to his majo­
rity, but the barons raised a cruel war against him. Davies. 3. The
state of being greater. It is not plurality of parts without majority of
parts that maketh the total greater. Grew. 4. [From majores, Lat.]
ancestry. A posterity not unlike their majority. 5. First rank: Ob­
solete. Shakespeare. 6. The office of a major.

MAI’SON Dieu, Fr. [i. e. the house of God] an hospital for sick
people.

MA’JUS Jus, Lat. [in law] a writ of proceeding in some customary
manors, in order to a trial of right of land.

MAIZE, a kind of Indian wheat, which bears an ear a foot, some­
times a foot and a half long, upon a stalk of six or eight feet high.
The whole maize plant has the appearance of a reed: The male flow­
ers are produced at remote distances from the fruit on the same plant,
growing generally in a spike, upon the top of the stalk: The female
flowers are produced from the wings of the leaves, and are surrounded
by three or four leaves, which closely adhere to the fruit until it is ripe.
This plant is propagated in England only as a curiosity, but in Ame­
rica it is the principal support of the inhabitants, and consequently pro­
pagated with great care. Miller.


MAK

To MAKE, irreg. verb act. [MADE, irreg. pret. and part. pass. ma­
code, Sax. maeckete, Du. machte, Ger. macan, Sax. maecken, Du.
machen, Ger. but M. Casaubon, without any necessity, will hae it of
μεχαιαω, Gr.] 1. To cause to have any quality. I will make your
cities waste. Leviticus. 2. To force, to compel, to constrain. They
should be made to rise at their early hour. Locke. 3. To form. to set­
tle. Make friendships with the ministers of state. Rowe. 4. To cre­
ate. Let us make man. Genesis. 5. To form of materials. He had
made it a molten calf. Exodus. 6. To compose, as materials or ingre­
dients. A pint of salt of tartar exposed into a moist air, will make far
more liquor than the former measure will contain. Brown. 7. To
form by art what is not natural. T'excel the natural with made de­
lights. Spenser. 8. To produce as the agent. Thine enemies make a
tumult. Psalms. 9. To produce as a cause. Wealth maketh many
friends. Proverbs. 10. To do, to perform, to practise, to use. We
made prayer unto our God. Nehemiah. 11. To bring into any state
or condition. Not willing to make her a public example. St. Matthew.
12. To hold, to keep. Deep in a cave the sybil makes abode. Dry­
den. 13. To secure from distress, to establish in riches or happiness.
Who makes or ruins with a smile or frown. Dryden. 14. To suffer,
to incur. He accuseth Neptune unjustly, who makes shipwreck a se­
cond time. Bacon. 15. To commit. In excuse of the faults which I
have made. Dryden. 16. To intend, to purpose to do. What dost
thou make a shipboard? to what end? Dryden. 17. To raise as pro­
fit from any thing. Did I make a gain of you. 2 Corinthians. 18.
To reach, to tend to, to arrive at. They that sail in the middle, can
make no land of either side. Brown. 19. To gain, we could make
little or no way. Bacon. 20. To force, to gain by force. He makes
his way o'er mountains. Dryden. 21. To exhibit. When thou ma­
kest a dinner, call not thy friends, but the poor. St. Luke. 22. To
pay, to give. He shall make amends for the harm. Leviticus. 23.
To put, to place. You must make a great difference between Hercu­
les' labours by land and Jason's voyage. Bacon. 24. To turn to some
use. 25. To incline, to dispose. To make us rely on the strength of
nature when she is least able to relieve us. Brown. 26. To prove as
an argument. They judge this to make nothing for them. Hooker.
27. To represent, to shew. He is not that goose and ass that Valla
would make him. Baker. 28. To constitute. To the making or in­
crease of our happiness. Locke. 29. To amount to. Whatsoever they
were, it maketh no matter to me. Galatians. 30. To mould, to form.
Make the ashes up into balls. Mortimer. 31. To make away; to kill,
to destroy. He will not slip any advantage to make him away. Sid­
ney. 32. To make away; to transfer. To some friend make all away.
Waller. 33. To make account; to reckon, to believe. They made no
account but that the navy should be absolutely master of the seas. Ba­
con. 34. To make account of; to esteem, to regard. 35. To make free
with; to treat without ceremony. The same who have made free
with the greatest names. Pope. 36. To make good; to maintain, to
defend, to justify. To make good his confident undertaking. Boyle.
37. To make good; to fulfil, to accomplish. This letter doth make good
the friar's words. Shakespeare. 38. To make light of; to consider as of
no consequence. They made light of it. St. Matthew. 39. To make love;
to court, to play the gallant. Every one that makes or receives love. Ad­
dison. 40. To make merry; to feast, to partake of an entertainment.
A hundred pound or two to make merry withal. Shakespeare. 41. To
make much of; to cherish, to foster. To take pride in making much of
them. Sidney. 42. To make of; what to make of, means how to understand.
A thing we could not tell what to make of. Bacon. 43. To make of; to
produce from, to effect. I am astonished that those who have appeared
against this paper have made so very little of it. Addison. 44. To make
of; to consider, to account, to esteem. Makes she no more of me than
of slave? Dryden. 45. To make of; to cherish, to foster. Xaycus was
wonderfully beloved, and made of by the Turkish merchants. Knolles.
46. To make over; to settle in the hands of trustees. The wise betimes
make over their estates. Dryden. 47. To make over; to transfer. The se­
cond mercy made over to us by the second covenant. Hammond. 48. To
make out; to clear, to explain, to clear to one's self. Antiquaries
make out the most ancient medals from a letter. Felton. 49. To make
out; to prove, to evince. No truth which a man may more evidently
make out to himself, than the existence of a God. Locke. 50. To make
sure of; to consider as certain. They make as sure of health and life,
as if both were at their dispose. Dryden. 51. To make sure of; to se­
cure to one's possession. Make sure of this day and hang to-morrow.
Dryden. 52. To make up; to get together. To make up his rent at
quarter-day. Locke. 53. To make up; to reconcile, to repair. There
is no doubt how far we are to proceed by collection before the full and
complete measure of things necessary be made up. Hooker. 54. To
make up; to repair. A man among them that should make up the
hedge. Ezekiel. 55. To make up; to compose as of ingredients. An
enemy made up of wiles. South. 56. To make up; to supply, to re­
pair. To make up the doctrine of man's salvation. Hooker. 57. To
make up; to clear. He was to make up his accounts with his lord.
Rogers. 58. To make up; to accomplish, to complete, to conclude.
On Wednesday the general account is made up and printed. Graunt.
MAKE much of one, good men are scarce.
Said tauntingly to those who are over sollicitous for themselves.

To MAKE Fast [a sea phrase] to bind or tie.

To MAKE his Law [a law term] is for a person to perform that
law he has formerly bound himself to, i. e. to clear himself of an ac­
tion brought against him; by his oath and the oaths of his neigh­
bours.

To MAKE, verb neut. 1. To tend, to travel, to go any way, to
rush. Lincoln resolved to make on where the king was. Bacon. 2.
To contribute. Right is wrong, and wrong is right, when it makes
for his own advantage. Swift. 3. To operate, to act as a proof,
argument or cause. A thing that may make to my present purpose.
Boyle. 4. To concur. Antiquity, custom and consent in the church
of God, making with that which law doth establish, are themselves
sufficient reasons to uphold the same. Hooker. 5. To shew, to ap­
pear, to carry appearance. You make as if you hanged yourself. Ar­
buthnot. 6. To make away with; to destroy, to kill, to make away.
This phrase is improper. Seized with an unaccountable melancholy,
which disposed several of them to make away with themselves. Addi­
son. 7. To make for; to advantage, to favour. None deny there is
a God, but those for whom it maketh that there were no God. Bacon.
8. To make up; to compensate, to be instead of a thing. You have
got a supply of friends to make up for those who are gone. Swift.

MAKE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Structure, form, nature. De­
lights of a nobler make and nature, which antedate immortality.
Glanville. 2. [Maca, gemaca, Sax.] companion, favourite, friend.
The maids and their makes,
At dancing and wakes. B. Johnson.

MA’KE-BATE, subst. [of make and bate] a causer and promoter of
quarrels, a breeder of strife. Love in her passions, like a right make­
bate, whispered to both sides arguments of quarrel. Sidney.

MA’KER [of to make] 1. The creator, the supreme cause. The
universal maker we may praise. Milton. 2. One who makes any
thing. Sultan Achmet was a maker of ivory rings. Broome. 3. One







who sets any thing in its proper state. Makers or marrers of all mens
manners. Ascham.

MA’KEPEACE, subst. [of make and peace] a peace-maker, a recon­
ciler. To be a makepeace shall become my age. Shakespeare.

MA’KEWEIGHT [of make and weight] any small thing thrown in to
make up weight.


MAL

MAL Administration, a mismanagement of a public employment.
Commonly written male administration, from malé, Lat. badly, and
administration.

MA’LA, Lat. [with anatomists] the cheek-bone, or cheek itself,
the ball of the cheek.

MA’LÆ Os [with anatomists] one of the bones of the upper jaw,
which joins to the os sphenoides on the upper part, and to the os max­
illare on the lower part; also a long process or knob called processus
zygomaticus on its outward part.

MALA’CHE, Lat. [μαλαχη, Gr.] a sort of mallows.

MA’LACHITE, subst. This stone is sometimes intirely green, but
lighter than that of the nephrytic stone, so as in colour to resemble the
leaf of the mallow μαλαχη, from which it has its name; tho' some­
times it is vein'd with white, or spotted with blue or black. Wood­
ward.

MALA’CIA [μαλαχια, Gr. with physicians] the longing of a wo­
man with child; also the green sickness, as when young women eat
oatmeal, chalk, tobacco-pipes, &c.

MALA’CTICA, Lat. [of μαλασσω, Gr. to soften; with surgeons]
softening medicines, which by a moderate heat dissolve some swellings,
and disperse others.

MA’LADY [maladie, Fr.] a disease, a disorder of body, sickness.

MAL A DROIT, Fr. awkward, clumsey.

MALAGOI’DES [with botanists] a plant with a mallow flower; but
having a fruit, tho' dry, like that of bramble.

MALA’GMA, Lat. [μαλαγμα, of μαλασσω, Gr. to soften] a cata­
plasm, fomentation, or pultess for softening and ripening impost­
humes.

MA’LANDERS [of malandare, It. to go ill] a disease in the fore­
legs, a dry scab on the pastern of horses.

MA’LAPERT [q. d. male partus, Lat. ill-gotten or bred; mal and
pert. Johnson] impertinent, saucy, impudent, sprightly without re­
spect or decency. Peace, master Margius, you are malapert. Shake­
speare.

MA’LAPERTLY, adv. [of malapert] impudently, saucily.

MA’LAPERTNESS [of malapert] sauciness, extraordinary readiness
to give saucy language, quickness or liveliness of reply without de­
cency.

To MALA’XATE, verb act. [malaxatum, sup. of malaxo, Lat. from
μαλασσω or μαλαττω, Gr. to soften] to make soft, to mollify, to knead
any body into softness.

MALBRA’NCHISM, the doctrine or sentiments of father Mal­
branch, a priest of the oratory of France, and much the same as Car­
tesianism.

MA’LDRON, a borough town of Essex, on an eminence at the con­
flux of the Cheldmer and Pant, or Blackwater, where they enter the
sea, 38 miles from London. It gives title of viscount to the earl of
Essex, and sends two members to parliament.

MALE, adj. [masculus, Lat. mâle, Fr. maschio, It. macho, Sp. and
Port.] belonging to the male kind, being of that sex which begets
young, not female.

MALE, subst. the he of any species, not the she. In most the male
is greater, and in some few the female. Bacon.

MALE, a budget for carrying letters on a journey. This is com­
monly written mail. See MAIL.

MALE, in composition, signifies ill, from malé, Lat. male, O. Fr.
As,

MALE-ADMINISTRA’TION, subst. bad management of public affairs.
A prince laid aside for male-administration. Swift.

MA’LECONTENT, or MALECONTE’NTED, adj. [male-contento, Lat.
mal-content, Fr.] discontented; applied sometimes in a substantive
form; especially to such as are uneasy and dissatisfied with their sove­
reign prince or his ministry, and wish for or attempt a change of go­
vernment.. For the better securing his estate against mutinous and
malecontented subjects. Bacon. To confine the malecontent to some ca­
stle. Addison.

MALECONTE’NTEDLY, adv. [of malecontented] with discontent.

MALECONTE’NTEDNESS [of maleconted] discontent, dissaffection,
or want of affection to a government. A spirit of malecontentedness.
Spectator.

MALEDI’CTED, adj. [maledictus, Lat.] accursed or banned.

MALEDI’CTION, Fr. [maledizione, It. maldiciòn, Sp. of maledictio,
Lat.] curse, execration, denunciation of evil. Divine malediction laid
by the sin of man upon these creatures. Hooker.

MALEDICTION [in old deeds] an imprecation or curse, which was
anciently annexed to grants of lands, &c. made to churches and re­
ligious houses, to deter persons from attempting to alienate or apply
them to other uses.

MALEFA’CTION, subst. [of male and facio, Lat.] a crime an of­
fence. They have proclaim'd their malefactions. Shakespeare.

MALEFA’CTOR [malfaiteur, Fr. malfattore, It. of malefactor, from
male and facio, Lat.] a criminal, an offender against law, a guilty
person.

MALE’FIC, or MALE’FIQUE, adj. Lat. [maleficus, Lat.] causing
evil, mischievous, hurtful.

MALEFIC Planets [with astrologers] the planets Saturn and Mars,
so called on account of the evil effects attributed to them.

MALEGE’RENT [male gerens, Lat.] ill behaving, unthrifty, impro­
vident.

MALE-PRA’CTICE [of male and practice] practice contrary to
rules.

MALE’VOLENCE [malevolentia, Lat.] ill-will, hatred, spight, ma­
lignity. The malevolence of fortune. Shakespeare.

MALE’VOLENT [malevolento, It. malevolens, Lat.] that bears ill-will
or spight; ill-natured, malignant. Our malevolent stars have strug­
gled hard. Dryden.

MALE’VOLENTLY, adv. [of malevolent] malignity, with spight, or
ill-will. Aspersions that were malevolently cast upon him. Howel.

MA’LICE, Fr. [malizia, It. malicia, Sp. and Port. of malitia, Lat.]
1. Ill-will, grudge or spight, desire of hurting. 2. Badness of design,
deliberate mischief.

To MA’LICE, verb act. [from the subst.] to regard with ill-will;
obsolete. Spenser.

MALI’CIOUS [malitiosus, Lat. malicieux, Fr. malizioso, It. malicioso,
Sp.] 1. Full of malice, spightful, ill disposed to any one, malignant.
Be not merciful to them that offend of malicious wickedness. Psalms.
2. Infectious. The air appearing so malicious. Harvey.

MALI’CIOUSLY, adv. [of malicious] 1. With intention of mischief.
A junto of ministers maliciously bent against me. Gulliver. 2. Spight­
fully.

MALI’CIOUSNESS [of malicious] malice, intention of mischief to
another.

MALI’GN, adj. [malin, maligne, Fr. maligno, It. and Sp. of malignus,
Lat. the g is mute or liquescent] 1. Bent on mischief, mischievous.
A tacit operation of malign spirits. Bacon. 2. Infectious, pestilen­
tial. Malign ulcers and pernicious imposthumations. Bacon.

To MALI’GN, verb act. [maligno, Lat.] 1. To envy, to wish ill to.
Private men whom they malign Spenser. 2. To mischief, to hurt,
to harm.

MALI’GNANCY [of malignant] 1. Malevolence, unfavourableness.
My stars shine darkly over me, the malignancy of my fate might per­
haps distemper yours. Shakespeare. 2. Destructive tendency, infec­
tiousness. A bubo according to the degree of its malignancy. Wise­
man.

MALI’GNANT, adj. Fr. [malignans, Lat.] 1. Hurtful, mischievous;
malicious, intending or effecting ill, unpropitious. Represented in a
false and malignant light. Watts. 2. Destructive to life. A malig­
nant vapour that falls upon the joint. Temple. See MALIGN.

MALIGNANT, subst. [malignus, Lat.] 1. A man malevolently dis­
posed, one of ill intentions, an envious, ill affected person. Occasion
was taken by certain malignants secretly to undermine his great autho­
rity. Hooker. 2. A reproachful term used by the sectaries, in the civil
wars, of the defenders of the church and monarchy.

MALIGNANT Disease [with physicians] a disease which rages more
vehemently, and continues longer, than its nature usually permits it
to do; or rather such a one as is greatly aggravated. The term is
generally applied to such fevers as are epidemical or infectious, and
are attended with spots and eruptions.

MALI’GNANTLY, adv. [of malignant] maliciously, hurtfully, mis­
chievously.

MALI’GNITY [malignité, Fr. malignità, It. malignidàd, Sp. of ma­
lignitas, Lat.] 1. Hurtfulness, mischievousness, destructive tendency,
contrariety to life. An invincible malignity in his disease. Harvey.
2. Malignant nature or quality, ill-will, maliciousness. 3. Evilness
of nature. This shews the high malignity of fraud. South.

MALI’GNER [of malign] 1. One who regards another with ill-will.
Such as these are philosophy's maligner's. Glanville. 2. Sarcastical
censurer.

MALI’GNLY, adv. [of Malign] enviously, mischievously. Or
praise malignly arts I cannot reach. Pope.

MA’LKIN [prob. of Mal, for Mary, and kin, a diminutive term.]
a sort of mop made of rags for sweeping an oven: thence a frightful
figure of clouts dressed up: thence a dirty wench. Hanmer.

MALL, subst. [malleus, Lat. a hammer] 1. A stroke, a blow. 2.
A kind of beater or hammer [mail, Fr.] He took a mall, and after
having hollowed the handle and that part which strikes the ball, he
inclosed in them several drugs. Addison. 3. A walk where they for­
merly played with malls and balls, such as that in St. James's park.
Moll, in Islandic, implies an area or walk spread with shells.

MALL, or PALL-MALL [q. pellere malleo, to drive with a mallet]
a sort of play or exercise with a wooden ball, and an instrument cal­
led a mall, by which the ball is struck with great force and art, so as
to run through an iron arch at the end of a long alley, smoothly gra­
velled, and boarded on each side. This arch is called the pass, and
the alley is also called the mall.

To MALL, verb act. [from the subst.] to beat or strike with a
mall.

MA’LLARD [malart, Fr.] a wild drake or male duck.

MALLEABI’LITY, or MA’LLEABLENESS, the quality of being beaten
out or wrought with a hammer, and spreading, being beaten, with­
out breaking or cracking, which glass will not bear, but gold will, to
the highest degree of any metal whatsoever.

MA’LLEABLE, Fr. [of malleus, Lat. a hammer] that is hard and
ductile, that may be hammered, and that will spread out being
beaten; this is a quality possessed in the most eminent degree by gold,
it being more ductile than any other metal, and is opposite to friability
or brittleness.

To MA’LLEATE, verb act. [of malleus, Lat. a hammer] to ham­
mer, to shape or forge by the hammer. The art of melting and
malleating metals. Derham.

MA’LLEATED, part. adj. [of malleatus, Lat. of malleate] ham­
mered or wrought with a hammer.

MALLEO’LUS, Lat. [with anatomists] a process in the lower part
of the leg, just above the foot.

MA’LLET [malleus, Lat.] a sort of wooden hammer.

MA’LLEUS [in anatomy] one of the small bones of the ear, so
named from its resemblance to a hammer.

MA’LLOWS [mealwe, Sax. maûve. Fr. malva, It. Sp. Port. and Lat.]
a plant well known.

MA’LMSBURY, a large borough town of Wiltshire on the river
Avon, 89 miles from London. It sends two members to parlia­
ment.

MA’LMSEY [of Malvasia, a city of Candia in Greece] 1. A sort
of grape. See VINE. 2. A luscious sort of wine. Metheglin, wort,
and malmsey. Shakespeare.

MALOCATOO’N [q. malum, an apple, and coctona, Lat. cotton, be­
cause of its downy coat] a sort of peach; called also melocotony.

MALOGRANA’TUM [with anatomists] the cartilage or gristle, called
also xiphoides, or sword-like.

MA’LPAS, a market town of Cheshire, 157 miles from London.
It gives title of viscount to the earls of Cholmondeley.








MALT [mealt, Sax. malt, Su. mout, Du. molt, L. Ger. maltz, H.
Ger.] barley or other grain soaked in water, then laid in heaps to
ferment, and dried on a kiln in order to make drink. Beer hath
malt first infused in the liquor, and afterwards boiled with the hop.
Bacon.

To MALT, verb act. To make malt.

To MALT, verb neut. to be made into malt. It will mowburn,
which will make it malt worse. Mortimer.

MALT-DRINK [of malt and drink] liquor for drink made of
malt.

MALT-DUST [of malt and dust] the dust taken from malt in clean­
ing it. Malt-dust is an enricher of barren land. Mortimer.

MALT-FLOOR [of malt and floor] a floor to dry malt on. Empty
the corn from the cistern into the malt-floor. Mortimer.

MALT-HORSE [of malt and horse] a horse used in grinding malt.
It seems to have been in Shakespeare's time a term of reproach for a
dull dolt. You whoreson, you malt horse drudge. Shakespeare.

MALT Long, or MALT Worm, a cancerous sore about the foot of
an horse; also an insect.

MALT Mulna [in old records] a quern or malt mill.

MA’LTMAN, or MA’LTSTER [of malt] a maker of malt. Tom is
now a journeyman malster. Swift.

MA’LTON, a borough town of the North-riding of Yorkshire, 199
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

MALT Shot [in old records] a certain duty anciently paid for mak­
ing malt.
The Cross of MALTA, which is worn by the knights of St. John of
Jerusalem, is a cross of eight points.

MA’LVA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb common mallows.

MALVA’CEOUS [malvaceus, of malva, Lat. mallows] like, belong­
ing to, or made with mallows.

MA’LVADA [of Spain] a coin, 13 of which make an English far­
thing.

MALVOI’SIN [q. d. mal, evil, voisin, Fr. a neighbour] an ancient
warlike engine for casting stones, battering walls, &c.

MALVERSA’TION, Fr. [malversaciòn, Sp.] misbehaviour in an office,
employ or commission; as, breach of trust, extortion, mean artifices,
wicked and fraudulent tricks.

MA’LUM, Lat. evil, mischief, calamity, affliction, disease, &c.

MALUM Terræ, Lat. [with botanists] the apple of the earth, the
herb birth-wort; so called, because its fruit resembles the apple.

MALUM Mortuum, Lat. [the dead disease] a sort of scab so termed,
because it renders the body black and mortified.


MAM

MAM, or MA’MMA [mam, C. Brit. of mamma, Lat. this word is
said to be found for the compellation of mother in all languages; and
is therefore supposed to be the first syllables that a child pronounces]
the fond word for mother. That they may not tell tales to papa and
mamma. Swift.

MAMA’LUKES [of mamluc, Arab. a bought slave, under the domi­
nion of another] a dynasty which reigned a considerable time in Egypt.
Dherbelot very justly observes, that the term mamluc signifies a slave
in general; but in particular has been applied to those slaves (whether
Turks or Circassians) which the kings of the race of Saladin trained up
in military exercise, and which constituted their militia. He should
have said, standing army; and who in time became masters of Egypt;
where they reign'd 275 years, i. e. from 648 to 923 of the hegirah,
at which time they were subdued by sultan Selim; who defeated (as
Pocock tells us) Tumanbai, the last of these slave monarchs, and having
got possession of his person, impaled him alive. See Bacchus, Egyptian
and Grecian empires, compared with Ezekiel c. xxix. v. 14, 15. “It
shall be the BASEST of the kingdoms, neither shall it exalt itself any more
above the nations.”

MA’MIN Tree [in Jamaica] a tree that grows plentifully in the
woods, yielding a pleasant liquor, drank by the inhabitants, &c.
called the planter's toddy tree.

MA’MMA, Lat. [with anatomists] a breast, pap, or teat of a wo­
man; also a dug in cattle.

MAMMA’RIA, Lat. [with anatomists] an artery that issues out of
the subclavian branch of the ascending trunk of the aorta, and sup­
plies the breasts.

MA’MMARY Vessels [with anatomists] those arteries and veins which
pass through the glands or kernels and muscles of the breast.

MAMMEE’ Tree, subst. The mammee tree hath a rosaceous flower
which consists of several leaves placed in a circular order, from whose
cup arises the pointal, which afterwards becomes an almost spherical
fleshy fruit, containing two or three seeds, inclosed in hard rough
shells. Miller.

MA’MMET, subst. [from man or mamma] a puppet, a figure dressed
up. Hanmer

MA’MMIFORM [mammiforme, Fr. from mamma, a pap, and forma,
Lat. shape] having the shape of paps or dugs.

MA’MMIFORM Processes [processus mammiformes, Lat.] two knobs of
the bone of the back part of the skull.

MAMMILLA’RES [in anatomy] two little protuberances something
resembling nipples, found under the fore ventricles of the brain, and
supposed to be the organs of smelling.

MA’MMOCK, subst. a large shapeless piece. The ice was broken
into large mammocks. James's Voyage.

MIMMILLA’RIS Arteria, the same as mammaria.

MA’MMILLARY, adj. [mammillaire, Fr. mammillaris, Lat.] belong­
ing to the paps or dugs.

MAMMILLARY Artery [with anatomists] an artery which supplies
the breast.

MAMMILLARY Processes [with anatomists] two protuberances of the
bone in the temples, resembling the teats or dugs of a cow.

To MA’MMOCK [prob. of Man, Br. little or small, and Dek, a di­
minutive] to break into bits or scraps, to tear.

MA’MMON ןוממ, Syr. riches or gain, the god of wealth and
riches; also riches. The mammon of unrighteousness. Gospel.

MA’MMONIST [of mammon] one whose heart is set upon getting
worldly wealth.

MAMMOO’DA, a coin among the Indians, of equal value with our
shilling.

MA’MOTHY, a piece of money at Ormus in value 8 d. sterling.


MAN

MAN. irr. pl. MEN [man, mon, menn, or mænn, Sax. mænd,
Dan. manna, Goth.] 1. A human creature. A combination of the
ideas of a certain figure, with the powers of motion, and reasoning
joined to substance, make the ordinary idea of a man. Locke. 2. Not
a woman. Every man-child shall be circumcised. Genesis. 3. Not
a boy. And the man dreams but what the boy believ'd. Dryden. 4.
A servant, an attendant, a dependant. To employ other men's men.
Raleigh. 5. A word of familiarity, bordering on contempt. We
speak no treason, man. Shakespeare. 6. It is used in a loose signifi­
cation, like the French on, one, any one. A man would expect to
find some antiquities. Addison. 7. One of uncommon qualifications.
Manners maketh man. William of Wickham. 8. A human creature
qualisied in any particular manner. He a man of war from his youth.
1 Samuel. 9. Individual. In matters of equity between man and
man. Watts. 10. A human creature, not a beast. 11. A wealthy or
independent person. To this sense some refer the following passage
of Shakespeare, others to the sense next foregoing. There would this
monster make a man: any strange beast there makes a man. Shake­
speare. 12. When a person is not in his senses, we say, he is not his
own man. Ainsworth. 13. A moveable piece at chess or draughts.

MAN of War, a ship of war.

To MAN, verb act. [mannen, Du.] 1. To furnish with men.
Either of them should send certain ships to sea well manned and ap­
parel'd to fight. Hayward. 2. To guard with men. To sally from
one port, or man one public wall. Tate. 3. To fortify, to strengthen.
Having man'd his soul with proper reflections, exerted himself. Ad­
dison. 4. To Man a hawk [with falconers] is to make her gentle,
tame and tractable. 5. To attend, to wait on, to serve. I was
never mann'd with agate till now. Shakespeare. 6. To direct in hosti­
lity, to point, to aim; obsolete.

To MAN the Capstan [sea phrase] used when they would have the
men heave at the capstan.

MAN well the Top [sea term] is a word of command, when men
are ordered to go into the top of a ship.

MAN the Ladder, or MAN the Ship's Side [among sailors] is a word
of command, when any person of figure is at the side of a ship, ready
to enter or be helped into it.

To MA’NACLE, verb act. [of manus, Lat.] to bind with hand­
cuffs or fetters, to chain the hands, to shackle. To Manacle and
shackle him hand and foot. Arbuthnot.

MA’NACLES, but rarely used in the singular [manicles, Fr. manicæ,
from manus, Lat. hand] chains for the hands, shackles, hand-cuffs or
fetters.

To MA’NAGE, verb. act. [menager, Fr. maneggiare, It. manejàr,
Sp.] 1. To govern, to make tractable. We will manage Bull I war­
rant you. Arbuthnot. 2. To mind or take special care of, to husband.
3. To conduct, to carry on. The fathers had managed the charge of
idolatry against the heathens. Stilling fleet. 4. To train a horse to
graceful action. Managing his horse, and charging and discharging
his lance. Knolles. 5. To wield, to move or use easily. Long tubes
are cumbersome, and scarce to be easily managed. Newton. 6. To
treat with caution or decency. This is a mere French phrase, le me­
nager, and ought not to be imitated. Notwithstanding it was so
much his interest to manage his protestant subjects, he made over his
principality to France. Addison.

To MANAGE, verb neut. to superintend affairs, to transact. Leave
them to manage for thee. Dryden.

MANAGE [ménage, Fr. managgio, It.] 1. The act of managing of a
family, of a concern, business, &c. conduct, administration. In the
conduct and manage of actions. Bacon. 2. Use, instrumentality.
Quicksilver will not endure the manage of the fire. Bacon.

MA’NAGEABLE [of manage] 1. Easy in the use, not difficult to be
wielded or moved. The glasses are readily manageable. Newton. 2.
Tractable, governable; as, a manageable horse.

MA’NAGEABLENESS [of manageable] 1. Accommodation to easy
use. The greater or less exactness or manageableness of the instru­
ments employed. Boyle. 2. Tractableness, easiness to be governed.

MA’NAGEMENT [menagement, Fr.] 1. The act of managing or or­
dering, conduct, administration. The wrong management of the earl
of Godolphin. Swift. 2. Practice, transaction, dealing. This
seems a Gallicism. He had great managements with ecclesiastics in the
view of being advanced to the pontificate. Addison.

MA’NAGER [of manage] 1. One who has the conduct or direction
of any thing. The manager opens his sluice every night. Addison.
2. A man of frugality, a good husband. A manager of his treasure,
and yet bountiful. Temple.

MA’NAGERY [menagery, Fr.] 1. Conduct, direction, administra­
tion. So ill an account of any conduct or discretion in the manegery
of that affair. Clarendon. 2. Husbandry, frugality. So well attested
its good managery. Decay of Piety. 3. Manner of using. Instruct
them in the manner of the fight, and teach them the ready managery
of their weapons. Decay of Piety.

MANATE, or MANATI’ [about the island Hispaniola] a fish of the
whale kind, some of which are so large that they can scarce be drawn
by a yoke of oxen.

MANA’TION [manatio, Lat.] the act of flowing or running from
something else.

MANBO’TE [man-bote, Sax.] a compensation or recompence made
in money for the killing of a man.

MA’NCA, a square piece of gold in former times, valued at 39
pence.

MANCA [of silver] 60 shekels, about 7 l. 10 s. in value; of gold
100 shekels, in value 75 l. sterling.

MANCHE, or MAUNCHE [in heraldry] an odd fashioned sleeve
with long hangers to it.

MA’NCHERON [with French heralds] a sleeve used indifferently
with manche, and signifies any sort of sleeve.

MA’NCHE Present, a bribe or present from the donor's own hand.

MA’NCHESTER, a very large and populous market town of Lan­
cashire, near the conflux of the IRK and IRWELL, 165 miles from
London.








MA’NCHET [michet, Fr. Skinner. miche de pain, Fr.] a small loaf
of fine bread. A small toast of manchet. Bacon.

MANCHINE’EL Tree, or MANCHINE’LO Tree, a tree in the island of
Jamaica. It has male flowers or katkins, which become round fleshy
fruit, in which is contained a rough woody nut inclosing four or five
flat seeds; it is a native of the West-Indies, and grows equal to the
size of an oak; its wood, which is sawn out into planks and brought
to England, is of a beautiful grain, will polish well, and last long;
and is therefore much esteemed in cabinet makers work. In cutting
down those trees, the juice of the bark, which is of a milky colour,
must be burnt out before the work is begun; for its nature is so corro­
sive, that it will raise blisters on the skin, and burn holes in linen; and
if it should happen to fly into the eyes of the labourers, they are in
danger of losing their sight. The fruit is of the colour and size of the
golden pippin, by which many Europeans have been deceived; some
of whom have greatly suffered, and others lost their lives by eating it,
which will corrode the mouth and throat. The leaves of these trees
also abound with a milky juice of the same nature, so that the cattle
never shelter themselves under them, and scarcely will any vegetable
grow under their shade; yet the goats eat this fruit without any in­
jury. Miller.

To MA’NCIPATE [mancipo, Lat.] 1. To enslave, to bind, to tie.
Meteors are in themselves more unstable and less mancipated to stated
motions. Hale. 2. To deliver the possession, to give the right to
another, to sell for money.

MANCIPA’TION [of mancipate] slavery, involuntary obligation;
also the act of giving up a thing to another; an ancient manner of
selling before witnesses, in which divers formalities were used for as­
surance of the bargain and sale.

MA’NCIPLE [manceps, Lat.] a caterer, a purveyor for a commu­
nity, one who buys victuals and provisions for a college or mona­
stery. Their manciple fell dangerously ill. Betterton.

MANCU’SA [so called of manu cusa, Lat. i. e. stamped or coined
with the hand] an ancient coin, in value about a mark in silver.

MANDA’MUS, Lat. [i. e. we command] a writ granted by the king,
so called from the first word, commanding corporations to restore
aldermen and others to office, out of which they have been put un­
justly.

MANDAMUS, is also a charge to a sheriff to take into the hands
of the king all the lands and tenements of the king's widow, who,
contrary to her oath formerly given, had married without the king's
consent.

MANDARI’N, subst. a Chinese magistrate; the title of lord among
the Chinese Tartars.

MANDARIN Language, the language spoken by the Mandarins,
and in the court of China; and is that in China, that the Latin is in
Europe; the Mandarins always being men of letters.

MA’NDATARY, subst. [mandataire, Fr. mandatario, It.] one to
whom a command or charge is given; also he who comes into a be­
nefice by mandamus. A mandatary is he, to whom the pope has, by
virtue of his prerogative and his own proper right, given a mandate
for his benefice. Ayliffe.

MA’NDATE [mandat, or mandement, Fr. mandato, It. and Sp. of
mandatum, Lat.] 1. A judicial command of the king or his justice,
to have any thing done for the dispatch of justice, precept, charge,
commission sent or transmitted. He thought the mandate forged.
Dryden. 2. Command in general. Her force is not any where so
apparent as in express mandates or prohibitions. Hooker.

MA’NDATOR, Lat. a director. A person is said to be a client to
his advocate, but a master and mandator to his proctor. Ayliffe.

MA’NDATORY, adj. [mando, Lat.] directory, preceptive.

MA’NDIBLE [mandibula, Lat. with anatomists] the jaw, either up­
per or lower, the upper jaw consisting of twelve bones, six on each
side; or the lower jaw, which, when a person comes to ripeness of
years, grows into one continued bone, and very hard and thick; the
instrument of manducation. The crocodile moveth the upper jaw, as if
the upper mandible did make an articulation with the cranium.
Grew.

MANDI’BULAR, adj. [mandibularis, Lat.] pertaining to the jaw.

MANDIBULAR Muscles [with anatomists] those muscles which be­
long to the lower jaw.

MANDI’LION [mandiglione, It.] a soldier's garment. Skinner; a
sleeveless jacket, a loose cassock.

MA’NDERIL, or MA’NDREL [mandrin, Fr.] a kind of wooden pul­
ley, that is part of a turner's leath, of which there are several kinds,
as flat, hollow, pin and skrew manderils. Mandrels are made with a
long wooden shank, to fit stiff into a round hole that is made in the
work that is to be turned. This mandrel is called a shank or pin­
mandrel; and if the hole the shank is to fit into be very small, and the
work to be fastened on it pretty heavy, then turners fasten a round iron
shank or pin, and fasten their work upon it. Moxon.

MA’NDIL, a sort of cap or turbant worn by the Persians.

MA’NDRAKE, or MANDRA’GORA [םיאדוך, Heb. μανδραγορας, of
μανδρα, Gr. a cave or den, because of its growing near caves and
shady places, mandragoras, Lat. mandragore, Fr.] a plant, whose di­
vided root bears some resemblance to the legs and thighs of a man.
It bears a yellow fruit, called mandrake apples. The flower of the
mandrake consists of one leaf, in the shape of a bell; the pointal be­
comes a globular soft fruit, in which are contained many kidney
shaped seeds. The roots of this plant are said to bear a resemblance
to the human form. The report of tying a dog to this plant, in order
to root it up, and prevent the certain death of the person who dares
to attempt such a deed, and of the groans emitted by it when the vio­
lence is offered, are equally fabulous. Miller. Among other virtues,
mandrake has been falsely celebrated for rendering barren women
fruitful. It has a soporific quality, and the ancients used it when they
wanted a narcotic of the most powerful kind. Hill.

To MA’NDUCATE, verb act. [manducatum, sup. of manduco, Lat.]
to chew, to eat.

MANDUCA’TION, Fr. [manducazione, It. of manducatio, Lat.] the
act of chewing or eating. Manducation is the action of the lower jaw
in chewing the food and preparing it in the mouth before it is received
into the stomach. Quincy.

MA’NDUCI [among the Romans] the name of certain hideous fi­
gures of persons, which were designed to entertain some and fright
others at their plays. The mothers used to fright their children with
their names, by crying manducus venit.

MA’NDY Thursday, or MAU’NDY Thursday [q. dies mandati, i. e.
the day of command] the Thursday next before Easter, so denomi­
nated from our Saviour's giving a charge to his disciples before his last
supper. It has been an antient practice in England, for the kings and
queens on that day to wash the feet of so many poor men, &c. as
they had reigned years, and to give them a dole of cloth, shoes, stock­
ings, money, bread and fish, in imitation of our Saviour, who washed
the disciples feet at his ordaining the Lord's supper, bidding them do
the like to one another.

MANE [mwng, C. Br. man, Dan. maan, Su. maene, Du.] the long
hair hanging down on a horse's neck, and other animals.

MA’NEATER [of man and eat] one that feeds on human flesh, a
cannibal, an anthropophagite.

MA’NED, adj. [of mane] having a mane.

MA’NEQUIN [manneken, Du. maenchen, Ger. with painters, &c.]
a little statue or model usually made of wax or wood, the junctures
whereof are so contrived, that it may be put into any attitude at plea­
sure, and its imperies and folds may be disposed at discretion.

MA’NES, Lat. ghost, shade, that which remains of man after
death. Hail O ye holy Manes, hail again. Dryden.

MANES, were certain Roman deities, which some suppose to have
been the souls of persons deceased; and others, that they were infer­
nal gods, and gods of the dead. [See CENOTAPH.] Some are of
opinion, that the celestial gods were those of the living, and the manes
the gods of the dead. Others take manes to be the gods of the night,
and that the Latin word mane, was thence derived. Apuleius writes,
that they were dæmons or genii, which were sometimes called lemu­
res, of which, the good were called lares familiares, and the bad larvæ.
The manes were supposed to preside over tombs, and had adoration
paid to them accordingly.

MA’NE-SHEET [of mane and sheet, with grooms] is a covering for
the upper part of a horse's head, and all round his neck, which at
one end has two holes for the ears to pass through, and then joins to
the halter on the fore-part, and likewise to the surcingle or long girth
on the horse's back.

MA’NETH, or MA’NEH, Heb. a weight or sum of money among
the Jews, about an 100 shekels in gold, value 75l. 60 in silver, va­
lue 7l. 10s.
Buxtorf says, the antient sacred mina contained 50 sacred shekels,
and 100 vulgar ones. And the TABLES of the Grecian, Roman, and
Jewish measures makes it equal to 6l. 16s. 10d.½.

MA’NFUL, adj. [of man and full] valiant, stout. A handful it had
devour'd, it was so manful. Butler.

MA’NFULLY, adv. [of manful] valiantly, stoutly. Artimesia be­
haved herself manfully in a great fight at sea, when Xerxes stood by
as a coward. Abbot.

MA’NFULNESS [of man and fulnesse, Sax.] valour, stoutness.

MA’NGANESE, subst. [manganesia, low Lat.] Manganese is extremely
well known by name, though the glassmen use for it many different
substances, that have the same effect in clearing the foul colour of
their glass. It is properly an iron ore of a poorer sort; the most per­
fect sort is of a dark iron gray, very heavy, but brittle. Hill.

MANG-Corn, or MUNG-Corn [mengen, Du. to mingle] as wheat and
rye, pease and oats, mixed corn, maslin.

MANGE; subst. [de mange aison, Fr.] a scab on dogs, &c. also a
filthy and infectious disease in horses, and in cattle. The sheep died
of the rot, and the swine of the mange. B. Johnson.

MA’NGER [mangeoire, Fr. of manger, to eat] a conveniency for
eating corn, a sort of trough for horses to feed in.

MANGER [in a ship] a place on the deck, made with planks, a­
bout a foot and a half high, to catch and receive the sea-water that
beats in at the hawses in stress of weather.

MA’NGINESS [of mangy] state of having the mange, scabbiness, a
sort of itching distemper, common to dogs, and other animals.

To MA’NGLE, verb act. [of mangel, Ger. a defect, mangeien, Du.
to be wanting, mancus, Lat. maimed, as Minshew supposes] to cut,
rend or tear in pieces, to maim or wound, to butcher, to lacerate.
Mangling the sense, and curtailing authors. Baker.

MA’NGLER [of mangle] one that mangles or hacks, one that de­
stroys bunglingly.

MA’NGO [mangostan, Fr.] an East-Indian fruit of the isle of Java,
brought to Europe pickled.

MA’NGY [of mange] troubled with the mange, scabby.

MA’NHATER [of man and hate] one that hates mankind, misan­
thrope.

MA’NHOOD [man-had, Sax.] 1. Virility, not womanhood. Make
his manhood bow. Dryden. 2. Virility, not childhood, not puerility.
And starting into manhood, scorn the boy. Pope. 3. Human nature.
In Christ was the church of God established, from whom Christ de­
scended as touching his MANHOOD. Raleigh 4. Courage, bravery,
resolution. Although no man was spoken of but he for manhood, he
was called the courteous Amphialus. Sidney.

MANHOOD of Christ. This term [man or manhood] when ap­
plied to the doctrine of the incarnation, is used in different senses; ac­
cordingly, as men have espoused different schemes upon that head.
With some (for instance) it signifies a rational soul and body; both
which they suppose the Son of God to have assumed, and consequently
that in Him incarnate there are two distinct WILLS, and TWO under­
standings, and thus TWO intelligent agents are supposed to be so uni­
ted, as to constitute but ONE person. But with others, who find no
such doctrine in scripture, and think it to be alike inconsistent with the
truth and reason of things, the man or manhood of Christ signifies a
human body. Thus Novatian, Eusebius, St. Irenæus, and even Atha­
nasius himself, not only in his earliest tracts, but even after he had
long embarked in the Arian controversy, and many others appear (so
far as we can judge from their writings) to have had no notion of TWO
intelligent substances in the ONE person of Christ; and yet when descri­
bing his incarnation, they do not scruple to speak of his assuming a
man. Nor were they inconsistent with themselves; if meaning (as







they frequently explain it) no more by that man, which he assumed,
than a human body: And indeed, this sense of the word [man] is con­
firmed by the SCRIPTURE-USE thereof. “And the LORD GOD form­
ed MAN [i. e. the human body] of the DUST of the ground, and
breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.”. Gen. c. ii. v. 7, com­
pared with Psalm i. v. 3; and HOMER's Iliad, Lib. I. line 4. Ac­
cordingly St. Irenæus, who tells us more than once, that this breath
of life was the human soul [IRENÆUS Ed. Grabe, p. 408.] and conse­
quently that the man formed out of the dust, and into whose nostrils
this soul was breathed, was the body: He (I say with reference to the
incarnation) observes, “that St. PAUL perpetually uses the words
FLESH and BLOOD, partly to express our SAVIOUR's MAN [uti HOMI-
NEM EJUS statueret] and partly to establish the salvation of our flesh,”
[or body] whose resurrection these antient heretics deny'd,” p. 420.
Where by our SAVIOUR's MAN, he may intend (what his own expli­
cation should seem to suggest) no more than our Saviour's body;
“that man of his (for so he expresses himself again, p. 157) which
when corrupted [when reduced by death into that state where corrup­
tion ensues] he confirmed by his own power, and recalled to incor­
ruption.” Nor does he scruple to use the same phraseology, when
speaking of St. Paul himself, p. 183, “If the Valentinians (says he)
affirm that THEIR MAN, immediately [upon death] ascends beyond
the Creator, and goes to the mother; much more might this [ascent]
be ascribed to the APOSTLE's MAN”; for though he is here speaking
not of the outward man [or body] but of the inward man; yet is
the citation in point; because it shews this author's use of the word
[man]; I mean not always to express the WHOLE, but any one PART
of the compound; and it being a maxim with St. Irenæus, that we are
denominated men, proper SUBSTANTIAM CARNIS, i. e. from our
relation to a body; he may, by parity of argument (or rather a for­
tiori) be supposed to intend that part of the compound [which we call
the body] in the places before assigned. In which sense, by the way,
St. JUSTIN, whom he frequently copies, had used the term [man]
before him [JUSTIN Ed. Rob. Stephan. p. 35, and p. 58.] And by
all fair rules of criticism, this sense of the word should be received,
as best agreeing with the whole strain and tenor of both these authors;
a thing not so easy to be corrupted, as one [or two] single passages.
See INCARNATION and UNITY compared, with CLEMENT. STROMAT.
Ed. Paris, l. 3. p. 452.

MA’NIA, Lat, [μανια, of μαινομαι, Gr. to be mad] madness.

MANI’AC, or MANI’ACAL, adj. [μανιαχος, Gr. maniacus, Lat.] per­
taining to, or affected with madness, mad to rage. Maniacal lunacies
usually conform to the age of the moon. Grew.

MA’NICA Hippocratis [in pharmacy] Hippocrate's sleeve; a woollen
sack or bag, in a pyramidal form, for straining liquid things.

MANICHEE's [so named of Manes, a Persian, their ringleader]
Manes taught that there are two principles or gods coeternal and in­
dependent on each other; the one the author of all evil, and the other
of all good; a doctrine which he borrowed (not improbably) from the
Persian Magi.
But EUSEBIUS (who places Manes a little before the times of Dio­
clesian) represents him, as having borrowed also from many of the he­
resies that rose in the church before him. And I believe, if the rea­
der will peruse what we have already said under the word GNOSTICS,
he'll find the observation hold true. For by comparing that authentic
letter of Manes, and the account of his doctrine, which St. Epiphanius has
preserved, with those extracts that Spanheim has made both from him
and other antient writers, it appears that Manes agreed with the old
gnostics, in explaining away a TRUE and PROPER INCARNATION;
and when searching out the origin of moral evil, he placed it in some­
thing independent of our will and choice; something in the pre-esta­
blished nature and constitution of things, forced and imposed upon us.
“He feigned (says SPANHEIM) that good and ill are SUBSTANCES,
and that in the elements is the SUBSTANCE of the good and evil PRIN-
CIPLE.” And again, “He affirmed the absolute necessity of sin”,—
and no wonder it should be so, if founded in nature. And again,
“that having distinguished his elect from the audience and common
people, he affirmed that in the latter, the SUBSTANCE of sin was not
manifestly purged off, especially in those who entered upon the nup­
tial state”; for by the way, most of the old corrupters of the faith once
delivered to the saints, bore hard on matrimony. [See HIEROM and
CATAPHRYGIANS compared]——But to proceed, he maintained yet
farther, “that the souls of his audience were converted into souls of
elect, and that being purged (if I do not mistake him) com­
pleatly, after their decease, by the SUN, whither they were conveyed
upon their removal out of the body, they returned to God; from
whose very substance, by the way, Manes supposed them to be deri­
ved; and that other souls returned into the bodies of beasts, or into
trees, &c.” And in a word, “He conceived this evil of concupiscence,
that rises against the spirit, to be a SUBSTANCE, which cannot admit
of a cure; but will be separated from us, and after the great judgment
is over, subsist for ever incarcerated in hell.” SPANHEIM Hist. Ed. Lug­
dun. p. 752, 753. I was the more willing to take my account of
Manes from this writer, as he has sufficiently approved his orthodoxy,
and in particular his attachment to that modern system of divinity which
comes the nearest to the Manicheans. Amongst whom its first founder
received his education, and not improbably imbibed from thence a
teint, from which he was not compleatly purged by any thing be­
low the moon. He left, I confess, the party: but not before the
thirty first year of his age, as appears from his own account; and,
but for that strong resemblance which some parts of his scheme bear to
Manicheism, I would not remind my readers of that remark of the
poet:
—Imbuta recens servabit odorem
Testa diu—
See INFRA-CAPSARIANS, and JANSENISM compared. See also IN­
QUISITION, and read there, “When once letting loose the IMPERIAL
EDICTS upon them.”

MANI’CUM, Lat. [μανιχον, of μαινομαι, Gr. because it makes mad]
an herb, called also dorychnion, a kind of nightshade.

MANICO’RDIUM, a musical instrument in form of a spinnet; its
strings are covered with scarlet cloth, to deaden and soften the sound.
It is used in nunneries by the nuns to learn to play, and not disturb
the silence of the dormitory.

MA’NIFEST, adj. [manifeste, Fr. manifesto, It. manifiésto, Sp. of ma­
nifestus, Lat.] 1. Apparent, evident, clear, plain, not concealed, not
doubtful. Not all in like apparent and manifest manner. Hooker. 2.
Detected; with of. Calistho there stood manifest of shame. Dryden.

To MA’NIFEST, verb act. [manifester, Fr. manifestàr, Sp. manifes­
tere, It. of manifesto, Lat.] to reveal, to declare or publish, to make
apparent, to shew plainly. To assume and manifest his will in our
flesh. Hammond.

MA’NIFEST, subst. [manifeste, Fr. manifesto, It.] 1. Declaration,
public protestation; it is now more usually written manifesto.
You authentic witnesses I bring
Of this my manifest, that never more
This hand shall combat on the crooked shore. Dryden.
2. [In trade] a draught of the cargo of the master of a ship, shew­
ing what is due to him for freight from every person, to whom the
goods in his ship belongs.

MANIFESTA’TION, Fr. [manifestazione, It. manifestacion, Sp. of ma­
nifestatio, Lat.] the act of making manifest, discovery, publication,
clear evidence. To know him in those glorious manifestations of him­
self in the works of creation. Tillotson.

MANIFE’STIBLE, adj. properly manifestable [of manifest] easy to
be made manifest. This is manifestible in long and thin plates of steel.
Brown.

MA’NIFESTLY, adv. [of manifest] apparently, evidently, plainly.
We see manifestly that sounds are carried with wind. Bacon.

MA’NIFESTNESS [of manifest] plainness, clear evidence.

MANIFE’STO, It. [manifeste, Fr. manifiesto, Sp.] an apology or pub­
lic declaration in writing made by a prince, shewing his intentions in
any enterprize; the motives that induced him to it, and the reasons on
which his right and pretensions are founded. It was proposed to
draw up a manifesto, setting forth the grounds and motives of our
taking arms. Addison.

MA’NIFOLD [of many and fold; manig and feoldan, Sax. mang­
foldig, Dan. menighvuldigh, Du. mannithfaeltig, Ger.] a great many
in number, being of different kinds, multiplied. The manifold use of
friendship. Bacon.

MA’NIFOLDED [of many and fold] having many complications or
doubles. And manifolded shield he bound about his wrist. Spenser.

MA’NIFOLDLY, adv. [of manifold] in a manifold manner. They
were manifoldly acknowledged the savers of that country. Sidney.

MANI’GLIONS [with gunners] two handles on the back of a piece
of ordnance, cast after the German form.

MA’NIKIN [manneken, Du. maenchen, Ger.] a dwarf, a diminutive
fellow, a little man. This is a dear manikin to you, Sir Toby.
Shakespeare.

MANI’LLE, or MENI’LLE [in Africa] one of the principal commo­
dities carried to those coasts by the Europeans, to traffic with the negroes
in exchange for slaves. It is composed of brass rings in the form of
bracelets, which the natives deck their legs and arms with. But
the better sort of them wear the manilles made of silver and gold,
but these are of their own manufacture.

MA’NINGTREE, a market-town of Essex, on a branch of the river
Stour, 59 miles from London.

MA’NIPLE [manipule, Fr. manipolo, It. manipulus, Lat.] 1. A sort
of ornament like a scarf, worn about the wrists by Romish mass priests.
2. A handful. 3. A company of foot soldiers with the Romans, a
small band of soldiers.

MANI’PULAR, adj. [manipularis, of manipulus, Lat.] relating to a
maniple.

MANIPULA’TION, a term used in mines, to signify the manner of
digging the silver.

MANI’PULUS, Lat. [among apothecaries] an handful of herbs,
roots, flowers, &c. i. e. as much as one can take up in the hand.

MA’NKILLER [of man and killer] a murderer. To kill mankillers
man has lawful power. Dryden.

MANKI’ND, subst. [mann-cinn, Sax. mand-kin, Dan.] the human
race.

MA’NLIKE, adj. [of man and like] having the resemblance of a
man. A right manlike man. Sidney.

MA’NLESS, adj. [of man and less] being without men, unmanned.
A stratagem of fireboats manless. Bacon.

MA’NLINESS [of manly] bravery, stoutness, dignity, appearance of
a man. And thus courts credit and manliness in the casting off the
modesty he has till then been kept in. Locke.

MA’NLY, adj. [manlig, Su. manneleik, Goth. mannelick, Du. ma­
enlich, Ger.] becoming a man, manlike, firm, undaunted, stout, cou­
rageous. He moves with manly grace. Dryden.

MA’NLY, adv. [of man] with courage, like a man.

MA’NNA [some derive it of הוה ןמ, what is this; the expression
used by the Israelites, when they first saw it; others derive it of הגמ,
a proportion or allowance, of הגמ, Syr. he distributed distinctly] a
certain delicious food, which God rained from heaven for the support
of the Israelites in the wilderness.

MANNA [with physicians] a sort of sweet liquor which drops of it­
self, or else is let out by cutting from the branches and leaves of ash­
trees in Calabria in Italy; or, as others say, a kind of dew congealed
on trees and plants in Syria, Germany, and Calabria, but the Cala­
brian is most in use.

MANNA is properly a gum, and is a honey-like juice, concreted in­
to a solid form, seldom so dry, but it adheres more or less to the fin­
gers in handling. Its colour is whitish, yellowish, or brownish, and
it has in taste the sweetness of sugar, and with it a sharpness that ren­
ders it very agreeable. We are supplied with manna from Calabria
and Sicily, which is the product of two different trees, but which are
of the same genus, being both varieties of the ash. When the heats
of summer are free from rain, the leaves, the trunks and branches of
both these trees exsudate a white honey juice, which concretes into
what we call manna, forming itself as it runs, and according to its dif­
ferent quantity into small roundish drops, or long flakes: what flows
out of the leaves of these trees is all natural, but the Italians procure
a forced kind, by wounding the trunks and branches. The finest
manna of all is that which oozes naturally out of the leaves in Au­
gust, after the season of collecting the common manna is over. The
French have another sort of manna produced from the larchtree, of
a very different genus from the ash, and the very tree which produces







oil of turpentine; this is called Briançon manna, from the country
where it is produced: our black thorn or sloe-trees sometimes yield a
true manna from the ribs of the leaves, in autumn; but it is in a
very small quantity. There is another sort called the manna Persia,
produced from a small prickly shrub, about four or five feet high,
growing in Egypt, Armenia, Georgia, and Persia. The Hebrews,
who had been acquainted with the last mentioned sort of manna,
when they found a miraculous food in the desert resembling it, did not
scruple to call it manna: this was a conjecture the more natural to
them, as they saw plainly that this descended from the heavens in form
of a dew, and concreted into the globules in which they found it;
and the received opinion at that time was, that the oriental manna
was formed in the same manner; that it was a dew from the clouds
concreted on the plant, none supposing, in those early times, that it
was the natural juice of the shrub upon which it was found. It is
however evident, that this was not of the nature of manna, because it
melted away as the sun grew hot, whereas manna hardens in that
heat. It is but lately that the world were convinced of the mistake of
manna being an aerial produce, by an experiment being made by
covering a tree with sheets in the manna season, and the finding as
much manna on it afterwards, as on those which are open to the air
and dew. Manna is celebrated both by the ancients and moderns,
as a gentle and mild cathartic. Hill.

MANNA Pear a pear that is ripe in December and January.

MA’NNASI, or MA’NNATI [about Jamaica] a certain monstrous
fish, called the sea-cow, from its resembling a cow, that brings forth
her young ones alive, and scuckles them with milk from her dugs;
she is an amphibious animal, lives for the most part in the water,
but feeds on grass in the fields.

MA’NNER [maniere, Fr. maniera, It. manére, Sp.] 1. Fashion, way,
custom, usage, habit. As the manner of some is. New Testament.
2. Form, method. 3. Certain degree. The bread is in a manner
common. 1 Samuel. 4. Sort, kind. What manner of men were
they. Judges. 5. Mien, cast of the look. 6. Peculiar way, some
few touches. I have endeavoured to express after your manner. Dry­
den. 7. Way, sort. After a gentle but very powerful manner. At­
terbury. 8. Character of the mind. His princes are as much distin­
guished by their manners, as by their dominions. Addison. 9. In the
plur. [manieres, Fr.] general way of life, morals, habits. The kinds
of music have most operation upon manners, as to make them warlike,
to make them soft. Bacon. 10. In the plur. ceremonies, behaviour,
studied civility. And shall we, in our applications to the great God,
take that to be religion, which the common reason of mankind will
not allow to be manners? South. 11. The rules for behaviour, con­
versation, &c.

MANNER [with musicians] is a particular way of singing or play­
ing; which is often expressed by saying, he has a good manner.

MANNER [with painters, carvers, &c.] a particular habit or mode
the artist has in managing his hand, pencil, instrument, &c. thus they
say, the manner of Reuben's, Titian, &c.

MA’NNERLINESS [of mannerly] ceremonious, complaisance, civi­
lity. Out of mannerliness and respect to God. Hale.

MA’NNERLY, adj. [of manner] ceremonious, civil, courteous,
well behaved. Not to oppose them by whatever mannerly names we
may palliate the offence, is not modesty but cowardice. Rogers.

MA’NNERLY, adv. with civility, without rudeness. We'll man­
nerly demand thee of thy story. Shakespeare.

MA’NNIKIN, subst. [of man and klein, Ger. little] a little man, a
dwarf. See MANIKIN.

MA’NNING a Ship, is a term used when a ship is to shew all her
men; also furnishing it with men.

MA’NNISH, adj. [of man] having the appearance of a man, bold,
masculine. A mannish countenance. Sidney.

MA’NNUS, O. L. [μαννις, Gr.] a nag, an ambling nag, a gennet.
Hence mantheof is used for a horse-stealer, in king Alfred's laws.

MANO’METER, or MA’NOSCOPE [of μανος, thin, and μετρον, mea­
sure, or of σχοπος, Gr.] an instrument to measure or shew the altera­
tions in the rarity and density of the air.

MA’NOR, or MA’NOUR [of manoir, Fr. of manendo, Lat. because
the lord usually resided there, manerium, low Lat. maner, Armor.]
was a noble sort of see antiently granted, partly to tenants for cer­
tain services, and partly reserved for the use of the lord's family, a
jurisdiction over his tenants for their farms.
The original of manors was this: The king antiently granted a cer­
tain compass of ground to some man of merit, for him and his heirs to
dwell upon, and exercise some jurisdiction, more or less, within that
circuit; for which the lord performed such services, and paid such an­
nual rents, as were required by the grant. Now the lord parcelling
this land out to other meaner men, received rent and services of them,
and so as he was tenant to the king, they also were tenants to him;
but those great men and their posterity have alienated those mansions
and lands so given them by their prince, and many for capital offences
have forfeited them to the king; and thereby they still remain in the
crown, or are bestowed again upon others. But whosoever possesses
these manors, the liberty belonging to them is real and predial, and
therefore remains, though the owners be changed.
The whole fee was called a lordship, of old a barony, from whence
comes the term court baron, which is always an appendant to the ma­
nour.
Manour at this time, signifies rather the jurisdiction or royalty incor­
poreal, than the land or site; for a man may have a manour in gross,
i. e. the right and interest of a court baron, with the perquisites be­
longing to it, and another person, or others, have every foot of the
land. Cowel.

MANQUE’LLER [of man-cwellan, Sax.] a manslayer, a mankiller,
a murderer. This was not Kayne the manqueller, but one of a gen­
tler spirit. Carew.

MANSE [mansio, Lat.] a parsonage or vicarage-house for the incum­
bent to live in.

MA’NSFIELD, a market-town of Nottinghamshire, 136 miles from
London.

MA’NSION [mansio, Lat.] 1. An abiding or dwelling-place, abode,
house. As if some king should build his mansion house by the model
of Solomon's palace. Hooker. 2. Residence, abode. And in one
grave their mansions keep. Denham. 3. The seat of the blessed in
heaven.

MANSION [in law] the lord of a manor's chief dwelling-house
within his fee; otherwise called the capital messuage.

MANSLAU’GHTER [man-slæhte, or slæga, of slægan, Sax. to
slay, or schlachten, Ger. to slaughter or butcher] the killing of a man
without malice prepense; whether in a rencounter or carelessly, and
differs both from murder and chance-medly, in that they both import
a present intent to kill. This offence is felony by the law; but al­
lowed the benefit of the clergy for the first time; but the convict for­
feits his goods and chattels.

MANSLAU’GHTER [of man and slaughter] 1. Murder, destruction
of the human species. Open manslaughter and bold bawdery. Ascham.
2. [In law] the act of killing a man, not wholly without fault, tho'
without prepense malice.

MA’NSLAYER [of man and slay; manslaga, Sax.] one who kills a
man, a murderer. Cities for refuge for the manslayer. Numbers.

MANSUEFA’CTION, Lat. the act of taming or making gentle.

MANSU’ETE [mansuete, Fr. mansueto, It. of mansuetus, Lat.] quiet,
tame, meek, gentle, not ferocious, not wild. Domestic and mansuete
birds. Ray.

MANSU’ETUDE, Fr. [mansuetudine, It. of mansuetudo, Lat.] meek­
ness, mildness, tameness. Given to mansuetude. Herbert.

MA’NSUS [in ancient deeds] a farm; mansus and mansum are also
used for messuagium, a messuage and dwelling-house.

MA’NSURA [in dooms-day-book] the mansions or dwelling places
of the country-people.

MANTE’A [in old records] a mantle, cloak, or long robe.

MA’NTEL, subst. O. Fr. work raised before a chimney to conceal
it; whence the name which originally signifies a cloak.

MA’NTELET, Fr. 1. A small cloak worn by women. 2. A short
purple mantle worn by bishops in France, over their rochet, on some
special occasions.

MA’NTELETS [with military men] are great planks of wood, in
height about five feet, and in thickness three inches, which are used
at siezes to cover the men from the enemies fire; being pushed for­
ward on small trunks.

MANTELLE’, Fr. [in heraldry] is when the two upper ends of a shield
are cut off by lines drawn from the upper edge of the shield to that
part of the sides, where the chief line should part it, so forming a tri­
angle of a different colour or metal from the shield, as if a mantle
were thrown over it, and the ends drawn back.

MA’NTICE [μαντιχη, Gr.] divination or foretelling things to come.

MANTI’GER, subst. [of man and tiger] a large monkey or baboon.
The glaring cat-a-mountain and the man-mimicking mantiger. Ar­
buthnot and Pope.

MA’NTLE [mantel, Sax. mantel, Du. Ger. and Su. manteau, Fr.
manto, It. mánta, Sp.] is the same in English as mantelle, Fr. and tho'
manteau, with us, signifies a long robe; yet it was a military habit,
used in ancient times by great commanders in the field, as well to ma­
nifest their high places, as also (being cast over their armour) to repel
the extremity of wet, cold and heat, and withal, to preserve their ar­
mour from rust, and so preserve its glittering lustre. See MANTEL.

MANTLE [mantell, Wel. of mantilium, Lat. mæntel, Sax. manteau,
Fr.] a garment to be worn over the shoulders, a sort of cloak thrown
over the rest of the dress. Clothed with mantles of water-green sattin.
Bacon.

To MA’NTLE, verb act. [from the subst.] to cloke, to cover, to
disguise.

To MANTLE, verb neut. [the original of the signification of this
word is not plain. Skinner considers it as relative to the expansion of
a mantle; as, the hawk mantleth, she spreads her wings like a mantle]
1. To sparkle, to flower, to smile like drink, to gather any thing on
the surface, to froth. It drinketh fresh, flowereth and mantleth ex­
ceedingly. Bacon. 2. To ferment or be in sprightly agitation. When
mantling blood flow'd in his lovely cheeks. Smith. 3. [With falco­
ners] to display; as, the hawk mantles, i. e. spreads her wings after
her legs. 4. To joy, to revel. Spenser. 5. To be expanded, to
spread with luxuriance. The mantling vine. Milton.

MANTLE Tree [manteau, Fr. mantel, O. Fr.] a piece of timber laid
across the head of a chimney. China on the mantel tree or cabinet.
Swift.

MA’NTLINGS [in heraldry] as now represented about shields, are
a sort of flourishings: However, they are always supposed in blazon to
be doubled; that is, lined throughout with some part of the furs.
French heralds say, that these mantlings or mantles, were originally short
coverings, that commanders wore over their helmets, to defend their
head from the weather; and that coming away from battle, they
wore them hanging about them in a ragged manner, caused by the
many cuts that they had received on their heads; and therefore the
more hack'd they were, the more honourable they were accounted;
and that in process of time they were by degrees made deeper, and so
from the helmet, to hang down below the whole shield, and were
adorned either according to the honour of the bearer, or fancy of the
painter.

MA’NTUA, or MA’NTOE [prob. so called from manteau, Fr. a man­
tle] a loose gown worn by women, an upper garment. Lappets, ruf­
fles and mantua's. Swift.

MA’NTUAMAKER [of mantua and maker] one who makes gowns
for women.

MANTU’RNA [among the Romans] a goddess who was supposed to
oblige wives to stay at home.

MA’NUAL, adj. [manuel, Fr. manuale, It. manuàl, Sp. of manualis,
Lat.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or performed by the hand. The assistance
of manual operation. Dryden. 2. Used by the hand. To procure
some declaration under his Majesty's sign manual. Clarendon.

MANUAL Operation [of manus, Lat.] any thing done or performed
by the hand.

Sign MANUAL, the signing of a deed or writing under hand and
seal.

MANUAL Goods, such whereof present profit may be made.

MANUAL, subst. a small book, such as may be carried in the hand.
This manual of laws stiled the Confessor's laws. Hale.








MANUA’LIA Beneficia, Lat. [in old records] the daily distributions
or portions of meat and drink, allotted to the canons and other mem­
bers of cathedral and collegiate churches, for their present sustenance.

MANUA’LIS Obedientia, Lat. sworn obedience, or subjection upon
oath.

MA’NUALIST [of manual] a handicrafts man, or artificer.

MANU’BIAL, adj. [manubialis, from manubiæ, Lat.] pertaining to
spoil or booty taken in war.

MANU’BIÆ, Lat. the spoils taken in war, or the money made of
the booty taken from the enemy.

MANU’BRIUM, subst. Lat. a handle. The sucker move easily enough
up and down in the cylinder by the help of the manubrium. Boyle.

MANUCA’PTION [in law] a writ that lies for a man, who being ta­
ken on suspicion of felony, and offering sufficient bail for his appear­
ance, is refused to be admitted thereto by the sheriff, or any other
person having power to let to mainprize.

MANUCA’PTORS, those who stand surety or bail for others.

MANUDU’CTION [manuductio, Lat.] the act of leading by the hand,
guidance by the hand. No open track or constant manuduction in this
labyrinth. Brown.

MANUDU’CTOR, Lat. one who leads by the hand.

MA’NUEL [in law] a thing whereof present profit may be made. See
MANUAL.

MANUFA’CTURE, Fr. [manifattura, It. manufatura, Sp. of manus,
a hand, and factura, a making, of facio, Lat. to make] 1. The act
or practice of making any piece of workmanship. 2. Handy work,
or any commodity made by the hand, or things made from the natu­
ral product of a country, as woollen cloths, bayze, stuffs, hats, &c.
of wool, linen cloth, of flax, &c. 3. The place where the work is
carried on.

To MANUFA’CTURE [manu-facio, Lat. manufacturer, Fr.] to make
or work up, to form by art, labour or workmanship.

MANUFA’CTURER [manufacturier, Fr. manufacturus, Lat.] one
who works up any commodity, an artificer, a workman. Artificers,
and the manufacturers of various kinds. Watts.

To MA’NUMISE, verb act. [manumissum, sup. of manumitto, Lat.] to
set free, to dismiss from slavery. Certain manumised slaves. Knolles.

MANUMI’SSION, Fr. [manumissio, of manus, hand, and mitto, Lat. to
send] the act of enfranchizing or setting a slave or bond-man free;
which in former times was performed before a magistrate with divers
ceremonies. Slaves wore iron rings until their manumission. Brown.

MANUMI’SSION Expressed [in law] is when the lord makes a deed
to his villain, to franchise him by the word manumittere.

MANUMISSION Implyed [in law] is when the lord makes an obliga­
tion for paymeet of money to his bond-man at a certain day; or sues
him when he might enter without suit, or grants him an annuity, &c.

To M’ANUMIT, verb act. [manumitto, Lat.] to enfranchise or make
a bond-man free, to release from slavery. Help to manumit and re­
lease him from those servile drudgeries to vice. Gov. of the Tongne.

MANU’RABLE, adj. [of manure] capable of cultivation. The ma­
nurable lands in every manor. Hale.

MANU’RANCE [of manure] agriculture, cultivation. They being
kept from manurance. Spenser.

MANU’RE [from the verb] dung, marl, &c. used by husbandmen
for inriching and fattening the soil. Mud makes an extraordinary
manure for land that is sandy. Mortimer.

To MANU’RE, verb act. [of manouvrer, Fr.] 1. To till the ground,
to labour the earth by the hand, to enrich the soil by dung, &c.
Shells reduced by the agitation of the sea to powder, are used for the
manuring of land. Woodward. 2. To cultivate with manual labour.

MANU’REMENT [of manure] cultivation, improvement. The ma­
nurement of wits is like that of soils. Wotton.

MANU’RER [of manure] he who manures or cultivates land, a hus­
bandman.

MA’NUS [in law] an oath; also the person who took it; a compur­
gator.

MA’NUSCRIPT [manuscript, Fr. manoscretto, It. manuscrito, Sp. of
manuscriptum, Lat.] a book or copy written with the hand, in opposi­
tion to a printed copy. A collection of rare manuscripts exquisitely
written in Arabic. Wotton.

MANUSPA’STUS, Lat. [in law] a domestic or houshold servant.

MUNUTENE’NTIA, a writ used in the case of maintenance.

MA’NWORTH [in old law] the price or value of a man's head;
every man, according to his degree, being rated at a certain price, in
conformity to which, satisfaction in old time was made to his lord, if
any one killed him.

MA’NY [menig, mani, mæni, or mænig, Sax. mange, Dan. maen­
ga, Su. monag, Goth. menigh, Du. mennig, L. Ger. manch, H. Ger.
This word is remarkable in the Saxon for its frequent use, being
written with twenty variations, mænegeo, mænego, mænigeo,
mænigo, mænigu, mænio, mæniu, mænygeo, manegeo, manigu,
manige, manigo, menegeo, menego, menegu, menigeo, menigo,
menigu, menio, meniu] 1. A company, a multitude, people, a
great number. The vulgar and the many are fit only to be led or dri­
ven. South. 2. Many, when it is used before a noun singular, seems
to be a substantive: But tho' this phraseology be sometimes used, it is
not analogous nor elegant. Many a child. Locke. 3. Many is much
used in composition.

MA’NYCOLOURED, adj. [of many and colour] having many colours.
Many-colour'd messenger. Shakespeare.

MA’NYCORNERED [of many and corner] having many corners or
angles, multangular, polygonal. Dryden.

MA’NY-FEET, the fish pourcountrel.

MANYHEADED [of many and head] having many heads. A po­
pular licence is the manyheaded tyranny. Sidney.

MANYLA’NGUAGED [of many and language] having many languages.
And manylanguag'd nations has survey'd. Pope.

MA’NYPEOPLED [of many and people] numerously populous. He
from the manypeopled city flies. Sandys.

MA’NYTIMES, an adverbial phrase. Often, frequently. Many­
times taken out of the scripture. Addison.


MAP

MAP [mapa, Sp. of mappa, Lat.] a plain figure, representing the
several parts of the surface of the earth, according to the laws of per­
spective, or it is a projection of the surface of the globe, or a part
thereof in plano, describing the several countries, islands, seas, rivers,
with the situation of cities, woods, hills, &c. Old coins are like so
many maps for explaining the ancient geography. Addison.

Universal MAPS, are such as exhibit the whole surface of the earth,
or the two hemispheress.

Particular MAPS, are such as exhibit some particular part or region
thereof.

To MAP, verb act. [from the subst.] to delineate, to set down
in a map. Near to the place where they should meet, if Pisanio have
mapp'd it right. Shakespeare.

MAPPA’RIUS, Lat. [of mappa, Lat. a handkerchief] an officer among
the Romans, who in the games of the circus and gladiators, gave the
signal for their beginning, by throwing an handkerchief that he had
before received for that purpose of the emperor.

MA’PLE [maful, Sax.] a sort of tree. The maple tree hath jagged
or angular leaves; the seeds grow two together in hard-winged vessels.
There are several species of it, of which the greater maple is falsely
called the sycamore tree. The common maple is a tree frequent in
hedgerows. Miller.

MA’PPERY, subst. [of map] the art of planning or designing. Han­
mer.


MAR

To MAR, verb act. [amyrran, Sax.] to spoil, to injure, to hurt,
to damage: obsolete. To the marring and maiming of the scholar in
learning. Ascham.

MARANA’SIN [םישגא רמ, Heb. and Syr. i. e. the lord of men]
a name given by the Sidonians to Jupiter.

MARANA’THA [אתא ןרמ, Syr. i. e. the lord comes, or the lord is
come] the highest degree of excommunication. It was a form of the
denouncing or anathematizing among the Jews. St. Paul pronounces,
If any love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be anathema marana­
thema, which is as much as to say, mayest thou be devoted to the
greatest of evils, and to the utmost severity of God's judgments; may
the Lord come quickly to take vengeance of thy crimes. Calmet.

MARA’SMUS [μαρσμος, from μαραινω, Gr.] a fever which wastes
the body by degrees, a consumption in which persons waste much of
their substance. Quincy. A marasmus imports a consumption follow­
ing a fever; a consumption or withering of the body, by reason of a
natural extinction of the native heat, and an extenuation of the body,
caused through an immoderate heat. Harvey. BRUNO calls it “the
highest degree of an atrophy.”

MA’RATHRUM, Lat. [μαραθρον, Gr.] garden fennel.

MARA’UDER [mæraudeur, Fr.] a soldier that ranges for booty.

MARA’UDING, part. adj. [maraude, Fr.] ranging about as soldiers
in quest of plunder, forage, &c.

MARAVE’DIS, a Spanish coin, 34 of which amount but to a ryal,
which is about 6 d. English money.

MA’RBLE, subst. [marmor, Lat. marbre, Fr. marmo, It. mormol, Sp.
mormor, Port.] 1. A sort of stone extremely hard, firm and solid, dug out
of pits or quarries. It is used in statues and elegant buildings, capable
of a bright polish, and a strong heat calcining into lime. 2. Little
balls of marble with which children play. 3. A stone remarkable for
the sculpture or inscription; as, the Oxford marbles.

MARBLE, adj. 1. Made of marble. 2. Variegated or red like mar­
ble. Marble colours. Sidney.

To MA’RBLE, verb act. [marbrer, Fr.] to paint or stain in colours
in imitation of marble, to vein or variegate like marble. Very well
fleeked marble paper. Boyle.

MA’RBLEHEARTED [of marble and heart] cruel, insensible, hard­
hearted. Ingratitude, thou marblehearted friend. Shakespeare.

MA’RBLING of Books, part. adj. [in book-binding] the sprinkling
them with colours on the outside, and working them with a pencil in
imitation of marble.

MA’RCASITE [marcasita, Sp. marcassita, It. marcassite, Fr. of Lat.]
a metallic mineral stone, hard and brittle, partaking of the nature and
colour of the metal it is mixed with. The term marcasite has been
very improperly used by some for bismuth, and by others for zink:
the more accurate writers however always express a substance different
from either, sulphureous and metallic. There are three distinct spe­
cies of it; one of a bright gold colour, another of a bright silver, and
a third of a dead white. The silvery one seems to be peculiarly meant
by the writers on the materia medica. Marcasite is very frequent in
the mines of Cornwal, where the workmen call it mundic; but more
so in Germany, where they extract vitriol and sulphur from it, besides
which it contains a quantity of arsenic. Hill. The writers of minerals
give the name pyrites and marcasites indifferently to the same sort of
body. I restrain the name of pyrites wholly to the nodules, or those
that are found lodged in strata that are separate: the marcasite is part
of the matter that either constitutes the stratum or is lodged in the per­
pendicular fissures. Woodward.

MARCASI’TICAL [of marcasite] pertaining to, or like a marca­
site.

MARCA’SSIN, Fr. [in heraldry] is a wild boar, differing from the
old, not only in size, which may not be visible in arms, but that its
tail hangs down; whereas that of an old boar is always turned round
in a ring, with only the end hanging.

MARCE’LLIANISM [of Marcellus of Ancyra their leader] the doc­
trine and opinions of the Marcellians, who are said to have held the
errors of Sabellius: the Marcellians did not own the three hypostases.
Eusebius of Cæsarea, who wrote, at the request of that council, held at
Constantinople, A. C. 336, in which Marcellus was condemn'd, a refu­
tation of his errors, says, “that MARCELLUS disown'd in words the
doctrine of Sabellius; but that in fact he was detected to agree with him,
and denied the hypostasis [or distinct, real, substantial existence] of the
Son of God. EUSEB. de Eccles. Theolog. lib. I. c. 15 & 17. And
whereas it was the fear of infringing upon the DIVINE UNITY, which
led Marcellus into this mistake; observe in what manner Eusebius (and
in him the CHURCH of Christ in those days) took off this objection.
“But doest thou fear, O man, least by confessing TWO HYPOSTASES,
thou should'st introduce TWO ORIGINAL principles, or two first-causes,
[δνο αρχας] and subvert the doctrine of MONARCHIC GODHEAD?
Learn therefore that whilest there is [but] one UNORIGINATED UNBE-
GOTTEN GOD, and a Son begotten from him; there is [but] one ori­
ginal or first-Cause, and [but] ONE MONARCHY and KINGDOM; since
the Son himself confesses the FATHER to be his original; “for the







HEAD of CHRIST (as the apostle affirms) is GOD.”—“But thou still fearest
(says he) least by maintaining the Father and Son to be two [divine]
hypostases, we should be obliged to admit of TWO GODS.” To which
Eusebius replies, that this consequence does not follow: “Ουδε γαρ ισο­
τιμους, αυτας, &c. i. e. For WE do not define them [i. e. the two hyposta­
ses] to be EQUAL IN HONOUR; nor both unoriginated, and unbegot­
ten; but ONE, unbegotten and unoriginated; the other begotten and
having the Father for its original; FOR WHICH CAUSE, the SON HIM­
SELF teaches us that the Father is also HIS GOD by saying, I ascend
to my Father and your Father, to MY GOD and YOUR GOD. GOD
THE FATHER is therefore declared to be the GOD even of the SON
HIMSELF; and as such but ONE GOD is preached by the CHURCH.”
Lib. IV. cap. 7. And in truth that Eusebius in all this delivered
(what the title of his book profest) the doctrine of the primitive church,
appears still further from that cloud of witnesses which the reader will
find collected under the words FIRST-CAUSE, DITHEISM, CO-ORDI­
NATION, GHOST, ESSENCE, &c. And by the way, that EUSEBIUS is
here speaking of CHRIST, considered in his highest capacity, is manifest,
not only from the whole context and from very point in debate: but
also as it is agreeable to what himself frequently avows in other places;
and in particular when commenting on those words, the LORD rained
from the LORD FIRE and brimstone; “this scripture (says he) plainly
declares a second person, whom it teaches us to have been encharged
from a GREATER with this work of punishing the ungodly. But tho'
we [we Christians] openly [or without disguise] confess TWO LORDS;
αλλ' ουχ ομοιαις επ' αμφοτερων χρωμεθα θεολογιαις; Ευσεβως δε τη ταξει
χρωμεθα, &c. i. e. yet we do not apply SIMILAR [or like] ASCRIPTIONS
OF DIVINITY to both; but most piously observe the taxis; [i. e. Granda­
tion and order] as having been taught that the SUPREME, FATHER and
GOD and LORD, is the Lord and God even of the second Lord; and the
logos [or word] of God, the second Lord, is indeed Lord of those who are
under him, [meaning the whole system of material and immaterial be­
ings] not so of his GREATER. For God the word is not Lord of the
FATHER, nor God over the FATHER; but HIS image, and word, and
wisdom and power; and is sovereign Lord and God of those who are
after him. [See GENESIS.] Whereas the FATHER is both Father, and
Lord and God over the SON: and thus all things are fairly reduced to
ONE ORIGINAL; and OUR doctrine of divinity, which is ACCORDING
TO GODLINESS, is resolved into ONE GOD. Euseb. Demonst. Evang.
Ed. Rob. Stephan. p. 146. See ELCESAITÆ, HOMOÜSIANS, and MO­
NARCHY OF THE UNIVERSE, compared with the words HYPOSTASIS,
ORDER, MACEDONIANS, and MEDIATOR.

MARCE’SCENT [marcesens, Lat.] growing withered, fading.

MARCE’SSIBLE [marcessibilis, Lat.] easy to wither or fade away.

MA’RCGRAVE, a German dignity equal to our marquess: tho' the
marcgraves in Germany are sovereign princes, as was the father of
the late queen Caroline, or appennaged sons of sovereign princes, as
are the brothers of the late king of Prussia.

MARCH [of the God Mars, to whom it was dedicated] now reck­
oned with us the third month in the year; heretofore it was the first,
and is still, reckoned so in some ecclesiastical computations; the year
of our Lord beginning on the 25th day of March. The ancients used
to paint March tawny, with a fierce aspect, a helmet on his head, lean­
ing upon a spade, holding Aries in his right hand, and almond blos­
soms and cions in his left, and a basket of garden seeds on his arm.

MARCH [marcbe, Fr. marcia, It. márcha, Sp.] 1. The act of going
forward of an army, movement, journey of soldiers. Harrassed with
a long and wearisome march. Bacon. 2. Grave and solemn walk.
The long majestic march and energy divine. Pope. 3. Deliberate or
laborious walk. A very troublesome march to gain the top. Addison.
4. Signals to move. The drums presently striking up a march. Knolles.

To MARCH, verb neut. [marcher, Fr. marciare, It. mærchare, Sp.
from varicare. Menage; from Mars. Junius] 1. To go, to set for­
ward in military form. He marched in battle array. Judith. 2. To
walk in a grave, deliberate or stately manner. By humbleness to
creep where by pride he could not march. Sidney.

To MARCH, verb act. 1. To put in military movement. Cyrus
marching his army. Boyle. 2. To bring in regular procession. March
them again in fair array. Prior.

MA’RCHERS, or Lord MA’RCHERS, plur. of marcher [marcheur, Fr.]
president of the marches or borders; those noblemen, who in an­
cient times inhabited near the borders of Wales and Scotland, and se­
cured the marches and bounds of them, ruling like petty kings by their
private laws. Many of our English lords made war upon the Welsh­
men at their own charge; the lands which they gained they held to
their own use: They were called lords marchers, and had royal liber­
ties. Davies.

MA’RCHES, without a sing. [marcu, Goth. mearc, Sax. marche, Fr.]
borders, confines, particularly the limits or bounds between England
and Wales, and England and Scotland. To keep continual guards
upon the borders and marches round them. Davies.

MA’RCHET [in the British tongue, ewaber merched, i. e. the maid's
fee] a custom retained in Caermarthenshire, and the manor of Denever,
that every tenant, when he marries his daughter, pays 13s. to the
lord. See MARQUETTE.

MA’RCHIONESS [feminine, formed by adding the English female
termination to the Lat. marchio, marquise, Fr. marchesa, It. marqueza,
Sp. and Port. marchionessa, of marchio, Lat.] the wife of a marquis.
From a private gentlewoman he made me a marchioness, and from a
marchioness a queen. Clarendon.

MA’RCHPANE [mosse-pain, Fr. marzapane, It. maçpan, Sp.] a sort
of confection made of almonds, sugar, &c.

MA’RCID [marcidus, Lat. pining] faded, withered, lean. The
heat continuing its adustion upon the drier and fleshy parts, changes
into a marcid fever. Harvey.

MA’RCIONISTS [so called from their first founder Marcion; who
was (according to Grabe] cotemporary with Justin Martyr; and be­
ing shock'd with the supposed inconsistency between the Mosaic dispen­
sation and that of Christ, affirmed (as did also other innovators of those
times) that they came from two different independent Gods; the one
just, and the other good. The doctrine of the CROSS was also an offence
to him; Accordingly he ascribed to our Lord not a real, but phantas­
tic body; with many other coinages of his fruitful brain; all which
St. Irenæus exposes and refutes at large in his first book against here­
fies, c. 29; and book 4th, c. 21—27, and book 4th, c. 57. Above
all consult Iren. Ed. Grabe, p. 268, & 220. In the first of which
places, he shews that justice and goodness are not such incompatible at­
tributes, as to require two distinct subjects in which to reside; and adds,
“that the God, which we Christians worship, salvat quos oportet,
quos debet salvare, &c. i. e. saves those whom he ought to save, and
judges those who are WORTHY of JUDGMENT.” &c. How different
a stile is this from some modern conceptions of the divine sovereignty
and GRACE !——But in the latter place, when considering how much
this heretical scheme derogates from the honour of the ONE GOD and
FATHER of all; partly as it subverts his MONARCHY; and partly as it is
no less injurious to his moral attributes, and government, he thus ex­
presses himself in yet stronger terms; “the Ebionites (says he) who
denied the doctrine of our LORD'S pre-existent state, and affirmed him
to be the son of Joseph and Mary, may from St. Matthew, the only
gospel which they use, be convinced not to think rightly concerning
the Lord. But Marcion, after all the defalcations which he has made
from St. Luke, is (from what of that gospel he still retains) shewn [or
prov'd] to be a blasphemer against the ONLY-EXISTING GOD.”
You see what judgment this truly apostolic writer passed on doctrines
injurious to GOD THE FATHER; nor was he singular in this; St. Justin
led him the way; and St. Cyprian, in his tract de Hæreticis Baptizan­
dis, if possible, exceeds them both by a strength of style on this occa­
sion; which, it could be wish'd they, who express so great a venera­
tion for his writings, would seriously consider, Cyprian ed Erasm.
p. 321, 322, 323, 329. In the last of which places, it appears (both
from the immediate context, and all these passages collated) that the
true reading is, “Ubi blasphematur in PATREM, & DOMINUM DEUM
CHHISTI.” See GNOSTICS, FIRST-Cause, MANES [or Manicheism]
PNEUMATOMACHI, and PRIMITIVE Christianity, compared.

MA’RCITES [so called of Marcus, who conferr'd the priesthood and
administration of the sacraments on women] a sect of heretics in the
second century, who called themselves perfecti, and made a profession
of doing every thing with a great deal of liberty and without fear.

MA’RCOR [with physicians] a disease, the same as marasmus;
leanness, the state of withering, waste of flesh. The extenuation and
marcor in others. Brown.

MARCO’SSIANS [so called of one Marcus, an Egyptian, who was
also reputed a magician] an ancient sect of heretics, a branch of the
Gnostics. They had a great number of apocryphal books, which
they held for canonical; out of these they picked several idle fables
concerning the infancy of Jesus Christ, which they put off for true
histories. Many of these fables are still in credit among the Greek
monks.

MARE [mæne, Sax. maer, Su. mar, Celt.] 1. The female of a
horse. By substituting mares produc'd on earth. Dryden. 2. [From
mara, the name of a spirit imagined by the nations of the north to
torment sleepers] a kind of torpor or stagnation which seems to press
the stomach with a weight, the night hag. The incubus or mare in
the stomach. Bacon.

To Cry the MARE [in Herefordshire] a sport in harvest, when the
reapers tie the tops of the last blades of corn together, and then stand­
ing at some distance throw their sickles at it, and he who cuts the knot
gains the prize, and is rewarded with acclamations and good cheer.

MA’RESCHAL [mareschal, Fr. derived by Junius from mare, the fe­
male of an horse] a chief commander of an army. See MARSHAL.

MARESCHAL de Camp [in France] the same as a major general with
us; an officer whose post is next to that of the lieutenant-general.

MARFO’RIO, a noted statue in the city of Rome, standing opposite
to Pasquin, on which answers are put to those satirical questions that
are put or affixed on Pasquin's statue.

MA’RGARITE [marguerite, Fr. margarita, Lat.] a pearl. Silver is
the second metal and signifies purity; among the planets it holdeth
with luna, among precious stones, with the margarite or pearl. Peacham.

MA’RGARITES, subst. an herb. Ainsworth.

MARGARITI’FEROUS [margaretifer, Lat.] producing pearls.

MA’RGENT, or MA’RGIN [marge, Fr. margine, It. margen, Sp. of
margo, Lat.] 1. The brink or bank of any water, the edge, the verge.
2. The blank space about the edges of a page of a book, either printed
or written. The margins of our bibles. Hammond. He knows in
law nor text nor margent. Swift. 3. The edge of a wound or sore.
The evenness of its margin. Sharp.

MA’RGINAL, adj. Fr. [marginalis, Lat. marginale, It.] pertaining to
or written in the margin. A marginal gloss. Hooker. A marginal
star. Watts.

MA’RGINATED, or MA’RGINED [marginatus, Lat.] having a mar­
gin or margent.

MA’RGO, Lat. [in botanic writers] the edge of a plant.

MA’RGRAVE [of mark and graff, Ger.] a title of sovereignty in
Germany, in its original import keeper of the marches or borders.

MA’RIGOLD [maravilla, Sp. maravilha, Port. of Mary and gold]
a yellow flower, devoted, I suppose, to the virgin. Johnson. The
marigold hath a radiated discous flower, the petals mostly are crena­
ted, the seeds crooked and rough; those which are uppermost, long,
and those within, short: The leaves are long, entire, and for the most
part succulent. Miller.

To MA’RINATE, verb act. [marmer, Fr,] to salt fish, and then pre­
serve them in oil and vinegar.

MARI’NE, adj. [marin, Fr. marino, It. and Sp. of marinus, Lat.]
belonging to the sea.

MARINE, subst. Fr. [marina, It.] 1. Sea-affairs. Onesicrates his
intendant general of marine. Arbuthnot. 2. A soldier who serves on
board of ship, and generally employed in descents upon the land.

MARINE’LLA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb valerian or great set­
wall.

MA’RINER [marinier, Fr. marinaro, It. marinero, Sp. marinháuro,
Port. from mare, Lat. the sea] a sailor or seaman. Your mariners are
muliteers. Shakespeare.

MA’RJORAM [marjolaine, Fr. marjorana, It. manjarona, Port. of mar­
jorana, Lat.] a pot-herb, a fragrant plant of many kinds; the bastard
kind only grows here.

MARI’SCA [with surgeons] a swelling or blister in the fundament.

MARI’SCUM, or MARI’SCUS, Lat. [in doomsday-book] a fenny or
marshy ground.








MA’RISH, subst. [marais, Fr. mersc, Sax. maersche, Du.] a bog,
a fen, a swamp, a marsh, a morass, a moor. They turned again to
the marish of Jordan. 1 Maccabees.

MARISH, adj. boggy, fenny, moorish, swampy. Marish and un­
wholesome grounds. Bacon.

MARITA’GIO Forisfacto [in old records] forfeiture of marriage; a
writ which lay for the lord, against his ward or tenant, by knights ser­
vice, who was under age; who when his lord offered him a convenient
marriage, refused it, and married another person without his lord's
consent.

MARITA’GIO Amisso per Defaultam, a writ for the tenant in frank
marriage, to recover lands, &c out of which he is kept by another.

MARITA’GIUM [in law] 1. Wedlock, lawful joining together of
man and wife. 2. The right of bestowing a widow in marriage. 3.
Lands given in marriage. 4. The dower or portion received with a
wife.

MARITAGIUM Liberum, frank-marriage was where a baron, knight,
or freeholder granted such a part of his estate with a daughter, to her
husband and the heirs of his body, without any homage or service.

MARITA’GIUM habere, Lat. [in law] to have the free disposal of
an heiress in marriage.

MA’RITAL, adj. Fr. [maritalis, from maritas, Lat. a husband] per­
taining to an husband, incident to an husband. Marital affection.
Ayliffe.

MA’RITATED [maritatus, of maritus, Lat. a husband] married,
having a husband.

MARITI’MA Anglæ, Lat. the profits accruing to the king from the
sea.

MARI’TIMAL, or MA’RITIME, adj. [maritimus, Lat. maritime, Fr.]
1. Performed on the sea, marine. A maritimal voyage. Raleigh. 2.
Relating to the sea, naval. Want of experience in maritime service.
Wotton. 3. Bordering on the sea. A maritime town. Addison.

MARK [meanc, mancur and mancura, Sax. marck, Du. and Ger.
marc, Fr.] among the Saxons, contained 30 of their pence, which
was in value 6 s. It is not certain what time it came to be valued
at 13 s. and 4 d. but it was so in the year 1194. Thirty of these
pence make a mancus, which some think to be all one with a mark, for
that manca and mancusa is translated in ancient books marca. Camden.

MARK [marc, Wel. meanc, or mealc, Sax. merck, Du. and Ger.
maerkes, Su. marque, Fr. marca, Sp. and Port] 1. To impress with a
token or evidence. For our quiet possession of things useful, they are
generally mark'd where there is need. Grew. 2. To distinguish as
by a mark. That which was once the index to point out all virtues,
does now mark out that part of the world where least of them resides.
Decay of Piety. 3. A note, character, &c. set upon a thing; a sign
or token, an impression. Scarce any marks left of a subterraneous
fire. Addison. 4. A token by which any thing is known. That all
men should mark their cattle with an open several mark upon their
flanks. Spenser. 5. A proof, an evidence. The confusion of tongues
was a mark of separation. Bacon. 6. Notice taken. 7. Convenien­
cy of notice. A place of great and good mark and scope. Carew.
8. A white or aim to shoot at, any thing at which a missile weapon
is directed. France was a fairer mark to shoot at than Ireland. Da­
vies. 9. The evidence of a horse's age. At four years old cometh
the mark of tooth in horses. Bacon. 10. [marque, Fr.] Licence of
reprisals. 11. A character made by those who cannot write their
names.

MARK of Gold [in ancient times] was the quantity of eight ounces,
and was in value, 17 l. 13. s. and 4 d. of our coin at this time.

MARK Weight, a foreign weight, commonly 8 ounces, and a mark
pound is 16 ounces.

MARK [in France, Holland, &c.] a weight used for gold and sil­
ver, containing 8 ounces or 64 drams, or 192 penny weight. When
gold or silver are sold by the mark, it is divided into 24 caracts, the
caracts into 8 penny weight, and the penny weight into 24 grains, and
the grain into 24 primes.

To MARK, verb act. [meancan, or meoncan, Sax. mercke, Dan.
maerka, Su. mercken, Du. marquer, Fr. marchiare, It. marcàr, Sp.]
1. To set a mark on a thing in order to know it again. 2. To take no­
tice of, to mind, to note. Mark them which cause divisions. Romans.

To MARK, verb neut. to take notice, to note. Men mark when
they hit, and never mark when they miss. Bacon.

MA’RKER [of mark] 1. One that marks or sets a mark on any
thing. 2. One that notes or takes notice.

MA’RKET [marckt, Du. and Ger. marknad, Su. anciently written
mercat, of mercatus, Lat. merché, Fr. mercato, It. mercado, Sp.] 1. A
place where provisions or goods are sold. 2. A public time of buy­
ing and selling. It were good that the privilege of a market were
given. Spenser. 3. Purchase and sale of goods. To turn the com­
mon markets. Temple. 4 [marché, Fr.] Rate, price. Blood and
life at a low market sold. Dryden.

MARKET Geld, O. the toll of the market.

Clerk of the MARKET, an officer whose business is to keep a standard
of all weights and measures, according to the king's standard kept in
the Exchequer, and to take care that all weights and measures in every
place be answerably to them.

To MA’RKET, verb neut. to deal at a market, to buy or sell, to
make bargains.

MA’RKETABLE, adj. [of market] 1. That is fit to be sold in markets,
such for which a buyer may be found. A plain fish, and no doubt
marketable. Walton. 2. Current in the market. Common marketable
wares. Decay of Piety.

MA’RKET-BELL, subst. [of market and bell] the bell to give notice
that trade may begin in the market.

MA’RKET-CROSS [of market and cross] a cross set up where the
market is held. Proclaim'd at market-crosses. Shakespeare.

MA’RKET-DAY [of market and day] the day on which things are
publickly bought and sold. Found on a market-day in one of his
frontier towns. Addison.

MA’RKET-FOLKS [of market and folks] people that come to the
market. Poor market-folks that come to sell their corn. Shakespeare.

MA’RKET-MAN [of market and man] one wo goes to the market to
sell or buy. The market-man should act as if his master's whole estate
ought to be applied to that servant's business. Swift.

MA’RKET-MAID [of market and maid] a woman that goes to buy
or sell.

MA’RKET-PLACE [of market and place] the place where the market
is held.

MA’RKET-PRICE, or MARKET-RATE [of market and price, or rate]
the price at which any thing is currently sold.

MA’RKET-TOWN [of market and town] a town that has the privi­
lege of a stated market, not a village.

MARKET-JE’W, a market town of Cornwall, 284 miles from
London.

MA’RKMAN, or MA’RKSMAN [of mark and man] a man skilful to
hit a mark.

MARKS [among hunters] the foot-prints and treadings of beasts.

MARL [marl, Sax. and Wel. mergel, Du. maergel, Ger. marle,
marne, Fr. marga, Lat. In Saxon merg is marrow, with an allusive
significatioh, marl being the fatness of the earth. Johnson] a sort of
fat earth laid upon land to fertilize it. Marl is a kind of clay,
which is become fatter and of a more enriching quality, by a better
fermentation, and by its having lain so deep in the earth as not to
have spent or weakened its fertilizing quality by any product. Marl
is supposed to be much of the nature of chalk, and is believed to be
fertile from its salt and oily quality. Quincy. We understand by the
term marle, simple native earths, less heavy than the boles or clays,
not soft and unctuous to the touch, nor ductile while moist, dry and
crumbly between the fingers, and readily diffusible in water.

To MARL, verb act. to spread marl over land, to manure with
marl. Sandy land marled will bear good white or blue pease. Mor­
timer.

To MARL, verb act. [from marline] to fasten the sails with mar­
line. Ainsworth.

MA’RLBOROUGH, a borough town of Wiltshire, near the source of
the Kennet, 75 miles from London. It gives title of duke to the
noble family of Spencer, and sends two members to parliament.

MA’RLINE [sea term] a small line of untisted hemp, well tarr'd,
to keep the ends of the ropes, or any tackle, from ravelling out.

To MARLINE a Sail [a sea phrase] is to make it fast, when it is
rent out of the bolt-rope, with marlines put through the oilet holes.

MARLINE Spike [on ship-board] a small piece of iron for fasten­
ing ropes together, or to open the bolt-rope when the sail is to be
sewed in it.

MA’RLOW, Great, a borough town of Wiltshire, on the Thames,
31 miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

MA’RL-PIT [of marl and pit] a pit out of which marl is dug. In
a marl-pit in a field. Woodward.

MA’RLY, adj. [of marl] abounding with marl. A marly bottom.
Mortimer.

MA’RMALADE, or MA’RMALET [marmelade, Fr. marmeláda, Sp. of
marmelo, Port. a quince] a confection of quinces or other fruit.

MA’RMALADE, the pulp of quinces boiled into a consistence with
sugar: it is subastringent and grateful to the stomach. Quincy.

MARMARI’TIS, or MARMORA’RIA, Lat. [μαρμαριτις, Gr.] the
herb brank ursin or bears breech.

MARMARY’GÆ [of μαρμαιρω, Gr. to shine] flashings of light that
appear before the eyes, in some disorders of the head.

MARMO’RA Arundeliana [so called of the earl of Arundel, who
procured them from the east, or from his grandson Henry, who made
a present of them to the university of Oxford] marbles, whereon ap­
pear a chronicle of the city of Athens, cut in capital letters, found in
the island Paros, 263 years before the birth of our Saviour Jesus
Christ. See AURUNDELIAN.

MARMORATA Aurium, Lat. [with physicians] ear-wax, a certain
excrement of the ears, laid there in the auditory passage, from the
opening of the arteries, or sweat out from the cartilages.

MARMORA’TION [marmoris, gen. of marmor, Lat. marble] the act
of covering or laying over with marble; incrustation with marble.

MARMO’REAN, adj. [marmoreus, Lat.] made of marble.

MA’RMORATED, adj. [marmoratus, of marmor, Lat.] made of,
wrought in, or covered with marble.

MARMORE’LLA, Lat. [with botanists] agrimony, liver-wort.

MARMO’REOUS [marmoreus, of marmer, Lat.] of, or like marble.

MAROO’NING, setting a person on shore on an uninhabited island.

MA’RMOSET [marmouset, Fr.] a kind of small black monkey with
a shagged neck. Snare the nimble marmoset. Shakespear. Also a
kind of grotesk figure in building.

MARMO’T, or MARMO’TTO, It. [in the Alps in Italy] a crea­
ture like a rabbet. The marmotto or mus alpinus, as big or bigger
than a rabbit, which absconds all winter, doth live upon its own fat.
Ray.

MA’RONISTS [so named from one Maron, their head] certain
Christians inhabiting about mount Libanus.

MARO’TIC Stile [in French poetry] a peculiar, gay, merry, yet
simple and natural manner of writing, introduced by one Marot, and
since imitated by others. The difference between the marotic stile and
the burlesque, consists in this, that the marotic is most simple, but its
simplicity has its nobleness; the burlesque is low and groveling, and
borrows false and fulsome ornaments from the crowd, which people
of taste despise.

MARQUE [mearc, Sax.] reprisal, as letters of mark or mart.

Letters of MARQUE, letters of reprisal granted by a king, &c. by
which the subjects of a country are licensed to make reprisals on those
of another.

MA’RQUESS, or MARQUIS [so called from marck, Ger. i. e. a
limit or boundary; because anciently they were governors of marches
or frontier countries; marquis, Fr. marchese, It. marquez, Sp. and Port.
of marchio, Lat. margrave, Ger.] is in England an order of nobility
between a duke and an earl or count, that was not known among
us till the time of Richard II. who, in the year 1337, created his
favourite, Robert Vere, who was then earl of Oxford, marquis of
Dublin. The title given to a marquis in writing, is, most noble, most
honourable, and potent prince; and by the king he is stiled, our right
trusty, and entirely beloved cousin; marquis is used by Shakespeare for
a marchioness [marquise, Fr.] The lady marquis Dorset. Shake­
speare.







The honour of a marquis is hereditary, and the eldest son of a
marquis is, by the courtesy of England, called earl or lord of a place;
but the youngest sons are called, lord Robert, lord John, &c. A
marquis's cap is the same with a duke's, but their coronets differ from
those of dukes, that of a duke being adorned with only flowers and
leaves, whereas a marquis's has flowers and pyramids, with pearls on
them intermixed.

MA’RQUESSET, a marchioness or wife of a marquess.

MA’RQUETRY [marqueterie, Fr.] a sort of chequered inlaid work,
made of wood of a variety of colours, in the shape of flowers, knots,
or other devices.

MA’RQUISATE [marquisat, Fr. marchesato, It. marquezádo, Sp.] a
marquessship, or the jurisdiction of a marquess.

To MARR, verb act. [of marran, Sax. Skinner; or of αμανροω,
Gr. Mer. Cas.] to spoil, to corrupt, to deface. See MAR.

MA’RRER [of mar] one who spoils or hurts any thing. Makers or
marrers of all mens manners. Ascham.

MA’RRIAGE [mariage, Fr. maritagium, L. Lat. from maritus, a hus­
band] a contract, by which a man and a woman are joined together
for life.

MARRIAGE is often used in composition. Before the marriage-day
appointed. Sidney. In a late draught of marriage-articles. Addison.

MA’RRIAGEABLE [of marriage] 1. That is of age fit to marry or be
married. The marriageable age. Swift. 2. Capable of union in
general

MA’RRIAGEABLENESS [of marriageable] fitness or ripeness for mar­
riage.

MA’RRIED, adj. [of marry] connubial, conjugal. The married
state. Dryden.

MA’RROQUIN, commonly called Morocco, the skin of a goat or
some other animal like it, dressed in sumach or galls, and coloured of
red, yellow, blue, &c.

MA’RROW [merg, or mearg, Sax. merck, Du. marck, Ger. maerg,
Su. smerr, Erse, smergh, Scottish; but M. Casaubon, ridiculously,
from μνελος, Gr.] a fat substance in the hollow bones of animals. All
the bones of the body which have any considerable thickness, have
either a large cavity, or they are spongeous and full of little cells:
in both the one and the other there is an oleaginous substance called
marrow, contained in proper vesicles or membranes like the fat.
Quincy.

MARROW, subst. in the Scottish dialect, to this very day denotes a
fellow, companion, or associate; as also an equal match. He met
with his marrow.

MA’RROW-BONE [of marrow and bone] 1. Bone boiled for the mar­
row. 2. In burlesque language, the knees. He sell down upon his
marrow-bones. L'Estrange.

MA’RROWFAT, subst. a species of pease.

MA’RROWLESS [of marrow] being void of marrow. Thy bones
are marrowless. Shakespeare.

MARRUBIA’STRUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb bastard hore­
hound.

MARRU’BIUM Nigrum, Lat. [with botanists] black or stinking
horehound.

To MA’RRY verb act. [marier, Fr. maritare, It. maritor, Lat.] 1.
To join a man and woman. He shall marry the couple himself. Gay.
2. To dispose of in marriage. He must marry his daughter to Agrip­
pa. Bacon. 3. To take for husband or wife. Go in to thy brother's
wife and marry her. Genesis.

To MARRY, verb neut. to enter into the conjugal state, to be joined
together in wedlock, with the ceremonies observed, or according to
the law or custom of the country. Let them marry to whom they
think best. Numbers. See DIVORCE.
He who MARRIES for wealth, sells his liberty.
He who MARRIES for love has good nights, but bad days,
These proverbs are two opposites, to which it is very difficult to
find a mean; love and wealth are two excellent ingredients in matri­
mony; the latter is generally allowed to weigh heaviest in the scale;
but a want of the former is frequently, and perhaps generally, attend­
ed with more misery, than a want of the latter.
MARRY in haste and repent at leisure.
This last proverb may serve as a caution with regard to the two
former, and insinuates at the same time a very good maxim, viz.
That marriage ought to be entered upon deliberately. The French and
Italians say the same.

MARS [with astronomers] one of the several planets, whose cha­
racter is ♂.

MARS [with astrologers] is called the lesser unfortunate, because of
its scorching and drying qualities.

MARS [with heralds] signifies gules, or red, assigned him on ac­
count of his being so much concerned in blood, according to the
heathen theology.

MARSEI’LLES, a large city and port town of Provence in France,
situated on a fine bay in the Mediterranean, 25 miles north west of
Toulon.

MARSH, MARS, or MAS, are derived from the Sax. mersc, a fen
or fenny place. Gibson's Camden.

MARSH [mersc, Sax. morasch, Du. morast, Ger. marais, Fr. ma­
razzo, It. marisma, Sp. See MARISH] a bog, a swamp, a fen, a wa­
try tract of land, a standing pool of water mixt with earth, whose
bottom is very dirty, which dries up and diminishes very much in the
summer; also low lands, that are sometimes overflowed by the sea or
rivers, or that are well watered with rivers, ditches, &c. Low mea­
dows and Marshlands. Mortimer.

MA’RSHAL [marshalk, Su. marscalk, Du. and Teut. marschal, Ger.
mareschal, Fr. mariscalo, It. mariscàl, Sp. marischallus, low Lat. from
marscale, old Fr. a word compounded of mare, which in old Fr. sig­
nified a horse, and scale, a sort of servant, one that has the charge
of horses, antiently was the master of the horse, so called of mar, a
war horse, and schalck. Text. a servant, but is now the title of seve­
ral considerable officers] 1. The chief officer of arms; as,

Earl MARSHAL [of England] a great officer of the crown, who
takes cognizance of all matters of law and arms; as also contracts
relating to deeds of arms, which cannot be determined by common
law. He has also a right to sit in the Marshalsea court, in judgments
upon malefactors, who offend within the verge of the king's court.
2. An officer who regulates combats in the lists. Unask'd the royal
grant, no marshal by. Dryden. 3. Any one who regulates rank or
order at a feast, or any other assembly. 4. An harbinger, a pursui­
vant, one who goes before a prince to declare his coming, and provide
entertainment. Her face, when it was fairest, had been but as a
marshal to lodge the love of her in his mind. Sidney.

MARSHAL [of the ceremonies] an officer who receives command,
from the master of the ceremonies, &c. for the king's service.

MARSHAL [of the Exchequer] an officer to whom the court com­
mits the custody of the king's debtor during term-time; he appoints
sheriffs, escheators and collectors, their auditors to whom they are to
account.

MARSHAL [of the King'-Bench] the keeper of that prison in
Southwark, who has the custody of all prisoners who are committed
thither.

MARSHAL [of the king's hall] an officer whose business is, when
the tables are prepared, to call out those of the houshold and strangers
according to their quality, and place them in their proper places.

Clerk MARSHAL [of the king's house] an officer who attends the
marshal in his court, and records all his proceedings.

MARSHAL [at sea] an officer who punishes offences that are com­
mitted at sea, when justice is executed there; such as putting in the
bilboes, ducking at the yard-arm, keel haling, &c.

MARSHAL de Camp, is next to the lieutenant-general, he looks to
the encamping of the army, and rides before to view the ground
where they are.

MARSHAL of France, an officer of great honour and power, who
commands the king's armies above all that are not princes of the blood;
and are also judges of points of honour between gentlemen.

To MA’RSHAL, verb act [in military affairs] 1. To lodge, to put
in due order or rank, to draw up according to the rules of the military
art. It is as inconceivable how it should be the directrix of such in­
tricate motions, as that a blind man should marshal an army. Glan­
ville. 2. To lead as an harbinger. Thou marshalst me the way
that I was going. Shakespeare.

MA’RSHALLER [of marshal] one that ranges or ranks in order.
Dryden was the great refiner of English poetry, and the best marshal­
ler of words. Trapp.

MA’RSHALLING, part adj. [in heraldry] is a disposing of all persons
and things in all solemnities and celebrations, coronations, interviews,
marriages, funerals, triumphs, and the like; also an orderly disposing
of sundry coat armours, pertaining to distinct families, and of their
contingent ornaments, with their parts and appurtenances in their
proper places.

MA’RSHALS [in military affairs] are officers in every regiment, who
look to prisoners of war, and execute all sentences or orders of the
council of war upon offenders.

MA’RSHALSEA, or MARSHALSEY [marêchaussee, F.] the seat or
court for the marshal of the prison in Southwark; also the prison be­
longing to him there.

MA’RSHALSHIP [of marshal] the office of a marshal.

MA’RSHELDER, a gelder-rose, of which it is a species.

MA’RSHFIELD, a market-town of Gloucestershire, 103 miles from
London.

MA’RSHMALLOW [althœa, Lat.] it is in all respects like the mal­
low, but its leaves are generally more soft and woolly. Miller.

MA’RSHMARIGOLD [populago, Lat.] a flower which consists of se­
veral leaves, which are placed circularly, and expand in form of a
rose. The pointal becomes a membranaceous fruit, in which there
are several cells, which are for the most part bent downwards, col­
lected into little heads, and are full of seeds. Miller.

MA’RSHY, adj. [of marsh; maracageux, Fr.] 1. Having marshes,
fenny, boggy, swampy. Marshy grounds. Dryden. 2. Produced in
marshes. With delicates of leaves and marshy weed. Dryden.

MARSUPIA’LIS [with anatomists] a muscle on the thigh, so named
from the doubling of its tendons in resemblance of a purse. When
this muscle acts, the thigh-bone is turned upwards.

MART, subst. [contracted from market] 1. A place of public traffic.
That the temple should serve for a place of mart. Hooker. 2. Bar­
gain, purchase and sale. 3. Letters of mart. See MARQUE.

To MART, verb act. [from the subst.] to traffic, to buy or sell.
Do you sell and mart your offices for gold. Shakespeare.

MART Town, a large town that is noted for a great fair, to which
people of several nations resort, as Leipzic and Frankfort in Ger­
many, &c.

MA’RTAGON [with florists] a flower, a species of the lily.

MA’RTEN, or MA’RTERN [marte, martre, Fr. martera, It. mártâ,
Sp. marter, Du. marder, Ger. martes, Lat.] 1. A large kind of weesel,
a small creature, something like a ferret, which bears a rich furr, and
whose dung has a musky scent. 2. [Martelet, Fr.] a kind of swallow
that builds in houses, a martelet. A marten, a bird like a swallow.
Peacham.

MA’RTIAL, adj. Fr. [marziale, It. of martialis, Lat.] 1. Warlike,
valiant, given to war. The northern tract of the world is the more
martial region. Bacon. 2. Having a warlike shew, suiting war.
How martial music ev'ry bosom warms. Pope. 3. Pertaining to war,
not civil, not according to the rules or practice of peaceable govern­
ment. They proceeded in a kind of martial justice with their enemies.
Bacon. 4. [In law] is a law that has to do only with soldiers and
seamen, where the kings's army is on foot; and this law is also under
particular restrictions. 5. [With chemists] having the nature or pro­
perties of iron and steel, which the chemists call Mars.

MA’RTIALIST [of martial] a warrior, a man at arms, a fighter.
The high-hearted martialist. Howel.

MA’RTIALNESS [of martial] warlikeness,

MA’RTIATUM Unguentum [in pharmacy] the soldiers ointment.

MA’RTIN, or MA’RTENET, [martinet, Fr.] a kind of swallow.
See MARTEN.

MARTINE’CO, one of the caribbee islands in America, belonging to
the French, 120 miles N. W. of Barbadoes. It is about 60 miles long,
but scarce 20 broad in any place. It produces great quantities of
sugar, cotton, ginger, indigo, aloes, pimento, &c.








MA’RTINET, or MA’RTLET [martinet, Fr.] a kind of swallow.
The temple haunting martlet. Shakespeare.

MA’RTINGAL [martingale, Fr. martingalla, It. martingala, Sp.] a
thong of leather fastened at one end of the girts under the horse's bel­
ly, and at the other to the musrole, to prevent him from rearing.

MA’RTINMASS, or MA’TLEMASS, the festival of St. Martin, on the
11th of November. It is commonly corrupted to martilmass, or mar­
tlemass.

MARTILMASS Beef, beef prepared by salting and drying in the
smoak at that season.

MA’RTLETS [in heraldry] are what are called martinets, small birds,
whose feet are so short, they are seldom to be seen, and their wings so
long, that should they pitch upon a level, they would not be able to
rise; wherefore they alight not, but upon places aloft, they may take
flight again, by throwing themselves off.

MA’RTNETS [in a ship] are small lines fastened to the leetch of the
sail, to bring that part of the leetch which is next to the yard arm,
close up to the yard, when the sail is to be furled.

MA’RTYR, Fr. and Lat. [martire, It. martir, Sp. μαρτυξ, Gr. a
witness, martyn, Sax.] one who suffers death in witness to the truth
of the gospel, or of the true religion in general; and from the etymo­
logy of the word, it should seem applicable also to one that resigns his
life in defence of a believed error. As to the difference between a
martyr and confessor, see CONFESSOR. To be a martyr, signifies only
to witness the truth of Christ, but the witness of the truth was then
so generally attended with persecution, that martyrdom now signifies
not only to witness, but to witness by death. South.

To MA’RTYR [from the subst.] 1. To cause a person to be put to
death for the sake of religion, or virtue. 2. To murder, to destroy
in general. Hark, wretches, how I mean to martyr you. Shakespeare.

MA’RTYRDOM [martyre, Fr. martirio, It. and Lat. martyrium, Lat.
μαρτυριον, Gr. martyrhade, Sax.] the pain or death that a martyr
suffers, the honour of a martyr, the honour of martyrdom.

MA’RTYRED, part. adj. [martyrisé, Fr. of μαρτυριξω, Gr.] having
suffered martyrdom.

MARTY’RIA [with rhetoricians] a figure, by which the orator
confirms something by his own experience.

To MA’RTYRIZE, verb act. [μαρτυριζω, Gr.] to put to death on the
account of religion, or for bearing testimony to the truth.

MARTYRO’LOGY [martyrologe, Fr. martyrologio, It. martyrologium,
Lat. μαρτυρολογια, of μαρτυρ, a martyr, and λογος, Gr. a speech or
treatise, &c.] a history of martyrs; also a register antiently kept in
religious houses, wherein was an account of the donations of bene­
factors, and the days of the month and year when they died, &c.
In the Roman martyrology. Stillingfleet.

MARTYRO’LOGIST [martyrologiste, Fr.] one who writes a history
of martyrs.

To MA’RVEL, verb neut. [s'emerveiller, Fr. maravigliarsi, It. mara­
villàr, Sp.] to wonder or admire at, to be astonished; obsolete.
The countries marvel'd at thee for thy songs. Ecclesiasticus.

MA’RVEL [merveille, Fr. maraviglia, It. maravilla, Sp.] a wonder,
any thing that astonished. Little used. A marvel it were. Hooker.

MARVEL of Peru [in botany] a sort of nightshade, with flowers of
such variety, that it is called the wonder of the world.

MA’RVELLOUS [merveilleux, Fr. maraviglioso, It. maravilloso, Sp.]
1. Wonderful, strange, astonishing. She has a marvelous white hand.
Shakespeare. 2. Surpassing credit. The marvellous fable includes
whatever is supernatural. Pope. 3. The marvellous is used in works
of criticism to express any thing exceeding natural power; opposed to
the probable.

MA’RVELLOUSLY [of marvellous] wonderfully, strangely. He was
marvellously elated. Clarendon.

MA’RVELLOUSNESS [of marvellous] astonishingness, wonderfulness.

MA’RWOOD, a market-town of Durham, 255 miles from London.

MA’RYGROSS, a German coin, in value 1 penny, ¾ of a farthing.

MA’RYLAND, one of the British colonies in North America, about
140 miles long, and as many broad. It is bounded by Pensylvania,
on the north; by another part of Pensylvania and the Atlantic Ocean,
on the east; by Virginia, on the south; and by the Apalachian
mountains on the west.


MAS

MA’SCLES [in heraldry; mâcles, Fr.] some say that mascles repre­
sented the holes or mashes of nets; others, that they represent spots,
and are called maculœ in Latin.

MA’SCULINE, adj. [masculin, Fr. mascoline, It. masculino, Sp. mas­
culinus, Lat.] 1. Male, not female. Air and fire the two masculine
elements exercising their operation upon nature, being the feminine.
Peacham. 2. Resembling man, manly, not soft, not effeminate.
Something bold and masculine in the air and posture of the first figure
Addison. 3. [In grammar] it denotes the gender appropriated to
the male-kind in any word, though not always expressing sex.

MASCULINE Planets [with astrologers] are Sol, Mars, Jupiter, Sa­
turn; but Mercury is a kind of hermaphrodite.

MASCULINE Rhimes [in French poetry] such as are made with
words which have a strong, open, and accented pronounciation, as
amour, joul, moil and fort; whereas feminine rhimes are such as have
an e feminine in their last syllable, as pere, mere, &c.

MASCULINE Signs [with astrologers] are Aries, Gemini, Libra, Sa­
gittarius, and Aquarius.

MA’SCULINELY, adv. [of masculine] in a masculine manner, like a
man.

MA’SCULINENESS [of masculine] male figure or behaviour, man­
nishness.

MASH [masche, Du.] 1. The space between the threads of a net,
commonly written mesh. Have a net knit with so small mashes, that
a bee cannot get through. Mortimer. [2. Misceo, Lat. mischen, Du.
to mix, mascher, Fr. to mingle] a mixture, any thing mingled or
beaten together into an undistinguished or confused body.

MASH for a Horse, a composition of water, bran, &c. Put half a
peck of ground malt into a pail, then put to it as much scalding wa­
ter as will wet it well; stir it about for half an hour, till the water is
very sweet, and give it the horse lukewarm: This mash is to be given
to a horse after he has taken a purge, to make it work the better, or
in the time of great sickness, or after hard labour. Farrier's Dict.

To MASH, verb act. [mâcher, Fr. mascolare, It. to champ with
the teeth] 1. To break, bruise, or squeeze to a mash, to beat into a
confused mass. They would even mash themselves, and all things
else a pieces. More. 2. To mix malt and hot water together in brew­
ing. What was put in the first mashing tub draw off. Mortimer.

MA’SHAM, a market-town of the north riding of Yorkshire, on the
river Ure, 207 miles from London.

MASK [masque, Fr. marchera, It. mascara, Sp. and Port.] 1. A
covering of black velvet, or of any thing else, to hide the face, a
vizor. Love pull'd off his mask, and shew'd his face unto her. Sidney,
2. [In a figurative sense] any pretence or cloak, any supterfuge.
Masks of eloquence and veils of pride? Prior. 3. A sestive enter­
tainment, in which the company are masked. Will you prepare for
this mask? Shakespeare. See MASQUE, as it is sometimes written,
according to the French. 4. A revel, a piece of mummery, a wild
bustle. At a masque and common revelling. Daniel's Civil War. 5.
A dramatic performance, written in a tragic stile, without attention
to rules or probability. For our painters and poets in their pictures,
poems, commedies, and masks. Peacham.

To MASK, verb act. [se masquer, Fr. mascherarsi, It. enmascarirse,
Sp.] 1. To disguise with a mask or vizor. Such errors as go masked
under the cloke of divine authority. Hooker. 2. To cover, to hide in
general. Masking the business from the common eye. Shakespeare.

To MASK, verb neut. to put on a mask, to be disguised any way,
to go to masks or masquerades, to revel, to play the mummer.

MA’SKER [of mask] a mummer, one who revels in a mask. Let
the maskers that are to come down from the scene, have some motions
upon the scene. Bacon.

By the MA’SKIES, q. d. by the mass, an oath; a cant phrase.

MA’SLIN [of mêler, Fr. to mingle] mixt corn or bread made of
wheat, rye, &c. mixt up together.

MASLIN Far, a food made of wheat and rye steep'd in water.

MA’SON [mosson or maçon, Fr. machio, low Lat.] an artificer who
builds with stone.

MA’SONRY [maçonnerie, Fr.] mason's work; the art of hewing,
cutting, or squaring stones, and fitting them for the uses of building;
also of joining them together with mortar: the craft of a mason.

Bound MASONRY, is that wherein the stones were placed one over
another like tiles, the joints of the beds being level, and the mounters
perpendicular.

Compound MASONRY, is formed of all the rest.

MASONRY by equal Courses, the same as bound masonry, only that
the stones are not hewed.

MASONRY by unequal Courses, is made of unhewn stones, and laid in
bound work; but not of the same thickness, nor observing any ine­
quality.

Greek MASONRY, is that, where after two stones are laid, which
make a course, another is laid at the end, which make two courses.

MASONRY filled up in the Middle, is made of unhewn stones, and
by courses, the middle being filled with stones thrown in at random
upon mortar.

MA’SONS were incorporated about the year 1419, having been
called the free masons, a fraternity of great account, who have been
honoured by several kings, and very many nobility and gentry being
of their society. They are governed by a master and two wardens,
25 assistants, and there are 65 on the livery; the fine for which is
5l. and that for stewards 10l. Their armorial ensigns are, azure on
a chevron between three castles argent, a pair of compasses somewhat
extended of the first. Crest a castle of the 2d. Their hall is in Ba­
sing-lane.

Free MASONS, or Accepted MASONS, a very antient society or body
of men, so called, either for some extraordinary knowledge of ma­
sonry which they are supposed to be masters of, or because the first
founders of that society were persons of that profession. These are
now in all or most nations of Europe; what the end of their societies
is, yet remains in some measure a secret, unless that they tend to pro­
mote friendship, society, mutual assistance and good fellowship.

MA’SORAH [הדםמ, Heb. i. e. tradition] criticisms of the Jewish
rabbies, on the Hebrew text of the bible, consisting of the various
readings, and an account in what form every word is found throughout
the scripture; also a computation of all the verses, words, and letters
of it.

MA’SORITES [of הדםמ, Heb. tradition] a name given to those
Rabbies, who, under Esdras, the scribe, are supposed to have purged
the Hebrew bible of the errors crept into it in the Babylonish captivi­
ty; divided the canonical books into 22, and those 22 books into
chapters, and the chapters into verses; distinguished the manner of
reading from that of writing, which they call the keri and chetib; made
the punctuation, that supplies the want of vowels, &c. These con­
tinued 130 years, and ended in Rabbi Simon the Just, who went to
meet Alexander the Great, in his pontifical robes. Capellus denies
this, especially as to the invention of the Hebrew points, and ascribes
it to the Masorites of Tiberius, 400 years after Christ.
But if the reader would see how much confusion these Masorites have
introduced, and what ground there is in many instances to prefer the
Septuagint version (or some other) before THAT READING, which the
Masorites have thought fit to give us; he need only examine the texts
of the old testament, which are cited by the INSPIRED PENMEN of
the new; and compare the whole with those most judicious reflections
made on this head, in JACKSON's Chronologic Antiquities.

MA’SQUE, Fr. a covering for the face, a visard. See MASK.

MASQUE [with architects] certain pieces of sculpture representing
some hideous form; grotesque or satyrs faces, used to fill up or adorn
some vacant places.

MASQUERA’DE [of mascarata, Ital. and that of mascara, Arab. rail­
lery, buffoonery] 1. An assembly of persons masked and in disguised
habits, meeting to dance and divert themselves. 2. Disguise in ge­
neral, To visit thee in masquerade. Dryden.

To MASQUERA’DE, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To go in dis­
guise. Masquerading up and down in a lion's skin. L'Estrarge. 2.
To assemble in masks. Revival of masquerading among us. Swift.

MASQUERA’DER, subst. [of masquerade] one in a mask. The most
dangerous sort of cheats are but masqueraders under the vizor of friends.
L'Estrange.








MASS [massa, It. Sp. and barb. Lat. masse, Fr.] 1. A heap or lump
of any thing, a body, a continuous quantity. Adhering in lumps or
masses to their outsides. Woodward. 2. A large quantity. A huge
mass of treasure. Davies. 3. Bulk, vast body. So huge a mass of
earth. Abbot. 4. Congeries, assemblage indistinct. Those masses
which Titian calls a bunch of grapes. Dryden. 5. Gross body, the
general. The gross and mass of things. Bacon. 6. [missa, Lat.] the
service of the Romish church.

MASS [in mechanics] the matter of any body cohering with it, i. e.
moving and gravitating along with it; and is distinguished from its
bulk or volume, which is its expansion in length, breadth and thick­
ness.

MASS [in Japan] a coin, 10 coudries, or 5 and 2/5 of a penny
sterling.

MASS [in India] a weight but a fourteenth of a piece.

MASS [in Sumatra] a piece of money, 4 capans or 1 s. sterling.

MASS [with philosophers] the quantity of matter in any body.

MASS [in divinity; messe, Fr. messa, It. of missa, Sp. and Lat. from
dimissio, Lat.] the sending away the catechumens, before the sacrifice
began, by saying, ite, missa est; be gone, for mass is beginning: and
from this custom of dismissing the catechumens before the communion,
I suspect the etymology of the word [mass] is formed. Nor is the very
NAME of mass (says a late popish writer) an invention of latter ages.
For thus the HOLY SACRIFICE OF THE ALTAR was called, above 1300
years ago. Witness first St. Ambrose, who writes thus, “I conti­
nued the office; I began to say mass,” l. 2. Epist. 14. And 2dly, St.
Leo, “If following the custom of SAYING MASS but once, none can
OFFER UP THE SACRIFICE but they who come early in the morning,”
St. Leo, Epist. 11. [olim 81.] ad Dioscorum. N. B. A controversy about
mere names [or words] is not worth upholding: But if in support of
this popish doctrine, which converts the communion of the Lord's supper,
which in truth is no more than a FEAST UPON A SACRIFICE into the
SACRIFICE ITSELF; I say, if in support of this doctrine he can ascend
no higher than St. Leo, and St. Ambrose, he appeals to those very times
in which the GRAND APOSTACY was now begun, not to say establish­
ed, as we have shewn more fully under the words, CREED, CATA­
PHRYGIANS, BRANDEUM, EUNOMIANS, St. HIEROM, &c. The
reader will find something further offered on this head [viz. a sacra­
mental sacrifice] under the words EUCHARIST and OBLATION.

High MASS, or grand MASS [with the Romanists] is that sung by
choristers, and celebrated with the assistance of a deacon and sub­
deacon.

Low MASS, is that wherein the prayers are all barely rehearsed
without any singing, and performed without much ceremony, or the
assistance of any deacon or sub deacon.

The MASS of the Beatæ, or the MASS of our Lady, is that performed
and offered to God by the intercession of the Virgin Mary.

Common MASS, or mass of the community, in a monastery, is a mass
celebrated at certain hours, whereat the whole body or communion
assists.

MASS of the Holy Ghost, a mass which is celebrated at the beginning
of any solemnity, or ecclesiastical assembly, beginning with the invo­
cation of the Holy Ghost.

Holy-day MASS, is such, on which certain prayers or lectures are
read suitable to the day.

MASS of the Dead, a mass performed at the request of the deceased,
which begins with requiem, thence called a requiem.

MASS of Judgment, a mass wherein a person cleared himself of any
calumny, by some proof agreed upon.

MASS of a Saint, is that wherein God is invoked by the intercession
of some saint.

MASS of Security, a mass antiently rehearsed at examination of ca­
techumens, when enquiry was made as to their disposition for bap­
tism.

Dry MASS, is one wherein there is no consecration.

Votive MASS, an extraordinary mass, besides that of the day, re­
hearsed on some extraordinary occasion.

MASS of Blood [with anatomists] all the blood in a human body.

MASS [with apothecaries] every physical composition of powders,
and other ingredients wrought into one lump.

MASS [with surgeons] an oblong and sharp-pointed instrument
which is put into a trepan, that it may stand more firmly.

MASS [with Latin authors] is generally used to signify all kinds of
divine service, or a lesson of that service; but in the Romish church,
it signifies an oblation, which they call mass, and frequently liturgy or
church service.

To MASS, verb neut. [from the subst.] to celebrate mass.

To MASS, verb act. [from the subst.] it seems to have signified to
thicken, to strengthen. The French might with filling or massing
the house, or else by fortifying, make such a piece as might answer
the haven. Hayward.

MASS Priest, a priest of a chantry or particular altar, who says so
many masses for the soul or souls of particular deceased persons.

MASSA’CHUSET Colony, the principal division of New England,
bounded by New Hampshire on the north; by the Atlantic Ocean,
on the east and south; and by Connecticut and New York, on the
west; being about 100 miles long, and 40 broad.

MA’SSACRE, Fr. [from mazzarre, It. of macto, Lat. to kill or slay]
1. A carnage, a butchery, a slaughter, an indiscriminate destruction
made on people not in a condition, or prepared to defend themselves.
2. Murder. The most arch deed of piteous massacre. Shakespeare.

To MA’SSACRE, verb act. [massacrer, Fr.] to kill or butcher peo­
ple by way of surprize, indiscriminately, and after a barbarous man­
ner. Oppressed and detested, and sometimes massacred and extirpated.
Atterbury.

MASSA’LIANS, sectaries, whose tenet was, that persons ought to be
continually at prayer.

MA’SSES [in painting] are the large part of a picture, containing
the great lights and shadows; so that when it is almost dark, we can
only see the masses of a picture. See MASS.

MA’SSETERS [of μασσαομαι, Gr. to chew] short, thick and tendi­
nous muscles of the lower jaw; which, with the assistance of the tem­
poral muscles, they move to the right side, the left side, and forward.

MA’SSICOT, subst. Fr. Massicot is the ceruss calcined. Of this
there are three sorts, the white, the yellow, and that of a golden co­
lour, their difference arising from the different degrees of fire applied
in the operation. White massicot is of a yellowish white, and is that
which has received the least calcination; yellow massicot has received
more, and gold coloured massiot still more: all of them should be an
impalpable powder, weighty, and high-coloured. They are used in
painting. Trevoux.

MA’SSINES, or MA’SSIVENESS [from massy or massive] weight,
bulk, ponderosity. More notorious for the daintiness of the provision
which he served in it, than for the massiness of the dish. Hakewell.

MA’SSIVE, or MA’SSY, adj. [massif, Fr. massaccio, It. macizo, Sp.]
bulky, weighty, heavy, continuous. The more gross and massive
parts of the terrestrial globe. Woodward. So thick and mossy, that no
light could get through them. Newton.

MASSONNE’, or MA’SSONED [in heraldry] is when an ordinary is
represented in the manner of a stone wall, with all the joints between
the stones appearing, as they generally do in stone buildings; and so
the import of the word is, as much as done in mason's work.

MA’SSORA [אדוםמ, Heb. tradition] a performance on the Hebrew
bible by some ancient Jewish rabbins, to secure it from any alterations,
and to be a hedge to the law; by numbering the verses, words and let­
ters of the text, and marking all the variations of it. See MASORA
and MASORITES.

MA’SSORITES, Jewish doctors, authors of the Massora. See MA­
SORITES.

MAST [mæst, Sax. mast, Su. Du. and Ger. of masten, Ger. to
fatten cattle, mast, mât, Fr. mastil, Sp. mastro, Port.] 1. The straight
beam or post that is raised above a vessel, and to which the sail is fixed.
2. The fruit of the oak, beech, chesnut, &c. Trees that bear mast,
as oaks and beaches. Bacon.

Fore MAST [of a ship] stands in the fore-part or fore-castle, and is
about 4-5 of the main-mast in length.

Misen MAST [of a ship] stands aft in the sternmost part of it, and
is in length about half that of the main-mast.

To Spring a MAST [a sea phrase] is when a mast is crackt in any
part.

To Spend a MAST [a sea phrase] is when a mast is broken by bad
weather.

Top MASTS [in a ship] are those masts that are fixed upon the main,
fore, misen masts and bow sprit.

Top Gallant MASTS [in a ship] are those fixed to the head of the
main, and fore-top-masts; they carry flag-staves on their tops, whereon
are hanged the flags, pendants, &c.

Jury MAST [in a ship] is a mast made of yards, or other pieces of
timber, spliced or fished together, woulding them with ropes. This
mast is set up, when in a storm or fight, a mast is borne over board,
till they can be provided with a better.

Armed MAST [in a ship] is a mast made of more than one tree.

MAST [of Amber] the quantity of two pounds and a half in
weight.

Over MASTED, a ship is said so to be, when her masts are either too
long or too big, which makes her lie too much down by the wind,
and labour too much a hull.

Under MASTED, a ship is said so to be, when her masts are either
too small or too short, which hinders her from bearing so much sail,
as is requisite to give her true way.

MA’STER [magister, Lat. maíter, Fr. maestro, It. and Sp. mestre,
Port. mægster, Sax. mestere, Dan. meester, Du. meister, Ger.] 1.
A governor, a director. The master of a feast. Ecclesiasticus. 2. A
head, a chief. As a wise master builder I have laid the foundation.
1 Corinth. 3. One who teaches, a teacher. Masters and teachers
should not raise difficulties to their scholars. Locke. 4. One much
skilled in any art or science. Not only able to judge of words and
style, but he must be master of them too. Dryden. 5. One who has
servants. Opposed to servant or man. Take up thy master. Shake­
speare. 6. Owner, proprietor. It would be believed that he rather
took the horse for his subject than the master. Dryden. 7. A lord, a
ruler. Wisdom and virtue are the proper qualifications in the master
of a house. Addison. 8. Possessor. The Duke of Savoy may make
himself master of the French dominions on the other side of the Rhone.
Addison. 9. One uncontrouled. Let every man be master of his time.
Shakespeare. 10. A compellation of respect. Master doctor. Shake­
speare. 11. A young gentleman, one under age. Little masters and
misses in a house. Swift. 12. A title of several officers.

MASTER of the Armoury, one who has the oversight of the king's
armour in any standing armoury; with the power of placing or dis­
placing any under officers.

MASTER of Assay [in the mint] one, whose business is to see that
the silver, &c. be according to standard.

MASTER of Arts, the second degree taken by the students in the
universities.

MASTER of the Ceremonies, an officer instituted by king James I.
for the more solemn and honourable reception of ambassadors and
strangers of quality, whom he introduces into the king's presence.

MASTERS of the Chancery, are usually chosen out of the barristers of
the common law, to be assistants to the lord chancellor and master of
the rolls, during term time. They are 12 in number, the master of
the rolls being the chief.

MASTER of the Faculties, an officer under the archbishop of Canter­
bury, who grants licences and dispensations.

MASTER of the Horse, a great officer of the crown, to whom is com­
mitted the charge of ordering and disposing all matters relating to the
king's horses, stables, &c.

MASTER of the Houshold, an officer under the lord steward of the
king's houshold.

MASTER of the Jewel House, an officer who has the charge of all the
gold and silver plate used at the king's table; and also of the plate in
the Tower of London, loose jewels, &c.

MASTER of the Mint, the warden of the mint, whose business is to
receive the silver and bullion, which comes to the mint to be coined,
and to take care thereof.

MASTER Worker of the Mint, an officer, who receives the bullion
from the warden, causes it to be melted, delivers it to the monyers,
and takes it from them again when it is coined.








MASTER of the Ordnance, a great officer, to whose care all the
king's ordnance and artillery is committed.

MASTER Gunner of England, an officer whose business is to instruct
all those who are desirous to learn the art of gunnery, and to admini­
ster the oath to every scholar, that he will not serve any foreign prince
or state without leave.

MASTER of the King's Musters, an officer who takes care that the
king's forces be compleat, well armed and trained; also called the
muster-master-general.

MASTER of the Posts, one who had the appointing all such through­
out England, who provided post horses for the king's messages; but
now is devolved on the general post-master.

MASTER of Requests, is the chief judge of the court of requests,
which is now quite taken away.

MASTER of the Rolls, is an assistant to the lord chancellor or lord
keeper of the great seal in the high court of chancery, so that he hears
causes there, and gives orders in his absence.

MASTER of the Court of Wards and Liveries, was formerly the prin­
cipal officer, and judge of that court.

MASTER of the Wardrobe, an officer who has the custody and charge
of all the ancient robes of the king's and queen's, kept in the Tower of
London, and of the royal hangings, bedding, &c.

MASTER of a Ship, the chief officer of a merchant's ship, who has
the general management of the ship at sea, and gives the necessary or­
ders to the sailors.

MASTER de Camp [in France and Spain] is a colonel of horse.

MASTER de Camp General, is the next officer over all the regiments
of light horse, and commands in the absence of the colonel general.

To MASTER, verb act. [maitriser, Fr.] 1. To be a master, to rule,
to govern. Rather father thee than master thee. Shakespeare. 2. To
conquer, to overpower, to subdue. Evil customs must be mastered and
subdued. Calamy. 3. To execute with skill. I will not offer at that
I cannot master. Bacon.

MA’STERDOM, subst. [of master] dominion, rule. Obsolete.

MA’STERHAND, the hand of a man eminently skilful. Pope.

MA’STERJEST, principal jest. Who shall break the masterjest. Hu­
dibras.

MA’STERKEY, the key which opens many locks, of which the subor­
dinate keys open each only one. Dryden.

MA’STERLEAVER, one that leaves or deserts his master. A master­
leaver and a fugitive. Shakespeare.

MA’STERLESS. 1. Ungovernable, unruly, unsubdued. 2. Hav­
ing no master, being without an owner. His silver shield now idle,
masterless. Spenser.

MA’STERLINESS [of masterly] eminent skill.

MA’STERLY, adj. [of master] 1. Skilful, artful, suitable to a master.
2. Imperious, having the sway of a master.

MASTERLY, adv. in a manner like a master, with the skill of a master.

MA’STER-Note [in music] the measure note.

MA’STERPIECE. 1. An exquisite or extraordinary work or perfor­
mance in any art or science. The fifteenth is the masterpiece of the
whole metamorphoses. Dryden. 2. Chief excellence, principal ac­
complishment. Dissimulation was his masterpiece. Clarendon.

MA’STERSHIP [of master] 1. The quality and dignity of a master.
2. Dominion, rule, power. 3. Superiority, pre-eminence. Where
noble youths for mastership should strive. Dryden. 4. Chief work.
The mastership of heav'n in face and mind. Dryden. 5. Skill, know­
ledge. Shakespeare. 6. A title of ironical respect. Signior Launce,
what news with your mastership. Shakespeare.

MA’STERSINEW, subst. The mastersinew is a large sinew that surrounds
the hough, and divides it from the bone by a hollow place, where the
windgalls are usually seated, which is the largest and most visible
sinew, in a horse's body: This oftentimes is relaxed or strained. Far­
rier's Dictionary.

MA’STERSTRING, subst. principal string.

MA’STERSTROKE, subst. capital performance.

MA’STERTEETH, subst. [of master and teeth] the principal teeth.
Their masterteeth indented one within another like saws. Bacon.

MA’STERWORT [with botanists] an herb, whose leaves resemble
angelica, except that they grow on lesser stalks and lower. Master­
wort is a plant with a rose and umbellated flower consisting of several
petals, which are sometimes heart shaped and sometimes entire ranged
in a circle, and resting on the empalemet, which becomes a fruit com­
posed of two seeds, which are plain, almost oval, gently streaked and
bordered, and generally casting their cover. To these marks must be
added, that their leaves are winged and pretty large. The root is
used in medicine. Miller.

MA’STERY [of master; maistrise, Fr.] 1. Command, dominion,
rule. They will fight for the mastery of the passages. Raleigh. 2. Su­
periority, pre-eminence. Those that will try masteries with their su­
periors. L'Estrange. 3. Skill. A mastery in all languages. Tillotson.
4. Attainment of skill or power. The learning and mastery of a
tongue. Locke.

MA’STFUL, adj. [of mast] abounding in mast or fruit of oak, beech
or chesnut. The mastful chesnut mates the skies. Dryden.

MASTICA’TION, Fr. [masticazione, It. of masticatio, Lat.] the act
of chewing, which action breaks the meat to pieces, by the help of
the teeth; so that by that means being mixt with the saliva, it is pre­
pared both to be more easily swallowed and digested in the stomach.
In birds there is no mastication, nor commination of the meat in the
mouth. Ray.

MASTICA’TORY, subst. [masticatorie, Fr. of masticatorio, It. of ma­
sticatorium, Lat.] a medicine to be chewed, not swallowed, to provoke
spitting. Remember masticatories for the mouth. Bacon.

MA’STICH, or MASTICK [μαςιχη, Gr. mastic, Fr.] 1. The gum of
the lentisk tree. It is gathered from trees of the same name in Scio.
2. A kind of cement or mortar. As for the small particles of brick
and stone, the least moistness would join them together and turn them
into a kind of mastic which those insects could not divide. Addison.

MA’STICOT [marum, Lat.] a yellow colour used in painting. See
MASSICOT. Masticot is very light, because it is a very clear yellow,
and very near to white. Dryden.

MA’STIFF, plur. mastives [mastin, mâtin, Fr. mastino, It. mastin,
Sp. of mastivus, Lat.] a sort of great dog of the fiercest kind, a ban­
dog, a dog particularly kept to watch the house.

MASTIGA’DOUR [with horsemen] a slabbering bit, a snaffle of iron,
all smooth, and of a piece, guarded with pater-nosters, and composed
of three halfs of great rings, made into demi-ovals, of unequal big­
ness, the lesser being enclosed within the greater, which ought to be
about half a foot high. A mastigadour is mounted with a head and
two reins.

MA’STLESS [of mast] bearing no mast. A crown of mastless oak
adorn'd her head. Dryden.

MA’STLIN, subst. [mesler, Fr. to mingle, or rather corrupted from
miscellane] mixt corn, as wheat and rye. Of maslin of rye and of
wheat. Tusser.

MASTOI’DES [μαςοειδης, Gr.] certain muscles arising from the
neck-bone, and terminating in the mammillary processes, their office
is to bend the head; also any processes that are like the teats of a cow's
udder.


MAT

MAT [mætte, or meette, Sax. matte, Du. and L. Ger. matte, H.
Ger. matta, Su. and Lat.] a texture of sedge, flags or rushes plaited
or woven together. Mats of a small and fine kind of bents there grow­
ing, which serve to cover floors and walls. Carew.

To MAT, verb. act. [from the subst.] 1. To cover with mats. 2. To
twist or plait together, to join like a mat. Of mascular fibres, all mat­
ted as in the skin. Grew.

MA’TACHIN, Fr. a sort of old dance.

MA’TADORE, subst. [matador, Sp. a murderer] a hand of cards so
called from its efficacy against the adverse player. Now move to war
her sable matadores. Pope.

MATCH [meche, Fr. miccia, It. prob. from mico, Lat. to shine:
Surely not as Skinner conjectures, from the Saxon maca, a companion,
because a match is companion to a gun] 1. Any thing that catches
fire, generally a card, rope, or small chip of wood dipped in brimstone.
Matches to set Dricona a fire. Howel. 2. [Prob. of mate, a compa­
nion] an agreement to be married, a marriage. Love doth seldom
suffer itself to be confined by other matches than those of its own ma­
king. Boyle. 3. Any other agreement, as a trial of skill [from μαχη,
Gr. a fight, or from maca, Sax. one equal to another] a contest, a
game, any thing in which there is contest or opposition. A solemn
match was made, he lost the prize. Dryde. 4. [From maca, Sax.]
an equal to any other, one able to contest with another. And makes
an innocent man, tho' of the lowest rank, a match for the mightiest of
his fellow subjects. Addison. 5. One thing that suits or tallies with
another. 6. One to be married. And was looked upon as the richest
match of the west. Clarendon.

MATCH [with gunners] a sort of rope made of such combustible
stuff, that being once lighted, it will burn on by degrees, and regu­
larly, without ever going out, as long as any of it is left.

To MATCH, verb act. [from the subst. q. d. to mate] 1. To pair
or couple, to marry, to give in marriage. A man thinks himself
match'd to one who should be a comfort to him. South. 2. To be
like, to suit, to proportion. Chusing and matching of patterns and co­
lours. Swift. 3. To be equal to. To match thy goodness. Shake­
speare. 4. To shew an equal. No history or antiquity can match his
policies. South. 5. To equal, to oppose. Birth to match birth, and
power to balance power. Dryden.

To MATCH, verb neut. 1. To be married. To match with some
heroical minded lady. Sidney. 2. To suit, to tally, to be propor­
tionate.

To MATCH fighting Cocks, is to see that they are of an equal height,
length and bigness in body.

To MATCH [with huters] a wolf is said to match or mate at rut­
ting time.

MA’TCHABLE, adj. [from match] 1. That which may be matched
or coupled, equal, suitable. 2. Correspondent. Those at land that
are not matchable with any upon our shores. Woodward,

MA’TCHLESS, adj. [of match] that may not be equalled, without
an equal. A glorious saint, a matchless queen. Waller.

MA’TCHLESSLY, adv. [of matchless] in a manner not to be equal­
led.

MA’TCHLESSNESS [of matchless] uncapableness of being matched or
equalled, state of being without an equal.

MA’TCHMAKER [of match and make] 1. One who contrives mar­
riages. 2. One who makes matches to burn.

MATE [mate, maca, Sax. maet, Du.] 1. A companion, male or
female. Go, leave her with her maiden mates to play. Dryden. 2.
A husband or wife. Unworthy match for such immortal mate. Spenser.
3. The male or female of animals. That elephants know no copu­
lation with any other than their own proper mate. Ayliffe. 4. One
that sails in the same ship. The master frighted and the mates devour'd.
Roscommon. 5. One that eats at the same table. 6. The second in
subordination; as, the chirurgeon's mate.

Check MATE [at the play of chess] is when the game is brought to
that pass, that there is no way for the king to escape.

To MATE, verb act. [mate, Sax. matter, Fr. matar, Sp.] 1. To
amaze, to confound, to put out of countenance, to subdue, to crush.
My sense she 'as mated and amaz'd my sight. Shakespeare. 2. To
match, to marry, to pair. The hind that wou'd be mated by the
lion. Shakespeare. 3. To be equal to, to equal. Mounts thro' the
clouds and mates the lofty skies. Dryden. 4. To oppose, to equal.
Dare mate a sounder man than Surry can be. Shakespeare.

MATEO’LOGY [ματαιολογια, Gr. vain treatise or speaking] a vain
enquiry or over curious search into high matters.

MATEOTE’CHNY [ματαιοτεΧνια, Gr. vain science] a vain or idle
science. Both this and the preceding word should (according to the
rules of orthography) be spelt with œ thus; Matœology, Matœotechny.

MA’TER, Lat. a mother.

Dura MATER, Lat. [with anatomists] a membrane or skin sticking
close to the skull, on the inside in some places, and covers the brain
and the cerebellum.

Pia MATER, Lat. [with anatomists] a skin which immediately
clothes the brain and cerebellum. It is very full of blood vessels, sup­
posed to be designed for keeping in the spirits there bred, and to hin­
der them from flying away.








MATE’RIA Medica, all that is made use of in the art of physic,
either for the prevention or cure of diseases, whether prepared from
vegetables, minerals, or animals.

MATERIA Prima, Lat. [with philosophers] the first matter or sub­
ject of all forms substantial.

MATE’RIAL [materiel, Fr. materiale, It. materiàl, Sp. all in the
first sense only, of materialis, Lat.] 1. Consisting of matter corporeal,
not spiritual. These trees of life and knowledge were material trees.
Raleigh. 2. Essential, being of concern, moment, or consequence.
One of the principal and most material duties of honour done to Christ.
Hooker.

MATE’RIALISTS, MATE’RIANS, or MATERIA’RIANS, an ancient
sect, who being possessed with this principle, out of nothing comes no­
thing, had recourse to eternal matter, on which they supposed God
wrought in the creation. Query, if Dr. Clarke has not given us a more
just account of the Materialists in these following words; “When I
said the mathematical principles of philosophy are opposite to those of the
Materialists, the meaning was, that whereas Materialists suppose the
frame of nature to be such, as could have arisen from mere MECHA-
NICAL principles of matter and motion, of necessity and fate; the ma­
thematical principles of philosophy show, on the contrary, that the
state of things [the constitution of the sun and planets] is such, as
could not arise from any thing but an INTELLIGENT and FREE
CAUSE.” A Collection of Papers between Leibnitz and Dr. Clarke,
p. 37.

MATE’RIALISM, the doctrine of materialists [See MATERIALISTS]
“That God, says Dr. Clarke, cannot limit the QUANTITY of matter,
is an assertion of too great consequence to be admitted without proof.
If He cannot limit the DURATION of it neither, then the material
world is both infinite and eternal necessarily and independently upon
God.” Collection of Papers between Clarke and Leibnitz, p. 139; and
he observes, p. 15, that the notion of the world's being a great ma­
chine, going on without the interposition of God, as a clock continues
to go without the assistance of a clock-maker, is the notion of MATE­
RIALISM and FATE, and tends (under pretence of making God a su­
pra-mundane intelligence) to exclude providence and God's government in
reality out of the world.

MATERIA’LITY [materialité, Fr. materialità, It. of materialis, Lat.]
the state of being material, the existence of matter, corporeity. Ab­
stracting from all materiality in his ideas. Digby.

MATE’RIALLY, adv. [of material] 1. Momentous, of consequence,
essentially, importantly. All this concerneth the customs of the Irish
very materially. Spenser. 2. In the state of matter. I do not mean
that any thing is separable from a body by fire that was not materially
pre-existent in it. Boyle. 3. Not formally. To spoil and corrupt an
act in itself materially good. South.

MATE’RIALNESS [of material] momentous, weightiness, impor­
tance.

MATE’RIALS, this word is rarely used in the singular [materiaux,
Fr. materiali, It. of materialia, Lat.] substance proper for the mak­
ing or doing any thing. Rich provision of materials for the building
of the temple. South.

MATE’RIATE; or MATE’RIATED, adj. [materiatus, Lat.] consist­
ing or made of matter. Interpose some subject which is immateriate
or less materiate. Bacon.

MATERIA’TION [materia, Lat.] the act of forming matter. A
materiation even of matter itself. Brown.

MATE’RNAL, adj. [maternel, Fr. maternale, It. materno, Sp. of ma­
ternalis, maturnus, of mater, Lat. a mother] pertaining to a mother,
motherly, befitting a mother. The maternal love. Dryden.

MATE’RNITY [maternité, Fr. maturnus, Lat.] motherhood, the
condition or state of a mother.

MA’TFELON, subst. [of matter, Fr. to kill, and felon, a thief] a
species of knapweed that grows wild.

MATH [with husbandmen] a mowing; as, aftermath, after grass,
or second mowing of grass.

MA’THEMA [μαθημα, Gr.] the mathematics or mathematical arts.

MATHEMA’TIC, or MATHEMA’TICAL [mathématique, Fr. matema­
tico, It. and Sp. mathematicus, Lat.] pertaining to the mathematics,
considered according to the doctrine of the mathematicians. “The
false philosophy of the Materialists, to which the mathematic principles
of philosophy are most directly repugnant.” Clarke. See MATERIAL­
ISTS, &c. N. B. A mathematical head, signifies a head, or genius,
well turned or fitted for that kind of study.

MATHEMA’TICAL Composition, is the synthetical method, or that
which proceeds by certain degrees or steps, from known quantities in
the search of unknown, and then demonstrates, that the quantity so
found will satisfy the proportion.

MATHEMA’TICALLY, adv. [of mathematical] according to the
laws or rules of the mathematics. We may be mathematically certain
that the heat of the sun is according to the density of the sun-beams.
Bentley.

MATHEMATI’CIAN [mathematicien, Fr. matematico, It. and Sp. ma­
thematicus, Lat,] one skilled in the mathematics.

MATHEMA’TICS [mathematique, Fr. matematice, It. mathematices,
Sp. and Port. artes mathematicœ, Lat. τεΧψαι μαθηματιχαι, Gr.] in its
original signification comprehended any kind of discipline or learning;
but now the word is usually applied to some noble sciences, which
are taught by true demonstration, and are exercised about quantity,
i. e. whatsoever is capable of being numbered or measured, which is
comprized under numbers, lines, superfices and solids.

Practical MATHEMATICS, are such as shew how to demonstrate
something that is useful, or to perform something proposed to be
done, which may tend to the benefit of mankind; as, astronomy,
architecture, catoptrics, dioptrics, geography, gnomonics, hydrau­
lics, hydrostatics, hydrography, mechanics, music, optics, perspec­
tive, pneumatics, pyrotechnics, &c.

Pure MATHEMATICS, are arithmetic and geometry, and consider
quantity abstractedly and without any relation to matter.

Simple MATHEMATICS, the same as pure mathematics.

Mixt MATHEMATICS, are those arts and sciences which treat of
the properties of quantity, applied to material beings or sensible ob­
jects, and interwoven with physical considerations; as, astronomy, di­
alling, geography, mechanics, navigation, surveying, &c.

Speculative MATHEMATICS, consists only in the simple knowledge
of matters proposed; with the bare contemplation of truth or falshood,
with respect to them.

MA’THES, subst. an herb. Ainsworth.

MATHE’SIS [μαθησις, of μανθανω, Gr. to learn] the mathematics.
Mad mathesis alone was unconfin'd. Pope. The accent is here on
the first syllable, which is commonly put on the second.

MATHU’RINS, an order of religious founded by pope Innocent for
redeeming Christian captives out of Turkish slavery.

MA’TIN, subst. morning. The glow-worm shews the matin to be
r. Shakespeare.

MATINS [matines, Fr. in the Romish church] the first part of the
daily service, morning worship. The nocturn and matins for the
saints. Stillingfleet.

MATRA’CIUM, low Lat. [with chymists] a little bag, in which cal­
cined tartar, &c. is put, having holes pricked in it to let out the li­
quor.

MATRA’LES [among the Romans] a festival observed by the ma­
trons on the first of June, in honour of the goddess of Matuta, or
Ino, the wife of Athamas, king of Thebes. They only entered the
temple with a slave, and their sister's children; the slave they cuff'd,
in memory of the jealousy of Ino, and pray'd for their sister's children
but not for their own.

MA’TRASS [matras, Fr. with chymists] a bolt-head, or long, strait­
necked chemical glass vessel, made for digestion or distillation, being
sometimes bellied and sometimes rising gradually taper into a conical
figure. See plate VII, fig. 17.

MATRICA’LIA, Lat. [in physic] medicine for diseases in the matrix.

MATRICA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb feverfew, white­
wort, or mother-wort.

MA’TRICE, or MA’TRIX, subst. [Fr. and It. from matricis, gen.
of matrix, Lat. with anatomists] 1. The womb, or that part of the
female of any kind wherein the fœtus is conceived and nourished till
the time of its delivery. The wombs and matrices of the females.
Bacon. 2. A mould in general, that which gives form to something
inclosed. Stones that carry a resemblance of cockles were formed in
the cavities of shells; and these shells have served as matrices or moulds
to them. Woodward. 3. [With letter-founders] moulds or forms in
which printing letters or characters are cast.

MA’TRICES [with dyers] is applied to the first simple colours, whence
all the rest are derived and composed; as black, white, blue, red and
fallow, or root colour.

MA’TRICIDE, Fr. [matricida, It. and Lat.] 1. A killer of his mo­
ther. Ainsworth. 2. [Matricidio, It. matricidium, Lat.] the act of
killing of a mother. Nature compensates the death of the father, by
the matricide and murther of the mother. Brown.

MATRI’CULA, Lat. a roll, list, or register, in which the names of
persons are entered.

MATRI’CULAR Book [matricule, Fr. matricola, It. in the university]
a book, in which the names of scholars newly admitted are en­
tered.

To MATRI’CULATE, verb act. [from matricula: a matrix, quod in
ea velut matrice contineantur militum nomina. Ainsworth] to enter or
admit to a membership of the universities of England; to enlist, to en­
ter into any society, by setting down the name.

MATRICULATE, subst. [from the verb] one entered or matri­
culated. In the name of the matriculates of that famous university.
Arbuthnot.

MARTI’CULATED [immatriculé, Fr. matricolato, It. matriculádo,
Sp.] set down in the matricula, or register book of an university,
after the scholar has been sworn there.

MATRICULA’TION, Lat. the act of matriculating or registring the
names of students in a college. A scholar absent from the university
for five years, is struck out of the matriculation book. Ayliffe.

MATRIMO’NIAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [matrimoniale, It. of matrimo­
nialis, from matrimonium, Lat.] pertaining to matrimony, suitable to
marriage, nuptial, hymeneal. Rather a matrimonial than a regal
power. Bacon.

MATRIMO’NIALLY, adv. [of matrimonial] according to the man­
ner or laws of marriage. Matrimonially wedded unto his church.
Ayliffe.

MA’TRIMONY [matrimonio, It. and Sp. of matrimonium, Lat.] wed­
lock, marriage, the contract of man and wife.

To MA’TRISATE [matrisatum, Lat.] to imitate the mother.

MA’TRIX, Lat. [of μητρα, Gr. the womb] the matrice. See MA­
TRICE.

MATRIX [with surgeons] that part of the womb in which the
child is conceived.

MATRIX, or MA’TRICE, any thing serving for the place of genera­
tion of a body, whether organical, as the matrix or womb of animals;
or inorganical, as those of vegetables, metals or minerals. If they be
not lodged in a convenient matrix they are not excited by the efficacy
of the sun. Brown.

MATRIX Ecclesiœ, the mother church; either a cathedral, with re­
spect to the parochial churches in the same diocese; or a parish church,
in respect to the chapels depending on it.

MATRIX [with botanists] the pith of trees or herbs, which they
also call cor.

MA’TRON [matrone, Fr. matrona, Sp. It. and Lat. of mater, Lat.]
1. A virtuous, prudent, motherly woman, that keeps her family in
good government or discipline; and such an one, as to chastity and
exemplary life, to whom young virgins may be safely committed to
be educated; an elderly lady. With a discretion very little inferior to
the most experienced matrons. Tatler. 2. An old woman. A matron
sage. Pope.

MATRON [of an hospital] a grave woman that looks after the chil­
dren and others therein.

MA’TRONS [in a law sense] married women of experience, who
have been mothers of children, such as are empannelled upon juries
for convicts who plead their bellies.

MATRO’NAL [matronalis, Lat.] belonging to a matron, suitable to,
or constituting a matron. The widow of Ferdinando the younger be­
ing then of matronal years of seven and twenty. Bacon.








MATRONA’LIA [among the Romans] the feast of the matrons, in­
stituted by Romulus, and celebrated by the Roman women in honour
of Mars; to whom they thought themselves obliged for the happiness
of bearing good children; a favour which he first conferred on his
mistress Rhea; during the time of which, the men sent presents to
the women, as the women in like manner did to the men on the Sa­
turnalia. It was observed on the first of March for pregnancy, the
year then beginning to bear fruit.

MA’TRONLY, adj. [of matron and like] elderly, ancient. The
matronly wife pluck'd out all the brown hairs, and the younger the
white. L'Estrange.

MATRO’SSES [in a train of artillery] a sort of soldiers next in degree
under the gunners, who assist them about the guns, in traversing,
spunging and firing, loading, &c. They carry firelocks, and march
along with the store waggons, as a guard, and also as assistants in case
a waggon should break, &c.

MATT [matta, Lat.] rushes interwoven to lay on floors, and for
various other uses. See MAT.

MAT Weed, an herb or plant, called also feather-grass, and Spanish­
rush, of which mats and frails are made.

MATS [in a ship] broad, thick clouts of sinnet or rope yarn and
thrums, beaten flat and interwoven, to save the yard, &c. from gal­
ling.

MA’TTED, part. adj. [of mat] wrought or covered with mat. See
To MAT.
MATTED, entangled and clung together like hair.

MATTED [in botany] a term used of herbs, when they grow as if
they were plaited together.

MA’TTER [matiere, Fr. matteria, It. materia, Sp. Port. and Lat.]
1. The materials or stuff any thing is made or consists of. The col­
lection of the matter of tempests. Bacon. 2. Cause or occasion of
disturbance. What's the matter with thee? Shakespeare. 3. Busi­
ness, affairs, in a familiar sense. To help the matter the alchemists
call in many vanities. Bacon. 4. [With natural philosophers] a
solid, divisible aud passive substance, called body, and first principle
of natural things; which is extended into length, breadth and thick­
ness; which is capable of putting on all manner of forms, and of
moving according to all manner of directions and degrees of swiftness;
body, substance extended. God, in the beginning, formed matter in
solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, moveable particles. Newton.

SOME have dimensions of length, breadth, and depth, and have also
a power of resistance, or to exclude every thing of the same kind from
being in the same place: this is the proper character of matter *The vis inertiæ, or power of resisting all attempt made to
change the state, is a property belonging to MATTER in com­
mon, and not peculiar to SOME particular kinds of it. “QUICK­
SILVER is as subtile, and consists of as fine parts and as fluid as
water, and yet makes more than ten times the resistance;
which resistance arises therefore from the QUANTITY, and not
from the grosness of the matter.” Collection of Papers between
Mr. Leibnitz and Dr. Clarke. p. 127. or
body. Watts. 5. Subject, thing treated of. The subject or matter
of laws in general. Hooker. 6. The whole, the very thing supposed.
7. Subject of suit or complaint. If the matter should be tried by duel
between two champions. Bacon. 8. Import, consequence. No mat­
ter from what hands you have the play. Dryden. 9. Thing, object,
that which has some particular relation or is subject to particular con­
sideration. Three of the most famous men for matters of arms. Sid­
ney. 10. Question considered. Upon the whole matter it is absurd.
South. 11. Space or quantity nearly computed. To tarry a small
matter in town. Congreve. 12. That which is formed by suppuration,
that which runs out of a sore. The matter being suppurated, I open'd
it. Wiseman. 13. Upon the matter; a low phrase, now obsolete,
that imports, considering the whole, with respect to the gross or main,
nearly.

Nude MATTER [in law] is the naked or bare allegation of a thing
done, to be proved only by witnesses, and not by a record, or any
speciality in writing under seal.

MATTER in Deed [a law term] a truth of a matter that may be
proved, though not by record.

MATTER of Record [a law term] is that which may be proved by
some record.

To MA’TTER, verb neut. [from the subst] 1. To be of importance
or moment, to import; mostly used impersonally. It matters not
how they were called. Locke. 2. To generate matter by suppuration.
Each slight fore mattereth. Sidney.

To MATTER, verb act. to care, to regard, not to neglect; as, I
matter not that calumny.

MA’TTERY, adj. [of matter] full of watter, purulent, generating
pus or matter. Their mattery cough. Harvey.

MA’TTINS [matines, Fr. of matutinus, Lat. of the morning] morn­
ing prayers; also one of the canonical hours in the church of Rome.

MA’TTOCK [mattuc, Sax.] 1. In husbandry, a tool to grub up
roots of trees, weeds, &c. Give me the mattock and the wrenching
iron. Shakespeare. 2. A pickax. The Turks laboured with mattocks
and pickaxes to dig up the foundations of the wall. Knolles.

MA’TTRESS [matelas, matras, Fr. materasso, It. matelàz, Sp. attras,
Wel.] a kind of quilt filled with wool, cotton, &c. a flock bed to
lie upon. Their mattresses were made of feathers and straw, and some­
times of furs from Gaul. Arbuthnot.

MATU’RA, Lat. the goddess of ripe corn.

MATURA’NTIA, Lat. [in physic] such medicines as promote ma­
turation, or ripeness.

To MA’TURATE, verb act. [maturare, It. and Lat.] to hasten, to
ripen.

To MATURATE, verb neut. to grow ripe.

MATURA’TION [maturatio, from maturo, Lat.] 1. The act of hast­
ning or ripening, the state of being ripe. There is the maturation of
fruits, the maturation of drinks, and the maturation of imposthumes,
as also other maturations of metals. Bacon. [2. In physic] maturation
by some physical writers is applied to the suppuration of excrementi­
tious or extravasated juices into matter, and differs from concoction
or digestion, which is the raising to a greater perfection the alimentary
and natural juices in their proper canals. Quincy.

MA’TURATIVE, adj. [maturo, Lat.] 1. Ripening, conducive to ripe­
ness. Their second summer is hotter and more maturative of fruits
than the former. Brown. 2. Conducive to the suppuration of a sore.
Butter is maturative, and is profitably mixed with anodynes and sup­
puratives. Wismenan.

MATU’RE, adj. [maturo, It. maduro, Sp. maturus, Lat.] 1. Ripe,
come to its full growth, perfected by time. Mature in years and ex­
perience. Addison. 2. Brought near to completion. Mature for the
violent breaking out. Shakespeare. 3. Well disposed, fit for execu­
tion, well digested.

To MATU’RE, verb act. [maturo, Lat.] to ripen, to advance to
ripeness.

MATU’RELY, adv. [of mature] 1. Ripely, perfectly, completely.
2. With counsel well digested, considerately. A prince ought maturely
to consider when he enters on a war. Swift. 3. Early, soon. We
give him thanks for contracting the days of our trial, and receiving us
more maturely into those everlasting habitations above. Bentley.

MATU’RITY [mature, or maturité, Fr. maturità, It. maduréza, Sp.
of maturitas, Lat.] ripeness of fruit or years, the arrival of any
thing to its just degree of perfection, completion.

MATU’TA, Lat. [in the old Roman language, signified good] she
had a temple at Rome built by Servius Tullius. Some say she was
Ino, the nurse of Bacchus, and wife of Athamas; others will have
her to be Aurora.

MATUTI’LIA [so called of Matuta] feasts in May, consecrated to
Matuta or Leucothoe. All maid-servants except one were excluded
from those feasts, and this one every matron was to strike on the
cheek, because Matuta was plagued with jealousy, that her husband
loved her maid better than he did her.

MAU’DLED, or MAU’DLIN [prob. of matutinus, Lat. of the morn­
ing. According to Johnson, maudlin is the corrupt appellation of
Magdalen, who being drawn by painters with swoln eyes and disor­
dered look, a drunken countenance seems to have been so named from
a ludicrous resemblance to the picture of Magdalen] besotted or dis­
ordered by drinking strong liquors, especially in a morning, drunk,
fuddled. With maudlin eloquence of trickling eyes. Roscommon. And
the kind maudling crowd melts in her praise. Southerne.

MAUDLIN [ageratum, Lat. with botanists] the herb sweet maud­
lin, in shape something like tansey, and in quality like ale cost or
ground-ivy. The flowers of the maudlin are digested into loose um­
bels, but in other respects it is very like the costmary. Miller.

MA’UGRE [malgré, Fr. malgrado, It.] in spite of, or whether one
will or no, notwithstanding; now obsolete. It spread itself every
where, maugre all opposition or persecution. Burnet.

MA’VIS [mauvis, Fr. malvezzo, It.] a bird, a kind of thrush; an
old word. Kites have a resemblance with hawks, and blackbirds with
thrushes and mavises. Bacon.

To MAUL, verb act. [of malleus, Lat.] to bang or beat soundly,
to bruise, to hurt in a coarse and butcherly manner. Meek modern
faith to murder, hack, and maul. Pope.

MAUL, subst. [malleus, Lat. a hammer] a heavy hammer. A man
that beareth false witness is a maul, a sword and sharp arrow. Pro­
verbs. This word is more usually written MALL.

MAUL Stick, a stick on which a painter leans his hand in working.

MAU’LKIN, a sort of mop made of clouts, to sweep an oven
with, by some called a scovel; also a scare-crow to fright away birds.

MAUM, a soft, brittle stone in Oxfordshire.

MAUNCH [in heraldry] the representation of a sleeve.

MAUND [mand, Sax. mannequin, Fr.] a hamper or basket with
handles, or with two lids, to carry on the arm.

MAUND of unbound Books, in 8 bales, of each 1000 pound weight,
or 2 fats.

MAUND Shaw [at Ormus] 12 l. and a half averdupois; [at Me­
slupatan] 26 l. 4 oz. 8 dr. [at Surat] 33 l. 5 oz. 7 dr. [at Tauris]
6 l. ¼ averdupois.

To MAU’NDER, verb neut. [maudire, Fr.] to mutter or grum­
ble. Maundering as if I had done him a discourtesy. Wiseman.

MAU’NDERER [of maunder] one that maunders, a grumbler.

MA’UNDY Thursday. See MANDY. [Derived by Spelman from
maude, a hand-basket, in which the king was accustomed to give
alms to the poor] the Thursday before Good-Friday.

MAUSO’LÆUM, Lat. [mausolée, Fr.] a stately sepulchre, built by Arte­
misia, queen of Caria, for Mausolus her husband, whom she loved so
dearly, that besides this edifice, she caused the ashes of his body, after it
had been burnt, to be put into a cup of wine, and drank them, to
give him a lodging in her heart. This sepulchre was built by four of
the most excellent artificers of that time. It was square, 411 feet in
compass, and 45 cubits high; the square looking to the east was made
by Scapas; that towards the west by Leochares; that to the south by
Timotheus, and that towards the north by Briax. On the top of it
was a brazen chariot, with many wonderful and curious inventions.
The whole was inriched with so many rare ornaments, that it was
esteemed one of the greatest wonders of the world. It is applied to
any pompuous sepulchral monument.


MAW

MAW [maza, or maze, Sax. maeghe, Du. magen, Ger. and Su.]
1. The stomach of animals, and of human creatures; in contempt.
To crammed maws a sprat new stomach brings. Sidney. Bellies and
maws of living creatures. Bacon. 2. The craw or crop of birds. Their
maw is the hopper which holds and softens the grain. Arbuthnot.

MA’WKISH, adj. [of maza, a maw or stomach, reoc, Sax. sick;
perhaps from maw. Johnson] apt to give satiety, apt to cause a nausea
or loathing.

MA’WKISHNESS [of mawkish] aptness to cause loathing, sickness at
the stomach, squeamishness.

MA’WLIN [with the vulgar] neither drunk nor sober. This is
corrupted from MAUDLIN; which see.

MA’WMET, or MA’MMET [according to Johnson, from man, or
mother; prob. of Mahomet] a puppet, anciently an idol or little
image, set up to be worshipped.

MA’WMETRY [of mawmet] idolatry, or the worship of idols.

MA’WMISH, adj. [of mawm or mawmet] foolish, idle, nauseous

MA’W-WORM [of maw and worm] ordinary gut-worms, which loosen
and slide off from the intern tunic of the guts, and frequently creep into







the stomach for nutriment, being attracted thither by the sweet chyle;
whence they are called stomach or maw-worms. Harvey.

MAW-WORMS [in horses] worms that breed in their bodies, of a
reddish colour like earth-worms, about a finger's length.

St. MAWS, a borough town in Cornwal, which sends two members
to parliament.

MAXI’LLA Inferior, Lat. [with anatomists] the under jaw-bone,
which is moveable, and in which the under teeth are inserted.

MAXILLA Superior, Lat. [with anatomists] the upper jaw-bone or
cheek-bone, which is composed of 12 bones, 6 on each side, but some
say 13, the odd one they call vomer.

MAXI’LLAR, or MAXI’LLARY, adj. [maxillaris, maxilla, Lat. the
jaw] pertaining to the jaw-bone.

MAXILLA’RIS Glandula, Lat. [in anatomy] a considerable gland
of the conglomerate kind, situate on the inside under the lower jaw­
bone.

MA’XIM [maxime, Fr. massima, It. maxima, Sp. and Lat.] an axiom,
a proposition or principle (in any art or science) generally received,
grounded upon reason, and that cannot be denied. A leading truth
ranked among the standing maxims of human wisdom. Rogers.

MA’XIMIS et Minimis [with mathematicians] a method used for the
resolution of a great number of perplexed problems, which require
the greatest or least quantities attainable in that case.

MA’XY [with tin miners] is what they call a weed of the marcha­
site kind, when the load or vein of oar degenerates into this or any
thing else, that is not tin, they call it a weed.

MAY, Fr. [maggio, It. mago, Sp. and Port. majus, of majores, Lat.
so called by Romulus, in honour of his senators; or as others say, from
Maia, the mother of Mercury, to whom sacrifice was offered in that
month, maius, Lat.] the 5th, and most pleasant month in the year
with us, the confine of spring and summer metaphorically, the early
or gay part of life. Love, whose mouth is ever May. Shakespeare.

To MAY, verb neut. [from the subst.] to gather flowers on May­
morning.

MAY, auxiliary verb, [mazan, Sax. mogen, Du. moegen, Ger.
MIGHT, pret. maatre, Dan. mogre, Du. mâchte, Ger. for mayed. This
verb is defective, and has no particles, nor properly infinitive mood,
and consequently no compound tenses] 1. To be at liberty, to be
permitted, to be allowed. 2. To be possible. 3. To be by chance.
It may be I shall otherwise bethink me. Shakespeare. 4. To have
power. 5. A word expressing desire. May you live happily and
long. Dryden.

MAY-BE, perhaps. What they offer is bare may-be and shift.
Creech.

MA’Y-BUG [of may and bug] a fly, a chaffer. Ainsworth.

MA’Y-DAY [of may and day] the first of May.

MA’Y-FLOWER [of may and flower] a plant.

MA’Y-FLY [so called of the month of May, wherein it is pro­
duced] an insect called a water-cricket, which in this month creep­
ing out of the river, turns to a fly: it lies commonly under stones
near the banks, and is a good bait for some sort of fish.

MA’Y-GAMES [of may and game] certain sports or merriments,
dancing, &c. used on the first day of May, which seem to have taken
their rise from the like customs of the Romans, who followed such
sports in honour of Maja or Flora, the goddess of flowers. He seem­
ed to account of the designs of Perkin but as a may-game. Bacon.

MA’Y-LILY, a flower, the same with lily of the valley.

MA’YOR, sub. [major, Lat.] the chief magistrate of a corporation,
who in London and York is called lord-mayor.

MA’YORALTY [majoratus, Lat.] the office and dignity of a mayor.

MA’YORESS [of mayor] a mayor's wife.

MA’YPOLE [of may and pole] a pole to be danced round on May­
day.

MAY-WEED [of may and weed] an herb like camomile, of which it
is a species, called also stinking camomile, which grows wild. Miller.

MA’ZARD, subst. [maschoire, Fr.] a jaw. Hanmer.

MAZARI’NE Blue, a blue of a deep colour.

MAZE, subst. [missen, Du. to mistake, mase, Sax. a gulph or
whirlpool. Skinner] 1. Astonishment, perplexity, confusion of thought,
uncertainty. Nothing but a maze of longing, and a dungeon of for­
row. Sidney. 2. A labyrinth, a place of perplexity and winding­
passages. O'er all the mazes of enchanted ground. Thomson.

MAZE [in a garden] a place made with many artificial turnings and
windings.

To MAZE, verb act. [from the subst.] to bewilder, to confuse.
Spenser.

MA’ZEMENT [of mase, Sax. a gulph] amazement.

MA’ZER, subst. [maeser, Du.] a knot of maple, a broad standing
cup or drinking bowl, a maple-cup. One of his shepherds describes
a bowl or mazer. Dryden.

MA’ZY, adj. [of mase, Sax.] belonging to a maze, intricate, per­
plexed, confused. To run the ring, and trace the mazy round. Dryden.

MA’ZZAROTH [תורןמ, Heb.] the zodiac, the planets, celestial
signs, Job, c. xxxviii. v. 32. BUXTORF.
M. D. is an abbreviation of medicinœ doctor, or doctor of physic.


MEA

ME [me, Sax. O. and L. Ger. and mig, Dan. and Su. lemp, Du.
nuch, H. Ger. moi, Fr. mi, It.] 1. The oblique cases of the first person I.
Me, only me, the hand of fortune bore. Pope. 2. Me is sometimes a
kind of ludicrous expletive. I follow'd me close, came in foot and
hand. Shakespeare. 3. It is sometimes used ungrammatically for I.
Me rather had, my heart might feel your love. Shakespeare.

MEA’COCK, subst. [prob. of mue, Fr. a hawk's mew, and coc, Sax.
a cock, mes coq. Skinner] an effeminate or uxorious man; a coward.

MEA’COCK, adj. tame, timorous.

MEAD [medo, Sax. meede, Du. meth, Ger. hydromelis, Lat.] a
drink made of honey and water.

MEAD, or MEA’DOW [mæde, or mægre, Sax.] ground somewhat
watery, not plowed, but covered with grass and flowers; pasture land,
yielding grass, hay.

MEA’DOW Saffron [colchicum, Lat.] the name of a plant.

MEAD Sweet, or MEA’DOW Sweet [ulmaria, Lat. with simplers] a
herb with crumpled leaves, something like those of elm, growing in
meadows. The meadow sweet hath a flower composed of several
leaves, placed in a circular order, and expanding in form of a rose.

MEA’GER, adj. [maigre, Fr. magro, It. Sp. and Port. prob. of ma­
cer, Lat.] lean, poor in flesh, little else but skin and bone, starven.

MEAGER [in a figurative sense] 1. Dry, barren; as, a meagre style,
a jejune, barren, dry style. 2. Poor, hungry in general. Requir'd a
sabbath year to mend the meager soil. Dryden.

To MEA’GER, verb act. [from the adj.] to make lean. Knolles.

MEA’GERLY, adv. [of meager] poorly, leanly.

MEA’GERNESS [of mægre and nesfe, Sax.] leanness, want of
flesh, bareness, scantness. Bacon.

MEAK, or MEAG [in husbandry] an instrument for mowing pease,
brake, &c. It is a hook with a long handle. Tusser.

MEAL [mælepe, Sax. meel, Dan. and Du. mahlen, Ger. to grind,
mehl, Ger, mioel, Su.] 1. The flower of wheat, &c. or the edible
part of corn. 2. [Male, Sax. repast or portion, mael or mael tydt,
Du. and L Ger. mahl or mahlzeit, H. Ger. mal or maltid, Su. prob.
all of mel, Goth. time, q. d. time to eat; it is therefore improper to
add time to it, as most of the northern tongues do] 1. The act of eat­
ing at a certain time. 2. A repast. 3. A part, a fragment. In
parcel meal brought in and answered there. Bacon.

To MEAL, verb act. [meler, Fr.] to sprinkle, to mingle. Shake­
speare.

MEA’LED, adj. [of meal] pulverized or reduced to powder.

MEA’LMAN [of meal and man] one that deals in meal.

MEA’LY, adj. [of meal] 1. Having the qualities of meal, having
the taste or soft insipidity of meal. 2. Besprinkled as with meal. Fa­
rinaceous and mealy winged animals, as butterflies and moths. Brown.

MEA’LINESS [mæle, of gelic and nesse, Sax.] mealy nature.

MEA’LY-MOUTHED [imagined by Skinner to be corrupted from
mild mouthed or mellow mouthed: But perhaps from the sore mouths of
animals, that when they are unable to comminate their grain, must be
fed with meal. Johnson] soft mouthed, unable to speak freely, bash­
ful as to speaking.

MEA’LY-MOUTHEDNESS [from mealy-mouthed] bashfulness, restraint
of speech.

MEAN, subst. [of moyen, Fr.] 1. Middle rate, medium, mediocrity.
2. Measure, regulation. 3. Interval, interim, mean time. This is
now more usual with time. 4. Instrument, measure, that which is
used towards any end. Their virtuous conversation was a mean to
work the heathens conversion. Hooker. 5. It is often used in the plu­
ral, and by some not very grammatically with an adjective singular.
6. By all means; without doubt or hesitation, without fail. 7. By no
means; not in any degree, not at all. 8. Means are likewise used for
revenue, fortune, [probably from demesnes. Johnson]

MEAN, adj. [mæne, Sax.] 1. Wanting dignity, being of low rank
or birth. A young man but of mean parentage. Sidney. 2. Low­
minded, base, ungenerous, spiritless. To promote any mean worldly
interest. Smalridge. 3. Contemptible, despicable. In preventing
many mean things from seeing the light. Pope. 4. Low in the degree
of any property, low in worth, low in power. By this extortion he
suddenly grew from a mean to a mighty estate. Davies. 5. [Moyen,
Fr.] middle, moderate, being without excess. Being of middle age,
and a mean stature. Sidney. 6. Intervening, intermediate. In the
mean while the heavens was black with clouds. 1 Kings.

MEAN [in law] the middle between two extremes; and that either
first in time, as his action was mean, betwixt the disseisin made to him
and his recovery, i. e. in the interim or the mean time; or secondly in
dignity, as, there is a lord mean and tenant mean.

MEAN Axis [in optics] is a right line drawn from the point of con­
course of the optic nerves, thro' the middle of the right line, which
joins the extremity or end of the same optic nerves.

MEAN Diameter [in gauging] a geometrical mean between the dia­
meters at head and bung in any close cask.

MEAN Longitude, or MEAN Motion of the Sun [in astronomy] is an
arch of the ecliptic reckoned from the beginning of Aries to the line of
the sun's mean motion.

MEAN Proportional [in geometry] is a quantity which is as big in
respect of a third term, as the first is in respect of it, as in 2, 4, 8.

MEAN Proportional [in arithmetic] is a quantity which exceeds or
is exceeded by the first.

MEAN [in music] the tenor or middle part.

To MEAN, irr. verb neut. MEANT, pret. and part. pass. [mænan,
Sax. mene, Dan. meenen, Du. meinen, Ger. mena, Su. menan, Goth.]
to intend or resolve, to have in mind, to purpose. Mirth, with thee I
mean to live. Milton.

To MEAN, verb act. 1. To purpose, to intend, to design. Ye
thought evil against me; but God meant it unto good. Genesis. 2.
To intend, to hint covertly, to signify, to understand. I mean your
judgment in your choice os friends.

MEA’NDER. See MÆANDER. Meander is a river in Phrygia re­
markable for its winding course. Labyrinth, maze, flexuous passage,
serpentine winding. Those various meanders of the veins, arteries. Hale.

MEA’NELS [in a horse] small black or red spots in the coat or hair
of a whitish colour.

MEA’NING, subst. [from mean; of mænan, Sax. to mean, meyninge,
Du. meynung, Ger.] 1. Sense, signification, the thing understood.
The meaning of it is in some measure understood. Swift. 2. Purpose,
intention. I am no honest man, if there be any good meaning towards
you. Shakespeare. 3. Habitual intention. Roscommon.

MEA’NLY, adv. [of mean] 1. Moderately, not in a great degree.
A man meanly learned. Ascham. 2. Without dignity, poorly. All
meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies. Milton. 3. Without greatness
of mind, ungenerously. Prior. 4. Without respect. We cannot bear
to have others think meanly of them. Watts.

MEA’NNESS [of mean] 1. Lowness, poverty, want of dignity. Po­
verty and meanness of condition. 2. Want of excellence. The mean­
ness of the workmanship. Addison. 3. Lowness of mind. A certain
meanness of mind. South. 4. Sordidness, niggardliness.

MEANS [it has no singular number] estate. See MEAN.

MEA’NTIME, or MEA’NWHILE, in the intervening time: some­
times an adverbial mode of speech.

MEANT, pret. and part. pass. of to mean. See To MEAN.

MEAR [mære, Sax.] a marshy ground.

MEAR Stones [of mære, Sax. a bound or limit] stones set up for
boundaries or land marks in open fields.








MEASE, or MESE [probably a corruption of measure] a measure
of herrings, containing five hundred.

MEA’SLED, adj. [of measles] infected with the measles. Hudibras.

MEA’SLY, adj. [of measles] scabbed with the measles. Swift.

MEA’SLES [it has no sing, number; maeselen, Du. morbilli, L. Ger.
masern, Ger.] 1. A fever attended with a very great inflammation,
cough, and difficulty of breathing; and in which pustles peculiar to it­
self are thrown out by the skin. MEAD de Variolis, &c. p. 88, 89,
compared. 2. A disease of swine. B. Johnson. 3. A disease of trees.
Fruitbearers are often infected with the measles. Mortimer.

MEA’SURABLE [mensurabilis, Lat. mésurable, Fr. misurabile, It.]
1. That may be measured, such as may admit of computation. Not
measurable by time and motion, nor to be computed by number of suc­
cessive moments. Bentley. 2. In small quantity, moderate.

MEA’SURABLENESS [of measurable] capability or possibility of being
measured.

MEA’SURABLY, adv. [of measurable] moderately, not to excess.
Ecclesiasticus.

To MEA’SURE, verb act. [mesurer, Fr. misurare, It. medir, Sp. and
Port. mensuro, Lat.] 1. To take the dimensions of a thing in length,
breadth, &c. to compute the quantity of it by some stated rule. 2.
To pass through, to judge of extent by marching over. We must
measure twenty miles to day. Shakespeare. 3. To judge of quantity or
greatness. What thought can measure thee. Milton. 4. To adjust, to
proportion. Measure your desires by your fortunes. Taylor. 5. To
mark out in stated quantities. 6. To allot or distribute by measure.
With what measure you mete, it shall be measured to you again. St.
Matthew.

MEA’SURE [mensura, Lat. mesure, Fr. misura, It.] 1. Is some quan­
tity or quantities, fixed and agreed upon, whereby to estimate the
quantity, length, breadth, thickness or capacity of other things,
that by which any thing is measured. A concave measure of known
and denominated capacity. Holder. 2. Rule in general by which any
thing is adjusted or proportioned. God's goodness is the measure of
his providence. More. 3. Proportion, quantity settled. Measure is
that which perfecteth all things, because every thing is for some end.
Hooker. 4. A stated quantity. Anon we'll drink a measure. Shake­
speare. 5. Sufficient quantity. Or fortune given me measure of re­
venge. Shakespeare. 6. Allotment, portion allotted. Harden'd against
all pain beyond the common measures of humanity. Tillotson. 7. De­
gree. I have laid down in some measure the description of the world.
Abbot. 8. Proportionate time, musical time. And thy fond heart
beats measure to thy strains. Prior. 9. Motion harmonically regulated.
My legs can keep no measure in delight. Shakespeare. 10. A stately
dance. This sense is obsolete. 11. Moderation, not excess. Hell
hath enlarg'd herself and opened her mouth without measure. Isaiah.
12. Limit, boundary. Lord make me to know mine end and the mea­
sure of my days what it is. Psalms. 13. Any thing adjusted. Christ
reveals to us the measures according to which God will proceed in dis­
pensing his rewards. Smalridge. 14. [In arithmetic, &c.] is a term
used of a certain number or quantity, which being repeated several
times, is equal to another which is bigger, to which it has relation, as
6 is the measure of 36, taken 6 times. 15. Tune, proportionate
notes. Spenser. 16. Mean of action, mean to an end. This is gene­
rally used in the plural. What wrong measures he had taken in the
conferring that trust. Clarendon. 17. To have hard measure; to be
hardly dealt by.

MEASURE Note, or TIME Note [in music] is a semibreve, so named,
because it is of a certain determinate measure or length of time by it­
self; and all the rest of the notes are measured by, or adjusted to its
value.

MEASURE [in poetry] is a certain number of syllables, metrically
measured, metre. The softness of expression and the smoothness of
measure, rather than the height of thought. Dryden. The union of
two or more measures make a verse, and in the variety of measure
consists the chief harmony of verse.

MEASURE [in geometry] any certain quantity assumed as one or
unity, to which the ratio of other homogeneous or similar quantities is
expressed.

MEASURE of a Figure, or plane surface, is a square, whose side is of
any determinate length.

MEASURE of a Solid, is a cube, the sides of which are of any length
at pleasure.

MEASURE of an Angle, is an arch described from the vertex, a, in
any place between its legs, as b c. See Plate VII. Fig. 18.

MEASURE of Velocity [in mechanics] is the space passed over by the
moving body in any given time.

MEASURE of the Mass [in mechanics] is the weight or quantity of
the matter of it.

MEA’SURELESS [of measure] immeasurable, immense. He shut up
the measureless content. Shakespeare.

MEA’SUREMENT [of measure] the act of measuring, mensuration.

MEA’SURER [of measure] one that measures.

MEA’SURES, ways, means. See MEASURE.

MEA’SURING, adj. [of measure] It is applied to a throw or cast not
to be distinguished in its length from another but by measuring.

MEAT [mæte, or mede, Sax. mad, Dan. mat, Su. mats, Goth.
There is therefore no occasion to derive it, as Mer. Casaubon, from
ματτνα, Gr. dainties] 1. Flesh to be eaten. Bread and meat for his
father. Genesis. 2. Provisions of any sort, either for man or beast,
food in general. Meats for the belly and the belly for meats. 1 Co­
rinthians.

MEAT-Offering, or MINCHAH [under the law] was a certain mea­
sure, more or less, of fine flower, mixt with oil. Numbers, c. xxviii.
v. 5, 20. “Had the design been to offer LIFE FOR LIFE, what oc­
casion had there been for the concomitants of wine, a meat-offering, and
salt?” ESSAY on the Nature, &c. of Sacrifices, p. 127. See PRO­
PITIATION, ATONEMENT-Money, and SACRIFICE compared.

MEA’TED, adj. [of meat] fed, foddered.

MEA’THE [medo, Sax. medd, Wel. une mede meddwi ebrius sum]
mead, a sort of drink made with honey, metheglin. Milton.

MEA’TUS Auditorious [with anatomists] the auditory passage; be­
ginning from the hollow of the ear, and ending at the tympanum.

MEATUS Cysticus [with anatomists] a bilary duct, about the big­
ness of a goose quill, which is joined to the meatus hepaticus, at about
two inches distance from the gall-bladder.

MEA’TUS Urinarius [with anatomists] the passage whereby the
urine is conveyed to the bladder.

MEA’WING [miaulizatio, Lat.] the crying of a cat.

MEA’ZLED, adj. full of meazles, spots or blotches.

MEA’ZLING, part. generally called mizzling. See To MIZZLE.

MEAZLES, a cutaneous distemper, something like the small-pox;
also a disease in swine. See MEASLES.

MECHA’NIC, subst. a manufacturer, a low workman.

MECHA’NIC, or MECHA’NICAL, adj. [mechanique, Fr. meccanico, It.
mecanico, Sp. of mechanicus, Lat. from ΜΗχΑΝΗ, Gr. art; or instrument
of art. Hesych.] 1. What relates to mechanism, or to handycraft; and
from thence it signifies, being of mean occupation. Hang him, me­
chanical salt-butter rogue. Shakespeare. 2. Constructed by the rules
or laws of mechanics. 3. Well versed in mechanics.

MECHANICAL Affections [with philosophers] are such properties of
matter or body, as arise from its figure, bulk, or motion.

MECHA’NICAL Demonstration, one drawn from the rules and prin­
ciples of mechanics.

MECHANICAL Solution of a Problem [with mathematicians] is a
construction or proof of a problem, not done in an accurate, geome­
trical manner; but coarsely and unartfully, or by the assistance of in­
struments; such are most problems relating to the duplicature of the
cube, or the quadrature of the circle.

MECHANICAL Science, is that which is conversant about the outward
frame and structure of bodies, and the figures they obtain by work­
manship.

MECHANICAL Philosophy, is that which explains the phænomena or
appearance of nature from mechanic principles, viz. from the motion,
rest, figure, size, &c. of the small particles of matter, and is the same
with the corpuscular philosophy.

MECHA’NICAL Powers, are the five simple machines, to which all
others, how complex soever, may be reduced, and of the assemblage
whereof they are all compounded; these are the ballance, lever, wheel,
pulley, wedge and screw.

MECHA’NICALLY, adv. [of mechanical] in a mechanic manner,
according to the laws of mechanism.

MECHA’NICALNESS [of mechanical] 1. Mechanical nature, pro­
perty or quality. 2. Agreeableness to the laws of mechanism. 3.
Meanness.

MECHANI’CIAN, subst. [mechanicien, Fr.] a man professing or study­
ing the construction of machines. Some were figured like male,
others like female screws, as mechanicians speak. Boyle.

MECHA’NICS [mechanique, Fr. meccanica It. artes mechanicœ, Lat.
μηΧανιχη, Gr. what relates to machinery] the science of motion, or
that part of the mathematics that shews or demonstrates the effects of
powers, or moving forces, and applies them to engines, machines,
&c. and demonstrates the laws of motion, &c. A great proficient in
the mechanics. Broome.

ME’CHANISM [mechanisme, Fr.] 1. Mechanic power, action ac­
cording to mechanic laws. 2. Construction of parts depending on
each other in any complicated fabric. See MATERIALISM.

MECHO’ACAN, or MECHOACA’NA, a West Indian root, something
like briony, American scammony. Mechoacan is a large root, twelve
or fourteen inches long, and of the thickness of a man's wrist, usually
divided into two branches at the bottom: what we see of it is com­
monly cut transversely into slices for the conveniency of drying it.
Its first introduction into Europe was about 220 years ago: it is
brought from the province of Mechoanan, in South America, whence
it has its name. The plant which affords it is a species of bindweed;
and its stalks, which are angular, and full of a resinous milky juice,
climb upon every thing that stands near them. The root in powder
is a gentle and mild purgative. Hill.

ME’CON [μηχων, Gr.] the poppy, a flower.

MECO’NIUM, Lat. [μηχωνιον, Gr.] 1. An opiate, or the expressed
and thickened juice of poppies. 2. The first excrement of infants.
Infants new born have a meconium or sort of dark coloured excrement
in the bowels. Arbuthnot. See OPIUM.

MECONIUM [in anatomy] a black, thick excrement, collected in
the intestines of a child, during the time of gestation.

MECONO’LOGY [μηχωνολογια, of μηχων, a poppy, and λεγω, Gr.
to say] a description or treatise of opium.


MED

ME’DAL [medaille, Fr. medaglia, It. of metallum, Lat.] 1. An an­
cient coin. The Roman medals were their current money: when an
action deserved to be recorded on a coin, it was stamped and issued
out of the mint. Addison. 2. A piece of metal in the form of mo­
ney, stamped to preserve the memory of some illustrious person, some
notable victory, some remarkable performance, or something that is
a peculiar benefit to a nation or state.

Ancient MEDALS, such as were struck between the third and seventh
century.

Modern MEDALS, those that have been struck within these 300
years.

Consular MEDALS, such as were struck during the time that Rome
was governed by consuls, and are so called in contradistinction to im­
perial medals.

Imperial MEDALS of the upper Empire, such as were struck from the
beginning of Julius Cæsar's reign, to the year of Christ, 260.

Imperial MEDALS of the lower Empire, are those till the time of
taking of Constantinople, near 1200 years.

Singular MEDALS, are either such as are not found in the cabinets of
the curious, but are only met with by chance; or such, of which there
is not above one of a sort extant.

Redintegrated MEDALS, are such wherein the letters Rest are found,
which intimates that they have been restored by the emperors.

Countermarked MEDALS, are those that are cut on the side of the
head, or on the reverse.

MEDA’LLIC, adj. [of medal] pertaining to medals. With all your
medallic eloquence. Addison.

MEDA’LLION [medaillon, Fr. medaglione, It.] a medal of an extra­
ordinary large size, such as princes used to present to some particular
persons, as a token of their esteem. Medalions, in respect of the
other coins, were the same as modern medals in respect of modern
money. Addison.








MEDA’LLIST [medailliste, Fr.] a man skilled or curious in medals.
In the language of a medallist. Addison.

To ME’DDLE [perhaps of middle, q. to interpose one's self, or ra­
ther of mêler, Fr. to mingle, or mittelln vermittelln, Ger. to mediate,
or find a medium, middelen, Du.] 1. To concern one's self with, to
interpose, to act in any thing. I'll not meddle nor make. Shakespeare.
2. To have to do; it is always followed by with. With the power
of it upon the spirits of men we will only meddle. Bacon. 3. To in­
terpose or intervene importunely or officiously. Every fool will be
meddling. Proverbs.

To ME’DDLE, verb act. [mesler, Fr.] to mingle, to mix. Obso­
lete. A meddled state, of the orders of the gospel and the ceremonies
of popery. Hooker.

ME’DDLER [of meddle] one who meddles or officiously busies him­
self with things in which he has no concern. Such as bring their in­
formation as meddlers. Bacon.

ME’DDLESOME, adj. intermeddling; as, a meddlesome busy body.

ME’DDLING, part. adj. [of meddle] concerning one's self with or
about any matter.

MEDE-WIFE [mede-wif, Sax.] a woman of merit or usefulness.
Hence perhaps our midwife.

MED FEE [medfeoh, Sax.] a bribe or reward; also a compensa­
tion given in exchange, where the things exchanged are not of equal
value.

ME’DIAL, adj. [of medium, Lat.] mean, middle.

ME’DIAN, adj. [medianus, Lat.] which is in the middle.

MEDIA’NA Vena [in anatomy] a vein, or little vessel, made by the
union of the cephalic and basilic in the bend of the elbow.

MEDIANA Linea [in anatomy] a line or seam running down the
middle of the tongue, and dividing it into two equal parts.

MEDIA’STINA, or MEDIA’STINUS [with anatomists] is a branch of
the subclavian vein, which arises from the trunk of the cava, or great
hollow vein, and proceeds to the mediastinum and thymus.

MEDIA’STINE, subst. Fr. [mediastinum, Lat.] the fimbriated body
about which the guts are convolved. The mediastine as well as the
pleura. Arbuthnot.

MEDIA’STINUM, Lat. [with anatomists] a double membrane, formed
by a duplicature of the pleura, serving to divide the thorax longitudi­
nally.

MEDIASTINUM Cerebri [in anatomy] the same as septum trans­
versum.

ME’DIATE, adj. [mediat, Fr. mediatus, Lat.] 1. That which is in
the middle, between two extremes; or it is a term of relation of two
extremes applied to a third, which is in the middle 2. In­
terposed, intervening. Soon the mediate clouds shall be dispel'd.
Prior. 3. Acting as means. Unusual. His marriage for mediate
establishment of the royal line. Wotton.

To ME’DIATE, verb neut. [medius, Lat.] 1. To act the part of a
mediator, to interpose as an equal friend to both parties, to intercede,
to act indifferently between contending parties. 2. To be between
two. They exclude all other bodies that before mediated between the
parts of their body. Digby.

To MEDIATE, verb act. 1. To form by mediation. To inter­
pose and mediate a good peace between the nations. Clarendon. 2.
To limit by something in the middle. They stiled a double step, that
is the space from the elevation of one foot to the same foot set down
again, mediated by a step of the other foot, a pace equal to five feet.
Holder.

MEDIATE Agency, is that kind of agency, or operation, in which
the agent acts, not from himself, but by a power or commission DERIVED
from another. “When God (says Athanasius) operates all things
thro' Christ in the Spirit, I see an inseparate [or most closely con­
nected] operation: but I do not upon this account confound the “FROM
whom” [meaning the supreme underived agency and authority of the
Father] and the “THRO' whom,” and “IN whom” [meaning the sub­
ordinate and mediate agency of the son and spirit] and by this means
offer so much VIOLENCE to the Trinity, as to make of it a mere monad
[or unity.] And tho' I conceive of man, as a COMPOUND of three; soul,
spirit, and body; not so [do I conceive] of God; as they [i. e. the
Sabellians, or Sabellianizers] DARE to do.” Advers. Sabell. Ed. Paris,
p. 661, 662. [See preposition BY, FROM, and FIRST CAUSE compared.]
And Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, notwithstanding all the warmth
and zeal he expressed against Arius, in that very letter in which he opens
his charge against him, stiles the Son of God, considered in his highest
capacity, μεσιτευουσα φυσις, &c. i. e. a middle [or intermediate] nature,
between the unbegotten [or self-existent] FATHER, and those beings
which GOD THE FATHER produced THRO' him. “These unexperienced
men, says he, [meaning Arius, and those with him, who knew of no me­
dium between creation out of nothing, and the being self-existent [or un­
begotten] are not avised, ως μαχρον αν ειη μηταξυ, &c. i. e. that there is
a wide [or mighty] INTERVAL between the UNBEGOTTEN FATHER,
and those beings which are created by him out of nothing, both ra­
tional and irrational; between which, there is a MIDDLE and only­
begotten Nature; THRO' which the FATHER of God the word made all
things out of nothing.” Or as he explains himself more fully in the
same epistle, by calling the first and second person, “τας τη υποστασει­
δυο φυσεις,” i.e. TWO NATURES in hypostasis, or what we should express
in English by TWO NATURES, each of which has its distinct individual
substance or essence. And no wonder; when tho' affirming, that the lat­
ter si from the former, he utterly disclaims (what he calls the doctrine of
Sabellius and Valentinus) all abscision or EMANATION, or (as the Ni­
cene council afterwards expressed it) that the Son is any part of the
FATHER'S SUBSTANCE. Theodorit Hist. Ed. R. Steph. p. 281, 282,
288, compared. See GNOSTICS, HOMOÜSIANS, NICENE Council; a­
bove all, the word [HYPOSTASIS] and add there by way of note: If
any one choose (as some learned moderns have done) to express this
Greek term in our language, by the word, SUBSISTENCE, instead of
keeping to its full import; he must remember, that 'tis the subsistence,
not of a mode, property or attribute; for no Græcian would apply
the term [HYPOSTASIS] to these things: but of that individual SUB-
STANCE, whether material or immaterial, in which the properties are
supposed to reside. And from hence (I mean as 'tis expressive of
SUBSTANCE) the same word, by a figure of speech, is made to signify
“REALITY” as contradistinguished from mere appearance.

ME’DIATELY, adv. [of mediate] in a mediate manner, by means
or interposition of something, by a secondary cause, in such a manner
that something acts between the first cause and the last effect. God
worketh all things amongst us mediately by secondary means. Raleigh.
See MEDIATEE Agency, Eph. c. iii. v. 9. and 1 Cor. c. xii. v: 4—6.

MEDIA’TION, Fr. [mediazione, It. medianeria, Sp. of medius, Lat.]
1. The act of interceding, making suit or intreaty in the behalf of
any one. 2. Interposition, intervention, agency between two parties
practised by a common friend. 3. Agency, an intervenient power.
The soul, during its abode in the body, does all things by the media­
tion of these passions. South.

MEDIATION [in arithmetic] a dividing by two, or the taking the
half of any number.

MEDIA’TION [in geometry] with respect to lines, is called bissec­
tion or bipartition.

ME’DIATOR [mediateur, Fr. mediatore, It. medianèro Sp. of mediator,
Lat.] 1. One who intervenes between two parties, one who endea­
vours to reconcile persons at variance, or who undertakes the manage­
ment of an affair between two parties, simply (and without any respect
to a preceding quarrel) a go-between, e. g. “The law was delivered
[to the Jews] in the hand of a mediator.” 2. An intercessor or in­
treater for another, one who uses his influence in favour of another.
To make saints or angels to be mediators between God and them.
Stillingfleet. 3. One of the characters of our blessed Saviour. There
is but one mediator between God and man, the man Christ Jesus.
St. Paul. See MEDIATE Agency; and PROPITIATION compared.

MEDIA’TORS of Questions, six persons in Queen Elizabeth's time,
appointed to determine any question or debate arising among mer­
chants, concerning any unmarketable wool or undue packing.

MEDIATO’RIAL, or MEDIA’TORY, adj. [of mediator] pertaining to
a mediator. Christ's mediatorial office. Fiddes.

MEDIA’TORSHIP [of mediator] the office or rank of a mediator.

MEDIA’TRIX [mediatrice, Fr. and It. of mediatrix, Lat.] a woman
mediator.

ME’DIC medica, Lat. a plant. The medic hath a papilionaceous
or butter-fly flower, which afterwards becomes an intorted pod, some
times like a ram's horn, in which are lodged kidney-shaped seeds.
Miller.

ME’DICA, Lat. [μηδιχη, Gr.] a kind of trefoil, called medic-fodder,
the same with medic.

ME’DICABLE [medicabilis, Lat.] that may be healed.

ME’DICAL, adj. [medicus, Lat.] physical, relating to the art of
healing, medicinal. Composed by snatches of time, as medical vaca­
tion would permit. Brown.

MEDICAL Month, the space of 26 days and 12 hours.

ME’DICALLY, adv. [of medical] physically, medicinally. Brown.

MEDI’CAMENT, Fr. [medicamento, It. Sp. and Port. of medicamen­
tum, Lat.] a medicine or physical composition by which diseases are
subdued and health is restored; any thing used in healing, generally
topical applications. A cruel wound was cured by scalding medicaments.
Temple.

MEDICAME’NTAL, adj. [of medicament, medicamenteux, Fr.] medi­
cinal, relating to medicine internal or external.

MEDICAME’NTALLY, adv. [of medicamental] after the manner of
medicine, with the power of medicine.

MEDICA’STER, Lat. a quack doctor, a pitiful, sorry physician.

To MEDI’CATE, verb act. [medicatum, sup. of medico, Lat.] to
tincture or impregnate with any thing medicinal.

ME’DICATED, part. adj. meats or drinks, are such as have medi­
cinal ingredients mingled with them, or impregnated therewith. Me­
dicated waters. Arbuthnot.

MEDICA’TION [of medicate] 1. The act of tincturing or impreg­
nating with medicinal ingredients. The medication is oft renewed.
Bacon. 2. The use of physic. To observe the times of the equinoxes
and solstices, and to declare medication ten days before and after.
Brown.

MEDI’CINABLE [medicinabilis, Lat.] pertaining to physic, having
the power of medicine.

MEDICI’NAL, Fr. [medicinale, It. of medicinalis, Lat. this word is
now commonly pronounced medicinal, with the accent on the second
syllable; but more properly, and agreeably to the best authorities,
medicínal, with the accent on the third] 1. pertaining to physic.
Learn'd he was in med'cinal lore. Butler. 2. Having the power of
healing, having physical virtue.

MEDICINAL Days [with physicians] those days, according to some,
in which no crisis or change is expected, so as to forbid the use of me­
dicines; but it is more properly used for those days wherein an im­
perfect and ill crisis of a distemper often happens; and are so called,
because medicines may be given on them. They are reckoned the
6th, 8th, 10th, 12th, 16th, 18, &c.

MEDICINAL Hours, those hours proper to take medicines in, of
which there are four, viz. the morning fasting, about an hour after
dinner, about four hours after dinner, and going to bed: but times
are to be governed by symptoms and aggravation of the distemper.
Quincy.

MEDI’CINALLY, adv. [of medicinal] physically.

ME’DICINE, Fr. [medicina, It. Sp. Port. and Lat. It is generally
pronounced as if only of two syllables, med'cine] the art of physic;
also a physical remedy; the art of healing by adding that which was
wanting, and taking away what is superfluous. Hippocrates. Medi­
cine is an art that assists nature, and is designed for the preserving
or restoring health in human bodies, by the use of proper remedies.
It is divided into five parts.
1. Physiology, which treats of the human body or constitution, as
it is sound and well.
2. Pathology, which treats of the preternatural or morbid state of our
bodies.
3. Semiotica, which treats of the signs of health and diseases.
4. Hygiena, that which delivers rules for the regimen, to be ob­
served in the preservation of health.
5. Therapeutica, the art of healing, which teaches the management
of diet, and also comprehends surgery and the art of medicine pro­
perly so called.








To ME’DICINE, verb act. [from the subst.] to operate as phy­
sic.

MEDI’ETY [medieté, Fr. metà, It. of medietas, Lat.] the moiety or
half of a thing.

ME’DIN, a certain coin, in value at Aleppo 1 penny 1/5 sterling, of
Egypt 3 aspers; also a corn measure at Aleppo, a bushel, English.

MEDICOPHY’SICAL, adj. pertaining to natural physic.

ME’DIO Acquitando, Lat. a judicial writ to destrain a lord for quit­
ting a mean lord from a rent that he formerly acknowledged in court
not to belong to him.

MEDIO’CRITY [mediocrité, Fr. mediocratà, It. of mediocritas, Lat.]
1. A mean or middle state between two extremes, small degree, mid­
dle rate. Mediocrity of wit. Dryden. 2. Moderation, temperance.
Obsolete.

To ME’DITATE verb act. [mediter, Fr. meditàr, It. and Sp. meditare,
It. meditor, Lat.] 1. To plan, to scheme, to contrive. 2. To think
on, to revolve in the mind.

To ME’DIATE, verb neut. to reflect, to muse, to consider, to con­
template. In his law doth he meditate night and day. Psalms.

MEDITA’TION, Fr. [meditazione, It. meditaziòn, Sp. of meditatio,
Lat.] 1. Deep consideration; an action whereby we consider any
thing closely, or wherein the mind is employed in the search of any
thing, contrivance, contemplation. 2. Thought employed upon sa­
cred objects. Of God and goodness was his meditation. Spenser. 3.
A series of thoughts occasioned by any object or occurrence.

ME’DITATIVE, adj. [meditatif, Fr. of meditativus, Lat.] 1. Given
to meditation, thoughtful. 2. Expressing intention or design.

MEDITERRA’NE, MEDITERRA’NEAN, or MEDITERRA’NEOUS [me­
diterranée, Fr. mediterráneo, It. and Sp. of mediterraneus, from medius,
middle, and terra, Lat. earth] 1. Shut up between the lands, encircled
with land. On the north side of the Mediterranean sea. Brerewood.
2. Remote from the sea, inland. The mediterraneous mountains, or
those that are at a great distance from the sea. Burnet.

MEDITERRA’NEAN Sea, i. e. a sea lying in the midst of lands, hav­
ing Europe on the north, Africa on the south, and Asia on the
east.

MEDITRINA’LIA [of meditrina, Lat. a certain goddess of physic]
feasts celebrated by the Romans on the 30th of September, and so
called, because they then began to drink new wine, mingled with the
old, which they held to be medicinal, and served them instead of
physic.

MEDI’TULLIUM [with anatomists] the spungy substance between
the two plates of the skull.

ME’DIUM, Lat. 1. A mean or middle state, the just temperature be­
twixt extremes. 2. Any thing intervening. Seeing requires light
and a free medium. Holder. 3. Any thing used in reasoning, in order
to a conclusion, the middle term in an argument, by which proposi­
tions are connected. Forced to collect one thing for another, and in
that process we seek out proper mediums. Baker.

MEDIUM [with philosophers] is the peculiar constitution or frame
of any space through which bodies move; thus air is the medium in
which all living creatures on the land breathe and live, where all me­
teors breed and move; the water is the medium in which fishes live
and move.

Ætherial MEDIUM, or Subtil MEDIUM [according to Sir Isaac
Newton] a more universal aerial medium than that particular one
wherein we live and breathe, and much more rare, subtile, elastic and
active than air; and by that means freely permeating the pores and
interstices of all other mediums, and diffusing itself through the whole
creation. And by the intervention of which his opinion is, that most
of the great phænomena of nature are affected.

MEDIUM Cœli [with astrologers] the middle heaven, the 12th
house, or the angle of the south in a scheme, in which planets and stars
have the greatest height they can have, and in consequence dart rays
more direct, and of greater strength and efficacy.

Logical MEDIUM, is an argument, reason, or consideration, for
which any thing is affirmed or denied; or that cause why the greater
extreme is attributed to, or denied of the less, in the conclusion.

ME’DIUS Venter [with anatomists] the middle belly, the chest or
hollow of the breast, in which are contained the heart and lungs.

ME’DLAR [mæd, Sax. mespilum, Lat.] 1. The fruit of a tree. 2.
A tree. The leaves of the medlar are either whole and shaped like
those of the laurel, as in the cultivated sorts, or lacinated as in the wild
sorts. The flower consist of five leaves, which expand in form of a
rose. The fruits are umbilicated, and are not eatable till they decay,
and have for the most part five hard seeds in each. Miller.

To ME’DLE, or To ME’DLY verb act. to mingle. Spenser.

ME’DLEF [old law] quarrelling, shuffling, or brawling.

ME’DLEY, or ME’DLY [of meddle for mingle; mêler, Fr. to mingle]
a mixture of things, a miscellany, a mingled mass; it it commonly
used with some degree of contempt. An unnatural medley of religion
and bloodshed. Addison.

ME’DLEY, adj. mingled, confused.

MEDRI’NACLES, a sort of coarse canvass.

ME’DSYPPE [old records] a harvest supper, given to the labourers
upon the bringing in of the harvest.

MEDU’LLA, Lat. the marrow in the bones. See MARROW.

MEDULLA [in botany] the pith or heart in trees or herbs.

MEDULLA [in mineralogy] that softish part which is found in some
stones.

MEDULLA Cerebri [in anatomy] the marrow of the brain, the
white soft substance or part of the brain, covered externally with the
cortical substance of a more ashy colour.

MEDULLA Oblongata [in anatomy] the medullary part of the brain
and cerebellum joined in one, it is included within the skull, and is
the beginning of the spinal marrow; it descends to the os sacrum,
and sends forth ten pair of nerves to the chest, lower belly and limbs.

MEDULLA Ossium [in anatomy] the marrow of the bones, a soft
fatty substance, placed in the cavities or pores of divers bones; it is
inclosed in a membrane, and is red in the greater cavities, white in
the less; as also soft and juicy in spungy bones.

MEDULLA Spinalis [in anatomy] is a continuation of the medulla
oblongata without the skull, that descends down the middle of the back.
It consists, as the brain does, of two parts; a white and medullary,
or a cineritious or glandulous, the one without and the other within.

MEDU’LLAR, or MEDU’LLARY, adj. [medullaire, Fr. medu aris,
from medulla, Lat. marrow] pertaining to the marrow. Those little
emissaries united together at the cortical part of the brain, make the
medullar part. Cheyne.

MEDULLARY [in anatomy] denotes the finer and more subtile
parts of the medulla, or marrow of the bones.

MEED, subst. [med, Sax. miete, Teut.] 1. Reward, recompence;
now almost obsolete. Without the meed of some melodious tear.
Milton. 2. Present, gift. Shakespeare.

MEEK, adj. [perhaps of meca, or mæca, Sax. equal, or rather of
meka, Goth. to speak or act effeminately, or muik, Goth. soft, minkr,
Island. Johnson] mild, gentle, quiet, not easily provoked, not proud,
not rough. Moses was very meek above all men. Numbers.

MEE’KEN, verb act. [of meek] to make meek, to soften.

MEE’KLY, adv. [of meek] mildly, gently, not roughly, not proudly.
You meekly look on suppliant crowds below. Stepney.

MEE’KNESS [of meek] gentleness, quietness of temper, not aptness
to be provoked to anger.

MEEKNESS [in painting and sculpture] is represented by a beauti­
ful damsel crowned with olive, leaning with her right hand upon an
elephant.
Query, If the Table of CEBES has not given us a finer piece of
imagery in those lines?
LO, SOFT-EY'D MEEKNESS holds a curbing rein,
ANGER'S high-mettl'd spirit to restrain.

MEEN, or MIEN [mien, Fr.] the air of the face, the countenance.
See MIEN.

MEER, adj. [merus, Lat.] simple, unmixed. See MERE.

MEER, subst. a lake, a boundary. See MERE.

ME’ERED, adj. [of meer] relating to a boundary. Meer being a
boundary or mark of division. Hanmer.

MEE’RLY, adv. [of meer] purely. See MERELY.

MEES, adj. [mees, Sax,] meadows.

MEET, adj. [of mæte, Sax. a measure; of obscure etymology.
Johnson] 1. Fit, proper, qualified; now almost obsolete. Would
they chuse the meetest. Whitgifte. 2. Meet with; even with [from
meet, the verb] a low expression. You tax signior Benedict too
much; but he'll be meet with you. Shakespeare.

To MEET, or To METE [metan, Sax.] to measure. See To
METE.

To MEET, irr. verb. act. [of metan, Sax. to find, mode, Dan.
moeta, Su. ontmoeten, Dan. MET, pret. and part. pass. mett, or ge­
mett, Sax. motte, Dan.] 1. To come together, to come face to
face, to encounter. His daughter came out to meet him. Judges. 2.
To join another in the same place. Send him word to meet us in the
field. Shakespeare. 3. To close one with another. The mountains on
each side grow higher, till at last they meet. Addison. 4. To find,
to be treated with, to light on. Nor half the punishments those
crimes have met. Dryden. 5. To assemble from different parts.

To MEET, verb neut. 1. To encounter, to meet face to face. 2.
To encounter in hostility. 3. To assemble, to come together. They
appointed a day to meet in together. 2 Maccabees. 4. To meet with;
to light on, to find. We met with many things worthy of observa­
tion. Bacon. 5. To meet with; to encounter, to engage. Prepare
to meet with more than brutal fury. Rowe. 6. [Occurrere objecto] to
obviate; a latinism. Before I proceed farther, it is good to meet
with an objection. Bacon. 7. To advance half-way. But he offers
himself to the visits of a friend with facility, and all the meeting readi­
ness of desire. South. 8. To unite, to join.

MEE’TER, subst. [of meet] one that accosts another,

MEE’TING, subst. [of meet] 1. An assembly, a convention. The
ladies have been left out of all meetings, except parties at play. Swift.
2. A congress. 3. A conventicle, an assembly or congregation of dis­
senters. 4. A conflux; as, the meeting of two rivers.

MEE’TING-HOUSE, subst. [of meeting and house] a place where dis­
senters assemble to worship.

MEE’TLY, adv. [of meet] properly, fitly.

MEE’TNESS [prob. of mædian, Sax.] to measure] fitness.

ME’GACOSM [μεγαχοσμος, of μεγας, great, and χοσμος, Gr. the
world] the great world. See MICROCOSM.

ME’GÆRA [Envy] one of the three furies of hell; the other being
Alecto, which signifies want of repose; and Tysiphone, vengeance,
violent death, &c.

MEGALE’SIA, Lat. [μεγαλησια, Gr.] the Megalensian games, cer­
tain games celebrated by the Romans, on the 5th of April, in ho­
nour of Cybele, the great mother of the gods. In the procession, the
women danced before the image of the goddess, and the magistrates
appeared in all their robes.

MEGA’LOCOELUS [of μεγας, great, and χοιλια, Gr. the belly] one
who has a large prominent belly,

MEGALO’GRAPHY [μεγαλογραφια, of μεγας, great, and γραφω, Gr.
to write] the act of drawing of pictues at large.

MEGALO’PHONOS [μεγαλοφωνος, of μεγαλη and φωψη, Gr. voice]
one who has a loud voice. See MEGALOGRAPHY.

MEGALOPSY’CHY [μεγαλοψνΧια, of μεγαλη and ψνΧη, Gr. the soul]
magnanimity, greatness of soul. See MEGALOGRAPHY.

MEGALOSPLA’NCHNOS [μεγαλοσπλαγΧνος, of μεγας, great, and
σπλαγΧνον, Gr. the bowels] one who has great swelling bowels.

ME’GRIM [ημιχρανια, Gr. megraine, Fr. magrena, It. It was proba­
bably formed thus, hemicrany, migrain, megrim] a distemper which
causes great pain in the temples, and fore-part of the head. In every
megrim or vertigo there is an obtenebration joined with a semblance
of turning round. Bacon.

To MEINE, verb act. to mingle. Ainsworth.

MEI’NY [of menizeo, menizu, Sax. mesnie, Fr. see MANY] a re­
tinue, houshold servants. They summoned up their meiny, straight
took horse. Shakespeare.

MEIO’SIS [μειωσις, Gr. diminution or lessening; among rhetorici­
ans] the using a slighter term than the matter requires by way of
extenuation or disparagement, as when a deep wound is called a
scratch, &c.


MEL

ME’LA [with surgeons] an instrument to probe ulcers, or to draw
a stone out of the urinary passage, &c. called also speculum and tenta.

MELAMPO’DIUM, Lat. [μελαμποδιον, Gr.] black helebore.








MELA’MPYRUM, Lat. [μελαμπνρον, of μελας, black, and πνρος, Gr.
wheat] cow-wheat or horseflower; a weed full of branches, and
having seed like fænugreek, very noxious to corn.

MELA’NAGOGUES, subst. [μελαιναγογοι, of μελας and αγω, Gr. to
lead] medicines which drive away, or purge off black choler.

MELANCHO’LIC, adj. [melancholique, Fr. malinconico, It. melancolico,
Sp. melancholicus, Lat. μελαγχολιχος, of μενανος and χολη, Gr.] trou­
bled with, or subject to melancholy, pensive, dumpish, fanciful, hy­
pochondriacal. Mad or angry, or melancholic. Dryden.

ME’LANCHOLY, subst. [melancholie, Fr. malinconia, and melanconia,
It. and Sp. of melancholia, Lat.] 1. Sadness, pensiveness, gloomy,
discontented temper. 2. A disease, supposed to proceed from a re­
dundance of black choler, or bile; but it is better known to arise
from too heavy and too viscid blood. Quincy. 3. A kind of madness,
in which the mind is always fixed on one object. The scholars me­
lancholy, which is emulation. Shakespeare.

MELANCHOLY, adj. [melancholique, Fr.] 1. Gloomy, dismal. As
some melancholy dream. Denham. 2. Diseased with melancholy, fan­
ciful, habitually dejected. Sweet Frank, art thou melancholy?
Shakespeare.

MELA’SSES, the dregs of sugar, commonly called treacle.

ME’LCHITES [q. d. royalists, of דלמ, Heb. or Syr. a king] a re­
ligious sect in the Levant, who differ very little from the Greeks in
any thing relating to faith or worship, but speak a different language.
I suspect these to be the remainders of those old Athanasians, called
the royalists, as still adhering to what was formerly the court-religion,
I mean while the Greek empire was yet standing. See JACOBINS [or
JACOBITES.]

MELCHIZEDE’CHIANS, a sect of heretics, who held that Melchize­
deck was the Holy Ghost.

ME’LCOMB-Regis, a borough town of Dorsetshire, 132 miles from
London. It sends two members to parliament.

MELD FEON [melda, a discovery, and feo, Sax. a reward] a re­
compence given to one who made a discovery of any breach of pe­
nal laws.

MELICE’RIA, or MELICE’RIS [μηλιχηρις, of μελι, honey, and χηρος,
Gr. wax] a tumor inclosed in a tunic or cystis, proceeding from mat­
ter like honey, without pain, yielding if pressed, but quickly return­
ing again. If the matter forming it resembles milk-curds, the tumor
is called atheroma; if like honey, meliceris; and if composed of fat,
or a suety substance, steatoma. Sharp.

ME’LICET, a fish, called also a keeling.

MELI’CHROS [μελιχρως, Gr.] a precious stone of a yellow colour,
like honey.

MELI’CHRYSOS [μελιχρνσος, Gr.] an Indian stone of the jacynth
kind.

MELICO’TONY, or MELICOTOO’N [malum cotoneum, Lat.] a sort of
yellow peach.

MELI’CRATUM [μελιχρατον, of μελι, honey, and χεραω, Gr. to
mingle] a drink made of one part of honey, and eight parts rain­
water.

ME’LILOT, Fr. [melilotus, Lat. μελιλωτος, Gr.] a sort of herb.  It
hath a papilionaceous flower that afterward becomes a naked capsule,
that is not hid in the empalement as in trefoil, pregnant with one or
two roundish seeds. The leaves grow by trees on the foot stalks, and
the flowers are produced in a spike. Miller.

ME’LINE, Lat. [μελινη, Gr.] the herb melium, or balm-mint.

ME’LINUM [with botanists] the herb balm-gentle.

To ME’LIORATE, verb act. [meliorer, Fr. migliorare, It. of me­
lioro, from melior, Lat. better] to make better, to mend, to improve.
Grafting meliorates the fruit. Bacon.
The word is also most happily applied to moral subjects, in these
lines,
Skill'd in all learning, skill'd in every art
To grace the HEAD, not meliorate the HEART.
Table of CEBES.

MELIORA’TION [melioration, Fr. miglioramento, It. of melioratio,
Lat.] the act of mending or making better, improvement. For the
melioration of music, there is yet much left. Bacon.

MELIO’RITY [melioritas, of melior, Lat. better] state of being bet­
ter. This colour of meliority and pre-eminence is a sign of weak­
ness. Bacon.

MELI’SSA, Lat. [μελι, Gr. honey] baum or baulm.

MELISSY’LUM, or MELY’SSOPHYLLUM Lat. [μελισσοφνλλον, of με­
λισσα, balm, and φνλλον, Gr. a leaf, q. d. bees-leaf] the herb baum,
or balm-gentle.

MELI’TES, Lat. [μηλιτης, Gr.] a precious stone, of the colour of
an orange or quince.

MELITI’TES, Lat. [μηλιτιτης, Gr.] a greyish stone, which when
pulveriz'd, yields a milky liquor, of a taste somewhat like honey.

ME’LIUS Inquirendo, Lat. a writ which lies for a second inquiry of
what lands and tenements a man died possessed of where partiality was
suspected.

To MELL, v. n. [meler, semeler, Fr.] to mix, to meddle; obsolete.
Spenser.

MELLA’GO, any juice or liquor boiled up to the consistence of
honey.

ME’LLET [with farriers] a dry scab, growing on the heel of a
horse's foot.

MELLI’FEROUS [mellifer, Lat.] bearing or producing honey.

MELLIFICA’TION, Lat. the act of making honey. The silence of
grashoppers, and the want of mellification in bees. Arbuthnot.

MELLI’FLUENCE [of mel, honey, and fluo, Lat. to flow] a honied
flow, a flow of sweetness.

MELLI’FLUENT, or MELLI’FLUOUS [mellifluus, Lat.] flowing with
honey, full of sweetness; also eloquent. A mellifluous voice. Shake­
speare.

MELLI’GENOUS [melligenus, Lat.] of the same kind with honey.

MELLI’LOQUENT [melliloquus, Lat.] speaking sweetly.

ME’LLOW [mearra, Sax. Skinner; morwe, Du. soft, tender] 1. Soft
by reason of ripeness or age, full ripe. Like mellow fruit. Dryden. 2.
Soft in sound. Of seven smooth joints a mellow pipe I have. Dryden.
3. Soft, unctuous. Camomile sheweth mellow grounds fit for wheat.
Bacon. 4. Drunk, melted down with drink. From female mellow
praise he takes degrees. Roscommon.

To ME’LLOW, verb act. [from the adj.] 1. To ripen, to soften by
ripeness. 2. To soften in general. If the weather prove frosty to
mellow it. Mortimer. 3. To mature to perfection. Before it was mel­
lowed into that reputation which time has given it. Dryden.

To MELLOW, verb neut. to ripen, to be matured.

ME’LLOWNESS [of mellow] 1. Softness of taste by ripeness, matu­
rity of fruits. 2. Maturity, full age.

MELOCA’RDUUS, Lat. [with botanists] the hedge-hog thistle.

MELOCA’RPON [μελοχαρπον, Gr.] an herb called Aristolochia longa
or rotunda.

MELOCO’TON [melocotone, Sp. malum cotoneum, Lat.] a quince: ob­
solete. Peaches or melocotones upon a wall. Bacon.

MELO’DIOUS [melodieux, Fr.] full of melody, musical, harmonious.
A music more melodious than the spheres. Dryden.

MELO’DIOUSLY, adv. [of melodious] harmoniously, musically, &c.

MELO’DIOUSNESS [of melodious] musicalness, fulness of melody,
harmoniousness of sound.

ME’LODY [melodie, Fr. melodia, It. Sp. and Lat. μελωδια, of μελος,
a verse, and ωδη, Gr. a song] harmony, a mixture of musical sounds,
delightful to the ear.

MELO’MELUM, Lat. [of μηλον, an apple, and μελι, Gr. honey] the
sweeting, an apple.

ME’LON, Fr. and Sp. [melone, It. melam, Port. of melo, Lat. a plant.]
1. The flower of the melon consists of one leaf, which is of the expanded
bell-shape, cut into several segments, and exactly like those of the cu­
cumber. Some of those flowers are barren, not adhering to the em­
bryo; others are fruitful, growing upon the embryo, which is after­
wards changed into a fruit mostly of an oval shape, smooth or wrinkled,
and divided into three seminal apartments, containing many oblong
seeds. Miller. 2. The fruit. The cucumbers and the melons. Numbers.

MELONTHI’STLE [melococtus, Lat.] the whole plant of the melon­
thistle hath a singular appearance, is very succulent, and hath many
angles, which are beset with sharp thorns. Miller.

MELO’PEPON [μελοπεπον, Gr.] the melon or musk-melon; a sort of
pumkin like a quince; a garden cucumber.

ME’LOPES [with physicians] are spots (like those that remain in the
skin after beating) in malignant and pestilential fevers.

ME’LOS [with oculists] a distemper in the eye, when there is so
great a bursting out of the uveous coat, that it seems like an apple.

MELO’SIS [in surgery] a searching with a probe.

MELO’TIS [with surgeons] a lesser sort of probe.

MELPOME’NE [μελπομενη, of μελπω, Gr. to sing] one of the muses,
to whom poets ascribe the invention of tragedy.

To MELT, verb act. [milvan, or meltan, Sax. smelzen, Du. and
L. Ger. schmelten, H. Ger. smaelta, Su. M. Casaubon will have
it of μελθω, Gr. to liquefy] 1. To make hard bodies liquid or fluid,
to dissolve, commonly by heat. They would melt me out of my fat.
Shakespeare. 2. To dissolve, to break in pieces. To take in pieces
this frame of nature, and melt it down into its first principles. Burnet's
Theory. 3. To soften to love or tenderness. Thy story melts away
my soul. Addison. 4. To waste away.

To MELT, verb neut. 1. To become liquid or fluid, to dissolve.
Let them melt away as waters which run continually. Psalms. 2. To
be soften'd to pity or any gentle passion. Melting with tenderness and
mild compassion. Shakespeare. 3. To be dissolved, to lose substance.
Shakespeare. 4. To be subdued by affliction. My soul melteth for
heaviness. Psalms.

ME’LTER [of melt] one that melts metals.

ME’LTINGLY, adv. [of melting] like something melting, She
began meltingly to be metamorphosed to the running river. Sidney.

ME’LTERS [in the mint] those workmen who melt the bullion, be­
fore it comes to be coined.

ME’LTON-MOWBRAY, a market town of Leicestershire, 104 miles
from London.

ME’LWEL, a sort of codfish.


MEM

ME’MBER [membre, Fr. membro, It. and Port. miémbro, Sp. of mem­
brum, Lat.] 1. Any one of the exterior parts of the body, arising from
the trunk or body of an animal, as boughs from the trunk of a tree;
a part appendant to the body. The tongue is a little member, and
boasteth great things. St. James. 2. [In a metaphorical sense] a
part of a body ecclesiastic, civil or politic; as, a member of Christ, of
a society, of parliament, &c. Going to demand justice upon the
five members. K. Charles. 3. A part of a discourse or period, a head, a
clause. The opponent must prove his proposition according to that
member of the distinction in which the respondent denied it. Watts.
4. Any part of an integral. In poetry, as in architectture, not only the
whole but the principal members and every part of them should be great.
Addison.

MEMBRA’NA Adiposa, Lat. [in anatomy] the fat membrane that sur­
rounds the kidneys.

MEMBRANA Carnosa, Lat. [in anatomy] one of the five teguments
or coverings of the body.

MEMBRANA Nictitans, Lat. a thin purplish or reddish membrane or
film, which several beasts and birds have to cover and defend their eyes
from the dust, &c.

MEMBRANA Urinaria [in anatomy] the urinary coat, pertaining to
a young child in the womb, which receives the urine that comes out
of the bladder; the same as Allontois.

MEMBRANA Musculorum Communis, Lat. [in anatomy] the common
membrane or covering of the muscles, which spreads over all the body
except the scull.

MEMBRANA’CEOUS [membranaceus, Lat.] consisting of membranes;
also being like parchment.

ME’MBRANE, Fr. [membrana, It. Sp. and Lat.] a similar part of an
animal body; being a thin, white, flexible, expanded skin, formed
of several sorts of fibres interwoven together, serving to cover or wrap
up some certain parts of the body. The fibres of the membranes give
them an elasticity, whereby they can contract and closely grasp the
parts they contain; and their nervous fibres give them an exquisite
sense, which is the cause of their contraction: they can therefore
scarcely suffer the sharpness of medicines, and are difficultly united
when wounded. Quincy.








MEMBRA’NEOUS, the same with membranous. Consisting of mem­
branes. Lutestrings are made of the membraneous parts of the guts
strongly wreathed. Boyle.

MEMBRANO’SUS [in anatomy] a muscle of the leg, so called from
its large membranous expansion, inclosing all the muscles of the tibia
and tarsus. Its action turns the legs outwards.

MEMBRA’NOUS [membraneux, Fr. membranoso, It. of membraneus,
from membrana, Lat. a membrane] pertaining to, or full of mem­
branes. The involution or membranous covering called the silly-how.
Brown.

ME’MBRED [in heraldry; membré, Fr.] is a term by which they
express the limbs and legs of a bird; when the beak and legs are of a
different colour from the body, they say, beaked and membred of
such a colour.

MEMBRE’TTO, It. [with architects] a pilaster that bears up an arch.
They are often fluted, but not with above seven or nine chanels. They
are commonly used to adorn door cases, galleries, fronts and chimney­
pieces, and to bear up the cornishes and friezes in wainscot.

MEME’NTO, Lat. A hint to awaken the memory, a memorial no­
tice. Seasonable memento's may be useful. Bacon.

MEMOI’R [memoire, Fr.] 1. A history written by such persons who
have had a hand in the management, or else have been eye-witnesses
of the transacting of affairs, containing a plain narration, either of the
actions of their prince or statesmen, or of themselves. 2. Hint, no­
tice, account of any thing. There is not in any author a computation
of the revenues of the Roman empire, and hardly any memoirs from
whence it might be collected. Arbuthnot. 3. A journal of the acts
and proceedings of a society, as those of the royal society, &c.

MEMOIRS [memoires, Fr. memorialia, Lat.] papers delivered by
ambassadors to the princes or states, to whom they are sent upon any
occasion.

ME’MORABLE, Fr. and Sp. [memorabile, It. of memorabilis, Lat.]
worthy of remembrance, famous, notable, not to be forgotten.
The memorable friendship that grew betwixt the two princes. Sidney.

ME’MORABLY, adv. [of memorable] in a manner worthy of me­
mory, notably.

ME’MORABLENESS [of memorable] worthiness to be remembered,
&c.

MEMORA’NDUM [q. d. to be remembered] a short note for the bet­
ter remembrance of a thing.

MEMO’RIÆ [in old records] monuments or sepulchres for the
dead.

MEMO’RIAL, adj. Fr. [memoriale, It. memorialis, Lat.] 1. That
which serves to preserve memory. Place the following lines as an
inscription memorial of it. Broome. 2. Contained in memory. The
memorial possessions of the greatest part of mankind. Watts.

MEMORIAL, subst. 1. A monument, something to preserve memory.
All churches have had their names; some as memorials of peace, some
of wisdom. Hooker. 2. Hint to help the memory. 3. [In state af­
fairs] a writing delivered by a public minister of state about part of
his negotiations.

MEMO’RIALIST [of memorial] a writer of memorials. A writing
setting forth that the memorialist had with great dispatch carried a let­
ter from a certain lord to a certain lord. Spectator.

To ME’MORIZE, verb act. [of memory] to record, to commit to
memory by writing. They neglect to memorize their conquest of the
Indians. Spenser.

ME’MORIZED, part. adj. recorded in history.

ME’MORY [memoria, It. Sp. Port. and Lat. memoire, Fr.] 1. A power
or faculty of the mind, whereby it retains or recollects the simple
ideas, or the images and remembrance of the things we have seen,
imagined, understood, &c. retention, recollection. Memory is the
power to revive again in our minds those ideas which after imprinting
have disappeared or have been laid aside out of sight. Locke. 2. Ex­
emption from oblivion. That everliving man of memory! Shakespeare.
3. Time of knowledge. And what before thy memory was done. Mil­
ton. 4. Memorial, monumental record. These weeds are memories
of those worser hours. Shakespeare. 5. Reflection, attention: obso­
lete. That memory the warder of the brain shall be a fume. Shake­
speare. The most that can be said of memory is, that it is an extraor­
dinary and useful natural faculty and endowment, by which some per­
sons have so excelled the common part of mankind, that historians tell
us, that Cyrus, emperor of Persia, could call all his soldiers in his nu­
morous army by their names. And that Seneca, the philosopher,
could recite 2000 names at the first hearing of them. Pope Clement
the VI. had so good a memory, that what was absolutely his own, he
never forgot it. Zuinger asserts, that a young man of the island of
Corsica, could readily recite, after once hearing, 36000 words of all
sorts, either backwards or forwards, or any way, and taught this
science to others.

MEMORY [with the ancients] was an allegorical deity, worshipped
by the name of Mneme, the mother of the muses. She was repre­
sented by a woman with two faces, clad in black, having a pen in her
right hand, and a book in her left.

MEMPHI’TES [so called of Memphis in Egypt] a sort of stone famed
for this property, that being pulverized and smeared on a part of a
body to be amputated, it will deaden it so that the patient shall feel no
pain in the operation.


MEN

MEN, plur. of man. See MAN.

MEN Forte, It. [in music books] not too loud, less loud.

MEN Allegro [in music books] a movement not so gay and brisk as
allegro requires when it stands alone.

To MENA’CE, verb act. [menacer, Fr. menacciare, It. amenaccàr, Sp.
of minor, Lat.] to threat, to threaten. Your eyes do menace me.
Shakespeare.

MENACE, Fr. [minæ, Lat.] threat.

MENA’CER [from menace; menaceur, Fr.] one that menaces or
threats. Hence menacer! A. Philips.

ME’NAGE, subst. Fr. a collection of animals. The largest menage
that I met with any where. Addison.

ME’NAGOGUE, subst. [μηνες and αγω, Gr.] a medicine that promotes
the flux of the menses.

MENA’NDRIANS [so called of Menander, a disciple of Simon Ma­
gus, and a magician] St. Irenæus represents him, as pretending to be
he first power or supreme God, was hitherto unknown to the world,
and that He [i. e. Menander] was sent by the angels for the salvation
of all mankind; and taught that none could die, that was baptized in
his name; but should continue exempt from decays of age, and im­
mortal. He affirmed also, that the world was made by angels, &c.
[i. e. in other words, by beings that had no communication with the
FIRST CAUSE and Father of all things, but acted independent of him.]
A favourite notion this of the Gnostics, and which Irenæus perpetually
opposes, by shewing that GOD has an ineffable ministry of his own, i. e.
his Son and Spirit, PER quos & IN quibus, &c. i. e. THRO' whom and
In whom as his hands or instruments (for so he calls them) the FATHER
according to his own will made all things. Iren. adv. Hæreses, Ed.
Grabe, p. 96, 197, 330, &c. compared with the word CERINTHIANS
and First CAUSE.

To MEND [emendo, Lat. s'amender, Fr. emendersi, It. emendàr, Sp.
the last three only in the neuter sense] 1. To repair a thing worn or
damaged. To repair and mend the house. 2 Chronicles. 2. To cor­
rect, to alter for the better. 2. To reform in manners. To mend the
lives and manners of the persons who composed it. Temple. 3. To
help, to advance. Whatever is new is unlook'd for; and ever it
mends some and impairs others. Bacon. 4. To improve, to increase.
He mends his weary pace. Dryden.

To MEND, verb neut. To become better in health, to advance in
any good, to be changed for the better. Nay, shew'd his faults—But
when wou'd poets mend? Pope.

ME’NDABLE, adj. [of mend] capable of being mended. A low word.

MENDA’CITY [mendacis, gen. of mendax, Lat.] falshood. In this
delivery there were additional mendacities. Brown.

ME’NDER [of mend] one who mends or makes any change for the
better.

ME’NDICANT, adj. [mendicant, Fr. mendicante, It. and Sp. mendi­
cans, Lat.] begging, poor to a state of beggary. Those who volunta­
rily reduce themselves to a poor and perhaps mendicant state. Fiddes.

MENDICANT, subst. [mendicant, Fr.] a begger, one of some beg­
ging fraternity in the Romish church.

MENDICANT Frier, a monk that goes up and down begging alms.

To ME’NDICATE, verb act. [mendico, Lat. mendier, Fr.] to beg,
to ask alms.

ME’NDICATED, part. adj. [mendicatus, Lat.] begged, obtained by
begging.

MENDI’CITY [mendicité, Fr. mendicità, It. mendicitas, Lat.] beg­
garliness, also the life of a beggar.

ME’NDING, part. adj. of mend; repairing a thing worn out or da­
maged; reforming in manners; growing better in health, &c.

ME’NDLESHAM, a market town of Suffolk, near the rise of the ri­
ver Deben, 76 miles from London.

MENDO’SA Sutura, Lat. [with anatomists] a scaly joining together
of bones, as of those in the temples and fore part of the head.

MENDO’SÆ Costa, Lat. [in anatomy] the false ribs.

MENDS, for amends. If she be fair 'tis the better for her; and if she
be not, she has the mends in her own hands. Shakespeare.

MENGRE’LIANS, Circassians of Mingrelia, of the Greek church;
who baptized not their children till eight years of age.

ME’NIAL, adj. [either of men, Sax. a house, or mænia, Lat. walls, of
meiny, or many, meni, Sax. or mesnie, O. Fr. Johnson] 1. Belonging
to the retinue or train of servants; as, a menial servant, one who lives
within the walls of a person's own dwelling-house. Two menial dogs
before their master press'd. Dryden. 2. Swift seems not to have
known the meaning of this word. The women attendants perform
only the most menial offices. Swift.

MENIAL, subst. one of the train of servants.

MENI’NGES, plur. of meninx; which see [in anatomy] two thin
membranes which inclose the substance or marrow of the brain, called
the pia mater and dura mater, the latter being the exterior involucrum,
is from its thickness so denominated. Thrust forth by the contraction
of the mininges. Wiseman.

MENINGO’PHYLAX [of μηνιγγος and φυλαξ, Gr. a keeper] that
which preserves the meninx or membrane of the brain from any exter­
nal pressure.

ME’NINX [μηνιγγος, gen. of μηνιγξ, Gr.] the membrane of the
brain. See MENINGES.

Crassa MENINX [with anatomists] the same as dura mater, the
thicker of the two meninges or thin membranes, which inclose the
substance or marrow of the brain, which is next the skull.

Tenuis MENINX [with anatomists] the same as pia mater, one of the
thin membranes that covers the marrow of the brain, the thinner of
them, and that which immediately envelopes it.

MENI’SCUS [μηνισχος, Gr.] a little moon,

MENISCUS Glasses [μενισχοι, Gr. little moons] glasses that are con­
vex on one side and concave on the other.

ME’NIVER, or ME’NEVER, a sort of fur, which is the skin of a
Muscovian animal, and milk white.

ME’NKER, the jaw bone of a whale.

MENOLO’GION, Lat. [μηνολογιον, Gr.] an account of the course of
the moon, an almanack, a register of months.

ME’NNONITES [so called after one Menon Simon, in the 16th cen­
tury] a sect of anabaptists in Holland, who held tenets very different
from the first anabaptists. See BAPTIST.

MENO’LOGY, subst. [μηνολογιον, Gr. menologe, Fr.] a register of
months. Many thousand martyrs destroyed by Dioclesian; the meno­
logy saith they were twenty thousand. Stilling fleet. See MENOLO­
GION.

ME’NOW, subst. commonly minnow [minutus, Lat. menu, Fr. small]
a small fresh water fish. Ainsworth.

ME’N-PLEASERS, subst. [of men and pleaser] one too careful to please
others. Not with eye-service as men-pleasers, but as the servants of
Christ. Ephesians.

MEN PREST, It. [in music books] not too quick, or less quick.

ME’NSA [in anatomy] the broader part of the teeth or grinders,
which chew or mince the meat.

ME’NSAL, adj. [mensalis, Lat.] belonging to the table, transacted at
the table. A word yet scarcely naturalized.

ME’NSES, Lat. [i. e. months, q. d. χαταμηνια τα εμμηνια, Gr.] the
monthly courses, which in young maids usually begin about the age of







12 or 14; but cease in those that are past bearing, or sooner, from
some preternatural or morbid cause.

ME’NSTRUA, Lat. the menses.

MENSTRUA Alba [in medicine] the fluor albus.

ME’NSTRAL, adj. Fr. [menstruus, Lat.] 1. Monthly, happening
once a month, lasting a month. She turns all her globe to the sun, by
moving in her menstrual orb. Bentley. 2. Pertaining to a menstruum.

MENSTRUAL Discharge [of menstrualis, Lat.] the same as menses.

ME’NSTRUOUS, or ME’NSTRUAL [menstruus, Lat.] pertaining to or
having the menses. Their menstruous eruptions. Brown.

ME’NSTRUOUSNESS [of menstruous] menstruous quality or condi­
tion, or such as is common to women in their menses.

ME’NSTRUUM [this was probably derived from some notion of the
old chymists about the influence of the moon in the preparation of dis­
solvents] all liquors are called menstruums which are used as dissol­
vents, or to extract the virtues of ingredients by infusion, decoction.
Quincy.

ME’NSURA Regalis, the standard measure kept in the exchequer.

MENSURABI’LITY [mensurabilité, Fr.] capacity of being mea­
sured.

ME’NSURABLE [mensurabilis, from mensura, Lat.] that may be mea­
sured, measurable. The solar month is no periodical motion, and
not easily mensurable. Holdor.

ME’NSURABLENESS [of mensurable] capacity of being measured.

ME’NSURAL, adj. [mensura, Lat.] pertaining to measure.

To ME’NSURATE, verb act. [mensura, Lat.] to measure, to take
the dimensions of a thing.

MENSURA’TION, Lat. the act or practice of measuring, the result of
measuring.

MENSURA’TION [in geometry] the act of finding the length, sur­
face or solidity of the quantities of bodies in some known measure.

MENTA’GRA, Lat. [of mentum, Lat. the chin, and αγρα, Gr. a
siezing on] a wild tetter or scab like a ring-worm, that begins at the
chin, and runs over the face, neck, breast, and hands.

ME’NTAL, Fr. [mentale, It. of mens, Lat. the mind] belonging to
the mind, intellectual, existing in the mind. Conformity between the
mental taste and that sensitive taste that affects the palate. Addison.

MENTAL Reservation, the act of seeming to declare one's mind, but
at the same time concealing one's real meaning.

ME’NTALLY, adv. [of mental] in the mind, not practically, but
in thought or meditation. And mentally divide it into its constituent
parts. Bentley.

ME’NTHA, Lat. [μενθη, Gr.] the herb mint.

MENTHA’STRUM, or MENTA’STRUM, Lat. [with botanists] wild­
mint, horse-mint.

ME’NTION, Fr. [menzione, It. Menciòn, Sp. of mentio, Lat.] the act
of speaking of, or naming, oral or written, expression or recital of
any thing. Make mention of me unto Pharaoh. Genesis.

To ME’NTION, verb act. [mentionner, Fr. menzionare, It. mentar,
Sp.] to take notice of, to speak of, to name, either in words or writ­
ing. I will mention the loving kindness of the Lord. Isaiah.

MENTULA’GRA [of mentula, Lat. and αγρα, Gr. a capture] a di­
stemper within the genital parts of the male, which are contracted by
a convulsion.

ME’NUET, or MI’NUET, Fr. a French dance or the tune belonging
to it.

MEPHI’TICAL [mephiticus, Lat.] ill savoured, stinking, noxious,
poisonous.

MEPHITICAL Exhalations, poisonous and noxious steams issuing out
of the earth, from whatsoever cause.

MEPHI’TES, mephitical exhalations.

MEPHI’TIS, a strong, sulphurous smell; a damp.


MER

MERA’CIOUS [meracus, of merum, Lat.] pure, clear, without mix­
ture: spoken of wine, i. e. as it is pressed out of the grape, neat,
strong, racy.

MERA’CITY [meracitas, Lat.] clearness or pureness.

ME’RCABLE [mercabilis, of mercor, Lat.] that may be bought or
sold.

MERCANDI’SA [in old records] all manner of goods and wares ex­
posed to sale in markets and fairs.

ME’RCANTANT, subst. [mercatante, It.] this word, in Shakespeare,
seems to signify a foreigner, or foreign trader. What is he? — a
mercantant or else a pedant. Shakespeare.

MERCA’NTILE, adj. Fr. and It. [of mercor, Lat.] pertaining to
merchants, trading, commercial. The expedition of the Argonauts
was partly mercantile, partly military. Arbuthnot.

ME’RCAT, subst. [mercatus, Lat.] market, trade. Our Saviour
removed the exchange, and drove the mercat out of the temple.
Sprat.

MERCA’TOR's Chart [with navigators] a sea chart, in which the
parallels are represented in strait lines; and the meridians in like man­
ner by parallel strait lines; whose degrees, notwithstanding, are not
equal, but are continually enlarged as they approach nearer to the
pole, in the same proportion as the parallel circles decrease towards
them. It is called Mercator's chart from one Gerard Mercator, who
published a map constructed on priciples something analogous to those
now in use, which were invented by Mr. Edward Wright.

MERCATOR's Sailing, the art of finding upon a plane, the motion
of a ship upon a course assigned, the meridians being all parallel, and
the parallels of latitude strait lines.

MERCATO’RUM Festum, Lat. a festival observed by the trading peo­
ple of Rome, in honour of Mercury, on the 15th day of May, at
which they pray'd to him to forgive their cheating, and prosper their
trade.

MERCA’TURE [mercatura, Lat.] traffick, the practice of buying
and selling.

ME’RCENARINESS [of mercenary] mercenary disposition or nature.

ME’RCENARY [mercenaire, Fr. mercenario, It. of mercenarius, Lat.]
hired, sold for money, venal, easy to be bribed or corrupted with
money, acting only for hire or reward. The appellation of servant
imports a mercenary temper, and denotes such an one as makes his re­
ward both the sole motive and measure of his obedience. South.

ME’RCENARY, subst. [mercenaire, Fr.] a hireling, one serving for
pay. He, a poor mercenary, serves for bread. Sandys.

ME’RCER [mercier, Fr. merciaio, It. merciéyro, Port. of merx, mercis
Lat. wares] a dealer in wrought silks, one who sells silk.

MERCERS, were incorporated anno 1393, and consist of four war­
dens, and about 40 (but uncertain) assistants, and 283 on the livery,
for which the fine is 15 l. 4 s. this is the first of the 12 companies.
Their arms are gules, a demi-virgin with her hair dishevelled, crown'd,
issuing out (and within an orb) of clouds, all proper. The motto,
honor deo. Their hall is in Cheapside.

ME’RCERY [merceris, Fr. merceria, It. and Sp. of merces, Lat.] mer­
cers trade, dealing in silks.

To ME’RCHAND, verb neut. [merchander, Fr.] to transact by traf­
fic. Ferdinand merchanded with France, for the restoring Roussiglion
and Perpignan, oppignorated to them. Bacon.

ME’RCHANDISE, Fr. [mercanzia, It.] 1. Commodities or goods to
trade with, any thing to be bought or sold. Thou shalt not make
merchandise of her. Deuteronomy. 2. Traffic, commerce, trade. It
is merchandise, and not forgiveness. Taylor.

To ME’RCHANDISE, verb neut. [merchander, Fr.] to trade as a mer­
chant, to traffic, to exercise commerce. The Phœnicians, of whose
exceeding merchandising we read so much, were Canaanites. Brere­
wood.

ME’RCHANDISING, part. adj. [merchandisant, Fr.] dealing as a mer­
chant, trading, trafficking.

ME’RCHANT [marchand, Fr. mercante, It. mercador, Sp. and Port.
of mercator, Lat.] a trader or dealer by wholesale, one who traffics to
remote countries; also a trading ship.

MERCHANT-TAYLORS, the patent for the arms of this company
(then called taylors and linen-armourers) was granted anno 1480; and
in the year 1501 they were incorporated by Henry VII, by the
name of merchant-taylors, and their supporters were granted them in
the year 1585. They are governed by a master, four wardens, and
about forty assistants, and there are on the livery 485, the fine for
which is 15 l. Their armorial ensigns are argent, a tent royal between
two parliament robes gules, lined ermine; on a chief azure a lion of
England. Crest, a holy lamb in glory proper supporters, two ca­
mels or. The motto, concordia parvœres crescunt. Their hall is in
Thread-needle-street.

ME’RCHANTABLE [from merchant; mercabilis, Lat.] fit to be bought
or sold, fit for sale, traffic, or the market. The medical and mer­
chantable commodity of castor. Brown.

ME’RCHANTLY, or ME’RCHANTLIKE, adj. [of merchant] being
like a merchant. Ainsworth.

ME’RCHANTMAN [of merchant and man] a ship of trade; a ship
employed by merchants.

ME’RCHENLAGE [myrcna-laga, Sax.] the law of the Mercians, a
people who anciently inhabited eight counties in England.

ME’RCHET, a fine, anciently paid by inferior tenants to their lord
of the manor, for liberty to marry their daughters.

MERCHE’TUM [in Scotland] a commutation of money or cattle an­
tiently given to the lord, to buy off that old, impious custom of the
lord's lying the first night with the bridal daughter of a tenant; which
word was afterward used for the fine tenants paid to their lord, to
have leave to marry their daughters.

ME’RCIABLE, adj. [of mercy] this word in Spenser signifies merci­
ful. He is so meek, wise, merciable. Spenser.

ME’RCIFUL [of mercy and full] full of pity or commiseration; kind,
tender, unwilling to punish. Be merciful, O Lord, unto thy people.
Deuteronomy.

ME’RCIFULLY, adv. [of merciful] with mercy, commiseration,
tenderly, mildly. His hand mercifully severe. Atterbury.

ME’RCIFULNESS [of merciful] fulness of pity, tenderness, willing to
spare. Mercifulness and liberality. Hammond.

ME’RCILESS [of mercy] void of mercy, cruel, severe. Spenser.

ME’RCILESSLY, adv. [of merciless] in a manner void of pity,
cruelly.

ME’RCILESSNESS [of merciless] want of pity, cruelty.

MERCIMO’NIATUS Angliœ [in old law] the impost of England upon
merchandise.

MERCU’RIAL, adj. [mercurialis, Lat.] 1. Formed under the influence
of mercury, full of mercury, ingenious, brisk, lively, springhtly. A
sincere, more ignorant and less mercurial nation. Swift. 2. Consist­
ing of mercury or quicksilver.

MERCURIAL Phosphorus, a light arising from the shaking mercury
in vacuo.

MERCU’RIALS [mercurialia, Lat.] medicines prepared with quick­
silver.

MERCURIFICA’TION [of mercury] the act of mixing any thing with
quicksilver. The ways of mercurification. Boyle.

MERCU’RIUS Dulcis [i. e. sweet Mercury] corrosive, or subli­
mate.

MERCURIUS Vitœ, Lat. [the mercury of life] a chemical prepara­
tion made of butter of antimony, washed or diluted in a great quan­
tity of warm water, till it turn to a white powder. The same is by
chemists also called algarot.

ME’RCURY, a mineral or metallic fluid, vulgarly colled quicksilver,
the 1st character of which is, that it is the heaviest of all fluids, and
all other bodies except gold.
2. It is the most fluid of all bodies, i. e. its parts separate and re­
cede from each other by the smallest force, the parts thereof cohere
the least or are the least tenacious, and therefore of all others the least
malleable or ductile.
3. It is extremely volatile, being convertible into sumes even by a
sand heat.
4. It easily enters and intimately adheres to gold; but less easily to
any of the other metals; with difficulty to copper, but not at all to
iron.
5. Of all fluids it is the coldest and hottest.
The greatest part of our quick-silver comes from Friuli, a province
of Italy.

MERCURY [of the philosophers] a pure, fluid substance, in form of
common mercury, said to be in all metals, and capable of being ex­
tracted from them.

MERCURY [in astronomy] the least of all the planets, and also
the lowest except the moon. Its character is .








MERCURY [with chemists] one of their active principles, taken
for a spirit.

MERCURY [mercurialis, Lat. with herbalists] a plant, of which
there are two sorts, viz. dog-mercury, and good-Harry, or bonus
Henricus. The leaves of the mercury are crenated, and grow by pairs
opposite: the cup of the flower consists of one leaf, which expands,
and is cut into three segments; these are male and female in different
places. The flowers of the male grow in long spikes, and consist of
many stamina and apices, which are loaded with farina. The ovary
of the female plant becomes a testiculated fruit, having a single round
seed in each cell. Miller. Herb mercury is of an emollient nature,
and eaten in the manner of spinach, which when cultivated in a gar­
den, it greatly excels. Hill.

MERCURY. 1. Sprightly qualities. 2. A newspaper. Ainsworth. 3.
It is now applied, in a cant phrase, to the carriers of news and
pamphlets.

MERCURY [in heraldry] in blazoning by planets, signifies purple
or purpure.
The antients painted Mercury with a mantle of pure white, his cap
or hat white, with WINGS on it, and on his feet, holding in his hand
a caduceus, or rod of silver, with two serpents twining.

MERCURY Women, women who sell news, books, and other pam­
phlets by wholesale to the hawkers, who sell them again by retail a­
bout the streets.

ME’RCY [merci, Fr. of miseresce, Lat. have pity on, contracted from
misericordia, Lat. Johnson] 1. Tenderness, clemency, willingness to
save, mildness, unwillingness to punish. Arise and have mercy upon
Zion. Psalms. 2. Pardon, favour. Cry mercy, lords. Shakespeare.
3. Discretion, power of acting at pleasure. At the mercy of every in­
fant who flings a stone. Pope.

MERCY [in law] the arbitrary proceeding of the king, lord, or
judge, in punishing any offence, not directly censured by the law;
as, to be in grievous mercy with the king, i. e. to be in hazard of a
great penalty.

MERCY Seat [among the Jews] a table or cover of gold, set over
the ark of the covenant, on each end of which was a cherubim of
gold, with wings spreading over the mercy seat, their faces looking
one towards the other, that seemed to form a throne for the majesty of
God, who in scripture is represented as sitting between the cherubims,
and the ark was his footstool. It was from hence that God gave his
oracles to Moses, or to the high-priest that consulted him.

MERE, adj. [merus, Lat.] this, or this only; such, and nothing
else. The mere Irish were not admitted to the benefit of the laws of
England. Davies.

MERE [mere, Sax.] a line or boundary, dividing plough'd lands
in a common, any boundary. The mislayer of a merestone is to blame.
Bacon.

MERE, subst. [mere, Sax. meer, Du. and Ger.] a lake, pond, or
pool. Meres stored with fish and fowl. Camden.

MERE, or MER, whether in the beginning, middle, or end, al­
ways signifies the same with the Saxon mere, a pool or lake. Gibson's
Camden.

MERE, a market-town of Wiltshire, 102 miles from London.

ME’RELY, adv. [of mere] simply, only, in this manner and no
other. Such diversions as are merely innocent. Addison.

MERETRI’CIOUS [meretricius, of meretricis, gen. of meretrix, Lat.]
whorish, practised by prostitutes, alluring by false show. Every me­
retricious semblance. Glanville.

MERETRI’CIOUSLY, adv. [of meretricious] whorishly, after the
manner of a whore.

MERETRI’CIOUSNESS [of meretricious] whorishness, harlotry, false
allurements, like those of strumpets.

MERI’DIAN [meridien, Fr. meridiano, It. and Sp. linea meridiana, of
meridies, Lat. noon or mid-day] 1. Noon, mid-day. Now sunk from
his meridian, sets apace. Dryden. 2. The principal place or state of
any thing. All other knowledge merely serves the concerns of this
life, and is fitted to the meridian thereof. Hale. 3. The highest point
of glory or power. That full meridian of my glory. Shakespeare. 4.
The line drawn from north to south, for every particular place on the
globe, which the sun crosses at noon. The true meridian is a circle
passing through the poles of the world, and the zenith or vertex of
any place, exactly dividing the east from the west. Brown. The
ancients placed their first meridian at Fero, one of the Canary islands;
and from the place where the meridian crossed the equator, numbered
their longitude, eastward round the whole globe; but since the disco­
very of America, every nation placeth their first meridian at the chief
city of their kingdom; and then from that meridian account longitude,
east and west upon the equator.

MERIDIAN [of a cœlestial globe] the larger circle, on which each
way from the equinoctial, is counted the north and south declina­
tion of the sun or stars.

MERIDIAN [of a terrestrial globe] is that graduated brazen meridi­
an on which the latitude of places is counted.

Magnetical MERIDIAN, is a great circle, which the magnetic
needle, or needle of the mariners compass only respects.

First MERIDIAN [in geography] is that, from which the rest are
reckoned, accounted east or west.

MERIDIAN Altitude [of the sun or stars] is their greatest altitude
above the horizon.

MERIDIAN Line [in dialling] is a right line arising from the inter­
section of the meridian of the place, with the plane of the dial.

MERI’DIAN, adj. 1. Being at the point of noon. 2. Extended from
north to south. Declination from the true meridian line. Boyle. 3.
Raised to the highest point of greatness or power.

MERI’DIONAL, adj. Fr. [meridionale, It. of meridionalis, Lat.] 1.
Southern, in the southern coast of America or Africa. The southern
point varieth toward the land, as being disposed that way by the
meridional or proper hemisphere. Brown. 2. Lying, or that is to­
wards the south, southerly, having a southern aspect. Kitchen's stil­
latories and stoves would be meridional. Wotton.

MERIDIONAL Distance [in navigation] is the difference of the lon­
gitude, between the meridian, under which the ship is at present, and
any other she was under before.

MERIDIONAL Parts [in navigation] the parts by which the meri­
dians in Wright's or Mercator's charts increase, as the parallels of lati­
tude decrease.

MERIDIONA’LITY of a Place [of meridional] its situation in respect
to the meridian, position in the south, aspect towards the south.

MERI’DIONALLY, adv. [of meridional] with a southerly aspect. The
Jews not willing to lie as their temple stood, do place their bed from
north to south, and delight to sleep meridionally. Brown.

MERI’SMUS [μερισμος, Gr.] a rhetorical disposition of things in
their proper places.

ME’RIT [merite, Fr. merito, It. and Sp. of meritum, Lat.] 1. De­
sert, worth, excellency, deserving honour and reward 2. Reward,
deserved. Those laurel groves, the merits of thy youth. Prior. 3.
Claim, right. I put Chaucer's merits to the trial. Dryden. 4. Some­
times, but rarely, in a bad sense, demerit, or ill-deserving.

MERIT of Congruity [a school term] is when there is an absolute
equality and just estimation between the action and the reward, as in
the wages of a workman.

To ME’RIT, verb act. [mereror, Lat. meriter, Fr. meritare, It. me­
recér, Sp.] 1. To deserve, to have a right to claim any thing as de­
served. Uncapable of meriting any thing from God. South. 2. To
deserve, to earn, to be worthy of reward or punishment. It is used
generally of good, but sometimes of ill. Whatsoever jewels I have
merited, I am sure I have received none. Shakespeare.

MERITO’RIOUS [meritoire, Fr. meritorio, It. meretorius, Lat.] de­
serving, that deserves a reward or recompence, high in desert. So
great and meritorious a service. Spenser.

MERITO’RIOUSLY, adv. [of meritorious] in such manner as to de­
serve reward. He carried himself meritoriously in foreign employ­
ments. Wotton.

MERITO’RIOUSNESS [of meritorious] the act or state of deserving
well. The high meritoriousness of what they did. South.

ME’RITOT [oscillum, Lat.] a sort of play used by children, a swing­
ing in ropes.

ME’RLIN, Du. a sort of hawk. He was at that time following a
merlin. Sidney.

ME’RLON [in fortification] that part of a parapet, that is between,
or is terminated by two embrasures of a battery; so that its height and
thickness is the same with that of the parapet, which is generally in
length from 8 to 9 feet next the guns, and 6 on the outside; 6 feet in
height, and 18 feet thick.

ME’RMAID [prob. of mare, Lat. or mer, Fr. the sea, and maid, a
sea-monster, which is described by painters and poets with the upper
parts of a woman, and the lower of a fish.] a sea-woman.

MERMAID [with heralds] though there may perhaps be some ani­
mals in the sea, that may bear some resemblance to what is found in
coat armour; yet, as they are painted in some bearings, as gules, a
mermaid proper, attiring herself with her comb and glass, they are sup­
posed to be only fancies of painters.

MERMAID'S Trumpet, subst. a kind of fish. Ainsworth.
The more the MERRIER, the fewer the better cheer.
Or, at least, the more, coming to every one's share.

ME’RRILY, adv. [of merry] with gaiety, with laughter, chearfully.
And dances or plays merrily on holidays. Temple.

ME’RRIMAKE, subst. [of merry and make] a festival, a meeting for
mirth. And pass the bounds of modest merrimake. Spenser.

To ME’RRIMAKE, verb act. to feast, to be jovial. To moil all
day, and merrimake at night. Gay.

ME’RRIMENT [of merry] jollity, chearfulness, laughter, mirth. A
number of merriments and jests, wherewith they have pleasantly
moved much laughter. Hooker.

ME’RRINESS [of merry] chearfulness, gayness of mind, mirth.
The stile shall give us cause to climb in the merriness. Shakespeare.

ME’RRY [myrig, Sax.] 1. Gay, cheerful, jocund, frolic, laugh­
ing. Man is the merriest species of the creation. Addison. 2. Causing
laughter. My hand cut off, and made a merry jest. Shakespeare. 3.
Prosperous. And running with a merry gale. Dryden.
Be MERRY and wise.
Spoken when peoples mirth borders too near upon folly.

To make MERRY, to junket, to be jovial. They trod the grapes,
and made merry. Judges.

ME’RRY-ANDREW, subst. a buffoon, zany, or jack-pudding.

ME’RRY-THOUGHT [of merry and thought] a forked bone on the
breast of fowls, so called, because boys and girls pull in play at the
two sides, the longest part broken off betokening priority of marriage.

MERRY Wings [in Barbadoes] a fly, very troublesome in the night.

ME’RSION [mersio, Lat.] the act of ducking or plunging over head
and ears in water.


MES

MES Air [in horsemanship] is a manage, half terra a terra, and
half a corvet.

MESA’RÆUM, Lat. [μεσαραιον, Gr.] the same as mesenterium, whence
the vessels of it are called as well mesenteric, as mesaraic.

MESARA’IC, adj. [mesaraique, Fr. of mesarœum, Lat. of μεσαραιον,
Gr.] pertaining to the mesentery; sometimes substantively. The
mouths of the mesaraics. Brown.

MESARAIC Veins [with anatomists] branches of the vena portæ,
arising from, or inclosed in the mesentery. The absorbent vessels of
the guts, which discharge themselves into the mesaraic veins. Ar­
buthnot.

MESCH FAT, a mashing vessel for brewing.

MESE’EMS, impers. verb [of me and seems, or it seems to me. For
this word it is now too common to use methinks, or methought, an un­
grammatical word] it appears to me, I think. Meseems, I hear her
singing loud. Sidney.

MESENTE’RIC, adj. [from mesentery; mesenterique, Fr.] pertaining to
the mesentery. The mesenteric glands. Cheyne.

MESENTE’RIC Arteries [with anatomists] arteries belonging to the
mesentery. The upper of which is said to spread itself amidst the
small guts, and the under one to pass on to the lower part of the me­
sentery.

MESENTERIC Plexus [in anatomy] a piece of net-work, formed by
the branches or ramifications of the par vagum.

MESENTERIC Vein [with anatomists] the right branch of the vena
portæ, which extends or spreads itself over the guts jejunum, ileum,
cæcum, and colon.








MESE’NTERY [mesentere, Fr. μεσεντεριον, Gr. with anatomists] that
part round which the guts are convolved, a membranous part, situated
in the lower belly, which is inriched with glandules or kernels, nerves,
arteries, veins and vessels, which carry the juices called chyle and lym­
pha, and fasten the bowels to the back, and to one another. When
the chyle passeth through the mesentery, it is mixed with the lymph.
Arbuthnot.

MESH, subst. [maesche, Du. mache, old Fr. It were therefore better
written, as it is commonly pronounced, mash] the space betwixt the
threads of a net. The drovers hang square nets athwart the tide,
through which the shoal of pilchard passing, leave many behind en­
tangled in the meshes. Carew.

To MESH, verb act. [from the subst.] to catch in a net, to ensnare.
The flies by chance mesht in her hair. Drayton.

ME’SHY, adj. [of mesh] being of net-work, reticulated. Some
make his meshy, but reave his rest. Carew.

ME’SLIN, or MA’SLIN [of méler, Fr. to mingle or mix; or rather
corruptly pronounced for miscellane. See MASLIN] corn that is mixed,
as wheat, rye, &c. to make bread. Any more the cause of forbid­
ding them to put on garments of sundry stuff, than of charging them
withal not to sow their fields with meslin. Hooker.

MESN, or MEASN [in law] a lord of a manour who holds of a su­
perior lord, that has tenants under himself; also a writ lying where
there is a lord mesn and a tenant.

ME’SNALTY [a law term] the right of the mesn lord.

MESOLA’BIUM [μεσολαβιον, of μεσος, middle, and λαμβανω, Gr. to
receive] a mathematical instrument for finding mean proportionals be­
tween any two lines given.

MESOCO’LON, Lat. [in anatomy; μεσοχωλον, Gr.] that part of the
mesentery, which is continued to the great guts, and lies in the middle
of the gut colon, from whence it takes its name.

MESOCRA’NON, Lat. [of μεσον, the middle, and χρανον, Gr. the head]
the crown of the head.

MESOGLO’SSI, Lat. [in anatomy] muscles the same as genioglossi.

MESO’LEUCYS [μεσλευχυς, Gr. white in the middle] a precious
stone, black, and having a white streak in the middle.

MESO-LO’GARITHM [of μεσος, middle, λογος, description, and αριθ­
μος, Gr. number] logarithms of the co-sines and co-tangents, so de­
nominated by Kepler.

MESO’MELAS [μεσομελας, Gr. black in the middle] a precious stone
with a black vein parting every colour in the midst.

MESO’MPHALON [μεσος, the middle, and ομφαλος, Gr. the navel]
the middle of the navel.

MESO’PHÆRUM, Lat. [μεσοφαιρον, Gr.] Indian spikenard, one of
the three sorts that bears a leaf of the middle size.

MESOPLEU’RIA [μεσοπλευριον, of μεσος the middle, and πλευρον, Gr.
the pleura] the middle spaces between the ribs.

MESOPLEU’RII [in anatomy] the intercostal muscles, which lie be­
tween the ribs, 22 in number.

MESOZU’GMA [μεσοζευγμα, Gr.] part of a zeugma, a figure in
grammatical construction.

ME’SPISE, subst. [probably misprinted for mesprise, mespris, mepris,
Fr] contempt, scorn. But bear the rigour of his bold mespise. Spen­
ser.

MESS [either of mese, Sax. a dish, or missus, q. d. cibus missus, Lat.
or mes, O. Fr. and Goth. messo, It.] a dish, a quantity of food sent to ta­
ble together, a portion of victuals for one or more persons. Had ei­
ther of their crimes been cook'd to their palates, they might have
changed messes. Decay of Piety.

MESS [on ship board] a division of a ship's crew, sometimes 3, 4,
or 6, who jointly diet together, for the more easy distribution of the
victuals.

To MESS, verb neut. to eat, to feed.

ME’SSA, It. [in music books] particular pieces of divine music, used
in the Roman church.

ME’SSAGE, Fr. [messaggii, It.] an errand, any thing committed to
another to be told to a third. The message will still find reception ac­
cording to the dignity of the messenger. South.

MESSA’LIANS, a sect of heretics in the time of Constantius.

ME’SSARIUS [in old records] a reaper or mower.

ME’SSE, or MI’SSA. See MASS.

MESSE, an Indian piece of money, in value 1500 petties, or 15 d.
sterling.

ME’SSENGER [messager, Fr. messaggiere, It. mesagéro, Sp.] one who
carries messages from another to a third person, one who delivers let­
ters, &c. one who brings an account or foretoken of any thing, a
forerunner or harbinger. A messenger with letters. Spenser.

ME’SSENGERS of the Exchequer, officers of that court, who attend
the lord treasurer, to carry his letters and orders.

MESSENGERS of the King, officers who wait at the secretaries office
to carry dispatches; also to take into custody state prisoners.

MESSENGERS of the Press, those who, by order of the court, search
booksellers shops, printing houses, &c. to find out seditious and trea­
sonable books.

MESSI’AH [חןשם, Meshiach, Heb. i. e. anointed, the same as
χριστος in Greek] the Saviour of the world, the prince of peace, the
name and title of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Jesus the man
of Nazareth when he appeared as the Messiah. Watts.
We have given the scripture explication of this title under the word
CHRIST, and shewn that a threefold character is meant: But 'tis worth
observing, in order to the better understanding of ancient writers, that
they frequently apply this term [Christ] which is expressive of great
dignity and honour to the Son of God, considered in his highest capacity.
And no wonder, as they regarded all that divine power and authority,
which he possessed (as well before as since his appearance upon earth)
in no other point of view, than as the gift and constitution of GOD THE
FATHER; into whose WILL they resolv'd the existence of the SON HIM­
SELF; and (with that) whatever powers, dignity and honours, are con­
ferred upon him. This criticism will throw some light on many a place;
and in particular on that reply which St. Irenæus made to the Valenti­
nians, “Hæc autem sunt opera CHRISTI;” i. e. these are the works of
CHRIST, and not as they imagined of a mere human soul [meaning
of the divine person so called] IREN. Adv. Hæreses, Ed. Grabe. p. 240.
And indeed it is the true key to his whole process of reasoning, from
p. 240. to p. 243. inclusive.
This critism serves also to explain, what otherwise is not easy to be
accounted for in so great and correct a writer as Eunomius, I mean his ap­
plying that text, Acts it. 36. to Christ's original production; of which
more in another place. For you'll frequently perceive the ancient
writers, considering the LORDSHIP of Christ, not as something that
commenced a few centuries ago; but as what has subsisted from the be­
ginning, and by the FATHER's grant has extended over the whole sy­
stem of beings, which God produced by him. And by the way, they
regarded his priestly office in much the same light. I mean not as some­
thing which belong'd merely to his incarnate state; but which ever
did and ever will belong to the SON of GOD considered in his highest
capacity; and not without reason, if as such they judged the FATHER
to be HIS GOD. [See First CAUSE and MARCELLIANS compared.] As
such he adorns and worships the FATRER for himself; [Patrem & IPSE
adorat. Tertull.] and as such he has ever possessed the honour of being
at the head of all that worship, which is paid to the ONE SUPREME FA­
THER by all intelligent beings, whither in heaven above or in earth be­
low. Nor must we imagine, says St. Irenæus, “that he began to
manifest [or declare] the Father, when he was born of Mary;” No—
that sacred work or office (according to Him) has been commensu­
rate to all time. “Ab initiô enim, &c. i. e. for the Son from the be­
ginning assisting the work of his own hands [meaning the human race]
reveals the FATHER to them [and in another place he tells us, he has
done the same from the beginning to angels and archangels] he does so
to all, Quibus vult, & quando vult & quemadmodum vult PATER.
IRENÆUS adv. Hæreses, Ed. Grabe, p. 303 & 185, compared with
EUSEB. de Ecclesiastic. Theolog. Lib. IV. c. 7.

MESSIEU’RS, is a French title of honour or civility, the plural num­
ber of Monsieur, and with us signifies Sirs, Gentlemen.

MESI’NA [in old deeds] reaping-time, harvest.

ME’SSMATE [of mess and mate] one who eats at the same table, par­
ticularly applied to those aboard a ship who eat together.

ME’SSUAGE [messuagium, low Lat. formed perhaps mesnage by mis­
take of the n in court hand and ancient writings for u, they being
written alike; mesnage from maison, Fr. house; in common law] a dwel­
ling house with some land adjoining, as garden, orchard, &c. and all
other conveniencies belonging to it.

MESSUA’GIUM [in Scotland] the same as a manor house in England;
the principal place or dwelling house within a barony or lordship.

MESTI’ZO's, the breed of Spaniards and Americans.

MESY’MNICUM, a name given by the ancients to a certain part of,
or to verses in their tragedy; it was a kind of burden, as Io Pœan,
hymen; O Hymenæe, or the like.


MET

MET, the pret. and part. pass. of to meet. See To MEET.

META’BASIS [μεταβασις, Gr.] a transition or passing from one thing
to another.

METABASIS [in physic] the passing from one indication to another,
or from one method of cure to another.

META’BOLE [μεταβολη, Gr. a change or alteration; in medicine] a
change of time, air, or diseases.

METACA’RPAL, adj. [metacarpus, Lat] belonging to the metacar­
pus. The metacarpal bone. Sharp.

METACA’RPIUM, or METACA’RPUS, Lat [with anatomists] the
back of the hand, which is composed of four small longish bones,
which stretch out the palm of the hand, and are named post bra­
chialia.

METACA’RPUS, Lat. [with anatomists] a bone of the arm made up
of four bones, which are joined to the fingers; the biggest and longest
of which bears up the fore-finger. The conjunction is called synar­
throsis, as in the joining of the carpus to the metacarpus. Wiseman.

METACHRO’NISM [μεταχρονισμος, Gr.] an error in the computation
of time, either in defect or excess.

ME’TACISM [with grammarians] a defect in the pronunciation of the
letter M.

METACO’NDYLI, Lat. [μεταχονδυλοι, Gr.] the outmost bones of the
fingers.

ME’TAL, subst. [metal, Fr. and Sp. metallo, It. metallum, Lat. με­
ταλλον, Gr.] 1. Metals are well digested and compact bodies, genera­
ted by the heat of the sun, and subterraneous fires in the bowels of the
earth, which are heavy, hard, opake and fusible, and are capable ei­
ther of being melted with a very strong fire, and concreting again when
cold into a solid body, such as they were before, to be hammered out into
thin plates, being of a bright, glossy and glittering substance where new­
ly cut or broken; they are generally reckoned seven in number, gold,
silver, copper, tin, iron, lead and quick-silver; tho' last, as it
wants malleability, the criterion of metals, is more properly ranked
among the semi-metals. Of metals gold is the heavist, lead the second
in weight, then silver, then copper, and iron is the lightest except tin.
The particles that compose the metals are salt, oil and earth, which
being mingled together, and meeting in the long and branchy pores of
the inward parts of the earth, are there so straitly linked together, that
art has not yet found out means to separate them. 2. Courage, spirit.
In this sense it is more frequently written mettle. See METTLE. Their
companions had so much mettle. Clarondon.

Bath METAL, or Princes METAL, a factitious metal, composed of
the finest brass, mixed with tin or some mineral.

Bell METAL, a composition of copper and tin melted together.

METALS [in heraldry] are only two, gold called or, and silver cal­
led argent. And it is a general rule in heraldry, never to place metal
upon metal, or colour upon colour; so that if the field be one of the
metals, the bearing must be of some colour; and if the field be of any
colour, the bearing must be of one of the metals.

Over METAL [in gunnery] is disparting a piece of ordnance; gun­
ners say, it is laid over metal, when the mouth of it lies higher than
the breach.

To be laid under METAL [in gunnery] is when the mouth of a piece
of ordnance lies lower than her breach.

Right with METAL [in gunnery] when a piece of ordnance lies
truly level, point blank, or right with the mark, gunners say, she lies
right with her metal.








Superficies of METALS [in gunnery] is the surface or outside of a
gun.

METALE’PSIS, Lat. [μεταληψις, Gr.] the act of participating or
taking share; also a translating or transferring

METALEPSIS, Lat. [with rhetoricians] is a continuation of a trope
in one word, thro' a succession of significations, the same that in Latin
is called participatio and transumptio.

METALE’PTIC Motion [with anatomists] a transverse motion, as of
a muscle, &c.

META’LLICAL, or META’LLIC [metallique, Fr. metallico, It. με­
ταλλιχος, Gr.] pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of metals,
consisting of metal. A kind of metallical nature or fusibility. Wot­
ton. Mineral treasure and metallic ore. Blackmore.

METALLI’FEROUS [metallifer, Lat. of μεταλλιφορος, Gr.] bearing
or producing metals.

MET’ALLINE, adj. [of metal] 1. Impregnated with metal. Metal­
line waters have virtual cold in them. Bacon. 2. Consisting of metal.
Brought to a very close and lovely metalline cylinder. Boyle.

META’LLIST [from metal; metalliste, Fr. μεταλλενς, Gr.] one who
is skilled in the knowledge of metals; also one who works in metals.
Metallists use a kind of terrace in their vessels for fining metals, that
the melted metal run not out. Moxon.

META’LLOGRAPHIST [of μεταλλον, metal, and γραφω, Gr. to write]
a writer concerning metals.

METALLO’GRAPHY [μεταλλογραφια, of μεταλλον and γραφω, Gr.] a
treatise or description of metals.

META’LLURGIST [of μεταλλον, metal, and εργον, Gr. work] a me­
tallist, one that works in metals, or searches into the nature of them,
as chymists do.

META’LLURGY [μεταλλουργια, of μεταλλον, and εργον, Gr. work] the
act of working metals in order to render them hard, bright, beautiful
or useful, or the separating them from their ore.

METAMO’RPHISTS, a name given to those sacramentarians, who af­
fimed that the body of Jesus at his ascension, went into heaven meta­
morphosed or wholly deified.

To METAMO’RPHOSE, verb act. [metamorphoser, Fr. μεταμορφοω,
Gr.] to change from one form or shape to another. They became de­
generate and metamorphosed like Nebuchadnezzar. Davies.

METAMO’RPHOSIS, Lat. [metamorphose, Fr. and It. ηεταμορφωσις,
Gr.] 1. Any extraordinary alteration or change of shape, transformation.
One would think we are fallen into an age of metamorphosis, and that
the brutes did not only poetically but really speak. Government of the
Tongue. 2. Naturalists apply the term to the various changes an ani­
mal undergoes both in the formation and growth; and also to the
various shapes some insects in particular pass through, as the silk worm,
and the like.

METANGI’SMONITES [of αγγος, Gr. a vessel] a sort of Christian
heretics, who say, that the word is in his Father as one vessel is in
another: 'Tis of no great consequence to us to know, when or where
these HERETICS (as they are called) resided: But if the reader desires
to see the sentiments of antiquity on this head, he may consult the
words CO-IMMENSE, &c.

METAPE’DIUM, Lat. [with anatomists] the instep, that part of the
foot which answers to the metacarpus, in the hand.

META’NOEA, Lat. [μετανοια, Gr.] a change of mind or opinion.

ME’TAPHOR [metaphore, Fr. μεταφορα, Gr.] the application of a
word to an use to which, in its original import, it cannot be put. A
metaphor is a simile comprised in a word; as, the king is said to be
the head of his kingdom; because the head is the chief of all the mem­
bers; and the spring awakes the flowers, the spring putting in action
the powers of vegetation, which were torpid in the winter, as the
powers of a sleeping animal are excited by awaking him. Metaphors
ought to be taken from those things that are sensible, which the eye
often meets with, and of which the mind will readily form an image,
without searching after it.

METAPHO’RIC, or METAPHO’RICAL, adj. [from metaphor; méta­
phonique, Fr. metaforico, It. and Sp. metaphoricus, Lat. μεταφοριχος,
Gr.] pertaining to a metaphor; figurative, not literal, not accord­
ing to the primitive meaning of the word. Whereas before they had
a literal, they now have a metaphorical use. Hooker.

METAPHRA’SE, or METAPHRA’SIS, Lat. [metaphrase, Fr. meta­
frase, It. μεταφρασις, Gr.] a bare translation out of one language into
another, a mere verbal translation. This translation is not so loose as
paraphrase, nor so close as metaphrase. Dryden.

METAPHRAST [metaphraste, Fr. μεταφρασης, Gr.] one who trans­
lates word for word from one language into another, a literal trans­
lator.

METAPHRE’NUM [μεταφρενον, Gr.] that part of the back which
comes after the diaphragm or midriff.

METAPHY’SIC, or METAPHY’SICAL [métaphysique, Fr. metafisico,
It. and Sp. metaphysicus, Lat. μεταφνσιχος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to meta­
physics, versed in metaphysics. 2. In Shakespeare, it signifies super­
natural or preternatural.

METAPHY’SIC, or METAPHY’SICS [métaphysique, Fr. metafisica, It.
and Sp. ars metaphysica, of μεταφνσιχη, Gr. q. d. treating of things
above or beyond nature] ontology, the doctrine of the general affec­
tions of substances existing. Metaphsics is a science which considers
beings, as abstracted from all matter, such as accidents, relations,
particularly beings purely spiritual, such as God, angels, and the soul
of man. Aristotle seems to have been the first founder and inventor
of this abstracted method of reasoning and the consideration of imme­
terial beings: for his predecessors in philosophy scarce delivered any
thing that was good and solid upon these subjects.

METAPHY’SIS [μεταφνσις, Gr] tranformation, metamorphosis.

ME’TAPLASM [μεταπλασμος, Gr.] a rhetorical figure, wherein
words or letters are transposed or placed contrary to their natural
order.

META’PTOSIS, [μεταπτωσις, Gr. the act of falling away; in medi­
cine] the degenerating of one disease into another, as when a quartan
ague degenerates into a tertian.

META’STASIS [μεταςασις, Gr. a change, when one thing is put for
another; with physicians] is when a disease removes from one part to
another, as in apoplectic people, when the matter which affects the
brain is translated into the nerves. The cause a metastasis or translation
of tartarous humours from his joints to his lungs. Harvey.

METATA’RSUS [of μετα and ταρσος, Gr.] the middle of the foot,
which is composed of five small bones connected to those of the first
part of the foot. The conjunction is called synarthrosis, as in the
joining the tarsus to the metatarsus. Wiseman.

META’THESIS [μεταθεσις, Gr.] a transposition, change, &c.

To METE [meten, Du. and L. Ger. messen, H. Ger. metior, Lat.]
to measure, to reduce to measure. Apply some known measure where­
with to meet it. Holder.

METE Corn, a certain measure or portion anciently given by the
lord of the manor, as an encouragement or reward for work or la­
bour.

METE Wand, or METE Yard, subst. [of mete and wand, or yard]
a yard or measuring rod of a certain length, wherewith measures are
taken. A true touchstone, a sure metewand lyeth before their eyes.
Ascham. Ye shall do no unrighteousness in meteyard. Leviticus.

METEMPSY’CHI [μετεμψνΧοι, Gr.] heretics, who held the me­
tempsychosis or transmigration of souls.

To METEMPSYCHO’SE [of metempsychosis] to translate from body to
body. A word not received. The souls of userers Lucian affirms to
be metempsychosed, or translated, into the bodies of asses. Peacham.

METEMPSYCHO’SIS [metempsycose, Fr. μετεμψνΧωσις, Gr.] a trans­
migration or passing of the soul out of one body into another at death,
either into the body of a man or into that of some other animal.

METE’MPTOSIS [with mathematicians] used particularly in chro­
nology, expressing the solar equation, necessary to prevent the new
moon from happening a day too late; as, on the contrary, proemptosis
signifies the lunar equation, necessary to prevent the new moon from
happening a day too soon.

ME’TEOR. See METEORS.

To METEORISE, verb neut. to ascend upwards, as a meteor.

METEOROLO’GICAL [of μετεωρολογιχος, of μετεωρα, meteors, and
λογος, from λεγω, Gr. to treat of] pertaining to meteors, or meteor­
ology. Or meteorological impressions not transcending the upper re­
regions. Howel.

METEORO’LOGIST [from meteorology] one who treats of meteors,
or one who is studious of them or skilled in them. The meteorologists
observe. Howel.

METEORO’LOGY [μετεωρολογος, of μετεωρα and λογος, Gr. descrip­
tion] a discourse or treatise of meteors, explaining their origin, for­
mation, kinds, phænomena.

METEORO’SCOPE, an antient mathematical instrument for deter­
mining the distances, magnitudes, and places of the heavenly bodies,
particularly meteors.

METEORO’SCOPIST [of μετεωρα and σχοπεω, Gr. to view] one who
studies heavenly bodies, the distance of the stars, and the nature of
meteors.

METEORO’SCOPY [μετεωροσχοπια, of μετεωρα and σχοπεω, Gr. to
view] that part of astronomy that considers or treats of the difference
of heavenly bodies, the distance of the stars, and particularly the na­
ture of meteors.

ME’TEOROUS, adj. [of meteor] having the nature of a meteor.
Gliding meteorous, as ev'ning mist. Milton.

ME’TEORS, plur. of meteor [meteores, Fr. meteori, It. metéoros, Sp.
meteora, Lat. of μετεωρα, of μεπα, beyond, and αειρο, Gr. to lift up,
and so are denominated from their elevation, because for the most part
they appear to be high in the air] these, according to Descartes, are
certain various impressions, made upon the elements, exhibiting them
in different forms; any bodies in the air or sky that are of a flux and
transitory nature; as, ignis fatuus, ignis pyramidalis, draco volans, &c.
Then flaming meteors hung in air were seen. Dryden. Meteors are
distinguished into three sorts; fiery, airy and watry.

Fiery METEORS, are composed of a fat, sulphureous matter, whose
kindled smoke is diversified according to their figure, situation, mo­
tion or magnitude. For when this fat matter is kindled, and the
smoke appears in the form of a lighted candle, it is called by the La­
tins ignis fatuus, i. e. jack in a lanthorn; or will in a wisp, by the
English. When it appears like a cross-bar or beam, the Latins call it
trabs. When it resembles a pillar of fire standing upright, they call
it ignis pyramidalis; and when the middle parts are thicker and broader
than the ends, they call it draco volans, i. e. a flying dragon; and
when it seems to skip like a goat, appears something kindled, and
sometimes not, they call it capra saltans, i. e. a skipping goat.

Airy METEORS, are such as consist of flatuous and spirituous exha­
lations, such as winds.

Watery METEORS, consist of vapours or watery particles.

Appearing METEORS, are appearances called mock suns, or mock­
moons; as the meteor called virga, in form of a rod or firebrand.

ME’TER [of mete] one of the meters, a measurer; as, a coal-meter,
a corn-meter, a land-meter.

ME’TRE, Fr. [metro, It. metrum, Lat. μετρον, Gr.] verses composed
by measure.

METHE’GLIN [meddyglyn, C. Brit. prob. of μεθο, new wine, and
αιγληεις, Gr. splended, noble, from med and glyn, glutinare ait. Min­
shew. Vel a medclyg medicus œt llyn potus, quia potus medicinalis] a po­
table liquor made of water, honey, herbs and spices, boiled together
and fermented. Metheglin, wort and malmsey. Shakespeare.

METHI’NKS, verb impers. [of me and thinks. This is imagined to
be a Norman corruption, the French being apt to confound me and I.
Johnson] I think, it seems or appears to me. See MESEEMS, which
is more strictly grammattical, tho' less in use. Methinks was used even
by those who used likewise meseems. In all ages poets have been
had in great reputation, and methinks not without great cause. Spenser.
There is another circumstance which methinks gives us a very high
idea of the nature of the soul. Addison.

ME’THOD [methode, Fr. metodo, It. and Sp. of methodus, Lat. μεθο­
δος, prob. of μετα and οδος, Gr. a way] an apt disposition of things,
or a placing them in their natural order, so as to be easiest understood
or retained.

METHOD [with logicians] is the art of disposing a series of thoughts,
either to find out a truth that is unknown to ourselves, or to convince
others of a truth that we know; and this method is called analysis and
synthesis. See ANALYSIS and SYNTHESIS.








METHO’DICAL [methodique, Fr. metodico, It. and Sp. methodicus,
Lat. μεθοδιχος, Gr.] pertaining to method, ranged or proceeding in
due order. Without that methodical regularity requisite in a prose au­
thor. Addison.

METHODICAL Physic, is that practice of physic that is conducted by
rules, such as were taught by Galen and his followers, in opposition
to empirical.

METHO’DICALLY, adv. [of methodical] in a methodical manner.
To begin methodically, I should enjoin you travel. Suckling.

ME’THODISTS, plur. [of methodist] 1. Those who treat of method,
or effect to be methodical, or that follow the methodical practice of
any art, particularly a physician who practises by theory. Our wa­
riest physicians, not only chemists but methodists. Boyle. 2. One of
a new kind of puritans lately started up, so called from their profes­
sion to live by strict rules and in a constant method.

To ME’THODISE, verb act. to regulate, to bring into good order
or method. To methodise his thoughts. Spectator.

METHO’UGHT, plur. [of methinks] I thought, it appeared to me.
I know not that any author has meseemed, tho' it is more grammatical
and deduced analogically from meseems. Johnson] Methought a ser­
pent eat my heart away. Shakespeare.

ME’THWOLD, a market-town of Norfolk, 79 miles from Lon­
don.

METOCHE’ [μετοχη, Gr.] a term in architecture used for the space
or interval of the dentiles.

METO’NIC Cycle [so named from Meton of Athens, the inventor of
it] is the space of 19 years, in which time the lunations return and
happen as they were before.

METONY’MICAL [metonymique, Fr. metonimico, It. metonymicus, Lat.
μετωνυμιχος, Gr.] pertaining to the figure metonymy.

METONY’MICALLY, adv. [of metonymical] by metonymy. Called
by the name of a colour metonymically. Boyle.

METO’NYMY [metonymie, Fr. metonomia, It. metonymia, Lat. μετω­
νυμια, Gr. i. e. one name put for another] a figure in rhetoric when
one word is made use of for another, as the matter for the materiate;
as, he died by steel, that is by a sword. As cause and effect, which
by a metonymy usual in all sorts of authors, are frequently put one for
another. Tillotson.

METO’PA, a space or interval between every triglyph in the frize of
the Doric order; also the space between the mortise holes of rafters and
planks.

METO’PE [in architecture] a frize of the Doric order, adorned
with carved work representing the heads of beasts, basons, vases, and
other instruments used in sacrafices.

METOPO’SCOPIST [of μετωποσχοπεω, Gr.] one who tells the natures
or inclinations of men, by looking in their faces, a physiognomist.

METOPO’SCOPY [metoposcopia, Lat. μετωποσχοπια, of μετωπον, the
forehead, and σχοπεω, Gr. to view] the art of knowing the natures
and inclinations of men by looking in their faces, the study of phy­
siognomy.

ME’TOPUM, Lat. [of μετα and ωψ, Gr.] the forehead.

ME’TRE [metrum, Lat. μετρον, Gr.] speech confined to a certain
number of syllables, verse, numbers, harmoniac measure. For the
metre sake some words be driven awry. Ascham.

ME’TRE, a Turkish measure of wine, containing 2 quarts, 1
pint ⅓.

METRENCHY’TA, Lat. [μητρεγχυτης, of μητρα, the womb, and εγ­
χυω, Gr. to pour in] an instrument for injecting liquors into the
uterus.

METRE’TA Lat. [μητρητης, Gr.] an attic liquid measure, contain­
ing 10 gallons, 3 quarts, and a little more.
In the table of the Grecian, Roman, and Jewish measures, it con­
tains 865 cyathi, and is equal to  gall.  pints.  sol. inch. dec.  10  6  1,553 

ME’TRICAL [metrique, Fr. metricus, Lat. μετριχος, Gr.] pertaining to
metre or verse.

METRICE’, Lat. [μετριχη, Gr.] that part of antient music, employed
about the quantities of syllables.

METROCOMI’A, Lat. [μητροχωμια, Gr.] a town that had other towns
under its jurisdiction.

METRO’POLIS [métropole, Fr. metropoli, It. and Sp. μητροπολις, of
μητηρ, a mother, and πολις, Gr. a city] the mother-city, the chief
city of a kingdom, province, &c. Pavia, that was once the metro­
polis of a kingdom. Addison.

METROPO’LITAN, adj. [métropolitain, Fr. metropolitano, It. and Sp.
of metropolitanus, Lat.] pertaining to a metropolis. To institute me­
tropolitan bishops. Raleigh.

METROPO’LITAN [μητροπολιτης, Gr.] a bishop of the mother-church,
an archbishop, so called, because his see is in the metropolis of the
kingdom.

METROPOLITAN and Primate of all England, a title usually given
to the archbishop of Canterbury.

METROPOLITAN and Primate of England, a title given to the arch­
bishop of York.

METROPOLI’TICAL, adj. chief, principal as to cities. Gratia, the
metropolitical city of Stiria. Knolles.

METROPRO’PTOSIS [μητροπροπτωσις, of μητρο and προπτωσις, Gr. a
falling down] the prolapsus uteri.

METT [mett, Sax.] a Saxon measure, about a bushel.

ME’TTADEL [at Florence, &c.] a measure of wine, containing one
quart, and near half a pint, two of which make a flask.

ME’TTESHEP [mettescep, Sax.] a fine paid by the tenant to his
lord, for his having omitted to do some customary duty.

ME’TTLE [corrupted from metal, but commonly written so; in a
figurative sense] 1. Fire, briskness, sprightliness, vigour, courage, as a
horse, or youth of mettle. Fear and want of mettle. Hayward 2.
Substance. This, at least, should be written metal.

ME’TTLED, adj. [of mettle] spritely, courageous, full of fire. The
mettled steeds. Addison.

ME’TTLESOME, adj. [of mettle] full of vigor, sprightly, brisk, fiery,
courageous. Their force differs from true spirit, as a vicious from a
mettlesome horse. Tattler.

ME’TTLESOMLY, or ME’TTLESOMELY, adv. [of mettlesome] with
spriteliness, with fire, briskly, vigorously.

ME’TTLESOMNESS, briskness, liveliness.

ME’TZO Tincto, or MEZZO Tinto [i. e. middle tincture] a parti­
cular way of engraving copper-plates, so named, as nearly resembling
paint, the word importing half painted, by punching and scraping
them, and then rubbing them down with a stone, to the resemblance
intended.

ME’UM, Lat. [μηον, Gr.] the herb mew, wild dill or spikenel,
which produces stalks and leaves, like the wild anise.

MEUM and TUUM, Lat. [i. e. mine and thine] signifies property;
that which of right or justice belongs to, or is the peculiar property of
any person or persons, whether obtained by legal conveyance, as an
inheritance or a legacy, or by purchase or acquisition, by labour, me­
rit, &c.

MEW [mæp, Sax.] 1. A bird, a sea-mew. Coots, sanderlings,
and meawes. Carew. 2. [Mue, Fr.] a cage, an inclosure, a place
where any thing is confined. Forth coming from her darksome mew.
Spenser.

MEW [hieroglyphically] a sea mew, being a bird so very light, as
to be carried away with every wind, was by the antients put to repre­
sent an unconstant person, and one unsettled in his mind.

Hawk MEW [with falconers] a coop for hawks, or a kind of cage
where hawks are wintered, or kept while they mew or change their
feathers: whence the place called the Mues or Mews, near Charing-
Cross, took its name; it having formerly been the place where the
king's hawks were kept.

To MEW, verb neut. [miauler, Fr. miauen, Ger.] 1. To cry like
a cat. The dog will never learn to mew, nor the cat to bark. 2.
[Muer, Fr.] to shed the feathers. It is, I believe, used in this
sense, because birds are by close confinement brought to shed their
feathers. Their ayries, mewings, casting, and renovation of their
feathers. Walton. 3. To cast the horns as a stag does. Nine times
the moon had mew'd her horns. Dryden. 4. Sometimes with up, to
shut up, to inclose, to imprison. He in dark corners mew'd. Spenser.

To MEWL, verb neut. [miauler, Fr.] to squall as a young child.
Shakespeare.

MEY’A [old records] a mow of corn laid up in a barn.

MEYNT, adj. mingled; obsolete.

MEZE’REON [in botany] the dwarf bay-tree, a species of spurge
laurel. It is common in our gardens, and on the Alps and Pyrenean
mountains. Every part of this shrub is acrid and pungent, and in­
flames the mouth and throat. Hill.

MEZZA’NINE [in architecture] an entresole, or little window, lesa
in height than breadth, serving to illuminate an attic, &c.

MIA’SMA [μασμα, Gr.] a contagious infection in the blood and spi­
rits, as in the plague, &c. more particularly such particles or atoms,
as are supposed to arise from distempered, putrifying, or poisonous bo­
dies, and to affect persons at a distance.

MI’ASM, subst. [from μιαινω, Gr. to infect] the same with miasma.
The plague is a pestilential fever, caused through pestilential miasms,
insinuating into the humoral and consistent parts of the body. Harvey.


MIC

MICE, of mouse; which see.

MI’CEL Gemotes [micel-gemot, Sax.] great councils of kings and
Saxon noblemen.

MI’CHAELMAS, the festival of St. Michael the arch-angel, observed
on the 29th of September.

St. MI’CHAELS, a borough-town of Cornwall, between St. Columb
and Truro, 261 miles from London.

To MI’CHE, to absent as truants do from school, to hide one's self
out of the way, to be secret or covered, to lie hid. Marry this is michen
malken. Shakespeare.

MI’CHER [of miche; mich, mick, or myck, is still retained in the
cant language for an indolent, lazy fellow] a lazy loiterer, who skulks
about in corners and by-places, and keeps out of sight, a hedge-creep­
er. Hanmer.

MI’CHES [miche, Fr.] white loaves anciently paid as a rent at some
manors.

MI’CKLE, adj. [miclu, micel, Sax. megles, Dan.] much, great:
obsolete. In Scotland it is pronounced muckle. Camden.
Many little makes a MICKLE.
Lat. Adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit.
Fr. Les petits ruisseaux font les grands rivieres [little brooks make
great rivers.] The greatest numbers are made up of units, and the sea
of drops.
Ger. Diel kornlein machen ein hügelin. [Many corns make a
heap.]

MI-COUPEE’ [in heraldry] is a term used by French heralds, when
the escutcheon is parted per fesse, only half way a cross, where some
other partition meets it; and in blazon it ought to be exprest, whether
such partition is to be a dextra, or a sinistra.

MI’CROSCOPE, Fr. [microscopio, It. microscópo, Sp. of μιχρος, little,
and σχοπεω, Gr. to view] an optical instrument, which magnifies any
object; by means of which the smallest object may be described.

MI’CROCOSM [microcosme, Fr. microcosmo, It. microcosmus, Lat. of
μιχρος, little, and χοσμος, Gr. the world] the little world, the body of
man so called, as being imagined by some fanciful philosophers to have
something in him analogous to the four elements. Swift.

MICROCOSMO’GRAPHY [of μιχρος, χοσμος, and γραφη, Gr. a descrip­
tion] a description of the microcosm, or little world, i. e. man.

MICRO’GRAPHY [of μιχρος, little and γραφω, Gr. to describe] the
description of the parts and properties of such very small objects, which
cannot be discerned by the eye without the help of a microscope.

MICRO’LOGY [micrologia, Lat. of μιχρολογια, Gr.] a speech that hath
neither words nor sentences of any moment.

MICRO’METER [of μιχρος, little, and μετρον, Gr. measure] an astro­
nomical instrument contrived for measuring small distances, and made
of brass, having a movement, a plate divided like the dial plate of a
clock, with an index or hand, &c. which may be fitted to a large te­
lescope, and used in finding the diameters of the stars.

MICRO’METER [with naturalists] an universal spirit in nature, of
which every animal life had some participation.

MICROPHO’NES [of μιχρος, and φωνη, Gr. a voice] instruments for
magnifying small sounds.

MI’CROSCOPIC, or MICROSCO’PICAL, adj. [of microscope] 1. Per­
taining to a microscope, made by a microscope. Microscopical obser­







vations. Arbuthnot. 2. Assisted by a microscope. 3. Resembling a
microscope. Why has not man a microscopic eye. Pope.


MID

MID, adj. [contracted from middle, or derived from mid, Du.] 1.
Middle, equally, between two extremes. Ere the mid-hour of night.
Rowe. 2. It is much used in composition.

MI’DCOURSE, subst. [of mid and course] middle of the way.
Milton.

MID-DAY [of mid and day; middag, Sax. mid-daegh, Du. mittag,
Ger.] noon, meridian. The mid-day sun. Sidney.

MI’DDEST, superl. [of mid, contracted midst.] the middlemost.
The stout fairy 'mongst the middest crowd. Spenser.

MI’DDLE, adj. [middle, middel, or midle, Sax. middel, Du. mitte,
Ger. medius, Lat.] 1. Equally distant from the two extremes. A middle
station of life. Rogers. 2. Intermediate, intervening in general. Will
seeking good, finds many middle ends. Davies. 3. Middle finger,
the long finger. Introduce the middle finger. Sharp.

MI’DDLE, subst. 1. The midst, the mean, or part equally distant
from two extremes, the part remote from the verge. There come
people down by the middle of the land. Judges. 2. The time that
passes, or events that happen between the beginning and end. The
causes and designs of an action are the beginning, the effects of these
causes, and the difficulties that that are met with in the execution of
these designs are the middle, and the unraveling and resolution of these
difficulties are the end.

MI’DDLEAGED, adj. [of middle and age] placed about the middle
of life. A middleaged man. L'Estrange.

MIDDLE Base [in heraldry] is the middle part of the base, repre­
sented by the letter H in the escutcheon. See Plate IX. fig. 29.

MIDDLE Chief [in heraldry] is the middle part of the chief, re­
presented by the letter G, in the escutcheon. Ibid.

MIDDLE Latitude [with navigators] is the method of working the
several cases in sailing, coming very near to mercator's way, but with­
out the assistance of meridional parts.

MI’DDLEMOST [of middle; of miedel and mæst, Sax.] that is in
the midst. The middlemost system of the universe. Bentley.

MI’DDLING, adj. [of middle] 1. Of middle rank, between two
extremes. A middling sort of a man, left well enough to pass.
L'Estrange. 2. Of moderate size, having moderate qualities of any
kind, indifferent. Longinus preferred the sublime genius that some­
times errs, to the middling or indifferent one which makes few
faults, but seldom rises to any excellence. Dryden.

MIDGE [miege, Sax. mugge, Du. mücke, Ger. myg, Teut.] a
gnat, an insect.

MID-HEAVEN [of mid and heaven; in astronomy] the middle of
the sky, that point of the ecliptic, which culminates, or is in the me­
ridian.

MI’DHURST, a borough-town of Sussex, near the river Arun, 52
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

MI’DLAM, a market-town of the North-riding of Yorkshire, 252
miles from London.

MI’DLAND, adj. [of mid and land] 1. That which is remote from
the coast. The inlanders or midland inhabitants of this island. Brown.
2. In the midst of the land, Mediterranean. On the midland sea.
Dryden.

MI’DLEG, subst. [of mid and leg] the middle of the leg. Lose
coats to the midleg. Bacon.

MI’DLEWICH, a market-town of Cheshire, near the conflux of the
Croke and Dan, 156 miles from London.

MI’DMOST, adj. [from mid, or contracted from middlemost] this is
one of the words which have not a comparative, though they seem to
have a superlative. The midmost battles hasting up behind. Dryden.

MI’D-NIGHT [of mid and night. Milton seems to have accented the
last syllable; myddeg niht, Sax. midnat, Dan. middernagr, Du. mit­
ternacht, Ger.] the depth of night, twelve a clock at night. My mid­
night studies. Bacon. By night he fled, and at mid-night return'd.
Milton.

MI’DRIFF [of midd or middel, the midst or between, and hrif,
Sax. the womb] a skin or membrane which separates the heart and
lungs from the lower belly, the diaphragm. The midriff divides the
trunk of the body into two cavities, the thorax and abdomen. It is
composed of two muscles; the first and superior of these arises from
the sternum, and the ends of the last ribs on each side: its fibres from
this semicircular origination tend towards their centre, and terminate
in a tendon or aponeurosis, which has always been taken for the ner­
vous part of the midriff. The second and inferior muscle comes from
the vertebræ of the loins by two productions, of which that on the
right side comes from the first, second, and third vertebræ of the loins;
that on the left side is somewhat shorter: and both these productions
join and make the lower part of the midriff, which joins its tendons
with the tendon of the other, so as that they make but one partition.
Quincy.

MI’DSEA, subst. [of mid and sea] the Mediterranean sea. Our
Tyrrhene-pharos that the midsea meets. Drydén.

MI’DSHIP Beam, the great beam of a ship.

MIDSHIP Man, subst. [of mid, ship, and man] midshipmen are cer­
tain officers aboard a ship, whose station, when they are on duty, is
some on the quarter-deck, others on the poop, &c. Their business is
to mind the braces, to look out and give about the word of command
from the captain, and other superior officers: they also assist upon all
occasions, both in sailing the ship, and in stowing and rummaging the
hold; they are for the most part gentlemen upon their preferment,
having served the limited time in the navy as voluntiers. Harris.

MIDST, subst. middle. Thankful in the midst of his afflictions.
Taylor.

MIDST, adj. [contracted from middest, the superl. of mid] being in
the middle, midmost. Nor any thing in the midst which might not
have been placed in the beginning. Dryden.

MI’DSTREAM, subst. [of mid and stream] middle of the stream.
The midstream's his. Dryden.

MI’DSUMMER Day [mid-sumor, Sax.] commonly accounted the
24th of June, the festival of St. John the baptist.

MIDSUMMER, the summer folstice.

MI’DWAL, a bird which eats bees.

MIDWAY, adj. [of mid and way] the part of the way equally distant
from the beginning and end.

MI’DWAY, adj. middle, between two places. The crows and
choughs that wing the midway air. Shakespeare.

MI’DWAY, adv. in the middle of the passage. She met his glance
midway. Dryden.

MI’DWIFE [medWIFE, medwif, of mig or meed, a reward, and
wif, Sax. so derived both by Skinner and Junius. Some think of
middle, because she is in the middle of the other women that surround
her, or of midnight wife] one who delivers women in child-birth.

MI’DWIFERY [of midwife] 1. Assistance given at childbirth. 2.
Act of production, help to production, co-operation in production.
Such as would have nothing brought into the world but by their own
midwifery. Child. 3. The Business of a widwife.

MID-WINTER [of mid and winter; mydda-wintra, Sax.] the win­
ter solstice. Nor cease your sowing till mid-winter ends. Dryden.

MIEN, subst. [mine, Fr.] air, look, manner. What can have more
the figure and mien of a ruin than Craggs. Burnet's Theory.

MIGHT [mihte, Sax. matt, Dan. makt, Su. mackt, Du. and Ger.]
power, strength, force.

MIGHT, the pret. of may. See MAY. As little liable as might be
to doubt. Locke.

MI’GHTILY, adv. [of mighty] 1. Greatly, powerfully, effica­
ciously. The word of God, even without the help of interpreters, in
God's church worketh mightily. Hooker. 2. With vehemence or vi­
gour, violently. Do as adversaries do in law, strive mightily. Shake­
speare. 3. Very much, in a great degree. This is a sense scarcely
to be admitted but in low language. The ass complained mightily for
want of horns. L'Estrange.

MI’GHTINESS [of mighty; mihtignesse, Sax.] power, greatness,
height of rank or dignity.

MI’GHTY, adj. [of might; mihtig, Sax. maectig, Dan. macktig,
machtigh, Du. machtig, Ger.] 1. Powerful, strong. Nimrod began
to be a mighty one. Genesis. 2. Excellent or powerful in any act.
The mighty master smil'd. Dryden.

MIGHTY, adv. in a great degree. Not to be used but in very low
language. And he too mighty thoughtful, mighty wise. Prior.

MI’GMA [μιγμα, of μιγνυμι, Gr. to mix.] a mixture of divers sim­
ples or ingredients.

MIGRA’NA [with physicians] a meagrim or pain in the head.

MIGRA’TION [migratio, of migro, Lat.] the act of removing or
shifting the habitation, the passage or removal of any thing out of one
state or place into another, particularly of colonies of people, birds,
&c. into other countries. Time of generation, latitancy and migra­
tion. Brown.


MIL

MILCH, adj. [of milc, Sax.] giving milk, as milch cows. Mor­
timer.

MILD, adj. [milde, Sax. mildt, Du. mild, Ger. and Su.] 1. Soft,
gentle, easy, not violent. Mild was his accent, and his action free.
Dryden. 2. Kind, tender, compassionate, not severe, not harsh or
rough. A mild and merciful being. Rogers. 3. Not acrid, not cor­
rosive, demulcent, assuasive, mollifying. By rendering them acrimo­
nious or mild. Arbuthnot. 4. Not sharp, mellow, sweet, having no
mixture of acidity. That like fruit trees they might grow the milder,
and bear the better and sweeter fruit. Davies.

MI’LDENHALL, a market town of Suffolk, on the river Lark, a
branch of the Ouse, 68 miles from London.

MI’LDERWAX, or MI’LDERNIX, subst. [cannabum nauticum, Lat.
Ainsworth] a sort of canvass for sail cloths.

MI’LDEW [mildeawe, Sax.] a dew which falls on corn, hops, &c.
and by reason of it clammy nature hinders their growth, unless it be
washed off by the rain; also certain spots on cloth, paper, &c.

To MI’LDEW, verb act. to taint with mildew. He mildews the
white wheat. Shakespeare.

MI’LDEWED, part. adj. [of mildew] infested, damaged, corrupted
with mildew.

MI’LDLY, adv. [of mild] 1. Tenderly, not severely. 2. Gently,
not violently. The air once heated maketh the flame burn more
mildly. Bacon.

MI’LDNESS [mildenesse, Sax.] 1. Gentleness of temper, tender­
ness, mercy. His probity and mildness. Addison. 2. Contrariety to
acrimony.

MILE, Fr. [miglio, It. milla, Sp. of mille, passus, Lat. myl, Dan.
myle, Du. meile, Ger.] an English measure, which contains eight
furlongs, every furlong 40 poles or lugs, every pole 16 feet and a
half; so that the mile contains 1760 yards, 5280 feet, or 1000 paces.

MILE, in Germany, about five miles English.

MILE, in Italy, something more than an English one.

MILE, in Scotland, 1500 geometrical paces.

MILEGUE’TTA, cardamoms, grains.

MI’LESTONE [of mile and stone] a stone set to mark the miles.

MI’LFOIL [millefeuille, Fr. of millia folia, Lat. i. e. a thousand
leaves] an herb with many leaves, otherwise called yarrow, nose­
bleed and thousand leaf. Milfoil and honey-suckles pound. Dryden.

MI’LIARIES Glandulæ [in anatomy] those very small and infinitely
numerous glands which secern the sweat and matter that exsudes in in­
sensible transpiration thro' the skin. See Miliary FEVER and ERUP­
TIVE; and add to the last, “it is also applied to such diseases as throw
themselves out upon the skin.

MILIARIS Herpes [with physicians] a sort of yellowish wheals or
bladders, resembling the seeds of millet, which sieze the skin, cause a
great itching, and turn to eating ulcers.

MI’LIARY, adj. [milium, millet, Lat. miliaire, Fr.] small, resem­
bling millet seeds. The excretory ducts of the miliary glands.
Cheyne.

MI’LIARY Fever, a fever that produces small eruptions or efflo­
rescences.

MILI’CE, subst. Fr. [a word innovated by Temple, but unworthy
of reception. Johnson] Entering upon the public charges of their mi­
lice. Temple.

MI’LITANT, Fr. [militante, It. of militans, Lat.] 1. Fighting, or
living the life of a soldier. 2. Engaged in warfare with hell and the
world. A term applied to the church of Christ on earth; as opposed
to the church triumphant. Hooker.








MI’LITAR, or MI’LITARY [militaire, Fr. militare, It. militàr, Sp.
of militaris, Lat. Militar is now wholly obsolete] 1. Engaged in the
life of a soldier, soldierly. Military course of life. Hooker. 2. Suit­
ing a soldier, pertaining to soldiers, warlike. A prince in militar
virtue approved. Bacon. 3. Effected by soldiers. In a kind of mili­
tar election and recognition, saluted king. Bacon.

MILITARY Architecture, the same as fortification.

MILITARY Execution, a ravaging and destroying a country by the
soldiery.

MILITARY Exercises, are the evolutions or various manners of rang­
ing and exercising soldiers.

MILITARY Column, a column on which is engraved a list of the
troops of an army, employed in any expedition.

MILITARY Fever, a kind of malignant fever frequent in armies,
by reason of the ill food, &c. of the soldiery.

MILITARY Way, a way made for the passage of an army.

MILI’TIA, Lat. [milice, Fr. milizia, It. milicia, Sp.] a certain num­
ber of the inhabitants of a city or country, formed into companies and
regiments for the defence of it, trainbands, the standing force of a
nation. The militia was so settled by law that a sudden army could
be drawn together. Clarendon.

MILK [meolc, Sax. mioelk, Su. milk, Dan. melck, Du. milch,
Ger.] 1. The liquor with which animals feed their young from the
breast or teats. 2. Emulsion made by contusion of some seeds and
fruits. Almond milk. Bacon.. 3. Allusively for any thing soft. Too
full of the milk of human kindness. Shakespeare.

To MILK, recip. and irreg. verb act. MOLKEN, part. pass. [molcen,
milcian, or meolcan, Sax. milken, Dan. miolka, Su. melcken, Du.
milchen, Ger.] 1. To press out milk, to draw milk from the breast by
the hand. Full pails and vessels of the milking trade. Pope. 2. To
suck. How tender 'tis to love the babe that milks me. Shakespeare.

MI’LKEN, adj. [of milk] consisting of milk. The milken diet. Tem­
ple.

MI’LKER [of milk] one that milks animals. And lowing for the
pail, invite the milker's hand. Dryden.

MI’LKINESS [of milky] softness like that of milk, approach to the
nature of milk. It loses its milkiness. Floyer.

MI’LKLIVERED [of milk and liver] cowardly, timorous, faint­
hearted. Shakespeare.

MI’LKMAID [of milk and maid] a woman employed in the dairy.

MI’LKMAN [of milk and man] a man who sells milk.

MI’LKPAIL [of milk and pail] a vessel into which cows are milked.

MI’LKPAN [of milk and pan] a vessel in which milk is kept in the
dairy.

MILKPO’TTAGE [of milk and pottage] food made by boiling milk
with water, oatmeal or flour.

MI’LKSCORE [of milk and score] account of milk owed for and
scored on a board.

MI’LKSOP [of milk and sop] a soft, effeminate, feeble-minded man.

MI’LKTOOTH. Milkteeth are those small teeth which come forth
before when a foal is about three months old, and which he begins to
cast about two years and a half after. Farrier's Dictionary.

MI’LKTHISTLE [of milk and thistle, Plants that have a white juice
are named milky] an herb.

MI’LKWEED [of mild and weed] a plant.

MILKTRE’FOIL, an herb.

MI’LKVETCH [astragalus, Lat.] It hath a papilionaceous flower,
which becomes a bicapsular pod, filled with kidney shaped seeds.
Miller.

MI’LKWHITE, adj. [of milk and white] white as milk. The milk­
white rose. Shakespeare.

MI’LKWORT [of milk and wort] It is a bell-shaped flower; the
pointal becomes a round fruit or husk opening from the top down­
wards, and full of small seeds. Miller.

MI’LKWOMAN [of milk and woman] a woman whose business is to
serve families with milk.

MI’LKY, adj. [of milk] 1. Made of milk. 2. Resembling milk.
Some plants, upon breaking their vessels, yield a milky juice. Arbuth­
not. 3. Yielding milk. And courts the milky mothers of the plains.
Roscommon. 4. Of the nature of milk, soft, gentle, tender, timorous.
This milky gentleness and course of years. Shakespeare.

MILKY Way [in astronomy] the only real circle in the heavens,
which is a broad white track or path, which appears smeared in a clear
night, and is an infinite number of small stars, invisible to the eye, as
has been found by the teleseope. It extends itself in some places with
a double path, but for the most part a single one. It passes through
the constellations of Cassiopeia, Cygnus, Aquila, Perseus, Andromeda,
part of Ophincus and Gemini in the northern hemisphere; and in the
southern it takes in part of Scorpio, Sagittarius, Centaurus, the Argo
Navis, and the Ara. The galaxy hath usually been the region in
which new stars have appeared, as that in Cassiopeia, which was seen
A. D. 1572; that in the breast of the Swan, and another in the knee
of Serpentarius which have appeared for a while and then become in­
visible. Harris.

MI’LIUM, Lat. millet, a sort of small grain.

MILIUM Solis, Lat. [with botanists] the herb gromwel.

MILL [mylem, milna, myll, Sax. molle, Dan. mulen, Du. muhle,
Ger. moulin, Fr. meulino, It. mola, Lat. molino, Sp. moinho, Port. me­
lin, Wel.] a machine for grinding corn to meal, or comminuting any
other body. The several parts of a mill are represented on Plate XII.
Fig. 12. A, the millstones, B, C, a trundle head, D, E, a cog­
wheel, F the handle.

To MILL, verb act. [from the subst. mila, Islandic] 1. To grind,
to comminute, 2. To beat up chocolate. 3. To stamp the edges of
coin in the Mint. Wood's halfpence are not milled. Swift.

MI’LLCOG [of mill and cog] the denticulations on the circumfe­
rence of wheels, by which they lock into other wheels, and are thereby
worked. Mortimer.

MI’LLDAM [of mill and dam] the mound or pond by which the
water is kept up to raise it from the mill. Mortimer.

MILL Eat, or MILL Leat, a trench for conveying water to or from
a mill.

MI’LLHORSE [of mill and horse] a horse that turns a mill.

MILL-Mountains, an herb.

MILL Ree [i. e. 1000 rees] a Portuguese coin, in value 6s. 8d.
half-penny Sterling.

MILL-Stone [mylen-stan, Sax. mile-steen, Dan.] the stone for
grinding corn, &c.

MILLENA’RIAN, subst. [millenaire, Fr. millenarius, Lat.] one who
expects the millennium.

MILLENA’RIANS, or MI’LLENARIES, a sect who hold that Christ
shall return to the earth and reign over the faithful 1000 years before
the end of the world.

MI’LLENARY, adj. [millenaire, Fr. millenarius, Lat.] consisting of a
thousand. The millenary sestertium. Arbuthnot.

MI’LLENER [of mille, Lat. a thousand. Johnson believes it to be
from Milaner, an inhabitant of Milan, as a Lombard is a banker] a
seller of gloves, ribbands, and many such things, particularly dresses
for women.

MI’LLENIST [mille, Lat.] one who holds the millennium.

MILLE’NNIAL, adj. [millenium, Lat.] belonging to the millennium.
The millennial happiness. Burnet's Theory.

MILLE’NNIUM [of mille and annus] a thousand years, generally ta­
ken for the thousand years reign of Christ here on earth, with the
faithful after the resurrection, and that before the final completion of
beatitude, according to an ancient tradition in the church, grounded
on a doubtful text in the Apocalypse.

MILLEPE’DES, subst. [millepieds, Fr. of mille, a thousand, and pedis,
gen. of pes, Lat. a foot] infects called hog-lice or sows, or wood-lice.
So called from the great number of their feet. Give them millepedes
and earwigs. Mortimer.

MILLE’SIMAL, adj. [millesimus, Lat.] thousandth, consisting of
thousandth parts. In millesimal fractions. Watts.

MI’LLET, Fr. [miglio, It. mijo, Sp. mils, milles, Fr. millium, of
mille, Lat. a thousand] 1. A plant so denominated, on account of the
great number of small grains that it bears. The millet hath a loose
divided panicle, and each single flower hath a calyx, consisting of two
leaves; it afterwards becomes an oval shining seed. This plant was
originally brought from the eastern countries, where it is still greatly
cultivated, whence we are annually furnished with this grain, which
is by many persons much esteemed for puddings. Miller. 2. A sort of
sea-fish. Whiting, mackrel, millet. Carew.

MI’LLING, part. adj. [of mill] grinding, working, &c. in a mill.

MI’LLION, Fr. [millione, It. millon, Sp.] 1. The number of ten
hundred thousand. 2. A proverbial name for any very great indefinite
number. Millions of truths. Locke. 3. A muskmelon.

MI’LLIONTH, adj. [of million] the ordinal of million, the ten hun­
dredth thousandth. The millionth part. Bentley.

MI’LLTEETH [of mill and teeth] the grinders, dentes molares,
double teeth. Grinders or millteeth. Arbuthnot.

MI’LLER [from mill; munier, Fr. molinaro, It. molinero, Sp. moin­
hero, Port. of molitor, Lat. molinaer, Du. mioelnare, Su. müller, Ger.
and Teut.] 1. One who attends mills. 2. ?A fly. Ainsworth.

MILLER's Thumb, a small fish found in brooks, called likewise a
bulhead.

MILRE’A, or MILRE’E [in the parts of France near the Mediterra­
nean] a measure of wine and oil, about 17 gallons English wine­
measure.

MILPHO’SIS [ΜΙΛφΩΣΙΣ, Gr.] the falling off of the hair from the eye­
brows. L. Bruno.

MILRI’NE [in heraldry] as a cross milrine, is a cross that has the
four ends clamped and turned again, as the milrine itself is that car­
ries the milstone, and is formed as that is also; only the milrine hath
but two limbs, whereas the cross moline hath four.

MILT [milt, Sax. miltz, Ger. mielte, Su.] 1. The spleen. 2.
[Mildt, Du.] the soft row of fishes, the male sperm. You shall scarce
take a carp without a milt, or a female without a roe or spawn. Wal­
ton.

To MILT, verb act. [from the subst.] to impregnate the roe or
spawn of the female fish.

MI’LTER [of milt, Lat.] the male of fishes.

MI’LTING, a disease in beasts.

MI’LTON, a market town of Dorsetshire, 110 miles from London.

MILTON, is also the name of a market town of Kent, 44 miles from
London.

MILT Pain, a disease in hogs.

MI’LVINE, adj. [milvinus, of milvus, Lat. a kite] belonging to a
kite or glebe.


MIM

MIME, subst. Fr. [mimus, Lat. μιμος, Gr.] a buffoon who practises
gesticulations, either representative of some action, or merely contrived
to raise mirth. See MIMIC.

To MIME, verb neut. to play the mime or mimic. Whose noise
shall keep thy miming most alive. B. Johnson.

MI’MER [of mime] a mimic, a buffoon. Antics, mummers, mi­
mers. Milton.

MIME’SIS [μιμησις, from μιμεομαι, Gr. to imitate] 1. Imitation.
2. [With rhetoricians] a figure wherein the actions and words of other
persons are represented.

MIMIA’MBUS [μιμιαμβος, Gr.] a sort of verse anciently used in lam­
poons, farces, raillery, &c. It should seem to be a compound word
of mimus and the Iambic foot.

MI’MIC, subst. [mimicus, of mimus, Lat. of μιμος, Gr.] 1. A ludicrous
imitator of the gestures or behaviour of others, in order to excite
laughter. False mimic of my master's dance. Prior. 2. A mean or
servile imitator. Of France the mimic, and of Spain the prey. Ano­
nym.

MI’MIC, adj. [mimicus, Lat.] imitative. Swift.

MI’MICAL, adj. [μιμιχος, Gr.] buffoon-like, apish, befitting a mi­
mic, acting the mime.

MI’MICALLY, adv. [of mimical] in a mimical manner, by imita­
tion.

MI’MICRY, subst. [of mimic] ludicrous imitation, burlesque copy­
ing.

MIMO’GRAPHER [mimographus, Lat. μιμογραφος, Gr.] a writer of
wanton manners, jests or buffoonry, a writer of farces.

MIMO’LOGY [μιμολογιον, Gr.] 1. A discourse of mimickry. 2.
Burlesque of rhimes.








MI’MUS, Lat. [μιμος, of μιμεισθαι, Gr. i. e. to imitate] a mimic
or buffoon.


MIN

MINA’CIOUS, adj. [minacis, gen. of minax, from minor, Lat. to
threaten] full of threats.

MINA’CITY [minacitas, of minacis, Lat.] disposition to use menaces
or threats.

MINA’TOR, or MINERA’TOR [in old records] a miner or digger in
mines.

MINA’TORY, adj. [from minor, Lat. to threaten] threatening. A
statute monitory and minatory towards justices of peace. Bacon.

To MINCE, verb. act. [contracted as it seems from minish, or from
mincer, Fr. to mince small] 1. To cut very small. 2. To mention any
thing scrupulously by a little at a time, to extenuate, to palliate. For­
ced to mince the matter, and make only a partial deluge of it. Wood­
ward.

To MINCE, verb neut. 1. To walk nicely by short steps, to act with
appearance of scrupulousness and delicacy, to affect nicety. With
mincing step, small voice, and languid eye. Pope. 2. To speak small
and imperfectly. As the mincing lady prioress, and the broad-speak­
ing wife of Bath. Dryden.

MI’NCHING-HAMPTON, a market town of Gloucestershire, 90 miles
from London. It had its name from the nuns called Minchings at
Caen in Normandy, to whom it belonged.

To go MINCING, is to walk with a wanton tripping gate or jutting
gesture, tossing or holding up the head with a proud air.

MI’NCING [in gesture] a finical affected motion of the body in
walking.

MI’NCINGLY, adv. [of mincing] in small parts, not fully. Justice
requireth nothing mincingly. Hooker.

MIND [gemynde, or mynde, Sax. mynd, Goth.] 1. The soul or
rational part of mankind, the intelligent faculty. This word being of­
ten used for the soul giving life, is attributed abusively to madmen,
when we say that they are of a distracted mind instead of a broken un­
derstanding: which word mind we use also for opinion; as, I am of
this or that mind: and sometimes for mens conditions or virtues; as,
he is of an honest mind, or a man of a just mind: sometimes for affec­
tion; as, I do this for my mind's sake: sometimes for the knowledge
of principles which we have without discourse: oftentimes for spirits,
angels, and intelligences. But as it is used in the proper signification,
including both the understanding agent and passible, it is described to
be a pure, simple, substantial act, not depending upon matter, but
having relation to that which is intelligible as to his first object, or
more at large; thus, a part or particle of the soul whereby it doth un­
derstand, not depending upon matter, nor needing any organ free
from passion coming from without, and apt to be dissevered, as eternal
from that which is mortal. Raleigh. 2. Liking, choice, inclination,
affection. Following their own minds, without asking counsel of God.
Hooker. 3. Thoughts, sentiments, In these ambiguous words his
mind express'd. Dryden. 4. Opinion. Cato and the Gods were of a
mind. Granville. 5. Memory. A small touch will put him in mind
of them. Bacon.

To MIND [gemyndan, Sax.] 1. To take notice of, to observe, to
mark, to attend. To attend to those prospects, and mind the things
that belong to his peace. Rogers. 2. To put in mind, to remind.
To mind those persons of what St. Austin hath said. Burnet's Theory.

To MIND, verb neut. to be disposed, to incline. One of them
mindeth to go into rebellion. Spenser.

To put in MIND [myndegan, Sax.] to refresh the memory.

MI’NDBRUCH [mindbruch, Sax.] a hurting of honour and wor­
ship.

MI’NDED, adj. [of mind] disposed, affected. If men were minded
to live virtuously. Tillotson.

MI’NDFUL [of mind and full; myndful, Sax.] regardful, thinking
on, attentive, having memory. Mindful of your admonitions. Ham­
mond.

MI’NDFULLY, adv. [of mindful] regardfully, attentively.

MI’NDFULNESS [of mindful; myndfulnesse, Sax.] regardfulness,
heed, observance, attention.

MI’NDLESS [mindleas, Sax.] 1. Regardless, inattentive. Mind­
less of thy worth. Shakespeare. 2. Not endued with a mind, wanting
intellectual powers. A gross lowt, a mindless slave. Shakespeare.

MI’NDLESSLY, adv. [of mindless] regardlessly.

MI’NDSTRICKEN, adj. [of mind and stricken] moved, affected in
mind.

MINE, pronoun possessive [mien, Fr. meus, Lat. myn, Sax. min, Su.
myn, Du. and L. Ger. mein, H. Ger. men, Pers. It was anciently
the practice to use my before a consonant, and mine before a vowel,
which Euphony still requires to be observed. Mine is always used
when the substantive precedes; as, this is my cat, this cat is mine.
Johnson. And when used absolutely, or without a substantive; as, whose
is this horse? mine] pertaining to me. A friend of mine is come to me.
St. Luke.

MINE, subst. [minera, Lat. mina, It. and Sp. minna, Port. mwyn or
mwn, Wel. from maen lapis, in the plur. meini] a place or cavern in
the earth where metals or minerals are dug. A groove or minepit.
Boyle. Mines of metals are chiefly found under mountains, and espe­
cially in places that face the east and south sun.
That ground which is rich in mines, is generally barren, and sends
forth noxious steams and vapours, prejudicial to the health of man­
kind, and the growth of vegetables.
It is not improbable, but the finding out of metals in mines, was
owing to the conflagration of woods; and aristotle relates, that some
shepherds in Spain, having set a wood on fire, found melted silver
run down in the same place.

MINE [in gunnery] a hole or pit dug by pioneers under any place
or work, having a passage or alley about five feet square, with several
turnings and windings, at the end of which is the place or hole called
the chamber of the mine, which is just under the work designed to be
blown up, which is filled with barrels of gun-powder, in order to
blow it up.

Chamber of a MINE [in military affairs] is the small space at the
end of the gallery, like a small chamber, where the barrels of powder
are deposited, for blowing up what is proposed to be sprung.

Gallery of a MINE, is the first passage made under ground, being
no higher nor broader than to suffer a man to work upon his knees,
and which reaches to the chamber.

To MINE, verb neut. [miner, Fr. minare, It. minar, Sp.] to dig
cavities in the earth, and fill them with gun-powder; to form bur­
rows or hollows of any kind under-ground. From its surface down to
the greatest depth we ever dig or mine. Woodward.

To MINE, verb act. to sap or ruin by mines, to destroy by slow
degrees or secret means. They mined the walls, laid the powder,
and rammed the mouth. Hayward.

MINE Dial, a box and needle, &c. used by miners.

MINE Ships, ships filled with gun-powder, and other combustible
matter, inclosed in strong walls of brick or stone, to be fired in the
midst of an enemies fleet.

MI’NER, subst. [mineur, Fr.] 1. One who works in mines and digs
for metals. 2. One who makes military mines. The miner busies
himself in ruining private houses. Tatler.

MINERA [in medicine, &c.] a term applied to those parts of the
body, wherein there are collections and coacervations of humours
made, which cause diseases; as, minera morbi.

MINE’RA Morbi [with physicians] the seat or source of any dis­
ease.

MI’NERAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [minerale, It of mineralis, Lat.] per­
taining to the nature of minerals; also consisting of fossile bodies or
minerals.

MINERAL Courts, courts for the regulating of the affairs relating to
the lead mines.

MINERAL Crystal [in chemistry] a composition of salt petre well
purified, and flower of brimstone.

MINERAL, subst. [minerale, Lat.] a mixed and solid body, gene­
rated of exhalations and vapours inclosed in the bowels of the earth,
being is the matter of which metals are formed in process of time;
fossile body, matter dug out of mines. All metals are minerals, but
all minerals are not metals.

Half MINERALS [mineralia media, Lat.] are those minerals that are
as it were of a middle nature, between stones and metals, such as se­
veral sorts of earth, salts and sulphurs; as ruddle, black lead, alum,
vitriol, &c.

MI’NERALIST [of mineral] one skilled in the knowledge of mine­
rals, or one employed in minerals. A jeweller or a mineralist.
Boyle.

MINERA’LOGIST [of mineralia, Lat. and λεγω, Gr.] an author who
treats on minerals. The exactest mineralogists have rejected it.
Brown.

MINERA’LOGY [of mineralia, Lat. and λεγω, Gr.] a treatise or de­
scription of minerals or mines, the doctrine of minerals.

MINE’RVA [among the poets] the goddess of wisdom and of war.

MINE’RVA [in painting] is represented in a blue mantle, embroi­
dered with silver.

MINE’RVAL, Lat. entrance-money given for teaching.

MI’NEVER, subst. a skin with specks of white. Ainsworth.

MI’NEW, a small kind of fish.

To MI’NGLE, verb act. [gemengan, Sax. mengen, Ger. mangia,
Su. and Du. prob. of μιγννω, Gr.] to mix or blend together, so as to
form one mass.

MINGLE, subst. [from the verb] mixture, confused mass. They
are of an unnatural mingle. Dryden.

MINGLE-MA’NGLE [mingle-mangle is a corrupt reduplication of
mingle] a confused mixture and jumble of things.

MI’NGLER [from the verb] one who mingles.

MI’NHEAD, a borough town of Somersetshire, 167 miles from Lon­
don. It sends two members to parliament.

MI’NIATURE, Fr. [miniatura, It. representation in a small compass,
representation less than the reality] 1. A painting of pictures in water
colours very small; a delicate kind of painting, consisting of little
points or dots, instead of lines, commonly done on vellum, with very
thin, simple water colours. We should see mankind epitomized, and
the whole species in miniature. Addison. 2. Gay has improperly
made it an adjective. And make a miniature creation grow. Gay.

MI’NIKIN, adj. small, diminitive. Used in slight contempt. One
blast of thy minikin mouth. Shakespeare.

MINIKIN, a small sort of pins.

MINIM, subst. [of minimus, Lat.] 1. A little thing, a pigmy, a dwarf.
Minims of nature, i. e. reptile creatures of the smaller kind, Milton.
2. This word is applied in the northern counties to a small sort of
fresh-water fish, which they pronounce mennim. See MINNOW.

MINIM, [with musicians] a note of slow time, two of which make
a semibrief; as, two crotches make a minim, two quavers a crochet,
and two semiquavers a quaver.

MI’NIM [with printers] a small sort of printing letter.

MI’NIMA Naturalia, Lat. [in philosophy] are the primary particles
whereof bodies consist, called also corpuscles and atoms, or the least
possible divisions of matter, and out of which all bodies are com­
pounded.

MI’NIMENTS [in law; for muniments] muniments are the evidences
or writings whereby a man is enabled to defend his title to his estate.

MI’NIMUS, subst. Lat. a being of the smallest size.

MI’NIMIS [with mathematicians] See MAXIMIS & Minimis.

MINIO’GRAPHY [miniographia, minium, Lat. and γραφω, Gr. to
write] a writing with vermillion.

MI’NION [mignon, Fr. mignore, It.] a favourite, particularly one in
high favour with a prince or great person, a darling, a low depen­
dant. Used in contempt, or slight and familiar kindness. A special
minion of Andromanas. Sidney.

MI’NION of the largest Size [with gunners] a piece of ordnance of
three inches and a half diameter at the bore, eight feet in length, and
containing 1000 pound weight of metal; it carries a ball three inches
diameter, weighing three pounds twelve ounces: the charge of pow­
der is three pounds and a quarter, and its point blank shot is 125
paces.

Ordinary MINION [with gunners] a large gun three inches dia­
meter at the bore, in length seven feet, its weight in metal about 800
pound, carries a bullet of two inches one eighth diameter, and weight







two pounds and a half; the charge of powder is two pounds and a half,
and its point blank shot is 120 paces.

MI’NIOUS, adj. [minium, Lat.] having the colour of red led or ver­
million. Brown.

To MI’NISH, verb act. [from diminish, of minus or minuo, Lat.] to
diminish, to lessen, to lop. They are minished and brought low thro'
oppression. Psalms.

MI’NISTER [minístre, Fr. ministro, It. and Sp. of minister, Lat.] 1.
An assistant, a delegate, an official. 2. An agent, one employed to
any end or purpose, one who acts not by inherent authority, but under
another. Be not ye ministers of ruin. Sidney.

MINISTER of the Gospel, a clergyman, whose office is to attend the
service of God and the church.

MINISTER of State. 1. A person intrusted by the prince or state with
the administration of the government; or to whose care the principal
affairs are committed. The ministers to kings. Bacon. 2. An agent
or resident in a prince's court, from a foreign power, without the dig­
nity of an ambassador.

To MINISTER, verb neut. [ministrare, It. and Lat.] 1. To offici­
ate, to serve, to attend. They which minister about holy things.
2 Corinthians. 2. To give or administer medicines. Canst thou not
minister to a mind diseas'd. Shakespeare. 3. To give supplies of
things needful, to contribute. Others ministered unto him of their
substance. St. Luke. 4. To attend on the service of God, or ministry.
Let us wait on our ministring. Romans.

MINISTE’RIAL, adj. [ministerialis, Lat.] 1. Attendant, acting at
command. Service and ministerial officiousness in the OX. Brown. 2.
Acting under superior authority. 3. Pertaining to a minister of the
church, or the office of ecclesiastics, sacerdotal. Ministerial garments
as were then in use. Hooker. 4. Pertaining to ministers of state, or
persons in subordinate authority.

MI’NISTERY, or MI’NISTRY [ministere, Fr. ministero, It. ministerio,
Sp. ministerium, Lat. this word is now contracted to ministry, but used
by Milton with four syllables] office, service or charge in any em­
ployment; but in an especial manner the function of a priest, or of a
minister of state. With ministeries due and solemn rites. Milton.

MI’NISTRAL, adj. [ministralis, Lat.] belonging to a minister.

MI’NISTRANT, adj. [ministrans, Lat.] ministring, serving, attendant,
acting at command. Milton.

MINISTRA’TION [ministro, Lat.] the act of ministring or serving,
agency, office of an agent delegated or commissioned by another. 2.
Service, office, ecclesiastical function. If the present ministration be
more glorious than the former, the minister is more holy. Atter­
bury.

MI’NISTRY [contracted from ministery; ministerium, Lat.] 1. Of­
fice, service. In all the ministries of his proper houshold the church.
Sprat. 2. Office of one set apart to preach, ecclesiastical function.
Miraculously called to the ministry of the gospel. Locke. 3. Agency,
intervention, interposition. The ordinary ministry of second causes.
Atterbury. 4. Business. Abhorred the wicked ministry of arms.
Dryden. 5. Persons employed in the public affairs and administration
of government.

MI’NIUM [with painiers] red lead; it is made of common lead,
calcined in a reverberatory furnace; or else of white lead, put into an
earthen pan, and stir'd with a spatula over a fire. Melt lead in a
broad earthen vessel unglazed, and stir it continually till it be cal­
cined into a gray powder: this is called the calx of lead; continue the
fire, stirring it in the same manner, and it becomes yellow. In this
state it is used in painting, and it is called masticot or massicot. After
this, put it into a reverberatory furnace, and it will calcine further,
and become of a fine red, which is the common minium or red led.
Among the ancients minium was the name for cinnabar. Hill.

MI’NNEKIN [minicene, Sax. a nun] a mincing lass, a proud
minks, a nice dame.

MI’NNEKINS, a sort of fine pins used by women in dressing; also a
sort of small cats-gut strings for violins, See MINIKIN.

MI’NNING Days, certain days, or anniversary festivals, in which
the souls of the deceased were had in special remembrance, and regu­
lar offices said for them.

MI’NNINGS of a Disease, the previous or foregoing symptoms
of it.

MI’NNOCK, subst. [of this word I know not the precise meaning; it
is not unlikely that minnock and minx are originally the same word.
Johnson.] And forth my minnock comes. Shakespeare.

MI’NNOW, subst. [menue, Fr.] a very small fish. The minnow, when
he is in perfect season, and not sick, which is only presently after
spawning, hath a kind of dappled or waved colour, like a panther,
on his sides, inclining to a greenish and sky colour, his belly being
milk white and his back almost black, or blackish: he is a sharp bi­
ter at a small worm in hot weather, and in the spring they make ex­
cellent tansies, being washed well in salt, and their heads and tails cut
off and their guts taken out and fried with yolks of eggs, primroses
and tansy. Walton.

MI’NOR, adj. Lat. 1. Petty, inconsiderable. Petty errors and
minor lapses. Brown. 2. Less, smaller. Minor and less mistakeable
numbers. Brown.

MINOR, subst. [mineur, Fr. minore, It. menòs Sp. of minor, Lat. in
law] one who is in non-age or minority; or a male or female before
they have arrived at the age of 21 years; one whose youth cannot
yet allow him to manage his own affairs.

MINOR [in music] is applied to sixths and thirds; as a sixth and
third minor.

MINOR [with logicians] the minor proposition in a syllogism or
logical argumentation, is the second or particula proposition, which is
also called the assumption. The second, or minor proposition, was,
that this kingdom hath cause of just fear. Bacon.

To MI’NORATE, verb act. [minor, Lat.] to diminish, to lessen. A
word not yet admitted into the language. In what degrees distance
minorates the object. Glanville.

MI’NORATED, part. pass. [minoratus, Lat.] diminished or made
less.

MINORA’TION [of minorate] the act of making less, diminution,
decrease. A word not adopted. Some minoration of our offences.
Brown.

MI’NORITES, or MI’NORS, friars of the order of St. Francis.

MINO’RITY [minoritê, Fr. minorità, It. of minoritas, from minor,
Lat.] 1. Non age, or the state of being under age. During the
king's minority. Hayward. 2. The state of being less. 3. The
smaller number; in contradistinction to majority.

MINO’TAUR, subst. [minotaure, Fr. minos & taurus, Lat.] a monster
invented by the poets, half man and half bull, kept in Dædalus's la­
byrinth.

MINO’VERY [law term, of main ouvre, i. e. the work of hand]
a trespass in a forest, by any engine or device made with the hand to
catch deer.

MI’NSTER [mynster, or mynstre, Sax. monster, Su.] a con­
ventual church, a monastery, an ecclesiastical fraternity, a cathedral
church. This word is still retained at York and Litchfield.

MI’NSTREL [menestrier, Fr. menestril, Sp. menestrallus, L. Lat.] a
musician, one who plays upon instruments. Esteemed as a minstrel at
a feast. Sandys.

MI’NSTRELSY, 1. The musician's art, music, instrumental har­
mony. And all the world applaud his minstrelsy. Davies. 2. A band
or number of musicians. Such hast thou arm'd the minstrelsy of hea­
ven.

MINT [mint, Dan. mynta, Su. munt, L. Ger. müntz, H. Ger.
menthe, Fr. menta, It. mentha, Lat. μινθη, Gr.] an herb. The mint is
a verticillate plant, with labiated flowers consisting of one leaf; these
are collected into thick whorles in some species, but in others they
grow in a spike, each flower having four seeds succeeding it, which
are inclosed in the flower-cup: it hath a creeping root, and the whole
plant has a strong aromatic scent. Miller.

MINT [minte, myntian, Sax. to coin muente, Du. and L. Ger.
muentze, H. Ger. mynt, Su.] 1. The place where the king's coin is
made. 2. any place of invention. The mints of calumny are at
work. Addison.

To MINT, verb act. [mintan, Sax. mynta, Su. muenten, Du. and
L. Ger. muentzen, H. Ger.] 1. To coin, to stamp money. New coins
of silver which should be then minted. Bacon. 2. To invent, to
forge.

MI’NTED, part. adj. [of mint] coined as money.

MI’NTAGE [of mint] 1. That which is coined or stamped. Milton.
2. The duty paid for coining. Ainsworth.

MI’NTER [of mint] coiner. Camden.

MI’NTMAN [of mint and man] one skilled in coining. Bacon.

MI’NT-MASTER [of mint and master] 1. One who presides over
coinage. Boyle. 2. One who invents. The great mint-masters of
these terms. Locke.

MI’NUET, Fr. a stately regular dance, or the tune belonging
to it.

MI’NUM, subst. 1. [With printers] a small sort of printing letter.
See MINIM. 2. [With musicians] a note of slow time. See MINIM.
3. A brown, tawny, or dark colour.

MINU’SCULÆ, Lat. [with printers] the small or running letters,
as distinguished from the majusculæ, or capital ones.

MINU’TE, adj. [menu, Fr. minuto, It. menudo, Sp. of minutus, Lat.]
small, little, slender, small in bulk or consequence. Some minute
philosophers. Denham.

MINUTE Tythes, small tythes, such as usually belong to the vicar,
as wool, lambs, pigs, &c.

MI’NUTE, subst. Fr. [minuto, Sp. minutto, Port. minuta, It. minu­
tum, Lat.] 1. The sixtieth part of an hour. 2. Any small space of
time.

MINUTE [in geography] the sixtieth part of a degree, which is
something more than an English mile.

MINUTE [in architecture] is the thirtieth part of a measure, called
a module.

MINUTE Line [with navigators] a small long line tied to a log of
wood, having several knots or divisions at 50 feet distance, wound
about a reel fixed in the gallery of a ship. The use of which is, by
the help of a minute-glass, to make an estimate, and keep an account
of the way or distance a ship runs at sea.

MINUTE, subst. 1. The first draught of a writing. This is com­
mon in the Scottish law. 2. The abstract of the sentence of a judge.
3. Short notes on any thing.

To MINUTE Down. verb act. [minuter, Fr.] to enter or write
down short notes for memorandums, to set down in short hints. I
minuted what he had said. Spectator.

MI’NUTEBOOK [of minute and book] a book of short hints.

MI’NUTEGLASS [of minute and glass] a glass, of which the sand
measures a minute in running.

MI’NUTELY, adv. [of minute, the adj.] 1. Exactly, to the least
part. To keep that slow pace, and observe minutely that order of
ranging all he said. Locke. 2. In a minute manner [from minute, the
subst.] every minute, with very little time intervening. As if it
were minutely proclaimed in thunder. Hammond. 3. In the following
passage it seems rather to be an adjective, as hourly is both the adjec­
tive and adverb. Now minutely revolts, upbraid his faith-breach.
Shakespeare.

MI’NUTENESS [of minute] smallness, inconsiderableness. Bentley.

MI’NUTE-WATCH [of minute and watch] a watch in which mi­
nutes are more distinctly marked than in common watches, which
reckon by the hour. Boyle.

MI’NUTION [old records] a letting of blood.

MINYA’CANTHES [in botany] an herb, a kind of trefoil.

MINX [contracted, I suppose, from minnock. Johnson] a young, a
proud pert wanton girl. Before the proud virago minx. Hudibras.

MI-PARTY [in French heraldry] a term used, denoting the es­
cutcheon is half way down, parted per pale, and there crossed by some
other partition.

MI’QUELETS, a sort of foot-soldiers inhabiting the Pyrenean moun­
tains, armed with pistols under their belts, a carabine and a dagger.


MIR

MIRABILITY [mirabisitas, Lat.] wonderfulness.

MI’RACLE, Fr. [miraculo, It. milagro, Sp. and Port. of miraculum,
Lat.] In theology, miracles are works effected in a manner unusual
or different from the more stated and ordinary method of the almighty







providence, by the interposition either of himself, or of some intelligent
agent, suporior to man, for the evidence and proving of some particular
doctrine, or in attestation to the authority of some particular person or
persons; an effect above human or natural power.

MIRA’CULOUS [miraculosus, miraculum, Lat. miraculeux, Fr. mira­
coloso, It. milagroso, Sp. and Port.] pertaining to miracles, done by mi­
racle, or by power more than natural. Tillotson.

MIRA’CULOUSLY, adv. [of miraculous] by miracle, by power a­
bove natural.

MIRA’CULOUSNESS, the state of being effected by miracle, superio­
rity to the powers of nature.

MIRA’DOR, subst. Sp. [from mirar, to look] a balcony, a gallery
whence ladies see shews.
Rode round to every mirador,
Beneath each lady's stand a stop he made. Dryden.

MI’RE [moer, Du.] dirt, mud, at the bottom of water.

To MIRE, verb act. [from the subst.] to whelm in the mud, to soil
with mud.

MIRE, subst. [myr, Wel. myra, Sax. mier, Du.] an ant, a pismire.

MIRE Drumble, the herb spoon-wort or scurvy-grass.

MI’RINESS [of miry] dirtiness, muddiness, fulness of mire.

MI’RKSOME, adj. [mork, dark, Dan. In the derivatives of this set,
no regular orthography is observed. It is common to write murk, to
which the rest ought to conform. Johnson] dark, obscure. Through
mirksome air her ready way she makes. Spenser.

MIRO’BOLANS, a sort of plumbs.

MIROI’R [in cookery] a particular way of dressing food, as eggs
dressed au miroir, i. e. broken into a plate of gravy, and afterwards
iced with a red hot iron.

MI’ROTON [in cookery] a sort of farce made of veal, bacon, &c.

MI’RROR, or MIRROUR [miroir, Fr. miras, Sp. to look] 1. A
looking glass, or the surface of any opaque body polished and adapt­
ed to reflect the rays of light, which fall upon it, and exhibit repre­
sentations of objects. 2. [Metaphorically] a pattern or model, that
on which the eye ought to be fixt, an exemplar, an archetype; as, he
is a mirror of virtue and patience.

MIRROR Stones [selenites, Lat.] Muscovian stone, which represents
the image of that which is set behind it.

MIRTH [myrthe, Sax.] jollity, merriment, gaiety, laughter. Most
of the appearing mirth in the world is not mirth, but art. South.

MI’RTHFUL, adj. [of mirth and full] merry, gay, chearful. At
our mirthful board. B. Johnson.

MI’RTHLESS [of mirth] joyless, cheerless.

MI’RY, adj. [of mire] 1. Deep in mud. In how miry a place,
how she was bemoiled. Shakespeare. 2. Consisting of mire.


MIS

MIS [mis, Sax. missa, Goth.] a particle, which in composition of
English words implies some ill defect or error, as demeanor, behaviour,
misdemeanor, misbehaviour, luck, chance, misluck, mischance: from
mes, in Teut. and Fr. used in the same sense.
The etymologies and analogies of words compounded with mis, be­
ing here only general, see them more particular under their primi­
tives.

MI’SA [old records] a compact or agreement, a firm peace.

MISACCEPTA’TION, a wrong understanding or apprehending of any
thing.

MISACCE’PTION [of miss for amiss, and acceptation] the act of taking
a thing wrong or ill.

MISADVE’NTURE, or MISAVE’NTURE [of mis and adventure; mesa­
venture, Fr. sventara, It.] 1. Mischance, ill luck, bad fortune. 2.
[In law] the act of killing a man, partly by negligence, and partly
by chance, as by throwing a stone, or shooting an arrow carelesly,
manslaughter.

MISADVE’NTURED, adj. [of misadventure] unfortunate, unlucky.
Shakespeare.

MISADVI’CE [of mis, Sax. and advice] bad counsel.

To MISADVI’SE, verb act. [of mis and advise] to give bad counsel.

MI’SADVISED, adj. [of mis and advised] ill counsel'd, badly di­
rected.

MISAI’MED, adj. [of mis and aimed] not aimed rightly. Spenser.

MI’SANTHROPE, MISANTHRO’POS, or MISANTHRO’PIST [misan­
thrope, Fr. misantropo, It. μισαντρωπος, of μισεω, to hate, and ανθρω­
πος, Gr. a man] a man hater, one who hates mankind. I am mi­
santhropos, and hate mankind. Shakespeare.
Alas, poor dean! his only scope
Was to be held a misanthrope. Swift.

MISA’NTHROPY [misantbropie, Fr. μισανθρωπια, of μισεω, to hate,
and ανθρωπος, Gr. a man] hatred of mankind.

MISAPPLICA’TION [of mis and application] application to a wrong
purpose.

To MISAPPLY’, verb act. [of mis and apply] to apply ill.

To MISAPPREHE’ND, verb act. not to understand rightly.

MISAPPREHE’NSION [of mis and apprehension] the act of apprehend­
ing wrong, mistake.

To MISASCRI’BE, verb act. [of mis and ascribe] to ascribe falsely.
That may be misascribed to art, which is the bare production of na­
ture. Boyle.

To MISSASSI’GN, verb act. [of mis and assign] to assign erroneously.
We have not misassigned the cause. Boyle.

To MISBECO’ME, verb act. [of mis and become] not to become, to
be unseemly or unfit.

MISBECO’MING, part. adj. [of misbecome] indecent, not suiting.

MISBEGO’T, or MISBEGO’TTEN, part. adj. [of mis and begot, or
begotten] ill-begotten, unlawfully or irregularly begotten.

To MISBEHAV’VE, verb act. [of mis and behave] to behave ill, or
improperly.

MISBEHA’VED, part. adj. [of mis and behaved] untaught, ill-bred.
Like a misbehaved and sullen wench. Shakespeare.

MISBEHA’VIOUR of mis and behaved] ill conduct, bad practice, ill
behaviour. Addison.

MISBELIE’F [of mis and belief] a false faith or religion, a wrong be­
lief.

To MISBELIE’VE [of mis and believe] to distrust, to believe
wrong.

MISBELIE’VER [of mis and believer] one that holds a false religion,
or believes wrongly. Dryden.

MISBELIE’VINGLY, adv. [of misbelieve] distrustfully.

MISBO’DING, part. adj. [of mis and bode] boding or threatening ill.

To MISCA’LL, verb act. [of mis and call] to call wrong, to name
improperly.

MISCA’RRIAGE, [of mis and carriage] ill behaviour, ill success of
any undertaking, failure; also an untimely bringing forth a child,
abortion.

To MISCA’RRY, verb act. [of mis and carry] to bring forth a child
before the time; also not to succeed in an affair, to be lost in an enter­
prize, not to reach the effect intended.

To MISCA’ST, verb act. [of mis and cast] to take a wrong account
of. Men miscast their days. Brown.

MISCELLA’NE, subst. [miscellaneus, Lat. this is corrupted into mastlin
or mestlin] mixt corn, as wheat and rye. To make some miscellane in
corn. Bacon.

MISCELLA’NEOUS, adj. [miscellaneus, Lat.] 1. Mixt together with­
out order. 2. Composed of various kinds.

MISCELLA’NEOUSNESS [of miscellaneous] mixture or mixedness to­
gether without order, composition of various kinds.

MI’SCELLANY, adj. [miscellaneus, Lat.] mixed of various kinds. A
veteran army compounded of miscellany forces of all nations. Bacon.

MI’SCELLANY, subst. a mass formed out of various kinds. To re­
commend any miscellanies or works of other men. Pope.

MISCHA’NCE [of mis and chance] an unhappy accident, misfor­
tune. She had stumbled upon such mischances. Sidney.

MI’SCHIEF [mischef, obs. Fr.) 1. Hurt, damage, whatever is ill
and injuriously done. 2. Ill consequence, vexatious affair.

To MI’SCHIEF, verb act. [from the subst.] to hurt, to harm, to in­
jure. Can it bring to our souls any benefit? rather it mischiefs them.
Sprat.

MI’SCHIEF-MAKER [of mischief and make] one who causes mis­
chief.

MI’SCHIEVOUS, adj. [of mischief] 1. Injurious, hurtful, noxious,
destructive, wicked. 2. Spiteful, malicious.

MI’SCHIEVOUSLY, adv. [of mischievous] hurtfully, wickedly.

MI’SCHIEVOUSNESS [of mischievous] hurtfulness, perniciousness, de­
structiveness.

MISCIBI’LITY, or MI’SCIBLENESS [of miscible] capably of being
mingled or mixed with some other thing.

MI’SCIBLE [of miscibilis, Lat.] that may be mingled.

MISCITA’TION [of mis and citation] unfair, or false quotation.
Charged with miscitation and unfair dealing. Collier.

To MISCI’TE, verb act. [of mis and cite] to quote wrong.

MISCLAI’M [of mis and claim] mistaken claim. Bacon.

MISCO’GNISANT [in law] ignorant of, or not knowing.

To MISCONCEI’VE, verb act. [of mis and conceive] to understand
wrong, to have a wrong notion of, to misjudge.

MISCONCE’RT, or MISCONCE’PTION [of mis and conceit, or concep­
tion] wrong notion, false conceit or opinion. Hooker.

MISCO’NDUCT [of mis and conduct] ill conduct, bad management of
affairs.

To MISCONDU’CT, verb act. [of mis and conduct] to manage amiss,
to carry on wrong.

MISCONJE’CTURE [of mis and conjecture] a wrong guess. Brown.

MISCONSTRU’CTION [of mis and construction] a false sense or mean­
ing, wrong interpretation of things or words. Brown.

To MISCO’NSTRUE, verb act. [of mis and construe] to interpret
amiss, to put a wrong or ill meaning upon, to take words or expres­
sions in the worst sense.

MISCONTE’NTED, adj. [of mis and contented] discontented.

MISCONTI’NUANCE [of mis and continuance] a discontinuance, in­
terruption, or breaking off, cessation.

To MISCOU’NSEL, verb act. [of mis and counsel] to give bad coun­
sel. Milton.

To MISCO’UNT, verb act. [of mis and count; mescounter, Fr.] to
reckon or number wrong.

MISCRE’ANCE, or MI’SCREANCY [of miscreance; mescroiance, Fr.]
suspicion, infidelity, adherence to a false religion.

MI’SCREANCY, atheism, simony. Ayliffe.

MI’SCREANT [of miscreant, of croyant, Fr. q. d. male credens, Lat.
one who believes amiss] 1. An infidel, an unbeliever, one who believes
in false gods. Hooker. 2. A person of base principles or practices, a
vile wretch. Those miscreants ought to be made sensible that our con­
stitution is armed with force. Addison.

MISCREA’TE, or MISCREA’TED, adj. [of mis and created] ill made,
ill shapen, formed unnaturally or illegitimately. Spenser.

MISDEE’DS [of mis and deed] evil doing, bad action.

To MISDEE’M, verb act. [of mis and deem] to judge ill of, to mis­
take. Davies.

MISDEMEA’NOR, or MISDEMEA’NOUR, subst. [of mis and demean]
the act of behaving one's self ill, an offence or fault, something less
than an atrocious crime.

High MISDEMEANOUR, a crime of a heinous nature, and next to
high-treason.

MISDEVO’TION [of mis and devotion] mistaken piety. Donne.

MISDI’ET [of mis and diet] improper food. Spenser.

To MISDISTI’NGUISH, verb act. [of mis and distinguish] to make
wrong distinctions. Hooker.

To MISD’O, verb act. [of mis and do] to do wrong, to offend, to
commit a crime.

MISDO’ER [of misdo] an offender, a malefactor. Spenser.

To MISDO’UBT, verb act. [of mis and doubt] to suspect of deceit
or danger.

MISDOUBT [of mis and doubt] 1. Suspicion of crime or danger.
Shakespeare. 2. Irresolution, hesitation. And change misdoubts to
resolution. Shakespeare.

MISDO’ING, subst. [of misdo] ill-doing.

MISE, or MEASE [mise, Fr. in law] the same as messuage.

MISE, Fr. [law word] a certain tribute or fine of 3000 marks, that
the inhabitants of the county palatine of Chester paid anciently on the
change of every owner of that earldom, for the enjoyment of their
liberties.








MISE [law term, in a writ of right] signifies the same that in other
actions is called an issue. According to this phrase, to join the mise
upon the meer, signifies the same as to say, to join the mise upon the
clear right, i. e. to join issue upon this point, whether the tenant or de­
mandant has the better right.

MISE Money, money given by way of composition or agreement,
to purchase any liberty, &c.

MI’SES [in law] 1. The profits of lands. 2. Taxes or tallages.
3. Expences or costs.

To MISEMPLO’Y, verb act. [of mis and employ] to use to wrong
purposes.

MISEMPLO’YMENT [of mis and employment] improper application.

MI’SER, subst. Lat. 1. A wretched person, one overwhelmed with
calamity. 2. A wretch, a mean fellow. Both these senses are now
obsolete. 3. A covetous wretch to extremity, one who in wealth
makes himself miserable with the fear of poverty.

MI’SERABLE, adj. Fr. [misero, It. and Sp. miseravel, Port. of mi­
serabilis, from miser, Lat.] 1. Wretched, unfortunate, calamitous.
2. Wretched, worthless. 3. Culpably parsimonious, covetous, stin­
gy, base, niggardly, pittiful, paultry.

MI’SERABLENESS [of miserable] wretchedness, state of misery; also
niggardliness, covetousness, &c.

MI’SERABLY [of miserable] 1. Wretchedly, unfortunately, cala­
mitously. 2. Meanly. 3. Covetously, poorly.

MISE’RERE [i. e. have mercy] a title given to the 51st psalm,
commonly called the psalm of mercies, and generally directed by the
ordinary to such malefactors as had the benefit of the clergy allowed
them.

MISERERE Mei, Lat. [i. e. have mercy upon me] a most exquisite
pain in the bowels or guts, caused by an inflammation or twisting of
them, or from the peristaltic motion inverted. See CHORDAPSUS and
VOLVULUS.

MISERICO’RDIA, Lat. 1. Mercy, or compassion. 2. [In law] an
arbitrary fine or amercement imposed on an offender, and it is called
misericordia, or mercy, because it ought to be very moderate, and ra­
ther less than the offence committed, and the entry is idio in miseri­
cordiâ.

MISERICORDIA, Lat. [in a law sense] also signifies sometimes a
being quit or discharged of all manner of amercements that one hap­
pens to fall under the penalty of in a forest.

MISERICORDIA [in Athens and Rome] a goddess who had in those
places a temple, which was a fanctuary or place of refuge to crimi­
nals and unfortunate persons.

MI’SERY [misere, Fr. miseria, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. Sad condition,
pain, distress, wretchedness, unhappiness. 2. Calamity, cause of mi­
sery. And mourn the miseries of human life. Dryden. 3. [Of mi­
ser] avarice, covetousness, criminal parsimony. This sense is obsolete.

MISESTE’EM, subst. [of mis and esteem] slight, disregard.

To MISFA’SHION, verb act. [of mis and fashion] to form wrong.

MISFA’SHIONED part. adj. [of misfashion] shapen wrong or ill.

MISFE’ANCE, or MISFEA’SANCE, Fr. [in law] misdoing or tres­
passes.

To MISFO’RM, verb act. [of mis and form] to put in an ill form.
Spenser.

MISFO’RTUNE [of mis and fortune] evil fortune, calamity, ill luck.
MISFORTUNES never come alone.
Fr. Un malheur ne vient jamais seul, or, Un mal attire l'autre. Lat.
Aliud ex alio malum. Ter. The Ger. say: esbeut allezeit ein unglück
dem and ern die hand. (One misfortune always shakes hands with
another.) Like many other vulgar proverbs, when it happens it is
taken notice of, otherwise not.

To MISGI’VE [of mis and give] to fill with doubt, to deprive of
confidence; it is always used with the reciprocal pronoun. His heart
misgave him that these were so many meeting-houses. Addison.

To MISGO’VERN, verb act. [of mis and govern] to rule amiss, to ad­
minister unfaithfully.

MISGO’VERNED, adj. [of misgovern] uncivilized, rude. Shakespeare.

MISGO’VERNANCE [of mis and governance] irregularity.

MISGO’VERNMENT [of mis and government] 1. Ill administration of
public affairs. Raleigh. 2. Ill management in general. Taylor. 3.
Irregularity, inordinate behaviour. I am sorry for thy much misgo­
vernment. Shakespeare.

MISGUI’DANCE [of mis and guidance] false direction. He causes
an error in his choice, the misguidance of which must naturally en­
gage him to his destruction. South.

To MISGUI’DE, verb act. [of mis and guide] to direct ill, to lead
the wrong way.

MISHA’P [of mis and hap] a mischance, ill luck, calamity. Sidney.

MISHA’PEN, adj. [of mis-scapen, Sax.] having an ill shape; this
should be written misshapen.

MISH-MASH, subst. [misch-masce, Ger. and misk-mask, Su. and
Teut.] a mingle, a hotchpot, a confused jumble or mixture of things.
A low word.

To MISIMPLO’Y [of mis and employ] to use improperly. See MIS­
EMPLOY.

To MISINFE’R, verb act. [of mis and infer] to infer wrong.
Hooker.

To MISINFO’RM, verb act. [of mis and inform] to inform wrong, to
deceive by false accounts.

MISINFORMA’TION [of misinform] false accounts, false intelligence.
Bacon.

To MISINTE’RPRET, verb act. [of mis and interpret] to interpret
wrong, to explain to a wrong sense. B. Johnson.

To MISJO’IN, verb act. [of mis and join] to join improperly or un­
fitly. Milton.

To MISJU’DGE, verb act. [of mis and judge] to judge wrong, to
form false opinions. L'Estrange.

MISKE’NNING, or MISKO’NNING [of mis and connan, Sax. a law
term] a varying or changing one's speech in court.

MISKE’RING, or MISHE’RISING [a law term] a being quit of fines,
forfeitures or amerciaments, for a transgression proved before a judge.

To MISLA’Y, verb act. [of mis and lay] to lay in a wrong place.
Locke.

MISLA’YER [of mislay] one that mislays, or puts in the wrong
place. Bacon.

To MI’SLE, verb neut. [q. d. to mistle, i. e. to rain small like a
mist] to rain in thick and small drops, imperceptibly, like a mist.
Grew.

To MISLEA’D, verb act. [of mis and lead] to lead the wrong way,
to betray to mistake, or mischief. Bacon.

MISLEA’DER [of mislead] one that misleads, or leads to ill. Brere­
wood.

MI’SLEN, subst. [corrupted from miscellane] mixt corn, as wheat and
rye. Mortimer.

MISLI’KE, subst. [from the verb] disapprobation, distaste. Shake­
speare.

To MISLI’KE, verb act. [of mis and like; of mis-gelican, Sax.]
not to like, to disapprove. Roleigh.

MISLI’KER [of mislike] one that mislikes or disapproves. Ascham.

To MISLI’VE, verb neut. [of mis and live] to live ill. Spenser.

To MISMA’NAGE, verb act. [of mis and manage] to manage ill.

MISMA’NAGEMENT [of mis and management] bad management, ill
conduct.

To MISMA’RK, verb act. [of mis and mark] to mark with the
wrong token. Collier.

To MISMA’TCH, verb act. [of mis and match] to put things to
others, to which they are not fellows, to match unsuitably.

MI’SNA, or MI’SHNA, part of the Jewish talmud.

To MISNA’ME, verb act. [of mis and name] to call by a wrong
name. Boyle.

MISNO’MER [in law, of mis and nommer, Fr.] a mis-calling or
mis-terming, the using one name or term for another; an indictment,
or any other act, is vacated by a wrong name.

To MISOBSE’RVE, verb act. [of mis and observe] not to observe
accurately. Locke.

MISOCH’EMIST [of μισεω, Gr. to hate, and chemist] such persons
who profess themselves enemies to chemistry.

MISO’GAMIST [μισογαμος, of μισεω, to hate, and γαμος, Gr. mar­
riage] a marriage-hater.

MISO’GAMY [μισογαμια, of μισεω and γαμος, Gr. marriage] mar­
riage-hating, or the hatred of marriage.

MISO’GYNIST [misogynus, Lat. of μισογυνος, Gr.] a woman­
hater.

MISO’GYNY [misogynia, Lat. of μισογυνεια, of μισεω, to hate, and
γυνη, Gr. a woman] hatred and contempt of women.

MISO’PONIS [misoponus, Lat. of μισοπονος, Gr.] one that hates la­
bour.

To MISO’RDER, verb act. [of mis and order] to conduct ill, to ma­
nage irregularly. Their misordered life when they were young.
Ascham.

MISO’RDER [from the verb] irregularity, disorderly proceedings.

MISO’RDERLY, adj. [of misorder] irregular. Ascham.

To MISPE’LL, verb act. [of mis and spell] to spell wrong. Spec­
tator.

To MISPE’ND, pret. and part. pass. mispent [of mis and spend] 1.
To spend amiss, to waste to no purpose, to throw away. Every mis­
pent or unprofitable hour which has slip'd from them. Rogers. 2. To
waste, with the reciprocal pronoun. The preterite in this sense should
be written mispend. J. Philips.

MISPE’NDER [of mispend] one who mispends, or spends ill or pro­
digally. Norris.

MISPERSUA’SION [of mis and persuasion] wrong notion, false opini­
on. Decay of Piety.

To MISPLA’CE, verb act. [of mis and place] to put in a wrong
place. South.

To MISPOI’NT, verb act. [of mis and point] to confuse sentences by
wrong pointing.

MISPRI’NTED, part. adj. [of mis and print] printed wrong.

To MISPRI’SE, verb act. [sometimes it signifies mistaken, from the
French verb mesprendre; sometimes undervalued or disdained, from
the French verb mepriser. Hanmer. It is in both senses wholly obso­
lete] 1. To mistake. Shakespeare. 2. To slight, to scorn, to despise.
Shakespeare.

MISPRI’SION [from misprise; meprison, Fr.] 1. Scorn, contempt.
Shakespeare. 2. In some old statute, it signifies mistake, misconcep­
tion. Glanville. 3. [In common law] it signifies neglect, negligence,
or oversight.

MISPRISION of Clerks [a law term] is a default or neglect of clerks
in writing, engrossing or keeping records; for which defaults no pro­
cesses are to be made void in law, or discontinued, but are to be a­
mended by the justices of assize.

MISPRISION of Felony, &c. [in law] is the making a light account
of such a crime by not revealing it, when a person knows that it has
been committed; or by suffering any person who has been committed
to prison, even upon suspicion of it, to be discharged before he has
been indicted for it. This offence of misprision, is finable by the
justices, before whom the offender has been convicted.

MISPRISION of Treason, is the concealing or not disclosing known
treason; the punishment for which offence is, that the offender shall
lose his goods, and the profit of his lands, during his life, and suffer
imprisonment during the king's pleasure.

To MISPROPO’RTION, verb act. [of mis and proportion] to join with­
out due proportion.

MISPROPO’RTIONED, part. adj. [of misproportion] not proportional.

MISPRO’UD, adj. [of mis and proud] vitiously proud; obsolete.
Shakespeare.

To MISQUO’TE, verb act. [of mis and quote] to quote falsely. Ar­
buthnot.

To MISRECI’TE, verb act. [of mis and recite] to recite not accord­
ing to the truth. Bramhall.

To MISRE’CKON, verb act. [of mis and reckon; of mis-reccan,
Sax.] to reckon or compute wrong. Swift.

To MISRELA’TE, verb act. [of mis and relate] to relate falsely or
inaccurately. Boyle.

MISRELA’TION [of misrelate] false or inaccurate narrative. Bram­
hall.








To MISREME’MBER, verb act. [of mis and remember] to mistake by
trusting to memory. Boyle.

To MISREPO’RT, verb act. [of mis and report] to give a false ac­
count of, to give an account disadvantageous and false. Hooker.

MISREPO’RT [from the verb] false account, false and malicious re­
presentation. South.

To MISREPRESE’NT, verb act. [of mis and represent] to represent
otherwise than it is, to falsify to disadvantage. Swift.

MISREPRESENTA’TION [of mis and representation] 1. The act of
representing wrong. Swift. 2. Account maliciously false. Atterbury.

MISRU’LE [of mis and rule] diforder, misgovernment, tumult, re­
vel, unjust domination. Pope.

Lord of MISRULE, or Master of MISRULE, a ringleader in a distur­
bance or riot; the chief of a company of revellers; or the manager of
a society at merry-makings.

MISS [a contraction of mistress] 1. The term of honour to a young
girl or young gentlewoman. Swift. 2. A kept mistress, a concubine,
a strumpet, a prostitute. Dryden.

To MISS, verb act. pret. missed, part. pass. missed or mist [missen,
Du. and Ger.] 1. To mistake, not to hit by the mind. Milton. 2.
Not to hit by manual aim. Pope. 3. To fail of obtaining. When a
man misses his great end. Locke. 4. To discover something to be un­
expectedly wanting. I kept all that this fellow hath in the wilderness,
so that nothing was missed. 1 Samuel. 5. To be without. We can­
not miss him. Shakespeare. 6. To omit. She wou'd never miss one
day. Prior. 7. To perceive the want of. South.

To MISS, verb neut. 1. To fly wide, not to hit. 2. Not to succeed.
Bacon. 3. To fail, to mistake. 1 Samuel. 4. To miscarry, to fail.
Milton. 5. To fail to obtain, learn or find. Knolles.

MISS, subst. [from the verb] 1. Loss, want, those which are lost.
Locke. 2. Mistake, error.

MI’SSAL, Sp. [missel, Fr. messale, It. missale, Lat.] a mass-book,
containing several masses to be used for the several festival days in the
Romish church.

MISSA’TICUS, barb. Lat. [in doomsday-book] a messenger.

To MISSA’Y, verb neut. [of miss and say] to say ill or wrong. Spenser.

To MISSE’EM, verb neut. [of miss and seem] to make false appear­
ance. Spenser.

MI’SSELTOE. See MISTLETOE.

To MI’SSERVE, verb act. [of mis and serve] to serve unfaithfully.

MISTHOU’GHT [of mis and thought] an ill thought.

MI’SSEN Mast, or MI’ZZEN Mast [mezaen, Du. And therefore it
were better written mizen or mizen; in a ship] is a mast that
is erected in the stern or back part of it; there are in some large
ships two such masts, and when so, that mast of the two which stands
next to the main mast, is called the main missen, and the other that
stands near the poop, is called the bonaventure missen. The length
allowed for a missen mast is half that of the main mast, and the length
of the missen top mast, is half that.

MISSEN Sail [in a ship] the sail that belongs to the missen yard.

MISSEN Top Sail [in a ship] the sail that belongs to the missen top­
sail yard.

MISSEN or MEISSEN GROSS, or Silver GROSS, a Saxon coin, in
value two-pence halfpenny.

To MISSHA’PE, verb act. [pret. mishaped, part. pass. mishapen]
1. To shape ill, to form ill, to make deformed. 2. In Shakespeare
perhaps it once signifies ill directed, as to shape a course. Johnson.

MI’SSILE, adj. [missilis, Lat.] that may be thrown, cast or hurled
by the hand, striking at a distance. Pope.

MISSILE [in heraldry] a mixture of several colours together.

MI’SSION, Fr. and Sp. [missione, It. of missio, Lat.] 1. The act of
sending from one place or person to another, commission, the state of
being sent by supreme authority. 2. Persons sent on any account,
usually for propagating religion. There should be a mission of three of
the brethren. Bacon. 3. Dismission, discharge. Obsolete. Bacon.
4. Faction, party: obsolete. Shakespeare.

MI’SSION [of the Pope] a power or licence given by him, to preach
the Romish doctrines in foreign countries.

MI’SSIONARY, or MI’SSIONER [missionaire, Fr. missionario, It. and
Sp.] 1. One sent to propagate religion. The presbyterian missionary.
Swift. 2. Missionaries [in the Romish church] are priests, both se­
cular and regular, which have a mission from the pope, or are sent into
Pagan countries, to preach Christianity to them, or to preach the Ro­
man Catholic religion to those that disown the Pope, &c.
Like mighty missioner you come,
Ad parles infidelium. Dryden.

MI’SSIVE, adj. [missivus, Lat. sent] 1. Such as may be sent; as,
letters missive. Bacon.
In vain with darts a distant war they try,
Short and more short the missive weapons fly. Dryden.

MI’SSIVE, subst. Fr. 1. A letter sent. It is retained in Scotland in
that sense. Aids came in to him, partly upon missives and partly vo­
luntaries. Bacon. 2. A messenger. While wrapt in the wonder of it,
came missives from the king. Shakespeare.

To MISSPEA’K, verb act. [of mis and speak] to speak wrong. Shake­
speare.

MISSU’RA [with Catholics] a singing the hymn called nunc dimittis,
and performing other superstitious ceremonies to recommend and dis­
miss a dying person.

MISTA’EN, pret. and part. pass. [contracted for mistaken, of to mis­
take, and so retained in Scotland] This dagger hath mista'en. Shake­
speare.

MISTA’KABLE, adj. [of mistake] liable to be conceived wrong.
Minor and less mistakable numbers. Brown.

To MISTA’KE, verb act. [of mis and take] to conceive wrong, to
take something for that which it is not. What is prettily said is mista­
ken for solid. Locke.

To MISTAKE, verb neut. to err, not to judge right.

To MISTA’TE, verb act. [of mis and state. This should be mistate]
to state wrong. They mistate the question. Sanderson.

To MISTEA’CH, verb act. [of mis and teach] to teach wrong. A
mistaught or neglected youth. L'Estrange.

To MISTE’L, verb act. [of mis and tell] to tell unfaithfully or inac­
curately.

To MISTE’MPER, verb act. [of mis and temper] to temper ill, to
disorder.

MI’STER, adj. [mestier, Fr.] trade or occupation: obsolete. Spen­
ser.

To MISTE’RM, verb act. [of mis and term] to term erroneously.

To MISTHI’NK, verb act. [of mis and think] to think ill or wrong.
Shakespeare.

To MISTI’ME, verb act. [of mis and time] not to take a right time
for a thing; to do it out of season.

MI’STINESS [of misty] cloudiness, state of the sky being overcast,
state of any thing covered with steam. Bacon.

MI’STION [mistus, Lat.] 1. The state of being mingled. By the
new texture resulting from their mistion. Boyle. 2. A mixture.

MI’STLETOE [misteltan, Sax. mistel, Dan. birdlime, and tan, a
twig] a plant. The flower of the mistletoe consists of one leaf, which
is shaped like a bason, divided into four parts, and beset with warts.
The ovary, which is produced in the female flowers, is placed in a re­
mote part of the plant from the male flowers, and consists of four shor­
ter leaves: This becomes a round berry full of a glutinous substance,
inclosing a plain heart-shaped seed. This plant is always produced
from seed, and is not to be cultivated in the earth as most other plants,
but will always grow upon trees, whence the ancients accounted it a
superplant, who thought it to be an excrescence on the tree, without
the seed being previously lodged there, which opinion is now gene­
rally exploded. The manner of its propagation is thus: The mistle­
toe-thrush, which feeds upon the berries of this plant in winter when
it is ripe, doth open the seed from tree to tree, for the viscous part of
the berry which immediately surrounds the seed doth sometimes fasten
it to the outward part of the bird's beak, which, to get disengaged of,
he strikes his beak at the branches of a neighbouring tree, and so leaves
the seed sticking by this viscous matter to the bark, which if it lights
upon a smooth part of the tree, will fasten itself, and the following
winter put out and grow. The trees which this plant doth most readily
take upon, are the apple, the ash, and some other smooth rind trees.
It is observable, that whenever a branch of an oak tree hath any of
these plants growing upon it, it is cut off and preserved by the curious
in their collections of natural curiosities. Miller.

MI’STLIKE, adj. [of mist and like] resembling a mist. Shakespeare.

MISTO’LD, pret. and part. pass. of mistel.

MISTOO’K, pret. and part. pass. of mistake.

MI’STRESS [maistresse, maitresse, Fr. magistra, Lat.] 1. A woman
who governs. Correlative to servant or subject. Rome now is mi­
stress of the whole world. B. Johnson. 2. A woman who possesses fa­
culties uninjured. Sidney. 3. A woman skilled in any thing. Addison.
4. A woman teacher. Swift. 5. A paramour or sweetheart, a wo­
man beloved and courted. Clarendon. 6. A term of contemptuous
address. 7. A whore, a kept miss or concubine.

MISTRI’AL [a law term] an erroneous trial.

To MISTRU’ST, verb act. [of mis and trust] to have a suspicion, to
doubt, to regard with diffidence. As reasons why these things should
be mistrusted or doubted of. Hooker.

MISTRUST [mis-truwa, Sax.] suspicion, want of confidence, diffi­
dence.

MISTRU’STFUL [of mis, trust, and full] suspicious, doubting, dif­
fident. Waller.

MISTRU’STFULLY, adv. [of mistrustful] suspiciously, with diffi­
dence.

MISTRU’STFULNESS [of mistrustful] suspicious temper, diffidence,
doubt. I found a weakness and mistrustfulness of myself. Sidney.

MISTRU’STLESS [of mistrust] confident, not suspecting. Where he
doth in stream mistrustless play. Carew.

MIST [mist, Sax. miste, Dan. mist, Du. and Ger.] 1. Vapours
hovering over the earth, and staying till they are either drawn up­
wards by the rays of the sun, or falling down to the earth by their own
weight, where by a less degree of cold, they are changed into dew,
and by a greater into hoar-frost. 2. A low thin cloud, a small thin
rain not perceiv'd in single drops. 3. Any thing that dims or dar­
kens. K. Charles.

To MIST, verb act. [from the subst.] to cloud, to cover with a va­
pour or steam. Shakespeare.

MI’STY [of mist; misticg, Sax.] 1. Clouded, overspread with
mists; as, misty weather. Things seem bigger in misty mornings.
Wotton. 2. Obscure, dark, not plain.

MI’STURE [mistura, Lat.] a mixture, a mingle mangle.

MISU’SAGE [of misuse] 1. Abuse, ill use. 2. Bad treatment.

To MISU’SE, verb act. [of mis and use; mesuser, Fr.] to abuse, to
make a wrong use of, to treat improperly. To misuse the fervent zeal
of men to religious arms. Raleigh.

MISU’SE [from the verb] an abuse of liberty and benefit, bad use,
bad treatment. Lest he should punish the misuse of our mercies. Atter­
bury.

To MISUNDERSTA’ND, verb act. [of mis and understand; mis-under
and standen, Sax.] to understand amiss, to mistake, to misconceive.
Hooker.

MISUNDERSTA’NDING, subst. [of misunderstand] 1. Difference, dis­
agreement. Boyle. 2. Mistake, error, misconception. Bacon.

To MISWE’EN, verb neut. [of mis and ween] to misjudge, to mis­
trust. Spenser.

To MISWE’ND, verb. neut. [of mis and wendan, Sax.] to go wrong.
Spenser.

MI’SY, subst. a kind of mineral. Misy contains no cupreous vitriol,
but only that of iron: It is a very beautiful mineral, of a fine bright
yellow colour, and of a loose and friable structure, and much resembles
the golden marcasites. Hill.


MIT

MITE [mide, mite, Sax. mijt, Du. midas, Lat.] 1. A very small
worm breeding in cheese or corn, a weevil. J. Philips. 2. A small
coin, about the third part of our farthing. 3. Any thing proverbially
small. 4. In weight the 20th part of a grain. The Seville piece of
eight contains 13 pennyweight 21 grains and 15 mites, of which there
are 20 in the grain of Sterling silver, and is in value 43 English pence
and 11-hundredths of a penny. Arbuthnot.

MI TAILLE [in French heraldry] signifies that the escutcheon is
cut only half way athwart, by way of bend sinister.

MITE’LLA, 1. A plant. It hath a perennial root; the flower cup







consists of one leaf, and is divided into five parts; the flower consists
of five leaves, which expand in form of a rose: the ovary becomes a
roundish fruit, which terminates in a point gaping at the top in form of
a bishop's mitre, and full of roundish seeds. Miller. 2. [Among
surgeons] a swathe which holds a hurt or wounded arm.

MITES [with falconers] a sort of vermin which infect the heads and
necks of hawks.

MITE’SCENT, adj. [mitescens, Lat.] growing mild.

MI’THRAX, Lat. [μιθραξ, Gr.] a precious stone of a rose colour;
but changeable when exposed to the sun.

MI’THRIDATE, Fr. [mithridatium, Lat. μιθριδατης, Gr. of Mithri­
dates, king of Pontus, the inventor of it, among whose papers the re­
ceipt of it was found, and carried to Rome by Pompey] a confection,
that is a preservative against poison; several of the ingredients of
which are vipers flesh, opium, agaric, squills, &c. it is one of the
capital medicines of the shops, consisting of a great number of ingre­
dients.

MITHRIDATE Mustard [thlapsi, Lat.] The flower of the mithridate
mustard consists of four leaves placed in form of a cross, out of whose cup
rises the pointal, which becomes a smooth roundish fruit, having com­
monly a leafy border, and slit on the upper side, divided into two
cells furnished with smooth roundish seeds. To which may be added
the undivided leaves which distinguish it from cresses. Miller.

MI’TIGANT, adj. [mitigans, Lat.] mitigating, lenient, lenitive.

To MI’TIGATE, verb act. [mitiger, Fr. mitigare, It. and Lat. mi­
tigar, Sp.] 1. To appease, to pacify, to cool, to moderate. Frequent
opportunity of mitigating the fierceness of a party. Addison. 2. To
soften, to make less vigorous. That the rigour of their opinion were
allayed and mitigated. Hooker. 3. To alleviate, to make mild, to
asswage. To devise how that which must be endured may be miti­
gated. Hooker. 4. To mollify, to make less severe. Milton.

MITIGA’TION, Fr. [mitigazione, It. of mitigatio, Lat.] the act of
pacifying or asswaging; a remitting the severity of a decree or punish­
ment, an abatement of any thing harsh or painful. Bacon.

MI’TRAL, adj. [of mitra, Lat.] belonging to or like a mitre.

MITRAL Valves [in anatomy] two valves in the heart, placed at
the orifice of the pulmonary vein, in the left ventricle of the heart;
thus called from their resemblance to a mitre. Their office is to close
the orifice of it, and to prevent the blood from returning through the
pulmonary vein into the lungs again.

MITRANCHE’ [French heraldry] signifies that the escutcheon is
cut athwart, but only half way bendwise, that is by bend dexter, for
the finister is called mi-taille.

MI’TRE, Fr. [mitra, It. Sp. and Lat. μιτρα, Gr.] 1. An ornament for
the head in general. 2. A kind of episcopal crown. Mitres or fag­
gots have been the rewards of different persons. Watts. 3. [Among
the Romanists] an ornament worn by popish bishops and abbots,
when they walk or officiate in their formalities upon solemn occasions;
it is a round cap pointed and cleft at top, having two fannels hanging
down the shoulders. The pope has four mitres, different in richness,
which he wears according to the solemnity of the festival.

MI’TRE [with artificers] an angle that is just 45 degrees, a kind
of joining two boards.

MI’TRED, adj. [of mite] wearing a mitre, adorned with a mitre.
Or mitred priest appoint the solemn day. Prior.

MITRED Abbots, such governors of monasteries who have obtained
the privilege of wearing the mitre, ring, gloves and crosier staff of a
bishop. Among us, those that were exempt from the diocesan's juris­
diction, as having within their own precincts episcopal authority, and
being lords in parliament were called abbots sovereign. Ayliffe.

MI’TTA, or MITTEN, an ancient measure containing ten bushels.

MITTE’NDO Manuscriptum, &c. Lat. judicial writ directed to the
treasurer and chamberlain of the exchequer, to search and transmit the
foot of a fine from the exchequer to the common-pleas.

MI’TTENS [mitoines, Fr.] 1. A sort of warm and coarse winter
gloves. 2. Gloves that cover the arm without covering the fingers.
To handle one without mittens, Ainsworth.

MI’TTENT, adj. [mittens, Lat.] sending forth, emitting. Hu­
mours peccant in quantity or quality thrust forth by the part mittent
upon the inferior weak parts. Wiseman.

MI’TTIGAL [at Surat in India] a weight for silk, containing two
drams and an eighth.

MI’TTIMUS, Lat. [i. e. we send] a precept directed by a justice of
the peace to a goaler, for the receiving and safe-keeping a felon, or
other offender by him committed to the goal. Also a writ by which
records are transferred from one court to another.

MI’VA [in pharmacy] is the pulp of a quince, boiled up with sugar
into a thick consistence; or a medicine like a thick syrup.


MIX

To MIX, verb act. [mischen, Du. mêler, Fr. mescolare, It. mesclâr,
Sp. misturar. Port. mixtum, sup. misceo, Lat. to mix] 1. To put various
ingredients together, to unite different bodies into one mass. 2. To
form of different parts. Bacon. 3. To join, to mingle. Brothers
you mix your sadness with some fear. Shakespeare.

MI’XEN [mixen, Sax.] a dunghill, a laystal.

MIXT Number [in arithmetic] one which consists of an integer and
a fraction, as 5 10/5.

MIXT Body [with chemists and philosophers] one which is com­
pounded of divers elements/and principles; in contradistinction to
those which chemists suppose to be elementary, or consisting of one
principle only, as they take sulphur, salt, &c. to be.

MIXT Angle [in geometry] an angle which is formed by one right
line and one curved one.

MIXT Figure [in geometry] a figure which is bounded by lines,
partly right and partly crooked.

MIXT Proportion, or MIXT Ratio [with mathematicians] is when
the sum of the antecedent and consequent is compared with the dif­
ference between the same antecedent and consequent.

MIXT Mathematics, are those arts and sciences which treat of the
properties of quantity, applied to material beings or single objects,
as astronomy, geography, dialling, navigation, gauging, survey­
ing, &c.

MIXT Tithes, are those of butter, cheese, milk, &c. and of the
young of beasts.

MIXT Action [in law] is one that lies both for the thing detained,
and against the person of the detainer.

MIXT Mode [according to Mr. Locke] is a combination of several
simple ideas of different kinds; as beauty consists of colour, figure,
proportion, &c.

MIXTI’LLO, or MESTI’LO [in ancient deeds] mixt corn, mungrel
corn or maslin; as wheat and rye.

MI’XTION, subst. Fr. [from mix] the act of mingling, or the union
and coalition of divers corpuscles into one body, confusion of one body
with another. As elementary or subterraneous mixtions. Brown.

MI’XTLY, adv. [from mix] with coalition of different parts into
one body, confusedly.

MI’XTURE [mixtura, Lat.] 1. The act of mixing, the state of being
mixed, a composition of several things mixed together, a mass formed
by mingled ingredients. 2. That which is added and mixt. A mind
free and disentangled from all corporeal mixtures. Stillingfleet.

MIXTURE [in physic] an assemblage or union of several bodies of
different properties in the same mass.

MIXTURE [in drapery] the union, or rather confusion, of several
wools of different colours, before they are spun.

MI’Z-MAZE, subst. [a cant word, formed from the reduplication of
maze] a labyrinth, or place full of intricate windings. The clue to
lead them through the mizmaze of variety of opinions. Locke.

MI’ZZEN [mezaen, Du.] See MISSEN.

MI’ZZLING, adj. [of mist, Sax. q. d. mistling] raining in very
small drops. See MISLE.

MI’ZZY, subst. a bog, a quagmire. Ainsworth.

MNEMO’NICS [μνεμονιχη, Gr.] the act of memory; also precepts,
rules or common places to help the memory.

MNEMOSY’NE, Lat. [μνεμοσυνη, Gr.] memory, the mother of the
muses.

MO, adj. [ma, Sax. mae, Scot.] more, making greater number.
Calliope and muses mo. Spenser.

MO, adv. [from the adj.] further, longer. Shakespeare.

To MOAN, verb act. [mænan, Sax. to grieve] to lament, to be­
wail, to deplore.

To MOAN, verb neut. to grieve, to make lamentation.

MOAN, subst. [from the verb] lamentation, grief expressed in words
or cries.

MO’ANFUL, adj. [from moan; of mænan and full, Sax.] lament­
able, &c.

MO’ANFULLY, adv. [of moanful] lamentably.

MOAT [mot, Sax. motte, Fr. a mound, mota, L. Lat.] a ditch or
canal of water encompassing a house, town, &c. for defence. The
castle I found of good strength, having a great moat round about it.
Sidney.

MOAT [in fortification] a hollow space or ditch, dug round a
town or fortress to be defended, on the outside of the wall or ram­
part.

Dry MOAT [in fortification] one which is without water, and ought
to be deeper than one that is full of it.

Flat-bottomed MOAT [in fortification] a moat which has no sloping,
the corners of it being somewhat rounded.

Lined MOAT [in fortification] one, the sides of which are cased with
a wall of mason's work.

MOAT [in natural history] See MOTE,

To MOAT, verb. act. [motter, Fr.] to surround with canals or
ditches for defence. A moated castle. Dryden.

MOB [contracted from mobile vulgus, Lat.] 1. The rabble, the
crowd, a tumultuous rout. 2. A kind of woman's night-cap or head­
dress.

To MOB, verb act. [from the subst.] to insult a person riotously,
to harrass or overbear by tumult.

MO’BBED, part. adj. drest in a mob; also insulted by a mob.

MO’BBISH, adj. [of mob] mean, done after the manner of the mob,
like the rabble.

To MO’BBLE, verb act. [sometimes written mable, perhaps by a
ludicrous allusion to the Fr, je m'habille. Johnson] to dress grossly or
inelegantly. But who, oh! who hath seen the mobbled queen. Shake­
speare.

MO’BBY, adj. a potable liquor made of potato roots, used in Ame­
rica.

MO’BILE, subst. Lat. and Fr. the populace, the rout, the mob.
The unthinking mobile. South.

Primum MOBILE [in the ancient astronomy] a ninth heaven or
sphere, imagined to be above those of the planets and fixed stars.

MOBI’LITY [mobilité, Fr. mobilità, It. of mobilitas, Lat.] 1. (In cant
language) the populace, the mob, the rabble. 2. Nimbleness, ac­
tivity. Mobility is the power of being moved. Locke. 3. Fickleness.
inconstancy.


MOC

MO’CHLIA [μοχλια, Gr.] the act of reducing dislocated bones to
their natural state.

MO’CHO Stone, subst. [from Mocha in the East-Indies, therefore
more properly Mocha-stone] Mocho stones are nearly related to the
agat kind, of a clear horney gray, with declinations representing mos­
ses, shrubs and branches, in black, brown or red, in the substance of
the stone. Woodward.

To MOCK, verb act. [mocquer, Fr. moccio, Wel. of μωχαω, Gr.] 1. To
scoff or laugh at, to flout, deride, or jeer, to ridicule. The just up­
right man is mocked to scorn. Job. 2. To deride by imitation, to
mimic in contempt, For mocking marriage with a dame of France.
Shakespeare. 3. To deceive, to defeat, to elude. 4. To fool, to
tantalize, to play on contemptuously. Why am I mock'd with death?
Milton.

To MOCK, verb neut. to make contemptuous game or sport.

MOCK, subst. [from the verb] 1. Ridicule, act of contempt, fleer,
gibe, sneer. Fools make a mock at sin. Proverbs. 2. Contemptuous
imitation, mimickry.

MO’CKABLE, adj. [of mock] exposed to mockery or derision.

MO’CKLE, adj. [the same with mickle. See MICKLE] this word is
variously written mickle, mickel, mochil, mochel, muckle.

MO’CKER [of mock] 1. One who mocks, a derider, a scorner. God
is seldom mocked but to the mocker's confusion. South. 2. One that
deceives, an elusory impostor, a cheat.

MOCKA’DOES, a sort of woollen stuff for darning; weaver's thrums.

MO’CKERY [moquirie, Fr.] 1. Mocking, jest, scorn, sportive inult.
2. Banter, ridicule, contemptuous merriment. 3. Sport, subject of







laughter. 4. Vanity of attempt, delusory labour, vain effort. 5.
Imitation, counterfeit appearance, vain show.

MOCK Privet, or MOCK Willow, subst. names of plants.

MO’CKING Bird [of mock and bird; in Virginia] a bird which imi­
tates the notes of all the birds it hears.

MO’CKINGLY, adv. [of mock] with petulence, with insult, in con­
tempt.

MO’CKING-STOCK, subst. [of mocking and stock] a but for merri­
ment.


MOD

MO’DAL, adj. [modale, Fr. of modalis, Lat.] a term used by school­
men to signify the mode or manner of existing, not relating to the es­
sence. When we speak of faculties of the soul, we assert not with the
schools, their real distinction from it, but only a modal diversity. Glan­
ville.

MODA’LITY, subst. [of modal; with schoolmen] the manner of a
thing in the abstract, or the manner of existing, accidental difference,
modal accident. To signify things or the modalities of things. Holder.

MO’DBURY, a market-town of Devonshire, 223 miles from Lon­
don.

MODE, Fr. [moda, It. and Sp. of modus, Lat. mod, Sax.] 1. Way,
manner, fashion, or form, method. 2. Form, eternal variety, acci­
dental discrimination, accident. A mode is that which cannot subsist
in and of itself, but is always esteemed as belonging to and subsisting
by the help of some substance, which, for that reason, is called its sub­
ject. Watts. 3. Gradation, degree. What modes of sight betwixt
each wide extreme. Pope. 4. State, appearance. Death changes
the mode. 5. [Mode, Fr.] fashion, custom. Their different habits
and dresses according to the mode that prevailed. Addison.

The MODE of a thing [with logicians] is that, which being con­
ceived in a thing, and not being able to subsist without it, determines
it to be after a certain manner, and causes it to be named such. This
is also called the manner of a thing, or attribute or quality.

Internal MODES [in metaphysics] those modes which are inherent in
the substance; as roundness in a bowl.

External MODES, are those which are extraneous to the subject; as
when we say a thing is beheld, desired, loved, &c.

Simple MODES, are combinations of simple ideas, or even of the
same simple ideas several times repeated; as a score, a dozen, &c.

Mixt MODES, are combinations of simple ideas of several kinds; as
beauty consists in a composition of colour, figure, proportion, &c.

Immediate MODES [with school-men] are such as are immediately
attributed to their subjects or substantives; as motion is an immediate
mode of the body, understanding of the mind.

Mediate MODES, are those that are attributed to the subject by the
intervention of some other mode; as swiftness and slowness are only
attributable to the body in respect to its motion.

Essential MODES, or Inseparable MODES, are attributes, without
which the substance cannot subsist; as wisdom, goodness, &c. in God;
figure, place, quantity, &c. of the body.

Non Essential MODES, or Separable MODES, are attributes which af­
fect created substantives, remaining affixed to them so long as is ne­
cessary; as the whiteness of milk, coldness of ice, &c.

Positive MODES, are such as give to their substantives something po­
sitive, real, and absolute.

Privative MODES, are attributed to subjects, when the mind per
ceives some attributes to be wanting therein, and frames a word which
at first sight seems to denote something positive, but which in reality
only denotes the want of some property or mode; as a privation of
light is attributed to a blind man.

MODES of Spirit, are knowledge and willing.

MODES of Body, are figure, rest and motion.

MODE [in music] the particular manner of constituting the octave,
as it consists of seven essential or natural notes, besides the key.

Doric MODE [in music] was a mixture of gravity and mirth, in­
vented by Thamyrus of Thrace.

Phrygian MODE [in music] was adapted to the hindring of rage,
invented by Marsyas the Phrygian.

Lydian MODE [in music] was proper for funeral songs, and invented
by Amphion. — If this be true, what shall we make of that couplet
of Dryden's?
Softly sweet in Lydian measures,
Soon he sooth'd his soul to pleasures.

To MO’DEL, verb act. [modeller, Fr. modellare, It. modelàr, Sp.] to
frame according to a model, to fashion, to plan, to mould, to form,
to delineate. The government is modelled after the same manner with
that of the cantons. Addison.

MODEL [modelle, Fr. of modellus, modulus, Lat. modello, It. modélo,
Sp.] 1. An original or pattern which any workman proposes to copy or
imitate; it is made either of wood, stone, plaister, &c. and in archi­
tecture should be made by a scale, where an inch or half inch repre­
sents a foot, for the more exact compleating the design. 2. A repre­
sentation in miniature of something made or done. The models of
several ancient temples. Addison. 3. A mould, any thing which
shows or gives the shape of that which it incloses. 4. Standard, that
by which any thing is measured. 5. In Shakespeare it seems to have
two unexampled senses. Something formed or produced.
I have commended to his goodness
The model of our chaste loves, his young daughter. Shakespeare.
6. Something small and diminutive; which perhaps is likewise the
meaning of the example affixed to the third sense. England, model
to thy inward greatness. Shakespeare.

MODEL [with architects] a kind of measure, which is the diameter
of the bottom of a pillar in each order, by which the length, &c. of
it is measured, and which is commonly divided into 60 equal parts,
called minutes; except in these of the Doric and Tuscan orders, where
the model is but half the diameter.

MODEL [in the Composite, Corinthian and Ionic orders] is divided
into 18 parts, the same as module.

MO’DELLED, part. adj. [modellé, Fr.] framed or fashioned according
to a model or pattern.

MO’DELLER [of model] one that models, plans, or contrives.

MODE’NA, the capital of a duchy of the same name, in Italy, 20
miles N. W. of Bologna. Lat. 44° 45′ N. Long. 11° 20′ E.

MO’DERABLE, adj. [moderabilis, Lat.] moderate, measurable.

To MO’DERATE, verb act. [moderer, Fr. moderàr, Sp. of moderare,
It. moderatus, Lat.] 1. To qualify, temper, or allay, to make temperate.
Blackmore. 2. To govern or set bounds to, to keep within compass,
to quiet, to repress. Arbuthnot. 3. To lessen or abate.

MO’DERATE [moderé, Fr. moderato, It. moderado, Sp. of moderatus,
Lat.] 1. Temperate, sober, that does not exceed. Sound sleep cometh
of moderate eating. Ecclesiasticus. 2. Not hot of temper, mild of dis­
position. 3. Not luxurious, not expensive. A moderate table. Shake­
peare. 4. Not extreme in an opinion, not sanguine in a tenet. 5.
Placed between extremes, holding the mean. Both kinds of refor­
mation, as well this moderate kind, which the church of England hath
taketh, as that other more extreme and rigorous, which certain churches
elsewhere have better liked. Hooker.

MODERA’TA Misericordia [in law] a writ for the abating of an im­
moderate amerciament, in any court not of record.

MO’DERATELY, adv. [of moderate] 1. Temperately, soberly, mild­
ly. 2. In a middle degree. A mass moderately tough. Arbuthnot.

MO’DERATENESS [of moderate] moderation, state of being mode­
rate; temperateness.

MODERA’TION, Fr. [moderazione, It. moderaciòn, Sp. moderacam,
Port. of moderatio, Lat.] 1. Forbearance of extremity, the contrary
temper to party violence, state of keeping a due mean betwixt ex­
tremes. 2. Calmness of mind, equanimity; a virtue that governs all
passions.

MO’DERATOR [moderateur, Fr. moderatore, It. of moderator, Lat.]
1. The person or thing that calms or restrains. A moderator of pas­
sions and a procurer of contentedness. Walton. 2. A decider of a
controversy, an umpire at a disputation, one who presides in a dis­
putation to restrain the contending parties from indecency, and confine
them to the question.

MO’DERATRIX [moderatrice, Fr. and It. of moderatrix, Lat.] a go­
verness, an arbitratrix.

MO’DERN, adj. [moderne, Fr. moderno, It. and Sp. of modernus, low
Lat. supposed to be a casual corruption of hodiernus. Vel potius ab ad­
verbio modo, modernus, ut a die diurnus. Ainsworth] 1. Late, recent,
not ancient, not antique, that has not been in use till of late years.
Some of the ancient and likewise divers of the modern writers. Bacon.
2. In Shakespeare mean, vulgar, common. To make modern and fa­
miliar things supernatural and causeless. Shakespeare.

MODERN Astronomy, takes its beginning from Copernicus.

MODERN Architecture, the present Italian manner of building; or
it is rather, in strictness, what partakes partly of the antique, retain­
ing something of its delicacy and solidity, and partly of the Gothic,
whence it borrows members and ornaments without proportion or
judgment.

MODERN Medals, such as have been struck within these 300 years.

To MO’DERNISE, verb act. [of modern] to adapt ancient composi­
tions to modern persons or things, to change ancient to modern lan­
guage, to render modern.

MO’DERNISM [of modern] deviation from the ancient and classical
manner. A word invented by Swift.

MO’DERNS [modernes, Fr. moderni, It. and Lat.] persons of latter
times, in contradistinction to the ancients. Ancients in phrase, mere
moderns in their sense. Pope.

MO’DEST, adj. [modeste, Fr. modesto, It. Sp. and Port. of modestus,
Lat.] 1. Sober, grave, discreet in behaviour, bashful, not arrogant,
not boastful. A soldier should be modest as a maid. Young. 2. Not
impudent, not forward. The blushing beauties of a modest maid. Dry­
den. 3. Not loose, not unchaste. The honest woman, the modest
wife. Shakespeare. 4. Moderate, being within a mean, not excessive,
not extreme. By a modest computation. Addison.

MO’DESTLY, adv. [of modest] 1. Soberly, gravely, bashfully, not
arrogantly, not with presumption. I may modestly conclude. Dryden.
2. With modesty, not impudently, not forwardly. 3. Not loosely,
not unchastely, not lewdly. 4. Not excessively, with moderation.

MO’DESTY [modestie, Fr. of modestia, It. Sp. and Port. modestus,
Lat.] 1. Bashfulness, shamefacedness, sobriety, not arro­
gance, not presumptuousness. They cannot with modesty think.
Hooker. 2. Not impudence, not forwardness. 3. Moderation, de­
cency. 4. Chastity, purity of manners. The general character of
women, which is modesty. Dryden.

MO’DESTY-PIECE. A narrow lace which runs along the upper part of
the stays before, being a part of the tucker, is called the modesty-piece.
Addison.

MO’DICUM, subst. Lat. a small pittance, a little matter. What mo­
dicums of wit he utters. Shakespeare.

MODIFI’ABLE, adj. [of modify] that may be diversify'd by acciden­
tal discriminations.

MODI’FICABLE, adj. [of modify] diversifiable by various modes, ca­
pable of being modified.

MODIFICA’TION, Fr. [modificazione, It. of modificatio, Lat.] the act
of modifying or qualifying any thing, or giving it new accidental dif­
ferences of mode or form; something that modifies or gives a thing a
particular manner of being. Not caused by new modifications of the
light. Newton.

MO’DIFIED, part. adj. [modifié, Fr.] having a modality or manner
of existence.

MODIFIED [with logicians] a thing is said to be modified, when the
substance is considered, as determined by a certain mode or manner,
as for example, when we consider a body, the idea we have of it re­
presents a thing or substantive; because we consider it as a thing that
subsists by itself, and has no occasion for any else to subsist it. But
when we consider that this body is round, the idea we have of round­
ness, represents to us only the manner of being a mode, which we con­
ceive cannot subsist naturally without the body, the roundness of which
it is, when we join the mode with the thing, then we consider a round
body, which idea represents to us a thing modified.

To MO’DIFY, verb act. [modifier, Fr. modificàr, Sp. modificare, It.
and Lat.] 1. To moderate, to qualify, to soften. After all this de­
scanting and modifying upon the matter. L'Estrange. 2. To change
the form or accidents of any thing, to shape, to give the modality or
manner of existence. They modify and discriminate the voice. Hol­
der.








MODI’LLION [modillon, Fr. modiglione, It. modiolus, Lat. i. e. little
model] so called in respect to the greater, which is the diameter of the
pillar; also a shouldering-piece or bracket, a little bracket or console.

MODI’LIONS, are little inverted consoles, under the soffit or bottom
of the drip in the Ionic, Composit and Corinthian cornices, and
ought to correspond to the middle of the columns. In the Corinthian
they are always moulded with carved work. In the Ionic and Compo­
sit they are more simple, having seldom any ornament, except one
single leaf underneath. In the Doric order it is half the diameter of
the body of the column below; in other orders it is the whole diame­
ter, and is commonly supposed to be divided into 60 equal parts called
minutes.

MODIO’LUS [in surgery] that part of a trepan, which cuts a bone
circulary, and is distinguished into male and female, as it hath, or hath
not, a point in the middle to fix it the more steady in its operation.

MO’DISH, adj. [of modus, Lat. or mode, Fr.] agreeable to the mode
or fassion, formed according to the prevailing custom. The modish hy­
pocrite endeavours to appear more vitious than he really is. Addison.

MO’DISHLY, adv. [of modish] fashionably, in a modish manner.

MO’DISHNESS [of modish] fashionableness, affectation of the fashion.

MO’DO & Forma [in suits and pleadings at law] part of a defen­
dant's answer, when he denies that he has done the thing laid to his
charge, modo & forma, i. e. in manner and form, as it is declared.

To MO’DULATE, verb act. [modulo, Lat.] to make an harmony,
to form sound to a certain key or to certain notes. All serve to make
or modulate the sound. Grew.

MODULA’TION, Fr. [modulazione, It. of modulatio, Lat.] 1. The
act of tuning or warbling, an agreeable harmony, sound modulated.
Their modulations mix mellifluous. Thomson. 2. The act of forming
any thing to a certain proportion. The different proportion and modu­
lation of the matter variously diversified. Woodward.

MODULA’TOR [of modulate] one who forms sounds to a certain key,
a tuner, any thing that modulates.

MO’DULE, Fr. [modulo, It. prob. of modulus, Lat.] 1. An empty re­
presentation, a model. 2. [In architecture] a certain measure or big­
ness, taken at pleasure, for regulating proportions of columns, and
the symmetry or distribution of the whole building.

MODUS Decimandi, subst. Lat. 1. Something paid as a compensa­
tion for tythes, on the supposition of being a moderate equivalent.
2. [In law] is when land, or a sum of money, or a yearly pension be­
longs to the parson, either by composition or custom, in satisfaction
for tythes in kind. Turning the tythe of flax and hemp into what the
lawyers call a modus, or a certain sum in lieu of a tenth part of the
product. Swift.

MO’LWALL, a bird which eats bees.

MOE, adj. [ma, Sax.] more, a greater number. See MO.

MOGILA’LOS, Lat. [of μογις, with difficulty, and λαλεω, Gr. I speak]
one that speaks with difficulty, or has an impediment in his speech.

MO’HAIR [mohere, moire, mouaire, Fr. of mojacar, an Indian word]
a thread or stuff of silk and camels or other hair.

MO’HOCK, subst. the name of a cruel nation of America, given to ruf­
fians who infested, or rather were imagined to infest, the streets of
London.

MOI’DERED, adj. crazed. Ainsworth.

MOIDO’RE [moede, Fr.] a Portugal gold coin, in value 27 shillings
Sterling.

MOI’ETY [moitié, from moien, Fr. the middle, metà, It. of medietas,
Lat.] the half of any thing, one of two and equal parts. This com­
pany being divided into two equal moieties. Hooker.

To MOIL, verb act. [mouiller, Fr. moilor, mule, q. d. to labour
like a mule, or moeyen, Du. to take pains, or, according to M. Ca­
saubon, of μωλος, Gr. trouble] 1. To daub with dirt, mud or filth.
Moiled with dirt and mire. Knolles. 2. To weary, to tire. No more
tug one another thus, nor moil yourselves. Chapman.

To MOIL, verb neut. [mouiller, Fr. moddelen, Du. to toil in the
mud] 1. To labour in the mire. Moil not too much under ground.
Bacon. 2. To drudge, to work with might and main, to toil. They
toil and moil for the interest of their masters. L'Estrange.

MOINEAU’, Fr. [in fortification] a little flat bastion, raised in the
middle of a courtain that is over long.

MOIST [moiste, moite, O. Fr.] 1. Wet, not dry, wet, not liquid,
wettish, damp in a small degree. 2. Juicy, succulent. Ainsworth.

To MOIST, or To MOI’STEN, verb act. [of moist] to make damp,
to make wet to a small degree.

MOI’STENER [of moisten] the person or thing that moistens.

MOI’STNESS [of moist] wettishness, dampness. The moistness and
density of the air. Bacon.

MOI’STURE [moiteur, O. Fr.] wetness, dampness, a waterish cold
humour, proceeding from abundance of liquid matter, arising from a
conjunction of air and water, small quantity of liquid. The moisture it
bestowed upon roots. Sidney.

MO’KY, adj. dark; as, moky weather. Ainsworth. It seems a cor­
ruption of murky: and in some places they call it muggy, dusky.


MOL

MO’LA, Lat. [with anatomists] the whirle bone on the top of the
knee.

MOLA Carnea, [with anatomists] a moon calf, a concretion of extra­
vasated blood, which forms a kind of flesh, and most commonly hap­
pens in the womb, and is termed a false conception; or it is a spungy
unshaped substance, without bones or bowels; often black clottled
blood, and very hard, and bred in the womb, and is brought forth in­
stead of a real birth.

MOLA Patella. See MOLA Carnea.

MO’LAR Teeth [i. e. the grinding teeth] the five inward teeth on
either side of the mouth.

MOLA’SSES, the gross fluid matter that remains of sugar after boiling,
treacle, the scum of the sugar-cane.

MOLDA’VIA, a province of European Turkey, bounded by the river
Neister, which divides it from Poland, on the north east; by Bessara­
bia on the East; by the Danube, which separates it from Bulgaria,
on the south; and by Walachia on the west; being 240 miles long,
and 150 broad.

To MO’LDER. See To MOU’LDER.

MO’LD-WARP. See MOULD-WARP.

MOLE. 1. A natural spot or discolouration of the skin. To nourish
hair upon the moles of the face. Bacon. 2. A mark, either even with it
or standding out, such as is occasioned to young children, from the
imagination or frights of the mother 3. A formless concretion of ex­
travasated blood; the same with mola carnea, Lat. See MOLA. 4.
[Mœl, Sax. mole, Fr. molo, It. muelle, Sp. of moles, Lat.] a rampart,
pier or fence raised in a harbour, to break the force of the waves, a
mound, a dyke. The sea-ruin'd wall of the mole. Sandys. 5. A lit­
beast that works under ground. Moles have perfect eyes. Ray.

MO’LEBAT, subst. a fish. Ainsworth.

MO’LECAST [of mole and cast] a hillock cast up by a mole or
mouldwarp. In spring let the molecasts be spread. Mortimer.

MO’LECATCHER [of mole and catcher] one whose business is to
catch moles.

MO’LEHILL [of mole and hill] hillock thrown up by the mole
working under ground.

MOLE’CULA, Lat. a little cake or lump, or a little spot on the skin.

MOLECULA [in physics] a little mass or part of any thing.

To MOLE’ST, verb act. [molester, Fr. molestàr, Sp. molestare, It. and
Lat.] to disturb, trouble, vex, aggrieve or disquiet.

MOLESTA’TION [from molest, molestra, Lat.] the act of molesting,
vexing or putting to trouble, uneasiness caused by vexation, distur­
bance. Dissatisfaction and molestation of spirit. Norris.

MOLE’STER [of molest] one who molests or disturbs.

MO’LETRACK [of mole and track] course of the mole under ground.
The bottom of the moletracks. Mortimer.

MO’LEWARP [of mole and weorpan, Sax.] a mole. The molewarp's
brains mixt therewithal. Drayton.

MOLI’NE [in heraldry] as a cross moline, is a cross that turns round
both ways, at all the extremities; but not so wide or sharp as that
which is called anchored.

MOLI’NISTS, a sect of the Romanists, who follow the doctrine and
sentiments of the jesuit Molina, relating to sufficient and efficacious
grace.

MOLITU’RA Libera, Lat. [in old deeds] free grinding, or liberty to
make use of a mill, without paying toll; a privilege which lords of
manors used generally to reserve to their own families.

MO’LLIENT, adj. [moliens, Lat.] softening.

MOLLIE’NTIA, Lat. [with physicians] mollifying or softening me­
dicines.

MOLLIFI’ABLE, adj. [of mollify] that may be softened.

MOLLIFICA’TION [of mollify] 1. The act of mollifying or soften­
ing. 2. Pacification, mitigation. Some mollification, sweet lady.
Shakespeare,

MO’LLIFIER [of mollify] 1. That which softens, that which ap­
peases. It is a great mollifier. Quincy. 2. He that pacifies or miti­
gates.

To MO’LLIFY, verb act. [mollio, Lat. mollir, Fr.] 1. To soften,
to make soft. 2. To assuage. Herb nor mollifying plaister. Wisdom.
3. To appease, to pacify, to quiet. In hope to mollify the sullen
bridegroom. Dryden. 4. To qualify, to lessen any thing harsh or bur­
thensome. To mollify their demands. Clarendon.

MO’LLIFYING, part adj. [of mollify] softening, assuaging.

MO’LLINER, a small muller for grinding of colours.

MO’LLOCK, dirt, dung, ordure.

MOLMU’TIAN Laws, the laws of Dunwallo Molmutius, the 16th
king of the Britons, which were famous with us till the time of Wil­
liam the Conqueror.

MOLO’PES [of μωλωπος, Gr.] black and blue spots, the mark of
stripes or blows; also red spots in malignant and pestilential fevers.
FOREST. L. VI. Observ. 39.

MOLO’SSES [melazzo, It.] the refuse syrup in boiling sugar; the
same with molasses; which see.

MOLO’SSUS [μολοσσος, Gr.] a verse in poetry consisting of three
long syllables.

MO’LTEN, part pass. [of melt; gemolten, Sax.] melted or cast by
a founder. Brass is molten out of the stone. Job.

MOLTEN Grease [in horses] a distemper, which is a fermentation or
ebullition of pituitous and impure humours, which precipitate and dis­
embogue into the guts, and sometimes kill horses.

MO’LTING, or MOU’LTING, the falling off, or change of feathers,
hair, skin, horns, voice of animals, which happens to some annually,
and to others at certain stages of their lives.

MO’LY, Fr. and Lat. [μολν, Gr.] a sort of wild garlic, sorcerers
garlic, hermal, or wild rue. Moly or wild garlic is of several sorts;
as the great moly of Homer, the Indian moly, the moly of Hungary,
serpent's moly, the yellow moly, Spanish purple moly, Spanish silver­
capped moly, Dioscorider's moly, the sweet moly of Montpelier.
The roots are tender, and must be carefully defended from frosts.
The moly of Homer flowers in May, and continues till July, and so
do all the rest, except the last, which is late in September. They are
hardy, and will thrive in any soil.

MOLY’BDITIS [μολνβδντις, Gr.] the spume of silver, commonly got
out of lead. Miller.

MOLY’BDOMANCY [μολνβδομαντεια, of μολνβδος, lead, and μαιτεια,
Gr. divination] a divining, by observing the motions, figures, &c.
of melted lead.


MOM

MOME, subst. a drone, a dull, blockish fellow, a dull, stupid block­
head, a stock, a post: this owes its original to the French word mo­
mon, which signifies the gaming at dice in masquerade, the custom
and rule of which is, that a strict silence is to be observed; whatsoe­
ver sum one stakes another covers, but not a word is to be spoken.
Hence also comes our word mum. Hanmer.

MO’MENT, Fr. [momento, It. Sp. and Port. momentum, Lat.] 1. Is
the most minute and insensible division of time, and what is otherwise
called an instant. Performed in a physical moment. Hale. 2. Conse­
quence, importance, value, weight Esteeming it to be of any mo­
ment or value in matters concerning God. Hooker. 3. Force, impul­
sive weight, actuating power. Determined only by the moments of
truth. Norris.

MOME’NTALLY, adv. [of momet] for a moment. Brown.

MOMENTA’NEOUS, MO’MENTANY, or, MO’MENTARY [momentanée,
Fr. momentaneo, It. and Sp. of momentaneus, Lat.] that lasts but for a







moment; that is of a very short continuance, momentary benefits. A
momentary heat. Arbuthnot.

MOMENTA’NEOUSNESS, or MO’MENTARINESS [of momentaneous, or
momentary] shortness of duration or continuance.

MOME’NTOUS, adj. [momentosus, momentum, Lat.] of weight, mo­
ment or worth, important, weighty. The more momentous concerns
of life. Addison.

MOME’NTOUSNESS, weightiness of concern, the being of moment
or worth.

MO’MENTS [with mathematicians] are such indeterminate and un­
stable parts of quantities as are supposed to be in a perpetual flux, i. e.
continually encreasing or decreasing; and are accounted the genera­
tive principles of magnitude.

MOMENTS [with naturalists] are the quantities of motion in any
moving body; also simply, the motion itself, which they call vis in­
sita, or the power by which any moving bodies do continually change
their places.

MO’MENTUM [in mechanics] is the same with impetus, or quantity
of motion in any moving body.

MO’MMERY, or MU’MMERY, subst. [momerie, Fr.] an entertainment
in which maskers play frolics. See MOMA, MINSTRELSEY, and MAS­
KING.

MO’MORDICA [with botanists] the male balsam apple.

MO’MUS [μωμος, Gr.] disgrace, reprehension] the carping god,
who had his beginning from sleep and the night; and though he was
very slothful and ignorant, and would do nothing himself, yet found
fault with every thing that was done by others. Among others, he
is said to have blamed Jupiter for making man without a window in
his breast, that his vices might be visible. Whence all carpers are
called momus's.


MON

MO’NACHAL, adj. [monachal, Fr. monacale, It. monachalis, Lat. μο­
ναχιχος, Gr.] pertaining to a monk, or conventual orders, monastic,
monkish. See MONKERY.

MO’NACHISM [monachisme, Fr.] the state or condition of monks, the
monastic life.

MO’NAD, or MO’NADE [μονας, Gr.] an indivisible thing. Disunity
is the natural property of matter, which of itself is nothing else but
an infinite congeries of physical monads. More. Also unity, as op­
posed to two, or more.

MONA’DES, plur. [of monad, which see; μοναδες, Gr.] digits or uni­
ties in arithmetic.

MONA’DICAL, pertaining to unity.

MONANGIOPOLYSPE’RMOUS, adj. [of μονος, alone, αγγειον, a vessel,
πολυς, many, and σπερμα, Gr. seed; with botanists] a term applied to
such plants as have many seeds in one single seed vessel.

MONA’NTHUS, Lat. [of μονος, single, and ανθος, Gr. a flower]
that bears but one flower.

MO’NARCH [monarque, Fr. monarca, It. of μοναρχης, of μονος, alone,
and αρχος, Gr. a ruler] 1. One that governs alone, a governor in­
vested with absolute authority, a king. 2. One superior to the rest of
the same kind. The monarch oak the patriarch of the trees. Dryden.
3. President. Come thou monarch of the vine. Shakespeare.

MONA’RCHAL, adj. [of monarch] suiting a monarch, regal, impe­
rial, princely.

MONA’RCHICAL, adj. [monarchique, Fr. monarchico, It. and Sp. mo­
narchicus, Lat. of μοναρχιχος, Gr.] pertaining to a monarch or mo­
narchy, vested in a single governor or ruler. From antipathes in na­
ture to disparage monarchical government. Brown.

MONA’RCHICALS, certain heretics in the second century, who ac­
knowledged but one person in the Trinity, and held that the Father
was crucified.

MONA’RCHICKNESS, subst. a monarchic form of government.

MO’NARCHY [monarchie, Fr. monarchia, It. and Sp. μοναρχια, of
μονος, alone or single, and αρχη, Gr. rule or command] 1. The go­
vernment of a state by a single person, kingly government. While
the monarchy flourished, these wanted not a protector. Atterbury. 2.
Kingdom, empire.

MONARCHY of the Universe, is that absolute supreme authority, god­
head, or dominion, which extends over all without exception; and this
being, both in the nature of the thing, and in the judgment of anti­
quity, the peculiar prerogative of one single person, is what the learned
Valesius refers to in that assertion of his, “Vetus omnis christianorum
theologia Deo quidem Patri MONARCHIAM attribuit; filio vero, &
spiritui sancto οιχονομιαν id est administrationem & dispensationem, i. e.
all antient christian divinity ascribed the MONARCHY to God the Fa­
ther; and to the Son and Spirit, the ADMINISTRATION or DISPENSA-
TION.” Vales. Not. ad Euseb. p. 5, 6. How far this remark holds
true, the reader may judge, by collating what we have offered under
the words FIRST CAUSE, CO-IMMENSE, ESSENCE, DITHEISM, &c.
And indeed Eusebius (on whose writings this note was made) when
giving us not merely his own sentiments, but the doctrine of the
CHURCH, stiles the FATHER'S GODHEAD, considered in contradistinction
to the SON, “ *Eusebius had observed against the Arians, “that the SON did
not exist after the same manner with OTHER derived beings;
i. e. by that sort of creation, which is out of nothing; [see
CREATION] nor could he fairly be called a creature produced
out of nothing [ομοιως τοις λοιποις χτισμασιν, i. e.] after the like
manner with OTHER creatures: but that he alone was begotten
from the FATHER HIMSELF, and existed in the FORM of God,
and was the IMAGE of the invisible God, and FIRST-BORN of
all creation, or of every creature; and that for this cause
[meaning his divine original as before described] the church
had been taught to honour, and worship him only [of all de­
rived beings] as her Lord, and Saviour, and God.” And then
follows that noble chapter from which this citation is taken.
“But if (says he) this should raise with them [i. e. with the
persons whom he opposes] the fear of seeming to advance the
notion of two Gods; let them know, that though we do in­
deed acknowledge the Son to be God, yet there is but ONE
ONLY GOD; even He [or that person] who alone is without
original, and unbegotten; who possesses his own proper domes­
tic godhead [a godhead that is grounded in himself, and inde­
pendent of any extrinsic cause] and who became the cause [or
author] even to the Son himself, both of his being, and his
being such as he is; by WHOM the SON ALSO HIMSELF con­
fesses that he lives, having expressly declared, “As the living
Father has sent me, and I LIVE BY THE FATHER;” and “as
the Father hath life in himself, so hath HE GIVEN to the Son to
have life in himself.” For which reason (as Eusebius subjoins)
he teaches us, that the Father is HIS God as well as ours, say­
ing, “I ascend to my Father and your Father, to MY GOD and
your God.” And then having cited those words, “the head of
Christ is God.”, he proceeds, “there being but ONE ORIGI-
NAL and HEAD, how can there be TWO GODS? Is not HE [or
that person] alone the ONE GOD, who knows no superior, no
AUTHOR of his existence; but possesses his own proper, uno­
riginated, unbegotten godhead of MONARCHIC authority, and
has COMMUNICATED both OF his godhead, and life to the Son;
who produced all things by [or THRO'] him; who SENDS
him; who COMMANDS him; who TEACHES him; who DELI-
VERS ALL THINGS to him; who GLORIFIES him; who HIGH-
LY-EXALTS him;—whose WILL [or decree] it is that we
should obey him; who BIDS him to hold that throne, which is
on the right hand of majesty, when saying to him, “Sit thou
at my right hand:” Who UPON ALL THESE accounts is the
GOD also of the SON HIMSELF. In OBEDIENCE to whom the
only begotten Son emptied himself, and humbled himself,
taking the form of a servant;——to whom he PRAYS——to
whom he GIVES THANKS; whom he teaches us to regard as
the ONLY-TRUE GOD; and confesses to be GREATER THAN
HIMSELF; and whom (over and above all these things) he
would have us all understand to be even HIS GOD——In these
things the CHURCH OF GOD having been instructed, &c.”
Euseb. de Eccles. Theolog. Cologn. p. 66, 67, 69, and 70. com­
pared. See MESSIAH, and after those words, “the works of
Christ” read, meaning of the divine person so called; read
also, this criticism serves—and read, Acts c. ii. v. 36; and
read, as such he adores, and worships the Father for himself.
See also MEDIATE Agency, and read, the latter is from, &c. A godhead of MONARCHIC authority.” De Eccles.
Theolog. l. 1. c. 11. And Hippolytus long before him, in his treatise
against Noetus, tells us, that notwithstanding the divinity of the Son
and Spirit, “the æconomy [or dispensation] of harmony brings the
matter to one God. For there is but one God: FOR 'tis the FATHER,
who commands; the Son, who OBEYS; and the Spirit [acting by com­
mission from both] who giveth understanding, &c.” On the other
hand, it should not be dissembled that Tertullian, taking the word,
MONARCHY, in a more restrained sense, does not scruple to apply it to
the second; and I think also to the third person; though both, upon
his scheme, were greatly inferior to the first: as will appear from what
has been said under the word, HOMOÜSIANS, compared with the fol­
lowing paragraph: “Atquin dico, &c. i. e. but I affirm, that no go­
vernment is so belonging to ONE, so single, so MONARCHICAL, as not
to be administred by other persons the nearest to her, quas IPSA PROS-
PEXERIT officiales sibi, i. e. which she herself has PROVIDED, as her
officers, or ministerial agents to herself. And if HE to whom the mo­
narchy belongs, has also a son; it is not presently divided, and ceases
to be a monarchy, should his son also be TAKEN INTO a participation
of it. It is still PRINCIPALLY HIS, from WHOM 'TIS COMMUNICATED
to the son; and so long as it is HIS, 'tis nevertheless a monarchy for
being held by two persons so closely united. If then the divine mo­
narchy, though administred by so many legions and armies of angels—
yet does not cease to be the government of ONE, by being administred
by so many thousands of powers: How can it be said that God [or
the government of God] should seem to suffer a division and dispersion
in the Son and Spirit, who are ALLOTTED the second, and third
place?——The idea of a monarchy is then destroyed, when another
dominion is set up, independent, and of its own proper state, and so ri­
valling the first: But I who derive the Son from no other original, but
from the SUBSTANCE of the Father, and doing nothing WITHOUT THE
WILL of the Father, and RECEIVING ALL HIS POWER from the Fa­
ther; how can I destroy the belief of a monarchy, which I preserve in
the Son, as being DELIVERED to him from the Father. And the same
might be observed also concerning the third degree; for I suppose the
Spirit to be derived from no other quarter, but FROM the FATHER
through the SON.” And then (retorting the objection on the person
against whom he writes) he adds, “The monarchy should rather seem
to be most in danger of being overthrown on your scheme; who will
not admit the ARRANGEMENT, and DISPENSATION of it; in tot nomini­
bus CONSTITUTAM, quot DEUS VOLUIT, i. e. CONSTITUTED in as
many names, as the WILL OF GOD has determined.” Tertull. Opera
Ed. Cologn. p. 607. Is it possible to compare all this with the above­
cited remark of Valesius, without observing in how modest a form, and
cautious a manner, the SPIRIT of MONTANISM made its first appear­
ance in the world? I shall only add, that if the reader would see the
doctrine of the church, as stated by EUSEBIUS more at large, he may
consult the word COÆTERNAL, Necessary CAUSE, MARCELLIANS, and
SCALE of Being, and may possibly be furnished with the true key to
the antient, not to say SCRIPTURE-DOCTRINE on this head, under the
words, DEITY, DIVINITY, and GOD [or GODHEAD] compared.

MO’NASTERY [monastere, Fr. monastero, It. monasterio, Sp. monaste­
rium, Lat. μοναςηριον, Gr.] a convent or cloister, a college of monks
or nuns, a house of religious retirement. It is usually pronounced,
and often written monastry.

MONASTE’RIAL, adj. [monasterialis, Lat.] pertaining to a mo­
nastery.

MONA’STIC, or MONA’STICAL, adj. [monastique, Fr. monastico, It.
and Sp. monasticus, Lat. μοναςιχος, Gr.] pertaining to a monk or ab­
bey, religiously recluse.

MONA’STICALLY, adv. [of monastical] reclusely, in the manner of
a monk.

MOND, or MOUND [mundus, Lat. monde, Fr.] a golden globe, one
of the ensigns of an emperor.

MO’NDAY [monandæg, Sax. q. d. moon's day, maen-daegh, Du.
montag, Ger. maendag, Su.] the second day of the week.

To MONE, verb neut. [mænan, Sax.] to grieve and lament, to be­
wail. See TO MOAN.

MONE’TA, Lat. money or coin.

MONETA’GIUM, Lat. [in old law] the right and privilege of coin­
ing money.








MO’NEY [mynet, Sax. mynt, Dan. muente, Du. müntze, Ger. mo­
neta, Lat. monoye, Fr. moéda, Port. It has properly no plural, except
when money is taken for a single piece, but monies was formerly used
for sums. Johnson] a piece of metal marked for coin with the arms of
a prince or state, who make it circulate or pass at a stated rate, to faci­
litate trade. Money differs from uncoined silver, in that the quantity of
silver in each piece of money is ascertained by the stamp it bears,
which is a public voucher. Locke.
MONEY makes the mare to go.
Lat. Pecuniæ obediunt omnia er. [All things obey money.]
Fr. L'Argent fait tout. [Money does every thing.]
We have another home-proverb to the same purpose, viz.
God makes, and apparel shapes, but MONEY makes the man.
Lat. Tanti quantum habeas sis. Hor. Sat. I. Lib. I. Intimating,
that tho' nature has been never so bountiful of her gifts to us, and we
have taken never so much pains to adorn our outside, yet if we want
the most necessary ingredient in our composition, MONEY, all the rest
will little avail us.
This proverb is a good lesson of industry in our calling, and frugality
in our expences.
A fool and his MONEY is soon parted.
Because he wants sense and discretion to manage it. The Scots say,
He that gets his geer (estate) before his wit, will be short while master
of it.

MO’NEY-BAG [of money and bag] a large purse. Addison.

MO’NEY-BOX [of money and box] a till where money is put.

MO’NEY-CHANGER [of money and change] a broker in money.

MO’NEYER, subst. [from money; monnoyer, monnoyeur, Fr.] 1. A
coiner of money. 2. A banker, one who deals in money upon re­
turns, &c.

MO’NEYLESS, adj. [of money] wanting money, pennyless.

MO’NEY-MATTER [of money and matter] account of debitor and
creditor. Arbuthnot.

MO’NEY-SCRIVENER [of money and scrivener] one who raises money
for others. Arbuthnot.

MO’NEY'S-WORTH [of money and worth] something valuable, some­
thing that will bring money.

MONG Corn, subst. [of mang, Sax. and corn] mixed corn, as wheat
and rye, mixt corn or maslin.

MO’NGER [mangere, a trader, from mangian, Sax. to trade, man­
giare, Su.] a trader or dealer, a seller. It is used after the name of
any commodity, to express a seller of that commodity; as a fishmon­
ger; and sometimes a meddler in any thing; as a whoremonger, a
newsmonger.

MO’NGREL, adj. [as mongcorn, from mang, Sax. or mengen, Du. to
mingle] 1. Being of a mixt breed; applied to a creature engendered
between two kinds or species. 2. Sometimes used substantively. Mon­
grels in faction, poor faint-hearted traitors. Addison.

MO’NIMENT [moneo, Lat.] It seems here to signify inscription.
Some others were driven and distent
Into great ingots and to wedges square,
Some in round plates, with outer moniment. Spenser.

To MO’NISH, verb act. [moneo, Lat.] to admonish; of which it is a
contraction. Monish him gently. Ascham.

MO’NISHER [of monish] an admonisher, a monitor.

MONI’TION, Fr. [monitio, Lat.] 1. Information, hint. Holder. 2.
Instruction, document. Deaf not only to the advice of friends, but to
the counsels and monitions of reason itself. L'Estrange. 3. [Among ci­
vilians] a warning given by ecclesiastical authority to a clerk, to re­
form his manners, upon intimation of his scandalous life.

MO’NITOR, an admonisher, a warner of duty or faults, one who
gives necessary hints; commonly applied to an upper scholar in a
school, commissioned by the master to look to the boys in his absence,
and be an overseer of their manners. To carry his monitor in his bo­
som, his law in his heart, South.

MO’NITORY, adj. [monitoire, Fr. monitorio, It. of monitorius, Lat.]
admonishing, advertising, or warning, conveying useful instruction, as
monitory visions and dreams. The monitory hint in my essay. Pope.

MO’NITORY, subst. admonition, warning. The pope writ a moni­
tory to him, for that he had broken the privilege of holy church.
Bacon.

MONITORY Letters, letters from an ecclesiastical judge, upon infor­
mation of scandals and abuses within the cognizance of his court.

MONK [monec, Sax. munch, Dan. monnick, Du. münch, Ger.
munk, Su. moine, Fr. monacco, It. monge, Sp. of monachus, Lat. of
μονος, Gr. alone] one of a religious community, one who dwells in a
monastery, under a vow of observing the rules of the founder of the
order he belongs to. Monks in some respects agree with regulars, as
in the substantial vows of religion; but in other respects, monks and
regulars differ; for that regulars, vows excepted, are not tied up to
so strict a rule of life as monks are. Ayliffe. See HIEROM and CATA­
PHRYGIANS.

MONK'S-CLOTH, a sort of coarse cloth.

MO’NKERY [moinerie, Fr.] the profession of a monk, the monastic
life. The dangerous servitude of their rash and impotent votaries,
nor the inconveniences of their monkery. Hall.

MO’NKEY [prob. of mannekin, monikin, a little man, or of mono,
Sp.] 1. An ape, a baboon, a jackanapes, an animal bearing some
resemblance of man. 2. A word of contempt, or slight kindness for
a man or woman. Shakespeare.

MONK-FISH, a fish resembling a monk's coul.

MO’NKHOOD, subst. a plant.

MONKHOOD [of monk and hood] the character of a monk. He left
off his moonkhood too. Atterbury.

MO’NKISH, adj. [of monk] belonging to monks, taught by monks,
monastic. Atterbury. See CREED, BRANDEUM, and CATAPHRY­
GIANS compared.

MONK'S Rhubarb [with botanists] a kind of plant, a species of
dock; its roots are used in medicine.

MONK'S Seam [with sailors] a seam when the selvedges of sails are
laid a little over one another, and sewed on both sides.

MO’NMOUTH, the capital of Monmouthshire, 127 miles from Lon­
don, situated between the rivers Minny and Wye, over each of which
it has a bridge. It sends two members to parliament, and did for­
merly give the title of duke to James, a natural son of Charles II.

MO’NMOUTHSHIRE, a county of England, bounded by Hertford­
shire, on the north-east; by the river Severn, which separates it from
Gloucestershire and Somesetshire, on the south-east; and Glamorgan­
shire, on the west. It sends two members to parliament.

MONOCA’RPOUS, adj. [of μονος, alone, and χαρπος, Gr. fruit; with
botanists] a term applied to such plants as bear but one single fruit.

MONO’CEROS, Lat. [μονοχερως, Gr.] an unicorn or beast that has
but one horn; also the Sene fish.

MO’NOCHORD [monocorde, F. monocordo, It. of μονοχορδον, of μονος,
alone or single, and χορδη, Gr. a string] 1. A sort of instrument for­
merly used in the regulation of sounds, the antients made use of it, to
determine the proportion of sounds to one another: when the chord
was divided into two equal parts, so that the terms were as one to one,
they called them unisons; but if they were as two to one, they called
them octaves or diapasons; when they were as three to two, they
called them fifths or diapentes; if they were as four to three, they
called them fourths or diatessarous; if the terms were as five to four,
they called it diton, or a tierce major; but if the terms were at six to
five, then they called it a demi-diton, or a tierce minor; and lastly, if
the terms were as twenty-four to twenty-five, they called it a demiton
or dieze. The monochord being thus divided, was properly what
they called a system, of which there were many kinds, according to
the different divisions of the monochord. Harris. 2. Some say an in­
strument having but one string, as the trumpet marine. Harris.

MONOCHRO’MA, Lat. [μονοχρωμα, of μονος and χρωμα, Gr. colour] a
picture all of one colour, without any mixture.

MONO’COLON, Lat. [μονοχωλον, μονος, single, and χωλον, Gr.] the
gut, otherwise called intestinum rectum.

MONOCOTY’LEDON [in botany] which springs from the seed with
a single leaf at first, as corn, tulips, onions, &c.

MONO’CULAR, or MONO’CULOUS, adj. [μονος, Gr. single, and oculus,
Lat. eye] one eyed, having but one eye. Some of the prickles
flew into his eyes, and made him monocular. Howel. Those of China
repute all the rest of the world monoculous. Glanville.

MO’NODY [monodie, Fr. monodia, Lat. μονωδια, of μονος, alone, and
ωδη, Gr. a song] a poem where one sings it alone, and not in a dia­
logue, a funeral song.

MONO’GAMIST [μονος, one, and γαμος, Gr. marriage] one who is
for single marriage, one who disallows second marriages. But,
N. B. It is not always so apparent, whether an antient writer means
by second marriage, the entering into that state again after the first wife's
decease; or the taking a second wife, whilst the first is yet living. But
MONOGAMY, from the nature of language and etymology of the word
I think) should preclude only the latter.

MONO’GAMY [monogamie, Fr. monogamia, It. and Lat. of μονογαμια­
μονος, one, and γαμεω, Gr. to marry] a single marriage, or having but
one wife, or one husband, and no more all the life-time.

MO’NOGRAM [monogramme, Fr. of μονος alone, and γραμμα, Gr.] a
cypher or character, composed of several letters interwoven, being a
kind of abbreviation of a name. By its etymology, as Scapula observes,
it should imply a bare delineation or first sketch; and where some
things are not yet added, which are necessary to constitute a compleat
form or figure. Query, if this does not serve to explain Eustathius'
use of the term μονογραμματος, when he endeavours to account for
HOMER'S making the first syllable in the word Scamandrius short? I
mean, by suppressing in pronunciation the letter [S] and reading it
Kamanarius; for such a reading breaks in upon the compleat form or
body of the word. Eustath. in Iliad p. 193.

MONOGRA’MMA Pictura, Lat. [of μονος and γραμμα, Gr.] a picture
that is drawn only in lines without colours.

MONOGRA’PHIC Picture, a picture only drawn in lines without co­
lours.

MONOHE’MERA, Lat. [of μονος and ημερα, Gr. a day] diseases that
are cured in one day.

MONO’LOGIST [monologus, Lat. μονολογος, Gr.] a person of the dra­
ma that talks to himself, a soliloquist.

MONOLO’GUE, or MONO’LOGY, subst. [monologue, Fr. γονολογια, of
μονος, alone, and λογος, Gr. discourse] a soliloquy, a dramatic scene,
where only one actor speaks. He gives you an account of himself
and of his returning from his country, in monologue. Dryden.

MO’NOMACHY, subst. [μονομαχια, of μονος, single, and μαχη, Gr. a
fight] a single combat, a fight of two, hand to hand, a duel.

MO’NOME subst. [monome, Fr. in algebra] a quantity that has but one
denomination or name; as, ab, aab, aaab.

MONO’MIAL [with algebraists] a quantity of one name, or of one
single term.

MONOPEGI’A, Lat. a sharp pain in the head, affecting but one sin­
gle place.

MONOPE’TALOUS, adj. [monopetale, Fr. of μονος. and πεταλον, Gr. a
leaf; with botanists] is applied to a flower which has but one petal:
which tho' it is seemingly cut into four or five small petalas or flower
leaves, are yet all one piece, and fall off all together; as bindweed,
fage, jessamin, mallows, &c. and are of several sorts; as campańifor­
mis, tripetaloides, tetrapetaloides, pentapetaloides, hexapetaloides; which
see.

MONOPETALOUS Flower, uniform and regular [with botanists] is
one in which the petal is not at all divided, or, if divided, the seg­
ments answer each other.

MONOPETALOUS Flower, difform or irregular, is one in which the
parts of the petal do not exactly answer one to the other.

MONOPHU’SITES [of μονος, alone or single, and φνσις, Gr. nature]
a name given to all those sectaries in the Levant, who will allow of but
one only nature in Jesus Christ.

MONO’PHYLLON, Lat. [of μονος and φνλλον, Gr. a leaf] a plant that
has but one leaf.

MONO’POLIST [monopoleur, Fr. monopolista, It. monopola, Lat. μονο­
πωλης, of μονος, single, and πωλεω, Gr. to sell] an engrosser of a com­
modity or trade to himself, or one who by patent obtains the sole
power or privilege of vending any commodity.

To MONO’POLIZE, verb act. [monopoler, Fr. μονος, single, and πω­
λεω, Gr. to sell] to have the sole power or privilege of vending any
commodity.

MONO’POLIZING, part. adj. [of monopolize; of μονος, alone, and







πολεω, Gr. to sell] engrossing commodities, i. e. the buying them up,
so as have the sole sale of them.

MONO’POLY [monopole, Fr. monopoliò, It. monopodio, Sp. monopolium,
Lat. μονοπωλια, Gr.] 1. An unlawful kind of traffic, when one of
more persons make themselves sole masters of any commodity, in or­
der to enhance the price. 2 [In a law sense] a grant from the king
to any person or persons for the sole buying, selling, working, or
using of any thing.

MONO’PTERON [μονοπτερον, of μονος, alone, and πτερον, Gr. a wing]
a kind of round temple, having its roof supported only by pillars.

MONO’PTOTE, subst. the same with MONOPTOTON, a noun used
only in some one oblique case. Clarke's Latin Grammar.

MONO’PTOTON Lat. [μονοπτωτον, of μονος, single, and πτωσις, Gr.
case] a noun which has but one case.

MONO’PTIC [μονοπτιχος, of μονος, one, and οπτομαι, Gr.] a person
who sees but with one eye.

MONOPYRE’NOS [of μονος, and πνρην, Gr. a kernel] that has one
seed or kernel in a berry; as philyrea, misletoe, &c.

MONOSPE’RMOS [of μονος and σπερμα, Gr. seed] that bears a single
seed to each flower; as in the valerian, the marvel of Peru, &c.

MONO’RCHIS, Lat. [of μονος single, and ορχις, Gr. a testicle] a man
who hath but one testicle.

MO’NORYTHME, Lat. [of μονος and ρνθμος, Gr.] a poetical compo­
sition, the verses whereof end with the same rhyme. The Arabian
poets affect this kind of verse; in which we have two celebrated
poems; the one Carmen Abu-lolœ, which Erpenius has printed at the
end of his Arabic grammer; and the other (by far the more judicious
composition) printed by Pocock, and called Carmen Tograi: but both
abound with the true spirit and fire of the Eastern poetry.

MONOSPHE’RICAL, adj. consisting of a single sphere.

MONO’STICH, or MONO’STICHON [μονοςιχον, of μονος and ςιχος, Gr.
a verse] an epigram, or composition that consists of but one single
verse.

MONOSY’LLABLE [monosyllabe, Fr. monosillaba, It. monosylaba, Sp.
monosyllabus, Lat. μονοσνλλαβη, of αονος and σνλλαβη, Gr.] a word
which has but one syllable. Our language already overstocked with
monosyllables. Swift.

MONOSY’LLABLED, part. adj. [from monosyllable, Eng. monosyllabe,
Fr.] consisting of one syllable, made into one syllable. Cleave­
land.

MONO’THELITES [of μονος, single, and θελω, Gr. to will] a sect
in the fifth and succeeding centuries, who held that there was but one
will in Jesus Christ. This sect (as it is here called) agreed, so far as
I can find, with the main body of the primitive writers; in whose
works you will search in vain to find the doctrine of TWO [or more]
intelligent agents so united as to constitute ONE person. No—the
first patrons of this opinion were (if we may credit St. Irenæus) a very
different set of men; as we have shewn under the word Gnostics, Cerin­
thians, &c. by many a citation from that truly apostolic writer; but as
the defenders of this cause, which in effect made TWO persons of
Christ, endeavoured to screen themselves under the notion of UNITY,
hear what St. Irenæus replies to all this. Quia autem omnes, &c. i. e.
whereas all the aforesaid, meaning (as he tells us a few lines before)
those who divide our Lord, so far as in them lies, by affirming that he
is a COMPOUND of two or more different [intelligent] SUBSTANCES
[i. e. so far as relates to the point in hand, the one substance divine,
and the other a soul [or spirit] of the same kind with the rest of men]
all these (says he) tho' in WORDS they confess ONE Jesus Christ, do
but mock themselves, as meaning one thing, and saying another, &c.
Irenæus. Ed. Grabe. p. 241. 238. And to the same effect, p. 244.
“Et si UNITOS eos dixeruit, &c.” and if they'll say “they are UNITED,
&c.” In answer to all which, he shews the weakness and insufficiency
of their hypothesis to support any real unity of person; which (in his
judgment, and in that of the whole church, which he professes to give
us) consists, not in the union of the Christ or Saviour from above, with
the animal Christ or Jesus, i. e. with a soul of the same kind with ours;
[see p. 238 and Gnostics compared] but that the terms Christ and Jesus;
add, if you will, also, SON of GOD, and SON of MAN; are all (as
the first council of Antioch well observed) only different appellations
of one and the same divine agent united to a body, 246—247, or as
he explains himself more fully, p. 241, “the only-begotten word
[or logos] of God—being after the manner of a soul (for such is the
import of his terms) most intimately united to that thing which him­
self had formed or fashioned [meaning a body] united, I say, accord­
ing to the FATHER's will, and being made flesh, HE [that divine per­
son] is Jesus Christ our Lord; who' was indeed ORIGINALLY impas­
sible, but NOW made passible, and has accordingly suffer'd for us”
[and not, as CERINTHUS affirmed, flew away and left the man upon
his approaching sufferings, as being himself still impassible; or (as
Valentinus afterwards refined upon him) contracted himself, that death
might take place upon the man; and then communicated of his own
power to the man, that death might be abolished by him. But on
either scheme, the GOD remained impassible, and nothing besides the
MAN suffered for us] Irenæus adv. Hæreses. Ed. Paris, p. 798. I
shall only add, that this old Gnostic and Cerinthian doctrine was in
effect revived in the fourth, and by the secular ESTABLISHED be­
fore the close of the fifth century: tho' it met with much opposition;
first from the Eunomians and Apollinarians, and afterwards (tho' in a less
perfect manner) from the Eutychians and MONOTHELITES: if that in
strictness of speech can be called an OPPOSITION in the two last; who
belonged both to the main body of the Athanasians, and having ad­
mitted with them the notion of two intelligent substances in Christ,
i. e. having admitted the FOUNDATION PRINCIPLE of Cerinthianism,
did, like men in vain struggling with their chain, protest against some
of its consequences. See EUTYCHIANS, CERINTHIANS, MANHOOD,
and INCARNATION compar'd.

MONOTONI’A, or MONO’TONY, Lat. subst. [monotonie, Fr. μονοτονια,
of μονος, single, and τονος, Gr. tone] the quality of having but one tone,
uniformity of sound, want of variety in cadence, a want of inflection
or variation of voice, or pronunciation, where a long series of words
are delivered with one unvaried tone. The repetition of the same
rhimes within four lines of each other, as tiresome to the ear through
their monotonies. Pope.

MONOTRI’GLYPH [μονοτριγλυφον, of μονος and τριγλυφος, Gr. a
triglyph] the space of one triglyph between two pilasters or co­
lumns.

MONS, a city of the Austrian Netherlands. capital of the province
of Hainalt, 26 miles S. W. of Brussels.

M’ONSIEUR, Fr. a title used by them speaking to their equals, the
same as our Sir; also a term of reproach for a Frenchman.

MONSOO’N, subst. [monson, monçon, Fr.] monsoons, are periodical
winds in the Indian or Eastern sea; that is, winds that blow one half
the year one way, and the other half on the opposite points; and
these points and times of shifting are different, in the different parts of
the ocean; for in some places the wind is constant for three months
one way, than three months more the contrary way, and so all the
year. The monsoons and trade-winds are constant and periodical, even
to the thirtieth degree of latitude, all around the globe, and seldom
transgress or fall short of those bounds. Ray.

MONS Veneris [with anatomists] the upper part of the pudenda.

MO’NSTER [monstre, Fr. monstrum, Lat.] 1. An unnatural birth, or
the production of a living thing, degenerating from thep roper and usual
disposition of parts in the species it belongs to; as when it has too
many or too few members; or some of them are excessively large.
It ought to be determined whether monsters be really a distinct species.
Locke. 2. Something horrible for deformity, wickedness, or mis­
chief. Women will all turn monsters. Shakespeare.

To MO’NSTER, verb act. [from the subst.] to put out of the com­
mon order of things. Obsolete. To hear my nothings monster'd.
Shakespeare.

MO’NSTRANT, adj. Fr. [monstrans, Lat.] shewing or declaring.

MONSTRI’FEROUS, adj. [monstrifer, of monstrum, a monster, and
fero, Lat. to bear] bringing forth or producing monsters.

MONSTRI’FICABLE, adj. [monstrificabilis, Lat.] very large, mon­
strous.

MONSTRO’SITY, or MONSTRUO’SITY [of monstruous. Monstrosity
is more analogous] monstrousness, the state of being out of the com­
mon order of the universe. This is the monstruosity in love, that the
will is infinite, but the execution confined. Shakespeare.

MO’NSTROUS, adj. [monstreux, Fr. monstruoso, It. monstroso, Sp. of
monstrosus, Lat.] 1. Deviating from the course of nature. Some
monstrous productions. Locke. 2. Strange, wonderful, prodigious;
generally with some degree of dislike. O monstrous! but one half­
penny worth of bread to this intolerable deal of sack. Shakespeare.
3. Excessive, irregular, enormous. No monstrous height, or breadth,
or length appear. Pope. 4. Shocking, hateful. An invention given
out by the Spaniards to save the monstrous scorn their nation received.
Bacon.

MO’NSTROUS, adv. exceedingly, very much. There residing a
fair cloud in the bottom, and a monstrous thick oil on the top. Ba­
con.

MO’NSTROUSLY, adv. [of monstrous] 1. In a manner out of the
common order of nature, shockingly, terribly. 2. To a great and
enormous degree, prodigiously, excessively.

MO’NSTROUSNESS [of monstrous] 1. Prodigiousness, the state of be­
ing beyond the ordinary course of nature. 2. Enormity, irregular
nature or behaviour. Shakespeare.

MONTA’UBON, a city of France, in the province of Guienne, and
territory of Quercy, situated on the river Agout, 18 miles north of
Thoulouse.

MO’NTANT, subst. Fr. 1. A term used in fencing. 2. [in French
heraldry] signifies the same as we mean by the moon in her increase,
when she always faces to the right of the escutcheon.

MO’NTANISTS, followers of Montanus their leader, who acted the
prophet, and had his prophetesses.

MONTEFIA’SCO [of Montefiascone, in Italy] a rich sort of wine.

MONT Pagnel [in military affairs] is an eminence chosen out of the
reach of the cannon shot of the besieged place, where persons of cu­
riosity post themselves to behold an attack, and the manner of a siege,
without being exposed to danger.

MONTE’RO, subst. Sp. a sort of cap used by hunters, horsemen and
seamen. His hat was like a helmet or Spanish montero. Bacon.

MONTE’T, MONTETH, or MONTEITH [from the inventor's name]
a scollopped bason to cool and wash glasses in.
New things produce new words, and thus Monteth,
Has by one vessel sav'd his name from death. King.

MO’NTFERRAT, the name of a dutchy in Italy, bounded by the
lordship of Verceil on the north, by the Alexandrine on the east, by
the territories of Genoa on the south, and by the country of Aste on
the west. Subject to the king of Sardinia.

MONTGO’MERY, the capital of Montgomeryshire, in Wales, situ­
ated on the river Severn, 177 miles from London. It sends one mem­
ber to parliament.

MONTGO’MERYSHIRE, a county of north Wales, bounded by the
shires of Merioneth and Denbigh on the north, by those of Radnor
and Cardigan on the south, by Shropshire on the east, and by another
part of Merionithshire on the west. It sends one member to parliament.

MONTH [monath, or month, Sax. moanad, Su. maent, Du. monaht,
Ger. mois, Fr. mese, It. mes, Sp. mez, Port. mensis, Lat.] a space of
time measured either by the sun or moon, the twelfth part of a year,
called a solar month; also the space of 28 days, in which the moon
nearly compleats her course, called a lunar month.

Astronomical MONTH, or Synodical MONTH, is the precise twelfth
part of a year, or the time the sun takes up in passing through one of
the signs of the zodiac, commonly reckoned to contain 30 days 10
hours and a half.

Calendar MONTH, a month not containing an equal number of days;
but such as are set down in the almanac.

Civil MONTH, a month suited to the different customs of particular
nations.

Philosophical MONTH [with chemists] is the space of 40 days.

Lunar Synodical MONTH, is the space of time between two con­
junctions of the moon with the sun.

Lunar Periodical MONTH, the space of time wherein the moon
makes her round through the zodiac.








Lunar Illuminative MONTH, is the space from the first time of her
appearance, after the new moon, to her first appearing the new moon
following.

MONTH of Apparition, or MONTH of Illumination [with astrono­
mers] is the space of 26 days, 12 hours, in which the moon is to be
seen; the other three days, in which it is darkened by the sun, being
taken away.

MONTH Decretorial, or MONTH Medical, also consists of 26 days 12
hours.

MONTH of Consecution, or MONTH of Progression [with astonomers]
is the same as synodical month, i. e. the space of time between one
conjunction of the moon with the sun, and another; being somewhat
more than 29 days and a half.

MONTH of Peragration, or MONTH Periodical [with astronomers]
i. e. the space of the moon's course from any point of the zodiac to the
same again, consisting of 27 days, 7 hours and 45 minutes.

MONTH [in hieroglyphics] was represented by a palm-tree, sending
forth a branch every new moon.

MO’NTHLY, adj. [of month] 1. Continuing a month, performed
in a month. 2. Happening every month.

MO’NTHLY, adv. [of month] once in a month. If the one may
very well monthly, the other may as well even daily be iterated.
Hooker.

MONTH'S-MIND, subst. longing desire. You have a month's-mind
to them. Shakespeare.

MONTI’GENOUS [montigena, Lat.] born in the mountains.

MONT-JOYE [with military men] is a banner; so mont-joye St.
Denis, is as much as to say, the banner of St. Denis.

MONTI’VAGANT [montivagus, Lat.] wandring on the mountains.

MONTOI’R, Fr. [in horsemanship] a stone as high as the stirrups,
which Italian riding-masters mount their horses from, without putting
their foot in the stirrup.

MONTOIR, Fr. [with horsemen] the poise or rest of the foot on the
left stirrup.

MONTPELLI’ER, a city of France, in the provence of Languedoc,
and country of Nisme, situated on the little river Ley, 50 miles N. E.
of Narbonne.

MONTRO’SE, a town of Scotland in the shire of Angus, situated at
the mouth of the river Esk, on the German ocean, 46 miles N. E. of
Edinburgh.

MONTRO’SS, subst. an under gunner, an assistant to a gunner, engi­
neer, or fire-master.

MONTSERA’T, one of the smallest of the Caribbee islands, in the
Atlantic ocean, in America, 30 miles S. W. of Antegua; subject to
the English.

MO’NUMENT, Fr. [monimento, It. and Port. monumento, Sp. of monu­
mentum, Lat.] 1. A memorial for after ages, either a pillar, statue,
&c. raised in memory of some famous person or action. 2. A tomb,
a cenotaph, something erected in memory of the dead.

The MONUMENT of London, a noble pillar, of the Corinthian order
erected in that city, in memory of the terrible fire which consu­
med the greatest part of it, in 1666, and near the place where it
began. It has an INSCRIPTION on its pedestal, worthy of every free
Briton's perusal.

MONUME’NTAL, adj. 1. Preserving memory, memorial. The
destruction of the earth was the most monumental proof that could have
been given. Woodward. 2. Belonging to a tomb, raised in honour
of the dead. And smooth as monumental alabaster. Shakespeare.


MOO

MOOD [mode, Fr. modus, Lat.] 1. Disposition, humour, temper, state
of mind as affected by any passion. In a melancholy mood. Knolles.
Sad amazed mood. Spenser. 2. Anger, rage, heat of mind, from
mod, which in Gothic signifies habitual temper. In their mood they
cast forth stones. Hooker. 3. [In grammar] the change a verb under­
goes in some languages.

MOO’DY, adj. [of mood] 1. Angry, being out of humour, dogged,
fullen. Every peevish, moody malecontent. Rowe. 2. Mental, in­
tellectual; from mod, which in Saxon signifies the mind.

MOON [mona, mena, Sax. maane, Dan. moane, Su. maen, Du.
mond, Ger. mena, Goth. mah, Pers. μηνη, Gr.] 1. One of the ten se­
condary planets, being the earth's satellite or attendant, being only 10
semidiameters of the earth removed from it, which traverses through
the zodiac in 97 days, 7 hours, and 41 minutes; but does not over­
take the sun in less than 29 days, 12 hours, and 44 minutes. The
moon is the changing luminary of the night called by poets Cynthia
or Phœbe. Diana hath her name from moisten, which is the property
of the moon, being by nature cold and moist, and is feigned to be a
goddess huntress. Peacham. 2. A month. 3. [In fortification] it
is used in composition to denote a figure resembling a crescent; as, a
half-moon. The moon was an ancient idol of England, and wor­
shipped by the Britons in the form of a beautiful maid, having her
head covered, and two ears standing out.

The MOON [in her decrement] is in her waining.

The MOON [in her detriment] is in her eclipse.

The MOON [in her compliment] is when she is at full.

The MOON Incressant, is the same as in her increment.

The Colour of the MOON [in blazon] is either proper, which is ar­
gent or or, as she is borne; but these two metals represent her best,
unless she be in her detriment, and then sable is better.

MOON [in heraldry] is always borne in coat armour, either in­
creasing or decreasing; but never in the full. An increasing moon is
a symbol of nobility and increase, called increment.

MOON-BEAM [of moon and beam] a ray of lunar light. On the
water the moon-beams play'd. Dryden.

MOON-CALF [of moon and calf, mondkalb, Ger.] 1. A false concep­
tion, a monster; supposed perhaps anciently to be produced by the
influence of the moon. How cam'st thou to be the siege of this moon­
calf. Shakespeare. 2. A dolt or stupid fellow. The sotted mooncalf
gapes. Dryden.

MOON-EYED [of moon and eye] 1. That can see better by night
than day. 2. having eyes effected by the revolutions of the moon.
Johnson. 3. Dim-ey'd, purblind, moonblind. Ainsworth.

MOON-EYES, a disease or imperfection in horses.

MOO’N-FERN, a sort of shrub.

MOO’N-FISH, subst. Moon-fish is so called because the tail fin is sha­
ped like a half-moon, by which, and his odd trusted shape, he is suf­
ficiently distinguished. Grew.

MOO’NLESS [of moon] not illuminated by the moon. One moonless
night. Dryden. A word of the like etymology with loveless. See
LOVELESS.

MOO’NLIGHT, subst. [of moon and light] the light afforded by the
moon. Departed from them by moonlight. Hooker.

MOONLIGHT, adj. enlightened by the moon. Our moonlight revels.
Shakespeare.

MOO’NSEED, subst. [menispermum, Lat.] the moonseed hath a rosa­
ceous flower, consisting of several small leaves, placed round the em­
brio in a circular order: the pointal, which is divided into three parts
at the top, becomes the fruit or berry in which is included one flat
seed, which is, when ripe, hollowed like the appearance of the moon.
Miller.

MOO’NSHINE, subst. [of moon and shine] 1. The lustre of the moon.
I by the moonshine to the windows went. Dryden. 2. [In burlesque]
a month. I am some twelve or fourteen moonshines lag of a brother.
Shakespeare.

MOO’NSHINE, or MOO’NSHINY, adj. enlightened by the moon. Both
seem corrupted from moonshining. A fair moonshine night. Clarendon.
I went to see them in a moonshiny night. Addison.

MOONSTONE, subst. a sort of stone. Ainsworth.

MOON-WORT [of moon and wort] an herb, called station-flower or
honesty.

MOO’NED, adj. [of moon] formed like the horned moon. Milton.

MOO’NSTRUCK, affected by the moon, lunatic. And moonstruck
madness. Milton,

MOON-TRE’FOIL, subst. [medicago, Lat.] a plant. The moon-trefoil
hath a papilionaceous flower, which becomes a plain orbiculated fruit,
shaped like an half moon. Miller.

MOO’NY, adj. [of moon] lunated, having a crescent for the standard
that resembles the moon. His moony troops. J. Philips.

MOOR, subst. [more, Fr. moro, It. and Sp. maurus, Lat.] 1. A ne­
gro, a black, a moor, a native of Mauritania in Africa. 2. [Moor,
Sax. moer, Du. modder, Teut. clay] a bog, a fen, a tract of low and
watry grounds. She kept sheep on the moor. Carew.

MOO’R-COCK [of moor and cock] the male of the moor-hen.

MOO’R-HEN [of moor and hen] a water fowl that feeds in moors and
fenny grounds, without web feet, the female of a moor-cock or heath­
cock.

To MOOR a Ship a Proviso [a sea term] is to have an anchor in the
river, and a hawser on shore; in this case, they say, the ship is moored
with her hed ashore.

To MOOR, verb act. [morer, Fr. a sea phrase] to fasten by anchors
or otherwise. And in mid ocean left them moor'd at land. Dryden.

To MOOR, verb neut. to lay out the anchors so, as is most convenient
for the safe and secure riding of the ship, to be fixed, to be station'd.
The famous Ararat where Noah's ark first moor'd. Arbuthnot and
Pope.

To MOOR a Cross [a sea phrase] is to lay out one anchor on one side
and athwart a river, and another on the other side right against it.

To MOOR alongst [a sea phrase] is to have an anchor in the river
and a hawser on shore.

To MOOR quarter Shot [a sea phrase] is to moor quartering between
cross and alongst.

MOO’RING for East, West, &c. [a sea phrase] is when they observe
which way, and upon what point of the compass the sea is most like to
endanger the ship, and there lay out an anchor.

MOO’RISH, adj. [of moor; maurus, Lat.] pertaining to the Moors,
or inhabitants of Mauritania; also fenny, watery. The inundation of
the fresh and salt waters, and moorish earth exaggerated upon them.
Hale.

MOO’RLAND [of moor and land] marsh, watery ground, bog, fen.
In the moorlands. Mortimer.

MOOR’S-HEAD [with chemists] a copper cap, made in the form of a
head, to be set over the chimney of a reverberatory furnace; also the
head of a still, having a pipe or nose to let the raised spirit run down
into the receiver.

MOO’RSTONE, subst. a species of granite. Great rocks of moorstone.
Woodward.

MO’ORY, adj. [of moor] fenny, marshy, watery. As when thick
mists arise from moory vales. Fairfax.

MOOSE, an American beast, as large as an ox, very slow footed,
and having a head like a buck, the biggest of the species of deer.

To MOOT, verb act. [from motian, mot and gemot, Sax. meeting
together, or perhaps, as it is a law term, from mot, Fr. a word, mote,
Su.] to plead a mock cause, to state a point of law by way of exercise,
as was commonly done in the inns of court at appointed times.

MOOT, or MOOT Case or Point [from the verb] an exercise or ar­
guing of cases, performed by young students in law at times appointed,
the better to enable them to practice; a point or case disputable, such
as may afford a proper topic for disputation. Who would require ano­
ther to make an argument on a moot point, who understands nothing of
our laws? Locke.

MOOT-HALL [mot-heal, Sax.] the place where the moot cases were
anciently handled.

Bailiff of the MOOTS, or Surveyor of the MOOTS, an officer who is
chosen by the bench, to choose the moot men for the inns of chancery.

MOO’T-MEN, or MOO’TERS, students of the law, who argue moot
cases.


MOP

MOP [moppa, Sax. and Wel. moppa, Lat.] 1. An utensil for washing
and cleaning floors of a house; it is made of pieces of cloth or locks of
wool fixed to a long handle. 2. [Perhaps corrupted from mock. John­
son] A wry mouth made in contempt. Shakespeare.

To MOP, verb act. [from the subst.] to rub with a mop.

To MOP and Mow, verb neut. [prob. of mompelen, Du. the mumps;
mock. Johnson] to make wry mouths at a person, in contempt. Mop­
ping and mowing. Shakespeare.

To MOPE, verb neut. [of this word I cannot find a probable etymo­
logy. Johnson] to act or behave stupidly or sottishly, to be stupid, to
be drowsy, to be in a constant day dream, to be spiritless and inatten­







tive, to be stupid and delirious. Demoniac phrensy, moping melan­
choly. Milton.

To MOPE, verb act. to make or render spiritless, to deprive of na­
tural faculties or powers. A low-spirited moped creature. Locke.

MO’PE-EYED, adj. blind of one eye. Ainsworth.

MO’PPET, or MO’PSY, subst. [perhaps from mop. Johnson] a pup­
pet made of rags, as a mop is made; a fondling name for a girl. Dry­
den.

MO’PUS, subst. [a cant word from mope] a drone, a dreamer. I'm
grown a mere mopus. Swift.


MOR

MO’RA [in old records] a moorish or boggy ground.

MORA Mussa [in old records] a watery or boggy moor.

MO’RAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [morale, It. moralis, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to
the conduct of human life, with regard to the practice of men towards
each other, as it is virtuous or criminal, good or bad. In moral ac­
tions divine law helpeth exceedingly the law of reason to guide man's
life. Hooker. 2. Reasoning or instructing with regard to virtue and
vice. 3. Popular, such as is known and admitted in the general bu­
siness of life. A moral universality is when the predicate agrees to the
greatest part of the particulars which are contained under the universal
subject. Watts.

MORAL, subst. [morale, Lat.] 1. Morality, practice or doctrine of
the duties of life: This is rather a French than English sense. Their
moral and œconomy. Prior. 2. The application of a fable to the
lives and actions of men, in order to form their morals, the doctrine
inculcated by a fiction. The moral is the first business of the poet, as
being the ground-work of his instruction: This being formed, he con­
trives such a design or fable as may be most suitable to the moral. Dry­
den. Whose moral mock'd our labour to divine. Table of CEBES.

To MORAL, verb act. [from the adj.] to make moral reflections,
to moralise. Shakespeare.

MORAL Actions, are such as render a rational or free agent good or
evil, and so of consequence, rewardable or punishable, because he doth
them.

MORAL Agency. All agency supposes a self-moving power, or
power of acting: This power of acting, when accompanied with a
consciousness of moral good and ill, is moral agency; when destitute
of that consciousness, as in brutes and infants, it is what we call spon­
taneity. But freedom is common to both. “Every action, says
Dr. Clarke, every motion arising from the self-moving principle is es­
sentially free.—In children the same physical liberty always is from the
very beginning; and in proportion as they increase in age and in ca­
pacity of judging, they grow continually in degree, not more free,
but more moral agents.” REMARKS upon a Philosophical Enquiry, &c.
p. 28. See WILL, VOLITION, and NECESSITY, and Moral DE­
TERMINATION, compared.

MORAL Attributes, in GOD, are his goodness, justice, veracity,
fidelity, and the like; so called in contradistinction to his omnipotence,
omniscience, immensity, eternity, and the like, which are called his
natural attributes. See MORAL Certainty, and ATTRIBUTES Incom­
municable.

MORAL Certainty, is a very strong probability, in contradiction to a
mathematical demonstration. We have found it with a moral certainty
the seat of the Mosaical abyss. Burnet's Theory.
But moral certainty, when applied to the divine conduct, supposes
something more than a high degree of probability. For tho' God is free
in all his actions, yet, as Dr. Clarke well observes, “Infinite know­
ledge, power, and goodness in conjunction, may (notwithstanding the
most perfect freedom and choice) act with altogether AS MUCH CER-
TAINTY and UNALTERABLE STEDDINESS, as even the necessity of fate
can be supposed to do.—We may therefore as CERTAINLY and INFAL-
LIBLY rely upon the moral, as upon the natural attributes of God; it
being as absolutely impossible for him to act contrary to the one, as to
divest himself of the other; and as much a contradiction to suppose
Him choosing to do any thing inconsistent with his justice, goodness and
truth, as to suppose him divested of infinity, power, or existence. The
one is contrary to the IMMEDIATE and ABSOLUTE NECESSITY of his
nature; the other to the UNALTERABLE RECTITUDE of his will.” DE­
MONSTRATION of the Being and Attributes of God. See Moral DE­
TERMINATION, Necessary CAUSE, and CIRCUMINCESSION, compared.

MORAL Impossibility, is what is otherwise called a very great and al­
most insuperable difficulty, in opposition to a physical or natural
impossibility.
“A man entirely free from all pain of body, and disorder of mind,
judges it unreasonable for him to hurt or destroy himself, and being
under no temptation or external violence, he cannot possibly act con­
trary to his judgment: not because he wants a NATURAL or PHYSICAL
POWER so to do; but because it is absurd, and mischievous and MO-
RALLY IMPOSSIBLE—that with a perfect knowledge of what is best,
and without any temptation to evil, his will should DETERMINE IT-
SELF to choose to act foolishly and unreasonably.” Remarks upon a
Philosophical Enquiry, &c. p. 17, 18. See Moral DETERMINATION.

MORAL Influence, and moral determination, as well as moral neces­
sity, suppose indeed that a being acts in consequence of motives pro­
pos'd; but not by a physical connexion, as in the weights and bal­
lance: the ballance being, by a physical necessity, subjected to the
force of weights; whereas a free agent, from the nature of the thing,
must be possest of a self-moving principle, and though acting in conse­
quence of the motive propos'd, must have a natural power of acting
otherwise. See Moral DETERMINATION, NECESSITY, and VOLI­
TION, compared.

MORAL Necessity. “By moral necessity, says Dr. Clarke, consistent
writers never mean any thing more than to express, in a figurative man­
ner, the CERTAINTY of such an event, as may in reason be fully de­
pended upon; tho' literally, and in philosophical strickness of truth, there
be no necessity at all of the event. Clarke. See NECESSITY, and MO­
RAL Certainty, compared.

MORAL Obligation, is that kind of obligation which is founded in
morality, founded in the apparent fitness and reason of things; and as
such it is contradistinguished from positive institutions: the former binds
per se, the latter only in consequence of a command.

MORAL Philosophy, or that which is otherwise called ethics; is a
science that teaches the direction and forming our manners; explains
the nature and reason of actions, and shews how we may acquire that
happiness which is agreeable to human nature. As such it is contradistin­
guished from natural philosophy, which considers indeed the natures of
things; but with no reference to moral conduct, and what depends
upon that, our happiness or misery. “HAPPINESS not being found in
sensual enjoyment; nor yet in the knowledge of natural things; it
remains that ethics, or MORAL PHILOSOPHY, must direct us to this
treasure; and that it is the fruit and reward of VIRTUE.” Table of
CEBES in English Verse, with Notes.

MORAL Sense, the faculty whereby we discern and perceive what is
good, virtuous, &c. in actions, manners, characters.

MO’RALS, subst. without a singular [morale, Fr. and It. morales,
Lat.] the practice of the duties of life, behaviour with respect to
others. As corrupt in their morals, as vice could make them. South.

MO’RALIST [moraliste Fr.] one well versed in morality, or a prac­
tiser of it; one who teaches morality, or the duties of life. The ad­
vice given by a great moralist. Addison.

MORA’LITY [morale and moralité, Fr. moralità, It. moralidàd, Sp.
of moralitas, Lat. or moral philosophy] 1. Is a conformity to those un­
alterable obligations which result from the nature of our existence, and
the several relations in which we stand, whether to God, as our crea­
tor, or to man, as our fellow-creature; or it is the doctrine of the du­
ties of life, or of virtue, in order to attain the greatest happiness, and
hath these three parts, ethics, œconomics, and politics. 2. The form
of an action, which makes it the subject of reward or punishment.
The morality of an action is founded in the freedom of that principle,
by virtue of which it is in the agent's power, having all things ready
and requisite to the performance of an action, either to perform or not
perform it. South.

To MO’RALIZE, verb act. [moraliser, Fr. moralizzare. It.] 1. To
explain the moral sense, to apply to moral purposes. This fable is
moralized in a common proverb. L'Estrange. 2. In Spenser it seems
to mean, to furnish with manners or examples. Fierce warres and
faithful loves shall moralize my song. Spenser. 3. In Prior, who imi­
tates the former line, it has a sense not easily discovered, if indeed it
has any sense.
High as their trumpets tune his lyre he strung,
And with his prince's arms he moraliz'd his song. Prior.

To MO’RALIZE, verb neut. to speak or write on moral subjects.

MO’RALIZER [of moralize] he who moralizes.

MO’RALLY, adv. [of moral] 1. In the moral or ethical sense. By
good, good morally so called, bonum honestum, ought chiefly to be un­
derstood. South. 2. According to the rules of virtue. To take away
rewards and punishments, is only pleasing to a man who resolves not
to live morally. Dryden. 3. Popularly, according to the common
occurrences of life, according to the common judgment of things. It
is morally impossible for an hypocrite to keep himself long upon his
guard. L'Estrange. See MORAL Impossibility.

MORA’SS [moralz, Dan. moerasch, Du. morast, Ger. moras, Su.
morais, Fr.] a marsh, a bog, a moor, fen, or low moist ground, to
which waters drain from higher grounds, and have no descent to carry
them off.

MORA’TUR, Lat. [in law] signifies as much as he demurs upon the
point, by reason the party here goes not forward; but rests or abides
upon the judgment of the court, who take time to deliberate, argue
and advise thereupon.

MO’RBID, adj. [morbidus, Lat.] diseased, being in a state contrary
to health; it is more properly used of an unsound constitution, or such
as is inclinable to diseases, than of one actually under a distemper.
Though every human constitution is morbid, yet are there diseases con­
sistent with the common functions of life. Arbuthnot.

MORBID [in painting] a term used of very fat flesh very strongly
expressed.

MORBI’DITY, or MO’RBIDNESS, fulness of morbid matter, diseased­
ness, unsoundness of constitution.

MORBI’FIC, or MORBI’FICAL, adj. [morbificus, of morbus, disease, and
facio, Lat. to make, morbifique, Fr.] causing diseases. The air appearing
so malicious in this morbifical conspiracy. Harvey. Evacuation of the
morbific matter. Arbuthnot.

MORBI’LLI, Lat. [with physicians] certain red spots, called the
measles, which proceed from an infection in the blood. They are
attended both with a cough and feaver, and constitute a disease, whose
dregs or relics (if not well guarded against) are generally more fatal
than the disease itself. See MEASLES.

MORBO’SE, adj. [morbosus, Lat.] proceeding from disease, unhealthy.
All preternatural and morbose tumors. Ray.

MORBO’SITY, subst. [morbosses, Lat.] diseased state; obsolete. The
casual impediments or morbosities in individuals. Brown.

MO’RBULENT [morbulentus, Lat.] full of diseases, sickly.

MO’RBUS Comitialis, Lat. the epilepsy, thus named by the Romans,
because when, at any of their public assemblies, persons fell down
with this distemper, they immediately broke up, and dissolved the co­
mitia or court. See EPILEPSY.

MORBUS [in medicine] a distemper of disease.

MORBUS Gallicus, Lat. the French pox.

MORBUS Regius, Lat. the jaundice.

MORBUS Vernaculus, Lat. [the endemical or common disease] a
disease which affects a great many persons in the same country; the
cause of it being peculiar to the country where it reigns, as intermit­
ting fevers to those who inhabit marshy places; a flux in several parts
of the West Indies and Ireland; the scurvy in Holland, &c. See
ENDEMICAL or ENDEMIAL, and EPIDEMIC.

MORBUS Virgineus, Lat. the green sickness.

MORDA’CIOUS, adj. [mordacis, gen. of mordax, Lat.] biting, gnaw­
ing, apt to bite.

MORDA’CITY, subst. [mordacité, Fr. mordacità, It. of mordacitas,
from mordax, Lat.] biting or corroding quality. And openeth the
body by sympathy, and not by mordacity and violent penetration. Bacon.

MO’RDENT, adj. [mordens, Lat.] biting.

MO’RDICANT, Fr. [mordicans, of mordeo, Lat. to bite] biting, sharp,
acrid. That the mordicant quality of bodies must proceed from a
fiery ingredient. Boyle.

MORDICA’TION [of mordicant] the act of biting or corroding. Mor­
dication of the orifices. Bacon.

MORE, adj. [mere, or mare, Sax. the comparative of some or­
great, meere, Dan. mer, Su. meer, Du. mehr, Ger.] 1. In greater







number or degree, in greater quantity. Let more work be laid upon
the men. Exodus. 2. Greater; now obsolete. The more part advised
to depart. Sidney.

MORE, adv. 1. To a greater degree. Feeling more and more in
himself the weight of time. Wotton. 2. The particle that forms the
comparative degree. Happy here, and more happy hereafter. Bacon.
3. Again, a second time. Little did I think I should ever have busi­
ness of this kind on my hands more. Tatler. 4. Longer, yet conti­
nuing; with the negative particle. Cassius is no more. Shakespeare.

MORE, subst. [a kind of comparative from some or much] 1. A
greater quantity, a greater degree. Perhaps some examples where
more is reckoned an adverb, with the before, should be put under the
substantive. As much or more of the active virtue than the suffering.
Dryden. 2. Greater thing, other thing. They who so state a ques­
tion, do no more but separate the parts of it. Locke. 3. Second time,
longer time. It is doubtful whether more, in some cases, be an ad­
verb or substantive. The dove returned not again to him any more.
Genesis.

MORE’A, the antient Peloponnesus, a provence of European Tur­
key, being a peninsula, bounded by the gulphs of Lepanto and En­
gia, which separate it from Achaia or Livadia, on the north; by the
Egean Sea, or Archipelago, on the east; and by the Mediterranean,
on the south and west; being about 180 miles long, and 130 broad.

MORE’L, or Petty MORE’L [solanum, Lat. with herbalists] 1. The
herb garden night-shade. The morel is a plant of which there are
several species. One sort has a black fruit, the root of which is a
foot long, waving, of a darkish white colour and stringy; its stalk,
which is full of pith, rises to the height of a foot and a half, divided
into several branches, with alternate leaves: The flowers proceed
from the branches, a little below the leaves; they grow from five to
about eight in a branch: each flower is white, of a single leaf, cut in
form of a basin. When the flower sheds, there succeeds a spherical
fruit pretty hard; at first green like an olive, than black, full of a
limpid juice, and a great number of seeds. There is a sort of morel
that have a red fruit, and likewise another that have a yellow fruit.
Trevoux. 2. A kind of cherry. Morel is a black cherry, fit for the
conservatory, before it be thorough ripe, but it is better eaten raw.
Mortimer.

MO’RELAND, subst. [morland, mor, a mountain, and land, Sax.]
a mountainous or hilly country.

MOREO’VER, adv. [of more and over; mære and ofar, Sax.] be­
yond what has been mentioned, over and above, likewise, besides.
Moreover by them is thy servant warned. Psalms.

MO’RES, or MA’URES, N. C. high and open places; in other coun­
tries, it is used for low and boggy grounds. See MOOR.

MO’RES, MORI’SCO, or MORRIS [with painters or carvers] an an­
tique sort of work so called, because after the manner of the Moors,
consisting of several pieces, in which there is no perfect figure; but a
wild resemblance or representation of men, birds, beasts, and trees,
&c. intermixt and jumbled together.

MO’RETON-HAMSTED, a market town of Devonshire, 179 miles
from London.

MO’RGAGE; see MORTGAGE. It is pronounced as if written
mongage.

MO’RGLAY, subst. a deadly weapon. Ainsworth.

MO’RIA, Lat. [μωρια, Gr.] the goddess of folly.

MORIA, Lat. a defect of judgment or understanding, proceeding
from lack of imagination and memory, folly.

MORIA, Lat. a morion, a sort of steel-cap or head-piece formerly
in use.

MORI’GEROUS [morigerus, from morem and gero, Lat. to obey] obe­
dient, obsequious.

MORI’LLE, the smallest and most delicate kind of mushroom.

MO’RION, subst. Fr. a casque, a helmet, armour for the head, head­
piece. Raleigh.

Maid MO’RION, or Maid MA’RRION, a boy dressed in a girl's habit,
having his head gaily trimmed, who dances with the morris-dancers.
See Maid MARIAN.

MORISCO, subst. [morisco, Sp.] a morris-dance, much the same with
that which the Greeks called pyrrhica; also a dancer of the morris, or
the Moorish dance.

MORISCO, or MORISK, a sort of painting, carving, &c. done after
a Moorish manner, consisting of several grotesque pieces and comparti­
ments, promiscously intermingled, not containing any perfect figure
of a man, or other animal; but a wild resemblance of beasts, birds,
trees, &c.

MO’RKIN [prob. from mort, Fr. dead; with hunters] a wild-beast,
dead by sickness or mischance.

MO’RLAIX, a port town of France, in the province of Britany, 25
miles N. E. of Brest.

MO’RLING, or MO’RTLING [of mors, Lat. or mort, Fr.] the wool
taken from the skin of a dead sheep.

MO’RMO [η μορμω, of μορμοω, Gr.] a bug-bear, hob-goblin, false
terror, raw head and bloody bones, a thing to affright children with.

MORN, or MO’RNING [marne, or morgen, Sax. morgen, Teut.
morgen, Du. and Ger. morgon, Su. our morning seems rather to come
from morn. Johnson] the fore-part of the day, from the first appear­
ance of light, to the end of the first fourth part of the sun's daily course.
Morn is not used but by the poets. The cock, that is the trumpet to
the morn. Shakespeare. A morning's draught of sack. Tatler.

MO’RNING. See MORN.

MO’RNING-GOWN, subst. a loose gown worn before one is formerly
dressed. Many in rich morning-gowns. Addison.

MO’RNING-STAR, subst. the planet Venus, when she shines in the
morning.

MORO’CCO, the capital of a kingdom of the same name in Africa,
200 miles S. W. of Fez.

MORO’COCKS, a sort of American strawberries.

MORO’LOGIST [of μωρολογος, μωρος, foolish, and λογος, Gr. discourse]
a foolish talker.

MORO’LOGY [μωρολογια, of μωρος and λογος, Gr.] foolish talking.

MORO’SE, adj. [morosus Lat.] dogged, cross, peevish, surly, sour.
The man grows fullen and morose. Addison.

MORO’SELY, adv. [of morose] doggedly, crossly, peevishly, sourly.
Morosely positive in their age. Government of the Tongue.

MORO’SENESS, or MORO’SITY [of morose or morositas, Lat.] sour­
ness, peevishness, averseness to either please or be pleased. The le­
vity of one, and the morosity of another. Clarendon. Abate some de­
grees of pride and moroseness. Watts.

MO’RPETH, a borough-town of Northumberland, on the Wensbec,
291 miles from London. It gives title of viscount to the earl of Car­
lisle, and sends two members to parliament.

MORPHÆA, low Lat. [with physicians] a kind of morphew or
white specks in the skin, which differs from leuce, in that it does not
pierce so deep as leuce does.
Bruno says, it is a species of leprosy, and differs from it, as the seat
of the one is in the FLESH, the other in the SKIN.

MO’RPHEUS [so called, because, by the command of his lord, he
represented τας μορφας, i. e. the countenances and shapes of men] the
god of dreams, who had the power of taking upon him all manner of
shapes.

MO’RPHEW [prob. of mort, dead, and feuille, Fr. a leaf, on account
of the likeness of the colour, morphée, Fr. morphœa, low Lat. mor­
fea, It.] a sort of small tawny spots by the face.

MO’RRIS, or MO’RRIS Dance, subst. [or a dance al morisco, Moorish
dance, or after the manner of the Moors; a dance brought into Eng­
land by the Spaniards] 1. A dance, the performers of which are clad
in white waistcoats, or shirts and caps, having their legs adorned with
bells, which make a heavy jingling, as they leap or dance, and
swords or staves are clashed. It was learned by the Moors, and was
probably a kind of pyrrhic or military dance. 2. Nine mens morrice;
a sort of play with nine holes in the ground. The nine mens morrice is
filled up with mud. Shakespeare.

MO’RRIS-DANCER [of morris and dance] one who dances a la mo­
resco, the Moorish dance.

MO’RROW, or To MO’RROW [to morgen, or morigen, Sax. mor­
gen, Dan. morgon, Su. morghen, Du. and Ger. The original mean­
ing of morrow seems to have been morning, which being often refer­
red to on the preceding day, was understood in time to signify the
whole next day following. Johnson] 1. The day following the present.
The Lord did that thing on the morrow. Exod. 2. To morrow [this
is an idiom of the same kind, supposing morrow to mean originally
morning; as to night, to day. Johnson] on the day after this current
day. This seems improper, as a substantive. 3. To morrow is some­
times, I think improperly, used as a noun. Johnson. To morrow is
the time. Spectator.

MORSE, a sea-horse, an amphibious animal, living sometimes on
land; he is in size about the bigness of an ox, but in shape rather re­
sembles that of a lion; his skin twice as thick as a bull's hide; his
hair is short, like that of a seal; his teeth are as large as an elephant's,
like them in form, and as good ivory; and train oil is made of his
paunch. That which is commonly called a sea-horse is properly
called a morse, and makes not out that shape. Brown.

MO’RSEL [morceau, Fr. morsellum, low Lat.] 1. A small piece, a
bite, a mouthful, a piece fit for the mouth. 2. A piece, a meal 3.
A small quantity. Improper of the morsels of native and pure gold,
he had seen some weighed many pounds. Boyle.

MO’RSULI, Lat. medicines to be chewed in the mouth, as lozen­
ges, &c.

MO’RSURE, Fr. [morsus, Lat. bite] a bite, or biting.

MO’RSUS Diaboli, Lat. [with botanists] the herb devil's-bite or de­
vil's-bit.

MORSUS Diaboli, Lat. [with anatomists] the outer ends of the tubæ
fallopianæ, (i. e. those next to the ovaria) because their edges there
appear jagged and torn. See FALLOPIAN tubes, and BOERHAAVE
Oeconom. animal. Ed. Londin. æneris tabulis illustrat.

MORSUS Gallinœ, Lat. [with botanists] the herb hen-bite, hen-bit,
or chickweed.

MORSUS Ranœ [i. e. the bite of a frog] the lesser water-lily.

MORT, Fr. [of mors, Lat. death or decease, morgt, Island.] a
great quantity; not in elegant use. As he has got a mort of gold or
money.

MORT [with hunters] a certain tune blown with a horn, at the
death of the game.

MO’RTAISE, Fr. [in blazonry, or as our carpenters call it, mortise] is
a square piece of wood, with a square hole through it, which is pro­
perly the mortise, being to fasten another piece into it. See MOR­
TISE; though mortaise is most analogous.

MO’RTAL, adj. Sp. [mortel, Fr. mirtale, It. of mortalis, Lat.] 1.
Deadly, of a killing quality, procuring death. The mortalest poisons.
Bacon. 2. Subject to death, doomed sometime to die. This mortal
must put on immortality. Corinthians. 3. Bringing death. In the
natal or the mortal hour. Pope. 4. Human, pertaining to man.
Out of all mortal power to prevent. South. 5. Extreme, violent; this
sense is not elegant. In a mortal fright. Dryden.

MO’RTAL, subst. 1. Man, human creature. Warn poor mortals left
behind. Tickel. 2. This is often used in ludicrous language. I can
behold no mortal now. Prior.

MORTA’LITY [mortalité, Fr. mortalità, Sp. mortalidàd, It. of mor­
talitas, Lat.] 1. Death. I beg mortality, rather than life preserved
with infamy. Shakespeare. 2. Subjection to death, state of a being
subject to death, liableness to die. 3. Power of destruction. 4. Fre­
quency of death. A time of great mortality. Graunt. 5. Human na­
ture. Mortality cannot bear it often. Dryden.

Bills of MORTALITY, the weekly bills compiled by the parish clerks
about London; giving an account of the number of persons which
die of each disease; and also of those who are born every week.

MO’RTALLY, adv. [of mortal] 1. Irrecoverable, deadly, to death.
Mortally wounded. Dryden. 2. Extremely, to extremity. Adrian
mortally envied poets. Dryden.

MO’RTAR [mortier, Fr. mortajo, It. mostéro, Sp. mortéiro, Port.
morter, Du. moersel, Ger. mirtarium, Lat.] a strong vessel to pound
things in with a pestle.

MORTAR, or MORTAR Piece [with gunners] a thick, short sort of
cannon, having a very large bore, mounted on a very low, strong car­
riage, with wooden wheels of one intire piece, for throwing of bomps,
carcasses, &c.








Cohorn MORTARS, are made of hammered iron, of four inches
diameter at the bore, in length ten inches and a half, in the chace
nine inches; being fixed upon a piece of oak twenty inches in length,
ten and half in breadth, and betwixt three or four in thickness; they
stand fixt to forty-five degrees of elevation, and throw hand-granades
as all other hand-mortars do.

Firelock MORTARS, are fixed in a stock, with a lock like a firelock,
and swing between two arches of iron, with holes answering to one
another. These stand upon a plank of wood, and are portable by
one man, from one place to another.

Hand MORTARS, are also of several sorts; as,

Tinkers MORTARS, which are fixed at the end of a staff about four
feet and a half long, and the other end being shod with iron to stick in
the ground, while a soldier keeps it in an elevation with one hand,
and fires it with the other.

Land MORTARS [in gunnery] are of different sorts; the most com­
mon are 10, 13, 14, and 15 inches diameter. They are mounted on
a very thick plank, but have no wheels, but upon a march are laid
upon a block carriage. See Plate VIII. Fig. 3.

MO’RTAR, or MO’RTER [morter, Du. mortier, Fr.] lime, sand, &c.
mixed up together with water, for a cement in building.

MORTAR [in architecture] is a preparation of lime and sand mixed
up with water, serving as a cement, and used by masons and brick­
layers in building of walls of stone and brick. Wolfius observes, that
the sand should be dry and sharp, so as to prick the hands when
rubbed, yet not earthy, so as to foul the water it is washed in. He
also finds fault with masons and bricklayers, as committing a great
error in letting their lime slacken and cool, before they make up their
mortar, and also in letting their mortar cool and die before they use
it; therefore he advises, that if you expect your work to be well done,
and to continue long, to work up the lime quick, and but little at a
time, that the mortar may not lie long before it be used.

MORTARIO’LUM [with anatomists] the socket wherein a tooth
grows.

MO’RTGAGE, subst. [of mort, Fr. of mors, Lat. death, and gage, Fr.
a pledge] 1. A dead pledge, a thing put into the hands of a credi­
tor, an obligation whereby land, tenement or moveable of the debtor's
are pawned or bound over to the creditor for money or other effects
borrowed, peremptorily to be the creditors for ever, if the money be
not paid at the day agreed on. 2. The state of being pledged. The
land is given in mortgage only. Bacon.

To MO’RTGAGE, verb act. [of mort, Fr. of mortuus, or mors, Lat.
and gager, Fr.] to pawn or pledge lands or tenements, to make over
to a creditor as security. To mortgage their best manors. Arbuthnot.

MORTGAGEE’ [of mortgage] the party to whom any thing is mort­
gaged or pawned.

MO’RTGAGER [of mortgage] the party who has pawned or mort­
gaged.

MO’RTHLAGE [morthlaga, Sax.] a murderer or manslayer.

MORTI’FEROUS [mortifer, of mors, death, and fero, Lat. to bear]
of a deadly nature, of a death-bringing quality, destructive. And
arise from so dead, so mortiferous a state. Hammond.

MORTIFICA’TION, Fr. [mortificazione, It. of mortificati, Lat.] 1. The
state of corrupting, or loosing the vital qualities, gangrene. 2. De­
struction of active qualities. Impediment to union or restitution,
which is called mortification. Bacon. 3. The act of subduing the
body by hardships and macerations. Improper for such as practise
mortifications. Arbuthnot. 4. Trouble and vexation which falls upon
a man, when disappointed or crossed. We had the mortification to
lose the sight of Munich. Addison. 5. [With chemists] the alteration
of the outward forms in metals, minerals, &c. 6. [In theology]
the act of subduing or bringing under the flesh by abstinence and
prayer; humiliation, subjection of the passions. The mortification of
our lusts. Tillotson. 7. [With surgeons] loss of life in any part or
member of the body.

To MO’RTIFY, verb act. [mortifier, Fr. mortificàr, Sp. mortificare,
It. and Lat.] 1. To destroy vital qualities. 2. To destroy active
powers or essential qualities. Quicksilver is mortified with turpentine
or spittle. Bacon. 3. To subdue inordinate passions. Mortify thy
learned pride. Prior. 4. To macerate or harrass the body to com­
pliance with the mind. We mortify ourselves with fish. Brown. 5.
To humble, to depress, to vex. Controuled by a nod, mortified by a
frown. Addison.

To MO’RTIFY, verb neut. 1. To gangrene, to corrupt, to keep
meat till it stinks, or is tender. Try it with capon laid abroad, to
see whether it will mortify and become tender sooner. Bacon. 2. To
be subdued, to die away.

To MORTIFY [with chemists] is to change the outward form or
shape of the mixt body.

To MORTIFY acid Spirits, verb act. [with chemists] is to mix
them with such things as destroy their strength, or hinder their ope­
ration.

To MORTIFY, verb act. [with divines] is to subdue or conquer the
lusts or passions.

To MO’RTISE, or To MO’RTOISE, verb. act. [with carpenters]
1. To cut with a mortise, to fasten one piece of timber into another,
or fix the tenon of one piece of wood into a hole or mortise of an­
other. 2. It seems in the following passage improperly used. The
other half was joined by great brass nails mortised with lead. Ar­
buthnot.

MO’RTISE, subst. [mortaise, mortoise, Fr.] a hole made in one piece
of wood, to receive the tenon of another piece, and thereby form a
joint.

MO’RTLING, the wool that is taken from the skin of a dead
sheep.

MO’RTMAIN, subst. [of morte and main, i. e. dead hand] an alien­
ation or making over of lands and tenements to any gild, corporation,
or fraternity and their successors, bishops, parsons, vicars, &c. which
may not be done without the king's licence; such a state of possession
as makes it unalienable: whence it is said to be in a dead hand, in a
hand that cannot shift away the property.

MO’RTPAY, subst. [of mort and pay] dead pay, payment not made.
The severe punishing of mortpays and keeping back of soldiers wages.
Bacon.

MO’RTRESS, subst. [mortier de sugesse. Skinner] A dish of meat of
various kinds beaten together. Bacon.

MORTNE’, Fr. [in heraldry] signifies born dead, and is applied to
a lion that has neither tongue, nor teeth, nor claws; and the reason
of calling it born dead, may be, that having neither tongue, teeth, or
claws, it is in a dead state, having no weapons to get nor tear his prey,
nor a tongue to turn the meat in its mouth, which is a state of death to
a beast of prey.

MO’RTUARY, subst. [mortuaire, Fr. mortuarium, Lat.] 1. A gift left
by a man at his death to his parish church, for the recompence of his
personal tythes and offerings not duly paid in his life-time. Harris. 2.
Gifts left by a man at his death to the lord of the fee; mortuaries
anciently were paid in beasts, but by a statute made in the 21st year
of king Henry VIII. there is a certain rate set for the payment of
them in money; but these mortuaries are not payable but in some par­
ticular places.

Caput MORT, or Caput MORTUUM [with chemists] the gross and
earthy substance that remains of any mixed body, after the moisture
has been drawn out by distillation or otherwise.

MO’RUM, Lat. 1. A mulberry. 2. [With occulists] a small soft swel­
ling under the eyelids.

MO’RUS, Lat. [with botanists] a mulberry-tree.


MOS

MOSA’IC, adj. belonging to Moses.

MOSA’IC, or MASA’IC Work [or rather musaick work; so called,
as some say, from the musæa of the Greeks, which were adorned both
out and inside with it, and from whom Pliny says they were derived]
is a curious work wrought with stones of divers colours, and divers
metals, into the shape of knots, flowers, and other things, with that
nicety of art, that they seem to be all but one stone, or rather the
work of nature; or, as it is described by others, a sort of painting in
small pebbles, cockles, and shells of divers colours, and of late also
with pieces of glass figured at pleasure; an ornament of much beauty
and duration; but of most use in pavements and floorings. Wotton.

MOSCHA’TEL, subst. The moschatel hath a flower consisting of one
leaf, from whose cup arises the pointal, fixt like a nail, in the middle
of the flower, which becomes a soft succulent berry, in which are con­
tained many flat seeds. Miller.

MOSCHE’TTO [in the West-Indies] a stinging gnat, very trouble­
some there.

MO’SCON, the capital of the province of the same name in Russia,
situated on the river Moscowa, 360 miles S. E. of Petersburgh.

MOSK, or MOSQUE [a corruption of the Arabic word mesgid, i. e.
place of worship] Turkish churches or temples. They are square
structures, generally built of stone, like large halls, with isles, galleries,
and domes, and are adorned on the inside with compartments and
pieces of Arabesque work: before the chief gate there is a square
court paved with white marble, and low galleries round it, whose
roof is supported by marble pillars; in these there is always a pool on
one side, with several cocks, from which the Turks wash themselves
before they go into the mosque. In each mosque there is a great
number of lamps; and between these hang many crystal rings,
ostriches eggs, and other curiosities. The women are not allowed to
enter the mosque, but stay in the porches without; nor is it lawful to
enter the mosques with shoes or stockings on. About every mosque
there are six high towers called minarets, each of which has three little
open galleries, one above another; whence, instead of a bell, the
people are called to prayer by certain officers appointed for that pur­
pose.

MO’SCHUS [μοσχος, Gr.] a sort of perfume called musk. See
MUSK.

MOSCHOCA’RION, Lat. [of μοσχος, musk, and χαρνα, Gr. a nut] a
nutmeg, an Indian spice.

MOSE, a beast in New-England 12 feet high, the body as big as
a bull's, the neck like a stag's, the legs short, the tail longer than a
buck's, and the tips of the horns 12 feet asunder.

MOSS [meos, Sax. mos, Du. moos, Ger. maesa, Su. mousse, Fr.
musco, It. musgo, Port. muscus, Lat.] a little plant of the parasite kind,
or a kind of down that adheres to the trunks and branches of trees;
especially aspens, cedars, fir-trees, oaks, &c. also upon stones about
springs, &c. Tho' moss was formerly supposed to be only an excres­
sence produced from the earth or trees, yet it is no less a perfect plant
than those of greater magnitude, having roots, flower and seeds, yet
cannot be propagated from seeds by any art. The botanists distin­
guish it into many species: it chiefly flourishes in cold countries, and
in the winter season, and is many times very injurious to fruit trees.
The only remedy in such cases, is to cut down part of the trees, and
plow up the ground between those left remaining; and in the spring,
in moist weather, you should, with an iron instrument, scrape off the
moss. Miller.
A rolling stone gathers no MOSS.
Lat. Saxum volutum non obducitur musco. Er.

To MOSS, verb act. [from the noun] to cover with moss. An oak
whose boughs were moss'd with age. Shakespeare.

MO’SSINESS [of mossy] fulness of moss, or state of being mossy.
Mossiness of trees. Bacon.

MOSS Troopers, a sort of robbers in Scotland.

MO’SSES, plur. [of moss] morish or boggy places.

MO’SSY [of moss; meosig, Sax.] having, or being full of moss.

MOST, adj. superl. of more [mæst, Sax. meest, Dan. and Du.
meist, Ger. maest, Su.] consisting of the greatest part, number or
quantity. Most sorts of berries. Arbuthnot.

MO’STIC [with painters] a round stick, about a yard long, which
they rest their hand on when at work.

MO’STLY, adv. [of most; mæslic, Sax] for the most part, for the
greatest part. Totally or mostly defaced. Bacon.

MOST, adv. [mæst, Sax. maist, Goth. meest, Du. mest, Dan.] 1.
The particle noting the superlative degree. Most certainly. Cheyne.
2. In the greatest degree. That which will most influence their car­
riage. Locke.

MOST [this is a kind of substantive, being, according to its signifi­
cation, singular or plural] 1. The greatest number. In this sense it
is plural. Most of the churches they had planted. Addison. 2. The
greatest value. In this sense it is singular. A covetous man makes the







most of what he has. L'Estrange. 3. The greatest degree, the greatest
quantity. Some months at the most. Bacon.

MO’STRA, It. [in music books] a little mark at the end of each
line, shewing with what note the next line begins.

MO’TACISM, Lat. [with grammarians] is a vowel following the
letter m.

MO’STWHAT, subst. [of most and what] for the most part. Obso­
lete. Those promises being but seldom absolute, mostwhat con­
ditionate. Hammond.


MOT

MOTA’TION, subst. the act of moving.

MOTE [mota, Sax. a meeting] 1. An assembly or meeting, a
court of judicature; as, a ward-mote, 2. [mot, Sax. atomus, Lat.]
A small particle of matter, any thing proverbially small, an atom.
The little motes in the sun. Bacon.

MOTE, for MIGHT. Obsolete.

MOTEE’R, a customary service or payment at the court of the lord
of the manor.

MOTE’TTI, or MOTE’TTO [in music books] a sort of church mu­
sic made use of among the Roman Catholics, and is composed with
much art and ingenuity. It is much of the same kind in divine music,
as cantatas in common.

MOTH [mod, or motha, Sax. motter, Du. and Ger. mott, Su.] a sort
of small winged fly, which eats clothes and hangings. As a garment
that is moth-eaten. Job.

MO’THER [mothor, Sax. moder, Dan. and Su. moedet, Du. and
L. Ger. mutter, H. Ger. modder, Goth. mader, Pers. mere, Fr. madre,
It. and Sp. may, Port. mater, Lat.] 1. A woman that has borne chil­
dren. Correlative to son or daughter. Every mother's son. Shake­
speare. 2. That which has produced any thing. Their mother coun­
try. Arbuthnot. 3. That which has preceded as to time; as, a mo­
ther church to chapels. 4. That which requires reverence and obe­
dience. The good of mother church, as well as that of civil society.
Ayliffe. 5. The hysteric passion, so called as being imagined a dis­
ease peculiar to women. This stopping of the stomach might be the
mother, forasmuch as many were troubled with mother fits. Graunt.
6. A familiar term of address to an old woman, or to a woman dedi­
cated to religious austerities. 7. Mother in law; a husband's or wife's
mother. 8. [moeder, Du. from modder, mud] a thick substance con­
creting on liquors, the lees or scum concreted, a sort of mouldy or
white substance on stale liquors. It will cast up a mother, as the mothers
of distilled waters. Bacon. 9. [More properly modder, modde, Du.]
a young girl. Now wholly obsolete, except in provincial language.
A sling for a mother, a bow for a boy. Tusser.

MOTHER, adj. had at the birth, native, born with one. Each of
them cultivated his mother tongue. Dryden.
Diffidence is the MOTHER of safety.
Fr. La defiance est la mere de sureté. It. La diffidenza è la madre della
sicurtà.

MOTHER Tongue, is the language of our native country, and in the
use of which we are trained up from our infancy.

To MOTHER, verb neut. To gather concretion or mouldiness.

MO’THERED, part. adj. [of mother] concreted, moulded. They
oint their naked limbs with mother'd oil. Dryden.

MOTHER of Pearl, the shell which contains the pearl fish, that in
which pearls are generated. A sort of coarse pearl made of onyx,
sometimes of mother of pearl. Hakewill.

MOTHER of Thyme [serpyllum, Lat.] an herb. It hath trailing
branches, which are not so woody and hard as those of thyme, but in
every other respect is the same.

MOTHER of Wine, Beer, &c. [moeder, lees] the concretion, moul­
diness, or dregs of wine, beer, &c. See the 8th sense of MO­
THER.

MOTHER-WORT [cardiaca, Lat.] an herb. The flower of the mo­
ther-wort consists of one leaf, and is of a lip kind, whose upper-lip is
much umbricated, and much longer than the under one, which is cut
into three parts: from the flower-cup arises the pointal, fixed like a
nail in the hinder part of the flower, attended by four embrios, which
become angular seeds. Miller.

MO’THER [with physicians] a disease in that part where the child
is formed; also the womb itself. See 5th sense of MOTHER.

MOTHER Churches, are such as have founded or erected others.

MO’THERHOOD [of mother; motherhod, Sax.] the state, character
or relation of a mother.

MO’THERING, a custom still retained in many places of England,
of visiting parents on Midlent Sunday; and it seems to be called mo­
thering, from the respect paid in old time to the mother church. It
being the custom for people, in old popish times, to visit their mother­
church on Midlent-Sunday, and to make their offerings at the high
altar.

MO’THERLESS [of mother; mothor-leas, Sax.] having no mother
alive, destitute of a mother, orphan of a mother. I might shew you
my children, whom the rigour of your justice would make complete
orphans, being already motherless. Waller's speech to the house of com­
mons.

MO’THERLINESS [of motherly; mother and gelicnesse, Sax.] mo­
therly affection, behaviour, &c.

MO’THERLY, adj. [of mother and like] 1. Belonging to a mother, suit­
able to a mother. Childlike obedience to her that hath more than mo­
therly power. Hooker. 2. Tenderly, affectionately, gravely, soberly.

MO’THERLY, adv. in manner of a mother. Donne.

MO’THERY [of mother; of mother, Sax.] concreted, feculent, dreg­
gy, having a white substance on it by reason of age; as liquors.

MOTH-MU’LLEIN [with herbalists; blallaria, Lat.] the herb called
also hig-taper, long-weed, torch-weed or wool-blade. The leaves of
the mothmullein are placed alternately upon the branches; the
flower-cup consists of one leaf, which is divided into five segments;
the flower consists of one leaf, which spreads open, and is divided
also into five segments. They are produced in long spikes, and are
succeeded by long vessels, containing many small seeds. Miller.

MO’THY, adj. [of moth] full of moths. His horse hipp'd with an
old mothy saddle. Shakespeare.

MO’TION, Fr. [moto, It. of motio, Lat.] 1. The act of moving or
changing place, the action of a natural body which moves or stirs it.
2. Manner of moving the body, port, gait. Virtue with colours
speech and motion grac'd. Waller. 3. Change of posture, action.
Watching the motions of her patron's eye. Dryden. 4. An inclination,
tendency of the mind, thought. Let a good man obey every good mo­
tion rising in his heart. South. 5. Proposal made, overture. Your
father and my uncle have made motions. Shakespeare. 6. Impulse com­
municated. Whether that motion, vitality and operation were by in­
cubation. Raleigh.

Proper MOTION, is a removal out of one proper place into another;
as, the motion of a wheel in a clock.

Improper MOTION, is the passage of a body out of one common
place, as that of a clock when moved in a ship.

Absolute MOTION [with philosophers] is the changing of the abso­
lute place of any body that moves; so that the swiftness of its motion
will be measured by the quantity of the absolute space, which the mo­
ving body has run through, compared with the time.

Simple MOTION, one that is produced from some one power.

Compound MOTION, is one produced by several conspiring powers.

Relative MOTION [with philosophers] is a change of the relative
place of a body that moves.

Pretty MOTION [with horsemen] a term used to signify the freedom
of the motion of the fore-legs, when a horse bends them much upon
the manage; also when a horse trots right out, and keeps his body
strait, and his head high, and bends his fore legs handsomely.

MOTION of the Apogee [in astronomy] is an arch of the zodiac of
the primum mobile.

The Laws of MOTION [according to Sir Isaac Newton] are,
1. That every body will continue its state, either of rest, or motion
uniformly forward in a right line, unless it be made to change that
state by some force impressed upon it.
2. That the change of motion is in proportion to the moving force
impressed; and is always according to the direction of that right line
in which the force is impress'd.
3. That reaction is always equal and contrary to action; or, which
is the same thing, the mutual actions of two bodies one upon another
are equal, and directed towards contrary parts; as when one body
presses and draws another, 'tis as much pressed and drawn by that
body.

Animal MOTION, is that whereby the situation, figure, magnitude,
&c. of the parts, members, &c. of animals are changed, and is ei­
ther

Spontaneous MOTION, or Muscular MOTION, which is that per­
formed by means of the muscles, at the direction or command of the
will.

Natural MOTION, or Involuntary MOTION, is that motion that is
effected without direction or command of the will. N. B. This distinc­
tion is of late much question'd.

Diurnal MOTION, or Primary MOTION [in astronomy] is a motion
wherewith all the heavenly bodies, and the whole mundane sphere,
appears to revolve every day round the earth from east to west.

Second MOTION, or Proper MOTION [in astronomy] is that whereby
a planet, star, or the like, advances a certain space every day from
west towards east.

MOTIONS of an Army, are the several marches and counter-marches
which it makes in changing its posts.

MO’TIONLESS, adj. [of motion] wanting motion, being without mo­
tion.

MOTIVE, adj. [motivus, Lat.] 1. Causing motion, having mo­
ment. Shall every motive argument used in such kind of conferences
be made a rule for others. Hooker. 2. Having the power to move or
change place, having power to pass foremost to motion. For the con­
veyance of the motive faculty from the brain. Wilkins.

MO’TIVE, subst. [motif, Fr. motivo, It. and Sp. of motivum, Lat.]
1. A moving or forcible argument or reason, an incitement, that
which determines the choice. 2. Mover. At every joint and motive
of her body. Shakespeare.

MO’TLEY, or MO’TLY, adj. [supposed to be corrupted from medley,
perhaps from mothlike, coloured, spotted, or variegated like a garden
moth. Johnson] as, a motley colour, mixed, mingled of various co­
lours. Motley fruit of mongrel seed. Swift.

MO’TOR, subst. [moteur, Fr. from moveo, Lat. to move] a mover.
Receive the impressions of their motor. Brown.

MOTO’RII, Lat. or MOTORY Nerves [with anatomists] the third
pair of nerves, serving for the motion of the eye.

MO’TORY, adj. [motorius, Lat.] giving motion. The plucks and
attractions of the motory muscles. Ray.

MO’TOS [μοτος, Gr.] a piece of old linen tozed like wool, which is
put into ulcers, and stops the flux of blood.

MO’TTO [mot, Fr. motto, It. motéte, Sp.] a word or short sentence
put to an emblem or device, or to any thing written, or to a coat of
arms in a scroll, at the bottom of an escutcheon.

MOTTO [in heraldry] is some short sentence, either divine or he­
roic, just as the deviser was disposed; some allude to the name of the
bearer; some to the bearing, and others to neither. It is generally in
three or four words, placed in some scroll or compartment, usually at
the bottom of the escutcheon; and so it is the last in blazoning.

MO’TUS Peristalticus, Lat. [with physicians] the peristaltic or quib­
bling motion of the guts.


MOV

To MOVE, verb act. [moveo, Lat. mouvoir, Fr. muovere, It. movèr,
Sp. and Port.] 1. To stir any thing, to put out of one place into ano­
ther, to put in motion. My heart trembleth and is moved out of its
place. Job. 2. To give an impulse to. The pretext of piety is but
like the hand of a clock set indeed more conspicuously, but directed
wholly by the secret movings of carnality within. Decay of Piety. 3.
To propose, to recommend. The will may move a review. Bram­
hall. 4. To persuade, to prevail on the mind, to stir up, to incline.
Minds desirous of revenge were not moved with gold. Knolles. 5. To
affect, to stir passion, to touch pathetically. To move pity or terror.
Felton. 6. To provoke, to make angry. They have moved me to
jealousy. Deuteronomy. 7. To put into commotion. All the city was
moved about them. Ruth. 8. To conduct regularly in motion. They
as they move their starry dance. Milton.

To MOVE a Court of Judicature, is to propose a matter to it, in or­
der to obtain their directions, &c.

To MOVE, verb neut. 1. To change place or situation, to go from
one place to another. Body itself can move into it. Locke. 2. To
walk, to bear the body. He moves with manly grace. Dryden. 3.







To go forward. 4. To change the posture of the body in ceremony.
When Haman saw Mordecai that he stood not up nor moved for him,
he was full of indignation. Esther.

MO’VEABLE, adj. [from move; mobile, Fr. and It. moble and movible,
Sp. of mobilis, Lat.] 1. That may be moved, not fixed, sucha as may
be carried from place to place. 2. Changing the time of the year.
The moveable feasts. Holder. 3. Varying in time.

MO’VEABLE Signs [with astrologers] are Aries, Cancer, Libra, and
Capricorn, which are so called, because they make the changes of the
seasons, in spring, summer, autumn and winter. They are also cal­
led cardinal signs.

MOVEABLE Feasts, are those festivals, which tho' they happen, or
are celebrated on the same day of the week, yet vary in the day of the
month, as Easter, Whitsuntide, &c.

MO’VEABLENESS, or MOBI’LITY [mobilitas, Lat.] movable, or ca­
pacity of being moved, mobility.

MO’VEABLES, subst. [seldom used in the singular; meubles, Fr.] per­
sonal goods, furniture, distinguished from real or immoveable posses­
sions, as lands or houses. Surveys rich moveables with curious eye.
Dryden.

MO’VEABLY, adv. [of moveable] so as it may be moved. Grew.

MO’VELESS, adj. unmoved, not to be put out of the place. Boyle.

MO’VEMENT [mouvement, Fr. movimento, It. movimiento, Sp.] 1.
Motion. 2. Manner of moving.

MOVEMENT [with clockmakers] those parts of the clock, watch,
&c. which are in motion, and which by that motion carry on the de­
sign, or answer the end of the instrument.

MO’VENT, adj. [movens, Lat.] moving. In some part movent,
and in some part quiescent. Grew.

MO’VENT, subst. [movens, Lat.] that which moves another. Whe­
ther the sun or earth be the common movent. Glanville.

MO’VER [of move] 1. The person or thing that gives motion. 2.
Something that moves or stands not still. 3. A proposer.

MO’VING, part. adj. [of move] affective, touching, pathetic, adap­
ted to move the passions.

MO’VINGLY, adv. [of moving] pathetically, in such a manner as to
move the passions.


MOU

MOU’GHT, for MIGHT. Obsolete.

To MOULD, verb act. [amouldar, Sp. of mouler, Fr.] 1. To cast or
form in a mould, to shape, to model. To mould him platonically to
his own idea. Wotton. 2. To knead, to work dough; as, to mould
bread, is to work the mass or dough with the hands, and to form it
into loaves.

To MOULD, verb neut. [from the subst.] to contract concreted mat­
ter, to gather mould.

To MOULD, verb act. to cover with mould, to corrupt by mould.

MOULD [mogel, Goth. moegel, Su.] a kind of concretion on
the top or outside of things kept motionless and damp; now disco­
vered by microscopes to be perfect plants, mouldiness.

MOULD, or MOLD [molde, Sax.] 1. Earth, soil, ground in which
any thing grows. 2. Matter of which any thing is made. One
common mass composed the mould of man. Dryden.

MOULD, or MOLD [molde, Span. moule, Fr. modello, It.] 1. A form or
frame in which any thing is cast, the matrix in which any thing is
cast, that in which any thing receives its form. 2. Cast, form.
Pembroke was a man of another mould and making. Clarendon. 3.
The future or contexture of the skull. Ainsworth.

MOU’LDABLE, adj. [of mould] that may be moudled. Mouldable
and not mouldable are plebeian notions. Bacon.

MO’ULDER, subst. [of mould] he who mouldse.

To MO’ULDER, verb neut. [from mould] to be turned to dust, to
perish in dust, to be diminished. Whatsover moulders or is washed
away, is carried down into the lower grounds. Burnet's Theory.

To MOULDER, verb act. [from mould] to turn any thing to dust,
to crumble. Their foundations have been mouldered with age. Ad­
dison.

MO’ULDERING, part. adj. [of moulder; of molde, Sax. earth, &c.
but according to Mr. Casaubon, of μελδω, Gr.] falling or crumbling
into dust, &c.

MOU’LDINESS [of mouldy] a sort of hoariness, by reason of stale­
ness; as bread, &c. the state of being mouldy. After a mouldiness,
rottenness, or corrupting. Bacon.

MOU’LDINGS. 1. [In architecture] are ornaments either of wood
or stone; projectures beyond the nakedness of a wall, column, &c.
the assemblage of which form cornishes, &c. 2. Ornamental cavi­
ties in wood or stone. Hollow mouldings are required in the work
Moxon.

MOULDINGS [in gunnery] are all the prominent parts of a gun or
mortar-piece, as such square or rounds which serve generally for or­
nament; as the breech mouldings, muzzle mouldings, &c.

MOU’LDWARP, subst. [mold and weorpan, Sax.] a mole, a small
animal that throws up the earth. The fichat and the mouldwarp.
Walton.

MOU’LDY [prob. of molsnad, Sax. mucidus, Lat. moisi, Fr. muffa­
to, It. mohoso, Sp.] hoary with mouldiness, overgrown with concre­
tions. That mouldy colour which others contract. Addison.

MOU’LINET [in the art of war] a turn-stile or wooden cross which
turns upon a stake, fixed upright in the ground, commonly set up in
passages; especially near the outworks of fortified places, on the side
of the barriers through which people pass on foot.

MOU’LINET [in mechanics] a roller, which being crossed with two
leavers, is usually applied to cranes, capstans, &c. and other machines
for raising things of great weight.

To MOULT, or To MOU’LTER, verb neut. [muto, Lat. muer, Fr.
mudare. It. muyen, Du.] to shed or change the feathers, as birds do,
to lose feathers.

To MOUNCH, or To MAUNCH, verb act. to eat much. Ains­
worth. This word is retained in Scotland, and denotes the obtunded
action of toothless gums on a hard crust or any thing eatable. It
seems to be a corruption of the French word manger.

MOU’LTER, a young duck.

MOU’LTON, South, a market-town of Devonshire, on the river
Moul, 183 miles from London.

MOU’NTSORREL, a market-town of Leicestershire, 104 miles from
London.

MOU’SHHOLE, a market town of Cornwall, situated on the west side
of Mountsbay, 290 miles from London.

To MOUND, verb act. [from the subst.] to secure or defend with
a bank, &c. to fortify with a mound.

MOUND [prob. of maen, C. Br. a stone, mundian, Sax. to defend,
or of monumentum, Lat. according to Minshew] any thing raised to
fortify or defend, usually a bank of earth and stone, a rampart or
fence. Surrounded by a noble mound-work of rocks. Addison.

MOUND [q. mundus, Lat. the world] a ball or globe with a cross
upon it, which kings, &c. are represented with in their coronation
robes, holding it in their left hand, as they do a scepter in their right.
It represents the sovereign majesty and jurisdiction of kings; and by
the roundness of the mound, and the ensigning thereof with the cross,
Guillim says, is signified, that the religion and faith of Christ ought
to be received, and religiously embraced throughout his dominions,
which high duty is residing in his own sovereign power.

MOUND [of plaister of Paris] the quantity of 3000 lb.

MOUNT [mons, Lat. mont, Fr. monte, It. Sp. and Port.] 1. A
mountain or hill. Jacob offered sacrifice upon the mount. Genesis. 2.
An artificial hill. 3. A public treasure, a bank. Now obsolete.
4. A hill raised in a garden, or elsewhere, above the level of the
rest of the plot.

MOUNT [in fortification] a heap of earth having a breast-work to
cover the canon planted upon it.

MOUNT of Piety, a stock of money, which in former times was
raised by a contribution of charitable people, and laid up to be lent on
occasions to poor people ruined by the extortion of the Jews.

To MOUNT, verb act. [montare, It. monter, Fr. montar, Sp.] 1. To
go or get up, to rise on high. 2. To tower, to be built up to great
height. Tho' his excellency mount up to the heavens. Job. 3. To
get on horseback. Cry'd oh, and mounted. Shakespeare. 4. [for
amount] to raise in value. Make fair deductions, see to what they
mount. Pope.

To MOUNT, verb act. 1. To raise aloft, to lift on high. No feel­
ing of her wings, or any resistance of air to mount herself by. Ray.
2. To ascend, to climb. Shall we mount again the rural throne.
Dryden. 3. To place on horseback. 4. To embellish with orna­
ments.

To MOUNT the guard [in military affairs] is to do duty and watch
at any particular post.

To MOUNT a breach [in military affairs] is to run up to it, or to
attack it.

To MOUNT the Trenches [in military affairs] is to do duty in the
trenches.

To MOUNT a Cannon [in gunnery] is to set it on the carriage, or
raise its mouth higher, for the more easy management in firing it.

MOUNT Egg [with tin miners] a different slag in the bottom of the
float, that which remains after tin is melted down and remelted from
the burnt oar; which tho' it is of a tin colour, yet is of an iron nature,
as has been discovered by applying a magnet to it.

MOU’NTAIN [montagne, Fr. montagna, It. montana, Sp. monte, Port.
of mons, Lat.] a vast bulk or heap of earth, raised to a considerable
height, a large hill, a vast protuberance of the earth.
The travelling MOUNTAIN yields a silly mouse. Creech.
Fr. La montagne en travail enfante un souris. Boileau. Lat. Partu­
riunt montes, nascitur ridiculus mus. Hor. Art. Poet.
To make a MOUNTAIN of a mole-hill.
Lat. Arcem ex cloacâ facere. Cic.
To make a great noise about small matters; to aggrandize or exag­
gerate matters.

MOUNTAIN, adj. [montanus, Lat.] found on the mountains, per­
taining to the mountains, growing on the mountains. Now for our
mountain sport. Shakespeare.

MOUNTANEE’R [of mountain] 1. One who dwells on the mountains,
a highlander. A few mountaneers may escape. Bentley. 2. A savage,
a free booter, a rustic. Milton.

MOU’NTAINET, subst. [of mountain] a hilloc, a small mount. Ele­
gant, but not in use. Her breasts sweetly rose up like two mountainets
in the valley of Tempe. Sidney.

MOU’NTAINOUS [montanus, Lat. montagneux, Fr. montagnoso, It.
montuoso, Sp.] 1. Having, or being full of high mountains, hilly. 2.
Large as mountains, huge, bulky. Mountainous heaps of wonders
rise. Prior. 3. Inhabiting mountains. Ignorant and mountainous
people. Bacon.

MOU’NTAINOUSNESS [of mountainous] state of being mountainous, or
full of mountains. Armenia is so called from the mountainousness of
it. Brerewood.

MOUNTAIN Parsley [oreosolinum, Lat.] a plant. It hath a rose­
shaped umbellated flower, consisting of several leaves, placed in a
circular order, that becomes a fruit composed of two seeds, which are
oval, plain, large, streaked and bordered, and sometimes cast off
their cover. The leaves are like parsley. Miller.

MOUNTAIN Rose [chamœrhododendrum, Lat.] a plant. It hath a tu­
bulous flower, consisting of one leaf, shaped somewhat like a funnel,
from whose cup arises the pointal fixed like a nail in the hinder part
of the flower, which afterwards becomes an oblong fruit divided into
five cells, in which are contained many very small seeds. Miller.

MOU’NTANT, adj. [mountans, Lat.] rising on high. Your aprons
mountant. Shakespeare.

MOU’NTEBANK [of montinbanco, montare in banco, Ital. because they
generally mount or get upon a stage or high bench to shew them­
selves] 1. A quack doctor or itinerant pretender to physic and surgery
that mounts a bench in a market, and boasts his infallible remedies
and cures. 2. Any boastful and false pretender. There are moun­
tebanks and smatterers in a state. L'Estrange.

To MOUNTEBANK, verb act. [from the subst.] to cheat by false
pretences or boasts. Shakespeare.

MOU’NTENANCE, subst. amount of a thing. Spenser.

MOU’NTER [of mount] one that mounts. They were two gallant
mounters. Drayton.

MOU’NTING [in heraldry] spoken of beasts of chace, signifies the
same as rampant does of beasts of prey.

MOU’NTY, subst. [montée, Fr.] the rise of a hawk.








MOURAI’LLE [with horsemen] barnacles, an instrument of iron or
wood, composed of two branches, joined at one end with a hinge, to
hold a horse by the nose, to prevent his struggling, and getting loose,
when an incision is made, or the fire given.

To MOURN, verb neut. [mornan, or, according to Mr. Casaubon,
of μινυρομαι, Gr.] 1. To be sorrowful. Abraham came to mourn for
Sarah. Genesis. 2. To wear the habit of sorrow. We mourn in
black, why mourn we not in blood? Shakespeare. 3. To preserve
appearance of grief. Put on mourning apparel. 2 Samuel.

To MOURN, verb act. to grieve for, to lament, to bewail. As if
he mourn'd his rival's ill success. Addison.

MOURNE, subst. [morne, Fr.] the round end of a staff; the part of
a lance to which the steel part is fixed, or where it is taken off. Co­
loured with hooks near the mourne. Sidney.

MOU’RNER [of mourn] 1. One that mourns, one that grieves. 2.
One who follows a funeral in black. 3. Something used at funerals.
The mourner eugh and builder oak were there. Dryden.

MOU’RNFUL, adj. [of mourn and full; mornan, to mourn, and
full, Sax.] 1. Sorrowful, feeling sorrow. The mournful fair. Prior.
2. Having the appearance of sorrow. No funeral rites, nor man in
mournful weeds. Shakespeare. 3. Causing sorrow. The treach'rous
manner of his mournful death. Shakespeare. 4. Betokening sorrow,
expressive of grief. Nor mournful bell shall ring her burial. Shake­
speare.

MOU’RNFULLY, adv. [of mournful] with sorrow, dolefully, sor­
rowfully.

MOU’RNFULNESS [of mournful] 1. Sorrow, grief. 2. Show of
grief, appearance of sorrow, sorrowfulness.

MOU’RNING, part. adj. bewailing, lamenting, grieving.

MOU’RNING, subst. [of mourn] 1. Lamentation, sorrow. The be­
ginning of sorrows and great mournings. 2 Esdras. 2. The dress of
sorrow. And ev'n the pavements were with mournings hid. Dryden.
3. A particular habit worn on the death of some relations, &c.

MOURNING of the Chine [in horses] a disease which causes ulcers in
the liver.

MOU’RNINGLY, adv. [of mourning] with the appearance of sor­
rowing. Shakespeare.

MOUSE, irr. pl. MICE [mus, Sax. muys, Du. and L. Ger mausz,
H. Ger. mus, Su. musch, Pers. mus, Lat.] the smallest of all beasts,
a little animal that haunts houses and corn-fields, and is destroyed by
cats.

To MOUSE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To catch mise. A
mousing owl. Shakespeare. 2. [I suppose it means in the following
passage, sly, insiduous or predatory, rapacious, interested. Johnson]
A whole assembly of mousing saints, under the mask of zeal and good
nature, lay many kingdoms in blood. L'Estrange.

MOUSE Ear, subst. [myosotis, Lat.] a plant. It hath the whole ap­
appearance of chickweed; but the flower is larger, and the fruit,
shaped like an ox's horn, gaping at the top, and full of small round
seeds. Miller.

MOU’SEHUNT [of mouse and hunt] mouser, one that hunts mice.
You have been a mousehunt in your time. Shakespeare.

MOU’SEHOLE [of mouse and hole] small hole, such as a mouse only
can run in and out at.

MOU’SER [of mouse] one that catches mise, a cat that hunts and
kills mice.

MOUSETAIL, an herb.

MOUSE-TRAP [of mouse and trap] a snare or gin in which mice are
catched.

MOUSSU’E [in heraldry] as croix moussue is a cross rounded off at
the end.

MOUTH [moth, or muth, Sax. Mr. Casaubon thinks it is of μνθος,
Gr. a word or speech] 1. That aperture in the head of any animal
at which the food is received, and by which the inspiration and expi­
ration of the air is performed. 2. The opening in general, that at
which any thing enters, the part of a vessel by which it is filled and
emptied. 3. The instrument of speaking. It was in every body's
mouth. L'Estrange. 4. A speaker, a rhetorician, the principal ora­
tor. In burlesque language. Some particular statesman who is the
mouth of the street where he lives. Addison. 5. Cry, voice. With
all the mouths of Rome to second thee. Addison. 6. Distortion of the
mouth, wry face. In this sense a person is said to make mouths. How
making mouths turns to account in Warwickshire. Addison. 7. Down in
the mouth; dejected, clouded in the countenance. Upon this disap­
pointment they were down in the mouth. L'Estrange.

MOUTH [in geography] the mouth of a river, &c. the place
where a river empties itself into the sea.

To MOUTH, verb neut. [from the subst.] to speak big, to speak
in a strong and loud voice, to vociferate. And mouth at Cæsar till I
shake the senate. Addison.

To MOUTH, verb act. 1. To utter with a voice effectedly big, to
roll in the mouth with tumult. If you mouth it I had as leive the
town crier had spoken my lines. Shakespeare. 2. To chew, to grind
in the mouth, to eat. And now he feasts mouthing the flesh of men.
Shakespeare. 3. To sieze in the mouth. First mouth'd to be last
swallow'd. Shakespeare. 4. To form by the mouth. The beholder
at first sight imputes the ensuing form to the mouthing of the dam.
Brown.

MOU’THED, adj. [of mouth] 1. furnished with a mouth. Or well
mouth'd Booth with emphasis proclaims. Pope. 2. In composition;
foul-mouth'd, or contumelious; mealy mouth'd, or bashful; a hard­
mouthed horse, a horse that obeys not the bit.

MOU’TH-FRIEND [of mouth and friend] one who outwardly pro­
fesses friendship without intending it. You knot of mouth-friends.
Shakespeare.

MOU’THFUL, subst. [muthfull, Sax,] 1. A bit that may well be put
into the mouth at once, what the mouth contains at once. 2. Any
quantity proverbially small. To take a mouthful of sweet country air.
Dryden.

MOU’TH-HONOUR [of mouth and honour] civility outwardly ex­
pressed without sincerity. Shakespeare.

MOU’THLESS, adj. [of mouth] being without a mouth.


MOW

MOW, subst. [mowe, Sax. a heap. See MULLIO] a loft or place
where corn or hay is laid up: hay in mow is hay laid up in a house;
hay in rick is hay heaped up together in a field.

MOW, subst. [probably corrupted from mouth; mouë, Fr.] wry
mouth, distorted face. This word is now out of use, but retained in
Scotland.

To MOW, verb neut. [of mouë, Fr. a wry mouth or grimace] to
make mouths, to distort the face. Some new mowing with the mouth,
Ascham.

To MOW, irr. verb act. mown, pret. mowed, irr. part. pass. [meo­
pan, mapan, Sax. maeyen, Du. machen, Ger. Mow, the noun, is pro­
nounced as mow; mow, the verb, as mo] to cut down grass, &c.
with a scythe. 2. To cut down with speed and violence. He will
mow down all before him. Shakespeare.

To MOW, verb act. [from the noun] to put up in a mow.

To MOW, verb neut. to gather the harvest. Ours is the harvest
where the Indians mow. Waller.

To MO’WBURN, verb neut. [of mow and burn] to ferment and
heat in the mow. House it not green, lest it mowburn. Mortimer.

MO’WER [of mow] one who cuts down grass or corn with a scythe.

MOWNTEE’ [in old records] an alarm to mount or go with speed
upon some warlike expedition.

MO’XA, subst. a sort of down or Indian grass, used in physic. An
Indian moss used in the cure of the gout, by burning it on the part
aggrieved. Temple.

MOYENEAU’ [in fortification] a small, flat bastion, commonly
placed in the middle of a curtain, where the bastions at the extre­
mities are not well defended from the small shot by reason of their
distance.

MOYLE, subst. 1. a mule, an animal generated between the horse
and ass. 2. [With gardeners] a graft or cyon.

MOYLS, a sort of high heeled shoes.

Mr. is an abbreviation of master.

Mrs. is an abbreviation of mistress.

M S. is used as an abbreviation for manuscript; and

M S S. for manuscripts, the plural.


MUC

MUCH, adj. [mycker, Su. mucho, Sp.] large in quantity, many in
number, long in time. Thou shalt carry much seed out. Deuter­
onomy.

MUCH, adv. 1. In great degree, by far. Thou art much mightier
than we. Genesis. 2. To a certain degree. The more he charged
them, so much the more a great deal they published it. St. Mark.
3. To a great degree. He is not like to be much followed. Baker.
4. Often, or long. As much recorded and as often fung. Granville.
5. Nearly. All left the world much as they found it. Temple.

MUCH, subst. 1. A great quantity, a great deal, multitude in num­
ber, abundance in quantity, not little. They have much of the poetry
of Mæcenas, but little of his liberality. Dryden. 2. More than
enough, a heavy service or burthen. Thou think'st it much to tread
the ooze. Shakespeare. 3. Any assignable quantity or degree. There
remained not so much as one. Exodus. 4. Any uncommon thing,
something strange. It was much that one that was so great a lover of
peace, should be happy in war. Bacon. 5. To make much of; to
treat with regard, to fondle, to pamper. And gladly make much of
the entertainment which she allotted. Sidney.

MUCH at one, of equal value, of equal influence. Then prayers
are vain as curses, much at one. Dryden.

MUCHA’RUM, Lat. [in pharmacy] the infusion of roses by itself, or
the infusion boiled up to a syrup.

MU’CHWHAT, adv. [of much and what] nearly. This Latin will
be muchwhat the same with a solecism. Atterbury.

MU’CHEL, adj. for MICKLE or MUCKLE [mycel, Sax.] much.
Spenser.

MU’CID, adj. [mucidus, Lat. moisi, Fr. mucre. Johnson] hoary,
musty, mouldy, slimy.

MU’CIDNESS [of mucid] mustiness, sliminess.

MU’CILAGE, Fr. [of mucus, Lat.] a slimy body with moisture suf­
ficient to hold it together, a viscous extraction or juice, made of roots,
&c. Also a thick pituitous matter, coagulated with the urine in the
gravel and dysuria.

MUCILA’GINOUS, adj. [mucilagineux, Fr. of mucilage, Eng.] full of
slime, viscous, soft with some degree of tenacity. Not mucilaginous
but resinous gums. Grew.

MUCILAGINOUS Glands [with anatomists] glandules or kernels pla­
ced on the skin, lying immediately over the joints, the use of which is
to separate a kind of slimy matter, which makes the joints supple, so as
they move with great ease and freedom.

MUCILA’GINOUSNESS [of mucilaginous] fulness of mucilage or a
viscous sort of substance.

MUCK, subst. [meox, Sax. moek, Su. myki, Goth. myer, Islandic;
from which our mire] 1. Filth, dung, for manure of grounds. To
help the ground with muck. Bacon. 2. Any thing mean, low and
filthy. Spenser. 3. To run a muck, signifies to run madly at and at­
tack all that we meet. To run a muck, and tilt at all I meet. Pope.

To MUCK, verb act. [from the subst.] to manure with muck, to
dung. Tusser.

MU’CK-HILL [of muck and hill] dunghill. Bacon.

MUCK Wet, wet as dung, very wet.

MU’CK-WORM [of muck and worm] 1. A worm that lives and is
bred in dung. 2. A covetous person, a miser, a curmudgeon. Mi­
sers are muckworms. Swift.

MU’CKENDER [either of muck, filth, of meox, Sax. or muccinium,
low Lat. of mucus, Lat. snot, mouchoir, Fr. or moqueadór, mocadero, Sp.]
an handkerchief.

To MU’CKER, verb neut. [of muck; mucg, Sax. an heap] to hoard
up, to scramble for money, to get or save meanly: A word used by
Chaucer, and still retained in conversation.

MU’CKERER [of mucker] one that muckers, one that scrapes and
hoards meanly.

MU’CKY, adj. [of muck] nasty, filthy. Spenser.

MU’CKINESS [of mucky; meok, filth, and nesse, Sax.] dirtiness,
nastiness, filth.

MU’CKLE, adj. [mycel, Sax.] much. See MICKLE.








MU’CKSWEAT [of muck and sweat. In this low word muck signifies
wet, moist] profuse sweat.

MU’COUS, adj. [mucosus, Lat.] full of slime, viscous. Having also
a mucous humidity. Brown.

MUCOUS Glands [in anatomy] three glands which empty them­
selves into the urethra.

MU’COUSNESS [of mucous; mucositas, Lat.] slime, viscosity.

MU’CRO Cordis, Lat. [in anatomy] the lower pointed end of the
heart. The mucro or point of the heart inclineth unto the left. Brown.

MU’CRONATED, adj. [mucronatus, of macro, Lat. point] ending in
a point like that of a sword, narrowed to a sharp point. Mucronated,
or terminating in a point. Woodward.

MU’CULENT, adj. [muculentus, of mucus, Lat. slime] full of slime,
viscous.

MU’CULENCY, or MU’CCULENCY [of muculent; muculentia, Lat.]
sliminess.

MU’CUS [in anatomy] snot, most properly that which flows from
the papillary processes, thro' the os cibriforme into the nostrils; but it
is also used for any slimy liquor or moisture, as that which daubs over
and guards the bowels, and all the chief passages in the body; and it
is separated by the mucilaginous glands. Quincy.

MUCUS Intestinorum [in anatomy] a viscous matter which flows
from the glandules, by which the guts are defended from sharp and
hard things, which pass thro' them.

MUD [modder, Du.] filth or mire, the slime and uliginous matter
at the bottom of still water.

To MUD, verb act. [from the [subst.] 1. To bury in the slime or
mud. L'Estrange. 2. To make turbid or foul, to pollute or dash with
dirt, to foul by stirring up the sediment.

MU’DDILY, adv. [of muddy] turbidly, with foul mixture. Lucilius
writ loosely and muddily. Dryden.

MU’DDINESS [of muddy; modder, Du. and ness] the having mud,
the state of being muddy, foulness caused by mud, dregs or sediment,
turbidness.

MU’DDY [from mud] 1. Pertaining to, having or being full of mud,
thick with dregs, foul with mud, turbid. Empty it in the muddy ditch.
Shakespeare. 2. Impure, dark, gross. 3. Soiled with mud. 4.
Dark, not bright. And mingles in her muddy cheeks. Swift. 5.
Cloudy, dull.

To MUDDY, verb act. [of mud] to make muddy, to cloud, to di­
sturb. Excess muddies the best wit. Grew.

To M’UDDLE, verb act. [from mud] to make turbid, foul or muddy;
also to make tipsy or half drunk, to cloud or stupify. Often drunk,
always muddled. Arbuthnot.

To MUDDLE, verb neut. [prob. of moddelen, Du.] to rout with the
bill as ducks do.

MU’DDLED, part. adj. [of muddle] half drunk, tipsy.

MUDERESEE's [with the Turks] those who teach scholars their re­
ligion, for which they are paid out of the revenues of the mosques.

MU’DSUCKER [of mud and suck] a kind of water-fowl which sucks
out of the mud of channels, that by which they are nourished. In
mud-suckers two of the toes are somewhat joined, that they may not
easily sink. Derham.

MU’DWALL [of mud and wall] 1. A wall built without mortar, by
throwing up mud and suffering it to dry. 2. A bird so called. Ains­
worth.

MU’DWALLED, adj. [of mud and wall] having a mud-wall. Prior.

To MUE, verb neut. [muer, Fr.] to moult, to change feathers.

MUE, or MEW [mue, Fr.] a sort of coop where hawks are kept
when they change their feathers.

MUES [of mue, Fr.] now the king's stables at Charing-Cross, but
formerly the place for keeping of his hawks.


MUF

MUFF [mouffle, Fr. moffe, Du. muff, Ger. and Su.] a case of furr,
or soft cover, to put the hands in, in cold weather.

To MU’FFLE, verb act. [prob. of muth, the mouth, and fealdan,
Sax. to fold up, moufle, Fr. a winter glove. Johnson] 1. To wrap up
the mouth and face in a cloth, to cover from the weather. The face
lies muffled up within the garment. Addison. 2. To blindfold. South.
3. To conceal, to involve in general. Muffled up in darkness. Ar­
buthnot.

To MU’FFLE, verb neut. [muffelen, moffelen, Du.] to speak unin­
telligibly, to speak inwardly, to speak without clear and distinct arti­
culation. The closeness, and muffling, and laziness of speaking. Hol­
der.

MU’FFLER [of muffle] 1. A cover for the face. 2. A part of a
woman's dress, by which the face was covered.

MU’FFLER, or MU’FFLES [with chemists] the cover of a test or
coppel which is put over them in the fire. It is commonly arched to
preserve them from the falling of coals and ashes into them; tho' at
the same time, of such a form as is no hindrance to the action of the air
and fire on the metal, nor to the inspection of the assayer.

MU’FTI [mofti, Arab. from fata, Arab. a verb which in its fourth
conjugation signifies to inform by a response or judgment given con­
cerning the truth or right of a thing. Golius. Among the Turks]
the chief priest or primate of the Mahometan religion; or the oracle of
all doubtful questions in their law; appointed by the grand seignior
himself.
Monsieur Thevenot observes, that the mufti is the CHIEF of their
ecclesiastics, and held in so great esteem, that the grand seignior him­
self quits his seat upon his approach, and advances some few steps, in
order to salute him; and adds, that the decision or response which he
gives [when consulted upon any exigence of state] is called the fetwa;”
which by the way is a word of the same extract with the former, and
signifies (says Golius) the response or judgment of the wise; tho' some,
by a corruption of orthography, call it fetfa. And now, if I may be
allowed to throw in my conjecture concerning the true rise of this of­
fice, it is as follows; when the caliphate, which (as succeeding the
prophet Mahomet) was an ecclesiastico-political power, was now ex­
tinct, a succedaneum to it was found out, by the Turkish princes, whose
power being only of the secular kind, found it necessary to erect a sa­
cred or religious kind of office; which might, upon emergency (like
another oracle) be consulted, and by its response give the greater sanc­
tion to the measures of the COURT, and the more effectually secure the
submission and obedience of the subject. And indeed, what made this
office the more necessary, is that custom which the Mahometans have
ab origine observed, I mean, of making frequent appeals to the Coran,
as being the chief code or standard of law, whether civil or ecclesiasti­
cal. So great a deference is paid by them to that book; and the mufti
(as Monsieur Thevenot well observes) must be a man well versed in the
Coran. See CALIPH [or CHALIPH] CORAN, GAZI, and MAHOME­
TISM, compared.

MUG [prob. of mwygle, C. Brit. to be warm. Skinner] a cup to
drink in.

MU’GGETS, part of the entrails of a sheep or of beasts of the forest.

MU’GGISH, or MU’GGY, adj. [a cant word; mucosus, Lat.] moist,
damp, mouldy, inclinable to be musty, or to smell so.

MU’GHOUSE [of mug and house] an alehouse, a mean house of en­
tertainment.

MU’G-WORT [mugwyrt, Sax. artemisia, Lat.] an herb. The
flowers and fruit of the mug-wort are very like those of the wormwood,
but grow erect upon the branches: the flowers are of a purplish co­
lour, and the leaves terminate in sharp points, cut into many segments;
they are of a dark green on the upper side, and hoary on the under side.
Miller.

MU’GIENT, adj. [mugiens, Lat.] lowing or bellowing. That a bit­
tern maketh that mugient noise or bumping, by putting its bill into a
reed, or by putting the same in water or mud, and after a while retaining
the air, but suddenly excluding it again, is not easily made out. Brown.

MUGGLETO’NIANS, a religious sect which sprung up in England
about the year 1657, denominated from their leader Lodowick Mug­
gleton, a journeyman taylor, who set himself up for a great prophet,
pretending to an absolute power of saving or damning whom he plea­
sed; and that himself, and one Reeves, were the two last witnesses of
God, that ever should be upon earth.

MUID [with the French] a large measure both for dry things and
wet, of various capacities.


MUL

MULA’TTO, Sp. [mulat, Fr. of mula, Lat. a mule begotten between
a horse and an ass] one born of parents, of which one is a moor, and
the other of some other nation, or a white; in the Indies, one begot­
ten of a Negro man and an Indian woman, or of an Indian man and a
Negro woman: In the same manner as a mule between different spe­
cies of animals.

MU’LBERRY, or MU’LBERRY-TREE [morberig, Sax. mnilbaer,
Su. maubbeer, meure, Fr. mora, It. and Sp. amora, Port. of morum,
morus, Lat.] The mulberry-tree hath large rough, roundish leaves,
the male-flowers or katkins, which have a calyx consisting of four
leaves, are sometimes produced upon separate trees, at other times
at remote distances from the fruit on the same tree. The fruit
is composed of several protuberances, to each of which adhere four
small leaves: the seeds are roundish, growing singly in each pro­
tuberance; it is planted for the delicacy of the fruit. The white mul­
berry is commonly cultivated for its leaves, to feed silkworms, in France
and Italy, tho' the Persians always make use of the common black mul­
berry for that purpose. Miller.

MULBERRY [with botanists] in a large sense, signifies any fruit
composed of several protuberances, as raspberries, blackberries, &c.

MU’LCIBER [with the poets] the god of fire or smithery.

MULCT [mulcte, Fr. multa, It. of mulcta, Lat.] a penalty or fine,
commonly of money, set upon one. We will by way of mulct or pain
lay it upon him. Bacon.

To MULCT, verb act. [mulcto, Lat. mulcter, Fr.] to fine, to punish
by fining.

MULE [mul, Sax. mul-asna, Su. muyl, Du. maul, maul esel or
maul-thier, Ger. mule, mulet, Fr. mulo, Sp. It. Port. and Lat.] a beast
generated between an he ass and a mare, and sometimes between a
horse and a she ass.

MU’LE-FERN, a kind of herb.

MULETE’ER, MULETI’ER, or MULE’TTO [muletier, Fr. mulio,
Lat.] a mule-driver, a horse-boy.

MULE’TTO, a great mule, a moil, which in some places is made
use of for carrying sumpters.

MULGRONOO’K, a kind of fish.

MULIE’BRITY [muliebritas, of muliebris, Lat.] womanhood, the
contrary of virility, the character and manners of a woman.

MU’LIER, Lat. a woman, a married woman.

MULIER [in law] a son born in wedlock, with relation to one born
before it of the same man or woman, who must yield the inheritance
to the younger, called mulieratus filius.

MULIERA’TUS Filius [in law] a lawful son begotten, and opposed
to a natural son or bastard.

MULIE’RTY, the state and condition of a mulier or lawful begot­
ten son.

To MULL, verb act. 1. To soften and dispirit, as wine is when
burnt and sweetened. Hanmer. 2. To mull wine or other liquor [mol­
lio, Lat. to soften, to make sweet or gentle] to burn, i. e. to make
hot, and season it with spice, sugar, &c.

MU’LLAR, or MU’LLER [molaris, of molo, Lat. to grind, molette,
mouleur, Fr.] that stone which is held in the hand in grinding colours
upon another horizontal stone. It is now often called improperly mul­
let.

MU’LLEN, or MU’LLEIN [verbascum, Lat.] an herb. The flower
of the mullein consists of one leaf, which expands in a circular form,
and is cut into several segments; out of the centre arises the pointal,
which becomes an oval pointed fruit, divided into two cells, filled with
small angular seeds. Miller.

MU’LLET [mullus, Lat. mulet, Fr.] a kind of fish, called also a bar­
bel.

MULLET [in heraldry; of molette, Fr.] the rowel of a spur; but
some take it for a star; this can have but five points with us; tho' the
French sometimes allow it six; and if it have six points with us, it
must of necessity be a star; whereas the French have stars of five
points, as well as molettes of six; and thence some conclude, that it is
the rowel of a spur, and that it should be always pierced, which a star
cannot be. Mullets are used in arms, either as bearings, or as diffe­
rences in younger families, and is generally taken by the fourth son and
his descendants.








MULLET [with surgeons] a sort of small instrument, resembling a
pair of pinchers, to pick any thing out of the eye that offends it; or
out of any other part of the body, where there is but a narrow pas­
sage.

MU’LLIGRUBS, subst. 1. Twisting of the guts. Ainsworth. 2. [In
cant language] doggedness, sullenness.

MU’LLIO, or MU’LLO [in old writings] a cock of grass or hay:
hence, in old English, we find the word moult, and thence comes our
mow of hay or corn.

MU’LLOC, dirt or rubbish.

MULSE [mulsum, Lat.] wine boiled and mingled with honey.

MULT, subst. See MULCT.

MULTA’NGULAR [multangulus, of multus, many, and angulus, Lat.
a corner] having many angles, polygonal.

MULTA’NGULARLY, adv. [of multangular] with many corners, po­
lygonally. Granates are multangularly round. Grew.

MULTI’BONA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb mountain parsly.

MULTICA’PSULAR, adj. [of multus, many, and capsula, Lat. a cell,
box, chest, &c.] divided into many partitions, as poppies, &c.
flax, &c.

MULTICA’VOUS, adj. [multicavus, multus and cavus, Lat. hollow]
full of holes.

MULTI’COLOR, Lat. of many colours.

MULTIFA’RIOUS [multifarius, Lat.] having different respects, hav­
ing great diversity in itself. A multifarious artifice in the structure of
the meanest animal. More.

MULTIFA’RIOUSLY, adv. [of multifarious] with multiplicity, with
diversity of respects. Twenty-four parts may be so multifariously
placed. Bentley.

MULTIFA’RIOUSNESS [of multifarious] multiplied diversity. Ac­
cording to the multifariousness of this imitability. Norris.

MULTI’FEROUS [multifer, Lat.] bearing many things.

MULTI’FIDOUS, adj. [multifidius, Lat. in botanic writings] di­
vided into many parts, having many partitions.

MU’LTIFORM [multiformis, Lat.] that is of many sorts of forms, ap­
pearances, or shapes. The multiform and amazing operations of the
air-pump. Watts.

MULTIFO’RMITY, or MULTIFO’RMNESS [of multiform] the quality
of being of many forms, diversity of shapes, or appearances subsisting
same thing.

MULTIGE’NEROUS [multigener, Lat.] that is of many kinds.

MULTILA’TERAL [of multus and lateralis, of lateris, gen. of latus,
Lat. a side] having many sides.

MULTILO’QUOUS [multiloquus, Lat.] full of talk, very talkative.

MULTIMO’DOUS [multimodus, Lat.] that is of divers sorts, fashions,
or manners.

MULTINO’DOUS [multinodus, Lat.] full of knots.

MULTINO’MIAL, or MULTINO’MINAL [of multus and nomen, Lat.
a name] having many names.

MULTINOMIAL Quantities [in algebra] are quantities composed of
several names, or monomes joined by the signs + or -; thus m+n,
-n + p, and b - a - c + d - f, are multinomials.

MULTI’PAROUS [multiparus, Lat.] bringing forth many at one birth.
See under MULTIFIDOUS.

MULTIPA’RTITE [multipartitus, Lat.] divided into many parts.

MULTIPE’DE [multipeda, Lat.] an insect that hath many feet; a
sow or wood-louse.

MU’LTIPLE, adj [[multiplex, Lat. a term in arithmetic] one num­
ber is said to be the multiple of another number, when it contains it
several times; as, twelve is the multiple of three, as it contains it
four times; manifold.

MULTIPLE Proportion [with arithmeticians] is when the antece­
dent being divided by the consequent, the quotient is more than unity,
as 25 being divided by 5, it gives 5 for the quotient, which is the
multiple proportion.

MULTIPLE super particular Proportion [in arithmetic] is when one
number or quantity contains another number or quantity more than
once, and a certain aliquot part more.

MULTIPLE super partient Proportion [in arithmetic] is when one
number contains another several times, and some parts of it besides.

MULTIPLEE’ [in arithmetic] is when a greater number contains a
lesser a number of times, without any remainder. Thus sixteen is the
multiplee of 4, because it contains it just 4 times, without any re­
mainder.

MULTIPLI’ABLE, or MULTIPLI’CABLE, adj. [of multiply, or multi­
plicabilis of multiplico, Lat.] that is capable of being multiplied.

MULTIPLI’ABLENESS [of multipliable] capacity of being multi­
plied.

MULTIPLICA’ND, subst. [multiplicandus, Lat. in arithmetic] is one
of the factors in multiplication, being that number given to be multi­
plied by the multiplicator.

MU’LTIPLICATE, adj. [multiplicatum, of multiplico, Lat.] consisting
of more than one. In this multiplicate number of the eye, the object
seen is not multiplied. Derham.

MULTIPLICA’TION, Fr. [multiplicatio, Lat.] 1. The act or operation
of multiplying or increasing any number by addition or production of
more of the same kind. 2. [In arithmetic] multiplication is the in­
creasing of any one number by another, so often as there are units
in that number, by which the one is increased.

Compound MULTIPLICATION, is when either one or both the num­
bers consist of more than one figure, as 15 by 6 or 16.

Simple MULTIPLICATION [in arithmetic] is when the numbers given
each of them consist of only one figure, as 6 by 2, 3, 4, &c.

MULTIPLICATION [in geometry] changes the species; thus a right
line multiplied by a right line, produces a plane or rectangle; and that
rectangle multiplied again, produces a solid.

MULTIPLICA’TOR [multiplicateur, Fr. from multiplico, Lat. in a­
rithmetic] the multiplier, or the number multiplying, or that by
which another number is multiplied.

MULTIPLI’CIOUS [multiplicis, gen. of multiplex, Lat. manifold]
manifold; obsolete. Brown.

MULTIPLI’CITY [multiplicité, Fr. multiplicità, It.] 1. A great va­
riety, state or quality of being manifeld. You equal Donne in the
variety, multiplicity, and choice of thoughts. Dryden. 2. More than
one of the same kind. They could never have asserted a multiplicity
of gods. South.

MULTIPLI’ER [of multiply] 1. One who multiplies or increases the
number of any thing. Quarrels are alone the great accumulators and
multipliers of injuries. Decay of Piety. 2. [In arithmetic] the mul­
tiplicator. See MULTIPLICATOR.

To MU’LTIPLY, verb act. [multiplier, Fr. multiplicàr, Sp. multi­
plicare, It. and Lat.] 1. To increase in number, to make more by
generation, accumulation, addition, or otherwise. He shall not mul­
tiply horses. Deuteronomy. 2. [In arithmetic] to perform the process
of multiplication.

To MU’LTIPLY, verb neut. 1. To be increased, or grow more in
number. The multiplying brood of the ungodly shall not thrive. Wis­
dom. 2. To increase themselves. It can increase and multiply be­
yond all bounds. South.

MULTI’POTENT [multipotens, of multus, many, and potens, Lat. pow­
erful] able to do much, having power to do many different things.
By Jove multipotent. Shakespeare.

MULTIPRE’SENCE [multus, many, and præsentia, Lat. presence] the
power or act of being present in more places than one at the same time.
That other fable of the multipresence of Christ's body. Hall.

MULTI’SCIOUS [multiscius, Lat.] knowing much, having variety
of knowledge.

MULTISI’LIQUOUS Plants [of multus and siliqua, Lat. a husk; with
botanists] the same as corniculate plants, applied to such plants whose
seed is contained in many distinct seed-vessels, succeeding to one flow­
er, as columbine, monk's-hood, white hellebore.

MULTI’SONOUS, adj. [muitisonus, Lat.] that hath many or great
sounds.

MU’LTITUDE, Fr. [multitudine, It. of multitudo, Lat.] 1. A com­
pany or number of persons or things, many, more than one. It is
impossible that any multitude can be actually infinite. Hale. 2. The
state of being many or more than one. 3. A great number, loosely
and indefinitely. It is a fault in a multitude of preachers. Watts. 4.
Crowd, throng, the vulgar. He the vast hissing multitude admires.
Addison.

MULTITU’DINOUS, adj. [of multitude] 1. Having the appearance
of a multitude. Thy multitudinous sea. Shakespeare. 2. Manifold.
The multitudinous tongue. Shakespeare.

MULTI’VAGANT, or MULTI’VAGOUS, adj. [multivagus, Lat.] that
wanders or strays much abroad.

MULTI’VIOUS, adj. [of multus, many, and via, Lat. a way] hav­
ing many ways manifold.

MULTI’VOLENT, adj. [multivolus, Lat.] that is of many minds,
fickle minded, unconstant, mutable.

MULTO’CULAR, adj. [multus, many, and oculus, Lat. eye] having
more eyes than two, having many eyes. Flies are multocular. Durham.


MUM

MUM, interj. [Of this word I know not the original: it may be
observed, that when it is pronounced, it leaves the lips closed] a word
denoting prohibition to speak, or resolution not to speak, silence,
hush.

MUM, subst. [mumme, Ger.] a strong liquor made of wheat, which
is brought from Brunswick in Germany.

To MU’MBLE, verb neut. [mummeln, Ger. mumbla, Su. mompclen,
Du. mutio, Lat.] 1. To chew, to bite softly, to eat with the lips close.
2. To mutter or growl, to speak inwardly with an imperfect articula­
tion, to mutter. Picking dry sticks, and mumbling to herself. Otway.

To MU’MBLE, verb act. 1. To utter a thing with a low inarticulate
voice. Mumbling of wicked charms, conj'ring the moon. Shakespeare.
2. To mouth gently. Mumbling the game they dare not bite. Pope.
3. To slubber over, to suppress, to utter imperfectly. The raising of
my rabble is an exploit of consequence, and not to be mumbl'd up in
silence. Dryden.

MU’MBLER [of mumble] one that mumbles or speaks inarticulately,
a mutterer.

MU’MBLING, part. adj. [of mumble] muttering, growling; also
chewing inwardly. See MUMBLE.

MU’MBLINGLY, adv. [of mumbling] with inarticulate sound or ut­
terance.

MU’MIA [of םומ, Arab. wax] mummy. See MUMMY.

To MUMM, verb act. [mumme, Dan.] to be masked, to frolic in
disguise. Spenser.

MU’MMER [mommeur, Fr. mumme, Dan.] a masker or mute person
in a masquerade, one who performs frolics in a personated dress.
They were a parcel of mummers. Addison.

MU’MMERY [momerie, Fr. momeria, Sp.] masquerading, buffoon­
ery in masks. Here mirth's but mummery. Wotton.

MU’MMY of Egypt [mumie, Fr. mumia, Lat. so called, according to
Salmasius, of ammomum, one of the ingredients, with which, and cin­
namon, myrrh, wax, &c. the antients embalmed the dead bodies of
their kings and great persons; others, as Bochart, derive mummy of
mum, a Persian or Arabian word for wax, with which they embalm
mummies] are bodies found in a waste piece of ground, like a bury­
ing place, near a village called Sakara, not far from Grand Cairo in
Egypt, where there are several pyramids, in which under ground are
square rooms, and in them niches, in which are found dead bodies,
that have been preserved incorruptible for 2, 3, or 4000 years, dressed
and adorned after various manners. The same are also found in the
dry sands of Lybia, probably of travellers overwhelmed with clouds
of sand raised by hurricanes. We have two different substances pre­
served for medicinal use, under the name of mummy: one is the
dried flesh of human bodies embalmed with myrrh and spice; the
other is the liquor running from such mummies when newly prepared,
or when affected by great heat, or by damps. This is sometimes of a
liquid, sometimes of a solid form, as it is prepared in vials well stop­
ped, or suffered to dry and harden in the air. The first kind is
brought to us in large pieces, of a lax and friable texture, light and
spungy, of a blackish brown colour, and often black and clammy on
the surface; it is of a strong, but not agreeable smell. The second
sort in its liquid state is a thick opaque and viscous fluid, of a blackish
and strong, but not disagreeable smell. In its indurated state it is a
dry solid substance, of a fine shining black colour and close texture,
easily broken, and of a good smell. This sort is extremely dear, and







the first sort so cheap, that as all kinds of mummy are brought from
Egypt, we are not to imagine it to be the antient Egyptian mummy.
What our druggists are supplied with is the flesh of executed criminals,
or of any other bodies the Jews can get, who fill them with the com­
mon bitumen so plentiful in that part of the world, and adding aloes
and some other cheap ingredients, send them to be baked in an oven
till the juices are exhaled, and the embalming matter has penetrated so
thoroughly, that the flesh will keep. Mummy has been esteemed re­
solvent and balsamic; and besides it the skull, and even the moss
growing on the skulls of human skeletons, have been celebrated for
antiepileptic virtues. The fat also of the human body has been re­
commended in rheumatisms, and every other part or humor have been
in repute for the cure of some disease. At present we are wise enough
to know, that the virtues ascribed to the parts of the human body,
are all either imaginary, or such as may be found in other animal
substances. The mummy and the skull alone, of all these horrid me­
dicines, retain their places in the shops. Hill.

MUMMY [with gardeners] a sort of composition, made with wax,
&c. for the planting and grafting of trees.

To beat one to a MUMMY, is to bruise him all over, to beat soundly.

To MUMP, verb act. [prob. of mompelen, Du.] 1. To chew with
a continued motion, to bite quick like a rabbet, to nibble. Like a
tame mumping squirrel. Otway. 2. To talk low and quick. 3. [In
cant language] to go a begging.

MU’MPERS [In cant language] a beggar.

MUMPERS-Hall, a hedge or by alehouses, where beggars meet in an
evening, and spend what is given them out of charity, in all manner
of lewdness.

MU’MPISH [of mump; in cant language] sullen.

MU’MPISHNESS [of mumpish] sullenness.

MUMPS [mompelen, Du.] 1. Sullenness, silent anger. Skinner. 2.
A sort of quinsy, or swelling in the chaps.


MUN

MUNCE’RIANS, a sect of anabaptists in Germany, so called from
Muncerus their ring leader.

To MUNCH, verb act. [manger, Fr.] to chew by great mouthfuls.
See MOUNCH.

To MUNCH, verb neut. to chew eagerly by great mouthfuls.

MU’NCHER [of munch] one that munches.

MUND, subst. Mund is peace, from which our lawyers call a breach
of the peace, mundbrech: So Eadmund, is happy peace; Æthelmund,
noble peace; Ælmund, all peace, with which these are much of the
same import, Irenæus, Hesychius, Lenis, Pacatus, Sedatus, Tran­
quillus. Gibson's Camden.

MUNDA’NE, adj. [mondain, Fr. mondano, It. of mundanus, Lat.]
worldly, belonging to the world. The mundane space. Bentley.

MUNDA’TORY, adj. [mundo, Lat.] having the power to cleanse.
Thus,

MUNDATORY Medicines [with furgeons] medicines that are proper
for cleansing ulcers.

MU’NDBRECH [mund-brice, Sax.] a breach of the king's peace, or
an infringement of privilege; also a breaking of fences or inclosures
which are in many places of England called mounds.

MU’NDIC, a hard stony substance, found in tin oar, a kind of mar­
casite or semi-metal. When any metals were in considerable quanti­
ty, these bodies lose the name of marcasites, and are called ores: In
Cornwall and the west, they call them mundic. Woodward.

MUNDIFICA’TION [mundificazione, It. of mundificatio, Lat.] the act
of cleansing.

MUNDIFICA’TIVE, adj. [of mudus, clean, and facio, Lat. to make]
cleansing, having the power to cleanse.

MUNDIFICATIVES, subst. Fr. [from the adj. mundificativo, It.] cleans­
ing medicines for ulcers.

To MU’NDIFY, verb act. [mondifier, Fr. mondificare, It. of mondifico,
of mundus, clean, and facio, Lat. to make] to cleanse or purify, to make
clean. Simple wounds, such are mundified and kept clean. Brown.

MUNDI’VAGANT, adj. [mundivagus, of mundus, the world, and va­
gor, Lat. to wander] wandering through the world.

MU’NDUS Patens [in Rome] the sacrifices and rites used in a little
round temple, to the infernal deity Dis, and the infernal powers,
which was performed three times annually, viz. on the 4th of Oc­
tober, the 7th of the ides of November, and on the day after the
Vulcanalia. The Romans having this notion, that hell was then open,
did not, during the times of these sacrifices, either offer battle, list sol­
dies, put to sea, or marry.

MU’NERARY, adj. [munerarius, of muneris, the gen. of munus, Lat.
gift] belonging to rewards or gifts, having the nature of a gift.

MU’NICH, the capital of the electorate and duchy of Bavaria, situ­
ated on the river Iser, 200 miles west of Vienna. Lat. 48° 5′ N.
Long. 11° 32′ E.

MU’NGREL, subst. any thing generated between different kinds, any
thing partaking of the qualities of different causes or parents. Mastiff,
greyhound, mungrel grim. Shakespeare.

MUNGREL, adj. generated between different natures, degenerate,
base-born.

MUNI’CIPAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [municipale, It. of municipalis, muni­
cipium, Lat.] belonging to such a town or corporation.

MUNICIPAL [according to the present use with us] signifies belong­
ing to the state or community of any free city or town; as

MUNICIPAL Laws, are the laws enjoyed by the inhabitants or deni­
zons of a free town or city.

MUNI’FICENCE [munificenza, It. munificencia, Sp. of munificentia,
Lat.] 1. Liberality, bountifulness, the act of giving. 2. In Spenser
it is used as it seems for fortification or strength, from munitiones facere.

MUNI’FICENT, adj. [munificente, It. and Sp. of munificus, Lat.]
bountiful, liberal, generous. Our most munificent benefactor. Atterb.

MUNI’FICENTLY, adv. [of munificent] bountifully, liberally, gene­
rously.

MU’NIMENT [munimentum, Lat.] 1. Any fortification of military
defence, strong hold. 2. Support, defence in general. Shakespeare.

MU’NIMENTS [in law] are such authentic deeds or writings by
which a man is enabled to defend the title of his estate.

To MUNI’TE, verb act. [munitum, sup. of munio, Lat.] to fortify,
to strengthen: obsolete. Bacon.

MUNI’TION, Fr. [munizione, It. municiòn, Sp. of munitio, Lat.] 1.
A fortification or bulwark, a strong hold. Castles, garrisons, muni­
tions. Hale. 2. Ammunition, materials for war. A little city, strong
and well stored with munition. Sandys.

MUNITION Ships, such ships as are employed to carry ammunition,
to tend upon a fleet of ships of war.

MUNITION Ammunition, the provisions wherewith a place is fur­
nished in order for defence.

MUNITION Bread, is the proportion of bread distributed every day
to the soldiers of a garrison or army.

MU’NIONS [with architects] are the short upright posts or bars that
divide the several lights in a window frame. Moxon.

MU’NSTER, the capital of the bishopric of Munster, and of the cir­
cle of Westphalia, situated on the river Aa, in the most fruitful plain
of the country, 70 miles north of Cologn. Lat. 52° N. Long. 7°
10′ E.


MUR

MU’RAGE [of murus, Lat. a wall] a tribute payable for the build­
ing or repairing of public walls.

MU’RAL, adj. Fr. [murale, It. muralis, of murus, Lat. a wall] be­
longing to a wall. Mural fruit. Evelyn.

MURAL Crown [among the Romans] a crown of gold or silver,
with battlements of walls about it, in the form of beams, given to him
who first scaled the walls of an enemy's city, which honour was due to
the meanest soldier, as well as the greatest commander, if he could
prove he had been the first that entered the place; on the circle of
this coronet there were lions engraved, to express the undaunted va­
lour of the bearer. A mural crown. Addison.

MURAL Arch, is a wall or walled arch, placed exactly in the plane
of the meridian, i. e. upon the meridian line, for fixing a large qua­
drant or other such instrument, to take observation of the meridian al­
titude, &c. of the heavenly bodies.

MURAL Dials, such dials as are set up against a wall.

MURC, or MURK, subst. [morek, Dan. dark] 1. Darkness, want
of light. Shakespeare. 2. Husks of grapes or other fruits, after the
juice has been pressed out.

MU’RDER, or MU’RTHER [mordre, morthor, Sax. mord, Dan. Su.
and Ger. moordt, Du. meurtre, Fr. murdrum, low Lat. The etymo­
logy requires that it should be written, as it anciently often was, mur­
ther; but of late the word itself has commonly, and its derivatives uni­
versally, been written with d] the act of killing a man unlawfully,
a wilful and felonious killing another with malice prepense, the guilt
of murder.

To MURDER, or To MU’RTHER, verb act. [mordrian, Sax. myrde,
Dan. moerda, Su. moorden, Du. morden, Ger. matar, Sp.] 1. To
kill with malice prepense, to kill unlawfully. If he dies I murder
him. Dryden. 2. To destroy, to put an end to in general. Murder
thy breath in middle of a word. Shakespeare.

MU’RDERER [mordre, Sax. mordere, Dan, moordenaer, Du. mo­
erde, Ger. meurtrier, Fr. matadòr, Sp.] one who has committed mur­
ther, one who has shed human blood unlawfully.

MU’RDERESS, subst. [of murder] a woman that commits murder.

MU’RDERMENT [of murder] the act of killing unlawfully. To her
came message of the murderment. Fairfax.

MU’RDERING-SHOT, nails, old iron, &c. put into the chambers of
cannon, called murdering pieces, to be used chiefly on board of ships
to clear the decks, when boarded by any enemy.

MU’RDERING-PIECES, or such pieces of cannon, chiefly in the
fore-castle, half deck, or steerage of a ship.

MU’RDEROUS [of murder] guilty of murder, addicted to blood.
The murd'rous king. Milton. Also bloody-minded, inclined to com­
mit murder.

MU’RDEROUSNESS [of murderous] propensity to kill or murther.

MURE, subst. [mur, Fr. murus, Lat.] a wall. Obsolete. Shake­
speare.

To MURE Up [maure, or ver mauren, Ger. mura, Su. murer, Fr
murare, It. of murus, Lat.] to stop up with bricks, &c.

MU’RINGER [murus, Lat.] an overseer of a wall.

MU’RENGERS [in the city of Chester] two officers chosen annually
to see that the walls of the city are in good repair.

MURIA’TIC, adj. [muriaticus, Lat.] whatsoever partakes of the
taste or nature of brine or any other pickle; from muria, Lat. brine or
pickle. Quincy.

MU’RICIDE [muricida, Lat. from muris, gen. of mus, a mouse, and
cædo, Lat. to kill] a mouse-killer.

MU’RING [in architecture] the raising of walls.

MURK, the husks of fruit. See MURC.

MU’RKY [of mork, Dan.] dark, darkish, cloudy, wanting light.
The murky air. Milton.

To MU’RMUR, verb neut. [musonan, Sax. murmullen, Du. mur­
meln or murren, Ger. murra, Su. murmurer, Fr. mormorare, It. mur­
muro, Lat.] 1. To give a low shrill sound. The forests murmur and
the surges roar. Pope. 2. To grumble, mumble or mutter, to repine
at, to utter secret and sullen discontent. With at before things, and
against before persons. Murmur not at your sickness. Wake. This
scheme will execute itself without murmuring against the government.
Swift.

MU’RMUR [murmuràr, Sp. of gemurmel, Du. and Ger. murmure,
Fr. mormorio, It. mormullo, Sp. murmur, Lat.] 1. A buzzing or hum­
ming nose of people discontented, a complaint half suppressed and not
openly uttered. Some discontents there are, some idle murmurs Dry­
den. 2. A low shrill noise, as the purling of brooks and streams.
Flame, as it moveth within itself or is blown by a bellows, giveth a
murmur or interior sound. Bacon.

MU’RMURER [of murmur] one who murmurs or repines, one who
complains sullenly, a grumbler. The discontented murumurer. Black­
more.

MU’RMURING, part. adj. [of murmur, murmurans, Lat] grumbling,
muttering, making a buzzing or humming noise, or like the purling
of brooks.

MU’RMURINGLY, adv. [of murmuring] grumblingly, mutteringly.

MU’RNIVAL [morwsle, from morner, Fr. to stun; at the game cal­
led Gleek] four cards of the same sort, as four kings, &c.

MUROI’A, or MU’RTIA [either of murtoa, O. Lat. a myrtle-tree, or
of murcidus, Lat. a slothful, stupid fellow] a sirname of Venus, who
had a temple on mount Aventine in Rome; she was the goddess of
slothfulness or idleness. Her statues were always covered with dust







and moss, to signify her slothfulness and negligence. But some will
have her to be a goddess different from Venus.

MU’RRAIN [prob. of μαραινω, Gr. to pine or waste away. Minshew.
or of mori, Lat. to die. Skinner. or of moria, It. or mortandàd, Sp.
both which signifies the same. The etymology of this word is not clear,
mur is an old word for a catarrh, which might well answer to the
glanders; muriana, Lat.] a wasting disease or plague among the cat­
tle, the rot.

MU’RRE, subst. a sort of bird. Carew.

MU’RREY, adj. [morée, Fr. morello, It. from moro, a moor, of mo­
rum, Lat. a mulberry] a colour darkly red. The leaves of some
trees turn a little murrey or reddish. Bacon.

MURREY [in heraldry] is in Latin called color sanguineus, is ac­
counted a princely colour, and one of the colours in ancient time, ap­
pertaining to the princes of Wales. A colour in great esteem, and used
in some robes of the knights of the bath. It is expressed in graving,
by lines hatch'd a-cross one another diagonal, both dexter and sinister.
Spelman says, it represents in heaven the dragon's tail, and among
precious stones, the sardonix. See Place VII. fig. 19.

MU’RRION, often written morion. See MORION. [Junius derives
it from murus, Lat. a wall; morion, Fr. morrion, Sp. morione, It.] a
steel head-piece, a helmet, a casque. Their beef they often in their
murrions stew'd. King.

MURTH of Corn, subst. plenty of grain. Ainsworth.

MU’RTHER. See MURDER.


MUS

MU’SACH Lassa [in the temple of Jerusalem] a chest or church box,
wherein kings cast their offerings.

MUSA’PH, a book which contains all the Turks laws.

MU’SCADEL, or MU’SCADINE [muscat, Fr. muscatèl, Sp. muscadello,
moscatello, It. because the grapes smell of musk; either from the fra­
grance resembling the nutmeg, nux moscata, or from mosca, a fly; flies
being eager of those grapes] 1. A sort of rich sweet wine. 2. A sort
of sweet grape, having a musky flavour. 3. A sort of sweet pear. 4.
A confection or sugar work.

MUSCA’RIUS, a title given by the Eleans to Jupiter, because when
Hercules was sacrificing among them, and was exceedingly troubled
with flies, Jupiter is said to have driven them all away beyond the ri­
ver Alpheus.

MU’SCAT, a delicious grape of a musky taste; also a pear.

MUSCHE’TO, or MUSCHE’TTO [in America, &c.] a very common
and troublesome insect, something resembling a gnat.

MU’SCLE [moule, Fr. musculo, It. mosillone, Sp. musculus, Lat. mos­
sel, Du. and L. Ger. muschel, H. Ger. muszla, Su.] a bivalve shell­
fish.

MUSCLE [muys, Du. mausz or flesh-mauss, Ger. of muscle, Fr. mus­
culo, It. and Sp. murcula, Sax. musculus, Lat.] a fleshy, fibrous part
of the body of an animal; being a bundle of thin parallel plates, divi­
ded into a great number of fascisculi or little threads and fibres, and
destined to be the organ of motion. Each lesser fibre consists of very
small vesicles or bladders, into which we suppose the veins, arteries
and nerves to open. The two ends of each muscle or the extremities
of the fibres are in the limbs of animals fastened to two bones, the one
moveable, the other fixed; and therefore when the muscles contract,
they draw the moveable bone according to the direction of their fi­
bres. Quincy.

MUSCLE Veins [in anatomy] are two veins, one rising from the
muscles of the neck, and the other from those of the breast.

MU’SCLES of Involuntary Motion, have their contracting and extend­
ing power within themselves, and have no antagonist; such the lungs
and heart are supposed to be.

MUSCLES of Voluntary Motion, have each of them their antagonist
muscles, which act alternately in a contrary direction, the one being
stretched and extended, while the other is contracted at the motion of
the will.

Antagonist MUSCLES, are such as serve to move the same members
contrary ways.

MUSCO’SENESS, or MUSCO’SITY [muscositas, of muscosus, Lat.] ful­
ness of moss, mossiness.

MU’SCOVY Glass [so called, because plentiful in Muscovy] the mir­
rour stone, so called, because it represents the image of that which is
set behind it. See SELENITES.

MU’SCULAR, adj. [musculaire, Fr. muscolare, It. from musculus, Lat.]
pertaining to, or like muscles, performed by muscles. The muscular
motion. Arbuthnot.

MUSCULAR Motion, is the same with voluntary and spontaneous mo­
tion.

MUSCULA’RITY [of muscular] the state of having muscles. Their
great thickness and muscularity. Grew.

MU’SCULATED, adj. [musculus, Lat.] having or consisting of mus­
cles.

MUSCULO’SA Expansio, Lat. [with anatomists] a broad musculous
opening of the neck, proceeding from a kind of fat membrane.

MU’SCULOUS [musculosus, Lat.] 1. Full of muscles, brawny. 2. Per­
taining to a muscle.

MUSCULOUS Flesh [with anatomists] such as is the substance of the
heart and other muscles.

MUSCULOUS Vein [in anatomy] the first branch of the flank vein,
which is spread about several muscles of the belly and loins.

Nauticus MUSCULUS [with anatomists] a muscle of the foot, so na­
med, because chiefly used in climbing up masts of ships.

Stapedis MUSCULUS [in anatomy] a muscle of the ear taking its rise
from a bony pipe in the os petrosum, and is inserted into the stapes.

MUSCULUS Auriculæ Interior [in anatomy] a new muscle of the au­
ricle, and added to the four, discovered by Casserins.

MUSE, subst. [from the verb; musa, Lat.] 1. Deep thought, ab­
sence of mind, as to be in a muse, is to be in a brown study. Spenser.
2. The power of poetry. Begin my muse. Cowley.

To MUSE, verb neut. [muser, Fr. muysen, Du. musso, Lat.] 1. To
study or think upon, close or in silence, to ponder. He mused upon
some dangerous plot. Sidney. 2. To be absent of mind, to be atten­
tive to something not present, to be in a brown study. Thick-ey'd

musing and curs'd melancholy. Shakespeare. 3. To wonder, to be
amazed or astonished. Muse not that I thus suddenly proceed. Shake­
speare.

MUSE [an hunting term] the place through which an hare goes to
relief.

MUSE’A, or MUSI’A, curious pavements of Mosaic work; so called
because ingenious devices were usually ascribed to the muses, and be­
cause the muses and sciences were represented in them.

MU’SEFUL, adj. [of muse] thinking deeply, silently thoughtful.
Full of museful moapings. Dryden.

MU’SEN [a hunting term] is when a stag or male deer casts his
head.

MU’SER [of muse] one who muses, one apt to be absent in mind,
or in a brown study.

MU’SET [with hunters] the same with muse. See MUSE.

MU’SES, fabulous divinities among the ancient heathens, supposed
to preside over the arts and sciences, and to be the daughters of Jupiter
and Memory. They had several names, according to the several pla­
ces where they dwelt; sometimes they were called Pierides, on ac­
count of the forest Pieris in Macedonia, where they were said to be
born; sometimes Heliconiades, from mount Helicon, which is near
to their beloved Parnassus; whence also they were named Parnassides,
and Cytherides from mount Cytheron; Castalides and Aganippides,
from two noted fountains that were consecrated to them.
There were at first but three, viz. Μελετη, i. e. meditation; Μνημη,
i. e. memory; and Αοιδη, singing.
But a certain carver of Sycion, having orders to make three statues
of the three muses, for the temple of Apollo, mistook his instructions,
and made three several statues of each muse; but these happening all
to be very curious and beautiful pieces, they were all set up in the tem­
ple, and thence began to be reckoned nine muses, and Hesiod after­
wards gave them the names, Calliope, Clio, Erato, Thalia, Melpo­
mene, Terpsichore, Euterpe, Polyhymnia, and Urania.
Calliope was supposed president of heroic poetry; Clio, of history;
Erato, of the lute; Thalia, of comedy; Melpomene, of tragedy;
Terpsichore, of the harp; Euterpe, over wind music; Polyhymnia, of
music; Urania, of astronomy.

MUSE’UM, Lat. [μουσειον, Gr.] a study or library, a repository of
learned curiosities.

MU’SHROOM [mouscheron, Fr.] 1. A plant of a spongy substance,
which grows up to its bulk on a sudden. Mushrooms are by natura­
lists esteemed perfect plants, tho' their flowers and seeds have not as
yet been discovered: The true champignion or mushroom appears at
first of a roundish form like a button, the upper part of which, as also
the stalk, is very white; but being opened, the under part is of a lived
flesh colour; but the fleshy part, when broken, is very white. When
they are suffered to remain undisturbed, they will grow to a large size,
and explicate themselves almost to a flatness, and the red part under­
neath will change to a dark colour. In order to cultivate them, open
the ground about the roots of mushrooms, where you will find the
earth very often full of small white knobs, which are the off-sets or
young mushrooms: These should be carefully gathered, preserving
them in lumps, with the earth about them, and planted in hot beds.
Miller. 2. [Metaphorically] an upstart, a wretch sprung from the
dunghill, a director of a company. Such as are upstarts in state, they
call in reproach mushrooms. Bacon.

MU’SHROOM Saint, so some of the Roman Catholic saints are called
by way of derision, because, like a mushroom, they spring up in a
night, or no-body knows when or where. And in truth, whosoever
seriously considers what Mede and Sir Isaac Newton have so fully shewn,
how the far greater part of these saints (as they are called) in the 4th
and succeeding centuries, were the GRAND CORRUPTERS of the faith
once delivered to us in scripture, will not judge it safe to lay much stress
on their authority, and tho' they are frequently cited in this work,
'tis only to shew the force of truth, which sometimes extorts from men
confessions, not very consistent with the main scheme and system in
which they are embark'd.

MUSHROOM Stone, subst. [of mushroom and stone] a sort of fossil.
Fifteen mushroom-stones of the same shape. Woodward.

MU’SIC [musiquo, Fr. musica, It. Sp. and Lat. of μουσιχη, Gr.] is
one of the seven liberal sciences, pertaining to the mathematics,
which considers the number, time and tune of sounds, in order to
make delightful harmony; and is either practical or theorical.

Practical MUSIC, shews the method of composing all sorts of tunes
or airs, together with the art of singing and playing on all sorts of
musical instruments.

Theorical MUSIC, is that which inquires and searches into the nature
and properties of concords and discords, and explains the proportions
between them by numbers.

MU’SICA, Lat. [in music books] 1. The art of music. 2. musi­
cal books. 3. The company of musicians that perform.

MU’SICAL [musicale, It. musico, Sp. musicus, Lat. μουσιχος, Gr.] 1.
Pertaining to music. 2. Harmonious, sweet sounding. In poetical
expressions and in musical numbers. Dryden.

MU’SICALLY, adv. [of musical] harmoniously, in a musical man­
ner, with sweet sound. Valentine musically coy. Addison.

MU’SICALNESS [of musical] harmony of sound.

MUSI’CIAN [musicus, Lat. μεσιχος, Gr. musicien, Fr. musico, It. Sp.
and Port.] a professor of, or a practitioner in music, one who per­
forms upon instruments of music.

MUSI’CIANS, this company is composed of masters of music, dancing
masters, &c. they have no hall, but meet sometimes at embroiderers­
hall in Gutter-Lane. They consist of a master, two wardens, about
twenty assistants, and they are also on the livery, the fine for which is
8 l. Their armorial ensigns are azure, a swan with her wings ex­
panded, chanting within a double tressure counterflory argent. On a
chief gules two lions of England, and between them a pale or charged
with a rose of York.

MU’SICO, Ital. a skilful music master.

MU’SIMON [according to Guillim] is a bigenerous beast, of un­
kindly procreation, and ingendred between a she-goat and a ram; as
the tityrus is between a sheep and a buck-goat.

MU’SING, part. adj. [of muse; musant, Fr.] pausing, pondering,
studying, thinking upon closely and in silence.

MUSING [hunting term] is the passing of an hare through an
hedge.








MUSK [muschio, It. musc, Fr.] a perfume growing in a little bag or
bladder under the belly of an Indian beast. Musk is a dry, light and
friable substance, of a dark blackish colour, with some tinge of a pur­
plish or blood colour in it, feeling somewhat smooth or unctuous; its
smell is highly perfumed, and too strong to be agreeable in any large
quantity: its taste is bitterish. It is brought from the East-Indies,
mostly from the kingdom of Bantam, some from Tonquin, and Co­
chin-China. The animal which produces it is of a very singular
kind, not agreeing with any established genus. It is of the size of a
common goat, but taller; its head resembles that of the grey-hound,
and its ears stand erect like those of the rabbit; its tail is also erect and
short, its legs moderately long, and its hoofs deeply cloven; its hair
is a dusky brown, variegated with a faint cast of red and white,
every hair being party-coloured. The bag which contains the musk is
three inches long and two wide, and situated in the lower part of the
creature's belly; it consists of a thin membrane covered thinly with
hair, resembling a small purse; and, when genuine, the scent is so
strong as to offend the head greatly. Toward the orifice of the bag
there are several glands, which serve for the secretion of this precious
perfume, for the sake of which the Indians kill the animal. Hill.

MUSK [musca, Lat.] grape hyacinth, or grape flower. It hath a
bulbous root; the leaves are long and narrow: the flower is herma­
phroditical, consisting of one leaf, and shaped like a pitcher, and cut
at the top into six segments, which are reflexed: the ovary becomes a
triangular fruit, divided into three cells, which are full of round seeds.
Miller.

MU’SK-APPLE, a sort of apple. Ainsworth.

MU’SK-CAT [of musk and cat] the animal from which musk is
taken.

MU’SK-CHERRY, a sort of cherry. Ainsworth.

MUSK Pear [of musk and pear] a sort of fragrant pear.

MU’SKET [mousquet, Fr. mosquetto, It. a small hawk. Many of
the fire-arms are named from animals] 1. A soldier's handgun. 2.
A male hawk of a small kind, the female of which is a sparrow-hawk;
so that eyas musket is a young unfledged male hawk of that kind.
Hanmer. See MUSQUET.

MUSK Rats [in America] rats that have the scent of musk, and live
in boroughs like rabbits.

MUSK Rose, a flower.

MU’SKINESS [of musky] musky nature, the smell of musk.

MU’SK-MELON [of musk and melon] a fragrant melon.

MU’SKY, adj. [of musk] fragrant, sweet of scent. Milton.

MU’SLIN [mousselin, of mousse, Fr. mosselina, It. moss, because of
its downyness, resembling moss] a fine sort of linen cloth made of
cotton, commonly brought from the East Indies.

MU’SQUASH [in several parts of America] a beast resembling a
beaver in shape, but something less. The male has testes which smell
like musk; and if the beast be killed in winter, never loose their
scent.

MUSQUA’SHES, a Virginian and Maryland root, with the juice of
which the Indians paint their mats and targets.

MU’SQUET [mousquet, Fr. moschetto, It. mosquéte, Sp.] the most
common and convenient sort of fire-arms.

MUSQUET Baskets [in fortification] baskets about a foot and
a half high, which being filled with earth, and placed on low
breast-works, the musqueteers may fire between pretty secure from the
enemy.

MUSQUETEE’R, or MUSKETEE’R [mousquetaire, Fr. moschettiero, It.
mosquetèro, Sp.] a soldier armed with a musket. They had lined
some hedges with musketeers. Clarendon.

MUSQUETOO’N, or MUSKETOO’N [mousqueton, Fr. moschettone, It.]
a blunderbuss, a short gun of a large bore, carrying small bullets.

MU’SROLL [muserole, Fr.] the noseband of a horse's bridle,

MUSS, a scramble. Like boys unto a muss, kings would start forth.
Shakespeare.

MU’SSELIN. See MUSLIN.

MUSSITA’TION, the act of muttering or speaking between the
teeth.

MU’SSULMAN, Arab. [i. e. faithful in religion] a title which the
Mahometans attribute to themselves, a Mahometan believer. But
GOLIUS has given us a far better etymology of the Arabic word mosle­
mon (from whence by curruption comes our mussulman) for he traces
it up, justly enough, to the fourth conjugation of the verb salama;
which signifies (in the first conjugation) to salute, or say, “peace be to
thee.” and, in the fourth, to become a Mahometan [he should have
said “a *I said a professor of the true religion in general; because Ma­
homet applies the term not merely to his own disciples; but
also to all, who, in all ages of the world, have maintained the
unity of God, and that a good life is necessary to our acceptance
with him. See MAHOMETISM, MELCHITES, JACOBINS [or
JACOBITES] and CÆLICOLÆ, compared. professor of the true religion”] as by so doing he enters
upon the state of peace and happiness.

MUST, imp. verb [of moeten, Du. mussen, Ger. must, Su.] to be
obliged, it behooves, there is need; it is only used before a verb.
This verb is defective, having only the pr. tense, in which it is
alike in both numbers, and used personally or impersonally, and ap­
plied both to persons and things. What he may be, or hath the
power of being, he must be. Locke.

MUST, subst. [must, Sax. must, Su. most, Dan. and Ger. moute,
Fr. mosto, It. and Sp. mustum, Lat.] sweet wine newly pressed from the
grape, new wort. The must of wine. Bacon.

To MUST, verb act. [mws, Wel. stinking, mos, Du. mouldiness,
or perhaps from moist] to mould, to make mouldy.

To MUST, verb neut. to grow mouldy.

MUSTA’CHES [moustaches, Fr. mustacchi, It. mostachos, Sp. of μνσταξ,
Gr.] the beard of the upper lip: whiskers.

MUSTA’CIA, Lat. [with botanists] a sort of green laurel, with a
large flagging whitish leaf.

MU’STARD [mwstard, Brit. mastaert, Du. moutarde, Fr. mostarda,
Port. mostaza, Sp.] a plant. The flower consists of four leaves, which
are placed in form of a crest; it becomes a fruit or pod, divided into
two cells, to which the valves adhere on both sides, and are filled
with roundish seeds: these pods generally end in a fungous horn con­
taining the like seeds. To these marks must be added, an acrid burn­
ing taste peculiar to mustard. Miller. Common mustard seed is at­
tenuant and resolvent. It warms the stomach and excites appetite;
but its principal medicinal use is external in sinapisms. Hill.

MUSTA’PHIS [among the Turks] doctors or prophets, men of
learning.

MU’STEOUS [musteus, Lat.] sweet as must; also fresh, new, green.

To MU’STER, verb. neut. to assemble in order to form an army.

To MUSTER, verb act. [mousteren, Du.] 1. To review forces. 2.
To bring together in general. Advices which philosophers could mus­
ter up to this purpose. Tillotson.

MUSTER [from the verb; moustre, Fr.] a review of soldiers in or­
der to take account of their number, condition, accoutrements and
arms.

To Pass MUSTER, to be allowed. Such excuses will not pass muster
with God.

MUSTER Book [of muster and book] a book in which forces are re­
gistered.

MUSTER Master [of muster and master] one who superintends the
muster to prevent frauds.

MUSTER Master General of the Army, an officer who takes an ac­
count of every regiment, as to their number, arms, horses, &c.

MUSTER Roll [of muster and Roll] a list of the soldiers in every
troop, company, regiment, &c.

MU’STERING, part. adj. of muster [of musteren, Ger. monsteren,
Du. moenstrs, Su. montre, mostro, muestra, Sp.] reviewing military
forces, in order to take an account of their numbers, accoutrements,
&c.

MU’STILY, adv. [of musty] mouldily.

MU’STINESS [of musty] mould, damp, foulness, staleness, mouldi­
ness of scent.

MU’STY [moisie, Fr. muffato, It. mohoso, It. of mucidus, Lat.] 1.
Having a stale, mouldy scent, spoiled with damp, moist and fetid. 2.
Stale, spoiled with age. 3. Vapid with fetidness. The musty wine.
Pope. 4. Dull, heavy, wanting activity, wanting practice in the af­
fairs of life. To spirit him up now and then, that he may not grow
musty and unfit for conversation. Addison.


MUT

MU’TA [among the Romans] the daughter of the river Hemo,
and the goddess of silence, which they worshipped; being of this no­
tion, that worshipping her would make them keep their thoughts con­
cealed.

MU’TABLE, Fr. [mutabile, It. mudáble, Sp. of mutabilis, Lat.] 1.
Inconstant, unsettled. 2. Variable, subject to change, alterable.

MUTABI’LITY, or MU’TABLENESS [mutabilitas, from mutabilis,
Lat. mutabilité, Fr.] 1. Changeableness, not continuance in the same
state. 2. Inconstancy, change of mind.

MU’TARE, Lat. [old records] to mew up hawks in the time of their
moulting.

MUTA’TION, Fr. [mutazione, It. mutaciòn, Sp. of mutatio, Lat.]
act of changing, alteration. The vicissitude or mutations in the supe­
rior globe. Bacon.

MUTATION [in the antient music] the changes or alterations that
happen in the order of the sounds, which compose the melody.

MUTE [muët, Fr. muto, It. mùdo, Sp. of mutus, Lat.] 1. Dumb,
not having the use of voice, silent, not vocal. 2. Having nothing to
say. All sat mute. Milton.

MUTE Signs [with astrologers] are Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces,
being creatures that have no voice; so that when the significators are
in these signs in nativities, they are supposed to spoil, or cause some
impediment in the person's speech.

To stand MUTE [a law term] is when a prisoner at the bar will not
put himself upon the inquest, to be tried by God and his country.

MUTE [of mutir, Fr. to void liquid dung] 1. Dung of bird. 2.
One that has no power of speech. Bred up amongst mutes. Holder.

MUTE [meute, Fr.] a kennel or cry of hounds.

To MUTE, verb neut. [mutir, Fr.] to dung as birds do. From her
inconverted muting arises this plant. Brown.

MUTES [mutus, Lat. dumb] a letter, which without a vowel can
make no sound. Mutes are so called, because they begin by their own
power, and have the sound of the vowel after them; of which some
are pronounced from the lips, as b and p, and are called labials, or lip
letters; others from the teeth, as t and d, and are called dentals, or
teeth letters; others from the palate, as k and q, and are called pala­
tials, or palate letters. They are reckoned in number eight, b, c, d,
g, k, p, q, t.

MUTES [in the grand seigniors seraglio] certain dumb persons, kept
to be sent to strangle with a bow string, such bashaws or other persons,
who fall under the emperor's displeasure.

MU’TELY, adv. [of mute] with silence, not vocally. Where he
had mutely sat. Milton.

To MU’TILATE, verb act. [mutiler, Fr. mutilo, Lat.] to deprive of
some essential part. The place is mutilated. Stillingfleet.

MU’TILATED, part. adj. [mutilé, Fr. mutiládo, Sp. of mutilatus,
Lat.] maimed, having some part or member cut off; wanting some
essential part; also spoken of statues or buildings, where any part is
wanting, or the projecture of any member is broken off.

MUTILA’TION, Fr. [mutilaciòn, Sp. of mutilatio, from mutilo, Lat.]
the maiming or curtailing of any thing, deprivation of a limb, or any
essential part. Mutilations are not transmitted from father to son.
Brown.

MU’TINE, subst. [mutin, Fr.] a mutineer, one that moves sedition
or insurrection; obsolete. Shakespeare.

MUTINE’ER [mutin, Fr.] a mover of sedition, an opposer of law­
ful authority. Addison.

MU’TINOUS, adj. [mutiné, Fr.] tumultuous, seditious, busy in insur­
rections. The mutinous severely suppressed. Hayward.

MU’TINOUSLY, adv. [of mutinous] seditiously, turbulently.

MU’TINOUSNESS [of mutinous] turbulence, seditiousness, tumultu­
ousness.

MU’TINY, or MU’TINYING [muyterte, Du. meuterey, Ger. muti­
nant, Fr. or mutinerie, prob. of motin, Sp. of mutio, Lat. to mutter]
a sedition, revolt, or revolting from lawful authority, especially among
the soldiery.








To MU’TINY, verb neut. [se mutiner, Fr. ammutinarsi, It. amoti­
nàr, Sp.] to raise a mutiny, to move sedition, to rise against authori­
ty. Cæsar's army mutiny'd. South.

To MU’TTER, verb neut. [marmoter, Fr. muyten, Du. mutio, mus­
so, Lat.] to speak obscurely or confusedly between the teeth, to grum­
ble, to murmur. Burton.

To MU’TTER, verb act. to utter any thing inarticulately.

MU’TTER, subst. [from the verb] murmur, obscure utterance.

MU’TTERER [of mutter] one that mutters or grumbles, a mur­
murer.

MU’TTERING, part. adj. [of to mutter; of mutiens of mutio, Lat.
or muyten, Du.] speaking between the teeth, grumbling.

MU’TTERINGLY, adv. [of muttering] with indistinct articulation.

MU’TTON [mouton, Fr.] the flesh of a sheep dressed for food; also
a sheep; now only in ludicrous language. The flesh of muttons is
better tasted. Bacon.

MU’TTONFIST [of mutton and fist] a hand large and red. Dryden.

MU’TUAL [mutuus, Lat. mutuet, Fr. mutuo, It. and Sp.] alike on
both sides, interchangeable, making equal returns, reciprocal, each
acting in return or correspondence to the other.

MUTUA’LITY [of mutual] reciprocation. Shakespeare.

MU’TUALLY, adv. [of mutual] interchangeably, reciprocally.

MU’TULE [with architects] a sort of square modilion, set under
the cornice of the Doric order; also a stay, cut of stone or timber, to
bear up the summer or other part.

MU’TUUM, Lat. [in the civil law] a loan simply so called, or a con­
tract introduced by the laws of nations; where a thing, consisting ei­
ther in weight, number or measure, is given to another, upon condi­
tion that he shall return another thing of the same quantity, anture
and value, on demand.

MUYD of Corn, a measure used in France, 24 minots, or 8 quar­
ters and a half English.

To MU’ZZLE, verb act. [emmuseler, Fr. musolare, It.] 1. To cover
or bind the mouth. 2. To fondle with the mouth close; a low word.
Muzzling and coaxing of the child. L'Estrange.

To MU’ZZLE, verb neut. to bring the mouth near. The bear muz­
zles and smells to him; puts his nose to his mouth. L'Estrange.

MU’ZZLE [q. d. mouthseal, as Minshew supposes museliere, museau,
Fr. museliera, It.] 1. A device of leather, or other materials, to put
about the mouth of a dog, &c. which hinders from biting. With
golden muzzles all their mouths were bound. Dryden. 2. A part of a
halter for the nose of a horse, the snout of certain beasts, the mouth
of any thing, the mouth of a man in contempt. Ever and anon
turning her muzzle towards me. Sidney.

MUZZLE Moulding, are the ornaments round the muzzle.

MUZZLE Ring [with gunners] the great circle of a cannon, that
encompasses and strengthens the muzzle of it.

MY, pron. possessive. See MINE [min, Sax. mine, Dan. min, Su.
my, myne, Du. myn, L. Ger. mein, H. Ger. mon, Fr. mio, It. and
Sp. meus, Lat.] My is used before a substantive, and mine antiently
and properly before a vowel. My is now commonly used indifferently
before both. My is used when the substantive follows, and mine when
it goes before; as, this is my book, this book is mine, pertaining to me.
I conclude my reply. Bramhall.

MY’CTERES [μνχτηρης, Gr.] the nostrils which receive phlegmatic
humours, that distil from the brain thro' the papillary processes.

MYCTERI’SMUS, Lat. [in rhetoric] a closer kind of sarcasm or
taunt.

MYDE’SIS, Lat. [μνδησις, Gr.] a rottenness proceeding from too
much moisture.

MYDRI’ASIS, Lat. [μνδριασις, Gr.] a too great dilatation of the ap­
ple of the eye, which makes the fight dim.
Gorrhœus; who adds, that the dilatation is sometimes so great, as
to reach the circle of the iris.

MYE’LOS, Lat. [μνελος, Gr.] the marrow of the bones or the brain,
the spinal marrow.

MY’LE [μνλη, Gr.] a mill, the lower milstone.

MY’LLEWELL, a sort of cod or salt-fish.

MYLOGLO’SSUM, Lat. [of μνλη, a mill-stone, and γλωσσα, Gr. the
tongue, in anatomy] a pair of muscles arising on the backside of the
grinding teeth, and inserted into the ligament of the tongue, serving
to turn it upwards.

MYLOHYOIDE’US [of μνλη and νοειδες, Gr. in anatomy] a muscle
which occupies all that space which is between the lower jaw and the
bone, called os hyoides, and moves it together with the tongue and
larynx upward, forward, and to each side. See HYÖIDES.

MY’LPHÆ, Lat. a disease, the falling off of the hair from the eye­
lids.

MY’NCHEN [mynchen, Sax.] a nun; obsolete.

MYOCE’PHALON [μνοχεφαλον, of μνα, a fly, and χεφαλος, Gr. the
head] the falling of a small portion of the uvula, so as to resemble the
head of a fly.

MYO’DES Platisma [with anatomists] a broad musculous expansion in
the neck, proceeding from a fat membrane.

MYO’GRAPHY [μνογραφια, of μνς, a muscle, and γραφη, Gr. de­
scription] a description of the muscles.

MYO’LOGY [muologie, Fr. myologia, Lat. μνολογια, of μνς, a mus­
cle, and λεγω, Gr.] a discourse of the muscles of an animal body.
The description and doctrine of the muscles a whole system of myology.
Cheyne.

MY’OMANCY [of μνς, a mouse, and μαντεια, divination] a kind of
divination, or method of foretelling future events by means of mice.

MYO’PHONON, Lat. [μνοφωνον, Gr.] an herb that kills mice, mice­
bane.

MYOPI’A, Lat. [μνωτια, of μνω, to shut, or wink, and ωψ ωτος,
Gr. the sight] a kind of dimness or confusion of sight in beholding
objects that are distant, and yet a clearness of the sight in beholding
such things as are near at hand purblindness. See MUOPY.

MYO’TOMY [myotomia, Lat. of μνοτομια, Gr.] a dissection of the
muscles.


MYR

MYRACO’PIUM [μνραχοτιον, Gr.] a medicine to take away wea­
riness.

MY’RIAD [μνριας, Gr.] 1. The number of 10000. 2. Proverbially
any great number. Myriads of good angels. Tillotson.

MY’RIARCH [μνριαρΧης, Gr.] a captain of 10000.

MY’RINX, Lat. [with anatomists] the drum of the ear. See TYM­
PANUM.

MYRI’STICA Nux [of μνριτιχος, Gr. fragrant] a nutmeg.

MYRME’CION, Lat. [with surgeons] a wart in the palm of the hand,
or in the sole of the foot.

MYRMECI’TES [μνρμηχιτης, Gr.] a stone, having in it the figure of a
pismire or emmet.

MY’RMIDON [with the vulgar] the constable and his watchmen.

MY’RMIDONS [μυρμιδον, μυρμιδονες, Gr.] a people of Thessaly, that
went under the conduct of Achilles, to the war against Troy; applied
to any rude ruffian. So called from the soldiers of Achilles. Swift.

MYRMI’LLONES, a sort of combatants among the Romans, who had,
on the top of their casque or helmet, the representation of a fish; and in
their engagements with the retiarii, if they were caught and wrapt in
the net, it was not possible for them to escape death.

MYRO’BALANS [μυροβαλανος, Gr. myrobalanus, Lat.] a medicinal
dried fruit, like Egyptian dates, of which there are five sorts, the In­
dian, the emblic, the attrine or yellow, the chebule, and the belleric,
all of them of a purging quality. They are fleshy, generally with a
stone and kernel, having the pulpy part more or less of an austere a­
crid taste. They are the production of five different trees growing in
the East Indies, where they are eaten preserved. They serve also for
making and dressing leather. They have been long in great esteem
for their quality of opening the bowels in a gentle manner, and af­
terwards strengthening them by their astringency; but the present
practice rejects them all. Hill.

MYROBA’LANUM [μυροβαλανος, Gr.] the nut of Egypt, called also
myrobolan ben, that yields a precious oil.

MYROBA’LSAMUM [μυροβαλταμον, Gr.] an ointment made of
balm.

MYRO’POLIST [myropola, Lat. μυροπωλης, of μυρον, ointment, and
πολεω, Gr. to sell] a seller of sweet ointments and perfumes.

MYRRH [myrrhe, Fr. mirra, It. and Sp. of myrrha, Lat. of μυρρα,
of μυρω, Gr. to flow, mor, Heb.] a gum. Myrrh is a vegetable pro­
duct of the gum resin kind, sent to us in loose granules, from the
size of a pepper-corn to that of a walnut, of a reddish-brown colour,
with more or less of an admixture of yellow. Its taste is bitter and
acrid, with a peculiar aromatic flavour, but very nauseous: its smell is
strong, but not disagreeable: it is brought from Ethiopia, but the
tree which produces it is wholly unknown. Our myrrh is the very
drug known by the antients, under the same name. Internally ap­
plied, it is a powerful resolvent; and externally applied, it is discu­
tient and vulnerary. Hill. See MUMIA, and read, mum, Pers.

MY’RRHINE [myrrhuus, murrhœus, Lat.] pertaining to, or made of
the myrrhine stone. Crystal and myrrhine cups imbossed with gems.
Milton.

MY’RRHIS [μυρρις, Gr.] the herb mock-chervil.

MY’RSINE, Lat. [μυρσιν, Gr.] the myrtle-tree.

MY’RSINEUM, Lat. [with botanists] wild fennel.

MYRSINI’TES [μυρσινιτης, Gr.] an herb, a sort of spurge.

MY’RTIFORM, adj. [myrtiformis, Lat.] of the shape of myrtle.

MYRTIFO’RMES Carunculæ [in anatomy] little caruncles or fleshy
knots in the hymen. See HYMEN, and MORSUS Diaboli, and read
BOERHAV. Æconom. animal. ÆREIS tabulis illustrat.

MY’RTLE [myrte, Fr. mirto, It. murta, Sp. myrtus, Lat. μυρτος,
Gr.] a kind of fragrant tree sacred to Venus. The flower of the
myrtle consists of several leaves disposed in a circular order, which ex­
pand in form of a rose. The ovary becomes an oblong, umbilicated
fruit, divided into three cells, which are full of kidney-shaped seeds.
Miller.

MYRTOSE’LINOS [with botanists] the herb called mouse-ear.

MYRTOPE’TALON, Lat. [μυρτοπεταλον, Gr.] an herb having leaves
like myrtle, called also polygonaton.

MY’RTUS, Lat. [μυρτος, Gr.] the myrtle; a sort of tree bearing a
small blackish leaf, of a fragrant scent.


MYS

MYSE’LF, subst. [of my and self] 1. An emphatical word added to
I; as, I myself will do it, that is, not I by proxy, not another. 2.
The reciprocal of I in the oblique case. I should have been at a loss
to defend myself. Swift.

MYSTAGO’GICAL, of or pertaining to a mystagogue.

MY’STAGOGUE [mystagogus, Lat. μυςαγωγος, Gr. a leader of the
initiated] one who interprets divine mysteries; also he who has the
keeping of church relics, and shews them to strangers.

MT’STAGOGY [mystagogia, Lat. of μυςαγωγια, Gr.] an initiation, or
the action of him that initiates.

MYSTE’RIARCH [mysteriarcha, Lat. μυςηριαρχης of μυςηριον, a mys­
tery, and αρχος, Gr. a ruler or chief] one presiding over holy mys­
teries.

MY’STERIES of Religion, [in the ancient sense of the word] truths
that have been revealed by divine revelation, beyond the reach of
human reason, to investigate or find out; not so as to preclude our
understanding them, AFTER they are discovered [or revealed.] Thus,
in the scripture-use of the word, the mysteries of a king, are his se­
crets; and the mystery of the seven golden candlestics in the apocalypse,
is the secret couched under that emblematic representation; which St.
John comprehended well enough, after the angel had told him, what
was meant by that prophetic vision, viz. the seven churches, to whom
he was directed to write. “And to you (says our Lord to his disci­
ples, when consulting him about the parable of the sower and the
seed) it is given to know [or understand] the mysteries of the king­
dom”; i. e. in the place before us, to know, that by the sower is
meant Christ himself, and by the seed his word or doctrine. Nor do
I remember one text of scripture, in which it deviates from the proper
acceptation of the word, I mean as it implies, not (as we NOW under­
stand it) something unintelligible, or incomprehensible after it is revealed;
but a secret or hidden thing, i. e. before it is discovered or revealed. And
the specific doctrines of christianity are stiled by St. Paul in his epistle to
Timothy, “the mystery of godliness”, in the same sense, with the “mys­
tery hid from ages”, which he mentions in another place; and by which
he means no more than this truth, that we gentiles should, upon our
conversion, be received into a compleat participation of the blessings of
the Messiah's kingdom upon a level with the Jews. A thing easy
enough to be comprehended, when made known: But, N. B. what is
made known or revealed to one, may as yet be a MYSTERY [or hid­
den thing] to another, where that revelation has not as yet taken place.







If there be any exception from this remark, 'tis not in the doctrines of
Christ; but in a far different set of principles, which have stolen in
upon us from another quarter. See Daniel, c. vii. v. 25. compared
with c. xi. v. 36. And consult the original in both. Tho' in justice
to the English reader, I must observe that the term expressive of these
MARVELLOUS or mysterious things, which flow from that source, is of a
DIFFERENT kind from this under consideration; 'tis of the same etymo­
logy with that in the psalms, “I'm fearfully and WONDERFULLY made;
or, with that, “Such knowledge is too WONDERFUL for me, 'tis high,
I cannot attain to it.” Neither of which texts relate to any specific
doctrine of revelation. Nor do I find the word [MYSTERY] assumed
this new signification, I mean to express something incomprehensible af­
ter it was reveal'd, before that sense became necessary. In plain terms,
we first made (with the church of Rome) our religion an unintelligible
thing, and then, for want of better arguments, were obliged to skreen
our absurdities under the venerable name of mysteries. It was then,
and not till then, that reason and free enquiry began to be decry'd;
and in its stead an implicit (not to say, with bishop Tillotson, a GOOD
LUSTY) act of faith was recommended. But how different an air and
spirit is this, from that which the Ante-Nicene and primitive Christians
breathed, appears from their writings; and in particular from that sin­
gle stroke of St. Irenæus, “Καλως Ιουστινος, &c. “Well said Justin
Martyr in his treatise against Marcion, “I would not have believ'd the
LORD HIMSELF, had he preached up another GOD besides the CREA­
TOR.” IREN. Ed. Grabe, p. 300. and EUSEB. Hist. Ed. Stephan.
p. 40. No—it was not the church-writers in those days; but their
opponents, that had recourse to mystery in support of their cause; and
'tis well worth the learned reader's while to see how finely St. Irenæus
has exposed this kind of artifice. “Universi obductis superciliis, &c.
IREN. adv. Hæreses Ed. Grabe, p. 368. See MYSTERY; and add to
the etymology there assign'd, as follows: Query, if as this is a Greek
term, it is not far more probably derived from the Greek verb μνω,
which signifies to initiate, or to admit to the more secret and hidden rites
of religion?

MYSTE’RIOUS [mysterieux, Fr. misterioso, It. and Sp.] 1. Full of
mystery, artfully obscure, inaccessible to the understanding. 2. Art­
fully perplexed. Princes who were most distinguish'd for their myste­
rious skill in government. Swift.

MYSTE’RIOUSLY, adv. [of mysterious] 1. In a manner above un­
derstanding. 2. Obscurely, enigmatically. Mysteriously and secretly
described. Taylor.

MYSTE’RIOUSNESS [of mysterious] 1. Hiddeness, difficulty of being
understood, &c. holy and awful obscurity. Differing apprehensions
of mysteriousness. Taylor. 2. Artful difficulty or perplexity.

To MY’STERIZE, verb act. [from mystery] to explain as enigmas.

MY’STERY [mystere, Fr. misterio, It. and Sp. mysterium, Lat. μνστη­
ριον, Gr. of רתםמ, of רתם, Heb. to hide] 1. Something secret or
hidden; see MYSTERIES: but in the modern acceptation of the word,
something awfully obscure and inexplicable. Mysteries in our holy re­
ligion. Swift. 2. An enigma, any thing artfully made difficult. And
moral mysteries with art unfold. Granville. 3. A calling, any particular
trade, art or occupation; but then it is more properly derived from
meisteri, Goth. master, q. d. mastery. In this sense it should, accord­
ing to Warburton, be written mistery, from mester, Fr. a trade.

MY’STIC Theology, a kind of refined, sublime divinity professed by
the Mystics, which consisted in the knowledge of God and divine
things, not acquired in the common way; but infused immediately by
God, and which has the effect to move the soul in an easy, calm, de­
vout, affecting manner, to unite it intimately to God, to illuminate
the understanding, and warm and enliven the will in an extraordinary
manner.

MY’STIC, or MY’STICAL, adj. [mystique, Fr. mistica, It. and Sp. of
mysticus, Lat.] 1. Sacredly obscure. God hath revealed a way mystical
and supernatural. Hooker. 2. Emblematical, involving some secret
meaning. Not the natural truth, but the spiritual and mystical. Taylor.
3. Obscure, secret, mysterious. Know I have search'd the mystic
rolls of fate. Dryden.

MY’STICALLY, adv. [of mystical] in a manner or by an act that
implies some secret meaning, mysteriously.

MY’STICALNESS [of mystical] involution of some secret meaning.

MY’STICS, a religious sect distinguished by their professing pure,
subime and perfect knowledge of divine things, with an intire disin­
terested love of God, free from all selfish considerations.


MYT

MYTHI’STORY [mythistoria, Lat. of μνθιστορια, of μνθος, a fable,
and ιστορια, Gr. history] an history mingled with false fables and taes.

MYTHOLO’GICAL [mythologique, Fr. mytologico, It. and Sp.] per­
taining to mythology, relating to the explication of fabulous history.
The conceit was probably hieroglyphical, which after became mytho­
logical. Brown.

MYTHOLO’GICALLY, adv. [of mythological] in a mythological man­
ner, suitably to the system of fables.

MYTHO’LOGIST [mythologiste, Fr. mitologista, It. mythologus, Lat.
μνθολογος, Gr.] one skilled in mythology, one that relates or expounds
the ancient fables of the henthens. Ancient mythologists. Norris.

To MYTHO’LOGIZE [of μνθολογιζειν, Gr.] to relate or explain the
fables or mysteries of the old Pagan religion.

MYTHO’LOGY [mythologie, Fr. mitologia, It. mythologia, Lat. μνθο­
λογια, of μνθος, a fable, and λεγω, Gr.] system of fables, the history of
the fabulous deities and heroes of antiquity, and the explanation of the
mysteries of the old Pagan religion. The modesty of mythology de­
serves to be commended. Bentley.

MYTHO’PLASM [of μνθοπλασμα, of μνθος and πλασσω, Gr. to frame
or form] a fabulous narration or history.

MY’URUS [μειουρος, Gr.] a pulse which is continually weakening
by insensible degrees; so that the second beat is fainter than the first,
the third than the second, so called (says Galen) from figures that ter­
minate in a point, or gradually lessen διχη ουρας, i. e. after the manner
of a tail; and if read μνουρος, 'tis after the manner of a mouse-tail.













N

N n, Roman; N n, Italic; N n, English; N n, Saxon, are
the 13th letters in order of the alphabet; נ, Hebrew the
14th; N Ν, the 14th of the Greek. N is a semivowel,
and has an invariable sound, as name, not, no, net. It is
sometimes almost lost, as condemn, contemn.

N [in Latin numbers] signified 900.

N̄, with a dash, 9000.

N. B. stands for Nota Bene, Lat. mark well, or take notice.

NAB [with the vulgar] a hat.

NA’AM, or NAM [in law] the taking or distraining another man's
moveable goods.

Lawful NAAM [of neman, Sax. to take, or nemmen, Du. to nim
or take hold of] is, in law, a reasonable distress, and proportionable
to the value of the thing distrained for.

Unlawful NAAM, a distraining above the value; also see NAMIUM
Vetitum.

NA’MIUM Vetitum [in law books] an unjust taking the cattle of
another, and driving them to an unlawful place, pretending damages
done by them.

To NAB, verb act. [nappa, Su.] 1. To surprize or take one nap­
ping, to catch unexpectedly, to seize without warning. A word sel­
dom used but in low language. 2. To cog a die.

Æra of NABONA’SSAR [in chronology] a famous æra on account
that (as Ptolemy writes) there were astronomical observations made
by the Chaldeans, from the beginning of his reign to his own time;
and, according to Ptolemy, the first year of this æra, was the year
747 before Christ, and the 3967th year of the Julian period. He
was a king of Babylon, called also Belosus.

NA’CCA, or NA’CTA [in old deeds] a yacht or small ship.

NA’CKER, or NA’KER [nacre, Fr.] mother of pearl; the shell of a
fish wherein pearl is bred.

NAD

NA’DIR, Arab. 1. What eyes or regards another thing, as being in
situation opposed to it. GOLIUS. 2. [With astronomers] that point in
the heavens opposite to the zenith; i. e. that point directly under our
feet, or a point in a right line; drawn from our feet thro' the centre
of the earth, and terminating in the under hemisphere.

NÆ’NIA, funeral songs, lamentations, or mournful tunes, which
were anciently sung at funerals.

NÆ’VUS, Lat. a mole, a natural mark or spot in the body.

NÆVO’SITY [nevositas, Lat.] freckledness, the quality of having
moles.

NÆVO’SE [nævosus, Lat.] full of freckles or moles.

NAFF, subst. a sort of tufted sea-bud.

NAG [neggy, nagge, Du.] 1. A little horse, a horse in familiar lan­
guage. Thy nags the leanest things alive. Prior. 2. A paramour:
in contempt. Your ribauld nag of Egypt. Shakespeare.

NA’GEL, a weight for wool containing seven pound.


NAI

NAI’ADES [ΝΑΙΑΔΕΣ, of ΝΑΩ, Gr. to flow] the nymphs of the floods,
fairies, &c. haunting rivers and fountains.

NAI’ANT [in heraldry] q. d. nantes, Lat. of nato, to swim, is a
term applied to all fishes that are borne transverse; that is, across the
escutcheon; because they swim in the water in that posture.

NAIF, Fr. natural [with jewellers] of a quick and natural look,
spoken of diamonds, jewels, &c.

To NAIL, verb act. [nageln, Ger. nagelen, Du. negla, Su.] 1. To
fasten with nails. To the cross he nails thy enemies. Milton. 2. To
stud with nails. The rivets of your arms were nail'd with gold. Dry­
den.

NAIL, subst. [nœgl, Sax. nagel, Su. Du. and Ger.] 1. The horny
substance or hard crust at the ends of the fingers and toes. The nails
of our fingers give strength to those parts. Ray. 2. The talons of
birds and beasts. 3. A stud, a boss. 4. A sort of measure two in­
ches and a quarter. 5. An iron spike or pin for fastening or nailing
boards together. We need not borrow iron for spikes, or nails to
fasten them together. Bacon. 6. On the nail; readily, immediately,
without delay. Probably from a counter studded with nails. We
want our money on the nail. Swift.

To NAIL Cannon [a military term] the driving of a nail or an iron
spike by force into the touch-hole of a piece of ordnance, so as to ren­
der it useless.

NAI’LER [of nail] a nail maker, one whose business is to forge
nails.








NAI’L-WORT, an herb.

NAILS [næglen, Sax.] the custom of paring nails at a certain time,
is a relic of ancient superstition, and probably might be transmitted to
our forefathers from the Romans, who superstitiously avoided paring
their nails on the nundinæ, observed every ninth day.

NAI’RNE, a borough and port town of Scotland, in the shire of In­
verness, situated at the entrance of the frith of Murray, 18 miles east
of Inverness.

NAI’SSANT, Fr. growing, rising [in heraldry] is a form of blazon
peculiar to all living things, that in an escutcheon issue out of some or­
dinary or common charge, and is different from issuant, which de­
notes a living creature, issuing out of the bottom of any ordinary or
charge.

NA’KED, adj. [naced, nacod, Sax. nogen, Dan. nagen, Su. naeckt,
Du. and L. Ger. nacket, or nackend, H. Ger.] 1. Unclothed, unco­
vered, bare. Send them both naked to those who knew them not, and
you shall perceive. Bacon. 2. Unarmed, unprovided, defenceless.
Left me naked to mine enemies. Shakespeare. 3. Plain, evident, not
hidden. The truth appears so naked on my side. Shakespeare. 4.
Mere, bare, simple, abstracted, wanting the necessary additions. A na­
ked belief. Hooker.

NAKED Fire [with chemists] an open fire, not one penned up.

NAKED Seeds [with herbalists] such seeds as are not inclosed in any
pod or case, as those of crow-foot, marshmallows, pile-wort, &c. or
that has no covering beside that which remains upon it till the time of
vegetation.

NAKED Flower [with botanists] is one that has no empalement, as
a tulip.

NA’KEDLY, adv. [of naked] 1. Without covering. 2. Simply,
barely, in the abstract. Letters nakedly considered. Holder. 3. Evi­
dently, discoverably. They see not how nakedly they lie. Daniel.

NA’KEDNESS [of naked] 1. The state of being without clothing.
Not to imitate the nakedness but the innocence of their mother Eve.
Addison. 2. Want of provision for defence. To see the nakedness of
the land. Genesis. 3. Plainness, evidence, want of concealment.
Which appears in proper nakedness. Shakespeare.

NALL, subst. an awl, such as collar-makers use. Tusser.

NAMA’TION [in law] the act of distraining or taking by distress.

NAMATION [in Scotland] an impounding cattle.

NAME [name, or nama, Sax. nahme, or name, Ger. nafn, Dan.
namn, Su. nam, Pers. naem, Du. nom, Fr. nome, It. and Port. nombre,
Sp. nomen, Lat. anam, Erse] 1. The discriminative appellation of an
individual. I know thee by name. Exodus. 2. The appellation of
any thing; a word by which men have agreed to express some idea,
or thing, or subject spoken of, and that whereby any kind or species
is distinguished. 3. Person. Dryden. 4. Reputation, character.
And had left no good name behind. Clarendon. 5. Renown, fame,
distinction, honour. Eminent persons of great name abroad. Bacon.
6. Power delegated, imputed character. In the name of the people.
Shakespeare. 7. Fictitious imputation. Had forg'd a treason in my
patron's name. Dryden. 8. Appearance, not reality, assumed cha­
racter. A friend which is only a friend in name. Ecclesiasticus. 9.
An opprobrious appellation. I row by and call them names. Swift.
Get a good NAME, and you may lie abed;
Or, as we say, in another proverb;
He whose Name's up, may lie a-bed.

To NAME, verb act. [of nama, or naman, or nemnan, Sax. mnae­
na, Su. noemen, Du. nennen, Ger.] 1. To give a name to, to discri­
minate by a particular appellation. His name was called Jesus, which
was so named of the angel. St. Luke. 2. To mention by name. Nei­
ther use thyself to the naming of the holy. Ecclesiasticus. 3. To spe­
cify, to nominate. Let any one name that proposition. Locke. 4. To
utter, to mention in general. Let my name be named on them. Ge­
nesis.

NA’MELESS [nameleas, Sax.] 1. Being without a name, not distin­
guished by any discriminative appellation. A headless carcass and a
nameless thing. Denham. 2. Not named, not mentioned, not known
by name. From nameless pens. Atterbury.

NA’MELY, adv. [from name; namlich, Ger.] particularly, to men­
tion by name, to wit. For the excellency of the soul, namely its power
of divining in dreams. Addison.

NA’MER [of name] me who calls or knows any by name.

NA’MESAKE, subst. one that has the same name with another.

NA’MPWICH, a market town of Cheshire, 164 miles from London.

NAMU’R, a strong city of the Austrian Netherlands, capital of the
province of Namur, situated at the confluence of the Sambre and
Maese, 35 miles east of Brussels. Lat. 50° 30′ N. Long. 4° 50′
E.

NA’NCY, the capital city of Lorrain in Germany, 150 miles east of
Paris, subject to France, or at least will be so on the death of king
Stanislaus, father to the queen of France.

NA’NKING, the capital of the province of Nanking, and formerly
of the empire of China, situated 600 miles east of Pekin, on the river
Kiam.

NANTS, a city of France, in the province of Britany, situated on
the river Loir, 45 miles west of Angers.


NAP

NAP [knoppa, Sax. noppe, Dan.] 1. The hairy or shaggy part of
woollen cloth, down, villous substance. A kind of downy or velvet
rind upon their leaves, which down or nap cometh of a subtile spirit.
Bacon. 2. [Of knappian, Sax. to take a short sleep, napp, Su.] a
short sleep, slumber. You are still taking your nap. L'Estrange.

To NAPP, verb neut. [hnœppan, Sax.] to sleep, to be drowsy or
secure. They took him napping in his bed. Hudibras.

NAPE [knoppa, Sax. Of uncertain etymology] the hinder joint of
the neck, so called from the soft short hair growing there like the nap
of cloth; as Skinner imagines. Junius, with his usual Greek saga­
city, from ΝΑΣΘΗ, a hill: perhaps from the same root with knob. John­
son. That a golden head was growing out of the nape of his neck.
Bacon.

NAPÆ’Æ [ΝΑΠΑΙΑΙ, of ΝΑΠΟΣ, Gr. a grove or vale, &c.] the nymphs
of the mountains.

NAPE’LLUS, Lat. [with botanists] a kind of wolf's-bane, or rather
monk's hood.

NA’PERY [naperio, It.] table or houshold linen.

NA’WPHE [napus, Lat.] nevew, or French turnep.

NA’PIER's Bones, or NAPIER's Rods [so called from the Lord Ne­
pier or Neper, baron of Merchiston in Scotland, the inventor of them]
certain numbering rods, made either of ivory, wood, or small slips of
pastboard, which serve to perform multiplication by addition, and di­
vision by subtraction.

NA’PHTHA, Lat. [ΝΑφΘΑ, Gr.] Babylonish bitumen, found in Chal­
dea, where ancient Babylon stood, it exudes out of a stony rock, and
when set on fire, is not only hard to be extinguish'd, but if water be
cast upon it, burns more vehemently. It is such a powerful compound,
that if it comes near the fire or sun-beams, it will suddenly set all the
air round about it in a flame. Naphtha is a very pure, clear and thin
mineral fluid, of a very pale yellow, with a cast of brown in it. It is
soft and oily to the touch, of a sharp and unpleasing taste, and of a
brisk and penetrating smell, of the bituminous kind. It is found
floating on the waters of springs. It is principally used externally in
paralytic cases and in pains of the limbs. Hill. That found about Ba­
bylon is, in some springs whitish, tho' it be generally black, and dif­
fers little from petroleum. Woodward.

NA’PKIN [uncertain etymology, unless of nap, Du. nâpf, Ger. a
platter, bowl, or porringer, and chen, or gen, the diminutive termina­
tion; but the transition would be a little strange; naperia, It. from
nap, which etymology is odly favour'd by Virgil, tousisque ferunt man­
tilia, villis. Johnson] 1. Cloaths used at table to wipe the hands. 2.
A handkerchief. obsolete. This sense is retained in Scotland.

NA’PLES, a kingdom of Italy, situated 38 and 43 degrees of north
latitude, and 14 and 19 degrees of east longitude.

NAPLES, the capital of the kingdom of Naples, situated on a fine
bay of the Mediterranean sea, 30 miles diameter, 140 miles south-east
of Rome. Lat. 41° N. Long. 15° E.

NA’PLESS, adj. [of nap] wanting nap, threadbare. Shakespeare.

NA’PIPNESS [of nap] the quality of having a nap.

NA’PPING, part. of nap [of knappian, Sax. to sleep] sleeping, slum­
bering.

NA’PPY [from nap; of noppe, Dan. knoppa, Sax. Mr. Lye derives
it from nappe, Sax. a cup] 1. Having a nap or shag, as cloth. 2.
Frothy, spumy (from nap, whence apples and ale are called lamb's
wool) strong drink, that will set one to napping or asleep. With nappy
beer I to the barn repair'd. Gay.

NA’PTAKING, subst. [of nap and take] surprize, seizure on a sud­
den, unexpected onset, like that made on men asleep. Naptakings,
assaults, spoiling and firings. Carew.

NA’PUS [with herbalists] navew or turnep, navew-gentle or long
rapes, an edible root.


NAR

NARBO’NE, a city of France, in the province of Languedoc, 6 miles
west of the Mediterranean. It is the see of an archbishop.

NARCI’SSUS, Lat. [narcisse, Fr. ΝΑρχΙΣΣΟΣ, Gr.] a flower; some of
a white, and some of a yellow colour; a daffodil.

NARCI’SSINE, adj. [narcissinus, narcissus, Lat.] pertaining to, or
like the white daffodil.

NARCO’SIS [ΝΑρχΩΣΙΣ, Gr.] a privation of sense; as in a palsy, or
by taking opium, &c.

NARCO’TIC, or NARCO’TICAL [narcotique, Fr. narcotico, It. narco­
ticus, Lat. ΝΑρχΩΤΙχΟΣ, Gr.] stupifying, benumming, or taking away
sense. Narcotic includes all that part of the materia medica which
any way produces sleep, whether called by this name, or hypnotics or
opiates.

NARCO’TICS [narcotiques, Fr. narcotica, Lat. ΝΑρχΟΤΙχΑ, Gr.] me­
dicines which stupify and take away the sense of pain.

NARCO’TICNESS [of narcotic] stupifying, or benumming quality.

NARD, or NA’RDUS [ΝΑρΔΟΣ, Gr.] 1. Spikenard, a kind of oint­
ment. 2. An odorous shrub. And flow'ring odours, cassia, nard and
balm. Milton.

NARE, subst. [naris, Lat.] a nostil. Not used, except by Hudi­
bras in affectation.

NA’RES, Lat. [with anatomists] the nostrils of an animal.

NA’RRABLE [narrabilis, narro, Lat.] that may easily be told or
declared.

To NA’RRATE, verb act. [narro, Lat.] to relate, to tell. A word
only used in Scotland.

NARA’NGIA [among the Arabs] a kind of divination drawn from
several phænomena of the sun and moon.

NARRA’TION, Fr. [narrazione, It. of narratio, Lat.] a relation of
any particular actions or circumstances; account, history.

NARRA’TION [with rhetoricians] is that part of an oration in
which an account is given of matter of fact.

NARRATION [of an epic poem] is reckoned the third part; and
this some divide into four parts: the title, the proposition, the invo­
cation, the body of the poem or narration, properly so called.

NA’RRATIVE, adj. [narratif, Fr. narrativo, It. of narro, Lat.] 1.
Giving an account, relating. 2. Story-telling, apt to relate things past.
Age, as Davenant says, is always narrative. Dryden.

NARRATIVE, subst. [narratif, Fr. narrativa, It.] a narration, rela­
tion or recital, a story.

NA’RRATIVELY, adv. [of narrative] by way of narration, decla­
ratively. The words of all judicial acts are written narratively.
Ayliffe.

NARRA’TOR, Lat. [narrateur, Fr.] a relater. Consider whether
the narrator be honest. Watts.

To NA’RRIFY, verb act. [narro, Lat.] to give account of, to re­
late. Obsolete. I ever narrify'd my friends. Shakespeare.

NA’RROW [nearewe, or nearu, from nyr, Sax. near] 1. Of small
breadth, not wide, having but a small distance from side to side. The
angel stood in a narrow place. Numbers. 2. Small, of no conside­
rable extent. This narrow time of gestation. Brown. 3. Covetous,
avaritious, stingily, parcimonious. To narrow breasts he comes all
wrapt in gain. Sidney. 4. Contracted, ungenerous, of confined
sentiments. The greatest understanding is narrow. Grew. 5. Near,
being within a small distance. Yet miss'd so narrow that he cut the
cord. Dryden. 6. Close, attentive, vigilant. A great man is not
always the best prepared for so narrow an inspection. Addison.

The NARROW, a channel which runs between the Margate sands
and the main.

To NARROW, verb act. [from the adj.] 1. To diminish with
respect to width or breadth. At the Streights of Magellan, where
the land is narrowed. Brown. 2. To contract, to impair in dignity







of extent or influence. Where it is not by corruption narrowed into a
trade. Locke. 3. To contract in sentiment or capacity of knowledge.
The mind narrowed by a scanty collection of common ideas. Locke.
4. To confine, to limit. Limiting and narrowing the question.
Watts.

To NARROW, or To go NARROW, verb neut. [with horsemen] a
horse is said to go narrow, when he does not take ground enough,
that does not bear far enough out, to the one hand or to the other.

NA’RROWLY, adv. [of narrow] 1. With little breadth or wideness,
with small distance between the sides. 2. Contractedly, without ex­
tent. The church of England is not so narrowly calculated. Swift.
3. Closely, attentively, vigilantly. If it be narrowly considered.
Bacon. 4. Nearly, within a little. Some private vessels took one of
the Aquapulca ships, and very narrowly missed of the other. Swift.
5. Avaritiously, sparingly.

NA’RROWNESS [of narrow] 1. Scantiness in breadth or wideness,
want of extent, want of comprehension. 2. Confined state, contract­
edness. The narrowness of human attainments. Glanville. 3. Mean­
ness, poverty. The narrowness of fortune. Addison. 4. Want of
capacity. The narrowness of their spirit and understanding. Bur­
net's Theory.

NA’RWHALE, subst. a species of whale. Brown.

NAS [from he has, or has not] destitute of. Obsolete. For pityed
is mishap that nas remedy. Spenser.

NA’RVA, a large city and port town of Livonia, situated on the
river Narva, which divides Livonia from Russia, 100 miles S. W. of
Petersburg. It is subject to the empress of Russia.

NA’SAL, adj. [sometimes in a substantive form; of nasus, Lat.] per­
taining to the nose. To pronounce the nasals. Holder. The nasal
duct. Sharp.

NASAL Vein [with anatomists] the vein between the nostrils.

NASICO’RNOUS [of nasus and cornus, of cornu, Lat. horn] having
the horn on the nose, as some insects have. Nasicornous beetles.
Brown.

NA’SI Os, Lat. [in anatomy] a thin bone which makes the upper
part of the nose.

NASSAU’, a city of Germany, capital of the province of Nassau,
situated on the river Lohn, 29 miles N. W. of Mentz.

NA’STILY, adv. [of nasiy] 1. Dirtily, nauseously, offensively. 2.
Obscenely, grossly, lewdly.

NA’STINESS [of nasty] 1. Filthiness, offensiveness. The nastiness
of the beastly multitude. Hayward. 2. Obscenity, grossness of ideas.
The nastiness of Plautus and Aristophanes. Dryden.

NA’STY, adj. [nastig, O. and L. Ger. nast, nat, Ger. wet] 1.
Dirty, polluted, filthy, offensive. Atterbury. 2. Obscene, lewd.

NASTU’RCES [nasturtia, Lat.] capuchin capers.

NASTU’RTIUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb nose-smart, cresses,
or garden-cresses.

NASTURTIUM Aquaticum, Lat. [with botanists] water-cresses.


NAT

NA’TAL, adj. Fr. [natalis, Lat.] native, relating to nativity.
Behold Life's pencil'd scene, the natal gate,
The numbers thronging into mortal state. Table of Cebes.

NATALI’TIA [among the Romans] were festivals celebrated to the
genii, during which it was held ominous to shed the blood of beasts.
These solemnities being wholly dedicated to joy and festivity.

NATALI’TIOUS [natalitius, Lat.] pertaining to a nativity or birth­
day.

NATA’TION, Lat. the act of swimming. Brown.

NA’TES, Lat. the buttocks.

NATES Cerebri [with anatomists] two round parts of the brain,
bunching out behind the beds of the optic nerves, and growing to
the upper part of the marrowy substance.

NA’THLESS, adv. [na, Sax. that is, not the less] nevertheless:
formed thus, natheless, nath'less. Obsolete. Milton has adopted it.

NA’THMORE, adv. [na the more. Obsolete. And now it is cor­
rupted never or ne'er the more] nevertheless, notwithstanding.

NA’TION, Fr. [nazion, It. naciòn, Sp. nacao, Port. of natio, Lat.]
all the people of a particular country, as distinguished from another
people, generally by their language, original, or government. A
nation properly signifies a great number of families derived from the
same blood, born in the same country, and living under the same
government. Temple.

NA’TIONAL, Fr. [nazionale, It. nacional, Sp.] 1. Appertaining to
a nation, public, general, not private, not particular. Such a national
devotion inspires men with sentiments of religious gratitude. Addison.
2. Bigotted to one's own country.

NA’TIONAL Synod, an assembly of the clergy of a nation.

NA’TIONALLY, adv. [of national] with regard to the nation. The
Jews nationally espoused to God by covenant. South.

NA’TIONALNESS [of national] reference to the whole nation, or
people in general.

NA’TIVÆ Tenentes [in old law] tenants who hold native land, i. e.
land subject to the services of natives.

NA’TIVE, adj. [nativo, It. and Sp. of nativus, Lat.] 1. Belonging to
the birth, pertaining to the time or place of birth. Find native graves.
Shakespeare. 2. Natural, inbred, such as is according to nature.
The native sedateness of their temper. Temple. 3. Produced by na­
ture, not artificial. 4. Conferred by birth. A privilege ancient and
native. Denham. 5. Original, natural. I must return to native dust.
Milton.

NATIVE, subst. [natif, Fr. nativo, It. and Sp. of nativus, Lat.] 1.
One born in any country, or who lives in the country where he was
born, original inhabitant. Make no extirpation of the natives. Ba­
con. 2. Offspring.

NATIVE [in ancient deeds] one born a slave; by which he dif­
fered from one who had sold himself, or become a slave by his own
deed.

NATIVE Spirit [with naturalists] the innate heat, first supposed to
be produced in a fœtus or child in the womb.

NA’TIVELY, adv. [of native] by birth.

NA’TIVENESS [of native] state of being produced by nature.

NATI’VITY [nativitÉ, Fr. natività, It. natividàd, Sp. of nativitas,
Lat.] 1. Birth. A thanksgiving for the nativity of our Saviour. Ba­
con. 2. Time, place or manner of birth. Thy birth and thy nati­
vity is of Canaan. Ezekiel. 3. State or place of being produced
These in their dark nativity, the deep. Milton.

NATIVITY [with astrologers] a scheme or figure of the heavens,
drawn according to the position of the planets at that moment of time
when the person was born; when in a particular manner he becomes,
as they suppose, liable to the influences of the heavenly bodies.

NATO’LIA, the modern name of the Lesser Asia.

NA’TRON, a kind of black, greyish salt, taken out of a lake of
stagnant water, in the territory of Terrana in Egypt.

NA’TTA [with surgeons] a large, soft swelling, without pain or co­
lour, which usually grows in the back or shoulders, and sometimes
grows as large as a melon or gourd.

NA’TURAL [naturel, Fr. and Sp. naturale, It. of naturalis, Lat.]
1. Belonging to, or proceeding from nature, such as nature made it,
not counterfeit; something coming immediately out of the hands of
nature; in opposition to factitious or artificial. 2. Illegitimate, not
legal, spurious. This would turn the vein of that we call natural, to
that of legal propagation. Temple. 3. Bestowed by nature. If there
be any difference in natural parts. Swift. 4. Dictated by nature,
not forced, not farfetch'd. The properest and naturallest considera­
tions. Wotton. 5. Consonant or conformable to natural notions. As natural to the mind, as sun and light. Locke. 6. Tender, affectionate
by nature. He wants the natural touch. Shakespeare. 7. Unaffec­
ted, according to truth and reality. What can be more natural than
the circumstances of the behaviour of those women. Addison. 8.
Opposed to violent; as, a natural death.

NATURAL Concrete [with philosophers] implies a body made up of different principles, and therefore is much of the same signification as
mixt; so antimony is a natural concrete, or a body compounded in the
bowels of the earth.

NATURAL Day, the space of 24 hours.

NATURAL Philosophy, is that science which considers the powers of
nature, the properties of natural bodies, and their mutual action on
one another, called also physics. See ETHICS and MORAL Philosophy.

NATURAL Functions [in the animal œconomy] are those actions
whereby things taken into the body are changed and assimilated, so as
to become parts of the body.

NATURAL Inclinations, are those tendencies or motions of the mind
towards things seemingly good; which are common in a greater or less
degree to all mankind.

NATURAL History, a description of any of the natural products of
the earth, water, or air, v. g. beasts, birds, fishes, vegetables, mi­
nerals, and all such phænomena as at any time appear in the material
world, as monsters, meteors, &c.

NATURAL Harmony [in music] is that produced by the natural and
essential chords of the mode.

NATURAL Year [in astronomy] one intire revolution of the sun,
comprehending the space of 365 days, and almost 6 hours,

NATURAL Children, bastards.

NATURAL [naturalis, Lat.] 1. A fool, a changeling, an ideot,
one whom nature debars from understanding. No more capable of
reasoning than a perfect natural. Locke. 2. A native, an original
inhabitant. The inhabitants and naturals of the place. Abbot. 3.
Gift of nature, quality. 4. Genius, nature. Generally used in the
plural. To consider them in their own naturals. Wotton.

NA’TURALIST, one skilled in natural philosophy, a student in phy­
sics. It is not credible that the naturalist could be deceived. Ad­
dison.

NATURALIZA’TION [naturalisation, Fr. naturalizatione, It. nutura­
lización, Sp.] the act of naturalizing, as when an alien or foreigner is
made a king's natural subject, and invested with the rights and privi­
leges thereof.

To NA’TURALIZE, verb act. [naturaliser, Fr. naturalizare, It. na­
turalizàr, Sp. of naturalizo, Lat.] 1. To admit into the number of
natural subjects, to invest with the privileges of natives. The Irish
might not be naturalized. Davies. 2. To receive a foreign expression
or word into the original stock of a language. 3. To make natural,
easy, or familiar, like things natural. Custom has naturalized his la­
bour to him. South.

NA’TURALLY, adv. [of natural] 1. By nature, without art, accord­
ing to the power or impulses of unassisted nature. Our sovereign good
is desired naturally. Hooker. 2. According to nature, without affecta­
tion. They flow more or less naturally from the persons or occasions.
Dryden. 3. Spontaneously.

NA’TURALNESS. 1. The state of being given or produced by na­
ture, agreeableness, &c. to nature. The naturalness of a desire.
2. Conformity to truth and reality, not affectation. The naturalness
of the thought, and the beauty of the expression. Addison.

NA’TURE, Fr. [natureza, Port. natura, It and Lat.] 1. The sys­
tem of the world, the machine of the universe, or the assemblage of
all created beings, the universal disposition of all bodies, the state or
operation of the material world. He binding nature fast in fate. Pope.
2. The government of divine providence, directing all things by cer­
tain rules and laws. 3. An imaginary being, supposed to preside
over the material and animal world. Thou, nature, art my goddess.
Shakespeare. 4. The native state or properties of any thing, by which
it is discriminated from others. Between the corporeal and intellectual
world there is man participating much of both natures. Hale. 5. The
constitution of an animated or organized body. Nature as it grows
again tow'rd earth. Shakespeare. 6. The compass of natural existence.
The most beautiful things in nature. Glanville. 7. Natural affection
or reverence, native sensations. Pope. 8. Sort, species. A dispute of
this nature caused mischief. Dryden. 9. Disposition of mind, temper.
Shakespeare. 10. Sentiments or images adapted to nature, or confor­
mable to truth and reality. Only nature can please those tastes which
are unprejudiced. Addison. 11. Physics, the science which teaches the
qualities of things. Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night. Pope.
12. [In metaphysics] is the essence of any incorporeal thing; as, it is
the nature of the soul to think of God to be good, and the like. 13.
[With philosophers] the principle of all created beings. 14. [In
grammar] a term used in prosodia, of a syllable that is short or long,
without any rule in grammar to render it so by position, &c. 15. [With schoolmen] the essence of a thing, or the quidity thereof, i. e. the attribute that makes it what it is; as, it is the nature of the soul







to think. 16. The established order and regular course of material
things, the series of second causes, or the laws that God has imposed
upon the motions impressed by him.
Query, If nature, in this acceptation of the word, can signify any
thing more, than the established and stated operation, either of the
FIRST CAUSE HIMSELF, or of some other intelligent agent, that super­
intends the whole, and acts by commission from him.
17. An aggregate of powers pertaining to any body, especially an ani­
mal one; as we say, nature is strong, weak, &c. 18. The action of
providence, the principle of all things, or that spiritual being which is
diffused throughout the whole creation, and moves and acts in all bo­
dies, and gives them certain properties, and procures certain effects.

The Laws of NATURE [among moralists] is that most general and
universal rule of human actions, to which every man is obliged to con­
form, as he is a reasonable creature. It binds the whole body of hu­
man race, and is not subject to change, which is the characteristic of
positive laws.

Laws of NATURE, are those laws of motion by which all natural
bodies are commonly governed in all their actions upon one another,
and which they inviolably observe in all the changes that happen in
the natural state of things. See MOTION.

NA’TURAL Philosophy. That philosophy which unfolds the powers
and natures of things abstracted from moral conduct. A study, if well
regulated, of no small use in human life; but which Cebes advances no
higher than his second court, and tells us that she is
Styl'd wisdom by the crowd; the thinking few
Know her disguise, the phantom of the true.
On which his learned translator has given us the following note.
“This figure represents natural philosophy, together with all those arts
and sciences, which its professors in those days pretended to teach. This
[in a moral estimate] is wisdom or knowledge falsely so called. For
men are misled by it to embrace falshood and groundless opinions for
truth, and to neglect the most important knowledge for what [compa­
ratively speaking] is a trifling amusement.” To which he adds,
“that for this reason socrates set himself to discourage young people
from an immoderate eagerness for those admired accomplishments, and la­
boured to inspire them with a love of MORAL instruction.” See MA­
TERIALISM, and MORAL Philosophy, compared.

NA’TURED, adj. [of nature] used only in composition, and signifies
having such and such dispositions; as, good natured, or good condi­
tioned; ill natured, or ill conditioned.

NATU’RITY, subst. [of nature] the state of being produced by na­
ture; a word now obsolete. What we deny unto nature, we impute
unto naturity. Brown.


NAV

NA’VAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [navale, It. of navalis, Lat.] 1. Pertain­
ing to a ship or navy. Naval Stores. Temple. 2. Consisting of ships.
Let all the naval world due homage pay. Prior.

NAVAL Crown [with the Romans] a crown of gold or silver, adorn­
ed with the figures of beaks of ships, which it was their custom to give
as a reward to those who had first boarded an enemy's ship.

NAVE [naf, nafa, Sax. nas, Su. Du. and Teut.] 1. That part in
the middle of a wheel, where the spokes are fixed, and in which the
axle moves. In the wheels of waggons the hollows of the naves. Ray.
2. [From navis, Lat. nave old Fr. nef, Fr. nave, It. and Sp.] the
main part or body of a church, distinct from the aisles or wings,
reaching from the rail or balluster of the choir, to the chief door. It
comprehends the nave or body of the churchi Ayliffe.

NA’VEL [nafel, nafela, navela, Sax. navel, Sp. navel, Du. navel,
Ger. nafle, Su. naf, Pers.] 1. A part on the middle of the belly, by
which embryos communicate with the parent. The use of the navel
is to continue the infant unto the mother, and by the vessels thereof to
convey its aliments. Brown. 2. The middle, the interior part in ge­
neral. Within the navel of this hideous wood. Milton.

NA’VEL [navette, Fr.] part of an incense-pan or censer box.

NAVEL Gall [in a horse] a bruise on the top of the chine of the
back, or pinch on the saddle behind, right against the navel, occa­
sioned either by the saddle being split behind, or the stuffing being
wanting, or by the crupper-buckle sitting down in that place, or some
hard weight or knobs lying directly behind the saddle.

NAVEL Timbers [in a ship] the puttocks or ribs.

NAVEL Wort, an herb. It hath the appearance of house-beak,
from which it differs only in having an oblong tubulous flower, of one
leaf, divided at the top into five parts. This plant is used in medi­
cine, and grows wild upon old walls. Miller.

NA’VEW [napus, Lat. navet, naveau, Fr.] a plant. It agrees in
most respects with the turnep, but has a lesser root, and somewhat
warmer in taste. Miller.

NAUFRA’GE [naufragio, It. of naufragium, Lat.] shipwreck.

NAUGHT, adj. [naht, nawhiht, Sax. that is, ne aught, not any
thing] bad, corrupt, worthless. We are yet at controversy about the
manner of removing that which is naught. Hooker.

NAUGHT, subst. nothing. This is commonly, though improperly
written nought. See AUGHT and OUGHT.

NAU’GHTILY, adv. [of naughty] badly, wickedly, corruptly.

NAU’GHTINESS [of naughty; nahtnesse, Sax.] badness, wicked­
ness, slight wickedness or perversity, as of children. No remembrance
of naughtiness delights but mine own. Sidney.

NAU’GHTY, adj. [nahtig, Sax. see NAUGHT] 1. Bad, wicked,
corrupt. Fostered up in blood by his naughty father. Sidney. 2. Bad,
wicked, &c. it is now seldom used but in ludicrous censure. But
naughty man thou dost not mean to sleep. Dryden.

NAVI’CULAR [navicularis, Lat. naviculaire, Fr.] pertaining to a
small ship.

NAVICULAR Bone, or NAVICULARE Os [with anatomists] the third
bone in each foot, that lies between the astragalus and the ossa cu­
neiformia.

NA’VIGABLE [navigable, Fr. navigabile, It. navégable, Sp. navi­
gabilis, Lat.] the seas where ships may pass; that will bear a ship or
boat. Navigable rivers. Raleigh.

NA’VIGABLENESS [of navigable] capacity of being sailed in, or
passed by vessels.

To NA’VIGATE, verb neut. [naviger, Fr. navigare, It. navegâr,
Sp. of navigo, Lat.] to sail, to pass by water. The Phœnicians na­
vigated to the extremities of the western ocean. Arbuthnot.

To NA’VIGATE, verb act. to pass by ships or boats. The first who
navigated the northern ocean. Brown.

NAVIGA’TION [navigation, Fr. navigazione, It. navegacion, Sp. of
navigatio, Lat.] 1. The art or practice of sailing, which teaches how
to conduct a ship at sea the nearest way to any appointed port. Mari­
ners, pilots, and all things that appertain to navigation. Bacon. 2.
Vessels for sailing. Shakespeare.

Improper NAVIGATION, is when the places being at no great dis­
tance one from the other, the ship sails within sight of land, and is
within sounding.

Proper NAVIGATION, is when the course lies in the main ocean, out
of sight of all land.

NA’VIGATOR [navigateur, Fr. navigatore, It. navegante, Sp.] a
failor, a seaman. The rules of navigators must often fail. Brown.

NAVI’GEROUS [naviger, Lat.] that will bear a ship or vessel.

NA’VIS, Lat. [ΝΑυΣ, Gr.] a ship or bark, any sort of sea-vessel.

NAVIS Ecclesiæ, Lat. [old records] the nave or body of the church,
distinguished from the choir, and the wings or isle.

NAU’LAGE, Fr. [nolò, It. of naulum, Lat.] the freight or passage­
money for goods or persons by sea, or passage over a river.

NAU’LUM, Lat. [ΝΑυΛΟΝ, Gr] a piece of money which the antient
Greeks and Romans put into the mouth of a person deceased, to pay
Charon (the poetic ferry-man of hell) for carrying him over the stygi­
an lake in his ship or boat.

NAU’MACHY [naumachie, Fr. ΝΑυΜΑχΙΑ, Gr. naumachia, Lat.] a
sea-fight, or the representation of it.

NAU’SEA [in physic] a retching and propensity, an endeavour to
vomit, arising from a loathing of food, excited by some viscous hu­
mour that irritates the stomach.

NAUSEA [anatomically] is defined by Boerhaave to be a retrograde
spasmodic motion of the musculous fibres of the oesophagus, stomach
and intestines, attended with convulsions of the abdominal muscles,
and the septum transversum.

To NAU’SEATE, verb neut. [nauseare, It. and Lat. from nausea] to
have an inclination to vomit, to grow squeamish, to turn away with
disgust. Lest the mind be feized with a lassitude, and nauseate and
grow tired. Watts.

To NAU’SEATE, verb act. 1. To loath or abhor, to reject with dis­
gust. Many dishes are cried up in one age, which are decried and
nauseated in another, Brown. 2. To strike with disgust. He let go
his hold, and turned from her, as if he were nauseated. Swift.

NAU’SEOUS [nauseÉ, Fr. nauseoso, It. of nausea, Lat.] going against
one's stomach, making ready to vomit, loathsome, disgustful, regard­
ed with abhorrence. It begins to be less pleasant, and at last even
nauseous and loathsome. Ray.

NA’USEOUSLY, adv. [of nauseous] loathsomely, disgustfully. Well
knowing how nauseously that drug would go down. Dryden.

NA’USEOUSNESS [of nauseous] loathsomeness, quality of causing
disgust. The nauseousness of such company disgusts a reasonable man.
Dryden.

NAU’TIC, or NAU’TICAL [nautico, It. and Sp. of nauticus, Lat.]
pertaining to ships or mariners. The nautical compass. Camden.

NAUTICAL Planisphere [in astronomy] a description of the terrestrial
globe, upon a plane for the use of mariners,

NAU’TICUS Musculus [in anatomy] a muscle, called also tibialis
posticus.

NAUTI’LUS, subst. Lat. [nautile, Fr.] 1. A shell fish, furnished with
something analogous to oars. and a sail. Learn of the little nautilus
to sail. Pope. 2. A petrified shell found in the earth, in other respects
like those found in the sea or rivers.

NA’VY [of navis, Lat. a ship] a company of ships of war, a
fleet.

Surveyor of the NAVY, an officer, whose business is to inquire into
the state of all stores, and to take care that the deficiencies be supplied;
to survey the ships, hulls, masts, and rigging; to audit the accounts
of carpenters, boat-swains, &c. belonging to the royal navy.

Treasurer of the NAVY, an officer, who receives money out of the exchequer, and pays the charges of the navy. The treasurer of the
navy. Clarendon.

NA’ZARITES [םיראנ, Heb. i. e. separated persons] a sect among
the Jews, so called on account of their being separated from others, by
devoting themselves, by a vow, to God, for a certain time, and ab­
staining from wine, and observing some other ceremonies.

NAY, adv. [na, Sax. or ne aye, ney, Dan. and Su. neen, Du. nein,
Ger. neh, Pers.] 1. No, not, an adverb of negation. Whilst one
says only yea, and t'other nay. Denham. 2. Not only so, but more
or further; a word of amplification. A good man always profits by
his endeavour, yea when he is absent, nay when dead. B. Johnson.
3. Word of refusal. The stork would not be said nay. L'Estrange.

NA’Y-WORD [of nay and word] 1. The side of denial, the saying
nay. 2. A proverbial reproach, a bye-word. 3. A watch-word; all
the senses are obsolete.

N. B. Is used as an abbreviation for nota bene, or mark well.


NEA

NE, adv. Sax. this particle was formerly of very frequent use, both
singly and by contraction in compound words; as nill for ne will, or
will not; nas for ne has, or has not; nis for ne is, or is not.

NE Admittas, a writ for the patron of a church, to forbid the bi­
shop to admit a clerk to that church, who is presented by another.

NEAF, subst. [nefi, Island.] a sist. It is retained in Scotland, and in
the plural neaves.

To NEAL, verb act. [of an-ælan, Sax. to kindle] 1. To make a
metal softer or less brittle, by heating it in the fire, to temper by a
gradual and regulated heat, to anneal. The workmen let it cool by
degrees in such relentings of fire, as they call their nealing heats.
Digby. 2. To stain, or bake glass painted, that the colour may go
quite through it.

To NEAL, verb neut. to be tempered. Redaction is chiefly effect­
ed by fire, wherein if they stand and neal, the imperfect metals vapour
away. Bacon.

NEA’LED to [a sea term] used when it is deep water close by the
shore, or if the lee-shore be sandy, clayey, ouzy, or foul and rocky
ground; they say the sounding is nealed to.

NEAP, adj. [nepflod, næftig, poor, of neaf, Sax. scarce] scanty,
deficient, low, decrescent; used only of the tide, and therefore some­







times used substantively. High springs and dead neaps are as constant
as the changes of the moon. Hakewell.

NEAP Tides [of neafte, Sax. scarcity] the tides in the second and
last quarter of the moon; low tides, not so high or so swift, as the
spring tides.

NEAR, prep. [ner, near, Sax. nær, Dan. naer, Su. na, Du. nahe,
Ger.] nigh to, hard by, at no great distance from, close to. The
child was very near being excluded out of the species of man. Locke.

NEAR, adv. 1. Almost. 2. At hand, not far off; unless it be rather
in this sense an adjective. Thou art near in their mouth, and far from
their reins. Jeremiah. 3. Within a little. They will go near to think
their girdles and garters to be bonds. Bacon.

NEAR, adj. 1. Not distant; it is sometimes doubtful whether near be
an adjective or adverb. This city is near to flee unto. Genesis. 2.
Advanced towards the end of an enterprize or disquisition. We are
not a whit the nearer for that they have hitherto said. Hooker. 3. Close,
not rambling, observant of stile or manner of the thing copied. Han­
nibal Caro's in Italian is the nearest, the most poetical, and the most
sonorous of any translation. Dryden. 4. Closely related. Near of kin
to him. Leviticus. 5. Intimate, familiar, admitted to confidence. I
would humour his men with the imputation of being near their master.
Shakespeare. 6. Touching, pressing, affecting, dear. A matter of
so great and near concernment. Locke. 7. Niggardly, stingily, par­
simonious, inclining to covetousness.

No NEAR [a sea term] a word of command to the man at the helm, bidding him to let the ship fall to the lee-ward.

The NEAR [or left] foot of a horse.

NEA’RLY [of near] 1. At no great distance, not remotely. To
observe whatever may nearly or remotely blemish it. Atterbury. 2.
Closely, pressingly. It concerneth them nearly. Swift. 3. In a nig­
gardly manner, in a close or near manner, also niggardly.

NEA’RNESS [near and nesse, Sax.] 1. Proximity, closeness, not
remoteness, approach. God, by reason of nearness, forbad them to be
like the Canaanites. Hooker. 2. Alliance of blood, or affection. Up­
on the death of persons of such nearness, men have had an inward
feeling of it. Bacon. 3. Niggardliness, tendency to avarice, caution
of expence. It shews in the king a nearness, but yet with a kind of
justness. Bacon.

NEAT, subst. [neat, nyten, Sax. naut, Island. and Scottish]
1. Black cattle. 2. Beeves, as oxen, heifers, cows, steers.

NEAT, adj. [netto, It. net, Fr. nit idus, Lat.] 1. Elegant, but with­
out dignity. Neat, but not florid, easy, and yet lively. Pope. 2.
Clean, trim, cleanly and tightly dressed, clever.
Herbs and other country messes,
Which the neat handed Phyllis dresses. Milton.
3. Pure, unadulterated, unmingled; in the cant of trade. Neat and
divine drink. Chapman. 4. [Noet, Su.] an ox or a cow.

NEAT's Feet, the feet of an ox or bullock.

NEAT Herd [neathyrd, Sax.] a keeper of neats, a cow-keeper, one
who has the care of black cattle.

NEAT Land [in law] land granted or let out to the yeomanry.

NEAT's Leather, leather made of the hide of an ox or cow.

NEA’TLY, adv. [of neat] 1. Cleanlily, trimly, cleverly. 2. Ele­
gantly, but without dignity, sprucely. Wearing his apparel neatly.
Shakespeare.

NEA’TNESS [of neat] 1. Cleanliness, tightness in apparel, house,
&c. 2. Elegance, without dignity, spruceness. The curious neat­
ness of men's apparel. Hooker. 3. In cant language among traders,
pureness, unadulterated state or quality; as, the neatness of the
wine.

NEAT's Tongue, the tongue of an ox or bullock.

NEAT Weight, the weight of a commodity without the cask, bag,
or thing containing it; and also when it is cleared from dross by garb­
ling.

NEB, subst. [nebbe, Sax.] 1. Nose, beck, mouth; retained in the
north. How she holds up the neb, the bill to him. Shakespeare. 2.
[In Scotland] the bill of a bird. See NIB.

NE’BULA, Lat. a mist or fog. It is applied to appearances, like a
cloud in the human body, as also to films upon the eyes.

NE’BULE [in heraldry; nebuly, Eng. of nebulatum, or nubilum of
nebula, Lat.] signifies cloudy, or representing clouds.

NEBULO’SE, or NE’BULOUS [nebuleux, Fr. nuvoloso, It. nebulosus,
Lat.] cloudy, covered with clouds, misty, foggy, gloomy, overcast.

NEBULOUS Stars [in astronomy] certain fixed stars of a dull, pale
and dim light; so called, because they look cloudy, or bring clouds,
and setting with the sun, render the air troubled and dusky.


NEC

NE’CESSARIES, subst. [necessaria, Lat.] things not only convenient,
but needful for human life, things not to be left out of daily use,
quibus doleat natura negatis. Provided with the necessaries and conve­
niencies of life. Locke.

NE’CESSARILY, adv. [of necessary] 1. Indispensably. What duty
required necessarily unto all men's salvation. Hooker. 2. By inevitable
consequence. God, who executes necessarily that which he first pro­
posed freely. South.

NE’CESSARINESS [of necessary] the state of being necessary, need­
fulness, unavoidableness.

NE’CESSARY [necessaire, Fr. necessario, It. Sp. and Port. of necessa­
rius, Lat.] 1. Needful, indispensably requisite. It is only necessary to
be good. Dryden. 2. Not free, impelled by fate, fatal. 3. Conclu­
sive, decisive by inevitable consequence. By any necessary argument.
Tillotson. 4. Unavoidable.

NECESSARY in Causing, is when there is a cause from whence an
effect must necessarily follow.

NECESSARY Existence, that manner of existence, which is founded
in the nature of the thing itself, abstract from all dependance upon
will, whether another's will or its own. And such is that manner of
existence, which belongs to the FIRST CAUSE and FATHER of the
universe, and to no other being besides him. This is what we call
self-existence; and what the main body of antiquity understood by the
term “UNBEGOTTEN,” when applied to the Father; as all other be­
ings (not the Son and Spirit excepted) were, in their judgment, the
produce of his will and power; as we have fully shewn under the
words BEGOTTEN, CIRCUMINCESSION, &c. and in particular from those
passages in St. Basil, cited under the words [GHOST and ESSENCE.]
Though nothing, perhaps, yields more palpable instance of the bad
influence of controversy, than what I am now going to subjoin with
reference to the last mentioned writer, that, after having made so
frank and open a confession of the truth, yet, when finding himself
and his party greatly distressed by those arguments, which Eunomius ad­
vanced from hence against him, he advised, “that the term [UNBE­
GOTTEN] should be for the future suppressed,” and that for no better
reason than this, “that it was not to be found in scripture, and be­
cause it afforded no inconsiderable advantage to the adversary.” In
answer to which, Eunomius acutely enough retorts upon him the
weakness [not to say absurdity] of endeavouring to cashier a term,
which by his own confession expressed that very idea, which the LIGHT
OF NATURE teaches us to form of GOD —— all this St. Gregory Nyssen
attests. I shall only add, that how weak soever this proposal of St.
Basil may appear, one would be inclined to think it had its weight
from many a definition of GOD, which has been given us since his times,
and which, if compared with Justin Martyr, and other ancient wri­
ters, must perforce draw from us that exclamation of the poet.
———Heu! Quantum mutatus ab illo!——

To NECE’SSITATE, verb act. [necessiter, Fr. necessitare, It. of neces­
sitas, Lat.] to make necessary, not to leave free, to compel, to force
as it were of necessity. Necessitated to draw all his army into York.
Clarendon.

NECE’SSITATED, part. adj. [necessitÉ, Fr.] forced, compelled.

NECESSITA’TION [of necessitate] the act of making necessary, fa­
tal compulsion. The necessitation of a man's will without his will.
Bramhall.

NECE’SSITIED, adj. [of necessity] in a state of want; obsolete.

NECE’SSITOUS, adj. [necessiteux, Fr. necessitíoso, It.] that is in want,
needy, poor. Being poor and necessitous. Clarendon.

NE’CESSITOUSNESS [of necessitous] indigence, poverty, want, need.
Where there is want and necessitousness there will be quarrelling. Burnet.

NECE’SSITUDE, want, need. The mutual necessitudes of human na­
ture. Hale.

NECE’SSITY [necessitÉ, Fr. necessità, It. necessidàd, Sp. of necessitas,
Lat.] 1. Indispensableness, the state of a thing that must be. We see
the necessity of an augmentation. Addison. 2. Extremity, strait, distress,
need, poverty, want. The extreme poverty and necessity his majesty
was in. Clarendon. 3. Cogency, compulsion, fatality, constraint.
Necessity and chance approach not me. Milton. 4. Things necessary
for human life. 5. Cogency of argument, inevitable consequence.
He hath found, by an irresistible necessity, one true God. Raleigh.
NECESSITY hath no law.
Fr. NecessitÉ n'a point de loi. Lat. Ingens telum necessitas. La. de
Am. and Liv. Gr. ΑΝΑγχΗ ΟυΔΕ ΘΕΟΙ ΜΑχΟΝΤΑΙ. It Necessità non hà
legge. And so the Lat. Necessitas caret lege. And the Ger. Noht,
hat kein gebot.
This proverb is often made use of to palliate an unwarrantable
action, and it may have some weight in the circumstances of private
life; but let it not delude any one to exceed the letter of the law; for it
will very little avail in a court of justice.

Absolute NECESSITY, physical NECESSITY, moral NECESSITY, &c.
As to the different significations which this term [necessity] admits, ac­
cording to the difference of subjects to which it is applied, see Efficient
CAUSE, Necessary CAUSE, NECESSARY Existence, FATE, Moral DE­
TERMINATION, &c. compared with this remark; that an EVENT de­
pending on an absolute unconditional decree of GOD, is as effectually
ascertained as his EXISTENCE ITSELF, 'tis alike necessary; but not by
a necessity (strictly speaking) of the same kind. The former depending
upon his will and power; not so the latter.

NECESSITY [necessitas, Lat.] a pagan deity, the daughter of for­
tune, the mother of the destinies, and constant companion of man
through his whole life, and to whom, as the poets feign, even Jupi­
ter himself was forced to submit. This Necessity was worshipped as a
goddess by the heathens. She was always represented with Fortune
her mother, with brazen hands, holding long pins and great coins.

NECK [necca, Sax. neck, Du. nacke, or nacken, H Ger. in which
latter however it properly only signifies the nape or hinder part of the
neck] 1. That part between the body and the head. The length of
the face twice exceedeth that of the neck. Brown. 2. Any long
narrow part; as the neck of a violin, and several other things. A
neck of land. Bacon. 3. On the neck; immediately after, from one
person following another closely. Instantly on the neck of this came
news. Bacon. 4. To break the neck of an affair; to hinder any thing
being done; or rather, to do more than half, to surmount the greatest
part of any difficulty.

NECR-BEEF [of neck and beef] the coarse flesh of the neck of cattle,
sold to the poor at a very cheap rate, and commonly boiled down for
gravy.

NECK-CLOTH [of neck and cloth] that which men wear round their
necks, a cravat. And every Sunday morn thy neck-cloth plait. Gay.

NE’CKERCHIEF, or NECKATEE’, subst. a gorget, a handkerchief
for a woman's neck.

NECK-LACE [of neck and lace] a string of beads or precious stones,
which women wear about their necks. Necklaces of silver and gold
set with precious stones. Arbuthnot.

NECK Verse, a verse or two in a Latin book of a Gothic black
character, which a person convicted of several crimes (especially man­
slaughter, for which he otherwise should suffer death) was formerly
put to read in open court; and if the ordinary of Newgate said legit
ut clericus, i. e. he reads like a clerk, he was only burnt in the hand
and set at liberty. But now this practice of reading the neck-verse is
quite left off.

NECK-WEED [of neck and weed] hemp.

NECRO’LOGY [of ΝΕχρΟΣ, dead, and ΛΟγΟΣ, Gr.] a book kept in an­
tient times in churches and monasteries; in which the names of the
benefactors are registered; the time of their death, and also the days
of their commemoration.

NE’CROMANCER [necromancien, Fr. negromante, It. negromantico,
Sp. negromantis, Lat. ΝΕχρΟΜΑΝΤΙχΟΣ, of ΝΕχρΟΣ, the dead, and ΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ,
Gr. divination] a conjurer, a wizard, &c. who practices necro­
mancy, i. e. by calling up the ghosts of the dead, an enchanter.

NECROMA’NTIC [necromantique, Fr. necromantico, It. necromanticus,
Lat. ΝΕχρΟΜΑΝΤΙχΟΣ, Gr.] pertaining to necromancy.

NE’CROMANCY [necromancie, Fr. necromanzia, It. negromancia, Sp.
necromantia, Lat. ΝΕχρΟΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, Gr.] the art or act of revealing future







events by communicating with the dead. Delusion in the practice of
necromancy and popular conception of ghosts. Brown. 2. Enchant­
ment, conjuration. He did partly by necromancy. Abbot.

NECRO’SIS, Lat. [ΝΕχΠΩΤΙΣ, Gr.] the act of mortification or killing.

NECROSIS [in theology] a mortifying of corrupt affections.

NECROSIS [with surgeons] a perfect or compleat mortification of
the soft and hard parts of the body.

NE’CTAR [ΝΕχΤΑζ, Gr.] a certain pleasant liquor, which, as the
poets feign, was the drink of the gods.

NECTAR [with physicians] a medicinal drink of a very pleasant
taste, smell and colour.

NE’CTARED, adj. [of nectar] tinged with nectar, mingled with
nectar, abounding with nectar. In nectared lavers strew'd with as­
phodil. Milton.

NECTA’REAN [of nectareus, Lat.] belonging to nectar.

NECTA’REOUS, adj. [nectareus, Lat.] resembling nectar, sweet as
nectar. The juice nectareous and the balmy dew. Pope.

NECTA’RIA, Lat. [ΝΕχΤΑζΕΙΑ, Gr.] the herb elecampane.

NE’CTARINE, adj. [of nectar] sweet as nectar. Nectarine Fruits.
Milton.

NECTARINE, subst. Fr. [of ΝΕχΤΑΠ, Gr.] a fruit of the plum kind,
a sort of peach, not tawney. This fruit differs from a peach, in hav­
ing a smooth rind, and the flesh firmer. Miller. The only nectarines
are the Murry and the French: of the last there are two sorts; one,
which is the best, very round, and the other something long; of
the Murry there are several sorts. Temple.

NECYOMA’NTES, Lat. [ΝΕχΝΟΜΑΝΤΗΣ, Gr.] a necromancer, one who
holds, or is supposed to hold, conversation with the spirits of the
dead; such as the witch of Endor, who caused Samuel to appear to
Saul.

NEECE. See NIECE.

To NEED, verb act. [neadian, Sax.] to lack, to want, to require;
to be in want of. The whole need not a physician. St. Matthew.

To NEED, verb neut. to be wanted, to be necessary. All that is
in our power, and all that needs. Locke. 2. Necessity of any thing,
to be in want of any thing. Those who are acquainted with dreams
need not be told. Locke.
This verb wants the part pass. and tenses compounded with it; for
in the expression, I have need, and the like, need is a substantive fol­
lowing the verb in the accusative case.

NEED [nead, neod, Sax. nod, Dan. noed, Su. noodt, Du. noht,
Ger.] 1. want, distressful poverty. Defer not to give to him that is
in need. Ecclesiasticus. 2. Exigency, pressing difficulty, necessity.
And summon all thy reason at thy need. Dryden. 3. Want in gene­
ral, lack of any thing for use. God grant we may never have need
of you. Shakespeare.
NEED makes the old wife trot,
Ger. Die noht machet ein alt weib traben. It. Bisagna fà trotter la
vecchia. Fr. Besoin fait trotter la vielle. The Scots say; need gars
(makes) naked men run. A proverbial expression, that wants no ex­
plication.

NEE’DER [of need] one that wants or needs any thing.

NEE’DFUL [of nead-full, Sax.] necessary, indispensably requisite.

NEE’DFULLY, adv. [of needful] necessarily.

NEE’DILY, adv. [of needy] in poverty, poorly.

NEE’DINESS [of needy, Eng. neadig and nefse, Sax.] want, po­
verty. It argueth a neediness in every of the reasons. Bacon.

NEE’DLE [nædl, Sax. naale, Dan. naelde, Du. nadel, Ger. naol,
Su.] an instrument pointed at one end to pierce cloth, and perforated
at the other to receive the thread. It is used for sewing. For him
your curious needle paints the flowers. Dryden.

NEEDLE of the Mariner's Compass, that iron wire that is touch'd
with the loadstone, and stands regularly north and south.

Magnetical NEEDLE [in navigation, &c.] a needle touch'd with
a loadstone, and suspended on a pivot or centre, on which, playing at
liberty, it directs itself to certain points in or under the horizon.

Horizontal NEEDLE, is one equally ballanced on each side the pivot
which sustains them; and which playing horizontally by its two ex­
tremes, point out the north and south points of the horizon.

NEEDLE-FISH [of needle and fish] a sort of sea-fish. One rhom­
boidal bony scale of the needle-fish. Woodward.

NEE’DLEFUL, subst. [of needle and full] as much thread as is ge­
nerally put at one time in a needle.

NEE’DLER, or NEEDLE-MAKER [of needle] one who makes nee­
dles.

NEE’DLESS [of need; prob. of nead-leas, Sax.] 1. Unnecessary, not
requisite. A needless jealousy. Hooker. 2. Not wanting. Obsolete.

NEE’DLESSLY, adv. [of needless] without need, unnecessarily. And
needlessly advance orthography into a troublesome art. Holder.

NEE’DLESSNESS [of needless] unnecessariness. Censurable for its
needlessness. Locke.

NEE’DLE-WORK [of needle and work] 1. The business of a semp­
stress. 2. Embroidery by the needle. In a curious brede of needle­
work. Addison.

NEE’DMENT [of need] something that is necessary. Spenser.

NEEDS, adv. [nethes, Sax. unwilling] necessarily, indispensably,
by compulsion. God must needs have done the thing. Hooker.

NEE’DY [of need] necessitous, distressed by poverty. To relieve
the needy. Addison.

NEEP Tides [with mariners] are those tides which fall out when the
moon is in the middle of the second and last quarter, which are four
days before the full or change, and are called deed-neep, or dead-neep.
See NEAP.

To be NEE’PED [sea phrase] a ship is said to be so, when water is
wanting that she cannot get off the ground, out of the harbour or
dock.

NE’ER, contracted for NEVER. Have but two legs and ne'er a tail.
Hudibras.

To NEESE, verb neut. [nyse, Dan. niesen. Du.] to sneese, to dis­
charge flatulencies by the nose. Retain'd in Scotland. The child
neesed seven times. 2 Kings.


NEF

NEF, subst. [O. Fr. from nave] the body of a church. The long
nef consists of a row of five cupolas. Addison.

NEFA’NDOUS [nefando, It. nefandus, Lat.] not to be spoken or men­
tioned, heinous, horrible.

NEFA’NDOUSNESS [of nefandous] horribleness, wickedness, not to
be mentioned or uttered.

NEFA’RIOUS [nefario, It. nefarius, Lat.] very wicked, villainous,
abominable. The most nefarious bastards are they whom the law
stiles incestuous bastards. Ayliffe.

NEGA’TION, Fr. [negazione, It. negatio, Lat.] 1. Act of denying,
denial, the contary to affirmation. Our affections and negations
should be yea and nay. Rogers. 2. Description by negative. Nega­
tion is the absence of that which does not naturally belong to the thing
we are speaking of, or which has no right, obligation or necessity to
be present with it; as when we say a stone is blind. Watts.

NE’GATIVE, or NE’GATORY, adj. [negatif, Fr. negativo, It. and
Sp. of negativus, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to denial, denying; contrary to
affirmative. 2. Implying only the absence of something. The nega­
tive and positive part of our duty. Tillotson. 3. Having the power to
withhold, tho' not to compel. Denying me any power of a negative
voice as king. K. Charles.

NE’GATIVE Pregnant [in law] is a negative which implies an af­
firmative; as, when a person is accused to have done a thing at such a
place and at such a time; he denies that he did it in the manner and
form of the declaration, which implies he did do it in some manner.

NEGATIVE Quantities [in algebra] are such as have the negative
sign (—) set before them; and are supposed to be less than nothing;
and directly contrary to affirmative, positive or real quantities.

NEGATIVE, subst. [negatif, Fr. negativa, It. of negativum, Lat.]
1. A proposition by which something is denied. Of negatives we have
far the least certainty. Tillotson. 2. A particle of denial: as not.

NEGATIVE Heretics [in the language of the Spanish inquisition]
are persons who having been accused of heresy by witnesses, whose
evidence they don't deny, still keep on the negation, making open
profession of the catholic doctrine, and declare their abhorrence of he­
resy.

NEGATIVE Pains [in law] is a being excluded from honours and
dignities, &c. without the having any direct and positive pains in­
flicted.

NE’GATIVELY, adv. [of negative] 1. In a denying manner, in the
form of denial, not affirmatively. When I asked him whether he had
not drunk at all? he answer'd negatively. Boyle. 2. In form of
speech implying the absence of something. The fathers draw argu­
ments from the scripture negatively in reproof of that which is evil.
Hooker.

To NEGLE’CT, verb act. [negliger, Fr. negligere, It. neglectum, sup.
of negligo, Lat.] 1. Not to take care of, to omit by carelesness. If he
neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church. St. Matthew. 2. To
treat with scornful heedlesness. 3. To postpone, to let go or let slip.

NEGLE’CT [neglectus, Lat] 1. Omission, want of care, disregard,
instance of inattention. 2. Careless treatment, scornful inattention.
3. Negligence, frequency of neglect. Age breeds neglect in all.
Denham. 4. State of being unregarded.

NEGLE’CTER [of neglect] one who neglects.

NEGLE’CTFUL, adj. [of neglect and full] 1. Heedless, careless, in­
attentive, very negligent. People are neglectful of a faculty. Locke.
2. Treating with indifference. A cold and neglectful countenance.
Locke.

NEGLE’CTFULLY, adv. [of neglectful] with heedless inattention,
with careless indifference.

NEGLE’CTION [of neglect] the state of being negligent. Sleeping
neglection doth betray to loss. Shakespeare.

NEGLE’CTIVE, adj. [of neglect] inattentive to, regardless of. Not
wholly stupid and neglective of the public peace. K. Charles.

NE’GLIGENCE, Fr. [negligenza, It. of negligentia, Lat.] 1. Remis­
ness, carelesness, heedlesness, the habit of omitting by carelesness or
of acting carelesly. 2. Instance of neglect. She let it drop by negli­
gence. Shakespeare.

NE’GLIGENT, adj. Fr. [negligente, It. of negligens, Lat.] 1. Neg­
lectful, careless, heedless, habitually inattentive. My sons, be not
now negligent. 2 Chronicles. 2. Careless of any particular. We have
been negligent in not hearing his voice. Baruch. 3. Scornfully re­
gardless. And be thou negligent of fame. Swift.

NE’GLIGENTLY, adv. [of negligent] 1. Carelesly, heedlesly, without
exactness, neglectfully. It is negligently observed. Bacon. 2. With
scornful inattention.

NEGO’CE, Fr. [negozio, It. of negotium, Lat.] trading, dealing,
management of affairs, business, &c.

NEGO’CIATORY, adj. [negociatorius, Lat.] used about business or
trade.

To NEGO’TIATE, verb neut. [negotior, Lat. negocier, Fr. negoziare,
It. negociàr, Sp. negotium, Lat.] to transact, to manage, to traffic, to
have intercourse of business.

NEGO’TIATING, adj. employed in negotiation.

NEGOTIA’TION, Fr. [negocio, and negotiazione, It. of negotiatio, Lat.]
a management of public affairs, a treaty of business managed.

NEGOTIA’TOR [negociateur, Fr. negoziatore, It.] a manager of af­
fairs or business, one employed to treat with others. Our negotiators
at Gertruydenburg. Swift.

NEGOTIA’TRIX, Lat. [negociatrice, Fr. negoziatrice, It.] a female
manager, &c.

NE’GRO'S [negre, Fr. negro, It. of nigri, Lat. black, or Nigritani,
inhabitants of Nigritia in Africa] black-moors. Negroes transplanted
into cold and phlegmatic habitations, continue their hue. Brown.


NEI

NEIF, subst. [nifi, Island. neef, neaf, Scottish] fist. I kiss thy neif.
Shakespeare. See NEAF.

NEIF, or NAF [prob. of nativa, La.] a bond woman or she vil­
lain.

Writ of NEI’FTY, a writ whereby the lord of the manor anciently
claimed such a woman for his wife.

To NEIGH, verb neut. [hnægan, Sax. gnaegga, Su. negen, Du.]
to make a noise, or utter the voice of a horse or mare. They were as
fed horses, every one neighed. Jeremiah.

NEIGH, subst. [from the verb] the voice of a horse or mare. His
neigh is like the bidding of a monarch. Shakespeare.

NEI’GHBOUR [negebure, of neah, nigh, and gebure, Sax. an in­
habitant, naboer, Dan. nabuer, Du. nachbar, Ger. nabo, Su.] 1. One
who dwells or lives near to another, one who lives in familiarily with







another: a word of civility. 3. Any thing next or near. 4. Inti­
mate, confidant. No more shall be the neighbour to my counsels.
Shakespeare. 5. [In theology] one partaking of the same nature, and
therefore entitled to good offices. The gospel allows no such term as
a stranger, makes every man my neighbour. Sprat.
When thy NEIGHBOUR's house is on fire, beware of thine own.
Fr. Quand on voit bruler la maison de son voisin, on a sujet d' avoir
peur. Lat. Tua res agitur, paries cum proximus ardet. Hor. The
Ger. say, Es gehet dich auch an, wann de nes nach barn hausz brennet.
A caution to take example by another's misfortune.

To NEI’GHBOUR, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To adjoin to, to
confine on. The leisurely ascending hills that neighbour the shore. San­
dys. 2. To acquaint with, to make near to. And since so neighbour'd
to his youth and behaviour. Shakespeare.

NEI’GHBOURHOOD [of nea-gebure and hod, Sax.] 1. The whole
body of neighbours, those that live within reach of communication.
2. State of being near each other. 3. Adjoining place to where a
person, &c. dwells. To leave thee in the neighbourhood of death. Ad­
dison.

NEI’GHBOURLINESS [of neighbourly; of neah, nigh, gebure, an
inhabitant, and gelicnesse, Sax.] neighbourly or friendly carriage.

NEI’GHBOURING, part. adj. bordering, adjoining.

NEI’GHBOURLY, adj. friendly, as becomes a neighbour, kind, ci­
vil. Judge you if this be neighbourly dealing. Arbuthnot.

NEIGHBOURLY, adv. in a friendly, kind manner, with civility.

NEI’GHING [of hnægan, Sax. hinniens, Lat.] making a noise like
a horse.

NEIGHING Bird, a small bird that imitates the neighing of an
horse.

NEI’THER, pron. [nawther, nawer, Sax.] none of the two, not ei­
ther, not one nor other.

NEI’THER, conj. [nawther, Sax. ne either] 1. Not either. A par­
ticle used in the first branch of a negative sentence, and answer'd by
nor. Fight neither with small nor great. 1 Kings. 2. It is sometimes
the second branch of a negative or prohibition to any sentence. Ye
shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it. Genesis, 3. Sometimes at
the end of a sentence it follows as a negative; and often, tho' not very
grammatically, yet emphatically, after another negative. Till they
come to the use of reason, nor then neither. Locke.

NE’KIR, or NE’KER [among the Mahometans] an angel, which
they fancy, together with another, called Munker, holding a great
mace in their hands, goes to the graves of the dead, and examine them
of their faith; and if they find them musselmen, i. e. true believers [in
Mahomet, &c.] they permit them to lie at rest, and behold heaven
through a little window, till the day of judgment.
It seems at best to be only a Jewish or talmudic legend, which some
Mahometans have adapted into their religion, as we have receiv'd many
a fiction, and some (I fear) far more exceptionable, into ours. How­
ever, thus far, at least, we may gather from it, that the Mahometans
suppose (as did St. Irenæus and other ancient writers of the Christian
profession) the beatific vision of God not to take place before the re­
surrection of the body, and general judgment. See BEATIFIC.

NEMÆ’AN Games [so called of the wood Nemæa in Achaia, where
Hercules slew a mighty lion] solem games instituted in honour of Her­
cules. The exercises used, were running with horses, foot-races,
fighting with whirl bats, quoiting, wrestling, darting and shooting.
and the reward of him that came off victor, was at first a crown made
of an olive branch; but afterwards a garland of ivy.

NE’MESIS, the daughter of Jupiter and Necessity, the goddess of
punishment or revenge, called also Adrastia, from Adrastus, who first
built her a temple, and also Rhamnusia of Rhamnus, the place where
this temple was. She was painted as justice is, with a sword in one
hand, and a pair of scales in the other, with a sad countenance and
piercing eyes, or with a bridle and a ruler.

NE’MINE Contradicente, Lat. [i. e. none contradicting] a term com­
monly used in parliament when any matter is carried with the univer­
sal assent.

NE’MORAL, adj. [nemoralis, of nemoris, gen. of nemus, Lat.] per­
taining to a grove.

NEMORI’VAGOUS [nemorivagus, Lat.] wandering in the woods and
groves.

NEMORO’SITY [nemorositas, Lat.] fulness of woods and groves.

NENU’FARIM [with chemists] spirits in the air.

NENU’THAR, a flower called a water lilly.

NEO’GAMIST [neogamus, Lat. of ΝΕΟγΑΜΟΣ, Gr.] one newly mar­
ried.

NEOME’NIA [ΝΕΟΜΗΝΙΑ, of ΝΕΟΣ, new, and ΜΗΝΗ, Gr. a moon] the new
moon or beginning of the lunar month.

NEOPHY’TE [ΝΕΟφυΤΟΣ, of ΝΕΟΣ, new, and φυΤΟΝ, a plant, of φυΩ, Gr.
to grow] one newly entered upon any profession, a learner or novice;
also one newly converted to the Christian faith, one regenerated.

NEOTE’RIC, adj. [of neotericus, Lat. of ΝΕΩΤΕρΙχΟΣ, Gr.] modern,
novel, late. Sometimes substantively used. The misreports of some
ancients or the capricios of one or two neoterics. Grew.

NEO’TROPHY [neotrophium, Lat. of ΝΕΟΤρΩφΕΙΟΝ, of ΤΩΝ ΝΕΩΝ ΤρΩφΕΙΟΝ,
Gr.] a house where young persons are brought up.


NEP

NEP [nepeta, Lat. nepitella, It.] the herb cat mint.

NEPE’NTHE, or NEPE’NTHES [ΝΗΠΕΝΘΗΣ, of ΝΗ, negative particle,
and ΠΕΝΘΟΣ, Gr. grief] a kind of herb, which, being put into wine,
drives away sadness; some take it for bugloss, others for helenium;
also a drug that drives away all pains. Lulled with the sweet nepenthe
of a court. Dryden.
'Tis also an epithet which HOMER applies to that drug which Helen
brought with her out of Egypt; and which, by his account of its vir­
tues, most probably answers to our Thebaic tincture or opium.
ΝΗ ΠΕΝΘΕΣ, ΑχΟΛΟΝΤΕ, χΑχΩΝ, Τ' ΕΠΙΛΗΘΕΣ ΑΠΑΝΤΩΝ.
Odyss. L. IV. line 221.

NE’PER's Boncs or Rods; a contrivance invented by lord Nepier, for
facilitating the operations of arithmetic. As to the construction, suppose
the common table of multiplication to be made upon a plate of metal,
ivory, or pastboard, and then conceive the several columns (standing
downwards from the digits on the head) to be cut asunder. But then there
must be a good number of each; for as many times as any figure is in
the multiplicand, so many rods of that species, i. e. with that figure on
the top of it, must we have; tho' six rods of each species will be suf­
ficent for any common example; there must be also as many rods of
o's. It is to be noted that the figures on every rod are written in an
order different from that in the table. Thus the little square space or
division in which the several products of every column are written, is
divided into two parts by a line across from the upper angle on the
right to the lower on the left; and if the product is a digit, it is set in
the lower division; if it has two places, the first is set in the lower,
and the second in the upper division; but the spaces on the top are not
divided also there is a rod of digits not divided, which is called the
index rod.

NEPE’TA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb nep, cats-mint or cala­
mint.

NEPHA’LIA [χΗφΑΛΙΑ, Gr.] the feasts of sober men, a feast and sa­
crifice of the Greeks, on which the Athenians offered a drink made of
water and honey to the Sun, Moon, Memory; the Nymphs, Venus
and Aurora. They burnt with these all woods, except that of the
vine, mulberry and fig-tree, which they did not offer in this sober
feast, they being symbols of drunkenness.

NEPHE’LÆ, Lat. white spots on the surface of the nails of the fin­
gers.

NEPHELÆ, Lat. [with physicians] those little spots like clouds or
threads that appear in urine.

NEPHELI’DES [with occulists] certain small white spots in the
eyes.

NE’PHEW [nefa, Sax. neveu, Fr. nepote, It. of nepos, Lat.] 1. A
brother's or sister's son. 2. A grandson: obsolete. Hooker. 3. De­
scendant, however distant: obsolete. Spenser.

NEPHRI’TIC, adj. [nefritico, It. nephretique, Fr. nephriticus, Lat.
of ΝΕφρΙΤΙχΟΣ, of ΝΕφρΙΤΙΣ, Gr.] 1. Troubled with the stone. The diet
of nephritic persons. Arbuthnot. 2. Belonging to a pain in the reins,
or the organs of urine. 3. Good against the stone. The nephritic
stone is commonly of an uniform dusky green, but some samples I have
seen that are variegated with white, black, and sometimes yellow.
Woodward.

NEPHRI’TICS [in pharmacy] medicines good against diseases in the
reins.

NEPHRI’TICUM Lignum, Lat. a sort of wood which grows in New
Spain, good in diseases of the reins, called santanum cœruleum.

NEPHRI’TICUS Lapis, Lat. a sort of green stone, good for nephritic
pains, brought from Spain and the Indies.

NEPHRI’TIS, Lat. [ΝΕφρΙΤΙΣ, of ΝΕφρΟΣ, Gr. the reins or kidneys] a
pain in the reins or kidneys, which proceeds from an inflammation, or
from the gravel and stone, &c. Boerhaave confines the term to an in­
flammation in the part; Aphorism 993. But from Galen's comment
on HIPPOCRATES, L. VI. Aphorism 33, &c. it appears that the an­
cients used the word in a far more extensive sense, attended with vomi­
ting and stretching of the thigh.

NE’PHROS [ΝΕφρΟΣ, Gr.] a kindney.

NEPHRO’TOMY [of ΝΕφρΟΣ, and ΤΟΜΗ, Gr. a cutting] a cutting or
opening of the kidneys.

NEPO’TISM, Fr. [nepotismo, of nepos, Lat. a nephew] fondness for
nephews. To this humour of nepotism Rome owes its present splen­
dor. Addison.

NEPTUNA’LIA, Lat. festivals celebrated by the antients in honour
of Neptune.

NE’PTUNE [of nando, i. e. swimming, or of nubendo, Lat. i. e. co­
vering, because the sea covers the earth, or as others say, from the Ly­
bian, or the Egyptian word nephia, signifying capes, promontories,
and the wastes or extremities of the ground or sea] the god of the ocean.


NER

NE’REIDS [the daughters of Nereus] mermaids or fishes, the up­
per part of which resembles a beautiful woman, and the rest a fish.

NE’REUS, one of the poetical deities of the sea; the son of Oceanus
and Tethys, who married his sister Doris, and whom they make to
have fifty daughters, called Nereides. The moral of which fable is
fifty particular seas, being parts of the main sea itself.

NE’RGAL, an idol of the sun, brought into Samaria from Persia,
and worshipped in the form of a cock.

NERGAL, a continual fire, which the Persian magi preserved upon
an altar in honour of the sun, and the lights of the firmament. This
fire was always kept burning, like the vestal fire of the Romans. See
ZOROASTER.

NE’RION [in botany] the rose laurel.

NE’ROLY, the essence or essential oil of odoriferous flowers, particu­
larly of the orange flower.

NE’RVAL Bones [with anatomists] the bones of the hinder part of
the head.

NERVE, subst. [nerf, Fr. nervo, It. and Port. niervo, Sp. of nervus,
Lat.] 1. A white, round, long body, composed of several threads or
fibres, deriving its origin from the brain, and distributed thro' all the
parts of the body, serving for the conveyance of the animal spirits, and
being the organs of sensation. The nerves do ordinarily accompany
the arteries through all the body; they have also blood-vessels as the
other parts of the body. Wherever any nerve sends out a branch, or
receives one from another, or where two nerves join together, there
is generally a ganglion or plexus. Quincy. 2. It is used by the poets
for sinew or tendon.
Strong Thrasymed discharg'd a speeding blow
Full on his neck, and cut his nerves in two. Pope.

NERVE [with botanists] a long filament or tough string, which
runs across or lengthwise in the leaf of a plant; as in plantane, &c.

NE’RVELESS, adj. [of nerve] without strength. There sink Thalia,
nerveless, faint and dead. Pope.

Olfactory NERVES, called by anatomists par olfactorium, i. e. the ol­
factory pair, arise in the fore part of the brain a little below the os
frontis, and are pretty thick near the os cribrosum, and are there called
processus papillares; when they have made their way through the os
cribrosum, they are distributed throughout the membranes of the nose;
their use being in the sensation of smelling.

Optic NERVES [in anatomy] are nerves which pass through the skull,
in two perforations of the basis of it, a little above the sella equina,
from whence they proceed to the tunics of the eye, whereof the retina,







which is supposed to receive the objects of vision, is an extension of
the inner or medullary part alone.

Pathetic NERVES [in anatomy] are certain nerves which arise be­
hind the testes, and pass out of the skull at the same foramen of the
former pair, and spend themselves wholly on the trochlear muscles.

Intercostal NERVES [in anatomy] are composed of nervous filaments,
derived partly from the brain, viz. the branches of the fifth and sixth
pair, and partly from the spinal marrow, by those branches they re­
ceive from the vertebral nerves.

Cervical NERVES [in anatomy] these consist of seven pair, the first
and second pair arise between the first and second vertebra of the neck;
the second pair contributes the main branch towards the formation of
the diaphragmatic nerves; the three last pair of the neck, joining with
the two first of the dorsum or thorax, make the brachial nerves.

Dorsal NERVES [in anatomy] are twelve in number, these contri­
bute to the brachial nerves all, except the two upper pair, and are ge­
nerally distributed into the intercostal and abdominal muscles, the
pleura, and the external parts of the thorax.

The Lumbal NERVES [in anatomy] of these there are five pair, the
first of which sends two branches to the lower side of the diaphragm; the
second, some twigs to the genital parts; and others, as well as the
three following, do give the first roots to the crural nerves. The rest
of the branches of the lumbal nerves are distributed into the muscles of
the loins and adjacent parts.

Brachial NERVES [in anatomy] are produced partly from the cer­
vical, and partly from the dorsal. After the several branches whereof
these nerves are composed, have been variously compleated and uni­
ted, they run a little way in a trunk, and then divide again into se­
veral branches, and are variously distributed into the muscles of the
skin and arms.

The Crural NERVES [in anatomy] are composed of an union of six
or seven pair, viz. the three last of the lumbal, and the three or four
first of the os sacrum. This is the largest and firmest trunk in the bo­
dy. These spend their upper branches on the muscles of the thigh
and skin, as far as to the knee, and then proceed in a trunk down­
wards, which sends forth its branches to the extremities of the toes.

Diaphragmatic NERVES [in anatomy] these nerves proceed from
the cervical. After these nerves have joined in a trunk, they run
through the mediastinum, and arriving at the diaphragm, they send
out several branches, some of them into the muscular, and others
into the tendinous part of it.

NERVES [in architecture] are the mouldings of the projecting arches
of vaults; or such as arise from the branches of ogives, and cross each
other diagonally in Gothic vaults. See PENDENTIVES.

NE’RVOUS [nerveux, Fr. nervoso, It. and Sp. of nervosus, Lat.] 1.
Sinewy, strongly made in body, full of nerves, well-strung, vigorous.
Pope. 2. Relating to the nerves, having the seat in the nerves. 3.
[In medical cant] having weak or diseased nerves. Poor weak ner­
vous creatures. Cheyney.

NERVOUS Juice or Spirit, is a pure subtil, volatile humour, com­
monly called the animal spirits; secreted from the arterial blood in
the cortical part of the brain, collected in the medulla oblongata, and
driven thence by the force of the heart, into the cavities of the nerves,
to be by them conveyed throughout the body, for the purposes of sen­
sation, nutrition, and animal motion.

NE’RVOUSNESS [of nervous] fulness of nerves, sinewiness, strength,
&c.

NE’RVY, adj. [of nerve] strong, vigorous; obsolete.


NES

NE’SCIENCE [nescientia, nescio, Lat.] ignorance, the state of not
knowing. Glanville.

NESH, adj. [nese, Sax.] soft, easily hurt, tender, delicate. Skinner.

NESS, or NEE’SE [nese, Sax. noes, Su. næs, Goth.] a promonto­
ry that runs into the sea, like a nose, a headland or nose of land; as,
Sheerness, Holderness, Inverness.

NESS, Term. subst. [nisse, Sax. and is with some alteration pecu­
liar to all the northerns] by the addition of it to adjectives they be­
come substantives, which denotes the state or quality of the thing,
and are called abstract nouns; as, from white, whiteness; great, great­
ness, &c.

NEST [nest, Sax. nest, Du. and Ger. naeste, Su.] 1. The bed
formed by the bud for incubation and feeding her young. 2. Any
place where animals are produced. Bentley. 3. An abode, place of
residence, a receptacle; generally in a bad sense. 4. A warm, close
habitation; generally in contempt. Neither for zeal of religion, nor
winning souls to God, be drawn forth from their warm nests. Spenser.
5. Boxes or drawers, little pockets or conveniencies.

To NEST, verb neut. [from the subst.] to build a nest. The king
of birds nested within his leaves. Howel.

NEST [or receptacle] of thieves and rogues.

NEST-Egg [of nest and egg] an egg, or the form of one in chalk,
left in the nest, to induce the hen to lay her eggs in the same place,
and to keep her from forsaking it.

To NE’STLE, verb neut. [of nest] to settle, to harbour, to lie close
and snug, as a bird in her nest.

To NE’STLE, verb act. 1. To house as in a nest. Donne. 2. To
cherish as a bird her young.

NE’STLING, part. adj. [of nistian, Sax. or nekelen, Ger.] making
a nest; also shifting and shuffling up and down, as restless.

NE’STLING, subst. [of nestle] a young bird in or just taken out of
the nest.

NESTO’RIANS [of Nestorius a monk] a sect of heretics in the 5th
century, whose distinguishing tenet was, that there were two intelli­
gent natures in Jesus Christ, and that Mary was the mother of Jesus,
but not the mother of God.
I see no reason why our lexicographer should stile the followers of
Nestorius HERETICS; unless by supposing that in their tenets, the old
heresy of Cerinthus and Valentinus was now compleatly revived: tho',
in my humble opinion, 'tis not a mere mistake of judgment, that con­
stitutes a heretic; and I've shewn under the word [heresy] that in the
scripture use of that term, a quite different thing is meant. But be
that as it will, we have a full portraiture of Nestorianism in that syno­
dic letter, which St. Cyril, at the head of the Alexandrian council
(held A. C. 430.) sent him; and which Dionys. Exiguus has inserted
at the end of his CODEX Canonum—Wherein the council explaining
her own belief, as opposed to his, they declare, that the SON of GOD,
through whom all things were made——when descending for the sake
of our salvation, did not disdain to stoop to an exinanition [alluding to
those words of St. Paul, “he EMPTY'D himself”] and being incar­
nate and MADE MAN, i. e. taking FLESH from the holy virgin, and
making it to be his own, underwent our nativity in the womb,”——
though still retaining (as some antient writers before them had sup­
posed) his original pre-existent powers, “Nor do we affirm (say
they) that the WORD of GOD [meaning the divine person so called]
dwelt as in a comman man that was born of the virgin.——But being
united according to nature, he made for himself SUCH a habitation, as
the SOUL OF MAN also is supposed to have with reference to its proper
body.” And “that since the holy virgin brought forth a God thus
substantially united to flesh; therefore we profess her to be the mother
of God——Not as if the nature of the word began then to exist (for
he was ab origine with the FATHER, &c.) but because thus substantial­
ly uniting to himself the human nature, he [the divine logos] under­
went a nativity from a corporeal womb.” That “HE [the divine
logos, and not as Nestorius imagined, a man most closely joined and
connected with him] was, after he had thus emptied himself, made
under the law; though as God, he was the maker and giver of that
law.” That “HE (and not, as Nestorius imagined, his mere human
nature) is the apostle and high priest of our profession, and offered HIM­
SELF for us to GOD even the FATHER, a sacrifice of a sweet smelling
savour, according to those words, a body hast thou prepared me; then
said I, LO I COME, &c.” And in a word, that so close and intimate
is the union of the Son of God with the human nature, and accord­
ingly the UNITY OF PERSON (in their judgment at least) so effectually
secured, as not to admit (what Nestorius imagined) two distinct acts of
worship, the one payed to the God, and the other to the man; but
“that he is UNA SERVITUTE cum propriâ carne venerandus, i. e. the
object of but ONE worship, ONE reverence, and ONE glorification (for
so they explain themselves) applied to him in conjunction with his
flesh.” What TRAITS of primitive christianity have we here, even
after the great apostacy was long since begun! For, excepting that me­
taphysic conception of the incarnation in which both the COUNCIL and
Nestorius were agreed, the former here speaks and reasons upon this
article in much the same manner as St. JUSTIN, St. IRENÆUS, and
the main body of the Antenicone writers were used. And this by the
way reminds me of one circumstance too material to be overlooked;
Nestorius, in support of his scheme, was wont (as too many of the
moderns have done after him) to apply the various scriptures relative to
Christ's imbodied state, sometimes (as he called it) to the MAN, and
sometimes to the GOD, and in both, after the exclusive manner: It
was the MAN, for instance [not the GOD] that acted as the apostle and
high-priest of our profession; the MAN [not THE GOD] that gave him­
self and suffered for us, and the like; applying some scriptures to the
MAN distinct from the GOD, and some to the GOD; as not being ap­
plicable to the MAN. All this was, in the judgment of that council,
so great an abuse of scripture, that they thought it worthy, not of being
condemned in the lump with his other doctrines; but of being marked
out and stigmatized by itself with a particular anathema [See MAN­
HOOD, INCARNATION, and UNITY of person.] Though after all, in
justice to Nestorius, it should not be dissembled; that he agreed with
the council and other Athanasians in the foundation principle, I mean
that (which St. IRENÆUS so often combats) of TWO intelligent sub­
stances in the ONE PERSON of Christ; and the only difference lay here,
that they disowned, what he thought himself bound to maintain, as
the necessary consequences of it. And I think Mr. Bower (Vol. I. p.
402.) has made it appear, that Nestorius was the most consistent of the
two; as the council itself had recourse to a COMMUNICATION of IDI­
OMS, when affirming, “that the GOD suffered”, and says, “it was
only by his applying to himself, after an impassible manner, the pas­
sion of his flesh.” And, “after all, says Mr. Bower, this communi­
cation of idioms is, in fact, nothing else but a rhetorical figure; and
since tropes and figures serve only to DISGUISE the truth, and lead men
into errors, they ought to be laid aside by all who seriously enquire af­
ter truth, or explain it to others.” HISTORY of the Popes, Vol. I.
p. 402. I'll not dispute the justness of this remark; for this communi­
cation of idioms might possibly be invented (as he suggests) only to
save appearances, or in support of a phraseology not strictly, not philoso­
phically true. But I think it appears from hence, that he was of much
the same sentiment with father Simon, who called Nestorianism an ima­
ginary heresy; and so must every one, who (like him) makes our
modern scheme of the incarnation, the rule and standard, by which to
judge and decide the truth or falshood of others. If any thing farther
be wanting to throw a light on this controversy, the reader will find it
under the words MONOTHELITES, EUTYCHIANS, DIMERITÆ, CE­
RINTHIANS, INCARNATION, MANHOOD of Christ, and UNITY of
person, compared.

NESTO’RIANISM, the heresy of Nestorius.


NET

NET [net, Sax. net, Du. and L. Ger. netz, H. Ger. naet, Su.] a
texture woven with large interstices or meshes, being used commonly
as a snare or a device for catching fish, birds, &c.

NET Masonry, a particular way of muring or walling.

NE’THER [nither, neother, Sax. ned, Dan. neder, Du. and L. Ger.
nieder, H. Ger. nedrigar, Su. It has the form of a comparative, but
is never expressed, and only implied in comparison: for we say the
nether part, but never say this part is nether than that, nor is any po­
sitive in use, though it seems comprised in the word beneath. John­
son. Nether is now almost obsolete] lower.
The nether area open'd at a gate,
Where a vast crowd impatient seem'd to wait.
Table of CEBES.
And in the same sense it is used by Milton in that line.
'Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires.
And again,
To found this nether empire——meaning an empire below, in op­
position to that which is above, or in heaven.

NE’THERLANDS, the low countries of Flanders, Holland, Zea­
land, &c.

NE’THERMOST, super. of nether [nithermost, Sax.] the lowermost,
or lowest. Thou hast delivered my soul from the nethermost hell.
Common-prayer Psalms.








NETIRO’NCHION, Lat. [ΝΗΤΙρΟΝχΙΟΝ, Gr.] an instrument called a
duck's-bill, used to draw a dead child out of the womb.

NE’TTING, subst. [of net] a reticulated piece of work.

NE’TTINGS [in a ship] are small ropes siezed together gratewise,
with rope-yarn, and sometimes made to stretch upon the ledges, from
the waste-trees to the roof-trees, from the top of the fore-castle to the
poop, &c.

To NE’TTLE, verb act. [from the subst. onætlan, Sax.] to sting,
to displease, to vex, to tease, to provoke, to irritate.

NE’TTLE [net, netel, Sax. naeszla, Su. nettel, Du. and L. Ger.
nessel, H. Ger.] a stinging herb, well known.

NE’TWORK [of net and work] any thing reticulated or decussated
at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections.

NE’VER, adv. [of ne, ever, næfre, ne æfre, Sax. not ever] 1. At
no time. 2. It is used in a form of speech handed down by the best
writers, but lately accused, I think, with justice, of solecism; as, he
is mistaken, though never so wise. It is now maintained, that pro­
priety requires it to be expressed thus; he is mistaken, though ever so
wise; that is, he is mistaken, how wise so ever he be. The common
mode can only be defended by supplying a very harsh and unprece­
dented ellipsis, he is mistaken, though so wise as never was any: such,
however, is the common use of the word among the best authors.
Johnson. 3. In no degree. May carry his eyes in another man's
head, and yet see never the worse. South. 4. It seems in some phrases
to have the sense of an adjective: not any. He answered him to
never a word. St. Matthew. 5. It is much used in composition. As
never-ending, having no end. Never-failing experience. Raleigh.
Never-fading bays. Roscommon.

NE’VERMORE [næfre mær, Sax.] never, at no time.

NEVERTHELE’SS, adv. [of never, the and less] however, notwith­
standing that.

NEUROCHONDRO’DES [of ΝΕυρΟψ, a nerve, and χΟΝΔρΟΣ, Gr. a carti­
lage] a ligament partly cartilaginous, partly membranous.

NEU’RODES, Lat. [according to Dr. Willis] a lingering fever; so
named, because the nervous juice is corrupted, and thereby causes an
atrophy, or defect of nourishment, and thence a decay in the body.

NEURO’GRAPHY [of ΝΕυρΟΝ, a nerve, and γρΑφΩ, Gr. to describe]
a description of the nerves.

NEURO’LOGY [neurologia, Lat. ΝΕυρΟΛΟγΙΑ, of ΝΕυρΟΝ, a nerve, and
ΛΟγΟΣ, Gr.] a discourse or treatise of the nerves in a human body.

NEURO’TICS, subst. [ΝΕυρΟΤΙχΑ, Gr.] remedies against diseases of the
nerves.

NEURO’TOMIST [ΝΕυρΟΤΟΜΟΣ, Gr.] an anatomist who dissects human
bodies, on account of the knowledge of the nerves.

NEURO’TOMY [of ΝΕυρΟΤΟΜΙΑ, of ΝΕυρΟΝ and ΤΟΜΗ, Gr. a section] a
section, cutting or anatomy of the nerves.

NEU’TER, adj. Lat. [neutre, Fr.] 1. Indifferent, not engaged on
either side; as, to be neuter, to be of neither party. 2. [Neutre, Fr.
neutro, It. and Sp. with grammarians] a gender in Greek and Latin,
and several other tongues, which is neither masculine nor feminine, a
noun that implies no sex. A verb neuter is that which signifies nei­
ther action nor passion, but some state or condition of being, as se deo,
I sit. Clark's Lat. Grammar.

NEU’TER. subst. one indifferent and unengaged.

NEU’TRAL, adj. Sp. [neutre, neutral, Fr. neutrale, It. neutralis,
Lat] 1. Indifferent, not acting, not engaged on either side, nei­
ther of the one nor the other party. 2. Indifferent, neither good nor
bad. 3. Neither acid nor alkaline. Salts, which are neither acid
nor alkaline, are called neutral. Arbuthnot.

NEU’TRAL, subst. One who does not act nor engage on either side.

NEUTRA’LITY [neutralitÉ, Fr. neutralità, It.] 1. The state or con­
dition of one who is neuter, a state of indifference, of neither friend­
ship nor hostility. A state of neutrality in times of public danger.
Addison. 2. A state between good and evil.

NEU’TRALLY, adv. [of neutral] in neither sense, indifferently, on
neither part.

NEU’TRO Passive [in grammar] verbs neuter, having their preter­
perfect tense formed of a passive partiple.


NEW

NEW, adj. [newyd, Wel. neowe or niwe, Sax. nye, Dan. ny, Su.
neis, Pers. nieuw, Du. neiu, Ger. neuf, Fr. nuovo, It. nuevo, Sp. no­
vo, Port. novus, Lat. ΝΕΟΣ, Gr.] 1. Fresh, not old, lately produced,
made or had, novel, never used or worn before. It is used of things,
as of young persons. 2. Modern, of the present time, of late date or
days. Whoever converses much among old books, will be somewhat
hard to please among new. Temple. 3. Not antiquated, having the
effect of novelty. These ever new, nor subject to decays. Pope. 4.
Not habituated, not familiar. 5. Renovated, repaired, so as to re­
cover the first state. Men after long emaciating diets wax plump, fat,
and almost new. Bacon. 6. Fresh after any thing. New from her
sickness to that northern air. Dryden. 7. Of little standing, not of
antient extraction. A new man often mounts to favour, and outshines
the rest of his cotemporaries. Addison.

NEW, adv. this some only used in composition for newly. New­
grown occasion. Hooker. New-found lands. Burnet. New-born
children. Locke.

NE’WARK, a borough-town of Nottinghamshire, on the Trent, 118
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

NE’WBURY, a market-town of Berkshire, on the river Kennet, 56
miles from London.

NE’WCASTLE under Line, a borough town of Staffordshire, on the
main branch of the Trent, 149 miles from London. It sends two
members to parliament.

NEWCASTLE upon Tine, a borough-town of Northumberland, on
the north-side of the river Tine, 276 miles from London. It gives the
title of duke and marquis to Thomas Holles Pelham, chancellor of
the exchequer, and sends two members to parliament.

NEW’EL [in architecture] 1. Is the upright post or compass that
the winding stairs turn round about. 2. novelty. Spenser.

NE’WENT, a market town of Gloucestershire, in the forest of Dean,
104 miles from London.

NEW’ET, or NEWT, subst. [efete, Sax. Newt is supposed by Skin­
ner to be contracted from an evet] eft, a small sort of lizard; they
are supposed to belong some to the land and some to the water.

NEW-FANGLED, adj. [of new and fangled] formed with vain or
foolish love of novelty. Not newfangled devices of yesterday. Atter­
bury.

NEWFA’NGLEDNESS, or NEWFA’NGLENESS [from newfangled] vain
and foolish love of novelty.

NEW’ING, subst. [of new] yest or barm. Ainsworth.

NEW’LY, adv. [from new] lately, freshly. They newly learned
by the king's example. Bacon.

NE’WMARKET, a market-town, partly in Cambridgeshire, and
partly in Suffolk, 60 miles from London.

NEW’NESS [of niwenesse, Sax.] lateness, freshness, novelty, state
of being new. That newness of the world. Raleigh.

NEW’NHAM, a market town of Gloucestershire, in the forest of
Dean, 106 miles from London.

NEW’PORT, the name of two market-towns, one in Monmouth­
shire, on the river Usk, 151 miles from London; the other in Salop,
133 miles from London.

NEW’PORT, is also the name of two borough-towns, one in Corn­
wall, and the other in the isle of Wight. They each send two mem­
bers to parliament.

NEW’PORT Pagnel, a market-town of Buckinghamshire, 54 miles
from London.

NEWS [new, or nouvelles, Fr.] 1. New intelligence of affairs, fresh
account of any thing, something not heard before. 2. Papers which
give an account of the transactions of the present times.

NEW’S-MONGER [of news and monger] one that deals in news, one
whose employment is to hear and tell news. It has no sing. number.

NEW’TON, a borough town of Lancashire, 187 miles from London.
It sends two members to parliament.

NEW’TON Busbel, a market-town of Devonshire, on the river
Teign, 187 miles from London.

NEW’TOWN, a borough-town in the Isle of Wight. It sends two
members to parliament.

NE’W-YEAR'S Gift, a present made on the first of January, a custom
now in use amongst us, which we derived from the Romans, who of­
fered presents to the emperors in the capitol, although they were
absent,

NEXT, adj. [next, Sax. by a colloquial change from nehst or
nyst, the superlative of neh or nyh neest, Scottish, naest, Su. naechst,
Ger.] 1. Nearest in place, following immediately in order. 2. Near­
est in any gradation.

NEXT, adv. at the time or turn immediately succeeding.

NI’AS, subst. [of niais, Fr.] simple, silly, foolish; whence a nias
hawk, is one newly taken out of the nest, and not able to help herselt;
hence also our word nisey, for a silly person.

NIB [neb, Sax. the face, nebbe, Du. the bill, naebb, Su.] the bill
or beak of a bird, the point of any thing, generally of a pen. See
NEB.

NI’BBED, adj. [of nib] having a nib.

To NI’BBLE, verb act. [from nib, the beak or mouth; of knibelen,
Du. to beat down a price] 1. To bite a little and little, by degrees,
to eat slowly. Nibbling of his plants. L'Estrange. 2. To bite as a
fish does the bait. And tuggs and nibbles at the fallacious meat.
Gay.

To NIBBLE, verb neut. 1. To bite at. Nibbling at it. Grew. 2.
To find fault with, to carp at. Falls a nibbling at one single passage
in it. Tillotson.

NI’BBLER [of nibble] one that bites by little at a time.


NIC

NICE, adj. [nese, Sax. soft, neessen, geniessen, Ger. to enjoy]
1. Accurate in judgment, to minute exactness, superfluously exact. It
is often used to express a culpable delicacy. 2. Delicate, icrupulously
and minutely cautious. We ought not to be too nice in examining it.
Baker. 3. Fastidious, squeamish. 4. Easily injured, delicate. How
nice the reputation of the maid? Roscommon. 5. Formed with mi­
nute exactness. By virtue's nicest rules. Addison. 6. Requiring scru­
pulous exactness. This nice and troublesome experiment. Newton.
7. Refined, affected, dainty, exact, curious, subtil. A nice and sub­
tile happiness I see. Milton. 8. Having lucky hits. This significa­
tion is obsolete.

NICE [in geography] the capital of the county of Nice, situated
at the mouth of the river Var, on the Mediterranean. Lat. 43° 40’
N. Long. 7° 15’ E.

NI’CELY, adv. [of nice] 1. Exactly, curiously, minutely, scrupu­
lously. The doses ought to be nicely determined. Arbutbnot. 2. De­
licately. Nicely sensible of the share that we bear in it. Atterbury.

NI’CENESS [of nice] 1. Accuracy, minute exactness. 2. Dainti­
ness, superfluous delicacy or exactness, preciseness.

NI’CETY [of nice] 1. Minute accuracy of thought. Nor was this
nicety of his judgement confined only to literature. Prior. 2. Accu­
rate performance. The nicety of proportion and the rules of art. Ad­
dison. 3. Fastidious delicacy, squeamishness. No courting nicety.
Spenser. 4. Minute observation, punctilious discrimination, subtilty.
The fineness and nicety of words. Locke. 5. Delicate management,
cautious treatment. Love such nicety requires. Swift. 6. Effemi­
nate softness. 7. Niceties in the plural is generally applied to dain­
ties or delicacies in eating.

NICE’NE, belonging to Nice, a city in Bithynia.

NICENE Council, the first general council, so called, from the city
of Nice, in which it was held, under Constantine the great, A. C.
325; at which 318 bishops were present [a mere handful, compared
with the whole Christian clergy; but] with the EMPEROR HIMSELF at
their head; in consequence of whose motion, the consubstantiality was
inserted into the creed; and by whose authority the decisions of that
council were enforced and confirmed. Theodoret. Eccles. Hist. Ed.
Rob. Steph. p. 287, 288, compared with Socratis Hist. Ed. R. Steph.
p. 175, 176. Eusebius, of Cæsarea (to whom both these writers ap­
peal) informs us, in that letter which he wrote by way of apology for
his subscribing this new article, &c. that himself, on the opening of
the council, gave in his own confession of faith, composed (as will
appear to any one that compares it with the antenicene writers} upon
the primitive plan: to which confession “the emperor (as he pro­
ceeds) not only expressed his own assent, but also exhorted the rest to
do the same by a general subscription; one single term, Homoüsian [or







consubstantial] only being inserted; tho' cleared, as he [i. e. the
emperor] explains himself, from all corporeal images; an immaterial
and intelligent nature not admitting of any division or abscission from its
substance.” Accordingly another formula (says Eusebius) was drawn
up by them with this addition. “Not that we on our part left unex­
amined in what sense these terms [CONSUBSTANTIAL to the Father
and FROM HIS SUBSTANCE] were used by them. On which head they
explained themselves as follows, “that by those words, FROM THE
SUBSTANCE, they meant, that the Son was FROM the Father; but not
as tho' he was a PART of the Father.” To which article, as thus ex­
plained (says Eusebius) “we also assented; nor did we reject the phra­
seology; partly for the sake of peace, and partly, as thus explained, it
conveyed a true idea.” And in like manner as to that clause, BEGOT­
TEN, NOT MADE [for this phraseology also, it seems, WANTED to be
EXPLAINED] they replied, “that the term [MADE] was a term com­
mon [ΤΩΝ ΛΟΙΠΩΝ χΤΙΣΜΑΤΩΝ, observe the phraseology] to the REST of
CREATURES, that came into being thro' the Son, and whom he in no­
thing resembled [See CREATION and MONARCHY of the Universe
compared] He was not therefore [ΠΟΙΗΜΑ ΤΟΙΣ ΔΙ ΑυΤΟυ γΕΝΟΜΕΝΟΙΣ ΕΜφΕ­
ρΕΣ] a thing made in that sense of the word which implied a resemblance
to those things that came into existence thro' him: but of a substance
superior to all that is made, and which the scriptures declare to have
been begotten after an ineffable and inconceivable manner from the
Father” To which he adds, that upon the like foot [see Socratis Hist.
Ed. R. Stephan. p. 176] the term CONSUBSTANTIAL [for this wanted
explaining too] was declared, “to be intended in no such sense as
should imply any division of, or abscission from the Father's substance;
no, nor any passion, change, or alteration of the Father's essence and
power; [see SOCRATES] for the nature of the UNBEGOTTEN [or self­
existent] Father is incompatible with all such things: but that, con­
substantial to the FATHER, conveyed this idea, that the Son of God
bore no resemblance to *I suspect something to be wanting here; perhaps it should be
read ΤΑ ΔΙ ΑυΤΟυ γΕΝΝΗΤΑ χΤΙΣΜΑΤΑ, i. e. those creatures that were
begotten or produced thro' him. begotten creatures, but was in all respects
like to his Father only, who begat him; and that he was not from
any other substance or essence, but from the Father.” To which
clause, AS THUS EXPLAINED, Eusebius tells us, that he judged it
right to assent; and the rather, as we have known, says he, SOME
considerable writers and bishops among the ancients have used this
term [CONSUBSTANTIAL] when treating of the divinity of the Father
and the Son.” Meaning, I suppose, Tertullian and Dionysius of Rome,
and perhaps some few more, whose writings are now lost [See Atha­
nas. de Synodis, Ed. Paris. p. 937] For in vain shall we search for it
in St. Clement, Justin, Irenæus, Ignatius, Cyprian, and the whole
body of the Antiochene fathers, who (as Athanasius himself confesses;
Athanas. de Synodis, Ed. Paris, p. 917) had, long before the council
of Nice, rejected this term. Nor is it less remarkable, that in the
dispute between St Origen, and Candidus the Valentinian, the former
opposed the consubstantiality; and the latter, agreeably to the old
Gnostic system, maintained it. And whereas the Nicene council con­
demned those who should affirm, that there was a time when the Son of
God was not; that He was out of nothing; or, that he was from any
other essence or substance, and susceptible of change, &c. See Thodoret,
p. 287 and 288 compared] Eusebius justifies his assent to the council
here; partly because himself had never adopted such words, and partly
to discourage the use of unscriptural expressions: tho', I fear, this last
observation proves more than he designed; for if UNSCRIPTURAL ex­
pressions must be given up, what becomes of this very creed which he
subscribed? But after all, the greatest anecdote belonging to this coun­
cil, is her making it heresy to affirm, the Son was made, not so to af­
firm, that he was created: for tho' this latter term has crept into Rob.
Stephan's edition of Socrates, 'tis not to be found in Theodoret, nor in
either of the versions of this creed preserved in the codex of Dionysius
Exiguus; and indeed the council itself (if we may credit Eusebius) did,
in effect, apply it to him, in that reply, “that the word [made] was
common to OTHER creatures [or to the REST of CREATURES] which
came into being thro' him.” And accordingly we find some of the
MOST STRENUOUS CHAMPIONS of the Nicene creed, did not scruple to
apply the term [create] to the Son's original production. We have
shewn this of St. Hilary under the word CREATE: and St. Austin af­
firmed as much, in that clause, “creavit, de quâ crearetur,” vol. 5.
col. 413, and col. 619. So does St. Jerom too, in his Comment on
Job, c. xxvi. v. 14. and on Prov. c. viii. v. 22. And even Atha­
sius himself, was so well avised, how his predecessors in the faith had
been used promiscously to apply not only this word, create, but also
those other terms, to make, and to come into being, as well to the Son's
production, as to that of other derived beings, whom God produced
by him; that he endeavours to assign a sense, in which (consistent with
his own scheme) all these phraseologies might be applied to Christ,
considered in his highest capacity; as appears from Athanas. Opera,
Ed. Paris. vol. i. p. 375, and vol. ii. p. 539 compared. Not to
observe that the whole orthodox council of Sirmium, and many of
whom were in all probability present at the council of Nice, laid un­
der an express anathema, those who should deny the Son's having
been produced by an act of the Father's will. I shall only add, that
the terms, from his substance, and consubstantial to the Father, are by
this creed applied only to the second person, not one word as yet of
the consubstantiality of the third. Nor should it be dissembled, that
even that clause, “the Lord, the giver of life, &c.” is no part of the
Nicene creed; but was, long after, inserted into it from another coun­
cil held at Constantinople, under Theodosius the Great, A. C. 381. If
the reader desire to furnish himself with further materials on this head,
he may consult the words, MACEDONIANS, CREED, DITHEISM,
FIRST-CAUSE, FIRST BORN, CREATE, HOMOÜSIAN, CATAPHRY­
GIANS, LUCIFERIANS, MONTANISM, PAULIANISTS, with SUBSCRIP­
TION or TEST compared; above all, that elaborate account, which
Doctor CHANDLER has given, both of this and the ensuing Oecumenic
councils, in his preface to the History of the Inquisition.

NICE’NE Creed, a creed or confession of faith, drawn up by the
clergy in the council of Nice.

NI’CHAR, subst. the name of a plant.

NICHE [Fr. nicchia, It. nicho, Sp. in architecture] a cavity in the
thickness of a wall, to place a figure or statue in.

NI’CHILS [in common law] are issues or debts, which the sheriff,
being opposed, says are worth nothing, by reason that the parties
that should pay them are nothing worth.

NICHOLA’ITANS [so called of Nicholas, a deacon of Jerusalem] one
of the most ancient sects, who held that married women should be
common, to take away all cause of jealousy.

To NICK, verb act. [from the subst.] to do in the very point of
time; to hit exactly, to touch exactly, to perform by some slight arti­
fice used at the lucky moment. 2. To notch, to cut in nicks or
notches. His man with scissars nicks him like a fool. Shakespeare 3.
To suit; as, tallies cut in nicks. Words nicking and resembling one
another. Camden. 4. To defeat or cozen, as at dice, to disappoint
by some trick or unexpected turn.

NICK of Time, subst. [of nick, Teut. and Su. the twinkling of an
eye, or nictatio, Lat. a wink] 1. The very moment or exact point of
time at which there is necessity or convenience. 2. A notch cut in
any thing. Corrupted from nock or notch. 3. A score, a reckoning.
4. A winning throw [niche, Fr.] a ludicrous trick.

NICK Name [prob. of nicht, Gr. not or nought, q. d. not the name,
or ocknamn, Su. nom de nique, Fr.] a name given a person in derision
or drollery, an approbrious appellation.

To NI’CK-NAME, verb act. to call by an opprobrious name. You
nick-name virtue, vice. Shakespeare.

NECEPHO’RIA [ΝΙχΗφΟρΙΑ, of ΝΙχΗ, a victory, and φΕρΟ, Gr. to bear]
rejoicings, triumphs, &c. upon the account of victory.

NI’CKUMPOOP [incert. etym.] a meer block-head, dolt, or sot, a
senseless dull witted fellow.

NICO’DEMITES, a sect of heretics in Switzerland, so denominated
from Nicodemus, from professing their faith in private.

NICOTIA’NA [so called of John Nicot, who first sent it from Portu­
gal into France, A. C. 1560] tobacco.

NICTA’RIA [ΝΙχΗ, Gr. victory] sacrifices and public banquets,
which conquerors made after victory obtained.

To NI’CTATE, verb neut. [nictatum, sup. of nicto, Lat.] to wink.
The nictating membrane. Ray.

Membrana NI’CTITANS, Lat. [in anatomy] the winking mem­
brane; a thin membrane that covers the eyes of several birds and
other animals, which is so thin they can see pretty well through it; it
skreens them from too much light.

NIDE, subst. [nidiatio, It. of nidus, Lat. a nest] a brood; as, a nide
of pheasants, a flock of them.

NI’DGET [nigaud, Fr. corrupted from nithing or niding; the oppro­
brious term with which the man was anciently branded who refused to
come to the royal standard in times of exigency] a coward, a dastard.
There was one true English word of greater force than them all, now
out of all use; it signifieth no more than abject, baseminded, false­
hearted, coward, or nidget. Camden.

NIDIFICA’TION [nidificatio, Lat.] the act of making or building of
nests, as birds do. The method of nidification. Derham.

NI’DING, adj. [from nith, Sax.] vileness. See NIDERING.

NI’DGING, an old English word, signifying abject, base-minded,
false-hearted, coward, or nidget. Carew.

NI’DOROUS, adj. [nidoreux, Fr. nidor, Lat.] resembling the smell
or taste of roasted fat.

NIDORO’SITY [of nidorous] eructation with the taste of undigested
roast-meat. The cure of this nidorosity is by vomiting and purging.
Floyer.

NIDULA’TION [nidulor, Lat.] the time of remaining in the nest.
Brown.

NIECE [niece, neipce, Fr. neptis, Lat.] a she cousin, a kinswoman,
being a brother's or sister's daughter.

NIG, or NIGG [of digh guarder, Minshew, or of niek-hard, i. e.
one that goes as near as can be, or of negando, Lat. denying, Skinner,
or of nidskur, Goth. tenacious; or of guidare, Su. which has the
same signification with ours] a covetous person.

NI’GGARD, subst. [ninggr, Islandic; some derive it, q. d. of nick­
hard; but Minshew of nigh garder, Fr. and Skinner of negando, deny­
ing; because a covetous man denies himself, &c. necessaries] a sor­
did, covetous, griping person, a miser, a curmudgeon. Let some
unjust niggards make weres to spoil thy beauty. Sidney.

NI’GGARD, adj. 1. sordid, avaritious. Dryden. 2. Sparing, wary.
Niggard in his reply. Shakespeare.

NI’GGARDISH, adj. [of niggard] having some disposition to avarice,
somewhat niggardly.

NI’GGARDLINESS [of niggardly] sordid covetousness. Niggardli­
ness is not good husbandry. Addison.

NI’GGARDLY, adj. [of niggard] 1. Covetous, near, sordidly par­
cimonious. 2. Sparing, wary.

NI’GGARDLY, adv. sparingly, parcimoniously.

NI’GGARDNESS [of niggard] avarice.

NIGE’LLA, It.and Lat. [with botanists] the herb fennel flower.

NIGH, prep. [nyh, neah, Sax. na, Du. nahe, Ger.] hard by, at
no great distance from. Nigh this recess. Garth.

NIGH, adv. 1. Not at a great distance. Nigh at hand. John. 2.
To a place near. He drew nigh. Milton.

NIGH, adj. 1. Near, not distant, not remote. 2. Allied closely
by blood.

To NIGH, verb neut. [from the adv.] to approach, to advance, to
to draw near. Night is nighing fast. Spenser.

NI’GHLY, adv. [of nigh, the adj.] nearly, within a little. Nighly
of the same bigness. Locke.

NI’GHNESS [of nigh, Eng. neah-nesse, Sax.] nearness, proxi­
mity.

NIGHT [night, nigt, or nieght, Sax. nants, Goth. nuit, Fr.
natte, Dan. natt, Su. nacht, Du. and Ger.] 1. That time while the sun
is below the horizon, the time of darkness, the time from sun-set to
sun-rise. 2. It is much used in composition.

NIGHT [the goddess of darkness with the ancients] was repre­
sented by a woman having a long black garment, embroidered with
stars.

To-NIGHT, adverbially. In this night, at this night.

NI’GHT-BRAWLER [of night and brawl] one who raises disturbances
in the night. Shakespeare.








NIGHT-GOWN [of night and gown] a loose gown used for an un­
dress. Addison.

NIGHT-CAP [of night and cap] a cap to put on when one goes to
rest, or worn in an undress.

NIGHT-CROW [of night and crow] a bird that cries in the night.
Shakespeare.

NIGHT-DEW [of night and dew] dew that wets the ground in the
night. Dryden.

NIGHT-DOG [of night and dog] a dog that hunts in the night.
Shakespeare.

NIGHT-DRESS [of night and dress] the dress worn at night.
Pope.

NI’GHTED, adj. [of night] darkened, clouded, black. Shake­
speare.

NI’GHTFARING, adj. [of night and fare] travelling in the night.
Gay.

NIGHT-FIRE [of night and fire] will-a-wisp, ignis fatuus Her­
bert.

NIGHT-FLY [of night and fly] a moth that flies in the night.
Shakespeare.

NIGHT-FOUNDERED, adj. [from night and founder] lost or distressed
in the night. Milton.

NIGHT-HAG [of night and bag] a witch supposed to wander in the
night. Milton.

NIGHT-MAR, or NIGHT-MARE [of night, and mar, Dan. evil
night, and, according to Temple, mara, a spirit, that in the heathen
mythology was related to torment and suffocate sleepers] a stoppage
of the animal spirits in the night-time, so that the body cannot move;
a morbid oppression in the night resembling the pressure of some
weight on the breast.

NI’GHTINGALE [from night, and galan, Sax. to sing, galm, Teut.
is a sound or echo] 1. A small bird that sings in the night with re­
markable melody; philomel. A word of endearment. Shake­
speare.

NI’GHTLY, adv. [of night] 1. By night. Addison. 2. Every
night. Shakespeare.

NIGHTLY, adj. [of night] nocturnal, done by night, acting by
night, happening by night.

NIGHT-MAN [of night and man] one who carries ordure away in
the night; a denomination given them by the vulgar.

NIGHT-MAGISTRATE [with the vulgar] a constable.

NIGHT-PIECE [of night and piece] a picture so coloured as to be
supposed seen by candle-light, not by the light of the day. Ad­
dison.

NIGHT-RAIL [of night, and regl, Sax. a gown or robe] a short
cloak or loose cover of linen or muslin thrown over the dress at night,
and worn by women in their chambers. Addison.

NIGHT-RAVEN [of night and raven] a sort of owl, a bird supposed
of ill omen, that cries loud in the night. Milton.

NIGHT-ROBBER [of night and robber] one who steals in the dark.
Spenser.

NIGHT-RULE [of night and rule] a tumult in the night. Shake­
speare.

NI’GHTSHADE [niht stead or scada, Sax.] an herb. A plant of
two kinds.

NIGHT-SHINING [of night and shine] shewing brightness in the
night. Wilkins.

NIGHT-SHRIEK [of night and shriek] a cry in the night. Shake­
speare.

NIGHT-TRIPPING, adj. [of night and trip] going lightly in the
night. Shakespeare.

NIGHT-WALK [of night and walk] walk in the night. Walton.

NIGHT-WALKEK [of night and walk] 1. One who roves in the
night upon ill designs. Ascham. 2. A strumpet that walks the streets
in quest of debauchery; now called street-walkers.

NIGHT-WARBLING, adj. [of night and warble] singing in the
night. The night-warbling bird. Milton.

NI’GHTWARD, adj. [of night and ward] approaching towards
night. Milton.

NIGHT-WATCH [of night and watch] a period of the night as
distinguished by change of the watch. Psalms.

NIGRIFA’CTION, or NIGRIFICA’TION [of niger, black, and facio,
Lat. to make] the act of making black.

NIHI’LITY [nihilitÉ, Fr. of nihil or nihilum, Lat.] nothingness, the
state of being nothing.

NILL, the shining sparkles or ashes which proceed from brass when
melted and tried in a furnace.

To NILL [nillan, Sax. ne will] not to will, to refuse, to reject.

NILO’METRE, an instrument used among the antients to measure
the height of the water in the overflowings of the Nile.

To NIM, verb act. [of niman, Sax. to take, nemen, Du.] to take,
to filch, to steal by little and little. L'Estrange.

NI’MBLE [nemen, Du. nehmen, Ger. nim, or numan, Sax. tracta­
ble] agile, quick, ready, speedy, expeditious.

NI’MBLESS [of nimble] agility, quickness, speed, dexterity.

NI’MBLESS, nimbleness. Spenser.

NI’MBLEWITTED [of nimble and wit] ready, not at a loss for
words. Bacon.

NI’MBLY, adv. [of nimble] readily, with agility.

NIMETULA’BITES [so named from Nimetulabi, their instructor] a
sect among the Turks, who meet every Monday in the night time
and sing hymns to God, &c. See DERVICE and BUMICELLI.


NIN

NI’NCOMPOOP, subst. [a corruption of the Latin non compos] a meer
block-head, dolt or sot, a fool, a trifler. Addison.

NINE, subst. [negen, nigen. Sax. negen, Du. and L. Ger. neun,
H. Ger. nijo, Su. nu, Pers. niun, Goth. neuf, Fr. nove, It. and Port.
nueve, Sp. novem, Lat.] one more than eight, one less than ten.

NINE-FOLD [of nine and fold] negenfaitig, L. Ger. neunfaltig,
H. Ger.] nine times as many, any thing nine times repeated.

NI’NE-PENCE, subst. [of nine and pence] a silver coin valued at
nine pence.

NINE-PINS [of nine and pins] a play where nine pieces of wood are
set up on the ground to be thrown down by a bowl.

NI’NESCORE, adj. [of nine and score] nine times twenty. Ad­
dison.

NI’NETEEN, adj. [negen-tien, nigonteotha, Sax.] nine and ten,
one less than twenty, the ordinal of nineteenth, the ninth after the
tenth.

NI’NETY, adj. [hunth, negontig, Sax. negentig, Du. and L. Ger.
neuntzig, H. Ger. nonante, Fr. novanta, It. noventa, Sp. and Port.
nonaginta, Lat.] nine times ten.

NI’NNY [ninno, Sp. a child] a silly, sorry fellow, one apt to be
made a fool of, a ninny-hammer, a simpleton.

NI’NNY-HAMMER [of ninny] a simpleton.

NINTH, adj. [negeth, or negotha, Sax. negente, Du. and L. Ger. ne­
unthe, H. Ger.] the ordinal of nine, the first after the eighth, that
which precedes the tenth.

NI’NTHLY, adv. [of ninth] in the ninth place.

NI’NTIETH, adj. [hunthnigon-teogotha, Sax.] the ordinal of
ninety, the tenth nine times told.

To NIP, verb act. [niupa, Su. nypen, Du. knypen, L. Ger. kneipfen,
Ger.] 1. To pinch off with the nails, to bite with the teeth. Bacon.
2. To cut off by any slight means. Mortimer. 3. To blast, to de­
stroy before full growth. Nipped in the bud. Addion. 4. To pinch
as frost. A nipping and an eager air. Shakespeare. 5. To vex, to
bite. And sharp remorse his heart did prick and nip. Spenser. 6. To
satirize, to ridicule, to taunt sarcastically. Nipping any that is absent.
Ascham.

NIP, subst. [niup, Su.] 1. A pinch with the nails or teeth. Ascham.
2. A small cut. Here's snip and nip, and cut and slish and slash.
Shakespeare. 3. A blast. Stepney. 4. A sarcasm, a taunt.

NIP, or NIB [this is more commonly written neb or nib] the sharp
point of a pen.

NI’PPER [of nip] a satirist: obsolete. Ascham.

NI’PPERS, subst. [of nip] 1. Small pincers. 2. [In a ship] small
ropes to hold the cable to the capstan, when the cable is so slimy, wet
or great, that it cannot be straitened with the bare hand. 3. [With
surgeons] and instrument used in dismembering an animal body

NI’PPINGLY, adv. [of nipping] satirically, with bitter sarcasm.

NI’PPING, part. adj. [of nip; knappen, Teut.] pinching.

NI’PPLE [nypele, Sax.] 1. The teat or dug of a woman's breast,
or other animal, that which the sucking young take into their mouths.
2. The orifice at which any animal liquor is separated. Lying under
the nipple of the oil-bag. Derham.

NI’PPLEWORT [lampsana, Lat.] a very common weed.

NI’SAN [ןםינ, Heb.] the seventh month of the Jews civil year,
which is about our September. BUXTORF says, that it answers (for
the greater part of it) to our March, Nehem. c. ii. ver. 1. and that it
was made the first month of the legal year, Exod. c. xii. ver. 2. And
accordingly what is called, ver 18. the first month, is, in the Targum
version, “the month of Nisan.”

NI’SEY [of niais, Fr.] a fool or silly fellow, a dunce, a simpleton.

NI’SI PRIUS, Lat. [in law] the name of a judicial writ, so called
from the two Latin words in it in this sentence; Nisi apud talem locum
prius venerint, i. e. unless they come before to such a place. It lieth in
case where the inquest is panelled and returned before the justices of the
bank; the one party or the other making petition to have this writ for
the ease of the county: And by this writ, which is directed to the she­
riff, he is obliged to cause the men impannelled to come at a certain
day before the justices in the same county, for the determining of the
cause there, except it be so difficult that it need great deliberation; in
which case it is sent again to the bank. By the first words of the writ,
it appeareth that justices of assizes and justices of nisi prius differ: So
that justices of nisi prius must be one of them before whom the cause is
depending in the bench, with some other good men of the county as­
sociated to him.

NIT [hnitu, Sax. gnet, Su.] the egg of a louse or small animal.

NI’TENCY [nitentia, of niteo, Lat. to shine] 1. Lustre, clear bright­
ness. 2. [Nitor, Lat. to endeavour or strive] endeavour, spring to
expand itself. Boyle.

NI’THING, subst. a coward, a dastard, a poltroon.

NI’TID, adj. [nitidus, Lat.] bright, shining, lustrous, clean.
Boyle.

NI’TRE, Fr. [nitro, It. and Sp. of nítrum, Lat.] salt petre. It is a
crystalline, pellucid, but somewhat whitish substance, of an acrid and
bitterish taste, impressing a peculiar sense of coldness upon the tongue.

Spirit of NITRE [with chemists] a strong spirit drawn from nitre,
and used in dissolving metals, &c.

NI’TROUS [nitreux, Fr. nitroso, It. of nitrosus, Lat.] full of, or be­
ing of the nature of nitre, impregnated with nitre, consisting of nitre.
Ray.

NI’TRY, adj. [of nitre] nitrous. Gay.

NI’TTILY, adv. [of nitty] lousily. Hayward.

NI’TTY, adj. [of nit] abounding with nits or the eggs of lice.

NI’VAL, adj. [nivalis, Lat.] pertaining to, or white as snow, a­
bounding with snow.

NI’VEOUS, adj. [niveus, Lat.] snowy, resembling snow. Brown.

NI’XIDII [so called of nixus, the pangs or throws of a woman in
travail] certain gods among the Romans, that presided over women in
childbirth, in whose form they were represented.

N. L. is an abbreviation of non liquet, or, it appears not.


NOB

No [non, Fr, no and non, It. no, Sp. non, Lat. na, no, or neo, Sax.
ney, Dan. and Su. neen, Du. nein, Ger. neb, Pers.] 1. The negative
adverb, not, the word of refusal. Calamy. 2. The word of denial.
Opposite to concession or affirmation. Bacon. 3. It sometimes con­
firms a foregoing negative. Shakespeare. 4. It sometimes strengthens a
following negative, no not, not even. No not the bow which so
adorns the skies. Waller.

No, adj. 1. Not any, none. 2. It seems an adjective in these
phrases, no longer, no more, no where. 3. No one; none, not any.

To NOBI’LITATE, verb act. [nobilato, Lat.] to enoble, to make no­
ble.

NOBI’LITY [nobilità, It. nobilitas, Lat.] is defined to be an illu­
strious descent, and of conspicuous ancestors, with a succession of arms,
conferred on some one (and by him to his family) by the prince, by
law, or by custom, as a reward of the good and virtuous actions of







him that performed them; antiquity of family joined with splendor.
2. A quality that dignifies or renders a person noble; particularly that
raises a person possessed of it above a peasant or commoner; the qua­
lity or degree of a nobleman, dignity of several degrees conferred by
sovereigns. In England nobility is extended to five ranks, dukes,
marquises, earls, viscounts and barons. 3. The persons of high rank,
the persons who are exalted above the commons, the whole body of
noblemen. 4. Renown, dignity, grandeur, greatness. The nobility
of her courage prevailed over it. Sidney.

NO’BLE, adj. Fr. and Sp. [nobile, It. of nobilis, Lat.] 1. Being of
an ancient and splendid family or extraction. 2. Raised or exalted
to a rank above commonalty or gentry, 3. Worthy, illustrious, great,
renowned. 4. Liberal, free, generous. 5. Exalted, elevated, su­
blime. Dryden. 6. Magnificent, stately; as, a noble parade, a noble
fabric. 7. Capital, principal; as, the noble parts of the body, are the
brain, heart and liver.

NO’BLE, subst. Fr. and Sp. [nobile, It. noble, Port. of nobilis, Lat.]
1. A nobleman, one of high rank. 2. An ancient coin in value
6 s. and 8 d.

NOBLELI’VERWORT [hepatica, Lat.] the name of a plant.

NO’BLEMAN, subst. [of noble and man] one who is ennobled.

NO’BLENESS [of noble; nobilitas, Lat.] 1. The state of being noble
in blood, splendor of descent or pedigree. 2. Greatness of mind,
worth, dignity, magnanimity. Taylor.

NOBLE’SS, subst. [noblesse, Fr. This word is now obsolete in every
sense] 1. Dignity, greatness. 2. Noblemen collectively. The no­
bless of France. Dryden.

NO’BLY, adv. [of noble] 1. Of ancient and splendid extraction.
2. Greatly, generously, illustriously, with magnanimity. Was not
that nobly done. Shakespeare. 3. Grandly, splendidly. Where could
an emperor's ashes have been so nobly lodged as in the midst of his me­
tropolis. Addison.

NO’BODY, subst. [of no and body] no one, not any one. Swift.

NO’CENT, adj. [nocens, Lat.] 1. Criminal, guilty of some crime.
Bacon. 2. Hurtful, mischievous. Watts.

NOCK, subst. [nocchia, It.] 1. A slit, nick or notch. 2. [Les fesses,
Fr.] the fundament. When the date of nock was out. Hudibras.

NOCTA’MBULIST, or NOCTA’MBULO, subst. [of noctis, gen. of nox,
night, and ambulo, Lat. to walk] one who walks in the night, and in
his sleep. Arbuthnot.

NOCTI’DIAL, adj. [noctis, gen. of nox, night, and dies, Lat. day]
comprising a night and a day. The noctidial day. Holder.

NOCTI’LUCA, Lat. any substance shining in the night.

NO’CTUARY, subst. [from noctis, gen. of nox, Lat. night] an ac­
count of what passes by night. Addison.

NOCTU’RNAL, adj. [nocturnus, Lat.] nightly. Your nocturnal dis­
coveries Addison.

NOCTU’RNAL, subst. an instrument by which observations are made
in the night.

NOCTURNAL Arch [in astronomy] is that space in the heavens
which the sun, moon or stars, run through, from their setting to their
rising.

NO’CTURNS, or NOCTU’RNALS, plur. of nocturn and nocturnal
[nocturnes, Fr. notturni, It. in Roman catholic churches] part of the
matins or church service, that are said about midnight, being certain
psalms and prayers, in imitation of the ancient Christians, who said
them in the night for fear of the heathens.

NOCTU’RNOUS [nocturnus, Lat.] pertaining to the night.

To NOD, verb neut. [nuto, Lat. of ΝΕυΩ, Gr. amneidio, Wel.] 1. To
make a sign by moving the head. 2. To decline the head with a
quick motion. 3. To pay a slight bow. If Cæsar carelesly but nod
on him. Shakespeare. 4. To bend downwards with quick motion.
Dryden. 5. To be drowsy. Addison. Above all, to give the ratifying
sign; as in HOMER's Jupiter.

NOD, subst. [from the verb; nutus, Lat.] 1. A quick motion or sign
made with the head. Locke. 2. A quick declination in general. Shake­
speare. 3. >The motion of the head in drowsiness. Every drowsy nod
shakes their doctrine, who teach that the soul is always thinking. Locke.
4. A slight obeisance. I will practise the insinuating nod. Shakespeare.

NO’DDER [of nod] one who makes nods. A set of nodders. Pope.

NO’DDLE [of hnol, Sax.] the head: in contempt. L'Estrange.

NO’DDY, subst. [naudin, Fr.] a silly fellow, a simpleton, an idiot.
Bawling fluttering noddies. L'Estrange.

NODE, subst. [nodo, It. nodus, Lat.] 1. A knot or knob. 2. [In
dialling] the axis or cock of a dial; a hole in the cieling of a room or
pane of glass in a window, to make a dial on the floor, wall, cieling,
&c. 3. [With surgeons] a swelling on, the bone: it is a gummy
swelling, caused by the settling of gross homours between the bone and
the periosteum. Wiseman. 3. [In astronomy] the nodes are
two points wherein the orbit of a planet intersects the ecliptic; and
that point or node where a planet passes out of the southern latitude
into the northern, is called the northern or ascending node, and out of
northern into southern latitude, the southern or descending node.

NODO’SITY [nodosità, It. of nodositas, Lat.] knottiness, complication,
knot. Brown.

NO’DOUS, adj. [nodosus, Lat.] knotty, full of knots. Brown.

NO’DULE [nodulus, Lat.] a small lump. Woodward.

NO’DUS, or NO’DULUS, Lat. [in pharmacy] a little bag of physical
ingredients, put into beer or wine, the tincture whereof the patient is
to drink.


NOE

NOE’TIANS [so called of Noetius] heretics who allowed only one
person in the Godhead, and accordingly taught that it was God the
Father who suffered.
Hippolytus, who is said to be the author of that ancient Greek tract
(which is still extant) against Noetus, has sufficiently explained the sen­
timents of antiquity on this head, in those passages, which the reader
will find cited from him, under the words Apostolic CONSTITUTIONS
and MONARCHY of the Universe. And when Praxeas introduced the
doctrine of Noetus into Italy, Tertullian calls it, ipsa novellitas Praxeæ
hesterni, q. d. a novelty, [a doctrine to which the Christian church
was as yet a stranger] and which Praxeas had imported but the other
day from abroad; and what that doctrine was, he tells us, “Itaque post
tempus pater natus, &c. The FATHER therefore was born, and the
FATHER suffered; Jesus Christ is preached up to be the LORD GOD
ALMIGHTY HIMSELF [ipse Deus omnipotens Jesus Christus prædicatur.”]
And in further explication of this scheme, he observes that the devil, up­
on this plan, was mistaken, when imagining that he tempted nothing
greater than the Son of God; no—he undertook (it seems) a yet bol­
der and more arduous task; and might now say, “Ego ad IPSUM
DEUM accessi; IPSUM OMNIPOTENTEM cominus tentavi; i. e. I mar­
ched up to GOD HIMSELF; I ventured a close sight with the AL­
MIGHTY HIMSELF.” Tertull. Opera Ed. Colon. p. 606. b. c. d. f. If
the reader would see more on this topic, he may consult the words
HOMOÜSIANS, SABELLIANISM, and MARCELLIANS, compared with
our citations from St. Athanasius, under the words First CAUSE and
MEDIATE Agency. But to return to Hippolytus—As the first of these
citations is there given only in the original, I'll beg leave to insert
here the translation; “CHRIST (says Hippolytus) has the command
[or power] over all; but the FATHER has the command [or power]
OVER HIM.” A just reply to Noetus, and all those who regarding that
universal power, which is ascribed in scripture to our blessed Lord; and
not sufficiently considering the quarter from which it comes; take occa­
sion from thence to confound him with the one GOD and FATHER of
ALL. But there is something further well worth our notice in this
place. Noetus, in support of his doctrine, had appealed to Rom.
c. ix. v. 5. and I think also to Rev. c. i. v. 8. as supposing the titles
of God over all, and ΠΑΝΤΟχρΑΤΩρ, i. e. almighty [or he that has the
command and power over all] to be ascrib'd in those texts to the Son of God. Now in reply to this Hippolytus (if I remember aright) gives
him to understand, that admitting it for true; still these terms must
admit of great abatements, when thus applied. “Well might he stile
Christ “God over all,” and ΠΑΝΤΟχρΑΤΩρ, i. e. He that has power over
all; for Christ himself says, “All things are delivered to me from my
Father”; and adds, If I'm not mistaken, that he was CONSTITUTED
almighty; [ΠΑΝΤΟχρΑΤΩρ] He was so by the Father's grant; and thus
Christ has indeed the command or power over all: But still the Father
retains his own original underived authority and command OVER HIM.
And we find Tertullian gives much the same answer to Praxeas, p. 612.
a. b. And Justin Martyr had led the way to them both; when af­
firming of the Son, that He is LORD of HOSTS, ΔΙΑ ΤΟ ΘΕΛΗΜΑ ΤΟυ ΔΟΝΤΟΣ
ΑυΤΩ ΠΑΤρΟΣ, i. e. by the FATHER'S WILL, who gave it to Him. All
which I the rather mention; as it shews, what little stress (in defence
of a certain modern system) can be laid on these ancient applications of
scripture; I mean so far as the FOUNDATION-PRINCIPLE of Noetus is
here revived.

NO’GGEN, adj. hard, rough, harsh.

NO’GGIN, subst. [nossel, Ger.] a small mug, a piggin; also a quar­
ter of a pint measure.

NOI’ANCE, subst. See ANNOI’ANCE.

To NOIE, verb act. to annoy: an obsolete word. Tusser.

NOI’ER [of noie] one who annoys: obsolete. Tusser.

NOI’OUS, adj. [noioso, It.] hurtful, troublesome, inconvenient: ob­
solete. Spenser.

NOISE, Fr. 1. Any kind of sound. 2. Outcry, clamour, boasting
or importunate talk. 3. Occasion of talk. The great plague which
has made so much noise through all ages. Addison

To NOISE Abroad, verb act. [from the subst.] to divulge, to make
known, to spread by report.

To NOISE, verb neut. to sound loud. Milton.

NOI’SEFUL, adj. [of noise and full] loud, clamorous. Dryden.

NOI’SELESS, adj. [of noise] silent, that is without sound. Dryden.

NOI’SE-MAKER [of noise and maker] clamourer. L'Estrange.

NOI’SINESS [of noisy] loudness of sound, importunity of clamour.

NOI’SOME [nojosa, of noia, It. of noxa, Lat.] 1. Noxious, mischie­
vous, unwholesome. Hooker. 2. Offensive, disgusting, loathsome,
stinking, nasty. The filthiness of his smell was noisome to all his army.
2 Maccabees.

NOI’SOMELY, adv, [of noisome] with an infectious steam, with a se­
tid stench, loathsomely, stinkingly, nastily.

NOI’SOMENESS [of noisome] loathsomeness, stinkingness, offensive­
ness, aptness to disgust. South.

NOI’SY, adj. [of noise] 1. Sounding loud. 2. Clamorous, turbu­
lent. Swift. 3. Loud, making a great noise.

NO’LI me tangere, Lat. [i. e. touch me not] a sort of cancer, or a
malignant eruption in the face, caused by an extremely sharp, corro­
sive humour, exasperated by applications; a piece of flesh in the no­
strils which often stops the wind; also an external ulcer in the ala of
the nose, proceeding from a venereal cause.

NOLI me tangere [with botanists] a plant, so called from a singular
property it has of darting out its seed when ripe, upon the first ap­
proach of the hand to touch its pods.

NOLI’TION [nolitio, Lat.] unwillingness: opposed to volition.
Hale.

NOLL [hnol, Sax.] a head, a noddle. Shakespeare.


NOM

NO’MANCY [nomance, nomancie, Fr. of nomen, Lat. a name, and
ΜΑΝΤΕΤΑ, Gr. divination] the art of divining the fates of persons by let­
ters that form their names.

NO’MBRIL Point [in heraldry] is the next below the fess point, or
the very centre of the escutcheon, supposing the same to be equally
divided into two equal parts below the fess, for then the first of those
is the nombril, and the lowest the base.

NOME [in algebra] is any quantity with a sign prefixed or added to
it; whereby it is connected with some other quantity upon which
the whole becomes a binominal or trinominal, &c. as a+b and
a+b+c.

NOMENCLA’TOR, Lat. [nomenclateur, Fr.] one who calls things or
persons by their proper names. There were a set of men in old Rome
called nomenclators, that is, men who could call every man by his
name. Addison.

NOMENCLA’TURE, Fr. [nomenclatura, It. and Lat.] 1. A set of
names, a catalogue of the most useful and significant words in any lan­
guage, a vocabulary, a dictionary. Brown. 2. The act of naming.
That there wanteth a term or nomenclature for it. Bacon.

NO’MINAL, adj. [nominalis, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to a name, 2. Only
in name, titular, not real. Locke.

NO’MINALLY, adv. [of nominal] with regard to a name, by name.

NO’MINALS, or NOMINA’LISTS, plur. of nominal, subst. [from no­
men, Lat. a name] a sect of school philosophers who were so denomi­
nated, because they held that words, not things, were the objects of
he dialectics.








To NO’MINATE, verb act. [nominare, It. nominatum, sup. of nomino,
Lat. to name] 1. To name, to mention by name. Wotton. 2. To
entitle. Spenser. 3. To set down, to appoint by name, particularly
to propose one as fit to be chosen to bear any office or employment.
Locke.

NOMINA’TION, Fr. [nominazione, It. of nominatio, Lat.] 1. The
act of naming or mentioning by name, particularly appointing a per­
son to some office. 2. The power of appointing. The nomination of
persons to places, being so principal and inseparable a flower of his
crown, he would reserve. Clarendon.

NOMINATION [in law] a power which a man has to appoint a
clerk to a patron of a benefice; by him to be presented to the ordi­
nary.

NO’MINATIVE Case [in grammar; nominatif, Fr. nominativo, It.
and Sp. of nominativus, Lat.] the first case of nouns that are declina­
nable. It primarily implies the name of any thing, and is called
right, in opposition to the other cases called oblique.

NOMOCA’NON [of ΝΟΜΟΣ, the law, and χΑΝΩΝ, Gr. canon or rule] 1. A
collection of canons and imperial laws relating or conformable thereto.
2. A collection of the ancient canons of the apostles, councils and fa­
thers. 3. A penitential book of the Greeks.

NOMO’GRAPHY [ΝΟΜΟγρΑφΙΑ, of ΝΟΜΟΣ, law, and γρΑφΩ, Gr. to de­
scribe] a description or treatise of the law.

NOMO’GRAPHER [ΝΟΜΟγρΑφΟΣ, of ΝΟΜΟΣ and γρΑφΩ, Gr.] a writer of
the law. See NOMOGRAPHY.

NOMPARE’IL, Fr. [nompareille, Fr. matchless] one of the least sorts
of printing letters. See NONPAREIL.


NON

NON, adv. Lat. not. It is never used separately, but sometimes
prefixed to words with a negative power.

NON-ABILITY [in law] is an exception taken against a person, ei­
ther plaintiff or defendant, which disables him from commencing any
law suit; as in a case of an excommunication, outlawry, præmunire,
&c.

NO’NAGE [of non and age; in law] all the time of a person's age,
under 21 in some cases, and 14 in others; minority, time of life be­
fore legal maturity. Hale.

NONAGE’SIMAL Degree [with astronomers] is the 9th degree, or
the highest point in the ecliptic.

NO’NAGON [nonagone, It. of nonus, Lat. and γΟΝΙΑ, Gr.] a geome­
trical figure, having nine angles and sides.

NONAPPEA’RANCE, a default in not appearing in a court of judica­
ture.

NON Claim [in law] a neglect or omitting to claim that which a
man ought to claim as his right, within a time limited.

NON Compos Mentis, Lat. [i. e. not of sound understanding or me­
mory] in law, it is used, 1st, of an ideot born; 2dly, of one who by
accident loses his memory and understanding; 3dly, of a lunatic;
4thly, of a drunkard.

NONCE, subst. [the original of this word is uncertain: Skinner ima­
gines it to come from own or once, or from nutz, Ger. need or use. Ju­
nius derives it less probably from noiance; to do for the nonce being,
according to him, to do it merely for mischief] purpose, intent, de­
sign: now obsolete. Carew.

NON CONFO’RMIST [of non and conformist] one who does not con­
form to the church of England, with respect to its discipline and cere­
monies, one who refuses to join in the established worship. Swift.
May not we add also, with respect to her church government, OR­
DERS and LITURGY; and (since some more light has been struck out)
from the formulas of her DOCTRINE?

NON-CONFO’RMITY [of non and conformity] 1. Refusal of compliance.
Watts. 2. Refusal to join in the established religion, the state and condition of non-conformists. South.

NON-DESCRIPTS [in botanical authors] such plants that have been
passed by, tho' mentioned, but not described.

NONE, adj. [nan, or nane, ne ane, Sax. and Scottish ne, one] 1.
Not one. 2. Not any. 3. Not other. This is none other but the
house of God. Genesis. 4. None of, sometimes signifies only empha­
tically, not. Israel would none of me. Psalms.

NON-E’NTITY [of non and entity; with philosophers] 1. The quality
of a thing that is not in being, non-existence. Bentley, 2. A thing
not existing. Evil was truly a non-entity, and no where to be found.
South.

NON-EXI’STENCE [of non and existence] inexistence, state of not
existing.

NONJU’RING, adj. [of non, and juro, Lat. to swear] belonging to
those who will not swear allegiance to the present government; and
this scruple began among some of the clergy and laics who adopted
their sentiments upon the revolution, after K. James had abdicated the
throne.

NONJU’RER [of non and juror] one who conceiving James II. un­
justly deposed, refuses to swear allegiance to those who have succeeded
him.

NON Liquet, Lat. [it does not appear plain] a verdict given by a
jury, when a matter is to be deferred to another day of trial.

NON-RE’SIDENCE [of non and residence] failure of residence, the il­
legal absence of a beneficed clergyman from his spiritual charge, i. e.
when he absents himself for the space of one or two months at several
times in one year.

NON-RE’SIDENT, subst. [of non and resident] a person who does not
reside or keep in the place where his charge is.

NONE [in the Romish church] one of the seven canonical hours,
about three o'clock in the afternoon.

NONES of a Month [in the Roman calendar] certain days, reckon­
ed backwards from the calends or first days of every month, so called,
because from the last of the said days to the ides, there were always
nine days. It has no singular number.

NON Naturals, sub. [non naturalia, Lat. in physic] are the procatartic
or more immediate causes of diseases, as distinct from the more remote
viz. air, meat, drink, sleep and watching, motion and rest, retention
and excretion, and the passions of the mind. But Boerhaave judges they
may be far more commodiously reduced under the four following heads:
1. Ingesta; 2. Gesta; 3. Retenta, Excreta; 4. Applicata Externa
Corpori. Patholog. Sect 744. See PREDISPONENT Cause.

NON Organical Part [with anatomists] a part of the body which
has an use, but performs no action.

NON Pareil, subst. [of non and pareil, Fr.] 1. That has no equal,
excellence not to be parallelled. The nonpareil of beauty. Shake­
speare. 2. A kind of apple. 3. Printers letters, of a small size,
with which small bibles and common prayers, &c. are printed.

NON Plus, Lat. [i. e. no more] an extremity, beyond which a man
cannot go, puzzle, inability to say or do more. Locke.

To NON Plus, verb act. [from the subst.] to confound, to put to 2
stand, to stop a person's mouth, so that he has nothing more to say; to
puzzle, to perplex. Glanville.

NO’N-RESISTANCE, or NON-RESISTENCE, the principle of not op­
posing the king; ready obedience to a superior.

NO’N-SENSE [of non and sense] 1. Unmeaning or ungrammatical
language. 2. Trifles, things of no importance. 3. Impertinence,
absurdity. Thomson.

NONSE’NSICAL, adj. [of nonsense] unmeaning, foolish, impertinent,
absurd.

NONSE’NSICALLY, adv. [of nonsensical] foolishly, with no meaning,
impertinently, absurdly.

NONSE’NSICALNESS [of nonsensical] ungrammatical jargon, foolish
absurdity.

NONSO’LVENT, subst. [of non and solvent] one who cannot pay his
debts.

NONSOLU’TION [of non and solution] failure of solution.

NONSPA’RING, adj. [of non and sparing] merciless, all-destroying.
Shakespeare.

NO’NSUIT [of non and suit] the act of renouncing or letting fall a
suit by the plaintiff.

To NONSUIT, verb. act. [of non and suit] to deprive of the benefit
of a legal process, for some failure in the management.

NON-TERM, the vacation time between term and term.

NOO’DLE [from noddle, or noddy] a nisy, a silly fellow, a fool, a
simpleton.

NOOK [from een hoeck, Ger. Johnson. niche, Fr.] a corner, a co­
vert made by an angle or interfection.

NOOK of Land, the fourth part of a yard land.

NOON [non, Sax. non, Goth. nawn, Wel. none, Erse, or, as some
will, nona, hora nona, Lat. the ninth hour, with the Romans, at
which their cæna, or chief meal, was eaten; whence the other na­
tions called the time of their dinner or chief meal, tho' earlier in the
day, by the same name. Johnson] 1. Mid day, the middle hour of
the day, twelve, the time when the sun is in the meridian. Locke.
2. It is taken for midnight. Full before him at the noon of night.
Dryden.

NOO’N-DAY, subst. [of noon and day] midday.

NOO’N-DAY, adj. meridional. Addison.

NOO’NING, subst. [of noon] a nap at noon, repose at noon.

NOO’N-TIDE, subst. [of noon and tide] midday, time of noon.
Shakespeare.

NOON-TIDE, adj. meridional. Noontide repast. Milton.

NOOSE [nodus, Lat.] a sliding knot of a cord, which the more it
is drawn binds the closer; a snare or gin.

To NOOSE one, verb act. to tie in a noose, to get him into a snare
or an entanglement.

NOP, or NOPE, a bird, called also a bull-finch or red-tail.


NOR

NOR, conjunction [ne, or; ni, Fr. and Sp. ne, It. noch, Du. and
Ger.] 1. A partial marking the second or subsequent branch of a nega­
tive proposition. Correlative to neither or not. 2. Two negatives are
sometimes joined, but ill. 3. Neither is sometimes included in nor,
but not elegantly. Simois nor Xanthus shall be wanting there. Dry­
den. 4. Nor is used sometimes in the first branch for neither. I love my­
self nor thee. B. Johnson.

NO’RMAL [with geometricians] perpendicular, or at right angles;
a term used of a line or a plane that cuts another perpendicu­
larly.

NO’RMANS [q. d. nortbern men] a name antiently given to the
Norwegians, Danes and Swedes.

NO’RREY, or NO’RROY [i. e. northern king, or king of the northern
parts] a king at arms, whose office is on the north side of the river
Trent; the same with that of Clarenceux, on the south side of it.

NORTH, subst. [north, Sax. nor, Dan. norr, Su. noorden, Du. nord,
Ger.] the opposite to south, or the point opposite to the sun when in
the meridian. Dryden.

NORTH, adj. northern, being in the north,

NORTHA’MPTON, the county town of Northamptonshire, situated
on the river Nen, 66 miles from London. It gives title of earl to the
noble family of Compton, and sends two members to parliament. The
county also sends two members.

NOR’TH-CURRY, a market-town of Somersetshire, on the river
Tone, 136 miles from London.

NO’RTHEAST, subst. [noordeast, Du.] the middle point between the
north and east.

NO’RTHERLY, adj. [northerlice, or northere, Sax.] on the north
quarter of the world, being towards the north.

NO’RTHERN, adj. being in the north.

NO’RTHERN Signs [with astronomers] are those six signs of the
zodiac, which constitute the semicircle of the ecliptic, which inclines
to the northward of the equator.

NO’RTHING [with navigators] is the difference of latitude a ship
makes in sailing towards the north pole.

NORTH Light. See AURORA Borealis.

NO’RTHWARD, adj. [from the verb] being towards the north.

NO’RTHWARD, or NO’RTHWARDS, adv. [northweard, Sax.] to­
wards the north, going northward. Bacon.

NORTH Pole [in astronomy, &c.] a point in the northern hemis­
phere of the heavens, ninety degrees every way distant from the equi­
noctial.

NORTH Star, or NORTH Pole Star [of north and star; in astrono­
my] a star so called, on account of its being two degrees and a half
distant from the pole. It is in the tail of the constellation ursa minor,
which seems to the naked eye as if it were placed at the pole.

NO’RTHLEECH, a market-town of Gloucestershire, on the river
Leche, 80 miles from London.








NO’RTHWICH, a market-town of Cheshire, on the river Weaver,
159 miles from London.

NO’RWICH, a famous and ancient city, the capital of Norfolk,
situated near the conflux of the Yare and Winster, 108 miles from
London. It is the see of a Bishop, and sends two members to parlia­
ment. A city famed for its rich manufactures; and perhaps no less for
its SPIRIT of CATHOLICISM, and FREE ENQUIRY.

NO’RTHWEST, subst. [of north and west] the middle point between
the north and west.

NO’RTHWIND, subst. [of north and wind] the wind that blows
from the north. Milton.

NOSE [nez, Fr. naso, It. nariz, Sp. and Port. nasus, Lat. næse,
nosa, Sax. naesa, Su. neus, Du. nase, Dan. and H. Ger.] 1. A pro­
minent part of the face, which is the organ of the scent, and the
emunctory of the brain. Pope. 2. The end of any thing. Holder.
3. Scent, sagacity. We are not offended with a dog for having a bet­
ter nose than his master. Collier.

To NOSE one, verb act. 1. To scent, to smell. Nose him as you go
up the stairs. Shakespeare. 2. To face, to oppose, to provoke or
affront a person to his face.

To NOSE, verb neut. to look big, to bluster. Shakespeare.

NO’SEBLEED, subst. [of nose and bleed] the herb yarrow.

NO’SE-GAY, subst. [of nose and gay] a posie, a bunch or small bun­
dle of flowers.

NO’SELESS, adj. [of nose] wanting a nose, deprived of a nose.
Shakespeare.

NO’SESMART [of nose and smart] the herb cresses.

NO’SLE [of nose] the extremity or end of any thing; as, the nosle
of a pair of bellows.

NOSO’LOGY [ΝΟΣΟΛΟγΙΑ, of ΝΟΣΟΣ, disease, and ΛΕγΩ, Gr. to describe]
a treatise concerning diseases; also the doctrine of diseases.

NOSOPOE’TIC, adj. [ΝΟΣΟΣ, Disease, and ΠΟΙΕΩ, Gr. to make] pro­
ducing diseases.

NO’STRILS, plur. of nostril [nari, It. næse dyrlv, Sax. nares, Lat.
or of næse and dyrl, a hole, of dyrlian, Sax. to bore through] the
passage of the nose, the cavity in the nose.

NO’STRUM, subst. Lat. a medicine not yet made public, but re­
maining in some single hand.


NOT

NOT [noht, ne, auht, Sax. niet, Du. and L. Ger. nicht, H. Ger.
non, no, It. no, Sp.] 1. A particle or adverb of denying or refusal.
2. It denotes cessation or extinction: no more. Thine eyes are upon
me, and I am not. Job.

NO’TABLE, adj. [Fr. and Sp. notabile, It. of natabilis, Lat.] 1. Sin­
gular, remarkable, extraordinary, observable, memorable. Clarendon.
2. It is sometimes substantively used. One of those notables. Addison.
3. Careful, bustling: in irony and contempt.

NOTABLENESS [of notable; natabilitas, Lat.] remarkableness, &c.
appearance of business, importance.

NO’TABLY, adv. [of notable] 1. Memorably, singularly, remark­
ably. Bacon. 2. With shew of importance, with consequence. Addison.

NOTA’RIAL, adj. [of notary] taken by a notary. Ayliffe.

TOTA’RICON the third part or species of the Jewish Cabala.

NO’TARY, subst. [notaire, Fr. notajo, It. notario, Sp. of notarius,
Lat.] a scribe or scrivener, that takes notes, or makes short draughts
of obligations, contracts, &c. particularly of any thing that may
concern the public.

NO’TARY Public, a kind of scrivener who takes protests of bills,
and other transactions relating to mercantile affairs.

NOTA’TION [notatio, Lat.] the act of marking any thing; also sig­
nification, meaning. South.

NOTATION [with arithmeticians] the practice of regarding a thing
by marks, as by letters or figures, the setting down any number pro­
pounded in proper characters, and in their proper places.

NOTCH [nocchia, It.] a nick, a hollow cut in any thing. Grew.

To NOTCH, verb act. [from the subst.] to cut in small hollows.
Grew.

NO’TCHWEED [of notch and weed] an herb called orach.

NOTE [for ne mote] may not. Spenser.

NOTE [Fr. nota, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. A remark or explication in the
margin, or bottom of a page of a book, an explicatory annotation.
Felton. 2. A short writing, short hint or small paper containing an
account of business. Davies. 3. Credit, esteem, reputation, con­
sequence. 4. [In traffic] a writ under a man's hand, by which one
person engages to pay another a sum of money, a paper given in con­
fession of a debt. 5. [Musical] in relation totime. 6. A single sound in
music. There are nine notes, viz. the large, the long, breve, semi-qua­
ver, minim, crotchet, quaver, semi-quaver, and demi-semi-quaver,
all which are to be found in their proper places. The characters or
marks of these notes are usually set down on a scale of five or six lines,
to serve as directions for keeping time in singing, or playing on any
sort of musical instrument. 7. Remark, memorandum, especially in
short-hand, abbreviation, symbol. 8. Tune, voice. These are
notes wherewith are drawn from the hearts of the multitude. Hooker.
9. Notice, heed. 10. Reproach, stigma. 11. Account, informa­
tion. 12. State of being observed. 13. A small letter or piece of
paper with something marked on it. 14. A written paper.

To NOTE, verb act. [noter, Fr. notàr, Sp. notare, It. noto, Lat.] 1.
To observe, to take notice of, to remark, to heed, to attend. 2. To
deliver, to set down. 3. To charge with a crime. 4. [In music]
to set down the notes of a tune. 5. [In falconry] to prune the fea­
thers.

To NOTE a Foreign Bill, is when a public notary goes to be a wit­
ness, or to take notice that a merchant will nor accept or pay it.

NOTE-BOOK [of note and book] a book in which notes or short hints
and memorandums are set down.

NO’TED, part. adj. [of note] notable, famous, remarkable, cele­
brated, eminent.

NO’TER [of note] he who notes, or takes notice.

NO’THING [of no and thing; nathing, Sax. nathing, Scottish, nada,
Sp. and Port.] 1. Negation of being, nonentity, universal negation;
opposed to something. 2. Nonexistence. 3. Not any thing. Ad­
dison. 4. No other thing. Nothing but a steady resolution. Wake.
5. No quantity or degree. Add nothing of courage. Clarendon. 6.
No importance, no use, no value. Some of our late too nice fools
say, there is nothing in it. Spenser. 7. No possession or fortune. A
man that from very nothing, is grown into an unspeakable estate.
Shakesp. 8. No difficulty, no trouble. We make nothing of it. Addis.
9. A thing of no proportion. The charge is nothing to the profit.
Bacon. 10. Trifle, something of no consideration or importance.
Multiplication of nothings. Pope. 11. Nothing has a kind of ad­
verbial signification; in no degree, not at all. Auria nothing dismay­
ed. Knolles.

NO’THINGNESS [of nothing] 1. Nihility. Donne. 2. Nothing, a
thing of no value. Hudibras. 3. Non-existence, insignificancy,
worthlesness.

NO’TICE, Fr. [notizia, It. noticia, Sp. of notitia, Lat.] 1. Obser­
vation, regard, heed, remark. Locke. 2. Intelligence given or re­
ceived, advice, information.

NOTIFICA’TION, Fr. [notificazione, It.] the act of notifying or
making known, the act of giving information or advice, representa­
tion by marks or symbols. Holder.

To NO’TIFY, verb act. [notifier, Fr. notificàr, Sp. of notifico, Lat.]
to make known, to give to understand, to declare, to publish. Hooker.

NO’TION, Fr. [notio, Lat.] 1. The form of any thing represented
or conceived in the mind, conception, idea, image, thought. 2. O­
pinion, sentiment. Addison. 3. Understanding, sense, intellectual fa­
culty; a sense frequent in Shakespeare, but obsolete. Shakespeare.

NO’TIONAL, imaginary, ideal, subsisting only in idea, visionary,
fantastical. It is merely a notional and imaginary thing. Bentley. 2.
Pertaining to notions, dealing in ideas, not realities. Glanville.

NOTIONA’LITY [of notional] empty ungrounded opinion; an obso­
lete word. Glanville.

NO’TIONALLY, adv. [of notional] in idea, mentally, in our con­
ception, though not in reality. Norris.

NO’TIONALNESS [of notional] imaginariness.

NOTORI’ETY. See NOTORIOUSNESS.

NOTO’RIOUS [notoire, Fr. notorio, It. and Sp. of notorius, Lat.] pub­
lickly known, evident, manifest, plain, apparent, not hidden. It is
commonly used of things known, to their disadvantage: whence by
those who do not know the true signification of the word, an attro­
cious crime is called a notorious crime, whether public or secret.

NOTO’RIOUSLY, adv. [of notorious] evidently, manifestly, plainly,
openly, publicly.

NOTO’RIOUSNESS, or NOTORI’ETY [of notorious, or notorietÉ, Fr.]
manifestness, plainness, the state of being publicly known, public
same. Addison.

To NOTT, verb act. to shear. Ainsworth.

NO’TTINGHAM, the capital of Nottinghamshire, situated on the
Lind, near its influx into the Trent. It sends two members to par­
liament, and gives title of earl to the noble family of Finch. The
county of Nottingham also sends two members to parliament.

NO’TUS [ΝΟΤΟΣ, Gr.] the south-wind. “When notus sheds, &c. Pope.

NO’TWHEAT, subst. [of not and wheat] Of wheat there are two
sorts. French, which is bearded; and notwheat, so termed, because
it is unbearded, being contented with a meaner soil. Carew.

NOTWITHSTA’NDING, conjunc. [of na-with and standan, Sax. This
word, though in conformity to other writers called here a conjunction,
is properly a participle adjective, as it is compounded of not and with­
standing, and answers ectactly to the Lat. non obstante: it is most properly
and analogically used in the ablative case, absolute with a noun; as,
he is rich, notwithstanding his loss; it is not proper to say, he is rich
notwithstanding he has lost much: yet this mode of writing is too
frequent, and Addison has used it. But when a sentence follows, it is
more grammatical to insert that; as, he is rich notwithstanding that he
has lost much. When notwithstanding is used absolutely, the expres­
sion is elliptical, this or that being understood. Johnson] 1. Without
hindrance or obstruction from. 2. Although; this is not proper. 3.
Nevertheless, however.


NOV

NOVA’TIANS, so named of Novatus, or (as I think the name is
constantly read in St. Cyprian's letters, and in that ascribed to Corneli­
us bishop of Rome) Novatian, a Roman presbyter, who formed a schism
[or rent] from the church, after the Decian persecution, and about the
middle of the 3d century; grounded on her supposed unlawful relaxa­
tion of discipline, by readmitting the lapsed, on their repentance, to
her communion. For this it seems Novatian judged too great an in­
dulgence; “not considering, says Cornelius, under whose episcopal
administration this controversy arose, that they, who were wounded in
the front of the battle, i. e. in the Decian persecution, did afterwards,
i. e. in the second engagement, so courageously persevere, as, after
the example of the good shepherd, to resign their lives, and shed their
blood.” CYPRIANI Opera Ed. Erasm. p. 496. But supposing there
might have been in those days some instances of too great a lenity
shewn to deserters; yet it was carrying the protest very far indeed, for
Novatian on this occasion, not only to procure for himself a schisma­
tical ordination; but also when become a bishop, “per plurimas civi­
tates novos apostolos suos emittere, &c. i. e. to send (as St. Cyprian ex­
presses it) his new apostles through many a city, though already pro­
vided with their own true and faithful bishops, and who had given
ample proofs of their zeal and steddiness under the Pagan persecution,
and over their heads, to dare create alios PSEUDEPISCOPOS, i. e. other
false bishops; and by so doing at once overthrow that divine constitu­
tion [DEI TRADITIONEM] on which episcopacy was grounded, and the
universal well-connected UNITY of the church.” p. 117. Nor did
he stop here; but ventured (as we are informed, p. 318,) to rebaptize
those who came over to him from the church. On which last circum­
stance, St. Cyprian's reflection is well-worth our notice; Novatianus
simiarum more, &c. i. e. Novatian acts like your apes, who, though
they are not men, would mimic men; as proposing [by this step] to
assume TO HIMSELF the authority of the CATHOLIC church, when in
fact he is without the pale of the church.” To rebaptize therefore, in
the construction of this antient writer, was in effect to unchurch those,
from whom they rebaptized. On this foot both the Donatists and Eu­
nomians rebaptized the catholics that came over to them; as judging
them at that time too corrupt in doctrine, discipline, &c. to deserve
the name of a church. And on the self-same foot St. Cyprian him­
self rebaptised (as he tells us, p. 319.) the converts from Sabellianism,
Marcionism, &c. I mean as judging their former baptism to have been
originally null and void. “For how, says he, p. 323, can that
man obtain remission of sins by baptism, who denies the CREATOR-







GOD, the FATHER of Christ (as did in his judgment both the Marcio­
nites and Patripassians) when Christ received from that very Father
the very authority by which we are baptized and set apart for God;
that Father, whom he stiled “HIS GREATER;” from whom he PETI­
TIONED to be glorified, and WHOSE WILL he fulfilled, even to the
obedience of drinking the cup, and undergoing death? What is it in
effect but to become partakers with heretics, to affirm that he can ob­
tain remission of sin, under covert of the name of Christ; who grievously
blasphemes and sins against the FATHER, and LORD GOD OF Christ”?
See MARCIONITES, SABELLIANS [or PATRIPASSIANS] CHURCH, and
CATHARIANS, compared; and under the last word read “CATHARI”.

NOV. is used as an abbreviation for November.

NOVA’TION, Fr. novazione, It. novatio, Lat. in civil law] the in­
troduction of something new; also a change or alteration of an obli­
gation, whereby it becomes extinguished and annihilated. or an en­
tering into a new obligation from one person to another.

NOVA’TOR, Lat. one who makes or introduces something new, a
changer of the state an usurper.

NOVEL, adj. [novellus, Lat. novella, It. nouvelle, novaeu, Fr.] 1.
New, not antient, unusual, not used of old. 2. [In the civil law]
appendant to the code, and of later enaction.

NO’VEL, subst. [nouvelle, Fr. novella, It. novela, Sp. of novellus,
Lat.] 1. An ingenious relation of a pleasant adventure or intrigue, a
short romance, a small tale, generally of love. 2. A law annexed to
the code. The novels are 168 volumes of the civil law, added to the
codex by the emperor Justinian.

NO’VELIST [nouveliste, Fr.] 1. Innovator, assertor of novelty. Ba­
con. 2. A writer of novels.

NO’VELNESS, or NO’VELTY [novitas, Lat. noveautÉ, Fr. novità, It.
novedàd, Sp.] the state of that which is new, or unknown to former
times, newness, innovation or change. See INNOVATION.

NOVE’MBER [novembre, Fr. and It. noviembre, Sp. novembro, Port.
november, so called of novem, Lat. nine, being the ninth month of the
year, beginning at March, which when the Romans named the
months, was accounted the first] the eleventh month beginning at Ja­
nuary.

NOVE’MSILES, the gods of the Sabines, a species of gods worship­
ped by the antient Romans. See NOVENSILES.

NO’VENARY, subst. the number of nine, nine collectively. Brown.

NOVE’NSILES [dii novensiles, among the Romans] heroes newly
received into the number of their gods; or else those gods of the pro­
vinces and kingdoms, which they had conquered, and to which they
offered sacrifices.

NOVE’RCAL, adj. [novercalis, Lat.] pertaining to a mother-in-law,
beseeming a mother-in-law, having the manner of a step-mother.

NOUGHT, subst. [nada, Sp. naht, ne auht, not any thing, or nowhit,
Sax.] 1. Nothing, not any thing. 2. To set at nought, to slight,
not to value, to disregard.

NO’VICE, subst. Fr. [novizio, It. novicio, Sp. of novitius, Lat.] 1.
A new beginner in any art or profession, a raw, unskilful, and unex­
perienced person, one not acquainted with any thing, a fresh man. 2.
One who has entered a religious house, but not yet taken the vow.

NOVI’CIATE, or NOVI’TIATE [noviciat, Fr. noviziato, It. novicià­
do, Sp. of novitiatus, Lat.] 1. Noviceship, the time during which a
person is a novice, the state of a novice. 2. [With Roman catho­
lics] a year of probation appointed for the trial of religious, whether
or not they have a vocation, and the necessary qualities for living in
the rules, to the observation of which they are to bind themselves by
vow. 3. The house or place where novices are instructed.

NO’VITY [nouveautÉ, Fr. novità, It. of novitas, Lat.] newness,
novelty. Brown.

NOUL, subst. the crown of the head. See NOLL.

NOULD [of ne would] would not. Spenser.

NOUN [nom, Fr. nome, It. nombre, Sp. nomen, Lat. with gramma­
rians] the first part in speech, denoting the name of a thing.

To NOU’RISH, verb act. [nutrio, Lat. nourrir, Fr. nudrire, It. nu­
drir, Sp. nutrir, Port.] 1. To feed, to promote growth or strength
as food does. Bacon. 2. To encrease or support by food or aliment
of any kind. 3. To support, to keep or maintain. Pharaoh's
daughter took him up and nourished him. Acts. 4. To encourage, to
foment. Hooker. 5. To train up or educate. Neither do I nourish up
young men. Isaiah.

To NOU’RISH, verb neut. To gain nourishment; unusual. Bacon.

NOU’RISHABLE [of nourish] susceptive of nourishment. Grew.

NOU’RISHER [of nourish] the person or thing that nourishes.

NOU’RISHING, part adj. [nourrant, Fr. nutriens, Lat.] affording
nurishment. See To NOURISH.

NOU’RISHMENT [nourriture, nourissement, Fr. nutrimento, It. nutri­
miente, Sp.] 1. Food, &c. that which nourishes the body, that which
is given or received in order to the support or encrease of growth or
strength. 2. Nutrition, support of strength. Milton. 3. Sustenta­
tion, supply of things needful. Hooker.

NO’URRITURE, subst. [nourriture, Fr. this was afterwards contract­
ed to nurture] education, instruction. Spenser.

NO’URSLING, subst. the nurse, the nursling. Spenser.

NOU’RISHABLE, adj. [of nourish] susceptive of nourishment. Grew.

To NO’USEL, verb act. [of nuzzle, noozle, noose] to entrap, to en­
snare, as in a noose or trap.


NOW

NOW, adv. [nu, Sax. nu, Dan. Su. Du. and L. Ger. nun, H.
Ger.] 1. At this time, at the time present. 2. A little while ago.
Walter. 3. At one time, or in one respect, at another time. Now
high, now low. Pope. 4. It is sometimes a particle of connection,
like the French or, and Latin autem. 5. After this, since things are
so; in familiar language. L'Estrange. 6. Now and then, at one time
and another, uncertainly.

NOW, subst. present moment. An eternal now does ever last.
Cowley.

NOW-ADAYS, adv. at this time.

NO’WED, adj. [nouÉ, Fr. in heraldry] wreathed, knotted, of the
Latin, nodatus, and signifies some intricacy in the way of knotting,
and is applied to such tails of animals as are very long, and sometimes
are represented in coat armour, as if tied in a knot. Brown.

NO’WES, subst. [from noue, O. Fr. which they now write nôce] the
marriage knot; obsolete. Crashaw.

NO’WHERE, adv. [of no and where] not in any place.

NO’WISE, subst. [of no and wise; this is commonly spoke and writ­
ten by ignorant barbarians noways] not in any manner or degree.
Bentley.

NOWL [hnol, Sax.] the top of the head, the crown. See NOLL.

NOX, Lat. night, an imaginary goddess of the poets.

NO’XIOUS, adj. [nocivo, It. of noxius, Lat.] 1. Hurtful, offensive,
mischievous, destructive, unwholsome. 2. Guilty, criminal. Noxious
in the eye of the law. Bramhall.

NO’XIOUSLY, adv. [of noxious] hurtfully, perniciously.

NO’XIOUSNESS [of noxious] offensiveness, hurtfulness, unwholesome­
ness. Hammond.

NO’ZLE, subst. [of nose] the nose, the snout, the end.
N. S. is an abbreviation of new stile.

To NU’BBLE, verb act. to bruise with handy cuffs. Ainsworth.

NU’BILE, adj. [nubilis, Lat.] marriageable, fit for marriage.
Prior.

NUBILO’SE, adj. or NU’BILOUS [nuvoloso, It. of nubilosus, Lat.]
cloudy.

NUCI’FEROUS [of nucifer, Lat.] nut bearing.

NUCKIA’NÆ Glandulæ, Lat. [so called from Dr. Nuck, a physician
in Holland, who first discovered them] certain kernels or glands seat­
ed in that part of the skull where the eye is placed between the abdu­
cent muscle of the eye, and the bone os jugale.

NU’CLEUS, Lat. the kernel of a nut; also any thing about which
matter is gathered or conglobated.

NUCLEUS, Lat. [with astronomers] the head of a comet; also the
central or middle part of a planet.

NUDE [nud, Fr. nuda, It. of nudus, Lat.] naked, bare.

NUDE [with botanic writers] without leaves; and it is not only ap­
plied to stalks when they grow without leaves, but to seeds when they
are inclosed in no vessel.

NUDILS [with surgeons] pledgets dipt in ointment, for sores or
diseases of the womb.

NU’DITIES [in painting and sculpture] is used to signify those parts
of a human figure, not covered with any drapery, or those parts
where the carnations appear.

NU’DITY [nuditÉ, Fr. nudità, It. of nuditas, Lat.] nakedness; also
naked parts. Dryden.

NUDITY [in painting] a picture representing a naked person.

NU’EL [noyau, Fr. in architecture] the spindle of a winding stair­
case. See NEWEL.

NUGA’CITY, or NUGA’LITY [nugacitas, from nugacis, gen. of nu­
gax, nugalitas, Lat.] trifling talk or behaviour, futility.

NUGA’TION [nugor, Lat.] the act or practice of trifling. Bacon.

NU’ISANCE, Fr. 1. Something noxious or offensive. 2. [In law]
something that incommodes the neighbourhood.

NUKE [nuca, It.] the hinder part of the head, the noddle.

To NULL, verb act. [nullus, Lat.] to annul, to annihilate, to de­
prive of efficacy or existence. Grew.

NULL, adj. [nullo, It. nulo, Sp. nullus, Lat.] void, of no force,
ineffectual. Swift.

NULL, subst. something of no power, or of no meaning. Bacon.

NU’LLED, part adj. made void.

NULLI’ETY [nullità, It. nulidàd, Sp. nullietas, Lat.] nullity, no­
thingness.

To NU’LLIFY, verb act. [of nullus, and fio or facio, Lat.] to make
void, and of none effect.

NU’LLITY [nullitas, Lat. nullitÉ, Fr.] 1. The state of being null
and void, or of no effect, want of force or efficacy. South. 2. Want
of existence. Bacon.


NUM

NUMB, adj. [benumen, benumbed, Sax.] 1. Deprived in a great
measure of the power of motion and sensation, chill, motionless. Like
a stony statue cold and numb. Shakespeare. 2. Benumbing, producing
chillness. All thin and naked to the numb cold night. Shakespeare.

To NUMB, verb act. to deaden, to stupify, to make dull of mo­
tion or sensation. Bolingbroke.

NU’MBEDNESS [of numbed] torpor, interruption of sensation, chil­
ness.

NU’MBER [numerus, Lat. nombre, Fr. numero, It. Sp. and Port.]
1. Any particular collection of unites, as even and odd. 2. The spe­
cies of quantity by which it is computed how many. 3. Many more
than one. 4. Multitude that may be reckoned. Nations and tribes
out of number. 2 Esdras. 5. Comparative multitude. Number itself
importeth not much in armies. Bacon. 6. Aggregated multitude.
You may send for your sick and the rest of your number. Bacon. 7.
Harmony, proportions calculated by number. Milton. 8. Verses,
poetry. Pope. 9. [In grammar] in the noun, is the variation or change
of termination to signify a number more than one.

To NU’MBER, verb act. [numero, Lat. nombrer, Fr.] 1. To count
or reckon, to tell how many. 2. To reckon as one of the same kind.
He was numbered with the transgressors. Isaiah.

Absolute NUMBERS [with algebraists] are all numbers expressed
by figures and cyphers, not having any letters joined to them.

Broken NUMBERS, are fractions, such as consist of several parts of
unity, as a part to the whole.

Composite NUMBER, or Compound NUMBER [in arithmetic] a num­
ber which may be divided by some number, less than the composite it­
self, but greater than unity.

Golden NUMBER [with astronomers] a period of 19 years, at the
end of which the sun and moon nearly return to have the same aspects
in the same parts of the zodiac as before.

Imperfect NUMBERS, are such, whose aliquot parts being ad­
ded together, make either more or less than the whole number, and
are either abundant or defective.

Incomposite NUMBER, Prime NUMBER, or Simple NUMBER [in arith­
metic] a number which can only be divided or measured by itself or
by unity, without leaving any remainer.

Irrational NUMBER, is a surd, or a number that is incommensurable
with unity.

Perfect NUMBERS, are such whose aliquot parts, being added toge­
ther, make the whole number, as 6, 28. &c.

Prime NUMBER, is that which is only divisible by unity, as 5 and
7 are.

Rational NUMBER, is such as is commensurable with unity.








Whole NUMBERS, the same as integers, i. e. or those that in the
manner of expressing refer to unity, as a whole does to a part.

NU’MBERER [of number] he who numbers.

NU’MBERLESS, adj. [of number] innumerable, more than can be
reckoned.

NUMBERS, the fourth book of moses, so called from its giving
account of the numbering of the Israelits; numbers in poetry. See
RHYME.

NU’MBLES [nombles, Fr.] the intrails of a deer, &c.

NU’MBNESS [of numb] interruption of action or sensation, torpor,
stupisaction, deadness. South.

NU’MERABLE, adj. [numerabile, It. of numerabilis, Lat.] that may
be numbered.

NU’MERAL, adj. Fr. [numerale, It. of numeralis, from numerus,
Lat. number] pertaining to number, consisting of numbers. Locke.

NUMERAL Letters, are those letters which are generally used for
numbers, as L for 50, C for 100, D for 500, M for 1000.

NU’MERALLY, adv. [of numeral] according to number. Brown.

NU’MERARY, adj. [numerus, Lat.] belonging to a certain num­
ber. Ayliffe

NUMERA’TION, Fr. [numerazione, It. numeratio, Lat.] 1. The act of
numbering. 2. Number contained. Brown. 3. [In arithmetic] the
rule that teaches the notation of numbers, and method of reading num­
bers regularly noted.

NUMERA’TOR, Lat. one who numbers.

NUMERATOR [numerateur, Fr.] 1. That number which serves as the
common measure to others. 2. [Of a fraction] is the number placed
above the separating line, and expressing the number of the parts of
unity in any fraction, as 4/1, where 4 is the numerator.

NUME’RICAL, adj. [numerique, Fr. numerico, It. numerus, Lat.]
1. Pertaining to number, numeral, denoting number. 2. The same
not only in kind or species, but in number. South. 3. Particular,
individual.

NUME’RICALLY, adv. [of numerical] with respect to sameness in
number, individually. That the sulpher of antimony would be but
numerically different from the distilled butter or oil of roses. Boyle.

NU’MERIST [numerus, Lat.] one that deals in numbers. The doc­
trine of the numerists. Brown.

NUMERO’SITY [numerosus, Lat.] 1. Number, the state of being nu­
merous. Numerosity of assertors. Brown. 2. Harmony, numerous
flow.

NUME’RO, a term which merchants and others prefix to a certain
number of things, marked thus [No]

NU’MEROUS [nombreux, Fr. numeroso, It. and Sp. of numerosus, Lat.]
1. Abounding in number, manifold, consisting of many, not few.
Not so much observed for having a numerous as a wise conncil. Bacon.
2. Melodious, musical, consisting of parts rightly numbered. His
verses are so numerous, so various, and so harmonious. Dryden.

NU’MMARY, adj. [nummus, Lat.] relating to money. All the
while the ponderal drachma continued the same, just as our ponderal
libra remains as it was, tho' the nummary hath much decreased. Ar­
buthnot.

NU’MMULAR, adj. [of nummus, Lat. money] pertaining to mo­
ney.

NU’MSKULL, subst. [probably from numb, dull, stupid, and skull,
Johnson] 1. A dullard, a dolt, a blockhead.
Or toes and fingers in this case,
Of numskull's self would take the place. Prior.
2. The head; in ludicrous language. They have talked like numb­
skulls. Arbuthnot and Pope.

NU’MSKULLED, adj. [of numskull] dull, stupid, doltish. That
clod-pated, numskulled ninnyhammer of yours. Arbuthnot.

NUN [nun, Sax. noneo, Fr. qu. non nupta, Lat. i. e. not married]
one who has bound herself by vow to a single life, separated herself
from the world, and devoted herself to the service of God, and the
severer duties of religion, being secluded in a cloister from the world
and the converse of men. The most blooming toast in the island
might have been a nun. Addison.

NUN, a bird called a titmouse.

NU’NCHION, an afternoon's repast, a meal between dinner and sup­
per. Hudibras.

NU’NCIO [nonce, Fr. nunzio, It. of nuncius, Lat.] 1. A messenger,
one that brings tidings. Brown. 2. A sort of spiritual envoy from
the pope.

NU’NCIATURE [nonciature, Fr. nonziatura, It. nuncio, Lat.] the
office of a nuncio.

NU’NCUPATIVE, or NUNCUPA’TORY, adj. [noncupatis, Fr. nuncu­
patus, Lat.] publickly or solemnly declaratory, pronounced ver­
bally.

NUNCU’PATIVE Will [in civil law] a will or testament made be­
fore witnesses by word of mouth, and not by writing.

NU’NDINA [among the Romans] a goddess, who, as they believed,
presided over the purifiations or lustrations of children, which some de­
rive from nonus, Lat. because the male infants were not purified till
the 9th day; but the females on the 8th. See CIRCUMCISION.

NU’NNERY [of nun] a convent or cloister of nuns, or of women
under a vow of chastity, dedicated to the severer duties of religion.

NU’PTUAL, adj. Fr. [nuziale, It. nuptualis, Lat.] pertaining to
a wedding or marriage, constituting marriage, used or done in mar­
riage. Taylor.

NU’PTUALS, subst. [like the Latin nuptiœ, without a singular] mar­
riage or wedding.

NU’PTUALIST, a bride or bridegroom, or one who makes
matches.


NUR

NURSE [nourrisse, nourrice, Fr. of nutrix, Lat.] 1. One who takes care
of sick persons. 2. A woman that has the care of another's child. 3.
One who breeds, educates or protects. 4. An old women, in con­
tempt. 5. The state of being nursed. 6. [In composition] any
thing that supplies food. Walton.

To NURSE, verb act. [from the noun, or by contraction from nou­
rish; nourrir, Fr. nutrire, It. nutrio, Lat.] 1. To take care of, to tend
the sick. 2. To bring up a child not one's own. 3. To bring up
any thing young. 4. To pamper, to foment. 5. To nourish, to
feed. 6. To soften, to cherish, to encourage.

NU’RSER [of nurse] 1. One that nurses. Shakespeart. 2. A pro­
moter, encourager or somenter.

NU’RSERY [of nourrisse, Fr. a nurse] 1. A nurse's chamber, or place
where young children are nursed and brought up. 2. The act or of­
fice of nursing. 3. That which is the object of a nurse's care. Mil­
ton. 4. [Among gardeners] a plot of ground or place set apart in a
garden or orchard, for raising young trees, stocks or plants, to be
transplanted to other ground. 5. The state or place where any thing
is fostered or brought up, from a nursey of children, or whence any
thing is to be removed, from a nursery of trees.

NU’RSERY, a college of young persons designed for the ministry
or priesthood.

NU’RSLING [of nurse] one nursed up, a fondling. See CHRISTLING.

NU’RTURE [contracted from nourriture, Fr.] 1. Education, instruc­
tion, institution. Little used. Spenser. 2. Diet, food. Milton.

To NU’RTURE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To train, to bring
up, to educate. Wotton. 2. To nurture up; to bring by food and
care to maturity. Bentley.

NU’SANCE [nuisance, Fr.] annoyance. See NUISANCE.

To NU’STLE, verb act. to fodle, to cherish. Corrupted from
nursle. Ainsworth.

NUT [nut, Sax. noot, Du. noet, Su. and Ger. nuez, H. Ger. noix,
Fr. noce, It. nuez, Sp. nux. Lat.] 1. A fruit or kernel included in a shell,
or a feed included in a brittle, but not stony shell; if the shell and
kernel are in the centre of a pulpy fruit, they then make not a nut
but a stone. 2. A small body, with teeth that correspond with the
teeth of wheels. Wilkins.

NUT [with anatomists] the glands.

NU’TBROWN, adj. [of nut and brown] brown, like a ripe nut that
has been kept long. Milton.

NU’TCRACKER [of nut and crack] an instrument used for breaking
nuts by pressure.

NU’TGALL [of nut and gall] excrescence of an oak. Brown.

NU’THATCH, NU’TJOBBER, or NU’TPECKER, subst. the name of
a bird.

NU’THOOK, [of nut and hook] a stick, with a hook at the end, to
pull down boughs that the nuts may be gathered.

NUTA’TION [with astronomers] a kind of trepidation or tremulous
motion of the axis of the earth, whereby in each annual revolution it
is twice inclined to the ecliptic, and as often returns to its former po­
sition.

NUTRICA’TION [nutricatio, Lat.] nourishment. The tongue of this
animal is a second argument to overthrow this airy nutrication. Brown.

NU’TMEG [from nut and muguet, Fr. nux moschata, Lat. i. e. the
musked nut] a spice, the fruit of a tree as big as a pear tree, growing
in the island of Banda in the East-Indies. The nutmeg is a kernel of
a large fruit not unlike the peach, and separated from that and from
its investient coat, the mace, before it is sent over to us; except that
the whole fruit is sometimes brought to us in preserve.

Male NUTMEG, a nutmeg different from the common, being longer,
and weaker as to fragrance.

NU’TRIMENT [nutrimento, It. nutrimentum, Lat.] nourishment, food.

NUTRIME’NTAL, adj. [of nutriment] alimental, having the qua­
lities of nourishment or food. Arbuthnot.

NUTRI’TION, Fr. [nutrizione, It. nutritio, from nutrio, Lat. to
nourish] the act or quality of nourishing or encreasing growth, nou­
rishment.

NUTRI’TIOUS, adj. [nutricius, from nutrio, Lat. to nourish] nou­
rishing.

NUTRI’TIOUS Juice [with anatomists] a juice which affords nou­
rishment to the several parts of the body.

NU’TRITIVE, adj. [neutritis, Fr. nutritivo, It. and Sp. from nutrio,
Lat.] nourishing, or that serves for nourishment, nutrimental.

NU’TRITURE [nutrio, Lat.] the power of nourishing. Harvey.

NU’TSHELL [of nut and shell] the hard substance that incloses the
kernel of the nut. Locke.

NUT-TREE [of nut and tree] a tree that bears nuts, a hazle.

NOX, Lat. 1. A nut. 2. [With botanists] any fruit that has a
hard kernel.

To NU’ZZLE, verb act. [this word in its original signification seems
corrupted from nursle; but when its original meaning was forgotten,
writers supposed it to come from nozzle or nose, and in that sense used
it] to nurse, to foster. Sidney.

To NU’ZZLE, verb neut. 1. To go with the nose down like a hog.
Arbuthnot. 2. To nestle, to hide the head, as a young child does in
his mother's bosom.

NYCTALO’PIA [ΝυχΤΑΛΩΠΙΑ, of ΝυχΤΟΣ, by night, ΑΛΑΟΣ, blind, and
ΟΠΣ, Gr. sight.] a disease in the eyes, which is two-fold. 1. A dim­
ness of sight in the night or in dark places, without any defect in the
light. 2. A dimness of sight in the light, and a clear sight in shady
or dark places. GORRÆUS defines it thus, “The nictalops, says he,
is one that sees by day; but by night, or in the evening, nothing. Or,
as ACTUAR. 2 Meth. c. 7. says, “who after sunset sees but dimly, and
nothing in the night Eustathius in Odyss. A. p 21. assigns its true ety­
mology by saying, ΝυχΤΑΛΩψ Ο ΝυχΤΟΣ ΑΛΑΟΣ ΤγΣ ΩΠΑΣ. APPENDIX ad
Thesaur. H. Stephan. Constantin. &c.

NYCTE’LIA [ΝυχΤΕΛΕΙΑ, of γυξ, night, and ΤΕΛΕΩ, Gr. to sacrifice
or celebrate religious duties] nocturnal orgies of Bacchus, which once
every three years were celebrated for three nights successively, with
flambeaux, drinking in so riotous and disorderly a manner, that the
Romans abolished them.

NYCTHE’MER [ΝυχΘΗΜΕζΟΝ, Gr.] the space of 24 hours, an intire
night and day, or by a Jewish idiom, PART of that space. Math. xii.
ver. 40.


NYM

NYMPH [nymphe, Fr. nimpha, It. nympha, Lat. ΝυΜφΗ, Gr.] 1. A
goddess of the woods, meadows, or water, as river, springs, lakes,
&c. 2. Applied by HOMER to a fine woman, whether married or
unmarried.

NY’MPHA [ΝυΜφΗ, Gr.] the little skin wherein infects are inclosed,
both while they are in the egg, or after they have undergone an ap­
parent transformation, or the first change of the eruca; a palmer worm
or maggot, in such insects as undergo a transformation; or it is rather
the growth or increase of the eruca, whereby the figure of the succeed­
ing animal is beginning to be expressed by the explication of its mem­
bers, which before lay involved up in the eruca (as a plant is in its







seed) so that nympha is only the animal under that imperfect form.
It is sometimes called chrysalis, sometimes aurelia, and by others Ne­
cydalus.

NYMPHÆ [with anatomists] two small, soft pieces of flesh, one
on each side the vulva [or great chink] they are of a spongious sub­
stance, and full of blood vessels. Keil. See NYMPHOTOMY.

NY’MPHA, Lat. [with anatomists] a hollowness or void space in
the nether lip.

NYMPHÆ’A, Lat. [ΝυΜφΑΙΑ, Gr.] the water-lilly or water rose.

NYMPHÆA, Lat. [in Rome] certain baths or grottos sacred to the
nymphs; from whose statues, which adorned them, or from the
waters and fountains which they afforded, they were so called.

NYMPHÆ’UM [ΝυΜφΑΙΟΝ, of ΝυΜφΗ, Gr. a bride] a public hall or
building among the ancients, richly furnished and adorned for public
banquetting, where those, who wanted conveniencies at home, held
their marriage feasts.

NYMPHOMA’NIA, Lat [ΝυΜφΗ, the nymphæ, and ΜΑΝΙΑ, Gr. mad­
ness] the furor uterinus, a distemper which provokes women to trans­
gress the bounds of common modesty without restraint.

NYMPHO’TOMY, Lat. [ΝυΜφΟΤΟΜΙΑ, Gr.] a cutting off the nym­
phæ, the protuberance of which sometimes hinders the coitus,
or makes it difficult. See NYMPHÆ. Dr. Keil says, “that the
labia of the great chink being a little separated, there appear the
NYMPHÆ, one on each side the chink; and that they are two small
pieces of flesh, resembling the membranes that hang under the throats
of pullets. Keill's Anatomy. p. 9. We must refer our reader to p.
104. for the account of their use. See CLITORIS and NEPENTHE,
and under the last read [in the line there quoted from HOMER
ΝΗΠΕΝΘΕΣ, &c.

NYMPHS, plur. of nymph [ΝυΜφΑΙ, Gr.] they were of several classes;
the napeæ, the *In INGLISH, Dryads; so Naiads, Nereids, &c. dryades, and the hamadryades, in the woods, in the
green meadows, among the green pastures. The naiades were for the
fountains and rivers; and the nereides that took their name from ne­
reus their father, were appointed to the sea.


NYS

NYS [a corruption of ne is] non is, not is. Obsolete. Spenser.













O

O o, Roman; Oo, Italic; O o, English; O o Saxon; are
the fourteenth letters in order of the alphabet; o', the fif­
teenth, and Ωω, the 24th of the Greek, and ן, the 6th
of the Hebrew.

O has in English either a long sound, as drone, groan,
broke, coal, droll; or a short sound, as got, not, prong, long. It is
usually denoted long by a servile a subjoined, as loan, or by e at the
end of the syllable, as hone, bone: when these vowels are not append­
ed, it is generally short, except before ll, as droll, scroll, and even
then it is sometimes short, as loll, poll.

O, is not sounded in people, jeopardy, &c.

O, with the ancients, was a numeral letter signifying 11.

Ō, with a dash, stood for eleven millions.

O is used as an interjection of calling, exclamation or wishing.

OAF, subst. [this word is variously written, auff, ofe, and oph; it
seems a corruption of ouph, a demon or fairy; in German alf, from
which our elf; and means properly the same with changeling: a fool­
ish child left by malevolent ouphs or fairies in the place of one more
witty, which they steal way. Johnson] 1. A changeling, a foolish
child left by the fairies. 2. A dolt, blockhead or idiot.

OA’FISH, adj. [of oaf] stupid, doltish.

OA’FISHNESS [of oafish] stupidity, dulness.

OAK [eicke, Du. eiche, Ger. eek, Su. aac, or æc, Sax.] a durable
tree. No tree beareth so many bastard fruits as the oak: for, besides
the acorns, it beareth galls, oak-apples, oak nuts, which are inflam­
mable, and oak-berries, sticking close to the body of the tree without
stalks. Bacon.

OAK [evergreen] an ever-green tree, whose wood is accounted very
good for many sorts of tools and utensils, and affords the most durable
charcoal in the world. Miller.

OAK of Jerusalem, an herb.

OAK-APPLE [of oak and apple] a kind of spongy excrescence on the
oak. Bacon.

OA’KEN, adj. [of oak] pertaining to an oak, made of oak, ga­
thered from oak. Bacon.

OA’KEN Pin, a sort of fruit so called from its hardness, which yields
an excellent juice very much like the Westbury apple in nature, tho'
not in shape. Mortimer.

OA’KAM, or OA’KUM, old ropes untwisted, and pull'd out again
into hemp like hurds of flax, to be used with pitch in the calking of
ships, &c.

OA’KHAM, a market town of Rutlandshire, in the vale of Catmos,
97 miles from London.

OAR [are, Sax. perhaps by allusion to the common expression of
plowing the water, from the same root with ear, to plow, aro, Lat.]
1. A long pole with a broad end, by which vessels are driven in the
water, the resistance made by water to the oar, pushing on the vessel.
2. [Among miners] See ORE.

To OAR, verb neut. [from the subst.] To row. And oar'd with
labouring arms along the flood. Pope.

To OAR, verb act. to impel by rowing. Shakespeare.

OA’RY, adj. [of oar] having the form or use of oars.
——— The swan with arched neck,
Between her white wings mantling proudly, rows
Her state with oary feet——— Milton.

OAST, subst. a kiln: obsolete. Mortimer.

OAT

OA’TCAKE [of oat and cake] cake made of the meal of oats in the
country, but those used in London are made of the meal of wheat.

OA’TEN, pertaining to oats, made of oats, bearing oats.

OATH [ath, Sax. aith, Goth and Scot. eed, Dan. and Su. eedt, Du.
eyd, Ger. the difference between the noun oath and the verb swear is
very observable, as it may shew that our oldest dialect is formed from
different languages. Johnson.] the act of swearing, or confirming a
thing by swearing, an affirmation or promise, corroborated by the
attestation of the divine being.

OATH [in a legal sense] a solemn action, whereby God is called
to witness the truth of an affirmation, given before one or more per­
sons impowered to receive the same. An oath is an appeal to God.
Swist.

OATHA’BLE, adj. [of oath] obsolete; capable of having an oath
administered.
You're not oathable,
Altho' I know you'll swear. Shakespeare.

OA’THBREAKING, subst. [of oath and break] perjury, the violation
of an oath.
His oathbreaking he mended thus,
By now forswearing that he is forsworn. Shakespeare.

OA’TMALT [of oat and malt] malt made of oats. In Kent they
brew with one half oatmalt. Mortimer.

OA’TMEAL [of oat and meal, from aten and mealewe, Sax.] 1.
Meal or flour made by grinding of oats. Oatmeal and butter out­
wardly applied. Arbuthnot. 2. An herb. Ainsworth.

OAT Thistle [of oat and thistle] an herb.

OATS [of aten or etan, Sax. to eat] a grain, food for horses;
in most parts of England, and in others, as also in Scotland, the chief
support of the people; when used alone it is commonly oats, but in
composition oat.

O’AZINESS [of oazy] slimy, muddy, marshy quality.

O’AZY [prob. of ost, Sax. a scale, q. d. scaly] slimy, muddy,
&c. This, and its derivatives, are more commonly written oozy;
which see.

OBAMBULA’TION [obambulatio, from ob and ambulo, Lat. to walk]
the act of walking up and down.

To OBDU’CE, verb act. [obduco, from ob and duco, Lat. to draw]
to draw over as a covering. Covered with feathers, hair, or a cortex
that is obduced over the cutis. Hale.

OBDU’CTION [obductio, of ob and duco, Lat. to draw] the act of
covering or overlaying with some metal, matter, &c.

OBDU’RACY, or OBDU’RATENESS [of obduratus, Lat.] hardness of
heart, inflexible, wickedness, impenitence. The absolute completion
of sin in final obduracy. South.

OBDU’RATE, adj. [obduratus, Lat.] 1. Hard of heart, inflexibly
obstinate in ill, impenitent. Be not obdurate, open thy deaf ear.
Shakespeare. 2. Hardened, firm, stubborn. The very custom of evil
makes the heart obdurate against whatsoever instructions. Hooker. 3.
Harsh, rugged. The most obdurate consonants, without one inter­
vening vowel. Swift.

OBDU’RATELY, adv. [of obdurate] impenitently, obstinately, in
a hardened manner.

OBDURA’TION [of obdurate] hardness of heart, stubbornness.
Their greater obduration in evil. Hooker.

OBDU’RED [obduratus, Lat.] hardened, impenitent, inflexible.


OBE

OBE’DIENCE, Fr. [obbedienza, It. obediéncia, Sp. obedientia, Lat.]
submission, subjection, submission to authority, compliance with com­
mand or prohibition. A strange obedience to a commission. Bacon.

OBE’DIENT [obbediente, It. obediénte, Sp. obediens, Lat.] submissive
to authority, compliant with command or prohibition. To make
them obedient to government. Tillotson.

OBEDIE’NTIAL, adj. [obedientiel, Fr.] pertaining to obedience, ac­
cording to the rule of obedience. Hammond.

OBEDIENTIAL, subst. [from the adj.] such as execute an office un­
der superiors, and with obedience to their commands.

OBE’DIENTLY, adv. [of obedient] submissively, with obedience.

OBE’DIENTNESS [of obedient] obedient quality.

OBE’ISANCE, Fr. [this word is formed by corruption from abaisance,
an act of reverence. Johnson] a bow, a courtesy, an act of reverence
made by inclination of the body or the knee.

OBEI’SANT [obeissant, Fr.] reverent, making a low bow, courtesy
or congee.








OBELÆ’A Sutura, Lat. of Gr. [of οβελος, Gr. a spot; with anato­
mists] a seam in the scull, otherwise called the sagittal future.

O’BELISK [obelisque, Fr. obelisco, It. and Sp. οβελισχος, Gr. obelis­
cus, Lat.] 1. A magnificent high piece of solid marble, or other fine
stone, usually four square, and growing smaller from the basis to the
top, ending in a sharp point. It differs from a pyramid, in that it is
made all of one intire stone or piece, and its basis is much narrower.
2. [With printers] is this (†) mark, in the form of a dagger, and
refers the reader to some note or other matter in the margin, and is
commonly a note of censure in the margin of a book.

OBEQUITA’TION [obequitatio, from ob and equito, Lat. to ride] the
act of riding up and down.

OBERRA’TION [oberratio, of ob and erro, Lat. to wander] the act
of wandering up and down.

OBERRA’TION [oberratio, of ob and erro, Lat. to wander] the act
of wandering up and down.

OBE’SE, adj. [obesus, Lat.] fat, gross, loaden with flesh.

OBE’SENESS, or OBE’SITY [of obese, or obesitas, Lat.] grossness,
morbid fatness, incumbrance of flesh.

To OBE’Y, verb act. [obeìr, Fr. obbediere, It. obedecer, Sp. and Port.
of obedio, Lat.] to submit to authority, to comply with a superior out
of reverence.

To OBEY, verb neut. to be obedient to.

OBE’YING, part adj. [of obey; obediens, Lat.] being obedient.

To OBJE’CT [objecter, Fr. objectare, It. objectum, sup. of objicio,
Lat.] 1. To urge against, to make an objection, to propose as a
charge, criminal or adverse reason. 2. To oppose in general, to pre­
sent to the view, or in opposition; and in this sense Bacon uses the
part. pass. object for objected.

OBJE’CT [objet, Fr. oggetto, It. objeto, Sp. objectum, Lat.] 1. The
matter of an art or science, or that about which it is employed, the
same as subject that about which any power or faculty is employed.
2. [Objectum, Lat.] any thing placed to be beheld, or opposed to any
of the senses; something apprehended or presented to the mind, either
by sensation or by imagination, and to raise any affectation or emotion
in the mind. 3. [In grammar] any thing influenced by somewhat else.

OBJECT Glass, a glass in a telescope or microscope, placed at that
end of the tube which is next to the object, and farthest from the eye.

OBJE’CTION, Fr. [obbjezione, It. objeción, Sp. of objectio, Lat.] 1. A
difficulty raised against a proposition, and adverse argument. 2. The
act of presenting any thing in opposition. 3. Criminal charge. 4.
Faults found.

OBJE’CTIVE, adj. [objectif, Fr. objectus, objectivus, Lat.] 1. Rela­
ting to the object, contained in the object. Watts. 2. Made an ob­
ject, proposed as an object. Hale.

OBJECTIVE Line [in perspective] is the line of an object, from
whence the appearance is sought for in the draught or picture.

OBJE’CTIVELY, adv. [of objective; a school term] 1. In manner
of an object. A thing is said to exist objectively, when it exists
no otherwise than in being known, or in being an object of the mind.
Locke. 2. In a state of opposition to the view. Brown.

OBJE’CTIVENESS [of objective] the state of being an object. Hale.

OBJE’CTOR [of object] one who offers objections, one who starts
difficulties.

O’BIT [of obiit, or obivit, he died, or obitus, Lat. death] a fune­
ral song, or an office for the dead said annually, funeral obsequies, or
a yearly day set apart for commemorating the death of any person.

OBI’TUARY, subst. [obituaire, Fr.] a register, wherein are written
the names of the dead, and the days of the burial of those persons
who were benefactors to a monastery.

OBJURA’TION [objuratio, of ob and juro, Lat. to swear] the act
of binding by oath.

To OBJU’RGATE, verb neut. [objurgatum, sup. of objurgo, Lat.] to
chide, to reprove.

OBJURG’ATION [objurgatio, Lat.] the act of chiding or reproving,
reprehension.

OBJU’RGATORY, adj. [objuagatorius, Lat.] pertaining to chiding or
rebuking, culpatory, reprehensory.


OBL

OBLA’TE, subst. [oblatus, Lat.] a soldier disabled in the service of his
prince, who had the benefit of the place of a monk given him in the
abby; also the maintenance itself.

OBLA’TE, adj. flatted at the poles. Applied to a spheroid.

OBLA’TION, Fr. [oblazione, It. oblación, of oblatio, from oblatum,
sup. of offero, from ob and fero, Lat. to bring] an offering, a sacri­
fice, any thing offered as an act of reverence or worship.

OBLATION of Christ—The one oblation which Christ, the great high­
priest of our profession, has made for us all, is clearly enough laid
down in scripture. See Heb. c. ix. v. 24—28, compared with c. x.
v. 14. and 26. But as to those repeated oblations, which in the cele­
bration of mass [or eucharist] the Romish priest, and Christ by that
priest, makes of himself to God, as a propitiatory offering and sacrifice
both for the living and the dead—the SCRIPTURES are entirely si­
lent here——In the eucharist as there described, we find a feast upon the
sacrifice, or held in commemoration of the sacrifice; but no repetition
of the sacrifice [or oblation] itself. And as to the sentiments of anti­
quity on this head, it should not be dissembled, that our first reform­
ers were too often distressed by their too hastily admitting an appeal,
which their adversaries made to St. Augustin, St. Chrysostom, St. Am­
brose, and other writers of the fourth and fifth centuries; who not
only flourished in times, when the great apostacy was now begun; but
were themselves some of the chief instruments in supporting and pro­
pagating the same; as Sir Isaac Newton has fully proved, in his ob­
servation on Daniel, and the Apocalypse. And though, should we ascend
somewhat higher (I mean to the 3d and preceding centuries) CHURCH­
AUTHORITY is, in reality, even here, no authority at all; at least to us
protestants, who profess to make the BIBLE the SOLE RULE and STAND­
ARD both of our faith, and worship: yet to begin with St. Justin—the
reader will find his account of things in his own words, under the
word EUCHARIST. St. Irenæus (who follows close upon him, and
more than once quotes him with the highest terms of respect) when
combating a set of heretics, who denied that our system was the work­
manship of GOD, the FATHER of Christ; first cites those words of
Isaiah, c. i. v. 16—18, as suggesting the true sacrifice and oblation, by
which God, as he expresses it, will be made propitious; and also those,
“I will have mercy, and not sacrifice;” and then alluding (as Justin
Martyr had done before him) to those GIFTS and OFFERINGS, which
the primitive christians, when celebrating the eucharist, made of bread,
wine, &c. partly for the furnishing out the feast itself, and partly for
the support of their poor, and clergy; He says, “that our Lord,
when advising his disciples to OFFER, as first-fruits to God, of his own
creatures, meaning of things which himself had produced (not that
God stands in need of these things; but that we might not to be un­
grateful and unfruitful to him) he took that bread which is a PART
of the CREATION, and gave thanks, saying “this is my body;” and
the cup in like manner, which is a PART of THAT CREATION which
relates to us, he acknowledged to be his blood, [i. e. symbolically so,
for St. Irenæus was NO TRANSUBSTANTIALIST, as appears sufficiently
from this very context] and taught a new oblation of the new testa­
ment; which [oblation] the church receiving from the apostles, does
throughout the whole world OFFER to God, to him who gives us
food, the FIRST FRUITS of his gifts”—And then quoting that text
in Malachi, c. i. v. 11.—He adds, by way of comment, “In Deo om­
nipotente, &c. i. e. that in [or under] the OMNIPOTENT GOD, the
church offers THRO' Jesus Christ; and that the incense referred to by
the prophet, is defined by St. John himself in the apocalypse, to
be the PRAYERS of the saints.” And having told us a little lower,
that the eucharist even after the consecration consists of TWO things,
one earthly [i. e. the bread and wine] and one heavenly [meaning
the sacred truth couched under these emblematic representations] he
observes again, “that we offer these things to God; not as though he
wants them: but to express our gratitude; and as sanctifying [or set­
ting apart for his use and service] his creatures.”——And concludes,
by saying, that our ALTAR is [not as the Roman catholic would have
it, here upon earth, but] in heaven; for thither, says he, our prayers
and oblations are directed. IREN. Ed. Grabe, p. 321—323—327—
328. Prove me high mass from hence,—& eris mihi magnus Apollo.

OBLECTA’TION [oblectatio, Lat.] recreation, delight, pleasure.

To O’BLIGATE, verb act. [obligo, Lat.] to bind by contract or
duty.

O’BLIGATED, part. adj. [obligatus, Lat.] obliged, bound or tied to.

OBLIGA’TION, Fr. [obbligazione, It. obligaciòn, Sp. of obligatio,
Lat.] 1. Duty, engagement, tie of any oath or vow, a contract. 2.
A bond or writing obligatory; this seems a sense in the civil law, and
among the Scots. 3. An act which binds any man to some perform­
ance. 4. Favour by which one is bound to gratitude.

OBLIGA’TORY, adj. [obligatoire, Fr. obligatorio, It. and Sp. of obli­
gatorius, Lat.] that is of force to oblige, binding, coercive; having
to or on. Whether it be not obligatory to Christian princes. Bacon.

OBLIGATO’RINESS [of obligatory] binding or coercive quality.

To OBLI’GE, verb act. [obliger, Fr. obligare, It. obligàr, Sp. of
obligo, Lat.] 1. To bind, constrain or engage, to impose obligation,
to compel to something. Tillotson. 2. To lay an obligation of grati­
tude upon, to make indebted. 3. To please, to gratify, to do a kind­
ness, good office or turn,

OBLIGEE’ [a law term] a person by whom a bond or writing obli­
gatory is given, one bound by a legal or written contract.

OBLI’GEMENT, Fr. an obligation, the state of being obliged, a
tye. Either of divine or human obligement. Milton.

OBLI’GEOR, or OBLI’GER, one who enters into a bond for payment
of money, one who binds by contract.

OBLI’GING, part. adj. [obligeant, Fr. obligans, Lat.] binding, tying;
also engaging, complaisant, civil, respectful.

OBLI’GINGLY, adv. [of obliging] civilly, with complaisance, in
an obliging manner.

OBLI’GINGNESS [of obliging] 1. Complaisance, civility, courteous­
ness. 2. Obligation, force.

OBLIQUA’TION [obliquatio, from obliquo, Lat.] 1. Declination from
perpendicularity, obliquity. Newton. 2. [In catoptrics] the catheus
of obligation is a right line, drawn perpendicular to a mirrour, in the
point of incidence.

OBLI’QUE, adj. Fr. [obliquo, It. and Sp. of obliquus, Lat.] 1.
Crooked, not direct, not perpendicular, not parallel. 2. Not di­
rect. Used as to sense or meaning.

OBLI’QUE Cases [with grammarians] any cases in nouns except the
nominative.

OBLIQUE Sphere [with astronomers] is that whose horizon cuts the
equator obliquely, and one of whose poles is raised above the horizon,
and equal to the latitude of the place.

OBLIQUE Sailing [with navigators] is when the ship is in some in­
termediate rhumb, between the four cardinal points; and thus makes
an oblique angle with the meridian, changing both its latitude and
longitude.

OBLI’QUE Ascension [in astronomy] is an arch of the equator, inter­
cepted between the first points of Aries, and that point of the equator
which rises together, with the star, &c. in an oblique sphere.

OBLIQUE Descension [in astronomy] is an arch of the equator inter­
cepted between the first point of Aries, and that point of the equator
which sets with a star, &c. in an oblique sphere.

OBLI’QUELY, adv. [of oblique] 1. Awry, crookedly, in an oblique
manner, not directly, not perpendicularly. 2. Not in the direct or
immediate meaning.

OBLI’QUENESS, or OBLI’QUITY [oblique or obliquité, Fr.] 1. A­
thwartness, crookedness, slantingness, deviation from physical recti­
tude, deviation from perpendicularity or parallelism. 2. Deviation
from moral rectitude.

OBLI’QUITY of the Ecliptic [in astronomy] is the angle which the
ecliptic makes with the equator, which is 23 degrees and 29 mi­
nutes.

OBLI’QUUS Superior, Lat. [in anatomy] the 7th muscle of the head,
arising from the transverse processes of the second vertebræ of the
neck, and ascending obliquely, is inserted sideways into the occiput.

OBLIQUUS Inferior, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the head
which arises from the outward part of the spiral process of the second
vertebra of the neck, and passes obliquely to its insertion, at the trans­
verse process of the first, where the former muscle begins.

OBLIQUUS Oculi Superior. Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the eye,
which taking its rise from the deepest part of the orbit, near the be­
ginning of the abducent, passes obliquely under its upper part, and is
let into the coat called sclerotis.

OBLIQUUS Oculi Inferior, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the eye
going up obliquely over the deprimens, and ending in the tunica scle­
rotis, &c.








OBLIQUUS Ascendens, or OBLIQUUS Acclivis [in anatomy] one of
the large muscles of the lower belly, arising from the circular edge of
the os ilium and ligamentum pubis, and is implanted into the whole
length of the linea alba, that serves to compress the lower belly, and
by that means to help the discharge of the ordure and urine.

OBLIQUUS Major Oculi, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle which
draws the eye forwards and obliquely downwards.

OBLIQUUS Descendens, or OBLIQUUS Declivis, Lat. [in anatomy]
a large muscle of the belly, which takes its rise in the lower end of
the 6th, 7th, and 8th ribs, and descends obliquely from the serratus
inferior posticus, and is inserted in the linea alba and the os pubis.

OBLIQUUS Auris, Lat. [in anatomy] lies in the internal parts of
the aqueducts, enters the tympanum, and is inserted into the slender
process of the malleus.

To OBLI’TERATE, verb act. [obliteratum, sup. of oblitero, from ob,
and litera, Lat. a letter] 1. To efface any thing written. 2. To
wear out, to destroy, to efface in general.

OBLI’TERATED, part. adj. of obliterate; which see [obliteratus, Lat.]
blotted out.

OBLI’TERATION [obliteratio, Lat.] the act of blotting out, can­
celling or abolishing, effacement, extinction.

OBLI’VION [oubli, Fr. obblio, It. ovido, Sp. of obllivio, Lat.] 1.
Forgetfulness, cessation of remembrance; which by naturalists is defi­
ned to be a loss of the ideas or conceptions of the things once perceived,
which happens when they make but a light impression upon the brain.
2. Amnesty, general pardon of crimes in a state.

OBLI’VIOUS, adj. [oublieux, Fr. obblivioso, It. of obliviosus, Lat.]
forgetful, causing forgetfulness.

OBLOCU’TION, Lat. obloquy, ill report.

O’BLONG, adj. [in geometry] longer than broad; it is the same
with a rectangle parallelogram, whose sides are unequal.

O’BLONGLY, adv. [of oblong] in an oblong direction.

O’BLOQUY [of obloquium, obloquor, from ob, and loquor, Lat. to
speak] 1. Slander, backbiting, censorious speech, reproach. 2.
Cause of reproach, disgrace. Not proper.

OBNO’XIOUS, adj. [obnoxius, Lat.] 1. Liable, properly liable to be
punished for offence. Obnoxious to God's severe justice. Calamy. 2.
Subject. 3. Liable exposed to in general. Obnoxious to jealousies
and distrusts. Hayward.

OBNO’XIOUSLY, adv. [of obnoxious] in a state of subjection, in the
state of one liable to punishment.

OBNO’XIOUSNESS [of obnoxious] subjection, liableness to punishment,
danger, &c.

To OBNU’BILATE, verb act. [obnubilo, Lat.] to cloud, to obscure.

OBNU’BILATED, part. adj. [of obnubilate; obnubilatus, Lat.] clouded
over, overcast with clouds, obscured.

OBO’LUS, Lat. [οβολος, Gr.] 1. A Roman silver coin, the 6th part
of a denarius or penny in value about five farthings English. The
Tables place it among the Grecian coins, and make it equal to the
sixth part of the drachma, i. e. 1 d. 1 q. 1/6. 2. The sixth part of an
Attic dram.

OBOLUS is now usually taken to signify our half-penny; but in old
time it signified the half noble; the noble was then called a penny,
and its quarter a farthing. And in like manner denarius signified the
whole coin, whether it were angel, royal, &c. and obolus its half,
and quadrans the fourth part.

To O’BROGATE, verb act. [obrogatum, sup. of obrogo, from ob, and
rogo, Lat. to ask] to proclaim a contrary law for the dissolution of the
former.


OBS

OBSCE’NE, adj. Fr. [osceno, It. obsceno, Sp. of obscœnus, Lat.] 1. Fil­
thy, lewd, unchaste, bawdy, smutty, immodest, causing lewd ideas.
2. Disgusting, offensive. 3. Not auspicious, ill-omen'd. Displea­
sing to owls and obscene animals. Pope.

OBSCE’NELY, adv. [of obscene] in an impure and unchaste manner,
filthily, lewdly, smuttily.

OBSCE’NENESS, or OBSCE’NITY [obscene, or obscenité, Fr. oscenità,
It. of obscœnitas, Lat.] uncleanness of speech, thought, or action, ri­
baldry, bawdy, lascivious speech, unchastity, lewdness. Dryden.

OBSCURA’TION [obscuratio, Lat.] 1. The act of making obscure or
dark. 2. A state of being darkened.

OBSCU’RE, adj. [obscur, Fr. oscuro, It. obscuro, Sp. obscurus, Lat.]
1. Dark, unenlightened, hindering sight. 2. Living in the dark. 3.
Not easily intelligible, difficult, abstruse. 4. Not noted, not observa­
ble. He says that he is an obscure person. Atterbury.

To OBSCU’RE, verb act. 1. To darken, to cloud, to make dark.
2. To make less visible. 3. To make less intelligible. 4. To make
less glorious, beautiful or illustrious. And seest not sin obscures thy
godlike frame? Dryden. 5. To eclipse or drown the merits of another.

OBSCU’RELY, adv. [of obscure] darkly, in an obscure manner.

OBSCURITY [obscure or obscurité, Fr. obscurità, It. obscuridàd, Sp.
of obscuritas, Lat.] 1. Difficulty of being understood, darkness of
meaning. 2. Retired and private life, unnoticed state, privacy. 3.
Darkness, want of light.

OBSECRA’TION [obsecratio, of obsecro, Lat.] an earnest entreaty, sup­
plication. Manifest from the old form of obsecration. Stillingfleet.

O’BSEQUIES, subst. [obseques, Fr. from obsequium, Lat. obsequie, It.
obsequias, Sp. i. e. ready service for the dead; because these obsequies
are the last devoirs that can be rendered to the deceased] 1. Funeral
rites and solemnities. 2. It is found in the singular perhaps more
properly obsequium, Lat. With silent obsequy and funeral train. Milton.

OBSEQUIOUS, adj. [ossequioso, It. of obsequiosus, obsequium, Lat.] very
ready to obey or to assist, diligent to please, complaiant, not resisting.
Supported by an obsequious party. Swift.

OBSE’QUIOUSLY, adv. [of obsequious] 1. Obediently, with complai­
ance. That any one should readily and obsequiously quit his own opi­
nion. Locke. 2. In Shakspeare it signifies with funeral rites, with re­
verence for the dead, in an obsequious manner, dutifully.

OBSE’QUIOUSNESS [of obsequious] readiness to obey, oblige, &c.
carefulness to please, compliance, obedience. With all the arts of
flattery and obsequiousness. South.

OBSE’RVABLE [observabile, It. of observabilis, observo, Lat.] wor­
thy to be observed, remarkable, eminent, such as deserves notice.

OBSE’RVABLENESS [of observable] worthiness to be observed, state
of being remarkable.

OBSE’RVABLY, adv. [of observable] in a manner worthy of no­
tice.

OBSE’RVANCE, Fr. [observanza, It. of observantia, observo, Lat.]
1. Respect, ceremonial reverence. 2. Religious rite. 3. Attentive
practice. If the divine laws were proposed to our observance. Rogers.
4. Rule of practice. 5. Careful obedience. 6. Observation, atten­
tion in general. 7. Obedient regard.

OBSE’RVANCES, Fr. [plur. of observance; which see] the rules and
customs of a monastery.

OBSE’RVANT, adj. [osservante, It. of observans, Lat.] 1. Respect­
fully attentive. 2. Attentive, diligent, watchful in general. 3. Obe­
dient, respectful, having regard to dutiful respect. 4. Meanly duti­
ful, truckling, submissive.

OBSE’RVANT, subst. [This word has the accent in Shakespeare on
the first syllable] attentive.

OBSERVA’TION, Fr. [observazione, It. observatiòn, Sp. of observa­
tio, Lat.] 1. The act of observing, noting or remarking. Rogers. 2.
Notion gained by observing, an animadversion, a note or remark.

OBSERVA’TOR [observateur, Fr. osservatore, It. of observator, Lat.]
1. An observer of peoples manners, a remarker. Hale. 2. A moni­
tor in a school.

OBSE’RVATORY, subst. [observatoire, Fr. observatorio, It. of Lat.]
a place for making astronomical observations.

To OBSE’RVE, verb act. [observer, Fr. osservare, It. observár, Sp.
and Port. of observo, Lat.] 1. To keep or follow a rule, law, &c.
to obey. 2. To contemplate, consider or study; to mark, mind or
take notice of, to heed; to eye, to watch, to regard attentively, to
have a strict eye over. 3. To find by attention, to note. Locke. 4.
To regard, to keep religiously.

To OBSE’RVE, verb neut. 1. To be attentive. Watts. 2. To make
a remark or animadversion. Pope.

To OBSERVE [in navigation] is to take the height of the sun or
stars with an instrument, in order to know in what degree of latitude
a ship is at all times.

OBSE’RVER [of observe] 1. One who looks vigilantly on persons
and things, a close remarker. Swift. 2. One who looks on, a be­
holder. South. 3. One who keeps any law, practice or custom.

OBSE’RVINGLY, adv. [of observing] with attention, carefully.

OBSE’SSION, Fr. [of obsessio, Lat.] the act of besieging or encom­
passing about; also the first attack of Satan, antecedent to possession.

OBSI’DIONAL Crown [with heralds] a sort of garland made of grass,
which was by the Romans given to those that had held out a siege, or
caused the enemy to raise it, by repulsing them, or otherwise.

O’BSOLETE, adj. [obsoletus, Lat.] grown old or out of use.

O’BSOLETENESS [of obsolete] antiquatedness, state of being grown
out of use.

O’BSTACLE, Fr. [obstacolo, It. of obstaculum, Lat.] a let, hindrance,
bar, rub in the way, something opposed.

OBSTETRICA’TION [obstetricatio, of obstetricor, Lat.] an acting the
part or office of a midwife.

OBSTE’TRIC, adj. [obstetrix, Lat.] befitting a midwife, doing the
office of a widwife. Pope.

O’BSTINACY, or O’BSTINATENESS [obstinate, or obstination, Fr.
obstinatio, Lat. obstinazione, It.] stubbornness, inflexibleness, fixedness,
or resolvedness to maintain or adhere to an opinion, &c. right or
wrong, contumacy, pertinacy.

O’BSTINATE [obstine, Fr. obstinato, It. obstinádo, Sp. of obstinatus,
Lat.] resolute, self-willed, wilful, stubborn, contumacious. Abso­
lutely used, it has an ill sense, but relatively it is neutral.

O’BSTINATELY, adv. [of obstinate] resolutely, wilfully, stub­
bornly.

OBSTIPA’TION [obstipatio, from obstipo, Lat.] the act of stopping
up chinks or any passage.

OBSTRE’PEROUS, adj. [obstreperus, Lat.] making a loud noise, full
of noise and din, turbulent, as a noise made by a brawling woman.
Dryden.

OBSTRE’PEROUSLY, adv. [of obstreperous] in an obstreperous man­
ner, noisily.

OBSTRE’PEROUSNESS [of obstreperous] turbulence, noisiness, baw­
ling faculty or quality.

OBSTRI’CTION [obstrictum, sup. of obstringo, Lat.] obligation, bond.
Milton.

To OBSTRU’CT, verb. act. [obstructum, sup. of obstruo, from ob, and
struo, Lat. to build; to stop or shut up, properly by building against
any thing] 1. To stop or shut up, to hinder, to be in the way of.
Arbuthnot. 2. To oppose, to retard.

OBSTRU’CTER [of obstruct] one that obstructs, hinders or opposes.

OBSTRU’CTION, Fr. [of obstructio, Lat.] 1. A stoppage, a hin­
drance, difficulty in general. 2. Obstacle, impediment, that which
hinders. 3. [In medicine] a shutting up the passages in a human bo­
dy, so as to prevent the flowing of any fluid through it.

OBSTRU’CTIVE, adj. [obstructif, Fr. of obstructus, Lat.] apt to stop
up or cause a stoppage, hindering, causing impediment. How noxious
and obstructive this doctrine is to the superstructing all good life. Ham­
mond.

OBSTRU’CTIVE, subst. impediment, obstacle. The second obstruc­
tive is that of the fiduciary. Hammond.

OBSTRU’CTIVENESS [of obstructive] impeding, obstructing or hin­
dering quality.

O’BSTRUENT, adj. [obstruens, Lat.] hindering, blocking up.

OBSTRUE’NTIA, Lat. [with physicians] medicines, &c. of a stop­
ping quality.

OBSTUPEFA’CTION [from obstupefacio, Lat.] the act of stupifying,
astonishing or abashing, interruption of the mental powers.

OBSTUPEFA’CTIVE, adj. [from obstupefacio, Lat.] stupifying, ob­
structing the intellectual powers. Abbot.


OBT

To OBTAI’N, verb act. [obtenir, Fr. ottenere, It. obtenèr, Sp. of ob­
tineo, Lat.] 1. To get, gain or have, to procure. 2. To impetiate,
to gain by the concession or excited kindness of another.

To OBTAIN, verb neut. 1. To succeed in the petition, demand or
pursuit of a thing, to prevail. 2. To continue in use. 3. To be
established.








OBTA INABLE [of obtain] that may be obtained or procured. Ar­
buthnot.

OBTAI’NER [of obtain] one who obtains.

To OBTE’MPERATE, verb act. [obtemperer, Fr. obtempero, Lat.]
to obey.

To OBTE’ND, verb act. [obtendo, Lat.] 1. To oppose, to hold out
in opposition. 2. To offer as the reason of any thing to pretend.
Dryden.

OBTENEBRA’TION [from ob and tenebrœ, Lat. darkness] the act of
making dark, the state of being darkened, darkness. Bacon.

OBTE’NSION [from obtensum, sup. of obtendo, Lat.] the act of ob­
tending. Dryden.

OBTESTA’TION [obtestatio, from obtestor, Lat.] earnest or pressing
request, supplication.

OBTRECTA’TION [obtrectatio, from obtrecto, Lat.] the act of back­
biting or slander; slander, detraction.

To OBTRU’DE, verb act. [obtrudo, Lat.] to thrust into any place
or state by imposture or force, to offer with unreasonable impor­
tunity.

OBTRU’DER [of obtrude] one that obtrudes.

OBTRU’SION [from obtrusum, sup. of obtrudo, from ob and trudo,
Lat. to thrust] the act of thrusting or forcing in or upon.

OBTRU’SIVE, adj. [of obtrude] inclined to force one's self, or any
thing else upon others.

To OBTU’ND, verb act. [obtundo, Lat.] to blunt, to dull, to quell,
to deaden. Harvey.

OBTURA’TION [obturatio, Lat.] the act of stopping or shutting up
close with something smeared over it.

OBTURBA’TOR Exturnus [in anatomy] a muscle which turns the
thigh outwards; it arises from the external parts of the os isobium and
pubis, and is inserted into the root of the great trochanter of the thigh­
bone.

OBTURBA’TION [from obturbatio, of obturbatum, sup. of obturbo,
from ob and turbo, to disturb] the act of troubling or disturbing.

OBTUSA’NGULAR, adj. [of obtuse and angle; with geometricians]
having an obtuse angle, having angles larger than right angles.

OBTU’SE [ottuso, It. obtuso, Sp. obtusus. Lat.] 1. Blunt, having a
dull point or edge, not pointed. 2. Heavy or dull witted, stupid, not
quick. Milton. 3. Not shrill, obscure; as, an obtuse sound.

OBTUSE Angle [in trigonometry] any angle which is greater than a
right one, or that consists of more than 90 degrees.

OBTUSE angled Triangle [in trigonometry] such a triangle as hath
one obtuse angle.

OBTU’SELY, adv. [of obtuse] 1. Without a point. 2. Dully,
stupidly.

OBTU’SENESS [of obtuse] 1. Blunted, dulness of edge. 2. Stu­
pidity, dulness of wit.

OBTU’SION [of obtuse] 1. The act of dulling. 2. The state of be­
ing dulled.

OBVALLA’TION [obvallatio, from ob and vallum, Lat.] the act of
encompassing with a trench.

OBVE’NTION [obventum, sup. of obvenio, from ob and venio, Lat.
to come] something happening, not constantly and regularly, but
uncertainly, in idental advantage; as offerings, rents, or revenues,
properly of spiritual livings.

To OBVE’RT, verb act. [obverto, Lat.] to turn towards. Boyle.

To O’BVIATE, verb act. [obvier, Fr. Ouviare, It. Obvius, Lat.] to
prevent or hinder, to meet in the way,

O’BVIOUS, adj. [obvius, of ob, against, and via, a way, or visus,
Lat. the sight] 1. Meeting any thing, opposed in front to any thing.
Milton. 2. Open, exposed. Is obvious to dispute. Milton. 3. Easy
to be perceived or discovered, plain, evident. Dryden.

O’BVIOUSLY, adv. [of obvious] evidently, plainly.

O’BVIOUSNESS [of obvious] state of being evident or apparent,
easiness to be perceived or discovered.

To OBU’MBRATE, verb act. [from obumbratum, sup. of obumbro,
from ob and umbra, Lat. a shadow] to shade, to cloud. Howel.

OBU’MBRATED, part. adj. [obumbratus, Lat.] overshadowed, clou­
ded.

OBUMBRA’TION [obbumbrazione, It. of obumbratio, Lat.] the act of
overshadowing, clouding or darkening.


OCC

OCCA’SIO [among the Romans] the goddess of time, who is re­
presented stark naked, with a long lock of hair upon her forehead,
and bald behind; and also standing on a wheel, with wings on her
feet, and is said to turn herself very swiftly round; by which is inti­
mated, that we should lay hold of the present opportunity.

OCCA’SION, Fr. [occasione, It. ocasión, Sp. of occasio, Lat.] 1. Occur­
rence, incident, casualty. 2. Opportunity, season, convenience or
fit time to do any thing. 3. Accidental cause. 4. Reason, not co­
gent but opportune. 5. Incidental need, casual exigency.

To OCCA’SION, verb act. [occasioner, Fr. occasionàr, Sp.] 1. To
cause casually. 2. To cause, to produce. 3. To influence.

OCCA’SIONAL, adj. [occasionel, Fr.] 1. Pertaining to occasion, casual,
incidental. 2. Producing by accident. The ground, or occasional
original. Brown. 3. Producing by occasion, or incidental exigence.
Nor first intended but occasional. Dryden.

OCCA’SIONALLY, adv. [of occasional] casually, upon occasion, in­
cidentally.

OCCA’SIONER [of occasion] one that causes or produces by accident.
Sanderson.

OCCECA’TION [occæcatum, sup. of occæco, from ob and cæcus, Lat.]
blind. Sanderson.

O’CCIDENT, subst. [Fr. occidente, It. of occidens, Lat.] the west, Shake­
speare.

OCCIDE’NTAL, adj. [Fr. occidentale, It. of occidentalis, Lat.] belong­
ing to the west, western. Howel.

OCCIDENTAL [with astronomers] a planet is said to be occidental,
when it sets in the evening after the sun.

OCCI’DUOUS, adj. [occideus, Lat.] western.

OCCI’PITAL, adj. [occipitalis, Lat.] pertaining to, or placed in the
hinder part of the head.

OCCIPITA’LIS, Lat. [in anatomy] a short, but broad, fleshy muscle,
placed on the occiput, which with its partner serves to pull the hairy
scalp backwards.

OCCI’PITO Frontalis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the skin of the
occiput and os frontalis.

OCCI’PITIS Os, Lat. [with anatomists] a bone of the skull lying in
the hinder part of the head, which is in shape something like a lo­
zenge, with its lower angle turned upwards.

O’CCIPUT, subst. Lat. the hinder part of the head. Hudibras.

OCCI’SION [occisio, Lat. from occisum, sup. of occido, from ob and cædo,
Lat. to slay] the act of killing.

To OCCLU’DE, verb act. [occludio, Lat.] to shut up. Brown.

OCCLU’SE, adj. [occlusus, Lat.] closed, shut up.

OCCLU’SION [occlusio, Lat.] the act of shutting against, or out.

OCCU’LT [occulte, Fr. occulto, It. oculto, Sp. of occultus, Lat.] hid­
den, secret, unknown, undiscoverable.

OCCULT [with geometricians] used of a line that is scarce perceiv­
able, drawn with the point of the compass, &c.

OCCULT Qualities [with ancient philosopers] a term commonly used
as an asylum for their ignorance; who, when they could give no ac­
count of a phænomenon, were wont to attribute it to some occult qua­
lity. See MYSTERY.

OCCULTA’TION [occultatio, Lat.] the act of hiding or concealing.

OCCULTATION [with astronomers] is the time a star or planet is
hidden from our sight in an eclipse, by the interposition of the body
of the moon or some other planet between it and us.

OCCU’LTNESS [of occult] hiddenness, concealedness.

O’CCUPANCY [of occupans, Lat.] the act of taking possession of mov­
ables; some are things natural, others things artificial. Warburton.

O’CCUPANT, subst. [occupans, Lat.] an occupier or possessor of any
thing. Bacon.

OCCUPANT [in common law] when a man makes a lease to an­
other for the term of the life of a third person; the lessee dying, he
who first enters shall hold the land as occupant, during the life of the
third person.

To O’CCUPATE, verb act. [occupatum, sup. of occupo, Lat. to occu­
py] to possess, to hold, to take up. Bacon.

OCCUPA’TION, Fr. [occupazione, It. occupaciòn, Sp. of occupatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of taking possession Bacon. 2. Employment, business.
Woodward. 3. Calling, vocation, trade.

OCCUPATION [in the sense of the law] is the putting a man out of
his possession in a time of war.

OCCUPA’TIVE, adj. [occupativus, Lat.] used, possessed, employed.

O’CCUPIER [of occupy] 1. A possessor, one who takes into his pos­
session. 2. One who follows any employment.

O’CCUPIERS of Walling, officers of the salt-works in Cheshire,
chosen annually to see right done between lord and tenant and all
persons concerned.

To O’CCUPY, verb act. [occupàr, Sp. occupare, It. occuper, Fr. oc­
cupo, Lat.] 1. To fill or take up a space; to keep, to possess. Bentley.
2. To busy, to employ. Occupied in prophesies. Ecclesiasticus. 3. To
follow as business. To Occupied thy merchandise. Ezekiel. 4. To use,
to expend. The gold occupied for the work was twenty and nine ta­
lents. Exodus.

To O’CCUPY, verb neut. to follow business, to deal, to trade.

O’CCUPYING, part. of occupy [occupans, Lat.] filling or taking up
a space; being in possession of, employing.

To OCCU’R, verb neut. [occurrìr, Sp. occurrere, It. occurro, from ob
and curro, Lat. to run] 1. To meet, to come in the way, to clash, to
strike against. Bentley. 2. To be offered or presented to the memory
or attention. 3. To appear here and there. 4. To obviate, to make
opposition to. A Latinism, occurrere periculo. Bentley.

OCCU’RRENCE, Fr. [occorrenze, It. of occurrentia, Lat. this was per­
haps originally occurrent] 1. Incident, casual adventure or event, con­
juncture of affairs. 2. Occasional presentation. Watts.

OCCU’RRENT, or OCCURRING, part. of occur [occurens, Lat.]
meeting, coming in the way, offering or presenting itself. See To
OCCUR.

OCCU’RRENT, subst. [occurent, Fr. occurrens, Lat.] incident, any
thing that happens. Hooker.

OCCU’RSION [occursum, sup. of occurro, Lat.] clash, mutual blow.
Glanville.

O’CEAN [l'ocean, Fr. l'oceano, It. oceano, Sp. oceanus, Lat. of ωχεανος,
Gr.] 1. That vast collection of waters, or the main or great sea which
surrounds the whole globe of the earth. 2. Any immense expanse.
Locke.

Atlantic OCEAN [with geographers] lies between Europe and Afri­
ca on the west, and America on the east.

Hyperborean OCEAN [in geography] encompasses the land which is
situated towards the north pole.

Pacific OCEAN [in geography] lies between the west side of Ame­
rica and Asia.

South OCEAN [in geography] encloses Magellanica, and the con­
tinent towards the south pole.

OCEAN, adj. [this is not usual, tho' conformable to the original im­
port of the word] pertaining to the main or great sea. Ocean wave.
Milton.

OCEA’NIC, adj. [of ocean] pertaining to the ocean.

OCEA’NUS, adj. pertaining to the ocean.

OCEA’NUS, subst. the god of the sea

OCE’LLATED, adj. [ocellatus, Lat.] resembling the eye. Derham.


OCH

OCHE’MA [οχημα, Gr. a vehicle] a liquor or vehicle wherewith
medicines are mingled and conveyed.

OCHLO’CRACY [οχλοχρατεια, of οχλος, the multitude, and χρατος,
Gr. power] a government, wherein the multitude or common people
bear the sway.

OCHLOCRA’TIA [of οχλος, a multitude, and χρατος, Gr. power]
a form of government, wherein the populace has the sole power and
administration.

O’CHRE [ochre, ocre, Fr. ωχρα, Gr.] the earth distinguished by the
name of ochres, are those which have rough or naturally dusty surfaces,
but slightly coherent in their texture, and which are composed of fine
and soft argillaceous particles and are readily diffusible in water.
They are of various colours; as red, yellow, blue, green, black.
The yellow sorts are called ochres of iron, and the blue, ochres of cop­
per. Hill.

O’CHREOUS, adj. [of ochre] consisting of ochre. Woodward.








O’CHREY, adj. [of ochre] partaking of ochre. Woodward.

O’CHIMY, or O’CKAMY [formed by corruption from alchimy] a
mixed base metal.

OCHTHO’DES [with surgeons] ulcers, whose sides are brawny, or
of the nature of warts. CASTELL RENOVAT. more justly represents
it to be a Greek adjective, and which answers, and as such applied to
ulcers which are hard and over-tumid. He adds, that the word
[οχθος] from whence it is derived, signifies “a callous tumor.”

OCTAE’DRON [οχταεδπος, Gr.] one of the five regular bodies, con­
sisting of eight faces, or eight regular triangles.

O’CTAGON [οχταγωνον, of οχτω and γωνια, Gr.] a figure consisting
of eight angles and sides: and this, when all the sides and angles are
equal, is called a regular octagon, which may be inscribed in a circle:
such is that fair and sumptuous pile, now lately raised for divine wor­
ship by the presbyterian congregation in the city of Norwich, at their
own expence; and which was opened, if I'm informed aright, on the
12th day of the present month [May] A. C. 1756.

OCTA’GONAL, adj. [of actagon] having eight angles and sides.

OCTAE’TERIDES [οχταετηρις, Gr. in chronology] the space or du­
ration of eight years.

OCTA’NGULAR, adj. [ottangulare, It. of octangulus, of acto, eight,
and angulus, Lat. corner] having eight angles.

O’CTANT, adj. or O’CTILE [with astronomers] is when a planet is
in such an aspect or position, with respect to another, that their places
are only distant an 8th part of a circle, or 45 degrees.

OCTA’PLA, Lat. [of οχταπλασιος, Gr. eight-sold] a kind of poly­
glot bibel, consisting of eight columns.

OCTA’STYLE [οχταςυλος, Gr.] a building with eight pillars in the
front. See OCTOSTYLE.

O’CTATEUCH [οχτατευχος, Gr.] the eight first books of the Old
Testament, from Genesis to the end of Judges.

OCTA’VE, Fr. [ottavo, It. octava, Sp. of octavus, Lat.] 1. The,
eighth day after some peculiar festivals. 2. [In musick] an eighth
or an interval of eight sounds. 3. Eight days together after a festival.
Ainsworth.

OCTA’VO [i. e. in eight] a book is said to be in actavo, when a
sheet is folded into eight leaves.

OCTE’NNIAL, adj. [ottenio, It. octennalis, Lat. of octo, eight, and
annalis, Lat. of a year] containing the space of eight years, lasting
eight years; also happening or done every eighth year.

OCTO’BER [octobre, Fr. ottobre, It. otubre, Sp. outubro, Port. october,
of octo, Lat. eight] is with us the tenth month in the year; but was
so called from being the eighth among the Romans, beginning the year
with March.

OCTOE’DRICAL, adj. having eight sides.

OCTOGE’NARY, adj. [octogenarius, Lat.] of eight years of age.

O’CTONARY, adj. [octonarius, Lat.] pertaining to the number
eight.

OCTONO’CULAR, adj. [octo, eight, and oculus, Lat. eye] having
eight eyes. Derham.

OCTOPE’TALOUS, adj. [of octo, Lat. and πεταλον, Gr. a flower leaf]
having eight flower leaves.

OCTO’STYLE [οχτοστυλος, of οχτω, eight, and στυλος, Gr. pillar] in the
ancient architecture the face of a building, or ordonnance, containing
eight columns.

O’CULAR, adj. [oculaire, Fr. oculare, It. oculàr, Sp. ocularis, from
oculus, Lat. the eye] pertaining to the eyes or sight, depending on
the eye, known by the eye. An ocular, example, Brown.

OCULAR Demonstration, is that evidence which we have of any
thing, by seeing it done or performed with our own eyes.

O’CULATE, adj. [oculatus, of oculus, Lat. the eye] having eyes,
knowing by the eye.

O’CULIST [oculiste, Fr. oculista, It. and Sp.] one skilled, or who
professes to cure diseases of the eyes.

O’CULUS, the eye, the outward organ of sight. See EYE.

OCULUS Beli, Lat. a precious stone that is half transparent, the
ground white and black in the midst, having an iris or circle, so that
it represents an eye very exactly. The oculus beli of the modern jew­
ellers, and probably of Pliny, is only an accidental variety of the
agat kind, having a gray horny ground with circular delineations, and
a spot in the middle of them, something resembling the fight of the
eye; whence the stone had its name. Woodward.

OCULUS Cati [i. e. cat's eye] a sort of precious stone of two co­
lours, milk white and dark brown, separated as it were in the middle.

OCULUS Christi, Lat. [i. e. the eye of Christ] the herb otherwise
called wild clary.

OCULUS Mundi [i. e. the eye of the world] a precious stone which
being put into cold water, changes its white colour to yellow, and be­
comes almost transparent, but when taken out again returns to its
former state.

OCYMA’STRUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb water betony.

OCYPE’TE [ωχυπετης of ωχυς, swift, and πετομαι, Gr. i. e. I fly
swiftly] the name of one of the harpies.

O’DA Bassa, an officer of the grand signior, who is one of the
heads of the Agiamoglans.


ODD

ODD, adj. [udda, Swed.] 1. Uneven in number, not divisible into
equal parts. Brown. 2. More than a round number, indefinitely ex­
ceeding any number specified. Davies. 3. Particular, uncouth, ex­
traordinary, not like others, not to be numbered among any class;
in a sense of dislike or contempt. So odd a phenomenon. Newton. 4.
Not noted, not taken into the common account, unheeded. There are
yet missing some few odd lads. Shakespeare. 5. Unaccountable, fan­
tastical, strange. Patients have sometimes coveted odd things. Ar­
buthnot. 6. Particular, uncommon. The odd man to perform all
three perfectly. Ascham. 7. Unlucky. On some odd time of his in­
firmity. Shakespeare. 8. Unlikely, in appearance improper. A very
odd book for a man to make himself master of. Addison.

O’DDLY, adv. [of odd; this word, and oddness, should, I think, be
written with one d, but the writers almost all combine against it. John­
son.] 1. Not evenly, 2. In an odd, singular, or strange manner,
strangely, uncouthly. Locke.

O’DDNESS [of odd] singularity, strangeness.

ODDNESS, unevenness in number; also singularity or unusualness
in manner or form, strangeness, uncouthness. Dryden.

ODDS, subst. [of odd] 1. Unequality, excess of either, compared
with the other. Between these two cases there are great odds. Hooker.
2. More than an even wager. There appeared at least four to one
odds against them. Swist. 3. Advantage, superiority. 4. Quarrel,
debate, dispute. That sets us all at odds. Shakespeare.

ODDS, difference, disparity, advantage.

O’DE, Fr. [oda, It. and Lat. ωδη, Gr.] a poem written to be sung
to music, a lyric poem; the ode is either of the greater or less kind.
The less is characterised by sweetness and ease, the greater by subli­
mity, rapture, and quickness of transition. The ode is a more so­
norous and busy piece of poetry than pastoral; the tone of it is high,
the sentiments bordering on enthusiasm, the numbers various, as oc­
casion requires; and harmony and dignity are essential in every thing
which relates to the ode. The ode is not always consined to what is
great and sublime, it descends sometimes to gallantry and pleasure.
These are commonly called anacreontics, and in English are generally
confined to seven syllables, or eight at most; but the seven feet mea­
sure is the softest.

O’DELET [diminutive of ode] a little sort of ode.

O’DIOUS [odieux, Fr. odioso, It. Sp. and Port. odiosus, Lat.] 1. Hate­
ful, heinous, destable, abominable. 2. Exposed to hate. Causing
hate, invidious. And utter odious truth. Milton.

O’DIOUSLY, adv. [of odious] 1. Hatefully, abominably. Milton.
2. Invidiously, so as to cause hate. Even where you would odiously
lay it. Dryden.

O’DIOUSNESS [of odious] 1. Hatefulness, abominableness. Wake.
2. The state of being hated. Sidney.

O’DIUM, Lat. invidiousness, quality of provoking, hatred.

ODONTA’GRA, Lat. [οδονταγπα, of οδους, a tooth, and αγω, Gr. to
draw] an instrument for drawing teeth.

ODONTOI’DES, Lat. [οδοντοειδης, Gr.] an apophysis, a bone in the
middle of the second vertebra, shaped like a tooth. Its shape explains
its ETYMOLOGY.

ODONTOLI’THOS, Lat. [of οδους, a tooth, and λιθος, Gr. a stone] a
stony concretion that grows upon teeth.

O’DOR, Lat. an odour, a scent.

ODO’RATE, adj. [odoratus, Lat.] scented, having a strong scent, whe­
ther stinking or fragrant. Bacon.

ODORI’FEROUS, adj. [odorifero, It. and Sp. of odoriferus, Lat.] gi­
ving scent, usually yielding odours and perfumes, sweet scented, per­
fumed.

O’DOROUS, adj. [odorus, Lat.] having a sweet scent or smell, per­
fumed. Cheyne.

O’DOUR [odeur, Fr. odore, It. of odor, Lat.] 1. Scent, whether
good or bad. He kept himself alive with the odour. Bacon. 2. Fra­
grance, perfume, agreeable effluvia, which are emitted by many bo­
dies, which are called odorous, and which incite in us the sense of
smelling. Addison.

ODOURS, plur. [of odour; odoros, Lat.] scents or smell, any sweet
perfumes.

O’DYSSE, or O’DYSSEY [οδυσσεια, Gr.] an epic poem of Homer's,
wherein he relates the adventures that befel Ulysses, in his return from
the siege of Troy.

OE. This combination of vowels does not properly belong to our
language, nor is ever found but in words derived from the Greek, and
not yet wholly conformed to our manner of writing: oe has in such
words the sound of e. Johnson.

OECONO’MICA, Lat. [οιχονομιχη, Gr.] a part of moral philosophy,
which treats concerning the management of the passions.

OECONO’MIC, or OECONO’MICAL, adj. [oeconomique, Fr. oeconomo,
It. oeconomicus, Lat. of οιχονομιχος, Gr.] pertaining to oeconomy, or
the management of a family.

OECO’NOMICS, subst. the same as oeconomica; also management of
houshold affairs.

OECO’NOMIST [οιχονομος, Gr.] a manager, a steward or dispenser of
houshold affairs.

OECO’NOMY [oeconomie, Fr. oconomia, It. οιχονομια, of οιχος, an
house, and νεμω, Gr. to distribute] the management of a family; also frugality, good husbandry, good order, disposition, method, contri­
vance, constitution, harmony.

OECONOMY [with architects] that method that has regard to the
expences and the quality of the materials, and shews how to take right
measures, in order to give the building a convenient form and big­
ness.

Animal OECONOMY, the first branch of the theory of physic, or
that which explains the parts of a human body, their structure and use;
the nature and causes of life and health, and the effect or phænome­
na arising from them.

Christian OECONOMY, the evangelical dispensation opposed to the
legal one, and comprehends all that relates to the covenant of grace
that God has made with men through Jesus Christ.

Legal OECONOMY, or Jewish OECONOMY, the legal dispensation or
manner, in which God was pleased to guide and govern the people of
the Jews under Moses's administration; including not only the politi­
cal and ceremonial laws, but also the moral law.

OECUME’NICAL, adj. [oecumenique, Fr. oecumenico, It. of οιχουμενιχος,
of οιχουμενη, Gr. the habitable earth] pertaining to the whole world,
universal. See COUNCILS, CREED, &c.

O’EDEMA [οιδημα, from οιδαω, Gr. to swell] any tumor or swelling;
but more especially a white, soft swelling without pain, and that easily
yields to the touch, proceeding from phlegmatic matter, such as hap­
pen to hydropic constitutions.

OEDE’MATOUS, pertaining to, or having the nature of an oedema.

OE’ILIAD, subst. [oeil, Fr.] glance, wink, token of the eye.

OENA’NTHE [οινανθη, Gr.] the herb water drop-wort.

O’ER, contracted from OVER. See OVER.


OES

OESOPHA’GÆUS, Lat. [οισοφαγαιος, Gr.] the spincter gulæ; a
continuation of the muscle called pterigopharingæus, arising on each
side the scutiform cartilage, and like it passes to a middle line on the
back part of the fauces.

OESOPHA’GUS [οισοφαγος, from οισος, wicker, from some similitude
in the structure of this part to the contexture of that, and φαγω, Gr.
to eat] the gullet, or a long, round and large canal or membranous
pipe, whereby our food and drink is conveyed to the stomach; it de­
scends from the mouth to the stomach, between the aspera arteria, or
windpipe, and the vertebræ of the neck and back, to the fifth joint of







the back, where it turns a little to the right, and gives way to the
descending artery; and both run by one another, till at the ninth the
oesophagus turns again to the left, pierces the midriff, and is conti­
nued to the left orifice of the stomach. Quincy.

OEUFS, Fr. [in architecture] the ovals or ornaments of pillars.


OFF

OF, prep. [of, Sax. af, Dan. and Su.] 1. Relating to. 2. Among.
He is the only person of all others. Dryden. 3. It is put before the
substantive that follows another in construction. A greater plenty of
money. Locke. 4. It is put after comparative and superlative adjec­
tives. The most renowned of all. Abbot. 5. From. A blow whose
violence grew of fury. Sidney. 6. Out of. All that's left of him.
Dryden. 7. By. This sense was once very frequent, but is now
obsolete. I was friendly entertained of the English consul. Sandys.
8. According to. They do of right belong to you Tillotson. 9.
Noting power, ability, choice or spontaneity; with the reciprocal
pronoun. Some soils put forth odorate herbs of themselves. Bacon.
10. Noting property or quality. A man of a decayed fortune. Cla­
rendon. 11. Noting extraction. A man of an antient family. Cla­
rendon. 12. Noting adherence, pertaining or belonging to. A
wealthy Hebrew of my tribe. Shakespeare. 13. Noting the matter
of any thing. The chariot was all of cedar. Bacon. 14. Noting
the motive. It was not of my own choice. Dryden. 15. Noting
form or manner of existence. As if our Lord, even of purpose to
prevent this fancy of extemporal and voluntary prayers, had not left
of his own framing one. Hooker. 16. Noting something that has
some particular quality. Never had any such a friend as I have of
this swallow. L'Estrange. 17. Noting faculties of power granted. If
any man minister, let him do it as of the ability which God giveth.
1 Peter. 19. Noting change from one state to another. O miserable
of happy! Milton. 20. Noting causality. Beneficence and candor
is the product of right reason, which of necessity will give allowance
to the failures of others. Dryden. 22. Noting proportion. How
many are there of an hundred? Locke, 2z. Noting kind or species.
To cultivate the advantages of success, is an affair of the cabinet.
Bacon. 23. It is put before an indefinite expression of time; as of
late. Boyle; that is, in late times.
Above all, that signification of the word [OF] should not be over­
looked, as it implies a primary cause, in contradistinction to others that
are employed under it. Thus it is applied to Christ, considered as
constituted the HEAD of his church, “From [or OF] whom the whole
body. &c.” Ephes. c. iv. v. 16. and 15, compared. And thus also it is
applied to the ABSOLUTELY SUPREME FATHER, as contradistinguished
from Christ himself. 1 Cor. c. viii. v. 6. As to the judgment of St.

ATHANASIUS, and all antiquity on this head, see MEDIATE Agency,
and FIRST CAUSE, compared.

OF [in the English] is generally the sign of the genitive case.

OFF, prep. [af, Du. Dan. and Su. af. Ger. and Lat.] implying
distance, removal, riddance, delay, inconstancy, &c. but its sense is
most generally explained from.

OFF, adv. [af, Du.] 1. Of this adverb, the chief use is to conjoin
it with verbs; as, to come off, to fly off, to take off; see the verbs.
2. It is generally opposed to on; as, to lay on, to take off. In this
sense it signifies disunion, separation, breach of continuity. Half the
silver clipt off. Locke. 3. It denotes distance. West of this forest,
scarcely off a mile. Shakespeare. 4. [In painting or statuary] it sig­
nifies relief or projection. This piece comes off well and excellent.
Shakespeare. 5. It signifies evanescence, absence or departure. Com­
petitions intermit and go off and on. L'Estrange. 6. It signifies any
sort of difappointment, defeat, interruption, adverse diversion; as,
the affair is off, the match is off. 7. In favour. The questions no
way touch upon puritanism either off or on. Sanderson. 8. From,
not toward. That neither she could look on, nor would look off.
Sidney. 9. Off-hand; not studied. Several starts of fancy off-hand.
L'Estrange.

OFF, interj. an expression of abhorrence or command to depart;
commonly used in theatres, when the audience are disgusted with some
play or actor. Off, or I fly for ever from thy sight. Smith.

OFF Setts [with gardeners] young shoots which grow from roots
that are round and tuberous, or bulbous.

OFF Ward [a sea term] used of a ship, when being a ground by
the shore, she inclines to the side towards the water, which is said
to incline to the off-ward.

O’FFA Alba [in chymistry] the white coagulum, arising from a
mixture of the rectified spirit of wine, with spirit of urine.

O’FFAL, subst. [prob. q. d. off-falls, says Skinner, that which falls
from thc table; perhaps from offa, Lat. Johnson] 1. Fragments of
meat, that which is not eaten at the table. 2. Carrion, coarse flesh,
garbage. Milton. 3. Refuse, that which is thrown away as of no
value. Mortimer. 4. Any thing of no esteem. What trash is Rome?
what rubbish and what offal? Shakespeare.

OFFE’NCE [offense, Fr. offesa, It. ofensa, Sp. offensa, of offendo,
Lat. to offend] 1. Transgression. 2. Crime, act of wickedness, tres­
pass, sin, fault, injury, wrong. 3. Affront or abuse, scandal. 4. Dis­
pleasure given, cause of disgust. 5. Anger, displeasure conceived.
6. Attack, act of the assailant.

OFFE’NCEFUL, adj. [of offence and full] injurious, giving displea­
sure. Shakespeare.

OFFE’NCELESS, adj. [of offence] unoffending, innocent. Shakespeare.

To OFFE’ND, verb act. [offenser, Fr. ofender, Sp. of offendere, It.
offendo, Lat.] 1. To displease, to affront, to make angry. 2. To assail,
to attack. 3. To transgress, to violate. 4. To injure, to annoy.

To OFFE’ND, verb neut. 1. To be criminal, to transgress the law,
to sin against. 2. To cause anger. 3. To commit a transgression or
fault.

OFFE’NDER [of offend] 1. One who offends, a criminal, a trans­
gressor, a guilty person. 2. One who has done an injury or wrong.

OFFE’NDRESS [of offender] a woman that offends. Shakespeare.

OFFE’NSIVE, adj. [offensif, Fr. offensivo, It. ofénsivo, Sp. offensus,
Lat.] 1. Displeasing, disgusting, causing anger. 2. Causing pain,
injurious, hurtful. 3. Fit to annoy or attack an enemy, assailant;
not defensive.

OFFE’NSIVELY, adv. [of offensive] 1. Mischievously, injuriously.
2. So as to cause uneasiness or displeasure. Boyle. 3. By way of at­
tack, not defensively, displeasingly, abusively, injuriously, &c.

OFFE’NSIVENESS [of offensive] 1. Mischief, injuriousness, dis­
pleasingness. 2. Cause of disgust or displeasure. Grew.

O’FFER [offré, Fr. offerta, It.] 1. Proffer, proposal of advantage
to another. 2. First advance. 3. Proposal made in general. 4. Price
bid, act of bidding a price. 5. Attempt, endeavour. 6. Something
given by way of acknowledgment. Let the tribute offer of my tears
procure your stay. Sidney.

To O’FFER [offrir, Fr. offrecèr, Sp. and Port. offerire, It. offero,
Lat. offran, Sax. offye, Dan. offeren, Du.] 1. To present, to prof­
fer, or tender to any one, to exhibit any thing, so as that it may be
taken or received. 2. To sacrifice, to present as an act of worship.
3. To bid as a price or reward. 4. To undertake, or take upon, to
attempt, to commence. 5. To propose, to advance, to lay down.

To OFFER, verb neut. 1. To be at hand, to be present, to present
itself. 2. To make an attempt.

O’FFERER [of offer] 1. One who makes an offer. 2. One who
sacrifices or dedicates in worship. South.

O’FFERING, subst. [offring, Dan. offring, Sax. offeringe, Du. op­
fer, and opferung, Ger. offrande, Fr. oférta, Sp.] sacrifice or oblation,
any thing immolated or offered in worship.

O’FFERTORY [offertoire, Fr. oférta, Sp. offertorium, Lat.] 1. The
thing offered, the act of offering. 2. The place where the offerings
were kept. 3. [Among the Romanists] a part of the popish mass, an
anthem sung or play'd on the organ, at the time the people are making
an offering.

O’FFERTURE, subst. [of offer] offer, proposal of kindness; obsolete.

O’FFICE, Fr. [officio, It. oficio, Sp. of officium, Lat.] 1. A public
employment or charge, that which is befitting, or that is to be ex­
pected from one. 2. Agency, particular use. The several inter­
vals of the teeth of the comb do the office of so many prisms. Newton.
3. Business, particular employment. 4. Act of good or ill volunta­
rily tendered, a good or ill turn. 5. Act of worship or devotion.

O’FFICE [with ecclesiastics] formulary of devotions, the divine ser­
vice, the creed, more especially, among the Romanists, part of the
mass book.

OFFICE [officina, Lat.] a place or apartment appointed for officers
to attend in, for the discharge of their respective employments or of­
fice, a place where several sorts of public business is done.

To OFFICE, verb act. [from the subst.] to perform, to discharge,
to do. Shakespeare.

O’FFICER [officinator, Lat. officier, Fr. officiale, It. oficial, Sp.] 1.
One who officiates in any office, a man employed by the public. 2.
A commmander in the army. 3. One who has the power of appre­
hending criminals and other delinquents.

Flag O’FFICERS, are admirals, vice-admirals and rear-admirals.

General OFFICERS [in an army] are such as command a body of
troops of several regiments, as the captain-general, lieutenant-general,
major-general, brigadier-general, quarter-master-general, and adju­
tant-general.

Field OFFICERS, are those who have the command over a whole
regiment, as the colonel, lieutenant colonel and major.

Subaltern OFFICERS, lieutenants, cornets, ensigns, serjeants, cor­
porals.

Staff OFFICERS [in the army] those that have not the king's com­
mission; but are appointed by the colonels and captains; as quarter­
master, serjeants, corporals, &c.

Staff OFFICERS [at court] are such as bear a white staff in the
king's presence, and at other times, going abroad, have a white staff
borne before them, by a footman bareheaded, as lord steward, lord
chamberlain, lord treasurer.

O’FFICERED, adj. [of officer] commanded, supplied with comman­
ders. Addison.

O’FFICERS [with architects] all those lodges and apartments serving
for the necessary services and occasions of a palace or great house.

OFFI’CIAL, adj. [official, Fr.] 1. Conducive, appropriate with re­
gard to use. Brown. 2. Pertaining to any public charge or employ­
ment. Shakespeare.

OFFI’CIAL, subst. Fr. [offiziale, It. officialis, Lat.] the minister or
apparitor of a judge of the civil law.

OFFICIAL [in the canon law] the person to whom the cognizance
of causes is committed by such as have ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Ayliffe.

OFFICIA’LTY [officialté, Fr.] the court or jurisdiction, whereof the
official is head; also the charge or post of an official. Ayliffe.

To OFFI’CIATE, verb act. [officier, Fr. officiare, It.] to give in con­
sequence of office. Milton.

To OFFICIATE, verb neut. 1. To do the duty pertaining to ones
office, to discharge an office, commonly in worship. Sanderson. 2.
To perform an office for another.

OFFI’CINAL, adj [of officina, Lat. a shop] pertaining to a shop, or
used in a shop. Thus officinal plants and drugs are those used in the
shops.

OFFICINAL [in pharmacy] a term used of such medicines as the
college of physicians requires to be constantly kept in apothecaries shops,
ready to be made up in extemporaneous prescriptions.

OFFI’CIOUS [officieux, Fr. ufficioso, It. of officiosus, Lat.] 1. Kind,
ready to do good offices, serviceable, friendly, courteous, obliging.
Milton. 2. Over busy in other persons affairs, importunely forward,
pragmatical, basely fawning or cringing.

OFFI’CIOUSLY, adv. [of officious] 1. With importunate forward­
ness. 2. Courteously, obligingly, with unasked kindness. Let thy
goats officiously be nurst Dryden.

OFFI’CIOUSNESS [of officious] 1. Readiness to do good offices, obli­
gingness of temper, forwardness of civility, respect or endeavour;
commonly in an ill sense. South. 2. Service, usefulness. Service
and ministerial officiousness, as in the ox. Brown.

O’FFING, subst. [from off; a sea term] an open sea, at a good di­
stance from the shore, where there is deep water, and no need of a pi­
lot to conduct the ship into the port or harbour; also the middle part
of any great stream.

The Ship stands for the OFFING [a sea phrase] is said of a ship seen
from shore, sailing out to seaward.

OFF-SCOWRING, subst. [of off and scour; of of, Sax. and scheuren,
Ger.] part rubbed away in cleaning any thing, recrement, the refuse,
or good for nothing parts of any thing.








O’FF-SET, subst. [in horticulture] a sprout or young shoot, which
springs and grows from roots, that are round, tuberous, or bulbous.

OFF-SETS [in surveying] perpendiculars let fall and measured from
the stationary lines.

O’FFSPRING [of off and spring; of springe, Sax.] 1. Propaga­
tion, generation. Hooker. 2. That which proceeds from any person,
as children, descendants. 3. Production of any sort. Time on their
offspring hath no power. Denham.

To OFFU’SCATE, verb act. [offusquer, Fr. of offusco, Lat.] to dar­
ken, to hinder the sight of, to dim, to cloud.

O’FF-WARD [a sea term] signifies contrary to the shore.

OFFUSCA’TION [of offuscate] the act of diming or darkening.

OFT, or O’FTEN, adv. [oft, Sax. ofte, Dan. and Du. ofta, Su.
oft, Ger. comparative oftner, superlative oftenest] frequently, not
rarely, not seldom. In prisons more frequent, in death oft. 2 Corin­
thians.

O’FTEN-TIMES, adv. [of often and times; of oft and tima, Sax.
From the composition of this word it is reasonable to believe, that oft
was once an adjective, of which often was the plural: Which seems re­
tained in the phrase, thine often infirmities. Johnson] frequently, often.
Oftentimes so remote from the shore. Woodward. See OFTEN.

OFT-TIMES, adv. [of oft and times] frequently, often. Oft-times
before I hither did resort. Dryden.

OGDOA’STICH [of ο'γδοας, eight, and στιχος, Gr. a verse] an epi­
gram or stanza, consisting of eight verses.

OGE’E, or OGI’VE [ogive, Fr. with architects] a wreath, circle or
round band; a member of a moulding, that consists of a round and a
hollow. It is almost in the form of an S, and is the same with what
Vitruvius calls cima. Cima reversa is an ogee with the hollow down­
wards. Also an arch or branch of a Gothic vault, which instead of
being circular, passes diagonally from one angle to another, and forms
a cross between the other arches, which makes the sides of the square,
of which the arches are, diagonal.

To O’GLE, verb act. [ogh, Du. an eye, l'oeil, Fr. or oculus, Lat.
or rather of aeuglen, Ger. in the same signification] to view with side
glances, as in fondness; commonly used for to look at amorously, or
with a design not to be heeded. They need not be at pains to comment
upon oglings. Addison.

O’GLER [oogheler, Du.] a sly gazer, one who views by side glances.
Addison.

O’GLIO, Sp. subst. [from olla, Sp. ouille, Fr.] a dish, being a hash or
mixture of a great number of things, a medley, a hotchpotch. Such
an oglio or medley of various opinions. K. Charles.

OGRESSES. See PELLETS.

OH, interj. an exclamation denoting pain, sorrow, or surprize.

OIKO’SCOPY [οιχοσχοπια, of οιχος, an house, and σχοπεω, Gr. to
view] divination by accidents that happen at home.

OIL [oœl, ele, or æl, Sax. olie, Du. oel. Ger. huile, Fr. olio, It.
oleum, Lat.] 1. The juice of olives expressed. 2. Any fat, unctuous
thin matter. Lying under the nipple of the oilbag. Derham. See
OILBAG. 3. The juices of certain vegetables expressed or drawn by
the still without fermentation, or after the spirit is brought over.

OIL of Tartar, per deliquium [in chemistry] the fixed salt of tartar,
dissolved by exposing it to the air, in a cool, moist place.

OI’L-BAG, a vessel in birds, full of an unctuous substance, secreted
by one and sometimes by two glands, for that purpose, disposed a­
mong the feathers, which being prefled by the bill or head, emits an
oily matter for the dressing or pruning their feathers.

OIL of Vitriol [with chemists] the most fixt part of the spirit of vi­
triol, made caustic by a great degree and continuance of fire.

Philosophers OIL, a chemical preparation of pieces of brick heated
red hot, soaked in oil of olives, and distilled in a retort.

OIL Beetle, or OIL Clock, an insect, which sends forth a great quan­
tity of fat sweat.

To OIL, verb act. [from the subst.] to smear or lubricate with oil.

OIL-COLOUR [of oil and colour] colour made by grinding coloured
substances in oil.

OI’LET, OI’LET-Hole, or I’LET-Hole [of oeil or oeillet, Fr. an eye
or a little eye] an hole in a garment, into which a point is put.

O’ILINESS, an oily quality, unctuosity, greasiness. By reason of
their oiliness. Arbuthnot.

OI’LMAN [of oil and man] one who deals in oils and pickles.

OI’LSHOP [of oil and shop] a shop where oils and pickles are sold.

O’ILY [of oil] 1. Consisting of oil, containing oil, having an unctuous
quality. That viscous oily matter. Digby. 2. Fat, greasy in general.
This oily rascal. Shakespeare.

OI’LY-GRAIN, the name of a plant.

To OINT, verb act. [oint, Fr.] to anoint, to smear with something
greasy. Dryden.

OI’NTMENT [from oint; oignement, Fr. unguento, It. Sp. and Port.
of unguentum, Lat.] an unctuous composition to smear any thing, un­
guent.

OI’NOMANCY [οινομαντεια, of οινος, wine, and μαντεια, Gr. divina­
tion] divination by wine, when conjectures were made from the co­
lour, motion, noise, and other accidents of the wine of the libations.

OI’ONISM [οιωνισμα, of οιωνιζομαι, of οιωνος, Gr. a bird] omens or
divinations by birds.

OI’ONIST [οιωνιστης, Gr.] a diviner by birds, an augur.

OI’STER [oester, Du. oeter, L. Ger. auster, H. Ger. huitre, Fr.
ostrica, It. ostra, Sp. and Port. ostreum, Lat.] a shell-fish.

OKE [in Smyrna] a weight of three sorts, the lesser 13 ounces two
drams; the middle oke 1 pound, 11 ounces, 6 drams, and the greater
2 pound, 11 ounces, 13 drams English.

OKEHA’MPTON, or OKI’NGTON, a borough town of Devonshire, on
the river Oke, 193 miles from London. It sends two members to
parliament.

O’KINGHAM, or WO’RKINGHAM, a market town, partly in Berk­
shire and partly in Wiltshire, 33 miles from London.

O’KER [ocre, Fr. ocra, It. chra, Lat. ωχρα, Gr.] a mineral, a yel­
lowish colour. See OCHRE.

O’KAM, tow or flax to drive into the seams of ships. See OAKUM.


OLD

OLD, adj. [eald, ald or old, Sax. oudt, Du. old, L. Ger. alt, H.
Ger.] 1. Stricken in age, past the middle part of life, not young. 2.
Of long continuance, begun long ago. An old acquaintance. Camden.
3. Not new, stale, worn. Grapes that make better wine when it is
old. Bacon. 4. Ancient, not modern. The character of the old Li­
gurians. Addison. 5. Of any specified duration. And all above three
years old. Bacon. 6. Subsisting before something else. Not be so
convenient as the old. Swift. 7. Long practised. Her that was old
in adulteries. Ezekiel. 8. A word to signify, in burlesque language,
more than enough. Here will be old Utis; it will be an excellent stra­
tagem. Sidney. 9. Of old; long ago, from ancient times. Occasions
peculiar to the times of old. Hooker.
OLD young, OLD long.
Good advice to young men, how to spend their youth: but little re­
garded.
OLD friends and OLD wine are best.

OLD-FA’SHIONED, adj. [of old and fashion] formed according to ob­
solete custom. Dryden.

O’LDEN, adj. [of old; perhaps the Saxon plural. Johnson] ancient.
This word is now obsolete. Shakespeare.

O’LDNESS [of old; ealdnysse, Sax.] advancedness in age, old age,
antiqueness, not newness, staleness, state of being old or worn. Till
our oldness cannot relish them. Shakespeare.

O’LDER, compar. of old [of ealder, Sax.] more aged.

O’LDISH [ealdise, Sax.] something old.

OLEA’GINOUS [oleagineux, Fr. uliginoso, It. oleaginus, oleum, Lat.
oil] oily, pertaining to the nature of oil, unctuous, greasy. Ar­
buthnot.

OLEA’GINOUSNESS [of oleaginous] oiliness, oily quality. The olea­
ginousness of urinous spirits. Boyle.

OLEA’NDER, Lat. [oleandre, Fr. with botanists] the shrub called
rose-bay.

OLEA’STER, Lat. wild olive. A species of olive.

OLECRA’NIUM [ωλεχρανον, Gr.] the great process of the first bone of
the arm, called ulna.

OLE’NE, the cubit or great fossil-bone.

OLEO’SE, or O’LEOUS, adj. [oleosus, Lat.] 1. Oily. Some faline or
oleose particles. Arbuthnot. 2. Greasy like oil, or pertaining to oil.
The oleous parts of the chyle. Floyer.

O’LERON Laws, maritime laws, made at Oleron, an island of
France, when king Richard I was there.

To OLFA’CT, verb act. [olfactus, Lat.] to smell. A burlesque word.
Hudibras.

OLFA’CTORY, adj. [olfactoire, Fr. of olfactus, Lat. the smelling]
having or belonging to the sense of smelling.

OLFA’CTORY Nerves [in anatomy] those nerves which give the
sense of smelling. The olfactory nerves. Locke.

OLI’BANUM, Lat. [of ολιβανος, Gr.] male incense, a sweet scented
gum or resin, that runs in white or yellowish drops out of several
small trees at the foot of Mount Libanus, &c.

O’LID, or OLI’DOUS, adj. [olidus, Lat.] stinking, fœtid. Boyle.

OLI’DITY [oliditas, Lat.] a strong smell, rankness, stink.

OLIGA’RCHICAL [oligarchique, Fr. oligarchico, It.] pertaining to
oligarchy.

OLIGA’RCHY [oligarchie, Fr. oligarchia, It. and Lat. ολιγαρχια, of
ολιγος, few, and αρχη, Gr. dominion] a form of government, where
the supreme power is in the hands of a few persons, aristocracy.
Sidney.

OLIGOTRO’PHUS Cibus, Lat. [with physicians] i. e. meat that nou­
rishes but a little. See OLIGOTROPHY.

OLIGOTRO’PHY ολιγοτροφια, of ολιγος, little, and τροφη, Gr. food]
a decrease of nourishment, or a very small degree of nourishment.

O’LIO [olla, Sp. in cookery] a savoury dish of food, composed of a
great variety of ingredients; as meat, fowls, herbs, roots, &c. a
medley. See OGLIO.

OLI’STHEMA [of ολιθος, Gr. a falling out] a perfect luxation.

O’LITORY, subst. [olitorius hortus, Lat.] a kitchen garden, or gar­
den of herbs.

OLITORY, adj. [olitorius, Lat.] belonging to a kitchen garden.

OLIVA’RIA Corpora, Lat. [with anatomists] two knobs of the
under part of the brain, so called from their resembling an olive in
shape.

OLIVA’STER, Lat. a wild olive.

OLIVASTER, adj. [olivastre, Fr.] darkly brown, tawney. They
are tawney, olivaster and pale. Bacon.

O’LIVE, Fr [uliva, It. of oliva, Sp. olea, Lat.] 1. A plant producing
oil The emblem of peace. 2. The fruit.

OLIVE-TREE [hieroglyphically] represents fruitfulness, peace, con­
cord, obedience and meekness.

Garland of OLIVE, was by the Greeks given to those who came off
victorious at the Olympic games, observed in honour of Jupiter, at the
foot of Mount Olympus.

OLIVE Bit, a sort of bit for horses.

O’LIVER, the name of a man.
Give him a Rowland for his OLIVER.
This proverb in terminis is modern, and owes its rise to the cavaliers
in the time of the civil wars in England, who by way of rebuff gave
the antimonarchical party a general Monk for their Oliver Cromwell.

Gli OLY’MPICI, the title of the academics of Vicenza, in Italy.

OLY’MPIAD [olympiade, Fr. olimpiade, It. of olympias, Lat. ολυμπιας,
Gr.] the space of four years, whereby the Greeks reckoned their time;
it took its rise from the Olympic games, which commenced, as some
say, in the year 3174 of the creation; others 3208, and 776 before
Christ.

OLY’MPIC Games [olympique, Fr. olimpico, It. of olympias, Lat.]
were solemn games famous among the ancient Greeks; some say, in­
stituted by Pelops; others by Hercules, in honour of Jupiter Olym­
pius, by five kinds of exercises, viz. leaping, running, wrestling,
quoiting and whorlbats.

OLY’MPUS, a mountain in Thessaly, of so great a height, that it
seems to transcend the clouds, and was therefore frequently by the
poets feigned to be the seat of the gods; and is sometimes put for
heaven itself.

OLYMPIO’NICS [of ολυμπιας, olympiad, and νιχαω, to conquer] a
conqueror at the Olympic games.


OMA

OMA’GRA, Lat. [ωμαγρα, of ωμος, shoulder, and αγρα, Gr. capture]
the gout in the shoulder.








O’MBRE, Fr. and Span. [ombra, It.] a game at cards, play'd ge­
nerally by three; but also by two or five persons.

OMBRE de Croix, Fr. [in heraldry] i. e. the shadow of a cross; is
a cross represented of the colour of smoak, so as to be seen thro'.

OMBRE de Solelí, Fr. [in heraldry] i. e. the shadow of the sun; is
when the sun is borne in an escutcheon, without either eyes, nose, or
mouth apparent; but only a colouring so thin, that the field may be
seen thro' it.

OME’GA [Ω or ωμεγα, Gr.] the last letter of the Greek alphabet;
also metaphorically, it is used in the holy scriptures. I am alpha and
omega, the beginning and the ending. Revelations.

O’MELET [aumelette, Fr.] a sort of pancake, fricassee or preparation
of eggs with other ingredients.

O’MEN, Lat. a sign or token of good or bad luck, taken from the
mouth of the person speaking, &c. prognostic.

O’MENED, adj. [of omen] containing omens or prognostics. Pope.

OME’NTUM, Lat. the caul, a double membrane spread over the en­
trails. It is called also reticulum, from its structure resembling that of
a net.

O’MER [רמה, Heb.] a Hebrew measure about three pints and a
half English. But Taylor's Concordance says, “the homer contains ten
ephas, or near 76 wine-gallons, and is the largest measure in use
with the Hebrews.”

To O’MINATE, verb neut. [ominor, Lat.] to forebode or foreshew.
This ominates sadly. Decay of Piety.

OMINA’TION [of ominate] prognostic sign, foretoken. A particu­
lar omination concerning the breach of friendship. Brown.

O’MINOUS, adj. [ominosus, Lat.] 1. Foreboding, foreshewing ill, ex­
hibiting bad tokens of futurity, inauspicious. 2. Exhibiting token
either good or ill. He had a good ominous name to have made a peace.
Bacon.

O’MINOUSLY, adv. [of ominous] with good or bad omen.

O’MINOUSNESS [of ominous] the quality of being ominous, fore­
bodingness, either of good or bad.

OMI’SSION, Fr. and Sp. [omissione, It. of omissio, Lat.] 1. The act of
neglecting to do something, forbearance of something to be done. 2.
Neglect of duty: opposed to commission or perpetration of a crime.
The most natural division of all offences is into those of omission and
those of commission. Addison.

To O’MIT, verb act. [omettre, Fr. omettere, It. omitìr, Sp. of omitto,
Lat.] 1. To pass by or over; to take no notice of; to leave out. 2. To
neglect to practise.

OMI’TTANCE [of omit] forbearance. Omittance is no quittance.
Shakespeare.

OMI’TTING [omittens, Lat.] letting a thing pass, neglecting.

O’MNE [among logicians] or whole in English; is such a whole,
whose parts are termed subjective or inferior; because this whole is a
common term, and its parts are compared within its extent. Thus
the word animal is the omne or whole, and the inferiors of it are man or
beast, which are comprized within its extent, and are its subjective
parts.

OMNIFA’RIOUS [omnifarius, Lat.] of all varieries or sorts, sundry,
divers. Omnifarious kinds of motion. Bentley.

OMNI’FEROUS [omnifer, Lat.] bearing or bringing all things.

OMNI’FIC, adj. [of omnia and facio, Lat.] making or producing all
things, all creating.

O’MNIFORM, adj. [omniformis, Lat.] having every shape.

OMNI’GENOUS [omnigenus, Lat.] consisting of every kind.

OMNIMO’DOUS [omnimodus, Lat.] of all manner of ways.

OMNIPA’RIENT [omnipariens, Lat.] bearing or bringing forth all
things.

OMNI’POTENT [onnipotente, It. omnipoténte, Sp. of omnipotens, Lat.]
almighty, all-powerful, powerful beyond all limit. The perfect being
must needs be omnipotent. Grew.

OMNIPRE’SENCE or OMNI’POTENCY [onnipotenza, It. omnipoténcia,
Sp. of omnipotentia, Lat.] all-powerfulness.

OMNIPRE’SENCE [of omnis and præsens, or præsentia, Lat.] un­
bounded presence, or the quality of being present every where, ubi­
quity.

OMNIPRE’SENT, adj. [of omnis, all, and præsens, Lat. present] pre­
sent in every place, ubiquitary.

OMNI’SCIENCE, or OMNI’SCIENCY [of omnis and scientia, Lat.]
knowledge of all things, infinite wisdom, boundless knowledge.

OMNI’SCIENT, adj. [of omna and sciens, Lat.] knowing all things,
infinitely wise, knowing without bounds.

OMNI’SCIOUS, adj. [of omnis, all, and scio, Lat. to know] all
knowing. I dare not pronounce him omniscious. Hakewell.

OMNIVA’GANT [omnivagus, Lat.] wandering or roving every
where.

OMNI’VOROUS [omnivorus, Lat.] devouring all things.

OMOCOTY’LE [ομοχοτνλη, Gr.] the acetabulum of the scapula.

OMO’GRA [ομολρα, Gr.] the gout in the shoulders. See OMAGRA.

OMOLO’GICAL [of omologia, Lat. of ομολογια, Gr.] agreeable, or
corresponding to.

OMO’LOGY [of ομολογια, Gr.] agreeableness.


OMP

OMPA’NORATE, a title of the priests of the island of Madagas­
car.

OMOPHA’GIA, a feast of Bacchus, in which the mad guests eat
goats alive, tearing their intrails out with their teeth.

OMOPHO’RIUM, Lat. [of ωμος, a shoulder, and φερω, Gr. to bear] a
little cloak anciently worn by the bishops over their shoulders; thereby
to represent the good shepherd, who brings home the strayed sheep on
his shoulders.

OMOPLA’TA, or O’MOPLATE, Lat. [of ωμος, a shoulder, and πλατις,
Gr. broad] the shoulder blade.

O’MPHALOS [ομφαλος, Gr.] the navel.

O’MPHALO Mesenteries [in anatomy] a coat having a vein and
artery, in some brutes; as the dog, cat, hare, &c. in which the fœtus
is wrapped; so called, because it passes along the string to the navel,
and terminates in the mesentery.

OMPHALOCE’LE [of ομφαλος, the navel, and χηλη, Gr. a swelling]
a kind of hernia or tumour in the navel; arising, like other hernias,
from a relaxation or rupture of the pertionæum.

OMPHACI’NE, or OMPHA’CIUM [ομφαχιον, Gr.] the juice or oil of
sower grapes, it is also now used of the juice of wild apples or crabs;
verjuice.

OMPHACI’TES [of ομφαχος, gen. of ομιφαξ, Gr.] a wine made of
unripe grapes.

OMPHA’LO Mesenteric [with anatomists] a term applied to a vein
and artery which pass along the navel and terminate in the mesen­
tery.

OMPHALO’PTIC [of ομφαλος, a knot or navel, and οπτιχος, Gr. re­
lating to sight] an optic glass that is convex on both sides, commonly
called a convex lens.

ON [aen, Du. an, Ger. A preposition, relating both to time and
places, and signifying chiefly a superiority of situation of persons or
things, with regard to one another] 1. It is put before the word
which signifies that which is under, that by which any thing is sup­
ported, which any thing covers, or where any thing is fixed. On
his knees at meditation. Shakespeare. 2. It is put before any thing
that is the subject of action. Did on his tuneful harp his loss deplore.
Dryden. 3 Noting addition or accumulation. Mischiefs on mis­
chiefs still, greater still and more. Dryden. 4. Noting a state of
progression. Ho, Mæris! whither on thy way so fast? Dryden. 5.
It sometimes notes elevation, not lowness. On hills above or in the
lowly plain. Dryden. 6. Noting approach or invasion. On me, on
me, let all thy fury fall. Pope. 7. Noting dependance or reliance.
On God's providence, and on your bounty, all their present support
and future hopes depend. Smallridge. 8. At, noting place. On
each side her. Shakespeare. 9. It denotes the motive or occasion of
any thing. We abstain, on such solemn occasions, from things law­
ful. Smallridge. 10. It denotes the time at which any thing hap­
pens; as, this happened on the first day. 11. It is put before the ob­
ject of some passion. Compassion on the king. Shakespeare. 12. In
forms of denunciation it is put before the thing threatened. Hence,
on thy life, the captive maid is mine. Dryden. 13. Noting impre­
cation. Sorrow on thee. Shakespeare. 14. Noting invocation. On
thee, dear wife, he call'd. Dryden. 15. Noting the state of any
thing. Their tales and manes on a light fire. Knolles. 16. Noting
stipulation or condition. I can be satisfy'd on more easy terms.
Dryden. 17. Noting distinction or opposition. The Rhodians on the
other side. Knolles. 18. Before it, by corruption, it stands for of.
A thriving gamester has but a trade on't. Locke. 19. Noting the
manner of an event. How much her grace is alter'd on the sudden.
Shakespeare. 20. It is synonymous to upon. See UPON.

ON, adv. 1. Forward in succession. If the tenant fail the land­
lord, he must fail his creditor, and he his, and so on. Locke. 2. For­
ward in progression. On indeed they went. Daniel. 3. In conti­
nuance, without ceasing. Let them sleep, let them sleep on. Crashaw.
4. Not off. 5. Upon the body, as part of dress. A long cloak he
had on. Sidney. 6. It notes resolution to advance.

ON, interj. a word of incitement or encouragement to attack.
Elliptically for go on. Cheerfully on, courageous friends. Shakespeare.

ONA’NIA, or ONA’NISM [of Onan] the crime of self pollution.

ONCE, adv. [from one; eens, Du. eins, Ger.] 1. One time. 2.
At a former time, formerly. My soul had once some foolish fondness
for thee. Addison. 3. A single time. 4. The same time. Their
light vanishes, not gradually, like that of the planets, but all at once.
Newton. 5. At a point of time indivisible. But all at once, at once
the winds arose. Dryden. 6. One time, tho' no more. Blood once
tainted. Dryden. 7. At the time immediate. This hath all its force
at once. Atterbury. 8. Once seems to be rather a substantive than an
adverb, particularly when it has at before it; as, at once, that once.
See under the first sense.


ONE

ONE, adj. [an, æne, or ane, Sax. eene, Dan. en, Su. een, Du. ein
Ger. un, une, Fr. un, uno, una, It. uno, Sp. unus, &c. Lat. εν, Gr.]
1. Less than two, single, denoted by an unit. One God the most
high. Raleigh. 2. Any, indefinitely. One of these days. Shake­
speare. 3. Different, diverse. Opposed to another. So many
wrappers one over another. Addison. 4. One of two, opposed to
the other. From the one side of heaven unto the other. Deuteronomy.
5. Particularly one. One day when Phebe fair. Spenser. 6. Some
future.

ONE, subst. [there are many uses of the word one which serve to
denominate a substantive, tho' some of them may seem rather to make
it a pronoun relative, and some may perhaps be considered as con­
sistent with the nature of an adjective] 1. A single person. When
join'd in one, the good, the fair, the great. Glanville. 2. A single
mass or aggregate. It is one thing only as a heap is one. Blackmore.
3. The first hour. Till 'tis one o'clock. Shakespeare. 4. The same
thing. All one as to say any thing is and is not in the understanding.
Locke. 5. A person in general. Method will greatly assist every one
in ranging human affairs. Watts. 6. A person by way of eminence.
7. A distinct or particular person. One or other sees a little box. Dry­
den. 8. Persons united; as, I have made you one, lords, one remain.
Shakespeare. 9. Concord, agreement, one mind. To keep them at
one between themselves. 10 [l'on, Fr.] It is sometimes used as a ge­
neral or indefinite nominative for any man, any person. By one's
own choice and working. Sidney. 11. A personal of particular cha­
racter. Edward I. was one that very well knew how to use a victory.
Hale.

ONES, in the plural, is used either for persons indefinitely; as, the
great ones of the world; or, as referring to something before spoken
of; e. g. give me good ones (sc. what was before spoken of) or none
at all; and yet it is only the representative of the antecedent noun.
There are many whose waking thoughts are wholly employed on their
sleeping ones. Addison.

ONE-EYED, adj. [of one and eye] having only one eye. Dryden.

ONEIRE’GMOS, Lat. [of ονειρωττω, Gr. to shed the semen in sleep]
lascivious dreaming.

ONEIROCRA’TIA, Lat. [of ονειρος, a dream, and χρατεω, Gr. I possess]
the art of expounding dreams.

ONEIROCRI’TICAL, adj, [ονειροχριτιχος, Gr. onirocritique, Fr. it
should therefore by analogy be written onirocritical and onirocritic:
tho' analogy, according to the Greek, requires it the other way] in­
terpretive of dreams. My oneirocritical correspondent. Addison.

ONEIROCRI’TIC, subst. [ονειροχριτιχος, of ονειρος, a dream, and χρι­







τιχος, critic, from χρινω, Gr. to judge] an interpreter of dreams. An
oneirocritic, or an interpreter of dreams. Addison.

ONEIROCRI’TIST [ονειροχριται, Gr.] a judge or expounder of
dreams.

ONEIROSCO’PIST [ονειροσχοπος, of ονειρος, dream, and σχοπεω, Gr.
to view] an inquirer into the signification of dreams.

ONEIROPO’LIST [ονειροπολος, of ονειρος, dream, and πολεω, Gr. to be
conversant with] persons conversant about dreams.

O’NENESS, subst. [of one] unity, the quality of being one. Hooker.

O’NERARY [onerarius, Lat.] serving or fitted for burthen or car­
riage.

To O’NERATE, verb act. [oneratum, sup. of onero, from oneris, gen.
of onus, Lat. a burthen] to load, to burthen.

ONERA’TION, Lat. the act of loading or burthening.

ONERO’SE, or O’NEROUS, adj. [onoreux, Fr. onerosus, Lat.] bur­
thensome, heavy, weighty, oppressive.

O’NGLE [in French heraldry] the talons or claws of beasts or birds
when of a different colour from the body.

O’NI [an abbreviation of oneratur nisi habet sufficientem exoneratio­
nem, Lat. i. e. he is charged, unless he have a sufficient discharge] a
mark used in the exchequer, and set on the head of a sheriff, to ac­
count, as soon as he enters into his office, for issues, fines, and mean
profits, and thereupon he immediately becomes the king's debtor.

O’NION [oignon, Fr.] an edible root, which is orbicular, coated
and bulbous.

ONKO’TOMY [of ονχος, a tumour, and τεμνω, Gr. to cut] the chy­
rurgical operation of opening a tumor or abscess.

O’NLY, adj. [from one; anly, Sax.] 1. Onely, or onelike, alone,
single; one and no more. 2. This and no other. The only art taught
in the schools. Locke. 3. This above all other.

ONLY, adv. 1. Singly, except one, simply, meekly, barely. I pro­
pose my thoughts only as conjectures. Burnet. 2. So and no other­
wise. Every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil
continually. Genesis. 3. Singly, without more; as only begotten.
[See BEGOTTEN and its compounds]

ONOBRY’CHIS, Lat. [ονοβρυχις, Gr.] medic vetchling, or cock's­
head.

ONOCE’NTAURS [ονοχενταυρος, Gr. an ass-centaur] fabulous mon­
sters, having the upper parts like a man, and the body like an
ass.

O’NOMANCY [ονομαντεια, of ονομα, name, and μαντεια, Gr. devi­
nation] divination by persons names.

ONOMA’NTICAL, adj. [ονομα, name, and μαντις, Gr. diviner] pre­
dicting by names. An onomantical or name wisard Jew. Camden.

ONOMATOPOE’IA [ονοματοποεια, of ονομα, a name, and ποιεω, Gr.
to make] a figure in rhetoric, whereby a word is made to imitate
the sound of the thing expressed, as tarantara, for the sound of the
trumpet, murmer, &c.

ONONYCHI’TES [of ονος, an ass, and ονυξ, Gr. a nail; something
that has the hoofs i. e. the feet of an ass] a name by which the
Heathens called the Christians, because they worshipped the same god
as the Jews did; probably from what Corn. Tacitus writes of the
Israelites; that being very thirsty, they were led to a spring by an ass
going to drink, and that in gratitude they worshipped an ass, and that
the Christians worshipped the same.

ONO’SMUS [ονοσμος, Gr.] the herb bugloss.

O’NSET [of on and settan, Sax.] 1. An attack, an assault, storm,
first brunt. 2. Something added by way of ornamental appendage.
This sense, Nicholson says, is still retained in Northumberland, where
onset means a tuft.

O’NSLAUGHT, subst. [of on, and slay] attack, storm, onset. Hudi­
bras.

ONTO’LOGIST [ωντολογος, of οντος, gen. of ων, being, and λογος,
Gr. treatise] one who treats of beings in the abstract, a metaphysi­
cian, one who considers the affections of beings in general.

ONTO’LOGY [ωντολογια, of οντος, gen. of ων, and λογος, Gr. treatise]
1. A treatise or discourse of being in the abstract; metaphysics, the
science of the affections of being in general. Watts.

O’NWARD, adv. [onweard, Sax.] 1. Forward, progressively. 2.
In a state of advanced progression. 3. Somewhat farther. Milton.

O’NYCHA, subst. It is found in two different senses in scripture.
The odoriferous snail or shell, and the stone named onyx. The
greatest part of commentators explain it by the onyx or odoriferous
shell, like that of the shell-fish called purpura. The onyx is fished for
in watry places of the Indies, where grows the spicanardi, which is
the food of this fish, and which makes it smell so aromatic. Calmet.
Take sweet spices, onychia and galbanum. Exodus.

ONY’CHOMANCY [ονυχομαντεια, of ονυχος, gen. of ονυξ, a nail, and
μαντεια, Gr. divination] a sort of divination performed by the nails of
an unpolluted boy, covered with oil and soot, which they turned to
the sun, the reflection of whose rays was believed to represent, by cer­
tain images, the things they had a mind to be satisfied about.

ONY’MANCY. See ONYCHOMANCY.

O’NYX [ονυξ, Gr.] a precious stone, accounted a species of opaque
agat. The onyx is a semipellucid gem, of which there are several
species; but the bluish white kind, with brown and white zones, is
the true onyx legitima of the antients. It is a very elegant and beau­
tiful gem, and the regular arrangement and disposition of its colours
make amends for their want of show. Hill.

OO’SCOPY [ωοσχοπια, of ωον, an egg, and σχοπεω, Gr. to view] pre­
dictions made from eggs.

OOZE, subst. [either from eaux, waters, plur. of eau, Fr. or wæf, Sax.
wetness] 1. Soft mud or slime, mire at the bottom of water. 2. Soft
flow, spring. 3. The liquor of a tanner's vat.

To OOZE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to flow by stealth, to run
gently, to drain away. Dryden.

OO’ZY, adj. [of ooze] miry, muddy, slimy, plashy.


OPA

To OPA’CATE, verb act. [opaco, Lat.] to shade, to cloud, to
darken. Boyle.

OPA’CITY, or OPA’COUSNESS [opacité, Fr. opacità, It. of opacitas,
Lat. or opacous] obscureness, darkness, cloudiness, want of trans­
parency. Brown.

OPA’COUS, or OPA’QUE [opacus, Lat.] shady, dark, obscure, not
transparent.

OPACOUS Bodies, or OPAQUE Bodies [with naturalists] such, whose
pores lying in an oblique posture, hinder the rays of light from speedi­
ly piercing and passing through them.

O’PAL [opale, Fr. opalo, It. ωπαλος, Gr.] a precious stone of vari­
ous colours. The opal is a very elegant and a very singular kind of
stone, it hardly comes within the rank of the pellucid gems, being
much more opaque, and less hard. Hill.

OPA’LIA [with the Romans] festivals celebrated in honour to the
goddess Ops.

OPA’QUE, Fr. [opaco, It. and Sp. opacus, Lat.] dark, shady, not
transparent. Turn'd into more opaque and gross planet-like bodies.
Cheyney.

OPA’SSUM, or OPO’SSUM [in Virginia] a creature that has a head
like a hog, a tall like a rat, being about the bigness of a cat. This
animal is about fifteen inches long, from the extremity of the nose to
the rump, and its tail is equal in length to the whole body: the legs
are robust, and the feet armed with sharp, long, and crooked claws.
The female has a loose bag or pouch under its belly, with an aperture
in it, in which it carries its young, and thither they retire in any
danger. It has its paps within the abdomen.


OPE

To OPE, or To OPEN, verb act. [open, openian, Sax. op, Island.
a hole, aaben, Dan. oepna, Su. openen, Du. oepenen, L. Ger. offen,
H. Ger. Ope is used only in poetry, when one syllable is more con­
venient than two] 1. To unfold, to unclose, to unlock, to put into
such a state, as that the inner parts may be seen or entered. 2. To
show, to discover in general. 3. To divide, to break. The wall of
the cathedral church was open'd by an earthquake. Addison. 4. To
explain, to disclose. 5. To begin. You retained him only for the
opening of your cause. Dryden.

To OPE, or To O’PEN, verb neut. 1. To unclose itself, not to re­
main shut, not to continue closed. Pope. 2. To bark; a hunting
term.

OPE, or O’PEN, adj. [open, Sax. aaben, Dan. oepen, Su. open,
Du. apen, L. Ger. offen, H. Ger. Ope is scarcely used but by old
writers, and by them in the primitive, not figurative sense. Johnson]
1. Unclosed, not shut. The gates are ope. Shakespeare. With open
arms. Dryden. 2. Apparent, plain, manifest. And put him to an
open shame. Hebrews. 3. Not wearing disguise, clear, artless, sin­
cere. Not daring to be open, that to no creature he ever spake of
it. Sidney. 4. Not clouded, clear, With an open look. Addison. 5.
Not hidden, exposed to view. These innate notions should lie open
fairly to every one's view. Locke. 6. Not restrained, not denied.
The law is open. Acts. 7. Not cloudy, not gloomy. An open and
warm winter. Bacon. 8. Uncovered. Here is better than the open
air. Shakespeare. 9. Exposed, having no defence. 10. Attentive.
And his ears are open unto their cry. Psalms.

OPEN-Arse [open-arse, Sax.] a medlar, a fruit.

O’PENER [of open] 1. One that opens or unlocks, one that un­
closes. 2. Explainer, interpreter.

OPENE’YED, adj. [of open and eye] watchful, vigilant. Openey'd
conspiracy. Shakespeare.

OPENHA’NDED, adj. [of open and hand] generous, liberal, muni­
ficent. Rowe.

OPENHE’ARTED, adj. [of open and heart] generous, candid, not
meanly subtle. Dryden.

OPENHEA’RTEDNESS [of openhearted] generosity, liberality, mu­
nificence.

O’PENING, subst. [of open] 1. Aperture, breach. 2. Discovery at
a distance, faint knowledge, dawn. The opening of your glory was
like that of light. Dryden.

OPENING Flank [in fortification] is that part of the flank which is
covered by the orillon.

OPENING of Trenches [in military affairs] the first breaking of
ground by the besiegers, in order to carry on the approaches towards
the place.

O’PENLY, adv. [of open] 1. Publickly, not secretly, in sight, not
obscurely. 2. Plainly, evidently, manifestly, clearly, apparently,
without disguise. Too openly does love and hatred show. Dryden.

OPENMO’UTHED, adj. [of open and mouth] greedy, ravenous, cla­
morous. L'Estrange.

O’PENNESS [of open] 1. Freedom from obscurity or ambiguity,
plainness, clearness, manifestness. 2. Plainness, freedom from dis­
guise. The noble openness and freedom of his reflexions. Felton.

O’PERA, It. [of opera, the plural of opus, Lat. work] a dramatic
composition, set to music, and sung on the stage, attended with musi­
cal instruments, and inriched with dressings, machines, and other de­
corations; the opera was first used by the Venetians, with whom it is
one of the principal glories of their carnaval. It was afterwards used
by the French, and now by us. An opera is a poetical tale or fiction,
represented by vocal and instrumental music, adorned with scenes,
machines, and dancing. Dryden.

O’PERABLE [operor, Lat.] practicable, that may be done. Brown.

O’PERANT, adj. Fr. active, having power to produce an effect;
an obsolete word. Shakespeare.

OPERA’RII [old law] certain tenants who held small portions of
land by the performance of servile works for their lord.

To O’PERATE, verb neut. [operer, Fr. operare, It. of operor, Lat.]
to act, to produce effects, to have agency.

To OPERATE [in physic] to work, to stir the humors of the body.

OPERA’TION, Fr. [operazione, It. operación, Sp. of operatio, Lat.]
1. The act of exerting or exercising some power or faculty, upon which
some effect follows, agency, influence, action, effect. In the ac­
tual operations of a good life. Hammond. 3. [In chirurgery] the part
of the art of healing, which depends on the use of instruments. 4.
The motions or employments of an army. 5. [In physic] the man­
ner wherein any remedy poduces its salutary effect.

O’PERATIVE [operativo, It. of operate] apt to work, having the
power of acting, having forcible agency. Or make the poison less
operative upon others. Clarendon.

O’PERATIVENESS [of operative] operating quality.

OPERA’TOR for the Teeth or Eyes [operateur, Fr. operatore. It.] a
tooth-drawer, oculist, &c.








OPERATOR, one that performs any act of the hand, one who pro­
duces any effect.

OPERO’SE, adj. [operosus, Lat.] laborious, full of trouble and tedi­
ousness. Holder.

OPHA’LIA, Roman festivals celebrated in honour of Ops, whom
they supposed to be the goddess that presided over the fruits of the
earth.

OPHI’ASIS [οφιασις, Gr.] a disease in which the hair grows thin,
and falls off, leaving the part smooth, and winding like the folds of a
serpent.

OPHIO’GLOSSUM, Lat. [οφιογλωσσον, of οφις, a serpent, and γλωσσα,
Gr. a tongue] the herb adder's tongue.

OPHIO’PHAGOUS, adj. [of οφις, a serpent, and φαγω, Gr. to eat]
serpent-eating. Ophiophagous nations, or such as feed upon serpents.
Brown.

OPHI’TES [of οφις, Gr. a serpent] a sect of hererics in the second
century, who honoured a serpent which beguiled Eve.

OPHI’TES [οφιτης, Gr.] a sort of variegated marble, otherwise called
serpentine marble.

OPHIU’CUS [οφιουχος, Gr.] a northern constellation containing thirty
stars, represented by a man holding a serpent in his hand, this star
being in the head of the man, and is of the first magnitude.

OPHTHA’LMIA [οφθαλμια, of οφθαλμος, Gr. the eye] a disease of
the eyes, being an inflammation in the coats, or pain and weakness
arising from some obstruction there.

Scrophulous OPTHALMIA, an opthalmia arising from the disease,
named the king's evil, and which requires a different method of cure
from the opthalmia, commonly so called.

OPHTHA’LMIC Nerves, adj. Lat. [ophthalmigre, Fr. οφθαλμος, Gr.
the eye; with anatomists] relating to the eye; a branch of the fifth
pair of nerves which move the eye.

OPHTHA’LMICS, subst. [οφθαλμιχα, Gr.] medicines good for diseases
of the eyes.

OPHTHALMO’GRAPHY [of οφθαλμος, the eye, and γραφη, Gr. a de­
scription] a branch of anatomy, which considers the structure and
composition of the eye, and the use of its parts, and the principal ef­
fects of vision.

OPHTHALMO’SCOPY [of οφθαλμος and σχοπεω, Gr. to view] a
branch of the science of physiognomy, which considers the eyes of
persons, by them to come to the knowledge of their temperaments,
humours and manners.

OPHTHA’LMY, subst. [ophthalmie, Fr. οφθαλμος, Gr. the eye] a
disease of the eyes. The same with ophthalmia.


OPI

O’PIATE, subst. [opiat, Fr. of opium, Lat.] a medicine made of opi­
um, or other drug of the like nature, causing sleep. Bentley.

O’PIATE, adj. somniferous, narcotic, causing sleep. Bacon.

OPICO’NSIVA, festivals celebrated at noon in honour of the goddess
Ops.

O’PIFICE [opificium, Lat.] workmanship, handy-work.

OPI’FICER [opificis, gen. of opifex, Lat.] one that performs any
work, an artist; a word not received. Bentley.

OPI’NABLE [opinabilis, Lat.] that may be conceived in opinion,
that may be thought.

OPINA’TION [opinor, Lat.] opinion, notion.

OPI’NATOR [opinor, Lat.] one who holds an opinion. Hale.

To OPI’NE, verb neut. [opiner, Fr. opinare, It. of opinor, Lat.] to
think, to be of opinion, to give one's opinion or judgment about a mat­
ter. Whether they opine right or wrong. South.

OPI’NIATIVE, adj. [of opinion] 1. Stiff or pertinacious in a precon­
ceived notion. 2. Imagined, not proved. Scattered in a mass of
opiniative uncertainties. South.

OPINIA’TOR [opinator, Lat. opiniatre, Fr.] an obstinate person, who
will adhere to his own opinion, one fond of his own notion.

OPINIA’TRE, adj. Fr. obstinate, inflexible, stubborn; a word not
received. Locke.

OPINIA’TRETY, or OPINIA’TRY [opiniatrete, Fr.] obstinacy, stub­
bornness, inflexibility. This word, though it hath been tried in dif­
ferent forms, is not yet received, nor is it wanted. Locke.

OPI’NION, Fr. and Sp. [oppinione, It. opiniam, Port. of opinio, Lat.]
1. A probable belief. Opinion is when the assent of the understand­
ing is so far gained by evidence of probability, that it rather inclines
to one persuasion than to another, yet not altogether without a mixture
of uncertainty or doubting. Hale. 2. Sentiments, judgment, notion.
Against the common sense and opinion of all mankind. South. 3. Fa­
vourable judgment. I have no opinion of those things. Bacon.

OPINION, the antient heathens made a goddess of it, adoring her
in the form of a woman, and believed she had the government of the
sentiments of men.
How fine a use has the Table of CEBES made of these imaginary
personages in these lines?
At wisdom's gate th' opinions must resign
Their charge; those limits their employ confine.
And to the same effect, in these:
Happy, thrice happy, who entrust their youth
To right opinions, and ascend to truth. Table of CEBES, &c.
See ETHICS, and MORAL Philosophy; and the note which the learned
translator has given us upon it, is well worthy of our most serious
perusal.

To OPINION, verb act. [from the subst.] to believe, to think, to
opine; an obsolete word, and unworthy of revival.

OPI’NIONATED [of opinionative] wedded to his own opinion, self­
willed, stubborn.

OPI’NIONATIVE, adj. [opiniatre, Fr.] conceited, fond of precon­
ceived notions.

OPI’NIONATIVELY, adv. [of opinionative] conceitedly, stubbornly.

OPI’NIONATIVENESS [of opinionative; opinionatrete, Fr.] conceited­
ness, obstinacy.

OPI’NIONIST [from opinion; opinioniste, Fr.] one fond of his own
notions. Glanville.

OPI’NIONISTS, a name given to a sect who professed poverty, and
who held there could be no vicar of Christ upon earth, who did not
practice that virtue.

OPIO’LOGY [of οπιον, opium, and λογος, Gr. description] a descrip­
tion or treatise of opium.

OPISTHO’TONUS [οπισθοτονος, of οπισθεν, backwards, and τονος, Gr.
the tone] a kind of cramp or stretching the muscles of the neck back­
wards.

OPISTHOCY’PHOSIS [of οπιθεν, backwards, χνφωσις, a gibbosity, and
χυθω, Gr. to bend, or to lean] a deformity, when the spine of the
back is bent outwards.

O’PIUM [οπιον, Gr.] a juice distilled from the heads of poppies,
and is partly of the resinous, partly of the gummy kind. It is brought
to us in flat cakes or masses, very heavy, and of a dense texture: its
colour is a dark brownish yellow; its smell is very unpleasant, of a
dead faint kind, and its taste very bitter and acrid. It is brought
from Notolia, Egypt, and the East-Indies, where it is produced from
the white garden poppy, a plant of which every part is full of a milky
juice, and with which the fields of Asia Minor are in many places
sown as ours with corn. When the heads grow to maturity, but are
yet soft, green, and full of juice, incisions are made in them, and
from every one of these a few drops flow of a milky juice, which soon
hardens into a solid consistence. These drops are gathered with
great care, and the finest opium proceeds from the first incisions. In
the countries where opium is produced, multitudes are employed in
preparing it with water, honey, and spices, and working it up into
cakes; but what we generally have is the mere crude juice, or at
most worked up with water, or a small quantity of honey, sufficient
to bring it into form. The antients were greatly divided about the
virtues and use of opium; some calling it a poison, and others the
greatest of all medicines. At present, however, it is in high esteem.
Hill.

O’PLE [in botany] water-elder.

O’PLETREE [of ople and tree] a sort of tree. Ainsworth.

OPOBA’LSAMUM [οποβαλσαμον, Gr.] balm of Gilead, the juice of
a gum, which distils from a shrub called balsamum, or the balm-tree,
growing only in Palestine. A gumresin of a tolerably firm texture,
in small loose granules, and sometimes in large masses, which are im­
pure. It is of a strong, disagreeable smell, and an acrid and extremely
bitter taste. It is brought to us from the East, and was well known
to the Greeks: but we are entirely ignorant of the plant which pro­
duces this drug. It is attenuating and discutient, and gently purga­
tive. Hill.

OPO’PANAX [οποπαναξ, Gr.]  a gum resin brought from the east.


OPP

O’PPIDAN, subst. [oppidanus, Lat.] a townsman, the inhabitant of
a town; also a town's boy, particularly such as belong to the king's
scholars at Westminster.

To OPPI’GNORATE, verb act. [oppignoro, of ob and pignoris, gen.
of pignus, Lat. pledge] to pledge, to pawn. Bacon.

To O’PILATE, verb act. [oppiler, Fr. oppilo, Lat.] to obstruct or
cause a passage, to heap up obstructions.

OPPILA’TION, Fr. [oppiliazione, It. opilaciòn, Sp. of oppilatio, Lat.]
obstruction, stoppage of the ducts or passages of the body by peccant
humours, matter heaped together.

O’PPILATIVE, adj. [oppilatif, Fr. of oppillatus, Lat.] apt to ob­
struct or stop, obstructive.

O’PPILATIVENESS [of oppilative] aptness to cause obstructions.

O’PPLETED, adj. [oppletus, Lat.] filled, crowded.

O’PPONENCY, the act of maintaining a contrary argument.

OPPO’NENT, adj. [opponeus, Lat.] opposite, adverse. Prior.

OPPO’NENT, subst. [opponens, Lat.] 1. One who maintains a con­
trary argument in the schools, or opposes in disputation, by raising ob­
jections to a tenet. Hooker. 2. Antagonist, adversary in general.

OPPORTU’NE, adj. [opportune, Fr. opportuno, It. of opportunus, Lat.]
convenient, seasonable, well-timed, fit, proper. Bacon.

OPPORTU’NELY, adv. [of opportune] conveniently, seasonably, with
opportunity, either of time or place.

OPPORTU’NENESS [of opportune] seasonableness.

OPPORTU’NITY [opportunité, Fr. of opportunità, It. opportunidàd,
Sp. of opportunitas, Lat.] convenient time or occasion, fit place, suita­
bleness of circumstances to any end.

TO OPPO’SE [oppono, Lat. opposer, Fr. opporre, It.] 1. To act
against, to be adverse, to hinder, to resist, to withstand, to thwart.
Shakespeare. 2. To offer as an antagonist or rival, to put in opposi­
tion. Locke. 3. To place as an obstacle. Shakespeare. 4. To place
in front. Shakespeare.

To OPPO’SE, verb neut. 1. To act adversely. 2. To object in a
disputation, to have the part of raising difficulties against a tenet sup­
posed to be right.

OPPO’SELESS, adj. [of oppose] not to be opposed, irresistible, Shake­
speare.

OPPO’SER [of oppose] one that opposes, antagonist, rival, enemy.

O’PPOSITE, adj. [opposé, Fr. opposito, It. opuésto, Sp. of oppositus,
Lat.] 1. That is over against, placed in front, facing each other. 2.
Adverse, repugnant. 3. Contrary.

O’PPOSITE, subst. opponent, antagonist, enemy. Dryden.

O’PPOSITE Cones [with geometricians] two cones of the like qua­
lity, which are vertically opposite, and have the same common axis.

OPPOSITE Sections [in geometry] the two hyperbola's, which are
made by a plane's cutting both cones.

OPPOSITE Angles [in geometry] See ANGLES.

O’PPOSITELY, adv. [of opposite] 1. So as to face each other. 2.
Adversely.

O’PPOSITENESS [of opposite] opposite or contrary state or quality.

O’PPOSITES [with logicians] are things relatively opposed, as ma­
ster and servant,; or privately, as light and darkness; or contrary, as
knowledge and ignorance.

OPPOSI’TION, Fr. [opposizione, It. oposiciòn, Sp. of oppositio, Lat.] 1.
Situation so as to front something opposed. 2. Hostile resistance, hin­
drance, stop. 3. Contrariety of affection, disagreement. 4. Contra­
riety of interest, contrariety of measures. 5. Contrariety of meaning,
diversity of meaning.

OPPOSITION [in geometry] the relation of two things, between
which a line may be drawn perpendicular to both.

OPPOSITION [with logicians] the same as objection.

Complex OPPOSITION [in logic] the affirming and denying the
same predicate of the same subject, as Socrates is learned, Socrates is
not learned.

Incomplex OPPOSITION [in logic] is the disagreement of two things







which will not suffer each other to be in the same subject; as, sight is
opposed to blindness, heat to cold.

OPPOSITION [with rhetoricians] a figure whereby two things are
joined together, which appeared incompatible; as, a wise folly.

OPPOSI’TION [with astronomers] is an aspect or situation of two
stars or planets, wherein they are diametrically opposite to each other,
or 180 degrees apart.

To OPPRE’SS, verb act. [oppresser, Fr. oppressum, sup. of opprimo,
Lat.] 1. To press hard or lie heavy upon, to stifle, to smother, to
overcharge or burthen, to crush by authority and violence or hardship.
2. To overpower, to subdue.

OPPRE’SSION, Fr. [oppressione, It. opresiòn, Sp. of oppressio, Lat.] 1.
The act of over-burdening, act of crushing by authority, &c. severity,
cruelty. 2. The state of being oppressed, misery. 3. Hardship, ca­
lamity. When we see any under particular oppression. Addison. 4.
Dullness of spirits, lassitude of body. Drowsiness, oppression, heavi­
ness and lassitude. Arbuthnot.

OPPRE’SSIVE, adj. [of oppress] 1. Apt to oppress, of an oppressive
nature, cruel, inhuman, unjustly exactious or severe. 2. Heavy, over­
whelming. Rowe.

OPPE’SSIVENESS [of oppressive] oppressing or oppressed nature or
state.

OPPRE’SSOR [oppresseur, Fr. oppressore, It. of oppressor, Lat.] he that
oppresses or harrasses others with unreasonable or unjust severity.

OPPRO’BRII Lapis, Lat. [the stone of reproach] a stone erected in
the city of Padua in Italy, to which whatever debtors resort, only de­
claring inability to pay their debts, are to be freed.

OPPRO’BRIOUS [opprobrioso, It. and Sp. of opprobriosus, from oppro­
brium, Lat. reproach] reproachful, injurious, causing infamy, scurri­
lous.

OPPRO’BIOUSLY, adv. [of opprobrious] scurrilously, reproachfully,
injuriously.

OPPRO’BRIOUSNESS [of opprobrious] scurrility, reproachfulness.

OPPRO’BRIUM, Lat. the shame which attends a lewd, villanous
act; infamy, disgrace.

To OPPU’GN, verb act. [oppugnare, It. oppugno, Lat.] to fight a­
gainst, to attack, to oppose, to reject or confute an opinion. Hooker.

OPPU’GNANCY [of oppugn] opposition. Shakespeare.

OPPU’GNER [of oppugn] opposer, an antagonist. Boyle.

OPS [Ωπις, Gr.] a name of the goddess Cybele. See CYBELE.

OPSI’MATHY [οψιμαθια, of οψε, late, and μανθανω, Gr. to learn]
a learning in old age, late education or erudition.

OPSONA’TION, Lat. the act of catering or buying provisions.

O’PTABLE [optabilis, Lat.] desirable, to be wished.

O’PTABLENESS [of optable] desirableness.

OPTA’TIVE, adj. [optativus, Lat.] expressive of desire.

OPTATIVE Mood [in grammar; optatif, Fr. optativo, It. of optati­
vus, Lat.] that mood of a verb, that expresses an earnest desire or wish
that such a thing may be or happen. The verb undergoes in Greek a
different formation to signify wishing, which is called the optative
mood. Clarke's Grammar.

O’PTICA, Lat. [οπτιχα, Gr.] medicines good against distempers in
the eyes.

OPTIC, or OPTICAL, adj. [optique, Fr. ottico, It. optico, Sp. opti­
cus, Lat. of οπτιχος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to the sight, relating to the
science of optics. 2. Visual, producing vision, subservient to vision.

OPTIC, subst. 1. An instrument of sight, an organ of sight, gene­
rally used in the plural. 2. [οπτιχη, Gr.] the science of the nature and
laws of vision: generally used in the plural.

OPTIC Place of a Star or Planet apparent, is that part of its orbit,
which our sight determines when the observer's eye is at the circum­
ference of the earth, and

OPTIC Place of a Star or Plane real, is that, when 'tis supposed to
be at the centre of the earth, or planet he inhabits.

OPTIC Pencil of Rays, is that assemblage or pencil of rays, by
means whereof any point or part of an object is seen.

OPTIC Axis, a ray passing through the centre of the eye.

OPTIC Chamber, the same as camera obscura. See CAMERA OB­
SCURA.

OPTIC Glasses, glasses contrived for the viewing of any objects, as
microscopes, telescopes, &c. they are ground either concave or con­
vex, so as either to collect or disperse the rays of light, by means
whereof vision is improved, the eye strengthened, &c.

OPTIC Nerves [with anatomists] the second pair of nerves, spring­
ing from the crura of the medulla oblongata, and passing thence to
the eye, convey the spirits to it.

OPTIC Place of a Star [in astronomy] is that point of its orbit in
which it appears to be to our eye.

OPTIC Rays, those rays wherewith an optic pyramid or triangle is
terminated.

OP’TICAL Inequality [in astronomy] is an apparent irregularity in
the motions of far distant bodies.

OPTI’CIAN, subst. [of optic] one skilled in optics, a professor or
teacher of the science of optics.

O’PTICS [l'optique, Fr. ottica, It. ars optica, Lat.] the science of
vision. See OPTIC, subst.

O’PTIMAGY [optimates, Lat.] a government of the state by the nobi­
lity, body of nobles, nobility. Howel.

OPTI’MITY [optimitas, Lat.] utility, excellency, the state of being
best.

O’PTION, Fr. [of optio, Lat.] a choice, election, the power or fa­
culty of wishing or chusing. Bacon.

O’PTION of an Archbishop [in a law sense] is when a new suffragan
bishop is consecrated, the archbishop of the province, by a customary
prerogative, claims the collation of the first vacant benefice in that see
as his choice.


OPU

O’PULENCE, or O’PULENCY, Fr. [opulenza, It. opuléncia, Sp. of
opulentia, Lat.] wealth, riches, affluence.

O’PULENT, Fr. [opulente, It. opulento, Sp. of opulentus, Lat.] rich,
wealthy.

O’PULENTLY, adv. [of opulent] in a wealthy manner, with splen­
dor.

O’PULENTNESS [of opulent] wealthiness.

OPU’SCLE, Fr. [of opusculum, Lat.] a small work.


ORA

OR, conj. [other, Sax. eller, Dan and Su. of, ofte, Du. oder, Ger]
1. A disjunctive particle, marking distribution, and sometimes opposi­
tion. Whether it was to perish or no. Burnet. 2. It corresponds to
either. He must either fall or fly. 3. Or is sometimes redundant,
but is then more properly omitted. He must reform and forsake his
sins, or else he shall never receive benefit of Christ's death. Hammond.
4. [Or or ære, Sax.] before. Or ever we go to the declaration of
this psalm, it shall be convenient to shew who did write this psalm.
Fisher.

OR, Fr. [in heraldy] signifies gold. It is often represented by a
yellow colour, and engraving by small pricks all over the field or bear­
ing, as in Place VII. fig. 20. It is said to be composed of much white
and a little red, as two white parts and one red, and of itself to beto­
ken wisdom, riches and elevation of mind; with red, to spend his
blood for the wealth and welfare of his country; with azure, to be
worthy of matters of trust and treasure; with sable, most rich and con­
stant in every thing, with an amorous mind; with vert, most joyful
with the riches of the world, and most glittering and splendid in
youth.
Others add, that or signifies Christian and spiritual virtues, as faith,
temperance, charity, meekness, humility and clemency; of worldly
virtues and qualities, nobility, wealth, generosity, splendor, chivalry,
love, purity, gravity, constancy, solidity, prosperity, joy and long
life. Of precious stones, it represents the carbuncle or the topaz; of the
planets, the sun; of the elements, fire; of human constitutions, the san­
guine; of trees, the cypress or laurel; of flowers, the heliotropium;
of fowls, the cock and bird of paradise; of beasts, the lion; and of
fishes, the dolphin.

O’RACH [aroches, Fr.] a well known pot herb.

O’RACLE, subst. Fr. [oracolo, It. oraculo, Sp. oraculum, of ora,
mouths, or oro, Lat. to entreat] 1. Something delivered by superna­
tural wisdom. The scriptures are the oracles of God himself. Hooker.
2. The place where or person of whom the determinations of heaven
are enquired. God hath now sent his living oracle into the world.
Milton. 3. Any person or place where certain decisions are obtained.
The world's great oracle in times to come. Pope. 4. One famed for
wisdom, one whose determinations are not to be disputed. St. John
was appealed to as the living oracle of the church. Addison.

O’RACLES were ambiguous answers made to the ancient heathens
concerning things to come. This, some are of opinion, was done by
diabolical operation; and others, that it was by the artifice of their
priests, who made the ignorant people believe that the god spoke by
their mouths. Of the former opinion were several fathers of the pri­
mitive Christian church, and other great and learned men.
Sesac [or Sesostris] whose reign in Egypt commenced, according to
Sir Isaac Newton, in the year before Christ 1002, erected temples and
oracles to his father Ammon in Thebes, Ammonia, &c. “And this (says
that learned writer) was the original of the worship of Jupiter Ammon,
and the first mention of ORACLES that I meet with in profane history.”
He adds, “That in the year before Christ, 987, a priestess of Ju­
piter Ammon being brought by Phœnician merchants into Greece, sets
up the oracle of Jupiter at Dodona. This gave beginning to ORACLES
in Greece, and by their dictates rhe WORSHIP OF THE DEAD was every
where introduced.” NEWTON'S Chronology, p. 18, 19. The Delphic
oracle therefore, according to him, must be of later date. And indeed,
tho' Homer takes notice of the immense riches, which that temple of
Apollo contained; and which should leave us to infer a great resort to
it in his days; yet 'tis that of Dodona only, which he mentions with
the express circumstance of prophecy being annexed to it. Iliad,
Book IX. l. 404. compared with Book XVI. l. 235. I shall only
add, that the ceasing of these oraculous responses was (if we may cre­
dit Cicero) owing to a free enquiry and a more enlighten'd age; and
as to the reflection made on their obscurity, it seems at least to be as old
as the times of æschylus, Και γαρ τα πυθοχραντα; δυσμαθη δ' ομως.
ÆSCHYL. Agamemnon. See PROPHECY.
When Cræsus consulted the oracle of Apollo at Delphos, he re­
ceived for answer this doubtful riddle in a form of words so cunningly
contrived, that the truth was then farthest off when he thought to have
gained it.
Cræsus Halyn penetrans magnam, pervertit opum vim.
When Cræsus over Halis roweth,
A mighty nation he o'erthroweth.
Which he interpreting according to his own desires, crossed the river,
but was vanquished himself by Cyrus, king of Persia, and his own na­
tion and country ruined.
King Pyrrhus, before he made war with the Romans, consulting
this oracle, received the following answer;
Aio te Æacide Romanos vincere posse.
Which ambiguous prediction he construing, Te posse vincere Romanos,
thou mayest overcome the Romans, gave them battle; but found in
the event that the oracle intended, Romanos posse vincere te, that the
Romans should overcome him, as they did.
Another prince, consulting this oracle, concerning the success of his
making war, received this answer; which he distinguished with com­
mas, thus; Ibis, redibis, nunquam per bella peribis, Thou shalt go, thou
shalt return, thou shalt never perish by war; undertook the war, and
was slain; upon which his nobility canvassing the oracle, perceived
that it should have been thus comma'd, Ibis, redibis nunquam, per bella
peribis, i. e. Thou shalt go, thou shalt never return, thou shalt perish
by war.
Of the latter opinion, that the predictions of the oracles were not so
much by diabolical operation, as by the artifices of the priests, were
Eusebius, Aristotle, and Cicero, and many other famous men, who
were of opinion, that oracles were only the cunning tricks of the
priests, by which the credulous were abused under the colour of inspi­
ration and prediction.
Demosthenes seem'd apprehensive of this cheat, when he said that
Pythia always favour'd king Philip in her answers; or, as he shrewdly
enough expressed it, that she Philippized.
The first oracle we read of, were of Jupiter Dodonæus in Epirus,
and Jupiter Ammon in Africa. Besides which there were several
others. See AMPHIARAUS, DODONA, TROPHONIUS, &c. in their
proper places.







Some have been of opinion that oracles ceased upon the coming of
Christ.
And Juvenal, who liv'd in Domitian's time, says, Delphis oracula
cessant. Tho' some oracles ceased long before the birth of our Saviour,
as in particular the most famous oracles of Greece; for the persians hav­
ing laid their country waste, the priests forsook the temples; and so the
oracles became silent. But see above.

To O’RACLE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to utter oracles. A word
not received. Milton.

ORA’CULAR, or ORA’CULOUS, adj. [of oracle] having the nature or
quality of an oracle, resembling oracles, uttering oracles. Pope.

ORA’CULARNESS [of oracular] the state of being of the nature or
quality of an oracle.

ORA’CULOUSLY, adv. [of oraculous] in manner of an oracle. Brown.

ORA’CULOUSNESS [of oraculous] the state of being oracular.

ORAI’SON, subst, Fr. [oratio, Lat.] prayer, verbal supplication or oral
worship. It is more frequently written orison.

O’RAL, adj. Fr. [of os oris, Lat. the mouth] delivered by word of
mouth, not written. Addison.

O’RALLY, adv. [of oral] by mouth, not by writing. Hale.

O’RANGE, Fr. [arancia, It. narenja, Sp. laranja, Port. malum auran­
tium, aurentia, Lat.] a fruit well known.

ORANGE Colour, a colour that partakes equally of red and yellow, or
is a medium between both.

O’RANGERY [orangerie, Fr.] 1. A sort of snuff or perfume. 2. A gallery
or plantation in a garden where orange-trees are kept. A kitchen gar­
den is a more pleasant sight than the finest orangery. Spectator.

ORANGE Musk, a fine species of pear.

ORANGE Wife [of orange and wife] a woman who sells oranges.
Shakespeare.

ORA’TION [oraison, Fr. orazione, It. oraciòn Sp. oracan, Port. of ora­
tio, Lat.] a discourse or speech pronounced in public, or composed for
that purpose, according to the rules of rhetoric; a harangue, a declama­
tion.

O’RATOR, Lat. [orateur, Fr. oratore, It. orador, Sp.] 1. An eloquent
public speaker or pleader. 2. A petitioner. This sense is used in addresses
in chancery.

ORATO’RIANS, an order of regular priests, so called from the oratory
of St. Jerom in Rome, where they used to pray.

ORATO’RIAL, adj. [of orator] rhetorical, befitting an orator. Watts.

O’RATORY, adj. [oratoire, Fr. oratorio, It. and Sp. of oratorius, Lat.]
pertaining to an oration or orator.

ORATORY [oratoria ars, Lat.] 1. The science of rhetoric, the art of
speaking well in public, rhetorical skill. Sidney. 2. Exercise of elo­
quence. Arbuthnot. 3. [Oritorium, Lat. oratoire, Fr.] a chapel set
apart for prayer; a closet or little apartment in a large house, near a
bed-chamber, for private devotion.

ORATORY [with the Romanists] a society or congregation of reli­
gious, who live in community, but without being obliged to make any
vows.

ORB [orbe, Fr. and Sp. of orbis, Lat.] 1. Sphere, circular, or orbi­
cular body. 2. Mundane sphere, celestial body, one of the lights of
heaven. 3. Wheel, any rolling body in general. The orbs of his
fierce chariot roll'd. Milton. 4. Circle, line drawn round. 5. Cir­
cle described by any of the mundane spheres. 6. Period, revolution of
time. Milton. 7. Sphere of action. And move in that obedient orb
again. Shakespeare. 8. It is applied by Milton to the eye, as being
luminous or rather as spherical. A drop serene hath quench'd their orbs.
Milton.

ORBA’TION [orbatus, Lat.] the act of deprivation, or being bereaved
or despoiled of any thing, especially of children or parents.

O’RBED, adj. [of orb] 1. circular, round. Shakespeare. 2. Formed
into a circle. Orb'd in a rainbow. Milton. 3. Rounded. Gold was the
beam, the wheels were orb'd with gold. Addison.

ORBI’CULAR, adj. [orbiculaire, Fr. of orbicularis, Lat.] 1. Round like
a ball or globe, circular. Addison. 2. Spherical. His quadrature from
thy orbicular world. Milton.

ORBICULAR Bone [with anatomists] one of the little bones of the
inner part of the ear, which is fastened to the sides of the lobes of the
ear, by a slender ligament.

ORBICULA’RIS Musculus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle which draws
both the lips together.

ORBICULARIS Palpebrarum, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle which springs
from each corner of the eye, and is answered by another of liek figure
and structure in the lower eye-lid.

ORBI’CULARLY, adv. [of orbicular] in an orbicular manner, sphe­
rically, circularly.

ORBI’CULARNESS [of orbicular] the state of being orbicular, round­
ness.

ORBI’CULATED [orbiculatus, Lat.] made round or rounded into an orb.

O’RBIS, Lat. an orb, a circle, any round thing.

ORBIS Magnus, Lat. [in the Copernican astronomy] the orbit of the
earth in its annual revolution round the sun.

O’RBIT [orbite, Fr. orbita, Lat.] the track, rut or mark of a chariot
wheel, &c.

ORBIT [in astronomy] the course, path or way in which any planet
moves.

ORBITS [with anatomists] the two large cavities in which the eyes
are placed.

O’RBITER Externus [with anatomists] a hole in the cheek bone be­
low the orbit.

ORBITER Internus [in anatomy] a hole in the coronal bone of the
scull within the orbit.

O’RBITY [orbitas, Lat.] privation, state of being bereaved of children
or parents.

ORBS Concentric [with astronomers] are several orbs one within an­
other, which have the same centre.

ORBS Excentric [with astronomers] orbs either within one another or
separate, which have different centres.


ORC

ORC, subst. [orca, Lat. οζνγα, Gr.] a sort of sea fish. The haunt of
seals and orcs and sea mews clang. Milton. Scapula reads it ορνξ.

O’RCHAL, or O’RCHED, a sort of mineral stone like allum, from which
a blue colour is made. Ainsworth.

O’RCHARD [either hortyard or wartyard, Skinner. of hortus, Lat. or
ortgeard, Sax. Junius. obstgarten, H. Ger. a garden, οζχαθος, Gr.
tho' Mer. Casaubon gives the preference to the former] a garden for
fruit trees.

O’RCHESTRA [It. l'orchestre, Fr. ορχηστρα, of ορχεισθαι, Gr. to dance]
the lower part of the ancient theatre, where they kept their balls; it
was in form of a semicircle, and surrounded with seats. It is now taken
for a music gallery, or place where the musicians are set at a public
shew.

O’RCHESTRE, subst. Fr. the same with orchestra.

ORCHESO’GRAPHY [of ορχησις, dancing, and γραφω, Gr. to write] a
treatise of the art of dancing, or a book of dances.

O’RCHIS, Lat. [ορχις, Gr. a testicle] the herb dog's-stones.

ORCHO’TOMY, Lat. [of ορχις, a testicle, and τομη, Gr.] the act of cut­
ting off the testes, the act of gelding. See EUNUCH, and EXPURGA­
TORY Index, compared.


ORD

ORD [ord, Sax. an edge] an initial syllable in names of persons signi­
fying an edge or sharpness; as in ordhelm, ordbright, &c. and in the
Islandic tongue, ord signifies a spear or dart. Gibson's Camden.

ORD, in old English, signified beginning.

O’RCIO [in Florence, &c.] an oil measure, containing eight gallons
one quart English measure.

To ORDAI’N, verb act. [ordonnor, Fr. ordenàr, Sp. of ordino, Lat.] 1.
To command or enjoin; to appoint, to decree. 2. To establish, to
settle, to institute. 3. To set in an office. A man who is ordained over
the affairs. Esther. 4. To admit or confer holy orders, to invest with
ministerial function or sacerdotal power.

ORDAI’NER [of ordain] he who ordains.

ORDA’LEAL Law, the law of ordeal, which was appointed long be­
fore the conquest, and continued in force till the reign of king John and
Henry III, when it was condemned by pope Stephen II, and utterly
abolished by parliament.

O’RDEAL, subst. [ordeal, ordal; ofor, great, and deal, Sax. orda­
lium, low Lat. ordalie, Fr. ordeel, L. Ger. and urtheil, H. Ger. signify
to this day a judgment or sentence, given upon any cause, civil or cri­
minal, and the Lat. and H. Ger. tongues have the verbs ordeelen and
urtheilen, to give a sentence of judgment on a matter, and ver or deelen
and derurtheilen, to condemn; all derived of urdela, Goth] a method
practised about the time of Edward the confessor, of trying criminal per­
sons; when if the person accused pleaded not guilty, he might either
put himself upon God and his country, as at this day, or upon God
only, presuming that he would free the innocent; and this ordeal was
either by fire or water; by fire, if the person were of free estate, by
walking blindfold over hot bars of iron; or by water, if he were of ser­
vile condition, by being thrown into water: whence the vulgar trial of
witches. And it was also after divers manners.

Simple ORDEAL, was when a person accused, carried in his hand a red
hot iron of a pound weight.

ORDEAL by Combat, was when a person who was accused of murder,
was obliged to fight the next relation, &c. of the person deceased.

ORDEAL by Fire, was when the person accused undertook to prove
his or her innocence, by walking blindfold and barefoot over nine red
hot plough-shares, laid at unequal distances one from another; or else
by holding a red hot iron in his or her hand.

ORDEAL by cold Water, was used for the trial of witches, by binding
and throwing them into a pond or river.

ORDEAL by hot Water, was by putting the hands or feet into scalding
water.

To O’RDER, verb act. [ordinare, It. and Lat. ordonner, Fr. ordenàr,
Sp. and Port.] 1. To command or appoint, to direct. 2. To regulate,
to adjust, to conduct. A good wife in the ordering of her house. Ec­
clesiasticus. 3. To manage, to procure. Did order all the cates in
seemly wise. Spenser. 4. To methodize, to dispose fitly. These were
the orderings of them in their service. 1 Chron. 5. To ordain to sacer­
dotal function. Liberty to object any crime against such as are to be
ordered. Whitgift.

O’RDER [ordre, Fr. ordine, It. orden, Sp. ordem, Port of ordo, Lat.] 1.
A disposition of things in their proper place; method. 2. Established
process. To keep them to order. Watts. 3. Proper state. Any of
the faculties wanting or out of order. Locke. 4. Custom or manner, re­
gularity, settled mode. 5. Mandate, precept, command. 6. Rule,
discipline, regulation. The church hath authority to establish that for
an order. Hooker. 7. Regular government. Would dash all order and
protect their fact. Daniel. 8. A society of dignified persons distinguished
by marks of honour. 9. A rank or class. The priests of the second
order. 2 Kings. 10. A religious fraternity. 11. In the plural, hier­
archical state, The faults of men in orders. Dryden. 12. Means to
an end. In order to the better discharge of these duties. Tillotson. 13.
Measures, care. You shall take some order for the soldiers. Spenser.

ORDER of Battle [military term] is the disposition of the battalions
and squadrons of an army in one or more lines, according to the nature
of the ground, either in order to engage an enemy or to be reviewed.

ORDERS [in architecture] are rules for the proportion that is to be
observed in the erecting of pillars or columns, and for the form of cer­
tain parts belonging to them. And thence buildings are said to be of
several orders, when the proportion between the thickness of the columns
and their height, and all things requisite thereto, are different. There
are five orders of columns; three of which are Greek, viz. the Doric,
Ionic, and Corinthian; and two Italian, viz. the Tuscan and Compo­
site. Every order is composed of two parts at least; the column and the
entablature; and of four parts at the most, where there is a pedestal
under the columns and one acroter or little pedestal on the top of the
entablature. The column has three parts, the base, the shaft, and the
pedestal; which parts are all different in their several orders. It is to be
observed, that by diameter is meant the thickness of the shaft at the
bottom.

French ORDER [in architecture] an order that is of new invention,
whose capitals consists in attributes agreeing to the people, as fleurs de lis,
cock's heads, &c. The proportions of this order are Corinthian. Such
is that of M. le Brun. in the royal gallery of Versailles, and that of M. le
Clerk, who also gives a second Tuscan order, and a Spanish order, the
former he ranks between the first Tuscan and Doric, and the latter be­
tween the Corinthian and Composite.

Caryatic ORDER [in architecture] is that whose entablature is supported
with figures of women instead of columns.

Persian ORDER [in architecture] an order which has figures or Persian
slaves to support the entablature instead of columns.

Rustic ORDER [in architecture] is one adorned mith rustic quoins,
boscages, &c.








The Tuscan ORDER is the most simple and most destitute of ornaments,
so that it is seldom made use of except in vaults, in some rustic edifices,
vast piles of building, as amphitheatres, &c. The Tuscan order is di­
vided into ten diameters and three quarters, the pedestal having two,
the column with base and capital seven, and the entablature one and
three quarters. See Plate VII. fig. 21.

The Doric ORDER, should not have any ornaments, either in its ca­
pital or base. The astragal and listel below the capital, which is half a
diameter in height, constituting part of the shank or body of the pillar.
In the Doric order, the whole height being given, is divided into 12
diameters, or parts, and one third: the pedestal having two and one
third, the column eight, and the entablature two. See Plate VII. fig. 22.

The Ionic ORDER, at its first invention, had its columns only eight
modules in height, but afterwards the ancients augmented the height of
its pillars in order to make it more beautiful, and also added to it a base
that was not used before. In the Ionic order the whole height is divided
into 13 diameters and a half; the pedestal having two and two thirds,
the column nine, and the entablature one and four fifths. The capital
is chiefly composed of volutas or scrolls, and they are commonly chan­
nelled with 24 flutes. See Plate VII. fig. 23.

The Corinthian ORDER is the finest and richest order of them all. In
the Corinthian order the whole height is divided into 14 diameters and
a half, the pedestal having three, the column nine and a half, and the
entablature two. The capitals are adorned with two rows of leaves and
eight volutas, which support the abacus.

The Composit ORDER, or Roman ORDER, is one, the capitals of whose
pillars are composed of two rows of leaves, like those of the Corinthian
order, and of the volutas or scrolls of the Ionic. These columns are
commonly divided into fifteen diameters and one third, the pedestal hav­
ing three and one third, the column ten, and the entablature two. These
columns, wholly like to the Corinthian in all its dimensions and numbers
except the capitals, which have no more than four volutas, which take up
the whole space, which is filled both by the volutas, and stems or stalks
of the Corinthian order. See Plate VII. fig. 24. In a colonade or range
of pillars, the intercolumination or space between columns in the Tus­
can order is four diameters; in the Doric order two and three quarters; in
the Ionic order two and a quarter; in the Corinthian order two; and in
the Composit order one and a half.
To these orders some add the Attic and Gothic.

The Attic ORDER, is a small order of pilasters of the shortest propor­
tion, having a cornice raised after the manner of an architrave for its en­
tablature.

The Gothic ORDER, which is so widely different from the antient pro­
portions and ornaments, that its columns are either too massy, in form
of vast pillars, or as slender as poles, having capitals without any certain
dimensions, carved with the thorny leaves of thistles, bear's foot or cole­
worts. See GOTHS.

ORDER [in divinity] is that [ταξις] just arrangement of the divine per­
sonages, according to which the second is subordinate [or subject] to the
FIRST, and the third to BOTH; and that the respective homage which
is paid to each, must be regulated by it; will appear from what follows.
“They are three, says Tertullian, non statû, sed gradû, i. e. not in state,
but in degree.” And what he meant by degree, the reader will find un­
der the word HOMOÜSIANS. And to the same effect, Eusebius speaking
of the FATHER and the SON, says, “We [we Christians] do not ap­
ply similar [or like] ascriptions of DIVINITY to both; but ευσεβως δε τη
ταξει χρωμεθα, i. e. most religiously observe the Taxis, the just arrange­
ment [or order”] and what they meant by all this, the reader will find
under the word [MARCELLIANS]; and if the judgment of Justin Mar­
tyr, St. Irenæus, and other Antenicenes be required, it is already given
under the words, FIRST-CAUSE, CERINTHIANS, DIVINITY, and MO­
NARCHY of THE UNIVERSE. “That we [we Christians] says Justin
Martyr, holding him [i. e. the Son] in the SECOND place, and the pro­
phetic Spirit [εν τριτη ταξει] in the THIRD RANK [or station] do with
reason honour them, we'll now proceed to shew. For that we should
ascribe the SECOND PLACE AFTER the immutable and always existing GOD
and begetter of all things to a crucified man, appears to be mere mad­
ness to them.” Such is St. Justin's account of the CHRISTIAN WOR­
SHIP and THEOLOGY in his days. JUSTIN Apolog. B. Ed. R. Stephan.
p. 139 and 137. compared. In plain terms, what the ANTIENTS meant
by tnese and like expressions, whether speaking of their belief alone, or
belief as regulating their worship, was not a mere order of WORDS, or
that one person should be mentioned before another: But first, the abso­
lute supremacy and dominion of the ONE GOD AND FATHER, over all
without exception; and 2dly, The dominion of the ONE LORD [the only-be­
gotten Son] over all, his FATHER ONLY excepted; and accordingly,
that whatever divine powers are derived from the first person upon the
second, and through the second upon the third; still they are (as the
council of Sirmium explains itself) not συντεταγμενοι, not co-ordinate; not
to be placed upon a level with him: but υποτεταγμενοι, i. e. subordinate,
or (to render it more closely to the original) placed under him, placed in
an inferior rank, or station; and in which they are subject to HIM [See
DITHEISM and CO-ORDINATION] Even St. Basil himself confesses,
“That the SON is SECOND [or inferior] to the FATHER both in RANK
[i. e. in degree, or order] because he is FROM him; and in DIGNITY; be­
cause the Father is the original and cause of the son's existence, &c.”
And of the Spirit he affirms, “that his being SECOND likewise to the Son
[both in rank, order, and dignity] is the doctrine ACCORDING TO GOD­
LINESS.” Contr. Eunom. lib. 3. And what he (and indeed all antiquity)
meant by this gradation, himself explains more fully in other places; of
which we have given an instance or two under the words [GHOST and
ESSENCE.] And though (if we may credit St. Gregory) ATHANASIUS
was the first of all his contemporaries, that ventured to advance the natural
co-equality of the third person with the other two: yet EVEN HE could not
absolutely give up the present truth; as we have shewn in part, under the
word [dove.] But he expresses himself in yet stronger terms, in his
treatise against the Sabellians; in which he represents the third person to
be as FULL of the second, as the second is of the FIRST; and flatly de­
nies (what the Sabellians affirmed) that “our incarnate Lord and God
Jesus Christ was [ο μονος Θεος] THE ONLY GOD.” The whole current
of scripture (as he observes) having appropriated that title to the person of
GOD THE FATHER. In proof of which the reader may consult ATHA­
NAS. opera Edit. Paris, Vol. I. p. 661, 663. and MACEDONIANS
compared with EXCLUSIVE, and John, c. xvii. v. 3. and 1 Tim, vi. 15.

O’RDERER [of order] one that orders, methodises or regulates. A great
disposer and orderer of all things. Suckling.

O’RDERLESS, adj. [of order] disorderly, out of rule. See under the
4th sense of order.

O’RDERLINESS [of ordo, Lat. and gelicnesse, Sax.] regularness.

O’RDERLY, adj. [of order] 1. Regular, methodical. The book re­
quireth but orderly reading. Hooker. 2. Not tumultuous, well regulated.
An orderly and well-governed march. Clarendon. 3. According with
established method. Till orderly judgment of decision be given against
it. Hooker.

O’RDERLY, adv. [of order] methodically, according to order, accord­
ing to rule, regularly. Orderly delivered and proceeded in. Hooker.

O’RDINABLE, adj. [ordino, Lat.] such as may be appointed.

ORDINAL, adj. [ordinal, Fr. ordinale, It. of ordinalis, Lat.] pertaining
to order, noting order.

ORDINAL Nouns, or Nouns of number or Order, are first, second, third,
and fourth, a hundredth, a thousandth, &c.

O’RDINAL Numbers [with arithmeticians] are such as express the order
of things, as first, second, third, hundredth, &c.

O’RDINAL, subst. a book of directions for bishops in giving holy or­
ders; also a book containing the orders and constitutions of a college or
religious house.

O’RDINANCE [ordonnance, Fr. ordinanza, It.] 1. A law, statute or
command of a sovereign or superior, rule, prescript. 2. Observance
commanded. 3. Appointment. 4. Cannon, artillery, great guns, &c.
It is now generally written for distinction ordnance. See ORDNANCE.

ORDINANCE [of the forest] a statute made in the 34th of king Ed­
ward I, concerning forest causes.

Clerk of the ORDINANCE, an officer whose business it is to record the
names of all officers, artificers, &c. and all orders and instructions given
for the government of the office, and to make bills of imprest, deben­
tures, &c.

Surveyor of the ORDINANCE, an officer whose charge or duty is to survey
all the king's ordnance, stores and provisions of war in the store-house of
the Tower of London; also to allow all bills of debt; and also to keep
check upon the works of artificers and labourers.

O’RDINARIES [in heraldry] are ten, viz. the chief, the pale, the
bend, the fess, the bar, the cross, the saltier, the chevron, the bordure,
and the orl. Some have endeavoured to increase the number to twenty,
adding to those before mentioned, the quarter, the escutcheon, the cappe
dexter and sinister, lumenche dexter and sinister, chausse dexter and si­
nister, and the point. But these have not been received by heralds in
common. There are these reasons assigned why these ordinaries are
called honourable; as, 1st, Because they have been in use ever since the
practice of armory, immediately after the partitions. 2dly, Because that
being placed all together on the escutcheon (which represents the body of
a man) they intirely cover it, and seem as it were to ward off the strokes
that come from the hand of the enemy. The chief, represents the hel­
met; the wreath, the chaplet or crown that covers the head; the pale,
the lance or spear; the bend and bar, the belt; the fesse, the scarf; the
cross and saltier, the sword; the chevron, the boots and spurs; and the
bordure and orld, the coat of mail.
If a person was wounded on the head in battle, the king or general af­
terwards gave him a chief; if in the legs, a chevron; if his sword and
armour were coloured with the blood of the enemy, a cross or bordure;
and thus after a mysterious manner erected for him an honourable memo­
ial of what he had done for his king and country,

O’RDINARILY [of ordinary; ordinairement, Fr.] 1. According to esta­
blished rules, or settled method. 2. Usually, commonly.

O’RDINARY, adj. [ordinaire, Fr. ordinario, It. and Sp. of ordinarius,
Lat.] 1. Common, usual, wonted, that which happens or passes fre­
quently or usually. 2. Established, methodical. Laws observed in the
ordinary forms of justice. Addison. 3. Of low rank, mean. The ordi­
nary sort of men. Hooker. 4. Ugly, not handsome. As she is an ordi­
nary woman.

O’RDINARY, subst. 1. An eating or victualling house, where persons
may eat at so much per meal. 2. [In the common law] the bishop of
the diocess, or he who has ordinary ecclesiastical jurisdiction within that
territory, and collation to the benefits therein, established judge of ec­
clesiastical causes. Law hath referred the whole disposition and redress
thereof to the ordinary of the place. Hooker. 3. [In the civil law] is any
judge who has authority to take cognizance of causes in his own right,
as he is a magistrate, and not by deputation. 4. Settled, established.
5. Actual and constant office. 6. Regular price of a meal. Shakespeare.

ORDINARY, is applied to officers and servants of the king's houshold,
who attend on common occasions; as physician in ordinary, &c.

ORDINARY [of assizes, &c.] a deputy of the bishop of the diocess,
formerly appointed to give malefactors their neck verses, and to acquaint
the court whether they read or not; also to perform divine service for
them, and to assist in preparing them for death.

To O’RDINATE, verb act. [ordinatum, sup. of ordino, Lat.] to ap­
point. Daniel.

O’RDINATE, adj. [ordinatus, Lat.] regular, methodical. Ordinate fi­
gures are such as have all their sides, and all their angles equal. Ray.

ORDINATE [in an ellipsis] is a right line drawn in an ellipsis or oval,
from one side to another, parallel to a tangent, which passes through one
of the ends of that diameter to which it was an ordinate.

ORDINATE [in an hyperbola] is a right line drawn from one side to
the other, and divided into two equal parts, by the axis of the same hy­
perbola.

ORDINATE [in a parabola] a line drawn through the axis and dia­
meters, parallel to the tangent; half of this sine is called the ordinate,
and the whole the double ordinate.

ORDINATE Applicate [in conic sections] is a line in any conic section,
drawn at right angles to, and bisected by the axis, and reaching from
one side of the section to the other, the half of which, though it is now
generally called the ordinate, is properly the semi-ordinate.

ORDINATE Ratio [in geometry] is that wherein the antecedent of the
first ratio is to its consequent, as the antecedent of the second is to its
consequent.

O’RDINATES [in geometry and conics] are lines drawn from any one
point of the circumference of an ellipsis, or other conic section, perpen­
dicularly across the axis to the other side.

ORDINA’TION, Fr. [ordinazion, It. of ordinatio, Lat.] 1. The action of
conferring holy orders, or of initiating a candidate into the diaconate or
priesthood. 2. Established order or tendency. Virtue and vice have a
natural ordination to the happiness and misery of life respectively.
Norris.







Query, If what Dr. Owen, in his late posthumous sermons
printed from Sir John Hartop's copy observes, merits our regard, viz.
that in our old English version of Acts, c. xiv. v. 23. it ran thus,
“Having ordained BY ELECTION;” and that a change has been since
made (as he insinuates) in order to serve a turn? Or shall we rather
say, that his criticism has more of shew than solidity? Because if the
idea of choice and suffrage must of necessity be included; still it will not
be a choice made by the PEOPLE, which is what the Doctor intended;
but a choice made by the PERSONS to whom the act is here ascribed, i. e. by
the APOSTLES themselves. However, it should not be dissembled, that
from St. Cyprian and other writers it appears, that the churches (when
now formed) did long after the apostolic age still retain the custom of
choosing their own bishops and other officers. And one would suspect
from what St. Clemens, the cotemporary of the apostles, says, in his
larger epistle, that the people had also the right of dismissing them too.
CLEM. Ep. ad Corinth. Ed. London, p. 123—124, &c. See CONGRE­
GATIONALISTS, and BISHOP, compared.

ORDINATION Days, are certain days appointed for the ordination of
clergymen, viz. the second Sunday in Lent, Trinity Sunday, and the
Sunday following; also the Sundays following the next Wednesdays af­
ter September the 14th, and December the 13th.

O’RDINES Majores, Lat. the sacred order of priests, deacons, and sub­
deacons.

ORDINES Minores, Lat. the inferior orders of chanter, psalmist, rea­
der, &c.

O’RDLES, i. e. Ordeals, as oaths and ordles, i. e. the right of giving
oaths, and determining ordeal trials, withing a particular precinct.

O’RDNANCE. [This was antiently written more frequently ordinance;
but ordnance is used for distinction] all sorts of artillery or great guns,
the standing great magazine of arms, and habiliments of war. The dis­
charge of ordnance. Bentley. See ORDINANCE.

O’RDONNANCE, Fr. order or disposition.

ORDONNANCE [in architecture] is the giving to all the parts of a
building, the just quantity and dimensions, which they ought to have, ac­
cording to the model.

ORDONNANCE [in painting] is the disposition of the parts or figures of
it, either with regard to the whole piece, or to the several parts; as the
groupes, masses, contrasts, &c.

O’RDURE [ordure, Fr. ordura, It. from sordes, Lat. Skinner.] the dung
of man or beast.

ORE, subst. [ore or ora, Sax. oor, Du. a mine] 1. Metal unrefined,
metal yet in its mineral state. 2. Metal in general. The liquid ore he
drained. Milton.

O’RENGES [in heraldry] little balls commonly of an orange colour.

O’REON [ορειον, Gr.] a kind of knot-grass, by some called blood­
wort.

O’REWEED, or O’REWOOD, sea-weed. A weed either growing upon
the rocks under high water mark, or broken from the bottom of the sea
by rough weather, and cast upon the next shore by the wind and flood.
Carew.

ORE’XIS, Lat. [ορεξις, Gr.] a stomach or natural appetite for meat.

O’RFGILD [of orf, cattle, and gild, a payment, of gildan, Sax. to
pay] a delivery or restitution made by the country or hundred for any
wrong that had been done by one who was in plegio, or bound by the
engagement called frank-pledge.

O’RFORD, a borough town of Suffolk, on the mouth of the river Ore,
88 miles from London. It gives title of earl to the noble family of Wal­
pole, and sends two members to parliament.

O’RFRAYES [prob. of or, Fr. gold, and frize] frizled cloth of gold,
anciently much worn by kings and noblemen.

O’RFUS, a sort of chub fish with a reddish back.


ORG

O’RGAN [organe, Fr. organo, It. orgaim, Port. organum, Lat. of οργανον,
Gr.] 1. An instrument of some natural faculty in an animal body, as the
ear of hearing, the eye of sight, &c. 2. [Orgue, Fr.] a musical instru­
ment used in churches: It consists of several rows of pipes, and of stops
touched by the hand.

ORGANS were first introduced into the church about the year 657. In
the cathedral of Ulm in Germany is an organ of 93 feet high, and 28
broad (the biggest pipe 13 inches diameter) and has 16 pair of bellows
to blow it.

O’RGAN [with anatomists] is defined to be a part that requires a
right, determinate and sensible conformation to make it up, and for the
performance of its actions, as the heart, a muscle, an arm, &c.

Hydraulic ORGAN, an organ which plays by the means of water.

Primary ORGANS [of an animal body] those composed of similar parts,
and appointed for some one single function, as the arteries, nerves and
muscles.

Secondary ORGANS [of an animal body] such as consist of several of
the former, tho' appropriated to one single action, as the hands, fingers,
&c.

ORGA’NIC, or ORGA’NICAL [organique, Fr. organico, It. and Sp.
organicus, Lat. οργανιχος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to the organs of the body,
consisting of various parts co-operating with each other. 2. Instru­
mental, or serving as a means or instrument of nature or art to a certain
end.

ORGA’NICAL Description of Curves [in mathematics] is the method of
describing them upon a plane, by the regular motion of a point.

ORGA’NICAL Part [with naturalists] that part of a living creature, or
plant, which is designed for the performance of some particular function
or action.

ORGANICAL Disease [in medicine] a disease in the organical part of
the body, by which the function of it is impeded, suspended or de­
stroyed.

ORGA’NICALLY [of organical; organice, Lat.] 1. With or by an in­
strument, respecting organs. Ray. 2. By means of organs, by organi­
cal disposition of parts. Locke.

ORGA’NICALNESS [of organical] the state of being organical or con­
sisting of organs.

O’RGANISM [of organ] organical nature, assemblage, composition or
construction. The natural structure or organism of bodies. Grew.

O’RGANIST [organiste, Fr. organista, It. Sp. and Lat.] a musician who
plays upon the organ.

ORGANIZA’TION [of organize] construction in which the parts are so
disposed as to be subservient to each other. Glanville.

To O’RGANIZE, verb act. [organiser, Fr.] to construct so as that one
part co-operates with another, to form organically. Hooker.

O’RGANIZED, part adj. [organisé, Fr.] made with organs.

O’RGANLOFT [of organ and loft] the loft where the organ stands.

O’RGANPIPE [of organ and pipe] the pipe of a musical organ.

O’RGASM [orgasme, Fr. οργασμος, Gr.] sudden vehemence. The
orgasms of the spirits should be allayed. Derham.

ORGA’SMUS, Lat. [οργασμος, Gr.] violence, force, onset.

ORGASMUS [in physic] an impetus or too quick motion of the blood,
spirits, or humours too; when in a restless state, and shifting from place to
place. Galen, in Aphorism 22, lib. 1. who adds, that the word strictly
signifies the TURGESCENCY of animals, when disposed for copulation.

O’RGIES, subst. a sea-fish, called also organling. They both seem a
corruption of Orkenyling, as being taken on that coast.

O’RGIA [orgies, Fr. οργια, of οργη, Gr. fury, madness] feasts and sacri­
fices of Bacchus, commonly celebrated by raving women upon the tops
of mountains.

ORGI’LLOUS, adj. [orguilleux, Fr.] proud, haughty.

O’RGUES, are thick, long pieces of wood, pointed and shod with iron,
clear one of another, hanging each by a particular rope or cord over the
gate-way of a strong place, perpendicular, to be let fall in case of an
enemy. Their disposition is such, that they stop the passage of the gate,
and are preferable to herses or portcullises, because these may be either
broke by a petard, or they may be stopt in their falling down, but a pe­
tard is useless against an orgne, for if it break one or two of the pieces,
they immediately fall down again, and fill up the vacancy; or if they
stop one or two of the pieces from falling, it is no hindrance to the rest,
for being all separate, they have no dependance on one another.

O’RGUES, or O’RGAN [in military affairs] also siguifies a machine
composed of several harquebuss barrels, bound together, or musket baro
rels set in a row, within one wooden stock, to be discharged either all
at once or separately.

O’RGIES [οργνα, Gr.] certain festivals and revels in honour of Bac­
chus; and hence applied to festal jovial rites in general.


ORI

O’RICHALCH, subst. [orichalcum, Lat.] brass.

O’RIENT, adj. [l'orient, Fr. oriente, It. and Sp. of oriens, Lat.] 1. Ri­
sing. 2. Eastern, oriental. 3. Bright, shining, glittering, gaudy. A
bright and orient thing. Abbot.

ORIENT, subst. [orient, Fr.] the east, the part where the sun first ap­
pears.

ORIE’NTAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [orientale, It. orientalis, Lat.] eastern,
placed in the east, proceeding from the east. Pequin upon the oriental
seas. Bacon.

ORIE’NTAL [with astronomers] a planet is said to be oriental, when it
rises in a morning before the sun.

ORIENTAL, subst. an inhabitant of the eastern parts of the world.
Grew.

ORIE’NTALISM [of oriental] an idiom of the eastern languages, an
eastern mode of speech.

ORIENTA’LITY [of oriental] state of being oriental. Brown.

O’RIFICE, Fr. [orifizio, It. orificio, Sp. of orificium, Lat.] the mouth,
entry or brim of any thing, as of a vein, wound, the stomach, &c. any
opening or perforation.

O’RIFLAMB, or O’RIFLEMB [probably a corruption of auriflamma,
Lat. or flamme d'or, Fr. in like manner as orpiment is corrupted; ori­
flamme, Fr. oriaflamma, It.] the royal standard of the ancient kings of
France, so called from its being embroidered with flames of gold upon
a ground of red, which at first was only borne in wars against infidels,
and lost in the battle against the Flemings. It was also called the stan­
stard of St. Dennis.

O’RIGAN [origan, Fr. Origanum, Lat.] wild marjorum. Spenser.

ORI’GANUM, Lat. [οριγανον, Gr.] the herb wild marjorum.

ORIGE’NIANS, an ancient sect of heretics, who even surpassed the
abomination of the Gnostics. I suspect this to be a heresy yet unknown.

ORI’GENISTS, the followers of Origen.

O’RIGENISM, the doctrine which St. Origen advanced; who flourished
about the beginning of the third century. St. Jerom informs us, that
the apology which Ruffinus published in defence of Origen, was in truth
the work of Eusebius, bishop of Cœsarea, who drew it up with design to
prove, that Origen was of the same belief with himself, and not (as Ruffinus
would insinuate) with the Athanasians. And indeed the several charges
made against Origen (as stated in that apology) prove as much; not one
of them relating to the many passages still extant in his most genuine wri­
tings, in which (agreeably to his avowed doctrine, Origen. opera Ed.
Rothomag. Tom. 2d. p. 218) he represents the son “as excelling all
other derived beings in ESSENCE, and dignity, and power, and divinity,
and wisdom; but adds withal, that χατ' ουδενσογχρινεται τω ωατρι, i. e. in
NOTHING is he to be compared with the FATHER.” And observes yet further
in the same context, “that both the Son, and Spirit, tho' excelling by
most abundant preheminence all other derived beings, are as much, or yet
more, excelled by GOD the FATHER.” Strange, if in all this he spoke a
language foreign to the church of Christ in his days, that this should not
have been made one (and in truth the principal one) of the nine charges,
which his cotemporaries drew up against him. But not a mouth was
opened against him here. Not so with reference to his doctrine of the
incarnation: Here, as he had stiled Christ [συνθετον τι χρημα, i. e.] a
compounded thing; and speaks much of a certain human soul received into
the closest union with the Son, or logos of God; here, I say, an outcry
was immediately raised; and accordingly we find the fifth article of im­
peachment against him, is that of his making TWO CHRISTS; and if
I'm not mistaken, St. Origen himself alludes to it, Tom. I. p. 423.
As to the other articles I must refer my readers to the Apology itself; and
what may be offered under the words, SECONDARY Sense, and PURGA­
TORIAL Fire. See DIVINITY, DITHEISM and CERINTHIANS compared.

O’RIGIN, or ORI’GINAL, subst. [origine, Fr. and It. origen, Sp. of ori­
go, Lat.] 1. Beginning, first existence. The origins of terrestrial ani­
mals. Bentley. 2. The first rise or source, fountain, that which gives
beginning or existence. Original of beings! pow'r divine! Prior. 3.
First copy, archetype, that from which any thing is transcribed or tran­
slated. In this sense origin is not used. Compare this translation with the original. Addison. 3. Pedigree, derivation, descent. Expressing their original from blood. Dryden.

ORIGINAL, adj. Sp. [originel, Fr. originale, It. of originalis, Lat.] per­
taining to or proceeding from an original; also primitive, first pristine.

ORIGINA’LIA [in the exchequer] transcripts sent to the office of the
remembrancer out of the chancery, and are distinguished from records,
which contain the judgments and pleadings in causes tried before the ba­
rons of that court.

ORIGINAL, subst. Fr. [originale, It. of originalis, Lat.] See ORIGIN.








ORIGINAL Sin the guilt and teint derived from our first parents. But
see SIN.

ORI’GINALLY, adv. [of original] 1. Primarily, with regard to the
first cause. 2. At first. Originally and at the time of the deluge.
Woodward. 3. Primarily.

ORI’GINALNESS [of original] the state or quality of being original,
primitiveness.

ORI’GINARY, adj. [originaire, Fr.] 1. Productive, causing existence.
Cheyne. 2. Primitive, pertaining to that which was the first state.

To ORI’GINATE, verb act. [of origin] to bring into existence.

ORI’GINATED, part. adj. having or fetching his original from.

ORIGINA’TION [originatio, Lat.] the act of bringing into existence,
first production. Hale. See GENESIS, and CO-ETERNAL, compared.

ORI’SON [oraison, Fr. orazione, It. oracione, Sp. of oratio, Lat. It is
mostly used in the plural. This word is variously accented. Shake­
speare has the accent both on the first and second syllables: Milton and
Crashaw on the first, others on the second] a prayer, a supplication.

Ork [ourque, Fr. the first, orca, It. hourque, Fr. the second] 1. A
monstrous fish usually called a whirlpool. See ORC. 2. A kind of
hulk or large sea vessel. 3. A cask for wine or figs.

ORLE, Fr. a selvedge or welt [in heraldry] is an ordinary, compo­
sed of a threefold line duplicated, admitting a transparency of the field
throughout the innermost area or space wherein it is inclosed.

In ORLE [in heraldry] is when any thing is placed within the escut­
cheon all about it, in the nature of an orle, near the edges, and leaving
the field empty in the middle.

ORLO [in architecture] the plinth or square under the base of its pe­
destal.

O’RLOP, or O’RLOPE [overloop, Du. The middle deck. Skinner. a sea
term] the uppermost space or deck in a great ship, from the main-mast
to the mizen; also a platform under the lowest deck of a three-deck'd ship.

O’RMSKIRK, a market town of Lancashire, 190 miles from London.

O’RNAMENT [ornement, Fr. ornamento, It. and Sp. of ornamentum,
Lat.] 1. Finery, attire, dress, decoration, embellishment. 2. Honour,
that which confers dignity.

ORNAME’NTAL [of ornament] adorning, serving for decoration, giv­
ing embellishment.

ORNAME’NTALLY, adv. [of ornament] in such a manner as to deco­
rate, becomingly.

ORNAME’NTALNESS [of ornamental] the state of being adorned.

O’RNAMENTED, adj. [of ornament] embellished, decorated, be­
decked.

ORNA’TE, adj. [ornatus, Lat.] neat, trim, fine, bedecked. So be­
decked, ornate and gay. Milton.

O’RNATURE [ornatus, Lat.] decoration. Ainsworth.

ORNEOSCO’PICS [ορνεοσχοπιχα, of ορνεον, little bird, and σχοπεω, Gr. to
view] omens, predictions given from the flight, &c. of birds.

ORNEOSCO’PIST [ορνεοσχοπος, of ορνις, a bird, and σχοπεω, Gr. to view]
an augur or diviner by the flight of birds, in order to foretel futurity.

ORNITHO’LOGY [of ορνις, a bird, and λογος, Gr. description] a dis­
course on birds.

ORNITHO’LOGIST [ορνιθολογος, Gr.] a describer of birds.

ORNI’THOMANCY [ορνιθομαντεια, Gr.] a divination by birds.

ORNITHO’TROPHY [ορνιθοτροφειον, Gr.] a place to feed birds in.

ORO’BIA [of οροβος, Gr. a vetch] frankincense in small grains like
vetches.

OROBOI’DES [in medicine] a settlement in urine like vetches.

O’RPHAN, subst. [orphelin, Fr. orfano, It. huerfano, Sp. of orphanus,
Lat. ορφανος, Gr.] one bereaved of father or mother, a child who has
lost father or mother, or both.

O’RPHAN, adj. [orpheline, Fr.] bereft of parents.

O’RPHANAGE, or O’RPHANISM [orfelinage, Fr. orfonità, It.] the state
or condition of an orphan.

ORPHANO’TROPHY [ορφανοτροφειον, of ορφανος, an orphan. and τρεφω,
Gr. to feed] an hospital where orphans are brought up.

O’RPIMENT [auri-pigmentum, Lat. orpiment, orpin, Fr.] a kind of yel­
low arsenic, a mineral or semi-metal.

ORPIN [orpin, Fr. Liverer or rose root anacamperos teleplium or rhodia
radix] an herb well known.


ORR

O’RRACH, a good pot herb. See ORACH.

O’RRERY, the name of a late invented machine which represents the
solar system, according to Copernicus, in which the sun in the center
has a motion about his own axis, and about him all the primary and se­
condary planets perform their annual and diurnal motion in their respec­
tive orbits, by the turning of the handle at H. See Plate X. fig. 1.
It was first made by Mr. Rowley, a mathematical instrument maker,
born at Litchfield, and so named from his patron the earl of Orrery.
There has been several of them made, of which some only have the sun,
earth, and moon, those only represent the annual and diurnal motion
of the earth, the change of the seasons, and the increase and decrease of
the days and nights, with the revolution of the moon about the earth,
and her various aspects, together with the nature of the eclipses of the
sun and moon: again, there are other orreries made, which have the
two inferior planets, viz. Mercury and Venus, as also the earth and
moon, which by turning of the handle, describe their orbits in their re­
spective periodical times, and represent their various aspects. But those
which are the most compleat, have all the planets both primary and se­
condary, as is represented in fig. 1. In which S represents the sun placed
in the center of this for the solar system, tho' in nature, he is not exactly
in the center, for it is observed, that the orbits of the planets are ellipses,
and that the sun is one of the focuses of those ellipses: but when such a
vast expansion as our solar system is reduced to such a small figure as the
orrery, then the orbits may be made circles without any considerable error.
Next to the sun is the orbit of Mercury, and next to that the orbit of
Venus; the first is represented by the ball at n, in fig. 1. and the last by
that at m, which in the machine are represented by two silver balls on two
wires.
Next to the orbit of Venus, is the orbit of our earth, which, in the
orrery, is represented by a silver plate, on which the signs of the zodiac,
the degrees of the ecliptic, and the days of each month are drawn, and
in fig. 1. is represented by the circle ○ ○ ○ ○, and the earth is represented
by an ivory ball placed upon an axis in fig. 1. at t, so as to make an an­
gle with the plane of the horizon of 66 ½ degrees, that is, it declines
from being vertical 23 ½ degrees equal to the angle made by the inter­
section of the ecliptic and equator. About the ivory ball there is a silver
circle, which is placed so as to incline to the earth's orbit in an angle of
8 degrees, which represents the orbit of the moon; and in fig. 1. is re­
presented by the circle l, l, l, and the moon is represented by a silver ball
as at l; over one half of the moon, there is a cape, which as the moon
goes round the earth by the turning of the handle at H, the cape serves to
represent the moon's phases as they appear, when observed by the inha­
bitants of this earth. In fig. 2. the lamp represents the sun in the or­
rery, which by the means of a convex glass, casts a strong light upon the
terrella (the room darkened) and when the earth is in Aries or Libra,
the rays of the lamp will enlighten one half of the equator, and of each of
its parallels, and the horizon, which separates the inlightened from the
darkened hemisphere, passes through both the poles as it is represented at
P, fig. 2. and as the equator and all its parallels are equally divided by
the general horizon, therefore the day will be equal to the night over the
whole globe, when the earth is in one of those two points of Aries and
Libra, as will evidently appear, by turning the handle once round, and
as the earth moves thro' Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius, the inlightened
arch of the northern parallels of latitude encreaseth, while the inlightened
arch of the southern parallels decrease, by which is represented the in­
crease of the day in the northern latitudes above the length of the night,
and the decrease, by the length of the day in the southern latitudes; and
the earth being in the first degree of Capricorn, the general horizon
reacheth 23 ½ degrees on the other side of the north pole, and conse­
quently the whole north frigid zone has then one continued day, while
the south frigid zone has one continued night, as is represented, fig. 2. at
Q. and as the earth is carried thro' Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces, the
rays of the lamp shews the decrease of the days in the northern, and in­
crease in the southern latitude till the earth be in Aries, where the days
and nights are again equal, and here it is to be observed, that the earth,
from the first of Aries to Libra, turns 178 times round its own axis, and
all that time the north pole was within the rays of the lamp without any
night, while the south pole had all night without any rays of the lamp to
represent day, and while the earth moves thro' the six northern signs,
the same phœnomena will happen to those on the south side of the equa­
tor, as did to those inhabitants on the north side thereof, when the earth
was in the southern signs. The lamp is contrived to be carried about
with the annual plate, by which it represents the course of nature so as to
emit rays of light, and to inlighten that side of the terella which is in
darkness. While the earth is carried round the sun by 365 ¼ turns of the
handle. Mercury is carried round the sun in 88 turns of the handle, and
Venus in 224 turns, which represents that the length of the year in
Mercury is equal to 88 of our days, and the length of the year in Venus
to 224 of our days; likewise they are divided into inferior and superior:
the primary planets are those that revolve about the sun as the center of
their motions, and the secondary those that revolve about, or attend
some of the primary planets.
The inferior planets are Mercury and Venus, whose periodical times
we have already compared with that of our earth; the superior planets
are Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, whose periodical times, compared with
that of our earth, stand thus: Mars next, without our earth, performs
his revolution about the sun in 687 turns of the handle, and is repre­
sented in fig. 1. at M.
Jupiter, in 4332 turns of the handle at H, performs his revolution,
which agrees to 4332 revolutions of our earth about its own axis; and
last of all, Saturn in 10759 turns of the handle compleats his revolution,
which is the length of the Saturnian year, and when compared with that
of ours, is about 30 of our years; Jupiter is represented in fig. 1. at J,
and Saturn at K.
Fig. 3. represents that part separate, which contains the orbit of the
earth and moon. The figure is raised from a geometrical plane without
any diminution of the parts by perspective, that the nature of it may the
better appear: this figure serves to explain the nature of eclipses, for by
the construction of the machine, the sun at S, and the earth at T, and T,
have their centers exactly at the same height above the place they stand
on, while the moon's orbit O P Q R is inclined to that plane; therefore
the parts of the moon's orbit will be in some places higher above the plane
than the earth's center, in some places lower, as in the figures; being
highest at O and lowest at P. Now the moon's orbit will be in some
places carried along with the earth round the sun, and changes its posi­
tion perpetually; so that the lowest and highest points of its orbit, O and
P, are sometimes in a line passing to the sun, and sometimes in a quite
contrary position, as is represented in fig. 3. thence it comes to pass,
that we have sometimes eclipses, and sometimes not.
The orrery is sometimes inclosed in an armillary sphere, by which
means the situation of the solar system in respect of any latitude, may be
represented, as is shewn in this sketch, marked fig. 4. Mr. Glynn, late
mathematical instrument maker in London, was the first that applied the
orrery to the armillary sphere, with several other improvements, which
would be too tedious to mention in this place.

O’RRIS, O. Fr. a sort of gold and silver lace.

ORRIS, a flower; also called iris.


ORT

ORTHE’IL [in fortification] See BERME.

ORTE’LLI [in forest law] the claws of a dog's foot.

ORTHO’COLON [ορθοχωλον, Gr.] a preternatural straitness of a joint.

ORTHO’DORON [οεθοδωρον, Gr.] a Greek measure of about eight inches
one third.

O’RTHODOX, adj. [orthodoxe, Fr. ortodosso, It. orthodoxo, Sp. of ortho­
doxus, Lat. of ορθος, right, and δοχεω, Gr. to think] sound in belief or
opinion and doctrine, not heterodox, not heretical.

O’RTHODOXLY, adv. [of orthodox] with soundness of opinion. Sound­
ly and orthodoxly settled. Bacon

O’RTHODOXNESS [of orthodox] true belief, soundness of opinion.

O’RTHODOXY [orthodoxia, Lat. ορθοδοξια, of ορθος, right, and δοξα,
Gr. opinion, orthodoxie, Fr.] soundness of doctrine or opinion, with re­
gard to all the points and articles of faith. See HETERODOXY.

ORTHODRO’MIC [ορθοδρομια, of ορθος, straight, and δρομος, Gr. a course]
sailing in the arch of a great circle.

ORTHODRO’MICS, subst. [from ορθος, straight, and δρομος, Gr. course;
in navigation] the art of sailing in the arch of a great circle, which is the
shortest and streightest distance between any two points on the surface of
the globe.

O’RTHOGON, subst. [ορθος, straight or right, and γωνια, Gr. angle] a
rectangled figure. Peacham.

ORTHO’GONAL, adj. [of orthogonus, Lat. of ορθογωνος, of ορθος and γο­
νια, Gr. an angle] pertaining to right angles, rectangular.

ORTHO’GRAPHER [of ορθος, right, and γραφω, Gr. to describe] oe
who spells aright or according to the rules of grammar. Shakespeare.























ORTHOGRA’PHICAL, adj. [orthographique, Fr. ortographico, It. of or­
thographicus, Lat. of ορθογραφιχος, Gr.] 1. According to the rules of ortho­
graphy, rightly spelled. 2. Relating to the spelling. Some little ortho­
graphical mistakes. Addison. 3. Delineated according to the elevation,
not the ground plot. In the orthographical schemes. Mortimer.

ORTHOGRAPHICAL Projection of the Sphere [in mathematics] a deli­
neation of the sphere upon a plane, that cuts it in the middle, the eye
being supposed to be vertically placed at an infinite distance from it.

ORTHOGRA’PHICALLY, adv. [of orthographical] in a manner agree­
able to the rules of orthography; also according to the elevation, not ac­
cording to the ground plot.

ORTHO’GRAPHIST, or ORTHO’GRAPHER [of ορθογραφος, of ορθος,
right, and γραφω, Gr. to write] one skilled in orthography. See OR­
THOGRAPHY.

ORTHO’GRAPHY [orthographie, Fr. ortografia. It. and Sp. orthographia,
Lat. ορθογραφια, Gr. a right description] 1. [In geometry] the art of
drawing or delineating the fore-right plane of any object, and expres­
sing the heights or elevations of each part. 2. [With grammarians]
that part of grammar which teaches how words should be spelled 3.
The art of writing or spelling justly, and with all the letters that are ne­
cessary and usual.

ORTHOGRAPHY [with architects] is the elevation or the representation
of the front of a building, drawn geometrically.

ORTHOGRAPHY [in perspective] is the true delineation of the fore­
right plane of any object.

ORTHO’PNOIA [orthopnée, Fr. ορθοπνοια, of ορθος, right, or upright
in position, and πνοη, Gr. the breath] difficulty of breathing; a disorder
of the lungs, the person affected not being able to breathe but in an erect
posture.

O’RTIVE, adj. [ortivus, Lat.] pertaining to the rising of any planet or
star.

ORTIVE Amplitude [with astronomers] is an arch of the horizon,
incercepted between the point where a star rises and the east point of the
horizon.

O’RTOLON, Fr. [horta lano, Sp.] a small bird accounted very deli­
cious.

ORTS, seldom with a singular [this word is derived by Skinner from
ort, Ger. the fourth part of any thing; by Mr. Lye, more reasonably,
from orda, Irish, a fragment. In Anglosaxon, ord signifies the begin­
ning: whence, in some provinces odds and ends; for ords and ends signi­
fy remnants, scattered pieces, refuse. From ord, thus used, probably
came ort. Johnson] fragments, leavings of food, refuse, things left or
thrown away. Shakespeare.

O’RVAL [orvale, Fr, of orvala, Lat.] the herb clary.

ORVI’ETAN [orvietano, It. so called from a mountebank at Orvieto in
Italy] an antedote or counter-poison, a medicinal composition or elec­
tuary good against poison.

O. S. is an abbreviation for old stile.

OS, Lat. a bone [by anatomists] is defined to be a hard, dry, and
cold substance, which consists of earthy and saltish particles, designed to
uphold the body, to render its motion easy, and for a defence to several
parts.

OSCHEOCE’LE [of οσχεον, the scrotum, and χηλη, Gr. a swelling] a
kind of hernia, when the intestines fall into the scrotum.

OSCILLANCY [of oscillantia, Lat.] a swinging to and fro, a see­
sawing.

OSCILLA’TION [among the Romans] a sacred rite, a swinging up and
down in the air, of the figures of men.

OSCILLATION [in mechanics] vibration, the swing, or the recipro­
cal ascent and descent of a pendulum,

Axis of OSCILLATION, is a right line, perpendicular to the apparent
horizontal one, and passing thro' the centre of the earth, about which
the pendulum oscillates.

Centre of OSCILLATION, the middle point of the arch dividing the
the ball, when a pin of a pendulum fastened above is taken for the
centre of a circle, whose circumference divide the ball into two equal
parts.

OSCI’LLATORY, adj. [oscillum, Lat.] moving backwards and forwards
like a pendulum.

O’SCITANCY [oscitantia, Lat.] 1. The act of yawning. 2. Unusual
sleepiness, sluggishness, negligence, carelesness. Addison.

O’SCITANT, adj. [oscitans, Lat.] 1. yawning, unusually sleepy. 2.
Sleepy, sluggish, Our oscitant lazy piety gave vacancy for them.
Hooker.

OSCITA’TION [oscito, Lat.] the act of yawning, a slight convulsive
motion of the muscles, but especially those of the jaws. Tatler.

OSCOPHO’RIA, Lat. [οσχοφορια, of οσχη, a branch, and φερω, Gr. to
carry] feasts instituted by Theseus, on account of his having destroyed
the minotaur, and by that means freed his country, Athens, from being
obliged to send seven young men annually to Crete, to be devoured by
that monster.

O’SCULA, Lat. [in anatomy] the openings of the vessels of an animal
body at their ends.

OSCULATO’RIUS Musculus [with anatomists, i. e. the kissing muscle]
a muscle that draws both lips together.

O’SCULUM Uteri [with anatomists] the cavity or hollow part of the
womb, where conception is produced.

O’SIER, Fr. the red water-willow, a species of the willow kind, grow­
ing by the water, of which the twigs are used for basket work.

Royal O’SMUMD, an herb; it is sometimes used in medicine; and it
grows upon bogs in divers parts of England. Miller.

O’SPRAY, or O’SPREY [ossifraga, Lat. i. e. the bone-breaker] a kind
of eagle, that breaks bones with her beak; but, contrary to the nature
of other eagles, is said to be short sighted; and to breed up not only
her own young ones, but also those that others have cast off. The sea
eagle, of which it is reported, that when he hovers in the air, all the fish
in the water turn up their bellies and lie still for him to seize which he
pleases. Hanmer.


OSS

O’SSA Innominata, Lat. [in anatomy] two large bones, situate in the
sides of the os sacrum.

O’SSELET, subst. Fr. a very hard excressence, which resembles a little
bone, on the inside of the knee of a horse, among the small bones,
which appears to be of the same substance with the rest of the knee, and
is only distinguished from the knee by its descending a little lower. It
grows out of a gummy substance which fastens those bones together.

O’SSACLE [ossiculum, Lat.] a little bone.

OSSI’CULUM, Lat. [with botanists] the stone of a plum, cherry, or
such like fruit.

OSSI’FIC, adj. [of ossa, bones, and facio, Lat. to make] having the
power or faculty of making bones, or changing carneous or membra­
neous substances to a bony one. Wiseman.

OSSIFICA’TION, the formation of bones; it is used of the bones, as
in children, when they harden from a softer, carneous, membraneous
or cartilaginous substance, into a bony one. Ossifications or indurations
of the artery. Sharp.

O’SSIFRAGE, subst. [ossifraga, Lat. ossifrague, Fr.] a kind of eagle,
whose flesh is forbid in the Levitical law, under the name of gryphon. It
has its name from its breaking the bones of animals in order to come at
the marrow.

OSSIFRA’NGENT, or OSSI’FRAGOUS, adj. [ossifragus, of ossa, bones,
and frango, Lat. to break] a bone breaking.

To O’SSIFY, verb act. [of ossa, bones, and facio, Lat. to make] to
change or convert to bone. Sharp.

OSSI’VOROUS, adj. [of ossa and voro, Lat. to devour] devouring
bones.

O’SSUARY [ossuaria, Lat.] a charnel house, a place where the bones
of dead people are kept.

O’STAGRA [of οςεον, a bone, and αγρα, a capture] a forceps with
which surgeons take out bones.

OSTE’NSIVE [ostentum, sup. of ostendo, Lat. ostentif, Fr.] showing, be­
tokening, apt to shew, set out for shew.

OSTE’NSIVE Demonstrations [with mathematicians] such as demon­
strate the truth of any proposition, and in this they are distinguished from
apagogical ones, or deductiones ad impossibile or absurdum; which prove
the truth of the proposition by demonstrating the impossibility or absur­
dity of asserting the contrary.

O’STENT, subst. [ostentum, Lat.] 1. Appearance, air, mien, manner,
2. Show, token. Both these senses are peculiar to Shakespeare. 3. A.
portent, a prodigy, any thing ominous. Dryden.

OSTENTA’TION, Fr. [ostentazione, It. ostentación, Sp. of ostentatio, Lat.]
1. The act of making a fair shew outwardly. 2. Vain-glory, excessive
boasting, bragging, vaunting; this is the usual sense. 3. A public
shew, a spectacle Obsolete. Shakespeare.

OSTENTA’TIOUS [of ostentatio, Lat.] vaunting, shewy, vain, fond to
expose to view. Far from being ostentatious of the good you do.
Dryden.

OSTENTA’TIOUSLY, adv. [of ostentatious] vauntingly, braggingly,
vainly.

OSTENTA’TIOUSNESS, vanity, braggingness, shewiness.

OSTENTA’TOR [ostentateur, Fr. ostento, Lat.] a boaster, one that vain­
ly sets to shew.

OSTENTI’FEROUS [ostentifer, of ostentum, prodigy, and fero, Lat. to
bear] bearing or bringing prodigies.

OSTEOCO’LLA [οστεοχολλα, of οστεον, a bone, and χολλα, glue, from
χολλαω, Gr. to agglutinate, osteocolle, Fr.] the glue-stone; a soft stone
said to be of great virtue for the uniting of broken bones. Osteocolla is
frequent in Germany, and has long been famous for bringing on a cal­
lus in fractured bones; but the present practice with us takes no notice
of it. Hill.

OSTEOCO’PE, Fr. [of οστεον, a bone, and χο, labour, pain, from
χωπτω, Gr. to cut] pains in the bones; but rather in the membranes or
nerves that encompass them; add (if you will) or line them within; for
that the bones themselves are supposed to be quite insensible.

OSTEO’LOGIST [of οστεολογος, of οστεον, a bone, and λεγω, Gr. to de­
scribe] an anatomist, that describes the shape, structure and use of hu­
man bones, &c.

OSTEO’LOGY [osteologie, Fr. osteologia, It. οστεολογια, of οστεον, a bone,
and λεγω, Gr. to describe] a description of the bones.

O’STIARY [ostearius, from ostium, Lat. a door] a door-keeper; all
the opening at which a river disembogues itself. Brown.

OSTINE’Æ [in anatomy] the entrance into the cavity of the matrix,
where it joins the upper end of the vagina, and makes a small protube­
rance in the form of lips.

O’STLER [of hotelier, hostelier, Fr. an inn keeper] an hostler, or the
man that looks after horses in an inn.

O’STLERY [of hoteliérie, hostelerie, Fr.] the place belonging to the
hostler.

OSTRA’CIAS [οστραχιας, οστραχον, Gr. an oister-shell] a sort of precious
stone like an oister-shell.

O’STRACISM [ostracisme, Fr. ostracismo, It. ostracismus, Lat. οστραχισμος
Gr.] a manner of passing sentence, in which the note of acquittal o
condemnation was marked upon a shell, which the voter threw into
vessel. It was originally a banishment for ten years, which the Atheni­
ans inflicted on such persons, whose over-great power was suspected by
the people; so called of οστρεον or οστραχον, an oister, because they wrote
the name of him they intended to banish upon shells. Swift.

OSTRACI’TES [οστραχιτης, Gr.] a kind of crusty stone, reddish, and in
the form of an oister shell, and separable into laminæ, good against the
gravel, it is found in Germany; also called a nest of boxes, because
when one shell is taken away, another appears of the same colour and
substance.

OSTRACI’TIS [οστραχιτης, Gr.] a sort of crust that sticks to furnaces,
where the brass ore is melted.

O’STRICH [austruche, Fr. struzzo, It. abestruz, Sp. struthio, Lat.] a
very large fowl. The feathers of its wings are in great esteem, and are
used as an ornament for hats, beds, canopies, &c.

O’STRAGOTHS, eastern Goths, those who coming out of the east, in­
vaded the southern and western parts of Europe.

OTACO’USTIC, subst [otocoustique, Fr.] the same with outacostica.

OTACOU’STICA, Lat. [ωταχουστιχα, from ωτα, ears, and αχουω, Gr. to
hear] instruments for assisting or improving the sense of hearing.

OTA’LGIA, Lat. [ωταλγια, of ωτος, gen. of ους, the ear, and αλγος,
Gr. pain] a pain in the ear.

OTENCHY’TES, Lat. ωτεγχυτης, ωτος, gen. of ως for ους, the ear, and
εγ for εν, into, and χυω, Gr. to pour] an auricular clyster, also a little
syringe or sqirt, to inject medicines into the ear.


OTH

O’THER, pron. [other, Sax. ander, Su. Du. and Ger. autre, Fr. al­
tro, It. alter, Lat.] 1. Not the same, not this, different. 2. Not I nor
he, but some one else. Desire his jewels and this other's house. Shakes­
peare. 3. Not the one, not this, but the contrary. 4. Correlative to
each. Let each esteem other better than themselves. Philippians. 5.
Something besides. 6. The next. 7. The third past. No, nor the







t'other day. B. Johnson. 8. It is sometimes put elliptically for other
thing, something different. I can expect no other from those that judge
by single sights. Glanville.

O’THERGATES, adv. [of other and gate, for way] in another man­
ner. Shakespeare.

O’THERGUISE, adj. [of other and guise; this is often mistaken, and
sometimes written otherguess] of another kind.

O’THERWHERE, adv. [of other and where] in other places. Hooker.

O’THERWHILE, adv. [of other and while; otherwile, Sax.] ever and
anon, now and then, at other times.

O’THERWISE, adv. [of other and wise; otherwise, Sax. This word
some ignorantly write otherways] 1. Or else, by other causes, after ano­
ther manner. 2. In an indifferent manner. 3. In other respects. The
best men otherwise are not always the best in regard of society. Hooker.

O’TTER [oter, Sax.] an amphibious creature that preys on fish.

O’TTOMAN, pertaining to the Turks, or rather to the house of Oth­
man, the first Turkish sultan of that name, from whom the whole pre­
sent Turkish state and empire is denominated. The learned Pocock tells
us in his supplement, “that when sultan Aladin, whose royal seat was
at Iconium, was now broke with age, and vexed with the incursion of the
Tartars; this Othman-Beg, took on him the name of sultan in those cities
which he had taken from the Greeks, and was first mentioned by that ti­
tle in the pulpits, A. C. 1299, though some will have it done by the
permission of sultan Aladin.” As indeed the first entrance of Othman,
and his father Ortogrul into Aladin's territories, was by grant from him,
who assigned them and their people seats between the mountains of Tu­
malag and Armenia; their whole force at that time not amounting to
above 400 tents. I shall only add, that thus the Ottoman or Othman-
Turks grew up under the wing of the Seljue-Turks; and at length com­
pleated what the former had begun, I mean the overthrow of the Grecian
empire. This circumstance of TWO powers is the more worthy of our
notice; as perhaps it is the only true key to that scripture-prophecy, Rev.
c. ix. v. 16. But as it is a conjecture of my own, I must humbly submit
it to the censure of the learned world. See TURK, SELJUC, LOCUSTS,
CONSTANTINOPLE, and BURSA; and under the last word read Bursa,
or BRUSA, anciently called PRUSA.

O’VA, Lat. 1. Eggs. 2. [With anatomists] are the little spherical
bodies in the form of bladders or bubbles, consisting of two concentric
membranulæ, replete with a limpid humour, like the white of an egg,
found under the external membrane of the ovaries of women.

O’VAL, adj. [ovale, Fr. and It. ovado, Sp. of ovum, Lat. an egg] of
the shape of an egg.

O’VAL, subst. an oval is that which has the shape of an egg. Watts.

OVAL, or OVOLO [in architecture] a member so denominated from
its resemblance to an egg in shape; it is commonly placed for an orna­
ment in the mouldings of the cornices, and next the abacus in the pillar.

OVAL [in geometry] a figure bounded by a regular curve line return­
ing into itself; but of its two diameters cutting each other at right an­
gles in the center, one is longer than the other, in which it is different
from the circle. Every ellipsis is an oval figure, but every oval figure is
not an ellipsis.

O’VALLY, adv. [of oval] in the manner of an oval.

OVA’RIOUS, adj. [oveum, Lat. an egg] consisting of eggs. Gathers
his ovarious food. Thomson.

O’VARY, subst. [ovaire, Fr. ovarium, Lat.] the part of the female, in
which impregnation is performed. See FALLOPIAN Tubes.

OVARY [with botanists] is that part of a flower which becomes the
fruit, and so is properly the female organ of generation.

OVA’TION, Fr. [ovazione, It. of ovatio, so called of ovis, Lat. a sheep,
which was the sacrifice] a lesser triumph among the Romans, allowed to
those commanders that had won a victory without much bloodshed, or for
defeating some less formidable enemies of the republic.

OU’BAT, OU’BUST, or OU’BUT, a sort of caterpillar, an insect.

OUCH [prob. of ocher, Fr. to cut] a collar of gold, antiently used by
women; also a button of gold set with some jewel, any ornament of
gold or jewels.


OVE

O’VEN, subst. [ofen, Sax. oven, Dan. and Du. aven, L. Ger. ofen,
H. Ger. auhn, Goth.] a place for baking.

O’VER, prep. [ufar, Goth. ofer, Sax. ofver, Dan. oefwer, Su. over,
Du. oever, H. Ger. ueber, L. Ger.] 1. Expressing the sense of many
other; as, above, with respect to excellence or dignity. 2. Above, with
regard to rule or authority. 3. Beyond, across. Birds which fly over
them. Bacon. 4. Through. All the world over. Hammond. 5. A­
bove in place, besides, beyond what was first supposed, or immediately
intended. And gained over and above the good will and esteem of all.
L'Estrange. 6. Upon. A watch over fames as they have of the actions.
Bacon.

O’VER, adv. 1. Its most general signification is above the top. Good
measure pressed down and shaken together, and running over. St. Luke.
2. More than a quantity assigned. He that gathered much had nothing
over. Exodus. 3. From side to side. With a circular rim above a foot
over. Grew. 4. From one to another. The Tirsan who delivereth it
over to that son that he had formerly chosen. Bacon. 5. From a coun­
try beyond the sea. Not brought over with the coral. Bacon. 6. On
the surface. Red all over. Genesis. 7. Past; this is rather the sense of
an adjective. The heat of his fury being something over. Knolles. 8.
Throughout, completely. Let them argue over all the topics. South.
9. With repetition, another time. Make them do it over and over a­
gain, till they are perfect. Locke. 10. Extraordinarily, in a great de­
gree. The word symbol should not seem to be over difficult. Baker.
11. Over and above. 12. Over-against; opposite, regarding in front.
Addison. 13. In composition it has a great variety of significations. It
is arbitrarily prefixed to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or other parts of
speech, in a sense equivalent to more than enough, too much.

OVER hath a double signification in the names of places, according to
their different situation. If the place be upon or near a river, it comes
from the Sax. ofre, a brink or bank; as, Brownsoever, and Over, a
town in Gloucestershire, upon the bank of the Severn. But if there is
in the neighbourhood another of the same name, distinguished by the ad­
dition of nether, than over is from the Gothic, ufar, above. Gibson's
Camden.

To O’VER-ABOUND, verb neut. [of over and abound] to abound more
than enough. The learned never over-abounding in transitory coin.
Pope.

To O’VER ACT, verb act. [of over and act] to act beyond one's com­
mission, to act more than enough. Princes courts may over-act their
reverence. Stillingfleet.

To O’VER-ARCH, verb act. [of over and arch] to cover as with an
arch. Brown with o'er-arching shades and pendent woods. Pope.

To O’VER-AWE [of over and awe] to terrify, to keep in awe by su­
perior influence. Milton.

To OVER-BALANCE, verb act. [of over and balance] to weigh down,
to preponderate, to out-weigh. I should counterpoise the overbalancings
of any factions. K. Charles.

OVER-BALANCE [of over and balance] something more than equiva­
lent. A might over-balance of our exported to our imported commo­
dities. Temple.

O’VER-BATTLE, adj. too fruitful, exuberant. Hooker.

To O’VER-BEAR [of over and bear] to bear down, to repress, to sub­
due, to whelm. By power to over-bear the laws. Hooker.

To O’VER-BID, verb act. [of over and bid] to bid too much, to offer
more than equivalent. Dryden.

To OVER-BLOW, verb neut. [of over and blow] 1 To be past its vio­
lence. 2. [A sea term] is when the wind blows so very hard, that the
ship can bear no top-sails.

To O’VER-BLOW, verb act. [of over and blow] to drive away as
clouds before the wind. The participle passive of this verb seems only
to be used. All those tempests being over-blown, there long after arose
another storm. Spenser.

O’VER-BOARD, adv. [of over and board] out of a ship, off a ship. See
BOARD.

O’VER-BOLD, adj. [of over and bold] impudent.

O’VER-BOLDLY, adv. [of over and bold] with too much assurance.
The truth hereof I will not rashly impugn, or over-boldly affirm.
Peacham.

O’VER-BORN [of over and bear] prevailed over, oppressed. See O­
VERBEAR.

O’VER-BULK, verb act. [of over and bulk] to oppress by bulk.

To O’VER-BURDEN, verb act. [of over and burthen] to over-load, to
load with too great weight.

To O’VER-BUY, verb act. [of over and buy] to buy too dear. Who
flights not foreign aids, nor over-buys. Dryden.

To O’VER-CARRY, verb act. [of over and carry] to hurry too far, to
be urged to any thing violent or dangerous. Less easy to be over-carried
by ambition. Hayward.

To O’VER-CAST, verb act. [of over and cast; pret. and part. pass.
overcasts] 1. To cloud, to darken, to cover with gloom. Raleigh. 2.
To cover; this sense is hardly retained but by semstresses and needle­
women, who call that which is encircled with a thread, overcast, to sew
the edge of cloth after a particular manner. 3. To rate too high in
computation or reckoning. Bacon.

To O’VER-CHARGE, verb act. [of over and charge] 1. To charge or
rate too high. Shakespeare. 2. To oppress, to cloy, to surcharge. Ra­
leigh. 3. To load, to crowd too much. Our language is over-charged
with consonants. Pope. 4. To burthen. The secrets of his over-charged
soul. Shakespeare. 5. To fill too full. Sufficient to employ the memo­
ry without overcharging it. Addison. 6. To load with too great a charge
of powder and ball.

To O’VER-CLOUD, verb act. [of over and cloud] to cover with clouds.
Tickel.

To O’VER-CLOY, verb act. [of over and cloy] to fill beyond
satiety.

To O’VER-COME, verb. act. pret. overcame, part. pass. overcome, an­
tiently overcomen, as in Spenser] ofercuman, Sax. overcumen, Du.] 1.
To conquer, to vanish, to subdue. 2. To surcharge, to overflow, to
fill to superfluity. Yearly over-comes the granaries with stores. J. Phi­
lips. 3. To come over or upon, to invade suddenly; obsolete.

To O’VER-COME, verb neut. to gain the victory or superiority over.

OVERCO’MER [of overcomé] one that overcomes or conquers.

To O’VER-COVER, verb act. [of over and cover] to cover completely.
O'er-covered quite with dead men's rattling bones. Shakespeare.

To O’VER-COUNT, verb act. [of over and count] to rate above the
true value. Shakespeare.

To O’VER-CROW, verb act. [of over and crow] to crow as in tri­
umph. Beginneth now to over-crow so high mountains. Spenser.

To O’VER-DO, verb act. [of over and do] to do more than is suf­
ficient.

To O’VER-DRESS [of over and dress] to adorn lavishly. Nor over­
dress nor leave her wholly bare. Pope.

To O’VER-DRIVE, verb act. [of over and drive] to drive too hard,
or beyond strength. The flocks and herds with young if men should
over-drive one day, all will die. Genesis.

To O’VER-EAT, verb neut. [of over and eat] to eat too much.

To O’VER-EAT, verb act. sometimes used with the reciprocal pro­
noun; as the child over-eats himself. But this does not seem very
proper.

To O’VER-EMPTY, verb act. [of over and empty] to make too empty.
Carew.

To O’VER-EYE, verb act. [of over and eye] 1. To superintend. 2.
To observe, to remark.

O’VER-FALL, subst. [of over and fall] cataract or fall of water from
a precipice. Raleigh.

To O’VER-FILL, verb act. [of over and fill] to fill more than enough.

To O’VER-FLOAT, verb neut. [of over and float] to float, to swim.

To O’VER-FLOAT, verb act. to cover with water or other liquid.
Dryden.

To O’VER-FLOW verb neut. [of over and flow] 1. To be fuller than
the brim can hold. The over-flowing of the Thames. Locke. 2. To
exuberate, to superabound. An over-flowing plenty. Rogers.

To O’VER-FLOW, verb act. 1. To flow over, to fill beyond the brim.
Taylor. 2. To deluge, to drown, to over-run, to overpower. Burnet.

O’VER-FLOW, subst. [of over and flow] inundation, more than fulness,
exuberance, such a quantity as runs over. Where there are great over­
flows in fens. Bacon.

OVER-FLOWING, subst. exuberance, copiousness. They might vent
the over-flowings of their fancy. Denham.

O’VER-FLO’WINGLY, adv. [of overflowing] exuberantly, in great
abundance: obsolete. Boyle.

To O’VER-FLY, verb act. [of over and fly] to cross by flight. Dryden.

OV’ER-FORWARDNESS, [of over and forwardness] too great quickness,
too great readiness. Hale.

To O’VER-FREIGHT, verb act. pret. over-freighted, part. pass. over­
fraught [of over and freight] to load too heavily, to fill with too great
quantity. Carew.








To O’VER-GET, verb act. pret. over-got, part. pass. over gat, pret.
pass. over-gotten [of over and get.] to reach, to come up with. I over­
gat them a little before night. Sidney.

To O’VER-GLANCE, verb act. [of over and glance] to look hastily
over. O'er-glanc'd the articles. Shakespeare.

To O’VER-GO, verb act. [of over and go] to surpass, to excel. To
have a wit so far over-going his age. Sidney.

O’VER GONE, part. overgot [of over and gone] gone beyond, &c.

To O’VER-GORGE, verb act. [of over and gorge] to gorge too much.
And like ambitious Sylla over-gorg'd. Shakespeare.

O’VER-GREAT, adj. [of over and great] too great. An over-great
shyness of difficulty. Locke.

To O’VER-GROW, verb act. [of over and grow] 1. To cover with
growth, to cover over with any thing. With wild thyme and the
gadding vine over-grown Milton. 2. To rise above. If the binds be
very strong, and much over-grown the poles. Mortimer.

To O’VER-GROW, verb neut. to grow beyond the fit and natural size.
A huge over-grown ox. L'Estrange.

O’VER-GROWN, part. adj. [of over and grow] grown too big.

O’VER-GROWN Sea [a sea term] when the waves of the sea grow
high, the sailors call it a rough sea; but when the surges and billows
grow higher, then they say, it is an over-grown sea.

O’VER-GROWTH [of over and growth] exuberant growth. A won­
derful over-growth in riches. Bacon.

To O’VER-HALE [of over and hale] 1. To spread over. Spenser.
2. To examine over-again. As he over-hal'd my account. 3. [A sea
phrase] to hale a rope a contrary way, when it is drawn too stiff.

To O’VER-HANG, verb neut. to hang with a projection, to jut over.
Milton.

To O’VER-HARDEN, verb act. [of over and harden] to make too
hatd. I was brittle like over-harden'd steel. Boyle.

O’VER-HASTY, adj. [of over and hasty] too hasty.

O’VER-HEAD, adv. [of over and head] aloft in the zenith, above, in
the cieling. The four stars over-head. Addison.

To O’VER-HEAR, verb act. [of over and hear] to hear privately, to
hear those who do not mean that they should be heard. I will over-hear
their conference. Shakespeare.

To O’VER-HEAT, verb act. [of over and heat] to heat too much. Be­
fore the patient's spirits be over-heated with pain. Wiseman.

To O’VER-HEND, verb act. [of over and hend] to overtake, ro reach,
to come up with. Spenser.

To O’VER-JOY, verb act. [of over and joy] to transport, to ravish.
Over-joy'd with these speeches. Hayward.

O’VER JOY, subst. transport, ecstasy. Over-joy of heart. Shakespeare.

To O’VERLABOUR [of over and labour] to take too much pains on
any thing, to harrass with toil. Sweaty and overlabour'd. Dryden.

To O’VERLADE, verb act. [of over and lade] to overburthen. Thus
to throng and overlade a soul. Suckling.

O’VER-LAID, part. of overlay, [of over and laid] killed by being lain
upon, as a young child by the nurse. See OVER-LAY.

O’VERLARGE, adj. [of over and large] larger than enough. Our
attainments cannot be overlarge. Collier.

OVERLA’SHINGLY, adv. [of over and lash] with exaggeration. A
mean word. Now obsolete.

To O’VERLAY, verb act. [of over and lay] 1. To oppress by too much
weight or power. Hooker. Our sins have overlaid our hopes. K. Charles.
2. To smother with too much or too close covering. Like mothers
which their infants overlay. Milton. 3. To smother, to crush, to over­
whelm. They quickly stifled and overlaid those infant principles. South.
4. To cloud, to overcast. 5. To cover superficially. The overlaying
of their chapiters was of silver. Exodus. 6. To join by something laid
over. To sortify thus far, and overlay with this portentous bridge. Mil­
ton.

To OVERLEA’P, verb act. [of over and leap] to pass over any thing
by a jump. Dryden.

O’VERLEATHER, subst. [of over and leather] the part of the shoe that
is joined to the sole, and that covers the foot.

O’VERLIGHT, subst. [of over and light] too strong light. An over­
light maketh the eyes dark. Bacon.

To O’VER-LIVE [of over and live; of ofer and libhan, Sax.] to live
beyond or longer than another, to outlive, to survive. Shewed a mind
not to overlive Pyrocles. Sidney.

To OVER-LIVE, verb neut. to live too long. Why do I overlive?
Milton.

OVERLI’VER [of over and live] that which lives longest, survivor.
To continue for both the kings lives, and the overliver of them. Bacon.

To OVERLOA’D, verb act. [of over and load] to load or burthen with
too much. The memory of youth is charged or overloaded. Felton.

OVER-LOA’DEN, part. adj. [of over and load] having too great a
load.

O’VER-LONG, adj. [of over and long] longer than is meet, too long.
Making my periods and parentheses over-long. Boyle.

To O’VER-LOOK [of over and look; ofer-locian, Sax.] 1. To super­
intend, to oversee. 2. To view from a higher place. 3. To view fully,
to peruse. 4. To review. To over-look and file and polish well. Ros­
common. 5. To pass by with indulgence. In the pardoning and over­
looking of faults. Addison. 6. To neglect, to slight. The suffrage of
our poet laureate should not be over-looked. Addison.

O’VER-LOOKER [of overlook] one who stands higher than his fellows
and overlooks them. Watts.

O’VER-LOOP, subst. the same with orlop; which see.

O’VER-MASTED, adj. [of over and mast; a sea term] a ship is said to
be so, when her masts are too big for her bulk; so as to lie too much
down by a wind, and labour too much a hull.

To O’VER-MASTER, verb act. [of over and master] to subdue, to go­
vern. Milton.

To O’VER-MATCH [of over and match] to be too powerful for, to
conquer, to oppress by superior force. Decay of Piety.

OVER-MATCH [of over and match] one of superior powers, one not
to be conquered. Bacon.

O’VER-MEASURE [of over and measure] more than measure, some­
thing given over the due measure.

To O’VER-MIX, verb act. [of over and mix] to mix with too much.
Creech.

O’VERMOST, adj. [of over and most] highest, over the rest in autho­
rity. Ainsworth.

O’VER-MUCH, adj. [of over and much] more than enough, too much.

OVER-MUCH, adv. in too great a degree. They over-much abridge
the church of her power. Hooker.

OVER-MUCH, subst. more than enough. Even good men may ascribe
over much to themselves. Grew.

OVER-MUCHNESS [from overmuch] super-abundance, exuberance.
B. Johnson.

OVER-NI’GHT, subst. [of over and night. This seems to be used by
Shakespeare as a noun, but by Addison more properly, as before placed,
as a noun with a preposition. Johnson] night before bed-time.

To OVER-NAME, verb act. [from over and name] to call over, to
name in a series. Over-name them. Shakespeare.

To OVER-O’FFICE, verb act. [of over and office] to lord over by vio­
lence of an office. Shakespeare.

OVER-OFFI’CIOUS, adj. [of over and officious] too busy, too importu­
nate. This is an over-officious truth, and is always at a man's heels. Col­
lier.

To O’VER-PASS, verb act. [of over and pass] 1. To cross. Dryden.
2. To overlook, to pass with disregard. The complaint about psalms
and hymns might as well be over-past without any answer. Hooker.
3. To omit in a reckoning. Raleigh. 4. To omit, not to receive. If
the grace of him which saveth over-pass some. Hooker.

O’VER-PAST, part. adj. [of over and past] past, gone. In the time
o'er-past. Shakespeare.

To O’VER-PAY, verb act [of over and pay] to reward beyond the price.
Shakespeare.

To O’VER-PEER, verb act. [of over and peer] to overlook, to hover
above; it is now obsolete,

To OVER-PERCH [of over and perch] to fly over. Shakespeare.

O’VER-PLUS [of over and plus, Lat.] surplusage, what remains more
than sufficient.

To O’VER-PLY, verb act. [of over and ply] to employ too laboriously.
Milton.

To OVER-POI’SE [of over and poise; from peser, Fr. to weigh] to
out-weigh. In others over-pois'd by the hinder legs. Brown.

O’VER-POISE, subst. [from the verb] preponderant weight. Dryden.

To OVER-PO’WER, verb act. [of over and power] to be too powerful
for, to oppress by superiority, to be predominant over. Much light
over-powers the eye. Boyle.

To OVER-PRE’SS, verb act. [of over and press] to bear upon with ir­
resistible force, to crush, to overwhelm. Swift.

To OVER-PRI’ZE, verb act. [of over and prize] to value at too high
price.

To O’VER-RAKE [a sea phrase] used of waves, which are said to
over-rake a ship when they break into her, and wash from stem to stern.

OVER-RA’NK, adj. [of over and rank] too rank. It produces over­
rank binds. Mortimer.

To OVER-RA’TE, verb act. [of over and rate] to rate at too much.
Not to over-rate the conveniencies of our station. Rogers.

To OVER-RE’ACH, verb act. [of over and reach; of ofer-ræcan, Sax.]
1. To rise above, to reach beyond. Atho and Atlas over-reach and sur­
mount all winds. Raleigh. 2. To out-wit, to deceive, to circumvent,
to go beyond. Defrauding and over-reaching one another. Tillotson.

To OVER-REACH [with horses] is when a horse brings his hinder
feet too far forwards, and strikes his toes against the spurges of the fore-shoes.

To O’VER-RECKON, verb act. [of over and reckon] to reckon too
much.

OVER-RED, verb act. [of over and red] to smear with red. Shake­
speare.

OVER-RIPE, adj. [of over and ripe] too ripe.

To O’VER-RIPEN, verb act. [of over and ripen] to make too ripe.
Why droops my lord, like over-ripen'd corn. Shakespeare.

To O’VER-ROAST, verb act. [of over and roast] to roast too much.

To OVER-RU’LE, verb act. [of over and rule] 1. To influence with
predominant power, to be superior in authority, to bear down. His pas­
sion and animosity over-ruled his conscience. Clarendon. 2. To govern
with superior authority, to superintend. Wherefore does he not now
come forth and openly over-rule? Hayward. 3. To supersede. As, in
law, to over-rule a plea is to reject it as incompleat. Carew.

To OVER-RU’N, verb act. [of over and run] 1. To harrass by incur­
sions, to ravage, to rove over in hostility. 2. To out-run. Ahimaz
ran by the way of the plain, and over-ran Cushi. 2. Samuel. 3. To over­
spread, to cover all over. With an overflowing flood he will make an
utter end. Nahum. 4. To mischief or infest by great numbers, to pester.
Egypt would be over-run with crocodiles. Addison. 5. To injure by
treading down. Addison. 6. [In printing] to be obliged to set the mat­
ter and dispose the lines and words in correcting after another manner, by
reason of the insertions.

To OVER-RUN, verb neut. to overflow, to be more than full. Yet
still my soul o'er-runs with fondness towards you. Smith.

To OVERSEE’, verb act. [of over and see] 1. To superintend, to over­
look. 2. To omit, to pass by unheeded, to overlook, not to take no­
tice of. Hudibras.

OVER-SEE’N, part. [of oversee] mistaken, deceived. Clarendon.

OVERSEE’R [of oversee] 1. One who oversees or overlooks, a superin­
tendant. 2. An officer who has the care of the parochial provision for
the poor.

To OVERSE’T, verb act. [of over and set] 1. To over-turn, to turn
the bottom upwards, to throw off the basis. Oversetting ships in the
harbours. Woodward. 2. To throw out of regularity. It so swelled his
soul, that ever afterwards it was apt to be overset with vanity. Dryden.

To OVSRSET, verb neut. to fall off the basis, to be overturned. Morti­
mer.

To OVER-SHA’DE, verb act. [of over and shade] to cover with any
thing that causes darkness.

To OVER-SHA’DOW, verb act. [of over and shadow] 1. To cast a sha­
dow over any thing. Weeds choak and over-shadow the corn. Bacon.
2. To shelter, to protect, to defend or cover with superior influence.
My overshadowing spirit and might. Milton.

To OVER SHO’OT, verb act. [of over and shoot] 1. To shoot beyond
the mark. Over-shooting the mark it aims at. Tillotson. 2. To exceed
in any thing, to venture too far, to assert too much. Hooker.

O’VER-SIGHT [of over and sight] 1. A mistake or error by inadver­
tence. 2. Superintendence. They gave the money, being told unto
them that had the oversight of the house. 2 Kings.

To OVER-SI’ZE, verb act. [of over and size] 1. To surpass in size or
bulk. Those bred in a mountainous country, over-size those that dwell







on low levels. Sandye. 2. [Over, and size, a composition] to add too
much size.

To OVER-SKI’P, verb act. [of over and skip] 1. To pass by leaping.
Hooker. 2. To pass over. Mark if to get them she overskip the rest.
Donne. 3. To escape. When that hour o'erskips me in the day. Shake­
speare.

To OVER-SLE’EP, verb neut. [of over and sleep] to sleep too long.

To OVER-SLEEP, verb act. with the reciprocal pronoun; as, he over­
sleeps himself.

To OVER-SLI’P, verb act. [of over and slip] to pass undone, unnoticed
or unused, to neglect. To over-slip a noble act in the duke. Wotton.

To OVER-SNO’W, verb act. [of over and snow] to cover with snow.
Or time o'ersnow'd my head. Dryden.

OVER-SO’LD, part. [of oversel] sold at too high a price or rate. And
think it over-sold to purchase fame. Dryden.

OVER-SO’ON, adv. [of over and soon] too soon. If he over-soon think
not too well of himself. Sidney.

OVER-SPE’NT, part. [of over and spend; the verb overspend is not
used] O'erspent with toil and heats. Dryden.

OVER-SPRE’AD, verb act. [of over and spread] to spread or cover over,
to fill, to scatter over.

To OVER-STA’ND, verb act. [of over and stand] to stand too much
upon conditions. Dryden.

To OVER-STA’RE, verb act. [of over and stare] to stare wildly. An
over-staring frounced head. Ascham.

To OVER-STO’CK, verb act. [of over and stock] to crowd, to fill too
full. Over-stocked with medals of this nature. Addison.

To OVER-STO’RE, verb act. [of over and store] to store with too
much. Hale.

To OVER-STRA’IN, verb neut. [of over and strain] to make too vio­
lent efforts. Over-straining for the Parthian gold. Collier.

To OVER-STRA’IN, verb act. to stretch too far. Confessors were apt
to over-strain their privileges. Ayliffe.

To OVER-SWA’Y, verb act. [of over and sway] to over-rule, to bear
down. Hooker.

To OVER-SWE’LL, verb act. [of over and swell] to rise above. Shake­
speare.

O’VERT [ouvert, Fr. of apertus, Lat.] open, manifest, public, appa­
rent. Overt and apparent virtues bring forth praise. Bacon.

O’VERT-ACT [in the sense of the law] an open aid, and advance or
step made towards compassing of an enterprize; or an act being capable
of being manifested or proved; and is distinguished from an intentional
act. To restrain the overt action. Rogers.

O’VERTLY, adv. [of overt] openly.

To OVER-TA’KE, verb act. [of over and take] 1. To come up to ano­
ther that was before, to catch any thing by pursuit. 2. To take by
surprize. If a man be over-taken in a fault. Galatians.

To OVER-TASK, verb act. [of over and task] to burthen with too
heavy duties or injunctions. They were over-tasked. Harvey.

To OVER-TA’X, verb act. [of over and tax] to tax too heavily.

To OVERTHRO’W, verb act. pret. overthrew, part. pass. overthrown
[of over and throw] 1. To turn upside down. His wife overthrew the
table. Bacon. 2. To throw down, to ruin, to demolish. When the
walls of Thebes he overthrew. Dryden. 3. To defeat, to conquer, to
vanquish. Not so much to overthrow them with whom we contend, as
to yield them just and reasonable causes. Hooker. 4. To destroy, to mis­
chief, to bring to nothing. As tho' we went about some practice to
overthrow him in his own estate. Sidney.

OVER-THWA’RT, adj. [of over, Sax. and thwart, tuart, Du.] 1.
Crossing any thing perpendicularly. 2. Opposite, being over against.
Dryden. 3. Perverse, adverse, contradictious. Clarendon.

O’VER-THROW [from the verb] 1. The state of being turned upside
down. 2. Ruin, destruction. The murther and overthrow of their own
countrymen. Abbot. 3. Defeat, discomfiture. Divers Scots feared
more harm by victory than they found among their enemies by their
overthrow. Hayward. 4. Degradation. His overthrow heap'd hap­
piness upon him. Shakespeare.

OVERTHROW’ER [of overthrow] one who overthrows.

OVERTHWA’RTLY, adv. [of overthwart] 1. Across, transversly.
Peacham. 2. Perversely, pervicaciously.

OVERTHWA’RTNESS [of overthwart] perverseness, pervicacity.

OVERTO’OK, pret. and part. pass. of overtake.

To OVER-TO’P, verb act. [of over and top, from top, Du.] to exceed
in height, to rise above, to raise the head above. And o'ertops their
heads. Dryden. 2. To excel, to surpass. As far as the soul o'ertops
the body. Harvey. 3. To obscure, to make of less importance by su­
perior excellence. He should now grow less and be overtop'd by so great
a conjunction. Bacon.

To OVERTRI’P, verb act. [of over and trip] to trip over, to walk
lightly over. Shakespeare.

O’VERTURE [ouverture, Fr.] 1. The act of disclosing a matter, open­
ing, discovery. Shakespeare. 2. Proposal, something offered to con­
sideration. All overtures towards accommodation. Clarendon.

OVERTURE [in music; ouverture, Fr.] a flourish before the scenes
are opened in a play.

To OVERTU’RN, verb act. [of over and turn] 1. To throw down, to
subvert, to destroy, to unhinge, to ruin. Such an one as overturns his
whole hypothesis. Locke. 2. To overpower, to conquer. Pain exces­
sive overturns all patience. Milton.

OVERTU’RNER [of overturn] one that overturns, a subverter. Swift.

To OVERVA’LUE, verb act. [of over and value] to value or rate too
highly.

To OVERVEI’L [verb act. [of over and veil] to cover. Night's
pitchy mantle overveil'd the earth. Shakespeare.

To OVERVO’TE, verb act. [of over and vote] to conquer by plurality
of votes, to outvote.

To OVERWA’TCH, verb act. [of over and watch] to subdue with
long want of rest. Dryden.

OVERWA’TCHED, part. adj. tired with too much watching. Sidney.

OVERWE’AK, adj. [of over and weak] too weak, too feeble. Ra­
leigh.

To OVERWEA’RY, verb act. [of over and weary] to weary too much,
to subdue with fatigue. Overwearied with watching. Dryden.

To OVERWE’ATHER [of over and weather] to batter by violence of
weather. Shakespeare.

To OVERWE’EN, verb neut. [of over and ween] to think too highly,
to think with arrogance.

OVERWEE’NING, part. of overween [of ofer wænan, Sax] thinking
too highly of one's self. Overweening of his own works. Dryden.

OVERWEE’NINGLY, adv. [of overweening] with too high an opinion,
with too much arrogance.

To OVER-WEI’GH, verb act. [of over and weigh; ofer-wagan, Sax.]
to out-weigh, to preponderate.

OVERWE’IGHT, subst. [of over and weight; of ofer-gewiht, Sax.]
the quality of having more than weight, preponderance. Bacon.

To OVERWHE’LM, verb act. [of over and whelm; of ofer whylfan,
Sax.] 1. To cover or crush under something violent and weighty.
That everlasting shame which shall overwhelm the sinner. Rogers. 2.
To overlook gloomily.

OVERWHE’LMINGLY, adv. [of overwhelming] in such a manner as
to overwhelm. Overwbelmingly ponderous in regard of the pernicious
consequents. Decay of Piety.

OVERWI’SE, adj. [of over and wise] wise to affectation.

OVERWRO’UGHT, part. pass. [of over and wrought] 1. Laboured too
much. 2. Worked all over. O'erwrought with ornaments of barb'rous
pride. Pope.

OVERWO’RN, part. pass. [of over and worn] 1. Worn out, subdued
by toil. Dryden. 2. Spoiled by time, The jealous overworn widow.
Shakespeare.

OVERYE’ARED, adj. [of over and year] too old. Fairfax.

OVERZEA’LOUS, adj. [of over and zealous] too zealous. Some over­
zealous for or against the immateriality of the soul. Locke.

OUGHT, subst. [ouht, aht, or awhit, Sax. that is, a whit; but M.
Casaubon derives it, ridiculously, of ουδεν, Gr. nothing. This word is
therefore more properly written aught. See AUGHT] Somewhat, any
thing, something. For ought that I can understand. Spenser.

OUGHT, V. Des. this word the etymologists make the pret. tense of
owe; and so perhaps a corruption of owed; but it has often a present
signification. It was a duty as I owed, it was my duty, I should have
done it] 1. Should. Judges ought to remember. 2. To be fit, to be ne­
cessary. If grammar ought to be taught, it must be to one that can
speak the language. Locke.

OVIDU’CTUS [of ovum, egg, and ductus, Lat. tube; with anatomists]
the egg passage, the tuba fallopiana.

O’VIFORM, adj. [oviformis, of ovum, an egg, and forma, Lat. a shape]
in the form of an egg. This notion of the mundane egg, or that the
world was uviform. Burnet's Theory.

O’VIPAROUS, adj. [oviparus, of ovum, egg, and pario, Lat. to bring
forth] bringing forth eggs; also breeding by eggs, not viviparous.
Ray.

OUNCE [unica, Lat. once, Fr. oncia, It. onca, Sp. once, Du. untz, Ger.
and Su.] the 16 part of a pound avoirdupois, or a 12th of a pound troy. In
the latter, an ounce is 20 pennyweight, a pennyweight 24 grains.

OUNCE [with apothecaries] eight drams.

OUNCE [once, Fr. oncia, It. onca, Sp.] a kind of tame beast, in Per­
sia, mistaken for the lynx. Johnson says it is a lynx, a panther. The
ounce, the libbard and the tyger. Milton.

OU’NDEL, a market-town of Northamptonshire, on the river Nen,
65 miles from London.

OUPHE, subst. [auff, Teut.] a fairy, a goblin. Shakespeare.

OU’PHEN, adj. [of ouphe] elfish. You ouphen heirs of fixed destiny.
Shakespeare.

O’VOLO [in architecture] so called from its resemblance to an egg,
usually placed for ornament in the mouldings of cornices, and in a pillar
next the abacus.

OUR, pron. poss. [ohre, uhr or uhre, Sax. uor, Dan. woar, Su.] 1.
Of us, belonging to us. 2. When the substantive goes before, or when
it is used absolute and without a substantive, it is written ours.

OURANO’GRAPHIST [of ουρανος, the heaven, and γραφω, Gr. to de­
scribe] an astronomer, or one who describes the heavens.

OURSE’LF is used in the regal style for ourselves; which see.

OURSE’LVES, recip. pron 1. The plural of myself, we, not others.
We ourselves might distinctly number in words a great deal farther.
Locke. 2. Us, not others. In the oblique cases. Safe in ourselves
while on ourselves we stand. Milton.

OURANO’GRAPHY [of ουρανος, heaven, and γραφη, Gr. description] a
description of the heavens.

OU’RLOP [prob. of overloopen, Du. to over-run] a fine paid in an­
cient times to the lord of the manor, by the inferior tenant, when his
daughter had been debauched.

OUSE, subst. tanners bark. Arbuthnot.

OU’SEL, subst. [osle, Sax.] a black bird. Shakespeare.

OUST, a frame on which malt and hops are dried.

To OUST, verb act. [ouster, oter, Fr.] to vacate, to take away.
Hale.


OUT

OUT, [ute, Sax. ud, Dan. ut, Su. uyt, Du. uht, L. Ger. aus, H.
Ger.] 1. Not within. 2. Generally the opposite to in. That abuses
every one's eyes because his own are out. Shakespeare. 3. In a state of
disclosure. Leaves are out and perfect in a month. Bacon. 4. Not in
confinement or concealment. 5. From the place or house. Out with
the dog says one. Shakespeare. 6. From the inner part. That they
bear it not out into the court. Ezekiel. 7. Not at home. 8. In a
state of extinction. Her candle goeth not out by night. Proverbs. 9.
In a state of being exhausted. When the but is out we will drink water.
Shakespeare. 10. Not in an affair. Who loses and who wins, who's
in, who's out. Shakespeare. 11. To the end. Hear me out. Dryden.
12. Loudly, without restraint. I dare laugh out. Pope. 13. Not in
the owner's hands. Land that is out at rack rent. Locke. 14. In an
error. You are mightily out to take this for a token of esteem. L'E­
strange. 15. At a loss, in a puzzle, in a quandary. And could make
his own part, if at any time he chanced to be out. Bacon. 16. With
torn or tatter'd cloaths. Who hither coming, out at heels and knees.
Dryden. 17. Away, at a loss. I never was out at a mad frolic. Dry­
den. 18. It is added emphatically to verbs of discovery. Your sin will
find you out. Numbers.

OUT, interj. an expression of abhorence or expulsion. Out on thee,
rude man! Shakespeare.

OUT of, prepos. [of seems to be the preposition, and out only to mo­
dify its sense] 1. From: noting produce. They manifestly grow out of
clefts. Bacon. 2. Not in: implying exclusion or dismission. Chiefs







out of war, and statesmen out of place. Pope. 3. No longer in. And
put it out of fortune's pow'r. Dryden. 4. Not in: noting unfitness.
He is witty out of season. Dryden. 5. Not within, relating to a house.
6. From: noting extraction or expression. The fruits out of which
drink is expressed. Bacon. 7. From: noting rescue. Christianity re­
covered the law of nature out of all those errors with which it was over­
grown. Addison. 8. From. T. G's censure of them out of Horace.
Stilling fleet. 9. Not in: implying irregularity. Out of all method.
Swift. 10. From any thing to something different. To persuade men
out of what they find and feel. South. 11. To a different state from,
in a different state: noting disorder. The mouth is out of taste. Bacon.
12. Not according to. That no man acts or speaks out of character.
Pope. 13. To a different state from: noting separation. To laugh men
out of vice and folly. Addison. 14. Beyond. In regions that lie out
of the reach of the sun. Addison. 15. Free from. And which a man
of sense cannot forbear attending to, who is out of the noise of human
affairs. Addison. 16. Past, without: noting something worn out or ex­
hausted. I am out of breath. Shakespeare. 17. By means of. Out of
that will I cause those of Cyprus to mutiny. Shakespeare. 18. In con­
sequence of. Not out of ambition, but for the defence of all that was
dear. Alterbury. 19. Out of hand; immediately, as that is easily used
which is ready in the hand.

OUT, in composition, generally signifies something beyond or more
than other.

To OUT [utian, Sax.] to put out, to displace.

OUTACOU’STICON, Lat. [of ουςοτος, an ear, and αχουω, Gr. to hear]
an ear-pipe or instrument to help the hearing.

To OUT-A’CT, verb act. [of out and act] to do beyond. Otway.

To OUTBA’LANCE, verb act. [of out and balance] to overweigh, to
preponderate. Dryden.

To OUTBA’R, verb act. [of out and bar] to shut out by fortification.
Spenser.

To OUT-BI’D, verb act. [of out and bid; ute-biddan, Sax.] to bid
more than another, to overpower, or surpass by bidding a higher
price. Pope.

OUT-BI’DDER [of outbid] one that outbids.

OUTBLOW’ED, adj. swoln with winds, inflated. Dryden.

OUTBO’RN, adj. [of out and born] foreign, not native.

OU’TBOUND, adj. [of out and bound] destinated to a distant voyage.
Dryden.

To OUT-BRA’VE, verb act. [of out and brave] to silence, dash or
out-do, to bear down and disgrace a person by more vaunting, insolent
or splendid appearance. The tow'rs as well as men outbrave the sky.
Cowley.

To OUTBRA’ZEN, verb act. [of out and brazen] to bear down with
impudence.

OU’TBREAK, subst. eruption, that which breaks out. The flash and
outbreak of a fiery mind. Shakespeare.

To OUTBREA’THE, verb act. [of out and breathe] 1. To weary by
having better breath. Wearied and outbreath'd. Shakespeare. 2. To
expire. That sign of last outbreathed life did seem. Spenser.

OUT-CA’ST, part. adj. [of out and cast. It may be observed, that both
the participle and the noun are indifferently accented on either syllable.
It seems most analogous to accent the participle on the last, and the noun
on the first] 1. Thrown into the air as refuse or unworthy of notice. 2.
Banished, expelled.

OUT-CAST, subst. [of ute, Sax. and kaster, Dan.] a cast-off, a forlorn
person, an exile, one rejected. For me outcast of human race. Prior.

To OUTCRA’FT, verb act. [of out and craft] to surpass in cunning.
Italy hath outcrafted him. Shakespeare.

O’UT-CRY, subst. [of out and cry; of ute and crie, Sax. or cri, Fr.]
1. The act of crying out vehemently, a noise, clamour, cry of distress.
2. Clamour of detestation. South. 3. An auction, a public sale.

To OUT-DA’RE, verb act [of out and dare] to venture beyond. Shake­
speare.

To OUT-DA’TE, verb act. [of out and date] to antiquate, to make
obsolete. And the like Judaical outdated ceremonies. Hammond.

To OUT-DO’, verb act. [of out and do] to exceed, to excel, to sur­
pass, to perform beyond another.

TO OUT-DWE’LL, verb act. [of out and dwell] to stay beyond.
Shakespeare.

OU’TER, adj. [of out; utter, Sax. ytter, Su.] outward, that which
is without. Opposed to inner. Grew.

OU’TERLY, adv. [of outer] towards the outside. Tusks like those
of a boar, standing outerly. Grew.

OU’TERMOST, adj. [superlative from outer] remotest from the middle.
The outermost corpuscles of a white body. Boyle.

To OUT-FA’CE, verb act. [of out and face] 1. To assert confidently and
impudently, so as to silence a modester person, to brave, to bear down
with impudence or shew of magnanimity. Shakespeare. 2. To stare
down. Raleigh.

OU’T-FALL, subst. [of out and fall] a canal, ditch, or drain to carry
off waters.

To OUT-FA’WN, verb act. [of out and fawn] to surpass in fawning.
Outfawn as much and outcomply. Hudibras.

To OUT-FLY’, verb act. [of out and fly] to leave behind in flight.
Outflew the rack and left the hours behind. Garth.

OU’T-FORM, subst. [of out and form] external appearance, outward
form. B. Johnson.

To OUT-FRO’WN, verb act. [of out and frown] to frown down, to
overbear by frowns. Shakespeare.

OU’T-GATE, subst. [of out and gate] outlet, passage outwards.

To OUT-GI’VE, verb act. [of out and give] to surpass in giving.
Dryden.

To OUT-GO’, verb act. pret. outwent, part. outgone [of out and go;
ute, Sax.] 1. To outstrip, to leave behind in going, to go faster or be­
yond. 2. To surpass, to excel in general. He outwent all shew of com­
petence. Carew. 3. To circumvent, to overreach. Denham.

To OUT-GRO’W, verb act. [of out and grow] to surpass in growth,
to grow too great or too old for any thing. Glanville.

OU’T-GUARD, subst. [of out and guard] one posted at a distance from
the main body, as a guard or defence.

To OUT-JE’ST, verb act. [of out and jest] to over-power or surpass
by jesting. Shakespeare.

To OUT-KNA’VE, verb act. [of out and knave] to surpass in knavery.
L'Estrange.

OU’T-LAND [in old records] land let out to tenants merely at the
pleasure of the lord.

OUT-LA’NDISH, adj. [of out and land; of ute-land-isc, Sax.] of an­
other land, foreign, not native. Addison.

To OUT-LA’ST, verb act. [of out and last] to surpass in duration.
Bacon.

OU’T-LAW, [ote-laga, Sax.] a person outlawed, or excluded from
the benefit of the law, a plunderer, a robber, a bandit.

To OUT-LAW one, to sue him to an outlawry, to deprive of the bene­
fits and protection of the law. Bacon.

OU’T-LAWRY [of outlaw] the loss of the benefit of a subject, and
the king's protection, a decree by which any one is cut off from the
community. Attainted by outlawries. Bacon.

Clerk of the OUT-LAWRIES, an officer of the court of common pleas,
whose, business is to make out the writs of capias utlagatum after
outlawries.

To OUT-LEA’P, verb act. to pass one in leaping, to start or jump
beyond.

OU’T-LEAP, subst. [from the verb] sally, flight, escape. Locke.

To OUT-LEA’RN, verb act. [of out and learn; of ute-leornian, Sax.]
to learn faster or farther than another.

O’UT LET, subst. [of out and let, of ute and lætan, Sax.] a passage
outwards, discharge outwards, egress. Ray.

OU’TLICKER [in a ship] is a small piece of timber made fast to the
top of the poop, and standing right out astern.

OUT-LI’NE, subst. [of out and line] contour, line by which any thing
is defined, extremity. Their outlines, colours, lights and shadows.
Dryden.

To OU’T-LIVE, verb act [of out and live; ute-libhan, Sax.] to live
longer than another, to survive. Those that outlive a battle. L'E­
strange.

OU’T-LIVER [of outlive] one that outlives another, survivor.

To OUT-LOO’K, verb act. [of out and look] to face down, to brow­
beat. Shakespeare.

To OUT LU’STRE, adj. [of out and lustre] to excel in brightness.
Shakespeare.

OU’T-LYING, part. adj. [of out and lie] not in the common course of
order, removed from something else. Temple.

To OUT-MA’RCH, verb act. [of out and march] to leave behind in
marching.

To OUT-MEA’SURE, verb act. [of out and measure] to exceed in mea­
sure. Brown.

OU’T-MOST, adj. [of out and most; ytmest, Sax.] the most outward,
remotest from the middle. The outmost superficial parts of the glass.
Newton.

To OUT-NU’MBER, verb act. [of out and number] to exceed in num­
ber.

OU’T-PARISH, subst. [of out and parish] a parish not lying within the
walls. In the greater outparishes. Graunt.

To OUT-PA’CE, verb act. [of out and pace] to outgo, to leave be­
hind. Chapman.

OU’T-PART [of out and part] part remote from the centre or main
body. In the outparts of his diocese. Ayliffe.

To OUT-PA’SS [of out and pass] to go beyond, to exceed.

To OUT-POU’R, verb act. [of out and pour] to emit, to send forth
in a stream. Milton.

To OUT-PRI’ZE, verb act. [of out and prize] to exceed in the value
set upon it. Shakespeare.

To OUTRA’GE, verb act. [outrager, Fr.] to injure violently or con­
tumeliously, to insult roughly and contumeliously, to the endangering
of life. Bacon.

To OU’TRAGE, verb neut. to commit exorbitancies. Great ones in
court will outrage in apparel. Ascham.

OU’TRAGE, subst. Fr. [ultroge, Sp.] a violent assault, tumultuous
mischief, a grievous injury, a sensible affront. He wrought great out­
rages, wasting all the country. Spenser.

OUTRA’GIOUS, adj. [outrageux, Fr. This word, and its derivatives,
should, according to analogy, be written outrageous; but the custom
seems otherwise] 1. Violent, fierce; highly abusive, affrontive or inju­
rious; tumultuous, turbulent. 2. Excessive, passing reason or decency.
Nothing of outragious panegyric. Dryden. 3. Enormous, atrocious.
Thy vile outragious crimes. Shakespeare.

OUTRA’GIOUSLY, adv. [of outragious] tumultuously, violently, abu­
sively, injuriously.

OUTRA’GIOUSNESS [of outragious] fury, violent rage. Without
bringing them to the outragiousness of blows. Dryden.

To OUT-REA’CH, verb act. [of out and reach] to go beyond. The
cause and author outreach remembrance. Carew.

To OUT-RI’DE, verb act. [of out and ride] to pass by riding.
Dryden.

OUT-RI’DERS [in law] travelling bailiffs, employed either by the
sheriffs or their deputies to ride to the farthest places of their counties or
hundreds, to summon such as they thought fit to their county or hundred
court.

OUT-RI’GHT, adv. [of out and right] 1. Immediately, without delay.
The last hanged outright. Arbuthnot. 2. Completely, thoroughly, to­
tally. He neigh'd outright, and all the steed express'd. Addison.

To OUT-RI’SE, verb act. [of out and rise] to rise earlier than an­
other.

To OUT-ROA’R, verb act. [of out and roar] to exceed in roaring.
Shakespeare.

OU’T-RODE, subst. [of out and rode] excursion. Issuing out they
might make outrodes upon the ways. 1. Maccabees.

To OUT-ROO’T, verb act. [of out and root] to root up, to extirpate,
to eradicate. Rowe.

To OUT-RU’N, verb act. [of out and run] 1. Torun better or faster than,
or beyond another, to leave behind in running. 2. to exceed. We
outrun the present income. Addison.

To OUT SAI’L, verb act. [of out and sail] to leave behind in sail­
ing. Broome.

To OUT-SCO’RN, verb act. [of out and scorn] to bear down or con­
front by contempt, to despise, not to mind. Shakespeare.

To OUT-SE’L, verb act. [of out and sell] 1. To exceed in the price
for which a thing is sold, to sell at a higher rate than another. Temple.
2. To gain an higher price.








To OUT-SHI’NE, verb act. [of out and shine] 1. To emit lustre. 2.
To excel in lustre. Dryden.

To OUT-SHOO’T, verb act. [of out and shoot] 1. To exceed in shoot­
ing. To outshoot you in your proper bow. Dryden. 2. To shoot
beyond. Never to outshoot your forefathers mark. Norris.

OU’T-SIDE, subst. [of out and side] 1. Surface, external part. 2.
Extreme part, part remote from the middle. Those parts which were on
the outsides of the flame are blacked. Bacon. 3. Superficial appearance.
Created beings see nothing but our outside. Addison. 4. The utmost: a
barbarous use. Two hundred load upon an acre, they reckon the out­
side of what is to be laid. Mortimer. 5. Person, external man. Your
outside promiseth as much as can be expected from a gentleman. Bacon.
6. Outer side, part not inclosed. I threw open the door of my chamber,
I found my family standing on the outside. Spectator.

To OUTSI’T, verb act. [of out and sit] to sit beyond the time of any
thing. South.

To OUT-SLEE’P, verb act. [of out and sleep] to sleep beyond the time
proposed. Shakespeare.

To OUT SPE’AK, verb act. [of out and speak] to speak something be­
yond, to exceed. Shakespeare.

To OUT-SPO’RT, verb act. [of out and sport] to sport beyond.

To OUT-SPREAD, verb act. [of out and spread] to extend, to diffuse.
With sails out-spread we fly. Pope.

To OUT-STA’ND, verb act. [of out and stand] 1. To support, to re­
sist. To outstand the first attack that was made. Woodward. 2. To
stand beyond the proper time. I have outstood my time. Shakespeare.

To OUT-STAND, verb neut. to protuberate from the main body.

To OUT-STA’RE, verb act. [of out and stare] to face down, to brow­
beat, to outface with affrontery. I would outstare the sternest eyes that
look. Shakespoare.

OU’T-STREET, subst. [of out and street] a street in the extremities of a
town.

To OUT-STRE’TCH, verb act. [of out and stretch] to extend, to
spread out. With outstretched arms. Smith.

OUT-STRE’TCHED, or OUT-STRE’TCHT, part. [of outstretch, of ute
and astrecan, Sax.] extended, spread in length. Milton.

To OUT-STRI’P, verb act. [of ute, Sax. and stroopen, Du. this word
Skinner derives from out and sprinzen, Ger. to spout] to get the start of,
to leave behind, to outgo. Shakespeare.

To OUT-SWEA’R, verb act. [of out and swear] to overpower by
swearing.

To OUT-SWEE’TEN, verb act. [of out and sweeten] to surpass in sweet­
ness. Shakespeare.

To OUT-TO’NGUE, verb act. [of out and tongue] to bear down by
noise. Shakespeare.

To OUT-TA’LK, verb act. [of out and talk] to overpower by talk.
Shakespeare.

To OUT-VA’LUE, verb act. [of out and value] to transcend in price.
Boyle.

To OUT-VE’NOM, verb act. [of out and venom] to exceed in poison.
Shakespeare.

To OUT-VIE’, verb act. [of out and vie] to exceed, to surpass. To
outvie those of his own rank. Addison.

To OUT-VI’LLAIN, verb act [of out and villain] to surpass in villany.
Shakespeare,

To OUT-VOI’CE, verb act. [of out and voice] to exceed in clamour,
to outroar, to outbawl. Shakespeare.

To OUT-VO’TE, verb act. [of out and vote] to conquer or overpower
by plurality of votes or suffrages. They were outvoted by other sects.
South.

To OUT-WA’LK, verb act. [of out and walk] to leave one behind in
walking.

OUT-WA’LL, subst. [of out and wall] 1. Outward part of a building.
2. Superficial appearance. Shakespeare.

OU’TWARD, adj. [of utweard, Sax. udvertes, Dan. utwertes, Su. uyt­
waertes, Du. uhtwerts, L. Ger. auswerts, H. Ger.] 1. That is on the
outside, external. Opposed to inward. 2. Extrinsic, adventitious.
An outward for an inward toil. Shakespeare. 3. Foreign, not intestine.
To raise an outward war to join with some sedition within doors. Hay­
ward. 4. Tending to the outer parts. The fire will force its outward
way. Dryden. 5. [In theology] carnal, corporeal, not spiritual. The
out ward man. Romans.

OUTWARD, subst. external appearance or form. Shakespeare.

OUTWARD, adv. 1. To foreign parts; as, a ship outward bound.
2. To the outer not the inner parts.

O’UTWARDLY, adv. [of outward] 1. On the outside, externally.
Opposed to internally. Hooker. 2. In appearance, not sincerely. They
outwardly seem to despise. Sprat.

OU’TWARDS, adv. towards the outparts. Newton.

To OUT-WA’TCH, verb act. [of out and watch] to watch more dili­
gently and longer than another.

To OUT-WEA’R, verb act. [of out and wear] to pass tediously. By
the stream if I the night outwear. Pope.

To OUT-WEE’D, verb act. [of out and weed] to exterpate as a weed.
Spenser.

To OUT-WEI’GH, verb act. [of out and weigh] 1. To exceed in
gravity or weight. 2. To preponderate, to exceed in value or influ­
ence. Whenever he finds the hardships of his slavery outweigh the value
of his life. Locke

To OUT-WE’LL verb act. [of out and well] to pour out. Spenser.

To OUT-WI’T, verb act. [of out and wit; ute witan, Sax.] to ex­
ceed, or impose on another by wit, to cheat, to overcome by stra­
tagem.

OU’TWORKS, subst. plur. of outwork [of out and work; ute-wercas,
Sax.] works or fortifications without a city, the parts of a fortification
next the enemy.

OUT-WO’RN, part. [of outwear] consumed or destroyed by use. In­
glorious, unemployed, with age outworn. Milton.

To OUT-WRE’ST, verb act. [of out and wrest] to extort by violence.
Spenser

OUT-WROU’GHT, part. [of out and wrought] outdone, exceeded in ef­
ficacy. B. Johnson.

O’VUM Philosophicum, Lat. [in chymistry] a glass round at the bottom
with a long neck, used in chymical operations.


OUZ

OUZE, a sort of miry sedge. See OOZE.

OU’ZEL [of osle, Sax.] a black-bird. See OUSEL.

OU’ZY, moist, wet, plashy. See OOZY.

OW’CHES, bosses or buttons of gold. See OUCH.

To OWE, verb act. [eg, aa, I owe, or I ought, Island. prob. of ge­
annian, Sax.] 1. To be indebted to, to be obliged to pay. 2. To be obliged
to ascribe, to be obliged for. Milton. 3. To have from any thing as
the consequence of a cause. O deem thy fall not ow'd to man's decree.
Pope. 4. To possess, to be the right owner of. For owe, which is in
this sense obsolete, we now use own. 5. A practice has long prevailed
among writers to use owing, the active participle of owe, in a passive
sense for owed or due. 6. Consequential. This was owing to an in­
difference to the pleasures of life. Atterbury. 7. Due as a debt. 8.
Imputable to as an agent. What in them is owing to nature. Locke.

OWL, or OW’LET [of ule, Sax, uhl, Du. eule, Ger. ugla, Su. ulula,
L. Ger. hulote, Fr. and Scot. In the northern provinces they call it a
jenny heulette] a bird that flies about in the night and catches mice.
Lizards leg and owlet's wing. Shakespeare.

OW’LER [prob. q. one who goes out in the night like owls] one who
conveys our wool, or prohibited goods, by night to the sea-side, to be
shipped off for France, &c. contrary to law, one who carries contra­
band goods. By runing goods these graceless owlers gain. Swift.

OWN, subst. [of agen, Sax. eygen, Du. eigen, Ger.] 1. This is a
word of no other use than as it is added to the possessive pronouns, my,
thy, his, our, your, their: it seems to be a substantive; as, my own, my
peculiar: but is in reality the participle passive of the verb owe, having
in the participle owen or own, my own, the thing owned by or belonging
to me. Johnson. 2. It is added generally by way of emphasis or cor­
roboration. Every nation made gods of their own. 2 Kings. 3. Some­
times it is added to note opposition or contradistinction; domestic, not
foreign, mine, his or your's, not another's. A crafty knave outwitted
and beaten at his own play. L'Estrange.

To OWN, verb act. [of ægan, agnian, or annian, Sax. egen, Dan.
eygenen, Du. eigenen, H. Du.] 1. To hold as a property, to claim by
right, to possess. Tell me, ye Trojans, for that name ye own. Dryden.
2. To acknowledge, to avow for one's own. And own me for your
son. Dryden. 3. To avow in general. Since you, fair princess, my
protection own. Dryden. 4. To confess, not to deny. Others will
own their weakness of understanding. Locke.

OW’NER, he who has a property in a thing, one to whom any thing
belongs, rightful possessor.

OW’NERSHIP [of owner] property, rightful possession. The proper­
ty or ownership of the thing. Ayliffe.

OWR, or OWRE, subst. [urus jubatus, Lat.] a kind of wild bull.

OWSE [prob. of ost, Sax. a scale] the bark of a young oak beaten
small and used by tanners.

OW’SER, the bark and water in a tan pit.

OX, irr. pl. oxen [oxa, Sax. oxe, Dan. and Su. os, Du. ochsa, Ger.]
1. The general name for black cattle. A great many oxen of a whitish
colour. Addison. 2. A castrated bull. The horns of oxen and cows
are larger than the bulls. Bacon.
The black Ox never trod upon his-foot.
That is, he never knew sorrow nor care.

O’XBANE, Sax. an herb.

OX-CHEE’K, one half of an ox's head.

O’XEN. See Ox.

O’X-EYE [buphthalmus, Lat.] 1. A plant resembling tansy. 2. A
small bird. 3. [Sea term] a violent storm that sometimes happens on
the coast of Guinea; so called, because when it first appears, it is in the
form of, and seems not much larger than an ox's eye; but comes down
with such impetuosity, that in a very little space, and frequently before
they can prepare themselves for it, it seems to overspread the whole he­
misphere, and at the same time forces the air with so much violence, that
the ships are sometimes scattered several ways, and sometimes are sunk
downright.

O’XFEET [in horses] is said of a horse when the horn of the hind­
feet cleaves just in the middle of the fore-part of the hoof from the coro­
net to the shoe.

O’X-FLY, an insect; a fly of a particular kind.

OX’FORD, the capital city of Oxfordshire; the see of a bishop, and an
university; situated at the confluence of the Isis and Cherwell, a little
above the influx of the Isis into the Thames, 55 miles from London.
It sends four members to parliament, viz. two for the city, and two for
the university; the county of Oxford also sends two members.

O’X-GANG [of land] as much land as may be ploughed by one gang
or team of oxen in one day; about 13 acres; Ainsworth says 20 acres.

O’XHEAL, subst. a plant. Ainsworth.

O’XLIP, subst. a vernal flower; a species of the cowslip.

O’X-STALL [of ox and stall] a stand for oxen.

OXO’LÆUM, Lat. [οξολαιον, of οξος, vinegar, and ελαιον, Gr. oil] a
composition of wine vinegar and oil.

O’X-TONGUE, the herb bugloss.

OXA’LME, Lat. [οξαλμη, Gr.] a sharp, salt composition, as vinegar
and brine.


OXY

O’XYCRATE [oxycrat, Fr. οξυχρατον, of οξυς, Sharp, and χεραω, Gr.
to mix] a mixture of fair water and vinegar, good to allay the heat and
pain of inflammations.

OXYCRO’CEUM [of οξος, vinegar, and χρονον, Gr. saffron] a plaister
made of saffron, vinegar and other ingredients.

OXYDE’RCICA, Lat. [οξυδερχιχια, of οξυς, sharp, and δερχω, Gr. to see]
medicines that quicken the sight.

O’XYGON, Lat. [oxygone, Fr. ossigone, It. οξυγωνιον, of οξυς, sharp, and
γωνια, Gr. angle] a triangle having three acute angles.

OXYGO’NIAL, or OXYGO’NOUS, adj. [of οξυς, sharp, and γωνια, Gr.
an angle] pertaining to an oxygon, acute angled.

OXYLA’PATHON, Lat. [οξυλαπαθον, Gr.] the sharp-pointed dock.

O’XYMEL, Fr. [ossimelé, It. οξυμελι, of οξυς, sharp, and μελι, Gr.
honey] a kind of potion or syrup made of honey and vinegar.

OXY’MORON, Lat. [οξυμωρον, Gr. q. d. subtlely foolish] a figure in rhe­
toric, in which an epithet of a quite contrary signification is added to any
word, as, regular confusion.

OXYNO’SEMA, Lat. [of οξυς, sharp, and νοσημα, Gr. a disease] an a­
cute disease.

OXYPO’RIUM, Lat. [οξυποριον, Gr.] a medicine causing an easy di­
gestion, or that is of other quick operation.

OXYREGMI’A, Lat. [οξυρεγμια, of οξυσ, sharp, and ερευγω, gr. to belch]
an acid, sowre belching from the stomach.

OXYRO’DON [of οξυς, sharp or acid, and ροδον, Gr. a rose] a composi­







tion of two parts of oil of roses, and one part of vinegar of roses, stirred
together for some time.

OXYRRHO’DINE, subst.  [οξυοδινον, from οξυς, sharp, and ροδον, Gr. a
rose] the same with OXYRODON. Floyer.

OXYSA’CCHARUM, Lat. [of οξυς, Gr. sharp or acid, and saccharum,
Lat. sugar] a syrup made of vinegar, or the juice of sowre pomegranates
and sugar.


OYE

OY’ER [oyer, O. Fr. to hear] a law word used in antient times, for
what we now call assizes.

OYER de Record, a petition made in court, praying that the judges, for
the better proof-sake, will be pleased to hear or look upon any record.

OYER and Terminer, Fr. [i. e. to hear and to determine] a special
commission granted to certain judges to hear and determine criminal
causes. In antient times it was only upon some sudden outrage or in­
surrection; but at this time it is the first and largest of the five commis­
sions, by vertue of which our judges of assizes set in their several courts.

OYE’S [oyez, O.Fr. i. e. hear ye] a word used by public cryers, when
they make public proclamation of any thing, and is used both in Eng­
land and Scotland. It is thrice repeated in a drawling tone.

O’YLETHOLE, a little hole for a tag or point to go through. His
oyletholes are more and ampler. Prior.

O’YSTER, subst. [sometimes written oister, oester, Du. huitre, Fr.] a
bivalve testaceous fish.

O’YSTFRWENCH, or O’YSTEWOMAN [of oyster, and wench or woman]
a woman whose business is to sell oysters; proverbially a low woman.


OZI

OZ. is an abbreviation used for ounce.

OZENA, Lat. [οζαινα, οζω, Gr. to stink] an old stinking ulcer in the
inside of the nostrils.

O’ZIER [osier, Fr.] a sort of willow-tree. See OSIER.













P

P P, Roman, P p, Italick, P p, English, P p, Saxon, are the
15th letter of the alphabet, Π Π, the 16th of the Greek, and פ,
the 17th of the Hebrew.

P is a labial consonant, formed by a slight compression of
the anterior part of the lips, as pull, pelt. It is confounded by
the Germans and Welsh with b. It has an uniform sound. It is some­
times mute before t, as accompt, receipt, contempt, &c. but the mute p,
in modern orthography, is commonly omitted. Also the letter P is not
heard in pronouncing psalm, &c. ph has the sound of f.

P [among the antients] a numeral letter, signifying 100.

, with a dash, stood for 100000.

P, is set for pars, or part.

P [in physical prescriptions] signifies a pugil, the 8th part of a
handful.

P. M. [with astronomers] is used for post meridiem, after noon.

PA’BULUM [in medicine] those parts of our common aliments, which
are necessary for the recruit of the animal fluids; also any matter that
continues the cause of a disease.

PABULUM [with naturalists] fuel, or that part in combustible bodies,
which the fire immediately feeds on, or is supported by.

PAC

PACA’LIA [among the Romans] feasts celebrated in honour of the
goddess pax, i. e. peace.

PA’CATED [pacatus, Lat.] appeased, made peaceable, or placable.

PACE [passus, Lat. pas, Fr. passo, It. and Sp.] 1. A step, single move­
ment in walking. 2. Gait, manner of walk. He himself went but
a kind of languishing pace. Sidney. 3. Rate of going, degree of cele­
rity. Creeps in this petty pace from day to day. Shakespeare. 4. Step,
gradation of business; a gallicism. The first pace necessary for his ma­
jesty to make. Temple. 5. A measure of two feet and a half, and, with
geometricians, five feet. The quantity supposed to be measured by the
foot, from the place where it is taken up, to that where it is set down
again. 6. A particular movement which horses are taught, though some
have it naturally.

To PACE, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To move on slowly. 2.
To move in general. 3. [Aller le pas, Fr.] as an horse, to move by
raising the legs on the same side together.

To PACE, verb act. 1. To measure by steps. 2. To direct, to go.
If you can, pace your wisdom in that good path. Sakespeare.

PA’CED, adj. [of pace] having a particular gait. Dryden.

PA’CER [of pace] one that paces; particularly applied to a horse.

PACHY’NTICA, Lat. [παχυντιχα, of παχυνω, Gr. to fatten or make
thick] medicines that are of a thickening quality.

PACI’FIC, adj. [pacifique, Fr. pacifico, It. of pacificus, Lat.] causing or
procuring peace, mild, gentle, appeasing.

PACIFIC Sea, the South sea.

PACIFICA’TION, Fr. [pacificazione, It. of pacificatio, Lat.] 1. The
act of peace-making, a mediation or treating concerning peace. Bacon.
2. The act of appeasing or pacifying. A world was to be saved by a
pacification of wrath. Hooker.

PACIFICA’TOR, Lat. [pacificateur, Fr.] a mediator, a peace-maker.
Bearing the blessed person of a pacificator. Bacon.

PACIFICA’TORY, adj. [pacificatorius, Lat.] pertaining to peace-makers,
or peace making, tending to make peace.

PA’CIFIER [of pacify; pacificator, Lat.] one that pacifies or appeases.

To PA’CIFY, verb act [pacifier, Fr. pacificare, It. pacificàr, Sp. of
pacifico, Lat.] to appease, to still resentment, to quiet an angry person, to
compose any desire.

PACK [pack, Ger. Teut. and Du. packa, Su. paquet, Fr.] 1. A bundle
or parcel packt or tied up for carriage. 2. A burthen, a load. They
loaded it with packs and burthens. L'Estrange. 3. A number; as, a
pack of hounds hunting together. 4. A set, or due number; as, a pack
of cards. 5. A number of people confederated together in any bad de­
sign or practice. Never such a pack of knaves and villains. Clarendon.
6. Any great number, either as to quantity or pressure.

To PACK, verb act. [of packen, Du. Ger. and Teut. packa, Su.] 1.
To bundle up, to bind up for carriage. 2. To send in a hurry. Packt
with post haste. Shakespeare. 3. To place or sort the cards, so as that
the game shall be iniquitously secured, to mix them artfully, so as to
know where certain cards lie; it is applied to any collusive procurement.
4. To unite picked persons in some bad design. A pack'd assembly of
Italian bishops. Atterbury.

To PACK, verb neut. 1. To tie up goods. Packs and shuts up her
gaudy shop. Cleaveland. 2. To go off in a hurry, to remove hastily.
Away, pack the gallies with all the haste they could. Carew. 3. To con­
cert bad measures, to confederate in ill, to practise unlawful collusion.
Go pack with him. Shakespeare.

PACK of Wool, a quantity of it about 240 lb. a horse-load.

PA’CKAGE [old records] a duty of a penny per pound on certain mer­
chandizes.

PA’CKCLOATH, subst. [of pack and cloath] a cloath in which goods
are tied.

PA’CKER [of pack] one who binds up bales for carriage, one whose
trade and business is to pack up merchants goods.

PA’CKERS, persons appointed and sworn to pack up herrings, accord­
ing to the statute.

PA’CKET [paquet; Fr.] a small parcel or bundle; as, of letters, &c.

To PA’CKET, verb act. [from the noun] to bind up in small parcels.
Swift.

PA’CKHORSE [of pack and horse] a horse of burthen, a horse employ­
ed in carrying goods.

PA’CKING, part. act. [of pack; which see] putting up in packs; also
placing card artfully.

PA’CKSADDLE [of pack and saddle] a saddle on which burthens are
laid.

PA’CKTHREAD, subst. [of pack and thread] a sort of thread used in ty­
ing up packs or parcels.

PA’CKWAX, subst. several parts peculiar to brutes, are wanting in man;
as the strong aponeurosis on the sides of the neck, called packwax. Ray.

PACT [pacte, Fr. patto, of pactum, Lat.] bargain, covenant, or agree­
ment.

PA’CTION [pactio, Lat.] the same as pact. Hayward.

PACTI’TIOUS, adj. [pactitius, of pactio, Lat.] pertaining to bargain or
agreement, settled by covenant.

PAD [paad, whence likewise path or paath, Sax.] 1. The road, a foot­
path. L'Estrange. 2. A bundle, hence a little soft bolster, or low sad­
dle, to put under some hard thing that is worn next the body of an ani­
mal, man or beast, is so called; properly a saddle or bolster stuffed with
straw [pajado, of paja, Sp. straw.] 3. A nag, a horse that goes easy,
or paces. A gray pad is kept in the stable. Addison. 4. A robber that
infests the roads on foot.

To PAD, v. act. [from the subst. or prob. of pedarius, Lat. a footman]
1. To travel on foot gently. 2. To rob on the road on foot.

To PAD, verb act. 1. To beat a way smooth and level. 2. To stuff; as,
to stuff or pad chairs, &c.

PA’DAR, subst. grouts, coarse flower. Wotton.

PADARTHROCA’CE, Lat. [παιδος, of παις, a boy, αρθρον, a joint, and
χαχον, Gr. an evil] the corrupting of a bone in the joint, the joint-evil,
a disease incident mostly to children, where the joints swell, and the bones
are most commonly rotten.

PA’DDER, or Foot PAD [of pedarius, Lat.] one who robs on the road
a foot, a foot highwayman.

To PA’DDLE, verb neut. [patrouiller, Fr.] 1. To move the water with
hands or feet, to play in the water. Collier. 2. To row, to beat water
as with oars. The men were paddling for their lives. L'Estrange. 3.
To finger. Paddling palms and pinching fingers. Shakespeare.

PA’DDLE, subst. [pattal, Wel.] 1. An oar, particularly that which is
used by a single rower in a boat. 2. Any thing broad like the end of an
oar. Have a paddle upon the weapon. Deuteronomy.

PA’DDLER [of paddle] one who paddles. Ainsworth.

PA’DDLE Staff, a long staff with an iron spike at the end of it, used
by mole-catchers.

PA’DDOCK [pada, Sax. padde, Du.] a large toad or frog. Loathing
paddocks. Shakespeare. The paddock or frog-paddock breeds on the land,
is bony and big, especially the she. Walton.

PADDOCK, or PADDOCK Course [corrupted from parrack] a small in­
closure for deer.

PA’DELION, subst. [pas de lion, Fr. pes leonis, Lat.] the name of an
herb. Ainsworth.

PADESO’Y [poudesoyes, Fr.] a sort of silk stuff.

PA’DLOCK [prob. of pendens, Lat. hanging, loc, Sax. and padde, Du.]
a pendant or hanging lock; it is hung on a staple to hold on a link.

To PA’DLOCK, verb act. [from the subst.] to lock up or fasten with a
padlock.

PA’DSTOW, a sea-port town of Cornwall, situated at the mouth of the
river Alan or Camel, in the Bristol channel.


PAE

PÆ’AN [of παιαν, Gr.] a song of triumph; originally an hymn or
song of praise made at festivals to Apollo, or at such a time as any plague
or pestilence reigned, beginning Io Pæan. HOMER applies it to a tri­
umphal song in general.








PAEAN, or PAEON [in antient poetry] a foot; so called, because sup­
posed to be appropriated to the hymn paean.

PAE’DAGOGUE. See PEDAGOGUE.

PAEDOPA’PTISM [παιδων βαπτισμος, Gr.] infant-baptism.

PÆDO’PICA, Lat. [παιδοπτιχη, of παιδος, gen. of παις, Gr. a child]
a part of the art of physic, which concerns the management of children.

PAEO’NIA, Lat. the peony, or piony, a flower.

PA’GAN, or PAI’NIM [pagano, of pagus, Lat. a village] a heathen,
one not a christian. Those of the heathen or gentile religion, were so
called, because that after cities were converted to christianity, superstition
still remained in the villages.

PA’GAN, adj. heathenish. Such they were as pagan use required.
Dryden.

PAGANA’LIA, Lat. [among the Romans] feasts held in villages, where
also altars were erected, and sacrifices offered annually to the tutelar gods.
Here the peasants offered cakes to Ceres and Tellus for plentiful harvests.

PA’GANISM [paganisme, Fr. paganismus, Lat.] heathenism, the religi­
ous worship of pagans, or the adoration of idols and false gods.

PAGANO-Christian, adj. part Pagan, part Christian, or compounded of
both. See CREED, and CATAPHRYGIAN, compared.

PAGE, Fr. [pagina, It. Sp. Port. and Lat.] 1. One side of a leaf in a
book. 2. [Paggio, It. páje, Sp. which some will derive from poike,
Goth. a boy] a young boy advanced to the service of a prince, or some
great personage, to attend on them.

To PAGE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To mark the pages of a
book. 2. To attend as a page. Shakespeare.

PA’GEANT, subst. [not improp. of wagen, Du. a chariot, according to
Skinner. Of this word the etymologists give no satisfactory acount. It
may perhaps be payengeant, a pagan grant, a representation of triumph
used at return from holy wars; as we have yet the Saracen's head.
Johnson] 1. A pompous machine, a chariot, &c. carried about in pub­
lic shews, a statue in a show. 2. Any show, a spectacle of entertain­
ment.

PA’GEANT, adj. showy, pompous, superficial. The pageant pomp of
such a servile throne. Dryden.

To PA’GEANT, verb act. [from the subst.] to exhibit in show, to re­
present. Shakespeare.

PA’GEANTRY, subst. [of pageant] pomp, pompousness, ostentatious
shew or appearance.

PA’GINAL, adj. [pagina, Lat.] consisting of pages. An expression
proper unto the paginal books of our times. Brown.

PA’GOD [uncertain etymology, prob. an Indian word] 1. An idol's
temple in China, &c. 2. The image itself. They worship idols called
pagods. Stilling fleet. 3. A piece of Indian gold, worth about nine
shillings, so named by the Portuguese.


PAI

PAID, the preterite and part. passive of to pay.

PAIL [prob. of paila, Span. Tho' Mer. Casaubon says, of πελλα,
Gr.] a wooden vessel, in which milk, water, &c. are carried; as, a
milk-pail.

PA’ILFUL, subst. [of pail and full] the quantity that a pail will hold.

PAIN [ποενη, Gr. pœna, Lat. pyn, L. Ger. pein, H. Ger. pine, Dan.
pina, Su. pijne, Du. pin, Sax. peine, Fr. pena, It. and Sp.] 1. Punish­
ment denounced. Under pain of death. Addison. 2. Penalty, punish­
ment. We will by way of mulct or pain lay it upon him. Bacon. 3.
Sensation of uneasiness, torture, torment. The pains of the touch are
greater than the offences of the other senses. Bacon. 4. [In the plur.]
work, toil, labour. The pains they had taken was very great. Claren­
don. 5. Labour, task; the singular is in this sense obsolete. And
fairly paced forth with easy pain. Spenser. 6. Uneasiness, or disquiet of
mind, grief. 7. The throws of child-birth; generally in the plural.

To PAIN, verb act. [puner, Dan. pina, Su. pinan, Sax. pijnen, Du.
peineigen, Ger. peiner, Fr. penare, It. penar, Sp.] 1. To affect with pain,
to torment, to make uneasy. I am-pained at my very heart. Jeremiah.
2. [With the reciprocal pronoun] to labour. Tho' the lord of the li­
berty pain himself to yield equal justice. Spenser.

PAI’NFUL, adj. [of pain and full; of pin and full, Sax.] 1. Causing
pain, afflictive. 2. Full of pain, miserable, beset with affliction. 3.
Requiring labour, difficult. When I thought to know this, it was too
painful for me. Psalms. 4. Industrious, laborious. Greater and more
painful servants to their neighbours. Swift.

PAI’NFULLY, adv. [of painful] 1. After a painful or afflictive man­
ner. 2. After a diligent and laborious manner.

PAI’NFULNESS [of painful; of pin and fulnesse, Sax.] 1. A quality
causing pain, affliction, grief. 2. Laboriousness, industry.

PAI’NIM, subst. [of payen, Fr.] infidel, pagan; so called, because
when their temples were taken from them, and consecrated to Christ,
they used to sacrifice in pagis, i. e. in villages.

PAINIM, adj. pagan, infidel. Defy'd the best of painim chivalry.
Milton.

PAI’NLESS [of pain] without pain, free from trouble. Is there no
smooth descent? no painless way? Dryden.

PAI’NSTAKER [of pains and take] laborious person. Gay.

PAI’NSTAKING, adj. [of pains and take] laborious, industrious.

PAI’NSWICK, a market town of Gloucestershire, 94 miles from Lon­
don, so called from its old lords the Pains.

To PAINT, verb act. [pingo, Lat. peindre, Fr. pintàr, Sp. and Port.]
1. To design or dawb with colours, to represent by delineation and co­
lours. 2. To cover with colours representative of something. 3. To
represent by colours, appearances or images. Till we from an author's
words paint his very thoughts in our minds, we do not understand him.
Locke. 4. To describe, to represent in general. 5. To colour, to di­
versify. 6. To deck with artificial colours. Jezebel painted her face.
2 Kings.

To PAINT, verb neut. to lay colours on the face.

PAINT, subst. [from the verb; pigmentum, Lat.] 1. Colour for paint­
ing. 2. Colours representative of any thing. 3. Colours laid on the
face. Together lay her prayer-book and paint. Anon.

PAI’NTER [peintre, Fr. pittore, It. pintor, Sp. and Port. pictor, Lat.]
one who paints, one who professes the art of representing objects by co­
lours.

PAINTER [a sea term] a rope in the long boat to fasten her or hawl
her on shore.

PAI’NTERS, this company having the addition of Painter's Stainers,
are of high antiquity, yet not incorporated till anno 1580, 23d of queen
Elizabeth. Their arms are azure, a chevron or, between three grissins
heads eras'd argent.

PAINTER-Stainer, one who paints coats of arms, and other things per­
taining to heraldry; also one who paints or stains linen cloth.

PAI’NTING, subst. [from paint; le peinture, Fr. ars pictoria, Lat.] 1. 
The art of representing men, beasts, birds, flowers, &c. in their pro­
per forms and colours. If painting be acknowled for an art, it follows
that no arts are without their precepts. Dryden. 2. Picture, the painted
resemblance. The painting is almost the natural man. Shakespeare. 3.
Colours laid on. This painting wherein you see me smear'd. Shakespeare.

PAI’NTURE, for Peinture, subst. [peinture, Fr.] the art of painting:
a French word. For painture mear adjoinng lay. Dryden.

PAIR, subst. [paer, Du. paar, Ger. par, Su. paire, Fr. or par, Lat.
pair, It. par, Sp.] 1. Two of a sort, a brace, a couple, fellows, two things
suiting one another; as, a pair of gloves, stockings, or shoes, &c. 2.
A man and wife. Had liv'd long marry'd, and a happy pair. Dryden.

To PAIR, verb act. [from the subst. para, Su. paeren, Du. paaren,
Ger. apparier, Fr. apparare, It.] 1. To couple, to be joined in pairs.
2. To suit, to fit as a counterpart.

To PAIR, verb act. 1. To join in couples. 2. To unite as correspon­
dent or opposite.


PAL

PA’LACE [palais, Fr. palazzo, It. palácio, Sp. and Port. of palatium,
Lat. of Mons Palatinus, in Rome, where stood the royal mansion-house;
whence all royal dwellings are called palatia, Lat.] A house eminently
splendid, a royal house. The palace yard is fill'd. Dryden.

PALA’CIOUS, adj. [of palace] royal, noble, magnificent. Turning of
great palacious houses into small tenements. Graunt.

PA’LAESTRA, Lat. [of παλαιστρα, of παλη, Gr. wrestling] a building
where the Grecian youth exercised themselves in wrestling, running,
quoits, &c.

PALA’NKA [palanque, Fr. palanca, It. in fortification] a defence made
of large poles or stakes.

PALANQUI’N, a kind of covered carriage, chaise or chair, borne by
slaves on their shoulders, much used by the Chinese and other eastern
people, for travelling from place to place, and wherein persons of di­
stinction are carried.

PA’LATABLE, adj. [of palate] gustful, pleasing to the taste.

PA’LATE [palais, Fr. palato, It. palaear, Sp. paádar, Port. of pala­
tum, Lat.] 1. The roof the mouth, the instrument of taste. 2. Mental
relish, intellectual taste. The palate of the soul is indisposed. Taylor.

PALA’TIC, adj. [of palate] belonging to the palate or roof of the
mouth. Holder.

PALA’TINATE, subst. [palatinat, Fr. palatinato, It. palatinado, Sp. of
Lat.] the county palatine of the Rhine; the territories of the elector pa­
latine of Germany. A province or signiory possessed by a palatine, and
from which he takes his title and dignity.

PA’LATINE, adj. [palatin, Fr. palatino, It. and Sp.] possessing royal
privileges, belonging to the palace or court of an emperor, or sovereign
prince; as, a court palatine.

PALATINE, subst. [palatin, Fr. palatinus, from palatium, Lat. a palace]
one invested with regal prerogatives. There were no less than eight
counties palatines in Ireland at one time. Davies.

PA’LATI Os, Lat. [with anatomists] a small square bone, forming the
hind part of the palate, and joined to that part of the os maxillare, which
forms the fore-part of the palate.

PA’LATO Salpingæus, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle that arises broad
and tendinous from the edge of the lunated part of the os pubis, &c.

PALE, adj. Fr. [pallido, It. and Port. palido, Sp. pallidus, Lat.] 1. 
White of look, not fresh of colour, not ruddy, looking wan. 2. Not
high-coloured, approaching to colourless transparency. The urine turns
pale. Arbuthnot. 3. Not bright, not shining, faint of lustre, dim.
The night methinks is but the day-light sick,
It looks a little paler. Shakespeare.

To PALE In, verb act. [polissader, Fr. palare, It.] 1. To enclose or
fence with pales or pallisadoes. Paled in with deals. Mortimer. 2. To
inclose, to encompass in general. Whate'er the ocean pales or sky inclips.
Shakespeare.

PALE [palo, It. pal, Sax. paole, Su. pael, Du. and L. Ger. pfahl, H.
Ger. palus, Lat.] 1. A sort of thin stake for a fence, a narrow piece of
wood joined above and below to a rail, to inclose grounds. 2. Any in­
closure. Those few excepted, which brake out of the common pale.
Hooker. 3. Any district or territory; as, the English pale in Ireland;
that part wherein the English formerly lived apart from the Irish, and
were governed by their own laws. Spenser.

PALE, Fr. [with heraldry] is one of the ten honourable ordinaries;
and is so called, because it is like the palisades used about fortifications,
and stands perpendicularly upright in an escutcheon, dividing it length­
ways from the top to the bottom, and should contain a third part of the
shield.

In PALE [in heraldry] signifies things borne one above another, in the
nature of a pale.

Party per PALE [in heraldry] signifies a shield divided by one single
line through the middle from the top to the bottom, which is the nature
of a pale.

PA’LED Flowers [in botany] are those which have leaves set about, or
surrounding a head or thrum, as in the marigold.

Counter PALED [in heraldry] is where the pale is cut, and the demi­
pales of the chief, tho' of colours the same with those of the point, yet
different in the place where they meet; so that if the first of the chief be
metal, that which corresponds to it underneath is of colour.

PA’LE-EYED, adj. [of pale and eye] having eyes dimmed. The pale­
eyed priest from the prophetic cell. Milton.

PA’LE FACED, adj. [of pale and face] having the face wan. Pale­
fac'd fear. Shakespeare.

PA’LENESS [of pale] 1. Wanness or whiteness of countenance, want
of freshness, whiteness. Sidney. 2. Want of colour, want of lustre. The
paleness of this flower. Shakespeare.

PA’LEISH, adj. [of pale] something pale. See PALISH.

PA’LELY, adv. [of pale] wanly, not freshly, not ruddily.

PA’LENDAR, subst. a sort of coasting vessel. Knolles.

PA’LEOUS, adj. [of palea, Lat. chaff] husky, chaffy. In straws and
paleous bodies. Brown.

PA’LETTE, subst. Fr. a light board on which a painter holds his co­
lours when he paints.

PA’LES, Lat. a goddess of shepherds, under whose protection were the
flocks and herds.

PA’LFREY, or PALFRY, subst. [pailfrai, Brit palfroy, Fr. pallareno, It.
palafreus Sp.] a pacing horse, or a small horse of state for a great lady.







It is always distinguished in the old books from a war horse. Mounted
on a white palfrey. Addison.

PA’LFREYED [of palfrey] riding on a palfrey. Palfrey'd dames, bold
knights and magic spells. Tickel.

PA’LICI, deities said to have been the sons of Jupiter by Thalia, who
hiding herself in the earth from Juno, brought forth two brothers, called
Palici; in whose temple in Sicily were two deep basons or fountains cal­
led Delli, and famous for the trial and punishment of perjury; for into
them was thrown the oath of him that had sworn, written on a note;
which, if true, floated; but if false, sunk to the bottom.

PALIFICA’TION, subst. [palus, Lat.] the act or practice of making
ground firm by driving in piles. Wotton.

PALI’LIA [among the Romans] feasts and public rejoicings celebrated
April the 20th, in honour of Pales the goddess of shepherds; during
which, they danced and leaped over fire made of bean straws, branches
of olives, pine and laurel. At this time the shepherds purified their
flocks and herds with fumes of rosemary, laurel and sulphur. Their sa­
crifices were milk and wafers, made with millet; and the festivals were
observed in honour of her, that she might drive away wolves and pre­
vent diseases incident to cattle, and render the earth fruitful.

PALILI’CIUM, Lat. [in astronomy] a fixed star of the first magnitude
in the bull's eye, called also aldebaran.

PALILO’GIA, Lat. [παλιλογια, of παλιν, again, and λογος, from, λεγω,
Gr. to describe] a figure in rhetoric, when the same word is repeated,
as thou, thou Anthony.

PALIMBA’CHIUS [with grammarians] a foot consisting of two long
syllables, and one short, as Nātūră.

PALIMPSE’STON, Lat. [παλιμψηςος, Gr.] a sort of paper or parch­
ment, used for making the first draught of things, which would bear wi­
ping out, and new writing in the same place.

PALINGENE’SIA, Lat. [παλινγενεσια, of παλιν, again, and γενεσις, Gr.
birth, productor, or (which is the strict and proper import of the word)
“a COMING INTO BEING.” But used sometimes in a figurative sense]
regeneration, or the being born over again. See BRACHIANS, and RE­
GENERATION.

PALI’NDROME [of παλινδρομια, of παλιν, again, and δρθμος, Gr. course]
a word, verse or sentence, which runs the same, being read either for­
wards or backwards; as, Madam, subi dura a rudibus, or Roma tibi su­
bito motibus ibit amor.

PA’LINGMAM [in old statutes] a merchant denizen, one born in
England.

PA’LINODE, or PA’LINODY [palinodia, It. παλινοδια, from παλιν, again,
and ωδη, Gr. a song] a discourse contrary to a preceding one, a recan­
tation, or recalling what one had spoken before. Sandys.

PA’LISSADE, or PA’LISSADO [palissade, Fr. palisado, Sp. from palus,
Lat. a pale or stake] a fence of pales.

To PA’LISADE [palissader, Fr.] to fence or inclose with palisades.

PA’LISADED, part. adj. [of palisade] 1. Inclosed with palisades. 2.
[In heraldry] it represents a range of palissadoes before a fortification,
and so drawn on a fess, rising up a considerable length, and pointed at
the top, with the field appearing between them.

PA’LISADES [in architecture] a sort of turned pales.

PALISADES [in gardening] an ornament in the alleys of gardens,
wherein trees are planted, which bear branches from the bottom, and
which are spread in such a manner, as to appear a wall covered with
leaves.

Turning PALISADES [in fortification] an invention to preserve the pa­
lisades of the parapet from the shot of the besiegers, so ordered that as
many of them as stood in the length of a rod, or ten feet, did turn up
and down like a trap, so that they could not be seen by the enemy, but
just when they brought on their attack; but nevertheless were always
ready to do the proper office of palisades. See Plate VIII. Fig. 7.

PA’LISH, adj. [of pale] somewhat pale. A palish blue. Arbuthnot.

PALL [pallium, palla, Lat.] 1. A cloke or mantle of state, particu­
larly that worn by knights of the garter. In sceptred pall come sweep­
ing by. Milton. 2. The mantle of an archbishop. An archibishop
ought to be consecrated and anointed, and after consecration he shall
have the pall sent him. Ayliffe. 3. A covering of black cloth or velvet,
laid over a coffin and corps at a funeral. The right side of the pall old
Egeus kept. Dryden.

PALL [with Roman catholics] a kind of ornament made of the wool
of lambs, about the breadth of three fingers, with labels hanging down
before and behind, which the pope bestows on archbishops, &c. who
wear it about their necks at the altar, over their other vestments.

To PALL, verb act. [from the subst.] to cloak, to invest.

To PALL, verb neut. [of appaler, O. Fr. or palln, C. Brit. Of this
word the etymologists give no reasonable account: Perhaps it is only a
corruption of pale, and was originally applied to colours] to grow flat or
insipid, to die, as wine and other liquors do.

To PALL, verb act. 1. To make vapid, flat, or insipid. Pall all his
enjoyments. Atterbury. 2. To impair sprightliness, to dispirit. We
pall and cool and kill his ardour. Dryden. 3. To weaken, to impair in
general. I'll never follow thy pall'd fortunes more. Shakespeare. 4.
To cloy. Palled appetite is humourous. Tatler.

A Cross PALL [in heraldry] represents the ornaments of an archbishop
sent from Rome to metropolitans, made of the wool of white lambs.

PALLA’DIUM [of Παλλας, Gr.] the statue of Pallas, said to have been
stolen away by Ulysses and Diomedes; but others say this was a false
one, which was exposed to the public, and that the true one was with
the tutelar gods, carried by Æneas into Italy, which being introduced
into Rome, many counterfeit ones were made like it, to prevent the true
one from being stolen.

P’ALLAS [Παλλας, Gr.] the goddess of war and wisdom. She was
also called Minerva; and by Homer, Tritogeneia, from Triton, a river of
Lybia; on whose banks she was supposed to have been born, and who,
according to Sir Isaac Newton, led from that country, those Amazonian
troops which joined Sesac or Sesostris in his expedition, and were
afterwards left by him on the banks of the river Thermodon. See BAC­
CHUS, and EGYPTIAN Empire, compared.

PA’LLATS, two nuts that play in the fangs of the crown wheel of a
watch.

PA’LLED, part. adj. of pall [prob. of appalé, Fr.] flat, dead, without
spirit, as wine, beer, &c. See To PALL.

PALLET [in a ship] a partition in the hold, in which, by laying some
pigs of lead, &c. the ship may be sufficiently ballasted without losing
room there.

PALLET [palette, Fr. paléta, Sp. with painters] 1. A thin oval piece
of wood to lay and mix their colours on, with a hole cut in it, to put
the thumb through, to hold it by, &c. 2. [In heraldry] is a small
pale, being half the breadth of a pale, of which pallets there are some­
times several in one shield, and must never be charged with any thing
white or red. 3. [With gilders] an instrument made of a sqirrel's tail,
to take up the leaves of gold from off the pillow, to lay on the thing to
be gilded. 4. [With potters] is the forming stick with which they
fashion and round their works.

PA’LLET-BED [prob. of pied or pié, a foot, and lit, Fr. a bed, q. d. a
bed of the height of the feet, according to Skinner. But Minshew chooses
to derive it from palea, Lat. chaff, q. d. a bed stuffed with chaff, to which
pretty nearly agrees the Italian pagliaccio. Johnson says paillet in Chau­
cer was probably the French word for paille, straw, and secondarily a
bed] 1. A sort of low, small bed, to run with wheels under another bed;
a mean bed. Wotton. 2. [Palette, Fr.] a small measure formerly used by
chirurgions. Twenty-seven pallets, every pallet containing three ounces.
Hakewell.

PALLETO’QUE, or PALLECO’TE [prob. of pallium & toga, Lat.] a cas­
sock or short coat with sleeves, such as pages anciently wore.

PA’LLIAMENT, subst. [pallium, Lat.] a dress, a robe. Shakespeare.

PALLIA’RDISE [pailliardise, Fr.] fornication, whoring; obsolete.

To PA’LLIATE, verb act. [pallier, Fr. palliare, It. pallio, from palli­
um, Lat.] 1. To disguise, to colour, to cloak, or cover with excuse.
Swift. 2. To extenuate, to soften by favourable representations. To
extenuate, palliate, and indulge. Dryden. 3. To cure imperfectly or
temporarily, not radically, to ease, but not to cure.

PALLIA’TION, Fr. [from palliate] 1. The act of palliating, mitiga­
ting, or cloaking, extenuation, favourable representation. The pious
disguises and soft palliations of some men. K. Charles. 2. [With phy­
sicians] the quieting and assuaging of pain, and providing against the
symptoms of a disease, when nothing can be directly levelled against the
cause; imperfect or temporary, not radical cure.

PA’LLIATIVE, adj. [palliatif, Fr. palliativo, It.] 1. Serving to palli­
ate, extenuating, favourably representative. 2. Temporarily, not ra­
dically curative, mitigating, not removing. As,

PALLIATIVE Cure [in physic] is the answering of a palliative indica­
tion, or the removal, or mitigation of the symptoms of a disease, the
cause of it still remaining.

PALLIATIVE Indication [with physicians] is where the symptoms of a
disease give too much trouble and danger, to have the cure deferred till
the disease, on which it depends, is removed.

PA’LLIATIVE, subst. [of palliate] something mitigating or alleviating.
Those palliatives which weak, perfidious, or abject politicians adminis­
ter. Swift.

PA’LLID, adj. [pallido, It. of pallidus, Lat.] pale, not high-coloured,
not bright; pallid is seldom used of the face. The pallid sky. Thomson.

PA’LLIER, or PAI’LLIER [in carpentry] a building, a landing place in
a stair-case, or a step, which being broader than the rest, serves for a
resting-place.

PALL-MALL [of pila and malleus, Lat. pale maille, Fr.] an exercise or
play, where a round bowl or iron ball is with a mallet struck through an
arch of iron, standing at either end of an alley, as was once in St. James's
park.

PALM [paume, Fr. palma, It. Lat. and Sp.] 1. The inner part of the
hand, the hand spread out. By this virgin palm. Shakespeare. 2. [Pal­
me, Fr.] A measure of a hand's breadth, a measure of length compri­
sing three inches. Scarce a palm of ground could be gotten by either.
Bacon. 3. [Palma, Lat. palmier, Fr.] a tree of great variety of species,
of which the branches were worn in token of victory. 4. [Palme, Fr.]
victory, triumph. Namur subdu'd is England's palm alone. Dryden.

PALM of an Anchor, the flook or broad part which fastens into the
ground.

PALM-Sunday [so called of a custom of the primitive christians of
bearing palm-branches, in memory of the triumphant entry of our Sa­
viour into Jerusalem] the last Sunday in Lent, or the Sunday next be­
fore Easter Sunday.

PALM Worm [in America] an insect about 12 inches long, and extreme
swift in its motion, having an incredible number of feet, and two claws
at the head and tail, with which it wounds and poisons persons, putting
them to intolerable pain for twenty hours.

To PALM, verb act. [of palma, Lat.] 1. To conceal in the palm of
one's hand, as jugglers do, to cog or cheat at dice. Palming is held
foul play amongst gamesters. Dryden. 2. To impose by fraud. You
may palm upon us new for old. Dryden. 3. To handle. Frank carves
very ill, yet will palm all the meat. Prior.

PA’LMA Christi, Lat. a sort of plant.

PALMA’RIS Brevis, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the palm of
the hand, arising from the metacarpus that sustains the little finger, &c.
and proceeds transversly, and is inserted into the eighth bone of the
carpus.

PALMARIS Longus [in anatomy] a muscle of the palm of the hand,
which takes its rise from the inward protuberance of the humerus, and is
inserted side-ways to the roots of the fingers. It assists in grasping any
thing firmly.

PA’LMER [palmero, Sp. so called of a branch or staff of a palm tree,
which they carried in their hands when they returned from the holy war]
1. A pilgrim who travels to visit holy places. See BRANDEUM and HER­
MIT, compared. 2. A crown enriching a deer's head.

PA’LMER [of palma, Lat. the palm of the hand] one who deceitfully
cheats at cards, or cogs at dice, by keeping some of them in his
hand, &c.

PA’LMER [of palma, Lat.] an instrument with which school-boys are
struck on the hand.

PALMER Worm [of palmer and worm] a caterpillar with many feet, a
worm covered with hair, supposed to be so called, because he wanders
over all plants.

PA’LMETOIRE, an Indian tree, of the juice of which the Indians
make a pleasant sort of wine.

PALME’TTO, subst. a species of the palm-tree, growing in the West-
Indies.

PALMI’FEROUS, adj. [of palma, palm, and fero, Lat. to bear] bear­
ing palms.

PA’LMIPEDE, adj. [palma, palm, and pedis, gen. of pes, Lat. foot]
web-footed, having the toes joined by a membrane. It is a palmipede,
or fin-footed like swans. Brown.








PA’LMISTER [palma, Lat.] one skilled, or one who deals in palmistry.

PA’LMISTRY [of palma, Lat. the palm of the hand] 1. A kind of di­
vination or telling fortunes, by inspecting the palm of the hand, the
cheat of fortune-telling by the lines of the palm. 2. Addison uses it
for the agility of the hand. He found his pocket was picked; that
being a kind of palmistry, at which this vermin is very dextrous. Ad­
dison.

PALMS [with botanists] 1. The shoot, or young branch of a vine. 2.
The shoot of a palm-tree, one with is branches. 3. White buds shoot­
ing out of willows or sallows before the leaf.

PA’LMUS [I suppose from ωαλλω, Gr. to vibrate; with physicians]
a shivering or quick vibration of the heart.

PA’LMY, adj. [of palm] bearing palms. Left the palmy plains behind.
Dryden.

PALPABI’LITY [of palpable] quality of being perceivable to the touch.
He first found out palpability of colour. Pope and Arbuthnot.

PA’LPABLE, Fr. and Sp. [palpabile, It. palpabilis, Lat.] 1. That may
be felt or perceived by the touch, manifest, evident, plain, clear. I see
not how we should possibly wish a proof more palpable than this manifest­
ly received, and every where continued custom. Hooker. 2. Gross,
coarse, easily detected. An absurdity to reason so palpable. Hooker.

PA’LPABLE Darkness, darkness that may be felt. Milton.

PA’LPABLENESS [of palpable] capacity of being felt, plainness, ma­
nifestness, grossness.

PA’LPABLY [palpablement, Fr.] plainly, evidently, &c.

PA’LPABLY, adv. [of palpable] 1. In such a manner as to be per­
ceived by the touch. 2. Grossly, plainly. Acquitted by a corrupt jury
that had palpably taken shares of money. Bacon.

PALPA’TION [palpatio, of palpor, Lat.] the act of feeling.

PALPE’BRÆ, Lat. the eye-lids, or coverings of the eyes.

To PA’LPITATE, verb neut. [palpiter, Fr. palpitatum, sup. of palpi­
to, Lat.] to beat as the heart does, to flutter, to go pit a pat.

PA’LPITATING, part. act. [of palpitate; palpitans, Lat.] panting or
beating quick.

PALPITA’TION, Fr. [palpitazione, It. of palpitatio, Lat.] a panting,
beating quick, or throbbing of the heart.

PA’LSGRAVE, or PA’LTSGRAVE [Paltsgraff, Ger.] a count or earl,
who has the overseeing of a prince's palace.

PA’LSICAL, adj. [of palsy; paralyticus, Lat.] having the palsy, afflicted
with the palsy, paralytic.

PA’LSIED, adj. [of palsy] diseased with a palsy. Like a palsied per­
son she scarce moves a limb. Decay of Piety.

PA’LSY [paralysis, Lat. of ωαραλνσις, Gr. hence paralysy, parasy, pa­
lasy, palsy] a privation of motion or sense of feeling, or both, proceed­
ing from some cause below the cerebellum, joined with a coldness, soft­
ness, flaccidity, and at last wasting of the parts. If this privation be in
all the parts below the head, except the thorax and heart, it is called
a paraplegia; if in one side only, a hemiplegia; if in some parts only,
as of one side, a paralysis. There is a threefold division of a palsy;
the first is a privation of motion, sensation remaining: 2dly, A priva­
tion of sensation, motion remaining: And lastly, a privation of both to­
gether. Quincy.

To PA’LTER, verb neut. [prob. of paltron, Fr. a coward. Skinner] to
shift, to dodge, to play fast and loose, to deal unfairly. Be these jug­
gling friends no more believ'd. Shakespeare.

To PA’LTER, verb act. to squander away.

PA’LTERER [of palter] an unsincere dealer, a shifter.

PA’LTRINESS [of paltry] pitifulness, sorriness.

PA’LTRY [prob. of paltron, Fr. of paltroniere, It. a scoundrel paltrocca,
It. a low whore] sorry, pitiful, of no value, despicable, mean. To
squander away our wishes upon paltry fooleries. L'Estrange.

PALUDAME’NTUM, Lat. 1. A military garment, antiently worn by
generals. 2. A royal robe. 3. A heralds jacket, or coat of arms.

PA’LY, adj. [of pale] pale; in this sense it is only used in poetry. A
dim gleam the paly lanthorn throws. Gay. Also,

PALY Bendy [in heraldry] is when an escutcheon is divided by lines
perpendicular, which is called paly; and then again by others diagonal
athwart the shield, from the dexter side to the sinister, which is called
bendy.

PAM, subst. [prob. from palm, victory, as trump from triumph] the
knave of clubs. Ev'n mighty pam that kings and queens o'erthrew.
Pope.

To PA’MPER, verb act. [pamberare, It.] 1. To feed high, or luxuri­
ously, to glut, to fill with food. To feed upon the air, and to starve
thy soul, only to pamper thy imagination. Hooker. 2. To indulge, to
cocke, or rmake over much of.

PA’MPHLET [of pampire, O. Fr. pampelòn, Sp. Johnson says, more
probably, par un filet, Fr. whence this word is written antiently, and by
Caxton paunflet] a small book, properly a book sold unbound, and only
stich'd.

To PA’MPHLET, verb neut. [from the subst.] to write small books. In
a poor pamphleting way. Howel.

PAMPHLETE’ER [of pamphlet] a scribbler of small books, a writer of,
or a dealer in pamphlets. I have been pelted by pamphleteers. Swift.

PAMPI’NIFORME Corpus, Lat. [in anatomy] a sort of plexus, or knot of
blood-vessels, formed by the spermatic veins; which, on their progress
through the testes, constitute a body called, corpus varicosum pampini­
forme.

PAMPHA’RMACON, Lat. [παμφαρμαχον, of ωαν, all, and παρμαχον, Gr.
a remedy] an universal remedy against all manner of poisons; or (if
such a thing could be found) an universal remedy against all diseases.


PAN

To PAN, verb act. an old word, denoting to close or join together.
Ainsworth.

PAN [psann, Teut. panne, Dan. panne, ponne, Sax.] 1. A vessel of
various metals, and for various uses; it is broad and shallow, and
therein provisions are dressed or kept. To leap out of the pan into the
fire. Spenser. 2. The part of the lock of a gun that holds the priming
powder. 3. Any thing hollow; as, the brain-pan.

PAN [ωαν, all; hence mythologists find secrets of nature couched,
and that ωαν, Gr. signifies the universe] an antient Egyptian deity, called
by them mandes, a he-goat, in the shape of which he was there wor­
shipped. But the Greeks say he was the son of Penelope, the daughter
of Icarus, whom Mercury ravished in the shape of a he goat, and born
in Arcadia, whence he was esteemed a rural deity, and the god of moun­
tains, woods, and shepherds.

PANACE’A [panacée, Fr. ωαναχεια, of ωαν, all, and αχεομαι, Gr. to
cure] an universal medicine; also the herb all-heal.
—Et odoriferam panacœam. Virgil.

PANACEA [according to Galen] medicines which he had in great
esteem. Thence

PANACEA [with chymists] is applied to their universal medicine,
which, as they pretend, will cure all diseases in all circumstances, con­
stitutions and ages.

PANACEA Mercurialis [with chemists] sublimate of Mercury or quick­
silver sweetened, by many repeated sublimations, and the spirit of wine.

PANA’DO [panata, It. or panade, Fr. from panis, Lat. bread] a sort of
food for infants, made by boiling bread in water.

PANARI’TIUM [with surgeons] a very painful swelling on the finger at
the root of the nail.

PANATHENA’EA, Lat. [of παν, all, and Aθηναια, Gr. relating to A­
thens] a spectacle or show, which the Roman emperors exhibited to the
people; a kind of chace or hunt, of a number of beasts, as bullocks,
deers, hares, &c. which being shut up in the circus or amphitheatre (into
which trees were frequently transplanted so as to form a kind of forest)
were let out to the people, and those who would, pursued, shot, killed
and cut in pieces all they could; others suppose Pancarpus to be also a
combat wherein robust people, hired for that purpose, fought with wild
beasts.

PA’NCAKE, subst. [of pan and cake] thin pudding baked in the frying­
pan.

PANCHRE’STA, Lat. [πανχρηςα, of παν, all, and χρηστος, Gr. useful]
medicines good or profitable against all diseases.

PA’NCHROS, Lat. [πανχρωs, of παν, all, and χρωα, Gr. colour] a pre­
cious stone that is almost of all colours.

PANCRA’TICAL, adj. [pancraticus, Lat. almighty, of παν, all, and χρα­
τος, Gr. power] excelling in all the gymnastic exercises. He was the
most pancratical man of Greece. Arbuthnot.

PANCRA’TIUM, Lat. [of παν, all, and χρατος, Gr. might] the joint ex­
ercise of wrestling, boxing. &c. all in one subject. See PANCRATICAL.

PA’NCREAS [πανχρεας, of παν, all, and χρεας, Gr. flesh] the sweet­
bread of an animal. It is a gland of the conglomerate sort, situated be­
tween the bottom of the stomach and the vertebræ of the loins. It lies
across the abdomen, reaching from the liver to the spleen, and is strongly
tied to the peritonæum, from which it receives its common membranes.
It weighs commonly four or five ounces. It is about six fingers long,
two broad, and one thick. Its substance is a little soft and supple. Quin­
cey.

PANCREAS Asselli [in comparative anatomy] a large gland in the mid­
dle of the mesentery of some brutes, to which most of the lacteals resort,
and whence the chyle is conveyed.

PANCREA’TIC, adj. pertaining to the sweet-bread, contained in the
pancreas. Arbuthnot.

PANCREATIC Juice, an insipid, limpid juice or humour, separated
from the blood, and prepared in the pancreas.

PANCREA’TICUS Ductus. See DUCTUS Pancreaticus.

PA’NCY, or PA’NSY, subst. [corrupted, I suppose, from panacey, pana­
cea] a flower, a kind of violet. Pancies to please the sight. Dryden.

PANDÆMO’NIUM, Lat. [of παν, all, and δαμονιον, Gr. devil] the great
hall, court or council-chamber of devils. Milton.

PA’NDECTS, plur. of pandect [pandectes, Fr. pandette, It. pandectœ,
Lat. πανδεχτος, of παν, and δεχομαι, Gr. to receive] 1. Books treating
on all subjects and questions, a treatise comprehending the whole of any
science. That the commons would from a pandect of their power and
privileges. Swift. 2. A volume of the civil law, so called of the uni­
versality of its comprehension; the digest of the civil law.

PANDE’MIC, adj. [of παν, all, and δημος, Gr. people] incident to a
whole people. A pandemic or endemic, or rather a vernacular disease to
England. Harvey.

PANDE’MIUS Morbus, Lat. [of παν, all, and δημος, Gr. the body] a
disease which is manifestly rise every where. See ENDEMIAL.

PA’NDER [incert. etym. Johnson says this word is derived from Pan­
darus, the pimp in the story of Troilus and Cressida: It was therefore ori­
ginally written pandar, till its etymology was forgotten] a male bawd,
a pimp, a procurer.

To PA’NDER, verb act. [from the subst.] to pimp, to be subservient to
lust or passion. And reason panders will. Shakespeare.

PA’NDERLY, adj. [of pander] pimping, pimplike. Oh you panderly
rascals! Shakespeare.

PANDICULA’TION [pandiculatum, sup. of pandiculo, Lat.] stretching
out one's self and yawning both together; the restlesness, stretching and
uneasiness that usually accompany the cold fits of an intermitting fever.
Windy spirits, for want of due volatilization, produce in the nerves a
pandiculation or oscitation. Floyer.

PANDO’RA [παντων δωρα, Gr. i. e. receiving the gifts of all the gods] a
woman (according to the poets) made by Vulcan, at the command of
Jupiter, whom every god adorned with several gifts. Pallas gave her
wisdom, Venus beauty, Apollo music, Mercury eloquence; others say,
the mother of Deucalion, who sent a box to Epimetheus, filled with all
kinds of evils, who opened it, and out they all flew, and filled the earth
with diseases and all other calamities. Hesychius expounds this of the
sarth as bestowing all things necessary for life.

PANDO’RE, Fr. [pandora, It. of pandura, Lat.] a musical instrument
resembling a lute.

PANE [panneau, Fr.] 1. A square of glass, wainscot, &c. The face
of Eleonor owes more to that single pane than to all the glasses she ever
consulted. Pope. 2. A piece mixed in variegated works with other
pieces. To judge of lace, pink, panes, print and plait. Donne.

PANEGY’RIC, subst. [panegyrique, Fr. panegirico, It. panegyrico, Sp.
panegyricum, Lat. πανηγνριχον, Gr.] an oration or treatise, complemental
or laudatory, to or on a prince, or worthy person, or on virtue, an elogy,
an encomiastic piece.

PANEGYRIC, subst. [among the Greeks] a church-book consisting of
panegyrics or discourses, in praise of Jesus Christ and the saints.

PANEGY’RICAL, adj. [panegyrique, Fr. πανηγυριχος, of παν, all, and
αγνρις, Gr. assembly] pertaining to a panegyric.

PANEGY’RIST [panegyriste, Fr. panegirista, It. panegyrista, Lat. πανη­
γυριστις, Gr.] a maker or writer of panegyrics or praise, an encomiast.

PANE’ITY [of panis, Lat. bread] the essence of, or the quality of being
bread. Prior.

PA’NEL [panellum, Law Lat. paneau, Lat.] 1. A square or piece of
any matter inserted between other bodies. Digested into twenty-four







square panels of sculpture in bas relief. Addison. 2. [Panel, panellum,
Lat. of the Fr. panne, i. e. pellis or paneau, a piece or pane in English.

PANEL, a schedule or roll of parchment, &c. It is used more parti­
cularly for a schedule, containing the names of such jurors, as the sheriff
returns upon any trial. And empannelling a jury is nothing but the en­
tering them into the sheriff's roll or book. Cowel. See PANNEL. Tho'
it is better written panel.

PANELE’NIUS, a name of Jupiter, given him on account of his sending
an universal rain over all Greece, when it had been afflicted with a great
drought.

To PANG, verb act. [from the subst.] to torment cruelly. Shakespeare.

PANGS, plur. of pain [prob. of pains, Eng. or peineigen, Ger. to tor­
ment; or, according to Johnson, of bang, Du. uneasy] violent fits or
throws of pain, sudden paroxyms of torment. The pangs of death do
make him grin. Shakespeare.

PA’NIC, subst. [panic, Fr. panico, It. of panicus, Lat.] sudden conster­
nation that siezes upon mens fancies, without any visible cause, a need­
less or ill-grounded fright.

PA’NICAL, or PANIC, adj. violent without cause. Camden.

PANI’CULA [with botanists] a soft woolly beard, or string, whereon
the seeds of some plants hang pendulous, as in reeds, millet, &c.

PANI’CULATE [in botanical writers] a plant is said to have paniculate
flowers standing upon long foot-stalks, issuing on all sides from the mid­
dle stalk; the whole bunch being broad at the bottom or in the middle,
and growing narrower towards the top, as in some star-worts.

PANNA’DE [in the manage] the curvetting or prancing of a stout horse.

PA’NNAGE, or PAU’NAGE, 1. The mast of woods, as of beech, acorns,
&c. which swine, &c. feed on. 2. The money taken for feeding hogs
in the king's forest. 3. A certain imposition upon cloth.

PA’NNEL [panneau, Fr.] 1. A square of wainscot, &c. 2. A roll con­
taining the names of jurymen. See PANEL. 3. [Panneel, Du. paneau,
Fr.] a sort of rustic saddle for a horse that carries burdens. 4. The sto­
mach of a hawk. Ainsworth. 5. [With falconers] the pipe next to the
hawk's fundament.

PA’NNICLE [pannicule, Fr. pannicello, It. of panniculus, Lat.] a mem­
brane.

PA’NNICLE, or PANIC, subst. the name of a plant. Panic affords a
soft demulcent nourishment. Arbuthnot.

PANNI’CULUS Carnosus [in anatomy] a fleshy membrance, which the
ancient anatomists supposed to be common to the whole body, and to
be the 4th integument or covering of it, after the epidermis, cutis and
adiposus.

PA’NNIER [panier, Fr. paniere, It.] a sort of basket, wicker-vessel, or
dorser, for carrying bread, fruit, or other things, on horse-back. To
take away their whole club in a pair of panniers. Addison.

PANNIER-MAN [in the inns of court] one who winds a horn or rings
a bell to call the gentlemen to dinner or supper, and provides mustard,
pepper and vinegar for the hall.

PA’NNUS [with oculists] a disease in the eye, when the vessels which
run to the corners swell with blood, by reason of a stoppage or inflamma­
tion; so that a fleshy web afterwards covers the whole or part of it,

PA’NOPLY [πανοωλια, of πας, all, and οωλα, Gr. armour] compleat
armour or harness. Golden panoply. Milton.
He in celestial panoply alarm'd—

PA’NSY [pansée, Fr.] a sort of flower called heart's ease. See PANCY.

PANSO’PHIA, Lat. [πανσοφια, of πας, all, and σοφια, Gr. wisdom]
universal wisdom.

To PANT, verb neut. [panteler. Fr.] 1. To palpitate, to beat as the
heart in sudden terror or after hard labour. 2. To have the breast heav­
ing as for want of breath, to fetch one's breath short, to breathe quick.
Pluto pants for breath. Dryden. 3. To play with intermission. Pants
on the leaves, and dies upon the trees. Pope. 4. To long, to wish ear­
nestly. As the hart panteth after the water-brooks, so panteth my soul
after thee, O Lord. Psalms.

PANT, subst. [from the verb] palpitation, motion of the heart. Shake­
speare.

PA’NTAIS, PA’NTAS, or PA’NTESS [pantoiment, Fr. with falconers]
a hawk's hard fetching of wind.

PA’NTALOON, subst. [pantalon, Fr. So called of Pantaleon, the patron
of those buffoons] 1. A sort of garment anciently worn, consisting of
both breeches and stockings of a piece, and both of the same stuff. 2.
A buffoon, a jack-pudding dressed in a pantaloon.

PANTCH [with sailors] a sort of mat or covering of ropes to keep the
sails from fretting.

PA’NTERS [with hunters] toils or nets to catch deer with.

PA’NTEX, Lat. [in anatomy] the paunch or belly; also a sort of
gall on the neck of draught beasts.

PANTHE’A [among the Romans] single statues composed of the fi­
gures or symbols of several different divinities; or figures on medals, the
heads of which are adorned with symbols of several gods, as one of An­
toninus, which represents Serapis by the bushel it bears.

PANTHE’AN Statues, statues that represented all or the most considera­
ble of the heathen deities, distinguished by their several peculiar marks,
which were placed above, about, or upon the statues.

PANTHEO’LOGIST [of παν, all and θεολογος, Gr. a divine] a student
or writer of universal or a whole body of divinity.

PANTHE’ON [of ωαντων θεων, Gr. i. e. of all the gods] a temple in
Rome, built in a round form by Agrippa, the son-in-law of Augustus,
adorned with marble of various colours. In the walls were niches, in
which the statues of the gods were placed. The gates were of brass, the
beams covered with brass gilt, and the roof was of silver plates. It was
dedicated to Jupiter Vindex. It was since consecrated by pope Boni­
face III. to the virgin Mary and all the martyrs, and now called Santa
Maria della rotunda. It should, methinks, the better to exhibit that
analogy (which Dr. Middleton has shewn) between the old and modern
paganism, have been dedicated to ALL SAINTS.

PA’NTHER [panthére, Fr. pantera, It. and Sp. panthera, Port. and Lat.
πανθης, of παν, all, and θηρ, Gr. a wild beast] so named, because it has
the sierceness of all beasts put together, a spotted wild beast, a pard, a
lynx.

PA’NTILE, subst. a gutter tile.

PA’NTING, part. act. of pant [pantelant, Fr.] fetching the breath short
or breathing quick.

PA’NTINGLY, adv. [of panting] with palpitation.

PA’NTLER, or PA’NTERER [panetier, Fr. panettiere, It.] an officer
who keeps the bread in the house of a king or nobleman. He would
have made a good pantler, he would have chip'd bread well. Shake­
speare.

PA’NTOFLE [pantoufle, Fr. pantúflo, Sp. pantofula, It.] high soled slip­
per, pantables; hence, to stand upon ones pantables [pantoufles] signi­
fies strenuously to insist upon, or stand up for his honour. On her feet
her high cothurn or tragic pantofles of red velvet and gold beset with
pearls. Peacham.

PANTO’METER [πσντομητρον, of παν, all, and μετρον, Gr. measure] a
mathematical instrument for measuring all sorts of angles, heights,
lengths, &c.

PA’NTOMIME [pantomine, Fr. pantomino, It. παντομιμος, Gr.] 1. A
player that can mimic or represent the gesture and counterfeit the speech
of any man, one who has the power of universal mimickry, a buffoon,
one who expresses his meaning by mute action. 2. A scene, a tale ex­
hibited only in gesture and dumb-shew.

PA’NTON-SHOE, a shoe contrived for recovering narrow and hoof­
bound heels in horses.

PA’NTRY [paneterie, Fr. panarium, of panis, Lat. bread] a place where
bread and other victuals are set up.

PA’NUS [with surgeons] a sore in the glandulous parts.


PAP

PAP [papa, It. pappe, Du. papas, Sp. pappa, papilla, Lat.] 1. A nip­
ple or teat, the dug sucked. To let them suck the paps. Ray. 2. Crumb
of bread boiled with water. 3. The pulp of fruit. Ainsworth.

PAPA’ [papa, Lat.] a fond name for father, used in many languages;
the title given (as appears from Theodoret) by the Alexandrian clergy to
their bishop; and from thence (I suppose) imported into other churches.

PA’PACY [papat, papauté, Fr. papato, It. papado, Sp. papatus, from
papa, Lat. the pope] a pope's dignity or office, popedom, or the time of
his government.

PA’PAL, adj. [papal, Fr. papale, It. of papalis, Lat.] pertaining to the
pope, popish, annexed to the bishopric of Rome. This papal indul­
gence. Raleigh.

PAPA’VER, Lat. a poppy.

PAPA’VEROUS [papavereus, papaver, Lat.] pertaining to a poppy, also
resembling a poppy. Mandrakes afford a papaverous and unpleasant
odour. Brown.

PAPA’W, subst. [papaya, low Lat. papaya, papayer, Fr.] a plant. The
male flowers, which are barren, are tubulous, consisting of one leaf, and
expand in form of a star: the female flowers consist of several leaves,
which expand in form of a rose, out of whose flower-cup rises the poin­
tal, which becomes a fleshy fruit, shaped like a cucumber or melon.
Miller.

PAPA’YER [in the Caribbee islands] a kind of fruit.

PA’PER, subst. [pampier, Su. papier, Du. papier, Fr. papiro, It. papel, Sp.
and Port. papyrus, Lat. of παπνςος, Gr.] 1. A substance made of linen
rags macerated in water and milled, and then spread into thin sheets, for
writing, printing, and other uses. See PAPYRUS 2. Bit or piece of
paper. 3. Single sheet printed or written. It is used particularly of
essays or journals, or any thing printed on a sheet [feuille volante] Do
the prints or papers lie? Swift.

PAPER, adj. any thing slight or thin. There is but a thin paper wall
between great discoveries and a perfect ignorance of them. Burnet.

To PA’PER, verb act. [from the subst.] to register. Shakespeare.

PAPER-MA’RER [of paper and make] one who makes paper.

PAPER-MI’LL [of paper and mill] a mill in which linen rags are
ground or beat into pap for paper.

PA’PERS, writings. See PAPER.

PAPE’SCENT, adj. containing pap, inclinable to pap. Some of the
cooling, lactescent, papescent plants, as succhory and lettuce. Arbuthnot.

PAPI’LIO, Lat. [papilion, Fr.] a butter-fly, a moth of various colours.
All the kinds of papilios natives of this island. Ray.

PAPILIONA’CEOUS Flower, is one that resembles a butterfly, with its
wings expanded, as in peas and beans, vetches, and other leguminous
kinds. And here the petala or flower leaves are always of a difform
figure It always consists of these four parts; 1. The standard, which
is a large erect segment or petal. 2, and 3. The wings, which are two
segments or petals, composing the sides. 4. The keel, which is a con­
cave petal or segment, resembling the lower part of a boat. N. B.
The keel is sometimes intire, sometimes it consists of two petals or seg­
ments adhering pretty close together.

PAPI’LLÆ, Lat. [in anatomy] the nipples or teats of the breasts.

PAPILLÆ Intestinorum, Lat. [with anatomists] are small glandules, of
which the innermost coat of the intestines or guts is full; the office of
it is to soak in the stained juice called chyle, and to distribute it to the
lacteal veins.

PAPILLÆ Pyramidales, Lat. [in anatomy] little eminences arising
from the subcutaneous nerves.

PAPILLÆ Linguæ, Lat. [in anatomy] little eminences on the tongue,
so called on account of their resemblance to the papilla of the breast.

PAPILLA’RUM Processus, Lat. [in anatomy] are the extremities of the
olfactory nerves, which convey the slimy humours by the fibres that pass
through the os cribriforme to the nostrils and palate.

PAPI’LLARY, or PAPI’LLOUS, adj. [papilla, Lat.] having emulgent
vessels or resemblances of paps. Derham.

PA’PISM, or PA’PISTRY [papist or papisme, Fr. papismo, It.] the prin­
ciples or doctrines of the papists, popery. Papistry, as a standing pool,
covered and overflowed all England. Ascham.

PA’PIST [papiste, Fr. papista, It. and Lat.] one who professes the
popish religion.

PAPI’STICAL, adj. [of papist] pertaining to the papists, popish, ad­
herent to popery. Some papistical practitioners among you. Whit­
gift.

PAPI’STICALLY, adv. [of papistical] after a popish manner.

PAPI’STICALNESS [of papistical] popishness.

PAPPE’SCENT [pappescens, Lat.] growing downy. See PAPES­
CENT.

PA’PPOUS, adj [in botany] downy, having the soft light down growing
out of the seeds of some plants, such as thistles, dandelion, hawkweeds,
which buoys them up so in the air, that they can be blown any where
about with the wind: and therefore this distinguishes one kind of plants,
which are called papposa, or flores papposi, Quincy.

PA’PPY [of pappus, Lat.] soft, spungy, succulent, easily divided. The
ground being spungy suck'd up the water, and the loosened earth swelled
into a soft and pappy substance. Burnet.

PA’PULA, Lat. [in surgery] a swelling with many reddish pimples,
which eat and spread.








PAPY’RUS [παπυρος, Gr.] a flag shrub that grows in the marshes and
standing waters near the river Nile in Egypt, of which they made paper;
hence our word paper.


PAR

PAR, Lat. and Sp. [pair, Fr. pari, It.] state of equality, equivalence,
equal value. This word is not elegantly used except as a term of traf­
fic; as, to be at par, is to be at equal value.

PAR of Exchange [in commerce] is when one to whom a bill is paid,
receives on the account just so much money in value as was paid to the
drawer by the remitter. To estimate the par, it is necessary to know
how much silver is in the coins of the two countries by which you charge
the bill of exchange. Locke.

PAR Vagum [in anatomy] a pair of nerves that arise below the auditory
nerves, from the sides of the medulla oblongata.

PA’RA, a Greek preposition so called, and which in compound signifies
sometimes beyond, sometimes contrary to, sometimes by the side of — as
will appear from its compounds, PARAGOGE, PARACHRONISM, PARA­
GRAPHE, PARACENTESIS, PARALLEL, &c. which the reader may con­
sult at pleasure.

PA’RABLE, adj. [parabilis, Lat.] easily procured. Obsolete. Brown.

PA’RABLE [parabole, Fr. parabolo, It. and Sp. παραβολη, Gr.] a con­
tinued similitude or comparison, a relation under which something else
is figured, a declaration or exposition of a thing by way of similitude or
comparison, a fable, or allegorical instruction from which some moral
is drawn; and this moral should be most carefully attended, as being
that in which the chief [if not the only] point of comparison lies; the
main [if not only] thing intended, and on which alone (according to all
just rules of criticism) an argument or deduction can with any certainty
be grounded; and N. B. what has been said of parables in particular,
may be applied to all metaphoric modes of speech in general; and if
the reader would see how easily we may be misled, for want of observing
this caution, he need only compare 1 Thes. c. v. v. ii. with that speci-
men of argumentation from mere figurative modes of speech under the
words CIRCUMINCESSION and HOMOÜSIANS.

PARA’BOLA [παραβολη, Gr.] is a curve made by cutting a cone by
a plane parallel to one of its sides, or parallel to a plane that touches one
side of the cone.

PARABOLA [with rhetoricians] a figurative expression, when one
thing is uttered, and another signified.

PARABOLI’NA, a set of persons in the Alexandrian church, who de­
voted themselves to the service of churches and hospitals.

PARABO’LIC Cuneus [in geometry] is a solid formed by erecting upon
the base of the cone a prism whose altitude shall be equal to the ordi­
nates of the cone, at the apex of the prism; and this shall be the para­
bolic cuneus, which is equal in folidity to the parabolical pyramidoid.

PARABOLIC Space [in geometry] is the area contained between the
curve of the parabola and a whole ordinate. This is the ⅔ of the cir­
cumscribing parallelogram in the common parabola.

PARABOLIC Pyramidoid [in geometry] a solid figure, so called from
its particular formation. It is equal to the parabolic cuneus.

PARABOLIC Conoid [in geometry] a solid figure generated by the rota­
tion of a semi-parabola about its axis, and is equal to half of its circum­
scribing cylinder.

PARABOLIC, or PARABOLICAL, adj. [from parable; parabolique, Fr.
parabolico, It. parabolicus, Lat. παραβολιχος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to a pa­
rable, expressed by a parable or similitude; or, in a laxer sense, to the
metaphoric kind of speech in general; so Longinus, in his treatise of the
Sublime, c. 29, having observed, that both Aristotle and Theophrastus ad­
vised to excuse your bolder sort of metaphors with an, “as it were, or,
“if I may be allowed so to say, and the like”, says to this effect; that
these parabolic modes of speech want none of these qualifying terms, but
carry their own antidote along with them, viz. the pathetic or sublimity
of the subject, that makes them necessary; nor leaves the reader at
leisure to descend into minutiæ, when himself has caught a portion of the
writer's fire and fury. Parabolical description. South. 2. Having the
nature or form of a parabola.

PARABOLIC [in geometry] a solid body formed by the turning of a
semi parabola about its ordinate.

PARABO’LICALLY, adv. [of parabolical [paraboliquement, Fr.] 1. By
way of parable or similitude. These words, notwithstanding parabolically
intended, admit no literal inference. Brown. 2. In the form of a pa­
rabola.

PARABO’LICALNESS [of parabolical] the quality of being of the nature
or manner of a parable or parabola.

PARABO’LIFORM, adj. of the form of a parabola.

PARA’BOLISM [with algebraists] is the division of the terms of an equa­
tion by a known quantity, that is involved or multiplied in the first
term.

PARABOLOI'D, subst. [παραβολη, parabola, and ειδος, Gr. form; in
geometry] a solid formed by the circumvolution of a parabola about its
axis. It is a paraboliform curve whose ordinates are supposed to be in
subtriplicate, subquadruplicate, &c. ratio of their respective abscissæ.
There is another species, for if you suppose the parameter multiplied
into the square of the abscissa to be equal to the cube of the ordinate,
then the curve is called a semicubical poraboloid, Harris.

PARABOLO’IDES [in geometry] are parabolas of the higher kinds.

PARACE’LSIAN, a physician who follows the practice or method of
Paracelsus.

PARACELSI’TIC Medicines, such as are prepared after Paracelsus's
method.

PARACE’NTHESIS [paracentese, Fr. παραχεντησις, of παραχεντεω, Gr.
to pierce] a perforation of the chest to discharge corrupt mater that is
lodged there, or of the abdomen to let out water, as in a dropsy. See
PARA.

PARACE’NTRICF, or PARACE’NTRICAL, adj. [of παρα and χεντρον,
Gr. centre] deviating from circularity.

PARACE’NTRIC Motion or Impetus [in the new astronomy] a term used
for so much as the revolving planet approaches nearer to, or recedes
farther from the sun, or centre of attraction.

PARAC’ENTRIC Sollicitation of Gravity or Levity [in mechanics] is the
same with the vis centripeta.

PARACHRO’NISM [of παρα, beyond, or beside, and χρονος, Gr. time]
an error or mistake in the time of any action, false chronology. See
ANACHRONISM and PARA.

PARACLE’TE [παςαχλντος, Gr.] a comforter, an advocate.

The PARACLETE, in common use, the title of the Holy Ghost, tho' not
appropriated to Him in scripture, “if any man sin we have an advocate
[in the original, a paraclete] with the Father”, meaning Christ; and,
“I'll send you another comforter [in the original, paraclete] says Christ
to his disciples, when giving them the promise of the Holy Ghost; for
'tis the same word in the original; and St. Irenæus understood it in much
the same sense; as appears from his comment on the last cited text, ut
ubi habemus ACCUSATOREM ibi habeamus PARACLETUM; however, the
etymology of the word will also admit of the idea of consolation; and no
doubt but either sense may with equal justness be applied to that divine
personage, who is characterised by the title of the PARACLETE or COM­
FORTER. See DOVE, GHOST, and BAPTIZE.

PARACMA’STICA Febris, Lat. [of παραχμη, Gr.] a fever which de­
clines daily, q. d. beyond its acmè. See PARA.

PARACMA’STICAL [παραχμαστιχος, Gr.] of or pertaining to a kind of
continual hot burning fever, in which the heat, when it is at its height,
diminisheth by little and little, till it ceases totally.

PARA’CME [παραχμη, Gr.] that part of life in which a person has past
his acmè, and is now going down-hill in the vale of life. See PARA.

PARACO’E [of παςαχουω, Gr. to hear difficulty] deafness.

PARACY’NANCHE [of παρα and χυναγχη, of χυων, a dog, and αγχω,
Gr. to strangle] an inflammation in the outward muscle of the throat.
Bruno, who adds, that when the internal muscles are so affected, that
the patient exerts his tongue like a panting dog, 'tis called cynanchè, a
word of much the same etymology with the former. See PARA.

PARA’DE, Fr. [parata, It. paráda, Sp.] 1. A great shew, state, the expo­
sal of any thing to view, ostentation. Nor adorned for parade, but exe­
cution. Glanville. 2. Military order. In warlike parade. Milton. 3.
Place where troops draw up to do duty, and mount guard. 4. Guard,
posture of defence. When they are not in parade, and upon their guard.
Locke.

PARADE [in fencing] the act of parrying or turning off any push or
stroke.

PARADIA’STOLE, Lat. [παραδιαστολη, G.] a separation, a distinction;
a figure in rhetoric, which joins things that seem to have one import, and
shews how much they differ, by subjoining to each its proper meaning;
as, triste lupus stabulis, maturis frugibus imbres.

PA’RADIGM [παραδειγμα, of παραδειχνυμι, Gr. to shew according to]
an example.

PARADIGRAMMA’TICE [of παραδειγμα, an example, and γραμμα, Gr.
a picture] the art of making all sorts of figures in plaister: the artists of
this workmanship are called gypsochi.

PA’RADISE [paradis, Fr. paradiso, It. paráyzo, Sp. paradisus, Lat.
παραδεισος, Gr.] 1. The blissful regions, the garden of Eden, where
Adam and Eve resided during their innocency. 2. Any place of felicity.
3. [With divines] the mansion of saints and angels that enjoy the sight
of God, the place of bliss in heaven, as some have supposed. Buxtorf,
under the word Pardes, tells us, that with the Jewish writers, it often
signifies no more than a common orchard or garden: But that Aruch on
the Talmud observes, that it is also used for that place where departed
souls are collected. As to the scripture-use of this term, it must be ga­
thered, by collating the texts in which it is found. According to the
notion of the Greeks, it is an inclosure, or park, stored with all sorts of
plants and wild beasts of pleasure; and with us, any delightful place is
called a paradise.

Bird of PARADISE, a rare bird, so called either on account of its fine
colours, &c. or else because it was not formerly known where it bred, or
from whence it came; but it is now well known to breed in the spicy­
forests of Arabia, whether it always retires at night.

PARADI’SI Grana, Lat. the greater cardamom seed.

PARADI’SIAN, adj. [of paradise] pertaining to paradise.

PARADISIA’CAL, adj. [of paradise] suiting paradise, constituting para­
dise. A paradisiacal scene among groves and gardens. Pope.

PARADI’SUS [in antient ecclesiastical writers] a square court before ca­
thedrals, surrounded with piazzas or porticos for persons to walk under,
being supported with pillars. See PARA.

PA’RADOX [paradoxe, Fr. paradosso, It. paradoxa, Sp. παραδοζον, Gr.]
1. A proposition seemingly absurd or wrong; but not really so. It should
seem, by its etymology, to imply something contrary to the commonly re­
ceived opinion. “What is rare (says Strabo) makes a paradox.” Quæ
quia sunt admirabilia contraque opinionem omneum ab ipsis etiam παραδοζα ap­
pellantur. Ciceron. Paradox. p. 543. Ed Græv. APPENDIX ad Thesaur.
H. Stephan. scapulæ, Constantin. &c. [See PARA] 2. An assertion con­
trary to appearance. A gloss there is to colour that paradox, and make
it appear in shew not altogether unreasonable. Hooker.

PARADOX [with rhetoricians] is something cast in by the by, contrary
to the opinion or expectation of the auditors, which is otherwise called
hypomone.

PARADO’XI, or PARADOXO’LOGI [among the antients] a sort of buf­
foons or mimes, who diverted the people with their drolling.

PARADO’XICAL, adj. 1. Pertaining to a paradox, having the nature of
a paradox. Those many paradoxical and unheard of imitations. Brown.
2. Inclined to new tenets, or notions contrary to received opinions.

PARADO’XICALLY, adv. [of parodoxical] in a paradoxical manner, in
a manner contrary to received opinions. Advancing paradoxes, and
proving them as paradoxically. Collier.

PARADO’XICALNESS [of paradoxical] the nature, state, or quality of
being paradoxical.

PARADOXO’LOGY [παραδοζολογια, παραδοζον, paradox, and λογος, dis­
course, of λεγω, Gr. to speak] the act of speaking paradoxes, the use
of paradoxes. Perpend the difficulty, which obscurity or unavoidable
paradoxology must put upon the attempter. Brown.

PARADRO’ME [παραδρομος, Gr.] a wall or gallery having no shelter
over head.

PARÆ’NESIS [παραινεσις, Gr.] a precept, admonition or instruction.

PARÆNE’TIC, adj. [παραινετιχος, Gr.] apt to persuade or admo­
nish, &c.

PARA’GIUM [in civil law] the right of the younger children of noble­
men, to hold part of the main estate, without doing homage to the el­
der brother.

PARAGO’GE [πσραγωγη, Gr. paragoge, Fr.] a figure in Grammar or
rhetoric, whereby a letter or syllable is added at the end of a word,
without adding any thing to the sense of it; this figure is frequent with
the Hebrews, הדדבא for ןדבא, I will bless, and dicier for dici, with the
Latins. See PARA.

PARAGOGE [with surgeons] that fitness of the bones to one another,
that is discernable in their articulations.

PARAGO’GICAL, of or pertaining to the figure paragoge.








PARAGO’GICALLY [of ωαραγωγη, Gr. a production or lengthening]
according to the figure called paragoge.

PA’RAGON [paragon, Fr. from parage, O. Fr. paragone, It. equality]
1. A compleat model or pattern, something supremely excellent. Alone
he rode without his paragon. Spenser. 2. A peerless dame, or woman
without compare. 3. A compeer or equal, companion, fellow.

To PA’RAGON, verb act. [parangonner, O. Fr.] to equal. To com­
pare. Purposing to paragon the little one with Artesia's length. Sidney.

PA’RAGON’D, pret. and part pass. [of paragon] equalled with, com­
pared with. Milton.

PARAGO’RICS [ωαραγοριχα, of ωαραγοςεω, Gr. to mitigate] medicines
for alleviating or assuaging pain.

PA’RAGRAPH [paragraphe, Fr. paragrafo, It. paràfo, Sp. paragraphus,
Lat. παραγςαφη, Gr.] a distinct part of a discourse, a smaller seion
of a book, where a line breaks off, a section or division; so many books
are divided into sections, and sections into paragraphs. The character
of a paragraph in a quotation is §.

PARAGRA’PHE [ωαραγραφ, of ωαρα, aside, and γςαφω, Gr. to write]
a writing a note in the margin of a book.

PARAGRAPHE [with rhetoricians] a declining or waving the matter in
controversy.

PARAGRAPHE [with poets] a figure, when after having dispatched
one subject, they pass on to another; as, hactenus arvorum cultus & si­
dera cœli; nunc te bacche capam.

PARAGRA’PHICAL, adv. [of paragraph] paragraph by paragraph, or
in paragraphs, with distinct breaks or divisions.

PARALA’MPSIS, Lat. [of ωαραλαμπω, Gr. to shine] a bright speck in
the back part of the eye.

PARALE’PSIS, Lat. [ωαρωλειψις, Gr.] an omitting or passing by.

PARALIPO’MENA, Lat. [ωαραλειπωμενα, Gr. i. e. left out] a supple­
ment of things omitted or left out in some preceding work or treatise.
The two books of Chronicles in the old testament, so called because
some things are related there, which are omitted in the two books of
Kings.

PARALI’PSIS, Lat. [with rhetoricians] a kind of irony, wherein that
thing seems to be let pass, which nevertheless is designed to be insisted on
at large, with these words, I say nothing of, I pass by, &c.

PARALA’CTIC, or PARALA’CTICAL, adj. pertaining to a parallax.

PARALA’CTICAL Angle [with astronomers] is the angle made at the
center of the star, by two right lines drawn, the one from the center of
the earth, and the other from its surface.

PA’RALLAX [parallaxe, Fr. parallaxis, Lat. ωαςαλλαξις, Gr. varia­
tion] an arch of the heavens intercepted between the true place of a
star, and its apparent place, viewed from the surface of the earth.

PARALLAX of Ascension [in astronomy] is the difference between the
true and apparent ascension of a planet.

PARALLAX of Declination [in astronomy] is the difference between the
true and apparent declination of a planet.

Horizontal PARALLAX [with astronomers] is when the sun, moon, or
any other planet is in the horizon; which is the greatest of all, or it is
the difference between the real and apparent place of a planet, when it
is rising and setting.

PARALLAX of Latitude [with astronomers] is an arch of a great circle
passing by the poles of the apparent place of the star, and comprehended
between two circles of the ecliptic, equally distant, one of which passes
by the true place of a star, and the other by its apparent place.

PARALLAX [in levelling] is used for the angle contained between the
true level, and that of the apparent level.

PARALLAX of Longitude [in astronomy] an arch of the ecliptic lying
between two great circles, one of which passes from the poles of the
ecliptic and the star's real place; the other from the said poles by its ap­
parent place.

PA’RALLEL, adj. [paralléle, Fr. parallelo, It. paralélo, Sp. parallelus,
Lat. of ωαραλληλος, Gr. q. d. aside one another] 1. Equidistant, equally
or every where alike distant asunder. 2. Having the same tendency.
When honour runs parallel with the laws of God. Addison. 3. Conti­
nuing the resemblance through many particulars, equal, like. Some­
thing parallel to the wooing and wedding suit, in the behaviour of per­
sons of figure. Addison. [See PARA.]

PA’RALLEL, subst. [ωαςαλληλος, Gr.] 1. Lines continuing their course,
and still remaining at the same distance from each other. 2. Lines
on the globe, marking the latitude. 3. Direction conformable to that
of another line. So lines that from their parallel decline. Garth. 4.
Resemblance, conformity continued through many particulars, likeness.
5. A comparison made of persons and things one with another. Com­
paring and drawing a parallel between his own private character, and
that of other persons. Addison. 6. Any thing resembling another. If
thou woulst find thy parallel, go to hell. South.

PARALLEL [in geography] a space on the terrestrial globe, compre­
hended between two circles parallel to the equinoctial.

To PA’RALLEL, verb act. [mettre en parallele, Fr. of ωαςαλληλος, Gr.]
1. To place so, as always to keep the same direction with another line.
2. To keep in the same direction, to level. 3. To correspond to. That
he stretched out the north over the empty places, seems to parallel the
expression of David, he stretched out the earth upon the waters. Burnet.
4. To be equal to, to resemble through many particulars. Nothing in
story can parallel this destruction. Dryden. 5. To compare. I parallel'd
more than once our idea of substance with the Indian philosopher's, he
knew not that thich supported the tortoise. Locke.

PA’RALLEL Circle [with astronomers] all the lesser circles; and par­
ticularly the circles of latitude, which being parallel to one another, and
to the equinoctial, serve for the more easy accounting the degrees of
latitude.

Circular PARALLEL [in geometry] is one line or circle drawn with­
out, or within another circle.

PARALLEL Lines [in geometry] are such lines as lie equally distant
from each other in all their parts; so that if they were infinitely extend­
ed, they would never touch.

PARALLEL Planes [in geometry] are all those planes, which have all
the perpendiculars drawn betwixt them equal to each other.

PARALLEL Rays [in optics] are those which keep at an equal distance
from each other, from the visible object to the eye, which is supposed to
be infinitely remote from the objects.

PARALLEL Ruler, an instrument for drawing lines parallel to each
other.

PARALLEL Sailing, is the sailing between two places under the same
parallel of latitude.

PARALLEL Sphere [in astronomy] that position of the sphere that has
one pole in the zenith, and the other in the nadir, and the equinoctial in
the horizon.

PA’RALLELS of Altitude [in astronomy] are circles parallel to the ho­
rizon, imagined to pass through every degree and minute of the meridian
between the horizon and zenith.

PARALLELS of Declination [with astronomers] are circles parallel to
the equinoctial, supposed to pass through every degree and minute of the
meridian, between the equinoctial and each pole of the world.

PARALLELS of Latitude [on a celestial globe] are lesser circles of the
sphere parallel to the ecliptic, imagined to pass through every degree
and minute of the coloures.

PARALLELS of Latitude [on a terrestrial globe] are the same with pa­
rallels of declination on the celestial.

PARALLE’LISM [parallelisme, Fr. ωαςαλλη λισμος, Gr.] the being pa­
rallel, parallel nature or quality, that by which two things become e­
qui-distant from one another; state of being parallel. The parallelism
and due proportionated inclination of the axis of the earth. More.

PARALLELISM of the Axis of the Earth [in astronomy] is the earth's
keeping its axis in its annual revolution round the sun, or (according to
the Copernican system) in a position always parallel to itself.

PARALLE’LLY, adv. [of parallel] equally.

PARALLE’LOGRAM [parallelograme, Fr. parallelogrammo, It. paralelo­
grama, Sp. ωαςαλλη λογραμμον, Gr.] a plain figure, bounded by four
right lines, whereof the opposite are parallel and equal one to the
other.

PARALLELOGRAM, an instrument composed of five rules of brass or
wood, with sliding sockets to be set to any proportion for the inlarging
or diminishing of any map or draught.

PARALLELOGRA’MMIC, or PARALLELOGRA’MMICAL [of ωαραλληλος
and γςαμμα, Gr.] belonging to a parallelogram, having the properties
of a parallelogram.

PARALLELOGRAMMIC Protractor, a brass semicircle, with four rules in
form of a parallelogram, made to move to any angles; one of those rules
is an index, that shews on the semicircle the quantity of any angle, ei­
ther inward or outward.

PARALLELOPI’PED [in geometry] one of the regular bodies or solids,
comprehended under six rectangular and parallel surfaces, the opposite
ones whereof are equal; or it is a prism, whose base is a parallelogram.
It is always triple to a pyramid of the same base and height.

PARALLELO’PLEURON [of ωαραλληλος and ωλενςον, Gr. a side] any fi­
gure that has two parallel sides.

PARALLELOPLEURON [with some geometricians] an imperfect paralle­
logram, or a sort of trapezium, having unequal angles and sides; but
yet not all so, in that, some of them answer the one to the other, ob­
serving a certain regulation and proportion of parallels.

PARA’LOGISM [paralogisme, Fr. paralogismo, It. paralogismus, Lat. ωα­
ραλογισμος, Gr. q. d. a reasoning beyond truth] a false argument, so­
phistry, a fallacious way of argumentation. Whoever desires to im­
prove himself in this noble art, which is of so much consequence to the
support of many a weak cause, need only make himself acquainted with
that celebrated writer of the 4th century, who is quoted at large under the
word [CIRCUMINCESSION, and FIRST-BORN.] If a syllogism agree
with the rules given for the construction of it, it is called a true argu­
ment: if it disagree with these rules, it is a paralogism, or false argu­
ment. Watts.

To PARA’LOGIZE [paralogizo, Lat.] to reason and argue sophistically.

PARA’LOGY, subst. false reasoning. That he must needs be so, is per­
haps below paralogy to deny. Brown.

PARALY’TIC, or PARALY’TICAL, adj. [paralyticus, Lat. παςαλντιηος,
Gr.] pertaining to one sick of a palsey, palsied, inclined to a palsy.

PARALYTIC, subst. [paralytique, Fr. paralitico, It. and Sp. paralyticus,
Lat. παςαλντιχος, Gr.] one afflicted with the palsey.

PARA’LYSIS, Lat. [paralysie, Fr. παραλνσις, Gr.] the palsey.

PARAME’SUS, Lat. [of παςα and μεσος, Gr. the middle] the next finger
to the middle one, the ring-finger. See PARA.

PARA’METER [in geometry] a constant right line in several of the
conic sections, called also latus rectum, or a third proportional to a line
called abscissa, and any ordinate of a parabola; so that the square of the
ordinate is always equal to the rectangle under the parameter and abscissa.
But in the ellipsis and hyperbola it has a different proportion.

PA’RAMOUNT, adj. [of παςα, Gr. above, or per and montar, Sp. or
monter, Fr. to mount] having jurisdiction, above, or over all, superior.
They raise an obligation paramount to obligation of sovereignty. Bacon.
As

Lord PARAMOUNT [in our law] 1. The supreme lord of the fee. 2.
Eminent, of the highest degree; as, a traitor paramount. Bacon.

PARAMOUNT, subst. the chief. Midst came their mighty paramount.
Milton.

PARAMOU’R [qui parat amorem, Lat. i. e. who engages to love; or
par amour, Fr.] 1. A lover or woer. To wanton with the sun her lusty
paramour. Milton. 2. A sweet-heart, a mistress. It is obsolete in both
senses, tho' not inelegant or unmusical.

PA’RANYMPH [paranymphe, Fr. paraninfa, It. paranympha, Lat. παςα­
νυμφος, Gr.] 1. A brideman, one who leads the bride to her marriage,
one who directed the nupital solemnities, and took care of the well-order­
ing of the wedding. 2. One who countenances or supports another.
Sin hath got a paranymph and a sollicitor, a warrant and an advocate.
Taylor.

PARANYMPH [in the universities] one who makes a speech in praise
of those who are commencing doctors.

PA’RAPEGM, or PARAPE’GMA [παςαπηγμα, of παςαωηγνυμι, from
ωαςα and ωηγνυμι, Gr. to frame] a table or plate of brass fixed to a pil­
lar, on which, in ancient times, laws, ordinances, proclamations, &c.
were engraved; also a table set up publickly, giving an account of the
seasons of the year, the rising and setting of the stars, eclipses of the sun
and moon. Hence

PARAPE’GMATA [with astrologers] tables on which they draw figures,
according to their art. Brown.

PA’RAPET, Fr. [parapeto, Sp. parapetto, It. of parare, to defend, and
petto, Lat. the breast] a wall breast high, a breast-work in fortification;
a defence or skreen on the outside of a rampart of a fortified place, raised
six or seven feet high, to cover the soldiers and the cannon from the fire
of the enemy.

PA’RAPH, or PA’RAPHE, a particular character, knot, or flourish,
which persons habituate themselves to make, always in the same man­







ner at the end of their name, to prevent their signature from being coun­
terfeited.

PARAPHIMO’SIS [of παςα and φιμωσις, of φιμοω, Gr. to tie with a
bridle, paraphimose, Fr.] a disorder of the penis wherein the prepuce is
shrunk, and withdrawn behind the glans, so as not to be brought over
to cover the same.

PARAPHE’RNA, or PARAPHERNA’LIA Bona, Lat. [παςαφεςνα, of παςα,
besides, and φεςνη, Gr. a dower] those goods which a wife challengeth
over and above her dower or jointure, after her husband's death; as fur­
niture for her chamber, wearing apparel, jewels, &c. which are not to
be put into the inventory of her husband's, and which are in her disposal.
See PARA.

PA’RAPHRASE, Fr. [parafrasi, It. parafrasis, Sp. paraphrasis, Lat. ωα­
ςαφςασις, Gr.] the expressing of a text in plainer words, and more
largely, and more accommodated to the capacity of the reader, a loose
interpretation, an explication in many words.

To PA’RAPHRASE, verb act. [paraphraser, Fr. παςαφςαζω, Gr.] to
make a paraphrase of, to comment upon, to interpret with laxity of ex­
pression, to translate loosely. Where translation is impracticable, they
may paraphrose. Felton.

PA’RAPHRAST [paraphraste, Fr. paraphrastes, Lat. of ωαςαφςαστης,
Gr.] one who paraphrases or expounds a matter by many words, a lax
interpreter, a middle course between the rigour of literal translators and
the liberty of paraphrasts. Hooker.

PARAPHRA’STIC, or PARAPHRA’STICAL, adj. [of paraphrase; ωαςα­
φςαστιχος, Gr.] lax in interpretation, not literal, done by way of para­
phrase, pertaining to a paraphrase.

PARAPHRA’STICALLY, adv. [of paraphrastical] by way of paraphrase.

PARAPHRE’NESIS, or PARAPHRE’NITIS [of ωαςα and φςενιτις, from
φρην Gr. the mind] a kind of madness accompanied with a continual fe­
ver, or, according to the modern physicians, it is an inflammation of the
diaphragm, attended with a continual fever, and exquisite pain in the
parts affected; which is increased by inspiration, by which it is distin­
guished from a pleurisy, in which the greatest pain is in expiration. Ar­
buthnot.

PARAPHRO’SYNE [ωαςαφςοσυνη, of ωαςα and φςην, Gr. the mind] a
slight kind of doting in the imagination and judgment.

PARAPLE’GIA, Lat. [ωαραωληγια, of ωαςα and ωληττω, Gr. to strike]
a palsy that seizes all the parts of the body below the head. So BOER­
HAAVE uses the term, Symptomatolog. Sect. 861. But with ARETÆUS
CAPPADOX, 'tis a paralytic affection, on the powers of feeling and mo­
tion, only in a particular part. Aretæus Ed Lugdun. p. 33. So great the
difference between the ancient and modern acceptation of words! A cau­
tion that should ever be kept in view, if we propose to understand aright
the great masters of antiquity; and perhaps no where of so much impor­
tance, as in conversing with the SACRED WRITINGS.

PARARHY’THMUS [ωαςαςνθμος, Gr.] a pulse not suitable to a person's
age. See PARA and RYTHMUS.

PARATHRE’MA [of παρα, aside, and αρθρον, Gr. a joint] a luxation
when a joint is a little slipt from its place.

PARASA’NG [parasanga, low Lat.] a measure in Persia, in length about
four English miles.

PARASCE’NIUM [of ωαςα, beyond, and σχηνη, Gr. tabernacle or scene]
the back part of a scene or stage in a play-house; among the Romans,
that place of a theatre to which the actors withdrew to dress or undress.

PARASCEU’E [ωαςασχνη, of ωαςασχεναζω, Gr. to prepare or make
ready] the preparation of all things necessary before an operation.

PARASCE’VE [ωαςασχενη, Gr. preparation] the eve of the sabbath, or
of an holy day, especially Easter-eve.

PARASELE’NE [ωαςασεληνη, of παρα, near, and σεληνη, Gr. the moon]
a mock-moon, a meteor or phœnomenou, encompassing the moon in
form of a luminous ring.

PARASIO’PESIS [ωαςασιωωησις, of ωαςα, and σιωωαω, Gr. to be silent]
the act of keeping silence.

PARASIOPESIS [with rhetoricians] a figure, as when the orator says
he will not speak of such a thing; which intimation alone makes it to be
sufficiently understood.

PA’RASITE, Fr. [parasito, It. parasitus, Lat. of ωαςασιτος, from ωαςα,
and σιτος, Gr. corn] a king of the priests, among the ancients, or a mi­
nister of the gods; or (as others) a guest of the priest's, whom he invited
to eat part of the sacrifices; hence the word is used to signify a smell­
feast, or trencher-friend, a flattering spunger or hanger-on; one that fre­
quents rich tables, and earns his welcome by flattery. Bacon.

PARASY’TIC, or PARASI’TICAL, adj. [parasitique, Fr. ωαςασιτιχος,
Gr.] pertaining to a parasite, flattering, wheedling.

PARASITICAL Plants [with botanists] a sort of diminutive plants
growing on trees, and so called from their manner of living and feeding,
which is altogether on others.

PARASI’TICALNESS [of parasiticus, Lat. of ωαςασιτιχος, Gr. and ness]
fawningness, flatteringness.

PA’RASOL, Fr. [parasole, It.] a little moveable machine, in manner of
a canopy or umbrella, borne in the hand to skreen the head from sun,
rain, &c.

PARA’STADES Gr. [with architects] the posts or pillars of a door,
called alius.

PARASTA’TÆ, Lat. [in architecture] the same that the Italians call
membrette, and we pilasters.

PARASTATÆ, Gr. [with architects] a kind of anta or pilaster built
by the ancients, for the spermatic vessels, which by their various wind­
ings compose that body that is fixed on the back of the testes; the same
as epididymæ.

PARASTA’TICA, Lat. [with architects] a pilaster or square pillar set
in a wall.

PARASTRE’MMA, Lat. [of ωαςαςςεφω, Gr. to turn aside] a distortion.
See PARA.

PARASYNA’NCHE [ωαςασυναγχη, of ωαςα συν αγχειν, Gr. to suffocate
together] an inflammation of the muscles of the upper part of the oeso­
phagus or gullet, attended with a continual fever. Bruno says, “the
synanche consists in the inflammation of those inner parts where the
extremities of the guttur and gula meet;” and the etymology should seem
to imply as much.

PARASYNA’XIS, Lat. [παςασυναξις, Gr. in the civil law] a conventi­
cle or unlawful meeting.

PARATHE’SIS, Lat. [parathese, Fr. παραθισις, of παςα, and τιθημι,
Gr. to place beside] a grammatical figure, where two or more substan­
tives are put in the same case, and is called apposition in Latin.

PARATHESIS [with printers] the matter contained within two cro­
chets.

PARATHESIS [with rhetoricians] is when a small hint of a thing is
given to the auditors, with a promise to enlarge on it at some other con­
venient time.

PARATI’LMUS [παςατιλμος, of παςατιλλω, Gr. to tear or pluck up]
a punishment inflicted on adulterers, among the Greeks, by tearing up
by the roots the hair growing about the fundament.

PARATI’TLA, Lat. [of παρα, and τιτλα, Gr. titles] short notes or sum­
maries of the titles of the digest and code.

PARAVAI’L [in common law] the lower tenant, or he who is tenant
to one who holds his fee of another.

PARAZO’NIUM [παραζωνιον, Gr.] a term used by medallists for a scep­
ter rounded at the two ends, in the manner of a truncheon or comman­
der's staff; or a kind of poniard or short sword, represented as worn at the
girdle.

To PA’RBOIL, verb act. [parbouiller, Fr. prob. q. d. part-boiled] to
boil but in part and not thoroughly, to half-boil.

To PA’RBREAK, verb neut. [brecker, Du.] to vomit.

PARBREAK, subst. [from the verb] vomit. Her filthy parbreak, all the
place defiled has. Spenser.

PA’RBUNCLE [with sailors] a rope used in the nature of a pair of
slings, to hoise weighty things into or out of a ship.

PARCA’E [according to the ancient theology] three goddesses who
preside over the lives of men. And, according to Plato, the daughters
of Necessity and Destiny. These (as the poets fable it) spun the lives of
men; Clotho held the distaff and spun the thread; Lachesis turned the
wheel; and Atropos cut the thread of life.

PA’RCEL [of parcelle, Fr. particella, It. partezilla, Sp.] 1. Part, por­
tion of any whole taken separately. Two parcels of the white of an
egg. Arbuthnot. 2. A small bundle. 3. A quantity or mass. Be­
sides various sizes of its fluid and globular parcels. Newton. 4. A
number of persons, in contempt. 5. Any number or quantity, in con­
tempt. By a parcel of fair words. L'Estrange.

To PARCEL out, verb act. [of parcelle, Fr.] 1. To divide into por­
tions, to distribute into parcels. 2. To make up into a mass. Shake­
speare.

To PARCEL a Seam [sea phrase] is to lay a narrow piece of canvass
about a hand's breadth upon the seam of a ship that has been newly
calked.

PARCEL Makers [in the exchequer] two officers, who make the par­
cels of the escheator's accounts, and deliver the same to one of the au­
ditors of that court.

PA’RCENER [in common law] is when one dies possest of an estate,
and has issue only daughters; so that the lands descend to those daugh­
ters, who are called parceners, and are but as one heir; also if sisters are
heir to one who has no issue.

PA’RCENERY. [according to custom] are the sons of a man who dies
having possession of lands in gavel kind, as in Kent, and some other
franchised places.

PA’RCENERY. See PARCINARY.

To PARCH, verb act. [from πεςιχαιειν, Gr. says Junius, of percoquo,
Lat. says Skinner; neither of them seem satisfied with their conjecture:
perhaps from perustus, burnt, to perust to parch; or from parchment,
the effect of fire upon parchment being almost proverbial] to burn slight­
ly and superficially, to scorch, to dry up. Ray.

To PARCH, verb neut. to be scorched. Many corns will dry and
parch into barley. Mortimer.

PA’RCHING, part. [of parch] burning or drying up.

PA’RCHMENT [parchemin, Fr. pergamino, Sp. pergaminho, Port. of per­
gamena, It. and Lat. of Pergamus in Asia the Less, because invented
there, when Ptolemy prohibited the exportation of paper from Egypt]
skins of sheep, &c. dressed for writing. Among traders, the skins of
sheep are called parchment, and those of calves vellum.

PARCHMENT-MA’KER [of parchment and maker] he who dresses parch­
ment.

PA’RCINARY, subst. [parsonier, Fr. in law] a holding or possessing of
land by joint tenants, otherwise called coparceners, pro indiviso, i. e. with­
out dividing the common inheritance, for if they refuse to divide their
common inheritance, and chuse rather to hold it jointly, they are said to
hold in parcinarie. Cowel.

PARD, or PARDA’LE, subst. [pardus, pardalis, Lat.] the leopard. It
denotes in poetry any of the spotted beasts.

PA’RDON, Fr. [perdono, It. perdon, Sp. perdam, Port.] 1. Forgiveness
of an offender, especially that which God gives to sinners. 2. Forgive­
ness of a crime, indulgence. Entertained with some pardon among my
friends. Wotton. 3. Remission of penalty. 4. Forgiveness received.
Secure in his pardon, but miserable in the ignorance of it. South. 5.
Warrant of forgiveness, or exemption from punishment. Shakespeare.

PARDON [in law] a remission or forgiveness of a felonious, or other
offence against the king.

PARDON [in canon law] an indulgence which the pope grants to sup­
posed penitents, for the remission of the pain of purgatory.

PARDON [ex gratia regis] is such a pardon as the king affords with
some special regard to the person, or some other circumstances.

PARDON [by the course of law] is such as the law of equity allows
for a light offence.

To PARDON, verb act. [pardonner, Fr. perdonare, It. perdonàr, Sp.]
1. To forgive an offence or crime. 2. To remit a punishment or pe­
nalty due to a crime. 3. To excuse an offender.

PA’RDONABLE, adj. Fr. [perdonabile, It.] that may be pardoned, ve­
nial, excusable.

PA’RDONABLENESS [of pardonable] susceptibility of pardon or for­
giveness, venialness. Put these two together, and this conceit of the
natural pardonableness of sin vanishes away. Hall.

PA’RDONABLY, adv. [of pardonable] excusably, venially.

PA’RDONER [of pardon] one who forgives another.

PA’RDONERS [antient customs] were persons who carried about the
pope's indulgences, and sold them to any that would buy them, against
whom Luther incensed the people of Germany.

To PARE, verb act. [of parer, Fr. to trim, pareggiare, It. or separare,
Lat. to separate. This word is reasonably deduced by Skinner from
the French phrase parer les ongles, to dress the horses hoofs, when they
are shared by the farrier. Thus we first said pare your nails; and thence







transferred the word to general use. Johnson] 1. To cut off extremities,
to cut from the surface, to diminish. All the mountains were pared off
the earth. Burnet. 2. To cut off by little and little.

PARE’CBASIS, Lat. [παρεχβασις, Gr.] a rhetorical figure, where the
main subject is departed from.

PARECHE’SIS, Lat. [in rhetoric] a resemblance of a thing, a figure the
same as allusio in Latin.

PARE’GMENON, Lat. [παρεγμενον, Gr. a derivative] a rhetorical figure
which joins words together, as wise, wisdom, &c.

PAREGO’RIC, adj. [παρηγοριχα, of παρηγορεω, Gr. to mitigate] having
the power in medicine to comfort, mollify and assuage.

PARAGO’RICS, subst. medicines which comfort, mitigate, and assuage
pain.

PARELCON [παρελχον, Gr. a drawing out into length] a grammatical
figure, in which a word or syllable is added to the end of another, as
etiamnum.

PARE’LIUM, Lat. [παρηλιον, of παρα and ηλιος, Gr. the sun] a mock
sun, a meteor appearing on each side of the sun.

PAREI’RA Brava, the root of a plant growing in Mexico, &c. ac­
counted a specific for the cure of the stone and gravel.

PARE’MPTOSIS, Lat. [παρεμπτωσις, Gr. a falling or coming in be­
tween; with grammarians] a figure, when a letter is added in the mid­
dle of a word, as πτολις, for πολις, a city.

PAREMPTOSIS [with physicians] is when the blood slides from the
heart into the great artery.

PARENCE’PHALOS, Lat. [of πμρεγχεφαλος, of πμρα, near, and εγχε­
φαλος, Gr. the brain] the same as the cerebellum.

PARE’NCHYMA, Lat. [παρεγχυμα, Gr. effusion] a porous or spongy
substance, in physic, the peculiar substance of several parts of the bo­
dies of animals, as the heart, liver, lungs, spleen, &c. also sometimes
it is used for all the bowels.

PARENCHYMA of a Plant [according to Dr. Grew] the pith, or pulp,
or that inner part of the plant, through which the juice is supposed to be
distributed.

PARENCHY’MATOUS, adj. [πμρεγχυμα, Gr.] relating to the parenchy­
ma, spongy. Grew.

PARE’NCHYMOUS Parts [in old anatomy] such fleshy parts of the
body as fill up the void spaces between the vessels, and do not consist of
vessels themselves; but it has since been discovered, by means of micro­
scopes, that all the parts of an animal body are nothing else but a net­
work of small vessels and canals.

PARE’NESIS, the same with paranesis, persuasion.

PA’RENT, subst. [parents, Fr. parenti, It. are only used in the plural
number, and signify relations in general; parens, Lat.] a father or mo­
ther. All true virtues are to honour true religion as their parent.
Hooker.

PA’RENTAGE, Fr. [parentaggio, It. parentéla, Sp] extraction, birth,
condition with respect to the rank of parents.

PARE’NTAL, adj. [parentalis, Lat.] pertaining to parents, becoming
parents.

PARENTA’LIA [among the Romans] solemnities and banquets held at
the obsequies of relations and friends.

PARENTA’TION [parentatum, sup. of parento, Lat.] the performance of
funeral solemnities, something done or said in honour of the dead.

PARE’NTHESIS [parenthese, Fr. parentesi, It. and Sp.] the marks ()
that include a clause that is put into a sentence, which may be left out
in reading, and yet the sense remain intire. In vain is my person ex­
cepted by a parenthesis of words. K. Charles.

PARENTHESIS [παρενθεσις, of παρα, εν and τιθημι, Gr. to place] an
interposition, a putting between.

PARENTHESIS [with grammarians] a figure, when some vowel is put
into a middle of a word, as νοουσος for νοσος.

PARENTHE’TICAL, adj. [of parenthesis] pertaining to a parenthesis.

PARE’NTICIDE [parenticida, parenticidium, parentes, and cædo, Lat. to
slay] a killer, or the killing of a father or mother.

PA’RER [of pare] an instrument to cut away the surface of any thing.
Tusser.

PARE’RE [in traffic] a term borrowed from the Italians, signifying ad­
vice or counsel of a merchant or person negociating; for that such a per­
son being consulted on any point, introduces his answer in Italian with a
mi pare, i. e. it seems to me, or, I think. This begins to be naturalized
with us.

PARE’RGA [παρεργα or παρεργον, παρεργον, Gr.] an appendix.

PARE’RGA [in architecture] additions or appendages, made by way
of ornament to a principal work.

PARERGA [in painting] little pieces or compartiments on the sides or
in the corners of the principal piece.

PA’RERGY [of παρα and εργον, Gr. work] something done by the by,
something unimportant. The scripture being serious and commonly
omitting such parergies, it will be unreasonable to condemn all laughter.
Brown.

PARE’SIS, Lat. the disease called the palsy.

PA’RGET [prob. of paries, Lat. a wall] plaister for covering of a
wall, plaister laid upon the roof or cieling of a room. Of English talc
the courier sort is called plaister, or parget, the finer, spand. Wood­
ward.

To PARGET, verb act. [from the subst.] to plaister, to cover with
plaister. Government of the Tongue.

PA’RGETER [of parget] a plaisterer.

PA’RGETING, part, act. [of parget] plaistering of walls, cielings, &c.

PARHE’LION, Lat. [παρηλιον, of παρα and ηλιος, Gr. the sun] a mock
sun.

PA’RHYPATE [παρυπατη, Gr.] the sound of the string of a musical
instrument that is next to the base.

PA’RIAN Marble, an excellent sort of white marble.

PARIETA’LIA Ossa, Lat. [in anatomy] the third and fourth bone of
the cranium, so called because they form the parietes or sides of the
head.

PARIE’TALS. See PARIETALIA.

PARIE’TARY, subst. parietaire, Fr. paries, Lat.] a wall.

PARIETA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb pellitory of the wall.

PARIE’TES [in anatomy] the inclosures or membranes which stop up
close the hollow parts of bodies.

PA’RIS, Lat. the herb true-love or one berry.

PARIE’TAL, adj [parietis, gen. of paries, Lat. a wall] constituting
the sides or walls. The lower part of the parietal and upper part of the
temporal bones. Sharp.

PA’RING, subst. [of pare] that which is pared off any thing, the
rind.

PA’RISH [paroisse, Fr. parrochia, It. parróchia, Sp. paròquia, Port. of
parochia, Lat. παροιχια, Gr. i. e. accolarum cònventus, accolatus, sacra
vicinia, Lat.] a district, division of a city, hundred, &c. which has
particular officers, and in ecclesiastical affairs, is under the particular
charge of a secular priest. Every church is either cathedral, conventual,
or parochial. Cathedral is that where there is a bishop seated, so called
à cathedra: conventual consists of regular clerks, professing some order
of religion, or of a dean and chapter, or other college of spiritual men:
Parochial, is that which is instituted for saying divine service and admi­
nistering the holy sacraments to the people dwelling within a certain
compass of ground near unto it. See PAROCHIA.

PARISH, adj. 1. belonging to the parish, having the care of the pa­
rish. The least parish office. Arbuthnot and Pope. 2. Maintained by
the parish. The parish girl. Gay.

PARI’SHIONER [parachus, Lat. paroission, Fr.] an inhabitant of a parish,
one belonging to such a district.

PARI’STHMIA [παρισθμια, of παρα, near, or side of, and ισθμιον, Gr.
a part of the throat so named] two glandules or kernels joined together,
and having one common cavity which opens into the mouth, the same as
tonsilæ and amygdalæ.

PARISYLLA’BICAL Nouns [in grammar] such as consist of equal
syllables, or which have not more syllables in one case than in an­
other.

PA’RITOR, subst. [from apparitor] a beadle, a summoner of the
courts of civil law. Dryden.

PA’RITY [parité, Fr. paratà, It. paritas, Lat.] equality, resemblance.
Parity of reason. Swift.

PARK [parc, Fr. parco, It. pearroc, pearruc, Sax.] an inclosure
stocked with wild beasts of chase, which a man may have by prescrip­
tion or the king's grant. According to Mawood, a park is a place for
privilege for wild beasts of venery, and also for other wild beasts that
are beasts of the forest and of the chace.

To PARK, verb act. [from the subst.] to inclose as in a park. How
are we park'd and bounded in a pale? Shakespeare.

PARK of Artillery [in a camp] a post out of cannon shot; where the
cannon, artificial fires, powder, and other warlike ammunition are kept
and guarded.

PARK of Provision [in a camp] a place in the rear of every regiment
which is taken up by the sutlers who follow the army with provisions,
and sell them to the soldiers.

PARK [for fishing] a very large net disposed on the brink of the sea,
having only one hole that looks towards the shore, and which becomes
dry after the flood is gone off, so that the fish have no way left to
escape.

PARK [with shepherds] a moveable palisade set up in the field, to
inclose the sheep in to feed in the night-time.

PARK Bote [in law] a being free from the duty of inclosing a park.

PA’RKER [of park] a park-keeper. Ainsworth.

PARK Leaves, an herb.

PA’RLE, subst. [of parler, Fr.] talk, discourse, oral discussion of any
thing. Our trumpet call'd you to this gen'ral parle. Shakespeare.

To PA’RLEY, verb neut. [of parler, Fr.] to confer or talk with, to
discuss any thing orally. Knolles.

PARLEY [of parler, Fr. to speak] a conference with an enemy about
some affair or proposal, oral treaty, discussion by word of mouth. Seek
rather by parley to recover them than by the sword. Sidney.

To Beat a PARLEY, or To Sound a PARLEY [military term] is to
give the signal for such a conference, by beat of drum or sound of trum­
pet; which is usually done by the besieged, in order to surrender the
place upon conditions or terms, and also by the besiegers, to have liber­
ty to bury their dead.

PA’RLIAMENT [parliamentum, L. Lat. parlement, of parlementer, Fr.
parlamento, It. and Sp.] the fenate or chief counsel of a nation;
especially in England and France. They meet together to make or alter
laws, and to debate matters of importance relating to the common­
wealth. It consists of the three estates of the realm, the king, the lords
spiritual, the lords temporal, and the commons. This assembly or
court is of all others the highest and of greatest authority. Cowel.

PARLIAMENT, in the Inns of Court, the members being convened to­
gether to consult about the common affairs of their respective houses.

Clerk of the PARLIAMENT, an officer who records all acts done in this
high court, and engrosses them fairly in parchment rolls, in order to be
kept for posterity.

PARLIAME’NTARY, adj. [parliamentaire, Fr.] pertaining to, or agree­
able with the method of parliament, enacted by parliament. Parliamen­
tary acts or constitutions. Hale.

PARLIAME’NTUM Indoctorum, i. e. the parliament of the unlearned;
a parliament held at Coventry the 6th of Henry IV. so called, because
by special precept to the sheriffs of the counties, no person was to be
called that was skilled in the law.

PARLIAMENTUM Insanum, i. e. the mad parliament; held at Oxford,
in the 41st of Henry III. so called, because the lords came with great
retinues of armed men, and many matters were transacted against the
king's prerogative.

PARLIAMENTUM Diabolicum, i. e. the devilish parliament; a parlia­
ment held at Coventry, the 38th of Henry IV. wherein Edward, earl
of march, who was afterward crowned king, was attainted.

PARLIAMENTUM de la Bonde, a parliament in the time of king Ed­
ward II. to which the barons came armed, with coloured bands on their
sleeves, for distinction, against the two Spencers.

PARLIAMENTUM Religiosum, i. e. the religious parliament; a con­
ference held in the parlour or common of a monastery.

PA’RLOUR [parlatorio, It. parloer, of parler, Fr. to speak] 1. A lower
room for the entertainment of company. 2. [In nunneries] a little
room or closet where people talk to the nuns through a grated window.
3. A room in monastries, where the religious meet and converse.

PA’RLOUS [this might seem to come from parler, Fr. but Junius de­
rives it of perillous, in which sense it answers to the Lat. improbus] shrewd,
subtil, keen, spritely, waggish. Passing prudent, and a parlous wit.
Dryden.

PA’RLOUSNESS [q. peerlesness, Fr.] uncapableness of being equalled,







spoken commonly in an ill sense; also keenness of temper, quickness;
which is the more usual sense.

PA’RMA [with antiquaries] a sort of ancient buckler.

PARMA-CI’TTY, subst. corruptly for sperma ceti. Ainsworth.

PARMESA’N [of Parma, in Italy] a sort of delicate cheese.

PA’RNEL, diminut. [q. d. petronella, the name of a woman] a lascivi­
ous woman, a confident girl, a punk, a slut. Obsolete. Skinner.

PARO’CHIA [ωαροιχια, Gr.] an assembly of neighbouring inhabitants.

PAROCHIA, or parish. See PARISH.

PARO’CHIAL, adj. [paroissial, Fr. parrocchiale, It. of parochialis, from
parochia, L. Lat.] pertaining to a parish. Atterbury.

PARO’DIC Degree [in an equation] the several regular terms, in a
quadratic, cubic, or biquadratic equation, &c. the indices of whose
powers ascend or descend orderly, in an arithmetical progression.

PARODO’NTIDES [ωαροδοντιδης, ωαρα and οδοντος, of οδους, Gr. a
tooth] certain swellings in the gums.

PA’RODY [parodie, Fr. parodia, Lat. of παροδια, of ωαρα, by, and
οδος, Gr. a way, q. d. trite, or passing current among the people] a po­
pular maxim, adage or proverb; also a poetical plesantry, consisting in
applying the verses of some person, by way of ridicule, to another, or in
turning a serious work into burlesque, by endeavouring, as near as can
be, to observe the same words, rhimes, and cadences. It is in general a
kind of writing, in which the words of an author, or his thoughts, are
taken, and by a slight change adapted to some new purpose.
But here I conceive the etymology must be differently explained. A
parodic verse, being that (says H. Stephan.) which was sung in the pa­
rodos; and the parodos (with him) is the actor's first shewing himself
upon the stage, I mean before he enters upon his part; and from the pecu­
liar cast, not to say liberties, taken in these kind of speeches, it has been
conjectured that our modern sense of the word parody comes. But N. B.
Aristotle, in his Poeticks, says, “the parodos is the first speech which the
chorus makes; as the stasimon is her first song without the anapæst and
trochee.

To PA’RODY, verb act. [parodier, Fr.] to copy by way of parody. I
have translated or rather parodied a poem of Horace. Pope.

PAROI’MIA, Lat. [ωαροιμια, Gr.] a proverb.

PAROIMIA [with rhetoricians] a proverbial manner of speaking; also
the continuation of a trope or figure with respect to the common use, as
to wash an Ethiopian and a brick.

PA’ROL Demurrer [in law] a privilege allowed to an infant, who is
sued concerning lands which came to him by descent.

PARO’LE, Fr. [parola, It. and Sp.] word given as an assurance, pro­
mise given by a prisoner not to go away; as, parole of honour.

PAROLE [in law] a plea in court.

PAROLE [in military affairs] is when a prisoner of war is permitted
to go into his own country, or to his own party, upon his promise to re­
turn at a time appointed, if not exchanged.

Lease PAROLE [in law] a lease by word of mouth, in distinction to
one in writing.

Will PAROLE. See WILL.

PARO’LI [in gaming] the double of what was laid at stake before.

PARO’MOEON, Lat. [ωαρομοιον, Gr. near alike] 1. A proverb. 2. A
figure used by grammarians, in which all the words of a sentence begin
with the same letter, &c. as, O tite, tute, tati, tibi tanta tyranne tulisti.
And, 3. When several verbs or nouns are produced like the former,
only with a little variation of the tenses and cases.

PARONOMASI’A, Lat. [ωαρωνομαςια, of ωαρωνομαζω, Gr. to allude to
to a name, i. e. a likeness in words] a figure in rhetoric, in which, by
the change of a letter or syllable several things are alluded to; as, bold­
er in a buttery than a battery. This figure is by the Latins called agnomi­
natio.

PARONYCHI’A, Lat. [ωαρονυχια, of ωαρα, near, and ονυξ, Gr. the
nail] a preternatural swelling or sore under the root of the nail of one's
finger; a felon or whitlow, the same as panaratium.

PARO’NYMOUS, or PARONO’MOUS, adj. the latter is more analogous,
[of ωαρα and ωνομια, Gr. name] resembling another word. The syno­
nomous and the paronymous or kindred names. Watts.

PARO’PTESIS [ωαροπτησις, of ωαρα, and οπταω, Gr. to roast] 1. The
act of roasting or boiling. 2. [With surgeons] a kind of burning, an­
tiently used in divers diseases.

PAROQUE’T, subst. [parroquet, or perroquet, Fr.] a small species of
parrot.

PARO’TIDES [ωαρωτιδες, of ωαρα, near, or side of, and ωτος, gen. of
ους, Gr. an ear] certain glandules or kernels under and behind the ears;
also a swelling of those kernels, commonly called a swelling of the almonds
of the ears; diseases being sometimes denominated from the parts
which they effect. Thus with HIPPOCRATES, splenes are distempered
splenes; and, by parity of argument, parotides are distempered kernels so
called.

PARO’TIS, subst. plural of parotides. See PAROTIDES.

PARO’XYSM [paroxysme, Fr. parosismo, It. paroxysmus, Lat. παροξυσμος,
of παροξυνω, Gr. to make very sharp] the access or coming on of a fit of
a fever, ague, or other distemper; periodical exacerbation of a disease.
The fury of an hysteric paroxysm. Harvey.

PA’RRELS [in a ship] those frames that are made of trucks, ribs, and
ropes, which go about the masts, and are made fast to the yards
at both ends; so that the yards may slide up and down the masts by them.

PA’RRICIDE, Fr. [parricida, It. the murderer, and parricidio, It. the
crime, paricida, Sp. of parricida, parricidium, Lat.] 1. The killer of a fa­
ther, one who destroys his parent. 2. The killing of a father or parent,
murther of one to whom reverence is due. His cruelties and parricides
weighed down his virtues. Bacon. 3. One who destroys or invades
hostilly any to whom he owes particular reverence; as one's country or
patron. 4. Treasons against one's country.

PARRICI’DAL, PARRICI’DIAL, or PARRICI’DIOUS, adj. [parricida,
Lat.] relating to parricide, committing parricide. Brown.

PA’RROT [perroquet, Fr.] a parti coloured bird, of the hooked bill
species, remarkable for the exact imitation of the human voice.

To PA’RRY, verb neut. [parer, Fr.] to put by thrusts, to fence.

PA’RRYING [in fencing] the action of saving a man's self, or staving
off the strokes, &c. offered him by another.

To PARSE, verb act. [q. d. dividere in partes, Lat. to divide into
parts] to expound a lesson according to the rules of grammar, to resolve
a sentence into the elements and parts of speech. A word only used in
grammar schools.

PARSIMO’NIOUS, adj. [parsimonia, Lat.] saving, sparing, fiugal, cove­
tous. It is sometimes taken in a good sense, and sometimes in a bad one.

PARSIMO’NIOUSLY [of parsimonious] covetously, favingly, sparingly.
Swift.

PARSIMO’NIOUSNESS, or PA’RSIMONY, subst. [of parsimonia, It. Sp.
co Lat.] sparingness, disposition to spare and save, frugality,
covetousness, niggardliness.

PA’RSLEY [parsli, Brit. persil, Fr. petrosellino, It. perexil, Sp. perrexil,
Port. petroselinum, apium, Lat. πετροσηλινον, Gr.] an herb.

PARSLEY Pert [of pierre, Fr. a stone] an herb good against the gravel
or stone in the kidneys.

Macedonian PA’RSLEY, Hedge PARSLEY, &c. several herbs.

PA’RSNIP [of pastinaca, Lat.] an edible root.

PA’RSON. 1. The minister or rector of a parish, one that has a paro­
chial charge or the cure of souls. From parocheanus, the parish priest.
2. A clergyman in general. Tickling the parson as he lies asleep.
Shakespeare.. 3. It is applied to the teachers among the presbyterians.

PARSON Imparsonne [in law] one who is put in possession of a church,
whether appropriate or presentative by the act of another.

PA’RSONAGE, a spiritual living, the benefice of a parish, composed of
glebe land, tithes, and other offerings of the people set apart for the
maintenance of the minister of a particular church; also the mansion­
house of a parson.

PART [partie, Fr. parte, It. Sp. and Port. pars, Lat.] 1. A piece of
any thing, something less than the whole, a portion of some whole con­
sidered as divided or divisible. 2. Member. All the parts were formed
in his mind into one harmonious body. Locke. 3. That which in divi­
sion falls to each. But sure my part was nothing but the shame. Dryden.
4. Share, concern. We have no part in David. 2 Samuel. 5. Side,
party. That natural ambition might take part with reason. Glanville.
6. Something relating or belonging to. For Zelmane's part, she would
have been glad of the fall. Sidney. 7. Particular office or character.
Accuse not nature, she hath done her part. Milton. 8. Character ap­
propriated in a play. 9. Business, duty. Instructed for the military part
as they may defend themselves. 10. Action, conduct, 11. Relation
reciprocal. The terms of this covenant on God's part and ours. Tillot­
son. 12. In good part; as, well done. God accepteth it in good part,
Hooker. 13. [In the plural] qualities, powers, faculties or accomplish­
ments. Where are all heroical parts, but in Amphialus? Sidney. 14.
[In the plur.] quarters, regions, districts. No man was in our parts
spoken of, but he. Sidney.

PART [with anatomists] is that of which the whole body is composed,
and partakes with it of common life and sense.

PART [in logic] is that which refers to some universal as its whole,
in which sense the species are the parts of a genus.

PART, adv. partly, in some measure. Shakespeare.

Proportional PART [with mathematicians] a part, or number agreea­
ble, and analogous to some other number or part; or a medium to find
out some number or part unknown by proportion and equality of rea­
son.

PART, or DEPA’RT [in riding academies] the motion and action of a
horse when put on at full speed.

Essential PART, is that whereby, with the concurrence of some others,
an essential whole is constituted, as the body and soul are the essential
parts of a man.

Aliquant PART, is a quantity which being repeated any number of
times, becomes always either greater or less than the whole; thus 5 is
an aliquant part of 17.

Aliquot PART, a quantity which being repeated any number of times,
becomes equal to an integer, as 6 is an aliquot part of 24.

PART [in music] a piece of the score or partition, written by itself
for the convenience of the musician.

A Substantive or Potential PART [with logicians] is that which is
contained in some universal whole, as John and Thomas, in man; a
man and a lion, in animal.

To PART, verb act. [partire, It. and Lat.] 1. To divide into parts,
to share, to distribute. 2. To separate, to disunite. A chariot of fire
parted them both asunder. 1 Kings. 3. To break into pieces. Part it
in pieces. Leviticus. 4. To keep asunder. In the narrow seas that
part the French and English. Shakespeare. 5. To separate combatants.
The stumbling night did part our weary pow'rs. Shakespeare. 6. To
secern. And parts and strains the vital juices. Prior.

To PART, verb neut. 1. To be separated. Powerful hands will not
part easily. Milton 2. To quit each other. We must part as all human
creatures have parted. Swift. 3. To take farewel. They parted from
him with tears in their eyes. Swift. 4. To have share. They shall have
part alike. Isaiah. 5. [Partir, Fr.] to go away, to set out. 6. To part
with, to quit, to resign, to lose, to be separated from. In fear of part­
ing with her beloved husband. Taylor.

PA’RTAGE, Fr. a partition, act of sharing or dividing. It is a word
merely French. This partage of things men have made practicable.
Locke.

PA’RTABLE, adj. [of part] such as may be parted, divisible. Camden.

To PA’RTAKE, verb neut. pret. partook, part. pass. partaking [of
part and take; from tager, Dan. tacken, Du.] 1. To have part of any
thing, to take share with; with in. How far brutes partake in this fa­
culty, is not easy to determine. Locke. 2. To participate, to have some­
thing of the property, nature, claim, or right; with of. The attorney
of the dutchy of Lancaster partakes partly of a judge, and partly of an
attorney-general. Bacon. 3. To be admitted to, not to be excluded;
with of. You may partake of any thing we say. Shakespeare. 4. To
combine, to enter into some design; an unusual sense. As it prevents
factions and partakings, so it keeps the rule and administration of the
laws uniform. Hale.

To PA’RTAKE, verb act. 1. To share, to have part. 2. To admit
to part or share, to extend participation; obsolete.

PARTA’KER [of partake] 1. A sharer, or partner in possessions, or
one that takes part in any thing, an associate with. 2. Accomplice,
associate. And drew with him complices and partakers. Bacon.

PA’RTED, part. pass. [of to part; partitus, Lat. parti, F.] divided in­
to parts.

PA’RTER [of part] one that parts or separates.

PARTE’RRE, Fr. [with gardeners] that open part of a garden into
which persons enter coming out of the house commonly set with flowers,
or divided into beds, or encompassed with platbands.

PA’RTES Finis, &c. an exception taken against a fine levied.

PA’RTIAL, adj. [Fr. parziale, It. parcial, Sp. of part, Lat.] 1. Biassed







to one's interest or party, inclined antecedently to favour one side more
than the other. 2. Inclined to favour without reason. Self-love will
make men partial to themselves. Locke. 3. Affecting only one part, sub­
sisting only in a part, not general, universal or total. If we compare
these partial dissolutions of the earth, with an universal dissolution.
Burnet.

PARTIA’LITY, or PA’RTIALNESS [partialité, Fr. parzialità, It. par­
cialidàd, Sp.] a siding too much with a party, a being more on the one
side than the other, unequal state of the judgment and favour of one
above the other, without just reason.

To PA’RTIALIZE, verb act. [partialiser, Fr.] to make partial; a word
perhaps peculiar to Shakespeare, but not unworthy of general use.

PA’RTIALLY, adv. [of partial] 1. With unjust favour or dislike. 2.
In part, not totally. Obscurely and partially figured in the shadows of
the law. Rogers.

PARTIBI’LITY [of partible] separability, susceptibility of division.

PA’RTIBLE, adj. [of part] that may be parted, separable, divisible.
Make the moulds partible, glued or cemented together, that you may
open them. Bacon.

PARTI’CIPABLE, adj. [of participate] that may be shared or partaken.
Norris.

PARTI’CIPANT, adj. Fr. sharing, having share or part. Bacon.

To PARTI’CIPATE, verb neut. [participer, Fr. participare, It. partici­
patum, sup. of participo, Lat.] 1. To partake, to have share. 2. To
have part of more things than one. Few creatures participate of the na­
ture of plants and metals both. Bacon. 3. To have part of something
common with another. The species of audibles seem to participate more
with local motion. Brown.

To PARTI’CIPATE, verb act. to partake, to receive part of, to share.
Hooker.

PARTICIPA’TION [participazione, It. participaciòn, Sp. participatio,
Lat.] 1. The state of sharing something in common. 2. The act or state
of partaking or having part of any thing. And covets more or less the
participation of God himself. Hooker. 3. Distribution, division into
shares. To drive convenient participation of the general store into a great
number of well-deservers. Raleigb.

PARTICI’PIAL, adv. [participialis, Lat. with grammarians] belong­
ing to, or that is of the nature or a participle.

PARTICIPIAL, subst. an adjective derived of a verb, tho' not an abso­
lute participle.

PARTICI’PIALLY, adv. [of participial] in a participal sense, in the
manner of a participle.

PA’RTICIPLE [participe, Fr. participio, It. and Sp. of participium, Lat.]
1. One of the eight parts of speech, so called because it partakes the quali­
ties both of a noun and a verb, as teaching, taught. A participle is a parti­
cular sort of adjective, formed from a verb, and, together with its signi­
fication of action, passion, or some other manner of existence, signifying
the time thereof. Clarke's L. Grammar. 2. Any thing that participates
of different things. The participles or confiners between plants and liv­
ing creatures, are such as are fixed. Bacon.

PA’RTICLE [particule, Fr. particola, It. in the latter, particella, It. in
the first sense of particula, Sp. and Lat.] 1. A small parcel, or little part.
2. [In speech] a small or undeclinable word. Men were not curious
what syllables or particles of speech they used. Hooker.

PA’RTICLES [in physics] the minute parts of a body, of an assem­
blage or coalition of several or many of which natural bodies are com­
posed.

PARTI’CULAR, adj. Sp. [particulier, Fr. particolare, It. of particula­
ris, Lat.] 1. Peculiar, singular. 2. Relating to single persons, not ge­
neral. 3. Individual, distinct from others. One plant draweth such a
particular juice out of the earth. Bacon. 4. Attentive to things single
and distinct. I have been particular in examining. Locke. 5. Single,
not general. Sidney. 6. Odd, uncommon, having something that emi­
nently distinguishes one from another.

PLRTI’CULAR, subst. 1. A single instance, a single point. 2. Indi­
vidual, private person. The greatest interest of particulars to advance
the good of community. L'Estrange. 3. Private interest. 4. Private
character, single self, state of an individual. For his particular I'll re­
ceive him gladly. Shakespeare. 5. A minute detail of things singly enu­
merated. The reader has a particular of the books. Ayliffe. 6. Distinct,
not general recital. Authors ascribe to each of them in particular the
science which they have invented. Dryden.

PARTI’CULARIST [of particular; with polemical divines] one who
holds particular grace, i. e. that Christ died for the elect only, &c. not
for mankind in general.

PARTICULA’RITY, or PARTI’CULARNESS [particularité, Fr. partico­
larità It. of particulare, Lat. or particular, Eng.] 1. Something pecu­
liar, singular. 2. Distinct notice or enumeration, not general assertion.
Descending to particularities what kingdoms he should overcome. Sidney.
3. Singleness, individuality. Upon which conclusions groweth in parti­
cularity, the choice of good and evil. Hooker. 4. Petty account, pri­
vate incident. To see the titles that were most agreeable to such an em­
peror, the flatteries that he lay most open to, with the like particulari­
ties. Addison. 5. Something belonging to single persons.

To PARTI’CULARIZE, verb act. [particulariser, Fr.] to enlarge upon
particulars, to give a particular account of, to detail, to shew minutely.
Particularizes his descent from Benjamin. Atterbury.

PARTI’CULARLY, adv. [of particular] 1. Distinctly, singly, not uni­
versally. 2. Peculiarly, singularly, extraordinarily. This exact pro­
priety of Virgil I particularly regarded. Dryden.

To PARTI’CULATE, verb neut. [of particular] to make mention
singly: obsolete. Camden.

PA’RTILE Aspect [with astrologers] the most exact and full aspect that
can be; so termed because it consists precisely in so many parts or de­
grees, as are requisite to compleat it.

PA’RTING, part. of part [with refiners] one of their methods of sepa­
rating gold and silver, which is done by aqua fortis.

PA’RTISAN [partisan, Fr. partigiana, It. partesána, Sp.] 1. A kind
of halbert or pike. 2. [Parti, Fr.] an adherent to a faction, a favourer
or abetter of a party. 3. [In military affairs] the commander of a
party, one who is very dextrous at commanding a party, and knowing
the country very well, is employed in surprizing the enemy convoys, or
in getting intelligence 4. A commander's leading staff. Ainsworth.

PARTISAN Party [a military term] a small body of infantry com­
manded by a partisan, to make an incursion upon the enemy, to lurk
about their camp, to disturb their foragers, and to intercept their convoys.

PARTI’TION, Fr. [partizione, It. particiòn, Sp. partitio, Lat.] 1. The
act of parting, sharing, or dividing, state of being divided. 2. Divi­
sion, separation, distinction. Our churches divided by certain partitions.
Hooker. 3. Part divided from the rest, separate part. Lodg'd in a small
partition. Milton. 4. That by which different parts are separated. To
erect between us and them a partition wall of difference. Hooker. 5.
Part where separation is made. Dryden.

PARTITION [in carpentry] that which divides a room or apartment
from another.

PARTITION [in law] a dividing of lands among coheirs and part­
ners.

PARTITION, of an escutcheon, according to the number of coats that
are to be on it, are the several divisions made in it, when the arms of seve­
ral families are borne in it, on account of intermarriages or otherwise.

To PARTI’TION, verb act. to divide into distinct parts. Bacon.

PA’RTLET [in old statutes] the loose collar of a doublet, to be set on
or taken off at pleasure; also a name given to a hen: the original signi­
fication being a rough or band, or covering for the neck. Hanmer.

PA’RTLY, adv. [of part] in part, in some measure, in some degree.

PA’RTNER [of part; partenaer, Du. q. d. part-owner] 1. One who
is joined with another, or takes part with him in some concern or affair,
partaker, associate. 2. One who dances with another.

To PA’RTNER, verb act. [from the noun] to join, to associate with a
partner. Shakespeare.

PARTNERS [in a ship] are strong pieces of timber, bolted to the beams,
which compass and shut in the masts at the deck, so as to keep them
steady in their steps, and prevent them from falling over the ship's side.

PA’RTNERSHIP [of partner] 1. The state of a partner or associate in
traffic, &c. the union of two or more in the same trade. 2. Joint in­
terest or property. Dryden.

PARTOO’K, pret. of partake. See PARTAKE.

PA’RTRIDGE [perdrix, Fr. pertris, Wel. pernice, It. perdiz, Sp. and
Port. of perdix, Lat.] a bird of game.

Homogeneous Physical PARTS, are those of the same denomination with
some other, and having the same properties with it.

Heterogeneous Physical PARTS, are such as are of a different denomina­
tion from some other, and having different properties with it.

Similar PARTS, are such as are to one another, as their wholes are to
one another.

PARTU’NDA, or PA’RTULA [among the Romans] a goddess, to
whom they attributed the care of big bellied women, and who assisted at
child-bearing.

PARTU’RIENT [parturiens, Lat.] travailing, being in labour, or ready
to bring forth.

PARTURI’TION [parturio, Lat.] the act of bringing forth. Brown.

PA’RTY [pars, Lat. partie, Fr. parte, It. and Sp.] 1. A number of
persons confederated by similarity of designs or opinions in opposition to
others, a faction. 2. One of two litigants. Calling both parties knaves.
Swift. 3. One concerned in any affair. 4. Side, persons engaged
against each other. The peace both parties want, is like to last. Dryden.
5. Cause, side. Ægle came in to make their party good. Dryden. 6.
A select assembly. They might be welcome at every party. Swift. 7.
Particular person, a person distinct from or opposed to another. The
party slain was of English race. Davies. 8. [In military affairs] a body
of soldiery, horse or foot, sent out upon some expedition; a detachment
of soldiers; as, he commanded the party sent thither.

PARTY per Pale [in heraldry] is by some supposed to signify, that the
bearer had received on his shield a cut downright or perpendicular in the
middle from top to bottom.

PARTY per Bend Dexter, represents a cut falling upon the upper cor­
ner of the shield on the right hand, and descending athwart to the opposite
corner.

PARTY per Fesse, represents a cut cross the middle of the shield, from
side to side.

PARTY per Bend Sinister, intimates that the cut had been on the left
upper corner, and comes athwart to the lower opposite corner.

PARTY Blue, a company of villains who infested the roads in the Ne­
therlands, belonged to neither army, but robbed on both sides, with­
out any regard to passes.

PA’RTY-COLOURED, adj. [of party and coloured] having diversity of co­
lours. The little party coloured assembly. Addison.

PARTY Jury, a jury made up of half English men and half foreigners.

PA’RTY-MAN [of party and man] a factious person, an adherer to a
party, an abetter of a faction.

PA’RTY-WALL [of party and wall] a wall that separates one house
from the next.

PA’RVIS [a porch, or church-porch, &c.] is applied to the mootings
or law disputes among young students in the inns of courts; and also to
that disputation at Oxford, called disputatio in parvis.

PA’RVITUDE [parvus, Lat. in philosophy] smallness, littleness. Glan­
ville.

PA’RVITY [parvitas, Lat.] littleness, smallness. Ray.

PARU’LIS [of παρα, near, and ουλον, Gr. a gum] an inflammation in
the gums, attended with great pain.

PA’RVUM & Crassum [in anatomy] the 4th pair of muscles of the
head; so called, because tho' it is but a little one, it is pretty thick.

To PARY. See PARRY.


PAS

PAS, subst. Fr. precedence, right of going foremost.

PARY’LIS [in surgery] an inflammation, rottenness, or swelling in
the gums.

PA’SCHA [מםפ, Heb. Πασχα, Gr.] a festival of seven days, held by
the Jews in commemoration of their signal deliverance, when the destroy­
ing angel slew all the first-born of the Egyptians, but passed over their
houses and spared their first-born: Also the festival of Easter observed by
Christians much about the same time, in memory of our saviour's death
and resurrection. “Christ our passover was slain for us.” St. Paul. [See
PASSOVER.] As to the antiquity of this Christian institution, it should
seem to be as old as the apostolic age, from the account which Eusebius
gives us from Polycrates, and others; when that historian describes un­
happy division in the church, in the 2d century, relating to the time of
observing it; and where pope Victor excommunicated all those Asiatic
churches, that would not observe the feast upon the same day with him.
A dreadful prelude to that lordly and usurping [not to say antichristian]
spirit, which the bishops of Rome, and other great sees, have, after his
example exhibited! See PENTECOSTE.

PASCHA Clausum, the eighth day after Easter or low sunday.

PA’SCHAL, adj. [pascal, Fr. pasquale, It. pasqual, Sp. of paschalis, Lat.]
belonging to Easter; also belonging to the Jewish passover.








PASCHAL Rents, are rents or annual duties paid by the inferior clergy
to the bishop, at their Easter visitation.

PASH, subst. [paz. Sp.] a kiss. Hanmer. Thou want'st a rough pash.
Shakespeare.

To PASH [prob. of persson, Du. to press] to dash together, to crush,
to strike.

PASQUE Flower [pulsatilla, Lat.] the name of a flower.

PA’SQUIL, PA’SQUIN, or PASQUINA’DE, subst. [pasquinade, Fr. pas­
quinata, It. pasquinadas, Sp. from Pasquin] a satirical invective, or li­
bel, fastened to the statue of Pasquin. Pasquin usually addressed himself
to Marforio, another statue in Rome, or Marforio to Pasquin, whom
they make to reply, against the publick or ruling powers; the answers
are usually short, pungent, and biting; and hence any bitter invective
has been called by the same name.

PA’SQUIN, a mutilated statue at Rome, called after a cobler of that
city named Pasquin, famous for sneers and gibes, and whose shop or stall
was the resort of a great number of such persons, who diverted them­
selves in bantering people that passed by.
After the death of Pasquin, in digging up the pavement before his
door, there was found the statue of a gladiator, well carved, but maimed
and half spoiled. This they set up at the corner of the shop, and by
common consent called it Pasquin, and from that time all satyrs and
lampoons are ascribed to this figure, and either pasted against his mouth,
or put into it.

PASS [passe, Port. and Fr.] 1. A licence to travel, a fafe conduct to a
traveller, a permission to go or come any where. 2. [In fencing] a
thrust, a push. 3. A state or condition; as, come to a bad pass. To
what a pass are our minds brought. Sidney. 4. A narrow entrance, an ave­
nue. To defend the passes into the whole country. Clarendon. 5. Pas­
sage, road. The Tyrians had no pass to the Red Sea, but through the
territory of Solomon. Raleigh. 6. An order by which vagrants or im­
potent persons are sent to their place of abode.

PASS [in the tin works] a frame of boards stoping, by which the ore
slides down into the coffer of the stamping-mill.

PASS of Arms, a place which the antient knights undertook to defend,
e. g. a bridge, a road, &c. not to be passed without fighting the persons
who kept them.

To PASS, verb neut. [passer, Fr. passare, It. passar, Sp.] 1. To go
through any place, to be progressive. And suffered not a man to pass
over. Genesis. 2. To go, to make away. With passing through the
brakes. Dryden. 3. To make transition from one thing to another.
And pass from just to unjust. Temple. 4. To vanish, to be lost. Beau­
ty's a charm, but soon the charm will pass. Dryden. 5. To be spent, to
go away. The succession of ideas that pass in his mind. Locke. 6. To
be at an end, to be over. Ere all rites were past. Dryden. 7. To die,
to pass from the present life to another state. Disturb him not, let him
pass peaceably. Shakespeare. 8. To be changed by regular gradation.
A pleurisy easily passeth into a peripneumony. Arbuthnot. 9. To go be­
yond bounds; obsolete. 10. To be in any state. I will cease you to
pass under the rod. Ezekiel. 11. To be enacted. Neither of these
bills have yet passed the house of commons. Swift. 12. To be effected,
to exist. How it might be brought to pass. Hooker. 13. To gain re­
ception.

To PASS, verb act. pret. and part. pass. past, or passed. 1. To go
beyond. To suppress a sedition which has passed the height. Hayward.
2. To go through. As the horse passed the river. 3. To spend, to live
through. I should pass my time extremely ill. Collier. 4. To impart
to any thing the power of moving. To move or pass the blood from
the right to the left ventricle. Derham. 5. To carry hastily. Only time
to pass my eye over the medals. Addison. 6. To transfer to another
proprietor. He that will pass his land. Herbert. 7. To strain, to perco­
late, severing wine from water. Passing it through ivy wood. Bacon.
8. To vent, to let out. To pass their censures on the personal actions
of others. Watts. 9. To utter ceremoniously. Some of the commons
passed some compliments to the two lords. Clarendon. 10. To utter so­
lemnly. He past his promise. L'Estrange. 11. To transmit. Waller
passed over five thousand horse and foot by Newbridge. Clarendon. 12.
To put an end to. We'll pass the business privately and well. Shake­
speare. 13. To surpass, to excel. Whom dost thou pass in beauty.
Ezekiel. 14. To omit, to neglect. I pass the wars. Dryden. 15. To
transcend, to transgress. They did pass those bounds. Burnet. 16. To
admit, to allow. The money of every one that passeth the account.
2 Kings. 17. To enact a law. The decree may be already passed a­
gainst him. South. 18. To impose fraudulently. And pass'd it on her
husband for a boy. Dryden. 19. To practise artfully, to make succeed.
After that discovery, there is no passing the same trick upon the mice.
L'Estrange. 20. To send from one place to another; as, pass that beg­
gar to his own parish. 21. To be current as money. The grossest im­
positions pass upon them. Swift. 22. To be practised artfully or suc­
cessfully. Tho' frauds may pass upon men, they are as open as the
light to him that searches the heart. L'Estrange. 23. To be regarded as
good or evil. This would pass for a fault in him. Atterbury. 24. To
occur, to be transacted. Consciousness of what passes within our own
mind. Watts. 25. To be done. That no indirect act pass upon them to
defile them. Taylor. 26. To heed, to regard. As for these silken
coated slaves, I pass not. Shakespeare. 27. To determine finally, to
judge capitally. Tho' well we may not pass upon his life. Shakespeare.
28. To be supremely excellent. 29. To thrust, to make a push in
fencing. 30, To omit. She would not play, but must not pass. Prior.
31. To go through the alimentary duct. 32. To be in a tolerable state.
Left well enough to pass by his father. L'Estrange. 33. To pass away;
to be lost, to glide off. They find a good part of their lives pass away
without thinking. Locke. 34. To pass away; to vanish. 35. To pass
away; to spend, to waste. Lest she pass away the flower of her age.
Ecclesiasticus. 36. To pass by; to excuse, to forgive. God may pass by
single sinners in this world. Tillotson. 37. To pass by; to neglect, to
disregard. If we pass by those things which happen to our trouble.
Taylor. 38. To pass over; to omit, to let go unregarded. The poet
passes it over. Dryden.

PA’SSABLE, adj. [passible, Fr.] 1. That may be passed or travelled
through or over, tolerable, allowable, supportable. Of a possable reach
of understanding. Howel. 2. Capable of admission or reception. Could
they have made the slander passable, we should have heard farther. Col­
lier. 4. Popular, well received; this is a less usual sense. A man of
the one faction, which is most passable with the other, commonly giveth
best way. Bacon.

PASSA’DE, or PASSA’DO [in fencing] a thrust.

PASSAGE [passaggio, It.] 1. Road, way. 2. Act of going from one
place to another, travel, course, journey. Though the passage be trou­
blesome. Wake. 3. Exit or entrance, liberty to pass. What, are my
doors opposed against my passage? Shakespeare. 4. The state of decay;
obsolete. 5. Intellectual admittance, mental acceptance. 6. Occur­
rence, hap, event, chance. It is no act of common passage. Sakespeare.
7. Unsettled state, aptness by condition or nature to change the place of
abode. The poorer traders, young beginners, or those of passage.
Temple. 8. Incident, transaction. 9. Management, conduct. The
conduct and passage of affairs in former times. Davies. 10. [In horse­
manship] the course or manage of a horse forward and backward upon
the same plot of ground. 11. [In commerce, &c.] the hire paid for
being carried or transported by land or water, the fare for passing, 13.
[In a writing, endroit, Fr.] part of a book. To praise any passage in
an author. Addison.

Birds of PASSAGE, are such as only come at certain seasons of the year,
and then disappear again; the stork, swallow, nightingale, martin,
woodcock, quail, &c. which are supposed to pass the sea to some other
climate.

Fishes of PASSAGE, herrings, mackarel, &c.

PA’SSANT, 1. Passing. As I called upon him en passant; merely a
French mode. 2. [In heraldry] as a lion, or any other creature possant,
signifies walking along leisurely.

PASSARA’DO [in a ship] a rope, whereby all the sheet blocks or pul­
lies of the main, and fore-sails, are haled down aft; or the clew of the
main-sail to the cubbridge-head of the main-mast, and the clew of the
fore-sail to the cat-head.

PA’SSED, pret. and part. of pass. No good law passed. Addison.

PA’SSENGER [passager, Fr. passeggiere, It. passagéro, Sp.] a traveller,
one who is upon the road, a wayfarer; also one carried by land or sea,
and who hires in any vehicle the liberty of travelling.

PASSEPIE’D [in music books] an air in all respects very like a minuet,
except that it is play'd more brisk and lively.

PA’SSER [of pass] one who passes, or is upon the road. Carew.

PA’SSE-Volant [of passer, to pass, and volant, Fr. flying, q. d. one
who passes for and with the soldiers one day, but flies off the next] a
faggot, or one who musters as a soldier, but is not a listed man.

PASSIBI’LITY, or PA’SSIBLENESS [passibilité, Fr. possibilità, Sp. of
passible.] susceptibility of suffering, quality of receiving impressions from
external agents.

PA’SSIBLE, adj. Fr. [passibilis, Lat.] susceptible of impression from ex­
ternal agents. He thereby meaneth Christ's divine nature against
Apollinarius, which held even [his] deity itself passible. Hooker. But,
N. B. Apollinarius was not singular in this opinion; for, so far as we
can gather from antiquity, he had St. Justin, and his disciple Tatian,
with St. Irenæus, and the main body of the Ante-nicene Christians, on his
side; as they had not yet carried their conceptions of our Lord's divinity
so HIGH, as should oblige them to EXPLAIN AWAY (with Cerinthus) a
true and proper incarnation. See GNOSTICS, CERINTHIANS, NESTORI­
ANS, INCARNATION, and MANHOOD of CHRIST, compared. ABOVE ALL,
consult the word EUCHARIST, and read there, “that became passible.”

PA’SSING, part. adj. [of pass; passant, Fr.] 1. Going by. 2. Omit­
ting. 3. Supreme, eminent, surpassing others. 4. It is used adverbi­
ally, to enforce the meaning of another word; exceeding. Passing fair.
Milton.

PA’SSING-BELL, subst. [of passing and bell] the bell which rings at the
hour of departure, or immediately after death.

PA’SSINGLY, adv. [of passing] excellently; as, passingly well.

PA’SSION [passio of patior, Lat.] 1. The receiving of an action, any
effect caused by external agency. A body at rest, when set in motion, is
rather a passion than an action in it. Locke. 2. Violent commotion, or
transport of mind. All the art of rhetoric, besides order and perspi­
cuity, only moves the passions. Locke. 3. Love, affection, fondness.
To prove your passion for the daughter. Dryden and Lee. 4. Anger or
wrath. The word passion signifies the receiving any action in a large
philosophical sense; in a more limited philosophical sense, it signifies
any of the affections of human nature, as love, fear, joy, sorrow: but
the common people confine it only to anger. Watts. 6. Zeal, ardor.
They can have no passion for the glory of their country. Addison. 6.
Eagerness. Abate a little of that violent passion for fine cloaths. 7. Em­
phatically. The last suffering of the Redeemer of the world. He
shewed himself alive after his passion by many infallible proofs. Acts.

To PA’SSION, verb neut. [passionner, Fr.] to be extremely agitated, to
shew great commotion of mind; obsolete. Shakespeare.

PASSION [with physicians] any pain, uneasiness, or disturbance in the
body; as, the Iliac passion.

PASSION Cross [in heraldry] is so called, because it is supposed to re­
semble that cross on which our Saviour suffered, not crossed in the mid­
dle, but somewhat below the top.

PASSION Flower [granadilla, Lat.] a flower so named, from its hav­
ing the resemblance of several crosses, &c. when spread out to its full
length.

PASSION Week, the week next before the festival of Easter, named in
commemoration of our Saviour's crucifixion.

PA’SSIONATE, adj. [passioné, Fr. appassionado, Sp.] 1. Possessed with
passion, moved by passion, causing or expressing great commotion of
mind, A passionate degree of concern and remorse. Atterbury. 2.
Hasty, propense to anger, soon angry. 3. Amorous, affectionate; as,
a very passionate lover.

PASSIONATE, for a thing, i. e. having a strong desire for, or inclina­
tion to it.

To PA’SSIONATE, verb act. [of passion] 1. To affect with passion. 2.
To express passionately; both senses are obsolete.

PA’SSIONATELY, adv. [of passionate; passionnement, Fr.] 1. With pas­
sion, with desire, with love or hatred, with great commotion of mind.
Passionately loving of her husband. Dryden. 2. Angrily. They lay the
blame on the poor little ones, sometimes passionately enough. Locke.

PA’SSIONATENESS [of passionate] hasty, choleric temper, propensity to
passion, vehemence or commotion of mind. Boyle.

PA’SSIONS [in poetry] the passionate sentiments, gestures, actions, &c.
which the poet gives his persons.

PA’SSIVE [passif, F. passivo, It. and Sp. of passivus, Lat.] 1. Receiv­
ing impressions from some external agent. The mind is wholly passive in
the reception of all its simple ideas. Locke. 2. Not resisting, not oppo­
sing, suffering or bearing; in opposition to acting.

PASSIVE Prayer [with mystic divines] is a total suspension of the in­
tellectual faculties, in vertue whereof the soul remains, of itself, and in
its own powers, impotent, as to the producing any effects.








PASSIVE Principles [with chemists] are water and earth, which they so
call, because their parts are either at rest, or at least not so swiftly moved
as those of spirits, oil, and salt.

PASSIVE Voice of a Verb [with grammarians] one which betokens
suffering or being acted upon, as doceor, I am taught, &c.

PA’SSIVELY, adv. [of passive] with a passive nature, in a passive
sense.

PA’SSIVENESS [of passive] 1. Passive or suffering nature, passibility,
power of suffering. 2. Quality of receiving impression from external
agents.

PASSI’VITY [passivitas, Lat.] the state of insensibility, passiveness; an
innovated word.

PA’SSOVER [of pass and over] 1. A solemn festival of the Jews, ob­
served in commemoration of the destroying angel's passing over their
houses and not killing their first-born, when he flew those of the Egyp­
tians. 2. The sacrifice killed. Take a lamb and kill the passover.
Exodus. See PASCHA and PENTECOSTE.

PASS-PARO’LE, a word given at the head of an army, and thence com­
municating it to the rear, by passing it from mouth to mouth.

PA’SS-PORT, Fr. a licence or letter from a prince, governor, &c.
granting liberty and safe-conduct to travel and go out of his territories,
freely and without molestation.

PASS-PORT [in commerce] is a licence obtained for the importing or
exporting merchandizes, moveables, &c. without paying duties, these
are always given to ambassadors, &c. and sometimes to merchants, for
importing, &c. goods deemed contraband, &c.

PAST, pret. and part. pass. [of pass] 1. Not present, not come. Past
and to come seem best, things present worst. Shakespeare. 2. Spent,
gone through, undergone. A life of glorious labours Past. Pope. See
To PASS.

PAST, subst. elliptically used for past time. The past is all by death
possest. Fenton.

PAST, prep. 1. Beyond in time. She was past age. Sidney. 2. No longer
capable of. When he was esteemed past sense. Hayward. 3. Beyond,
out of reach of. What's gone and what's past help. Shakespeare. 4.
Beyond, further than. Until we be past thy borders. Numbers. 5. A­
bove, more than. Bows not past three quarters of a yard long. Spenser.

PASTE [pasta, Lat.] 1. Any thing mixt up so as to be viscous and te­
nacious, such as dough made of flour or meal, for bread, pies, &c. a sub­
stance made of boiled flower and water, for sticking any thing. 2. A
kind of cement. 3. Artificial mixture, in imitation of precious stones.

To PASTE, verb act. [paster, Fr. of pasta, Lat.] to stick together with
paste. Pasting the vowels and consonants on the sides of dice. Locke.

PA’STEBOARD, subst. [of paste and board] 1. Masses made antiently by
pasting one paper upon another: now made sometimes by macerating
paper, and casting it in moulds; sometimes by pounding old cordage,
and casting it in forms. 2. A very thin shaving of wood, used in making
band-boxes, &c.

PA’STEBOARD, adj. made of pasteboard. A pasteboard box. Mor­
timer.

PA’STEL, Fr. [pastello, It.] the plant woad.

PA’STERN [pasturon, pâturon, Fr. of a horse] 1. Is the lower part
of the leg, between the feet-lock; or pastern joint, and the coronet. 2.
The legs of a human creature; in contempt. So straight she walk'd, and
on her pasterns high Dryden. 3. A shackle for an horse.

PA’STIL [pastille, Fr. pastiglia, It. of pastillus, Lat.] 1. A sweet ball,
or perfumed composition. 2. A roll of paste, a crayon or sort of paste,
made up of various colours with gum, for painting. Peacham. 3. A
sort of a confection.

PA’STIME [of pass and time, passetemps, Fr. passatempo, It. passati­
empo, Sp.] diversion, recreation, sport, amusement. Addicted to luxury,
recreation, and pastime. Watts.

PASTINA’CA, Lat. [with botanists] a parsnep.

PASTOPHO’RI [παςοφοροι, of παστος, a veil or bed, and φερω, Gr. to
bear] certain priests, whose office it was, at solemn festivals, to carry
the shrine of the deity, when they were to pray for fair weather, rain,
&c.

PA’STOR, Lat. [pasteur, O. Fr. pastore, It.] 1. A shepherd or herds­
man. 2. A minister of a church, a clergyman who has the care of a
flock, one who has souls to feed with sound doctrine. South.

PA’STORAL, adj. Fr. [pastorale, It. pastoralis, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to a
pastor or minister of a church, relating to the cure of souls. The pastoral
care he had over his own flock. Hooker. 2. Beseeming a shepherd,
imitating a shepherd, rural, rustic. In those postoral pastimes Sidney.

PASTORAL, subst. [pastorale, Fr. and It. pastoril, Sp. and Lat.] a shep­
herd's song, or poem, by way of dialogue, in which the speakers take
upon them the character of shepherds and shepherdeffes; a poem in
which any action or passion is represented by its effects upon a country
life; and idylle, a bucolic. Pastoral is an imitation of the action of a
shepherd, the form of this imitation is dramatic or narrative, or mixed
of both; the fable simple, the manners not too polite nor too ristic.
Pope.

PASTORA’LE, It. [in music books] an air composed after a very sweet,
easy, gentle manner, in imitation of those airs which shepherds are sup­
posed to play.

PASTORAL Staff, the staff or crosier of a bishop, wherewith they are
invested.

PA’STRY [patisserie, Fr. paticceria, It.] 1. A place where pastry work
is wrought. 2. Pies, &c. made of paste, or baked paste. 3. The act
of making pies. Let never fresh machines your pastry try. King.

PA’STRY-COOK [of pastry and cook; patissier, Fr. pasticciere It. pastele­
ro, Sp. pasteleyro, Port.] a raiser of paste, one whose trade is to make
and sell things baked in paste.

PA’STURABLE, adj. [of pasture] fit for pasture.

PA’STURAGE [pasturage, pâturage, Fr. pastura, pascolo, It. pasto,
Sp. and Port. pascua, Lat.] 1. Pasture, or pasture ground, grounds
grazed by cattle. 2. The business of feeding cattle. Otherwise all
men would fall to pasturage, and none to husbandry. Spenser. 3. The
use of pasture. Cattle fatted by good pasturage. Arbuthnot.

PA’STURING, part. adj. [of pasture; paturant, Fr.] feeding, grazing
on the ground. Milton.

PA’STY [paste, Fr.] a pye made either of flesh or fruit, having a crust
raised without a dish.

PA’STURE, subst. Fr. [pastura, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. Food, the act of
feeding; this sense, if applied to human food, is unusual. 2. Ground
on which cattle feed or graze, land which is neither meadow nor
ploughed; but kept for the feeding of cattle. 3. Human culture, edu­
cation, institution; this is not very usual. From the first pasture of our
infant age. Dryden. 4. The feed or feeding-place of deer.

To PASTURE, verb neut. to graze on the ground, to feed, as cattle
do, in a pasture. See PASTERING.

To PASTURE, verb act. [pasturer, Fr. pasturare, It.] to put into pas­
ture, to feed cattle.


PAT

PAT, adj. [prob. of aptus, the letters being transposed by a meta­
thesis, or of pas, Du. Skinner] convenient, exactly suitable either as to
time or place, fit to the purpose. This is a low word, and should not be
used but in burlesque writings.

PAT, subst. [patte, Fr. is a foot; and thence pat may be a blow with
the foot] 1. A. small blow, a light quick blow, a tap. Gay pats my
shoulder. Pope. 2. Small lump of matter beat into shape with the
hand.

To PAT, verb act. [from the subst.] to hit or strike softly, as with
the finger, to tap.

PATACOO’N [patagon, Fr. pataccone, It.] a Spanish coin, in value about
4s. 8d. sterling.

PATADE’NE, Lat. [of pateo, Lat. to be open] an antient female deity,
to whom they attributed the care of the corn, when it sprung from the
blade.

PATE’NA [of patendo, Lat.] a cover or lid of the chalice used in Ro­
mish churches to hold the particles of the host, which is given the people
to kiss when they make an offering. See EUCHARIST and OBLATION of
Christ.

PATA’RT, or PARTA’T, a Dutch stiver, five of which are in value
six-pence.

To PATCH, verb act. [prob. of pazza, It. a piece, or pezzare, It.
pudtzer, Dan.] 1. To mend or cover with a piece sewed on. 2. To
adorn the face with small round spots of black silk, to put patches on
the face. 3. To mend clumsily, to mend so as that the original strength
or beauty is lost, to botch. 4. To make up of shreds or different
pieces in general.

PATCH, subst. [of patagium, Lat. a border] 1. A piece sewed on a
garment, or any thing of cloth, worn or torn, in order to cover or mend
a hole. 2. A piece inserted in mosaic or variegated work. 3. A small
particle, a parcel of land. We go to gain a little patch of ground.
Shakespeare. 4. A sorry paltry fellow. Obsolete.

PA’TCHER [of patch] one that patches, a botcher.

PA’TCHERY [of patch] botchery, bungling work, forgery. Obso­
lete.

PA’TCHING, part. [of patch] setting a piece or patch upon a garment,
&c. See PATCH.

PA’TCHWORK [of patch and work] work made by sewing small pieces
of different colours interchangeably together.

PATE [incert. etym. except of téte, Fr. a head. Skinner. T being
changed into P] the head; now commonly used in contempt or ridicule,
but anciently in serious language.

PATE [in fortification] a sort of fortification like what they call an
horse-shoe, not always regular, but generally oval, encompassed only
with a parapet, having nothing to flank it; it is usually erected in
marshy grounds to cover the gate of a town.

PA’TED, adj. [of pate] having a pate or head. It is used only in
composition, as longpated, or cunning; shallowpated, or foolish.

PATEE’, as a cross patee [in heraldry] a cross small in the centre and
widening towards the extremes.

PATEFA’CTION, the act of opening or laying open; act of discovering
or making manifest, state of being open.

PATE’LLA, Lat. [in anatomy] the round broad bone at the joining of
the knee and leg, the whirl-bone of the knee.

PA’TEN, subst. [patina, Lat.] a plate. Now obsolete. Shakespeare.

PA’TENT, adj. Fr. [patens, Lat.] 1. Open to the perusal of all; as,
letters patents. 2. Something appropriated by letters patent. In king
Charles the Ist's time, madder was made a patent commodity. Mor­
timer.

PA’TENTS, plur. of patent [patentes, Fr. and Sp. patente, It. of patens,
Lat. lying open] a writing sealed open with the broad seal of the king­
dom. Not complying with a royal patent. Swift.

PATENTEE’, subst. [of patent] one who has had a patent granted
him.

PA’TER, Lat. a father, a title given to the head or chief of a mona­
stery, &c. of Franciscan friars.

PATER-NO’STER [i. e. our father] the Lord's prayer, so named from
the first two words of it in the Latin. Whence,

PATER-NO’STERS [with Roman Catholics] are the great beads of
their chaplets, used in their devotions.

PATER-NOSTERS [in architecture] certain ornaments placed under­
neath ovolo's, cut in form of beads, either round or oval.

Cross PATER-NOSTER [with heralds] is the representation of a cross
made with beads.

PATE’RNAL, adj. [paternel, Fr. paternus, from pater, Lat. father] 1.
Fatherly, pertaining to a father, having the relation of a father. 2.
Hereditary, received in succession or descent from one's father. His
paternal estate. Dryden.

PATE’RNITY [of paternal; or paternité, Fr. paturnus, from pater,
Lat.] fathership, the relation of a father, fatherlike affection or care.

PATH [path, Sax. padt, Du. pfad, Ger.] a track or beaten way, a
road. In conversation it is used of a narrow way to be passed on foot,
but in solemn language it means any passage or road.

PATH of the Vertex [with astronomers] a circle described by any point
of the earth, as it turns round its axis.

PATHETI’CI [with anatomists] the fourth of the ten pair of nerves
which arise out of the medulla oblongata.

PATHE’TIC Music, music that is very moving, expressive, passionate,
capable of exciting pity, compassion, anger, or the like passion.

PATHETIC Nerves [in anatomy] the fourth pair which arise from the
medulla oblongata.

PATHE’TIC, or PATHE’TICAL, adj. [pathetique, Fr. patetico, It. and
Sp. patheticus, Lat. of παθητιχος, Gr.] moving the passions or affections,
passionate.

PATHE’TICALLY, adv. [of pathetical; patheticè, Lat.] after a man­
ner that moves the affections.

PATHE’TICALNESS [of pathetical] the quality of moving the affec­
tions.








PA’THIC [pathicus, Lat. πασχω, Gr. to suffer] a sodomite, an ingle,
who suffers his body to be abused contrary to nature.

PA’THLESS, adj. [of path] untrodden, not marked with tracks or
paths. Pathless woods. Sandys.

PATHOGNOMO’NIC, or PATHOGNOMO’NICUM, Lat. subst. [of παθος,
passion, γνωμονιχη, of γνωμον, an index from, γινοσχω, Gr. to know] a
proper and inseparate sign of such and such a disease, which is peculiar
to the disease, and which, as such, distinguishes it from all others.
See DISTINCTION and DIACRISIS.

PATHOGNO’MONIC, adj. [from the subst.] belonging to such signs of a
disease as are inseparable, designing the essence or real nature of the dis­
ease, not symptomatic. Quincy.

PATHOLO’GIC, or PATHOLO’GICAL, adj. [pathologique, Fr. of παπολο­
για, of παθος and λογος, Gr.] treating of pathology, i. e. of the preter­
natural constitution of the body of man; discovering the cause, nature,
tokens, discoverable effects, and difference of diseases.

PATHO’LOGIST [of παθος and λεγω, Gr. to treat of] one who treats
of pathology.

PATHO’LOGY [pathologie, Fr. παθολογια, from παθος and λεγω, Gr.
to describe] a part of physic which considers diseases, their natures,
causes, symptoms and differences.

PATHOPOIE’A, Lat. [παθοποια, of παθος, passion, and ποιεω, Gr. to
make or cause] 1. The raising of a passion. 2. [With rhetoricians] a
method by which the mind is moved and stirred up to anger, hatred,
pity, &c.

PA’THOS [παθος, Gr.] 1. Passion, that which one suffers or has suffered.
2. [With rhetoricians] it signifies the several affections which the orator
excites in his hearers. Or rather that warmth, and affection of mind
which he feels [or seems to feel] within himself; according to that rule
of Horace, “st vis me flere, dolendum est tibi prius.”

PA’THWAY [of path and way] a road. Strictly, a narrow way, to be
passed on foot.

PA’TIBLE, adj. [patabilis, Lat.] capable of suffering, or having suf­
fered; also sufferable, tolerable.

PATI’BULARY, adj. [patibulaire, Fr. of patibulum, Lat. a gallows]
pertaining to the gallows.

PA’TIENCE, Fr. [pazienza, It. paciencia, Sp. and Port. of patientia,
Lat.] 1. A vertue enabling to endure pain, afflictions, losses, crosses, cala­
mities, &c. with calmness of mind and constancy; the power of suffer­
ing or expecting long without rage or discontent; the power of support­
ing faults or injuries without revenge; long suffering. 2. Sufferance,
permission. By their patience be it spoken, the apostles preached. Hooker.
3. An herb, being a sort of large and very sour sorrel, a species of
dock.

PA’TIENT, Fr. [patiente, It. paciente, Sp. of patiens, Lat.] 1. Having
the quality of enduring; that quietly and calmly bears pains; not re­
vengeful against injuries, afflictions or affronts. 4. Not easily provoked.
Be patient toward all men. 1 Thessalonians. 5. Not hasty, not vitiously
eager or impetuous.

PATIENT, subst. [with physicians, &c.] 1. One under their direction,
in order for the cure of some distemper. 2. It is commonly used of the
relation between the sick and the physician. 3. It is sometimes used ab­
solutely for a sick person. The poor patient. Dryden. 4. That which
receives impressions from external agents. 5. [In philosophy] is op­
posed to agent, or that which acts.

To PATIENT, verb act. [patienter, Fr.] to compose one's self, to be­
have with patience. Obsolete. Shakespeare.

PATIE’NTIÆ Musculus, Lat. [with anatomists] the muscle of patience,
so called from the great service of it in labour. It is the same as levator
scapulæ.

PA’TIENTLY, adv. [of patience; patienter, Lat.] with patience, with­
out rage under pain or affliction. Without vicious impetuosity. Pa­
tiently to attend to the dictates of their own minds. Calamy.

PA’TIENTNESS [of patient; patientia, Lat.] patient temper.

PATI’NE [patene, Fr. patena, It. of patina, Lat.] a sort of plate or
saucer with which the chalice is covered at mass.

PA’TLY, adv. [of pat] fitly, opportunely.

PA’TNESS [of pat] fitness, opportuneness.

PATO’NCE, as a cross patonce [with heralds] is a cross that has its ends
flory, but yet differs from that which is called a cross flory, in that the
flory circumflexes and turns down like a fleur-de-lis, but the cross pa­
tonce extends and stretches to a certain patee form.

PA’TRIARCH [patriarche, Fr. patriarca, It. and Sp. patriarcha, Lat.
πατριαρχης, Gr.] the first father and ruler of a family or nation, one who
governs by paternal right. So spake the Patriarch of mankind. Milton.

PATRIARCH [in an ecclesiastical sense] a bishop in the church superior
to an archbishop; of which in antient times there were five, viz. at
Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch. Patri­
archs and ecclesiastical primates. Ayliffe. See EXARCH and BISHOP.

PATRIA’RCHAL, adj. Fr. [patriarcale, It. of patriarchalis, Lat.] 1. Per­
taining to a patriarch, enjoyed or possessed by patriarchs. 2. Belonging
to hierarchical patriarchs. The patriarchal sees. Ayliffe.

PATRIA’RCHAL Cross [in heraldry] is one that has its shaft crossed
twice, the upper arms of it being shorter, and the lower longer.

PATRIA’RCHATE [patriarchat, Fr. of patriarchatus, Lat.] the state,
dignity, or jurisdiction of a patriarch; also a primate of a national
church.

PA’TRIARCHSHIP [of patriarch] the dignity or jurisdiction of a pa­
triarch, a bishopric superior to archbishops. Ayliffe.

PA’TRIARCHY, subst. jurisdiction of a patriarch, patriarchate. Brere­
wood.

PATRI’CIAN, adj. [patricien, Fr. patricius, Lat.] senatorian, noble,
not plebeian. His horse's hoofs wet with patrician blood. Addison.

PATRICIAN, subst. [patricien, Fr. patricio, It. of patricius, Lat.] one
descended of a noble family, a nobleman; in opposition to a plebean.
Wealthy patricians. Swift.

PATRI’CIATE [patriciat, Fr. of patriciatus, Lat.] the dignity of a pa­
trician.

PATRIMO’NIAL, adj. Fr. [patrimoniale, It. of patrimonialis, Lat.] per­
taining to an estate of inheritance, possessed by inheritance.

PA’TRIMONY [patrimoine, Fr. patrimonio, It. and Sp. of patrimonium,
Lat.] an inheritance, estate, or money, descending from, or left by a
father to a son.

St. Peter's PATRIMONY, a province in Italy, which, with its profits
and dependencies, is united to the see of Rome.

PA’TRIOT [πατριωτης, Gr.] a father of his country, a public bene­
factor, one whose ruling passion is the love of his country.

PA’TRIOTISM, the quality of acting like a father to his country; pub­
lick-spiritedness, love or zeal for one's country.

PA’TRIOTSHIP [of patriot] office, dignity, or quality of a patriot.

PATRIPA’SSIANS, a name given to the Sabellians, because they be­
lieved that the Father himself, and not the Son, was crucified.
N. B. The patripassians and Noetians were prior to Sabellius; and in­
deed Epiphanius represents Sabellius as not maintaining that the FATHER
was incarnate and suffered; tho' holding the foundation principle of the
Noetians and Patripassians, viz. that the FATHER and the SON were one
and the self-same individual Being. See MARCELLIANS, SABELLIANISM,
and NOETIANS, compared with what we have offered under the words
HYPOSTASIS and ATHANASIANS.

PATROCINA’TION, Lat. the act of patronizing, protecting, or defend­
ing; the act of maintaining the right of any one.

PATROCI’NY [patrocinio, It. patrocinium, Lat.] the same as patrocina­
tion.

PATRO’L [patrouille, patouille, O. Fr. in military affairs] 1. A round or
march made by the guards or watch in the night-time, to observe what
passes in the streets, and to secure the peace and tranquility of the city
or camp, and to see that orders are kept. 2. Those that go the
rounds.

To PATRO’L, verb neut. [patrouiller, Fr.] to go the rounds in a camp
or garrison.

PATRO’LING, part. [of patrol] marching about a city, garrison, &c.
in the night, as soldiers do, to prevent surprizes, disorders, &c.

PA’TRON, Fr. and Sp. [padrone, It. of patronus, Lat.] 1. A friend of
interest or power, one who countenances, supports or protects. 2. An ad­
vocote, a defender, a vindicator. The patrons of innate principles. Locke.
3. A particular guardian saint of any kingdom, city, &c. St. Mi­
chael is mentioned as the patron of the Jews. Dryden. 4. [In common and
canon law] one who has the right of presentation to a benefice, one who
has the gift of ecclesiastical preferments. 5. [In civil law] a master who
has made his slave or servant free.

PATRON [in navigation] a name given in the Mediterranean sea to
the person who commands the ship and mariners; and sometimes to the
person who steers, or the pilot.

PATRON Paramount, the king, who is so to all the ecclesiastical bene­
fices in England.

PA’TRONAGE [of patron; patrocinium, Lat.] 1. Defence, protection,
support. 2. Guardianship of saints. Addison. 3. [Fr. patronaggio, It.
patronatus, Lat.] the right belonging to the founder of a church, &c. of
presentation to that benefice.

Lay PATRONAGE [in law] is a right attach'd to the person, either as
founder, or heir of the founder; or as possessor of the fee to which the
patronage is annexed, and is either real or personal.

Real Lay PATRONAGE, is that which is attach'd to the glebe, or to a
certain inheritance.

Personal Lay PATRONAGE, is that which belongs immediately to the
founder of the church, and is transmittible to his children and family,
without being annexed to any fee.

Ecclesiastical PATRONAGE [in law] is that which a person is entitled
to by vertue of some benefit which he holds.

Arms of PATRONAGE [in heraldry] are those at the top, whereof some
are marks of subjection and dependance, as the city of Paris bears 3
flowers de lys in chief, to shew her dependance on the king.

To PATRONAGE, verb act. [from the subst.] to patronize, to protect.
Shakespeare.

PA’TRONAL, adj. [patronalis, of patronus, Lat.] pertaining to a pa­
tron, protecting, doing the office of a patron.

PA’TRONESS [patronne, Fr. padronessa, It. Sp. and Port. of patrona,
Lat.] 1. A female patron, a female that defends or supports. He pe­
tition'd his patroness. L'Estrange. 2. A female guardian saint.

PATRONI’SER [of patronize] a patron, defender, &c.

To PA’TRONIZE, verb act. [patrocinor, Lat.] to protect, to counte­
nance, to support. He must not be patronized or winked at. Bacon.

PA’TRONSHIP [of patron] the office, &c. of a patron.

PATRONY’MIC, adj. [patronymique, Fr. of patronymicus, Lat. of πατρο­
νυμιχος, Gr.] pertaining to the names of men derived from their ance­
stors.

PATRONY’MICS, subst. plur. of patronymic [πατρωνυμιχα, Gr.] names
men derive from their fathers, grandfathers, or other ancestors, as
Æacidus the son of Æacus. Tectonides being a patronymic. Broome.

PATROVI’LLE, See PATRO’L.

PATTE’E [in heraldry] a cross pattee, is a cross that is small in the
center, and goes widening to the ends.

PA’TTEN, or PA’TTIN [patin, Fr. patine, Du.] a sort of clog or
wooden shoe with an iron ring for a supporter, worn by women under
the common shoe to keep them from the dirt.

PA’TTEN of a Pillar, subst. the base. Ainsworth.

PA’TTEN-MAKER [of patten and maker] he that makes pattens.

To PA’TTER, verb neut. [of pattie, Ft. the foot] to strike as hail or
any small things falling, or being thrown in great numbers, to make a
noise like the quick steps of many feet.

PA’TTERN [patron, Fr. patroon, Du.] 1. The original proposed to
imitation, the archetype, the exemplar, a model. 2. A specimen, a
part shown; as, a sample of any thing. 3. An instance, an example.
As a fearful pattern of his just displeasure. Hooker. 4. Any thing cut
out in paper to direct the cutting of cloth.

To PA’TTERN, verb act. [patronner, Fr.] 1. To make in imitation
of something, to copy. 2. To serve as an example to be followed.
Neither sense is now much used.

PA’TULOUS [in botanic writers] that blows open.


PAV

PA’VAN, PAVA’NA, or PA’VIN, a grave and majestic Spanish dance,
wherein the dancers turn round, and make a wheel or tail before them
like that of a peacock; also the gravest and slowest sort of instrumental
music, consisting generally of three strains.

PAU’CITY [paucitas, from paucus, Lat. few] 1. Fewness, smallness of
number. Paucity of schols. Hooker. 2. Smalless of quantity. Paucity
of blood. Brown.

PA’UDISHAW [i. e. an expeller of princes, or injuries] a title given to
the grand seignior.

To PAVE, verb act. [paver, Fr. of pavio, Lat.] 1. To lay a way with
stones or bricks, to floor with stone. 2. To make a passage easy, in
general.








PA’VEMENT [pavé, Fr. of pavimento, It. pavimentum, Lat.] a paved
floor or causeway, stone floor, stones or bricks laid on the ground.

PA’VER. See PA’VIER.

PAVE’NTIA [among the Romans] a goddess who, as they fancied,
protected children from fears; or, as others say, frightened them.

PAVE’SE, or PAVI’SE [pavois, Fr.] a large shield which covers the
whole body.

PAVOISA’DE, or PAVISA’DO, a target of defence in a galley, to cover
the slaves that row on the benches.

PAVILA’DE, a shelter for rowers in a galley.

PA’VIER [un paveur, Fr. pavitor, Lat.] a maker of pavements in
streets, one who lays the stones.

PAVIERS is an ancient company, their coat argent, a chevron between
three rammers sable.

PAVI’LION [pavillon, Fr. padiglione, It. pavellon, Sp.] a tabernacle or
tent of state, a temporary or moveable house.

PAVILION [of papilio, Lat. or padiglione, It.] a turret or building
usually insulated, and under one single roof; sometimes square, and
sometimes in form of a dome.

PAVI’LION [in war] a tent raised on posts to lodge under in summer­
time.

PAVILION [in heraldry] a covering in form of a tent, which invests
or wraps up the armories of divers kings and sovereigns, depending only
upon God and their sword.

To PAVILION, verb act. [from the subst.] to furnish with tents.

To PAVILION, verb neut. To be encompassed or inclosed in a pavilion,
to be sheltered by a tent. Dryden.

PAVI’LIONED, part. pass. [of pavilion] covered with a pavilion. Mil­
ton.

PAVI’LIONS [in architecture] a term used for projecting pieces in the
facade of a building, which mark the middle of it.


PAU

PAU’LIANISTS, a sect so called; the followers of Paulus Samosatenus,
a bishop of Antioch, who explained away the Hypostasis, or real substan­
tial existence of the son of God before his incarnation, and affirmed Christ
to be (as Eusebius well expresses it) χοινος την φυσιν ανθρωπος, i. e. a man
of the same nature in common with us. EUSEB. Eccles. Histor. Ed. Rob.
Stephan. p. 79. and Euseb. de Eccles. Theolog. Ed. Colon. p. 75. Whereas
in the judgment of Eusebius, Novation, Irenæus, and the main body of
the Antenicenes, &c. He was a divine spirit, or person, united to flesh,
and not (as Paul, quibbling on the different acceptations of the term
Logos, affirmed) a man of the same nature in common with us, united to
the intelligent principle [or reason] of God the Father. Epiphanius, Ed.
Basil. p. 262, 266.
 This doctrine of Paul was condemned by the first council of Antioch,
composed of no less than 80 bishops, and held (as Petavius observes) about
A C. 260. But the letter, which Hymenæus, bishop of Jerusalem, in con­
junction with some others then present, wrote to him upon this occasion, af­
fords us the best and fullest comment on his whole scheme. For after ha­
ving profest (agreeably to all their predecessors in the faith) their belief
“in ONE unbegotten, unoriginated, invisible, and immutable God;
the knowledge of WHOM is communicated to us by HIS son;” they pro­
ceed to observe, “that this son is the first-born of all creation:” [and
not, as the bishop of Samosata affirmed, a being that began to exist so
late as the reign of Augustus Cæsar] nor was he, as Paul and Socinus after
Him insinuated, “a God by mere predestination, or fore-knowledge; but
ουσια χαι υποςασει θεος, i. e. a God in ESSENCE and HYPOSTASIS, i. e. a
divine person, possessed of his own proper essence, and substantially existing;
and no at mere attxibute, or power; not ανυποστατος επιστημη (for so the coun­
cil explains itself) not the UNSUBSTANTIAL KNOWLEDGE [or reason] of
God the Father. [See HYPOSTASIS.] And whereas Paul had objected to
them, that upon their scheme they advanced the doctrine of TWO GODS;
they deny that charge, by observing (with all antiquity) “that the Son's
Godhead extends only over the creation commonly so called; whereas the
Father's Godhead extends over the SON HIMSELF, and consequently over
all things without exception; and in support of this distinction in point of
Godhead, they appeal to those words “GOD THY GOD hath anointed
Thee,” &c. See DITHEISM, FIRST CAUSE, and MONARCHY of the Uni­
verse compared. To the same effect they observe, “that whatever
agency and concern the Son of God had in the work of creation, it was of
the ministerial kind; as being in consequence of the FATHER'S COMMAND,
and fulfilling the FATHER'S COUNSEL [or will:] As also “that in sub­
serviency to the FATHER'S WILL, he made those divine appearances
mentioned in scripture; he did so in the capacity of his FATHER'S ANGEL
[or messenger:] nor do they scruple to affirm “that it would be an im­
pious thing to suppose, this inferior character, viz. of an angel or mes­
senger, was applicable to the GOD of the UNIVERSE. [See Angel of
God's PRESENCE, MEDIATE Agency, and CERINTHIANS, compared
with Irenæus adv. Hæreses, Ed. Grabe, p. 208] and when proceeding to
explain the doctrine of the INCARNATION, they do it, not by affirming
(with Paul) that Christ was a man of the SAME NATURE IN COMMON
with us) united to something divine: But by telling us, “that the BODY,
which was from the virgin, contained the whole fullness of Godhead,”
i. e. contained that truly divine person, whose pre-existence Paul denied;
and who now emptied himself [observe their phraseology] απο του ειναι ισα
θεω, i. e. FROM being equal [or like] to God.” And what is well worthy
our notice, they add, that “he was one person AFTER one and THE
SAME MANNER, both before and since his incarnation;” i. e. and they ex­
plain it, “a spirit, one and the same thing in ESSENCE; [and not a com­
pound of a mere human soul with something divine] one and the same
thing; tho', according to the different views in which he is considered,
admitting of different names and appellations.” [See MONOTHELITES.]
All which should seem to cast no favourable aspect on some later systems
of divinity; and in particular on those portraitures which they have given
us of the INCARNATION. But this is not the only light, that may be struck
out from this NOBLE MONUMENT of antiquity: The reader will find
something more, and perhaps of equal importance, under the word PRO­
BOLE, SABELLIANS, or VALENTINIANS, compared with what we have
already suggested under the words HOMOÜSIANS, and NICENE Council.

PAULI’CIANS [so called of Paulus their chief] to the errors of the
Manichees, they added an abhorrence of the cross, and employed it to
the most servile uses out of despight. See PAULIANISTS.

PAUNCH. See PAU’NCHES.

To PAUNCH, verb act. [from the subst.] to pierce or rip the belly, to
take out the paunch. Shakespeare.

PAU’NCHES, plur. of paunch, which the Scots chiefly retain when they
speak of the maw of a cow or ox [panse, Fr. pancia, It. pança, Sp. pantz,
L. Ger. and Teut. pantex, Lat.] the belly, intestines, or guts of an ani­
mal, the region of the guts.

PAU’PER, subst. Lat. a poor person, one who receives alms.

Forma PAU’PERIS, in form of a poor man. Thus to sue in forma pau­
peris, is when the judge of a court assigns an attorney, clerk, or counsel,
to maintain the cause of a poor person, and to plead for him or her with­
out fees.

PAUSA’RIUS [among the Romans] an officer who directed the stops,
or pauses, in the solemn pomps or processions of the goddess Isis, i. e.
the stands or places where the statues of Isis and Anubis were set down;
also an officer in the gallies who gave the signal to the rowers, that they
might act in concert, and row altogether.

PAUSE, Fr. It. and Sp. [pausa, Lat. πανω, Gr.] 1. A rest or stop, a
place or time, an intermission. 2. Suspense, doubt. I stand in pause
where I shall first begin. Shakespeare. 3. Break, paragraph, apparent
separation of the parts of a discourse. Those partitions and pauses which
men educated in the schools, observe. Locke. 4. [In music] an artificial
discontinuance of the sound or voice. 5. A character of silence or re­
pose, place of suspending the voice marked in writing.

To PAUSE, verb neut. [pauser, Fr. pausare, It. and Lat.] 1. To make
a stop for a time, not to proceed. Tarry, pause a day or two. Shake­
speare. 2. To consider, to deliberate. Pausing a little upon the matter.
Knolles. 3. To be intermitted. The pealing organ and the pausing
choir. Tickell.

PAU’SER [of pause] one that pauses or deliberates. Shakespeare.

PAW, Fo! an interjection of nauseating.

PAW, subst. [patte, Fr. pawen, Wel.] 1. The foot of a beast of prey.
2. Hand; in contempt. Dryden.

To PAW, verb neut. [from the subst. patiner, Fr.] to draw the fore­
foot along the ground.

To PAW, verb act. 1. To strike with a draught of the fore-foot. 2.
To handle roughly. 3. To fawn, to flatter. Ainsworth.

PAWED, adj. [of paw] 1. Having paws, 2. Broad-footed. Ains­
worth.

PAWL [in a ship] a little piece of iron bolted to one end of the beams
of the deck, so as to keep the capstan from recoiling.

To PAWL the Capstan [a sea phrase] to stop the capstan with the pawl.

PAWL [in Guinea] a small piece of money, equal to three farthings
English.

PAWN [pegno, It. empegno, Sp. pfand, H. Ger. paendt, Du. pand, L.
Ger. pant, Su. pan, Fr.] 1. Something given to pledge as security for
money borrowed or promise made. 2. The state of being pledged. My
honour is at pawn. Shakespeare. 3. A common man at chess. Ainsworth.

To PAWN, verb act. [from the noun; impegnare, It. empenàr, Sp. of
pfanden, H. Ger.] to pledge, to give in pledge, to put into the hands
of another as a security for money borrowed, &c.

PA’WN-BROKER [of pawn and broker; pander, Du.] one who lends
money upon a pledge.

PAX [with Roman catholics] a kind of image given to be kissed when
they go to the offering.

To PAY [payer, Fr. pagare, It. apagar, Sp. and Port. paco, Lat.] 1.
To discharge a debt. 2. To dismiss one to whom any thing is due with
his money. 3. To atone, to make amends by suffering. 4. [Prob. of
παιω, Gr.] to beat. Shakespeare. 5. To reward, to recompense. 6. To
give the equivalent for any thing bought.

To PAY the Seams of a Ship [prob. of poix, Fr. pitch] to lay them over
with hot pitch; or to lay on a coat of new stuff, after her soil has been
burnt off; this stuff is a mixture of tallow and soap, or of train oil, rosin
and brimstone, boiled together.

PAY, subst. [from the verb; paye, Fr. paga, Sp. and Port.] wages,
hire, payment, or money given in return for service.

To be PAY'D [a sea phrase] a ship is said to be so, when tacking about
all her sails are back-stay'd, i. e. lie flat against the masts and shrouds.

PA’YABLE, adj. [pagabile, It.] 1. That is or ought to be paid, due.
2. Such as there is power or ability to pay. Thanks are a tribute paya­
ble to the poorest. South.

PA’Y-DAY [of pay and day] day on which debts are to be discharged,
or wages paid.

PA’YER [paieur, Fr.] one that pays.

PA’YING, part. act. of pay [of payant, of payer, Fr.] 1. Discharging a
debt. 2. A beating.

PA’YMENT [payerient, Fr. pagamento, It. pagamiento, Sp.] 1. The act
of paying of money. 2. The discharge of debt or promise. 3. A re­
ward. The payment of sin. Hooker. 4. Chastisement, sound beating.

Prompt PAYMENT, the payment of a bill or debt before it becomes
due.

PA’YNIMS, pagans or heathens. See PAINIM.

To PAYSE, verb act. [used by Spenser for poise] to balance: obso­
lete.

PA’YSER [of payse] one that weighs.

PAY’TREL [poitrel, Fr. pectorale, Lat.] the breast-plate of a horse's
furniture.


PEA

PEA [pois, Fr. pisello, It. pisum, Lat. pisa, Sax.] a kind of pulse.

PEACE [pax, Lat. paix, Fr. pace, It. paz, Sp.] 1. Rest, quiet, con­
tent, or happiness, by way of salutation, as, Peace be unto thee. Judges.
2. Reconciliation of differences. Let him make peace with me. Isaiah.
3. Respite from war, the direct opposite to war. 4. Quiet from suits or
disturbances. And commanded that Sherborn should hold his land in
peace. Davies. 5. Rest from any commotion. 6. Stilness from riots or
tumults. 7. A state not hostile, concord, agreement. Rewarded evil
unto him that was at peace with me. Psalms. 8. Silence, suppression of
the thoughts. I held my peace. Psalms.

PEACE, interj. stop, silence. Peace, the lovers are asleep. Crashaw.
He that would live in PEACE and rest,
Must hear and see, and say the best.
This distich is a dehortation from censoriousness and detraction.

PEACE [in the sense of the law] a quiet and inoffensive behaviour to­
wards the king and his people.

PEACE of the King, that peace and security both for life and goods,
which the king affords to all his subjects, or foreigners taken into his pro­
tection.

Clerk of the PEACE, an officer of the sessions of the peace, whose busi­
ness it is to read indictments, to inrol the acts, and to draw up the pro­
cess; to return the copies of indictments, outlawries, attainders, &c. to
the king's bench.








PEA’CEABLE, adj. [of peace; paisible, Fr. pacifice, It. and Port. apa­
zible, Sp. pacificus, Lat.] 1. Quiet, undisturbed. 2. Not turbulent,
not quarrelsome, not given to strife. 3. Free from war, free from tu­
mult. Introduced in a peaceable manner. Swift. 4. Not violent, not
bloody. A happy and peaceable death. Hale.

PEA’CEABLENESS [of peaceable] peaceable temper, quiet dispo­
sition.

PEA’CEABLY, adv. [of peaceable; paisiblement, Fr.] 1. In a peace­
able manner, without war, without tumult. Swift. 2. Without distur­
bance or tumult. Disturb him not, let him pass peaceably. Shake­
speare.

PEA’CEFUL, adj. [of peace and full] 1. Quiet, not in war. 2. Pa­
cific, mild. The peaceful power. Dryden. 3. Undisturbed, still, se­
cure. Nor saw displeas'd the peaceful cottage rise. Pope.

PEA’CEFULLY, adv. [of peaceful] 1. Quietly, without disturbance.
2. Mildly, gently.

PEA’CEFULNESS [of peaceful] quiet, freedom from disturbance.

PEA’CEMAKER [of peace and maker] one who reconciles differences.

PEA’CE-OFFERING, subst. [of peace and offer] among the Jews, a sa­
crifice or gift offered to God, for atonement or reconciliation for a crime
or offence.

PEA’CEPARTED, adj. [of peace and parted] dismissed from the world
in peace. Shakespeare.

PEACH [pêche, Fr. pesca, It. persigo, Sp. malum persicum, Lat. persuas,
Sax.] a fruit well known.

To PEACH, verb act. [corrupted from to impeach] to accuse of some
crime. Dryden.

PEA’CH-COLOURED, adj. [of peach and colour] having a colour like a
peach. Shakespeare.

PEA’CHICK [of pea and chick] the chicken of a peacock. Southern.

PEA’COCK [pavo, Lat. pawo, Sax. psau, Ger. paon, Fr. paone, It. pa­
von, Sp. pavam, Port. of this word the etymology is not known; per­
haps it is peak cock, from the tuft of feathers on its head; the peak of
women being an ancient ornament: if it be not rather a corruption of
beaucoq, Fr. from the more striking lustre of its bespangled train] a fowl
eminent for the beauty of his feathers, and particularly of his tail.

PEA’-HEN [of pea and hen; penache, Fr. pava, Lat.] the female of
the peacock.

PEAK [peac Sax. pique, pic, Fr.] 1. The sharp point of a thing. 2.
The rising forepart of a headdress. 3. The top of a hill or eminence.
Or on Meander's bank or Latmus' peak. Prior. 4. Any thing pointed
or acuminated.

To PEAK, verb neut. [some derive it of piecinino, It. or pequenno, Sp.
small or little] 1. To look sickly or weakly. 2. To make a mean
figure, to sneak. The peaking cornuto her husband. Shakespeare.

PE’AKING, part. of to peak; which see.

PEAL [pello, as pellere tympanum, Lat. a succession of loud sounds] a
loud noise, especially of bells, thunder, cannon, or any other loud in­
struments. And rung a HIDEOUS PEAL. Milton.

To PEAL, verb neut. [from the subst.] to play loudly and solemnly.
The pealing organ. Milton.

To PEAL, verb act. 1. To assail with loud noise. See PEAL. 2.
To stir with some agitation. Ainsworth.

PE’ALED, part pass. [of to peal] troubled or deafened with the noise.
Milton.

PEAN [in heraldry] is when the field or ground of furs of a coat of
arms is sable, and the powderings are or.

PEAR [poire, Fr. pera, It. Sp. and Port. of pyrum, Lat. pere, Sax.
pere, Dan. peere, Du. patron, Su.] a sort of fruit, of which Mr. Miller
enumerates 84 species.

PEARL [perle, Fr. perle, Dan. peerl, Du. perl, Ger. pearl, Sax. perla,
Sp; supposed by Salmasius to come from spherula, Lat. a little rule or
ball] a gem or jewel; a hard, round, white, clear substance, usually
roundish, found in a testaceous fish resembling an oister. Pearls, tho'
esteemed of the number of gems by our jewellers, are but a distemper in
the creature that produces them. The fish in which pearls are most fre­
quently found, is the East-Indian berbes, or pearl oister: others are
found to produce pearls, as the common oister, the muscle, and various
other kinds; but the Indian pearls are superior to all.

PEARL [in heraldry] by those heralds that blazon the coat armour of
great men by precious stones instead of colours, is used instead of
white.

Mother of PEARL, is the shell of the pearl oister, or fish wherein the
pearls are formed.

PEARL Albugo [with occulists] an annatural white speck, or thin film
over the eye.

PEARL [with printers] a small sort of printing letter.

PEA’RLED, adj. [of pearl] adorned or set with pearls. Milton.

PEA’RLGRASS, PEA’RLPLANT, and PEA’RLWORT, subst. names of diffe­
rent plants. Ainsworth.

PEA’RLY, adj. 1. Abounding with pearls, containing pearls. Invest­
ed with a pearly shell. Woodward. 2. Resembling pearls. Pearly
dew. Dryden..

PEARMA’IN, a sort of delicate apple. Pearmain is an excellent and
well known fruit. Mortimer.

PEAR-TREE [poirier, Fr. pero, It. peral, Sp. pereyra, Port. of pirige,
Sax.] a fruit tree, of which there are divers species. The pear-tree,
critics will have to borrow his name of πυρ, fire. Bacon.

PEAS, when it is mentioned as a single body, it is pea, but makes
peas in the plural; but when spoken of collectively, as food or a species,
it is called pease, anciently peason, pisa, Sax. pois, Fr. piso, It. pisum,
Lat.] food of pease. Tusser.

PEA’S-BOLT, or hawm, pea-straw.

PEA’SANT [paisant, Fr.] a countryman, a clown, a hind, one whose
business is rural labour.

PEA’SANTRY [of peasant; les paisans, Fr.] the body of country people
or rustics, peasants. The peasantry in France. Locke.

PEAS-CO’D, or PEA-SHE’LL [of pea, cod, and shell; pisa-codde, Sax.]
the shell or husk of peas. A sheal'd peascod. Shakespeare.

PEAT, 1. A sort of fewel dug out of moorish ground, a kind of turf
used for fire. 2. [from petit, Fr. little] a little darling, any dear play­
thing. It is now commonly called pett, and much used among the Scots.
A pretty peat. Shakespeare.


PEB

PE’BBLE, or PEBBLE-STO’NE [pæbolstona, Sax.] a sort of stone for
paving. It is a stone distinct from flints, being not in layers, but in one
homogeneous mass, tho' sometimes of many colours. Popularly, a small
stone.

PEBBLE-CRY’STAL, subst. The crystal, in form of modules, is found
lodged in the earthy strata left in a train by the water departing at the
conclusion of the deluge. This sort, called by the lapidaries pebblecry­
stal, is in shape irregular. Woodward.

PE’BBLED, adj. [of pebble] sprinkled or abounding with pebbles. A
pebbled shore. Thomson.

PE’BBLY, adj. [of pebble] full of pebbles. The pebbly gravel next.
Thompson.

PECCABI’LITY, subst. [of peceable] state of being subject to sin. De­
cay of Piety.

PE’CCABLE, adj. [pecco, Lat.] incident or subject to sin.

PECCADI’LLO, Sp. [peccadille, Fr.] a pardonable sin, small fault, a
venial or rather trivial offence.

PE’CCANCY [of peccant] bad quality. The peccancy of the humours.
Wiseman.

PE’CCANT, adj. Fr. [peccante, It. peccans, Lat.] 1. Committing a fault,
offending, criminal, guilty. South. 2. Corrupt, ill disposed, injurious
to health, offensive to the body. It is chiefly used by medical writers.

PECCANT Humours [in physic] the humours of the body which offend
either in quantity or quality, i. e. when they are either morbid, or in
too great abundance. 2. Wrong, bad, deficient, unformal. If the
citation be peccant in form or matter. Ayliffe.

PECCA’VI, Lat. [I have offended] to cry peccavi, is to acknowledge
a fault. See PALÆSTRA, and add PALÆSTRICAL, adj. belonging to the
palæstra.

PECHIA’GRA, Lat. [πηχυς, the elbow, and αγρα, Gr. a capture] the
gout in the elbow joints. See OMOGRA, and read ωμογρα.

PE’CIA, a dry measure containing two gallons.

PECK [pecotin, Fr. from pocca, or perhaps, says Skinner, from fat, a
vessel] 1. A dry measure containing eight quarts, the fourth part of a
bushel. 2. Proverbially in low language, a great deal. Suckling.

To PECK, verb act. [bequetter, becquer, Fr. beccare, It. picar, Sp.
picken, Du.] 1. To strike with the bill, as birds do. 2. To pick up
food with the beak. 3. To strike with a pointed instrument in general:
this seems a corruption of pick, and so it is commonly used. Carew.
4. To strike, to make blows at. Mankind lie pecking at one another.
L'Estrange.

PE’CKER [of peck] 1. One that pecks. 2. A kind of bird; as the
wood-pecker.

PE’CKLED, adj. [corrupted from speckled] spotted, variegated with
spots or stains. Walton.

PECQUET'S Duct [in anatomy] the thoratic duct, so called from Pec­
quet, its discoverer.

PE’CTEN Veneris, Lat. [with botanists] the herb shepherd's needle.

PE’CTINAL [pectinis, gen. of pecten, Lat. a comb] having the form of
a comb. Brown.

PE’CTINATED, adj. [pecten, Lat.] put one within another alternately.
To sit cross legg'd, or with our fingers pectinated. Brown.

PECTINA’TION, the state of being pectinated. Brown.

PECTI’NEUS, Lat. [with anatomists] the third of the 15 muscles of the
thigh, so named because it has its origin in the fore-part of the os
pectinis.

PE’CTINIS Os [with anatomists] the share bone, which is the lower
and inner, or the fore-part of the os innominatum.

PE’CTORAL, adj. Fr. [pettorale, It. petoràl, Sp. of pectoralis, Lat.] per­
taining to, or good for the breast. Sometimes used in a substantive form.
Pectorals were prescribed. Wiseman.

PECTORAL, subst. Fr. [pectorale, Lat.] a breast-plate. See EPHOD.

PECTORAL Muscle [in anatomy] a muscle which moves the arm for­
wards; so named on account of its situation, which arises above from
the clavicula, and below from the breast-bone and all the endings of
the upper ribs, and is implanted in the upper part of the shoulder-bone.

PECTORA’LE, It. and Lat. [pectoral, Sp.] a breast-plate.

PE’CTORALS [in medicine] are remedies proper to strengthen and re­
lieve the breast and stomach; or good against the diseases of them.

PECTO’RIS Os, Lat. [with anatomists] the same as sternum.

PE’CULATE, subst. [peculatus, Lat. peculat, Fr. in civil law] the crime
of robbing the public, theft of the public money, by a person who ma­
nages it, or in whose custody it is deposited.

PECULA’TION [peculat, Fr. of peculatus, Lat.] the act of robbing or
cheating the public.

PECULA’TOR, Lat. robber of the public.

PECU’LIAR, adj. Sp. [peculiare, It. of peculiaris, from peculium. Lat.
pecule, Fr.] 1. Particular, single. One peculiar nation to select. Milton.
2. Proper, appropriate, belonging to any one with exclusion of others.
The word humour is peculiar to our English tongue. Swift 3. Not
common to other things. Hymns they are that christianity hath peculiar
unto itself. Hooker.

PECULIAR, subst. 1. The property, the exclusive property. South.
2. Something abscinded from the ordinary jurisdiction.
A PECULIAR, is a parish or church that has jurisdiction within itself
for a probate of wills, &c. being exempt from the ordinary of the
bishop's courts. Thus the king's chapel is a royal peculiar, free from
all spiritual jurisdictions, and only governed by the king himself as su­
preme ordinary.

PECULIA’RITY [of peculiar] particularity, something found only in
one. Swift.

PECU’LIARLY, adv. [of peculiar; peculiariter, Lat.] 1. Particularly,
singly, after a peculiar manner. Woodward. 2. In a manner not com­
mon to others.

PECU’LIARNESS [of peculiar] peculiarity.

Court of PECULIARS, a court which takes cognisance of those mat­
ters which relate to such parishes as are exempt from the jurisdiction of
the bishop in some dioceses, and belong peculiarly to the archbishop of
Canterbury.

PECU’NIA [among the Romans] money. A deity, which, as they
held, presided over riches; who had a son named Argentinus, whom
they adored that they might grow rich.

PECU’NIARY, adj. [pecuniaire, Fr. pecuniario, It. and Sp. pecuniarius,
from pecunia, Lat. money] 1. Pertaining to money. Consisting of mo­
ney. A pecuniary mulct. Bacon.


PED

PED, subst. 1. A small packsaddle. Tusser. 2. A basket, a hamper.
A hask is a wicker ped wherein they used to carry fish. Spenser.








PEDAGO’GICAL [παιδαγογιχος, Gr.] pertaining to instruction of youth,
or to discipline, suiting a schoolmaster.

PEDAGO’GUE, Fr. [pedagogo, It. and Sp. παιδαγωγος, from παις, a boy,
and αγω, Gr. to guide] an instructor of youth, a schoolmaster, a pe­
dant. Dryden.

To PE’DAGOGUE, verb act. [from the subst.] to teach with magiste­
rial superciliousness. Prior.

PE’DAGOGY [pædagogia, Lat. of παιδαγωγια, Gr.] The mastership,
instruction, discipline. Above the pedagogy of Moses' rod. South.

PE’DAL, adj. [pedalis, from pedis, gen. of pes, Lat. a foot] pertaining
to a foot in measure.

PE’DALS, subst. Fr. [pedali, It. of pedales, Lat. and Fr.] the large
pipes of an organ, so called because played and stooped with the
foot.

PEDA’NEUS [in civil law] a petty judge, who has no formal seat of
justice, but hears causes standing, and without any tribunal.

PE’DANT, Fr. [pedante, It. and Sp.] a school-master who professes to
instruct and govern youth, to teach them humanities and the arts. Shake­
speare.

PEDA’NTIC, or PEDA’NTICAL [of pedantesque, Fr. pedantesco, It. pe­
dantico, Sp.] pertaining to or like a pedant, awkwardly ostentatious of
literature.

PEDA’NTICALLY, adv. [of pedantical] with awkward ostentation of li­
terature. Dryden.

PE’DANTRY [pedanterie, Fr.] pedantickness, ostentation of shewing
needless literature.

To PE’DDLE, verb-neut. to be busy about trifles. Ainsworth. It is
commonly written piddle.

PE’DERASTY [παιδεραςια, Gr. love of boys] sodomy.

PEDERE’RO [pedrero, from piedra, Sp. a stone, with which they char­
ged it; commonly called petterero] a small piece of ordnance mostly
used in ships, to fire stones, nails, broken iron, or cartridge shot, on an
enemy attempting to board; it is managed by a swivel.

PE’DESTAL [piedstal, Fr. pedestalli, Lat. piedestallo, Ital.] that part of
a pillar that supports it. It is a square body with a base and cornice,
serving as a foot for the columns to stand upon, and having, according
to Vignola, a third part of the hight of its columns. It is different in
different orders, there being as many kinds of pedestals as there are
orders of columns; also the basis of a statue.

PEDE’STRIOUS, adj. [pedestris, Lat.] going on foot, not winged. Pe­
destrious animals. Brown.

PE’DICLE [pedicule, Fr. pediculus, a little foot, of pedis, gen. of pes, Lat.
a foot; with botanists] a foot-stalk, is that on which either a leaf, or
flower, or fruit stands or hangs.

PEDI’CULA, Lat. [in botany] the herb yellow rattle-grass, or cock's­
comb.

PEDI’CULAR, adj. [pedicularis, Lat. pediculaire, Fr.] having the phthy­
riasis, or lousy distemper.

PEDICULA’RIS Morbus, Lat. [with physicians] the lousy disease.

PE’DIGREE [of pere and degré, Skinner; q. d. degres des perez, Fr. i.e
the degrees of fathers; or as othres, petendo grado, Lat. deriving the
descent] a descent from ancestors, stock or race, lineage, genealogy.

PEDILU’VIUM [of pedes, feet, and luo, Lat. to wash] a sort of bath
for the feet.

PE’DIMENT [from pedis, gen. of pes, Lat. a foot; in architecture] an
ornament that crowns the ordonnances, finishes the fronts of buildings,
and serves as a decoration over gates, windows, niches, &c. It is or­
dinarily of a triangular form, but sometimes makes an arch of a circle.

PE’DLER [of betteler, Ger. a beggar, Skinner; or of aller a pied, Fr.
going a foot; q. d. pied-allar, Minshew] a petty dealer, one who tra­
vels and sells small wares about the country.

To PE’DDLE, verb neut. to sell things of small value.

PE’DDLING, little, small, trifling, carrying on petty dealing, such as
pedlers have.

PE’DLERY, subst. [of pedler] small wares sold by pedlers. Swift.

PEDU’NCULI [in anatomy] two medullary processes of the cerebellum,
whereby that part is joined to the medulla oblongata.

PEDOBA’PTISM [of παιδων βαπτισμα, Gr. baptism of children] in­
sant-baptism.

PEDOBA’PTIST [παιδος, gen. of παις, a child, and βαπτιστης, Gr.] one
that holds or practises infant-baptism. See BAPTIST and CATECHU­
MENS, compared.

PEDO’METER [of pedes, Lat. πους, a foot, and μετρον, Gr. measure.]
See PERAMBULATOR.


PEE

PEEK, or PEQUE [pique, Fr. picca, It.] a grudge, spleen, ill-will a­
gainst a person. This is commonly written pique; which see.

To be a PEEK [a sea phrase] used of an anchor, when the cable is
perpendicular between the hawse through which it runs out, and the
anchor.

To heave a PEEK, is to bring the ship to the position before-mentioned.

To PEEK. See To PIQUE.

PEEL [with printers] 1. A wooden instrument, with which they hang
up the printed sheets to dry. 2. [Paele, Fr. pala, It. Sp. and Lat.] an
instrument to set bread into an oven. 3. A broad thin board for carrying
pies, &c. 4. [Peau, pelure, Fr. of pellis, Lat. a skin] the outmost skin
of fruit, the thin rind of any thing.

To PEEL, verb act. [peler, Fr. from pellis, Lat.] 1. To pare, to take
the rind off. 2. [Piller, Fr. to rob] to plunder; this, according to ana­
logy, should be written pill. Peeling their provinces. Milton.

PEE’LER [of peel] 1. One who peels, strips, or plays. 2. A robber,
a plunderer. Mortimer.

PEE’LING, part. act. [of peel; pelant, of peler, Fr.] taking off the skin
or rind; also the peel or rind of fruit.

PEELING, a large sort of excellent cyder-apple.

To PEEP, verb neut. [Skinner derives it from ophessen, Du. to lift up,
pipio, Lat. pepier, Fr.] 1. To make the first appearance, to begin to grow
out, as plants, horns, &c. Letters had just peeped abroad. Atterbury.
2. To cry like a chicken, to chirp like a sparrow. 3. [This should
rather be written pip. Mr. Casaubon derives it from οπιπτενω, Gr. to
spy] too look slily, closely or curiously, to look through any crevice,
to look through a hole or chink.

PEEP [from the verb] 1. First appearance; as, at the peep of day.
2. A sly close look. Swift.

PEE’PHOLE, or PEE’PINGHOLE [of peep and hole] hole through which
one may look without being discovered. L'Estrange.

PEER [prob. of perg, Teut. an heap, &c. of beorg, Sax. bierg, Dan;
or pere, Sax. the foot of an hill; this is more usually written pier,
which see] 1. A mole or rampart raised in an harbour to break the force
of the sea, and for the better security of the ships that ride there. 2.
[Pair, Fr.] an equal, one of the same rank. Bacon. 3. One equal in
excellence or endowments. He never had his peer. Dryden. 4. Com­
panion, mate, fellow. Twelve they, and twelve the peers of Charle­
magne. Shakesp. 5. [In architecture] a kind of pilaster or buttress, raised
for support, strength, and sometimes for ornament. This should be pier.
6. [Pair, Fr. paris, It. par, Sp. of par, pares, Lat. equals] a nobleman
of the house of lords in parliament. In England we have five degrees
of nobility, dukes, marquisses, earls, viscounts, and barons, who are
all nevertheless called peers, because their essential privileges are the
same.

To PEER at a Thing, verb neut. 1. To leer or peep at, to look nar­
rowly. Peering in maps for ports. Shakespeare. 2. [By contraction from
appear] to come just in sight. See how his gorget peers above his gown.
B. Johnson.

PEE’RAGE [of peer] 1. Imposition or tax for the repairing and keeping
up sea-peers. This should be pierage. 2. [Pairie, Fr.] the dignity of
a peer. 3. The collective body of peers. The peerage and commons.
Dryden.

PEE’RDOM [of peer and dom] a peer's dignity annexed to a great feez
peerage.

PEE’RESS, the lady of a peer, a woman ennobled.

PEE’RLESS, adj. [of peer; non pareil, Fr.] not to be equalled or
matched, having no peer. With such a peerless majesty she stands:
Dryden.

PEE’RLESSNESS [of peerless] matchlessness, universal superiority.

PEERS [in law] jury-men impannelled upon an inquest.

PEE’VISH, adj. [prob. q. d. beevish; of bee, Eng. Skinner, as we say,
waspish; but Junius supposes this word to be formed by corruption from
perverse] fretful, petulant, soon angry, perverse, morose, hard to please.

PEE’VISHLY, adv. [of peevish] angrily, morosely, guerulously, fret­
fully.

PEE’VISHNESS [of peevish] fretfulness, waspish humour, irascible dis­
position, guerulousness, perverseness.

PEG [puc, Sax. a little needle, pegghe, Teut.] 1. A little piece of
wood pointed, and driven into a hole, which does the office of an iron
nail. 2. The pins of a musical instrument, by which the strings are
straited. 3. Depression; perhaps from relaxing the chords of a mu­
sical instrument. 4. The nickname or corruption of Margaret.

To PEGG, verb act. [from the subst.] to put in or fasten with a peg.

PE’GANUM, Lat. [πηγανον, Gr.] the herb wild rue or charnel.

PE’GASUS [with astronomers] the winged horse; a northern constel­
lation.

PE’GOMANCY [πηγομαντεια, of πηγη, a fountain, and μαντεια, Gr. di­
vination] act of divining by fountain water: the same as hydromancy,
which see.


PEL

PELA’GIÆ, Lat. [with naturalists] such shell-fishes, as are never, or
very rarely, found near the sea-shores; but always continue in the deep,
or those parts in the bottom of the sea, which are farthest from land.

PELA’GIANS, [of Pelagius] a sect so called from Pelagius, who ap­
peared about the latter end of the fourth, or beginning of the fifth cen­
tury. He was born in Wales, and his name was Morgan, which in
Welsh signifies sea-born, whence his Latin name. St. Austin gives him
the character of a very pious man, and a christian of no vulgar rank;
and that he travelled to Rome, where he associated himself with persons
of the greatest learning and figure; but being charged with heresy, he
left Rome and went into Africa, and thence to Jerusalem, where he set­
tled. He seems to have borne his protest against some crude notions,
which St. Austin, and others of the western church, in those times ad­
vanced; in particular concerning the damnation of unbaptized infants for
Adam's offence. “They [i. e. the Pelagians] do not deny the sacra­
ment of baptism to little ones; nor do they promise to any the kingdom
of heaven without the redemption of Christ—[No: they agreed with
the rest of the christian world in both these points] But what we object
against them, is this, that they do not acknowledge unbaptised little ones
to be obnoxious to the DAMNATION of the first man; and that original
sin [meaning a moral teint] past upon them, repurgatione purgandum, i. e.
to be purged off by the [baptismal] repurgation.” August. de Peccato
Orig. c. 17. As to the other points in which they differed from St.
Austin (as St. Austin himself did from St. Chrysostom, Theodoret, and per­
haps also from the *I said, “the main body of the Greek church”; for though it
must be owned, that in process of time the doctrine of Pelagius
was condemned by some Asiatic councils; yet (not to mention
the great weight and influence which the BISHOPS of ROME had
now obtained) if the reader will consult that portraiture, which
the learned PHOTIUS, in his Bibliothec. p. 205, has given us of
the OPPOSITE SCHEME, I mean that of St. Jerom and St. Austin,
when first introduced amongst the Greeks; he'll plainly see, that
they considered it as an innovation, and departure from the faith
once delivered to the saints. [See Original SIN and INFRALAPSA­
RIANS compared.] main body of the Greek church) the reader (if he
please) may consult St. Austin's tracts; for as to these and the like con­
troversies (which arose, after the great apostacy was now commenced, an
apostacy founded partly in the invocation of dead men, and partly in that
perversion of the CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY which pav'd the way to it)
they would scarce be worth our notice; unless to shew, how when once
the chief boundaries were broken through, the catholic church (as she
now falsely called herself) grew more and more corrupt; not to add, how
she bore down all opposition by the help of the secular arm; and what­
ever efforts were made to bring things BACK to the SCRIPTURE RULE,
served only to expose the generous authors to much obloquy and per­
secution.

PELF [prob. of fela, feo, Sax. much money; in low Latin, pelfra]
1. Money, wealth. 2. [Among hunters] the remains of a fowl, after
a hawk is relieved.

PE’LICAN, Fr. [pellicano, It. pelicanot, Sp. pelicam, Port. pelicanus,
low Lat. of πελεχαν, Gr.] a fowl. There are two sorts of pelicans:
one lives upon the water, and feeds upon fish; the other keeps in de­
serts, and feeds upon serpents and other reptiles. The pelican has a
peculiar tenderness for its young; and generally places its nest upon a
craggy rock. The pelican is supposed to admit its young to suck blood
from its breast. Calmet.








PELICAN [with chemists] a sort of double vessel ordinarily of glass,
used in digesting liquors by circulation.

PELICAN [with gunners] an antient piece of ordinance, equal to a
quarter culverin, and carrying a ball of six pounds.

PELICAN [with surgeons] an instrument for drawing teeth.

PELICOI’DES [πελεχοειδης, of πελεχνς, a hatchet, and ειδος, Ger. form]
a certain geometrical figure, that something resembles a hatchet.

PELI’DNUS [in physic] a black and blue colour in the face, as it often
happens to those who are melancholy.

PELL [pellis, Lat.] the skin of a beast.

PE’LLAGE, a custom or duty paid for skins of leather.

PELLAMOU’NTAIN, an herb.

PE’LLET [pila, a ball, of pellendo, Lat. a driving, or of peloe, Fr.] 1.
A little ball. 2. A ball, a bullet.

PE’LLETED, adj. [of pellet] consisting of bullets. The discandying of
this pelleted storm. Shakespeare.

PE’LLETS [in heraldry] are black roundles, the same that French he­
ralds call torteaux de sable.

PE’LLICLE [pellicule, Fr. pellicella, It. of pellicula, Lat.] a little or
thin skin, a film.

PE’LLICLE [pellicula, Lat.] when any solution is evaporated so long by
a gentle heat, that a film or skin rises on the top of the liquor, the che­
mists say, it is evaporated to a pellicle, and then there is very little more
liquor left than will just serve to keep the salts in fusion.

PE’LLITORY [parietaire, Fr. of parietaria, Lat.] an herb.

PELLO’TA [in the forest law] the ball, or round fleshy part of a dog's­
foot, which, by that law, in all dogs that are near any of the king's fo­
rests, are to be cut.

PELL-ME'LL, adv. [pêle mêle, Fr.] confusedly, without order, one
among another.

Clerk of the PELLS, an officer belonging to the Exchequer, who en­
ters every teller's bill in a parchment roll called pellis acceptorum, i. e. the
roll of receipts, and also makes another roll called pellis exituum, i. e. the
roll of disbursements.

PELLU’CID, adj. [pellucidus, Lat.] that may be seen through, transpa­
rent, not opaque, not dark.

PELLUCI’DITY, or PELLU’CIDNESS [of pellucid] transparency, dia­
phaneity, not opacity.

PELT [of pelle, It. pelico, Sp. pels, Du. peltz, Ger. pellis, Lat, a skin]
1. A skin or the hide of an animal. 2. The quarry of a hawk all torn.
Ainsworth.

PELT Monger [pellio, of pellis, Lat. and mangere, Sax.] one who
deals in pelts and skins, or raw hides.

PELT wool, wool pulled off from the pelt or skin of a dead sheep.

To PELT [prob. of poltern, Ger. and Teut. to bounce. Skinner. Con­
tracted from pellet. Mr. Lye. It is generally used of something thrown,
rather with teazing frequency than destructive violence] to throw stones,
snow-balls, &c. at a person, to strike with something thrown, to throw,
to cast in general. My Phillis me with pelted apples plies. Dryden.

To PELT, verb neut. to fret or fume.

PELTA’LIS Cartilago [in anatomy] so called from its resemblance to
pelta, a buckler. See SCUTIFORMIS.

PE’LTING, adj. This word in Shakespeare signifies mean, paltry,
pitiful. From sheepcotes and poor pelting villages. Shakespeare.

PELTING, part. act. [of pelt] throwing stones, &c. at.

PE’LVIS, Lat. 1. A bason. 2. [With anatomists] the bason of the
kidneys; or the lower part of the abdomen, in which the bladder (and
in women likewise the uterus) and rectum are contained.

PE’LVIS Aurium, Lat. [with anatomists] the hollow part of the ear.

PELVIS Cerebri, Lat. the tunnel of the brain.

PELVIS Renum, Lat. [in anatomy] a skinny vessel in each kidney,
which receives the urine and conveys it to the bladder.

PELU’RE, Fr. a rich fur.

PE’MBRIDGE, a market town in Herefordshire, on the river Arrow,
130 miles from London.

PE’MBROKE, the capital of Pembrokeshire, in South Wales, situated
at the head of Milford Harbour. It gives title of earl to the noble fa­
mily of Herbert, and sends one member to parliament. The county of
Pembroke also sends one member.

PEMPHIGOI’DES [πεμφιγωδης, of πεμφιγος, gen. of πεμφιξ, a bubble
or flatulence, and ειδος, Gr. form] a kind of eruptive fever; or a flatulent
or windy fever, supposed to discharge itself on the skin. Galen.


PEN

PEN [pena, Port. penna, It. and Lat.] an instrument for writing.

PEN [of pyndan, pennan, Sax. to shut in; any inclosure in general, as
a fold for sheep, a coop for fowl, or a pond to keep water in for driving
the wheels of an iron mill. 2. Feather. The pens that did his pinions
bind. Spenser.

PEN [with the Britains and ancient Gauls] an high mountain; hence
those hills which divide France from Italy are called the Apennines.

To PEN, verb act. [of penna, Lat. a pen] 1. To write. It probably
meant at first only the manual exercise of the pen, or the mechanical part
of writing; but it has been long used with relation to the stile or com­
position. Praises that are so well penn'd. Addison. 2. [pennan, or pyn­
nan, Sax.] to shut up, to inclose up, to inclose, to imprison in a narrow
place, to coop, to incage. And hence (3.) To yield the mark of some
inward obstruction.

PE’NAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. penale, It. of pænalis, Lat. from pœna,
Sax. punishment] 1. Pertaining to punishment, denouncing or enacting
punishment. 2. Used for the purposes of punishment, vindictive. A­
damantine chains and penal fire. Milton.

PENA’LITY, or PE’NALTY [penalità, It. pena, Sp. of pœnalitas, Lat.
penalitê, old Fr.] 1. Punishment, censure, judicial infliction, a fine im­
posed as a punishment. 2. Forfeiture upon non-performance.

PE’NANCE, or PE’NNANCE [penence, old Fr. for penitence, Fr. peniten­
za, It. peniténcia, Sp. of pœna, Lat. punishment] the exercise of peni­
tence, or a punishment, either voluntary, or imposed by priestly authority,
for faults committed by a person; infliction public or private, suffered as
an expression of repentance for sin. Pennance is the more usual spelling.

PE’NANCE, old Fr. [of pœnitentia, Lat.] a sort of mortification en­
joined by Romish priests.

PENANCE [in canon law] an ecclesiastical punishment chiefly adjudged
to the sin of fornication.

PENA’TES, houshold gods, whose statues were there kept, and wor­
shipped with wine and incense. Those of Rome were brought by
Æneas from Troy, to which place Dardanus brought them from Sa­
mothrace. Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troja Penates. VIRG.
The Penates and Lares were different, in that the Lares were common
in all houses, and the Penates proper to particular ones; and divine ho­
nours were done to the Lares in the chimney-corner, or on the fire
hearths; and to the Penates in the open court, or some other place or sort
of chapel within.

PENCE [of pennig, Sax.] the plur. of penny, formed from pennies, by
a contraction usual in the rapidity of colloquial speech. See PENNY.

PE’NCIL [pinceau, Fr. pennello, It. pinzel, Sp. of penicillum, Lat. pen­
sel, Teut.] 1. An instrument used by painters, being a small brush of
hair which they dip in their colours. 2. A pen of black or red lead with
which, cut to a point, they write without ink. 3. Any instrument for
writing without ink.

PENCIL of Rays [in optics] a double cone of rays joined together
at the base, one of which hath its vertex in some one point of the ob­
ject and the glass for its base, and the other hath its base in the same
glass; but its vertex in the point of convergence.

To PE’NCIL, verb neut. [from the subst.] to paint or draw with a
pencil.

PE’NDANT, subst. Fr. 1. A jewel hanging in the ear. Some hang upon
the pendants of her ear. Pope. 2. Any thing hanging by way of orna­
ment. 3. A pendulum; obsolete. 4. A small flag in ships.

PE’NDANT, adj. See PENDENT.

PE’NDANTS [with heralds] pendant escutcheons.

PENDANTS [in botany] a kind of seeds, growing on stamina or chives;
as those in the middle of tulips, lilies, &c.

PE’NDANTS [in a ship] See PENDANT.

PE’NDENCE [pendeo, Lat. to have] slopeness, inclination. Wotton.

PE’NDENCY [of pendeo, Lat. to hang] suspence, delay of decision.
Pendency of suit. Ayliffe.

PE’NDENT, adj. [pendens, Lat. Some write pendant from the French]
1. Hanging. Or lover pendent on a willow-tree. J. Philips. 2. Jut­
ting over. A pendent rock. Shakespeare. 3. Supported above the ground.
Milton.

PENDE’NTIVE [with architects] the whole body of a vault, suspended
out of the perpendicular of the walls, and bearing against the arc-bou­
tants.

PE’NDENTNESS [of pendent] the quality of hanging down.

PE’NDING, adj. [pendente lite, Lat.] depending, remaining yet unde­
cided. Pending suit with the diocesan. Ayliffe.

PENDULO’SITY [of pendulous] suspension, the state of hanging.
Brown.

PE’NDULOUS, adj. [pendulus, Lat.] hanging down, dangling, not sup­
ported below. Pendulous in the air. Brown.

PENDULOUS Heads [with botanists] those flowers which hang down­
wards.

PE’NDULOUSNESS [of pendulus, Lat. and ness] pendentness, the act or
state of swinging to and fro as a pendulum. The same with pennosity;
which see.

PE’NDULUM [of pendulus, Lat. pendule, Fr.] a weight hanging at the
end of a wire, string, &c. by the swing to and fro or vibration of which,
the parts of time are measured; also a clock, watch or movement, the
motions of which are regulated by such a device. The great law of a
pendulum is that its oscillations are always performed in equal time.

Simple PENDULUM, is one that consists of a single weight.

Compound PENDULUM, is one that consists of several weights, so fixed
on as to return the same distance both from one another and from the
center about which they vibrate.

Royal PE’NDULUMS, are such clocks, the pendulums of which swing
seconds, and go eight days, shewing the hours, minutes, and seconds.

PENECI’LLUS [with surgeons] a tent to be put into wounds or ulcers.

PE’NETRABLE, adj. Fr. and Sp. [penetrabile, It. of penetrabilis, Lat.]
1. That may be penetrated or pierced into, that may admit the entrance
of another body. And pierce his only penetrable part. Dryden. 2. Sus­
ceptible of moral or intellectual impression. Penetrable to your kind en­
treaties. Shakespeare 3. That may be dived into or guessed.

PENETRABI’LITY [penetrabilité, Fr.] susceptibility of impression or
rather of penetration from another body.

PE’NETRANTNESS [of penetrant, Fr.] penetrating quality, power of
penetrating.

PE’NETRAIL, subst. [penetralia, Lat.] interior parts; obsolete. Harvey.

PE’NETRANCY [of penetrant] power of entering or piercing. Activity
and penetrancy of its effluvia. Ray.

PE’NETRANT, Fr. [penetrante, It. of penetrans, Lat.] penetrating,
piercing, subtile, quick, sharp. Reduced into a penetrant spirit. Boyle.

To PE’NETRATE, verb neut. [penetrer, Fr. penetrare, It. penetràr, Sp.
of penetro, Lat.] to go deep into, to get or pierce into or through, to
dive into, to make way. Too subtile for us to penetrate. Ray.

PENETRA’TION, Fr. [penetrazione, It. penetraciòn, Sp. of penetratio,
Lat.] 1. The act of penetrating or piercing through, act of entering
into any body. 2. Mental entrance into any thing abstruse, act of diving
into. 3. Quickness of parts or wit, sagacity, acuteness.

PENETRATION of two Bodies [with philosophers] is when the parts of
the one do every where penetrate into, and fill up (were it possible) the
dimensions or places of the parts of the other. See MATTER.

PE’NETRATIVE, adj. [penetratif, Fr. penetrativo, It. and Sp.] 1. That
easily penetrates, or is of a penetrating or piercing quality, sharp, sub­
tile. Let not air be too gross, or too penetrative. Wotton. 2. Acute,
sagacious, discerning. Swift. 3. Having the power of impressing the
mind. Shakespeare.

PENETRA’TIVENESS [of penetrative] aptness to penetrate, quality of
being penetrative.

PE’NGUIN. 1. A bird. This bird was found with this name, as is
supposed, by the first discoverers of America: And penguin signifying in
Welch a white head, and the head of this fowl being white, it has been
imagined that America was peopled from Wales. The penguin is so cal­
led from his extraordinary fatness: for tho' he be no higher than a large
goose, yet he weighs sometimes sixteen pounds: His wings are extreme
short and little, altogether unuseful for flight, but by the help whereof
he swims very swiftly. Grew. 2. A fruit. The penguin is very com­
mon in the West Indies, where the juice of its fruit is often put into
punch, being of a sharp acid flavour. There is also a wine made of the
juice of this fruit, but it will not keep good long. Miller.

PENI’NSULA [peninsule, Fr. penisola, It. peninsola, Port. peninsula, Sp.
and Lat. of pœne, almost, and insula, Lat. an island] a place almost en­
compassed about with water; but joined by a neck of land to the main
firm continent.








PENI’NSULATED, adj. [peninsulatus, Lat.] almost moated round or sur­
rounded with water.

PE’NIS, Lat. the membrum virile.

PENIS Cerebri, Lat. [in anatomy] the same as conarion.

PENIS Muliebris, Lat. [in anatomy] the clitoris.

PE’NISTONS, a sort of coarse woollen cloth.

PE’NITENCE, Fr. [penitenza, It. penitencia, Sp. of pænitentia, Lat.]
1. Repentance, contrition for sin, with amendment of life and change of
the affections. Death is deferr'd and penitence has room. Dryden. 2.
The discipline or punishment attending repentance.

PE’NITENT, adj. Fr. [penitente, It. and Sp. of pænitens, Lat.] repent­
ing, sorrowful for what had been committed that is sinful or criminal, and
resolutely amending life. The proud he tam'd, the penitent he cheer'd.
Dryden.

PENITENT, subst. 1. One sorrowful for sin. 2. One under the cen­
sures of the church, but admitted to pennance. 3. One under the di­
rection of a confessor.

PENITE’NTIAL, adj. [penitentiel, Fr. penitenciale, It. of pænitentialis,
Lat.] pertaining to repentance, expressing penitence, enjoined as pen­
nance.

PENITE’NTIAL, subst. [penitenciel, Fr. penitentiale, low Lat. with Ro­
man catholics] an ecclesiastical book which directs the degrees of pe­
nance. The penitentials or book of pennance contained such matters as
related to the imposing of pennance and the reconciliation of the person
that suffered pennance. Ayliffe.

PENITE’NTIARY, adj. pertaining to pennance or repentance.

PENITENTIARY, subst. [penitencier, Fr. penitenziere, It. of pæniten­
tiarius, low Lat.] 1. A priest who imposes pennance on offenders. Ay­
liffe. 2. A place for hearing confessions, or where penance is enjoined.
Ainsworth. 3. A penitent, one who does pennance. Condemned hi­
ther as a perpetual penitentiary. Carew.

PE’NITENTLY, adv. [of penitent] in a penitent manner, with sorrow
for sin, with contrition.

PE’NITENTNESS [of penitent] penitent frame of mind.

PE’NITENTS, certain peculiar friars, who assemble together for prayers,
make processions bare footed, their faces being covered with linen, and
give themselves discipline. See HERMIT, CATAPHRYGIANS, &c.

PE’NKNIFE [of pen and knife; penna, Lat. and cnif, Sax.] a knife for
making of pens.

PE’NKRIDGE, a market-town of Staffordshire, on the river Penk, 121
miles from London.

PE’NMAN [of pen and man] 1. An artist at fair writing, one who pro­
fesses the art of writing. 2. An author, a writer. Holy penman. Addi­
son.

PE’NNACHED, adj. [pennaché, Fr.] is only applied to flowers when the
ground of the natural colour of their leaves is radiated and diversified
neatly without any confusion. Trevoux. Pennached tulips. Evelyn.

PE’NNANT, subst. [pennon, Fr.] 1. (In a ship) a small flag, ensign or
colours. 2. A rope to hoise up a boat or merchandize into or out of a
ship.

PE’NNATED, adj. [pennatus, Lat.] 1. Winged. 2. Pennated, among
botanists, are those leaves of plants as grow directy one against ano­
ther on the same rib or stalk, as those of ash and walnut-tree. Quincy.

PE’NNER [from pen] 1. A writer. 2. A pen-case. So it is called in
Scotland.

PE’NNILESS [of pennig-leas, Sax.] having no money, poor.

PE’NNON, Fr. [pennone, It. pendon, Sp.] a small flag or banner ending
in a point.

PENNON [in heraldry] the figure of such a flag.

PENNO’NCELS, small pieces of silk, cut in the form of a pennon, with
which men of arms used to adorn their lances or spears.

PE’NNY, irreg. plur. PENCE [pennig, Sax. penning, Dan. and L. Ger.
penningh, Du. pfennig, H. Ger.] 1. A coin in value the 12th part
of a shilling. The Penny was the first piece of coined silver we have
any account of, and was for many years the only one, till the reign
of king Henry I. when there was halfpence. The Anglo-Saxons
had but one coin, and that was a penny. Before the year 1279
the old penny was struck with a double cross, so that it might be easily
broken in the middle, or into four quarters, and so made into half-pence
or farthings. 2. Proverbially: a small sum. Take not the utmost penny
that is lawful. Taylor. 3. Money in general. Some printer who hath a
mind to make penny. Swift.
PENNY wise and pound foolish.
This proverb severely lashes such persons who are thrifty to an error in
small but necessary expences, but profusely extravagant in unnecessary
ones; or perhaps rather, who by an ill-timed parsimony sacrifice a greater
good.

PENNY Post, an office for conveying letters, to all parts of Middlesex,
within the bills of mortality.

PENNY-RO’YAL, or PU’DDING-GRASS [pulegium, Lat.] an herb well
known.

PE’NNY-WEIGHT, an English weight, part of a pound Troy-weight,
containing 24 grains. The Sevil piece of eight is 1 ½ penny-weight in
the pound worse than the English standard, weighs 14 penny-weight,
21 grains and 15 mites, of which there are 20 in the grain of Sterling
silver, and is in value 43 English pence and 11 hundreds of a penny.
Arbuthnot.

PE’NNYWISE, adj. [of penny and wise] saving small sums at the hazard
of larger, niggardly on improper occasions.

PE’NNYWORTH, subst. [of penny and worth] 1. As much as is bought
for a penny. 2. Any purchase in general; any thing bought or sold for
money. To take their pennyworths out of their bones and sides. Peacham.
3. Something advantageously bought, a purchase got for less than its
worth. He had no mighty penn'worth of his pray'r. Dryden. 4. A
small quantity. My friendship I distribute in pennyworths to those about
me. Swift.

PENRI’TH, a large market town of Cumberland, near the river Peterel,
282 miles from London.

PENRY’N, a borough town of Cornwal, 264 miles from London. It
sends two members to paliament.

Ad PE’NSAM, the full weight of 12 ounces Troy, which was formerly
paid into the exchequer for a pound Sterling.

PENSA’NCE, a market town of Cornwal, 290 miles from London.

PE’NSFORD, a market town of Somersetshire, 113 miles from London.

PE’NSILE, adj. [pensilis, Lat.] 1. Hanging suspended. The pensile
ball. Prior. 2. Supported above the ground. On which the planted
grove and pensile garden grows. Prior.

PE’NSILIS Verucca. See ACROCHORDON.

PE’NSILENESS [of pensile] the quality or state of hanging.

PE’NSION, Fr. and Sp. [pensione, It.] 1. A sum of money paid annually
by a prince or state, to a person without any equivalent. 2. An annual
allowance by a company, corporation or parish, to the members that are
in arrears.

To PE’NSION, verb act. [from the subst.] to support by an arbitrary
allowance.

PE’NSIONARY, adj. [pensionaire, Fr.] maintained by pension. Devo­
ted by pensionary obligations to the olive. Howel.

PE’NSIONARY, subst. [in Holland] the first minister of the regency of
each city.

PENSIONARY, a person who has a pension, appointment, or yearly
sum during life, by way of acknowledgement, charged on the estate of
a prince, company, &c.

PE’NSIONER [of pension; pensionaire, Fr. pensionarius, Lat.] 1. One
who receives a pension, one who is maintained and supported by an al­
lowance paid at the will of another, a dependent. 2. A slave of state,
hired by a stipend to obey his master. And one more pensioner St. Ste­
phen gains. Pope. 3. One who is maintained at the charge of the king,
any company, or private person, in a college or hospital.

PE’NSIONS [of churches] a certain sum of money, paid to clergy-men
instead of tithes. See DISME, EUCHARIST, and OBLATION.

King's PE’NSIONERS, or Gentlemen PE’NSIONERS, a band of gentlemen,
to the number of 40, first set on foot by K. Henry VII. whose office is to
guard the king's person in his own house, armed with partuisans; they
attend and wait in the presence-chamber, and attend the king to and
from chapel.

To PE’NSITATE, verb act. [pensito, Lat.] to weigh or ponder in mind.

PE’NSIVE, adj. [pensif, Fr. pensivo, It.] 1. Thoughtful, sad, heavy,
sorrowful, mournfully serious, melancholy. Their pensive care. Hooker.
2. It is generally and properly used of persons; but Prior has applied it
to things, as Hooker in the first sense. The truth which from these
pensive numbers flow. Prior.

PE’NSIVELY, adv. [of pensive] sorrowfully, with melancholy, with
gloomy seriousness, thoughtfully.

PE’NSIVENESS [of pensive] gloomy thoughtfulness, sadness, heaviness,
sorrowfulness. Hooker.

PE’NSTOCK, a slood-gate, placed in the water of a mill-pond.

PENT, part. pass. of pen [of pindan, Sax.] shut in or up, kept in, in­
closed. Pent up in Utica. Addison.

PENTACA’PSULAR, adj. [of πεντε, Gr. five, and capsula, Lat. a feed­
pod] having five seed-pods or cavities.

PE’NTACHORD [of πεντε, five, and χορδη, Gr. a string] a musical in­
strument having five strings.

PENTACHRO’STIC [of πεντε and αχροστιχις, Gr.] a set or series of verses
so disposed, that there are always found five aerostics of the same name in
five divisions of each verse.

PENTACO’CCOUS [of πεντε, five, and χοχχος, Gr. a grain] having five
grains or seeds.

PENTAE’DROUS, adj. [of πεντε, five, and εδρα, Gr. base, or feat] ha­
ving five sides. The pentaedrous collumnar coralloid bodies. Woodward.

PE’NTAGON [pentagon, Fr. pentagolo, It. πενταγωνος, of πεντε, five, and
γωνια, Gr. angle] a geometrical figure or body that has five sides, and as
many angles.

PENTA’GONAL, or PENTA’GONOUS, adj. [of pentagon] pertaining to a
pentagon, having five angles.

PE’NTAGRAPH [πενταγραφον, Gr.] an instrument wherewith designs,
prints, &c. of a kinds may be copied in any proportion, without a per­
son's being skilled in drawing. It consists of four brass or wooden rules,
two long, and two short, at the ends of which are holes by which it is
fitted by pillars, and form an exact parallelogram. See Plate XII.
Fig. 4. where No 1. is a small pillar, having at one end a small screw
and nut, whereby the two long rulers are joined, and at the other a little
knot for the instrument to slide on: No 2. is a rivet with a screw and
nut, whereby each short ruler is fastened to each long one: No 3. is a
pillar, one end whereof being hollowed into a screw, has a nut fitted to
it; at the other end is a worm to screw into the table, when the instru­
ment is to be used; this joins the ends of the two short rulers: No. 4.
is a pen or pencil, screwed into a little pillar: No. 5. is a brass point,
moderately blunt, screwed also into a little pillar.

PENTA’METER [pentametre, Fr. pentametro, It. πενταμετρον, Gr. penta­
metrum, Lat.] a Latin verse consisting of five feet.

PENTA’MYRON [πενταμυρον, Gr.] an ointment compounded with five
ingredients, viz. mastich, nard, opobalsamum, storax and wax.

PE’NTANGLE [of πεντε, Gr. give, and angulus, Lat. a corner] a figure
having five angles.

PENTA’NGULAR, adj. [of πεντε, Gr. five, and angular] having five an­
gles, five-cornered.

PENTAPE’TALOUS [of πεντε, five, and πεταλον, Gr. a leaf] five-leaved,
having five petals or flower-leaves.

PENTAPE’TALOUS Plants [with botanists] are such whose flowers con­
sist of five leaves.

PENTAPHY’LLUM, Lat. [πενταφυλλον, of πεντε, five, and φυλλον, Gr. a
leaf] the herb cinque-foil, or five leaved grass.

PENTAPHYLLO’IDES [of πεντε, five, φυλλον, a leaf, and ειδος, Gr. form]
resembling the cinquefoil or five-leaved grass.

PENTAPHY’LLOUS, adj. having five leaves.

PENTA’PLEURON [πενταπλευρον, Gr. what has five sides] an herb, the
lesser plantain.

PENTA’PTOTON [πενταπτωτον, Gr. in grammar] a noun that has but
five cases.

PE’NTASPAST [πεντασπαςον, Gr. five-drawing] an engine that has five
pullies.

PENTA’STIC [πενταστιχος, of πεντε, five, and ςιχος, Gr. a verse] a
stanza, or certain division in a poem that consists of five verses.

PENTA’STYLE [πενταςυλος, of πεντε, five, and ςυλος, Gr. a column,
in architecture] a work, wherein are five rows of columns.

PE’NTATEUCH [pentateuque, Fr. πεντατευχος, of πεντε, five, and τευ­
χος, Gr. a volume] the five books of Moses, Genesis, Exodus, Leviti­
cus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

PENTA’THLON, Lat. [πενταθλον, of πεντε, five, and αθλον, Gr. contest]
the five exercises performed in the Grecian games, viz. leaping, running,
quoiting, darting, and wrestling.








PENTECO’NTARCH [πεντηχονταρχος, of ωεντηχοντα, fifty, and αρχος,
Gr. chief] a captain who has the command of fifty men.

PE’NTECOSTE, It. [pentacote, Fr. ωεντεχοςη, Gr. i. e. the 50th day,
seil. after Easter] 1. A feast among the Jews. Pentecost signifies the fif­
tieth, because this feast was celebrated the fiftieth day after the sixteenth
of Nisan, which was the second day of the feast of the passover. The
Hebrews call it, the feast of weeks, because it was kept seven weeks
after the passover. They then offered the first fruits of the wheat har­
vest, which then was compleated. It was instituted to oblige the Israelites
to repair to the temple, there to acknowledge the Lord's dominion, and
also to render thanks to God for the law he had given them from Mount
Sinai on the fiftieth day after their coming out of Egypt. Calmet. 2.
Transferred among christians to the festival of Whitsuntide. A Jewish
festival, held in commemoration of the giving of the LAW, and for the obla­
tion of the FIRST-FRUITS; and from thence adopted by the christian
church, and applied by Her to the opening of the gospel dispensation; as
being observed in commemoration of that descent of the HOLY GHOST
which our Lord had promised to his disciples, before they should open
their commission. Acts, c. i. v. viii. Which analogy St. Irenœus has
well described in his third book against heresies. c. xix. “Quem & des­
cendisse, &c. i. e. Which Spirit (according to St. Luke's account) did,
after the LORD's ascension, come down upon the disciples in pentecaste;
having the POWER over all nations for the ENTRANCE into life, and for
the OPENING of the New Testament. And then, alluding to Acts, c. ii.
v. 8—11. he adds, that in consequence of this heavenly gift, the first
converts conspired in all languages to form the hymn for GOD; the Spirit
reducing distant tribes into a state of unity, & PRIMITIAS omnium gen­
tium offerente PATRI, i. e. and OFFERING [observe his manner of ex­
pression, the SPIRIT *This phraseology of St. Irenœus reminds me of the like ministe­
rial capacity in which the SPIRIT is represented by St. Hernias, “He
[i. e. the spirit] when displeased [or grieved] with us upon account of our
sins, seeks to depart [from us] as not having a place in which λειτουργησαι
τω χνριω, χαθως, βουλεται, i. e. to perform his liturgy, or DIVINE SERVICE
to the LORD, as he wills”. Lib. 2. Mardat. 10 and Mand. 5. Query,
if St. Paul had not something like it in his eye, Rom. c. xv. v. 16? and
St. John also, Apocalypse, c. i. v. 4? And in truth, the application of
this last text to the Holy Spirit is as ancient at least as the age of EUSE­
BIUS; and, I think, also espoused by him in his treatise against Marcel­
lus: tho' it should not be dissembled, that others (and with them the
judicious Mr. Mede) understand the place of the seven CHIEF ANGELS,
which the Jewish writers represent as standing before the throne of
GOD. See DOVE, INSPIRATION, MESSIAH, and ORDER in divinity
compared. offering] the FIRTS PARTS of all nations to THE
FATHER.” Iren. Ed. Grabe, p. 243, 244.

PENTECO’STAL, adj. [of pentecost] relating to Whitsuntide. Collects
adventual, quadragesimal, paschal or pentecostal. Sanderson.

PENTECO’STALS, offerings made by the parishioners to their priest at
Whitsuntide; and also of inferior churches to their chief or mother­
church. These were also called Whitsund-farthings.

PENTEPHA’RMACUM, Lat. [of ωεντε, five, and φαρμαχον, Gr. a reme­
dy] any medicine that consists of five ingredients.

PENTHEMI’MERIS [ωενθημιμερις, of ωεντε, five, ημισνς, half, and μερος,
Gr. share] a part of a Greek or Latin verse, consisting of two feet and
a long syllable.

PE’NTHOUSE pendice, It. pente, appentis, Fr. of appendix, of pendeo,
Lat. to hang] a shed hanging out aslope from the main wall; also, a
shelter over a door or window.

PE’NTICE, subst. [appenter, Fr. pendice, It. This is commonly sup­
posed a corruption of penthouse; but perhaps pentice is the true word] a
sloping roof. To provide more inclining pentices. Wotton.

PE’NTILE, subst. [of pent and tile] a tile formed to cover the slooping
part of the roof.

PENT up. See PENT.

PENU’LTIMA, Lat. [with grammarians] the last syllable of a word,
save one.

PENU’MBRA [in astronomy] a faint or partial shadow, observed be­
tween the perfect shadow and the full light in an eclipse of the moon, so
that it is difficult to discern where the shadow begins and where the light
ends. This description of the penumbra, reminds me of an ingenious
[tho' very severe] stroke of a modern satyrist, who styles the person whom
he design'd to expose, — not the shadow of a man, but something lower
still.
—The slight penumbra of man. SMART's Hilliad.

PENU’RIOUS [of penuria, Lat. great want] 1. Covetous, niggardly,
stingy, not liberal, sordidly mean. 2. Scanty, not plentiful. Addison.

PENU’RIOUSLY, adv. [of penurious] sparingly, not plentiful, covet­
ously, niggardly, meanly.

PENU’RIOUSNESS [of penurious] niggardliness, meanness, parsimony.
Addison.

PE’NURY [penuria, Sp. and Lat.] extreme want of all necessaries,
poverty, indigence. The penury of the ecclesiastical state. Hooker.

PE’ONY, or PI’ONY [pœonia, Lat. of ωαιονια, Gr. peonian, Sax.] a flower
of two sexes, male and female.

PEO’PLE [populus, Lat. peuple, Fr. popolo, It. pueblo, povo, Port. pobl,
C. Br. pobel, H. Ger.] 1. The whole body of a people who live in a
country, a nation, those who compose a community. Many peoples and
nations. Revelations. 2. The vulgar, the common sort of people.
3. The commonalty, as contradistinguished from the princes or nobles.
4. Persons of a particular class. A small red flower in the stubble fields
country people call the wincopipe. Bacon. 5. Men or persons in gene­
ral. In this sense the word people is used indefinitely, like on in French.
People were tempted to lend. Swift.

To PEO’PLE. verb act. [populare, It. poblàr, Sp. peupler, Fr.] to stock
a country or place with inhabitants


PEP

PEPA’NSIS [πεωανσις, of πιωαινω Gr. to ripen; in medicine] a cor­
recting of depraved matter and corrupt humours in the body, and bring­
ing them into order. I suspect the true import of this word will be best
explained, by what we have said under the word [CONCOCTION] com­
pared with Boerhaave Patholog. section 926–930.

PEPA’SMUS [ωεωασμος, of πεωαινω, Gr. to bring to maturity] a ripen­
ing of preternatural humours.

PEPA’STICS, subst. medicines which are good to help the rawness of
the stomach, and that digest crudities. See PEPASMUS.

PE’PPER [piper, Lat. poivre, Fr. pepe, It. pimienta, Sp. pimenta, Port.
of peppon, Sax. peper, Su. Du. and L. Ger. pfeffer, H. Ger.] an aro­
matic fruit, or grain, brought from India. We have three kinds of
pepper; the black, the white, and the long; which are three different
fruits produced by three distinct plants.

To PEPPER, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To beat, to mangle with
shot or blows; to ply one close with any thing. 2. To sprinkle or season
with pipper.

PE’PPER-BOX [of pepper and box] a box for holding pepper.

PE’PPER-CORN [of pepper and corn] 1. A grain of pepper. 2. Any
thing of inconsiderable value. Boyle.

PE’PPER-WORT, an herb.

PE’PPER-MINT [of pepper and mint] mint that is very hot.

PE’PSIS [πεψς, Gr. a boiling or seething; in physic] the concoction
or fermentation of victuals and humours in an animal body.

PE’PTICK, adj. [πεπτιχος, Gr.] serving to concoct or digest.

PEP. See PIP.


PER

PER, a preposition, borrowed from the Lat. and used instead of by
and thro' e. g. per force, per ann. per cent. &c. to perforate, to pierce
thro', &c. It likewise denotes a degree of excellency or excess.

PER Ascensum [in chymistry] a particular manner of distillation; when
the liquor ascends; as per descensum implies the same operation when the
liquor descends.

PER Arsin. See ARSIN.

PER Thesin. See THESIN.

PERA’CTER, a mathematical instrument, used in surveying.

PERACU’TE, adj. [peracutus, Lat.] very sharp, very violent. Con­
tinual peracute fevers. Harvey.

PERACU’TUM Menstruum, Lat. [with chemists] a menstruum made by
drawing off spirit of nitre several times from butter of antimony. By
the help of which, Mr. Boyle says, he was able, without a very violent
fire, to elevate a very good quantity of crude mercury, and that in a
few hours.

PER Annum, Lat. yearly, by the year.

PERADVE’NTURE, adv. [of par adventure, or par avanture, Fr. par
avventura, It. Por ventura, Sp.] 1. Perhaps, by chance, may be. 2.
Doubt, question. In this sense it is sometimes used as a substantive,
but not gracefully nor properly. Without all peradventure. South.

To PE’RAGRATE, verb act. [peragratum, sup. of peragro, Lat.] to
wander over, to ramble through.

PERAGRA’TION, Lat. of Fr. the act of travelling or wandering about;
a progress or ramble.

PERAGRATION Month [with astronomers] the space of the course of
the moon from any point of the zodiac to the same again.

To PERA’MBULATE, verb act. [perambulo, Lat.] 1. To walk through
or all over. 2. To survey by passing through. To view and peram­
bulate Irish territories. Davies.

PERAMBULA’TION, [of perambulate] 1. The act of passing through,
or wandering over. Bacon. 2. A travelling survey. The general cal­
cul made in the last perambulation, exceeded eighteen millions. Howel.

PERAMBULATION [in astronomy] the act of passing through any
point of the zodiac to the same again, &c.

PERAMBULATION [of the forest] the walking of justices, or other offi­
cers, about a forest, in order to survey and set the bounds of it.

PERAMBULA’TOR, an instrument, or rolling wheel, for measuring
roads, &c. a surveying wheel. It is made of wood or iron, commonly
half a pole in circumference, with a movement, and a face divided like
a clock, with a long rod of iron or steel that goes from the centre of the
wheel to the work; there are also two hands which (as you drive the
wheel before you) count the revolutions; and from the composition of
the movement and division on the face, shew how many yards, poles,
furlongs, and miles you go. See Plate V. Fig. 13.

PERCA’SE, adv. [of par and case] perchance, if it be so, perhaps.
Obsolete. Bacon.

PERCEA’NT, adj. [perçant, Fr.] piercing, penetrating. Obsolete.
Spenser.

PERCEI’VABLE, or PERCE’PTIBLE, adv. [from perceive, or percettibile,
It. of perceptibilis, of perceptum, sup. of percipio, Lat. to perceive] that
may be perceived, known or observed, falling under perception.

To PERCEI’VE, verb act. [pertipio, Lat. appercevoir, Fr. percevìr, Sp.]
1. To begin to see, to discover, to spy or find out by some sensible ef­
fects. 2. To apprehend or understand, to know. 3. To be affected
by. The upper regions of the air perceive the collection of the matter of
tempests. Bacon.

PERCEI’VABLY, adv. [of perceivable] in such a manner as may be ob­
served or known, perceptibly, in a manner to be perceived.

PERCEPTIBI’LITY [of perceptible] 1. The state of being perceptible
to the senses or mind. 2. Perception, the power or faculty of per­
ceiving.

PERCE’PTIBLE, the same with perceivable; which see.

PERCE’PTIBLY, adv. [of perceptible] so as may be perceived. The
woman decays perceptibly every week. Pope.

PERCE’PTION Fr. [percezzione, It. of perceptio, Lat.] 1. The act of
perceiving, comprehending, or knowing; the apprehension of any ob­
ject, observation. 2. The faculty or power of perceiving, knowledge,
consciousness. 3. Idea, notion. Not to come too short of the percep­
tions of the leaders. Hale. 4. The state of being affected by any thing.
Great mountains have a perception of the disposition of the air to tem­
pests. Bacon.

PERCE’PTIVE, adj. [perceptus, Lat.] having the faculty of perceiv­
ing.

PERCEPTI’VITY, the faculty of perceiving, the power of thinking.
Locke.

PERCH [perca, Lat. perche, Fr.] 1. The perch is one of the fishes of
prey, that, like the pike and trout, carries his teeth in his mouth; he
dare venture to kill and destroy several other kinds of fish. 2. [Of
perche, Fr. a pole] a stick or pole, or any thing else, for birds to roost
or sit on. For the narrow perch I cannot ride. Dryden. 3. [perche, Fr.
of partica, Lat.] a pole or rod, a measure of 16 feet and half.

To PERCH, verb neut. [of percher, Fr.] to sit or roost upon a perch,
stick, or twig of a tree, as birds do. Not perch upon the upper boughs.
South.

To PERCH, verb act. to place on a perch. More.

PERCHA’NCE, adj. [of per, Lat. by, and chance] perhaps; it may
happen; peradventure. Wotton.

PE’RCHANT, Fr. [with fowlers] a decoy bird tied by the foot, which
flutters, and draws other birds to it, and so gives the fowler an opportu­
nity of catching them.








PE’RCHERS, Paris candles, used in England in ancient times; also
the largest sort of wax candles, which were usually set upon the altar.

PERCI’PIENT, adj. [percipiens, Lat.] perceiving, having the faculty of
perception. Bentley.

PERCIPIENT, subst. one that has the power of perception. Glan­
ville.

PERCLO’SE, subst. [of per and close] conclusion, last part. The per­
close of the same verse. Raleigh.

PERCOLA’TION [of percolate] the act of straining through, purifica­
tion or separation by straining.

To PE’RCOLATE, verb act. [percolatum, sup. of percolo, from per, thro',
and colo, Lat. to strain] to strain.

PERCU’LLIS, the name of one of the pursuivants at arms.

To PERCU’SS, verb act. [percussum, sup. of percutio, Lat. to strike
through] to strike. Flame percussed by air giveth a noise. Bacon.

PERCU’SSION, Fr. of Lat. [percussione, It.] 1. The act of striking or
knocking, stroke, Tremors excited in the air by percussion. Newton. 2.
Effect of sound in the ear. In double rhimes the percussion is stronger.
Rimer.

PERCUSSION [in physics] the shock or collision of two bodies, which
concurring, alter the motion of each other.

PERCU’TIENT, adj. [percutiens, Lat.] striking, having the power to
strike: generally in a substantive form. The doubling of the percutient.
Bacon.

PE’RDIFOLS, Lat. [of perdo, to lose, and folia, Lat. leaves] such
trees or plants as lose their leaves in winter, or after they have done
flowering.

PERDI’TION, Fr. [perdizione, It. perdiciòn, Sp. perditio, Lat.] 1. Ruin,
destruction, death. There was no danger of our utter perdition. Bacon.
2. Loss in general. Shakespeare. 3. Eternal death. All mens salvation,
and some mens endless perdition, are things opposite. Hooker.

PERDRI’GON, Fr. a sort of plumb or prune.

PERDUE’, adv. Fr. [perduto, It. lost, forlorn. This word, which among
us is adverbially taken, comes from the French perdue, or forlorn hope;
as, perdue or advanced centinel] close lying in ambush.

To lie PERDUE, to lie flat upon the belly, to lie in wait closely.

PERDU’ES [q. perditi, Lat. i. e. lost men] soldiers placed in a dange­
rous post; the forlorn hope of an army.

PERDU’LOUS, adj. [perdo, Lat. to lose] lost, thrown away. Bram­
hall.

PE’RDURABLE, Fr. and Sp. [perdurabile, It. of perdurabilis, from per­
duro, Lat. to last through] continuing, lasting long. A word obsolete;
and accented, contrary to analogy, on the first syllable. O perdurable;
lets stab ourselves. Shakespeare.

PE’RDURABLY, adv. [of perdurable] lastingly. Shakespeare.

PERDURA’TION, Lat. state of lasting very long.

PERE’GAL, adj. Fr. equal. Obsolete.

To PE’REGRINATE, verb act. [peregrinar, Sp. from peregrinus, Lat.
foreign] to travel into far countries, to live in foreign countries.

PEREGRINA’TION, O. Fr. of Lat. the act of travelling into foreign
countries, travel, abode in foreign countries. The land of our peregri­
nation. Bentley.

PE’REGRINE, adj. O. Fr. [peregrino, It. peregrinus, Lat.] foreign, out­
landish, not native, not domestic. Peregrine and preternatural heat.
Bacon.

PEREGRINE [with falconers] a hawk of the falcon kind.

To PERE’MPT, verb act. [peremptum, sup. of peremo, Lat. to slay]
slay] to kill, to crush. A law term. The cause of appeal is perempted
by the desertion of an appeal. Ayliffe.

PERE’MPTION, Fr. [peremptio, Lat.] crush, extinction. Law term.
Ayliffe.

PERE’MPTORY [peremptoire, Fr. perentorio, It. peremptoria, Sp. of pe­
remptorius, from peremptus, Lat. killed] 1. Dogmatical, such as destroys all
further expostulation; absolute, express. 2. Pragmatical, saucy, mala­
pert.

PERE’MPTORY Action [in law] an absolute, final, and determinate act,
not to be altered, renewed, or restrained.

PERE’MPTORILY, adv. [of peremptory] absolutely, positively, so as to
cut off all further debate.

PERE’MPTORINESS [of peremptory] positiveness, dogmatism, abso­
luteness, pragmaticalness.

PERE’NNIAL, adj. [perennis, Lat.] 1. Equality of lasting thro' all sea­
sons. The perennity of divers springs. Derham. 2. Lasting all the year.
These perennial fountains. Cheyne. 3. Unceasing, perpetual, continual,
permanent. The matter wherewith these perennial clouds are raised is
the sea. Harvey.

PERENNIAL [in medicine] a term applied to severs which have no
intermission.

PERE’NNITY [perennitas, Lat.] lastingness, long continuance, perpe­
tuity.

PERETE’RION, Lat. [of ωεραω, Gr. to bore through] a trepan.

PE’RFECT [parfait, Fr. perfetto, It. perfeto, Sp. of perfectus, Lat.]
1. Compleat, intire, finished, consummate, to which nothing is want­
ing or redundant, or that has all the requisites; excellent, accomplished.
We count those things perfect, which want nothing requisite for the end
whereto they were instituted. Hooker. 2. Fully informed, well skilled
in. To be so perfect in the privileges of Bohemia. Bacon. 3. Pure,
blameless, clear. This is a sense chiefly theological. Thou shalt be
perfect with the Lord. Deuteronomy. 4. Safe, out of danger.

PERFECT Flower [with botanists] are such as have the finely coloured
flower-leaves called petala, with the stamina, apices and stylus.

PERFECT Animal [with some writers] one produced by univocal ge­
neration, in opposition to insects, which were formerly supposed to be
produced by equivocal generation.

To PERFECT, verb act. [perfectum, of perficio, Lat. parfaire, perfec­
tionner, Fr. perfezionare, It. perficionàr, Sp.] 1. To make perfect, to
bring to due perfection, to finish, to consummate, to complete. 2. To
make skilful, to instruct fully.

PERFECT Man [in divinity] this term, like many others, admits of
different senses, as men's conceptions of things differ, e. g. A perfect man,
when applied to the doctrine of the INCARNATION by some modern writers
[add, if you will, and by some consubstantialists of the fourth and follow­
ing centuries] signifies a human [rational] soul and body united to the
second person of the Trinity: but with St. Irenœus *As to the passage referred to in St. Irenœus, the reader will find
it under the word [INCARNATION] and which he may please
to compare with IRENÆUS adv. Hœresis. Ed. Grabe, p. 407.
only taking this caution along with him, that though we may
require the presence of the 3d person to constitute us (in the sense
of St. IRENÆUS) perfect men: Not so, the divine logos him­
self when incarnate; and whom, accordingly, he represents as a
perfect man from the birth, and long before the descent of
the Holy Ghost upon him, p. 394. And as to Theodorit's leaving
out in his citation [who became] this unfair way of quoting
the antients is no unfamiliar thing with him; as both Grabe and
Usher have sufficiently shewn. See MONOTHELITES, PAULIA­
NISTS, ORIGENISM, and INCARNATION, compared. (who thro' all his
writings combats this notion of two intelligent substances in the one
person of Christ) a perfect man means a body of the same make and na­
ture with ours, animated and governed not (as Cerinthus and Valentinus
affirmed) by an animal Christ [or human soul] but by a divine spirit.
In like manner, as St. Ignatius had to do with those, who affirmed that the
Son of God did not assume a real, but only an imaginary or phantom-bo­
dy) that clause in his epistle to the church of Smyrna, “Qui perfectus
homo factus est, i. e. who became a perfect man,” may intend no
more (though quoted for a different purpose by Theoderet) than this, that
the Son of God, by assuming a real body, became a compleat [or
perfect] man. USHER de Ignatii, &c. p. 24. compared with IGNAT. ad
Smyrnœos Ed Smith. p. 3. and indeed so he explains himself more than
once in that epistle.

PE’RFECTLY, adv. [of perfect] 1. Totally, compleatly, entirely.
2. In the highest degree of excellence. 3. With great skill, accurately,
exactly.

PE’RFECT Numbers [in mathematics] are such numbers whose aliquot
or even parts taken all together, will exactly make the whole number,
as 6 adn 28, &c. for of 6 the half is 3, the third part 2, and the sixth
part 1, which added together make 6; and it hath no more aliquot parts
in whole numbers; so 28 has these even parts, 14 the half, 7 the fourth,
4 the seventh, adn 2 the fourteenth, and 1, which added together, make
28, and therefore is a perfect number; of which perfect number there
are but 10 between 1, and 10000000000.

PE’RFECTER, subst. [of perfect] one that makes perfect. Jupiter the
perfecter. Pope.

PERFE’CTION, Fr. [perfezione, It. perficiòn, Sp. of perfectio, Lat.] 1.
The state or condition of being perfect. 2. Something that concurs to
produce supreme excellency. 3. Attribute of God. Creatures that re­
semble him most in these perfections. Tillotson.

To PERFE’CTIONATE, verb act. [perfectionner, Fr.] to make perfect,
to advance to perfection. This word was proposed by Dryden, but not
received.

PERFECTI’SSIMATE, a quality or dignity mentioned in the code.

PERFE’CTIVE, adj. [of perfect] conducing to bring to perfection.
More.

PERFE’CTIVELY, adv. [of perfective] in such a manner as brings to
perfection. Grew.

PE’RFECTNESS [of perfect] 1. The quality of being perfect, com­
pleteness. 2. Goodness, virtue; a scriptural word. Charity which is
the bond of perfectness. Colossians. 3. Skill. Is this your perfectness?
Shakespeare.

PERFI’DIOUS [perside, Fr. perfido, It. and Sp. of perfidus, Lat.] treache­
rous, base, false-hearted, false to trust, guilty of violated faith.

PERFI’DIOUSLY, adv. [of perfidious] treacherously, by breach of
faith.

PERFI’DIOUSNESS, or PE’RFIDY [of perfidious; perfidia, or perfidezza,
It. perfidia, Sp. of perfidia, Lat.] the quality of being perfidious, breach
of faith, or of trust, treachery, falseness, want of faith.

PE’RFLABLE, adj. [perflo, Lat.] having the wind driven through.

To PERFLA’TE, verb act. [perflatum, sup. of perflo, from per, through,
and flo, Lat. to blow] to blow through. If eastern winds did perflate
our climates. Harvey.

PERFLA’TION [of perflate] the act of blowing through. Perflations
with large bellows. Woodward.

PERFO’RANS Musculus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the fingers, so
called because its tendons run through those of the perforatus; the same
as tertii internodii digitorum flexor.

PERFO’RANS Pedis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the lesser toe, called
also flexor tertii internodii digitorum pedis.

To PE’RFORATE, verb act. [perforare, It. and Lat.] to pierce through,
to bore with an instrument.

PE’RFORATED [with botanists] a term used of any plant, whose leaf
being held against the light, seems full of little holes.

PERFORATED [in heraldry] i. e. bored thorough. The armorists use
it to express the passing or penetrating of one ordinary (in part) through
another.

PERFORA’TION [perforazione, It. of perforatio, Lat.] 1. Act of boring
or piercing through. 2. Hole, place bored. Made spongy, and with
such perforations as to admit passage to the milk. Ray.

PERFORATION [in surgery] the penetrating by an instrument into any
of the larger cavities; or the opening of any abseess by an instrument;
also an erosion of the bones that eats through them.

PE’RFORATOR [of perforate] the instrument of boring. Sharp.

PERFORA’TUS Musculus, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the lesser
toes, so called, because its tendons are perforated like those of the
fingers.

PER-FORCE, adv. [par-force, Fr. perforza, It. por fuerca, Sp.] by
force or violence.

To PERFO’RM, verb act. [performare, It.] to do, to fulfil, to bring to
pass, to put in execution, to atchieve an undertaking, to accomplish.

To PERFO’RM, verb neut. to succeed in an attempt. When a poet
has performed admirably. Watts.

PERFO’RMABLE, adj. [of perform] practicable, such as may be done.

PERFO’RMANCE. 1. The act of performing, completion of something
designed, execution of something promised. 2. Work, composition.
In your performances 'tis scarcely possible for me to be deceived. Dryden.
3. Action, something done. Besides her walking and other actual per­
formances. Shakespeare.

PERFO’RMER [of perform] 1. One that performs any thing. 2. It is
generally applied to one that makes a public exhibition of his skill, and
particularly at the play-house, a musician, a singer.

To PERFRI’CATE [perfricatum, sup. of perfrico, Lat.] to rub over.

PERFRICA’TION [from perfricate] act of rubbing or chasing tho­
roughly.








PERFU’MATORY, adj. [of perfume] that which perfumes.

To PERFU’ME, verb act. [parfumer, Fr. profumo, It. perfumer, Sp.
and Port.] to give a sweet scent to, to scent.

PERFU’ME [parfume, Fr. profumo, It. perfùme, Sp.] 1. Any thing that
sends forth a sweet scent, strong odour of sweetness used to give scents
to other things, as civet, musk, &c. 2. The scent itself, sweet. 3.
Odour, fragrance. No rich perfumes refresh the fruitful field. Pope.

PERFU’MER [of perfume; parfeumeur, Fr. profumiere, It. perfumador,
Sp. and Port.] one who makes and sells perfumes.

PERFU’NCTORILY, adv. [perfunctorie, Lat.] negligently, carelesly,
slightly. Clarendon.

PERFU’NCTORINESS [of perfunctory] negligence, a slight, careless do­
ing any thing.

PERFU’NCTORY [perfunctorius, Lat.] done carelesly, or slightly, slub­
bered over, negligent. Woodward.

To PERFU’SE, verb act. [perfusum, sup. of perfundo, Lat.] to tincture,
to overspread. These dregs immediately perfuse the blood with melan­
choly. Harvey.

PERHA’PS, adv. [of per, and prob. happen] it may be so, peradventure.

PERHAPS you'd have ripe Cherries at Christmas, a proverb applied to
such as crave after those things that are either impossible or difficult to
be had.

PERIA’MMA, or PERIA’PTA Lat. [περιαμμα, from περι and απτω, Gr.
tie] a medicine to be tied about the neck, which, as it is believed by
some, will cure diseases.

PERIA’NTHIA, Lat. [of ρερι, about, and ανθος, Gr. a flower] the
small green leaves which compass the bottom of a flower.

PE’RIAPT, subst. [περιαπτω, Gr. to surround] amulet, charm worn as
preservatives against diseases or mischief. Hanmer.

PERICA’RDIAC, or PERICA’RDIAN, pertaining to the pericardium.

PERIDA’RDIARY [in physic] an epithet given to worms generated in
the heart.

PERICA’RDIUM [περιχαρδιον, of περι, about, and χαρδια, Gr. the heart]
a thin membrane, skin or pouch, which surrounds the whole substance of
the heart. Its basis is pierced in five places, for the passage of the vessels
which enter and come out of the heart.

PERICA’RPIUM, Lat. [περιχαρπιον, Gr. pericarpe, Fr.] 1. [In botany] a
pellicle or thin membrane encompassing the fruit or grain of a plant, or
that part of a fruit that envelopes the seed. 2. [In physic] a medicine
applied to the wrist to cure an ague.

PERICA’RPUS [with botanists] a pellicle or thin membrane encompas­
sing the fruit or grain of a plant. The same with pericarpeum, which
see.

PERI’CLASIS [περιχλασις, of περι, round about or thoroughly, and
χλαω, Gr. to break] such a total fracture of a bone, as quite divides it,
and forces it out through the flesh into sight.

PERICLITA’TION [periclitor, Lat. pericliter, Fr.] the state of being in
danger, hazard, danger, jeopardy; also trial, experiment.

PERICNE’MIA, Lat. [of περι, about, and χνημη, Gr. the tibia] the
parts about the tibia.

PERICRA’NIUM [of περιχανιον, of περι, round about, and χρανιον,
Gr. the skull] a very thin and nervous coat or membrane of an ex­
quisite sense, lying under the thick hairy skin of the head, and imme­
diately covers not only the whole skull, but all the bones of the body,
except the teeth; for which reason it is also called the periosteum.
Quincy.

PERI’CULOUS, adj. [periculosus, of periculum, Lat. danger] dangerous,
jeopardous, hazardous; an obsolete word. Brown.

PERIDRO’MIS [περιδρομις, Gr. a coursing round] an open gallery, al­
ley, or the like, in a periptere, between the columns and the wall.

PERIEGE’TES, one who conducts another about a place or thing to
show it him.

PERIE’LION, or PERIHE’LIUM [περιηλιον, of περι and ηλιος, Gr. the
sun, perihelie, Fr.] that point of the orbit of a planet, in which it is
nearest to the sun.

PERIE’RGY, subst. [περιεργον, of περι, round about, and γη,
Gr. the earth, perigée, Fr.] that point in the heaven, in which the sun
or any planet is at least distance from the center of the earth.

PE’RIGEE [περιγαιον, Gr. perigee, Fr. of perigæum, Lat.] that point of
the heaven, wherein the sun, or any other planet, is nearest the cen­
ter of the earth. See PERIGÆUM.

PERIGRI’NARY, subst. [perigrinarius, Lat.] a monk in the antient
monasteries, whose office was to receive or entertain strangers or vi­
sitors.

PE’RIL, Fr. [pericolo, It. peligno, Sp. perikel, Du. of periculum, Lat.]
1. Danger, hazard, jeopardy in general. Sidney. 2. Denunciation,
danger denounced. On your displeasure's peril. Shakespeare.

PE’RILOUS [periculosus, Lat. perilleux, Fr. pericoloso, It. peligroso, Sp.]
1. Full of peril, dangerous, hazardous. 2. It is used by way of em­
phasis, or ludicrous exaggeration of any thing bad. With gifts and
knowledge per'lous shrew'd. Hudibras. 3. Smart, witty. In this sense
it is only applied to children, and probably obtained its signification from
the notion that children, eminent for wit, do not live; a witty boy was
therefore a perilous boy, or a boy in danger. It is vulgarly parlous.

PE’RILOUSLY, adv. [of perilous] dangerously, hazardously.

PE’RILOUSNESS [of perilous] hazardousness.

PERI’METER [περιμετρος, Gr.] 1. A verse having a syllable above its
just measure. 2. [In geometry] the ambit or extent which bounds a
figure or body, of what kind soever, whether rectilinear or mixed.

PERINÆ’UM, Lat. [περιναιον, Gr.] the ligamentous seam betwixt the
scrotum and the fundament.

PERINY’CTIDES [in surgery] little swellings like nipples.

PERIO’CHA [περιοχη, Gr. a holding all round] an argument contain­
ing the sum of a discourse.

PE’RIOD [periode, Fr. periodo, It. and Sp. of periodus, Lat. περιοδος,
Gr.] 1. A perfect sentence from one full stop to another. 2. [In arith­
metic] a distinction made by a point or comma, after every 3d or 6th
place or figure, used in notation or numeration, for the more ready dis­
tinguishing and reading the figures. 3. [In astronomy] the time taken
up by a star or planet in making its revolution, or the duration of its
course, 'till it return to the same point of the heavens from which it set
out. 4. [In medicine] the space of time a distemper continues from its
beginning to its declension. 5. Time in which any thing is performed,
so as to begin again in the same manner. 6. [In printing] a character
wherewith the periods of discourse are terminated (.) called a full-point,
a circuit. 7. [In chronology] an epocha or interval of time by which
the years are accounted; or a series of years whereby, in different na­
tions, and on different occasions, time is measured, a round of time, at
the end of which the things comprised within the calculation, shall re­
turn to the state in which they were at the beginning. 8. The end or
conclusion. From the chaos to the last period. Burnet's Theory. 9. The
state at which any thing terminates. The light will appear greater or
lesser, until they come to their utmost period. Digby. 10. Length of
duration. To make plants more lasting than their ordinary period.
Bacon.

To PE’RIOD, verb act. [from the subst.] to put an end to. A bad
word.

PERIO’DIC, or PERIO’DICAL, adj. [poriodique, Fr. periodico, It. and Sp.
of periodicus, Lat. περιοδιχος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to periods or revolu­
tions. 2. Circular, making a revolution. The earth's periodic motion.
Derham, 3. Happening by revolution at some stated time. Some re­
markable and periodical conjunctions. Bentley. 4. Regular, performing
some action at stated times. Those periodical fountains in Switzerland,
which flow only at such particular hours of the day. Addison.

PERIO’DIC Diseases, such as decline and rise again with similar symp­
toms alternately.

PERIODIC [with grammarians] a term applied to a style or discourse
that has number, or which consists of just and artful periods.

PERIO’DICAL [with astronomers] that which performs its motion or
course regularly, so as to perform it always in the same time.

PERIODICAL Month, the same as month of peragration.

PERIO’DICALLY, adv. [of periodical] at stated periods, regularly, in
a periodical manner.

PERI’ODUS Sanguinus, Lat. [in physic] a continual circulation of the
blood, thro' all the parts of the body.

PERIOE’CI [περιοιχοι, Gr. inhabiting round about] those inhabitants
of the earth that live under the same parallels; but opposite semi-circles
of the meridian, and consequently in the same zone or climate.

PERIOPHTHA’LMIUM, Lat. [of πεζι, about, and οφθαλμς, Gr. the
eye] a thin skin which birds can draw over their eyes to defend them
without shutting their eye-lids.

PERIO’STEUM, Lat. [περιοςεον, Gr. round about a bone, perioste, Fr.]
a thin skin which immediately incloses all the bones of the body, except
some few, as those of the teeth, ears, &c. the use of it is to cover the
bones, and to bear up the vessels, whieh enter them for their nourish­
ment.

PERIPATE’TIC, adj. [περιπατητιχος, Gr.] of or pertaining to the peri­
patetics.

PERIPATE’TIC Philosophy, the system of philosophy taught and esta­
blished by Aristotle, and maintained by his followers.

PERIPATE’TICS [peripaticiens, Fr. περιπατητιχοι, of περιπατεω, Gr. to
walk about; because they used to dispute walking in the place at Athens
called Lycæum] a sect of philosophers, the followers of Aristotle, as
Theophrastus, Cratippus, &c.
Cicero, in his fourth book De Finibus, sect. 20. informs us that the
chief point in which they differed from the Stoicks, was their placing
happiness partly in virtue, and partly in the good things of life; whereas
the Stoicks places it in virtue alone. “Quid? de ipsa beatâ vita, ad
quam omnia referuntur, quæ dicitis, negatis eam esse, quæ expleta sit om­
nibus iis rebus, quas natura desideret; TOTAMQUE eam in unâ virtute poni­
tis.” But the learned translator of Cebes, enters somewhat further into
Aristotle's character; who, in his note on those which we have cited
from him under the word LYCEUM, observes, “that Aristotle was a
young man at Socrates' death. He had however attended the instruc­
tions of that philosopher three years, and was afterwards a hearer of
Plato twenty. But the simplicity of moral philosophy suited not his da­
ring and subtle genius. [See ETHICS and NATURAL Philosophy] He
struck out new paths for himself, and gave full scope to his boundless
invention in all sorts of subjects. But he went beyond his depth. His
Physics and Metaphysics are full of chimerical principles, groundless hy­
potheses [See HYPOTHESIS] and unintelligible jargon. Even his
Ethicks is a system of dry disputations, definitions, and distinctions, fit­
ted to amuse the HEAD, but too cold to impress the HEART (as I may
add the good Stock EPICTETUS does in every page) with abhorrence of
vice, and love of virtue.” And concludes with observing “that his
rhetoric, and (what by a mistake slipt the press in this late excellent edi­
tion of Cebes) his poetics seem to be the best of his performances.” TABLE
of CEBES in English verse, with NOTES.

PERIPE’TIA, or PERIPE’TIE [of περιπετης, Gr. falling into a different
state] that part of a tragedy wherein the action is turned, the plot unra­
velled, and the whole concludes. Happy! where the Peripatie and dis­
covery co-incide. See DISCOVERY.

PERI’PHERY [peripherie, Fr. περιφερια, of περι, and φερω, Gr. to carry]
the circumference or bounding line of a circle, ellipsis, parabola, and
other similar figures.

PE’RIPHRASE, or PERIPHRA’SIS [periphrase, Fr. parafrasi, It. peri­
phrasis, Lat. περιφρασις, Gr. a round about way of speaking] a circum­
locution; a tour of words used by orators, to avoid the common and
trite manners of expression, as using many words to express that which
might be done by a few: as for death, we may say the loss of life.

To PE’RIPHRASE, verb act. [periphraser, Fr. usar paraphrasi. It. [to use
circumlocutions, to express one word by many.

PERIPHRA’STICAL [περιφραςιχος, Gr.] pertaining to a periphrasis,
circumlocutory, expressing the sense of one word by many.

PERIPHRA’STICALLY, adv. [of periphrastical] by way of periphrasis.

PERIPLO’CA Orapocynum, Lat. [in botany] the herb dog's-bane.

PERIPLU’S [περιπλους, Gr.] voyage or navigation round a certain sea
or sea coast.

PERIPNEU’MONIA, Lat. [περιπνευμονια, of περι, about, and πνευμον, Gr.
the lungs and breast, accompanied with a fever, shortness of breath, a
cough, &c.

PERIPNEUMO’NIA Notha, Lat. [with physicians] a bastard peripneu­
mony, a disease in the lungs, arising from a pituitous matter, generated
throughout the whole mass of blood, and discharged upon the lungs.

PERIPNEUMO’NICAL [peripneumonicus, of πνριπνευμονιχος, Gr.] per­
taining to a peripneumony.

PERIPNEU’MONY. The same with PERIPNEUMONIA. But N. B.
With HIPPOCRATES 'tis not unfamiliar to call this disease pelipleumony.
Eν τησι περι πλευμονιησι τησιν ιχυρησι, &c. Hippoc. Prænot, p. 43.

PERI’PTERE, or PERI’PTERON [of περι, about and πτερον, Gr. a wing,







in architecture] a place encompassed about with columns without, and a
kind of wings about it.

PERIPY’EMA [περιπυημα, of περι, about, and πυον, Gr. pus] a collec­
tion of matter about any part, as round the tooth in the gum.

PERIRRHO’EA [περιρροια, of περι and ρεω, Gr. to flow] a reflux of hu­
mours from the habit, into any one of the larger emunctories for its ex­
cretion; as in the hydropical case of water upon the bowels or kidneys,
where it passes away by urine or stool.

PERI’SCII [περισχιοι, of περι, round about, and σχια, Gr. a shadow]
those inhabitants of the earth whose shadows do in one and the same day
successively turn about to all the points of the horizon; and these are such
as inhabit the frozen zones, within the compass of the arctic and antarctic
circles, because the sun being above their horizon for many days without
ever setting, the shadow turns as the sun does.

PERISCE’LIS, Lat. [περισχελις, Gr.] a garter; thence a knight of the
most noble order of the garter is in Latin stiled eques piriscelidis.

PERISCYTI’SMUS, or PERYSCY’TISM [of περι, and σχυτιζειν, Gr. to
flea] a section, or laying open the fore-part of the head of skull.

To PE’RISH, v. n. [perir, Fr. perecèr, Sp. and Port. perire, It. and Lat.]
1. To go to ruin, rack, or decay, to be in a perpetual state of decay.
2. To be ruined, to be cast away. 3. To die or come to one's end, to be
destroyed, to come to nothing, to be lost. I perish with hunger. St.
Luke. 4. To be lost eternally. O suffer me not to perish in my sins.
Moreton.

To PERISH, verb act. to destroy, to decay. This closeness did a lit­
tle perish his understanding. Collier.

PE’RISHABLE [perissable, Fr. perecedero, Sp.] apt to perish, subject to
decay, liable to perish or come to ruin, &c.

PE’RISHABLENESS [of perishable] liableness to decay, perishing qua­
lity.

PERISSO’LOGY [περισσολογια, of περισσος, abounding or superfluous,
and λογος, Gr. a word] a discourse stuffed with unnecessary and super­
fluous words.

PERISTA’LTIC [peristaltique, Fr. περιςαλτιχος, of περιςαλλω, Gr. to con­
tract, &c.] quibbling, worm-like.

PERISTALTIC Motion of the Guts, a sort of worm-like motion down­
wards, which is caused by the contraction of the spiral fibres, whereby
the excrements are pressed downwards and voided.

PERISTAPHI’LINUS Internus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the uvula
which draws it forwards; more properly pterigostaphilinus.

PERISTAPHILINUS Externus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the uvula,
which draws it backwards.

PERISTE’RION, Lat. [in botany] the herb vervain.

PERISTE’RNA, Lat. [of περι, about, and ςερνον, Gr. the breast] the
parts about the breast.

PERISTO’LE, Gr. a contraction round about. The same as PERISTAL­
TIC Motion. [See PERISTALTIC.] But N. B. Phavorinus, p. 596.
makes Peristolè to be a synonimous to ενδυμα, or covering. APPENDIX ad
Thesaur. H. Stephan. &c. And Castell. Renovat. espouses this sense;
but as the word is applied to the motion of the bowels, I should think
the former explication to be far more easy and natural. See PERISY­
STOLE‘ and SYSTOLE‘.

PERISTRO’MATA [of περιςρωμα, Gr.] the coat which covers the bowels.

PERISTY’LE [peristile, Fr. peristylium, Lat. περιςυλιον, Gr.] a place or
building encompassed with a circular range of columns on the inside.
Arbuthnot.

PERISY’STOLE [of περι and συςολη, Gr.] the pause or interval between
the two motions of the heart or pulse, viz. that of systole or contraction,
and that of the diastole or dilatation.

PERITO’NAEUM [περιτοναιον, of περιπεινω, Gr. to stretch all around]
a thin, soft, but double membrane, that lies immediately under the mus­
cles of the lower belly, covering and containing all the viscera contained
in the abdomen, and lining all its cavity.

PERITRO’CHIUM [περιτροχειον, of περιτρεχω, Gr. to run about; in me­
chanics] a kind of wheel placed upon an axis, round which a rope is
wound, in order to raise a weight.

PERI’TTOMA [περιττωμα, Gr.] whatever is superfluous in the body;
the excrement or ordure left after digestion; also the relics of diseases.

To PE’RJURE, verb act. [se parjurer, Fr. spergiurarsi, It. of perjuro,
Lat.] to forswear, to taint with perjury.

PE’RJURE, subst. [parjure, Fr. perjurius, Lat.] a perjured or forsworn
person: obsolete. Shakespeare.

PE’RJURER [of perjure] one that swears falsely. Spenser.

PE’RJURY [parjure, Fr. spergiuro, It. perjurio, Sp. of perjurium, Lat.]
a false oath.

PE’RJURY [in law] the act of swearing falsely in an oath administered
by persons in legal authority,

PE’RIWIG [perruque, Fr. parrucca, It. peruca, Sp.] a cap of hair
worn by men, adscititious hair by way of ornament or concealment of
baldness.

To PE’RIWIG, verb act. [from the subst.] to dress in false hair. Dis­
cord periwig'd with snakes. Swift.

PERIWI’NCLE [pervinca, It. the herb so called] a kind of sea snail,
a small shell-fish; also an herb.

PERIZO’MA, Lat. [περιζωμα, Gr.] a sort of girdle or truss for people
who are bursten. See HERNIA.

To PERK Up, verb neut. [from perch. Skinner.] to lift up the head, to
appear with an affected briskness. Pope.

To PERK verb act. to dress, to prank. To be perk'd up in a glist'ring
grief. Shakespeare..

PERK, adj. pert, brisk, airy: obsolete. Peark as a peacock. Spenser.

PE’RLOUS, adj. for PE’RILOUS, dangerous, full of hazard.

PE’RMAGY, a little Turkish boot.

PE’RMANENCE, or PE’RMANENCY [of permanent] duration, consi­
stency, continuance in the same state, durableness.

PE’RMANENT, Fr. [permanente, It. and Sp. permanens, Lat.] during,
continuing, lasting, unchanged.

PE’RMANENTLY, adv. [of permanent] durably, lastingly.

PERMA’NSION [of permansum, sup. of permaneo, Lat.] continuance.
Brown.

PE’RMEABLE [permeabilis, from permeo, Lat.] that may be passed
through. Boyle.

To PE’RMEATE, verb act. [of permeo, Lat.] to penetrate, to pass
through.

PE’RMEANT, adj. [permeans, Lat.] passing through. The permeant
parts. Brown.

PERMEA’TION, Lat. the act of penetrating and passing through the
pores of the body.

PER Minima, Lat. [with physicians] a term used to signify a perfect
mixture of the smallest particles of several bodies or ingredients.

PERMI’SCIBLE [permiscibilis, from permisceo, Lat. to mix together]
which may be mingled.

PERMI’SSIBLE [permissibilis, permissum, sup. of permitto, Lat.] that may
be permitted.

PERMI’SSION, Fr. and Sp. [permissions, It. of permissio, Lat.] the act
of permitting, granting leave or liberty to do a thing, allowance.

PERMI’SSIVE, adj. [permissum, sup. of permitto, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to
permission, granting liberty, not favour, not hindering tho' not appro­
ving. 2. Granted, suffered without hindrance, not authorized or fa­
voured.

PERMI’SSIVELY, adv. [of permissive] by bare allowance, without hin­
drance. Bacon.

PERMI’STION, or PERMI’XTION [permistus, Lat.] the act of thorough
mingling together.

To PERMI’T [permettre, Fr. permitir, Sp. and Port. of permitto, Lat.]
1. To allow without command. Hooker. 2. To suffer, let, or give
leave, without authorizing or approving. 3. To allow, to suffer in ge­
neral. As much as the laws permit them. Swift. 4. To give up, to re­
sign. If the course of truth be permitted unto itself. Brown.

PERMI’T, subst. a note or written permission from a king's officer,
commonly given by the seller to the buyer of French brandy, &c. for
transporting of such goods from place to place, shewing the duty on
them to have been paid.

PERMI’TTANCE [of permit] allowance, forbearance of opposition,
permission. Derham.

PERMI’XTION [permistus, Lat. in physic] the act of mixing tho­
roughly, the state of being mingled. Permixtion and confusion of sub­
stances. Brerewood.

PERMUTA’TION, Fr. [permutazione, It. of permutatio, Lat.] the truck,
or exchange of one thing for thing for another.

PERMUTA’TIONS of Quantities [in algebra] the changes, alterations,
or different combinations of any number of quantities.

PERMUTATIO’NE Archidiaconatus, &c. a writ to an ordinary, com­
manding to admit a clerk to a benefice upon exchange made to another.

To PERMU’TE, verb act. [permuter, Fr. of permutare, It. permuto, Lat.]
to exchange church livings, and other things one for another.

PERMU’TER [of permute; permutant, Fr.] one who permutes or ex­
changes.

PE’RNANCY [in law] the taking or receiving of any thing; as, tithes
in pernancy are tithes taken in kind.

PERNI’CIOUS [pernicieux, Fr. pernizioso, It. pernicióso, Sp. of perni­
ciosus, Lat.] 1. Destructive, mischievous in the highest degree, very
hurtful. 2. [Pernicis, gen. of pernix, Lat. swift] quick. A sense pe­
culiar to Milton.

PERNI’CIOUSLY, adv. [of pernicious, first sense] destructively, mis­
chievously, hurtfully.

PERNI’CIOUSNESS [of pernicious] the quality of being pernicious, mis­
chievousness.

PERNI’CITY [pernicitas, from pernicis, gen. of pernix, Lat. swift] ex­
traordinary swiftness of motion in birds or beasts. Endued with great
swiftness and pernicity. Ray.

PE’RNIO, Lat. a kibe or chilblain.

PERNOCTA’TION, Lat. the state of lodging, or lying out all night.

PE’RNOR of Profits [in law] a taker or receiver of profits.

PERO’NA, Lat. [with anatomists] a bone of the leg called also fibula,
the shin-bone.

PERONÆ’US Primus Anticus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the tarsus
called also longus, because it is the longest muscle seated on the perona.
It begins from above half the upper part of that bone, and ends in the
upper and hindermost part of the os metatarsi of the little toe.

PERONÆUS Secundus or Posticus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the
tarsus, arising above the middle of the outward part of the fibula under
the belly of the peroneus primus, and is let into the upper and outward
part of the os metatarsi of the little toe.

PERORA’TION [peroraison, Fr. of peroratio, Lat.] the close or last part
of an oration or speech. This peroration with such circumstances. Shake­
speare.

To PERPE’ND, verb act. [perpendo, Lat.] 1. To weigh or ponder tho­
roughly in the mind. 2. To examine or to try exactly. And duly per­
pend the imperfection of their discoveries. Brown.

PERPE’NDER, or PERPEND Stone [perpigne, Fr. perpendicle, perpendicule,
It, perpendiculum, Lat.] 1. Any thing hanging down by a straight line.
2. [With architects] a stone fitted to the thickness of a wall, so as to
shew its smoothed ends on both sides, a coping-stone.

PERPENDI’CULAR, adj. Sp. [perpendiculaire, Fr. perpendicolare, It. of
perpendicularis, of perpendo, Lat.] that falls, hangs, or is directly down­
right.

PERPENDICULAR, subst. [in geometry] a right line that stands so upon
another, that the angles on either side are equal or at right angles. So
that of two lines, if one be perpendicular, the other is so too.

PERPENDICULAR to a Parabola [in conic sections] is a right line cut­
ting that figure at the point, wherin any other right line touches it.

PERPENDICULAR [with astronomers] when any star is vertical, i. e.
right over our heads, is said to be perpendicular, because its beams fall
directly upon us.

To let fall a PERPENDICULAR, is to draw a line perpendicularly upon
another, from a point given, placed above it.

A right Line is said to be PERPENDICULAR to a plane, when it is per­
pendicular to all the lines it meets with in that plane.

PERPENDI’CULARLY, adv. [of perpendicular] 1. In such a manner as
to cut another line at right angles. 2. In a perpendicular manner, in the
direction of a straight line up and down.

PERPENDICULA’RITY [of perpendicular] the quality of standing, falling,
or hanging downright.

PERPENDICULARITY of Plants, for tho' the generality of plants rise a
little crooked, yet the stem shoots up perpendicularly, and the roots
sink down perpendicularly; even they that come out of the ground in­
clined, or are diverted out of the perpendicular by any violent means,
straiten themselves again, and recover their perpendicularity, by making
a second, contrary bend, or elbow, without rectifying the first.

PERPENDI’CULUM, Lat. a perpendicular, a plumb line, a level.








PERPENDIUCLUM Chronometrum, Lat. the same as pendulum.

PERPE’NSION [perpensum, sup. of perpendo, Lat.] consideration, scru­
pulous examination. Obsolete. Brown.

To PE’RPETRATE, verb act. [perpetrer, Fr. perpetràr, Sp. perpetrare,
It. perpetro, Lat.] to commit a crime, to act. Always in an ill sense.

PERPETRA’TION [of perpetrate] 1. A commission of a crime. 2. A
bad action.

PERPE’TUAL, adj. [perpetuel, Fr. perpetuo, It. Sp. and Port. of perpe­
tuus, Lat.] continual, uninterrupted, constant, perennial, never ceasing,
everlasting, endless with respect to futurity. Mine is a love which
must perpetual be. Dryden.

PERPETUAL Glandules [in anatomy] natural ones, in distinction to
adventitious ones.

PERPETUAL Pills [in pharmacy] regulus of antimony, made into
pills, which if swallowed and voided fifty times, will purge every time.

PERPETUAL Motion [in mechanics] a motion which is supplied and
renewed from itself, without the intervention of any external cause. If
this be looked for in mere matter, I suspect it will not be found. See
MATERIALISM and MATHEMATIC Principles of Philosophy.

PERPE’TUALLY, adv. [of perpetual] 1. Incessantly, continually 2.
Everlastingly, with respect to futurity.

To PERPE’TUATE, verb act. [perpetuer, Fr. perpetuàr, Sp. perpetu­
are, It. and Lat.] 1. To make perpetual, to cause a thing to abide or
last for ever, to eternize. 2. To continue any thing, without cessation
or interruption. A continued perpetuated voice from heaven. Ham­
mond.

PERPETUA’TION, Lat. the act of perpetuating, uninterrupted con­
tinuance. The perpetuation of a very ancient custom. Brown.

PERPETU’ITY [perpetuité, Fr. perpetuità, It. perpetuidàd, Sp. of perpe­
tuitas, Lat.] 1. Continuance without interraption, exemption from ces­
sation. 2. Everlastingness, endlessness, duration to all futurity. 3.
Something, of which there is no end. A present repast for a perpetuity.
South. See ETERNITY.

PERPETUITY [in a law sense] a term used when a settlement is made
of an estate in tail, so that it cannot be undone or made void.

To PERPLE’X, verb act. [perplexus, Lat.] 1. To entangle, to put into
confusion, to puzzle, to embarrass, to teaze with doubtful notions. 2.
To make intricate, to involve, to complicate. 3. To disquiet, to trou­
ble, to plague, to vex. Improper. How might such killing eyes per­
plex. Granville.

PERPLEX, adj. Fr. [perplexus, Lat.] intricate, difficult. Perplexed is
the word in use.

PERPLEXED, part. pass. [perplexus, Lat.] put into confusion, troubled;
also difficult, hard to be understood. See To PERPLEX.

PERPLE’XITY [perplexité, Fr. perplessità, It. perplexidàd, Sp. of perpex­
itas, Lat.] 1. Doubtfulness, irresolution, trouble, anguish of mind,
anxiety, distraction of mind. 2. Entanglement, Intricacy.

PERPLE’XEDLY, adv. [of perplexed] intricately, with involution or
complication, confusedly, doubtfully.

PER Quœ Servitia, a judicial writ, issuing from the note of a fine,
and lies for the cognizance of a manor, to compel the tenant of the land
to an acknowledgment to him as lord.

PE’RQUISITES, subst. [perquisita, Lat.] all manner of profits arising
from an office or place, besides the settled salary or revenue.

PERQUISITE [in law] any thing gotten by a man's own industry, or
purchased with his own money.

PERQUISITES [of court] are those profits that come to a lord of a ma­
nor, by virtue of his court-baron, over and above the certain yearly pro­
fits of his land; as fines of copy-holds, harriots, &c.

PERQUISI’TION, Fr. of Lat. a diligent search, an exact enquiry.

PE’RRIERS, a sort of great guns for shooting stones.

PE’RRON [with architects] a stair-case lying open on the outside
of the building; properly the steps in the front of a building, which
lead into the first story, when raised a little above the level of the
ground.

PE’RRUKE, or PE’RRUQUE, Fr. a set of false hair, curled, and sewed
together on a cawl. See PERRIWIG and PERUKE.

PERRY [poiré, Fr. of pyrum, Lat. a pear] wine or drink made of
pears.

PER se, Lat. by him, her, or it self.

PER se [in chemistry] a term used when any thing is distilled without
the usual addition of other things.

PER se [with logicians] a thing is said to be considered per se, when it
is taken in the abstract, and without any other things that may be joined
thereto.

PE’RSE, sky-colour, so called, as though it were the colour the Persians
delight in.

To PE’RSECUTE [persecuter, Fr. perseguitare, It. perseguìr, Sp. of per­
secutus, of persequor, Lat. to follow close, or pursue] 1. To oppress, to
vex, to trouble, to harrass with penalties, to pursue with malignity. It
is generally used of penalties inflicted for religious opinions. See INQUI­
SITION. 2. To pursue with repeated acts of vengeance or enmity.
Being persecuted of vengeance and scattered abroad. Wisdom. 3. To
teaze, to importune much; as, he persecutes me with daily solici­
tations. See CROISADE, INQUISITION, and CELICOLI, compared.

PERSECU’TION, Fr. [persecuzione, It. persecuciòn, Sp. of persecutio, Lat.]
1. Any unjust or violent suit or oppression; especially upon the account
of religion; any pain, affliction, or inconvenience, which a person de­
signedly inflicts on another. 2. The state of being persecuted.

PERSECU’TOR [persecuteur, Fr. persecutore, It. perseguidor, Sp. of Lat.]
an oppressor, one who persecutes or harrasses others with uninterrupted
malignity.

PERSEVE’RANCE, Fr. [perseveranza, It. perseveráncia, Sp. of perseve­
rantia, Lat. This word was once improperly accented on the second syl­
lable] Constancy in progress, firmness, resolution; the abiding in any
opinion, or way of living, steadiness in pursuits. It is applied alike to
good and ill.

PERSEVERANCE [with divines] a christian virtue, whereby persons
are enabled or (as some suppose) ASCERTAINED to persist in the way of
salvation to the end.

PERSEVE’RANT, adj. Fr. [perseverante, It. and Sp. of perseverans, Lat.]
persevering, persisting, constant.

To PERSEVE’RE, verb neut. [perseverer, Fr. perseveràr, Sp. perseve­
rare, It. and Lat. This word was anciently accented, but less properly,
on the second syllable] to continue, to be stedfast; to hold on constantly
in any attempt, not to give over: alike applied to good or ill.

PERSEVE’RINGLY, adv. [of persevere] with perseverance.

PE’RSEUS [with astronomers] a constellation of the northern hemis­
phere.

PE’RSIA, a kingdom of Asia, situated between 45 and 67 degrees of
east longitude, and 25 and 45 degrees of north latitude.

PE’RSIAN, or PE’RSIC [in architecture] a term commonly used of all
statues of men, serving instead of columns to support entablatures.

PE’RSIAN Empire, or as some choose to call it, the Mede-Persian em­
pire; as being originally a compound of both these states, and answering
to the ram (in Daniel's prophecy) with two horns; though, as he most
accurately predicts, “the HIGHER horn of the two [i. e. the Persian
state, and from which the whole empire was at length denominated] came
up LAST;” for it grew up at first under the Medes; but in process of
time it became their superior. Daniel, c. viii. v. 3. Nor is the spread of
their conquests less correctly described in the fourth verse of that chapter,
compared with c. vii. v. 5, for it took in the three states, Babylon, Ly­
dia, and Egypt; and continued from the year before Christ 538, (in
which Babylon was taken by Cyrus) to the year before Christ 333; in
which the decisive battle was fought between the king of Greece (for so
the prophet calls Alexander the Great) and Darius Codomannus; and by
the way, the rapidity of his march and conquests (I mean of that young
Grecian hero) are as finely portraid in the 5th, 6th, and 7th verses of the
eighth chapter. And if the readers would see this prophetic accuracy
(which Porphery so much admired) more fully illustrated, he need only
compare what we have said under the words, Grecian empire, with the
8th and 22d verses of that chapter. See also Ottoman, and read there
Greek [instead of Grecian] empire.

PERSICA’RIA, Lat. the herb arse-smart.

PE’RSIAN-WHEEL [in agriculture] a machine for raising a quantity of
water, sufficient to overflow lands bordering on the banks of rivers, &c.
where the stream lies too low to water them.

PE’RSIC Order [in architecture] is where the bodies of men serve in­
stead of columns to support the entablature; or rather the columns them­
selves are in that form.

PE’RSICUS Ignis, Lat. [in surgery] a swelling commonly called a car­
buncle.

To PERSI’ST, verb neut. [persister, Fr. persistir, Sp. of persistere, It.
and Lat.] to stand firm and fixed; to hold on in an opinion, allegation,
or demand, not to give over.

PERSI’STANCE, PERSI’STENCE, or PERSI’STENCY [persistenza, It.
Persistence seems more analogous and proper] obstinacy, contumacy.

PERSI’STIVE, adj. [of persist] steady, not receding from a purpose.
Shakespeare.

PE’RSON [personne, Fr. of persona, It. and Lat.] 1. An individual sub­
stance of a rational or intelligent nature, a particular man or women. A
person is a thinking intelligent being. Locke. 2. Man or woman con­
sidered as present acting or suffering. And for their persons shewed no
want of courage. Clarendon. 3. Man or woman considered as opposed
to things, or as distinct from them. The safety of our persons, and the
propriety of our possessions. Atterbury. 4. Human being, considered
with respect to mere corporal existence. You'll find her person difficult
to gain. Dryden. 5. A general loose term for a human being, one, a
man. 6. One's self, not a representative. To make a war upon France
in person. Bacon. 7. The outward form or shape of one's body. 8.
Man or woman represented in a fictitious dialogue speaking. 9. Cha­
racter. In his new person of a sycophant. Bacon. 10. Character of
office. He sustains the person of a magistrate and that of a friend.
South. 11. [With grammarians] the quality of the noun that modifies
the verb.

PERSONS [with divines] the three persons or subsistences in the Trinity-
With the ancients, the word person signified (according to the proper
import of the Greek word HYPOSTASIS, when applied to spirit) an in­
telligent agent possessed of his own distinct and proper ESSENCE or SUB-
STANCE; and three such persons with them were three such agents, i. e.
three SPIRITS: “not making (says Athanasius) one spirit out of three”.
[See First CAUSE, HYPO’STASIS and CIRCUMINCESSION compared]
But since the change, which the schoolmen and lateran council have intro­
duced into our divinity, three persons NOW signify, with some, three
different MODES of existence, all belonging to one individual substance;
with others, three different conceptions, or names of one and the same
being; with others, three homogeneal parts of one and the same undivided
essence; with others, THREE intelligent agents, and yet (as belonging
to one undivided essence) constituting but ONE intelligent agent; and as
there is no end of error, when once we have given up the truth, “THREE
SOMEWHATS”, i. e. three unintelligibles —— A δειλοι, τι χαχον το δε πασ­
χετε. —— See LATERAN Council, PLURALITY of Persons, and BEGOT­
TEN, compared.

PERSONS [with grammarians] are three in number, I, thou, he, in the
singular number; and we, ye, they, in the plural.

PE’RSONABLE, having a good presence, mien, or air; comely.

PERSONABLE [in law] enabled to maintain plea in court; as, such a
foreigner was lately made personable by act of parliament; also a being
in a capacity to take any thing granted or given.

PE’RSONAGE, Sp. [personnage, Fr. personaggio, It.] 1. A considerable
person, man or woman of eminence. 2. External appearance, air,
stature. In personage stately. Hayward. 3. Character assumed. Dis­
guised in a false personage. Addison. 4. Character represented. The
actors and personages of this fable. Broome.

PE’RSONAL, Sp. [personnel, Fr. personale, It. of personalis, Lat.] 1.
Pertaining to a person, or to a man or woman, not to a thing, not
real. Every man so termed by way of personal difference. Hooker. 2.
Proper to him or her, affecting individuals, relating to one's private
actions or character. The application may be more personal. Rogers. 3.
Present, not acting by representative. When he was personal. in the Irish
war. Shakespeare. 4. Exterior, corporal. A princess whose personal
charms were now become the least part of her character. Addison.

PERSONAL Verb [in grammar] a verb conjugated with all three per­
sons, and in both numbers. Opposed to impersonal, that has only the
3d person; or rather (as the etymology implies) no person to govern it at all.

PERSONAL [in law] as goods or chattels personal, signify any move­
able thing belonging to a man, whether quick or dead; and it opposed
to real.

PERSONAL Action [in law] is an action levied directly and solely
against the person, in opposition to a real or mixed action.








PERSONAL Goods, or PERSONAL Estate [in law] is that which consists
in moveables, &c. which every person has in his own disposal; in op­
position to lands and tenements, which are called real estate.

PERSONAL Tithes, are such tithes as are paid out of such profits as
arise by labour of a man's person; as by buying and selling, handicrafts,
and the like.

PERSONA’LITY, the abstract of personal, the property of being a
distinct person, the existence or individuality of any one.

PERSONALITY [in divinity] that which constitutes the persons in the
Godhead. See HYPOSTASIS, NOETIANS and ATHANASIANS, compared.
Quæcunque substantia sermonis fuit, ILLAM dico personam. Tertull.
But, N. B. Some modern divines, in order to reconcile their notion
of the incarnation with the UNITY of Christ's person, deny the person­
ality of the human soul; they allow it to have a distinct will and under­
standing, nay more, and moral agency of its own; and yet deny it to be a
a person. Query, how far Theodoret was of the same opinion. See
HOMINICOLÆ, MONOTHELITES, and NESTORIANISM compared.

PE’RSONALLY, adv. [of personal] 1. In person, in presence, not by
representative. 2. With respect to an individual, particularly. She
bore a mortal hatred to the house of Lancaster, and personally to the king.
Bacon. 3. With regard to numerical existence. The converted man is
personally the same he was before. Rogers.

To PE’RSONATE, verb act. [personatus, from persona, Lat.] 1. To
act or represent a person by action or appearance. Ready to personate a
mortal part. Crashaw. 2. To represent by a fictitious or assumed cha­
racter, so as to pass for the person represented. 3. To pretend hypocri­
tically; with the reciprocal pronoun. To personate themselves members
of the several sects. Swift. 4. To counterfeit, to feign; little in use.
A personated scepticism. Glanville. 5. To resemble. The lofty cedar
personates thee. Shakespeare. 6. To make a representative of, as in pic­
ture; obsolete. One do I personate of Timon's frame. Shakespeare. 7.
To describe; obsolete. It must be a personating of himself. Shakespeare.
[See Angel of God's PRESENCE, compared with Revel. c. i. v. 1. and
c. xi. v. 1—3.]

PERSONA’TION [of personate] counterfeiting of another person. One
of the strangest examples of a personation that ever was. Bacon.

PERSONIFICA’TION [of personify] Prosopopœia, the change of things
to persons. As, Confusion heard his voice. Milton.

To PERSO’NIFY, or To PERSO’NALIZE, verb act. [of person] to feign
a person, or to attribute a person to an inanimate being; or to give it the
figure, sentiments, or language of a person.

PERSONALI’ZING, or PERSO’NIFYING, the feigning a person, or the
attributing a person to an inanimate being, or the giving it the form, sen­
timents, and language of a person; thus the poets have personified all
the passions, virtues, and vices, by making divinities of them.

PERSPE’CTIVE, subst. Fr. [perspettiva, It. perspectiva, Sp. and Lat.
of perspicio, Lat.] 1. A mathematical science, which shews how to re­
present objects on a plain surface, as naturally as they would appear to
our sight, if seen through that plane, supposing it to be as transparent
as glass. 2. A glass through which things are viewed. By the best per­
spectives to discover from what coast they break. Temple. 3. View.
Visto and perspectives of pleasant glades. Dryden.

PERSPECTIVE is also used for a kind of picture or painting in gar­
dens, and at the ends of galleries, designed to deceive the sight, by re­
presenting the continuation of an alley, a building. a landskip, or the
like.

PERSPE’CTIVE, adj. relating to the science of vision, optical.

PERSPICA’CIOUS [perspicace, It. perspicàz, Sp. of perspicacis, gen. of
perspicax, Lat.] quick-sighted, sharp of sight, quick-witted, quick of
judgment and apprehension.

PERSPICA’CIOUSNESS, or PERSPICA’CITY [of perspicacious; of perspi­
cacité, Fr. perspicacita, It. of perspicacitas, Lat.] quickness of sight or
apprehension.

PE’RSPICIL [perspicillum, Lat.] a glass through which things are
viewed, an optic glass. The perspicil as well as the needle hath enlarged
the habitable world. Glanville.

PERSPICU’ITY [perspicuidàd, Sp. of perspicuitas, Lat.] plainness,
clearness. See MYSTERIES and ATHANASIANS compared.

PERSPI’CUOUS [perspicuo, Sp. perspicuus, Lat.] that is so clear, that
the light may be seen through it, transparent, not opaque; also easy to
be apprehended, plain to the mind, not obscure, not ambiguous.

PERSPI’CUOUSLY, adv. [of perspicuous] clearly, not obscurely, plainly,
&c.

PERSPI’CUOUSNESS [of perspicuous] clearness or plainness in writing or
speaking, freedom from obscurity.

PERSPI’RABLE [of perspire] 1. Such as may be emitted by the cuticu­
lar pores. 2. Perspiring, emitting perspiration; improper. The hands
or soles of the feet, which are parts more perspirable. Bacon. 3. [In
medicine] the body is said to be perspirable, when the pores are kept
open, so that the vapours arising from the humours may freely breathe
out. Plenus rimarum sum; hinc atque hinc perfluo. Terent.

PERSPIRA’TION [perspirazione, It. of perspiratio, Lat.] 1. Act of
steaming or breathing through. 2. [In medicine] the evacuating the
juices of the body through the pores of the skin, excretion by the cu­
ticular pores. Insensible perspiration. Arbuthnot.

PERSPIRA’TIVE, adj. [of perspire] pertaining to perspiration, or ex­
haling through, performing the act of perspiration.

To PERSPI’RE, verb neut. [perspiràr, Sp. perspirare, It. and Lat.] 1.
To sweat or steam, to perform excretion through the pores. 2. To be
excreted by the skin.

PERSUA’DABLE, adj. [of persuade] such as may be persuaded.

To PERSUA’DE, verb act. [persuader, Fr. persudere, It. persuadir, Sp.
and Port. of persuadeo, Lat.] 1. To convince, satisfy, make to believe,
or work upon one to grant or do something, to influence by argument
or expostulation. 2. To bring to any particular opinion. Persuaded of
the advantages of virtue. Locke. 3. To inculcate by argument or ex­
postulation. To children afraid of vain images, we persuade confidence.
Taylor. 4. To treat by persuasion; a mode of speech now obsolete.
Twenty merchants have all persuaded with him. Shakespeare.

PERSU’ADER [of persuade] one who persuades or influences by per­
suasion, an importunate adviser.

PERSU’ASIBLE, Fr. [persuafibilis, from persuadeo, Lat.] that may be
influenced by persuasion. See MORAL Influence, and MORAL Agency
compared.

PERSU’ASIBLENESS [of persuasible] the quality of being flexible or in­
fluenced by persuasion.

PERSUA’SION, Fr. and Sp. [persuazione, It. of persuasio, Lat.] 1. The
act of persuading, the act of influencing by expostulation, the act of
gaining or attempting the passions, sollicitation. Thou hast all the arts
of fine persuasion. Otway. 2. Belief, opinion, the state of being per­
suaded. The general persuasion of all men. Hooker.

PERSUA’SIVE, adj. [persuasif, Fr. persuasivo, It.] apt, or tending to
persuade, having influence on the passions.

PERSUA’SIVE, subst. a discourse or argument that tends to persuade.

PERSUA’SIVELY, adv. [of persuasive] in such a manner as to per­
suade.

PERSUA’SIVENESS [of persuasive] aptness or tendency to persuade, in­
fluence on the passions.

PERSUA’SORY, adj. [of persuasorius, Lat.] apt to persuade, having the
power to persuade. Neither is this persuasory. Brown.

PERSULTA’TION [with surgeons] a bursting of blood through the
vessels.

PERT, adj. [pert, Wel. and Dut. of appert, lively, sharp, or perhaps
from prêt, Fr.] 1. Brisk, lively, smart. The pert and nimble spirit of
mirth. Shakespeare. 2. Saucy, petulant, with bold and garrulous lo­
quacity. A lady bids me in a very pert manner mind my own affairs.
Addison. 3. Forward to meddle.

To PERTAI’N [appartenir, Fr. appartenere, It. pertenecér, Sp. perton­
cer, Port. of pertinere, Lat.] to belong to, to relate to.

PERTAI’NING, part. act. [pertinens, Lat.] belonging to, concerning.

PERTEREBRA’TION [of per and terebratio, Lat.] the act of boring
through with an augar or wimble; a drilling or making a hole
thorough.

PERTI’CÆ, perchers, large sconces or candlesticks for tapers or lights,
which were set on the altars in churches.

PERTINA’CIOUS [pertinace, It. pertinaz, Sp. of pertinacis, gen. of
pertinax, Lat.] 1. Holding fast, resolute, constant, steady. Constant
and pertinacious study. South. 2. Obstinate, stubborn, wilful, stiff in
opinion, perversely resolute. He never met with a man of more perti­
nacious confidence. Walton. See BIGOTTRY.

PERTINA’CIOUSLY, adv. [of pertinacious; pertinaciter, Lat.] stiffly,
obstinately, stubbornly.

PERTINA’CIOUSNESS, PERTINA’CITY, or PE’RTINACY [pertinacia,
It. of pertinacitas, Lat.] 1. A stiffness and obstinacy in maintaining or
retaining an opinion, &c. stubbornness, persistency. The pertinacity of
ill fortune. L'Estrange. 2. Resolution, steadiness, constancy.

PE’RTINENCE, or PE’RTINENCY [pertinenza, It. from pertineo, Lat.]
fitness, suitableness, justness of relation to the matter in hand.

PE’RTINENT, Fr. [pertinente, It. and Sp. of pertinens, Lat.] 1. Fit,
pat, apt, to the purpose, related to the matter in hand, not foreign from
the thing intended. 2. Relating, regarding, concerning; in this sense
the word now used is pertaining. Any thing pertinent unto faith and re­
ligion. Hooker.

PE’RTINENTLY, adv. [of pertinent] 1. Appositely, to the purpose.
Taylor. 2. Fitly, aptly, to the purpose.

PE’RTINENTNESS [of pertinent] fitness, suitableness, appositeness.

PERTI’NGENCE, or PERTI’NGENCY [of pertingens, Lat.] a reaching to.

PERTI’NGENT [pertingens, Lat.] reaching to, touching.

PE’RTLY, adv. [of pert] 1. Briskly, in a lively manner, smartly.
The first are pertly in the wrong with a little more gaiety. Pope. 2.
Saucily, with petulance. You pertly raise your snout. Swift.

PE’RTNESS [of pert] 1. Briskness, without force, petty liveliness,
smartness in talk, without dignity or solidity. There is in Shaftsbury's
works a lively pertness. Watts. 2. Petulance, brisk folly, sauciness.
Pope.

PERTRA’NSIENT, adj. [of pertransiens, Lat.] passing over or striking
through, as a colour in a precious stone, &c.

PERTUI’SAN, a partisan, a sort of halberd. See PARTISAN.

To PERTU’RB, or To PE’RTURBATE, verb act. [perturber, old Fr.
perturbàr, Sp. perturbare, It. and Lat.] 1. To disturb, to disquiet. Rest,
rest, perturbed spirit. Shakespeare. 2. To disorder, to confuse, to put
out of regularity.

PERTURBA’TION [perturbation, Fr. perturbatio, Lat.] 1. Disturbance,
disorder, confusion, commotion. 2. Disquiet, trouble, disorder of
mind. 3. Restlessness of passion. Great and violent desires and pertur­
bations. Bacon. 4. Cause of disquiet. O polish'd perturbation, golden
care. Shakespeare. 5. Commotion of passions. See STOICKS.

PERTURBA’TOR [perturbateùr, Fr. perturbatore, It. of perturbator,
Lat.] a disturber, a troublesome person, a raiser of commotions.

PERTURBA’TRIX [perturbatrice, Fr.] the same in the female sex.

PERTU’SE, adj. [pertusus, Lat.] beaten to pieces.

PERTU’SED, adj. [pertusus, Lat.] punched, bored through, having
many holes.

PERTU’SION [pertusum, sup. of pertundo, from per and tundo, to beat or
bruise] 1. The act of piercing or punching. 2. Hole made by punch­
ing or piercing. If some few pertusions be made in the pot. Bacon.

To PERVA’DE, verb act. [pervado, Lat.] 1. To go through, to pass
thro' an aperture, to permeate. Newton. 2. To pass through the whole
extension of any thing. Bentley.

PERVA’SION [of pervade] the act of pervading or passing through.
Boyle.

PERVE’RSE, [pervers, Fr. perverso, It. and Sp. of perversus, Lat.] 1.
Distorted from the right. Milton. 2. Froward, untoward, obstinate in
the wrong, stubborn, untractable, cross-grained. To so perverse a sex
all grace is vain. Dryden. 3. Petulant, vexatious. I'll from and be
perverse, and say thee nay. Shakespeare.

PERVE’RSELY, adv. [of perverse; perversè, Lat.] cross-grained, with
intent to vex, peevishly, with petty malignity.

PERVE’RSENESS [of perverse] 1. Petulance, peevishness, spiteful cross­
ness. 2. Perversion, corruption; obsolete. Bacon.

PERVE’RSION, Lat. a perverting, seducing, corrupting, overthrowing;
also a turning to a wrong sense.

PERVE’RSITY [perversité, Fr. perversità, It. of perversitas, Lat.]
frowardness, crossness, ill-nature, perverseness. Norris.

To PERVE’RT, verb act. [pervertìr, Sp. of pervertere, It. and Lat.]
1. To turn from the right, opposed to convert, which is to turn from
the wrong to the right, to mislead, to debauch, to corrupt or spoil. He
in the serpent had perverted Eve. Milton. 2. To distort from the true
end and purpose. He has perverted my meaning to a wrong sense.
Dryden. 3. To turn to a wrong sense.

PERVE’RTOR [of pervert] 1. One that perverts or changes any
thing from good to bad, a corrupter. 2. One who distorts any thing
from the right purpose. A perverter of his law. Stillingfleet.








PERVE’RTIBLE [of pervert] that may be easily perverted. Ainsworth.

PERVICA’CIOUS [pervicacis, gen. of pervicax, Lat.] spitefully, ob­
stinate, peevishly contumacious, wilful, head-strong, stubborn.

PERVICA’CIOUSLY, adv. [of pervacious] with spiteful obstinacy, wil­
fully, stubbornly.

PERVICA’CIOUSNESS, or PERVICA’CITY [of pervicata, Lat. from per­
vicacious] spiteful obstinacy, stubbornness.

PE’RVIOUS [pervius, Lat.] 1. Passable, easy to be passed through, ca­
pable of being permeated. 2. Pervading, permeating. This sense is
improper. Prior.

PE’RVIOUSNESS [of pervious] passableness, quality of admitting a pas­
sage. Boyle.

PE’RUKE, subst. [of peruque, Fr.] a cap of false hair, a periwig.

To PE’RUKE, verb act. [from the subst.] to dress in false hair.

PE’RUKED, pret. and part. wearing a peruke or perriwig, or border of
hair. Milton.

PE’RUKEMAKER [of peruke and maker] a maker of perukes, a wig­
maker.

PERU’SAL, act of reading over, act of perusing.

To PERU’SE, verb act [of per and user, Fr.] 1. To look or read
over. 2. To observe, to examine. I've perus'd her well. Shakespeare.

PERU’SER [of peruse] a reader, an examiner.

PERU’VIAN Bark, a drug brought from Peru in America, commonly
called the jesuit's bark. See CORTEX.

PE’SA, a certain weight or quantity of cheese, wool, &c.

PESA’DE, or PESA’TE [in horsemanship] a motion of a horse, that in
lifting or raising his fore quarters, keeps his hind-legs upon the ground
without stiring; so that he makes no time with his haunches, till his
fore-legs reach the ground.

PE’SAGE, an antient custom or duty paid for the weighing of mer­
chandizes or wares.

PE’SSARY [with physicians] a kind of suppository or medicament
made up of the length of the middle finger, to be put into the neck of
the womb, good for several disorders in that part.

PE’SSOMANCY [ωεσσομαντεια, of ωεσσος, a little stone, and μαντεια,
Gr. divination] a sort of divination by putting lots into a vessel, and
drawing them out, having first made supplication to the gods to direct
them; and being drawn, they made conjectures from the characters
marked on them what should happen.

PE’SSULUS [in pharmacy] an oblong medicine to be thrust up the neck
of the womb for several diseases, the same as pessary.

PEST [peste, Fr. and It. the former in one, the latter in two syllables,
pestis, Lat.] 1. The plague, pessilence. 2. Any thing mischievous or de­
structive. The pest a virgin's face adn bosom bears. Pope.

To PE’STER, verb act. [pester Fr. of pestis, Lat. a plague] 1. To
annoy, to plague, to trouble, to embarrass, to disturb, to turmoil. We
are pester'd with mice. More. 2. To encumber. Confin'd and pester'd
in this pinfold here. Milton.

PE’STERER [of pester] one that pesters or disturbs.

PE’STEROUS, adj. [of pester] encumbering, cumbersome. Bacon.

PEST-House [of pest and house] an hospital for persons sick of the
plague.

PESTI’FEROUS [pestifere, Fr. pestifero, It. and Sp. of pestifer, Lat.] 1.
Bringing the pestilence or plague, deadly, malignant, infectious. The
steams of pestiferous bodies taint the air. Arbuthnot. 2. Mischievous, de­
structive. And made such pestiferous reports of men nobly held. Shake­
speare.

PE’STILENCE, Fr. [pestilenza, It. pestilencia, Sp. of pestilentia, Lat.] a
disease arising from infection in the air, accompanied with botches,
boils, and other dreadful symptoms; the plague.

PE’STILENT, adj. Fr. [pestilens, Lat.] 1. Producing plagues, malig­
nant, infectious. Pestilent air. Bacon. 2. Troublesome, destructive,
dangerous, mischievous. Pestilent books. Swift. 3. In ludicrous lan­
guage it is used to exaggerate the meaning of another word.

PESTILE’NTIAL, adj. [pestilentiel, Fr. pestello, It. pestel, C. Br. pestilens,
Lat.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of the pestilence,
infectious, contagious. 2. Mischievous, destructive in general. The
pestilential design. South.

PESTILENTIAL Fevers [with physicians] are such as do not only af­
flict the patient with a vehement heat, but also a malignant and veno­
mous quality. But, according to Sydenham's Definition of the pestilen­
tial fever, it agrees with the plague itself in species, and differs from it
only in degree; “Nec ab eâ nisi ob gradum remissiorum discrimina­
tur. SYDENHAM Opera Ed. London, p. 71. Tho', en passant, his method
of treating that disease has been called in question by some very conside­
rable physicians, and in particular by the late worthy Doctor Crow, who
told me, “he did not believe that Sydenham effected one single cure in
that way.”

PESTILE’NTIALNESS [of pestilential] pestilential quality.

PE’STILENTLY, adv. [of pestilent] mischievously, destructively.

PESTILLA’TION [pistillum, Lat.] the act of pounding or breaking in
a mortar with a pestle. Brown.

PE’STLE [pisteau, Fr. pistello, It. of pistillum, Lat.] an instrument for
beating in a mortar.


PET

PET, subst. [This word is of doubtful etymology, some derive it from
despit or depit, Fr. or impetus, Lat. Perhaps it may be derived some way
from petit, as it implies only a little fume or fret. Mer. Casaubon de­
rives it from παπτω, for πεπτω, Gr.] 1. A slight distaste or displeasure;
as, to take pet at. L'Estrange. 2. To be angry or displeased, to be of­
fended at, to stomach 3. A lamb taken into the house and brought up
by hand. Hanmer. 4. A fondling. This and the preceding sense is re­
tained by the Scots, both of animals and human beings, of which they
are any wise fond. See PEAT.

PE’TAL, subst. [petalum, Lat.] petal is a term in botany signifying
those fine-coloured leaves that compose the flowers of all plants. Whence
plants are distinguished into monopetalous, whose flower is one continued
leaf; tripetalous, pentapetalous, and polypetalous, when they consist of
three, five, or many leaves. Quincy.

PE’TALA, Lat. [πεταλα, Gr.] the fine coloured leaves of flowers; so
called to distinguish them from the leaves of the plant.

PE’TALISM [petalismus, Lat.] a kind of exile among the ancients, or
a banishment for the term of five years.

PETALOI’DES [πεταλοειδης, Gr.] a sort of little leaves or scales that
swim in urine.

PE’TALOUS, adj. [of petal] having flower leaves or petals.

PE’TALON, or PE’TALUM, Lat. [πεταλον, Gr.] the leaf of a flower.
The singular of petala, flower leaves, &c.

PETAMINA’RIUS, a name or title which the ancients gave to several
persons, who performed extraordinary feats of activity, took dangerous
leaps, vaults, &c.

PETA’R, or PETA’RD, Fr. [petardo, It. and Sp.] is an engine of metal,
shaped like a sugar-loaf or high-crown'd hat, made for breaking open
gates, draw-bridges, barricades, barriers, &c. its length is seven or eight
inches, the diameter of the mouth is five inches, and that at bottom one
and a half; the thickness of metal at the neck is half an inch, and
that of the breach 12 or 15; its charge of powder is five pounds or there­
abouts, and it weighs about 55 or 60. There are much larger and
stronger petards, and there are likewise smaller: The first are employed
in breaking open strong reinforced gates, and the last in such as can
make but small resistance. When the petard is loaded with powder, it
is put upon a strong piece of plank A B C D, covered with a plate of
iron on the outside, which covers the overture, being hollowed a little
for the purpose; the place where they join, is done over with wax,
pitch, rosin, &c. to inforce the effect. This being done, it is carried to
the place designed to be blown up, where joining the plank exactly to
the gate, the petard is stayed behind and fired by a fusee, that the petar­
deer may have time to get off. They are sometimes used in counter­
mines, to break through into the enemies galleries to disappoint their
mines. See Plate VIII. Fig. 8.

PETARDEE’R [petardier, Fr. petardiere, It. petardero, Sp.] one who
manages or applies a petard.

PETE [petus, Lat.] cumbustible earth dug up in small pieces for fuel.
This is more usually written peat; which see.

PETE’CHIÆ, Lat. [in medicine] spots in the skin like flea-bites,
which come out in some fevers. They are generally of a red colour;
but (as doctor Mead observes) are attended with the utmost danger,
when becoming (as is sometimes the case) livid or black. MONITA &
PRÆCEPTA Medic. p. 28. See FEVER.

PETE’CHIAL Fever [petechiæ, Lat.] a malignant fever, which makes
the skin look as tho' it were bitten, and thence called also pulicaris.

PE’TER-MAN, one who fishes in the river Thames with a net for floun­
ders, &c.

PE’TER Pence, called also Rome Scot, was a levy of a penny on every
house wherein there were 30 pence vivæ pecuniœ, to be collected and
sent to Rome, one half of it went for alms to the English school at Rome,
and the other half to the pope's use.

PE’TER-WORT, an herb. This plant differs from St. John's-wort
only in having a pyramidal seed-vessel divided into five cells. Miller.

PE’TERBOROUGH, a city and bishop's see in Northamptonshire, on the
river Nen, 67 miles from London. It gives title of earl to the noble
family of Mordaunts, and sends two members to parliament. See Plate
IX. Fig. 12.

PE’TESRFIELD, a borough town of Hampshire, 55 miles from Lon­
don. It sends two members to parliament.

PE’THERTON South, a market-town of Somersetshire, on the river Pen­
dred, or Parrot, 131 miles from London.

PE’TICOAT [petit-cote, Fr.] a woman's westment. See PETTICOAT.

PE’TIT, adj. Fr. small, unconfiderable. Small petit hints. South.

PETIT Cape, a writ, where an action real is brought, and the tenant
appeareth, and after maketh an escape.

PETIT-Serjeantry, a tenure held from the crown, only by yielding the
sovereign a buckler, arrow, or other service, at the will of the first feof­
fer.

PETIT Treason [in law] is when a wife kills her husband, a servant
his master, a secular or religious person his superior or ordinary, to whom
he owes faith and obedience.

PETI’TIO Principii, Lat. [with logicians] a begging of principles, or
a precarious supposing a thing to be true, or a taking it for granted,
when it really remains either dubious, or else is expressly denied.

PETI’TION [petitione, It. peticiòn, Sp. of petitio, Lat.] 1. A supplication
in form, made by an inferior to his superior; especially to one having
jurisdiction; request, entreaty, prayer. 2. Single branch or article of a
prayer. This last petition heard of all her pray'r. Dryden.

To PETI’TION, verb act. [from the subst. peto, Lat.] to present or
put up a petition, to supplicate, to sollicit.

PETITIONA’RILY, adv. [of petitionary] by way of begging the que­
stion.

PETITI’ONARY, adj. [of petition] 1. Pertaining to a petition, suppli­
catory, coming with petitions. 2. Containing petitions of requests. Pe­
titionary epistles. Swift.

PETI’TIONER [of petition; petitor, Lat.] he or she who puts up a pe­
tition

PETI’TIONING, part. act. [of petition] asking by way of petition.

PETI’TORY [petitoire, Fr. petitorio, It. of petitorius, Lat.] pertaining
to a petition or command, petitioning, claiming the property of any
thing. Ainsworth.

PE’TRE, subst. [petra, Lat. a stone] nitre, salt-petre. See NITRE.

PETRE’SCENCE, the state of petrifying or becoming stone.

PETRE’SCENT [petrescens, Lat.] petrifying or becoming stone. A pe­
trescent liquor. Boyle.

PETRI’FIC, adj. [petrificus, Lat.] having the power to turn into stone.
Death with his mace petrific dry and cold. Milton.

PETRIFICA’TION, or PETRIFA’CTION [petrification, Fr. petrifio, Lat.
in physiology] 1. The action of converting fluids, woods, and other
matters, into stone, the state of being turned to stone. 2. That which is
turned to stone. In these strange petrifications. Boyle.

To PE’TRIFY, verb act. [petrifier, Fr. impietrire, It. of petrifico, of pe­
tra, stone, and fio, Lat. to be made] to make or turn into stone.

To PETRIFY, verb neut. to become or grow into stone.

PETROBRU’SIANS [so called of Peter Bruys] 1. They denied that chil­
dren before age of reason could be justified by baptism. 2. That no
churches should be built, but those that are built pulled down; because
an inn was as proper for prayer as a temple, and a stable as an altar. 3.
That the cross ought to be pulled down and burnt, because we ought to
hate the instrument of our Saviour's suffering, &c.

PETROJOA’NNITES, the followers of Peter John, or Peter the son of
John, who lived in the 12th century; one of whose opinions was, that
he alone had the understanding of the true sense wherein the apostles
preached the gospel.

PE’TROL, or PETRO’LEUM, subst. [petrole, Fr. of πετρα, Gr. a rock,
and oleum, Lat. oil] a certain oil that distils or flows out of a rock. Pe­
trol or petroleum is a liquid bitumen, black, floating on the liquid of
springs. Woodward.








PE’TRONEL, subst. [petrinal, Fr.] a pistol, a sort of harquebuss, or
small hand-gun, used by a horseman. Hudibras.

PETROSELI’NON [πετροσελινον, Gr.] parsley.

PETRO’SUM Os, Lat. [with anatomists] i. e. the rocky bone, the inner
process of the bones of the temples, so named by reason of their hardness
and craggedness.

PETTE’IA [in music] the art of making a just discernment of all man­
ners of ranging or combining sounds among themselves, so as they may
produce their effect.

PE’TTICOAT [petite-cotte, Fr.] a garment worn by women, reaching
from the waste down to the feet.

PE’TTICOAT Government, when the wife rules the husband, or, as it is
commonly expressed, wears the breeches.

PETTICOAT Pensioner, a gallant, kept for intrigue.

PETTIFO’GGER [prob. of petit, Fr. and fogere, a wooer, or gefe­
gan, Sax. corrupted, according to Johnson, from pettivoguer, of petit
and voguer, Fr.] a petty small-rate lawyer, an ignorant tricking lawyer.
To abandon your shop and follow pettifoggers. Arbuthnot.

PETTIFO’GGING, adj. one practising as a pettifogger.

PE’TTINESS [of petty] smalness, unimportance, inconsiderableness.
Shakespeare.

PE’TTISH, adj. [of pet; or depit, Fr.] apt to take pet or be angry, fro­
ward, peevish, waspish, fretful. Creech.

PE’TTISHNESS [of pettish] aptness to be displeased or angry, fretful­
ness, peevishness.

PE’TTITOES [of petty and toes] 1. The feet of a sucking pig. 2. Feet
in general: in contempt. He wou'd not stir his pettitoes. Shakespeare.

PE’TTO, It. the breast; figuratively for privacy.

To keep a Thing in PETTO, to keep a thing in one's breast, or secret; the
pope is said, when there are vacancies in the congregation of cardinals,
to have them in petto.

PE’TTY, adj. [petit, Fr.] little, small, inconsiderable, inferior. Bacon.

PETTY Bag, a certain office in the chancery.

Clerks of the PETTY Bag, three officers in the court of chancery, who
take record of all inquisitions out of every shire; make all patents of cu­
stomers, gaugers, &c. each record being put into a small leather bag.

PE’TTICOY, subst. an herb. Ainsworth.

PETTY Larceny [of petit, and larron, Fr. a thief] small theft, as when
the thing stolen does not exceed the value of 12 d.

PETTY Pattees [petit patez, Fr. in consectionary] a small sort of pies
made of march pane, and filled with sweet meats.

PETTY Treason [in law] the crime of a clergyman's killing his pre­
late, a child his parent, a wife her husband, a servant his master.

PE’TULANCE, or PE’TULANCY [petulance, Fr. of petulantia, Lat.]
sauciness, malapertness, wantonness, peevishness.

PE’TULANT [petulant, Fr. of petulans, Lat.] 1. Saucy, perverse. 2.
Wanton. The tongue of a man is so petulant, and his thoughts so va­
riable. Spectator.

PE’TULANTLY [of petulant; petulanter, Lat.] with petulance or saucy
pertness, saucily, &c.

PE’TWORTH, a market town of Suffex, 46 miles from London.

PE’VETS, the ends of the spindle in any wheel of a watch.

PEW [puye, Du.] an inclosed seat in a church.

PE’WET [piewit, Du.] 1. A water-fowl. 2. The lapwing. Ains­
worth. Commonly written puet.

PE’WTER [peauter, Du. peltro, It. peltre, Sp.] 1. A mixt white metal
of which dishes, &c. are made. 2. The plates and dishes of pewter in
a house. Her pewter shines. Addison.

PE’WTERER [of pewter] a smith or maker of pewter vessels.

PE’WTERERS, were incorporated anno 1482. Their ensigns armorial
are, azure on a chevron or, between three cross bars argent, as many
roses gules, the crest two arms holding a pewter dish proper, the sup­
porters two sea horses per sess or and argent. The motto, In God is all
my trust. It is the 16th company; their hall is situate on the west side of
Limestreet, London.


PHA

PHACO’DES [φαχωδεες, Gr.] those hypochondriacal persons who are of
a lentil colour in their complexions, are so called by Hippocrates. 'Tis
with Hippocrates one sign or symptom belonging to a distempered spleen.

PHACOI’DES [φαχοειδης, Gr.] any thing in the shape of a lentil, and
by some oculists is applied to the crystalline humour of the eye.

PHA’COS [φαχος, Gr.] a spot in the face like a nut or lentil.

PHÆNO’MENA, plur. of phænomenon; which see.

PHÆNO’MENON [φαινομενον, of φαινω, Gr. to appear] any appearance
of meteors or any other sign in the air or heavens; also any effect or ap­
pearance of a natural body that offers itself to the consideration of a na­
tural philosopher, in order to a solution.

PHAGEDÆ’NA, Lat. [φαγεδαινα, of φαγω, Gr. to eat] an exulcerate
cancer, where the sharpness of the humours eats and corrodes the neigh­
bouring parts. But with Galen, the Phagedæna is such an ulcer as cor­
rodes deep into the flesh; in contradistinction to the herpes, which affects
only the surface. Galen in Hippocrat. Aphorism 45. lib. 6.

PHAGEDÆ’NICS, subst. [of φαγεδαινα, Gr.] medicines which eat away
the superfluous flesh of ulcers. See PHAGEDAINA.

PHAGEDE’NIC, or PHAGEDE’NOUS, adj. [phagedenique, Fr.] eating,
corroding.

PHALACRO’SIS, Lat. [φαλαχρωσις, Gr.] the falling off of the hair.

PHALA’NGOSIS, Lat. [φαλαγγωσις, Gr.] a sault in the eyelid, when
there are two rows of hair; or when the hair grows inward and offends
the eyes.

PHA’LANX [phalange, Fr. falange, It. phalanx, Lat. of φαλαγξ, Gr.]
a square compact battalion, formed of infantry set close together with
their shields joined, insomuch that it was next to an impossibility to break
them; a troop of men closely embodied. Milton.

PHALANX [with anatomists] the rows of the small bones of the fingers,
as if ranged in order of battle. GORRÆUS.

PHALEU’CIAN Verse [so called of Phaleucus] a Latin verse of 11 syllables.

PHALLO’PHORI, Lat. [γαλλοφοροι, of φαλλος, a penis, and φερω, Gr. to
bear] certain mimics who ran about the streets crowned with ivy,
cloathed in sheep's skins, and having their faces smutted, bearing a penis
made of wood or leather, and dancing in honour of Bacchus.

The PHALLIC Verse, a song sung in honour of Bacchus, in the above­
mentioned procession; and by the way, the like festival (according to
Plutarch) being held in honour of the Egyptian Osyris, confirms Sir Isaac
Newton's opinion, that Bacchus and Osyris were the same. See SESAC.

PHANA’TICAL [phanaticus, Lat.] pertaining to a phanatic. See FA­
NATIC.

PHANA’TIC [phanaticus, Lat. of φαινω, Gr. to appear] a visionary,
one who fancies he sees spectres, spirits, apparitions, or other imaginary
objects, even when awake, and takes them to be real; also one who
pretends to revelations and new sights; hence the word is applied to en­
thusiasts; and also dissenters from the established church of England.
But with what justice? See FANATICISM.

PHA’NCY [phantasia, Lat. of φαντασια, Gr.] the fancy. It is more
usually written fancy.

PHA’NTASM, PHANTA’SMA, or PHA’NTASY [φαντασμα, φαντασια, Gr.
phantasme, phantasie, Fr. fantasma, Sp. phantasma, Lat.] something ap­
pearing only to the fancy, a vain airy appearance, an idle conceit.

PHANTA’STIC, or PHANTA’STICAL [φανταςιχος, Gr. phantasticus,
Lat.] full of fancies and whimsies. See FANTASTIC.

PHANTA’STICAL Colours, are such as are produced by a triangular
glass prism, &c. or such as appear in the rainbow.

PHANTA’STICALLY, adv. [of phantastical] whimsically, fancifully.
See FANTASTICALLY.

PHANTA’STICALNESS [of phantastical] fancifulness, whimsicalness.

PHANTA’STRY, subst. phantasticalness, whimsicalness.

PHA’NTASY; hence FA’NCY [phantasia, Lat. φαντασια, Gr.] the fancy
or imagination.

PHANTASY, a disease in cattle.

PHA’NTOM, subst. [phantome, Fr.] 1. A spectre, an apparition. Atter­
bury. 2. A fancied vision. He hunts a phantom he can never over­
take. Rogers.

PHA’RAOH [with the vulgar] very strong malt liquor; also a game at
cards.

PHARE [φαρος, Gr.] a watch-tower, a light-house.

PHARISA’ICAL, adj. ritual, externally religious, from the sect of the
Pharisees, whose religion consisted almost wholly in ceremonies.

PHARISA’ICALNESS [of pharisaical] external ceremonies in religion.

PHA’RISEE, a separatist among the Jews.

PHA’RISEES [φαρισαιοι, Gr. םישרפ, Heb. i. e. separated] a sect of the
Jews, who not only distinguished themselves by the greatest punctuality
in the observance of the Mosaic rites; but also superadded others of their
own invention, and (what too often attends a warm and misguided zeal
for the externals of religion) “they tith'd (as our Saviour expresses it)
mint, anise, and cummin; but neglected the weightier matters of
the law.” See CHASIDÆANS and SADDUCEES.

PHARMACEU’TIC, or PHARMACEU’TICAL, adj. pertaining to phar­
macy, relating to the knowledge or art of the preparation of medicines.

PHARMACEU’TICE [φαρμαχευτιχη, of φαρμαχον, a medicine, and χεω,
Gr. to prepare] the knowledge of medicines, or art of compounding them,
the apothecaries art.

PHARMACOCHY’MIA [of φαρμαχον, a medicine, and χεω, Gr. to pre­
pare] that part of chemistry which considers the preparation of medi­
cines.

PHARMACO’LOGIST [of φαρμαχον, a medicine, and λογος, description,
from λεγω, Gr. to give an account] one who writes upon drugs. Wood­
ward.

PHARMACO’LOGY [of φαρμαχον, a medicine, and λογος, Gr.] the know­
ledge of drugs and medicines; also a treatise concerning the preparation
of medicines.

PHARMACOPOE’IA, Lat. [φαρμαχοποιχ, of φαρμαχον, a medicine, and
ποιεω, Gr. to make] a dispensatory or collection of medicines; also a
book, in which the composition or receipts of medicines, for the use or
direction of apothecaries are contained.

PHARMACOPE’IUS, Lat. an apothecary, a compounder of medicines.

PHARMACO’POLIST [pharmacopola, Lat. φαρμαχοπωλης, of φαρμαχον, a
medicine, and πολεω, Gr. to sell] an apothecary, a seller of medicines.
See APOTHECARY.

PHA’RMACUM, Lat. [φαρμαχον, Gr.] any sort of medicine.

PHA’RMACY [φαρμαχεια, of φαρμαχον, Gr. a medicine] a sort of
inchantment or method of inchanting, performed by certain medicated
and inchanted compositions of herbs, minerals, &c. by which the an­
cients are said to have effected strange and wonderful things.

PHARMACY [φαρμαχια, Gr.] the apothecary's art, that part of phy­
sic that teaches the choice and preparation of medicines.

PHA’ROS, or PHA’RE [from Pharos in Egypt] a light-house, a pile
raised near a port, where a fire is kept burning in the night, to guide and
direct vessels that are near it. Arbuthnot.

PHA’ROS, Gr. [Pharus, Lat.] a small island near the port of Alexan­
dria in Egypt, where in ancient times stood a high and stately tower,
reckoned among the seven wonders of the world. It is reported to have
been built square, in height 300 cubits. Ptolemy Philadelphus is said to
have expended 800 talents in building it. At nights it had a fire at the
top to give warning to pilots, that they might shun the danger of the
coasts. Hence all such towers are called Pharo's.

PHA’RSANG, a Persian measure of 30, 40, or 60 furlongs.

PHARY’NGÆUS, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the pharynx, dilating
it is deglutition.

PHARYNGE’TRUM [φαρυγγεθρον, Gr.] the pharynx; also the bone
hyoides.

PHARYNGO’TOMY [φαρυγγοτομια, of φαρυγξ, throat, and τεμνω, Gr. to
cut] the same as laryngotomy; the act of making an incision into the
windpipe, used when some tumor in the throat hinders respiration.

PHA’RYNX [φαρυγξ, Gr.] the upper opening of the oesophagus or gul­
let, at the mouth of the stomach, or situate at the bottom of the fauces,
consisting of three pair of muscles.

PHA’SELS, subst. [phaseoli, Lat.] French beans. Ainsworth.

PHA’SES, subst. the plur. of phasy [φασις, Gr. phase, Fr. with astrono­
mers] the several appearances or quantities of illumination of the moon,
Venus, Mercury, and the other planets; or the several manners wherein
they appear illuminated by the sun. See PHASM.

PHASM, subst. [φασμα, Gr.] appearance, phantom, fancied appari­
tion. Hammond. N. B. Its etymology is much the same with phases.


PHE

PHEA’SANT [faisand, Fr. fagiano, It. faysan, Sp. fayzam, Port. pha­
sianas, Lat. from Phasis, the river of Colchos; fesant, Du. fesan, Ger.
of φασιανος, Gr.] a fowl, a kind of wild cock. Hakewell.

PHEER, subst. a companion. Spenser. See FEER.

To PHEESE, verb act. [perhaps feaze] to comb, to fleece, to curry.
Shakespeare.

PHEGAPY’RUM, buck-wheat, back or crop.

PHENGI’TES, Lat. [φεγγιτης, Gr.] a kind of marble, which shines
with white and transparent veins.








PHENICO’PTER [φοινιχοπτερος, Gr. phænicopterus, Lat.] a red nightin­
gale, a kind of wild cock. Hakewell.

PHE’NIX [φοινιζ, Gr. phœnix, Lat.] a bird which is supposed to
exist single, and to rise again from its own ashes.

PHENO’MENON, subst. [φαινομενον, Gr. phenomene, Fr.] See PHÆNO­
MENON.

PHE’ONS [in heraldry] the barbed heads of darts, i. e. made in the
form of a fish-hook, that when they have entered, cannot be drawn out
without enlarging the wound by incision.


PHI

PHI’AL [phiole, Fr. phiala, Lat. φιαλη, Gr.] a small glass bottle.

PHI’GETHLON, or rather PHYGETHLON, Gr. [in surgery] an inflam­
mation of the parts, which is reckoned among the phlegmatic tumours,
and, by Guido, termed scrophulous. From Celsus and Galen compared,
it should seem to be (as Paulus, lib. 4. c. 22. expresses it) a phlegmonic
erysipelas, or erysipelatous phlegmoné of a gland. It ripens slowly (ac­
cording to Celsus) nor does it come to any considerable suppuration. He
adds, that its chief seat is in the neck, arm-pits, or groin. See PHLEG­
MONE’

PHILADE’LPHIANS [of φιλαδελφια, of φιλεω, to love, and αδελφος,
Gr. brother] a sect called the family of love.

PHILADE’LPHUS, Lat. [φιλαδελφος, of φιλος, a friend or lover, and
αδελφος, Gr. a brother] a lover of the brethren.

PHILAGA’THUS, Lat. [φιλαγαθος, of φιλος, a lover, and αγαθος, Gr.
good] a lover of goodness.

PHILA’NTHROPIST, or PHILANTHROPOS [φιλανθρωπος, of φιλος and
ανθρωπος, Gr. a man] a lover of mankind. See PHILAGATHUS.

PHYLA’NTHROPY [φιλανθρωπια, of φιλεω, to love, and ανθρωπος, Gr.
man] a love of mankind in general, humanity, courteousness, good­
nature.

PHI’LEMOT, adj. [a corrupt pronunciation of the Fr. words, feuille mor­
te, a dead or wither'd leaf] the colour of a dead or withered leaf.

PHILIA’TROS [φιλιατρος, of φιλος, a lover, and ιατρος, Gr. a phy­
sician] a student in physic.

PHILI’PPICS, plur. [of philippic] a name given to the orations of De­
mosthenes, against Philip, king of Macedon; also the orations of Ci­
cero against Mark Anthony; or any invective declamation.

PHILELEUTHE’RIA, Lat. [φιλελευθερια, of φιλος, a lover, and ελευθε­
ρια, Gr. liberty] a love of liberty.

PHILIP’S-NO’RTON, a market-town of Somersetshire, 104 miles from
London.

PHILISTO’RICUS, Lat. [φιλιστοριχος, of φιλος and ιστορια, Gr. history] a
lover of history.

PHI’LO [of φιλος, Gr. a friend or lover] used in composition of several
words in English.

PHILO-BOTA’NUS, Lat. [of φιλος and βοιανη, Gr. an herb] a lover of
botany.

PHILO-ELEUTHE’RIUS, Lat. [of φιλος and ελευθερος, Gr. free] a lover
of liberty,

PHILOCHY’MIST, a lover of chemistry.

PHILO’LOGER, or PHYLO’LOGIST [philologue, Fr. filologo, It. philolo­
gus, Lat. of φιλολογος, of φιλος, and λογος, Gr. a word] a lover of letters,
or languages, a humanist, one whose chief study is language; a gram­
marian, a critic. But see a more full portraiture of this character under
PHILOLOGY.

PHILOLO’GICAL, adj. [philologique, Fr. φιλολογιχος, Gr.] pertaining to
philology, critical, grammatical.

PHILO’LOGY [philologie, Fr. filologia, It. philologia, Lat. of φιλολογια, of
φιλος, a friend or lover, and λογος, Gr. reason, speech, a tract or treatise,
&c.] a science, or rather an assemblage of sciences, consisting of gram­
mar, rhetoric, poetry, antiquities, history, criticism, or a kind of uni­
versal literature, conversant about all the sciences; their rise, progress,
authors, &c. which the French call Belles Lettres; grammatical learning,
criticism. See FIRST-BORN, PLURALITY of Persons, and CIMMERIAN,
compared.

PHI’LOMATH [of φιλομαθος, of φιλος and μαθησις, Gr. learning] a
lover of learning, or of the mathematics.

PHI’LOMATHY [φιλομαθια, Gr.] a love of learning, or of the mathe­
matics.

PHI’LOMEL, or PHILOME’LA, subst. [philomele, Fr. filomena, It. of phi­
lomela, Lat. who was changed into a bird] the nightingale.

PHILOMO’T, adj. [corrupted from feuille morte, Fr. dead leaf] co­
loured like a withered leaf. Addison.

PHYLO’NIUM, Lat. [so called of Philo, its author] a certain anodyne
electuary.

PHYLOPSY’CHY [φιλοψνχια, of φιλος and ψνχη, Gr. life or soul] the
love of life or of souls.

PHILOSOPHA’STER, a smatterer in philosophy.

PHILOSOPHE’ME, subst. [φιλοσοφημα, Gr.] theorem, principle of rea­
soning. An unusual word. Watts.

PHILO’SOPHER [philosophe, Fr. filosopho, It. and Sp. philosophus, Lat.
φιλοσοφος, of φιλος, a lover, and σοφια, Gr. wisdom] one skilled in the
study of philosophy, who professes or applies himself to the study of na­
ture and morality. See FORM, ETHICS, and NATURAL Philosophy,
compared.

PHILOSOPHERS Stone, the greatest object of alchymy; a long sought for
preparation, which, as they pretend, will transmute impurer metals, as
tin, lead, and copper, into gold and silver.

PHILOSO’PHIC, or PHILOSO’PHICAL, adj. [philosophique, Fr. filosophico,
It. and Sp. philosophicus, Lat. of φιλοσοφιχος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to phi­
losophy, suitable to a philosopher, formed by philosophy. 2. Skilled
in philosophy. Such as philosophical minds often busy themselves in.
Atterbury. 3. Frugal, abstemious. Philosophic fare, Dryden.

PHILOSOPHICAL Egg [in chemistry] a thin glass vessel in the shape of
an egg, having a long neck or stem, and used in digestions that take up
a considerable time.

PHILOSO’PHICALLY, adv. [of philosophical] in a philosophical man­
ner, rationally, wisely.

To PHILO’SOPHIZE, verb neut. [philosopher, Fr. filosofare, It. filoso­
far, Sp. philosophare, Lat. of φιλοσοφιζειν, Gr.] to play the philosopher;
to dispute or argue like a philosopher, to consider some object of our
knowledge; examine its properties, and the phænomena it exhibits; to
inquire into its causes or effects and the laws thereof, according to the
nature and reason of things, in order to the improvement of knowledge;
to moralize. Some of our philosophizing divines. Dryden.

PHILO’SOPHY [philosophie, Fr. filosofia, It. and Sp. philosophia, Lat.
φιλοσοφια, Gr. the love of wisdom] 1. The knowledge or study of nature or
morality, founded on reason or experience. 2. Hypothesis or system
upon which natural effects are explained. By the notions of our philoso­
phy and the doctrines in our schools. Locke. 3. Reasoning, argumentation.
His decisions are the judgment of his passions and not of his reason, the
philosophy of the sinner and not of the man. Rogers. 4. The course of
sciences read in the schools. See EPICUREANS, STOICKS, and PERIPA­
TITICKS; and under the last, read, “those LINES, which we cited,”
&c.

PHILOSTO’RGY [philostorgia, Lat. φιλοστοργια, of φιλος, friend, and
στοργη, Gr. natural affection] the love of parents to children, or of chil­
dren to parents; 'tis reciprocal according to H. Stephan.

PPILOTE’CHNUS, Lat. [φιλοτεχνος, of φιλος, a friend or lover, and
τεχνη, Gr. art] a lover or encourager of arts.

PHILO’THYTÆ, Lat. [φιλοθνται, Gr.] superstitious devotees, that of­
fered sacrifice upon any occasion, though never so small and trifling.
See CHASIDÆANS and PENTECOSTE, and under the last, read FIRST-
FRUITS of the nation, &c. and St. HERMAS instead of St. Hernias.

PHILO’TIMY [φιλοτιμια, of φιλος, a friend or lover, and τιμη, Gr.
honour] love of honour.

PHILOXE’NY [φιλοξενια of φιλος and ξενια, Gr. hospitality] hospitality,
kindness to strangers. See 1 Tim. iii. 2. and Heb. xiii, 2. compared.

To PHI’LTER, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To charm to love. Phil­
tred and bewitched by this sin. Government of the Tongue. 2. To sepa­
rate the finer part of a fluid from the courser, by passing it through pa­
per, linen, &c. But this is better written filtre or filtrate.

PHILTER [philtre, Fr. filtro, It. of philtrum, Lat. of φιλτρον, Gr.] a
love-potion or powder, a charm, or something to cause love. A philter
that has neither drug nor enchantment in it; love, if you would raise love.
Addison.

PHILTRA’TION, or FILTRA’TION [in pharmacy] the separation of the
finer part of a fluid from a coarser, by passing it through a linen cloth,
brown paper, &c. Filtration is more usual.

PHI’LTRUM, Lat. [with anatomists] the hollow that divides the upper
lip.

PHI’MOSIS, Lat. [φιμωσιστ. of φιμοω, Gr. to bridle up, or rather to
muzzle; in surgery] a pressure, constriction, or obstruction, caused by
a kind of hard flesh in the fundament; also when the glans of the penis
is bound so straitly by the præputium, that it cannot be uncovered.

PHIZ [with the vulgar, q. d. physiognomy, and should therefore, if it
be written at all, be written phyz] face, countenance, aspect; by way
of contempt. Stepney. See PHYZ.

PHLEBORRHA’GIA [of φλεψ, a vein, and ρηγνυμι, Gr. to break] the
breaking or bursting of a vein.

PHLEBO’TOMIST [φλεβοτομοστ, of φλεψ, a vein, and τομη, of τεμνω,
Gr. to cut] one who lets blood, one that opens a vein.

To PHLEBO’TOMISE, verb neut. [phlebotomo, Lat. φλεβοτομειν, Gr.
to cut a vein, phlebotomiser, Fr.] to let blood. Howel.

PPLEBO’TOMUM, Lat. [φλεβοτομον, Gr.] a fleam or lancet to let blood
with. See PHLEBOTOMISE.

PHLEBO’TOMY [φλεβοτομια, of φλεβοτομειν, Gr. phlebotomie, Fr.] the
act or practice of letting blood by opening a vein for medical inten­
tions.

PHLEGM [φλεγμα, Gr. phlegme, Fr.] 1. A watery humour of an animal
body, which, when it predominates, is supposed to produce sluggishness
or dulness. 2. Water in general. The phlegm of the liquor defends
the cloth. Boyle.

PHLEGM [with chemists] one, being the fourth of the elementary prin­
ciples, an aqueous and insipid fluid, supposed to be found in all natural
bodies, coinciding with what other philosophers call water.

PHLEGM [with physicians] is, according to Gorræus, omnis humor in
nobis frigidus humidus, i. e. every cold moist humour; tho', I think, the
ANCIENTS often apply the idea of viscidity to it; and accordingly pre­
scribe attenuating medicines.

PHLEGM of Vitriol [in chemistry] the moisture which is drawn off
when calcined vitriol is distilled in order to procure its spirit and
oil.

PHLE’GMAGOGUES, plur. of PHLEGMAGOGUE, subst. [φλεγμαγωγα, of
φγεγμα and αγω, Gr. to lead] medicines of the milder sort, which draw
and purge phlegm, leaving the other humours. Phlegmagogues must
evacuate it. Floyer.

PHLEGMA’TIC, adj. [phlegmaticus, Lat. of φχεγματιχος, Gr. phlegma­
tique, Fr.] 1. Troubled with or full of phlegm. 2. Generating phlegm.
Cold and phlegmatic habitations. Brown. 3. Watery. Aqueous and
phlegmatic. Newton. 4. Dull, cold, friged. Of a heavy phlegmatic
temper. Addison.

PHLE’GMONE, or PHLE’GMON [φλεγμονη, of φλεγω, Gr. to burn] any
hot tumour, with heat, redness, beatings and pain, an inflammation.
Phlegmon, or inflammation, is the first degeneration from good blood.
Wiseman.

PHLEGMONO’DES, the same as phlegmone.

PHLE’GMONOUS, adj. [of phlegmon] inflammatory, burning. Harvey.

PHLE’GOSIS [φλεγωσις, Gr.] an inflammation.

PHLE’ME [from phlæbotemus, Lat. a steam, so it is usually written] a
surgeon's instrument used in letting blood, which is placed on the vein,
and driven into it with a blow. It is particularly used in bleeding of
horses.

PHLOGI’STON, subst. [φλογιστος, from φλεγω, Gr. to burn] 1. A chemi­
cal liquor extremely inflammable. 2. The inflammable part of any
body.

PHLOGO’SIS [of φλογωσις, from φλεγω, Gr. to inflame] a degree of
the ophthalmia, as when the inflammation of the eye is light and
gentle.

PHLYACO’GRAPHY [of φλυαξ, jocose trifler, and γραφω, Gr. to write]
a merry and burlesque imitation of some grave and serious piece, parti­
cularly a tragedy travestied into a comedy.

PHLYCTAE’NA [φλυχταινα, Gr.] 1. A swelling which arises with blis­
ters, called wild-fire. 2. A pimple or pock, with the matter in it. 3.
A little ulcer in the corneous tunic of the eye.
Gorræhus (who arranges the phlyctæna under the word phlyctides) de­
rives the etymology from φλυω, to boil; he adds, that some call them
vesicles or little bladders, resembling those which arise in boiling water,
and observes that they proceed from very hot and acrid humours.

PHLY’KTENE, or PHLY’KTAENA, Lat. [φλυχταινα, Gr.] a disease
which produces bubo's full of a serous humour.


PHO

PHOE’BUS, Lat. [φοιβος, Gr.] the sun. But see APOLLO.

PHOENI’GMUS [φοινιγμος, Gr. redness] the exciting of a redness by
medicines externally applied, and which (if continu'd) may blister and
exulcerate the part. GORRÆUS.








PHOE’NIX [φοινιζ, Gr.] naturalists speak of this bird as the only one
of its kind, with other fabulous circumstances scarce worth repeating.
See PHENIX and CONDOR.

PHONA’SCIA, Lat. [of φωνη, Gr. voice] the art of forming the human
voice.

PHO’NICS [φωνιχοι, of φωνη, Gr. sound] the doctrine or science of
sounds, called also acoustics.

PHONOCA’MPTIC, adj. [πονη, sound, and χαμπτω, Gr. to inflect] hav­
ing the power to inflect or turn the sound, and so to alter it. Derham.

PHO’SPHOR, or PHO’SPHORUS, subst. [phosphore, Fr. phosphorus, Lat.
φοσφορος, of φως, light, and φερω, Gr. to bring] 1. The morning star,
Venus. Why sit we sad when phosphor shines so clear. Pope. 2. [In
chemistry] a matter which shines or always burns spontaneously, and
without the application of any sensible fire; it is kept in water, and
whenever taken out, and exposed to the air, it shines in the dark, and
actually takes fire of itself.

PHOTI’NIANISM, the doctrine of Photinus, bishop of Sirmium, who
was condemned by a council held in that city, according to Petavius,
A. C. 351. His error consisted not only in affirming our LORD to be
a mere man; but (if we may credit both Socrates and Sozomen) in re­
viving the doctrine of Sabellius the Lybian, and Paulus of Samosata.
Socrat. Hist. Ed. R. Steph. p. 204. With them therefore he denyed the
doctrine of our Saviour's pre-existent state, and divine personality; and
supposed him to be a mere man, in which something belonging to GOD
THE FATHER dwelt. And indeed this coincidence of his doctrine, with
that of the Lybian and Samosatene, seems to be referred to by the
words of the COUNCIL ITSELF, in more clauses than one. “If any
one affirm, that he who was born of Mary, is a Son, according to FORE-
KNOWLEDGE; and not begotten of the FATHER before the ages—or that
the substance of God being dilated constitutes the Son—Or should he
affirm the Son to be no more than either the prolatitious word, [i. e. the
word spoken] or the internal reason of God [the Father]; or that either
the unbegotten [God] or any PART of him was born of Mary, let him
be anathema.” See PAULIANISTS, SABELLIANS, NOETIANS, or PA­
TRIPASSIANS, and MARCELLIANISM, compared; and whereas the thing,
which led both Photinus and ALL the rest into a denial of our Saviour's
DIVINE PRODUCTION and PERSONALITY, was the fear of making TWO
GODS; if the reader would see, in what manner this council, agreeable
to all antiquity, takes off that objection, and solves the difficulty; he
may consult those citations which we have already made from it, under
the word DITHEISM and CO-ORDINATION, compared with the words,
GOD, DEITY, and MEDIATE Agency.

PHOTI’NIANS [so called after Photinus bishop of Sirmium] they who
hold the doctrine of Photinus. See PHOTINIANISM and SOCINIANS com­
pared.

PHRASE, Fr. [frase, It. frasis, Sp. phrasis, Lat. of φρασις, Gr.] 1. A
certain elegant expression or manner of speech peculiar to this or that oc­
casion, this or that language, this or that art, an idiom. 2. An expres­
sion or mode of speech in general, a short sentence, or small set or cir­
cuit of words constructed together. 3. Stile, expression.

To PHRASE, verb act. [from the subst.] to term, to stile, to express a
thing after a particular manner.

PHRASEO’LOGIST [φρασεολογος, of φρασις, a phrase, and λεγω, Gr. to
say, &c.] an explainer of elegant expressions in a language.

PHRASEO’LOGY [phraseologia, Lat. of φρασις, phrase, and λεγω, Gr.
to speak] 1. Stile, diction. A flat phraseology. Swift. 2. A phrase-book,
in which is a collection of the phrases or elegant expressions in any lan­
guage.

PHRE’NES [φρενες, Gr.] the membranes about the heart; also the dia­
phragm or midriff.

PHRE’NESIS, or PHRE’NITIS [φρενησις, or φρενιτις, Gr.] an inflammation
of the brain; or (as Gorræus more correctly observes) an inflammation
of the membranes of the brain, accompanied with an acute fever, and
perturbation of intellect. He as correctly distinguishes it from μανια, or
madness, i. e. a disease which is not attended with a fever; and also from
that delirium which appears in the acme of fevers, and ceases upon their
decline.

PHRENE’TIC, or PHRE’NTIC, adj. [φρενετιχος, Gr.] troubled with a
frenzy or madness, inflamed in the brain, frantic; sometimes used sub­
stantively. A common fold of phrentics and bedlams. Woodward.

PHRENETIC Nerves [in anatomy] those which spring from the sixth
pair, or Dr. Willis's eighth pair; they descend between the membranes
of the mediastinum, and spread forth branches into them.

PHRENETIC Vessels [in anatomy] the veins and arteries that pass thro'
the diaphragm.

PHRE’NIA, Lat. veins in the liver.

PHRE’NSY [φρενιτις, of φρην, Gr. the mind, also the diaphragm,
phrenesie, Fr. whence by contraction phrensy] a constant or vehement de­
lirium or distraction, accompanied with an acute fever, raving, waking,
&c. frantickness, madness. This is too often written frenzy, which see.
But is there not also a frenzy WITHOUT A FEVER? See PHRENESIS.

PHRY’GIAN Moods [with the antient Greeks] a warlike music fit for
trumpets, hautboys, &c. which served to stir up the minds of men for
military atchievements; also a chearful, sprightly measure in dancing.

PHTHA’RTICS, plur. [of phthartic; φθαρτιχα, of φθειρω, Gr. to cor­
rupt] corrupting medicines.

PHTHIRI’ASIS, Lat. [φθειριασις, of φθειρ, Gr. a louse] the lousy dis­
ease, wherewith children, and also some adult persons, are affected.

PHTHI’SIC, subst. [phtysie, Fr. fisichezza, It. phthisis, Lat. of φθισις,
of φθιω, Gr. to waste away and consume] any kind of consumption of
the body, in what part soever it is seated, or from what cause soever it
arises, as from an ulceration of the lungs, &c.

PHTHI’SICAL, adj. [phthisicus, Lat. of φθισιχος, of φθιω, Gr. to cor­
rupt, phthysique, Fr.] afflicted with the phthisic, wasting.

PHTHI’SIS, subst. [φθισις, Gr. phtysie, Fr.] a consumption, a phthysic.
Wiseman.


PHY

PHY’GETHLON, Lat. [φυγεθλον, Gr.] a swelling proceeding from an
inflammation of the glandules. See PHIGETHLON and PHYMA.

PHYLA’CTERY [φυλαχτηριον, Gr. phylactere, Fr.] a bandage or a
scroll of parchment, in which the ten commandments, or some other
passages of scripture were written, and worn outwardly by the Jews;
also preservatives against poison or witchcraft.

PHY’MA [φυμα, Gr.] a roundish pointed swelling, especially in the
glandules; and which (as Gorræus adds) soon comes to a suppuration.
And this (says he) is the more special and proper signification of the word.
But Galen, in his comment on the epidemics, says, “those preternatural
tumors in general are so called; which arise not from any external cause,
and especially if they rise beyond the surface of the skin. In which sense
the dothienes, achrochordones, satyriasmi, choirades, and many other tu­
mors of that kind, are called phymata,; whether they are broad, and not
much raised above the skin, of which class is the phygethlon; or more
elevated, and protuberant.” But Gorræus thinks the Dothienes are too
schirrous to admit of this appellation; which he confines to phlegmonic or
inflammatory pustles: And for the same reason, he sets aside also the
choirades; and the rather, as they do not easily come to suppuration.

PAYMATO’DES, a kind of swelling much like the former.

PHYSE’MA, Lat. [φυσημα, Gr.] an inflation in any part of the body.

PHY’SICAL, adj. [physique, Fr. fisico, It. and Sp. physicus, Lat. φυσιχος,
Gr.] 1. Natural, something belonging to, or really existing in nature,
relating to natural philosophy, not moral. 2. Pertaining to the art of
healing. 3. Medicinal, conducive to health. 4. Resembling physic.

PHY’SICAL Point, a point opposed to a mathematical one, which only
exists in the imagination.

PHYSICAL Substance, a substance or body, in opposition to spirit or
metaphysical substance.

PHY’SICALLY, adv. [of physical] naturally, by natural operation, in
the way or sense of natural philosophy, not morally. Treating physically
of light. Locke.

PHYSI’CIAN [physicien, Fr.] a person who professes physic, or the art
of curing diseases.

PHY’SIC [ars physica, Lat. φυσιχη, Gr. which originally signifying na­
tural philosophy, has been transferred in many modern languages to me­
dicine] 1. In a limited and improper sense, it is applied to the science of
medicine; the art of curing diseases. 2. The medicines prepared for
that purpose. 3. [In common phrase] a purge.

PHY’SICS [φυσιχη, of φυσις, Gr. nature] natural philosophy or physio­
logy; the doctrine of natural bodies, their phænomena, causes and
effects; their various affections, motions, operations, &c. or it is in ge­
neral the science of all material beings, or whatsoever concerns the SYS-
TEM of this visible world.

To PHY’SIC, verb act. [from the subst.] to purge, to treat with phy­
sic, to cure.

PHY’SICALLY, adv. [of physical; physicè, Lat.] according to nature,
or to the practice of physic.

PHY’SICALNESS [of physical] natural; also medicinal quality.

PHY’SICO-THEOLOGY [from physico, and theology] natural theology or
divinity, natural religion; or divinity enforced and illustrated by natural
philosophy.

PHYSIOGNO’MIC, or PHYSIOGNOMO’NIC, adj. [φυσιογνωμονιχος Gr.]
drawn from the contemplation of the face, conversant in physiognomy
or contemplation of the face. But see PHYSIOGNOMY.

PHYSIOGNO’MICS, subst. plur. of physiognomic [φυσιογνωμιχα, Gr.] signs
taken from the countenance of a sick person, by which a judgment is
made of his temper, &c.

PHYSIO’GNOMY, for physignomony [physionomie, Fr. fisonomia, It. fisio­
nomia, Sp. physiognomia, Lat. φυσιογνωμια, of φυσις, nature, and γνωμη,
from γινωσχω, Gr. to know] 1. The art of guessing the natures, condi­
tions, or fortunes of persons by their faces, 2. The face, the cast of
the look. 3. Opinion. Applied metaphorically to the mind. Locke.

PHYSIO’GNOMIST [physiognomus, Lat. physiognomiste, Fr.] one skilled in
physiognomy, one who judges of the temper or future fortune by the fea­
tures of the face. Arbuthnot and Pope.

PHYSIO’LOGER [of physiology] one skilled in physiology.

PHYSIOLO’GICAL, adj. [of physiology] relating to the doctrine of the
natural constitution of things.

PHYSIO’LOGIST, or PHYSIO’LOGER [φυσιολογος, of φυσις, natre, and
λεγω, Gr.] one who treats of natural bodies, one versed in physiology.

PHYSIO’LOGY [φυσιολογια, of φυσις, and λεγω, Gr. to treat, physiologie,
Fr.] the doctrine of the constitution of the works of nature, natural phi­
losophy, or physics; which see. Bentley. See PHYSIOLOGIST.

PHYSIOLOGY is also accounted a part of physic, that teaches the consti­
tution of human bodies, so far as they are sound, or in their natural state;
and endeavours to find reasons for the functions and operations of them,
by the help of anatomy and natural philosophy.

PHYSIOLOGY [in medicine] in a limited sense, is used for that part of
physic which treats particularly of the structure and constitution of a hu­
man body, with regard to the cure of diseases.

PHYSOCE’LE [φυσιοχηλη, Gr.] a windy rupture. See PHYSEMA.

PHY’SY, subst. the conical part of a watch, about which the chain is
wound; generally written fusy or fusee. Locke.

PHYTI’VOROUS [of φυτον, Gr. a plant, and vorax, Lat. devouring]
that eats grass or any vegetable. Ray.

PHYTO’GRAPHY [φυτογραφια, of φυτον, a plant, and γραφη, Gr. descrip­
tion] a description or treatise of plants.

PHYTO’LOGIST [φυτολογος, Gr.] a botanist, one who treats of plants.

PHYTO’LOGY [φυτολογια, of φυτον, a plant, and λογος, Gr. a treatise]
the doctrine of plants; also a discourse or treatise of plants, a description
of their forms, kinds, properties, &c.

PHYTO’PINAX [φυτοπιναζ, Gr. a plant box] a cabinet or repository;
also a collection of plants.

PHYTOSCO’PICA, or PHYTO’SCOPY [φυτοσχοπιχη, of φυτον, a plant, and
σχοπεω, Gr.] the art of viewing and contemplating or considering plants.

PHYZ [perhaps of visage, Fr. viso, It.] the countenance. See PHIZ.

PI’ACLE [piaculum, Lat.] an enormous crime: an obsolete word.
Howel.

PIA’CULAR, or PIA’CULOUS, adj. [piacularis, from piaculum, Lat.] 1.
Serving for an atonement, or that has power to atone for, expiatory.
2. Such as requires expiation. Brown. 3. Criminal, atrociously bad.
Glanville. See ATONEMENT-MONEY and PROPITIATION.

PIA’FFEUR [in academies] a proud stately horse, who being full of
mettle or fire, restless or froward, with a great deal of motion, and an
excessive eagerness to go forward, makes this motion, the more that you
endeavour to keep him in.

PIA’MATER, Lat. [in anatomy] a fine coat or membrane, that lies
under the dura mater, immediately investing the brain.

PIA’NNET, a bird, the lesser wood-pecker; also a magpye. This
name is retained in Scotland.

PIA’NO, It. [in music books] soft or slow.

PIANI’SSIMO, It. [in music books] extreme soft or slow.

PIA’STER [piastra, It.] an Italian coin in value about five shilling ster­
ling.

PIA’ZZA, It. a broad open place, as a market; also the walks about
a place, set with pillars, as in Covent-Garden, the Exchange, &c.


PIC

PI’CA [with printers] a printing letter, of which there are three sorts,
viz. small, great and double.








PICA [in medicine] a depravation of the appetite, which causes the
patient to covet things unfit for food, as ashes, coals, salt, chalk, &c.

PI’CARD, a sort of boat used in the river Severn, of about 15 tun.

PICAROO’N, subst. [picare, It. to rob; the same with pickeroon] a plun­
derer, a robber.

PI’CCAGE, subst. [piccagium, low Lat.] the same with pickage.

PICHE’RIA [in old records] a pitcher pot.

To PICK, verb act. [picken, Du.] 1. To gather up by little and little,
as birds do seed. 2. To cull or chuse out. 3. To glean. The bees
pick from every flower. Dryden. 4. To take up, to gather, to find in­
dustriously. 5. To pick (or seek) a quarrel with any one. 6. To separate
from any thing useless or noxious, by gleaning out either part, to clean
by picking away filth. To pick one's ears. Bacon. 7. [Picare, It.] to
rob. And had my pocket pickt. Shakespeare. 8. To open a lock by a
pointed instrument. That any art could pick the lock. Denham. 9. To
pick a a hole in one's coat. A proverbial expression for one finding
fault with another.

To PICK, verb neut. 1. To eat slowly and by small parcels. 2. To
do any thing nicely and liesurely. He was too warm on picking work
to dwell. Dryden.

PICK [puc, Sax.] a sharp pointed iron tool used by carvers, &c. The
picks will not touch it. Woodward.

PICK [in printing] a blot caused by some dirt got into the printing
letter in the form.

PI’CKAGE [in law] money paid for breaking the ground to set up
booths, stands, stalls, &c. in a fair.

PI’CKAPACK, adv. [from pack, by a reduplication very common in
our language] in manner of a pack. And carries the other a pickapack
upon her shoulders. L'Estrange.

PICK-AXE [of pick and axe] an instrument for picking or digging, not
for cutting, having a sharp point to pierce.

PI’CKBACK, adv. [corrupted perhaps from pickpack] on the back.
Hudibras.

PI’CKED, adj. [piqué, Fr.] sharp, smart. Let the stake be made
picked at the top. Mortimer.

PI’CKER. 1. An instrument to pick any thing; e. g. an ear-picker, a
tooth-picker, a lock-picker, a pick-ax. Mortimer. 2. One who picks
or culls.

PI’CKERING, a market town of the north riding of Yorkshire, 226
miles from London.

PICKEROO’N, a sort of pirate ship; also a shabby, poor fellow. See
PICAROON.

To PICKEE’R, or To PICKEROO’N, verb neut. [picorer, Fr. picorare,
piccare, It.] to go a robbing or plundering either by land or sea; also to
make a flying skirmish as light horsemen do, before the main battle
begins. Hudibras.

PI’CKEREL [of pike] a young pike fish.

PI’CKEREL-WEED, subst. a water plant, from which pikes are fabled
to be generated. Walton.

PI’CKET, or PI’QUET [piquet, Fr.] a stake sharp at one end, and
pointed with iron to mark out the ground and angles of a fortification,
when the engineer is laying down the plan of it.

PIC’KETS [in a camp] are stakes drove into the ground by the tents
of the horse, to tie their horses to; and before the tents of the foot,
where they rest their muskets and pikes round about them in a ring.

PI’CKETTY, or PICKETTEE’ [piquetté, Fr.] a sort of carnation varie­
gated many ways.

PI’CKING, part. act. [with the vulgar] pilfering, committing petty
larceny: I say with the vulgar; because now generally only used by
them; tho' it is found in our church catechism.

PI’CKLE, or PI’CHTEL [piccolo, It.] a small parcel of ground enclosed
with a hedge, which in some countries is called a pingle.

PICKLE [pekel, Du. pieckel, L. Ger.] 1. A brine or liquor, usually com­
posed of salt, to season meats, and also of spice and vinegar, to preserve
fruits. 2. The thing kept in pickle. 3. Condition, state. In contempt
and ridicule. How cam'st thou in this pickle? Shakespeare.

To PI’CKLE [pekelen, Du. peckelen, L. Ger.] 1. To season meat, or
to preserve fruits in pickles. 2. To season or imbue highly with any
thing bad.

PI’CKLE-HERRING, subst. [of pickle and herring] a jack-pudding, a
zany, a buffoon, a merry-andrew.

PI’CK-LOCK [of pick and lock] 1. An instrument for opening locks.
2. The person of who picks locks.

PI’CK-POCKET, or PI’CK-PURSE, subst. [of pick and pocket or purse] a
thief who steals by putting his hand privily into the pocket or purse.

PI’CKLES, plur. fruits of plants, &c. preserved in pickles, to be used
for sauces. See PICKLE.

PI’CKREL, a young pike. See PICKEREL.

PICK-THANK [of picken, Du. or pic, and thancas, Sax.] an officious
fellow, who does what he is not desired, a whispering parasite, one
who delights in finding and discovering the faults or weaknesses of others.
Spies and pick-thanks. South.

PICT, subst. [pictus, Lat.] one painted. But think the nations all
turn'd picts again. Lee. See PICKS.

PICK-TOOTH, subst. [of pick and tooth] an instrument by which the
teeth are cleaned.

PICTO’RIAL, adj. [pictor, Lat.] produced by a painter. Pictorial in­
ventions, not any physical shapes. Brown.

PICTS [picti, Lat. so called, as some imagine, from painting them­
selves] were a colony of Scythia or Germany, who landing in Scotland,
settled there, and at length by marrying Scotch women, in a manner
became one people; but at length animosities arising, they parted, the
Scots possessing the mountainous and northern parts, and the Picts the
southern; and in time, by the assistance of the Romans and Britons, ex­
pelled the Scots, the remaining Scots retiring into the islands, and Swe­
den, Denmark, and Norway. But at length the Picts, being galled
with the Roman yoke, invited the Scots home from their exile, to aid
them against the Romans and Britons; but a difference happening be­
tween them, the Scots were expelled a second time, but at length the
Picts were totally routed, and their king seized by Kenneth II. Anno
845.

PICTS Walls, a wall in Northumberland, extended from Newcastle
upon Tine to Carlisle in Northumberland, 86 miles in length, reaching
from the German to the Irish sea, in thickness about eight feet, in height
twelve, passing over several cragged hills, with battlements all along, and
towers at convenient distances, where-soldiers were lodged. This wall
was built by the Romans, to hinder the incursions of the Picts and
Scots.

PI’CTURE [pictura, Lat.] 1. The image or representation of a person or
thing made in painting or colours. 2. The science of painting. 3.
The works of painters. Image of grief in picture or sculpture. Wotton.
4. Any representation or resemblance in general. Considered as one
representation or picture. Locke.

To PI’CTURE, verb act. [of pictura, Lat.] 1. To draw, paint, or make
pictures; to represent in painting, drawing, &c. 2. To represent in
general.

To PI’DDLE, verb neut. [this word is obscure in its etymology. Skin­
ner derives it from picciolo, It. or petit, Fr. little; Mr. Lye thinks it the
diminutive of the Welsh breyta, to eat. Perhaps it comes from peddle;
for Skinner gives for its primitive signification, to deal in little things]
1. To pick at table, to feed squeamishly and without appetite. 2. To
trifle, to attend to small parts rather than to the principal.

PI’DDLER [of piddle] one that piddles or eats squeamishly and without
appetite.

PI’DDLING, part. act. of piddle; which see. [spiluzzicare, It. which
has the same signification] eating here and there a bit; also trifling.


PIE

PIE [bicgan, Sax. according to Skinner, biezan, to build, q. d. an
edifice of paste. Junius derives by contraction from pasty] any meat or
fruit baked in paste.

PIE [pie, Fr. picaca, Sp. pega, Port. of pica, It. and Lat.] 1. A mag-pie,
a particoloured bird. Shakespeare. 2. The old popish service book, so
called, as is supposed, from the different colour of the text and ru­
bric.

PIE [with printers] letters of several sorts and sizes confusedly mixed
together.

PIE Powder [pied poudre, or poudreux, Fr. q. d. dusty foot] a court
held in fairs to do justice to buyers and sellers, and for the redress of all
the disorders committed in them: it is so called, because the suiters to
this court are commonly country people with dusty feet; or from the
dispatch in determining the causes even before the dust goes off from
their feet.

PIECE [piece, Fr. pezza, It. piáca, Sp.] 1. Part of a whole portion,
a slice, a fragment. Bring it out piece by piece. Ezekiel. 2. A part. A
piece of excellent knowledge. Tillotson. 3. A picture. The finest co­
lours are but daubing, and the piece is a beautiful monster. Dryden. 4.
A composition, performance. He wrote several pieces. Addison. 5. A
coin, a single piece of money. 6. In ridicule and contempt; as, a
piece of a lawyer, a smatterer. 7. A-piece; to each. Only one eye and
one ear a-piece. More. 8. Of a piece with; like, of the same sort,
united, the same with the rest. 9. A patch. Ainsworth.

PIECE of Eight, a Spanish coin; that of Mexico, in value about
4s. 6d. ½. that of Peru, 4s. 3d. ½. English.

PIECE [in commerce] signifies a whole; as a length of cloth, &c. of
certain number of yards, ells, &c. not yet having any of it cut off.

PIE’CE-MEAL, by pieces, little by little.

PIECE [small or hand gun] i. e. a birding or fowling piece, a soldier's
piece or musket.

PIECE of Ordnance, a single great gun or cannon.

Field PIECE, a small cannon, such as armies carry into the field with
them.

A Chimney PIECE, a picture or other ornament over a chimney.

To PIECE, verb act. [from the subst. rapiécer, Fr. rappezzare, It.] 1.
To enlarge by the addition of a piece. 2. To join one piece to another,
to unite. 3. To piece out; to increase by addition. The piecing out of
an old man's life. Temple. 4. To piece up; or reconcile a matter.

To PIECE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to join, to coalesce, to be
compacted. Bacon.

PIE’CER [of piece] one that pieces.

PIE’CELESS, adj. [of piece] whole, compact, not made of separate
pieces. See LOVELESS.

PIE’CEMEAL, adv. [of pice and mel, a word in Sax. of the same im­
port] in pieces, in fragments. South.

PIE’CEMEAL, adj. single, separate, divided.

PIE’CES [in military affairs] field-pieces, those cannons planted in the
front of an army, &c. also those great guns used at sieges, called batter­
ing pieces.

PI’ED [of pie] spotted, speckled, party-coloured.

PIEDOU’CHE, Fr. [peduccio, It. with architects] a little stand or pe­
destal, either long or square, enrich'd with mouldings, serving to sup­
port a bust, or other little figure.

PIED Droit [in architecture] a pier or kind of square pillar, part of
which is hid within a wall; also a pier or jaumb of a door or window,
comprehending the chambranle, chamfering, leaf, &c.

PI’EDNESS [of pied] diversity of colour, variegation. Shakespeare.

PIE’LED, adj. [perhaps from peeled, or bald] having short hair. Shake­
speare.

PIE’NO [in music books] full; and is often used for the words tutte,
grande, or gross; as, pieno choro, a full chorus.

To PIEP [pypen, Du. and L. Ger. pipio, Lat.] to cry like a chicken.
See PEEP.

PIER, subst. [pierre, Fr.] 1. The pillars on which the arch of a bridge
is raised. 2. A place for ships to lie in.

To PIERCE, verb act. [percer, Fr.] 1. To bore through, to broach a
vessel, to enter, to force. 2. To touch the passions, to effect. Did
your letters pierce the queen. Shakespeare.

To PIERCE, verb neut. 1. To make way by force. 2. To strike,
to move, to affect. She uttereth piercing eloquence. Shakespeare. 3.
To enter, to dive. She would not pierce further into his meaning.
Sidney. 4. To affect severely. They provide more piercing statutes
daily to chain up the poor. Shakespeare.

PIE’RCED [with heralds] is when an ordinary is perforated or struck
through, that it has, as it were, a hole in it; and the shape of this
piercing must be particularly expressed in blazonry, as square, &c.

PIE’RCER. 1. A borer or gimlet, or other instrument that penetrates.
2. The part with which insects perforate bodies. The hollow instru­
ment terebra we may English piercer, wherewith many flies are provided.
Ray. 3. One who pierces or perforates.

PIE’RCING part. act [of pierce; percant, Fr.] boring into or through,
penetrating; also sharp, acute. See To PIERCE.

PIE’RCINGLY, adv. [of pierce] sharply.

PIE’RCINGNESS [of piercing] penetrating quality, power of piercing.








PIE’STRUM [πιεστρον, Gr.] an instrument used by men midwifes, to
break the bones of the head of a child in drawing it out of the womb.

PIETANTIA’RIUS [in old records] the pittancer or officer in collegiate
churches, who was to give out the several pittances according to the ap­
pointment of the founders or donors.

PI’ETISTS, a religious sect of German protestants, who despise all
ecclesiastical polity; all school theology, all forms and ceremonies, and
give themselves up to contemplation and the mystic theology.

PI’ETY [pieté, Fr. pietà, It. piedàd, Sp. pietas, Lat.] godliness, dis­
charge of duty to God, dutifulness to parents, a husband or superior
relations. See MESSIAH, PENTECOSTE and ORDER in Divinity com­
pared.

PIG [prob. of bigge, Du.] a young sow or boar.

PIG of the Sounder [with hunters] a young wild boar of the first year.

PIG [or Sow] of lead or iron; an oblong mass of lead, or unforged iron.

To PIG, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To bring forth pigs, to farrow.
2. [With the vulgar] to lie together.

PI’GEON, Fr. [pictiòn, Sp.] a fowl bred in cotts, or a small house,
which in some places, and particularly in Scotland, is called a dove­
cote.

PI’GEON-LIVERED, adj. [of pigeon and liver] mild, soft, gentle.
Shakespeare.

PI’GGEN, N. C. a wooden vessel with an handle for holding liquid
things.

PIGHT, [old pret. and part pass. of pitch] pitched, placed, fixed, de­
termined. Shakespeare.

PI’GMENT [pigmentum, Lat.] paint for the face, colour to be laid on
any body.

PI’GMENTS, plur. [of pigment] such prepared materials as painters,
diers, and other artificers use, to imitate particular colours; also for
painting glass, and counterfeiting precious stones.

PI’GNUT, subst. [of pig and nut] an earth nut. Shakespeare.

PI’GMY. See PYGMY.

PI’GSNEY, or PI’GSNY [of piga, a little maid, and eye, Sax. Skinner]
a name of fondness given to a girl. It is used by Butler for the eye of a
woman.

PI’GRITUDE [pigritudo, Lat.] slothfulness, laziness.

PIG-WIGEON, subst. this word is used by Drayton as the name of a
fairy; and is a kind of cant word for any thing petty or small.

PIKE, subst. [picque, Fr. his snout being sharp. Skinner and Junius] 1.
A river fish. 2. [Pique, Fr. picca, It. pica, Sp.] a long slender staff with a
spike at the end, used by the foot soldiers to keep off the horse, to which
bayonets have succeeded. 3. A fork used in husbandry. A Pike to
pike them up handsome to drie. Tusser. 4. Among turners, two iron
sprigs, between which any thing to be turned is fastened. Moxon.

PI’KED, adj. [piqué, Fr.] sharp, ending in a point.

PI’KEMAN [of pike and man] a soldier armed with a pike.

PI’KESTAFF [of pike and staff] the wooden frame of a pike.


PIL

PI’LA [in coinage] is the puncheon or matrice which in the ancient
way of coining with the hammer, contained the arms, and other figures,
and the inscription, to be struck for the reverse of the coin; also from
hence it may be called the pile; and also now the head side of a piece
of money we call the cross, because in those times there was usually a
cross instead of a head.

PILA [in ancient writings] the arms side of a piece of money, so cal­
led, because in ancient times this side bore an impression of a church
built on piles.

PI’LASTER [pilastre, Fr. pilastro, It.] a square column, sometimes in­
sulated, but oftner set within a wall, and only shewing a fourth or fifth
part of its thickness.

PILCH [pylch, Sax.] a flannel night garment, or clout, for an in­
fant, &c.

PI’LCHARD [incert. etym.] a kind of sea-fish much like a herring, but
less. See PILCHER.

PI’LCHER, subst. [Warburton says pilche signifies a cloke or coat of
skins, meaning the scabbard. This is confirmed by Junius, who ren­
ders pilly, a garment of skins, pylece, Sax. pellice, Fr. pelliccia It. pellis,
Lat. a skin] 1. A furred gown or case, any thing lined with fur. Han­
mer. 2. A fish like a herring. See PILCHARD.

PILE [anciently] 1. A pyramid of wood, or any thing heaped toge­
ther, whereon the bodies of the deceased were laid to be burned. 2.
[piile, Du. pile, Fr.] a heap of wood or stones, or other things, laid one
above another, an accumulation of bodies. 3. A strong piece of
wood driven into the ground to make firm a foundation. 4. [In archi­
tecture] a mass or body of buildings, an edifice. 5. [Pilus, Lat.] a
hair. Shakespeare. 6. Hairy surface, nap. As in the pile of velvet.
Grew. 7. [pilum, Lat.] the head of an arrow. 8. [Pile, Fr. Pila, It.]
one side of a coin; the reverse of cross. 9. [in heraldry] an ordinary in
form of a point inverted, or of a stake sharpened, contracting from the
chief, and terminating in a point towards the bottom of the shield.

Funeral PILE [in architecture] a building, a massive mason's work in
manner of a pillar, usually hexagonal.

To PILE, verb act. 1. To heap up. 2. To fill with something heaped.
Abbot.

PI’LEATED, adj. [pileus, Lat. a hat or cap] in the form of a cover or
hat. Woodward.

PI’LER [of pile] he who piles or accumulates.

PILES [in architecture] great stakes rammed into the earth to make
a good foundation to build upon in marshy ground.

PILES, plural [with physicians] a disease in the fundament called the
hæmorrhoids.

PILE-WORT, an herb.

To PI’LFER, verb act. [piller, Fr. pilo, Lat.] to steal things of some
small value, to gain by petty robbery. Abbot.

To PI’LFER, verb neut. to practise petty theft.

PI’LFERER [of pilfer] one who steals petty things.

PI’LFERINGLY, adv. [of pilfering] filchingly, with petty larcenary.

PI’LFERY, subst. [of pilfer] petty thieft. L'Estrange.

PI’LGRIM [pilgrim, H. Ger. pelgrim, Du. pelerin, Fr. pelegrino, It.
peregrinus, Lat.] a wanderer, a traveller, particularly one who visits sa­
cred places for the sake of devotion.

To PI’LGRIM, verb neut. [from the subst.] to wander to ramble.
Grew.

PI’LGRIM's Salve [in vulgar language] human ordure.

PI’LGRIMAGE [pelenirage, Fr.] a long journey; more usually the
journeying of a pilgrim on account of devotion.

PILL [pille, Du. and Ger. pilule, Fr. pillola, It. pildora, Sp. pillula,
Lat.] a small round ball or mass of physic.

To PILL. verb act. [piller, Fr. pilo, Lat.] 1. To rob or plunder. 2.
[For peel] to strip off the bark. 3. To use extortion, to fleece one.

PI’LLAGE, Fr. and Sp. [pilo, Lat. something got by, pileggio, It.] 1.
The act of plundering or rifling. 2. Plunder, robbery. 3. The thing
pillaged.

To PILLAGE, verb act. [piller, Fr. pillàr, Sp. pilo, Lat.] to plunder,
to rifle, to rob.

PILLAGE [in architecture] a square pillar, standing behind a column
to bear up the arches, having a base and capital as a pillar has.

PI’LLAGER [of pillage] a plunderer, a spoiler,

PI’LLAR [pilier, Fr. piliere, pilastro, It. pilàr, Sp. piler, C. Br. and
Armor. pelare, Su. pilaer, Du. pieler, L. Ger. pfeiler, H. Ger.] a co­
lumn which is divided into three parts; the pedestal, the shafts, and the
ornaments.

PILLAR [in a figurative sense] signifies a supporter, or a maintainer.
Shakespeare.

PILLAR [in architecture] a kind of irregular column, round and in­
sulated; deviating from the proportions of a just column.

PILLAR [in the manage] is the center of the volta, ring, or manage
ground, round which a horse turns, whether there be a wooden pillar
placed therein or not.

Square PILLAR [in architecture] is a massive work, called also a pier
or piedroit, serving to support arches, &c.

Butting PILLAR [in architecture] is a buttress or body of masonry,
raised to prop or sustain the shooting of a vault, arch, or other work.

PI’LLARED, adj. [of pillar] 1. Built or supported with pillars. 2.
Having the form of a column. Thomson.

PI’LLASTER [in architecture] is a kind of square pillar, which is ge­
nerally as broad at the top as bottom, and has the same measure, cha­
piter and base with the column, according to the several orders. See
PILASTER.

PI’LLED, part. pass. [pilatus, Lat.] that has the wool shorn off; as a
pilled ewe.

PI’LLION [from pillow; pulvinus, Lat.] 1. A sort of soft saddle be­
hind a horseman for a woman to sit on. Swift. 2. A pad, a pannel, a
low saddle. Spenser. 3. The pad of the saddle next the horse's
back.

PI’LLORY [pilori, Fr. pillorium, L. Lat.] was anciently a post erected
in a cross road by the lord, with his arms on it, as a mark of his signi­
ory; and sometimes a collar to tie criminals to; now a sort of scaffold
for false swearers, cheats, &c. to stand on by way of punishment.

To PI’LLORY one, verb act. [pilorier, Fr.] to set one on the pillory,
to punish with the pillory.

PI’LLOW [pile, or pyle, Sax. pulvinus, Lat. peleuwe, Du. pôhl, L.
Ger. a bolster] a sort of cushion, or bag of down or feathers, to lie un­
der one's head in bed.

PI’LLOW Beer, or PILLOW Case, the cover of a pillow.

PILLOW [in a ship] a piece of timber on which the bolt-sprit
mast bears or rests, at its coming out of the ship's hull aloft close by the
stern.

To PILLOW, verb act. to rest any thing on a pillow. Milton.

PILO’SITY [pilofitas, Lat.] hairiness, roughness.

PI’LOT [pilote, Fr. peloto, It. pilóto, Sp. piloot, Du. looste, L. Ger.] a
conductor of ships over bars and sands into a haven; a steersman who
stands at the helm and manages the rudder.

To PI’LOT, verb act. [from the subst.] to steer, to direct in the
course.

PILOT Bird [about the Caribbee islands in America] a bird that gives
notice to ships that sail that way.

PI’LOTAGE, Fr. the office of a steersman or pilot of a ship, his know­
ledge of coasts; also his hire or wages.

PI’LSER, subst. the moth or fly that runs into the candle flame. Ains­
worth.

PILULI’FEROUS [of pilula, a pill, and fero, Lat. to bear] bearing or
producing round berries or fruit like pills.

PIME’NTA, or PIME’NTO, subst. [piment, Fr.] a sort of spice; all spice;
an aromatic grain. Pimenta, from its round figure and the place whence
it is brought, has been called Jamaica pepper; and from its mixt flavour
of the several aromatics, it has obtained the name of all spice.

PIMP [prob. of pinco, It. pinge, Fr.] a procurer of whores, a pan­
der.

To PIMP, verb act. [from the subst.] to pander, to procure, to pro­
vide satisfaction for the lust of others.

PIMP Whisking [with the vulgar] a top trader that way, an arch­
pimp; also a little mean-spirited, narrow-soul'd fellow.

PI’MPING, part. act. [of pimp] 1. Procuring whores; most properly
spoken of men. 2. [pimple mensch, Du. a weak man] small, little,
petty.

PI’MPERNEL, Fr. [pimpinella, It. of pimpernella, Lat.] an herb, called
also burnet.

PI’MPLES, plur. [of pimple; prob. of pwimp, Brit. or papulæ, Lat.
pompelle, Fr.] small red wheals rising in the skin.

PIMPO’MPET, a sort of antic dance, when three persons dancing hit
one another on the breech with one of their feet.


PIN

PIN [epingle, Fr. spina, Lat. a thorn, spinule, or pinne, Du. an iron
spike, spilla, It. rather from pennum, L. Lat. Isidore] 1. A small utensil
or wire with a sharp point and round head, for fastening on womens ap­
parel. 2. Any thing inconsiderable, or of little value. 'Tis not a pin
matter. L'Estrange. 3. Any thing driven to hold parts together, a peg,
a bolt. 4. Any slender thing fixed in another body. These bullets shall
rest on the pins. Wilkins. 5. That which locks the wheel to the axle;
a linch pin. 6. The central part. The very pin of his heart cleft.
Shakespeare. 7. The pegs by which musicians streighten or relax their
strings. 8. A note, a strain. In low language. 9. Pin and Web, a dis­
ease, a horny induration of the membrane of the eye, not much unlike
a cataract. 10. A cylindrical roller, made of wood. 11. A noxious
humour in a hawk's foot. Ainsworth.

To PIN, verb act. [of pindan, Sax. to include] 1. To shut in or inclose,
to confine, as in a pinfold. 2. [from the subst.] to fasten with pins or
small pointed wires. 3. To fasten, to make fast, as with bolts, 4. To
join, to fix in general.

To PIN down, or oblige one to a bargain.








To PIN one's Opinion on another's Sleeve, i. e. to believe implicitly what
he says.

To PIN one's self, to hang or spunge upon one.

PI’N-CASE [of pin and case] a pin-cushion. Ainsworth.

PI’N-WHEEL [of a clock] See STRIKING-WHEEL.

PINCERS [pincette, Fr.] 1. A tool used by divers artificers, by which
nails are drawn, or any thing is griped that requires to be held hard. 2.
The claw of an animal.

PINCH [pincé, pinçon Fr. pizzico, It.] 1. A nipping hard, a painful squeeze
with the fingers. 2. A gripe, a pain given. 3. Oppression, distress
inflicted. 4. Time of distress. 5. A straight or difficulty.

At a PINCH, upon a push or exigence.

To PINCH, verb act. [pincer, Fr. picigar, Port.] 1. To nip hard with
the fingers, to squeeze with the teeth. 2. To hold hard with an instru­
ment. 3. To squeeze the flesh till it is pained or lived. 4. To press be­
tween hard bodies, to wring as shoes do. 5. To gall, to fret. 6. To
gripe, to oppress, to straiten. 7. To distress, to pain. Avoid the
pichinng cold. Milton. 8. To press, to drive to difficulties. When he
finds himself hard pinch'd: L'Estrange, 9. To try thoroughly, to force
out what is contained within. This is the way to pinch the question.
Collier.

To PINCH, verb neut. 1. To act with force so as to be felt, to bear
hard upon, to be puzzling. 2. To spare, to be frugal.

PINCHING [with gardeners] a sort of pruning performed by nipping
off the sprigs, &c. of a plant, or tree, between the nails of two fingers.

PI’NCUSHION [of pin and cushion] a small bag stuffed with bran or
wool, in which pins are stuck.

PI’NDUST [of pin and dust] small particles of metal made by cutting
pins.

To PINE, verb neut. [some derive it of pinian, Sax. to punish, others
of peinen, H. Ger. to torment, pijnen, Du.] 1. To languish, to con­
sume and waste away with grief, or any kind of misery. 2. To languish
with desire.

To PINE, verb act. 1. To wear out, to make to languish. Sickness
pines the clime. Shakespeare. 2. To grieve for, to bemoan in silence.
Pin'd his loss. Milton.

PINE Tree [pin, Fr. pino, It. and Sp. pinheiro, Port. pinus, Lat.] a
large tree, the leaves of which are longer than those of a fir-tree, and
are produced by pairs out of each sheath. Miller.

PINE’A, or PIGNES, a kind of light, porous masses, or lumps, formed
of a mixture of mercury and silver dust, from the mines of Chili in
America.

PINE’AL, adj. [pineale, Fr.] resembling a pine apple. An epithet
given by Descartes, from the form, to the gland which he imagined the
seat of the soul.

PINE-APPLE. See ANANAS.

PINFE’ATHERED, adj. [of pin and feather] not fledged, having the
feathers yet only beginning to shoot.

PI’NFOLD [of pyndan, to shut in, and falde, Sax.] a place for pen­
ning cattle in.

PI’NGLE, subst. a small close, an inclosure. Ainsworth.

PINGUE’DO, Lat. [with anatomists] the fat of animals lying next un­
der the skin.

PI’NGUID, adj. [pinguis, Lat.] fat, unctuous; little used.

PI’NHOLE [of pin and hole] a small hole, such as is made by the per­
foration of a pin.

PI’NION [pignon, old Fr. of pinna, Lat.] 1. The wing of a fowl. 2. The
joint of the wing remotest from the body; as, the pinion of a roasted
fowl. 3. [Pignon, Fr. with clock makers] the nut or lesser wheel of
a clock or watch, that plays in the teeth of another. 4. Fetters for
the hands. Ainsworth.

PINTON of Report [of a watch] is that pinion which is equally fixed
on the arbor of the great wheel.

To PINION a Person, verb act. 1. To bind his hands or arms fast to
his body. 2. To bind the wings. 3. To confine by binding the wings.
4. To confine by binding the elbows to the sides. 5. To shackle, to
bind. 6. To bind to. Some slave of mine be pinion'd to their side.
Pope.

PINK [pince, old Fr. from pink, Du, an eye; whence the French
word æillet] 1. A small fragrant flower, of the gilliflower kind. 2. An
eye, commonly a small eye; as, pink eyed. 3. Any thing supremely
excellent. I am the very pink of courtesy. Shakespeare. 4. A colour
used by painters. 5. [Pinque, Fr. pinco, It.] a sort of small ship, masted
and ribbed like other ships, except that she is built with a round stern.
6. A fish; the minow. Ainsworth.

To PINK, verb act. [from pink, Du, an eye] 1. to work in oylet
holes. 2. To prick with a sword, in a rencounter and duel; he pink'd
his doublet, i. e. he run him through.

To PINK, verb neut. [pincken, Du.] to wink with the eyes.

PI’NKING, part. act. [of to pink; of pink-ooghen, Du.] winking; also
cutting oilet-holes in silk, &c.

PI’NMAKER [of pin and make] he who makes pins.

PI’NMONEY [of pin and money] money allowed to a wife for her pri­
vate expences without account.

PI’NNA Auris Lat. [in anatomy] the upper and broader part of the
ear.

PI’NNACE [pinasse, Fr. pinnacca, It. of pinaça, Sp.] a sort of small
ship, that goes both with sails and oars, and that carries three masts;
commonly used as a scout to get intelligence, and for landing soldiers
and the like; also a boat belonging to a ship of war.

PI’NNACLE [pinnacle, Fr. pinnacolo, It. pináculo, Sp. pinagl, C. Br.]
1. The highest part of a building, a turret or elevation above the rest of
the building. 2. A high spiring point, the top of a spire. The gil­
ded pinnacles of fate. Cowley.

PI’NNÆ Nasi [in anatomy] the sides of the nose.

PINNATA Folia [in botany] are such leaves of plants as are deeply
jagged, cut, or indented, resembling a feather in shape.

PI’NNER [prob. of pinning, pinna, or pinion] 1. The lappet of a wo­
man's head-dress, that flies loose. 2. A pinmaker. Ainsworth.

PI’NNING, part. act. [of to pin; of pingan, Sax.] fastening or shut­
ting with a pin or peg; also fastening on with pins, or small pointed
wires.

PI’NNING, part. adj. [with bricklayers] the fastening of tiles together
with wooden pins.

PI’NNOCK, subst. the tomit. Ainsworth.

PINT [Camb, Br. pynt, Sax. pinte, Fr. pinta, low Lat.] a liquid
measure, the half of a quart.

PI’NTLE [in gunnery] an iron pin, which keeps the cannon from re­
coiling.

PI’NTLES [in a ship] those hooks by which the rudder hangs to the
stern-post.

PIONEE’R, or PIONI’ER [un pionier, Fr. from pion, Fr. obsolete, Pion,
according to Scaliger, comes from peo for pedito, a foot soldier, who was
formerly employed in digging for the army. A pioneer is in Dutch
spangeiner, from spage, a spade: whence Junius imagines that the French
borrowed pagenier, which was afterwards called pioneer] a labourer in an
army, who levels ways, casts up trenches, undermines forts, and other
military operations.

PI’ONING, subst. works of pioneers. Spenser.

PI’ONY [παιονια, Gr. pæonia, Lat.] a large flower. See PEONY.

PI’OUS, adj. [pieux, Fr. pio; It. and Sp. of pius, Lat.] 1. Godly, re­
ligious, careful of the duties owed by created beings to God, that is
due to sacred things. 2. Careful of the duties due to parents and near
relations.

PI’OUSLY, adv. [of pious] with piety or duty to near relations.

PI’OUSNESS [of pious] piety, godly disposition.

PIP [pepie, Fr. pipita, It. pippe, Du. and L. Ger. pipe, H. Ger. de­
duced by Skinner from pituita, but probably coming from pipio, or pi­
pilo, Lat. on account of the complaining cry] a disease in pultry, a de­
fluxion with which fowls are troubled, a horny pellicle that grows on
the tip of their tongues; also any spot or mark upon cards.

To PIP, verb neut. [pipio, Lat.] to chirp or cry as a bird. Boyle.

To PIP a Fowl or Bird, verb act. to take away the pip.

PIPE [pid, Wel. pipe, Sax. pipe, Fr. pippa, It. a pipe to smoak tobacco
in, pibel, C. Br. pibe, Dan. pypa, Su. pype, Du. O. and L. Ger. pfeiffe,
H. Ger.] 1. A musical instrument for the hand. 2. Any long hollow
body, a tube. 3. A tube of clay through which the fume of tobacco is
drawn into the mouth. 4. The organs of voice and respiration; as,
the wind pipe. 5. The key of the voice. Shakespeare. 6. [Peep, Du.
pipe, Fr. pipa, It. and Sp.] a measure of wine, containing 162 gallons,
or two hogsheads. 4. An office. That office of her majesty's exche­
quer, we by a metaphor call the pipe, because the whole receipt is fi­
nally conveyed into it by the means of divers small pipes or quills, as
water into a cistern. Bacon. 5. [In the exchequer] a roll, otherwise
called the great rolls.

To PIPE, verb act. [pipan, Sax. pibe, Dan. pypa, Su. pypeu, Du. O.
and L. Ger. pfeiffen, H. Ger.] 1. To play on a pipe; also to whine, as
sick people do.

To PIPE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to have a shrill sound. Shake­
speare.

Clerk of the PIPE [in the exchequer] an officer who in a great roll
made up like a pipe, charges down all accounts and debts due to the
king, drawn out of the remembrancer's office.

PIPE Office, an office of the exchequer, or treasury, where the clerk
makes out the leases of crown-lands, &c.

PIPE Tree [in botany] the lilac tree that bears two sorts of flowers, a
white and a blue.

PI’PER [pipere, Sax. pibere, Dan. pypare, Su. pyper, Du. and L.
Ger. pfeiffer, H. Ger.] one that plays on a pipe.

PI’PEREDGE Tree, the barberry tree.

PI’PING, adj. [from pipe; this word is only used in low language]
1. Weak, feeble, sickly. Shakespeare. 2. Hot, boiling; from the
sound of any thing that boils.

PI’PKIN [incert. etym. According to Johnson, diminutive of pipe, a
large vessel] a small earthen vessel for boiling.

PI’PPIN [prob. of pippingh, Du. Skinner] a sort of apple. Pippins
take their name from the small spots or pips that usually appear on the
sides of them.

PI’QUANCY, or PI’QUANTNESS [of piquant] sharpness, tartness.

PI’QUANT, adj. [piccante, It.] 1. Pricking, piercing, stimulating. 2.
Sharp, biting, pungent, tart, severe.

PI’QUANTLY, adv. [of piquant] tartly, sharply.

PIQUE, Fr. 1. Ill-will against one, spleen, petty malice, distaste,
grudge. 2. A strong passion. Hudibras. 3. Point, nicety, punctilio.
And pique of honour to maintain a cause. Dryden.

To PIQUE, verb act. [piquer] 1. To touch with envy or virulency, to
put into fret or fume. 2. To offend, to irritate. 3. [With the recipro­
cal pronoun] to value, to fix reputation as on a point. [Se piquer, Fr.]
And pique themselves upon their skill.

To PIQUEER. See PICKEER.

PIQUE’ERER [of piqueer] a robber, a plunderer. Rather pickeerer.
Swift.

To stand on the PI’QUET [a military phrase] is when a horseman is
sentenced, for some offence, to stand on the point of a stake with one
toe, having the contrary hand tied up as high as it can reach.

PI’QUET, Fr. a game at cards.

PI’RACY [piraterie, Fr. πειρατεια, Gr. piratica, Lat.] the act or prac­
tice of robbing on the sea.

PI’RATE, Fr. [piráta, Sp. pirata, Lat. of πειρατης, Gr.] one who lives
by pillage and robbing on the sea; also a plagiary, any robber, parti­
cularly a bookseller who seizes the copies of other men.

To PI’RATE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to rob by sea.

To PI’RATE, verb act. [pirater, Fr.] to take by robbery. They would
pirate his edition. Pope.

PIRA’TICAL, adj. [piraticas, Lat.] 1. pertaining to a pirate, preda­
tory, robbing, consisting in robbery at sea. 2. Robbing in general.
Piratical printers. Pope.

PI’RATING, part. act. [exercant la piraterie, Fr.] robbing on the sea.

PIROUE’TTE, or PIRO’ET [in the manage] a turn or circumvolution,
which a horse makes without changing his ground.


PIS

PI’SCARY, subst. [pescheria, It. of piscaria, of piscis, Lat. fish,] a fish­
market, or place for keeping fish.

PISCA’TION [piscatio, of piscis, Lat. fish] the act or practice of fish­
ing. Brown.

PISCA’TORY, adj. [piscatorius, Lat.] relating to fishes. Addison.

PI’SCES, Lat. [in astronomy] the 12th sign or constellation of the zo­
diac, so named from its imaginary likeness to two fishes.

PISCES Meridiani [in astronomy] a southern constellation, consisting
of 12 stars.

PISCI’VOROUS, adj. [piscivorus, Lat.] that devours or feeds on fishes.
Piscivorous birds. Ray.








PISH, interj. of slighting or contemning. This is sometimes spoken
and written pshaw.

To PISH, verb neut. [from the interjection] to express contempt. He
turn'd over your Homer, shook his head, and pish'd at every line. Pope.

PI’SMIRE [myra, Sax. pismire, of puide, an heap, and miere, Du. an
ant, because it throws up heaps of dirt or earth] an ant, an emmet.

PISS [pissat, Fr. piscia, It. piss, Dan. pisz, pisse, Du. and L. Ger.]
urine, animal water.

To PISS, verb neut. [pisse, Dan. piso, C. Brit. pissa, Su. pisser, Fr.
pissen, Du. and Ger. pisciare, It. and Port.] to make water, to evacuate
urine.

PISS-A-BED, a flower or plant, dandelion, that grows in the grass.

PISSASPHA’LTUS, Lat. [πισσασφαλτος, Gr.] a kind of mineral, con­
sisting of pitch, and the slime called bitumen, imbodied together.

PISS-POT [of pissat and pot, Fr.] a chamber pot; also a great drinker;
low language.

PI’SSBURNT, adj. stained with urine.

PISTA’CHIO [pistacia, Lat. pistache, Fr. pistacchio, It.] a nut growing
in Egypt, &c. of an aromatic scent.

PI’STE, Fr. [in the manage] the track or tread which a horse makes
upon the ground he goes over.

PISTILLA’TION, subst. [pistillum, Lat. a pestle] the act of pounding in
a mortar. Brown.

PISTI’LLUM, Lat. a pestle of a mortar.

PISTILLUM [with botanists] a pistil, that part of some plants, which
in shape resemble a pestle.

PISTOL [pistole, pistolet, Fr. pistola, It. and Port. pisteléte, Sp.] a short,
small hand-gun, or fire-arms, borne on the saddle-bow, the girdle, or in
the pocket.

To PI’STOLE, verb act. [pistoler, Fr.] to shoot with a pistol.

PISTO’LE, Fr. [pistola, It.] a French or Spanish coin, in value about
17 s.

PI’STOLET, diminutive pistol, a little pistol. Donne.

PI’STON, a moveable part in several machines, as pumps, syringes,
&c. whereby the suction or attraction is caused, an embolus.


PIT

PIT [pit, Sax.] 1. A hole in the earth. 2. Abyss, profundity. Mil­
ton. 3. The grave, a scriptural term. 4. The area on which cocks
fight.

PIT, a hole in which the Scots used to drown women thieves; hence
the phrase, condemn'd to the pit, is the same as with us, to say condemn'd
to the gallows.

PIT [or parterre] of the playhouse, the middle part of the theatre.

PIT [pis, peis, O. Fr. from pectus, Lat.] 1. The breast or hollow of the
stomach, or of any part of the body; as, the pit of the stomach. 2. A
dent made by the finger.

To PIT, to sink in holes, as in the small pox.

PIT-A-PAT, subst. [propably from pas a pas or patte patte, Fr.] 1. A
flutter, a palpitation, a beating or throbbing like the heart. 2. A light
quick step. Dryden.

PI’TANCE [pitancia, Lat.] a little repast or refection of fish or flesh,
more than the common allowance. See PITTANCE.

PITCH [pic, Sax. pyg, C. Brit. peck, Du. and L. Ger. pech, H. Ger.
poix, Fr. pece, It. pez, Sp. pix, Lat.] the resin of the pine extracted by
fire and inspissated; an oily, bituminous, black substance; as it distils
from the wood, it is called barras. This makes two sorts, the finest and
clearest being called galipot, and the coarser marbled barras.

The common PITCH, is the liquid galipot, reduced into the form and
consistency we see it, by mixing it with tar while hot.

Naval PITCH, is that which is drawn from old pines, ranged and
burnt like charcoal, and used in pitching of vessels.

PITCH, subst. 1. An iron bar with a picked end, or crow. 2. [With
architects] the angle to which a gable-end, and of consequence the whole
roof of a building is set. 3. Size or stature, the highest pitch or top of
any thing. 4. Highest rise. Seduc'd the pitch and height of all his
thoughts. Shakespeare. 5. State with respect to lowness or height.
From this high pitch let us descend. Milton. 6. [From picts, Fr. Skinner]
any degree of height. Learning was at the highest pitch. Addison. 7.
Degree, rate. Amounts to such a pitch of righteousness, as we call since­
rity. South.

To PITCH Upon, verb act. 1. To choose a thing, to fix choice. The
subject I have pitch'd upon. South. 2. To light, to drop. Take a
branch of the tree whereon they pitch. Mortimer. 3. To fall headlong.
Forward he flew, and pitching on his head. Dryden. 4. To fix a tent or
temporary habitation.

To PITCH, verb neut. [appiciare, It.] 1. To fix in the ground, to
plant; as, to pitch a tent. 2. To order regularly. One pitched battle.
Addison. 3. To throw headlong, to cast forward. They would wrestle
and pitch the bar. Spectator. 4. [Pico, Lat.] to smear or to do over
with pitch. 5. To darken. The welken pitch'd with sullen cloud. Ad­
dison. 6. To pave. Ainsworth.

To PITCH [in sea language] a term used of a ship when she sails with
her head too much into the sea, or bears against it so, as to endanger her
top-masts, then the sailors say, she will pitch her mast by the board.

PI’TCHER [picher, O. Fr.] 1. An earthen vessel, a water-pot with a
handle. 2. An instrument to pierce the ground in which any thing is to
be fixed.

PIT-FALL [of pit and feallan, Sax. to fall] a trap for birds.

PITCH-FORK [pig forck, C. Brit.] an instrument used in husbandry,
by which corn is thrown upon the waggon.

PI’TCHINESS [of pitchy] pitchy quality, or condition, blackness,
darkness.

PI’TCHING Pence, a duty paid for pitching down every sack of corn,
or of other merchandizes, in a fair or market.

PI’TCHY, adj. [of pitch; piceus, of pix, Lat.] 1. Daubed with pitch.
2. Having the qualities of pitch. 3. Black, dark, dismal. I will sort a
pitchy day for thee. Shakespeare.

PI’TCOAL [of pit and coal] fossile coal.

PI’TEOUS, adj. [from pity; piteux, Fr.] 1. Exciting pity, sorrowful,
mournful. 2. Compassionate, tender. Piteous of his case. Pope. 3.
Wretched, paltry, mean, sorry.

PI’TEOUSLY, adv. [of piteous; pitoyablement, Fr.] after a piteous man­
ner. Ruthful to hear, yet piteously perform'd. Shakespeare.

PI’TEOUSNESS [of piteous] sorrowfulness, tenderness; also sorriness,
meanness.

PI’TFAL [of pit and fall] a pit dug and cover'd, into which one falls
unexpectedly.

PITH [pitha, Sax.] 1. The marrow of an animal. 2. [Pitte, Du.]
the marrow of a plant, the soft part in the midst of the wood. 3. Strength,
force. Pith, in Scotland, is still retained as denoting strength, either cor­
poreal or intellectual. 4. Energy, cogency, fulness of sentiment, close­
ness and vigour of thought and stile. 5. Weight, moment, principal
part. Enterprises of great pith and moment. Shakesp. 6. The quintes­
sence, the chief part.

PI’THIAS, or PITHI’TES [with meterologists] the name of a comet,
or rather meteor, of the form of a tub; of which there are divers kinds,
viz. some of an oval figure, others like a tun or barrel set perpendicular,
and some like one inclined or cut short; others having a hairy train or
bush, &c.

PI’THILY, adv. [of pithy] with strength, with cogency, with force,
strongly, vigorously, with energy.

PI’THLESS, adj. [of pith] 1. Dry, faint, insipid, having no pith,
wanting pith or strength, And pithless arms like to a wither'd vine.
Shakespeare. 2. Wanting energy or force.

PI’THY. 1. Full of pith or marrow, consisting of pith. The pithy
fibres. Grew. 2. Substantial, full of good matter, strong, forcible, ener­
getical.

PI’THINESS, pithy, fulness of pith; also substantialness, fulness of good
matter, energy, strength.

PI’TIABLE [pitoyable, Fr.] to be pitied, deserving pity. Atterbury.

PI’TIFUL [of pity and full] 1. Inclined to pity, tender-hearted, com­
passionate, merciful. 2. That deserves pity, woful, melancholy, mo­
ving compassion. 3. Paltry, despicable, sorry, mean.

PI’TIFULLY, adv. [pitoyablement, Fr.] 1. Mournfully, in a manner
that moves compassion. 2. Contemptibly, despicably, meanly.

PI’TIFULNESS [of pity and full] 1. Propenseness to pity, tenderness,
compassion. Sidney. 2. Meanness, despicableness, contemptibleness.

PI’TILESLY, adv. [of pitiless] without mercy.

PI’TILESNESS [of pitiless] unmercifulness.

PI’TILESS, adj. [of pity] unmerciful, wanting pity.

PITTA’CIUM [πιτταχιον, Gr.] a small cloth spread with salve, to be
laid on a part affected.

PI’TTANCE [pitance, Fr. pietanza, It.] 1. Properly a small portion of
victuals allowed to monks or others for a meal; short commons; also a
small part of any thing. 2. A small portion.

PITU’ITA, Lat. phlegm or rheum, snivel, &c. It is one of the four
humours in the bodies of animals, on which their temperament is sup­
posed to depend. See PHLEGM.

PITU’ITARY Gland [in anatomy] a gland in the brain, of the size of
a large pea, in the sella of the os sphenoides.

PITU’ITE, subst. [pituite, Fr. pituita, Lat.] phlegm. Arbuthnot.

PITU’ITOUS, adj. [pituitoso, It. pituiteux, Fr. of pituitosus, Lat.] full
of phlegm, consisting of phlegm. Pituitous and watery humours.
Brown.

PITU’ITOUSNESS [of pituitous] phlegmatic quality.

PI’TY [pitie, Fr. pietà, It. piedàd, Sp.] 1. Compassion, concern, sym­
pathy with misery, tenderness for pain or uneasiness. 2. A ground of
pity, a subject of pity or of grief.

To PITY, verb act. [pitoyer, Fr.] to compassionate misery, to regard
with tenderness on account of unhappiness.

To PITY, verb neut. to take pity, or have compassion of. I will not
pity nor spare. Jeremiah.

PITY’RIASIS, Lat. [πιτνςιασις, of πιτνρον, Gr. bran] the falling of
dandriff, or scurf from the head.

PITYRO’IDES [πιτνροειδης, Gr.] a kind of settling in urine like bran.

PI’VOT [pivot, Fr.] a pin on which any thing turns, a foot or shoe of
iron, &c. usually made in a conical form, or terminating in a point,
whereby a body intended to turn round, bears on another fixed at rest,
and performs its circumvolutions.

PIU, It. [in music books] a little more, it encreases the strength of
the signification of the word it is joined with.

PIX, subst. [pixis, Lat.] a little chest or box, in which the consecra­
ted host is kept in Roman catholic countries. Hanmer.

PI’ZZLE [prob. of piss, q. d. pissle, pisle. Minshew; or of pese, Du. a
nerve, whence pesarick, Du. a pizzle; unless you had rather derive it
from peitsch, H. Ger. a scourge, for which bulls pizzles were used] the
gristly part of the penis of an animal.


PLA

PLA’CABLE, Sp. [placabile, It. of placabilis, Lat.] willing, possible or
easy to be pacified or appeased. Hale.

PLACABI’LITY, or PLA’CABLENESS [of placable] easiness to be ap­
peased, possibility or willingness to be appeased.

PLA’CARD, or PLACA’RT [plackaert, Du. placard, Fr. placardo, It.]
a leaf or sheet of paper stretched, or applied, upon a wall or post: In
Holland, it is an edict, manifesto or proclamation; also it is used for a
writing of safe conduct: In France, it is a table wherein laws, orders,
&c. are written and hung up.

PLACARD [in architecture] the decoration of the door of an apart­
ment; consisting of a chambranle crowned with its frize or gorge, and
its corniche sometimes supported with consoles.

PLACARD [in our old customs] a licence whereby a person is permit­
ted to shoot a gun, or to use unlawful games.

To PLA’CATE, verb act. [placo, Lat.] to appease, to reconcile. This
word is still used in Scotland.

PLACE [plæc or place, Sax. plaesfe, Du. O. and L. Ger. platz, H. Ger.
place, Fr. of plása, Sp. piazza, It. from platea, Lat. of πλατεια, Gr.]
1. Particular portion of space or room, in which any thing is. 2. Lo­
cality, ubiety, local relation. Place is the relation of distance betwixt
any thing and any two or more points considered as keeping the same
distance one with another, and so as at rest. 3. Local existence. The
earth and the heaven fled away, and there was found no place for them.
Revelations. 4. Space in general. She all place within herself confines.
Davies. 5. Separate room. 6. A seat, residence, mansion. 7. Of­
fice, public character or employment. 8. A passage of a book, passage
in writing. 9. Ordinal relation. Let the eye be satisfied in the first
place. Dryden. 10. Existence, state of being, validity, state of actual
operation. They take place in the stoutest natures. Bacon. 11. Rank,
order of priority. 12. Precedence, priority. This sense is commonly
used in the phrase take place. 13. Room, way, space for appearing or
acting given by cession, not opposition. 14. Ground room. There is
no place of doubting. Hammond.

PLACE [in optics] is the point to which the eye refers an object.

PLACE [with naturalists] is sometimes taken for that portion of infinite







space which is possessed by and comprehended within the material world,
and which is thereby distinguished from the rest of the expansion.

PLACE of Radiation [in optics] is the interval, or space of the medium,
or transparent body, thro' which any visible object radiates.

PLACE [with philosophers] that part of immoveable space which any
body possesses; and why not also of any SOUL?

Absolute PLACE [with philosophers] is that part of infinite and im­
moveable space which a body possesses; called also primary place.

Relative PLACE [in philosophy] is the space it possesses with regard
to other adjacent objects; called also secondary place.

PLACE of the Sun or Planet [in astronomy] is the sign and degree of
the zodiac which the planet is in; or it is that degree of the ecliptic rec­
koned from the beginning of Aries, which is cut by the planet's circle of
longitude.

Apparent PLACE [in astronomy] a point in the starry heavens, which
is found by a right line passing from the eye of the spectator, terminated
at the other end among the fixed stars.

Eccentric PLACE [of a planet in its orbit] is the place or point of its
orbit wherein a planet would appear if seen from the sun.

Heliocentric PLACE [of a planet] is the point of the ecliptic, to which
a planet viewed from the sun is referred.

Geocentric PLACE [of a planet] is that point of the ecliptic, to which
a planet viewed from the earth is referred.

Regular PLACE [in fortification] is one whose angles and sides are
every where equal.

Irregular PLACE [in fortification] is one whose angles and sides are
unequal.

PLACE of Arms, a strong city or town, where the chief magazine of
an army is kept.

PLACE of Arms [in a city] is a large open spot of ground where the
garrison holds its rendezvous upon reviews, and in cases of alarm, to re­
ceive orders from the governer.

PLACE of Arms [in a siege] is a large place covered from the enemy,
where the soldiers are kept ready to sustain those who work in the
trenches, and to be commanded to places where they are wanted.

PLACE of Arms particular [in a garrison] is a place near every
bastion, where the soldiers are sent from the grand place to the quar­
ters assigned them, to relieve those that are either upon the guard, or in
fight.

PLACE of Arms [without] is a place allowed to the covert way for the
planting of cannon, to oblige those who advance in their approaches to
retire.

PLACE of Arms [in a camp] is a large space at the head of the camp,
for the army to be ranged in and drawn up in battalia.

To PLACE, verb act. [placer, Fr.] 1. To order, to dispose, to put, to lay
or set in any place, rank or condition. 2. To fix, to settle, to establish.
3. To put out at interest.

PLA’CER [of place] one that places. Spenser.

PLACE’NTA, Lat. a cake, &c.

PLACE’NTA Uterina [in anatomy] a softish mass found in the womb
of pregnant women, which serves to convey nourishment to the child in
the womb, and is taken out after the birth. See EMBRYO, FALLOPIAN
Tubes and UMBILICAL Chord.

PLA’CID [placidus, Lat.] 1. Gentle, patient, quiet, not turbulent. The
more placid motion of the spirits. Bacon. 2. Soft, kind, mild. That
placid aspect and meek regard. Milton.

PLA’CIDLY, adv. [of placid] mildly, gently. Boyle.

PLA’CIDNESS [of placid] peaceableness, quietness.

PLA’CIT, subst. [placitum, Lat.] decree, determination. We spend
time in defence of their placits. Glanville.

PLA’CKET, or PLAQUET, a woman's petticoat.

PLADARO’MA, or PLADARO’SIS [πλαδαρωσιρ, of πλχδαρος, Gr. to moist]
excessive moisture or weakness; also a little soft swelling growing under the
eye-lids. Gorræus (who calls it pladarotes) says, “it is an affection of
the internal part of the eye-lids, arising from certain soft and smooth bo­
dies growing there, and that from hence the disease takes its name.”

PLA’FOND, or PLA’FOUND [in architecture] the cieling of a room,
whether it be flat or arched, lined with plaister or joiner's work, and
frequently enriched with paintings; also the bottom of the projecture of
the larmier of the corniche, called also the sofit.

PLA’GIARISM [of plagiarius, Lat.] the stealing other people's works,
and publishing them as one's own.

PLA’GIARY, subst. [plagiaire, Fr. plagiario, It. and Sp. of plagiarius,
of plagium, Lat.] 1. A book thief, one who steals the thoughts or writings
of another; in the sense it is now generally taken; though originally it
signified a stealer of men, women, or children; a kidnapper. 2. The
crime of literary theft. Obsolete.

PLAGUE [plage, Dan. and Teut. plâga, Su. plaghe, Du. and Goth.
all in the latter sense; plaga, Lat. πληγη, Gr.] 1. A very acute, destruc­
tive, contagious and malignant disease, called otherwise a pestilence. 2.
State of misery. 3. Perplexity, vexation, embarrassment. 'Tis the
time's plague, when madmen lead the blind. Shakespeare.

To PLAGUE, verb act. [plage, Dan. plaga, Su. plagen, Ger. and Du.]
1. To infect with pestilence. 2. To vex, to teaze, to torment, to af­
flict, to make uneasy, to disturb. Plagued into a compliance. Col­
lier.

PLA’GUILY, adv. [of plaguy] vexatiously, cursedly, tormentingly,
horridly. A low word. He has me so plaguily under his lash. Dryden.

PLA’GUY, adj. [of plague] troublesome, vexatious, tormenting. A
low word.

PLAICE [plie, Fr. plate, Du.] a flat fish. Of flat fish there are soles,
flowkes, dabs, and plaice. Carew.

PLAID, subst. a striped or variegated cloth, an outer loose weed, worn
(before the late act of parliament forbidding the use of it) by the High­
landers in Scotland.

PLAIN, subst. [plaine, Fr. pianura, It. planities, Lat.] an even, open,
flat ground; often a field of battle.

PLAIN, adj. Fr. [piano, It. plano, Port. planus, Lat.] 1. Even, smooth,
flat, free from protuberances or excrescences; in this sense, especially
in philosophical writings, it is frequently written plane. 2. Simple,
without ornament. Plain without pomp, and rich without a show.
Dryden. 3. Manifest, evident, clear, not obscure. I can make the
difference more plain. Dryden. 4. Artless, not subtile, not specious,
not learned, simple. Many plain, yet pious christians. Hooker. 5.
Sincere, downright, homely, honestly rough, open, not soft in lan­
guage. Give me leave to be plain with you. Bacon. 6. Mere, bare.
He that beguiled you in a plain accent, was a plain knave. Shakespeare.
7. Not varied by much art. A plaining song, plain-singing voice re­
quires. Sidney.

PLAIN, adv. 1. Not obscurely. 2. Distinctly, articulately. The
string of his tongue was loosed and he spake plain. St. Mark. 3. Sim­
ply, with rough sincerity. A plain spoken person. Addison.

PLAIN [in heraldry] it is a maxim, that the plainer the coat, the nearer
to antiquity, and the most noble.

PLAIN Number [in arithmetic] a number that may be produced by the
multiplication of two numbers one into another.

To PLAIN, verb act. [from the subst] to level, to make even. Every
piece having his guard of pioneers to plain the ways. Hayward.

To PLAIN, verb neut. [plaindre, je plains, Fr.] to complain, to la­
ment, to wail. But more I plain, I feel my woes the more. Sidney.

PLAI’NDEALING, adj. [of plain and deal] acting without art. A
plaindealing innocence. L'Estrange.

PLA’INDEALING, subst. management without art, artless dealing.
Too much plaindealing for a statesman. Denham.

PLAIN Place [in ancient geometry] a geometrical locus which was a
right line, or a circle, in opposition to a solid place, which was an illipsis,
parabola, or hyperbola.

PLAIN Problem [with mathematicians] such an one as cannot be solved
geometrically, but by the intersection either of a right line or a circle,
or of the circumference of two circles.

PLAIN Chart [in navigation] a plan or chart having the degrees of lon­
gitude thereon, made equal with those of the latitude, as to length.

PLAIN Sailing [with navigators] the method of sailing by a plain
chart.

PLAIN Scale [with navigators] a thin ruler on which are delineated
lines of chords, signs and tangents, used for various mathematical uses.

PLAIN Table, an instrument used by surveyors of land. See Plain
TABLE.

PLAI’NLY, adv. [of plain] 1. Level, flatly, evenly. 2. Not subtilly,
not speciously. 3. Without ornament. 4. Evidently, not obscurely,
manifestly. Plainly set down in scripture. Hooker. 5. Without gloss,
intelligibly. Dealing plainly with me in the matter. Pope. 6. Sin­
cerely, frankly, in earnest, fairly. And at last plainly run to a safe
place. Clarendon.

PLAI’NNESS [of plain] 1. Evenness, flatness, levelness. 2. Want of
shew or ornament, unadornedness. 3. Manifestness. 4. Openness,
rough sincerity. His plainness and honesty. Sidney. 5. Artlessness,
simplicity. Unthinking plainness so o'erspreads thy mind. Dryden.

PLAINT [plainte, Fr. plánto, Sp.] a complaint, lamentation, lament.
Bootless are plaints and cureless are my wounds. Shakespeare. 2. Ex­
probation of injury. There are three just grounds of war with Spain;
one of plaint, two upon defence. Bacon. 3. Expression of sorrow.
How many childrens plaints and mothers cries. Daniel.

PLAINT [in law] is the cause for which the plaintiff doth complain
against the defendant, for which he doth obtain the king's writ; also
the exhibiting in writing, any action, personal or real.

PLAI’NTFUL, adj. [of plaint and full] complaining, audibly sorrow­
ful. To what a sea of miseries my plaintful tongue doth lead me?
Sidney.

PLAI’NTIFF, subst. [plaintif, Fr.] a complainant, he that commences
a suit of law against another. Opposed to defendant.

PLAINTIFF, adj. [plaintif, Fr.] complaining. A word not in use.
First fruit of death lies plaintiff of a wound. Prior.

PLAI’NTIVE, adj. [of plaintif, Fr.] complaining, lamenting, expres­
sive of sorrow. His careful mother heard the plaintive sound. Dryden.

PLAIN-WORK, subst. [of plain and work] needlework, as distinguish­
ed from embroidery; the common practice of sewing or making linen
garments.

PLAI’STER [emplasirum, Lat. of εμπλαςςον, Gr. mortar, plaister of Pa­
ris, loam, &c. plaester, Du. O. and L. Ger. plastr, C. Br. plâster, Su.
plasre, Sax. pflaster, H. Ger. tho' the latter signifies likewise the pave­
ment of the street] a medicament to be laid upon a sore, &c.

To PLAISTER [platrer, Fr. emplastàr, Sp. to patch up a wall, plae­
stern Du. and L. Ger. pflastern, H. Ger. tho' the latter signifies likewise
to pave] to daub with plaister or mortar. See PLASTER.

PLAI’STERERS, were incorporated about the year 1500. Their arms
are azure on a chevron ingrail'd, or, between a trowel and two hatches
handles of the second. Heads argent in chief, and a treble brush in base
proper, a rose gules, seeded or, entre two fleurs-de-lis of the first. The
crest, a dexter arm and hand, holding a hatchet proper. The sup­
porters, two epimachus's, their necks purfled, and the slip of their bel­
lies or, beaked sable, and wings extending upwards gules. Their hall
is on the north side of Addle-street, near Philip-Lane, London.

PLAIT, subst. [pli, Fr. corrupted from plight or plyght, from to ply,
to fold] a fold in a garment, a double.

To PLAIT, verb act. [from the subst. prob. of plisier, Fr. or plico,
Lat. or rather of geploijer, Du. plaited, or of plethu, C. Br.] 1. To lay
in plaits or folds, to fold, to double. 2. To weave, to braid. 3. To
entangle, to involve. Time shall unfold what plaited cunning hides.
Shakespeare.

PLAI’TER [of plait] he that plaits.

PLAN, Fr. [piano, It. of planum, Lat.] 1. A draught, ground-plot; a
design of any place or work; ichnography, form of any thing laid down
on paper. 2. A scheme, a form, a model in general.

Geometrical PLAN, is one, in which the solid and vacant parts are re­
presented in their natural proportion.

Raised PLAN, is one, where the elevation or upright is shown upon
the geometrical plan, so as to hide the distribution.

Perspective PLAN, is one, conducted and exhibited by degradations or
diminutions, according to the rules of perspective.

To PLAN, verb act. [from the subst.] to scheme, to form in design.
And plan with all thy arts the scene of fate. Pope.

PLA’NARY, adj. [planarius, Lat.] pertaining to a plane; plain, even,
smooth.

PLANCE’RE [in architecture] the under part of the corona or drip;
making the superior part of the cornice between two cymatiums.

PLA’NCHER, Fr. a plank or board. Some are best for planchers, as
deal; some for tables. Mortimer.

PLANE, subst. [planus, Lat. plain is commonly used in popular lan­
guage, and plane in geometry] 1. A plane or level surface whose parts lie
even between its extremities. 2. [Plana, It. plane, Fr.] a joiner's tool
to smooth boards with.








To PLANE [planer, Fr. of complano, Lat.] .1 To make even, to level,
to smooth from inequalities. Arbuthnot. 2. To smooth with a plane.

PLANE, adj. even, smooth; as a plane superfices.

Horizontal PLANE [in prospective] is a plane passing through the spec­
tator's eye parallel to the horizon, cutting the perspective plane, when
that is perpendicular to the geometric one at right angles.

PLANE of Gravitation, or PLANE of Gravity, is a plane supposed to
pass through the center of gravity of the body, and in the direction of
its tendency, that is perpendicular to the horizon.

PLANE of Reflection [in catoptrics] is a plane which passes through the
incident and refracted ray.

Geometrical PLANE, is one, all the parts of which lie even between its
extremities or bound lines, and it is the shortest extension from one line
to another.

Vertical PLANE [in perspective] is a plane passing through the specta­
tor's eye, perpendicular to the geometrical plane, and usually parallel to
the perspective plane.

PLANE of the Horopter [in optics] a plane which passes thro' the ho­
ropter, and is perpendicular to a plane passing through the optick
axes.

Objective PLANE [in perspective] is any plane situate in the horizontal
plane, whose representation is required.

PLANE Tree [platanus, Lat. plane, platane, Fr.] a kind of tall tree,
generally supposed to be introduced into England by the great lord chan­
cellor Bacon. Miller.

PLA’NET [planette, Fr. pianeta, It. planata, Sp. planeta, Lat. πλανητης,
of πλανω, Gr. to err or wander] a wandering star. See PLANETS.

PLA’NETARY, adj. [planetaire, Fr. planetaris, of planeta, Lat. a pla­
net] 1. Pertaining to the planets. Their planetary motions and aspects.
Milton. 2. Under the denomination or supposed influence of some pla­
net. I was born in the planetary hour of Saturn. Addison. 3. Pro­
duced by the planets. As if we were villains by an enforced obedience
of planetary influence. Shakespeare. 4. Having the nature of a planet,
erratic.

PLANE’TICAL, adj. [of planet] pertaining to planets. The eclipses
of sun and moon, conjunctions and oppositions planetical. Brown.

PLANET Struck [of planet and struck; sidere afflatus, Lat.] blasted;
also stunned or amazed.

PLA’NETS, are wandering opaque bodies that receive light from the
sun, and reflect it; for there is none of the planets, except the sun, that
shines with his own light, but he enlightens the planets.
All the planets have, besides their motion round the sun, which makes
their year, also a motion round their own axes, which makes their day;
as the earth's revolving so makes our day and night. It is more than
probable, that the diameters of the planets are longer than their axes:
we know it is so in our earth; and Flamstead and Cassina found it to be
so in Jupiter. Sir Isaac Newton asserts our earth's equatorial diameter
to exceed the other about thirty-four miles; and indeed, else the motion
of the earth would make the sea rise so high at the equator, as to drown
all the parts thereabouts. Harris. Sir ISAAC NEWTON, in his principia,
has fully shewn, that they are not moved (as some vainly imagined) by
corporeal vortices; but that the primary planets move round the sun in
ellipses, that have one of their foci in the centre of the sun, and are re­
tained in their orbits by the force of gravity regarding the sun, and which
acts in reciprocal proportion to the square of the distance from the sun.
And that the secondary planets move in ellipses that have one of their
foci in the center of the primary, and are retained in their orbits by the
force of gravity regarding the primary, and which acts (as before) in a
reciprocal proportion to the square of their distance from the primary;
that BOTH describe areas (by lines drawn to their respective centers) pro­
portional to the times. And lastly, that in both, the times of revolution
are in a sesquiplicate proportion to the distances from the respective bo­
dies round which they move.

PLANIFO’LIOUS, adj. [of planus, plain, and folium, Lat. a leaf; spo­
ken of flowers] made up of plain leaves, set together in circular rows
round the center, whose face is usually uneven, rough and jagged, as
hawkweed, &c.

PLANI’LOQUY [planiloquium, Lat.] the act of speaking plainly.

PLANIME’TRICAL, adj. [of planimetry] pertaining to the mensuration
of plane surfaces.

PLANI’METRY [planimetrie, Fr. of planus, Lat. and μετρεω, Gr. to
measure] the mensuration of plane surfaces.

PLANIPE’TALOUS Flower [of planus, Lat. and πεταλον, Gr. a leaf]
flat-leaved, as when these small flowers are hollow only at the bottom,
but are flat upwards, as in dandelion, succory, &c.

To PLA’NISH, verb act. [of plane, planir, Fr.] to polish, to smooth.
A word used among artificers.

PLA’NISHING, part act. [of planish] making plain or even, as pewte­
rers, silversmiths, &c. do.

PLA’NISPHERE [planisphærium, of planus, Lat. and σφαιρα, Gr.] a
sphere projected on a plane surface, a map of one or both hemispheres.

PLANK [plancke, Du. and Ger. planche, Fr. piana, It.] a piece of
timber sawn for carpentry or joinery, a thick strong board.

PLANK upon Plank [in sea language] is when other planks are laid
upon a ship's side after she is built.

To PLANK, verb act. [from the subst.] to cover or lay with planks.
Plank the ground over it. Bacon.

PLA’NKING, part act. [of plank; planchant, Fr.] flooring or covering
with planks.

PLANOCO’NICAL, adj. [of planus, plain, and conus, Lat. a cone] level
on one side and conical on others. Some few are planoconical, whose
superficies is in part level between both ends. Grew,

PLA’NO Convex Glass, is a glass, one of whose surfaces in convex, and
the other plain.

PLANT [plantung, Sax. plante, Du. O. and L. Ger. pflantz, H. Ger.
plante, Fr. pianta, It. pranta, Port. planta, Sp. and Lat.] 1. A thing
produced from seed, any vegetable production. Plant is a general name
under which are comprised all vegetable bodies, as trees, shrubs, and
herbs; it is an organical body consisting of a root, and commonly a
seed, producing usually leaves, a stem, branches and flowers. 2. A
sapling. A man haunts the forest that abuses our young plants with car­
ving Rosalind on their barks. Shakespeare. 3. [Pianto, It. plante, Du.
planta, Lat.] the sole of the foot.

Imperfect PLANTS, which are such as either totally want both flowers
and seed, or seem to do so, in that no flower or seed has yet been disco­
vered; as mushrooms, mosses, sea-weed, coral, &c.

To PLANT, verb act. [planter, Fr. piantare, It. plantàr, Sp. and Port
plannu, C. Brit. planto, Lat. plante, Dan. plonta, Su. plantan or plan­
tian, Sax. planten, Du. O. and L. Ger. pllautzen, H. Ger.] 1. To set
trees or herbs in the ground in order to grow, to cultivate. Plant not
thee a grove of any trees near unto the altar. Deuteronomy. 2. To pro­
create, to generate, to produce. It engenders choler, planteth anger.
Shakespeare. 3. To place, to fix. 4. To settle, to establish, to people
a country; as, to plant a colony. 5. To fill or adorn with something
planted; as, he planted the garden. 6. To direct properly; as, to
plant a cannon.

PLA’NTA, Lat. [in anatomy] the lowest part or sole of the foot of a
man.

PLA’NTAGE [plantago, Lat.] an herb. As true as steel, as plantage to
the moon. Shakespeare.

PLA’NTAIN, Fr. [piantagine, It. of plantago, Lat.] 1. An herb. 2.
A tree in the West Indies, which bears an esculent fruit.

PLA’NTAL, adj. [of plant] pertaining to plants. Plantal germina­
tions. Glanville.

PLA’NTAR, adj. [plantaire, Fr. of plantaris, Lat.] pertaining to the
sole of the foot.

PLANTA’RIS, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the tarsus, from its ten­
dons, which is extended in the sole of the foot. It takes its rise from
the back of the outermost knob of the inferior appendage of the thigh
bone, and is inserted on both sides of the first of the first internode of each lesser
toe.

PLANTA’TION [piantazione, It. of plantatio, from planto, Lat. to plant]
1. The act or practice of planting. 2. The place planted. 3. A co­
lony or settlement of a people in a foreign country. 4. A spot of ground,
which some planter or person, arrived in a new colony, pitched on to
cultivate and till for his own use. 5. Introduction, establishment. From
the first plantation of christianity in this island. K. Charles.

PLA’NTER [planteur, Fr. piantatore, It. of plantator, Lat.] 1. One
who plants, one who sets, sows, or cultivates. 2. One who cultivates
ground in the West Indian colonies. 3. One who introduces or disse­
minates. The first planters of christianity. Addison.

PLANTI’GEROUS [of plantiger, of planta, a plant, and gero, Lat. to
bear] plant-bearing.

PLA’NTING, part. act. [plantant, Fr. of Lat.] putting plants into the
earth.

PLA’NTING [with architects] signifies the disposing the first courses of
solid stone on the masonry of the foundation, laid level according to the
measures with all possible exactness.

PLA’NTULA Seminalis [with botanists] the little herb that lies, as it
were, in an embryo, or in miniature in the seed.

PLASH [plasch, Du. platz, Dan.] 1. A place full of standing water, a
puddle. Many plashes that they had repaired to, were dry. Bacon. 2.
[From to plash] branch partly cut off, and bound to other branches. In
the plashing your quick, avoid laying of it too low and too thick, which
makes the sap run all into the shoots, and leaves the plashes without nou­
rishment. Mortimer.

To PLASH, verb act. [of plaschen, Du.] 1. To dash with water. 2.
[Plesser, Fr.] to interweave branches. Plant and plash quicksets. Eve­
lyn.

PLA’SHING, part. act. [of plash, with husbandmen] bending and inter­
weaving the boughs in hedges to thicken them.

PLA’SHY, adj. [of plash] full of plashes, puddles, or standing waters.

PLASM [plasma, Lat. πλασμα, of πλασσω, Gr. to form] a mould for
casting metals, a matrix in which any thing is cast or formed. The shells
served as plasms or moulds to this sand. Woodward.

To PLA’STER, verb act. [plastrer, plâtrer, Fr.] 1. To parget or daub
walls, cielings, &c. with plaster, to overlay as with plaster. 2. To co­
ver with a medicated plaster.

PLASTER [plastre, plâtre, Fr. of πλαστος, Gr. formed or fashioned] 1.
A sort of mortar for plastering, being a substance made of water and some
absorbent matter, such as chalk or lime well pulverised, with which walls
are overlaid or figures cast. 2. [Emplastrum, Lat. formerly emplaster in
English. This is sometimes written plaister, tho' plaster is better] a glu­
tinous or adhesive salve, a medicated substance to be clapt on any sore
or sprain.

PLASTER of Paris, a fossil stone of the nature of a limestone, used in
moulding, making statues, building, and many other uses.

PLA’STERER [plastrier, plâtrier, Fr.] 1. One who plasters walls. 2.
One who forms figures in plaster or parget. The plasterer makes his fi­
gures by addition, and the carver by subtraction. Wotton.

PLA’STERING [of platrer, Fr.] dawbing walls over with plaster.

PLA’STIC [πλαστιχος, of πλασσω, Gr. to form] having the power to
give form, skilful in forming or making statues of earth, &c.

PLASTIC Vertue, a power of forming or fashioning any thing. A
term invented by naturalists to express the faculty of generation or vege­
tation.

PLA’STICE, Lat. [πλαστιχη, of πλασσω, Gr. to form] a branch of sculp­
ture, being the art of forming figures of men, birds, beasts, plants, &c. in
plaster, clay, &c.

PLASTO’GRAPHY [πλαστογραφια, of πλαστος, form, and γραφω, Gr. to
treat of] a treatise of plastice, or of the art of forming figures into pla­
ster.

PLA’STRON, Fr. [piastrone, It.] a fencing master's breast-leather, stuffed,
for his scholars to push at.

To PLAT, verb act. [from plait] to weave, to make by texture. A
ring in which my mistress's hair is platted. Addison.

PLAT, subst. [more properly plot; plot, Sax.] a small piece of ground.
It passes through banks of violets and plats of willow. Spectator.

PLA’TANE, subst. Fr. [platanus, Lat.] the plane tree. Under a platane.
Milton.

PLAT Veins of a Horse, i. e. certain veins on each shoulder, where he
is usually blooded.

PLAT-BAND [with architects] any flat, square moulding, the height of
which does much exceed its projecture.

PLAT-BAND [with gardeners] a border or bed of flowers along a wall,
or the side of a parterre.

PLAT-BANDS of Flutings [in architecture] the lists or fillets between
the flutings of columns.

PLATE [plate, Du. plaque, from the Fr. plat, flat, or plat, a mess or
dish of victuals, or platine, a flat piece of metal, or platillo, Sp. in the
same signification] 1. A flat, broad piece of metal. 2. Armour of plates.
With their force they pierc'd both plate and mail. Spenser. 3. [Plat, Fr.







piatta, It.] 1. A small and shallow table-dish of metal, &c. on which meat
is eaten. 4. [Plata, Sp.] wrought silver vessels, &c. They carried
away the plate, Knolles. 5. Plate fleet, e. g. When the plate fleet comes in
(vulgar expression) When money comes in. Evidently with allusion to the
plate fleet coming home to Spain from the West Indies.

To PLATE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To cover over with a plate
of metal. Plated with gold. Arbuthnot. 2. To arm with plates. Why
plated in habiliments of war? Shakespeare. 3. To beat into plates or la­
minæ. A thinned or plated body. Newton.

PLA’TEN [platine, Fr. with printers] the plate of a printing-press, the
flat part of the press whereby the impression is made.

PLATES [in heraldry] round flat pieces of silver, without any impres­
sion on them, but as it were formed ready to receive it.

PLA’TFORM [plateforme, Fr. piattaforma, It.] 1. A draught or design,
a sketch of any thing horizontally delineated, the ichnography of a build­
ing. 2. A place laid out after any model. And half the platform just
reflects the other. Pope. 3. A scheme, a plan in general. Conformable
to the platform of Geneva. Hooker. 4. [In architecture] the cieling or
roof of a chamber or other room, &c. the same as soffit.

PLA’TFORM [in architecture] a row of beams which support the tim­
ber-work of a roof, and lie on the top of the wall, where the entablature
ought to be raised; also a kind of terrass-walk on the top of a building.

PLATFORM [in military affairs] a level place before a fortification, a
plain place prepared on the ramparts, to raise a battery of cannons upon.

PLATFORM [in a ship of war] a place on the lower deck abaft the
main-mast, and round about the main capstan, before the cock-pit, cal­
led also the orlope, where the wounded men are taken care of.

PLATO’NIC [of Plato] pertaining to Plato and his doctrines.

PLATONIC Bodies [in geometry] are the five regular bodies, viz. the
tetrahedron, the cube, the octahedron, the dodecahedron, and the ico­
sihedron.

PLATONIC Love [so called of Plato, the divine philosopher] a pure
spiritual affection, subsisting between the different sexes, abstracted from
all carnal appetites and fruition, regarding no other object but the mind
and its beauties.

PLATONIC Year, in every 36000th year, at what time some philoso­
phers fancied that all persons and things shall return to the same state as
they now are in.

PLA’TONISM, the doctrine and sentiments of Plato and his followers,
in respect to philosophy.

PLATO’NIST, one that holds the tenets or principles of Plato.

PLATOO’N [in military affairs. A corruption of pelaton, Fr.] a small
square body of 40 or 50 men, drawn out of a battalion of foot, when
formed into the hollow square; to strengthen the angles. Platoons are
likewise placed between the squadrons of horse to sustain them; or in
ambuscades, streights, or defiles, &c.

PLATS [in a ship] are flat ropes made of rope yarn, to keep a cable
from galling.

PLA’TTER [un plat debois, Fr.] a broad large dish, generally of
earth.

PL’ATTER-FACED, broad-faced.

PLATYCO’RIA, Lat. [πλατνχορια, Gr. a dilatation of the pupil] a di­
stemper of the eye so called; tis opposed to myariasis or contractions.
GORRÆUS.

PLATYCORIA’SIS, Lat. [of πλατνχοριασις, Gr.] the same as platycoria;
which see.

PLAU’DIT, or PLAU’DITE, subst. [a word derived from the Latin plau­
dite, i. e. clap your hands; the demand of applause made by the player
when he left the stage] a clapping of hands in token of applause or ap­
probation of an action. The last plaudit to expect. Denham.

PLAU’SIBLENESS, or PLAUSIBI’LITY [of plausible or plausibilité, Fr.]
plausible quality, quality of seeming fair and honest, speciousness, show
of right.

PLAU’SIBLE, Fr. [plausibile, It. plausibilis, from plausum, sup. of plau­
do, Lat. to clap hands] that seems to deserve applause, seemingly fair
and honest, superficially pleasing, popular, specious.

PLAU’SIBLY, adv. [of plausible] 1. In a seemingly fair and upright
manner, speciously. 2. With applause: Obsolete.

PLAU’SIVE, adj. [plausum, sup. of plaudo, Lat. to clap the hands] 1.
Applauding. 2. Plausible. An obsolete word.

PLAY [plæg, Sax.] 1. Action not imposed, not work, dismission from
work. 2. Amusement, a recreation, sport. 3. A drama, a tragedy or
comedy, or any thing in which characters are represented by dialogue
and action. 4. Game, practice of gaming, contest at a game. I will
play no more. Shakespeare. 5. Practice in any contest. Knowing his
best play to be in the dark. Tillotson. 6. Action, employment, office.
7. Practice, action, manner of acting in general. To prevent any foul
play that might be offered unto me. Sidney. 8. Act of touching a musi­
cal instrument. 9. Irregular and wanton motion. 10. A state of agi­
tation or ventilation. 11. Room for motion. Fasten them lest the
joints play. Moxon. 12. Liberty of acting, swing. Should a writer
give the full play to his mirth, without regard to decency? Addison.

PLA’Y-BOOK [of play and book] book of dramatic compositions.

PLA’Y-DAY [of play and day; plæg-dæg, Sax.] a holy-day, a day
exempt from tasks or work.

PLA’Y-DEBT [of play and debt] debt contracted by gaming. Play­
debts upon joint lives. Arbuthnot.

PLA’YER [of play; plegeire, Sax.] 1. One who plays. 2. An idler,
a lazy person. Players in your housewifry. Shakespeare. 3. An actor
of dramatic scenes. Players of interludes. Bacon. 4. A mimic. 5.
One who touches a musical instrument. 6. A gamester. 7. One who
acts in play in any certain manner.

PLA’Y-FELLOW [of play and fellow] companion in amusement. Never
having a friend but playfellows. Sidney.

PLA’YFUL [of play and full] sportive, full of levity. He is scanda­
liz'd at youth for being lively, and at childhood for being playful. Addi­
son.

PLA’Y-GAME [of play and game] play of children. That liberty alone
gives the true relish to their ordinary play-games. Locke.

PLA’YHOUSE [of play and house] a house where dramatic performances
are represented.

PLA’Y-PLEASURE [of play and pleasure] idle amusement. He taketh
a kind of play-pleasure in looking upon the fortunes of others. Bacon.

PLA’YSOME, adj. [of play and some; of plægsom, Sax.] given or dis­
posed to play, wanton, full of levity.

PLA’YSOMENESS [of playsome] wantonness, levity, addictedness to
play.

PLA’YTHING [of play and thing] toy, thing to play with. By giving
them fruit and playthings. Locke.

PLA’Y-WRIGHT [of play and wright] a maker or writer of plays.
Horace's rule for a play may as well be applied to him as a playwright.
Pope.

To PLAY, verb neut. [of plægan, Sax.] 1. To divert, to sport, to
frolic, to do something not as a task, but for a pleasure. 2. To toy, to
act with levity. Wisdom thy sister, and with her didst play. Milton. 3.
To be dismissed from work. 'Tis a playing day I see. Shakespeare. 4.
To trifle, to act wantonly and thoughtlesly. Men are apt to play with
their healths and their lives. Temple. 5. To do something fanciful.
How every fool can play upon the word! Shakespeare. 6. To practise
sarcastic merriment, to intrude upon, to banter. To play upon those I
despised. Pope. 7. To mock, to practise illusion. Or is it fancy plays
upon our eye-sight. Shakespeare. 8. To game, to contend at some game.
The low-rated English play at dice. Shakespeare. 9. To do any thing
trickish or deceitful. His mother play'd false with a smith. Shakespeare.
10. To touch a musical instrument. 11. To operate, to act. Used of
any thing in motion. The blood circulates, the lungs play. Cheyne. 12.
To wanton, to move irregularly. E'en as the waving sedges play with
wind. Shakespeare. 13. To personate a drama. 14. To represent a
character. Courts are theatres where some men play. Donne. 15. To
act in any certain character. Proving that he has played the fool. Col­
lier.

To PLAY, verb act. 1. To put in action or motion; as, he play'd his
cannon. 2. To use an instrument of music. He plays a tickling straw
within his nose. Gay. 3. To act a mirthful character. Milton. 4. To
exhibit dramatically. Come to play a pleasant comedy. Shakespeare. 5.
To act, to perform in general. Doubt would fain have played his part
in her mind. Sidney. 6. To act, to perform tricks. Life is not long
enough for a coquette to play all her tricks in. Addison.


PLE

PLEA [pleoh, Sax. plaid, O. Fr. pleyto, It. pleyte, Du.] 1. The act or
form of pleading. 2. [In law] is what either the plaintiff or defendant
alledgeth for himself in court. 3. Allegation. 4. An apology, an ex­
cuse. No plea must serve. Denham.

Foreign PLEA, is that whereby matter is produced in any court, which
may be tried in another.

Common PLEAS, are such as are held between common persons.

PLEAS of the Crown, are all suits in the king's name, for offences com­
mitted against his crown and dignity.

Clerk of the PLEAS [in the exchequer] an officer of that court, in
whose office the officers of that court ought to sue or be sued upon any
action.

To PLEACH, verb act. [plesser, Fr.] to bend, to interweave: an ob­
solete word.

To PLEAD, verb neut. [plaider, Fr.] 1. To put in a plea at law, to
argue before a court of justice. 2. To speak in an argumentative or per­
suasive way for or against, to reason with another. Pleading for the na­
tural power of kings. Locke. 3. To be offered as a plea. The same re­
sistless power may plead for me. Dryden.

To PLEAD, verb act. 1. To defend, to discuss. 2. To alledge in
pleading or argument. 3. To pretend, to offer as an excuse.

PLEA’DABLE [of plead] that may be pleaded, capable to be alledged
in plea. This privilege is pleadable at law. Dryden.

PLEA’DER [of plead; plaideur, Fr.] 1. A counsellor at law, a barrister,
one who argues in a court of justice. 2. One who speaks for or against.
So fair a pleader any cause may gain. Dryden.

PLEA’DING, part. act. of to plead; which see [plaidant, Fr.] putting
in a plea in law; also alledging, pretending.

PLEADING, subst. [of plead] act or form of pleading. These pleadings
in the court below. Swift.

PLEA’SANCE [of plaisance, Fr.] pleasantry, pleasant humour, gaiety,
merriment.

PLEA’SANT [plaisant, Fr.] 1. Delightful, giving delight. 2. Grate­
ful to the senses. 3. Good-humoured, cheerful. A pleasant fellow.
Addison. 4. Gay, lively, merry, agreeable, diverting. 5. Trifling,
adapted rather to mirth than use.

PLEA’SANTLY, adv. [of pleasant] 1. Agreeably, divertingly, gaily,
merrily, in good humour. 2. In such a manner as to give delight.
3. Lightly, ludicrously. Ulysses speaks pleasantly to Elpenor. Broome.

PLEA’SANTNESS [of pleasant; qualité pleasante, Fr.] 1. Delightfulness,
state of being pleasant. The pleasantness of this place. Sidney. 2. Gaiety,
cheerfulness, merriment. Like the pleasantness of youth tempered with
the gravity of age. South.

PLEA’SANTRY [plaisanterie, Fr.] 1. A pleasant joke, a sprightly say­
ing, lively talk. 2. Gaiety, merriment, mirth.

To PLEASE, verb act. [placeo, Lat. plaire, je plais, Fr. piacere, It.
aplazèr, Sp. aprazer, Port.] 1. To content, to satisfy. 2. To delight,
to gratify, to humour. 3. To obtain favour from, to be pleased with is
to approve, to favour. 4. To be pleased, to like. A word of cere­
mony. Many of our most skilful painters were pleased to recommend this
author to me. Dryden.

To PLEASE, verb neut. 1. To give pleasure. 2. To gain approba­
tion. Their wine-offerings shall not be pleasing unto them. Hosea. 3.
To like, to chuse. 4. To condescend, to comply. A word of cere­
mony. That he would please to give me my liberty. Swift.

PLEA’SER [of please] one that courts favour.

PLEA’SING, part. act. [placens, Lat.] affording pleasure, satisfaction,
&c.

PLEA’SINGLY, adv. [of pleasing] in such a manner as to give delight.
Pleasingly troublesome. Suckling.

PLEA’SINGNESS [of pleasing] pleasurable quality, quality of giving de­
light.

PLEA’SEMAN [of please and man] a pickthank, an officious fellow.
Some carry-tale, some pleaseman. Shakespeare.

PLEA’SURABLE [of pleasure] pleasant, delightful, full of pleasure.

PLEA’SURABLENESS [of pleasurable] agreeableness, delightfulness.

PLEA’SURE [plaisir, Fr. piacere, It.] 1. The effect of the sensation or
perception agreeable to the mind, or the satisfaction of some appetite, con­
tent, joy, delight. Pleasure in general is the consequent apprehension of
a suitable object, suitably applied to a rightly disposed faculty. South.
2. Loose gratification.
Behold you dame
Does shake the head to hear of pleasure's name. Shakespeare.







3. Approbation. The Lord taketh pleasure in them that fear him. Psalms.
4. What the will dictates. Use your pleasure. Shakespeare. 5. Choice, arbi­
trary will. We can at pleasure move several parts of our bodies. Wilkins.

To PLEA’SURE, verb act. [from the subst.] to do one a pleasure, to
give content, to oblige, to humour, to gratify, to please. It will make
a man cross his own inclinations to pleasure them whom he loves. Tillot­
son.

PLEA’SUREFUL [of pleasure and full] pleasant, delightful: obsolete.

PLEBE’IAN, subst. [plebein, Fr. plebeius, Lat.] one of the commonalty or
lower people.

PLEBEIAN, adj. 1. Popular, consisting of mean persons. Plebeian con­
courses. K. Charles. 2. Belonging to the lower ranks. Plebeian angel
militant. Milton. 3. Vulgar, low, common. To apply notions philo­
sophical to plebeian terms. Bacon.

PLEDGE [plegeum, barb. Lat. pleige, Fr. pieggio, It.] 1. Any thing put
to pawn. 2. A gage, any thing given by way of warrant or security,
a pawn. 3. A surety, a bail, an hostage.

To PLEDGE [pleiger, Fr. pieggiare, It.] 1. To leave for a pledge, to
put in pawn. 2. To give as warrant or security. 3. To secure by a
pledge. 4. To invite to drink, by accepting the cup or health after ano­
ther.

PLE’DGED, part. pass. [pleigé, L. Fr.] pawned, &c. also having drank
by the recommendation of another. See To PLEDGE.

PLE’DGERY, or PLE’GGERY [plegagium, barb. Lat. plegerio, Fr.] sure­
tiship, an undertaking, or answering for.

PLEDGES, plur. [of pledge; in law] sureties which the plaintiff finds
that he shall prosecute his suit.

PLE’DGET, or PLE’GET [plagghe, Du. in surgery] a kind of flat
tent, a small mass of lint for a wound; also a piece of rag folded up and
applied to the arms after letting blood.

PLE’DGING [pleigeant, L. Fr.] pawning, engaging for. The custom
of pledging in drinking was occasioned by the Danes, who while they had
the superiority in England used to stab the English, or cut their throats
while they were drinking; and thereupon they requested of some sitter
by, to be their pledge and security while they drank; so that I will
pledge you, signifies, I will be your security, that you shall drink in
safety.

PLEI’ADES, or PLE’IADS [πλειαδες of πλειονες, Gr. more] the constella­
tion in the neck of Taurus, called the seven stars. They say they are
according to the number of the daughters of Atlas. But there are not
seven but only six visible, of which this reason is given: They say that six
of them were married to gods, but the seventh to a mortal.

PLE’NARILY, adv. [of plenary] fully, intirely, perfectly.

PLE’NARTY [in common law] a term used when a benefice is sup­
plied, and is the direct contrary of vacation.

PLE’NARY [of plenus, Lat. or plenier, Fr. plenario, It. and Sp.] full,
intire, perfect, complete.

PLE’NARY, subst. decisive procedure.

PLENILU’NARY, adj. [plenilunium, Lat.] pertaining to the full moon.
The interlunary and plenilunary exemptions. Brown.

PLEINPO’, a vulgar contraction of a plenipotentiary.

PLENI’POTENCE [plena potentia, Lat.] full power.

PLENI’POTENT [plenipotens, Lat.] having full or ample power. Milton.

PLENIPOTE’NTIAL, PLENIPOTE’NTIARY, adj. pertaining to a pleni­
potentiary, or pertaining to full power.

PLENIPOTE’NTIARY, subst. [plenipotentiaire, Fr. plenipotenziario, It.
plenipotenciario, Sp. of plena potentiâ donatus, Lat.] a commissioner or
ambassador from a prince or state invested with full power to treat with
another prince or state, and conclude peace.

PLE’NIST [of plenus, Lat. full] a philosopher who does not allow of
any vacuity in nature, and holds that all space is full of matter.

PLE’NITUDE, Fr. [plenitudine, It. of plenitudo, Lat.] 1. Fullness, the
contrary to vacuity. 2. [In physic, the same as plethory] repletion, ani­
mal fulness. 3. Exuberance, abundance. The plenitude of the pope's
power of dispensing. Bacon. 4. Completeness.

PLE’NTEOUS [of plenty; plenitas, Lat.] 1. Abundant, copious, exube­
rant. 2. Fertile, fruitful.

PLE’NTEOUSLY, adv. [of plenteous] with plenty, copiously.

PLE’NTEOUSNESS [of plenteous] abundance, fertility.

PLE’NTIFUL, adj. [of plenty; plenitas, Lat. and full, Sax.] abundant,
copious, fruitful.

PLE’NLIFULLY, adv. [of plentiful] abundantly, copiously.

PLENTI’FULNESS [of plentiful] the state of being plentiful, fertility,
plenty.

PLE’NTY [plenitas, of plenus, Lat. full] 1. Abundance, great store, such
a quantity as is more than enough. 2. Fruitfulness, exuberance. 3. It
is used for plentiful. If reasons were as plenty as black-berries. Shake­
speare. 4. A state in which enough is had and enjoyed. Ye shall eat
in plenty, and be satisfied. Joel.

PLE’NUM Lat. [with philosophers] a fulness, a term used to signify
that state of things wherein every part of space or extension is supposea
to be full of matter, in opposition to vacuum, or a space devoid of all
matter.

PLE’ONASM [pleonasme, Fr. pleonasmus, Lat. πλεονασμος, of πλεοναζω,
Gr. to super-abound] this figure consists in the using more words than
are strictly necessary to convey the thought; as in that reply which Dio­
mede makes to Pandarus, in the fifth book of the Iliad,
ημβροτες, ουχ ετοχες,
i. e. You have mist, you have not hit,
Or reach'd my body with your spear.
But, N. B. This redundancy of stile is not always an instance of incor­
rectness; on the contrary, it contains a beauty, wherever a sufficient rea­
son may be assigned for the mind's dwelling upon a thought.

PLEONASM [in grammar] the adding of a letter or syllable in the be­
ginning or middle of a word, as, in the Greek tongue, εθελω, instead of
θελω, I will; or πειριθοος, instead of πιριθοος, pirithous. EUSTATH.
as cited by the learned author of the APPENDIX, ad Thesaur. H. Stephan.
Constantin. &c.

PLEROPHORI’A, or PLEROPHO’RY, Lat. [πληροφορια, of ωληρης, full, and
φορεω, Gr. to bear] fulness of faith and assurance.

PLERO’TICA, Lat. [πλερωτιηα, of πλεροω, Gr. to fill up] medicines
good to breed flesh, and so to fill up wounds.

PLESH, subst. [a word used by Spenser instead of plash, for the conve­
nience of rhyme] a puddle, a boggy marsh.

PLETHO’RA, subst. [πληθωρα, Gr.] the state in which the vessels are
fuller of humours than is agreeable to a natural state, or to health. It
arises either from a diminution of some natural evacuations, or from de­
bauch and feeding higher, or more in quantity than the ordinary powers
of the viscera can digest.

PLETHORE’TIC, PLETHO’RIC, or PLETHO’RICAL [πληθωριχος, of πλη­
θωρα, Gr.] troubled with a plethory, having a full habit.

PLE’THORY [plethore, Fr. plethora, Lat. πληθωρα, of πληροω, Gr. to
fill] a state of too great abounding with blood or laudable humours,
which proves hurtful to the body, a fulness of habit.

PLE’VIN [plevina, barb. Lat. a law term] a warrant or assurance.
See REPLEVIN.

PLEU’RA [πλενρα, Gr.] the membrane or skin that covers the inside of
the chest, sticking to the ribs.

PLEU’RETIC, adj. [pleurietique, Fr. when derived from the French it
is written pleuretic, but if from the Greek it is better pleuritic] having the
pleurisy.

PLEU’RISY [pleurisie, Fr. ploresia, Sp. pleurais, Port. pleuritis, Lat.
πλενρτις, of πλενρα, Gr. the membrane that incloses the lungs, or the
membrane investing the inside of the chest] an inflammation of the
pleura, as also of the muscles lying between the ribs; the former, I mean
an inflammation of the pleura or membrane that includes the lungs, is called
the true or legitimate pleurisy; the latter, viz. an inflammation of the
intercostal muscles, is called a spurious pleurisy. But, N. B. Pleuron, in
Greek, signifying the side; hence in either case it is called πλενριτις, Gr.
and morbus lateralis [i. e. the side-diseased] in Latin; and is attended
with a continual fever, stitches in the side, difficulty of breathing, &c.
though it is hardly distinguishable from an inflammation of any other
part of the breast, which are all from the same cause, namely, a stag­
nated blood, and are to be remedied by evacuation, suppuration, or ex­
pectoration, or all together. Quincy.

PLEU’RITIC, or PLEU’RITICAL, adj. [πλενριτις, Gr.] 1. Diseased with
a pleurisy. 2. Denoting a pleurisy. His blood was pleuritical. Wise­
man.

PLEURITIC Fever, a fever occasioned by the pleurisy.

PLEURO’PNEUMONIA [of πλενρα, and πνευμονια, of πνευμων, Gr. the
lungs] a complicated disease, being a pleurisy and a peripneumony to­
gether; a pleurisy by the contiguity of parts, super-inducing an inflam­
mation of the lungs; or as the poet expresses it,
———Jam proximus ardet
Ucalegon.———

PLEURORTHOPNOE’A [of πλενριτις, a pleurisy, ορθος, straight, and πνοη,
Gr. breath] a disease in the side, when the person afflicted cannot
breathe unless he sits upright.

PLE’XUS Choroides, Lat. [with anatomists] an admirable contexture
of small arteries in the brain, resembling a net.

PLEXUS Reticularis [in anatomy] the same with the net like contex­
ture just over the pineal-gland.

PLIABLE [pliable, from plier, Fr. to bend] 1. Apt to bend, easy to
be bended, or twisted, flexible. 2. Flexible of disposition, easy to be
persuaded.

PLI’ABLENESS [of pliable] 1. Easiness to be bent, flexibility. 2. Flex­
ibility of mind.

PLI’ANCY [of pliant] easiness to be bent.

PLI’ANT [of pliant of plier, Fr.] 1. Pliable, tough, flexible, limber.
2. Easy to take a form. 3. Easily complying. 4. Easily persuaded.
The will was then ductile and pliant to right reason. South.

PLI’ANTNESS [of pliant] flexibility, toughness.

PLI’CA Polonica, Lat. [among the Polanders] a distemper which causes
their hair to cling together like a cow's tail.

PLI’CATION, or PLI’CATURE [plicatura, from plico, Lat. to fold] a
fold or double.

PLI’ERS, subst. [only used in the plural, of ply] an instrument by
which any thing is laid hold on to bend it.

PLIGHT [plight, L. and O. Ger. pflicht, H. Ger. signify duty. This
word Skinner imagines to be derived from the Dutch, plicht, office or
employment: But Junius observes, that pliht, Sax. signifies distress or
pressing danger. Whence plight seems to be derived, it being generally
used in a bad sense] 1. State, condition. They in lowliest plight repen­
tant stood. Milton. 2. Good case of any thing, as of the human body,
cattle, or land. 3. [From the verb] pledge, gage. That lord, whose
hand must take my plight. Shakespeare. 4. [From to plight] a fold, a
double, a plait, pucker or purfle.

PLIGHT [in law] an estate with the habit and quality of the land;
also sometimes it extends to the rent charge and possibility of a dower.

To PLIGHT, verb act. pret. and part. pass. plight, or plighted
[plihtan, Sax. plichten, Du.] 1. To pledge, to give as surety, to en­
gage or promise solemnly. 2. To braid, to weave [from plico, Lat.
whence to ply, or to bend, and plight, pleight or plait, a fold or flex­
ure. Johnson]

PLINTH [plinthe, Fr. πλινθος, Gr. a tile; in architecture] 1. A
flat square member, otherwise called the slipper, which serves for the
foundation of the base, or foot of a pillar. 2. The abacus, or upper
part of the Tuscan pillar, is so called by Vitruvius. 3. A thick wall,
in which there are two or three rows of bricks placed in form of a plat
band.

PLINTH [of the capital] a member about the chapiter of a plat band
of a pillar, like the abacus of the Tuscan pillar.

PLINTH of a Statue [in architecture] a base or stand, either flat, round,
or square, serving to support a statue, &c.

PLINTH of a Wall [in architecture] two or three rows of bricks ad­
vancing out of the wall; or any flat high moulding, serving in a front­
wall to mark the floors, and to sustain the eaves of a wall, and the lar­
mier of a chimney.

PLITE, an ancient measure, such as our yard or ell.


PLO

PLO’CE [πλοχη, Gr. a twisting] a figure in rhetoric, whereby a word
is repeated by way of emphasis, in such a manner as not only to express
the subject, but also the quality of it.

To PLOD, verb neut. [prob. of ploeghen, Du. to plough. Skinner; or
comploter, Fr.] 1. To toil, to moil, to drudge, to travel. A plodding
diligence. L'Estrange. 2. To travel laboriously. Plod away o'the hoof.
Shakespeare. 3. To study closely and dully, to contrive, or labour
earnestly in a matter.

PLO’DDER [of plod] a dull, heavy, laborious man.

PLO’DDING, part. act. [of plod] having one's head full of con­
trivance.

PLO’NKETS, a kind of coarse woollen cloth.

PLOT [complot, Fr.] 1. A conspiracy, a secret design. 2. [plot,







Sax. See PLAT] a small extent or piece of ground. Garden plots. Locke.
3. A plantation laid out. Nor any less than a goddess could have made
it so perfect a plot. Sidney. 4. A form, a plan, a scheme. The law of
England never was properly applied unto the Irish nation, as by a pur­
pos'd plot of government. Spenser 5. [In dramatic poetry] an intrigue,
an affair complicated and involved, the story of a play, comprising an
artful involution of affairs, unravelled at last by some unexpected means.
6. Stratagem, secret combination to any ill end. 7. Contrivance, deep
reach of thought.

To PLOT, verb neut. [comploter, Fr.] 1. To combine, to consult to­
gether, to form schemes of mischief against another, commonly against
those in authority. 2. To contrive, to hatch, to scheme in general.

To PLOT, verb act. 1. To plan, to contrive. Plotting an unprofitable
crime. Dryden. 2. To describe ichnographically. This treatise plot­
teth down Cornwall. Carew.

PLOT [with surveyors] the plan or draught of any parcel of ground,
surveyed and laid down in its proper dimensions.

PLO’TTER [of plot] 1. A conspirator. 2. A contriver, a schemer in
general.

PLO’TTING, part. act. [of plot] conspiring, &c.

PLO’TTING [in surveying] the art of describing or laying down on
paper the several angles and lines of a tract of ground surveyed. See
SURVEYING.

PLO’TTON, see PLATOON [of peloton, Fr. a clew or bottom of thread,
also such a knot of men] a small square body of musketeers, drawn out
of a body of infantry, when they form the hollow square to strengthen
the angles; a platoon.

PLO’VER [pluvier, Fr. piviere, It. plyfer, C. Br. pluvialis, Lat.] a bird.

PLOUGH, or PLOW [plog, Sax. plog, Su. plove and plog, Dan. ploegh,
Du. plug, O. and L. Ger. pflug, H. Ger.] 1. An instrument for tillage,
with which the furrows are cut in the ground to receive the seed. 2. A
sort of plain. Ainsworth.

To PLOUGH, verb neut. [of ploga, Su. plove, Dan. ploeghen, Du.
plugen, O. and L. Ger. pflügen, H. Ger.] to turn up the ground in order
to sow seed.

To PLOUGH, verb act. 1. To turn the ground up with the plough.
You find it ploughed into ridges and furrows. Mortimer. 2. To bring
to view by means of the plough. There are of these frequently ploughed
up in the fields of Weldon. Woodward. 3. To furrow, to divide in
general. He plough'd the Tyrrhene seas. Addison. 4. To tear, to fur­
row.

PLOUGH [with book-binders] an instrument for cutting the edges or
margins of books.

PLOUGH [in navigation] a mathematical instrument made of box­
wood, &c. used at sea in taking the height of the sun or stars, &c. in
finding the latitude.

PLOU’GH-BOY [of plough and boy] a boy that drives the plough, a rude
ignorant boy.

PLOU’GHER [of plough] one who ploughs or tills land.

PLOU’GHING, part. act. [of plough] turning up the ground with a
plough.

PLOU’GH-LAND, 1. As much arable land as one plough could plough in
a year. This, in the beginning of the reign of Richard I. was accounted
60 acres, and in the 9th of the same king, 100 acres. 2. A farm for pro­
ducing corn.

PLOU’GHMAN [of plough and man] 1. One that attends the plough,
one that uses the plough. 2. A rude, gross and ignorant clown. 3
A strong, laborious man. A weak stomach will turn rye bread into vi­
negar, and a ploughman will digest it. Arbuthnot.

PLOUGH Monday, the next Monday after Twelfth-day. In the
north of England, the ploughmen draw a plough from door to door,
and beg plough-money to drink.

PLOU’GH-SHARE [of plog, Su. and scear, Sax.] the part of the
plough-irons that is perpendicular to the coulter.

PLOUGH-STAFF [of plog, Su. and staf, Sax.] the staff which a plough­
man carries in one hand, to clear the share and coulter when choaked
up with earth.

PLOUGH-TAIL [of plog, Su. and tægl, Sax.] the extreme part of the
plough, which the ploughman holds in his hand and thereby di­
rects it.


PLU

To PLUCK, verb act. [pluccian, ploccian, Sax. plucker, Dan. plucke,
Su. plucken, Du. O. and L. Ger. plocken, Du. pflücken, H. Ger.] 1. To
pull away from by force, or with a twitch, to pull, to force on or off, to
force up or down, to act upon with violence. 2. To strip off feathers.
3. To pluck up a heart or spirit: a proverbial expression, for taking
up or resuming courage.

PLUCK [prob. of pluck, Dan. pluc, Sax. q. d. what is plucked out,
plughk, Erse] 1. The heart, liver and lights; the intrails of a calf, sheep,
or other animal. 2. A pull, a draw, a single act of plucking.

PLU’CKER [of pluck] one that plucks. Let the pluckers tie it up in
handfuls. Mortimer.

PLU’CKING, part. act. [of pluck] pulling with force, &c.

PLUG [plugg, Su. plugge, Du. O. and L. Ger. pflock, H. Ger.] a
large wooden peg for stopping a water-pipe, &c. a stopple, any thing
driven hard into another body.

To PLUG, verb act. [from the subst.] to stop with a plug.

PLUM, or PLUMB, adv. [prob. of plummet, or of à plomb droit, Fr. a
piombo, It. in the same signification] as, to fall down plum, is to fall
down perpendicularly to the horizon, or right down.

PLUM [plum, Sax. ploma, Su. plumm, O. and L. Ger. pflaum, H.
Ger. blumme, Dan. a custom has prevailed of writing plumb, but impro­
perly] 1. A fruit. 2. Raisin, grape dried in the sun. 3. A cant word,
used in the city of London, to denote a man worth 1000, or 10000 l.
formerly, now worth 100000l. John had acquired some plums. Ar­
buthnot.

PLUM [with botanists] in a large sense, signifies any fleshy fruit,
containing one seed inclosed in a hard stony shell; as apricots, peaches,
cherries, &c.

PLUM TREE [plum-treow, Sax.] a tree that bears plums.

PLUMACEO’LI [with surgeons] bolsters, the same as splenia.

PLU’MAGE, Fr. [plumaje, Sp. feathers] a suit or bunch of feathers.

PLUMB [plum, Sax.] a fruit. See PLUM.

PLUMB, adv. perpendicularly to the horizon. If all these atoms
should descend plumb down. Ray.

PLUMB, subst. [plomb, Fr. plumbum, Lat. lead] a plummet, a leaden
weight let down at the end of a line.

To PLUMB, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To sound, to search by a
line with a weight at its end. 2. To regulate any work by the plum­
met.

PLUMBA’GINE, Fr. [piombagine, It. of plumbago, of plumbum, Lat. lead]
lead naturally mingled with silver.

PLUMBA’GO [in botany] the herb lead-wort, or arse-smart.

PLU’MBER [plombier, Fr. of plumbarius, Lat.] a worker in, or maker
of leaden vessels. It is commonly written and pronounced plummer.

PLUMBERS were incorporated Anno 1611. Their arms are or, on a
chevron, between a mallet sable and two plummets azure in chief, and
a level of the second in base, two soldering irons in saltire, entres a cut­
ting knife, and a shave hook argent. The crest, Justice with a sword
in her right hand, and a balance in the left, standing on a fountain of
the fourth, where are the words, justitiæ pax. The motto is, In God is
all our hope. Their hall is on the east side of Dowgate-Hill.

PLU’MBERY, the trade of making leaden vessels; also works of lead,
the manufactures of a plumber. Commonly spelt plummery.

PLUMCA’KE [of plum and cake] cake made of plums.

PLU’MBING, trying by a plummer or plumb-line.

PLUMB-LINE [of plumbum, lead, and linea, Lat. a line] a plummet
used by architects, &c. to see that their work stands upright.

PLUME, Fr. [plumas, Sp. pluma, Lat. feather of birds] 1. A set, parti­
ticularly of ostriches feathers, for ornament, commonly worn on the
head. 3. Pride, towering mien. 4. Token of honour, prize of con­
test. Ambitious to win from me some plume. Milton.

PLUME [in botany] a little member of the grain or seed of a plant,
being that which in the growth of the plant becomes the stem or trunk;
it is inclosed in two small cavities, formed in the lobes for its reception,
and is divided at its loose end into divers pieces, all closely bound toge­
ther like a bunch of feathers, whence it has this name. Quincy.

PLUME [in corn] is that which after the radicle is shot forth, shoots
out towards the smaller end of the seed, and thence is by some called the
acrospire.

PLUME [with falconers] the general colour or mixture of the feathers
of a hawk, which shews her constitution.

To PLUME, verb act. [plumer, Fr.] 1. To pluck off the feathers. 2.
[From the subst.] to adjust and pick feathers. Where they may have
room to come ashore and plume themselves. Mortimer. 3. To strip, to
pill. The king cared not to plume the nobility. Bacon. 4. To place as
a plume. On his crest sat horror plum'd. Milton. 5. To adorn with
plumes. Farewel the plumed troops and the big war. Shakespeare.

PLUME Allum, a mineral, a kind of talc.

PLUMI’GEROUS [plumiger, of pluma, feather, and gero, Lat. to bear]
wearing or bearing feathers or plumes, feathered, having feathers.

PLU’MING, part. act. of To PLUME; which see. [in falconry] is when
a hawk siezes on a fowl, and plucks the feathers off from its body.

PLU’MIPEDE, subst. [of plumipedis, gen. of plumipes, Lat.] a fowl that
has feathered feet.

PLU’MMET [plomb, Fr. piombino, It. plomada, Sp. piwmmen, C. Br.
of plumbum, Lat.] 1. A lead for plumbing, being a weight of lead hung at
a string, by which depths are sounded and perpendicularity discovered.
2. Any weight in general. Counterpoised by a plummet fastened about
the pulley on the axis. Wilkins.

PLU’MOSENESS, or PLUMO’SITY [plumositas, Lat.] fulness of plumes
or feathers, state of being full fledged.

PLU’MOUS, adj. [plumeux, Fr. plumosus, of pluma, Lat. feather] fea­
thery, resembling feathers. This has a like plumous body. Wood­
ward.

PLUMP in Flesh, adj. [of this word the etymology is not known.
Skinner derives it from pommele, Fr. full like a ripe apple: it might be
more easily deduced from plum, the fruit, which yet seems very harsh.
Junius omits it] somewhat fat, not lean; sleek, full, round, and
smooth.

PLUMP, subst. [from the adj.] a knot, a tuft, a cluster, a number
joined in one mass. We rested under a plump of trees. Sandys.

To PLUMP, verb act. [from the adj.] to fatten, to swell, to make
large.

To PLUMP, verb neut. [from the adv.] 1. To fall like a stone into
the water. A word formed from the sound. 2. [From the adj.] to be
swollen. Ainsworth.

PLUMP, adv. [probably corrupted from plumb, or perhaps formed
from the sound of a stone falling on the water] with a sudden fall.

PLU’MPER, subst. [of plump] something worn in the mouth to swell out
the cheeks.

PLU’MPNESS [prob. of pomum, Lat. or pomme, Fr. an apple, q. d. full
or round as an apple. Skinner] fulness and roundness in flesh, disposition
towards fulness.

PLUMPO’RRIDGE [of plum and porridge] porridge with plums in it.

PLUMPU’DDING [of plum and pudding] pudding made with plums.

PLU’MPY, adj. plump, fat. Plumpy Bacchus. Shakespeare.

PLU’MPY, adj. [of plume] feathered, covered with feathers. Appear'd
his plumy crest. Addison.

To PLU’NDER, verb act. [plunderen, Du. plyndre, Dan. plündern, Ger.
plundra, Su.] 1. To rob, spoil, or take away by violence, to pillage in
hostility. 2. To rob as a thief.

PLUNDER [plynder, Dan. plunderagie, Du. plunder, Ger.] spoil taken
in war, pillage.

PLU’NDERER [of plunder] 1. Hostile pillager, spoiler. 2. A thief, a
robber.

PLU’NDERING, part. act. [of plunder] spoiling, taking away by vio­
lence.

To PLUNGE, verb act. [plonger, Fr.] 1. To dip suddenly into water,
or under any thing supposed liquid, over head and ears. Plunge us in the
flames. Milton. 2. To put suddenly into any state. 3. To hurry into
any distress. We shall be plunged into perpetual errors. Watts. 4. To
force in suddenly. This word, to what action soever it be applied,
commonly expresses either violence and suddenness in the agent, or di­
stress in the patient. To plunge their enquiries at once into the depths of
knowledge. Watts.

To PLUNGE verb neut. 1. To sink suddenly into water, to dive. 2.
To fall or rush into any hazard or distress. To plunge into the guilt of a
murther. Tillotson.

PLUNGE, subst. 1. Act of putting or sinking under water. 2. Diffi­







culty, strait, distress; a trouble, an incumbrance. She was weary of
her life, since she was brought to that plunge. Sidney.

PLU’NGEON, Fr. [plongeon, Fr.] a water-fowl, a diver.

PLU’NGER [plongeur, Fr.] one that plunges, a diver.

PLU’NKET Colour, a sort of blue colour.

PLU’RAL, adj. Sp. [pluriel, Fr. plurale. It. of pluralis, Lat.] 1. Per­
taining to many, implying more than one. 2. [In grammar] Greek
and Hebrew have two variations, one to signify the number two, and
another to signify a number of two or more: under one variation the
noun is said to be of the dual number, and under the other of the plural.
Clarke.

PLU’RALIST [pluraliste, Fr. from plural] a clergyman who has several
benefices, or more than one, with cure of souls. See DISME and OR­
DINATION.

PLURA’LITY [pluralité, Fr. pluralità, It. of pluralitas, Lat.] 1. The
state of being or having a greater number. 2. A discrete quantity con­
sisting of two, or a greater number; a number more than one. Those
heretics had introduced a plurality of gods. Hammond.

PLURALITY of Persons in God. — See PERSONS and PERSONALITY.
They who presume that the word Elohim in Hebrew, being a term of
the PLURAL number, must, for that reason, imply a plurality of persons in
GOD, should consider that this very word is applied to a single person; as,
“Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever; THOU [i. e. the individual
person spoken to] hast loved righteousness and hated iniquity; therefore
GOD thy GOD [i. e. another and still greater personage, so called]
has anointed thee,” &c. The term, I say, when applied to each per­
son apart, is still in the plural number. Nor does this idiom of the He­
brew language stop here: it extends (as the learned well know) to other
words; as, adonim, baalim, &c. all which, tho' plural in FORM, are sin­
gular in SENSE; and as such are applied to one single person, whether
divine, or human. “The term expressive of dominion (says Rabbi Solo­
mon) effertur numero plurali etiam de unico. i. e. it is used in the plu­
ral number, even when meant of one single [or individual] person.”
What confirms this criticism yet further, is, that the VERB, with which
the term [elohim] is connected, is in the singular number; as, “God
SAID [in the original, HE said, not THEY said] let there be light.” Gen.
c. i. v. 3. and agreeably hereto, the first council of Antioch (with St.
Justin, and indeed with all antiquity) understand these and the like
phraseologies, as intended to express that COMMAND, which [not three
persons, but] one person, even the supreme Father issued out, and gave to
HIS Son; if not also (as St. Irenæus commented on verse 26) to HIS
Spirit. See CERINTHIANS, PNEUMATOMACHI, and MONARCHY of the
Universe. See also Iren. Adv. Hæreses Ed. Grabe. p. 9. 330 and 380,
compared with that GENERAL rule, which he lays down, p. 372, “Est
autem hic pater, &c. i. e. Now this person is the Father of our Lord,
by WHOSE PROVIDENCE all things consist, and by WHOSE COMMAND all
things are administred.” But the reader will find the judgment of anti­
quity on this head, more fully exhibited under the words, DITHEISM,
DIVINE, NOETIANS, and First CAUSE, compared.

PLURALLY, adv. [of plural] in a sense imploying more than one, in
the plural number.

PLU’RIES, a writ, which goes after two former writs have had no ef­
fect; the first of which is called capias, the second sicut alias, and the
third pluries.

PLUSH [peluche, Fr.] 1. A sort of cloth made of hair, as shag. 2.
[In botany] a name given to the thrum in the middle of roses, anemo­
nies, &c. Some call them thrummy heads.

PLU’SHER, subst. a sea-fish. The pilchard is devoured by a bigger
kind of fish called a plusher, somewhat like the dog fish, who leapeth
above water. Carew.

PLU’VIAL, subst. a priest's vestment or cope.

PLUVIAL, adj. Fr. [piviale, It. of pluvialis, pluvia, Lat. rain] rainy,
belonging to rain. See PESTILENTIAL, and read there remissiorem.

PLU’VIOUS, adj. [pluvieux, Fr. of pluviosus, of pluvia, Lat. rainy]
relating to rain. A moist and pluvious air. Brown.

PLY [pli, Fr.] habit or custom, bent, cast, biass. Bacon. 2. Plait,
fold. The rugæ or plies of the inward coat of the stomach. Ar­
buthnot.

To PLY, verb act. [prob. of apply; plien, Du. to work at any thing.
Junius and Skinner] 1. To work on any thing closely and importunately.
2. To employ with diligence, to keep busy, to set on work. 3. To
practise diligently. He sternly bad him other business ply. Spenser. 4.
To solicit with importunity. Perpetually plying the throne of grace.
South.

To PLY, verb neut. 1. To work or offer service, as watermen for
a fare. 2. To go in haste. Thither he plies undaunted. Milton. 3.
To busy one's self, to give one's mind to, to be intent on. A bird new­
made about the banks she plies. Dryden. 4. [plier, Fr.] to bend. The
willow plied and gave way to the gust. L'Estrange.

PLY’ER [of plier or employ, Fr.] one who plies or waits at a certain
place to be hired or employed, as watermen, porters, &c.

PLY’ERS [of plier, Fr. to bend] a sort of tongs or pinchers for bending
or twisting. See PLIERS.

PLY’ING, part. act. [of ply; pliant, Fr.] 1. Bending, giving. 2.
Attending at a place to be employed, as watermen, &c. 3. Doing any
thing industriously. See To PLY.

PLY’MOUTH, a large borough and sea-port town of Devonshire, situ­
ated between the Plym and Tamer, just before their influx into the Bri­
tish channel, 215 miles from London. It sends two members to par­
liament.

PLY’MTON, a borough town of Devonshire, 220 miles from London.
It sends two members to parliament.


PNE

PNEU’MA [πνευμα, Gr.] a puff or blast of wind, breath, spirit.

PNEUMA’TIC Engine, an air pump. Experiments made by Boyle in
his pneumatic engine. Locke. See PUMP.

PNEUMA’TICS, subst. [pneumatica, Lat. of πνευματιχα, from πνευμα,
Gr. spirit, or wind] the doctrine of the air, or the laws whereby that
fluid is condensed, rarisied, &c. the doctrine of the gravitation and pres­
sure of elastic or compressible fluids.

PNEUMA’TIC, or PNEUMA’TICAL, adj. [πνευματιχος, from πνευμα,
Gr. wind, or spirit] 1. Moved by wind, relative to wind. Making of
pneumatical trials. Boyle. 2. Consisting of spirit or wind. Parts pneu­
matical and tangible. Bacon.

PNEUMATICAL Experiments, such as are made in the exhausted receiver
of the air-pump, in order to discover the several properties of the air, and
its influence on other bodies.

PNEUMATOCE’LE [πνευματοχηλη, of πνευμα, wind, and χηλη, Gr. a
rupture] a flatulent or windy hernia, or tumor of the scrotum, or umbili­
cus, when either are destended with wind. GORR. CASTEL. EX. Ægin.
l. 6. c. 64.

PNEUMATO’MACHI [of πνευμα, spirit, and μαχομαι, Gr. to fight against
or oppose, q. d. spirit-fighters] a term of reproach, by which the Macedoni­
ans and other Christians in the latter part of the fourth century, were stig­
matised, for not admitting (what began now to be in vogue) the natural
co-equality and co-equal authority of the third person with the other two:
Epiphan. Ed. Basil. p. 385. If the reader would supply himself with
materials on this head, he may consult what has been already offered
under the words, MACEDONIANS, HOMOÜSIANS, and ORDER in Divinity;
and add to all, that reflection of St. Irenæus, “Quod enim juset, eô quod
jubetur MAJUS est, & DOMINATIUS; quoniam illud quidem PRINCIPATUR,
hoc autem SUBJECTUM est, &c. IREN. Ed. Grabe. p. 59. compared
with what we have produced from the same truly apostolic writer, under
the words CERINTHIANS, PLURALITY of Persons, and CO-IMMENSE:
or (which amounts to much the same thing) that reasoning of St. Cyprian,
in his letter to Pompeius, Ed. ERASM. p. 329. “Cæterum MAJOR erit
mittente, qui missus est; ut incipiat foris baptizatus CHRISTUM quidem in­
duere, sed spiritum sanctum non potuisse percipere;” &c. for the whole
force of St. Cyprian's argument here, turns upon the above cited maxim
of St. Irenæus, that “He who gives the command [and sends] must be
GREATER than he that receives it.” With them therefore (and indeed
with the main body of the Antenicenes) the third person was inferior to the
second, and much more to the first. So true it is, that both this, and
many other terms of reproach, with which the prevailing party in the
fourth and succeeding centuries, branded their opponents, might with
equal justice have been applied to the GREATEST LIGHTS, which the
church has produced in her purest and most primitive times. See GHOST,
MARCIANISTS, and MONARCHY of the Universe compared.

PNEUMATO’MPHALUS, Lat. [πνευματομφαλος, of πνευμα and ιμφαλ,
Gr. the wind-navel] a swelling or rather hernia in the navel, occasioned
by wind.

PNEUMATO’LOGIST [of πνευμα, the spirit or breath, and λεγω, Gr.
to treat of] one that treats of spirits, breath, &c.

PNEUMATO’LOGY [πνευματολογια, Gr.] the doctrine and contempla­
tion of spirits and spiritual substances. See PNEUMATOSOPHY.

PNEUMATO’SIS, Lat. [πνευματωσις, Gr.] a term used by some authors
for the generation or formation of animal spirits in the barky substance
of the brain. But with Gorræus and Bruno, it signifies no more than a
flatulency of the stomach.

PNEUMATO’SOPHY [of πνευμα, spirit, and σοφια, Gr. wisdom] the
same as pneumatology.

PNEUMO’NICS, subst. [πνευμονιχα, Gr.] medicines good against diseases
of the lungs, where the respiration is affected.

To POACH, verb act. [æufs pochez, Fr. poached eggs] 1. To boil
slightly. Bacon. 2. To begin without compleating: from the practice
of boiling eggs slightly: obsolete. 3. [Pocher, Fr. to pierce, to poke]
to stab, to pierce. At low water the country people poach them with an
instrument somewhat like the salmon speare. Carew. 4. [From poche,
Fr. a pocket or bag] to plunder by stealth. They poach Parnassus, and
lay claim for praise. Garth.

To POACH, verb neut. [from poche, Fr. a bag] 1. To destroy the
game by illegal methods, to carry off game privately in a bag, to steal
game. 2. To be damp. Clay lands burn in hot weather, chap in sum­
mer, and poach in winter. Mortimer.

PO’ACHER [of poach] a destroyer of game by illegal methods, one who
steals game.

POA’CHINESS [of poachy] marshiness, dampness. Mortimer.

POA’CHY, adj. damp, marshy. The marshes are very poachy. Mor­
timer.

PO’CHARD, a water fowl.

POCK, subst. [from pox] a pustule or dent of the small pox.

PO’CKET [pocco, Sax. poche, or pochette, Fr.] a little bag usually worn
in garments.

POCKET of Wool, the quantity of half a sack.

To PO’CKET [pochetter, Fr.] 1. To put into the pocket. 2. To
pocket up. A proverbial form, that denotes the doing or taking any
thing clandestinely.

PO’CKET-BOOK [of pocket and book] a paper book carried in the pocket
for hasty notes or memorandums.

PO’CKET-GLASS [of pocket and glass] a portable looking-glass.

PO’CK-HOLE [of pock and hole] a pit, dent, or scar made by the small
pox.

PO’CKINESS [of pocky] state or condition of being pocky.

PO’CKLINGTON, a market town of the East-riding of Yorkshire, 183
miles from London.

PO’CKY [of pox; pocca, Sax.] having the pox, infected with the pox.

PO’CO, It. [in music books] a little less, and is just the contrary to piu,
and therefore diminishes the strength of the signification of the words
joined with it.

POCO’NIS [of Virginia and Maryland] a root peculiar to those places,
of admirable efficacy to asswage swellings and aches.

PO’CULENT, adj. [poculum, Lat. a cup] fit for drink.

POD [hoede or hode, Du. a little house. Skinner] the husk or shell of
any pulse, containing the pulse, as beans, peas, &c. the case or cap­
sule of seeds.

PODA’GRA [ποδαγρα, of ποδος, gen. of πους, a foot, and αγρη, Gr. a
laying hold of] the gout in the feet. See CHIRAGRA.

PODA’GRIGAL, adj. [ποδαγριχος, ποδαγρα, Gr. podagra, Lat. gout.]
1. Proceeding from the gout in the foot, gouty, relating to the gout. 2.
Afflicted with the gout.

PO’DDER [from pod] a gatherer of peas-cods, beans, and other pulse.

PODE’STA, or PODE’STATE, Lat. [in Italy, Venice, Genoa, &c.] a
magistrate who administers justice in several free cities.

PO’DEX, Lat. [in anatomy] the fundament or breech.

PODGE, subst. a puddle, a plash. Skinner.


POE

PO’EM [poeme, Fr. poeme, It. Sp. Port. and Lat. ποιημα, Gr.] a piece of
poetry, a composition in verse of a due length and measure, a copy of
verses. See POET.

PO’ESY [poësie, Fr. poesia, It. poesis, Lat. of ποιησις, of ποιεω, Gr. to
make, frame, or invent] 1. The work of a poet, a poem, a metrical com­
position, poetry. A piece of christian poesy. Brown. 2. The art of
composing poems, or pieces in verse. A poem is the work of the poet,
poesy is his skill or craft of making; the very fiction itself, the reason or







form of the work. B. Johnson. 3. A short conceit engraved on a ring,
&c.

POET [poëte, Fr. poeta, It. Sp. Port. and Lat. ποιητης, Gr. a maker]
an author or inventor of fiction, one who composes poems or discourses
in verse. But with submission, Dryden has given us a much better defi­
nition, when saying; a poet is a MAKER, as the word signifies; and he
who cannot MAKE, that is INVENT, hath his name for nothing. Dryden.
And Aristotle observes the same in his Art of Poetry.

POETA’STER, Lat. a paltry, vile, petty poet, a pitiful rhimer. Ho­
race hath exposed these trifling poetasters, that spend themselves in gla­
ring descriptions. Felton.

PO’ETESS [poëtesse, Fr. poetessa, It. of poetissa, pica poetrida, Lat.] a
female poet. See ACTRESS, and read, a female that acts.

POE’TIC, or POE’TICAL, adj. [poëtique, Fr. poetico, It. and Sp. poeti­
cus, Lat. ποιητιχος, Gr.] pertaining to poetry, suitable to poetry, ex­
pressed in poetry.

POETICAL Justice [in the drama] is used to signify a justice in the
distribution of rewards and punishments to the several persons, at the ca­
tastrophe or close of a piece, answerable to the several characters in which
they have appeared.

POE’TICAL Rising and Setting of the Sun [in astronomy] a rising and
setting of them, peculiar to the ancient poets, who referred the rising
and setting of the stars to that of the sun, and accordingly made three
sorts of risings and settings, viz. cosmical, acronical, and heliacal;
which see.

POE’TICALLY, adv. [of poetical] after the manner of a poet, with the
qualities of poetry, by the fiction of poetry.

To POE’TICIZE, or To PO’ETIZE, verb neut. [poetiser, Fr. poetizzare,
It. poetizàr, Sp.] to act the poet, to compose poems, to write like a
poet.

PO’ETRESS, subst. [poetris, Lat. whence poetridas picas in Persius] a fe­
male poet. Most peerless poetress. Spenser.

PO’ETRY [ποιτρια, Gr.] 1. The art or practice of writing poems,
metrical composition. 2. Poems, poetical pieces. See POESY.

POGO’NIAS [πογωνιας, of πογωνια, Gr. beard] a sort of comet or bla­
zing star, with a beard.


POI

POI’GNANCY, subst. [of poignant, Fr.] 1. Sharpness, the power of sti­
mulating the palate. 2. The power of irritation, asperity.

POI’GNANT [poignant, Fr. pungens, Lat.] 1. Sharp, tart, biting, sti­
mulating the palate. 2. Severe, piercing, painful. Some poignant dis­
grace. South. 3. Satyrical, cutting, keen, bitter, irritating.

POI’NSON [poincon, Fr.] a little sharp jointed iron, fixed in a wooden
handle, which the horseman holds in the right hand, to prick a leaping
horse in the croup, &c. to make him yerk out behind.

To POINT, verb act. [pointer, Fr. appuntare, It. in the first sense, pun­
tare in the second] 1. To make sharp at the end, to forge or grind to a
point. 2. To distinguish writing, &c. by points or stops. 3. To direct
towards an object by way of forcing it on the notice. 4. To direct the
eye on notice. 5. To show as by directing the finger without. And
point out their beauties. Addison. 6. [Pointer, Fr.] to direct towards a
place; as, the cannon were pointed against the fort.

To POINT, verb neut. 1. To note with the singer, to force upon the
notice by directing the finger towards it. 2. To have words or sentences
distinguished by points. Fond the Jews are of their method of pointing.
Forbes. 3. To indicate as dogs do to sportsmen. 4. To show, with at
before the thing shown. To point at what time the balance of power
was most equally held. Swift.

POINT [point, Fr. punta, It. punto, It. and the same Sp. punctum, Lat.]
1. A sharp end of any thing. 2. A string with a tag to it. 3. [With
navigators] a cape, headland, promontory; so that when two points of
land are in a right line against each other, as the innermost in hindered
from being seen by the outermost, they say they are one in another. 4.
A sting of an epigram, a brisk lively turn at the close of an epigram; a
sentence terminated with some remarkable turn of words or thought. 5.
An indivisible part of space. 6. A mark of distinction in writing, a stop.
7. A small space. On one small point of land. Prior. 8. A sort of
needle-work lace. 9. [Punctum, Lat.] an indivisible part of time, an
instant, moment. 10. Punctilio, nicety. 11. Part required of time or
space, critical moment, exact place. At the point to die. Genesis. 12.
Degree, state. 13. A spot, a part of a surface divided by spots, divi­
sion by marks into which any thing is distinguished in a circle or other
plane. 14. Particular place to which any thing is directed. 15. Re­
spect, regard. In point of religion and in point of honour. Bacon. 16.
An aim, the act of aiming or striking. What a point your falcon made.
Shakespeare. 17. The particular thing required. There is no creature
so contemptible, but by resolution may gain his point. L'Estrange. 18.
Particular head, subject matter, example, instance. The letter is in
every point an admirable pattern. Swift. 19. A single position, a single
assertion, a single part of a complicated question, a single part of any
whole. There is no point wherein I have so much labour'd. Swift. 20.
A note, a tune. 21. [In geometry] according to Euclid, is that which
has no parts or is indivisible; or (as others define it) is the beginning of
magnitude, and conceived so small as to have no parts; being the same
in quantity as a cypher in number.

POINT [In astronomy] a term applied to certain parts or places,
marked in the heavens, and distinguished by proper epithets; as

Cardinal POINTS [in astronomy and geography] the four grand divi­
sions of the horizon, east, west, north, and south.

Solstitial POINTS [in astronomy] are the points wherein the equator
and ecliptic intersect, called the north and south points, and the inter­
sections of the horizon with the prime vertical, called the east and west.

Vertical POINTS [in astronomy] are the zenith and nadir.

POINTS of Station [with astronomers] are those degrees of the zodiac,
in which a planet seems to stand quite still, and not to move at all.

POINT of Distance, is a point in the horizontal line, so far distant
from the principal point, as the eye is remote from the same.

POINT of Divergence, of a concave glass, is the same as virtual focus.

POINT of contrary Flexure [in geometry] is the point of a curve,
wherein it is bent or inflected to a part contrary from that it tended to
before.

POINT Blank [in gunnery] is when the piece being levelled, the shot
or bullet goes directly forward, and does not move in a crooked line;
but to the point blank or white mark.

POINT de Vise, exact or exactly in the point of view. You are rather
point de vise in your accoutrements. Shakespeare.

POINT [in heraldry] is when two piles are borne in a coat of arms,
so as to have their points meet together in any part of the escutcheon.

POINT Dexter parted ten [in heraldry] an abatement due to a bragga­
dochio, who boasted of more than he did or can do.

POINT in Point Sanguine [in heraldry] a mark of diminution, which
appertains to one who is lazy or slothful in the army.

POINT Plain Sanguine [in heraldry] an abatement proper for a liar
that tells false stories to his sovereign.

POINT Inverted [in heraldry] is when a point descends from the chief
downwards; possessing two thirds of the chief; but diminishing, as it
approaches the point of the escutcheon.

POINT in Bend, or POINT in Bar [in heraldry] is when the point is
placed transverse in the situation of a bend or bar.

POINT [in horsemanship] a horse is said to make a point, when, work­
ing upon volts, he does not observe the round regularly, but putting a
little out of his ordinary ground, makes a sort of angle or point by his
circular tread.

POINT [in music] a mark or note anciently used to distinguish the
tones.

POINT [in navigation] is one of the degrees into which the circum­
ference of the horizon or the 32d part of the mariner's compass, contain­
ing 1 degrees 15 minutes, the half of which, viz. five degrees 38 mi­
nutes is called the half point, and the half of the last, being two degrees
49 minutes, is called a quarter point.

POINT of Concourse [in optics] is that point where the visual rays in­
clining towards each other, and being sufficiently lengthened, meet
together and are limited in the middle and cross the axis.

POINT of Incidence [in optics] is that point upon the surface of a glass,
or any body, on which a ray of light falls.

POINT of Dispersion [in optics] is that wherein the rays begin to di­
verge; commonly called the virtual focus.

POINT of Reflection [in optics] is a point on the surface of a glass or
other body, whence a ray is reflected.

POINT of Refraction [in optics] is the surface of a glass or other refract­
ing surface, wherein the refraction is effected.

POINT of Sight [in perspective] is a point on a plane marked out by
a right line, drawn from the perpendicular to the plane.

POINT of Concurrence [in perspective] is the same as the principal
point.

POINT of View [in perspective] is a point at distance from a building
or other object, wherein the eye has the most advantageous view or pros­
pect of the same.

POINT [in physics] is the smallest or least sensible object of sight,
marked with a pen, point of a compass, or the like.

Sensible POINT [according to Mr. Locke] is the least particle of mat­
ter or space that can be discerned, and which to the quickest sight is
about 30 seconds of a circle, whereof the eye is the center.

POINTE [in music books] signifies to separate or divide each note one
from another in a very plain and distinct manner.

POI’NTED, adj. or part. pass. [pointu, Fr.] 1. Having a sharp point,
sharp. 2. Epigrammatical, abounding in conceits.

POINTED [in heraldry] as a cross pointed is that which has the ex­
tremities turned off in points by strait lines.

POI’NTEDLY, adv. [of pointed] in a pointed manner.

POI’NTEDNESS [of pointed] 1. Sharpness, pickedness, with asperity.
B. Johnson. 2. Epigrammatical smartness. Dryden.

POI’NTEL, a pencil; also any thing on a point. Derham.

POI’NTER, subst. [of point] 1. Any thing that points. 2. A kind of
setting dog that points out the game to sportsmen.

POI’NTING, part. act. of point [ponctuant, Fr.] putting points or stops
in writing; also shewing with the fingers, &c. See To POINT.

POINTING the Cable [with sailors] is the untwisting it at the ends and
lessening the yarns, and twisting them again, and then fastening it with
a piece of marline, to prevent it from ravelling out.

POINTING [with grammarians] the art of dividing a discourse by
points, into periods or members of periods, for the better understanding
and pronunciation.

POINTING [with navigators] is the marking what point or place a
ship is upon the chart.

POINTING [in gunnery] is the levelling or directing a cannon or mor­
tar-piece, so as to play against any certain point.

POI’NTING-STOCK, subst. [of pointing and stock] something made the
subject of ridicule. Made a wonder and a pointing-stock. Shakespeare.

POI’NTLESS, adj. [of point] having no point, blunt, not sharp. Lay
that pointless clergy-weapon by. Dryden.

POINTS [with grammarians] are comma's (,) colons (:), semicolons
(;), periods (.), point of admiration (!), of interrogation (?).

POINTS [in Hebrew] are certain characters, which in the writings of
that language, serve to supply the absence of the vowels, and are placed
above, or beneath, or about the middle of a letter, as a sort of points.

POINTS [in heraldry] the points of an escutcheon are the several dif­
ferent parts of it, denoting the local position of any figure.

To POISE, verb act. [peser, Fr. pesare, It. pesar, Sp. pwyso, C. Br.]
to weigh, to bring to an equal balance. See POIZE.

POI’SON, Fr. [ponçona, Sp. prob. of potio, Lat.] 1. A malignant qua­
lity, in some animal, vegetable, or mineral body, which renders it hurt­
ful, and even mortal to those that take it, and by means not obvious to
the senses, venom. 2. Figuratively applied to any thing of great mo­
lignity, or other bad effects. The tongue is an unruly evil, full of dead­
ly poison. St. James.

To POI’SON [empoisonner, Fr. emponconàr, Sp.] 1. To give poison to
any one, to infect with poison. 2. To attack, injure or kill by poison
given. 3. To corrupt. to taint.

To POISON a Piece [in gunnery] signifies the same as to clog and nail
it up.

POI’SONER [of poison] 1. One who poisons. 2. A corrupter, one that
depraves. The common poisoners of youth. South.

POI’SONOUS, adj. [of poison] pertaining to, or full of poison, veno­
mous, having the qualities of poison.

POI’SONOUSLY, adv. [of poisonous] venomously.

POI’SONOUSNESS [of poisonous] poisonous quality, venomousness.

POI’SON-TREE, subst. [toxicodendron, Lat.] a plant.

POI’TRAL, or PO’ITREL, subst. [poictrel, poitrine, pectoral, Fr. petto­
rale, It. pectorale, Lat.] 1. A corslet. 2. Armour for the breast of a
horse. Skinner. 3. A graving tool.








POIZE, subst. [poids, Fr.] 1. Weight, force of any thing tending to
the centre, gravitation. 2. Balance, equipoize. 3. A regulating pow­
er. Often want the poize of judgment. Dryden.

To POIZE [peser, Fr.] 1. To balance, to hold or place in equilibrio,
or equiponderance. 2. To be equiponderant to. 3. To weigh mentally.
Poize the weight, and discern the evidence of the clearest argumentations.
South. 4. To oppress with weight.

POKE [poche, Fr. pocca, Sax.] a small bag, a pocket.

To buy a Pig in a POKE, to buy unsight, or unseen.

To POKE, verb act. [prob. of pocher, Fr. poka, Su.] 1. To feel in
the dark, to search any thing with a long instrument, to rake or puddle
with a stick, &c. 2. To pore purblindly.

PO’KER, an iron instrument or bar to stir the fire.

POKES. See POKE. Long-sleeved gowns antiently worn.


POL

POLA’QUE, a sort of ship or sea-vessel, used in the Mediterranean.

PO’LAR, adj. [polaire, Fr. polare, It. poluris, from polus, Lat the pole]
pertaining to the poles of the world, lying near the pole, issuing from
the pole.

POLAR Circles [with astronomers] two lesser circles of the sphere which
are parallel to the equator, and at an equal distance of 24 degrees and
a half from the polar points or poles of the world, and the tropics.

POLAR Dial, one whose plane is parallel to some great circle pang
through the poles, so that the pole is neither raised above, nor depressed
below the plane.

POLAR Projection, is a representation of the globe of heaven and earth,
drawn mathematically on the plane of one of the polar circles.

POLA’RITY [of polar] the quality of a thing considered as having
poles; also the property of the loadstone, in pointing to the poles of the
world.

PO’LARY, adj. [polaris, Lat.] tending to the pole, having a direction
towards the poles.

To POLE, verb act. [from the subst.] to furnish with poles. To pole
your hops. Mortimer.

POLE [pole, pal, pau, Fr. polo and palo, Sp. palo, It. pole, Sax. po­
lus, palus, Lat.] 1. A long staff, a measure of length, 2. A rod or perch,
containing five yards and a half, 180 of which make an acre.
3. Either extremity of the axis of the earth. See POLES of the World.
4. A tall piece of timber erected.

POLE [with mathematicians] is a point 90 degrees distant from the
plane of any circle, and in a line perpendicularly raised in its center,
which line is called the axis.

POLE of a Glass [in optics] is the thickest part of a convex, or the
thinnest of a concave glass.

POLE [in spherics] is a point equally distant from every part of the
circumference of a greater circle of the sphere, as the center is from a
plain figure.

POLE-AX [from pole and ax] a sort of ax fixed on a long pole.

POLE-CAT [prob. of pole, or Poland, q. d. Polish, and cat, because
they abound in Poland] a kind of wild-cat, the fitchew, a stinking
animal.

PO’LEDAVIES, a sort of coarse canvas, wherewith sail-ware was made.

POLE’MIC, or POLE’MICAL, adj. [polemique, Fr. of πολεμος, Gr. war]
pertaining to controversy or dispute, controversial, disputatives.

POLE’MICS, plur. [of polemic, subst. πολεμιχα, Gr.] disputations, ar­
guings, treatises, or discourses, about controversial points; also a dispu­
tant, a controvertist. Each staunch polemic stubborn as a rock. Pope.

POLEMONI’A, Lat. [in botany] wild sage.

POLEMO’SCOPE [of πολεμος, war, and σχοπεω, Gr. to view; in optics]
is a kind of crooked or oblique prospective glass, contrived for seeing ob­
jects that do not lie directly before the eye.

POLES of a Dial, are the zenith and nadir of the place, in which the
same dial would be an horizontal one.

POLES of the Ecliptic or Zodiac [in astronomy] are points in the solsti­
tial colure, 23 degrees 30 minutes distant from the poles of the world,
through which all the circles of longitude pass.

POLES of the Equator [in astronomy] are the same with those of the
world.

POLES of the Horizon [in astronomy] are the points called zenith and
nadir.

POLES of the World [with astronomers] are the two ends of the ima­
ginary axis or right line, about which the sphere of the universe is con­
ceived to move or turn. The northern is called the arctic pole, and the
southern the antarctic pole. To the utmost pole. Parad. Lost, Book I.
l. 74.

POLES [in magnetics] are two points in a load-stone, corresponding to
the poles of the world, the one pointing to the north, and the other to
the south.

PO’LE-STAR [with astronomers, &c.] is a star in the tail of the little­
bear (which is a constellation of seven stars) and is very near the exact
north-pole of the world.

PO’LEYMOUNTAIN, subst. [polium, Lat.] a plant.

POLI’CE, Fr. the regulation and government of a city or country, so
far as regards the inhabitants.

POLI’CED, adj. [of police] regulated, formed into a regular course of
administration. Bacon.

PO’LICY [policia, Sp. politia, Lat. πολιτεια, of πολνς, Gr, a city] 1.
The laws, orders, and regulations, prescribed for the conduct and go­
vernment of states and communities, the art of government, chiefly
with regard to foreign powers. 2. A prudent management of affairs,
fubtilty, stratagem. 3. [Poleça, Sp.] a warrant for money in the pub­
lic funds. See PERSIAN Empire, and read there Medo-Persian.

POLICY of Insurance [polizza, It.] an instrument or written obligatory,
which insures merchandizes, ships, houses, &c. to the person insuring, to
make good the thing insured.
POLICY goes beyond strength.
History, and daily experience, give innumerable instances to ascertain the
truth of this proverb.

To PO’LISH, verb act. [polir, Fr. and Sp. pulire, It. polio, Lat.] to
make smooth, to make clear or bright by attrition, to burnish, to gloss;
also to civilize, to refine a person's manners.

To PO’LISH, verb neut. to answer to the act of polishing, to receive a
gloss.

PO’LISH, subst. [polissure, poli, Fr.] 1. Artificial gloss, brightness caused
by attrition. 2. Elegances of manners.

PO’LISHABLE [of polish] capable of being polished.

PO’LISHER [of polish] the person or instrument that gives a brightness
or gloss.

PO’LISHING, part. act. [of polish; of poliant, Fr. poliens, Lat.] making
smooth, clear, or bright; also refining the mind, manners, &c.

POLI’TE [poli, Fr. pulito, It. of politus, Lat.] 1. Well polished, well
finished, glossy, smooth. 2. Elegant of manners, well bred, accom­
plished, genteel.

POLI’TELY, adv. [of polite; poliment, Fr. politè, Lat.] genteely, after
a well accomplished manner, with elegance of manners.

POLI’TENESS [politesse, Lat.] accomplishment or elegance of manners,
gentility, good breeding.

POLI’TIC [politique, Fr. πολιτιχος, Gr.] 1. Political, civil. In this
sense political is almost always used, except in the phrase body politic. 2.
Prudent, versed in affairs. Politic grave counsel. Shakespeare. 3. Art­
ful, cunning. In this sense political is not used. I have been politic
with my friend, smooth with my enemy. Shakespeare.

POLITICAL [politique, Fr. politico, It. and Sp. of politicus, Lat. πολι­
τιχος, Gr.] 1. Belonging to policy or politicks, relating to the manage­
ment of public affairs. 2. Cunning, skilful.

POLI’TICAL Arithmetic, is the application of arithmetical calculations
to political uses, as the public revenues, number of people, extent and
value of lands, taxes, trade, commerce, manufactures, and all things
relating to the wealth, power, strength, &c. of a nation.

POLI’TICALLY, adv. [of political; politiquemont, Fr.] 1. With po­
licy, artfully, politickly. 2. With relation to the administration of pub­
lic affairs.

POLITICA’STER, subst. a petty ignorant pretender to politics. L'Es­
trange.

POLITI’CIAN [politicien, Fr. politicus, Lat. of Gr.] 1. A statesman,
one skilled in politics, one versed in the arts of government. 2. A man
of artifice or deep contrivance. His success shall vouch him a politician.
South.

PO’LITICKLY, adv. [of politic] artfully, cunningly. 'Tis politickly
done. Shakespeare.

PO’LITICS [politique, Fr. politica, It. and Lat. πολιτιχη, Gr.] the first
part of ethics, or the art or practice of governing a state or common­
wealth, for the maintenance of the public safety, order, tranquility, and
good morals, policy; also books treating of public affairs.

PO’LITURE, Fr. [politura, Lat.] the gloss given by the act of polish­
ing or trimming.

PO’LITY [palitezza, It. πολιτεια, Gr.] form of government of a city
or commonwealth, civil constitution. A form of church government or
church polity. Hooker. See BISHOP, EXARCH, and PRESBYTERIANS,
compared.

PO’LIUM, Lat. [πολιον, Gr.] the herb poley-mountain.

POLL [polle, Fr. poll, Du. the top] 1. The head. 2. A list of the
names of those that vote at the elections of magistrates, &c. a register of
heads. 3. A fish, called generally a chub; a chevin.

To POLL, verb act. [from the subst] 1. To pull hair from the head,
to clip short, to shear. 2. In this sense is used polled sheep, though they
are naturally devoid of horns. 3. To lop the top of trees. 4. To
mow, to crop. 5. To plunder, to strip, to pill. A pretence to poll
and pill the people. Bacon. 6. To take a list or register of persons. 7.
To enter one's name in a list or register. 8. To insert into a number as
a voter. And poll for points of faith his trusty vote. Tickell.

POLL Money, a tax upon the heads of men, either upon all indiffe­
rently, or according to their several degrees and distinctions.

POLL Silver, a personal tribute, antiently imposed upon the poll or
person of every one; of women from the age of twenty-one, and men
from fourteen.

POLL-TAX, a tax to which every subject is to pay a certain sum of
money appointed.

PO’LLARD. 1. A cheven, or chub-fish. 2. Bran, with some meal in
it. 3. [With hunters] a stag or male deer, which has cast his head.

POLLARD, or POLLENGER [in husbandry] an old tree which hasben
often topt.

POLLARD, a clipped spurious coin, in antient times used in England.
Certain counterfeit pieces coined by the French, called pollards, crocars,
and rofaries. Camden.

POLLA’VER [it seems derived from palabras, Sp. word, and should
accordingly be written palabre] flattery.

PO’LLEN, a finer powder, than what is commonly understood by fari­
na; also a sort of fine bran.

POLLE’NTIA [among the Roman] the goddess of power.

PO’LL-EVIL [of poll and evil; in horses] a disease in the nape of the
neck.

PO’LLING, part. act. [of poll; which see] cutting the hair, &c. also a
taking or giving the names of voters.

PO’LLOCK, a sort of fish.

To POLLU’TE, verb act. [polluer, Fr. polluo, Lat.] 1. To make un­
clean 2. [In a religious sense] to defile or make filthy, to stain, to cor­
rupt by mixtures of ill. 3. To taint with guilt.

POLLU’TEDNESS [of polluted] state of being polluted, filthiness, defile­
ment.

POLLU’TER [of pollute] he who pollutes, a defiler, a corrupter.

POLLU’TION, Fr. [of pollutio, Lat.] 1. The act of defiling. 2. The
state of being defiled; uncleanness, defilement.

Nocturnal POLLUTION, an involuntary voiding of the semen in the
night, during sleep.

PO’LLUX [πολυδευχης, Gr.] a fixed star in the sign Gemini.

POLT [with the vulgar] a blow, e. g. a good polt on the pate, a good
blow or knock on the head. It seems a corruption of pelt.

POLTROO’N, or POLTRO’N [poltron, Fr. poltrone, It. pollice truncato,
from the thumb cut off; it being once a practice of cowards to cut off
their thumbs, that they might not be compelled to serve in war. Sau­
maise. Menage derives it from the Italian poltro, a bed, as cowards feign
themselves sick a-bed. Others derive it from poletro, or poltra, a young
unbroken horse] a coward, or bastard, one who wants courage to per­
form any thing great or noble, a scoundrel, a nidget. Patience is for
poltrons. Shakespeare.

PO’LTRON [with falconers] a name given to a bird of prey, when the
nails and talons of his hind toes are cut off, wherein his chief force and
armour lay; in order to intimidate him and prevent him from flying at
the game.

PO’LY, the same with poley; which see.

POLY [πολυ, Gr.] a prefix often found in the composition of words de­
rived from the Greek, and intimating multitude; as polygon, a figure of
many angles; polypus, an insect with many feet.








POLYACA’NTHOS, Lat. [πολυαχανθος, Gr.] the plant star-thistle, or
calthrop.

POLYACOU’STIC, adj. [πολνς, much, and αχουω, Gr. to hear] multi­
plying or magnifying sound.

POLYACOU’STICS [of πολυς, many or much, and αχουστιχα, Gr.] instru­
ments for multiplying or magnifying sounds.

POLYA’NTHEA, Gr. [q. d. a collection of flowers] a famous collection
of common places, in alphabetical order, made first by Domini Nanni de
Mirabbella, of great service to orators, preachers, &c. of the lower class.

POLYA’NTHEMON [πολυανθεμον, of πολυ, many, and ανθεμον, Gr. a
flower or herb so called] the herb golden knap or batchelors buttons.

POLYA’NTHOS [πολυανθος, of πολυ and ανθος, Gr.] a plant which
bears many flowers; as verbascum, &c.

POLYCA’RPOUS, adj. [of πολυς, many or much, and χαρπος, Gr.
fruit] bearing much fruit.

POLYCHRE’STON, Lat. [πολυχρησον, of πολυς, much or many, and
χρηστος, Gr. profitable] a sovereign oil good in many distempers.

POLYCNE’MON [πολυχνημων, Gr. q. d. what has many shanks] an herb
like wild savory or originy.

POLYE’DRICAL, or POLYE’DROUS, adj. [πολυεδρον, from πολυς, many,
and εδρα, Gr. base or side, polyedre, Fr.] of the form of a Polyedron. The
protuberant particles may be spherical, elliptical, cylindrical, polyedrical.
Boyle. The exterior surface covered with small polyedrous crystals. Wood­
ward.

POLYE’DRON, or POLYHE’DRON [πολυεθρα, Gr. what has many seats
or bases] a solid figure or body, consisting of many sides.

Gnomonic POLYEDRON, a stone or body having several faces, on which
various kinds of dials are drawn.

POLYEDRON [in optics] a glass or lens, consisting of several plain
surfaces, disposed into a convex form, commonly called a multiplying
glass.

POLY’GALA, or POLY’GALON [πολυγαλον, Gr. what has much milk]
the herb milk-wort.

POLY’GAMIST [from polygamy] one that has, or has had, more wives
or husbands at a time than one, particularly one that holds the lawful­
ness of more wives than one at a time. See POLYGAMY.

POLY’GAMY [polygamie, Fr. poligamia, It. and Sp. polygamia, Lat.
πολυγαμια, Gr. q. d. marriage with many] the state of having many
wives, properly at the same time; also at different times. Query, if Mr.
Locke has not given us a juster *I mean as to our modern use of the term; for as to its acceptation
in the Greek, J. Poll. Onom, l. 3. p. 290. assures us, that 'tis a word
applicable to either sex. Appendix. ad. Thesaur. H. Stephani. Con­
stantin, &c. See INCEST and BIGAMY compared. definition, when saying, that polygamy
is the having more wives than one at once.

POLIGA’RCHY [polygarchie Fr. poligarchia, It. πολυγαρχια, of πολυς,
and αρχη, Gr. dominion] a government that is in the hands of many.

PO’LYGLOTT, adj. [polyglotte, Fr. πολυγλωττα, of πολυς and γλωττα,
Gr. the tongue] of many languages; as the polyglot bible.

PO’LYGLOT, subst. one skilled in several languages. The polyglot or
linguist is a learned man. Howel.

POLYGLO’TTA [πολυγωττα, Gr.] the American mockbird, so called
because it imitates the notes of all birds, and also exceeds all in the
sweetness of its voice. See POLYGLOTT.

PO’LYGON [polygone, Fr. poligono, It. polygonius, Lat. of πολυγωνιος,
from πολυς, many, and γονια, Gr. angle] a multilateral figure, or a fi­
gure having many angles, or whose perimeter consists of more than four
sides and angles.

POLYGON [in fortification] a spot of ground, having many sides and
angles fortified according to the rules of art.

Regular POLYGON [in geometry] is one whose sides and angles are all
equal one to another.

Irregular POLYGON [in geometry] one whose sides and angles are
unequal.

Exterior POLYGON [in fortification] is the out-lines of all the work
drawn from one outmost angle to another.

Interior POLYGON [in fortification] is the main body of the works or
place, excluding the out works.

PO’LYGONAL, adj. [of polygon, of πολυγωνιος, Gr.] pertaining to a po­
lygon.

POLYGONAL Numbers [in arithmetical progressions] are the sums of
arithmetical progressions, beginning at unity.

POLYGO’NATON [πολυγονατον, of πολυ, much or many, and γονυ, Gr.
a knee or joint] the herb Solomon's seal.

POLYGONO’IDES [πολυγονοειδης, Gr.] an herb having leaves like laurel.
See POLYGONATON.

Similar POLYGONS, are such as have their angles severally equal and
the sides about those angles proportionable. See POLYGON.

Line of POLYGONS [on a sector] a line containing the homologous
sides of the first nine regular polygons (i. e. from a regular triangle to a
dodecagon) inscribed in the same circle.

POLYGO’NUM [πολυγονον, Gr.] the herb knot-grass.

PO’LYGRAM [πολυγραμμος, of πολυς, much or many, and γραμμη,
Gr. a line] a figure consisting of a great number of lines.

POLYGRA’MMOS, Lat. [πολυγραμμος, Gr.] a kind of Jasper stone,
with many white streaks. See POLYGRAM.

PO’LYGRAPHY [of πολυ, much, and γραφη, Gr. writing] the art of
writing in various unusual manners or cyphers; as also of deciphering
the same.

POLYHEDRO’NIC, adj. pertaining to a polyhedron or figure with many
sides. See POLYEDRICAL.

POLYHE’DROUS Figure [of πολνεδρα, Gr.] with geometricians, a solid
contained under and consisting of many sides, which, if they are regu­
lar polygons, all similar and equal, and the body be inscribable within
the surface of the sphere, it is then called a regular body. See POLY­
EDRICAL.

POLYHI’STOR [πολυιστπρ, of πολυς, much, and ιστρ, Gr. learned] a
learned knowing man that has read much.

POLYHY’MNIA [of πολυς, many, and υμνος, Gr. a hymn] one of the
nine muses, the president of hymns, songs and music.

POLY’LOGY [πολυλογια, much talking, of πολυς, much, and λογος,
Gr. discourse] talkativeness. See BATTOLOGY.

PO’LYMATHY [of πολυς, much or many, and μανθανω, Gr. to learn]
the knowledge of many arts and sciences; also an acquaintance with a
great many different subjects.

POLYMO’RPHUM Os, Gr. of many shapes [in anatomy] the fourth bone
of the foot, so called from the diversity of its shapes.

POLYMY’THY [of πολυς, much or many, and μυθος, Gr. a fable] a
multiplicity of fables in an epick or dramatic poem. See EPIC Poem.

POLYNO’MIAL [πολυονομος, Gr. of many names] having many names.

POLYNOMIAL Roots [with algebraists] such as are composed of many
names, parts and members.

POLYO’PTRON [of πολυ, many, and οπτομαι, Gr. to see] an optic
glass, through which objects appear multiplied, but diminished.

POLYO’STEON [of πολυ, many, and οστεον, Gr. a bone] that part of
the foot that has a great many bones.

POLYPE’TALOUS [of πολυ, many, and πεταλον, Gr. a leaf] consisting
of many leaves, or of any number above six.

POLIPETALOUS Flower, regular, or POLYPETALOUS Flower, uniform
[with botanists] is such whose petals agree together in figure.

POLYPE’TALOUS Flower, irregular, or POLYPE’TALOUS Flower, dif­
form [with botanists] is when the petals do not agree together in figur
or position.

POLYPHA’GIA, Lat. [of πολυσ, much or many, and φαγω, Gr. to eat]
an eating much, a greedy eating.

POLIPHA’RMICAL [πολυφαρμαχος, Gr. of πολυς, many, and φαρμαχον,
Gr. a medicine] abounding with medicines. See PAMPHARMACON.

POLIPHO’NES [of πολυς and φονη, Gr. the voice] instruments to mul­
tiply or magnify the voice.

POLIPHO’NISM [of πολυς, much, and φωνη, Gr. voice] multiplicity of
sound.

POLYPLEU’RON, Lat. [πολυπλευρον, Gr. of many sides] the herb rib
wort plantain.

PO’LYPODY, [polypodium, Lat. πολυποδιον, of πολυς, many, and πους, Gr.
a foot] the herb oak fern; a capillary plant with oblong jagged leaves,
having a middle rib, which joins them to the stalks running through each
division. Miller. Polypody is common on the banks of ditches where
there are stumps of old trees, on walls, and by the sides of woods.
Hill.

PO’LYPOUS, adj. [polypus, Lat.] having the nature of a polypus, hav­
ing many feet or roots. Polypous connections. Arbuthnot.

POLY’PTOTON [of πολυς, many, and πτωσις, Gr. case] having many
cases.

POLY’PTOTON [with rhetoricians] a figure in which several cases
of the same noun, or tenses of the same verb, are used in the conjoined
clauses.

PO’LYPUS, Lat. [polype, Fr. πολυπους, of πολυς, many, and πους, Gr.
a foot] 1. Any animal, particularly a sea animal, that has a great many
feet; i. e. a particular animal so called. 2. [With surgeons] polypus sig­
nifies any thing in general with many roots or feet, as a fleshy humour or
excrescence, growing on the inside of the nostrils; injurious to respiration
and speech; also a morbid excrescence in the heart and arteries, consist­
ing of a tough concretion of grumous blood lodged therein. The polypus
of the nose is said to be an excrescence of flesh, spreading its branches
amongst the laminæ of the os ethmoides, and through the whole cavity
of one or both nostrils. Sharp.

POLYPYRE’NOUS, adj. [of πολυς, many, and πυρην, Gr. a kernel]
which has many seeds or kernels, as the arbutus or strawberry.

POLYPYRE’NOUS Fruits [with botanists] such fruits either of trees or
herbs, as contain two or more kernels within them.

POLYRRHI’ZON, Lat. [πολυρριζον, Gr. q. d. of many roots] a sort of
birthwort.

POLYSA’RCHY [of πολυς, much or many, and σαρξ, Gr. flesh] bulki­
ness of body, grossness of flesh.

PO’LYSCOPE [of πολυσχοπον, from πολυς, much or many, and σχοπεω,
Gr. to behold] a multiplying glass, such as represents one object to the
eye as many.

POLY’SPAST [polyspaste, Fr. πολυσπαστον, of πολυ, much or many, and
σπαω, Gr. to draw, i. e. that may be turned every way] a windlass ha­
ving many pullies or tuckles.

POLY’SPAST [in surgery] a machine for the reduction of dislocated
joints. Archimedes, according to Bruno, is supposed to have invented
it.

POLYSPE’RMOUS [of πολυς, much or many, and σπερμα, Gr. seed]
that bears many seeds after each flower, or that hath more than four
seeds, and this without any certain order or number, as the ranunculus,
crow-foot, anemone, &c.

POLYSYLLA’BICAL, adj. [of πολυσυλλαβος, Gr.] pertaining to a poly­
syllable. See below.

POLYSYLLABICAL Echoes, are echoes which repeat many syllables or
words distinctly.

POLYSY’LLABLE [polysyllabe, Fr. polysyllabus, Lat. πολυσυλλαβη, Gr.
of many syllables] a word consisting of more than three syllables.

POLYSY’NDETON [πολυσυνδετον, Gr. that has many binders] a rheto­
rical figure consisting of abundance of conjunctions copulative; as, I
came, and saw, and overcame.

POLYTHE’ISM [polytheisme, Fr. of πολυς, and θεος, Gr. God] the
doctrine or belief of a plurality of gods. The first author of polytheism,
Orpheus, did assert one supreme God. Stillingfleet. See DITHEISM.

POLYTHE’IST [polythée, Fr. from πολυς, many, and θεος, Gr. God]
one that holds a plurality of gods. See First CAUSE, and PLURALITY
of Persons in God, compared.

POLY’TRICHON, or POLY’TRIX, Lat. [πολυτριχον, Gr. that has much
hair] the herb maiden-hair.

POLYTRO’PHIA, Lat. [πολυτροφια, of πολυς, much, and τροφη, Gr.
nourishment] much nourishment.


POM

POMA’DA, an exercise of vaulting the wooden horse, by laying one
hand over the pomel of the faddle.

PO’MACE [pomaceum, Lat.] the dross of cyder pressings.

POMA’CEOUS, adj. [pomum, Lat.] consisting of apples.

POMA’DE, or POMA’DO, subst. [pomatum, Lat. pommade, Fr. pomata,
pomado, It.] a fragrant unguent or ointment made with apples.

POMA’NDER [prob. q. d. pomma d'ambre, Fr. i. e. an amber apple] a
sweet ball, a perfumed ball or powder. Bacon.

POMA’TUM, Lat. a sweet ointment made of the apples called pome­
waters and hog's lard.

To POME, verb neut. [pommer, Fr.] to grow to a round head like an
apple.

POME-CI’TRON [of pomme, Fr. and citron] a citron-apple.

POMEGRA’NATE [ponum Granadense, or pomum granatum, i. e. the ker­







kernelled apple] 1. The tree. 2. The round fruit of the pomegranate
tree, full of kernels. In times past they died scarlet with the seed of a
pomegranate. Peacham.

POME’IS [with heralds] green roundles, the same that the French call
torteaux vert.

POME Paradise, the John apple.

POMERO’Y, or POMERO’YAL, subst. the name of one kind of apples.

POME-Water, the name of an apple.

POMI’FEROUS Plants or Herbs [pomifer, Lat.] are such as bear fruits,
round like an apple, or any large pulpy fruit, covered with a thick hard
rind or bark, by which they are distinguished from bacciferous, which
have only a thin skin over their fruit.

A Cross POMILLE’E, or A Cross POMETTE’E POMME [with heralds] is
a cross with round knobs on the ends, supposed to be derived from pom­
me, Fr. an apple.

PO’MMEL [of pomeau, Fr. pomo, It. and Sp. appel van l'swaerd, Du.] a
a round ball or knob on the top or head of a thing.

PO’MMEL, or PU’MMEL [in the manage] a piece of brass or other me­
tal, on the top and in the middle of the saddle-bow, particularly the pro­
tuberant part of the saddle before, to which the holsters, sterrup leathers,
&c. are fastened; also the hilt of a sword, the knob that balances the
blade of the sword.

To PO’MMEL, verb act. [this word seems to come from pommeler, Fr.
to variegate] to beat with the fist, to beat with any thing thick or bulky,
to beat black and blue, to bruise.

POMO’NA [among the Romans] a goddess worshipped as the patroness
of gardens and fruit.

POMP [pompe, Fr. pompa, It. Lat. and Sp.] 1. State, grandeur, splen­
dor, pride. 2. Pageantry, such as is used in public shews, a procession
of splendor and ostentation.

PO’MPETS [with printers] those ink-balls wherewith they black the
printing letters.

POMPHOLYGO’DES [πομφολνγωδης, Gr.] urine having many bubbles in
it. See POMPHOLYX.

PO’MPHOLYX [πομφολνξ, Gr. a bubble] a white, light, and very fria­
ble substance, found in crusts, adhering to the domes of the furnaces,
and to the covers of the large crucibles, in which brass is made, either
from a mixture of copper and lapis calaminaris, or of copper and
zink.

PO’MPION [pompon, Fr.] a pumkin, a sort of large fruit.

PO’MPINE [of pomum and pyrus, Lat.] a sort of pearmain. Ainsworth.

PO’MPOUS [pompeux, Fr. pomposo, It. and Sp. pomposus, Lat.] stately,
magnificent, splendid, grand.

PO’MPOUSLY. adv. [of pompous] magnificently, in a stately manner,
with splendor.

PO’MPOUSNESS [of pompous] stateliness, shewiness, magnificence, splen­
dor, ostentaciousness.

POMUM Adami [i. e. Adam's apple] the eminence which appears in
the upper part of the throat. Keill.

POMUM Amoris, or POMUM Aureum [with botanists] the herb called
apple of love.


PON

POND [pond, of pyndan, Sax. to shut in] a small pool or lake of
standing water, a bason, water not running.

To PO’NDER, verb act. [ponderar, Sp. of ponderare, It. pondero, Lat.
to weigh] to weigh in the mind, to consider, to attend.

To PONDER, verb neut. to think, to muse.

PO’NDERAL, adj. [of pondus, Lat. weight] pertaining to weight, esti­
mated by weight; contradistinguished from numeral. Arbuthnot.

PO’NDERABLE [of ponderabilis, Lat.] that may be weighed, that is
mensurable by scales. Brown.

PONDERA’TION [pondero, Lat.] the art of weighing. Arbuthnot.

PO’NDERER [of ponder] one who ponders.

PO’NDEROUS [ponderoso, It. ponderosus, of pondus, Lat. weight] 1.
Weighty, substantial, massy, heavy. 2. Important, momentous. 3.
Forcible, strongly impulsive.

PO’NDEROUSLY, adv. [of ponderous] with great weight.

PO’NDEROUSNESS, or PONDERO’SITY [from ponderous, and ponderositas
Lat.] heaviness, weight, gravity.

PO’NDWEED, subst. a plant. Ainsworth.

PO’NE [in law] a writ by which a cause depending in the county, or
other inferior court, is removed to the common pleas.

PONE per Vadium [in law] a writ injoining the sheriff to take surety
of one for his appearance at the day assigned.

PONE’NDIS in Assizes, a writ shewing what persons the sheriffs ought
to impannel upon assizes and juries, and what not.

PONE’NDUM in Ballium, Lat. a writ commanding a prisoner to be
bailed in cases bailable.

PONENDUM Sigillum, &c. a writ requiring justices to set their seals to
exceptions brought by defendants.

PO’NENT, adj. [ponente, It.] western, not eastern or levant. Milton.

PO’NIARD [poignard, Fr. pugio, Lat.] a little pointed dagger, having
sharp edges; a short stabbing weapon.

To PO’NIARD, verb act. [poignarder, Fr.] to stab with a poniard.

PONK, subst. a nocturnal spirit, a hag. Spenser.

PONS Cerebri, Lat. [with anatomists] a certain heap of innumerable
filaments proceeding from the more solid substance of the brain; whence
all the nerves take their rise.

PONS Varioli, Lat. [in anatomy] the upper part of a duct in the third
ventricle of the brain, situate in the cerebellum, and leading to the in­
fundibulum.

PONTA’CK [pontac, Fr.] a better growth of French claret, so named
from the estate where it grows.

PO’NTAGE [pontenage, Fr. from pontis, gen. of pons, Lat. a bridge]
bridge-toll; also a tax for repairing bridges. Ayliffe.

PO’NTIF [pontife, Fr. pontefice, It. of pontifex, Lat.] 1. A priest, an
high or chief priest. 2. The pope of Rome.

PO’NTIFEX, Lat. a pontiff or high priest among the Romans, who had
the oversight and direction of divine worship, as the offering sacrifices,
and other religious solemnities. As this office was a constant appendage
of the imperial character, the Roman emperors, when become Christian,
still retain'd it, till the reign of Gratian; who was the first emperor (ac­
cording to Sir Isaac Newton) that refused to accept that honour.

PONTI’FICAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [pontificale, It. of pontificalis, Lat.] 1.
Pertaining to an high priest. 2. Popish. The pontifical authority. Ba­
ker. 3. Splendid, magnificent. 4. [From pons, a bridge, and facio,
Lat. to make] bridge-building. This sense seems peculiar to Milton;
and perhaps was intended as an equivocal satire on poetry.

PONTI’FICAL, subst. [pontificale, Lat.] a book of the rites and ceremo­
nies, appertaining to pontiffs, bishops, popes, &c.

PONTIFICA’LIA, Lat. the robes and ornaments in which a bishop per­
forms divine service.

In PONTIFICA’LIBUS [vestimentis pontificalibus, Lat.] in the ornaments
of a chief priest, drest in his best apparel.

PONTI’FICALLY, adv. [of pontifical] in a pontifical habit or manner.

PONTI’FICATE [pontificat, Fr. pontificatus, Lat.] papacy, popedom.

PONTI’FICE [of pons, a bridge, and facio, Lat. to make] bridge­
work, edifice of a bridge. Milton.

PO’NTEFRACT, a borough-town of the west riding of Yorkshire, 169
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

PONTLE’VIS [in horsemanship] is a disorderly resisting action of a
horse in disobedience to his rider, in which he rears up several times
running, and rises up so upon his hind legs, that he is in danger of com­
ing over.

PONTO’NS, boats of tin, about 24 feet long and six broad, in the form
of a long square, borne on carriages, when an army marches. Each
boat has a ring at each end, and an anchor and cable, and also baulks
and chests. When they use them to pass a river, they are placed at an­
chor, a strong rope running thro' the rings, which is fastened on each
side the river, to a tree or stake: The baulks are laid cross the boats,
and the chests upon them joined close, with rails on both sides; which
makes a bridge in a very short time, for horse or artillery.

PO’NT-VOLANT, Fr. a flying-bridge; a bridge used in sieges, made of
two small bridges laid one over another, and so contrived by cords and
pullies, that the upper may be pushed forwards till it joins the place
where it is fixed.

PO’NY, a little Scotch horse.

POOL [pwl, Brit. pol and pul, Sax. poel, Du. puhl, L. Ger. pfuhl,
H. Ger.] a lake of standing water confined in a place.

POOL, a borough and sea-port town of Dorsetshsre, 110 miles from
London. It has its name from being surrounded, except on the north,
by Luxford lake. It sends two members to parliament.

POO’LER, or PO’LER [with tanners] an instrument to stir up the ow­
ser of bark and water in the pits.

POOP [poupe, Fr. puppa, It. popa, Sp. of puppis, Lat.] the stern or hind­
most part of a ship.

To POOP [poepen, Du.] to let a small fart.

POOR [pauvre, Fr. povero, It. pobre, Sp. and Port. of pauper, Lat.] 1.
Needy, indigent, not rich, oppressed with want. 2. Lean in flesh, star­
ved; as, a poor horse. 3. Mean, sorry, pitiful, paltry, contemptible.
4. Trifling, narrow, of little dignity, force or value. A poor plea. Ca­
lamy. 5. Unimportant. In my poor opinion. Swift. 6. Unhappy,
uneasy. 7. Mean, depressed low, dejected. His genius, which other­
wise was brave, was, in the presence of Octavianus, poor and cowardly.
Bacon. 8. [A word of tenderness] dear. Poor, little, pretty, flutt'ring
thing. Prior. 9. [A word of slight contempt] wretched. The poor
monk never saw many of the decrees. 10. Not good, not fit for any
purpose. I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking. Shake­
speare. 11. The poor collectively, those who are in the lowest rank of
community, those who cannot subsist but by the charity of others. 12.
Barren, dry; as, a poor soil. 13. Without spirit, flaccid.
There are none POOR, but those whom God hates.
This saying cannot be better illustrated than by another: The blessing
of the Lord maketh rich.

POO’RLY, adv. [of poor] 1. Without wealth. 2. Not prosperously.
It will prosper but poorly. Bacon. 3. Meanly, without spirit. From his
wars they poorly would retire. Dryden. 4. Without dignity. 5. Wretch­
edly.

POO’RJOHN, a sort of fish Ainsworth.

POO’RNESS [of poor] 1. Poverty, indigence, want. 2. Leanness in
flesh. 3. Meanness, lowness, want of dignity. Poorness and degene­
racy of spirit. Addison. 4. Barrenness, sterility. The poorness of the
herbs shews the poorness of the earth. Bacon.

POOR SPI’RITED, adj. [of poor and spirit] mean, cowardly. Poor­
spirited wretch! Denham.

POOR SPI’RITEDNESS [of poor-spirited] meanness, cowardice. That
meanness and poor-spiritedness that accompanies guilt. South.


POP

POP, subst. [poppysma, Lat.] a small smart quick sound, a sudden noise
or thing discharged out of a pop-gun. It is a word formed from the
sound.

To POP, verb act. 1. To put out or in suddenly, slily or unex­
pectedly. 2. To shift.

To POP, verb neut. [from the subst.] to go or fly out on a sudden with
a quick noise; also to go in or out, or appear on a sudden.

POPE [pope, Fr. papa, It. Sp. Port. and Lat. παππας, Gr. paus, Du.
paap, L. Ger. pabst, H. Ger. pâp, C. Brit.] the bishop of Rome, the
chief priest of the Roman catholics, whom they hold to be the successor
of St. Peter. I suspect the true etymology of the word is from that title
[PAPPA] which was given to the bishop of Alexandria, one of the chief
sees (if not the first) in the eastern church; and indeed it is too true, that
the bishops of these two churches often went hand in hand in corrupting
the faith once delivered to the saints. As to his extent of power, see BI­
SHOP, EXARCH, and DECRETALS, compared.

POPE, a small fish.

PO’PEDOM [of pope and dom] the dignity, office or jurisdiction of a
pope, papacy.

PO’PERY [of pope] the popish religion, the religion of the church of
Rome.

POPESEY’E, subst. [of pope and eye] the gland surrounded with fat in
the middle of the thigh.

PO’PGUN [of pop and gun] a gun with which children play, that only
makes a smart quick noise.

POPINJA’Y [popegor, Dan. pappagallo, It. papegay, Du. papagayo, Sp.
papagey, Ger.] 1. A parrot of a greenish colour, the great red and blue
parrot. There are of these greater, the middlemost called popinjays, and
the lesser called perroquets. Grew. 2. A wood-pecker. Peacham. 3.
A trifling fop.

PO’PISH, adj. [of pope] pertaining to the pope or popery, taught by
the pope, peculiar to popery.

PO’PISHLY, adv. [of popish] with tendency to popery, in a popish man­
ner.








PO’PLAR [peuplier, Fr. of populus, Lat.] a tree delighting to grow in
marshy ground.

PO’PLES, Lat. [with anatomists] the joint where the thigh is joined
to the tibia.

POPLI’CANI, those manichees in the west, who are called Paulicani in
the east.

POPLITE’A VENA [with anatomists] is the vein of the ham, which
sometimes reaches down the back of the leg, even to the heel.

POPLITÆ’US [with anatomists] a muscle of the leg arising with a
short strong tendon, from the internal head of the inferior appendix of
the os femoris, and descending obliquely over the juncture, becomes
fleshy, and extending itself, is so inserted into the superior part of the
tibia internally, immediately below its superior appendix, which assists
other muscles in bending the tibia.

POPLITI’C [of poplitis, gen. of poples, Lat. the ham] belonging to the
ham.

POPLI’TIC Muscle. See POPLITÆUS.

PO’PPY [popig, Sax. pavot, Fr. papaver, Lat.] a plant.

PO’PULACE [populace, Fr. popolo, It. populus, Lat.] the common or
meaner sort of people, the vulgar, the multitude.

PO’PULACY [of populace] the common people, the multitude.

PO’PULAR, adj. Sp. [populaire, Fr. popolare, It. of popularis, Lat.] 1.
Pertaining to, or in request among the populace, vulgar, plebeian. 2.
Suitable to the common people. Plain and popular instructions. Hooker.
3. Beloved by the people, pleasing to the people. 4. Studious of the
favour of the people. A popular man is, in truth, no better than a pro­
stitute to common fame. Dryden. 4. Prevailing or raging among the
populace.

POPULAR Diseases, such as run through the body of the people.

POPULAR Errors, such errors as people imbibe from one another, by
custom, education and tradition, without having examined the reason or
foundations of them.

POPULA’RIS Morbus, the popular disease, the same as epidemical.

POPULA’RITY [popularité, Fr. popularitas, Lat.] 1. Graciousness a­
mong the people, state of being favoured by the people. 2. Representa­
tion suited to the vulgar conception, what affects the vulgar.

PO’PULARLY, adv. [of popular] 1. In a popular manner, so as to
please the crowd. 2. According to vulgar conception.

To PO’PULATE, verb neut. [populatum, populus, Lat. people] to breed
people.

POPULA’TION, the state of a country with respect to numbers of peo­
ple. Bacon.

POPULE’UM, Lat. [in pharmacy] a cooling ointment, one of whose
ingredients is the buds of the black poplar tree.

POPULOFU’GIA, Lat. [i. e. the flight of the people] a certain festival
held in Rome. on account of the flying away of the Roman people in
the war between the Romans and Gauls.

POPULO’NIA, Lat. [among the Romans] a goddess, who, as they be­
lieved, secured their country from thunder, inundations, hail, insects, &c.

POPULO’SITY. See POPULOUSNESS.

PO’PULOUS [popoloso, It. and Sp. of populosus, Lat.] abounding in peo­
ple, numerously inhabited.

PO’PULOUSLY, adv. [of populous] with numbers of people.

PO’PULOUSNESS, or POPULO’SITY [from populous, or populositas, Lat.]
abundance of people, the state of being populous


POR

PO’RCELAIN, or PO’RCELANE [porcelaine, Fr. porcellana, It. Said to
be derived from pour cent années, because it was believed by Europeans,
that the materials of porcelain was matured under ground one hundred
years] 1. The chalky earth of which China-ware is made, which being
beaten and steeped in water, affords a kind of cream on the top, and a
grosser substance at the bottom, the former of which makes the finest
ware, and the latter coarser. 2. Vessels made of that earth, China,
China-ware, fine dishes of a middle nature between earth and glass, and
therefore semi-pellucid. 3. A little white sea-shell, found along with
the sponges, which passes as current money in several parts of Asia,
Africa, and America. 4. [Portulaca, Lat.] an herb. Ainsworth.

PORCH [porche, Fr. porticus, Lat.] 1. The entrance of an house,
church, &c. a roof supported by pillars before a door. 2. A portico,
a cover'd walk.

PO’RCUPINE [porcepit, Fr. porcospino, It. puercoespin, Sp. porco-espinke,
Port. porc espi or epic, Fr.] a sort of African hedge-hog, armed with
sharp darts and prickles resembling writing pens; being much larger and
longer than the bristles of European hedge-hogs.

Knights of the PORCUPINE, a French order whose device was Comi­
nus and eminus; but king Lewis XII. crowned the porcupine with ano
ther motto, Ultos avos Trojæ.

To PORE [perhaps of πορος, Gr. blind: πορος is the optic nerve, but
pore seems to come, by corruption, from the English word] to look close
to, to examine with great attention.

PORE [poro, It. porus, Lat. and pora, Sp.] passage of perspiration, cer­
tain holes in the body where the hair grows, and through which sweat
and humours evaporate.

PO’REBLIND, adj. [commonly spoken and written purblind] short­
fighted, near-sighted. Purblind men see best in the dimmer light. Bacon.

PORES [in physics] small interstices or void spaces between the parti­
cles of matter, that constitute every body, or between certain aggregates
or combinations of them.
Mr. Boyle, in his essay on the porosity of bodies, proves, that the most
solid bodies that are, have some kind of pores; and indeed if they had
not, all bodies would be alike specifically weighty.

PORI’ME, subst. [ποριμος, Gr. evident; in geometry] a theorem or
proposition so easy to be demonstrated, that it is almost self-evident.

PO’RINESS [of pory] fulness of pores.

PORI’SMA [ποριομα, of ποβισω, Gr. to find out, or rather to furnish
and supply] a general theorem or canon deduced from a local problem,
or a general theorem sound out or furnished by means of, and drawn from
another theorem already demonstrated.

PORI’STIC Method [ποριστιχος, of ποριζω, Gr. to find out; with mathe­
maticians] is that which determines when, by what means, and how
many different ways, a problem may be solved.

PORK [perc, Fr. porco, It. and Port. puerco, Sp. of porcus, Lat. a hog,
porc, C. Brit.] swines-flesh.

PORK-EATER [of pork and eater] one who feeds on pork. Shakespeare.

PO’RKER [of pork] a hog.

PO’RKET [porcellus, Lat.] a young hog.

PO’RKLING [of pork] a young pig.

PO’RLOCK, a market town of Devonshire, on the Severn sea, 164
miles from London.

POROCE’LE, Lat. [πωροχηλη, of πωρος, callus, and χηλη, Gr. a rup­
ture] a rupture proceeding from hard matter.

PORO’MPHALUS, Lat. [of πωρος, hard matter, and ομφαλος, Gr. the
navel] a brawny piece of flesh or stony substance bunching out at the
navel.

PORO’SIS [πωρωσις, Gr. callosity] the breeding of callous or hard mat­
ter; also the soldering or knitting together of broken bones.

PORO’SITY, or PO’ROUSNESS [from poreus and porositá, It. of porositas,
Lat.] the quality of having pores. Bacon.

PO’ROUS [poreux, Fr. poroso, It. of porosus, Lat.] full of pores, having
small passages.

PORPHY’RIANS [so called of Porphyry] a name given to the Arians
in the 4th century.

PORPHYROGENE’TES [of πορφυρα, purple, and γεννητος, Gr. born, i. e.
born in, or of the purple] a name given to the children of the eastern em­
perors.

PO’RPHYRE, or PO’RPHYRY [porphyre, Fr. porphyritis, Lat. of πορφυ­
ριτης, ποφυρα, Gr.] a kind of fine reddish marble, spotted with white.

P’ORPOIS, or PO’RPUS [porcus piscis, Lat. porc poisson, Fr. i. e. hog­
fish] a sea-hog.

PORRA’CEOUS, adj. [porraceus, of porrum, Lat. a leek; porrace, Fr.]
green like a leek, greenish.

PO’RRAGE, PO’RRIDGE, or PO’TTAGE [porrata, low Lat. of porrum,
Lat. porreau, Fr. a leek] food made by the decoction of flesh, or any
edible, in water; broth.

PORRAGE-POT, or PO’RRIDGE-POT [of porrage, or porridge, and pot]
the pot in which meat is boiled for a family.

PO’RRAGER, PO’RRENGER, or PO’RRINGER [of porrage or porridge] a
vessel in which broth is eaten.

PO’RRET, subst. [porrum, Lat.] a scallion.

PORRE’CTION, Lat. [porrectio, from porrico, Lat.] the act of stretching
forth.

PO’RRETANS, a religious sect, followers of Gilbert de la Porree, bi­
shop of Poictiers, who for admitting (as some say) a physical distinction
between God and his attributes, was condemned in the 12th century.

PORT, Fr. [portée, Fr. of porto, Lat. to carry] 1. Mien, gesture, air,
external appearance, manner. His stately port. Fairfax. 2. [Porto, It.
puerto, Sp. port, Su. of portus, Lat.] a harbour, a place or river
where a ship may ride safely. 3. [Porta, Lat. porte, Sax. porte, Fr.]
a gate. The Scots call one of the gates of Edingburgh the west-port.
4. The aperture in a ship, at which the gun is put out. Raleigh.

Free PORT, a port that is open and free for merchants of all nations to
load and unload their vessels, without paying any duties or customs.

PORT [with sailors] the larboard or left side of a ship.

The PORT, the court of the grand seignior at Constantinople.

PORT Hole [in a ship] a square hole through which the great guns are
thrust out.

PORT Men [in the town of Ipswich] twelve burgesses; also the in­
habitants of the Cinque-ports.

PORT Ropes [in a ship] those ropes which serve to hale up the ports
of the great guns.

PORT of the Voice [in music] the faculty and habitude of making the
shakes, passages, and diminutions, wherein the beauty of a song or piece
of music consists.

To PORT, verb act. [porto, Lat. porter, Fr.] to carry in form. Per­
haps only used as a participial adjective.

To PORT the Helm [a sea phrase] is to put the helm on the lar-board,
or left side of the ship.

PO’RTA, Lat. [in anatomy] the same as vena porta, a very conside­
rable vein, employed in bringing the blood from several parts, to the
liver, through the whole substance whereof it is disseminated.

PO’RTABLE [portabile, It. of portabilis, Lat.] 1. That may be borne
or carried along with one. 2. Manageable by the hand 3. Such as is
transported or carried from one place to another. 4. Sufferable, suppor­
table. How light and portable my pains seem now. Shakespeare.

PO’RTABLE Barometer, a barometer so contrived, that it may be car­
ried from place to place, without being put out of order.

PO’RTABLENESS [of portable] quality of being portable.

PO’RTAGE, Fr. [portaggio, It.] 1. Money paid for carriage of goods.
2. [From port] a port-hole.

PO’RTAIL [in architecture] the decoration of the face or front of a
church, called also frontispiece, as that of Westminster-Abbey; also the
principal gate of a palace, castle, pleasure-house, or the like.

PO’RTAL, subst. [portail, Fr. portella, Lat.] a gate, the arch under
which a door opens.

PO’RTANCE, subst. [porter, Fr.] air, mien, port.

PO’RTASS, or PO’RTESSE, subst. [sometimes called porticis, and by
Chaucer porthose] a breviary, a prayer-book. Camden.

A Cross PO’RTATE [with heralds] is a cross not erect, but lying a­
thwart the escutcheon in a bend, as if it were borne on a man's
shoulder.

PORT-CRAON, an instrument serving to inclose a pencil, and to serve
both as a handle to hold it, and a cover to make it portable.

PORT-CULLIS, or PO’RTCLUSE, subst. [portecoulisse, Fr. porta clausa,
Lat. q. d. a port close] a sort of machine like a harrow hung over the
gates of a city, to be let down to keep out an enemy.

To PORT-CU’LLIS, verb act. [from the subst.] to bar, to shut up.
Shakespeare.

PO’RTED, adj. See To PORT.

PORTEGU’E, a gold coin, in value 3 l. 12 s.

To PORTE’ND, verb act. [portendo, Lat.] to forbode, to foreshew, to
foretoken as omens.

PORTE’NSION [of portend] the act of foretokening. Brown.

PORTE’NT [portento, It. of portentum, Lat.] an omen or foreboding
of ill, prodigy, foretokening misery. My loss by dire portents the God
foretold. Dryden.

PORTE’NTUOUS [portentoso, It. of portentosus, Lat.] ominous, fore­
boding ill, prodigious monstruous. So many portentous animals. South.

PORTE’NTOUSNESS [of portentous] ominousness, foretokens of ill.

PO’RTER [portrator, Lat. porteur, Fr. portatore, It.] 1. One who carries
burthens for hire. By porter who can tell, whether I mean a man who
bears burthens, or a servant who waits at a gate? Watts. 2. [Portier,
Fr. of porta, Lat. a gate, portinajo, It. portero, Sp.] a door-keeper,
one that has the charge of the gate. 3. One who waits at the door to
receive messages. A fav'rite porter. Pope.








PORTER of the Parliament, an officer who attends at the door of that
house, and has many privileges.

PORTER [in courts of justice] an officer who carries a white wand be­
fore the justices in Eyre.

PO’RTERAGE, the hire of a porter, money paid for carriage.

PO’RTERESS, a female porter.

PORTE’SSE, subst. a breviary. See PORTASS.

PORT Fire [with ingineers] a sort of fire for discharging cannons.

PORT Glaive [of porter, to bear, and glaive, Fr. and Erse, a sword] a
sword-bearer.

PORT Grave, PORT Greve, or PORT Reve [port-gerefsa, Sax. por­
ta, Lat. gate, and grave, Teut keeper] a keeper of a gate; obsolete;
also a title of the governor of some sea-port towns, and in antient times
of the chief magistrate of London.

PO’RTICO, It. [portique, Fr. of porticus, Lat.] a long place for walk­
ing, covered either with an arched roof, or an even floor supported by
pillars, for people to walk under shelter, a piazza.

PORTIFO’RIUM, the banner in cathedrals, antiently carried in the
front of a procession.

PO’RTIO Dura & Mollis [with anatomists] a partition of the 5th pair
of nerves of the brain, which is divided into two branches before its e­
gress out of the dura mater, of which the one is called portio dura, and
the other portio mollis.

PO’RTION, Fr. [perzione, It. porcion, Sp. of portio, Lat.] 1. A part in
general. 2. A lot, a share, or dividend of any thing. 3. Part of an
inheritance given to a child, a fortune. 4. A wife's dowry.

PORTION [in the cannon law] is that allowance or proportion, which
a vicar ordinarily has out of a rectory or impropriation, be it certain or
uncertain.

To PO’RTION, verb act. [of portion, Fr. of Lat.] 1. To divide into
portions, to parcel out. 2. To endow with a fortune.

PO’RTIONER [of portion] 1. One that divides. 2. An officer that dis­
tributes the tithes in a college, &c. 3. One who officiates in a parso­
nage in his turn.

PO’RTLINESS [of portly] stateliness in gesture, dignity of mien.

PO’RTLY, adj. [of port] bulky, swelling, majestical.

PO’RTMAN [of port and man] an inhabitant or burgess: e. g. the port­
men, or, inhabitants of the Cinque-ports. The twelve portmen, or bur­
gesses of Ipswich.

PORTMA’NTEAU, Fr. or PORTMA’NTLE, It. a chest or bag, a cloak­
bag to carry necessaries, as cloaths and linen, &c. for a journey.

PORTMA’NTEAU [in joinery] a piece of work fastened to a wall in a
wardrobe, armory, &c. proper for hanging cloaks.

PORTOI’SE [in sea language] a ship is said to ride a portoise, when she
rides with her yards struck down to the deck.

PO’RTRAIT [pourtrait, Fr. with painters] a picture of men and wo­
men (either heads or greater lengths) drawn from the life; the word is
used to distinguish face-painting from history-painting.

To PO’RTRAIT, verb act. [pourtraire, Fr.] to draw, to portray.

PORTRAI’TURE [pourtrait, portraiture, Fr.] a representation of a
person in picture, painted resemblance.

To PO’RTRAY, verb act. [pourtraire, Fr.] 1. To draw or paint to the
life, to set out in a lively manner, to describe by picture. 2. To adorn
with pictures.

PO’RTRESS [from porter; janitrix, Lat.] a female keeper of a gate.
The portress of hell-gate reply'd. Milton.

PO’RTSALE, a sale of fish presently after the coming into the haven;
also an outcry or public sale of any commodity.

PO’RTSMOUTH, a large borough and sea-port town of Hampshire, 73
miles from London, esteemed the key of England, and finely fortified.
It gives title of earl to the noble family of Wallop, and sends two mem­
bers to parliament.

PORTUO’SE, or PORTU’OUS, a breviary, a sort of mass-book. See
PORTASS.

PO’RUS Bilarus, Lat. [in anatomy] the bile-duct, or a duct which with
the cystic or choledic forms the common canal of the bile.

PO’RWIGLE, subst. a tadpole or young frog not yet fully shaped.
Brown.

PO’RY, adj. [poreux, Fr.] full of pores.


POS

PO’SAUME, a sackbut, a musical instrument, used as a bass to a
trumpet.

PO’SCA, a sort of small houshold wine, mixed with water in the
press.

To POSE, verb act. [prob. of poser, Fr. to put; Johnson says from
pose, an old word, signifying heaviness or stupefaction: gepose, Sax.
Skinner] 1. To puzzle, to put to a stand, or stop, to gravel. 2. To
appose, to interrogate.

POSE, subst. [gepose, Sax.] a rheum in the head.

POSE’ [in heraldry] signifies a lion, or any beast in a posture standing
still, having all its four feet on the ground.

PO’SER [of pose] 1. One that asketh questions to try capacities, an
examiner. 2. One that poses, a puzzler.

PO’SING, part. act. [of pose] puzzling, putting to a non-plus or stand.

PO’SITED [positus, Lat.] 1. Put, placed, laid, ranged. It has the
appearance of a participle preter, but it has no verb.

POSI’TION, Fr. [of positio, Lat.] 1. State of being placed, situation.
2. Principle laid down. 3. Advancement of any principle. A falla­
cious illation is to conclude from the position of the antecedent, unto the
position of the consequent, or the remotion of the consequent to the re­
motion of the antecedent. Brown. 4. [In grammar] the state of a
vowel placed before two consequents, as pómpous, or a double consonant,
as áxle.

POSITION, or Site, is an affection of place; this therefore is not place,
nor indeed hath it any quantity, as Sir Isaac Newton observes.

POSI’TION [in arithmetic] a rule in which any supposition or false
number is taken at pleasure to work the question by, instead of the
number sought. and so by the error or errors discovered, is found the
true number required.

Double POSITION [in arithmetic] is when two false positions are neces­
sary to be made, in order to solve the question propounded.

Single POSITION [in arithmetic] is when by one position means is found
to discover the true resolution of the question.

POSITION [with logicians] the ground-work or foundation upon which
an argument is raised.

POSI’TIONAL, adj. respecting position.

PO’SITIVE, adj. [positif, Fr. positivo, It. and Sp. of positivus, Lat.]
1. Capable of being affirmed, not negative; real, absolute. 2. Peremp­
tory, absolute, particular, direct; not implied. 3. Certain, assured,
dogmatical, ready to lay down notions with confidence, stubborn in
opinion. 4. Settled by arbitrary appointment. Although no laws but
positive be mutable, yet all are not mutable which be positive. Hooker.
5. Having the power to enact any law. To claim a positive voice, as
well as a negative. Swift.
Above all, that most important sense of the word [positive] in divinity,
should not be over-looked; viz. as it signifies an absolute quality essential
to the thing itself, and not a mere negation. Thus when the great Aëtius,
and after him Eunomius, distressed the consubstantialists with that title,
which all sides gave to the FIRST CAUSE and FATHER of the universe,
I mean, the title of UNBEGOTTEN [or self-existent.] They endeavoured
to parry off the thrust, by saying, “that this word [unbegotten] signifies
no more than a *I cannot at present recollect the place; but Âétius himself (as
cited by Epiphanius) seems to refer to it, in that reply of his,
“If the term unbegotten, a term which admits of no comparison,
does not express the HYPOSTASIS [or subsistance] of God; but is
of mere human conception; then is God much obliged [or be­
holden] to them who conceived it; as hereby they give him a
title of that PREHEMINENCE, which is not founded in his ES-
SENCE [or nature”] Epiphan. Ed. Basil. p. 403. mere negation”; not considering that unbegotten, im­
mortal, immense, immutable, and the like appellations of GOD, though
negative in form, are POSITIVE in sense, and express something essential
to him. See ESSENCE, EXISTENCE, NECESSARY Existence, and DIF­
FERENCE [with logicians] compared with what we have yet further
produced from antiquity, under the word GHOST, LATERAN Council;
and EXCLUSIVE, adj.

POSITIVE Degree [with grammarians] is the first degree of comparison;
as, good, bad, great, small, &c. which signifies the thing simply and
absolutely, so as not to compare it with others.

POSITIVE Divinity, is that which is agreeable to the positions and te­
nets of the ancient fathers of the church; or is that which consists in ar­
ticles of faith, as contained in the sacred scriptures, or explained by the
fathers and councils, clear of all disputes and controversies. Query,
where is THIS KIND of divinity to be found?

POSITIVE Quantities [with algebraists] are such as are of a real and
affirmative nature, having, or supposed to have the positive or affirmative
sign, being greater than nothing.

POSITIVE [in music] the little organ usually behind or at the foot of
the organist, played with the same wind and the same bellows, and con­
sisting of the same number of pipes with the large one.

PO’SITIVELY, adv. [of positive] 1. Absolutely, by way of direct po­
sition. 2. Not negatively. 3. Certainly, without doubt. 4. Peremp­
torily, in strong terms.

PO’SITIVENESS [of positive] 1. Actualness, not mere negation. 2.
Peremptoriness, dogmaticalness, pertinaciousness, or assurance in assert­
ing, denying, commanding, &c.

POSITI’VITY, subst. [of positive] peremptoriness, confidence. Cou­
rage and positivity are never more necessary than on such an occasion.
Watts.

PO’SITURE [positura, It. and Lat.] disposition, the manner in which
any thing is placed.

PO’SNET [bassinet, Fr. Skinner] a skillet or small boiling vessel, a small
bason or porringer.

PO’SSE, Lat. to be able or possible; as a thing is said to be in posse,
when it may possibly be.

POSSE, subst. Lat. an armed power; from posse comitatus, the power
of the shire. Locke.

POSSE Comitatus, Lat. i. e. the armed power of the county [in law]
signifies the aid and attendance of all knights, gentlemen, yeomen, la­
bourers, servants, apprentices, and others, above the age of fifteen years,
within the county; used where possession is kept upon a forceable entry,
or any force of rescue used contrary to the command of the king's writ,
or in opposition to justice. The posse comitatus, the power of the whole
county, is legally committed unto him. Bacon.

To POSSE’SS [posseder, Fr. possedere, It. posseer, Sp. possuir, Port. pos­
sessum, sup. of possideo, Lat.] 1. To have as an owner, to enjoy, or be
master of, to occupy actually. 2. To seize, to obtain. 3. To give
possession or command of any thing, to make master of. 4. To fill
with something fixed. To possess our minds with an habitual good in­
tention. Addison. 5. To have power over, as an unclean spirit. I
think that the man is possossed. Swift. 6. To affect by intestine
power.

POSSE’SSION Fr. [possessione, It. of possessio, Lat.] 1. The state of own­
ing, or having in one's own hands or power, the state of possessing, or
enjoyment of any thing, property. 2. The thing possessed.

POSSESSION, is also used for the title or prescription that gives a right
to hold any thing.

POSSESSION [in theology] the state of a person possessed by the
devil.

POSSESSION de Facto, Lat. [in law] is when there is an actual and ef­
fectual enjoyment of a thing.

POSSESSION de Jure, Lat. [in law] is the title a man has to enjoy a
thing, though it be sometimes usurped, and in the actual possession of
another.

Unity of POSSESSION [in civil law] the same as solidation; as if a lord
purchases a tenancy held of himself by herrriot service; the service be­
comes extinct by unity of possession; i. e. by the signiory and tenancy's
coming to the same hand.
POSSESSION is eleven points of the law.
The law supposes the person in possession to be the right owner, till the
contrary appears.

To POSSESSION, verb act. to invest with possessions or property. Ob­
solete.

POSSE’SSIONER [of possession] one that possesses, master, one that has
the power or property of any thing.

POSSE’SSIVE [possessive, Fr. possessivo, It. of possessivus, Lat.] pertaining
to possession, having possession.

POSSESSIVES [with grammarians] are such adjectives as signify the
possession or property of something.

POSSE’SSORY, adj. [possessoire, Fr.] having possession. Howel.

POSSE’SSOR, Lat. [possesseur, Fr.] owner, master, proprietor.

PO’SSET [posia, of potus, Lat. drink] milk turned or curdled with wine
or any other acid.








To PO’SSET, verb act. [from the subst.] to turn, to curdle, as milk
with acids. Obsolete.

POSSIBI’LITAS [in the Saxon laws] is taken for an act wilfully done;
and impossibilitas, for a thing done against one's will.

POSSIBI’LITY, or PO’SSIBLENESS [possibilité, Fr. possibilità, It. possi­
bilidàd. Sp. of possibilitas,, Lat.] the state of being possible, the power of
being in any manner.

POSSIBI’LITY [in our law] is defined to be a thing which may or may
not happen.

POSSIBI’LITY [in ethics] a non-repugnance to existing in a thing that
does not any way exist.

PO’SSIBLE [Fr. and Sp. possibile, It. of possibilis, Lat.] that may be done,
that may happen, not repugnant or contrary to the nature of things.

PO’SSIBLY, adv. [of possible] by any power really existing, perhaps,
without absurdity.

POST, Lat. after, later; it is often used as a præfix, or compounding
particle, before other words; as, a post-entry, postscript (i. e. written after)
a posthumous work (or work that is published after an author's death)

POST [poteau, Fr. poste, It. and Sp. postigo, Port. of postis, Lat. post,
Sax. post, Du. and L. G. pfoste, H. Ger.] a piece of timber set erect
in the ground. Post is equivocal, it is a piece of timber or a swift mes­
senger. Watts.

POST [poste, Fr. pista, It. poste, Sp.] 1. A carrier of letters by public
appointment, who goes and comes at stated times, a hasty messenger.
2. Quick course or manner of travelling. This is the sense in which
it is taken: but the expression seems elliptical. To ride post is to ride
as a post, or to ride in the manner of a post, courier en poste. 3. [poste,
Fr. from positus, Lat.] situation, seat. Which new post, when they had
once seized on, they would never quit. Burnet. 4. [In military affairs]
any spot of ground capable of lodging soldiers, or where they are sta­
tioned. 5. Place, employment, office. Every man has his post assigned.
L'Estrange.

POST of Honour [in an army] the advanced guard is a post of honour;
the right of two lines is a post of honour; and is always given to the el­
dest regiments; the left is the next post, and is given to the next eldest,
and so on; the centre of the lines is the least honourable, and is given to
the youngest regiments.

Advanced POST [in an army] is a spot of ground siezed by a party to
secure their front, and to cover the posts that are behind them.

To POST, or To ride POST, verb neut. [poster, Fr.] to travel with speed;
as, a post or letter carrier. I posted day and night. Shakespeare.

To POST, verb act. 1. To fix opprobriously on posts, to stick up or
affix a writing on a post. 2. [poster, Fr.] to place, to station, to fix.
And posts himself in a party. Locke. 3. [With merchants] to transfer
an account from one book to another, to register methodically. You
have not posted your books. Arbuthnot. 4. To delay. Obsolete.

PO’STAGE [of post] money paid for the carriage of letters by the pub­
lic post.

PO’ST BOY [of post and boy] courier, a boy that rides post.

To PO’STDATE a Writing, verb act. [of post, Lat. after, and date] is
to set an after or later date upon it.

POSTE’A [in common law] the record of proceedings by nisi prius, in
the court of common pleas after a verdict, so called because it begins
with postea die, &c.

PO’STER, subst. [of post] a courier, one that travels hastily. Shake­
speare.

POST Brachialia, Lat. [in anatomy] are four small bones which make
up the palm of the hand.

POST-DELUVIAN, adj. [of post and diluvium, Lat.] after the flood,
pertaining to the post-diluvians, or those persons who lived or succeeded
one another after Noah's flood. The post-diluvian state of this our
globe. Woodward.

POST-DILUVIAN, subst. [of post and diluvium, Lat.] one that lived
since the flood.

POST Disseisin, a writ which lies for him, who having recovered
lands or tenements upon default or reddition, is again disseised by the
former disseisor.

POST Existence, existence after this life; opposed to pre-existence. Ad­
dison.

POST-OFFICE, an office for conveyance of letters and packets to most
parts of England, also beyond the seas.

POSTE’RIOR, adj. Sp. [posterieur, Fr. posteriore, It. of posterior, Lat.]
that comes after, latter, following. The explanatory articles posterior to
the report. Addison. 2. Backward. And now had fame's posterior
trumpet blown. Pope.

POSTERIO’RITY [posteriorité, Fr.] 1. The state of being after; op­
posed to priority. There must be a posteriority in time Hale. 2. [In
law] as a man holding lands, &c. of two lords, is said to hold of his
latter by posteriority, and of the ancienter by priority.

POSTE’RIORNESS [of posterior] the state of being after or behind.

POSTE’RIORS, subst. without a singular [posteriora, Lat.] the hinder
parts. Swift.

POSTE’RITY [posterité, Fr. posterità, It. posteridàd, Sp. of posteritas,
Lat.] children, offspring, issue; those that shall be born in future time,
descendants. Opposed to ancestors.

PO’STERN adj. [posterne, Fr.] back; as a postern-gate,

POSTERN subst. [posterne, pôterne, Fr. posterne, Du. janna postica, Lat.]
1. A small gate, a little door. They issued into the base court through
a privy postern. Hayward. 2. [In fortification] a small door in the
flank of a bastion or other part of a garrison, to march in and out
unperceived by the enemy, either to relieve the works or to make
sallies.

PO’ST-HACKNEY [of post, and Hackney] hired posthorses. And teach
post-hacknies to leap hedges. Wotton.

PO’STHASTE [of post and haste] haste, like that of a courier, speed of
a post.

POST-HORSE [of post and horse] a horse stationed for the use of couriers.
His servents were getting fresh post-horses for him. Sidney.

POST-HORSE [of post and horse] post-office, house where letters are
taken and dispatched.

POSTHU’MOUS, adj. [posthume, Fr. postumo, It. and Sp. posthumus, of post,
after, humus, the ground, or humatio, Lat. an interment] done, had or
published after one's decease; as posthumous works. With regard to his
posthumous character. Addison. 2. Born after the decease of the father;
as, a posthumous child she bore.

PO’STICK, adj. [posticus, Lat.] backward. The postic and backward
position. Brown.

PO’STIL [postille, apostille, Fr. postilla, It. and Lat.] a short note upon,
or explication of a text, a gloss, a marginal note.

To PO’STIL, verb act. [from the subst.] to illustrate with marginal
notes. In some places postilled in the margin with the king's hand.
Bacon.

POSTI’LLA, Lat. a note or remark written in the margin of the bible;
or in any other book posterior to the text.

PO’STILLER [of postil] one who illustrates with marginal notes. Deli­
vered by postillers and commentators. Brown.

POSTI’LLION [postillon, Fr. postling, Sax.] 1. One who rides on one of
the foremost horses, and guides the first pair of a set of six horses in a
coach. 2. One who guides a post chaise.

PO’STIQUE [in architecture] an ornament of sculpture is said to be
postique, when it is added after the work is done.

POSTLI’MINOUS, adj. [postliminium, Lat.] done or contrived subse­
quently.

POSTLI’MINY [postliminium, Lat.] 1. The return of one thought to be
dead. 2. Restoration to one's house by a hole through the wall, and
not by going over the threshold, that being thought ominous. 3. A re­
storation from exile and captivity.

PO’ST-MASTER [of post and master] one who has charge of the public
conveyance of letters.

POST-MASTER General, he who presides over the posts or letter car­
riers.

PO’ST-MERIDIAN, adj. [postmeridianus, Lat.] done in the afternoon,
being in the afternoon. Inconvenience of postmeridian sleep. Bacon.

POSTNA’TI, Lat. such persons who were born in Scotland, after the
descent of that crown to king James I.

POSTNA’TUS, Lat. the second son, or one born afterwards.

PO’ST-OFFICE [of post and office] office where letters are delivered to
the post, a posthouse.

POSTRI’DUAN, adj. [postriduanus, Lat.] done the next day after.

To PO’STPONE, verb act. [posponer, Sp. of postpono, Lat. postposer, Fr.]
1. To put off, to delay. 2. To make less account of, to set in value be­
low something else. All the considerations should give way and be post­
poned to this. Locke.

PO’STCRIPT [poscrit, Fr. poscritto, It. of post, after, and scriptum, Lat.
written] something written at the bottom, after the end of a letter, the
paragraph added to the end of a letter. Without preface or postcript.
Addison.

POSTVE’NTIONAL, adj. [of post and adventus, Lat.] coming, or that is
come after.

POSTVENTIONAL Change of the Moon, is a change happening after some
great moveable feast.

POSTULA’TA, Lat. demands or requests; also the fundamental prin­
ciples in any art and science, which are taken for granted.

To PO’STULATE, verb act. [postulatum, sup. of postulo, Lat. to de­
mand, postuler, Fr.] to beg or assume without proof. From postulated
and precarious inferences. Brown.

POSTULATE, subst. [postulatum, Lat.] position supposed or assumed
without proof. Not from postulates and intreated maxims, but from un­
deniable principles. Brown.

POSTULA’TION, Fr. [postulatio, Lat.] 1. The act of supposing without
proof, gratuitous assumption. A second postulation to elicit my assent, is
the veracity of him that reports it. Hale. 2. A requiring or demanding.

POSTULA’TORY, adj. [of postulate] 1. Assuming without proof. As­
sumed without proof. The semblance is but postulatory. Brown.

POSTULA’TUM, subst. Lat. position assumed without proof. Ad­
dison.

PO’STURE, Fr. [of postura, It. and Sp. of positura, Lat.] 1. The po­
sition or gesture of the body, voluntary collocation of the parts of the
body with respect to each other. 2. Place, situation, the state of affairs.
According to the posture of our affairs in the last campaign. Addison.
3. State, disposition in general. I am at the same point and posture I
was. K. Charles.

POSTURE [in painting, sculpture, &c.] the situation of the figure
with regard to the eye, and of the several principal members thereof
in regard to one another, whereby the action of it is expressed.

To POSTURE, verb act. [from the subst.] to put in any particular
place or disposition. The gillfins are so postured as to move from back
to belly, and e contra. Grew.

POSTURE-MASTER [of posture and master] one who practises or teaches
artificial contortions of the body.

POSY, contracted or corrupted from poesy, which see [poesis, Lat.
ποησις, Gr.] a motto or inscription on a ring. To see a critic on the
posy of a ring. Addison. 2. A nosegay or bunch of flowers.


POT

POT, Fr. in all senses [potte, Islandic, potta, Su. pot, Du. O. and L.
Ger. of ποτηριον, Gr. or of potus, Lat.] 1. A vessel to drink out of, a
small cup. I'd have him poison'd with a pot of ale. Shakespeare. 2.
A vessel in which meat is boiled on the fire. Huge pots of boiling pulse.
Dryden. 3. Vessel to hold liquids. 4. To go to Pot; to be destroyed
or devoured; a low phrase. Now and then a farm went to pot. Ar­
buthnot.

To POT, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To preserve any thing seasoned
in pots. Potted fowl. Dryden. 2. to inclose in pots of earth. Bar­
reled or potted up with moist sand. Mortimer.

PO’TABLE, adj. Fr. [potabile, It. of potabilis, Lat.] drinkable, that
may be drank. Water fresh and potable. Bacon.

PO’TABLENESS [of potable] possibility of being drank, drinkable­
ness.

PO’TAGER, subst. [of pottage] a porringer. An Indian dish or potager,
made of the bark of a tree. Grew.

PO’TAGE [prob. of pot, potage, Fr. and Sp.] porridge, or broth, made
of the juice of meat, herbs, roots, &c.

PO’TANCE Cramponne [in heraldry] is a particular sort of cross. See
CRAMPONEE.

PO’TANCE, or POTENCE [with watch-makers] the strong stud of a
pocket watch, in which the lower pevet of the verge plays, and in the
middle of which the pevet of the crown-wheel runs.

POTA’RGO, subst. a West-Indian pickle. King.

PO’T-ASH [potasse, Fr.] Pot-ash in general is an impure fixed alcaline
salt, made by burning from vegetables. We have five kinds of this salt
now in use. 1. The German pot-ash, made from burnt wood, and com­







monly sold under the name of pearl ashes. 2. The Spanish, called ba­
rilia, made by burning a species of kali, a plant which the Spaniards
sow in the fields, as we do corn. 3. The home-made pot-ash, made
from fern and other useless plants, collected in large quantities and burnt.
4. The Swedish, and 5. The Russian kinds, with a volatile matter com­
bined with them: but the Russian is stronger than the Swedish, which is
made of decayed wood only. Pot-ash is of great use to the manufac­
turers of soap and glass, to bleachers and to dyers: it is also an ingre­
dient in some medicinal compositions.

POTA’TION [potatio, Lat.] drinking-bout, draught. Potations pottle
deep. Shakespeare.

POTA’TOES, plural of potato. [I suppose, says Johnson, an American
word, potatas, Sp. of battantae, Amer. pyttatws, C. Br.] an edible root
first brought from America.

PO’T-BELLIED, adj. [of pot and belly] having a swoln paunch.

PO’T-BELLY, subst. [of pot and belly] a swelling paunch.

To POTCH, verb act. [pocher, Fr.] 1. To thrust out the eyes as with the
thumb. Shakespeare. 2. [Pocher, Fr.] to poach, to boil slightly. Pa­
nadoes or a potched egg. Wiseman.

PO’T-COMPANION, subst. a fellow drinker, a good fellow at carou­
sals.

PO’TENCE, or PO’TENCY [potentia, Lat.] 1. Power, influence. 2. Ef­
ficacy, strength.

PO’TENT, adj. [potente, It. potens, Lat.] 1. Mighty, powerful, forcible,
efficacious. Obedience upon such potent grounds. South. 2. Having
great authority or dominion; as potent monarchs.

Cross POTENT [in heraldry] is of the form represented in Plate XII.
Fig. 3.

PO’TENTATE [potentat, Fr. potentato, It. of potens, Lat.] a sovereign,
a monarch, a prince, or one who has great power and authority.

POTE’NTIA, Lat. power, or that whereby a thing is capable of acting
or being acted on.

To exist in POTENTIA [with schoolmen] denotes that existence which
a thing has in a cause capable of producing it; but which has not actu­
ally produced it. This distinction between real and potential existence was
somewhat older than the schoolmen; if we may credit that account of the
Nicene council, which Theodorit gives us from Eusebeus: for speaking of
the anathema there past upon those who assumed, “the Son was not be­
fore he was begotten,” he says, the emperor himself assigned this [very
wise] reason for condemning them, “because before he was ACTUALLY
begotten, he POTENTIALLY existed (after an unbegotten way) in the
Father.” Theod. Hist. Ed. R. Steph. p. 288. See NICENE Council.

POTE’NTIAL, adj. [potentiel, Fr. potenziale, It. potenciàl, Sp. of poten­
tialis, Lat.] 1. Having a power or possibility of acting or being, existing
in possibility, not in act. This potential and imaginary materia prima can­
not exist without form. Raleigh. 2. Having the effect without the ex­
ternal actual property. Ice doth not only submit unto actual heat, but
endureth not the potential calidity of many waters. Brown. 3. Effica­
cious, powerful.

POTENTIAL Cautery [in surgery] a caustic made of lime-stones and
other ingredients.

POTENTIAL Coldness [in physics] a relative term by which we mean,
that such a thing is not actually cold to the touch; but in its effects and
operations if taken inwardly: and in this sense a plant or drug is said to be
cold in the second or third degree.

POTENTIAL Mood [in grammar] a mood denoting the possibility of
doing any action, having the signs may, can, might, &c. in English.

POTENTIA’LITY, or POTE’NTIALNESS [of potential] possibility of act­
ing or being, not actuality. Bentley.

POTE’NTIALLY, adv. [of potent] 1. In power or possibility, not in
act or positively. Bentley. 2. In efficacy, not in actuality.

PO’TENTLY, adv. [of potent] powerfully, forcibly. Cold worketh
most potently upon heat precedent. Bacon.

PO’TENTNESS [from potent] mightiness, powerfulness.

PO’T-GUN, by mistake or corruption used for pop-gun, a gun which
makes a small quick and smart noise. See POP-GUN.

PO’T-HANGER, subst. [of pot and hanger] hooks or branches on which
the pot is hung by the ears over the fire.

PO’THECARY [contracted by pronunciation and poetical convenience
from apothecary; from apotheca, Lat.] one who compounds and sells phy­
sic. Pope. See APOTHECARY.

PO’THER, subst. [this word is of double orthography and uncertain
etymology: It is sometimes written podder, sometimes pudder, and is
derived by Junius from foudre, Fr. thunder; by Skinner from peuderen
pederen, Du. to shake or dig: and more probably by a second thought,
from poudre, Fr. dust] 1. A bustle, stir, tumult, flutter. 2. Suffocating
cloud, dust raised.

To POTHER, verb act. to make a blustering ineffectual effort.

PO’T-HERB [of pot and herb] 1. An herb fit for the pot. 2. Any
thing that provokes to drink a pot. Sir Tristram telling us that tobacco
was a pot-herb, bid the drawer bring in t'other pint. Tatler.

PO’THOOK [of pot and hook] 1. Hooks to fasten pots or kettles with.
2. Ill formed or scrawling letters or characters.

PO’TION, Fr. [of potio, Lat.] a draught; commonly a physical draught.
Wotton.

PO’TSHERD [of pot and sceard, Sax. of pot and shard, from schaerde.
Properly potshard] a piece of a broken earthen vessel, a fragment of a
broken pot.

POTVA’LIANT, adj. [of pot and valiant] filled with courage by
strong drink.

PO’TLID [of pot and lid] the cover of a pot.

PO’TTAGE [potage, Fr. and Sp.] broth of meat, herbs, &c. any thing
boiled for food.

PO’TTER [potier, Fr.] a maker or seller of earthen vessels.

To PO’TTER, to stir or disorder any thing; in allusion to the potter
using his clay.

PO’TTERN ORE, subst. an ore which, for its aptness to vitrify and serve
the potters to glaze their earthen vessels, the miners call pottern ore.
Boyle.

PO’TTERY [of potter] the art of making earthen pots.

PO’TTING, subst. [of pot] drinking. In England, where they are
most potent in potting. Shakespeare.

PO’TTLE [of pot] an English measure of liquids containing two
quarts or four pints.

PO’TULENT, adj. [potulentus, Lat.] pretty much in drink; also fit to
drink.


POU

POUCH [pouche, Fr. pocca, Sax.] 1. A purse, a small bag, a pocket.
2. Applied ludicrously to a big belly or paunch.

To POUCH, verb act. 1. To pocket. 2. To swallow. Derham. 3.
To pout, to hang down the lip. Ainsworth.

POU’CHMOUTHED, adj. [of pouch and mouthed] blubber-lipped. Ains­
worth.

PO’VERTY [paupertas, Lat. pauvreté, Fr. povertà, It. pobrèza, Sp. and
Port.] 1. Poor state and condition, indigence, want of riches. 2.
Meanness, defect. There is in all excellencies in compositions a kind of
poverty. Bacon.

PO’VERTY, a goddess adored by the Pagans, but more out of
fear than love; they believe her to be the mother of industry and good
arts.
POVERFY is the mother of health.
That is, when she is attended with her proper companion, tempe­
rance.

POU’LAIN [in surgery] a bubo.

POULDA’VIS, subst. a fort of sailcloth. Ainsworth.

POULT, subst. [poulet, Fr.] a young fowl. Turkey poults fresh
from the egg. King.

POU’LTERER [from poult; poulalier, Fr.] a seller of fowls ready for
the cook.

POU’LTICE, or POU’LTIS [pulte, of puls, pultis, Lat. pulse] a cata­
plasm, a medicine to be laid on swellings, &c.

To POU’LTICE, verb act. [from the subst.] to apply a poultice or ca­
taplasm.

POU’LTIVE, subst. [a word used by Temple] a poultice. Poultives
allayed pains. Temple.

POU’LTRY [of poulet, Fr. pullities, Lat.] tame fowls.

POUNCE [pouzone, It. Skinner] 1. The claw or talon of a bird of prey.
It was a mean prey for a bird of his pounces. Atterbury. 2. A sort of
powder made of gum sandarach, so called because it is thrown upon pa­
per through a perforated box, and being rubbed thereon, makes it bear ink
the better. 3. [From the sound] a loud noise; as the pounce of a gun.

To POUNCE, verb act. [pougonare, It.] 1. To pierce, to perforate.
Barbarous people that go naked, do not only paint, but pounce and raise
their skin. Bacon. 2. To pour or sprinkle through small holes. Incor­
porating copple dust by pouncing into the quicksilver. Bacon. 3. To
sieze with the pounces or talons.

POU’NCED, adj. [of pounce; prob. of punctatus, Lat. pointed] having
talons or claws; as, a strong pounced eagle, &c. Thomson.

POU’NCES, plur. of pounce [with falconers] the talons or claws of a
bird of prey. See POUNCE.

POU’NCE-BOX [of pounce and box] a small box perforated, in which
is kept pounce or perfume.

POUND [pyndan, Sax. to inclose, or pandt, Du. and L. Ger. pfandt,
H. Ger. a pledge or pawn; whence pandten and pfanden, to pawn, and
anspfande, to distrain or take in execution] an inclosure for strayed
beasts, especially where cattle distrained for a trespass are detained till
they are redeemed; a pinfold.

POUND Averdupoiz [pond or pund, Sax. pondt, Du. and O. and L.
Ger. pfund, H. Ger.] the weight of 16 ounces.

POUND Troy, contains 12 ounces.

POUND Sterling, is 20 shillings; a pound Scotch is is 20 pence, a
pound Irish is 15 shillings.

Close POUND, such an one as the owner cannot come to for the same
purposes, as some close, house, sortress, &c.

Overt or open POUND, is one built upon the lord's waste, and thence
called the lord's pound; also backsides, court-yards, pasture-grounds,
&c. such as the owner of the cattle impounded may come to and give
them meat, without offence of their being there, or his coming thither.

To POUND, verb act. [ponian, punian, Sax. Whence in many places
they use the word pun] 1. To beat in a mortar, to grind with a pestle.
2. [Pyndan, Sax.] to shut up in a pound.

POU’NDAGE [of pound] 1. A fee paid to the pounder of cattle. 2. A
duty of 1 s. in the pound or 20 s. value of merchandize, rated by the
weight of the commodity imported or exported, paid to the king. 3.
[of Pund, Sax.] the rate allowed for the collecting, &c. of money, so
much per pound; a sum paid by the trader to the servant that pays the
money, or to the person who procures him customers.

POU’NDER [of pound] 1. A great gun denominated according to the
weight of the ball it carries, as a 6, 12, or 24 pounder; or, in ludicrous
language, a man with ten pounds a year: In like manner a note or bill
is called a twenty-pounder or ten-pounder, from the sum it bears. 2.
The name of a heavy large pear. 3. A pestle. Ainsworth.

POU’PETON [in cookery] a mess made of pigeons, quails, bacon, &c.
dressed in a stew pan, with a ragoo in the middle, and a godivoe (a pe­
culiar farce of stuffed meat) on the top, the whole dressed between two
fires.

POUPIE’TS [in cookery] a mess or dish of victuals made of veal steaks,
slices of bacon, &c. and a good farce rolled up and roasted, being wrapt
up in a paper.

POUR faire Proclamee, &c. a writ commanding the mayor, sheriff, &c.
to proclaim that none cast filth into ditches, or other places near adjoin­
ing.

To POUR, verb act. [incertain etymology; supposed to be derived from
the Welch bwrw] 1. To empty any liquid out of one vessel into ano­
ther, &c. to let it into some place or receptacle. 2. To send forth, to let
out, to send in a continued course.

To POUR, verb neut. 1. To flow, to stream. 2. To rush tumul­
tuously. Youth and white age tumultuous pour along. Pope.

POURCOU’NTREL, a fish that has a great many feet, and changes it co­
cour like the place where it is; the same as polypus.

POU’RER [of pour] one that pours.

POURFI’L [profil, Fr. profilo, It.] side-ways, as a face drawn in pour­
fil, i. e. side-ways.

POU’RLIEU [purlieu, Fr.] used by Milton for purlieu; which see.

POUR-Party [a law term] as to make pour-party, is to sever and
divide those lands of partners, which before partition they held jointly
and pro indiviso.

POUR-Seisir, &c. is a writ whereby the king seizes upon land, which
the wife of his tenant deceased had for her dowry.

POURPRE’STURE, Fr. [in law] is when a man occupies unjustly any
thing that belongs to the king; also an encroachment on the king's high­
way, grounds, rivers, &c.








POU’RSUIVANT, a king's messenger, attending upon him in his wars,
or at the council table, exchequer, &c. to be sent upon any occasion
or message.

POURSUIVANT at Arms, a king's messenger that is sent or employed
in martial causes.

POU’RSUIVANTS at Arms [in ancient times] were gentlemen who at­
tended the heralds in order to their promotion to that office, to which
they could not rise before seven years attendance, and officiating for them
in preparing and assigning tournaments, &c.

POURVE’YANCE, the providing corn, fuel, victuals, and other neces­
saries for the king's house.

POURVE’YOR, an officer who provides necessaries for the king's hous­
hold, &c.

POUT, subst. 1. A kind of fish: a cod-fish. 2. A sort of bird. Ca­
rew.

To POUT, verb neut. [bouter, Fr.] 1. To look sullen by thrusting out
the lips. 2. To gape, to hang prominent. With a human head, hooked
nose and pouting lips. Dryden.

POU’ZZOL, a reddish earth used in Italy for sand.


POW

PO’WDER [poudre, Fr.] 1. Dust, any thing beaten or ground very
small. 2. Gunpowder. Before the invention of powder. Addison, 3.
Sweet dust for the hair. To save the powder from too rude a gale.
Pope.

To POWDER, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To reduce to dust, to
pound small. 2. [Poudrer, Fr.] to sprinkle as with dust. Powder thy
radiant hair. Dryden. 3. To salt gently, to sprinkle with salt. Powder­
ing of meat. Bacon.

To POWDER, verb neut. to come tumultuously and violently. L'E­
strange.

Gun POWDER Treason Day, a festival observed annually on the 5th of
November for the deliverance of K. James I, and the lords and com­
mons in parliament assembled, from being being blown up with gun­
powder, and the people from a barbarous intended massacre.

Jesuits POWDER, the quinquina, or Jesuits bark.

PO’WDERBOX [of powder and box] a box in which powder for the
hair is kept.

POWDER Chests [on ship board] wooden triangular chests, filled with
gun-powder, pebble-stones, or the like, set on fire when a ship is
boarded by an enemy, which soon makes all clear before them.

PO’WDER-HORN [of powder and horn] a horn case in which gun­
powder is kept.

PO’WDER-MILL [of powder and mill] the mill in which the ingre­
dients for gunpowder are ground and mingled.

PO’WDERING-TUB [of poudrer, Fr. and prob. of tobbe, Du.] 1. A
tub for salting meat. 2. The place in which an infected lecher is phy­
sick'd to preserve him before putrefaction.

PO’WDERINGS [in architecture] devices used for the fillings up of any
void space in carved work; also in escutcheons, writings, &c. as to be
powder'd with ermins.

PO’WDER-ROOM [in a ship] a place in the hold where the powder is
stowed.

PO’WER [pouvoir, Fr. potere, It. poder, Sp. and Port. potestas, of pos­
sum, Lat.] 1. Ability, force, reach. That which perfecteth his work is
power. Hooker. 2. Authority, dominion, influence. Power is no bles­
sing in itself. Swift. 3. Influence, prevalence upon. This man had
power with him, to draw him forth to his death. Bacon. 4. Strength,
motive, force. Observing in ourselves, that we can at pleasure move se­
veral parts of our bodies, which were at rest; the effects also that natu­
ral bodies are able to produce in one another, occurring every moment
to our senses, we both these ways get the idea of power. Locke. 5. The
moving force of an engine. Understanding the true difference betwixt
the weight and the power. Wilkins. 6. Animal strength, natural strength.
Of strong health and powers. Bacon. 7. Faculty of the mind. Reason­
ing powers. Atterbury. 8. Government, right of governing. 9. A so­
vereign prince, a potentate. To consider with what heats these two
powers have contested their title. Addison. 10. One invested with domi­
nion. 11. Divinity. Merciful powers! Shakespeare. 12. Host, army,
military force. Issued forth with all his power, and gave him battle.
Knolles. 13. A large quantity, a great number; in low language. As
a power of good or fine things.

PO’WERABLE, adj. [of power] capable of performing any thing. You
may see how powerable time is in altering tongues. Camden.

PO’WERFUL, adj. [of power and full] 1. Potent, invested with autho­
rity. 2. Forcible, mighty. Powerful opposition. Ayliffe. 3. Effica­
cious.

PO’WERFULLY, adv. [of powerful] potently, mightily, forcibly, effi­
caciously.

PO’WERFULNESS [of powerful] power, efficacy, mightiness. The
powerfulness of the christian religion. Hakewell.

PO’WERLESS [of power and less] without power, weak, impotent.

PO’WERS in [algebra] are numbers arising from the squaring or multi­
plication of any number or quantity by itself, and that number by the
root or number again, and this third product by the root again, and so
on ad infinitum, as 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, &c. where 2 is
called the root or first power, 4 the square or second power, 8 the cube
or third power, 16 the biquadrate, or fourth power, &c. and these
powers in letters or species are expressed by repeating the root as often
as the index of the power expresses; thus a is the root, or first power,
a a the square or second power, a a a the cube, a a a a the biquadrate,
&c. and to avoid the tediousness of repeating the root, they are often
put down thus, a1, a2, a3, &c.

POWERS [in arithmetic] the produce of a number multiplied into it­
self, as 9 is the second power of 3, 27 the third power, 81 the fourth
power, and so on,

POWERS in fœdal Justice, a right which the lord has to reunite to his
fief, a dependant see held of him, when the vassal has alienated it,
upon reimbursing the money given for it, &c.

POWERS [in mechanics] the six simple machines, viz. lever, balance,
screw, axis in peritrochio, wedge, and pully.

POWERS [in pharmacy] the result of a combination and union of es­
sential oils with the spirit of a plant, in which all the principal virtues of
it are supposed to be contained.

POWERS [in theology] the 6th order in the hierarchy of angels, called
seraphim.

To POWT [prob. of bouder, Fr.] to put out the lips, and look sullen
or surly. See To POUT.

POWT, a fish, otherwise called a sea-lamprey. See POUT.

POX, subst. [properly pocks, which originally signified a small bag or
pustule, of the same original perhaps with powke or pouch, of poccas,
Sax. packen, Du. a disease] 1. Pustules, efflorescencies, exanthematous
eruptions, as the small-pox, &c. 2. The venereal disease, or French
pox. This is the sense when it has no epithet adjoined. A contagious
disease contracted by a poisonous humour usually in coition, and mani­
festing itself in ulcers and pains.

POY, subst. [appoyo, Sp. appuy, póids, Fr. with rope-dancers] a pole
wherewith they poise or stay themselves.

POY’NING's Law, an act of parliament made in Ireland, by king
Henry VII, whereby all the statutes of force in England, were made of
force in Ireland, which before that time were not.

To POZE, verb act. to puzzle. See To POSE and APPOSE.

PRA’CTIC, subst. the practical part of any art or science.

PRACTIC [of Scotland] the course of pleading the law, or the rules
of court in that kingdom.

PRA’CTICABLE, Sp. and Fr. [pratticabile, It. of practicus, Lat.] 1.
That may be practised, feasable. 2. Assailable, fit to be assailed.

PRA’CTICABLENESS [of practicable] possibility of being practised,
done, or effected.

PRA’CTICABLY, adv. [of practicable] in such a manner as may be
performed.

PRA’CTICAL, or PRA’CTIC, adj. [pratique, Fr. pratico, It. practicus,
Lat. πραχτιχος, Gr.] pertaining to practice, or action, not merely spe­
culative.

PRA’CTICALLY, adv. [of practical] 1. In relation to action, not theo­
retically. 2. By practice, in real fact. I honour her, having practically
found her among the better sort of trees. Howel.

PRA’CTICALNESS [of practical] practicableness, the quality of being
practical.

PRA’CTICE [pratique, Fr. pratica, It. and Sp. of practica, Lat. of
πραχτιχη, Gr,] 1. The habit of doing any thing. 2. Use, customary
use. 3. Dexterity acquired by habit. 4. Actual exercise, performance;
distinguished from theory. There are two functions of the soul, contem­
plation and practice. South. 5. Method or art of doing any thing. 6.
Medical treatment of diseases. 7. Exercise of any profession; as the
practice of a physician, surgeon, lawyer. 8. [Præt, Sax. is cunning,
sliness: and thence prat, in Douglass, is a trick or fraud. Latter times
forgetting the original of words, applied to practice the sense of prat.
Johnson] wicked stratagem, bad device; a sense now obsolete.

PRACTICE [in arithmetic] a method for the more speedy and easy
resolving questions pertaining to the golden rule, or rule of three.

PRACTICE [in law] the way or method of a court of judicature of
proceeding in law suits.

To PRA’CTISE, verb act. [πραχτιχος, Gr. pratiquer, Fr. praticare,
praticàr, Sp. of practico, Lat.] 1. To put in practice, to do habitually,
2. To do, not merely to profess, to exercise a profession; as to practise
law or physic. 3. To use in order to habit and dexterity.

To PRACTISE, verb neut. 1. To have a habit of acting in any man­
ner formed. 2. To transact, to negotiate secretly. I've practis'd with
him. Addison. 3. To practise on or upon, to try artifices, to endeavour
to bring over, to win or draw into one's hands. 4. To use bad arts or
stratagems, to tamper with, to corrupt or bribe. 5. To use medical
methods. 6. To exercise any profession.

PRA’CTISANT [of practise] an agent. Her entered Pucelle and her
practisants. Shakespeare.

PRA’CTISER [of practise] 1. One that practises any thing, one that
does any thing habitually. 2. One who prescribes medical treatment.

PRACTI’TIONER [pratician, Fr.] 1. One who practises, or is engaged
in the actual exercise of any art. 2. One who uses any sly or dange­
rous arts. There is some papistical practitioners among you. Whitgifte.
3. One who does any thing habitually. He must be first an exercised
thorough-paced practitioner of these vices himself. South.


PRÆ

PRÆA’DAMITES [of præ, Lat. before, and Adam] those inhabitants
of the earth, which some people have fancied to have lived before
Adam.

PRÆADAMI’TICAL, adj. [of præadimites] relating to the opinions of
the præadamites.

PRÆA’MBLE [in a law sense] the beginning of an act of parliament,
which shews the intent of the makers of the act, and the mischiefs or
inconveniences they would remedy or prevent thereby. See PREAMBLE.

PRÆA’MBULATORY, adj. [of præ and ambulatum, sup. of ambulo, Lat.
to walk] pertaining to a preamble, fore-running. See PREAMBULARY.

PRÆCO’GNITA, Lat. things previously known, in order to the un­
derstanding of something else. Thus the structure of the human body
is one of the præcognita of physic.

PRÆCO’NOMY, or PRÆ’CONY [præconium, Lat.] a report, a com­
mendation.

PRÆCO’RDIA [in anatomy] the parts about the heart, the heart­
strings; also the bowels contained in the chest.

PRÆ’COX, Lat. [in botanic writers] early ripe, which flowers or bears
fruit early.

PRÆDI’CAMENT [with logicians] a certain class, or determinate series
or order, in which simple terms or words are ranged: of these there are
usually reckoned 10 heads, viz. substance, accident, quantity, quality,
action, passion, relation, the situation of bodies, as to place, their du­
ration, as to time, their site or position, and their habit or external ap­
pearance. See PREDI’CAMENT.

PRÆFICÆ, Lat. mourning women hired at funeral solemnities to praise
the dead; they made lamentations, beat their breasts, and put on mourn­
ful countenances, to excite others to mourn.

PRÆ’FINE [a law term] the fine which is paid upon suing out the
writ of covenant.

PRÆFOCA’TIO Uterina, Lat. [in physic] the suffocation of the
womb.

PRÆMUNI’RE. See PREMUNIRE.

PRÆNO’MEN [among the Romans] a proper name prefixed to the
general name of the family, as Caius, Marcus, &c.

PRÆPARA’NTIA, Lat. [in medicine] medicines which digest or
ripen.

PRÆPARANTIA Vasa [in anatomy] the spermatic veins and arteries,
which go to the testicles and epididymes. The antients gave them this
denomination, supposing their office be to prepare the seed; but modern
anatomists have discovered that they have no such use.

PRÆPO’SITUS Sacri Cubiculi, Lat. an officer among the Romans,







whose office was to attend the chamber of the emperor, and to take care
of his bed and apparel; and whereas, at the performance of any cere­
monies he marched next after the horse guurds; he seems to be the
same in dignity with our lord chamberlain. See CAPI-Aga.

PRÆPU’TIUM, Lat. [in anatomy] the fore-skin that covers the glans;
also the fore-part of the clitoris.

PRÆ’SEPE [in astronomy] three nebulous stars in the sign Cancer.

PRÆSE’PIA, Lat. [in anatomy] the holes in the jaws, in which the
teeth are set.

PRÆTE’XTA [among the Romans] a robe or long white vest, with
a purple border, worn by the magistrates, priests, and senators, upon
solemn days, and also by children. See PRETEXTA.

PRÆTEXTA’TA Comædia, a comedy or play, one where those who
had a right to wear the prætexta, as kings and magistrates, were repre­
sented on the stage; whereas common and mean persons who were in­
troduced in the play were called Togato.


PRA

PRAXÆ’ANS [so called of Praxias their leader] a sect who held that
there was no plurality of persons (or each possessed of his own distinct
essence) in the TRINITY; and that it was the FATHER himself who
suffered on the cross. See NOETIANS, PETRIPASSIANS, and PAULA­
NISTS; and under the last word, read, “Not a mere attribute or
power.

PRÆTO’RES Cereales [among the Romans] officers whose business it
was to see that the city was supplied with corn.

PRÆTORIA’NI, the pretorian guard. A body of 1000 men, who at­
tended on the emperor's person.

PRÆTO’RES Ærarii, Lat. [among the Romans] officers of the trea­
sury or exchequer. See PRETOR.

PRAGMA’TICAL, or PRAGMA’TIC, adj. [πραγματα, Gr. pragmatique
Fr.] meddling, impertinently busy, assuming business without leave or
invitation.

PRAGMATICAL [in philosophy] practical, machanical, problema­
tical.

PRAGMA’TICAL Sanction, an ordinance made by Charles VII. king
of France, Anno 1438, in an assembly of the Gallican church, con­
taining a regulation of the ecclesiastical discipline, in conformity to the
canons of the council of Basil.

PRAGMA’TICALLY, adv. [of pragmatical] impertinently, meddlingly.

PRAGMA’TICALNESS, or PRAGMA’TICNESS [of pragmatical or prag­
matic] a busy medling humour in other mens affairs, without right or
call.

PRAISE [priis, Du. and L. Ger. preise, H. Ger.] 1. Commendation,
renown, honour. 2. Act of ascribing glory to, laud, tribute of grati­
tude. To God glory and praise. Milton. 3. Ground or reason of
praise. And 'tis my praise to make thy praises last. Dryden.

To PRAISE, verb act. [priise, Dan. prysa, Su. prysen, Du. O. and L.
Ger. preisen, H. Ger.] 1. To give praise to, to glorify in worship.
Glorifying and praising God. St. Luke. 2. To commend, to applaud,
to celebrate. Dryden. 3. [Contracted for appraise] to value goods.

PRAI’SEFUL, adj. [of praise and full] laudable, commendable. Now
obsolete.

PRAI’SER [of praise] one who praises, a commender.

PRAI’SE-WORTHY, adj. [of praise and worthy; priis, Du. and pyrthic,
Sax.] deserving praise, commendable.

PRAME, a flat bottomed boat.

To PRANCE [prob. of pronken, Du. prangen, H. Ger. to shew osten­
tatiously] 1. To throw up the fore legs, as horses do when they caper, tread
loftily and wantonly; or as when they spring, bound in high mettle,
and carry themselves stately. 2. To ride gallantly and ostentatiously.
3. To move in a warlike or showy manner.

PRA’NCER [from prance] a prancing horse.

PRANK [prob. of pronck, Du. and L. Ger. ostentation] a shrewd or
unlucky trick, a frolic, a wicked act.

To PRANK, verb act. [pronken, Du. prangen, H. Ger. to shew osten­
tatiouvy] to decorate, to dress to ostentation. Obtruding false rules
prankt in reason's garb. Milton.

PRA’NKING up, part. act. [of prank] the act of setting off, decking,
trimming up, adorning.

PRA’SINA Bilis, Lat. [with physicians] a distemper in the gall.

To PRATE, verb neut. [praten, Du.] to talk over-much, idly, or
without weight, to prattle, to chatter.

PRATE, subst. [from the verb] slight talk, unmeaning tattle.

PRA’TER [of prate] an idle talker, a chatterer.

PRA’TINGLY, adv. [of prating] in a prating manner, with tittle
tattle.

PRA’TTIQUE, or PRA’CTIC, a communication of commerce, which
the master of a merchant-vessel obtains in the port it arrives in.

PRA’TTIQUE, Fr. [pratica, It.] a licence to traffic in the ports of
Italy, upon a bill of health, i. e. a certificate that the place from whence
he came is not annoyed with any infectious disease.

To PRA’TTLE, verb neut. [diminutive of praten, or from prate, with
the common augment tle] to talk lightly, to chatter, as children do,
to be trivially loquacious.

PRA’TTLE, subst. [from the verb] empty talk, trifling loquacity.

PRA’TTLER [of prattle] a chatterer, one who talks triflingly.

PRA’VITY [pravità, It. pravitas, Lat.] corruption of manners, bad­
ness, malignity,

PRAWN, a small crustaceous fish like a shrimp, but larger.

PRAXI’DICA, a heathen goddess, whose office was to assign men just
bounds and measures for their actions and discourses.

To PRAY, verb neut. [precor, Lat. prier, Fr. pregare, It. pregar, Port.]
1. To entreat, to beseech, to ask submissively. 2. To make petitions
to heaven. 3. I pray; that is, I pray you to tell me; is a slightly cere­
monious form of introducing a question. 4. Sometimes only pray, ellip­
tically. Pray then what wants he? — Fourscore thousand pounds.
Pope.

To PRAY, verb act. 1. To supplicate, to implore, to address with
submissive petitions. 2. To ask for as a supplicant. Pray a prohibition
before a sentence in the ecclesiastical court. Ayliffe. 3. To entreat in
ceremony or form.
He that would learn to PRAY, let him go to sea.
The danger a man is hourly exposed to on that element gives him fre­
quent occasion to seek the protection of the Almighty.

PRA’YER [priere, Fr.] 1. A petition, especially such as is put up to
God himself. 2. Entreaty, submissive importunity.

Common PRAYER, the public divine service, with the rites and cere­
monies of the church of England. See Apostolical CONSTITUTIONS and
LITURGY, compared with the χοιναι ενχαι [i. e. common prayers] in Jus­
tin Martyr's 2d. apology, Ed. Rob. Stephan. p. 161, 162. See also
DOXOLOGY and INTERPOLATION compared.

PRAY’ER-BOOK [of prayer and book] book of public or private devo­
tions.


PRE

PRE, an inseparable preposition [præ, Lat.] prefixed to many words,
and signifies before, to wit, priority of time or rank, e. g. to pre-engage,
to engage before hand, to prevent, premeditate, prediction, pre-eminence,
&c.

To PREACH, verb neut. [prædicare, It. and Lat. precher, Fr. predicàr,
Sp.] to deliver a sermon or public discourse upon sacred subjects, to insist
upon a doctrine or tenet. Prophets preach of thee at Jerusalem. Nehe­
miah.

To PREACH, verb act. 1. To proclaim or publish in religious ora­
tions. 2. To inculcate publickly, to teach with earnestness. There is
not any thing publickly notified, but we may properly say it is preached.
Hooker.

PREACH, subst. [from he verb; presche, Fr.] public discourse, a reli­
gious oration. Hooker.

PREA’CHER [from preach; precheur, Fr.] 1. One who preaches, one
who discourses publickly upon religious subjects. 2. One who inculcates
any thing with earnestness and vehemence. No preacher is listened to
but time. Swift.

PREA’CHMENT [of preach; preche, Fr.] a sermon; mentioned in con­
tempt; a discourse affectedly solemn. All this is but a preachment. L'E­
strange.

PRE-A’DAMITES. See PRÆADAMITES.

PREA’MBLE [preambule, Fr. preambolo, It. and Sp. of Lat.] pre­
amble, introduction, something previous. Preambles placed before cer­
tain readings. Hooker.

PREA’MBULARY, or PREA’MBULOUS, adj. [of preamble; [præambula­
rius, Lat.] foregoing. Obsolete. Brown.

PRE-APPREHE’NSION [of pre and apprehension] an opinion formed be­
fore examination.

PREASE, subst. press, crowd. Spenser. See PRESS.

PREA’SING, part. act. crowding. Spenser.

PRE’BEND, or PRE’BENDARY [prebende, Fr. prebenda, It. prebendy, Sp.
præbenda, L. Lat. præbendarius, Lat. of præbendo auxilium, &c. i. e.
from affording assistance or advice to the bishop or dean] 1. Sometimes, but
improperly, a person who has a prebend, i. e. an endowment in land,
or a sort of benefice or portion, that every canon or member of a colle­
giate church receives for his maintenance. Deans and canons or prebends
of cathedral churches in their first institution were of great use to be of
council with the bishop. Bacon. 2. That portion or stipend which a
prebendary receives out of the estate of a cathedral or collegiate church.
This is the proper sense of the word. His excellency gave the doctor
a prebend in St. Patrick's cathedral. Swift.

Preceptorial PREBEND, a prebend, the revenues whereof are appointed
for the maintenance of a preceptor or master, for the instruction of youth
gratis.

Golden PREBEND [of Hereford] one of the twenty-eight minor pre­
bendaries, who has the first canon's place that falls ex officio, so called
because he had the altarages, in respect of the gold commonly given
there.

Simple PREBENDS, are such as yield no more than the revenue.

PREBENDS with Dignity, are such as have jurisdiction joined with
them.

PRECA’RIOUS [precaire, Fr. precario, Sp. of precarius, Lat.] gotten by
favour, or held by courtesy, at the will and pleasure of another, uncer­
tain, only as depending on another, changeable or alienable at his plea­
sure.

PRECARIOUS [in civil law] granted to one upon entreaty, to use so
long as the party thinks fit.

PRECARIOUS [in commerce] is a kind of trade carried on between
two nation at war, by the intervention of a third, who is at peace with
them both.

PRECARIOUS [in jurisprudence] a fund or stock, whereof a person has
not the full propriety, whereof he cannot dispose absolutely, and which
is most of it borrowed.

PRECA’RIOUSLY, adv. [of precarious] uncertainly, through depen­
dance, at the pleasure of others.

PRECA’RIOUSNESS [of precarious] small assurance, dependance on
courtesy and humour of others.

PRECAU’TION, Fr. [from præcautus, Lat.] preservative caution, pre­
ventive measures, caution, warning, or heed, either given or used be­
fore hand.

To PRECAU’TION, verb act. [precautioner, Fr.] to forewarn.

PRE’CE Partium [in law] the continuance of a suit, by the consent of
both parties.

PRECEDA’NEOUS, adj. [this word is, I believe, mistaken by the au­
thor for præcidaneous, præcidaneus, Lat. cut or slain before: nor is it used
here in its proper sense. Johnson] previous, antecedent, going before.
Antecedent and precedaneous not only in order, but in time. Hale.

To PRECE’DE verb act. [preceder, Fr. and Sp. precedare, It. of præ­
cedo, Lat.] 1. To go before in order of time. 2. To go before accord­
ing to the adjustment of rank, to go first or before. 3. To excel, sur­
pass or go beyond.

PRECE’DENCE, or PRECE’DENCY [precedenza, It. predencia, Sp. from
præcedo, Lat.] 1. The art or state of going before, priority. 2. Some­
thing going before, something past. 3. Adjustment of place, rank,
place of honour which a person is intitled to in companies, in walking or
sitting, the foremost place in ceremony. Always give him the precedency.
Howel. 2. Superiority in general. Which of them has the precedency in
determining the will to the next action. Locke.

PRECE’DENT, adj. Fr. [precedente, It. of præcedens, Lat.] going before,
former.

PRE’CEDENT, subst. [the adjective has the accent on the 2d. syllable,
the substantive on the first] 1. Any thing that is a rule or example to future
times; any thing done before of the same kind. 2. [In law] an origi­
nal writing or deed to draw others by.

PRECEDENT Book, a book containing instructions, rules, examples or
authorities to follow in judgments and determinations in the courts of
justice.








PRE’CEDENTLY, adv. [of precedent, adj.] before hand.

PRE’CEDENTS, or draughts of deeds, conveyances, &c. for the use of
attornies, &c.

PRECE’NTOR [præcentor, Lat. præcenteur, Fr.] he that leads the choir,
he that begins the tune in a cathedral, a chanter.

PRE’CEPT [precato, It. preceto, Sp. precepte, Fr. of præceptum, Lat.] a
command, injunction, or rule authoritatively given, a direction.

PRECEPT [in law] a command in writing, sent out by a magistrate
for the bringing of a person or record before him; also a provoca­
tion or instigation whereby one man incites another to commit a fe­
lony.

PRECE’PTIAL, adj. [of precept] consisting of precepts. An obsolete
word.

PRECE’PTIVE, adj. [præceptivus, Lat.] pertaining to precepts, con­
taining or giving precepts. The preceptive part enjoins the most exact
virtue. Decay of Piety.

PRECE’PTOR [precepteur, Fr. precettore, It. of præceptor, Lat.] a teach­
er, a tutor.

PRECE’SSION [præcessio, Lat.] the act of advancing or going before.

PRECESSION of the Equinoxes [in astronomy] is the advancing or go­
ing forwards of the equinoctial points: for the equinoxes, by a very slow
and insensible motion, change their place, going backwards or west­
ward, contrary to the order of the signs.

PRECI’NCT [precinto, It. of præcinctus, Lat.] 1. Outward limit, boun­
dary. Precincts of Light. Milton. 2. A particular jurisdiction, within
which several parishes are comprehended. 3. A parcel of land encom­
passed with some river, hedge, &c.

PRECIO’SITY [pretiosus, Lat.] 1. Value, preciousness. 2. Any thing
of high price. Brown.

PRE’CIOUS [precieux, Fr. prezioso, It. precioso, Sp. and Port. of pretio­
sus, Lat.] 1. Of great worth or value, valuable. 2. Costly, of great
price; as, a precious stone. 3. Worthless; in contempt or irony. These
were precious Saints. Locke.

PRE’CIOUSLY, adv. [of preciors] 1. Valuably, to a great price. 2.
Contemptibly; in irony.

PRE’CIOUSNESS [of precious] valuableness, worth, price. Wilkins.

PRE’CIPE in Capite, Lat. a writ lying where the tenant, who holdeth
of the king in chief, is put out of his land.

PRE’CIPICE [precipice, Fr. precipizio, It. precipicio, Sp. præcipitium, of
præceps locus, Lat.] a steep place, a fall perpendicular without gradual de­
clivity.

PRECI’PITANCE, or PRECI’PITANCY [of precipitant] rash haste, head­
long hurry.

PRECI’PITANT, adj. [præcipitans, Lat.] 1. Falling or rushing head­
long. 2. Hasty, urged with violent haste. 3. Rashly hurried.

PRECI’PITANT [with chemists] is a term which they apply to any li­
quor, which being poured on a dissolution, separates what is there dis­
solved, and makes it precipitate.

PECI’PITANTNESS [of precipitant] rashness, hastiness, unadvisedness.

PRECI’PITANTLY, adv. [of precipitant] in headlong haste, in a tu­
multuous hurry.

To PRECI’PITATE [precipiter, Fr, precipitàr, Sp. of præcipitatum,
sup. of præcipito, Lat. to throw down headlong] 1. To throw or cast
down headlong. 2. To hasten unexpectedly. 3. To hurry blindly or
rashly, to hasten over much. 4. [With chemists] to separate a matter
which is dissolved so as to make it settle at the bottom, to throw down
to the bottom.

To PRECI’PITATE, verb neut. 1. To fall headlong. 2. To fall to
the bottom as a sediment. 3. To hasten without just preparation.

PRECI’PITATE, adj. [precipité, Fr. precipitoso, It. of præcipitatus, Lat.]
1. Rashly hasty, unadvised, headlong hasty. 2. Steeply falling. 3.
Hasty, violent.

PCECIPITATE, subst. [in chemistry] any substance which is gotten out
of the pores of a menstruum in which it was dissolved, and by some
means made to fall down to the bottom of the vessel; particularly a
corrosive medicine made by precipitating mercury.

Green PRECIPITATE, a mixture of the solution of mercury with spirit
of nitre.

Red PRECIPITATE, is mercury dissolved in spirit of nitre; and when
the moisture is evaporated, the fire is increased gradually till the matter
turns red.

Philosophical PRECIPITATE, is made with running mercury put into a
matrass, and set in a sand heat for 40 days, or till all the mercury is re­
duced to a red powder. This is called precipitate per se.

White PRECIPITATE, is mercury dissolved in aqua fortis, or spirit of
nitre, and preciptated to the bottom, and is of a white culour.

PRECI’PITATELY, adv. [of precipitate] 1. Headlong, steeply down.
2. Hastily, in blind fury.

PRECIPITA’TION, Fr. [precipitazione, It. precipitacion, Sp. of præcipi­
tatio, Lat.] 1. The act of throwing down headlong. 2. Violent motion
downward. 3. Rashness, tumultuous hurry, too great haste. 4. [In
chemistry] the falling or causing to descend the particles of any metalline
or mineral body, which are kept suspended in that menstruum which
dissolved it, by the pouring in of some alkalizate, &c. substance. Op­
posed to sublimation.

PRECI’PITOUS [præcipites, plur. of præceps, Lat.] 1. Headlong,
steep. 2. Rash, heady. 3. Over hasty,

PRE’CIPUT [in jurisprudence] an advantage pertaining to any one in
a thing that is to be divided; or a portion taken off or set by in his fa­
vour, before the division is made.

PRECI’SE [precis, Fr. preciso, It. and Sp. præcisus, Lat.] 1. Stiff, for­
mal, finical, affected, scrupulous, solemnly and superstitiously exact. 2.
Exact, particular, nice, strict, having determinate limitations.

PRECI’SELY, adv. [of precise] 1. Exactly, accurately, nicely, with
precise determination. 2. Stifly, formally, with troublesome ceremony,
too scrupulously.

PRECI’SENESS [of precise] stiffness, formalness, finicalness, exactness,
scrupulousness. Not to sever them with too much preciseness. Bacon.

PRECI’SIAN, subst. [præcisi, Lat.] 1. A person over scrupulous in points
of religion, one who is superstitiously rigorous. 2. One who limits or
restrains in general.

PRECI’SION, Fr. [a school term] exact limitation, the same as ab­
straction.

PRECI’SIVE, adj. [præcisus, Lat.] exactly limiting by cutting off all
that is not absolutely relative to the present purpose.

To PRECLU’DE, verb act. [præcludo, Lat.] to shut out or hinder by
some anticipation.

PRECO’CIOUS, adj. [præcocis, gen. of præcox, Lat. precose, Fr.] ripe
before the time. Many precocious trees, and such as have their spring in
the winter, may be found. Brown.

PRECO’SITY [of precocious] ripeness before the time. Howel.

To PRECO’GITATE, verb act. [præcogitatum, sup. of præcogito, from
præ, before, and cogito, Lat. to think] to consider, or scheme before­
hand.

PRECOGNI’TION [præcognitio, from præ, before, and cognitio, Lat.
knowledge] foreknowledge, previous knowledge or examination.

PRECONCEI’T, subst. [of præ, Lat. before, and conceit] an opinion an­
tecedently formed or conceived. Hooker.

To PRECONCEI’VE [of præ and conceive, of concipio, Lat.] to take up
an opinion or conception before hand, to imagine beforehand. Fond­
ness of preconceived opinions. Glanville.

PRECONCE’PTION, subst. [of præ, and conception] opinion previously
formed. Hakewell.

PRECONISA’TION [in the consistory at Rome] a declaration or propo­
sition made by the cardinal patron of a person nominated by some prince
to a prelateship.

To PRECONI’SE, verb neut. [præconizo, Lat. preconiser, Fr.] to make
a report in the pope's consistory, that the party presented to a benefice is
qualified for the same.

To PRECONSI’GN, verb act. [of præ and consign] to make over before­
hand.

PRECO’NTRACT, subst. [of præ and contract. This was formerly ac­
cented on the last syllable] a bargain made before another, or a former
bargain.

To PRECONTRACT, verb act. [of præ, Lat. and contract] to contract
or bargain before-hand. Ayliffe.

PECU’RSE, subst. [præcursum, sup. of præcurro, from præ, before, and
curro, Lat. to run] forerunning. Shakespeare.

PRECU’RSOR [præcursor, Lat. præcurseur, Fr.] a fore-runner, a mes­
senger sent before-hand, a harbinger.

PREDA’CEOUS, adj. [præda, Lat.] living by prey. Derham.

PRE’DAL, adj. [præda, Lat.] robbing, practising robbery.

PREDA’TORY, adj. [prædatorius, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to robbing, plun­
dering, practising rapine. Bacon. 2. Hungry, preying, ravenous. It
maketh the spirits more hot and predatory. Bacon.

PREDECE’SSED, adj. [of præ, and deceased] dead before. Worn as a
memorable trophy of predecessed valour. Shakespeare.

PREDECE’SSOR [predecesseur, Fr. predecessore, It. predecessor, Sp. and
Lat.] one who was in an office or employment, or any place before ano­
ther.

PREDECE’SSORS, plur. of predecessor [prædecessores. Lat.] those that
went before, as ancestors, forefathers, &c.

PREDESTINA’RIAN, one who believes or maintains the doctrine of pre­
destination.

To PREDE’STINATE, verb act. [predestiner, Fr. predestinare, It. prede­
stinar, Sp. prædestinatum, sup. of prædestino, from præ, and destino, Lat.
to destinate] to decree or ordain beforehand irreversibly, what shall come
after.

To PREDESTINATE, verb neut. to hold predestination: in ludicrous
language. Dryden.

PREDESTINA’TION, Fr. [predestinazione, It. predestinacion, Sp.] the
act of fore-ordaining or appointing.

PREDESTINA’TION [in theology] a judgment or decree of God, where­
by he has resolved, from all eternity, to save a certain number of persons,
hence called elect. See DECREES and GNOSTICS.

PREDESTINATION is also used to signify a concatenation of second cau­
ses appointed by providence: by means whereof, things are brought to
pass by a fatal necessity; contrary to all appearance, and maugre all op­
position.

PREDESTINA’TOR [of predestinate] one that holds predestination or the
prevalence of pre-established necessity.

To PREDE’STINE, verb act. [of præ, and destine] to decree before­
hand.

PREDETERMINA’TION, Fr. [of præ, and determination] determination
made aforehand.

PREDETERMINATION [with schoolmen] that concurrence of God
which makes men act, and determines them in all their actions both
good and evil. See PREDESTINATION and CADARIANS compared.

To PREDETE’RMINE [of pre and determiner, Fr. predeterminàr, Sp. of
præ and determino, Lat.] to determine, judge, or appoint beforehand, to
doom or confine by previous decree.

PRE’DIAL, adj. [prædium, Lat.] consisting of farms. By the civil
law, their predial estates are liable to fiscal payments and taxes. Ayliffe,

PREDIAL Tithes [in law] are such as are paid of things arising and
growing from the ground only.

PRE’DICABLE, adj. Fr. [prædicabile, Lat. and It.] 1. That may be
told or spoken of abroad. 2. [In logic] a general quality, or an epithet
which may be predicated of, or affirmed of several subjects.

PRE’DICABLES, subst. plur. of predicable [with logicians] are called
universals, and are in number five, viz. genus, species, proprium, differen­
tia, and accidens. These they call the five predicables; because every
thing that is affirmed concerning any being, must be the genus, species,
difference, some property or accident. Watts.

PREDI’CAMENT, subst. Fr. [predicamento, It. and Sp. prædicamentum,
Lat.] 1. A class or order of beings or substances ranged according to
their natures; called also categorema or category. 2. Class or kind de­
scribed by any definitive marks.

PREDI’CAMENTS [with logicians] are in number 10, viz. substance,
accident, quantity, quality, relation, action, passion, the situation of bo­
dies as to place, their duration as to time, and their habit or external ap­
pearance.

PREDICAME’NTAL, adj. [of predicament] belonging to a predicament.

PRE’DICANT, subst. one that affirms any thing.

PRE’DICANT Friars, are such as by their orders are allowed to preach.

To PRE’DICATE, verb act. [predicare, It. prædicatum, sup. of prædico,
Lat.] to affirm any thing of a subject.

To PRE’DICATE, verb neut. to affirm or speak.

PRE’DICATE, subst. [predicato, It. of prædicatum, Lat.] the latter part
of a logical proposition, or that which is affirmed of the subject, as when
we say John is a sailor, the word sailor is called the predicate, because it







is spoken or affirmed of the subject. The predicate is that which is
affirmed or deemed of the subject. Watts.

PREDICA’TION, Fr. [predicazione, It. of prædicatio, Lat.] affirmation
concerning any thing. They are only about identical predications.
Locke.

To PREDI’CT, verb act. [prædictum, sup. of prædico, Lat.] to foretell
things to come, to foreshew.

PKEDI’CTION, Fr. [predizione, It. of prædictio, Lat.] a prophecy, or
foretelling of a thing, a declaration of something future.

PREDI’CTOR, subst. [of predict] foreteller.

PREDIGE’STION [of præ, and digestion] digestion too soon performed.

To PREDISPO’SE [of præ, and dispose] to dispose beforehand, to adapt
previously to any certain purpose.

PREDISPOSI’TION [of præ, and disposition] previous adoption. Tunes
have a predisposition to the motion of the spirits. Bacon.

PREDO’MINANCE, PREDO’MINANCY, or PREDO’MINANTNESS [of pre­
dominer, Fr.] over-ruling quality, prevalence, superiority, ascendency
over some other, superior influence.

PREDO’MINANT, adj. Fr. [predominante, It.] over-ruling or superior,
supreme in influence, ascendent

To PREDO’MINATE, verb neut. [predominer, Fr. predominare, It. of
prædominor, Lat.] to prevail, to be ascendent, to be supreme in influence.

PRE-ELE’CTED, part. pass. of pre-elect [præ-electus, Lat.] chosen be­
fore. See DECREE and PRIMITIVE Christianity compared.

PRE-ELE’CTION [of præ, and election] choice beforehand.

PRE-E’MINENCE, or PREHE’MINENCE, Fr. [preminenza, It. prehemi­
nència, Sp. præ-eminentia, Lat. It is sometimes written to avoid the
junction of ee, preheminence] 1. Advantageous quality above others, su­
periority of excellence. 2. Precedence, priority of place. 3. Supe­
riority of power or influence.

PRE-E’MINENT, Fr. [of præ, and eminent] excellent above others.

PRE-E’MPTION [pre-emptio, from pre and emptum, sup. of emo, Lat. to
buy] the right of buying before others.

To PREEN, verb act. See PREE’NING.

PRE-ENGA’GED, part. pass. of pre-engage [of pre and engagé, Fr.] enga­
ged beforehand.

PRE-ENCA’GEMENT [of præ, and engagement] an engagement or pro­
mise made beforehand, precedent obligation.

PREE’NING, part. act. of preen [prunen, in L. Ger. signifies to dress or
prank up; with naturalists] the action of birds, in cleaning, composing
and trimming their feathers, to enable them to glide more easily through
the air. For this use, nature has furnished them with two peculiar
glands, which secrete an unctuous matter into an oil-bag perforated, out
of which the bird on occasion draws it with its bill.

To PRE-ENGA’GE, verb act. [of præ, and engage] to engage by pre­
vious contracts or ties.

To PRE-EXI’ST, verb act. [pre-esistere, It. of præ and existo, Lat.] to
exist, to have a being beforehand.

PRE-EXI’STENCE, Fr. [pre-esistenza, It. of præ and existentia, Lat.]
the state of a thing actually in being before another, existence of the soul
before its union with the body.

PRE-EXI’STENT, adj. Fr. [pre-esistente, It. of præ and existens, Lat.]
existing, or being before another, existent beforehand. This pre-existent
eternity is not compatible with a successive duration. Bentley.

Christ's PRE-EXISTENT State, is his state of existence before his incar­
nation, which Photinus, Marcellus, and Paulus of Samosata denied among
the ancients, and Socinus among the moderns. See these respective
terms, and compare them all with John xvii. 5. Heb. i. 1—3. and Co­
los. i. 15, 16.

PRE’FACE, Fr. [prefazio, It. prefacio, Sp. of præfatio, Lat.] something
spoken introductory to the main design, particularly in the beginning of
a book, to facilitate the understanding of it; introduction.

To PREFACE, verb neut. [præfatio, of præfari, Lat. to speak be­
fore] to make a preparatory introduction to a discourse, to say some­
thing introductory. It is necessary to preface that she is the only child.
Spectator.

To PREFACE, verb act. 1. To introduce by something prœmial. 2.
To face, to cover. A ludicrous sense.

PRE’FACER [of preface] the writer of a preface.

PRE’FATORY, adj. [of præfatio, Lat.] pertaining to a preface, intro­
ductory.

PRE’FECT [prefet, Fr. prefetto, It. of præfectus, Lat.] a Roman magi­
strate, governor, or commander.

Pretorian PRE’FECT [præfectus prætorii, Lat.] a commander in chief
of the pretorian bands among the Romans, who had the command not
only of the guards, but also of the armies, and administered justice;
the sole management of affairs being left to them by the emperors.

PRE’FECT of the City [urbis præfectus, Lat.] a governor of the city
of Rome, who governed it in the absence of the consuls and emperors:
his office was to take care of the civil government, provisions, building,
and navigation; he was the proper judge in the causes of patrons,
freemen, and slaves. See PRÆTOR.

PRE’FECTURE, Fr. [prefettura, It. of præsectura, Lat.] the govern­
ment or chief rule of a city or province.

To PREFE’R, verb act. [prefero, Lat. preferer, Fr. preferire, It. pre­
férer. Sp.] 1. To esteem above, to regard more than another. 2. With
above before the thing postponed; to advance, to promote, to exalt, to
raise. 3. To offer solemnly, to propose publickly. Prefer a bill a­
gainst all kings and parliaments. Collier. 4. To bring in, speaking of
a bill, indictment, or law.

PRE’FERABLE, adj. [preferable, Fr. preferabile, It.] that is to be pre­
ferred, or made choice of before another.

PRE’FERABLENESS [of preferable] state of being preferable.

PRE’FERABLY, adv. [of preferable] in such a manner, as to prefer
one rather than another, in preference.

PRE’FERENCE, Fr. [preferenza, It.] estimation of one thing before
another, choice of one rather than another.

PREFE’RMENT [preferimiento, Sp. of præfero, Lat.] 1. Promotion, ad­
vancement to a higher station. 2. Preference, act of preferring; ob­
solete.

PREFE’RRER [of prefer] one who prefers.

To PREFI’GURATE, or To PREFI’GURE, verb act. [præfiguratum, sup.
of præfiguro, or from præ and figuro, Lat.] to represent by figure, to
signify beforehand, to shew by an antecedent representation. Things
there prefigured are here performed. Hooker.

PREFI’GURATION [of prefigurate] antecedent representation.

To PREFI’GURE, to exhibit by antecedent representation.

To PREFI’NE, verb act. [prefinir, Fr. præfinio, Lat.] to limit before­
hand. He in his immoderate desires prefined unto himself three years.
Knolles.

To PREFI’X, verb act. [præfixum, sup. of præfigo, Lat.] 1. To fix or
put before another thing. 2. To appoint before-hand. 3. To settle,
to establish. I would prefix some certain boundary between them. Hale.

PRE’FIX, subst. or PREFI’XA, Lat. [præfixum, Lat.] some particle put
before a word to vary its signification. It is a prefix of augmentation to
many words. Brown. In the Hebrew language the noun has its prefixa
and affixa. Clarke's Grammar. They are seven in number, and com­
prized under these two words, moshè vecaleb.

PREFI’XION, subst. Fr. the act of prefixing.

To PREFO’RM, verb act. [of præ and form, Lat.] to form before­
hand. Their natures and preformed faculties. Shakespeare.

PRE’GNANCY [pregnezza, It. of prægnant, Lat.] 1. The state of be­
ing with young. 2. Fertility, fruitfulness, inventive, power, acuteness.

PRE’GNANT, adj. [pregno, It. prenado, Sp. of prægnans, Lat.] 1. 
Teeming, breeding. 2. Fruitful, fertile, impregnating. With preg­
nant streams. Dryden. 3. Full of consequence. The just motives and
pregnant grounds. King Charles. 4. Evident, plain, clear, full; an ob­
solete sense. 5. Easy to produce any thing. 6. Free, kind; obsolete.
7. Of a prompt and ready wit. N. B. We say, “Pregnant with bliss
or woe.”

PREGNANT [with botanists] full as a bud, seed, or kernel that is
ready to sprout.

PRE’GNANTLY, adv. [of pregnant] 1. Fruitfully. 2. Fully, plainly,
clearly. Pregnantly set forth in holy writ. South.

PREGUSTA’TION [prægustatio, Lat.] the act of tasting before ano­
ther.

To PREJU’DGE [præjudico, Lat. prejugêr, Fr.] to judge or determine
any question beforehand, generally to condemn beforehand. It was
condemned in parliament, and prejudged in the common opinion of the
realm. Bacon.

To PREJU’DICATE, verb act. [of præ and judico, Lat.] to determine
beforehand to disadvantage. To prejudicate the innocent. Sandys.

PREJU’DICATE, adj. 1. Formed from prejudice, formed before ex­
amination. Casting away all our former prejudicate opinions. Watts.
2. Prejudiced, prepossessed. Their reasons enforce belief from prejudi­
cate readers. Brown. See BIGOTT, and BERÆANS, compar'd.

PRE’JUDICE [præjudicium, Lat.] 1. A rash judgment before a matter is
duly considered or heard; prepossession, a false notion or opinion of any
thing conceived without a previous due examination thereof. 2. It is used
for prepossession in favour of any thing, or against it. 3. Injury, hurt,
damage, detriment, injury. In the latter sense it is French. This sense
is only accidental or consequential; a bad thing being called a prejudice,
only because prejudice is commonly a bad thing, and is not derived from
the original or etymology of the word. It were therefore better to use
it less: perhaps prejudice ought never to be applied to any mischief, which
does not imply some partiality or prepossession.

To PRE’JUDICE, verb act. [prejudicer, Fr.] 1. To injure or hurt. 2.
To diminish, to impair, to be detrimental to. This sense, as in the
substantive, is often improperly extended to meanings that have no re­
lation to the original sense. 3. To obstruct or injure by prejudices pre­
viously raised.

PREJUDI’CIAL, adj. [prejudiciable, Fr. of præjudicium, Lat.] 1. Ob­
structive by means of opposite prepossessions. 2. Contrary, opposite.
3. Mischievous, detrimental; this sense is improper. The learning of
the family is not at all prejudicial to its manufactures. Addison. 4. Inju­
rious, hurtful.

PREJUDI’CIALNESS [of prejudicial] injuriousness, the state of being
prejudicial, mischievousness.

PREKE, a kind of fish.

PRE’LACY [prelature, Fr. prelacia, Sp.] 1. The dignity or office of
a prelate, or ecclesiastic. 2. Episcopacy, the order of bishops. 3. Bi­
shops collectively. Divers of the reverend prelacy. Hooker.

PRE’LATE [prelat, Fr. prelato, It. prelado, Sp. of prælatus, Lat. i. e.
preferred before others] a clergyman advanced to a high station in the
church, an ecclesiastic of the highest order and dignity, as a patriarch,
archbishop, bishop. So grave a prelate. Hooker. See BISHOP.

PRELATE [of the garter] the first officer of that noble order, and as
antient as the order itself.

PRE’LATESHIP, PRELA’TURE, or PRELA’TURESHIP [prælatura, Lat.
prelature, Fr. prelateura, It.] the state or dignity of a prelate.

PRELA’TICAL, adj. [of prelate] or belonging to prelates, or prelacy.

PRELA’TION [prælatum, sup. of prefero, Lat.] the act of setting one
above another, preference.

PRELE’CTION [prælectio, Lat.] a lecture or lesson; a reading or dis­
course made in public on any art or science.

PRELIBA’TION [prælibatio, Lat.] a fore-taste, effusion previous to
tasting. The firm belief of this in an innocent soul, is an high preliba­
tion of those eternal joys. More.

PRELI’MINARY, subst. [of pre, before, and limen, Lat. a threshold] some­
thing to be examined, dispatched or determined, before an affair can
be decided or treated on thoroughly, something previous, preparatory
measures.

PRELI’MINARY, adj. [preliminaire, Fr. prælimine, Lat.] previous, in­
troductory, antecedently preparatory, proemial. My master needed not
the assistance of that preliminary poet, to prove his claim. Dryden.

PRE’LUDE, Fr. [prelüdio, Sp. of præludius, Lat.] 1. The preparatory
music before they begin to play a full consort, a flourish or voluntary.
2. Figuratively, an entrance upon business. 3. Something introductory,
something that only shews what is to follow.

To PRELU’DE, verb act. [praeludo, Lat. preluder, Fr.] to flourish be­
fore or make a prelude, to play an irregular air off hand, to try if the
instrument be in tune, and to lead into the piece to be play'd; also to
serve as an introduction, to be previous to in general.

PRELU’DIOUS, adj. [of prelude] preparatory, previous, introductory.
Cleaveland.

PRELU’DIUM, Lat. prelude. Dryden.

PRELU’SIVE, adj. [of prelude] previous, introductory, proemial.
Thomson.

PREMATU’RE, adj. [prematuré, Fr. prematuro, It. of praematurus,
Lat,] ripe before their time and season, untimely, coming too soon,
too hasty, too soon said, believed, or done. Premature persuasion of
his being in Christ. Hammond.








PREMATU’RELY, adv. [of premature] too early, with too hasty
ripeness.

PREMATU’RITY [of premature, or praematuritas, Lat.] early ripeness
before the time, too great haste.

To PREME’DITATE, verb act. [praemeditor, Lat. premediter, Fr. pre­
meditare, It. premeditàr, Sp.] to conceive, to contrive before-hand.

To PREME’DITATE, verb neut. to have formed in the mind by pre­
vious meditation, to think before-hand.

PREMEDITA’TION, Fr. [premeditazione, It. premeditaciòn, Sp. of
praemeditatio, Lat.] the act of premeditating. Hope is a pleasant pre­
meditation of enjoyment. More.

To PREME’RIT, verb act [praemereor, from prae, before, and mereor,
Lat. to deserve] to deserve before. They did not forgive Sir John
Hotham, who had so much premerited of them. K. Charles.

PRE’MICES, subst. Fr. [primitiae, Lat.] first fruits. Dryden.

PRE’MIER, adj. Fr. first, chief. Camden.

To PREMI’SE, verb act. [praemissum, sup. of praemitto, from prae
and mitto, Lat. to send] 1. To speak or treat of before, by way of in­
troduction or preface, to explain previously, to lay down premises. 2.
To send before the time; obsolete.

PRE’MISES [premisses, Fr. praemissa, Lat. premesse, It.] things spoken
of, mentioned, or rehearsed before.

PREMISES [in law] the lands, tenements, &c. before-mentioned, in
an indenture, lease, &c.

PREMISES [in logic] the two first propositions of a syllogism, proposi­
tions previously supposed or proved.

PRE’MISS, subst. [praemissum, Lat.] antecedent proposition. This
word is rare in the singular. They know the major or minor which is
implied, when you pronounce the other premiss and the conclusion.
Watts.

PRE’MIUM [praemium, Lat. a reward or recompence] something gi­
ven to invite a loan or bargain.

PREMIUM [in commerce] the sum of money given to an insurer, for
the insuring the safe return of a ship or merchandize.

To PREMO’NISH, verb act. [premunar, Sp. of praemeneo, Lat.] to fore­
warn, to admonish before-hand.

PREMO’NISHMENT [of premonish] previous information. Wotton.

PREMONI’TION [premuniciòn, Sp. of praemonitio, Lat.] act of giving
warning before, previous notice or intelligence.

PREMO’NITORY, adj. [of prae and moneo, Lat. to admonish] previ­
ously advising.

To PREMO’NSTRATE, verb act. [of prae and monstratum, sup. of mon­
stro, Lat. to shew] to show before-hand.

PREMONSTRATE’NESS, an order of regular canons, observing St.
Austin's rules. See JANSENISM, and INQUISITION compared.

PREMO’TION [a school term] the action of co-operating with the
creature, and determining him to act.

PREMUNIE’NTES, writs sent to every bishop to come to parliament,
warning him to bring with him the deans and archdeacons, one proctor
for each chapter, and two for the clergy of his diocess.

PREMUNI’RE. 1. A writ that lies where one man sues another in the
spiritual court for any thing, that may be determined in the king's court,
for which great punishments are ordained by several statutes, viz. that
he shall be out of the king's protection, imprisoned without bail or main­
prise, till he have made a fine at the king's will, and that his lands and
goods shall be forfeited, if he appear not within two months. 2. A
writ in the common law, whereby a penalty is incurrable, as infringing
some statute.

To run one's self into a PREMUNIRE, is to take a ready course to in­
volve one's self in trouble and perplexity.

To incur a PREMUNIRE, or To fall into a PREMUNIRE [law terms]
1. Is to incur the same punishment as was to be inflicted upon the trans­
gressors of a law, made in the 16th year of king Richard II, commonly
termed the statute of premunire, which restrained the usurpation of the
pope, in disposing church livings in England, and also other abuses; the
penalty of this law was then perpetual banishment, forfeiture of lands,
goods, and chattels. 2. The penalty so incurred. 3. A difficulty, a
distress; a low ungrammatical word.

PREMUNI’TION [praemunitio, of praemunio, from prae, before, and
munio, Lat. to fortify] act of fortifying or fencing; also anticipation of
objection.

PRE’NDER, or Things lying in PRENDER [a law term] the power or
right of taking a thing before it is offered.

PRENDER de Baron, an exception to disable a woman from pursuing
an appeal of murder against the killer of her former husband; taken
from her, she having married a second.

To PRENO’MINATE, verb act. [prænominatum, sup. of prænomino, from
prae and nomino, Lat. to name] to forename.

PRENOMINA’TION [praenominatio, Lat.] act of nominating or naming
before; also the privilege of being nominated first.

PRENO’TION, Fr. [praenotio, Lat.] foreknowledge, prescience, notice
or knowledge preceding some other in point of time. Brown.

PRE’NTICE. [See APPRENTICE; from which it is corrupted by collo­
quial license] one bound to a master in order to instruction in any trade.

PRE’NTICESHIP [from prentice] the servitude of an apprenticeship.
He serv'd a prenticeship, who sets up shop. Pope.

PRENUNCIA’TION [praenunciatum, sup. of praenuntio, Lat.] the act
of telling before.

PREO’CCUPANCY [of preoccupate] the act of taking possession before
another.

To PREO’CCUPATE, verb act. [praeoccupatum, sup. of praeoccupo,
Lat. preoccuper, Fr.] 1. To anticipate. Honour aspireth to death, grief
flieth to it, and fear preoccupieth it. Bacon. 2. To prepossess, to fill
with prejudices or prejudicate notions. Lest the eye preoccupate the
judgment. Wotton.

PREOCCUPA’TION, Fr. [preoccupazione, It. preoccupaciòn, Sp. of prae­
occupatio, Lat.] 1. Anticipation in general. 2. Prepossession or preju­
dice, anticipation of objection.

PREO’CCUPATED, part. adj. [preoccupé, Fr. preoccupato, It. of prae­
occupatus, Lat.] prepossessed, occupied by prejudices.

To PREO’MINATE, verb act. [of prae and ominor, Lat.] to prognosti­
cate, to gather from omens any future event. Brown.

PREOPI’NION [of prae and opinio, Lat.] opinion antecedently formed,
prepossession. Brown.

To PREORDAI’N, verb act. [praeordinatum, sup. of praeordino, Lat.]
to ordain before-hand.

PREO’RDINANCE [of præ and ordinance] antecedent decree, first de­
cree. Obsolete.

PREO’RDINATE, part. adj. [præordinatus, Lat.] fore-ordained.

PREORDINA’TION [of pre-ordinate] the act of ordaining before.

PREPARA’TION, Fr. [preparazione, It. preparaciòn, Sp. of præparatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of preparing or making ready before hand, the act of
fitting a thing for any purpose. 2. Provision made for some enterprize
or design, previous measures. 3. Ceremonious introduction. 4. The
act of making or fitting by a regular process. In the preparations of
cookery. Arbuthnot. 5. Any thing made by process of operation. I
wish the chemists had been more sparing, who magnify their prepara­
tions. Brown. 6. Accomplishment, qualification. Obsolete. 7. [In
pharmacy] the way or method of compounding and ordering medicines
for several uses.

PREPARATION of Humours [in physic] is to make them fit for ex­
pulsion, and consists in thickening or thinning them, as occasion may
require. See PHARMACOCHYMIA, and read χνμια, Gr. chemistry.

PREPA’RATIVE, adj. [preparatif, Fr.] having the power of preparing
or qualifying. South.

PREPA’RATIVE, subst. [preparatif, Fr. preparativo, It.] 1. That which
has the power of preparing or previously fitting. It serveth as a prepara­
tive unto sermons. Hooker. 2. That which is done in order to some­
thing else. Qualities which are the only dispositions and preparatives to
it. South.

PREPA’RATIVELY, adv. [of preparative] previously, by way of pre­
paration.

PREPA’RATORY, adj. [preparatoire, Fr. preparatorio, It. of præparato­
rius, Lat.] 1. Antecedently necessary or by way of preparation. Prepara­
tory to our happiness. Tillotson. 2. Introductory, previous, antecedent.
Rains were but preparatory, the violence of the deluge depended upon
the disruption of the great abyss. Burnet's Theory.

To PREPA’RE, verb act. [præparo, Lat. preparer, Fr. preparare, It.
preparàr, Sp. and Port.] 1. To get or make ready for any purpose, to fit
for any thing, or fit up for any use. Our souls not yet prepar'd for up­
per light. Dryden. 2. To qualify for any purpose. 3. To make
ready beforehand. 4. To form, to make. He hath founded it upon
the seas, and prepared it upon the floods. Psalms. 5. To make by re­
gular process.

To PREPARE, verb neut. 1. To take previous measures. 2. To
make every thing ready, to put things in order. 3. To make one's
self ready, to put himself in a state of expectation.

PREPA’RE, subst. [from the verb] preparation, previous measures.
Obsolete.

PREPA’REDLY, adv. [of prepared] by proper precedent measures.

PREPA’REDNESS [of prepare] state or act of being prepared.

PREPA’RER, subst. [of prepare] 1. One that prepares, one that pre­
viously fits. 2. That which fits for any thing.

PREPE’NSE, or PREPE’NSED, adj. [præpensus, Lat. prepensé, Fr.]
forethought, premediated, contrived before-hand; as, prepense or pre­
pensed malice, prepense or prepensed murther.

To PREPO’NDER, verb act. [of preponderate] to outweigh. Ought
not to be the more slender, but the more corpulent, unless appearances
preponder truths. Wotton.

PREPO’NDERANCE, or PREPO’NDERANCY [of preponderate] the state
of outweighing, superiority of weight. The preponderancy of the greater
grounds of probability. Locke.

To PREPO’NDERATE, verb act. [præpondero, Lat.] 1. To outweigh or
weigh down; to overpower by weight. 2. To overpower by stronger
influence.

To PREPONDERATE, verb neut. 1. To exceed in weight. 2. To
exceed in influence or power, analogous to weight.

PREPONDERA’TION [of preponderate] the act or state of outweighing
any thing.

To PREPO’SE, verb act. [preposer, Fr. præpono, Lat.] to put be­
fore.

PREPOSI’TION, Fr. [preposizione, It. preposiciòn, Sp. of præpositio, Lat.
a putting before] a part of speech in grammar, so called because set be­
fore a noun, and governing a case. See BY, FROM, and OF, compared.

PREPO’SITOR [præpositor, Lat.] a scholar appointed by the master to
overlook the rest.

To PREPOSSE’SS, verb act. [of præ and possess] to fill the mind be­
forehand with prejudice, to biass, to fill with an opinion unexamined.

PREPOSSE’SSION [of prepossess] a prejudice, preocupation, first posses­
sion.

PREPO’STEROUS, adj. [preposteroso, It. of præposterus, Lat.] having
that first which ought to be last, wrong, absurd, perverted.

PREPO’STEROUSLY, adv. [of preposterous] in a wrong situation.

PREPO’STEROUSNESS [of preposterous] wrong order or method, absur­
dity.

PREPO’TENCY [præpotentia, Lat.] predominance, superior power.
Brown.

PREPU’CE, Fr. [prepuzio, It. of præputium, Lat] the fore-skin, that
which covers the glans.

To PRE’REQUIRE, verb act. [of præ and require] to demand previ­
ously. Some primary literal signification is prerequired to that other of
figurative. Hammond.

PRERE’QUISITE, adj. [of præ and requisite] something previously ne­
cessary. The prerequisite and previous conditions of birth. Brown.

PRERO’GATIVE, subst. [Fr. prærogativa, Sp. and L. Lat.] an exclu­
sive or peculiar privilege.

King's PREROGATIVE, that power and privilege that the king hath
over, not only other persons, but over the ordinary course of the com­
mon law in right of his crown.

Archbishop's PREROGATIVE, a special pre-eminence, which the arch­
bishops of Canterbury and York have in certain cases above ordinary
bishops.

PREROGATIVE Court, a court belonging to the archbishop of Canter­
bury, wherein all wills are proved, and administrations granted, that
belong to the archbishop by his prerogative.

PRERO’GATIVED, adj. [of prerogative] having a prerogative or ex­
clusive privilege. Shakespeare.

To PRESA’GE, verb act. [presager. Fr. presagire, It. of præsagio, Lat.]
To foretel, to forebode, to foreknow, to prophecy. Harvey. 2. To
foretoken, to foreshow. My dreams presage some joyful news at hand.
Shakespeare.








PRESA’GE, Fr. [presagio, It. and Sp. of præsagium, Lat.] a sign or to­
ken shewing what will happen, prognostic, presension of futurity.

PRESA’GEMENT [of presage] 1. Presention, forebodement. Wotton. 2.
Foretoken.

PRESBI’TIA, dimness of sight in things nigh at hand.

PRE’SBYTER, Lat. [πρεσβντερος, Gr. an elder, whether in age or of­
fice] 1. In a modern use, a priest, as contradistinguished from bishop
or deacon. 2. A presbyterian. And presbyters have their juck-pud­
dings too. Butler. See PRESBYTERIANS.

PRESBYTE’RIAN, adj. [presbyterien, Fr.] pertaining to the presbyte­
rians or their principles, consisting of elders. See PRESBYTERIANS.

PRESBYTE’RIANISM [of presbyterian] the principles, &c. of the pres­
byterians.

PRESBYTE’RIANS, a party of non-conformists, so called from their ad­
mitting of lay elders into their church government. I should have
thought, the true reason of that appellation is their affirming presbyters to
be of the same order with bishops; I mean as to the original institution;
from which they suppose [with St. Jerome] some change or deviation, in
process of time, was made. But See BISHOPS, CONGREGATIONALISTS,
and ORDINATION compared with the smaller epistles of S. Ignatius, in many
places. And would the reader know how great a stress that truly apostolic
writer laid on this ancient form of church government, he may consult
his epistle to the philadelphians; where he writes as follows: “Though
some were willing to deceive ME according to the flesh; the SPIRIT is not
to be deceived, as being FROM GOD; for He knows from whence He
comes, and whither He goes; and brings to light [or reproves] secret
things. I cry'd, when being in the midst of you, with a great voice,
“Attend [or adhere] to the bishop, and presbytery, and deacons.” Now
they suspected me to say this, as foreseeing some division [in the church:]
But He, in whose cause I am now in bonds, is my witness, that I knew
it not from mere human forecast: but the Spirit preached [by me] say­
ing these things, “Do nothing without the bishop; keep your flesh as
the temple of God; love unity; flee division; be ye followers [in the
original imitators] of Christ, as he himself is of his Father.” Ignat. Epist.
Ed. Smith & Usher. [See SPIRITUAL Gifts and INSPIRATION compared.]
But to proceed; whereas from St. CLEMENT's account in his epistle to
the Corinthians, it should seem that there were originally but two orders,
viz. bishops and deacons; and whereas it appears from St. Ignatius and
Tertullian compared, that no presbyter could administer the ordinance of
baptism, or the Lord's supper, without the consent of the bishop.—What if
we should say, that, in ancient times, the relation between the bishop
and his presbyters was somewhat like to that which now subsists in many
a dissenting congregation, viz. the relation of the pastor and his assist­
ant; only with this difference, that the assistant here, not having been
always ordained, assists only in the matter of preaching; whereas the an­
cient presbyters, with the consent of the bishop, both baptized and gave
the communion; nay more (if we may credit St. Ignatius, ad Philadelph.
and Tertullian's “president probati seniores, &c.”) they formed what
I may call the church council, or consistory; and, with the bishop at their
head, consulted on church affairs: tho' all put together (if I under­
stand St. Cyprian aright) could neither exclude delinquents, nor re-ad­
mit to communion; could neither ordain, nor depose, without the con­
sent and suffrage of the people. “I have look'd over my bible (says a
late judicious writer) with some attention, and do not find any of the
powers his lordship speaks of, vested in the episcopal order, exclusive of the
church, or body of believers.” An EXAMINATION of the Codex, p. 6.

PRESBY’TERY [presbyteratus, Lat. πρεσβντερον, Gr.] eldership, priest­
hood; also church-government by lay elders; an assembly of the orders
of presbyters with lay elders, for the exercise of church discipline. “Your
worthy Presbytery is thus fitly joined to the Bishop, as the strings to the
harp.” Ignat. ad Ephes. Fd. Smith & Usher. But see PRESBYTERIANS
and BISHOP compared.

PRE’SCIENCE, Fr. [prescienza, It. preciencia, Sp. of præscientia, Lat.]
fore-knowledge, that knowledge which God has of things to come.

PRE’SCIENT, adj. [præsciens, Lat.] foreknowing, prophetic.

PRE’SCIOS, adj. [præscius, Lat.] having foreknowledge. Prescious
of ills. Dryden.

To PRESCI’ND, verb act.. [præscindo, Lat.] to cut off, to abstract. A
bare act of obliquity does not only prescind from, but positively deny such
a special dependence. Norris.

PRESCI’NDENT, adj. [præscindens, Lat.] abstracting. We may for
one single act abstract from a reward, which no-body, who knows the
prescindent faculties of the soul, can deny. Cheyne.

To PRESCRI’BE, verb act, [prescrire, Fr. prescrivere, Sp. of prescriver,
Port. of præscribo, Lat.] 1. To order, to appoint, to direct, to set down
authoritatively. 2. To direct medically.

To PRESCRIBE, verb neut. 1. To influence by long custom. They
prescribe upon our riper years. Brown. 2. To influence arbitrarily. A
forwardness to prescribe to their opinions. Locke. 3. [Prescrire, Fr.]
to form a custom which has the force of law. That obligation upon the
lands did not prescribe or come into disuse. Arbuthnot.

To PRESCRIBE against an Action [in law] is not to be liable to it, for
want of being sued within the time limitted by law.

To PRESCRIBE [with physicians] is to write medical directions and
forms of medicine.

PRE’SCRIPT, subst. [præscriptum, Lat.] an order.

PRESCRIPT, adj. [præscriptus, Lat.] 1. Directed, accurately laid down
in a precept. 2. Direction, precept, prescribed model. By his pre­
script a sanctuary is framed. Milton.

PRESCRI’PTION, Fr. and Sp. [præscriptio, from præscribo, Lat.
prescrizione, It.] 1. [In law] a right or title to any thing, grounded
upon a continued possession of it beyond the memory of man, rules pro­
duced and authorized by long usage, custom continued till it has the
force of law. 2. [With physicians] medical receipt, the act or art of
assigning a proper and adequate remedy to a disease.

Extemporaneous PRESCRIPTION, is such as a physician frames of him­
self.

Officinal PRESCRIPTION, is what the physician prescribes as to the
ordering those medicines which are kept ready prepared according to
their dispensatory.

PRE’SEANCE, Fr. priority of place in sitting. Their discreet judgment
in precedence and preseance. Carew.

PRE’SENCE, Fr. [presenza, It. presencia, Sp. of præsentia, Lat.] 1. State
of being present in a place; contrary to absence. The presence of a king.
Shakespeare. 2. Approach face to face to a great personage. So dis­
countenanced with unwonted presence. Sidney. 3. State of being in
the view of a superior. Whoso draws a sword in th' presence t's death.
Shakespeare. 4. A number assembled before a great person. 5. Port,
air, mien. Rather dignity of presence than beauty of aspect. Bacon.
6. Room in which a prince shows himself to his court. 7. Readiness
at need, quickness at expedients. A ready presence of mind. L'Estrange.
8. The person of a superior. To her the sov'reign presence thus reply'd.
Milton.

The Angel of God's PRESENCE, a title supposed to have been appropriated
to the Son of God in his pre-existent state; as having the honour of perso­
nating the ONE GOD and FATHER of the universe in the appearances made to
his people in ancient times. “In all their afflictions HE [i. e. GOD]
was afflicted, and the angel of HIS presence saved them.—But they re­
belled, and vexed his holy spirit.” Isaiah, c. 63. v, 9, 10. I'll not stay
to enquire how far the scripture-doctrine of the Trinity is here exhibited.—
But as to the sentiment of the Antenicenes on this head, 'tis well expres­
sed by Tertullian, when observing, that Christ made those appearances in
his Father's name, and as invested with his authority: but still clearer by
Theophilus, in these words, “You affirm, that God cannot be contained
in any place; how then is it that you say He walked in Paradise? Hear
what I have to offer. In truth the GOD and FATHER of the universe is
absolutely immense [αχωρητος, in the original] and not to be found in
any place: for there is no place of his abode [or rest:] but his WORD,
by whom he made all things, being a power and wisdom of HIS, assum­
ing the person of the FATHER and LORD OF ALL, HE arrived at Para­
dise, in the Father's person, [i. e. as personating, or representing the
Father] and held converse with Adam.” Theophil. ad Autolyc. Ed. Colon.
p. 100. Such was the angel of God's face, or presence; and of whom He
says to the Jews, “my name [or authority] is in Him.” And tho' it
must be confest, that some later writers dissented from Theophilus, as to
the circumstance of local circumscription; yet all (so far as I can recollect)
agreed with him here, that the Son of God acted in the capacity of his FA­
THER's ANGEL [or messenger] and “that it would be an IMPIOUS
thing (as the first council of Antioch observed on this head) to suppose
this inferior character, viz. of an angel [or messenger] applicable to the
GOD of the universe”. See DOVE, MARCELLIANS, and MONARCHY of
the Universe, compared with Iren. Ed. Grabe, p. 202, 208, 209, 333,
424, 426, 427.

PRE’SENCE-CHAMBER, or PRESENCE-ROOM [of presence and chamber,
or room] the room in which a great person receives company.

PRESE’NSION [præsentio, from præ, before, and sentio, Lat. to feel]
perception beforehand. The hedge hog's presension of winds is exact.
Brown.

PRE’SENT, subst. Fr. 1. A free gift, a donative, something ceremo­
niously given. 2. A letter or mandate exhibited. Be it known to all
men by these presents. Shakespeare.

PRESENT, adj. [prisente, It. Sp. and Port. of præsens, Lat.] 1. Not ab­
sent, being face to face, being at hand. 2. Not past, not future. The
present age. Woodward. 3. ready at hand, quick in emergencies. So
present to himself. L'Estrange. 4. Favourably attentive, not neglect­
ful, propitious. Be present to her now as then. B. Johnson. 5. Un­
forgotten, not neglectful. The several objects all within sight, and pre­
sent to the soul. Watts. 6. Not abstracted, not absent of mind, at­
tentive.

The PRESENT, an elliptical expression for the present time; the time
now existing. Men that set their hearts only upon the present. L'E­
strange. So the sublime, the obscure, and (with Milton) the vast abrupt, &c.

At PRESENT [à present, Fr.] at the present time, now. Elliptically
for the present time. The state is at present very sensible of the decay in
their trade. Addison.

PRESENT Tense [with grammarians] that which speaks of the time
that now is; as, I write.

To PRESE’NT, verb act. [præsento, L. Lat. presenter, Fr. in all the
senses, presentare, It. precentar, Sp. apresentar, Port.] 1. To place in the
presence of a superior. 2. To exhibit to view or notice. 3. To offer,
to exhibit in general. 4. To give formally and ceremoniously. 5. To
put into the hands of another. 6. To make a present, to offer or give a
gift, to favour with gifts. To present, in the sense of to give, has seve­
ral strictures. We say absolutely, to present a man, to give something
to him. This is less in use. The common phrases are to present a gift
to a man, or to present the man with a gift. 7. To name a benefice,
to prefer to ecclesiastical livings. 8. To offer openly. And presented
battle to the French navy, which they refused. Hayward. 9. To in­
troduce by something exhibited to the view or notice. Obsolete. 10.
To bring an information against one, to lay before a court of judicature
as an object of enquiry.

PRESENTA’NEOUS, adj. [præsentaneus, Lat.] ready, quick, imme­
diate. Like a presentaneous person, they enecate in two hours. Har­
vey.

PRESE’NTABLE, adj. [of present] that may be presented to a church
living.

PRESENTA’TION, Fr. [presentazione, It. of præsentatio, Lat.] 1. The act
of presenting. 2. [In canon law] the act of a patron nominating and of­
fering his clerk to the bishop or collator, to be instituted in a benefice of
his gift. 3. Public exhibition.

PRESE’NTATIVE, adj. [of present] such, as that presentations may be
made of it.

PRESENTEE’, subst. [presenté, Fr. in canon law] a clerk presented by
a patron to the collator, one presented to a benefice. Or at least give
notice to the patron of the disability of his presentee. Ayliffe.

PRESE’NTER [of present] one that presents.

PRESE’NTIA, Lat. presents, so called, because they are given præsenti
intestato, and who it is presumed will be heir.

PRESE’NTIAL, adj. [of present] supposing actual presence. By union
I do not understand that which is local or presential. Norris.

PRESENTIA’LITY, the state of being present.

To PRESE’NTIATE, verb act. [of present] to make present. The
fancy may be so strong, as to presentiate upon one theatre all that ever
it took notice of in times past. Grew.

PRESENTI’FIC, adj. [præsens, present, and facio, Lat. to make] mak­
ing present. Obsolete. See BEATIFIC.

PRESENTI’FICLY, adv. [of presentific] in such a manner as to make
present. Collectedly and presentificly represented to God. More.

PRE’SENTLY, adv. [of present] 1. Immediately, just now, in a mo­
ment, soon after. 2. At present, at this time, now.

PRESE’NTMENT [of present] 1. The act of presenting. 2. Any
thing presented or exhibited, representation. 2. [In law] a bare de­
claration or report, made by jurors or some other officers, as a justice,







constable, searcher, &c. and without any information, of an offence in­
quirable in the court, to which it is presented.

PRE’SENTNESS [of present] readiness, presence of mind, quickness at
emergencies.

PRESERVA’TION [preservazione, It. preservaciòn, Sp. of præservatio,
Lat.] act of preserving or keeping from destruction, decay, or any ill;
care to preserve.

PRESE’RVATIVE, adj. [preservatif, Fr. preservativo, It. and Sp. of pre­
servativus, Lat.] of a preserving quality.

PRESERVATIVE, subst. [preservatif, Fr. preservativo, It. and Sp. of
præservativum, Lat.] a remedy made use of to keep off a disease, some­
thing preventive, something that confers security. As preservatives
against the plague. Bacon.

To PRESE’RVE, verb act. [preserver Fr. preservare, It. preservár, Sp.
of præservo, L. Lat.] 1. To keep, to guard or defend from mischief, de­
struction, or any evil. God sent me to preserve you a posterity. Genesis.
2. To order fruits as confectioners do, by seasoning them with sugar,
and in other proper pickles.

PRESERVE, subst. [from the verb] fruit ordered by confectioners, by
preserving them whole in sugar.

PRESE’RVER [of preserve] 1. One who preserves, one who keeps
from ruin or mischief. 2. He who makes preserves of fruits.

To PRESI’DE, verb neut. [presider, Fr. presidere, It. presidir, Sp. of
præsideo, Lat.] to be set ruler or chief over, to have the government,
care or management of other persons or things.

PRE’SIDENCY [presidence, Fr. presidenza, It. presidencia, Sp.] the place
or office of a president; superintendence. The presidency and guidance
of some superior agent. Ray.

PRE’SIDENT, Fr. [presidente, It. and Sp. præses, or præsidens, Lat.] 1. 
One placed with authority over others, one at the head of others. 2.
A governor, overseer, chief manager or prefect. 3. A titulary power.
Just Apollo, president of verse. Waller.

PRESIDENT [in law] the king's lieutenant of a province.

Lord PRESIDENT of the King's Council, a great officer of the crown,
whose office is to tend upon the sovereign, to propose business at the
council-board, and to report the several transactions managed there.

PRE’SIDENTSHIP [of president] the office or dignity of a president.

PRESI’DIAL, adj. ]from præsidium, Lat.] relating to a garrison.

PRESIDIAL, subst. Fr. the name of a certain tribunal or court of ju­
dicature in France.

PRE’SRE, Dutch reeds used by polishers.

To PRESS, verb act. [pressum, sup. of premo, Lat. presser, Fr. pressare,
It.] 1. To squeeze close together, to crush. The grapes I pressed into
Pharaoh's cup. Genesis. 2. To distress, to crush with calamities. 3.
To constrain, to compel, to urge by necessity. Saving others whom the
like necessities should press. Hooker. 4. To drive by violence. 5. To
affect strongly. Paul was pressed in spirit. Acts. 6. To enforce, to
inculcate with argument or importunity. Press upon him every motive.
Addison. 7. To urge, to bear strongly on. Chemists I may press with
arguments. Boyle. 8. To compress, to hug, as in embracing. And
press'd Palemon closer in her arms. Dryden. 9. To act upon with
weight. The place thou pressest on thy mother earth. Dryden. 10.
To make earnest. Prest is here perhaps rather an adjective [preste, or
from presse, or empressé, Fr.] let them be pressed and ready to give suc­
cours to their confederates, as it ever was with the Romans. Bacon.
11. To force into military service. This is properly impress. To press
the best and greatest part of their men out of the western countries. Ra­
leigh.

To PRESS, verb neut. 1. To act with compulsive violence, to urge,
to distress. The most pressing difficulties. Tillotson. 2. To go forward
with violence to any object. To press forward to her proper objects.
Addison. 3. To make invasion, to encroach. 4. To crowd, to throng.
They pressed upon him for to touch him. St. Mark. 5. To come un­
seasonably or importunately. 6. To urge with vehemence and impor­
tunity. He pressed upon them greatly. Genesis. 7. To act upon or
influence. When arguments press equally in matters indifferent. Ad­
dison. 8. To press upon; to invade, to push against. Patroclus presses
upon Hector too boldly. Pope.

To PRESS upon the Hand [with horsemen] a horse is said so to do,
when either through the stiffness of his neck, or from an ardor to run too
much a-head, he stretches his head against the horseman's hand, refuses
the aid of the hand, and withstands the effects of the bridle.

To PRESS a Horse forward, is to assist him with the calves of the legs,
or to spur him to make him go on.

PRESS, or PREST [preost, Sax. a priest] an initial syllable in proper
names, signifies priest; as Preston, Prestonbury.

PRESS [prasz, Su. presse, Du. presse, Ger. pressoir, Fr.] 1. An instru­
ment or machine for pressing, that by which any thing is crushed or
squeezed. The press is full, the fats overflow. Joel. 2. The instru­
ment by which books are printed. He cares not what he puts into the
press. Swift. 3. [Presse, Fr. pressa, It.] a tumult, a crowd, a throng.
4. A kind of wooden case or frame for cloaths and other uses. 5. A
commission to force men into military service; for impress. The musters
and presses for sufficient mariners to serve in his majesty's ships. Ra­
leigh.

PRE’SS-BED [of press and bed] a bed so framed, as to be shut up in a
case.

PRE’SSER [of press] one that presses or works at a press.

PRESS-GANG [of press and gang] a crew of sailors that strolls about
the streets to force men into naval service.

PRE’SSINGLY, adv. [of pressing] with force. closely.

PRE’SSINGNESS [of pressing] urgency.

PRE’SSION [of press] the act of pressing. Newton.

PRES’SITANT, adj. gravitating, heavy. An obsolete word.

PRE’SS-MAN [of press and man] 1. One who forces another into ser­
vice, one who forces away. 2. One who makes the impression of print
by the press; distinct from the compositor, who arranges the types.

PRESS-MONEY [of press and money] money given to a soldier when he
is taken and forced into the service.

PRE’SSURE [pressura, Lat.] 1. The act of pressing or crushing. 2.
The state of being pressed or crushed. 3. Force, acting against any
thing; gravitation, pression. 4. Violence inflicted, oppression. Those
which persuaded pressure of conscience were commonly interested therein.
Bacon. 5. Distress, an urging affliction, or misfortune, a pressing cala­
mity. His great troubles and pressures. Atterbury. 6. Impression,
stamp, character made by impression.

PREST, adj. [prest or prêt, Fr.] 1. Ready, not dilatory. This is said to
have been the original sense of the word prest-men, men not forced into
the service, as we understand it; but men, for a certain sum received,
prest, or ready to march at command. Johnson. 2. Neat, tight. In
both senses the word is obsolete.

PREST, subst. Fr. a loan. He required of the city a prest of six thou­
sand marks. Bacon.

PREST [prob. of præsto, Lat. ready] a duty in money to be paid by
the sheriff upon his account in the exchequer, or for money left or re­
maining in his hands.

PRESTIGIA’TION [prestigio, It. pæstigiatio, Lat.] a deceiving, juggling,
a playing legerdemaim.

PRE’STIGES, subst. Fr. only in the plural [prestigi, It. of præstigiæ,
Lat.] illusions, impostures, juggling tricks. See EUNOMIANS.

PRESTI’GIOUS [of prestigioso, It. præstigiosus, Lat.] juggling, pertain­
ing to illusive tricks.

PRESTI’MONY [in canon law] a fund or revenue settled by a founder
for the subsistence of a priest, without being erected into any title of be­
nefice, chapel, prebend, or priory, nor subject to any but the patron,
and those he appoints.

PRESTI’SSIMO, It. [in music books] signifies extreme fast or quick.

PRE’STO, It. [in music books] fast, quick.

PRESTO [with jugglers] a word used in their pretended conjurations
and tricks of legerdemain, and signifies quick, at once. Presto! be
gone! 'tis here again. Swift.

PRESTO Presto, It. [in music books] signifies very fast or quick.

PRE’STON, a borough-town of Lancashire, 167 miles from London.
It sends two members to parliament.

PRSU’MABLY, adv. [of presumable] without examination. Authors
presumably writing by common places. Brown.

PRESU’MABLE, adj. [of presume] that may be presumed or taken with­
out examination.

To PRESU’ME, verb neut. [presumer, Fr. presumere, It. presumìr, Sp. of
præsumo, Lat.] 1. To imagine, think, conjecture or suppose, to believe
previously without examination. 2. To suppose, to affirm without im­
mediate proof. The participial adjective of this is also sometimes used.
3. To venture without positive leave. Fearful to ask, lest we might pre­
sume too far. Bacon. 4. To form confident or arrogant opinions. I will
not presume so far upon myself, to think I can add any thing. Dryden.
5. To make a confident or arrogant attempt, to take too much upon one,
to be proud, insolent, bold, saucy. We presume to see what is meet and
convenient better than God himself. Hooker.

PRESU’MER [of presume] one that presupposes, one that is arrogant.

PRESU’MPTION [presomption, Fr. presonzione, It. of praesumptio, Lat.]
1. Conjecture, guess, supposition previously formed. 2. Confidence
grounded on any thing presupposed. 3. An argument strong, but not
demonstrative, a strong probability. 4. Arrogance, pride, self-conceit,
confidence, blind and adventurous presumptuousness. 5. Unreasonable
confidence of divine favour. Nor will presumption from their souls recede.
CEBES.

Violent PRESUMPTION [in a law sense] which many times is allowed
as a full proof, as if a person is found killed in an house, and a man is
seen to come out of it with a bloody sword, and no other person was at
that time in the house,

Probable PRESUMPTION [in law] that which has but a small effect
as to evidence.

PRESU’MPTIVE, adj. [presomptive, Fr.] 1. Presumed, taken by suppo­
sition. We commonly take shape and colour for so presumptive ideas of
species, that in a good picture we readily say, this is a lion, and that a
rose. Locke. 2. Supposed; as,

PRESUMPTIVE Heir. 1. Opposed to the heir apparent. 2. The next
relation, or heir at law to a person, who is to inherit. 3. Confident,
arrogant, presumptuous.

PRESU’MPTUOUS, adj. [presomptueux, Fr. presumptuoso, It and Sp. of
praesumptuosus, Lat.] 1. Proud, haughty; adventurous, daring; insolent,
confident. 2. Irreverent with respect to holy things.

PRESU’MPTUOUSLY, adv. [of presumptuous] proudly, haughtily, daring­
ly, irreverently.

PRESU’MPTUOUSNESS, or PRESU’MTUOUSNESS [of presumptuous] qua­
lity of being presumptuous, confidence, arrogance.

PRESUPPO’SAL, subst. [of prae, and supposal] supposal previously formed.
With presupposal of knowledge concerning certain principles. Hooker.

To PRESUPPO’SE, verb act. [of prae, and suppose; suppono, Lat. pre­
supposer, Fr. presupporre, It. presupenér, Sp.] to suppose beforehand, to
take for granted.

PRESUPPOSI’TION, Fr. [presuppisizione, It.] the act of supposing be­
forehand or taking for granted.

PRESURMI’SE [of præ and surmise] surmise previously formed. It was
your presurmise. Shakespeare.

PRETE’NCE [of praetensum, sup. of pretendo, Lat.] 1. A false argu­
ment grounded upon fictitious postulates. This word is generally writ­
ten pretence, but analogy requires pretense. 2. The act of shewing or al­
ledging what is not real, colour, appearance or shew. 3. Assumption,
claim to notice. 4. Claim true or false. Primogeniture cannot have
any pretence to a right of solely inheriting. Locke. 5. Shakespeare uses
this word with more affinity to the original Latin for something threaten­
ed, or held out to terrify. To feel my affection for your honour, and to
no other pretence of danger. Shakespeare.

Escutcheon of PRETENCE. See ESCUTCHEON.

To PRETE’ND, verb act. [praetendo, Lat. pretendre, Fr. pretendere, It.
pretendir, Sp.] 1. To hold out, to stretch forward. This is mere Lati­
nity, and rarely used. Prone to the wheels, and his left foot pretends. Dry­
den. 2. To portend, to foreshew. Obsolete. 3. To make any appear­
ance of having, to alledge falsely. 4. To shew hypocritically. 5. To
hold out as a delusive appearance, to exhibit as a cover of something
hidden. This is rather a Latinism. 6. To claim.

To PRETEND, verb neut. 1. To put in a claim, to use a pretence,
whether truly or falsely. 2. To presume on ability to do any thing, to
profess presumptuously.

PRETE’NDER [of pretend] one who claims to any thing, or arrogates to
himself what does not belong to him, or makes a shew of what he has not.

PRETE’NDINGLY, adv. [of pretending] with arrogance, with presump­
tion. To look a little pretendingly. Collier.

PRETE’NSED Right [in law] is when one is in possession of lands and
tenements, which another which is out, claims and sues for, the pretensed
right and title seems to be in him that sues.

PRETE’NSION, Fr. [pretensione, It. pretenciòn, Sp. of pretensio, Lat.] 1. 
Claim, act of laying claim to, whether true or false. 2. Fictitious appear­







ance. Both a Latin sense and phrase. An invention and pretension given
out by the Spaniards. Bacon.

PRE’TER, or PRETE’RIT [of praeteritus, Lat. past] an inflexion of
verbs expressing the time past.

PRETER, Lat. [præter, It.] is sometimes used in composition, as a
prœfix, and then signifies against or beside, e. g. praeternatural, against
or beside nature.

PRETERIMPE’RFECT Tense [with grammarians] signifies the time not
perfectly past, as legebam, I read.

PRETE’RIT, adj. [preterit, Fr. praeteritus, Lat.] past, as in grammar
the preterit tense.

PRETERIT Child [in the Roman jurisprudence] a child whom the fa­
ther has forgotten to mention in his last will.

PRETERI’TION, Fr. [praeteritio, Lat.] the act of passing or going past,
the state of being past.

Act of PRETERITION, is a term used by some divines, to express in
softer terms what they mean by the act of reprobation. See DECREES
of Election, &c. PROBATIONARY, and INFRA-LAPSARIANS compared.

PRETERITION [with rhetoricians] a figure when the orator seems to
pass by or to be unwilling to declare, that which he nevertheless insists
upon at the same time.

PRETE’RITNESS [of preterit] state of being past, not presence, futu­
rity. Bentley.

PRETERLA’PSED, adj. [preterlapsus, Lat.] past and gone. The ac­
counts of preterlapsed ages. Glanville.

PRETERLE’GAL, adj. [of præter, and legal] not agreeable to law. Some
evil customs preterlegal. K. Charles.

PRETERMI’SSION [praetermissio, Lat.] the act of omitting or letting a
thing pass, the act of leaving out.

To PRETERMI’T, verb act. [praetermitto, Lat.] to leave undone, to
omit; to pass over, to neglect, to pass by. The fees I do purposely
pretermit. Bacon.

PRETERNA’TURAL [of praeter, and natural] beside or out of the
course of nature, different from what is natural, irregular.

PRETERNA’TURALLY, adv. [of preternatural] in a manner that is out
of the common course of nature.

PRETERNA’TURALNESS [of preternatural] quality out of the natural
course, manner different from the course of nature.

PRETERPE’RFECT Tense [perteritum, perfectum, Lat. in grammar] a
tense which speaks of the time perfectly past, with this sign have; as legi,
I have read. Closing in one syllable the termination of our preterperfect
tense, as drown'd, walk'd for drowned, walked. Addison.

PRETERPLUPE’RFECT Tense [praeteritum, plusquam perfectum, Lat. in
grammar] a tense which signifies the time more than perfectly past, that
is relatively past, or past before some other past time, with the sign had,
as legeram, I had read.

PRETE’XT [praetextus, Lat. pretexte, Fr. pratesto, It. and Sp.] a co­
lourable excuse, pretence, cloak, blind, false shew, false allegation.
Under a pretext of service. L'Estrange.

PRETE’XTA [praetexa, Lat.] a long white gown or toga, with a band
or border of purple at bottom, worn by the Roman children till the age of
puberty, i. e. 17. the boys; and the girls till marriage.

PRE’TIUM Sepulchri, Lat. [in Irish law] those goods that accrued to
the church wherein a corps was buried.

PRE’TOR [praetor, Lat.] the chief ruler of a province of the Roman em­
pire, the Roman judge. It is now sometimes taken for a mayor of a
corporation. In the pretor's chair. Shakespeare.

PRETOR [praetor, Lat.] an eminent magistrate among the Romans.
Abbè VERTOT tells us, that this office, in conjunction with that of Ediles,
was first erected after the defeat of the Gauls, A. R. 386. in favour of the
Patricians; to whose order both these dignities were appropriated; and
that this concession was made to them in return for their having yielded
to the Plebeians one of the two places in the consulship. He adds, that
the pretorship was established for the administration of justice in the city; a
function originally attached to the consulship; but which the consuls
could not attend in the summer season, as having the command of the
army. So that the pretorship was considered as a kind of supplement to the
consulate, and the second dignity of the republic; it had the questors at
its command; and was itself distinguished by the robe, bordered with pur­
ple, and the curule chair with six lictors; whereas a consul had twelve.
ABBE‘VERT. Revolut. Roman. Vol. II. p. 276, 277.

PRETO’RIAN, adj. [pretorien, Fr. praetorianus. of praetor, Lat.] per­
taining to a pretor, judicial, exercised by the pretor. Bacon.

PRETO’RIUM, Lat. the place, hall, or court in which the Roman pre­
tor lived, and in which he sat and administred justice to the people.

PRE’TTILY, adv. [of pretty] neatly, elegantly, handsomely, agreea­
bly, without dignity or elevation.

PRE’TTINESS [of pretty] beautifulness without dignity, neat elegance
without elevation.

PRE’TTY, adj. [præt, finery, prætig, Sax. prydferth, C. Brit. pretto,
It. prat, patigh, Du.] 1. Neat, elegant, pleasing without surprize or
elevation. Of these the idle Greeks have many pretty tales. Raleigh.
2. Handsome, beautiful without grandeur or dignity. The pretty gentle­
man is the most complaisant creature in the world. Spectator. 3. It is
used in a sort of diminutive contempt in poetry and conversation. He'll
make a pretty figure in a triumph. Addison. 4. Not very small, not in­
considerable. This is a very vulgar use. A pretty quantity of earth.
Bacon.

PRETTY, adv. in some sort or degree. This word is used before ad­
verbs or adjectives to intend their signification. Pretty near the value of
the copper. Swift.

To PRETY’PIFY, verb act. [of prae, and typify] to signify beforehand
by types.

To PREVA’IL, verb neut. [prevaloir, Fr. prevalere, It. prevalecèr, Sp.
of prevaleo, Lat.] 1. To have the advantage over, to have the better of,
to gain the superiority. 2. To be in force, to have effect, power or in­
fluence. 3. To gain influence, to operate effectually. 4. To persuade
or induce by entreaty.

PREVA’ILING. adj. [of prevail] predominant, having most influence.

PREVA’ILMENT [of prevail] prevalence.

PRE’VALENCE, or PRE’VALENCY [prevalence, Fr. praevalentia, low
Lat.] predominance, influence, superiority.

PRE’VALENT, adj. [praevalens, Lat.] 1. Powerful, prevailing, effec­
tual, predominant. 2. Victorious, giving superiority.

PRE’VALENTLY, adv. [of prevalent] powerfully, forcibly.

To PREVA’RICATE, verb neut. [prevariquer, Fr. prevaricare, It. pre­
varicàr, Sp. of praevaricor, Lat.] to play fast and loose, to shuffle and
cut, to quibble, to cavil. He prevaricates with his own understanding.
South.

To PREVARICATE [in the sense of the law] is to work by collusion in
pleading, to betray one's cause to the adversary.

PREVARICA’TION, Fr. [prevaricaciòn, Sp. of praevaricatio, Lat.] the
act of prevaricating, double dealing, deceit, shuffle, cavil.

PREVA’RICATOR [prevaricateur, Fr. prevaricatore, It. prevaricadòr,
Sp. prævaricator, Lat.] one who prevaricates or deals treacherously, a
caviller, a shuffler. See PARALOGISM, with Ephes. c. 4. v. 14. and
1 Thes. c. 2. v. 7—12.

PREVARICATOR [at the university of Cambridge] a master of arts
chosen at a commencement to make an ingenious satyrical speech, re­
flecting on the misdemeanors of the principal members.

PREVE’NIENT, adj. [præveniens, Lat.] preceding, going before, pre­
ventive. Prevenient grace descending. Milton.

To PREVE’NE, verb act. [prevenio, Lat.] to hinder.

To PREVE’NT, verb act. [prevenio, Lat. prevenir, Fr. and Sp. preve­
nire, It.] 1. To go before as a guide, to go before making the way easy
Prevent him with the blessings of thy goodness. Psalms. 2. To go be­
fore, to be before, to anticipate. Mine eyes prevent the night watches.
Psalms. 3. To pre-engage, to attempt first. Thou hast prevented us
with overtures of love. K. Charles. 4. To hinder, to obviate. This is
now almost the only sense. They prevented me in the day of my trouble,
but the Lord was my upholder. Psalms.

To PREVENT, verb. neut. to come before the time. A Latinism.
Strawberries will prevent and come early. Bacon.

PREVE’NTER [of prevent] 1. One that goes before. The archduke
was the assailant and the preventer. Bacon. 2. One that hinders, an
obstructer.

PREVENTER Rope [in a ship] a small rope made fast over those called
trees, to secure the yards, in case some of the ropes should break.

PREVE’NTION, Fr. [prevenzione, It. prevencion, Sp. of praeventio, Lat.]
1. An hindrance, an obstruction. Prevention of sin is one of the greatest
mercies. South. 2. The act of going before. The greater the distance
the greater the prevention. Bacon. 3. Anticipation, preoccupation.
Shakespeare. 4. Prepossession. A French expression. Let them bring
no particular gusto, or any prevention of mind. Dryden.

PREVENTION [in canon law] the right that a superior person or officer
has to lay hold on, claim, or transact an affair, before an inferior, to
whom it more immediately belongs.

PREVE’NTIONAL, adj. [of prevention] tending to prevent.

PREVENTIONAL Full Moon [in astronomy] the full moon that comes
before any great moveable feast or planetary aspect.

PREVE’NTIVE, adj. [of prevent] 1. Serving to prevent or hinder. 2.
Preservative, hindering ill.

PREVENTIVE. subst. [of prevent] a preservative, that which prevents,
an antidote.

PREVE’NTIVELY, adv. [of preventive] in such a manner as tends to
prevention. Brown.

PRE’VIOUS, adj. [praevius, Lat.] leading the way or going before, an­
tecedent. By this previous intimation. Burnet.

PRE’VIOUSLY, adv. [of previous] first of all, before all things, antece­
dently, beforehand. Previously supposing some neglect. Fiddes.

PRE’VIOUSNESS [of previous] antecedence, foregoing or introductory
quality.

PREY [proye, Fr. preda, It. and Sp. praeda, Lat. vraidd, C. Brit.] 1. 
Whatsoever is caught by wild beasts, either by force or craft; spoil,
plunder, something to be devoured, food or wealth gotten by violence.
A garrison supported itself by the prey it took. Clarendon. 2. Ravage,
depredation. Hog in sloth, fox in stealth, lion in prey. Shakespeare. 3.
Animal of prey, is an animal that lives on other animals.

To PREY upon [of proye, Fr. or praedor, Lat.] 1. To sieze and feed
on by violence. 2. To plunder, to rob. Not pray to her, but prey on
her. Shakespeare. 3. To waste, to corrode. It preys upon his life. Ad­
dison.

PRE’YER, subst. [of prey] a robber, a devourer.


PRI

PRIAPE’IA [Priapus, Lat. in poetry] obscene epigrams, &c. compo­
sed on the god Priapus.

PRI’APISM, or PRIAPI’SMUS, Lat. [priapisme Fr. πριαπισμος, Gr. so
called of Priapus, the lascivious god of gardens] an involuntary erection,
a preternatural tension. See PHALTIC.

PRIAPUS [in anatomy] the genitals.

PRICE [prix, Fr. prezzo, It. precio, Sp. of praetium, Lat.] 1. Equiva­
lent paid for any thing. 2. The estimation or value of a thing, its sup­
posed excellence. 3. Rate at which any thing is sold. 4. Reward,
thing purchased at any rate.

To PRICE, verb act. to pay for. Spenser.

To PRICK, verb act. [of prician, Sax. prob. of πριζω, Gr. according
to Minshew] 1. To make a hole with the sharp point of any thing, to
pierce with a small puncture. 2. To form or erect with an acuminated
point. A greyhound hath pricked ears. Grew. 3. To fix by the point.
And pricking their points into a board. Newton. 4. To hang on a point.
Prick it on a prong of iron. Sandys. 5. To nominate by a puncture or
mark. Some who are pricked for sheriffs. Bacon. 6. To spur, to goad,
to incite. Honour pricks me on. Shakespeare. 7. To pain, to pierce
with remorse. They were pricked in their hearts. Acts. 8. To make
acid. And turn as eager as prick'd wine. Hudibras. 9. To set down a
tune or song.

To PRICK the Chart, &c. [in navigation] is to make a point therein,
near about where the ship is to be at any time; in order to find the course
that they ought to steer.

To PRICK, verb neut. [prijken, Du.] 1. To dress one's self for show.
2. To come upon the spur. Spenser.

PRICK [pricca, Sax.] 1. A point, a fixt place. 2. A puncture, a
wound made with a sharp-pointed weapon. 3. A sharp slender instru­
ment, any thing by which a puncture is made. Pricks in their eyes,
and thorns in their sides. Davies. 4. A thorn in the mind, a torment­
ing thought, remorse of conscience. 5. A spot or mark at which arch­
ers aim. Their shaft was a cloth-yard, their pricks twenty-four score.
Carew. 6. The print of a hare in the ground.

PRI’CKET. 1. A sort of basket. 2. [Of prick; a hunting term] a
male deer of two years old, beginning to put forth the head, a spitter.
The buck is called the first year a fawn, the second year a pricket. Man­
wood of the laws of the forest.








PRI’CKETH [with hunters] is said of a hare, when she beats in the
plain high way, or hard heath-way, where the footing may be per­
ceived.

PRI’CKLE [of prick; priccathe, Sax.] a sharp small pointed thing, as
a thorn or briar.

PRI’CKLINESS [of prickly] the state of having prickles, fulness of small
sharp points.

PRI’CK-LOUSE [of prick and louse; with the vulgar] a word of con­
tempt for a taylor.

PRI’CK-POSTS [in carpentry] are such as are framed into the breast­
summers, between the principal posts, in order to strengthen the carcass
of the house.

PRI’CK-WOOD, a kind of shrub, a tree. Ainsworth.

PRI’CKLY, adj. [of prick] full of sharp points.

PRI’CK-MADAM, subst. a species of houseleek.

PRI’CK-PUNCH, subst. a piece of temper'd steel, with a round point
at one end. To prick a round mark in cold iron. Moxon.

PRIDE [pryd, Brit. prit or pryde, Sax.] 1. Inordinate and unrea­
sonable self-esteem. 2. Haughtiness, insolence, rude treatment of
others, insolent exultation. To dash their pride and joy for man seduc'd.
Milton. 3. Dignity of manner, loftiness of mein. 4. Generous ela­
tion of heart. The honest pride of conscious virtue. South. 5. Eleva­
tion, dignity. 6. Ornament, show. In all the liveries deck'd of sum­
mer's pride. Milton, 7. Splendor, ostentation. Thro' Athens past with
military pride. Dryden. 8. The state of a female beast soliciting the
male. As salt as wolves in pride. Shakespeare.
PRIDE goes before, shame follows after.
Or,
PRIDE goes before a fail.
It generally happens so.

To PRIDE Himself, verb act. [of prutian, Sax. pryde, Dan. pryda,
Su. to adorn] to make proud, to rate himself high. It is only used
with the reciprocal pronoun. Those who pride themselves in their
wealth. Gov. of the tongue.

PRIEF, subst. for proof. Spenser.

PRIEST [priester, Teut. praeste, Dan. preost, Sax. priester, Du and.
Ger. prêtre, Fr. prete, It. which some derive of πρεσβντερος, Gr. an el­
der] 1. A clergyman who performs sacred offices. 2. One of the second
order in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, above a deacon and below a bishop.
But See PRESBYTERIANS, and BISHOP, compared with the smaller
[i. e. the only genuine] epistles of St. Ignatius, in many places.

PRIE’STCRAFT [of priest and craft] religious frauds, management of
wicked priests to gain power.

PRIE’STESS [of priest] a woman who officiated in heathen rites.

PRIE’STHOOD [from priest; preosthade, Sax.] 1. The office, cha­
racter or dignity of priests. 2. The order of men set apart for holy of­
fices. 3. The second order of the hierarchy.

PRIE’STLINESS, adj. [of priest; of preostlice and nesse, Sax.]
priestly quality or behaviour, the appearance or manner of a priest.

PRIE’STLY, adj. [of priest] belonging to a priest, becoming a priest.

PRIE’ST-RIDDEN, adj. [of priest and ridden] wholly influenced or go­
verned by the priest.

To PRIEVE, for prove. Spenser.

PRIG [with the vulgar] a pert, conceited, pragmatical little fellow.
Spectator.

PRIL, subst. a birt or turbot. Ainsworth.

PRIM, adj. [by contraction from primitive. Johnson] formal, precise,
affectedly nice. Swift.

To PRIM, verb act. [from the adj.] to deck up precisely, to form to
an affected nicety.

To PRIM, verb neut. to be full of affected ways.

PRI’MACY [primatus, Lat. primatie, primace, Fr. primato, It. primacia,
Sp.] the dignity or office of a primate, the chief management or govern­
ment, especially in ecclesiastical matters, the first place or chief rule.
When he had now the primacy in his own hand. Clarendon. See EX­
ARCH.

PRIMÆ’VAL, adj. [primævus, Lat.] that is of the first or more ancient
time. See PRIMEVAL.

PRIMA Naturalia, Lat. [in physics] atoms, or the first particles
whereof natural bodies are primarily composed.

PRI’MAGE, a duty appointed by a statute of king Henry VIII. to be
paid to mariners and masters of ships; to the master for the use of his ca­
bles and ropes; and to the mariners for loading and unloading the ship.

PRI’MAL, adj. [primus, Lat.] first. An obsolete word, but very com­
modious for poetry.

PRIMA’RILY, adv. [of primary] originally, in the first intention, in
the first place.

PRI’MARINESS [of primary] the state of being first in act or intention,
chief or first quality. Norris.

PRI’MARY, adj. [primiero, primario, It. primarius, Lat.] 1. First in
order or dignity, chief, principal, not secondary: As

PRI’MARY Planets [with astronomers] are those six that revolve about
the sun as a center, viz. Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
and Saturn. 2. First in intention. 3. Original, first. There was nei­
ther primary matter to be informed, nor form to inform, nor any being
but the eternal. Raleigh. See PLANETS.

PRI’MATE [primatis, gen. of primas, Lat. primat, Fr. primato, It.
primado, Sp.] a first or chief archbishop, or one invested with a jurisdic­
tion over several archbishops or bishops, a chief ecclesiastic.

PRI’MATESHIP [of primate] the dignity or office of a primate.

PRI’MÆ VIÆ, Lat. [in anatomy] the first passages, the stomach, in­
testines, and their appendices.

PRIME, adj. [primo, It. primus, Lat.] 1. Early, blooming. Milton.
2. Principal, first rate, chief. Divers of prime quality. Clarendon. 3.
First original. That priesthood belonged to Adam's heir, or the prime
fathers. Locke. 4. Excellent, sovereign.

PRIME, subst. 1. The first part of the day, the dawn, the morning.
While day arises, that sweet hour of prime. Milton. 2. The beginning,
the early days. In the very prime of the world. Hooker. 3. [Primus,
Lat.] the flower or choice. 4. [In popish churches] the first of the
seven canonical hours. 5. [In fencing] the first and chief of the guards,
which is that the body is in immediately after drawing the sword, being
the fittest to terrify the adversary; the point of the sword being held
higher up to the eye than in any other guard. 6. The best part. Give
him always of the prime. Swift. The Scots retain this sense. 7. The
height of perfection. The plants which now appear in the most dif­
ferent seasons, would have been all in prime, and flourishing together.
Woodward. 8. The spring of life, the height of health, strength, or
beauty. Likeliest she seem'd Ceres in her prime. Milton. 9. Spring.
For ever younger joys an endless prime. Granville. 10. [In geography]
the 60th part of a degree.

The PRIME, or Golden Number, was so called, becaused marked in the
calendar of Julius Cæsar, with letters of gold, and is a circle of 19
years; in which time, it is supposed that all the lunations and aspects,
between the sun and moon, did return to the same place. The chief
use of it, is to find the age and change of the moon.

PRIME Figures [with geometricians] are such which cannot be di­
vided into any other figures more simple than themselves; as a triangle
into planes, the pyramid into solids: for all planes are made of the first,
and all bodies or solids are compounded of the second.

PRIME of the Moon [in astronomy] the new moon at her first appear­
ance, for about three days after her change.

PRIME Numbers [in arithmetic] are such as are made only by addition,
or the collection of units, and not by multiplication, and so an unit
only can measure it, as 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. These some call the simple num­
bers, others uncompounded numbers.

PRIME Verticals [in dialling] direct, erect, north or south dials, whose
planes lie parallel to the prime vertical.

To PRIME, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To put powder into the
pan or touch hole of a gun, or piece of ordnance. 2. [Primer, Fr. to
begin; in painting] to lay on the first colour; a gallicism.

PRI’MELY, adv. [of prime] 1. Originally, primarily, in the first place,
in the first intention. 2. Excellently, supremely well; a low sense.

PRI’MENESS [of prime] 1. The state of being first. 2. Excellence.

PRI’MER, subst. 1. An office of the blessed virgin. In the primer or
office of the blessed virgin. Stilling fleet. 2. [primus liber primarius,
Lat.] the first book learned by cildren, being a small prayer-book, so
named from the Romish book of devotions, an elementary book. Not
by reading them himself in his primer, but by somebody's repeating
them. Locke.

PRIMER, or PRI’MING Iron [in gunnery] a pointed iron to pierce the
cartridge through the touch-hole of a piece of ordnance.

PRIME’RO, Sp. [primiera, It.] an antient game at cards. I left him
at primero. Shakespeare.

PRIME’VAL, adj. [primaevus, of primus, first, and aevum, Lat. age]
originally, such as was at first. Quit their old stations and primeval
frame. Prior. See PRIMITIVE Christianity.

PRIME’VOUS [primaevus, Lat.] the same with primeval; that is, of
the first age.

PRI’MIER Seisin [in law] i. e. first seisin; a branch of the king's pre­
rogative, where he had the first possession of all lands and tenements, held
of him in chief, whereof his tenant in chief died possessed, the heir being
at full age; or until he were so, if under age. Now abolished, 12 Car. II.

PRIMIER Serjeant, the king's first serjeant at law.

PRIMIGE’NIAL, adj. [primigenius, Lat.] original, the first of the kind;
more commonly written primogenial, but primigenial is more analogous.

PRIMIGE’NIALNESS [of primigenial] original state or quality.

PRIMIGE’NIOUS [primigenius, Lat.] first in its kind, original.

PRIMIGE’NIOUSNESS [of primogenious] original, quality, state of being
the first of the kind.

PRI’MING Horn [in gunnery] an horn full of touch-powder to prime
guns; this horn the gunner wears by his side when a ship is fighting.

PRIMI’TIAL, adj. [primiteus, Fr. primitiae, Lat.] being of the first
production. Ainsworth. See PENTICOSTE.

PRI’MITIVE [primitif, Fr. primitivo, It. and Sp. of primitivus, Lat.]
1. Pertaining to the first age, antient, original, established from the be­
ginning. 2. Formal, affectedly solemn, imitating the supposed gravity
of old times. 3. Original, primary, not derivative. Our primitive
great fire. Milton. 4. [With grammarians] an original word from
which others are derived; one that is not derived of any other language,
nor compounded from any other words of the same; as, a primitive
verb or noun.

PRIMITIVE CHRISTIANITY, whether taken from the scripture-ac­
count, or from St. Ignatius, Clemens Romanus, Justin, Irenæus, &c. ap­
pears to have been quite another thing, from that which goes under the
name of christianity, in the far greater part of our modern systems. That
we may not without reason apply that remark of the wise man here,
“God hath made man upright, but they have found out MANY INVEN-
TIONS.” In vain (for instance) if consulting these antient writers, shall
we search there either for the supra-lapsarian, or infra-lapsarian scheme;
in vain for the doctrine of absolute and irresistible decrees, deciding the
everlasting state of man (without a due respect to their own conduct up­
on the stage of life) before they came into being, with all those modern
appendages of a notion, which so much derogates from the divine good­
ness, &c. and least of all shall we find there, those ideas of DIVINITY,
which under covert of the Nicene council (but by advancing more than
ever she intended) have for so many centuries prevailed amongst us.
There would be no end of citations; and therefore I shall fasten upon
one single author. St. Irenæus, in his writings, constantly professes to
give you not merely his own sentiments, but that of the whole christian
world in his days; and yet by many a passage from his writings pro­
duced in this work, it appears how widely different was the ORTHO-
DOXY of his times, from what goes by THAT NAME in ours; and even
his creed itself casts no favourable aspect on those ADDITIONS, which in
after times were made, and by the assistance of the secular arm enforced
and established. I had here thought to have inserted it at large; but
for brevity sake must refer my readers to IREN. Ed. Grabe, p. 45 and
46, compared with PAULIANISTS, PRIMATIVENESS, and MONARCHY of
the Universe.

PRI’MITIVENESS [of primitive] state of being original, antiquity,
conformity to antiquity. See Justin. cum Tryph. Ed. R. Steph. p. 61.
and Iren. Ed. Grabe. p. 375, &c.

PRI’MNESS [of prim] formality, affected niceness, demureness or af­
fectedness of looks, quaintness, affectedness in dress.

PRIMOGE’NIAL, adj. [of primigenius; it should therefore be writ­
ten primigenial] first-born, original, constituent, elemental. Primoge­
nial and simple bodies. Boyle.

PRIMOGE’NITURE, Fr. [primagenitura, It. and Sp. of primogenitus, of
primo and genitura, Lat.] the privilege or state of being the first-born,
seniority, eldership. By his seniority and primogeniture. Government of
the Tongue. See FIRST-BORN of every Creature.








PRIMO’RDIAL, adj. Fr. [primordialis, from primordium, Lat.] primi­
tive, original, existing from the beginning. Not primordial and immuta­
ble beings. Boyle.

PRIMO’RDIAL subst. [from the adj.] origin, first principle. The pri­
mordials of the world are not mechanical. More.

PRIMO’RDIAN, subst. a species of plum.

PRIMO’RDIATE, adj. [primordium, Lat.] original, existing from the
beginning. A primordiate and ingenerable body. Boyle.

PRIMO’RES Dentes, Lat. [with anatomists] the four foremost teeth in
each jaw.

PRI’MROSE [of prima, the first, and rosa, rose, primula veris, Lat.] 1.
An early spring-flower. 2. Primrose is used by Shakespeare for gay or
flowery.

PRIMU’LA Veris, Lat. [with botanists] the primrose.

PRI’MUM Mobile [i. e. the first mover] in the Ptolemaic astronomy,
is the 9th or highest sphere of the heavens, whose center is that of the
world, and in comparison of which the earth is but a point; this is sup­
posed to contain all other spheres within it, and to give motion to them,
turning itself and them quite round in 24 hours space.

PRINCE, Fr. [principe, It. Sp. and Port. of princeps, Lat.] 1. One
who governs a state in chief, a sovereign. 2. A person of rank next to a
king. 3. Ruler of whatever sex. Queen Elizabeth a prince admirable
above her sex. Camden. 4. The son of a king, or one who is descen­
ded from such an one; the kinsman of a sovereign. 5. Only the eldest
son; as the prince of Wales is in England. 6. The principal, chief, or
most excellent person of any body of men; as, Aristotle the prince of
philosophers, the prince of learning. Peacham.

PRINCE, is also one who is a sovereign in his own territorses, yet holds
of some other as his superior Lord, as the princes of Germany.

To PRINCE, verb neut. to play the prince, to take state. Shakespeare.

PRINCE's Coronet, differs from others, in that it has crosses and flowers
raised on the circle, which no other can have.

PRINCE's Feather, a flower, the herb amaranth. Ainsworth.

PRI’NCEDOM [of prince] the rank, estate or power of the prince, so­
vereignty. Spenser.

PRI’NCELIKE, adj. [of prince and like] becoming a prince. Nothing
princelike. Shakespeare.

PRI’NCELINESS [of princelike and ness] princely quality.

PRI’NCELY, adj. [of prince] 1. Having the appearance of one high
born. That young and princely gentleman. Shakespeare. 2. Having
the rank of princes. Their princely birth. Shakespeare. 3. Becoming a
prince-royal, grand, august. Most princely gifts. Shakespeare.

PRI’NCELY, adv. [of prince] in a princelike manner.

PRINCE’SS [princesse, Fr. princepessa, It. princesa, Sp. and Port.] 1. A
sovereign lady, a woman having sovereign command. 2. A sovereign
lady of rank, next to that of a queen. 3. The daughter of a king,
a prince's consort.

PRI’NCIPAL, adj. Fr. [principale, It. of principalis, Lat.] 1. Princely;
a sense found only in Spenser. 2. Chief, main, most necessary, or most
considerable part of a thing, capital, essential. As touching principal
matters. Hooker.

PRINCIPAL Point [in perspective] that point where the principal ray
falls upon the plane.

PRINCIPAL Posts [in carpentry] the corner posts, which are tenoned
into the ground, plates below, and into the beams of the roof.

PRINCIPAL Ray [in perspective] is that which passes perpendicularly
from the spectator's eye to the perspective plane.

PRI’NCIPAL, subst. Fr. [from the adj. principale, It.] 1. [In commerce]
the first fund or sum put by partners into common stock. 2. A
head, a chief, not a second. Seconds in faction do many times, when
the faction subdivideth, prove principals. Bacon. 3. One primarily or
originally engaged, not an accessary or auxiliary. We were not princi­
pals but auxiliaries in the war. Swift. 4. [Of a college, &c.] the
head, the chief person, the president, the governor. 5. The sum of
money borrowed or lent, distinct from the interest. We have no other
means for paying off the principal. Swift.

PRINCIPA’LITIES [in theology] one of the orders of angels.

PRINCIPA’LITY [principaulté, principauté, Fr. principato, It. of princi­
palitas, Lat.] 1. Sovereignty supremes power, the dominion of a prince.
All other absolute power of principality he had. Spens. 2. A prince, one
invested with sovereignty. Nisroch of principalities the prime. Milton.
3. The country which gives title to a prince; as, the principality of
Wales. 4. Superiority, predominance. Having the prerogative and
principality above every thing. Taylor.

PRI’NCIPALLY, chiefly, in the first place, above all.

PRI’NCIPALNESS [of principal] the state of being principal, or chief.

PRINCI’PIA, Lat. principles, elements.

PRINCIPIA’TION [principium, Lat.] analysis into constituent or elemen­
tal parts; a word not received. Bacon.

PRI’NCIPLE [principe, Fr. principio, It. of principium, Lat.] 1. The
first cause of the being or production of any thing, original cause. 2.
Being productive of other beings, operative cause The soul of man is
an active principle, and will be employed. Tillotson. 3. Element, con­
stituent part, primordial substance. Watts. 4. Ground of action. Some
common principle of action, working equally with all men. Addison. 5.
A fundamental truth, first position from which others are deduced, an
inducement, or motive, a maxim, or undoubted truth. Principles uni­
versally agreed upon. Hooker. 6. A good practical rule of action, tenet
on which morality is founded; in which sense a person may be said to
be a man of principles, when he acts according to the known rules of
religion and morality.

To PRI’NCIPLE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To establish in any
tenet, to impress with any tenet good or ill. Principled with an opinion.
Locke. 2. To establish firmly in the mind. For the forfeiting their
reading or principling their religion. Locke.

First PRINCIPLE, a thing that is self-evident, and is, as it were, na­
turally known; as, that nothing can exist and not exist at the same time,
that the whole is greater than a part, &c. See PNEUMATOMACHI.

PRI’NCIPLES [in arts and sciences] the first grounds and rules of them;
otherwise called elements and rudiments.

PRINCIPLES [in chemistry] are five of mixed natural bodies; as
phlegm or water, mercury or spirit, sulphur or oil, salt and earth.

PRINCIPLES [with mathematicians] are definitions, axioms, and pos­
tulates.

PRINCIPLES [with moralists] are maxims or undoubted truths; also
good practical rules of action, as a man who acts according to the known
parts of religion and morality, is said to be a man of principle.

Active PRINCIPLES [with chemists] spirit, oil, and salt.

Passive PRINCIPLES, water and earth.

PRI’NCOCK, or PRI’NCOX, subst. [from prink or primcock, perhaps prae­
cox, or praecoquum ingenium, Lat.] a young man of wit, but vain withal,
a coxcomb, a pert young fellow. You are a princock, go. Shakespeare.

To PRINK up, verb neut. [pronken, Du.] to prank, to deck for show;
to dress up nicely, or in their best cloaths.

To PRINT, verb act. [printen, Du. empeint, imprimer, Fr.] 1. To
mark by pressing any thing upon another. 2. To impress any thing,
so as to leave its form. 3. To form by impression. Nor print any
marks upon you. Leviticus. 4. To impress words or make books, not
by the pen, but the press. With the printed names to them. Locke.

To PRINT, verb neut. to publish a book. From the moment he
prints, he must expect to hear no more truth. Pope.

PRINT, subst. [empreinte, Fr.] 1. Mark or form made by impression.
2. That which being impressed leaves its form. 3. Pictures cut in wood
or copper to be impressed on paper. 4. Picture made by impression.
The prints which we see of antiquities may contribute to form our genius.
Dryden. 5. The form, size, arrangement, or other qualities of the types
used in printing books. She read her maker in a fairer print. Dryden.
6. The state of being published by the printer. Appearance in print.
Addison. 7. Single sheet printed and sold. The prints about three
days after were filled with the same terms. Addison. 8. Formal method.
Not designed to have his maid lay all things in print. Locke.

PRI’NTER. 1. A person who prints, and takes impressions from move­
able characters ranged in order, or plates engraved by means of a press,
ink, &c. 2. One that stains linen; as, a callico printer.

PRI’NTING, the art of printing has been used by the Chinese, much
more antietnly than the Europeans; but theirs seems to have been by
immoveable characters only, cut in wood, as now we print papers for
rooms; but the art of printing with moveable types is said to have
been invented by Lawrence Coster of Haerlem in Holland; others say,
by John Gottenburgh of Germany: It was brought into England by
Caxton and Turner, whom king Henry VI. sent to learn it. One of
the first printed books, now extant, is Tully's Offices, printed in the
year 1465, and kept in the Bodleian library at Oxford.

PRI’NTLESS, adj. [of print] that which leaves no impression. My
printless feet. Milton.

PRI’OR, adj. [prior, Lat.] former, that is before something else. We
have a prior and superior obligation to the commands of Christ. Rogers.

PRI’OR, subst. Sp. [prieur, Fr. priore, It.] 1. The head of a priory,
or convent of monks, inferior in dignity to an abbot. 2. Prior is such
a person, as in some churches presides over others in the same churches.
Ayliffe.

PRIO’RESS [of prior] 1. A lady superior of a convent of nuns. 2. A
nun next in dignity to an abbess.

PRI’ORITY [priorità, It. prioridád, Sp. of prioritas, Lat.] state of be­
ing first in rank, order, or dignity, precedence in time, the state of be­
ing first. Priority of birth. Hayward.

PRIORITY [in law] is an antiquity of tenure, compared with another
less antient.

PRI’ORSHIP [of prior] the office or dignity of a prior.

PRI’ORY [of prior; prieuré, Fr. priorata, It. prioria, Sp.] 1. A society
of religious persons, under the government of a prior or prioress, a con­
vent in dignity, below an abbey. 2. Priories are the churches which
are given to priors in titulum, or by way of title. Ayliffe.

PRI’SAGE [in law] that share which belongs to the king or admiral,
out of such merchandizes as are taken at sea as lawful prize, an is usually
a 10th part.

PRISAGE [of wines, now called butlerage] a custom whereby the king
challenges, out of every ship laden with wine, containing 20 tuns, or
less than 42 tuns of wine, the one before and the other behind the mast,
at his own price, which is 20 s. per tun.

PRISCI’LLIANISTS, followers of Priscilian a Spaniard; a sect which
arose, according to Tillemont, A.C. 379. St. Jerome, in his book of il­
lustrious men, says, “that by means of the faction of Idaceus and Itha­
cius, Priscillian had been put to death at Treves; that to that day he was
accused by some as having been of the Gnostic heresy; whilst others de­
fended him, saying, that he did not hold the opinions, which had been
imputed to him.” It is true in another work, writ about the year 415,
he says, “that Priscillian had been condemned by the civil sword, and
by the authority [or judgment] of the whole world.” Which incon­
sistency led father Quesnel to suppose, the former testimony to be an in­
terpolation. To which Dupin well answers: “That conjecture, tho'
unsupported by any manuscript, might have been of some moment, if it
were not well known, that Jerome has oftentimes spoke very differently
of one and the same person.” And Dr. Lardner (to whom we are in­
debted for these remarks) adds, that in his judgment, the true state of
the case is this, “that in the book of illustrious men, St. Jerome writes
with the calmness of an historian: In the other he is OUT OF HUMOUR,
and writes in the HEAT of CONTROVERSY.” Credibility of the gospel
history, Vol. 9. p. 319, 320. A good hint this, and which should be
kept in view; when conversant, not only with St. Jerome, but also with
our church-writers in general!——And accordingly the Doctor has been
at some pains to wipe off several aspersions cast upon this sect, and tells
us, p. 331, and 337, “that pope Leo in his letter charges them with Sa­
bellianism, and yet presently afterwards [by a strange kind of self-contra­
diction] would make us believe, that they agreed with the Arians; that
they believed the pre-existence of human souls (which they supposed to be
consubstantial to the deity) and that they had sinned in heaven, before they
were sent down into bodies.” The Doctor adds, p. 335, “that several
other opinions are imputed to them: whether rightly or not, cannot be
certainly said, as we have none of their writings; and what their enemies
say, is not easy to be understood.” Though he seems, p. 349, to allow,
they had a disadvantageous opinion of morriage, with some rules of diet,
not founded in reason or scripture; and were irregular in fasting, when
other christians feasted.——But as to the charge of OBSCENE doctrines
and LEWD PRACTICES, he says, “so far as we are able to judge upon
the evidence that has been produced, they rather appear to have made
high pretensions to sanctity and purity, and to have PRACTISED uncommon
mortifications.” See HIEROM, DONATISTS, CELICOLI, DEMONSTRA­
TIO a posteriori, &c.

PRISM [prisme, Fr. prisma, Lat. of ωρισμα, Gr. in optics] is a glass
bounded with two equal and parallel triangular ends, and three plane
and well polished sides, which meet in three parallel lines, running from
the three angles of one end to those of the other, and is used to make







experiments about light and colours, for the rays of the sun falling upon
it, at a certain angle, transmit, thro' it, a spectrum or appearance
coloured like the rainbow.

Triangular PRISM, a prism, the two opposite bases of which are trian­
gles alike, parallel and equal.

PRISMA’TIC, or PRISMA’TICAL, adj, [prismatique, Fr.] formed like
a prism, pertaining to prisms.

PRISMA’TICALLY, adv. [of prismatical] in the form of a prism.
Prismatically figured. Boyle.

PRISMOI’D [of ωρισμα and ειδος, Gr. form] a solid geometrical figure
bounded by several planes, the bases of which are right angled parallelo­
grams, parallel and alike situated, a body approaching to the form of a
prism.

PRI’SON, Fr. [prigione, It. prision, Sp. prizam, Port.] a gaol or jail, a
strong hold in which persons are confined.

PRI’SON-BASE, subst. a kind of rural play commonly called prison-bars.

PRI’SONER [prisonnier, Fr. prigioniere, It. prisionero, Sp.] 1. One im­
prisoned, one who is confined in hold. 2. A capture, one taken by the
enemy. 3. One under an arrest.

PRI’SON-HOUSE [of prison and house] gaol, hold where one is con­
fined.

PRI’SONMENT [of prison] confinement, imprisonment, captivity.

PRI’STINE, adj. [pristino, It. of pristinus, Lat.] first, ancient, original.
Restored to its pristine constitution. Newton.

PRI’THEE, a familiar corruption of pray thee, or I pray thee, which
some of the tragic writers have injudiciously used. Johnson.

PRI’TTLE PRATTLE [prob. of praten, Du. to prate] superfluous and
insignificant talk, a reduplication of prattle.

PRI’VACY. 1. State of being secret, secrecy. 2. Retirement, retreat.
3. [Privaute, Fr.] great familiarity, privity, joint knowledge. Privacy
in this sense is improper. To hearken to any composition without your
privacy. Arbuthnot. 4. Taciturnity. Ainsworth.

PRIVA’DO, Sp. a secret or intimate friend. With some privado of
her own. Bacon.

PRI’VATE [privé, Fr. privato, It. privado, Sp. and Port. of privatus,
Lat.] 1. Concealed, secret, not open. 2. Alone, not accompanied.
3. Being upon the same terms with the rest of the community, particu­
lar. Opposed to public. 4. Particular, not relating to the public. 5.
In private, secretly, not publicly, not openly. In private grieve. Gran­
ville.

PRI’VATE, subst. a secret message.

PRIVATEE’R, a ship fitted out by one or more private persons with a
licence from the prince or state, to make prize of an enemy's ship and
goods.

To PRIVATEE’R, verb act. [from the subst.] to fit out ships against
enemies, at the charge of private persons. This seems to be the only
form in which the verb is used; as, they went a privateering.

PRIVATEE’RING, part. adj. sailing in a privateer in order to take ene­
mies ships.

PRI’VATELY, adv. [of private] secretly, not openly.

PRI’VATENESS [of private] 1. The state of a man in the same rank
with the rest of the community. 2. Secrecy, privacy. 3. Obsurity, re­
tirement. A resolved privateness, where he bent his mind to a retired
course. Wotton.

PRIVA’TION, Fr. [privazione, It. privacior, Sp. of privatio, Lat.] 1.
Removal or destruction of any thing or quality. A privation is the ab­
sence of what does naturally belong to the thing. Watts, 2. The act of
the mind, by which, in considering a subject, we separate it from any
thing appendant. This is more usually called abstraction. 3. The act
of depriving or degrading from rank or office. 4. Want, lack, or being
without.

PRIVATION [in the canon law sense] is when a bishop or parson is by
any act, deprived of his bishopric, church or benefice.

PRIVATION [in metaphysics] is the want or absence of some natural
perfection, from a subject capable to receive it, in which subject, it ei­
ther was before, or at least ought to have been.

Partial PRIVATION [in metaphysics] is only in some particular re­
spect, and relates principally to its perfect actions, or some degree of
them, as when a person shuts his eyes, or is purblind.

PRI’VATIVE, adj. [privatis, Fr. privativo, It. and Sp. of privativus,
Lat.] causing privation of any thing, consisting in the absence of some­
thing not positive. Privative is in things what negative is in proposi­
tions. See POSITIVE, and AUTOTHEISM, compared.

PRIVA’TIVE, subst. that of which the essence is the absence of some­
thing, as silence is only the absence of sound.

PRI’VATIVELY, adv. [of privative] by the absence of something ne­
cessary to be present, negatively, not positively.

PRI’VATENESS [of private] notation of absence of something that
should be present.

PRI’VET, a sort of ever-green shrub. It is distinguished from the
phyllyrea by the leaves being placed alternately upon the branches;
whereas those of the phillyrea are produced by pairs opposite to each
other.

PRI’VIES in Blood [in law] those that are linked in consanguinity.

PRIVIES in Representation, such as the executors or administrators to a
a party deceased.

PRIVIES in Estate [a law term] are he in reversion and he in remain­
der, when land is given to one for life, and to another in fee; for that
their estates are created both at one time,

PRIVIES in Tenure, as the lord of the manor, by escheat, when the
land falls to the lord for want of heirs.

PRI’VILEGE, Fr. [privilegio, It. and Sp. of privilegium, Lat.] 1. A
peculiar advantage over others. 2. Immunity, public right.

PRIVILEGE [in law] is a special grant or favour, whereby either a
private person, or particular corporation, is freed from the rigour of the
common law.

PRIVILEGE Real, is a privilege allowed to any place, as to the univer­
sities, that none may be called to Westminster-Hall upon any contract or
agreement made within their own precincts; or be sued in other courts.

PRIVILEGE Personal, is a privilege allowed to any person against or
beyond the course of common law; as, a member of parliament may not
be arrested, nor any of his servants, during the session or sitting of the
parliament.

PRIVILEGE [in commerce] is a permission from a prince or magistrate,
to make and sell a sort of merchandize; or to engage in a sort of com­
merce, either exclusive of others, or in concurrence with them.

To PRI’VILEGE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To invest with immu­
nities, to grant a privilege. 2. To exempt from censure or danger. A
privileg'd place. Sidney. 3. To exempt from paying tax or impost.
Many things are by our laws privileg'd from tythes. Hale.

PRI’VILEGED Person, one who has the benefit of, or enjoys some par­
ticular privilege.

PRI’VILY, adv. [of privy] privately, secretly.

PRI’VITIES, in the plur. the privy or secret parts of a human body.

PRI’VITY [privauté, Fr.] 1. Private communication, private know­
ledge of, consciousness, private concurrence. Done without their pri­
vity. Hooker. 2. An intimate freedom or private familiarity between
two persons.

PRIVITY [in law] a private familiarity or inward relation; as, if
there be a lord and tenant, and the latter holds of the former by several
services; there is a privity between them in respect to the tenure.

PRI’VY, adj. [privé, Fr.] 1. Acquainted with conscious to any thing,
admitted to participation of knowledge. Privy to such a secret. Swift.
2. Private, not public, assigned to secret uses. The privy coffer of the
state. Shakespeare. 3. Secret, clandestine. He took advantage of the
night for such privy attempts. 2 Maccabees. 4. Secret, not shown.
Their privy chamber. Ezekiel. 5. Admitted to secrets of state. A
privy counsellor. Spectator.

PRIVY, subst. [privé, Fr. privato, It. privada, Sp. and Port. of priva­
tus, sc. locus, Lat.] a house of office, a place of easement, a necessary
house.

PRIVY [in law] one who is a partaker of, or that has an interest in
any action or thing.

PRIVY Seal, is a seal that the king first sets to such grants as pass the
great seal of England, and is sometimes used in matters of less conse­
quence.

Lord PRIVY Seal, is the fifth great officer of the crown, thro' whose
hands pass charters and grants of the king; all pardons, &c. that pass
the great seal. He is a member of the council.

PRI’WEN, the name of king Arthur's privy seal, on which the virgin
Mary was engraved.

To PRI’ZE, verb act. [priser, Fr. apreciàr, Sp. apprecio, Lat.] 1. To
value, rate, or set a certain price upon. 2. To esteem or make account
of, to value highly. The ancients only, or the moderns prize. Pope.

PRIZE, subst. [prise, Fr. presa, It. in the first sense] 1. That which is
taken by adventure, plunder, any kind of booty. 2. A benefit-ticket
in a lottery. 3. A reward proposed for a person who shall do any thing
best, a reward gained by contest with competitors. 4. A reward gained
by any performance. Fame is the trumpet, but your smile the prize.
Dryden. 5. A trial of skill at sword-playing.

PRI’ZER [of prize; priseur, Fr.] he that values or rates.

PRI’ZE-FIGHTER [of prize and fighter] one that fights publickly for a
reward.


PRO

PRO, a Latin preposition signifying for, in defence, or in respect of a
thing; also before, whether in time or place.

PRO and Con, for pro and contra, for and against.

PROBA’BILISTS, a sect among the Roman catholics, who adhere to
the doctrine of probable opinions.

PROBABI’LITY [probabilité, Fr. probabilità, It. probabilidad, Sp. pro­
babilitas, Lat.] likelihood, appearance of truth. It is less than mo­
ral certainty.

Poetical PROBABILITY, is the appearance of truth in the fable or action
of a poem. See EPIC Poem, and DRAMA, compared.

PRO’BABLE, Fr. and Sp. [probabile, It. of probabilis, Lat.] likely, or
like to be, having more evidence than the contrary.

PRO’BABLY, adv. [of probable] likely, in all likelihood. What may
possibly, and what may probably be done. L'Estrange.

PRO’BAT, or PRO’BATE [of probatum, Lat.] the proof of wills and tes­
taments of persons deceased in the spiritual court, either in common form
by the oath of the executor, or with witnesses also to avoid debates.

PROBA’TION, Fr. [provazione, It. of probatio, Lat.] 1. Proof, evi­
dence, testimony. 2. The act of proving by ratiocination or testimony.
3. [Probation, Fr.] examination. 4. Trial. Much will be left to the
experience and probation whereunto indication cannot reach. Bacon. 4.
[In the university] the trial of a student about to take his degrees. 5.
[In a monastic sense] a time of trial, or the year of noviciate, which a
religious person must pass in a convent to prove his virtue, and whether
he can bear the severity of the rules. In your days of probation. Swift.

PROBA’TIONARY, adj. [of probation] pertaining to probation or trial,
serving for trial. See GNOSTICS and MANICHÆANS, compared.

PROBA’TIONER [of probation] 1. One that is upon trial or examina­
tion. 2. A scholar, a novice who undergoes a probation at the univer­
sity. 3. [Among the presbyterians] one who is licensed by the presby­
tery to preach, which is usually done a year before ordination.

PROBA’TIONERSHIP [of probation] the state of being a probationer,
noviciate. Suitable to that state of mediocrity and probationership.
Locke.

PRORA’TOR [in law] an approver, an accuser, one who undertakes
to proves a crime charged upon another; probably an accomplice in a
felony; who having proved the charge against another, as principal or
accessary, either by duel or trial by his country, was pardoned for life
and members, but punished with transportation.

PRO’BATORY [probatorius, fom probo, Lat. to prove] that proveth or
trieth, serving for trial.

PROBA’TUM Est, Lat. [i. e. it is proved or tried] a term frequently
subjoined to a receipt, for the cure of some disease. Take my advice,
probatam est. Prior.

PROBE [of probo, Lat. to try] a surgeon's instrument to sound and ex­
amine the circumstances or depth of wounds, ulcers, and other cavities.

To PROBE, verb act. [of probo, Lat. to try] to search the depth, &c.
of a wound, with an iustrument called a probe.

PRO’BE-SCISSORS [of probe and scissors] scissars used to open wounds,
of which the blade thrust into the orifice has a button at the end.

PRO’BITY [probité, Fr. probità, It. probidàd, Sp. of probitas, Lat.] up­
rightness, integrity, veracity, honesty. And white-rob'd probity com­
pleats the choir. Table of CEBES.

PRO’BLEM [probleme, Fr. problema, It. and Lat. ωροβλημα, Gr.] a
proposition expressing some natural effect, in order to a discovery of its
apparent cause, a question proposed.

PRO’BLEM [in algebra] is a queston or proposition, which requires
some unknown truth to be investigated and discovered, and the truth of
the discovery demonstrated.

PROBLEM [in geometry] is that which proposes something to be done,
and more immediately relates to practical than speculative geometry, it







being to be performed by some known rules, without regard to their in­
ventions or demonstrations; as to divide a line, construct an angle, &c.

PROBLEM [in logic] a doubtful question, or a proposition, that nei­
ther appears absolutely true nor false, but which is probable on both
sides, and may be asserted either in the affirmative or negative, with
equal evidence.

Local PROBLEM [with mathematicians] is such as one as is capable
of an infinite number of different solutions, so that the point which is to
resolve the problem, may be indifferently taken, within a certain extent,
i. e. any where in such a line, or within such a plane, figure, &c. which
is termed a geometrical place. It is also called an indeterminate pro­
blem.

Solid PROBLEM [with mathematicians] is one which can't be geome­
trically solved, but by the interfection of a circle, and a conic section, or
by the intersection of two other conic sections besides the circle.

Deliac PROBLEM, the doubling of a cube; so called on this account,
that when the people of Delos consulted the oracle, for a remedy against
the plague, the answer was, that the plague should cease, when the altar
of Apollo, which was in the form of a cube, should be doubled.

PROBLEMA’TICAL [problematique, Fr. problematico, It. and Sp. proble­
maticus, Lat. of προβληματιχος, Gr.] pertaining to a problem, uncer­
tain, unsettled, disputable. A point problematical. Boyle.

PROBLEMA’TICAL Resolution [with algebraists] a method of solving
difficult questions by certain rules, called the canons.

PROBLEMA’TICALLY, adv. [of problematical] uncertainly, in a pro­
blematical manner.

PRO’BOLE [προβολη, Gr.] the process of a bone.

PROBOLE [in divinity] is that kind of production, where the thing pro­
duced is supposed to have been contained seminally at least (before its
production) within the substance of that thing which produces it. As in
the process of a bone, supposing it to grow out of the main body of the
bone; or, more strictly speaking, as when vegetables cast forth (for
such is the proper import of the Greek word) their branches, leaves and
fruit. See Luke, c. 21. v. 29, 30. Such was that kind of production,
which, in opposition to the old Gnostics and Valentinians, St. Irenœus so
often combats in his writings; but which in process of time Montanus,
and his disciple Tertullian revived. And tho' St. Irenœus has left it un­
determined whether the Valentinians joined to their probole the idea of
consubstantiality (as appears, I think, from his whole reasoning. Ed.
Grabe. p. 147, 148, 149) yet 'tis very remarkable, that Candidus the Va­
lentinian, in his dispute with St. Origen, maintained it; and no wonder
he should, since in truth it grew out of his scheme; while St. Origen op­
posed it. Nor was St. Origen singular in this. The whole council of
Antioch did the same. And accordingly we find that when this article of
consubstantiality was first inserted into the creed, it was objected that this
very council (a council of great repute, a council whose orthodoxy was on
all sides acknowledged, and which was held long before that of Nice)
had rejected it; as appears by the joint confession of St. Basil, and Atha­
nasius himself. Athanas. de Synodis Ed. Paris. p. 919 and 926 compared.
St. Athanasius indeed endeavours to get over the difficulty; but as he con­
fesses that he had not the council's letter by him, I infer the solution he
gives to be a mere conjecture of his own; nor indeed does it square with
the point in debate. The truth of the case seems to have been this;
Paulus of Samosata, when finding the council affirmed (in opposition to
all his subterfuges and evasions) Christ to be a God, not by mere fore­
knowledge or predestination; (much less as being the unsubstantial reason of
God the Father) but ουσια χαι νποστασει Γεος, i. e. God in essence and hy­
postasis; he threw this objection in their way; that if so, they must make
him consubstantial to the Father. But this charge the council disowned;
as well she might. For 'tis one thing to affirm, that Christ is a God in
virtue of his divine production before the ages, a God originally so, and
as possessed of his own proper essence, and real substantial existence; and
another thing to affirm that he is of a substance (strictly speaking) the
same in kind [or species] with the unbegotten and self-existent
being. See PAULIANISTS, GNOSTICS, HOMOÜSIANS, BEGOTTEN, NI­
CENE Council, ISOCHRONAL, and MEDIATE Agency compared.

PROBO’SCIS, Lat. a snout, the trunk of an elephant; it is used also for
the same part in every creature that bears any resemblance thereunto.
Milton.

PROCA’CIOUS, adj. [procacis, gen. of procax, Lat.] petulant, loose.

PROCA’CITY [procacitas, Lat.] sauciness, malipertness, petulance.

PROCATA’RCTIC, adj. [προχαταρχτιχος, of προχαταρχωομαι, Gr. to
begin before. See PROCATARXIS] which fore-goes or gives beginning
to another, or which is externally impulsive to action; antecedent.

PROCATARCTIC Cause [of προχαταρχομαι, Gr. to go before] the first
or beginning cause of a disease, which co-operates with others that fol­
low; as a violent fit of passion, or an excessive heat in the air, which
may corrupt or breed ill juice in the blood, and so cause a fever.

PROCATA’RXIS, subst. [προχαταρξις, Gr.] Procatarxis is the immediate
cause of a disease, which co-operates with others that predisposed, or
prepared the body for it; as a very hot air or climate shall bring on a
fever in a bilious constitution; where the bilious constitution is the predis­
ponent cause, and the hot air or climate the immediate or procatartic cause.
See PREDISPONENT.

PROCE’DURE, Fr. [procedere, It. in law] 1. A course of pleadings.
2. Manner of proceeding, management, conduct in general. This is
the true procedure of conscience. South. 3. Art of proceeding, pro­
gress, operation, process. 4. Produce, thing produced. Earth and the
procedures of earth. Bacon.

To PROCEE’D, verb neut. [proceder, F. and Sp. procedere, It. of pro­
cedo, Lat.] 1. To come from or be derived, to spring, or have its rise from
by generation, to be propagated. From my loins thou shalt proceed.
Milton. 2. To go forward, to tend to the end designed. When they
proceed not, they go backward. B. Johnson. 3. To pass from one
thing or place to another. 4. To come forth from a place or a sender.
I proceeded forth and came from God. St. John. 5. To go or march
in state. A clear stage for his muse to proceed in. Anonymous. 6. To
issue, to arise, to be the effect of, to be produced from. 7. To prose­
cute any design. 8. To be transacted or carried on. 9. To make pro­
gress, to advance. 10. To carry on juridical process. 11. To trans­
act, to act, to carry on any affair methodically. 12. To take effect, to
have its course. This rule only proceeds and takes place. Aylisse.

PROCEED, subst. [from the verb; with merchants] that which arises
from a thing; as, the neat proceed. Not an elegant word, tho' much
used in law and mercantile writings.

PROCEE’DER [of proceed] one who makes progress, one who goes
forward.

PROCEE’DING, part. act. of proceed, which see. [procedens, Lat.] com­
ing from, having its spring or rise from; going forward, &c.

PROCEE’DING, subst. [of proceed; procedé, Fr.] 1. Aa matter carried on
or managed; particularly legal procedure. 2. Progress from one thing
to another, transaction, series of conduct.

PROCE’LLOUS [procellosus, Lat.] tempestuous, stormy.

PROCELEU’SMATIC Foot [in grammar] a foot consisting of four short
syllables; as pelagius.

PROCE’PTION [proceptio, of pro, before, and capio, Lat. to take] pre-oc­
cupation, act of taking something sooner than another. An obsolete word.

PROCE’RITY [proceritas, from procerus, Lat. tall] tallness, height
length of stature. Addison.

PRO’CERS [with glass-makers] certain irons hooked at the ends.

PRO’CESS [procez, Fr. processo, It. and Sp. of processus, Lat.] 1. The
act of going forward, tendency, progressive course. 2. Regular and
gradual progress. 3. Course, continual flux or passage. In long pro­
cess of time. Hale. 4. A series or order of things. 5. [In anatomy]
the knob or part of a bone that bunches out. 6. [With chemists] the
whole exact course of any operation or experiment, methodical ma­
nagement of any thing. Chemical processes. Boyle. 7. [In law] that
by which a man is called into any court. 8. [In law] in its general
sense, is used for all the proceedings in any cause or action, real or per­
sonal, civil or criminal, from the original writ to the end, course of
law.

PROCE’SSION, Fr. and Sp. [processione. It. processio, Lat.] 1. A train
marching in ceremonious order. 2. [With the Roman Catholics] a so­
lemn march of the clergy and people, in their ornamental habits, with
music, &c.

PROCESSION [in Rogation week] a visitation of the bounds of a parish,
performed by the minister, parish officers, and children.

PROCESSION [in theology] a term used to signify the manner wherein
the Holy Spirit is conceived to issue from the Father and the Son. But,
N. B. This use of the term is as late as the latter part of the 4th cen­
tury. See MACEDONIANS, GHOSTS, and ELCESAITÆ, compared.

To PROCESSION, verb neut. [from the subst.] to go in procession. A
low word.

PROCE’SSIONAL, adj. [of procession] pertaining to a procession.

PROCE’SSIONARY, adj. [of procession] consisting in procession.

PROCE’SSUS [processum, sup. of procedo, Lat. to start out; in anatomy]
a process or protuberance, as in a bone.

PROCESSUS Ciliaris [in anatomy] the muscular filaments in the eye,
whereby the pupil is dilated and contracted.

PROCESSUS Peritonœi [in anatomy] two pipes or canals on each side
the os pubis, which reach to the skin of the scrotum, thro' the holes of
the tendons of the oblique and transverse muscles.

PROCESSUS Styliformis [in anatomy] a sort of outward process or
knob of the bones of the temples, slender and long, having the horn of
the bone hyoides tied to it.

PROCESSUS Zygomaticus [in anatomy] an external process of the
bones of the temples, which runs forwards and joins with the bone of the
upper jaw, from the juncture of which is formed the bridge called zygo­
ma, reaching from the eye to the ear.

PROCHEI’N Amy Fr. [i. e. friend next of kin; in common law] sig­
nifies one, who being next a-kin to a child in his nonage, is allowed to
manage his affairs, &c.

PROCHRO’NISM [prochronismus, Lat. of προχρονισμος, Gr.] an error
in chronology, a setting down or dating things before they really hap­
pened. See ANACHRONISM.

PRO’CIDENCE [procidentia, Lat.] a falling down of a thing out of its
place, dependence below its natural place.

PROCIDE’NTIA Ani, Lat. [with surgeons] a falling out of the inte­
stinum rectum through the fundament, occasioned by a too great loose­
ness.

PROCIDE’NTIA Uteri, Lat. [in surgery] a relaxing or loosening of
the internal tunic of the vagina, or neck of the uterus.

PRO’CINCT, adj. [procinto, It. of procinctus, Lat.] ready at hand, com­
pletely prepared.

PROCINCT, subst. [procinctus, Lat.] complete preparation, preparation
brought to the point of action. War he perceiv'd, war in procinct.
Milton.

To PROCLAI’M, verb act. [proclamer, Fr. proclamare, It. of proclamo,
Lat.] 1. To publish with a loud voice, to tell openly. 2. To declare with
solemnity, to promulgate by a legal declaration. 3. To outlaw by
public denunciation. I hear'd myself proclaimed. Shakespeare.

PROCLAI’MER [of proclaim; proclamatore, It. of proclamator, Lat.] one
who makes proclamation or publishes by authority.

PROCLAI’MING [proclamans, Lat.] a making known publickly.

PROCLAMA’TION, Fr. [proclamazione, It. of proclamatio, Lat.] 1. A
public notice given by authority, a publishing by sound of trumpet, or
beat of drum. 2. A declaration or order issued out by the king to give
notice to his subjects of such matters as he thinks fit.

PROCLAMATION of a Fine [in law] is a notice openly and solemnly
given thereof at all the assizes held in the county, within one year after
the engrossing it.

PROCLAMATION of Exigents, an awarding an exigent in order to an
outlawry; a writ of proclamation issues to the sheriff of the county where
the party dwells, to make three proclamations for the defendant to yield
himself, or be outlawed.

PROCLAMATION of Rebellion, public notice given by an officer, that a
man shall be accounted a rebel who does not appear upon a sup pœna, or
an attachment in chancery, unless he shall surrender himself at a day as­
signed in the writ.

PROCLI’VITY [proclivitas, Lat.] 1. An aptness or propensity in a thing
to incline or tend downwards, natural inclination, propension. A pro­
clivity to steal. Brown. 2. Readiness, quickness, facility of attaining.
He had such a dexterous proclivity, as his teachers were fain to restrain
his forwardness. Wotton. 3. Proneness.

PROCLI’VOUS [proclive, It. preclivis, Lat.] inclining downwards;
also inclined, tending by nature.

PROCO’NDYLI [of προ, before, and χονδνλος, Gr. the joint of a fin­
ger] the bones of the singers next to the back of the hand.

PROCO’NDYLUS, Lat. the first joint of each finger, next to the meta­
carpus.

PRO CONFE’SSO [i. e. as tho' it had been confessed] when upon a bill
exhibited in chancery, the defendant appears upon an habeas corpus, is­
sued out to bring him to the bar, and the court has assigned him a day to
answer; which being expired, and no answer put in, a second habeas







corpus is granted, and another day assigned; upon which day, if the de­
fendant does not answer the bill upon the plaintiff's motion, it shall
be taken pro confesso, i. e. as if it had been confessed by the defendant's
answer.

PROCO’NSUL, a Roman magistrate, who governed a province with a
consular power; this governor was to continue in his government but one
year. See CONSUL.

PROCO’NSULSHIP [of proconsul] the office or dignity of a procon­
sul.

To PROCRA’STINATE, verb act. [procrastinare, It. of procrastinor, Lat.]
to put off from day to day, to defer.

To PROCRASTINATE, verb neut. to be dilatory. Swift.

PROCRASTINA’TION [procrastinazione, It. of procrastinatio, Lat.] the
act of putting off till to-morrow; delaying, deferring, dilatoriness.

PROCRASTINA’TOR [of procrastinate] a dilatory person.

PRO’CREANT, adj. [procreans, Lat.] productive, pregnant. His pen­
dent bed and procreant cradle. Shakespeare.

To PRO’CREATE, verb act. [procreer, Fr. procreàr, Sp. procreo, Lat.]
to beget children, to generate, to produce.

PROCREA’TION, Fr. of Lat. a begetting of children or offspring, ge­
neration, production. See CREATE, and Efficient CAUSE, compared.

PRO’CREATIVE, adj. [of procreate] generative, productive. The hu­
man procreative faculty. Hale.

PROCREA’TIVENESS [of procreative] power of generation.

PROCREA’TOR [of procreate] generator, one that begets.

PRO’CTOR [contracted from procurator, Lat. procureur, Fr.] 1. An advo­
cate in the civil law; one who undertakes to manage a cause for another
in the ecclesiastical court, commonly an attorney in the spiritual court.
2. [In the west of England] a collector of the fruits of a benefice for
another. 3. A manager of another man's affairs.

PROCTORS [in an university] two persons chosen out of the students,
to see good orders and exercises duly performed; the magistrates of the
university.

PROCTORS [of the clergy] deputies chosen by the clergy of every
diocese, two for each, to appear for the cathedral and collegiate churches,
one for each to sit in the lower house of convocation.

To PROCTOR, verb act. [from the subst.] to manage. Shakespeare.

PRO’CTORSHIP [of proctor] the office or dignity of a proctor.

PROCU’MBENT [procumbens, Lat.] lying along, lying down, prone.

PROCUMBENT Leaves [in botany] such leaves of plants as lie flat and
trailing on the ground.

PROCU’RABLE, adj. [of procure] acquirable, that may be procured.

PROCU’RACY [procura, It. procuraciòn Sp. procuratio, Lat.] 1. The
management of any affair. 2. The deed or instrument whereby a per­
son is constituted procurator. 3. The office of procurator.

PROCURA’TION [of procure] 1. The act of procuring. 2. An act
whereby a person is impowered to act, treat, receive, &c. in a person's
name.

PROCURA’TION, a composition paid by the parson of the parish to an
ecclesiastical judge, in commutation for the entertainment which he was
otherwise to have provided for him at his visitation.

PROCURATION Money, money given to scriveners by such persons as
take up sums of money at interest.

PROCURA’TOR [procurateur, Fr. from procuro, Lat.] 1. A proctor or sol­
licitor, one who manages another man's affairs. 2. A governor of a
country under a prince.

PROCURATOR of St. Mark [at Venice] the person next in dignity to
the doge, or duke of that republic.

PROCURATO’RIAL, adj. [of procurator] made by a proctor. All pro­
curatorial exceptions ought to be made before contestation of suit. Ay­
liffe.

PROCU’RATORY, adj. [of procurator] tending to procuration, the in­
strument whereby any person constitutes and appoints his proctor to re­
present him in any court or cause.

To PROCU’RE, verb act. [procurer, Fr. procuràr, Sp. and Port. procu­
rare, It. of procuro, Lat.] 1. To get for another, to help to; to obtain,
to acquire. 2. To manage, to transact for another. 3. To persuade,
to prevail on. Whom nothing can procure. Herbert. 4. To contrive,
to forward. Proceed, Salinus, to procure my fall. Shakespeare. 5. To
act as a pimp or bawd.

PROCU’REMENT [of procure] the act of getting or procuring.

PROCU’RER [of procure] a getter, one that gains or obtains; also a
pimp, a pandar. Se PRIAPISM, and read there, PHALLIC.

PROCU’RESS [of procure] a bawd. The most artful procuress in town.
Spectator.

PRO’CYON [προχυων, Gr.] a constellation placed before the great dog,
and thence takes its name, q. d. before the dog.

PRO-DICTA’TOR, a magistrate among the Romans, who had the
power of, and did the office of a dictator. See DICTATOR.

PRO’DIGAL, adj. [prodigue, Fr. prodigo, It. Sp. and Port. of prodigàlis,
Lat.] 1. Prosuse, lavish, wasteful, riotous, not frugal. 2. [In low lan­
guage] foolish, vain-glorious; this sense is improper.

To be PRODIGAL [prodigare, Lat.] to spend lavishly.

PRODIGAL, subst. a spendthrift, a waster, one not frugal.

PRODIGA’LITY [prodigalité, It. prodigalidàd, Sp. of prodigalitas, Lat.]
lavishness, profuseness, waste, excessive liberality.

PRO’DIGALLY, adv. [of prodigal] profusely, lavishly, &c.

PRODI’GIOUS [prodigieux, Fr. prodigioso, It. and Sp. of prodigiosus. Lat.]
monstrous, vast; preternatural, contrary to the course of nature.

PRODI’GIOUSLY, adv. [of prodigious] 1. Amazingly, vastly, enormously.
2. Sometimes used as a familiar hyperbole. I am prodigiously pleased
with this second volume. Pope.

PRODI’GIOUSNESS [of prodigious] monstrousness, amazing qualities.

PRO’DIGY [prodige, Fr. prodigio, It, and Sp. of prodigium, Lat.] 1. A
preternatural thing, or some effect beyond the ordinary course of nature,
from which omens are drawn, portent. 2. Monster. Natures's pro­
digies, not her children. B. Johnson. 3. Any thing amazing, either
for good or bad. Prodigies of learning. Spectator.

PRODI’TION [proditia, Lat.] treachery, act of betraying, treason.

PRODI’TOR, Lat. a betrayer, a traiter. Obsolete.

PRODITO’RIOUS, adj. [proditorius, Lat.] 1. Treacherous, traitor-like,
persidious. Proditorious wretch. Daniel. 2. Apt to make discoveries.
Wotton.

PRO’DROMUS, Lat. [προδρομος, Gr.] a fore-runner, a harbinger.

PRODROMUS Morbus, Lat. [with physicians] a disease which fore­
runs a greater; as a straitness of the breast is a prodromus of a con­
sumption.

To PRODU’CE, verb act. [produire, Fr. produrre, It. produzir, Sp. of
produco, Lat.] 1. To yield, to bear or bring forth as a vegetable, to
cause. 2. To effect, to beget. Somewhat is produced of nothing. Ba­
con. 3. To shew or expose to view, to offer to notice. Produce your
case. Isaiah. 4. To exhibit to the public. 5. To bring as an evi­
dence.

To PRODUCE [in geometry] is to draw out a line farther till it have
its intended length.

PRO’DUCE, or PRO’DUCT, subst. [from the verb; productus, Lat. pro­
duit, Fr. This noun, tho' accented on the last syllable by Dryden, is
generally accented on the first] 1. Product, that which any thing yields,
or brings fruit. 2. Amount, profit, emergent sum or quantity, effect.

PRODU’CENT, subst. [producens, Lat.] one that offers or exhibits. Ay­
liffe.

PRODU’CER [of produce] one that generates or produces.

PRODU’CIBLE [of produce] 1. That may be produced or exhibited.
2. Such as may be generated or made. Salts producible are the alkalis
or fixt salts. Boyle.

PRODU’CIBLENES [of producible] the state of being producible.

PRODU’CING, part. act. [of produce; producens, Lat.] yielding, bring­
ing forth, causing; also exposing to view. See To PRODUCE.

PRO’DUCT [productus, Lat. produit, Fr.] 1. The thing produced,
fruit; as the product of the ground, of the sea. Our British products.
Addison. 2. Work, composition. The products of great and wise men.
Watts. 3. Effect, thing consequential of wit, learning, &c.

PRO’DUCT [with arithmeticians] the factum of two numbers, or the
quantity arising from the multiplication of two or more numbers into one
another.

PRODUCT [with geometricians] is the factum, &c. when two lines are
multiplied one by another, the product being always a rectangle.

PRODU’CTILE [productilis, from produco, Lat.] drawn out at length,
which may be produced.

PRODU’CTION, Fr. [produzione, It. of productio, Lat.] 1. The act of
bringing forth. 2. The thing produced, product or fruit. 3. Work,
composition.

PRODU’CTIONS [with anatomists] continuations or processes; such
parts of bones as bunch a little out.

PRODUCTIONS [in physics] the works and effects of nature or art.

PRODU’CTIVE, adj. [of produce; produttivi, It. productivus, Lat.] apt
to produce, fertile, efficient, generative. Productive of merit. Spectator.

PRODU’CTIVENESS [of productive] aptness to produce.

PROE’CTHESIS [προεχθεσις, from προ, εχ, and θεσις, from τιθημι, Gr.
to place before] 1. A running out before. 2. [with rhetoricians] a fi­
gure in which the orator by his answer (containing a reason of what he,
&c. has said or done) defends himself, or the other person as unblame­
able.

PROEGU’MENA [in medicine] a predisponent internal cause of a distem­
per, as contradistinguished from the proximate or immediate cause. See
PROCATARTEN.

PRO’EM [proeme, O. Fr. proemio, It. and proœmium, Lat. of προοιμιον,
Gr.] a preface or an entrance upon a discourse, introduction. Swift.

PROE’MPTOSIS [with astronomers] that which makes the new moon
appear a day later, by means of the lunar equation, than it would do
without that equation.

PROEPIZEU’XIS [προεπιζευξις, Gr.] a grammatical figure, when a verb
is put between two nouns which ought to be placed at the end.

PROFANA’TION, Fr. [profanatio, from profano, Lat.] 1. The act of pro­
faning, unhallowing, polluting, or turning holy things to common use,
the act of violating any thing sacred. 2. Irreverence to holy persons or
things.

To PROFA’NE, verb act. [profaner, Fr. profano, Lat.] 1. To abuse
holy things, to unhallow, to violate, to pollute. 2. To put to wrong
use. So idly to profane the precious time. Shakespeare.

PROFANE, adj. Fr. [profano, It. Sp. and Port. of profanus, Lat.] 1. Ir­
reverent to sacred things or names. 2. Not sacred, secular, unhallowed,
unholy; it is applied in general to all persons and things that have not
the sacred character. 3. Polluted, not pure. Nothing is profane that
serveth to holy things. Raleigh. 4. Not purified by holy rites. Far
hence be souls profane. Dryden.

PROFA’NELY, adv. [of profane] with irreverence to sacred names or
things.

PROFA’NER [of profane] one who profanes, violates or pollutes.

PROFA’NENESS [of profane] a violating of holy things, impiety, a dis­
respect paid to the name of God, and to things and persons consecrated
to him, irreverence of what is sacred. Immortality and profaneness. At­
terbury. See PRAXÆAN, and read there, PAULIANISTS, and PARTI­
PASSIANS.

PROFE’CTION [with astrologers] equal and regular progression or
course of the sun and other significators in the zodiac, according to the
succession of the signs, allowing the whole circle and one sign over to
each profection. Brown.

PRO’FER [in law] the time appointed for the accounts of sheriffs and
other officers to be given into the exchequer, i. e. twice in the year.

PRO’FFER, subst. [proffre, Fr.] 1. An offer or tender, something pro­
posed to acceptance. 2. Essay, attempt.

To PRO’FFER, verb act. [proferire, It. proferer, Fr. profero, Lat.] 1. 
To make an offer to give. 2. To attempt, to essay.

PRO’FFERER [of proffer] he that proffers or offers.

To PROFE’SS, verb act. [professer, Fr. professare, It. professar, Sp. pro­
fessum, sup. of profiteor, Lat.] 1. To declare and make one's self known
in strong terms to be of such a religion, sect, or party; to protest or de­
clare solemnly. 2. To exercise some particular calling or study publicly,
to declare publicly one's skill in any art, so as to invite employment.

To PROFESS, verb neut. 1. To declare openly. 2. To declare friend­
ship. Obsolete.

PROFE’SSEDLY, adv. [of professed] according to open declaration
made by himself, openly, avowedly.

PROFE’SSION, Fr. and Sp. [professione, It. of professio, Lat.] 1. A con­
dition of life, calling, or any art or mystery that one has chosen; as law,
physic, &c. 2. Declaration. 3. Public confession, protestation, the
act of declaring one's self of any party or opinion.

PROFE’SSIONAL, adj. [of profession] relating to a particular calling or
profession.

PROFE’SSOR [from profess; professeur, Fr.] 1. One who makes a pro­
fession of any religion or persuasion, one who declares himself of any opi­
nion or party. 2. [Sp. professeur, Fr. professore, It. of Lat. in the







schools of an university] a lecturer or reader of any art or science, one
who publicly practises or teaches any art. 3. One who is visibly religious.
Illiterate people, who were professors, that shewed a concern for religion,
seemed much conversant in St. Paul's epistles. Locke.

PROFE’SSORSHIP [of professor] the office, &c. of a professor of any
art or science.

PROFI’CIENCE, or PROFI’CIENCY [of proficientia, Lat.] progress,
the state or quality of a proficient, advancement in any thing, improve­
ment gained. It is applied to intellectual acquisitions.

PROFI’CIENT, subst. [proficiens, Lat.] one who has made a good pro­
gress in a science or art.

PROFI’CUOUS, adj. [proficuus, Lat.] advantageous, useful.

PRO’FILE, Fr. [profilo, It. perfil, Sp.] side-face, or side-view; as a
picture in profile, i. e. drawn side-ways, or as a head or face set side­
ways, as on coins. I have not seen a Roman emperor drawn with a
full face; but always in profile. Addison. See MEDALLION.

PROFILE [with architects] the draught of a piece of building,
wherein the breadth, depth, and height of the whole is set down, but
not the length; and such as they would appear, if the building were cut
down perpendicularly from the roof to the foundation; much the same
as a prospect view'd sideways.

PROFILE, is sometimes used for a design or description, in opposition
to a plan or ichnography. Hence

PROFI’LING, is designing or describing with rule and compass.

To PRO’FIT, verb act. [profiter, Fr. profittare, It.] 1. To improve, to
advance; with the reciprocal pronoun. 2. To benefit, to advantage.
Whereto might the strength of their hands profit me? Job.

To PRO’FIT, verb neut. 1. To get profit or advantage. 2. To
make progress, to make improvement. Give thyself wholly to them,
that thy profiting may appear to all. 1 Timothy. 3. To be useful, to be
of advantage. What profited thy thoughts? Prior.

PRO’FIT, Fr. [profitto, It.] 1. Advantage, accession of good. Say not
what profit is there of my service. Ecclesiasticus. 2. Gain, interest, pe­
cuniary advantage. Rewards of trust, profit and dignity. Swift. 3.
Improvement, advancement, proficiency.

PRO’FITABLE, Fr. [profitteable, It.] 1. Gainful, lucrative. 2. Bene­
ficial, advantageous, useful.

PRO’FITABLENESS [of profitable] 1. Gainfulness. 2. Beneficial­
ness, advantageousness, usefulness.

PRO’FITABLY, adv. [of profitable] 1. Gainfully. 2. Advantageously,
usefully.

PRO’FITING, part. act. of profit; which see [profitant, Fr.] getting
profit, gain, advantage.

PRO’FITLESS, adj. [of profit] void of gain or advantage.

PRO’FLIGATE, adj. [prostigatus, Lat.] wicked, villainous, debauched
to the highest degree, abandoned, shameless.

PROFLIGATE, subst. an abandon'd shameless wretch.

To PRO’FLIGATE, verb act. [profligatum, sup. of profligo, Lat.] to
drive away. A word borrowed from the Latin, without alteration of
the sense, but not much used. Harvey.

PRO’FLIGATELY, adv. [of profligate] shamelesly, infamously.
Swift.

PRO’FLIGATENESS [of profligate] the quality of being abandoned to
debauchery, lewdness to the highest degree.

PRO’FLUENCE [profiuentia, Lat.] progress, course. Wotton.

PRO’FLUENT, adj. [profluens, Lat.] flowing plentifully, flowing for­
ward; as, profluent stream. See REFLUENT.

PROFOU’ND, adj. [profond, Fr. profondo, It. profundo, Sp. profundus,
Lat.] 1. Deep, descending far below the surface, low with respect to
the neighbouring places. A gulf profound. Milton. 2. Intellectually
deep, not easily fathomed by the mind; as, a profound treatise. 3.
Lowly, submissive, humble. What humble gestures, what profound re­
verence? Duppa. 4. Learned beyond the common reach, knowing to
the bottom; as, profound learning. 5. Deep in contrivance. See MYS­
TERIES.

PROFOUND, subst. [profundum, Lat.] 1. The deep, the main, the sea
In the fathomless profound. Sandys. 2. The abyss. Milton.

To PROFOU’ND, verb neut. [from the subst.] to dive, to penetrate.
A barbarous word. We cannot profound into the hidden things of nature.
Glanville.

PROFOU’NDLY, adv. [of profound] 1. With deep concern, deeply.
Why sigh you so profoundly? Shakespeare. 2. With deep infight, with
great degrees of knowledge.

PROFOU’NDNESS [of profound] depth of place; also depth of know­
ledge, deep insight.

PROFU’NDITY [profundità, It. profundidàd, Sp. profunditas, Lat.]
depth of place or knowledge. The vast profundity obscure. Milton.

PROFU’NDUS Musculus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle which bends the
fingers; called also perforans.

PROFU’SE, adj. [profusus, Lat.] lavish, wasteful, extravagant, over­
abounding. Profuse of flowers. Milton.

PROFU’SELY, adv. [of profuse] lavishly, extravagantly, &c. with
exuberance. Herbs profusely wild. Thomson.

PROFU’SENENESS [of profuse] a lavishing or squandering away money,
prodigality, extravagance.

PROFU’SION, Fr. [of profusio, Lat.] 1. Lavishness, prodigality. 2.
Lavish expence, superfluous effusion. 3. Abundance.

PROG [prob. of procuratum, Lat. gotten] provisions of any kind.

To PROG [q. d. procuro, Lat.] to rob, to steal.

PROGENERA’TION [progenero, Lat.] the act of breeding or bringing
forth.

PROGE’NITORS, plur. of progenitor [progenitori, It. of progenitores, Lat.]
fore-fathers, ancestors in a direct line.

PRO’GENY [progenie, O. Fr. progenia, It. of progenies, Lat.] offspring,
issue, race, generation.

PROGNO’SIS, Lat. [προγνωσις, Gr.] 1. A knowing before, fore-know­
ledge, fore-boding. 2. [In physic] the seeing something future, relative
to a disease.

PROGNO’STICABLE, adj. [of prognosticate] such as may be foreknown
or foretold. Their effects not prognosticable like eclipses. Brown.

To PROGNO’STICATE, verb act. [pronostiquer, Fr. pronosticare, It. pro­
nosticar, Sp. of prognostico, Lat. of προγινωσχω, Gr. to foreknow] to fore­
tell, to foreshow.

PROGNOSTICA’TION [of prognosticate] 1. The act of foretelling or fore­
knowing. 2. Foretoken. Sandys.

PROGNOSTICA’TOR [prognosies, Lat. of Gr.] a predicter or foreteller
of future events, foreknower.

PROGNO’STIC, adj. [prognostique, Fr. προγνωστιχος, Gr.] foretokening
disease or recovery, foreshowing.

PROGNOSTIC, subst. [of προγνωστιχον, Gr.] 1. A sign or token that in­
dicates something about to happen, a token forerunning. South. 2. The
skill of foretelling diseases or their events. Hippocrates' prognostic is ge­
nerally true. Arbuthnot. 3. A prediction. Your prognostics run to fast.
Swift. See PROGNOSIS.

PROGNO’STICS [with physicians] are the signs by which they make a
conjectural judgment of the event of a disease, as whether it shall end in
life or death, be long or short, mild or malignant.

PROGRA’MMA, Lat. [προγραμμμα, Gr.] a letter set up with the king's
seal.

PROGRAMMA [προγραμμα, Gr.] an edict or proclamation set up in a
public place.

PROGRAMMA [in the universities] a billet or advertisement posted up,
or given into the hands of persons, by way of invitation to an oration or
other college ceremony; containing the argument, or so much as is ne­
cessary for the understanding thereof.

PRO’GRESS, subst. [progrez, Fr. progresso, It. and Sp. of progressus, Lat.]
1. The act of going forward or proceeding in any undertaking, course,
procession, passage. 2. Advancement, motion forward. The progress
and revolutions of nature. Burnet's Theory. 3. Intellectual improve­
ment, advancement in knowledge. In its progress to knowledge. Locke.
4. Removal from one place to another. From Egypt arts their progress
made to Greece. Denham. 5. The journey of a prince, a journey of
state, a circuit. Like unto the progress of a king in full peace. Bacon.

To PRO’GRESS, verb neut. [progressus, of progredior, Lat.] to move
forward, to pass on. Obsolete.

PROGRE’SSION, Fr. [progressione, It. of progressio, Lat.] 1. An orderly
advancing or going forward, in the same manner, course, tenor, &c.
process. 2. Motion forward. 3. Course, passage. A letter which ac­
cidentally, or by the way of progression, hath miscarried. Shakespeare. 4.
Intellectual advance. The long progression of the thoughts to first princi­
ples. Locke.

PROGRESSION Arithmetical, is when the numbers of other quantities
do proceed by equal differences, either increasing or decreasing, as, 2, 4,
6, 8, 10, 12, &c. or b, 2b, 3b, &c. or 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 6b, 5b, 4b,
3b, 2b, b, where the former series is increasing, the common difference in
those being 2, and in these 1.

PROGRE’SSION Geometrical, is when numbers or quantities proceed by
equal proportions or ratios (properly called) that is, according to one
common ratio, whether increasing or decreasing, as, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,
64, &c. or a series of quantities continually proportional.

PROGRE’SSIONAL, adj. [of progression] pertaining to progression, that
is in a state of increase or advancement.

PROGRE’SSIVE, adj. [progressif, Fr. of progressive, It.] which proceeds
or goes on, advancing.

PROGRE’SSIVELY, adv. [of progressivo] by regular course, gradually.

PROGRE’SSIVENESS [of progressive] the state of proceeding or going for­
ward.

To PROHI’BIT, verb act. [prohiber, Fr. proibire, It. prohibìr, Sp. of
prohibitum, sup. of prohibeo, Lat. to hinder] 1. To forbid, to interdict by
authority. 2. To bar or keep from. to hinder in general,

PROHI’BITED Goods [in commerce] such commodities as are not al­
lowed either to be imported or exported.

PROHI’BITER [of prohibit] one that prohibits, an interdicter.

PROHIBI’TION, Fr. [prohibizione, It. prohibicion, Sp. of prohibitio,
Lat.] 1. The act of forbidding, interdiction. 2. [In law] a writ issued
to forbid any court, either spiritual or secular, to proceed in a cause there
depending, upon suggestion that the cognizance thereof does not belong
to that court. See FORBIDDANCE, and add, “the strict forbiddance.”
PARAD. LOST.

PROHI’BITORY, adj. [prohibitorius, Lat.] that belongs to a prohibition,
forbidding, implying prohibition. It has words prohibitory. Ayliffe.

To PROJE’CT [projetter, Fr. of projectum, sup. of projicio, Lat.] 1. To
design, to contrive, to form in the mind. 2. To throw out, to cast for­
ward. 3. To exhibit a form, as of the image thrown on a mirrour.
4. To draw on a plane.

To PROJE’CT, verb neut. to jut out, to shoot forward beyond some­
thing next it.

PRO’JECT [projét, Fr. projetto, It. of projectus, Lat.] a design, a con­
trivance, a scheme.

PROJE’CTED, part. pass. of project [projectus, Lat.] 1. Designed, con­
trived. 2. [With mathematicians] drawn upon a plane.

PROJE’CTILE, adj. Fr. [of projectus, Lat.] impelled forward.

PROJECTILE, subst. [from the adj.] any thing thrown with a force.

PROJECTILE [in mechanics] an heavy body put into a violent motion,
by an external force impressed thereon; a body put in motion, or more
fully a projectile is a heavy body, which being put into a violent mo­
tion, is dismissed from the agent, and left to pursue its course, as a stone
thrown out of one's hand by a sling, a bullet from a gun, &c. The
curve line E c G F (Plate VIII. Fig. 12.) represents the path of a
projectile or ball, shot from the cannon W.

PROJE’CTION, Fr. [of projectio, Lat.] 1. The act of shooting forwards,
2. [Projection, Fr.] plan, delineation. See To PROJECT. 3. Scheme,
plan of action. 4. [In mechanics] the action of giving a projectile its
motion. 5. [In perspective] the appearance or representation of an ob­
ject on a perspective plane.

PROJECTION [in chemistry] is when any matter to be calcined or ful­
minated is put into a crucible, spoonful by spoonful.

PROJECTION of the Sphere in Plano [in mathematics] a representation
of the several points or places of the surface of the sphere, and of the cir­
cles described thereon, &c. as they appear to the eye situated, at a given
distance, upon a transparent plane situate between the eye and the
sphere.

PROJECTION [with alchymists] is the casting of a certain imaginary
powder, called the powder of projection, into a crucible full of prepared
metal, in order to its being transmuted into gold.

PROJECTION Monstrous, an image [in perspective] is the projection
of an image upon a plane, or the superficies of some body, which seen at
a certain distance will be deformed.

Powder of PROJECTION, or of the Philosopher's Stone, is a powder sup­
posed to have the virtue of changing copper, lead, &c. into a more per­
fect metal, as into silver or gold, by the mixture of a small quantity with
it.








Gnomonic PROJE’CTION, is where the plane of projection is parallel to
the circle of the sphere, upon the plane of some circle, and the eye is
supposed to be in the center of the earth.

Orthographic PROJECTION, is a projection wherein the superficies of
the sphere is drawn on a plane cutting it in the middle, the eye being
placed at an infinite distance vertically to one of the hemispheres; or it is
that, where the eye is taken to be at an infinite distance from the circle
of projection, so that all the visual rays are parallel among themselves,
and perpendicular to the said circle.

Stereographic PROJECTION of the Sphere, is that wherein the surface
and circles of the sphere are drawn upon a plane of a great circle, the
eye being in the pole of the same circle.

PROJECTIVE Dialling, a method of drawing, by projection, the true
hour lines, furniture, &c. on dials, or any kind of surface whatsoever,
without having any regard to the situation of those surfaces, either as to
declination, inclination, or reclination.

PROJE’CTOR [of project] 1. One who projects or contrives any de­
sign. 2. One who forms wild impracticable schemes. Chemists and
other projectors. L'Estrange.

PROJE’CTURE, Fr. [projectura, Lat.] the coping of a wall, the jut­
ting-out of any part of a building, the out-jutting or prominency, which
the mouldings and members have beyond the naked face of the wall, co­
lumn, &c.

PROJE’CTURING Table [in architecture] is that which juts out beyond
the naked face of a wall, pedestal, or any part to which it serves as an
ornament.

To PROIN, verb act. [a corruption of prune] 1. To lop, to trim, to
prune. B. Johnson. 2. [In falconry] a hawk is said to proin, when she
trims or puts her wings in order.

PROLA’BIA, Lat. [in anatomy] the fore-lips, that part of the labia
which juts out.

To PROLA’TE, verb act. [prolatum, sup. of profero, Lat.] to pro­
nounce, to utter. Howel.

PROLATE, adj. long flat. The prolate spheroidical figure. Cheyne.

PROLATE Sphœroid [in geometry] a solid produced by the revolution
of a semi-ellipsis about its longer diameter.

PROLA’TION [prolatus, Lat.] 1. Pronunciation, utterance. Fed at
the prolation of certain words. Ray. 2. Delay, act of deferring. Ains­
worth. 3. [In music] the act of shaking or making several inflections
of the voice on the same syllable.

PROLA’TIONS, adj. either first, what is derived; or, secondly, the logos
PROPHORICOS, i. e. WORD SPOKEN, a title which some gave to Christ, in
opposition to his real substantial existence. See PAULIANISTS.

To PROLE, to hunt or search about in quest of any thing.

PROLEGO’MENA [προλεγομενα, Gr. prolegomenes, Fr.] preparatory dis­
courses, containing matters of which it is fit the reader should be informed,
in order to his better understanding the subject and design of the book,
&c. prefaces, preambles; introductory observations.

PROLE’PSIS [προληψις, Gr. prolepse, Fr.] anticipation or prevention.

PROLEPSIS [προληψις, of προλαμβανω, Gr. to take before] a figure
with rhetoricians, by which they prevent what their antagonists would
object or alledge; some divide this figure into two parts, called hypopho­
ra, in which, the objection being started, the speaker makes answer to
his own demand; and the anthypophora, a contrary inference, where
an objection is refuted by the opposing of a contrary sentence; others di­
vide it into the prolepsis and hypobola.. This was contained in my
prolepsis, or prevention of his answer. Bramhall.

PROLE’PTIC, or PROLE’PTICAL, adj. [προληπτιχος, Gr.] pertaining
to a prolepsis, previous, antecedent. The proleptical notions of religion.
Glanville.

PROLEPTICAL Disease, a distemper which still anticipates, or whose
paroxism returns sooner and sooner every day; as is common in agues.

PROLE’PTICALLY, adv. [of proleptical] by way of anticipation.

PRO’LES, Lat. the issue of a person's body; an offspring or race.

PROLES [in the sense of the law] is sometimes taken for the issue of
an unlawful bed.

PROLETA’RIAN, adj. mean, wretched, vile, vulgar. Hudibras.

PROLIFICA’TION [proles, offspring, and facio, Lat. to make] 1. Act
of making fruitful. 2. Generation of children. Brown.

PROLI’FIC, or PROLI’FICAL, adj. [prolifique, Fr. prolifico, It. and Sp.
of prolificus, of proles, offspring, and facio, Lat. to make.] apt to breed.

PROLI’FICALLY, adv. [of prolifical] fruitfully, pregnantly.

PROLI’FICKNESS, aptness to breed.

PRO’LIX, adj. [prolixe, Fr. prolisso, It. prolixo, Sp. of prolixus, Lat.]
1. Tedious or long in speech, not concise. 2. Having a long duration.
This is a very rare sense. If the appellant appoints a term too prolix,
the judge may assign a competent term. Ayliffe.

PROLI’XIOUS, adj. [of prolix] tedious, dilatory, A word coined by
Shakespeare.

PROLI’XITY [prolix or prolixité, Fr. prolissità, It. prolixidàd, Sp. of
prolixitas, Lat.] a fault of entring into too minute a detail, or being too
long and circumstantial in a discourse. See MACROLOGY.

PROLI’XLY, adv. [of prolix] at great length, tediously. On these
prolixly thankful she enlarg'd. Dryden.

PROLOCU’TOR, a speaker or chairman of a convocation, the foreman.
Swift.

PROLOCU’TORSHIP [of prolocutor] the office or dignity of a speaker
or chairman of a synod or convocation.

PRO’LOGUE, Fr. [prologo, It. of prologus, Lat. of προλογος, Gr.] 1. 
The preface, introduction to any discourse or performance. 2. Speech
before a stage play.

To PROLOGUE, verb act. [from the subst.] to introduce with a formal
preface. Shakespeare.

To PROLO’NG [prolonger, Fr. prolongàr, Sp. of prolongare, It. of pro
and longus, long, Lat.] 1. To lengthen out, to make a thing last longer,
to continue, to draw out. 2. To put off to a distant time. Were the day
prolong'd. Shakespeare.

PROLONGA’TION, Fr. [prolongazione, It.] 1. The act of lengthening
out. 2. Delay to a longer time. The prolongation of days for payment
of monies. Bacon.

PROLU’SION [in literature] a term applied to certain pieces or com­
positions, made previously to others, by way of prelude or exercise, en­
tertainment, performance of diversion, In the first book of his academi­
cal prolusions. Hakewell.

PROMENA’DE, Fr. a walk in the fields to take the air.

PRO’MINENT, adj. [prominente, It. prominens, Lat.] jutting out, or
standing forward, and beyond the near parts, protuberant.

PRO’MINENCE [prominent, or prominenza, It. of prominentia, Lat.] a
jutting out, or standing forward, protuberance or extant part. With the
prominencies and fallings in of the features. Addison.

PROMI’SCUOUS, adj. [promiscuo, It. promiscuus, Lat.] mingled toge­
ther, confused, undistinguished.

PROMI’SCUOUSLY, adv, [of promiscuous] indiscriminately, confusedly.
Woodward.

PROMI’SCOUSNESS [of promiscuous] quality of being promiscuous or
mixed.

To PRO’MISE, verb act. [promettre, Fr. promettere, It. prometère Sp.
of promitto, Lat.] to engage or give one's word, to make declaration of
some benefit to be conferred.

To PROMISE, verb neut. 1. To make a promise, to assure one by a
promise. I dare promise for this play. Dryden. 2. It is used of assu­
rance even of ill. I fear it, I promise you. Shakespeare.

PROMISE, subst. [promisse, Fr. promissa, It. and Sp. promissum, Lat.] 1. 
An assurance by word of mouth to do any thing, declaration of some be­
nefit to be conferred. 2. Performance of promise, grant of the thing
promised. Now are they ready, looking for a promise from thee. Acts.
3. Hopes, expectation.

PROMISE [in law] is when upon a valuable consideration, a man
binds himself by his word to perform such an act as is agreed on, and
concluded with another. Upon such a promise an action may be groun­
ded; but if it be without a consideration it bears no action.

PROMISE Breach [of promise and breach] violation of promise. Ob­
solete.

PROMISE Breaker [of promise and break] one who breaks his promise.
Shakespeare.

PRO’MISER [of promise] one who promises.

PRO’MISING, part. adj. [of promise] giving hopes or expectation; as,
he's a very promising youth.

PRO’MISSARY, subst. one to whom a promise is made.

PRO’MISSORILY, adv. [of promissory] by way of promise. To a
strict observation of that which promissorily was unlawful. Brown.

PRO’MISSORY, adj. [of promisser, gen. of promissor. Lat.] pertaining to
a promise, containing profession of some benefit to be conferred.

PROMISSORY Note, a note promissing to pay a sum of money at a time
appointed.

PRO’MONTORY [promontoire, Fr. promontorio, It. and Sp. of promonto­
rium, Lat.] an high ground, point of land or rock that runs out far into
the sea, commonly called a cape or headland.

To PROMO’TE, verb act. [promovere, It. promovér, of promotum, sup.
of promoveo, Lat.] 1. To advance, to further or carry on. 2. To exalt,
to prefer.

PROMO’TER [of promote; promoteur, Fr.] 1. One that advances, for­
wards, or encourages. 2. one who sets on foot, or helps on an affair.

PROMO’TERS [in law] informer, makebate, a person who in popular
and penal actions prosecutes offenders in his name and the king's, and is
entitled to part of the fines and penalties for his pains. Obsolete.

PROMO’TION, Fr. [promozione, It. promociòn, Sp. of promotio, Lat.] pre­
ferment, advancement, a rising to some new dignity or rank.

To PROMO’VE, verb act. [promouvoir, Fr. promoveo, Lat.] to forward,
to advance, to promote. A word little used.

To PROMPT, verb act. [of promptus, Lat. or of prontare, It.] 1. To tell
or whisper to an actor on the stage, to assist by private instructions, to help
at a loss. 2. To make, to instigate. If they prompt us to anger. Dup­
pa. 3. To remind, to encourage, or put one upon a thing.

PROMPT, adj. [promt, Fr. pronto, It. prompto, Sp. of promptus, Lat.]
1. Quick, ready, acute, easy. 2. Quick, petulant. Dryden. 3. Ready,
without hesitation, wanting no new motive. A warlike offspring prompt
to bloody rage. Dryden. 4. Told down, ready; as, prompt pay­
ment.

PRO’MPTER [of prontare, It.] 1. An assistant to actors in a play; one
posted behind the scenes, who watches attentively the actors speaking on
the stage, suggesting to them and putting them forward when at a stand,
and correcting them when amiss in their parts. 2. An admonisher, a
reminder.

PRO’MPTITUDE [promtitude, Fr. prontezza, It. of promptitudo, of prom­
tus, Lat.] readiness, quickness.
With arms protended o'er the verge they lean,
The promptitude of friendship in their mien. Table of Cebes.

PRO’MPTLY, adv. [of prompt] quickly, expeditiously, readily, cheer­
fully. Promptly and readily. Taylor.

PRO’MPTNESS [of prompt] promptitude, readiness, alacrity. Great
courage and promptness of mind. South.

PRO’MPTUARY [promptuarium, Lat.] a store-house, a magazine, a re­
positary. Woodward.

PRO’MPTURE [of prompt] suggestion, instigation, motion given by
another. A word rarely used. He hath fallen by prompture of the blood.
Shakespeare.

To PROMU’LGATE, verb act. [promulgo, Lat.] to publish or pro­
claim, to make known by open declaration.

PROMULGA’TION [promulgatio, Lat.] publication, open declaration.
Promulgation of the gospel. Hooker.

PROMU’LGATOR [of promulgate] publisher, one that openly teaches or
declares.

To PROMU’LGATE, verb act. [promulgare, It. promulgo, Lat. promulgàr,
Sp.] to publish, properly used of the Roman laws, which were hung up
in the market-place, and exposed to publick view, for three market days
before they were passed or allowed; to teach openly.

PROMU’LGER [of promulge] publisher, promulgator. The promulgers
of our religion. Atterbury.

PRONA’TION [with anatomists] is when the palm of the hand is
turned downwards, as supination is, when the back of it is turned up­
wards.

PRONATOR Radii Quadratus [in anatomy] a muscle of the radius,
which arises broad and fleshy from the lower and inner part of the ulna,
and helps to move the radius inwardly.

PRONATOR Radii Teres, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle arising from
the inner knob of the shoulder-bone, and having its infertion a little a­
bove the radius, on the outside.

PRONATO’RES [in anatomy] two muscles of the radius, which serve to
turn the palm of the hand downwards.








PRONE, adj. [prono, It. pronus, Lat.] 1. Inclined to a thing, propense,
disposed; it has commonly an ill sense. 2. Bending downwards, not
erect. Milton. 3. Lying with the face downwards; contrary to supine.
Those postures prone, supine and erect. Brown. 4. Precipitous, head­
long, going downwards. Down thither prone in flight. Milton. 5. De­
clivous, sloping. Blackmore.

PRO’NENESS [of prone; pronitas, Lat.] 1. The state of bending down­
wards, not erectness. 2. The state of lying with the face downwards,
not supineness. 3. Descent, declivity, inclination, readiness to, disposi­
tion to ill. Proneness of the people to idolatry. Tillotson.

PRONG [proughen, Du. to squeeze. Minshew] a fork, a pitch-fork.

PRO’NITY [pronitas, Lat.] proneness. A word not used. More.

PRONO’MINAL, adj. [pronominalis, Lat.] pertaining to a pronoun.

PRO’NOUN [pronom, Fr. pronome, It. pronombre, Sp. of pronomen, Lat.]
a personal noun, as I, thou, he, we, ye, they; and used instead of their
proper names, from whence they had the name of pronouns, as though
they were not nouns themselves, but used instead of nouns. Clarke's
Latin Grammar.

Demonstrative PRONOUNS [in grammar] are such as point out the sub­
ject spoken of, as this, these, &c.

Personal PRONOUNS [in grammar] are such as are used instead of parti­
cular persons, as I, thou, he, &c. See PLURALITY of Persons in God.

Possessive PRONOUNS [in grammar] are such that express what each
possesses, as mine, thine, &c.

PRONOUNS Relative [in grammar] are these placed after nouns, with
which they have such affinity, that without them they signify nothing,
as which, who, that.

To PRONOU’NCE, verb act. [prononcer, Fr. pronunziare, It. prononciàr,
Sp. of pronuncio, Lat.] 1. To utter, to speak, to rehearse. 2. To ut­
ter, to declare solemnly, to utter confidently. 3. To form, to articulate
by the organs of speech. 4. To utter rhetorically.

To PRONOU’NCE, verb neut. to speak with confidence or authority.

PRONOU’NCER [of pronounce] one who pronounces.

PRO’NTO [in music books] quick or nimbly, without losing time.

PRONU’BA, a title of Juno, given her on account of her being believed
to preside over marriage.

PRONUNCIA’TION, Fr. [pronunziazione, It. pronunciaciòn, Sp. of pro­
nunciatio, Lat.] utterance of speech, the act or mode of speaking out;
the manner of pronouncing letters, syllables, words.

PRONU’NCIATION [in grammar] the manner of articulating or sound­
ing the words of a language, representing to the eye by writing and or­
thography.

PRONUNCIATION, or PRONOU’NCING [with painters] the marking
and expressing of all kinds of bodies, with that degree of force necessary
to make them more or less distinct and conspicuous.

PRONUNCIATION [with rhetoricians] is the regulating and varying the
voice and gesture, agreeable to the matter and words, in order to affect
and persuade the hearers.

PROOF, subst. [from prove; prof, Su. prove, Du. and Ger. preuve and
epreuve, Fr. prova, It. pruèva, Sp.] 1. Trial, test, experiment. 2. E­
vidence, convincing token, argument or reason to prove a truth, testi­
mony. 3. Firm temper in any metal, impenetrability, state of being
wrought and hardened, till the expected strength is found by trial to be
attained. 4. Armour hardened till it will abide a certain trial.

PROOF [in arithmetic] an operation, whereby the truth and justness of
a calculation, is examined and ascertained.

PROOF [with printers] the rough draught of a printed sheet sent to
the author or corrector of the press, in order to be corrected.

PROOF Spirit [with distillers] a mixture of about equal parts of total­
ly inflammable spirits and water.

PROOF, adj. [This word, though used an adjective, is only elliptically
put for of proof] impenetrable, able to resist.

PRO’OFLESS, adj. [of proof] wanting evidence unproved. Manifestly
weak and proofless. Boyle.

To PROP, verb act. [proppen, Du.] 1. To support or bear up by
something placed under or against. 2. To support by standing under or
against. 3. To sustain, to support. I prop myself upon those few sup­
ports that are left me. Pope.

PROP, subst. [proppe, Du.] a support, an under-set, that on which any
thing rests.

PRO’PAGABLE, adj. [of propagate] such as may be propagated or con­
tinued by succession.

To PROPAGATE, verb act. [propagatum sup. of propago, Lat. propa­
gare, It.] 1. Originally signified to cut down an old vine, that of it many
young ones might be planted. 2. To cause any thing to multiply or increase,
to spread abroad, to continue by generation or successive production. 3.
To extend, to widen. 4. To carry on from place to place, to promote.
Propagated along solid sibres. Newton. 5. To increase, to promote. And
pleas'd to hear his propagated name. Dryden. 6. To generate, to beget.

PROPAGA’TION, Fr. [propagazione, It. of propagatio, Lat.] the act of
propagating, or of multiplying the kind, the act of increasing or spread­
ing abroad.

PROPAGA’TOR [propagateur, Fr.] an increaser, one who continues by
successive production; also a spreader abroad, a promoter.

To PROPE’L, verb act. [propello, Lat.] to drive forward.

To PROPE’ND, verb neut. [propendeo, Lat.] to hang forwards, to be
propense or inclined to any thing. My sprightly brethren, I propend to
you. Shakespeare.

PROPE’NDENCY [of propend] 1. Inclination or tendency of desire to
any thing. 2. [From propendo, Lat. to weigh] preconsideration, atten­
tive deliberation, perpendency. Hale.

PROPE’NSE, adj. [propensus, Lat.] prone, inclinable to, disposed;
it is used both of good and bad.

PROPE’NSION, or PROPE’NSITY [of propense, or propensidàd, Sp. pro­
pensitas, Lat.] 1. Proneness, readiness to, inclination, bent of mind to
any thing good or bad. 2. Tendency in general.

PRO’PER [propre, Fr. proprio, It. and Sp. of proprius, Lat.] 1. Pe­
culiar, not belonging to more, not common. 2. Noting an individual;
as a proper name, a name that is pecular to certain persons and things.
3. One's own; it is joined with any of the possessive pronouns. Our
proper conceptions. Glanville. 4. Natural, original. 5. Convenient,
fitting, suitable, qualified. Wine and all aliment that is easily assimi­
lated and turned into blood are proper. Arbuthnot. 6. Exact, accurate,
just. 7. Not figurative. Signified by dark names, which we have ex­
pressed in their plain and proper names. Burnet's Theory. 8. [Propre, Fr.
prob. of procerus, Lat.] tall in stature, elegant, pretty. Moses was a
proper child. Hebrews. 9. Lusty, handsome with bulk. A proper
goodly fox. L'Estrange. 10. [In physic] something naturally and es­
sentially belonging to any being. 11. [In respect to words] is under­
stood of their immediate and particular signification; or that which is
directly and peculiarly attached to them. 12. [In the civil law] is
used in opposition to acquired, for an inheritance derived by direct or
collateral succession.

PROPER Fraction [in arithmetic] a fraction more or less than unity,
having the numerator less than the denominator. as ½.

PRO’PERLY, adv. [of proper] 1. Fitly, suitably. 2. In a strict sense.
The works of every man, good as well as bad, are properly his own.
Rogers. 3. Peculiarly, conveniently, in a fitting manner.

PRO’PERNESS [of proper] 1. Peculiarness, convenientness, fitness, the
quality of being proper. 2. Tallness of stature.

PRO’PERTY [proprietas, Lat. proprieté, Fr. proprietà, It. propriedàd,
Sp.] 1. The right or due that belongs to every person, by virtue of na­
tural quality. 2. Right of possession of any thing. 3. Quality, dispo­
sition in general. South.

PRO’PERTY, or PROPRI’ETY [in law] 1. Is the highest right a man
can have to any thing, and such as nowise depends on any other man's
courtesy. 2. Possession held in one's own right. 3. The thing posses­
sed. Where property is so well secured. Swift. 4. Something useful,
an appendage. Greenfield was the name of the property man in that
time who furnished implements for the actors. Pope. 5. Property for
propriety, any thing peculiarly adapted. A secondary essential mode,
any attribute of a thing which is not of primary consideration, is called
a property. Watts.

To PRO’PERTY, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To invest with quali­
ties. 2. To seize or retain as something owned, or in which one has a
right to appropriate, to hold. This word is obsolete in both senses.

PROPHA’NE. See PROFANE.

PRO’PHASIS [προφασις, Gr. in medicine] a fore-knowledge of dis­
eases. See PROGNOSIS.

PRO’PHESIER [of prophesy] one who prophesies.

PRO’PHESY, or PRO’PHECY [prophetia, Lat. prophetie, Fr. profezia,
It. profecia, Sp. of προφητεια, of προ, before, and φημι, Gr. to tell] a
foretelling, a prediction, a declaration of something to come.

To PRO’PHESY, verb act. [propheto, Lat. prophetiser, Fr. profetare, It.
profetizàr, Sp. of προφητενω, Gr. to foretel things to come] 1. To fore­
tel. 2. To foreshow.

To PRO’PHESY, verb neut. 1. To utter predictions. And prophesying
with accents terrible. Shakespeare. 2. To preach; a scriptural sense.
Prophesy unto the wind, prophesy, son of man. Ezekiel.
N. B. The opposers of christianity generally mistake the true state of
the controversy here, by imagining, that we are obliged to prove a
priori from the Jewish prophets, that the author of our religion was the
person foretold by them; whereas all that is incumbent upon us to prove
is this (so far as the defence of christianity is concerned) that the au­
thor of our religion was a prophet, or divinely commissioned teacher;
as is done by comparing the SANCTITY of his life and doctrine with
those MIRACULOUS works by which his mission was attested. For should
this point be made to appear, it follows, that if a person so circumstanced
lays it down for one part of his doctine, that he was the Christ, or per­
son foretold by the Jewish prophets, this doctrine of his (as coming
from a person already proved to have been sent from God) deserves our
belief, until it be disproved; and in order to disprove the same, it is
not sufficient to shew, that some prophecies which have been pressed in­
to the service of his cause, are capable of being differently applied:
But that no prophecies can with reason be understood of him; or that
the marks and characteristics of the Messiah laid down by the prophets,
are not fulfilled in him, I mean so far as they relate to his first appear­
ance. But if the reader desires to see, of what IMPORTANCE this distinc­
tion is; and the argument from prophecies more fully explained; and the
objection drawn from their supposed obscurity, considered, he may please to
consult that book referred to under the word DIVORCE. I shall only sub­
join at present in justice to the subject, that the reader will find many
an antient prediction compared with its historic event in the course of this
lexicography; in proof of which, he may consult the words expressive of
the greatest states and empires which have appeared upon earth.

PRO’PHET [propheta, Lat, prophete, Fr. proseta, It. and Sp. προφητης,
Gr.] 1. A foreteller of future events. 2. One of the sacred writers em­
powered by God to foretel future events. See ORACLES

PRO’PHETESS [prophetissa, Lat. prophetesse, Fr. profetessa, It. piofetiza,
Sp. of προφητις, Gr.] a woman predicter, a woman that foretels future
events.

PROPHE’TIC, or PROPHE’TICAL, adj. [prophetique, Fr. προφητιχος,
Gr.] foreseeing or foretelling future events.

PROPHE’TICALLY, adv. [of prophetical] by way of prophesy, with
knowledge of futurity,

PROPHE’TICALNESS [of prophetical] prophetical nature or quality.

To PRO’PHETIZE, verb neut. [prophetiser, Fr.] to give predictions.
Prophetizing dreams. Daniel's Civil War.

PROPHYLA’CTIC, adj. [προφνλαχτιχος, from προ, before, and φνλασσω,
Gr. to preserve or keep] preventive, preservative.

PROPHYLA’CTICE [προφνλαχτιχη, Gr.] that part of physic, which
prevents or preserves from diseases. See PLEURISY, and read there, the
side-disease.

PROPI’NQUITY [propinquidàd, Sp. of propinquitas, Lat.] 1. Nearness,
proximity, neighbourhood. Ray. 2. Nearness as to time. Propinquity
of their desolations. Brown. 3. Nearness as to blood, kindred. Pro­
pinquity and property of blood. Shakespeare.

PROPI’TIABLE, adj. [of propitiate] that may be made propitious, that
may be induced to favour, that may be atoned, pacified or appeased.

To PROPI’TIATE, verb act. [propitio, or propitior, Lat.] to render
propitious, to induce another to lay aside his wrath, and enter into a
state of reconciliation with us. Thus in the first book of the Iliad, the
wrath of Apollo being to be appeased in no other way than by restitution
and sacrifice; after both is done, says Calchas,
—Tοτε χεν μιν ιλασσαμενοι πεπιθοιμεν. Iliad, l. 1. lin. 100.
And in the scripture use of the word, to propitiate God, is not to render
him good, placable, or mercifnl; for this is not the proper import of the
word; and in truth that ALL-PERFECT BEING is good and placable of
HIMSELF, and prior to any mediation or interposure of whatever kind:
But to induce him (as in the case before assigned) to become in fact pro­
pitious, or to receive us into a state of reconciliation and peace with him­
self. See Heb. c. viii. v. 12. Luke, c. xviii. v. 13, compared with
Iliad, lib. 1. l. 100, 580–585. Thus the wise man (if my memory
does not fail me) observes somewhere in his book of Proverbs, that







“by acts of goodness and fidelity iniquity is purged” [in the original
atoned:] for God with such sacrifices is well pleased, and induced [in
the sense there supposed] to lay aside his wrath. And St. Irenæus, to
the same effect, having cited those words of Isaiah, c. i. v. 16, “Wash
ye, make you clean, put away the evil of your doings from before my
eyes,” &c. “God, says he, points out to them the TRUE SACRIFICE,
quod offerentes propitiabuntur Deum, ut ab eô vitam percipiant, i. e. by of­
fering which they shall PROPITIATE GOD, and so receive life from
him.” IREN. adv. Hæreses Ed. Grabe, p. 321. I shall only observe,
that our confounding terms which convey very different ideas, and not
sufficiently distinguishing between goodness or mercifulness of God (which
are essential attributes;) and his becoming in fact propitious, or reconciled
(all due pre-requisites and qualifications being presupposed,) has occasioned
GREAT CONFUSION in our reasonings upon this head. See PROPITIATION.

PROPITIA’TION [propiciation, Fr. propiziazione, It. of propitiatio, Lat.]
1. The act of making propitious. 2. An atonement. He is the pro­
pitiation for the sins of the whole world. 1 John.

SYKES, in that most judicious tract of his, called An Essay on the Na­
ture, Design, and Origin of Sacrifices, has well observed, “that the
words correspondent to this, viz. ιλασχομαι, in the Greek, and kafar, in
Hebrew, convey no such idea as that of equivalent compensations, ex­
changes, substitutes, &c. but barely signify to atone, or put men into a
state of reconciliation and favour with God, whatever the means were, by
which this was done.” Essay, &c. p. 135, 152, &c. Accordingly we
find, the act of atoning, propitiating, purging, or putting away sin, is ap­
plied in scripture sometimes to GOD HIMSELF [as Deut. c. xxi. v. 8, in
the original, “atone [or propitiate] O Lord, for thy people”; and
sometimes to persons acting by COMMISSION from him; and this scripture­
application of the word may cast some light on the SENSE in which the
scripture uses it. GOD the LAWGIVER atones, propitiates, purges, or puts
away sin, when by his own supreme, underived authority, he cancels or
removes those ills and penalties, that were occasioned by it: Not so a
person that acts by commission from him; much less a sacrifice or offering
of his appointment; these being most apparently things of the subordi­
nate kind, and which ought therefore to be considered in that subordinate
capacity; I mean not as operating INDEPENDENTLY of GOD, but only as
the means or instruments of HIS appointment; or the way in which HE,
of his own sovereign grace and wisdom, thinks fit to dispense the BENEFIT
designed. His will and constitution therefore must be constantly kept in
view, as what gives force and validity to the whole, Heb. c. x. v. 10.
Thus under the great Jewish anniversary, the high priest (such was the
divine appointment) had a right, in consequence of his sacrifice, to enter
with the blood thereof into the most holy place, there to appear in behalf
of the Jewish nation, and there to make his temporary atonement [or
propitiation] for them. And if we examine the counterpart, or gospel­
truth contained under this ancient type; we shall find that Christ (such
was the divine appointment) had a right in consequence of his obedience
to death, to enter into heaven itself, there to appear in the presence of God
for us; there to officiate as the great high priest of our profession, and do all
that belongs to that sacred office, both for the extirpation of sin itself,
and the removing those ills and penalties that were annexed to it; Heb.
ix. 26. compared with c. ii. v. 17 and 18. But if the reader would see
this and some other important articles more fully explained, he may con­
sult the book referred to under the word DIVORCE. See also GRACE,
RANSOM, and SACRIFICE, compared with FOSTER'S Christian Revela­
tion, p. 352.

PROPITIA’TOR [of propitiate] one that propitiates.

PROPI’TIATORINESS [of propitiatory] atoning or propitiating quality.

PROPI’TIATORY, adj. [propitiatoire, Fr. propiziatorio, It. propiciatò­
rio, Sp. of propitiatorius, Lat.] serving to, or of force to propitiate.
A propitiatory sacrifice is offered for their honour. Stilling fleet.

PROPI’TIATORY, subst. [among Jews] the mercy-seat, the cover or
lid of the ark of the covenant, lined both within and without with plates
of gold; on each side of which was a cherubim of gold, with wings
spread over the propitiatory, with their faces looking one towards another.

PROPI’TIOUS, adj. [propice, Fr. propizio, It. propicio, Sp. of propitius,
Lat.] favourable, kind, merciful. My maker, be propitious. Milton.

PROPI’TIOUSLY, adv. [of propitious] favourably, kindly.

PROPI’TIOUSNESS [of propitious] kindness, favourableness.

PRO’PLASM [προωλασμα, Gr.] a mould in which any metal or soft
matter, which will afterwards grow hard, is cast: a matrix. Those
shells serving as proplasms or moulds to the matter which so filled them.
Woodward.

PROPLA’STICE [προπλαστιχη, Gr.] the art of making moulds for cast­
ing; also the act of casting or forming figures in moulds.

PROPO’MA, Lat. [προπομα, from προ, before, and πινω, Gr. to drink]
a first draught taken before meat, or a drink made of wine, honey, and
sugar; a whet.

PROPO’NENT, subst. [proponens, Lat.] one that makes a proposal.
Dryden.

PROPORE’ITAS [in law Latin] the deliverance or declaration of an as­
size, otherwise called the verdict of assize.

PROPOREITAS [in law] the declaration or deliverance, or verdict of
a jury.

PROPO’RTION, Fr. [proporzione, It. proporciòn, Sp.] 1. Agreement,
answerableness, symmetry, adaptation of one to another. 2. Compara­
tive relation of one thing to another, ratio; the relation which the parts
have among themselves, and to the whole. 3. Settled relation of com­
parative quantity, equal degree. 4. Harmonic degree. Milton. 5.
Form, size.

PROPORTION [in arithmetic] the identity or similitude of two ratios;
or the habitude or relation of two numbers, when compared together, as
ratio is of two quantities.

PROPORTION [in arithmetic] is when several numbers differ, accord­
ing to an equal difference, as 2, 4, 6, 8; so that 2 is the common dif­
ference betwixt 2 and 4, 4 and 6, 6 and 8.

PROPORTION [in architecture] is the relation which all the work has
to its parts, and that every part has separately to the whole building.

PROPO’RTION in Quality or Relation, is either the respect that the ra­
tio's of numbers have one to the other, or else that which their differences
have one to another.

PROPORTION Geometrical, is when divers numbers differ according to
a like ratio, i. e. when the ratios or reasons of numbers compared toge­
ther are equal; so 1, 2, 4, 8, which differ from one another by a dou­
ble ratio, are said to differ by geometrical proportion; for as 1 is half
2, so 2 is half 4, and four is half 8.

Harmonic PROPORTION, is when the first term is to the last in a geome­
trical ratio, equal to that of the difference of the two first to the difference
of the two last; thus 2, 3, 6, are in harmonic proportion, because the
first number 2 is to the last 6, as the difference of the two first, viz. 1. is
to the difference of the two last, viz. 3.

PROPORTION [in painting, &c.] is the just magnitude of the several
members of a figure, a group, &c. with regard to one another, to the
figure, the group, and the whole piece.

To PROPO’RTION, verb act. [proportionner, Fr. proporzionare, It. pro­
porcionàr, Sp.] 1. To distribute according to the rules of proportion, to
adjust by comparative relation. 2. To form symmetrically. Nature had
proportion'd her without any fault. Sidney.

PROPO’RTIONABLE, adj. [of proportion] adjusted by comparative rela­
tion, that is fitting and suitable. An assistance proportionable to the dif­
ficulty. Tillotson.

PROPO’RTIONABLY, adv. [of proportion] according to comparative
relations, in a manner agreeable to due proportion.

PROPO’RTIONABLENESS [of proportionable] agreeableness in proportion.

PROPO’RTIONAL, adj. [proportionalis, Lat.] being according to propor­
tion, having a certain degree of any quality compared with something else.

PROPO’RTIONAL, subst. a quantity either lineal or numeral, which
bears the same ratio or relation to a third, that the first does to the second.

PROPORTIONA’LITY [of proportional] 1. The quality of being propor­
tional. 2. [In algebra, &c.] the proportion that is between the expo­
nents of four ratios.

PROPO’RTIONALNESS, or PROPO’RTIONATENESS [of proportional or
proportionate] agreement, or likeness of proportion.

PROPO’RTIONALLY, adv. [of proportional] in a settled degree, in pro­
portion.

PROPO’RTIONALS [with mathematicians] i. e. proportional numbers
or quantities, i. e. such as are in mathematical proportion: thus, If when
four numbers are considered, it appears that the first has as much great­
ness or smallness, with respect to the second, as the third has with respect
to the fourth, those four numbers are called proportionals.

Continued PROPORTIONALS are such, that the third number is in the
same ratio to the second, as the second is to the first, and the fourth has
the same ratio to the third, that the third has to the second, as 3, 6, 12,
24.

Mean PROPORTIONALS are, when in three quantities there is the same
proportion of the first to the second, as of the second to the third; the
same proportion of 2 to 4, as of 4 to 8, and 4 is the mean proportional.

PROPO’RTIONATE, adj. [of proportion] adjusted to something else, that
is according to a certain rate.

To PROPO’RTIONATE, verb act. [proportionner, Fr.] to make answera­
ble or commensurate, to adjust according to a certain rate to something
else.

PROPO’RTIONATENESS [of proportionate] the state of being propor­
tionate. Hale.

PROPO’SAL [of propose] 1. An offer made to the mind. 2. A propo­
sition, scheme or design propounded to consideration or acceptance.

To PROPO’SE, verb act. [propositum, of proponere, It. and Lat. propo­
ser, Fr.] to offer to the consideration, to declare, to put or set forth.

To PROPOSE, verb neut. to lay schemes. Obsolete.

PROPO’SER [of propose] one who offers any thing to consideration, one
who makes a motion.

PROPOSI’TION, Fr. [proposizione, It. proposiciòn, Sp. of propositio, Lat.]
1. A thing proposed, a motion, proposal, offer of terms. 2. A sen­
tence in which any thing is affirmed or decreed, whatsoever is said of
any subject, whether true or false. To reconcile these two propositions,
that all things are done by fate, and yet that something is in our own
power. Hammond.

Exceptive PROPOSITION [with schoolmen] is one that is denoted by an
exceptive sign, as beside, unless.

Exclusive PROPOSITION [with schoolmen] is one denoted by a sign or
character of exclusion, as only, solely, alone. See EXCLUSIVE Adjective.

PROPOSITION [in poetry] is the first part of an epic poem, in which
the author proposes or lays down, briefly and in general, what he has to
say in the course of his work.

PROPOSITION [in the mathematics] a thing proposed to be demon­
strated, proved, or made out, either a problem or theorem.

PROPOSITION, is an oration or speech which affirms or denies, or an
oration that signifies either true or false.

Affirmative PROPOSITION, is that in which the subject and attribute
are joined and do agree, as God is a Spirit.

Negative PROPOSITION, is that when they are disjoined or disagree,
as men are not stones.

A True PROPOSITION, is such as declares a thing to be what it really
is; or not to be what it is not.

A False PROPOSITION, is such an one as signifies a thing to be what it
is not; or not to be what it is.

PROPOSITIONS General, or PROPOSITIONS Universal [with logicians]
are known by the signs, every, as, every covetous man is poor; no, as no
man can serve God and mannon.

PROPOSITIONS Particular, are known by the signs some, a certain,
somebody, as some men are ambitious.

PROPOSITIONS Singular, are when a proper name of a man is con­
tained in them, as Cicero was an orator, Plato a philosopher.

PROPOSITIONS General Contrary, are such of which one generally af­
firms, and the other generally denies, as all men, &c. no men, &c.

A Simple PROPOSITION, is that which has but one subject, and one at­
tribute.

A Compound PROPOSITION, is that which has more than one subject,
as life and death, health and sickness, poverty and riches, come from the lord.

PROPOSITIONS [by logicians] are reduced to four kinds, which, for
the help of memory, are denoted by the four letters, a, e, i, o.
A is an universal affirmative. E is an universal negative.
I is a particular affirmative. O is a particular negative. And for the
ease of memory, they are comprised in these two verses:
Asserit A, Negat E, verum generaliter ambo;
I Asserit, O negat, sed particulariter ambo.
The use of a proposition, is when men, by occasion of discourse, fall
at variance, and cannot agree upon their matter; being both earnest to
know the truth, they bring the matter to a point, debate that, and then
go on to another.

PROPOSI’TIONAL, adj. [of proposition] considered as a proposition.

To PROPOU’ND, verb act. [proporre, It. propono, Lat.] 1. To propose,
to offer to consideration. 2. To exhibit, to offer, to set on foot some
discourse, with an offer to maintain it; or some doubt and question, to
be resolved.








PROPOU’NDER, subst. [of propound] one who proposes a matter.

PRO-PRE’FECT [among the Romans] the prefect of a lieutenant, or
an officer of the prefect of the prætorium, appointed to perform any part
of his office in his place.

PRO-PRE’TOR [among the Romans] a magistrate who had all the
power of a pretor, and ensigns of honour belonging to the pretorship.

PROPRI’ETARY, subst. [proprietaire, Fr.] a proprietor, an owner in
his own right, one who has a property in any thing.

PROPRI’ETARY, adj. belonging to a certain owner.

PROPRI’ETOR [proprietarius, of proprius, Lat.] one who has a pro­
perty in any thing.

PROPRIETOR [in law] one who has or possesses any thing in the ut­
most degree, and in his own right.

PROPRI’ETRESS [of proprietor] a female possessor in her own right, a
mistress.

PROPRI’ETY [proprietas, Lat.] property, peculiarity of possession, ex­
clusive right.

PROPRIETY [with logicians] is the fourth of the universal ideas, and
is when the object is an attribute, which in effect belongs to the essence of
the thing; but is not first considered in that essence, but as dependent
on the first idea, as divisible, immortal, &c.

PROPRIETY [with grammarians] is where the direct and immediate
signification of a word agrees to the thing it is applied to, accuracy, just­
ness.

PROPRI’ETY [with physicians] as, a pain by propriety, is when the
cause of the pain is in the part pained; so when the head-ach comes
from the humours of the head, it is called a pain by propriety; but when
it proceeds from vapours sent from the stomach, or any other part, it is
called head-ach by consent, or sympathy.

PROPT, for PROPPED, supported by some prop. Propt in some tomb,
a neighbour of the dead. Pope. See To PROP.

PRO’PTOSIS [πξοπτωσις, of προ, forth, and πιπτω, Gr. to fall] the fal­
ling down of some part of the body; as of the caul, &c.

To PROPU’GN, verb act. [propugno, Lat.] to defend, to vindicate.
Hammond.

PROPUGNA’TION [propugnatio, from propugno, Lat.] defence. Shake­
speare.

PROPU’GNER [of propugn] a defender. Zealous propugners are they
of their native creed. Government of the Tongue.

PROPU’LSION [propulsum, sup. of propello, from pro and pello, Lat. to
drive] the act of thrusting or driving forward. Joy worketh by propul­
sion of the moisture of the brain. Bacon.

PROPY’LAEUM [πξοπυλαιον, of προ, before, and ωυλαι, Gr. gates]
the porch of a temple or great hall.

PRO’RA Os, Lat. [in anatomy] a bone of the cranium, called os oc­
cipitis.

PRORE, subst. [prora, Lat.] the prow, the forepart of a ship. A po­
etical word used for the sake of rhyme.

PROROGA’TION, Fr. [prorogazione, It. prorogaciòn, Sp. prorogatio, Lat.]
1. Act of prolonging, or lengthening out to another time, continuance,
prolongation. 2. The interruption or the putting off a session of parli­
ament by the regal authority. The difference between a prorogation
and adjournment is this, that the session is ended by prorogation, and
that it is done by the king; and such bills as passed in either or both
houses, and had not the royal assent, must begin again at the next meet­
ing: but in an adjournment, which is done by the parliament them­
selves, all things continue in the same state they were in before the ad­
journment.

To PRORO’GUE, verb act. [proroger, Fr. prorogàr, Sp. prorogare, It. of
prorogo, Lat.] 1. To prolong for some time, to protract. He prorogued his
government. Dryden. 2. To put off, to delay. 3. To interrupt the
session of parliament to a distant time.

PRORU’PTION [proruptum, sup. of prorumpo, from pro and rumpo, Lat.
to burst thro'] the act of bursting out.

PRO’SA, a goddess of the pagans, who, as they believed, made the
infant come in the right manner into the world.

PROSA’IC, adj. [prosaicus, from prosa, Lat. prosaique, Fr.] pertaining
to prose, resembling prose. See POET and RHYME compared.

To PROSCRI’BE, verb act. [proscrire, Fr. proscrivere, It. proscrivìr, Sp.
of proscribo, Lat.] 1. To censure capitally, to doom to destruction, to out­
law, to banish. 2. To interdict. 3. To sequester and seize on a per­
son's estate. 4. To post up in writing, and publish any thing to be
sold.

PROSCRI’BED, part. pass. [proscriptus, Lat.] doomed to destruction,
out-lawed, banished, sequestered, &c. as an estate.

PROSCRI’BER [of proscribe] one that proscribes or dooms to destruc­
tion.

PROSCRI’PTION, Fr. [proscrizione, It. proscriciòn, Sp. of proscriptio,
Lat.] doom to destruction, out-lawry, confiscation of goods, a publica­
tion made by the chief of a party, promising a reward to any one that
shall bring him the head of an enemy, &c.

PROSE, Fr. [prosa, It. and Lat.] language loose and unconfined by poe­
tical measures or a set number of syllables, the plain way of expressing;
in contradistinction from verse.

To PRO’SECUTE, verb act. [prosequor, Lat.] 1. To pursue, to con­
tinue endeavours after any thing. 2. To continue, to carry on. To
prosecute the fortifications. Clàrendon. 3. To proceed in consideration
or disquisition of any thing, to go on with. 4. To sue criminally, to
sue at law. 5. To prosecute differs from to persecute; to persecute al­
ways implies some cruelty, malignity, or injustice; to prosecute, is to
proceed by legal measures, either with or without just cause.

PROSECU’TION [prosecuzione, It. prosecuciòn, Sp. of prosecutio, Lat.]
1. Act of prosecuting, pursuit; continuance of endeavour to carry on. 2.
Suit against one in a criminal cause.

PRO’SECUTOR [of prosecute] one who pursues any purpose or thing;
also one who pursues another by law in a criminal cause.

PRO’SELYTE [proselite, Fr. πξοσηλυτος, Gr. i. e. one who comes to]
a person converted from that faith or judgment that he was of before, to
some other new opinion.

To PROSELYTE [of πξοσεξχομαν, Gr. to come to] to convert, to
bring over to one's persuasion; especially as to points of religion. I
should rather have assgn'd the same etymology here, as in the preceding word.

PROSEMINA’TION [proseminatum, sup. of prosemino, from pro and semen,
Lat. seed] propagation by seed. Hale.

PROSO’DIAN, subst. [of prosody] one skilled in metre or prosody.

PRO’SODY [prosodie, Fr. prossodia, It. prosodia, Lat. of πξοσωδια, Gr.]
that part of grammar that teaches the sound and quantity of syllables,
as to long or short, and the measures of verse. See RHIME.

PROSOPO’GRAPHY [of πξοσωπον, face, and γξαφη, Gr. a description] a
description of the countenance.

PROSOPOPOE’IA [πξοσωποποιεια, of πξοσωπον, person, and πσιεω, Gr.
to make] a figure in rhetoric, when the orator, on a sudden turns from
his first manner of talking, and speaks in the person of another; personi­
fication, a figure by which things are made persons.

PRO’SPECT [prospecto, Sp. of prospectus, Lat.] 1. A view of something
distant. Pleasures in prospect. Locke. 2. Place which gives an exten­
sive view. 3. Series of objects open to the eye. 4. Object of view.
Prior. 5. View into futurity; contradistinguished from retrospect. 6.
Regard to something future. He lays designs only for a day, without
any prospect to or provision for the remaining part of his life. Til­
lotson.

To PROSPECT, verb act. [prospectum, sup. of prospicio, Lat.] to look
forward.

PROSPE’CTIVE, adj. [of prospect] 1. Viewing at a distance. 2. Act­
ing with forefight.

PROSPECTIVE Glass, a glass for viewing things that are at a consider­
able distance.

To PROSPER, verb act. [prosperàr, Sp. of prosperare, It. and Lat.] to
make prosperous, to give success.

To PRO’SPER, verb neut. [prosperer, Fr.] 1. To succeed or be successful,
to be prosperous. It shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it. Isaiah. 2.
To thrive, to have a fair gale of fortune, to come forward in the
world.

PROSPE’RITY [prosperité, Fr. prosperità, It. prosperidàd, Sp. of prospe­
ritas, Lat.] the condition of a person who has all things according to his
heart's desire, and who succeeds in his undertakings; happiness, good
success, good fortune.

PRO’SPEROUS, adj. [prospere, Fr. prospero, It. and Sp. of prosperus,
Lat.] having all things according to his mind, favourable, fortunate.

PRO’SPEROUSLY, adv. [of prosperous] favourably, happily, fortu­
nately.

PRO’SPEROUSNESS [of prosperous] prosperity.

PROSPHERO’MENA, Lat. [πξοσφεξομενα, from πξος, to, and φεξω, Gr.
to bear] meats or medicines taken inwardly.

PRO’SPHYSIS [πξοσφυσις, of πξος, to, and φυω, Gr. to grow] the co­
alition or growing together of two parts, as when two fingers grow to
each other.

PROSPI’CIENCE [prospicio, Lat.] the act of looking forward.

PROSTA’TÆ Adstantes [of πξο, before, and σςημι, Gr. to stand] two
glandules placed near the passage of the semen, which (as it is supposed)
lubricate the common passage of the seed and urine, and are a sort of ve­
hicle to the seminal matter.

PROSTERNA’TION [prosterno, Lat.] dejection, depression, act of cast­
ing down, state of being cast down. Watching and prosternation of
spirits. Wiseman.

PROSTE’THIS [πξοςηθις, Gr.] the fore-side of the breast; also a fleshy
part between the hollows of the hands and feet, and their respective fin­
gers or toes. GORR.

PROSTETHIS [in surgery] that which fills up what was wanting, as
when fistulous ulcers are filled up with flesh. Query, if this is not a
corruption of prosthesis, i. e. apposition.

PROSTHAPHÆ’RESIS [πξοσθαφαιξησις, Gr.] is the same with the equa­
tion of the orbit, or simply the equation; and is the difference between
the true and mean motion of a planet.

PROSTHE’SIS [πξοσθησις, Gr. apposition] a grammatical figure, when
a letter or syllable is added to the beginning of a word, as gnatus for na­
tus, tetuli for tuli, &c. also the making of artificial legs and arms, when
the natural ones are lost.

PRO’STITUTE, adj. [prostitutus, Lat.] vicious for hire, sold to wick­
edness, sold to whoredom. Made bold by want, and prostitute for bread.
Prior.

PROSTITUTE, subst. [prostituta, It. prostitutus, Lat.] 1. A hireling, a
mercenary, one who is set to sale. 2. A common whore.

To PROSTITUTE, verb act. [prostituer, Fr. prostituirsi, It. prostituìr,
Sp. of prostituo, Lat.] 1. To expose or set open to every one that comes
upon vile terms. That heaven should be prostituted to slothful men.
Tillotson. 2. To yield up the body and honour to mercenary interest,
to lust, or sensual pleasure, to sell to wickedness. It is commonly used
of women sold to whoredom, by others and themselves.

PROSTITU’TION, Fr. [from prostitute] 1. The life of a public strumpet.
a harlot's letting out the use of her body for hire. 2. [Metaphorically]
the act of setting to sale, or the state of being set to sale; a stooping to
any mean or base action or office.

To PRO’STRATE, verb act. [prostrat, Sp. of prostratus, Lat.] 1. To
throw down, to lay flat. 2. [Se prosterner, Fr.] to throw down in ado­
ration, to cast one's self at the feet of another. Some have prostrated
themselves an hundred times in the day. Duppa.

PROSTRATE, adj. [prostratus, Lat. the accent was formerly on the
first syllable] 1. Laid flat along. 2. Lying at mercy. 3. Thrown down
in humblest adoration.

PROSTRA’TION [of prostrate] 1. The act of falling down in adoration. 2.
The act of lying flat along. 3. Dejection, depression. A sudden pro­
stration of strength or weakness. Arbuthnot.

PRO’STYLE, Fr. [πξοςυλος, of πξο, before, and ςυλος, Gr. a pillar]
a building that has only pillars in the front.

PROSY’LLOGISM [of πξο, before, and συλλογισμος, Gr. syllogism] a
reason or argument produced to strengthen or confirm one of the pre­
mises of a syllogism.

PRO’TASIS [πξοτασνς, Gr. protase, Fr.] 1. A maxim or proposition.
2. [In the ancient drama] the first part of a comedy or tragedy, that ex­
plains the argument of the piece, &c. See PROTATIC.

PROTA’TIC, adj. [πξοτατιχος, Gr. protatique, Fr.] that never appeared
but in the protasis or first part of the play. There are protatic persons in
the ancients, whom they use in their plays to hear or give the relation.
Dryden. Query, If the protasis was not that part of the drama which pre­
cedes the parodos or first sppech of the whole chorus?

To PROTE’CT, verb act. [proteger, Fr. proteggere, It. of protectum, sup.
of protego, Lat.] to defend, to save, or screen from evil, to shield.

PROTE’CTION, Fr. [protezione, It. of protectio, Lat.] 1. The act of pro­
tecting, guarding from injury, &c. defence, shelter from evil. 2. A pass­
port, an exemption from being molested. 3. [In a legal sense] is that
benefit and safety, which every subject, free born or stranger, has by







the king's laws. 4. [In a special sense] an exemption or immunity,
given by the king to a person, to secure him against law suits, or other
vexations. 5. A writing to secure from an arrest for debt.

PROTE’CTOR [protecteur, Fr. protettore, It. of protector, Lat.] 1. A de­
fender, one who shelters from evil, a supporter, a guardian. 2. An
officer who had heretofore the care of the kingdom during the king's
minority. 3. The title usurped by Oliver Cromwell.

PROTE’CTRESS, or PROTE’CTRIX, subst. [protectrices, Fr. protettrice,
It. of protectrix, Lat.] a female defender, a woman that protects.

To PROTE’ND, verb act. [protendo, Lat.] to hold out, to stretch
forth.

PROTE’RVITY [protervitas, Lat.] frowardness, peevishness, way­
wardness, petulance.

To PROTE’ST, verb act. 1. To prove, to show, to give evidence of.
Obsolete. 2. To call as a witness.

To PROTE’ST, verb neut. [protester, Fr. protestare, It. protestàr, Sp. of
protestor, Lat.] to make a protestation; to declare solemnly one's opinion
or resolution.

To PROTEST [in a legal sense] is to affirm openly that one either
does not at all, or but conditionally yield his consent to any act, or the
proceedings of a judge, &c.

PRO’TEST, subst. [from the verb] a solemn declaration of opinion
against something.

PROTEST, Fr. [in commerce; protesto, It. and Sp.] a summons made
by a notary public to a merchant, &c. to discharge a bill of exchange
drawn on him, after his having refused either to accept or pay the
same.

PRO’TESTANCY, or PRO’TESTANISM, the religion, principles, and
doctrines of the protestants, See BERÆANS, CREED and LITURGY,
compared with ARTICLES of Religion, 4, 21, 22, 24, 25, 30, 31, 32.

PRO’TESTANT, adj. [of protest] belonging to protestants. The spread­
ing of the protestant religion. Addison.

PRO’TESTANTS, subst. [protestant, Fr.] a name given to those who
protested against the errors of the church of Rome, and particularly
against a decree made in the diet of Spires by Charles the Vth, demand­
ing liberty of conscience, till the holding of a council in pursuance to a
decree made in the year 1526: The same name has also been given to
those of the sentiments of Calvin; and is now become a common deno­
mination for all those of the reformed churches.

PROTESTA’TION, Fr. [protestazione, It. of protestatio, Lat.] a solemn
or open declaration of resolution, fact or opinion.

PROTE’STER [of protest] one who protests, one who utters a solemn
declaration.

PROTHO’NOTARISHIP [of prothonotary] the office or dignity of the
principal register.

PROTHO’NOTARY, or PROTO’NOTARY [pronotoire, Fr. protonotarius,
Lat. of πρωτος, Gr. first or chief, and notarius, Lat. a notary] i. e. the
first or chief notary or scribe, a principal clerk, the chief register.

PROTHONOTARY [of the common pleas] enters and enrolls all decla­
rations, pleadings, assizes, judgments, and actions.

PROTHONOTARY [of the king's bench] records all actions civil sued in
that court, as the clerk of the crown-office doth all criminal cases.

PROTHY’RIS [προθυρις, Gr.] a coin or corner of a wall; a cross­
beam, or overthwart rafter.

PROTHY’RUM [προθυρον, Gr. q. d. what is before the door or gate] a
porch at the outward door of an house, a portal; also a fence of pales or
rails, to keep off horses, &c.

PRO’TOCOL [protokol, Du. protocole, Fr. πρωτοχολλον, Gr.] the first
draught of a deed, instrument or contract, the original copy of any wri­
ting. An original is stiled the protocol or scriptura matrix; and if the pro­
tocol, which is the root and foundation of the instrument does not ap­
pear, the instrument is not valid. Ayliffe.

PROTO’LOGY [πρωτολογια, Gr. q. d. a speaking before] a preface.

PROTOMA’RTYR [πρωτομαρτυρ, of πρωτος, first, and μαρτυρ, Gr. a
witness] the first martyr or witness that suffered death in testimony of the
truth; a term applied to St. Stephen. See CONFESSOR.

PROTOPA’THY [πρωτοπαθια, of πρωτος, first, and παθος, Gr. a suffer­
ing] a primary or original disease, not caused by another.

PRO’POPLAST [πρωτοπλαστος, of πρωτος, first, and πλασσω, Gr. to form]
thing first formed, as a copy to be followed afterwards, the first man for
med, our first father Adam. Our protoplasts Adam and Eve. Harvey.

PRO’TOTYPE [πρωτοτυπος, of πρωτος, first, and τυπος, Gr. a type]
the first pattern or model of a thing, the original of a copy, archetype.

PROTOTY’PON [with grammarians] a primitive or original word.

To PROTRA’CT, verb act. [protrarre, It. of protractum, sup. of protra­
bo, Lat.] 1. To prolong or delay the time, to draw out in length. 2.
To lay down the draught of a thing, as a map, &c. on paper.

PROTRA’CTER, or PROTRA’CTOR [of protract] 1. One who draws
out any thing to tedious length. 2. [With surgeons] an instrument used
to draw out any extraneous bodies from a wound or ulcer, in like manner
as the forceps. 3. [With surveyors] an instrument for taking and mea­
suring the angles in a field, by a theodolite, circumferentor, or the like;
which are plotted or laid down on paper. See Plate V. Fig. 16.

PROTRA’CTING Pin [with mathematicians] a fine needle fitted into a
handle, to prick off degrees and minutes from the limb of the protractor.

PROTRA’CTING, part. act. [with surveyors] the plotting or laying
down the dimensions taken in a field by the help of a protractor.

PROTRA’CTION, subst. the act of putting off, deferring or delaying;
also the act of drawing or plotting.

PROTRA’CTIVE, adj. [of protract] dilatory, spinning to length.

PROTRE’PTICON, Lat. [προτρεπτιχον, Gr.] an exhortation.

To PROTRU’DE, verb act. [protrudo, Lat.] to thrust or push forward.

To PROTRUDE, verb neut. to thrust itself forward.

PROTRU’SION [from protrusum, sup. of protrudo, Lat.] the act of
thrusting forward.

PROTRE’PTICAL, adj. [προτρεπτιχος, Gr.] hortatory, suasory.

PROTU’BERANCE [of protuberans, Lat.] a bunching or standing out
above the rest, prominence; also the process or knob of a bone.

PROTU’BERANT, adj. [protuberans, Lat.] bunching or standing out,
prominent.

PROTU’BERANTNESS [of protuberant] a bunching out.

To PROTU’BERATE, verb neut. [protuberatum, sup. of protubero, Lat.]
to swell forward, to swell out beyond the part adjoining.

PROUD, adj. [prude, prut, prit, Sax.] 1. Too much pleased with
himself. 2. Puffed up with pride, elated, valuing himself: with of be­
fore the object. Proud of her office to destroy. Dryden. 3. Arrogant,
haughty, impatient. 4. Daring, presumptuous. 5. Lofty of mien,
grand of person or post. Like a proud steed rein'd. Milton. 6. Grand,
lofty, magnificent. Mighty and proud kingdoms in arms. Bacon. 7.
Ostentatious, specious. Those proud titles thou hast won of me. Shake­
speare. 8. Salacious, eager for the male. 9. [Pryde, Sax. is swelling]
fungous, exuberant. A fungous or proud flesh. Sharp.
A PROUD mind and a beggar's purse agree ill together.
The first exalts a man above his station, while the other often obliges
him to act much below it: Which occasions a continual contrast.

PROU’DISH, adj. [of proud] a little proud.

PROU’DLY, adv. [of proud] arrogantly, haughtily, with ostentation,
with pride.

To PROVE, verb act. [profian, Sax. profwa, Su. profve, Dan. pro­
biren, Du. and Ger. prouver, eprouver, Fr. provare, It. provar, Sp. pro­
bo, Lat.] 1. To make good, to evince by argument or testimony. 2.
To try, to bring to the test. Sandys. 3. To experience.

To PROVE, verb neut. 1. To make trial. 2. To be found by expe­
rience. Garden herbs set upon the tops of hills will prove more medi­
cinal. Bacon. 3. To succeed. If the experiment proved not, it might
be pretended that the beasts were not killed in the due time. Bacon. 4.
To be found in the event. The case proves mortal. Arbuthnot.

PRO’VEABLE, adj. [of prove] that may be proved.

PROVE’DITOR, or PROVEDO’RE [provediteur, Fr. proveditore, It. pro­
viedor, Sp.] a provider, one who undertakes to procure supplies for an
army.

PRO’VENDER [provande, proventus, Lat. provende, Fr.] dry food for
cattle, hay and corn.

PRO’VER [in law] an approver, a person who having confessed him­
self guilty of felony, accuses another of the same crime,

PRO’VERB [proverbe, Fr. proverbio, It. of proverbium, Lat.] a concise,
witty or wise speech, grounded upon long experience, and containing
for the most part some good caveat; a short sentence frequently repeated
by the people, an adage.

To PRO’VERB, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To mention in a pro­
verb. Am I not sung and proverb'd for a fool. Milton. 2. To provide
with a proverb. Shakespeare.

PROVE’RBIAL, adj. [proverbialis, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to a proverb,
mentioned in a proverb. 2. Resembling a proverb, suitable to a pro­
verb. 3. Comprised in a proverb. Proverbial speeches. Pope.

PROVE’RBIALLY, adv. [of proverbial] in a proverbial manner.

To PROVI’DE, verb act. [pourvoir, Fr. provedere, It. provéer, Sp. of
provideo, Lat.] 1. To furnish, to supply. 2. To procure beforehand,
to get ready, to prepare. God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt­
offering. Genesis. 3. To stipulate. 4. To provide against; to take mea­
sures for counteracting or escaping any ill. 5. To provide for; to take
care of beforehand.

PROVI’DED that [pourveu que, Fr. This has the form of an adverbial
expression, and the French number pourveu que among the conjunctions:
It is however the participle of the verb provide, used as the Latin audito
hæc fieri. Johnson] on this condition, upon these terms, this stipulation
being made. Provided that you do no outrages. Shakespeare.

PRO’VIDENCE, Fr. [providenza, It. in the latter fense, of providentia,
Lat.] 1. A foresight, wariness, forecast, the act of providing. Provi­
dence for war is the best prevention of it. Bacon. 2. More especially the
foresight or superintendence of God, and his government of all created
beings; or the conduct and direction of the several parts of the universe,
by a superior intelligent being. 3. Prudence, frugality, reasonable and
moderate care of expence.

Universal PROVIDENCE [in God] is that whereby he takes care of all
things in general. See First CAUSE, and PLURALITY compared.

Particular PROVIDENCE [of God] is that whereby he superintends
and takes care of every individual thing in the world; continuing them
in their beings, disposing of their operations and effects in such a wise or­
der, as may be most suitable to those ends and purposes for which they
are designed.

PRO’VIDENT, adj. [providens, providus, Lat.] 1. Forecasting, prudent
with respect to futurity. 2. Wary, cautious, thrifty.

PROVIDE’NTIAL, adj. [of providence] effected by providence, referri­
ble to providence.

PROVIDE’NTIALLY, adv. [of providential] by the care of providence.

PROVIDE’NTIALNESS [of providential] the happening of a thing by
divine providence, providential effect.

PRO’VIDENTLY, adv. [of provident] 1. With forecast, prudently.
She providently makes their feathers of such a texture. Boyle. 2. Thrif­
tily, savingly.

PROVI’DER [of provide; privisor, Lat.] one who furnishes with, one
who procures.

PRO’VINCE, Fr. [provincia, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. A large part or divi­
sion of an empire or kingdom, &c. comprehending several cities, towns,
&c. under the same government. 2. A conquered country, a country
governed by a delegate, a tract, a region. 3. The proper office or busi­
ness of any one. The woman's province is to be careful in her œcono­
my. Tatler.

PROVINCE [with ecclesiastics] an archbishopric; also the extent of the
jurisdiction of an archbishop.

PROVINCE Rose [of Provence in France] a kind of rose.

The seven United PROVINCES of the Netherlands, the provinces of Guel­
derland, Zutphen, Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friezland, Over-Yessel,
and Groeningen, who in the year 1579, at Utrecht, made a firm alliance,
whereby they united themselves so as never to be divided; yet reserved
to each province all its former rights, laws and customs.

PROVI’NCIAL, adj. Fr. [provinciale, It. of provincialis, Lat.] 1. Per­
taining to a province. 2. Appendant to the provincial country. 3. Not
of the mother country, rude, unpolished. The provincial accent. Swift.
4. Belonging only to an archbishop's jurisdiction, not œcumenical. A
provincial synod. Ayliffe.

PROVINCIAL, subst. Fr. a superior or chief governor of all the religious
houses in a province; also a spiritual governor.

PROVINCIAL Synod, the assembly of the clergy of a particular pro­
vince.

To PROVI’NCIATE, verb act. [of province] to turn to a province. An
obsolete word.

To PROVI’NE [provigner, Fr.] to lay the stock or branch of a vine in
the ground to take root for more increase.








PROVI’SION, Fr. [provisione, It. provisiòn, Sp. of provisio, Lat.] 1. 
Whatsoever is provided, or is fit for sustenance, victuals, food, proven­
der. 2. The act of providing or taking care beforehand. 3. Measures
taken beforehand. 4. Stock collected, accumulation of stores before­
hand. Vast provision of materials for the temple. South. 5. Stipulation,
terms settled. No provision made for the abolishing of their barbarous
customs. Davies.

PROVISION [in canon law] the title or instrument, by vertue of which
an incumbent holds, or is provided of a benefice, bishopric, &c.

PROVI’SIONAL, adj. Fr. done by or pertaining to a provision, provi­
ded for present need. Ayliffe.

PROVI’SIONALLY, adv. [of provisional] by way of provision.

PROVI’SO, subst. Lat. [proviso rem ita se habituram esse] provisional
condition, caution. This proviso is needful. Spenser.

PROVISO [in law] a condition inserted in a deed; upon the obser­
vance of which, the validity of the deed depends.

PROVI’SOR [proviseur, Fr. of provisor, Lat.] a person who has the
care of providing things necessary.

PROVISOR [in an university] a title of dignity, a patron, or chief go­
vernor.

PROVOCA’TION, Fr. [provocazione, It. provocaciòn, Sp. of provocatio,
Lat.] 1. The act or cause of provoking, urging, incensing, stirring
up to anger. 2. An appeal to a judge.

PROVO’CATIVE, adj. apt to provoke or stir up.

PROVOCATIVE, subst. [of provoke] 1. Any thing which revives a de­
cayed or cloyed appetite. 2. [In physic] a medicine which strengthens
nature.

PROVO’CATIVENESS [of provocative] provoking nature or quality.

PROVO’CATORY, adj. [provocatorius, Lat.] pertaining to provocation.

To PROVO’KE, verb act. [provocare, It. and Lat. provoquer, Fr. provo­
càr, Sp.] 1. To move or stir up by something offensive, to awake to an­
ger or urge to rage, to incense. Tho' often provoked by the insolence
of some of the bishops to a dislike. Clarendon. 2. [In a medicinal sense]
to dispose to, or cause to promote. He provoked sweat. Arbuthnot. 3,
To challenge. He now provokes the sea gods from the shore. Dryden.
4. To induce by motive, to incite. The face of nature hath provoked
men to think of and observe such a thing. Burnet.

To PROVOKE, verb neut. 1. To appeal. A latinism. 2. To pro­
duce anger.

PROVO’KER [of provoke] 1. One that raises anger. 2. One that causes
or promotes. Drink is a great provoker of nose painting. Shakespeare.

PROVO’KINGLY, adv. [of provoking] in such a manner as to raise anger.

PROVO’ST [provót, Fr. provosto, It. prioste, Sp. præfast, Sax. provest,
Dan. of præpositus, Lat.] 1. A chief magistrate of a city; as, the
provost of Edinburgh; and this is the title of the chief magistrate in all
the Scottish boroughs. 2. The chief of any body, the president of a
college or a collegiate church.

PROVOST-MARSHAL [in an army] an officer whose concern it is to
apprehend deserters and other criminals, to see executions performed,
and to set rates on provisions in the king's army.

PROVOST-MARSHAL [in the royal navy] an officer whose business it
is to take charge of the prisoners taken.

PROVOST-MARSHAL [in France] an officer whose business it is to take
cognizance of enemies, and such as commit outrages, as robbers.

PROVOST of Merchants [at Paris] the chief magistrate of that city.

PROVOST [of the mint] an officer who is appointed to approve all the
moneyers, and to oversee them.

PRO’VOSTSHIP, or PROVO’STRY [of provost] the office or dignity of a
provost.

PROW [prora, Lat. proue, Fr. prua, It. próa, Sp.] the head or fore­
part of a ship, i. e. that part of the fore-castle that is aloft, and not in
the hold; properly that between the chace and the loof.

PROW, adj. valiant. Spenser.

PRO’WESS [prouesse, Fr. prodezza, It. proéza, Sp.] military valour,
courage, stoutness.

PRO’WEST, superl. [from prow, adj.] 1. Bravest, most valiant. They
be two of the prowest knights. Spenser. 2. Brave, valiant. His daugh­
ter sought by many prowest knights. Milton.

To PROWL, verb act. [of this word the etymology is doubtful. The
old dictionaries write prole, which Casaubon derives from ωροαλης, ready,
quick. Skinner deduces it from proyeler, Fr. a diminutive formed by
himself from proier, Fr. to prey] to rove over. He prowls each place. Sid.

To PROWL, verb neut. to go about.

PROW’LER [of prowl] one that roves about for prey.

PRO’XIES, annual payments made by the parochial clergy to the bi­
shop, &c. on visitations.

PRO’XIMATE, adj. [proximus, Lat.] near, immediate, next in the se­
ries of ratiocination. Opposed to mediate and remote.

PRO’XIMATELY, adv. [of proximate] immediately, not mediately,
not remotely.

PRO’XIME, adj. [proximus, Lat.] immediate, next. Watts.

PROXI’MITY [proximité, Fr. prossimita, It. proximidàd, Sp. of proximi­
tas, Lat.] nearness or neighbourhood, a nigh degree of kindred; near­
ness in place.

PRO’XY. 1. One who acts for, or stands for another in his absence. 2.
The agency of another. 3. The substitution of another, appearance of
a representative. 4. The commission of a client to his proctor in the ci­
vil law, to manage his cause.


PRU

PRUCE, subst. the old name for Prussia, Prussian leather. Shields of
Pruce. Dryden,

PRUDE, subst. [prudens, Lat.] a precise woman, a woman over-scru­
pulous and with false affectation.

PRU’DENCE, Fr. [prudenza, It. prudencia, Sp. of prudentia, Lat.] wis­
dom applied to practice; the first of the cardinal virtues; which teaches
us to govern our lives, manners, and actions, according to the dictates
of right reason.

PRU’DENT, adj. Fr. [prudente, It. and Sp. of prudens, Lat.] 1. Practi­
cally, wise, discreet, advised. 2. Foreseeing by natural instinct.

PRUDENTIA’LITY [of prudential] eligibility on principles of pru­
dence.

PRUDE’NTIAL, adj. [of prudent] pertaining to prudence, advised, dis­
creet, wise, eligible on principles of prudence.

PRUDE’NTIALLY, adv. [of prudential] discreetly, wisely. He acts
prudentially. South.

PRUDE’NTIALNESS [of prudential] prudence.

PRUDE’NTIALS, subst. maxims of practical wisdom. Watts.

PRU’DENTLY, adv. [of prudent] wisely, discreetly, advisedly.

PRU’DERY [pruderie, Fr.] an affected or conceited womanish reser­
vedness, a shyness, overmuch nicety in conduct.

PRUDISH, adj. [of prude] affectedly grave.

PRU’NA [in surgery] a carbuncle, a plague, fore, or fiery botch.

To PRUNE [with gardeners] 1. To trim trees, by cutting off the su­
perfluous sprigs or branches, to lop excrescencies. 2. [In falconry] to
clear from excrescencies, to clean; as, the hawk pranes, i. e. picks her
wings. Many birds prune their feathers. Bacon.

To PRUNE, verb neut. to dress, to prink, to prank out. A ludicrous
word.

PRUNE, subst. [prune, pruneau, Fr. prunum, Lat.] a dried plum.

PRUNE’LLA [in medicine] a dryness of the throat and tongue happening
in continual fevers, especially in acute ones, attended with a heat and
redness of the throat; and scurf covering the tongue, sometimes whitish
and sometimes blackish. Bruno says, that with Paraceleus it is the same
as angina.

PRUNELLA, Lat. [in botany] the herb self-heal.

PRUNELLA Cærulea, Lat. [in botany] the herb bugle, so called from
its blue flowers.

Sal PRUNE’LLÆ. See SAL.

PRUNE’LLO, subst. [prunelle, Fr. so called of Brignoles, the place
where they grow] a sort of plums; also a sort of stuff of which clergy­
mens gowns are commonly made.

PRU’NER [of prune] one that lops trees.

PRUNES, Fr. plur. of PRUNE, which see [prugna, It. pruna, Lat.] a
kind off plums.

PRUNI’FEROUS Trees [prunifer, of prunum, a plum, and fero, Lat. to
bear] such trees as bear plums, or whose fruit has a stone in the
middle.

PRU’NING, part act. [of to prune] cutting off the superfluous twigs of
trees.

PRU’NING-HOOK, or PRU’NING KNIFE, subst. [of pruning, hook, or
knife] a hook or knife used in lopping trees.

PRU’RIENCE, or PRU’RIENCY [prurio, Lat.] an itching, or a great
desire or appetite to any thing. Swift.

PRURI’GINOUS [pruriginosus, Lat.] itchy, tending to an itch.

PRURI’TUS, the itch, a disease; any dryness and roughness of the skin,
occasioned by sharp humours which stagnate in, and corrode the miliary
glands.

PRUTA’NIC Tables [with astronomers] tables calculated by Rheinol­
dus, and dedicated to the duke of Prussia, for finding the motions of the
heavenly bodies.

To PRY, verb neut [prob. of preuver, Fr. to make trial of] to search,
inquire, or dive narrowly into, to inspect officiously or curiously.

PRY’AN Tin, a sort of tin sound mixed with gravelly earth, sometimes
white and sometimes red.

PRY’ING, part. act. [of pry; incert. etym. except of prouvant, Fr.
making a trial of] searching, enquiring, or diving narrowly or curiously
into.

PRYTA’NEI [at Athens] the senators who composed the grand coun­
cil which governed the state.

PRYTA’NEUM [πρυτανειον, Gr.] a building at Athens, where the coun­
cil of prytanei assembled.

PRYTA’NEUS [πρυτανις, Gr.] the first magistrate of most of the cities
of Greece.

PSALM [psalme, pseaume, Fr. ψαλμος, Gr.] a hymn upon a divine
subject, a holy song.

PSA’LMIST [psalmiste, Fr. psalmistes, Lat. psalm scop, Sax.] a com­
poser or writer of psalms or holy songs.

PSA’LMODY [psalmodie, Fr. psalmodia, Lat. of ψαλμοδια, of ψαλμος,
and αειδω, for αδω, Gr. to sing] the act or practice of singing psalms.

PSALMO’GRAPHIST [ψαλμογραφος, of ψαλμος, and γραφω, Gr. to
write] a writer of psalms.

PSALMO’GRAPHY [ψαλμογραφια, of ψαλμος, and γραφη, Gr. a writ­
ing] the act of writing psalms.

PSA’LTER [ψαλτηριον, Gr. psaltere, Sax. psaltere, Dan. psalter, Du.
and Ger. pseautier, Fr. saltero, It. salterio, Sp. psalterium, Lat.] a book
of psalms, the volume of psalms.

PSA’LTERY [ψαλτηριον, Gr.] a kind of musical instrument, being a
sort of harp beaten with small sticks.

PSAMMI’SMUS, Lat. [ψαμμισμος, of ψαμμος, Gr. sand] a bath or dry
warm sand, to apply to the feet of dropsical persons.

PSAMMO’DEA [of ψαμμωδης, Gr.] sandy and gravelly matter in
urine.

PSATY’RIANS, a sect of the Arians, who held (if we may believe all
that is reported by their adversaries) that the Son was not like the Father
in will; and that in God, generation was not to be distinguished from
creation. Our lexicographer, by this account, should seem to suggest,
that the main body of the Arians did admit what the Psatyrians are here
said to deny, viz. some distinction between generation and creation com.
monly so called. How far this is true, the reader will best judge for
himself, by those authentic and original writigns both of Arius and the
Arian presbyters, which Epiphanius and Theodorit have preserved. “We
are prosecuted (says Arius, in his letter to Eusebius of Nicomedia) by our
bishop, because we affirm the Son is εξ ουχ οντων, i. e. out of nothing;
by which we mean to affirm no more than this, that he is neither a
PART of GOD, nor [formed] out of any [pre-existing] MATERIALS [or
subject.] Both which suppositions the Nicene council alike disowned.—
And therefore Arius might, with them (for any thing here to the con­
trary) allow the production of the Son to be an act of a very different
kind from that of all other derived beings. But the presbyters of Alexan­
dria who sided with him, in their letter to the bishop of that city, ex­
plain themselves more fully, by saying, χτισμα του θεου τελειον, αλλ' ουχ ως εν
των χτισματων, &c. q. d. a most perfect being, created by God; but not so to
be understood, as tho' he was one of the creatures commonly so called. — In
plain terms, tho' affirming (what even their opponents allowed) that
the Son is a being, produced [or created] by the WILL and POWER of
God the Father; they still (with them) exempted him from the class of
created beings, commonly so called. Epiphan. Ed. Basil, p. 313. Theo­
dorit, Hist. Ed. R. Stephan. p. 284. See FILIATION, SEMI-ARIANS,
and NICENE Council, compared.

PSA’MMOS [ψαμμος, Gr.] sand or gravel; that concretion which breeds
in human bodies.


PSE

PSE’PHOMANCY [ψηφομαντεια, of ψηφος, a stone, and μαντεια, Gr.
divination] a divination by pebble stones, distinguished by certain cha­







racters, and put as lots into a vessel; which after having made certain
supplications to the gods to direct them, they drew out, and according
to the characters, conjectured what should happen to them.

PSEUDA’CORUS [of ψευδος and αχορος, Gr.] the yellow fleur-de-lis,
a plant.

PSEUDANCHU’SA [of ψευδος, Gr. and anchusa, Lat. of αγχυσα, Gr.]
wild bugloss or sheeps-tongue.

PSEUDA’NGELIST [ψευδαγγελος, of ψευδης, false, and αγγελος, Gr. an
angel] a false messenger.

PSEUDAPO’STLE [ψευδαποςολος, Gr.] a false apostle.

PSEU’DISODOMENON [of ψευδης, false, ισος, equal, and γελος, Gr. a
building] a sort of building, whose walls are made of stone of an une­
qual thickness.

PSEU’DO [of ψευδης, Gr. false, counterfeit] a term or particle used in
the composition of many English and Latin words; as pseudapostle, a coun­
terfeit apostle; pseudomartyr, a counterfeit martyr.

PSEUDOASPHO’DELUS [of ψευδης, false, and asphodelus, Lat. of ασφο­
δελος, Gr.] bastard asphodil.

PSEUDOCORONO’PUS [of ψευδος and χορωνοπος, of χορωνη, crow, and
πους, Gr. foot] bastard crow-foot, buck-plantain.

PSEUDODICTA’MNUM [of ψευδος, a lie, and διχταμνον, Gr.] bastard
dittany.

PSEUDODI’PTERE [in architecture] a temple with eight columns in
front, and a single row of columns all round.

PSEUDO’GRAPHY [ψευδογραφια, of ψευδης, a lie, and γραφη, Gr.]
false writing. I will not pursue the many pseudographies in use. Holder.
2. A counterfeit hand.

PSEUDOHELLE’BORUS, Lat. [of ψευδης and ελλεβορος, Gr.] wild helle­
bore or bear's foot.

PSEUDOHEPATO’RIUM, Lat. [of ψευδης, a lie, and ευπατοριον, Gr.]
bastard agrimony.

PSEUDOHERMODA’CTYLUS, Lat. [of ψευδης, a lie, and ερμοδαχτυλος, Gr.]
the herb dog's tooth.

PSEUDOMA’RTYR [ψευδολογια, Gr. the speaking a lie] false speaking or
lying. According to the sound rules of pseudology. Arbuthnot.

PSEUDOMA’RTYR [ψευδομαρτυρ, Gr. q. d. a false martyr] a counter­
feit martyr, a false witness. Query, if from the etymology of the word,
it is not applicable to one that resigns his life in attestation and support of
ERROR? or to one who dies for a true cause, but with some sinister
view, like that suggestion by St. Paul, 1 Cor. c. 13. v. 3. ?

PSEU’DO-MEDICUS, Lat. a false physician, a pretender to physic.

PSEUDO-MECHANICS, not according to, or contrary to the rules or
laws of mechanism.

PSEUDOMELA’NTHIUM, Lat. [ψευδομελανθιον, Gr.] cockle or corn
rose.

PSEUDO’MENOS, Lat. [ψευδομενος, Gr. lying] a sophistical argument,
a fallacy in reasoning; a captious conclusion.

PSEUDOMO’LY [of ψευδης and μολυ, Gr.] the yellow daffodil, or crow's
bill.

PSEUDONARCI’SSUS, Lat. [of ψευδος and ναρχισσος, Gr.] the yellow
daffodil.

PSEUDONA’RDUS, Lat. [of ψευδος and ναρδος, Gr.] bastard spike.

PSEUDONY’MOUS [ψευδωνυμος, of ψευδης, a lie, and ωνομα, Gr. name]
authors who publish books under false and feigned names.

PSEUDOPERI’PTERON, Lat. a temple where the side pillars were set in
the wall on the inside, which were enlarged sufficient to inclose the space
for the porticos of the peripteron.

PSEUDOPHILO’SOPHER [ψευδοφιλοσοφος, Gr.] a false or counterfeit
philosopher.

PSEUDOPHILO’SOPHY [ψευδοφιλοσοφια, of ψευδης, a lie, and φιλοσοφια,
Gr.] false philosophy.

PSEUDOSTO’MATA, Lat. [of ψευδοςομος, of ψευδος, false, and ςομα,
Gr. the mouth] false mouths or openings, especially where rivers disem­
bogue or empty themselves.

PSEUDO STE’LLA, Lat. [of ψευδης, Gr. a lie and stella, Lat.] any
kind of meteor or phænomenon, newly appearing in the heavens, and
resembling a star.

PSEUDOTHY’RUM, Lat. [ψευδοθυρον, of ψευδης, a lie, and θυρα, Gr.
a door] a postern gate, a back-door.

PSI’LOTHRIX, Lat. [of ψιλος, naked, and θριξ, Gr. hair] a depilatory
or medicament proper to make the hair fall off.

PSOAS Musculus, Lat. [ψοας, Gr. the loins] one of the muscles which
bend the thigh.

PSOAS Magnus, Lat. [with anatomists] a round, hard, fleshy muscle of
the loins, arising from the internal side of the transverse processes of the
vertebræ of the loins within the abdomen; and descending upon part of
the internal side of the ilium, is inserted into the lower part of the little
trochanter.

PSOAS Parvus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the thigh, arising
fleshy from the inside of the upper vertebræ of the loins, and is in­
serted into the upper part of the share-bone, which is joined to the os
ilium.

PSO’RA [ψωρα, Gr.] scabbiness, manginess, a wild scab that makes
the skin sealy.

PSORA Plinii, sera Scabies, a kind of itch so called.

PSORI’ASIS, Lat. [ψωριασις, of ψωριαω, Gr. to be scabby] a dry itch­
ing scab, frequently accompanied with an exulceration. Gorræus says,
it is more superficial than the leprosy, and throws itself out in a furfura­
ceous manner; whereas the leprosy by scales.

PSO’RICA, Lat. [ψωριχα, Gr.] medicines good against scabbiness.

PSOROPHTHALMI’A, Lat. [ψωροφθαλμια, of ψωρα, a scab, and οφθαλ­
μια, Gr. a disease in the eye] a scab and inflammation of the eyes with
itching.


PSY

PSYCHAGO’GICA, Lat. [of ψυχη, the soul, and αγωγος, Gr. a leader]
medicines which suddenly raise the spirits in faintings.

PSYCHO’LOGIST [of ψυχολογιχος, of ψυχη, the soul, and λεγω, Gr. to
say] one who treats concerning the soul.

PSYCHO’LOGY [ψυχολογια, Gr.] a discourse of the soul.

PSYCHOMA’CHY [ψυχομαχια, Gr.] a war or fight between the soul
and body.

PSYCHROLU’SIA, Lat. and if ever used with an English termination,
Psychrolsy. [ψυχρολυσια, of ψυχρος, cold, and λυσις, Gr. a solution or
washing] cold baths.

PSYCHO’MANCY [ψυχομαντεια, of ψυχη, the soul, and μαντεια, Gr.
divination] a divination by the ghosts, souls, or spirits of dead persons.
The scripture-history affords us an instance, in the interview between
Saul and the witch of Endor: and Homer, in his Odyssey, describes the
whole process of the rites and ceremonies used by the pagans on this oc­
casion, when he introduces his hero as consulting the ghost of Tiresias.
Odyss. l. 11. v. 24—37.

PSYCHRO’METER [of ψνχρος, cold, and μετρον, Gr. measure] an
instrument for measuring the degrees of moisture or humidity of the
air.

PSYCHROPH’OBIA, Lat. [ψυχροφοβια, of ψυχρος, cold, and φυβος, Gr.
fear] a fear of, or an aversion to cold things.

PSY’CTICA, Lat. [with physicians] cooling medicines against the
scab.

PSYDRA’CION, Lat. [ψυδραχιον, Gr.] a little ulcer in the skin of
the head; also a swelling in the skin, like a blister, with moist matter
in it.

PTA’RMICA, Lat. [of πταρμιχη, Gr.] medicines which cause sneez­
ing.

PTE’RNA [πτερνα, Gr.] the second bone of the foot.

PTE’RON [πτερον, Gr.] the wing of a bird; also the wing or isle of a
building.

PTERO’PHORI [of πτερον, a wing, and φερω, Gr. to bear, so called be­
cause they bore wings on the points of their pikes] couriers among the
Romans, who brought tidings of any declaration of war, of a battle lost,
or any mishap which befel the army.

PTERIGOI’DES Processus [of πτερυξ, a wing, and ειδος, Gr. form] the
process of a bone so called.

PTERYGOSTAPHELINUS Internus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle that is
inserted into the fore-part of the uvula, and likewise moves it.

PTERY’GIUM, Lat. [πτερυγιον, Gr.] a little wing.

PTERYGIUM [with anatomists] the wing or round rising of the nose
or eye; also the process of the sphenoides or wedge-like bone.

PTERYGO’IDES [πτερνγοειδης, Gr. what has the shape of a wing] the
wing-like processes of the sphenoid or wedge-like bone.

PTERIGO’IDUS Internus [in anatomy] a muscle of the jaw arising from
the internal part of the pterygoides process, and descends to be inserted
into the lower part of the inward side of the lower jaw.

PTERYGOIDUS Externus, a muscle of the jaw which arises from the
external part of the pterygoides, and goes backwards to be inserted be­
tween the condyloid process and the corone on the inside of the lower
jaw, and pulls it forwards.

PTERYGOPALATI’NUS [πτερυγοειδης, Gr. what has the shape of a wing,
and palatum, Lat.] a muscle arising from the process of the sphenoides,
and descending according to the length of the interstice, made by the in­
ternal ala of the os sphenoides and musculus pterygoidus internus of the
lower jaw, and is inserted into the fore-part of the gargareon.

PTERYGOPHARINGA’EUS [of πτερυγοειδης, what has the shape of a wing,
and φαρυγξ, Gr.] a muscle arising thin and fleshy from both the pterygoi­
dal processes of the os cuneiforme; also from the root of the tongue and
extremities of the os hyoides, &c.

PTERYGOSTAPHYLI’NUS Externus [of πτερυγοειδης, what has the shape
of a wing, and σαφυλινος, of σαφυλη, Gr. the uvula] a muscle arising
from a small protuberance upon the under-side of the body of the os sphe­
noides, and goes directly to be inserted into the hinder part of the uvula,
and moves the uvula.

PTI’SAN [ptisanne, Fr. πτισσανη, of χτισσω Gr. (says Gorræus) to de­
corticate] a kind of cooling physick drink, made of peeled or hulled barley
decocted with raisins or liquorice. Gorræus observes, that tho' the ptisan,
strictly speaking, was prepared with barley, yet it was also made from
other things, as wheat, &c. but in that case, the name of the thing used
was added to it, e. g. the wheat ptisan, &c. The barley ptisan, says Ga­
len, is not an exquisitely slender nutriment, unless taken in small quan­
tity. Galen, in Aphorism. Hippoc. l. 1. Aph. 4.

PTOLEMA’IC System [of the heavens] that system which was invented
by Claudius Ptolemæus, a celebrated astronomer and mathematician, of
Palusium in Egypt, who lived in the beginning of the 11th century of
the Christian æra, the illustrator and maintainer of it, tho' the invention
was much older, having been held by Aristotle, Hipparchus, &c.
This is an hypothesis, order or disposition of the heavens and heavenly
bodies, wherein the earth is supposed to be at rest, and in the center of
the universe, and the heavens to revolve round it from east to west, car­
rying with them the sun, planets, and fixed stars, each in their respec­
tive spheres. Next above the Earth is the Moon, then the planet Mercu­
ry, next Venus, above her the Sun, next above him Mars, and then
Jupiter, beyond him Saturn; over which are placed the two crystalline
spheres; and lastly, the primum mobile, supposed to be the first heaven,
that gives motion to all the spheres. They imagined that all the fixed
stars were contained in one concave sphere, and that the primum mobile
was circumscribed by the empyreal heaven, of a cubic form, which they
supposed to be the blissful abode of departed souls.
This system was generally believed, till the discovery of America dis­
proved one part of it, and the consideration of the rapid motion of the
sun and the other planets, put Nicholas Copernicus, a famous Ger­
man mathematician, about 200 years ago, upon forming a new system,
that might be more consistent with the celestial phænomena; and late
improvements have put this Ptolemaic system quite out of countenance;
and even demonstration is not wanting to confute it. See COPERNICAN
System.

PTOLEMAI’TES [so named after Ptolemy, their leader] a branch of the
Gnostics, who held that the law of Moses came part from God, part from
Moses, and part from the traditions of the doctors.

PTY’ALISM, or PTYALI’SMUS [ptyalisme, Fr. πτυελισμος, of πτυω, Gr.
to spit] a spitting or discharge of the saliva, through the glands of the
mouth, a salivation or effusion of spittle. HIPPOCRATES, in his Coacæ,
represents it as a symptom that occurs in phrenetic cases.

PTY’ALON, Lat. [πτυαλον, Gr.] spittle, or that matter which is brought
up from the lungs by coughing.

PTY’LOSIS, Lat. a disease when the brims of the eye lids are grown
thick, and the hairs of the eye-brows fall off.

PTYSMAGOGUE [πτυσμαγωγον, of ωτνσμα, spittle, and αγωγος, Gr. a
leader] a medicine which discharges spittle, whether it amounts quite to
a salivation or not.


PUB

PU’BERTY [puberté, Fr. pubertas, Lat.] ripeness of age, the age of
14 years in men, and 12 in women. The time of life in which the
two sexes begin first to be acquainted.

PU’BES, Lat. the privy parts.

PU’BESCENCE [pubesco, Lat.] the state of arriving at puberty. Brown.

PU’BESCENT, adj. [pubescens, Lat.] arriving at puberty. Brown.








PU’BIS OS, more commonly called os pubis, Lat. [with anatomists] the
share bone, a bone of the hip, situate in the fore and middle part of the
trunk, and making the lower and inner part of the os innominatum.

PU’BLIC, adj. [public, Fr. pubblico, It. publico, Sp. of publicus, Lat.]
1. Common, belonging to the people, belonging to a state or nation,
not private. 2. Manifest, known by every body, open, notorious.
Not willing to make her a public example. St. Matthew. 3. General,
done by many. 4. Regarding not private interest, but the good of the
community. 5. Open for general entertainment.

PU’BLIC, subst. 1. The people, the general body of mankind, or of a
state or nation. 2. Open view, general notice.

PU’BLICAN, subst. Fr. [pubblicano, It. publicáno, Sp. of publicanus,
Lat.] a farmer of public rents and revenues, a toll-gatherer; also a
keeper of a victualling-house, or ale-house; in low language.

PU’BLICANS [publicani, Lat.] farmers or collectors of public taxes, &c.

PUBLICA’TION, Fr. [publicazione, It. publicaciòn, Sp. of publicatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of making public, or giving public notice of a
thing, promulgation, proclamation. 2. Edition, the act of publishing
a book.

PU’BLICKLY, adv. [of public] 1. In the name of the community. 2.
Openly, in the view of every one.

PU’BLICKNESS [of public] 1. State of belonging to the community.
2. Manifestness to all persons, openness, state of being publickly known.

PU’BLICKSPIRITED, adj. [of publick and spirited] having regard to the
public advantage above private good.

To PU’BLISH, verb act. [publico, Lat. publier, Fr. publicàr, Sp.] 1.
To make public, to spread abroad, to discover to mankind, to proclaim.
2. To put forth a book into the world.

PU’BLISHER [from publish; publieur, Fr.] 1. One who makes public,
or generally known. 2. One who puts out a book into the world.

PUCK, subst. [perhaps the same with pug] some sprite among the fairies,
common in romances.

PUCK-BALL, or PUCK-FIST [from puck, fairy, i. e. a fairy's ball, or
perhaps a corruption of puff-ball] a kind of mushroom full of dust.

To PU’CKER, verb act. [from puck, a fairy, as elflocks, from elves, or
from powk, a pocket or hollow] to gather into plaits, to contract into
folds.

PU’CKERED, part. pass. of pucker; which see [prob. of ωνχαζω, or
ωυχνοω, Gr. to thicken, according to Skinner] drawn together, folded,
or lying uneven, as cloth, &c. not evenly fewed.

PU’DDER, subst. This is commonly written pother; which see [Skin­
ner derives it of polteren, Teut.] a noise, a bustle.

To PU’DDER, verb neut. [from the subst.] to make a tumult or
bustle. Locke.

To PU’DDER, verb act. to perplex, to disturb, to confound. Locke.

PU’DDING, subst. [potten, Wel. an intestine, puding, Su. boudin, Fr.]
1. A sort of food. 2. The gut of an animal. 3. An intestine stuffed
with certain mixtures of meal, and various other ingredients.

PUDDING of an Anchor [a sea phrase] is the binding ropes about the
rings of it.

PUDDING Grass, the herb penny-royal.

PUDDING-PIE [of pudding and pie] a pudding with meat baked in it.

PU’DDINGS [in a ship] certain ropes nailed to the arms of the main
and fore-yards near the ends, to prevent the ropes called robbins, from
galling upon the yards, when the top-fails are haled home.

PU’DDING-TIME [of pudding and time] 1. The time of dinner; the
time at which pudding, antiently the first dish, is set upon the table. 2.
Nick of time, critical moment.

PU’DDLE, subst. [puteolus, Lat. Skinner; from poil, dirt, old Bavarian.
Junius; hence pool; powl, Erse, patrovillis, Fr.] a lower place on the
ground with standing water, a small muddy lake, a dirty plash.

To PU’DDLE, verb act. [patroviller, Fr.] to mix dirt and water, to
muddy, to pollute with dirt. A puddled water. Sidney.

PU’DDLY, adj. [of puddle] muddy, dirty, miry. Thick puddly water.
Carew.

PU’DENCY [pudens, Lat.] modesty, shamefacedness.
A pudency so rosy, the sweet view on't
Might well have warm'd old Saturn. Shakespeare.

PUDE’NDA [of pudere, Lat. to be ashamed] the privy parts.

PU’DIBUND, adj. [pudibundus, Lat.] shamefaced.

PUDICI’TIA, a goddess, adored at Rome, represented as a woman
veiled, of a very modest countenance; she had two temples, one for
wives of the Patricians, and another for those of the Plebeians. She is
represented on medals, in a sitting posture, veiled, and in the habit of a
Roman matron. [ADDISON on medals.] But I fear the ground of that
complement did not subsist long, if we may credit these lines of Tibullus,
Templa pudicitiæ quid opus siatuisse puellis,
Si cuivis nuptæ quidlibet esse licet? Tib. lib. 2.
Since wives, whatere they please, unblam'd can be,
Why rear we useless fanes to chastity?

PUDI’CITY [pudicité, Fr. pudicizia, It. of pudicitia, Lat.] chastity,
modesty.

PU’EFELLOW, subst. partner.
Thy carnel cur
Preys on the issue of his mother's body,
And make her puefellow with others moan. Shakespeare.

PUERI’LE, adj, [pueril, Fr. puerile, It. of puerilis, Lat.] pertaining
to a child, childish, boyish. Those puerile, amusements. Pope.

PUERI’LITY [of puerile; or puerilité, Fr. puerizia, It. of puerilitas,
Lat.] childishness, boyishness. A reserve of puerility not shaken off
from school. Brown. Trifles which are only puerilities. Dryden.

PUERILITY [in discourse] a thought, which being too far fetched,
becomes flat and insipid; a fault common to those who affect to say no­
thing but what is extraordinary.

PUE’RPEROUS, adj. [of puerpera, Lat.] child-bearing.

PU’ET, a bird, a sort of water-sowl. Coots, sanderlings, and pewets.
Carew.


PUF

To PUFF, verb neut. [prob. of puffen, Teut. boffen, Du.] 1. To blow
or pant by reason of shortness of breath, to breathe thick and hard.
Puffing and blowing from the chace. L'Estrange. 2. To swell the cheeks
with wind. 3. To blow with a quick blast. Like foggy south puffing
with wind and rain. Shakespeare. 4. To blow with scornfulness. To
puff at damnation. South. 5. To do or move with hurry, tumor, or
tumultuousness.
Then came brave glory puffing by
In silks that whistled, who but he?
He scarce allow'd me half an eye. Herbert.
6. To swell with the wind. Unless the puffing matter blow the coal out
of the crucible. Boyle.

To PUFF, verb act. [boflen, Du. bouffer, Fr. sbuffare, It. buffar, Sp.]
1. To swell as with wind. 2. To drive with blasts of wind. 3. To drive
with a blast of breath scornfully. I puff the prostitute away. Dryden.
4. To swell or blow up with praise. Puffing a court up beyond her
bounds. Bacon. 5. To swell or elate with pride. That no one of you
be puffed up one against another. 1 Corinthians.

PUFF [prob. of poff or lof, Du. the swelling of the cheeks, or bouffee,
Fr.] 1. A quick blast with the mouth. 2. A small blast or breath of
wind. 3. A mushroom. Ainsworth. Hence perhaps puckball should be
puffball. 4. Any thing light, porous, or shivery; as, puff paste. 5. An
utensil used in powdering of the hair; as, a powder puff. 6. [In a
gaming house] a person hired to play to decoy others. A cant word.

PU’FFER [of puff] one that puffs.

PU’FFIN. 1. A bird, so named (as is supposed) from the roundness of
its belly, as it were swelling or puffing out; a kind of coot, or sea­
gull. 2. A sort of fish. 3. A kind of fungus or mushroom, filled with
dust. Ainsworth.

PU’FFINGAPPLE, subst. a sort of apple. Ainsworth.

PU’FFINGLY, adv. [of puffing] 1. With tumor, with swell. 2. With
shortness of breath, with pursiness.

PU’FFY, adj. [from puff; bouff, Fr.] swelled up, windy, flatulent,
tumid, turgid. The swelling puffy stile. Dryden.

PUG [prob. of piga, Dan. piza, Sax. a little maid, a girl. Skinner] 
a kind name for a monkey or ape, or any thing tenderly loved; also a
sort of Dutch dog.

PU’GGERED, adj. [perhaps for puckered] crowded, complicated; as,
the red puggered attire of a turkey, i. e. the wattles. More.

PU’GGY [of piza, Sax. pize, Dan. a litle maid] a soothing word
used to a little child, or a sweet-heart.

PUGH, interj. [corrupted from puff, or borrowed from the sound] a
word of contempt.

PU’GIL, Lat. [pugille, Fr. in pharmacy] a small handful, or as much
as may be taken up at once between the two fingers and thumb.

PUGNA’CIOUS, adj. [pugnacis, gen. of pugnax, Lat.] inclinable to
fight, quarrelsome.

PUGNA’CITY [of pugnacious] fighting disposition, quarrelsomeness.

PU’ISNE, adj. [puis né, Fr. It is commonly written and spoken puny]
1. A younger born, or born after another, later in time. It must be in
time, or of a puisne date to eternity. Hale. 2. Small, petty, inconside­
rable. A puisne tilter, that spurs his horse but one side. Shakespeare.

PUISNE, or PUNY, a law term for a counsellor; as, a puny counsellor,
a counsellor of a later standing. A puisne judge, who hath approved
himself deserving, should be preferred. Bacon.

PUI’SSANCE, Fr. [possenza, It.] power, force, might, strength. Our
puissance is our own. Milton.

PUI’SSANT, Fr. [possente, It.] powerful, mighty, forcible.

PUI’SSANTLY, adv. [of puissant] powerfully, mightily.

PUI’SSANTNESS [of puissant] mightiness, &c.

PUKE, 1. A sort of colour; of uncertain derivation. 2. A vomit, me­
dicine causing vomit.

To PUKE, verb neut. to vomit, to spew.

PU’KER [of puke] medicine causing a vomit. The puker rue. Garth.

PU’KING, part. [of puke, incert. etym. unless of fuyeken, Du. to
thrust forth] vomiting.


PUL

PUL, a general name which is given by the Persians to all the copper
money current in the empire. See ASSYRIAN Empire, and read there,
pul instead of Paul.

PU’LCHRITUDE [puleritudo, Lat.] beauty, grace, handsomeness. A
great pulchritude and comeliness of proportion in the leaves, flowers,
and fruits of plants. Ray.

To PULE, verb neut. [pioler, piauler, Fr. pigolare, It.] 1. To piep or cry
as chickens and young birds do. 2. To whine, to cry, to whimper.
This puling whining harlot. Rowe.

PULE’GIUM, Lat. [in botany] penny-royal.

PU’LEX, Lat. a flea.

PU’LIC, subst. an herb. Ainsworth.

PULICA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb flea-wort.

PULICA’RIS Febris, Lat. [with physicians] a malignant fever, so cal­
led, because it makes the skin appear as if it were flea-bitten; the same
as petecialis febris.

PULICO’SE, adj. [pulicosus, pulex, Lat.] abounding with or full of
fleas.

PU’LING, part. of PULE; which see [prob. of piaulant, Fr. singing
small] weakly, sickly.

PU’LIOL, or PULI’OL-MOUNTAIN, a sort of herb, puliol-royal, pen­
ny-royal.

To PULL, verb act. [pullian, Sax.] 1. To pluck, drag, hale, to draw
violently towards one. 2. To draw forcibly. To pull off my boots.
Swift. 3. To pluck, to gather. Flax pulled in the bloom. Mortimer.
4. To tear, to rend. I rent my cloaths, and pulled off the hair from off
my head. 1 Esdras. 5. To pull down; to subvert or demolish. 6.
To pull down; to degrade. To raise the wretched, and pull down the
proud. Roscommon. 7. To pull up; to extirpate, to eradicate.

PULL, subst. [from the verb] the act of pulling. Carew.

PU’LLEN [pulain, O. F.] poultry.

PU’LLER [of pull] one that pulls.

PU’LLET [poularde, or poulet, Fr. polla, Sp.] a young hen.

PU’LLEY [of pullian, Sax. or poulie, Fr. pilea, Sp.] one of the me­
chanic powers; a small wheel or block channelled round, turning on a
pivot; which, by means of a rope running in it, heaves up great
weights.

PULLEY Piece, armour for the knees; also that part of a boot which
covers the knee.

To PU’LLULATE, verb neut. [pullulare, It. and Lat.] to spring or
come up young; to bud forth, to germinate.

PU’LMO Marinus [with naturalists] sea lungs, a light, spongeous sub­
stance, of a shining colour like crystal, intermixt with blue, and com­
monly in a form resembling human lungs; it swims on the surface of
the sea, and shines in the night time, and has this property, that if a stick
be rubbed therewith, it will communicate its luminous property. It is
vulgarly supposed to presage a storm; but it is in effect no more than a
viscous excrement of the sea.

PULMONA’RIA, Lat. [in botany] the herb lung-wort.

PULMONARIA [in medicine] an inflammation of the lungs.








PULMONARIA Arteria [with anatomists] a vessel of the breast spring­
ing immediately out of the right ventricle of the heart, and thence con­
veying the blood to the lungs, having a double coat; called also vena
arteriosa.

PU’LMONARY, adj. [pulmonarius, Lat.] pertaining to the lungs.

PULMONARY Vessels [with anatomists] those vessels which carry the
blood from the heart to the lungs and back again.

PULMO’NEOUS [pulmoneus, Lat.] like or pertaining to the lungs.

PULMO’NIC, adj. [pulmonicus, pulmo, Lat.] belonging to the lungs.
Pulmonic consumption or consumption of the lungs. Harvey.

PULMONIC, subst. a consumptive person.

PULP [poulpe, Fr. pulpa, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. That part of fruit which
is good to eat, lying between the rind and the stone, kernel or seeds. 2.
Any soft mass in general. 3. [In pharmacy] the soft part of fruit, roots,
or other bodies, that is extracted by soaking or boiling, and passed thro'
a sieve.

PU’LPIT [pulpitre, pupitre, Fr. pulpito, Sp. of pulpitum, Lat.] 1. A place
erected on high for speaking publicly, and where the speaker stands. 2.
The higher desk, in the church, where the sermon is pronounced, distinct
from the lower desk where prayers are read.

PU’LPITUM, Lat. [among the Romans] a place raised, on which the
actors acted their plays, or what we now call the stage; tho' some say it
was an eminence for the music; or a place from whence declamations
were spoken.

PU’LPOUS, adj. [pulposus, Lat.] full of substance, soft, pulpy.

PU’LPOUSNESS [of pulpous] fulness of pulp, the quality of being pul­
pous.

PU’LPY, adj. [of pulp] soft, pappy.

PULSA’TION, Fr. [pulsatio, Lat.] the act of knocking or striking, with
quick strokes, against any thing opposing; also the beating of the pulse,
or the beating of the arteries.

PULSE [puls, Lat. from pull. Johnson] 1. Leguminous plants, or all sorts
of grain contained in shells, husks, or cods, as beans, peas, &c. 2.
[Pouse, Fr. polso, It. pulso, Sp. of pulsus, Lat.] the beating of the arteries,
whereby the warm blood thrown out of the left ventricle of the heart, is
so impelled forward, as to be by them distributed through all parts of the
body. 3. Oscillation, vibration, alternate expansion and contraction.
4. To feel one's pulse; to try or know one's mind artfully.

To PULSE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to beat as the pulse. Ray.

PU’LSION [pulsum, sup. of pello, Lat. to drive] the act of driving or
thrusting forward. In opposition to suction or attraction. More.

PULSION [in physics] the stroke by which any medium is affected, by
the motion of light, sound, &c. through it.

PU’LSURA [of pulso, Lat. to knock, on account of the monks, who an­
ciently, before they were admitted, pulfabant ad fores, i. e. knocked at
the doors several days together] in our old law books, signifies a pre­
vious examination.

PU’LVERABLE, adj. [pulveris, gen. of pulvis, Lat. powder] that may
be powdered, possible to be reduced to dust.

To PU’LVERIZATE, or To PU’LVERIZE, verb act. [pulverizer, Fr.
polverizzare, It. of pulverizo, of pulveris, gen. of pulvis, Lat. dust] to
reduce to powder.

PULVERIZA’TION, the act of reducing to powder, reduction to powder.

PULVE’RULENCE [of pulverulentia, Lat.] dustiness, abundance of dust.

PU’LVIL, subst. [pulvillum, Lat.] sweet scents. The patch, the pow­
der-box, pulvil, perfumes. Gay.

To PULVIL, verb act. [from the subst.] to sprinkle with perfumes in
powder. Have you pulvill'd the coachman? Congreve.

PU’LVIS Fulminans [with chymists] the thundering powder, a mixture
of three parts of salt-petre, two of tartar, and one of brimstone; all finely
powdered. A small part, even a single dram of this, being put into a
shovel over a gentle fire, till it melts by degrees, and changes colour,
will go off with a noise like that of a musket, but hurts no body in the
room, by reason its force tends chiefly downwards.

PULVINA’TA, or PULVI’LIO [in architecture] a frieze and swelling
like a pillow.

PULVINATA [in ancient architecture] a frieze which swells or bulges
out, in manner of a pillow.

PU’MICATED [pumicatus, Lat.] made smooth with a pumice-stone.

PU’MICE, or PU’MICE-STONE [pumicis, gen. of pumex, Lat. pumig-stan,
Sax.] a spungy light crumbling stone, cast out of mount Ætna, and other
burning mountains, used in graving, polishing, and other uses. The
pumice is evidently a flag or cinder of some fossil, originally bearing ano­
ther form, and only reduced to that state by the violent action of fire.
It is a lax and spungy matter, full of little pores and cavities, found in
masses of different sizes and shapes, of a pale, whitish, gray colour.
The pumice is found in many parts of the world; but particularly about
the burning mountains Ætna, Vesuvius, and Hecla. Hill.

PU’MMEL. See POMMEL.

To PU’MMEL [with the vulgar] to beat, e. g.

I PUMMEL'D his Sides for him (i. e. I beat him soundly.)

PUMP [pumpe, Dan. pompe, Du. pumpe, Ger. pompe, Fr. bombro, Sp.]
1. A machine for drawing water out of wells or pits. Its operation is
performed by the pressure of the air. 2. A sort of shoe with low heel
and thin sole.

To PUMP, verb neut. [of pumpe, Dan. pompen, Du. pumpen, Ger.
pomper, Fr.] to throw out water by a pump, to work a pump.

To PUMP, verb act. 1. To raise or throw out by means of a pump.
2. To examine artfully by sly interrogatories, so as to draw out conceal­
ments; to wheedle secrets out of any one.

PUMP Brake [on ship-board] the handle of the pump.

PUMP Dale, or PUMP Vale [on shipboard] the trough in which the
water which is pumped up out of the ship's hold runs, and so out at the
scupper-holes.

Air PUMP. See AIR Pump.

PU’MPER [of pump] the person or engine that pumps.

PU’MPION, a plant.


PUN

To PUN [punian, Sax.] to pound or beat; also to play with words,
to quibble.

PUN [prob. of point, Fr. punctum, Lat.] an equivocation, an expres­
sion where a word has at once different meanings, a quibble or playing
with words; it is a conceit arising from two words that agree in sound,
but differ in sense, or it may be said to be a vox & præterea nihil; i. e.
a sound and nothing but a sound.

To PUN, verb neut. [from the subst.] to quibble, to use the same
word at once in different senses.

PUNCH, subst. [incertain etymology] 1. A liquor made by mixing
spirits with water, sugar, and the juice of lemons or oranges. 2. [Poin­
çon, Fr.] a pointed instrument for making holes, and it is driven with a
blow. 3. [Pumilio obesus, Lat. polichinelle, Fr.] a short, fat, thick fel­
low.

To PUNCH, verb act. [poinçonner, Fr. pungir and punçàr, Sp.] to bore
or make a hole with a punch; also to thrust one with the fist, elbow, &c.

PUNCHANE’LLO, It. the buffoon or harlequin of the puppet-show.

PU’NCHEON, or PU’NCHION [poinçon, ponçon, Fr.] a vine-vessel con­
taining 84 gallons.

PU’NCHER [of punch] an instrument driven so as to make a hole or
impression.

PUNCH HORSE [with horsemen] is a well-set, well-knit horse, ha­
ving a short back, thick shoulders, with a broad neck, and well lined
with flesh. Farrier's Dictionary.

PU’NCHINS, or PU’NCHIONS [with architects] short pieces of timber
placed to support some considerable weight; also a piece of timber raised
upright under the ridge of a building, wherein the little forces, &c. are
jointed.

PU’NCTATED Hyperbola [in the higher geometry] an hyperbola,
whose oval conjugate is infinitely small, i. e. a point.

PU’NCTILIO [punctillum, Lat. pointille, Fr.] a little point of nicety in
behaviour, point of exactness.

PU’NCTILIOUS, adj. [pointilleux, Fr.] nice, exact, punctual to super­
stition. A punctilious observance of divine laws. Rogers.

PUNCTI’LIOUSNESS [of punctilious] nicety, scrupulous exactness of be­
haviour.

PU’NCTION, or PU’NCTURE [in surgery] an aperture made in the
lower belly, in dropsical persons, to discharge the water.

PU’NCTO, subst. [punto, Sp.] nice point of ceremony. With all the
the particularities and religious puncto's and ceremonies that were observed.
Bacon. 2. The point in fencing. Pass thy puncto. Shakespeare.

PU’NCTUAL [punctuel, Fr. puntuale, It. puntual, Sp. of punctum, Lat.
a point] 1. Comprized in a point, consisting in a point. This opacous
earth, this punctual spot. Milton. 2. Nice, punctilious, exact. The
punctual differences of time. Brown.

PUNCTUA’LITY, or PU’NCTUALNESS [ponctualité, Fr. puntualità, It.
puntualidàd, Sp.] scrupulous exactness, nicety.

PU’NCTUALLY, adv. [of punctual] exactly, nearly, scrupulously.

PUNCTUA’TION [ponctuation, Fr. of punctum, Lat. point; with gram­
marians] the act or method of pointing or dividing a discourse into pe­
riods.

PU’NCTUM, Lat. a point.

PUNCTUM Lacrymale, Lat. [in anatomy] an hole in the nose, or near
the edge of the eye-lid, by which the matter or liquor of the tears passes
to the nostrils.

PUNCTUM Saliens [with naturalists] the first mark of conception of
an embryo, which is in the place where the arch is formed, or that speck
or cloud in the brood egg which appears and seems to leap before the
chicken begins to be hatched.

PU’NCTURE [punctura, Lat.] a small prick, any wound made by a
pointed instrument.

To PU’NTULATE, verb act. [punctulum, Lat.] to mark with small
spots. Woodward.

PU’NDBRETCH [pund-breche, Sax.] an illegal taking of cattle out of
a pound.

PU’NDLE, mulier pumila & obesa, Lat. an ill shaped, short, fat wo­
man.

PU’NGER [pagurus, Lat.] a fish. Ainsworth.

PU’NGENCY [of pungens, Lat.] 1. Power of pricking. 2. Heat on
the tongue, acridness, acrimony. 3. Power to pierce the mind. Pun­
gency of menaces. Hammond. 4. Acrimonousness, keennes, sharp­
ness.

P’UNGENT, adj. [pungens, Lat.] 1. Pricking. 2. Sharp on the tongue,
acrid. 3. Piercing, sharp. 4. Acrimonious, biting.

PU’NIC [punicus, of pæni, Lat. the Carthiginians, who were anciently
accounted a faithless people] as punic faith, i. e. falshood, treachery,
perjury, &c.

PUNI’CE, subst. a wall-louse, a bug. Ainsworth.

PU’NICUM Malum, Lat. the pomgranate.

PU’NINESS [of puny] 1. Pettiness, smallness. 2. Weakliness, tender­
ness; spoken of children.

To PU’NISH, verb act. [punir, Fr. and Sp. of punire, It. and Lat.] 1. 
To inflict bodily pain or death upon one who has committed an offence
or crime. 2. To chastise, to correct. 3. To revenge a fault with pain
or death.

PU’NISHABLE [punissable, Fr.] that may be punished, that deserves to
be punished.

PU’NISHABLENESS [of punishable] the quality of deserving punish­
ment, liableness to be punished.

PU’NISHER [of punish] one who inflicts pains for a crime. This knows
my punisher. Milton.

PU’NISHMENT [punissement, Fr. punizione, It. and Lat.] chastisement,
correction, any infliction imposed in vengeance of a crime.

PUNI’TION, Fr. [punitio, Lat.] punishment. Ainsworth.

PU’NITIVE, adj. [from punio, Lat.] pertaining to, or inflicting pu­
nishment. Nor any punitive law enacted. Hammond.

PU’NITIVENESS [of punitive] punishing nature or quality.

PU’NITORY, adj. [from punio, Lat.] punishing, tending to punish­
ment.

PUNITORY Interest [with civilians] is such interest of money as is
given for delay or breach of trust.

PUNK [incert. etym. except, with Skinner, you derive it of fung,
Sax. a little wallet, q. d. an old strumpet, shrivelled like leather] a
whore, a strumpet, a common prostitute.

PU’NNING, part. act. [of pun; parler par pointe, Fr. q. d. with a sharp
or pointed word] using words of a like or near sound, in a satyrical or
bantering sense, quibbling.

PU’NSTER [of pun] a quibbler, a low wit, who endeavours at reputa­
tion by double meanings.

To PUNT, verb neut. to play at basset and ombre.

PU’NTER, a term used at the game called basset.

PU’NY, adj. [puisne, Fr.] 1. Little, inferior, petty, of an under rate.
2. Peaking, puling, weakly. 3. Young; as, a puny judge, counsellor,
&c.

PUNY, subst. a young, unexperienced, unseasoned wretch.


PUP

To PUP. verb neut. [from puppy] to bring forth puppies, to puppy;
used of a bitch bringing young.

PU’PIL [pupilla, Lat.] 1. The ball or apple of the eye. 2. A scholar,
one under the care of a tutor. 3. [Pupille, Fr. pupillo, It. pupilo, Sp. of







pupillus, Lat. an orphan; in civil law] a boy or girl not yet arrived at
a state of puberty, i. e. 14 years of age the girl, and 21 the boy;
one under the care of his guardian.

PU’PILAGE [of pupil] 1. Minority, guardianship. 2. State of being
a scholar. Thus purg'd, her pupil thro' the gate she brings. Table of
Cebes.

PUPILA’RITY [of pupil] the state or condition of a pupil.

PU’PILARY, adj. [pupillaire, Fr. pupillaris, Lat.] pertaining to a pupil
or ward.

PUPI’LLA [with oculists] the round aperture of the tunica uvea in
the eye. The reader will find most exact and curious draughts of the
several parts belonging to this, and other organs of the body; not to say
of anatomy in general (so far as the art of healing is concerned) in
Boerhaave Oeconom. animal typis æris illustrat. ed. Londin. apud John
Noon.

PU’PPET [of poupée, Fr. pupus, Lat.] 1. A sort of babby, or little figure
of a man, &c. made to move by lines, &c. in a mock drama, on stages,
and in puppet shews; a wooden tragedian. 2. A word of contempt for
a man or woman.

PUPPET-MAN [of puppet and man] master of a puppet-show.

PUPPET-SHOW [of puppet and show] a mock drama, performed by
wooden images moved by wire.

PU’PPIS Vena [in anatomy] the vein which spreads itself about the
hinder parts of the head.

To PU’PPY, verb neut. [from the subst.] to bring whelps. See To
PUP.

PUPPY [of puppe, Teut. poupé, Fr. of puppus, Lat. a baby, &c.] 1. A
whelp or young dog. 2. A word of contemptuous reproach, to a man.
3. A stupid fellow.


PUR

PU’RBLIND, adj. [corrupted from poreblind, which is still used in Scot­
land, or of poring, q. d. poring blind] short-sighted, near-sighted.

PU’RBLINDNESS [of purblind] shortness or nearness of sight.

PU’RCHASABLE [of purchase] that may be purchased or bought.
Locke.

PU’RCHASE [of pourchas, O. F.] 1. A thing bought, or to be bought
for a price. 2. Any thing of which possession is taken. And takes pos­
session of his stores, but he had little joy of the purchase. L'Estrange.

PURCHASE [in law] signifies the buying or acquisition of lands or
tenements with money, by deed or agreement; and not obtained by des­
cent or hereditary right.

To PURCHASE, verb act. [pourchass, Fr.] 1. To obtain or get by buy­
ing, to buy for a price. In the cave which Abraham purchased. Genesis.
2. To obtain at any price, as of labour or danger. 3. To expiate or re­
compence by a fine or forfeit. Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out
abuses. Shakespeare.

PU’RCHASER [of purchase] a buyer, one that gains any thing for a
price.

PU’RCHASING [with sailors] is drawing, as they say, the capstan pur­
chases apace, i. e. draws in the cable apace.

PURE, adj. [pur, Fr. puro, It. and Sp. of purus, Lat.] 1. Simple, un­
compounded, not altered by mixture, mere. 2. Chaste, modest. Ains­
worth. 3. Free from corruption, incorrupt, not vitiated by any bad
practice or opinion. 4. Free from spot or stain, unsullied, not filthy, clean.
5. Clear, not dirty, not muddy. 6. Not connected with any thing ex­
trinsic; as, pure mathematics. 7. Free, clear. 8. Free from guilt, in­
nocent. 9. Correct, not vitiated with corrupt modes of speech. The
pure fine talk of Rome. Ascham. 10. Mere. In pure pity and good
nature. L'Estrange.

PURE Mathematics, are arithmetic and geometry, which only treat
of number and magnitude, considered abstractly from all kinds of
matter.

PU’RELY, adv. [of pure] 1. In a pure manner, not dirtily, not with
mixture. 2. Innocently, without guilt. 3. Correctly, exactly. 4.
Merely.

PU’RENESS [of pure; puritas, Lat. purité, Fr.] 1. Purity, clearness,
unmixedness, freedom from extraneous or foul admixtures. 2. Free­
dom from guilt. 3. Simplicity, exemption from composition. 4. Free­
dom from vitious modes of speech, exactness, correctness. 5. Inno­
cency.

PU’RFILE [pourfilé, Fr.] 1. A sort of ancient trimming for womens gowns,
made of tinsel, thread, &c. called also bobbin work. 2. An orna­
ment about the edges of musical instruments.

To PU’RFLE, verb act. [pourfiler, Fr. profilare, It.] to decorate with
a wrought or flowered border, to embroider.

PU’RFLE, or PURFLEW, subst. [pourfilée, Fr.] a border of em­
broidery.

PU’RFLEW, or PU’RPLUE [in heraldry] ermins, peans, or any other
furrs, when they make up a bordure round a coat of arms.

PURGA’NTIA, Lat. [in physic] purging medicines.

PURGA’TION, Fr. [purgazione, It. purgàcion, Sp. of purgatio, Lat.]
the act of scouring or cleansing a thing, by carrying off any impurities
in it.

PURGA’TION, or PU’RGING [with physicians] a purging by stool, is
an excretory motion, quick and frequent, proceeding from a contraction
of the fibres of the stomach and intestines, whereby the chyle, excre­
ments and corrupted humours, either bred or sent there from other
parts, are protruded from part to part till they are quite excluded the
body.

PURGATION [in law] the act of clearing one's self of a crime of which
a person is accused before a judge.

PURGATION [in pharmacy] the cleansing of a medicine, by retrench­
ing its superfluities, &c. as stones out of dates, tamarinds, &c.

PURGATION [with chemists] the several preparations of metals and
minerals, to clear them of their impurities.

PU’RGATIVE, adj. [purgatif, Fr. purgativus, Lat.] that is of a purging
quality, having the power to cause evacuation downward.

PURGATIVE, subst. [purgatif, Fr. purgativo, It.] a purging medicine,
which evacuates the impurities of the body by stool.

PU’RGATIVENESS [of purgative] purging, purifying, or cleansing
quality.

PU’RGATORA, subst. [purgatoire, Fr. purgatorium, Lat.] a certain
place where the Roman Catholics hold that the souls of the faithful are
purified by fire, from the blemishes they carry with them out of this life,
before they are admitted to a state of perfect bliss. See PURGATORIAL
Fire.

PURGATO’RIAL, or PU’RGATORY-Fire, i. e. a fire of the purifying
kind. A late popish writer tells us, “that one part of Ærius's heresy
in the fourth century, according to St. Epiphanius, was, that the prayers
and alms of the living did the dead no good. Her. 75, § 3. T. 1. p. 908.
Against whom he [i. e. St. Epiphanius] writes, “that the church has
this TRADITION from Christ, that prayers are profitable for the dead; tho'
they do not extinguish ALL sins. And he gives us a quotation somewhat
fuller still from his cotemporary St. Chrysostom, “Let us therefore help
them (i. e. the dead) for we have before us the expiatory sacrifice of the
whole world——Perchance we may obtain a total pardon for them by
prayer; by oblations, through the saints who are named with them.”
Homil. 4. in Epist. 1 ad Corinth. And then our author breaks out by
way of triumph into the following exclamation. “What a deal of popery
is here crowded together in these few lines of St. Chrysostom, mass, pur­
gatory, invocation of saints, and what not? Modern Controversy, &c.
p. 112, 113. The reader will find a short but sufficient answer to all
this under the word BERÆANS, or CATAPHRYGIANS; and may (if he
please) compare the whole with that DATE or RISE which St. John, in
the prophetic vision, assigns to the GRAND APOSTACY, I mean within
this very century to which our author appeals: for St. John places it be­
tween the fall of Paganism, and the irruption of the northern nations on
the Roman empire. Revelat. chap. 7th, and chap. 8th. ver. 1—6. com­
pared. However, it should not be dissembled, that we find some traits of
this unscriptural notion somewhat earlier in Tertullian the Montanist; and
perhaps that use which St. Origen, and some other ancient writers ascri­
bed to divine punishments in GENERAL, I mean that they are intended
for the REFORMATION of those who are not to be reclaimed by gentler
means, might have some (tho' very slight) connexion with this portrai­
ture of the intermediate state. Not that I find St. Origen's opinion, in
this particular, was condemned by his cotemporaries; but only that some
took occasion from hence (invidiously enough) to charge him with de­
nying the doctrine of future punishments. See OBLATION of Christ,
ORIGENISM, and ETERNITY.

To PURGE, verb act. [purger, Fr. purgàr, Sp. purgare, It. and Lat.]
1. To evacuate the body by stool, to carry off ill humours. 2. To
cleanse, to clear. 3. To clear from impurities, so to clear one's self of
a crime, to clear from guilt. 4. To clear from imputation of guilt. 5.
To sweep or put away impurities. 6. To clarify, to defecate.

To PURGE, verb neut. to have frequent stools.

PURGE, subst. [from the verb; purga, It.] a medicine that evacuates
the body by stool.

PU’RGER [from purge] 1. One who clears away any thing noxious.
2. Purge, cathartic. Take away the unpleasant taste of the purger.
Bacon.

PURIFICA’TION, Fr. [purificazione, It. purificaciòn, Sp. of purificatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of purifying or cleansing from extraneous mixture. 2.
The act of cleansing from guilt. 3. A rite performed by the Hebrews
after child-bearing. 4. [In chemistry] the cleansing or separating a me­
tal, mineral, &c. from the mixture of other metals and dross.

PURIFICATION of the Virgin Mary, the festival, otherwise called Can­
dlemas-day. See Luke ii. 22—39.

PURIFICA’TIVE, or PURIFICA’TORY, adj. [of purify; purificatorio, It.
purificatorius, Lat.] that is of a cleansing quality.

PURIFICA’TORY, subst. [purificatorium, Lat.] a linen cloth, with
which a Romish priest wipes the chalice and his fingers after the absolu­
tion.

PU’RIFIER [of purify] one that cleanses or refines.

To PU’RIFY, verb act. [purifier, Fr. purificàr, Sp. of purificare, It.
and Lat.] 1. To make or render pure or clean. 2. To free from an
extraneous admixture. 3. To make clear. 4. To free from guilt or
corruption. 5. To free from pollution, as by lustration. 6. To clear
from improprieties or barbarisms of language.

To PURIFY, verb neut. to become pure.

PU’RILENCE, rather PU’RULENCE, the dissolution of any thing into a
thick, slimy substance, the generation of pus. See PURULENCE.

PU’RIM [a Persic word, signifying lots] a feast among the Jews,
held on the 14th of March, appointed by Mordecai in commemoration
of their deliverance from Haman's conspirary.

PU’RIST, subst. [puriste, Fr.] one superstitiously nice in the use of words.

PU’RITAN [of pure] a sectary of the Calvinistical persuasion, so named
from professing to follow the pure word of God, in opposition to all tra­
ditions, human constitutions and authorities.

PURITA’NICAL [of puritan; depuritans, Fr.] pertaining to the puritans.

PU’RITANISM [of puritan] the principles and doctrines of the puritans,
a sect of ancient dissenters from the church of England.

PU’RITY [puritas, Lat. purité, Fr. purità, It. puridàd, Sp.] 1. Pure­
ness, cleanness, freedom from foulness or dirt. 2. Innocence, freedom
from guilt. 3. Chastity, freedom from contamination of sexes.

PURL, subst. [This is justly supposed by Minshew to be contracted
from purfle] 1. An embroidered or puckered border. A triumphant cha­
riot made of carnation velvet, enriched with purl and pearl. Sidney. 2.
A sort of wormwood ale or beer.

To PURL, verb neut. [Of this word it is doubtful what is the primitive
signification. It is referred originally to the appearance of a quick
stream, which is always dimpled on the surface. It may come from
purl, a pucker or fringe; but if, as the use of authors seems to shew, it
relates to the sound, it must be derived from porla, Su. to murmur, ac­
cording to Mr. Lye.] See PURLING.

To PURL, verb act. to decorate with fringes or embroidery.

PURL Royal, canary, with a dash of wormwood.

PU’RLIEU [pour lieu or purlieu, Fr. or pourallée, q. d. for going thro']
all that ground near any forest, which having been anciently made forest,
is afterwards, by perambulations, separated again from the forest, and
freed from that servitude which was formerly laid upon it; the grounds
on the borders of a forest, border, inclosure.

PU’RLIEU MAN, one who has land within the purlieu, and forty shil­
lings a year freehold; upon which account, he is allowed to hunt or
course in his own purlieu, with certain limitations.

PU’RLING, part. act. of purl [proliquans, Lat.] running with a mur­
muring noise, as a stream or brook does.

PU’RLINS [in architecture] those pieces of timber that lie across the
rafters on the inside, to keep them from sinking in the middle of their
length.

To PURLOI’N, verb act. [pourloigner, Fr. This word is of doubtful
etymology. Skinner deduces it from pour and loin, Fr. Mr. Lye from







pourllouhnan, Sax. to lie hid] to steal, to pilfer, to filch; properly
to get privily away.

PURLOI’NER [of purloin] a thief, one who steals clandestinely.

PURPA’RTY, subst. [of pour and parti, Fr.] share, part in division.
Davies.

PU’RPLE, adj. [purpura, Lat. pourpre, Fr. porpora, It. purpureo, Sp.
purpur, Sax.] 1. A red colour bordering on violet. 2. [In poetry]
red. A purple flood. Dryden.

To PURPLE, verb act. [purpuro, Lat.] to make red, to colour with
purple.

PURPLE Fever, a kind of malignant fever having little spots on the
skin like the bites of bugs or fleas. But see PURPURA Febris.

PU’RPLES, subst. [without a singular] spots of a livid red, which break
out in malignant fevers, a purple fever.

PU’RPLISH, adj. [of purple] inclining to a purple colour, somewhat
purple.

PU’RPORT [q. d. quod seriptum proportet, Lat.] the tendency of a wri­
ting or discourse, design.

To PU’RPORT, verb act. [from the subst.] to intend, to tend to show.

PU’RPOSE [propositum, Lat. propos, Fr. proposito, It. and Sp.] 1. In­
tention, design. 2. Effect, consequence. 3. Influence, example.

To PURPOSE, verb act. [propositum, Lat. se proposer, Fr. proporre, It.
proponer, Sp.] to design, to intend, to resolve.

PU’RPOSELY, adv. [of purpose] by design, by intention.

PU’RPOSING, part. act. of purpose [proponens, Lat. se proposant, Fr.] in­
tending.

PU’RPRISE, or PURPRI’SUM, subst. [pourpris, O. Fr. in old records]
a close or inclosure; also the whole compass of a manor.

PURPURA Febris, Lat. [with physicians] the purples or spotted fever.
Bruno says, “Purpa quoque, &c. i. e. the purple also has a preternatu­
ral signification, being applied to those spots which appear in the pestilen­
tial (or malignant) fevers, and which are called PETECHIÆ. Forest.
L. 6. Obs. 59.

PURPURA’TI, Lat. the sons of emperors or kings.

PURPURE’ [in heraldry] is expressed in engraving by diagonal lines
drawn from the sinister chief, to the dexter base point. It is supposed to
consist of much red, and a small quantity of black. See Plate XII. Fig.
13.

PURR, subst. a sea-lark. Ainsworth.

To PURR, verb neut. to murmur as a cat or leopard in pleasure. See
PURRING.

PU’RREL [in old statutes] a list of kersy-cloth, to prevent deceit in
lessening their length.

PU’RRING, part. act. of purr [a word formed from the sound or conti­
nuation of the letter R] the noise of a cat.

PU’RROCK, for parrock, diminutive of park; a small inclosure or close
of land.

PURSE [pwrs, Brit. bourse, Fr. borsa, It. bolsa, Sp. byrsa, Lat.] a sort
of little money bag.

PURSE [with the Grand Signior] a gift or gratification of 500 crowns.

PURSE of Money [in the Levant] about 112 pounds sterling; so cal­
led because all the Grand Signior's money is kept in purses or leather-bags
of this value in the seraglio.

To PURSE, verb act. 1. To put into a purse. 2. To contract as a
purse.

PU’RSER [on shipboard] an officer of the king's ship, who has the
charge of the provisions, and whose office is to see that they be good, well
layed and stored; he keeps a list of the ship's company, and sets down
the day of each man's admittance into pay.

PURSE-NET [of purse and net; with hunters] a net, of which the
mouth is drawn together by a string, it is for taking hares and rabbits.

PURSE-PROUD, adj. [of purse and proud] puffed up with money.

PU’RSEVANT [poursuivant, Fr. See PURSUIVANT, which is better]
an officer, a sort of serjeant at arms, a messenger who attends upon the
king in an army; also at the council-chamber or table, to be sent upon
any special occasion or message; but more especially for the apprehend­
ing of a person who has been guilty of an offence.

PU’RSINESS, or PU’RSIVENESS [of pursy; poussif, Fr.] shortness of
breath.

PURSINESS [in horses] is an oppression which deprives a horse of the
liberty of respiration, and is occasioned by some obstruction in the pas­
sage of the lungs.

PU’RSLAIN [porcelain, Fr. porcelane, It. portulaca, Lat.] an herb.

PURSU’ABLE, adj. [of pursue] that may be pursued.

PURSU’ANCE [of pursue; of pour and suivant, Fr.] in prosecution,
process, in consequence, or according to.

PURSU’ANT, adj. [of pursue; pursuivant, Fr.] done in consequence or
prosecution of a thing.

To PURSU’E, verb act. [poursuivre, Fr. perseguitare, It. perseguìr, Sp.]
of persequor, Lat.] 1. To follow or run after, to chase in hostility. 2.
To prosecute, to continue any pursuit, to carry on a design. 3. To imi­
tate, to follow as an example. 4. To endeavour, to attain. We hap­
piness pursue. Prior.

To PURSUE, verb neut. to go on, to proceed.

PURSU’ER [of pursue; qui persequitur, Lat.] a follower, or one who
pursues in hostility.

PURSU’IT, subst. [poursuite, Fr.] 1. The act of following with hostile
intention. 2. Endeavour to attain. 3. Prosecution.

PU’RSUIVANT, subst. [poursuivant, Fr.] a state messenger, an atten­
dant on the heralds. See PURSEVANT.

PU’RSY, adj. [poussif, Fr.] short-breathed and fat.

PU’RTENANCE [appurtenance, Fr.] a thing appertaining to another;
also the pluck of an animal.

To PURVE’Y, verb act. [pourvoir, Fr. provéer, Sp.] 1. To provide
with conveniencies. This sense is now obsolete. 2. To procure.

To PURVEY, verb neut. to buy in provisions.

PURVE’YANCE [of purvey] 1. Provision. Spenser. 2. Act of supply­
ing with provisions, the providing of corn, fuel, victuals, and other ne­
cessaries, for the king's house, procurement of victuals. Great and con­
tinual purveyances that are made upon them. Bacon.

PURVE’YER, or PURVE’YOR [of purvey; pourveyër, Fr.] 1. A sup­
plier, a provider of victuals. 2. A procurer, a pimp.

PURVIE’W, subst. [pourveu, Fr.] a proviso, a providing clause; a law­
word for the body of an act of parliament, beginning with, It being en­
acted; and thus a statute is said to stand upon a preamble and upon a pur­
view.

PU’RULENCE, or PU’RULENCY, generation of pus or matter. Harvey.

PU’RULENT, adj. Fr. [purulentus, Lat.] full of corrupt matter, mat­
tery, consisting of pus or the running of wounds.

PU’RULENTNESS [of purulentus, Lat. and ness] fullness of matter or
corruption.

PUS, subst. Lat. corruption or thick matter, issuing from a wound or
sore. “Eπι αιματος πτυσει πυου πτυσις χαχον. HIPPOC. Aphorism. l. 7.
Aph. 15. On which Galen gives us the following note: “Not every
spitting of blood is followed by spitting of pus; but that which is malig­
nant; and such is that which is from the LUNGS.” But N. B. Not every
ulcer in the lungs is incurable; I could produce one or two instances of
this kind in the course of my practice.

To PUSH, verb act. [pousser, Fr.] 1. To strike with a thrust. 2. To
force or drive by impulse of any thing, to thrust or shove. 3. To force,
not by a quick blow, but by continued violence. 4. To urge, to drive.
5. To enforce, to drive to a conclusion. 6. To importune, to teaze.

To PUSH, verb neut. 1. To make a thrust. 2. To make an effort.
Both sides resolved to push, we try'd our strength. Dryden. 3. To make
an attack. The king of the south shall push at him. Daniel.

PU’SH, subst. [from the verb.] 1. The act of striking with a pointed
instrument, thrust. 2. An impulse, force impressed. 3. Assault, at­
tack. Their fierce and feeble pushes against truth are repelled. Watts.
4. A strong effort, a forcible struggle. Away he goes, makes his push,
stands the shock of a battle. L'Estrange. 5. Exigence, trial. We are
told at a push. Atterbury. 6. A sudden emergency. 7. [Pustula, Lat.]
a pimple, wheal, efflorescence.

PU’SHER [of push] one that pushes forward.

PU’SHERS, Canary birds that are new flown, and cannot feed them­
selves.

PU’SHING, adj. [of push] enterprising, vigorous.

PUSH-PIN, subst. [of push and pin] a childish play with pins pushed al­
ternately.

PUSILLA’NIMOUS, adj. [pusillanime, Fr. pusillanimo, It. pusilanime, Sp.
of pusillus, very little, and animus, Lat. the mind] cowardly, faint­
hearted, meanspirited. He became pusillanimous. Woodward.

PUSILLANI’MITY, or PUSILLA’NIMOUSNESS [pusillanimité, Fr. of Lat.
pusillanimitàs, It. pusilanimidàd, Sp.] want of courage, meanness of spi­
rit. A law of pusillanimity and fear. Bacon.

PUSS [prob. of purring] 1. The fondling name of a cat. 2. The
sportsman's term for a hare.

PU’STULE [pustule, Fr. of pustula, Lat.] a little wheal or pimple, a push.

PU’STULOUS, adj. [pustulosus, Lat.] full of wheals or pushes, pimply.


PUT

To PUT, verb act. [incert. etymology, except of poser, Fr. putter, to
plant, is Danish, according to Junius] 1. To place, to lay, to reposite
in any place. And there he put the man. Genesis. 2. To place in any
situation. When he had put them all out, he entered in. St. Mark. 3.
To place in any state or condition. Put me in a surety with thee. Job.
4. To repose. They put their trust in him. 1 Chronicles. 5. To trust,
to give up. Thou shalt put all in the hands of Aaron. Exodus. 6. To
expose, to apply to any thing. Not to put the part quickly again to robust
employment. Locke. 7. To push into action. Thank him who puts me
loth to this revenge. Milton. 8. To apply. Having put his hand to
the plough. St. Luke. 9. To use any action by which the place or state
of any thing is changed. Put the clock back. Swift. 10. To cause,
to produce. Natural constitutions put so wide a difference between some
men, that industry would never be able to master. Locke. 11. To com­
prise, to consign in writing. Cyrus made proclamation, and put it also
in writing. 2 Chronicles. 12. To add. Nothing can be put to it, nor
any thing taken from it. Ecclesiastes. 13. To place in a reckoning.
Most of them are wholly to be put on the account of labour. Locke. 14.
To reduce to any state. The Turks were in every place put to the worst.
Knolles. 15. To oblige, to urge. A private friend, who put me upon
that task. Boyle. 16. To propose, to state. I only put the question.
Swift. 17. To form, to regulate; as, put the army in array. 18. To
reach to another. That puttest thy bottle to him and makest him drun­
ken. Habbakkuk. 19. To bring into any temper or state of mind. His
highness put him in mind of the promise he had made. Clarendon. 20.
To offer, to advance. To put a loose undigested play upon the public.
Dryden. 21. To unite, to place as an ingredient. He has right to put
into his complex idea, signified by the word gold, those qualities which
upon trial he has found united. Locke. 22. To put by; to turn off, to di­
rect. A fright hath put by an ague fit. Grew. 23. To put by; to thrust
aside. To daughters so famous in beauty, which put by their young cou­
sin from that expectation. Sidney. 24. To put down; to baffle, to re­
press, to crush. How the ladies and I have put him down. Shakespeare.
25. To put down; to degrade. The king of Egypt put Jehoahaz down at
Jerusalem. 2 Chronicles. 26. To put down; to bring into disuse. Sugar
hath put down the use of honey. Bacon. 27. To put down; to confute.
Mark now how plain a tale shall put you down. Shakespeare. 28. To put
forth; to propose. I will now put forth a riddle. Judges. 29. To put
forth; to extend. He put forth his hand and pulled her in. Genesis. 30.
To put forth; to emit, as a sprouting plant. They yearly put forth new
leaves. Bacon. 31. To put forth; to exert. We should put forth all our
strength. Addison. 32. To put in; to interpose. Give me leave to put
in a word to tell you. Collier. 33. To put in practice; to use, to exer­
cise. To put in practice your unjust intent. Dryden. 34. To put off; to
divest, to lay aside. Put off thy shoes from off thy feet. Exodus. 35. To
put off; to defeat or delay with some excuse or subterfuge. Themistius
hopes to put me off with an harangue. Boyle. 36. To put off; to delay, to
defer. We can never say, that he who neglects to secure his salvation
to-day, may without danger put it off to to-morrow. Wake. 37. To put
off; to pass fallaciously, persuading them to a confidence. Or else to
put off the care of their salvation to some future opportunity. Rogers. 38.
To put off; to discard. 39. To put off; to recommend, to vend or ob­
trude. And then put them off upon the world as additional fears. Swift.
40. To put on or upon; to impute, to charge. They put upon him the
crime of felony. Clarendon. 41. To put on or upon; to invest with, as
cloaths or covering. And give me bread to eat and raiment to put on.
Genesis. 42. To put on; to forward, to promote, to incite. This came
handsomely to put on the peace. Bacon. 43. To put on or upon; to im­
pose, to inflict. Fallacies we are apt to put upon ourselves. Locke. 44.
To put on; to assume, to take. No quality so contrary to any nature,
which one cannot effect and put on upon occasion. Swift. 45. To put
over; to refer. For the certain knowledge of that truth, I put you o'er
to heaven and to my mother. Shakespeare. 46. To put out; to place at







usury. He that putteth not out his money to usury. Psalms. 47. To put
out; to extinguish. It would oftentimes put out their candles. Boyle.
48. To put out; to emit as a plant. Trees planted too deep for love of
approach to the sun, forsake their first root, and put out another more to­
wards the top of the earth. Bacon. 49. To put out; to extend, to pro­
trude. When she travailed, the one put out his hand. Genesis. 50. To
put out; to expel, to drive from. I am put out of the stewardship. St.
Luke. 51. To put out; to make public, to give to the world. They were
putting out curious stamps of the several edifices. Addison. 52. To put out;
to disconcert. That putteth a man out of his precept. Bacon. 53. To put
to; to kill by, to punish by. They were put all to the sword. Bacon. 54.
To put to it; to distress, to perplex, to press hard. And were more put
to it how to meet with accommodations by the way, than how to go thi­
ther. Addison. 55. To put to; to assist with. Zelmane would have put
to her helping hand. Sidney. 56. To put to death; to kill. That the
king had a purpose to put to death Edward Plantagenet. Bacon. 57. To
put together; to accumulate into one sum or mass. This last age has
made a greater progress than all ages before put together. Burnet. 58.
To put up; to pass unrevenged. Such national injuries are not to be put
up. Addison. 59. To put up; to emit, to cause to germinate as plants.
Hartshorn shaven or in small pieces mixed with dung and watered, put­
teth up mushrooms. Bacon. 60. To put up; to expose publicly; as, these
goods are put up to sale, 61. To put up; to start. Whilst I am follow­
ing one character, I am crossed in my way by another, and put up such a
variety of odd creatures, that they foil the scent. Addison. 62. To put up;
to hoard. Himself never put up any of the rent, but disposed of it.
Spelman. 63. To put up; to hide. Why so earnesty seek you to put up
the letter. Shakespeare. 64. To put upon; to incite, to instigate. The
great preparation put the king upon the resolution. Clarendon. 65. To
put upon; to impose, to lay upon. 66. To put upon trial; to expose or
summon to a solemn and judicial examination. They shall be put every
one upon his own trial, and receive judgment. Locke.

To PUT, verb neut. 1. To go or move. In the first putting up it cool­
eth in little portions. Bacon. 2. To shoot or germinate as plants. The
sap delighteth more in the earth, and therefore putteth downward. Ba­
con. 3. To steer a vessel. A considerable number of men of war ready
to put to sea. Addison. 4. To put forth; to leave a port. They have put
forth the haven. Shakespeare. 5. To put forth; to shoot out, to bud as
plants. Nettles put forth in abundance. Bacon. 6. To put in; to enter
a haven. The ship put in at Samos. Pope. 7. To put in for; to claim,
to stand candidate for. I know not whether it do not put in for the name
of virtue. Locke. 8. To put in; to offer a claim. Astrologers may here
put in, and plead the secret influence of this star. Brown. 9. To put off;
to leave the land. The hackney boat was putting off. Addison. 10. To
put over; to sail cross. Coasting along from Carthagena, a city of the
main land, to which he put over and took it. Abbot. 11. To put to sea;
to set sail, to begin the course. They put to sea with a fleet. Arbuthnot.
12. To put up; to offer one's self a candidate. The beasts met to chuse
a king, when several put up. L'Estrange. 13. To put up; to advance to,
to bring one's self forward. With this he put up to my lord. Swift. 14.
To put up with; to suffer without resentment. As he put up with that
affront peaceably. Addison.

PUT, subst. [from the verb] 1. An action of distress. The stags was
a forced put, and a chance rather than a choice. L'Estrange. 2. A ru­
stie, a clown, a silly shallow pated fellow. Queer country puts extol
queen Bess's reign. Bramson. 3. Put off, excuse, shift, subterfuge.
The fox's put off is instructive. Shakespeare.

PUT, a game at cards.

To PUT, verb neut. [from the subst.] to play at the game of put.

PU’TAGE [of putain, Fr.] fornication on the woman's side, prostitu­
tion on her part.

PU’TANISM [putanisme, Fr.] a whore's trade, way of living of a pro­
stitute.

PUTA’TIVE, adj. [of putatif, Fr. putativo, It. putativus, of puto, Lat.
to think] reputed, supposed. Tho' she be only a putative, and not a
true and real wife. Ayliffe.

PUTCHA’MINES [in Virginia, &c.] a fruit, a sort of damsons.

PU’TID, adj. [putidus, Lat.] stinking, nasty, stale, rank; also mean,
low, worthless. All imitation is putid and servile. Shakespeare.

PU’TIDNESS [of putid] stinkingness, meanness, vileness.

PU’TLOCK, or PU’TLOG [with carpenters] a short piece of timber to
be put in a hole in building of scaffolds: They are those pieces that lie
horizontal to the building, one end lying into it, and the other end rest­
ing on the ledgers, which are those pieces that lie parallel to the side of
the building. Putlogs are pieces of timber or short poles, about seven feet
long, to bear the boards they stand on, to work and to lay bricks and
mortar upon. Moxon.

PUTRE’DINOUS, adj. [putredinis, of putredo, Lat.] stinking, rotten.
A putredinous ferment coagulates all humours. Floyer.

PUTREFA’CTION, Fr. [putrefazione, It. of putrefactio, Lat.] the act of
making rotten, the state of growing rotten.

PUTREFA’CTIVE, adj. [putrefacio, Lat.] making rotten, putrifying.

PUTREFA’CTIVENESS [of putrefactive] putrefying quality.

To PU’TREFY, verb act. [putrefacio, Lat. putrefier, Fr. putrefare, It.
podrér, Sp.] to corrupt with rottenness, to make rotten.

To PUTREFY, verb neut. to rot. Bacon.

PUTRE’SCENCE [of putresco, Lat.] the state of rotting. In the com­
mon putrescence it may promote elevation. Brown.

PUTRE’SCENT, adj. [putrescens, Lat.] becoming rotten. Arbuthnot.

PU’TRID [putride, Fr. putrido, It. podrido, Sp. putridus, Lat.] corrupt,
rotten.

PU’TRID Fever, a kind of fever, where the humours putrefy, which is
commonly the case after great evacuations, great or excessive heat.
Quincy. But, with BOERHAAVE, a continued putrid fever, is, “that
which springs from CAUSES GREATER than a simple inflammation,” and,
as a learned commentator adds, “where the blood has contracted such
a lentor, as precludes its passage thro' the capillary vessels.”

PU’TRIDNESS [of putrid] corruptedness, rottenness.

PU’TTER [of put] 1. One who puts. Dreamers upon events, and
putters of cases. L'Estrange. 2. A putter on.

PU’TTINGSTONE, subst. [of put and stone] a stone to throw off one's hand.
In some parts of Scotland, stones for the same purpose are laid at the
gates of great houses, which they call puttingstones for trials of strength.
Pope.

PU’TTOC, subst. [derived by Minshew from buteo, Lat.] 1. Birds of
prey. The eagle, hawk, puttoc, and cormorant. Peacham. 2. A kind
of long-winged kite, a buzzard.

PU’TTOCS [in a ship] small shrouds which go from the main, fore,
and missen-masts, to the round top of those masts, for the men to get
into the caps or tops of those masts.

PU’TTY [potée, Fr.] 1. A powder used in polishing metals, glass,
marble, &c. made of calcined tin. I once mended considerably, by
grinding it on pitch with putty, and leaning on it very easily in the
grinding, lest the putty should scratch it. Newton. 2. A kind of ce­
ment or composition used by painters in stopping holes in wainscot,
and by glaziers to fasten glass in fashes.

To PU’ZZLE, verb act. [prob. q. d. to posle, of posing. Skinner] 1. To
embarrass, to put to a stand, to perplex, to gravel, to teaze. 2. To
make intricate, to entangle.

To PU’ZZLE, verb neut. to be bewildered in one's own notions, to be
aukward.

PU’ZZLE, subst. [from the verb] perplexity, an embarrassment, a diffi­
culty; also a nasty sluttish wench; a low word.

PU’ZZLER [of puzzle] he who puzzles.

PU’ZZLING, part. of to puzzle [q. d. posling or posing] perplexing, &c.

PU’ZZLINGNESS [of puzzling] perplexingness, an embarrassing qua­
lity.

PYANE’PSIA [πυανεψνα, Gr.] a festival celebrated by the Athenians in
the month Pyanepsion, answering to our September.

PY-BALD Horse, is one that has white spots upon a coat of another
colour; as bay, iron-gray, or dun colour, like that of a pie or magpie.

PY-BA’LDNESS [of py-bald] the quality of being of two colours.

PYCNO’STYLE [πυχνοςυλον, πυχνος, frequent, and ςυλος, Gr. column]
in antient architecture, a sort of building, where the columns stand very
close to one another; one diameter and a half of the column being
only allowed for the intercolumniation.

PYCNO’TICS, subst. [πυχνοτιχα, of πυχνος, Gr. dense] medicines which
are of an aqueous nature, and have the faculty of cooling and con­
densing.

PYE [pica, Lat. pie, Fr.] a bird. See PIE.

PYE’LOS [πυελος, Gr.] a hollow vessel to wash in, a bathing tub.

PYELOS [in anatomy] a cavity in the brain, through which the phlegm
passes to the palate and nostrils.

PY’GARG, subst. a bird. Ainsworth.

PY’GMA [of πυγμη, Gr. the fist; also a measure that equals the length
of the arm from the elbow to the hand, when the fist is closed] a man
or woman of a short stature.

PYGME’AN, adj. [of pygmy] belonging to a pygmy. Milton.

PY’GMY, subst. [pygmée, Fr. πυγμαιος, Gr. pygmeus, Lat.] a dwarf,
one of the nation of pygmies. See PYGMIES.

PYGMÆ’O-GERANOMACHY [of πυγμαιος, a pigmy, elγερανοι, cranes,
and μαλη, Gr. fight] the fight, or battle of the pygmies with the cranes.
Of which Mr. Addison has given us a most entertaining description in
his poem, which bears that title:
“Pennatas aceis, &c.—

PY’GMIES [πυγμαιοι, Gr.] a fabulous people of the antients, who are
said to be perpetually at war with the Cranes, and being not above one
cubit high, or three spans, are said to have all their houshold-stuff, and
even the natural production of their country, proportionable. Their wo­
men were said to bear children at five years old, and to grow old at
eight Pliny places them in the East-Indies, Strabo in the remotest parts
of Africa, and Aristotle near the river Nile in Egypt. The Cranes, says
Aristotle, when invading them, come from the plains of Scythia to the
meadows, where flows the Nile; as Eustathius, in his comment on the
3d book of HOMER'S Iliad, observes; to which I may add, and perhaps
our naturalist had no better authority for his assertion, than that line of
the poet:
— Επ' ωχεανοιο ξοαων.
But to pursue the fable somewhat further, it is reported, that they ride up­
on goats in the spring time, armed, and march towards the sea-side to
destroy the cranes nests and their eggs, or else the cranes would destroy
them.

PY’KER, or PY’CAR, a small ship or herring boat.

PYLO’RUS, Lat. [πυλωρος, of πυλη, a gate, and ωξεω, Gr. to keep;
with anatomists] the lower orifice of the ventricle, or mouth of the sto­
mach, which lets the meat out of the stomach into the intestines.

PYO’SIS, Lat. [of πυον, Gr. matter] a collection of pus or matter in
any part.

PY’POWDER. See PEPOWDER.


PYR

PY’RAMID [pyramide, Fr. piramide, It. and Sp. pyramis, Lat. of πυ­
ραμιs, of πυξ, Gr. fire, because flames of fire grow from a breadth at bot­
tom, to a sharp point] a solid standing on a square basis, and terminating
at the top in a point; or a body whose base is a polygon, and whose
sides are plain triangles, their several tops meeting together in one point.

PYRAMID [in architecture] a solid, massy edifice, which from a
a square, trianglar, or other base, rises diminishing to a vertex or
point.

Optic PYRAMID, the figure which the rays drawn out in length from
any object, through any transparent medium (where they end in a point)
make to the eye.

PYRA’MIDAL, or PYRAMI’DICAL, adj. [of pyramid; pyramidal, Fr.
pyramidalis, Lat.] having the form of a pyramid. The pyramidical idea
of its flame. Locke.

PYRA’MIDAL Numbers [in arithmetic] are the sums of polygonal num­
bers, collected after the same manner as the polygon numbers themselves
are extracted from arithmetical progressions.

PYRAMIDA’LE Corpus [with anatomists] a plexus of blood-vessels on
the back of the testes, called so from its pyramidal form, the same as cor­
pus varicosum.

PYRAMIDA’LES Musculi [in anatomy] certain muscles which take
their name from their resemblance to a pyramid; certain muscles of the
nostrils and the abdomen, the last of which lie upon the lowest tendons
of the recti; so that as they proceed from the os pubis, the higher they
climb the narrower they grow, and end about the navel in the white seam,
or linea alba.

PYRAMIDA’LIA, Lat. [in anatomy] the pyramidal muscles, certain
vessels which prepare the semen.

PYRAMIDA’LIS, Lat. [in anatomy] a small muscle of the abdomen, on
the lower part of the rectus.

PYRAMI’DICALLY, adv. [of pyramidical] in the form of a pyramid.
Thus they rise pyramidically. Broome.

PYRMI’DICALNESS [of pyramidical] a pyramidical form.








PYRAMIDO’GRAPHER [of πυξαμις, and γραφευς, Gr.] a describer of
pyramids.

PYRAMIDO’GRAPHY [of πυραμις, a pyramid, and γραφη, Gr. descrip­
tion] a description of pyramids.

PYRAMIDOI’D [of πυραμις, a pyramid, and ειδος, Gr. form] is what
is sometimes called a parabolic spindle, and is a solid figure formed by
the revolution of a parabola round its base or greatest ordinate.

PY’RAMIS, subst. Lat. a pyramid. Bacon.

PY’RE, subst. [pyra, Lat.] a pile to be burnt. The funeral pyre.
Dryden.

PY’RETHRUM [πυρεθρον, Gr.] wild or bastard pellitory.

PYRE’TICS, subst. [of πυρετος, Gr. a fiery disease or fever] medicines
which cure fevers. N. B. This application of the word [πυρετος] to
fevers, is as old as HOMER:
Και τε φερει πολλον πυρετον δειλοισι βροτοισι.
Iliad, lib. 22. l. 13.

PYRETO’LOGY [πυρετολογια, Gr.] a discourse, description, or treatise
of fevers.

PYRI’ASIS, Lat. [πυριασις, of πυρ, Gr. fire] a precious stone of a black
colour, which, being rubbed, burns the finger.

PYRIFO’RMIS, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the thigh, which re­
ceives its name from its figure, resembling that of a pear.

PYRI’TES [πυριτης, of πυρ, Gr. fire] a semi-metal, supposed to be the
marcasite of copper, or the matrix or ore in which that metal is formed,
firestone. Pyrites contains sulphur, sometimes arsenic, always iron, and
sometimes copper. Woodward.

PYRO’BOLI [πυροβολοι, Gr. q. d. fire-throwing] fire-balls, certain fire­
works used by the antients.

PYROBO’LICAL, adj. [of pyroboli] pertaining to pyroboli, or the art of
making fire-balls, bombs, &c.

PYRO’BOLIST, a maker of fire-works, &c.

PYRO’BOLY [of πυρ, fire, and βολος, Gr. a cast] the art of throwing
or making of fire-works.

PYROE’NUS [of πυρ, fire, and οινος, Gr. wine] the rectified spirit of
wine.

PYRO’ETS [in horsemanship] of one tread, or what the French call
de la tete a la queve, are entire and very narrow turns made by a horse
upon one tread, and almost one time, so that his head is placed where his
tail was, without putting out his haunches.

PYROETS, of two pists, are turns of two treads upon a small compass
of ground, almost of the length of the horse.

PY’ROLA, Lat. [in botany] the herb winter-green.

PY’ROMANCY [πυρομαντεια, of πυξ, fire, and μαντεια, Gr. divination]
a divination by the fire of the sacrifice.

PYROTE’CHNIAN, or PYROTECHNI’CIAN [of πυξ, fire, and τεχνων,
Gr. an artificer] a maker of fire-works, one skilled in pyrotechny.

PYROTE’CHNIC, adj. [purotechnique, Fr.] pertaining to pyrotechny, or
the art of fire-works, engaged or skilful in fire-works.

PYROTE’CHNY [purotechnie, Fr. πυροτεχνια, of πυξ, fire, and τεχνη,
Gr. art.] the art of making fire-works, the act of employing fire to use
or pleasure; also chemistry, which makes use of fire, as the chief in­
strument of its operations.

Chemical PYROTECHNY, is the art of managing and applying fire in
distillations, calcinations, sublimations, &c.

Metallic PYROTECHNY, the art of fusing, refining, and preparing
metal.

Military PYROTECHNY [πυροτεχνια, Gr.] is the doctrine of artificial
fire-works and fire-arms, teaching the structure and use both of those
used in war, for the attacking of fortifications, &c. cannons, bombs,
granades, gunpowder, wildfire, &c. and those made for diversion, as
serpents, rockets, &c.

PYRO’TICS [πυροτιχα, of πυρ, Gr. fire] caustics, medicines, which be­
ing applied to the body, grow violently hot, and cause redness or blisters
in the skin, or that close up and bring wounds to a crust or scab.

PY’RRHIC Dance, the name of a dance among the antients, which
consisted chiefly in the nimble turning of the body, and shifting every
part, as if it was done to avoid the stroke of the enemy.

PYRRHI’CIUS [πυιχιος, Gr.] a foot in Greek or Latin verse, con­
sisting of two short syllables.
Milton (if I'm not mistaken) by a most judicious use of this nimble
foot, will frequently oblige the voice to rest on the immediately ensuing
word; i. e. to lay the emphasis where the poet himself intended it; as
—Till one greater man
Restore us, and REGAIN the blissful seat.

PY’RRHO, the Greek philosopher, the first founder of the Sceptics,
who taught that there was no certainty of any thing.

PYRRHO’NISM, subst. [from Pyrrho, the founder of the Sceptics] scep­
ticism, universal doubt, the doctrine and principles of Pyrrho.

PYRRHOPOECI’LOS [πυρροποιχιλος, Gr.] a kind of marble with red
spots, of which the Egyptians made pillars which they dedicated to the
sun.

PYTHAGORE’AN System, so called, on account of its being maintained
by Pythagoras; is a system in which the sun is supposed to rest in the
center of our system of planets, and in which the earth is carried round
him annually, in a tract or path between Venus and Mars. It is the
most ancient of any, and the same with the Copernican. See COPER­
NICAN System.

PYTHAGOREAN Theorem, is the 47th proposition of the first book of
Euclid; namely, that the square of the hypotenuse of a right angled
triangle is equal to the square of the two other sides.

PYTHAGORE’ANISM [of Pythagoras] the doctrine or principles of the
Pythagoreans.

PYTHAGO’RIC Tetractys, a point, a line, a surface, and a solid.

PY’THIA, the Pythian games celebrated in Greece in honour of Apol­
lo; also the priestess of Apollo.

PY’THONESS [pythonissa, Lat. of πυθωνισσα, Gr.] a woman possessed
with a familiar or prophesying spirit, called πυθων.

PYU’LCUS [πυουλχος, of πυου, pus, curruption, and ελχω, Gr. to draw]
an instrument used by surgeons for the evacuating of corrupt matter from
the cavity of the breast, or any sinuous ulcer.


PYX

PYX [pyxis, Lat. πυξις, Gr.] a vessel in which Roman Catholics keep
the host.

PY’XIS [in anatomy] the cavity of the hip bone.













Q

Q, q, Roman, Q, q, Italic, Q, q, English, cw, Saxon, are the
16th letter of the alphabet; but the Greeks, Hebrews,
and Asiatics have not this letter; and the Saxons, tho'
it is commonly placed in their alphabet, express it by
cw or cw, as cwellan, or cwellan, to kill. Q is a con­
sonant borrowed from the Latin or French. This letter q always hath
the vowel u following it; so that qu is in English pronounced as by the
Italians and Spaniards cw, as quail, queen, queer; except quoit, which
is spoken according to the manner of the French coit. The name of the
letter is cue, from queue, French, tail, its form being that of an O with a
tail.

Q [among the ancients] a numerical letter standing for 500.

Q̄ with a dash, stood for 500000.

Q. is an abbreviation of quasi, Lat. as though; and also of Questio,
Lat.

Q. E. D. [with mathematicians] stands for quod erat demonstrandum,
Lat. i. e. which was to be demonstrated.

Q. D. stands for quasi dictum, Lat. i. e. as if it were said.

Q. E. F. [in mathematics] stands for quod erat faciendum, Lat. i. e.
which was to be done.

Q. PL. [in physical prescriptions] signifies quantum placet, Lat. i. e.
as much as you please.

Q. V. stands for quantum vis, Lat. i. e. as much as you will.

Q. S. [in physicians bills] stands for quantum sufficit, Lat. i. e. a
sufficient quantity, or as much as will do.

QUA

QUAB [quabbe, Du. derived by Skinner from gobio, the Latin name]
a kind of fish, called by some a water-weasel.

To QUACK, verb neut. [quacken, Du.] 1. To cry like a goose, or to make
a noise like a duck. This word is often written quaake, to express the
sound better. 2. To chatter boastingly, to talk loudly and ostenta­
tiously.
Seek out for plants with signitures,
To quack of universal cures. Hudibras.

QUACK [of quack, Teut. frivolous] 1. A boastful pretender to arts
which he does not understand. Schools and pulpits are full of quacks,
jugglers, and plagiaries. L'Estrange. 2. A vain boastful pretender to
physic, one who proclaims his own medical abilities in public places. 3.
An artful tricking practitioner in physic. Despairing quacks with curses
left the place. Pope. See QUACKSALVER.

QUA’CKERY [from quack] mean or bad acts in physic.

QUA’CKING, part. act. of QUACK, which see [of quaeken, Du.] mak­
ing a noise as ducks do; also practising quackism.

QUA’CKISM [of quacken, Du. lying, &c. trifling] the practice of
quackery.

QUA’CKSALVER [of quack and salve, Du. an ointment, qwack-salware,
Su. quack-salver, Du. quack-salber, Ger.] a mountebank, a bold and ig­
norant pretender to physic, one who brags of medicines or salves, a me­
dicaster, a charletan. Saltimbancoes, quacksalvers and charletans de­
ceive the vulgar. Brown.

QUA’DRA, any square frame or border in building, encompassing a
basso relievo, pannel of painting, or other work.

QUADRAGE’MINI [with anatomists] four muscles of the thigh.

QUADRAGE’SIMA Dominica [q. d. the 40th Sunday after Easter] the
Sunday immediately preceding Lent.

QUADRAGESIMA, Lat. the fortieth.

QUADRAGE’SIMAL, adj. Fr. [quadragesimalis, of quadragesima, Lat.]
pertaining to Lent. used in Lent.

QUADRAGE’SIMALS; in times of popery, it was a customary thing for
people to visit their mother-church on Mid-lent Sunday, to make their
offerings at the high altar; and the like superstitious devotion was per­
formed in the Whitsun week: but these processions and oblations being
commuted for a payment called Pentecostals or Whitsun farthings, were
changed into a customary payment, and called quadragesimals.

QUA’DRAN [in poetry] a stanza or staff consisting of four verses.

QUADRA’NGLE, Fr. [quadrangolo, It. quadrangulo, Sp. of quadrangulus,
Lat.] a figure consisting of four angles, and as many sides; as a square,
a long square, and a rhombus.

QUADRA’NGULAR, adj. [quadrangulaire, Fr. quadrangolare, It. of
quadrangularis, Lat.] pertaining to, or in the form of a quadrangle,
square.

QUA’DRANT [among the Romans] 1. Three ounces in weight, the
fourth part of a pound troy; or the quarter of any integer, divided into
twelve parts. 2. The quarter of a circle. In each quadrant of the cir­







cle of the ecliptic. Holder. 3. [Quadrans, Lat.] a mathematical instru­
ment of great use in astronomy, navigation, &c. that is triangular, and
contains just the fourth part of a circle, containing 90 degrees; and of­
tentimes the space contained between a quadrant arch and two radii, per­
pendicular one to another in the centre of a circle, is called a quadrant.
See Plate V. Fig. 10.

Gunter's QUADRANT. See GUNTER'S Quadrant.

Hadley's QUADRANT, an instrument invented by the late ingenious
Mr. Hadley, for taking the altitude of the sun, stars, &c. at sea. This
instrument is superior to any other hitherto invented, and consists of an
octant, or one eighth part of a circle, A B C (Plate VII. Fig. 8.) the
index, D, the speculum, E, two horizontal glasses, F and G, two screens,
K K, and two sight vanes, H I. It will be unnecessary to say any
thing farther of this instrument, as there is always a book containing its
uses given with it.

QUADRANT of Altitude [of an artificial globe] a thin brass plate di­
vided into 90 degrees, and fitted to the meridian.

QUADRANT [with gunners] an instrument used in levelling, mount­
ing, and lowering a piece of ordnance.

QUADRA’NTAL, adj. [of quadrant, quadrantalis, Lat.] pertaining to
a quadrant, included in the fourth part of a circle.

QUADRA’NTAL, subst. [among the Romans] 1. A measure for mea­
suring of liquids. 2. A figure which is every where square.

QUADRA’NTAL, Triangle [with geometricians] a spherical triangle like
a die, having a quadrant for one of its sides, and one right angle.

QUADRAT [in astrology] an aspect of the heavenly bodies, wherein
they are distant from each other a quadrant, or 90 degrees, the same as
quartile.

QUADRA’TA Legio [among the Romans] a legion that consisted of
4000 men.

QUA’DRATE, adj. [quadratus, Lat.] 1. Square, having four equal
and parallel sides. 2. Divisible into four equal parts, consisting of a
square number. Containing even, odd, long and plain, quadrate and
cubical numbers. Brown. 3. [Quadrans, Lat.] suited, applicable.
This perhaps were more properly quadrant. A generical description
quadrate to both. Harvey.

QUADRATE, subst. [quadratum, Lat.] a four cornered figure, with
equal and parallel sides, a square.

QUADRATE [quadrat, Fr. in astrology] an aspect of the heavenly
bodies,
wherein they are distant from each other 90 degrees.

To QUADRATE, verb act. [quadrer, Fr. quadràr, Sp. of quadrare, It.
and Lat.] to agree with, to answer, to be accomodated, to suit. Ari­
stotle's rules for epic poetry cannot be supposed to quadrate exactly with
the heroic poems which have been made since his time. Addison.

To QUA’DRATE a Piece [in gunnery] is to place it duly, and well
poised on the carriage, that the wheels be of an equal height.

QUADRATE Line of Shadows [on a quadrant] is the line of natural
tangents put on the limb of a quadrant for more ready measuring of
heights, &c.

QUADRA’TIC, adj. [of quadratus, Lat.] four-square, belonging to a
square.

QUADRATIC Equations [with algebraists] square equations, or such
wherein the highest power of the unknown quantity is a square.

Simple QUADRATICS [with mathematicians] are such where the square
of the unknown root is equal to the absolute number given.

Adfected QUADRATICS [with mathematicians] are such as have some
intermediate power of the unknown number, between the higher power
of the unknown number, and the absolute number given.

QUADRA’TO Quadratum, is the fourth power of numbers; or the pro­
duct of the cube multiplied by the root.

QUADRA’TRIX, a square, or squared figure.

QUADRATRIX [in geometry] a mechanical line, by means whereof,
right lines may be found equal to the circumference of a circle or other
curve, and the several parts of it.

QUA’DRATS [with printers] square pieces of metal to fill up the void
spaces between words and at the end of short lines

QUA’DRATURE, Fr. [quadratura, Lat.] 1. The act of making a thing
square, or the finding a square equal to the area of any figure given. 2.
The first and last quarter of the moon. 3. The state of being square, a
quadrate, a square.

QUADRATURE of the Circle, is the finding some other right lined
figure equal to the area of a circle, or a right line equal to its circum­
ference; a problem that has employed the mathematicians of all ages,
but yet in vain. It depends upon the ratio of the diameter to the peri­
phery, which was never yet determined in precise numbers.

QUADRATURE of Curves [in the higher geometry] is the measuring
of their area, or the finding a rectilinear space, equal to a curvilinear
space.

QUADRATURE of a Parabola, is the same as parabolic space.

QUA’DRATURES of the Moon [in astronomy] are the medial points of
her orbit, lying between the points of conjunction and opposition.

QUADRA’TUS Femoris, Lat. [with anatomists] a member of the mus­
cle quadrageminus, arising from the apophysis of the ischium, and main­
taining an equal breadth and bulk to its insertion just below the great
trochanter.

QUADRATUS Genæ, Lat. [in anatomy] a large square muscle spread
over the whole lower region of the face.

QUADRATUS Lumborum [in anatomy] a short, thick, fleshy muscle,
situated in the region of the loins, or between the last rib and the spine of
the os ilium.

QUA’DRELS [in architecture] a kind of artificial stones, so called from
their form, they being square, made of a chalky, whitish and pliable
earth, and dried in the shade. They were two years in drying, and
were much used by ancient Italian architects.

QUADRE’NNIAL, adj. [of quadriennium, of quatuor, four, and annus,
Lat. year] 1. Comprising four years. 2. Happening once in four
years.

QUADRICA’PSULAR, Lat. [in botanic writings] divided into four par­
titions, as stramonium, thorny-apple.

QUA’DRIBLE, adj. [quadro, Lat.] that may be squared.

QUA’DRIFID [quadrifidus, Lat.] a term used by botanists, of leaves
divided or notched into five parts.

QUADRIGE’MINUS, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle, or rather an assem­
blage of four muscles, serving to turn the thigh outwards.

QUADRILA’TERAL, adj. [quadrilatere, Fr. of quatuor, four, and lateris,
gen. of latus, Lat. side] having four sides. Placed on a quadrilateral
base. Woodward.

QUADRILATERAL Figures [in geometry] are those whose sides are four
right lines, and those making four angles, and they are either a paral­
lellogram, a trapezium, rectangle, square, rhombus or rhomboides.

QUADRILA’TERALNESS [of quadrilateral] the property of having four
fides, right lined, forming as many angles.

QUADRI’LLA, a small troop or company of cavaliers, pompously dres­
sed and mounted for the performance of carousels, justs, tournaments,
running at the ring, and other divertisements of gallantry.

QUADRI’LLE, subst. a game at cards so called.

QUA’DRIN, subst. [quadrinus, Lat.] a mite, a small piece of money in
value about a farthing.

QUADRINO’MIAL [of quatuor and nomina, Lat.] consisting of four
denominations or names.

QUADRINOMIAL Roots [in algebra] roots which consist of four
names or parts.

QUADRIPA’RTITE, adj. [of quatuor, and partitus, Lat.] divided into
four parts.

QUADRIPA’RTITELY, adv. [of quadripartite] in a quadripartite
distribution.

QUADRIPARTI’TION [of quadripartite] a division by four, or the
taking the fourth part of any quantity or number.

QUADRIPHY’LLOUS, adj. [of quatuor, Lat. and φυΛΛΟΝ, Gr. a leaf]
plants whose flowers have four leaves or petals.

QUA’DRIREME, subst. [quadriremis, Lat.] a galley or vessel that has
four oars on a side.

QUADRISY’LLABLE, subst. [quadrisyllabus, of quatuor and syllaba,
Lat.] consisting of four syllables.

QUA’DRIVALVES, subst. 1. Doors with four folds. 2. [In botany]
those plants whose seed pods open in four valves or partitions.

QUADRI’VIAL, adj. [quadrivialis, Lat.] having four ways or turnings
meeting in a point.

QUA’DRUPED, or QUADRUPE’DE, subst. [quadrupede, Fr. of quadru­
pedis, gen. of quadrupes, of quatuor, four, and pes, Lat. a foot] an ani­
mal that goes upon four legs, as perhaps all beasts do.

QUADRUPED, QUADRUPE’DAL, or QUADRUPE’DOUS  [quadrupedus,
Lat.] four-footed.

QUADRU’PEDAL, or QUADRUPE’DIAN Signs [with astronomers] those
signs represented on a globe by the figures of four-footed beasts.

QUADRUPLATO’RES [in the court of exchequer] promoters, those
that in popular and penal actions are delatores, having thereby part of
the profit assigned by the law.

QUADRU’PLE, adj. [Fr. quadruplo, It quadruplex, Lat.] four times
as much, four fold. A quadruple restitution. Hooker.

QUADRU’PLED, adj. [quadruplicatus, Lat.] made four fold.

To QUADRU’PLICATE, verb act. [quadrupler, Fr. quadruplicatum,
fup. of quadruplico, Lat.] to make four-fold, to double twice.

QUADRU’PLICATE, subst. a thing folded or repeated four times.

QUADRUPLICA’TION, an increasing to a four-fold sum, the taking a
thing four times.

QUADRU’PLY, adv. [of quadruple] to a fourfold quantity.

QUÆ’RE, or QUÆRIE, Lat. is when any point of law or other matter
in debate is doubted. as not having sufficient authority to maintain
it; also any thing proposed to enquiry. Quære, if 'tis steep'd in the
same liquor, it may not prevent the fly and grub. Mortimer.

QUÆ Servitia, Lat. a writ concerning services.

QUÆ’STA [in ancient deeds] an indulgence or remission of penance,
exposed to sale by the pope, the retailers of which were called Quæstu­
arii.

QUÆ’STUS, Lat. gain, advantage, profit.

QUÆSTUS [in law] land gained by labour and industry, which does
not depend on hereditary right.

To QUAFF, verb act. [some derive it of cof, Sax. bright, nimble.
Junius; from the Greek χυΑφΙζΕΙΝ, in the ÆOLIC dialect used for χυΑ­
ΘΙζΕΙΝ. Skinner from go off; as go off, quoff, quaff. Perhaps from cœf­
fer, Fr. to be drunk] to drink, to swallow in large draughts. Milton.

To QUAFF, verb neut. to drink luxuriously.

QUA’FFER [of quaff] he who quaffs.

To QUA’FFER, verb neut. [a low word, I suppose formed by chance]
to feel out, as ducks do in mud, for food. Derham.

QUA’GGY, adj. [of quagmire] boggy, soft, not solid. Ainsworth.

QUA’GMIRE [prob. of quatiens, Lat. shaking, or quake, Eng. and
moyer, Du. mud] a boggy place, a bog that trembles under the feet.

QUAID, part. pass. [it is not easy to find the verb, perhaps put by
Spenser, who often took great liberties, for quailed, for the poor con­
venience of his rhime] dejected, depressed.

QUAIL [caille, Fr. coalla, Sp. quaglia, It.] a bird of game.

To QUAIL, verb act. [cwellan, Sax.] to crush, to quell, to over­
come. Spenser.

QUA’ILPIPE, subst. [of quail and pipe] a pipe with which fowlers
allure quails.

QUAINT, adj. [coint, Fr. comptus, Lat.] 1. Minutely exact, having pet­
ty elegance. 2. Subtle, artful; obsolete. 3. Neat, pretty, exact,
fine. 4. Subtilely excogitated, fine spun. And tell quaint lies. Shake­
speare. 5. [In Spenser] quailed, depressed. 6. Odd, fantastical, af­
fected, foppish. This is not the true idea of the word, which Swift
seems not to have well understood. To this we owe those monstrous
productions, which under the name of trips, spies, and amusements,
and other conceited appellations, have over-run us; and I wish I could
say those quaint fopperies were wholly absent from graver subjects.
Swift.

QUAI’NTLY, adv. [of quaint] nicely, with petty and frivolous ele­
gance, neatly, finely; also odly, &c.

QUAI’NTNESS [of quaint] nicety, petty and frivolous elegance
Pope.

To QUAKE, verb neut. [cwacian, Sax.] 1. To tremble, to shake, to
shiver, either for fear or cold. 2. To shake, not to be solid or firm.

QUAKER, subst. [from the verb] a shudder, a trembling.

QUA’KERISM [of quake] the principles or tenets of Quakers.

QUA’KERS, a modern religious sect, who first got their name by way
of derision, from their gestures and quaking fits, with which they were
seized at their first meetings. Their first appearance was in England
during the interregnum, and their founder was George Fox, a shoe­
maker, born at Drayton, in Leicestershire, who proposed but few arti­
cles of faith, insisting chiefly on moral virtue, mutual charity, the love







of God, and a deep attention to the inward motions and secret operations
of the spirit; he required a plain simple worship, and a religion without
ceremonies, making it a principal point to wait in profound silence the
directions of the Holy Spirit. They were at first guilty of some extra­
vagancies, but these wore off, and they settled into a regular body, pro­
fessing great austerity of behaviour, a singular probity and uprightness
in their dealings, a great frugality at their tables, and a remarkable
plainness and simplicity in their dress. The system of the quakers is laid
down in fifteen theses by Robert Barclay, in an Apology addressed to
Charles II. to which the reader is referred.

QUA’KING [cwacian, Sax.] shaking, shivering for cold, &c. trem­
bling.

QUA’KING-GRASS, subst. an herb. Ainsworth.

QUA’LE JUS, a judicial writ, which lies where a religious person has a
judgment to recover land, &c. to enquire whether the party hath any
right to recover such lands, &c. or whether the judgment be obtained by
collusion, &c.

QUALIFICA’TION, Fr. [calisicaciòn, Sp.] 1. That which fits any per­
son or thing for any particular purpose. 2. A particular faculty or en­
dowment, an accomplishment.

QUALIFICA’TOR [in the canon law] a divine appointed to qualify or
declare the quality of a proposition brought before an ecclesiastical tribu­
nal; chiefly before the inquifition in Spain, &c.

To QUA’LIFY, verb act. [qualifier, Fr. qualificare, It. calificar, Sp.]
1. To fit for any thing. 2. To give one a qualification or accomplish­
ment, to render him fit. 3. To make capable of any employment or
privilege, to appease, to ease. 4. To abate, to sosten, to diminish.
My proposition I have qualified with the word often. Atterbury. 5. To
modify, to regulate. It hath no larynx or throttle to qualify the sound.
Brown.

QUA’LITY [qualitÉ, Fr. qualitas, of qualis, Lat. of what sort, quali­
tà, It. calidàd, Sp.] 1. Nature relatively confidered. 2. Particular effi­
cacy, natural virtue, inclination, habit, disposition, temper. 3. Virtue
or vice. What were their qualities, and who their queen? Dryden. 4.
Accomplishment, qualification. He had those qualities of horsemanship,
dancing and sencing. Clarendon. 5. Character. The attorney of the
dutchy of Lancaster partakes of both qualities, partly of a judge and
partly of an attorney-general. Bacon. 6. Comparative rank. Many of
the city, not of meanest quality. Bacon. 7. Noble birth, rank or station.
As suits with gentlemen of your knowing, to a stranger of his quality.
Shakespeare. 8. Persons of high rank; collectively. The Quality may
see how pretty they will look. Addison.

QUALITY [among logicians] is the third of the categories, of which,
according to Aristotle's division, there were four sorts: The first of
which comprehends habitude; which see. The second comprehends
natural powers; which see. The third comprehends sensible qualities;
which see. The fourth comprehends form and figure; which see.

QUA’LLY [with vintners] a cant term used of wine, when it is tur­
bulent and foul.

QUALM [prob. of cwealm, a sudden stroke of death, of cwellan, Sax.
to kill] a fainting fit, a sudden fit of sickness.

QUA’LMISH, adj. [of qualm] 1. Seized with faintness or a sickly fit.
I am qualmish at the smell of leek. Shakespeare. 2. Affected with
qualms.

QUA’LMISHNESS [of cwealme, irc and nesse, Sax.] a being subject
to be tronbled with fainting fits; also scrupulousness of conscience.

QUAM DIU se bene gesserit, Lat. (i. e. as long as he shall behave
himself well) a clause frequent in letters patent, or grants of offices to se­
cure them, so long as the person they are granted to, shall not be guilty
of abusing the same.

QUA’NDARY [prob. of Qu'en diray je, Fr. what shall I say?] suspense
or doubtfulness of mind, what to say or do; difficulty. A low word.

QUA’NDO, Lat. [when] in metaphysics; is the duration of being in
time.

QUA’NTITAS Acceleratrix, Lat. [of any vis or force] is the measure
of the velocity, generated in a given time by that force.

QUA’NTITIVE, adj. [quantitivus, Lat.] estimable according to quan­
tity. Compounding and dividing bodies according to quantitive parts.
Digby.

QUA’NTITY [quantitÉ, Fr. quantità, It. cantidàd, Sp. of quantitas, of
quantus, Lat. how great] 1. Signifies whatfoever is capable of any sort
of estimation or mensuration, and which, being compared with another
thing of the same nature, may be said to be greater or less, equal or une­
qual to it. 2. Any indeterminate weight or measure. 3. Bulk or
weight. 4. A portion, any particular part. 5. A large portion. The
warm antiscorbutical plants taken in quantities. Arbuthnot.

Continnal QUA’NTITY [in metaphysics] is a quantity whose parts are
joined together by a common term. Quantity is an accident, by which
a material substance is intended. The species of continued quantity are a
line, a superficies, and a body: For quantity is extended either into
length only, and then it is called a line, tho' not a material one, but such
as the mind can frame by idea; or else it is extended into length and
breadth, and that is called a superficies; or else into length, breadth, and
depth, and that makes a mathematical body, which is not to be under­
stood as if it were a corporeal substance.

Divided QUANTITY [in metaphysics] is a quantity, the parts of which
are not linked together by a common term, but are divided, as number,
that may be defined a multitude of units.

Moral QUANTITY, is that which depends on the manners of men, and
the free determination of their wills; as the prices and value of things, de­
grees of dignity, good and evil, rewards and punishments, &c.

Natural or Physical QUANTITY [in physics] is that which nature fur­
nishes us with in matter and its extensions, or in the power and forces of
natural bodies, as gravity, motion, light, heat, cold, rarity and density.

QUANTITY of Matter [in any body] is the product of the density into
its bulk, or a quantity arising from the joint consideration of its density
and magnitude; it is determined by its weight.

QUANTITY of Motion [in a body] is its measure arising from the
joint consideration of the quantity of matter in, and the swiftness of the
motion of that body, i. e. by the velosity multiplied into the quantity of
matter.

QUANTITY [with grammarians] the measure or magnitude of the
syllables, or that which determines them to be called long or short; the
measure of time in pronouncing a syllable. The preceding vowel by po­
sition long in quantity. Holder.

QUANTITY [among logicians] the second category, is either discrete
or continued: Discrete when the parts are not bound together, as number:
Continued, when they are bound; and then it is either sucessive, as time
and motion; or permanent, which is that which is otherwise called space
or extent, in length, breadth, and depth; the length alone makes the line,
the length and breadth the surfaces, and all three together the solids.

Positive QUANTITIES [in algebra] are those which are greater than
nothing, and which have the sign + prefixed.

Negative QUANTITIES [in algebra] are such as are less than nothing,
and have this sign - prefixed.

Compound QUANTITIES [in algebra] are such as are joined together
by the signs + and - and are expressed either by more letters than
one, or else by the same letters unequally repeated, as a + b - c and
bd - b are compound quantities.

QUA’NTUM, subst. Lat. the quantity, the amount. The quantum of
presbyterian merit during the reign of that ill advised prince, will easily
be computed. Swift.

QUARANTA’IN, Fr. [in law] a benefit allowed by the law of England
to a widow of a landed man, to remain 40 days after his decease in his
chief mansion-house or messuage.

QUARANTAIN, or QUARANTINE [quarantain, Fr.] the space of 40
days, being the time which a ship, suspected of infection, is obliged to
forbear commerce. Pass your quarantine among some of the churches
round this town. Swift.

QUA’RDECUE, Fr. the fourth part of a French crown, containing 16
sols.

QUA’RE Impedit, a writ which lies for him who has purchased an ad­
vowson against him that disturbs him in the right thereof, by presenting
a clerk thereto when the church is void.

QUARE Incumbravit, Lat a writ which lies against the bishop, who,
within six months after the vacation of a benefice, confers it on his clerk,
while two others are contending in law for the right of presentation.

QUARE Intrusit in Matrimonio, Lat. a writ lying against a tenant, who
after convenable marriage offered to him by his lord, marrieth another
and entereth upon his land without having made an agreement with his
lord and guardian.

QUARE non Admisit, Lat. a writ which lies against a bishop for refu­
sing to admit his clerk who has recovered in a plea of advowson.

QUARE Obstruxit, Lat. a writ that lies for him who, having right to
pass thro' his neighbour's grounds, cannot enjoy the same, by reason
the owner has fenced it up.

QUARE non Permittit, Lat. a writ that lies for one who has a right to
present for a turn against the proprietary.

QUARENTA’IN, QUARANTA’IN, or QUARANTI’NE [quarentena, It.
and Sp.] a prohibition of entrance for 40 days into a healthful place, to
such as are supposed to come from a place infected. See QUARANTAIN.

QUARENTE’NA [in old records] a furlong, a quantity of land, con­
taining 40 perches.

QUARENTENA Habenda, Lat. a writ for a widow to enjoy her quaren­
taine.

QUA’RREL [querelle, Fr. querela, It.] 1. A brawl, a petty fight, a
scuffle. 2. Contest. 3. A cause of debate. 4. Something that gives a
right to mischief or reprisal. He thought he had a good quarrel to at­
tack him. Hollinshead. 5. Objection, ill will. Herodias had a quarrel
against him. St. Mark. 6. Strife, dispute, difference, brangle. 7.
[Quadreau, Fr. quadrella, It.] an arrow with a spiked head. Camden.

QUARREL of Glass [quareau, Fr.] a plane or square piece, a pane of
glass. This is more usually called quarry; which see.

To QUA’RREL, verb neut. [quareller, Fr. querelare, It. in the latter
sense] 1. To fall out, to fall into variance. 2. To debate, to scuffle,
to squabble, to dispute. 3. To fight, to combat. 4. To find fault
with, to pick objections.

QUA’RRELLER [of quarrel] he who quarrels.

QUA’RRELLOUS, adj. [querelleux, Fr.] easily provoked to enmity or
animosity, quarrelsome. Shakespeare.

QUA’RRELSOME, adj. [of quarrel] apt to quarrel, choleric, petulant.

QUA’RREDSOMELY, adv. [of quarrelsome] in a quarelsome manner, cholericly.

QUA’RRELSOMENESS [of quarrelsome; humeur quarrelleux, Fr.] quar­
relsome humour, cholericness, petulance.

QUA’RRIL, a piece of Spanish coin, in value about three half pence
English money.

QUA’RRY [carriere, quarriere, Fr. quarrel; from carrig, Irish, a stone.
Mr. Lye; craigg, Erse, a rock] 1. A sort of mine whence stone is dig­
ged. 2. [QuarrÉ, Fr.] a square. A quarry of glass. Mortimer. 3.
[Quadreau, Fr.] an arrow with a square head. The shafts and quarries
from their engines fly. Fairfax. 4. [With hunters] a reward given to
hounds after they have caught the game. 5. [From querir, Fr. to seek.
Skinner; from carry. Kennet; in falconry] any fowl that is flown at,
and killed by a hawk. And swift as eagles to the quarry flew. Waller.

To QUA’RRY, verb neut. [from the subst.] to feed upon the quarry,
or fowl killed. L'Estrange.

QUA’RRYMAN [of quarry and man] one who digs in a quarry.

QUART [quarte, Fr. i. e. quarta pars, Lat. the fourth part] 1. The
fourth part, a quarter. Obsolete. 2. The fourth part of a gallon. 3.
[Quarte, Fr.] the vessel in which strong drink is usually retailed. 4.
[At the game called picket or piquet] a sequence of cards. 5. [In fen­
cing] the fourth.

QUA’RTAN, subst. [febris quartana, Lat. quartana, It. and Sp. of quar­
tus, Lat.] a fever or ague that comes every fourth day.

QUARTA’TION [with refiners] a way of purifying gold by melting
three parts of silver with one of gold, and then casting the mixture into
aqua-fortis, which dissolves the silver, and leaves the gold in a black pow­
der at the bottom. Boyle.

QUA’RTELOIS, or CA’RTELOIS, surtouts, or upper garments, with
coats of arms quartered on them; the habit of our ancient English
knights in their warlike expeditions.

To QUA’RTER, verb act. [from the subst. ecarteler, Fr.] 1. To cut
or divide into quarters. 2. To divide, to break by force. 3. To di­
vide into distinct regions. Then sailors quarter'd heav'n. Dryden. 4.
To lodge or send soldiers to lodgings, to station them. 5. To lodge, to
fix on a temporary dwelling. 6. To diet. 7. To bear as an appendage
to the family arms.

QUA’RTER [of quarta pars, Lat. quartier, Fr. quarto, It. and Sp.] 1. 
A fourth part of any thing; as, of an hundred weight, twenty-eight







pounds, of a chaldron eight bushels. 2. A region of the skies, as re­
ferred to the mariners compass. 3. A particular region of a town or
country. 4. The place where soldiers are lodg'd or station'd. 5. Pro­
per station. They do best, who if they cannot but admit love, yet make
it keep quarter. Bacon. 6. Mercy granted by a conqueror, remission of
life. 7. Treatment shown by an enemy. 8. Friendship, concord.
Now obsolete. 9. A measure of eight bushels. 10. [With carpenters]
a piece of timber four-square, and four inches thick. 11. [Of a ship]
is that part of her hull or main body, which lies from the steerage-room
to the transum.

QUARTER Bullet, one that is divided into four or eight parts.

QUARTER of an Assembly, is the place where troops meet to march in
a body, and is the same with rendezvous.

QUARTER Intrench'd, is a place fortified with a ditch and parapet, to
secure a body of troops.

QUARTER Round [with carpenters] any moulding, whole contour is
a circle, or approaching to a circle.

QUARTER [in military affairs] is the sparing the life and giving good
treatment to a conquered enemy.

QUA’RTERAGE, subst. [of quarter; quartier, Fr.] money paid quar­
terly, quarterly allowance.

QUARTER Days, those days which begin the four quarters of the year,
viz. the 25th of March, called the annunciation of the blessed Virgin
Mary; the 24th of June, midsummer-day, called the feast of St. John
the baptist; the 29th of September, the feast of St. Michael the arch­
angel; the 25th of December, Christmas-day, or the nativity of Jesus
Christ: Certain terms on which rent or interest of money is usually paid.

QUARTER Deck [of a ship] that aloft the steerage, reaching to the
round-house, the short upper deck.

QUARTER [of a city] a canton or division of it; when it consists in
several isles, &c. and is separated from some other quarter by a river, a
great street, or other boundary.

To work from QUARTER to QUARTER [in riding academies] is to
ride a horse three times an end upon the first of the four lines of a square,
and then changing hands to ride him three times upon the second, and so
to do upon the third and fourth.

QUA’RTERLY, adj. [of quarter] containing a fourth part. The moon
makes four quarterly seasons. Holder.

QUARTERLY, adv. once in a quarter of a year.

QUARTER-Master [of quarter and master; at land] an officer, whose
business it is to look out for good quarters for the whole army or part of it.

QUARTER-Master-General, one who provides quarters for the whole
army.

QUARTER-Master [of a regiment] one who provides quarters for his
regiment, every regiment having one.

QUARTER-Master [at sea] an officer, whose business it is to rummage,
stow and trim a ship in the hold; to overlook the steward in delivering
out victuals to the cook, and the pumping and drawing out beer.

QUARTER-Wheeling [in military affairs] is the turning the form of a
body of men round where the flank was.

QUARTER-Pierced [in heraldry] a term used when there is a hole or
square figure made in the middle of a cross.

QUARTER-Round [in architecture] a member or ornament in the cor­
nices of the Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite orders.

QUARTER-Sessions, a court held every quarter of the year by the justices
of the peace in every county, to determine civil and criminal causes, of
less importance.

QUARTER-Staff, a long staff borne by foresters, and park-keepers,
&c. a staff of defence, so called from the manner of using it; one hand
being placed at the middle, and the other equally between the middle and
the end.

QUARTER-Wind [in navigation] is when the wind comes in from the
main mast shrouds even with the quarter.

QUA’RTERING [in sea language] is when a ship that is under sail goes
at large, neither by a wind, nor before a wind, but as it were betwixt
them both; then the sailors say, she sails quartering; and also when she
sails with a quarter wind.

QUARTERING [in carpentry] signifies the putting in of quarters; and
sometimes it is used for the quarters themselves.

QUARTERING [with gunners] is when a piece of ordnance may be
so traversed as to shoot on the same line or the same point of the compass
as the ship's quarter bears.

Counter-QUARTERING [in heraldry] is when the qualities of a coat are
quartered over again, or subdivided each into four.

QUA’RTERINGS [in heraldry] are partitions of an escutcheon,
according to the number of coats that are to be on it; or they are the se­
veral divisions made in it, when the arms of several families are borne al­
together by one, either on account of intermarriages or otherwise.

QUARTERIZA’TION, part of the punishment of a traitor, by dividing
his body into four parts besides the head, which quarters are frequently
set up on poles over the gates of the city.

QUA’RTERLY [in heraldry] is when a shield is divided into four
equal parts, in the form of a cross. See Plate VII. Fig. 10.

QUA’RTERN [quarta pars, Lat.] the fourth part of an integer, either
in weight or measure, particularly a gill, or the 4th part of a pint.

QUA’RTERS [quartiers, Fr. quartieri, It.] places where soldiers are
lodged.

QUARTERS [in architecture] all those slight upright pieces, between
the punchins and posts, which serve to lath upon. They are of two
sorts, single and double. Single quarters are sawn stuff, two inches
thick, and four inches broad. The double quarters are sawn to four
inches square.

QUARTERS of the Heavens [with astronomers] are the four principal
points, viz. east, west, north, and south.

QUARTERS [with astrologers] are certain intersections, in the sphere,
both in the world and the zodiac, to two of which they give the names
of oriental and masculine, and to the other two occidental and feminine.

QUARTERS of the Moon [in astronomy] the moon is said to be in the
first quarter, when she is a quarter of the zodiac, or three signs distant
from the sun, turning to us just half her enlightened body; but when the
moon comes to be diametrically opposite to the sun, and shews us her
whole enlightened face, she is said to be in the full: And when she pro­
ceeds towards her conjunction, and shews more than half of her enlight­
ned face, she is said to be in the third or last quarter.

QUARTERS of a Siege, the principal encampments serving to stop up
the avenues of a place.

QUARTERS [in a clock or movement] are little bells which sound the
quarters, or other parts of an hour.

QUARTERS [of a horse's foot] are the sides of the coffin compre­
hended between the toe and the heel on one side, and the other of the
foot.

Inner QUARTERS [of a horse's foot] are those opposite to one another,
facing from one foot to the other.

Winter QUARTERS, the place or places where troops are lodged during
the winter season; also the space of time between the two campaigns.

QUARTERS of Refreshment, the place or places where troops that have
been much harassed are put in to recover their strength of health, during
some time of summer, or season of the campaign.

QUA’RTILE, subst. or QUARTILE Aspect [in astrology] is an aspect
of the planets, when they are three signs, or 90 degrees distant from
each other.

QUA’RTO, Lat. [i. e. in four] a book in which a sheet makes four
leaves.

QUARTODE’CIMANS, christians in the second century, who contended
for the observation of Easter to be on the 14th of the moon of the
first month, in conformity to the custom of the Jews. See EASTER and
PASCHA [or PASSOVER] compared.

To QUASH, verb act. [quassen, Du. squacciare guastare, or conquas­
sare, It. quasso, Lat. quasshen, Teut.] 1. To crush, to squeeze. 2. To
subdue suddenly. In quashing the rebellion. Addison. 3. [Cassus, Lat.
casser, Fr.] to annul, to nullify, to make void; as, that indictment
was quashed.

To QUASH, verb neut. to be shaken with a noise. To keep it from
quashing and shaking. Ray.

QUASH, subst. a pompion. Ainsworth.

QUASI Contract, Lat. [in civil law] an act which has not the strict
form of a contract, but yet has the force of it.

QUASI Crime [in civil law] the action of a person who does damage
or evil involuntarily.

QUASI MODO Sunday, so called from the first words of the Latin hymn,
sung at mass on that day, which begins thus [Quasi modi geniti, &c.]
Low-Sunday.

QUASSA’TION [from quasso, Lat.] the act of shaking or brandishing;
also a shattering.

QUA’TER Cousins, fourth cousins, the last degree of kindred, whence
it is a common saying, persons are not quater cousins, whose friendship
declines. It is commonly spoken catercousins, plus ne sont pas des quatre
cousins, Fr. they are not of the four first degrees of kindred, that is, thy
are not relations. Skinner.

QUATE’RNARY, adj. pertaining to a quaternion.

QUA’TERNARY, subst. [quaternarius, of quatuor, Lat. four] the num­
ber four. The quaternary of elements, and ternary of principles. Boyle.

QUATE’RNION, subst. [quaternio, Lat.] the number four, a compositi­
on or collection of four; as, a quaternion or file of four foldiers. These
nine quaternions of consonants. Holder.

QUATE’RNITY, subst. [quaternus, Lat.] the number four. The qua­
ternity of the elements. Brown.

QUA’TRAIN, subst. [quatrain, Fr.] a staff, or a stanza of four lines
rhyming alternately. I have writ my poem in quatrains, or stanza's of
four, in alternate rhyme. Dryden.

QUA’TRIO [in anatomy] one of the bones that constitute the tarsus.

QUA’VER [in music] 1. A measure of time, equal to one half of the
crotchet, or one 8th of the semibrief. 2. A trill in singing.

To QUA’VER, verb neut. [cwavan, Sax. prob. of quatio, Lat. to shake]
1. To shake the voice, or trill a note, to run a division with the voice
in a tremulous manner, either in speaking or singing. 2. To tremble,
to vibrate.

QUAVI’VER [qu. viva aqua gaudens, Lat. i. e. delighting in living or
quick water] a sea-dragon, a sort of fish that delights in a strong stream.

QUAY, or KAY [quai, Fr.] a broad space of ground upon the shore
of a river or harbour, paved for the loading and unloading of goods;
commonly spoken and written key.


QUE

QUE Estate [a law phrase] a plea whereby a man intitling another to
land, &c. says, that the same estate he has he had from him.

QUE est Meme [in law] i. e. that is the same; a term of art made use
of in an action of trespass, or such like, for a positive justification of the
very acts complained of by the plaintiff as a wrong due.

QUEACH, a place full of shrubs or brambles, a thick, bushy plot of
ground, full of shrubs or brambles.

QUEAN [some derive it of cwen, cwean, a barren cow, because com­
mon harlots are mostly barren; Horcwen, Sax. in the laws of Canute, a
strumpet; or of quinde, Dan. cwen, Sax. a woman; others of quene,
Du. a talkative woman] a drab, a slut, any worthless woman, gene­
rally a jade, an harlot.

QUEA’SINESS [of queasy] sickishness at the stomach, propenseness to
vomit.

QUEA’SY, adj. [prob. of quetschen, Teut. to offend] 1. Sickish at the
stomach, sick with nausea, ready to vomit. 2. Fastidious, squeamish.
3. Causing nausea.

To QUECK, verb neut. to shrink, to show pain, perhaps to complain.
Perhaps corrupted from quick; as, shewing quick or active.

QUEEN [cwen, cwena, Sax. a woman, a wife, the wife of a king,
quinna, Su. guinde, Du. a woman] the wife or consort of a king; also
a sovereign princess that holds the crown by right of blood, a woman
that is sovereign of a kingdom.

To QUEEN, verb neut. to play the queen. I'll queen it no inch far­
ther. Shakespeare.

QUEE’N-APPLE, subst. a species of apple.

QUEE’NBOROUGH, a small borough town of Kent, in the island of
Sheppy, 40 miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

QUEEN Dowager, the widow of a king that lives upon her dowry.

QUEEN Gold, a royal revenue appertaining to every queen of Eng­
land, during her marriage to the king, arising from fines, offerings,
grants, pardons, &c.

QUEE’NING, subst. an apple. The winter queening is good for the
table. Mortimer.

QUEEN'S Swan herd, a keeper of the royal swans.

QUEER, adj. [of this word the original is not known] odd, fantasti­
cal, strange, particular, original.

QUEE’RLY, adj. [of quoer] particularly, oddly.

QUEE’RNESS [of queer] oddness, fantasticalness, particularity.








QUEEST [prob. of questus, Lat. a complaint. Skinner] a ring-dove, a
sort of wild pigeon.

To QUELL, verb act. [of quâlen, Ger. to afflict, or cwellan, Sax. to
kill] to restrain, subdue, bring under, and quiet turbulent spirits, to
crush; it originally signified to kill.

To QUELL, verb neut. to die. Spenser.

QUELL, subst. [from the verb] murther; now obsolete.

QUE’LLER [of quell] one that crushes or subdues.

QUE’LQUECHOSE, Fr. a trifle, a kickshaw, as it is commonly and cor­
ruptedly spoken and written. Donne.

QUEM Redditum Reddat, a judicial writ which lies for him to whom a
rent-sack or rent charge is granted, by a fine levied in the king's court,
agaubst the tenant of the land, that refuses to attorn to, or own him as
lord, to cause such an attornment.

To QUEME, verb neut. [cweman, Sax.] to please; an old word.
Skinner.

To QUENCH, verb act. [cwencan, or acwencan, Sax.] 1. To put out
or extinguish fire. 2. To lay or still any passion or commotion. 3. To al­
lay thirst. 4. To destroy. To quench and dissipate the force of any
stroke. Ray.

To QUENCH, verb neut. to cool, to grow cool.

QUE’NCHABLE, adj. [of quench] capable of being quenched.

QUE’NCHER [of quench] one that quenches or extinguishes.

QUE’NCHLESS, adj. [of quench] unextinguishable.

QUENE [in heraldry, corruptly for queue, Fr.] the tail of a beast.

QUE’RCULA, Lat. [with botanists] the oak of Jerusalem.

QUERCULA Minor, Lat. [with botanists] the herb germander.

QUE’RELE, subst. [querelle, Fr. querela, Lat.] a complaint to a court.
In causes of first instance and simple querele only. Ayliffe.

QUE’RENT, subst. [quærens, Lat.] 1. An enquirer; the person
who asks a question of an astrologer. 2. [Querens, Lat.] the plaintiff or
complainant.

QUERIMO’NIOUS, adj. [querimoniosus, of querimonia, Lat.] complain­
ing, making moan, bewailing.

QUERIMO’NIOUSLY, adv. [of querimonious] with complaint. Most
querimoniously confessing. Denham.

QUERIMO’NIOUSNESS [of querimonious] a querulous or complaining
humour.

QUE’RIST [of quærens, Lat.] an inquirer, or asker of questions.

QUERK. See QUIRK.

QUERN [cweorn, Sax.] a hand mill.

QUE’RPO, subst. [corrupted from cuerpo, Sp. the body] a dress close
to the body, a waistcoat. I would fain see him walk in querpo like a
cased rabbit. Shakespeare.

QUE’RRY, for EQUERRY [ecuyer, Fr.] a groom of a prince, or one
conversant in the king's stables, and having the charge of his horses; also
the stable of a prince.

QUERRY [ecurie, Fr.] the stables of a prince.

Gentleman of the QUERRY [ecuyer, Fr.] one of those six gentlemen,
whose office it is to hold the king's stirrup, when he mounts on horse­
back.

QUE’RULOUS, adj. [querulus, Lat.] apt to complain, full of com­
plaints, moanful, doleful.

QUE’RULOUSLY, adv. [of querulous] with complaint.

QUE’RULOUSNESS [of querulous] a complaining disposition, habit of
complaining mournfully.

To QUE’RY, verb act. [quæro, Lat.] to put a question, to ask ques­
tions.

QUE’RY, subst. [quære, Lat.] a question, an enquiry to be resolved.

To QUESE [of quæsitum, Lat.] to search after. Milton.

QUEST [gueste, Fr. inchiesta, It. of quæsitus, Lat. sought] 1. Search,
the act of seeking after. 2. For inquest [enquéte, Fr.] an inquest or
inquisition, an inquiry made upon oath of an impannelled jury, an im­
pannelled jury. 3. Searchers collectively taken. 4. Enquiry, exami­
nation. 5. Request, desire, solicitation. Herbert.

To QUEST, verb neut. [of quæsitum, Lat. or quester, Fr.] to go in
quest of, or seek out as dogs do; to vent or wind, as a spaniel does.

QUE’STANT, subst. [quester, Fr] seeker, endeavourer after.

To QUE’STION, verb neut. [quæstionor, Lat. questionner, Fr. questio­
nare, It.] 1. To ask questions, to enquire. 2. To debate by interroga­
tories, to call into question, to doubt.

To QUE’STION, verb act. 1. To examine one by questions. 2. To
be uncertain of. And most we question what we most desire. Prior. 3.
To have no confidence in, to mention as not to be trusted.

QUE’STION, Fr. [questione, It. quæstio, Lat.] 1. A demand to which
an answer is required, an interrogatory. 2. Enquiry, disquisition. 3.
A dispute, any subject of debate. 4. A doubt, a controversy. 5. A
dispute. His very being is called in question. Tillotson. 6. Judicial trial.
But whosoever be found guilty, the communion book hath surely de­
served least to be called in question for this fault. Hooker. 7. Examination
by torture or rack. To put the person to the rack or question. Ayliffe.
8. State of being the subject of present enquiry. That we demand the
thing in question, and shew the poverty of our cause. Hooker. 9. Endea­
vour, search; now obsolete.

QUE’STIONABLE, adj. [of question; questionabile, It.] 1. Doubtful,
disputable. 2. Liable to suspicion or question.

QUE’STIONABLENESS [of questionable] doubtfulness, liableness to be
called in question.

QUE’STIONARY, adj. [of question] enquiring, asking questions. Pope.

QUE’STIONER [of question] an enquirer.

QUE’STIONIST [of question] an asker of questions; also a candidate
for the degree of batchelor of arts at Cambridge.

QUE’STIONLESS, adv. [of question and less] without doubt, certainly.
Raleigh.

QUE’STIONS, plur. [of question] propositions made or offered by way
of dispute. See QUESTION.

QUE’STMAN, or QUE’STMONGER, subst. [of quest and man, or monger]
a starter of law-suits. Bacon.

QUE’ST-MEN, persons chose annually in each ward of the city of Lon­
don, to enquire into abuses and misdemeanors, especially such as relate
to weights and measures.

QUE’STOR [quæstor, Lat. among the Romans] an officer who had
the management of the public treasure; also a public treasurer, cham­
berlain of a city, &c.

QUE’STRIST [of quest] a seeker, one that pursues. Shakespeare.

QUE’STUARY, adj. [questus, Lat.] studious of profit.

QUE’STUS [quæsitus, Lat.] in law, used of land which does not des­
cend by hereditary right, but is acquired by a man's own labour and
industry.

To QUETCH, verb act. to budge or stir, to cry, to winch. The same
with queek. See QUECK.

QUE’VE de Hironde [in fortification] i. e. a swallow's tail, a kind of
out-work, the sides of which open or spread towards the head of the
campaign, and draw in towards the gorge.


QUI

QUI’A Improvide, a supersedeas granted in many cases, where a writ
is erroneously sued out or awarded.

QUIB, subst. a sarcasm, a bitter taunt. Ainsworth.

To QUI’BBLE, verb neut. [prob. fictum a motu, Lat.] 1. To move as
the guts do. 2. [From the noun] to equivocate or play with words,
to pun. See PARALOGISM.

QUI’BBLE, subst. [from quidlibet, Lat.] a low conceit depending on
the sound of words, a pun, an equivocation.

QUI’BBLER [of quibble] a punster.

QUICK [cwic, Sax. qwick, Su.] 1. Alive, not dead. The quick and the
dead. Common-Prayer. 2. Agile, nimble, swift. 3. Speedy, free from
delay. 4. Brisk, spritely, ready, active.

QUICK, adv. [from the adj.] nimbly, speedily, readily.

QUICK, subst. [from the adj.] 1. A live animal. Spenser. 2. The
living flesh, the sensible parts. That speech touched the quick. Bacon.
3. Living plants. A ditch and bank set with quick. Mortimer. In all
the senses it seems elliptical for quick persons, or things quick.
QUICK at meat, QUICK at work.
The French say: Bonne bête s'echauffe en mangeant (i. e. a good beast
will be warm with eating: or, Hardi gaigneur, hardi mangear (i. e. bold
at gain, bold at meals.)

QUICK-BEAM, or QUICKENTREE, subst. a kind of wild ash.

QUICK-Scab, a disease in horses.

To QUI’CKEN, verb act. [of cwiccan, or acwiccian, Sax.] 1. To
make alive. No man hath quicken'd his own soul. Common Prayer
Psalms. 2. To hasten. 3. To sharpen, to actuate, to excite. By
brandy to quicken their taste already extinguished. Tatler.

To QUI’CKEN, verb neut. 1. To become alive, as a child in the
womb. 2. To move with agility.

QUI’CKENER [of quicken] 1. One who makes alive. 2. That which
accelerates or actuates.

QUI’CKLIME, subst. [of quick and lime; calx viva, Lat.] lime un­
slacked.

QUI’CKLY, adv. [of quick] speedily, nimbly, actively.

QUI’CKNESS [of quick; cwic and nesse, Sax.] 1. Agility, nimble­
ness, briskness. 2. Speed, velocity. 3. Keen sensibility. Quickness
of sensation. Locke. 4. Sharpness, pungency.

QUI’CKSANDS [of cwic and sand, Sax.] moving sand, sands which
shake and tremble, into which those, who pass over them, often sink.

QUI’CKSET [of cwic and settan, Sax. to plant] a sort of thorn, of
which hedges are made, any living plant set to grow.

QUI’CKSET, adj. set with living plants.

QUI’CKSIGHTED, adj. [of quick and sight; of cwic and gesihthe, Sax.]
having a sharp eye ; also having a quick mental sight.

QUI’CKSIGHTEDNESS [of quicksighted] sharpness of sight. The quick­
sightedness of an eagle. Locke.

QUI’CKSILVER [of cwic and silfere, Sax. argentum vivum, Lat.] a
mineral or prodigy among metals, which is fluid like water; and though
a very heavy body, yet easily flies away, when set over the fire. See
MERCURY.

QUI’CKSILVERED, adj. [of quicksilver] overlaid with quicksilver.

QUI’CKWITTED [of cwic and wit, Sax.] having a sharp wit.

QUID [prob. of cud, Sax. cud] a morsel or quantity of tobacco, to
be held in the mouth, or chewed ; a low word.

QUID Nunc [i. e. what now] a contemptuous name used to an im­
pertinent person.

QUID Pro Quo, Lat. [in law] the reciprocal performance of articles
by both parties to a contract.

QUID Pro Quo, Lat. one good turn for another ; trick for trick, a
Rowland for an Oliver.

QUID Pro Quo [with physic] is when a medicine of one quality is
substituted for another.

QUI’DAM, Lat. somebody. So many worthy quidams which catch at
the garland. Spenser.

QUI’DDANT, subst. [cydonium, cydoniatum, Lat. quidden, Ger. a quince]
a sort of conserve, &c. of quinces, made with sugar, marmalade.

QUI’DDIT, subst. [corrupted from quidlibet, Lat. or from que dit, Fr.]
a subtilty, an equivocation. Shakespeare.

QUI’DDITATIVE, adj. [of quiddity] essential to a thing ; a school
term.

QUI’DDITY [of quidditas, low Lat. of quid, Lat. what] the essence
of a thing, or the quality of being what it is, that which is the proper
answer to the question, quid est? a scholastic term; also a subtle question,
quirk, a cavil, a trifling nicety.

QUI’DDITY [in metaphysics] signifies the same as being, but infers a
relation to our understandings ; for the very asking what a thing is, im­
plies, that it is an object of knowledge.

QUIDE, or CUD, the inner part of the throat in beasts.

QUIE’SCENCE, or QUIE’SCENCY, subst. [of quiesco, Lat. to rest] a state
of rest, repose. Glanville.

QUIE’SCENT, adj. [quiescens, Lat.] being at rest, not moving.
Its motion must needs be as insensible as if it were quiescent. Glanville.

QUIE’SCENTS, plur. of quiescent [quiescentes literæ, Lat.] letters that
are not pronounced in reading.

QUI’ET, adj. Fr. [quieto, It. quédo, Sp. quietus, Lat.] 1. At rest, still,
not troubled, free from disturbance. 2. Peaceable, not turbulent, mild,
not offensive. 3. At rest, still, not in motion. 4. Smooth, not ruffled.

QUIET, subst. [quietis, gen. of quies, Lat. rest] repose, freedom from
disturbance, security. Indulgent quiet, pow'r serene. Hughes.

To QUIET, verb act. [from the subst.] 1, To calm, to pacify, to lull
to rest. 2. To still, to bring to rest, not to put in motion.  The idea of
moving or quieting corporal motion. Locke.

QUI’ETER [of quiet] the person or thing that quiets.

QUI’ETISM [quietisme, Fr. of quietus, Lat. quiet] the principles, &c.
of the quietists, a sort of Roman catholics, whose distinguishing tenet is,
that religion consists in the rest and internal recollection of the mind,
when arrived at the state of perfection, which they call the unitive life ;
in which state they imagine the soul wholly employed in contemplating







its God, to whose influence it was entirely submissive, so that he could
turn and drive it where and how he would. In this state the soul no lon­
ger needs prayers, hymns, &c.

QUI’ETLY, adv. [of quiet] 1. Calmly, without violent emotion. 2.
Peaceably, without offence. 3. At rest without disturbance or agitation,
peaceably.

QUI’ETNESS [of quiet] 1. A quiet state, a state of being free from
any perplexity, disturbance, or trouble, peace, tranquillity. 2. Cool­
ness of temper. 3. Stilness, calmness.

QUI’ETSOME, adj. [of quiet] calm, still, undisturbed. Now obsolete.

QUI’ETUDE [from quiet] repose, tranquillity. A word not in com­
mon use. A future quietude and serenitude in the affections. Wotton.

QUIE’TUS Est [i. e. he is quieted or acquitted] a phrase used by the
clerk of the pipe and auditors in the exchequer, in their acquittances and
discharges given to accounts.

QUILL [prob. of kulh, Teut. caulis, Lat. a stalk] 1. A feather of a
sowl's wing, the strong and hard feather of which pens are made. 2.
The instrument of writing, a pen. 3. The dart or prickle of a porcu­
pine. 4. Reed on which weavers wind their threads. 5. The instru­
ment with which musicians strike their strings. Dryden.

QUI’LLETS, plur. of quillet [quidlibet, Lat. prob. q. d. quibblets, or
little quibbles] subtilties, quibbles, chicanery, fraudulent distinctions.

QUILT, subst. [ouette, Fr. culcita, culcitra, Lat,] a covering for a bed,
which is made by stitching one cloth over another with some soft sub­
stance between them.

To QUILT, verb act. [from the subst.] to stitch one cloth upon ano­
ther, with something soft between them.

QUI’NARY, adj. [quinarius, Lat.] consisting of five, pertaining to the
number five. This quinary number of elements. Boyle.

QUINCE [un coin, Fr. quidden, Ger.] 1. A sort of fruit or downy ap­
ple. 2. The tree.

To QUINCH, verb neut. to stir, to flounce as in resentment or pain.
Spenser.

QUINCU’NICAL, adj. [of quincunx] having the form of a quincunx. Ray.

QUI’NCUNX, five twelfths of any entire thing that is divided into
twelve parts.

QUINCUNX Order, an order of ranging trees, &c. by fives. Quincunx
order is a plantation of trees, disposed originally in a square, consisting
of five trees, one at each corner, and a fifth in the middle; which dispo­
sition repeated again and again, forms a regular grove, wood or wil­
derness: and when view'd by an angle of the square or parallelogram,
presents equal or parallel angles.

QUINDE’CAGON [of quinque, Lat. five, ΔΕχΑ, ten, and γΩΝΙΑ, Gr. a cor­
ner] a plane figure of fifteen sides and angles, which, if they are all equal
to one another, is called a regular quindecagon.

QUINQUAGE’SIMA Sunday [so called, because it is about the 50th day
before Easter] shrove-sunday. See PENTECOSTE.

QUINQUA’NGULAR, adj. [of quinque, five, and angulus, Lat. an angle]
having five angles or corners. Woodward.

QUINQUARTI’CULAR, adj. [of quinque, five, and articulus, Lat. an ar­
ticle] consisting of five articles. They have given an end to the quinquar­
ticular controversy. Sanderson.

QUI’NQUE, Lat. five.

QUINQUECA’PSULAR [in botanic writers] divided into five partitions,
as the viola Mariana, or Coventry-bells, &c.

QUI’NQUEFID, adj. [of quinque, five, and findo, Lat. to split] cloven or
split into five.

QUINQUEFO’LIATED [of quinque, five, and folium, Lat. a leaf] having
five leaves.

QUINQUEFOLIATED Leaf [with botanists] a kind of digitated leaf,
consisting of five, as it were, fingers, as in cinquefoil.

QUINQUENNA’LIA, games or festivals celebrated every fifth year, in
honour of the deified emperors.

QUINQUE’NNIAL, adj. [quinquennis, Lat.] lasting five years, happen­
ing once in five years.

QUINQUA’TRIA, festivals celebrated in honour of Minerva, so called,
as some think, because they lasted five days; but others say, because
they fell out five days after the ides of the month; the same as Panathe­
næa.

QUINQUI’NA, the jesuits-bark or powder, a kind of bark brought
from Peru in America, accounted a good remedy in agues or fevers. See
CORTEX.

QUI’NSEY, subst. [corrupted from squinancy; quinantia, Lat. esquenan­
cie, Fr. of χυΝΑγχΗ, Gr.] a distemper that affects the throat, an inflam­
mation there that sometimes produces suffocation.

QUINT, subst. Fr. 1. A set of five. 2. [At the game called piquet] a
sequence of five cards of the same colour.

QUI’NTAIN, subst. Fr. 1. A post with a turning top. See QUINTIN.
2. An ancient custom, a post driven into the ground with a buckler fixed
to it, for the performance of some military exercises on horseback, with
poles, throwing of darts, breaking of lances, &c. He who breaks most
poles, and shews most activity, wins the prize; also a right which the
lord had to oblige all the millers, watermen, and other young people
unmarried, to come before his castle, once every third year, and break
several lances or poles against a post or wooden man, for his diversion.

QUI’NTAL [q. d. cental, of centum, Lat. an hundred] an hundred
pound weight.

QUINTE’SCENCE [quinta essentia, Lat. i. e. the fifth essence] 1. A
fifth being. And supposed the heavens to be a quintescence or fifth sort of
body distinct from all these. Watts. 2. The purest substance drawn out
of any natural body; a medicine made of the most efficacious active par­
ticles of its ingredients, separated from all fæces or dregs; the spirit,
chief force, or virtue of any thing; the extract of any thing containing all
its virtues in a small quantity.

QUINTESSE’NTIAL [of quintescence] consisting of quintessence, per­
taining to a quintessence.

QUI’NTILE [in astrology] an aspect of the planets, when they are 72
degrees distant from one another.

QUI’NTIN, subst. [Minshew deduces it from quintus Lat. and calls it a
game celebrated every fifth year; palus quintanus, Lat. Ainsworth. quin­
taine, Fr.] an upright post, on the top of which a cross post turned upon a
pin; at one end of the cross post was a broad board, and at the other a
heavy sandbag; the play was to ride against the broad end with a lance,
and pass by before the sand-bag coming round should strike the tilter on
the back.

QUINTI’LIANS [so called of Quintilia their prophetess] an ancient
Christian sect, who admitted women to perform the sacerdotal and epis­
copal functions, grounding their practice on that passage of St. Paul, that
in Christ there is no distinction of males and females. But St. Paul (one
would think) has sufficiently precluded the fair sex from a work of this
kind, by what he says in 1 Tim. ii. 11—14.

QUINTU’PLE, adj. [quintuplex, Lat.] five-fold.

QUINZA’IN, Fr. a stanza of 15 verses.

QUINZIE’ME, Fr. a fifteenth, a certain tax, anciently so called, because
raised on the fifteenth part of mens lands and goods; also the fifteenth
day after any festival.

QUIP, subst. [derived by the etymologists from whip] a gibe, a jeer,
a flout, a sharp jest. Quips and cranks and wanton wiles. Milton.

To QUIP, verb act. to rally with bitter sarcasms. Ainsworth.

QUIRE [of le chæur, Fr. choro, It.] 1. The choir of a church, that
part of it where the service is sung. 2. A set of singers, a chorus. And
all the quire of birds did sweetly sing. Spenser. 3. [Cahier, Fr.] a parcel
of paper consisting of twenty-four sheets.

To QUIRE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to sing in concert.

QUI’RISTER [of quire] a singing-man or chorister, one who sings in
concert, generally in divine service.

QUIRK, subst. 1. Quick stroke, sharp fit. 2. Smart taunt, cutting
jest, sarcasm. 3. Subtilty, artful distinction. 4. A loose light tune.
Light quirks of music, broken and uneven. Pope. 5. A shift or cavil.

QUIRK [with architects] a piece of ground either square or oblong,
taken out of a corner, or any place else of a ground-plat, to make a court­
yard, &c.

QUIRINA’LIA, Lat. feasts observed at Rome in honour of Quirinus,
i. e. Romulus, on the twelfth of the calends of May.

QUIRI’TES [of the Curetes of the ancient town of Cures] an appella­
tion given to the ancient Roman people.

QUIS [in natural history] a kind of marcasite of copper, from which
the Roman vitriol is drawn.

QUIT, part. pass. of to quit; which see: [quitte, Fr.] discharged, free
from.

To QUIT, verb act. part. pass. quit; pret. I have quit or quitted [quit­
ter, Fr. quitare. It. quitar, Sp.] 1. To discharge an obligation, to make
even. 2. To set free. To quit you wholly of this fear. Wake. 3. To
carry through, to discharge, to perform 4. To leave or forsake. He
quit being. Shakespeare. 5. To clear one's self of any affair. 6. To
repay, to requite. 7. To vacate obligations. 8. To pay any obliga­
tion, to clear a debt. To quit their charges. Hooker. 9. [Contracted
from acquit] to absolve, to acquit. Guiltless I quit, guilty I set them
free. Fairfax. 10. To part with, to give up, to resign. Quitted his
title to Campaspe's charms. Prior.

QUI’TCHGRASS, subst. [cwice, Sax.] dog-grass.

QUIT Claim [in law] is the release or acquittance of a man of any
action that he hath or may have on some certain occasion; or a quitting
one's claim or title.

QUITE [quitÉ, of quitter, Fr. to discharge, to free, which however at
first appearance unlikely, is much favoured by their original use of the
word, which was in this combination quite and clean, that is, with a
clean riddance: Its present signification was gradually introduced] whol­
ly, altogether, thoroughly, completely. And arise from quite contrary
principles. Addison.

QUIT-RENT, subst. [of quit and rent] an acknowledgment or small
rent payable by tenants to the lord of the manor, any small rent re­
served.

QUITS, interj. [from quit] an exclamation used when any thing is re­
paid, and the parties become even.

QUI’TTANCE, subst. [quitance, Fr.] 1. Discharge from a debt or obli­
gation, acquittance. 2. Recompence, repayment, return.

QUI’TTER. 1. A deliverer. Ainsworth. 2. The scoria of tin. Ains­
worth. 3. The matter of a sore or ulcer.

QUITTER-Bone [in horses] a disease, a hard, round swelling on the
coronet, between the heel and the quarter, and grows most commonly
on the inside of the foot. Farriers Dictionary.

To QUI’VER, verb act. [incert. etymology] 1. To quake, to play
with a tremulous motion. 2. To shiver or shake with cold, fear, &c.

QUIVER [cocer, Sax. This word seems corrupted from couvrir, Fr.
or from cover. Johnson] a case for arrows.

QUI’VERED, adj. [of quiver] 1. Furnished with a quiver. 2. Sheath­
ed as in a quiver.


QUO

To QUOB, verb neut. [a low word] to move as the embryo does in
the womb, to move as the heart does in throbbing.

QUO JURE [i. e. by what right] a writ that lies for him who has
land, wherein another challenges common for pasture time out of mind.

QUO WARRANTO, a writ which lies against him who usurps any fran­
chise or liberty against the king; as, to have waif, stray, fair-market,
court-baron, leet, or such like, without a good title.

QUOD LIBET, Lat. [i. e. any thing, what you please] a quibble or
quirk, a nice point, a subtilty.

QUODLIBETA’RIAN, subst. [of quodlibet, Lat.] one who talks or dis­
putes upon any subject; also one who follows the dictates of his own
fancy.

QUODLIBE’TICAL Questions, or QUODLIBETS [in the university
schools] theses or problems not restrained to a particular subject, an­
ciently proposed to be debated for curiosity and entertainment.

QUOIF, subst. [coeffe, Fr.] 1. Any cap which covers the head. See
COIF. 2. The cap of a judge or serjeant at law.

To QUOIF, verb act. [coeffer, Fr.] to cap, to dress with a head-dress.
Addison.

QUOI’FFURE, subst. [coeffure, Fr.] head-dress. Addison.

QUOIL, a stir or tumult. See COIL.

QUOIL [koller, Teut. a collar] a round of a cable when the turns are
laid one upon another, or a rope or cable laid up round, one turn over
another, so that they may run out free and smooth without kenks, i. e.
without twistings or doublings.

To QUOIL [with sailors] to lay the turns of a rope in rounds or cir­
cles.

QUOIN [cuneus, Lat. coin, Fr.] 1. A wedge for fastening great guns to
the ship's sides. 2. An instrument for raising warlike engines. Ains­
worth. 3. A stone, &c. in the corner of buildings.

Cantick QUOINS, short three-edged quoins to be put between casks.








QUOIT [of coete, Du.] 1. A round iron for play, something thrown to
a great distance to a certain point. He plays at quoits well. Shakespeare.
2. The discus of the ancients is sometimes called in English quoit, but
improperly: the game of quoits is a game of skill: the discus was only
a trial of strength, as among us to throw the hammer or put the
stone.

To QUOIT, verb neut. [from the subst.] to play at quoits, to throw
them.

QUO’NDAM, Lat. that has been formerly; a ludicrous word. My
quondam barber, but his worship now. Dryden.

QUOOK; obsolete; pret. of quake. Spenser.

QUO’RUM, Lat. [i. e, of whom] a word frequently used in the com­
missions of the justices of the peace, as where a commission is directed to
five or seven persons, or to any three of them, among whom, B. C. and
D. E. are to be two; there B. C. and D. E. are said to be of the quo­
rum; because the rest cannot proceed without them. And thence a jus­
tice of the peace and quorum is one without whom the rest of the justices
cannot act in some cases.

QUO’TA [quota pars, Lat.] a contribution, a share or proportion as
assigned to each.

QUOTA’TION [of quote] 1. A citation, the act of quoting. 2. Pas­
sage of an author adduced as evidence or illustration.

To QUOTE [coter, quoter, Fr.] to cite, alledge, or bring in an author
or passage by way of authority or illustration.

QUO’TER, subst. [of quote] he that quotes or cites.

QUOTH, verb imperfect. [This is only part. of cwothan, Sax. to say, re­
tained in English, and is now only used in ludicrous language. Sidney
uses it irregularly in the second person] quoth I, say I, or said I; quoth
he, says he, or said he.

QUOTI’DIAN, adj. [quotidianus, Lat.] that is every day.

QUOTIDIAN, subst. [febris quotidiana, Lat.] a quotidian fever, a fever
which returns every day.

QUO’TIENT, subst. [quotiens, Lat. how or as often; in arithmetic] the
number that indicates how many times a divisor is contained in the di­
vidend.













R

R r, Roman, R r, Italic, R r, old English, r, Sax. is the 17th
letter of the alphabet; P ρ, Greek, the 15th, ר, Hebrew, the
20th, is called litera canina, or the dog's letter, because of its
sound, something like the noise a dog makes when he snarls:
it has one constant sound in English, as reason, rose, ray,
rind, murther: in words derived from the Greek, it is followed by an
h, as rhapsody, diarrhæa: r is never mute, unless the second; r may be
accounted mute where two rr's are used; as myrrh.

R, in physicians bills, stands for recipe, and signifies take.

R, frequently stand for Rex, king, and Regina, queen, or Regiæ, of
the royal, as R. S. Regiæ Societatis, Lat.

R [with the ancients] was a numerical letter, and signified 80.

R̄, with a dash at the top, stood for 80000.

To RABA’TE, verb neut. [rabatre, Fr.] 1. To descend or come lower.
2. [With falconers] a hawk is said so to do, when, by the motion of the
bearer's hand, she recovers the fist.

RA’BBET, or RA’BBIT [Minshew derives it of הבר, Heb. multiplied,
because of their great increase; but Skinner, of rapidus, Lat. on account
of their agility and swiftness, robbe, robbekin, Du.] a coney, a furry
animal that lives on plants, and burrows in the ground.

RA’BBET, subst. [from the verb] a joint made by paring two pieces
so that they may wrap over one another. Moxon.

RABBET [of a ship's keel] the hollow of it.

To RABBET [with carpenters, &c.] to make channels in boards, to
pare them down so as to fit each other.

RA’BBETING [with shipwrights] is the letting in of the planks to the
ship's keel, it being hallowed away, that the planks may join the better
and closer.

RA’BBI, or RA’BBIN [יבר Heb. from rab, master, prefect] a doctor
or teacher of the Jewish law.

RABBI’NICAL, adj. [of rabbi] pertaining to the rabbies.

RA’BBINIST [of rabbi] one well versed in the writings, or doctrines
and opinions of the rabbins.

RA’BBLE [of rabula, Lat. a brawler, rabulor, L. Lat.] a tumultuous
crowd, an assembly of the mob, or the lowest of the people.

RA’BBLEMENT [of rabble] crowd, mob, tumultuous assembly of mean
people.

RABDOI’DES [ρΑβΔΟΕΙΔΗΣ, Gr.] See RHABDOIDES.

RABDO’LOGY. See RHABDOLOGY,

RA’BDOMANCY. See RHABDOMANCY.

RA’PID, adj. [rapidus, Lat.] fierce, furious, mad.

RA’BINET [in gunnery] the smallest piece of ordnance but one, be­
ing an inch and an half diameter at the bore, five feet and an half long,
requiring a charge of six ounces of powder, and weighing three hundred
pounds.

RABIO’SITY [of rabiositas, Lat.] ravenousness, furiousness, outra­
giousness.

RAC

RA’CA, or RACHA [אקר, Syr. of קיד, empty] a word of contempt
for a vain empty fellow. Buxtorf says, it is in frequent use in the tal­
mudic writers, & sæpe cum malitiâ convitü, i. e. and often with design to
convey a malicious kind of reproach. See Math. c. 5. v. 22.

RACCOU’RCI [in heraldry] signifies the same as coupee, i. e. cut off,
or shortened, denoting a cross, or other ordinary, that does not extend
to the edges of the escutcheon, as they do, when named without such
distinction.

RACE [razza, It. raca, Sp. of radix, Lat. a root] 1. Lineage, or ge­
neration, proceeding from father to son, family descending. 2. A family
ascending. 3. A generation, a collective family. 4. A particular
breed. In the races of mankind and families of the world. Locke. 5.
Race of ginger [rayz de gengibre, Sp.] a sprig or root of ginger; this is
more properly written raze, which see. 6. A particular strength or
taste of wine. 7. The course or running of persons on foot, or on horse­
back, striving who shall get to the goal before the other. 8. Course
on the feet. 9. Progress, course in general. My race of glory run and
race of shame. Milton. 10. Train, process. The race of this war fell
upon the loss of Urbin. Bacon.

RA’CE-HORSE [of race and horse] a horse bred to run for prizes.

RACEMA’TION [from racemus, Lat. branch] act of gathering of grapes;
also a cluster like that of grapes.

RACEMI’FEROUS, adj. [racemifer, of racemus, and fero, Lat. to bear]
bearing clusters.

RACEMO’SE, adj. [racemosus, Lat.] full of clusters.

RA’CER [of race] one that runs or contends in speed.

RA’CHET [in law] a sine or redemption, paid for the redemption of a
thief.

RACHI’TÆ, or RACHI’ÆI [of ρΑχΙΣ, Gr. the spine] muscles belong­
ing to the back, so named by foreign anatomists, and are probably the
same that are called by others, semi spinati.

RA’CHITÆI Musculi, Lat. [of ρΑχΙΣ, Gr. the spine of the back] mus­
cles belonging to the back.

RA’CINESS [of racy] the quality of being racy.

RACK [racke, Du. from racken, to stretch] 1. A torturing machine,
to force confession from a supposed offender, and also a capital punish­
ment. 2. Torture, extreme pain. 3. Any instrument by which exten­
sion is performed. Wilkins. 4. A distaff, commonly a portable distaff,
from which they spin by twisting a ball.
The sisters turn the wheel,
Empty the woolly rack and fill the reel. Dryden.
5. [racke, Du. a track] the clouds as they are driven by the wind. The
winds in the upper region which move the clouds, above which we call
the rack, and are not perceived below. Bacon. 6. A grate in general.
7. A wooden frame in a stable, &c. to hold hay or fodder for cattle.
8. A frame to put bottles in.

RACK of Mutton [hracca, Sax. the hind head, racca, Islandic, hinges
or joints] a neck or scrag of mutton cut for the table. This is more
commonly called scrag.

RACK, for ARRACK, a spirituous liquor. See ARRACK.

To RACK, verb act. [racken, Du.] 1. To put offenders to the torture
of the rack, to extort a confession. You will not rack an innocent old
man. Dryden and Lee. 2. To torment, to harrass in general. Vaunt­
ing aloud, but rack'd with deep despair. Milton. 3. To harrass by
exaction or extortion. 4. To screw, to force to performance. 5. To
stretch to extend.

To RACK Wines, Beer, &c. [of recan, Sax. to cure] to draw them off
from the lees, to decant, to defecate them.

To RACK, verb neut. [from the subst.] to stream or be driven as
clouds before the wind.

RA’CKET. 1. An irregular clattering noise: it alludes to the noise of
the balls in tennis courts. 2. Confused talk, a stir, a disturbance, an
hurly-burly; in burlesque language. This also alludes to the noise in
tennis-courts. 3. [Raquette, Fr.] an instrument to strike the ball with
at tennis-play.

RA’CKING Pace [in horsemanship] a pace in which a horse neither
trots nor ambles, but is between both; this pace is much the same an an
amble, only that it is a swifter time and shorter tread; and tho' it does
not rid so much ground, yet it is something easier. Farrier's Dic­
tionary.

RACKOO’N, a New-England animal, something like a badger, hav­
ing a tail like a fox, being clothed with a thick and deep furr: it sleeps
in the day-time in a hollow tree, and goes out at nights, when the moon
shines, to feed on the sea-side, where it is hunted by dogs.

RA’CKRENT, subst. [of rack and rent] rent stretched to the uttermost.
Ruined by rackrents. Swift.

RA’CKRENTER [of rack and renter] one who pays the utmost rent.

RA’CY, adj. [spoken of wine, perhaps from rayz, Sp. a root] strong,
flavorous, tasting of the soil; also that has by age lost its luscious qua­
lity.


RAD

RAD, obsolete pret. of To READ.

RAD [rad, red, rode, Sax.] differ only in dialect, and signify coun­
sel; as Conrad, powerful, or skilful in counsel; Ethelred, a noble coun­
selor; Rodbert, eminent for counsel; Eubulus and Thrasybulus have al­
most the same sense. Gibson's Camden.

RA’DDLINGS [in architecture] the bowings in or copings of walls.

RA’DDOCK, or RU’DDOCK, a bird. Shakespeare.

RA’DIÆI Musculi [in anatomy] muscles belonging to the radius.

RA’DIÆUS Externus, or RADIÆUS Internus [with anatomists] two
muscles of the wrist; one of which serves to bend it, and the other to
stretch it out.

RA’DIAL Curves [in geometry] curves of the spiral kind, whose or­
dinates do all terminate in the centre of the including circle, and appear
like so many radii of that circle.








RA’DIANCE, or RA’DIANCY [of radians, Lat.] brightness, glittering,
or sparkling lustre.

RA’DIANT, adj. [radians, Lat.] darting forth rays, glittering, &c.
like the sun-beams. A sun of gold radiant upon the top. Bacon.

RA’DIANTNESS [of radiant] glittering, lustre, &c.

To RA’DIATE, verb neut. [radiatum, sup. of radio, Lat.] to shine, to
sparkle, to send forth rays.

RADIATE Flower [in botany] a flower whose leaves grow in the man­
ner of rays.

RADIATE Discous Flower [with florists] is that which has its disk en­
compassed with a ray, as in the sun-flower.

RA’DIATED [radiatus, Lat.] having rays or beams, adorned with rays.
The radiated head of the phœnix. Addison.

Corona RADIATA, i. e. the radiated crown; thus on a medal of Au­
gustus, “He wears on his head the corona radiati, a type of his di­
vinity. And Virgil gives the same kind of crown to Latinus:
—— Cui tempora circum
Aurati bis sex radii. —— Eneid. l. 12.
The same crown was also a representation of the sun, as is seen on
the figures of Apollo, on the next reverse. Addison on medals. See
APOLLO.

RA’DIATING Point [in optics] is that point from whence the rays of
light issue, or are darted out.

RADIA’TION, Fr. [radiatio, Lat.] 1. The act of darting or casting forth
rays or beams of light, beamy lustre. 2. Emission from a centre every
way.

RADIATION of the Animal Spirits, the manner of the motion of the
animal spirits, on a supposition, that they are diffused from the brain to­
wards all the parts of the body, through the little canals of the nerves, as
light from a lucid body.

Place of RADIATION, is that space in a transparent body, or medium,
through which a visible body radiates.

RA’DICAL, Fr. [radicale, It. of radicalis, of radix, Lat. root] 1. Per­
taining to the root, primitive, original. 2. In-bred, implanted by na­
ture. 3. Serving to origination, that which is the root or source whence
any thing arises.

RADICAL Moisture [with physicians] a supposed fundamental juice
of the body, said to nourish and preserve the natural heat, as oil does a
lamp.

RADICAL Question [in astrology] one that is proposed, when the
lord of the ascendant, and lord of the hour are of one nature and tri­
plicity.

RADICAL Sign [with algebraists] the sign or character of the root
of a quantity, as (√) is the sign or character which expresses the
root.

RADICA’LITY, or RA’DICALNESS [of radicalis, Lat.] 1. Origination.
2. The quality of being radical.

RA’DICALLY, adv. [of radical] originally, primitively, from the
root.

To RA’DICATE, verb act. [radicare, It. and Lat. of radix, Lat. root]
to root, to plant deeply and firmly.

RA’DICATED, part. pass. [of radicate, radicato, It. of radicatus, Lat.]
rooted.

RADICA’TION, Fr. the action whereby plants take root, or shoot out
roots, the act of fixing deep.

RA’DICLE, or RADICU’LE, subst. [radicule, Fr. radicula, from radix,
Lat. root] that part of the seed of a plant, which, upon vegetation, be­
comes its root. Quincy.

RADICO’SE, adj. [radicosus, Lat.] having great, or many roots.

RADI’CULA, Lat. [with botanists] a radish; also the herb soap­
weed.

RADIO’SE, adj. [radiosus, Lat.] that hath many beams or rays.

RA’DISH [rædic, Sax. radis, raifort, rave, Fr. raphanus, Lat.] an
edible root

RA’DIUS, Lat. 1. A ray or beam of the sun, &c. 2. [In anatomy]
the upper and lesser bone of the arm, which accompanies the ulna from
the elbow to the wrist. 3. The larger bone of the legs. 4. [In geo­
metry] the semi-diameter of a circle, or a right line drawn from the cen­
tre to the circumference. 5. [In optics] a straight line full of light, or
an illumination made by a right line. 6. [In mechanics] a spoke or fel­
low of a wheel, because they issue like rays from the centre of it.

RAD-KNIGHTS, certain servitors, who held their lands by serving their
lord on horseback. See ROD-KNIGHTS.

RADIO’METER [of radius, Lat. and ΜΕΤρΟΝ, Gr. measure] a mathema­
tical instrument called a Jacob's staff.

RA’DIX, Lat. the root of a tree or plant.

RADIX [in anatomy] the sole of the foot.

RADIX [in grammar] a primitive original word, from whence others
are derived.

RA’ERS of a Cart, the rails on the top of it.

To RAFF, verb act. to sweep, to huddle, to take hastily without
distinction. Carew.

To RA’FFLE, verb neut. [raffler, Fr. to snatch] to cast dice for a
prize, for which every one lays down a stake or proportional part of the
value of the thing raffled for.

RAFFLE, subst. [rafle, Fr.] a species of game or lottery, in which
many stake a small part of the value of some single thing, in considera­
tion of a chance to gain it.

RAFFLE Net, a sort of fishing net.

RA’FFLING [of raffle] a play with three dice, wherein he that throws
the greatest pair, or pair royal, wins. See RAFFLE.

RAFT, subst. [probably from ratis, Lat.] a float or frame made by
laying pieces of timber cross each other.

RAFT, part. pass. of to reave or raff. Spenser.

RA’FTER [ræfter, Sax.] a piece of timber for building, the secon­
dary timbers that are let into the great beam of a house.

RA’FTERED, adj. [of rafter] built with rafters. No rafter'd roofs
with dance and tabor sound. Pope.

RA’FTIC Quoins [in architecture] stones and bricks sticking out be­
yond the brick-work (the edges being scraped off) in the corners of any
building.


RAG

RAG [ragg, Su. rhacode, Sax. torn ρΑχΟΣ, Gr.] 1. A tatter, an old
piece of cloth torn from the rest. 2. Any thing rent and tattered, worn
out cloths. 3. A fragment of dress. 4. [Hunting term] a company or
herd of young colts. 5. The smallest denomination of coin; e. g. I have
not a rag (or farthing) left.

RAGAMU’FFIN [from rag] a sorry, rascally, or ragged fellow.

RAG-BOLTS [in a ship] iron pins full of jags or barks on each
side.

To RAGE, verb neut. [from the subst.; enrager, Fr.] 1. To be ex­
tremely angry, mad, or furious. Why do the heathen rage. Psalms.
2. To exercise fury, to ravage. 3. To act with mischievous vehe­
mence or impetuosity.

RAGE, Fr. [rabies, Lat.] 1. Madness, fury, violent anger. 2. Ve­
hemence of any thing painful.

RA’GEFUL, adj. [of rage and full] furious, violent.

RA’GGED, adj. [of rag; hracod, Sax.] 1. Torn, tattered. 2. C
thed in rags. 3. Uneven, consisting of parts almost disunited. 4.
Rugged, rough, not smooth.

RAGGED Hawk [in falconry] a hawk whose feathers are broken.

RA’GGEDNESS [of ragged] state of being dressed in rags and tat­
ters.

RA’GINGLY, adv. [of raging] with vehement fury.

RA’G-MAN, subst. [of rag and man] 1. One who deals in rags. 2.
A statute appointed by king Edward III. for hearing and determining all
complaints done five years before.

RA’GOT [with horsemen] a horse that has short legs, a broad croup,
and a strong thick body; and is different from a coussat, in that the latter
has more shoulders and a thicker neck.

RA’GULED, or RA’GGULED [in heraldry] as a cross raguled, may be
best understood, by calling it two ragged staffs in a cross.

RAGOO’, or RAGOU’T [ragout, Fr. q. rare gust] a high seasoned dish
of meat; a sauce or seasoning to whet the appetite.

RAG-STONE, subst. [of rag and stone] 1. A stone so named from its
breaking in a ragged, uncertain, irregular manner. Woodward. 2.
The stone with which they smooth the edge of a tool that is new ground
and left ragged.

RAG Wort, an herb.

RA’JA, a term used by the Indians for a sort of idolatrous princes, the
remains of those who ruled there before the conquest of the moguls.


RAI

To RAIL, verb act. 1. To inclose with rails. 2. To range in a line.
All railed in ropes, like a team of horses in a cart. Bacon.

To RAIL, verb neut. [of railler, Fr. rallen, Du.] to scold, to use rash
opprobrious words in speaking to or mentioning a person. Railing ac­
cusation. 2 Peter.

RAIL [of rægl, Sax.] 1. A sort of wild bird, so called because its
feathers hang loose about its neck. 2. [rægle, Sax.] this word is pre­
served only in night-rail, a sort of short linen cloak worn by women, a
woman's upper garment 3. [riegel, Ger.] a cross beam fixed at the
ends in two upright posts. 4. A series of posts connected with beams,
by which any thing is inclosed.

RAI’LER [of rail] one who rails, insults, or defames by opprobrious
language.

RAI’LERY [of raillerie, Fr.] slight satire.

RAI’LING, scolding, harsh, opprobrious language.

RAILS, plur. of rail, which see [of riegol, Teut.] a wooden fence,
inclosing a place.

RAI’MENT, for ARRAIMENT [from array of arrayer, Fr.] garments,
vestments, dress: a word now little used, except in poetry.

RAIN [ren, of renian, Sax. prob. of ρΑΝΙΣ, a drop, of ρΑΙΝΩ, Gr. to
drop, regn, Su. and Du.] a vapour drawn by the sun, and falling to the
earth in drops from the clouds. Rain, is water, by the heat of the sun
divided into very small parts, ascending in the air, till encountering the
cold it be condensed into clouds, and descends in drops. Ray.

To RAIN, verb neut. [renian, Sax. regna, Su. regenen, Du.] 1. To
fall in drops from the clouds. 2. To fall as rain. And the heart is
astonished at the raining of it. Ecclesiasticus. 3. It rains; impersonally;
the water falls from the clouds.

To RAIN, verb act. to pour down as rain.

RAI’NBOW [renboga, Sax.] a bow of divers colours, represented in a
watry cloud, consisting of innumerable drops, each drop being like a
globe of glass filled with water. This rainbow never appears but where
it rains in the sun-shine, and may be made artificially, by spouting up
water, which may break aloft and scatter into drops and fall down like
rain: for the sun shining upon these drops, certainly causes the bow to
appear to a spectator standing in a true position to the rain and sun. This
bow is made by refraction of the sun's light in drops of falling rain.
Newton.

RAINBOW [in hieroglyphics] a sign of God's covenant of peace with
men; and accordingly, in the Apocalipse, we find a rainbow encompast
the throne, c. 4. v. 3. and, for the same reason, the angel who appears
[c. 10] had a rainbow on his head. See RADIATED, and CORONA RA­
DIATA.

Lunar RAINBOW, the appearance of a bow, made by the refraction of
the moon's rays, in the drops of rain in the night time.

Marine RAINBOW, a phænomenon, sometimes seen in a much agitated
sea, when the wind sweeping part of the tops of the waves, carries them
aloft; so that they are refracted by the rays of the sun falling on them,
and paint the colours of the bow.

RAI’N-DEER [rhanas, Sax. raniger, Lat.] a sort of stag in Muscovy
and the northern countries, with large horns, that draws sledges over the
snow.

RA’ININESS [from rainy; renignes, Sax.] aptness to rain, rainy
quality, the state of being showery.

Tract of RAINS [among sailors] so named, because they are almost
constant rains and continual calms, thunder and lightning very violent­
ly; and when the winds blow they are only uncertain gusts, which
shift about all round the compass: by which means ships are sometimes
detained there a long time, and make but little way. It is that tract of
the sea to the northward of the equator, between four and ten degrees
of latitude, and lying between the meridian of Cape de Verde, and that
of the eastermost islands of the same name.

RAI’NY, adj. [of rain; renig, Sax.] moist or wet with rain; show­
ery.

To RAISE, verb act. [arisan, Sax. reiser, Dan,] 1. To lift up, to
set higher, to heave. 2. To set upright; as, to raise a mast. 3. To
erect, build up. And raise thereon a heap of stones. Joshua. 4. To
exalt to a state more illustrious. 5. To increase, to enlarge, to amplify.
6. To increase in current value. 7. To augment, to advance, to pro­
mote. Raised to great titles. Clarendon. 8. To elevate, to exalt in
general. 9. To excite, to put in action. He raiseth the stormy wind.
Psalms. 10. To excite to tumult or war, to stir up. Raising up the







people. Acts. 11. To rouse, to stir up. Raised out of their sleep.
Job. 12. To give beginning to; as, he was the first that raised his
family. 13. To bring into being. To raise another world. Milton.
14. To call into view from the state of separate spirits. Spectres the
understanding raises to itself. Locke. 15. To bring from life to death.
It is sown in dishonour, it is raised in glory. Corinthians. 16. To occa­
sion, to begin. Raise not a false report. Exodus. 17. To set up, to
utter loudly. They raise a cry. Dryden. 18. To levy or gather, to
collect, to obtain a certain sum. 19. To assemble, to levy. Raised in­
cessant armies. Milton. 20. To give rise to. 21. To raise paste; to
form paste into pies without a dish.

To RAISE a Horse [in horsemanship] is to make him work at curvets,
capriols, pesades, &c. also to place his head right, and make him car­
ry well, hindring him from carrying low, or arming himself.

To RAISE a Siege [military term] is to give over the attack of a
place, and to quit the works thrown up against it, and the posts taken
about it.

To RAISE a Plan [of a fortress] is to measure with cords and geo­
metrical instruments, the length of the lines and capacity of the angles,
in order to represent it in small upon papers; so as to know the advan­
tages and disadvantages of it.

RAI’SED, part. pass. and pret. of RAISE [of arisen, Sax.] lifted
up, &c.

RAI’SER [of raise] 1. He that raises. 2. [In carpentry] a board set
on edge, under the fore side of a step or stair.

RAI’SING Pieces [in architecture] are pieces that lie under the beams,
in brick or timber, by the side of the house.

RAI’SIN, Fr. [racemus, Lat.] the fruit of the vine, suffered to remain
on the tree till perfectly ripened, and then dried either by the sun or the
heat of an oven. Grapes of every kind preserved in this manner are
called raisins, but those dried in the sun are sweeter and pleasanter than
those dried in ovens. They are called jar raisins, from their being im­
ported in earthen jars. The finest are the fruit of the vitis Damascena.
Hill.

RAI’STY, or RE’STY, adj. [restif, Fr. spoken of horses] a term used of
such as will stand still, and will not go either backward of forwards. See
RESTIF.

RAI’TING, or RA’TING, the laying of hemp, flax, timber, &c. when
green, in a pond or running water, to season them for use.

RAKE [race, Sax. raka, Su.] 1. An instrument of husbandry, with
teeth, with which the ground is divided and smoothed, or light bodies
gathered up. 2. [Racaille, Fr. the low rabble, or rekel, Du. a worth­
less cur dog] a loose, wild, gay, thoughtless fellow, one addicted to
pleasures.

RAKE [of a ship] is so much of her hull as hangs over both ends of
her keel.

To RAKE, verb act. [raka, Su. raeckelen, Du.] 1. To gather with a
rake. 2. To clear with a rake. 3. To draw together by violence. 4.
To search with vehement diligence, to scour. The statesman rakes the
town to find a plot. Swift. 5. To harp together and cover. 'Tis the
fire rak'd up that has the heat. Suckling.

To RAKE, verb neut. 1. To search, to grope. It has always an idea
of coarseness or noisomness. 2. To pass with violence. And raking
chase guns through our sterns they send. Dryden.

RAKEE’ [with falconers] a hawk that flies out too far from the fowl.

RA’KEHELL, or RA’KESHAME, [prob. of אקד, Heb. with the addition
of the words, hell and shame. The etymology of this word is doubtful:
as it is now written, it is apparently derived from rake and hell, and may
aptly represent a wretch, whose life is passed in places of lewdness and
wickedness. Skinner derives it from racaille, Fr. the rabble; Junius,
from rekel, Du. a mongrel dog] a profligate person, a debauchee, a
base rascally fellow. See RAKE.

RA’KEHELLY, adj. [of rakehell] wild, debauched, loose. A rake­
helly prank. Johnson.

RA’KER [of rake] one who rakes or is employed in cleansing the
streets.

RA’KING Table [in architecture] a member hollowed in the square of
a pedestal, or elsewhere.

RA’KISH, adj. [of rake] profligate, debauched, loose.

RA’KISHNESS [of rakish] profligateness, &c.

RA’LLERY [raillere, Fr.] merry, drolling, or playing on a person in
words, jeering, jesting, a close jibe. See RAILLERY.

To RA’LLY, verb neut. [railler, Fr.] 1. To play and droll upon, to
banter and jest, to exercise satirical merriment. 2. To come together
in a hurry. 3. To come again into order.

To RA’LLY, verb act. [railler, Fr.] 1. To gather together dispersed
troops, to put disordered forces into order. 2. [Railler, Fr.] to treat
with satirical merriment, or with slight contempt.

RA’LLY [raillerie, Fr.] a bantering, jeering, &c. also a chiding; in
low language.

RA’LLY, or RA’LLYING [ralliment, of railler, Fr.] act of assembling
or gathering together scattered troops.


RAM

RAM [ram, Sax. ram, Du.] 1. A male sheep; in some provinces
called a tupe. 2. An instrument with an iron head, antiently used for
battering walls.

To RAM [prob. of ram, Sax. from pushing with the head] 1. To
force in by pushing, thrusting, beating, &c. To drive with violence as
with a battering ram. Bacon. 2. To fill with any thing driven hard to­
gether. To ram in clay. Mortimer.

RAM's Head, an iron leaver to heave up great stones with.

RAM's Head [in a ship] is a great block belonging to the fore and
main halliards, and has in it three shivers, into which the halliards are
put, and in a hole at the end the ties are reeved.

RA’MADAN, or as some pronounce RA’MAZAN, a sort of Lent observed
by the Mahometans, during which they fast the whole day; but make a­
mends by feasting all night, and spend more in this month than in six
others.
Reland tells us, that the most celebrated fast is that annual one, which
lasts for the whole month Ramadan, and is kept from the sun-rising to
sun-setting every day. But that when they are encamped or on a jour­
ney, they may put off this monthly fast to some other time. De Relig.
Mahammed. p. 109. He adds, that the Mahometans have some [idle]
traditions supposed to have flowed originally from their prophet's mouth,
with reference to this fast, e. g. that for him who fasts SEVEN DAYS, are
SEVEN GATES of hell shut up, and the like. But it is no unusual thing
for prophets (whether real or supposed) to have met with one and the same
fate from their disciples; I mean to have a great deal more FATHERED
UPON THEM, than they ever intended to deliver. See MAHOMETISM
and BAIRAM.

RA’MAGE [ramo, It. of ramatus, having boughs, of ramus, Lat. a
branch] branches of trees, &c.

RAMAGE-Hawk [of ramus, Lat. the branch of a tree] a wild hawk
that has been long among the boughs, or that has but newly left, or is
taken from the aviary; and is so called in the months of May, June,
July, and August.

To RA’MBLE, verb neut. [q. d. reambulo, Lat. rammelen, Du. to
rove loosely in lust, ramb, Su. to rove] to go to and fro, up and down,
or astray, to wander, to rove irregularly.

RAMBLE, subst. [from the verb] roving, irregular excursion.

RA’MBLER [of ramble; q. d. reambulator, Lat.] a rover or wan­
derer.

RAMBO’ORE, or RAMBU’SE [at Cambridge, &c.] a drink made of
wine, ale, eggs, and sugar, in the winter time; or of wine, milk, sugar,
and rose-water, in the summer time.

RA’MEKIN [ramequin, Fr.] toasted bread and cheese; a welsh­
rabbit.

RAMIFICA’TION, Fr. [from ramus, Lat. branch; in botanists] small
branches issuing out of larger ones, division into branches; also the
production of boughs and branches.

RAMIFICATION [with anatomists] the spreading of small vessels, which
issue out from one large one: Thus the several branches of the aorta, by
which the arterial blood is conveyed to all the outward parts of the body,
are called the ramifications of that artery.

RAMIFICATIONS [in painting, &c.] figures resembling boughs or
branches.

To RA’MIFY, verb act. [ramifier, Fr. of ramus, branch, and facio,
Lat. to make] to separate into branches.

To RA’MIFY, verb neut. to be parted into branches.

RA’MIST, a follower of Peter Ramus, a noted writer.

RA’MMER, an instrument for ramming or forcing stones or piles into
the ground; also the stick of a gun, with which the charge is forced
into it.

RA’MMISH [of ram, Sax.] smelling rank like a ram or goat.

RA’MMISHNESS [of rammish] rankness of smell like a goat, &c.

RAMOLA’DE [in cookery] a sort of fauce made of anchovies, capers,
parsly, cibbols, salt, pepper, &c.

RAMO’SE-Leof [with botanists] is that which is farther divided from
an alated leaf, as in the common female fern.

RA’MOUS, adj. [ramus, Lat.] branchy, consisting of branches. Feign­
ing the particles of air to be springy and ramous. Newton.

RA’MOUSNESS [of ramous] fullness of boughs or branches.

RAMP [of rampant, Fr.] a hoidening, frisking, jumping, rude girl.

To RAMP, verb neut. [ramper, Fr. rampare, It. remwen, Sax.] 1. To
jump about, to play gambols and wonton tricks. 2. To leap upon with
violence. As a ramping and roaring lion. Psalms. 3. To climb as a
plant. Ramping upon trees, they mount up to a great height. Ray.

RAMP, subst. [from the verb] leap, spring. Vaulting variable ramps,
Shakespeare.

RAMPA’LLION, subst. a mean sorry wretch; obsolete.

RA’MPANCY [of rampant] prevalence, exuberance. Come to this
height and rampancy of Vice. South.

RA’MPANT, Fr. [rampante, It.] 1. Frisky, wanton. 2. Exuberant,
over-growing restraint. The growing rampant sin of the times. South.
3. [In heraldry] as a lion rampart, is when he stands so directly up­
right, that the crown of his head answers directly to the plants of his feet,
on which he stands in a perpendicular line, and not by placing the left
foot in the dexter corner of the efcutcheon; so that the difference be­
tween a lion rampant, and a lion saliant, is, that a rampant stands up­
right, but the saliant stooping forwards, as making a sally.

RA’MPART, RA’MPIER, or RA’MPIRE [rampart, Fr.] 1. A large mas­
sy bank of earth, raised about the body of a place to cover it from the
great shot, and formed into bastions, courtains, &c. 2. The platform
of the wall behind the parapet. 3. The wall round fortified places.

RAMPART [in civil architecture] the space left void between the wall
of the city, and the next houses.

RA’MPIC, a tree which, through age, begins to decay at the top.

RA’MPIONS, subst. [rapunculus, Lat.] a root used in sallads.

To RA’MPIRE, to fortify a place with a rampart.

RA’MSONS, the herb buckrams.

RA’MUS. 1. A branch or arm of a tree. 2. [In anatomy] any branch
of the larger vessels.

RAMUS Anterior [in anatomy] a branch of the subcutaneous vein
which passes under the bone of the arm, called ulna, to the little finger,
and there joins a branch of the cephalica.

RAMUS Posterior [in anatomy] a branch of the subcutaneous vein of
the arm running near the elbow.


RAN

RAN, pret. of run; see To RUN [ran, Sax.] plundered by open
or public theft. A word still used in these, and the like phrases, he spent,
made away with, confounded all that he could rap and ran, or run.

To RANCH, verb act. [corrupted from wrench] to sprain, to injure
with violent contortion. Emetics ranch and keen cathartics scour.
Garth.

RA’NCID, adj. [rancido, It. rancio, Sp. of rancidus, Lat.] that has
contracted an ill smell by being kept close, strong scented.

RA’NCIDNESS, or RANCI’DITY. 1. Rancid, rancor. 2. [Ranciditas,
Lat.] rankness, strong scent, as of old oil.

RA’NCOROUS, adj. [of rancour] spiteful, malicious in the utmost de­
gree, full of grudge.

RA’NCOUR [rancœur, O. Fr. rancore, It. rencor, Sp. of rancor, Lat.]
stedfast grudge, spight, spleen, or inveterate hatred.

RA’NCOROUSNESS [of rancorous] a standing grudge, spight, animosity,
spleen, &c.

RAND, subst. [rand, Du.] border, seam of a shoe.

RAND of Beef, a long fleshy piece cut from between the flank and the
buttock.

RA’NDOM, subst. [randello, It. unadvisedly, or rendons, O. Fr. uncer­
tainty, or of randon, Fr.] want of aim, hazard, want of rule, roving mo­
tion.

RANDOM [with gunners] a shot made, when the muzzle of a piece
of ordnance is raised above the horizontal line, and is not designed to
shoot directly forward.

RANDOM, adj. done by chance, roving without direction.

RA’NFORCE Ring [of a gun] that which is next before the touch­
hole.








To RANGE, verb act. [ranger, Fr. or, as Mr. Baxter, of rheng, Brit.
any long order] 1. To dispose or place in its rank and order, to draw
up in battle array. 2. To ramble, rove, or stray over.

To RA’NGE, verb neut. 1. To rove at large. 2. To be placed in or­
der.

RANGE [rangée, Fr.] 1. A row or rank, any thing placed in a line.
2. A class, an order. 3. A ramble or jaunt, excursion, wandering. 4.
Room for excursion. 5. Compass taken in by any thing excursive or
ranked in order. 6. Step of a ladder. 7. A grate for a kitchen fire.
8. [With gunners] a path of a bullet, or the line it describes from the
mouth of the piece to the point where it lodges.

RA’NGED, part. of range [rangée, Fr.] disposed, placed in its rank or
order.

RANGER [from range] 1. One that ranges, rover, robber. 2. A
dog that beats the ground. 3. [Of a forest, &c.] a sworn officer, whose
business is to walk daily through his charge to drive back the wild beasts
out of the purlieus or disforested places into the forest lands, and to pre­
sent all trespasses done in his bailiwick, at the next forest court.

RANGES [in a ship] are two pieces of timber going across, from side
to side, one aloft on the fore-castle, a little abaft the fore-mast, and the
other in the beak-head, before the mouldings of the bowsprit.

RA’NGING [in military affairs] is the act of disposing of troops in a
condition proper for an engagement or for a march.

RA’NGLE [with falconers] is when gravel is given to an hawk, to
bring her to a stomach.

RA’NGLIFEER [with hunters] a stag with lofty horns, resembling the
branches of trees.

RANI’NÆ Venæ, Lat. [with anatomists] the frog-veins, certain veins
that appear under the tongue.

RANK, adj. [rancido, It. rancioso, Sp. of rancidus, Lat. rack, Teut.]
1. Stinking, smelling ill, noisome, rancid. 2. [Ranc, Sax.] shooting
forth into too many branches and leaves, as plants do, luxuriant, strong.
3. Fruitful, bearing strong plants. 4. High-tasted, strong in quality.
5. High-grown, rampant. As rank idolatry. Stilling fleet. 6. Gross,
coarse. 7. The iron of a plane is set rank, when its edge stands so flat
below the sole of the plane, that in working it will take off a thick sha­
ving. Maxon.

RANK, subst. [rang, Fr. in military affairs] 1. The straight line which
the soldiers of a batallion or squadron make, as they stand side by side.
2. Any range or row in general. 3. Range of subordination. 4. Class,
order. 5. Due place allotted a thing suitable to its nature, quality, or
merit; degree of dignity. 6. Dignity, high place. See ORDER.

To RANK, verb act. [from the subst. ranger, Fr.] 1. To place a­
breast. 2. To range in any particular class. 3. To arrange methodi­
cally.

To RANK, verb neut. to be ranged, to be placed.

To RA’NKLE, verb neut. [of rank] to fester, to breed corruption, to
be inflamed in body or mind.

RA’NKLY, adv. [from rank] coarsely, grossly.

RA’NKNESS [rancnesse, Sax.] the quality of having a frowzy, strong,
or noisome smell; also luxuriance or superfluity of growth in plants.

RA’NNY, subst. the shrewmouse. Brown.

To RA’NSACK [ransaka, Su. of ran, Sax. and saka, Su. to search for,
to seize, randfage, Du.] 1. To rifle, to plunder, to pillage. 2. To
search narrowly. 3. To deflower or violate.

RA’NSOM [rançon, Fr.] a sum of money paid for redeeming of a cap­
tive, or for the liberty of a prisoner of war, or for the pardon of some
notorious offender.

RA’NSOM, or REDE’MPTION [in divinity] in the figurative use of the
word, signifies any thing by which a deliverance is obtained; and accord­
ingly a redeemer, and deliverer, are frequently in scripture convertible terms.
Thus Moses is stiled ΛυΤρΩΤΗΣ, the redeemer of the Jews, Acts vii. 35.
[See the original] as God by his hand redeemed [or delivered] the Jews
out of their Egyptian captivity. But when this term is applied to our
deliverance by CHRIST, we are expressly told that he gave Himself, his
life [or soul] a ransom for us.” 1 Tim. ii. 6. compared with Mark x.
45. The life [or soul] of Christ, in the present case, was that which
answers to the price or ransom laid down in the redemption of captives.
And would the reader see what construction our predecessors in the faith
put upon this fact, he may compare these words of St. Irenæus, “the
Lord having redeemed [or ransomed] us with his own blood, and ha­
ving given his SOUL for our SOULS, and his FLESH for our FLESH,” with
that reply which he made to the Ebionites, “How could he be said to
have more than Solomon or Jonah, and to be Lord of David, who was of
the SAME SUBSTANCE with them”? [meaning as to his SOUL; for the con­
stantiality of CHRIST'S BODY with ours was out of the question.] IREN.
adv. Hereses, Ed. Grabe, p. 393, 358. But Eunomius, in the fourth
century, expresses himself in yet stronger terms; for when combating
that Cerinthianizing spirit, which began then to be in vogue, and as­
cribed the sufferings of Christ to his human nature, he says, “Are ye
not of all men the most pityable, who affirm a man to have suffered for
all men, and to this [i. e. not to a DIVINE PERSON, but to a mere man
united to him] ascribing your own redemption? — So great a stress
did these ancient writers lay on the DIVINE EXCELLENCE and DIGNITY
of the person that suffered for us, agreeable to the author of the He­
brews, chap. i. ver. 1, 3. And so true it is, that tho' the idea of EQUI­
VALENTS, &c. is not essential to the proper import of the words, offering,
atonement, propitiation, and other sacrificial terms; yet does it bolt out to
view, in the present case, from the FACT ITSELF compared with the
ineffable PREHEMINENCE and DIGNITY of the Person concerned. So
that we can not only say with the poet,
Unum pro multis dabitur caput—But also,
PLURIS enim Decii, quam qui Servantur ab illis.
See ATONEMENT-MONEY, PROPITIATION, CERINTHIANS, and NESTO­
RIANISM, compared. Above all, see INCARNATION, and Iren. p. 243,
247, 427.

To RA’NSOM, verb act. [rançonner, Fr.] to pay a ransom for, to re­
deem from captivity or punishment.

RA’NSOMLESS [of ransom] free from ransom.

To RANT [perhaps of randeen, randen, Du. to rave] to rage, to rave,
to swagger in violent or high sounding language, without proportionable
dignity of thought.

RANT, subst. [from the verb] high sounding language, unsupported
by dignity of sentiment, any thing of style that is overstrained.

RANT [in the drama] an extravagant flight of passion, over-shooting
nature in probability.

RA’NTER, an extravagant in flights of language, a raking fellow.

RA’NTIPOLE, subst. [with the vulgar] a rude or wild boy or girl.

RANTIPOLE, adj. wild, rakish, roving. Congreve.

To RA’NTIPOLE, verb neut. to run about, to rove wildly. Arbuthnot.

RA’NULA, Lat. 1. A little frog. 2. [With anatomists] a swelling
under the tongue, which, like a ligament, hinders a child from sucking
or speaking. Ranula is a soft swelling, possessing those salivals under
the tongue: It is made by congestion; and its progress filleth up the
space between the jaws, and maketh a tumor externally under the chin.
Wiseman.

RANULA’RES [with anatomists] two veins under the tongue, arising
from the external jugular, and running on either side the linea mediana.

RANU’NCULUS, Lat. a flower called crow-foot, or golden knap.

To RAP, verb act. [hreppan, Sax. prob. of ρΑΠΙζΩ, Gr.] 1. To strike,
to hit, with a quick smart blow. 2. [Rapio extra se, Lat.] to strike with
rapture, to hurry out of itself. 3. To snatch away. 4. To rap and rend;
more properly rap and ran [rœpan, Sax. to bind, and rana, Island. to
plunder. Johnson] to sieze by violence.

To RAP [with the vulgar] to barter, to exchange.

RAP, subst. [from the verb] a quick smart blow.

RA’PA, Lat. a turnep.

RAPA’CIOUS [rapacis, of rapax, Lat. rapace, Fr. rapacio, It. rapaz,
Sp.] ravenous, greedy, siezing by violence, addicted to plunder.

RAPA’CIOUSLY, adv. [of rapacious] by violent robbery or rapine,
greedily, ravenously.

RAPA’CIOUSNESS, or RAPA’CITY [from rapacious or rapacitÉ, Fr. ra­
pacità, It. of rapacitas, of rapio, Lat. to snatch] ravening, ravenousness,
aptness to take away by violence.

RAPE, subst. [of rapio, Lat. to snatch with violence, rapt, Fr. q. d. of
raptio, Lat.] 1. A ravishing or forcible violation of the chastity of a wo­
man or virgin. 2. Privation, act of forcibly taking away. 3. Some­
thing snatched away. 4. [Of the forest] a trespass committed in the fo­
rest by violence. 5. The wood or stalks of the clusters of grapes, when
dried and freed from the fruit. 6. A plant from the seed of which oil is
expressed. 7. A part of a county, being much the same as an hun­
dred.

RAPE Wine, a sort of small wine.

RA’PHA [with anatomists] a ridge or line which runs along the under
side of the penis, and, reaching from the frænum to the anus, divides
the scrotum and peritonæum into two.

RAPHA’NITIS, Lat. [ρΑφΑΝΙΤΙΣ, Gr.] a kind of flower-de-luce.

RAPHA’NUS, Lat. [in botany] the radish root.

RA’PHE [in anatomy] the same as future.

RA’PID, adj. [rapide, Fr. rapido, It. and Sp. of ropidus, of rapio, Lat.
to snatch away hastily] swift, quick, having a violent motion.

RAPI’DITY, or RA’PIDNESS [of rapid, or rapiditas, Lat. rapiditÉ, Fr.
of rapio, Lat.] swiftness, quickness, hasty motion, carrying somewhat
with it.

RA’PIDLY, adv. [of rapid] swiftly, with a quick motion.

RA’PIER [une rapiere, Fr. so called from the quickness of its motion]
a long slender sword, used only in thrusting.

RAPIER FISH, subst. The rapier-fish, called xiphias, grows some­
times to the length of five yards: the sword, which grows level from the
snout of the fish, is here about a yard long, at the basis four inches over,
two-edged and pointed exactly like a rapier: He preys on fishes, having
first stabbed them with this sword. Grew.

RAPIFO’LIOUS, adj. [of rapa, a turnip, and folium, Lat. a leaf; in bo­
tanic writings] having a leaf like a turnip.

RA’PINE, Fr. [rapina, It. Sp. and Lat. of rapio, to snatch violently,
&c.] 1. Robbery, pillaging, act of taking away a thing by open vio­
lence, and differs from theft, that being taken away privately, or both,
contrary to the mind of the owner. 2. Violence, force.

RAPI’STRUM [in botany] wild mustard, carloc, a weed.

RAPPAREE’S [of rapio, Lat. to snatch or take away] certain Irish
robbers.

RA’PPER [of rap] 1. One who raps or strikes. 2. [In vulgar lan­
guage] a great oath or lye.

RA’PPING, part. of rap [of sraper, Fr.] the act of striking smartly.

RA’PPORT, Fr. relation, proportion. A word introduced by Temple,
but not copied by others.

RA’PSODY [rapsodia, Lat. ρΑψΩΔΙΑ, of ρΑΠΤΩ, to stick, and ΩΔΝ, Gr.
ode] a connecting together or repetition of a great number of heroic
verses; but more usually a tedious and impertinent spinning out a dis­
course to no purpose; a joining parts together that have no natural con­
nection. See RHAPSODY.

RAPT, or RAPP’D, part. of rap [raptus, Lat.] snatched or taken
away by force.

RAPT, subst. [of rap] a trance, an ecstacy.

RA’PTURE [raptura, Lat.] 1. The act of taking or snatching away,
as the rapture of St. Paul into the third heaven. 2. Ecstasy, a transport
of mind caused by any pleasing passion. 3. Haste, quickness, rapidity.

Poetical RAPTURE, the heat or fire of a poet's fancy.

RA’PTURED, adj. [of rapture] ravished, transported or raptured in
bliss.

RA’PTUROUS, adj. [of rapture] ravishing, transporting, ecstatic.


RAR

RARE adj. [French in all the senses but the last; raro, It. and Sp. of
rarus Lat.] 1. Scarce, happening but seldom, extraordinary, uncommon,
singular, excellent, valuable to a degree seldom found. 2. Thinly
scattered. 3. [With philosophers] thin, subtile, not compacted toge­
ther. 4. Rare body; one that is very porous, whose parts are at a great
distance one from another, and which contains but a little matter under a
great deal of bulk. 5. Raw, not fully subdued by the fire, not tho­
roughly dressed for food.

RA’REESHOW [This word is formed in imitation of the foreign way of
pronouncing rare show] a show carried in a box.

RAREFA’CTION, Fr. [rarefazione, It. of rarefactio, Lat. with philoso­
phers] as the rarefaction of a natural body, is its taking up more dimen­
sions or larger space than it did before; contrary to condensation.

RAREFA’CTIVES, subst. plur. of rarefactive, or RAREFACIE’NTIA, Lat.
[with physicians] medicines which open and enlarge the pores of the
skin, to give an easy vent to the matter of perspiration.

RAREFI’ABLE, adj. [of rarefy] that may be rarefied, capable of rare­
faction.

To RA’REFY, verb act. [rarefier, Fr. rarefare, It. of rarefacio, of ra­
rus, rare, and facio, Lat. to make] to make thin; the contrary to con­
dense.

To RAREFY, verb neut. to become thin or rare.








RA’RELY, adv. [of rare] finely, nicely; also seldom, not often.

RA’RENESS [of rare] 1. State of happening seldom, not frequency.
2. Value occasioned by scarcity. 3. Thinness. Rarity in this sense is
more usual.

RA’RITY [raritas, Lat. raritÉ, Fr. rarita, It.] 1. A rare thing, a thing
that is extraordinary for beauty or workmanship, a curiosity, a thing va­
lued for its scarcity. 2. Not frequency. 3. Uncommonness. 4. [In
philosophy] subtilty, thinness; in opposition to density or thickness.

RA’SANT Line of Defence [in fortification] is that part of the curtain
or flank, whence the shot exploded razes or glances along the face of the
opposite bastion.

RA’SCAL, subst. [either of rascal, Sax. old trash, trumpery, or racaile,
Fr. riff-raff, the mob] a sorry fellow, a rogue, a scoundrel.

RASCAL Deer [of rascal, Sax.] a lean deer.

RASCA’LION, subst. [of rascal] one of the lowest of the mob. Hudibras.

RASCA’LITY [of rascal] the scum of the people, the rabble; also a
base rascally action: a vulgar and improper use.

RA’SCALLY, adj. [of rascal] base, vile, villanous.

To RASE, verb act. This word is written rase or raze [delere raser, Fr.
rasus, Lat.] 1. To skim, to strike on the surface. 2. To overthrow,
to destroy. 3. To erase, to blot out by rasure.

To RASE in the Ground [with horsemen] is to gallop near the ground.

RA’SED, part. pass. of rase; which see [rase, Fr.] demolished; also
blotted out.

RASH, subst. 1. [Rascia, It.] sattin. Minshew. 2. [Corrupted pro­
bably from rusb] a disease, an eruption, or efflorescence upon the skin,
thrown out in fevers or surfeits.

RASH, adj. [rath, Sax. rash, Du.] over-hasty, precipitate, incogitant,
violent.

RA’SHER of Bacon [prob. of rasura lardi, Lat.] a thin slice.

RA’SHLY, adv. [of rash] hastily, precipitately, unadvisedly.

RA’SHNESS [of rash; rathnesse, Sax.] over-hastiness, inconsiderate
heat of temper, fool-hardiness.

RA’SOR, or RA’ZOR [rasoir, Fr. rasojo, It. of radendo, Lat. shaving]
a knife or instrument for shaving. See RAZOR.

RASP [raspo, It.] 1. A delicious berry that grows on a species of the bram­
ble, a raspberry. Sorrel set amongst rasps, and the rasps will be smaller.
Bacon. 2. [Rape, Fr. raspo, It. and Sp.] a large rough file, commonly
used for wearing away wood.

To RASP, verb act. [raspare, It. raper, Fr. raspàr, Sp.] to file, to rub
to powder with a rasp or rough file.

RA’SPATORY, subst. [raspatoir, Fr.] an instrument to chip or rasp
bread; also a surgeon's instrument to scrape foul and scaly bones.

RA’SPBERRY, or RA’SBERRY, subst. a berry of an agreeable taste and
fine flavour, probably so called from its being rough on the outside like a
rasp.

RA’SPBERRY-BUSH, subst. a species of bramble.

RA’SURE, subst. [rasura, Lat.] 1. The act of shaving or scraping. 2.
A dash struck with a pen over a writing, a mark where something has
been struck out or erased.


RAT

RAT [rotta, Su. rat, Fr. ratte, Du. ratta, Sp.] 1. An animal of the
mouse kind, an amphibious creature, infesting houses, ships, &c. 2. An
opprobrious term for a citizen. Shakespeare.

To smell a RAT [soupconner, Fr. suboleo, Lat.] to discover some in­
trigue, to suspect danger, to be put on the watch by suspicion, as the cat
by the scent of a rat.

RAT Trap [une ratiere, Fr.] a device for catching rats.

RA’TABLE, adj. [of rate] that may be rated, set at a certain value or
rate.

RA’TABLY, adv. [of ratable] according to a certain rate, proportona­
bly, to a certain value.

RATAFI’A, a fine spirituous liquor, prepared from several sorts of
fruits, as apricots, cherries, &c.

RATA’N, an Indian cane.

RATCH, or RASH [in clock work] a sort of wheel, which serves to
lift up the detents every hour, and to make the clock strike.

RA’TCHES [in a watch, &c.] the small teeth at the bottom of the
barrel, which stop it in winding up.

RATE [of rata, sc. portio, Lat.] 1. A price or value set upon any
thing. 2. Allowance settled. 3. Degree, comparative height or value.
4. Quantity assignable. 5. That which sets a value, standard. The rate
and standard of wit. South. 6. Manner of doing any thing, degree to
which it is done. 7. Tax, proportion of money imposed by a parish.

To RATE, verb act. [from the subst; ratum precium imponere, Lat.] 1.
To value or set a certain price upon a thing. 2. [Keita, Island. of ira­
tus, Lat. angry, or ræthe, Sax. fierce, or ratelen, Du.] to chide or scold
hastily or vehemently.

RATES of Ships, are the largeness and capacity of ships of war, and
are fix: The difference is commonly reckoned by the length and breadth
of the gun deck, the number of tuns they contain, the number of men
and guns they carry.

First RATE Ship, has the gun-deck frum 159 to 174 feet in length, and
from 44 to 45 feet in breadth, contains from 1313 to 1882 tuns, carries
from 706 to 800 men, and from 96 to 110 guns.

Second RATE, has its gun-deck from 153 to 165 feet in length, and
from 41 to 46 feet in breadth, contains from 1086 to 1482 tuns, carries
from 524 to 640 men, and from 84 to 90 guns.

Third RATE, has its gun-deck from 142 to 158 feet in length, and
from 37 to 42 feet in breadth, contains from 871 to 1262 tuns, carries
from 389 to 476 men, and from 64 to 80 guns.

Fourth RATE, has its gun-deck from 118 to 146 feet in length, and
from 29 to 38 feet in breadth, contains from 448 to 915 tuns, carries
from 216 to 346 men, and from 48 to 60 guns.

Fifth RATE, has its gun-deck from 100 to 120 feet in length, and
from 24 to 31 feet in breadth; contains from 269 to 542 tuns, carries
from 50 to 110 men, and from 16 to 24 guns.

RATE Tythe, a duty paid by the owners of cattle, when kept in a pa­
rish for less than a year.

RATEE’N [ratine, Fr.] a sort of stuff for garments.

RATH, subst. a hill. Spenser.

RATH, adj. [rath. Sax. quickly] early, coming before the time.
Bring the rath primrose, that forsaken dies. Milton.

RATH, adv. [from the adj.] early. Spenser.

RA’THER, adv. [rathor, or hradher, Sax. this is a comparative from
rath; rath. soon; now obsolete] 1. More willingly, with better liking.
2. Preferably, with better reason, upon better grounds. 3. In a greater
degree than otherwise. 4. More properly. 5. Especially. 6. To have
rather; to desire in preference to any thing else. Rogers.

RATIFICA’TION, Fr. [ratificazione, It. ratificaciòn, Sp. of ratificatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of ratifying or confirming something done by another
in one's name 2. [In law] the confirmation of a clerk in a benefice,
&c. formerly given him by the bishop, where the right of patronage is
doubted to be in the king.

RA’TIFIER [of ratify] the person or thing that ratifies.

To RA’TIFY [ratifico, ratum facio, Lat. ratifier. Fr.] to confirm or
establish, especially by a public act; to settle.

RA’TIO, Lat. 1. Reason, consideration, regard. 2. [In arethmetic
and geometry] that relation of homogenous things, which determines
the quantity of one from the quantity of another, without the interven­
tion of any third: or it is the reason or proportion that several quantities
or numbers have one to another, with respect to their greatness or small­
ness.

RATIOCINABI’LITY [of ratiocinabilis, Lat.] reasonableness.

To RATIO’CINATE, verb neut. raziocinare, It. ratiotinor, Lat.] to
reason, to argue.

RATIOCINA’TION, Fr. [of ratiocinatio, Lat.] a rational debating, ar­
guing, or disputing; reasoning; the art of exercising the faculty of
reasoning; the operation of reason, or reason deduced into discourse
by drawing consequences from premises,

RATIO’CINATIVE, adj. [of ratiocinate] pertaining to ratiocination,
advancing by process of reason or discourse.

RA’TION, Fr. [raciòn, Sp] a portion of ammunition bread, or forage,
distributed to every man in the army.

RATION [of Bread] for a foot soldier, is a pound and a half per
day.

RA’TIONABLY, adv. reasonably. Rather rationally. See RATIO­
NALLY.

RA’TIONAL, adj. [razionale, It. of rationalis, Lat.] 1. Endued with
reason, having the faculty of reasoning. 2. Agreeable to reason, rea­
sonable. 3. Wise, judicious, prudent.

RATIONAL Horizon [in astronomy] is that whose plane is conceived to
pass thro' the centre of the earth; and therefore divides the globe into
two equal portions or hemispheres.

RA’TIONAL Quantity, &c. a quantity or number commensurable to
unity.

RA’TIONAL Integer, is that whereof unity is an aliquot part.

RATIONAL Fraction, is that which is equal to some aliquot parts of
an unite.

RATIONAL mixed Number, is one that consists of an integer and a frac­
tion, or of unity and a broken number.

RATIONA’LE, subst. Lat. an account or solution of some opinion,
action, hypothesis, phænomenon, or the like, on principles of reason;
a detail with reasons.

RA’TIONALE [the ןשח of the Hebrews] part of the sacerdotal vest­
ment worn by the Jewish high-priest, the breast-plate, Exod. c. xxviii.
v. 4—15. See URIM.

RA’TIONALIST, subst. [of rational] one who proceeds in his disqui­
sitions and practice wholly upon principles of reason; one who prefers
reason before revelation.

RATIONA’LITY [of rational] 1. The faculty of reasoning. 2. Reason­
ableness, agreeableness to reason.

RA’TIONALLY, adv. [of rational] reasonably.

RA’TIONALNESS [of rational] the state of being reasonable.

RATIO’NIS Os, Lat. [with anatomists] the bone of the fore-head,
otherwise called os frontis.

RA’TITUS, Quadrans, Lat. a Roman coin stamped with the impression
of a ship, in weight four ounces.

RAT Lines, or RA’TLINGS [in a ship] those lines which make the
ladder-steps to get up the shrouds and puttocks.

RA’TSBANE, subst. [of rat and bane] poison for rats, commonly made
of arsenic.

RA’T-TAIL [with horsemen] a horse that has no hair upon his
tail.

RA’TTEEN, see RATEEN.

To RA’TTLE, verb neut. [prob. of ratolen, Du. or hreotan, Sax.]
1. To make a quick, sharp noise, with frequent collisions of bodies not
very sonorous: when bodies are sonorous, the noise is called jingling.
2. To talk eagerly, to be noisy.

To RATTLE, verb act. [hreotan, Sax.] 1. To move a thing so as
to make a quick, sharp noise. 2. To stun with a noise, to drive away
with a noise. 3. To scold at, to rate, to rail at clamorously.

To RATTLE [spoken of a goat] to make a noise for desire of copu­
lation.

RATTLE, 1. A quick, sharp noise nimble repeated. 2. Empty and
loud talk. 3. [Ratel, Du.] a toy for a child, an instrument which,
agitated, makes a rattling noise. 4. A plant.

RA’TTLE-HEADED, adj. [of rattle and head] noisy, giddy, not
steady.

RATTLE-Snake [in Virginia, &c.] a large snake having a rattle in
his tail, whence the name, composed of bones inclosed in a dry husk;
but altho' the bite of it is mortal, yet it never meddles with any thing,
unless provoked. See the figure of this snake, Plate VII. Fig. 20.

RA’TTLESNAKE Root, subst. Rattlesnake-root, called also seneka, be­
longs to a plant, a native of Virginia. The Indians use it as a certain
remedy against the bite of a rattlesnake. It has been recommended in
all cases in which the blood is known to be thick and fizy. Hill.

RATTOO’N, a West-Indian fox, which has this peculiar property,
that if any thing be offered to it that has lain in water, it will
wipe and turn it about with its fore feet, before it will put it to its
mouth.


RAV

To RA’VAGE, verb act. [ravager, Fr.] to ransack, to spoil, to lay
waste, to pillage.

RAVAGE, Fr. subst. havock, waste, spoil, ruin.

RA’VAGER [of ravage] one that ravages, a plunderer, a spoiler.

RAU’CITY [raucite, Fr. raucitas, raucus, Lat. hoarse] loud, rough
noise, hoarseness. The raucity of a trumpet. Bacon.

To RAVE, verb neut. [reven, Du. rever, Fr.] 1. To talk idly, or
madly, to be light-headed. 2. To burst out into furious exclamations
as if mad. 3. To be unreasonably fond.

To RA’VEL, verb act. [of ravelen, Du.] 1. To entangle, to snarl; as
hard twisted thread. 2. To make intricate, to perplex. 3. To un­
weave, to unknit.








To RAVEL, verb neut. 1. To run out in threads; as knitting, and
slight woven cloth does. 2. To fall into perplexity or confusion. 3.
To work in perplexity, to busy one's self with intricacies.

RA’VELINS, Fr. [in fortification] works consisting of two faces that
make a salient angle, which are commonly called half-moons by the
soldiers: they are raised before the courtins or counterscarps.

To RA’VEN, verb act. [rafian, Sax. to rob, to snatch greedily; or
ravir, Fr.] to devour greedily.

To RAVEN, verb neut. to prey rapaciously. Benjamin shall raven
like a wolf. Genesis.

RAVEN [rœfen, of ræfian, Sax. to snatch; rafn, D.] a large black
fowl.

RA’VENING [of raven] rapine, greedy eating.

RA’VENOUS, adj. [of raven, of raveneux, Fr.] greedy, gluttonous,
furiously voracious.

RA’VENOUSLY, adv. [of ravenous] greedily, rapaciously.

RA’VENOUSNESS [of ravenous] greediness, rapacious, devouring ap­
petite, rage for prey.

RAUGHT [obsolete pret. and part pass. of REACH. See To REACH]
snatched, attained.

To RA’VIN, verb act. [of rærian, Sax. to snatch. This were better
raven, which see] to devour, or eat greedily.

RA’VIN [of ræfian, Sax.] 1. Prey, food got by violence. 2. Ra­
pine, ravenousness. Exposed to the ravin of any vermin that may find
them. Ray.

RA’VING [of rave; reverie, Fr.] delirious talking, &c.

RA’VINGLY, adv. [of rave] with distraction, frantickly.

To RA’VISH [ravir, Fr. rapire, It. of rapio, Lat.] 1. To take or
snatch away violently. 2. To constuprate by force, to commit a rape
upon a woman. 3. To charm or please exceedingly, to transport with
joy, admiration, to delight, to rapture.

RA’VISHER [ravisseur, Fr.] 1. One that constuprates, or embraces a
woman by violence. 2. One who takes any thing by violence.

RA’VISHINGNESS [ravissement, Fr.] a ravishing, charming, delighting
nature or quality.

RA’VISHMENT [ravissement, Fr.] the ravishing or violent deflowering
of a woman; also a transport of joy, rapture, any pleasing violence on
the mind.

RA’VISHMENT [in law] is the taking away either a woman or an heir
in ward.

RAVI’SSANT [in heraldry] is the term used to express the posture of
a wolf half raised, as it were just springing forwards upon his prey.

RAU’COMEN [in Virginia, &c.] a kind of fruit like a gooseberry.

RAW, adj. [hreaw, Sax. râä, Su. and Dan. rauw, Du.] 1. Spoken of
meat not thoroughly cooked or subdued by the fire. 2. Not covered
with the skin. 3. Sore. 4. Not ripe. 5. Unseasoned, unripe as to
skill. 6. Bleak, chill. The raw cold climate. Spenser. 7. Not con­
cocted.

RAW-BONED, adj. [of raw and bone] having bones scarce covered
with flesh.

RA’W-HEAD [of raw and head] the name of a spectre, mentioned to
fright children.

RA’WLY, adv. [of raw] 1. In a raw manner. 2. Unskilfully. 3.
Newly. Some upon their children rawly left. Shakespeare.

RA’WNESS [of raw; hreawnes, Sax.] 1. Being without skin. 2.
State of being raw or unconcocted. 3. State of not being cooked, or
not thoroughly dressed. 4. Unskilfulness, unexperienced. The raw­
ness of his seamen. Hakewell. 5. Having the skin flayed off.

RAY [raye, ragon, Fr. reggio, It. rayò, Sp. of radius, Lat.] 1. A beam
of the sun or any star.

RAY [in a figurative sense] 1. The lustre or brightness of any thing,
either corporeal or intellectual. 2. [Raye, Fr. raia, Lat.] a sort of fish.
Ainsworth. 3. [lolium, Lat.] an herb. Ainsworth.

RAY, for ARRAY. Spenser.

RAY [in optics] a line of light propagated from a radiant point, thro'
an unresisting medium, or, according to Sir Isaac Newton, the least
parts of light, whether successive in the same line, or contemporary in
several lines.

Common RAY [in optics] is a right line drawn from the point of con­
course of the two optical axes through the middle of the right line, which
passes by the center of the apple of the eye.

Principal RAY [in perspective] is the perpendicular distance between
the eye, and the vertical plane or table.

Convergent RAYS [in optics] are those which going from divers
points of the object, incline towards one and the same point tending to
the eye.

Divergent RAYS [in optics] are those rays which going from the
point of a visible object are dispersed, and continually depart one from
another, according as they are removed from the object.

Diverging RAYS [in optics] are such as go continually receding from
each other.

Parallel RAYS [in optics] are those rays that keep an equal distance
from the visible object to the eye, which is supposed to be infinitely re­
mote from the object.

RAY [with botanists] is several semi florets, set round a disk, in form
of a radiant star.

To RAY Corn, to fan it, in order to separate it from the chaff.

RAY Grass, a sort of grass or herb.

RAYONNA’NT [in heraldry] signifies darting forth rays, as the sun
does, when it shines out.

RAZE, subst. [rayz, Sp. a root] a root or sprig of ginger. This is
commonly written race, but less properly.

To RAZE, verb act. [razer, or raser, Fr. prob. of ρΑΙΩ, Gr.] 1. To
ruin, to overthrow. 2. To efface, to scrape or blot out. 3. To ex­
tirpate, to root out.

RA’ZOR, or RA’SOR [culter rasorius, Lat. or rasor] a barber's knife or
instrument for shaving, with a thick back and blade, but fine edge.

RA’ZORFISH, subst. the sheath or razorfish resembleth in length and
bigness a man's finger. Carew.

RA’ZORS [with hunters] the tushes or tusks of a boar.

RA’ZOURABLE, adj. [of razor] fit to be shaved; obsolete.

RA’ZURE, subst. See RASURE.


REA

RE, is an inseparable or compounding particle, used by the Latins,
and from them borrowed by us, which being placed before a word, ge­
nerally implies a repeated or backward action, e. g. to relapse, to fall ill
again, to return, to come back, &c.

REACCE’SS, subst. [of re and access] visit renewed.

REACH [ræc, Sax.] 1. A distance as far as a line can be extended,
a bow, gun, &c. can carry, or as a man can come at, extent. 2. The
act of reaching or bringing to one by extension of the hand. 3. Power
of reaching or taking in the hand. 4. Power of attainment or manage­
ment. 5. [In a metaphorical sense] capacity of mind, ability, pow­
er, limit of faculties. 6. Contrivance, deep thought, artful scheme.
7. A fetch or artifice to attain some remote advantage. Particular
reaches and ends of his own, underhand. Bacon. 8. Tendency to re­
mote consequences. 9. [With mariners] the distance between any two
points of land, that lie in a right line one from another.

To REACH [irr. and reg. verb, of ræcan, Sax. reeke, Dan. recken,
Du. and L. Ger. recked, H. Ger. old pret. and part. pass. raught] 1.
To touch with the hand extended. 2. To arrive at, to attain any thing
distant, to strike from a distance. 3. To fetch from some place distant,
and give. 4. To bring forward from a distant place. Reach hither thy
finger. St. John. 5. To hold out, to stretch forth. 6. To obtain, to at­
tain. 7. To transfer, to convey. 8. To penetrate to. 9. To be ade­
quate to. 10. To extend to. 11. To extend, to spread abroad.

To REACH, verb neut. 1. To be extended or stretched out. 2. To
be extended far. 3. To penetrate. 4. To endeavour to attain. 5.
To take in the hand.

REA’CHLESS, adj. [reaceleas, Sax.] negligent.

To RE’ACT, verb act. [of re and act] to return the impulse.

REA’CTION [in physics] is the action whereby a body acted upon
returns the action by a reciprocal one upon the agent. Action and re­
action are equal. Arbuthnot.

To READ, [irr. verb. of rædan, Sax. reden, in Ger. now signifies to
speak; READ, pret. and part. pass. rædda, Sax.] 1. To peruse things
printed, written, or engraved. 2. To discover by characters or marks.
3 To learn by observation. 4. To know fully.

To READ, verb neut. 1. To perform the act of perusing any thing
written. 2. To be studious in books. 3. To know by reading.

READ, or REDE, subst. [ræd, Sax. raed, Du.] 1. Counsel or advice.
2. Saying, saw; it is obsolete in both senses.

READ, part. adj. [from read; the verb read is pronounced reed; the
preterite and participle red] skilful by reading.

READE’PTION [of re and adeptus, Lat.] act of recovering or regain­
ing. Bacon.

REA’DER [rædere, of rædan, Sax.] 1. One who reads or peruses any
thing written. 2. One studious in books. 3. One whose office is to
read prayers in a church.

RE’ADERSHIP [of reader] the office of reading prayers in a church.
Swift,

RE’ADILY, adv. [of ready] with expedition, with little hindrance or
delay.

REA’DINESS [of ready] 1. Preparedness, state of being willing. 2.
Expediteness, promptitude. 3. The state of being ready and fit. 4.
Faculty, freedom from hindrance.

REA’DING, subst. [of read] 1. Perusal of books, study in books. 2.
A prelection, a lecture. 3. Public recital. Weakly readings of the
law. Hooker. 4. [In criticism] Variation of copies; as various read­
ings, are the different manners of reading the text of authors in antient
manuscripts, &c. thro' the ignorance of the copiers; add also, from their
haste, oscitancy; and sometimes their inserting a marginal note, through
mistake into the text itself. To instance only in one single case, we
find in St. Origen's authentic works some noble descriptions of the Son's
divinity; one of which I remember to have read with this clause in the
rear of it, “Hadst thou said as much of the spirit, thou hadst given us
a compleat theology.” But to which of these causes must we ascribe that
pious fraud, which (if I am informed right) was lately practised upon the
ALEXANDRIAN MANUSCRIPT, on that so much controverted text, 1 Tim.
c. iii. v. 16? See BIBLIOTAPHIST, INTERPOLATION, and INDEX Ex­
purgatorius; and admitting the charge for true, shall we say with Solo­
mon, There is nothing new under the sun? Or with the Roman poet,
—— Mutatô nomine de TE
Fabula narratur?——

READING [in geography] a borough-town of Berkshire, on the river
Thames, 40 miles from London. It sends two members to parlia­
ment.

RE-ADMI’SSION [of re and admission] the act of admitting again.

To RE-ADMI’T, verb act. [of re and admit] to admit or let in again.

To RE-ADO’RN, verb act. [of re and adorn] to deck anew, to adorn
again.

REA’DY, adj. [rewydd, C. Br. ræd, hræda, or gereda, Sax. rede,
Dan. redo, Su. hrathe, Sax. nimble] 1. Prepared for any design, so as
that there can be no delay. 2. Prompt, not delayed. 3. Fit for a pur­
pose, not to seek. 4. Inclined to, willing, eager. 5. Near, at the
point, about to do or be 6. Being at hand, next to hand. 7. Easy,
opportune, near. 8. Quick, not performed with hesitation. 9. Nim­
ble, not embarrassed, not slow. 10. To make ready [geradian, Sax.]
to prepare, to make preparations.

REA’DY, adv. so as not to need delay, with readiness.

REA’DY, subst. elliptically for ready money; a Scotticism, a low
word. Arbuthnot.

REAFFI’RMANCE, subst. [of re and affirmance] second affirmation.

REAFFO’RESTED, spoken of a forest, which, having been disafforest­
ed, is made a forest again.

REAL, subst. a Spanish coin. See RYAL.

REAL, adj. [réel, Fr. reale, It. of realis, Lat.] 1. That is indeed true,
genuine, not fictitious, not imaginary; it is applied to a being that ac­
tually exists. 2. Relating to things, not persons. 3. [In law] immo­
veable, as land or tenements.

REA’LGAL, a mineral, a kind of red arsenic, differing from the com­
mon, which is white, and from orpiment, which is yellow.

RE’ALISTS, a sect of school philosophers, formed in opposition to the
nominalists.

REA’LITY, or RE’ALNESS [realitÉ, Fr. realtà, It. of realitas, Lat.]
1. Real existence, the truth of the matter, not what merely seems. 2.
Something intrinsically important, not merely matter of show.

REALITY [in law] is opposed to personality.

To RE’ALIZE, verb act. [realiser, Fr.] 1. To bring into being or act,
to suppose or admit as a reality. 2. [In commerce] a term scarce known
before the year 1719, to convert what is gotten in Exchange Alley, &c.
in paper and imaginary money into land; houses, moveables, or cur­
rent species.

REA’LLY, adv. [of real] 1. With actual existence. 2. Truly, not







seemingly. 3. It is a slight corroboration of an opinion. Indeed. Why
really sixty-five is somewhat old. Young.

REALM [royaulme, Fr. reame, It. of regnum, Lat.] 1. A kingdom, a
king's dominion. 2. Kingly government. This sense is not frequent.

RE’ALTY, subst. a word peculiar to Milton. Realty means not in this
place reality in opposition to show, for the Italian dictionary explains the
adjective reale by loyal. Pearce on Milton.

REAM [rame, Fr. risma, It. resma, Sp. riem, Du.] a bundle of paper
containing twenty quires.

To REANNE’X, verb act. [of re and annex] to annex again.

To REA’NIMATE [of re, again, and animo, Lat.] to put into heart
again, to bring to life again.

To REAP, irr. verb act. of [rippan, repan. Sax. irr. pret. and part.
pass. reapt] 1. To cut down corn in harvest. 2. To gather, to obtain
in general.

To REAP, verb neut. to harvest. They that sow in tears, shall reap
in joy. Psalms.

REA’PER [riper, Sax.] a labourer, that reaps or cuts duwn corn in
harvest.

REAPING Hook [of reaping and hook] a hook for cutting corn in harvest.

REAPT, pret. and part. pass. of reap. See To REAP.

To REAR, verb act. [of reran, aræran, Sax.] 1. To erect or set
up an end, to raise up. 2. To lift up from a fall. 3. To move up­
wards. 4. To bring up to maturity. 5. To instruct, to educate, to
bring up. 6. To exalt, to elevate. 7. To rear an end [said of a horse]
when he rises so high before as to endanger his coming over upon his
rider. 8. To rouse, to stir up.

REAR, adj. See RARE.

RLAR, adv. a provincial word. See RARE.

REAR, subst. [of arriére, Fr.] 1. The hinder part. [rere, Sax.] raw­
ish, as eggs, meat, &c. not sufficiently boiled or roasted. 3. [In mili­
tary art] the hindermost part of an army or fleet. 4. The last class.

REAR-Admiral, is the admiral of the third and last squadron of a royal
fleet.

REAR-Guards, is that part of an army which passes last, following the
main body, to hinder or stop deserters.

REAR-Half-Files, are the three hindermost ranks of a battalion, when
it is drawn up six deep.

REAR-Rank, the last rank of a battalion or squadron, when drawn up.

REA’RMOUSE, subst. [more properly reremouse, hreremus, Sax.] the
leatherwinged bat.

REA’RWARD, subst. [of rear] 1. The last troop. The rearward of
the camp. Numbers. 2. The tail, end or a train behind.

To RE-ASCE’ND, verb neut. [of re, again, and ascendo, Lat.] to ascend
or get up again, to climb again,

To RE-ASCEND, verb act. to mount again.

REA’SON [raison, Fr. ragione, It. razòn, Sp. ratio, Lat.] 1. A faculty
or power of the soul, whereby it distinguisheth good from evil, truth from
falshood; or that faculty of the soul whereby we judge of things; the
rational faculty; or it may be defined that principle whereby, comparing
several ideas together, we draw consequences from premises, and deduce
one proposition from another. 2 Argument, proof, ground of persua­
sion, motive. 3. Cause, ground or principle. 4. Efficient cause. 5.
Final cause. 6. Ratiocination, discursive power. 7. Clearness of in­
tellectual faculties. 8. Right justice. 9. Reasonable claim, just prac­
tice. 10. Just account, rationale. 11. Moderation, moderate de­
mands. See MYSTERIES in Religion.

REASON [with arithmeticians] the ratio or rate between two numbers
is a certain proportion, especially the quotient of the antecedent when di­
vided by the consequent.

REASON [with geometricians] is the mutual habitude or comparison of
two magnitudes of the same kind one to the other, in respect to their
quantity.

REA’SON [with logicians] is a necessary or probable argument, or a
proper answer to the question, Why is it so?

REASON [of state] in political affairs, a rule or maxim, whether it be
good or evil, which may be of service to the state; properly, something
that is expedient for the interest of the government, tho' not always
strictly consonant with moral honesty.

To REA’SON [ratiocinor, Lat. raisonner, Fr. ragionare, It. razonèr,
Sp.] 1. To discourse about a thing, to debate or give an account. 2.
To deduce consequences justly from premises, to argue rationally. 3.
To make enquiries, to raise disquisitions, to argue or dispute.

To REASON, verb act. to examine a thing rationally.

REA’SONABLE [rationabilis, Lat. raisonnable, Fr. ragionevole, It. ra­
zonable, Sp.] 1. Agreeable to the rules of reason, just, right, rational.
2. Endued with reason, having the faculty of reason. 3. Acting, speak­
ing or thinking rationally. 4. Not immoderate. 5. Being in medio­
crity, tolerable.

REA’SONABLENESS [of reasonable] 1. The faculty of reason. 2. E­
quitableness, justice, or rational quality, agreeableness to reason. 3. Mo­
deration.

REA’SONABLY, adv. [of reasonable] 1. Justly, rightly, agreeably to
reason. 2. Moderately, in a degree reaching to mediocrity.

REA’SONER [raisonneur, Fr.] one who argues or reasons.

REA’SONING, subst. [of reason] 1. Argument. 2. [With logicians]
is an action of the mind, by which it forms a judgment of things; as
when we judge that virtue ought to have relation to God, as being en­
forced by his command; and to the truth and nature of things, as being
the ground and foundation on which it stands. Virtue is said to be the
third of the four principal operations of the mind.

REA’SONLESS, adj. [of reason] void of reason.

To RE-ASSE’MBLE, verb act. [of re and assemble] to summons, to call
together again, to collect or assemble anew.

To RE-ASSEMBLE, verb neut. [rassembler, Fr.] to meet together a­
gain.

To RE-ASSE’RT, verb act. [of re and assert] to assert anew, to main­
tain after suspension or cessation.

To RE-ASSI’GN, verb neut. [reassigner, Fr.] to assign again.

RE-ASSIGNA’TION [of reassign] a second or new assignation.

To RE-ASSU’ME [of re and assumo, Lat.] to take again, to resume.

RE-ASSU’MPTION [from re-assume] act of taking again, act of re­
auming.

To RE-ASSU’RE, verb act. [of re and assure; rassurer, Fr.] to restore
from terror. to free from it.

RE’ATE, subst. a sort of long small grass that grows in water, and is
complicated together. Walton.

REATTA’CHMENT [in law] a second attachment of him, who was
formerly attach'd, and dismissed the court without day; as by the not
coming of the justices, or the like casualty.

To REAVE, verb act. pret. and part pass. reft [rœfian, Sax. Whence
to bereave] to take away by stealth or violence: obsolete.

REBAPTIZA’TION, subst. Fr. renewal of baptism, baptism used over
again. Hooker.

To RE-BAPTI’ZE, verb act. [of re and baptizo, Lat.] to baptize
again. See NOVATIAAS and MARCIONISTS, compared.

To REBA’TE, verb act. [rabbatre, Fr. rebatir, Sp. among artificers]
1. To channel, to chamfer. 2. To blunt, to check, to beat to obtuse­
ness.

To REBATE [in commerce] to discount in receiving money, as much
as the interest comes to, for the money that is paid before it comes due.

To REBATE [in heraldry] is to put a mark of dishonour on an escut­
cheon.

REBATE [in commerce] that which is abated or discounted on pay­
ment of ready money, before it comes due.

REBE’C [rebec, Fr.] a musical instrument having three strings.

RE’BEL, subst. [rebelle, Fr. ribello, It. rebelde, Sp. rebellis, Lat.] one
who openly rebels against a prince or state, or is disobedient to parents,
superiors, or any lawful authority.

REBEL [in a law sense] one who wilfully breaks the law; also a vil­
lain who disobeys his lord.

To REBE’L [se rebeller, Fr. ribellarsi, It. rebelàr, Sp. of rebello, Lat.]
to rise up in arms against lawful authority, to revolt against one's lawful
sovereign.

REBE’LLER [of rebel] one who rebels.

REBE’LLION, Fr. [ribellione, It. rebelión, Sp. of rebellio, Lat.] properly
a renewing the war; whence it originally signified, among the Romans, a
second resistance, or rising up of such as had been formerly overcome in
battle, and had yielded themselves to their subjection. It is now used
for a traiterous taking up arms, or a tumultuous opposing the authority
of the king, &c. or supreme, or other lawful power in a nation.

REBE’LLIOUS [rebelle, Fr. ribello, It. rebelde, Sp. of rebellis, Lat.] apt
to rebel, disobedient to lawful authority.

REBELLIOUS Assembly, an assembly or gathering of 12 or more per­
sons, intending or going about of their own authority to change any
laws, &c. destroy enclosures, break down banks, to destroy the game in
a chace or warren, to burn stacks of hay, corn, &c,

REBE’LLIOUSLY, adv. [of rebellious] in rebellion or opposition to
lawful anthority.

REBE’LLIOUSNESS [of rebellious] the quality of being rebellious.

To REBE’LLOW, verb neut. [of re, and bellow] to bellow in return,
to echo back a loud noise.

To REBE’SK, a sort of fine flourishes or branched work in carving,
painting, or embroidery. See ARABESK Work, of which it seems a cor­
ruption.

REBOA’TION [reboo, Lat.] the reflection of a loud noise back again, a
loud echo.

To REBOU’ND, verb neut. [of re, and bound; rebondir, Fr.] to leap or
fly back in consequence of motion impressed and resisted by a greater
force, to bounce up again as a ball does.

To REBOUND, verb act. to beat back.

REBOUND, subst. [from the verb] the act of flying back in consequence
of motion opposed, resilition.

To REBU’FF, verb act. [of robuffader, Fr.] to give one a repulse, to
beat back, to oppose with sudden violence.

REBUFF [rebuffade, Fr. rebuffo, It.] a rough denial with scorn; also
a disdainful or snappish answer.

To REBUI’LD, verb act. [of re, Lat. again, and build] to build again,
to repair.

REBU’KABLE, adj. [of rebuke] worthy of rebuke or reprehension.

To REBU’KE, verb act. [perhaps of rebouchér, Fr.] to reprove, to
check, to chide.

REBU’KE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Reprehension, chiding language,
2. [In Iow language] it signifies any sort of check.

REBU’KER [of rebuke] one that rebukes, a chider.

RE’BUS [un rebus, Fr. probably of rebus, the abl. plur. of res, Lat. a
thing] a name or device shewn by a picture, a pictured representation,
with words added to it; yet neither the one nor the other can make out
any sense alone; the words or motto explaining the picture, and the
picture making up the defect of the motto; as on a sun-dial, the words
we must, alluding to the dial, die all; or as the paramour in Camden,
who, to express his love to his sweet-heart Rose Hill, had in the border of
his gown painted a rose, a hill, an eye, a loaf, and a well, which in the
rebus language reads, Rose Hill I love well. Certain devices alluding to
their names, which we call rebus. Sydney.

RE’BUSSES [in heraldry] are such coats of arms as bear an allusion to
the surname of a person, as three eagles for Eagleston, three castles for
Castleton, &c. and such bearings are very ancient.

To REBU’T, verb neut. [rebuter, Fr.] to retire back: obsolete.

REBU’TTER, subst. [of rebut] 1. An answer to a rejoinder. 2. [In
law] is when the heir of the donor impleads the tenant, alledging the
land was intailed to him, and the donee comes in, and by the virtue of
the warranty of the donor, repels or rebuts the heir: Because tho' the
land was entailed to him, yet he is heir to the warranter likewise. This
is when a man grants land secured to the use of himself, and the issue of
his body, to another in fee with warranty, and the donee leases out the
land to a third person.
And 3. If a person allow his tenant to hold land without obliging him
to make good any waste, if afterwards he fues him for waste made, he
may debar him of this action by shewing the grant; and this is called
also a rebutter.


REC

To RECA’LL [of re, Lat. back again, and call] to call back, to call
again.

RECA’LL, subst. [from the verb] the act or power of calling back.

To RECA’NT [recanto, Lat.] to unsay, to recall or contradict what
one has said or written before.

RECANTA’TION [of recant] the act of recanting, revoking, or unsay­
ing what one has said or done before.

RECA’NTER [of recant] one that recants.

To RECAPA’CITATE, verb act. [of re and capacitas, Lat.] to put one
again into a capacity of doing any thing.

To RECAPI’TULATE, verb act. [recapituler, Fr. recapitolare, It. reca­







pitular, Sp. recapitulo, Lat.] to rehearse briefly, or sum up the heads of
a former discourse, to retail again, briefly and distinctly.

RECAPITULA’TION, Fr. [recapitolazione, It. of recapitulatio, Lat.] the
act of recapitulating, a brief and distinct repetition of the chief points.

RECAPI’TULATORY, adj. [of recapitulate] belonging to recapitulation,
repeating distinctly again.

RECA’PTION [in law] a second distress of one formerly distrained for
the same cause, and also during the plea grounded on the distress; also a
writ lying for the party thus distrained.

To RECA’RRY, verb act. [of re, and carry] to carry back.

To RECE’DE [recedo, Lat.] 1. To go back, to retire, to depart from.
2. To desist, to drop insisting on.

RECEI’PT [recette, Fr. recevuta, It. receptum or receptio, Lat. in the
first sense; ricetta, in the latter, recibo, Sp.] 1. The act of receiving. 2.
The place of receiving. 3. [Recepte, Fr.] an acquittance or discharge
in writing for money received, a writing given as acknowledgment of
money or any thing else received. 4. Reception, admission. 5. Recep­
tion, welcome. 6. [From recipe, Lat.] a prescription or manner of ma­
king a medicine for the cure of some diseases.

RECEI’VABLE, adj. [recevable, Fr. ricevevole, It.] that may be re­
ceived.

To RECEI’VE, verb act. [recipio, Lat. whence recevair, Fr. ricevere, It.
recevir, Sp.] 1. To take or obtain any thing as due. 2. To take or ob­
from another. 3. To take what is given or communicated. 4. To take
what is paid or put into one's hands. 5. Not to give out. 6. To en­
tertain or treat as a guest, to lodge or harbour. 7. To allow of. 8.
To admit. 9. To take as into any vessel. 10. To take into any place or
state. 11. To conceive in the mind, to take or apprehend mentally.

RECEI’VEDNESS [of received] general allowance, common reception.

RECEI’VER [receveur, Fr.] 1. One to whom any thing is communi­
cated. 2. One to whom any thing is given or paid. 3. One who par­
takes of the blessed sacrament. 4. A person who receives or co-operates
with a thief, by taking the goods which he steals. It is often used in an
ill sense, for one who takes stolen goods from a thief, and conceals
them.

RECEIVER-General [of the duchy of Lancaster] one who gathers or
receives all the revenues and fines of the lands of the said duchy; all
forseitures, assessments, &c,

RECEI’VER [of the court of wards] an officer which did formerly be­
long to that court, which being now taken away by act of parliament,
the office is vacant.

RECEI’VER [with chemists] a vessel used to receive what is distilled.
Arbuthnot.

RECEIVER [in pneumatics] that glass out of which the air is drawn,
and within which, any living creatures or other bodies are inclosed for
the making any experiments upon them.

RECEIVER of Fines [in law] an officer who receives the money of all
such who compound with the king, upon an original writ.

To RECE’LEBRATE, verb act. [of re and celebrate] to celebrate
anew.

RE’CENCY, subst. [recens, Lat.] new state, newness.

RECE’NSION [recensio, Lat.] enumeration, review. Evelyn.

RE’CENT. adj. [Fr. recente, It. reciente, Sp. of recens, Lat.] 1. New,
not long existent. 2. Fresh, lately done or happened, not antique.
3. Fresh, not long dismissed from.

RE’CENTLY, adv. [of recent] newly, freshly.

RE’CENTNESS [of recent; recentia, Lat.] newness, freshness.

RECE’PTACLE [receptaculum, Lat.] a vessel or place to receive or keep
things in.

RECEPTA’CULUM Chyli [with anatomists] a cavity or reservoir,
near the left kidney, into which all the lacteal veins empty them­
selves.

RECEPTA’RII Medici, such persons, who set up for physicians, only
upon the stock of many receipts, without being able to give any account
of, or reason for their qualities or efficacies.

RECE’PTARY, subst. [receptus, Lat.] a thing received. Obsolete.

RECEPTIBI’LITY [receptus, Lat.] 1. Capability of being received,
possibility of receiving.

RECE’PTION, Fr. [recevimento, It. recibimiento, Sp. of receptio, Lat.]
1. The act of receiving any thing. 2. The state of being received.
3. Admission of a thing communicated. 4. Re-admission. 5. The act
of containing. 6. Opinion generally received. 7. Recovery. 8. The
entertaining a person kindly, welcome treatment at first coming.

RECEPTION [with philosophers] the same as passion.

RECEPTI’TIOUS, adj. [receptitius, Lat.] received, or kept to one's
use from another.

RECE’PTIVE, adj. [receptus, Lat. ricettivo, It.] apt or fit to receive
whatever is imparted or communicated.

RECE’PTORY, adj. [receptus, Lat.] generally received, popularly ad­
mitted.

RECE’SS [ricessa, It. recesso, Sp. of recessus, Lat.] 1. The act of re­
treating or withdrawing, retirement. 2. Departure. 3. A place of
retreat or retirement. 4. private abode. 5. Departure with privacy.
6. Remission or suspension of any procedure. 7. Removal to a distance.
8. Privacy, secrecy of abode. 9. Secret part.

RECE’SSION [recessio, Lat.] the act of retreating.

RECESSION of the Equinoxes [in the new astronomy] is the receding or
going back of the equinoctial points every year about 50 seconds; which
happens by reason that the axis of the earth, after many revolutions
round the sun, actually swerves from that parallelism, which it seems to
keep with itself during the whole time of annual revolution. N. B. Sir
Isaac Newton calls it, “precession”.— “ This variety of opinions (says
he) proceeded from the precession of the equinox, then not known to the
Greeks.” Chronology, p. 82. And, in p. 9, he observes, that the car­
dinal points, in the time between the Argonautic expedition (as stated
by Chiron) and the end of the year 1689, have gone back from the co­
lures, one sign, six degrees, and twenty-nine minutes; which, after the
rate of 72 years to a degree, answers to 2627 years. Count those years
backwards from the end of the year 1689, or beginning of the year 1690,
and the reckoning will place the Argonautic expedition [which was in
the age preceding the Trojan war] about 43 years after the death of
Solomon. See DISC, CHRONOLOGY, and TROJAN War.

RECEVOI’R, Fr. a large bason, cistern, or receptacle for water.

To RECHA’CE, verb act. [rechasser, Fr.] to drive back to the place
where the game was first started or rouzed.

RECHA’NGE [in commerce] a second payment of the price of ex­
change; or rather the price of a new exchange, due upon a bill of ex­
change, which comes to be protested, and to be refunded the bearer by
the drawer or endorser.

RECHA’RGE, of fire-arms, as of a musquet, &c. is the second load­
ing or charge.

RECHEA’T [hunting term] a lesson which the huntsman winds on the
horn, when the hounds have lost their game, to call them back from
pursuing a counter scent. I will have a recheat winded in my forehead.
Shakespeare.

RE’CHLESS [recceleas, Sax.] carelesness, negligent, improvident. This
is more usually written reckless, which see.

RE’CHLESSNESS [recceleasnesse, Sax.] carelesness, negligence.

RECIDIVA’TION [recidivus, Lat.] the act of relapsing or falling back
again Hammond.

RECIDI’VOUS, adj. [recidivus, Lat.] falling back, subject to fall
again.

RECIDIVUS Morbus [in medicine] a relapsing or falling back into
sickness again; which frequently happens when the original matter,
which remained of the first distemper, begins to ferment and work
again.

RE’CIPE [i. e. take] a physician's prescription or bill, in which he
directs the apothecary what medicines he should prepare or compund
for the patient.

RECIPIA’NGLE, a recipient angle, an instrument for taking the quan­
tity of angles; especially in the making the plans for fortifications.

RECI’PIENT, subst. Fr. [recipiente, It. of recipiens, Lat.] 1. A receiver,
that to which any thing is communicated. 2. A vessel for receiving
any thing.

RECIPIENT [with chemists] a vessel made fast or luted to the nose of
an alembec, retort, &c. to receive the matter which is raised or forced
over the helm by fire in distillations.

RECIPROCAL, adj. Fr. [reciproca, It. and Sp. of reciprocus, Lat.] 1.
Acting in vicissitude, alternate. 2. Mutual, done by each to each, that
is returned equally on both sides, or affects both parties alike.

RECIPROCAL [with logicians] is applied to terms, which have the
same signification or are convertible, as man, and rational animal, mu­
tually interchangeable.

RECIPROCAL Proportion [in arithmetic] is when in four numbers the
4th is lesser than the 2d, by so much as the 3d is greater than the 1st,
and è contra; as, 4, 10, 8, 5.

RECIPROCAL [in poetry] is said of verses that run the same both back­
wards and forwards.

RECIPROCAL Figures [with geometricians] are such as have the an­
tecedents and consequents of the same ratio in both figures; as, 12, 4,
9, 3.

RECIPROCAL [with grammarians] is a term applied to certain verbs
and pronouns, in those modern languages, which returns or reflects the
pronoun or person upon himself.

RECI’PROCALLY, adv. [of reciprocal] mutually, interchangeably.

RECI’PROCALNESS [of reciprocal] interchangeableness, mutual re­
turn.

To RECI’PROCATE, verb neut. [reciproquer, Fr. reciprocus, Lat.] to
act alternately.

RECIPROCA’TION [reciprocazione, It. of reciprocatio, reciprocus, Lat.]
an interchanging or returning, alternation.

RECIPROCO’RNOUS [reciprocornis, Lat.] that has horns turning back­
wards and forwards, as those of rams do.

RECI’SION [recisie, recisus, Lat.] act of cutting or paring off; act of
disannulling and making void.

RECI’TAL, or RECITA’TION [recit, Fr. recitazione, It. rehearsal, re­
citatio, Lat.] 1. The act of reciting a discourse; a rehearsal, repetition.
2. Enumeration.

RECITA’TION [recitatio, Lat.] rehearsal, repetition.

RECI’TATIVE, adj. [of recite] pertaining to recitation.

RECITATIVE Music [recitatif, Fr. recitativo, It. and Sp.] a sort of
singing that differs but little from plain pronunciation, such as some
parts of the liturgy rehearsed in cathedrals; or after the manner that
dramatic poems are rehearsed on the stage, it is more musical than com­
mon speech, and less than song, chaunt.

RECI’TATIF, or RECI’TATIVO [in music books] signifies the adagio
or grave parts in cantatas and operas.

RECITATIVE Style, a way or manner of writing, sitted for reci­
tation.

To RECI’TE, verb act. [reciter, Fr. recitar, Sp. of recito, Lat.] to re­
peat, to rehearse, to say by heart or without book, to tell over.

RECITE, subst. [from the verb, rocit, Fr.] recital; obsolete.

To RECK, verb neut. [recan, Sax.] to care, to rate highly. Ob
solete.

To RECK, verb act. to heed, to care for.

RE’CKLESS, adj. [of reck; recceleas, Sax.] careless, mindless, un­
touched. See To RECK.

RE’CKLESSNESS [of reckless] carelessness, negligence.

To RE’CKON, verb act. [recoonn, Teut. reccan, Sax. regne, Dan. rah­
nan, Goth. reechenen, Du. recknen, Ger.] 1. To cast up, to number, to
count. 2. To esteem. 3. To believe, to think, to account. 4. To
assign in an account.

To RECKON, verb neut. 1. To calculate or compute. 2. To state an
account. 3. To charge to account. 4. To pay a penalty. 5. To
call to punishment. 6. [Compter sur, Fr.] to lay stress or dependance
upon.

RE’CKONER [of reckon] one who reckons or computes.

RE’CKONING, subst. [of reckon] 1. Computation, calculation. 2.
Account of time. 3. An account of debtor and creditor. 4. Money
charged by an host. 5. Account taken. 6. Estimation, account.

RE’CKONING [in navigation] the estimation of the quantity of the
ship's way, or of the run between one place and another.

To RE’CLAIM, verb act. [of re and clamo, Lat. reclamer in Fr. signi­
fies to gainsay, and, likewise, to reform; reclamar, Sp.] 1. To reduce to
amendment of life, to recal or turn from ill courses, to reform, to cor­
rect. 2. [Reclamer, Fr.] to reduce to the state desired. 3. To recal,
to cry out against.

To RECLAIM [with falconers] as, to reclaim a hawk, is to tame or
make her gentle; also a partridge is said to reclaim when she calls back
her young ones.








RECLAMA’TION, Lat. the act of crying out against.

RECLINA’TION, Lat. the act of leaning backwards.

RECLINATION of a Plane [in dialling] is the number of degrees
which a dial-plane leans backwards, from an exactly upright or vertical
plane.

To RECLI’NE, verb act. [reclino, Lat. recliner, Fr.] to lean back or
sideways.

To RECLINE, verb neut. to rest, to lean.

RECLINE, adj. [reclinis, Lat.] that is in a leaning position. Milton.

RECLI’NING, part. act. [of recline; reclinans, Lat.] leaning back­
wards.

RECLINING Plane, a dial-plane, &c. that leans back when a person
stands before it.

To RECLO’SE, verb act. [of re and close] to close again.

To RECLU’DE, verb act. [recludo, Lat.] to open.

RECLU’SE, adj. [reclus, Fr. reclusus, Lat.] shut up, retired.

RECLUSE, subst. [reclusus, Lat. shut up] one retired; a monk or nun
shut up in a cell, hermitage, or religious house or cloister, and may not
stir out.

RECLU’SION [of recluse] the state of a recluse.

RECOAGULA’TION [of re and coagulation] second coagulation.

RECO’GNISANCE, or RECO’GNIZANCE [recognisance, Fr. riconoscenza,
It. of recognosco, Lat.] 1. Acknowledgement of person or thing. Johnson.
2. Badge.

RECOGNISEE’, or RECOGNIZEE’, the person to whom one is bound in
a recognizance.

To RECO’GNIZE, verb act. [recognosco, Lat.] 1. To acknowlede, to
recover or avow knowledge of any person or thing. 2. To review, to
re-examine. South.

RECOGNI’TION. 1. Renovation of knowledge, review. 2. Know­
ledge confessed. 3. Acknowledgment.

RECO’GNITORS of Assize [law term] a jury impannelled upon a recog­
nition of assize.

RECOG’NIZOR, a person who enters into such a bond or obligation of
recognisance.

To RECO’IL, verb neut. [reculer, Fr. reculàr, Sp.] 1. To run back as
a gun does, by reason of resistance which cannot be overcome by the
force impressed. 2. To fall back. 3. To fail, to shrink.

RECOIL [recul, Fr.] the resilition of a body, the motion or run that a
cannon takes backwards when fired.

To RECOI’N, verb act. [of re and coin] to coin over again.

RECOI’NAGE [of re and coinage] the act of coining anew.

To RE’COLLECT, verb act. [recollectum, of recolligo, Lat.] 1. To
call a thing to mind, to recover to memory. 2. To recover reason or
resolution. 3. To gather again, to gather what is scattered.

RECOLLE’CTION, revival in the memory, a mode of thinking, where­
by those ideas, sought after by the mind, are with pain and endeavour
brought again to view.

RECOLLE’CTS, a branch of the Franciscan friars.

To RECO’MFORT [of re and conforter, Fr.] 1. To comfort again.
Milton. 2. To give new strength.

To RECOMME’NCE [recommencer, Fr. ricominciari, It.] to commence, or
begin again, or a-new.

To RECOMME’ND, verb act. [recommender, Fr. accommandare, It. re­
commendar, Sp. of recommendo, Lat.] 1. To praise to another. 2. To
give a person a good character, to make acceptable. 3. To commit
with prayers.

RECOMME’NDABLE, Fr. that deserves to be recommended, worthy of
praise.

RECOMMENDA’TION, Fr. [recommendaciòn, Sp. of recommendatio, Lat.]
1. The act of recommending or setting forth any person to another. 2.
That which secures a kind reception to one from another.

RECOMME’NDATORY, adj. [of recommend] serving to recommend,
pertaining to recommendation.

RECOMME’NDER [of recommend] one who recommends.

To RECOMMI’T, verb act. [of re and commit] to commit a-new.

To RECOMPA’CT, verb act. [of re and compact] to join a-new.

RE’COMPENCE, or RE’COMPENSE [recompense, Fr. ricompenza, It. re­
compensa, Sp. of compenso, Lat.] 1. A requital, a reward, an amends;
advantage arising to a person, an account of some service done. 2. Equi­
valent, compensation.

To RE’COMPENSE, verb act. [recompenser, Fr. ricompensare, It. recom­
pensar, Sp. of recompensare, Lat.] 1. To requite, to make amends, to
repay. 2. To give in requital. 3. To make up by something equiva­
lent. 4. To redeem, to pay for.

RECOMPI’LEMENT [of re and compilement] new compilement. Ba­
con.

To RECOMPO’SE, verb act. [of re and compose; recomposer, Fr.] 1. To
settle or compose a-new. 2. To form, to adjust a-new.

RECOMPOSI’TION [of re and composition] the act of compounding
again, composition renewed.

To RE’CONCILE, verb act. [reconcilier, Fr. riconciliare, It. reconciliar,
Sp. of reconcilio, Lat.] 1. To make those friends again that were at varience,
to make up differences, to restore to favour. 2. To make that agree
which seems contrary, to make consistent. 3. To make to like again.
4. To make to be liked again.

RECONCI’LEMENT [of reconcile] reconciliation, renewal of kindness.

RE’CONCILER [of reconcile] 1. One who renews friendship between
others. 2. One who discovers the consistence of propositions. 3. Friend­
ship renewed.

RECONCI’LEABLE [reconciliable, Fr.] 1. That may be reconciled, capable
of renewed kindness. 2. Consistent, possible to be made so.

RECONCI’LEABLENESS [of reconcileable] 1. Possibility of being reckon­
ciled, consistence. 2. Disposition to renew kindness.

RECONCILIA’TION, Fr. [riconciliazione, It. reconciliació, Sp. of reconci­
liatio, Lat.] 1. The act of reconciling or renewing of friendship, a
making those friends which were at variance. 2. Agreement of things
seemingly opposite. 3. Atonement, expiation.

RECONCI’LIATIVE, adj. [of reconcile] that is of a reconciling na­
ture.

RECONCI’LIATORY, adj. [of reconcile] pertaining to reconciliation.

To RECONDE’NSE, verb act. [of re and condense] to condense a-new.

RECO’NDITE, adj. [reconditus, Lat.] secret, hidden, abstruse. Fel­
ton.

RECO’NDITORY, subst. [reconditorium, Lat.] a store-house.

To RE-CONDU’CT [reconduire, Fr. ricondurre, It. of re and conductum,
Lat.] to conduct or lead back again.

To RE-CONJOI’N, verb act. [of re and conjoin] to join a-new.

To RECONNOI’TRE a fleet or ship, is to approach near enough to know
of what rate, nation, &c. it is of: this is merely French.

To RECONNOITRE a piece of ground, &c. is to observe its situation,
and find what sort of ground it is.

To RECO’NQUER, verb act. [from re and conquer] to conquer a­
gain.

To RECONVE’NE, verb neut. [of re and convene] to assemble a-new.
Clarendon.

To RECO’NSECRATE, verb act. [of re and consecrate] to consecrate
a-new.

RECONVE’NTION [in civil law] a contrary action brought by the de­
fendant.

To RECONVE’Y, verb act. [of re and convey] to convey again.

To RECO’RD, verb act. [recordor, Lat.] 1. To register or enrol any thing,
so that its memory may not be lost. 2. To celebrate, to cause to be so­
lemnly remembered.

To RECORD [spoken of birds] to begin to sing or tune notes.

RECORD, Fr. [the substantive is indifferently accented on either sylla­
ble, but the verb always on the last] a register, an authentic memorial
contained in rolls of parchment, and preserved in courts of record.

RECO’RDA [in the Exchequer] the records containing the judgments
and pleadings in suits tried before the barons.

RECORDA’TION [recordatio, Lat.] the act of remembering, memory.
Obsolete.

RECO’RDER [of record] 1. One who registers any events. 2. The
keeper of the rolls of a city; a person whom the mayor or magistrate of
any city or town corporate having jurisdiction, or a court of record
within his precincts, associate, with him, for their better direction
in matters of justice, and proceedings according to law. 3. A sort of
flute, a wind instrument. Bacon.

To RECOU’CH, verb neut. [of re and couch] to lie down again.

To RECO’VER, verb act. [recupere, Lat. recouvrir, Fr. ricoverare, It.
recobrar, Sp.] 1. To get again. 2. To restore to health, either from
sickness or disorder. 3. To repair, to retrieve. 4. To release. 5. To
reach, to come to.

To RECOVER, verb neut. to become well from a disease or disor­
der.

RECO’VERABLE [recouvrable, Fr. ricuperabile, It. recuperabilis, Lat.]
that may be recovered, or restored from sickness or disorder.

RECO’VERABLENESS [of recoverable] possibility of being recovered or
regained.

RECO’VERY [of recover; recuperatio, Lat. recouvrement, Fr. ricuvra­
mento, It.] 1. The act or power of regaining or getting again. 2.
Restoration from sickness or disorder. 3. A Remedy, help.

RECOVERY [in a legal sense] the act of obtaining any thing by judg­
ment or trial at law, and is two-fold.

True RECOVERY, or Real RECOVERY [in law] is an actual or real
recovery of any thing, or the value thereof by judgment; as if a man
sue for land or any other thing, and hath a verdict and judgment for
him.

Feigned or Common RECOVERY [in law] is a certain form of course
prescribed by law to be observed for the better assuring of lands and te­
nements to us; the effect of it being to discontinue and destroy estates­
tail, remainders and reversions, and to bar or cut off the entails of
them.

To RECOU’NT, verb act. [raccontare It. raconter, Fr. racontar, Sp.]
to relate in detail, to tell particularly and distinctly.

RECOU’NTMENT [of recount] recital, particular relation. Shakespeare

To RECOU’PE, verb act. [recouper, Fr.] 1. To cut again. 2. [In
law] to defalk or discount.

RECOUPE [in law] a quick and sharp reply to a peremptory demand.

RECOU’RED for RECO’VERED. Spenser.

RECOU’RSE [recursus, Lat. recours, Fr. ricorse, It. and Sp.] 1. Refuge,
application, as for help, protection, or redress. This is the common
use of the word. 2. Frequent passage: obsolete. 3. New attack, re­
turn. 4. Access to.

RE’CREANT, adj. [recriant, Fr. recridente, It. prob. re-credens, Lat.]
1. Recanting, faint-hearted, cowardly, crying out for mercy, recanting out
of fear. 2. False, apostate.

To RE’CREATE, verb act. [recréer, Fr. ricreare, It. recrear, Sp. of
recreo, Lat.] 1. Properly to create again; but then the accent is upon the
last syllable: commonly to refresh after fatigue, to divert, to make
merry. 2. To gratify, to delight. 3. To relieve, to revive.

RECREA’TION. Fr. [ricreazione, It. recreaciòn, Sp. of recreatio, Lat.]
1. Relief after pain or hard labour, amusement in sorrow or distress. 2.
Refreshment, a pleasing divertisement.

RECREA’TIVE, adj. [recreatif, Fr. ricreativo, It.] that is of a recre­
ating quality, diverting, pleasant, delightful, entertaining.

RECREA’TIVENESS [of recreative] recreating quality.

RE’CREAUNT, one who betrays his trust, an infidei; also a coward.
See RECREANT.

RECREDE’NTIALS [of re and credentia, Lat.] an answer to the creden­
tial letters of an ambassador.

RE’CREMENT [recrementum, Lat.] any superfluous matter in the blood
or body, or any of its parts; dross.

RECREMENT [in chemistry] a term used when any liquor is distilled
over again several times.

RECREMENTS [in medicine] such juices as are separated in the seve­
ral glands of the body for proper and peculiar uses; as the spirits, the
lympha, the gall, &c. these are distinguished from excrements, which are
thrust out of the body, as of no farther use to it.

RECREME’NTAL, or RECREMENTI’TIOUS [recrementitius, Lat.] dreg­
gy, coarse, spumy, drossy.

To RECRI’MINATE, verb neut. [recriminer, Fr. recriminar, Sp. recri­
minatus, Lat.] to return one accusation or reproach for another.

To RECRI’MINATE, verb act. to accuse in return.

RECRIMINA’TION, Fr. [of recriminatio, Lat.] an accusation wherein
the party accused, charges the accuser with the same fault, or some
other.

RECRIMINA’TOR, Lat. one that blames another that blames him.

RECRUDE’SCENCE [of recrudescens, Lat.] state of growing fresh, raw
or sore again, rankling or festering.








RECRUDE’SCENCE [in medicine] is when a disease which is gone off,
or being about to end, begins to grow worse again.

RECRUDE’SCENT, adj. [recrudescens, Lat.] growing fresh, raw, or
sore again, becoming painful or violent again.

To RECRU’IT, verb act. [recruter, Fr. reclutare, It.] 1. To repair
any thing wasted with new supplies. 2. To supply or fill up an army
with fresh men, to reinforce.

To RECRU’IT, verb neut. to raise new soldiers.

RECRU’IT [recrut, Fr. recluta, It.] 1. Fresh supply of any thing
wasted. 2. [In military affairs] new men raised to strengthen the forces
already afoot, either to fill up the places of those slain or deserters, or
augment the number of men in a company.

RECTA’NGLE, Fr. [rettangolo, It. of rectus, right, and angulus, Lat. a
corner] a right or straight angle made by the falling of one line perpendi­
cular upon another, and which consists exactly of 90 degrees.

RECTANGLE [with geometricians] is a figure otherwise called a long
square, has four right sides and angles, and its two opposites.

RE’CTANGLED [of rectus and angulus, Lat.] consisting of right an­
gles.

RECTANGLED Triangle, is a triangle that has one right angle.

RECTA’NGULAR, adj. [of rectangulaire, Fr. of rectus, right, and an­
gulus, Lat. an angle; with geometricians] a figure is said to be rectan­
gular when one or more of the angles are right, or consisting of 90 de­
grees.

RECTANGULA’RITY, or RECTA’NGULARNESS [of rectangular] the
quality of being right angled.

RECTA’NGULARLY, adv. [of rectangular] with right angles.

RECTA’TION [a law term] claim of right, or an appeal to the law,
for the recovery of such a claimed right.

RE’CTIFIABLE [of rectifico, Lat.] capable of being set to rights.

RECTIFICA’TION, Fr. [rettificazione, It. of rectificatio, Lat.] the act
of rectifying or making right, the remedying or redressing some defect or
error either of nature, art or morality.

RECTIFICATION [in chemistry] is the distilling any spirit over again,
in order to render it more fine and pure.

RECTIFICA’TION of Curves [with mathematicans] is the assigning or
finding a straight line equal to a curved one.

RE’CTIFIER [of rectify] a person who rectifies.

RECTIFIER [in navigation] an instrument for determining the varia­
tion of the compass, in order to rectify the course of a ship.

To RE’CTIFY, verb act. [rectifico, Lat. of rectifier, Fr. retificare, It.]
1. To set to rights what is amiss, to correct or amend. 2. [In che­
mistry] to distil any spirit a second or third time, in order to bring it to a
more pure state.

To RECTIFY a Globe [with mathematicians] is to bring the sun's
place in the ecliptic on the globe to the brass meridian, &c.

To RECTIFY Curves [with mathematicians] is to find a straight line
equal to a curve, or a plane equal to a curved surface.

RECTILI’NEAL Angle, or RECTILI’NEAR Angle [of rectilineus and
angulus, Lat.] an angle consisting of right lines.

RECTILI’NEAR, or RECTILI’NEOUS, adj. [of rectus, right, and linea,
Lat. line] consisting of right lines.

RECTI Minores [with anatomists] two small muscles of the head, which
appear both in sight at once, arising from the hinder part of the first ver­
tebra of the neck, and are let into the middle of the os occipitis, in two
shallow depressures of the said bone.

RE’CTITUDE, Fr. [rettitudine, It. of rectitudo, rectus, Lat.] 1. Straight­
ness, evenness, not curvity. 2. Rightness, uprightness, justice, honesty;
not moral obliquity.

RE’CTO [in law] a writ usually called a writ of right, of such a na­
ture, as that whereas other writs in real actions are only to recover the
possession of land, &c. in question, lost by the plaintiff or his ancestors,
this aims to recover both the seisin thus lost and the property of the thing;
so that both rights are here pleaded together, that of the property and
that of the possession.

RE’CTOR, Sp. [recteur, Fr. rettore, It. of rector, Lat.] 1. A governor
or ruler. 2. The parson of a parish church unimpropriated, whose of­
fice is to take care of the souls of his parishioners, to preach, to admi­
nister the sacrament, &c. 3. The chief of a foreign university, or of a
convent of Jesuits. 4. The principal or head of a college in England.

RECTO’RIAL, adj. [of rector] pertaining to a rector or rectory.

RE’CTORSHIP [of rector; rectorat, Fr.] the office of rector; also rule,
government, direction.

RE’CTORY [rectorerie, Fr. rectoria, of rector, Lat.] a parish church,
parsonage or spiritual living, or parsonage, with all its rights, glebes,
tithes, &c.

RE’CTUM Intestinum, Lat. [in anatomy] the straight gut, which be­
gins at the first vertebra of the os sacrum, and descends directly to the
utmost end of the spina dorsi.

RE’CTUS Abdominis, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the lower belly,
which arises from the sternum and the extremity of the last two ribs, and
goes straight down to the fore part of the abdomen to be inserted into the
os pubis.

RECTUS Femoris, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the leg which arises
from the lower part of the spine of the ilium, and descending between
the two vasti, is inserted into the patella.

RECTUS Internus Capitis Major, Lat. [in anatomy] a pair of muscles
which arise from the fore part of the five interior transverse processes of
the first vertebra of the back, near its great hole.

RECTUS Internus Minor, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle which lies on
the fore part of the first vertebra on the back part, and is inserted into
the interior appendix of the os occipitis, under the former.

RECTUS Lateralis Capitis, Lat. [in anatomy] a pair of short, thick,
fleshy muscles, arising from the superior part of the transverse processes
of the first vertebra of the neck, whence it ascends, and is inserted into
the os occipitis.

RECTUS Major, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the head, inserted
in the hinder part of the os occipitis.

RECTUS Musculus, Lat. [in anatomy] one ofthe muscles of the ab­
domen, so called from the uprightness of its position. It helps to drive
out the ordure and urine, by pressing the belly.

RECTUS Palpebræ, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle arising from the bot­
tom of the orbit of the eye, whose use is to lift up the eyelid.

RECUBA’TION [recubatio, of recubo, Lat.] the act of lying or leaning.

RECU’LE, for RECOI’L [reculer, Fr.] Spenser.

RECU’MBENCY [of recumbens; Lat.] 1. The act of relying or depend­
ing upon. 2. The posture of lying or leaning. 3. Repose, rest.

RECU’MBENT [recumbens, Lat.] that is in a lying posture, lying
along, leaning.

RECUPERA’TION [recuperatio, Lat.] the act of recovering.

RECU’PERATORY, adj. [recuperatorius, Lat.] pertaining to a reco­
very.

To RECU’R [ricorrere, It. recurrir, Sp. of recurro, Lat.] 1. To come
back to the thought, to revive in the mind. 2. [Recourir, Fr.] to take
refuge in, to have recourse to.

To RECU’RE, verb act. [of re and cure] to recover from sickness, la­
bour or any disorder.

RECU’RE, subst. [of re and cure] remedy, recovery.

RECU’RRENCE, or RECU’RRENCY [of recurrens, Lat.] return.

RECU’RRENT, adj. Fr. [recurrens, Lat.] returning from time to
time.

RECURRENT Verses, verses that read the same backwards as they do
forwards, as Roma tibi subito, motibus ibit amor.

RECURRENT Nerves [with anatomists] nerves arising from the par
vagum, and that distribute several branches to the larynx, to assist in the
modulation and formation of the voice.

RECU’RSION [recursus, Lat.] return.

RECURVA’TION [recurvatio, recurvo, Lat.] the act of bending back­
wards.

RECU’RVITY, or RECU’RVITURE [of re, backwards, and curvatura,
Lat.] a bending or bowing backwards.

RECU’RVEDNESS, or RECU’RVITY [of recurved, or recurvitas, Lat.]
the state of being bent backwards. See RECURVATION.

RECU’RVOUS, adj. [recurvus, Lat.] bent backward.

RECU’SANCY [of recusans, Lat. refusing] non-conformity, the state of
recusants.

RE’CUSANT, adj. [recusans, Lat.] refusing any terms of communion
or society. That no recusant Lord might have a vote. Clarendon.

RE’CUSANTS, subst. [recusantes, Lat.] persons who refuse to acknowledge
the king's supremacy; properly Roman catholics, who refused to submit;
but it has been extended to comprehend all who separate from the esta­
blished church of England, of whatsoever sect or opinion.

To RECU’SE, verb neut. [recuser, Fr. recuso, Lat.] to refuse: a juridi­
cal word.

RECU’SABLE [recusabilis, Lat.] refusable, or that may be refused.

RECUSA’TION [in law] an act whereby a judge is desired to refrain
from judging some certain cause, on account of his relation to one of the
parties, of some enmity, &c.

RECU’SSABLE [recussable, Fr.] that may be beaten back.

RECU’SSION [recussus, Lat.] the act of shaking or beating back.


RED

RED [rhuud, C. Brit. red, Sax. roedh, Su. rod, Dan. roodt, Du.
roht, Ger. rouge, Fr. rosso, It. roxo, Sp. ΕρυΘρΟΝ, Gr. ruber, Lat.] a
lively colour resembling fire or blood, one of the simple or primary co­
lours of natural bodies, or rather of the rays of light, which is subdivi­
ded into many gradations, as scarlet, vermilion, crimson, &c.

RED Book [of the exchequer] an ancient manuscript volume, wherein
are registered the names of those who held lands per baroniam, in the
time of king Henry II. and also it contains several things before the con­
quest. It is in the keeping of the king's remembrancer.

RE’DAN, or RE’DENT [in fortification] an indented work, made in
the form of the teeth of a saw, with salient and re-entring angles.

To REDA’RGUE, verb act. [redarguo, Lat.] to refute. Not used.

REDARGU’TION [redarguo, Lat.] the act of disproving or confuting.

RE’DBREAST, subst. a small bird, so called from the colour of his
breast, and generally named Robin-redbreast.

RE’DCOAT, subst. a word of contempt for a soldier. Dryden.

To RE’DDEN, verb act. [of red] to make red.

To REDDEN, verb neut. to become red.

REDDE’NDUM, Lat. [i. e. to be yielded or paid] a clause generally
used in leases, &c. whereby the rent is reserved to the leassor.

RE’DDISH, adj. [of red] somewhat red.

RE’DDISHNESS [of reddish] tendency to redness.

REDDI’TION, Fr. [of redditio, reddo, Lat.] 1. The act of giving again or
restoring, the surrender of a place. 2. [In law] a judicial acknowledg­
ment, that the land or thing in question belongs to the demandant.

RE’DDITIVE, adj. [redditivus, Lat.] pertaining to reddition; a term
in grammar. Answering to an interrogative.

RE’DDITUS Assisus, Lat. a set or standing rent.

RE’DDLE, or RU’DDLE, red chalk, a red fossil stone, used by painters
in making craons, &c.

REDE [rede, Sax.] advice, counsel: obsolete.

To REDE, verb act. [rædan, Sax.] to counsel, to advise. Spenser.

To REDEE’M, verb act. [redimere, It. and Lat. redemìr, Sp.] 1. To buy
off, to purchase, to relieve from any thing by paying a price. 2. To
rescue, to recover. 3. To recompense, to make amends for. 4. To
pay an atonement. 5. To save the world from the curse of sin.

REDEE’MABLE, adj. [of redeem] that may be redeemed.

REDEE’MABLES, lands, funds, &c. sold, with a reservation of the
equity of redemption.

REDEE’MABLENESS [of redeemable] the state of being redeemable.

REDEE’MER [redempteur, Fr. redentore, It. redemptòr, Sp. of redemptor,
Lat.] 1. A ransomer, a deliverer in general. 2. In particular, the Sa­
viour of mankind.

To REDELI’VER, verb act. [of re, again, and delivrer, Fr.] to deliver
back, to give up again.

REDELI’VERY [of redeliver] the act of redelivering.

To RE-DEMA’ND, verb act. [redemander, Fr.] to demand, ask, or re­
quire back again.

REDE’MPTION, Fr. [redenzione, It. redemciòn, Sp. of redemptio, Lat.]
1. Ransom, release in general, the act of purchasing the freedom of ano­
ther from bondage. 2. Particularly the purchase of God's favour by the
death of Christ. 3. [In law] a faculty or right of re-entering upon
lands, &c. that have been sold and assign'd, &c. upon reimbursing the
purchase-money with legal costs.

REDE’MPTORY, adj. [redemptus, Lat.] paid as ransom.

RE’DFORD-EAST, a borough town of Nottinghamshire, 135 miles
from London. It sends two members to parliament.

RED Gum, a distemper very frequent in new-born children.

RE’DSHANK [red-scanca, Sax.] a bird; also a contemptuous appel­
lation, as it seems, for some of the people of Scotland.








RE’DSTART [red-stert, Sax.] a bird.

RE’DSTREAK [red-strice, Sax.] 1. An apple. 2. Cyder made of
the redstreak.

RED-WATER [in horses] a sort of moisture issuing from a wound or
sore.

To RE’DSEAR, To RE’DSEER, or To RE’DSHIRE [with smiths] spo­
ken of a piece of iron in their fire, that is heated too much, so that it
breaks or cracks under the hammer, while it is working. Moxon.

REDE’VABLE, Fr. indebted, obliged, or beholding to.

REDHIBI’TION [of re and adhibitio, Lat. in civil law] an action in a
court, whereby to annul the sale of some moveable, and to oblige the sel­
ler to take it back again, upon the buyer's finding it damaged.

RED-HOT, adj. [of red and hot] heated to redness.

REDI’CULUS, a certain imaginary deity worshipped by the Romans,
for frighting Hannibal from Rome.

To REDI’NTEGRATE, verb act. [redintegro, Lat.] to restore or make
new, to begin afresh.

REDINTE’GRATE, adj. [redintegratus, Lat.] restored, made new.
Bacon.

REDINTEGRA’TION [redintegratio, Lat.] 1. The act of renewing, re­
storation. 2. [In civil law] the action of restoring a person to the
enjoyment of a thing, whereof he had been illegally dispossessed. 3.
[In chemistry] is the restoring of any mixt body or matter, whose form
has been destroyed by calcination, corrosion, &c. into its former na­
ture and constitution. Quincy.

REDISSEI’SIN, a second disseisin.

RE’DITTA, It. [in music books] signifies to repeat.

RRDI’TUARIES, a sect of religious, a branch of the Franciscan friars.

RE’DLEAD [of red and lead] minium. See MINIUM.

RE’DOLENCE, or RE’DOLENCY, Fr. [of redolentia, Lat. or of redolent]
sweetness of smell.

RE’DOLENT, adj. [redolens, Lat.] yielding a sweet smell or scent.

To REDOU’BLE [redoublér, Fr. raddoppiàre, It. redoblàr, Sp. reduplico,
Lat.] to repeat often, to double again, to encrease, by the addition of
the same quantity over and over.

To REDO’UBLE, verb neut. to become twice as much, to come again
with double force.

REDOU’BLING, subst. [of redouble; redoublement, Fr. reduplicatio, Lat.]
a doubling again.

REDOU’BT [in fortification; reduit, redoutes, Fr. ridotta, It. re­
dutor, Sp.] a small sort of a square figure, which hath no defence but in
the front, commonly the outwork of a fortification.

REDOU’BTABLE [redoubtable, Fr. ridottabile, It.] much feared, for­
midable.

REDOU’BTED [redoutÉ, Fr.] dreadful, much feared, awful.

To REDOU’ND, verb neut. [redundo, Lat. redonder, Fr. ridondare, It.
redundàr, Sp.] 1. To be turned back, to be driven back by repercussion
or reaction. 2. To contribute in the consequence. 3. To become or
fall as an advantage in the consequence.

To REDRE’SS, verb act. [redresser, Fr.] 1. To set to rights again, to
reform abuses, to amend. 2. To relieve, to ease, to remove grievances.
Sometimes used of persons, but more properly of things.

REDRE’SS [from the verb] 1. The act of setting to rights again, amend­
ment, reformation. 2. Relief, remedy. 3. Person who gives relief.

REDRE’SSIVE, adj. [of redress] affording succour or remedy. Thomson.

REDU’BBERS [a law term] are such as buy stolen cloth, knowing it
to be stolen, and turn it into some other form or colour, that it may not
be known.

To REDU’CE, verb act. [reduire, Fr. ridurre, It. reduzir, Sp. of redu­
co, Lat.] 1. To bring back, to restore; obsolete. 2. To bring to the
former state. 3. To reform from any disorder. 4. To bring into any
state of diminution. 5. To degrade, to impair in dignity. 6. To bring
into a state of misery or meanness. 7. To subdue, to bring under sub­
jection. 8. To bring into any state more within reach or power. 9. To
reclaim, to order. 10. To subject to a rule, to bring into a class.

REDU’CEMENT [of reduce] the act of bringing back, subduing, re­
forming or diminishing.

REDU’CER [of reduce] one that reduces.

REDU’CIBLE, adj. [of reduce; reductible, Fr. reducibile, It. of reduci­
bilis, Lat.] that may be reduced.

REDU’CIBLENESS [of reducible] quality of being reducible.

RE’DUCING Scale, a mathematical instrument, to reduce a map or
draught.

REDU‘CT [in carpentry] a quirk or little place taken out of a larger,
to make it more uniform and regular; also for some other conveniences,
as cabinets, sides of chimnies, alcoves, &c.

REDUCT [in military affairs; reductus, Lat.] an advantageous place,
intrenched and separated from the rest of the camp by a foss, for an army
to retire to, in case of a surprize.

REDU’CTION, Fr. [riduzione, It. of reductio, Lat.] 1. The act of re­
ducing or bringing back. 2. [In arithmetic] the reducing of money,
weights and measures, &c. into the least or greatest parts.

REDUCTION Ascending [in arithmetic] is the reducing a lower deno­
mination into an higher, as farthings into pence, pence into shillings,
shillings into pounds, and the like in weights.

REDUCTION Descending [in arithmetic] is reducing a higher denomi­
nation into a lower, as pounds into shillings, shillings into pence, pence
into farthings.

REDUCTION [with astronomers] is the difference between the argu­
ment of inclination, and the eccentrical longitude, i. e. the difference of
the two arches of the orbit, and the ecliptic comprehended between the
node and the circle of inclination.

REDUCTION of Equations [in algebra] is the clearing them from all
superfluous quantities, and bringing down the quantities to their lowest
terms, and separating the known quantities from the unknown, till at
length only the known quantity is found on one side, and the unknown
on the other.

REDUCTION of a Figure, Design, or Draught, &c. is the making a copy
thereof, either larger or smaller than the original.

REDUCTION [in surgery] an operation, whereby a dislocated, luxated,
or fractured bone is restored to its proper place.

REDU’CTIVE, adj. [reductif, Fr. riduttivo, It.] serving to reduce. It
is sometimes substantively used, or elliptically as an adjective. Thus far
concerning these reductives by inundations and conflagrations. Hale.

REDU’CTIVELY, adv. [of reductive] by reduction or consequence.

REDU’NDANCE, or REDU’NDANCY [redondance, Fr. of redundantia,
Lat.] an overflowing, over-abounding or exceeding, superfluity.

REDU’NDANT, adj. [redondant, Fr. redundante, Sp. of redundans, Lat.]
1. Overflowing, super-abounding, exceeding, superfluous. 2. Using
more words or sentiments than are useful or suitable.

REDUNDANT Nouns [with grammarians] nouns which have a number,
or particular case, more than usual.

REDU’NDANTLY, adv. [of redundant] superfluously, with super­
abundance.

To REDU’PLICATE [reduplicatum, reduplico, Lat.] to double over­
again.

REDUPLICATE Pronouns, [with grammarians] such as I myself, thou
thyself, he himself, &c.

REDUPLICA’TION, Fr. [of reduplicatio, Lat.] the act of doubling.

REDUPLICATION [with rhetoricians] a figure when one part of a
verse or sentence ends in the same word with which the following
begins.

REDU’PLICATIVE [reduplicatif, Fr. radduplicativo, It.] doubling a­
gain, repeating.

REDUPLICATIVE Propositions [with logicians] are such in which the
subject is repeated; as, men, considered as men, are rational.

RE’DWING, subst. a bird. Ainsworth.

To REE, verb act. [a word among artificers; the etymology un­
known] to riddle, to sift.

REE [in Portugal] a small coin, forty of which are equal to six-pence
in English.

To RE-E’CHO, verb neut. [of re and echo] to echo back again.

REE’CHY, adj. [corruptedly for reeky, from reek, smoke] smoky, soo­
ty, tanned.

REED [hreod, Sax. ried, Ger. arundo, Lat.] 1. The long, hollow,
and knotted grass that grows in fens and watery places. A reed is dis­
tinguished from the grasses by its magnitude, and by its having a firm
stem. Miller. 2. A small pipe. Milton. 3. An arrow. Prior. 4.
A Jewish measure of three yards and three inches.

REE’DED, adj. [of reed] covered or thatched with reeds.

REE’DEN. adj. [of reed] consisting of reeds. Reeden pipes. Dryden.

REE’DLESS, adj. [of reed] being without reeds. Reedless banks.
May.

REE’DY, adj. [of reed] abounding with reeds.

To RE-E’DIFY, verb act. [re-edifier, Fr. of re, again, and ædifico, Lat.
to build] to re-build, or build up again.

REEFT [with mariners] part of a sail that is taken up, as when, in a
gale of wind, they roll up part of the sail below, to make it shorter,
and not to hold too much wind. This taking up or contracting is
called reefing.

REE’FT Top-mast [with mariners] when a top-mast that having been
sprung, is cracked, or almost broken in the cap, the lower piece that
was almost broken being cut off, the other part, being set again, is
called a reeft top-mast.

REEK [recan, Sax. to cast forth a steam, reuke, Du.] 1. Steam, va­
pour, or smoak. 2. [reke, Ger. any thing piled up, hreac, Sax.] a heap
or mow of hay or corn. This is more usually spoken and written
rick.

To REEK, verb neut. [recan, Sax.] to steam, to smoke.

REEK Stavel, a frame of wood set on stones, on which a mow of hay,
corn, &c. is raised.

REE’KY, adj. [of reek] smoky, tanned.

To RE-E’NTER, verb act. [of re and entro, Lat. rentrer, Fr.] to
enter again.

To RE-ENTHRO’NE, verb act [of re and enthrone] to replace on a
throne.

RE-E’NTRANCE [of re and entrance] the act of entering again.

To REEL, verb act. [from the subst.] to gather yarn off the spindle.

To REEL, verb neut. [prob. q. to roll, rollen, Du. ragla, Su.] to
stagger.

REEL, subst. [reol, Sax.] a sort of reel for winding yarn, &c. into
skains, from the spindle.

To RE-ENGA’GE, verb act. [rengager, Fr.] to engage again; also to
renew a combat.

RE-ESTA’BLISHMENT [retablissement, Fr.] the act of establishing
again.

RE-E’NTRY [in law] the act of returning and retaking that possession
that had lately been foregone.

RE-E’NTRY [of rentrer, Fr.] the act of entering again.

To RE-ESTA’BLISH, verb act. [of re and establish; retablir, Fr. rista­
bilire, It. of re and stabilio, Lat.] to establish or settle again.

RE-ESTA’BLISHER [of re-establish] he that re-establishes.

RE-ELE’CTION [of re and election] repeated election.

To RE-ENA’CT, verb act. [of re and enact] to enact again.

To RE-ENFO’RCE, verb act. [of re and enforce] to strengthen with
new forces, or fresh assistance.

RE-ENFO’RCEMENT [of re-enforce] fresh assistance.

To RE-ENJO’Y, verb act. [of re and enjoy] to enjoy again.

To REEVE [with sailors] is to draw a rope through a block, to run
up and down.

REEVE [gerefa, Sax.] the steward or bailiff of a franchise or manor.
Obsolete. The reeve, miller, and cook are distinguished. Dryden.

To RE-EXA’MINE, verb act. [of re and examine] to examine a second
time.

RE-EXAMINA’TION [of re-examine] a second examination.

RE-EXTE’NT [in law] a second extent made upon lands or tene­
ments, upon complaint made that the first extent was partially exe­
cuted.


REF

To REFE’CT, verb act. [refectum, of reficio, Lat.] to refresh after hun­
ger or fatigue. Obsolete.

REFE’CTION, Fr. [refezione, It. refeciòn, Sp. of refectio, Lat.] the act
of refreshing; a meal or repast after fatigue or hunger.

REFE’CTIVES [with physicians] medicines which refresh and renew
strength.

REFE’CTORY, or REFE’CTUARY [refectoire, Fr. refettorio, It. refito­
rio, Sp. of refectorium, Lat.] a dining room, a room of refreshment; also
a room in a monastery where the friars or nuns eat together.

To REFE’L, verb act. [refello, Lat.] to disprove by argument; to re­
fute, to repress.

To REFE’R [riferire, It. referir, Sp. referer, Fr. refero, Lat.] 1. To







send back, to direct to a passage in a book for information. 2. To dis­
miss for judgment or determination. 3. To put a business into the
hands of another, in order to be considered or managed. 4. To betake
for decision. 5. To reduce to, as to the ultimate end. 6. To reduce,
as to a class.

To REFER, verb neut. to have relation or respect to.

REFERREE’ [of refer] an arbitrator to whom a law-business, or any
matter in difference, is referred.

REFERENCE [from refer] 1. Relation or respect to, allusion to. 2.
Dismission to some other tribunal. 3. [riferenza, It.] a mark which re­
lates to another similar one in the margin, or in the bottom of the page,
where either something omitted in the text is added, &c. or some author,
&c. is quoted.

REFERE’NDARY, subst. [referendaire, Fr. riferendario, It. referendus,
Lat.] one to whose decision any thing is referred.

REFERENDARY [in ancient customs] an officer who exhibited the
petitions of the people to the king, and acquainted the judges with his
commands.

To RE-FE’RMENT, verb act. [of re and ferment] to ferment again.
Revives its fire, and referments the blood. Blackmore.

REFE’RRIBLE, adj. [from refer] that may be referred to, or considered
as in relation to something else.

To REFI’NE, verb act. [raffiner, Fr. raffinare, It. refinàr, Sp.] to
make finer, to purge and purify, by drawing liquors off from the lees;
or metals, by melting and clearing them from dross.

To REFINE, verb neut. with on or upon. 1. To improve in point of
accuracy or delicacy. 2. To become pure or clear. 3. To affect
nicety.

REFI’NEDLY, adv. [of refine] with affected nicety, with pretended
elegance.

REFI’NEMENT [from refine] 1. The act of purifying or clearing any
thing from dross, being purified. 2. Improvement in purity or ele­
gance 3. Artificial practice. 4. Affectation of elegant improvement,
pretence to nicety.

REFI’NER [of refine] 1. One who refines or clears any thing from
dross. 2. One who improves in elegance. 3. One who invents su­
perfluous niceties or idle subtleties.

REFI’NING, the art of separating other metals, &c. from gold and
silver; also the clearing any matter from impurities. See To RE­
FINE.

To REFI’T, verb act. [of re, again, and fit; refuit, Fr.] to restore
any thing after damage.

To REFIT a Ship, is to repair it, and make it fit to put to sea
again.

To REFLE’CT, verb act. [reflechir, Fr. riflettere, It. of reflecto, Lat.
to throw back] to return.

To REFLECT, verb neut. 1. To throw back light or heat. 2. To
bend back. 3. To throw back the thoughts upon the past, or upon
one's self.

To REFLECT upon a Person, is to speak ill of him, to throw censure
or reproach upon him.

To REFLECT upon a Thing, is to consider seriously and attentively
of it.

REFLE’CTENT, adj. [reflectens, Lat.] bending or flying back.
Digby.

REFLE’CTION, or REFLE’XION [from reflect; thence reflexion is less
proper; reflexion, Fr. reflessione, It. of reflectio, Lat.] 1. The act of
beating or throwing back. 2. Thought thrown back upon the past. 3.
The act of bending back. 4. That which is reflected. 5. The action
of the mind upon itself. 6. Attentive consideration, meditation. 7.
Censure, reproach, or abuse.

REFLECTION of the Rays of Light [in optics] is a motion of the rays,
whereby, after impinging on the solid parts of bodies, or rather after a
very near approach thereto, they recede or are driven therefrom.

REFLECTION [in catoptrics] is the return of a ray of light from the
polished surface of a looking-glass or mirrour, driven thence by some
power residing therein.

REFLECTION [in mechanics] is the turn or regressive motion of a
moveable, occasioned by the resistence of a body, which hindered its
pursuing its former direction.

REFLE’CTING Dials, or REFLE’XIVE Dials, are such as are made by
a little piece of looking-glass plate, so placed, as to reflect the rays of
the sun on the top of the cieling, &c. where the dial is drawn.

REFLE’CTIVE, adj. [of reflect] 1. Throwing back images. 2. Con­
sidering things past, or the operations of the mind.

REFLE’CTOR [of reflect] one who reflects, a considerer.

REFLE’X, subst. [reflexus, Lat.] reflection. Hooker.

REFLE’X, or REFLE’CT [in painting] is understood of those places in
a picture, which are supposed to be illuminated by a light reflected by
some other body, represented in the same piece.

REFLEXIBI’LITY, or REFLE’XIBLENESS, capableness of being reflect­
ed, or that property of the rays of light, whereby they are disposed to
be reflected or turned back into the same medium from any other medium
upon whose surface they fall. Newton.

REFLE’XIBLE, adj. [reflexus, Lat.] capable to be thrown back.

REFLE’XIVE, capable of reflecting, apt to beat or turn back. See
REFLECTIVE. 2. Having respect to something past.

REFLE’XIVELY, adv. [of reflexive] in a backward direction.

RELO’AT, subst. [of re and float] ebb, reflux.

REFLORE’SCENCE [of reflorescens, Lat.] the act of beginning to flou­
rish, or blossom again.

To REFLOU’RISH, verb neut. [of re and flourish] to flourish again.

To REFLO’W, verb neut. [of re and flow; refluo, Lat.] to flow back
or again.

REFLU’ENT, adj. [refluens, Lat.] reflowing, flowing back.

REFLU’X, subst. Fr. [riflusso, It. refluxo, Sp. of refluxus, Lat.] the act
of flowing back, the ebbing of the sea or tide.

REFOCILIA’TION [refocillatum, of refocillo, Lat.] the act of refreshing,
comforting, reviving, or cherishing.

To REFO’RM, verb act. [reformer, Fr. riformare, It. reformar, Sp. of
reformare, Lat.] to put into a better form.

To REFORM, verb neut. to take up or leave off following ill courses,
and follow an orderly way of living, to make a change from worse to
better.

To REFORM [in military affairs] is to reduce a body of men, either
by disbanding the whole and incorporating the soldiers into other regi­
ments or companies, or only breaking a part and retaining the rest.

REFO’RM [reforme, Fr. riforma, It.] 1. Reformation. 2. A re-esta­
blishment or revival of a former neglected discipline. 3. A correction
of reigning abuses. 4. A disbanding some part of an army.

REFORMA’DO, a reformed officer, or one whose company or troop is
suppressed in a reform, and he continued either in whole or half pay,
he doing duty in the regiment.

REFORMADO [in a ship of war] a gentleman who serves as a volun­
tier, in order to gain experience, and succeed the principal officers.

REFORMA’TION, Fr. [riformazione, It. reformaciòn, Sp. of reformatio,
Lat.] 1. Change in general from worse to better, amendment of man­
ners, errors, or abuses. 2. The change of religion from the corruptions
of popery to its primitive state, that particularly which happened at the
time of the first establishment of the reformed or protestant religion. See
PROTESTANCY.

Right of REFORMATION, a right which the princes of Germany claim,
to reform the church in their territories, as being invested with the spi­
ritual as well as temporal power.

REFO’RMED, part. pass. [of reform; reformÉ, Fr. reformado, Sp. of
reformatus, Lat.] formed anew, mended, changed from worse to bet­
ter.

The REFORMED, a name given to the protestants of the reformed re­
ligion; in contradistinction from the Romanists.

REFO’RMER [of reform] 1. A person who reforms or makes a change
for the better, an amender. 2. Those who first freed religion from popish
corruptions.

REFO’RMIST, a monk, whose discipline or rules have been reformed.

To REFRA’CT, verb act. [refractum, of refrangere, It. and Lat.] to
break the natural course of things.

REFRA’CTARY, or REFRA’CTORY, adj. [refractaire, Fr. refracta­
rius, Lat. so that refractary is the more analogous and proper word, tho'
refractory is more usually written] obstinate, unruly, headstrong, wilful,
contumacious.

REFRA’CTARILY, or REFRA’CTORILY, adv. [of refractary or refrac­
tory] obstinately, wilfully.

REFRA’CTARINESS, or REFRA’CTORINESS [of refractory] head-strong,
obstinacy, a refusing to be ruled.

REFRA’CTED [refractus, Lat.] broken from its natural course.

REFRACTED Angle [in optics] the angle which is contained between
the refracted ray and the perpendicular.

REFRACTED Dials, are such as shew the hours by means of some re­
fracting transparent fluid, or some dials as are drawn in a concave or
hollow bowl, so that the hour-lines may shew the true hour, when the
bowl is full of water, or some other liquor.

REFRA’CTION, Fr. [in dioptrics] is the variation of a ray of light
from that right line in which its motion would have continued, were it
not for the mediums, thro' which it passes, that by attraction to hinder
its straight course, and turn it aside.

REFRA’CTION [in mechanics] is the deviation of the moving body
from its direct course, by reason of the different density of the medium it
moves in; or a flexion and change of determination, occasioned by a
body's falling obliquely out of one medium into another of a different
density.

REFRACTION from the Perpendicular [in dioptrics] is when a ray fal­
ling, inclined from a thicker medium into a thinner, as from glass into
air, in breaking, departs farther from the perpendicular.

REFRACTION to the Perpendicular [in dioptrics] is when a ray falling,
inclined from a thinner or more diaphanous medium, upon a thicker or
less transparent, as from air upon water, in breaking, comes nearer to
the perpendicular, drawn from the point of incidence at right angles, on
the surface of the water, in which the refraction is made.

Astronomical REFRACTION, is a refraction caused by the atmosphere,
or body of the air, so that a star seems risen higher above the horizon
than really it is.

REFRACTION Horizontal [in astronomy] is that which makes the
sun or moon appear just at the edge of the horizon, when they are as yet
somewhat below it.

REFRA’CTIVE, adj. [of refract] pertaining to refraction, having the
power of refraction.

REFRA’GABLE, adj. [refragabilis, Lat.] capable of consutation and
conviction.

REFRA’GABLENESS [of refragable] quality of being refragable.

To REFRAI’N [raffrenare, It. refrenar, Sp. refrener, Fr. of refræno,
from re and frænum, Lat. a bridle] to hold back, to keep from action,
to bridle.

To REFRAIN, verb neut. to forbear, to abstain, to spare.

REFRANGIBI’LITY, or REFRANGIBLENESS [of re and frangibilitas,
Lat.] capableness of being refracted.

REFRANGIBI’LITY of the Rays of Ligbt, is their disposition to be re­
fracted or turned out of the way, in passing out of one transparent body
or medium into another.

REFRA’NGIBLE, adj. [of re and frangibilis, of frango, Lat.] capable
of being refracted.

REFRENA’TION [refrænatio, Lat.] the act of bridling or checking,
a curbing or holding in.

To REFRE’SH, verb act. [refrigero, Lat. refraichir, Fr. rinfrescare,
It. refrescàr, Sp.] 1. To recruit, to renew, to revive, to relieve after
pain, fatigue, or want. 2. To improve a thing impaired, by giving it
new touches. 3. To cool, to refrigerate.

REFRE’SHER [of refresh] that which refreshes or cools.

REFRE’SHMENT [refraichessement, Fr. rinfrescamento, It.] 1. Relief
after pain, fatigue, or want. 2. That which refreshes or relieves; as
food, or rest.

REFRE’T [refrein, Fr.] the burden of a ballad or song.

REFRI’GERANT, adj. Fr. [refrigerans, of re and frigus, Lat. cold]
1. Cooling, allaying heat. 2. Sometimes substantively used. Apply
refrigerants. Wiseman.

To REFRI’GERATE, verb act, [refrigero, Lat.] to cool.

REFRIGERA’TION, Fr. [refrigeratio, Lat.] the act of cooling, or mi­
tigating heat; the state of being cooled.

REFRI’GERATIVE, subst. [refrigeratif, Fr. refrigerativum, Lat.] a cool­
ing medicine.

REFRIGERA’TIVE, adj. [refrigeratif, Fr.] the same with refrigera­
tory.








REFRIGERA’TIVENESS [of refrigerative] a cooling quality.

REFRI’GERATORY, adj. [refrigeratorius, Lat.] that is of a cooling
quality.

REFRIGERATORY. subst. [refrigeratorium, Lat.] 1. A vessel filled
with cold water, placed about the head of an alembec or still, to cool
and condense the vapours raised thither by fire, to be discharged through
the beak; but this is now generally done by a worm or spiral pipe,
turning through a tub of cold water. 2. Any thing inwardly cool­
ing.

REFRIGE’RIUM, a cool refreshment; also a cooling place South.

REFT, part. pass. [of reave] 1. Taken away, deprived. 2. [Pret.
of reave] took away. Spenser.

RE’FUGE, Fr. [refugio, It. and Sp. of refugium, of re, backwards,
and fugio, Lat. to fly] 1. A place of safety to fly to in danger or distress,
protection. 2. That which gives shelter or protection. 3. Expedient
in distress. 4. Expedient in general. Light must be supplied among
graceful refuges, by terracing any story in danger of darkness. Wot­
ton.

To REFUGE, verb act. [refugier, Fr.] to shelter, to protect. Dryden.

REFUGEE’, one who flies to shelter or protection, particularly a French
protestant fled for refuge from persecution in France into England, or
any other country.

REFU’LGENCE, or REFU’LGENCY [refulgentia, Lat.] brightness,
splendor.

REFU’LGENT, adj. [refulgens, Lat.] shining, glittering, bright.

To REFU’ND, verb act, [rifondare, It. of refundo, Lat.] 1. To pour
back. Ray. 2. To pay or give back money that has been received
wrongfully, to restore. 3. [In law] To pay back the cost and charges
of a nonsuit.

REFU’SAL [refus. Fr. refinto, It.] 1. The act of refusing, a denial of
any thing demanded or solicited. 2. The preemption, the right of
having any thing offered preferrably to another, option.

To REFU’SE, [recusàr, Sp. recuso, Lat. refuser, Fr. rifintare, It.] 1.
To deny the granting of a suit, or the doing of any thing required. 2.
To reject, to dismiss without a grant.

To REFUSE, verb neut. not to accept.

REFUSE, adj. [from the verb] unworthy of reception, left when the
rest is taken.

RE’FUSE, subst. Fr. [the noun has its accent on the first syllable, the
verb on the second] the drossy stuff that comes away from oar or metal,
in the melting and trying it; whence the word is used to signify the
worst of any thing that remains disregarded, after the best has been
picked out.

REFU’SER [of refuse] he who refuses.

REFU’TAL [from refute] a refutation.

REFUTA’TION, Fr. [refutatio, Lat.] the act of refuting, or proving
false or erroneous an opposite or contrary argument, which destroys
what the other alledged.

To REFU’TE. verb act. [refuter, Fr. refutar, Sp. of refuto, Lat.] to
confute, to disprove as false or erroneous, to convince or confound by
reason; applied to persons or things.


REG

To REGAI’N, verb act. [regagner, Fr. riguadagnare. It.] to gain a se­
cond time, to get again, to recover.

RE’GAL, adj. [regale, It. reàl, Sp. of regalis, Lat.] pertaining to a
king or queen; kingly, royal.

REGAL Fishes, such as belong to the king, by his prerogative; such as
whales, sturgeons, &c.

REGAL, subst. [regale, Fr.] a musical instrument. Bacon.

To REGA’LE, verb act. [regaler, Fr. regalare, It.] to treat, feast, or
entertain royally, to refresh, to gratify.

REGA’LE [regalo, It. regal, Fr.] a magnificent treat or entertain­
ment.

REGALE, subst. Lat. the prerogative of monarchy.

REGA’LEMENT, Fr. refreshment, entertainment.

REGA’LIA, the rights of a king or queen, or the ensigns of the royal
dignity; as the several parts of the apparatus of a coronation, as scep­
ters, Edward's staff, sword, globe, crown, &c.

REGA’LIS Aqua [commonly called aqua regia] an acid, corrosive spi­
rit or water, serving as a menstruum for dissolving gold; it is prepared
by mixing common salt, or sal ammoniac, with spirit of nitre, or with
common aqua fortis.

REGA’LITY [realtà, It. regalitas, regalis, Lat.] royalty, sovereign
state, kingship. Bacon.

To REGA’RD, verb act. [regarder, Fr. riguardare, It.] 1. To look
upon, to value, to attend to as worthy of notice. 2. To observe, to
remark with concern, to heed, to consider, to mind as an object of
grief. 3. To have respect or relation to. 4. To observe religiously.
5. To pay attention to.

REGARD, Fr. [riguardo, It.] 1. Attention, as to a matter of impor­
tance. 2. Respect, reverence. 3. Note, eminence. 4. Consideration,
respect, account. 5. Reference. 6. [Regard, Fr.] look, aspect di­
rected to another. 7. Prospect, object of sight.

REGARD [of a forest] the overseeing and viewing it; also the com­
pass of it, i. e. all that ground which is part or parcel of it.

REGA’RDABLE, adj. [of regard] 1. Observable. 2. Worthy of no­
tice.

REGA’RDANT [in heraldry] signifies looking behind, and is applied
to beasts represented in an escutcheon with their faces turned to their
tails.

REGA’RDER [of regard] he that regards.

REGA’RDFUL [of regard and full] having regard to, careful of, tak­
ing notice of.

REGA’RDFULLY, adv. [of regard] 1. Attentively, heedfully. 2.
With respect, with reverence.

REGA’RDFULNESS, heedfulness, &c.

REGA’RDLESS, adj. [of regard] heedless, negligent.

REGAR’DLESSLY, adv. [of regardless] without heed, heedlesly.

REGA’RDLESNESS, [of regardless] heedlesness, negligence.

RE’GEL [in astronomy] a fixed star of the first magnitude in Orion's
foot.

RE’GENCY [regence, Fr, reggenza, It. regencia, Sp. of regens, Lat.] 1.
Authority, government. 2. Governors of a kingdom or state, during
the absence or minority of a sovereign prince; as, confirmed by the re­
gency of England. 3. Vicarious government. 4. The district governed
by a vicegerent.

REGE’NERATE, adj. [regenerÉ, Fr. rigenerato, It. of regeneratus, Lat.]
1. Produced anew. 2. New-born by divine grace to a Christian life.

To REGE’NERATE, verb act. [regenerer, Fr. rigenerare, It. regeneràr,
Sp. of regenero, Lat.] 1. To produce anew. 2. To cause to be born
again, to renew by change of carnal nature to a Christian life.

REGE’NERATENESS [of regenerate] the state of being regenerate.

REGENERA’TION, Fr. [regenerazione, It. regeneraciòn, Sp. of regenera­
tio, Lat.] new-birth or change of carnal affections to a christian life. He
saved us by the washing of regeneration. Titus. “Now shall we relate
(says Justin Martyr) after what manner we dedicated ourselves to GOD,
being made anew by Christ.———As many as are convinced of the truth
of those things which we teach, and do engage for their ability so to live,
we direct them to pray and ask of God remission of past sins; we ourselves
both praying and fasting with them. Then are they led by us to the
water, and re regenerated after the same manner of regeneration in which
we ourselves were regenerated. For in the name of the FATHER and SU­
PREME LORD GOD OF THE UNIVERSE; and of our Saviour JESUS CHRIST;
and of the Holy Spirit, that ablution in water is performed. Because
Christ has said, “Unless ye are born again, ye cannot enter into the kingdom
of Heaven.” And then, having cited those words of Isaiah, c. i. v. 16—
20, as descriptive of true repentance, and the ensuing pardon, he adds,
“We have learnt this explication [of the rite] from the apostles,
whereas in our first production [or birth] we came into being ignorant, and
by necessity, [i. e. by no choice or action of our own] and had been
trained up in evil customs [or manners] and bad education [alluding, I
suppose, to their Gentile state, and vain conversation transmitted to them
by their fathers;] now that we might be children not of necessity and igno­
rance, but of choice and knowledge; and might obtain remission of our
past sins in the water, there is named over him that chooses to be regenerated
and repents of sins, the name of the FATHER, and SUPREME LORD
GOD OF THE UNIVERSE; this only do we utter over him, when leading
him to the water; for who shall assign a name to the INEFFABLE GOD?
——And also in the name of Jesus Christ, who was crucified under Pon­
tius Pilate; and in the name of the Holy Ghost, who by the prophets,
had afore preached all things relative to Christ, this [baptismal] ab­
lution of the enlighten'd person is made.” JUSTIN Apolog. 2. Ed. Rob.
Stephan. p. 159, 160. See BAPTIZE, First CAUSE, AUTHENTIC, and
MONARCHY of the Universe, compared with Heb. c. 6. v. 4. and Ephes.
c. 4. v. 4—6.

RE’GENT, adj. Fr. [regens, Lat.] 1. Governing, reigning. 2. Act­
ing as a vicegerent.

REGENT, subst. [regent, Fr. regente, It. and Sp. of regens, Lat.] 1.
Governor, ruler, one who is of the regency, or that governs a kingdom
during the minority or absence of a prince, 2. [In a college; particu­
larly in Scotland] a professor of arts and sciences, who holds a class or set
of pupils.

RE’GENTSHIP [of regent] 1. Power of governing. 2. Deputed au­
thority.

REGE’RMINATION, Lat. the act of springing or budding out again.

RE’GICIDE, Fr. [regicida, It. and Sp. of regem ædere, Lat. to kill a
king] 1. A king killer. 2. [Regicidum, Lat.] the murder of a king.

RE’GIFUGE [of regifugium, of regem and fugere, Lat. to drive away]
a festival held in ancient Rome, on the sixth of the calends of March, i. e.
on our 24th of February, in memory of the expulsion of their king, par­
ticularly of Tarquin's flying out of Rome on that day.

RE’GIMEN [in grammar] the case of a noun governed by a verb.

REGIMEN, Lat. [in medicine] a rule ot course of living, with regard
to eating, drinking, cloathing, or the like, accommodated to some disease,
and to the particular course of physic the patient is under.

RE’GIMENT, Fr. [reggimento, It. of regimen, Lat.] 1. Established go­
vernment, polity: obsolete. 2. Authority, rule: obsolete.

RE’GIMENT, Fr. [reggimento, It. regimiento, Sp.] a body of several
companies of soldiers, usually consisting of 1000, either horse or foot, com­
manded by a colonel.

REGIME’NTAL, adj. [of regiment] belonging to a regiment, military.

RE’GION, Fr. and Sp. [regione, It. of regio, Lat.] 1. A country, a
tract of land or of space. 2. Part of the body. 3. Place, rank.

REGION [in geography] a particular division of the earth, or a tract
of land inhabited by people of the same nation.

REGIONS [with philosophers] are particular divisions of the air, which
are accounted three, the upper, middle, and lower.

Upper REGION, commences from the tops of the mountains, and
reaches to the utmost limits of the atmosphere, in which is a perpetual,
equable calmness, clearness, and serenity.

Lowest REGION, is that wherein we breathe, and is bounded by the
reflection of the sun's rays, that is, by the height to which they rebound
from the earth.

Middle REGION, is that wherein the clouds reside, meteors are formed,
&c. extending from the extremity of the lowest to the top of the highest
mountains.

Lowest REGION [in anatomy] the lowest part of the abdomen, which
is distinguished into three regions, the lowest, the middle, and the upper.

RE’GIONARY [in ecclesiastical history] a title given to those who had
the charge and administration of the church-affairs from the fifth cen­
tury.

To REGISTER, verb act. [enregistrer, Fr. registrare, It. registràr, Sp.]
1. To enter, write down or record in a register, to preserve from obli­
vion by authentic accounts. 2. To enrol or set down in a list.

To make REGISTER [with printers] is to make the pages and lines fall
exactly one upon another.

REGISTER [regître, Fr. registro, It. and Sp. of registrum, Lat. re­
gestum, qu. iterum gestum, done over again. Menagius] 1. A memorial
or book of public records, an account of any thing regularly kept. 2.
[Registrarius, Lat.] an officer who writes and keeps registers.

REGISTER [with chymists] a contrivance in a furnace to make heat
greater or less immediately, by letting more or less air come to the ves­
sel.

REGISTER [of a parish] a book wherein marriages, baptisms, and
births, are registered; registers in parish churches were first appointed by
Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex, vicar-general to king Henry VIII.
A. C. 1538.

REGISTER of Writs [in law] a book containing the forms of most of
the writs used in common law.

REGISTER-Ships [in traffic] such ships to which the king of Spain, or the
council of the Indies, grant permissions to go and traffic in the parts of







the Spanish West Indies; so called, because they are registered before
they set sail from Cadiz.

REGISTER [with letter founders] one of the inner parts of the mould,
in which the types are cast.

RE’GISTRY [registrum, Lat.] 1. An office where records are kept. 2.
The rolls and books there deposited; especially those wherein the pro­
ceedings of chancery, or any spiritual court, are recorded and kept. 3.
The-act of inserting in the register. 4. A series of facts recorded.

RE’GLEMENT, subst. [merely Fr.] regulation. Not used. Bacon.

RE’GIUS Professer, Lat. [i. e. the king's professor] a title given to
every reader of the five lectures in the university, so called because they
were founded by king Henry VIII.

RE’GIUS, Morbus, Lat. the disease called the jaundice. See PYRETICS,
and read there line 31.

RE’GLET, or RI’GLET [in architecture] a little, flat, narrow mould­
ing, used chiefly in compartiments and pannels, to separate the parts or
members from one another, and to form knots, frets, and other orna­
ments: Also

RE’GLETTE [from regle, Fr. a rule] a ledge of wood exactly planed,
by which printers separate their lines in pages that are widely printed.

RE’GNANT, adj. Fr. [regnante, It. of regnans, Lat.] reigning, govern­
ing; also prevalent, predominant.

RE’GOLA, It. [in music books] a rule or canon.

To REGO’RGE, verb act. [from re and gorge] 1. To bring or cast up,
to vomit up. 2. To swallow down greedily. 3. [Egorger, Fr.] to
swallow back.

To REGRA’FT [of re and graft; regrefter, Fr.] to graft again. Bacon.

To REGRA’NT, verb act. [and re and grant] to grant back.

To REGRA’TE, verb act. 1. To offend, to shock. 2. [Regratter, Fr.]
to engross, to forestal.

To REGRATE, verb neut. to follow the trade of a hugster.

REGRA’TER, or REGRA’TOR [regratier, Fr.] an engrosser or fore­
staller, a hugster who sells victuals or wares, in the same market or fair
he bought them, or within five miles thereof; also one who trims up old
ware for sale.

REGRA’TING, part. act. [of regrate] the driving the trade of a hug­
ster.

To REGREE’T, verb act. [of re and greet] to greet again, to resalute:
obsolete.

RE’GRESS [regrés, Fr. regressus, Lat.] passage back, power of passing
back. Burnet.

To REGRE’SS, verb neut. [regressus, Lat.] to return, to pass back to
the former state or place.

REGRE’SSION [regressus, Lat.] the act of going back. Brown.

REGRE’T, Fr. 1. Reluctancy, dislike: Not proper. 2. Bitterness of
reflection at something past. 3. Grief, sorrow.

To REGRET, verb act. [regretter, Fr.] 1. To repent, to grieve at, to
be sorry for. 2. To be uneasy at: Improper.

REGUE’RDON, subst. [of re, and guerdon] reward. Shakespeare.

To REGUE’RDON, verb act. [from the subst.] to reward.

RE’GULA, Lat. rule or pattern.

RE’GULAR, adj. [regulier, Fr. regolare, It. regulàr, Sp. regularis, Lat.]
1. That is according to rule, orderly, consistent with the mode, pre­
scribed. 2. Governed by strict rules. 3. Instituted or initiated accord­
ing to established forms or discipline.

RE’GULAR Bodies [with mathematicians] are solid bodies, whose sur­
faces are composed of regular and equal figures, and whose solid angles
are all equal, of which there are five.
1. A Tetrahedron, which is a pyramid comprehended under four equal
and equilateral triangles.
2. The Hexahedron, or cube, whose surface is composed of six equal
squares.
3. The Octahedron, which is bounded by eight equal and equilateral
triangles.
4. The Dodecahedron, which is contained under twelve equal and equi­
lateral pentagons.
5. The Icosihedron, which consists of twenty equal and equilateral tri­
angles: These are all, as mathematicians demonstrate, the regular bodies
that can be, and they are called the Platonic bodies.

REGULAR Curves [with mathematicians] are such as the perimeters
of the conic sections, which are always curved after the same geometrical
manner.

REGULAR Figures [in geometry] are such as have their sides and an­
gles all equal one to another.

REGULA’RIS [with botanists] uniform, as when the parts of a flower
are like to each other on all sides, as in a convolvulus, &c.

REGULA’RITY [regularitÉ, Fr. regolarità, It. regularidàd, Sp. of regu­
laris, Lat.] 1. Agreeableness to rules. 2. Exactness, strict order, cer­
tain method.

REGULARLY, adv. [of regular] according to rule, precisely.

RE’GULARS, subst. [regulier, Fr.] one, among the Roman catholics,
belonging to a religious sect who live under some rule or obedience, lead­
ing a monastic life.

To RE’GULATE, verb act. [regulier, Fr. regolare, It. regulàr, Sp. of
regulatum, regula, Lat.] to set in order, to adjust by rule or method, to
direct or guide.

REGULA’TION [regulatio, Lat.] 1. The act of regulating. 2. Or­
der, method, the effect of regulation.

REGULA’TOR [from regulate] 1. One who regulates or directs. 2.
[In mechanics] a small spring to the balance of a pocket-watch, which
makes the motion equable.

RE’GULUS, Lat. [regule, Fr. in chemistry] the most weighty and
pure part of any metal or mineral, which settles at the bottom upon
melting, and after that the dregs or fæces have been separated from it.

Martial REGULUS of Antimony [with chemists] a mixture of horse­
shoe nails melted with the regulus of antimony.

REGULUS, Lat. [diminutive of rex, Lat. a king] a petty king; a
Saxon title for a count.

REGULUS [with astronomers] a star of the first magnitude in the con­
stellation Leo.

To REGU’RGITATE, verb neut. [of re and gurges, Lat. a gulph] to be
poured back.

REGURGITA’TION [of recurgitate] the act of swallowing back.


REH

To REHE’AR, verb act. [of re and hear] to hear again.

REHEA’RSAL [of rehearse] repitition, recital in general, private prac­
tising, or recital previous to public exhibition; as the rehearsal of a play
by the actors before the acting it.

To REHEA’RSE [of re, again, and hear. Skinner] 1. To relate or
tell. 2. To recite, to repeat in general. 3. [With players] to per­
form a rehearsal, or to recite in private, in order to perform pub­
lickly.

To REJE’CT, verb act. [rejetter, Fr. rigettare, It. rejectum, sup. of
rejicio, Lat.] 1. To dismiss without complying with a proposal or offer.
2. To cast off, to make an abject, to slight or dispise. 3. To refuse,
not to accept. 4. To throw aside.

REJE’CTION [rejection, Lat.] the act of casting off, or throwing by as
useless or not worth having.

REI’GLE, subst. [a corruption of regle, Fr. rule] a hollow that is cut
to guide any thing.

To REIGN, verb neut. [regner, Fr. regnare, It. reynar, Sp. of regno,
Lat.] 1. To rule as a king or sovereign prince, to exercise sovereign
authority. 2. To prevail, to be predominant or rise, as a disease. 3.
To obtain dominion or power.

REIGN [regne, Fr. regno, It. reynado, Sp. regnum, Lat.] 1. Government
by a sovereign prince, royal authority. 2. Time of a king's govern­
ment. 3. Dominious, kingdom. See Corona RADIATA, and read
there RADIATA.

To RE-IMBA’RK, verb act. [of re and imbark] to put on ship-board
again.

To RE-IMBARK, verb neut. to be put on board again.

To RE-IMBARK [spoken of a deer] to go to his lodge again.

RE-IMBARKA’TION [reimbarquement, Fr.] a going on ship-board
again.

RE-IMBAR’KED, part. pass. [of reimbark; rembarquÉ, Fr.] put on
ship-board again, &c.

RE-IMBA’TTLED, part. adj. [of reimbattle] put into battle array
again.

To RE-IMBO’DY, verb neut. [of re and imbody, which is more fre­
quently, but more properly written embody] to embody again.

To RE-IMBU’RSE [remburser, Fr. rimborsare, It.] to repay a person
what he has laid out.

RE-IMBU’RSEMENT [from re-imburse; in traffic, &c.] a reparation or
repayment of money a person had advanced.

To RE-IMPRE’GNATE, verb act. to impregnate again.

RE-IMPRE’SSION [of re and impression] a second impression or edition
of a book.

REIN, subst. 1. The part of the bridle extended from the horse's
head to the rider's hand. 2. Used as an instrument of government, or
for government itself.

To REIN, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To govern by a bridle. 2.
To restrain, to controul in general.

REI’NARD [renard, Fr.] a fox.

To RE-INFE’CT, verb act. [of re and infectum, sup. of inficio, Lat.] to
infect or corrupt again.

To RE-INFO’RCE, verb act. [renforcer, Fr. rinforzare, It. reforçar,
Sp.] to recruit, to strengthen with new force. See To RE-ENFORCE.

RE-INFORCED Ring [of a cannon] is that which is next after the
trunions, between them and the vent.

RE-INFO’RCEMENT, a re-inforcing, recruit, supply of men.

To RE-INGA’GE, to ingage again.

To RE-INGRA’TIATE, to get into favour again.

REINS, subst. [resnes, renes, Fr. radini, It. riendas, Sp.] 1. The lea­
ther thongs of a horse-bridle, or two long slips of leather, one on each
side the curb or snaffle, held in the hand of a rider, to guide a horse, and
keep him in subjection. 2. To give the Reins; to let loose the reins. 3.
To give the Reins; to give licence. See REIN.

REINS, Fr. [reni, It. renes, Sp. and Lat. in anatomy] the kidnies,
or those parts of an animal body, whose office is to strain the urine into
their pelvis or bason, from whence it runs, thro' the vessels called ureters,
into the bladder.

To RE-INSE’RT, verb act. [of re and insert] to insert a second
time.

To RE-INSPI’RE, verb act. [of re and inspire] to inspire again.

To RE-INSTA’L, verb act. [of re and instal] 1. To seat again. 2. 
To put again in poffession.

To RE-INSTA’TE, verb act. [of re, again, and instate] to restore to
the former state and condition.

To RE-INT’EGRATE, verb act. [reintegrer, Fr. re-integrar, Sp. of re
and integer, Lat. It should perhaps be written redintegrate] to make com­
pleat again, to restore, to repair.

To RE-INVEST, verb act. [of re and invest] to invest a-new.

RE-INVIGORA’TION, the act of invigorating again.

To REJOI’CE, verb act. to fill with joy, to delight, to gladden.

To REJOICE, verb neut. [rejour, Fr. regozigàr, Sp.] to be glad or
merry, to receive pleasure from something past.

REJOI’CER [from rejoice] one that rejoices.

To REJOI’N, verb act. [rejoindre, Fr.] 1. To join or unite together
again. 2. To meet one again.

To REJOIN, verb neut. to reply, to answer to an answer.

REJOI’NDER, Fr. [from rejoin] 1. An answer or exception to a repli­
cation, a reply to an answer. Obliged to a rejoinder. Glanville. 2. Reply,
answer.
Injury of chance rudely beguiles our lips
Of all rejoinder. Shakespeare.

REJOI’NING [with architects] the filling up of joints of the stones in
old buildings, when worn hollow by the course of time or water.

REJO’LT, subst. [rejailler, Fr.] shock, succussion. South.

REIT, sedge, or sea-weed.

To REI’TERATE. verb act. [reiterer, Fr. reiterare, It. reyterar, Sp. of
reitero, Lat.] to do the same thing over and over again.

REITERATION [with printers] is when the last form is laid on the
press.

REITERATION, Fr. a repetition.

To REJU’DGE, verb act. [of re and judge] to re-examine, to re­
view.

REJUVENE’SCENCY [of rejuvenescens, Lat.] the quality of growing
young again.

To REKI’NDLE, verb act. [of re and kindle] to kindle or set on fire
again.


REL

To RELA’PSE, verb neut. [relapsus, of relabor, Lat.] 1. To fall sick







again from a state of recovery. 2. To slide back, to fall back in gene­
ral. 3. To commit the same fault, to fall back into vice or error.

RELA’PSE [of re and lapsus, Lat.] 1. The act of falling or sliding back;
more especially used of a sickness or disease, from a state of recovery.
2. Fall into vice or error once forsaken. 3. Return to any state in ge­
neral. Shakespeare.

To RELA’TE, verb act. [relatàr, Sp. relatum, sup. of refero, Lat.] 1.
To tell, or to give an account of, to recite. 2. To ally by kindred or
consanguinity: this is only used participially. 3. To bring back, to
restore: a Latinism.

To RELA’TE, verb neut. to have reference or respect to.

RELA’TER [of relate] he that relates or tells.

RELA’TION, Fr. [relazione, It. relacion, Sp. of relatio, Lat.] 1. A re­
cital of facts, narrative. 2. [With grammarians] the correspondence
which words have one to another in construction. 3. [With logicians]
the manner of belonging to any person or thing: it is the fourth cate­
gory, as that of father, husband, master, servant, king, subject, and
every thing that denotes comparison, as equal, greater, less. 4. [In
philosophy] respect or regard; the mutual respect of two things, or what
each is in regard to the other. Relation consists in the consideration and
comparing one idea with another. Locke. 5. Connexion between one
thing and another. 6. Connection by birth or marriage, alliance of kin.
7. [In a law sense] is when, in consideration of law, two persons or
other things, are considered as if they were all one; and by this the thing
subsequent is said to take its effect by relation. 8. [In geometry, &c.]
is the habitude or respect of two quantities to one another, with regard
to their magnitude; the same as ratio. 9. Kinsman or kinswoman.

RE’LATIVE, adj. [relatif, Fr. relativo, It. of relativus, Lat.] 1. Hav­
ing relation or respect to some other thing. 2. Confidered not abso­
lutely, but as belonging or respecting something else. 3. Particular, po­
sitive, close in connection: not in use.

RELATIVE Gravity, the same as specific gravity.

RE’LATIVE Propositions [with logicians] are those which include some
relation or comparison.

RELATIVE Terms [with logicians] are such betwixt which there
is a sort of opposition; yet such as that the one cannot be without the other.

RELATIVE, subst. 1. Relation, kinsman or kinswoman. 2. [In
grammar] a word or term which, in the construction, answers to some
word foregoing, called the antecedent, and it is called a pronoun. 3.
Somewhat respecting something else.

RELATIVE Substantives [with grammarians] are such as bear a rela­
tion to some others, as a father, son, daughter, husband, wife, &c.

RELATIVE Adjectives, are such as have relation to some others, as
better, worse, higher, lower, equal, unequal, &c.

RELATIVE Pronoun, is such an one as has relation to a noun that goes
before, as he, him, that, who, which, with their numbers.

RE’LATIVELY, adv. [of relative] in relation to something else, not
absolutely.

RE’LATIVENESS [of relative] the state of having relation to.

To RELA’X. verb act. [relácher, Fr. relassare, It. of relaxo, Lat.] 1.
To loosen, to slacken. 2. To remit, to make less rigorous. 3. To
make less laborious or attentive. 4. To open, to loose. 5. To yield
or give way.

RELAXA’TION, Fr. relassazione, It. of relaxatia, Lat.] 1. The act of
loosening or slackening. 2. Cessation of restraint. 3. Remission of ri­
gor. 4. Remission of attention or application.

RELAXATION [with anatomists] a dilitation or widening of the parts
or vessels of the body.

RELAXATION [with surgeons] a preternatural extension, or straining
of a nerve, tendon, muscle, &c. either by violence or weakness.

RELAXATION [in a legal sense] a release or discharge; as the relaxa­
tion of an attachment in the court of admiralty; a releasing of canonical
punishments.

RELAY’ [in tapestry work] an opening left in a piece where the fi­
gures or colours are to be changed, or which is to be filled up when the
other work is done.

RELAY [relais, Fr.] fresh horses to relieve others sent before, or ap­
pointed to be ready, for a traveller to change, to make the greater ex­
pedition; as in riding post.

RELAYS [in hunting] are fresh sets of dogs or horses, placed here
and there for readiness, in case the game come that way, to be cast off,
or to mount the hunters, in lieu of the former, which are supposed to
want respite.

To RELEA’SE, verb act. [alysan, Sax. relaxo, Lat. relascher, relâ­
cher, Fr.] 1. To set at liberty, to free from confinement or servitude. 2.
To set free from pain. 3. To free from obligation. 4. To quit, to
let go. 5. To slacken, to relax: obsolete.

RELEASE, subst. [from the verb; relâche, Fr.] 1. A discharge, a set­
ting at liberty from consinement, servitude or pain. 2. Relaxation of a
penalty. 3. Remission of a claim. 4. Acquittance of a debt signed by
the creditor. 5. An acquittance in general.

RELEASE [in law] a deed by which actions, titles, estates, rights,
&c. are sometimes extinguished and annulled, transferred, abridged, or
inlarged.

RELEA’SEMENT [relaissement, Fr.] the act of releasing or discharging.

To RE’LEGATE, verb act. [relego, Lat. releguer, Fr.] to send to a
certain place as an exile, to banish.

RELEGA’TION [of relegate] a kind of exile, or judicial banishment for
a time appointed, wherein the obnoxious person is required to retire
to a certain place, and to continue there till he is recalled.

To RELE’NT, verb neut. [relentir, Fr.] 1. To wax soft, to grow less
hard, to give, like marble. 2. To melt, to grow moist. 3. To grow
less intense; to abate, as the extremity of heat does. 4. To soften in
temper.

To RELENT, verb act. 1. To slacken, to remit: obsolete. 2. To
soften, to mollify: obsolete.

RELE’NTLESS, adj. [of relent] unrelenting, unpitying, not moved by
kindness or tenderness. Milton.

RELE’NTMENT [rallentissement, Fr.] the act of relenting.

RELE’VANT, Fr. relieving.

RELEVA’TION, Lat. the act of raising or lifting up again.

To RELE’VISH [law term] is to admit one to mainprize upon surety.

RELI’ANCE [of rely] dependence, trust, repose of mind.

RE’LICK, RE’LICKS, or RE’LIQUES, subst. [reliques, Fr. reliquia, It.
reliquias, Sp. of reliquiæ, Lat. the plural is more commonly used] 1.
That which remains, after the loss or decay of the rest. 2. It is often
taken for the body deserted by the soul. Thy relicks, Rowe, to this fair
shrine we trust. Pope. 3. That which is kept in memory of another,
particularly the remains of the bodies or clothes of saints, which Roman
Catholics preserve with great veneration. These are now forbidden by
several statutes to be used or brought into England. See BRANDÆUM.

RE’LICKLY, adv. [of relick] in the manner of relicks.

RE’LICT, subst. [in Law.] a widow, a wife desolate by the de­
cease of her husband.

RELIE’F [of relevatio] 1. Charitable assistance afforded to one in
want or distress; comfort, succour, supply. 2. Redress at law. 3. [in
law] a fine paid to the chief lord, by a person at his coming to an inhe­
ritance of land held in capite, or military service 3. [In chancery] is
an order sued out for the dissolving of contracts, and other acts, upon ac­
count of their being unreasonable prejudicial, grievous, &c. 4. The
prominence of a figure in metal or stone; seeming prominence of a pic­
ture. 5. The recommendation of any thing by the interposition of some­
thing different. 6. That which frees from pain or sorrow. 7. Dismis­
sion of a sentinel from his post. 8. [Relevium, law Lat.] legal remedy
of wrongs.

RELIEF of an Hare, the place where she goes to seed in an even­
ing.

To RELIEVE, verb act. [relevo, Lat. relever, Fr. relevar, Sp.] 1.
To supply the wants and necessities of others; to succour, to help by
assistance. 2. To recommend by the intervention of something diffe­
rent. 3. To support, to assist. 4. To ease pain or sorrow. 5. To
dismiss or set a sentinel at rest, by placing another on his post. 6. To
right by law.

To RELIEVE the Guards, or To RELIEVE the Trenches, is to bring
fresh men upon the guards or trenches, and to send those to rest who
have been upon duty before.

RELIE’VER [of relieve] one that relieves.

RELIE’VO [in sculpture, &c.] imbossed work, the protuberance or
standing out of any figures above the ground or plane whereon they are
formed.

Alto RELIE’VO, or High RELIE’F, It. is when the figure is formed af­
ter nature, and projects as much as the life.

Basso RELIEVO, or Low RELIEF, is when the work is raised but a lit­
tle from its ground; as in medals, &c.

Demi RELIEVO, is when one half of the figure arises from the plane or
ground.

RELIEVO [in architecture] is the projecture of any ornament.

RELIEVO [in painting] is the degree of force or boldness, wherewith
the figures, beheld at a due distance, seem to stand out from the ground
of the painting, as though they were really embossed.

To RELI’GHT, verb act. [of re and light] to light a-new.

RELI’GION, Fr. and Sp. [religione, It. of religio, Lat.] 1. Virtue, as
founded upon reverence of God, and influenced by expectation of fu­
ture rewards and punishments. It is defined to be a general habit of re­
verence towards the divine being. Religion, or virtue, in a larger sense,
includes duty to God and our neighbour; but in a proper sense, virtue
signifies duty towards men, and religion duty to God. Watts. 2. Any
particular system of divine faith and worship, as opposed to others.

RELI’GIONARY, or RELI’GIONIST [of religion] a professor or strict
observer of religion; also a bigot to any religious persuasion.

RELI’GIOUS [religieux, Fr. religioso, It. and Sp. of religiosus, Lat.] 1.
Pertaining to religion; devout, godly. 2. Teaching religion. 3. [Among
the Romanists] bound by the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
4. Exact, strict.

RELI’GIOUSLY, adv. [of religious] 1. Piously, with obedience to the
dictates of religion. 2. According to the observances of religion. 3.
With reverence or veneration. 4. Exactly; with strict observance. 5.
punctually.

RELI’GIOUSNESS [of religious] a religious disposition, piety.

To RELI’NQUISH, verb act. [relinquere, It. and Lat.] 1. To forsake,
to abandon, to desert. 2. To yield up, to part with, to release. 3.
To forbear, to depart from.

RELI’NQUISHMENT [of relinquish] the act of relinquishing.

RELI’QUARY, subst. [reliquaire, Fr.] a shrine or casket, in which the
relicks of a dead saint are kept. See BRANDÆUM and MUSHROOM­
SAINTS.

To RE’LISH, verb act. [of relecher, Fr. to lick again, according to
Minshew and Skinner.] 1. To give a taste to any thing, to relish or
taste. 2. To like or approve.

To RE’LISH, verb neut. 1. To have a pleasing taste. 2. To give
pleasure. 3. To have a flavour, to have a good savour.

RE’LISHABLE, adj. [of relish] that relishes or tastes well, that may be
approved of.

RE’LISHABLENESS [of relishable] the quality of being well tasted.

RE’LISH, subst. [from the verb] 1. Taste of any thing on the palate,
commonly a pleasing taste. 2. Taste, small quantity, just perceptible,
3. Liking, delight in any thing. 4. Sense, power of perceiving excel­
lence, mental taste. Any relish for fine writing. Addison. 5. Delight
given by any thing, the power by which pleasure is imparted. Life
grows insipid and has lost its relish. Addison. 6. Cast, manner. It pre­
serves some relish of old writing. Pope.

To RELI’VE, verb neut. [of re and live] to live anew.

To RELO’VE, verb act. [of re and love] to love in return. Boyle.

RELU’CENT, adj. [relucens, Lat.] transparent, shining. The relucent
streams. Thomson.

To RELU’CT, verb act. [relucto, Lat.] to struggle, to strive again.

RELU’CTANCE, or RELU’CTANCY [reluctatio, Lat.] striving against,
an unwillingness.

RELU’CTANT, adj. [reluctans, Lat.] striving against, unwilling.

To RELU’CTATE, verb neut. [reluctatus, of reluctor, Lat.] to resist,
to struggle against.

RELUCTA’TION [of reluctate] resistance, repugnance.

To RELU’ME, verb act. to light anew. Relume her ancient light, nor
kindle new. Pope.

To RELU’MINE, verb act. to light anew.

To RELY’, verb neut. [of re and lye; prob. of re, backwards, and li­
gean, Sax. to lie, q. d. to lean back upon] to trust to, to depend upon.


REM

To REMAI’N, verb neut. [rimanere, It. of remaneo, Lat.] 1. To be
left out of a greater number or quantity. 2. To continue, to endure, to
be left. 3. To be left after any event. 4. Not to be lost. My wis­
dom remaineth with me. Ecclesiasticus. 5. To be left as not comprised.







But that an elder brother has power over his brethren remains to be pro­
ved. Locke. 6. To stay or be behind.

To REMAIN, verb act. to await, to be left to. While breath remains
thee. Milton.

REMAI’N, subst. [from the verb] See REMAINS, which is more usual.

REMAI’NDER [quod remanet, Lat. or of remandre, Fr.] that which re­
mains or is left, refuse.

REMAINDER, subst. 1. What is left. 2. The body when the soul is
departed, remains. The poor remainder of Andronicus. Shakespeare.
3. [In law] an estate in lands, tenements or rents, given to a person at
second hand, to be enjoyed after the decease of another to whom they are
given at the first hand.

REMAINDER [in mathematics] is the difference, or that which is left
after the taking of a lesser number or quantity from a greater.

REMAI’NS, plur. of remain; which see. 1. All that is left of a person
deceased. 2. That which is left of any thing else.

To REMA’KE, verb act. [of re and make] to make again. Glanville.

To REMA’NCIPATE, verb act. [remancipo, Lat.] to sell or return a
commodity to him who first sold it.

To REMA’ND, verb act. [rimandare, It. remando, Lat.] to command
back again, to send back, to call back.

REMA’NENT, subst. [remanens, Lat. remanant, O. Fr.] It is now con­
tracted to remnant. The remanent of the last term. Bacon.

To REMA’RK, verb act. [remarquer, Fr.] 1. To observe, to note. 2.
To distinguish, to mark, to take notice of.

REMA’RK [remarque, Fr.] a note, observation, notice taken.

REMA’RKABLE, adj. [remarquable, Fr.] worthy of remark, observa­
tion, notable.

REMA’RKABLENESS [of remarkable] worthiness of remark.

REMA’RKABLY, adv. [of remarkable] in a manner worthy of re­
mark.

REMA’RKER [of remark; remarquer, Fr.] one that remarks, an ob­
server. Watts.

RE-MA’RRYING, to marry again.

RE’MEDIABLE, Fr. [of remedium, Lat.] that may be remedied.

RE’MEDIABLENESS [of remediable] capableness of being remedied.

REME’DIATE, adj. [of remedy] affording a remedy: obsolete.

RE’MEDILESS, adj. [of remedy] that is not, nor cannot be remedied,
incurable. Raleigh.

To RE’MEDY, verb act. [remedio, Lat. remedier, Fr. rimediare, It. re­
mediàr, Sp.] 1. To cure, to heal. 2. To reprove mischief, to repair
it.

RE’MEDY, subst. [remedium, Lat. remede, Fr. rimedio, It. remedio, Sp.]
1. Physic, medicine by which any illness is cured. 2. Cure of any un­
easiness, help, ease, comfort, 3. That which counteracts any evil. 4.
Reparation, means for the redress of disorders or mischiefs.

To REME’MBER, verb neut. [remembrer, O. Fr. remembrar, Sp. remem­
brare, It.] 1. To bear in mind, not to forget. 2. To recollect, to call
to mind. 3. To keep in mind, to have present to the attention. 4. To
bear in mind with intent of reward or punishment. 5. To mention, not
to omit. 6. To put in mind, to force to recollect.

REME’MBERER [of remember] one that remembers.

REME’MBRANCE, Fr. [remembranza, It. remembrance, Sp. of rememo­
ror, Lat.] 1. Recollection, revival of any idea: when the idea of some­
thing formerly known recurs to the mind, without the operation of the
external object on the external sensory. Locke. 2. Retention in memory.
3. Honourable memory: obsolete. Grace and remembrance be unto
you both. Shakespeare. 4. Transmission of a fact from one to another.
5. Account preserved. 6. Memorial. 7. A token by which any one
is kept in the memory. 8. Notice of something absent.

REME’MBRANCER [of rembrance] one who puts in mind.

REME’MBRANCERS [of the exchequer] three officers or clerks in that
office, as of the king, the lord treasurer, and of the first fruits.

To REME’RCIE, verb act. [remercier, Fr.] to thank: obsolete. Spen­
ser.

To RE’MIGRATE, verb neut. [remigro, Lat.] to remove back again.

REMIGRA’TION [of remigrate] removal back again. Hale.

To REMI’ND, verb act. [of re and mind] to put in mind, to force to
remember.

REMINI’SCENCE, or REMINI’SCENCY [reminiscence, Fr. reminiscenza, It.
of reminiscentia, Lat.] the faculty or power of remembering or calling to
mind. Hale.

REMISCE’NTIAL, adj. [of remiscence] relating to remiscence. Brown.

REMI’SS, adj. [remisso, Sp. remissus, Lat.] 1. Slack, negligent, not
vigorous. 2. Careless, slothful. 3. Not intense.

REMI’SSIBLE, Fr. [remissibile, It. of remissus, Lat.] pardonable, capa­
ble of being remitted, admitting forgiveness.

REMI’SSLY, adv. [of remiss] 1. Negligently, carelessly, without close
attention. 2. Slackly, not vigorously.

REMI’SSION, Fr. [remissio, Lat.] 1. Relaxation of severity or rigour,
moderation. 2. [In medicine] is when a distemper abates, but does
not go quite off, before it returns again. 3. [In law] forgiveness, par­
don of a crime. 3. Release. 4. [In physics] cessation of intenseness,
an abatement of the power or efficacy in any quality, in opposition to
the increase of the same, which is termed intension.

REMI’SSNESS [of remiss] slackness, negligence, carelessness, coldness,
inattention.

To REMI’T, verb act. [rimettere, It. remitìr, Sp. of remitto, Lat.] 1.
To send money to a distant place. 2. To slacken, to abate, to
make less intense. 3. To forgive punishment. 4. [Remettre, Fr.] to
pardon a fault. 5. To give up, to resign. 6. [Remettre, Fr.] to defer,
to refer. A pliant clause at the foot of that remitted all to the bishop's
discretion. Bacon. 8. To restore: obsolete.

To REMIT, verb neut. 1. To grow less intense, to be slackened. 2.
To abate by growing less eager. 3. [In physic] to grow by intervals
less violent, tho' not wholly intermitting.

REMI’TMENT [of remit] the act of remitting to custody.

REMI’TMENT, or REMI’TTANCE [in commerce] a return of money
from one place to another in bills of exchange, orders, or the like.

REMI’TTER. 1. One who remits. 2. [In common law] is where a
man has two titles in law, and is seized by the latter, and, that proving
defective, he is remitted or restored to the former more ancient title.

REMI’TTANCE [of remit] 1. The act of paying money at a distant
place. 2. Sum remitted. 3. [With bankers] a due or fee allowed both
for their wages, the tale of money, and the different value of the species
where the money is paid.

To REMI’X, verb act. [of re and mix] to mix a second time.

RE’MNANT, adj. [corrupted from remanet, of remaneo, Lat.] that
which remains or is left of any thing.

RE’MNANT, subst. [for remanent, residue] that which remains or is left.

REMO’LTEN, part. pass. [from remelt] melted again.

REMO’NSTRANCE, Fr. 1. Show, discovery: obsolete. 2. Strong re­
presentation, particularly a complaint back'd with reason, or an expo­
stulation or humble supplication, to consider the ill consequence of some­
thing.

REMO’NSTRANT, adj. [remonstrans, Lat.] expostulatory.

REMO’NSTRANTS, a title given to the Arminians, by reason of the re­
monstrances they made in the year 1610 against the synod of Dort, con­
cerning predestination. See DORT and BERÆANS compared.

To REMO’NSTRATE, verb neut. [remonstrer, Fr. of re, against, and
monstro, Lat. to shew] to shew by valid reasons and instances, to make
appear in strong terms.

REMO’RA, Lat. the ship halter. A small fish or worm called a sea­
lamprey or suckstone; of which the ancients had an opinion, that by
sticking to the keel of a ship it would stop its course. And thence
remora is taken for any delay, stop, let, or hindrance. The remora is
about three quarters of a yard long, his body being three inches and a
half over; thence tapering to the tail end, his mouth two inches and a
half over; his chops ending angularly, the nether a little broader, and
produced forward near an inch; his lips rough, with a great number of
little prickles. Grew.

REMORA [with surgeons] an instrument for setting broken bones.

To RE’MORATE, verb act. [remoror, Lat.] to hinder, to delay.

REMO’RSE [remors, Fr. rimorso, It. of re, again, and morsus, Lat. a
bite] 1. Check or sting of conscience, pain of guilt. 2. Tenderness,
pity.

REMO’RSEFUL, adj. [of remorse and full] compassionate, pitying.

REMO’RSELESS, adj. [of remorse] unpitying, savage, without check
or sting of conscience.

REMO’TE [rimoto, It. remoto, Sp. of remotus, Lat.] 1. Distant, not
immediate. 2. Distant, not at hand. 3. Removed far off, placed not
near. 4. Foreign. 5. Distant, not closely connected. 6. Alien, not
agreeing. 7. Abstracted.

REMO’TELY, adv. [of remote] not nearly, at a distance.

REMO’TENESS [of remote] the state of being far from any thing, not
nearness.

REMO’TION [remotum, of re and moveo, Lat. to move] the act of re­
moving, the state of being removed to distance.

REMO’VABLE, adj. [of remove] that may be removed.

To REMO’VE, verb act. [remner, Fr. removere, It. remover, Sp. of re­
moveo, Lat.] 1. To carry from one place to another, to set or take away,
to put from its place. 2. To place at a distance.

To REMOVE, verb neut. 1. To change place. 2. To shift dwellings
or lodgings, to go from one place to another.

REMO’VAL, or REMO’VE. 1. The act of removing, changing, or putting
out of place or abode. 2. The act of putting away. 3. Dismission
from a post. 4. The state of being removed.

REMOVE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Change of place. 2. Suscepti­
bility of being removed: obsolete. 3. Translation of one to the place
of another. 4. State of being removed. 5. The act of moving a chess­
man or draught. 6. Act of going away, departure. 7. The act of
changing place. 8. A step in the scale of gradation. 9. A small di­
stance. 10. Act of putting a horse's shoe upon different feet.

REMO’VED, part. adj. [of remove] remote, separate from others.

REMO’VEDNESS [of removed] remoteness, the state of being removed.
Shakespeare.

REMO’VER [of remove] one that removes. Bacon.

To REMOU’NT [remonter, Fr. rimontare, It. remontàr, Sp.] to mount
again, to get up again.

To REMOUNT Cavalry [a military phrase] is to furnish troopers or
dragoons with fresh horses, in the place of those that have been killed or
disabled in service.

REMPLI’ [in heraldry] i. e. filled up, signifies, that all the chief is
filled up with a square piece of another colour, leaving only a border of
the proper colour of the chief about the said piece.

RE’MULUS [with anatomists] the narrow part of the ribs which joins
with the vertebræ, or turning joints of the back bone.

REMU’NERABLE, adj. [of remunerate] capable of being rewarded.

To REMU’NERATE [remunerer, Fr. rimunerare, It. remuneràr, Sp. of
remunero, Lat.] to recompense, to reward, to requite. Boyle.

REMUNERA’TION, Fr. [rimunerazione, It. of remuneratio, Lat.] the
act of recompensing or rewarding, requital, repayment.

REMU’NERATIVE, adj. [of remunerate] exercised in giving rewards.

REMU’RIA [among the Romans] feasts instituted in honour of Remus
the brother of Romulus.

To REMU’RMUR, verb act. [of re, and murmur] to utter back in mur­
murs or low hoarse sounds.

To REMURMUR, verb neut. to murmur back. The realms of Mars re­
murmur'd all around. Dryden.


REN

RE’NAL, adj. [of renalis, Lat.] belonging to the reins.

RENAL Artery [with anatomists] an artery (according to some) ari­
sing out of the aorta and entering the kidnies, bringing to them the serous
part of the arterial blood.

RENAL Glandules [witb anatomists] two flat and soft glands, of the
thickness of a nut, about the reins on each side.

RENA’LIS Vena, Lat. [with anatomists] a vein arising from the de­
scending trunk of the vena cava, and spreading itself on the caul and fat
that covers the kidnies.

RE’NARD, subst. [renard, Fr. a fox.] the name of a fox in fable.

RENA’SCENT, adj. [renascens, Lat.] springing up, rising again into be­
ing.

RENA’SCIBLE, adj. [renascor, Lat.] possible to be produced again.

RENASCIBI’LITY, or RENA’SCIBLENESS [renascibilitas, Lat. or renas­
cible] the possibility of being produced again.

To RENA’VIGATE, verb neut. [of re, and navigate] to sail again.

RENAVIGA’TION, Lat. the act of sailing back.

To RENCO’UNTER, verb neut. [recontrer, Fr.] 1. To clash, to collide.
2. To meet an enemy unexpectedly. 3. To skirmish with another. 4.
To fight hand to hand.

RENCOU’NTER [rencontre, Fr.] 1. Shock, clash. 2. Personal oppo­
sition. 3. An encounter of two little bodies or parties of forces, loose or
casual engagement. 4. An accidental meeting, an unexpected adven­







ture, as when two persons fall out and fight on the spot, without having
premeditated the combat: and thus it is opposed to a duel.

RENCONTR’E [in heraldry] or a rencontrÉ, denotes that the face of a
beast stands right forward, as if it came to meet the person before it.

To REND, irreg. verb act. RENT, pret. and part. pass. [hrendan, Sax.]
to tear with violence, to pull in pieces.

RE’NDER [of rend] one that rends or tears.

To RE’NDER, verb act. [reddo, Lat. rendre, Fr. rendere, It.] 1. To re­
turn, to pay back. 2. To restore, to give back. 3. To give upon de­
mand. 4. To invest with qualities, to make. 5. To represent, to ex­
hibit. 6. To surrender, to yield, to give up. 7. To offer, to give to
be used. Logic renders its daily service to wisdom. Watts. 8. To turn
or translate out of one language into another.

To RENDER [in law] a term used in levying a fine. A fine is either
single, where nothing is granted, or with render, whereby something is
rendered back again by the cognisee to the cognisor; or double, which
contains a grant or render back again of some rent, common, or other
thing out of the land itself to the cognisor.

RENDER, subst. [from the verb] surrender.

To RE’NDEVOUS, or To RE’NDEZVOUS [aller a rendezvous, Fr.] to go
to a place appointed for the meeting of soldiers.

RENDEZVOU’S, subst. [from the verb] 1. Assembly, meeting ap­
pointed. 2. A sign that draws men together. The philosopher's stone
and a holy war are but the rendezvous of crack'd brains that wear their
feather in their head. Bacon. 3. Place appointed for assembly. This
was the general rendezvous which they all got to. Burnet.

RENDI’TION [of render] the act of yielding, surrender, a rendering.

RE’NEGADE, or RENEGA’DO [of re, again, and negando, Lat. denying,
renegat, Fr. rinnegato, It. renegádo, Sp.] 1. One who has renounced the
Christian religion, which he professed; an apostate from the faith. 2.
One who deserts to the enemy, a revolter. Some straggling soldiers
might prove renegadoes, but they would not revolt in troops. Decay of
Piety. Renegade seamen and shipwrights. Arbuthnot.

To RENE’GE, verb act. [renego, Lat. renier, Fr.] to disown, to deny.
To make me renege my conscience. K. Charge.

Succenturiati RE’NES, Lat. [in anatomy] certain glands, so named
from their resemblance to the figure of the reins, and accounted a sort of
secondary reins.

To RENE’W, verb act. [renouveller, Fr. rinuovare, It. renovàr, Sp.
of renovo, Lat.] 1. To begin anew. 2. To restore the former state, to
make new. 3. To put in act again. 4. [Among divines] to make
new, to transform to new life.

RENE’WABLE, adj. [of renew] capable of being renewed.

RENE’WAL [of renew] the act of renewing, renovation.

RE’NITENCY [of renitens, Lat.] 1. The act of resisting or striving
against. 2. [In philosophy] that resistance or force that is in solid bo­
dies, by which they resist the impulse of other bodies, or re-act as much
as they are acted upon.

RE’NITENT, adj. [renitens, Lat.] capable of being resisted.

RE’NNET, subst. 1. The maw of a calf, commonly used for turning
milk in making curds for cheese, &c. 2. A sort of apple. See RUN­
NET.

RENNET, or RE’NNETING, subst. [properly reinette, Fr. a] little queen.

To RE’NOVATE, verb act. [renovo, Lat.] to renew, to restore to the
first state.

RENOVA’TION, Fr. [renovatio, Lat.] the act of renewing or making
new, the state of being renewed.

To RENOU’NCE, verb act. [renuncio, Lat. renoncer, Fr. rinunziare, It.
renunciàr, Sp.] 1. To forsake, to quit upon oath, to give over. 2. Ab­
solutely to deny or disown.

To RENOUNCE, verb neut. to declare renunciation.

RENOU’NCEMENT [of renounce] the act of renouncing, renunciation.

RENO’WN [renom, renomée, Fr. rinomanza, It. of re and nomen, Lat.]
fame, great reputation, or note.

To RENOWN, verb act. [renowner, Fr.] to make famous.

RENOU’NED, part. adj. [of renown; renommÉ, Fr.] famous, that is of
great note and reputation.

RENOW’NEDLY, adv. [of renouned] famously, with reputation.

RENO’WNEDNESS [of renowned] famousness, celebrity.

RENT, subst. [rente, Fr. rendità, It. renta, Sp.] 1. A sum of money
paid annually for the use of land, house, &c. 2. Revenue, annual
payment. 3. [From rend] a break, a tear or laceration.

To RENT, verb act. rather To REND, to tear, to lacerate. A time
to rent and a time to sew. Ecclesiastes.

To RENT, verb neut. [now written rant] to roar, to bluster. We still
say a tearing fellow for a noisy bully. That partings wont to rent and
tear. Hudibras.

To RENT, verb act. [renter, Fr.] 1. To hold by paying rent. 2. To
set to a tenant.

RE’NTABLE [of rent] that may be rented.

RE’NTAL [of rent] an account of rent.

RENT-Charge [in law] is where a man makes over his estate to ano­
ther by deed indented, either in fee, fee-tail, or term of life; yet re­
serves a sum of money to himself by the same indenture to be paid an­
nually to him, with cause of distress for non-payment.

RENT-Seck [in law] i. e. dry rent, is that which a man who makes
over reserves yearly to be paid, without any clause of distress contained
in the indenture.

RENT-Service [in law] is where a man holds his lands of a lord by
fealty and certain rent; or by fealty service and certain rent; or that
which a man, making lease to another for term of years, reserveth yearly
to be paid for them.

Resolute RENTS [in law] are such rates as were anciently payable to
the crown for the lands from abbies and other religious houses, and which
after their dissolution were still reserved to the crown.

RENTS of Assize [in law] fixed and determinate rents, anciently paid
by tenants in a set quantity of money or provisions, so termed because
they were assized or made certain.

RE’NTER [of rent] he that holds by paying rent.

RENTER-Warden, an officer in most of the companies of the city of
London, whose business is to receive the rents or profits pertaining to
the company.

RE’NTERING [of rentraire, Fr. in manufactory] the sewing of two
pieces of cloth edge to edge without doubling them, so that the seam is
scarcely to be seen; also the sewing up a rent or hole made in the dres­
sing or preparing of cloth.

RENUE’NTES, Lat. [in anatomy] a pair of muscles of the head, so
named, as being antagonists to the annuentes; their use is to throw the
head backwards with an air of refusal.

RENVERSE’ [in heraldry] denotes any thing set with the head down­
wards, as cheveron renverse, is a cheveron with a point downwards, or
when a beast is laid on its back.

RENVE’RSED, adj. [of renversÉ, Fr.] over-turned. Spenser.

RENUNCIA’TION, [renonciation, Fr. rinunziazione, It. renunciaciòn, Sp.
of renunciatio, Lat.] the act of renouncing, or disclaiming of a thing
or any right, either real or pretended.

RENU’NCULUS, Lat. [with anatomists] a little kidney.

RENU’NCULUS, Lat. [with botanists] the crow-foot, a flower.

To REOBTAI’N, verb act. [of re, again, and obtain; obtineo, Lat.] to
get or procure again.

To REORDAI’N, verb act. [of re and ordain; reordiner, Fr.] to ordain
again, on supposition of some defect in the commission of a minister.

REORDINA’TION, the act of conferring orders a second time.


REP

To REPA’CIFY, verb act. [of re and pacify] to pacify again. To re­
pacify the people's hate. Daniel.

REPAI’D, pret. and part. pass. of REPAY, which see.

To REPAI’R, verb act. [reparer, Fr. reparo, Lat] 1. To amend any
injury by an equivalent. 2. To refit, to fill up anew by something put
in the place of what is damaged or lost.

To REPAIR, verb neut. [repairer, Fr.] 1. To restore after injury or
dilapidation. 2. To go to, to betake one's self to a place.

REPAI’R, subst. [repaire, Fr.] 1. Abode, place of resort. And beat
him downward to his first repair. Dryden. 2. Act of betaking one's
self to any place. A proclamation for their repair to their houses.

REPAIR, subst. from the verb [reparation, Fr. reparazione, It. reparo,
Sp.] the act of amending or refitting, supply of loss, restoration after di­
lapidation.

REPAI’RABLE, or REPA’RABLE [reparable, Fr. reparabili, Lat.] capa­
ble of being supplied, that may be repaired or mended by something
equivalent.

REPAI’RER [of repair] a restorer, a maker of a thing up again, an
amender.

REPAI’RERS, artificers who chase figures, and beautify sword-hilts,
plate, &c.

REPA’NDOUS, adj. [repandus, Lat.] bent or bowed upwards.

REPA’NDITY [of repandous, or repanditas, Lat.] bent or bowed up.

REPA’RABLE. See REPAI’RABLE.

REPA’RABLY, adv. [of reparable] in a manner capable of amend­
ment or supply.

REPARA’TION, Fr. [reparazione, It. of reparatio, Lat.] 1. The act of
mending of things fallen to decay. 2. Supply of what is wanted. 3.
Amends, satisfaction for damages done. And make what reparation I
am able. Dryden. See PROLATIONS, adj. and read PROLATITIOUS, adj.

REPARATIO’NE Facienda, Lat. [in law] a writ which lies in divers
cases, as when three are tenants in common or joint tenants pro indiviso,
of an house, &c. fallen to decay, and the one is willing to repair it and
the other two are not.

REPA’RATIVE, subst. [of repair] whatever makes amends for loss or
injury. Wotton.

To REPA’RT [with horsemen] is to put a horse on, or to make him
part the second time.

REPARTEE’, or REPARTY’ [repartie, Fr.] a ready, smart reply, espe­
cially in matters of wit, humour, or raillery.

To REPARTEE’, verb neut. to make smart replies. Prior.

REPARTI’TION, Fr. [reparticiòn, Sp.] the act of dividing or sharing
again.

REPARTITION, the regulation of a tax, so that no body may be over­
burdened.

To REPA’SS [repasser, Fr. ripassare, It. repassàr, Sp.] to pass over
again, to pass back.

To REPA’SS, verb neut. to go back in any way.

REPA’ST [repas, Fr. of re and pastus, Lat.] 1. A single meal or re­
fection taken at a certain hour, the act of taking food. 2. Food, vic­
tuals. Go and get me some repast. Shakespeare.

To REPAST, verb act. [from the subst. repaistre, Fr.] to feed, to feast.
Shakespeare.

REPA’STURE, subst. [of re and pasture] entertainment: obsolete.

To REPA’Y, verb act. [of re, again, and payer, Fr.] 1. To pay back
in return, requital, or revenge. 2. To recompense. 3. To requite
either good or ill. 4. To reimburse with what is owed.

REPA’YMENT [of repay] 1. The act of paying back again. 2. The
thing repaid.

To REPEA’L, verb act. [rappeller, Fr.] 1. To recal: obsolete. 2.
To revoke, disannul, or make void a statute or law.

REPEA’L, subst. [from the verb] 1. Recall from exile: obsolete. 2.
Revocation, abrogation.

REPEA’LABLE [of repeal] that may be repealed.

To REPEA’T, verb act. [repeter, Fr. ripetere, It. repetir, Sp. of repeto,
Lat.] 1. To rehearse, to recite, to reiterate. 2. To use again, to do
again. 3. To speak again. 4. To try again.

REPEAT [in music] a character shewing that what was last played or
sung, must be gone over again.

REPEA’TEDLY, adv. [of repeated] more than once, over and over.

REPEA’TER [of repeat] 1. One that repeats or recites. 2. A watch
that repeats the hours.

To REPE’L, verb act. [repello, Lat.] 1. To beat, force or drive any
thing back. 2. To drive back an assailant.

To REPE’L, verb neut. 1. To act with force contrary to force im­
pressed. 2. [In physic] to prevent such an afflux of a fluid to any
particular part, as would raise it into a tumor. Quincy.

REPE’LLENCE [of repel] the act of repelling.

REPE’LLENTS, plur. of repellent, subst. [repellentia, Lat,] medicines
which repel or drive back a morbid humour, into the mass of blood
from which it was unduly secreted.

REPE’LLER [of repel] one that repels.

To REPE’NT, verb neut. [of re and pænitet, Lat. se repentir, Fr. ar­
repentirse, Sp.] 1. To be sorry for what one has done or omitted. 2. To
express sorrow for something past. 3. To have such sorrow for sin, as
produces amendment of life. Nineveh repented at the preaching of Jo­
nas. St. Matthew.

To REPE’NT, verb act. 1. To remember with sorrow. I will give
over my suit, and repent my unlawful solicitation. Shakespeare. 2. To







remember with pious sorrow. His late follies he would late repent.
Dryden.

REPE’NTANCE, Fr. 1. Sorrow for any thing past. 2. [With divines]
such a conversion of a sinner to God, by which he is not only sorry for
the evil he has done, and resolved to forsake it; but actually begins to
renounce it, and to do his duty according to the utmost of his ability;
or, as it is *I might also have said (in justice to the learned author) that his
definition of repentance is more conformable to the Greek ety­
mology of the word; for ΜΕΤΑΝΟΙΑ signifies an after-thought, or
change of sentiment. more concisely expressed by the Table of CEBES, “repentance
is a change of sentiments, followed by a change of conduct.”

REPE’NTANT, adj. Fr. 1. Sorrowful for the past. 2. Sorrowful for
sin. 3. Expressing sorrow for sin.

To REPE’OPLE, verb act. [of re and people; repeupeer, Fr.] to stock
anew with people. The repeopling of the world. Hale.

To REPERCU’SS, verb act. [repercussum, of repercutio, Lat.] to beat
or drive back; obsolete.

REPERCU’SSION, Fr. [ripercussivo, It. of repercussio, Lat.] the act of
driving or striking back.

REPERCUSSION [in music] a frequent repetition of the same sound.

REPERCU’SSIVE, adj. [repercussif, Fr. ripercussivo, It.] 1. Having the
power of striking or rebounding back. 2. [In physic] repellent; and
sometimes substantively or elliptically used. Repercussive medicines. Ba­
con. A strong repercussive. Bacon. 3. Driven back, rebounding; im­
proper. The repercussive roar. Thomson.

REPERCUSSIVE Medicines, are such as are applied to repel or drive
back the humours from an affected part.

REPERTI’TIOUS [repertitius, Lat.] that which is found, that which is
got by finding.

REPE’RTORY [repertoire, Fr. repertorio, It. and Sp. of repertorium,
Lat.] a book into which things are methodically entered, in order to the
more ready finding of them; also a place where things are orderly laid
up, so as to be easily found.

REPIA’NO, or REPIE’NO, It. [in music books] signifies full, and is
used to distinguish those violins in concerto's, which play only now and
then to fill up, from those which play through the whole concerto.

REPETI’TION, Fr. repetizione, It. repeticiòn, Sp. of repetitio, Lat.] 1.
Iteration of the same thing. 2. A rehearsal or recital of the same words
over-again. 3. The act of reciting or saying the same thing over­
again. 4. Recital from memory, as contradistinguished from reading.

To REPI’NE, verb neut. [of re and pine; from piiner, Dan. to tor­
ment] to grieve or grudge at, to fret, to be discontented; sometimes pas­
sively used. The fines imposed were the more repined against. Cla­
rendon.

REPI’NER [of repine] one that frets or murmurs.

To REPLA’CE, verb act. [replancer, Fr.] 1. To put in the former
place. 2. To put in a new place.

To REPLAI’T, verb act. [of re and plait] to fold one part often over
another.

To REPLA’NT, verb act. [replanter, Fr. ripiantare, It.] to plant
again.

REPLANTA’TION, the act of planting again.

To REPLEA’D, verb neut. [of re and plaider, Fr.] to plead again to
that which was once pleaded before.

REPLE’GIARE [a law term] to deliver to the owner upon pledges of
surety.

REPLEGIARE de Aceriis [in law] a writ brought by one whose cattle
are distrained and put in the pound by another, upon security given the
sheriff to pursue or answer the action at law to the distrainer.

To REPLE’NISH, verb act. [repleni, O. Fr. repleo, of re and plenus,
Lat.] 1. To fill again, to stock. 2. To finish, to complete. Shakespeare.

To REPLE’NISH, verb neut. to be stocked; not in use.

REPLE’NISHMENT [of replenish] the act of replenishing.

REPLE’TE, adj. [replet, Fr. repletus, Lat.] full, completely, filled, re­
plenished.

REPLE’TENESS [of replete] fulness.

REPLE’TION, Fr. [replezione, It. of repletio, Lat. in medicine] the
state of being filled or stuffed up; also a surfeit or overcharge.

REPLETION [in cannon law] is where the revenue of a benefice is
sufficient to fill or occupy the whole right or title of the graduate who
holds them.

REPLE’VIABLE, adj. [replegiabilis, barb. Lat.] that may be replevied.

To REPLE’VIN, or To REPLE’VY, verb act. [of replegio, Lat, a law
term, of re and plevir, or plegir, Fr.] to give a pledge, to take back or
set any thing that has been seized at liberty, upon security given.

REPLE’VIN, or REPLE’VY, subst. [in law] the bringing a writ called
replegiare facias, by him whose cattle or goods are restrained upon any
cause, and has given security to the sheriff to prosecute the action.

To REPLE’VY, verb act. [replegio, Lat.] to recover upon a replevin, to
redeem a pledge. See REPLEVIN.

REPLICA’TION [replique, Fr, replica, It. of replicatio, Lat.] 1. Re­
bound, repercussion. 2. The act of making a reply, or second answer,
to an objection, discourse, or treatise. 3. [In law] an exception of the
second degree made by the plaintiff, to the first answer of the defendant.

To REPLY’ [repliquer, Fr. replicare, It. replicàr, Sp. of replico, Lat.]
to answer, to make a return to an answer.

To REPLY’, verb act. to return for an answer.

REPLY’ [replique, Fr. replicatio, Lat.] an answer, a return to an
answer.

REPLY’ER [of reply] he that makes a return to an answer.

To REPO’LISH, verb act. [of re and polish; repolir, Fr.] to polish
again.

REPO’NCES, Fr. a sort of small wild radishes.

REPO’RT [rapport, Fr. rapporto, It.] 1. Public talk, popular rumour.
2. Repute, public character. 3. Account returned. 4. The noise of a
gun discharged. 5. [In law] a relation of cases judicially debated or ad­
judged in any of the king's courts of justice.

To REPO’RT, verb act. [rapporter, Fr. rapportare, It.] 1. To tell, to
relate, to give an account of. 2. To noise abroad by popular rumour.
3. To give repute. 4. To return back, to rebound.

REPO’RTER [of report] one that reports or gives an account.

REPO’RTINGLY, adv. [of reporting] by common report, by public fame.

REPO’SAL [of repose] the act of reposing. Shakespeare.

REPO’SE [repos, Fr. riposo, It.] 1. Rest, sleep, quiet, peace. 2. [In
painting] cause of rest, certain masses or large systems or assemblages of
light and shade, which when well conducted prevent the confusion of
objects and figures.

To REPO’SE, verb neut. [reposer, Fr. riposare, It. reposar, Sp. rèpono,
Lat.] 1. To put or lay up, to lodge. 2. [Se reposer, Fr.] to take one's
rest, to lay to rest, to commit to, or leave a thing in a person's care. 3.
To place as in confidence or trust.

To REPO’SE, verb neut. [reposer, Fr.] 1. To sleep, to be at rest. 2.
To rest in confidence.

REPO’SEDLY, adv. [of reposed] quietly.

REPO’SEDNESS, quietness, stillness, state of being at rest.

To REPO’SITE, verb act. [repositus, Lat.] to lay up, to lodge as in a
place of safety.

REPOSI’TION, Lat. 1. Act of setting or putting to again. 2. [In sur­
gery] the reducing or setting of a dislocated member.

REPO’SITORY [repositoire, Fr. repositorio, It. of repositorium, Lat.] a
storehouse or place where things are safely laid up.

To REPOSSE’SS, verb act. [of re, again, and possessum, or possideo, Lat.]
to possess again.

To REPREHE’ND [reprendre, Fr. ripendre, It. reprehendèr, Sp. of re­
prehendo, Lat.] 1. To reprove, to rebuke, to chide, to blame, to find
fault with. 2. To censnre. 3. To detect of fallacy. 4. To charge
with as a fault.

REPREHE’NDER [of reprehend] one that reprehends, blames or cen­
sures.

REPREHE’NSIBLE, Fr. [riprensibile, It. of reprehensibilis, Lat.] de­
serving a reproof or repremand, blameable.

REPREHE’NSIBLENESS [of reprehensible] reproveableness, blameable­
ness.

REPREHE’NSIBLY, adv. [of reprehensible] blameably.

REPREHE’NSION [reprehensio, Lat.] reproof, open blame.

REPREHE’NSIVE, adj. [of reprehend] given to reproof.

To REPRESE’NT, verb act. [repræsento, Lat. representer, Fr. rappre­
sentare, It. representàr, Sp.] 1. To make appear, to exhibit any thing,
to shew or lay before, to exhibit in general. 3. To be in the stead of
another to supply his place, to personate. 4. To describe or express,
to shew in any particular character. The managers of it have been re­
presented as a second kind of senate. Addison.

REPRESENTA’TION, Fr. [rappresentazione, It. representaciòn, Sp. of
represæntatio, Lat.] 1. The act of representing or supporting a vicarious
character. 2. Pourtraiture, figure, image, likeness. 3. Respectful de­
claration.

REPRESENTATION [in the drama] is the exhibition of the action of
a theatrical piece, including the scenes, machines, recitations, &c.

REPRESE’NTATIVE [representatif, Fr. repræsentans, Lat.] 1. Serving
to represent or exhibit, a likness. 2. Bearing the power or character of
another.

REPRESENTATIVE, subst. [from the adj.] 1. One who represents the
person of another, a country, city, &c. as a member of parliament. 2.
One exhibiting the likeness of another. 3. That by which any thing is
shewn.

REPRESE’NTER [of represent] 1. One who shows or exhibits. 2. One
who bears the character of another and acts by deputation.

REPRESE’NTMENT [of represent] 1. Image proposed as exhibiting the
likeness of something. 2. A presenting a second time.

To REPRE’SS [repressum, sup. of reprimo, Lat. reprimer, Fr. riprimìr,
Sp.] 1. To keep under, to curb, to quell; to subdue. 2. To com­
press: not proper.

REPRE’SS, subst. [from the verb] act of crushing: not in use.

REPRE’SSION [of repress] act of restraining or repressing.

REPRE’SSIVE, adj. [of repress] that is of a restraining nature or qua­
lity, acting to repress.

REPRIE’VE [of repris, Fr. taken again or back, sc. the warrant for
execution] a warrant for suspending the execution of a malefactor, res­
pite after sentence of death.

To REPRIE’VE, verb act. [of reprendre, repris, Fr.] to respite a male­
factor's execution for some time.

REPRIMA’ND [reprimande, reprimende, Fr.] rebuke, check.

To REPRIMAND, verb act. [reprimander, Fr. reprimo, Lat.] to re­
prove, to check, to chide.

To REPRI’NT, verb act. [of re and print; prenien, Du.] 1. To print
a book again. 2. To renew the impression of a thing in general.

REPRI’SAL, or REPRI’ZAL [of represaille, Fr. rappresaglio, It. repre­
sulla, Sp. reprisalid, L. Lat.] the act of taking or seizing from an enemy
an equivalent for a loss sustained.

REPRI’SE, Fr. 1. The act of re-taking, as retaliation of some injury.
2. The burden of a song or ballad. 3. [With horsemen] a lesson re­
peated, or a manage recommended.

REPRI’SES [in law] allowances or duties paid annually out of a ma­
nor, or lands; as, rent, charges, &c. pensions, annuities, fees of
stewards, &c.

RE-PRI’ZE [in sea commerce] a merchant ship, which having been
taken by a corsair or privateer, &c. is retaken or recovered by a vessel
of the contrary party.

To REPROA’CH, verb act. [reprocher Fr. reprochàr, Sp.] 1. To upbraid
or twit, to hit in the teeth in general. 2. To censure in opprobrious
terms as a crime. 3. To charge with a fault in severe language.

REPROA’CH, subst. [reproche, Fr. and Sp.] upbraiding, disgrace,
shame.

REPROA’CHABLE, adj. [reprochable, Fr.] that deserves to be re­
proached.

REPRO’ACHABLENESS [of reproachable] worthiness of being reproached.

REPROA’CHFUL [prob. of reproche, Fr. and full, Sax.] 1. Abusive,
opprobrious, scurrilous. 2. Disgraceful, vile.

REPROA’CHFULLY, adv. [of reproachful] 1. Shamefully, disgrace­
fully. 2. Abusively, scurrilously.

REPROA’CHFULNESS [of reproachful] a reproachful quality or dispo­
sition.

To RE’PROBATE, verb act. [reprobare, It. and Lat.] 1. To reject or
cast off utterly to wickedness and eternal destruction. 2. To disallow,
to reject. Such an answer as this is reprobated and dissallowed of.
Ayliffe. 3. To abandon to one's sentence without hope of pardon.

RE’PROBATE, adj. [reprobus, Lat.] lost to virtue or grace, aban­
doned.

REPROBATE, subst. a man lost to virtue, an abandoned wretch. Ra­
leigh.








RE’PROBATENESS [of reprobate] the state of being reprobate; wick­
edness, impiety.

RE’PROBATES, plur. of reprobate, subst. which see [reprobi, Lat.]
those whom (according to the opinions of some) God has passed by,
rejected, or predestinated to damnation; also very wicked persons. See
GNOSTICS and PRIMITIVE Christianity compared; and under the last,
read, PRIMITIVENESS.

REPROBA’TION, Fr. [reprobazione, It. of reprobatio, Lat.] 1. The act
of rejecting or casting off utterly, the state of being cast off utterly to
eternal damnation. 2. A condemnatory sentence.

To REPRODU’CE, verb act. [of re and produce; reproduire, Fr.] to
produce again.

REPRODU’CTION [of re and productio, Lat.] the act of producing
again.

REPROO’F [of reprouver, Fr.] 1. A rebuke, a check; blame to one's
face. 2. Censure, slander.

REPRO’VABLE, adj. [of reprove] deserving reproof.

REPRO’VABLENESS [of reproveable] liableness to be reproved.

To REPRO’VE, verb act. [reprouver, Fr. reprovar, Sp.] 1. To check,
to chide, to charge to the face with a fault. 2. To blame, to censure.
3. To refute, to disprove. Reprove my allegation if you can. Shake­
speare. 4. To blame for.

REPRO’VER [of reprove] one that reproves.

To REPRU’NE, verb act. [of re and prune] to prune a second time.
Reprune apricots and peaches. Evelyn.

RE’PTILE, adj. Fr. [rettile, It. reptilis, Lat. creeping upon many
feet] a creeping thing, any animal that creeps upon many feet. Locke.

RE’PTILES [with botanists] those plants which creep either on the
earth or on other plants, as wanting strength of stalk to sustain them­
selves. This more properly should be called serpent plants.

REPTI’TIOUS, adj. [reptitius, Lat.] creeping on many feet.

REPU’BLIC [res publica, Lat. republique, Fr. republica, It. and Sp.]
a common-wealth, a free sort of government, where many bear rule.

REPU’BLICAN, adj. [of republic] that places the government in the
people.

REPU’BLICAN, subst. [republicain, Fr. republicone, It. republico, It. and
Sp.] a common-wealth's-man, a stickler for such a form of government,
preferring it to monarchy.

REPU’DIABLE, adj. [of repudiate] that may be rejected, put away,
or divorced.

REPU’DIATE [repudiata, Lat.] a divorced woman, one put away.

To REPU’DIATE [repudier, Fr. repudiàr, Sp. of repudiare, It. and Lat.]
to reject, to put away or divorce.

REPUDIA’TION, Fr. [repudio, It. of repudiatio, Lat.] the act of putting
away, a divorce.

REPU’GNANCE, REPU’GNANCY, or REPU’GNANTNESS [repugnance,
Fr. repugnanza, It. repugnancia, Sp. of repugnantia, Lat.] 1. Contrary na­
ture or quality, inconsistency. 2. Reluctance, unwillingness.

RUPU’GNANT, adj. [repugnans, Lat.] 1. Clashing with, contrary to.
2. Disobedient, not complying.

REPU’GNANTLY, adv. [of repugnant] with repugnancy, contradic­
torily.

To REPU’LLULATE, verb neut. [repullulo, Lat. repulleler, Fr.] to bud
forth a-fresh, to spring up again.

REPU’LSE, Fr. [repulsa, It. Sp. and Lat.] the state of being driven off
or aside from any attempt.

REPULSE [with philosophers] otherwise called re-action. See MAT­
TER and RE-ACTION.

To REPULSE, verb act. [repulsare, It. repulsar, Sp. repulsum, sup. of
repello, Lat.] to beat back, to thrust or turn away.

REPU’LSION [of repulse] the act of beating or driving backwards, a
repulse.

REPU’LSIVE, adj. [of repulse] having the power to drive off from it­
self.

To RE-PU’RCHASE, verb act. [of re and purchase] to purchase or buy
again.

REPU’LSORY, adj. [repulsorius, Lat.] fit to repel or beat back.

REPU’RGED, part. adj. [of repurge] purged again.

RE’PUTABLE, adj. [of repute] that is of good repute, not infa­
mous.

RE’PUTABLY, adv, [of reputable] without discredit, with honour.

REPUTA’TION, Fr. [reputazione, It. reputaciòn, Sp. of reputatio, Lat.]
fame, good name, good report, credit, esteem.

To REPU’TE, verb act. [reputer, Fr. reputare, It. reputar, Sp. reputo,
Lat.] to account, to esteem, to look upon.

REPU’TE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Character, reputation. 2. Esta­
blished opinion. Sat on his throne upheld by old repute. Milton.

REPU’TELESS, adj. [of repute] disreputable, disgraceful. A word
not inelegant, but out of use.


REQ

To REQUE’ST, verb act. [requester, Fr.] to ask, to entreat.

REQUE’ST [requête, Fr. richeista, It. requesta, Sp.] 1. Supplication,
petition. 2. Demand, credit, state of being desired.

REQUEST [hunting term] is when the dogs have lost the quest or
track of the beast, and must request or quest it again.

REQUEST [in law] a supplication or petition made to a prince or court
of justice, begging relief in some cases wherein the common law granted
no redress.

Court of REQUEST, an ancient court of equity, instituted in the time
of Henry VII. of like nature with that of chancery, chiefly for the re­
lief of petitioners, who in conscionable cases should address themselves by
way of petition to his majesty.

REQUE’STER [of request] one that requests or solicites.

To REQUI’CKEN, verb act. [of re and quicken] to re-animate, to
quicken again.

RE’QUIEM [i. e. rest, q. of requiem æternam dona eis domine, part of a
prayer in Latin] 1. Hence, to sing a requiem, is to sing a mass for the rest
of the souls of persons deceased. To sing a requiem and such peace to her.
Shakespeare. 2. Rest, quiet: not in use.

REQUI’RABLE, adj. [of require] fit to be required.

To REQUIRE, verb act. [requerir, Fr. richiedere, It. requirer, Sp. of
requiro, Lat.] 1. To ask or demand peremptorily, or with authority, as
of right due. 2. To make necessary, to need. The king's business re­
quired haste. 1 Sam.

REQUISI’TA [requis, Fr. requisito, It. and Sp. of requisitus, Lat.] ne­
cessary, required by the nature of things.

REQUISITE, subst. any thing necessary. One of the requisites to a hap­
py life. Dryden.

RE’QUISITELY, adv. [of requisite] in a requisite manner.

RE’QUISITENESS, necessariness, the state of being requisite.

REQUI’TAL [of requite] 1. Return for any good or bad office, reta­
liation. 2. Reward, recompence.

To REQU’ITE, verb act. [requiter, Fr.] to reward, to make amends
for, to retaliate good or ill.

RERE Mouse [hreremus, Sax.] a bat.

RE’REWARD [arriere garde, Fr.] the rear or last troop of an army.


RES

RES, Lat. a thing, a matter, business or affair.

Naturales RES, Lat. [with physicians] natural things; which some
writers reckon three in number, viz. health, the causes of health, and
its effects.

RES Non Naturales [with physicians] things not natural, which they
reckon six, viz. air, meat and drink, sleeping and watching; things
that are let out of and retained in the body; and the affections and pas­
sions of the mind. These are thus termed, because when they exceed
their due bounds, or some error has been committed in them, they are
often the causes of diseases.

RES Prætur Naturam, Lat. [with physicians] things beside nature,
viz. diseases, with their symptoms, causes, and effects.

To RESAI’L, verb neut. [of re and sail] to sail back. From Pyle
resailing. Pope.

RESA’LE, subst. [of re and sale] sale at second hand. Coemption of
wares for resale. Bacon.

RE-SALUTA’TION, Fr. [resalutaciòn Sp. of resalutatio, Lat.] the act
of saluting again.

To RE-SALU’TE, verb act. [resaluër, Fr. risalutare, It. resaludàr, Sp.
of resaluto, Lat.] to salute again.

RESECRELE’, or RESARCELE’E [in heraldry] as a cross resarcelee signi­
fies one cross, as it were, sewed to another, or one cross placed upon
another, or a slender cross charged upon the first.

RESCEI’T [in common law] an admittance of plea, tho' the contro­
versy be only between two.

RESCEIT [receptio, Lat.] an admittance of a third person to plead his
right in a cause before commenced only by two.

To RESCI’ND, verb act. [rescinder, Fr. of rescindo, Lat.] to cut off or
cancel, to disannul, repeal, or make void. It is not possible to rescind
or disclaim the standing obliged by it. Hammond.

RECI’SSION, or RECI’SION, Fr. [rescissus, Lat.] the act of cutting off,
disannulling, or abolishing. If any infer rescission of their estate to be
for idolatry. Bacon.

RESCI’SSORY [rescissoire, Fr. of rescissorius, Lat.] serving to rescind;
as, a rescissory act, an act which makes void a former act or law,

RE’SCOUS [rescousse or rescosse, Fr. in law] is when a man, distraining
cattle for damage done in his ground, drives them in the highway to­
wards the pound, and they get into the owner's house, and he refuses to
deliver them upon demand, he that detains them is said to be a rescous
in law.

RESCOUS in Fact, is a resistance against lawful authority; as by a vio­
lent taking away or procuring the escape of one that is arrested.

To RESCRI’BE, verb act. [rescribo, Lat. rescrire, Fr.] 1. To write
back. A prince on his being consulted rescribes or writes back tolera­
mus. Ayliffe. 2. To write over again. Calling for more paper to
rescribe them. Howel.

RESCRIBE’NDARY [in the court of Rome] an officer who sets a value
upon indulgences and supplications.

RE’SCRIPT [rescrit, Fr. rescritto, It. rescriptum, Lat.] 1. An answer de­
livered by an emperor or a pope, when consulted by particular persons
on some difficult question or point of law, to serve as a decision thereof,
an edict. 2. A memorial published by a sovereign prince, in vindication
of his conduct.

RE’SCUS [recousse, Fr. rescousse, rescosse, O. Fr. rescussus, Lat.] help,
deliverance from violence, danger, and confinement.

RESCU’SSU [in law] a writ that lies for a rescuer or rescussor.

RE’SCUE [in law] a resistance against lawful authority.

To RE’SCUE, verb act. [recourre, rescorre, Fr. rescutàr, Sp.] to save
or deliver, to set at liberty; to free from any violence, confinement, or
danger.

RESCU’ER [of rescue] one that rescues.

RESCU’SSOR [in law] one who commits an unlawful rescue.

RE-SEA’RCH [of recherche, Fr.] the act of searching, a strict enquiry,
a diligent seeking after.

To RESEA’RCH, verb act. [recbercher, Fr.] to examine, to enquire.

RE-SE’ARCHING [in sculpture, &c.] the repairing of a cast figure with
proper tools, &c.

To RESEA’T, verb act. [of re and seat] to seat again.

RESEI’SER [of re and seiser] 1. One who siezes again. 2. [In law]
a taking again of lands into the king's hands, for which an ouster le
main, was formerly misused.

RESEI’ZURE [of re and seizure] repeated seizure, seizure a second
time.

RESE’MBLANGE [ressemblance, Fr.] likeness, representation.

To RESE’MBLE, verb act. [ressembler, Fr.] 1. To compare, to repre­
sent as like. 2. To favour, to be like.

To RESE’ND, verb act. [of re and send] to send back. Not in
use.

To RESE’NT, verb act. [ressentir, Fr. risentirsi, It. resentir, Sp.] 1. To
take well or ill. 2. To stomach, to take heinously, as an injury, in­
dignity, or affront offered; this is the most usual sense now.

RESE’NTER [of resent] one who resents or feels affronts deeply.

RESE’NTFUL [of resent and full] easily provoked to anger, and long
retaining it.

RESE’NTINGLY, adv. [of resenting] with deep sense, with strong per­
ception of anger.

RESE’NTMENT [resentiment, Fr. risentimento, It.] 1. Strong perception
of good or ill. 2. A sensible apprehension of an injury offered, or a re­
vengeful remembrance of it.

RESERVA’TION, Fr. [riservazione, It. reservaciòn, Sp. of reservatio,
Lat.] 1. Reserve, concealment of something in the mind. 2. Some­
thing kept back, something not given up, This is academical reserva­
tion in matters of easy truth. Brown. 3. Custody, state of being kept
in store.

RESERVATION [in law] an action or clause, whereby something is re­
served, i. e. retained, kept, or secured to one's self.








RESERVATION Mental, a proposition, which, strictly taken, and ac­
cording to the natural import of the terms, is false; but, if qualified with
something reserved in the mind, becomes true.

RESERVATION [in conversation] reservedness, that distance and state
which ladies observe towards those that court them.

RESE’RVATORY, subst. [of reservoir, Fr.] place in which any thing is
reserved or kept. Woodward.

To RESE’RVE, verb act. [reserver, Fr. riservare, It. reservàr, Sp. of
reservo, Lat.] 1. To keep in store, to lay up, to save to some other
purpose. 2. To retain, to hold. 3. To lay up for some future time. 4.
[In law] to keep or provide; as when a man lets his lands, and re­
serves a rent to be paid to himself for his maintenance.

RESE’RVE, Fr. [reserva, It. of reservatum, Lat.] 1. Something kept
to be used as there shall be occasion. 2. Store kept untouched. 3. An
exception or limitation, prohibition. Or envy or what reserve forbids to
taste. Milton. 4. Something concealed in the mind, reservation. 5.
Exception in favour of a thing. Some darling lust which pleads for a
reserve. Rogers. 6. Modesty, caution in personal behaviour.

RESERVE [in military affairs] is a body of troops sometimes drawn
out of the army, and encamped by themselves in a line behind the other
two lines.

RESE’RVED [reservÉ, Fr. of reserve] 1. Modest, not loosely free. 2.
Sullen, not frank, close, shy, not open in discourse. Nothing reserved
or sullen was to see. Dryden.

RESE’RVEDLY, adv. [of reserve] 1. With reserve, not with openness.
2. Scrupulously, coldly.

RESE’RVEDNESS [of reserved] closeness, want of frankness. Cla­
rendon.

RESE’RVER [of reserve] one that reserves.

RESERVO’IR, subst. Fr. place where any thing is kept in store.

RESE’T [in law] the receiving, harbouring, or entertaining an out­
lawed person.

RESE’TTER, a receiver of an out-lawed or proscribed person.

To RESE’TTLE [of re, again, and settle; settan, Sax.] to settle
again, to re-establish.

RESE’TTLEMENT [of resettle] 1. The act of settling again. 2. The
state of being settled again.

RESI’ANCE [of resiant; a law term] residence, a man's continuance
or abode in one place. Commanding his merchant-adventurers, which
had a resiance in Antwerp, to return. Bacon.

RESI’ANT, adj. [of resseant, residant, Fr. in law] resident, residing in
a place. Sophia, where the Turks great lieutenant in Europe is always
resiant. Knolles.

RESIANT, subst. [from the adj.] a person that resides or dwells in a
certain place.

To RESI’DE, verb neut. [resider, Fr. residere, It. residir, Sp. resideo,
Lat.] 1. To stay, continue or abide, to be present with. 2. [Resido,
Lat.] to sink, to fall to the bottom. There residing in the bottom of a
fair cloud. Boyle.

RE’SIDENCE [residence, Fr. residenza, It. residéncia, Sp. of resideo,
Lat.] 1. A continuance or dwelling in any place. 2. Place of abode,
dwelling. 3. [Resido, Lat.] that which settles at the bottom of liquors.
As in the ordinary residence and settlement of liquors. Bacon.

RE’SIDENT, adj. Fr. [residente, It, residens, Lat.] residing, dwelling in
any place.

RESIDENT, subst. Fr. [residente, It.] a minister of state sent to continue
some time in the court of a foreign prince or state, with the dignity of an
ambassador, for the dispatch of some public business.

RESIDE’NTIARY, adj. pertaining to a resident; also holding residence.
Their residentiary guardian. More.

RESIDENTIARY, subst. a parson installed to the privileges and profits
of a residence.

RESI’DUAL, or RESI’DUARY, adj. [residuum, Lat.] relating to the re­
sidue or remainder.

RESIDUAL Figure [in geometry] the figure remaining after the sub­
straction of a lesser from a greater.

RESIDUAL Root [in algebra] a root composed of two parts or mem­
bers, only connected together with the sign (—) thus, a—b or 5—3 is
a residual root, and is so called, because its true value is no more than
its residual or difference between the parts a and b, or 5 and 3.

RE’SIDUE [residuo, It. and Sp. residu, Fr. residuum, Lat.] that which
is left, remainder.

To RESIE’GE, verb act. [of re and siege] to besiege again: obsolete.

To RESI’GN, verb act. [resigno, Lat. resigner, Fr. ressegnare, It, re­
signàr, Sp.] 1. To give up a claim or possession, to surrender. 2. To
yield or give up. 3. To make over, to give up in confidence. 4. To
submit, particularly to providence. Resign'd to fate. Dryden. 5. To
submit without resistance or murmur. What thou art resign to death.
Shakespeare.

RESIGNA’TION, Fr. [rassegnazione, It. resignaciòn, Sp. of resignatio,
Lat.] 1. The act of resigning, surrendering, or giving up a claim or posses­
sion. 2. Unresisting acquiescence. 3. [In theology] an entire submis­
sion of the will, and without murmur, to the will of God.

RESIGNEE’ [in law] the party to whom a thing is resigned.

RESI’GNER [of resign; in law] the person who resigns.

RESI’GNMENT [of resign] the act of resigning, surrendering or giving up.

RE’SILIENCE, RE’SILIENCY, RESILI’TION, or RE’SILIENTNESS [of re­
siliens, Lat.] the state or quality of that which is resilient, the act of
starting or leaping back. Bacon.

RE’SILIENT [resiliens, Lat.] leaping or rebounding back, recoiling.

RE’SINA, R’ESIN, or RO’SIN [resin is the most proper word] 1. [With
physicians] a fat and oily liquor, issuing either of its own accord, or else
let out by cutting of any tree or plant. 2. An artificial resin chymically
prepared and drawn from any plant aud drug, that abounds with resi­
nous particles, as resin of jalap, &c.

RESINA Auri, Lat. [with chemists] a crocus, or extract drawn from
gold.

RESINA Terrœ Potabilis, Lat. sulphur sublimed and reduced to a li­
quor.

RESINA’CIOUS, or RE’SINOUS, adj. [resineux, Fr. resinoso. It. of resi­
naceus, Lat.] resiny, that yields resin, or partakes of its nature.

RESINI’FEROUS [resinifer, of resina, resin, and fero, Lat. to bear]
bearing resin.

RESIPISCENCE, Fr. [resipiscenza, It. of resipiscentia, low Lat.] the
act of changing one's mind from doing amiss, wisdom after the fact, the
reflection which a person makes upon his bad conduct; which leads him
to repentance, and amendment of life.

To RESI’ST, verb act. [resister, Fr. resistir, Sp. of resistere, It. and
Lat.] 1. To withstand; to oppose, to act against. 2. Not to admit im­
pression or force.

RESI’STANCE, or RESI’STENCE [resistance, Fr. resistenza, It. resisténcia;
Sp. of resistentia, Lat. This word, like many others, is differently
written, as it is supposed to be derived from the Latin or French] 1. The
act of resisting or withstanding, opposition. 2. [In philosophy] resisting
force, any force which acts contrary to another; that property of bodies
which resists and opposes whatsoever comes against them; the quality of
not yielding to external impulse or force. See MATTER.

RESISTIBI’LITY [of resistible] quality of resisting.

RESI’STIBLE, adj. [of resist] that may be resisted.

RESI’STLESS, adj. [of resist] that cannot be opposed, irresistible.

RESO’LVABLE, adj. [of resolve] 1. That may be resolved or separated.
2. Capable of being made less obscure. The causes best resolvable from
observations made in the countries. Brown.

RESO’LVABLENESS [of resolvable] possibility of being resolved.

RESO’LUBLE, adj. Fr. [of re and solubilis, Lat.] that may be melted
or dissolved.

RESO’LVE, subst. [from the verb] resolution, fixt purpose.

To RESO’LVE, verb act. [resoudre, Fr. risolvere, It. resolvèr, Sp. of
resolvo, Lat. properly to loose and untie] 1. To solve or clear a hard
question, difficulty, &c. 2. To inform, to free from a doubt or diffi­
culty. 3. To settle in an opinion. Shakespeare. 4. To fix in a deter­
mination. Resolv'd on death. Dryden. 5. To fix inconstancy, to con­
firm. 6. To melt, to disolve. Resolving is bringing a fluid, which is
new concreted, into the state of fluidity again. Arbuthnot. 7. To turn
into, to reduce, to be dissolved, to melt. 8. To design or purpose within
one's own mind. 9. To be fixed in opinion, Let men resolve of that
as they please. Locke.

RESO’LVEDLY, adv. [of resolved] with a resolved mind, with con­
stancy. Grew.

RESO’LVEDNESS, firm disposition, constancy.

RESOLVE’ND [resolvendum, Lat.] a term used with arithmeticians in the
extraction of the square and cube roots, &c. to signify the number arising
from increasing the remainder after subtraction.

RESO’LVENT, adj. [rosolvens, Lat.] having the power to cause solu­
tion.

RESOLVENTS, plur. of resolvent, subst. [resolventia, Lat.] 1. Medicines
which dissolve and disperse. 2. [With chemists] liquors for dissolving of
metals and minerals.

RESO’LVER [of resolve] 1. One that resolves or forms a firm resolu­
tion. 2. That which dissolves, that which separates parts.

RE’SOLUTE, adj. [resolu, Fr. risoluto, It.] fully resolved, steady, firm.

RE’SOLUTELY, adv. [of resolute] with firmness, with constancy,
stoutly, boldly.

RE’SOLUTENESS [of resolute] a full purpose or intention to do a thing,
determinateness.

RESOLU’TION, Fr. [resoluzione, It. resoluciòn, Sp. of resolutio, Lat.
from resolute] 1. A resolve, full purpose or settled intention to do a
thing; resoluteness. 2. A determination or decision of a cause in a court
of justice. 3. The act of solving or clearing a matter in question. The
unravelling and resolution of the difficulties. Dryden. 4. [With chemists]
the act of separating the parts of mixed bodies, by means of a dissolving
ingredient; analysis. By analytical resolution. Hale. 5. [In physics]
the reduction of any body into its original or natural state, by a dissolu­
tion or separation of its aggregated parts. The resolution of humidity
congeal'd. Digby. 6. [With logicians] a branch of method called also
analysis. 7. [With mathematicians] an orderly enumeration of the se­
veral things to be done to obtain what is required by a problem; or it is
a method by which the truth or falshood of a proposition is discovered in
an order contrary to that of synthesis or composition; the same that is
called analysis or analytical method. 8. [In music] is when a canto or
particular fugue is not written all on the same line, or in one part; but
all the voices that are to follow the guido are written separately, &c. 9.
[in medicine] that concoction of a disease by which it goes off without
any evacuation. Boerhaave. See CONCOCTION. 10. Steadiness in good
or bad.

RESOLU’TIVE, adj. [resolutif, Fr. resolutus, Lat.] that is of a dissol­
ving quality.

RE’SONANCE [resono, Lat.] sound, resounding echo.

RE’SONANT, adj. [resonnant, Fr. risenante, It. of resonans, Lat.] re­
sounding or ringing again with an echo. Milton.

RESO’RT, subst. [from the verb] 1. A meeting together of people,
frequency, assembly. 2. Concourse. Places of resort. Swift. 3. Act
of visiting. To forbid him her resort. Shakespeare. 4. [Ressort, Fr.]
movement, spring. Some know the resorts and falls of business. Bacon.
See RISSORT.

To RESO’RT, verb neut. [resortir, Fr.] 1. To have recourse, to betake
one's self to. To resort to other counsels. Clarendon. 2. To go pub­
lickly. Thither shall all the valiant youth resort. Milton. 3. To repair.
4. To fall back. Hale.

To RESOU’ND, verb act. [rejonner, Fr. risonare, It. resonàr, Sp. of re­
sono, Lat.] 1. To ring or echo again, to celebrate by sound. 2. To
sound or tell so as to be heard far. Pope. 3. To return sound, to sound
with any noise. Milton.

To RESOUND, verb neut. to be echoed back. South.

RESOU’RCE [It is commonly written ressource, in analogy with res­
source, Fr. Skinner derives it from resoudre, Fr. to spring up] something
unexpected that offers for succour, expedient, resort.

To RESO’W, verb act. [of re and sow] to sow anew. Bacon.

To RESPEA’K, verb neut. [of re and speak] to answer or speak again.

To RESPE’CT [respectus, Lat. rispettere, It. raspetàr, Sp. respecter, Fr.]
1. To shew respect to, to honour with a lower degree of reverence. A
respected friend. Sidney. 2. To consider, to regard. 3. To have rela­
tion to. 4. To look toward. The front of his house should respect the
south. Brown.

RESPE’CT, Fr. [rispetto, It. respeto, Sp. of respectus, Lat.] 1. Esteem,
honour, reverence. With respect to his gestures. Dryden. 2. Considera­
tion, regard, attention. 3. Awful kindness. 4. Good will. The
Lord hath respect unto Abel. Genesis. 5. Partial regard. To have re­
spect of persons in judgment. Proverbs. 6. Reverend character. Many
of the best respect in Rome. Shakespeare. 7. Manner of treating others







You must use them with fit respects. Bacon. 8. Consideration, motive.
Whatsoever secret respects were likely to move them. Hooker. 9. Re­
gard, relation. In respect of the suitors which attend you. Bacon.

RESPE’CTER [of respect] one that has partial regard to.

RESPE’CTFUL, adj. [of respect and full] full of respect, submissive,
humble, full of outward civility, or ceremony.

RESPE’CTFULLY, adv. [of respectful] with some degree of reverence,
humbly, submissively,

RESPE’CTFULNESS [of respectful] a respectful behaviour.

RESPE’CTIVE, adj. [respectif, Fr. rispettivo, It. respetivo, Sp. from
respect] 1. Particular, relating to particular persons or things. 2. Rela­
tive, not absolute. Not an absolute, but a respective medium. Rogers.
3. Worthy of reverence: not in use. 4. Accurate, nice, cautious: ob­
solete.

RESPE’CTIVELY, adv. [of respective] 1. Particularly, as each belongs
to each. 2. In relation or comparison, not absolutely. 3. Partially,
with private views: obsolete. 4. With great reverence: not in use.

RESPE’RSION [respersio, Lat.] the act of besprinkling, or sprinkling
again.

RESPIRA’TION, Fr. [respirazione, It. respiraciòn, Sp. of respiratio, Lat.]
1. The act of breathing; when it is performed by an alternate dilatation
and contraction of the chest; whereby the air is taken in by the wind­
pipe, and then driven out again. Difficulty of respiration. Harvey. 2.
Relief from toil. Milton.

To RESPI’RE, verb neut. [respirer, Fr. respiràr, Sp. respirare, It. and
Lat.] 1. To breathe. 2. To catch breath. 3. To rest, to take rest
from toil. See the tortur'd ghosts respire. Pope.

RE’SPIT, or RE’SPITE [respit, Fr.] 1. Reprieve or suspension of a
capital sentence. 2. Breathing-time. 3. Forbearance, pause, inter­
val.

To RE’SPIT, verb act. [of respit, Fr.] 1. To relieve by a pause. To
respit his day labour with repast. Milton. 2. [Respiter, O. Fr.] to sus­
pend, to put off for a time.

RESPLE’NDENCE, or RESPLE’NDENCY [resplendens, Lat.] splendor,
brightness.

RESPLE’NDENT, adj. [risplendente, It. resplanduénte, Sp. of resplendens,
Lat.] shining or glittering, that has a beautiful lustre.

RESPLE’NDENTLY, adv. [of resplendent] shiningly, brightly.

To RESPO’ND [respondre, Fr. of respondeo, Lat.] 1. To give an an­
swer: but little used. 2. To suit, to correspond to. Every theme re­
sponds thy various lay. Broome.

RESPO’NDENT [rispondente, It. rispondiénte, Sp. of respondens, Lat.] 1.
A student in an university, who answers an adversary in a disputation, or
who maintains a thesis in any art or science. 2. [In common law] one
who undertakes to answer for another; or binds himself as security for
the good behaviour of another, or another person who excuses or de­
clares the cause of a party who is absent. 3. [In civil law] he who makes
answers to such interrogatories or questions as are demanded of him.

RESPO’NSAL, or RESPO’NSE [reponse, Fr. risponso, It. responso, Sp. of
responsale, responsum, Lat.] 1. An answer made by the parish clerk
and people, speaking alternately with the priest, during the time of di­
vine service. 2. An answer in general. 3. Reply to an objection in a
scholastic or set disputation.

RESPONSA’LIS [in law] one who gives answer, or appears for another
in court at a day appointed.

RESPONSA’LIS [in canon law] an attorney, or one who excuses or
declares the cause of the party's absence.

RESPO’NSE [responsum, Lat.] See RESPONSAL.

RESPO’NSIBLE, adj. [responsable, Fr. of responsus, Lat.] 1. Able or
liable to answer for a matter, or to pay money. 2. Accountable, an­
swerable for,

RESPO’NSIBLENESS [of responsible] capableness of answering demands,
state of being obliged or qualified to answer.

RESPO’NSION [responsio, Lat.] the act of answering in general.

RESPO’NSIVE, adj. [responsif, Fr. of responsus, Lat.] 1. Answering.
A certificate is a responsive letter, or letter by way of answer. Ayliffe. 2.
Suiting or correspondent to something else. The vocal lay responsive to
the strings. Pope.

RESPO’NSORY, adj. [responsorius, Lat.] answering, containing answer.

REASSAU’LT [in architecture] the effect of a body, which either pro­
jects or sinks, i. e. stands either more out or in than another, so as to be
out of the line or level, as a socle, entablature, cornice, &c. upon an
avant corps, arriere corps, or the like.

RESSO’RT, Fr. [in law] its common meaning is the spring or force of
elasticity, whence it is used for a jurisdiction and the extent or district
thereof; also a court or tribunal where appeals are judged, as the house
of lords judge en dernier ressort; it is also used for a writ of tail or cou­
senage, in the same sense as descent in a writ of right.

RESSOU’RCE, Fr. the means or foundation of a man's recovering him­
self from his fall or ruin; or an after-game for repairing his damages.
See RESOURCE.

To REST At, verb neut. [restan, Sax. resten, Du. probably of ρΑ­
ΣΤΩΝΗ, Gr. Camden] 1. To take rest, to be at quiet, to be without distur­
bance. 2. To be without motion, to be still. 3. To sleep, to slumber.
4. To sleep the final sleep, to die. 5. To be fixed in any state or opi­
nion. He will not rest content. Proverbs. 6. To cease from labour.
On the seventh day thou shalt rest. Exodus. 7. To be satisfied, to ac­
quiesce. 8. To rest upon [arrester, Fr.] to lean or stay upon, to be sup­
ported. Sometimes it rests upon testimony. Locke. 9. [Rester, Fr. resto,
Lat.] to remain, to be left. There resteth the comparative. Bacon.

To REST, verb act. 1. To lay to rest. 2. To place as on a support.

REST [rest, Sax. ruste, Du. rast, Ger. resta, It.] 1. Quiet, peace,
cessation from disturbance. And ye shall find rest unto your souls. St.
Matthew. 2. Sleep, repose. All things retir'd to rest. Milton. 3.
The final sleep, the quietness of death. 4. Cessation from bodily labour.
5. Support, that on which any thing leans or rests. 6. Place of repose.
In dust our final rest and native home, Milton. 7. Final hope, last res­
source. They therefore resolved to set up their rest upon that stake.
Clarendon. 8. [Reste, Fr. resto, It. quod restat, Lat.] residue, remain­
der. And for the rest, it offers us the best security. Tillotson. 9. [In
physics] is the continuance of a body in the same place, stillness, cessa­
tion from motion.
Sir Isaac Newton lays it down as a law of nature, that every body
perseveres in its state either of rest, or uniform motion; except so far as it
is disturbed by external causes.

REST, is either absolute or relative.
Sir Isaac Newton defines true or absolute rest to be the continuance of
a body in the same part of absolute and immoveable space. And,

Relative REST, to be the continuance of a body in the same part of re­
lative space. Thus, in a ship under sail, relative rest is the continuance
of a body in the same region of the ship, or the same part of its cavity.

REST [in music] a pause or interval of time, during which there is an
intermission of the voice or sound.

REST, adj. [restes, Fr. quod restat, Lat.] others, those not included in
any proposition. Plato and the rest of the philosophers. Stillingfleet.

RESTA’GNANT, adj. [restagnans, Lat.] remaining without flow or
motion. The restagnant quicksilver. Boyle.

To RESTA’GNATE, verb neut. [of re and stagnate] to stand without
flow.

REST-HA’RROW, an herb

RESTAGNA’TION [of restagnate] the state of stagnating again, or of
standing without course or motion.

RESTAURA’TION, Fr. [of restauro, Lat.] the act of restoring, a re­
establishment, the act of setting a thing in its former state.

To RESTE’M, verb act. [of re and stem] to force back against the
current.

RE’STFUL, adj. [of rest and full] being quiet, being at rest. The
restful English court. Shakespeare.

RE’STIFF, adj. [restif, Fr. restivo, It.] See RESTIVE.

RE’STITUTED Medals [with antiquaries] are such medals as were
struck by the emperors, to renew or retrieve the memory of their prede­
cessors.

RESTITU’TION, Fr. [restituzione, It. restitución, Sp. of restitutio, Lat.]
1. (In a mortal sense) the act of restoring, returning, or giving back
again, a refunding or making good what is lost or taken away, 2. [In
philosophy] the returning of elastic bodies forcibly bent to their natural
state. 3. [In law) the setting of one in possession of lands and tene­
ments, who has been unlawfully dispossessed of them.

RE‘STILY, adv. [of resty] stubbornly, frowardly.

RE’STIVE, or RE’STY [restif, Fr. of resto, Lat. to withstand]
1. Drawing back instead of going forward, as some horses do;
stubborn, headstrong, froward: a resty horse is an unruly vicious horse,
who shrugs himself short, and, tho’ not wearied, will not be driven for­
ward, and only go where he pleases. 2. Being at rest, or less in mo­
tion; not used.

RE’STIVENESS, or RE’STIFNESS [of restif, or restive] stubbornness,
obstinate reluctance.

RE’STLESS, adj. [of rest] 1. That is without sleep. 2. Not quiet,
being without peace. 3. Unsettled, not constant. 4. That is in con­
tinual motion, not still. Such restless revolution. Milton.

RE’SLESLY, adv. [of restless] without rest or quiet. South.

RE’STLESSNESS [of restless] 1. Want of sleep. 2. Unquietness, want
of rest. 3. Motion, agitation.

RESTO’RABLE, adj. [of restore] that may be restored.

RESTORA’TION [restaurazione, It. of restauration, Lat.] 1. The act of
restoring a thing to the state it was in before. This is properly restaura­
tion. 2. Recovery.

RESTO’RATIVE, adj. [from restore; restauratif, Fr. ristorativo, It. of
restaurativus, Lat.] that is of a restoring or strengthening quality.

RESTO’RATIVE, subst. [from restore; restaurativum, Lat.] a remedy
proper for the restoring and retrieving strength and vigour.

To RESTO’RE, verb act. [restauro, Lat. restaurer, Fr.] 1. To give
back again what has been lost or taken away. Restore the man his wife.
Genesis. 2. To bring back. The father banished virtue shall rostore.
Dryden. 3. To re-establish or settle again, to put into its first state and
condition again. 4. To retrieve, to recover from declension or ruin to
its former state. 5. To recover passages in books from corruption.

RESTO’RER [of restore] one that restores.

To RESTRAI’N, verb act. [restringo, Lat. restringir, Sp. restreindre,
Fr. to bind, or astringe] 1. To with-hold, to keep in. 2. To hold in,
to bridle or curb. 3. To limit, confine, or stint. 4. To keep in awe,
to repress. 5. To hinder, to suppress. 6. To abridge, to curtail.

RESTRA’INABLE, adj. [of restrain] that may be restrained.

RESTRA’INEDLY, adv. [of restrained] without latitude, with restraint.

RESTRA’INER [of restrain] one that restrains or with holds. Brown.

RESTRAI’NT [restraint, Fr.] 1. Abridgement of liberty. 2. Prohi­
bition. 3. Limitation, restriction. 4. Act of with-holding; as when any
action is hindered or stopped, contrary to the inclination, volition, or
preference of the mind.

To RE’STRI’CT, verb act. [restrictum, of restringo, Lat.] to limit, to
confine. A word scarce English. Arbuthnot.

RESTRI’CTION, Fr. of Lat. 1. A restraint, confinement, limitation,
stint. 2. The act of limiting or restraining.

RESTRI’CTIVE, adj. [of restrictus, of restringo. Lat.] 1. Expressing re­
striction or limitation. 2. [Restrictif, Fr.] styptic, astringent, making
costive.

RESTRI’CTIVELY, adv. [of restrictive] with restriction.

To RESTRI’NGE, verb act. [restringo, Lat.] to limit, to confine.

RESTRI’NGENT, subst. that which hath the power to restrain.

RESTRI’NGENTNESS [of restringent] a binding quality.

RE’STY, adj. obstinate in standing still. See RESTIVE, or RESTIFF.

To RESUBLI’ME, verb act. [of re and sublime] to sublime another
time.

RESU’LT, subst. [resultat, Fr. resultamento, It. resulta, Sp. of resultus,
Lat.] 1. The act of flying back, rebounding. 2. The consequence, up­
shot, or issue of a business, effect produced by the concurrence of co­
operating causes. 3. Inference from premises, what is gathered from a
conference, mediation, discourse, or the like. 4. Resolve, decision,
determination. This last sense is improper.

To RESU’LT, verb neut. [resulter, Fr. of resultare, It. and Lat.] 1.
To follow, to accrue, to arise from, as a consequence, or as an effect
produced by causes jointly concurring. The pleasure resulting from its
greatness. Addison. 2. To arise as a conclusion from premises. As this
inference necessarily results from what hath been before advanced. 3.
To fly back.

RESU’LTANCE, or RESU’LTANCY, Fr. [of resultans, Lat.] the act of
rebounding back.

RESU’MABLE, adj. [of resume] that may be taken back.

To RESU’ME, verb act. [resumer, Fr. resumìr, Sp. of resumere, It. and
Lat.] 1. To take back what has been given. 2. To take back what
has been taken away. 3. To take again. He'll enter into glory, and
resume his seat. Milton. 4. To begin again what was broken off, to







take up again; as, to resume an argument, or the thread of a discourse.

RESU’MMONS, subst. [of re and summons] a second summons to answer
an action.

RESU’MPTION [resomption, Fr. from resumptum, of resumo, Lat.] 1.
The act of resuming. 2. [With schoolmen] a summary repetition or
running over an argument, or of the substance of it, in order to its re­
futation. 3. [In logic] the reduction of some figurative proposition to
a more intelligible and significant one; as the meadows smile, i. e. they
look pleasant.

RESU’MPTIVE, adj, [resumptus, Lat.] taking back.

RESU’MPTIVE, subst. [in pharmacy] an unguent for recruiting and
restoring languishing conditions.

RESU’MPTIVES [in physic] medicines serving to restore decayed na­
ture, and a languishing constitution.

RESUPINA’TION [resupino, Lat.] the act of lying on the back, the
state of being so laid.

RESUPI’NE, adj. [resupinus, Lat.] lying upon the back, and with the
face upwards,

To RESU’RGE, verb act. [resurgo, Lat.] to rise again. This word is
hardly English, and uncommon.

To RESURVE’Y, verb act. [of re and survey] to survey again, to
review.

RESURRE’CTION, Fr. [resurressione, It. resurectòn, Sp. of resurrectio,
Lat.] a rising again from the dead; the act of returning to a new or se­
cond life, after having been dead. The resurrection, with the antients,
was both of soul and body; as appears from St. Polycarp's prayer, and
BEATIFIC Vision, compared.

The RESURRECTION [hieroglyphically] was represented by a phenix
that rises out of its ashes, when it hath been consumed by the violence
of the sun-beams, as is reported. See Clement. Epist. ad Corinth.

To RESU’SCITATE, verb act. [ressuscitur, Fr. risuscitare, It. and Lat.]
to raise up again, to revive or renew.

RESUSCITA’TION [resuscito, Lat.] the act of raising up again from
either sleep or death, a revival, state of being revived. At your resus­
citation. Pope.


RET

To RETAI’L, verb act. [retailler, Fr.] 1. To divide into small par­
cels. 2. To sell in parcels and small quantities. 3. To sell at second
hand. 4. To tell or relate in broken parts.

RETAILLE’ Fr. [in heraldry] signifies cut again, meaning that the
escutcheon is divided into three parts, by two lines in bend sinister.

RETAI’LER [of retail] one who sells by small quantities.

To RETAI’N, verb act. [retiner, Fr. ritenere, It. retenèr, Sp. of reti­
neo, Lat.] 1. To keep, not to lose. 2. To keep, not to lay aside. 3.
To keep, not to dismiss. Hollow rocks retain the sound. Milton. 4.
To keep in pay, to hire.

To RETAI’N, verb neut. 1. To belong to, to depend on. 2. To keep,
to continue; not in use.

RETAI’NABLE, adj. [of retain] that may be retained.

RETAI’NER [of retain] 1. A dependent, adherent, or hanger on. 2.
[In common law] a servant or person who is not of the family or house­
hold of a nobleman, and not dwelling in his house, but only wears a
particular livery or badge given him by his lord, and sometimes attends
on him on special occasions. 3. The act of keeping dependants, or
state of being in dependence.

RETAI’NING Fee, the first fee given to a serjeant or counsellor at law,
whereby to engage him sure that he shall not be on the contrary side.

To RETA’KE, verb act. [of re and take] to take again.

To RETA’LIATE, verb act. [retaliàr, Sp. of retalio, Lat.] to return,
by giving like for like, to requite, to repay.

RETALIA’TION [of retaliate] the act of returning like for like, re­
quital. To prosecute the severest retaliation or revenge. South.

To RETA’RD, verb act. [retarder, Fr. ritardare, It. retardàr, Sp. of
retardo, Lat.] 1. To delay, to put off, to hinder or stop. 2. To ob­
struct in swiftness of course.

To RETA’RD, verb neut. to stay back.

RETARDA’TION, [of retard] 1. Hindrance. 2. [In natural philoso­
sophy] act of delaying the motion or progress of a body, or the di­
minishing its velocity.

RETA’RDER [of retard] one that retards or obstructs.

To RETCH, verb neut. [hrecan, Sax.] to strain, to vomit, to have
something forced up from the stomach.

RE’TCHLESS, adj. [recce leas, of reccan, Sax. to care; sometimes
written wretchless, properly reckless; which see] slothful, lazy, careless.

RE’TCHLESSNESS [recce-leasnesse, Sax.] carelessness, &c.

RE’TE, Lat. a net.

RETE Mirabile [with anatomists] a small plexus or net-work of ves­
sels or arteries in the brain, especially in that of brutes.

RETE’CTION [retectum, of retego, Lat.] the act of disclosing to the
view, discovery. A retection of its native colour. Boyle.

RETE’NTION, Fr. [ritenzione, It. retencion, Sp. of retentio, Lat.] 1.
The act of retaining or holding. 2. Memory or faculty of the mind,
whereby it retains those simple ideas, which it had received before,
either by sensation or reflection. Locke. 3. [In physic] that state of
contraction in the vascular parts of the body, which makes them hold
fast their proper contents; as the stay or holding of the urine, excre­
ments, &c. 4. Limitation. 5. Custody, confinement.

RETE’NTIVE, adj. [retentif, Fr. ritentivo, It. of retentivus, Lat.] 1.
Apt to retain or hold in. 2. Having memory.

RETE’NTIVENESS [of retentive] a retentive faculty.

RETIA’RII [among the Romans] a sort of combatants, who fought
with a trident or three-forked instrument in one hand, and a net in the
other, in which they endeavoured to entangle their adversary.

RETI’CENCE, or RETI’CENCY, Fr. [of reticentia, Lat.] concealment,
passing over in silence.

RETICENCE [in rhetoric] a sigure in which the orator makes oblique
mention of a thing, in pretending to pass it by unmentioned.

RE’TICLE [reticulum, of rete, Lat. net] a small net.

RETI’CULA, or RETI’CLE [with astronomers] a contrivance for the
exact measuring the quantity of eclipses.

RETI’CULAR, adj. [reticulum, Lat.] having the form of a small net.

RETICULA’RIS Plexus, Lat. [with anatomists] the same as choroides:
the folding of the carotidal artery in the brain, resembling a net.

RETI’CULAR Body [in anatomy] a body of vessels lying immediately
under the cuticle or scarfe-skin, so called from its resemblance to net­
work.

RETICULATED, adj. [reticulatus, Lat.] made of net-work, formed
with interstitial vacuities.

RETI’CULUM [in anatomy] so termed from its net-like structure, the
caul or inner skin that covers the bowels; also one of the four stomachs
of ruminant animals.

RE’TIFORM [retiformis, from rete, net, and forma, Lat. shape] hav­
ing the form of a net.

RETIFO’RMIS Tunica. Lat. [in anatomy] one of the tunics or coats of
the eye, the principal instrument of sight, so called from its resembling
a net.

RETI’NACLE [retinaculum, Lat.] any thing by which a thing is stop­
ped, stay'd, or held back.

RITI’NUE [retinue, Fr. of retineo, Lat. to retain] attendants or fol­
lowers of a person of quality, especially in a journey, a train.

RETIRA’DE [in fortification] a kind of retrenchment made in the bo­
dy of a bastion, or other work that is to be disputed inch by inch, af­
ter the first defences are dismantled.

RETIRADE Compure [in fortification] a retrenchment consisting of two
faces, making a re-entering angle.

RETIRA’TION, Fr. [with printers] the out-side of a sheet, as it lies on
the press.

To RETI’RE, verb act. [retirer, Fr. retirarsi, It.] 1. To withdraw,
to retreat to a place of privacy. 2. To depart or go away from danger.
3. To go from any public station. 4. To go off from company.

To RETIRE, verb act. to take away, to withdraw.

RETIRE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Retreat, recession. 2. Place of
privacy, retirement: not used. The place of her retire. Milton.

RETI’RED, part. adj. [from retire] 1. Withdrawn, departed. 2. Se­
cret, solitary, private.

RETI’REDLY, adv. [of retired] solitarily.

RETI’REDNESS [of retired] private way of life, privacy, secresy, so­
litude.

RETI’REMENT [of retire] 1. Privacy, private life, a retiring from
company. 2. Private abode, secret habitation. 3. Act of withdraw­
ing, state of being withdrawn.

RETO’LD, part. pass. of RETELL: the present tense seems but rarely
used.

RETORNE’LLO [in music] a retornel, a short symphony for various in­
struments, which either begin a few bars before a song, and sometimes
play a few bars here and there in the midst of a song, and often after a
song is ended.

RETO’RT [retorte, Fr. retortum, Lat.] 1. A censure or incivility re­
turned. I said his beard was not cut well; he was in the mind it was:
this is called the retort courteous. Shakespeare. See CROISADE. 2.
[With chemists] a vessel with a bent neck, to which the receiver is
fitted; it is made either of glass or iron, according to the nature of the
matter to be distilled, and the degree of fire necessary to perform the
operation. It is commonly used in distilling volatile salts and acid spirits.

To RETO’RT, verb act. [retorquer, Fr. retortum, sup. of retorquo, Lat.]
1. To throw back. 2. To return any argument, censure, or incivility.
3. To curve or bend back.

RETO’RTER [of retort] one that retorts.

RETO’RTION [of retort] the act of retorting.

To RETO’SS, verb act. [of re and toss] to toss back. Tost and retost,
the ball incessant flies. Pope.

To RETOU’CH, verb act. [retoucher, Fr.] to improve by new touches.
Dryden.

To RETRA’CE, verb act. [retracer, Fr.] to trace back.

To RETRA’CT, verb act. [retracter, Fr. ritrattare, It. retratàr, Sp. of
retractum, of retraho, Lat.] 1. To recal, to recant or unsay. 2. To
take back, to resume.

RETRA’CT, or RETRAI’T [with farriers] a prick in a horse's foot,
by driving the nails in shoeing.

RETRACTA’TION, Fr. [ritrattazione, It. of retractatio, Lat.] 1. The
act of retracting, unsaying, or revoking one's saying, opinion, writing,
&c. 2. Recantation. 3. [In anatomy] the contraction or shortening
of a part.

RETRA’CTION [of retract] 1. The act of withdrawing something
advanced. Such counter-marches and retractions. Woodward. 2. Re­
cantation. 3. The act of withdrawing a claim.

RETRA’CTORES alarum Nasi & elevetores Labii superiores [with ana­
tomists] certain muscles arising from the fourth bone of the upper jaw,
and let into the alæ nasi and the upper lip.

RETRA’HENS Auriculum, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle or pair of mus­
cles of the external ear, which consist of a parcel of fleshy fibres, which
in some bodies are divided into three distinct muscles, arising from the os
temporale, and fixed to the hinder part of the concha auriculæ.

RETRAI’CT. subst. Fr. 1. Retreat: obsolete. 2. [Retrait, Fr. ritrato,
It.] a cast of the countenance. Obsolete.

RETRAI’TE, Fr. a retreat, shelter.

RETRAITE [in fortification] See BERME and FORELAND.

RETRANCHEE’ [in heraldry] denotes the escutcheon is twice cut
athwart bendwise, or doubly cut in bend dexter; and then it is said to
be tranchÉ & retranchée.

RETRA’XIT, Lat. i. e. he hath retracted or withdrawn [in law] a term
used when the plaintiff or demandant comes in person into court, and
says, he will not proceed any farther.

RETREA’T [retraite, Fr. retirata, It. and Sp.] 1. The act of retiring
or going away before any superior force. 2. A retiring place, a place of
privacy, retirement. 3. A place of security. 4. [In masonry] a little
recess or diminution of the thickness of a wall, &c. in proportion as it is
raised.

RETREAT, a beat of drum in the evening, at the firing of a piece,
called the warning-piece, at which the drum major, with drums of the
battalion, beats round the regiment.

To RETREAT, verb neut. [faire sa retraite, Fr.] 1. To depart from
the former. 2. To go to a private abode. 3. To retire before a supe­
rior force. 4. To go to a place of security, to take shelter.

RETREA’TED, part adj. [of retreat] retired, gone to privacy.

To RETRE’NCH, verb act. [retranchér, Fr.] 1. To cut off, to pare
away, to diminish. 2. To confine: improper. 3. To cast up a re­
trenchment. This is more usually written entrench.

To RETRENCH, verb neut. to live with less pomp or expence.

RETRE’NCHMENT [retranchement, Fr.] the act of retrenching, cutting
off, or paring away, especially of superfluous expences.

RETRENCHMENT [in fortification] a ditch bordered with a parapet,
and secured by gabions or bavins, laden with earth; sometimes it is







taken for a simple retirade made on a horn-work or bastion, when it is
intended to dispute the ground inch by inch.

RETRENCHMENT Particular [in fortification] is that mode in bastions,
after some part of them has been won, the enemy having advanced so
far, that he can no longer be resisted or beaten from the first post.

To RE’TRIBUTE, verb act. [retributum, of retribuo, Lat. retribuer,
Fr.] to pay back.

RETRIBU’TION, Fr. [retribuzione, It. of retributio, Lat.] 1. The act of
giving back, a making a recompence or requital, accommodated to the
action. 2. A handsome present, gratuity or acknowledgment, given in
lieu of a formal salary, or hire, to persons employed in affairs that fall
not under the common commerce of money.

RETRI’BUTIVE, or RETRI’BUTORY, adj. [of retribute] making re­
payment or requital.

RETRIE’VABLE [of retrieve] recoverable.

RETRIE’VABLENESS, possibility of being recovered.

To RETRIEVE, verb act. [retrovare, It. retrouver, Fr.] 1. To re­
cover, to restore. 2. To get again. 3. To repair a thing lost or da­
maged. 4. To re-call, to bring back. It would be a means to re­
trieve them from their trivial conceits. Berkley.

RE’TRIMENT [retrimentum, Lat.] drops or dregs.

RE’TRO, placed in composition before a word, signifies backwards.
See the examples below.

RETROÁCTION [of retro and action] act of driving or forcing back­
wards.

RETROA’CTIVE, adj. [in physic] driven back.

RETROACTIVE [in law] a term used of new laws and statutes, which
are said to have no retroactive effect, i. e. no force or effect, as to what
was done before their promulgation.

To RETROCE’DE, verb neut. [retrocedo, Lat.] to go backwards.

RETROCE’SSION, Fr. of Lat. the act of going backwards.

RETROCE’SSION of the Equinoxes [with astronomers] the receding or
going backwards of the equinoctial points of Aries and Libra, about 50
seconds annually.

RETROCOPULA’TION [of retro and copulation] post coition.

RETROGRADA’TION, Fr. act of going backwards step by step.

RETROGRADATION [with astronomers] is an apparent motion of the
planets, wherein they seem to go backwards in the zodiac, and con­
trary to the order or succession of the signs.

RETROGRADA’TION of the Nodes [in astronomy] is a motion of the
line of the moon's nodes, wherein it continually shifts its situation from
east to west, contrary to the order of the signs, compleating its retro­
grade circulation, in the space of 19 years; after which time either of
the nodes having receded from any point of the ecliptic, returns to the
same again.

RETROGRADA’TION of the Sun [in astronomy] is thus; when the sun
has his declination greater than the latitude of the place, either northern
or southern, as the place is, the sun will appear twice upon the same
point of the compass, both before and after noon, to the inhabitants of
that place, and is therefore said to be retrograde.

RETROGRADATION [in the higher geometry] is the same that is other­
wise called contrary flexion.

RE’TROGRADE, adj. Fr. [retrogradus, of retro and gradior, Lat. to go]
1. Going backwards, or in a direction contrary to its natural one. 2.
Contrary.

RETROGRADE Order [in numeration] is the reckoning thus, 5, 4, 3,
2, 1; instead of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

RETROGRADE Verses, the same as reciprocal verses, or recurrents;
certain verses, which given the same words, whether read forwards or
backwards; as signa te, signa temere me tangis & angis.

RETROGRADE [with astronomers] a planet is said to be so, when by
its proper motion in the zodiac it goes backwards, or contrary to the
succession of the signs; as from the second degree of Aries to the first,
and from that to Pisces.

To RETROGRADE, verb neut. [retrograder, Fr. of retro and gradior,
Lat.] to go back. Not to retrograde from pneumatical to that which is
dense. Bacon.

RETROGRE’SSION [of retro and gressus, of gradior, Lat.] the act of
going backwards.

RETROGRESSION of Curves, the same with what is called, contrary
flection.

RETROMI’NGENCY [of retro and mingo, Lat. to stale] the quality of
staling backwards.

RETROMI’NGENTS, plur. of RETROMINGENT, adj. tho' sometimes in
a substantive form [retromingentes, Lat.] animals who stale or piss back­
wards; as cows, &c. They can hardly admit the substitution of mas­
culine generations, except it be in retromingents. Brown.

RE’TROSPECT, subst. [retrospectus, Lat.] a look or view backwards.
Addison.

To RETROSPECT, verb neut. [retrospicio, Lat.] to look backwards:
hardly English.

RETROSPE’CTION [of retrospect] act or power of looking back­
wards.
This retrospection ended, where succeeds
His course?— Table of Cebes.

RETROSPE’CTIVE, adj. [of retrospect] pertaining to retrospection.
Looking backwards with retrospective eye. Pope.

To RETU’ND, verb act. [retundo, Lat.] to blunt, to turn the edge.

To RETU’RN, verb neut. [retourner Fr. ritornare, It. retornàr, Sp.]
1. To come to the same place. 2. To come back. 3. To go back.
To return to the business in hand. Locke. 4. To make answer. He
said, and thus the queen of heaven return'd. Pope. 5. To come again,
to revisit. 6. To begin the same course again, after a periodical revo­
lution. 7. To retort. If you are a malicious reader, you return upon
me. Dryden.

To RETURN, verb act. 1. To restore. 2. To requite or repay. The Lord shall return thy wickedness upon thine own head. 1. Kings.
3. To give back, to give an answer. 4. To send back. 5. To give
account of. One fourth part more died of the plague than are returned.
Graunt. 6. To transmit. He should levy money, and return the same
to the treasurer. Clarendou.

RETURN, subst. [retour, Fr. ritorno, It.] 1. The act of coming back
to the same place. Takes little journies and makes quick returns.
Dryden. 2. Retrogression. 3. Act of coming back to the same state.
4. Revolution, vicissitude. Even they have returns and vicissitudes.
Bacon. 5. Repayment of money laid out for commodities bought. 6.
[in building] a side or part which falls away from the fore-side of any
strait work. 7. [in law] a certificate from sheriffs and bailiffs, of what
is done in the execution of writs, &c. directed to them. 8. Remittance,
payment from some distant place. 9. Acknowledgement, requital, re­
payment. Is no return due from a grateful breast. Dryden. 10. Act of
restoring, restitution. The gift, or rather the return of it made by
man to God. South. 11. Relapse. The remedy of an empiric to
stifle the present pain, but with certain prospect of sudden returns.
Swift.

RETU’RNABLE, adj. [of return] allowed to be reported back: a law
term.

RETU’RNER [of return] one who pays or remits money. Locke.

RETU’RNS of a Mine, are the turnings and windings of a gallery in a
mine.

RETURNS of a Trench [in fortification] the several windings and
crooked lines of a trench, drawn in some measure parallel to the sides of
the place attacked, to prevent being enfiladed, or having the shot of the
enemy scour along the length of the line.

RETURNS, or RETURN-DAYS [in law] certain days in each of the
four terms, peculiarly set apart for the several sorts of proceedings in any
cause to be determined.


REV

REV. is the usual abbreviation for Reverend.

REVE [in ancient customs] the bailiff of a franchise or manor.

REVE [in ancient customs] a duty or imposition on merchandises
either imported or exported.

To REVEA’L, verb act. [revelo, Lat. reveler, Fr. rivelare, It. revelàr,
Sp.] 1. To lay open, to disclose a secret. 2. To impart from heaven.
The glory which shall be revealed in us. Romans,

REVEA’LER [of reveal] 1. One that reveals or makes known. 2.
The person or thing in general that discovers to view.

To RE’VEL [of reveiller, Fr. to keep awake or awaken, according to
Skinner; Mr. Lye derives it from raveelen, Du. to rove loosely about,
which is much countenanced by the old phrase revel-rout] to make mer­
ry and feast noisily, especially in the night time; to riot.

REVEL, subst. [from the verb] a feast with loose and noisy merri­
ment.

To REVE’L, verb act. [revello, Lat.] to retreat or draw back: a me­
dical term. Revelling the humours from the lungs. Harvey.

RE’VELRY [of revel] loose jollity, festive mirth. Milton.

REVELA’TION, Fr. [rivelazione, It. revelaciòn, Sp. of revelatio, Lat.]
the act of revealing, laying open or discovering; particularly communi­
cation of sacred and mysterious truths by a teacher from heaven: but see
MYSTERIES in Religion.

REVEI’LIE, Fr. [i. e. awake; in the military art] a beat of a drum in
the morning, that summoneth the soldiers from their beds, and is usually,
by corruption, called the travelly.

RE’VEL-ROUT, a great concourse of people, a mob or unlawful assem­
bly of a rabble.

RE’VELLER [of reveilleur, Fr.] a rioter, one who feasts with noisy
merriment.

RE’VELS, sports of dancing, masking, dicing, acting farces, comedies,
used in noblemens houses, inns of court, &c. in the night-time.

Master of the REVELS, an officer who has the ordering or chief com­
mand in those divertisements; and in the inns of court, it is some
young student chosen to that office.

REVE’NGE [prob. of re and vengeance; revenche, or revanche, Fr.] the
act of taking full satisfaction for an affront or injury done.

To REVENGE, verb act. [of re and venger, revencher, revancher, Fr.]
1. To inflict a punishment, or punish for an injury done, to return an
injury. 2. To vindicate by punishment of an enemy. 3. To wreak
one's wrongs on the person that inflicted them.

REVE’NGEFUL, adj. [of revenge] given to revenge, full of ven­
geance.

REVE’NGEFULLY, adv. [of revengeful] in a vindictive manner.

REV’ENGEFULNESS [of revengeful] a revengeful temper.

REVE’NGER [of revenge] 1. One who revenges or wreaks his own or
another's injuries. 2. One who vindicates or punishes crimes.

REVE’NGEMENT [of revenge] vengeance, return of an injury. Ra­
leigh.

REVE’NGEINGLY, adv. [of revenging] with vengeance.

REVE’NUE [revenuë, of revenir, Fr. to return; its accent is uncertain]
the yearly rents or profits arising to a man from his lands, possessions or
other funds.

REVE’NUE [hunting term] a mass of flesh formed chiefly of a cluster
of whitish worms, on the heads of deer, which gnaw the roots of their
horns, and so is the occasion of their casting them.

REVE’NUE of a Partridge [with fowlers] a new tail of a partridge,
growing out after the former is lost.

To REVE’RB, verb act. [reverbero, Lat.] to strike against. A word
rarely used.

REVE’RBERANT, adj. [reverberans, Lat.] resounding, beating back.

To REVE’RBERATE, verb act. [reverberer, Fr. riverberare, It. rever­
beràr, Sp. of reverbero, Lat.] 1. To strike or beat back. 2. [With
chemists] to heat in an intense furnace, where the flame is reverberated
upon the matter to be melted or refined.

To REVE’RBERATE, verb neut. 1. To bound back, to be driven back.
2. To resound.

REVERBERA’TION, Fr. [riverberazione, It.] the act of striking or
beating back.

REVERBERATION [in chemistry] is the causing the flame of a fire to
beat back down on the metal in a furnace.

REVE’RBERATORY, adj. [reverberatoire, Fr.] pertaining to reverbe­
ration, serving to reverberate, beating back, returning.

REVERBERATORY, subst. [reverberatorium, Lat.] a chemical furnace,
built close all round, and covered at top, so as not to give vent to the
heat or flame, but to make it return or beat back to the bottom of the
furnace.

To REVE’RE [reverer, Fr. reverire, It. reverenciàr, Sp. of reveror,
Lat.] to reverence, to honour with an awful respect.

To RE’VERENCE, verb act. [reverer. Fr. reverire. It. of revereor, Lat.]
to honour or respect with veneration, to regard with reverence.

RE’VERENCE, Fr. [reverenza, It. reveréncia, Sp. of reverentia, Lat.]
1. Veneration, awful regard; particularly with divines. 2. An awful
regard for God, which renders us unwilling to do any thing which may
offend him. 3. Act of obeisance, bow, courtesy. 4. Title of the cler­
gy. 5. Poetical title of a father.








REVE’RENCER [of reverence] one who reverences.

RE’VEREND, Fr. reverendo, It. and Sp. of reverendus, Lat.] 1. Wor­
thy to be reverenced and honoured. 2. The honorary title given to a
clergyman; right reverend, to bishops; most reverend, to archbishops.

RE’VERENT, adj. [reverente, It. reverens, Lat.] expressing submission,
testifying veneration.

REVERE’NTIAL, adv. [reverentielle, Fr. of reverence] awful, respect­
ful, expressing reverence, proceeding from veneration.

REVERE’NTIALLY, adv. [of reverential] with show of reverence.

RE’VERENTLY, adv. respectfully, awfully.

RE’VERER [of revere] one who reveres.

RE’VERIES, Fr. [of rever, Fr. to rave or be light headed] idle con­
ceit, loose fancy. See REVERY.

REVE’RSAL [of reverse] change of sentence.

To REVE’RSE, verb act. [reversum, Lat.] 1. To turn upside down.
2. To overturn, to subvert. 3. To turn back. 4. To contradict, re­
peal or make void. To confirm or reverse these imperfect observations.
Locke. 5. To turn to the contrary. 6. To put each in the place of the
other. And reverses even the distinctions of good and evil. Rogers. 7.
To recall, to renew. Obsolete.

To REVERSE, verb neut. [reversum, of reverto, Lat.] to return.
Spenser.

REVE’RSE, subst. [revers, Fr. reversio, It.] 1. Change, vicissitude. 2.
A contrary or opposite.

REVE’RSE of a Medal, the backside, in opposition to the other, where
the head or principal figure is.

REVERSE [in fencing] a back-stroke.

REVE’RSED, part. adj. of reverse; which see [reversus, Lat.] re­
pealed, made void. See DECREES.

REVE’RSED [in heraldry] turned back or upside down. When a man
bears in his escutcheon another reversed, it is a mark of his having ra­
vished a maid or widow; or that he has run away from his sovereign's
banner: or when a man's own escutcheon is reversed entirely, it is a
mark of his being a traitor.

REVE’RSIBLE, adj. Fr. [from reverse] that may be reversed.

REVE’RSING, or RENVE’RSING [in music] the inverting of the order
of the parts, or the placing of the higher part or treble in the place of
the lower part or bass.

REVE’RSION, Fr. [riversione, It. of reversio, Lat. in common law] is
a possibility reserved to a man's self and his heirs, to have again lands or
tenements, made over conditionally to others, upon the failing of such
conditions.

REVERSION [in rhetoric] a figure, the same that in Greek is called
epistrophe.

REVERSION [in law] is also when an estate is possessed, which was
parted for a time, ceases, and is determined in the person to whom it was
alienated, assigned or granted, and their heirs; or effectually re­
turns to the donor, his heirs or assigns, whence it was derived. 2.
The state of being to be possessed after the death of the present possessor.
3. Succession. 4. The right a person has to any inheritance or place of
profit, after the decease of another.

REVERSION of Series [in algebra] a method of finding a natural number
from its logarithm given; or the sine from its arch, or the ordinate of an
ellipsis from an area given to be cut off from any point in the axis.

REVE’RSIONARY, adj. [of reversion] to be enjoyed in succession.

To REVE’RT, verb act. [reverto, Lat.] 1. To change, to turn to the
contrary. 2. To reverberate, to beat back.

To REVERT, verb neut. [revertir, O. Fr.] to fall back, to return to
its first owner, as an estate or honour does to the crown.

REVE’RT, subst. [from the verb] return, recurrence: a musical term.

REVE’RTIBLE [of revert] that may be turned.

RE’VERY [resverie, F.] loose musing, irregular thought. Revery is
when ideas float in our mind, without any reflection or regard of the un­
derstanding. Locke.

To REVE’ST, verb act. [revestir, revétir, Fr. of revostio, Lat.] 1.
To clothe again. Spenser. 2. To reinvest, to vest again in a possession
or office.

REVE’STIARY, or REVE’STRY, subst. [revestio, Lat. to clothe again]
the place in a church, where the church vestments are kept.

REVI’CTION [revictum, of revivo, Lat.] return to life. Without all
hope of reviction. Brown.

To REVI’CTUAL, verb act. [revitailler, Fr.] to furnish with victuals
again.

REVI’CTUALLING [revitaillement, Fr.] the act of victualling again.

REVIE’W [revuë, Fr.] a second looking over, or examination, sur­
vey. See RANSOM, and read there, consubstantiality of, &c.

REVIEW, the show or appearance of a body of troops or soldiers
ranged in form of battle, and afterwards made to file off, to see if the
companies be compleat, or to receive their pay, &c.

Bill of RIVIEW [in the court of chancery] a bill taken out by licence
of that court where the cause has been heard, and the decree signed and
inrolled; but some error in law appears in the body of the decree, or
some new matter is discovered after the making of the decree.

To REVIE’W, verb act. [revoir, Fr. revidere, It. reveèr, Sp. of revi­
deo, Lat,] 1. To look back. 2, To view again. I shall review Sicilia.
Shakespeare. 3. To re-examine, to consider over again. 4. To sur­
vey, to overlook, to examine into the circumstances of a body of troops.

To REVI’LE [prob. of re and vilis, Lat.] to reproach, to abuse, to
taunt or rail at. See RACA.

REVI’LE, subst. [from the verb] the act of reviling, reproach. Not
used, but elegant. Milton.

REVI’LER [of revile] one who reviles or treats another contume­
liously.

REVI’LINGLY, adv. [of revile] with reproach, in a contumelious
manner.

REVI’SAL [of revise] a review, or second examination.

To REVI’SE, verb act. [revisum, sup. of revideo, Lat.] to review, to
look over again.

REVISE [from the verb] 1. Review, re-examination. 2. [With
printers] a second proof of a printed sheet taken off the press, to exa­
mine whether the faults, marked in the former by the corrector, have
been amended. See REVIEW.

REVI’SER [of revise; reviseur, Fr.] one that revises, a superinten­
dant.

RRVI’SION, Fr. review.

To REVI’SIT, verb act. [revisito, of revisum, Lat. revisiter, Fr. rivi­
sitare, It.] to visit again.

REVI’VAL [of revive] recall from a state of languor, oblivion or ob­
scurity.

To REVI’VE, verb neut. [rivivare, It. revivìr, Sp. of re, again, and
vivo, Lat. to live. revivre, Fr.] 1. To return or come to life again. 2.
To return to vigour or fame.

To REVIVE, verb act. 1. To bring to life again. 2. To raise from
langour or oblivion. 3. To renew, to bring back to the memory. 4.
To quicken, to rouse. 5. [In chemistry] is to restore a mixed body,
which lies disguised by salts, sulphers, &c. mingled with it, to its natu­
ral form and state.

REVI’VER [of revive] that which revives.

Bill of REVI’VOR [in the court of chancery] is where a bill has been
exhibited in chancery against one who answers; but before the cause is
heard, or at least before the decree is inrolled, one of the parties dies:
In such case, this bill must be brought to revive the proceedings, &c.

To REVIVI’FICATE [revivifier, Fr. of re and vivifico, Lat.] to reco­
ver or recall one to life again.

REVIVIFICA’TION [in chemistry] the act of calling to life. See To
REVIVE.

REVI’VING [in law] a renewing of rents and actions, after they had
been extinguished.

REVIVI’SCENCY [reviviscentia, of revivisco, Lat.] renewal of life.
A restitution and reviviscency of all things. Burnet. See BRACHMANS.

RE-U’NION [re union, Fr.] the act of reuniting, rejoining, or closing
together again; also the reconciliation of friendship that has been inter­
rupted. See RESURRECTION.

To RE-UNI’TE, verb act. [reunir, Fr. riuniare, It. reunìr, Sp.] to
unite or join together again those things that have been disjoined or
separated; also to reconcile persons who have been at variance.

To RE-UNITE, verb neut. to cohere again.

REVO’CABLE, Fr. [rivocabile, It. of revocabilis, Lat.] 1. That may be
called. 2. That may be repealed or reversed.

REVO’CABLENESS [of revocable] liableness to be revoked, repealed,
&c. quality of being revocable.

To RE’VOCATE, verb act. [revocatum, of revoco, Lat.] to recall, to
call back.

REVOCA’TION, Fr. [rivocazione, It. of revocatio, Lat.] 1. The act of
recalling, state of being recalled. 3. The act of revoking or repealing,
reversal.

REVOCATION [in law] the recalling a thing that has been granted;
the revoking or annulling a law.

To REVO’KE, verb act. [revoquer, Fr. rivocare, It. revocàr, Sp. of
revoto, Lat.] 1. To repeal a law, to make void an act or deed, to re­
verse. 2. To check, to repress. 3. To draw back.

REVO’KEMENT [of revoke] recall, repeal.

To REVO’LT, verb neut. [revolter, Fr. rivoltarsi, It.] 1. To fall off
from one to another, to rise against a prince or state. 2. To change:
not in use. And cannot soon revolt and change your mind. Shake­
speare.

REVO’LT, subst. [revolte, Fr. rivolta, It.] 1. A desertion, a change of
sides. 2. A revolter, one who changes sides: not used. You ingrate
revolts. Shakespeare. 3. Gross departure from duty. Your daughter
hath made a gross revolt. Shakespeare.

REVO’LTER [of revolt] a deserter. a renegade, one who changes
sides, one who rises against his sovereign.

To REVO’LVE, verb neut. [revolvèr, Sp. of revolvo, Lat.] 1. To per­
form a revolution, to roll in a circle. 2. To fall in a regular course of
changing possessors, to devolve.

To REVOLVE, verb act. 1. To roll any thing round. 2. To cast about
in one's mind, to meditate on, to consider.

REVO’LVING, part. act. of revolve; which see [revolvens, Lat.] rol­
ling in mind, considering. Milton.

REVOLVING, part. neut. performing a revolution.

REVOLU’TION, Fr. [revoluzione, It. revoluciòn, Sp. of revolutio, Lat.]
1. The act of rolling or turning round, rotation in general, returning
motion. 2. [In politics] a great turn or change of government in a
country or state. 3. [In geometry] the motion of any figure round a
fixed line, as an axis. 4. [In astronomy] the period of a star, planet,
comet, or other phænomenon; or its course from any of the zodiac
points till it return to the same. 5. Space measured by some revolu­
tion.

Mean REVOLUTION of a Planet in the Zodiac [in astronomy] is the
return of the line of the mean motion of a planet from any point in the
zodiac to the same point again.

True REVOLUTION of a Planet in the Zodiac [in astronomy] the return
of the line of the motion of that planet, from any one point of the said
circle to the same point again.

REVOLU’TIONERS [of revolution] those who approved of the great turn
of affairs, after the abdication of king James.

To REVO’MIT, verb act. [of re and vomit; revomir, Fr.] to vomit
again, to vomit up.

REVU’LSION, Fr. [of revulsio, Lat.] 1. The act of plucking back.
2. [With physicians] is the turning of a violent flux of humours from
one part of the body to another, either a neighbouring or opposite part.

REVULSION [in philosophy and divinity] supposes a part of some pre­
existent substance set off from the whole, and formed into a distinct exist­
ence of its own: thus the Stoics imagined the human soul to be (ΑΩΟΣ­
ΠΑΣΜΑ) a revulsion from the substance (or essence) of GOD. And Tertul­
lian the Montanist seems to have conceived in much the same manner of
our Lord's original production from the Father, as the reader will find
under the words HOMOÜSIAN and NICENE Council compared: Tho', in
justice to the latter, it should be acknowledged, that she disown'd all
such gross and corporeal ideas of divine generation. See NICENE Coun­
cil, and add, by the way of note to the whole, as follows: “Or if the
word, CREATED, must be admitted upon so dubious a testimomy as that
of St. Athanasius, it will not mend the matter. Because, on this suppo­
sition, the fathers of that council have made it heresy to affirm, the Son to
have been [ΕχΤΙΣΟΝ] created; and yet they allowed (with all antiquity)
that “the Lord (ΕχΤΙΣΕ) CREATED Him the BEGINNING of his ways.”
Nay more, St. Hilary, and, I think, also Epiphanius after him, judged
that term (created) to be the more proper, as it precludes the idea of
any revulsion from the FATHER'S SUBSTANCE, and indeed any passion in
God similar to corporeal productions, and generations. See CREATE,
and FIRST-BORN of every Creature.








REVU’LSIVE, adj. [of revusivus, Lat.] pulling back.

REVULSO’RIA, Lat. [in medicine] is when the course of blood, which
gushes out at one part, is turned another way, by the opening of a vein
in a remote or convenient place.

REW, a rank, a row: A provincial word.

RE’WARD [of re and weard, Sax.] 1. A recompence given for good.
2. Sometimes used ironically for punishment or recompense of evil.

To REWA’RD, verb act. [of re and weardian, Sax. from re and a­
ward, to give in return. Skinner] 1. To give in return. They rewarded
me evil for good. Psalms. 2. To recompense, to repay for something
good.

REWA’RDABLE, adj. [of reward] that is capable or worthy of being
recompensed.

REWA’RDER [of reward] one that rewards.

RE’WET [rouët, Fr.] the lock of a gun.

RE’WISH, letcherous, a term used of the copulation of doves.

To REWO’RD, verb act. [of re and word] to repeat in the same
words.

REY’GATE, a borrough town of Surry, 24 miles from London. It
sends two members to parliament.

RHABA’RBARATE, adj. [rhabarbara, Lat.] tinctured with rhubarb.
Evacuated by the senna, rhabarbarate, and sweet manna purgers.
Floyer.

RHABDOI’DES Sutura, Lat. a suture or seam of the skull, the sagittal
suture. q. d. of the form of a rod.

RHABDO’LOGY [ρΑβΔΟΛΟΓΙΑ, of ρΑβΔΟΣ, a rod, and ΛΟΓΟΣ, Gr. a dis­
course] the art of numbering or computing by Napier's rods or bones.

RHA’BDOMANCY [ρΑβΔΟΛΟΓΙΑ, of ρΑβΔΟΣ, a rod, and ΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, Gr.
divination] an ancient method of divination performed by means of rods
or staves.

RHA’BDOS [ρΑβΔΟΣ, Gr.] a rod or wand; also a meteor like a strait
wand.

RHA’CHIS, Gr. [with anatomists] the spine of the back.

RHACHISA’GRA [of rachis, and ΑΓρΑ, Gr. the gout; with physicians]
the gout in the spine, &c. q. d. the spine-gout.

RHACHI’TÆ, or RHACHITÆ’I [with anatomists] certain muscles that
lie over the back-bone.

RHACHI’TIS [ρΑχΙΤΙΣ, Gr.] the rickets, a disease in children.

RHAGA’DES [ρΑΓΑΔΕΣ, Gr.] chaps or clefts in the hands, feet, lips, &c.
also sores or small ulcers in the fundament, &c.

RHAGOI’DES [ρΑΓΟΕΙΔΗΣ, Gr.] the third coat of the eye, otherwise cal­
led the uvea tunica.

RHA’MNUS, Lat. [ρΑΜΝΟΣ, Gr.] the white bramble.

RHA’MNUS Catharticus, Lat. the buckthorn shrub.

RHA’NDIX, the part of a division of a county in Wales before the con­
quest, containing four tenements; as every gavel contained four rhan­
dixes, every township four gavels, and every manor four townships.

RHANTE’RES [with occulists] the internal corners of the eyes.

RHA’PHE [ρΑφΗ, Gr.] the suture or seam of the skull-bone. &c.

RHAPO’NTICUM, Lat. [in medicine] a root that resembles rhubarb,
and nearly of the same virtues.

RHA’PSODIST [of rhapsody] a maker or composer of rhapsodies, one
who writes without regular dependence of one part upon another. But
the learned author of the Appendix ad Thesaur. H. Stephan. &c. shews,
from Eustathius, that the ancients used the word in a good sense, and ap­
plied it in particular to writers of epic (or heroic) poems.

RHA’PSODY [rhapsodie, Fr. rapsodia, It. rhapsodia, Lat. of ρΑψΩΔΙΑ,
of ρΑΠΤΩ, to sew, and ΩΔΗ, Gr. a verse or song] a collection of divers
passages, notions, without necessary dependence on natural connexion,
mustered up for the composing of some work; also a tedious and imper­
tinent spinning out of a discourse, to little or no purpose; so denomina­
ted (as some say) of a contexture or repetition of a great number of ver­
ses, especially Homer's poems, which were collected and digested into
books by Pisistratus.

RHAPSO’DOMANCY [of ρΑψΩΔΙΑ and ΜΑΝΤΙΕΑ, Gr.] an ancient kind of
divination, performed by pitching on a passage of a poet at hazard,
and reckoning on it as a prediction of what was to happen.
Sometimes they wrote several verses of a poet on so many pieces of
wood, paper, or the like, shook them together in an urn, and drew out
one, which was accounted the lot.
Sometimes they cast dice on the table on which verses were writtten,
and that whereon the dye lodged contained the prediction. If this divi­
nation was taken from Virgil's works, it was called sortes virgilianœ: of
which Dr. Wellwood gives us a most curious instance, between king Charles
the first, and lord Falkland. They were both it seems at Oxford, when
lord Falkland, to amuse his majesty, proposed to him the making trial
of his fortune by this kind of augury; upon which the king, opening the
book, his eye fell on Dido's imprecation against Æneas;
Yet let a race untam'd and haughty foes, &c.
Dryden's Virgil, book 4th, l. 881—893.
And, what is no less remarkable, he adds, that his lordship, to divert
that concern which appeared in the king's look upon the occasion, must
try his own fate; and, as unfortunately for himself, pitched upon that
passage in the eleventh book, where Evander laments the untimely death
of his son Pallas, as translated by the same hand;
O Pallas! thou hast fail'd thy plighted word,
To fight with caution, nor to tempt the sword, &c. Dryden's Vir­
gil, book 11th, l. 230—237; as cited in Wellwood's memoirs, page
90—92.


RHE

RHE’A [of ρΕΩ, Gr. to flow, because she abounds with all manner of
good things] Cybele, the mother of the gods, according to the poets.
See Cybele.

RHE’GMA, or RHE'XIS [ρΗΓΜΑ, Gr.] that which is broken; a rupture
or breaking.

RHE’GMA [with surgeons] the breaking or bursting of any part, as of
a bone, the inner rim of the belly, the eye, &c.

RHETO’RIANS, a sect of heretics in the 4th century, who, as some
report, held that all heretics had reason on their side.

RHE’TORIC [rhetorica ars, Lat. rhetorique, Fr. ρΗΤΟρΙχΗ, Gr.] the art
of speaking copiously on any subject, not merely with propriety, but
with all the advantages of beauty and force, art and elegance. Gram­
mar teaches us to speak proper, rhetoric instructs to speak elegantly.
Baker.

RHETO’RICAL, adj. [rhetorique, Fr. rettorico, It. retórico, Sp. of rhe­
toricus, Lat.] pertaining to rhetoric, eloquent, figurative.

RHETO’RICALLY, adv. [of rhetorical] with intent to move the pas­
sions, in a manner like an orator.

RHETO’RICALNESS [of rhetorical] eloquence.

To RHETO’RICATE, verb neut. [rhetoricor, L. Lat.] to play the
orator.

RHETORICA’TIONS, terms of rhetoric; also empty and unsound rea­
sonings.

RHETORI’CIAN, subst. [rhetor, Lat. rhetoricien, Fr. rettorico, It. reto­
rico, Sp.] 1. One versed in, or a professor of rhetoric, who teaches that
science; see ETYMOLOGY. 2. A sect of heretics in Egypt, so called
from their leader Rhetius.

RHETORICIAN, adj, suiting a master of rhetoric.

RHEUM, Fr. [rheuma, Lat. of ρΕυΜΑ, of ρΕΩ, Gr. to flow] a thin, serous
humour occasionally oozing out of the glands about the mouth and
throat. Quincy.

RHEUMA’TIC. adj. [ρΕυΜΑΤΙχΟΣ, Gr.] proceeding from or troubled
with rheum, or a peccant watry humour.

RHEUMA’TICKNESS [of rheumatic] the state of being troubled with
rheum.

RHEU’MATISM [rheumatisme, Fr. rheumatismus, Lat. ρΕυΜΑΤΙΣΜΟΣ, of
ρΕΩ, Gr. to flow] a wandering pain in the body, accompanied with hea­
viness, difficulty of motion, and sometimes a fever, supposed to proceed
from acrid serous humours.

RHEU’MY, adj. [of rheum] full of sharp moisture. Dryden.

RHE’XIS, or RHEGMA [ρΗξΙΣ of ρΗΓΝυΜΙ, Gr. I break] a rupture of the
cornea of the eye.

RHI’NLAND Rod, a measure of two fathom, or twelve feet.

RNINE’NCHITES [of ρΙΝ, the nostril, and ΕΓχΕΩ, Gr. to pour in] a
small syringe to squirt medicinal liquors into the nostrils.

RHI’NO [with the vulgar] ready money.

RHINO’CEROS [ρΙΝΟχΕρΩΣ, of ρΙΝ, the nose, and χΕρΟΣ, Gr. a horn] a
large beast in India, who has a horn on his front, and his skin full of
wrinkles, like that of an elephant, with deep furrows, and so hard that
it can scarce be pierced with a sword.

RHINOCE’RICAL, adj. [of rhinoceros] pertaining to, or like a rhino­
ceros.

RHIZA’GRA [ρΙζΑΓρΑ, Gr.] a surgeon's instrument to draw out a splin­
ter, bone, or tooth. q. d. the root-drawer.

RHODAÆ’LEUM [ρΟΔΙΝΟΝ ΕΛΑΙΟΝ, Gr.] oil of roses.

RHO’DI Radix, rose wort, a kind of herb.

RHODI’TES [ρΟΔΙΤΗΣ, Gr.] a precious stone of a rose-colour.

RHO’DIUM Lignum, a sort of wood that smells like roses, growing in
the island of Rhodes.

RODODA’PHNE [ρΟΔΟΔΑφΝΗ, Gr.] the rose bay-tree.

RHODODE’NDRON [ρΟΔΟΔΕΝΔρΟΝ, Gr.] the rose bay-tree.

RHOMB, subst. [rhombe, Fr. rhombus, Lat. ρΟΜβΟΣ, Gr. in geometry]
a parallelogram or quadrilateral figure, having its four sides equal, and
consisting of parallel lines with two opposite acute angles and two oppo­
site obtuse ones.

RHO’MBIC, adj. [of rhomb] shaped like a rhomb. They are of a
rhombic figure. Grew

RHO’MBUS [with surgeons] a sort of bandage of rhomboidal figure.

RHO’DOMEL [ρΟΔΟΜΗΛΟΝ, Gr.] the honey of roses.

RHO’DON [ρΟΔΟΝ, Gr.] the rose; a flower.

RHODON [in pharmacy] a medicinal composition, in which roses are
the chief ingredient.

RHODO’RA [in botany] a plant that bears a leaf like a nettle, and a
flower like a rose.

RHODOSACCHA’RUM, sugar of roses.

RHODOSTA’GMA [ρΟΔΟΝ ΣΑΓΜΑ, Gr.] rose-water.

RHO’MBOID, subst. [ρΟΜβΟΕΙΔΗΣ, Gr. rhomboide, Fr.] a figure approach­
ing to a rhomb.

RHOMBOI’DAL, adj [of rhomboid] pertaining to the figure rhomboides,
approaching in shape to a rhomb.

RHOMBOI’DES [of ρΟΜβΟΣ, Gr. a four square, resembling a rhomb, and
ΕΙΔΟΣ, Gr. form] is a four-sided figure, whose opposite angles and oppo­
site sides are equal, but is neither equilateral nor equiangular.

RHOMBOIDES, or RHOMBOIDES [in anatomy] a muscle so called from
its shape, resembliug a rhomb; it lies under the cucullares, and arises
from the two inferior spines of the neck, and four superior of the back,
and is inserted fleshy into the whole basis of the scapula, which it draws
forwards and a little upwards.

RHO’MBUS [in surgery] a sort of bandage of a rhomboidal figure.

RHOMBUS, is a four-sided figure, whose sides are equal and parallel,
but the angles unequal. See RHOMB.

RHO’NCHUS [ρΟΝχΟΣ, Gr.] a snorting or snoring; also a sneering at,
or mocking; a scoff, flout, or jeer.

RHONCHI’SONANT [rhonchisonus, Lat.] imitating the noise of sno­
ring.

RHOPA’LIC Verses [of ρΟΠΑΛΟΝ, Gr. a club, which begins with a slen­
der tip, and grows bigger and bigger to the head] a kind of verses
among the ancients, which began with monosyllables, and were con­
tained in words growing gradually longer to the last, which was the
longest of all; as,
Spes deus œterna est stationis conciliator.

RHO’PALON [ρΟΠΑΛΟΝ, Gr.] the water-lilly, so named because its root
resembles a club.

RHOPO’GRAPHERS [of ρΟΠΟΙ, toys, worthless things, Hesych. and ΓρΑ­
φΩ, Gr. to write] painters who confined themselves to low subjects, as
animals, landskips, plants, &c. But, N. B. Hesychius also tells us,
that the word (ropos) in Greek, signifies mixtures, or colours, such as
are of use to painters, diers, &c. or, as his learned editor conjectures,
the true reading to be, “mixt colours.”

RHU’BARB [rhabarbarum, Lat.] a slightly purging root, referred by
the botanists to the dock.

RHUMB, or RUMB [rhombus, Lat. ρΟΜβΟΣ, Gr. with navigators] a
vertical circle of any given place; or the intersection of part of such a
circle with the horizon.

RHUS, a bushy shrub, called sumach, or curriers sumach, with which
hides of leather are dressed.


RHY

RHYPARO’GRAPHER [ρυΠΑρΟΓρΑφΟΣ, of ρυΠΑρΟΣ, filthy, and ΓρΑφΩ,
Gr. to write] a writer of obscene matters or trifles.

RHYA’S [ρυΑΣ, Gr.] a disease in the eyes, that causes continual wa­
tering; a lessening of the caruncula lachrymalis. Brun.

RHYME, or RHYTHM [rhythme, Fr. rhythmus, Lat. ρυΘΜΟΣ, Gr. rule,







says Hesychius] 1. An harmonical succession of sounds. 2. The likeness
of sound at the end of one verse with the last sound or syllable of an­
other. 3. Poetry, a poem. To sing and build the lofty rhyme. Milton.
4. In its most ancient Northern signification, denoted no more than to
number. Rim, with the ancient Scythians, signified with a number,
and the same was in use with the Celtæ, and almost all the Northern na­
tions: so Oft. says rim rhero fisgo. i. e. the number of the fishes. The
Anglo-Saxons called arithmetic and chronology, rimcræft, i. e. the
power or art of numbering. Some think rhymes to have been a mo­
dern invention; but others think otherwise; and Mr. Dryden says, that
monsieur le Clerk has made it out, that David's psalms were written in
as errant rhyme as they are translated into.
Mr. Skinner is of opinion, that rhyme was first brought into Europe
by the Arabians; but instances are given of rhymes in the Saxon poetry
long before the Arabians made such a figure in the world: though rhymes
indeed are of such importance to modern poetry, that scarce one part in
ten can have any pretence to that title, but for the sake of the rhymes,
yet they are not so essential to it as some imagine. The lord Roscom­
mon was of another opinion, and wrote his translation of Horace's Art of
Poetry in blank verse; and Mr. John Milton's Paradise Lost, which is
the best poem in our tonge, is without rhyme.
The harmony of our numbers appears not only from the moderns, but
the ancients; and Shakespeare, that wrote a hundred years ago, is an
example of the dignity of our verse, and the music of poetry, without
the ornament of rhyme. (See BLANK Verse.) But to be more explicit
on the etymology of this word; Hesychius first explains it by the word
χΑΝΩΝ, which signifies a rule; and from thence, I think, by a very easy
transition, it comes to signify in general ORDER, as opposed to irregula­
rity; and from hence, some things in particular that are measured by
rule, such as numbers, whether in the poetic or rhetoric use; for the true
rhythmus belongs to both; and as such the word is applied to them by
the best Greek writers. And for the same reason, as the steps, move­
ments, and various attitudes of the dancer, are as truly measured by
rule, and partake as really of order, as do either the poetic or rhetoric
numbers; hence the word rhythmus is applied by Aristotle to the DANCE.
“The dancers, says he, make use of the rhythmus without harmony (or
the song”) meaning by the rhythmus a stop, movement, and attitude,
proceeding by rule or measure. “for by these rhythmi (says he) they
exhibit by imitation certain manners, passions, and actions.” Aristot.
de Arte Poetic, cap. 1. Hence also the word in physic, is used to ex­
press a regular pulse, i. e. a pulse moving by rule; and at length in the
poetic use it degenerated into that we call by the name of rhyme; but
meaning still something measured by rule; or the return of the same
sound upon the ear at the conclusion of two or more verses. And by the
way, as Aristotle, in the same chapter, makes the word melos, in Greek,
equipollent to music either vocal or instrumental; this may throw some
light on the etymology of the word melody; I mean, as it relates (in its
primary use) to that kind of poetic composition which is accompanied with
music, either vocal or instrumental. See MELODY; and if any thing be
there deficient, the reader, if he pleases, may rectify it from hence;
see also the words, FEET, PYRRICHIUS, &c.
It's neither RHYME nor reason.
That is, it is neither number nor reason.

To RHYME, verb neut. 1. To agree in sound. And if they rhym'd
and rattl'd. all was well. Dryden. 2. To make verses. Who rhym'd
for hire and patroniz'd for pride. Pope.

RHY’MER, or RHY’MSTER [of rhyme] one who makes rhymes; a
poet, in contempt. Dennis.

RHY’THMICAL, adj. [rythmique, Fr. of rhythmicus, Lat. of ρυΘΜΙχΟΣ,
Gr.] being in rhyme, having proportion of one sound to another.

RHYTI’DOSIS, Lat. [ρυΤΙΔΟΩ, from ρυΤΙΣ, Gr. a wrinkle; with surgeons]
a wrinkling of any part of the body.

RHY’PTICA [of ρυΠΤΩ, Gr. to purge] scouring medicines for cleansing
away of filth. With Hesychius, to scour, or cleanse.

RHY’THMICA [in ancient music] that branch of music that regulated
the rhymes.

RYTHMOPO’IA [ρυΘΜΟΠΟΙΕΙΑ, of ρυΘΜΟΣ and ΠΟΙΕΩ, Gr. to make] one
of the musical faculties, as they are called, that prescribes rules for the
motions.

RIAL, a piece of gold current at 10 shillings. In the first year of
king Henry VI. a pound weight of gold, of the old standard, was, by
indenture of the mint, coined into 45 rials, current at 10 shillings each,
or 90 half rials at five shillings each.

RI’ALS Farthings, which went at two shillings and sixpence in the
time of Henry VIII. the golden rial was ordered to go at 11 shillings
and three-pence; in the second year of queen Elizabeth, rials were
coined at 15 shillings a-piece, when a pound weight of old standard­
gold was to be coined into 48 rials. In the third year of king James I.
the rose-rials of gold were coined at 30 shillings a-piece, and the spur­
rials at 15 shillings a-piece.

RI’ANT, Fr. [of rire, Fr.] laughing.


RIB

RIB [ribbe, Sax. ribbe, Du. and Ger.] 1. A side-bone of the body.
2. [With archers] a hard goose-quill which lies between the fea­
ther. 3. Any piece of timber, or other matter, which strengthens the
side.

RIBS of a Ship, are the timber of the futtocks, when the planks are
off; so called, because they bend like the ribs of a human or other ani­
mal body.

RI’BALD, subst. [ribauld, Fr. ribaldo, It.] a loose, mean, brutal
wretch, Spenser.

RI’BALDROUS, adj. [of ribaldo, It. a loose fellow] debauched, ob­
scene.

RI’BALDRY [ribaudie, O. Fr. ribalderia, It.] debauched, mean, bru­
tal or obscene talk. Bare-faced ribaldry. Dryden.

RI’BBAND, or RIBBON [ruban, Fr.] a narrow woven silk for orna­
ments of womens of heads, &c.

RI’BBED [of rib] 1. Having ribs, furnished with ribs. 2. Inclosed,
as the body, by ribs.

RI’BBLE-RABBLE [a corrupt reduplication of rabble] a mob.

RI’BBON, see RIBBAND.

RIBBON [in heraldry] is the 8th part of a bend; it is borne a little
cut off from the outlines of the escutcheon: he beareth or, a ribbon
gules.

To RIB-ROAST, verb neut. [of rib and roast] to beat or bang soundly;
a burlesque word.

RI’BES, Lat. [in botany] the currant bush; bastard currants.

RI’BWORT, subst. a plant.

RIC, denotes a powerful, rich, or valiant man; hence Alfric signifies
altogether strong; Æthelric, nobly powerful, &c. to the same sense as
Polycrates, Crato, Plutarchus, Opimius. Gibson's Camden.

RICE [oryza, Lat. ris, Fr. riso, It. arroz, Sp. rys. Du. and L. Ger.
retsz, H. Ger.] a sort of esculent grain: its grains are disposed in­
to a panicle which are almost of an oval figure, and are covered with a
thick husk, somewhat like barley. This grain is greatly cultivated in
most of the eastern countries. Miller.

RI’CERATE [in music books] a kind of extempore prelude or over­
ture; the same as voluntary.

RICH [ryc, Sax. rug, Dan. ryck, Du. O. and L. Ger. reich, H. Ger.
riche, Fr. ricco, It. rico, Sp.] 1. That has great incomes, abounding
in money or possessions. 2. Valuable, splendid. 3. Having any in­
gredients or qualities in a great quantity or degree. Sauces and rich
spices are brought from India. Baker. 4. Fertile, fruitful. Rich fo­
reign mould. J. Philips.

RI’CHED, adj. [of rich] enriched. Obsolete.

RI’CHES [richesse, Fr. ricchezza, It. riquéza, Sp. ryckdom, Du. O. and
L. Ger. reicktuhm, H. Ger.] 1. Wealth, money, or great possessions.
2. Splendid, sumptuous appearance.

RI’CHMOND, a borough town of the North-riding of Yorkshire, 262
miles from London. It gives title of duke to the noble family of Lenos,
and sends two members to parliament.

RI’CHLY, adj. [of rich] 1. Plentifully. 2. Wealthily, splendidly.
3. Truly, abundantly: an ironical sense.

RI’CHNESS [of rich] 1. Wealth. 2. Finery, splendor. 3. Fruit­
fulness. 4. Abundance or perfection of any quality. The richness and
variety of colours. Spectator. 5. Pampering qualities. The richnes
of his food. Dryden.

RICK, or REEK [hreac, Sax. rieck, Du. and L. Ger.] 1. A heap of
corn or hay regularly piled up and sheltered from wet. See REEK. 2. A
heap of corn or hay as piled by the gatherer. And make small ricks of
them in the field. Mortimer.

RI’CKETS [ρΑχΙΤΙΣ, of ρΑχΙΣ, Gr. the back-bone] a disease common
to children; a name given to the distemper at its appearance, by Glif­
son.

RI’CKETTY, adj. [of rickets] troubled with the rickets.

RI’CTURE [rictura, Lat.] a gaping.

RI’CKLUS, subst. a plant. Ainsworth.


RID

To RID, irreg. verb act. RID, pret. and part. pass. [of aridan, hred­
dan, Sax. redden, Du. retten, Ger.] 1. To gain ground in walking, to
dispatch. 2. To free, to disengage from, to clear, to disencumber. 3.
To set free, to redeem. Rid me and deliver me out of great waters.
Psalms. 4. To drive away, to press away, to destroy. Ah deathsmen!
you have rid this sweet young prince. Shakespeare.

RID. See To RIDE.

RI’DDANCE [from rid] 1. Act of ridding or clearing places littered
or encumbered. 2. Deliverance. 3. Disencumbrance, loss of some­
thing one is glad to lose, dispatch.

RI’DDEN. See To RIDE.

To RI’DDLE [of hriddel, Sax.] 1. To sift or separate by a coarse
sieve. 2. [Of arædan, Sax.] to explain riddles or hard questions, to
solve, to unriddle.

To RI’DDLE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to speak ambiguously or
obscurely.

RIDDLE [rædel, Sax. rætzel, Ger. probably from rathen, Ger. to con­
jecture. Some derive it from ratissa, Francis. a problem or parable; and
others from rathio, Goth. reason, from ræde, Sax. counsel] 1. An enig­
ma, a hard question, or a thing proposed in obscure and ambiguous
terms. 2. Any thing puzzling in general. 3. [Hriddle, Sax.] a coarse
or open sieve.

RI’DLINGLY, adv. [of riddle] in the manner of a riddle. See SPHINX
and ENIGMATICALLY.

To RIDE, irreg. verb neut. RID or RODE, irreg. pret. [ritte, Ger.]
RID, or RIDDEN, irreg. part. pass. [geretten, Ger.] ridan. Sax. ryda, Su.
ride, Dan. ryden, Du. O. and L. Ger. reiten, H. Ger. 1. To travel or
be carried on a horse. 2. To travel in any carriage, to be borne, not to
walk. 3. To be supported in motion. 4. To manage a horse. 5. To
be on the water. Not able to ride it out with his gallies. Knolles. 6.
To be supported by something subservient.

To RIDE, verb act. to manage insolently at will.

RIDE, of hazel or other wood, a whole clump of sprigs growing out of
the same root.

RIDE’AU, Fr. a curtain or cover.

RIDEAU [in fortification] a small elevation of earth, extending itself
lengthways, serving to cover a camp, or add an advantage to a post;
also a ditch, the earth whereof is thrown upon its side.

RI’DER [of ride] 1. One who is carried on a horse or in any vehicle.
2. One who manages or breaks horses. 3. An inserted leaf.

RI’DERS [in sea language] large pieces of timber, some in the hold,
and others aloft, bolted on the other timbers, to strengthen them, when
the ship is but weakly built.

RIDGE [hriddel, Sax. rig, Dan. rugge, Du. the back; hence Cothe­
ridge, Waldridge, &c.] 1. The top of the back. 2. The rough
top of any thing resembling the vertebræ of the back. 3. A steep pro­
tuberance. Part rise in crystal wall or ridge direct. Milton. 4. The
ground thrown up by the plough. 5. The top of a house that rises to an
acute angle. Ridge tiles or roof tiles. Moxon.

To RIDGE, verb act. [from the subst] to form a ridge.

RI’DGES [in architecture] the spaces between the channels of timber
or stone wrought.

RIDGES [of a horse's mouth] are wrinkles in the roof, running from
one side of the jaw to the other, with furrows between them.

RI’DGE-BAND [of a horse-harness] that part of it that runs over across
his back.

RI’DGLING, or RI’DGEL [some derive it of rejiciendo with the dimi­
nutive. Ainsworth, of ovis rejicula, Lat.] the male of any beast, more
especially a ram that has been but half gelt. Dryden.

RI‘DGY, adj. [of ridge] rising in a ridge.

To RI’DICULE, verb act. [from the subst.] to render ridiculous, to
make a may-game of, to treat with contemptuous merriment.

RI’DICULE, Fr. [ridiculo, It. and Sp. of ridiculum, Lat.] such sort of
wit as provokes laughter, jest, mockery.

RIDI’CULOUS [ridicule, Fr. ridiculo, It. of ridiculosus, Lat.] fit to be
laughed at, causing contemptuous merriment.








RIDI’CULOUSLY, adv. [of ridiculous] in a manner worthy to be
laughed at, impertinently, foppishly.

RIDI’CULOUSNESS [of ridiculous] quality of being ridiculous.

RI’DING, part act. [of ride] employed to travel a horseback.

RI’DING, subst. [of ride] 1. A district visited by an officer. 2. [In
Yorkshire] a division of that country, of which there are three ridings,
the East, West, and North,

RI’DING Clerk [in chancery] one of the six clerks, who in his turn
for one year, keeps the comptrollment-books of all grants that pass the
great seal.

RI’DING-COAT, subst. [of riding and coat] a coat to keep out the wea­
ther, commonly used in travelling.

RI’DING-HOOD, subst. [of riding and hood] a hood worn by women
when they travel, to keep out the wet.

RIE, subst. an esculent grain.

RIDO’TTO, It. an entertainment of singing, music, &c. an opera, or
part of it.

RI’ER County, is the place appointed by the sheriff (after his court is
ended) for the reception of the king's money.

RIFE, adj. [ryfe, Sax. riif, Du.] frequent, common, prevailing,
abounding. It is now only used of epidemical distempers.

RI’FELY, adv. [of rife] prevalently, with abundance.

RI’FENESS [of rife; rifenesse, Sax.] frequency, commonness,
abundance. The great rifeness of carbuncles. Arbuthnot.

RI’FF-RAFF [probably of reaf, Sax. an old coat, according to Min­
shew, or riffen raffen, Du. a mingle mangle] dreg, scum, the refuse of
things, &c.

To RI’FLE [of reafian, Sax. reffer, riflér, O. Fr. rijflen, Du.] to
plunder, to pillage, to rob.

RI’FLER [of rifle] robber, plunderer.

RI’FLING, or RA’FFLING [of raffler, O. Fr.] a sort of gaming, when
a certain set of persons lay down a stake of money against a piece of
plate or other thing, and he who throws most upon the dice takes it.
See RAFFLE.

RIFT, subst. [from rive] a clift, chink, or crack, a breach, a small
slit or rift.
N. B. As the word rift is plainly deduced from the verb, to rive, it
appears from hence that its etymology is of the same class or kind, with
the words thrift, shrift, strift, cleft, &c. all being noun substantives of the
same import with the respective verbs, from which they are derived.

To RIFT, verb act. [of reafian, Sax. to snatch] 1. To split, to cleave.
On rifted rocks. Pope.

To RIFT, verb neut. 1. To burst, to open. 2. [Ræver, riffver, Dan.]
to belch, to break wind.

RIFTS [in horses] a disease, when corruption is lodged in the palate
of the mouth.


RIG

RIG, subst. Rig, ridge, seem to signify the top of a hill falling on each
side, from the Sax. hrigg, and the Islandic hriggur, both signifying a
back. Gibson's Camden.

RIG. 1. A horse who is half castrated, and yet he has gotten a colt.
2. [prob. of ridendo, Lat. laughing] a ramping, wanton girl: An old
word for a whore. 3. [With the vulgar] game, diversion, sport, fun.

To RIG, verb act. [of rig or ridge, the back] 1. To dress, to accou­
tre. 2. To rig about; to ramp or be wanton and frisky.

To RIG a Ship [a sea phrase] to furnish it with tackling.

RIGADOO’N [rigadon, Fr.] a French dance, performed in figures by a
man and a woman.

RIGA’TION [rigatio, Lat.] the act of sprinkling or moistening any
thing.

RI’GGER [of rig] one that rigs or dresses.

RI’GGING, subst. [of rig] all the ropes which belong to any part of a
ship, but more especially those which belong to the masts and yards, the
sails or tackling.

RI’GGISH, adj. [of rig, a whore] wanton, whorish.

To RI’GGLE, verb neut. [properly to wriggle] to move backward and
forward, as shrinking from pain.

RIGHT, adj. [riht, Sax. ratt, Su. rette, Dan. regt, Du. O. and L.
Ger. recht, H. Ger. droit, Fr. dritto, ritto, It. derech, Sp, rectus, Lat.]
1. Strait, not crooked 2. Equitable, honest, or just. 3. True, proper,
suitable, not erroneous, not wrong. 4. Not mistaken, passing judgment
according to the truth of things. You are right. Shakespeare. 5. Happy,
convenient. The lady has been diappointed on the right side. Addison.
6. Not left. 7. Perpendicular.

RIGHT, interj. An expression of approbation. Right, cries his lord­
ship. Pope.

RIGHT, adv. 1. Properly, exactly, according to truth. To under­
stand political power right. Locke. 2. In a direct line. Let thine eyes
look right on. Proverbs. 3. In a great degree, very: Now obsolete.
I gat me to my Lord right humbly. Psalms. 4. It is still used in titles;
as, right honourable, right reverend.

RIGHT, subst. 1. Justice, not wrong. Do the Turks this right. Bacon.
2. Freedom from error. 3. Just claim. 4. That which justly belongs
to one. 5. Property, interest 6. Authority, power, prerogative.
God hath a sovereign right over us, as we are his creatures. Tillotson. 7.
Immunity. To defend their own rights and liberties. Clarendon. 8. The
side or hand not left. 9. To rights; an adverbial expression. In a direct
line, straight. The whole tract sinks down to rights into the abyss.
Woodward. 10. To rights; adverbially. Deliverance from error. To
inform them and set them to rights. 11. Privilege. In strictness of
speech what is due to every relation, whether divine or human; as in
that noble couplet,
JUSTICE her equal scale aloft displays,
And RIGHTS both human and divine she weighs. Table of Cebes.

RIGHT [in law] any title or claim, by virtue of a condition, mort­
gage, &c.

RIGHT Angle [in geometry] is an angle, one of whose legs stands
exactly upright upon the other, leaning no more one way than the
other.

RIGHT Angled Figure [in geometry] a figure, the sides of which are
at right angles, or stand perpendicular one to another.

RIGHT-Angled Triangle [in geometry] a triangle which has one right
angle.

RIGHT Line [in geometry] a line that lies equally between its points,
without bending or turning one way or other.

RIGHT Sphere [in astronomy] such a position of a sphere, that it has
the poles of the world in its horizon, and the equator in its zenith.

RIGHT Circle [in the stereographical projection of the sphere] is a cir­
cle at right angles to the plane of projection.

To RIGHT one, verb act. to do him right or justice, to establish in
possessions rightly claimed, to relieve from wrong.

RIGHT the Helm [a sea phrase] a direction for the steerman to keep
the helm in the middle of the ship.

RI’GHTEOUS, adj. [rihtwise, Sax. whence rightwise in old authors,
and rightwisely in bishop Fisher] 1. Just, honest, virtuous, uncorrupt.
2. Equitable. I thy righteous doom will bless. Dryden.

RI’GHTEOUSLY, adv. [of righteous] honestly, virtuously. Athens did
righteously decide. Dryden.

RI’GHTEOUSNESS [rihtwisenesse, Sax.] justice, honesty, virtue,
goodness.

RI’GHTFUL, adj. [rihtfull, Sax.] 1. Having the right or just claim.
2. Honest, just, virtuous.

RI’GHTFULLY, adv. [of rightful] according to justice.

RI’GHTFULNESS [of rightful] moral rectitude.

RI’GHTLY, adv. [of right] 1. Properly, according to truth, not er­
roneously. He understands the words rightly. Locke. 2. Honestly, up­
rightly. You may be rightly just. Shakespeare. 3. Exactly. Should I
grant, thou didst not rightly see. Dryden. 4. Straitly, directly. We
wish one end; but differ in order and way that leadeth rightly to that
end. Ascham. 5. Truly, naturally, properly.

RI’GHTNESS [rihtnesse, Sax.] 1. Conformity to truth, exemption
from being wrong. To be assured of the rightness of his conscience.
South. 2. Straightness, not crookedness. The rightness of the line.
Bacon.

RI’GID, adj. [rigide, Fr. rigido, It. rigidus, Lat.] 1. Stiff, not to be
bent. 2. Inflexible, exact as to the observation of rules and discipline;
strict, austere, severe. As rigid husbands jealous are. Denham. 3. Sharp,
cruel.

RIGI’DITY, or RI’GIDNESS [of rigid, or rigiditÉ, Fr. rigidità, It. of
rigiditas, Lat.] 1. Severity, strictness; as, a rigidity or rigidness in mili­
tary discipline. 2. Stiffness. 3. Stiffness or Starchness of appearance,
not easy nor airy elegance. A kind of rigidity, and consequently more
naturalness than gracefulness. Wotton. 4. [In physics] a brittle hard­
ness, or that kind of hardness, supposed to arise from the mutual indenta­
tion of the component particles, within one another; it is opposite to
ductility and malleability, &c.

RI’GIDLY, adv. [of rigid] 1. Stiffly, without pliancy. 2. Severely,
inflexibly.

RI’GIDNESS [of rigid] severity, inflexibility. See RIGIDITY.

RI’GLET [regulet, Fr.] any square, flat, thin piece of wood, like those
which are designed for making the frames of small pictures, before they
are moulded. Moxon.

RI’GLETS [with printers] thin slices or plates of wood set between
verses in poetry; or furniture to enlarge or lessen margins.

RI’GOL, subst. a circle. It is used in Shakespeare for a diadem.

RI’GOR [rigueur, Fr. rigore, It. of rigor, Sp. and Lat.] 1. A great
cold stiffness. 2. A shaking of the skin and muscles of the whole body,
accompanied with chillness, or a convulsive shuddering, with sense of
cold. The rigor or cold fit in the beginning of a fever. Arbuthnot. 3.
Severity of manners and disposition, sternness, harshness, the utmost ex­
tremity, want of condescension to others. 4. Severity of conduct. With
all the rigor and austerity of a capuchin. Addison. 5. Strictness, una­
bated exactness. According to philosophical rigor. Glanville. 6. Fury,
rage. He at his foe with furious rigor smites. Spenser. 7. Hardness,
not flexibility, not softness. The stones the rigor of their kind expel.
Dryden.

RI’GOROUS, adj. [rigorosus, Lat. rigoreux, Fr. rigoroso, It. rigurosi, Sp.]
full of rigor, over harsh, severe, no whit abating. Are these terms hard
and rigorous. Rogers.

RI’GOROUSLY, adv. [of rigorous] without tenderness or mitigation,
harshly, severely.

RI’GOROUSNESS [of rigorous] fullness of rigour, over harshness, seve­
rity.

RILL [prob. a contraction of rivulus, Lat.] a rivulet, a little stream or
brook.

To RILL, verb neut. [from the subst.] to run in a small stream. Prior.

RI’LLET, subst. [corrupted from rivulet] a small stream. Delivering
a little fresh rillet into the sea. Carew.

RIM [rima, Sax.] 1. The border, margin, or edge of any thing. 2.
That which encircles any thing else.

RI’MA, Lat. 1. A rift, cleft, or chink, 2. [With surgeons] a fissure
or cleft of a bone. 3. [In anatomy] a narrow aperture of a small cavity
under the fornix, opening into the infundibulum; called also the third
ventricle of the brain.

RIME [hrime, Sax.] 1. A hoar-frost, a congealed mist, which dis­
solves gradually by the heat of the sun. 2. [Rima, Lat.] a hole, a
chink. They contract the rime or chink of their larynx. Brown.

To RIME, verb neut. [from the subst.] to freeze with hoar-frost.

RI’MER [of rime, Sax. i. e. a pomegranate] was the chief god of
Damascus, where he had a famous temple. He held out in his right
hand a pomegranate, to shew he was the protector of that people, who
bore a pomegranate in their coat of arms, i. e. the Caphtorims; and it
is very probable was the same that some authors call Jupiter Cassius, who
was adored on the confines of mount Cassius, which was near Da­
mascus.

To RI’MPLE, verb act. to pucker, to contract into wrinkles.

RI’MY, adj. [of hrime, Sax.] misty, hazy, foggy. Thick, foggy,
rimy. Harvey.

RIMO’SITY [rimositas, Lat.] fullness of chinks or clefts.

RIMU’LA Laryngis [in anatomy] the orifice of the larynx covered by
the epiglottis, lest any of the food should fall down.


RIN

RINA’US [in anatomy] a muscle of the nose, otherwise called nasalis.

To RIND, verb act. [of rindan, Sax.] to take off the rind.

RIND [sind, Sax. rinde, Du. and Ger.] the skin of any fruit that
may be pared off, as of an orange, apple, bark, husk. Others whose
fruit burnished with golden rind. Milton.

RIND [with botanists] the ble or inner bark of trees, or that soft,
whitish, juicy substance, which adheres immediately to the wood.

RI’NDY [of rind] having a rind, i. e. a skin to be pared off, as
some fruits.

RING [of hring, Sax. ring, Su. Dan. Du. and Ger.] 1. A circle, a
circular line. 2. A circle of gold, or any other matter worn, as an or­
nament on the finger. 3. A circle of metal to hold any thing by. 4.







A circular course. 5. A circle made by persons standing round. 6. A
number of bells harmonically tuned; as, a ring of bells. 8. A sound
of any kind. The ring of acclamations. Bacon.

To RING, verb act. [rung, rang, pret. rung, part. pass. of ringan,
Sax.] 1. To cause a sound, by striking bells, metal, or any sonorous
body. 2. [From ring] to encircle as with a ring, 3. To fit with
rings. To restrain a hog from rooting by a ring in his nose. Mortimer.

To RING, verb neut. 1. To sound as a bell, or other sonorous me­
tal. 2. To practise the art of making music with bells. 3. To sound,
to resound. The particular ringing sound in gold. Locke. 4. To utter
as a bell. 5. To tinkle. My ears still ring with noise. Swift. 6. To
be filled with a report. That epicurean rabble whom the whole nation
so rings of. South.

RING of an Anchor, that part of it to which the cable is fastened.

RINGS of a Gun, are circles of metal, and are the base ring, the re-in­
forced rings, trunnion ring, cornice ring, and muzzle ring.

RING-Bolts [in a ship] iron-pins, which serve to fasten the planks.

RING-Bone [in a horse] a hard, callous substance growing in the
hollow circle of the little pastern, above the coronet.

RING-Dove [rhingelduyve, Ger.] wood-pigeons.

RI’NGER [of ring] one who rings.

RING-Head, an instrument for stretching woollen-cloth.

RING-Leader, a person who is the head of a riotous body.

RI’NGLET, subst. [from ring, with a diminutive termination] 1. A lit­
tle ring. And gold the ringlets that command the door. Pope. 2. A
circle. To dance our ringlets to the whistling wind. Shakespeare 3. A
curl. Milton.

RING of Saturn [with astronomers] a solid circular arch and plane,
like the horizon of an artificial globe, which entirely encompasses that
planet, but does not touch it in any part.

RING-Streaked, adj. [of ring and streaked, said of cattle] marked on
the hair or skin with round streaks.

RING-Tail, a kind of kite, with a whitish tail.

RING-Walk [with hunters] a round walk.

RING-Worm, a kind of disease, a circular tetter.

To RINSE, verb act. [rense, Dan. and Su. rinser, Fr. from rein, Ger.
clean] 1. To wash, to cleanse by washing. 2. To wash lightly, to
wash the soapiness out of linen, after the lathers.

RI’NSER [of rinse] one that rinses or washes.

RI’OT [riote, O. Fr. riotta, It.] 1. Excess, luxury, debauchery, wild
and loose merriment; as finely portray'd by,
See! LEWDNESS loosely-zon'd her bosom bares;
See! RIOT her luxurious bowl prepares. Table of Cebes.
2. Uproar, revel-rout, tumult. 3. To run riot; to act or move with­
out controul. L'Estrange.

RIOT [in law] the forcible doing any unlawful thing, by three or
more persons assembled together for that purpose.

To RI’OT, verh neut. [rioter, O. Fr. riottare, It.] 1. To raise a sedi­
tion or uproar. 2. To live riotously, to revel. Not in rioting and
drunkenness. Romans. 3. To luxuriate, to be tumultuous. No pulse
that riots, and no blood that glows. Pope. 4. To feast luxuriously.

RI’OTISE, subst. [of riot] dissoluteness, luxury; obsolete.

RI’OTOUS [rioteux, O. Fr. of riota, barb. Lat. or of proghachd, Brit.
according to Baxter] 1. Given to luxury, lewd, disorderly, licentiously
festive. 2. That makes a riot, tumultuous, seditious.

RI’OTOUSLY, adv. [of riotous] 1. With licentious luxury and festivity.
2. Luxuriously, lewdly. 3. Tumultuously.

RI’OTOUSNESS [of riotous] the state of being riotous.

To RIP, verb act [ripan, Sax.] 1. To cut up, to tear, to cut asun­
der by a continued act of a knife or other instrument. 2. To take away
by cutting. 3. To disclose, to search out.

RIPE [ripe, Sax. ryp, Du. O. and L. Ger. reiff, H. Ger.] 1. Come
to matunity, as fruits, &c. 2. Resembling the ripeness of fruits. 3.
Complete, proper for use. 4. Advanced to the height of any quality.
O early ripe! Dryden. 5. Finished, consummate. 6. Brought to the
point of taking effect, fully matured. Things were just ripe for a war.
Addison. 7. Fully qualified by a gradual improvement. Ripe for
heav'n. Dryden.

To RIPE, or To RI’PEN, verb neut. [ripian, Sax.] to grow to ma­
turity, to grow ripe.

To RIPE, or To RI’PEN, verb act. to make ripe. And ripen'd the
Peruvian mine. Addison.

RI’PELY, adv. [of ripe] maturely.

RI’PENERS [in physic] a sort of topical remedies, called also matu­
rantia in Latin.

RI’PENESS [ripenesse, Sax.] 1. Maturity, the state of being ripe. 2.
Full growth. 3. Completion, perfection, utmost degree. 4. Fitness,
qualification.

RI’PIERS [of ripa, a bank or shoar, or of ripp, Lat. a basket to carry
fish, &c. in] men who bring fish from the sea-coasts to sell in the inland
parts, the same as tranters.

RI’PPER, verb neut. to lave or wash lightly over, as the surface
of the sea over the surface of the sand, to fret on the surface.

To RI’PPLE Flax, verb act. to rub or wipe off the seed-vessels, on a
sort of instrument with iron teeth for that purpose.

RI’PPON, a borough town of the Westriding of Yorkshire, 190 miles
from London. It sends two members to parliament.

RIPT, part. pass. [of rip; rypt, Sax.] unsewed, cut open.


RIS

RISAGA’LLUM, white arsenic, or rats-bane.

To RISE, irr. verb neut. [arisan, Sax. reise, Dan. rysen, Du. ROSE,
irr. pret. reese, Du. RISEN, irr. part. pass. gereesen, Du.] 1. To get up
from rest. 2. To spring up, to proceed or come from. 3. To grow
up, to an erect posture. I have seen her rise from her bed. Shakespeare.
4. To get up from a fall. 5. To obtain height of rank or fortune.
Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall. Shakespeare. 6. To swell, to
get up from one's seat, or from bed. 7. To ascend, to move upwards.
8. To break out from below the horizon, as the sun, moon, or any
star. 9. To take beginning, to come into notice. 10. To begin to act.
High winds began to rise. Milton. 11. To appear in view. That every
thing he describes may immediately present itself, and rise up to the
reader's view. Addison. 12. To change a station, to quit a siege.
13. To be excited or produced. A thought rose in me. Spectator. 14.
To make insurrections or military commotions. At our heels all hell
should rise. Milton. 15. To be roused, to be excited to action. Who
will rise up for me against evil doers. Psalms. 16. To make hostile at­
tack. If any man hate his neighbour, lie in wait and rise up against
him, and smite him mortally. Deuteronomy. 17. To grow more or
greater in any respect. The great duke rises on them in his demands.
Addison. 18. To increase in price. 19. To be improved. 20. To
elevate the style. 21. To be revived from death. 22. To come by
chance. 23. To be elevated in situation. A house we saw upon a
rising. Addison.

RISE, subst. [from the verb] 1. The act of rising; as, the rise of the
tide we all saw. 2. The act of mounting from the ground. 3. E­
ruption, ascent. There is a sudden rise of water. Bacon. 4. Place that
favours mounting aloft. So it affords but a fit rise for the present pur­
pose. Locke. 5. Preferment, elevated place. 6. Appearance of the
sun, moon, or a star in the east. Waller. 7. Increase in any respect.
8. Increase of price. 9. Beginning, original cause, occasion. 10. In­
crease of sound. 11. The head or spring of a river, &c.

RI’SEN. See To RISE.

RI’SER [of rise] one who rises.

RISIBI’LITY, or RI’SIBLENESS [risibilitas, Lat. risibilitÉ; Fr.] laugh­
ing faculty, capableness of laughing.

RI’SIBLE, Fr. [risibilis, Lat.] 1. Capable of laughing. It has been
made the definition of man that he is risible. Government of the Tongue.
2. Exciting laughter, ridiculous.

RI’SING, yeast or barm.

RISING in the Body [in cattle] a disease.

RISING of the Sun, its appearing above the horizon.

RISING Timbers [in a ship] the hooks placed on the keel, so called,
because according to their gradual rising; so in like manner her rake
and run rise, from the flat floor.

RI’SINGS [in a ship] are those thick planks which go before and be­
hind, on both sides, under the ends of the beams and timbers of the
second deck to the third deck, half deck, and quarter deck; so that
the timbers of the deck bear on them at both ends by the sides of the
ship.

RISK, or RISQUE [resque, Fr. risico, It. riésgo, Sp.] hazard, venture,
peril, danger, chance of harm.

To RISK, or To run a RISK, verb act. [risquer, Fr. arrischiare, It.] to
venture, to hazard, to endanger.

RI’SKER [of risk] one who risks.

RISUS Sardonicus, Lat. [with physicians] a contraction of each jaw,
or a convulsive kind of grinning, caused by a contraction of the muscles
on both sides of the mouth.

RITE [rite, Fr. rito, It. and Sp. of ritus, Lat.] an order or rule to
be observed upon solemn occasions, church ceremonies. “The antient
rites and customs of the church.” Hooker. St. CYPRIAN, in his letter
to Pompeius, which he wrote against pope Stephen, tells us to this effect,
“that he acknowledged no customs to be of DIVINE AUTHORITY, and
as such obligatory upon us, except what are commanded in the Gospel,
or in the Acts, and Epistles of the apostles.” CYPR. Ed. Erasm. p. 327.
But St. Basil, who flourished so late as the latter part of the fourth
century, when charged with innovation upon his introducing something
like our modern doxology unto his church, supports himself (for want of
better arguments) on certain occult traditions, which he supposes to have
been transmitted from the apostles; such as the turning to the East in
prayer, the trine immersion, the signing with the sign of the cross, and
anointing the baptised with consecrated oil; all which (if sincerely ad­
vanced) shews him to have been no great master of antiquity. And
when adding with reference to the eucharist, Ου ΓΑρ ΤΟυΤΟΙΣ ΑρχΟυΜΕΘΑ, &c.
i. e. we are not CONTENTED with what the gospel and apostles have deli­
vered; but superad many other expressions, ΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΗΝ ΕχΟΝΤΑ ΠρΟΣ ΤΟ
ΜυΣΤΗρΙΟΝ ΤΗΝ ΙχυΝ, i. e. as containing a mighty force [virtue or efficacy]
with respect to the ordinance. He gives us, in effect, a sufficient spe­
cimen of that superstition which had now got footing in the christian
world; and which the whole body of the Eunomians so generously op­
posed.” Basil. de Spiritú, Tom. II. See EUNOMIANS, INTERPOLA­
TION, CATAPHRYGIANS, Apostolic CONSTITUTION, and EUCHARIST,
compared with BAPTIZE and REGENERATION.

RITERNE’LLO, It. [in music books] the burthen of a song, repeating
the six notes at the end of a song, or a couplet of verses at the end of a
stanza.

RI’TUAL, adj. [rituel, Fr. ritual, Sp. rituale, It. and Lat.] solemnly
ceremonious, done according to some religious institution.

RI’TUAL, subst. [from the adj.] a church-book, directing the order
and manner of the ceremonies to be observed in the celebration of divine
service, in a particular church, diocess, &c.

RI’TUALIST [of ritual] one skilled in the ritual, a stickler for cere­
monies in religious worship.


RIV

RI’VAGE, subst. Fr. 1. A bank, a coast; not in use. 2. A toll anti­
ently paid to the king, in some rivers, for the passage of boats therein.

RI’VAL, subst. Fr. and Sp. [rivale, It. of rivalis, Lat.] 1. A term of
relation applied to two persons who have the same pretensions, a compe­
titor in general. 2. A competitor, especially in love affairs.

RI’VAL, adj. standing in competition, making the same claim.

To RI’VAL, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To oppose, to stand in
competition with another. 2. To endeavour, to equal or excel.

To RI’VAL, verb neut. to be competitors; not in use.

RIVA’LITY, RI’VALRY, or RI’VALTY [rivalitas, Lat. rivalitÉ, Fr.
rivalità. It.] rivalship, competition.

RI’VALSHIP [of rival] the state or character of a rival.

To RIVE, irr. verb act. [riffev, Dan. ryfwa, Su. ryft, Sax. broken,
rijven, Du. river, Fr. to drive; RI’VEN, irr. part. pass.] to cleave asun­
der or in pieces, to divide by some blunt instrument.

To RIVE, verb neut. to be split by force. Freestone rives, splits,
and breaks. Woodward.

To RI’VEL, verb act. [gerifled, Sax. corrugated] to contract any
thing into wrinkles. Dryden.

RI’VEN, part. pass. of rive; which see. His riv'n arms. Milton.

RI’VER [of rivus, Lat. riviere, Fr. riviera, It. riva, Sp.] a stream
or current of fresh water, flowing in a bed or channel, from a source or
spring into the sea; it is bigger than a brook.

RIVE’RDRAGON, subst. a crocodile. A name given by Milton to the
king of Egypt.

RI’VERGOD, subst. tutelary deity of a river.

RI’VERHORSE, subst. the hippopotamus.








RI’VET, subst. [river, Fr. to break the point of a thing, to drive] a ri­
vetted nail, an iron peg or pin fastened at both ends.

To RI’VET, verb act. [river, Fr. ribadine, It.] 1. To fasten a rivet
or iron peg into a cavity, &c. 2. To fasten strongly, to make immovea­
ble.

RI’VULE [un ruisseau, Fr. of rivulus, Lat.] a little river, a brook.

RIXA’TION, Lat. the act of scolding or brawling.

RIX-DO’LLAR, a German coin, worth about four shillings and six­
pence Sterling.

ROACH [hreoce, Sax. rouget, Fr. probably from the redness of its
gills, rutilus, Lat. red haired] a kind of fish.

ROAD [road, of ridan, Sax. to ride, rade, Fr.] 1. A high way to
travel in, a path. 2. [Rade, Fr. reede, Du. rhede, Ger. with sailors] a
place fit for anchorage, at some distance from the shore, and sheltered
from the winds; where ships usually moor, and wait for a wind or tide,
either to carry them into the harbour, or to set sail out to sea. 3. Inrode,
incursion. He was, by the former road into the country, become fa­
mous. Knolles. 4. Journey. The word seems, in this sense at least, to
be derived from rode, preter. of ride.

A Rod ROAD, a broad, high road.

Natural ROAD, is one, which has been frequented for a long succes­
sion of time, and subsists with little expence by reason of its disposition,
&c.

Artificial ROAD, is one made by the labour of the hand, either of
earth or masonry.

Public ROAD, any common road, military or royal. The same as
grand road.

Military ROAD, a grand road appointed for the marching of armies,
such as were made by the Romans in England, as Watling-street, Ermi­
tage-street, &c.

Double ROADS, such as were made by the Romans, having two pave­
ments or causeways; the one for those going one way, and the other
for those returning; to prevent being stopped the one by the other.
These two were separated from each other by a bank raised in the mid­
dle, and paved with bricks, for the conveniency of foot passengers, with
borders, mounting stones from space to space, and military columns, to
mark distances.

Subterraneous ROAD, one that is dug in a rock with the chissel, &c.
and left vaulted, as that at Puzzuoli near Naples, which is near half a
league long, fifteen foot broad, and as many high.

RO’ADER [a sea term] a ship riding at anchor in a road.

To ROAM, verb neut. [prob. of Rome, because of the common
practice of going to Rome on vows, and to court for benefices, &c. an­
dar ramingo, It. of romeare, romigare, It. See ROOM] to wander, strole or
straggle about, without any certain purpose.

To ROAM, verb act. to wander or range over. The woods to roam.
Milton. And roam'd the utmost isles. Ditto.

ROAM, subst. a ramble, a wandering. Milton.

ROA’MER [of roam] one that rambles up and down; as, he's a per­
petual roamer.

RO’AN, adj. [rouen, Fr. roano, It. ruano, Sp. of ravus, Lat.] a co­
lour of horses; a bay, black, or sorrel colour, intermixed all over with
white or grey hairs, very thick. Farrier's Dict.

To ROAR, verb neut. [roran, Sax. rugir, Fr. ruggire, It.] 1. To cry
out like a lion or other wild beast. 2. To make a noise like the sea or
wind. 3. To cry in distress. 4. To make a loud noise in general.
Carts and coaches roar'd. Gay.

ROAR, subst. [from the verb] 1. The cry of a lion or other wild beast.
2. An outcry of distress. 3. A clamour of merriment. 4. The sound
of the wind or sea. 5. Any loud noise in general. To the trumpet's
roar. Dryden.

ROA’RING, part. act. of roar [rorung, of roran, Sax.] making a
noise like a lion, the sea, &c.

ROA’RY, adj. [better rory, from roris, of ros, Lat. dew] dewy. And
shook his wings with roary May dews wet. Fairfax.

To ROAST, verb act. [gerostan, gerostoth, Sax. roasted; the verb
osten is sometimes used in this sense by the Du. but oftener, and always
with the Ger. it signifies to toast, and likewise to broil, rostir, rotér, Fr. arro­
stire, It from rastrum, Lat. a grate; to roast, being, in its original sense,
to broil on a gridiron. Johnson] 1. To dress meat before the fire by
turning it round. 2. To impart dry heat to flesh. Fire will not roast,
nor water boil. Swift. 3. To dress at the fire without water. In eggs
boil'd and roasted. Bacon. 4. To heat any thing violently. Roasted in
wrath and fire. Shakespeare. 5. In common conversation, to teize or
banter.

ROAST, for ROA’STED. He lost his roast beef stomach. Addison.

To Rule the ROAST, to manage. It was perhaps originally roist,
which signified a tumult, or rising of the populace. The new-made
duke that rules the roast. Shakespeare.


ROB

To ROB, verb act. [ryppan, reafan, Sax. roefwa, Su. rofve, Dan.
rooven, Du. roeven, O. and L. Ger. rauben, H. Ger. prob. of roba, B.
Lat. a robe; hence rober and derober, Fr. q, d. to take off the robes or
clothes, rubare, It. robàr, Sp.] 1. To take away money, clothes, &c.
by force or by secret theft, to plunder. To be robbed, according to the
present use of the word, is to be injured by theft secret or violent. To
rob is to take away by unlawful violence, and to steal is to take away
privately. 2. To deprive of something bad: ironically. 3. To take
away unlawfully.

ROB, subst. [in pharmacy] the inspissated juice of fruits purified and
boiled to a consumption of two thirds of their moisture.

RO’BBER [of rob] one that robs by force, or steals by secret means, a
plunderer.

ROBERVA’LIAN Lines, a name given to certain lines for the transforma­
tion of figures, so named from M. Roberval their inventor.

RO’BBERY [robberie, O. Fr. rövereg, O. and L. Ger. rauberey, H.
Ger. ruberia, It.] a violent and forcible taking away of another man's
goods openly against his will or privily.

RO’BBERY [in law] a felonius taking away another man's goods from
his person, presence, or estate, forcibly, privily, or against his will, and
putting him in fear.

RO’BBINS [in a ship] small ropes reeved or put through the oilet holes
of a sail under the head ropes, which serve to tie fast, or tie the sails to
the yards.

ROBE, Fr. [robba, It. rauba, low Lat.] a long gown of state, a dress
of dignity, a vest that covers the whole body. Finely attir'd in a robe of
white. Shakespeare. See Ephod.

To ROBE, verb act. [from the subst.] to dress splendidly, to invest.
And an order of St. George only to robe and feast. Bacon.

RO’BERSMAN, or RO’BERTSMAN [in old statutes] a sort of bold and
stout robbers, or night-thieves, said to be so called from Robin Hood, a
famous robber on the frontiers of England and Scotland in the time of
king Richard I.

RO’BERT, subst. an herb. Ainsworth.

RO’BERT Sauce, a sauce made of onions, mustard, butter, pepper, salt
and vinegar.

ROBIGA’LIA, festivals celebrated by the Romans in May, in honour
of the deity Robigus, thought to preserve their corn from being robigi­
nous, i. e. blasted or mildew'd.

RO’BIN, a pear, called also the muscat pear of August.

ROBIN, or ROBIN-Redbreast, subst. [rubecula, Lat.] a bird so called
from his red breast. The Robin-redbreast till of late had rest. Pope.

ROBO’REAN, or ROBO’REOUS, adj. [roboreus, of robur, Lat. oak] that
is of the nature of, or pertaining to oak, made of oak.

ROBORA’NTIA, Lat. [in physic] medicines which strengthen and sup­
port the heart.

ROBU’ST, or ROBU’STIOUS, adj. [robuste, Fr. robusto, It. and Sp. of ro­
bustus, Lat.] 1. Strong like oak, strong-limb'd, lusty, vigorous. 2.
Boisterous, unweildy. While I was managing this young rebustious fel­
low. Dryden. 3. Requiring strength. Not to put the part quickly again
to any robust employment. Locke. 4. Robustious is now only used in low
language, and in a sense of contempt.

ROBU’STNESS [of robust] strength, force, vigour. Beef may confer a
robustness on my son's limbs. Arbuthnot and Pope.

ROCAMBO’LE, subst. a sort of small wild garlic, much less than a sha­
lot, Spanish garlic: The seed is about the bigness of ordinary pease.
Mortimer. See GARLICK.

RO’CCELO [prob. of roc, Sax.] a great loose cloak or coat.

ROCHE Allum, subst. [roche, Fr. or rock allum] a mineral salt of a very
binding quality, a purer sort of allum.

RO’CHESTER, a city and bishop's see of Kent, on the Medway, 29
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament. See the
arms of his bishopric. Plate IX.

RO’CHET, Fr. [roquéte, Sp. roccetto, It. rochetum, from roccus, low
Lat. a coat] 1. A sort of surplice, a lawn garment worn by bishops, the
white upper garment of a priest officiating. 2. [Rubellio, Lat.] a fish.
Ainsworth.

ROCK [roc, or roche, Fr. rocca, It. rupes, Lat. prob. of ρΩξ, Gr.] 1.
A large mass of hard stone rooted in the ground. These lesser rocks or
great bulky stones, are they not manifest fragments? Burnet. 2. Pro­
tection, defence, shelter: A scriptural sense. The rock of our salvation.
Psalms. 3. [Rock, Dan. rocca, It. rucca, Sp. spinroch, Du.] a distaff
held in the hand, from which the wool was spun by a ball fixed below on
a spindle, upon which every thread was wound up as it was done. It
was the ancient way of spinning, and is still retained in many northern
countries. As to the second use of the word, see DEMON.

To ROCK, verb act. [rocquer, Fr.] 1. To shake or move backwards
and forwards. To rock itself as in a cradle. Ray. 2. To move the
cradle in order to procure the child sleep. 3. To lull, to quiet. Sleep
rock thy brain. Shakespeace.

To ROCK, verb neut. to reel to and fro, to be violently agita­
ted.

RO’CKDOE, subst. a species of deer. The rock-doe breeds chiefly upon
the Alps, a creature of admirable swiftness, and may probably be that
mentioned in Job: her horns grow sometimes so far backward as to
reach over her buttocks. Grew.

RO’CKER [of rock] one who rocks the cradle.
His fellow, who the narrow bed had kept,
Was weary, and without a rocker slept. Dryden.

RO’CKENBY, subst. A name given improperly by lapidaries and jew­
ellers to the garnet, when it is of a very strong, but not deep red, and
has a fair cast of the blue. Hill.

RO’CKET, subst. [rocchetto, It. in pyrotechny] 1. An artificial fire­
work, being a cylindrical case of paper filled with combustible ingredi­
ents, and which, being tied to a stick, mounts in the air to a considera­
ble height, and there bursts. Addison. See several moulds, and different
forms of rockets. Plate XII. Fig. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 2. A plant. The flower
consists of four leaves expanded in form of a cross: The pointal becomes
a pod, divided into two cells, full of roundish seeds. To which may be
added, the whole plant hath a peculiar fetid smell. Miller.

RO’CKINESS [of rocky] a rocky nature or quality.

RO’CKLESS, adj. [of rock] being without rocks. Weedless all above,
and rockless all below. Dryden.

RO’CKROSE [of rock and rose] a plant.

RO’CK-SALT, subst. mineral salt.

RO’CKWORK [of rock and work] stones fixt in mortar, in imitation of
the asperities of rocks. A natural mound of rockwork. Addison.

RO’CKY, adj. [of rock] 1. Full of rocks. Nature lodgeth her trea­
sures in rocky grounds. Locke. 2. Resembling a rock. He oppos'd the
rocky orb. Milton. 3. Hard, stony, obdurate. Thy rocky bosom.
Shakespeare.

ROD [roed, Du. and L. Ger. ruhte, H. Ger. radius, Lat. and prob.
rod, Sax.] 1. A long twig. A hazel rod of the same year's shoot. Boyle.
2. A sort of sceptre. 3. A wand or small stick for measuring, of 16
foot and an half. 4. A bundle of small sprigs of birch to correct children
with. He may scourge him with whips or rods. Spenser. 5. Any thing
long and slender. Increase his tackle and his rod rety. Gay.

ROD-Knight, or RAD-Knights [rod cnihst, Sax.] certain tenants, or
servitors, who held land by serving their lord on horseback.

ROD-Net [with fowlers] a net to catch blackbirds or woodcocks.

RODE, pret. of RIDE [rode, of ridan, Sax.] See To RIDE.

RODGE, a water-fowl something like a duck, but lesser.

RODOMONTA’DE, or RODOMONTA’DO [rodomontade, Fr. from a boast­
ful, boisterous hero of Ariosto, called Rodomonte] a vain-glorious brag­
ging or boasting, a noisy bluster, a rant. Hints which may put him
upon his rodomontades. Government of the Tongue.

To RODOMONTADE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to brag or boast
like Rodomonte.

RODONDE’LLUS [in old records] a roundle; an old riding cloak.


ROE

ROE [ra, ra-deor, Sax. rhee, Du. rehe, Ger.] 1. A kind of deer. A
Troglodite footman, who can catch a roe at his full speed? Arbuthnot
and Pope. 2. The female of the hart. Fleeter than the roe. Shakespeare.







3. [Properly roan or rone; raun, Dan. rogen, Ger.] the eggs of fishes.
Without his roe, like a dried herring. Shakespeare.

ROE Buck [roah-deor, Sax. raah-buch, Dan. rabock, Su.] a kind of
deer, the male of the roe. See ROE.

RO’GA, donatives or presents, which the Roman emperors made to
the senators, magistrates and people; and popes and patriarchs also to
their clergy.

RO’GAL, adj. [rogalis, of rogus, Lat. pile] belonging to a funeral
pile.

ROGA’TION Week, the week immediately preceding Whitsunday, thus
called from three fasts observed therein, viz. on the Monday, Tuesday,
and Wednesday, called Rogation-days, because of the extraordinary
prayers and processions then made for the fruits of the earth, or as a
preparation for the devotion of Holy Thursday, called also Gang­
week.

ROGUE [prob of rogue, O. Fr. impudent, surly, haughty; but Min­
shew rather chuses to derive it of roagh, Sax. to hate, &c.] 1. A vil­
lain, a knave, a cheat, a thief. 2. A sturdy beggar, who wanders from
place to place without a licence; who, for the first offence, is called a
rogue of the first degree; and punished by whipping and boring through
the gristle of the right ear with an hot iron, an inch in compass; and
for the second offence, is called a rogue of the second degree, and put to
death as a felon, if he be above 18 years of age. And more terrify the
idle rogue. Spenser. 3. A word of slight tenderness and endearment.
——Alas, poor rogue, I think indeed she loves. Shakespeare. 4. A
wag.

To ROGUE, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To play the vagrant.
Taken idly roguing. Spenser. 2. To play knavish tricks.

RO’GUERY [of rogue] 1. The life of a vagabond. To run all coun­
tries a wild roguery. Donne. 2. Villainy, knavery. Lewd life in thie­
very and roguery. Spenser. 3. Merry drolling, raillery, waggery.

RO’GUESHIP [of rogue] the qualities or person of a rogue. Dryden.

RO’GUISH, adj. [of rogue] 1. Vagrant, knavish, wicked, fraudu­
lent.
He gets a thousand stamps and kicks,
Yet cannot leave his roguish tricks. Swift.
3. Drollish, waggish, slightly mischievous. Wimble is as merry as any
of them, and shews a thousand roguish tricks. Addison.

RO’GUISHLY, adv. [of rogue] 1. Like a rogue. 2. In a waggish,
drolling manner.

RO’GUISHNESS [of roguish] 1. Villainy, knavishness, &c. 2. Wag­
gishness.

RO’GUY, adj. [of rogue] knavish, wanton. A bad word.

To ROIST, or To ROI’STER. verb neut. [most probably from rister,
Island. a violent man] to behave turbulently, to be at free quarter, to
bluster. Among a crew of roist'ring fellows. Swift. See To ROAST.

ROI’STER, or ROI’STERER, subst. [prob. of rustre, Fr. a clown] a
rude boisterous fellow.


ROL

ROLL [rolle, Fr. ruolo, It. rolla, Sp. rotulus, Lat. Rouleau] 1. A bun­
dle of any thing rolled up, mass made round. A circle or roll of wool
newly plucked. Mortimer. 2. A list of names, a register, a catalogue.
A long roll of differently ranged alphabets. Bentley. 3. The act of rol­
ling, the state of being rolled. 4. The thing that rolls. A roll of pe­
riods sweeter than her song. Thomson. 5. A round body rolled again.
Use a roll to break the clots. Mortimer. 6. [Rotulus, Lat.] public writing.
Search was made in the house of the rolls. Ezra. 7. Writing rolled
upon itself. His chamber all was hanged about with rolls and old re­
cords. Spenser. 8. Chronacle. In all the rolls of same. Pope. 9.
Warrant. 10. [Role, Fr.] office, part. Not used.

ROLL of Parchment, the quantity of 60 skins.

ROLL [in a ship] a round piece of wood or iron, into which the whip­
staff is let.

To ROLL, verb act. [of rouler, Fr. arollàr, Sp. or rollen, Sax. Du.
and Teut. rotulo, of roto, Lat.] 1. To push or draw a round thing over,
by the successive application of the different parts of the surface to the
ground. Who shall roll us away the stone from the door of the sepul­
chre. St. Mark. 2. To move any thing round about its axis. Heav'n
shone and roll'd her motions. Milton. 3. To move in a circle. And
troll the tongue and roll the eye. Milton. 4. To produce a periodical
revolution. 5. To wind, &c. into a roll, to wrap round upon itself.
6. To enwrap, to involve in a bandage. By this rolling parts are kept
from joining. Wiseman. 7. To form by rolling into round masses.
Roll them up into long rolls like pencils. Peacham. 8. To pour in a
stream or in waves. A small Euphrates thro' the piece is roll'd. Pope.

To ROLL, verb neut. 1. To be moved by the successive application of
all parts of the surface to the ground; to tumble in the manner of a rol­
ling stone. Reports, like snow-balls, gather still the farther they roll.
Government of the Tongue. 2. To run on wheels. And to the rolling
chair is bound. Dryden. 3. To perform a periodical revolution. Thus
the year rolls within itself again. Dryden. 4. To move with appear­
ance of circular direction. And his red eye-balls roll with living fire.
Dryden. 5. To float in rough water. Twice ten tempestuous nights I
roll'd. Pope. 6. To move as waves or volumes of water. Wave rolling
after wave. Milton. 7. To fluctuate, to move tumultuously. The
thoughts which roll within my breast. Pope. 8. To revolve on its axis.
9. To be moved tumultuously, to tumble. Angel on archangel roll'd.
Milton.

Muster ROLL, a roll wherein are entered the names of the soldiers of
every troop, company, regiment, &c.

Ridder ROLL [in law] a small piece of parchment, added to some part
of a roll or record.

ROLL [in the customs] a list of the names of several persons of the
same condition, or entered in the same engagement.

Court ROLL [in a manor] is a roll wherein the names, rents, ser­
vices of each tenant, are copied and enrolled.

Calves-head ROLL [in the two temples] a roll wherein every bench­
er is taxed annually at 2 s. every barrister at 1 s. 6d. every gentleman
under the bar at 1 s. to the cook and other officers of the house, in con­
sideration of a dinner of calves-heads provided every Easter term.

Ragman's ROLL [of Ragimund's roll] a legate in Scotland, who hav­
ing cited before him all the people in that kingdom who held benefices,
caused them to give in the value of their estates upon oath; according to
which they were afterwards taxed in the court of Rome.

RO’LLABLE [of roll] that is capable of being rolled.

RO’LLER [of rollen, Du. rouleau, rouler, Fr.] 1. A swathing-band for
young children, a fillet, a bandage in general. Fasten not your roller
by tying a knot. Wiseman. 2. Any thing rolling on its axis, as a hea­
vy stone to level walks, or a round piece of wood for the moving of
great stones, and for other uses. A man tumbles a roller down a hill.
Hammond.
A ROLLING stone gathers no moss.
There are a set of people in the world of so unsettled a temper, that they
can never be long pleased with one way of living, no more than to con­
tinue long in one habitation; but before they are well entered upon one
business, dip into another, and before they are well settled in one habi­
tation, remove to another; so that they are always busily beginning to
live, but by reason of fickleness and impatience never arrive at a way of
living: such persons fall under the doom of this proverb, which is de­
signed to fix the volatility of their tempers, by laying before them the ill
consequence of such fickleness and inconstancy.

RO’LLING-PIN, subst. [of rolling and pin] a cylindrical piece of wood
tapering at each end, for moulding paste.

ROLLING Press, a press for printing pictures, &c. on copper plates.

The ROLLS, the office where the records of Chancery are kept, in
Chancery-Lane; this house, or office, was antiently built by king Hen­
ry III. for converted Jews, and called Domus Conversorum; but their ir­
regularities and lewdness having provoked king Edward III. he expel­
led them, and caused the place to be appropriated for keeping the rolls
or records of Chancery.

Master of the ROLLS, is the second person in the court of Chan­
cery; and, in the absence of the lord Chancellor, sits as judge.

ROLLS [of parliament] the manuscript registers, or rolls of the pro­
ceedings of parliament, before the invention of printing.

RO’LLY-POOLY, subst. a sort of game.


ROM

RO’MAGE, or RU’MAGE, subst. [ramage, Fr.] a tumult, an active and
tumultuous search for a thing. This post haste and romage in the land.
Shakespeare.

RO’MAN [romanus, Lat.] pertaining to the Romans, Rome, or Ro­
man-catholics.

ROMAN Beam, a kind of ballance or stilliards, otherwise called a stel­
leer.

ROMAN Catholics, those who adhere to the doctrines and disciplines of
the church of Rome. See CATHOLIC and POPE, and read ΠΑΠΑ.

ROMAN Empire, that extent of jurisdiction and power, which the peo­
ple of Rome, by conquest, obtained: for, besides the reduction of
Carthage, Gaul, and Spain, they subdued Macedon about 168 years be­
fore Christ; and took in all the countries, which the Grecians before
them held on this side the Euphrates; and became, in a manner, what
one of their own poets calls them, Romani rerum Domini, the lords of
the world. This empire continued entire till the death of Theodosius
the Great, A. C. 395, and then, by the irruption of the northern nations,
the western part of the empire (which he had given to his son Honorius)
was broke, and formed into many independent states and kingdoms;
but the eastern part, which he assigned to his other son Arcadius, sub­
sisted long after; till at length it was conquered, A. C. 1453, by the
Turks. All which is the more worthy of our notice, as these events
were so many ages before predicted by the prophets Daniel and John. See
GRECIAN Empire, GOTHS, CELICOLI, DONATISTS, PURGATORIAL
Fire, OTTOMAN, and CONSTANTINOPLE, compared with Daniel, c. 2.
v. 40---43, and c. 7, v. 7, 27, and c. 11, v. 36, to the end; and with
Apocalypse, c. 8, v. 1---6 and c. 17. v. 9, 12, 17. and c. 9. v. 14, to
the end.

ROMAN Indiction, a circle or revolution of 15 years, or 35 years, at
the end of which the Romans exacted their several tributes, 1. of gold,
2. of silver, 3. of brass and iron.

ROMAN Language, a mixture of Gaulish and Latin, the French tongue,
so called by the Walloons; for the Romans, having subdued several pro­
vinces in Gaul, established prætors or proconsuls, &c. to administer jus­
tice in the Latin tongue; on this occasion, the natives were brought to
learn the language of the Romans, and so introduced abundance of La­
tin words into their own tongue.

ROMAN Letter, the character that this line is printed in.

ROMAN Order [in architecture] the same as the composite.

ROMA’NCE [roman, Fr. romanzo, Lat. prob. of Roma, Rome] 1. A
meer fiction or feigned story, a fabulous relation of certain wild
intrigues and adventures of love and gallantry, invented in the middle
ages to entertain and instruct the readers. 2. A lie, in conversation.

To ROMANCE [parler Roman, Fr.] to tell a magnificent lie, to forge, to
bounce, crack, or vapour.

ROMA’NCER [romanzier, Fr.] a teller of lies or falfe stories. Vain
pretenders and romancers. L'Estrange.

ROMA’NCIST [of romance] a writer of romances

RO’MANIST, one belonging to the church of Rome, a papist.

ROMANS, the polite language formerly spoken at the court of France,
in contradistinction to the Wolloon language. The former was half La­
tin, half Gaulish.

To RO’MANIZE, verb act. [of Roman] to fill with modes of the Ro­
man or Latin tongue. He did too much romanize our tongue, leaving
the words he translated almost as much Latin as he found them. Dry­
den.

ROMA’NTIC, adj. [romantique, Fr.] 1. Pertaining to or that savours of
a romance, resembling the tales of romances. The most fabulous poets
or romantic writers. Keil. 2. Improbable, false, forged. 3. Full of
wild scenery.

ROMA’NTICNESS [of romantic] fictitiousness, egregious falseness.

ROME [Roma, Lat. which some derive from ρΩΜΑ, Gr. strength,
power, &c. others of םןר, Heb. he was exalted, whence הםר, Heb.
height, &c. but others of Romulus] the capital city of Italy.
ROME was not built in a day.
The Fr. say; Grand bien ne vient pas en peu d'heures (i. e. a great estate
is not to be got in a few hours) we must allow a reasonable time, in
proportion to the nature of things, for them to take their effects. Im­
patience renders many a good project abortive.

RO’MISH, adj. [of Rome] popish. In the Romish countries. Ay­
liffe.

ROMP, subst. 1. A rude, boisterous, awkward girl. Romps, that
have no regard to the common rules of civility. Arbuthnot. 2. A rough,
rude play. Romp loving miss. Thomson.

To ROMP, verb neut. to play rudely and boisterously. You can
laugh, squall and romp. Swift.

ROMPEE’ [in heraldry] so they call a chevron, when it is borne in
a particular manner.








RO’NDEAU [in music books] a name applied to all songs and tunes
which end with the first part or strain, whether they are gavots, jiggs,
minuets, sarabands, or any other kind of strain; and for that reason
they have the letters D. C. or DA CAPO, at the end of them; which
signify that the first part must be begun again.

RONDE’AU, subst. a kind of ancient poetry, commonly consisting of
thirteen verses, of which eight have one rhyme and five another: it is
divided into three couplets, and at the end of the second and third, the
beginning of the rondeau is repeated in an equivocal sense, if possible.
Trevoux.

RO’NDEL [in fortification] a round tower, sometimes erected at the
foot of a bastion.

RONT, subst. an animal that is stinted in its growth.

RO’NDELS, subst. [of round] a round mass. Certain rondles given in
arms have their names according to their several colours. Peacham.

RO’NYON, subst. [I know not the etymology, nor certainly the mean­
ing of this word. Johnson] a fat bulky woman. Aroint the witch! the
rump fed romon cries. Shakespeare.

RONVI’LLE, a fine pear, which comes to its full ripeness in January
and February.


ROO

ROOD [rad, Brit. of radius, Lat. of ρΑβΔΟΣ, Gr.] 1. A long measure of
40 perches. 2. A pole, a measure of 16 feet and a half, in long mea­
sure. Lay floating many a rood.—Milton.

ROOD [of land] a quantity equal to the fourth part of an acre, in
square measure, and containing 40 square perches or poles.

ROOD [rode, or rade, Sax.] a cross, a representation or image of the
crucifiction of Christ on the cross. By the holy rood. Shakespeare.

ROOF [hrof, Sax.] 1. The upper part of the mouth, the palate.
Their tongue cleaved to the roof of their mouth. Job. 2. The cover
of a house. Perching within square royal rooves. Sidney. 3. The
vault, the inside of the arch that covers a building. Under the roof of
heaven. Hooker.

To ROOF, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To cover with a roof.
Roofed with vaults or arches. Addison. 2. To inclose in a house. Here
had we now our country's honour roof'd. Shakespeare.

ROO’F-TREES, or ROU’F-TREES [in a ship] are small timbers which
bear up the gratings from the half deck to the forecastle.

ROO’FY, adj. [of roof] having roofs. Whether to roofy houses they
repair. Dryden. See ROOKY.

ROOK [hroc, Sax.] 1. A sort of bird resembling a crow; it feeds not
on carrion, but grain. 2. [Rocco, It.] a mean man at chess, a cheat at
gaming, a sharper. I am like an old rook, who is ruin'd by gaming.
Wycherly. 3. One that lends money to gamesters.

To ROOK, verb neut. to cheat, to rob.

ROO’KERY [of rook] a place where rooks haunt or reside, a nursery
of rooks. With a mountain and a rookery. Pope.

ROO’KY, adj. [of rook] haunted by rooks. The rooky wood. Shake­
speare.

ROOM [rum, Sax. rums, Goth. rum, Su. and Dan. ruymre, Du.
ruum, L. Ger. raum, H. Ger. all in the last signification] 1. An apart­
ment in an house, so much as is inclosed within partitions. 2. Large
or sufficient space, extent of place. 3. Place unoccupied. Before they
shall want room by encreasing. Bentley. 4. Way unobstructed. Make
room. Shakespeare. 5. Stead, place of another. We do God's work,
are in his place and room. Calamy. 6. Unobstructed opportunity. There
was no prince in the empire who had room for such an alliance. Ad­
dison.

ROO’MAGE [of room] space, place. There is good store of roomage
and receipt, where those powers are stowed. Wotton.

ROO’MER [with sailors] a very large ship.

ROO’MINESS [of roomy] largeness of place.

ROO’MY, adj. [of room] large, capacious, wide.

To ROOST, verb neut. [hrostan, Sax. roeuen, Du. of the same ety­
mology with rest] 1. To rest or sleep, as fowls or birds do. The cock
roosted at night upon the boughs. L'Estrange. 2. To lodge; by way of
burlesque.

ROOST [hrost, Sax.] a perch or resting place, for fowls or birds to
sleep on. He clapt his wings upon his roost. Dryden.

ROOT [radice, It. rayz, Sp. radix, Lat. roed, Dan. rôt, rooth, Su.]
1. That part of a plant, &c. that extends itself downwards, that im­
bibes the juices of the earth, and transmits them to other parts for their
nutrition. The layers will in a month strike root. Evelyn. 2. The
bottom, the lower part. The roots of the mountains. Burnet. 3. A
plant, of which the root is edible. Plants whose roots are eaten, as car­
rots. Watts. 3. The first cause. The love of money is the root of
all evil. Temple. 5. The first ancestor. They were the roots out of
which sprang two distinct people. Locke. 6. Fixed residence. That
love took deepest root which first did grow. Dryden. 7. Impression,
durable effect. Things also which had taken a great deal stronger and
deeper root. Hooker.

ROOT [in mathematics] a number or quantity which is multiplied by
itself, or considered as the basis or foundation of a higher power.

ROOTS [with grammarians] original words.

Square ROOT [in arithmetic] a number, which, being multiplied
by itself, produces a power called a square, as 5 is the square root
of 25, and the apostolic number 12, of 144. Rev. c. vii. v. 4.

Cube ROOT, a number, which being multiplied twice by itself, pro­
duces a power called a cube; so 5 is the cube root of 125.

ROOT of an Equation [in algebra] is the value of an unknown quan­
tity in an equation.

To ROOT, verb neut. [from the subst] 1. To fix the root, to strike far
into the earth. After a year's rooting, then shaking does the tree good.
Bacon. 2. To turn up earth.

To ROOT, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To fix deep in the earth.
And rooted forests fly before their rage. Dryden. 2. To impress
deeply. Rooted deeply in the heart. South. 3. To turn up out of the
ground, to extirpate. Root up wild olives. Dryden. 4. To destroy,
to banish. Not to destroy, but root them out of heaven. Milton.

ROO’TED, adj. [of root] fixed, deep, radical. Rooted and grounded
in the love of Christ. Hammond.

ROO’TEDLY, adv. [of rooted] deeply, strongly. They all do hate
him as rootedly as I. Shakespeare.

ROO’TLING, subst. [of root; in botany] the small root of a plant.

ROO’TY, adj. [of root] full of roots.

ROPE [rape, Sax. reep, Su. and L. Ger. reep, roop, Du.] 1. A cord
&c. a string, a halter. An anchor let down by a rope. Bacon. 2. Any
row of things hanging together; as, a rope of onions.

Bolt ROPE [with mariners] a rope wherein the sails are sewed.

Buoy ROPE, a rope tied to the buoy at one end, and to the anchor's
flook at the other.

Cat ROPE, a rope for haling in the cat.

Chest ROPE, or Guest ROPE,  a rope added to the boat-rope, when
towed at the ship's stern, to keep her from sheering.

Entring ROPE, a rope belonging to the entring ladder, to hold by.

Jeer ROPE, a piece of a hawser made fast to the main yard and fore
yard, close to the ties, &c. to succour the ties, by helping to hoise up
the yards, &c. that, if the ties should break, they may hold up the
mast.

Keel ROPE, a hair-rope, which runs between the keelson, and keel
of the ship, to clear the limber-holes, when choaked up with bal­
last, &c.

Preventer ROPE, a rope over the ram-head, if one part of the tie
should break, to prevent the other part from running thro' the ram­
head, and endangering the yard.

Running ROPES [in a ship] are those which run on blocks and
shivers.

Standing ROPES [in a ship] the shrouds and stays.

Top ROPES, those wherewith they set or strike the main or fore top­
masts.

ROPE Yarn, the yarn of any rope untwisted.

To ROPE, verb neut. to run thick and ropy, as some liquors do, to
draw out into viscosities. The drops will rope around. Dryden.

ROPE Dancer [of rope and dancer] one who dances on a single
rope.

ROPE Maker, or RO’PER [of rope and maker] one who makes ropes to
sell.

RO’PERY [of rope] rogues tricks. See ROPETRICK.

RO’PETRICK [of rope and trick] probably, tricks that deserve a rope
or halter. Shakespeare.

RO’PY [of rope; rapig, Sax.] clammy, slimy. Ropy wine. Dry­
den.

RO’PINESS, or RO’PISHNESS [spoken of liquors] a thick clammy qua­
lity, glutinousness.

RO’QUELAURE, or RO’QUELO [roquelaure, Fr.] a sort of cloak for
men. Within the roquelaure's clasp thy hands are pent. Gay.

RORA’TION [from roris, of ros, Lat. dew] a falling of dew.

RO’RID [roridus, Lat.] dewy, wettish, moist. In a rorid substance
thro' the capillary cavities. Brown.

RORI’FERUS Ductus, Lat. [with anatomists] a vessel arising about
the kidney, on the left side, which ascends along the chest, and ends at
the subclavian vein, on the left side; the use of which is to convey the
juices called chyle and lympha, from the lower part to the heart; called
also ductus chyliferus.

RORI’FLUENT or RORI’FLUOUS [rorifluus, Lat.] flowing with dew.

RORIFE’ROUS, adj. [roriferus, Lat.] producing dew.

RORI’GENOUS, adj. [rorigena, Lat.] produced of dew.

RORU’LENT, adj. [rorulentus, Lat.] full of dew.


ROS

ROS, Lat. 1. The dew which falls upon the ground in the night time.
2. [In medicine] a kind of moisture, whereby all parts of an animal
body are nourished.

ROS [according to Galen] is a third sort of moisture, whereby the
parts of animal bodies are nourished, and is contained in all the parts of
an animal, like a certain dew sprinkled upon them. See HYPO­
THESIS.

ROS Vitrioli, Lat. [in chemistry] 1. The first phlegm that is distilled from
vitriol in balneo mariæ. 2. [With physicians, &c.] the first moisture
that falls from the extremities of the vessels, and is dispersed upon the
substance of the members.

RO’SA, Lat. a rose.

ROSA’LIA [in medicine] a disease common to young children, some­
thing like the measles.

RO’SA Solis, or rather, ROS Solis, sun dew, a pleasant liquor made of
brandy, cinnamon, sugar, and other ingredients; very palatable.

RO’SARY [rosaire, Fr. rosario, It. and Sp. of rosarium, Lat.] a parti­
cular mass or form of devotion addressed to the Virgin Mary, to whom
the chaplet of that name is accommodated; a set of beads called fifteens,
containing fifteen ave maria's and fifteen pater-nosters, on which the Ro­
manists number their prayers. See DEMONOLATRY and BASILIC, com­
pared.

ROSA’DE, a liquor made of pounded almonds, milk and sugar.

RO’SCID, adj. [roscidus, Lat.] dewy, abounding with dew, consisting
of dew. The roscid juice of the body. Bacon.

ROSE Fr. [rose, Sax. roos, Su. rose, Du. and Ger. rosa, It. Sp. and
Lat.] a flower, called the flower of Venus, consecrated by Cupid to
Harpocrates, the god of silence. The flower consists of several leaves
placed circularly, which expand in a beautiful order, whose leafy flower­
cup becomes a roundish or oblong fruit, inclosing several angular hairy
seeds: To which may be added, it is a weak pithy shrub, beset with
prickles, and hath pinnated leaves. Miller.

ROSE [in architecture] the figure of a rose in sculpture, chiefly used
in frizes, corniches, vaults of churches, and particularly in the middle
of each face of the Corinthian abacus; and also in the spaces between
modillions under the plafonds of corniches.

To speak under the ROSE [sub rosa, Lat.] a phrase made use of to de­
note secresy. By desiring a secresy to words spoke under the rose, we
mean in society and compotation from the ancient custom in symposiac
meetings to wear chaplets of roses about their heads. Brown.

ROSE [G.] a certain tumor or inflammation, called, in Latin, Ery­
sipelas Rosea, i. e. Erysipelas Bruno.

ROSE, pret. of to rise. See To RISE. Eve rose and went forth.
Milton.

ROSE Noble, an English gold coin, in value, anciently, 16 shillings.
The succeeding kings coined rose-nobles and double rose-nobles. Cam­
den.

ROSE Royal, an ancient gold coin, in value one pound ten shillings
sterling.

Golden ROSE, a rose which the pope commonly blesses at mass, upon
a sunday in Lent.

Under the ROSE, privately, secretly, not to be divulged. See To speak
under the ROSE.








RO’SEATE, adj. [rosat, Fr. of roseus, rosa, Lat.] 1. Rosy, full of roses.
Prepare your roseate bow'rs. Pope. 2. Scented with, or smelling of
roses, blooming, fragrant, purple, as a rose.

RO’SED, adj. [from rose] flushed, crimsoned like a rose. Rosed over
with the virgin crimson of modesty. Shakespeare.

RO’SE-MALLOW, subst. a plant.

RO’SEMARY [romarin, Fr. rosmarino, It. roméro, Sp. of rosmarinus,
Lat.] a medicinal and fragrant plant. Rosemary is small, but a very
odoriferous shrub; the principal use of it is to perfume chambers and in
decoctions for washing. Mortimer.

RO’SET, subst. [of rose] a red colour for painters. A weak water of
gum-lake, roset, and vermillion. Peacham.

RO’SE-WATER [of rose and water] water distilled from roses.

ROSICRU’CIANS, certain chymists, or hermetical philosophers, who
stile themselves brothers of the holy cross. See CROISADE.

RO’SIER, subst. Fr. a rose-bush. Crowned with a garland of sweet
rosier. Spenser.

RO’SIN, properly RE’SIN [resine, Fr. resina, Lat.] 1. An oily juice, that
oozes out of the pine tree, &c. inspissated turpentine. Pitch, rosin
searwood on red wings aspire. Garth. 2. Any inspissated matter of
vegetables that dissolves in spirit. Tea contains little of a volatile spirit;
its resin or fixed oil, which is bitter and astringent, cannot be extracted
but by rectified spirit. Arbuthnot.

To ROSIN, verb act. [from the noun] to rub with rosin.

RO’SINY, adj. [of rosin] resembling rosin. The example should per­
haps be rosselly. See ROSSEL. A sandy gravel or rosiny sand. Mor­
timer. See ROOKY, ROCKY, and RINDY, &c.

RO’SSEL, subst. A true rossel or light land, whether white or black, is
what they are usually planted in. Mortimer.

ROSO’LIS. See ROSA Solis.

RO’SLAND [of rhos, Brit.] heathy land, or land full of ling; also a wa­
tery or moory ground.

ROSSA’LIA [with physicians] red fiery spots which break out all over
the body, and disappeared on the 7th or 9th day: A Neopolitan word.

RO’SSILY Land, light land. The best soil is a roselly top and a brick
earthy bottom. Mortimer. See ROSLAND.

RO’STED [with the canting crew] arrested.

RO’STRATED, adj. [restratus, Lat.] adorned with beaks of ships.
An hundred and ten rostrated gallies. Arbuthnot.

RO’STRUM, Lat. 1. A part of the Roman forum, a sort of scaffold­
ing, whence orations, pleadings, and funeral harangues, &c. were de­
livered. The prow of a ship, in Latin rostrum, gave name to the
common pleading place in Rome where orations were made, being
built of the prows of those ships of Antium, which the Romans over­
threw. Peacham. 2. The beak of a bird. 3. The beak of a ship.
4. [In chemistry] the nose of an alembic. The pipe which conveys the
distilling liquor into its receiver in the common alembics; also a
crooked scissars, which the surgeons use in some cases for the dilatation of
wounds. Quincy.

ROSTRIFO’RMIS Processus, Lat. [with anatomists] a process of the
shoulder blade, and also of the lower jaw-bone.

RO’SY, adj. [of rose; roseus, Lat.] full of, or like roses in bloom,
beauty, colour or fragrance. The rosy fingered morning. Spenser.


ROT

To ROT, verb neut. [rotan, Sax. rotra, Su. raade, Dan. rotten or
verrotten, Du. and L. Ger. ROTTEN, ROTTED, par pass.] to putrify,
perish, or consume away.

To ROT, verb act. to make putrid, to bring to corruption.

ROT [rot, Sax.] 1. A disease in sheep, in which their lungs are
wasted, their throats swoln, and their bodies full of a limpid water. 2.
Putrefaction, sudden decay.

RO’TA, Lat. a wheel; also the name of the first jurisdiction of the
court of Rome.

ROTA Aristotelica, Lat. Aristotle's wheel, a celebrated problem in
mechanics, founded on the motion of a wheel about its axis; so called,
because first taken notice of by Aristotle.

ROTA’RY, adj. [rota, Lat. a wheel] pertaining to a wheel, whirling
as a wheel.

RO’TAN [with the canting crew] any carriage, but particularly a
cart.

ROTA’TED, adj. [rotatus, Lat.] turned round like a wheel.

ROTA’TION, Fr. [rotatio, Lat. rotazione, It.] the act of turning round
like a wheel, the state of being so whirled round, whirl. By a kind of
circulation or rotation, arts have their successive invention. Hale.

ROTA’TION [in geometry] the circumvolution of a surface, round an
immoveable line.

ROTATION [with anatomists] the action of the muscles, called rota­
tores, or the motion they give to the parts to which they are affixed.

ROTA’TOR, subst. Lat. that which gives a circular motion. The tri­
ceps and the four little rotators. Wiseman.

ROTATOR Femoris Extrorsum, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle that
turns the thigh outwards.

ROTATOR Major & Minor [with anatomists] two processes in the
upper part of the thigh bone, in which the tendons of many muscles are
terminated, called trochanters.

ROTE, subst. [rot, Sax. merry, rote, O. F.] 1. A harp, a lyre; obso­
lete. Worthy of great Phœbus rote. Spenser. 2. [Routine, Fr. of rota,
Lat. a wheel] words uttered by mere memory, without meaning; as,
to say a lesson by rote, is to say it readily, and from mere memory, as
a wheel turns round.

To ROTE, verb act. [from the subst] to fix in the memory, without
informing the understanding. Words roted in your tongue. Shakespeare.

RO’THER Nails [a corruption of rudder; with shipwrights] nails with
very full heads, used for fastening the rudder irons of ships.

The RO’TONDO, or RO’TUNDO [in Rome; rotondo, It. of rotundus,
Lat. round] was antiently called the Pantheon, because dedicated to
all the gods. It is a great massy vault, 140 feet high, and as many
broad, having a hole open at the top of nine or ten feet diameter, which,
at this day, stands a bold and firm piece of architecture, although it is
open at the top, and hath not had for many years pillars to bear up its
roof. There are now lying along on the ground, but on the outside of
this structure, thirteen of its columns, each of them being all of one
piece, six feet in diameter, and 53 feet in height. This fabric Pliny,
in his time, accounted one of the rarest works then extant.

RO’TTEN, adj. [of rotan, Sax. to rot] See To ROT. 1. Unsound,
perished by corrupting, putrid, carious. About the roots of rotten
trees. Bacon. 2. Not firm, not trusty. Hence rotten thing, or I shall
shake thy bones. Shakespeare. 3. Not sound, not hard, The deepness
of the rotten way. Knolles.

RO’TTENNESS [rotnesse, of rotan, Sax. rotten, Du.] putrefaction,
state of being rotten. A certain sign of rottenness. Wiseman.

RO’TULA, Lat. [i. e. a little wheel; in anatomy] the bone of the
knee-pan.

ROTU’ND, adj. [rotonde, Fr. rotundus, Lat.] round, spherical. The
cross figure of the christian temples is more proper for spacious buildings,
than the rotund of the heathen. Addison.

ROTUNDIFO’LIOUS, adj. [rotundus, round, and folium, Lat. a leaf; in
botanic writings] having round leaves.

ROTU’NDITY [rotunditÉ, Fr. rotundìtas, Lat.] roundness, sphericity.
Rotundity is an emblem of eternity, that has neither beginning nor end.
Addison.

ROTU’NDO. See ROTONDO, and PANTHEON.

ROTU’NDUS Lat. [with anatomists] a name given to several muscles,
from the roundness of their form; particularly one of the radii, which
serves to turn the palm of the hand downwards.

To ROVE, verb neut. [roffver, Dan. to range for plunder] to
ramble, to range, to wander. The frequent rise and roving of passions.
Watts.

To ROVE, verb act. 1. To wander over. Roving the field. Milton.
2. [Roder, Fr.] to ramble about.

ROVE, subst. an iron pin, to which a clinch nail is fastened.

ROVE. See To RIVE.

RO’VER [from rove; rodeur, Fr.] 1. A rambler, a ranger, a wan­
derer. 2. An unsteady fickle man. 3. A robber, a pirate. The case
of rovers by land. Bacon. 4. At rovers; at random, without any par­
ticular aim. Providence never shoots at rovers. South.


ROU

ROUGE, adj. Fr. red.

ROUGE, subst. red paint. If our modern fine gentleman thinks fit to
apply a rouge to his cheek. The WORLD.

ROUGE Cross, or ROUGE Dragon [in heraldry] the names of two of
the marshals, or pursuivants at arms.

ROUGH [hruh, hruhge, Sax. rouw, Du.] 1. Uneven, rugged. More
unequal than the roughest sea. Burnet. 2. Severe, harsh to the mind.
That perverseness which rough and imperious uses often produces. Locke.
3. Austere to the taste; as rough wine, rough cyder. 4. Harsh to the
ear. And smooth or rough with them is right or wrong. Pope. 5.
Rugged of temper, inelegant of manners, not soft, not civil, rude. With
a band of soldiers tall and rough. Cowley, 6. Not gentle, not proceed­
ing by easy operation. His purgatives are generally very rough and
strong. Arbuth. 7. Hard featured, not delicate. A ropy chain of rheums, a
visage rough. Dryden, 8. Not polished, not finished by art; as, a rough
diamond, 9. Terrible, dreadful. On the rough edge of battle ere it
join'd. Milton. 10. Rugged, disordered in appearance, coarse. Rough
from the tossing surge Ulysses, moves. Pope. 11. Tempestuous, stormy.
Time and the hour run through the roughest day. Shakespeare.

To lie ROUGH, to lie in one's cloaths. A cant phrase.

To ROUGHCA’ST, verb act. [of rough and cast] 1. To mould without
niceties, to form with unequalities. 2. To form any thing particularly,
mental productions in its first rudiments. This roughcast unhewn poetry
was instead of stage plays. Dryden.

RO’UGHCAST, subst. [of rough and cast] 1. A rude model, a form in
its first rudiments. A loose model and roughcast of what I design to do.
Digby. 2. A sort of plaister mixt with pebbles, or otherwise uneven on
the surface. Let him have some plaister lome or roughcast about him
to signify wall. Shakespeare.

RO’UGHDRAUGHT, subst. [of rough and draught] a draught in its first
rudiments. See RUDELY.

To ROUGHDRA’W, verb act. [of rough and draw] to trace coarsely.
Or polish them so fast, as he roughdrew. Dryden.

To ROU’GHEN, verb act. [of rough] to make rough. Such difference
there is in tongues, that the same figure which roughens one, gives ma­
jesty to another. Dryden.

To ROU’GHEN, verb neut. to become rough.

To ROUGH-HE’W, verb act. [of rough and hew] to give any thing
the first appearance of form.

ROUGH-HE’WN, part. adj. [from rough-hew] 1. Rugged, unpolish­
ed, uncivil. A rough-hewn seaman. Bacon. 2. Not yet nicely finish
ed. This rough hewn, ill-timber'd discourse. Howel.

ROU’GHINGS, latter pasture or grass that comes after mowing.

ROU’GHLY, adv. [of rough] 1. With uneven surface. 2. Rudely,
harshly. Rebuked and roughly sent to prison. Shakespeare. 3. Without
tenderness, severely. That I the tricks of youth too roughly blame.
Dryden. 4. Austerely to the taste; as, this cyder tastes roughly on the
palate. 5. Boisterously, tempestuously; as, he rated her very roughly.

ROU’GHNESS [hrufnesse, Sax.] 1. Unevenness, is that which by the
inequality of its parts is disagreeable to the touch. The little roughnesses
and inequalities of the leather. Boyle. 2. Austereness to the taste. An
austere and unconcocted roughness as sloes. Brown. 3. Astringent taste.
A delicious roughness on my tongue. Spectator. 4. Harshness to the ear.
In the roughness of the numbers, and cadences of this play. Dryden. 5.
Ruggedness of temper, coarseness of manners, behaviour or address.
Roughness of temper. Addison. 6. Absence of delicacy. Their military
roughness would be quickly lost. Addison. 7. Severity, violence of disci­
pline. As they could not brook the roughness of that master's correction.
8. Violence of operation in medicines; as, the roughness of that purga­
tive. 9. Unpolished or unfinished state; as, the roughness of that ama­
thyst. 10. Inelegance of dress or appearance; as, behold the rough­
ness of his cloaths. 11. Storminess, tempestuousness; as, the roughness
of the sea, or the weather. 12. Coarseness of features; as, the rough­
ness of that man's face.

ROUGHT, old pret. of REACH [it is commonly written raught by
Spenser] reached.

To ROU’GHWORK, verb act. [of rough and work] to work coarsely
over without nicety. Till you have roughwrought all your work. Moxon.

To ROUL [military term] officers of equal quality, who mount the
same guard, and take their turns in relieving one another, are said to roul.

ROUNCE, the handle of a part of a printing-press.

ROU’NCEVAL Peas, [so called of rouncevalle, near the Pyrenean
mountains] a large sort of delicious peas. See PEA, of which it is a
species. And set as a daintie thy runcival pease. Tusser.

ROUND, adj. [rotundus, Lat. rund, Dan. and Su. rond, Fr. rotunde, It.
redondo, Sp.] 1. That is in the form of a ball, orbicular. The outside
base of this round world. Milton. 2. Cylindrical. Hollow engines







long and round, thick ram'd. Milton. 3. That is in the form of a cir­
cle. His pond'rous shield, large and round. Milton. 4. [Rotundo ore,
Lat.] smooth, without defect in sound. In his satyrs Horace is quick,
round and pleasant. Peacham. 5. Not broken. A round number near
the truth. Arbuthnot. 6. Large, not inconsiderable. They set a round
price upon your head. Addison. 7. Plain, clear, candid. Round deal­
ing is the honour of man's nature. Bacon. 8. Quick, brisk. Sir Ro­
ger heard them upon a round trot. Addison. 9. Free without delicacy or
reserve, almost rough. The kings interposed in a round and princely
manner. Bacon.

ROUND [rond, Fr.] 1. A ring or circle, a sphere. It seems a perfect
round. Addison. 2. Step of a ladder, rundle. The two or three first
rounds of the ladder. Government of the Tongue. 3. The time in which
any thing has passed through all hands, and comes back to the first;
hence applied to a carousal. To the king's pleasure went the mirthful
round. Prior. 4. A revolution, a course ending at the point where it be­
gan. The ass's round of vexatious changes. L'Estrange. 5. [Ronde,
Fr.] a walk performed by a guard or officer to survey a certain district.

ROUND, adv. 1. Every way, on all sides. The cities round about.
Genesis. 2. [En rond, à la ronde, Fr.] in a revolution. Some preachers
run the same round from one end of the year to another. Addison. 3.
Circularly. Milton. 4. Not in a direct line. Pope.

ROUND, prep. 1. On every side of. To officiate light round this opa­
cous earth. Milton. 2. Circularly about.

To ROUND, verb act. [from the subst. rotundo, Lat.] 1. To surround,
to encircle. The many-colour'd iris rounds thine eyes. Shakespeare. 2.
To make circular or spherical. Worms with many feet which round
themselves into balls. Bacon. 3. To raise to a relief. The figures on
our modern medals are raised and rounded. Addison. 4. To move about
any thing. 5. To mould or form into smoothness. A quaint, terse,
florid stile rounded into periods. Swift.

To ROUND, verb neut. 1. To grow round in form. The queen your
mother rounds apace. Shakespeare. 2. To go rounds. They keep watch,
or nightly rounding walk. Milton.

To ROUND in the Ear [runian, Sax. to mutter, runen, Ger. whence
Chaucer writes it better roun] to whisper. One of Kalender's servants
rounded in his ear. Sidney.

ROU’NDABOUT, adj. [This word is used as an adjective, though it is
only an adverb united to a substantive, by a colloquial licence which
ought not to have been admitted into books. Johnson] 1. Ample, exten­
sive. For want of having large, sound roundabout sense. Locke. 2. In­
direct, loose. Paraphrase is a roundabout way of translating. Felton.

ROU’NDEL, ROU’NDELAY, or ROU’NDEAU, subsi. [rondelet, Fr. re­
dondella, Sp.] 1. A song beginning and ending with the same sentence,
or one that turns back again to the first verse, and then goes round. 2.
A rondeau; see RONDEAU. Sike a roundle never heard I none. Spenser.
To hear thy rhimes and roundelays. Spenser. 3. [Rondelle, Fr.] a round
form. Nymphs did dance their roundelays. Howel.

ROU’NDELAY, or ROU’NDO, a shepherd's song; or, as it were, a song
sung in a round by a company, where each takes his turn.

ROU’NDER [of round] circumference, inclosure. Shakespeare.

ROUND-Heads [in the time of the civil wars in England] a name
given to those of the parliament party, or puritans, who generally had
their hair cut short, and crop'd round. And drank confusion to the
round-heads. Spectator.

To ROUND a Horse [in horsemanship] is a general expression for all
sorts of manage upon rounds: so that to round a horse upon a trot,
gallop, or otherwise, is to make him carry his shoulders and his haunches
compactly or roundly, upon a greater or smaller circle, without traversing
or bearing to a side.

ROUND-House [of a parish] a prison wherein to secure those who are
apprehended by the constable, &c. for committing disorders in the night,
and there kept till carried before a magistrate in the morning.

ROUND-House [in a ship] is the uppermost room or cabin in the stern
of a ship, where the master lies.

ROUND In, or ROUND Aft [a sea phrase] is to let rise the main or
foretack, &c. when the wind larges upon them, i. e. grows fairer.

ROU’NDING, part. act. [of round] encompassing round. Milton.

ROU’NDLY, adv. [of round] 1. In a round form. 2. Plainly, with­
out reserve, freely. Giving them roundly to understand. Hooker. 3.
Briskly, with speed. And then it may go on roundly. Locke, 4. Com­
pletely, to the purpose, vigorously. And proceeded every way so
roundly and severely, as the nobility did much distaste him. Davies.

ROU’NDNESS [of round] 1. A round form, circularity, sphericity, cy­
lindrical form. The roundness of the bubble. Bacon. 2. Smoothness.
The whole period and compass of this speech was delightsome for the
roundness. Spenser. 3. Openness, honesty, vigorous measures; as, he
acted in that affair with commendable roundness.

ROUNDS [in masonry] are the fragments or broken pieces of statues.

ROUNDS [a military term] a watch commanded by an officer, who
in the night time walks round about the ramparts of a fortified place, or
about the streets of a garrison, to see that the centinels do their duty, and
to keep the town in good order.

ROUND Splice [with mariners] is when a rope's end is so let into ano­
ther, that they shall be as firm as if they were but one rope.

ROUND Top [of a ship] is a round frame of boards, lying upon the
cross-trees, near the head of the mast, where men may stand to furl and
loose the top-sails, &c.

ROUNT [in horses] a flesh-colour.

To ROUSE, or To ROUZE; verb act. [of arisan, Sax. of the same
class of words with raise and rise] 1. To raise, excite, or stir up to
thought or action. To rouse up a people the most phlegmatic. Atter­
bury. 2. To awake from sleep. To rouse the watchmen of the public
weal. Addison. 3. To put into action. Blustring winds had rous'd the
sea. Milton. 4. To drive a beast from his laire. He couched as a lion,
and as an old lion, who shall rouse him up. Genesis.

To ROUSE, verb neut. 1. To be awaked from slumber or sleep. Mor­
pheus rouses from his bed. Pope. 2. To be excited to thought or action.
Night's black agents to their prey do rouze. Shakespeare.

ROUSE, subst. [rusch, Ger. half drunk] a dose of liquor rather too
large. Shakespeare.

ROU’SER [of rouse] one who rouses.

ROU’SSELET, Fr. a small pear of a delicious taste.

ROUT [prob. of rhawd, or rhodio, Brit. a walk, Baxter; rot, Du.
Johnson] 1. A noisy company of people, a mob, a rabble; a combus­
tion, noise, trouble or disturbance. Partaking in routs and unlawful as­
semblies. Bacon. 2. [Deroute, route, Fr.] discomfiture, confusion of an
army defeated or dispersed. Dispers'd in rout. Daniel. 3. [In a law
sense] an assembly or combination of three or more persons going forcibly
to commit an unlawful act; although they do not perform it; if it be
done, it is a riot.

ROUT [route, Fr.] a public road or highway, or course; especially the
way an army is to march.

ROUT of Wolves, a company or herd of them.

To ROUT, verb act. [derouter, Fr.] to put into confusion by defeat, to
disperse, to discomfit. Totally routed and defeated their whole army.
Clarendon.

To ROUT, verb neut. 1. To assemble in clamorous crowds. The
meaner sort routed together. Bacon. 2. [Either of wrotan, Sax. a root]
to turn up the ground, or root up plants, as swine do.

ROUTE, subst. Fr. road, way. See ROUT. Wide through the furzy
field their route they take. Gay.

ROW [of row or raw, Sax. a street, rue, Fr. reye, Teut. reih, Germ.]
a rank or order, a number of things ranged in a line. After them all
dancing in a row. Spenser.

To ROW a Boat, verb act. [of rowan, Sax.] to drive it along in the
water by oars,

To ROW, verb neut. to impel a vessel in the water by oars. He saw
them toiling in rowing. St. Mark.

RO’WEL [of rouëlle, Fr.] the prickles of a spur, that turn on an axis.

RO’WEL [with farriers] a roll of hair, a skain of silk or thread
put into a wound or issue to hinder it from healing, and provoke a dis­
charge.

ROWEL [in a ship] is a round piece of wood or iron, wherein the
whip goes, being made to turn about, that it may carry over the whip
the easier from side to side.

To RO’WEL, verb act. to pierce through the skin and keep the wound
open by a rowel.

RO’WEN, subst. Rowen is a field kept up till after Michaelmas, that the
corn left on the ground may sprout into green. Tusser.

ROWEN-Hay, latter hay.

RO’WER [of row] one that rows or manages an oar.

RO’WING [of cloths] is the smoothing them with a rowler.

To ROWNE [runnian, Sax.] to whisper. See To ROUND.

RO’WLAND [Camden derives it of rod, Sax. counsel, and land, q. d.
a counsellor to his country; but Verstegan of row, Du. peace, and land,
q. d. peace maker of his country] a proper name of men.
Give him a ROWLAND for his Oliver.
See this proverb in letter O, under Oliver: Rowland, viz. General
Monk, or, as others explain it, King Charles the Second, who, some
say (tho' not very beautiful himself, yet got very fine children) ludicrously
called Rowley, alluding to a stallion of that name kept in the Meuse,
which, tho' ill favoured himself, yet got very fine colts; as it is reported
the Lord Rochester told his Majesty, when he ask'd him the reason of
that nick name. The common acceptation of this proverb, is, to give
every man his deserts; or, to return like for like. So the Lat. say;
Par peri retuli. Ter. And the Fr. A beau jour, beau retour: Or, Je lui
bien rendu son change. We say, likewise, to give quid pro quo.

To ROWSE In [a sea phrase] signifies to hale or pull in.

RO’WSING [with hunters] the putting up and driving of a hart from
its resting place. See ROUSE.

ROWT, a company or number of wolves.

RO’WTY, over-rank or strong, said of corn or grass: a provincial
word.

RO’YAL, Fr. [reale, It. reàl, Sp. of regalis, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to a
king, kingly, becoming a king. The royal stock of David. Milton. 2.
Noble, illustrious. How doth that royal merchant, good Antonio? Shake­
speare.

ROYAL Crown of England, is closed by semicircles of gold, meeting at
the monde or globe on which the cross stands, and those semicircles
adorned with crosses and flower de luis; the whole embellish'd with pre­
cious stones.

ROYAL Army, is an army marching with heavy cannon, capable of
besieging a strong well fortified city.

ROYAL Antler [with hunters] the third branch of the horn of a hart
or buck, which shoots out from the rear, or main horn, above the be­
zantler.

ROYAL Assent, the assent of the king to an act of parliament.

ROYAL Fishes, whales and sturgeons, to which some add porpoises;
which are the king's, by his prerogative, when cast on shore.

ROYAL Parapet [in fortification] a breast-work raised on the edge of
a rampart towards the country.

ROYAL Society, a body of persons of eminent learning, instituted by
King Charles II. for the promoting of natural knowledge.

RO’YALIST, one who is of the king or queen's party, or maintains
their interest; a royal person.

To RO’YALIZE, verb act. [of royal] to make royal. To royalize his
blood, I spilt mine own. Shakespeare.

RO’YALLY, adv. [of royal] in a royal, kingly manner. His body
shall be royally interr'd. Dryden.

RO’YALTIES, plur. of royalty; the royal rights or prerogatives of a
king or queen; which the civilians reckon to be six in number; viz.
the power of judicature, the power of life and death, of war and peace,
of levying taxes; the goods that have no owners, as waifs, strays, &c.
and the coinage of money.

RO’YALTY [regalitas, Lat. roialtÉ, royautÉ, Fr. realtà, It.] 1. Cha­
racter or office of a king. If they had held their royalties by this title.
Locke. 2. State of a king, royal dignity. And sigh in royalty and grieve
in state. Prior. 3. Emblems of royalty.

To RO’YNE, verb act. [rogner, Fr.] to gnaw, to bite. Spenser.

RO’YNISH, adj. [rogneux, Fr. mangy, paltry] sorry, mean, rude. The
roynish clown. Shakespeare.

RO’YSTERS, rude, roaring fellows. See ROISTER.

To ROUZE a Hart [a hunting phrase] is to raise him from his har­
bour. See ROUSE.

To ROUZE [in falconry] is said of a hawk, when he lifts up and
shakes himself.


RUB

RUB, subst. [from the verb] 1. Collision, a let, hindrance, or impe­
diment. Without any rub or interruption. Swift. 2. The act of rub­
bing. 3. Inequality of ground that hinders the motion of a bowl. 4.
Difficulty, cause of uneasiness. To sleep, perchance to dream; ay,
there's the rub. Shakespeare.








RU’BSTONE, subst. [of rub and stone] a stone to scour or sharpen.

To RUB, verb act. [rhubio, Wel. Skinner derives it of reiben, Teut.
and Ger. to wipe] 1. To clean or smooth any thing by passing some­
thing over it, to scour. 2. To touch so as to have something of that
which touches left behind. Catholics rub their beads and smell his bones.
Addison. 3. To move one body upon another. 4. To obstruct by col­
lision. 5. To polish, to retouch. To rub over the defaced copy of the
creation. South. 6. To remove by friction. A forcible object will rub
out the freshest colours at a stroke. Collier. 7. To touch hard. Now
being hardly rubb'd upon, left both fear and shame. Sidney. 8. To rub
down; to clean or curry a horse. Dryden. 9. To rub up; to polish, to
retouch.

To RUB, verb neut. 1. To be fretted, to make a friction. Because
indeed it rubb'd upon the sore. Dryden. 2. To get through difficulties.
Many a lawyer, when once hamper'd, rub off as well as they can. L'E­
strange.

RU’BBER [of rub] 1. One that rubs. 2. A rubbing-brush, or other
instrument with which one rubs. 3. A coarse file. The rough or coarse
file, if large, is called a rubber. Moxon. 4. [With gamesters] a contest,
rwo games won in three.

RU’BBAGE, or RU’BBISH [prob. q. d. rubbings off, or of ρυΠΟΣ, Gr.
filth, or of ripia, Sp. Rubbage is not used] 1. The refuse of building, as
brick-bats, mortar, dirt, &c. The least commotion lays the whole in
rubbish. L'Estrange. 2. Confused, mingled mass. Not to lie any lon­
ger in rubbish and confusion. Arbuthnot. 3. Any thing worthless and
vile.

RU’BBLE-Stone, subst. Rubble-stones owe their name to their being
rubbed and worn by the water. Woodward.

RUBEO’LA [with physicians] a sort of small-pox or measles.

RUBE’TUM, Lat. a close full of rushes or brambles; or a place where
many rushes grow.

RU’BIA, Lat. [with botanists] goslin-weed or clivers.

RUBIA Tinctorum, Lat. [in botany] madder.

RU’BIA Sylvestris, Lat. the herb woodroof.

RU’BICAN Colour [of a horse] is a bay, sorrel, or black, with a light
gray, or white upon the slanks, but so that this gray or white is not
predominant there.

RU’BICUND, adj. [rubicond, Fr. of rubicundus, Lat,] ruddy, inclining
to redness.

RUBIC’UNDITY [rubicunditas, Lat.] disposition to redness.

RU’BID, adj. [rubidus, Lat.] reddish, red.

RU’BIED, adj. [of ruby] tinctured of the colour of a ruby, red as a
ruby. Milton.

RUBI’FIC, adj. [of ruber, red, and facio, Lat. to make] making red.
The several species of rays, as the rubific. Grew.

To RU’BIFY, verb act. to make red. A phænigmus or rubifying me­
dicine. Brown.

RUBI’GINOUS, adj. [rubiginosus, rubigo, Lat.] rust, rusty.

RU’BIGO, Lat. rust, the rustiness of iron or brass.

RUBIGO [with botanists] mildew, a disease that happens to plants,
and proceeds from a dewy moisture, which falling upon them, and not
being drawn up by the heat of the sun, by its sharpness, gnaws and cor­
rupts the inward substance of plants.

RU’BRICA, Lat. a marking-stone, ruddle, or red oker.

RUBRICA [with physicians] a kind of ring-worm, or red tetter.

RU’BRICATED [rubricatus, rubrica, Lat.] made of a red colour,
smeared with red.

RU’BRICK, subst. [rubrique, Fr. rubrica, It. Sp. and Lat.] 1. Direc­
tions given in the liturgy, for the order and manner wherein the several
parts of the office are to be performed; so called, because formerly
printed or written in red, the office itself being in black letters. Their
tables or rubricks to instruct them. Stillingfleet. 2. [In the canon law]
a title or article in the ancient law-books, so called, because formerly
written as the titles of the chapters in our ancient bibles are, in red let­
ters. See DISQUISITIONS, and LITURGY compared.

RUBRICK, adj, red. Newton.

To RU’BRICK, verb act. [from the subst.] to adorn with red.

RU’BRIFORM, or RU’BIFORM [of ruber, red, or ruby, and forma, Lat.
form] having the form of red. Of those rays which pass close by the
snow, the rubiform will be the least refracted. Newton.

RU’BY [rubis, Fr. rubime, It. rubi, Sp. of ruber, Lat. red] the most
valuable and hardest of precious stones, next to the diamond; and when
perfectly beautiful, nothing inferior: It is of a red colour. Upon her
head a dressing of pearl, diamonds and rubies. Peacham. 2. Redness.
And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks. Macbeth. 3. Any thing red.
4. A blain, a carbuncle.

RUBY [in heraldry] being red, is used for gules, by those who bla­
zon the arms of the prime nobility by precious stones, instead of metals
and colours.

RUBY, adj. [from the subst.] that is of a red colour. Their ruby
lips. Shakespeare. See AMAZONS, and read there Thermodon.

To RUCKLE, to make a sort of ruffling noise, and wave in small risings
as the sea does.

RUCTA’TION [with physicians] belching, a depraved motion of the
stomach, caused by an effervescence there, whereby vapours and flatu­
lent matter are sent out of the mouth.


RUD

To RUD, verb act. [rudu, Sax. redness] to make red. Her cheeks
like apples which the sun had rudded. Spenser.

RU’DDER [rothor, Sax. roder, Su. roeder, roer, Du. ruder, H. Ger.]
a piece of timber which is hung at the stern posts of a ship, on hinges,
and which being turned sometimes one side to the water, and sometimes
to the other, turns or directs the vessel this way or that. 2. Any thing
that guides or governs the course.

RU’DDER, or RI’DDER, the widest sort of sieves for separating corn
from chaff.

RUDDER-Rope, a rope let through the stern-post, and the head of the
rudder; so that both ends may be spliced or fastened together. The use
of this rope is to save the rudder, if it should be torn off from the irons by
any accident.

RU’DDER-Irons [of a ship] the cheeks of that iron, whereof the pin­
tle is part, which is fastened and nailed down upon the rake of the rud­
der.

RU’DDINESS [of ruddy; rudunesse, Sax.] fresh colour.

RU’DDLE, a sort of red chalk.

RU’DDOC. 1. A sort of bird. Of singing birds they have linnets and
ruddocs. Carew. 2. A land toad.

RU’DDY [of rudu, Sax. redness] 1. Of a pale red colour, fresh-co­
loured in complexion. Some ruddy colour'd, some of lighter green.
Dryden. 2. Yellow. Used, if to be used at all, in poetry. A crown
of ruddy gold. Dryden.

RUDE, Fr. [ruvido, It. rudo, Sp. prob. of rudis, Lat. but Skinner
says, rather of rethe, Sax. fiery] 1. Rough, coarse, uncivil, savage,
brutal. 2. Violent, turbulent, boisterous. The rude agitation breaks it
into foam. Boyle. 3. Harsh, inclement. 4. Ignorant, unpolish'd, raw,
untaught. But rude in the possession of arms. Wotton. 5. [Rude, Fr.]
rugged, uneven, shapeless. To worship rude and unpolish'd stones. Stil­
ling fleet. 6. Artless, inelegant. The original unblemish'd by my rude
translation. Dryden. 7. Such as may be done with strength without art.
Rude work well suited with a rustic mind. Dryden.

RU’DELY, adv. [of rude] 1. In a rude manner, roughly. 2. Clown­
ishly, coarsely, without nicety. I that am rudely stampt. Shakespeare.
3. Unskilfully; or rather, where the compleat draught and portraiture is
not given. In this sense it is most judiciously applied by,
So in the sciences, tho' rudely taught,
We may attain, &c. TABLE of CEBES.
4. Violently, boisterously.

RU’DENESS [of rednesse, Sax. or rudesse, Fr. of ruditas, Lat.] 1.
Unpolishedness, coarseness of manners. 2. Ignorance, unskilfulness.
3. Artlesness, inelegance, coarseness. 4. Violence, boisterousness. The
great swing and rudeness of his poize. Shakespeare. 5. Storminess, ri­
gour. The rudenesses of the season. Evelyn.

RUDE’NTURE [in architecture] the figure of a rope or staff, some­
times plain, and sometimes carved, wherewith the flutings of columns
are frequently filled up.

RUDE’NTURED, adj. [in architecture] spoken of a pillar with flutings
like a cable rope.

RU’DERARY, adj. [ruderarius, Lat.] belonging to rubbish.

RUDERA’TION, Lat. [in architecture] the laying of a pavement with
pebbles or little stones.

RU’DESBY, subst. [of rude] an uncivil turbulent fellow: A low word,
now little used. A mad-brain rudesby, full of spleen. Shakespeare.

RUDGE-Wash'd Kersey, kersey-cloth made of fleece-wooll, only wash'd
on the back of the sheep.

RU’DIMENT [ruaiment, Fr. rudimento, It. rudiménto, Sp. of rudimen­
tum, of rudis, Lat. ignorant] 1. The first element, principle or ground of
any art or science, so called, because those that first come to be instructed,
are rudes, supposed to be altogether ignorant. 2. The first unshapen be­
ginning of any thing. Moss is but the rudiment of a plant. Bacon.

RUDIME’NTAL, adj. [of rudiment] elemental, relating to first princi­
ples. See ACADEMICS, and read there, Academus.

RUE [rheyw, Brit. ruë, Fr. ruda, Sp. of ruta, It. and Lat.] the herb
called the herb of grace, because holy water was sprinkled with it.

To RUE, verb act. [rouwen, Du. reuen, H. Ger. hreowsian, or hry­
wian, Sax.] To regret, to lament. Thou shalt rue this treason. Shake­
speare.

RU’EFUL, adj. [of rue and full] mournful, sorrowful, woeful. The
rueful stream. Milton.

RU’EFULLY, adv. [of rueful] sadly, pitifully, mournfully, sorrow­
fully. And very ruefully and frightfully look back. More.

RU’EFULNESS [of rueful] sorrowfulness, mournfulness.

RU’EL Bone, the whirl-bone of the knee.

RUE’LLE [of rue, Fr. a street] a little street. It is of late brought into
use among us, to signify an alcove, or other genteel apartment, where
ladies receive visits either in bed or up; a circle, an assembly at a pri­
vate house. The poet who flourish'd in the scene, is condemned in the
ruelle. Dryden.

RUFF. [some derive it of ruyffet, Du. to wrinkle] an old-fashioned or­
nament worn on the neck, made of several rows of fine linen stiffened
and plaited. See RUFFLE. 2. [From the rough scales] a small river
fish, somewhat less than a perch. A ruff or pope is much like the pearch
for shape, and taken to be better, but will not grow bigger than a gud­
geon: He is an excellent fish, and of a pleasant taste. Walton. 3.
A state of roughness: obsolete. 4. New state. This seems to be the
meaning of this cant word. Johnson. Princes in the ruff of all their
glory have been taken down. L'Estrange. 5. A bird, which in fighting
raises up its feathers like a double ruff.

To RUFF [with falconers] a hawk is said to ruff, when she hits the
prey, but does not truss it.

To RUFF [at cards] is to get the better of the game; also to trump a
card not a trump.

RU’FFIAN [rofver, Dan. to pillage, ruffien, Fr. a bawd, ruffiano, It.
rufian, Sp.] a brutal mischievous fellow, a cut-throat, a robber, a despe­
rate villain, an assassine.

RUFFIAN, adj. brutal, savagely boisterous. The ruffian rage. Pope.

To RU’FFIAN, verb neut. [from the subst.] to play the ruffian, to raise
tumults: obsolete.

To RU’FFLE, verb act. [prob. of ruyffelen, Du. to wrinkle] 1. To
disorder, to make less smooth. Differing colours emerge and vanish upon
the ruffling of the same piece of silk. Boyle. 2. To discompose, to put
out of temper, to put into disorder of mind. Our minds ruffled by the
disorder of the body. Glanville. 3. To put out of order, to surprize.
4. To throw disorderly together. I ruffl'd up fallen leaves in heap.
Chapman. 5. To lay or fold into ruffles or plaits. A small skirt of fine
ruffled linen. Addison.

To RUFFLE, verb neut. 1. To grow rough or turbulent. A ruffling
gale. Dryden. 2. To flutter, to be in loose motion. Ruffles at speed,
and dances in the wind. Dryden. 3. To be rough, to jar, to be in
contention: Not used.

RUFFLE, subst. [from the verb] 1. A sort of ornaments of linen or
lace worn on the arms of women, and of men, &c. 2. Disturbance,
tumult. The consequent ruffle or special commotion of the blood.
Watts.

RUFTER-Hood [with falconers] a hood to be worn by an hawk when
she is first drawn.


RUG

RUG, subst. [prob. rugget, Su. rough, or of rocc, Sax. rock, Teut. a
coat or garment, of rugosus, Lat.] 1. A coarse nappy woollen. Clad in
Irish rug or coarse freeze. Peacham. 2. A coarse shaggy coverlet for a
mean bed. 3. A rough shaggy dog.

RU’GBY, a market town of Worcestershire, situated on the Avon, 76
miles from London.

RU’GELEY, a market town of Staffordshire, near the Trent, 126 miles
from London.








RU’GGED [rugget, Su. hruge, Sax. rugosus, Lat.] 1. Rough, uneven.
A tedious and rugged way. Dryden. 2. Not neat, not regular. His
well-proportion'd beard made rough and rugged. Shakespeare. 3. Severe,
rough, brutal. They neither melt nor endear him, but leave him as
hard, as rugged, and as unconcerned as ever. South. 4. Stormy, tem­
pestuous, turbulent. The rugged'st hour that time and spite dare bring.
Shakespeare. 5. Harsh to the ear. That prose is rugged and unharmo­
nious. Dryden. 6. Cross-grained, surly, discomposed. Sleek o'er your
rugged looks. Shakespeare. 7. Violent, rude, boisterous. With rugged
truncheon charg'd the knight. Hudibras. 8. Rough, shaggy. To
chase the lion, boar, or rugged bear. Fairfax.

RU’GGEDLY, adv. [of rugged] in a rugged manner, rudely, roughly,
severely; as, he is ruggedly peevish.

RU’GGEDNESS [of rugged] 1. The state or quality of being rugged;
as, a man of great ruggedness of temper. 2. Roughness, unevenness.
The ruggedness and unevenness of the roads. Ray.

RU’GIN, subst. a nappy cloth. Wiping the ichor from it with a soft
rugin. Wiseman.

RU’GINE, subst. Fr. a surgeon's rasp. Or rasp it with the rugine.
Sharp.

RU’GITUS, Lat. [with physicians] an effervescence of chyle and ex­
crements in the blood, whereby wind and several other motions excited in
the guts, roll up and down the excrements, when there is no easy vent
upwards or downwards.

RUGO’SE, adj. [rugosus, Lat.] full of wrinkles. The internal rugose
coat of the intestine. Wiseman.

RUGO’SENESS, or RUGO’SITY [of rugose] roughness, fulness of wrin­
kles, plaits, or furrows, &c.

RU’IN [ruine, Fr. rovina, It. ruina, Lat.] 1. Fall or destruction of
cities or buildings. 2. The remains of building demolished. The place
where once the very ruins lay. Addison. 3. Loss of happiness or for­
tune, destruction, overthrow. Those whom God to ruin hath design'd.
Dryden. 4. Mischief, bane. Havock and spoil and ruin are my gain.
Milton.

To RU’IN, verb act. [ruiner, Fr. arruynàr, Sp.] 1. To subvert, to
demolish, to spoil or lay waste. Our temple ruin, and our rites deface.
Dryden. 2. To bring to ruin, to destroy, to undo, to deprive of feli­
city or fortune. Such a negligence as will certainly ruin us. Watts. 3.
To bring to poverty. She would ruin me in silks. Addison.

To RUIN, verb neut. 1. To fall in ruins. Heaven ruining from hea­
ven. Milton. 2. To run to ruin. Yet shall it ruin like the moths frail
cell. Sandys. 3. To be impoverish'd, to be brought to misery. If we
are idle and disturb the industrious in their business, we shall ruin the
faster. Locke.

To RU’INATE, verb act. [ruinatum, Lat. now obsolete] 1. To demo­
lish, to subvert. I will not ruinate my father's house. Shakespeare. 2.
To reduce to meanness or misery irrecoverable, to ruin or bring to ruin.
Philip and Nabis were already ruinated. Bacon.

RUINA’TION, destruction, ruin, subversion, overthrow: obsolete. In
the sudden ruination of towns by the Saxons. Camden.

RU’INOUS, adj. [ruinosus, Lat. ruineux, Fr. rovinoso, It. ruinosò, Sp.]
1. Fallen to ruin, demolished, ready to fall, going to wrack. When
the foundation is ruinous. Hayward. 2. Michievous, baneful, destruc­
tive. That ruinous practice of gaming. Swift.

RU’INOUSLY, adv. [of ruinous] 1. In a ruinous manner. 2. Mis­
chievously, destructively.

RU’INOUSNESS [of ruinous] a ruinous state.

To RULE, verb act. [regler, Fr. in the first sense, regir, in the se­
cond, regolare, It. likewise in the first sense; reglàr, Sp. of regulo, Lat.]
1. To draw lines with a ruler. 2. To govern, to manage with power
and authority. To rule mankind, and make the world obey. Dryden.
3. To manage in general. To take unto him the ruling of the affairs.
1 Maccabees. 4. To settle as with a rule. A ruled case with the school­
men. Atterbury.

To RULE, verb neut. to have power or command. The power of
ruling over me. Locke.

RULE [regle, Fr. regolo in some senses, and regola in others; regla,
Sp. of regula, Lat.] 1. A certain maxim, canon, or precept, to be ob­
served in any art or science, law, or principle to go by, in order to direct
the thoughts or actions. A religion which contains the most exact rules
for the government of our lives. Tillotson. 2. A statute or decree of a
religious order. 3. Sway or supreme command, government. That
form of rule established by the law. Addison. 4. An instrument by
which lines are drawn. A judicious artist will use his eye, but he will
trust only to his rule. South. 5. Regularity, propriety of behaviour.

RULE [in arithmetic] a method of resolving questions relating to that
art.

RULE of Three, or RULE of Proportion [in arithmetic] is so named,
because, by means of three numbers given, a fourth, unknown, is found,
which has the same proportion to one of those given numbers, as they
have to one another. Hence it is called, the rule of proportion, and also,
for its usefulness, the golden rule.

RU’LER [of rule] 1. Governor, one that has the supreme command.
Some rulers grow proud. Sidney. 2. An instrument by which lines are
drawn. To draw a straight line between two points by the side of a ru­
ler. Moxon.


RUM

RUM, subst. 1. A country parson: A cant word. A rabble of tenants
and rusty dull rums. Swift. 2. A spirit drawn from the sugar cane.

RUMB, or RHUMB [in navigation] the course of a ship, i. e. the an­
gle which she makes in her sailing with the meridian of the place she is
in; also one point of the mariner's compass, or 11 degrees and 1-4th,
viz. the 32d part of the circumference of the horizon.

RUMB-Line [in navigation] a line described by the ship's motion on
the surface of the sea, steered by the compass, so as to make the same
or equal angles with every meridian.

Complement of the RUMB [with navigators] is the angle made with
any circle parallel to the equator, by the line of the ship's run or
course.

To R’UMBLE, verb neut. [rompelen, Ger. romelen, Du. rombare, It.
rimbomber, Sp.] to make a hollow, hoarse, continued noise. At the
rumbling of his wheels. Jeremiah.

RU’MBLER [of rumble] the person or thing that rumbles.

RU’MEN, Lat. 1. The cud of beasts. 2. The herb sorrel.

RU’MFORD, a market town of Essex, 12 miles from London.

RU’MINANT, adj. Fr. [rumimans, Lat.] 1. Chewing the cud. Ru­
minant creatures have a power of directing this peristaltic motion. Ray.
2. Sometimes substantively used. Very exact in ruminants, but not in
men. Derham.

RUMINANT Animals, such as chew the cud; as oxen, sheep, deer,
&c. See REVERSION, and read, “testimony,” and “χΤΙΣρΟΝ.”

RUMINANT Signs [with astrologers] those signs of the zodiac, that
are represented by animals that chew the cud.

To RU’MINATE, verb neut. [ruminar, Sp. ruminer, Fr. ruminare, It.
and Lat.] 1. To chew the cud. Animals which ruminate, or chew the
cud. Arbuthnot. 2. To weigh in mind; to study or think again and
again. Thinking and ruminating upon the employment in which men
of wit exercise themselves. Steele.

To RUMINATE, verb act. [rumino, Lat.] 1. To chew over again.
2. To muse on, to meditate over and over. Mad with desire, she rumi­
nates her sin. Dryden.

RUMINA’TION [ruminatio, Lat.] 1. The act or property of chewing
the cud, &c. a natural motion of the stomach, &c. mutually relieving
one another, by which means the food that was eaten hastily at first, is
conveyed back to the mouth again, and there chewed and swallowed
down a second time, to the great advantage of the creature. 2. Medi­
tation, reflection. Retiring, full of rumination sad. Thomson.

To RU’MMAGE, verb act. [remuer, Fr. to remove, or roumen, Teut.
to empty, ranmen, Ger. to empty. Skinner] to search, to plunder, to
evacuate, particularly on board of ships; to remove goods or luggage
from one place to another; especially to clear the ship's hold of any
goods or lading, in order to their being handsomely stowed. Our gree­
dy seamen rummage every hold. Dryden.

To RUMMAGE, verb neut. [in a figurative sense] to rake into, or to
search narrowly into places. I have oft rummaged for old books in Lit­
tle Britain. Swift.

RU’MMER [roomer, Du. roemer, L. Ger. a glass] a broad-mouthed
large drinking vessel. Imperial Rhine bestowed the generous rummer.
J. Philips.

RU’MNEY New, a borrough town of Kent, 73 miles from London.
It is one of the Cinque-ports, and therefore sends two members to par­
liament.

RU’MOUR [rumeur, Fr. rumore, It. rumor, Lat.] flying or popular re­
port, bruit, common talk. This rumour of him went forth. St. Luke.

To RUMOUR, verb act. [from the subst. rumorem spargo, Lat.] to tell
abroad, to bruit. Rumour it abroad. Shakespeare.

RU’MOURED, part. pass. [of rumour] generally talked of.

RU’MOURER [of rumour] a reporter or spreader of news. Go see this
rumourer whipt. Shakespeare.

RUMP [rumpe, Dan. rumpff, Ger.] 1. The tail-piece or end of the
back-bone. Rumps of beef. King. 2. Especially of a bird, ox, sheep,
&c. 3. The buttocks. Aroint the witch! the rump fed ronyon cries.
Shakespeare.

RU’MPLE [rompel, Du. rumpelle, Sax.] a crease or fold in a gar­
ment, made by tumbling and towzing, or by being pressed, a pucker,
a rude plait.

To R’UMPLE, verb act. [rompelen, Du.] to contract into inequalities
or wrinkles, to crush together out of shape. For fear of rumpling your
apron. Swift.

RU’MSEY, a market town of Hampshire, on the river Tese, or Test,
78 miles from London.


RUN

To RUN, irr. verb act. RAN, RUN, irreg. imp. [rand, Dan. ranne,
Ger. runian, Sax. rinnan, Goth. rinna, Su. rinne, Dan. rennen, Du.
and Ger.] 1. To move swiftly, to ply the legs so that both are at every
step off the ground at the same time. Their feet run to evil and make
haste. Proverbs. 2. To use the legs in motion. Till young children
can run about. Locke. 3. To move in a hurry. The priest and peo­
ple run about. B. Johnson. 4. To pass on the surface, not thro the
air. And the fire ran along upon the ground. Ezekiel. 5. To rush
violently. To keep the unwary from running upon them. Addison. 6.
To take a course at sea. Running under the island Clauda. Acts. 7.
To contend in a race. Trusted to run races. Swift. 8. To fly, not
to stand. It is often followed by away in this sense. The one run
away before they were charged. Bacon. 9. To stream, to flow.
Wainscots will sweat, so that they will almost run with water. Bacon.
Seas that ran among them. Addison. 10. To be liquid, to be fluid.
It will fix and run no more. Bacon. 11. To be fusible, to melt. Sus­
sex iron ores run freely in the fire. Woodward. 12. To pass, to pro­
ceed. The short revolution of time we so swiftly run over here. Locke.
13. To go away, to vanish. As fast as our time runs, we should be
very glad in most parts of our lives that it run much faster. Addison.
14. To have a legal course, to be practised. Customs run only upon
our goods imported or exported. Child. 15. To have a course in any
direction. The generally allowed practice runs counter to it. Locke.
16. To pass in thought or speech. Virgil, in his first Georgic, has run
into a set of precepts foreign to his subject. Addison. 17. To be men­
tioned cursorily or in few words. The whole runs on short, like articles
in an account. Arbuthnot. 18. To have a continual tenor of any kind.
19. To be busied upon. Our minds run wholly on the good circum­
stances. Swift. 20. To be popularly known. Names by which they
run a great while. Temple. 21. To have reception, success, or con­
tinuance. 22. To go on by succession of parts. She saw with joy the
line immortal run. Pope. 23. To proceed in a train of conduct. You
should run a certain course. Shakespeare. 24. To pass into some change.
To rend my heart with grief, and run distracted. Addison. 25. To pass
in general. And much danger to run thro'. Swift. 26. To proceed in
a certain order. Relicks which run up as high as Daniel. Addison. 27.
To be in force. The process that runneth against him. Bacon. 28.
To be generally received. What report ran of himself. Knolles. 29.
To be carried on in any manner. The power of the clergy runs higher.
Ayliffe. 30. To have a track or course. Mines where metalline veins
run. Boyle. 31. To pass progressively. They used for ever to run out
in right lines. Cheyne. 32. To make a gradual progress, And a low
murmur runs along the field. Pope. 33. To be predominant. This
run in the head of a late writer. Woodward. 34. To tend in growth.
A man's nature runs to herbs or weeds. Bacon. 35. To grow exube­
rantly. The soil of your family will dwindle into cits, or run into wits.
Tatler. 37. To discharge pus or matter. Whether his flesh run with
his issue. Leviticus. 37. To become irregular, to change to something
wild. Many have run out of their wits for women. Esdras. 38. To
get by artifice or deceit. Run in trust. Swift. 39. To fall by haste,
folly or passion into fault or misfortune. All those mistakes we run into.







Locke. 40. To fall to pass. Near the borders they run into one an­
other. Watts. 41. To have a general tendency. Temperate climates
run into moderate governments. Swift. 42. To proceed as on a
ground or principle. Upon that the apostle's argument runs. Atterbury.
43. To go on with violence. Running into all the methods of tyranny.
Swift. 44. To run after; to search for, to endeavour at, tho' out of
the way. The mind runs after similies. Locke. 45. To run away with;
to hurry without consent. Thoughts will not be directed with objects to
pursue, but run away with a man in pursuit of those ideas they have in
view. 46. To run in with; to close, to comply. Ramus run in with
the first reformers of learning. Baker. 47. To run on; to be continued.
If thro' our too much security, the same should run on. Hooker. 48.
To run over; to be so full as to overflow. His mouth runs o'er with un­
chew'd morsels. Dryden. 49. To be so much as to overflow. Milk,
while it boils, or wine while it works, run over the vessels. Digby. 50.
To run out; to be at an end. A lease had run out. Swift. 51. To run
out; to spread exuberantly. The zeal of love runs out into suckers.
Taylor. 52. To run out; to expatiate. To run out into beautiful digres­
sions. Addison. 53. To run out; to be wasted, to be exhausted. The
estate runs out. Dryden.

To RUN, verb act. 1. To pierce, to stab. He was run thro' the body.
Spectator. 2. To force, to drive. This will run us into particulars.
Locke. 3. To force into any way or form. Others, accustomed to re­
tired speculations, run natural philosophy into metaphysical notions.
Locke. 4. To drive with violence. They ran the ship a-ground. Acts.
5. To melt. The purest gold must be run and washed. Felton. 6. To
incur. He runneth two dangers. Bacon. 7. To venture, to hazard.
And run his fortune with them. Clarendon. 8. To import or export
without paying duty. A strong temptation of running goods. Swift.
9. To prosecute in thought. We can still run it up to those artless ages.
Burnet. 10. To push. Some English speakers run their hands into
their pockets. Addison. 11. To run down; to chase to weariness. They
ran down a stag. L'Estrange. 12. To run down; to crush, to over­
bear. A man overborn and run down by them. South. 13. To run
over; to recount cursorily. I shall run them over slightly. Ray. 4. To
run over; to consider cursorily. If we run over the other nations of
Europe. Addison. 15. To run over; to run through. Should a man
run over the whole circle of earthly pleasures. South.

RUN, subst. [from the verb] 1. The act of running. And fetches a
run at them. L'Estrange. 2. Course, motion. The run of humours
is stayed. Bacon. 3. Flow, cadence. Any run of verses to please the
ear. Broome. 4. Course, process. 5. Way of management, uncon­
trolled course. Our family must have their run. Arbuthnot. 6. Long
reception, continued success. To have a general run or long continu­
ance. Addison. 7. Modish clamour. What a violent run there is among
too many weak people against university education. Swift. 8. In, or
At the long run; in fine, at the end. In the long run of the disease.
Wiseman. 9. Run of a Ship [sea term] is that part of her hull under
water, which comes narrower by degrees from the floor timbers to the
stern-post.

RU’NAGATE [of run and gate, or renegado, Sp. it is corrupted from
the French renegat] 1. A fugitive, a rebel or apostate. The Jews,
after they had crucified the son of God, became runagates. Raleigh.
2. One who runs away from his master, &c.

RU’NAWAY [of run and away] one that flies from danger, a fugitive.
Thou runaway, thou coward; art thou fled. Shakespeare.

RU’NDLE, subst. [corrupted from roundle, of round] 1. A round or
stop of a ladder. To consider the several steps and roundles we are to
ascend by. Duppa. 2. Something put round an axis, a peritrochium.
An axis or cylinder having a roundle about it, wherein are fastened di­
vers spokes. Wilkins. 3. [in heraldry] the figure of a round ball or
bullet.

RU’NDLET [prob. q. d. of runlet, or roundle] a close cask for liquors,
containing from three to twenty gallons. Set a rundlet of verjuice over­
against the sun in summer. Bacon.

RU’NE [rune, Sax.] a water-course.

RUNG, pret. and part. pass. of ring. See To RING.

RUNGS [of a ship] are the floor timbers or ground timbers that thwart
the keel, and are bolted to it, and constitute her floor.

RUNG Heads [of a ship] the heads of the ground timbers, which are
made a little bending, or where they begin to compass, and that direct
the mould or sweep of the futtocks and navel timbers.

RU’NIC Language, that of the Goths, Danes, and other ancient nor­
thern nations; but this is more frequently called Sclavonic. Some ima­
gine it was called Runic, as being mysterious and scientific, like the
Egyptian hieroglyphics.

RU’NNEL, subst. [of run] 1. A small brook, a rivulet. A little run­
nel near the place. Fairfax. 2. Pollard wool, so called from its run­
ning up apace.

RU’NNER [of run] 1. One that runs. 2. A racer. 3. A messen­
ger. The runners of the post-office. Swift. 4. A shooting sprig. In
every root there will be one runner. Mortimer. 5. The upper stone of
a mill. The mill goes much heavier, by the stone they call the runner
being so large. Mortimer. 6. A bird. Ainsworth.

RUNNER [in a ship] a rope which belongs to the garnet and bolt­
tackles, having a double block or pulley at one end and a hook at
the other end, to hitch into any thing for hoisting of goods into the
ship.

To overhale the RUNNER [sea phrase] is to pull down that end that
has the hook, that it may be hitched into the sling.

RU’NNET, or RE’NNET, subst. [gerunnen, Sax. coagulated] the
maw of a calf, or an acid juice found in the stomachs of calves, that
have fed on nothing but milk; and are killed before the digestion be
perfected; commonly used in turning milk, to be made into cheese
curds. See RENNET.

RU’NNING of Goods, part. act. [of run, which see] a clandestine land­
ing or bringing goods on shore without paying the legal custom or duties
for the same.

RU’NNION, subst. [rognant, Fr. scrubbing] a paltry, scurvy wretch.
You polecat, you runnion. Shakespeare.

RUNT, subst. [runte, in the Teutonic dialects, signifies a bull or cow,
and is used in contempt by us for small cattle: as kefyl, the Welsh term for
a horse, is used for a worthless horse] 1. A Scotch or Welch neat or cow of a
small size. 2. Any animal small below the natural growth. This over­
grown runt has struck off his heels. Addison. 3. A dwarf or short fel­
low.

RUNTS. 1. Canary birds above three years old. 2. A sort of pi­
geons.

RUPEE’, or ROUPI’E, an East-Indian coin, in value about two shil­
lings and three-pence sterling.

RU’PTION [of ruptum, of rupto, Lat. to burst] the act of breaking or
bursting in any part of the body, the state of being broken. Extrava­
sation of blood by ruption or apertion. Wiseman.

RU’PTORY, subst. a corrosive medicine, a caustic.

RU’PTURE, [Fr. in the second sense, rotture, It. ruptura, Lat.] 1. The
act of bursting or breaking; rent, state of being broken. A lutestring
will bear a hundred weight without rupture. Arbuthnot. 2. Breach of
peace, treaty, friendship, falling out, open hostility. The parties that
divide the common-wealth come to a rupture. Swift. 3. [In surgery]
a burstenness or bust belly, a preternatural eruption of the gut, a hernia.
The rupture of the groin or scrotum. Sharpe. 4. [With surgeons] a
corrosive medicine or caustic.

To RUPTURE, verb act. [from the subst.] to break, to burst, to suf­
fer disruption. The vessels of the brain and membranes, if ruptured,
absorb the extravasated blood. Sharp.

RUPTURE Wort [herniaria, Lat.] an herb.

RU’RAL, adj. Fr. [ruralis, of rura, Lat.] pertaining to the country,
existing in the country, not in cities, suiting or resembling the country.
A rural fellow. Shakespeare.

RU’RAL Dean, an ecclesiastical officer under the arch-deacon. Every
diocese has in it one or more arch-deaconries, for the dispatch of church
affairs, and every arch-deaconry is divided into fewer or more rural dean­
ries: the office of these deans, is, upon orders, to summon the clergy;
to signify by letters the bishop's pleasure, &c.

RURI’COLIST [ruricola, Lat.] an husbandman or inhabitant of the
country.

RURI’GENOUS, adj. [rurigena, of rura and gigne, Lat.] born or dwel­
ling in the country.

RURA’LITY, or RU’RALNESS [of rural] country-likeness, quality of
being-rural; clownishness.


RUS

RUSE, subst. Fr. cunning, little trick, fraud. A French word, nei­
ther elegant nor necessary. The wiles and ruses which these timid crea­
tures use. Ray,

To RUSH, verb neut. [hreosan, Sax.] to enter or move into forcibly,
to issue forth with violence or haste.

To RUSH, in [of in refan, Sax.] to enter violently or hastily.

RUSH, subst. [from the verb] violent course. And with a violent
rush severed him from the duke. Wotton.

RUSH [risc, Sax.] 1. A plant. 2. Any thing proverbially worth­
less. John Bull's friendship is not worth a rush. Arbuthnot.

RUSH Candle [of rush and candle] a small blinking taper, made by
stripping a rush, except one small stripe of the rind which holds the pith
together, and dipping it in oil or tallow.

RU’SHINESS [of rushy] state of being full of rushes.

RU’SHING [hrysca, Sax.] an irruption or hasty motion,

RU’SHY, adj. [from rush] 1. Abounding with rushes. In rushy
grounds. Mortimer. 2. Made of rushes. The rushy lance. Tickel.

RUSK, subst. hard bread for stores. Fruits, sugar, and rusk. Ra­
leigh.

RU’SMA, subst. a brown and light iron substance. With rusma and half
as much quick lime steeped in water, the Turkish women make their
psilothron, to take off their hair. Grew.

RU’SSET, adj. [russet, Fr. rossetto, It. of russus, Lat.] 1. That is of a
dark brown colour, reddishly brown. The morn in russet mantle clad.
Shakespeare. 2. Newton seems to use it for grey; but if the etymology
be regarded, improperly. Encompassed with a dark grey or russet.
Newton. 3. Course, rusty, home-spun. This sense is much used in
descriptions of the manners and dresses of the country, probably, be­
cause it was formerly the colour of rustic dress. In some places the
rustics still dye cloaths spun at home with bark, which must make them
russet.

RU’SSET, subst. country dress. See the adjective.

RUSSET, or RU’SSETING [roussette, Fr.] an apple or pear of several
species, with a rough coat and of a brown colour.

To RUST, verb act [from the subst. roeten, Du. roffe, Ger.] 1. To
contract rust, to have the surface corroded. Our armours now may rust.
Dryden. 2. To degenerate into idleness.

To RUST, verb act. 1. To make rusty. The dew will rust them.
Shakespeare. 2. To impair by time or inactivity.

RUST [rast, rust, Sax. rost, Su. ruk, Dan. roest, Du. rust, Ger.] 1.
A red crust that grows upon old iron. 2. The tarnished or corroded sur­
face of any metal. 3. Loss of powers by indolence or inactivity. 4.
Matter bred by corruption or degeneration.

RU’STICAL, adj. [rustique, Fr. rustico, It. and Sp. of rusticus, Lat.] 1.
Country-like, clownish, unmannerly. 2. Rough, brutal, rude. A com­
pany of rustical villains full of sweat. Sidney.

RU’STICALLY, adv. [of rustical] clownishly, in a country-like man­
ner, rudely. He keeps me rustically at home. Shakespeare.

RU’STICALNESS [of rustical] the quality of being rustical; rudeness,
savageness.

To RU’STICATE, verb neut. [rusticor, Lat.] to reside in the country.
Having rusticated in your company too long. Pope.

To RUSTICATE, verb act. to banish into the country. I was sent
away, or, in the university phrase, rusticated for ever. Spectator.

RU’STICATED [rusticatus, Lat.] made or become clownish.

RUSTI’CITY, or RU’STICALNESS [rusticitas, Lat. rusticitÉ, Fr. rusti­
chezza, It. rusticidàd, Sp.] 1. Clownishness. 2. A rural appearance.
3. Qualities of one that lives in the country. 4. Simplicity, rudeness,
The sweetness and rusticity of a pastoral. Addison.

RU’STIC, adj. [of rusticus, Lat.] 1. Rural, country-like. The very
rustic people left their delights and profits. Sidney. 2. Rude, untaught.
His rustic airs have grown up with him. Watts. 3. Brutal, savage.
Some rustic wretch. Pope. 4. Artless, honest, simple; as, an honest
rustic man. 5. Plain, unadorned. A rustic throne. Pope.

RUSTIC, subst. a clown, a swain, an inhabitant of the country. Rude
and insolent as a wealthy rustic. South.

RUSTIC Gods, those who presided over agriculture; country dei­
ties.

RUSTIC [in architecture] a method of building in imitation of na­
ture, rather than according to the rules of art, the columns are surroun­
ded with frequent cinctures.

RUSTIC Work [in architecture] is where the stones of a building,







instead of being smooth, are hatched and picked with the point of a
hammer.

RUSTIC Order [in architecture] an order with rustic coins, rustic
work, &c.

RU’STINESS [of rusty; rostignesse, Sax.] the state or quality of be­
ing rusty.

To RU’STLE, verb neut. [hristlan, Sax.] to make a low continued
rattle.

RU’STLING [of hristlan, Sax.] making a noise, as armour and new
garments do.

RU’STY, adj. [of rust; rostig, Sax. rootig, Ger.] 1. Covered with
rust. 2. Impaired by inactivity.

RU’SY [ruse, Fr.] full of stratagems and devices; subtle, crafty. A
French word.

RU’STRE [in heraldry] is exactly the same square figure as the mascle,
only the rustre is pierced round, whereas the mascle is pierced square.


RUT

To RUT, verb neut. [ruit, Fr. Johnson. Some derive it of rorten, Du.
but Menagius of rugitus, Lat. roaring, or of ruendo, Lat. rushing, sc. into
venery] to cry to come together, like deer.

RUT, subst. Fr. the copulation of deer, wild boars, &c.

RUT [rutaja, It. rota, Lat. a wheel, route, Fr.] the mark or track of
a wheel in the road.

RO’TA, Lat. [in botany] rue, a plant well known.

RU’THFUL [ruthful, Sax.] pitiful, compassionate.

RU’THFULLY [of ruthful] pitifully, miserably.

RU’THFULNESS [ruthfulnesse, Sax.] compassionateness.

RUTTLE’R [un vieux routier, Fr.] an old beaten soldier.

RU’TTING [with hunters] signifies a hart or buck going to couple or
ingender.

RY, Brit. a shore, coast, or bank.

RY’AL, a Spanish coin, in value about six-pence three farthings, En­
glish money.

RY’AL, a piece of gold coin, which, in the time of king Henry VI.
was current for 10s. under Henry VIII. for 11s. 3d. and in queen Eli­
zabeth's time for 15s.


RYT

RYTH [ryth, Brit.] a ford. See ACHERON, and read, or rather of
Α priv.













S

S s s, Roman; S s s, Italic, S s, Sax. S s s, Old English; Σ σ ς,
Greek, are the eighteenth letters in order of the alphabet; ם,
the fifteenth, and ש, the twenty first of the Hebrew.

S, is lost, and may be termed a liquid, in the words isle, island,
viscount. S sounds like z in chaise, praise, &c. and z like s in
raze. A long s must never be placed at the end of a word, as maintains,
nor a short s in the middle of a word, as conspires.

SS, in the title-pages of books, often stand for Socius, Lat. a com­
panion or member, or Societatis, Lat. of the company, as R. S. S. Re­
giæ Societatis Socius, i. e. a member of the royal society.

S, among the ancients, was a numerical letter, and signified seven.

, with a dash over it [in physicians bills] is sometimes a note of
weight and measure, and signifies half a Semis, Lat. i. e. half what went
before; sometimes Secundum, Lat. according to; as, S. A. Secundum
Artem, Lat. i. e. according to the rules of art.

S [in music books] stands for Solo, Ital. and is used in pieces of mu­
sic of several parts, to intimate, that in such places the voice or instru­
ment performs alone.

S [in books of navigation] stands for South.

S is now generally used at the end of the 3d. pers. sing. of the pres.
tense of the verb, instead of eth; e. g. loves, instead of loveth.

S. N. is sometimes used for Salvator noster, Lat. i. e. our Saviour.

S. N. [in physical writings] is used to signify Secundum Naturam, i. e.
according to nature.

S. S. S. is frequently put for Stratum super Stratum, i. e. layer upon
layer, and is used in speaking of laying or packing up things.

SAB

SABA’OTH [תואבצ, Heb. i. e. hosts or armies] as, the Lord God of
sabaoth, the Lord God of hosts.

SABA’SIA [σαβαζια, Gr.] nocturnal mysteries celebrated by the Greeks
in honour of Jupiter Sabazius, into which all that were initiated had a
golden serpent put in at their breasts, and taken out at the lower part of
their garments, in commemoration of Jupiter's ravishing Proserpina, in
the form of a serpent.

SA’BATANS, soldiers boots.

SABA’THIANS, a sort of Christian heretics, so named after one Saba­
thius, a Jew, and afterwards a bishop in the 4th century, who held he­
terodox opinions.

SABBATA’RIANS, anabaptists, who observe the Saturday as a sab­
bath, from a persuasion that it was never abrogated in the new testa­
ment. See SABBATH, and Galat. c. 4. v. 9, 10, 11, compared.

SA’BBATH [תבש, Heb. i. e. rest] 1. The seventh day of the week, ob­
served by the Jews, as a festival and day of rest, in commemoration of
God's resting the seventh day, after the work of the creation. As one
main end of the Jews being formed into a community, &c. was to sup­
port the doctrine of the one God, creator, and preserver of all things, no
wonder they should have one day out of seven appointed in commemo­
ration of this most important truth, — I mean that creation was His
work; a truth which lost ground whereever idolatry took place: and by
the way I do not recollect the least hint in all Homer's writings, point­
ing this way, notwithstanding the many great and pompous appellations
which he gives to the Supreme Being. But after all, Moses assigns a still
further end for this sanctifying or setting apart days, months, and years,
viz. to remind the Jews of their being a people sanctified [or set apart]
for God. And accordingly both Justin Martyr and Irenæus supposed
no sabbaths to have been observed before the Mosaic institution. 2. In­
termission of pain or sorrow, time of rest. Or to break th' eternal sab­
bath of his rest. Dryden. See SABBATARIANS.

SABBATH Day's Journey [among the Jews] a measure of 729 En­
glish paces and three feet; or of 2000 cubits, or 3648 feet: as this was
but a short stage, it explains Mat. c. 24. v. 20.

SABBA’TICAL, or SABBA’TIC [sabbaticus, Lat.] of, or pertaining to
the sabbath; resembling the sabbath.

SABBA’TICAL Year [with the ancient Jews] every seventh year, in
which it was not lawful to till the ground; and then bond slaves were set
at liberty. See JUBILEE.

SABBATI’NE [in the colleges of Paris, in France] a thesis or dispu­
tation on any part of logic or moral philosophy.

SABBA’TICALNESS [of sabbatique, Fr. or sabbaticus, Lat. of תבש,
Heb.] the being of the nature or quality of the sabbath.

SA’BBATISM [sabbatismus, Lat.] a time of rest; a superstitiously rigid
observance of the sabbath-day. See Heb. c. 4. v. 9. vid. Original.

SABE’LLIANS, they who hold the doctrines of Sabellius, the Lybian;
who flourished about the middle of the 3d century, and maintained much
the same notion in effect, with reference to the Trinity, which Noetus,
and, after him, Praxeas had advanced, by making (as St. Athanasius
portrays their scheme) one spirit out of three. [See First CAUSE and DI­
MERITÆ compared] And as by so doing they confounded the second,
and third person with the FIRST-CAUSE and SUPREME GOD of the Uni­
verse; hear what judgment Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria (and in
him the church of Christ) in that century passed upon it. “A doctrine,
says he, which contains much IMPIETY and BLASPHEMY, with refe­
rence to that GOD who has the command [or power] over all, even the
FATHER of our Lord Jesus Christ; and which contains also much unbe­
lief with reference to his only begotten Son, and first-born of every crea­
ture, viz. that Word [or Logos] which became incarnate; and lastly,
αναισθησιαν, &c. i. e a downright insensibility [Valesius renders it by the
word stupor] with reference to the Holy Spirit” Euseb. Histor. lib. 7. Ed.
Rob. Steph. p. 72. His meaning is (if I understand him aright) that it
was bad enough to put God's first production upon a level with him;
but to affirm as much of another person, whom God produced by his Son,
implied an absence of thought, for which this writer wanted a name. But
St. Hilary speaks out, when saying, “that to maintain the Spirit is un­
begotten [or self-existent] impiissimum est, is an impiety of the superlative
degree.” It could have been wished the schoolmen and Lateran council
had well considered these things, when reviving the foundation-prin­
ciple of Sabellius under another name, and with that giving us a new
standard of orthodoxy, which was universally exploded in the primitive
times. See ESSENCE, NOETIANS, PRAXEANS, PAULIANISTS, MAR­
CELLIANS, and LATERAN Council compared.

SABI’NA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb savin.

SA’BLE [le sebeline, Fr.] a rich fur of a colour between black and
brown.

SABLE [in heraldry] signifies black. It is expressed in engraving by
lines hatched a-cross each other, as in Plate VII. Fig. 9. Of the vir­
tues and qualities of the soul, it denotes simplicity, wisdom, prudence,
and honesty; of the planets, Saturn; of the four elements, the earth;
of metals, lead and iron; of precious stones, the diamond; of trees,
the olive; of birds, the crow or raven; of the ages of men, the last.

SABLIE’RE, Fr. 1. A sand or gravel-pit. 2. [In carpentry] a piece
of timber, as long as a beam, but not so thick.

SA’BRE [sabel, Su. sciabala, It.] a sort of hanger, or scymetar; a
broad sword, thick at the back, and crooked, turning up towards the
point.

SA’BULOUS [sabulosus, Lat.] full of gross sand, gravelly or sandy.

SA’BULOUSNESS, or SABULO’SITY [sabulositas, Lat.] sandiness, &c.


SAC

SA’CEA, festivals held by the Babylonians, &c. in honour of their
god Anaitides.

SACCA’DE [in the manage] a violent check the cavalier gives his
horse, by drawing both the reins very suddenly; a correction used,
when the horse bears too heavy on the hand.

SA’CCHARINE [of saccharum, Lat. sugar] of the quality of sugar.

SACCHA’RUM, Lat. sugar, the juice of Indian canes or reeds, refined by
boiling, and hardened by baking.

SACCHARUM [among the ancients] a kind of honey of a gummy
substance, formerly found in some reeds.

SA’CCO Beneditto, a kind of linen garment of a yellow colour, with
two crosses on it, and painted over with devils and flames, worn by per­
sons condemned (by the Spanish inquisition) to be burned, as they go
to execution. See INQUISITION, CELICOLI, and PURGATORIAL Fire,
compared with SERVETISTS, AUTO DE FE, and John, c. 16. v. 2.

Adiposi SA’CCULA [in anatomy] little cells or vesicles in the mem­
brana adiposa, wherein the fat of the body is contained.

Medicinales SA’CCULI [in pharmacy] bags of ingredients hung up in
liquors in making diet drinks.

SA’CCULUS, Lat. a little bag or purse, a satchel.

SA’CCULUS Medicinalis. Lat. [in medicine] a medicine applied to
some pained part of the body, composed of herbs or drugs, inclosed in
a linen bag.








Chyliferus, or Roriferus SA’CCULUS, Lat. [in anatomy] a passage which
makes the beginning of the thoracic duct. It is seated under the cæliac
artery and emulgent veins, between the kidneys and capsula atrabiliaris,
upon the vertebra's of the loins; it is called the common receptacle, be­
cause it promiscuously receives the humours, called chyle and lympha.

SA’CCULUS Cordis, Lat. [in anatomy] the pericardium, the skin or
bag that covers the heart.

SA’CCUS, Lat. [with anatomists] the gut rectum.

Ignis SA’CER, Lat. [in physic] i. e. the holy fire: an inflammation
called herpes exedens.

Morbus SACER, Lat. [in physic] the holy disease, the falling sickness
or epilepsy, so named on an imagination that something supernatural is
concerned in its production or cure. See EPILEPSY.

Musculus SACER, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle arising from the hind
part of the os sacrum, and running along under the longissimus dorsi. It
assists in erecting the trunk.

SACERDO’TAL [sacerdotalis, Lat.] priestly, pertaining to a priest, or
priesthood.

SA’CHEL [sacculus, Lat.] a small sack or bag.

SA’CHEM [among the West Indians] a great prince or ruler.

SA’CÆA, festivals held by the Babylonians, &c. in honour of their
God Anaitides: They were in the east much the same as the Saturnalia
were at Rome, a feast for slaves, and one of the ceremonies of it was to
chuse a prisoner condemned to death, and to allow him all the pleasures
and gratifications he could wish before he was carried to execution.

SACK [sach, C. Brit. sac, Sax. sâck, Su. sæche, Dan. sack, Du. and
Ger. sac, Fr. sacco, It. saco, Sp. saccus, Lat. σαχχος, Gr. of קש, Heb.]
1. A bag. 2. The measure of four bushels. 3. A woman's loose robe.
4. [From the second sense of the verb] taking of a town, pillage, plun­
der. The sack of Troy, which he by promise owes. Dryden. 5. [sec,
Sax.] a wine called Canary, brought from the Canary islands. 6. [Of
cotton] a quantity, from one hundred weight and a half, to four hun­
dred weight. 7. [Of wool] contains 26 stone, and each stone 14
pound.

To SACK. 1. [From the first sense of the noun] to put into bags. 2.
[Saccager, Fr. saccheggiare, It. saqueàr, Sp. σαχχιζειν, Gr. q. d. to carry
off the sacks] to plunder or pillage, to lay waste or destroy.

SA’CKBUT [sacabuche, of sacar de bouche, Sp. to fetch the breath from
the bottom of the belly] a musical instrument of the wind kind; being a
sort of trumpet, the different form of the common trumpet both in form
and size.

SA’CKCLOTH [of sack and cloth] cloth of which sacks are made;
coarse cloth sometimes worn by way of mortification.

SACKS of Earth [in military affairs] are for several uses, as for ma­
king retrenchments in haste; to be placed on parapets, or at the head of
breaches, to repair them.

SA’CKER [from sack] one that sacks a town.

SA’CKFUL [of sack and full] full to the top. Wood goes about with
sackfuls of dross. Swift.

SACK-PO’SSET [of sack and posset] a posset made of milk, sack, and
other ingredients.

SA’CRAFIELD Rents, certain small rents paid by some tenants of the
manor of Clinton in Somersetshire, to the lord of the manor.

SA’CRAMENT [sacramentum, Lat.] 1. A sign of an holy thing, con­
taining a divine mystery, with some promise annexed to it; or an out­
ward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace. 2. An oath, any
ceremony producing an obligation. 3. The eucharist; or holy commu­
nion. See RITE.

SACRAME’NTAL [of sacrament] of or pertaining to the sacrament.

SACRAMENTA’LLY, adv. [of sacramental] after the manner of a sa­
crament.

SACRAMENTA’RIANS, a general name given to all such as have held
erroneous doctrines concerning the Lords supper, and by the Roman Ca­
tholics to the Protestants.

SACRAMENTA’RIUM, Lat. an ancient church-book, comprehending
all the prayers and ceremonies practised at the celebration of the sacra­
ments.

SACRAME’NTUM, Lat. [in law] an oath, the common form of all in­
quisitions made by a legal jury.

SACRAMENTUM Altaris, Lat. the sacrament of the mass, that which
is called by the Protestants the Lord's supper.

SA’CRED [sacer, Lat. sacré, Fr. sacro, It. and Sp.] 1. Holy, hal­
lowed, that deserves veneration. 2. That is not to be violated. 3. De­
dicated, consecrated. All his sacred things. Milton.

SACRED Writ, the book of the holy scriptures, the Old and New
Testament.

SA’CREDLY, adv. [from sacred] holily, religiously, inviolably.

SA’CREDNESS [of sacer, Lat. sainteté, Fr. sanctitas, Lat.] holiness.

SACRI’FIC [sacrificus, Lat.] employed in sacrifice.

SACRI’FICABLE [from sacrificor, Lat.] capable of being offered in sa­
crifice. Brown.

SACRIFICA’TOR [sacrificateur, Fr. of sacrificor, Lat.] a sacrificer, one
that offers sacrifice. Brown.

SACRIFICA’TORY [from sacrificor, Lat.] offering sacrifice.

To SA’CRIFICE, verb act. [sacrifier, Fr. sacrificar, Sp. of sacrifico,
Lat.] 1. To offer up in sacrifice. 2. To devote or give one's self up to.
3. To quit or leave a thing upon some consideration. 4. To destroy, to
kill..

To SACRIFICE, verb neut. to make offerings, to offer sacrifice.

SA’CRIFICE, Fr. [sacrificio, It. and Sp. sacrificum, of sacra, holy
things, and facio, Lat. to perform] 1. An offering made to God on
an altar by a regular minister. 2. The thing offered to heaven, or im­
molated. Human sacrifice. Milton. 3. Any thing destroyed or quitted
for something else.

SA’CRIFICER [of sacrifice] one who offers sacrifices. An old Roman
sacrificer. Addison.

SACRIFI’CIAL, adj. [ from sacrifice] performing sacrifice, included in
sacrifice. Sacrificial rites. Taylor.

SA’CRILEGE, Fr. [sacrilegium, Lat.] the crime of appropriating to
himself what is devoted to religion; the crime of violating sacred things.

SACRILE’GIOUS [sacrilege, Fr. sacrilegio, It. and Sp. of sacrilegus, Lat.]
of, pertaining to, or guilty of sacrilege.

SACRILE’GIOUSLY, in a sacrilegious manner.

SA’CRING, part. [This is a participle of the French verb sacer; the
verb is not used in English] consecrating. The sacring of the kings of
France. Temple.

SACRILE’GIOUSNESS [of sacrilége, Fr. of sacrilegium, Lat.] sacrilegious
nature or quality, or the stealing of sacred things.

SA’CRIST [sacristarius, Lat.] a vestry-keeper or sexton.

SA’CRILEGE, Fr. [sacrilegio, It. and Sp. of sacrilegium, Lat.] the
stealing of sacred things, church-robbing; the crime of profaning sacred
things, or alienating them to laymen, or common uses, what was given
to pious uses and religious persons.

SACRI’STAN [sacristarius, Lat. sacristain, Fr. sagrestano, It.] a sexton,
a vestrey-keeper.

SA’CRISTY, the vestrey, the place where the vessels and ornaments of
the church were kept.

SACROLUMBA’RIS, or SACROLU’MBUS [in anatomy] a muscle arising
from the superior part of the os sacrum, posterior of the ilium, and trans­
verse processes of the vertebræ of the loins. This, with the serratus
posticus and triangularis, help to contract the ribs in respiration. See
DORSI Longissimus.

Os SACRUM, Lat. [with anatomists] the sacred bone, the lower ex­
tremity of the spina dorsi, being that whereon we sit. It is the broadest
of all the bones of the back, which bears up all the other vetebræ, some­
thing resembling a triangle in form.

SAD [prob. of sat, Teut. of satur, Lat. full, i. e. of grief] 1. Sorrow­
ful, full of grief. Sad for their lots. Pope. 2. Gloomy, heavy, not
chearful. See in her cell sad Eloisa spread. Pope. 3. Serious, not
light, grave. A sad and religious woman. Bacon. 4. Afflictive, cala­
mitous. 5. Bad, inconvenient, vexatious: A word of burlesque com­
plaint. 6. Dark coloured. 7. Heavy, weightily ponderous: obso­
lete. 8. Cohesive, not light, firm, close. Chalky lands are naturally
cold and sad. Mortimer.

To SA’DDEN. 1. To make sad. 2. To make melancholy. 3. To
make of a deep colour, to make heavy. 4. To make cohesive. Marl
is binding and saddening of land. Mortimer.

SA’DDLE [sadel, C. Brit. sadl, Sax. saal or sadel, Su. sadell, C. Brit.
sadull, Isl. sedel, Alam. sadel, Du. and L. Ger. sattel, Ger. selle, Fr.
sella, It. silla, Sp. sella, Lat.] a seat for a horseman.
Set the SADDLE on the right horse.
This proverb is sometimes applied to Laying the blame on those who
deserve it; which is its most general signification; but it is, however,
sometimes understood to imply Laying the burden on those who are best able
to bear it.

SADDLE [or Chine] of venison.

To SA’DDLE [of sadel, Brit. or sadlian, Sax. sadelen, Du. satteln, H.
Ger.] 1. To put on a saddle. 2. To embarrass; as, to saddle a cause.
3. To furnish; as, to saddle a spit.

SA’DDLE-BACKED [of saddle and back] having the back bent in form
of a saddle.

SA’DLERS are a company of great antiquity; they were incorporated
in the reign of king Edward I. and confirmed by several succeeding
kings:
They consist of a master, 3 wardens, 22 assistants, 65 on the livery,
&c. Their livery fine is 10l.
Their arms are, azure, a chevron, between three saddles or. Their
supporters two horses argent, bridled gules, bitted of the secend. The
motto, Our trust is in God. Their hall is near the west end of Cheap­
side.

SA’DDUCEES [so called, as some say, of ךודצ, Heb. Sadok, their first
founder; or, as others, of ךדצ, Heb. justice] a sect among the Jews,
esteemed as deists or free thinkers.

SA’DDUCISM, the principles and doctrines of the Sadducees. They
allowed no books of the scripture, but the five books of Moses; they
denied the being of angels and spirits, the immortality of the soul, and
the resurrection of the body.

SA’DLY. 1. Sorrily, pitifully, illy. 2. Sorrowfully, mournfully.

SADNESS. 1. Grief, melancholy. 2. Melancoly look. 3. Se­
riousness, sedate gravity.

SAFE, adj. [σωος, Gr. salvus, Lat. sauve, Fr. salvo, It. and Sp.] 1.
Out of danger, secure. 2. Free from hurt. 3. Conferring security. I
follow thee, safe guide, the path thou lead'st me. Milton. 4. Rendered
incapable of doing mischief. 5. Trusty, deserving confidence.

SAFE, subst. a vessel, or sort of cupboard, contrived with holes to let
in air, to keep cold victuals in.

SAFE Conduct [sauve conduit, Fr.] 1. A security or protection given
by the king under the great seal, for a stranger's quiet coming in or go­
ing out of the realm. 2. Convoy, guard through an enemy's country.

SAFE-Guard [sauve garde, Fr.] the protection which a prince, or
other magistrate, gives to such persons who implore aid against oppres­
sion or the violence of some person, for seeking his right by course of law.

SAFE-Guard [in war] a protection given by the prince, or his general,
to some of the enemy's country, to secure them from being plundered
and pillaged by his soldiers, or quartering them; also soldiers placed in
in such places for that purpose.

SAFE-Guard, a sort of dust gown, or upper riding garment, worn by
women.

To SA’FEGUARD [from the noun] to guard, to protect. Shakespeare.

SAFE-Pledge [in law] a security given for a person's appearance at the
day appointed.

SA’FELY. 1. Securely, without danger. 2. Without hurt.

SA’FENESS [of sauve, Fr. safe] safety, security.

SA’FETY [from safe] 1. Freedom from danger. 2. Exemption from
hurt. 3. Preservation from hurt. 4. Custody, security from escape.

SA’FFLOW, bastard saffron.

SA’FFETA. See SO’FFETA.

SA’FFRON, subst. [safran, Fr.] part of the flower of the crocus.

FA’FFRON of Gold [with chymists] a chymical preparation of gold,
that being fired makes an explosion like gun-powder, called also aurum
fulminans.

SAFFRON of Mars [with chemists] saffron of steel, so called from its
red colour.

SA’FFRON, adj. yellow, of the colour of saffron. And waved her saf­
fron streamers through the sky. Dryden.

To SAG, verb neut. [of sac, Sax. a bag] to hang as a bag on one
side.

To SAG, verb act. to load, to burden.

SAGATHEE’, a slight woollen stuff, being a kind of ratcen or serge
sometimes mixed with a little silk.

SAGA’CIOUS [sagaz, Sp. sagace, It. sagax, Lat.] 1. Quick of appre­







hension, subtle, shrewd. 2. Quick of scent. The sagacious hou nds
Dryden.

SAGA’CIOUSLY [of sagacious] 1. With quick scent. 2. Subtly,
shrewdly.

SAGA’CIOUSNESS, or SAGA’CITY [sagacité, Fr. sagacità, It. sagacidàd,
Sp. sagacitas, Lat.] 1. Sharpness of wit, quickness of apprehension, &c.
2. Quickness of scent.

SAGAPE’NUM [σαγαπενον, Gr.] the gum of the plant fennel-giant.

SA’GDA, a kind of gem, about the size of a bean, of a leek-green co­
lour, which attracts wood, as amber does straws, a loadstone iron, &c.

SAGE. adj. Fr. [sagio, It. sabio, Sp.] prudent, wise, discreet consider­
ing.

SAGE, subst. Fr. [sagio, It.] a wise, prudent, discreet man.

SAGE [salvia, It. Sp. and Lat. sauge, Fr.] a fragrant and wholesome
herb, a purifier of the blood, and comforter of the brain and nerves.

SA’GELY, adv. [of sage] wisely, prudently.

SA’GENESS [sagesse, Fr. of faggio, It.] wisdom, prudence, gravity.

SAGI’TTA [in architecture] the key piece of an arch.

SAGITTA, Lat. [with botanists] the upper part of any small cyon,
graft, or twig of a tree; also the herb adder's tongue.

SAGITTA, Lat. [with astronomers] an arrow; a constellation in the
heavens, consisting of eight stars.

SAGITTA [in geometry] the versed sine of an arch; so called, be­
cause standing on the chord, it resembles a dart.

SAGITTA’LIS Sutura, Lat. [with anatomists] a future or seam in the
skull; so called from its resemblance to an arrow in shape; it begins at
the coronal future, and ends at the lambdoidal.

SAGITA’RIUS, one of the signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters the
21st of November; its character is .

SAGITTA’RIA [in botany] the herb water-archer or arrow-head.

SAGITTI’FEROUS [sagittifer, of sagitta, an arrow, and fero, Lat. to
bear] bearing arrows, or a shaft of them.

SA’GO, a certain drug, a kind of eatable grain.

SA’GUM, a military garment, a sort of cassock covering the thighs,
and sustaining the sword, worn by the Greeks, Romans and Gauls.

SA’ICK [saica, It.] a Turkish vessel, proper for the carriage of mer­
chandize.

SAID, pret. and part pass. of to say. 1. Aforesaid. 2. Declared, shewed.

To SAI’GNER a Moat [in fortification] is to empty and draw out the
water, by conveyances under ground, that it may be passed over the
more easily, after they have laid hurdles or rushes on the mud that re­
mains.

To SAIL, verb neut. [seglian, Sax. seyle, Dan. segla. Su. zeylen, Du.
seegeln, Ger.] 1. To swim. 2. To pass through the sea in a ship, or
vessel, having sails. 3. To swim. As little dolphins when they sail.
Dryden. 4. To pass smoothly along. And sails upon the bosom of the
air. Shakespeare.

To SAIL, verb act. 1. To pass by means of sails. 2. To fly through.
Sublime she sails th’aerial space. Pope.

SAIL [segl, Sax. seyhel, seyl, Du.] 1. The expanded sheet that
catches wind, and carries the ship thro' the water. 2. [In poetry]
wings. 3. A ship, a vessel. 4. A collective word denoting the num
ber of ships; as, the fleet consisted of twenty sail. 5. The vane of a
windmill.

Main-SAIL, that which belongs to the main-yard.

Fore-Top-SAIL, that which belongs to the fore-top-mast yard.

After-SAILS, are those of the main and missen-masts, which serve to
keep a ship to the wind.

Head-SAILS, are those that belong to the fore-mast and bolt-sprit, and
are used to keep a ship from the wind, and flat her.

SAILS [in falconry] the wings of a hawk.

SAI’LORS, seamen employed in navigating ships.

SAIM [saime, It.] lard.

SAI’NFOIN, Fr. holy-grass, meddick-fodder, trefoil.

SAINT [sanctus, Lat. saint, Fr. santo, It.] a holy or godly person,
one eminent for piety and virtue.

To SAINT, verb neut. [from the noun] to act with a shew of piety.

To SAINT, verb act. to number among the saints.

SAI’NTED, adj. [from saint] 1. Holy, pious, virtuous. 2. Ranked
among the saints. 3. Sacred. Among th' enthroned gods on sainted
hills. Milton.

SAINT-John's-Wort, the name of a plant used in physic.

SAI’NTLIKE [of saint and like] 1. Suiting a saint, becoming a saint.
2. Resembling a saint.

SAI’NTLY, adj. [from saint] like a saint, becoming a saint.

SAI’NTSHIP [from saint] the qualities or character of a saint. Pope.

SAKE [saca, Sax.] 1. Cause, end, purpose. 2. Account, regard to
any person or thing.

SA’KER [sacre, Sp. sagro, It. in falconry] a sort of hawk.

SA’KER [sacre, Sp. sagro, It.] a sort of great gun, of which there are
three sizes.

SAKER Extraordinary, one which is four inches diameter at the bore,
and 10 foot long; its load 5 lb. its shot 3 inches ½ diameter, and its
weight 7 pounds; its point blank shot is 363 paces.

SAKER Ordinary, one that is three inches in diameter at the bore,
and 9 foot long; its load 4 lb. its shot 3 inches ¾ diameter, its point
blank shot 360 paces.

SAKER, least size, is 3 inches ½ diameter at the bore, and 8 foot long;
its load near 3 pounds ½, its shot 4 lb. ¾, its diameter 3 inches, its point
blank shot 350 paces.

SAKERE’T [in falconry] the male of a saker-hawk. This kind of
hawks are esteemed next after the falcon and gyrfalcon, but are diffe­
rently to be managed.


SAL

SAL, Lat. salt.

SAL Alkali [of the herb called kali by the Arabians] an ingredient
used in glass-making.

SAL Armoniac, or SAL Ammoniac, so called of αμμος, Gr. sand, be­
cause in ancient times digged up in lumps from under the sands in Cyre­
niaca in Africa; but that which we now have is commonly made arti­
ficially in Egypt, &c.

SAL Gemmæ, Lat. a salt digged up for the most part in Poland, &c.
and so named from its transparent and crystalline brightness.

SAL Petræ, Lat. salt-petre. See NITRE.

SAL Polychrestum, Lat. [αλς πολυχρηςος. Gr. so called, as being good
for many uses] a preparation of salt-petre, made by burning equal parts
of that with sulphur, which deprives it of its volatile parts.

SAL Prunellæ, Lat. is salt-petre, which has had some of its volatile
parts separated from it, by burning a 30th part of its weight of flower of
brimstone, when the salt-petre has been melted in a crucible.

SAL Volatile Oleosum, Lat. an aromatic volatile salt, of sal armoniac,
distilled with salt of tartar, and dulcified with spirits of wine, a pro­
per quantity of some aromatic oil or essence, drawn from one or more
sweet-scented plants, being added to it.

SALA’CIOUS [salax, Lat.] lustful, lecherous, wanton.

SALA’CIOUSLY, adv. [of salacious] lecherously, lustfully.

SALA’CIOUSNESS, or SALA’CITY [salacitas, Lat.] salacity, lechery,
lustfulness.

SA’LAD [salade, Fr.] a sallet, a food of raw herbs.

SALAD, a kind of head-piece or armour worn by light-horse-men.

SALAMA’NDER [salamandre, Fr. salamandra, Lat.] a spotted creature,
something resembling a lizard in shape; commonly, but erroneously,
supposed to breed and subsist in the hottest fire, and to quench it.

SALAMANDER's Hair, or SALAMANDER's Wool, a kind of asbestos, or
mineral flax.

SALAMA’NDRINE [from salamander] resembling a salamander.

SA’LARY [salaire, Fr. salario, It. and Sp. of salarium, Lat.] 1. Wa­
ges given to servants. 2. An annual pension or allowance. 3. [In a
law sense] a consideration or recompence made to a man for his pains
and industry in the business of another man.

SALE [of sellan, Sax.] 1. The act of selling. 2. Vent, market, 3.
State of being venal, price. 4. Spenser uses it to signify a wicker bas­
ket, perhaps from sallow, in which fish are caught.

SA’LEABLE, that is fit to be sold, vendible.

SA’LEABLENESS, fitness for sale.

SA’LEABLY, adv. [from saleable] in a saleable manner.

SALE’BROUS [salebrosus, Lat.] rough, uneven, craggy.

SALE’BRITY, or SALE’BROUSNESS [of salebrosus, Lat.] unevenness,
roughness, cragginess.

SA’LESWORK [of sale and work] work done for the salesmen; work
carelesly done.

SA’LESMAM [of sale, Sax.] one who sells clothes or any commodity.

SA’LIANT Angle [in fortification] an angle which carries its point out­
wards from the body of the work.

SALIANT [in heraldry] is when the right foot answers to the dexter
corner of the escutcheon, and the hindermost foot to the sinister base
point of it, being, as it were, in a readiness to spring forward.

SALIA’RIA [among the Romans] a solemnity held in March, in ho­
nour of Mars, whose priests, at the feast, danced with targets in their
hands.

SALICA’STRUM, Lat. a wild vine, running on willow-trees.

SA’LIENT [saliens, Lat.] 1. Leaping, bounding, moving by leaps.
2. Beating, panting. A salient point, so first is call'd the heart. Black­
more. 3. Springing or shooting with a quick motion. The salient spout,
sar streaming to the skies. Pope.

SA’LIGOT, a plant, the water-caltrop, or water-nut.

SALI’I [among the Romans] priests of Mars, so called of saliendo,
dancing, whereof there were 12 instituted by Numa, who upon a great
plague in Rome, having implored the divine assistance, had a small brass
buckler, called ancile, sent him from heaven; he was advised by the
nymph Egeria and the muses, to keep it carefully, the fate of the empire
depending upon it: he therefore made eleven more so very like, that
they could not be distinguished, which were delivered to the keeping of
the 12 salii, priests chosen out of the noblest families, to be laid up in the
temple of Mars; upon whose yearly festival, the first of March, they
were carried about the city with much solemity, dancing, clashing the
bucklers, and singing hymns to the gods; they were answered by a cho­
rus of virgins drest like themselves, who were chosen to assist them upon
that occasion; the festival was ended with a sumptuous feast.

SALI’NE, or SALI’NOUS [salin, Fr. salo, It. of salinus, Lat.] salt, bri­
nish.

SALI’NENESS, or SALI’NOUSNESS [of salinosus, Lat.] saltness, or salt
quality.

SALI’NITROUS [of sal and nitron] compounded with salt or salt­
petre.

SALI’NO Sulphureous, of a saline and sulphureous quality.

SALINO-SAPONA’CEOUS, of a composition of salt and soap, or some­
thing of a sopy quality.

SA’LIQUE Law [so called of the words si aliquæ often mentioned in it,
or of the river Sala, near which the Franks antiently inhabited] an an­
tient and fundamental law of the kingdom of France; as to the author
of which it is disputed; by virtue of which the crown of France cannot
fall from the lance to the distaff, i. e. be inherited by a woman.

SA’LISBURY, the capital of Wiltshire, situated at the conflux of the
Bourne, Nadder, Willy and Avon, 83 miles from London. It is the see
of a bishop. (see the arms on Plate IX.) and sends two members to
parliament.

SA’LIVA Spittle, Lat. a thin pellucid humour, separated by the glands,
about the mouth and fauces, and conveyed by proper salival ducts into
the mouth, for several uses.

SALIVA’LES Ductus, Lat. [in anatomy] the passages of the saliva.

SALIVA’RIOUS [salivarius, Lat.] like spittle.

To SA’LIVATE [salivare, Lat.] to gather or make spittle, to cause
rheum to flow out of the mouth.

SALIVA’TION, Fr. [salivazione, It of salivatio, Lat. with surgeons,
&c.] a fluxing or drawing humours out of the mouth by salivating medi­
cines, especially such as are preparations of mercury.

SALIVA’TION [with physicians] a preternatural increase of spittle. See
PTYELISM.

SA’LIVOUS [from saliva] consisting of spittle, having the nature of
spittle.

SA’LIX, Lat. the sallow or willow-tree.

SA’LLET [sallade, Fr.] a dish of raw herbs, with vinegar, salt, &c.

SA’LLEANCE [from sally] the act of issuing forth: A word not in
use.

SA’LLOW [saule, Fr. salix, Lat.] a kind of willow tree, or the goat's
willow.

SALLOW [of saule, Fr. foul, salo, Ger. black] sickly, yellow.

SA’LLOWNESS [of sallow] yellowness, sickly paleness.

SA’LLY. 1. An issuing out of the besieged from their fort or town,
and falling upon the besiegers to cut them off, nail their cannon, hinder
the progress of their approaches, destroy their works, &c. 2. Range,
excursion. 3. Flight, volatile or sprightly exertion. Sallies of wit.







Stillingfleet. 4. Levity, extravagant flight, frolic, wild gaiety. A
sally of youth. Denham.

To SA’LLY [salire, Lat. to leap, sc. forth, saillér, Fr. salir, Sp.] to
issue forth, to make an eruption.

To cut off a SALLY [in war] is to get between those that made it and
the town.

SALLY-Port, a door in the body of a fortified place, through which
the sally is made.

SALMAGU’NDI, or SALMINGU’NDIN, a dish made of cold turkey, an­
chovies, lemons, oil, and other ingredients.

SA’LMON, Sp. [saumon, Fr. sermone, It. of salmo, Lat.] a large fine
fish.

SALMON-Peel, a fish much like to salmon, so plentiful in some rivers
in Wales, that they are not much valued.

SALMON-Pipe, an engine or device for catching salmon and other-like
fish.

SALMON-Seuse. the young fry of salmons.

SALMON-Trout, a young salmon.

SALOA’CID [salsus and acidus, Lat.] having a taste compounded of
saltness and sourness.

SALOO’N [salon, Fr. in architecture] a state room for the reception of
ambassadors, and other great visitors. A very lofty spacious hall, vault­
ed at top, and sometimes having two stories or ranges of windows; a
grand room in the middle of a building, or head of a gallery, &c.
All the modern northern people name, what we call HALL (in every sig­
nification) sael, sale, or sahl, in different dialects.

SA’LPICON [in cookery] a kind of ragoo or farce made of gammon,
capon's livers, fat pullets, mushrooms, and truffles, to put into holes
cut in legs of beef, veal, mutton, &c.

SALSAMENTA’RIOUS [salsamentarius, Lat.] of, or pertaining to salt
things.

SALPE’TROUS, of or pertaining to, or of the quality of salt-petre.

SALPRO’TIC. See PULVIS FULMINANS.

SA’LSIFIE, the plant called goat's beard.

SALSU’GINOUS [of salsugo, Lat.] saltish, somewhat salt.

SALT, subst. [sealt, Sax. salt, Su. and Dan. sout, Du. solt, O. and
L. Ger. saltz, H. Ger. sel, Fr. sale, It. sal, Lat.] 1. The third of the five
chemical principles, the first of those that chemists call hypostatical; it
being an active substance, and said to give consistence to all bodies, and
to preserve them from corruption; and also to occasion all the variety of
tastes, and is of three kinds. 2. Taste, smack. We have some salt
of our youth in us. Shakespeare. 3. Wit, merriment.

Essential SALT, is a salt drawn from the juice of plants by crystal­
lization.

Fixed SALT [in chemistry] is made by calcining or reducing the mat­
ter to ashes, and then boiling it in a good quantity of water, and after­
wards straining the liquor, and evaporating all the moisture; which being
done, the salt will remain in a dry form at the bottom of the vessel.

SALT of Glass, is the scum which is separated from the matter, before
it is vitrified or turned into glass.

SALT of Tartar [in chemistry] is made either by pulverizing that
which remains of it in the retort, after the distillation of it, or else by
calcining bruised tartar, wrapped up in a paper, till it turns white.

Volatile SALT [with chemists] is that which is principally drawn from
the bodies or parts of living creatures, and from some fermented and
putrified parts of plants.

SALT, adj. 1. Having the taste of salt; as, salt-fish. 2. Impregnated
with salt. A leap into the salt waters very often gives a new motion to
the spirits. Addison. 3. Abounding with salt. 4. [Salax, Lat.] leche­
rous, salacious.

To SALT [souten, Du. solten, O. and L. Ger. saltzen, H. Ger. sel­
ler, Fr. salar, Sp. salire, Lat.] to season or pickle with salt.

SALT-PAN, or SALT-PIT [of salt and pan, or pit] a pit, or place
where salt is got.

SALT-PETRE. See NITRE.

SALTA’TION [saltatio, Lat.] 1. A dancing or leaping. 2. Beat, pal­
pitation. Wiseman.

SA’LTCAT, a large lump of salt, made in a particular manner at the
salterns.

SA’LTCELLAR [of salt and cellar] a small vessel for holding salt on
the table.

SA’LTER. 1. One who sells or trades in salt or salt-fish. 2. One who
salts.

SA’LTERN, a salt-work, a place where salt is made.

SA’LTERS, were incorporated by king Henry VIII. They consist of
a master, 3 wardens, 28 assistants, 140 on the livery, besides yeomanry.
The armorial ensigns are; per chevron azure and gules, three covered
salts or, sprinkling salt proper. On a helmet and torse, issuing out of a
cloud argent, a sinister arm proper, holding a salt as the former. Sup­
porters two otters argent, plattee gorg'd with ducal coronets, thereto a
chain affix'd and reflected over their loins or. The motto, Sal sapit om­
nia. Their hall is in Swithin's-Lane.

SA’LTFLEET, a market-town of Lincolnshire, 138 miles from
London.

SALTINBA’NCO, It. a mountebank.

SALTI’RE [in heraldry] is an ordinary that consists of a four-fold line,
two of which are drawn from the dexter-chief towards the sinister-base
corners, and the other from the sinister-chief towards the dexter-base
points, meeting about the middle by couples in acute angles.

SA’LTISH [from salt] something salt.

SALTI’SHNESS, having a saltish relish.

SA’LTNESS [from salt] taste of salt.

SALTS [saltus, Lat.] the leaping or prancing of a horse.

SA’LT-SILVER, an antient customary payment of one penny at the
festival of St. Martin, made by several tenants to their lord, to be ex­
cused from the service of carrying their lord's salt from market to his
larder.

SA’LTUARY [saltuarius, Lat.] a forester.

SALTUO’SE [saltuosus, Lat.] full of forests or woods.

SA’LTUS [in law] high or tall wood, in distinction from coppice or
under-wood.

SA’LTZ, or SULTZ [with chemists] a pickle made of salt, dissolved
by the coldness or moisture of a cellar.

SA’LVABLE [from salvo, Lat.] possible to be saved.

SA’LVABLENESS [of salvus, Lat. safe] capableness of being saved.

SALVABI’LITY [of salvus, Lat.] in a condition to be saved; a possibi­
lity of being saved.

SA’LVA Gardia [in law] a security given by the king to a stranger,
who is afraid of being used in a violent manner by some of his subjects,
for seeking his right by a course of law.

SA’LVAGE [sauvage, Fr.] a recompence allowed to such persons as
have assisted in saving merchandizes, ships, &c. from perishing by
wrecks, or by pyrates, or enemies.

SALVATI’LLA [of salus, Lat. health] a famous branch of the cepha­
lic vein, passing over the metacarpus, between the ring-finger and the lit­
tle finger: so called, because it has been a received opinion, that the
opening that vein was a cure for melancholy.

SALVA’TION [salvazione, It. salvaciòn, Sp. of salvatio, Lat.] a being
saved and admitted to a state of everlasting happiness.

SA’LVATORY [salvatorium, Lat.] 1. A place where any thing is pre­
served. 2. A surgeon's box, with partitions for holding several sort of
salves, ointments, balsams, &c.

SALU’BRIOUS [salubre, Fr. and It. of saluber, Lat.] wholesome,
healthful.

SALU’BRITY [salubritas, Lat. salubrité, Fr. salubrità, It.] whole­
someness, healthfulness.

To SALVE [sauver, Fr. of salvare, It. and Lat.] 1. To cure with
medicines, to save or preserve. 2. To make up a business, so as to
come off well, to accommodate a difference. 3. [From salve, Lat.] to
salute; obsolete.

SALVE [sealf, Sax. silfwa, Su. salve, Du. salve, Ger.] 1. An ungu­
ent or medecinal composition for plaisters, &c. 2. Help, remedy. Hath
the doctrine of meekness any salve for me? Hammond.

SALVE, Lat. God save you, I wish you health.

SALVEDI’CTION, Lat. a wishing health to others.

SA’LVER [of sauver, Fr. to save] 1. One who has saved a ship or
its merchandizes. 2. A piece of wrought plate to set glasses of wine,
cups of liquor, &c. on.

SA’LVIA [in botany] the herb sage, so called from its salutiferous
quality.

SA’LVO [from salvo jure, Lat. a form used in granting any thing] an
exception, a come off.

SA’LUTARINESS, wholesomeness, healthfulness.

SA’LUTARY [salutaire, Fr. of salutarius, Lat.] healthful, wholesome,
safe, advantageous to health.

SALUTARY Diseases [with physicians] such as are not only curable,
but leave the constitution in better state than before.

SALUTA’TION, Fr. [salutazione, It. salutaciòn, Sp. of salutatio, Lat.]
a saluting, a greeting; the formal act of shewing respect or civility, ei­
ther in words, or gesture of the body.

SALUTATO’RES, i. e. saluters, a sect of enthusiasts or of imposters in
Spain, of the order of St. Catharine, who pretended to the cure of
many distempers. by touching or only breathing upon the patient. See
BRANDEUM and EUNOMIANS, compared.

To SALU’TE [saluër, Fr. saludar, Sp. of saluto, Lat.] 1. To greet, to
hail. 2. To kiss. 3. To please, to qualify.

SALU’TE [salut, Fr. saluto, It.] 1. An outward mark of civility, as
a bow, a greeting. 2. A kiss. 3. [In military affairs] a discharge of
cannon, or small arms, in respect and honour to some person of
quality.

A SALUTE to Princes, Generals, &c. is performed by bowing the co­
lours down to the ground at their feet.

SALUTI’FEROUS [of salutifer, Lat.] bringing health, healthy.

SA’MBUCUS, Lat. [in botany] the elder tree.

SAMBUCUS, an antient musical instrument of the wind kind, and re­
sembling a flute.

SAME [perhaps of same, Sax. together, samme, Dan. samma, Goth.
sam, Celt.] 1. Identical, not another. 2. That which was mentioned
before.

SA’MENESS [of same and nesse, Sax.] indenty, not different.

SA’MIAN Earth, a medicinal earth, brought from Samos in Asia.

SA’MLET, a young salmon.

SAMOSETE’NIANS [so called of Samojetenus, bishop of Antioch] an
antient sect of anti-trinitarians.

SA’MPHIRE, or SA’MPIRE [Minshew supposes it to be derived of St.
Pierre, Fr. q. d. St. Peter's herb] a plant which generally grows upon
rocky cliffs in the sea.

SA’MPLAR, or SA’MPLER [exemplare, Lat.] a pattern or model; also
a piece of canvas, on which girls learn to mark, or work letters and fi­
gures, with a needle.

SA’MPLE [exemplare, or exemplum, Lat.] some part of a commodity,
given as a pattern, to shew the quality or condition of it.

To SA’MPLE, to show something similar. Ainsworth.

SAMPSAE’IANS, a sect, neither properly Jews, Christians, nor Gen­
tiles: they allow of one God, and are staunch unitarians.

SAMPSU’CHINON [σαμψνχινον, Gr.] an ointment wherein marjoram
is the chief ingredient.

SA’MPSUCHUM [σαμψνχον, of ψαιεν ψυχην, Gr. healing the mind] sweet
marjoram.


SAN

SA’NABLE [sanabile, It. of sanabilis, Lat.] curable, that may be heal­
ed or cured.

SA’NABLENESS [of sanabilis, Lat.] capableness of being healed.

SANA’TION [sanatio, Lat.] the act of curing.

SA’NATIVE [sanativo, It. of sanare, Lat.] of a healing quality.

SA’NATIVENESS [of sanare, Lat.] an healing quality.

SA’NCE Bell [q. d. saint's-bell, or the sanctus-bell, formerly rung, when
the priest said, sanctus, sanctus, dominus, deus sabaoth] a little bell in
church-steeples.

SANCTIFICA’TION [santificazione, It. sanctification, Sp. of santificatio,
Lat.] 1. A hollowing or making holy and separate to God. 2. The
state of being free from the dominion of sin.

To SA’NCTIFY [sanctifier, Fr. santificare, It. sanctificàr, Sp. of sanc­
tifico, Lat.] 1. To free from the power of sin. 2. To make holy. 3.
To free from guilt. 4. To secure from violation.

SANCTI’LOQUENT [sanctiloquus, Lat.] speaking of divine things.

SANCTI’MONIOUS [sanctimonius, Lat.] of, or pertaining to holiness.

SANCTIMO’NIOUSNESS, or SA’NCTIMONY [santimonia, It. sanctimonia,
Lat.] holiness, devoutness.

SA’NCTION, Fr. [of sanctio, Lat.] 1. A decreeing, enacting or esta­
blishing any decree or ordinance; also the decree or ordinance itself:







the authority given to any judicial degree or act, whereby it becomes le­
gal or current. 2. A law, a decree ratified; improper.

SA’NTITUDE [from sanctus, Lat.] holiness, goodness.

SA’NCTITY [saintété, Fr. santità, It. santidàd, Sp. [of sanctitas, Lat.]
1. Holiness. 2. Goodness, purity, godliness. 3. Saint, holy being.
About him all the sanctities of heaven. Milton.

To SANCTUARISE [from sanctuary] to shelter by means of sacred
privileges. Shakespeare.

SA’NCTUA’RY [sanctuarie, Fr. santuario, It. and Sp. of sanctuarium,
Lat.] 1. A holy place, holy ground; properly the penetralia, or most
retired and aweful part of a temple. 2. A place of protection, a sa­
cred asylum. 3. Shelter, protection. In antient times, it was a place
privileged by the prince, for the safeguard of the lives of men, who
were capital offenders. Traitors, murderers, &c. were protected in
these sanctuaries, if they acknowledged their fault in forty days, and
consented to banishment; but after forty days no man might relieve
them. Of these sanctuaries, there were many in England.

SA’NCTUM Sanctorum, Lat. i. e. the holy of holies.

SAND [sand, Sax.] 1. A fine hard gravelly earth. 2. Barren coun­
try covered with sand. The Lybian sands. Milton.

SA’NDAL [sandale, Fr. sandalo, It. sandalia, sandalium, Lat.] a sort
of slipper or shoe for the foot, consisting of a sole, with a hollow at
one end to embrace the ancle.

SANDAL, a kind of wood brought from India.

SA’NDARAC. 1. A mineral of a bright red colour, not much unlike
red arsenic. 2. A white gum oozing out of the juniper-tree.

SA’NDBACH, a market-town of Cheshire, 153 miles from London.

SAND-Bags, are bags containing about a cubical foot of earth; they
are used for raising parapets in haste, or to repair what is beaten down;
they are of use when the the ground is rocky, and affords no earth to
carry on their approaches, because they can be easily brought from far
off, and removed at will. The smaller sand-bags hold about half a cu­
bical foot of earth, and serve to be placed upon the superior talus of bical bical foot of earth, and serve to be placed upon the superior talus of the
parapet, to cover those that are behind, who fire through the embrasures
or intervals which are left betwixt them.

SAND-Blind, purblind, or near-sighted.

SA’NDED, adj. [from sand] 1. Covered with sand, barren. 2. Marked
small spots, variegated with dusky or blackish specks.

SA’ND-EELS, eels which lie in the sand.

SAND-Heat [with chemists] one of their heats consisting of hot sand,
wherein herbs, flowers, &c. are infus'd in a cucurbit, in order to a di­
gestion.

SA’NDERLING, the name of a sea-bird.

SA’NDERS, a precious kind of Indian wood, of which there are three
forts, red, yellow, and white.

SA’NDEVER [suin de verre, Fr. i. e. the grease of glass] the dross of
glass, or the scum that arises from the ashes of the herb kali.

SA’ND-Gavel [in Redly in Gloucestershire] a duty paid to the lord of
the manor, by his tenants, for liberty to dig up sand for their use.

SA’NDISH, somewhat sandy, or like sand.

SA’NDSTONE [of sand and stone] a stone of a loose and friable texture,
that easily crumbles into sand.

SA’NDLING, a sea-fish.

SA’NDWICH, a town of Kent, 70 miles from London; it is one of
the Cinque-Ports, gives title of earl to a branch of the noble family of
Montague, and sends two members to Parliament, stiled barons of the
Cinque-ports.

SA’NDY [from sand] 1. Abounding with sand. 2. Consisting of
sand, unsolid.

SA’NDYX, 1. A red or purple colour, made of cerus and ruddle burnt
together. 2. Red arsenic. 3. A shrub bearing a flower of a scarlet
colour.

SANE [sanus, Lat.] sound, whole in his senses or right mind.

SANG. See To SING.

SA’NGIAC, a governor of a city or country in the Turkish dominions,
next in dignity to a Beglerbeg.

SANGUI’FEROUS [of sanguis, blood, and fero, Lat. to bear] conveying
blood. Derham.

SANGUIFICA’TION [with physicians] the conversion or turning of
chyle into blood.

SA’NGUIFIER [from sanguis, blood, and facio, Lat. to make] produ­
cer of blood. Floyer.

To SA’NGUIFY [sanguificare, Lat.] to make blood.

SANGUI’FLUOUS [sanguifluus, Lat.] flowing with blood.

SA’NGUINARINESS, blood thristiness, cruelty.

SA’NGUINARY, adj. [sanguinaire, Fr. of sanguinarius, Lat.] that de­
lights in shedding blood, blood-thirsty, cruel.

SA’NGUINE, adj. [sanguin, Fr. sanguigno, It. sanguino, Sp. of sangui­
neus, Lat.] 1. Full, or abounding with blood. 2. A being of a com­
plexion, where that humour is predominant. 3. Warm, ardent, confi­
dent.

SA’NGUINE, subst. blood-colour; obsolete.

SANGUINE Stone, a blood-stone; a kind of jasper, brought from New-
Spain, of a dark brown colour, marked with spots of a blood-red, used
for stopping blood.

SANGUINE [in heraldry] is expressed in engraving by lines hatched
cross one another diagonally, both dexter and sinister, as in Plate XII.
Fig. 14.

SANGUI’NESS, or SANGUI’NITY. 1. Nearness of blood. 2. Descent.
3. Sanguineness of complexion, humour, &c.

SANGUI’NEOUS [sanguineus, Lat. sanguin, Fr.] 1. Constituting blood.
2. Abounding with blood.

SA’NGUIS. See BLOOD.

SANGUIS Draconis, Lat. i. e. dragon's-blood, the gum of the dra­
gon-tree.

SA’NHEDRIN, Heb. [of συνεδριον, Gr.] the supreme council among the
antient Jews, or the court of judicature of their republic, wherein were
dispatched all the great affairs both of their religion and policy. This
consisted of the high-priest, and seventy seniors or elders. See PRES­
BYTERIANS and BISHOP, compared.

SA’NICLE [sanicula, Lat.] the herb self-heal.

SA’NIES, Lat. [in physic] a thin, serous matter issuing out of wounds
and ulcers.

SANIO’DES, or SANIDO’DES [of σανιδος, gen. of σανις, Gr. a table] a
disease when the breast is straitened and flattened-like a table.

SA’NIOUS, adj. [from sanies, Lat.] running a thin serous matter, not a
well-digested pus.

SA’NITY [sanitas, Lat.] soundness of mind.

SANK, the preterite of sink. See To SINK.

SANS, without; as, sans ceremonie, Fr. i. e. without ceremony or com­
plement; not in use.

SA’NTALUM, Lat. a hard, heavy, odoriferous, medicinal wood
brought from the East-Indies; the wood of the tree faunders.

SANTE’RNA, Lat. artificial borax, or gold sodder.

SANTO’NICA, Lat. [with botanists] a sort of wormwood.

SANTONICA [so called of the Santoons in France] a kind of worm­
wood.

SAP [sæpe, Sax. saft, Su. sap, Du. safft, Ger. seve, Fr.] 1. The
juice of trees, which, rising up from the root, runs to the ends of the
branches, and serves for their nourishment; also the softest and whitest
part of timber. 2. [Sape, Fr.] a digging with pick-axes, shovels, and
other such tools at the foot of a wall, or any building, to undermine and
overthrow it.

To SAP, verb act. [sapper, Fr. zappare, It.] to undermine, to sub­
vert by digging.

To SAP, verb neut. to proceed by way of mine, to proceed invisibly.

SA’PA [in medicine] an old form, like rob, which is a juice boiled
up to some consistence as that of grapes especially.

SAPHÆ’NA, Arab. [or of σαφης, Gr. easy to be seen] the crural vein,
a vein which descends under the skin of the thigh and leg, and turns
toward, the upper part of the foot, where its sends forth several
branches.

SAPHA’TUM [with surgeons] a dry scurf on the head.

SA’PHYR [in heraldry] is used, by those that blazon coat-armour by
precious stones, for azure.

SA’PID [sapidus, Lat.] relishing, favoury, palatable.

SA’PIDNESS, or SAPI’DITY [of sapidus, Lat.] savouriness, tastefulness.

SA’PIENCE [sapientia, Lat.] wisdom, knowledge.

SA’PIENT, adj. [sapiens, Lat.] wise, sage. Milton.

Dentes SAPIE’NTÆ, teeth, so called, because they do not appear till
persons are come to years of discretion.

SAPIE’NTEL, an epithet used of certain books of scripture, calculated
for our instruction and improvement, in prudence or moral wisdom, as
Proverbs, Canticles, Ecclesiastes, Ecclesiasticus, the Psalms, and book
of Job.

SAPIENTI’POTENT [sapientipotens, Lat.] mighty in wisdom.

SA’PLESS [of sæpeles, Sax.] 1. Without sap. 2. Dry, old, husky.

SA’PLESSNESS, the having no sap, wanting sap.

SA’PLING, a young tree full of sap.

SAFONA’CEOUS [of sapa, Lat. sope] soapy, like or pertaining to soap.

SAPONA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb soap-wort.

SAPOSA’PIENTIÆ, Lat. [with chemists] i. e. the soap of wisdom, i. e.
common salt.

SA’POR, Lat. taste, the power of affecting or stimulating the palate.

SAPORI’FIC [of saporificus, of sapor, flavour, and facio, Lat. to make]
causing favour, relish or taste.

SAPORIFIC Particles [in physics] are such, as by their action on the
tongue, occasion that sense we call favour or taste.

SAPORI’FICNESS [of saporificus, Lat.] a taste causing quality.

SA’POROUS [saporus, Lat.] favoury, relishing.

SA’POROUS Bodies [in physics] are such as are capable of yielding
some kind of taste, when touched with the tongue.

SA’PPHIC [in poetry] a kind of Greek and Latin verse, so called of
Sappho, a famous poetess of Mytelene, the inventress of it, consisting
of eleven syllables, or five feet, of which the first, fourth and fifth are
troches, the second a spondee, and the third a dactyl; as, sedibus gau­
dens váriis dolisque.

SA’PPHIRE [sapphirus, Lat. σαπφειρος, Gr.] a gem or precious stone,
of a beautiful azure, or sky-blue colour, transparent and glittering, with
golden sparkles.

SAPPHIRE [in heraldry] the blue colour in the coats of noblemen,
answering to the Jupiter in the coats of sovereign princes, and azure in
those of the gentry.

SAPPHIRE Rubies, are certain precious stones between blue and red,
which in effect are nothing but rubies, whose colour is not perfectly
formed.

SAPPHI’RINE [sapphirinus, Lat.] made of sapphire, resembling sap­
phire.

SA’PPINESS [sæpignesse, Sax.] the having sap.

SAPPING [of saper, Lat.] undermining.

SAPPING [in military art] a working under-ground to gain the des­
cent of a ditch, counterscarp, &c. and the attacking of a place. It is
performed hy digging a deep ditch, descending by steps from top to bot­
tom under a corridor, carrying it as far as the bottom of the ditch, when
that is dry, or the surface of the water, when wet.

SA’PPY [sapig, Sax.] 1. Abounding with sap. 2. Young, not firm,
weak.


SAR

SA’RABAND [sarabande, Fr.] a musical composition always in triple­
time, and is in reality no more than a minuet, the motions of which are
slow and serious.

SA’RABAND [sarabande, Fr. sarabanda, It. and Sp.] a dance to the
same measure which usually terminates when the hand rises, whereby it
is distinguished from a courant, which usually ends when the hand that
beats time fall; and is otherwise much the same as a minuet

SA’RACEN, or SARACE’NOIA, Lat. [with botanists] a sort of birth­
worth.

SA’RCASM [sarcasme, Fr. sarcasmo, It. of sarcasmus, Lat. σαρχασμος,
Gr.] a biting or nipping jest, a bitter scoff, a taunt, or a keen irony.
Hesychius explains it partly by the word irony, and partly by a laughter
mixt with bitterness.

SARCA’STICAL [from sarcasm] scoffing, biting, satirical, done by way
of sarcasm.

SARCA’STICALLY, adv. [from sarcastical] in a biting, satirical
manner.

SARCA’STICALNESS [of sarcasmicus, Lat. of σαρχασμος, Gr] scoffing­
ness, satiricalness.

SA’RCEL [with falconers] the pinion of a hawk's wing.

SA’RCENET [saracinetto, It. prob. q. d. Saracen's silk] a sort of thin
silk for women's hoods, &c.

SA’RCLING Time [of sarcler, Fr. to rake or weed] the time when hus­
bandmen weed the corn.

SA’RCOCE’LE [σαρχοχηλη, of σαρξ, flesh, and χηλη, Gr. a tumour] a







rupture or fleshy excrescence, rising about the testicle, or inner membrane
of the scrotum.

SARCOCOL’LA [of σαρξ and πολλα, Gr. glue] a gum oozing out of
a thorny tree in Persia or India.

SA’RCOEPIPLOOCELE [of σαρξ, επιπλοον and χηλη, Gr.] a carneous,
omental, or fleshy rupture.

SARCO’LOGY [σαρχολογια, Gr.] a discourse on the flesh, or the soft
parts of a human body.

SA’RCOMA [σαρχωμα, Gr.] a fleshy excrescence, or lump growing in
any part of the body, especially in the nostrils.

SARCOM’PHALUM [σαρχομφαλον, of σαρξ, flesh, and ομφαλος Gr. the
navel] a fleshy excrescence, or bunching out in the navel.

SARCOPHA’GOUS [of σαρξ, flesh, and φαγω, Gr. to eat] devouring
flesh.

SARCOPHAGUS, or SARCOPHA’GUM [σαρχοφαγος, of σαρξ and φαγω,
Gr. to eat] a tomb-stone or coffin, made of a stone, so called, because
it would consume a dead body in 40 days, and therefore the antients
laid in them those bodies they had not a mind to burn.

SA’RCOSIS [σαρχωσις, Gr.] the faculty of breeding flesh.

SARCO’TICS [σαρχοτιχα, Gr.] remedies proper to fill up wounds and
ulcers with new flesh.

SARCULA’TION [of sarculus, Lat. a weed] the act of weeding or
plucking up of weeds.

SA’RDA [σαρδα, Gr.] a precious stone of the colour of flesh, half
transparent.

SARDACHA’TES [σαρδαχατης, Gr.] a kind of agate of a cornelian
colour.

SA’RDEL, SA’RDIUS, or SA’RDINE Stone, a sort of onyx stone of a
blackish colour, called a carneol.

SARDO’NIAN, or SARDO’NIC Laughter] so named of the island Sar­
dinia] an involuntary shew of laughter, said to be caused by a con­
vulsive distortion of the muscles of the mouth; likewise by eating a ve­
nomous herb growing there; this laughter is immoderate and deadly.

SARDO’NIX [σαρδονυξ, Gr.] a precious stone, partly of the colour of a
man's nail, and partly of the colour of a cornelian stone.

SARDONYX [with heralds] the murry colour, in the coats of noblemen.

SARK [scyrk, Sax.] 1. A shark or shirt, a large sea-fish, which will
bite off a man's leg. 2. In Scotland it signifies a shirt.

SARKE’LLUS [in old records] a kind of unlawful net or engine for
destroying fish.

SARME’NTOUS [sarmentosus, Lat.] full of twigs or suckers.

SA’RPLAR of Wool [serpillere, Fr.] half a sack, containing 40 tod;
a pocket in Scotland.

SA’RPLIER [of serpilliere, Fr.] a piece of canvas for wrapping up
wares; a packing-cloth.

SARRASI’NE [in fortification] a sort of port-cullis, otherwise called an
herse, which is hung with a cord over the gate of a town or fortress,
and let down in case of a surprize.

SARSAPERI’LLA [in medicine] a plant growing in America, a sudo­
rific of great efficacy in several distempers.

SARSE, a sort of fine lawn sieve.

To SARSE [sasser, Fr.] to sift thro' a sarse or sierse.

SART [in agriculture] a piece of wood-land turned into arable.

SARTO’RIUS Musculus [with anatomists] the taylor's muscle, so called,
because ie serves to throw one leg across the other.

To SARVE a Rope [in sea language] is to lay on sinnet, yarn, can­
vas, &c.

SA’RUM New. See SALISBURY.

SARUM, Old, a borough of Wiltshire, one mile from Salisbury, which
tho' it at present consists of one farm-house only, sends two members to
parliament.

SASH [perhaps of sessa, It.] 1. A sort of girdle for tying night gowns,
&c. 2. An ornament worn by military officers.

SASH Windows, prob. of chassi, Fr. a frame] a window of wooden
work with large squares.

SASHOO’NS, leathers put about the small of the leg under a boot, to
prevent it from wrinkling, &c.

SA’SSAFRAS, or SA’XAFRAS [saxifraga, Lat. q. d. the break-stone] a
yellow, odoriferous wood, of a brisk aromatic scent, somewhat resem­
bling fennel, brought from Florida in America.

SA’SSE, a sluice or lock, especially in an artificial river, or one that
is cut, with flood-gates, to shut up or let out water, for the better pas­
sage of barges, boats, &c.


SAT

SAT, the preterite of sit. See To SIT.

SA’TAN [ןטש, Heb. i. e. an adversary] the devil, the prince of hell.
See DEVIL.

SATA’NICAL, or SATA’NIC [of Satan] of, or pertaining to Satan,
devilish.

SATA’NICALNESS [of Satan] devilishness.

SA’TCHEL [sachet, Fr. sacchetto, It. saquillo, Sp. of sacculus, Lat. sai­
kel, Ger.] a little bag or sack, commonly a bag used by school-boys in
carrying their books.

To SATE [satio, Lat.] to satiate.

SATE’LLITE, Fr. [satelles, Lat.] a secondary planet, moving round
another planet, as the moon does round the earth; thus named, because
always found attending its primary, from rising to setting.

SATELLITE Instrument [with mathematicians] an instrument invented
by Mr. Romer, mathematician to the king of France; to assist in find­
ing the longitude by sea or land, by the satellites of Jupiter. This may
be added to a watch.

SATELLITE Guard, a person who attends on another, either for his
safety, or to be ready to execute his pleasure.

Jupiter's SATE’LLITES [in astronomy] four little wandering stars, or
or moons, which moves round Jupiter's body, as that planet does
round about the sun; first discovered by Galilæo, by the help of a tele­
scope.

Saturn's SATELLITES [in astronomy] five little stars revolving about
the body of the planet Saturn; in the like manner discovered by Mr.
Cassini, in the year 1684.

SATELLI’TIOUS [from satelles, Lat.] consisting of satellites. Cheyne.

To SA’TIATE [saziare, It. saciàr, Sp. of satiare, Lat.] 1. To satis­
fy, to fill. 2. To glut, to pall, to fill beyond natural desire. 3. To
gratify desire. 4. To saturate, to impregnate with as much as can be
contained or imbided.

SA’TIATE, adj. [from the verb] glutted, full to satiety. In life's
cool ev'ning satiate of applause. Pope.

SA’TIETY [satieté, Fr. satieta, It. of satietas, Lat.] fulness, glut,
surfeit, more than enough.

SA’TIN, Fr. [drapo de setan, It. sattin, Du.] a soft, close, and shining
silk.

SATINE’T, a slight, thin satin.

SA’TIRE. Fr. [satira, anciently satura, Lat.] a poem, in which vice
and folly are severely censured.

SATI’RICAL, or SATI’RIC [satiricus, Lat. satirique, Fr.] 1. Belong­
ing to satire, employed in writing of invective. 2. Censorious, severe
in language.

SATI’RICALLY, adv. [from satirical] with invective, with intention
to censure.

SA’TIRIST [from satire] one who writes satires.

To SA’TIRIZE [satirizer, Fr. from satire] to censure, as in a sa­
tire.

SATISFA’CTION, Fr. [saddiffazione, It. satisfación, Sp. of satisfactio,
Lat.] 1. The being satisfied, content. 2. Payment, a making amends,
recompence. 3 Reparation of damage. 4. Gratification, that which
pleases.

SATISFA’CTIVE [satisfactus, Lat.] giving satisfaction.

SATISFA’CTORILY, adj. [from satisfactory] to satisfaction.

SATISFA’CTORINESS [from satifactory] power of satisfying, power of
giving content.

SATISFA’CTORY [satisfactoire, Fr.] 1. Sufficient to satisfy, to give
satisfaction. 2. Atoning, making amends.

To SA’TISFY, verb act. [satisfacere, Lat.] 1. To fill with meat. 2.
To humour, content, or please. 3. To convince. 4. To discharge a
debt.

To SA’TISFY, verb neut. to make payment.

SATI’VE, Lat. [in botanic writings] which is sown in gardens or
fields.

SA’TRAPA [σατραπης, Gr.] a peer of a realm; the chief governor of
a province in Persia.

SATRA’PY [satrapia, Lat. σατραπεια, Gr.] the jurisdiction or govern­
ment of a province; of a lord-lieutenant or president of a country.

SA’TURABLE [from saturate] impregnable with any thing till it will
receive no more.

SA’TURANT [from saturans, Lat.] impregnating to the full.

SATURA’NTIA [with physicians] medicines which qualify sharp hu­
mours, sometimes called absorbents.

To SA’TURATE [saturo, Lat.] to impregnate till no more can be re­
ceived or imbibed.

SA’TURDAY [Seaterdeg, of Seater, Saturn, and dæg, Sax. a day]
the 7th day of the weak, so called of an idol worshipped by the ancient
Saxons. See SEATER.

SATU’RITY [saturitas, Lat.] fulness, excess, repletion.

SA’TURN. 1. [With astronomers] the highest of all the planets, but
the slowest in motion; and some reckon it 71, others 91 times bigger
than the earth. 2. [With alchymists] lead. 3. [In blazonry] in the
arms of sovereign princes; it is used instead of sable and black in those
of gentlemen; and diamond in the escutcheons of noblemen.

SATURNA’LIA, were festival days observed in December, in honour of
Saturn; these were times of great debauchery and licentiousness, ser­
vants taking upon them to command their masters, and slaves to be un­
ruly, without fear of punishment.

SATU’RNIAN, adj. [saturnius, Lat.] happy, golden; used by poets by
times of felicity, such as are feigned to have been kept in the reign of
Saturn. Pope.

SATU’RNINE, of, pertaining to, or of the nature of the planet Saturn;
dull, heavy, melancholy.

SATURNI’NIANS, subst. [of Saturnus, a disciple of Menander] a sect,
a sort of Gnostics.

SA’TYR. See SATIRE.

SATYRS [σατυροι, Gr.] fabulous demi gods, who, with the fawns and
silvans, were supposed to preside over groves, under the direction of Pan.
They are represented in painting, as half beasts, half men, having horns
on their heads, and feet like goats.

SATYRI’ASIS [σατυριασις, Gr.] 1. The lustless extension of the yard.
2. The immoderate desire of venery. 3. It is also sometimes taken for
the leprosy, because that disease makes the skin rough, like that of a
satyr. 4. A swelling of the glandules behind the ears.

SATY’RICAL. See SATIRICAL.

SA’TYRIST. See SATIRIST.

To SA’TYRIZE [satyrizer, Fr. satireggiare, It.] See To SATIRIZE.

SATY’RION [σατυριον, Gr.] the herb stander-grass, ragwort, or priest's
pintle.

SA’VAGE, subst. [sauvage, Fr. salvatico, It. salváge, Sp.] a wild In­
dian, a barbarian, having no fixed habitation, religion, law, or po­
licy.

SAVAGE, adj. Fr. [selvaggio, It.] 1. Wild, uncultivated. In sa­
vage wilderness. Milton. 2. Untamed, cruel. Where roaring bears
and savage lions roam. Shakespeare. 3. Uncivilized, barbarous, un­
taught. Lived altogether a savage life. Raleigh.

To SA’VAGE [from the noun] to make barbarous, wild, or cruel.
Savag'd by woe. Thomson.

SA’VAGELY, cruelly, inhumanly.

SA’VAGENESS [naturel sauvage] wildness, cruelty.

SA’VAGERY [from savage] 1. cruelty, barbarity. 2. Wild growth.

SAVA’NA, Sp. a pasture ground in America.


SAU

SAUCE, Fr. [saws, C. Brit. salsa, It. and Sp. prob of salsus, Lat.
salted] pickled roots, herbs, sallets, &c. something eaten with food, to
improve its taste.

To SAUCE [from the noun] 1. To accompany meat with something
of higher taste. 2. To qualify with a rich taste: obsolete. 3. To in­
termix or accompany with any thing good, or, ironically, with any
thing bad.

SAU’CE-ALONE, an herb.

SAUCE-BOX, a saucy person.

SAU’CE-PAN [of sauce and pan] a small skillet for boiling sauce.

SAU’CILY, unmannerly, impudently.

SAU’CINESS [prob. of saws, Brit. salt] unmannerliness, presumptu­
ousness, &c.

SAU’CER [sauciere, Fr] 1. A small dish to hold sauce. 2. A shallow
china dish for holding a tea-cup.

SAUCI’SSE [in gunnery] a long train of powder sewed up in a roll of







pitched cloth, about two inches diameter, in order to fire a bomb­
chest.

SAUCI’SSON, Fr. a sort of thick sausage.

SAUCI’SSONS [in the military art] foggots or fascenes made of large
boughs of trees bound together; they are commonly used to cover men,
to make epaulments, traverses, or breast-works in ditches full of water,
to render the way firm for carriages, and for other uses.

SAU’CY, presumptuous, pragmatical, unmannerly.

SAVE [salvo, Lat.] except, not including.

To SAVE, verb act. [salvare, Lat. sauver, Fr. salvare, It. in the first
sense only; salvàr, Sp.] 1. To preserve from danger. 2. To pre­
serve finally from eternal death. 3. Not to spend. 4. To reserve, to
lay up. 5. To spare, to excuse. 6. To reconcile. To save appear­
ances. Milton. 7. Not to lose. I just sav'd the tide. Swift.

To SAVE, verb neut. to be cheaper. Brass ordnance saveth in the
quantity of the metal. Bacon.

SAVE-ALL [of save and all] a sort of pan placed in a candlestic, to
save the ends of candles.

SA’VER [from save] 1. A preserver, a reserver. 2. One who
escapes loss, tho' without gain. 3. A good husband. 4. One who lays
up and grows rich.

SA’VER de faute [in law] to excuse a fault; which is properly when
a man, having made a default in court, comes afterwards and alledges a
good cause why he did it.

SA’VINE [sabina, Lat.] a plant.

SA’VING, adv. except.

SAVING, subst. [qui sauve, Fr.] 1. Preserving, sparing. 2. Excep­
tion in favour. But still with a saving to honesty. L'Estrange.

SA’VINGLY, sparingly.

SA’VINGNESS [of sanver, Fr. of salvus, Lat.] frugality.

SA’VIOUR [salvator, Lat. sauveur, Fr. salvatore, It. salvadòr, Sp.]
one who saves or delivers.

To SAU’NTER [prob. of sancta terra, Lat. the holy land, of those that
sauntered, or went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem] to go idling up and
down.

SA’VOUR [sapor, Lat. saveur, Fr. savòr, Sp.] 1. Taste or relish. 2.
Scent, or smell.

To SA’VOUR, verb neut. [from the noun] 1. To have any particular
taste or smell. 2. To betoken, to have an appearance or taste of some­
thing.

To SAVOUR, verb act. 1. To like. 2. To exhibit taste of. Thou
savourest not the things that be of God. St. Luke.

SA’VOURILY, adv. [from savour] 1. With gust, with appetite. 2.
With a pleasing relish.

SA’VOURINESS [from savoury] 1. A pleasing and picquant taste. 2.
Pleasing smell.

SA’VOURY [savoreux, Fr. saporito, It. sabroso, Sp. of saporus, Lat.] 1.
Relishing to the taste. 2. Pleasing to the smell.

SAVOURY [savorée, Fr.] a winter pot-herb.

SAVO’Y [of Savoy, in Italy, from whence first brought] a sort of fine
cabbage.

SAU’SAGE [saucisse, Fr. salsiccia, It.] a sort of pudding made of pork,
spice, &c. in hogs guts.

SAW, pret. of SEE. See To SEE.

To SAW [sagen, Teut. or sagan, Sax. saga, Su. zagen, Du. sagen,
Ger. seier, Fr. segare, It. aserrar, Sp. serrare, Lat.] to cut with a
saw.

SAW [of saga, Sax. sag, Su. zage, Du. sage, Ger. scie, Fr. sega, It.
sierra, Sp. serra, Lat.] 1. An instrument with teeth, for cutting boards or
timber. 2. [Saga, Sax. saeghe, Du.] a proverb, a common saying.

SA’W-DUST [of saw and dust] dust made by cutting with a saw.

SAW-FISH, a sea fish so named, as having a sharp toothed bone, about
three feet long, like a saw, in its forehead.

SA’W-PIT [of saw and pit] a pit over which timber is laid to be sawn
by two men.

SAWS [sage, Teut. saga, Sax.] old grave sayings, proverbs, max­
ims, &c.

SAW Wort, an herb, having leaves notched about like the teeth of a
saw.

SA’WER, or SA’WYER [scieur, Fr. from saw] one whose trade is to
saw timber into boards, &c.

SAXIFRA’GA, Lat. [with physicians] medicines which break the
stone,

SA’XIFRAGE. Lat. [i. e. stones breaking] a herb good for the stone in
the bladder.

SA’XON Lage [Seaxen laga, Sax.] the laws of the West-Saxons, which
was of force in nine counties, viz. Kent, Surry, &c. Sussex, Berkshire,
Hampshire, Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire. See
DANELAGE and MERCIENLAGE.

SAY [sayette, Fr. saja, It.] a sort of thin woollen stuff or serge.

To SAY, verb act. pret. SAID [sægan, Sax. saya, Su. seggen, Du.
O. and L. Ger. sagen, H. Ger.] 1. To speak, to tell, to relate. 2. To
allege. After all that can be said against it. Tillotson.

To SAY, verb neut. 1. To pronounce, to utter. Say nothing to any
man. St. Mark. 2. [In poetry] to tell. Say first what cause. Mil­
ton.

SAY, subst. [from the verb] 1. A speech, what one has to say. 2.
[For assay] sample. 3. Trial by sample. 4. [Soie, Fr.] silk: obso­
lete.

SA’YING, subst. [from say] expression, opinion sententiously deli­
vered.

To Take SAY [with hunters] is to draw a knife down the belly of a
dead deer, who has been taken by hunting, to discover what case it is
in as to fatness.


SCA

SCAB [skabb, Su. Scæb, Sax. scabies, Lat.] 1. A dry scurf over a
sore. 2. The itch or mange of horses. 3. A paultry fellow. This
vap'ring scab must needs advise, Swift.

SCA’BBARD [of schabbe, Du. according to Minshew] the sheath of a
sword.

SCA’BBED [scabiosus, Lat.] 1. Having scabs. 2. Paultry, sorry.

SCABBED Heels [in horses] a distemper, called also the frush.

SCA’BBEDNESS, or SON’BBINESS [scabitudo, Lat.] the being scabby.

SCA’BBY [scabbiosa, It. scabiosus, Lat.] scabbed, full of scabs.

SCA’BIOUS, adj. [scabiosus, Lat.] itchy, leprous.

SCABIOUS, subst. the name of a plant.

SCA’BROUS [scrabreux, Fr. scrabroso, It. of scrabrosus, Lat.] 1. Rough,
rugged, pointed on the surface. 2. Harsh, unmusical.

SCA’BROUSNESS [of scabrosus, Lat. scabreux, Fr.] ruggedness, rough­
ness.

SCAD, the name of a fish.

SCACU’RCULE. [in chemistry] a spirit drawn out of the bone of the
heart of an hart.

SCA’FFOLD [schavor, Du. echafaud, Fr.] 1. A place raised higher
than the ground, for the better prospect. 2. The gallery raised for ex­
ecution of malefactors. 3. Frame of timber erected on the side of a
building for the conveniency of the workmen.

To SCA’FFOLD [from the noun] to furnish with frames of timber.

SCA’FFOLDAGE [from scaffold] gallery, hollow floor.

SCA’FFOLDING [echaufaudage, Fr.] 1. Poles and boards erected for
the convenience of building. 2. Building slightly erected.

SCA’LA, Lat. [with surgeons] a certain instrument to reduce a disloca­
tion.

SCALA [in anatomy] the canal or cochlea, that is divided by a sep­
tum into two canals, called scala.

SCALA Tympani, Lat. that canal which looks towards the tympa­
num.

SCALA Vestibuli, Lat. that canal that has a communication with the
vestibulum.

SCALA’DO, or SCALA’DE [escalada, Sp. scalata, It. escalade, Fr.] a
furious attack upon a wall or rampart of a fortified place, with scaling
ladders.

SCA’LARY, adj. [from scala, Lat. a ladder] proceeding by steps like
those of a ladder.

To SCALD [echauder, Fr. escaldàr, Sp. of scaldare, Lat.] to burn with
hot liquor.

SCALD [from the verb] 1. Burn by hot water. 2. Scurf on the
head.

SCALD-HEAD [q. d. a scaly head] a scurfy scabbed head.

SCALE [ecaile, Fr. scaglie, It. escamo, Sp.] 1. The small shells or
crusts which form the coats of fishes, 2. [scale, Sax.] a vessel suspend­
ed at the end of a balance. 3. The sign Libra in the zodiac. See LI­
BRA. 4. A thin lamina, any thing exfoliated. 5. [Scala, Lat. a lad­
der] ladder, means of ascent. 6. The act of storming by ladders. 7.
Regular gradation; a regular series rising like a ladder. 8. Any thing
marked at equal distances.

SCALE [in mathematics] the degrees of any arch of a circle, or
of right lines drawn or engraven upon a rule, as sines, tangents, se­
cants, &c.

Plain and diagonal SCALE, serve to represent any numbers or mea­
sures, whose parts are equal one to another.

SCALE of Music, or SCALE of the Gamut, a series of sounds rising or
falling towards acuteness or gravity from any given pitch of tune to the
greatest distance.

SCALE of Miles [echelle, Fr. scala, It. in a map] a scale for the mea­
suring the distances of one place from another.

To SCALE, verb act. [skallar, Du. ecailler, Fr. scagliare, It. escamàr,
Sp. of seeal, Teut. sceala, Sax.] 1. To take off the scales of fishes. 2.
To climb, as by ladders, 3. To measure or compare, to weigh.

To SCALE, verb neut. to peel off in thin particles.

SCA’LED, adj. [from scale] squamous, having scales like fishes.

SCA’LENI, Lat. of Gr. [of σχαληνος, Gr.] three muscles of the chest,
so called from their figure, having three unequal sides.

SCALE’NUM [with geometricians] a triangle that has its three sides
unequal to one another.

SCALE’NUS Primus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle rising from the
fore-part of the second, third, and fourth transverse processes of the
vertebræ of the neck, and let into the first rib; the office of which is to
draw the upper rib, together with the others, upwards, in fetching
breath.

SCALENUS Secundus, a muscle taking its rise from the second, third,
fourth, and fifth transverse processes of the vertebræ of the neck side­
ways, and passing over the first rib to its insertion in the second, and
sometimes to the third.

SCALENUS Tertius, a muscle that takes its rise near the scalenus se­
cundus, from the same transverse processes of the vertebræ of the neck,
and also from the sixth of those processes, and is inserted to the first
rib.

SCA’LINESS, the being covered with scales.

SCALL [q. scald] a sort of scurf on the head, morbid baldness.

SCA’LLION [scalogno, It. q. d. an onion of Ascalon, a city of Pale­
stine] a kind of small onion.

SCA’LLOP [escalop, Fr.] a fish with a hollow pectinated shell.

To SCA’LLOP, to mark on the edge with segments of circles.

SCALP [scalpio, It. schelpe, Du. a husk] 1. The skin covering the
skull bone. 2. The skull, the cranium.

To SCALP [from the noun] to strip off the integument of the
skull.

SCA’LPER [scalprum, Lat.] a surgeon's instrument to scrape corrupt
flesh from the bones with.

SCA’LPEL [in anatomy] a knife used in dissections; and also in many
chirurgical uses,

SCA’LY [ecaillé, Fr. scaglioso, It.] covered with scales.

To SCA’MBLE, verb neut. [perhaps of σχαμβος, Gr. oblique] 1. To
rove, or wander up and down. 2. To scramble, to obtain by strug­
gling with another.

To SCAMBLE, verb act. to mangle, to maul.

SCA’MBLER, Scot. a bold intruder upon another's generosity.

SCA’MBLING [prob. of σχαμβος, Gr. oblique] at a distance one from
another; as, a scambling town, a town where the houses stand at a great
distance one from the other.

Impares SCAMI’LLE [in architecture] certain zoccos or blocks which
serve to raise the rest of the members of any pillar or statue beneath
which they are placed beneath the projectures of the stylobatæ cornices,
and are well represented by the pedestals of our statues.

SCAMMO’NIA, Lat. [with botanists] scammony.

SCA’MONY [scamonicum, Lat.] a concreted resinous juice, light and
friable, of a greyish brown colour, and disagreeable smell.

SCAMMO’NIUM, Lat. the juice of scammony.

To SCA’MPER [escamper, Fr.] to run away in a hurry.

SCAMMO’ZZI’S Rule, a two-footed joint rule, adapted for the use of
builders, and first invented by Scammozzi, the famous architect.








SCA’MNUM Hippocratis [i. e. Hippocrates's bench] an instrument in
length six ells, and used in the setting of bones.

To SCAN [scando, Lat.] 1. To sift or canvas a business; to examine
a thing thoroughly, to consider it well. 2. To examine a verse by
counting the feet. See RHYME, and read there, step, movement, &c.

SCA’NDAL [scandale, Fr. scandalo, It. escandalo, Sp. of scandalum, Lat.
σχανδαλον, Gr.] 1. Reproachful aspersion, opprobrious language, infa­
my. 2. [In a scriptural sense] any thing that may draw persons aside,
or sollicit them to sin; an offence. 3. A stumbling block.

To SCA’NDAL, or To SCA’NDALIZE [scandaliser, Fr. scandalizzare, It.
escandalizàr, Sp. of scandalizare, Lat. of σχανδαλιζειν, Gr.] 1. To give
offence, to raise a scandal upon one. 2. To offend by some criminal
action.

SCA’NDALOUS [scandaleux, Fr. scandaloso, It. escandaloso, Sp.] 1. Giv­
ing public offence. 2. Opprobrious, disgraceful. 3. Shameful, open­
ly, vile.

SCA’NDALOUSLY, abusively, shamefully, disgracefully.

SCA’NDALOUSNESS, reproachfulness, infamousness.

SCANDA’LUM Magnatum [i. e. scandal of great men] an offence or
wrong done to any high personage of the land; as prelates, dukes,
earls, &c. by false news; as scandalous reports, messages, &c. also a
writ that lies for their recovering of damages thereupon.

SCA’NDENT Stalk [with botanists; i. e. climbing stalk] is one which
climbs by the help of tendrils, as the vine, &c.

SCA’NNING [in poetry] the measuring of a verse, to see the number
of feet and syllables it contains, and whether or not the quantities, that
is, the long and short syllables, be duly observed.

SCA’NSION [scansio, Lat.] the scanning of a verse; a measuring it by
the number of feet and syllables.

SCANT, or SCA’NTY, adj. [prob. of echantillon, Fr.] 1. Less than is
requisite, narrow, or short in measure. 2. Scarce.

SCANT, adv. [from the adj.] scarcely, hardly.

SCA’NTINESS [prob. of echantillon, Fr. or wantingness, Eng.] being
less than is requisite.

SCA’NTLET [corrupted from scantling] a small pattern, a small quan­
tity, a little piece.

SCA’NTLING [eschantillon, Fr.] 1. The size and measure, size or
standard, whereby the dimensions of things are to be determined. 2.
A small quantity. A scantling of wit lay gasping for life. Dryden.

SCA’NTLY, adv. [from scant] 1. Scarcely, hardly. 2. Narrowly,
penuriously, without amplitude.

SCA’NTNESS [from scant] narrowness, meanness, smallness.

SCA’NTY. See SCANT.

To SCAPE, contracted from escape. See To ESCAPE.

SCAPELLA’TUM [with anatomists] a denudation or making bare the
glans of the penis, when the prepuce will not draw over it.

SCA’PHA, Lat. [with anatomists] the inner rim of the ear.

SCA’PHISM [of σχαφη, of σχαπτω, Gr. to make hollow; among the
ancient Persians] a kind of punishment, executed by locking the crimi­
nal close up in the trunk of a tree, bored thro' to the dimensions of his
body, only with five holes, for his head, arms and legs to come thro',
in which he was exposed to the sun, and the appearing parts were anoin­
ted with milk and honey to invite the wasps. The criminal was forced
to eat abundantly, till his excrements, close pent up in the wood, rot­
ted his body. Some are said to have lived in this manner forty
days. See CYPHONISM.

SCAPHOI’DES [σχαφοειδης, of σχαφα, Gr. a boat] the third bone of
the tarsus in the foot, joined to the ancle bone and three hinder bones;
otherwise called naviculare os, from the resemblance it bears to a
boat.

SCA’PULA [in anatomy] the hinder part of the shoulder, the shoulder­
blade; a broad bone resembling a scalenous triangle on each side of the
upper and back part of the thorax.

SCA’PULAR [scapularis, Lat.] of, or pertaining to the shoulder­
blade.

SCAPULA’RIS Externa, Lat. [in anatomy] the scapular vein which
arises from the muscles covering the scapula.

SCA’PULARY [scapulaire, Fr. of scapula, Lat. the shoulder-bone] part
of the habit of several orders of religious people, worn over their gowns,
as a badge of their peculiar veneration for the virgin Mary.

SCA’PUS, Lat. [in botany] the upright stalk of a plant.

SCAPUS [in architecture] the shaft or shank of a pillar, between the
chapiter and the pedestal.

SCAR [scar, Sax. escarre, Fr.] the scar or mark of a wound, burn,
&c.

To SCAR [from the noun] to mark, as with a sore or wound.

SCAR [carre, Sax.] a steep rock, the clift of a rock. Hence Scar­
borough.

SCA’RAB [scarabeé, Fr. scarabæus, Lat.] a beetle, or insect with
sheathed wings.

SCARAMOU’CH, the name of a famous Italian buffoon, or posture
master, who acted here in England in the year 1673.

SCA’RBOROUGH, a borough town of Yorkshire, 204 miles from Lon­
don; famous for its mineral waters. It gives title of earl to the noble
family of Lumley, and sends two members to parliament.

SCARCE, adj. [vix, Lat. of schaers, Du. or escasso, Sp.] 1. Not
plenty. 2. Rare, uncommon, difficult to procure.

SCARCE, or SCA’RCELY, adv. [from the adjective] 1. Hardly, scant­
ly. 2. With difficulty.

SCA’RCENESS, or SCA’RCITY [from scarce] 1. Difficultness to be
come at, uncommonness. 2. Smalness of quantity, not plenty.

To SCARE [prob. of scorare, It. to frighten, or scheeren, Teut. to vex]
to put in fear, to affright.

SCA’RE-CROW, a figure of rags stuffed with straw, or any thing set up
to fright away birds from fruit: thence any vain terror.

SCA’RE-FIRE [of scare and fire] a fright by fire. Holder.

SCARF [sceorp, Sax. clothing, or prob. of scherf, Teut, segment, or
echarpe, Fr. ciarpa, It.] an ornament of silk worn by women, military
officers, or divines.

To SCARF [from the noun] 1. To throw loosely on. My sea gown
scarf about me. Shakespeare. 2. To dress in any loose vesture. 3.
[With seamen] to lenghthen or piece.

SCARF Skin [with anatomists] the outward skin, which serves to de­
fend the body, which is full of pores, thro' which it discharges sweat
and other moisture.

SCARFA’TION [of σχαριφος, Gr.] the same as scarification.

SCARIFICA’TION, Fr. [scarificazione, It. of scarificatio, Lat. with sur­
geons] an operation whereby several incisions are made in the skin, with
an instrument proper for that purpose, usually practised in cupping.

SCARRIFICA’TOR, 1. One who sacrifices. 2. An instrument made
in form of a box, with 12 or more lancets, all perfectly in the same
plane; which being, as it were, cock'd by means of a spring, are all
discharged at the same time, by pulling a kind of trigger, and the points
of the lancets are at once equally driven within the skin.

To SCA’RIFY [scarificare, Lat. scarifier, Fr.] to lance, to open a fore,
to make an incision in any part of the body.

SCA’RLET, subst. [scarlate, Fr. scarletto, It. escarlâta, Sp.] a bright
red colour.

SCARLET, adj. [from the subst.] of the colour of scarlet.

SCARLET-BEAN [of scarlet and bean] the name of a plant.

SCARLET Grain, a matter used in dying a scarlet colour. It is usually
taken for the grain of a plant, tho' in reality an animal, growing on a
kindof holm, in some parts of France, Spain, and Portugal. The Ara­
bs call it kermes. See KERMES.

SCARLETI’NA Febris, Lat. the scarlet or purple fever.

SCARI’OLA, Lat. [in botany] the broad-leaved endive.

SCARP [escarpe, Fr. scarpa, It.] the slope on that side of a ditch which
is next to a fortified place, and looks towards the field; also the foot of
a rampart wall; or the sloping of a wall from the bottom of a work to
the cordon on the side of the moat.

SCARPE [in heraldry] is the scarf which military commanders wear
for ornament, as he bears argent, a scarpe azure.

SCA’RRY [of scar, Sax. escharre, Fr. of εσχαρα, Gr.] having the
mark or seam of a sore or wound.

SCATCH [escache, Fr.] a kind of horse-bit for bridles.

SCA’TCHES [chasses, Fr.] stilts to put the feet in to walk indirty
places.

SCATE [schetsen, Du.] 1. A sort of iron patten to be fastened on the
shoes for sliding on the ice. 2. [squatus, Lat.] a fish of the same genus
with the thornback.

To SCATE [from the first sense of the noun] to slide on scates.

SCA’TEBROUS [scatebrosus, Lat.] bubbling like water out of a spring;
abounding.

SCATEBRO’SITY [scatebrositas, Lat.] a flowing or bubbling out.

To SCATH [sceathian, Sax.] to injure, hurt, or do damage to. Milton.

SCATH [sceath, Sax.] waste, damage, mischief.

SCA’THFUL [from scath] mischievous, destructive.

To SCA’TTER, verb act. [schetteren, Du. signifies to make a rumbling
noise] 1. To disperse, to spread abroad here and there. 2. To dissi­
pate, to disperse. 3. To spread thinly.

To SCATTER, verb neut. to be dissipated, to be dispersed.

SCA’TTERINGLY, adv. [from scattering] loosely, dispersedly.

SCA’TTERLING [from scatter] a vagabond, one who has no home or
settled habitation.

SCATU’RIENT [scaturiens, Lat.] running or flowing over, issuing as
water out of a spring.

SCATURI’GINOUS [scaturiginosus, Lat.] overflowing, full of springs.

SCA’VENGER [of scafan, Sax. to scrape or brush] a parish officer,
chosen annually, to see that the streets be cleansed from dirt and filth,
and they hire rakers to carry it away in carts.

SCA’VAGE, SCE’VAGE, or SCE’WAGE [of sceawan, Sax. to shew] a
kind of toll or custom, exacted by mayors, sheriffs, &c. of merchant­
strangers, for wares shewed or offered to sale within their liberties. But
this custom is prohibited by Stat. 19 Henry VII.

SCA’VANS [of scavant, Fr. learned] the learned.


SCE

SCE’LERAT, Fr. [sceleratus, Lat.] a villain, a wicked wretch.
Cheyne.

SCA’WRACK, a sort of sea-weed.

SCE’LETON. See SCE’LETUS.

SCE’LETUS [of σχελλω, Gr. to dry up] a proper connection of all the
bones of the body, after they are dried.

SCELOTY‘RBE [of σχελος, the leg, and ΤΝρβΗ, Lat. a tumult] those
pains in the leg, that usually attend a scorbutic habit; also the scurvy it­
self; also a medicine good against that distemper.
Dr. Mead, from Pliny, reads it sceletyrbe, and adds, that 'tis called
by the same writer stomacace, from the foul ulcers which, in this distem­
per, affect the mouth. Monita & Precept. p. 221. But Castell. Reno­
vat. who prefers the first reading, defines it (agreeably to its true etymo­
logy) to be quasi crurum turba ac resolutio, i. e. a certain paralytic af­
fection of the legs, which prevents a man from walking upright; he
ranges the disease under the class of scurvies. See SCURVY.

SCE’NARY [from scene] 1. The appearances of places or things. 2.
The representation of the place in which an action is performed. 3.
The disposition of the scenes of a play.

SCENE [scena, It. Sp. and Lat. σχηνη, Gr.] 1. The theatre where
dramatic pieces and other public shews are represented. 2. The place
where an action is conceived to have passed. 3. A division or part
of a dramatic poem determined by a new actor's entering. 4. The place
represented by the stage. 5. The hanging of the the theatre adapted to
the play.

SCE’NERY, an assemblage of scenes in the drama; or of a theatre.

SCE’NIC, or SCE’NICAL [scenicus, Lat. σχηνιχος, Gr.] of, or per­
taining to the scene.

SCENOGRA’PHICAL, or SCENOGRA’PHIC [scenographicus, Lat. σχηνο­
γραφιχος, Gr.] of, or pertaining to scenography.

SCENOGRA’PHIC Appearance, is different from an orthographic one,
in that the latter shews the side of a figure, body, or building, as it is
seen when the plane of the glass stands directly to that side; whereas
scenography represents it as it seems thro' a glass not parallel to that side.

SCENOGRAPHIC Projection, is the transcription of any given magni­
tude, into the plane which intersects the optic pyramid at a proper di­
stance.

SCENO’GRAPHY [scenographia, Lat. σχηνογραφια, Gr.] is the represen­
tation of a building, &c. as it is represented in prospective with its di­
mensions and shadows, or such as it appears to the eye.

SCENO’GRAPHY [in prospective] is that side that declines from, or
makes angles with a straight line, imagined to pass through the two
outward convex points of the eyes; and is by architects generally called
the return of the foresight.

SCENOPE’GIA [σχηνοπηγια, Gr. q. d. the tent-pitching] a feast of the







Jews, more commonly called the feast of tabernacles, instituted after
their being possessed of the land of Canaan, in commemoration of their
having dwelt in tents in the wilderness.
Reland, who observes, that the Jews style it hag-hassuccoth, or feast of
booths, refers us to Levit. c. xxiii. v. 33. for its original institution; and,
amongst other rites superaddded by the Rabbies, mentions first the nisuc
hammaïm, i. e. the lìbation of waters: A priest, it seems, filled a pitcher
with water from the fountain of Siloe, and ascending to the altar, He
there at the time of the libation of the daily sacrifice, poured the water
into the western hole. The second was the gestation of branches of palm­
trees, willows, and myrtles; which ceremony they grounded on Leviti­
cus, c. xxiii. v. 40. With this kind of solemn procession they surrounded
the altar, once every day of the feast; but marched out of the city in
the same parade only on one day, crying hosanna; but on the seventh day
seven times, from whence that day was called hosanna rabba, or the
great hosannah, and the great day. All which is the more worthy of our
notice, as he supposes some reference made to these two customs, in John,
c. vii. v. 37. Math. c. xxi. v. 8. and John, c. xii. v. 13. May not I
also add that noble scenary of the palm-bearing multitude, in Revelat.
c. vii. v. 9—17? See PASCHA, PENTECOSTE, and TYPE, com­
pared.

SCENT [prob. of scensus, Lat.] 1. A smell either fragrant or offensive.
2. The sense of smelling. 3. Chace followed by the scent.

To SCENT [prob. of sentire, Lat.] 1. To perceive by the smell. 2.
To give a scent to a thing.

SCE’NTLESS, having no smell, inodorous.

SCE’PTER, Du. [zepter, Ger. sceptre, Fr. scettro, It. cetro, Sp. of scep­
trum, Lat. σχηπτρον, Gr.] a royal staff or battoon born by a king, as a
badge of his sovereign command and authority, at such times as he ap­
pears in ceremony, as at a coronation, &c. The scepter is an ensign of
royalty, of greater antiquity than the crown.

SCE’PTERED [from scepter] bearing a scepter. Milton.

SCE’PTICAL, or SCE’PTIC, adj. [sceptique, Fr. scettico, It. of scepticus,
Lat. σχεπτιχος, Gr.] of the sceptics or scepticism, that is in doubt or
suspence, doubtful; also contemplative.

SCE’PTICALNESS [of σχεπτεσθαι, Gr. to contemplate] scepticism, or
a doubting or suspending the judgment of things.

SCE’PTICISM, the doctrine and opinions of the sceptics. It consisted
in doubting of every thing, and affirming nothing at all, and in keeping
the judgment in suspense to every thing.

SCE’PTICS [sceptiques, Fr. scettici, It. scepticus, Lat. σχεπτιχος, of του
σχεπτεσθαι, Gr. to look out or observe, to contemplate] a sect of philo­
sophers founded by Pyrrho, whose distinguishing tenet was, that all
things are uncertain; that the mind is not to assent to any thing, but to
keep up an absolote hesitancy or indifference. Whence the name is ap­
plied to a person who maintains that there is nothing certain.
Epictetus has finely exposed this false species of philosophy, which can
withhold its assent from axioms and self-evident propositions; and if I re­
member aright, he calls it a petrified state of mind. Arrian. Epictet.


SCH

SCHEAT Pegasi [in astronomy] a fixed star of the first magnitude, in
the juncture of the leg, with the left shoulder of Pegasus.

SCHE’DULE [schedula, Lat. σχεδαριον, Gr.] 1. A scroll of paper or
parchment annexed or appended to a will, a lease, or other deeds,
which contains some particulars left out in the main writing; an inven­
tory of goods, &c. 2. A little inventory.

SCHE’LLING, a Dutch coin containing 12 groats or 6 stivers, in value
6 d. ⅓ of English money; 33 of which and 4 d. make 20 s. sterling.

SCHEME [schema, Lat. σχημα, Gr.] 1. A plan, a combination of va­
rious things into one view, design, or purpose, a system. 2. A project,
a contrivance, a design. 3. The representation of any geometrical or
astronomical figure or problem, by lines sensible to the eye, or of the ce­
lestial bodies in their proper places, for any moment.

SCHE’MER [of scheme] a projector, a contriver.

SCHE’REN, or SHEA’RING Silver [in old records] money anciently
paid to the lord of the manor by the tenant, for the liberty of shearing
his sheep.

SCHE’SIS [σχεσις, Gr.] the habit or constitution of the body, as it is
fleshy or lean, hard or soft, thick or slender.

SCHESIS [with rhetoricians] a figure whereby a certain affection or in­
clination of the adversary is feigned, on purpose to be answered. This
the Latins call adfictio.

SCHE’TIC Fever, or SCHE’TIC Disease, is such a disease (says Bruno)
which has not as yet taken deep root; but which admits of a more easy
cure; in contradistinction to the hectic [or habitual] diseases, which are
more difficult to cure.

SCIO’RA [of Σχιορον or Σχιωριον, Gr.] Athenian festivals dedicated to
Minerva, which took their name from that umbrella or fan carried about
them in procession, to skreen persons from the heat of the sun.

SCHI’RRUS [scirrhe, Fr. σχιρρος, Gr.] an indurated gland.

SCHI’RRHOUS, adj. [from schirrhus] having a gland indurated.

SCHIRRHO’SITY [from schirrous] an induration of the glands.

SCHISM [schisme, Fr. scisma, It. cisma, Sp. of schisma, Lat. χισμα,
Gr. a division or separation] it is chiefly used of a separation, happening
through diversity of opinions, among people of the same religion and
faith. See NOVATIONS, and DONATISTS.

SCHISMA’TICAL or SCHISMA’TIC, adj. [σχισματιχος, Gr.] inclining
to, or guilty of schism.

SCHISMA’TIC, subst. [σχισματιχος, Gr.] a separatist, or one who se­
parates from the Christian church.

To SCHI’SMATIZE [schismatizare, Lat.] to separate from or rend
away from the church.

SCHI’REMOTE [sciremot, Sax.] was in ancient times a solemn meeting
of all the free tenants and knights in a county, to do fealty to the king,
and elect an annual sheriff.

SCHOENA’NTHUM, Lat. [σχοινανθον, Gr.] the herb camel's hay, or
sweet smelling reed.

SCHOENOPRA’SUM, Lat. [σχοινοπρασον, Gr.] a plant called porrel or
oives.

SCHO’LAR [scolier, Fr. in the first sense, scolaré, It. scholier, Du. schu­
ler, Ger. tho same as scholaris, Lat.] 1. One who learns any thing at
school, a pupil. 2. A man of letters. 3. A pedant, a man of books.
4. One who has had a literary education.

SCHO’LARSHIP, 1. Learning, literature, knowledge. 2. Literary
education. 3. Exhibition or maintenance for a scholar.

SCHOLA’STIC, or SCHOLA’STICAL, adj. [of scholasticus, Lat. of σχο­
λαστιχος, Gr.] 1. Of, like, or pertaining to a school. 2. Suitable to a
school, pedantic.

SCHOLA’STIC Divinity, is that part of divinity which clears and dis­
cusses questions, by means of reason and arguments; and is, in some mea­
sure, opposed to positive divinity, which is founded on the authority of
the fathers, councils, &c. But, in truth, all human authority in matters
of faith, is a mere non entity, and as to the confusion which the school­
men have introduced into our divinity, 'tis finely portray'd by the judicious
Dr. Payne, when observing, “How missing the plain notion of one GOD
THE FATHER; with an ONLY-BEGOTTEN Son, and a DIVINE SPIRIT;
they ran into a LABYRINTH of subtilties, &c. about one's being three, and
three one; and wove an artificial cloudy network of thin, but dark COB-
WEBS; such as SUBSTANTIAL MODES——UNSUBSISTENT EXISTENCES,
CONCRETE PERSONAL PROPERTIES, &c. that thro' it ONE BEING may
look and appear as THREE, and yet be ONE: And to avoid the objection
of three Gods (which they need not have been puzzled with, if they had
hit right upon that notion, of ONE according to SCRIPTURE and ANTI-
QUITY) they make three distinct subsistencies, and but one distinct subsis­
tent; THREE DIVINE PERSONS and but ONE BEING; three SOMEWHATS,
and but one thing. My hearty zeal and concern for the honour of CHRI-
STIANITY, and my deep regret to see the faith thus mangled and per­
verted”——Letter from Dr. Payne to the Bishop of R. Postscript, p. 28.
See LATERAN Council, PERSONALITY, or PERSONS in divinity, SABEL­
LIANS, First CAUSE, and ATHANASIANS. compared.

SCHOLA’STICALLY, adv. [from scholastic] according to the niceties or
method of the schools.

SCHOLA’STICNESS, a being qualified with school learning.

SCHO’LIAST [scholiastes, Lat. σχολιαστης, Gr.] one who makes notes
upon an author, a commentator, &c.

SCHO’LIUM [σχολιον, Gr.] a note, annotation or remark, made on
some passage, proposition, &c. a gloss, a brief exposition, a short com­
ment. See SE’CONDARY Sense.

SCHOLIUM [with mathematicians] a remark by the by; as, after the
demonstrating of a proposition, it is pointed out how it might be done
some other way; some advice is given, or precaution to prevent mistakes,
or some particular use or application thereof.

SCHO’LY [scholie, Fr. scholium, Lat.] an explanatory note. Hooker.

To SCHO’LY [from the noun] to write expositions. Hooker.

SCHOOL [ecole, Fr. scuola, It. cuela, Sp. sceole, Du. schule, Ger. of
schola, Lat. σχολη, Gr.] 1. A place where any language, art or science
is taught. 2. A state of instruction. Send him betimes to school. Locke.
3. System of doctrine as delivered by particular teachers. 4. The age
of the thurch and form of theology succeeding that of the fathers.

To SCHOOL [from the noun] 1. To instruct, to train up. 2. To
teach with superiority.

SCHOO’LBOY [of school and boy] a boy that is in his rudiments at
school.

SCHOO’LFELLOW [of school and fellow] one bred in the same school.

SCHOO’LHOUSE [of school and house] a house of discipline and instruc­
tion.

SCHOO’LMAN [of school and man] 1. One versed in the niceties and
subtilties of academical disputation. 2. One skilled in the divinity of the
school.

SCHOO’LMASTER [of school and master] one who presides and teaches
in a school.

SCHOO’LMISTRESS [of school and mistress] a woman who governs a
school.


SCI

SCIA’GRAPHY, or SCIO’GRAPHY [sciagraphia, Lat. of σχιαγραφια, of
σχια, a shadow, and γραφη, Gr. description] 1. A profile or platform,
the first rude draught of a thing. 2. The art of dialling; that part of
astronomy which serves to find out the hour of the day or night, by the
shadow of the sun, moon, and stars. 3. [In architecture] the draught
of an edifice or building, cut in its length or breadth, to shew the inside
of it, as the convenience of every room, with the thickness of the walls,
timbers, floors, &c.

SCIATHE’RICAL, or SCIATHE’RIC [σχιαθηριχος, Gr.] of, or pertain­
ing to a sun-dial.

SCIA’TICA [σχιατιχη, Gr.] the hip-gout.

SCIATICA Cresses, an herb good for the sciatica.

SCIA’TIC Vein [in anatomy] a vein seated above the outward part
of the ankle.

SCIA’TICAL [from sciatica] affecting the hip. Sciatical pains. Ar­
buthnot.

SCIDA’CEUM, Lat. [with surgeons] a kind of fracture or breaking of a
bone, according to its length, or long-wise.

SCI’ENCE, Fr. [scienza, It. sciencia, Sp. of scientia, Lat.] 1. Know­
ledge. 2. Certainty, grounded on demonstration. 3. Art attained by
precepts, or built on principles. 4. Any branch of knowledge. 5. One
of the seven liberal arts; grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geome­
try, astronomy, music.

SCIE’NTIAL, of, or pertaining to science.

SCIENTI’FICAL, or SCIENTI’FIC [scientique, Fr. of scientia and facio,
Lat.] which causes or promotes knowledge.

SCIENTI’FICALLY [of scientifical] in such a manner as to produce
knowledge.

SCI’METER, a sort of broad crooked sword,

To SCI’NTILLATE [scintillare, Lat.] to sparkle like fire.

SCINTILLA’TION, a sparkling as fire does.

SCI’LLA, Lat. [with botanists] a squil or sea onion.

SCILLI’TES [σχιλλιτης, Gr.] wine wherein squills have been steeped.

SCILLITES Acetum, Lat. vinegar of squils.

SCIO’GRAPHY [σχιαγραφια, Gr. q. d. description of shadow] the
profile or section of a building, to shew the inside thereof.

SCIO’GRAPHY [with astronomers] the art of finding the hour of the
day or night, by the shadow the sun, moon, stars, &c.

SCI’OLIST [sciolus, Lat.] a smatterer in any kind of knowledge or
learning.

SCI’OMANCY [σχιομαντεια, of σχια, a shadow, and μαντεια, Gr. divi­
nation] a divination by shadows; or the art of raising and calling up the
manes, or souls of deceased persons, to give the knowledge of things to
come. See GASTROMYTH, and ORACLES compared.

SCI’ON [scion, Fr.] a graft or young shoot of a tree.

SCIOTHE’RIC [sciothericus, Lat. σχιαθηριχος, Gr.] a part of optics.

SCIO’THERIC Telescope, an instrument for observing the true time of
the day, in order to adjust pendulum-clocks or watches.

SCI’RE Facias [in law] a writ calling one to shew why judgment pas­
sed, at least a year before, should not be executed.

SCIO’PTICS [of σχια and οπτομαι, Gr. to see] a sphere or globe of
wood, with a circular hole through it, and a lens placed in it, and so fil­







led, that it may be turned round every way, like the eye of an animal,
used in making experiments of the darkened room.

SCHI’RRHOUS, of, or belonging to a scirrhus. See SCHIROUS.

SCIRRHO’MA, or SCIRRHO’SIS [σχιρρωμα, of σχιρροω, Gr. to har­
den] an induration or hardening of the glands, as happens frequently to
the liver in a jaundice.

SCI’SSIBLE, adj. [from scissus, Lat.] capable of being divided smoothly
by a sharp edge.

SCI’SSILE, Fr. [scissilis, Lat.] the same with scissible.

SCI’SSION, Fr. [scissio, Lat.] the act of cutting.

SCI’SSORS, or SCI’SSARS, a small pair of sheers.

SCI’SSURE [scissura, Lat.] a cut or cleft, a chap.

SCLAVO’NIC Language, is held to be the most extensive language in
the world, next to the Arabic, being spoken from the Adriatic to the
north sea, and from the Caspian to Saxony, by many nations, viz. the
Poles, Muscovites, Bulgarians, Bohemians, Hungarians, Carinthians,
Prussians, and Suabians, all which are descendants of the ancient Sclavi,
or Sclavonians, and Sclavonic is their mother tongue, tho' they have
different dialects.

SCLEROPHTHA’LMY [σχληροφθαλμια, of σχληρος, hard, and οφθαλμια,
Gr. a disease in the eye] a disease, wherein the eye is dry, hard, red, and
painful, and the eyebrows also, so as, by their excessive dryness, not to
be opened after sleep, without great pain.

SCLEROSA’RCOMA [of σχληρος, hard, and σαρξ, Gr. flesh] a hard tu­
mor, with an ulceration in the gums.

SCLERO’SIS [σχληρωσις, Gr.] a hard swelling of the spleen.

SCLERO’TIC, adj. [sclerotique, Fr. σχληρος, Gr.] hard; an epithet of
one of the coats of the eye.

SCLERO’TICA [in anatomy] one of the common membranes of the
eye, situated between the adnata and the uvea.

SCLERO’TICS [σχληροτιχα, Gr.] hardening medicines, such as conso­
lidate the flesh.


SCO

To SCOAT, or To SCOTCH a Wheel, is to stop it, by putting in a stone
or piece of wood under it before.

To SCOFF, to deride or mock, to ridicule. See SCOFFER.

SCOFF, derision, contumelious language.

SCO’FFER [of scoppen, Du. of σχωπτω, Gr.] a derider, a contume­
lious reproacher.

SCO’FFINGLY, adv. [of scoffing] in contempt, in ridicule.

To SCOLD [schelden, Du.] to chide, to wrangle, to quarrel, to brawl,
to use angry or reproachful words.

SCOLD, subst. [from the verb] a clamorous, rude, foul mouthed wo­
man.

SCOLECOI’DES Processus [of σχωληξ, a worm, and ειδος, Gr. form] the
worm-like process of the cerebellum.

SCOLIA’SIS [with anatomists] a distortion of the back-bone.

SCO’LLOP [perhaps of sceala, Sax.] the shell of a fish; a sort of in­
denting of any thing; also a kind of fish. See SCALLOP.

SCOLLOP-SHELL [in heraldry] is often put into the coat armour of
military persons.

SCO’LOPOMACHÆRON [σχολοπαμαχαιρ ιον, of σχολοπαξ, a woodcock,
and μαχαιριον, Gr. a knife] a kind of scalpel, or surgeon's knife, thus
called from its resemblance to the bill of a woodcock; used for opening
and dilating narrow wounds of the breast, abscesses, &c.

SCOLOPE’NDRA, Lat. [σχολοπενδρα, Gr.] a sort of venomous serpent.

SCOLOPE’NDRIA, Lat. [σχολοπενδριον, Gr.] the herb hart's tongue.

SCHO’LYMUS [σχολνμος, Gr.] the artichoke.

SCONCE [skantze, Dan. shantza, Su. schans, Du. schantz, Ger.] 1.
A small fort, built for the defence of some pass, river, &c. a block­
house. 2. A branched candlestick.

To SCONCE [in the university of Oxford] is to set up so much in the
buttery-book, upon a person's head, to be paid as a punishment for a
duty neglected, or an offence committed; to fine.

SCOOP [schuppe, Du. ecope, Fr.] a hollow, crooked, wooden shovel,
to throw out water with.

To SCOOP. 1. To throw out water with a scoop, or hollow shovel.
2. To empty by lading. Scanty of waters when you scooped it dry. Ad­
dison. 3. To carry off in any thing hollow. A spectator would think this
circular mount had been actually scooped out of that holly space. Spectator.
4. To cut hollow or deep. Scoopt out the big round jelly from its orb.
Addison.

SCOO’PER. 1. One that scoops. 2. A water-fowl, so named from
its crooked beak, resembling a scoop.

SCOPE [scopo, It. scopus, Lat. σχοπος, Gr.] 1. Aim. design. 2.
Mark to shoot at. 3. Space, room, distance. 4. Liberty, freedom
from restraint. 5. Liberty beyond just limits, license. 6. Act of riot,
sally. 7. Extended quantity. The three first senses are now in use.

SCO’PER-HOLES. See SCU’PPER-HOLES.

SCO’PULOUS [scopulosus, Lat.] rocky, full of rocks.

SCOPULO’SITY, or SCO’PULOUSNESS [scopulositas, Lat.] a rockiness,
or being full of rocks.

SCORBU’TIC, or SCOREU’TICAL [of scorbutique, Fr. scorbutus, Lat.]
of, or pertaining to, or troubled with the scurvy.

SCORBU’TICALLY, adv. [of scorbutic] with tendency to the scurvy,
in the scurvy.

SCORBU’TICNESS or SCORBU’TICALNESS [of scorbutus, Lat.] a being
troubled with the scurvy.

To SCORCH, verb act. [escorcher, O. Fr. scottare, It.] 1. To dry or
parch with fire or great heat. 2. To burn. Power was given to them
to scorch men with fire. Rivelations.

To SCORCH, verb neut. to be died up, to be burnt superficially.

SCORE [of kerf, Du. a fissure or notch. Minshew] 1. An account or
reckoning, written or set down in chalk, &c. 2. Account or considera­
tion. 3. A line drawn. 4. Debt imputed. 5. Reason or motive.
6. Twenty. 7. [In music] partition, or the original draught of the
whole composition, wherein the several parts, viz. treble, second tre­
ble, bass, &c. are distincty scored and marked.

To SCORE, verb act. 1. To set down as a debt. 2. To impute, to
charge. 3. To mark by a line.

SCO’RIA, the dross, the recrement of metals.

SCO’RIOUS [of score] drossy, recrementitious.

SCO’RDION, or SCO’RDIUM [σχορδιον, Gr.] the herb water-german­
der.

To SCORN, verb act. to despise.

To SCORN, verb neut. to scoff.

SCORN [from the verb] contempt, scoff.

SCO’RNER. 1. A contemner. 2. A scoffer, a ridiculer.

SCORNFUL. 1. Contemptuous, disdainful. 2. Acting in defiance.

SCO’RNFULLY, contemptuously, disdainfully.

SCO’RNFULNESS, contemptuousness.

SCO’RNING, contempt, &c.

SCO’RODON, Lat. [with botanists] garlic.

SCORODO’PRASUM, Lat. [σχοροδοπρασον, Gr.] a plant between garlic
and leeks.

SCO’RPIO, Lat. [whose characteristic is ] is one of the twelve signs
of the zodiac, called by astrologers a feminine, nocturnal, cold, and
phlegmatic northern sign of the watery triplicity, and is represented, on
the celestial globe, by the form of a scorpion.

SCO’RPION [σχορπιος, Gr.] 1. A venomous insect of a blackish co­
lour, having eight feet, and a sting in its tail. 2. A scorge; so called
from its cruelty. 3. [From scorpius, Lat.] a sea-fish.

SCORPION-GRASS, or SCORPION-WORT, an herb good against the poi­
son of scorpions,

SCO’RPLURUM, Lat, [σχορπιουρος, Gr.] the plant turnsole.

SCORZONE’RA, Lat. [in botany] the plant called Spanish salsify.

SCOT [sceat, Sax. skatt, Su. skat, Dan. schot, Du. and L. Ger.
schosz, H. Ger.] a part, portion, shot or reckoning.

SCOT and Lot [sceat and lot, Sax.] a customary contribution laid
upon all subjects, according to their ability. Hence those, who are as­
sessed or rated to any contribution, are said to pay scot and lot.

SCOT Ale [in the forest charter] the keeping an alehouse within the
forest, by an officer of the forest, who, under colour of his office, causes
persons to come to his house and spend their money, for fear of having
displeasure.

SCOT-Free, excused from paying his scot or club; also free from pu­
nishment.

To SCOTCH, to cut with shallow incisions.

SCOTCH [from the verb] a shallow incision, a slight cut.

SCOTCH Collops, slices of veal, fry'd with several ingredients a parti­
cular way.

SCOTCH Fiddle, the itch.

SCOTCH Mist, a sober, soaking rain.

SCO’TIA [σχοτια, Gr.] a member of architecture, hollow like a dou­
ble channel between the torus and the astragal, also the roundel on the
base or bottom of pillars.

SCO’TISTS, divines who follow the opinions of John Duns-Scotus,
called the subtle doctor, the opposer of the Thomists. See SCHOLAS­
TIC Divinity, and ATHANASIANS compared.

SCO’TOMY [scotoma, Lat. σχοτωμα, Gr.] a dizziness or swimming in
the head, causing dimness of fight, wherein external objects seem to turn
round.

SCO’TTERING [in Herefordshire] a custom among the boys to burn a
wad of peas-strew at the end of harvest.

SCO’VEL, a sort of mop of clouts for sweeping an oven.

To SCOUL, or To SCOWL [Skinner supposes of sceal cag, Sax.
squintey'd] to knit one's brows, to look crabbed, gruff, cloudy
to put on a sour or grim countenance, or a disdainful air.

SCOU’NDREL [scondaruolo, It. as Skinner supposes, of abscondere, Lat.
to hide, q. d. one who, conscious of his own baseness, hides himself] a
rogue, a pitiful, rascally fellow.

To SCOUR, or To SCOWR, verb act. [scyrian, Sax. schuyren, Du.
scheuyren, Ger. ecurer, Fr.] 1. To cleanse or make clean. 2. To purge
by stool. 3. To rove and rob on the seas. 4. To clear the surface by
rubbing. 5. To pass swiftly over.

To SCOUR the length of the Line [a military phrase] is to rake a line
from end to end with the shot; so that every bullet, which comes in at
one end, sweeps all along to the other, and leaves no place of security.

To SCOUR, verb neut. 1. To perform the office of scouring. 2. To
clean. 3. To be purged or lax. 4. To rove, to range. 5. To run
here and there. 6. To scamper, to run eagerly.

SCOU’RER [from scour] 1. One that cleans by rubbing. 2. One that
runs swiftly.

SCOU’RERS [with the canting crew] drunkards who beat the watch,
break windows, clear the streets, &c.

SCOU’RING [in horses] a disease, a looseness.

SCOURING Long Shight [in cattle] a disease.
I scap'd a SCOURING.
Lat. Maleam præte vehi. The Fr. say; L'Echapper belle.

SCOURGE [scorregia, It.] 1. A whip made of thongs of leather, or
lashes of small cord. 2. A punishment, a vindictive affliction. 3. One
that afflicts, harrasses, and destroys. Is this the scourge of France?
Shakespeare. 4. A whip for a top.

To SCOURGE, verb act. [scorreggiare, It.] to whip, to chastise with
whipping. 2. To punish, to chastise.

To SCOURSE, to exchange one thing for another. Ainsworth.

SCOUT [escoute, O. Fr. escucha, Sp. schout, Du.] a spy sent to bring
tidings of the army of an enemy, or to discover their designs; also a
judge or magistrate in Holland.

SCOUTS [in any army] scout-watches, centinels who keep guard in
the advanced posts.

To SCOUT [from the noun] to go out in order to observe the motions
of the enemy privately.

To SCOWL. See To SCOUL.


SCR

To SCRA’BBLE [schrabben, Du. to tear with the nails] to feel or grope
about with the hands.

SCRAG [scraghe, Du.] any thing thin or lean.

SCRAG of Mutton, &c. [of craig, Scotch, the neck] the lean bony
part of the neck.

SCRA’GGED [of craig, Sc. lean] 1. Lean. 2. Rough.

SCRA’GGEDNESS. 1. Leanness. 2. Unevenness.

SCRA’GGY [from scrag] 1. Lean, thin. 2. [Corrupted from craggy]
rugged, rough, uneven.

To SCRA’MBLE [prob. of krabbelen, Du. rampicare, It. or screopan,
Sax. to scrape] 1. To snatch eagerly, to strive to catch or lay hold of.
2. To climb up a tree or steep place.

SCRA’MBLE [from the verb] 1. Eager contest for something. 2. Act
of climbing by the help of the hands.

SCRA’MBLER [of scramble] 1. One that scrambles. 2. One that
climbs by the help of the hands.

To SCRANCH [perhaps of scrosciare, It.] to make a crashing noise
with the teeth in eating.








SCRA’NNEL, vile, worthless: A word peculiar to Milton.

SCRAP [from scrape, a thing scraped or rubbed off] 1. A fragment,
a small piece. 2. Crumb, a small particle of meat left at table. 3. A
small piece of paper. This is properly scrip.

To SCRAPE [screopian, Sax. skrapa, Su. schrabben, Du. schrapen,
Ger.] 1. To shave or raze off with a knife or other instrument. 2. To
eraze. 3. To act upon any surface with a harsh noise. A hundred
footsteps scrape the marble hall. Pope. 4. To gather by great efforts, or
penurous diligence.

To SCRAPE, verb act. 1. To make a harsh noise. 2. To play ill on
a fiddle. 3. To make an aukward bow.

SCRAPE [of screop, Sax.] difficulty, perplexity, distress.

SCRA’PER [from scrape] 1. An instrument with which any thing is
scraped. 2. A miser, a person intent on getting money. 3. A vile fiddler.

SCRAT, an hermophradite, one who is of both sexes.

To SCRATCH [kratsen, Du. kratzen, Ger. kraite, Dan. grater, Fr.]
1. To tear with the nails, or with a pin, needle, or any pointed instru­
ment. 2. To mark with uneven incisions. 3. To wound slightly. 4.
To hurt slightly with any thing pointed or keen. 5. To write or draw
aukwardly.

SCRATCH [from the verb] 1. A ragged and shallow incision. 2. La­
ceration with the nails. 3. A slight wound.

SCRA’TCHER [of scratch] one that scratches.

SCRATCH-Work [sgrafitti, It.] a method of painting in fresco, by
preparing a black ground, on which was laid a white plaister, which be­
ing taken off with an iron bodkin, the white appeared through the holes,
and served for shadows.

SCRA’TCHES [with farriers] a disease in horses, consisting of dry scabs,
chops or rifts, which breed between the heel and the pastern joint.

SCRA’TCHINGLY, adv. [from scratching] with the action of scratching.

SCRAW [Irish and Erse] surface or scurf. Swift.

To SCRAWL [prob. of krabbalen, Du. or of scarabocchiare, It. or
schreyen, Ger.] 1. To write after a sorry careless manner. 2. To draw
or mark irregularly. 3. [From crawl] to creep like a reptile.

SCRAWL [from the verb] unskilful and unelegant writing.

SCRA’WLER [from scrawl] a clumsey and inelegant writer.

SCRAY, a bird, called a sea-swallow.

SCRE’ABLE [screabilis, Lat.] which may be spit out.

To SCREAK [prob. of skrige, Dan.] to make a shrill or hoarse noise, as
that of a door, whose hinges are rusty; or a wheel that is not well greased.

SCREAKING [prob. of akrige, Dan.] a shrill noise like that of rusty
hinges, &c.

To SCREAM [probably of skrige, Dan. or of schreyen, Ger.] to cry
out, especially in a fright, on receiving some hurt or wound.

SCREECH [from the verb] 1. Cry, or horror, or anguish. 2. Harsh
horrid cry.

SCREAM [from the verb] a shrill, quick, loud cry, occasioned by ter­
ror or pain.

SCREA’MING, a crying out loudly, shrilly and violently.

SCREA’TION, Lat. [of screare, Lat.] a hawking or spitting.

To SCREECH [prob. of skriger, Dan.] 1. To hoot or howl like a
screech oul. 2. To cry out in terror or anguish.

SCREECH-OWL [prob. of scricciola, It.] an owl that makes a shrieking
or hooting in the night.

SCREEN [ecran, Fr. prob. of secerniculum, Lat.] 1. Any thing that
affords shelter or concealment. 2. A device or partition to keep off the
wind. 3. A sort of fan or device for defending from the heat of a
fire. 4. A wooden frame grated, for sifting gravel, corn, &c.

To SCREEN, or To SKREEN [prob. of secernere, Lat.] 1. To shelter
or defend from. 2. To sift through a skreen.

To SCREW [prob. of schroeven, Du. schrauben, Ger.] 1. To press or
force with a screw. 2. To fasten with a screw. 3. To deform by con­
torsions. 4. To force, to bring by violence. 5. To squeeze, to press.
6. To oppress by extortion.

SCREW [escroue, Fr. schroeve, Du. schraube, Ger.] one of the five me­
chanic powers; chiefly used in pressing or squeezing bodies close; and
also in raising weighty things.

To SCRI’BBLE, verb act. [scribbilare, Lat.] 1. To scratch or dash
with a pen. 2. To write meanly or in low stile, as a paultry author.

To SCRI’BBLE, verb neut. to write without care or beauty.

SCRI’BBLE [from the verb] worthless writing.

SCRIBBLE Scrabble, pitiful, sorry writing.

SCRI’BLER, a paultry writer.

SCRIBE [escriba, Sp. scriba, It. and Lat.] 1. A writer or penman.
2. A secretary, a notary, a scrivener.

SCRIBES [among the Jews] a sect which managed the affairs of the
synagogue, expounded the law, called also doctors of the law.

SCRI’BING [with joiners] a term used, when one piece of stuff is to be
fitted to the side of another, which is irregular, to make the two join
close together all the way; this is done by marking it with the point of a
pair of compasses.

SCRI’MER [escrimer, Fr.] a gladiator, a fencing-master: Not in use.

SCRI’RIE [scrinum, Lat.] a place in which writings or curiosities are
reposited. Spenser.

SCRIP [Skinner derives it of scræpe, Sax. commodious, i. e. for
travelling; but Minshew of scripus, Lat. a bulrush, because anciently
wallets were made of them] 1. A budget or bag. 2. A little piece of
paper, a small writing or schedule.

SCRI’PTORY [scriptorious, Lat.] written, not delivered orally. Swift.

SCRI’PTURAL [from scirpure] contained in the holy scriptures.

SCRI’PTURE [ecriture, F. scrittura, It. escritura, Sp. of scriptura,
Lat.] the writing a book; the style or particular manner of writing used
by an author; the writings of the Old and New Testament.

SCRI’PTURISTS, those who ground their faith on the holy scriptures
only. See BERÆANS, and CREED.

SCRI’VENER [scrivano, It. escrivano, Sp.] 1. One who draws up and
engrosses writings, 2. One whose business it is to place money at interest.

SCRI’VENERS, were incorporated anno 1616, and are a master, two
wardens, 24 assistants, and 38 on the livery, &c.
The arms are azure, an eagle with wings expanded, holding in his
mouth a penner and inkhorn, standing on a book all or. Their hall is
on the east side of Noble-street.

SCRO’BICLE [scrobiculus, Lat.] a little ditch or furrow.

SCROBI’CULUS Cordis, Lat. [with anatomists] the heart-pit, or pit of
the stomach, the hollow below the breasts. Keill.

SCRO’FULA [of scrofula, Lat. a little pig] the disease commonly cal­
led the king's evil.

SCROFULA’RIA, Lat. [in botany] the herb pile-wort, blind-nettle,
or fig-wort.

SCRO’FULOUS, or SCRO’PHULOUS [scrofulosus, Lat.] of or pertaining
to the king's evil; hard, full of kernels or swellings of the glandules.

SCRO’FULOUSNESS, being afflicted with the king's evil.

SCROLL [prob. of roll] a slip or roll of parchment; also the same as
voluta in architecture.

SCROTOCE’LE [of scrotum, Lat. the cod, and χηλη, Gr.] a rupture of
the scrotum.

SCRO’TUM, Lat. [in anatomy] the bag, or common capsula or mem­
brane, which contains the testicles, thus named from its resemblance to
a pouch or purse of leather.

SCROTUM Cordis, Lat. [with anatomists] the same as pericardium;
the skin which encompasses the heart.

SCROYLE, a mean fellow, a wretch: A word peculiar to Shake­
speare.

SCRUB [screope, Sax.] 1. An old broom or brush much worn. 2.
A pitiful or sorry fellow. 3. Any thing mean and desplicable.

To SCRUB [screopan, Sax.] to rub hard with something rough.

SCRUBBA’DO, the itch, a distemper; also slovenly, mean habited.

SCRU’BBED, or SCRU’BBY [scrubet, Dan.] mean, vile, worthless,
dirty, sorry.

SCRUFF, little pieces of wood, coals, &c. that poor poople gather up
at the side of the Thames at low water, for firing.

SCRU’PEUS Humour, the gout.

SCRU’PLE [scrupule, Fr. scrupulo, It. escrupulo, Sp. of scrupulus, Lat.]
1. A doubt, niceness in point of conscience. 2. [With chronologers]
a small part of time used by several eastern nations, among the Chal­
deans, a 1/1086 part of an hour. 3. [With apothecaries] the third part
of a dram, or the weight of 20 grains. 4. Proverbially, any small
quantity.

To SCRU’PLE [from the noun] to be in doubt whether one shall do a
thing, or not, on a conscientious account.

SCRU’PLES [with astronomers] as scruples eclipsed, are that part of
the diameter of the moon, which enters the shadow, expressed in the
same measure wherein the apparent diameter of the moon is expressed.
See DIGIT.

SCRU’PLER [from scruple] a doubter, one that has scruples.

SCRUPULO’SITY [from scrupulous] 1. Doubt, minute doubtfulness,
2. Fear of acting in any manner, tenderness of conscience.

SCRU’PLES of half Duration [in astronomy] are an arch of the orbit
of the moon, which is described by her center, from the beginning of
the eclipse to the middle.

SCLUPLES of Immersion or Incidence [in astronomy] are an arch of the
orbit of the moon, which is described by her center, from the beginning
of the eclipse till the time, when its center falls into the shadow.

SCRUPLES of Emersion [in astronomy] are an arch of the orbit of the
moon, which is described by her center, in the time from the first emer­
sion of the moon's limb to the end of the eclipse.

SCRU’PULOUS [scrupuleux, Fr. scrupulosus, It. escrupuloso, Sp. of scru­
pulosus, Lat.] 1. Full of scruples. 2. Nice, precise. 3. Careful, vigi­
lent, cautious.

SCRUTA’TOR [scrutateur, Fr. scrutor, Lat.] enquirer, searcher, exa­
miner.

SCRU’TINOUS [from scrutiny] captious, full of enquiries. Denham.

SCRU’PULOUSLY, nicely, precisely, exactly.

SCRU’PULOUSNESS [from scrupulous] a scrupulous humour, nicety,
exactness.

SCRU’TABLE [scrutabilis, Lat.] that may be searched.

SCRUTA’TION, a searching.

To SCRU’TINIZE, or To SCRU’TINY [of scrutinium, Lat. a search] to
make a strict enquiry into, to examine thoroughly.

SCRUTINEE’R [of scrutinium, Lat.] one who makes a scrutiny, or
examines nicely. See INTERPOLATION.

SCRU’TINY [scrutin, Fr. scrutini, It. escrutinio, Sp. of scrutinium, Lat.]
a strict search or diligent enquiry; a perusal or examination of the suf­
frages or votes at an election of a magistrate; an examination of the
poll.

SCRUTINY [in the canon law] a ticket, or small paper billet, in
which the electors write their votes privately at elections, so that it may
not be known for whom they vote.

SCRUTOI’RE [scriptorium, Lat. ecritore, Fr.] a kind of long cabinet,
with a door or lid opening downwards, for the conveniency of writing
on.

To SCRUGE [perhaps from screw] to squeeze, to compress. Spenser.

SCRY of Fowls, a great flock of them.


SCU

SCUD, a sudden shower of rain.

To SCUD [prob. of schudden, Du. to agitate] to run away with pre­
cipitation.

SCU’FFLE [perhaps of zuffa, It.] a quarrel with fighting.

To SCU’FFLE, to fight confusedly.

To SCULK [prob. of sculkare, Lat. to watch] to hide one's self, to
lurk here and there.

SCU’LKER [from sculk] a lurker, one that hides himself.

SCULL, or SKULL [prob. q. d. shell, or of sehedel, Teut. the head]
1. The bone of the head which contains the brain, eyes, &c. 2. A
little oar to row a boat with. 3. [Of sceole, Sax.] a shole or great
company of fishes. Milton. 4. A small boat, a cock-boat. 5. One who
rows a boat with sculls.

SCU’LL-CAP [of scull and cap] 1. A head piece. 2. A night-cap.

SCU’LLER. 1. A boat rowed with sculls. 2. The waterman who
rows with sculls.

SCU’LLERY [prob. of culinarius, Lat.] a place to do the dirty work
of a kitchen in.

SCU’LLION [prob. of culinarius, belonging to a kitchen, or cuilloin, Fr.]
one who does drudgery in a kitchen.

To SCULP [sculpo, Lat. sculper, Fr.] to carve, to engrave: A word
seldom used.

SCU’LPTILE [sculptilis, Lat.] made by carving. Brown.

SCULP [sculptura, Lat.] a cut, print, or engraven picture.

SCU’LPTOR, a carver or engraver.

SCU’LPTURE [sculpteur, Fr. scultura, It. of sculptura, Lat.] 1. The
art of cutting or carving wood, stone, or other matter, to form various







figures for representation. Sculpture includes both engraving and work­
ing in relievo. Plate II. Fig. 1. represents a statue, and the plumb lines
shew the method statuaries make use of for setting off the distances on the
several parts of the statue. 2. The act of engraving.

SCUM [skum, Dan. and Su. schuym, Du. schuum, L. Ger. schaum, H.
Ger. ecume, Fr. schiuma, It. espuma, Sp.] 1. That which rises to the top
of any liquor. 2. The fuse, dross, dregs, recrement.

To SCUM [prob. of skumme, Dan. scuma, Su schuymen, Du. schu­
men, L. Ger. schaumen, H. Ger. or ecumer, Fr. schiumare, It. espumar,
Sp.] to take off the scum, froth, dross, &c. from any liquid, melted
metal, &c.

SCU’MBER [a hunting term] the dung of a fox.

SCU’MMER [escumvir, Fr.] a vessel for scumming any liquor, ge­
nerally written and pronounced skimmer.

SCU’PPER-HOLES [of schoepen, Du. to draw off] small holes made
through the sides of the ship, through which the water that is pumped
out of the ship's hold, or comes any other way, is carried off into the sea.

SCUPPER-LEATHERS, leathers nailed over those holes.

SCU’PPER-NAILS, short nails with broad heads, for nailing on the
scupper-leathers.

SCURF [scurf, Sax. skârf, Su. schort, Du. schorf, L. Ger.] 1. A
whitish, scaly swelling raised in the skin of the head, by a slimy and
mixed flegm. 2. A soil or stain adherent. 3. Any thing stricking on
the surface.

SCU’RFINESS [scurfinesse, Sax.] the having scurf on the head, &c.

SCU’RFY, full of, or having scurf.

SCURRI’LITY [scurilite, Fr. scurrilitas, Lat.] grossness of reproach,
mean buffoonery.

SCU’RRILOUS [scurrile, Fr. of scurrilis, Lat.] railing, saucy, abusive,
scandalous.

SCU’RRILOUSLY, saucily, abufively, or scandelously.

SCU’RRILOUSNESS, or SCURRI’LITY [scurrilitas, Lat. scurrilité, Fr.
scurrilità, It.] scandalous language, saucy drollery, buffoonry.

SCU’RVILY, adv. [from scurvy] vilely, basely, coarsly.

SCU’RVINESS, badness, naughtiness, sorriness.

SCU’RVY, subst. [scorbut, Fr. scorbuto, It. of scorbutum, Lat.] a dis­
ease, the symptoms of which are yellow spots on the hands and feet,
weakness of the legs, stinking breath, &c. A name given to very dif­
ferent kinds of diseases; but all importing some acrimony in the blood
and juices, without a fervour, and great care should be first taken in ad­
justing what sort of acrimony it is, before a physician ventures to
prescribe.

SCU’RVY, adj. 1. Troubled with the scurvy, scabbed. 2. vile, worth­
less, sorry, pitiful, contemptible.

SCURVY Grass, an herb so named for its particular virtue in curing
the scurvy.

SCUT [cwyth, Sax. kutte, Du. cada, It.] the tail of an hair or rabbit.

SCU’TAGE [scutagium, of scutum, Lat. a shield, q. d. shield-money,
scild, penig, Sax.] a tax granted to king Henry III, for his expedi­
tion to the holy land.

SCUTA’GIO Habendo, a writ to the tenants, who held lands by knights
service, to attend the king in his wars, or to pay a scutage, which was
three warks for every knight's fee.

SCU’TCHEON [ecusson, Fr. scudo, It. of scutum, Lat. a shield] the field
or ground on which a coat of arms is painted.

SCU’TIFORM [scutiformis, Lat.] in the form of a shield or buckler.

SCUTIFO’RME Os [in anatomy] the chief bone of the knee, called
also patella.

SCUTIFO’RMIS Cartilago [in anatomy] the broadest and biggest of
the cartilages of the larynx; so called, because in the form of a square
buckler or shield, called also thyroides.

SCU’TTLE [scutel, Sax.] 1. A dust-basket. 2. A wooden trough
of a mill, through which the flour falls into the meal-tub. 3. A small
grate. 4. [From scud] a quick pace, a short run. 5. [In a ship]
small square holes cut in the deck, enough to let a man through.

To SCU’TTLE, 1. To cut a scuttle in the side, &c. of a ship. 2.
To run with precipitation.

SCU’TUM, a Buckler [in anatomy] the knee pan, or round bone of
the knee.

SCUTUM [in pharmacy] a plaister in form of a shield, to be applied
to the stomach.

SCY’LLA, a rock in the sea between Sicily and Italy, over-against the
gulf Charybdis, so that the passage there is dangerous for ships; whence
the Latin proverb, Incidit in Scyllam cupiens vitare Charybdim, to avoid
Scylla, he falls into Charibdis, i. e. to leap out of the frying-pan into
the fire. See CHARYBDIS and CIMMERIANS, compared.

SCY’MITAR, a kind of crooked Persian sword.

SCY’PHUS [with anatomists] those passages that convey the saliva
from the os cribriforme, or sieve-like bone to the palate.

SCY’REGEMOT [scyre-gemot, Sax.] a court held twice every year by
the bishop of the diocess, and the earldorman in shires that had them,
or sheriff, in those committed to sheriffs.

SOY’TALA, Lat. a field mouse.

SCYTALA, Lat. [in mechanics] a kind of radius or spoke, standing
out of the axis of a machine, as a handle or lever to turn it round, or
work it by.

SCY’TALA Laconica [with the Lacedæmonians] a little round staff;
an invention for the secret writing of letters to correspondents, by means
of two rollers or cylinders exactly alike, one being kept by each of the
correspondents.

SCYTA’LIDES [σχυταλιδες, Gr.] the three small bones in each singer.

SCYTHE [scythe, Sax.] an instrument for mowing grass.

SCY’THICA, Lat. [with botanists] sweet-root or liquorice.


SEA

SEA [sæ, Sax. soe, Dan. see, Ger. see, or zee, Du.] 1. That gene­
ral collection of waters which encompasses the earth, the ocean. 2.
A collection of waters, a lake. 3. Proverbially for any large quantity.
A sea of blood. Milton. 4. Any thing rough and tempestuous. And
in a troubled sea of passion tost. Milton.

SEA’BEAT, dashed by the waves of the sea.

SEA-BOAT, a vessel capable of bearing the sea.

SEABO’RN, born of the sea.

SEABO’Y, a boy employed at sea.

SEABE’ACH, the sea-shore.

SEA Bind-weed, an herb.

SEABRE’ACH, irruption of the sea, by breaking the banks.

SEABREE’ZE, wind blowing from the sea.

SEABU’ILT, built for the sea.

SEACABAGE, a plant growing on the sea beach.

SEACA’LF, the seal.

SEA-CHART, a geographical description of coasts, with the true dis­
tances, heights, course, or winds leading to them; also called a plot.

SEA-CO’AL, pit-coal, so called because brought to London by sea.

SEA-COA’ST, the edge, or shore of the sea.

SEA-CO’MPASS, the mariner's compass.

SEA-CO’W, the manate.

SEA-DO’G, a fish resembling in some measure the shark.

SEA-DRA’GS [with sailors] any things which hang over a ship under
sail, as shirts, gowns, &c. or also a boat when it is towed, or any thing
that hinders the course of the ship.

SEA-FA’RER, a mariner, a traveller by sea.

SEA-FA’RING [of sæ, and faran, Sax. to go] employed or living
at sea.

SEA-FI’GHT, a battle on the sea, a battle of ships.

SEA-GA’TE [a sea term] when two ships are brought close one to
another by means of a wave or billow, they say the ships lie aboard one
another in a sea-gate.

SEA-GI’RT, encircled by the sea.

SEA-GRE’EN, adj. cerulean, resembling the colour of the distant
sea.

SEA-GREEN [saxifrage] a plant growing in the sea.

SEA-GU’LL, a water-fowl.

SEA-HO’G, the porpus.

SEA-HO’RSE, 1. A small fish common in the Mediterranean. 2. The
morse. 3. [Among the poets] the hippopotamus.

SEA-LU’NGS [with sailors] the froth of the sea.

SEA-MA’ID, a mermaid.

SE’A-MAN, 1. A sailor, a mariner. 2. The merman, the male of the
mermaid.

SE’A-MARK, a conspicuous place seen at sea, which serves as a direc­
tion to mariners.

SEA-ME’W, a water-fowl.

SEA’MO’NSTER, a strange animal of the sea.

SEA-NA’VEL, a small shell-fish, in the likeness of a navel.

SEA-NA’VEL-WORT, an herb.

SEA-NY’MPH, a goddess of the sea.

SEA-O’NION, the squil.

SE’A-OOZE, the mud in the sea.

SEA-PI’ECE, a picture representing any thing at sea.

SE’A-PORT [of sæ, Sax. and portus, Lat. q. d. a gate or door of the
sea] a town at the mouth of a harbour or river.

SEA-RI’SK, hazard at sea.

SE’A-ROOM, room at sea, far from the shore.

SEA-RO’VER, a pirate.

SEA-SE’RPENT, a serpent generated in the sea.

SEA-SE’RVICE, duty at sea.

SE’A-SHELL, shell of a sea-fish.

SE’A-SHORE, the coast of the sea.

SEA-SICK, sick by the motion of the ship at sea.

SEA-SIDE, the edge of the sea.

SEA-SU’RGEON, a surgeon employed on ship-board.

SEA-SURRO’UNDED, encircled by the sea.

SEA-TE’RM, a term of art used by seamen.

SEA-TU’RN [in sea leanguage] a gale or breeze of wind coming off
from the sea.

SEA-WATER, the salt-water of the sea.

SEA-YO’KE [in navigation] a sort of contrivance or tackle made use
of, when the sea is so rough, that the men cannot govern the helm with
their hand.

SE’AH [האם, Heb.] an Hebrew measure, containing about 10 quarts.
Dr. Taylor, in his concordance, says, “it is the third part of an ephah,
and contains a little more then two wine gallons and a half.”

SEAL [sigel, Sag. seghel, Du. siegel, Ger. seau, or seel, Fr. sigillo,
It. sello, Sp. sigilum, Lat.] 1. The print of a coat of arms, or some o­
ther device made in wax, and set to any deed or writing; also the in­
strument or piece of metal, &c. on which the figure is engraven that
impresses the wax. 2. The impression made in the wax. 3. Any act of
confirmation.

SEAL, a sea-calf, the skin of which is used in making watch­
cases, &c.

To SEAL, verb neut. [seeller, Fr. sellàr, Sp. sigillare, It. and Lat.
segle, Dan. sigelan, Sax. segheln, Du. siegeln, Ger.] to set a seal to a
writing, &c.

To SEAL, verb act. 1. To fasten with a seal. 2. To confirm or at­
test by a seal. 3. To confirm, to ratify, to settle. 4. To shut, to close.
5. To mark with a stamp.

SEA’LER, an officer in the chancery, appointed by the lord chancellor,
or keeper of the great-seal, to seal the writs and instruments there made.

SEA’LING-wax, hard wax made of gum-lacre, rosin, &c. for sealing
letters.

SEAM [seam, Sax. somm, Su. somme, Dan. soom, Du.] 1. A row
of stitches made with a needle. 2. The juncture of the planks in ship.
3. A cicatrix, a scar. 4. [Saim, C. Brit. seim, Sax.] fat, tallow, lard.
5. Of Glass, 120 pounds, or 24 stone. 6. Of Corn [seam, Sax.] 8
bushels.

To SEAM [from the noun] 1. To join together by sewing, or other­
wise. 2. To mark with a long cicatrix.

SEA’MLESS [seamlesse, Sax.] without a seam.

SEAMS [in horses] a disease.

SEA’MSTER, or SEA’MSTRESS [seamstre, Sax.] a person who sews
or makes up linen garments.

SE’AMY [from seam] having a seam, full of seams.

SEAN [seine, Fr. sagena, It. and. Lat. σαγηνη, Gr.] a sort of large
fishing-net.

To SEAR [searan, Sax. prob. of ξηρος, G. dry] to burn with a hot
iron, to cauterize.

SEAR, withered, dead, no longer green.

SEAR Cloth [serclath, Sax.] a plaister for pains, aches, &c.

SEAR Wood, dead boughs cut off from trees in a forest.

SEARCE, a bolter, a fine sieve.

To SEARCE [sasser, Fr.] to sift finely.

SE’ARCER, one who searces.

To SEARCH, verb act. [chercher, Fr. cercare, It.] 1. To seek, to
look for, to be in quest of. 2. To examine, to try, to explore. 3. To
probe as a surgeon. 4. To search out; to find by seeking.








To SEARCH, verb neut. 1. To make a search. 2. To make enquiry.
3. To try to find.

SEARCH [from the verb] 1. Inquiry by looking into every suspected
place. 2. Examination, act of seeking. 3. Quest, pursuit.

SEA’RCHER, 1. An examiner, a tryer, an inquirer. 2. An officer of
the customs, also one whose business it is to examine, and by a pecu­
liar seal to mark the defects of woollen cloth.

SEARSE, or SARSE [sas, Fr.] a fine sieve made of lawn, &c.

SEA’SON [saison, Fr. stagione, It. sazón, Sp.] 1. One of the quarters
of the year, which are four, as spring, summer, autumn, and winter.
2. A fit and proper time to do any thing in. 3. A time, as distinguish­
ed from others. 4. A time not very long. 5. [From the verb] that
which gives a high relish.

To SEA’SON, verb act. [assaisonner, Fr. stagionar, It. stazonàr, Sp.]
1. To give any thing a relish. 2. To qualify by the admixture of ano­
ther ingredient. 3. To imbue, to tinge, to taint. 4. To fit for any
use by time or habit, to mature.

To SEA’SON, verb neut. to be mature, to grow fit for any purpose.

SEA’SONABLE, that which is done in season, opportune, convenient.

SEA’SONABLENESS, opportuneness, propriety, with regard to time.

SEA’SONABLY, adv. [from seasonable] properly with respect to time.

SEA’SONER, he that seasons, or gives a relish to any thing.

SEA’SONING, 1. That which gives any thing a relish. 2. [In the
West-Indies] an aguish distemper, which foreigners are subject to at
their first coming.

SEAT [seotole, Sax. sathe, Su. setel, or sedel, Du. sessel, Ger. siege,
Fr. sedia, It. sedes, Lat.] 1. A chair, bench, or any thing to sit on. 2.
Chair of state, throne, post of authority. 3. Mansion, residence, place
of abode. 4. Situation, site.

To SEAT [of sittan, Sax. setten, Du. O. and L. Ger. setzen, H.
Ger. situer, Fr. situare, It. sentàr, Sp. of sedere, Lat.] 1. To place up­
on a seat, to cause to sit down. 2. To place in a post of authority. 3.
To settle, to fix in any particular place, or situation. 4. To fix, to
place firm.

SEA’TER, the name of an idol worshipped by our Saxon ancestors,
from whence our Saturday has its name.

SE’ATETH, a term used of a hare, when it taketh to its resting place.

SEA’VY Ground, such ground as is over-grown with rushes.

SEBA’RAÏM, or SEBA’RAË, Cald. a name given to such rabbies, as
lived and taught after the finishing the Talmud. Buxtorf says, they
flourished at a time when the Jewish academies were DISTURBED by
troublesome times, and accordingly gave their judgment on traditionary
cases, al derek sebaroth, i. e. by way of opinions, or probable conjec­
tures, as contradistinguished from peremptory decision. He tells us,
that this unsettled state of things lasted for upward of sixty years. May
not I add, and might perhaps have been as well, if continued down to
the present day? See CABALA and RITES, compared.

SEBE’STENS, a fruit resembling a little plum, used in medicine.


SEC

SE’CANT [secans, from seco, Lat. to cut, because it cuts the tan­
gent; in geomety] a right line drawn from the center of a circle
through one end of a given arch or angle, till it meets or cuts another
line called a tangent, raised on the outside at the other end.

To SECE’DE [secedo, Lat.] to withdraw from fellowship in any af­
fair.

SECE’DER [from secede] one that withdraws himself through disappro­
bation of any proceedings.

To SECE’RN [secerro, Lat.] to separate, divide, or distinguish.

SECE’SSION, 1. The act of going aside, a retiring. 2. A withdraw­
ing from council, &c. 3. [In medicine] the going off by secretion.

SE’CLE [siiecle, Fr. seculum, Lat.] an age, a century. Hammond.

To SECLU’DE [escludere, It. escluyr, Sp. secludere, Lat.] to shut apart
from others, to shut out, to exclude.

SECLU’SION, 1. The act of secluding, shutting out, or separating
from. 2. The being secluded.

SE’COND, Fr. [secondo, It. segundo, Sp. of secundus, Lat.] 1. The next
in order to the first, the ordinal of two. 2. Next in value or dignity,
inferior. 3. One who accompanies another in a duel to direct or de­
fend him. 4. A supporter, a maintainer. 5. [With astronomers] is
the 60th part of a degree of any circle. 6. [Of time] the 60th part
of a minute of time. 7. [In music] one of the musical intervals, being
only the distance between any sound and the next nearest sound, whether
higher or lower.

To SE’COND [seconder, Fr. secondare, It. assegundàr, Sp. of secundo,
Lat.] 1. To back, aid, or assist another, to favour or countenance. 2.
To follow in the next place.

SE’COND-HAND, not original, not primary.

SECOND Sight, an odd qualification that many of the inhabitants of
the western islands of Scotland are said to have; which is a faculty of
seeing things to come, or at a great distance, represented to imagi­
nation, as if actually visible and present.

SECOND Terms [in algebra] those where the unknown quantity has a
degree less than it has in the term where it is raised to the highest.

SE’CONDARILY, adv. [from secondary] in the 2d degree, not primarily.

SE’CONDARINESS [from secondary] the state of being secondary.

SE’CONDARY, subst. [from the adj.] the second man in any place, he
who is next to any chief officer, as of the compter, who is the next
man to the sheriff, &c.

SE’CONDARY, adj. [secundarius, Lat.] 1. Not primary, next to the
first. 2. Acting by transmission or deputation.

SECONDARY [in philos. writ.] second, as secondary causes.

SECONDARY Circles [with astronomers] all circles which intersect the
six greater circles of the sphere at right angles, as the azimuths or ver­
tical circles, with respect to the horizon, the meridian, and the hour cir­
cles, to the equinoctial.

SECONDARY Fever [with physicians] is that which arises after a crisis
or discharge of some morbid matter, as in the small-pox of the constu­
ent kind, &c.

SECONDARY Planets [in astronomy] those which move round other
planets, as the center of their motion, and with them round the sun.

SECONDARY Sense [in divinity] supposes a passage of scripture to have
two purports, the one primary, the other secondary; as in the case of
types, and some historic facts, which are supposed to have a reference to
something beyond themselves. And I suspect, it was too great a liberty
in expositions of this kind, which gave St. ORIGEN'S enemies a handle
to charge him with explaining away the FACTS THEMSELVES. But this,
I believe, was far enough from being always his intention. He pre­
sumed, that there is a MIGHTY DEPTH in scripture; and from that pro­
found veneration which he bore to the sacred writings, and in particular
those relating to the history of our Lord, he endeavoured to find out the
NOBLE MORAL, [i. e. the secondary sense;] which he imagined to be
couched under most (if not all) of his actions and miracles.
SCHOLIUM.
St. Origen was doubtless a very great man: but in his writings we find
many a weak sentiment; and his strong attachment to the Platonic sys­
tem, is perhaps the best key, by which to account for his deviation from
the church in those days, in several instances; in particulur, when he
maintained the pre-existence of human souls, and our being degraded
into bodies, for crimes committed in some preceding state—And
whereas Plato would admit the soul only to be the man; Query, If our
Christian Platonist was not led from hence (after much the same man­
ner with Tertullian his cotemporary) into that conception of the incar­
nation, which laid the foundation of another charge against him, viz.
that of his making two CHRISTS? See ORIGENISM, MANHOOD of
Christ, INCARNATION, and DIMERITÆ, compared with Colos. c. ii.
v. 8; and 1 Corinth. c. i. v. 20—23.

SE’CONDLY [from second] in the second place.

SE’CONDRATE, 1. The second order in dignity or value. 2. One of
the second order.

SE’CRESY [segretezza, It. of secretus, Lat.] 1. Privacy, state of being
hidden. 2. Solitude, retirement. 3. Forbearance of discovery.

SE’CRET, subst. Fr. [segreto, It. secreto, Sp. of secretum, Lat.] 1.
Something concealed. 2. A thing unknown, something not yet disco­
vered. 3. Privacy, secrecy.

SECRET, Fr. adj. [secretus, Lat. segreto, It. secreto, Sp.] 1. Private,
hidden, close. 2. That keeps counsel, faithful. 3. Unknown; as, a
secret remedy. 4. Retired, private, unseen. 5. Privy, unseen.

To SE’CRET [from the noun] to keep private.

SE’CRETARYSHIP [from secretary] the office of a secretary.

SE’CRETARY [secretaire, Fr. segretario, It. secretario, Sp. of secreta­
rius, Lat.] one who is employed in writing letters, &c. for a prince or
society.

To SECRE’TE [of secretum, Lat.] 1. To hide, to conceal, to put out
of the way. 2. [In medicine] to secern, to separate.

SECRE’TION. 1. A separation, &c. 2. The fluid secreted.

Animal SECRETION [in physic] is the separation of one fluid from an­
other, in the body of an animal or vegetable, by means of glans, or
something of the like nature.

SECRETI’TIOUS [from secretus, Lat.] parted by animal secretion.

SECRE’TIST, a dealer in secrets.

SECRETO’RY [from secretus, Lat.] performing the office of secre­
tion.

SE’CRETLY, privately, in secret.

SE’CRETNESS. 1. Privicy. 2. Quality of being a secret.

SECT [secte, Fr. setta, It. secta, Sp. and Lat.] a party professing the
same opinion.

SECTA’RIAN [sectarius, Lat.] of, or belonging to a sect.

SE’CTARISM [from sect] disposition to particular sects, in opposition
to things established.

SE’CTARY [sectarius, Lat.] 1. A follower of a particular sect. 2.
A pupil, a follower.

SECTA’TOR, Lat. a follower, an imitator, a disciple.

SE’CTIO Cæsarea [in anatomy] the Cæsarian operation; the same as
hysterotomeia.

SE’CTION, Fr. [sezione, It. seciòn, Sp. of sectio, Lat.] 1. The act of
cutting or dividing. 2. The part cut off or divided. 3. A small and
distinct part of a writing or book.

SECTION [of a book] a certain division in the chapters, frequent with
this mark §.

SECTION [with mathematicians] the cutting of one plane by another,
or of a solid by a plane.

SECTION [in architecture] is the profile or draught of its height and
depths raised on the plane, as if the whole fabric or building was cut
asunder, to discover the inside.

Conic SECTION, is the figure made by the solid body of a cone's being
supposed to be cut by a plane; and these sections are usually accounted
four, viz. the circle, ellipsis, hyperbola and parabola.

SE’CTIS non Faciendis [in law] a writ which lies for a woman, who
ought not to perform suit of court for her dower.

SECTOR. 1. An instrument of considerable use in all the practical parts
of the mathematics, having lines of sines, tangents, secants, rhumbs,
poligons, &c.

SECTOR [of a circle] is a part of a circle, or a mixed triangle, com­
prehended between two radii or semi-diameters, making an angle at the
center, and an arch or part of the circumference.

SE’CULAR [seculier, Fr. secolare, It. seglàr, Sp. of secularis, Lat.] 1.
Happening once in the space of an hundred years, or seicle. 2. Tem­
poral, as pertaining to this world or life. 3. Conversant in this world,
without being engaged in a monastic life, or to observe the rules of any
religious order.

SE’CULAR Games [ludi seculares, of seculum, Lat. an age] these plays
were so named, because they happened but once in an age, or an hun­
dred years. Horace, whose Carmen Seculare was composed on this oc­
casion, says, in his address to Phæbus and Diana,
— Date, quæ precamur
Tempore sacro
Quô Sibyllini monuere versus, &c.
On which the learned Torrentius gives us the following comment: “Be­
fore the institution of these games, and indeed under the kings of Rome,
there were held in the Campus Martius (on account of pestilence, prodi­
gies, and other causes) more than once, games in honour of Pluto and
Proserpine: but then at length the games called secular, when the fifteen
men instituted them, by admonition from the Sibylline verses, for every
succeeding age; and so ordered them to be held, with the promise of
the empire's safety so long as they should be continued. This commenced,
as Censorinus informs us, A. V. 217. M. Valerius and Sp. Virginius being
consuls. He adds, that the secular games of Augustus were held A. V. 736,
and that their memorial is still preserved on many a medal” See LU­
STRUM, JUBILEE, PROPITIATION, and SCENOPEGIA compared.

SECULA’RITY [from secular] worldliness, attention to the things of
the present life.

SECULARIZA’TION, Fr. [secolarizazione, It.] the action of converting
a regular person, place, or benefice, to a secular one.

SE’CULARIZE [secularise, Fr.] made secular, i. e. a layman of a cler­
gyman.








To SECULARIZE [from secular] 1. To convert from spiritual to com­
mon use. 2. To make worldly.

SECULA’RITY, or SE’CULARNESS [secularitas, Lat.] worldliness, ad­
dictedness to the things of this world.

SE’CULARLY [from secular] in a worldly manner.

SE’CULARNESS [from secular] worldliness.

SE’CUNDARY. See SECONDARY.

SECUNDARY Fever [with physicians] See SECONDARY.

SECUNDA’TION, Lat. a seconding, forwarding, or making prospe­
rous.

SECU’NDI Generis, Lat. [in anatomy] those lacteal vessels that carry
the chyle from the glans, after it has been diluted there with the lym­
pha, into the common vessels; whereas the lacteals of the prima generis
carry it from the intestines into the glans.

SE’CUNDINE [secundina, Lat.] the several coats or membranes where­
in the fœtus is wrapped, whilst in the womb, and which are excluded
after it is born; the after-birth or burden; they are named allentois,
amnion, and chorion.

SECU’NDUM Naturam [i. e. according to the course of nature] a phrase
which physicians use, when all things are duly performed, as in a state
of health.

SECU’RE [seker, Du. and L. Ger. sicher, H. Ger. sicuro, It. seguro,
Sp. securus, Lat.] 1. Out of danger. 2. Careless, wanting caution. 3.
Free from fear.

To SECURE [asseguràr, Sp. verseekern, Du. and L. Ger. versichern, H.
Ger. securare, Lat.] 1. To make secure. to save, protect or shelter. 2.
To protect, to defend, to make safe. 3. To seize a person or thing. 4.
To make fast.

SECU’RELY. 1. Safety. 2. Without fear, carelessly.

SECU’REMENT [from secure] the cause of safety, protection, de­
fence.

SECU’RENESS [securitas, Lat. secureté, Fr. seekerheyt, Du. and L. Ger.
sicherheit, H. Ger.] security, safety.

SECU’RITAS de bono Gestu [law term] surety of the peace.

SECURITA’TE Pacis, Lat. [in law] a writ which lies for one who is
threatened with death or danger, against him who so threatens.

SECURITA’TEM Inveniend. &c. Lat. a writ that lies for the king against
any of his subjects, to stay them from going out of the kingdom without
his leave.

SECU’RITY [seureté, and secureté, Fr. securtà, It. seguridad, Sp. of se­
curitas, Lat.] 1. Safety, the being out of danger. 2. Bail. 3. Surety
for the payment of money. 4. Assurance. 5. Unconcernedness, care­
lessness.

SEDA’N [prob. of sedes, Lat. a seat] a close chair in which persons of
quality are carried by men.

SEDA’TE [sedato, It. of sedatus, Lat.] quiet, composed, undisturbed
in mind.

SEDA’TELY, quietly, composedly.

SEDA’TENESS [of sedatus, Lat.] composure of mind, tranquility.

SEDA’TIVE [sedativus, Lat.] of a quieting, allaying, or asswaging
quality.

SE’DEFENDENDO, Lat. [i. e. in defending himself] a plea for him
who is charged with the death of another, saying, he was forced to do
it in his own defence, or else he must have been in danger of his own
life; yet must he forfeit his goods to the king, and procure his pardon of
the lord chancellor.

SE’DENTARY [sedentaire, Fr. sedentario, Sp. of sedentarius, Lat.] 1.
That sits much, or works sitting; that keeps at home, or seldom stirs
abroad. 2. Torpid, inactive, sluggish.

SE’DENTARY Parliaments [in France] such as are fixed and settled in
a place.

SE’DENTARINESS, the state or condition of one who sits much.

SEDGE [sætg, Sax.] a narrow flag.

SE’DGY [of sæcg, Sax.] full of the weed called sedge.

SE’DIMENT, Fr. [of sedimentum, Lat.] the settlement, dregs, grounds,
or lees of any thing settling or sinking down.

SEDIMENT of Urine [with physicians, certain parts of the nourishing
juice, which being separated from the blood with the serum, by reason
of their weight, sink down to the bottom of the urine.

SEDI’TION [Fr. sedizione, It. of seditio, Lat.] a mutiny, a popular
tumult, a rising, or uproar.

SEDI’TIOUS [seditieux, Fr. sedizioso, It. of seditiosus, Lat.] apt or tend­
ing to raise sedition; factious, mutinous.

SEDI’TIOUSLY, factiously, mutinously.

SEDI’TIOUSNESS [of seditiosus, Lat. seditieux, Fr.] a seditious humour
or quality; also sedition itself.

To SEDU’CE [seduire, Fr. sedurre, It. of seducere, Lat.] to mislead or
deceive; to corrupt or debauch.

SEDU’CEMENT, the act of seducing or misleading.

SEDU’CER [seductor, Lat.] one who draws away or misleeds.

SEDU’CIBLE [from seduce] that may be drawn aside, corruptible.

SEDU’CTION, the act of seducing, the act of drawing aside.

SEDU’CTIVE [seductivus, Lat.] apt to seduce or mislead.

SE’DULOUS [sedulus, Lat.] very careful, diligent, industrious, labo­
rious.

SE’DULOUSLY, carefully, diligently, industriously.

SE’DULOUSNESS, or SEDU’LITY [from sedulous] carefulness, dili­
gence.

SE’DUM, Lat. housleek, or sengreen.

SE’DUWAL, or SE’TUWAL [sydewale, Sax.] the herb setwal, or vale­
lerian.


SEE

SEE [sedia, It. seda, Sp. prob. of sedes, Lat.] the dignity or seat of an
archbishop or bishop.

To SEE, verb act. pret. I saw, part. pass. seen [seon, Sax. see, Dan.
and Su. sien, Du. sehen, Ger.] 1. To perceive with the eyes. 2. To
observe, to find. 3. To discover, to descry. 4. To converse with. 5.
To attend, to remark

To SEE, verb neut. 1. To have the power of sight. 2. To discern
without deception. 3. To enquire, to distinguish. 4. To be attentive.
5. To scheme, to contrive.

SEED [sæd, Sax. seed, Dan. sadh, Su. sæd, Dan. zaed, Du. saat, Ger.]
1. A matter prepared by nature, for the reproduction and conservation
of the species, both in men, animals, and plants. 2. First principle,
original. 3. Progeny, offspring, descendants. 4. Race, generation,
birth.

To SEED [from the noun] to grow to maturity, so as to shed the
seed.

SEE’D-CAKE, a sweet cake interspersed with warm aromatic seeds.

SEE’D-LEEP, or SEE’D-LIP [in husbandry] a vessel or hopper for the
carrying their seed-corn at the time of sowing.

SEE’D-PEARL, small grains of pearl.

SEE’D-PLOT, the ground on which plants are sowed to be afterwards
transplanted.

SEED-TIME, the season of sowing.

SEE’DLINGS [with botanists] roots of gilliflowers, &c. which come
from seeds sown; also the young tender shoots of plants that have been
but newly sown.

SEE’DNESS [from seed] seedtime, the time of sowing. Shakespeare.

SEE’DSMAN, the sower, he that scatters the seed.

SEE’DY [of sædig, Sax.] run to, or having seeds.

SEE’ING, adj. since that, forasmuch as, &c.

SEE’ING, subst. See SIGHT.

To SEEK, verb act. pret, I sought, part. pass. sought [secan and ge­
stecan, Sax. soker, Su. soge, Dan. soecken, Du. suchen, Ger.] 1. To
search or look for. 2. To labour or endeavour, to get or obtain. 3.
To go to find. 4. To pursue by secret machinations.

To SEEK, verb neut. 1. To make search, to make enquiry, to en­
deavour. 2. To make pursuit. 3. To apply to, to use sollicitation.
4. To endeavour after.

To SEEK [an adverbial mode of speech] at a loss, without knowledge,
or experience.

SEE’KER [from seek] one that seeks.

SEE’K-SORROW [of seek and sorrow] one that contrives to give him­
self vexation. Sidney.

SEE’KING [of gesecan, Sax.] looking for, searching after.

Lee SEEL [with sailors] is when a ship seels or rolls to the windward,
in which there is danger, lest she come over too short or suddenly, and
so should founder by the fea's breaking right into her, or else have some
of her upperworks carried away; but if she rolls to the leeward, there is
no danger, because the sea will presently right her.

To SEEL, verb act. [sieller, Fr. to seal] to close the eyes; spoken of
a hawk.

To SEEL, verb neut. [syllan, Sax.] To lean on one side.

SEEL, or SEE’LING [sea-term, of syllan, Sax. to give away] is the
sudden and violent tumbling of a ship, sometimes to one side, and some­
times to another, when a wave passes under her sides faster than she can
drive away with it.

SEE’LING [with falconers] is the running of a thread through the eye­
lids of a hawk, when first taken, so that she may see either very little,
or not at all, to cause her to endure the hood the better.

SEE’LING [spoken of horses] who are said to seel, when white hairs
about the breadth of a farthing, mixed with those of his natural colour,
grow upon his eye-brows; which is a mark of old age, for they never
seel before fourteen.

SEE’LY [of seel, Sax. lucky time] 1. Lucky, happy. 2. Silly,
foolish, simple.

To SEEM [prob. of sembler, Fr. sembrare, It.] 1. To appear. 2. To
have the appearance of truth. 3. It seems; having an appearance with­
out reality. 4. It seems; in all appearance.

SEE’MER [from seem] one that carries an appearance.

SEE’MING [of seem] 1. Appearance, show, semblance. 2. Fair ap­
pearance. 3. Opinion.

SEE’MINGLY, in appearance, in show, in semblance.

SEE’MINGNESS [of ziemen, Ger.] appearance, plausibility,

SEE’MLINESS [of ziemlich, Ger.] comeliness.

SEE’MLY, adj. [ziemlich, Ger.] becoming, decent, proper, fit.

SEE’MLY, adv. [from the adj.] in a decent manner, in a proper
manner.

SEEN, adj. [from see] skilled, versed. Well seen in music. Shake­
speare.

SEER [of seon, Sax. to see] 1. A prophet. 2. One who sees.

SEE’R-WOOD, dry wood. Dryden.

SEE’SAW [from saw] a reciprocating motion.

To SEE-SAW [from the noun] to move with a reciprocating mo­
tion.

To SEETH, verb act. pret. I sod, or seethed, part. pass. sodden [seo­
than, Sax. siuda, Su. zieuden, Du. sieden, Ger.] to boil, to stew, to de­
coct in hot water.

To SEETH, verb neut. to be in a state of ebullition, to stew.

SEE’THER, a pot, a boiler.

SOD, irr. imp. did seeth.

SOD, or SO’DDEN, irr. part. pass. [gesodden, Ger.] have sod, or sod­
den.

SEGRUM, an herb.

SE’GMENT [in geometry] when a line or the side of any plain triangle
is any way cut in two, or more parts, either by a perpendicular line let
fall upon it, or otherwise, those parts are usually called segments; and
so much as one of these parts is longer than the other is called the diffe­
rence of the segments.

SEGMENT of a Circle [in geometry] a part of a circle comprehended
between an arch and a chord thereof.

SEGMENT of a Sphere [in geometry] a portion of a sphere cut off
by a plane in any part, except the center; so that the base of such a
segment must always be a circle; and its surface a part of that of the
sphere; the whole segment being either greater or less than an hemis­
phere.

SEGMENT Leaves [with botanists] are leaves of plants that are cut or
divided into many shreads or slices.

SE’GMENTATED [segmentatus, Lat.] made of many pieces of divers
colours.

SEGMOI’DAL Valves [in anatomy] are little valves of the pulmonary
artery, thus named from their resemblance to the segments of circles;
the same as semilunar valves.

SE’GNITY [segnitas, Lat.] slothfulness.

To SE’GREGATE [segregare, Lat.] to separate or put apart.

SEGREGA’TION, properly a taking out or separating from the stock,
a separating, severing, or putting a part.


SEI

SEIGNEU’RIAL [from seignoir] invested with large powers, indepen­
dent. Temple.








SE’GREIANT, Fr. [in heraldry] a term used of Griffins drawn in a
leaping posture.

SEI’ANT, Fr. [in heraldry] i. e. sitting; a term used of a lion or
other beast sitting like a cat, with his fore-feet strait.

SEI’GNIOR [signore] a lord, a master.

SEIGNIOR [in law] the lord of the manor or fee.

Grand SEIGNIOR [i. e. the great lord] the emperor of the Turks.

SEI’GNIORAGE [seigneuriage, Fr. signoraggio, It.] a prerogative of the
king, whereby be challenges allowance of gold or silver, brought in the
mass to his exchange, for coin.

SEIGNIEU’RIAL, of, or belonging to a seigniory.

SEI’GNORY [seigneurie, Fr.] the jurisdiction or power of a lord, a
lordship.

SEINE, a net used in fishing.

SEI’NER [from seine] a fisherman, one that uses a seine.

SEIRI’ASIS [with physicians] an inflammation in the head. Castel.
Renovat. calls it an infantile disease, consisting in an inflammation of the
brain and membranes; and he accounts for its etymology, by observ­
ing, “that the membranaceous portion, where the sagittal, and coro­
nal sutures meet, subsides on this occasion, and constitutes a groove or
hollow: for siros, says he, in Greek, signifies a ditch [or a hollow
place] in which seeds are stored up and kept.”

SEI’SIN. See SEIZIN.

SEI’SABLE, that may be, or that is liable to be feized.

To SEIZE, verb act. [saisir, Fr.] 1. To take or lay hold of; to
take by force or wrongfully. 2. To take forcible possession of by law.
And seized his goods. Camden. 3. [In sea language] to make fast or
bind; especially to fasten two ropes together with rope-yarn, &c. also
the fastening of a block or pulley at the end of a pendant, tackle, or
garnet, &c.

To SEIZE, verb neut. to fix the grasp, or the power on any
thing.

SEI’ZIN [seisine, Fr.] 1. [In law] is of two sorts; seizin in law, and
seizin in fact; seizin in law, is when something is done which the law
accounteth a seizin, as an enrolment; seizin in fact, is when a corporal
possession is taken. Cowel. 2. The act of taking possession. 3. The
things possessed.

SEI’ZURE, 1. The act of seizing, taking into custody. 2. The thing
seized. 3. The act of taking forcible possession. 4. Gripe, possession.
5. Gripe.

SE’LCOUTH [seld, Sax. rare, and couth, known] unknown. Spen­
ser.

SEJU’NCTION, Lat. a putting asunder.


SEL

SELA’GO, Lat. [with botanists] hedge-hyssop.

SE’LANDER [in horses] a scabby disease.

SE’LDOM [seldon, of seld, rare, and done, Sax. sellan, Su. selden,
Du. selten, Ger.] not often, rarely, not frequently.

SE’LDOMNESS [seldonnerse, Sax.] the not happening often, seldom
used.

SE’LDSHOWN, adj. [of seld and shown] seldom exhibited to view.

SELE’CT [scelto, It. selectus, Lat.] nicely chosen out of others,
choice.

To SELECT [scegliare, It. selectum, sup. of seligo, Lat.] to choose or
pick out.

SELE’CTION [of select] the act of culling or chusing, choice.

SELE’CTNESS, chosenness, choiceness.

SELE’CTOR [of select] one that selects.

SELE’NE [in the pagan theogony] the daughter of Cælus and Vesta,
and sister of Helios, i. e. the sun.

SELENI’TES, Gr. the moon-stone, which has this remarkable property,
that it increases and decreases as the moon waxes and wanes, said to be
found in Persia; also Muscovy glass, to which the aforesaid proporties
have been ascribed.

SELE’NIUM [σεληνιον, Gr.] a sort of ivy.

SELENO’GRAPHIST [of σηληνη, the moon, and γραφω, Gr. to describe]
a describer of the moon.

SELENO’GRAPHY [of σηληνη, the moon, and γραφη. Gr. a description]
a description of the face of the moon, as distinguished by spots, &c.
which are visible by the help of a telescope.

SELEU’CIANS, a sect of ancient heretics, who taught that God was
corporeal, that the elementary matter was coeternal with him, and ma­
ny other like tenets.

SELF, pronouu plur. selves [self, Sax. selff, Dan. stelf, Su. selve, Du.
selbst, Ger.] 1. One's self. 2. The individual. 3. Very, particular,
this above others, one's own.

SE’LFHEAL, an herb very good for wounds.

SELF-ended, for one's own advantage.

SELF-dependent, independent, not depending on another.

SELF-evident, needing no proof or demonstration.

SELF-interesied [interessé, Fr.] selfish.

SELF-interestedness, a love of one's self.

SE’LFISH, self-interested, attentive only to one's own advantage.

SE’LFISHLY [of selfish] with regard only to one's own interest.

SE’LFISHNESS, self-interestedness, a being entirely bent to serve one's
self.

SE’LF-SAME [of self and same] numerically the same.

SELI’BRA, half a pound or six ounces.

SE’LION, a ridge of land lying between two furrows.

SELL [selle, Fr. sella, Lat.] 1. A saddle. 2. [With architects] the
lowest piece of timber in a timber building, or that on which the whole
superstructure is erected.

To SELL, verb act. pret. sold [sellan, Sax. to give or deliver, salis,
Su. selge, Dan. sellen, O. Ger.] to give the right of any thing to another
for a price.

To SELL, verb neut. to have commerce or traffic with one.

SE’LLA Curulis [among the Romans] the curule chair, or chair of
state, adorned with ivory, on which the great magistrate had a right to
sit, and to be carried in a chariot. See PRETOR.

SELLA Equina, or SELLA Sphenoides [with anatomists] a part of the
brain, composed of four processes of the os sphenoides, so called, be­
cause of their forming the resemblance of a saddle, in Latin, sella. It
contains the glandula pituitaria, and in brutes the rete mirabile.

SELLA Solida, a chair or seat made of one entire piece of wood, on
which the Roman augurs sat, in making their observations.

SE’LLER [from sell] the person than sells, the vender.

SELLA’NDER, or SO’LANDER [with farriers] a dry scab in horses,
growing in the very bent of the ham of the hinder leg.

SE’LLERY [σελινον, Gr.] a sallad herb.

SE’LLS [in architecture] are of two kinds, viz. ground-sells, which are
the lowest pieces of timber in a timber building, on which the whole su­
perstructure is erected; and window-sells (sometimes called window-seils)
which are the bottom pieces in a window frame.

SE’LVAGE [q. d. salvage, according to Skinner, because it preserves
and strengthens the garment] the outward edge of linen cloth.

SELVES, the plural of self, which see.


SEM

SE’MBLABLE, Fr. [q. simulabilis, Lat.] seeming, likely.

SE’MBLABLY [semblablement, Fr.] seemingly, likely.

SE’MBLABLENESS [of semblable, Fr.] likeliness.

SE’MBLANCE, Fr. [simiglianza, It. semejança, Sp. Semblant, Fr.] 1.
Likeness, resemblance. 2. Appearance, figure.

SE’MBLANT, adj. Fr. like, resembling.

SE’MBLANT, subst. show, figure, resemblance.

SE’MBLATIVE [from semblant] sutable, resembling.

To SE’MBLE [sembler, Fr.] to represent.

SEME of Corn, eight bushels.

SEMEIO’TICA [σημειωτιχη, of σημειον, Gr. a sign] that part of physic
which considers the signs or indications of health and diseases, and ena­
bles the physicians to judge what is, or will be the state, order, and de­
gree of health or sickness

SEMEIO’TICAL, of, or pertaining to semeiotica.

SE’MEN Veneris, Lat. [with chemists] the scum of brass.

SEME’NTINÆ Feriæ [among the Romans] feasts held about seed-time,
in the temple of Terra, or the earth, to obtain of the gods a plentiful
harvest.

SEMEN, Lat. seed or grain; also the seed of animals or vegetables.

SEMINI’FEROUS [of semen, seed, and fero, Lat. to bear] bearing seed.

SE’MENTS [in botany] the apices of the attire of a plant.

SE’MI [semis, Lat.] half.

SEMIA’NNULAR [of semi, half and annular, a ring] half round. Grew.

SEMI-Arians, q. d. the “Half-Arians”; a term of reproach by which
the Consubstantialists, in the latter part of the fourth century, stigmatized
that part of the Christian world, which affirmed the Son to be like in es­
sence [or substance] to God the Father: whereas the Consubstantialists
themselves affirmed the substance of the Son to be the same in kind; and
by so doing advanced a notion (which the schoolmen, and, from them,
our modern orthodoxy has long since exploded) viz. of two, or more
spirits, absolutely co-equal in point of nature, essence, or substance, i. e.
(in our modern conception of things) two or more Gods. THIS, I sup­
pose, the Semi-arians endeavoured to guard against, from their reasoning
on the subject, as still extant in their own authentic writings preserved by
St. Epiphanius. For tho', in order to exempt our Lord from the class of
created beings commonly so called, they distinguished between the gene­
rative, and creative power of God the Father; yet, to preclude all suspi­
cion of a natural coequality, they observe “that St. Paul, in his epistle
to the Philippians, c. 2. v. 6. does not affirm the Son to be εν μορφη του
θεου, αλλα θεου, i. e. not in the form of God [absolutely so called;] but in
the form of a God; and again, that he is not said by the apostle to be,
ισα τω θεω, αλλα θεω, i. e. not equal to God [absolutely so called;] but
to a God; agreeably to the well known acceptation of that Greek phra­
seology. Thus Homer, speaking of Eurymachus, says,
Τον νυν ισα θεω ιθαχησιοι εισοροωσι. Odyss. lib. 15, l. 519.
q. d. he was a man of so much reputation amongst the people of Ithaca,
that they regarded him as a god, as some divine or celestial personage;
but not that they placed him upon a level with the supreme being himself.
Epiphan. Ed. Basil. p. 362. I shall only add, that these were a kind of
midway men, between the Eunomians, who judged that nothing could be
even LIKE IN ESSENCE to the self-existent being; and the Athanasians,
who affirmed two confessedly derived beings, two numerically distinct
spirits [viz. the Son and Holy-Ghost] to be of a substance, strictly speak­
ing, the same in kind [or species] with him. See LATERAN Council,
SCHOLASTIC Divinity, HOMOÜSIANS and ANOMÆANS, compared.

SE’MIBRIEF [in music] a musical note of half the quantity of the brief,
or breve, containing two minims, or four crotchets.

SEMICI’RCLE [in geometry] a figure comprehended between the dia­
meter of a circle, and half the circumference; also a mathematical in­
strument, being half the theodolite. See this instrument represented at
G, I, T, C, H. Plate V. Fig. 11.

SEMICI’RCULAR [of semicircularis, Lat.] of, or pertaining to, or in the
shape of a semicircle.

SEMICIRCU’MFERENCE, half the circumference.

SEMICO’LON [in printing] a half colon, a stop or point in a sentence,
between a comma and a colon, marked thus (;) expressing a stop or
pause greater than a comma, but less than a colon.

SEMI-CU’PIUM, a half or shallow bath, that reaches but up to the
navel.

SEMIDIA’METER [in geometry] a right line drawn from the cen­
ter of a circle, or sphere, to its circumference; the same that is called a
radius.

SEMIDIAPA’SON [in music] a defective octave, or an octave diminished
of a minor semitone, or four commas.

SEMIDIAPE’NTE [in music] a defective fifth, called a false fifth.

SEMIDIA’PHANOUS, half diaphanous or transparent.

SEMIDI’TONE [in music] the imperfect third, having its terms as six to
five.

SEMIFERULA’TUS [in anatomy] a muscle, the same as peroneus se­
cundus.

SEMIFI’STULAR Flowers [with botanists] are such whose upper part
resembles a pipe. cut off obliquely; as birth-wort.

SEMIFLO’SCULUS, Lat. [in botanic writings] a semifloret,

SEMIFLO’RET [with florists] an half flourish, it is tubulous at the be­
ginning, like a floret, and afterwards expanded in the form of a
tongue.

SEMILU’NAR, or SEMILU’NARY [of semi, half, and Luna, Lat. the
moon] resembling in form a half-moon.

SFMIMEMBRANO’SUS, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the leg, so na­
med from its being half tendinous, and like a membrane; and also ly­
ing immediately under the semi nervosus. It arises from the knob of
the os ischium, and is inserted to the upper part of the superior appendix
of the tibia backwards.

SE’MI-METALS, are fossil bodies, not malleable, yet fixed in some
measure in the fire; consisting of a metallic part, and some other matter
of another kind, connected therewith; as, antimony, cinnabar, marca­







site, bismuth, calamine, cobalt, vitriol, Armenian stone, hæmatites,
loadstone, &c.

SEMI Nervosus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the thigh, so called,
from its being half tendinous and half nervous. It has its rise from the
outward part of the knob of the os ischium, and is inserted to the
tibia.

SEMIQUA’VER [in music] a note, containing half the quantity of the
quaver.

SEMI-SPHE’RICAL, of, or pertaining to, or like the half of a sphere.

SEMISPHEROI’DAL, formed in the fashion of a half spheroid.

SEMISPE’CULUM [with surgeons] an instrument to widen a wound in
the neck of a bladder.

SEMI-SPINATUS [with anatomists] a muscle arising from all the
transverse processes of the vertebræ of the breast, and passing obliquely
upwards, is inserted to the upper spines of the said vertebræ.

SEMI-TENDINO’SUS, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the thigh,
arising from the outward part of the os ischium, and is inserted to the
tibia immediately below the end of the muscle called gracilis.

SEMI’TE’RTIAN, an ague mixed of a tertian and quotidian.

SE’MI-TONE [in music] one of the degrees of concinnous intervals of
concords.

SEMI-LU’NAR Valves [in anatomy] are little valves or membranes
of a semi-lunar figure, placed in the orifice of the pulmonary artery, to
prevent the relapse of the blood into the heart, at the time of its dilata­
tion.

SEMI-O’RDINATES [in geometry] the halves of the ordinates or ap­
plicates.

SEMI-PELA’GIANS, such as retain some tincture of Pelagianism.

SEMI-PROO’F, the proof of a single evidence.

SEMIQUI’NTILE [in astronomy] an aspect of the planets, when at a
distance of 36 degrees from one another.

SEMI-SE’XTILE [in astronomy] a semi-sixth, an aspect of the planets,
when they are distant from each other one 12th part of a circle of 30 de­
grees.

SEMI-VOW’ELS [with grammarians] i. e. half-vowels, are the letters
f, l, m, n, r, s, x, z, which are so called, because, though they are
consonants, they are not expressed without the assistance or sound of the
vowel e, and are distinguished into solids and liquids.

SE’MINAL [seminalis, Lat.] of, or pertaining to seed.

SEMINAL Leaves [in botany] are two plain, soft, and undivided
leaves, which first shoot forth from the greatest part of all sown seeds;
which leaves are generally very different from those of the succeeding
plant, in size, figure, surface and position.

SEMINA’LITY [from semen, Lat.] 1. The nature of seed. 2. The
power of being produced.

SE’MINARIST, one brought up in a seminary.

SE’MINARY [seminaire, Fr. seminario, It. and Sp. of seminarium, Lat.]
1. A seed-plot or nursery for the raising of young trees or plants. 2.
The place or original stock whence any thing is brought. 3. Seminal
state. 4. Original, first principles. 5. A school or college for the in­
struction of young persons.

SEMINA’TION, Lat. the act of sowing or shedding seeds, particularly
that of vegetables.

SEMINA’TION, the emission of the male seed into the womb by
coition.

SEMINI’FIC [of semen and facio, Lat.] breeding seed.

SEMIPE’DAL, consisting of a foot and a half in measure.

SEMPITE’RNAL [sempiternus, Lat.] continual, perpetual, endless,
everlasting.

SE’MPSTRESS [seamestre, Sax.] a woman who lives by her nee­
dle.


SEN

SE’NARY [senarius, Lat.] of, or pertaining to, or consisting of six.

SE’NATE [senat, Fr. senato, It. senádo, Sp. of senatus, Lat.] an assem­
bly or council of senators or of the principal inhabitants of the state, who
have a share in the government; a parliament.

SENATE House [of senate and house] place of public council, house in
which the senate meets.

SE’NATOR [senateur, Fr. senatore, It. senadòr, Sp. of Lat.] a member
of the senate, a parliament man; also an alderman.

SENATO’RIAL, or SENATO’RIAN [senatorius, Lat.] of, or pertaining
to a senator.

SENA’TUS Consultus, Lat. a vote or resolution of the Roman senate;
with us, a vote or act of parliament.

To SEND, verb act. [sendan, Sax. sende, Dan. sanda, Su. senden,
Du. and Ger.] 1. To dispatch from one place to another. 2. To com­
mission by authority to go and act. 3. To grant as from a distant place.
Send out thy light and thy truth. Psalms. 4. To emit, to produce. 5.
To propagate, to diffuse. 6. To let fly, to cast or shoot.

To SEND, verb neut. to deliver, or dispatch a message.

SE’NDER [from send] he that sends.

SENE’SCENCE [senesco, Lat.] the state of growing old, decay by
time.

SE’NDAL, a sort of thin cyprus.

SENE’CIO, Lat. [with botanists] groundsel.

SE’NESCHAL, Fr. [of uncertain original] 1. The lord high-steward.
2. The head bailiff of a barony: it afterwards came to signify other of­
ficers.

SE’NGREEN the herb houseleek.

SENI’LE [senilis, Lat.] belonging to old age.

SE’NIOR 1. Older than another. 2. An aged person.

SENIO’RITY [of senior, Lat.] eldership, priority of birth.

SENIORITY [with military men] the order of time since the first rais­
ing of a regiment, or an officer's receiving his commission.

SE’NNA, a tree, the leaves of which are used as a purge.

SE’NNIGHT [contracted from sevennight] the space of seven days and
nights, a week.

SENO’CULAR [of seni, six, and oculis, Lat.] having six eyes.

SENSA’TION, Fr. [sensazione, It. of Lat.] the act of perceiving exter­
nal objects, by means of the organs of sense; or that perception the
mind has when any object strikes the senses: the more fluid parts of bo­
dies upon the organs of sense.

SENSE [sens, Fr. senso, It. sentido, Sp. of sensus, Lat.] 1. That faculty
of the soul, whereby it perceives external objects, by means of some ac­
tion or impression made on certain parts of the body, called the organs of
the sense, and by them propagated to the sensory. 2. An affection or
passion of the soul. 3. Judgment, reason. 4. Meaning or signification.
5. Consciousness, conviction. 6. Moral perception.

SE’NSED [from sense] perceived by the senses.

SE’NSEFUL [of sense and full] reasonable, judicious. Nortis.

SE’NSELESS [from sense] 1. Wanting sense or life, void of perception.
2. Unfeeling, wanting perception. 3. Unreasonable, stupid, doltish. 4.
Contrary to true judgment, contrary to reason. 5. Wanting knowledge,
wanting keenness of perception.

SE’NSELESSNESS [from senseless] folly, stupidity, absurdity.

SENSIBI’LITY, or SENSIBLENESS [sensibilitas, Lat. sensibilité, Fr. sen­
sibilità, It.] 1. The sensible faculty. 2. Quickness of perception.

SE’NSIBLE, Fr. [sensibile, It. of sensibilis, Lat.] 1. That falls within
the compass of the senses, that may be perceived or felt. 2. Apt to per­
ceive, apprehensive. 3. That is of good sense or judgment. 4. Per­
ceived by the mind. 5. Having moral perception. 6. Having quick
intellectual feeling. 7. Convinced, persuaded. 8. [In conversation]
reasonable, judicious, wife.

SE’NSIBLE Qualities [with logicians] are such as hardness, fostness,
weight, heat, cold, colours, sounds, smells, tastes, &c.

SE’NSIBLY. 1. With sense, in a sensible manner. 2. Perceptibly to
the senses. 3. Externally, by impression of the senses. 4. With quick
intellectual perception. 5. [In low language] judiciously, reasonably.

SE’NSITIVE [sensitif, Fr. sensitivo, It. of sensitivus, Lat.] that has the
faculty of feeling or perceiving; as, the sensitive soul.

SENSITIVE Plants [in botany] such plants as give some tokens of
sense, as by contracting their leaves or flowers when touched, as if they
were really sensible of the touch; but, immediately upon the removal
of the hand, expand themselves and flourish again.

SENSITIVE Soul, the soul of brutes, or the sensible soul which man is
supposed to have in common with brutes.

SE’NSITIVELY [from sensitive] in a sensitive manner.

SE’NSITIVENESS, the faculty of perceiving, &c.

SENSO’RIUM Commune [i. e. the common sensory] See COMMON
Sensory.

SE’NSUAL, Sp. [sensuel, Fr. sensuale, It. of sensualis, Lat.] 1. Volup­
tuous, according to sensuality. 2. Consisting in sense, affecting the senses.
3. Pleasing the senses, carnal, not spiritual.

SE’NSUALIST [from sensual] a carnal person, one devoted to sensual
pleasures.

SE’NSORY [sensorium, Lat.] the organ or instrument of sense; as the
eye of seeing, the ear of hearing, &c. the place to which the species
of sensible things are carried through the nerves and brain, that may be
there perceived by their immediate presence to the sense.

SENSUA’LITY, or SE’NSUALNESS [sensualita, It. sensualité, Fr. sensu­
alidàd, Sp.] a gratifying or pleasing the senses.

To SE’NSUALIZE [from sensual] to debase the mind into subjection of
the senses.

SE’NSUALLY, voluptuously.

SE’NSUOUS [from sense] tender, pathetic, full of passion.

SENSUO’SITY [sensuositas, Lat.] sensitiveness.

SENT, part. pass. of To SEND, which see.

SE’NTENCE, Fr. [sentenza, It. sentencia, Sp. of sententia, Lat.] 1. A
short paragraph, a period in writing. 2. A decree of a court of justice.
3. A maxim. 4. A short, pithy remark or reflection, containing some
sentiment of use in the conduct of life.

To SENTENCE [sentencier, Fr.] to pronounce sentence upon.

SENTE’NTIOUS [sententieux, Fr. sentenziosa, It. sentencióso, Sp. of sen­
tentiosus, Lat.] full of, or abounding with witty or pithy sentences.

SENTE’NTIOUSLY, by witty or pithy sentences.

SENTE’NTIOUSNESS, the being full of pithy sentences.

SE’NTIENT, adj. [sentiens, Lat.] perceiving, having perception.

SENTIENT, subst. [from the adj.] he that has perception.

SE’NTIMENT, Fr. [sentimento, It.] 1. Thought, opinion, notion. 2.
The sense considered from the language.

SE’NTINEL, or SE’NTRY [sentinelle, Fr. sentinella, It.] a soldier
taken out of a corps de garde of foot, and placed in some post, to watch
any approach of the enemy, to prevent surprizes.

SENTINEL Perdue, Fr. a sentinel placed near an enemy, in some very
dangerous post, where he is in hazard of being killed.

SE’NSA [in music books] without; as, sensa stromanti, without instru­
ments.

SE’NVY [senewe, Sax. senevé, Fr. senapa, It.] the plant which bears
mustard seed.


SEP

SE’PÆ [of σηπω, Gr. to putrify] large corrosive pustules.

SE’PARABLE, Fr. [separabile, It. of separabilis, Lat.] divisible, capa­
ble of being separated.

SE’PARABLENESS, or SEPARABI’LITY [of separabilis, Lat.] a capacity
of being separated.

To SE’PARATE, verb act. [separer, Fr. separare, It. separàr, Sp. of
separare, Lat.] 1. To part, divide, or put asunder. 2. To disunite, to
disjoin. 3. To sever from the rest. 4. To set apart, to seperate. 5.
To with-draw.

To SEPARATE, verb neut. to part, to be disunited.

SE’PARATE [separé, Fr. separato, It. of separatus, Lat.] 1. Distinct,
particular, different. 2. Divided from the rest.

SE’PARATELY, distinctly, differently, particularly.

SE’PARATENESS, a being separate from.

SE’PARATORS [of a horse] the four middle teeth, so named, because
they separate the nippers from the corner teeth.

SEPARA’TION, Fr. [separazione, It. separaciòn, Sp. of separatio, Lat.]
1. The act of separating or putting asunder. 2. A divorce, or parting
of man and wife. 3. The chemical analysis, or decompounding mixed
bodies.

SE’PARATIST, one who separates himself from the established church.
See NONCONFORMISTS, and PRESBYTERIANS.

SE’PARATOR [from separate] one that divides, a disjoiner.

SE’PARATORY, adj. [from separate] used in separation.

SEPARATORY, subst. [separator, Lat.] 1. A surgeon's instrument to
pick splinters of bone out of a wound. 2. [With chemists] a vessel
for separating oil from water.

SE’PIÆ Os, Lat. the cuttle fish bone.

SE’PIACE, It. [in music books] if you please.

SEPHY’ROS [in medicine] an hard and dry imposthume; also an hard
inflammation of the womb. Bruno calls it a spurious kind of schir­
rus.

SEPI’LLABLE [sepilibilis, Lat.] that may be buried.

SE’PIMENT [sepimentum, Lat.] a hedge or fence.








SEPO’SITED [sepositus, Lat.] set on one side.

SEPOSI’TION [sepono, Lat.] a setting aside or apart, segregation.

SEPTA’NGLE [in geometry] a figure having seven angles, and as
many sides, the same as an heptagon.

SEPTA’NGULAR [septangularis, Lat.] that has seven angles.

SEPTA’NGULARNESS [of septem and angularis, Lat.] the having seven
angles.

SEPTE’MBER [Septembre, Fr. Settembre, It. Setiembre, Sp. of septem,
Lat. so called, as being the seventh month, beginning at March] the
seventh month of the year, according to the Julian account, which began
the year with March; but, according to the Gregorian, which begins
the year with January, the ninth.

SEPTE’MFLUOUS [septemfluus, Lat.] dividing or flowing into seven
streams.

SEPTEMPEDA’LIS [septempedalis, Lat.] seven feet long; of, or per­
taining to the length of seven feet.

SEPTENA’RIOUS, or SE’PTENARY, adj. [septénaire, Fr, settenaria,
It. septenarius, Lat.] of, or belonging to the number seven.

SE’PENARY, subst. [numerus septenarius, Lat.] the number seven.

SEPTE’NNIAL [septennis, Lat.] 1. The duration of seven years. 2.
Happening once in seven years.

SEPTENTA’RIUS [in astronomy] a constellation in the northern hemi­
sphere.

SEPTE’NTRION [in astronomy] 1. The north. 2. A constellation of
seven stars, called Charles's wain.

SEPTE’NTRIONAL, Fr. [settentrionale, It. of septentrionalis, Lat.] nor­
thern, pertaining to the north.

SEPTE’NTRIONAL Signs [with astronomers] the first six signs of the
zodiac, so named because they decline from the equator, toward the
north; boreal signs.

SEPTENTRIONA’LITY [of septentrionalis, Lat.] northernliness.

SEPTE’NTRIONALLY [from septentrional] northerly, towards the
north.

To SEPTE’NTRIONATE [from septentrio, Lat.] to send northerly.

SE’PTICA, or SE’PTICS [σηπτιχα, Gr.] such things as corrupt and
rot the flesh, which are otherwise termed putrefacientia.

SEPTIFA’RIOUS [of septifarius, Lat.] having seven divers sorts or
ways.

SEPTIFO’LIUM [with botanists] the herb setfoil.

SEPTIFO’LIOUS [of septifolium, Lat.] having seven leaves.

SE’PTIFORM [septiformis, Lat.] that has seven shapes.

SEPTIMA’NE [septimanus, Lat.] of or pertaining to the order of seven;
also to a week.

SEPTINA’RIAN [in monasteries] a weekly officer.

SEPTINE’RVIA Plantago [with botanists] the common plantain, ha­
ving seven fibres or strings.

SEPTIZO’NE [of septizonium, of septem, seven, and zonæ, Lat. girdles]
a building girt with seven rows of columns.

SEPTUA’GENARY [septuagenarius, Lat.] of or belonging to the num­
ber 70.

SEPTUAGE’SIMA, the first sunday in Lent, or the fourth sunday before
quadragesima, so called because it is about 70 days before Easter.

SEPTUAGE’SIMAL [septuagesimus, Lat.] of, or pertaining to seventy.

SE’PTUAGINT, the seventy, a version of the Old Testament out of
Hebrew into Greek, performed by 72 Jewish interpreters, in obedience
to an order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, King of Egypt. See MASORAH,
and MASORITES.

SE’PTUM, Lat. an hedge; a coat or fold for sheep; an inclosure or se­
paration.

SE’PTUM Auris, Lat. [in anatomy] the drum of the ear.

SEPTUM Cordis, Lat. [in anatomy] that fleshy part which divides the
right ventricle of the heart from the left.

SEPTUM Narium, Lat. [in anatomy] that part which separates the
nostrils from one another.

SEPTUM Transversum, Lat. [in anatomy] the diaphragm or midriff.

SEPTUM Lucidum, Lat. [in anatomy] a kind of partition which di­
stinguishes the ventricles of the brain, so named on account of its thinness
and transparency.

SEPTU’PLE [septuplea, Lat.] seven times as much.

SEPTU’NCIAL [septuncialis, Lat.] of, or pertaining to the weight of
seven ounces.

SEPTU’NX, a weight of seven ounces; also, among the Romans, se­
ven parts of any whole or entire thing, divided into seven.

SEPU’LCHRAL [sepulcral, Fr. sepulcrale, It. of sepulchralis, Lat.] of,
or pertaining to a grave or sepulchre.

SE’PULCHRE [sepulcre, Fr. sepolcro, It. sepulchro, Sp. of sepulchrum,
Lat.] a tomb or place destinated for the interment of the dead.

SEPU’LTURE, Fr. [sepoltura, It. of sepultura, Lat.] a burying or lay­
ing in the ground.


SEQ

SEQUA’CIOUS [sequax, Lat.] 1. Following, attendant. 2. Ductile,
pliant.

SEQUA’CITY [sequacitas, Lat.] ductility, toughness.

SE’QUEL [sequela, It. and Lat.] 1. Consequence or conclusion. 2.
Continued succession. 3. Consequence inferred.

SE’QUENCE, Fr. [sequenza, It. of sequentia, Lat.] 1. An orderly con­
secution or following of things in order. 2. A set of cards of the same
sort or colour.

SE’QUENCES, verses answering to one another.

SE’QUENT [sequens, Lat.] 1. Following. 2. Consequential.

To SEQUE’STER [sequestrer, Fr. secrestar, Sp. of sequestrare, It. and
Lat.] 1. To separate, sever, or put asunder. 2. To withdraw or retire
from the world. 3. To put aside, to remove. 4. To set aside for the
use of the owner. 5. To deprive of possessions. 6. [In civil law] a
widow is said to do so, when she disclaims to have any thing to do with
the estate of her deceased husband. 7. [In common law] is to separate
a thing in dispute from the possession of the contending parties, or the
true proprietor or owner.

SEQUE’STRABLE [from sequestrate] 1. That may be sequestrated. 2.
Capable of separation.

SEQUESTRA’TION [sequestre, Fr. sequestrazione, It. secrestaciòn, Sp. of
sequestratio, Lat.] 1. Separation, retirement. 2. Disunion, disjunction.
3. State of being set aside. 4. [In common law] is the separating a
thing in controversy from the possession of both parties, till the right be
determined by course of law. 5. [In the civil law] the act of the ordi­
nary disposing of goods and chattels of a person deceased, whose estate
no man will meddle with. 6. The collecting or gathering the fruits of
a void benefice, for the use of the next incumbent.

SEQUESTRA’TOR [sequestre, Fr. of sequestrator, Lat.] the third person
to whom the keeping of the thing in controversy is committed.


SER

SERA’GLIO [serrail, Fr. serraglio, It.] 1. The palace of the grand seignior
at Constantinople, where he keeps his court, and where his concubines
are lodged, and where the youth are trained up for the chief posts of the
empire. 2. The palace of a prince or lord. 3. The place of residence
of a foreign ambassador is there called a seraglio. See CONSTANTINO­
PLE, and CARAVANSERAY.

SERANGO’DES Ulcus, Lat. [of σηραγξ, Gr. a fistula or pipe] a fistulous
ulcer.

SE’RAPH, a Turkish gold coin, in value about 5 s. sterling.

SERAPH [האדת, Heb. to inflame] the seraphim were, according to
Dr. Taylor's concordance, angels that appeared like flaming fire; but he
also observes, that the same term signifies, a serpent in the Arabian de­
sert, to us indeed unknown; but which the learned Bochart supposes to
be the Chersydrus, or water-snake, and some divines have imagined that
the angels appeared in this form. Isaiah, c. vi. v.

SERA’PHICAL, or SERA’PHIC [seraphicus, Lat.] of, pertaining to, or
becoming seraphs or seraphims.

SE’RAPHIM [this is properly the plural of seraph, and therefore cannot,
with propriety, have s added; yet this is sometimes done in conformity
to our language] spirits of the highest rank in the hierarchy of angels.

SERA’PHICALNESS, or SERA’PHICNESS, the being of the seraphic na­
ture.

SERA’PIAS [σεραπιας, Gr.] the herb called dog-stones or rag-wort.

SERA’SQUIER [among the Turks] a generalissimo or commander in
chief of the Turkish forces in Europe.

SERAVI’TIAN Marble [so called of Seravitia, a town in Italy] a sort
of marble, with spots of an ash-colour.

SE’RCIL Feathers [in falconry] those feathers of a hawk, which in
other fowls are called pinions.

SERE, adj. [seawian, Sax. to dry] dry, withered, no longer green
They sere wood from the rotten hedges took. Dryden.

SERE, subst. [in falconry] the yellow that is between the beak and
eyes of a hawk.

SEREI’N, a dampish and unwholsome vapour, that in hot countries
falls after sun-set; a kind of mildew.

SERENA’DE, Fr. [serenata, It. serenada, Sp. prob. of serein, Fr. sere­
nus, Lat.] a kind of concert given in the night time by a gallant, at the
door, or under the window of his mistress; in some editions of Milton's
Paradise Lost, it is read “serenate.”
Or serenate, which the starv'd lover sings
To his proud fair —

To SERENA’DE [from the subst.] to play or sing to a lady or mistress,
under her door or window, in the night, or early in the morning.

SERE’NE [serein, Fr. sereno, It. and Sp. of serenus, Lat.] 1. Clear,
fair, without clouds or rain. 2. Calm in mind, quiet.

Most SERENE, a title of honour given to sovereign princes, and to
some common wealths.

To SERE’NE [serener, Fr. sereno, Lat.] 1. To calm, to quiet. 2. To
clear, to brighten: improper.

SERE’NELY. 1. Calmly, quietly. 2. Composedly, coolly.

SERE’NITUDE [serenitudo, Lat.] serenity, clearness of the sky, calm­
ness of the mind.

SERE’NITY, or SERE’NENESS [serenité, Fr. serenità, It. serenidàd, Sp.
of serenitas, Lat.] 1. The clearness of the sky, fair weather. 2. Calm­
ness of mind, chearfulness of countenance. 3. Peace, quietness, not
disturbance.

SERGA’SSO, a sea weed or herb, somewhat resembling samphire, of a
yellow colour, which lies so thick on the sea about the island of Maco,
as to stop the passage of ships, unless carried by a brisk gale.

SERGE, Fr. [sergi, It. sérja, Sp.] a sort of woollen stuff for garments.

SE’RGEANT [sergent, Fr. sergente, It. prob. of serviens, Lat. serving]
1. An officer of the city, who arrests persons for debt. 2. An inferior
officer in a company of soldiers. 3. A learned lawyer of the highest de­
gree in the common law, as a doctor is in the civil law.

SE’RGEANT at Arms, an officer appointed to attend the person of the
king; and also to arrest traitors and persons of quality, and to attend
the lord high steward, when he sits in judgment upon a traitor, &c.

SERGEANTS of the Mace, officers of the city of London, and other
towns corporate, who attend the mayor or other chief magistrate, in do­
mestic service, or matters of justice.

SE’RGEANTY [in common law] a service anciently due to the king for
the tenure or holding of lands, and which could not be due to any
other lord.

Grand SERGEANTY, is where one holds land of the king by service,
which he ought to perform in his own person, as to bear the king's ban­
ner, spear, &c.

Petty SERGEANTY, is where a man holds lands of the king, to yield
him annually some small thing toward his wars, as a dagger, sword,
spears, &c.

SE’RIES, Lat. 1. An orderly process or continuation of things one
after another. 2. Order, course.

SERIES [in algebra] a rank or progression of quantities increasing or
decreasing in some constant ratio, which in its progress approaches still
nearer and nearer to some sought value.

Infinite SERIES [in algebra] certain progressions or ranks of quantities
orderly proceeding, which make continual approaches to, and, if infi­
nitely continued, would become equal to what is inquired after, &c. as
½,¼,⅛,1/16,1/32,1/64, &c. make a series which always converges or ap­
proaches to the value of 1, and, infinitely continued, becomes equal
thereto.

SE’RIOUS [serieux, Fr. serioso, It. serio, Sp. serius, Lat.] 1. Sober,
grave. 2. Important. 3. Solid, sincere. 4. True.

SE’RIOUSLY [seriò, Lat.] with seriousness.

SE’RIOUSNESS [from serious] gravity, solemnity, earnest attention.

SERI’PHIUM, Lat. [so called from the island Seriphus] sea worm­
wood.

SE’RIS, Lat. [in botany] the herb cichory or endive.

SERMOCINA’TION [sermocrinatio, Lat.] communing, talking, or hold­
ing a discourse.

SERMO’LOGIES [of sermo and λογος, Gr.] books of sermons or homi­
lies of popes, and other persons of eminency and sanctity, anciently read







at the feasts of the confessors, the purification, all saints, and every day
from Christmass to the octave of the epiphany.

SE’RMON, Fr. [sermo, Lat.] an instructive discourse pronounced by a
divine to his congregation.

To SE’RMON [from the noun] 1. To discourse as in a sermon. 2.
To teach dogmatically.

SERMO’NIUM, Lat. [in old records] a sort of interlude or historical
play, formerly acted by clergy of the inferior order, assisted with chil­
dren, in the body of the church, suitable to the solemnity of some festi­
val or high procession day.

SERMOU’NTAIN, a sort of herb.

SE’RON of Almonds [in traffic] the quantity of 2 C. weight: a seron
of aniseeds, from 3 to 4 C. &c.

SERO’SITY, or SE’ROUSNESS [serosité, Fr. serosità, It. of serosus, of se­
rum, Lat.] wheyishness, properly of the blood, being an aqueous liquor,
mixed with the blood and other humours, or being serous.

SE’ROUS [serieux, Fr. sieroso, It. serosus, Lat.] of, or pertaining to
the humour called serum, waterish.

SE’ROTINE [serotinus, Lat.] late in the evening.

SE’RPENT, Fr. [in the first sense, serpenteau, in the second, serpe, It.
in the first sense, sierpe and serpiente, Sp. serpens, Lat.] 1. A venomous
creature. 2. A sort of squib or fire-work. 3. A northern constellation.
4. A musical instrument.

SERPENTA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] dragon's wort.

SERPENTI’GENOUS [serpentigena, Lat.] ingender'd or bred of a ser­
pent.

SERPENTI’GEROUS [serpentiger, Lat.] bearing or carrying serpents.

SE’RPENTINE [serpentinus, Lat.] 1. Resembling a serpent. 2. Wind­
ing like a serpent.

SE’RPENTINE Stone, a kind of marble speckled like a serpent.

SERPENTINE Verses, are such as begin and end with the same word;
as,
Crescit amor nummi, quantum ipsa pecunia crescit
Ambo florentes ætatibus, Arcades ambo.

SERPENTINE [with chemists] a worm or pipe of copper or pewter
twisted into a spiral, ascending from the bottom of an alembic to the
top, and, being placed in a vessel of cold water, serves as a refrigeratory
in distilling brandy, &c.

SE’RPIGO, Lat. [in medicine] a tetter or ring-worm.

To SERR [serrer, Fr.] to drive hard together, to crowd into a little
space: Not used.

SE’RRATA, Lat. [in botany] an herb called germander or English
treacle.

SE’RRATED Leaf [from serra, Lat. a saw; with botanists] an in­
dented leaf, or that which is snipp'd about the edges into several acute
segments, resembling the teeth of a saw, as in dog's mercury.

SERRA’TION [from serra, Lat. a saw] formation in the shape of a
saw.

SERRA’TUM [from serra, Lat.] indenture like the teeth of a saw.

SERRA’TULA, Lat. [in botany] the herb saw-wort.

SERRA’TUS Major Anticus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle arising from
the root or whole basis of the scapula, which is inserted into the seven
true ribs, and into the first of the false ones, by so many distinct por­
tions, representing the teeth of a saw.

SERRATUS Minor Anticus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle which arises
thin and fleshy from the second, third, fourth, and fifth superior ribs,
and, ascending obliquely, is inserted fleshy into the processus coracoides
of the scapula, which it draws forward.

SERRATUS Posticus Superior, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the chest
which arises from the two inferior spines of the vertebræ of the neck, and
the three superior of the back, and hath a jagged termination at the
bending, at the 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th ribs.

SERRATUS Inferior Posticus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the chest,
which arises by a broad tendon from the three inferior spines of the ver­
tebræ of the back, and from the two superior ones of the loins; its fibres
ascend obliquely, growing fleshy, and are inserted by four indentations
into the four last ribs.

SE’RRIED [serré, Fr.] closely joined or standing close together, as
soldiers in close order. Milton.

SERTI’LLA Campana, Lat. [with botanists] the herb melilot or cla­
vers.

SE’RVABLE [servabilis, Lat.] that may be kept or preserved.

SE’RVANT [servus, Lat. servante, Fr. a woman servant; servo, serva,
It. male and female; serviénte, Sp. in general, siervo, sierva, male and
female] 1. One who serves or attends another. 2. One in a state of
subjection. This sense is unusual. 3. A word of civility used to supe­
riors, or equals.

To SERVE [servir, Fr. and Sp. servire, It. and Lat.] 1. To attend
or wait upon. 2. To do service or kind offices to. 3. To bring as a
menial attendant. 4. To be subservient or subordinate to. 5. To sup­
ply with any thing. 6. To promote. 7, To comply with. 8. To sa­
tisfy, to content. 9. To stand instead of any thing to one. The dull
flat falsehood serves for policy. Pope. 10. To requite. 11. [In divi­
nity] to worship the supreme being. 12. [In military affairs] to obey
command.

To SERVE, verb neut. 1. To be a servant or slave. 2. To be in sub­
jection. 3. To attend, to wait. 4. To act in war. 5. To produce
the end desired. 6. To suit, to be convenient. 7. To conduce, to be
of service. 8. To officiate, to minister.

To SERVE a Battery [in military affairs] is to see that the guns play
well.

To SERVE a Rope [a sea phrase] is to roll spun yarn, canvas, or the
like upon it, to prevent it from fretting or galling.

SE’RVETISTS, the disciples and followers of Michael Servet, who, be­
ing an antitrinitarian, was burnt at Geneva, 1553, with the approbation
of John Calvin, Beza, and the main body of the Swiss-Canton churches.
So little were our first reformers acquainted with the doctrine of Christian
liberty. See INQUISITION, DIME’RITÆ, and CELICOLI compared. See
also REFORM'D [or REFORMATION] and blot out the word, “Primi­
tive.”

SE’RVICE, Fr. [servizio, It. servicio, Sp. of servitium, Lat.] 1. The
state or condition of a servant. 2. Any thing done by way of duty to a
superior. 3. Profession of respect. 4. Obedience, submission. 5. Ac­
tual duty, office. 6. Employment, business. 7. Military duty. 8.
A military atchievement. 9. Purpose, use. 10. Useful office, advan­
tage. 11. Favour, To thee a woman's services are due. Shakespeare.
12. Public office of devotion. 13. Office or good turn. 14. Course or
certain number of dishes served up at a table. 15. The name of a tree
and its fruit.

SE’RVICEABLE [serviable, Fr. and, in the first sense, serviceable] 1.
Capable of doing service. 2. Profitable, useful.

SE’RVICEABLENESS, capableness of doing service, &c.

SE’RVICEABLY, officiously.

SE’RVILE, Fr. It. and Sp. [of servilis, Lat.] 1. Of, or pertaining to
a servant or bondage, slavish, mean, base, vile. 2. Fawning, cringing.

SE’RVILELY, slavishly, meanly, pitifully.

SE’RVILENESS, or SERVI’LITY [servilitas, Lat.] mean-spiritedness, a
servile condition or quality.

SE’RVING-Man, a menial servant.

SE’RVITES, an order of religious, denominated from their peculiar at­
tachment to the service of the virgin Mary.

SE’RVITOR [serviteur, Fr.] 1. A serving man, a waiter upon one, a
footman or lacquey. 2. [In an university] a scholar who attends or
waits upon another for his maintenance.

SE’RVITORS of Bills [in the court of king's bench] officers under the
marshal, who are sent abroad with bills or writs to summon persons to
that court; now called tip-staffs.

SE’RVITUDE, Fr. [servitu, It. of servitudo, Lat.] 1. The state or
condition of a servant or slave. 2. Servants collectively.

SE’RUM, Lat. 1. Whey, the watery parts that separates from milk.
2. [In physic] a thin, transparent, watery liquor, somewhat saltish,
which makes a considerable part in the mass of blood.

SESAMO’IDEA Ossa, Lat. [in anatomy] several very small bones pla­
ced between the joints of the fingers to fortify them, and prevent their
being dislocated, to the number of 16, 20, or more.

SE’SQUI, Lat. as much and half as much.

SE’SQUI Duplicate Ratio [in geometry, &c.] is when, of two terms,
the greater contains the less twice, with half another over, as 50 and 20.

SESQUIA’LTERAL Ratio, or SESQUIALTERAL Proportion [with geo­
metricians, &c.] is a ratio between two lines, two numbers, &c. where
one of them contains the other once, with the addition of an half, as 6
and 9.

SESQUIALTERAL Proportion [in music] a triple measure of three notes
or two such-like notes of common time.

SESQUIDI’TONUS [in music] a concord resulting from the sound of
two strings, whose vibrations, in equal times, are to each other in the
ratio of five to six.

SESQUI’PEDAL, or SESQUIPEDA’LIAN [sesquipedalis, Lat.] in length
a foot and a half.

SESQUITE’RTIAN Proportion [in mathematics] is when one number
contains another once, and and a third part of it more, as 6, 8, 12, 16,
21, 28.

SESS [for assess, cess, or cense] rate, tax, cess charged.

SE’SSILIS, Lat. [with physicians] a name given to a low flat tumor,
or those eruptions in the small pox, when they do not rise well, and are
indented at the top.

SE’SSION, Fr. and Sp. [sessione, It. of sessio, Lat.] 1. A sitting or
meeting of a council, assizes, &c. 2. The space during which an as­
sembly sits, without intermission or recess. 3. [In law] the sitting of
justices in court, upon commissions.

SESSION of Parliament, the time from their first sitting, till they are ei­
ther prorogued or dissolved.

Quarter SESSIONS, or General SESSIONS, the assizes that are held four
times a year in all the counties in England, to determine causes, either
civil or criminal.

Petty SESSIONS, or Statute-SESSIONS, are sessions kept by the high
constable of every hundred, for the placing and ordering of servants, &c.

SESTE’RTIUM [with the Romans] a sum of about 81. 1s. and 5d.
halfpenny English.

SESTE’RTIUS [with the Romans] a coin in value about seven far­
things English.


SET

To SET, verb act. pret. I sat, part. pass. I am set [settan, Sax.
sâtja, Su. setten, Du. and L. Ger. setzen, H. Ger.] 1. To put, lay, or
place. 2. To put into any condition, state, or posture. 3. To make
motionless, to fix immoveably. 4. To fix, to state by some rule. 5.
To regulate, to adjust. 6. To adapt to notes, to set to music. 7. To
plant, not sow. 8. To intersperse, to mark with any thing. And wings
were set with eyes. Milton. 9. To reduce from a fractured or dislocated
state. 10. To fix the affection, to determine the resolution. 11. To
predetermine, to settle. 12. To establish, to appoint, to fix. 13. To
exhibit, to display, to propose; with before. 14. To value, to esteem,
to rate. 15. To stake at play. 16. To offer a wager at dice to another.
Who sets me else? Shakespeare. 17. To fix in metal. 18. To embar­
ras, to distress, to perplex. How hard they are set in this particular?
Addison. 19. To apply to something. Thou set'st to write. Dryden.
20. To fix the eyes. I will set mine eyes upon them for good. Jeremiah.
21. To offer for a price. Setteth his own soul to sale. Eccles. 22. To
place in order, to frame. And ready to set together. Bacou. 23. To
station, to place. 24. To oppose. 25. To bring to a fine edge. 26.
To set about; to apply to. 27. To set against; to place in a place of
enmity or opposition. 28. To set against; to oppose. 29. To set apart;
to neglect for a season. 30. To set aside; to omit for a season. 31. To
set aside; to reject. 32. To set aside; to abrogate, to annul. 33. To set
by; to regard, to esteem. 34. To set by; to reject or omit for the present.
35. To set down; to mention, to relate in writing. 36. To set down;
to register. 37. To set down; to fix on, to resolve. 38. To set down;
to fix, to establish. 39. To set forth; to publish, to promulgate. 40.
To set forth; to raise, to send out. 41. To set forth; to display, to ex­
plain. 42. To set forth; to arrange, to place in order. 43. To set forth;
to shew, to exhibit. 44. To set forward; to advance, to promote. 45.
To set in; to put in a way to begin. 46. To set off; to decorate. 47.
To set on; to animate, to instigate. 48. To set on; to attack, to assault.
49. To set on; to employ as in a task. 50. To set out; to assign,
to allot. 51. To set out; to publish. 52. To set out; to mark by
boundaries. 53. To set out; to adorn, to embellish. 54. To set out; to
raise, to equip. 55. To set out; to show, to display, to recommend. 56.
To set out; to shew, to prove. 57. To set up; to establish newly. Cha­
rity lately set up. Atterbury. 58. To set up; to build, to erect. 59. To
set up; to raise, to exalt, to put in power. 60. To set up; to place in
view. 61. To set up; to rest, to stay a time to recruit. 62. To set up;
to raise by the voice. 63. To set up; to advance, to propose to reception.
64. To set up; to raise to a sufficient fortune.

To SET, verb neut. 1. To sink below the horizon, as the sun in the
evening. 2. To be extinguished or darkened. 3. To be fixed hard.







Makest the teeth to set hard one against another. Bacon. 4. To adapt
music to words. 5. To become not fluid. Boyle. 6. To begin a jour­
ney. 7. To go or pass. The faithless pirate soon will set to sea. Dry­
den. 8. To catch birds with a dog that sets them. 9. To plant, in
contradistinction to sow. 10. To apply to one's self. If he sets indu­
striously and sincerely to perform the commands of Christ. Hammond.

SET, part. adj. regular, made in consequence of some former rule.

SET, subst. [from the verb] 1. A number of things suited to each
other. A new set of remarks. Addson. 2. Any thing not sown, but
put in a state of growth into the ground. 3. The apparent fall of the
sun, &c. below the horizon. 4. A wager at dice. 5. A game.

SE’THIANS, certain heretics who held that Cain and Abel were crea­
ted by two angels; and that, Abel being killed, the supreme power
would have Seth made as a pure original; and also several other hete­
rodox notions.

SETA’CEOUS [setaceus, Lat.] bristly, or full of bristles.

SETTE’E, a large long seat with a back to it.

SE’TON [setaceum, Lat.] a sort of issue in the neck, &c.

SETTER. 1. One who sets. 2. [With fowlers] a setting dog to
catch fowls. 3. The follower of a bailiff, &c. who sets or watches for
persons to be arrested.

SE’TTER-WORT, an herb, a species of helebore.

SE’TTING Dog, a dog trained up for springing partridges, pheasants,
&c.

SE’TTING [in astronomy] is the occulation of a star or planet, or its
sinking below the horizon.

Acronical SETTING, is when a star sets when the sun rises.

Cosmical SETTING, is when the star sets with the sun.

Heliacal SETTING, is when a star is immerged and hid in the sun's
rays.

To SE’TTLE [prob. of setl, a bench, or settan, Sax. to sit] 1. To
place in any certain state, after a time of fluctuation or disturbance. 2.
To fix in any way of life. 3. To fix in any place. 4. To establish, to
confirm. 5. To determine, to confirm, to free from ambiguity. 6.
To fix, to make certain or unchangeable. 7. To make close or com­
pact. 8. To affect so as the impurities sink to the bottom. 9. To
compose, to put into a state of calmness.

To SETTLE, verb neut. 1. To subside, to sink to the bottom. 2. To
fix one's self, to establish a residence. 3. To chuse a method of life.
4. To become fixed so as not to change. 5. To rest, to repose. 6. To
grow calm. 7. To make a jointure for a wife. 8. To sink, as new
buildings generally do.

SE’TTLE [of setl, Sax.] a sort of seat or bench seated or fixed in a
habitation; a wooden bench or seat with a back to it.

SETTLE, a market town of the East-riding of Yorkshire, situated on
the Ribble, 200 miles from London.

SE’TTLEMENT [of setl, Sax.] 1. A fixed place of abode. 2. A set­
tled revenue or maintenance. 3. What sinks to the bottom of liquors,
subsidence. 4. A jointure granted to a wife. 5. The act of quitting a
roving for a domestic and solitary life.

SE’TTLEDNESS, a fixedness, or being settled in place, mind, &c.

SET-Wall, an herb.

SE’VEN [seofan, Sax. seven, Du. soven, L. Ger. fieben, H. Ger.
sept, Fr. seite, It. siéte, Sp. septem, Lat.] four and three, one more than
six.

SE’VEN-FOLD, adj. [of seofon-feald, Sax.] seven times as much.

SE’VEN-FOLD, adv. seven times.

SE’VEN-NIGHT, a week.

SE’VENOKE, a market-town of Kent, near the river Darent, 23 miles
from London.

SE’VENSCORE [of seven and score] seven times twenty, one hundred
and forty.

SEVENTE’EN [feofontine, Sax.] seven and ten.

SEVENTEE’NTH, the seventh after the tenth, the ordinal of seventeen.

SE’VENTH, 1. The ordinal of seven, the first after the sixth. 2. Con­
taining one in seven.

SE’VENTHLY, in the seventh place; an ordinal adverb.

SE’VENTIETH, the ordinal of seventy, the tenth seven times repeated.

SE’VENTY [feofontic, Sax.] seven times ten.

To SE’VER [severare, Lat.] to part asunder, to single.

SE’VERAL. adv. [prob. of severare, Lat.] 1. Many, divers, sundry.
2. Different, distinct, unlike. 3. Particular, single. 4. Distinct, ap­
propriate.

SE’VERAL, subst. 1. A state of separation or partition. 2. Each par­
ticular singly taken. 3. Any inclosed or separate place. 4. Inclosed
ground.

SE’VERALLY, asunder, seperately.

SEVE’RALTY [from several] state of separation from the rest.

SEVE’RE, Fr. [severo, It. and Sp. of severus, Lat.] 1. Rough, stern,
sharp, harsh, crabbed. 2. Cruel, inexorable. 3. Rigid, regulated by
strict rules. 4. Sober, sedate. 5. Painful, afflictive. 6. Close, concise,
not luxuriant.

SEVE’RELY, 1. Roughly, harshly, cruelly. 2. Painfully.

SE’VERIANS [so called of Severus bishop of Antioch] heretics who
condemned marriage and the eating of flesh.

SEVE’RITY [severité, Fr. severità, It. severidàd, Sp. of severitas, Lat.]
1. Roughness, sternness. 2. Harshness, gravity, strictness, cruelty,
want of indulgence.

SEW, a cow when her milk is gone.

To SEW [siewen, Sax.] 1. To stitch or work with a needle. 2. To
drain or empty a pond.

SE’WER [oscuyer, Fr.] 1. An officer who comes in before the meat to
the table of a king or a nobleman, and places it. 2. A passage under­
ground for the conveyance of water, suillage, and filth. 3. One that
serves.

Commissioners of the SEWERS, persons appointed by act of parliament
to see that canals, ditches, drains, and common sewers be kept and
maintained in good order.

SE’WET [of sevum, Lat.] the kidney-fat of beasts.


SEX

SEX [sexe, Fr. sesso, It. sexo, Sp. of sexus, Lat.] 1. The different form
or nature of male and female, which distinguishes one from another. 2.
Womankind; by way of emphasis.

SEXAGE’NARY [sexagenarius, Lat.] of or pertaining to the number
60.

SEXAGENARY, or SEXAGESIMAL Arithmetic, is that which proceeds
by 60's, as the division of circles, &c. into 60 degrees, the degrees each
into 60 minutes, and every minute into 60 seconds.

SEXAGENARY Tables [in astronomy] are tables of proportional parts,
shewing the product of two sexagenary's, or sexagena's, which are to be
multiplied, or the quotient of two that are to be divided.

SEXAGE’SIMA, Lat. [i. e. the 60th] so called, as being about the 60th
day before Easter, the second Sunday before Lent.

SEXAGE’SIMALS, are fractions whose denominators proceed in a sexa­
gecuple proportion, i. e. the first minute = to 1/60, a second 6/1100, a
third 1/210000, and so on.

SEX-Angled [with geometricians] having six angles.

SEXE’NNIAL [sexennalis, Lat.] that is of six years duration or contin­
uation, or which is done every six years.

SE’XTAIN [sizain, Fr.] a stanza, a staff containing six verses.

SE’XTANT [sextans, Lat.] 1. The sixth part of a circle, or an arch
comprehending 60 degrees. 2. An instrument used as a quadrant, that
has its limb divided into 60 degrees.

SE’XTILE, Fr. [sextilis, Lat.] an astronomical aspect, when two pla­
nets are distant 60 degrees, or one sixth part of the zodiac.

SE’XTON [sacrista, Lat. sacristain, Fr.] a sacristan or church-officer,
who takes care of the vessels, vestments, &c. which appertain to the
church; and is to assist the church-wardens, minister, &c. at church.

SE’XTONSHIP [from sexton] the office of a sexton.

SE’XTRY [the same as sacristy] a vestry.

SEXTU’PLE [sextuplus, Lat.] six fold, or six times as much.


SHA

To SHAB, to play mean tricks.

SHA’BBINESS, raggedness, meanness of habit, paultriness.

SHA’BBY [prob. q. d. scabby, sc. like a scabbed sheep] ragged, mean­
ly habited, slovenly; a bad word.

To SHA’CKLE [of seacul, Sax. a fetter] to chain, to fetter, to link.

SHA’CKLES [scacul, Sax.] fetters to put on felons and other malefac­
tors in prison.

SHAD [sckade, Dan.] a fish.

SHADE [scade, Sax. schaduwe, Du. schatten, Ger.] 1. The cloud,
or opacity made by interception of the light. 2. Darkness, obscurity.
3. Coolness made by interception of the sun. 4. An obscure place,
properly a wood or grove by which the light is excluded. 5. Screen
causing an exclusion of light or heat; umbrage. 6. Protection, shelter.
7. The parts of a picture not brightly coloured. 8. A colour, gradation
of light. 9. The figure formed on any surface, corresponding to the
body by which the light is intercepted. 10. The soul separated from
the body. A fairer spirit, or more welcome shade. Tickle.

To SHADE, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To overspread with opacity.
2. To cover from the light or heat. 3. To shelter, to hide. 4. To
protect, to screen. 5. To mark with different gradations of colours.
6. To paint in obscure colours.

SHA’DINESS [of scadewignisse, Sax.] the affording a shade, or being
shady.

SHA’DOW [sceade, or sceaduwe, Sax. schaduwe, Du. schatten, Ger.
probably of σχια, Gr. according to Minshew] 1. The representation
which is made by any thing interposed between the sun, or a light, and
any solid body. 2. Opacity, darkness, shade. 3. Shelter made by any
thing that intercepts light, heat, or the influence of the air. 4. Obscure
place. 5. Dark part of a picture. 6. A ghost, a spirit, a shade. Hence,
terrible shadow! Shakespeare. 7. An imperfect faint representation. We
perceive a shadow of his divine countenance. Raleigh. 8. Type, mys­
tical representation, 9. Inseparable companion. 10. Protection, shel­
ter, favour. Keep me under the shadow of thy wings. Psalms.

To SHA’DOW [sceadewan, Sax. schaduwen, Du. heschatten, Ger.] 1.
To intercept the lightness or brightness of the sun, or any other lumi­
nous body. 2. To skreen or cover. 3. To mark with various grada­
tions of colour. 4. To conceal under cover, to hide. 5. To paint in
obscure colours. 6. To represent imperfectly. 7. To represent typi­
cally.

SHA’DOWY [from shadow] 1. Full of shade, gloomy. 2. Not bright­
ly, luminous. 3. Typical, faintly representative. 4. Not real, unsub­
stantial. 5. Dark, opaque. Dim night her shadowy cloud withdraws.
Milton.

SHA’DY [seadewig, Sax.] affording a shade or covert.

SHAFT [sceaft, Sax.] 1. An arrow. 2. Any thing straight, as the
body of a pillar, the spire of a church-steeple. 3. [Schaft, Du. which
Fr. Junius derives from σχαπτω, Gr. to dig] a hole like a well, which
miners make to free the works from the springs that are in them.

SHA’FTSBURY, or SHA’FTON, a borough-town of Dorsetshire, 103
miles from London. It gives title of earl to the noble family of Cooper,
and sends two members to parliament.

SHA’GGED, or SHA’GGY [sceacgud, Sax.] 1. Hairy, having rough
hair. 2. Rough, rugged.

SHA’GGEDNESS, the having long, rough hair.

SHA’GREEN [chagrin, Fr.] out of humour, vexed; also a sort of
rough grained leather; as, a shagreen watch-case, &c.

To SHAKE, verb act. pret. shock, part. pass. shaken, or shook [scea­
can, Sax. shecken, Du.] 1. To put into a vibrating motion, to move
backwards and forwards with quick returns. 2. To make to totter, or
tremble. 3. To throw down, to drive off. Shake off the dust from
your feet. St. Matthew. 4. To depress, to make afraid. 5. To shake
off; to free from, to divest of.

To SHAKE, verb neut. 1. To be agitated with a vibratory motion.
2. To totter. 3. To tremble, to be unable to keep the body still. 4. To
be in terror, to be deprived of firmness.

SHAKE. 1. Concussion or agitation. 2. Vibratory motion. 3. Mo­
tion given and received.

SHA’KER [from shake] the person or thing that shakes.

SHALL, irr. and def. verb, having only the present and imperfect
tenses [sceacan, Sax. chalupa, Sp.] the sign of the future tense.

SHALLO’ON, a slight woollen stuff.

SHA’LLOP [chalope, Fr. chalupa, Sp.] a sloop, a small light vessel,
having only a small main-sail, and fore-mast and lug-sails, to hale up
and let down upon occasion.

SHA’LLOW, adj. [some derive it of low shew, q. d. a place, of which,
for want of depth of water, the bottom may be seen] 1. Not deep. 2.
Not penetrating, dull, empty. 3. Ignorant, supine, dry.

SHA’LLOW, subst. a flat or ford in the sea or a river.

SHA’LLOW-BRAINED [of shallow and brained] foolish, futile, trifling,
empty.








SHA’LLOWLY, 1. With no great depth. 2. Simply, foolishly.

SHA’LLOWNESS, want of depth of water, judgment, &c.

SHALM, or SHAWM [gehalme, Ger.] a musical instrument, a kind of
a psaltery.

SHALT, second person of shall.

To SHAM [shommi, Wel. to cheat] 1. To trick, to cheat. 2. To
obtrude by sraud or solly.

SHAM, subst. [from the verb] fraud, trick, delusion, false pretence,
imposture.

SHAM, adj. false, counterfeit, pretended.

SHAMA’DE [chamade, Fr.] a beat of drum for a parley.

SHA’MBLES [prob. of sceamot, Sax. or of scanagliare, It. a butche­
ry, unless you had rather take it from schaemel, Du. a table or stall, q. d.
a stall to lay flesh upon] a place where butchers attend to sell meat.

SHA’MBLING, moving aukwardly and irregularly. Dryden.

SHAME [scame, Sax. skam, Su. schaemte, Du. schâam, Ger.] 1. An
uneasiness of mind, from a consciousness of having done something tend­
ing to the loss of reputution. 2. Reproach. 3. Ignominy, disgrace.

To SHAME, verb act. [scamian, Sax. skamme, Dan. schâmen, Du.
and Ger.] 1. To make ashamed. 2. To disgrace.

To SHAME, verb neut. to be ashamed.

SHAMEFA’CED [of shame and face] modest, bashful.

SHAMEFA’CEDLY, adv. [from shamefaced] modestly, bashfully.

SHAMEFA’CEDNESS [from shamefaced] bashfulness, modesty, timidity.

SHA’MEFUL [scame-full, Sax.] scandalous, disgraceful, &c.

SHA’MEFULLY, adv. [from shameful] disgracefully, ignominiously, in­
famously, reproachfully.

SHA’MELESS [scam-leas, Sax.] immodest, impudent. See LOVELESS.

SHA’MELESSLY [from shameless] impudently, audaciously, without
shame.

SHA’MELESSNESS, immodesty, impudence.

SHA’MOIS [chamois, Fr.] a kind of wild goat. See CHAMOIS.

SHANK [scanca, Sax.] 1. The middle joint of the leg. 2. The stalk
of a plant, the stem of a candlestick, and several other utensils.

SHANK of an Ancher, the beam or longest part of it.

SHA’NKER [chancre, Fr. of cancer, Lat.] a venereal sore or botch in the
groin, &c.

To SHAPE, pret. shaped, part. pass. shaped, shapen [scyppan, Sax.
scheppen, Du.] 1. To form, to mould with regard to external dimensions.
2. To cast, to regulate, to adjust. 3. To image, to conceive. 4. To
make, to create.

SHAPE [from the verb] 1. Form, external appearance. 2. Make
of the trunk of the body. 3. Being, as moulded into shape. 4. Idea,
pattern. 5. It is now used in conversation for manner.

SHA’PELESS [of sceapleas, Sax.] without shape, deformed.

SHA’PELINESS [from shapely] beauty, or proportion of form.

SHA’PELY [from shape] symmetical, well formed.

SHA’PESMITH [of shape and smith] one who undertakes to improve
the shape; a burlesque word.

SHARD [scheard, Du.] 1. A broken piece of tile, or some other earth­
en vessel. 2. A plant. 3. A sort of fish.

To SHARE, verb act. [scyran, Sax.] 1. To divide, to portion out.
2. To partake with others. 3. [Scear, Sax.] to cut, to separate, to
sheer.

To SHARE, verb neut. to have part, to have a dividend.

SHARE, 1. A part or portion, especially of goods on board of a ship,
which belong to several persons by proportion. 2. [Scear, Sax.] the
blade of the plow that cuts the ground.

SHA’REBONE [of share and bone] the os pubis, the bone that divides
the trunk from the limbs.

SHA’RER [from share] 1. One who divides or portions out to others.
2. A partaker, one who participates with others.

SHARK [prob. of scearan, Sax. to cut in pieces, or of chercher, Fr.
to seek] 1. The most ravenous of fishes, a kind of sea-wolf, who, as
it is reported, if it catch a man in the water, will chop him in two at
one bite. 2. A sharping fellow, who lives by taking persons at a dis­
advantage, and tricking and cheating them. 3. Trick, fraud, petty
rapine.

To SHARK [prob. of escroquer, Fr. scroccare, It.] 1. To play the pet­
ty thief. 2. To cheat, to trick.

SHARP, adj. [scearp, Sax. skarp, Dan. and Su. scherpe, Du. scharf,
Ger.] 1. Keen, piercing. 2. Shrill. 3. Severe, biting, nipping. 4.
Quick, subtle, witty, ingenious. 5. Quick, as of sight or hearing.
6. Acid, sour without astringency. 7. Severe, harsh, sarcastic. 8.
Eager, hungry, keen upon a quest. 9. Painful, afflictive. 10. Fierce,
ardent, fiery. 11. Attentive, vigilant. 12. Emaciated, lean. His
visage drawn he felt to sharp and spare. Milton.

SHARP, subst. [from the adjective] 1. A sharp or acute sound. 2. A
pointed weapon, a small sword, a rapier. 3. [In music] a kind of ar­
tificial note or character.

To SHARP, verb act. [from the noun] to make keen.

To SHARP, verb neut. to play thievish tricks

To SHA’RPEN [scearpan, Sax. scherpen, Du. schârffen, Ger.] 1. To
make sharp, to edge, to point. 2. To make quick, ingenious or acute.
3. To make quicker of sense. The air sharpen'd his visual ray. Mil­
ton. 4. To make eager or hungry. 5. To make fierce or angry. 6.
To make biting or sarcastic. 7. To make less flat, or more piercing to
the ears. 8. To make acid.

SHA’RPER [from sharp] a tricking fellow, a petty thief.

SHA’RPLY [scearplic, Sax.] 1. After a sharp manner, smartly, wit­
tily. 2. Keenly, vigorously. 3. Afflictively, painfully. 4. With
quickness.

SHA’RPNESS [scearpneffe, Sax.] keenness, &c.

SHA’RP SIGHTED [of scearp and gesihthe, Sax.] having a quick and
penetrating sight.

SH’ARP-WITTED [of scearp and wit, Sax.] very witty, sagacious.

To SHA’TTER, verb act. [some derive it of schetteren, Du.] to shake
or break to pieces, to endammage, to impair.

To SHATTER, verb neut. to be broken.

SHA’TTER, subst. [from the verb] one of the parts into which any
thing is broken.

SHATTER-BRA’INED, or SHA’TTER-PATED, scarce compos mentis,
crazy-headed, hare-brained, confused, acting without thought, &c.

SHA’TTERY [from shatter] disunited, not compact, loose of tex­
ure.

To SHAVE, [sceafan, Sax. shafwa, Su. schaven, Du.] 1. To shear
or pare. 2. To trim or barb. 3. To cut off the hair with a razor. 4.
To cut in thin slices. 5. To strip. to oppress by extortion, to pil­
lage.

SHAV’ELING, one that has his head shaved, as monks, &c.

SHA’VER. 1. A man who practises the art of shaving. 2. A man
closely attentive to his own interest. 3. A robber, a plunderer.

SHA’VING [from shave] any thin slice pared off from any body.

SHAW [scua, Sax. schawe, Du.] a thicket, a small wood.

SHA’W-FOWL, an artificial fowl, made by fowlers on purpose to shoot
at.

SHAWBA’NDER [among the Persians] a great officer, a viceroy.

SHAWM, a musical instrument, a sort of psaltery.


SHE

SHE, pronoun, in the oblique cases her [si, Goth. seo, Sax. she, old
Eng.] 1. The female pronoun demonstrative, the woman, the woman
before mentioned. 2. The female, not the male.

SHEAF [sceaf, Sax.] 1. A bundle of corn upon the haulm. 2. Any
bundle or collection held together. The sheaf of arrows. Dryden.

To SHEAR, pret, shore, or sheared, part. pass. shorn [sceran, Sax.
scheeren, Du. and Ger.] to strip or cut off with shears, &c.

SHEARD [sceard, Sax.] a fragment.

SHEA’RMAN [sceara-man, Sax.] a shearer.

SHEARS [scearas, Sax.] 1. A sort of large sciffars for cutting, clip­
ping, &c. 2. The denomination of the age of sheep. 3. [With
sailors] two masts, yards or poles set up and seized across each other alost
near the top; the use of them is to set in or take out a mast.

SHEE’RING [in the woollen manufacture] is the cutting with large
sheers the two long and superfluous nap or shag on cloths, stuffs, &c.

SHEATS [ecoutes, Fr. schoten, Du. and Ger.] ropes bent to the
clews of the sails, which serve in all the lower sails, to hale or round off
the clew of the sail; but in top-sails they are used to hale home, i. e. to
draw the sail close to the yard-arms; also those planks under water
which come along the ship's run, and are closed into the stern-post.

SHEAT-Anchor [in a ship] the largest anchor.

SHEAT-Cable [of a ship] the largest or principal cable.

SHEATH [sceath, Sax.] the case of any thing, the scabbard of a
weapon.

To SHEATHE [sceathian, Sax.] to put into a sheath.

To SHEATHE a Ship, is to case that part of her hull that is to be un­
der water, with something to hinder the worms from entering into her
planks; then nailing on mill'd lead or planks of wood.

SHEATH-WI’NGED [of sheath and wing] having hard cases which are
folded over the wings.

SHEA’THY [from sheath] forming a sheath.

SHED [q. d. a shade] a pent-house or shelter made of boards.

To SHED verb act, [of sceadan, Sax. schutten, Ger.] 1. To spill,
to pour out. 2. to scatter, to let fall.

To SHED, verb neut. to let fall its parts.

SHE’DDER [from shed] a spiller, one who sheds. A shedder of blood.
Ezekiel.

SHEEN, or SHEE’NY, adj. [this was probably only the old pronun­
ciation of shine] bright, glittering, showy. Obsolete.

SHEEN, subst. [from the adj.] brightness, splendor. Milton.

SHEEP [sceap, Sax. schaep, Du. and L. Ger. schaaf, H. Ger.] 1. An
animal that affords mankind both food and clothing. 2. A contemp­
tuous name for a silly fellow.

To SHEE’P-BITE [of sheep and bite] 1. To bite sheep, as a dog. 2.
To use petty thests.

SHEE’P-BITER, a petty thief.

SHEE’PISH, faint-hearted like a sheep, over bashful, soft-headed,
simple, silly.

SHEE’P-COTE [sceap-cote, Sax. or SHEEP-FOLD, sceap-falde, Sax.]
a place to put sheep in.

SHEE’P-HOOK [sceap-hoce, Sax.] a shepherd's staff or crook.

SHEE’PISHLY, simply, sillily, &c.

SHEE’PISHNESS [of sceap and gelicnesse, Sax.] faint-heartedness,
over-bashfulness, simpleness, &c.

SHEE’P-MASTER [of sheep and master] an owner of sheep.

SHEE’P-SHEARING [of sheep and shear] the time of shearing sheep.

SHEE’P-WALK [of sheep and walk] pasture for sheep.

SHEER, adj. [scyre, Sax.] pure, clear, unmixed.

SHEER, adv. clean, quick, at once.

To SHEER. See To SHEAR.

To SHEER off, to steal away.

SHEET [scete, or sceate, Sax.] 1. A large linen cloth to lay upon
the bed. 2. [In a ship] a rope bent to see after clew of a sail. 3. As
much paper as is made in one body. 4. Any thing expanded.

To SHEET 1. To furnish with sheets. 2. To enfold in a sheet. 3.
To cover with a sheet.

SHE’FFIELD, a market-town in the West-riding of Yorkshire, situated
on the Don, 140 miles from London.

SHE’FFORD, a market-town of Bedfordshire, 40 miles from Lon­
don.

SHE’FNAL, a market-town of Salop, 128 miles from London.

SHE’KEL [לקש, Heb.] an ancient coin, equal to four Attic drams, or
four Roman denarii, in value about 2s. 6. d. sterling.

SHE’LDAPLE, a bird, a chaffinch.

SHE’LDRAKE, a water-fowl.

SHELF, plural shelves [scylf, Sax. scaffele, It.] 1. A board fasten­
ed against a wall, to lay things on. 2. The till of a printing press. 3.
A heap of sand in the sea. 4. [With miners] that hard surface or
coat of the earth which lies under the mould, usually about a foot
deep.

SHE’LFY [from shelf] full of hidden rocks or banks.

SHELL [scyl, or sceala, Sax. skaal, Su. schaal, Ger. schelle, Du.
ecale, Fr. in the first sense, ecaille, in the second] 1. The woody husk
and cover of nuts and fruits. 2. The crustaceous coverings of fishes. 3.
The covering of seeds of siliqious plants. 4. The covering of an egg.
5. The outer part of a house. 6. [From testudo] a musical instrument.
7. The superficial part.

To SHELL, verb act. [scylan, Sax. skaala, Su. schellan, Du. schâlen,
Ger.] to take off the husk or cover.

To SHELL, verb neut. 1. To fall off, as broken shells. 2. To cast
the shell.

SHE’LL-FISH [of shell and fish] fish invested with a hard covering,
either testaceous, as oysters, or crustaceous, as lobsters.








SHE’LLY [from shell] 1. Abounding with shells. 2. Consisting of
shells.

To SHE’LTER, verb act. 1. To receive into one's house. 2. To de­
fend or protect. 3. To cover from notice.

To SHELTER, verb neut. 1. To take shelter. 2. To give shelter.

SHELTER [prob. of sceala, Sax. a shell] 1. A place of defence
against ill weather. 2. Protection, security. 3. A protector, a de­
fender.

SHE’LTERER, one who shelters.

SHE’LTERLESS, having no place of shelter, without refuge.

SHE’LVING, slanting.

SHE’LVINGNESS, the sinking or rising gradually like a shelve or sand
in the sea.

SHE’LVY [of schelb, Du.] full of shelves or sand heaps, as the sea.

To SHEND, pret. and part. pass. shent [scendan, Sax. schenden, Du.]
1. To ruin, to spoil, to mischief. 2. To disgrace, to degrade. 3. To
over-power, to crush. All the senses are obsolete.

SHE’PHERD [sceapa-hyrd, Sax.] 1. A keeper of sheep. 2. One
who tends the congregation, a pastor.

SHE’PHERDESS [scepa-hyrdes, Sax.] a woman that keeps sheep.

SHE’PHERD'S-NEEDLE, a plant.

SHE’PHERD'S-POUCH, a common herb.

SHE’PHERDISH [from shepherd] resembling a shepherd, rustic. Sidney.

SHE’PERDY, the work or office of a shepherd. Were skilful in she­
perdy. Robinson.

SHE’PTON-MALLET, a market town of Somersetshire, 111 miles from
London.

SHI’PWASH, a market-town of Devonshire, 160 miles from Lon­
don.

SHERBE’T [serbet, Fr. sorbetto, Ital.] a Turkish drink; also the com­
position of punch before the infusion of the brandy, &c. The word is
of Arabic etymology; sharbat [or sherbet] in that language, signifies
one single draught, or act of drinking; and is accordingly applied not
only to liquors in general, but in particular to what we should call a dose
in physic.

SHE’RBORN, the name of two market-towns, one in Dorsetshire, on
the river Panet, 118 miles from London; the other in the West-riding
of Yorkshire, at the conflux of the Wherfe and Ouse, 176 miles from
London.

SHE’RIFF [scyr-geref, Sax. q. d. shire-greve] the chief officer of a
shire or county. And the same term, if I am not mistaken, with the
Asiatics signifies a prince or noble person, and is in particular applied to
the descendants of Mahomet. “Sheríff [says Golius in his Arabic lexi­
con) signifies a prince, noble, and especially in descent; hence is it ap­
plied to the descendants of Mahomet.” May not I also add, and to the
prince or governor of Mecca; who claims, if I am not mistaken, this
relation to the prophet.

SHE’RIFFALTY, SHE’RIFFWIC, or SHE’RIFFDOM, the office or juris­
diction of a sheriff.

SHE’RRY [of Xeres, a town of Andalusia, in Spain] a wine.

To SHEW, verb act. [sceawian, Sax. skoda, Su. skue, Dan. or of
schauen, Ger. which now signifies to behold; whence schauplatza, play­
house] 1. To exhibit to view. 2. To discover or make known. 3. To
prove or make appear. 4. To offer, to afford. 5. To publish, to pro­
claim. 6. To teach, to tell.

To SHEW, verb neut. 1. To appear. 2. To have appearance.

SHEW [sceaw, Sax. schuw, Du.] 1. Appearance, public sight. 2.
Superficial appearance. 3. Ostentatious display. 4. Object attracting
notice. 5. Splendid appearance. 6. Semblance, likeness. 7. Spe­
ciousuess. plausibility. 8. Exhibition to view. 9. Phantoms, not rea­
lities. 10. Representative action

SHEWN, pret. and part. pass. of To SHEW, which see.


SHI

SHI’BBOLETH [תלכש, Heb. i. e. an ear of corn] a criterion by which
the Gileadites distinguished the Ephraimites, by their pronouncing s
for sh: And from hence, in a figurative use, the criterion of a party.

SHIDE [of sceadan, Sax. scheiden, Ger. to divide] a shiver or segment.
Skinner.

SHIELD [scyld, Sax. skold, Su. akioldur, Isl. schilt, Celt. schilde,
Du. schild, Ger. scudo, It. escudo, Sp.] 1. A sort of buckler. 2. Pro­
tection or defence. 3. One that gives protection or security.

To SHIELD [scyldan, Sax.] 1. To cover with a shield. 2. To pro­
tect or defend. 3. To keep off, to defend against.

To SHIFT, verb neut. [scyfdan, Sax. according to Skinner] 1. To
change place. 2. To give place to other things. 3. To change clothes,
particularly the linen. 4. To practise indirect methods. 5. To find some
expedient, to act or live, tho' with difficulty. 6. To take some method
for safety.

To SHIFT, verb act. 1. To change, to alter. 2. To transfer from
place to place. 3. To put by some expedient out of the way. 4. To
change in position. 5. To change, as cloaths. 6. To dress in fresh
cloaths. 7. To shift off; to defer, to put off by some expedient.

SHIFT [from the verb] 1. Expedient found or used with difficulty. 2.
Indirect expedient, last recourse, 3. Fraud, artifice, stratagem. 4.
Evasion, elusory practice. 5. A woman's linen.

SHI’FTER, subst. a fellow that practises all manner of shifts and cun­
ning tricks.

SHI’FTLESS [from shift] wanting expedients, destitute of means to
live.

SHI’LOH [תלש, Heb.] a name appropriated by divines to our Lord
and Saviour Christ. The main body of both Jews and gentiles are
agreed that the term shiloh (which occurs in Jacob's prediction, Gen.
c. 49. v. 10) relates to the Messiah; but even the most learned Jews
themselves are divided about the etymology of the word. Abenezra,
after giving many explications, concludes the term to be equipollent to
ben-o, i. e. his son; and derives it from a verb of the same radical letters
in 2 Kings, c. 4. v. 28; which signifies (in his judgment) to make to
bring forth; or from another word of the same root, which signifies the
membranes in which the fætus is wrapped. “In the Samaritan text and
version (says Dr. Newton) it is pacificus, the peace-maker; and this (says
he) is perhaps the best explication of the word.” But after all, I suspect
that the *The copies which the Greek version followed, read it she-lo, i. e.
a compound of she, a Hebrew pronoun, which is applied not
only to things, as Dr. Newton supposes, but also to persons,
Psalm 146, 5; and lô, i. e. for him. And accordingly the lite­
ral version will be that, which the Syriac, Arabic, and I believe
the best copies of the Septuagint espous'd, “he, for whom”.
And as to the Samaritan, he should have considered, that it is
only the Hebrew text in other characters. St. Jerome, who seems
to have followed a different reading, renders it, “Qui mittendus
est, i. e. he who is to be sent.” A title, which indeed suits the
Messiah: But St. Jerome is too exceptionable a writer, to lay
any great stress on his authority; and what the learned Greeks
thought of his version, the reader may possibly find under the
words SIN, or WESTERN Heresy, and VULGATE, compared. Septuagint copies, and from them both the Syriac and Arabic
versions bid the fairest i. e. he whose it is, or “he for whom it is reser­
ved; whether by this elliptic form of speech, be understood the people,
or rule over the people, agreeable to that well known title of the Messiah,
the king of Israel. See MASORITE, CHRIST, and MESSIAH, compared
with Dr. Newton's Dissertat. p. 99, 100, &c.

SHI’ITES, of Shiat, a company, a sect, Arab. in particular the fol­
lowers, or (as we should say) sectaries of Aly, the cousin and son of law
of Mahomet; they are so called (says Abulpbaragius) from their adhe­
rence to his cause, and their maintaining his right to an immediate succes­
sion to the supreme power after the prophet's disease; and that none but
his [i. e. Aly's] descendants have a title to the caliphate. I shall
only add, that as the Persians espouse the cause of Aly, they are accord­
ingly distinguished by this appellation from the Turks; who disputed it,
and are called Sonnites [or Sunnites] See CALIPHATE, and SONNITES.

SHI’LLING [scylling, of scyld, Sax. because anciently stamped with
a shield] a coin well known, but among our Saxon ancestors was in value
but 5 d.

SHILLING Scotch, in value one penny.

SHI’LLI-SHALLI, a corrupt reduplication of shall I? the question of a
person hesitating.

SHI’LY, adv. [from shy] not familiarly, not frankly.

SHIN [scina, Sax. scheen, Du. schien, Ger.] the fore part of the
leg.

To SHINE, verb neut. pret. I shone, I have shone, sometimes, I shi­
ned, I have shined [scinan, Sax. skine, Dan. skeinan, Goth. schynen,
Du. O. and L. Ger. scheinen, H. Ger.] 1. To look bright, to cast a
lustre. 2. To be without clouds. 3. To be glossy. 4. To be gay, to
be splendid. 5. To be beautiful. 6. To be eminent, or conspicuous.
7. To be propitious. 8. To enlighten.

SHINE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Fair weather. Be it rain or shine.
Dryden. 2. Brightness, splendor, lustre.

SHI’NESS [from shy] unwillingness to be familiar.

SHI’NINGNESS [scinandenesse, Sax.] lustre, brightness.

SHI’NGLE [Minshew derives it of scindere, Lat. to cleave] a board or
cleft of wood, to cover houses, steeples, &c. with.

SHI’NGLES [in medicine] a disease, a sort of St. Anthony's fire, a
spreading inflammation about the waste. See ERYSIPELAS.

SHI’NY [from shine] bright, luminous, splendid.

SHIP [scip, scyp, Sax. scap, Du.] a termination implying quality or
adjuct, as lordship; or office, as stewardship.

SHIP [skip, Dan, skep, Su. scype, Sax. schip, Du. O. and L. Ger.
schiff, H. Ger.] a general name for all large vessels that go with sails fit
for navigation on the sea; except gallies, which go with oars and smack­
sails.

To SHIP [from the noun] 1. To put into a ship. 2. To transport in a
ship.

SH’IP-BOY [of ship and boy] a boy who serves in a ship, a young sea­
man.

SHI’P-MASTER [of ship and master] master of the ship.

SHI’P-MONEY, a tax anciently laid upon the ports, cities, &c. of
England, revived by king Charles I.

SHI’PPER [scipper, Du. and L. Ger. schiffer, H. Ger.] the master of a
ship.

SHI’PPINC [of skip, Dan. scip. Sax.] 1. Ships, 2. Passage in a
ship.

SHI’P-SHAPEN [with sailors] unsightly; spoken of a ship that is built
strait up after she comes to her bearings; the same that is termed wale­
reared.

SHI’PTON upon Stower, a market-town of Worcestershire, 75 miles
from London.

SHI’PWRECK [scip-wræc, Sax.] 1. The perishing of a ship at sea. 2.
The parts of a shattered ship. 3. Destruction, miscarriage.

To SHIPWRECK [from the noun] 1. To destroy by dashing on rocks
and shallows. 2. To make to suffer the danger of a wreck.

SHI’P-WRIGHT [of ship and wright] a builder of ships.

SHI’P-WRIGHTS, were constituted in the reign of king James I. They
are a master, two wardens, and sixteen assistants. Their arms are a Noah's
ark on a chief, the cross of St. George charged with a lion of England;
the crest is the said ark and the dove volant, with an olive branch in its
mouth proper.

SHIRE [scire, a division, of scyran, Sax. to divide] a portion or di­
vision of land, of which there are in England 40, in Wales 12, in Scot­
land 24, besides stewarties, bailleries, and constabularies.

SHIRE Clerk, an under sheriff, or his deputy; or clerk to the county­
court.

SHIRK [q. d. a shark] a sharping fellow that lies upon the catch, as
the shark-fish.

SHI’RKING, sharping, lying upon the catch.

SHIRT [syrc, Sax. skiorto, Su.] an inner linen garment for men.

To SHIRT [from the noun] to cover, to clothe, as with a shirt.

SHI’RTLESS [from shirt] wanting a shirt.

SHI’TTIM, a sort of beautiful wood growing in Arabia, of which Mo­
ses made the greatest part of the tables, altars, &c. belonging to the ta­
bernacle.

To SHITE, irr. verb. [scitan, Sax. skyta, Su. schyten, Du. O. and
L. Ger. scheissan, H. G. chien, Fr.] to discharge the belly, to ease na­
ture.

SHI’TTEN, beshit, fouled with ordure.

SHI’TTENLY [with the vulgar] poorly, pitifully.

SHI’TTLE Cock [prob. of sceotan, Sax. to shoot] a cork stuck with
feathers, to be banded to and fro' with battledores.

SHIVE [schyve, Du. 1. A slice of bread. 2. A thick splinter, or la­
mina, cut off from the main substance.

To SHI’VER, verb act. [prob. of schelveren, Du.] to break into shi­
vers or pieces.

To SHIVER, verb neut. 1. To quake, to tremble, to shudder. 2.
[from shive] to fall at once into many parts or shives.








SHIVER [prob. of scheuren, Du.] 1. A piece or cleft of wood. 2. [in
in a ship] a little round wheel, in which the rope of a block or pulley
runs.

SHI’VERY [from shiver] loose of coherence, incompact.

To SHI’VER [of scheuren, Ger.] to shake for cold.


SHO

SHOAD [with tin miners] such fragments of ore, which by rains, cur­
rents of water, &c. are torn off from the load or veins of ore.

SHOAL. See SHOLE.

To SHOAR, or To SHORE [prob. of schorren, Du.] to underprop.

SHOARS, or SHORES [of schoore, Du.] props or counterforts, set to
support or bear up any thing of weight which leans forward.

To SHOCK [schocken, Du. choquer, Fr.] 1. To clash with, to dash
against. 2. To put into a commotion. 3. To offend, to disgust.

SHOCK [shocken, Du. choc, Fr.] 1. Conflict, violent concourse. 2.
Consussion, external violence. 3. The conflict of enemies. 4. Offence,
impression of disgust. 5. A pile of sheaves of corn. 6. [from shag]
a rough dog.

SHOD, for shoed, the pret. and part. pass. of To SHOE.

SHOE [sceo, or scoh, Sax. skoo, Su. schoe, Du. O. and L. Ger. schuh,
H. Ger.] a cover for the foot.

To SHOE, irr. verb [sceogan, Sax.] 1. To put on shoes. 2. To co­
ver at the bottom.

SHOE’ING-HORN [of shoe and horn] 1. A horn for drawing shoes on
upon the foot. 2. Any thing by which a transaction is facilitated. 3.
[In a figurative sense] a lover retained by a woman, not with design to
marry him, but only to draw on the addresses of more.

SHOE’-MAKER [of sceo and macan, Sax. to make] a maker of
shoes.

To SHOG [prob. of schockeln, Teut.] to jog, to joggle, to make to
wag or vacillate to and fro.

SHOG [from shock] a violent concussion.

SHOLE. 1. Shallow. 2. [sceole, Sax.] a company of fishes.

SHO’LINESS [q. d. shallowness] fulness of flats in the sea, &c.

SHO’LY [q. d. shallow] full of flats.

SHONE, pret. of shine. See To SHINE.

SHOOK, pret. of shake. See To SHAKE.

To SHOOT, verb act. pret. I shot, part. shot, or Shotten [sceotan,
Sax. skiuta, Su. schieten, Du. and L. Ger. schiessen, H. Ger.] 1. To
discharge shot out of a gun, or arrows out of a bow. 2. To discharge
any thing so as to make it fly with speed or violence. 3. To let off.
4. To emit new parts, as a vegetable. 5. To emit, to dart or thrust
forth. 6. To push suddenly. 7. To push forward. 8. To pass thro'
with swiftness. 9. [Among workmen] to make strait by plaining.

To SHOOT, verb neut. 1. To perform the act of shooting. 2. To
germinate, to increase in vegetable growth. 3. To form itself into any
shape. 4. To be emitted. 5. To protuberate, to jut out. 6. To pass,
as an arrow. 7. To become any thing suddenly. 8. To move swiftly
along. 9. To feel a quick pain. 10. Ballast is said to shoot, when it
runs from one side of the ship to another.

SHOOT, subst. [prob. of scote, Sax.] 1. A young sprout or bud. 2.
The act of striking.

SHOO’TER [from shoot] one that shoots, a gunner, an archer.

SHOP [sceope, Sax. schap, in L. Ger. signifies a cup-board] 1. An
office for selling wares. 2. A room where manufactures are carried
on.

SHO’P-BOARD [of shop and board] a bench on which any work is
done.

SHO’P-BOOK [of shop and book] a book in which a tradesman keeps his
accounts.

SHO’P-KEEPER [of shop and keep] a retail tradesman, one who keeps
a shop.

SHO’P-MAN [of shop and man] 1. A man who keeps a shop. 2. The
foreman of a shop.

SHO’P-LIFTING [of sceope, Sax. a shop, and levatio, Lat.] stealing
goods out of a shop, going under pretence of buying; which, if it be to
the value of 5 s. is death.

SHO’RAGE, a duty paid for goods brought on shore.

SHORE [score, Sax.] 1. The side or bank of the sea. 2. A drain;
properly sewer. 3. [from schooren, Du. to prop] the support of a
building, a prop.

To SHORE [schooren, Du.] 1. To prop, to support. 2. To set on
shore. Not in use.

SHO’RELESS [from shore] having no shore. Boyle.

SHORE, pret. of shear. See To SHEAR.

SHO’REHAM, New, a borough town of Sussex, at the mouth of the
Adur, 55 miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

SHO’RLING, a sheep-skin, after the fleece is shorn off.

SHORN [of scearan, Sax. pret. of shear. See To SHEAR.

SHORT, adj. [sceort, Sax.] 1. Not long, either in space, extent or
duration. 2. Not attaining the end, not adequate, not equal. 3. Re­
peated by quick irritations. 4. Not far distant in time. 5. Defective,
imperfect. 6. Scanty, wanting. 7. Not fetching a compass. 8. Not
going so far as intended. 9. Defective as to quantity. 10. Narrow,
contracted. 11. Brittle, friable. 12. Not bending.

SHORT, subst. [from the adj.] a summary account.

SHORT, adv. not long. Generally used in composition. Short-en­
during joy. Dryden.
SHORT and sweet.
Lat. Sermonis prolixitas fastidiosa.

To SHO’RTEN [sceortan, Sax. korten, Du. O. and L. Ger. kurtzen,
H. Ger. accourcir, Fr. accortarsi, It. acortàr, Sp.] 1. To make shorter,
either in time or space. 2. To contract, to abbreviate. 3. To con­
fine, to hinder from progression. 4. To cut off, to defeat. 5. To lop.
Spoil'd of his nose, and shorten'd of his ears. Dryden.

SHO’RT-HAND [of short and hand] a method of writing in compendious
characters.

SHO’RT-LIVED [of short and live] not living or lasting long.

SHO’RTLY [of short] 1. Quickly, soon, in a little time. 2. Briefly,
in a few words.

SHO’RTRIBS [of short and ribs] the ribs below the sternum.

SHO’RT-SIGHTED [of short and sight] 1. Defect of sight proceeding
from the convexity of the eye. 2. Unable by intellectual sight to see
far.

SHO’RT-SIGHTEDNESS [from short-sighted] 1. Defect of sight. 2. De­
fect of mental sight.

SHORTWAI’STED [of short and waist] having a short waist.

SHORTWI’NDED [of short and wind] short-breathed, asthmatic.

SHORTWI’NGED [of short and wing] having short wings.

SHO’RTNESS [scortnesse, Sax.] 1. Brevity. 2. Deficiency in length.

SHO’RY [from shore] lying near the coast.

SHOT, the preterite and part. pass. of shoot. See To SHOOT.

SHOT, subst. [schot, Du. from shoot] 1. The act of shooting. 2. The
missive weapon emitted by any instrument, particularly the ball from a
gun. 3. The flight of a shot. 4. [Escot, Fr.] a person's part of a
reckoning.

Chain SHOT, is two whole or half-bullets joined together either by a bar
or chain of iron, which allows them some liberty asunder, so that they cut
and destroy whatever happens in their way, and are very serviceable in a
sea battle, to cut the enemy's fails.

Cross-Bar-SHOT, are round shot, with a long spike of iron cast in
each, as if it went through the middle of it.

Case-SHOT, is either small bullets, nails, bits of old iron, or the like,
put into a case, to shoot out of ordnance.

SHO’TFREE [of shot and free] clear of the reckoning.

SHO’TTEN [of schutten, Du. to pour out] spawned, or having spent
the roe, as fishes.

SHOTTEN Milk, curdled, turned to curds and whey.

To SHOVE, verb act. [sceofen, Sax. schuyven, Du. schuuven, O. and
L. Ger. schieven, H. Ger.] 1. To push or thrust by main strength. 2.
To drive a boat, &c. by a poll that reaches to the bottom of the water.
3. To push, to rush against. And shove you off the stage. Pope.

To SHOVE, verb neut. to push forward before one.

SHOVE, subst. [from the verb] a push.

SHO’VEL [scofl, Sax. scheuffel, Du. schaffel, O. and L. Ger. schauffel,
H. Ger.] an instrument for digging, and divers other uses.

To SHO’VEL [of scoflan, Sax.] 1. To work with a shovel. 2. To
gather in great quantities.

SHO’VELLER, a fowl, called a pelican.

SHOULD [of sceoldan, Sax.] a kind of auxiliary verb, used in the
conjunctive mood, signifying ought; as, I should go, I ought to go.

To SHOU’LDER [of sculdor, Sax.] 1. To lay on the shoulder. 2.
To jostle with the shoulder.

SHOU’LDER [sculdor, Sax. shulder, Dan. sehouder, Du. schulter,
Ger.] 1. The joint that connects the body to the arm. 2. The upper
joint of the fore leg; as, a shoulder of mutton. 3. The upper part of
the back. Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair. Dryden. 4. A
rising part, a prominence.

SHOULDER Blade, a bone of the shoulder, of a triangular figure, co­
vering the hind part of the ribs, called also the scapula.

SHOULDER of a Bastion [in fortification] is where the face and the
flank meet.

SHOULDER of an Arrow [with archers] that part of the head of it that
a man may feel with his fingers, before it comes to the point.

SHOULDER Pight [with farriers] a disease or hurt in horses, when the
pitch or point of the shoulder is displaced, which makes the horse halt
downright.

SHOULDER-Splaiting, or SHOULDER-Torn [with farriers] a hurt which
happens to a horse by some dangerous slip, so that the shoulder parts
from the breast.

SHOULDER-Wrench [with farriers] a strain in the shoulder.

SHOULDER-Head [in archery] a sort of arrow head, between blunt
and sharp, made with shoulders.

SHOU’LDERING [in fortification] a retrenchment opposed to the ene­
my's, or a work cast up for a defence on one side, whether made of
heaps of earth, gabions, or fascines; also a square orillon made in the
bastion near the shoulder, to cover the cannon of a casemate.

SHOULDERING Piece [in carpentry] a bracket.

SHOU’LDER-SLIP [of shoulder and slip] dislocation of the shoulder.

To SHOUT [prob. of jauchzen, Ger.] to set up a loud huzza, to cry
in triumph.

SHOUT, a loud huzza of triumph or exultation.

To SHOW. See To SHEW.

SHO’WER [scur, Sax. skur, Su. schaur, O. Ger.] 1. A falling or
distillation of rain for a time, a cloud resolved into rain. 2. Storm of
any thing falling thick. Show'rs of stones. Pope. 3. Any very liberal
distribution. The great shower of your gifts. Shakespeare.

To SHOWER, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To wet or drown with
rain. 2. To pour down. 3. To distribute, or scatter with great libe­
rality.

To SHOWER, verb neut. to be rainy.

SHO’WERINESS [scuricgnesse, Sax.] raininess, inclinableness to be
showery.

SHO’WERY [of scuricg, Sax.] rainy, apt or inclinable to produce
showers.

SHOWN, pret. and part. pass. of shew. See To SHEW.

SHO’WY, or SHO’WISH [of sceawian, Sax. schouwen, Du. to shew]
making an appearance, gaudy.


SHR

SHRANK [of scrincan, Sax.] the pret. of shrink. See To SHRINK.

To SHRED [screadan, Sax.] to cut or mince small.

SHRED [scread, Sax.] 1. A small cutting of cloth, or silk. 2. A
fragment.

SHREW [of schreuen, Ger. to bawl] a scolding contentious ill-natured
woman.

SHREW Mouse [skoumusz, Dan.] a kind of field mouse, about the size
of a rat, and of a weezel-colour, very mischievous to cattle; so that
country people say, if it goes over the back of a beast, it will make he
beast lame in the chine; and if it bite a beast, it will cause it to swell to
to the heart, and die.

SHREWD [prob. of beschreyen, Teut. to bewitch] 1. Cunning, subtle.
2. Smart, witty. 3. Having the qualities of a shrew, malicious, turbu­
lent. 4. Bad, ill-betokening. 5. Painful, pinching, dangerous.

SHRE’WDLY. 1. Cunningly, smartly, wittily. 2. Mischievously,
destructively. 3. Vexatiously; an ironical expression. 4. With strong
suspicion.

SHRE’WDNESS. 1. Sly cunningness. 2. Mischievousness, petulance.

SHRE’WISH [from shrew] having the qualities of a shrew.

SHRE’WISHLY, adv. [from shrewish] petulantly, frowardly, pee­
vishly.

SHRE’WISHNESS [from shrew] the qualities of a shrew, clamorous­
ness.








SHRE’WSBURY, a large and populous borough town of Shropshire, on
the river Severn, 157 miles from London. It gives title of earl to the
noble family of Talbot, and sends two members to parliament.

To SHRIEK [schrige, Dan. skrya, Su.] to cry out as one in a great
danger or fright.

SHRIEK [prob. of scriccio, It. or schryge, Dan. skry, Su.] a vehement
noise or outcry of anguish or horror.

SHRIFT [scrift, Sax.] confession of sins to a priest: Obsolete.

SHRILL, adj. [prob. of schreyen, Teut. or of grêle] sounding acutely.

To SHRILL [from the adj.] to pierce the ear with sharp and quick
vibrations of sound.

SHRI’LLY, sharply, acutely.

SHRI’LNESS, sharpness of sound.

SHRIMP [some derive it of schrump, Teut. a wrinkle, because it has
a wrinkled back] 1. A small sea-fish, something resembling a lobster in
form. 2. A little short fellow: In contempt.

SHR’INED, inshrined, seated or placed in a shrine. Milton.

SHRINE [scrin, Sax. escrin, Fr. scrinium, Lat.] a cabinet or desk, a
sort of case or chest to hold the relicks of a saint.

To SHRINK, verb neut. pret. I shrunk or shrank, part. shrunken or shrunk
[scrincan, Sax.] 1. To contract or lessen in length or breadth. 2. To
withdraw as from danger. 3. To express fear, horror or pain, by con­
tracting the body. 4. To fall back as from danger.

SHRINK, subst. [from the verb] 1. Corrugation, contraction into less
compass. A shrink or contraction of the body. Woodward. 2. Con­
traction of the body from fear and terror.

To SHRIVE [srifan, Sax.] 1. To make a confession to a priest. 2.
To hear such confessions.

To SHRI’VEL [schrumpelen, Teut.] to wrinkle, to run up in wrinkles
or scrolls.

SHRI’VER [from shrive] a confessor.

SHROUD [scrud, Sax.] 1. A shelter, a cover. 2. The dress of the
dead, a winding-sheet. 3. Large ropes that support the masts.

To SHROUD, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To shelter, to cover from
danger, 2. To dress for the grave. 3. To clothe, to dress. 4. To
cover, to conceal. 5. To defend, to protect.

To SHROUD, verb neut. to harbour, to take shelter.

SHROVE Sunday [q. d. shriving-sunday, of scrifan, Sax. to confess,
because our ancestors were wont at Shrove-tide to shrive, i. e. to confess
their sins, and receive the sacrament, in order to a more strict and reli­
gious observation of Lent.

SHRUB scrube, Sax.] 1. A small or low tree, a bush. 2. A com­
pound of brandy, the juice of Sevil oranges or lemons, and sugar, kept
in a vessel for the ready making of punch at any time, by the addition of
water.

SHRU’BBINESS [scrybicnesse, Sax.] fullness of shrubs.

SHRU’BBY [of scrybig, Sax.] 1. Full of shrubs. 2. Resembling a
shrub.

SHRUG, a shrinking up the shoulders.

To SHRUG, verb act. [perhaps of schroeven, Du.] to shrink up the
shoulders.

To SHRUG, verb neut. to express horror or dissatisfaction by the motion
of the shoulders or whole body.

SHRUNK [of scrincan, Sax.] the preterite and part. pass. of shrink.
See To SHRINK.

To SHU’DDER [shuddren, Du.] to quake with fear or with aversion.

To SHU’FFLE, verb neut. [Skinner derives it of scofl, Sax. a shovel]
1. To dodge, to shift off. 2. To shuffle or mix the cards in any game.
3. To struggle, to shift, 4. To move with an irregular gait. 5. To
play mean tricks.

To SHUFFLE, verb act. 1. To agitate tumultuously. 2. To remove
with some artifice or fraud. 3. To shake, to divest. 4. To change the
position of the cards. 5. To form tumultuously or fraudulently.

SHU’FFLE [from the verb] 1. The act of disordering things. 2. A
trick, an artifice.

SHU’FFLECAP [of shuffle and cap] a play in which money is shaken in
in a hat.

SHU’FFLER [from shuffle] he who plays tricks, or shuffles.

To SHUN [scunian, Sax.] scansare, It.] to avoid, to keep off from.

SHU’NLESS [from shun] inevitable, unavoidable.

To SHUT, verb act. [scittan, Sax.] 1. To close, so as to prohibit
ingress or egress. 2. To inclose, to confine, 3. To prohibit, to bar.
4. To exclude. 5. To contract, not to keep expanded.

To SHUT, verb neut. to be shut, to shut or close of itself.

SHUT, part. adj. rid, clear, free, Get shut of him. L'Estrange.

SHUT, subst. [from the verb] 1. Act of shutting, close. 2. Small
door or cover. Made in the shut of a window. Newton.

SHU’TTER [of scittan, Sax. to look, schutten, Du. to inclose] 1.
One that shuts. 2. A cover, a door.

SHU’TTLE [sceathel, Sax.] a weaver's tool.

SHU’TTLECOCK. See SHI’TTLECOCK.

SHY [prob. of scheuen, Ger. to avoid or to abhor] 1. Reserved, not
familiar. 2. Cautious, wary. 3. Keeping at a distance. 4. Suspi­
cious, jealous.

SHY’NESS, reservedness, coyness.


SIB

SI’BILANT [sibilans, Lat.] hissing. The sibilant letters. Holder.

SIBILA’TION [from sibilo, Lat.] a hissing sound.

SIAGONA’GRA [σιαγωναγρα, of σιαγων, a jaw, and αγρα, Gr. a cap­
ture] the gout in the jaw. See CHIRAGRA, PODAGRA, &c.

SIB [sib, Sax. a kin] kindred, hence comes our name gossip, q. d.
the kindred of God, a god-father or god-mother; An obsolete word.

SIBYLS, or SIBYLLÆ, Lat. [σιβυλλαι, Gr.] so called (says Jackson in his
Chronologic Antiquities) either from the Laconic σιος βουλη (the Laconics
using the Greek sigma for the theta;) q. d. the divine council: or from
the proper name Sibylla, the daughter of Dardanus, who was herself a
prophetess, and from her all other prophetesses were so called. He ob­
serves still further from Ælian, “that there were four Sibyls, the Ery­
thræan, the Sabean, the Egyptian, and Sardinian; but some, he says,
reckons six others, ten in all.—Tho' Martian Capella allows but of two,
the Erythræan, whom he also thinks to be the Cumæan, and the Phry­
gian.” Our chronologist assures us, “that the sibyls were first known in
Greece, after the institution of the oracles of Dodona and Delphi, [See
ORACLES] that the oldest sibyl was the Lybian, sister to Belus and Age
nor, and one generation older than Cadmus; and that she prophecy'd in
a cave in Lybia, as Diodorus Siculus relates.” And after giving us a de­
tail of some others, he concludes with observing, “that the Cumæan si­
byl, who was consulted by Æneas (Eneid VI. 1. 36.) flourished in the
year before Christ 1181. But 'tis not known, when the oracle was set
up at Cumæ; tho' probably it was founded by the Pelasgi in Italy; some
of whom, in their migrations, settled in Campania, where Cumæ was.”
This is that sibyl to whom Virgil refers us in these lines:
Ultima Cumæi venit jam Carminis Ætas—
Jam NOA PROGENIES Cælo demittitur alto, &c.—
With many other noble strokes, which some Christian divines have
judged not unworthy of being apply'd to the Son of God incarnate, and those
inestimable blessings, which his reign sooner or later shall entail on man­
kind. But
Non tali Auxiliô, nec defensoribus istis
Tempus eget.—

SI’BYLLINE [sibyllinus, Lat.] of the sibyls, belonging to the sibyls.

SI’CAMORE [sicamorus, Lat.] the name of a tree.

To SI’CCATE [sicco, Lat.] to dry.

SICCA’TION [from siccate] the act of drying.

SICCI’FIC [siccificus, of siccus, dry, and fio, from facio, Lat. to make]
causing dryness.

SI’CCITY [siccitas, Lat.] dryness.

SICE [six, Fr. of sex, Lat.] the number six at dice.

SI’CHA [with botanists] the wild carrot.

SICK [seoc, Sax. sink, Su. siuge, Dan. sieck, Du.] 1. Afflicted with
disease. 2. Ill in the stomach. 3. Disgusted.

To SICK [from the noun] to sicken, to take a disease: Not in use.

To SI’CKEN, verb act. [siukna, Su. siecken, Du.] 1. To make sick,
to disease. 2. To weaken, to impair.

To SICKEN, verb neut. 1. To grow sick. 2. To be satiated. 3. To
be disgusted. 4. To grow weak, to decay, to languish.

SICKLE [sico, Sax. segel, Dan. sikel, Du. sichel, Ger. prob. of secare,
Lat. to cut] a hook for reaping corn.

SI’CKLINESS [of seoclichnesse, Sax.] unhealthfulness, aptness to be
sick.

SI’CKLY, adj. 1. Unhealthy, unsound. 2. Faint, weak, languid.

SI’CKLY, adv. not in health.

SI’CKNESS [seocnes, Sax.] 1. Indisposition of body. 2. Disease,
malady.

SICKLY [of seoclic, Sax.] infirm or indisposed in body; of a crazy
temperament.

SIDE, subst. [side, Sax. syda, Su. side, Dan. zyde, Du. siede, O. and
L. Ger. seite, H. Ger.] 1. The parts of animals sortified by the ribs.
2. Any part of the body opposed to any other part. 3. The right or
left. 4. Margin, edge, verge. 5. Any kind of respect. 6. Party,
interest, faction, sect.

SIDE, adj. [from the subst.] lateral, oblique, not direct.

To SIDE, to be of the same party, to engage with.

SI’DEBOARD [of side and board] the side table.

SI’DEBOX [of side and box] seat for the ladies on the side of the thea­
tre.

SI’DELONG, adj. [of side and long] lateral, oblique, not direct.

SIDELONG, adv. 1. Laterally, obliquely, not in pursuit. 2. On the
side.

SI’DERATED [from sideratus, Lat.] blasted, planet-struck.

SIDERA’TIO, Lat. [with botanists] the herb wall sage or stone­
sage, growing on old walls; also iron-wort, and clown's all-heal.

SIDES of Horn-works [in fortification] are the ramparts and parapets,
which inclose them on the right and left from the gorge to the head.

SIDE-Lays [a hunting term] are the dogs that are set in the way to let
slip at the deer, as he passes by.

SIDER. See CYDER.

SI’DERAL [sidereus, Lat.] of, or pertaining to the stars, starry.

SIDERI’TIS, Lat. [σιδηριτις, Gr.] the herb wall horehound.

SIDERAL Year [in astronomy] the space of time wherein the sun, go­
ing from one fixed star, returns to the same star again, which consists of
365 days, 6 hours, and very near 10 minutes.

SIDERA’TION [with surgeons] a mortification of some part of the
body. See SPHACELUS, &c.

SIDERATION [in agriculture] the blasting of trees or plants, by an
eastern wind, or by excessive heat or drought.

SIDERATION [in medicine] a being suddenly benummed and depri­
ved of the use of one's limbs.

SI’DEROMANCY σιδηρομαντεια, of σιδηρος, iron or steel, and μαντεια,
Gr. divination] a divination performed by a red hot iron, upon which
they laid an odd number of straws, and observed what figures, bendings,
sparklings, &c. they made in burning.

SI’DESADDLE [of side and saddle] a saddle for a woman to ride on.

SI’DESMAN [of side and man] an assistant to the church-warden.

SI’DEWAYS [side-wag, Sax.] laterally, on one side.

SI’DMOUTH, a market town of Devonshire, situated at the mouth of
the river Side, 157 miles from London.

SIEGE, Fr. [assedio, It. asedio, Sp. prob. of sedes, Lat. a seat] 1. The
encamping of an army round a place, with a design to take it; either by
distress and famine, or by making lines around it to hinder any relief
from coming to them from without; or by main force, as by trenches,
attacks, &c. 2. Any continued endeavour to gain possession. 3. [siege,
Fr.] seat, throne: Obsolete. 4. Place, rank, class: Obsolete. 5. [Of
siege, Fr. a seat] going to stool, voiding of excrements.
Explanation of Fig. I. Plate VIII.
Names of the Works.
a, a, a, &c. glacis or declivity: b, b, &c. covert-way: c, c, counter­
scarp: d, single tenaille: e, double tenaille: e, tenaille in the ditch:
f, horn. work: g,g, &c. places of arms: h, h, h, &c. the moat or ditch:
i, i, i, ravelins: k, k, half-moons: l, l, crown-work: m, bonnet or
priest's cap: n, n, counter-guard: o, o, &c. bastions: p, p, p, bastions
with circular flanks: q, q, certain: r, r, rampart or wall: s, s, &c.
bridges.
Names of the Approaches.
11, &c. trenches of approach: 22, &c. lines of communication:
33, &c. batteries: 44, &c. forts for defence of the trenches: 5, a sap:
6, a mine.

SIEVE [syfe, Sax.] a vessel or instrument for separating the grosser
part of any thing from the finer.


SIF

To SIFT [siftan, Sax. sifte, Su. siften, Du. sieben, Ger.] 1. To se­
parate the finer part of any thing reduced to a powder by a sieve. 2. To
separate, to part. 3. To examine inquisitively and slily.

SI’FTER [from sift] he who sifts.








SIG was used by the Saxons for victory; Sigbert, famous for victory;
Segward, victorious preserver; Sigard, conquering temper. Gibson's
Cambden.

To SIGH [seofian, Sax. sucke, Dan. suchcen, Du. seuffzen, Ger.]
to fetch breath deeply, by reason of some trouble of mind, or some dis­
ease of the body.

SIGH [prob. of seof, Sax. sueht, Du. seuftzer, Ger.] such a fetching
of breath, as above.

SIGHT [gesithe, Sax. sicht, Du. gesicht, Ger.] 1. The exercise or
action of the sense of seeing. 2. Open view, a situation where nothing
obstructs the sight. 3. Notice, knowledge. 4. A show or spectacle.

SI’GHTED [from sight] seeing in a particular manner. It is used only
in composition, as quicksighted, shortsighted.

SIGHTS [in mathematics] two thin pieces of brass on the extreme of
an alidade, or index of a theodolite, &c. for the just direction of the in­
dex to the line of the object.

SI’GHTLESS [gesitheleas, Sax.] blind.

SI’GHTLINESS [gesithlicgness, Sax.] seemliness, handsomeness.

SI’GHTLY [gesithlicg, Sax.] comely, seemly.

SI’GIL [sigillum, Lat.] a charm to be worn for the curing of diseases,
averting cross accidents, injuries, &c.

SIGILLA’RIA, Lat. a festival among the Romans, wherein they sent
presents of seals and other such things one to the other..

SI’GLES [of sigla, Lat.] cyphers; initial letters put for whole words;
as R. S. S. Regiæ Societatis Socius.,

SIGMOIDA’LES [with anatomists] certain valves of the pulmonary ar­
tery, in the shape of a half moon: they separate to give passage to the
blood, from the left ventricle of the heart into the arteria pulmonaria;
but, if it endeavours to return, they shut up the passage and are inclosed
by the blood.

SIGMOI’DES [of Σ, and ειδος, Gr. shape] the processes of the bones,
whose figure resembles the letter Σ, or the sigma of the ancient Greeks;
also three valves of the aorta or great artery, which obstruct the blood
in returning back to the heart.

SIGN [signe, Fr. segnio, It. signo, Sp. of fignum, Lat.] 1. A sensible
mark or character, by which any thing is known. 2. A wonder, a
miracle. 3. A picture, or painting hung at the door, to give notice of
what is sold within. 4. A monument, a memorial. 5. A constellation
of the zodiac. 6. Note of resemblance. 7. Ensign. His sign in hea­
ven. 8. Typical representation, symbol. 9. A subscription of one's
name; as a sign manual. 10. [In physic] some appearance of the body
distinguishable by the senses, whence the presence, nature, and state of
a disease, or health, or death, may be inferred.

SIGN Manual, a setting one's hand and seal to a writing.

To SIGN [senian, Sax. signare, Lat. signer, Fr. segnare, It. signàr, Sp.]
1. To mark. 2. [Signer, Fr.] to ratify by hand or seal. 3. To be­
token. to signify, to represent typically.

SI’GNAL, subst. Fr. [segnale, It. senel, Sp.] a sign or token given for
the doing or knowing of something.

SIGNAL, adj. [signale, Fr. segnalato, It.] notable, special, remarka­
ble, famous.

To SI’GNALIZE [signaler, Fr. segnalare, It. senalar, Sp.] to make or
render famous by some notable action.

SI’GNALLY [from signal] eminently, remarkably.

SIGNA’TION [from signo, Lat.] sign given, act of betokening.

SI’GNATORY [signatorius, Lat.] that is used in sealing or serveth to
seal with.

SI’GNATURE, Fr. [signatura, from signo, Lat.] 1. A sign or mark
impressed upon any thing. 2. A mark upon any thing, particularly
upon plants, by which their nature or medicinal use is pointed out. 3.
Proof, evidence. Eminent signatures of divine wisdom. Glanville.

SI’GNATURE [with printers] some one letter of the alphabet, set at
the bottom of every sheet, to direct to the ordering or placing them in a
book.

SIGNET, a seal set in a ring, commonly used for the sign manual of a
king.

The Privy SIGNET, one of the king's seals, wherewith his private let­
ters are sealed; as also grants and other things, which afterwards pass
the great seal.

Clerk of the SIGNET, an officer who constantly attends upon the prin­
cipal secretary of state, and has the custody of the privy signet.

SI’GNIFIER, a standard-bearer.

SIGNI’FICANCE, or SIGNI’FICANCY [significanza, It. of significantia,
Lat.] 1. Power of signifying. 2. Force, energy, power of impressing
the mind. 3. Importance, moment, consequence.

SIGNI’FICANT [significante, It. and Sp. of significans, Lat.] 1. That
expresses much, or is to the purpose; expressive. 2. Expressive of some­
thing beyong the external mark. 3. Betokening, standing from some­
thing. 4. Important, momentous.

SIGNI’FICANTLY, expressively, emphatically.

SIGNI’FICANTNESS [of significantia, Lat.] significancy.

SIGNIFICA’TION, Fr. [significazione, It. significaciòn, Sp. of significans,
Lat.] 1. The sign or meaning of a word, phrase, emblem. 2. The act
of making known by signs.

SIGNI’FICATIVE [significativus, Lat.] 1. Betokening by an external
sign. 2. Forcible, strongly expressive.

SIGNI’FICATORY [from signify] that which signifies or betokens.

To SI’GNIFY [signifier, Fr. significàr, Sp. of significare, It. and Lat.]
1. To mean or imply a certain sense. 2. To notify or give notice of.
3. To be a sign or a presage of.

SI’GNIORY [signioria, It.] lordship, dominion.

SI’GNPOST [of sign and post] that on which the sign hangs.

SI’GNUM Morbi, Lat. [in medicine] the symptom of a disease.


SIL

SILE [of sil, Sax.] filth, so named, because it subsides to the bot­
tom.
SILENCE gives consent.
Lat. Qui tacet consentire videtur; or, Silentium sapientis est. Gr. Aυτο
ΔΕ ΤΟ ΣΙΓΑΝ ΟΜΟΛΟΓΟυΝΤΟΣ ΕΣΙ ΣΟυ. Eur. The Fr. say; Assez censent qui ne dit
mot. And the It. Chi ta ce confessa. All which have the same signifi­
cation, and explain themselves.

SI’LENCE, Fr. [silenzio, It. silencio, Sp. of silentium, of silere, Lat.]
1. Peace, a cessation of noise or of speaking. 2. Secrecy.

SI’LENCE, interj. an authoritative restraint of speech.

To SI’LENCE [of silentium of silere, si lentem reddere, Lat.] 1. To im­
pose or command silence. 2. To put to a non plus. 3. To suspend a
church minister.

SILE’NI [according to the poets] were satyrs, so called when they
were grown old, who are seign'd to be great tiplers of wine.

SI’LENT [silens, Lat. silentieux, Fr.] 1. Not speaking, mute, 2.
Still, having no noise. 3. Wanting efficacy. The sun to me is dark,
and silent as the moon. Milton. 4. Not mentioning. Fame is not si­
lent. Milton.

SILE’NTIARY [silentiarius, Lat.] a gentleman usher, who sees to it
that silence and good rule is kept in a court, or elsewhere.

SI’LENTLY, stilly, quietly, without noise, without speaking.

SI’LENTNESS [silentium, Lat.] silence, stillness.

SI’LICA, Lat. [in botany] the herb fænugreek.

SILI’CULOSE [of silicula, Lat. a husk] husky or full of husks.

SILI’CIOUS [silicius, Lat.] flinty, of or pertaining to flints.

SILI’GINOSE [siliginosus, Lat.] made of fine wheat.

SI’LIGO, Lat. a kind of corn with an upright stalk, and the grain
very white; fine wheat, of which manchet bread is made.

SI’LIQUA [with gold finers] a weight called a caract or carat, of
which six make a scruple.

SILIQUA, Lat. [with botanists] the seed-vessel, husk, cod, or shell of
such plants as are of the pulse kind.

SILIQUA’STRUM, Lat. [with botanists] an herb whose leaf is much
like alecost, but of a sharp biting taste, pepper-wort, Brasil pepper,
St. Mary-wort.

SILK [seolc, Sax. silke, Dan.] 1. A kind of weaving or sewing
thread or yarn, spun by worms. 2. The stuff made from thence.

SI’LKEN [seolcen, Sax.] made of silk.

SI’LK GLASS [of Virginia] a curious plant that has very thin and
fibrous leaves, of which a sort of fine stuff is made, with a gloss like silk,
and cordage much better than that of hemp and flax, both for strength
and continuance.

SILK-ME’RCER, a dealer in silk.

SILK-THRO’WER, a tradesman, or mechanic who winds, twists, or
throws the silk, in order to render it fit for use.

SILK-THROWERS, were incorporated anno 1629, and are a master,
two wardens, 19 assistants, no livery. The assistants fine is 8 l. and
stewards 20 l. Their arms are argent, three bundles of silk sable, on a
chief a silk-thrower's mill.

SI’LK-WORM, the worm that spins silk.

SI’LKY. 1. Made of silk. 2. Soft, pliant.

SILL [syl, Sax. schwelle, Ger. seuil, Fr. soglia, It.] the threshold of
a door.

SI’LLABUB, or SI’LLIBUB [Minshew takes it for a contraction of
swilling bubbles] a potable liquor made by mixing the milk of a cow
with cyder, sugar, spice. &c.

SI’LLILY, foolishly, in a silly manner.

SI’LLINESS [prob. of sillic, Sax. wonderfully] simpleness, foolish­
ness.

SILLO’GRAPHIST [of σιλλος, a species of comedy so called, and γραφω,
Gr. to write] a writer of silli. Hesychius explains the word sillos by
terms expressive of ridicule and obloquy; and Eustathius, as cited by
the learned author of the APPENDIX ad Thesaur. Hen. Stephan. &c. says,
“εισιδε οι σιλλοι πονησε ας ειδος χωμιχης.” i. e. the silli are a species of
comic poetry.

SI’LLON [in fortification] an elevation of earth made in the middle
of a moat, to fortify it when too broad.

SILI’PHIUM [with botanists] the herb laserwort.

SI’LLY. 1. Simple, foolish. 2. Weak, helpless.

SI’LVAN [from sylva, Lat.] woody, fully of woods.

SI’LVER, subst. [silfer, Sax. silfwer, Su. self, Dan. silver, Du. sil­
ber, Ger.] 1. A metal, next in value to gold. 2. Any thing of soft
splendor. Silver-streaming eyes. Pope. 3. Money made of siver.

SI’LVER-Bush, a rare plant, so called.

SILVER, adj. [solferene, Sax.] of or pertaining to silver.

SILVER-Sickness, or SILVER-Squinsey [in law] is when a lawyer is
bribed by the adverse party, and feigns himself to be sick, that he may
not plead.

SILVER-Smith [seolfer smith, Sax.] an artizan who makes silver
vessels.

SILVER Spoon Head [in architecture] the head of an arrow, some­
thing like the head of a silver spoon.

SIAVER-Weed, the herb white tansey.

SI’LVERED [of sylfrene, Sax.] done over with silver.

SI’LVERY [from silver] besprinked with silver.

SILVE’STRIS, a red grain, used in dying scarlet.


SIM

SI’MA [in architecture] a cymatium. See CYMATIUM.

SI’MILAR [of similaris, Lat.] of a like form or quality.

SI’MILAR Arks of a Circle [with geometricians] such arks as are like
parts of the whole circumference.

SIMILAR Bodies [in physics] such bodies as have their particles of the
same kind and nature one with another.

SIMILAR Disease, a disease of some simple, solid part of the body; as
of a fibre, in regard to its tension or flaccidity. Boerhaave adds, and of
membranes, canals, &c. formed of the fibres.

SIMILAR Figures [with geometricians] are such figures, the angles
whereof are respectively equal, and the sides which are about the angles
of equal proportion.

SIMILAR Right Lin'd Figures [in geometry] are such figures as have
equal angles, and the sides about those angles proportional.

SIMILAR Numbers [in arithmetic] those numbers, which may be
ranged in the form of similar rectangles, the sides of which are propor­
tional; as 12 and 48, for the sides of 12 are 6 and 2; and the sides of
48 are 12 and 4.

SIMILAR Parts [with anatomists] the same as simple parts; are those
parts of the body, that are throughout of the same nature and frame;
as the flesh, bones, arteries, nerves and veins.

SIMILAR Polygons [in geometry] are such as have their angles seve­
rally equal, and the sides about those angles proportional.

SIMILAR Rectangles [in geometry] are such angles as have their sides
about the angles proportional; which properly belongs to all squares.

SIMILAR Segments of the Circle [in geometry] are such as contain
equal angles.

SIMILAR Triangles [in trigonometry] are such as have all their three
angles respectively equal one to the other.

SIMILAR Light [in optics] is such whose rays are equally refrangi­
ble.








SIMILAR Sections [in conics] are such, whose diameters make equal
angles with their ordinates.

SIMILA’RITY [of similaris, Lat. similaire, Fr.] likeness, the being of
the same nature, form, &c.

SI’MILE, a similitude, a comparison, whereby any thing is illustrated.
Similies and Metaphors (it must be own'd) infuse much life and spirit
into composition: But are withal too frequently made the occasion of
sophistry and false-reasoning.
The reader will see a most remarkable instance of this kind under the
word CIRCUMINCESSION; and something like it in Bull's Defens. Fid.
Nicen. Ed. Oxford, p. 129. For if that METAPHORIC expression of
St. Irenæus, viz. that the IMMENSE FATHER HIMSELF is measured in the
Son; because the latter holds (or contains) him;” must (as this writer's
argument supposes) be strictly understood, it will prove (I fear) something
more than either He, or St. Irenæus intended; viz. that the Son is greater
in dimension than the Father; for such is the measure, or vessel to the
thing contained in it. I know of no better rule in order to avoid or de­
tect such false kind of reasoning, than this, viz. Not to argue from
words ALONE; but from the words considered in conjunction with the
TRUTH and NATURE of things. Otherwise, what shall we make of that
simile, “The day of the Lord shall come like a thief in the night?”
See CO-IMMENSE, Angel of God's PRESENCE, and RANSOM com­
pared.

SIMI’LITUDE, Fr. [similitudine, It. similitud, Sp. of similitudo, Lat.]
1. Simile, comparison. 2. Likeness, resemblance.

SIMILI’TIVE, of, or pertaining to similitude.

SIMILITU’DINARY [similitudinarius, Lat.] of, or pertaining to, or ex­
pressed by way of similitude.

SI’MNEL [prob. of simila, Lat. fine flower] a sort of cake or bun,
made of fine flower, spice, &c.

SIMONI’ACAL [Simoniacus, Lat. so called from Simon Magus] of, or
pertaining to simony.

SIMO’NIACS, those persons who practise simony.

SIMO’NIANS, so called of Simon Magus, first mentioned in Acts. c. xviii.
and whom St. Irenæus (Ed. Grabe, p. 198.) calls the father of all he­
retics: and p. 94. he tells us, “That he was glorified by many as a God;
and taught that himself was he, who appeared as the Son among the
Jews; but that in Samaria he descended as the FATHER; and in other
nations made his advent, as the Holy Ghost; but that himself was the
MOST HIGH POWER, hoc est, eum qui sit super omnia Pater, i. e. HE who
is OVER ALL, THE FATHER; and that Helena, a common strumpet whom
he had bought up at Tyre, and carried up and down with him, was the
first conception, or ennoia of his mind, the mother of all things; and by
whom, in the beginning, he conceived in his mind to make angels and
archangels.” He seems therefore to have been the first founder of
Gnosticism and Sabellianism, and author of that principle which was com­
mon to both, and which, after them, some other systems have adopted,
I mean, INTERNAL PRODUCTION. See GNOSTICS, SABELLIANS, and
MONTANISM, compared with Bull. Defens. fid. Nicen. Ed. Oxon. p. 496,
398, 401, 403, 404, 405.

SI’MONIST, a person guilty of simony. See ACTS, c. viii. v. 18.

SI’MONY [simonie, Fr. simonia, It. Sp. and Lat. prob. so named after
Simon Magus, who would have purchased the gift of the Holy Ghost
of the apostles with money] the making a trade of spiritual things; the
buying or selling of church-livings; any unlawful contract to have a
man presented to a parsonage.

To SI’MPER [according to Skinner of symbelan, Sax. to keep holi­
day] to smile, or look pleasantly.

SI’MPER [from the verb] smile, pleasant countenance.

SI’MPLE, adj. Fr. [semplice, It. of simplex, Lat.] 1. Pure, unmixed,
uncompounded. 2. Plain, destitute of ornament. 3. Downright, free
from deceit, harmless. 4. Silly, foolish.

SIMPLE Leaf [with botanists] is that which is not divided to the mid­
dle in several parts, each resembling a leaf itself.

SIMPLE Nouns [with grammarians] the same as primitive nouns.

SIMPLE Problem [in mathematics] is that which is capable but of one
solution.

SIMPLE Quantities [in algebra] are such as consist of no more parts
than one connected by the signs + and -.

SIM’PLE Wound [with surgeons] is that which only opens the flesh,
and has no other circumstances attending it.

SI’MPLEFYING [in ecclesiastical affairs] is the taking away the cure
of souls from the benefice, and dispensing with the beneficiary's being
from his residence.

SI’MPLENESS, or SIMPLI’CITY [simplicitas, Lat. simplicite, Fr. simpli­
citá, It. simplicidad, Sp.] silliness, foolishness.

SI’MPLE-Tenaille, or SI’NGLE-Tenaille [in fortification] a work whose
head or front consists of two faces, which make one re-entering angle.

SI’MPLER, or SI’MPLIST, a gatherer, or one who has skill in simple
herbs.

SI’MPLES [in botany] all herbs or plants, as having each its particu­
lar virtue, whereby it becomes a simple remedy.

SI’MPLETON [q. d. a simple one, or Tony] a silly person.

SIMPLI’CIA, simples or medicines that are uncompounded.

SIMPLI’CITY [simplicitas, Lat. simplicité, Fr. simplicità, It.] 1. Plain­
ness, singleness of heart, plain-dealing, downright honesty. 2. Indis­
cretion, silliness, foolishness. 3. Plainness, not finery.

SIMPLI’CITY [in God] is a freedom from all kind of composition or
mixture. On this principle it was that St. Ahtanosius so effectually refuted
his Sabellian contemporaries; as the reader will find under First CAUSE,
DIMERITÆ, and MEDIATE Agency, compared, and (what is pretty ex­
traordinary) on the same principle the schoolmen, by advancing the notion
of one numeric essence in three persons, overthrew Athanasianism; as we
have already shewn under the words SCHOLASTIC Divinity, LATERAN
Council, and CIRCUM-INCESSION, compared.

SI’MPLING, as to go a simpling, is to go into the fields to gather sim­
ples or physical herbs.

SIMPLUDA’RIA [of simplex and ludus, Lat.] a kind of funeral honour
paid to the deceased, by dancing and leaping.

SI’MPLY [simplex, Lat.] 1. Singly, purely, merely. 2. Foolishly,
sillily.

SIMULA’TION [simulazione, It. of simulatio, Lat.] dissembling, feign­
ing, disguise; a colour, a pretence of what is not.

SIMULTA’NEOUS [simultaneus, Lat.] of, or pertaining to a private
grudge.


SIN

To SIN [prob. of sinnan, Sax. synda, Su. synde, Dan. sondigen, Du.
sündigen, Ger.] 1. To offend, to provoke God, to transgress God's law.
2. To offend against right.

SIN [sinne, Sax. synd, Su. sonde, Du. sünde, Ger.] a transgression of
the law, an offence; or, in a laxer sense, the violation of any rule of
art, whether in poetry, sculpture, good-breeding, &c. But sin, in the mo­
ral [or religious] use of the word sin, is divided by divines into actual,
and original. Actual sin is indeed a transgression of law or rule; but,
N. B. law relates not only to outward acts, but also to criminal desires;
as appears from that command, “Thou shalt not COVET thy neighbour's
wife,” &c. compared with Rom. c. vii. v. 7, 8. and with our SAVI­
OUR'S own explication of that law, when rescuing it from the corrupt
glosses and tradition of the Jewish elders, c. v. v. 27, 28.

Original SIN. As to the scripture-doctrine on this head, the reader (if
dispossessing himself of prejudicate opinion, and taking along with him
that caution of the wise-man, “Add thou not to his words”) will find it
clearly enough laid down in these texts of holy writ, Genesis, c. ii. v. 17.
compared with c. iii. v. 19. 1 Cor. c. xv. v. 21, 22. and (making pro­
per allowances for St. Paul's figurative way of speech) in Rom. c. v.
v. 12—19. But as to that doctrine, which under this name, the first
reformers brought with them out of popery, Bishop Burnet, in his Expo­
sition of the 39 Articles, p. 114, and p. 116, seems, if I understand
him aright, in effect to own, that (with all his insight into antiquity)
he can trace it no higher than about the close of the 4th, or beginning
of the 5th century; and this too only within the pale of the western
church. He fastens upon St. Austin, as its chief patron [not to say
founder] though perhaps his contemporary St. Jerome might claim an equal
(if not still greater) share in that honour. How much truth there is in
these remarks, the reader will best judge by what he'll find under the
words THEODORUS, or WESTERN Heresy; or what is still better, by con­
sulting the antient writers themselves; in particular Justin Martyr, and
St. Irenæus, Ed. Grabe, p. 374, 376, 377. Above all, p. 375, E.
φυσει οι μεν φαυλοι, &c. where by the whole current of his reasoning,
it appears, that to affirm “that sin is founded in NATURE,” is to advance
a doctrine subversive of our moral agency, and with that, of GOD'S MO­
RAL GOVERNMENT; a doctrine which puts mankind in a state, wherein
they are neither blame-worthy for their evil deeds, nor praise-worthy for
their good ones; and in a word, no longer the proper subjects of counsel,
or reproof; of promises, or threatenings; of rewards, or punishments. See
GNOSTICS, MANICHÆANS, and the book referred to under the word,
DIVORCE.

SINA’PI, Lat. [with botanists] senvi-seed, or mustard.

SINA’PISM [σιναπισμος, Gr.] a medicine made of mustard to raise
blisters.

SI’N-BORN, born of, sprung from, or owing its being or original to
sin. Milton.

SINCE, prep. [Dr. T. H. derives it of sithence, of sithan, Sax. sint,
Du. and Ger.] from, or after that time.

SINCE, adv. 1. Because that. 2. From the time that.

SINCE’RE, Fr. [sincera, It. and Sp. sincerus, Lat.] 1. Honest, true­
hearted, plain, downright. 2. Pure, unmingled.

SINCE’RELY, honesty, plainly, downrightly.

SINCE’RENESS, or SINCE’RITY [sinceritas, Lat. sincerité, Fr. sincerità,
It. sinceridàd, Sp.] 1. Uprightness, plain-heartedness. 2. Freedom from
hypocrisy.

SINCERITY [in ethics] is defined to be that virtue, act, or power of
the mind, by which the will is determined to follow and perform that
which the intellect determines to be best, and to do it, because it is so.

SI’NCIPUT, Lat. the fore-part of the head.

SI’NDON [σινδων, Gr.] a little round piece of linen, or lint, used in
dressing a wound, after trepanning.

SINE, or Right-SINE [in geometry] is a right line drawn from one
end of an ark, perpendicular upon the diameter drawn from the other
end of that ark, or it is half the chord, or twice the ark.

SINE Complement of an Ark [in geometry] is the fine of what the ark
or angle is less or greater than 90 degrees.

SINE-Cure, a benefice without the cure of souls.

Versed SINE of an Ark [in geometry] is an ark or angle less than 90
degrees, being that part of the diameter, which is comprehended be­
tween the ark and the right sine.

SI’NEW [synwe, or sinowe, Sax. zenowe, Du.] 1. A tendon, the li­
gament by which the joints are made. 2. Muscle, or nerve.

SI’NEWINESS [of sineht, or sinu, Sax.] nervousness.

SI’NEW-Shrinking, a disease in cattle.

SI’NEWY [sinwealt, Sax.] 1. Nervous. 2. Strong, vigorous.

SI’NFUL [synfull, Sax.] 1. Impious, wicked. 2. Unsanctified.

SI’NFULLY [sinfulic, Sax.] impiously, wickedly.

SI’NFULNESS [sinfulnesse, Sax.] impiety.

To SING, verb act. [singan, Sax. siungs, Su. singen, Du. and Ger.]
1. To make melody with the voice. 2. To relate, or mention in poe­
try. 3. To celebrate, to give praises to.

To SING, verb neut. 1. To form the voice to melody. 2. To utter
sweet sounds inarticulately. The time of the singing of birds is come.
Canticles. 3. To make any small or shrill noise. A man may hear
this shower sing in the wind. Shakespeare. 4. To tell in poetry.

To SINGE [sængan, Sax. sengen, Ger.] to scorch or burn slightly.

SI’NGER [from sing] one that sings.

SI’NGING-MASTER [of sing and master] one who teaches to sing.

SI’NGLE, adj. [singularis, Lat.] 1. Simple, alone. 2. Particular, in­
dividual. 3. Not compounded. 4. Unmarried. 5. Pure, uncorrupt;
a scriptural sense.

To SI’NGLE [from the adj.] 1. To chuse out from among others.
2. To sequester, to withdraw. 3. To separate.

To SINGLE, to pick out or set apart from other persons or things.

SINGLE Excentricity [with astronomers] is the distance between the
center of the ellipsis and the focus, or between the sun, and the center
of the excentric.

SI’NGLENESS [of singulus, Lat.] simplicity, sincerity.

SI’NGLY. 1. One by one, separately, alone. 2. Honestly, sincerely.

SI’NGULAR, Sp. [singulier, Fr. singulare, It. of singularis, Lat.] 1.
Particular, special. 2. Rare, extraordinary, choice. 3. Odd, affected.
4. Not plural. 5. Alone.

SINGULAR Number [with grammarians] a number, whereby a noun
substantive is applied to signify but one person or thing.

SINGULA’RITY [singularitas, Lat. singularité, Fr. singularità, It.







singularidàd, Sp.] 1. The being singular, uncommonness. 2. Excellency.
3. A particular way of behaviour, &c. affectedness. 4. Curiosity.

SINGU’LARLY, in a singular, uncommon manner.

SINGU’LTUS [with physicians] the hiccough, a convulsive motion of
the midriff.

SI’NICAL Quadrant [with mathematicians] a quadrant furnished with
an index and two fights, in taking altitudes, &c.

SI’NISTER [sinistro, It. siniéstro, Sp. of sinister, Lat.] 1. On or towards
the left hand. 2. Unlucky, unfortunate. 3. Unfair, dishonest, unjust.

SINISTER Aspect [in astrology] is an appearance of two planets, hap­
pening according to the succession of the signs, as Saturn in Aries, and
Mars in the same degree of Gemini.

SINISTER Base [in heraldry] is the left angle of the base.

SINISTER Chief [in heraldry] the left angle of the chief.

SI’NISTERNESS [sinisteritas, Lat.] unfairness, self-interestedness, auk­
wardness, &c.

SINISTER Side of an Escutcheon, the left side.

To SINK, verb neut. [sincan, Sax. sunke, Su. síncken, Du. and
Ger.] 1. To fall or settle to the bottom. 2. To fall or faint. 3. To
plunge under water. 4. To lose height, to fall to a level. 5. To be
overwhelmed or depressed. Our country sinks beneath the yoke.
Shakespeare. 6. To be impressed. Let these sayings sink down into your
hearts. St. Luke. 7. To decline, to decrease, to decay. Let not the
fire sink or slacken. Mortimer. 8. To fall into rest and indolence. 9.
To tend to ruin.

To SINK, verb act. 1. To put under water. 2. To delve; as, to sink
a cellar. 3. To depress, to degrade. 4. To plunge into destruction.
5. To crush, to overbear, to distress.

SINK [sentina, It. and Sp.] 1. A conveniency to draw water off from
a kitchen. 2. Any place where corruption is gathered.

SI’NKING [of sincan, Sax.] falling or settling to the bottom or un­
der water, falling or fainting.

SI’NLESS [sinleas, Sax.] free from, or without sin.

SI’NNER [of sin, Sax.] 1. A transgressor. 2. One at enmity with
God.

SI’NNET [a sea term] a line made of rope-yarn to bind round ropes to
keep them from being fretted or galled.

SINO’FFERING [of sin and offering] an expiation, or offering for sin.

SI’NONOMNES [in law] a writ of association, whereby if all in com­
mission cannot meet at the day appointed, it is allowed that two or more
of them may dispatch the business.

SI’NOPER [zinnoper, Teut. σινοπις, Gr.] a mineral, otherwise called
ruddle, used by painters, &c.

SI’NUATED Leaf [with botanists] is that which is cut about the
edges into several long segments, as in oak-leaves.

SI’NOUS [sinuoso, It. of sinuosus, Lat.] crooked, having many turnings
and windings.

SINUO’SITY, or SI’NUOUSNESS [of sinuositas, Lat. of sinuosité, Fr. si­
nuosità, It.] fullness of turnings and windings, or a series of bends and
turns in arches.

SI’NUS, 1. Those clefts or fissures that are between the strata or
layers of the earth, in mines, &c. 2. A bay, or arm of the sea. Some
of the arms of the sea, or sinus's might have such an original. Burnet.

SINUS, Lat. [in anatomy] a kind of cavity in certain bones and other
parts, the entrance of which is narrow, and the bottom wide.

SINUS, Lat. [with surgeons] a little bag or sacculus, formed by the
side of a wound or ulcer, wherein pus is collected.

SINUS, in the dura Mater, Lat. [in anatomy] is that strong and thick
membrane, which covers all the cavity of the cranium.

SINUS Meningium, Lat. [with anatomists] four cavities in the brain
the first and second, called lateral sinus's, are seated between the brain
and the cerebellum, and terminate in the vertebral sinns's; the third be­
gins at the os cribriforme, and terminates in the middle of the former;
the fourth arises from the glandula pinealis, and terminates in the middle
of the lateral sinus's. These are called by Galen the ventricles of the
thick membrane, and by others ventriculi cerebri.

SINUS Ossium, Lat. [with anatomists] the cavities of the bones which
receive the heads of other bones.

To SIP [sipper, Du. or sipan, Sax.] 1. To drink by small draughts.
2. To drink in small quantities.

SIP [from the verb] a small draught, as much as the mouth will
hold.

SI’PHON [σιφον, Gr.] a crooked tube in hydraulics, one leg of branch
whereof is longer than the other; used in the raising of fluids, empty­
ing of vessels, and various other uses.

SI’PPETS [q. d. soppets] little sops.

SI’QUIS [i. e. if any one sc. invenerit, Lat. shall find] a paper or
bill set up in some open place, to proclaim the loss of any thing in an
university.


SIR

SIR [sor, Brit. sieur, Fr.] 1. A word of respect. 2. The title of a
knight or baronet.

SIRE [sire, O. Fr. and It.] 1. A father, in poetry. 2. The male of
a beast.

To SI’RENIZE [of sirea, Lat.] to allure persons to their destruction.

SI’RENS, a sort of monsters who are said to have their upper parts like
beautiful virgins, and the lower like the body and tail of a fish. They
are said to have inhabited between the coasts of Italy and Sicily, and to
have played harmoniously on several instruments of music, and to have
sung so melodiously, that they allured passengers to them to their destruc­
tion. They should seem to have been but two, in Homer's time, from his
use of the dual number, Odyss. lib. 12. l. 53 and 186; though (as it is
not unusual with mythologies) they have been considerably augmented by
the invention of later writers. “There were (says the author of an
enquiry into the life of Homer) several syrens up and down the coast;
One at Panormus, another at Naples, others at Surrentum; and the great­
est number lived in the delightful Capreæ, in the mouth of the bay of
Naples; from thence it is probable they passed over to the neighbouring
rocks [the Sirenusæ] which bear their name, to talk with the sea­
men from on board, and persuade them to moor their vessel, and come
on shore.” He adds judiciously enough, “that Homer has retained the
*From SIR Cantilena:
Inde Siren canens canorum. Bochart, l. 1. § 33. Phenician name, taken from the most obvious part of their character,
their singing; and posterity by building temples to them, &c. has made
the tradition pass for reality.” The moral is too trite and obvious to
want explaining. See SPHINX and SOBER'D.

SIRI’ASIS, Lat. [σειριασις, Gr.] a great heat of the brain and its mem­
brance. Gorræus calls it an inflammation, and adds, “that 'tis a dis­
ease properly belonging to infants, so stiled from the cavity of the sin­
ciput; for siros in Greek signifies a hollow place, in which seeds are laid
up and preserved.”

SI’RIUS [Σειριος, Gr.] the dog star, a bright star of the first magnitude
in the mouth of the constellation called canis major.

To SI’RNAME [surnommer, Fr.] to give the name of a family to a
person.

SIRNAME [surnom, Fr. q. d. the name of a fire or father] a family
name.

SIRO’NES [with surgeons] are little pushes in the palm of the hand or
sole of the foot, in which there are little worms or insects.

SI’SKIN, the bird called the green-finch.

SI’STER [swuster, Sax. sister, Su. soster, Dan. suster, Du. O. and L.
Ger. schwester, H. Ger.] 1. A female born of the same father and mo­
ther, or of one of them. 2. One of the same faith, a christian.

SI’STERHOOD [of swuster, Sax. or suster, Dan. and hood, a termina­
tion added to relation] 1. The society of sisters. 2. A number of wo­
men of the same order.

SI’STRUM, an ancient musical instrument used by the priests of Isis
and Osiris.

SISY’MBRIUM, Lat. [σισνμβριον, Gr.] water-mint.

SISYRI’NCHIUM [σισυριγχιον, Gr.] a kind of great onion.

To SIT, verb neut. preterite I sat [of sittan, Sax. stttia, Su. sitten,
Du. O. and L. Ger. sitzen, H. Ger. sedere, It.] 1. To repose upon a
seat. 2. To be in a state of rest or idleness. Why sit ye here all the day
idle. St. Luke. 3. To rest, as a weight or burthen. Calamity sits
heavy upon us. Hooker. 4. To settle, to abide. A sudden silence sat
upon the sea. Dryden. 5. To brood, to incubate. 6. To be placed
in order to be painted. 7. To be placed at table. 8. To be in any so­
lemn assembly as a member.

SITE [situs, Lat.] the situation of any place, territory, or build­
ing.

SITE [with logicians] one of the ten predicaments, which declares the
subject to be so and so placed.

SI’T-FAST [of a horse] a horny knob in the skin, under the saddle.

SITHE, or SITHE’NCE [sithan, Sax.] since, seeing that.

SITHCU’NDMAN [sithcundman, Sax.] a gentleman who was the leader
of the men of a town, &c. or one who had so much land as might ren­
der him capable of knight's service.

SITHE [sithe, Sax. seyssen, Du. sense, Ger.] an instrment for mowing
grass.

SI’TTER [from sit] 1. One that sits. 2. A bird that sits.

SI’TTING [from sit] 1. The posture of sitting on a seat. 2. The act
of sitting on a seat. 3. A time during which one exhibits himself to a
painter. 4. A meeting of an assembly. 5. Incubation.

SI’TIS Morbosa [or the thirsty disease] a disease caused by an extreme
salt and hot constitution of the body.

SI’TUATE [situéte, Fr. situato, It. situado, Sp. of situatus, Lat.] situated,
seated, placed.

SI’TUATED [situs, Lat. situé, Fr.] seated.

SITUA’TION [situé, Fr. situato, It. situado, Sp. of situs, Lat. with logi­
cians] is the ninth of the categories; as sitting, standing; before, be­
hind; to the right, to the left.

SITUATION. 1. Local respect, position. 2. Condition, state.

SI’TUS, Lat. [in geometry, algebra, &c.] the situation of surfaces,
lines, &c.

SIX [sex, Sax. sex. Su. and Dan. ses, Du. and L. Ger. sechs, H. Ger.
six, Fr. sei, It. sex, Lat. εξ, Gr.] twice three, one more than five.

SI’XAIN [in military affairs] an ancient order of battle for six batta­
lions; which, supposing them to be all in a line, is formed thus: the
second and fifth battalions advance, and make the van; the first and
sixth fall into the rear, leaving the third and fourth to form the main
body: each battalion ought to have a squadron on its right, and an­
other on its left. Any number of battalions, produced of the number
six, may be drawn up by this order: so 12 battalions may be put into
two sixains, and 18 into three sixains.

SI’X-PENCE [of six and pence] a coin, half a shilling.

SI’X-SCORE [of six and score] six times twenty.

SI’XTEEN [sixtyne, Sax.] six and ten.

SI’XTEENTH, the ordinal of sixteen.

SIXTH, adj. [sixt, Sax.] the ordinal of sixty.

SIXTH, subst. a sixth part.

SIXTH [in music] one of the original two concords of harmonical in­
tervals.

SI’XTHLY [from six] in the sixth place.

SI’XTIETH, the ordinal of six.

SI’XTY [sixtig, Sax.] six times ten.

SI’X-FOLD [six-fealde, Sax.] six times as much.

SIZE [incert. etym.] 1. Proportion, bigness, stature, length, thickness.
2. [Sisa, It.] A glewish matter, which painters in distemper mix with
heir colours; also a kind of paste used by shoe-makers; also a sort
of jelly used by plaisterers, &c.

SIZE [at the university of Cambridge] so much bread or beer, set
upon any of their names in the buttery-book, as amounts to the value
of a farthing, and is marked with the letter S.

To SIZE. 1. To do over with size. 2. To score as students do in
the buttery-book at Cambridge, the same that is called to battle, at Ox­
ford. 3. To adjust or arrange according to size.

SI’ZEABLE, of a sit or convenient size.

SI’ZEABLENESS [of assiez, Fr. &c.] the being of a fit size.

SI’ZEL [with minters] the remains of the bars of silver-metal, &c.
after the round pieces of money have been cut out, according to their
respective sizes.

SI’ZER, a scholar of the lowest degree at the university of Cambridge;
the same as a servitour at Oxford.

SIZIE’ME [sixieme, Fr.] a sequence of six cards, at the game called
piquet.

SI’ZING [at the tin works] a curious method of dressing the the tin
ore, after it comes from the launder of the stamping mill; which is, by
sifting it through an hair sieve, and casting back that which remains in
the tails, to be trampled over again.

SI’ZY [from size] viscous, glutinous.


SKA

SKA’DDLE [of sceathnysse, Sax.] 1. Hurt, damage. 2. Ravenous,
mischievous.








SKA’DDONS [prob. of sceadda, Sax.] the embryos of bees.

SKAIN, or SKEIN [sægene, Sax.] 1. A sort of Irish sword. 2. E­
scaigne, O. F.] a length of yarn, thread, silk, &c. as it is wound on a
reel.

SKA’RFED [with sailors] a ship is said to be skarfed, when one piece
of timber is let into another.

To SKATCH a Wheel, is to stop the wheel of a cart or waggon, by
putting a stone or block before it.

SKATE [sceadda, Sax. scade, Dan.] 1. A fish. 2. A sort of shoe
armed with iron for sliding on the ice.

SKEG, a sort of wild plum growing in hedges, and of a reddish co­
lour.

SKEG [with sailors] that small and slender part of a keel, that is cut
slanting, and standing a little without the stern-post.

SKE’GGER [of sceagga, Sax.] a kind of small salmon.

SKE’GGER-Trout, a kind of fish or salmon.

SKE’LETON [squelette, Fr. scheletro, It. esqueléte, Sp. σχηλετος, Gr.]
1. The bones of an animal cleared from the flesh, &c. and put together
again in their natural order with wires. 2. The compages of the prin­
cipal parts.

SKE’LLET [Dr. Th. H. derives it of ecuillitte, Fr.] a vessel of metal
with feet for boiling.

SKE’LLUM [skelm, Du.] a rogue, a villain.

SKE’PTIC, or SKEP’TICK [σχεπτιχος, of του σχεπτεσθαι, Gr. to observe,
to contemplate, &c.] a philosopher who doubted of every thing, and
admitted of no judgment concerning any thing. See SCEPTICK.

SKE’PTICALLY, after the manner of a skeptick.

SKE’PTICISM, the doctrines and opinions of the skepticks, which was,
that persons ought to suspend their judgment, as to the determination
and firm belief of any thing. See SCEPTICK.

SKETCH [esquisse, Fr. schizzo, It.] the first draught of a design or
fancy, especially in painting and drawing.

To SKETCH [esquisser, Fr. schizzarc, It.] 1. To draw the outlines
of a thing, to chalk or pencil out. 2. To plan, by giving the first or
principal notion.

SKEW [prob of skew, Teut.] to look askew, to look on one side
scornfully, to squint, to leer.

SKE’WER [skeve, Dan.] a slender pin used by butchers, cooks, &c.

To SKEWER, to fasten with skewers.


SKI

SKIFF [esquif, Fr. schife, It. esquife, Sp. scapha, Lat.] a small ship­
boat.

SKI’LFUL [according to Minshew, of sciolus, Lat. and full, Sax.]
knowing, experienced in.

SKI’LFULLY, knowingly, with experience,

SKILFULNESS, knowledge, experience in an art or science.

SKILL [skell, Dan. Minshew will have it from scio, I know, or scola,
Lat. a school] 1. Capacity, knowledge, experience. 2. Any parti­
cular part.

To SKILL [skilis, Island.] to be knowing in, to be dextrous at.

SKI’LLED, adj. [from skill] knowing, dextrous, acquainted with.

SKI’LLESS, wanting skill. Not in use.

To SKIM [ecumer, Fr. schiumare, It.] to take off the froth, scum, or
top of any liquid thing. See To SCUM.

SKI’MMER [from skim] a shallow utensil for taking off the skum.

SKI’M-MILK [of skim and milk] milk from which the cream is taken.

To SKIN [skidde, Dan. schinden, Ger.] 1. To flay, to take off the
skin of an animal. 2. To cover with a skin. The wound was skinned.

SKIN [of skind, Dan.] 1. The hide of an animal. 2. The outward
rind of fruit. 3. The body, the person. 'Tis hard for a man to save
both his skin and his credit. L'Estrange.

SKINK, a four-footed small Egyptian animal or serpent, in the form
of a crocodile.

SKINK-Pottage [skencken, Du. schencken, Ger.] a sort of Scotch pot­
tage, made of the sinews of a leg of beef.

To SKINK [scencan, Sax.] to serve drink at the table.

SKI’NKER [skenker, Dan.] a cup-bearer, a butler.

SKI’NNERS, were incorporated anno 1325. They consist of a master,
four wardens, 68 assistants, and 170 on the livery; the fine for which
is 16l. 6s. 8d. This is the sixth company of the twelve, of which
there have been 29 lord-mayors. This company has been honoured by
having of their fraternity six kings, five queens, one prince, nine dukes,
two earls and a baron. Their armorial ensigns are ermine on a chief
gules, three crowns or. with caps of the first. The erect, a leopard
proper gorged with a chaplet of bays or. The supporters, a lucern and
a wolf both proper. The motto, To God only be all glory. Their hall
is on Dowgate-hill.

SKI’NNINESS, the having much of or being little else but skin; lean­
ness.

SKI’NNY, consisting much of skin, lean.

To SKIP, verb act. [prob. of squittare, It. to dance, or esquiver, Fr.
to fly back] 1. To leap or jump too and fro. 2. To pass without no­
tice.

To SKIP, verb neut. [scyptan, Sax.] to pass by or over.

SKIP. 1. A leap or jump. 2. A lacquey, or foot-boy.

SKIP-Jack, a lacquey, a sorry fellow that roves up and down.

SKI’P-KENNEL [of skip and kennel] a lacquey, a foot-boy.

SKI’PPER [skipper, Du. and Dan. schipffer, Ger.] a master of a ship
or sea vessel.

SKIP-Pound [q. d. ship-pound] is the dividend of a last of corn laden
in a ship, and contains from three to four hundred pounds.

SKI’PTON, a market town of the West-riding of Yorkshire, near the
river Are, 221 miles from London.

To SKI’RMISH [scaramucciare, It. escarmoucher, Fr. escaramucar, Sp.
schermutzen, Du. scharmützeln, Ger.] to fight on a sudden surprize, sur­
prizedly, and without order, as straggling parties of soldiers do before
the main battle.

SKI’RMISH [escarmouche, Fr. scaramuccia, It. escaramuza, Sp.] 1. A
small encounter of a few men, when they fight as above; or a combat in
presence of two armies, between two parties, who advance from the bo­
dies for that purpose, and introduce and invite to a general regular fight.
2. A contest, a contention.

To SKINE [from sur, Sax. pure] 1. To scour, to ramble over in
order to clear. 2. To speed, to run in haste.

SKI’RRET [chirrivia, Sp.] a plant whose root is something like a
parsnip.

SKIRT [prob. of scyrt, Sax.] 1. Part of a garment below the waist.
2. A border or extreme part.

To SKIRT [from the noun] to border, to run along the edge.

SKIT [prob of styttan, Sax. to shoot] a caprice, whimsy.

SKI’TTISH [ecouteux, Fr. in the first sense] 1. Jadish, or resty, as
some horses are. 2. Fantastical, frisking. 3. Changeable, fickle.

SKI’TTISHLY. 1. Restily. 2. Wantonly, fickly.

SKI’TTISHNESS, wantonness, friskiness, fickleness.

To SKREAM [prob. hræmen, Sax.] to squawl out, to make a sudden
loud noise of the voice.

SKREA’MING, a making such a noise.

To SKREEN [some derive it of schermen, Teut. or prob. of secernere,
Lat.] 1. To defend or protect from. 2. To sift thro' an instrument
called a skreen. 3. To shade from the sun.

SKREEN [Somner derives it of scrimbre, Sax. Minshew of secerniculum,
Lat. others of escrein, Fr.] 1. A device to keep off the wind, heat, &c.
from bodies. 2. A device for sifting gravel thro'. 3. Shelter, conceal­
ment.

To SKEW, to go sideling along, to waddle.

To SKULK, to hide, to lurk.

SKULL [prob. of schell, Teut. a shell, or schevel, Teut. the head.] is
the uppermost bone of the head, fashioned in the form of a globe. It is
distributed into three parts; the sore-part (called sinciput) and conjoined
into the forehead; the hinder part (called occiput) and the middle or
crown (called vertex) seated between the fore and hinder-parts.

SKU’LL-CAP, a head-piece.

SKUTE [schuyte, Du.] 1. A large boat. 2. A small long barge for
passengers.

SKY [sky, Dan.] 1. The azure concave of the heavens. 2. The re­
gion which surrounds this earth beyond the atmosphere.

SKY’EY, ethereal. Shakespeare.

SKY-COLOUR [of sky and colour] an azure colour, the colour of the
sky.

SKY’DYED [of sky and dye] coloured like the sky. Pope.

SKY’ED, enveloped by the sky. Thomson.

SKY’ISH, coloured by the ether, approaching the sky. Shakespeare.

SKY’LARK, a singing bird.

SKY’LIGHT [from sky and light] a window placed in the ceiling of a
room.

SKY’ROCKET [of sky and rocket] a kind of firework that flies high in
the air.


SLA

SLAB [slab, Du.] 1. A puddle. 2. A plain stone; as, a marble
slab. 3. [With carpenters, &c.] the outside sappy board or plank, that
is sawn off from the sides of timber.

SLA’BBY [of slabby, Du.] 1. Plashy, dirty, full of water and dirt.
2. Thick, viscous.

SLA’BBINESS, sloppiness, fulness of plashes.

SLACK [slæc, Sax. laxus, Lat. loose] 1. Loose, not tight. 2. Slow
in doing business. 3. Relaxed, weak, not holding fast.

To SLA’CKEN, verb act. [slacian, Sax. slacken, Du.] 1. To let a
cord, &c. loose, which before was tight. 2. To ease, to mitigate. 3.
To relax, to remit. 4. To relieve, to unbend. 5. To withhold, to
use less liberally. 6. To crumble, to deprive of the power of cohesion.
7. To neglect. 8. To repress, to make less quick or forcible.

To SLACKEN, verb neut. 1. To be remiss, to neglect. 2. To loose
the power of cohesion. 3. To abate. 4. To languish, to fail, to flag.

SLA’CKLY, loosely.

SLA’CKNESS [laxitas, Lat.] looseness, in opposition to tightness.

SLAG, the recrement or dross of metal.

SLAIN. See To SLAY.

To SLAKE. 1. To mix lime with water. 2. To quench, to extin­
guish.

SLAM [at a game at cards] the winning of all the tricks.

SLAM [at the allum mines] a substance often produced by the too
much or too little calcining it.

SLAM Fellow, a tall slim fellow.

SLA’NDER [scandalum, Lat. schande, Du. esclandre, O. Fr. a misfor­
tune] 1. A reproach, backbiting, an evil speaking of. 2. A false in­
vective.

To SLA’NDER [of scandalizare, Lat.] to backbite, to speak evil of,
to scandalize, to reproach.

SLA’NDERER, one who slanders another.

SLA’NDEROUS, reviling, apt to rail at, reproachful.

SLA’NDEROUSLY, revilingly, reproachfully.

SLA’NDEROUSNESS, reproachfulness.

SLANK. 1. Slim, slender. 2. A sort of sea-weed.

SLANT, or SLA’NTING [some derive it of slanghe, Du. a snake] glan­
g, deviating aside, not strait.

SLA’NTLY, obliquely, indirectly.

To SLAP [prob. of alapa, Lat.] to strike, to give a person a buffet or
blow, and most properly with the open hand.

SLAP [schlap, Ger.] a blow or buffet.

SLASH. 1. A cut or wound. 2. A cut in cloth.

To SLASH [of slagen, Du.] to cut or make a slash with some edged
instrument.

SLATCH [a sea term] used for the middle part of a rope or cable that
hangs down, when it hangs slack.

SLATCH of Fair Weather [a sea phrase] is when there comes an inter­
val of fair weather, after long foul weather.

SLATE [prob. of esclat, Fr. Minshew] a scaly or sort of stony sub­
stance, easily parted into scales or slates, for tiling houses, &c.

To SLATE, to cover with slate.

SLA’TTERN. 1. A slatternly woman, i. e. one who does not regularly
dispose of family utensils. 2. Careless in her dress or apparel.

SLA’TTERNLY [of sloorken, Du.] negligent and careless, as to neat­
ness in dress, and housewifery.

SLA’TY [from slate] of the nature of slate.

SLAVE [esclave, Fr. q. d. a Sclavonian, great numbers of which were
taken captives by the Germans and Venetians] a perpetual servant, a
drudge.

To SLAVE, to toil, to labour.

To SLA’VER [of schiavo, It. esclavo, Sp. saliva, Lat. spittle] to let
the spittle run out of the mouth.

SLA’VERY [esclavage, Fr.] perpetual servitude, drudgery.

To SLAU’GHTER [of slægan, Sax. schlagen, Teut.] to kill or slay,
to butcher.








SLAU’GHTER [onslaugt, from slægan, slegan, Sax. to strike, to kill]
massacre, destruction by the sword.

SLAU’GHTER-HOUSE [of slaughter and house] a house in which beasts
are killed for the butcher.

SLAU’GHTER-MAN [of slaughter and man] one employed in killing
beasts.

SLAU’GHTEROUS [from slaughter] destructive, murderous.

SLA’VISH [from slave] servile, mean, base, dependant.

SLA’VISHLY, in a slavish manner.

SLA’VISHNESS [esclavage, Fr.] hard service, drudgery.

To SLAY, verb act. pret. slew, part. pass. slain [slægan, Sax. slaegen,
Du. and L. Ger. schlagen, H. Ger. which signify no more than to strike
or beat, unless compounded with the particle of, af, or ab] to kill.

SLAY [slæ, of slægan, Sax. to strike] an instrument belonging to a
weaver's loom.

SLA’YER [of slay] killer, murderer, destroyer.

SLEA’FORD, a market town of Lincolnshire, 110 miles from Lon­
don.

SLEA’ZINESS [of cloth] slightness of workmanship.

SLEA’ZY [prob. of Silesia, the place where made] slight or ill wrought,
as silks and some linens are.

SLED, or SLEDGE [slodde. Du. slede, Su. and Du. schlitte, Ger. of
of sliderian, Sax. to slide] 1. A sort of carriage without, or with broad
low wheels, used in Holland. 2. A sort of trough or cart, in which
traitors are carried to execution. 3. [Slecge, Sax.] a smith's great
hammer, which they use with both hands.

About SLEDGE [with smiths] one that is used for battering or drawing
out the largest work, and is held by the handle with both hands; which
they swing round over their head, to strike as hard a blow as they can.

Uphand SLEDGE [with smiths] is used by under workmen; it is used
with both the hands before, and is seldom raised higher than the head,
and is for work that is not of the largest size.

SLEEK [slith, Sax.] smooth, even, glossy.

To SLEEK, to render soft, smooth, or glossy.

SLEE’KLY [from sleek] smoothly, glossily.

SLEE’KNESS [slignesse, Sax.] smoothness.

To SLEEP, verb neut. pret. slept [slæpan, Sax. slapen, Du.] 1. To
take rest by sleeping. 2. To live thoughtlesly. 3. To be dead; death
being a state from which man will some time awake. 4. To be inat­
tentive, not vigilent.

SLEEP [from the verb] repose, rest, suspension of the mental powers,
slumber.

SLEE’PER [from sleep] 1. One who sleeps, one who is not awake. 2.
A lazy, inactive drone. 3. That which lies dormant, or without effect.
4. [On shipboard] those timbers that lie before and behind in the bot­
tom of a ship, to strengthen the futtocks and rungs, are called sleepers.

SLEE’PINESS [from sleepy] drowsiness, inability to keep awake.

SLEE’PILY. 1. Heavily, drowsily. 2. Stupidly.

SLEE’PLESS [slæpleas, Sax.] without sleep.

SLEPT. See To SLEEP.

SLEE’PY [slæpicg, Sax. slaperig, Du. O. and L. Ger. schlafferig, H.
Ger.] 1. Inclined to sleep. 2. Causing sleep, somniferous.

SLEEPY Grave [slapigrava, Sax.] a tomb or sepulchre.

SLEEPY Evil, a disease in sheep.

To SLEER, to leer or peep at.

SLEET [prob. of slide, Sax. q. d. slippery rain] a sort of meteor be­
twixt rain and snow.

To SLEET, to snow in small particles, intermixed with rain.

SLEE’TINESS, raininess, and snowiness, or snowy rain.

SLEE’TY, betwixt rainy and snowy.

SLEEVE [sliefe, Sax.] that part of a garment that covers the arm.

SLEE’VELESS [slifleas, Sax.] 1. Without sleeves. 2. Trifling, im­
pertinent; as, a sleeveless errand or message.

SLEIGHT [prob. of schleys, Ger. cunning] dexterity.

SLE’NDER [slender, Du.] 1. Slim, not thick about in bulk. 2. Small,
inconsiderable, weak. 3. Sparing, less than enough. 4. Not amply
supplied.

SLE’NDERLY. 1. Without bulk. 2. Meanly, pitifully.

SLE’NDERNESS [from slender] 1. Thinness, smalless of circumference.
2. Want of bulk or strength. 3. Slightness, weakness, inconsiderable­
ness. 4. Want of plenty.


SLI

SLICE [slite, Sax.] 1. A broad or thin cut. 2. A peel, a spatula.

To SLICE [sliten, Sax.] 1. To cut in slices. 2. To cut, or divide.

To SLI’CKEN [slichten, Du.] to smooth.

SLI’CKNESS [of slithnesse, Sax. or schlichten, Teut.] smoothness, glos­
siness.

SLID, the preterite of to slide. See To SLIDE.

SLIDE [slide, Sax.] 1. A frozen place to slide on. 2. A smooth
and easy passage. 3. Flow, even course.

To SLIDE, verb neut. pret. slid, part. pass. slidden [slidan, Sax.] 1.
To glide along on ice, &c. 2. To pass along smoothly, to glide. 3.
To pass inadvertently. 4. To pass unnoticed. 5. To pass along by si­
lent and unobserved progression. 6. To pass silently and gradually
from good to bad. 7. To pass without difficulty or obstruction. 8. To
fall by error.

To SLIDE, verb act. to put imperceptibly.

SLI’DER, 1. One that slides. 2. A small part that slides in some kinds
of rules or scales.

SLI’DING [in mechanics] a motion when the same point of a body,
moving along a surface, describes a line on that surface.

SLIDING Rule [with mathematicians] a rule to be used without com­
passes in gauging, &c.

To SLIGHT [q. d. to make light of, or of schleden, Du.] 1. To
disesteem, to disregard. 2. To do business slightly.

SLIGHT, subst. [slittâ, Su.] 1. Neglect. 2. Artifice.

SLIGHT, adj. [slicht, Du.] 1. Small, worthless, inconsiderable. 2.
Not important, not cogent, weak. 3. Negligent, not done with effect.
4. Foolish, weak of mind.

SLI’GHTER [from slight] one who disregards

SLI’GHTLY, lightly, carelesly, badly.

SLI’GHTINGLY. 1. With disdain. 2. With disregard, negligently.

SLI’GHTNESS. 1. Weakness, want of strength. 2. Negligence, want
of attention.

SLI’LY [from sly] cunningly, with subtile covertness.

SLIM, slender, thin of shape: A word not elegant.

SLIME [slim, Sax. schleim Ger. limo, It.] soft mud; also a clammy
or glewish humour.

SLI’MINESS [of slimicgnesse, Sax.] a muddy softness, clamminess.

SLI’MNESS [of slimnesse, Sax.] slenderness.

SLI’MY [slimincg, Sax.] 1. Full of slime, ropy. 2. Viscous.

SLI’NESS, craftiness, clandestineness, reservedness.

SLING [slynghe, Dan. sliunga, Su. sling, Du. schlinge, H. Ger.]
1. A string instrument or machine for throwing stones. 2. An in­
strument used in carrying barrels, and for other uses.

To SLING, verb act. pret. and part. pass. slung [alyngeh, Dan. slin­
gern, Du. slingen, O. and L. Ger, schlingen, H. Ger.] 1. To cast or
throw with a sling. 2. To hang loosely by a string. From rivers drive
the kids, and sling your hook. Dryden.

SLI’NGER [from sling] one who slings, or uses the sling.

SLI’NGING of the Yards [a sea phrase] is when the yards are fast
bound aloft to the cross-tree and head of the mast, by any rope or chain;
that if the yard by any means should happen to break, the yard may be
kept from falling down on the hatches.

SLINK [slank, Dan.] a cast calf or other beast.

To SLINK, verb neut. pret. slunk [of slincan, Sax.] to sneak or go
away privately.

To SLINK, verb act. to cast or bring forth a calf before its time.

SLIP [of slippan, Sax.] 1. A sliding, a fall. 2. A mistake. 3. A
narrow piece cut off from any thing. 4. A leash or string in which a
dog is held. 5. An escape, a desertion. 6. [With gardeners] a small
sprig or twig, pulled off from a tree.

To SLIP, verb act. pret. slipt [slipan, Sax. slippen, Du.] 1. To con­
vey secretly. 2. To loose by negligence. 3. To pull things from the
main body by laceration. 4. To escape from, to leave slily. 5. To
let loose a dog. 6. To pass over negligently.

To SLIP, verb neut. 1. To slide, not to tread firm. 2. To move
or fly out of place. 3. To glide, to pass unexpectedly, or imperceptibly.
4. To fall into fault or error. 5. To escape, to fall away out of the
memory.

SL’IPBOARD [of slip and board] a board sliding in grooves.

SLI’PKNOT [of slip and knot] a bow-knot, a knot that will slip.

SLI’PPERS [slipperas, Sax.] loose shoes for wearing in dry places.

SLI’PPERINESS, aptness to cause slipping or sliding.

SLI’PPERY [of slippan, Sax. to slip] 1. Apt to cause slipping. 2.
Hard to hold, hard to keep. 3. Not standing firm. 4. Uncertain,
changeable, mutable. 5. [Librique, Fr.] not chaste. My wife is slip­
pery. Shakespeare.

SLI’PSHOD, having the shoes slipped on, not pulled up at the heels.

To SLIT [slitan, Sax. slytâ, Su. slide, Dan.] to cut a thing with the
grain, as wood, whalebone, &c.

SLIT [slite, Sax.] a cut or division according to the grain, as of
wood, &c.

To SLIVE [prob. of slaever, Dan.] to creep or go about dronishly.

To SLI’VER [slifan, Sax.] to cut or divide into thin pieces.

SLI’VER, a branch cut or torn off.

SLOATS of a Cart, are those under-pieces which keep the bottom to­
gether.

To SLOCK, to slake, to quench.

SLOE [sla, Sax.] a wild plum, the fruit of the black thorn.

SLOE-Worm [sla-wyrm, Sax. prob. so called, because slow in its mo­
tion] the blind worm, a small viper.

SLOOP, a small sea vessel. See SHALLOP.

To SLOP [prob. of slabben, Du.] to dash with water or other liquids.

SLOPE, adj. oblique, not perpendicular.

SLOPE, subst. declivity, an oblique direction.

SLOPE, adv. obliquely, not perpendicularly.

To SLOPE, verb act. to form an obliquity or declivity.

To SLOPE, verb neut. to take an oblique direction.

SLO’PENESS, or SLO’PINGNESS, slantingness, a going diagonally, or
side-ways.

SLO’PINGLY, slantingly.

SLO’PPY [of slabbe, Du.] plashy.

SLOPS [sciloppi, It.] 1. Physical potions. 2. [Of slabbe, Du.] a sort
of wide-kneed breeches, worn by seamen.

SLOT of a Deer [of sloot, Du.] the view or print of a stag's foot in
the ground.

SLOTH [of slath, Sax.] idleness, laziness, dronishness.

SLO’THFUL [q. d. slathful, i. e. full of unwillingness, or slaw, Sax.
slow] idle, dronish, lazy.

SLO’THFULLY [of slathfullic, Sax.] dronishly, &c.

SLO’THFULNESS [of slathfulnesse, Sax.] slowness, dronishness, &c.

SLOUCH [prob. of slost, Dan.] 1. An ill-behaved clown. 2. A
down cast look.

To SLOUCH [from the noun] to have a down-cast clownish look.

SLO’VEN [some derive it of sloef, Du. others of schlantz, Teut. care­
less, or more probably of salope, Fr.] a nasty, beastly fellow.

SLO’VENLINESS [of schlans, Teut. careless, or sloef, Du.] nastiness,
carelesness in dress, carriage, &c.

SLO’VENLY, nasty, careless; also in a careless manner.

SLOUGH [prob. of luh, Sax. a lake] 1. A deep muddy place. 2. The
cast skin of a snake. 3. The spungy or porous substance in the inside of
the horns of oxen or cows. 4. A piece of corrupt flesh cut out of a sore
or wound. 5. The scar of it. 6. [In a coal mine] a damp.

SLOUGH of a wild Boar [a hunting term] the bed, soil, filth, or mire
wherein he wallows; or the place in which he lies in the day-time.

SLOUTH [prob. of slog, Sax.] concave or hollow, q. d. a hollow skin,
the cast skin of a snake.

SLOW [slaw, Sax. dilatory] 1. Not quick in motion. 2. Late, not
happening in a short time. 3. Not ready, not prompt, not quick. 4.
Dull, inactive, tardy, sluggish. 5. Not hasty, acting with deliberation.
6. Dull, heavy in wit.

SLO’WLY. 1. Not with velocity, not with celerity. 2. Not soon,
not early, not in a little time. 3. Not hastily, not rashly. 4. Not
promptly, not readily. 5. Tardily, sluggishly.

SLO’WNESS [slawnesse, Sax.] 1. Tediousness in motion. 2. Length
of time in which any thing is brought about. 3. Dulness in admitting
conviction or affection. 4. Want of prompness, want of readiness. 5.
Deliberation, cool delay. 6. Dilatoriness, procrastination.

SLO’W-WORM. See SLO’E-WORM.


SLU

To SLU’BBER over [Skinner derives it of lubricare, Lat. to make slip­
pery, or of schluyten, Teut] to do a thing sluttishly, carelesly, or with­
out application.

SLUBBER Degullion [with the vulgar] a dirty nasty fellow.








SLUG. 1. A dew-snail, without a shell. 2. A drone or idle fellow.
3. [Prob. of schlagen, Du. to slay or smite] a great gun. 4. A battered
leaden bullet. 5. [Prob. of suckelen, Du. to act slothfully] a ship that
is a dull, heavy sailor.

SLU’GGARD [suckeler, Du.] an idle, slothful, dronish person.

To SLU’GGARDIZE, to make idle, to make dronish.

SLU’GGISH [prob. of suckelen, Du.] slothful, lazy, inactive, insipid.

SLU’GGISHLY, lazily, heavily, slowly.

SLU’GGISHNESS, laziness, idleness, inertness.

SLUDGE [from slog, Sax. slough] mire, dirt mixed with water.

SLUICE [escluse, Fr. sluyse, Du.] a vent or drain for water on land;
also a frame of wood in a river for keeping the water from overflowing
low grounds.

SLUIC’D, issuing or pouring forth from a sluice. Milton.

To SLU’MBER, verb neut. [of slummeran, Sax. sommeiller, Fr.] 1.
To sleep unsoundly, to doze. 2. To be in a state of negligence and su­
pineness.

To SLU’MBER, verb act. 1. To lay to sleep. 2. To stupify, to stun.
To slumber his conscience. Wotton.

SLU’MBER [from the verb] 1. Light sleep, sleep not profound. 2.
Sleep, repose.

SLU’MBEROUS, slumbering, of or pertaining to slumber.

To SLUMP, to slip or sink into any wet or dirty place.

SLUNG, or SLUNK, the preterite of slink. See To SLINK.

To SLUR [slooren, Du. salir, Fr.] 1. To soil or daub. 2. To be­
spatter or sully a person's reputation. 3. To cheat, to trick.

SLUR. 1. A mark of ignominy, a soil or daub. 2. A cheat at
dice.

SLUT [prob. of lutum, Lat. mire, &c. or of salope, Fr.] a nasty house­
wife.

SLU’TTERY, the practices of a slut.

SLU’TTISH [prob. of lutosus, Lat. or of sale, Fr.] nasty, not cleanly
in cookery or housewifery.

SLU’TTISHLY, in a sluttish manner, nastily.

SLU’TTISHNESS, nastiness in housewifery.

SLY [of schleichen, Ger. to creep, as Minshew supposes] craftily re­
served in words or deeds, meanly artful.

SLY’BOOTS [with the vulgar] a seeming silly, but subtle fellow.

SLY’LY [from sly] in a sly manner, insiduously.

SMACK [smæc, Sax. smak, Su. and Dan. smack, Du. schmack,
geschmack, Ger.] 1. A taste, a relish, a smattering. 2. [Schmachez,
Teut.] an eager, amorous kiss, with a noise made with the lips. 3. A
noise made with a whip. 4. [snacca, Sax.] a small sloop or ves­
sel.

To SMACK [of smæccan, Sax. smaka, Su. smager, Dan. smecken,
Du. O. and L. Ger. schmacken, H. Ger.] 1. To taste or relish with the
smack of the lips. 2. To kiss eagerly or amorously.

To have a SMA’CKERING for a Thing, to long for it, to be very de­
sirous of it.

SMALL [smæl, Sax. smale, Dan. smaal. Su. smal, Du. schmall, O.
and L. Ger.] 1. Little in size, or in number. 2. Not strong; as small
beer.

SMALL, subst. the narrow part of any thing, particularly the leg.

SMALL-COAL, little wood coal used in lighting fires.

SMA’LLAGE, an herb.

SMALL-CRAFT [with fishermen] all such lines, nets and hooks, as
are used in fishing; also all sorts of small sea-vessels; as smacks, catches,
hoys, &c.

SMA’LL-PIECE [in Scotland] a coin, in value two-pence farthing
English, of which three make a noble.

SMA’LL-POX [smæl poccas, Sax.] the epidemical distemper of En­
gland.

SMA’LLNESS [smælnesse, Sax.] 1. Littleness, 2. Weakness.

SMARA’GDINE [smaragdinus, Lat. of σμαραγδινος, Gr.] of, or per­
taining to an emerald, resembling an emerald.

SMARA’GDUS [σμαραγδος, Gr.] an emerald, a precious stone of a
transparent and lovely green colour. Emerald [or smaragdus] (says
Crispe) was a very fine beautiful green. He adds, that the sardonix is
a transparent stone variegated with a fine red; that the sardius of the an­
cients was probably a fine cornelian, or a species of the sardonix; that
the jacinth [or hyacinth] was a mixture of purple and blue, or a blue
purple; that the chrysolyte was a fine gold yellow, the modern topaz;
and that the ancient topaz was the modern chrysolyte. All which I the
rather insert here, least under their respective names they should not
have been so accurately described. See BERYL, CHRYSOPHRASUS, and
Precious-STONES, compared with Revelat. c. 21. v. 19, 20, and Isaiah
c. 54. v. 11—14.

SMALT [email, Fr. smalto, It.] a blue colour used by painters, ex­
tracted from zaffre.

To SMART [smeortan, Sax. smerten, O. and L. Ger. schmertzen,
H. Ger.] 1. To cause pain. 2. To feel pain of body or mind.

SMART, subst. [smeort, Sax.] pain from a prick, cut, &c.

SMART, adj. [of smeort, Sax. smerte, O. and L. Ger. schmertz, H.
Ger.] 1. Quick, violent, sharp, biting. 2. Witty, acute. 3. Brisk,
vivacious, lively.

SMA’RTLY, quickly, violently, sharply, wittily.

SMA’RTNESS. 1. Sharpness, pungency. 2. Wittiness, liveliness.

SMATCH [of smæc, of smæcan, Sax.] a superficial or slight know­
ledge of an art, &c. tincture.

To SMA’TTER [corrupted from smack] 1. To have a slight taste, or
imperfect knowledge of. 2. To talk superficially or ignorantly.

SMA’TTERER [prob. of smæcan, Sax. to taste] one who has some
smatch or tincture of learning.


SME

To SMEAR [smeran, Sax. smoria, Su. smure, Dan. smeeren, Du.
schmeetzen, H. Ger.] 1. To daub over with grease. 2. To soil, to con­
taminate.

SMEA’RY [from smear] dauby, adhesive.

SMECTY’MNUS, a word made out of the five first letters of the chris­
tian and sir-names of five presbyterian ministers, viz. Stephen Marshal,
Edmund Calamy, Thomas Young, Matthew Newcomen, and William Spur­
stow, who wrote a book against episcopacy and the common-prayer, in
the year 1641, whence their followers were called Smectymnians.

SME’GMATIC [smegmaticus, Lat. σμεγματιχος, from σμεγμα, Gr. soap]
of, or pertaining to soap, of a soapy or scouring quality.

To SMELL, verb act. preterite smelt. 1. To perceive scents by the
nostrils. 2. To find out by mental sagacity.

To SMELL, verb neut. 1. To strike the nostrilo. 2. To have any
particular tincture, scent, or taste of any thing.

SMELL [from the verb] 1. Power of smelling, the sense of which the
nose is the organ. 2. Scent, power of affecting the nose.

SME’LLER [from smell] he who smells.

SME’LLING, the act whereby we become sensible of odorous bodies,
by means of certain effluvia of them, which striking on the olfactory
organ, with briskness enough to have their impulse propagated to the
brain, do excite a sensation in the soul. See COMMON Sensory.

SMELT [smelt, Sax.] a fine small fish.

SMELT, the preterite of smell. See To SMELL.

To SMELT [smelten, Du. O. and L. Ger. schmeltzen, H. Ger. with
refiners] to melt the ore in a furnace, called a smelting furnace, in or­
der to separate the metal from the earthy parts.

SME’LTER, one who smelts ore.

To SMERK, or To SMI’CKER [of smercian, Sax.] to look smilingly
and amourously.

SME’RKY, nice, smart, jaunty.

SMETH, an ointment to take away the hair.

SMI’CKET [the diminutive of smoc, Sax.] a woman's under garment
of linen.

SMI’LAX [σμιλαξ, Gr.] 1. The herb bind-wind. 2. the yew­
tree.

To SMILE [smiler, Dan.] 1. To look pleasant, to laugh silently. 2.
To express slight contempt. 3. To look gay or joyous. 4. To be
favourable, to be propitious.

SMILE [from the verb] a slight contraction of the face, a look of
pleasure or kindness.

SMI’LINGLY [from smiling] with a look of pleasure.

SMI’NTHEAN [of σμινθευς, Gr. a rat] an epithet given to Apollo,
from killing rats, mice, &c.

SMI’RIS, or SMY’RIS [of σμαω, Gr. to cleanse] the emery or emeril­
stone, a kind of hard stone used by glaziers to cut glass, and by jewel­
lers, to polish jewels, &c.

To SMITE, verb act. preterite and part. pass. smit, and smitten [smei­
ten, Du. O. and L. Ger. schmeissen, H. Ger.] 1. To strike, hit, or
beat. 2. To kill, to destroy. 3. To afflict, to chasten; a scriptural
expression. 4. To blast.

To SMITE. verb neut. to strike, to collide. The knees smite together.
Nahum.

SMI’TER, he who smites. I gave my back to the smiters. Isaiah.

To SMITE [with falconers] a phrase used of a hawk, when she wipes
her beak after feeding.

SMI’TING-LINE [in a ship] a small rope fastened to the mizen
yard-arm, serving to loosen the mizen sail, without striking down the
yard.

To SMITE the Mizen [sea phrase] is to pull by that rope that the sail
may fall down.

SMITH [smith, Sax. smedh, Su. smid, Du. schmied, O. and L. Ger.]
one who works in iron.

Black SMITHS had a charter granted anno 1577, from Q. Elizabeth,
confirmed by K. James I. and K. Charles I. but there are some records
found relating to this company so ancient as Edward III's time. Their
armorial ensigns are, sable, a chevron between three hammers argent,
handled and crowned or, on a helmet and torse, a phœnix firing herself
by the sun-beams, all proper. Their motto, By hammer and hand all
arts do stand. Their hall is situate on the west side of Lambeth-hill.

SMI’THERY [smith, craft, Sax.] the trade of a smith.

SMI’THY [of smith, Sax.] a smith's shop.

SMI’TTE S the part. pass. of smite. See To SMITE.


SMO

SMOCK [smoc, Sax.] an under linen garment for women.

SMO’CK-FACED, effeminate, womanish of countenance.

SMOKE [smoca, Sax. smooke, Du. and O. Ger.] a humid matter ex­
haled in the form of a vapour, or the black exhalation which ascends
from fire.

To SMOKE, verb neut. smocian, Sax. smooken, Du.] 1. To send
forth a furiginous vapour of fat unctuous woods, coals, &c. 2. To
burn, to be kindled; a scriptural term. The anger of the Lord shall
smoke against that man. Deuteronomy. 3. To smell, to hunt out. 4.
To use tobacco. 5. To suffer, to be punished. You shall smoke for
it in Rome. Shakespeare. 6. To move with such swiftness as to kindle,
to move very fast so as to raise dust like smoke. He smokes along the
field. Dryden.

To SMOKE, verb act. 1. To scent by smoke, to dry in the smoke.
2. To smell out, to discover. 3. To sneer, to ridicule to the face.
Smoke the fellow there. Congreve.

SMO’KER. 1. One who dries or perfumes by smoke. 2. One who
smokes tobacco.

SMO’KELESS, without smoke. Tenants with sighs the smokeless tow'rs
survey. Pope.

SMOKE Farthings, an annual rent, formerly paid for customary dues,
offered by the inhabitants of a diocese at Whitsuntide, when they made
their processions to the mother or cathedral church.

SMOKE Silver, or SMOKE Penny, money paid in ancient times to the
ministers of several parishes, instead of the tithe-wood.

SMO’KINESS [of smoca, Sax.] a being smoky or infested with smoke.

SMO’KY [smocicg, Sax.] sending forth smoke, &c.

To SMOOTH [smæthian, Sax.] 1. To make plain or even. 2. To
make easy, to free from obstructions. 3. To make flowing, to free
from harshness. So smooths her charming tone. Milton 4. To palliate,
to soften. To smooth his fault. Shakespeare. 5. To calm, to mollify.
And smooth the frowns of war. Shakespeare.

SMOOTH [smethe, Sax.] 1. Even, plain. 2. Soft, courteous. 3.
Flowing, soft, not harsh. In smooth pac'd verse. Prior.

SMOO’THLY, evenly, in an even plain manner, softly, courteously.

SMOO’THNESS [smætheness, Sax.] evenness, plainness, courteousness.

SMOOTH Boiling of Sugar [with confectioners] is when sugar is boiled
to such a height, that dipping the tip of the finger in it, and afterwards
applying it to the thumb, a small thread or string will immedialely break,
and remain in a drop upon the fingers.

SMOTE, the preterite of smite. See To SMITE.

To SMO’THER [smorian, or smotherian, Sax.] 1. To suffocate, to
stop the breath. 2. To suppress, to conceal.

SMOTHER. 1. A vapour or smoke, caused by burning straw. &c. 2.
A state of suppression.








SMOU’LDRING, or SMO’LDRY [from smoran, Sax. to smother] burn­
ing and smoking without vent.

SMUG [smicre, Sax.] spruce, neat.

To SMUG [smucke, Dan. smucken, Du. O. L. Ger. schmucken, H.
Ger.] to trim, clean, adorn, and set off to the best advantage.

To SM’UGGLE [smeekelen, Du.] 1. To handle or kiss amorously. 2.
To run goods ashore, or bring them on shore by stealth without paying
the custom.

SMU’GGLER, one who runs uncustomed goods ashore.

SMU’GNESS, spruceness, neatness.

To SMUT [besmitan, Sax. or schmutzen, Ger. smetten, Du.] 1. To
dawb with smut. 2. To taint with mildew.

SMUT [schmutz, Teut. or smette, Du.] 1. The soot of a chimney.
2. A disease in corn. 3. Obscenity.

SMU’TTILY. 1. Blackly, footily. 2. Obscenely.

SMU’TTINESS. 1. A being daubed with soot, &c. 2. Obscenity of
discourse.

SMU’TTY. 1. Besmeared with smut. 2. Tainted with mildew. 3.
Obscene, not modest.

SMY’RNIUM [with botanists] the herb lovage, or parsley of Ma­
cedon.

SNACK, a share or part; as, to go snacks with one, is to take part or
participate with him.

SNA’FFLE [prob. of snavel, Du.] a sort of bit for a horse-bridle.

To SNA’FFLE, to bridle, to hold in a bridle.

SNAG. 1. An unequal tooth, standing out from the rest. 2. A jag,
a protuberance.

SNAIL [snæg, of snican, Sax, to creep, snegel, Dan. snacke, Du.
schnecke, Ger.] an animal well known.

SNAKE [snaca, of snican, Sax. to creep, snake, Du.] a kind of serpent,
but whose bite is harmless.

SNAKE Root, a Virginian root, of a grateful and wholesome bitter
taste.

SNA’KY [of snaca, Sax. a snake] having or like snakes.

SNAKE Weed, the herb adder's wort, or bistort.

To SNAP, verb act. [of snappen, Du. knacken, Ger.] 1. To strike
with a noise. 2. To break at once, to break short. 3. To bite. 4.
[Snappen, Du.] to treat with sharp language.

To SNAP, verb neut. to make an effort to bite with eagerness.

SNAP. 1. A sort of noise. 2. Morsel or bit. 3. A kind of fishing
for pikes. 4. A catch, a theft.

SNA’P-DRAGON. 1. A kind of flower. 2. A sort of sport, made by
eating plums out of burning brandy.

SNA’PPISH [of snapper, Dan.] surly, crabbed in speech.

SNA’PPISHLY, crossly, peevishly, crabbedly.

SNA’PPISHNESS, crossness, peevishness, crabbedness in speech.

A merry SNAP [prob. of knapa, Sax. a boy, because they are com­
monly merry] a merry fellow.

SNA’P-HANCE [schnaphahn, Ger.] a fire-lock, a gun that strikes fire
without a match.

SNA’P-SACK. See KNAPSACK.

SNARE [snare, Dan. schnaer, Du.] 1. A gin or trap to catch birds or
beasts. 2. A wire-gin or stall-net, to catch fish. 3. Any thing by
which one is intrapped or intangled.

To SNARE [beschnaerer, Dan, snâria, Su.] to ensnare, entangle, or
take in a snare.

To SNARL [schnurren, Teut.] 1. To grin like a dog. 2. To en­
tangle like a skein of silk. 3. To speak roughly, to talk in rude
terms.

SNA’RLER [from snarl] one who snarls, an insulting, captious fellow.

SNA’RY [from snare] entangling, insiduous.

To SNATCH, verb act. [prob. of scappen, Du. though Spelman de­
rives it of schah, Teut. theft] to catch any thing suddenly; to wrest or
take away eagerly or by force.

To SNATCH, verb neut. to bite, to catch eagerly at something.

SNATCH [from the verb] 1. A hasty catch. 2. A small part of any
thing, a broken part. Snatches of old tunes. Shakespeare. 3. A bro­
ken or interrupted action, a short fit. We have often little snatches of
sun-shine. Spectator. 4. A suffling answer. Leave your snatches, and
yield me a direct answer. Shakespeare.

SNATCH Block [in a ship] a large block or pulley, having a shiver cut
through one of its cheeks, for the ready receiving in of a rope, used for
the fall of the winding tackle, that is let into the block, and afterwards
brought to the capstan.

To SNEAK [Snican, Sax. snige, Dan.] 1. To act mean spiritedly.
2. To creep about bashfully, to lurk about.

SNEA’KER, a large vessel of drink.

SNEA’KER, [of snican, Sax. sniger, Dan.] 1. Creeping up and down
bashfully. 2. Niggardly.

SNEA’KINGLY, pitifully, poorly, niggardlily.

SNEA’KINGNESS, mean-spiritedness, bashfulness, &c.

SNEA’KUP, or SNEA’KSBY, a sneaker, a low-spirited person.

To SNEER. 1. To laugh foolishly or scornfully. 2. To insinuate
contempt by covert expressions. 3. To utter with grimace.

SNEER [from the verb] 1. A look of contemptuous ridicule. 2. An
expression of ludicrous scorn.

To SNEEZE [niepan, Sax. niesen, Du.] to emit wind audibly by the
nose.

SNEEZE [from the verb] emission of wind audibly by the nose.

SNE’TSHAM, a market-town of Norfolk, 99 miles from London.

SNEE’ZING [of niesan, Sax. niesen, Ger.] a convulsive motion of the
muscles of the breast used in expiration; wherein, after suspending the
inspiration begun, the air is repelled from the mouth and nose, with a
momentary violence.

SNEE’ZING Wort, an herb named from its quality.

SNET [with hunters] the fat of deer.


SNI

SNICK and SNEE, a combat with knives.

To SNI’CKER, or To SNI’GGER [incert. etym.] to laugh slily, wan­
tonly, or contemptuously, to laugh in one's sleeve.

To SNIP [snippen, Du.] to cut with shears, &c.

SNIP [from the verb] 1. A single cut with scissars. 2. A small
shred.

SNI’PPY, parcimonious, niggardly.

SNIPE [snite, Sax. sneppe, Du. schneppe, Ger.] 1. A kind of fowl.
2. A fool, a blockhead.

SNI’PPET [from snip] a small part, a share.

SNI’P-SNAP, a tart dialogue. Pope.

SNITE, a bird, also called a bail.

To SNITE [snide, Dan. snidan, Sax. schneutzen, Ger.] to blow the
nose.

SNI’TING [in falconry] a kind of sneezing of a hawk; or when a
hawk does, as it were, wipe her beak after feeding.

SNI’VEL [snofel, or sniflung, Sax.] snot, the running of the
nose.

SNI’VELLING, or SNI’VELLY [of snofel, Sax. snot] snotty-nosed,
peaking, whining, pitiful.

SNOD [snot, Sax.] a fillet or hair-lace used by women.

To SNOOK, to lie lurking for a thing.

To SNO’RE [snarka, snorra, Su. snorcken, Du. schnorchen, Ger.] to
make a noise through the nostrils in sleep.

SNORE [from the verb] audible respiration of sleepers through the
nose.

To SNORT [snorcke, Dan.] to make a noise as a horse does when
frighted.

SNOT [snote, Sax. snoor, Su. snot, Du.] a sort of phlegm or mucous
matter, that is voided out of the nose.

SNO’TTY [snoticg, Sax.] smeared with snot.

SNOUT [snade, Dan.] 1. The nose of a swine, &c. 2. The nose
of a man, in contempt. 3. The nosel, or end of any hollow pipe.

SNOW [snaw, Sax. snio, Su. snee, Dan. sneuw, Du. schnee, Ger. neige,
Fr. neve, It. nieve, Sp. Nix. Lat.] a moist vapour, elevated near to
the middle region of the air, and reduced into the form of carded wool,
then falling down by little parcels. He giveth snow like wool. Psalms
147, v. 16.

To SNOW, verb neut. [snawan, Sax. sneuwen, Du. schneyen, Ger.]
to descend in congealed white flakes.

To SNOW, verb act. to scatter like snow.

SNO’W-BALL [of snow and ball] a round lump of congelated snow.

SNO’WY [of snawan, Sax.] 1. Of, or pertaining to snow. 2. A­
bounding with snow.

SNO’W-DROPS, early spring flowers.

SNO’W-WHITE, white as snow.

To SNUB [some derive it of snuffen, Du.] 1. To take a person up
sharply or angrily. 2. To keep under or in subjection. 3. To snub,
as in crying out.

SNUB [from snebbe, Du. a nose] a jag, a knot in wood.

To SNUDGE along [of snige, Dan. or snican, Sax. to creep along] to
walk with the countenance downwards, as in a musing posture.

SNUDGE [of snican, Sax. or snige, Dan. to creep along] a down­
look'd poring person.

SNUFF [of snuf, Sax. snot, or schnupff, Ger. a rheum, because it
brings them away] 1. A powder well known. 2. The useless excres­
cence of a candle. 3. A candle almost burnt out. 4. Perverse resent­
ment expressed by sniffing.

To SNUFF, verb act. [snuffen, Du.] 1. To draw in the breath. 2.
To scent. And snuffs it in the wind. Dryden. 3. To crop the
candle.

To SNUFF, verb neut. 1. To make a noise by drawing in the breath
through the nose. 2. To sniff in contempt.

SNU’FF-BOX, a box in which snuff is carried.

SNU’FFERS, an instrument for snuffing candles.

SNU’FFISH, or SNU’FFY, apt to take exceptions at; also daubed with
snuff.

To SNU’FFLE [snuffelen, Du.] to make a noise in breathing through
the nose, to speak through the nose.

To SNUG [sniger, Du.] to lie close, to snudge.

SNUG. 1. Close, hidden, concealed. 2. Slily, or insiduously close.

To SNU’GGLE, to lie close together; to embrace one another in
bed.

SNU’T-NOSED, flat-nosed.

So [swa, Sax. saa, Dan. soo, Du. so, Ger.] 1. Thus, in like manner.
2. To such a degree. 3. In such a manner. 4. Thus, in this manner.
5. Therefore, for this reason, in consequence of this. 6. On condition
that, provided that. 7. So so; a note of exclamation after something
done or known. 8. So so [cosi, cosi, It.] indifferently.

To SOAK [socian, Sax.] 1. To steep or lie in any liquid. 2. To im­
bibe, to drink up as a spunge, &c. 3. To drink immoderately.

SOA’PERY, a work-house where soap is made. See SOPE.

To SOAR [sorare, It. and Lat. essorer, Fr.] 1. To fly high. 2. To
aim high. 3. To be aspiring or ambitious.

SOA’RAGE [with falconers] the first year of a hawk's age.

SOAR Hawk, a hawk so called, from the first taking her from the
eyrye, till she has mew'd her feathers.

To SOB [prob. of seofian, Sax. to lament] to sigh convulsively in
weeping, &c.

SOB [from the verb] a convulsive sigh.

SO’BER [sobre, Fr. sobrio, It. and Sp. of sobrius, Lat.] 1. Moderate,
temperate. 2. Modest, grave, serious. 3. Not overpowered with
drink. 4. Regular, calm, free from inordinate passions.

To SO’BER [from the noun] to make sober.

SO’BERED moderately, temperately, gravely, seriously.

SO’BERED [or SOBER'D] part. pass. made sober, as in that fine descrip­
tion of the prodigal, when awaking out of his dream of happiness.
Sees glitt'ring visions in succession rise,
And laughs at Socrates the chaste and wise;
'Till sober'd by distress, awake, confus'd——Table of Cebes.
See SIRENS, and ETHICS compared.

SO’BERNESS, or SOBRI’ETY [sobrietas, Lat. sobriete, Fr. sobrietà, It.
sobriedàd, Sp.] prudent and grave carriage, temperance, moderation in
eating, drinking, &c.


SOC

SO’CA [in old law] a seigniory or lordship endowed by the king, with
liberty of holding a court of his tenants, called sockmen.

SO’CAGE, or SO’CCAGE [of soc, Fr. a plough-share, or socne, Sax.]
a privilege, a certain tenure of lands held by inferior husbandry services,
to be performed to the lord of the fee: anciently this tenure was of two
sorts, viz. free or common soccage, and base soccage, otherwise called vil­
lenage: but since all tenures, by an act of parliament made in the 12th
year of king Charles II. are adjudged and taken to be turned into free and
common soccage.

SO’CCAGER, or SO’KEMAN, a tenant who holds lands and tenements
by soccage, i. e. by ploughing their lord's land with their own ploughs,
and at their own charges.

SO’CIABLE, or SO’CIAL [sociable, Fr. sociabile, It. of sociabilis, Lat.]
delighting in company; fit for company or conversation, friendly, fa­
miliar.








SO’CIABLENESS, or SO’CIALNESS [sociallitas, Lat.] a social temper,
fitness for conversation.

SO’CIABLY, in a sociable manner, converseably.

SO’CIAL. See SOCIABLE.

SOCI’ETY [sociéte, Fr. società, It. of societas, Lat.] 1. An assemblage or
union of several persons in the same place, for their mutual assistance,
security and interest, in some affair, concern, or trade. 2. Company,
fellowship.

SOCIETY [in commerce] a contract or agreement between two or
more persons, whereby they bind themselves together for a certain time,
and agree to share equally in the profits and loffes which shall accrue in
the affair, for which the copartnership is contracted.

Royal SOCIETY, a society of noble, learned, and ingenious men,
founded by king Charles II, under the name of the president, council,
and fellows of the Royal Society of London, for the improvement of na­
tural knowledge, viz. mathematical, physiological, mechanical, and
chymical, whose meeting was at Gresham college in Bishopsgate-street,
now at Crane-court in Fleet-street.

SOCI’NIAN, of, or pertaining to Socinianism.

SOCI’NIANISM, the principles and opinions of the Socinians, who take
their name of Faustus Socinus, a gentleman of Sienna, who from his
love of truth, and for the sake of a more FREE ENQUIRY, left with his
native country the amplest honours, &c. His sole ambition was to restore
the long-lost christianity amongst us; but he could not compleat that gene­
rous attempt at once; and accordingly, though making a noble stand
against some very dangerous errors, which the first reformers brought
with them out of popery, with reference both to the doctrine of the
trinity, and that of our Saviour's sacrifice for sin; yet he fell short of the
SCRIPTURE-DOCTRINE in both those articles; By denying, with re­
spect to the first, our Saviour's pre-existent state, and that glory which he
had with the Father before the world was; by which means he revived
the long since exploded error of Photinus, which we have described un­
der the words MARCELLIANS and PHOTINIANISM. And under the lat­
ter, he seems to have committed much the same oversight, which too
many have done after him, I mean that of paring the nail (if I may be
allowed so trite an expression) to the quick; and while endeavouring to
avoid some crude appendages, which we had made to the scripture-doctrine
of atonement, he seems to have struck off something, which in reality
belongs to its proper body—See MARCIONISTS, CHUB-MESSAHITES,
PROPITIATION, and RANSOM, compared with that book referred to
under the word DIVORCE.

SOCK [socka, Su. sok, Du. socke, Ger. soccus, Lat. soque, Fr. socco,
It.] a clothing for the feet.

To SOCK [with the vulgar] to beat.

SO’CKET [prob. of souchette, Fr. a trunk or stalk] 1. The hollow part
of a candlestick. 2. A piece of metal at the bottom of a pike, halbert,
&c. 3. The receptacle of the eye.

SO’CLE, or ZO’CLE [with architects] a flat square member, under
the bases of pedestals of statues, vases, &c. it serves as a foot or stand.

SO’CNA [socne, or soca, Sax.] a privilege or liberty, and franchise.
See SOKE.

SO’COME [old law] a custom of tenants being obliged to grind their
corn at the lord's mill.

SO’CRATIC Philosophy, those doctrines and opinions, with regard to
morality and religion, maintained and taught by Socrates.

SOD [terra soda, It. sode, Du. and Ger.] a sort of turf, or the superfi­
cies of a heathy ground pared off.

SOD, the preterite of to seethe. See To SEETHE.

SODALI’TIOUS [sodalitius, Lat.] of, or pertaining to society.

SODA’LITY [sodalitas, Lat.] fellowship, society, fraternity.

SO’DBURY-CHI’PPING, a market-town of Gloucestershire, 103 miles
from London.

SO’DDEN [of seothan, Sax. sieden, Ger.] seethed. See To SEETHE.

SO’DOM Apples, apples which some travellers have reported to grow
about Sodom, which appear fair to the eye; but being touched they
immediately crumble away, being full of soot and smoke.

SO’DOMITE [sodomita, Lat. so called of the sin of Sodom] one who
commits the sin of sodomy, a buggerer.

SODOMI’TICAL [sodomiticus, Lat.] of, or pertaining to the sin of
sodomy.

SODOMI’TICALNESS, guiltiness of sodomy.

SO’DOMY [sodomia, Lat.] the sin of the flesh against nature, so named
because committed by the inhabitants of the city of Sodom, buggery.

SO’FA, a sort of alcove much used in Asia; it is an apartment of state,
raised from about half a foot, to two feet higher than the floor, and fur­
nished with rich carpets and cushions, where honourable personages are
entertained.

SO’FEES [among the Turks] a sect which pass for religious puritans,
who make a practice of reading in the streets and public places.


SOF

SO’FIT, or SOFI’TO [in architecture] the eaves of the corona of the
capital of a column; also any plafond or cieling formed of cross beams,
or flying cornices, the square compartments or pannels whereof are in­
riched with sculptures, painting, or gilding.

SOFT [soft, Sax. sacht, Su. Du. and Ger.] 1. Yielding to the touch,
not hard. 2. Not rugged, not rough. 3. Not resolute, yielding. 4.
Tender, timorous. 5. Mild, gentle, not severe. 6. Placid, still, easy.
7. Effeminate, viceously nice. 8. Weak, simple. 9. Gentle, not loud
nor rough. Soft whispers. Dryden. 10. Smooth, flowing. Soft were
my numbers. Pope. 11. Not forcible, not violent. Sleep falls with
soft slumb'rous weight. Milton.

SOFT, interj. hold, stop, not to fast.

SOFT Bodies [with philosophers] such bodies which, being pressed,
yield to the presture or stroke, loose their former figure, and cannot re­
cover it again; and in this differ from elastic bodies, which by their
own natural power do recover their former figure.

To SO’FTEN, verb act. [softnian, Sax.] 1. To make soft. 2. To
itenerate, to mollify. 3. To mitigate, to palliate, to alleviate. 4. To
make less harsh.

To SO’FTEN, verb neut. 1. To grow less hard. 2. To grow less cru­
el, obdurate, or obstinate.

SO’FTENING [with painters] the mixing of the colours, with a pen­
cil or brush.

SO’FTISH, somewhat soft.

SO’FTLY. 1. Leisurely, slowly. 2. Low, without noise. 3. Gently,
placidly. 4. Mildly, tenderly.

SO’FTNESS [softnysse, Sax.] 1. A soft or yielding quality. 2.
Mildness of temper. 3. Effeminancy, vicious delicacy. 4. Timorous­
ness, pusilanimity. 5. Quality opposite to harshness.

SO’HO! [heus, Lat.] an interjection of calling to one at a distance, as
much as to say, stop, or stay, or come hither.

SOIL [sol, Fr. suolo, It. of solum, Lat.] 1. Ground considered with
respect to its quality or situation. 2. country, land. 3. Dirt, spot, po­
lution, foulness. 4. Dung, compost.

To SOIL [prob. of sogliare, Ital. or souiller, or salir, Fr.] 1. To
foul, to stain, to pollute. 2. To dung, to manure.

To take SOIL [with hunters] is to run into the waters, as a deer
when close pursued.

To SO’JOURN [sejourner, Fr. soggiornare, It.] to tarry, stay, or con­
tinue for some time in a place; also to dwell, abide, or live a while
in it.

SO’JOURN [from the verb] a sojourning, a tarrying or abiding for a
time. Milton.

SO’JOURNER, a temporary dweller.

SOIT fuit comme il est desire, &c. Fr. [i. e. let it be done as it is de­
sired] a form of speech used when the king gives his assent to a private
bill, passed in both houses of parliament.

SOKE. See SOAK.

SO’KEMANRY, the free tenure, or holding land by soccage.


SOL

SOL. 1. The sun, or Apollo, the god of day. 2. [With chemists]
is gold. 3. [In heraldry] the golden colour in the coats of so­
vereign princes. 4. [In music] the name of a note in the gamut. 5.
[In blazonry] by those that blazon by planets, instead of metals and
colours, is the same as or, the sun being the most glorious of all the pla­
nets, as gold is of metals.

SOL, or SOU, a shilling, a French coin of copper, mixed with silver,
equal to 12 deniers, and the 20th part of a livre, a 10th part less in va­
lue than the English penny.

SO’LACE [solazzo, It. solàz, Sp. of solatium, Lat.] consolation, com­
fort, delight, pleasure.

To SO’LACE verb neut. [sollazzarsi, It. in the latter sense; solazàr,
Sp. solari, Lat.] to afford solace or comfort, to recreate one's self.

To SO’LACE, verb act. to comfort, to amuse, to chear.

SO’LACHS, the foot-guards of the grand seignior, who attend him
armed with bows and arrows, to the number of 300.

SOLÆ’US [in anatomy] a muscle which helps to stretch out the sole
of the foot.

SO’LANDER, a disease in horses.

SOLA’NUM, Lat. [in botany] the herb nightshade.

SO’LAR, Sp. [solaire, Fr. solare, It. of solaris, Lat.] 1. Of or pertain­
ing to the sun. 2. Measured by the sun.

SOLAR Month [in astronomy] is that time in which the sun runs over
one twelfth part of the zodiac.

SOLAR Year [in astronomy] is that space of time, wherein the sun
returns again to the same equinoctial or solstitial point, which is always
365 days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes.

The SOLAR System [with astronomers] is the order and disposition of
the several celestial bodies which revolve round the sun as the center of
their motion, viz. the planets and the comets. See COPERNICAN
System.

SOLA’RIUM, Lat. a sun-dial.

SOLD, the preterite of sell. See To SELL.

SO’LDAN, a Mahometan prince; as, the soldan of Egypt. A corrup­
tion of the word SULTAN, Arab. a supreme prince or ruler. See OT­
TOMAN.

SOLDANE’LLA, Lat. [with botanists] bind-weed.

SO’LDER, or SO’DDER [soudure, Fr. saldatura, It.] a composition used
by plummers, silver-smiths, and other artificers in metals.

To SO’LDER, or To SO’DDER [soldare, It. soldàr, Sp. of solidare, Lat.
souder, Fr.] to join or fasten together with solder.

SO’LDERER, one that solders or mends.

SO’LDIER [soldat, Fr. prob. of solidus, Lat. a shilling, the listing mo­
ney] one who serves the king in his wars for a certain pay.

SO’LDIERY [la soldatesque, Fr.] 1. The whole body of soldiers col­
lectively. 2. Soldiership, martial skill.

SOLE, subst. [solum, Lat.] 1. The bottom of the foot. 2. The bot­
tom of the shoe. 3. The bottom of any thing that touches the ground.
4. A species of flat fish.

SOLE, adj. [solus, Lat. seul, Fr. solo, It. and Sp.] only, alone.

SOLE Tenant [in law] a man or woman, who holds land in his or
her own right.

SO’LECISM [solæcismus, Lat. σολοιχισυος, Gr. a word derived from
the Soli, a people of Attica in Greece, who being transplanted into Cili­
cia in Asia, quite lost the purity of their mother tongue, insomuch that
they became notable for their rude pronunciation and uncouth expression]
an impropriety of speech, contrary to the rules of grammar. Thus Ga­
len (in his comment on the 56th Aphorism of the 7th book) observes,
that some expositors applied this charge to the then present copies, which
read the nominative for the accusative—But after all, the same term
(if I'm not mistaken) is by a figure of speech applied to errors in senti­
ment, as well as in style; and there may be a solæcism in REASONING, as
well as a solæcism in diction.

SO’LELY, wholly, singly, only.

SO’LEMN [solennel, Fr. solenne, It. solene, Sp. of solemnis, Lat.] 1. Ce­
lebrated in due order of some stated time, done in its formalities. 2.
Done with reverence, authentic. 3. Awful, striking with reverence.

SO’LEMNNESS [solemnitas, Lat. solennite, Fr. solenidàd, Sp. solennità,
It.] 1. A solemn quality, or reverential performance of a thing. 2.
Manner of acting awefully serious. 3. Gravity, steady seriousness. 4.
Aweful grandeur. 5. Affected gravity.

SOLE’MNITY [solemnita, Lat.] a solemn action, the pomp of cele­
brating an anniversary feast. See SOLEMNESS.

SOLEMNIZA’TION [solennisation, Fr.] a solemnizing.

To SO’LEMNIZE [solenniser, Fr. solennizzare, It. solenisàr, Sp. of so­
lemnizare, Lat.] to do or set forth after a solemn manner, to celebrate,
as a marriage, &c.

SO’LEMNLY, in a solemn manner.

SO’LEN [σωλην, Gr.] an hollow, oblong, chirurgical frame, in which
a broken leg or thigh is placed.

SOLÆ’US [in anatomy] a muscle called also gastrocnemius.

SO’L-FA-ING [in singing] the naming and pronouncing the several
notes of a song, by the syllables sol, fa, la, &c.








To SOLLI’CIT [solliciter, Fr. sollecitare, It. solecitàr, Sp. of sollicitare,
Lat.] 1. To importune or press, to move, urge, entice, or egg on. 2.
To prosecute an affair, to follow it hard.

SOLLICITA’TION, Fr. [solicitaciòn, Sp. of solicitatio, Lat.] 1. An ear­
nest intreaty, an importuning or pressing. 2. A motion, inducement,
instance.

SOLLI’CITOR [solliciteur, Fr. sollecitatore, It. of sollicitator, Lat.] 1.
One who sollicits a business for another. 2. [In law] one employed to
follow and take care of suits depending in courts of law or equity.

SOLLI’CITOUS [sollecito, It. solicito, Sp. of sollicitus, Lat.] full of
care and fear, troubled or much concerned about any matter.

SOLLI’CITOUSNESS, carefulness, anxiousness.

SOLLI’CITRESS, a woman who intercedes for another.

SOLLI’CITUDE, Fr. [sollecitudine, It. solecitúd, Sp. of sollicitudo, Lat.]
great care, carking care, great trouble, anguish, or anxiousness of
mind.

SO’LID, adj. [solide, Fr. solido, It. and Sp. solidus, Lat.] 1. Massy,
hard, strong, firm. 2. Real, substantial. 3. Sound, lasting. 4. Not
hollow, full of matter, compact. 5. Not light, not superficial, pro­
found. 6. Compleat, entire. Or lost in drink and game the solid day.
Prior. I suppose in imitation of Horace, “Vel partem solidô demere de
die.”

SOLID, subst. 1. A body, whose minute parts are connected together, so
as not to give way or slip from each other, upon the smallest impression.
2. [With mathematicians] is a body that has length, breadth, and
thickness, whose bounds and limits are a superficies.

SOLID Angle [with geometricians] an angle made by the meeting of
three or more planes, and those joining in a point like that of a cut dia­
mond.

SOLID Numbers [in mathematics] are such as arise from the multipli­
cation of a plain number, by any other whatsoever. Thus, 18 is a solid,
made by six, multiplied by three.

SOLID Problem [in geometry] is such an one as cannot be solved geo­
metrically, but by the intersection of a circle and a conic section; or by
the intersection of two other conic sections besides the circle.

SOLIDA’GO [with botanists] the herb comfrey, consound, or wall­
wort, &c.

SOLIDA’TION, Lat. a making solid or firm. See CONSOLIDATION.

SO’LIDNESS, or SOLI’DITY [soliditas, Lat. solidité, Fr. solidità, It.
solidez, Sp.] 1. Massiveness, soundness, firmness: the opposite to su­
perficialness. 2. Soundness of judgment. 3. Gravity in behaviour. 4.
[In architecture] is applied both to the consistence of the ground
whereon the foundation of a building is laid; and also to a massive of
masonry of great thickness, without any cavity in it. 5. [In physics] is
a property of matter or body, whereby it excludes every other body from
the place itself possesses. 6. The quality of a natural body, that is oppo­
site to fluidity, which consists in the parts of bodies being interwoven
and entangled one within another, so that they cannot spread themselves
several ways, as fluid bodies do. 7. [In geometry] is the quantity of
space contained in a solid body, called also the solid content and cube of
it.

SO’LIDLY. 1. With solidity. 2. Firmly, densely.

SO’LIDS [with grammarians] or solid letters, are those which are ne­
ver liquefied, as F, and also J and V are, which often become conso­
nants when they are set before other vowels in the same syllable, as in
Jupiter, Voluntas.

Regular SOLIDS [in geometry] are such as are terminated by regular
and equal planes, as the tetraedron, exaedron, òctaedron, dodicaedron,
and icosiedron.

Irregular SOLIDS [in geometry] are all such as do not come into the
definition of regular solids, as the sphere, cylinder, cone, parallelogram,
prism, pyramid, parallelopiped, &c.

SO’LIDS [with anatomists] are all the continuous and continent parts
of the body, thus stiled, in opposition to the fluids or the parts contained
therein.

SOLIFI’DIAN, one who holds the principles of the Solifidians.

SOLIFI’DIANISM [of solus and fides, Lat.] the doctrines, &c. of the
Solifidians, i. e. such who hold that faith only, without works, is neces­
sary to salvation. See PRIMITIVE Christanity and GNOSTICS compared.

SOLIDU’NGULUS [of solidus, and unguals, Lat. a hoof] whole hoofed.

SOLI’LOQUY [soliloquium, Lat.] a discourse made by one in solitude to
himself.

SO’LIPEDE [solipet, of solus and pedes, Lat.] whole-footed.

SO’LITARILY, lonesomely, retiredly.

SO’LITARINESS, loneliness, a being unfrequented; a solitary humour.

SO’LITARY, adj. [solitarius, Lat. solitaire, Fr. solitario, It. and Sp.]
1. Lonesome, retired or in private. 2. Remote from the company or
commerce of others of the same species. 3. Loving to be alone, gloomy.
4. Single, one only. Nor did a solitary vengeance serve. K. Charles.

SOLITARY-Column, a column that stands alone in any public place.

SOLITARY-Worm, a worm in the intestines, or placed in the pylorus,
which, tho' it is but one, extends the length of the intestines.

SOLITARY, subst. one who lives alone, a hermit.

SOLITAURI’LIA [among the Romans] a sacrifice of a sow, bull, and
sheep, which the censors offered once every five years, when they per­
formed the lustrum, or numbered and taxed the citizens.

SO’LITUDE, Fr. [solitudine, It. solitudo, Lat.] 1. A desart or uninha­
bited place. 2. A retired or solitary life. 3. The being alone. For
solitude sometimes is best society. Milton.

SOLI’VAGANT, or SOLI’VAGOUS [solivagus, from solus, alone, and
vago, Lat. to wander] wandering alone, solitary.

SO’LO [in music books] signifies singly or alone. A distinction used
in sonata's for one violin, or one flute and a bass, or two violins or flutes
and a bass.

SOLOECOPHA’NES [σολοιχοφανης, Gr. q. d. what has the appearance of
a solecism] that which seemeth to be a solecism or impropriety of speech,
and is not.

SOLOMON'S Seal, an herb.

SO’LSTICE, Fr. [solstizio, It. solsticio, Sp. of solstitium, q. d. solis sta­
tio, Lat. the station of the sun, so called, because he then appears to
stand still] the time when the sun is in one of the solstitial points, that is,
when he is at his greatest distance from the equator.

Æstival, or Summer SOLSTICE [in astronomy] in the northern coun­
tries, is, when the sun entering the tropic of Cancer, on the 21st of
June, makes our longest day and shortest night,

Hyemal, or Winter SOLSTICE [in the northern countries] is when the
sun comes to the tropic of Capricorn, which is on the 21st of Decem­
ber, and makes our shortest day and longest night, which is on the 21st
of December; for under the equator there is no variation, but a conti­
nual equality of days of nights.

SOLSTI’TIAL [solstitialis, Lat.] 1. Of or pertaining to the solstice.
2. Happening at the solstice.

SOLSTI’TIAL Points [in astronomy] are those points of the ecliptic,
wherein the sun's ascent above the ecliptic, and his descent below it, are
terminated.

SO’LVABLE, Fr. [in the latter sense solubilis, Lat.] that may be re­
solved or explained; also that is able to pay.

SO’LVABLENESS [of solvable, Fr.] ability to pay.

SO’LUBLE [solubile, It. of solubilis, Lat.] loosening, or apt to give or
cause to go to stool.

SOLUBI’LITY [solubilitas, Lat.] looseness.

To SOLVE [solvere, It. and Lat.] to resolve or decide.

SO’LVENCY, ability to pay.

SOLVENT [solvente, It. of solvens, Lat.] 1. Able to pay. 2. [With
chemists] any menstruum or corrosive liquor which will dissolve bodies.
3. [In medicine] the same as dissolvent.

SOLUND-Goose, the name of a fowl.

SOLU’TIO Continui, Lat. [in anatomy and surgery] a solution of the
continuity, or a disease common to the solid parts of the body, wherein
their natural cohesion is separated.

SOLU’TION, Fr. [soluzione, It. solucion, Sp. of solutio, Lat.] 1. Dis­
ruption, disjunction, separation. 2. Matter dissolved. 3. Resolution
of a doubt. 4. [In physics] the reduction of a firm body into a fluid
state, by means of some menstruum. 5. [With mathematicians] is the
answering any question, or the resolution of any problem.

SOLU’TIONE Feudis Militis, &c. are writs for knights of the shire, or
burgesses in parliament, to recover their allowance, if it be denied.

SOLU’TIVE [solutivo, It. of solutivus, Lat.] of a loosening quality;
as, a solutive medicine.

SOMA’TICAL [somaticus, Lat. of ΣΟΜΑΤΙχΟΣ, Gr.] corporeal, bodily,
substantial.

SOME [some and sume, Sax.] 1. A part of the whole. 2. Certain
persons. 3. One, any without determining which.

SO’MEBODY [of some and body] 1. A person indiscriminate, and unde­
termined. 2. A person of consideration. Theudas rose up boasting
himself to be somebody. Acts.

SO’MEHOW [of some and how] one way or other.

SO’METHING, or SO’MEWHAT [something, or somhwæt, Sax.] 1. Not
nothing, tho' it appears not what, a thing or matter indeterminate. 2.
More or less. 3. Part. Something of it arises from our infant state.
Watts. 4. Distance not great. It must be done to-night, and something
from the palace. Shakespeare.

SO’METIME, once, formerly.

SO’METIMES, now and then, at one time or another.

SO’MEWHERE [somhwær, Sax.] in some place.

SOME While [som thhyle, Sax.] sometime, at one time or another.

SOMME’ [in heraldry] signifies in French blazonry, horned, or a
stag's carrying his horns; and, when there are less than thirteen branches
in them, they tell the number.

SOMNA’MBULI, Lat. an appellation given to those persons who walk
in their sleep, q. d. sleep-walkers.

SOMNI’CULOUS [somniculosus, Lat.] drowsy, sleepy.

SOMNI’FEROUS [somnifero, It. of somnifer, from somnus, sleep, and fero,
Lat. to bear] bringing or causing sleep.

SOMNI’FIC [of somnificus, Lat.] causing sleep.

SOMNI’FUGOUS [of somnifugus, Lat.] driving away sleep.

SO’MNOLENCY [somnolentia, Lat.] sleepiness, drowsiness.

SOMNI’FERA, Lat. [with physicians] such medicines as cause sleep,
opiates. See NEPENTHE, and OPIUM.

SOMNOLE’NTIA Continua, Lat. [with physicians] a constant drowsiness
or inclination to sleep.


SON

SON [suna or sunu, Sax. son, Dan. and Su. sone, Du. sohn, Ger.] 1.
A relative term applied to a male child, considered in the relation he
bears to his parents. 2. Descendant however distant; as, the sons of
Adam. 3. Native of a country. 4. The second person in the Trinity.
5. Product of any thing. We are sons of earth. Brown.
Above all, that Asiatic [and scripture-sense] of the word SON should
not be overlooked, as it signifies a close connexion in general: Thus
“Son of perdition,” and “Sons [or children] of death; and as a child by
birth or nature, bespeaks a closer connection than a child by adoption; when
St. Paul, Ephes. c. ii. v. 3. styles adult persons, “children by nature of
wrath” (for so τεχνα φυσει should be render'd) he may intend no more,
than by a bold and manly figure of speech (and most perfectly agreeable
to the scripture-style) to express the CLOSEST CONNEXION between the
practice of sin (for of that is he there speaking) and the desert of punish­
ment; and accordingly we find, the ancient Greeks assign'd this sense to
the place. See BRIDEGROOM, Original SIN, and PELAGIANS compared.

SONA’TA, a piece or composition of music, wholly performed by in­
struments.

SO’NABLE [sonabilis, Lat.] that will easily sound.

SONCHI’TES [with botanists] the greater kind of hawk-weed.

SO’NCHOS [σογχος, Gr.] sow-thistle.

SONG [song, Sax. sange, Dan. gesang, Ger.] 1. A composure or
verse to be sung. 2. Any thing modulated in the utterance. 3. Poetry,
poesy. 4. Notes of birds. 5. An old song; a trifle. See RHYME.

SO’NGSTER [songere, Sax.] a singer of songs.

SO’NGSTRESS, a female singer.

SONNA, a book of Mahometan traditions, wherein all the orthodox
Musselmen are required to believe. See SONNITES.

SO’NNET, Fr. [sonneto, It.] 1. A short song, &c. a sort of Italian
poem consisting of 14 verses, all whose rhymes answer one another, the
eight first verses being all in two rhymes. 2. A short poem.

SO’NNETTEER [sonnetier, Fr.] a small poet; in contempt.

SONI’FEROUS [from sonus, sound, and fero, Lat. to bear] giving or
bringing sound.

SO’NNITES, or SU’NNITESS, Arab. those who adhere to the Sonnah,
which as Golius observes, signifies, a rule of conduct; and in particular
a rule founded, not on the Coran [or Mahometan bible;] but on some
speech, or action of the prophet Mahomet, first handed down (says Reland)
by oral tradition, and afterwards committed to writing. In this view
Dherbelot, not without reason, supposes, that the Sonnah, with the Ma­
hometans, answers to the Mishnah, i. e. the oral or secondary law with







the Jews. And Abulpharagius in his history, has shewn, beyond all dis­
pute, how great a stress was ab origine laid on this article; for Omar,
who was the second in succession from the prophet, having left the cali­
phate (on his decease) to be conferred by the choice of six persons, form­
ing, on this occasion, a council of state. Abu-obeid, one of the six, of­
fered the caliphate first to Aly, on these terms, that he should express his
submission not only to the book of God; but also to the Sonnah, and also
to the constitutions of the sheics or elders. To the two first articles Aly
assented; but insisting on his own private judgment, with respect to the
last, he (tho' both cousin and son-in-law of the prophet) was set aside,
and Othman, complying with all three, was chosen in his stead. Abul­
pharag. Hist. Dynast. p. 182. Lat. Vers. Pocock, p. 115. Admitting this
fact for true, I would enquire upon what foundation the Turks appro­
priate to themselves the honourable title of Sonnites, in contradistinction
to the Persians, when Aly, whose adherents and followers the Persians
are, made no scruple to give his assent to the Sonnah? And no wonder,
if what Reland says be true, That on the Coran and Sonnah rests every
right [or law] both civil and religious, among the Mahometans Re­
land. de Relig. Mahommed. p. 54. See SHIITES, CABALA, and RITES
compared.

SONORI’FIC [from sonus, sound, and facio, Lat. to make] producing
sound.

SO’NOROUS [sonorus, Lat.] 1. Sounding, making a loud noise. 2.
High-sounding, magnificent of sound.

SO’NOROUSLY, with high sound, with magnificence of sound.

SO’NOROUSNESS. 1. Soundingness, loudness. 2. Grandeur of
sound.

SO’NSHIP [sunashode, Sax.] the relation of a son.

Soon [sona, Sax.] 1. In a short time. 2. Early. 3. Readily, wil­
lingly. I would as soon see a river winding thro' woods and meadows,
as when it is tossed up in so many whimsical figures at Versailles. Addi­
son.

SOOP, or SOUP [soupe, Fr. or of sup, of supan or sype, Sax.] a sort
of pottage with herbs, spice, &c.

SOOT [soote, Sax. soot, Su. soet, Du. suye, Fr.] smoak condensed, an
earthy, volatile matter, arising with the smoak by the action of fire, or
condensed on the sides of the chimney.

SOO’TERKIN, a kind of false birth, fabled to be produced by the
Dutch women from fitting over their stoves. Swift,

To SOOTH [gesothian, Sax.] 1. To flatter, to give soft, tender, or
agreeable words. 2. To calm, to soften, to please. 3. To gratify, to
please.

In SOOTH, or For SOOTH [of soth, Sax. true] indeed, verily, truly;
commonly used by way of taunt.

SOO’THSAYER, a diviner, a foreteller of future events.

SOO’THSAYING [of soth, true, and sægan, Sax. to say] divining.

SOO’TINESS [of sootignesse, Sax.] the being sooty.

SOO’TY [sooticg, Sax.] 1. Smeared, &c. with condensed smoak. 2.
Black, dark, dusky.

SOP [soppa, It. sopa, Sp. soppa, Su. soppe, Du. or of soppella, Sax.]
1. Bread soaked in broth, dripping, drink, or wine. 2. Any thing given
to pacify, from the sop given to Cerberus.

To Sop [soppen, Du. sopàr, Sp.] to dip into or soak in any liquid.

SOPE, or SOAP [sæpe, Sax. saepe, Dan. sapa, Su. zeep, Du. seev, O.
and L. Ger. seiffe, H. Ger. sapo, Lat.] a composition of oil, pot-ashes,
lime, &c. for washing and cleansing linnen or woollen.

To SOPE [sæpan, Sax.] to daub with or lay on sope.

SOPE-Wort, an herb.

SOPH, a young man who has been two years at the university.

SO’PHI [i. e. pure and holy] the supreme monarch or emperor of Per­
sia.

SO’PHIA Ghirurgorum [with surgeons] the herb flix-weed, good for
wounds and foul ulcers.

SO’PHISM [sophisma, Lat. of ΣΟφΙΣΜΑ, Gr.] a sallacious reasoning; an
argument false at bottom, and invented only to amuse and embarrass the
person to whom it is used.

SO’PHIST, or SO’PHISTER [sophista, Lat. σοφιςης, Gr.] a person who
frames sophisms, or uses subtle arguments to deceive those he would per­
suade or convince. Hesychius explains the term, by απατεων, and διδασ­
χαχος πανουργος, i. e. a deceiver, a crafty and fraud-practising teacher
See PARALOGISM, and 2 Cor. iv. 2. compared.

SOPHI’STICAL [σοφιςιχος, Gr.] of or pertaining to a sophism, de­
ceitful, fallaciously subtle.

SOPHI’STICALNESS [of sophisticus, Lat. sophistique, Fr. of σοφιςιχος,
Gr.] captiousness, deceitfulness, a sophistical quality.

To SOPHI’STICATE [sophistiquer, Fr.] to debase, or spoil liquors, by
mingling something of a baser kind with them.

SOPHISTICA’TION, an adulteration, debasing or falsifying.

SOPHI’STICATOR, one who sophisticates or adulterates.

SO’PHISTRY [ars sophistica, Lat. sophistiquerie, Fr. of σοφιςιχη, scil.
τεχνη, Gr.] an art of deceiving by fallacious and glossy arguments.

SOPHRONESTE’RES [of σωφρονιζω, Gr. I come to my right mind] the
teeth of wisdom or eye teeth, so called because they don't come till years
of discretion.

SO’PINESS [of sapicgnesse, Sax.] a being dawbed with sope.

SO’PITIVE [sopitivus, Lat.] causing sleep.

SO’PORAL [soporus, Lat.] causing sleep.

SOPORAL Arteries [in anatomy] the carotid arteries, so called, be­
cause, if tied, they immediately incline the person to sleep.

SO’PORATIVE, causing sleep.

SOPORI’FEROUS [soporifero, It. and Sp. of soporifer, from sopor, sleep,
and fero, Lat. to bear] causing sleep.

SOPORI’FEROUSNESS, a sleep-causing quality.

SO’POROUS [soporus, Lat.] sleepy.

SO’PY [sapig, Sax.] smeared with sope.


SOR

SORBI’LE [sorbilis, Lat.] that may be, or is easy to be supped.

SORB-Apple [sorbe, Fr. sorba, It.] the service berry.

SORBI’TION, Lat. a supping or drinking.

SO’RBUS, Lat. [with botanists] the sorb, service-tree, or quicken­
tree.

SO’RBONIST, a divine belonging to the college of Sorbonne in Paris.

SORBO’NNE [so named from the village of Sorbonne, near Paris] a
corporation or society of doctors of divinity in that university, founded
by Ralph de Sorbonne, consessor to Lewis IX. or saint Lewis.

SORBS [sorba, Lat.] the berries of the service-tree.

SO’RCERER [sorcier, Fr.] one who uses witchcraft, a wizard, a magi­
cian, an inchanter.

SO’RCERESS [sorciere, Fr.] a witch or hag, a female magician.

SO’RCERY [sorcellerie, Fr.] witchcraft, enchantment, or divination,
by the assistance of the devil.

SORD [from sneard] turf, grassy ground.

SO’RDES, Lat. soulness, dregs.

SO’RDET, or SORDI’NE [sourdine, Fr. sordina, It.] a small pipe put
into the mouth of a trumpet, to make it sound lower or shriller.

SO’RDID [sordide, Fr. sordido, It. of sordidus, Lat.] 1. Foul, silthy.
2. Niggardly, covetous. 3. Pitiful, paultry. 4. Mean, vile, base.

SO’RDIDLY, basely, pitifully.

SO’RDIDNESS [of sordes, Lat.] filthiness, baseness, &c.

SORE, subst. [sare, Sax. sâar, Su. soare, Dan. seer and zweer, Du.]
1. An ulcer or wound that is raw and painful. 2. [from saur, Fr.] a
buck in the fourth year.

SORE, adj. [swær, Sax.] 1. Tender to the touch. 2. Tender in mind,
easily vexed. 3. Violent with pain.

SORE, adv. with painful or dangerous vehemence, with afflictive vio­
lence. Distrust shoot sore their minds. Milton.

SORE-Age [in falconry] the first year of an hawk.

SORE-Hawk [with falconers] an hawk is so called from the first ta­
king her from her eyrie, till she has mew'd or cast her feathers.

SO’REL, a buck of the third year.

SOREL [sure, Sax. sour] a sallet-herb.

SO’RELY, greatly, vehemently, grievously.

SO’RENESS [særnesse, Sax.] greatness, vehemence; also painfulness.

SO’RING [with hunters] the footing of a hare when she is in the open
field.

SORI’TES [σωριτης, of σωρος, Gr. a heap] an argument or imperfect
syllogism, which consists of divers propositions heaped up together, in
which the predicate of the former is still made the subject of the latter,
till in conclusion the last predicate is attributed to the first subject; as
that of Themistocles, that his little son commanded the whole world.
Thus, my son commands his mother; his mother me; I the Athenians;
the Athenians the Greeks; Greece, Europe; and Europe the whole
world.

SORO’RICIDE [sororicida, of soror, a sister, and cædo, Lat. to kill] the
killing of a sister, or one who kills his sister.

SO’RRAGE, the blades of green corn, as wheat, barley, rye, &c.

SO’RRANCE [with farriers] any disease or sore that happens to horses;
as a fracture, ulcer, wound, &c.

SO’RREL. See SOREL.

SORREL [sauritto, It. saure, Fr.] a dark reddish colour in horses.

SO’RROW [sara, or saarignysse, Sax. sorg, Su. sorge, Ger. signifies
care] an uneasiness of mind upon the consideration of some good lost;
or the sense or apprehension of an evil present or in expectation.

To SO’RROW [sarigan, Sax. söria, Su. sorge, Dan. sorgen, Ger. sig­
nifies to care or take care of] to be uneasy in mind, or to grieve on ac­
count of the sense of some good lost, or some evil either present, or to be
expected.

SO’RROWFUL [sarigful, Sax.] full of grief or affliction.

SO’RROWFULLY, sadly, miserably, with sorrow.

SO’RROWFULNESS [sarigfulnysse, Sax.] fulness of sorrow, grief of
heart.

SO’RRY [sarig, Sax.] 1. Grieved, troubled, concerned. 2. Of lit­
tle value, paltry, or pitiful.

SO’RRYNESS [of sarignesse, Sax.] paltriness, meanness, lowness of
value.

SORT [sorte, Fr. and It. sors, Lat.] 1. Kind, species. 2. Manner,
form of being or acting. 3. Degree of any quality. 4. A class or or­
der of persons. 5. A company, a knot of people. They can see a sort
of traitors here. Shakespeare. 6. Rank, condition above the vulgar. 7.
[sortes, Lat.] a lot: out of use. 8. A pair, a set. The first sort by
their own suggestion fell. Milton.

To SORT, verb act. [assortir, Fr. assortire, It. sortiri, Lat.] 1. To
dispose things into their proper classes. 2. To reduce to order from a
state of confusion. 3. To cull, to chuse, to select.

To SORT, verb neut. 1. To be joined with others of the same species.
2. To consort, to join. They sort with any company. Bacon. 3. To
suit, to fit. They are happy whose natures sort with their vocations.
Bacon. 4. [From sortir, Fr. to issue] to fall out, to happen. I am glad
it did so sort. Shakespeare.

SO’RTANCE [from sort] suitableness, agreement. Shakespeare.

SO’RTILEGE [sortilegium, Lat.] a soothsaying or divination by lots;
also an electing by casting of lots.

SO’RTING-Kerseys, a sort of clothes.

SO’RTES Lots, a method of deciding dubious cases, where there ap­
pears no ground for a preference, by the referring the things to the con­
duct of chance, as in drawing of tickets or lots, casting of dice, &c.

SO’RTMENT [assortiment, Fr.] a set of several things of the same sort.

SO’RY, a kind of mineral, a sort of vitriol made of chalcitis or cad­
mia.

To SOSS, to sit lazily in a chair. Shakespeare.

SOT [sott, Sax. sot, Fr. in the first sense, which some derive of ασω­
τος, Gr.] 1. A person who is void of, or of dull wit and sense; a block­
ish stupid person. 2. A drunkard, one stupified by drinking.

To SOT, to stupify, to besot. The sotted moon-calf gapes. Dryden.

SO’TTISH [sottig, Sax.] dull, stupid, drunken, &c.

SO’TTISHLY, dully, stupidly, &c.

SO’TTISHNESS [sottignysse, Sax.] stupidity, dulness, insensibility.

SOTE’RIA [σωτηρια, Gr. q. d. relating to preservation: with the Ro­
mans] sacrifices for health; games and solemnities observed by the peo­
ple for the health and preservation of the emperor.

SOTHA’LE, an entertainment anciently made by the bailiffs to those
of their hundred, for gain.

SOUCE [souce, Du. salt, salsum, Lat.] a sort of pickle for hog's flesh,
&c.

To SOUCE, to put into pickle.


SOV

SO’VEREIGN, adj. [souverain, Fr. sourano, It.] 1. Absolute, supreme.
2. Excellent in its kind, efficacious; as, a sovereign remedy.

SO’VEREIGN, subst. a monarch, an emperor, king, or prince, who
has sovereign command.

SOVEREIGN, a piece of gold coin, current at 22 s. and 6 d. which in
the 4th year of King Edward VI. was coined at 24 s. a piece, and in







the 6th year of Edward VI. at 30 s. and in the first year of King
Henry VIII. when by indenture of the mint, a pound weight of gold of
the old standard, was to be coined at 24 sovereigns.

SO’VEREIGNLY, absolutely, supremely, excellently.

SO’VEREIGNNESS, or SO’VEREIGNTY [souveraineté, Fr. souranità, It.]
the state or quality of a sovereign prince.


SOU

SOUGH [from sous, Fr.] a subterraneous drain. Ray.

SOUGHT [of sæcan, Sax. to seek] the preterite of seek. See To
SEEK.

SOUL [sawul, Sax. siel, Su. siæl, Dan. ziele, Du. seele, Ger.] 1. The
immaterial spirit of man. [But see DIMERITÆ and SECONDARY Sense
compared.] 2. Vital principle. Thou sun, of this great world both eye
and soul. Milton. 3. Spirit, essence, principal part. Charity the soul
of all the rest. Milton. 4. Interior power. There is some soul of goodness
in things evil. Taylor. 5. A familiar appellation expressing the qualities of
the mind. Unenlarged souls are disgusted with the wonders of the micro­
scope. Watts. 6. Human being. About a thousands souls. Addison.
7. Active power. And heav'n would fly before the driving soul. Dry­
den. 8. Spirit, fire, grandeur of mind. 9. Intelligent being in gene­
ral. Every soul in heav'n shall bend the knee. Milton.

SOU’L-FOOT, money anciently paid to a priest at the opening of a
grave.

SOU’LLESS [sawul-leas, Sax.] 1. Dead, without life. 2. Dull, with­
out vigour, stupid. See LOVELESS.

SOU’L-SCEAT [sawul-sceat, Sax.] a legacy anciently bequeathed by
our Saxon ancestors to the parish priest at their death, instead of any
tithes that might be forgotten.

SOULMASS-Cakes, cakes anciently given to the poor on All-Saints-
Day.

SOUND, adj. [sund, Sax. Su. and Dan. gesonde, Du. gesund, Ger. sanus,
Lat.] 1. Intire, whole. 2. Solid. 3. Discreet. 4. Right, true, 5.
Healthy, not morbid. 6. Fast, hearty: applied to sleep.

SOUND, subst. [son, Fr. suono, It. sonus, Lat.] 1. A tremulous and waving
motion of the air, which, being whirled into certain circles, is most
swiftly waved this way and that way. 2. [In music] the quality and
distinctions of the several agitations of the air, which may make music
considered as to their disposition, measure, &c.

The SOUND, the streights of the Baltic sea, between Denmark and
Sweden; so called by way of eminency, as being the largest and most
remarkable of any others.

SOUND [in geography] a streight or inlet of the sea, between two
capes or head lands, where there is no passage through.

SOUND [with surgeons] a kind of probe, to feel what is out of the
reach of the fingers.

To SOUND, verb act. [sonder, Fr.] 1. To try the depth of the waters
of the sea, river, or any deep water. 2. To pump or sift a person.

To SOUND, verb neut. [sonare, It. and Lat. sonner, Fr.] 1. To yield
a sound or noise. 2. To exhibit by likeness of sound.

To SOUND a Ship's Pump, is to put down a small line with a bullet or
some weighty thing at the end, to try what depth of water there is in
the pump.

SOU’NDBOARD [of sound and board] a board which propagates the sound
in organs.

SOU’NDER [with hunters] a herd or company of swine.

SOU’NDING, sonorous.

SOU’NDING-Line, a line about 20 fathoms long, for sounding or try­
ing the depth of the sea.

SOUNDING [in navigation] the trying of the depth of the water, and
the quality of it, by a line and plummet, or other artifice.

SOU’NDLY. 1. Firmly, heartily. 2. Truly, rightly. 3. Fast, closely.
He sleeps soundly. Locke.

SOU’NDNESS [sondnesse, Sax.] 1. Intireness, wholeness. 2. Dis­
creetness, solidity of judgment. 3. Health, heartiness.

SOUP [suppe, Ger. sype, Sax. supa, Sp.] strong broth.

SOUR [sur, C. Brit. sur, Sax. suur, Dan. suyr, Du. suur, L. Ger.
saur, H. Ger.] 1. Sharp or acid in taste. 2. Crabbed in looks or tem­
per. 3. Afflictive, painful. 4. Expressing discontent.

SOUR, subst. acid substance.

SOU’RLY, crabbedly.

To SOUR, verb neut. [surigan, Sax. suure, Dan. suyren, Du. suu­
ren, L. Ger. sâuren, H. Ger.] 1. To grow sour, acid or sharp in taste.
2. To grow peevish or crabbed.

To SOUR, verb act. 1. To make acid. 2. To make harsh. Tufts
of grass sour land. Mortimer. 3. To make uneasy, to make less plea­
sing. To sour your happiness. Shakespeare. 4. To make discontented.
Three crabbed mouths had sour'd themselves to death. Shakespeare.

SOURCE. 1. The spring head of a river; the place from whence it
takes its rise and flows. 2. The original, cause, &c. of a thing.

SOU’RISH, somewhat sour.

SOU’RLY [of seure, Brit. surelig, Sax.] crabbedly in taste or looks.

SOU’RNESS [surness, Sax.] 1. Crabbedness in taste. 2. Asperity,
harshness of fortune.

SOUS, a French penny. See SOL.

To SOUSE, verb act. 1. To marinate, to keep in a sort of pickle. 2.
To plunge in water.

To SOUSE, verb neut. to fall as a bird on its prey.

SOUSTE’NU [in heraldry] is as it were supported by a small part
of the escutcheon, beneath it, of a different colour or metal from the
chief, and reaching as the chief does from side to side, being as it were a
small part of the chief of another colour, and supporting the chief.

SOU’TERNAIN, Fr. a grotto or cavern in the ground. Arbuthnot.

SOUTH, subst. [suth, Sax. zuyd, Du. sud, Ger.] that part opposite to
the north.

SOUTH, adj. southern, meridional.

SOUTHA’MPTON, a large borough, a sea-port town of Hampshire,
situated between the Arle or Itching, and the Tese or Anton, 78 miles
from London. It sends two members to parliament.

SOU’THWARK, a large borough town of Surry, parted from London
by the Thames. It sends two members to parliament.

SOUTH-Wind [suthwind, Sax.] that wind which blows from the
south.

SOUTH-EAST, the middle point between the south and the east.

SOU’THERLINESS [suthernesse, Sax.] the being on or toward the
south.

SOU’THERLY, or SOU’THERN [sutherne, Sax.] 1. Towards the
south. 2. Of or pertaining to the south.

SO’UTHERNWOOD, a plant.

SOU’THING, going towards the south.

SOU’THMOST [of south and most] farthest towards the south.

SOU’THWARD, towards the south.

SOU’THWEST, the middle point between the south and west.

SOW [sugu, Sax. soo, Su. soch, Du. sog, L. Ger. sau, H. Ger. sus,
Lat. συς, Gr.] 1. A female swine. 2. An insect. 3. A great tub with
two ears. 4. [With miners] a great lump of melted lead or iron.

To Sow, verb act. part. pass. sown [sawen, Sax. saa, Su. saae, Dan.
zaegen, Du. saen, Ger.] to scatter seed.

To SOW, verb neut. 1. To propagate by seed. 2. To spread, to
propagate. He soweth discord. Proverbs. 3. To besprinkle. He
sowed with stars the heav'n. Milton.

To SOW, or To SEW [suere, Lat.] to work or join things or pieces of
cloth together for garments, with a needle, thread, silk, &c.

SO’WBREAD, an herb which swine desire to eat.

SO’WBACK'D Horses, are such as have strait ribs, but good backs.

SO’WER [from sow] 1. He that scatters the seed. 2. A scatterer. A
sower of words. Hakewill.

SO’WINS, flummery, somewhat soured.

SO’W-THISTLE, an herb.

SO’WLEGROVE [in Wales] a name given to the month of Febru­
ary.

SOWN, part. pass. of sow. See To SOW.

SOWNE [of souvenu, Fr. i. e. remembered] leviable, or that may be
collected; as they say in the Exchequer, such estreats as the sheriff by
his industry cannot get, are estreats that sowne not.


SPA

SPAAD, a kind of mineral.

SPACE [espace, Fr. spazio, It. espácio, Sp. of spatium, Lat.] distance,
either of time or place; the modes of which are, capacity, extension, or
duration.

SPACE [in physics] is distance considered every way, whether there
be in it any solid matter, or not, and is either.

Absolute SPACE, is that considered in its own nature, without regard
to any thing external; which always remains the fame, and is infinite
and immoveable. See CO-IMMENSE.

Relative SPACE, is that moveable dimension or measure of absolute
space, which our senses define by the positions of the body within it.

SPACE [in geometry] is the area of any figure, or that which fills
the intervals or distances between the lines that terminate it.

SPACE [in mechanics] is the line which a moveable body considered
as a point, is conceived to describe by its motion.

SPA’CIOUS [spatieux, Fr. spazioso, It. espacioso, Sp. of spatiosus, Lat.]
that is of a large extent, or takes up a great deal of ground; broad, ex­
tensive.

SPA’CIOUSLY, vastly, widely.

SPA’CIOUSNESS [of spatiosus, Lat. spatieux, Fr.] largeness in extent,
breadth, wideness, &c.

SPADE [spæda, Sax. spade, Su. Du. and Ger. spatha, Lat. of σπαθη,
Gr.] 1. A shovel for digging the ground. 2. A suit of cards. 3.
[Spado, Lat.] one who is gelded, either man or beast. 4. [Skinner de­
rives it of espave, Fr.] a deer of three years of age.

SPA’DIERS [in the mines in Cornwall] labourers who dig.

SPADI’LLE, Fr. the ace of spades at ombre.

SPAGI’RIC, or SPAGI’RICAL [spagiricus, Lat.] of, or pertaining to
chemists or chemistry.

SPA’GIRIC Art [spagirica ars] the art of chemistry, which teaches
how to separate and extract the pure parts and substances of mixed bo­
dies.

SPAGI’RIST [spagirus, Lat.] one who professes or practises chemistry,
a chemist.

SPA’HI, a Turkish horseman completely armed. But the spahies must
not be confounded with our cavalry; as being all, if I am not mistaken,
of the gentry kind. See JANISARIES.

SPAKE, the preterite of speak. See To SPEAK.

SPALLS [of spalten, Ger. to cleave] chips of wood.

SPALT, or SPELT a white, scaly, shining stone, frequently used to
promote the fusion of metals.

SPAN ]span, Sax. spanna, It. espan, Fr.] 1. A measure containing
nine inches, or three handfulls. 2. Any short duration.

To SPAN [spannan, Sax.] 1. To measure with the hand. 2. To
measure. My life is spanned. Shakespeare.

SPAN, the preterite of spin. See To SPIN.

SPAN-New, very new, that has never been used or worn before.

To SPA’NGLE [spang, L. Ger. a buckle] to set off or adorn with
small round pieces of silver or gold.

SPA’NGLE [prob. of spang. Teut.] 1. A small, round, thin piece of
gold or silver. 2. Any thing sparkling or shining.

SPA’NIEL [canis hispanicus, Lat. espagneul, Fr.] 1. A sort of hunting
dog. 2. A dependant, a sneaking fellow.

SPA’NISH, of, or pertaining to the country of Spain.

SPANISH Flies. See CANTHARIDES.

SPANISH Money, fair words and complements.

SPANISH Toothpick, an herb.

SPANISH Wool, red wool coloured in Spain, to paint the face.

To SPANK [of span. Sax.] to slap with the open hand.

SPA’NKING [q. of spannan, Sax.] 1. Large, broad, strong, &c. 2.
Fine, spruce, jolly.

SPA’NNER, the lock of a carbine or fusee.

SPAR [sparre, Su. sbarra, It. sparr, Teut.] 1. A bar of wood. 2.
Debased crystal.

To SPAR [sparran, Sax. sbarrare, It.] 1. To shut as a door. 2. To
fight with melusive strokes.

SPA’RABLES [prob. of sparran, Sax. to fasten; though Dr. Th. H.
supposes of sparrow's bills] small nails for shoes.

SPA’RADRAP [in pharmacy] an ancient name for a sear-cloth, or a
cloth smeared on each side with a kind of ointment.

To SPARE, verb act. [sparian, Sax. spara, Su. spare, Dan. sparen,
Du. and Ger. epargner, risparmiare, It. parcere, Lat.] 1. To use fru­
gally, not to consume. 2. To do without. Nor can we spare you long.
Dryden. 3. To use tenderly, to treat with pity. Spare me one hour.
Irene. 4. To grant, to allow, to indulge.

To SPARE, verb neut. 1. To live frugally. 2. To be scrupulous.
To pluck and eat my fill I spar'd not. Milton. 3. To use mercy, to
forgive. He was sparing and compassionate towards his subjects. Ba­
con.








SPARE, adj. 1. Scanty, not abundant, parcimonious; as, a spare
diet. 2. Superfluous, unwanted. They have more spare time. Addi­
son. 3. Lean, wanting flesh. His visage drawn he felt too sharp and
spare. Milton.

SPARE, subst. parcimony, frugal use.

SPARE Deck, the lower deck in great ships; usually called the orlop.

SPA’RER [from spare] one who avoids expence.

SPA’RE-RIB [of spare and rib] part of the ribs cut off.

SPA’RENESS, thinness, leanness.

SPARGA’NION, Lat. [σπαργανιον, Gr.] sedge, or sword-grass.

SPA’RGANO’SIS [σπαξγανωσις, of σπαξγαω, Gr. to swell with milk] an
immoderate extension of the breast, caused by too great abundance of
milk.

SPARGEFA’CTION, Lat. a sprinkling.

SPA’R-HAWK [spar-hafoc, Sax.] a kind of short-winged hawk.

SPA’RING. 1. Saving, being a good œconomist. 2. Scanty, not
plentiful.

SPA’RINGLY. 1. Savingly, in a husbandly manner. 2. Not abun­
dantly. 3. With abstinence. 4. Not frequently.

SPA’RINGNESS [epargne, Fr. prob. of spærian, Sax. to spare] parci­
mony.

SPA’RING, or SPA’RRING [with cockers] the fighting of a cock with
another to breathe him.

SPARK [spærc, Sax.] 1. A small atom of fire. 2. A sprightly youth.
3. Any thing shining. 4. Any thing vivid or active. If any spark of
life be yet remaining. Shakespeare.

SPA’RKFUL [of spark and full] lively, brisk, airy.

SPA’RKISH [spærcig, Sax.] 1. Gallant, gay, &c. 2. Showy, well
dressed.

To SPA’RKLE [prob. of spærc, Sax.] 1. To cast forth sparks of fire.
2. To knit in a glass and send up small bubbles, &c. 3. To glance
with the brilliant part of the eye. 4. To shine, to glitter.

SPA’RKLE [from spark] 1. A spark, a small particle of fire. 2. Any
luminous particle.

SPA’RROW [sparwa, Sax. spurre, Dan. sperling, Ger. passereau, Fr.
passero, It. pardal, Sp. passer, Lat.] a bird.

SPA’RROW-GRASS. See ASPARAGUS.

SPA’RROW-HAWK [spear-hafoc, Sax.] a kind of hawk.

SPA’RRY [from spar] consisting of spar.

SPARS, the spokes of a spinning wheel.

SPASM [σπασμα, Gr.] convulsion, violent and involuntary contrac­
tion of any part.

SPASMA’TIC, or SPASMO’TIC [spasmaticus, Lat.] afflicted with the
cramp.

SPASMO’DICA [of σπασμος, and οδυνη, i. e. grief or pain] spasmodic
medicines against the cramp and convulsions.

SPASMOLO’GIA [σπασμος, and λογος, Gr. a word] a discourse or trea­
tise of cramps and convulsions.

SPA’SMUS [σπασμος, Gr.] the cramp, a disease, the shrinking up of
the sinews. See SCURVY, and read there, “without a fever.”

SPAT. 1. The spawn of oisters. 2. A sort of mineral stone.

SPAT, the preterite of spit. See To SPIT.

SPA’THA [σπαθη, Gr.] an apothecary's instrument for taking up
salves, &c.

SPA’THULA, or SPA’TULA [espatule, Fr. spatola, It. espatula, Sp.] a
spattle or slice, an instrument for spreading salves, plaisters, &c. also
used by confectioners, &c. for other uses.

To SPA’TIATE [spatior, Lat.] to rove, to range, to ramble at large.

SPA’TIOUS. See SPACIOUS.

SPA’TLING Poppy, a flower.

To SPA’TTER [spætlian, Sax.] to dash or sprinkle upon with some
liquid.

SPA’TTERDASHES, a sort of light boots without soles.

SPA’TULA. See SPATHULA.

SPATULA fætida [with botanists] a plant, a sort of orrach.

SPA’VIN [eparvin, Fr. spavenio, It.] 1. A disease in the feet of horses
which causes them to swell. 2. A stiffness in the ham that makes them
halt.

SPAW, a spring of water, which by passing through a mineral receives
a tincture.

To SPAWL [speyen, Ger. to spit, to vomit] to spit about.

SPAWL [spatl, Sax.] spittle, moisture ejected from the mouth.

SPAWN [of spana, Sax. a dug or pap, or prob. of sponne, Du. juice]
1. The milt or semen of fish. 2. Any product or offspring, in con­
tempt.

To SPAWN [from the noun] 1. To produce, as fishes do. 2. To is­
sue, to proceed; in contempt.

SPA’WNER [from spawn] the female fish.

To SPAY [spado, Lat.] to castrate female animals.


SPE

To SPEAK, verb neut. preterite spake, or spoke, part. pass. spoken [spæ­
can, Sax. spreken, Du. sprecken. Ger.] 1. To utter words, to talk, to
discourse. 2. To give sound. Make all the trumpets speak. Shake­
speare.

To SPEAK, verb act. 1. To utter with the mouth, to pronounce. 2.
To proclaim, to celebrate. To speak your deeds. Shakespeare. 3. To
exhibit. Let heav'ns wide circuit speak. Milton.

SPEA’KER. 1. One that speaks. 2. One that celebrates, proclaims,
or mentions. 3. [of the House of Commons] a member of that house,
elected by the majority of votes, to act as chairman or president in put­
ting questions, reading briefs or bills, keeping order, reprimanding the
refractory, and adjourning the house. 4. [Of the House of Lords] is
commonly the lord chancellor, or keeper of the great seal of England.

SPEA’KING Trumpet, a stentorophonic instrument, a trumpet for pro­
pagating the voice to a great distance.

SPEAR [spear, Sax.] a pike, &c. pointed with iron.

To SPEAR, verb act. [from the noun] to kill or pierce with a speare.

To SPEAR, verb neut. to shoot or sprout; commonly written spire.

SPEA’R-GRASS [of spear and grass] long stiff grass.

SPEA’R-MAN [of spear and man] one who uses a spear in battle.

SPEA’R-MINT, a plant, a species of mint.

SPE’CIAL, Fr. [speciale, It. especiàl Sp. of specialis, Lat.] 1. Something
that has a particular designation. 2. Extraordinary, uncommon.

SPECIA’LITY, or SPE’CIALTY [in law] a bond, bill, or such like
deed, under hand and seal.

SPE’CIALLY [from special] 1. Particular, above others. 2. Not in a
common way, peculiarly.

SPE’CIALNESS [specialitas, Lat.] specialty.

SPE’CIES [espece, Fr.] a kind or sort of some more general term; as a
spaniel is a species of the general term dog.

SPECIES [among logicians] is a common idea, under one more com­
mon and more general; as, the parallelogram and the trapezia, are spe­
cies of the quadrilater; and body and mind are species of substance. It is
contradistinguished not only to genus, but also to individuals. Thus man
in general is a species of the genus [ANIMAL;] and every single man is an
individual, belonging to the species [man.] When therefore Clemens Alex­
andrin. said, “That to God belongs neither genus, nor difference; nei­
ther species, nor individual, Stromat, Ed. Paris. p. 587; and when he
observes still farther, p. 702, “That [in the scale of derived beings,
for of them is he speaking] the most perfect nature of the Son, and
which comes the nearest to the ONLY SUPREME [η τω μονω παντοχςατορι
πςοσεχεστατη] that this (I say) is the greatest eminence [meaning still in
the scale of derived beings] and to which all things are subjected accord­
ing to the FATHER'S WILL;” Does he not by these assertions (as in­
deed by *Above all, see Stromat. p. 700 and 595, where he styles the Son
“that Wisdom, which was FIRST CREATED by GOD [πςωτοχ­
τιστος τω θεω] compared with that account which the learned
Photius gives us of this antenicene author, in his Bibliothec. p. 145.
See also the word GENESIS, and read there, Stromat. Ed. Paris.
p. 700. many other strokes in his writings) sufficiently disown all con­
nexion with that scheme of theology which we have described under the
words DIFFERENCE [with logicians] and CIRCUMINCESSION? Yes—In
the judgment of these ancient writers, would we produce two or more
spirits of the same species with God, we must find out (were it possible) two
or more SELF-EXISTENTS like him. [See ESSENCE, ISOCHRONAL,
First CAUSE, and MEDIATE Agency, compared.]

SPECIES [in metaphysics] an idea which relates to some other more
general one, or is comprised under a more universal division of a
genus.

SPECIES [with rhetoricians] is a particular contained under a more
universal one.

SPECIES [in optics] the image painted on the retina of the eye, by the
rays of light reflected from the several points of the surface of objects,
received in at the pupilla, and collected in their passage through the
chrystalline, &c.

Impressed SPECIES, are such as come from within, or are sent from the
object to the organ.

Expressed SPECIES, are those on the contrary from without, or that are
sent from the organ to the object.

SPECIES [in commerce] are the several pieces of gold, silver, copper,
&c. which, having passed their full preparation and coinage, are current
in public.

Decried SPECIES, are such as the prince has forbidden to be received
in payment.

Light SPECIES, are such as fall short of the weight prescribed by
law.

False SPECIES, are those of a different metal from what they should
be.

SPECIES [in algebra] are the symbols or characters whereby the quan­
tities are expressed.

SPECIES [in theology] are appearances of the bread and wine in the
sacrament after consecration. The species of the bread are its whiteness,
quantity, figure, &c. of wine it is the flavour, quickness, specific gra­
vity, &c. See EUCHARIST and MYSTERY.

SPECIES [in pharmacy] simple ingredients, as drugs, herbs, &c. of
which compound medicines are made.

Visible SPECIES [with philosophers] are those admirably fine superfi­
cial images of bodies, that the light produces and delineates in their pro­
portion and colours in the bottom of the eye.

SPECI’FIC, or SPECI’FICAL, adj. [ specifique, Fr. specifico, It. of speci­
ficus, Lat.] 1. Special, particular, that belongs to the character of a
thing, and distinguisheth it from another of a different species or kind.
2. [In philosophy] is that which is proper or peculiar to any thing;
that characterises and distinguishes it from every other thing. 3. [in
physic] a remedy whose virtue and effect is peculiarly adapted to some
certain disease; as the Jesuit's bark, to cure intermitting fevers; or mer­
cury, in the French disease.

SPECI’FIC Gravity [in hydrostatics] is that gravity peculiar to each
species or kind of natural body, and whereby it is distinguished from all
other kinds.

SPECI’FICALLY, specially, particularly, in a specific manner.

SPE’CIFICALNESS, or SPECI’FICNESS [of specifique, Fr. of specificus,
Lat.] a specific quality.

To SPECI’FICATE [from species, and facio, Lat. to make] to mark by
notation of distinguishing particulars. Hale.

SPECIFICA’TION, Fr. [specificazione, It.] an expressing, declaring,
particularizing. See RIGHTEOUSNESS, and add there; There is also
another use of this word, peculiar to the sacred writings, viz. as it is
expressive of divine acceptance or acquitment, and contradistinction to
condemnation; as, “the gift of righteousness. Paul.

SPECI’FICS, subst. [with physicians] are of three kinds. 1. Such as
are eminently and peculiarly friendly to this or that part of the body; as
to the heart, the brain, the stomach, &c. 2. Such as are supposed to
extract, expel, or evacuate some determinate humour, by a kind of spe­
cific power, with which they are endowed; as jalap purges watery
humours; rhubarb, bile, &c. 3. Such as have a virtue or efficacy to
cure this or that particular disease, by some hidden property, as the Je­
suit's bark.

To SPE’CIFY [specifier, Fr. specificare, It. especificàr, Sp. of specificare,
Lat.] to particularize, to mention in express terms, to express in parti­
cular.

SPECI’LLUM, Lat. a little looking glass; also a surgeon's instrument,
usually called a probe.

SPE’CIMEN. 1. An example, modern, or pattern. 2. An essay, proof,
or trial.

SPE’CIOUS [specieux, Fr. spezioso, It. of speciosus, Lat.] fair in appear­
ance, seemingly just and allowable, plausible.

SPECIOUS Algebra, the modern algebra practised by species or letters of
the alphabet.

SPE’CIALLY [from specious] with fair appearance.








SPE’CIOUSNESS, or SPE’CIOSITY [speciositas, Lat.] fairness of shew
and appearance.

SPECK [specce, Sax.] a spot or round mark on any thing.

To SPECK [from the noun] to spot, to mark with dots.

To SPE’CKLE [from speck] to mark with specks or dots.

SPE’CKLEDNESS [of specce, Sax.] spottedness.

SPE’CTABLE [spettabile, It. spectabilis, Lat.] to be looked on.

SPE’CTACLE, Fr. [spettacolo, It. espetaculo, Sp. of spectaculum, Lat.]
1. A public show or sight. 2. Any thing perceived by the sight. 3.
[In the plural] glasses to help the sight.

SPECTA’TION [spectatio, Lat.] regard, respect. Harvey.

SPECTA’TOR [spectateur, Fr. of Lat.] a beholder, a looker on.

SPECTA’TORSHIP [from spectator] act of beholding.

SPECTA’TRESS [spectatrix, Lat. spectatrice, Fr.] a female spec­
tator.

SPE’CTRE, Fr. [of spectrum, Lat.] a frightful appartition, a ghost, a
spirit, a vision.

SPECTRUM, Lat. an image, a visible form. Newton.

SPE’CULABLE [speculabilis, Lat.] which may be discerned.

SPE’CULAR, adj. [specularis, Lat.] having the qualities of a mir­
rour.

SPECULA’RIA, subst. 1. The art of preparing and making specula or
mirrours. 2. [In the plural] the laws of mirrours, their phænomenas
causes, &c.

SPECULA’RIS Lapis, Lat. a kind of stone clear as glass, used in di­
vers countries, where it is found, for window lights.

To SPE’CULATE [speculer, Fr. of speculare, It. and Lat.] 1. To con­
template, observe, or view. 2. To consider seriously, to meditate
upon.

SPECULA’TION, Fr. [speculazione, It. especulaciòn, Sp. of spèculatio,
Lat.] 1. View, examination by the eye. 2. Mental view, contem­
plation. 3. A train of thoughts formed by speculation. 4. The theory
or study of an art or science, without regard had to the practice
of it.

SPE’CULATIVE [speculativus, Lat.] 1. Of, or pertaining to specula­
tion; studious in the observation of things divine or natural. 2. Not
practical.

SPE’CULATIVENESS [of speculatif, Fr. of Lat.] propenseness to spe­
culation, studiousness in observation: Speculativeness is the opposite to
practicalness.

SPECULA’TOR [speculateur, Fr.] 1. An observer, a contemplator.
2. One who forms theories. 3. A spy, a watcher.

SPE’CULATORY [speculatorius, Lat.] speculative, contemplative.

SPE’CULUM, a mirrour, a looking glass; a dark body, capable of
reflecting the light falling on it.

SPECULUM [with astrologers] a table framed after they have erected
the figure of a nativity, containing the planets and cusps, with their as­
pects and terms.

SPECULUM Ani, Lat. [among surgeons] an instrument to dilate the
fundament, to extract bones, or any thing that may be there lodged.

SPECULUM Matris, Lat. [with surgeons] an instrument to open the
womb.

SPECULUM Oculi, Lat. the pupil, apple, or ball of the eye.

SPECULUM Oris, Lat. [in surgery] an instrument to screw up the
mouth, that the surgeon may discern the diseased parts of the throat, or
for the conveyance in either of nutriment or medicine.

SPEECH [of speacan, Sax. 1. The power of articulate utterance, the
power of expressing our thought by vocal words. 2. Particular lan­
guage, as distinct from others. There is neither speech nor language.
Psalms. 3. Any thing spoken. Smile you at my speeches. Shakespeare.
4. Talk, mention. Speech of a man's self ought to be seldom. Bacon.
5. Oration, harangue. 6. [In grammar] language, words considered
as expressing thoughts. The Latin grammarians have distinguished
words into eight kinds, and ranked them into so many different classes;
as, noun, pronoun, verb, participle, adverb, conjunction, preposition, inter­
jection. This division has been followed, in the general, by most mo­
dern grammarians: but in this they differ from the Greeks, in that they
make the article one part of speech, and rank the interjection with the
adverb. But the Latins, who did not commonly use the article, made
the interjection a part of speech; so that they agree in the number of the
parts, though not in the division. The moderns, as the French, Ita­
lians, &c. who use the article, very much follow the Greek division:
but the English generally follow the Latin division, and make but little
use of the article, except the and a, the former of which is generally
used before a noun substantive in the nominative and accusative cases;
and a, which is a note of a nominative, only when it is by itself.

SPEE’CHLESS [of spæcan and leas, Sax.] 1. Without speech. 2.
Deprived of the power of speaking.

To SPEED, verb neut. preterite and part. pass. sped, and speeded.
[spoeden, Du.] 1. To move with celerity. 2. [spedian, Sax. to grow
rich] to have success.

To SPEED, verb act. 1. To dispatch in haste. 2. To destroy, to
kill. With a speeding thrust his heart he found. Dryden. 3. To hasten,
to put into quick motion. 4. To assist, to help forward. Speed the soft
intercourse from soul to soul. Pope. 5. To make prosperous. Bid him
GOD speed. Romans.

SPEED [speth, Sax. spoedt, Du. and L. Ger.] 1. Haste, dispatch.
2. Quickness, celerity. 3. Success, event. 4. A distemper incident to
young cattle.

SPEE’DWELL, an herb, called also fluellin.

SPEE’DILY, hastily, quickly, swiftly.

SPEE’DINESS [speed guess, Du.] hastiness, quickness, celerity.

SPEE’DY [speedigh, Du.] hasty, quick, swift, nimble.

To SPEEK. See To SPIKE.

To SPELL [spelan, Sax. spellen, Teut. epeler, Fr.] 1. To name the
letters which compose a syllable or word. 2. To write with proper
letters. 3. To charm.

SPELL [spel, Sax.] 1. A sort of charm to drive away a disease, by
hanging a sentence or word written upon a piece of paper about the neck
of a patient, who has an ague, &c. 2. [With seamen] a turn of
work.

SPELL the Mizzen-sail [sea term] signifies, take it in, and peek it
up.

To SPELL [with sailors] is to let go the sheet and bowlings of a
sail, and to brace the weather brace, that the sail may be loose to the
wind.

Fresh SPELL [with sailors] is when fresh men come to work, espe­
cially when the rowers are relieved by another gang.

SPELT [epeautre, Fr. spelda, It. espelta, Sp.] a kind of grain.

SPE’LTER, a kind of imperfect metal, the same as zink.

To SPEND, verb act. pret. and part. pass. spent [spendan, Sax. spen­
den, O. Ger. dispendere, Lat.] 1. To lay out, to consume, to waste. 2.
To pass away time. 3. To waste, to wear out. Till it has spent itself
on Cato's head. Addison. 4. To fatigue, to harrass. Spent and disa­
bled in so long a way. Dryden,

To SPEND, verb neut. 1. To make expence. 2. To prove in the
use. Butter spent as if it came from the richer soil. Temple. 3. To be
lost or wasted. Sound spendeth and is dissipated in the open air. Bacon.
4. To be employed to any use. The sap of vines spendeth into grapes.
Bacon.

To SPEND [in sea language] a term used of a mast of a ship, when it
is broken down by foul weather, it is said to be spent.

SPE’NDER [from spend] 1. One who spends. 2. A prodigal, a la­
visher.

SPE’NDING the Mouth [with hunters] a term used of hounds barking.

SPE’NDTHRIFT [of spendan and thrift, Sax.] a prodigal spender.

SPENT [in botany] woodrose, a kind of liverwort.

SPENT, the preterite of to spend. See To SPEND.

SPE’RABLE [sperabilis, Lat.] that may be hoped for. Bacon.

SPE’RGULA [with botanists] the herb called spurry or frank.

SPERMA, or SPERM [sperme, Fr. sperma, It. esperma, Sp. of sperma,
Lat.] the seed of any living creature; the spawn or milt of fishes.

SPERMA Ceti [i. e. the sperm or seed of the whale, wrongly so called]
an unctuous substance drawn from the oil of large whales, used in medi­
cine.

SPERMA’TIC [of spermatique, Fr. of spermatica, It. sperma, Lat. of
σπερμα, Gr.] of, or pertaining to, or full of sperm.

SPERMATIC Parts [in anatomy] are those parts of an animal body
concerned in secreting the seed.

SPERMATIC Vessels [with anatomists] are two arteries and two veins,
appointed for the bringing the blood to the testicles, &c. also all whitish
parts of the body, which, because of their colour, were by the
ancients thought to be made of the seed; of this sort are the nerves,
bones, membranes, gristles.

To SPE’RMATIZE [spermatiser, Fr. spermatizo, Lat. of σπερματιζω,
Gr.] to send forth sperm.

SPERMO’LOGIST [σπερμωλογος, Gr.] a gatherer, or one who treats of
the seed.

SPERMATOCE’LE [of σπερμα and χηλη, Gr.] a rupture caused by the
contraction of the vessels which eject the seed, and their falling down
into the scrotum.

To SPET, to eject, or throw out.

To SPEW [spiwan, Sax, spye, Dan. spouwen, Du. speyen, Ger.] 1. To
vomit. 2. To eject, or cast forth.

To SPA’CELATE, to mortify, to gangreen.


SPH

SPHACELI’SMUS [σφαχελισμος, Gr.] 1. A gangreening or corrupting
of any part of the body. 2. The blasting of trees.

SPHA’CELUS [σφαχελος, Gr.] the perfect mortification of a part, when
the native heat is wholly extinguished, and it is deprived of all sense,
not only in the skin, flesh, arteries, and nerves, but even in the bones
themselves, being become insensible of the knife and fire.

SPHÆ'RA [σφαιρα, Gr.] a sphere or globe, a ball or bowl, or any
thing that is round.

SPHEAR'D, formed or encompassed in a sphere. Milton.

SPHÆRISTE’RIUM [σφαιριςηριον, Gr.] the 7th part of the ancient Gym­
nasium, wherein the youth practised the exercise of tennis-playing.

SPHÆ’RICALNESS [sphæricus, Lat. of σφαιριχος, Gr.] roundness like
a sphere.

SPHÆROCE’PHALUS, a sort of thistle having heads like spheres.

SPHAGITI’DES [σπαγιτιδες, Gr.] the jugular veins, two large veins on
each side the throat, which nourish all the parts of the neck and head.

SPHENDA’MNOS [with botanists] the maple-tree.

SPHENOIDA’LIS Sutura, Lat. [with anatomists] the seam or suture in
the skull and upper jaw, which surrounds the bone called os sphenoides,
and separates it from the os occipitis, os petrosum, and os frontis.

SPHENOI’DES [σφηνοειδης, Gr.] the bone of the cranium or skull, com­
mon both to that and the upper jaw, which is seated in the middle of the
basis of the cranium, and is joined to all the bones of it by the sphenoidal
suture, except in the middle of its sides.

SPHENOPALATI’NUS, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the garga­
reon, which arises from a process of the os sphenoides between the ala
verspertilionis, and the processus styloides, and is inserted into the hin­
der part of the gargareon.

SPHENOPHARYNGÆ’I [in anatomy] a pair of muscles arising from the
inner wing of the os cuneiforme, and, passing obliquely downwards into
the gullet, serve to widen it.

SPHENOPTERYGOPALATI’NUS [with anatomists] a muscle of the gar­
gareon, or cover of the windpipe, which arises from the process of the
wedge-like bone, passes over the processus pterogoides, and is let into the
forepar of the gargareon.

SPHERE, Fr. [sfera, It. esfera, Sp. of sphæra, Lat. of σφαιρα, Gr.]
1. A solid body contained under one single surface, and having a point
in the middle called the center, whence all the lines drawn from the sur­
face to the center are equal. 2. Any globe in the mundane system. 3.
Orb, circuit of motion. Within the visible diurnal sphere. Milton. 4.
Province, compass of knowledge or action. So far as they treat of mat­
ters within his sphere. Addison. 5. [In astronomy] the whole frame of
the world, as being, according to appearance, of a spherical or round
figure.

Direct SPHERE, or Right SPHERE [in astronomy] is when both the
poles of the world as in the horizon, and the equinoctial passes
through the zenith; so that the equator and all its parallels, such as the
tropics and polar circles, make right angles with the horizon, and are
divided by it into two equal parts; so that the sun, moon and stars, as­
cend directly above, and descend directly below the horizon; as at all
places situated just under the equinoctial line.

Oblique SPHERE [in astronomy] is such a situation of the world, as that
the axis of it inclines obliquely to the horizon; one of the poles being
raised any number of degrees less than 90 above it; and the other de­
pressed as much below it; so that the sun and stars ascend and descend ob­
liquely, and some of them never ascend at all. This position happens to
all places wide of the equator, except under the poles.








A Parallel SPHERE, is that position of the globe which hath one of
the poles in the zenith, and the other in the nadir, the equator in the
horizon, and all the circles, parallel to the equator, are parallel to the
horizon.

Material SPHERE, a mathematical instrument of hoops or rings of
metal, representing the principal circles of the sphere, for the more easy
conceiving the motions of the heavens, and the true situation of the
earth; called also an armillary sphere. See ARMILLARY Sphere.

SPHERE of Activity of any natural Body [in philosophy] is that deter­
minate space or extent all round about it, to which, and no farther, the
effluvia continually emitted from that body do reach, and where they
operate according to their nature.

SPHERE of a Planet [in astronomy] the orb or compass in which it is
conceived to move.

SPHERE of a Planet's Activity [in astronomy] the extension of a pla­
net's light and virtue, so far as it is capable, of making or receiving a
planetic aspect.

To SPHERE [from the noun] 1. To place in a sphere. Enthron'd
and spher'd among the rest. Shakespeare. 2. To form into roundness.
Spher'd in a radiant cloud. Milton.

SPHE’RIC, or SPHE’RICAL [spherique, Fr. fferice, It. efferico, Sp. of
sphæricus, Lat. σφαιριχος, Gr.] of, pertaining to, or round like a sphere.

SPHERIC Projection, or SPHERIC Geometry, is the art of describing on
a plane the circles of the sphere, or any parts of them, in their just posi­
tion and proportion, and of measuring their arcs and angles, when pro­
jected.

SPHE’RICAL Triangle, the portion of the surface of a sphere, inclu­
ded between the ares of the three great circles of the sphere.

SPHERICAL Angle, is the mutual aperture or inclination of two great
circles, or their meeting in a point.

SPHERICAL Geometry, the doctrine of the sphere; particularly of the
circles described on the surface thereof, with the method of projecting
the same on a plane.

SPHERICAL Trigonometry, is the art of resolving spherical triangles;
i. e. from the three parts of a spherical triangle given to find the rest.

SPHERICAL Astronomy, that part of astronomy, which considers the
universe such as it appears to the eye.

SPHERICALLY [from spherical] in form of a sphere.

SPHE’RICALNESS, or SPHERI’CITY, the quality of a sphere, or that
whereby a thing becomes spherical; sphericalness.

SPHE’RICS, the doctrine of the sphere, particularly of the several cir­
cles described on the surface of it, with the method of projecting the
same in plano.

SPHEROI’D [of σφαιρα, a sphere, and ειδος, Gr. shape] a solid figure,
approaching to the figure of a sphere, but not exactly round, made by a
plane of a semi-ellipsis turned about one of its axes, and is always equal
to two thirds of its circumscribing cylinder.

Oblong SPHEROID [with mathematicians] a solid figure made from the
plane of the semi-ellipsis, by a circumvolution or rolling made about its
longest axis.

SPHEROI’DES [with anatomists] such parts of an animal body as ap­
proach near to a sphere in form.

SPHEROI’DICAL [with geometricians] having the form of a sphe­
roid.

SPHE’RULE [sphœrula, dim. of sphera, Lat.] a little sphere. Cheyne.

SPHI’NCTER [σφιγχτηρ, Gr.] a name common to several muscles
which bind, straighten, or draw together.

SPHINCTER Ani [in anatomy] a large, thick, fleshy muscle, which
encompasses the anus or end of the strait gut, and serves to bind in the
excrement.

SPHINCTER Gulæ [of σφιγχτηρ, Gr.] a continuation of the muscle
called pterygopharingæus, which arises from each side of the scutiformis,
or shield-like gristle, and passes to a middle line, on the back part of the
fauces.

SPHINCTER Vaginæ [in anatomy] a muscle which lies immediately
under the clitoris, and straitens the vagina of the womb, inclosing it
with circular fibres, three fingers breadth.

SPHINCTER Vesicæ [in anatomy] a muscle seated in the upper part
of the neck of the bladder, immediately above the glandulæ prostatæ;
which, being straitened, hinders the involuntary discharge of urine.

SPHINX [σφιγξ, Gr.] a famous monster of Egypt, having the face of
a virgin and the body of a lion. Her famous riddle, which she proposed
to the men of Thebes, and the unhappy catastrophe of all those, who
could not unfold it, are subjects sufficiently known; not so that excellent
moral which Cebes has extracted from this old piece of mythology (an au­
thor to whom we are indebted for many a noble stroke in this collection.)
Count folly as a sphinx to all mankind;
Her problem, how is good and ill defin'd?
Misjudging here, by folly's law we die. Table of CEBES.

SPHONDY’LUM, Lat. of Gr. [with botanists] holy-ghost's root; cow­
parsly.

SPHONDY’LIUM, Lat. [with anatomists] a vertebra or turning joint
of the back bone.

SPHY’GMICA, Lat. [with physicians] that part of physic that treats of,
or medicines that move the pulse.

SPHY’GMUS [σφιγυος, Gr.] the pulse, the beating of the heart and
arteries.


SPI

SPI’CA, Lat. an ear of corn, properly the top of any herbs, chiefly
used of those of the lavender-kind.

SPICA [in botanic writings] a spike, is when the flowers grow very
much towards the top of the stalk.

SPICA Celtica, Lat. [in botany] a kind of moss called wolf's-claw.

SPICA Nardi, Lat. [in botany] lavender spike, spikenard.

SPICA Virginis, Lat. [in astronomy] a star of the first magnitude in
the constellation Virgo.

SPICA’TA, a term given by physicians to some compositions, which
take in such ingredients as are called spica.

SPICA’TED [spicatus, Lat.] in the form of an ear of corn.

SPICCA’TO, It. [in music books] signifies to separate or divide each
note one from the other, in a very plain and distinct manner.

SPICE [epices, Fr. spezierie, It. especeria, Sp.] 1. Indian drugs, as
nutmegs, cloves, mace, &c. 2. A small quantity. 3. [Prob. of spe­
cies, Lat.] the beginning, part, or remains of a distemper.

To SPICE [from the noun] to season with spices.

SPI’CER [from spice] one that deals in spices. Camden.

SPI’CERY [epicerie, Fr.] 1. Spices. 2. A repository for spices.

SPICI’FEROUS [spicifer, from spica, an ear of corn, and fero, Lat. to
bear] 1. Bearing ears of corn. 2. Bearing spikes or flowers near the
top.

SPICK and Span, intirely, as, spick and span new, intirely new.

SPI’CKNEL, the herb baldmony and bear-wort.

SPICO’SITY, or SPI’COUSNESS [spicositas, Lat.] a being spiked like
ears of corn; also fulness of ears.

SPI’CY. 1. Of a spicy quality, taste, &c. 2. Producing spice.

SPI’DER [prob. of spinning, q. d. spinner] an infect, well known.

SPI’GGOT [prob. of spucker, Du.] a stopple for a tap.

SPIGU’RNEL [so named after Galfridus Spigurnel, who was appointed
to that office by king Henry III.] an officer who seals the king's writs.

SPI’KE [spyk, Su. spica, Lat.] 1. An ear of corn that is pointed or
sharp at the end. 2. A large iron nail for fastening of planks. 3. [With
botanists] is a body thick set with flowers, or fruits, in such a manner as
to form an acute cone, as in wheat or barley.

SPI’KED [spicatus, Lat.] sharp-pointed.

To SPIKE [from the noun] 1. To fasten with spikes, or large nails.
2. To fill with spikes, as the top of rails, pails, &c. 3. [In gunnery]
to drive a spike into the touch hole of a gun, to render it unserviceable.
4. To fasten a quoin with spikes to the deck, close to the breech of the
carriages of the great guns, so that they may keep close and firm to the
sides of the ship, and not break loose when the ship rolls.

SPI’KENARD [spica nardi, Lat.] a kind of ear growing even with the
ground, and sometimes in the ground, used in medicine, &c.

SPI’KEDNESS [of spicatus, Lat.] likeness to an ear of corn.

To SPILL [spillan, Sax. spilde, Dan.] 1. To pour out accidentally
water or any liquid. 2. [Spoliare, Lat.] to spoil, to corrupt, to de­
stroy.

SPI’LLERS [with hunters] the small branches shooting out from the
flat parts of a buck's horn at the top.

SPILTH [spilth, Sax.] a spilling, any thing poured out.

To SPIN, verb act. pret. spun or span, part. spun [spinnan, Sax.
spinna, Su. spinde, Dan. spinnen, Du. and Ger.] 1. To make yarn,
thread, &c. by twisting any filamentous matter. 2. To draw out into
threads. 3. To protract, to draw out, to prolong.

To SPIN, verb neut. 1. To move round as a spindle or top. 2. To
issue out into a small stream, as blood out of a vein.

SPI’NA Ventosa, Lat. [with anatomists] an ulceration whereby the
bones are eaten with a malignant tumour, without any pain of the pe­
riosteum or membrane that covers the bone.

SPINÆ Dorsi, Lat. [in anatomy] the series of vertebra or bones of
the back, which sustain the rest of the body, and to which the ribs are
joined.

SPI’NAGE, or SPINACH [spinace, It.] a pot herb, well known.

SPI’NAL [from spina, Lat.] belonging to the back-bone.

SPINA’LIS Colli, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle on the side of the neck
arising from the five superior processes of the vertebræ of the thorax, and
inferior of the neck, and is inserted into the inferior part of the vertebræ
of the neck backwards.

SPINA’TI [with anatomists] muscles, whose office is to bend and
stretch out the body backwards, and move it obliquely.

SPI’NDLE [spindel, Sax. spindel, Ger.] 1. An instrument used in
spinning. 2. Any thing long and slender, as the axis of a wheel, of a
clock or watch, &c. 3. The main body of the capstan or draw-beam in
a ship. 4. The iron on which the vane turns.

SPINDLE-Tree, a shrub, prickwood.

To SPI’NDLE [with florists] to put forth a long slender stalk.

SPINE [epine, Fr. spina, Lat.] 1. A thorn. 2. The back-bone. 3.
The upper part of the share-bone.

SPI’NET [epinette, Fr. spinetto, It.] a musical instrument, a sort of
small harpsichord.

SPINI’FEROUS [spinifer, from spina, and fero, Lat. to bear] bearing
thorns.

SPINI’GENOUS [spinigena, from spina, and gigno, Lat. to beget]
sprung up of a thorn.

SPINIVENE’TUM, Lat. [with botanists] the holy thorn-tree.

SPINK, a chaffinch, a bird.

SPI’NNER [from spin] 1. One skilled in spinning. 2. A small sort of
spider.

SPINNING, subst. [from spin] the act of drawing thread.

SPI’NNING-WHEEL [of spinning and wheel] the wheel by which the
thread is spun.

SPINO’SISM [of Spinosa, born a Jew, but he professed no religion, ei­
ther Jewish or Christian] the opinion or doctrine of Spinosa, who, in his
books, maintains that all religions are only political engines, calculated
to make people obedient to magistrates, and to make them practise virtue
and morality, and many other erroneous notions in philosophy as well as
theology.

SPINO’SISTS, the followers of Spinosa, or the adherers to his opi­
nions.

SPINO’SITY [spinositas, Lat.] 1. Thorniness. 2. Perplexity.

SPI’NOUS [spineus, Lat.] thorny, full of thorns.

SPI’NSTER [of spinnan, Sax. to spin] 1. A title given in law to all
unmarried women, even from the daughter of a viscount to the meanest
person. 2. A woman that spins.

SPI’NSTRY [of spinnan, Sax.] the act of spinning.

SPI’NUS [with botanists] the sloe-tree.

SPI’NY [spinosus, Lat.] thorny, briary, perplexed, difficult.

SPI’RACLE [spiraculum, Lat.] a breathing-hole, a pore.

SPI’RAL [of spira, Lat.] turning round like a skrew.

SPI’RAL [in architecture, &c.] a curve that ascends winding about a
cone or spire, so that all the points thereof continually approach the
axis.

SPIRAL Line [in geometry] a curve line of the circular kind, which
in its progress recedes from its centre; as in winding from the vertex
down to the base of a cone.

Proportional SPIRALS [in geography] are such lines as the rhumb­
lines on a terrestrial globe.

SPI’RALLY [from spiral] in form of a spiral.

SPIRE [spira, Lat. or of epier, F.] 1. A spiral line, any thing
wreathed or contorted. Air seems to consist of spires contorted into small
spheres. Cheyne. 2. Any thing growing up taper, a round pyramid, a
steeple that rises tapering by degrees, and ends in a sharp point at the
top.

To SPIRE [spicare, Lat. epier, Fr.] to grow up into an ear as corn
does.








SPI’RED [of spira, Lat.] having a spire or steeple tapering till it comes
to a point.

SPI’RIT [esprit, Fr. spiritu, It. espiritu, Sp. of spiritus, Lat.] 1. An
immaterial, incorporeal being, an intelligence, &c. 2. Breath, mind
in motion. The calmy spirit of the western breeze. Dryden. 3. An ap­
parition. 4. Temper, habitual disposition of mind. Of a malicious
and revengeful spirit. Tillotson. 5. Ardour, courage, vehemence of
mind. 6. Genius, vigour of mind. With the same spirit that its author
writ. Pope. 7. Intellectual powers distinct from body. These dis­
courses made a deep impression on the mind and spirit of the prince. Cla­
rendon. 8. Sentiment, perception. Your spirit is too true, your fears
too certain. Shakespeare. 9. Eagerness, desire. A spirit of building
succeeded a spirit of pulling down. South. 10. Man of activity, man of
life, fire and enterprize. 11. Persons distinguished by the qualities of
the mind. Such spirits as he desired to please. Dryden. 12. The like­
ness, essential qualities. A descending light, of all others, set off men's
faces in their truest spirit. Wotton. 13. Any thing eminently pure and
refined. 14. That which hath power or energy. The spirits in things
inanimate are shut in and cut off by the tangible parts, as air in snow.
Bacon. 15. An inflammable liquor raised by distillation. 16. [In the plu­
ral number] that which gives vigour or chearfulness to the mind. See
SPIRITS. 17. [In theology] is used by way of eminence for the third
person in the holy Trinity; also for the divine power and virtue, and
the communication thereof to men; also an incorporeal being intel­
ligence.
To what we have already offered concerning the sentiments of anti­
quity, in relation to this divine person, under the words DOVE, CHRIST,
GHOST, ELCESAITÆ, Only BEGOTTEN, &c. we must now add, that our
predecessors in the faith did not confine (as some moderns have done)
the Spirit's office to the ge of miracles, and first century; but do most
uniformly represent it as of PERPETUAL STANDING in the church. Thus
in the so-much-celebrated creed of Lucian the martyr, a creed which the
whole council of Antioch, in the reign of Constantius, publish'd, as being
expressive of their own belief, we have the following clause, “And in
the Holy Ghost, who is given for consolation, and sanctification, and per­
fection, to them that believe.” Bull. Defens. Fid. Nicen. p. 266. A
creed, which I the rather mention, as St. Hilary judg'd it worthy of his
comment; as the reader will find under the words, HYPOSTASIS and
MACEDONIANS compared. And as to the sentiments of the preceeding
centuries, St. Irenæus has given us their joint belief, when he stiles this
spirit, “Scala ascensionis ad deum, i. e. the ladder by which we as­
cend to God:” And still more fully, Ed. Grabe, p. 243, 244, 364, 410,
&c. And in p. 461, he describes the doctrine handed down to him, as
follows, “Hanc esse adordinationem, &c. q. d. that by these steps [or
gradation] we are to advance, and thro' the spirit we must ASCEND TO
THE SON, and thro' the Son [must ascend] to THE FATHER. See also
CO-IMMENSE, PENTECOSTE, HOMOÜSIANS, and MOMARCHY of the
Universe, compared with Ignat. Epist. ad Ephes. Ed. Smith, p. 15. and
Clem. Alexand. Ed. Paris. p. 343, 590.

SPIRIT of Mercury [in chemistry] one of the five principles which
may be separated from a mixed body by fire. It is subtile, light, pe­
netrating, and active, and hath its particles in a very quick motion; it
is that which is supposed to cause the growth and increase of all bodies
of the earth, on which it settles.

SPIRIT of Nitre [in chemistry] is made by mingling one part of salt­
petre with three of potters-earth, and then distilling the mixture in a
large earthen retort in a close reverberatory fire.

SPIRIT of Salt [in chemistry] is made by pulverizing salt, and mix­
ing it with three times its weight of potters-earth pulverized, which be­
ing made into a paste with rain-water, and made into balls or pellets, is
distilled secumdum artem.

SPIRIT of Salt dulcified [in chemistry] is made by mixing equal parts
of this and spirits of wine, and then digesting them for three or four
days by a gentle heat.

SPIRIT of Sulphur [in chemistry] is a spirit drawn from sulphur mel­
ted and inflamed; the most subtile part of which is converted into a li­
quor, by sticking to a glass beel suspended over it, whence it falls drop
by drop into a trough, into the middle of which is placed the stone pot,
wherein the sulphur is burnt.

SPIRIT of Vitriol [in chemistry] is vitriol dried in the sun, or in de­
fect thereof by the fire, and then distilled several times by chemical ope­
rations, several times repeated, first in a reverberatory furnace, and af­
terwards in balneo mariæ.

SPIRIT of Wine, is only brandy rectified once or more times by re­
peated distillations.

To SPIRIT. 1. To encourage, animate, &c. 2. To draw away, to
entice.

To give up the SPIRIT, to die.

Universal SPIRIT [in chemistry] is the first of the principles of that
art, that can be admitted for the composition of mixed bodies; which,
being spread out through all the world, produces different things, ac­
cording to the several matrices or pores of the earth in which it settles.

SPIRITS [with chemists] consist of a volatile salt and spirit; as, spirit
of sal armoniac, urine, and the like.

Acid SPIRITS [with chemists] are such as consist of acid particles and
water, as spirit of vitriol, sulphur, salt, &c. and as such are very corro­
sive to metals salt or saline.

Sulphureous SPIRITS [in chemistry] are such as consist of very oily
particles, and are thence very easily inflammable, as spirit of wine, &c.

SPIRITS [in an animal body] are accounted three, viz. the animal
spirits seated in the brain, the vital in the heart, and the natural in the
liver.

The Animal SPI’RITS, are an exceedingly thin, subtile, moveable,
fluid juice or humour, separated from the blood in the cortex of the
brain, and received hence into the minute fibres of the medulla, and are
by them discharged into the nerves, and are conveyed by them into every
part of the body, and in them perform all the actions of sense and mo­
tion.

Vital SPIRITS, or Natural SPIRITS [with naturalists] are only the
fine and agitated parts of the blood, whereon its motion and heat de­
pend.

SPI’RITED [from spirit] lively, vivacious, full of fire.

High SPIRITED, proud, lofty, arrogant.

Mean SPIRITED, of a base, sordid temper.

SPI’RITLESS [from spirit] dejected, low, deprived of vigour. So spi­
ritless a slave. Smith.

SPI’RITOUS [from spirit] 1. Refined, advanced near to spirit. 2.
Fine, ardent, active.

SPI’RITOUSNESS [from spiritous] finess and activity of parts.

SPI’RITUAL [spirituel, Fr. spiritual, It. spirituales, Lat.] 1. That
consists of spirit without matter. 2. Ecclesiastical, in opposition to tem­
poral. 3. Devout, pious, religious.

SPIRITUA’LITIES [spiritualia, Lat.] are the profits which a bishop
receives from his spiritual livings, and not as a temporal lord, viz. the
revenues that arise from his visitations, the ordaining or instituting of
priests, prestation money, &c.

SPIRITUA’LITY [spiritualité Fr. spiritualità, It. of spiritualitas, Lat.]
1. Spiritualness, devotion. 2. Intellectual nature.

SPIRITUALIZA’TION [in chemistry] the extraction of the most pure
and subtile spirits out of natural bodies.

To SPI’RITUALIZE [spiritualiser, Fr.] 1. To explain a passage of
scripture after a spiritual manner; to put a mystical sense upon it. 2.
To polish the mind, to refine the intellects.

To SPIRITUALIZE [with chemists] is to reduce a compact mixt body
into the principle, by them called spirit.

SPI’RITUOUS [spiritueux, Fr. spiritoso, It. of spirituosus, Lat.] full of
spirits, lively, &c.

SPI’RITUOUSNESS, fulness of spirits, liveliness.

To SPI’RT, to issue out with a force, as water, &c. out of a squirt,
&c. See To SPART.

To SPI’RTLE [corrupted from spirit] to dissipate. Denham.

SPI’RY [from spire] 1. Pyramidial. The spiry firr, and shapely box
adorn. Pope. 2. Wreated, curled. Hid in the spiry volumes of the
snake. Dryden.

SPISS [spissus, Lat.] close, firm, thick.

SPI’SSATED [spissatus, Lat.] thickened.

SPISSATION, Lat. a thickening.

SPI’SSITY, or SPI’SSITUDE [spissitas, Lat.] thickness.

To SPIT, preterite spat, part. pass. spit, or spitted [spetan, spittan,
Sax. spytre, Dan. spotta, Su.] 1. To eject from the mouth. 2. [From
spit] to put upon a spit. 3. To thrust through. I spitted frogs.
Dryden.

SPIT [spitu, Sax. spit, Du. spiet, L. Ger. spiesz, H. Ger. spiedo, It.
espeto, Port.] a kitchen-utensil for roasting of meat.

SPIT Deep, as deep as the table of a spade, as much ground in depth
as may be digged up at once with the spade.

SPITE [spyr, Du. depit, Fr.] malice.

In SPITE of, in opposition, or defiance of.

To SPITE one [spyten, Du.] to cross, contradict, or vex one.

SPI’TEFUL [of spyt, Du. or depit, Fr. and full] full of malice or ill­
will.

SPI’TEFULLY [from spiteful] maliciously, malignantly.

SPI’TEFULNESS, a spiteful temper, malice, malignity.

SPI’TTAL, or SPI’TTLE [spedale, It. a contraction of hospital] a cha­
ritable foundation.

SPI’TTER [from spit] 1. One who puts meat on a spit. 2. One who
spits with his mouth. 3. [With hunters] a red male deer, near two
years, old, whose horns begin to grow up sharp and spit-wise.

SPI’TTLE [spathl, spatl, Sax. spottel, Du. spot. Su. sputum, Lat.] a
moisture arising in the mouth.


SPL

SPLA’NCHNICA [σπλαγχνιχα, Gr. q. d. things relating to the bowels]
medicines good for diseases in the bowels.

SPLANCHNO’LOGIST [of σπλαχγνα, the bowels, and λεγω, Gr. to tell]
a describer or treater of the bowels.

SPLANCHNO’LOGY [of σπλαγχνολογια, of σπλτγχνα, the bowels, and
λογος, Gr. speech] a discourse or treatise of the bowels.

To SPLASH [or plash] to dash water upon, &c. See PLASH.

SPLA’SHY, washy, wet, watery.

SPLA’TCHY, painted, counterfeit.

SPLAY Footed, one who treads his toes much outwards.

SPLAY’ING of the Shoulder [with farriers] a disease in horses, occa­
sioned by some slip, so that the shoulder parts from the breast, and
eaves a rift in the film under the skin, and makes a horse trail his legs
after him.

SPLEEN [splen, Lat. σπλην, Gr.] 1. A soft spungy viscus, of a dark­
ish red, or rather livid colour, ordinarily resembling a tongue in figure;
though sometimes it is triangular, and sometimes roundish: it is usually
placed under the left short ribs; and from the best and latest accounts of
the animal œconomy, its use is to furnish a fresh supply of good gene­
rous blood, in order to mix with that which is returned after having past
thro' the proper secretions of the liver. The reader will find a good
portraiture both of this, and other parts, in Boerhaave's Oeconom. animal.
Ed. Londin. Whose remark is this, “Patet usum splenis inservire hepati.”
p. 80. 2. A fit of anger. 3. Spite, hatred, grudge. 3. Melancholy,
hypochondriacal vapours. Bodies changed to recent forms by spleen.
Pope.

SPLEE’NED [from spleen] deprived of the spleen. Animals spleened
grow salacious. Arbuthnot.

SPLEE’NFUL [of spleen and full] angry, peevish, fretful, melan­
choly.

SPLEEN-WORT, an herb, otherwise called milt waste.

SPLEE’NY [from spleen] angry, peevish.

SPLE’NDENCY [of splendens, Lat.] shiningness, briliancy.

SPLE’NDENT [of splendens, Lat.] shining, magnificent.

SPLE’NDID, or SPLE’NDIDOUS [splendide, Fr. splendido, It. esplendido,
Sp. of splendidus, Lat.] glorious, magnificent, noble, stately.

SPLE’NDIDLY, magnificently, sumptuously.

SPLE’NDIDNESS [splendor, Lat.] splendor, brightness, shiningness,
pompouness.

SPLE’NDOUR [splendeur, Fr. splendore, It. splendor, Lat.] 1. A light
or brightness. 2. Glory, magnificence.

SPLENE’TICK [splenetic, It. spleneticus, Lat. σπληνετιχος, Gr.] 1. Of,
or pertaining to the spleen. 2. Affected with oppilations or obstructions
of the spleen, fretful, peevish.

SPLENETICK Artery [in anatomy] the largest branch of the cæliaca,
an artery that goes from thence to the spleen, and ends in it.

SPLE’NIC. or SPLE’NICAL [splenique, Fr. splenicus, Lat. σπληνιχος,
Gr.] of, pertaining to, or good against the spleen.

SPLE’NICA, Lat. medicines good against the spleen.

Vena SPLENICA [with anatomists] the left branch of the vena porta,
which is bestowed upon the stomach and cawl; part of the gut colon,
and the spleen.








SPLE’NII Musculi [with anatomists] musicles which arise from the four
upper spines of the vertebræ of the back, and from the two lower of the
neck, which ascending obliquely, adhere to the upper transverse pro­
cesses of the vertebræ of the neck, and are inserted into the upper part
of the occiput; their office is to pull the head backwards, to one
side.

SPLE’NISH [from spleen] fretful, peevish.

SPLE’NITIVE [from spleen] hot, fiery, passionate: obsolete.

SPLE’NIUM [σπληνιον, Gr.] a long plaister, &c. to be laid on the body
of one troubled with the spleen; also a linen bolster several times double,
laid on wounds, ulcers, fractures, &c.

SPLENT or SPLINT [with farriers] a hard excrescence or swelling on
the bone of the leg or shank-bone of a horse.

SPLENTS [of splenter, Du. with surgeons] pieces of wood used in
binding up broken limbs; also the pieces of a broken bone.

To SPLICE [of splissen, Du. or splitzen, H. Ger.] to join one rope to
another, by interweaving their ends, or opening their strands, and with
a fid laying every strand in order, one in another.

To SPLICE [with gardeners] is to graft the top of one tree into
the stock of another, by cutting them sloping, and fastening them toge­
ther.

A Cut SPLICE [with sailors] is when a rope is let into another with as
much distance as one pleases, so as to have it undone at any time, and
yet be strong enough.

A Round SPLICE, is when the end of a rope is so let into another, that
they shall be as firm as if they were but one rope.

SPLI’NTER [splind, Dan. splinter, Du. splitter, Ger.] 1. A small
shiver of wood. 2. A fragment of any thing.

To SPLINTER [from the noun] 1. To secure by splints. 2. To shi­
ver, to break into fragments.

To SPLIT, verb act. [splitter, Dan. splyten, or splitten, Du. and L.
Ger. spalten, H. Ger. spialtan, Teut.] 1. To cleave or cut asunder. 2.
To divide. to part. 3. To dash and break on a rock. 4. To divide,
to break into discord. An irresistable power splits their counsels.
South.

To SPLIT, verb neut. 1. To burst in sunder. 2. To be broken
against rocks.

SPLIT [sea term] a sail is said to be split or split, when it is blown
down.

SPLI’TTER [from split] one who splits.

SPLI’TTER of Causes, a lawyer.


SPO

SPO’DIUM, Lat. [σποδιον, Gr.] the cinders about the melting of iron
and brass: also a sort of soot which rises from tried brass, and falls down
to the bottom, whereas pompholyx still flies upwards. It is also taken
for burnt ivory, or the black pieces which remain after distillation, cal­
cined in an open fire till they become white.

To SPOIL [spoliare, Lat.] 1. To rob or plunder. 2. To corrupt, to
mar, to render useless.

SPOIL [spoglio, It. spolium, Lat.] 1. Plunder, that which is gotten by
violence. 2. The act of robbery, waste. 3. Corruption, cause of cor­
ruption. Villainous company hath been the spoil of me. Shakespeare.
4. The slough, or cast skin of a serpent. Bacon.

SPOI’LER [from spoil] 1. A robber, a plunderer, a pillager. 2. One
that mars, or corrupts any thing.

SPOI’LFUL [of spoil and full] wasteful, rapacious: obsolete.

SPOKE, or SPO’KEN, the preterite of speak. See To SPEAK.

SPOKE, subst. [spac, Sax.] the ray of a wheel.

SPO’KESMAN [of spæcan, Sax. to speak, and man] one who speaks
in behalf of another.

To SPO’LIATE [spolia, Lat.] to rob, to plunder.

SPOLIA’TION, the act of robbing or despoiling.

SPOLIATION [in a law sense] a writ which lies for one incumbent
against another, for the fruits of the church, in any case where the right
of patronage does not come into debate.

SPO’NDÆUS, or SPO’NDEE [σπονδαιος, Gr.] a foot of Latin or Greek
verse, consisting of two long syllables, as cœlum. If the reader would
see what effect this grave and weighty measure has on the ear, he may
examine that line of Homer.
Και δια θωρηχος πολυδαι δαλου ηρηρειστο;
Or that of Virgil,
Chara Deúm soboles, magni Jovis incrementum;
Or of our English rival to them both,
Then with EXPANDED wings he stears his flight
Aloft INCUMBENT on the dusky air,
That felt unusual weight. Parid. Lost. Book I.
See PYRRICHIUS, JAMBIC, and TROCHÆUS compared.

SPO’NDYLES [spondyli, Lat. σπονδυλοι, Gr.] the chine-bones.

SPO’NDYLUS [σπονδυλος, Gr.] a knuckle, or a turning joint of the
back-bone.

SPONGE [spongia, Lat.] a kind of sea-moss that grows on the rocks.

To SPONGE [from the noun] to suck up as a spunge, to gain by mean
arts.

SPO’NGER [from sponge] one who hangs on others for a mainte­
nance.

SPO’NGINESS [from spongy] softness and fulness of cavities like a
sponge.

SPO’NGIOIDEA Ossa, Lat. [in anat.] the same as the cribriformia, or
sieve like bones.

SPO’NGIOUS [spongiosus, Lat.] spongy or like a spunge.

SPO’NGIOUSNESS, sponginess.

SPO’NGITES, a stone found in spunges.

SPO’NGY [from sponge] 1. Soft, and full of small insterstitial holes.
2. Drenched, soaked, full, like a sponge.

SPO’NSAL [sponsalis, Lat.] of, or pertaining to a spouse, betrothing,
or marriage.

SPO’NSION, Lat. an engagement, promise, or obligation.

SPO’NSOR, Lat. an undertaker or surety for another, a god-fa­
ther.

SPONTA’NEITY [from spontaneous] voluntariness, willingness. Or
rather the principle of action within the being itself, or power of action
in general, as contradistinguished from moral agency, which last distin­
guishes the human species from animals of a lower kind. See MORAL
Agency.

SPONTA’NEOUS [spontaneus, Lat. spontanée, Fr. spontaneo, It. esponta­
neo, Sp.] free, acting of its own accord.

SPONTANEOUS [in the schools] a term applied to such motions of the
body and mind, as we perform of our selves without any constraint.

SPONTA’NEOUSLY [from spontaneous] freely, voluntarily.

SPONTA’NIOUSNESS [from spontaneous] voluntariness, freedom of
will.

SPOOL [spohl, L. Ger. spuhl, H. G.] a small piece of cane or reed
with a knot at each end, or a piece of wood turned in that form, to
wind yarn upon.

SPOON [spon, Sax. spaen, Du.] a hand utensil, for eating liquid
things.

SPOO’NBILL [of spoon and bill] the name of a bird.

SPOO’NFULL [of spoon and full] 1. As much as a spoon will hold. 2.
Any small quantity of liquid.

SPOO’N-MEAT [of spoon and meat] liquid food, nourishment taken
with a spoon.

SPOO’N-WORT, an herb.

SPOO’NING [in sea language] is, when a ship being under sail in a
storm at sea, cannot bear it, but is obliged to put right before the wind;
then they say, she spoons; and when the ship is in danger of bringing her
masts by the board, by her feeling, or violent rolling about, and so
foundering, they generally set up the foresail, to make her go the steadier,
and this likewise they term spooning the foresail.

SPORA’DES [with astronomers] such stars as were never yet ranked in
any particular constellation.

SPORA’DICI Morbi [of σποραδες, Gr.] those diseases which are rife in
many places, or which (though different in nature) seize several people
at the same time, and in the same country.

To SPORT [se diportare, or diportarsi, It.] to divert one's self with
play, to make merry.

SPORT [diporto, It.] 1. Pastime, diversion. 2. Diversions of the
field, as hunting, gaming, fishing, &c. 3. Mockery, contemptuous
mirth.

SPO’RTFUL [of diporto, It.] full of play, merry, ludicrous.

SPO’RTFULLY [from sportful] wantonly, merrily.

SPO’RTFULNESS [from sportful] wantonness, merriment, frolic,
play.

SPO’RTIVE [of se diportare, It.] diverting, gay, merry.

SPO’RTIVENESS, divertingness, gaiety.

SPO’RTSMAN, one who delights in the diversions of the field.

SPOT [prob. of spatt, Du. and Ger. ignominy] 1. A speck, a stain of
colour, dirt, &c. 2. A small piece of ground. 3. A taint, a disgrace,
a reproach.

To SPOT [from the noun] 1. To mark with discolourations, to ma­
culate. 2. To corrupt, to disgrace, to taint.

SPO’TLESS [prob. of spat, and losz, Du. and Ger.] 1. Without a spot,
2. Innocent, free from reproach, immaculate.

SPO’TLESNESS, unspottedness, innocency.

SPO’TTED [from spot] having spots.

SPO’TTER [from spot] one who spots.

SPO’TTY, full of spots, maculated. Milton.

SPOTS in the Sun [with astronomers] are certain opacous or shady
masses, which are sometimes observed adhering to the body or disk of
the sun, the various figures and motions whereof are observed by the
help of a telescope.

SPOU’SAL [of epousailles, Fr. sponsalia, Lat.] 1. Marriage, nuptials.
2. An epithalamium or a wedding song. Milton.

SPOU’SAL, betrothing.

SPOU’SAGE, betrothing, espousing.

SPOU’SED [of epouser, Fr.] espoused. Milton.

SPOUSE [epouse, Fr. sposa, It. esposa, Sp. sponsa, Lat.] a bridegroom
or bride, one joined in marriage.

SPOU’SE-BREECH [in old law] adultery, or incontinence between
married persons; in opposition to simple fornication.

To SPOUT, verb act. [spuyten, Du.] to pour out.

To SPOUT, verb neut. to gush out or disembogue.

SPOUT [spuyte, Du.] 1. A pipe or trough, for conveyance of water.
2. Water falling in a body, a cataract.

Water SPOUT [at sea] a mass of water collected between a cloud and
the surface of the sea, in the shape of a pillar or spout of water. These
phænomena frequently happen in the West-Indies, and very much en­
danger ships that are near them, unless they are dispersed and broken by
the shot of great guns.


SPR

SPRAIN [but more properly a strain, prob. of estreint, Fr.] a violent
contorsion, or wresting of the tendons of the muscles, occasioned by
some sudden accident.

To SPRAIN, to contort or overstretch the tendons.

SPRAINTS, the dung of an otter.

SPRANG, the preterite of spring. See To SPRING.

SPRAT [sprot. Dan. Du. and L. Ger.] a small fish.

To SPRAWL, to lie stretched out in length and breadth.

To SPRAWL [spradle, Dan. spartelen, Du.] 1. To struggle, as in the
convulsions of death. 2. To tumble with agitation and contortion of
the limbs.

SPRAY. 1. A small bough or sprig. 2. A kind of watery mist like
small rain, caused by the dashing of the waves, which will fly some di­
stance, and wet like a small shower of rain.

To SPREAD, verb act. [spredan, Sax. spreyden, Du. spredde, Dan.
spryda, Su.] 1. To lay open, to publish, to extend in length and breadth.
2. To stretch, to extend. He spreadeth out the heavens like a curtain.
Psalms. 3. To emit as effuvia or emanations. They spread their bane.
Milton.

To SPREAD, verb neut. to extend itself, to open as a flower.

SPREAD [from the verb] 1. Extent, compass. I have got a fine
spread of improveable land. Addison. 2. Expansion of parts. No
flower hath that spread of the woodbine. Bacon.

SPREA’DER [from spread] one that spreads, a publisher, a dissemi­
nator.

SPRIG [drag, C. B. spric, Sax.] a small twig or branch of a plant,
something more than a slip, as having more leaves and small twigs on it
than a slip has, and is also of some growth.

SPRI’GGY [of sprig, Sax.] having sprigs.

SPRIGHT [q. d. a spirit] a phantom, an apparition. See SPIRIT.

To SPRIGHT [from the noun] to haunt, as a spright.

SPRI’GHTFUL [of sprit and full] full of spirit, lively, brisk.

SPRI’GHTFULTY [from sprightful] briskly, vigorously.








SPRI’GHTFULNESS, or SPRI’GHTLINESS [spritfulnesse, Sax.] fulness
of spirit, liveliness, vigorousness.

SPRI’GHTLY, full of spirit and life, lively, brisk.

SPRIGHTS, short arrows, anciently used in sea-fights, having wooden
heads sharpened; they discharged them out of musquets, and they
would pass through the sides of a ship, where bullets would not
enter.

To SPRING, verb neut. pret. sprang or sprung [springan, Sax. sprin­
ger, Dan. springa, Su. springen, Du. and Ger.] 1. To sprout, or shoot
forth like plants. 2. To arise or issue out as water does out of the
ground. 3. To arise, to appear. 4. To issue with effect or force. Oh
spring to light. Pope. 5. To proceed from ancestors. Our Lord
sprang out of Judea. Hebrews. 6. To proceed as from a ground,
cause, or reason. Do not blast my springing hopes. Rowe. 7. To
grow, to thrive. We perish and we spring. Dryden. 8. To bound,
to leap, to jump. She sprung from bed. Dryden. 9. To fly with ela­
stic force. 10. To rise from a covert.

To SPRING, verb act. 1. To start, to rouse game. 2. To produce
light. And reason saw not, till faith sprung the light. Dryden. 3. To
produce hastily. 4. To pass by leaping. To spring the fence. Thom­
son.

Barren SPRINGS, are such as usually flow from coal mines or some sul­
phurous mineral, so called, becaue, being of a harsh and brackish qua­
lity, they rather kill plants than nourish them.

To SPRING a Mast [sea phrase] is when a mast is only cracked, and
not quite broken in any part, as at the hounds, partners, &c. they say
the mast is sprung.

SPRING [spring, Sax. sprinck, Du. spring, Ger.] 1. A fountain. 2.
An original. 3. A principle of motion. 4. One of the four seasons of
the year. 5. A device for catching fowls, and for various other uses.
6. [In physics] a natural faculty or endeavour bodies have to return to
their first state, after having been violently put out of the same, by com­
pression, bending, or the like; called elasticity, or elastic force.

SPRING Tides, high tides, or those which happen about three days
before the full or change of the moon; but they are at the top or highest
three days after the full or change, when the water runs highest at the
flood, and lowest at the ebb, and the tides run more strong and swift
than in the niepes.

The SPRING [as a poetical deity] was represented as a sprightly beau­
tiful damsel, clad in green, having divers flowers in both hands: or as
the goddess Flora: or by the image of Virtumnus.

SPRING Arbour [of a watch] that part which is placed in the middle
of the spring box, about which the spring is wound or turned.

SPRING Box [of a watch] a sort of box of steel which contains the
spring, being in the shape of a cylinder,

To SPRING a Leak [with sailors] is to begin to leak or take in the sea,
through some openings of the ship's timbers.

To SPRING a Mine [in terms of war] to let fly, or blow up a
mine.

SPRI’NGAL [q. d. a young springing shoot of a plant] a young man,
a stripling.

SPRI’NGANT [in heraldry] a term applied to any beast in a posture
ready to give a spring or leap.

SPRINGE [spring, Sax.] a snare or device made of twisted wire for
catching birds or small beasts.

SPRI’NGER [from spring] a rouser of the game.

SPRI’NGER of an arched Gate [in architecture] the mouldings that
bear the arch.

SPRI’NG-HALT [of spring and halt] a lameness by which a horse
twitches up his legs.

SPRI’NGINESS [of springan, Sax.] a quality in some bodies, when
they are pressed or altered by a pressure or stroke, to recover their former
figure.

SPRI’NGLE [from spring] a springe, an elastic noose.

SPRI’NGY Bodies [in philosophy] such bodies, as having had their
form or figure changed by the stroke or percussion of another body, can
recover again their former figure; which bodies, that are not elastic,
will not do.

To SPRI’NKLE [spencan, Sax. bisprenger, Dan. sprenkelen, Du.
sprenken, sprinckelen, or sprenckein, Ger.] 1. To wet with drops of
some liquor. 2. To scatter in small masses. Take ashes of the furnace
and let Moses sprinkle it up towards heaven. Exodus.

To have a small SPRI’NKLING of any thing, is, to have a little notion
of it.

SPRI’T-SAIL [with mariners] the sail which belongs to the bolt­
sprit.

To SPROUT [spryttan, Sax. sprottan, or spryten, Du. sprossen, H.
Ger.] 1. To put forth as plants do, to germinate. 2. To shoot forth
into ramifications. Vitriol is apt to sprout with moisture. Bacon.

SPROUTS [sprauta, Sax. sprotte, Du. sprosse, H. Ger.] 1. A sort of
young coleworts sprouting out of old stalks, &c. 2. The buds or shoots
of trees.

SPRUCE [the etymology uncertain] nice, trim, neat, without ele­
gance.

To SPRUCE, to dress with affected neatness.

SPRUCE Beer [q. d. Prussian Beer] a sort of physical beer brought
from Dantzick and Koningsberg, good for inward bruises.

SPRUCE Leather i. e. Prussian Leather.

SPRU’CENESS, neatness, gaiety, exactness of dress.

SPRUNG, the preterite of to spring, which see.

SPRUNT, any thing short, and that will not easily bend.


SPU

SPUD, a short sorry knife.

To SPUE. See To SPEW.

SPU’LLERS of Yarn, men employed to see that it be well spun, and fit
for the loom.

To SPUME [spumo, Lat.] to froth or foam.

SPUME [spuma, Lat] froth, foam, the skum of gold or silver.

SPU’MID [spumidus, Lat.] foamy, frothy.

SPUMI’FEROUS [spumifer, from spuma, and fero, Lat. to bear] bring­
ing froth or foam.

SPU’MINESS [of spuma, Lat.] frothiness.

SPU’MOUS, or SPU’MY [spumeus] full of froth, frothy.

SPUN, the preterite of to spin, which see.

SPUN-YARN [in sea language] is the yarn of untwisted ropes, the
ends of which are scraped and beaten thin, in order to be let into
the ends of other ropes, and so be made as long as occasion shall
require.

SPUNGE [eponge, Fr. spugna, It. esponja, Sp. and Port. of spongia,
Lat.] 1. A kind of sea fungus, or mushroom, found adhering to rocks,
shells, &c. on the sea shore. See SPONGE. 2. [With farriers] that
part of a horse's shoe next the heel. 3. [With gunners] a rammer or
staff with a piece of lamb-skin about the end of it, for scouring great
guns, before they are charged again, after having been discharged.

To SPUNGE. 1. To wash or rub a thing over with a spunge. 2. To
clear a gun from any sparks of fire remaining in it with a gunner's spunge.
3. To eat or drink at other people's cost.

Pyrotechnical SPU’NGES, are made of large mushrooms or fungous ex­
crescences growing on old oaks, ashes, fir, &c. these are dried in wa­
ter, boiled and beaten, then put in a strong lie made of salt-petre, and
afterwards dried in an oven. These make the black match or tinder
brought from Germany, for striking fire with a flint and steel.

SPU’NGING-House, a victualling house, where persons arrested for
debt are kept some time, either till they have agreed with their adversa­
ry, or are removed to a closer confinement.

SPU’NGIUS, or SPU’NGY [spongieux, Fr. spugnoso, It. espongioso, Sp.
and Port. spongiosus, Lat.] 1. Hollow like a spunge. 2. Wet, moist,
watery. 3. Drunken. wet with liquor. His spungy officers. Shake­
speare.

SPU’NGINESS [of spongiosus, Lat.] a spungy quality.

SPUNK. 1. Touch-wood, half-rotten woods. 2. A substance which
grows upon the sides of trees.

SPUR [spara, Sax. spore, Du. spohr, Ger.] 1. A device of iron with
sharp points, to make a horse go. 2. The sharp weapon on a cock's
leg. 3. Incitement, instigation.

To SPUR, verb act. [of sporen, Du. or spurnan, Sax. spohren, Ger.]
1. To prick a horse with a spur. 2. To put, egg on, or forward.

To SPUR, verb neut. to be in great haste, to press forward.

SPUR Royal, a sort of gold coin, current in the reign of king
James I.

SPUR-Galled [of spur and gall] hurt with a spur.

SPURGE [espurge, Fr.] a plant, the juice of which is so hot and cor­
roding, that, if dropped upon warts, it eats them away, and is called
devil's milk.

SPU’RIA Angina [with physicians] the bastard quinsy.

SPU’RIOUS [spurius, Lat.] 1. Not genuine, false, counterfeit. 2.
Base-born, bastard.

SPURIOUS Diseases, are such as degenerate from their kind, as a ba­
stard pleurisy, &c.

SPURIOUS Flesh [in anatomy] the flesh of the lips, gums, glans, pe­
nis, &c. which is of a different constitution from all the rest.

SPU’RIOUSNESS [of spurius, Lat.] baseness of birth, bastardliness,
counterfeitness.

SPU’RKETS [in a ship] are the spaces that are between the upper and
lower futtocks, or compassing timbers, or between the timbers called
rungs, on the ship's sides afore and aft, above and below.

SPU’RLING [espelan, Fr.] a small sea fish.

SPURN [sporne, Sax.] a dash or kick with the foot.

To SPURN [spornan, Sax. spierna, Su.] 1. To kick, to strike with
the foot. 2. To reject, to scorn, to put away with contempt. 3. To
treat with contempt.

SPU’RER [from spur] 1. One that uses spurs. 2. One that makes
spurs.

SPU’RRY [spergula, Lat.] a sort of herb.

SPURT, a start, a sudden fit, of short continuance.

To SPURT [prob. of spuryten, Du. spruetten, L. Ger. spruetzen, H.
Ger.] to burst or force out, as liquors out of a bottle, cask, &c.

SPUR-WAY, a horse-way through a man's ground, which a man may
ride in by right of custom.

SPU’TATIVE [of sputare, Lat. to spit] spitting much.

SPU’TTER, a noise or bustle.

To SPUTTER [sputacchiare, It.] 1. To spit often, and but little at a
time, to be always spitting, like an angry cat. 2. To speak hastily and
obscurely, as with the mouth full; to throw out the spittle by hasty
speech.

SPU’TTERER [from sputter] one that sputters.

SPU’TUM [in medicine] the spittle.

To SPY [spyrian, Sax. spien, or spieden, Du. épier, Fr. spiare, It.
espiar, Sp. yspewr, C. Br. spahen, Teut. all of spir, Scyth. the eye] 1. To
espy, to discover with the eye, to watch, to observe. 2. To discover
by close examination.

SPY [spie, Du. espion, Fr. spia, or spione, It. espia, Sp.] one who clan­
destinely searches into the state of places or affairs, one sent to gain in­
telligence in an enemy's camp or country.

SPY’-BOAT [of spy and boat] a boat sent out for intelligence.


SQA

SQAB, adj. [the etymology uncertain] 1. Unfeathered, newly hatched.
2. Fat, thick, and stout, awkwardly bulky.

SQUAB, subst. a soft stuffed cushion or bolster for a couch or window;
also a thick fat man or woman.

To SQUAB, to fall down plump or flat.

SQUA’BBISH [from squab] thick, heavy, fleshy.

SQUA’BBLE [from the verb] a quarrel, brangle, or dispute.

To SQUABBLE [kiable, Su.] to quarrel or fall out.

SQUA’BBLED [with printers] is when the lines are broke, or the let­
ters of the lines are mixed one with another.

SQUA’DRON [escaudron, Fr. squadrone, It. esquadron, Sp. esquadram,
Port. acies quadrata, Lat.] 1. A body of horse, from 100 to 200. 2. A
body of men drawn up square. 3. A number of ships, part of a
fleet.

SQUA’LID [squalidus, Lat.] foul, nasty, filthy.

SQUA’LID [in botanic writings] a term applied to colours when they
are not bright, but look faded and dirty.

SQUA’LIDNESS, or SQUALI’DITY [of squaliditas, Lat.] foulness, na­
stiness, slovenliness.

To SQUALL [prob. of schallen, Teut. to sound] to bawl out.

SQUALL. 1. A sudden storm of wind or rain, not of very long con­
tinuance. 2. A loud scream.

SQUA’LLEY. 1. A faultiness in cloth, chiefly in the make of it. 2.
Inclinable to sudden storms of wind and rain.

SQUAMI’GEROUS [squameger, Lat.] bearing or having scales.








SQUAMO’SA Ossa, Lat. [in anatomy] the bones of the skull behind the
ears.

SQUAMOSA Sutura [with anatomists] one of the seams or futures of
the skull, so called, because the parts of the bones are joined together
aslope, and like scales.

SQUA’MOUS [squameus, Lat.] scaly, or like scales.

SQUA’MMOUS [in anatomy] a term applied to the spurious and false
futures of the skull, because of their being composed of squammæ, or
scales, like those of fishes.

SQUAMO’SE [squamosus, Lat.] scaly, that has scales.

SQUAMO’SENESS [of squamosus, Lat.] scaliness.

SQUA’MOUS Root [with botanists] is that kind of bulbous root which
consists of several coats involving one another, as the onion, &c.

To SQUA’NDER [verschwenden, Teut.] to lavish, to spend or waste.

SQUA’NDERER, a lavish spender.

SQUARE, subst. [quadratus, Lat. carré, Fr. quadro, It. and Sp.] 1. A
figure consisting of four equal sides, and as many right angles. 2. An
area with four sides, with houses on each side. 3. Rule, regularity, ex­
act proportion. 4. Squadron, troops formed into a square. 5. Quater­
nion, number four. 6. Level, equality; as, to converse upon the
square. 7. [With architects] an instrument for squaring their works.
8. [With astrologers] an aspect between two planents, which are di­
stant 90 degrees one from another, which is looked upon as an unfor­
tunate aspect.

To SQUARE [equarir, Fr. quadrare, Lat. squadrare, It. quadràr, Sp.]
1. To form with right angles. 2. To reduce to a square. 3. To mea­
sure, to reduce to a measure. Square all the sea by Cressid's rule. Shake­
speare. 4. To regulate, to mould to shape. By the proportions of
God's law we are to square our actions. Decay of Piety. 5. To regulate,
to fit. Eye me, blest providence, and square my trial. Milton.

SQUARE, adj. 1. Having right angles. 2. Having angles of what­
ever content, as three square, five square. 3. Parallel, exactly suitable.
4. Strong, stout, well set; as, a square man. 5. Equal, exact, honest.
It is not square to take on those revenge. Shakespeare.

Hollow SQUARE [in military art] a body of troops drawn up with an
empty space in the middle, for the colours, drums and baggage, and
covered every way with pikes to keep off horses.

SQUARE Number [in arithmetic] a number which is squared or mul­
tiplied by itself, as three by three, which is nine, and four by four,
which is sixteen.

SQUARE Root [in arithmetic] the side of a square number, as four
is of sixteen. See ROOT.

Long SQUARE [in geometry] a figure that has four right angles and
four sides, but two of the sides are long and the other short.

To SQUARE the Sail Yards [a sea phrase] is to make them hang right
across the ship, and one yard-arm not traversed more than the other.

SQUA’RING [with mathematicians] is the making a square equal to
another figure given; thus, the squaring of the circle is the making a
square equal and exactly correspondent to a circle, or the finding out the
area or content of some square that shall be exactly equal to the area of
some circle; a problem that has hitherto puzzled the ablest mathemati­
cians, though they come near enough the truth for any use.

SQUA’RENESS [of equarri, Fr.] a square form.

SQUASH. 1. An American fruit, something like a pompion. 2. A
little animal. 3. Any thing unripe. 4. A sudden fall. I shall throw
down the burden with a squash among them. Arbuthnot.

To SQUASH, to squeeze flat, to bruise.

To SQUAT [of squatto, It.] to cow down, to sit bearing upon the
knees.

SQUAT, adj. [quatto, It.] 1. Cowring down, or sitting upon the knees.
2. Thick and short.

SQUAT, subst. a sort of mineral.

To SQUAWL. See To SQUALL.

To SQUEAK [prob. of quecken, Teut. quicken, H. Ger.] 1. To make
a shril noise, to cry out. 2. To break silence, or secrecy, thro' fear or
pain.

SQUEAK [queck, Teut.] a shrill nose or cry.

To SQUEAL [sqwala, Su.] to cry with a shril noise, through pain or
fear.

SQUEA’MISH [prob. q. d. qualmish] weak-stomached apt to heave
or vomit.

SQUEA’MISHNESS [q. d. qualmishness] a loathing.

To SQUEEZE [cwysan, Sax. or, as Minshew thinks, of quassare, Lat.]
1. To press close together. 2. To harrass, to oppress, to crush.

SQUIB. 1. A sort of fire-work. 2. Any petty fellow. 3. [In a ga­
ming house] a sort of puff of a lower rank, a person who has half the
salary a puff has, given him to play.

SQUILL [squilla, Lat.] a sea onion.

SQUINA’NTHUS [with botanists] the sweet rush.

SQUI’NANCY [squinantia, Lat.] a swelling and inflammation in the
throat, which hinders the swallowing of meat, and sometimes stops the
breath. See ANGINA and QUINCY.

SQUI’NSY [squinantia, Lat.] See SQUINANCY.

To SQUINT [of scendan, Sax. or schawen, Teut. according to Skin­
ner] to look awry.

SQUINT, adj. looking obliquely.

SQUIRE [ecuyer, Fr.] 1. The next inferior degree of honour to a
knight. 2. An attendant on a noble warrior.

Trencher SQUIRE, one who is continually thrusting himself in, at other
people's tables.

To SQUIRE a Person, to wait upon him or her, in the manner of a
gentleman usher.

SQUI’RREL [ecureuil, Fr. ciuro, Port. sciurus, Lat. of σχιουρος, Gr.] a
wood weazel.

To SQUIRT [prob. of spruyten, or σχιξταω, Gr. to skip] to spurt
out.

SQUIRT. 1. A syringe. 2. A small quick stream.

To SQUI’TTER [prob. q. d. scatter or shitter] to void the excrement
with a kind of noise.

SQUI’TTER [with tin miners] the dross of tin.

SQUA’BBLE. See SQUO’BBLE.

S. S. Semissis, half a pound.

S. S. Societatis socius, Lat. i. e. fellow of the society.

S. S. S. Stratum super Stratum, Lat. i. e. layer upon layer.

S. T. an indeclinable term, chiefly used to command silence.


ST

ST. Saint. See GAIANTITES, and EUNOMIANS, compared.

S. T. P. Sanctæ Theologiæ Professor, a professor of divinity.

ST. N. Stylo Novo, by the New Stile.

ST. V. Stylo Vetere, by the Old Stile.


STA

To STAB [some derive it of stab, Teut. a club, others of stampanare,
It. to tear, or rather from stampare, It. to make or punch holes] 1. To
wound by the thrust of a sword, dagger, or any pointed weapon. 2. To
wound mentally.

STAB. 1. A wound made by a thrust with some pointed weapon.
2. A dark injury, a sly mischief.

STA’BLE [etable, O. Fr. of stabulum, Lat.] a place or house to keep
horses in.

STABLE Stand [in the forest law] is when a person is found at his
stand in the forest, with a cross-bow or long-bow, ready to kill a deer;
or else standing close by a tree, with greyhounds ready to slip; it is one
of the four evidences or presumptions by which a man is convicted of in­
tending to steal the deer; the other three are Backberond, Bloody-hand,
and Dog-draw.

To STABLE [etabler, O. Fr. stabulo includere, Lat.] to set up in a stable.

STA’BLE, Fr. [stabile, It. of stabilis, Fr.] firm, fixed, sure, steady,
lasting.

To STA’BLISH [etablir, Fr. stabilire, Lat.] to establish.

STABI’LITY [of stabilité, Fr. stabilità, It. of stabilitas, Lat.] 1. Firm­
ness, fixedness, lastingness. 2. Not fluidity.

To STA’BULATE [stabulare, Lat.] to keep up cattle as in a stall.

STACCA’DO [steccato, It.] a pale or fence.

STA’CHYS, Lat. [ςαχυς, Gr.] the herb called base hore-hound, wild­
sage, sage of the mountain, or field-sage.

To STACK [of stacken, Du. to set with pales] 1. To pile up wood,
hay, &c. 2. To stumble, as a horse.

STACK [of steek, Du. a pale, because frequently set within pales] 1.
A pile of hay, straw, wood, &c. 2. A row of chimneys adjoining one
to another.

STA’CTE [ςαχτη, of ςαζω, Gr. to drop or distil] a kind of gum or
creamy juice that issues out of the myrtle-tree.

STA’DDLES [q. d. standils, of stand] young trees.

STA’D-HOLDER, or STA’DT-HOLDER [of stead, Sax. stede, Du.
statt, Ger. place, and healder, Sax. houder, Du. or halter, Gr. keeper,
the same as lieutenant in Fr. and not from stad or stadt, city] a governor
or regent of a province in the United Netherlands. Chief de la Repub­
lique de Hollande. Richelet.

STA’DIUM, Lat. a Roman measure now taken for a furlong.

STAFF [staf, Sax. staf, Dan. Su. Du. and L. Ger. stab, H. Ger.
stap, Teut.] 1. A stick to walk with, and for various uses. 2. A sup­
port, a prop. 3. An ensign of office, a badge of authority. 4. [Slef,
Island.] a particular number of verses in a psalm or poem.
I have got the better end of the STAFF.
That is, I have gotten the advantage.

Quarter-STAFF, a pole or weapon used by prize-fighters, five or six
foot long.

Jacob's-STAFF [a mathematical instrument] an astrolabe.

A Crosier, or Bishop's-STAFF.

A STAFF-Officer [in the army] a general.

A STAFF of Cocks [with cockers] a pair of cocks.

STAFF-TREE, a kind of shrub which keeps its leaves in winter.

STAG [some etymologists derive it of stican, Sax. to prick, from its
readiness to push with its horn] a red male deer of five years of age.

STAG-EVIL, a disease in horses,

STAG-BEETLE, an insect.

STAGE [prob. of stadium, Lat. stade, Fr. a furlong] 1. A journey by
land, or such a part of it where a person inns or takes fresh horses, &c.
2. A place where any thing is publickly transacted. 3. [Perhaps of
etage, Fr. a story, or stigan, Sax. to ascend, or ςεγη, Gr. a roof] that
place or part in a theatre raised with timber and boards, on which the
actors of a drama move and speak; and from hence (in a figurative use)
it signifies the present state of existence; as being a kind of stage [or
theatre] on which all mankind (like so many actors) perform their re­
spective parts; and happy, thrice happy they, who when going off this
stage, shall receive the PLAUDIT of a God! 4. A place where mounte­
banks expose their medicines to sale, and make their harangues, and on
which their tumblers shew their tricks.

STAGE-COACH, a travelling coach for the coveniency of passengers
fixed from stage to stage.

STAGE-Plays, theatrical pieces or diversions, such as are acted upon
stages.

STA’GGARD [a hunting term] a male deer of four years old.

To STA’GGER [prob. of staggelen, Du.] 1. To reel to and fro. 2.
To be in doubt, to waver.

STA’GGERS. 1. [With farriers] a disease in horses somewhat like a
vertigo. 2. Madness, wild conduct: obsolete.

STA’GIRITE, Aristotle, so called from Stagira, a town in Macedonia,
his native place. See LYCRUM.

STA’GMA [with chemists] the pieces of several plants mingled toge­
ther in order to distillation Of the same etymology with stacte.
See STACTE.

STA’GNANCY [of stagnans, Lat.] the being without motion.

STA’GNANT, Lat. standing as the water of ponds or pools, motion­
less, not agitated.

To STA’GNATE [stagnare, Lat.] 1. To stand still as water. 2. To
want a free course; to stop as the blood does, when it is grown thick.

STAID [prob. of etayer, O. Fr. to stay or bear up, q. d. one that is
able to bear up against the temptations and sollicitations of vanity and
vice] sober, grave.

STAI’DNESS, seriousness, gravity, soberness.

STAIN [from the verb] 1. Blot, spot, discolouration. 2. Taint of
guilt or infamy. 3. Cause of reproach, shame.

STAIN and Colours [in heraldry] are tawney and murrey.

To STAIN [Skinner derives it of disteindre, Lat.] 1. To spot, to de­
file, to dawb. 2. To dye colours. 3. To blemish or blur one's repu­
tation.

STAI’NER [from stain] one who stains or blots.

STAI’NLESS [from stain] 1. Free from blots or discolouration. 2.
Free from sin or reproach.

STAI’NANT Colours [in heraldry] are tawney and murrey.

STAIR [stagæres, Sax.] a step to ascend by.

STAI’RCASE [of stair and case] the part of a house that contains the
stairs.








STAKE, subst. [staelk, Du. stake, Teut. estaca, Sp.] 1. A stick in a
hedge. 2. A pledge laid down on a wager. 3. A small anvil used by
smiths.

To STAKE [staeken, Du. staken, Teut.] 1. To set with stakes. 2.
To wager, to hazard.

STALACTI’TES [of ςαλαγμος, Gr. a drop or dropping] a sort of sto­
ny, sparry icicles, that hang down from the tops or arches of grotto's,
caves, or vaults under ground, as also from the roofs and chapiters of
pillars that are built over hot springs or baths.

STALA’CTICAL, resembling an icicle. Derham.

STALE, adj. [stel, Du.] 1. Not fresh, old; as, stale beer, or stale
bread. 2. Worn out of regard or notice.

STALE, subst. [stele, Sax. steel, Du. and L. Ger. stiel, H. Ger.] 1.
A handle. 2. A round or step of a ladder. 3. [With fowlers] a fowl
put into any place to allure others, a decoy fowl. 4. [Of stallen, Du.
and Ger.] the urine of cattle.

To STALE [stallen, Du. and Ger.] to piss.

STA’LENESS [stel, Du.] the being opposite to newness or fresh­
ness.

To STALK [stelcan, Sax.] 1. To walk softly. 2. To go stately or
strait, and with a large stride.

STALK, subst. [stele, Sax. stiâlke, Su. stele, Du. and L. Ger. stiel, H.
Ger. prob. of ςελεχος, Gr.] 1. An high, proud and stately step. 2.
The stem of a quill. 3. [With botanists] the part of a plant receiving
the nourishment from the root, and distributing it into the other parts,
with which it is clothed, not having one side distinguishable from the
other. The stalk of a tree is called the trunk; in corn and grasses, it is
called the blade.

A naked STALK, one which has no leaves on it.

A crested STALK, one which has furrows or ridges.

A winged STALK, one which has leaves on both sides.

A striped STALK, one that is of two or more colours.

STA’LKERS, a sort of fishing-nets.

STA’LKING [of stælcan, Sax.] walking softly, stately, and strut­
ting.

STA’LKINGLY, struttingly.

STA’LKING-HEDGE [in fowling] an artificial hedge to hide the fow­
lers from being seen by the game.

STA’LKING-HORSE [with fowlers] 1. A horse, an old jade who will walk
gently up and down, as you would have him, in water, &c. beneath
whose shoulder the sportsman shelters himself and gun, used in tunneling
for partridges. 2. [In a figurative sense] a person employed, as a tool,
to bring about some affair; a thing used for a pretence.

STA’LKY [from stalk] hard like a stalk.

STALL [stal, Sax. stal, Dan. Su. H. and L. Ger. a stable] 1. A
place for fatting cattle. 2. A little shop or apartment under a bulk,
without the fore-side of a shop. 3. A seat in the quire of a cathedral
church for a dignified clergyman.

To STALL [prob. of stal, Sax. stallen, Du.] 1. To put into a stall in
order to be fattened. 2. [From instal] to invest.

STALL-FED [of stall and fed] fed with dry food, not with grass.

STALL-WORN [of stall and worn] kept long in a stall.

STA’LLAGE, money paid for setting up stalls in a fair or market.

STA’LLION [stallone, It. etalon, Fr.] a stone-horse, kept for getting
colts.

STA’LTICA, astringent medicines.

STA’MINA, Lat. 1. The first principles of any thing. 2. [With anato­
mists] are those simple, original parts of an animal body which existed
first in the embryo, or even in the seed; and by the distinction, augmenta­
tion, and accretion of which, the human body, at its utmost bulk, is
supposed to be formed by additional juices. 3. [With botanists] are
those fine threads, capillaments, or hairs growing up within the flower
of some plants, as tulips, encompassing round the style, or pistil, and on
which the apices grow at the ends.

STAMINE’OUS [stamineus, Lat.] that has stamina, or a sort of threads
in it; consisting of threads.

STAMINEOUS Flowers [in botany] are those imperfect flowers which
want the fine coloured leaves called petala, and consist only of the stylus
and stamina.

STA’MMEL, a large flouncing mare; also an over-grown bouncing
wench.

STAMMEL Coloured Horse, a bay or chesnut-coloured one.

To STA’MMER [stammeren, Du. stammeran, Sax. stamme, Dan.
stamma, Su. stammern, Ger.] to stutter, to faulter in one's speech.

STA’MMERER [stamor, Sax.] a stutterer, one who faulters in his
speech.

STA’MMERING [of stamor, Sax.] stuttering in speech.

To STAMP [stamper, Dan. stampa, Su. stampen, Du. and L. Ger.
stampfen, H. Ger.] 1. To strike or beat the ground with the foot. 2.
To pound, to beat in a mortar. 3. [Estamper, Fr. stampare, It. estam­
per, Sp. stampein, L. Ger. stampfeln, H. Ger.] to make a stamp, im­
pression, or effigies upon. 4. To coin, to mint.

STAMP [stamp, Sax. stamper, Du. stâmpel, L. Ger. stâmpfel, H. Ger.]
1. Any instrument by which a hollow impression is made. 2. A mark
set on any thing, impression. 3. A thing marked or stamped. Having
a golden stamp about their necks. Shakespeare. 4. A picture made by
impression; a cut. 5. A mark set upon things that pay custom to the
government. 6. A character, good or bad, fixed upon any thing. 7.
Authority, currency, value derived from any suffrage or attestation. 8.
[Stampa, It. estampe, Fr.] a print or impression.

STA’MPER [from stamp] an instrument for pounding.

To STANCH, verb act. [etancher, Fr.] to stop a flux of blood.

To STANCH, verb neut. to stop.

STANCH [prob. of standan, Sax. to stand, or perhaps of estanché, O.
Fr. stop'd, not wavering, firm] 1. Substantial, solid, good, sound. 2.
Strong, not to be broken.

STA’NCHNESS [prob. of standan, Sax.] substantialness, firmness, &c.

STA’NCHIONS [estanson, Fr.] supporters in buildings.

STANCHIONS [in a ship] pieces of timber which support the waste
trees.

STA’NCHLESS [from stanch] not to be stopped.

STAND [stand, Sax.] 1. A pause; a doubt or uncertainty. 2. A
frame to set any thing upon. 3. A post, or standing place. 4. Stop,
interruption. 5. Highest rank, stationary point. The sea hath conti­
nued at a stand. Bentley. 6. A point beyond which one cannot pro­
ceed. Finding the painter's science at a stand. Prior.

To STAND [standan, Sax. stanna, Su. stantan, Teut.] 1. To be
upon or supported by the feet. 2. To stop, not to go forwards. 3. To
be placed as an edifice. 4. To become erect. His hair stood up. Job.
5. To be at a stationary point, without progress or regression. Say, at
what part of nature will they stand? Pope. 6. To be in a state of firmness,
not vacillation. My mind on its own center stands unmov'd. Dryden. 7. To
be in a state of hostility, to keep the ground. 8. Not to yield, not to
fly, not to give way. 9. To be placed with regard to rank or order.
Among liquids warm water stands first. Arbuthnot. 10. To remain in
the same state. I will eat no flesh while the world standeth. 1 Corinthi­
ans. 11. [Estor, Sp.] to be in any particular case. The world's great
victor stood subdu'd by sound. Pope. 12. Not to become void, to re­
main in force. My covenant shall stand fast with him. Psalms. 13. To
consist, to have its being or essence. Which stood only in meats and
drinks. Hooker. 14. To be with respect to terms of a contaact. The
hirelings stand at a certain wages. Carew. 15. To have a place. If it
stand within the eye of honour. Shakespeare. 16. To be in any state at
the present time. Why stand we longer shiv'ring under fears? Milton.
17. To have any particular respect. The relation which man necessa­
rily stands in towards his Maker. South. 18. To be without action.
19. To depend, to rest, to be supported. The ground it stands on.
Locke. 20. To be with regard to state of mind. I stand in doubt of you.
Galatians. 21. To succeed, to be acquitted, to be safe. By whose
judgment I would stand or fall. Addison. 22. To be resoluely of a
party. Who have stood for the truth. Hooker. 23. To represent, to sig­
nify. These names stand for the same thing. Locke. 24. To remain,
to be fixed. Stand fast in the faith. Corinthians. 25. To hold a course.
Full for the port the Ithacensians stand. Pope. 26. To offer as a can­
didate. 27. To place himself, to be placed. Stand by when he is go­
ing. Swift. 28. To be with respect to chance. Each thinks he stands
fairest for the great lot. Addison. 29. To make delay. They must
stand to examine every argument. Locke. 30. To insist, to dwell on.
It needeth not to be stood upon. Bacon. 31. To persist, to persevere.
Never stand in a lie when thou art accused. Taylor. 32. To be con­
sistent. Sprightly youth and close application will hardly stand toge­
ther. Felton.

STA’NDARD [standard, Sax. standardo, It. estandart, Fr.] 1. The
chief ensign of a royal army or fleet. 2. The standing measures of the
king or state, according to which all the measures are framed and ad­
justed. 3. A rule or model for any thing.

STANDARD, for gold coin in England, is 22 caracts of fine gold, and
two caracts of copper; and the French and Spanish gold are nearly of
the same standard.

STANDARD, for silver coin, is 11 ounces and 2 penny-weights of fine
filver, and 18 penny-weights of copper melted together, and is called
Sterling.

STA’NDARD-BEARER, one who bears a standard, or ensign.

STA’NDARD-GRASS, an herb.

STA’NDARDS, or STA’NDILS [in husbandry] trees reserved, at the
felling of wood, for growth of timber.

STA’NDER-GRASS, the herd satyrion, or ragwort.

STA’NDING, part. adj. [from stand] 1. Settled, established; as, stand­
ing armies. 2. Lasting, not transitory. A standing crimson. Addison.
3. Stagnant, not running. Standing lake. Milton. 4. Placid.

STANDING Part of the Sheat [in sea language] is that part which is
made fast to a ring at the sheat's quarter.

STANDING Lifts [in a ship] the lifts for the sprit-sail yard.

STANDING Parts [of tackle] the end of a rope where a block is seized
or fastened.

STANDING Ropes [in a ship] are those ropes which run not in any
block, but are set taut or let slack, as occasion serves; as, the sheat­
stays, the back-stays.

STA’NDING, subst. 1. Continuance, long possession. 2. Station, place
to stand in. I will provide you a good standing to see his entry. Bacon.
3. Power to stand. I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing.
Psalms. 4. Competition, candidateship.

STA’NDISH [of stand and disc, Sax. disch, L. Du. tisch, H. Du. a
table] a standing inkhorn for a table.

STA’NEFILES, cut pasteboards, through which card-makers colour
court cards.

STANG [sang, Sax. stang, Ger.] a pole to carry a cowl on.

STANK, the preterite of to stink, See To STINK.

STA’NNARIES [stannaria, Lat.] the mines and places where tin is
digged and refined.

STA’NNUM, Lat. a metal called tin.

STA’NZA [in poetry] a certain regulated number of grave verses,
containing some perfect sense, terminated with a rest.

STA’PES [with anatomists] a little bone of a triangular figure, in
the inner part of the ear, consisting of two branches, the closing of
which is called the head of the stapes.

STA’PHIS Agria [with botanists] stave's-acre.

STAPHYLI’NUS [σταφνλινος, Gr.] a kind of daucus.

STAPHYLODE’NDROS [ςαφνλοδενδρος, Gr.] the bladder-nut-tree.

STA’PHYLE [ςαφνλη, Gr.] a disease in the roof of the mouth, when
the uvula grows black and blue, like a grape-stone. “Staphyle, in
Greek (says Bruno) signifies a cluster of grapes; and from thence that
spongious caruncle in the fauces called the uvula, and from thence some
disease incident to that part, especially an inflammation. Galen. de Tum.
Tho' Hippocrates, as he subjoins, uses the term in a laxer sense.” And
indeed 'tis not unfamiliar with Hipporates to call diseases by the names
of the parts affected. Thus splen, with him, signifies a distemper'd
speen; and pharynx [or throat] with him a distemper'd throat.

STAPHY’LOMA [ςαφνλωμα, Gr.] a disease in the eye, when the cor­
nea or horny coat being eaten through or broken, the uveous tunicle
falls out, so as to resemble the form of a grape-stone: Or (as Brnno
adds) when the cornea, without any rupture or erosion, swells and becomes
prominent in some part of it, so as to resemble a grape-stone.

STAPHYLOPA’RTES, Gr. a surgeon's instrument for raising up the
uvula, when it is loosened.

STA’PLE, subst. [stapel, Dan. stapul, stapl, Sax. stapel, Du. and
Ger. a market or fair] 1. A public town where are store-houses for
commodities. 2. A city or town where merchants jointly lay up their
commodities, for the better vending them by wholesale. 3. [Stapel,
Du.] of a door, &c. for a bolt of a lock to go into.

STAPLE Commodities [prob. of stapul, Sax. stapel, Du. a basis or
foundation] such commodities as do not easily or quickly marr or perish,







as wool, lead, tin, &c. also good saleable commodities, as are usually
vended abroad at fairs and markets.

ST’APLE, adj. 1. Settled, established in commerce. 2. According to
the laws of commerce.

STAR [steorra, Sax. stierne, Dan. and Su. sterre, Du. steern, L. Ger.
sterne, H. Ger. etoile, Fr. estrella, Sp. and Port. stella, It. and Lat. αςηρ,
Gr. sterro, or stairro, Teut. all probably of steoran, sterron, or stairron,
Teut. to rule or govern, the ancients believing the stars to have an im­
mediated influence and rule over every thing] 1. A luminous globe in
the heavens. 2. [In heraldry] has usually five beams or points; and so
in blazonry, if there be no more, there is no need to mention the num­
ber; but when there are more, the number must be express'd, and the
star must never have above sixteen. 3. White spot in a horse's forehead.
4. [In printing] an asterisk, a mark of reference.

STAR of Bethlehem [ornithogalum, Lat.] the name of a plant.

STAR-BLIND [star blind, Sax. star-blind, Su.] half blind.

STAR-BOARD [steor-bord, from steoran, Sax. to steer, which is
generally done with the right hand] the right hand side of a ship or
boat. See LARBOARD.

STAR-CHAMBER [a chamber in Westminster-hall, so called, because
the ceiling was adorned with figures of stars] a chamber where the lord
chancellor anciently kept a court to punish routs, riots, forgeries, &c.

STAR-FORT [in fortification] a work having several faces, made up
from 5 to 8 points, with saliant and re-entring angles, which flank one
another on every one of its sides, containing from 12 to 25 fathoms.

STAR-REDOU'BT [in fortification] a small sort of 4, 5, 6, or more
points.

STAR-WORT, an herb.

STARCH [prob. of stârchen, Ger. to strengthen] a sort of thin paste,
for stiffening of linen.

STARCH, adj. stiff, affected.

To STARCH [from the noun] to stiffen with starch.

STA’RCHER [from starch] one whose trade is to starch.

STA’RCHLY [from starch] stiffly, precisely.

STA’RCHNESS [of sterck, Dan. and Du. starck, Ger. or of starc, Sax.
strong] 1. Stiffness, inflexibleness. 2. Affectedness in dress or car­
riage.

STARE [from the verb] 1. Fixed look. 2. [Ster, Sax.] a starling,
a bird kept for singing.

To STARE [starian, Sax. stirre, Dan. star-síen, Du. starr-sehen, Ger.]
1. To look stedfastly. 2. To have a wild look.

STA’RER [from stare] one who looks with fixed eyes.

STAR-FISH [of star and fish] a fish branching out into several rays or
points.

STAR-GAZER [of star and gaze] an astronomer, or astrologer.

STARK [starc, Sax. sterck, Dan. and Du. starck, Ger. strong] 1.
Straight or tight. 2. Rigid, severe. 3. Thoroughly; as, stark-mad,
stark-naked, stark-naught, &c.

STA’RLESS, without stars. Milton.

STA’RLIGHT [of star and light] lustre of the stars.

STA’RLIKE [of star and like] 1. Stellated, like a star. 2. Bright,
illustrious.

STA’RLING. See the second sense of STARE.

SRAR-PAV'D, paved with stars. Milton.

STA’RPROOF [of star and proof] impervious to starlight. Milton.

STA’RRED [from star] 1. Influenced by the stars with respect to for­
tune. 2. Decorated with stars.

STA’RRINESS [steorricgnesse, Sax.] fulness of stars.

STA’RRY [steorricg, Sax.] 1. Decorated with stars. 2. Consisting
of stars, stellar. 3. Resembling stars.

Falling STARS. 1. Fiery exhalations, enkindled in the air, com­
plying therewith in their motion, and called shooting stars, which,
when their more subtile parts are burnt away, fall down, because the
weight of the viscous and earthy matter, exceeds the weight of the air
that lies under it. 2. [In hieroglyphics] a falling state. Rev. viii. 10.

Fixed STARS, are so called, because they are really fixed, and always
keep the same distance among themselves, in contradistinction to the
planets, which move round the sun. They are supposed to be suns,
and, like our sun, to have planets moving round them.

To START [of styran, Sax. to move, or starren, Ger. to be grown
stiff] 1. To give a sudden leap, or make a heaving motion with the
body. 2. To begin to run a race. 3. To rise suddenly. 4. To move
with sudden quickness. 5. To move, to propose; as, to start a que­
stion.

START [styrung, Sax.] 1. A sudden motion of the body upon some
surprize. 2. A sudden rousing to action. 3. Sally, sudden effusion.
To check the starts and sallies of the soul. Addison. 4. First emission
from the barrier; act of beginning the race.

To START a Hare [with sportsmen] is to force her to leave her
seat.

To get the START of one, to be before-hand with him.

By STARTS, at times, as any one is governed by his own caprice.

STA’RTER. 1. A young cony. 2. One that shrinks from his pur­
pose.

STA’RTING [with brewers] is the putting of new beer or ale to that
which is decayed, to revive it again; also the filling their empty butts
with fresh brewed beer.

STARTING Place [in races] the place where the horses start or begin
to run.

STA’RTISH [of styran, Sax. starren, Teut.] apt to start, as some hor­
ses, &c.

To STA’RTLE, verb neut. [from start] to start by surprize or fright;
to tremble for fear.

To STARTLE, verb act. to fright, to shock, to terrify.

STA’RTLE [from the verb] sudden alarm, sudden impression of ter­
ror.

STA’RTURS, a sort of high shoes.

To STARVE, verb neut. [prob. of stearfan, Sax. sterven, Du. starven,
L. Ger. sterben, H. Ger. all which signify to die, but Mer. Casaub. de­
rives it of ςερεω, Gr. to bereave] 1. To perish with hunger, cold, &c.
2. To suffer extreme poverty. Sometimes virtue starves while vice is fed.
Pope.

To STARVE, verb act. 1. To kill with hunger or cold. 2. To sub­
due by famine. 3. To deprive of force or vigour. The powers of their
mind are starved by disuse. Locke.

STA’RVELING [of stearfod, Sax.] a lean, meagre, starved, unthri­
ving person, &c.

STATE [etat, Fr. stato, It. estádo, Sp. status, Lat.] 1. Condition,
circumstance of nature or fortune. 2. Stationary point, crisis. 3.
[Estat, Fr.] estate, possession. 4. The community, the public. 5. A
republic, a government not monarchical. 6. Rank, condition, quality.
7. Solemn pomp, appearance of greatness. 8. A seat of dignity.
This chair shall be my state. Shakespeare. 9. A canopy, a covering of
dignity. Milton. 10. The principal persons in the government.

To STATE [constater, Fr.] 1. To settle, to regulate. 2. To repre­
sent in all the circumstances of modification.

To lie in STATE, to be exposed to public view, in great pomp after
death.

STA’TELINESS [of statiglick, Du. stattlich, Ger. and ness] 1. Pom­
pousness, majestickness. 2. Affected dignity.

STA’TELY [prob. of stariglick, Du. stattlich, Ger.] 1. Pompous, ma­
jestic, proud. 2. Elevated in mien or sentiment.

STA’TER. 1. [In pharmacy] a weight containing an ounce and a
half. 2. An ancient Greek coin. Budaus makes it to be a Greek
weight equal to four dracbmæ. In the tables of the Grecian, Roman, &c.
we are told, that the Grecian gold coin was the flater aureus, weighing
two Attick drachms, or half of the stater Argenteus, and exchanging
usually for 25 Attick drachms of silver in our money=0l. 16s. 1d. ¾;
but according to our proportion of gold to silver=1l. 0s. 9d. The sta­
ter Cyzicenus, Philippic, Alexand. each exchanging for 28 Attick drachms
=0l. 18s. 1d. The stater Daricus, according to Josephus, worth 50
Attick drachs=1l. 12s. 3d. ½. Stater Cræsius of the same value. See
DARIC.

STATE’RA, a sort of balance, otherwise called the Roman balance, a
goldsmith's balance; also Troy weight.

The three STATES of the Kingdom, king, lords and commons.

STATES-General, the name of an assembly, consisting of the deputies
of the seven United Provinces of the Netherlands.

STA’TESMAN [of status, Lat. and man, Sax.] 1. A manager of the
state. 2. A politician, one acquainted with the affairs of state.

STA’TICAL, adj. relating to statics.

STA’TICS [ςατιχη, scil. τεχιη, Gr. q. d. the art of weighing] a sci­
ence purely speculative, being a species of mechanics, conversant about
weights, shewing the properties of the heaviness or lightness, or equili­
bria of bodies.

STATICS [with physicians] a kind of epileptics, or persons seized
with an epilepsy.

STA’TION, Fr. of Lat. [stazione, It. estácion, Sp.] 1. A standing-place,
or where a person is posted.
To their fixt station on the other hill,
The cherubim descended. Milton.
2. A road for ships. 3. A post, condition, rank. 4. Employment,
office.

STATION [with Roman catholics] a church or chapel appointed to
pray in, and to gain indulgencies.

STATION [in mathematics] a place where a man fixes himself and his
instruments to take angles or distances, in surveying, &c.

STATION [among the ancient Christians] the fasts of Wednesday and
Friday, which many observed with much devotion.

STATION of the Planets [with astronomers] are two points, in which
the planets are removed at the farthest distance from the sun, on each
side.

STATION-STAFF, a mathematical instrument used in surveying.

To STA’TION [from the noun] to place in a certain post, rank, or
place.

STA’TIONARINESS [of stationarius, Lat. stationaire, Fr.] settledness in
a place.

STA’TIONARY [stationaire, Fr. stazionario, It. of stationarius, Lat.]
1. Settled in a place, so that to an eye placed on the earth, it appears
for some time to stand still, and not to have any progressive motion for­
ward in its orbit. 2. [With astronomers] is said of a planet when it
does not move at all, which happens before and after retrogradation.

STA’TIONER [stationaris, prob. of statione, Lat. because in ancient
times they kept their shops together in one station or street] a dealer in
paper, books, &c.

STA’TIONERS, consist of a master, two wardens, 30 assistants, 227 on
the livery, their fine is 20l. and there are two renter wardens, for which
the fine is 24l. Their arms are sable on a chevron between three bibles
or, a falcon rising between two roses gules, seated of the 2d. in chief a
glory, in the shape of a dove expanded proper. Their hall is near the
south end of Ave-Mary-Lane.

STA’TIST [from state] a statesman, a politician. Milton.

STA’TIVE [stativus, Lat.] of, or belonging to a garrison, fort, or
station.

STA’TOR [στατωρ, Gr. q. d. he that makes to stop or stand] one of
Jupiter's titles, so called from the first stop, which the Romans made in
their flight from the Sabins; “They first stop'd, says Plutarch, at the
place, where is now built the temple of Jupiter Stator, ον επιστασιον αν­
τις ερμηνενσειεν, i. e. which we may translate, “He that makes to stand.”
Append. ad Thesaur. H. Steph. Constantin, &c. And as a peace in conse­
quence of this ensued, this serves to explain those lines in Prior,
Here Stator Jove, and Phœbus god of verse,
The votive tablet I suspend—

STATOCE’LE [in surgery] a rupture or tumor in the scrotum, consist­
ing of a fatty substance like suet.

STA’TUARY [statuaire, Fr. statuario, It. estatuario, Sp. and Port. sta­
tua, Lat.] 1. The art of carving. 2. One that professes the art of
making statues.

STA’TUE, Fr. [statua, It. estatue, Sp. and Port. of statua, Lat.] an
image of metal, stone, wood, &c.

Achillean STATUE, a statue of some hero, so named, because of the
great number of statues Achilles had in all the cities of Greece.

Allegorical STATUE, on which, under a human figure or other
symbol, represents something of another kind, as a part of the earth;
as a person in a West-Indian dress, for America; a season, an element,
&c. See SYMBOLICAL.

Curule STA’TUES, are such as are represented in chariots drawn by
bigæ or quadrigæ, i. e. by two or four horses.

Equestrian STATUE, one representing a king or some famous per­







son on horse-back; as that of king Charles the second at Charing­
cross, &c.

Greek STATUE, is one that is naked and antique; the Greeks having
commonly so represented their deities and heroes, their athletæ and
youth generally performing their exercises of wrestling naked.

Hydraulic STATUE, any figure placed as an ornament to a fountain or
grotto, or which does the office of a jet d'eau, &c.

Pedestrian STATUE, one on foot; as that of king Charles in the Royal
Exchange, or in the Privy Garden.

Roman STATUE, one clothed after the Roman manner; as that of
king Charles II, in the middle of the Royal Exchange.

STA’TUTABLE, according to statute.

STA’TURE, Fr. [statura, It. estetura, Sp. and Port. of statua, Lat.]
height, size, pitch.

STA’TUTE [statut, Fr. statuto, It. estatuto, Sp. statutum, Lat.] an
act of parliament, law, ordinance, or decree, &c.

STATUTE Merchant, a bond acknowledged before one of the clerks
of the statute merchant, the mayor of a city, town corporate, &c. and
two merchants appointed for the purpose, sealed with the seal of the
debtor and of the king; one to be kept by the mayor, &c. and the
other by clerks; this empowers first to take the debtor's body, and then
his goods, if they are to be found.

STATUTE Session, petty sessions in every hundred, for deciding diffe­
rences between masters and servants, the rating servants wages, and
placing such persons in service, who being able to work refuse to get
employ.

STATUTE Staple, a bond of record acknowledged before the mayor
of the staple, in the presence of two of the constables of the said staple,
by virtue of which bond the creditor may immediately have execution
upon the body, lands, and goods of the debtor.

To STAVE [from staff] 1. To beat to pieces, as a ship, barrel, cask,
&c. 2. To push off as with a staff. 3. To furnish with staves, or run­
dles.

STA’VERS [with farriers] a disease in horses, the staggers.

STAVES [of stæf, Sax. staeven, L. Ger. stave, H. Ger.] boards for
making barrels, &c. The plural of staff.

Cart STAVES, those which hold the cart and the raers together, which
make the body of the cart.

STAVES Acre [stauvisagria, Sax.] an herb.

To STAY, verb neut. [staar, Dan. staen, Du. and L. Ger. stehen, H.
Ger. prob. of stare, Lat. ιςαναι, Gr.] 1. To abide or continue in a
place. 2. To stop, to stand still. 3. To wait, to attend. 4. To rest
confidently. And stay themselves upon God. Isaiah.

To STAY, verb act. 1. To stop, to withhold, to repress. 2. To de­
lay, to repress. 3. [Estayer, Fr.] to prop, to support, to hold up.

To stay thy vines. Dryden.

STAY [staeye, Du. in the last sense] 1. A stop or continuance in a
place. 2. A prop or support. 3. A fixed state. 4. Steadiness of con­
duct. 5. Restraint, prudent caution.

STA’YED [from stay] 1. Fixed, settled, serious. 2. Stopped.

STA’YEDLY [from stayed] composedly, gravely, prudently.

STA’YEDNESS [from stayed] 1. Solidity, weight. 2. Composure,
prudence, gravity.

STA’YER [from stay] one who stops, holds, or supports.

STA’Y-LACE [of stay and lace] a lace with which women fasten their
stays.

STAYS [in a ship] certain ropes, the use of which is to keep the mast
from falling aft; they are fastened to all masts, top-masts, and flag­
staves, except the sprit-sail top-mast.

To bring or keep a Ship upon the STAYS [sea phrase] is to ma­
nage a ship's tackle and sails, so that she cannot make any way for­
ward.

Back STAYS [in a ship] are ropes which go on either side of the ship,
and keep the mast from pitching forward or overboard.

STAY-SAILS [estaies, Fr. stag-seyle, Du.] sails that are fastened to
rings which slide on the stays.

STAYS, or bodice, for women's wear.


STE

STEAD [stead, Sax. stede, Du. and L. Ger. statt, H. Ger.] 1. Place,
room, or service. 2. Help, assistance.

To STEAD [steadian, Sax.] to stand in stead, to be servicable.

STEA’DFAST [stedfast, Sax.] constant, firm of resolution, &c.

STEA’DFASTLY [from steadfast] firmly, constantly.

STEA’DFASTNESS [from steadfast] immutability, fixedness, firmness,
resolution.

STEA’DILY [of stediglic. Sax.] firmly.

STEA’DINESS [stedignesse, Sax.] 1. Firmness, constancy. 2. Con­
sistent, unvaried conduct.

STEA’DY [stædig, Sax. stadig, Su. and Du. stetig, L. Ger. statig,
H. Ger.] 1. Constant, sure, firm. 2. Not wavering, not fickle.

STEA’DY [sea term] is a term used when the conder would have the
steersman to keep the ship constant in her course, from making yaws or
going in and out.

STEAK [sticce, Sax. stuck, Du. and Ger. a piece, morsel, or chop]
a slice of meat to fry or broil.

To STEAL, verb act. [stelan, Sax. stiæle, Dan. stiaella, Su. stelen,
Du. stehlen, Ger.] 1. To take away unlawfully, either privately or vio­
lently. 2. To gain or effect by private means.

To STEAL, verb neut. 1. To withdraw privily, to pass silently. 2.
To play the thief.

STOLE, the preterite of steal. See To STEAL.

STOLN, or STO’LLEN [gestolan, Sax. gestohlen, Ger.] have stolen or
is stolen, or stollen.

STEALTH [of stealan, Sax.] 1. The action of theft. 2. Privacy.

To STEAM [steman, Sax. stoomen, Du.] 1. To send forth a vapour,
as hot and boiling liquor does. 2. To ascend in vapour.

STEAM [steme, Sax. stoom, Du.] the vapour of hot liquor.

STEATOCE’LE [of ςεατωμα, or ςεαρ, suet, and χηλη, Gr. a swelling]
a preternatural tumor in the scrotum, of a suety or suet-like consistence.
See STEATOMA.

STEATO’MA [ςεατωμα, Gr. q. d. of a suet-like substance. See ATHE­
ROMA] a swelling, the same, or little different from steatocele.

STEATO’MATOUS, of, or pertaining to a steatoma.

STECCA’DO [steccato, Fr. in fortification] a sort of pale or fence be­
fore the trenches.

STED, STAD, or STO’LL [in the Teut. language; stadt, H. Ger.] a
city, commonly used in composition, as Halsted.

STE’DFAST [of stede-fast, Sax. stad-fæste, Dan. stet-fast, Ger.]
firm, sure, constant, immoveable.

STE’DFASTNESS [stedfastnesse, Sax.] firmness, &c.

STEED [steda, Sax. a stone horse or stallion, tho' stute, Ger. signi­
fies a mare, as does stood in Su.] an horse.

STEEL [of staal, Dan. and Su. stael, Du. stahl, Ger.] 1. A metal
made of iron refined and purified by fire, &c. 2. A piece of steel to
strike fire with. 3. Weapon or armour. 4. Chalybeate medicines.

To STEEL. 1. To point or edge with steel. 2. To harden.

STEE’LY [of staaligh, Dan.] 1. Consisting of steel. 2. Hard, firm.

STEE’LYARDS, a balance for weighing things of various weights by
one single weight, as from one single pound to 112 pounds.

STEEP [steap, Sax.] of a difficult ascent.

STEEP-Tubs [on ship-board] vessels for watering flesh or fish.

STEEP, subst. precipice, ascent or descent approaching to perpendicu­
larity.

To STEEP [stipan, Sax. stepfen, Ger.] to soak in some liquor.

STEE’RINGS, a sort of gold coin.

STEE’PLE [steopl, styple, Sax.] a turret of a church, a spire.

STEE’PNESS [steapnesse, Sax.] difficultness of ascent.

STEE’PY [from steep] having a precipitous declivity.

STEER [steor, and styn, Sax. tiur, Dan. stier, Du. stehr, Ger. and
Teut.] a young ox or heifer.

To STEER [of steoran, Sax. styrer, Dan. styrs, Su. stieren, Du. and
L. Ger. steuren, H. Ger. to govern, rule, and direct in general] to
guide a ship; also to manage an affair.

STEE’RAGE [of steoran, Sax.] 1. The act of steering a ship. 2. Re­
gulation or management of any thing. 3. [In a ship] a place before
the bulk head of the great cabin, where the steersman stands and
lodges.

STEE’RSMAN [steorman, Sax. stierman, Du. steurmann, L. Ger. steu­
er-mann, H. Ger.] the man who steers or guides a ship.

To STEEVE [sea phrase] used of the bow-sprit of a ship, which is
said to steeve, when it does not stand upright or strait enough for­
ward.

STEE’VING [in commerce] is the stowing of cotton or wool into
sacks, by forcing them in with screws.

STEGANO’GRAPHIST [of ςεγανος, private, and γραφω, Gr. to write]
an artist in private writing.

STEGANO’GRAPHY [ςεγανογρσφια, of ςεγανος, covert, or private, and
γραφη, Gr. writing] the art of secret writing, by characters or cyphers,
intelligible only to the persons who correspond one with another.

STEGNO’SIS [ςεγνωσις, Gr. obstruction, constipation] a stopping up of
the pores of the body; or suppression of any evacuation.

STEGNO’TIC, subst. [stegnoticus, Lat. of ςεγνωτιχος, Gr.] binding,
rendering costive.

STEGNO’TICS, subst. [ςεγνωτιχα, Gr.] medicines for closing and stop­
ping up the orifices of vessels, when stretched, lacerated, &c.

STE’LLAR [stellaris, Lat.] of, or pertaining to the stars, starry.

STE’LLARY [stellaris, Lat.] starry, &c.

STE’LLATE [stellatus, Lat] starred, marked with rays like stars.

STELLATE Plants [in botany] are such whose leaves grow on the
stalks at certain intervals, in the form of a star with beams, as cross­
wort, &c.

STELLA’TION, an adorning with stars.

STE’LLAT, Lat. [in botanic writings] starred, i. e. when several
leaves grow round the stalk of the plant proceeding from the same cen­
ter, as the leaves of goose-grass, ladies bed-straw, &c.

STELLI’FEROUS [stellifer, from stella, a star, and fero, Lat. to bear]
bearing stars.

STE’LLION, a spotted lizard, which casts her skin every half year,
and commonly devours it.

STE’LLIONATE [in the civil law] all kinds of cozenage and knavish
practices in bargaining, and all sorts of frauds which have no peculiar
names in law; as the selling or mortgaging a thing twice: paying brass
money; exacting a debt when it has been already paid, &c.

STELO’GRAPHY [ςηλογραφια, of ςηλη, a bound, stone, or pillar, and
γραφη, Gr. a writing] an inscription or writing on a pillar, &c.

STEM [stemme, Sax. stam, Du. stamm, Ger. of stemma, Lat.] 1. A
race or pedegree. 2. The stock of a tree; the stalk of a plant, flower,
fruit, &c. 3. [Of a ship] that main piece of timber which comes bow­
ing from the keel below, and serves to guide the ship's rake.

To STEM [perhaps of stemme, Du. stimme, Ger. a vote or suffrage,
and thence stemmen, Du. stimmen, Ger. to give vote, to oppose by suf­
frage; or from the stem of a ship] 1. To bear up against; as, to stem
the tide. 2. To put a stop to.

STENCH [stenc, Sax. stanck, Du. and L. Ger. gestanck, H. Ger.] a
stink, a bad smell.

STE’NING, a borough town of Sussex, 47 miles from London. It
sends two members to parliament.

STENOCORI’ASIS [ςενοχοριασις, of ςενος, narrow, and χορη, Gr. the
pupil of the eye] a disease in the eye, when the apple or sight is straiten­
ed or weakened.

STENO’GRAPHY [ςενογραφια, from ςενος, short, or rather narrow, and
γραφω, Gr. to write] the art of short-hand writing.

STENOGRA’PHICAL, pertaining to short hand.

STENOTHO’RACES [ςενοθωραχες, of ςενος, strait, and θοραξ, Gr.] the
breast] those persons who have narrow chests, and therefore are subject
to phthisical affections.

STENT [stent, Sax. or stentare, It. to suffer for want of] a stint, a li­
mit, a bound.

STENTO’RIAN Voice [so named from stentor, mentioned in Homer,
who is said to have a voice louder than 50 men together] a very loud
voice.

STENTOROPHO’NIC Tube, a speaking trumpet, an instrument contrived
by Sir Samuel Moreland, used at sea.

STEP [stæp, Sax. stap, Du. and L. Ger. stapf, H. Ger.] 1. A pace in
going, a degree of ascent on the stairs or a ladder. 2. Progression by one
removal of a foot. 3. Quantity of space passed or measured by one re­
moval of the foot. 4. A small length, a small space. There is but a
step between me and death. Samuel. 5. Walk, passage. Conduct my
steps. Dryden. 6. Footstep, print of the foot. 7. Gait, manner of
walking. 8. Action, instance of conduct. 9. [With sailors] a piece
of timber having the foot of any other timber standing upright fixed into
it, as the step of the mast. capstan, &c.

To STEP [steppan, Sax. stappen, Du. and L. Ger. stapfen, H. Ger.]
1. To set one foot before the other. 2. To move mentally.

STEP-Daughter [steop-dohter, Sax.] a daughter in law.








STEP-Father [steop-father, of steop, Sax. stigf, Su. stief, Ger. and so
in other compositions, rigid, severe; and father, Sax.] a father-in­
läw.

STEP-Dame, or STEP-Mother [steop-mother, Sax.] a mother-in
law.

STEP and Leap, one of the seven airs, an artificial motion of a horse.

STEP Son [steop-sunu, Sax.] a son-in-law.

STERCORA’CEOUS [of stercoreus, Lat.] of, or belonging to dung,
stinking.

STE’RCORATED [stercoratus, Lat.] dunged, manured with dung.

STERCORA’NISTS [of stercus, Lat. dung] those who believed the sa­
cramental bread and wine so far digested, as that some part of it was
turned into excrements.

STERCORA’TION, a dunging, mixing, or covering with dung.

STERCORO’SUS Flexus, Lat. [in medicine] a kind of looseness, in
which much liquid ordure is frequently voided, caused by excrementitious
meats corrupted in the stomach, or a great quantity of excrements lodged
in the bowels.

STEREO’BATES, or STEREO’BATA [of ςερεως βαινειν, to ascend firmly]
the first beginning of the wall of any building that immediately stands on
the pillar; the pattern of the pillar whereon the base is set; the ground
work on which the base of a pillar stands.

STEREOGRA’PHIC, or STEREOGRA’PHICAL [of ςερεος, solid, and γρα­
φω, Gr. to describe] according to the art of stereography, or representing
solids on a plane.

STEREOGRAPHIC Projection of the Sphere, a projection of it on a plane,
wherein the eye is supposed to be in the surface of the sphere.

STEREO’GRAPHY [ςερεογραφια, of ςερεος, solid, and γραφη, Gr. a
description] the art of representing solids on a plane.

STEREOME’TRICAL [of ςερεος, solid, and μετρεω, Gr. to measure]
pertaining to the art of stereometry.

STEREO’METRY [ςερεομετρια, of ςερεος, solid, and μετρον, Gr. mea­
sure.] a science which shews how to measure solid bodies, and to find
their solid contents.

STEREO’TOMY [ςερεοτομια, of ςερεος, solid, and τομη, Gr. a cutting]
the art or science of cutting solids, or making sections thereof, as in
profiles of architecture in walls, &c.

STE’RIL [sterile, Fr. and It. esteril, Sp. of sterilis, Lat.] 1. Barren or
unfruitful. 2. Dry, empty, shallow.

STERI’LITY, or STE’RILNESS [sterilitas, Lat. sterilité, Fr. sterilità, It.
esterilidad, Sp.] barrenness, &c.

STE’RLING, adj. [so called from Easterlings, i. e. ancient Prussians
and Pomeranians, who being skilled in refining gold and silver, taught
it to the Britons] 1. A general name of distinction for the current law­
ful silver coin of England, or the metal of the same fineness. 2. Ge­
nuiness, having past the test.

STERLING Penny, was the smallest English coin, before the reign of
king Edward I. marked with a cross, or strokes cross wise; so that upon
occasion it might be cut into two, for half-pence, or into four, for far­
things.

STERLING, subst. 1. English coin. 2. Standard, rate.

STERN, adj. [stesn, or styrne, Sax. stuyr, Du. stier, H. Ger.] 1.
Severe, crabbed, grim. 2. Hard, afflictive.

STERN, subst. [stearn, Sax.] 1. The hindermost part of a ship; but
in strictness only the outermost part behind. 2. [With hunters] the tail
of a greyhound or a wolf. 3. Post of management, direction.

STERN Chase, the guns placed on the stern of a ship.

STERN Chase [with sailors] is, when one ship, pursuing, follows the
other a-stern, directly upon one point of the compass.

STERN Fast [of a ship] a fastening of ropes, &c. behind the stern, to
which a cable or hawser may be brought or fixed, in order to hold her
stern fast to a wharf.

STE’RNLY [sternlic, Sax.] severely, in a stern manner.

STE’RNNESS [sternesse, Sax.] severity, crabbedness of countenance,
or manner.

STERNOHYOEI’DES [of ςερνον, the breast, and υοειδες, Gr.] a pair of
muscles said to arise from the uppermost part of the breast bone; but it
is found they arise from the inner part of the clavicula, and are inserted
at the root of the fore bone os hyoides. See HYOIDES.

STERNOTHYROEI’DES [of ςερνον, θυρα, and υοειδες, Gr.] a pair of mus­
cles of the larynx, arising in the sternum, and terminating in the carti­
lago thyroides.

STE’RNON, or STE’RNUM [ςερνον, Gr.] the breast-bone.

STE’RNUM Os [in anatomy] the great bone in the foremost part of
the breast, joined to the ribs, which consists of three or four bones,
and often grows into one bone in those that are come to ripeness of
age.

STERNUTA’TION [sternatatio, Lat.] the action of sneezing, which is
a forcible drawing out of the head some sharp matter which twitches
and disturbs the nerves and fibres.

STERNU’TATIVE, apt to provoke sneezing.

STERNU’TATORY [sternutatoire, Fr, sternutatorium, Lat.] a sneezing
medicine.

STERO’PES [of ςεροπη, Gr. i. e. lightening] one of Vulcan's work­
men, a son of Æther, or Cœlus, and the Earth.

STE’VENAGE, a market town of Hertfordshire, 31 miles from Lon­
don.

STEW [stowen, Du. to store] 1. A place for keeping of fish alive, and
for use as occasion serves. 2. A brothel. See STEWS.

To STEW [estuv, Dan. stoven, Du. and L. Ger.] to boil a thing
gently and a considerable time.

STE’WARD [stiward, stiword, or stete-ward, Sax. a peace-keeper,
or person holding or keeping the peace or office of another] 1. One
who manages the affairs of another. 2. An officer, whereof there are
various kinds.

STEWARD [of a ship] an officer who receives all the victuals from the
purser, sees that it be well stowed in the hold, and takes care of it there,
as also of the bread, candles, &c. and shares out the proportions of the
several messes.

Lord High STEWARD [of England] an officer who is only appointed
for a time, to officiate at a coronation, or at the trial of some noble­
man for high treason, &c. which after being ended, his commission is
expired, so that he breaks his wand, and puts an end to his autho­
rity.

STE’WARDSHIP [of stipard, and scip, Sax. a term denoting office]
the office of a steward.

STEWS [of stue, Dan. stove, Du. and L. Ger. stube, H. Ger. etuve,
Fr. a hot house] brothel houses, or bawdy houses, places formerly per­
mitted to women of professed incontinency, but suppressed by king
Henry VIII. anno 1546.


STI

STI’BIUM, a mineral commonly called antimony.

STICK [sticca, Sax. stock, Du. and L. Ger. stecken, H. Ger.] 1. A
piece of wood, of a tree or bough. 2. A walking staff. 3. A long slen­
der piece of wax.

To STICK, verb act. preterite and part pass. stuck [stica, Sax. sticker,
Dan. sticka, Su. steken, Du. and L. Ger. stechen, H. Ger.] 1. To thrust
a pointed weapon into. 2. To fasten by transfiction. 3. To set with
something pointed. And stick the sides with boughs of baleful yew.
Dryden.

To STICK, verb neut. 1. To adhere by tenacity. 2. To be insepe­
rable, to be united with any thing. His secret murthers sticking on his
hands. Shakespeare. 3. To rest on the memory painfully. 4. To
stop, to lose motion. My fault'ring tongue sticks at the sound. Smith.
5. To resist emission. Stick in my throat. Shakespeare. 6. To be con­
stant, to adhere with firmness. Some stick to you. Dryden. 7. To
cause difficulties, or scruples. This is the difficulty that sticks with the
most reasonable. Swift. 8. To be embarrassed, to be puzzled.

STI’CKNESS [of stican, Sax.] aptness to stick to.

To STI’CKLE [of stican, Sax.] stoecken, Du. or of stichell, Ger. to
censure] 1. To be zealous for a person or affair. 2. To fum, to play
fast and loose.

STICKLE [sticcel, Sax. stachel, Ger.] a prickle.

STI’CKLE-BAG, the smallest of fresh water fish.

STI’CKLER [of sticker, Dan, stoecker, Du.] 1. A busy-body, or zea­
lot in any public affair. 2. A second to a duellist.

STI’CKY [from stick] viscous, adhesive, glutinous.

STIFF [stife, or stith, Sax. stief, L. Ger. steif, H. Ger. styf, Su.]
1. Not pliable, rigid. 2. Not soft, not fluid, resisting the touch. 3.
Hardy, stubborn, not easily subdued, obstinate. 4. Harsh, not written
with ease. 5. Formal, rigorous in certain ceremonies. The Italians
are stiff, ceremonious and reserved. Addison.

To STI’FFEN [stifian, Sax.] to make or grow stiff.

To STI’FLE [Mer. Casaubon derives it of ςυφω, Gr. etoufer, Fr.] 1.
To suffocate or choak. 2. To conceal or suppress. 3. To extin­
guish.

STIFLE Joint [in a horse] the first joint and bending next the but­
tock, and above the thigh.

STI’FLED Horse, one whose leg is out of joint, or the joint much
hurt.

STI’FLY, rigidly, &c.

STI’FNESS [stifnesse, Sax.] 1. An unbending quality, a coagula­
tion of the matter, as dry glue, that it will not bend, but break. 2.
Rigour, affectation, obstinacy.

STI’GMA [stigmate, Fr. ςιγμα, Gr.] 1. A mark with a hot iron,
such as malefactors have, when burnt in the hand; a brand, a scar. 2.
A mark or mold in the face or body.

STI’GMATA [ςιγματα, Gr.] certain marks antiently imprinted on the
Roman soldiers when listed. See Revelat. c. 13. v. 17.

STI’GMATA, notes or abbreviations, consisting only of points disposed
various ways, as in triangles, squares, crosses, &c.

STIGMATA [among the Franciscans] the marks or prints of our Sa­
viour's wounds in the hands, feet, and side, impressed by him on the
body of St. Francis, as they say.

STIGMATA [in natural history] points or specks seen on the sides of
the bellies of insects, particularly the sphondilium.

STIGMA’TIC, or STIGMA’TICAL [stigmaticus, Lat. στιγματιχος, Gr.]
branded with a mark or note of infamy or disgrace.

STIGMA’TICALNESS [of stigmaticus, Lat. of στιγματιχος, Gr.] infa­
mousness, the being branded with a mark of infamy.

To STI’GMATIZE [stigmatiser, Fr. στιγματιζειν, Gr.] to brand or
mark with a hot iron, to set a mark of infamy upon, to defame.

STI’LAR [from stile] belonging to the stile of a dial.

STI’LBON [στιλβον, Gr. q. d. glittering] the planet Mercury, so called,
because it twinkles more than the rest of the planets.

STILE [stigule, Sax. stihel, Teut. a step of a ladder] 1. An entrance
by steps, &c. into a field. 2. [στιλος, Gr.] the instrument or iron pen
with which the ancients used to write, but it is now appropriated to the
manner of an author's expressing himself. See STYLE.

STILE [with joiners] an upright piece, which goes from the bottom
to the top in any wainscot.

To STILE [styllan, Sax. stiller, Dan. stillen, Du. and Ger.] 1. To
make still, to quiet, to appease, to suppress a noise. 2. To make mo­
tionless. 3. To distil. See To DISTIL.

STILL, adj. [stylle, Sax. stille, Dan. Du. and Ger. stilla, Su.] 1. Quiet,
not noisy. 2. Calm, motionless.

STILL, adv. [of til, Sax.] 1. Until now, to this time. 2. Never­
theless, notwithstanding. 3. Always, ever, continually, 4. After that
5. In continuance. Still and anon. Shakespeare.

STILL, subst. [of stillare, Lat. to drop] an alembic, &c.

STILL-BORN [stille borene, Sax.] born dead, abortive.

STI’LLNESS [stilnysse, stylnesse, Sax.] quietness.

STILLET [with botanists] See STYLE.

STILLATI’TIOUS Oils [of stillatitius, Lat.] are such as are procured
by distillation, in opposition to those gotten by infusion, expression,
&c.

STI’LLATORY, a place for distilling.

STILLE’TTO [stiletto, It.] a dagger or tuck.

STI’LLIARDS. See Roman BALLANCE.

STI’LLING [of stille, Sax. or stellung, Ger.] a stand or frame of
wood to set vessels on in a cellar, &c.

STI’LLICIDE [stillicidium, Lat.] a succession of drops. Bacon.

STI’LLSTAND [of still and stand] absence of motion.

STI’LLY [from still] 1. Silently, not loudly. 2. Calmly, not tu­
multuously.

STILTS [of stælcan, Sax. to go with stilts, stelten, Du. and L. Ger.
steltzen, H. Ger.] sticks with leather loop-holes for the feet, used by
boys to go in dirty places.

STI’MULA, a goddess among the Romans, who was seign'd to stir or
egg people on in their arduous and vehement undertakings.

To STI’MULATE [stimulare, It. estimular, Sp. of stimulare, Lat.] 1.
To move or spur up, to spur or egg on. 2. [In medicine] to excite a
quick sensation.








STIMULA’TION [stimolazione, Fr. estimulacion, Sp. of Lat.] a push­
ing or forcing on as it were with a goad.

STIMULA’TOR, a pusher or urger on of any motion or action.

To STING, pret. I stung, part. pass. stung and stang [stingan, and
styngan, Sax. stinge, Dan. stinga, Su.] to wound or put to pain with a
sting.

STING [stincg, Sax.] 1. The pricking part of an animal, vegeta­
ble, &c. 2. A part in the body of some insects, in the manner of a
little spear, serving them as an offensive weapon. 3. Any thing that
gives pain. 4. The point in the last verse; as, the sting of an epigram.

STI’NGILY, adv. niggardly.

STI’NGINGNESS [of stingan, Sax.] a stinging quality.

STI’NGINESS, parcimoniousuess, niggardliness.

STI’NGO, very strong drink.

STI’NGY, adj. niggardly, covetous, miserly.

To STINK, pret. I stunk or stank [stincan, Sax. stincker, Dan. stinc­
ken, Du. and Ger.] to send forth an unsavory or ill smell.

STINK [stinc, Sax. stauck, Du. gestanck, Ger.] a stench, an unsa­
voury smell, exhaling from a corrupted or other body, ungrateful to the
nose and brain.

STI’NKINGNESS, ill savouredness in scent.

STINK-POT [of stink and pot] a kind of hand-grenade, filled with a
stinking composition.

To STINT [stintan, and styntan, Sax. or stentare, It. to suffer for
want of] to bound, to confine, to restrain or limit.

STINT. 1. A bound or limit. 2. A proportion, a quantity as­
signed.

STI’ONY, a disease within the eye-lids.

STI’PEND [stipendio, It. estipendio, Sp. of stipendium, Lat.] hire, wa­
ges, settled pay.

STIPE’NDIARY, subst. [stipendiario, It. estipendiario, Sp. of stipendia­
rius, Lat,] one who serves for hire.

STIPE’NDIARY, adj. receiving salaries, serving for hire.

STI’PTIC, or STI’PTICAL, adj. [stipticus, Lat. ςυπτιχος, Gr.] stop­
ping, more especially of the blood, binding.

STI’PTIC, subst. an astringent medicine.

STI’PTICALNESS, or STI’PTICNESS [of stipticus, Lat. of ςυπτιχος,
Gr.] a stiptic quality or aptness to stop blood.

To STI’PULATE [stipulari, Lat. stipuler, Fr. stipulare, It.] to agree,
to bargain, to settle terms.

STIPULA’TION, Fr. [stipulazione, It. of stipulatio, Lat.] a covenant,
an agreeing, a covenant made according to the usual form in law; or
rather an agreement upon words and clauses, to be put into a solem con­
tract. See DISCIPLE, and add there; 2. To MAKE A DISCIPLE. “Go
and DISCIPLE all nations. Tillotson. Vol. I. Serm. 25. p. 250.

To STIR, verb act. [styrian, Sax. stooren, Du.] 1. To move, to
remove from its place. 2. To agitate, to bring into debate. 3. To
incite, to instigate, to animate.

To STIR, verb neut. 1. To be in motion, not to be still. 2. To rise
in the morning.

STIR [styrung, Sax.] 1. A disturbance, bustle, hurly-burly, uproar.
2. Agitation, conflicting passion.

STI’RIOUS [of stiria, Lat. an icicle] being in drops, or hanging like
icicles.

STI’RRER [from stir] 1. One who puts in motion. 2. A riser in the
morning. 3. An inciter, an instigator.

STI’RRUP [stirop, Sax. etrier, Fr. estribo, Sp. and Port.] 1. The
step of a saddle. 2. [In a ship] a piece of timber put under the keel,
when some part of it is lost or beaten off.

STIRRUP-STOCKINGS, stockings without feet, only a sort of a stop
under the heel.

STITCH [stich, Ger.] 1. A sewing with a needle. 2. A sharp prick­
ing pain in the side. 3. A stitch in knitting.

To STITCH [of sticken, Du. stechen, Ger.] 1. To sew with a needle.
2. To join, to unite.

STITCH-WORT, an herb good against stitches or pains in the side; ca­
momile.

STI’THY [of stith, Sax.] 1. A smith's anvil. 2. A disease in oxen.

STI’TTLE-BACK [stiekling, Teut.] a little sort of fish.

To STIVE. 1. To stuff up close. 2. To make hot or sultry.

STI’VER [stuvyver, Du.] a coin, in value one penny, and 1 fifth of a
penny English.

STIVES, stews, bawdy-houses, where lewd women prostitute them­
selves.


STO

STOA’KED, stocked or stopped.

STOAKED [with sailors] a term used when the water, in the bottom of
a ship, cannot come to the pump; they say, it is stoaked.

STOA’KER, one who looks after the fire in a brew-house.

STOAT [stut, Sax.] a small animal.

STO’BEE, Lat. [ςοιβη, Gr.] knap-weed.

STOCCA’DO [stoccato, It.] a stab or thrust with a weapon.

STOCK [stocce, Sax. stock, Su. Du. and Ger.] 1. The trunk of a
tree. 2. A fund of money. 3. Part of a tally struck in the exchequer,
&c. 4. A cravat, a neckcloth. 5. A log, a post. 6. A man pro­
verbially stupid. 7. Quantity, store, body. He proposes to himself no
small stock of fame. Arbuthnot. 8. The frame of a gun or pistol. 9.
The foot of any thing, as of an anvil. 10. [Estoc, Fr. stock, Du.] a fa­
mily or race.

STOCK of an Anchor, that piece of wood which is fastened to the beam,
hard by the ring, and serves to guide the flook of the anchor, to fall right
to fix into the ground.

A laughing STOCK, a ridiculous person who gives occasion for being
laugh'd at in all companies.

STOCKS [stocces, Sax. stocken, Du.] 1. A device for the punishment
of offenders, and were ordered to be set up in every ward in the city of
London, in the reign of king Edward IV. in the year 1476, by William
Hamptom, mayor. 2. [With shipwrights] a frame of timber and large
posts made on shore to build frigates, pinnaces, &c. whence, when a
ship is building, she is said to be upon the stocks.

STOCK-Doves, a kind of pigeons, large and wild.

STOCK-Fish, [stockvish, Du. stock-fisch. Ger.] a sort of fish, salted and
dried.

STOCK-Gilliflower, a fragrant flower.

STOCK-JOBBER, a dealer or broker in the public stocks or funds.

To STOCK [of stoccan, Sax.] 1. To put into a stock or bank. 2. To
put into a stock, as a barrel into a gun-stock, &c. 3. To furnish a shop
or warehouse. 4. To stock up; to extirpate.

STO’CKINGS, hosen, a covering for the legs.

STOCK-STILL [of stock and still] motionless, as a stock or log.

STO’CKPORT, a market town of Cheshire, on the river Mersey, 160
miles from London.

STO’CKTON, a market town of Durham, on the river Tees, 220 miles
from London.

STOE’CHAS, Lat. cotton-weed, or French lavender.

STO’ICAL [stoicus, Lat.] of or pertaining to the Stoics.

STO’ICALNESS [of Στοιχοι, the Stoic philosophers] holding the prin­
ciples of the Stoics; or, at least, the having the same state and temper of
mind, in particular as steel'd to all impression of passions.

STO’ICISM [stoicismus, Lat.] the maxims and opinions of the Stoics.

STO’ICS [called Στοιχοι, of ςοα, Gr. a porch; because they taught in a
common porch] a sect of Athenian philosophers, followers of Zeno; their
morality was excellent; but full of paradoxes, as that a wise man is free
from all passion and perturbation of mind; that pain is no real evil; that
a wise man is happy in the midst of torture; that he ought never to be
moved with joy or grief; they esteemed all things to be ordered by an
inevitable necessity of fate, &c. But I suspect the ειμαρμενη; or fate of the
Stoics was not what we mean by absolute fatality, not SOMETHING INCON-
SISTENT with FREE AGENCY. [See FATE.] And as to their denying
pain and suffering to be an evil, I suspect, they meant only, that 'tis not
absolutely such; but which, in God's all-wise constitution of things, is
relatively good. [See PERIPATETICS, &c. Rom. viii. 28.] Nor am
I certain, that by that maxim of theirs, “that the door is open,” they
intended, at all hazards, to justify self-murder; but only, that a man
may, with reason, go off the stage of life, when ASSUR’D, that God has no
further work or service for him to do here. But if they indeed ima­
gined themselves to be competent judges in this case, they pay'd (I fear) a
greater compliment to the human understanding, than can with reason
be defended. No less indefensible is that notion of theirs, that “vice
is not the object of resentment, but only of pity;” as also, what they
seemed to maintain in common with the Platonists, “that the MIND or
intelligent substance in man, is an emanation or revulsion from the es­
sence of God.” On which notion of theirs, the great predecessor of
St. Origen in the Alexandrian church and school, passed the following
remark: “We [we Christians] affirm, that the Holy Spirit is breathed
into him that believes: But the Platonists [who supposed man to be a
compound of three] lodge the νους [or the intelligent substance] which
they affirm to be an EMANATION of a DIVINE PART [or portion] in the
soul, and the soul they lodge in the body. For, in one of the 12 pro­
phets it is expresly said, “And I'll pour out my SPIRIT on all flesh, and
your sons and daughters shall prophecy. But not as a PART of GOD is
the Spirit in each of us; but how that distribution is made, and what is
the Holy Ghost, shall be elsewhere explained.” Clem. Alexand. Stromat.
Ed. Paris, p. 590, 591. See NICENE Council, SPECIES, GENESIS, First
CAUSE, DIMERITÆ, and REVULSION, compared.

STO’KESLEY, a market town of the north riding of Yorkshire, on the
river Wisk, 217 miles from London.

STO’KER. See STOAKER.

STOLE [etole, Fr. estola, Sp. stola, It. of Lat. ςολη, Gr.] 1. A long
or royal robe. 2. A priest's vestment.

Groom of the STOLE, the head gentleman belonging to the bed-cham­
ber of a sovereign prince.

STOLE [with Romish priests] an ornament worn by priests over the
surplice, as a mark of superiority in their respective churches, &c. See
EPHOD.

STOLE, the preterite of to steal. See To STEAL.

STO’LID [stolido, It. estolido, Sp. stolidus, Lat.] foolish.

STO’LIDNESS [stoliditas, Lat.] foolishness.

STOLI’DITY [stolidus, Lat. stolidité, Fr.] stupidity, want of sense.

STO’LLEN, the part. pass. of to steal. See To STEEL.

STO’MA [ςομα, Gr.] the mouth or the opening of a vein or other
vessel.

STOMACA’CE [ςομαχαχη, Gr.] a soreness in the mouth, rankness in
the gums. See SCELOTYRBE, or SCELETYRBE.

STO’MACH [estomac, Fr. stomaco, It. estomágo, Sp. stomachus, Lat. of
ςομαχος, Gr.] 1. A hollow, membranous organ, destined to receive the
food, to digest and convert it into chyle. 2. The appetite to meat. 3.
Choler or passion, a testy and refractory humour. 4. Pride, haughti­
ness.

To STOMACH [stomachari, Lat.] to be angry at, to represent a mat­
ter, as an affront. The Latins had much the same use of the word:
Pelidæ STOMACHUM cedere nescii.——Horace.

STO’MACHER, the fore part of, or a piece separate, with which wo­
men cover the fore part of their stays or bodies, also a piece of cloth,
quilting, or any thing else to put over one's breast.

STO’MACHFUL [stomachabundus, Lat.] having a great spirit; loth to
submit; dogged, surly.

STO’MACHFULNESS [of stomachabundus, Lat.] greatness of spirit; ful­
ness of resentment.

STOMA’CHIC, or STOMA’CHICAL [stomachicus, Lat. ςομαχιχος, Gr.]
pertaining to, or good for the stomach.

STOMACHICNESS [of stomachicus, Lat. ςομαχιχος, Gr.] a stomachic
quality or helpfulness to the stomach.

STOMA’CHICS [ςομαχιχα, Gr.] medicines good for the stomach.

STOMACH-SKINS [in housewifery] a disease in fowls, caused by thin
skins breeding in their stomachs.

STO’MACHLESS [of stomach, and leas, Sax.] 1. Wanting an appetite.
2. Not apt to resent.

STO’MACHOUS, soon angry, fullen, obstinate.

STO’MACHUS [with anatomists] is properly the left or upper orifice
of the ventricle or stomach, by which meats are received into it, and not
the whole stomach, which is called ventriculus.

STONE [stan, Sax. steen, Dan. steen, Su. Du. and L. Ger. stein, H.
Ger. sten, Teut.] 1. A hard mineral that may be broken or wrought
into forms for building, &c. 2. A distemper of the bladder or kidnies.
3. A testicle. 4. The seed contained in a shell like a nut. 5. Stone of
Wool, 14lb. of beef 8lb. in Hertfordshire 12lb. of wax 8lb.

To STONE [stenan, Sax. steenen, Du. steinigen, Ger.] 1. To throw
stones at. 2. To harden.

STONE, a market town of Staffordshire, on the Trent, 140 miles from
London.








STONE-CROP [stancrop, Sax.] an herb.

STONE-DOUBLET, a prison.

STONE-HORSE, the male of that species of animals.

Precious STONES. See SMARAGDUS, &c.

STONE-PITCH, to distinguish it from liquid pitch, or tar.

STONE-BREAK, saxifrage.

STONE-CUTTER, one whose trade is to hew stones.

STONE-CRAY, a distemper in hawks.

STONE-FALCON, a kind of hawk, which builds her nest in rocks.

STONE-BLIND, quite blind.

STONE-DEAD, quite dead.

STONE-WORK [of stone and work] building of stone.

STO’NED [gestened, Sax.] 1. Pelted with stones. 2. Stoned to
death.

STO’NINESS [stænigness, Sax.] fulness of stones, or a stony qua­
lity.

STO’NY, adj. [stænig, Sax. steenig, Du. and O. Ger. steinig, H. Ger.]
1. Full of stones. 2. Made of stone. 3. Petrific. 4. Hard, inflexible,
unrelenting.

STONY, subst. stoniness, Milton.

STOOD, the preterite of to stand. See to STAND.

STOOK, a shock of corn of 12 sheaves.

STOOL [ystol, C. Br. stole, Sax. stual, Teut. stool, or stoel, Dan. Su.
and L. Ger. stuhl, H. Ger.] 1. A seat to sit on. 2. The voiding of
excrements.

To go to STOOL, to discharge the excrements.

STOOL-BALL [of stool and ball] a play, where balls are driven from
stool to stool.

STOO’MING of Wine, is the putting in bags of herbs or other ingre­
dients into it.

To STOOP [stopian, Sax. stoepen, Du.] 1. To bow or bend down­
ward. 2. To cringe, to condescend. 3. To descend from rank or
dignity. 4. To sink to a lower place. Each bird stoop'd on the wing
Milton.

To STOOP [in falconry] a hawk is said to stoop, when being upon her
wings, at the height of her pitch, she bends down violent to strike the
fowl.

STOOP, subst. [from the verb] 1. Act of stooping, inclination down­
wards. 2. Descent from dignity or superiority. 3. Fall of a bird upon
his prey. 4. [stoppa, Sax. stoep, Du.] two quarts in measure.

STOO’PING [of stoopen, Du.] bending downwards, submitting.

To STOP [stopp, Dan. stoppa, Su. stoppen, Du. and L. Ger. stopfen,
H. Ger.] 1. To stay, to hinder, to keep from going forward, to sus­
pend or cause to cease. 2. To suppress. 3. To regulate musical strings
with the fingers. 4. [stoppen, Du. and L. Ger. stopfen, H. Ger.] to
fill up.

STOP. 1. A stay or delay. 2. a rub or obstacle. 3. Prohibition of
sale. 4. Regulation of musical instruments by the fingers. 5. A point
in writing. Would the reader see of what importance the points are, in
order to adjust an author's meaning, he need only consult the title-page
of this edition of BAILEY'S Dictionary; where a very material difference
arises in the sense, according as there is, or is not a stop after the word
“corrected;” and that no stop was intended, appears from the title page
and original proposals compared; in which last it is expressly affirmed,
“that J. N. S. is responsible to the public for no more, than “the
etymology of all words, mentioned as derived from the Greek, Hebrew, A­
rabic, and other Asiatic languages.”

STO’PPAGE [of stopper, Dan.] a stay, hindrance, obstruction, &c.

STO’PPER [in a ship] a piece of cable used to stop the halliards or the
cable, that it may not run out too far.

STO’PPING in the belly [in housewifery] a disease incident to poul­
try.

STO’PPLE [stopsel, Du. and L. Ger. stoepsel, H. Ger.] a stopper of a
cask, bottle, &c.

STO’RAGE. 1. Ware-house-room. 2. The hire paid for it.

STO’RAX [ςοραξ, Gr.] the gum proceeding from a tree, growing in
Syria, very sweet scented.

STORE, subst. [ystor, C. Brit. stoor, Su. great] 1. Abundance. 2.
Provisions or ammunition laid up.

STORE, adj. hoarded, laid up, accumulated.

STOR’E-HOUSE, subst. a magazine.

To STORE. 1. To furnish a house, ship, or place with provisions.
2. To lay up in store.

STO’RER [from store] one that lays up.

STORGE [ςοργη, Gr.] that parental instinct, or natural affection,
which all, or most, animals bear towards their young.

STO’RIED [from story] adorned with historical pictures. Milton.

STO’RIER, the fry or young fish; also young swine bought to be
fatted.

STORK [storc, Sax. storch, Su. Dan. Du. and Ger. of ςοργη, Gr. na­
tural affection, because this fowl is remarkable for its care of aged pa­
rents] a certain wild fowl.

STORK'S Bill. 1. An herb. 2. An instrument used in surgery.

STORM [ystorm, C. Br. storm, Sax. storm, Dan. Du. Su. and Ger.]
1. Blustering weather, a tempest. 2. A bustle, a noise. 3. An assault
or sudden attack. 4. Trouble, affliction, calamity.

To STORM, verb act. [stormer, Dan. storma, Su. stormen Du. and L.
Ger. sturmen, H. Ger. or of storm, prob. of stormian, Sax.] to attack a
fortified place furiously.

To STORM verb neut. 1. To chafe, to fume, to be in a rage. 2.
To scold or brawl. 3. To raise a tempest.

STO’RMINESS [stormicgnesse, Sax.] tempestuousness.

STO’RMY [stormig, Sax. stormig, Du. and L. Ger. sturmig, H. Ger.]
1. Boisterous, tempestuous. 2. Violent, passionate.

STO’RTFORD-Bishops, a market-town of Hertfordshire, on the river
Stort, 28 miles from London.

STO’RY [of stor, Sax.] 1. A floor up stairs. 2. [Stær, Sax. a contrac­
tion of history] a narration, account of things past. 3. A small tale,
account of a single action. 4. A petty fiction.

To STORY [from the noun] 1. To relate historically. 2. To range
one under another.

STO’RY-TELLER [from story and tell] one who relates tales.

STOTE [stod, Sax.] 1. A young horse or bullock. 2. A kind of stink­
ing ferret.

STOVE [stopa, Sax. stue, Dan. stove, Du. and L. Ger. stuve, H. Ger.]
1. A stew or hot bath; a sort of furnace to warm a room itself. 2. A
sort of fire-grate in which is a stove. 3. A machine to put burning
coals in, which the women in Holland and Germany put under their
petticoats. 3. [With confectioners] a little closet well stopped up on
all sides, in which is a stove, having the several stories of shelves for set­
ting sweet-meats to dry on.

To STOVE [from the noun] to keep warm in a house artificially
heated.

STOUND. 1. Sorrow, grief, misfortune. 2. Astonishment, amaze­
ment. 3. Hour, time, season.

STOUR [stur, Runic, a battle, steoran, Sax. to disturb] assault, incur­
sion, tumult: obsolete.

STOUT, adj. [stout, Du.] 1. Lusty, hard, bold, courageous. 2. Ob­
stinate, resolute.

STOUT, subst. strong beer.

STOU’TLY [from stout] lusty, boldly, obstinately.

STOU’TNESS [of stout, Du. stolt, Su. and L. Ger. stoltz, H. G.]
proud, haughty, arrogant, and ness] courageousness, boldness, fortitude.
2. Obstinacy, stubbornness.

STOW, stol, and stold, with the Celto-scyth, Ger. signifies a city; and
hence stadt signifies a place, seat, or city; and ystol, Brit. a seat or stool;
hence Bristol or Bristow: and in this signification is a very common ter­
mination at the end of the proper names of towns, cities, &c.

To STOW [of stowian, Sax. stowen, Du. stauen, Ger.] to place, to lay
up in a ship, ware-house, &c.

STO’WAGE [of stow, Sax.] 1. A place where goods may be stowed or
laid up. 2. Money paid for laying them up.

STOW on the Would, a market-town of Gloucestershire, 77 miles from
London.

STOWR. 1. A hedge-stake. 2. The round of a ladder.


STR

STRA’BISM [strabismus, Lat. ςραβισμος, Gr.] a squinting or looking
a-squint.

To STRA’DDLE [of strædan, Sax.] to spread the legs abroad.

STRA’DDLING [q. d. striding, of strædan, Sax.] spreading the legs
wide.

To STRA’GGLE [Spelman derives it of stre, Sax. a way; but Min­
shew of stravolare, It.] 1. To go from company, to wander. 2. To
exuberate, to shoot too far.

STRA’GGLER [from straggle] a wanderer, a rover, one who forsakes
his company.

STRAICKS [with gunners] plates of iron serving for the rounds of the
wheel of a gun carriage.

STRAIGHT, adj. [strace, Sax. strack, Du. etroit, Fr. stretto, It. estreito,
Port.] 1. Right, direct. 2. Narrow, scanty [this should be written
strait, estroet, Fr.] 3. Stretched out in length.

STRAIGHT, subst. [eroit, Fr.] 1. A great pressure, a difficulty, di­
stress. 2. Extreme want. 3. [in geography] a narrow sea or gut, shut
up between lands on either side, and affording a passage out of one
great sea into another. It is used in the plural number; as the Straights
of Gibraltar.

STRAIGHT, adv. [stracks Du. and Ger. of stæclice, Sax.] presently,
immediately, by and by.

To STRAI’TEN [ftom straight] to make straight, to reduce from be­
ing crooking.

STRAIGHTS a sort of narrow Kersey cloth.

STRAI’GHTNESS [prob. of stracks, Du. or stracnesse, Sax.] difficulty,
extreme want, narrowness, lightness.

To STRAIN, verb act. [prob. of stringere, Lat. or estraindre, Fr.] 1.
To use great force or endeavour, to exert vehemently. 2. To stretch
out wide. 3. To separate liquors from the thick part or sediment, by
pressing, squeezing through a hair bag and cloth. 4. To Drain through
a sieve. 5. To squeeze in embrace. 6. To put to its utmost strength.
7. To push beyond the proper extent. 8. To force, to constrian, to
make uneasy, or unnatural. 9. [with falconers] a term used of a hawk,
who is said to strain, when she catches at any thing.

STRAIN, subst. [strictio, or extensio, Lat.] 1. A vehement effort. 2.
[Stenge, Sax.] race, generation, descent. And the long heroes of the
gallic strain. Prior. 3. Hereditary disposition. Intemperance spoil
the strain of a nation. Tillotson. 4. Stile or manner of speaking. 5.
Song, note, sound. High on the stern the Thracian rais'd his strain.
Pope. 6. Rank, character. Of the common strain. 7. Turn, Ten­
dency. A strain of madness. Hayward. 8. [Hunting term] the view
or track of a deer. 9. [With surgeons] a violent extortion of the sinews
beyond their tone, a sprain.

STRAI’NER [from strain] a filtrating bag.

STRAIT [strac, Sax. etroit, Fr.] 1. Direct, without bendings or
turnings. 2. Narrow, close, not wide. 3. Close, intimate. See
STRAIGHT.

STRAIT [in architecture] a term used by bricklayers, to signify half,
or more or less than half, a tile in breadth and the whole length. They
are commonly used at the gable ends, where they are laid at every other
course, to cause the tiles to break joint, as they call it; that is, that the
joints of one course may not answer exactly to the joint of the next
course, either above or below it.

To STAI’TEN [rendre a l'stroit, Fr.] 1. To make strait without bend­
ings. 2. To press hard. 3. To contract, to confine. 4. To distress,
to perplex.

STRAI’TLY, narrowly, strictly, rigorously.

STRAI’TNESS [stracnesse, Sax.] 1. Directness, being without bend­
ing or turning. 2. Strictness, rigour. 3. Distress difficulty. 4. Want,
scarcity.

STRAI’TWAY [etroitement, Fr. stracs, Sax. stracks, Du. and Ger.] im­
mediately, presently, forthwith.

STRAKE [streeke, Du. and L. Ger. strich, H. Ger.] 1. The iron with
which carriage wheels are bound. 2. [With shipwrights] a seam be­
tween two planks.

To Heel a STRAKE [sea term] a ship is said so to do, when she in­
clines or hangs more to one side than another, the quantity of a whole
plank's breadth.

STRA’KED [of streke, Du.] having strakes or lines.

STRAMO’NIA, Lat. the apple of Peru, or thorn apple.

STRAND [strand, Sax. strand, Su. and Ger. strandt, Du.] a high shore
or bank of the sea, or of a great river; whence the street, near the
river, in the city of London is called the Strand.

STRAND [with sailors] the twist of a rope.








STRAND Runner, a bird about the size of a lark, with a square bill
something like a rasp, that runs on the rocks of Spitherg, and feeds on
worms.

To STRAND [strandan, Sax. stranden, Du. and Ger.] to run a ship
on shore, or on the banks.

STRA’NDED [of strand, Sax. a bank of the sea, &c.] is when a ship,
either by tempest or ill steerage, is run aground and perishes.

STRANGE [etrange, Fr. straniero, It. estràno, Sp. q. d. of extraneus,
Lat. foreign] 1. Unusual, uncommon, wonderful. 2. Foreign, of an­
other country. 3. Odd, irregular, not according to the common way.
4. Unknown, new. 5. Uncommonly good or bad. At this strange
rate. Tillotson. 6. Unacquainted. Look strange upon another. Ba­
con.

STRANGE, interjection, an expression of wonder.

To STRANGE [from the noun] to wonder, to be astonished.

STRA’NGELY [from strange] 1. Wonderfully. 2. With some rela­
tion to foreigners.

STRA’NGENESS [of etrange, Fr.] unusualness, uncommonness.

STRA’NGER [extraneus, Lat. etranger, Fr. straniero, It. estrangéro, Sp.
estrangeiro, Port.] 1. An unknown person, one with whom a person has
no acquaintance, or one of another nation, country, &c. 2. A guest,
not a domestic, 3. [in law] one who is not privy or party to an act,
as a stranger to a judgment, is one to whom it does not belong.

To STA’NGLE [strangulare, Lat. and It. etrangler, Fr.] 1. To choke,
to strangle, to stop the breath. 2. To suppress.

STRANGLE Weed, a kind of herb.

STRA’NGLER [from strangle] one that strangles.

STRA’NGLES [in horses] a disease when they void thick humour at
the nostrils.

STRANGULA’TION [from strangle] suffocation, the act of strang­
ling.

STRA’NGURY [στραγγυρια, Gr.] a stoppage of urine, when it is void­
ed drop by drop, and that with pain, and a continual inclination to
make water. But Galen (in his comment on Aphor. 48, lib. 7.) makes
the σταγγουρια to be a simple urinæ stillicidium, and the dysuria to be a
miction attended with pain, or at least with some difficulty accompany­
ing the operation of the bladder.

STRAP [prob. of strippen, Du. to scourge] 1. A thong of leather. 2.
[In a ship] is a rope which is spliced about any block, and made with
an eye, to fasten it any where upon occasion. 3. [With surgeons] a
sort of band, usually made of silk, wool, leather, &c. to stretch out
members in the setting of broken or disjointed bones; or for binding
patients, when it is needful to confine them, for the more secure per­
formance of a painful operation.

To STRAP, to beat with a strap.

STRAPA’DO [strappata, It.] a sort of military punishment, wherein,
the criminal's hands being tied behind him, he is hoisted up with a rope
to the top of a long piece of wood, and let fall again almost to the
ground, so that his arms are dislocated by the weight of his body in the
shock.

STA’RPPING, huge, lusty, bouncing; as, a strapping lass.

STRA’TA [in natural history] the several beds or layers of different
matter, whereof the body of the earth is composed, they laying over
one another, from the surface to the greatest depth.

STRA’TAGEM [stratageme, Fr. stratagemma, It. etratagema, Sp. stra­
tagema, Lat. στραταγημα, Gr.] a politic device or subtle invention, espe­
cially in war affairs.

STRATARI’THMETRY [of στρατος, an army, αριθμος, number, and
μετρεω, Gr. to measure] the art of drawing up an army, or any part of
it, in any given geometrrical figure, and of expressing the number of
men contained in such a figure, as they stand in array, either near at
hand or at a distance.

STRATIFICA’TION [with chemists] an arrangement of different mat­
ters, bed upon bed, or one layer upon another, in a crucible, in order
to calcine a metal, &c.

To STRA’TIFY Gold and Cement [with refiners] is to lay a bed of ce­
ment, and then a plate of gold, and then another of cement, and so on,
till the crucible is filled.

STRATO’CRACY [of στρατος, an army, and χρατος, Gr. power, do­
minion] military government, or a kingdom governed by an army, or
by soldiers.

STRA’TUM, Lat. a bed, a layer.

To STRATU’MINATE [stratuminare, Lat.] to pave.

STRATUM super stratum, Lat. layer upon layer, row upon row, one
row over another.

STRAW [streaw, Sax. stra, Su. stroy, Du. stroh, Ger.] 1. The stalk
of corn. 2. Any thing proverbially worthless.

STRAW [a military word] a word of command, used to dismiss the
soldiery, when they have grounded their arms, so as they may return to
them again, upon the first firing a gun or beat of drum.

STRA’W-BERRY [streaw-berian, Sax.] a summer fruit well known.

STRAW-built, made or built with straw. Milton.

STRAW-coloured [of straw and colour] of a light yellow colour.

STRAW Worm, an insect, bred in straw.

STRA’WY [strewene, Sax.] full of, or strewed with straw.

To STRAY [of stre, Sax. a way, or of straviare, It. q. extra viam
ire, Lat. or perhaps of stroyen, Du. streuen, Ger. to strew or spread
abroad] 1. To wander or straggle out of the way. 2. To err, to de­
viate from the right.

STRAY, subst. a beast that wanders out from its pasture, &c.

STREAK [strice, Sax. streeck, Du. strich, Ger.] a line or track that
any thing leaves behind it.

To STREAK [stricciare, It. stricken, Du. streichen, Ger.] 1. To make
streaks, lines, or marks. 2. To stretch: obsolete.

STREA’KY [from streak] striped, variegated with colours.

To STREAM [streamian, Sax. stroomen, Du. strohmen, Ger.] 1. To
run in a stream. 2. To issue forth with continuance.

STREAM [stream, Sax. strom, Su. stroom, Du. strohm, Ger.] 1. A
running water, the current or course of a river. 2. Any thing forcible
and continued.

STREAM Anchor [with sailors] a small anchor made fast to a stream­
cable, for a ship to ride by in a gentle stream.

STREAM Works [in the tin mines] certain works whereby the mines
follow the veins of metal, by cutting trenches.
It is hard striving against the STREAM.
Lat. Difficile est contra torrentem niti.
It. Stultus, pugnat in adversis ire natator aquis.
And it is very often prudent not to attempt it. We say, to the same
purpose, It is hard to kick against the pricks.

STREA’MER [of a ship] a flag, a pendant.

STREA’MING [in heraldry] a term used to express a stream of light
darting from a comet or blazing star, vulgarly called the beard.

STREA’MY [from stream] 1. Abounding in running water. 2. Flow­
ing with a current.

STREET [strete, or strate, Sax. streede, Dan. straer, Du. and L.
Ger. strasse, H. Ger. prob. of strata, Lat. sc. via] 1. A way, properly
a paved way between two rows of houses. 2. Proverbially, a public
place.

STREET Gavel [in Cholington in Sussex] the sum of two shil­
lings paid by every tenant to the lord, for his going out and returning
into it.

STREET-Walker, a common strumpet.

STRE’NÆ [with the Romans] presents made out of respect on New-
Year's-Day; and as a happy augury for the ensuing year.

STRENGTH [strength, of strang, Sax.] 1. Might, force of the
body. 2. Power of endurance, firmness. 3. Vigour of any kind. 4.
Power of the mind, force of the mental faculty. 5. Potency of liquors.
6. Support, maintenance of power. 7. Armament, force, power. 8.
Persuasive prevalence, argumentative force.

To STRE’NGTHEN, verb act. [of strangian, Sax.] 1. To make
strong. 2. To confirm, to establish. 3. To animate, to fix in reso­
lution.

To STRE’NGTHEN, verb neut. to grow strong.

STRE’NGTHENER [from strength] 1. That which gives strength, that
makes strong. 2. [In physic] such medicines as increase the firmness of
the solids.

STRE’NGTHLESS [from strength] 1. Wanting strength, deprived of
strength. 2. Wanting potency, weak; used of liquors.

STRE’NUOUS [strenuus, Lat.] 1. Stout, valiant, active, vigorous. 2.
Zealous, vehement.

STRE’NUOUSLY [from strenuous] 1. Vigorously, actively. 2. Zealously,
with ardour.

STRENUO’SITY, or STRE’NUOUSNESS [strenuositas, Lat.] vigourness,
earnestness, laboriousness.

STRE’PEROUS [streperus, Lat.] noisy, jarring, hoarse.

STRESS [strece, Sax. violence] 1. The main point of an affair. 2.
The foulness of weather. 3. Violence, force, either acting or suf­
fered.

STRETCH [from the verb] 1. Extension, reach. 2. Effort, strug­
gle. 3. Utmost extent of meaning. 4. Utmost reach of power.

To STRETCH [of strecan, Sax. streecker, Dan. strachia, Su. strecken,
Du. and Ger.] 1. To reach out, to draw into a length. 2. To make
a matter more than it is. 3. To expand, to display. 4. To strain to
the utmost. 5. To make tense.

To STRETCH, verb neut. 1. To be extended. 2. To sally beyond
the truth.

STRE’TCHER. 1. Any thing used for extension. 2. A wooden stave
which the rowers set their feet against.

To STREW [strewian, Sax. stro, Su. stroyen, Du. streuen, Ger.] 1.
To scatter abroad or upon. 2. To scatter loosely.

STRI’Æ [in ancient architecture] the lists, fillets, or rays, which se­
parate the striges or flutings of columns.

STRIÆ [in natural history] the small hollows or channels in the shells
of cockles, scollops, &c.

STRI’ATED. 1. Formed in striæ. 2. [With architects] chamfered,
channelled; as cockles, scollops, and other shell fishes are.

STRI’ATURE [from striæ, Lat.] disposition of striæ.

STRI’CKEL, or STRICKLE [of sgrican, Sax. to strike] a piece of
even wood to strike off the over measure of corn.

STRI’CKEN [gesgriced, Sax.] 1. Beaten, smitten. 2. Advanced;
as, stricken in years.

STRICT [stretto, It. estrecho, Sp. strictus, Lat.] 1. Close, exact, po­
sitive, punctual. 2. Severe, rigorous. 3. Confined, not extensive. 4.
Close, tight. 5. Tense, not relaxed.

STRI’CTLY [from strict] 1. Exactly, with rigorous accuracy. 2.
Rigorously, severely, without indulgence. 3. Closely, with tense­
ness.

STRI’CTNESS [of strictus, Lat.] 1. Exactness, punctualness, rigid­
ness, severity. 2. Tenseness, tightness.

STRI’CTIVE [strictivus, Lat.] gathered or cropped with the hand.

STRI’CTURE [strictura, Lat. a spark] 1. A stroke, a touch. 2.
Contraction, closure by contraction. 3. A slight touch upon a subject,
not a set discourse.

To STRIDE, pret. I strode or strid, part. pass. stridden [of stridan,
Sax.] 1. To step wide. 2. To bestride or lay a leg over an horse. 3.
To stand with the legs far asunder.

STRIDE [stræde, and stride, Sax.] a wide step.

STRI’DENT [stridens, Lat.] gnashing, or making a crashing noise
with the teeth.

STRI’DULOUS [stridulus, Lat.] crashing or screaking.

STRI’DULOUSNESS [of stridulus, Lat.] screakingness.

STRIFE [estrif, O. Fr.] 1. Contention, endeavour. 2. Contrast,
opposition of nature or appearance.

STRI’FEFUL [of strife and full] contentious, discordant.

STRIFT, a violent struggle; as, “a strift of nature, when combating
a disease;” or, if applied to the mind, “a strift of soul, of passions,
&c.” The etymology of the word is analogous to that of many others;
such as rift, thrift, shrift, cleft, &c. all noun substantives formed out of
the respective verbs to which they belong.

STRI’GES [in architecture] are the hollow channels in the shaft of a
column, called by our workmen flutings and grooves.

To STRIKE, pret. I struck or strook, part. pass. strucken or stricken
[strican, Sax. strycken, Du. streicken, Ger.] 1. To beat or hit. 2. To
affect or make an impression on the mind. 3. To make even measure
with a strickel. 4. To notify by the sound of a hammer or a bell. 5.
To alarm, to put into motion. Nice works of art strike and surprize us.
Atterbury. 6. To strike the flag [sea term] to let down the flag. 7.
To strike a mast [sea term] is to take it down. 8. To strike sail [sea
term] to lower, or let down the sail. 9. To strike down into the hold
[sea term] is to lower any thing into the hold by tackles or ropes. 10.
To strike a bargain; to conclude a bargain.








STRIKE, a strike for measuring of corn; also a measure containing
four bushels.

STRIKE of Flax, as much as is heckled at one handful.

STRI’KING [of astrican, Sax.] 1. Beating, hitting, &c. 2. Making
an impression upon the mind or senses.

STRIKING Wheel [of a clock] is the same that some call pin-wheel,
on account of the pins that are set round the rim of it. In clocks
that go eight days, the second wheel is the striking-wheel, or pin-wheel;
and, in those that go sixteen days, the first, or great wheel, is commonly
the striking-wheel.

STRIKING Sail [a sea phrase] is the letting down or lowering the
top-sails; so that, when one ship strikes to another in this manner, it is
a compliment of respect and submission, or a token of yielding in an en­
gagement.

STRIKING [with sailors] is when a ship, coming upon shoal water,
beats upon the ground.

STRIKING [in the king's court] whereby blood is drawn; the punish­
ment whereof is, that the criminal shall have his right hand struck off in
a solemn manner; for striking in Westminster-hall, while the courts of
justice are sitting, the punishment is imprisonment for life, and forfeiture
of estate.

STRING [stræng, Sax. straeng, Su. streng, Du. and Ger. the twist of
a rope, stringá, It. of stringere, Lat. to bind] 1. Any thong, thread,
line, &c. to tie with. 2. A thread on which things are filed. 3. Any
set of things filed on a line. 4. A small fibre, a nerve, a tendon. 5.
The nerve of a bow, the cord of a musical instrument.
He has two STRINGS to his bow.
That is, he is well provided for; if one business fail him, he has ano­
ther in reserve. Lat. Duabus anchoris nititur, He is doubly moor'd.
Gr. Επι δυοιν οσμειν. The French say as we; Il a deux cordes à son arc.
The It. Navigar per più venti.

To STRING [of stræg, Sax.] 1. To draw upon a thread or string.
2. To furnish with strings. 3, To make tense. 4. To put strings to a
musical instrument.

STRI’NGED [from string] having strings, produced by strings.

STRI’NGENT [stringens, Lat.] binding.

STRING-HALT [in horses] a sudden twitching up the hinder leg.

STRI’NGINESS [strængeness, Sax.] fulness of strings.

STRI’NGLESS [from string] having no strings.

STRI’NGY [sgrængene, Sax.] full of strings.

To STRIP [of stroppen, Du. streiffen, Ger.] 1. To pull off the clothes,
skin, hide, peel, &c. 2. To rob, to plunder.

STRIP [streiff, Ger.] 1. A small piece of cloth, paper, &c. 2. [In
law] spoil, destruction, &c. as, to make strip and waste.

To STRIPE [strepen, Du.] to variegate with lines of different co­
lours.

STRIPE [of strepe, Du. a line or trace, or of streiff, Ger.] 1. A blow
or lash with a whip or scourge, &c. 2. A streak in silk, cloth, stuff, &c.
3. Discolouration by a blow.

STRI’PLING [Minshew derives it of tripudiando, Lat. leaping and dan­
cing, q. d. tripling] a youth.

To STRIVE, pret. I strove, part. pass. striven [estriver, O. Fr. striber,
Dan. streven, Du. and L. Ger. streben, H. Ger.] 1. To endeavour ear­
nestly, to contend. 2. To combat with. 3. To vie, or contend in ex­
cellency.

STRI’VEN, part. pass. of to strive. See To STRIVE.

STRIX. 1. The screech-owl, accounted an unluckly or ill-boding
bird. 2. A witch or hag that changes the favour or countenance of
children, a fairy or hobgobblin. 3. [In architecture] a channel, gutter,
or strake in the rebating of pillars.

STRO’KAL, an instrument used by glass-makers.

STROKE [strice, Sax. strecke, Du. strich, Ger.] 1. A streak-line or
dash. 2. [Of streich, Teut.] a blow. 3. A hostile blow. 4. A sud­
den disease or affliction. 5. The sound of a clock. 6. The touch of a
pencil. 7. An effect suddenly or unexpectedly produced. 8. A masterly
or eminent effort. 9. Power, efficacy. He has a great stroke with the
reader. Dryden.

To STROKE [stracian, Sax. stryger, Dan. stryka, Su. streiken, Du.
straaken, O. and L. Ger. streichen, H. Ger.] to feel gently, to draw the
hand lightly over.

STRO’KING [stracung, Sax. straakung, O. and L. Ger. streichen, H.
Ger.] a drawing the hand over.

STRO’KINGS of Milk, the last milking.

To STROLE [prob. q. d. to roll] to rove or ramble about.

STRO’LLER, a rambling player, a mountebank, a vagabond.

STRO’LLING [q. d. rolling, or of rouler, Fr.] rambling.

STROMA’TICS [of στρωμα, of στρωννυω, Gr. to strew] books treating of
several scattered subjects. Such was that invaluable collection, which
Clemens Alexandrinus, St. Origen's predecessor, made and published un­
der the title of Stromates; and in which he has preserved many a branch
of primitive christianity; which began to be corrupted indeed very early,
but receiv'd its most effectual blow (by the assistance of the secular arm)
in the fourth and fifth centuries. Clem. Alexand. Stromat. Ed. Paris,
p. 274, 275. As to the etymology, Clemens himself gives it, p. 475, 476.
If the reader would see what extracts we have made from this truly
apostolic writer, he may consult the words First CAUSE, SPECIES,
GRACE, COETERNAL, GNOSTICS, &c.

STRONG [streng, Sax. string, Dan. or of streng, Du. and Ger. vehe­
ment, rigorous, severe, prob. of strenuus, Lat.] 1. Of great strength,
able, lusty, stout. 2. Thick. 3. Powerful to the taste or smell. 4.
Fortified, defensible. 5. Powerful, mighty. 6. Supplied with forces.
7. Hale, healthy. 8. Acting forcibly in the imagination. 9. Ardent,
eager, zealous. 10. Potent, intoxicating. 11. Hard of digestion, co­
gent, inclusive. Bring forth your strong reasons. Isaiah. 12. Forcibly
written.

STRO’NGHAND [of strong and hand] force, violence.

STRO’NGLY [of stranglice, Sax.] with strength, powerfully.

STRO’NGNESS [strangnysse, Sax.] a strong quality.

STRO’NGER [stranglicor, Sax.] having more strength.

STRO’NGEST [stranglicost, Sax.] having most strength.

STRONGU’LLION, the strangury.

STO’NOWATER [of strong and water] vinous spirits.

STRO’PHE [στροφη, of στρεφω, Gr. to turn] 1. The first of the three
members of a Greek lyric ode or poem; the second being the antistro­
phe that answers to it; and the third is the epode, that answers to nei­
ther, but is answered in the next return. 2. The first turn of the chorus
or choir of singers in a tragedy, on one side of the stage, answering to the
antistrophe on the other.

STROUDS [with sailors] the several twists at the end of a cable or
rope.

STROVE. See To STRIVE.

To STROW. See To STREW.

STRUCK. See To STRIKE.

STRU’CTURE, Fr. [struttura, of structura, Lat.] 1. An edifice, a
building, a fabric or pile of building. 2. The way or manner of build­
ding. 3. [With rhetoricians] a disposition of the parts of a discourse,
or the order that is to be observed in the framing of it. 4. With philo­
sophers] is the combination or result of all those qualities or modifica­
tions of matter in any natural body, which distinguish it from others;
it is the same which is termed, the peculiar form or texture of such a
body.

STRUDE, or STRODE, a stock of breeding mares.

To STRU’GGLE [of στρευγομαι, Gr. according to Mer. Casaub.] 1. To
strive earnestly with, to wrestle. 2. To contest with difficulties or distress.

STRUGGLE. 1. An earnest or violent striving. 2. Contest, conten­
tion. 3. Agony, tumultuous distress. See STRIFT.

STRU’MA, Lat. a swelling in the neck, &c. the king's evil.

STRUMA’TIC [strumaticus, Lat.] of, or pertaining to, or affected
with strumous humours.

STRU’MEA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb crow-foot.

STRU’MOUS, having such swellings of the glands as happen in the
struma.

STRU’MPET [some derive it of strout-pot, Du. a dung-pot or common
jakes, &c. others of tromper, Fr. to deceive, on account of jilting] a
common whore, or harlot.

To STRUMPET [from the noun] to debauch.

STRUNG [streng, Sax. a string] having strings, or upon strings. See
To STRING.

STRUNTED Sheep, sheep whose tails have been cut off.

STRUT. 1. An affectation of stateliness in the walk. 2. [With car­
penters] the brace which is framed into the ring-piece and principal raf­
ters.

To STRUT [of strotten, O. and L. Ger. strotzen, H. Ger.] 1. To
walk after a stately, haughty manner. 2. To swell, to protuberate.

STRUTHIOCA’MELUS [στρουθιοχαμηλος, Gr.] the ostrich, a large fowl,
which will digest iron. Pliny.

STRUTHIO’MELA [στρουθειομελα, Gr.] a sort of quince.


STU

STUB [stybbe, Sax. stubbe, Su.] 1. A strump, or piece of the stock of
a tree. 2. A log, a block. 3. A nail with the point broken off.

To STUB [from the noun] to force up, to extirpate.

STUBBED [stybbe, Sax.] short, well-set.

STU’BBEDNESS, the state of being short and thick.

STU’BBING [in agriculture] the pulling or eradicating shrubs, broom,
&c. out of land.

STU’BBLE [estouble, O. Fr. stoppel, Du. and Ger. stoppia, It. stipula,
Lat.] short straw after reaping,

STUBBLE Goose, a goose fed in the stubble, an autumn goose.

STU’BBORN [q. d. of being stout-born, as some think; but Mer. Ca­
saub. derives it of στιβαρος, Gr. firm] 1. Obstinate, inflexible. 2. Stiff,
not pliable. 3. Hardy, firm, harsh, rough, rugged.

STU’BBORNNESS, obstinacy, &c.

STU’BBY [from stub] short and thick, short and strong.

STU’CCO, It. a composition of lime and marble powdered very fine,
used in making figures and other ornaments of sculpture.

STUCK, the pret. and part. pass. of to stick. See To STICK.

STUD. 1. [Stood, Sax. stuterey, of stute, Ger. a mare] a stock of
breeding mares. 2. [Stud, Sax.] a sort of button, or a round-headed
nail or boss.

To STUD, to set or adorn any thing with studs.

STU’DDING-SAILS [a sea term] bolts of canvas extended in a fair
gale of wind, along the side of the main-sail, and boomed out with a
boom.

STU’DENT [studens, Lat. studying, un etudiant, Fr. estudiánte, Sp. stu­
dente, It.] one who studies any art or science, especially at an univer­
sity.

STU’DIED [from study] 1. Learned, versed in any study. 2. Having
any particular inclination: obsolete.

STU’DIER [from study] one who studies.

STU’DIOUS [studieux, Fr. studioso, It. estudióso, Sp. and Port. studiosus,
Lat.] 1. Given to study, bookish. 2. Diligent, busy. Studious to find
new friends. Tickel. 3. Attentive to, careful. 3. Contemplative,
suitable to meditation. To walk the studious cloisters pale. Milton.

STU’DIOUSLY [from studious] 1. Contemplatively, with close appli­
cation to literature. 2. Diligently, carefully, attentively.

STU’DIOUSNESS [of studiosus, Lat. studieux, Fr.] devotedness or pro­
pensity to study.

To STU’DY [studere, Lat. étudier, Fr. studiare, It. estudiàr, Sp. and
Port.] 1. To apply the mind to, to contrive, to endeavour. 2. To learn
by application.

STU’DY [of studium, Lat. etudé, Fr. studie, It. estudio, Sp. estudo, Port.]
1. Application of mind to learn or to do any thing. 2. Earnestness for,
desire of. 3. A closet to study in, a library. 4. Any particular kind
of learning.

STUFF [ystoff, Brit. etoffe, Fr.] 1. Matter. 2. A sort of thin cloth
made of wool or other matter. 3. Furniture, goods. 4. Essence, ele­
mental part. 5. Any mixture or medicine. 6. Matter or thing; in
contempt. Such stuff as madmen tongue, and brain not. Shakespeare.

STU’FFING [q. d. with stuff, i. e. matter] filling.

To STUFF [prob. of στυφεω, Gr. as Mer. Casaub. conjectures, or ra­
ther of stoffeeren, Du. or stopfen, H. Ger. to fill or stop full] 1. To cram
or fill. 2. To form by stuffing.

STUKE. See STUCCO.

STULM, a shaft to draw water out of a mine.

STUM [stamme, Du. stumme, Ger.] 1. The flower of wine set a
working, or it is the pure wine kept from fretting, by the often racking
it into clean vessels, and strongly scented, i. e. newly matched; by
which means it becomes as clear, or clearer than other wine, preserving
itself from both its lees by precipitation of them. 2. Wine revived by a
new fermentation.

To STUM [stommen, Du. stummen, Ger.] to put ingredients into
wine decayed, to make it brisk.








To STU’MBLE [q. d. to tumble, of tumer, Dan. tomber, Fr. or tum­
bian, Sax. to leap or dance] 1. To be like to fall. 2. To slip, to err,
to blunder. 3. To strike against by chance.

STU’MBLE [from the verb] 1. A trip in walking. 2. A blunder, a
failure.

STU’MBLER [from stumble] one that stumbles.

STU’MBLING-BLOCK, cause of stumbling, cause of error, cause of of­
fence.
'Tis a good Horse that never STUMBLES.
Lat. Bonus equus qui nunquam cespitat.
The meaning of this proverb is, that no man treads so sure but that,
sooner or later, he may stumble. Humanum est errare. Even the great
Homer could not be exempt. Quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus, say
the Latins. The Fr. say as we; Bon cheval qui ne bronche jamais.

STU’MMED [spoken of wine] sophisticated.

STUMP [stump, Dan. and Ger.] a broken piece of a tree standing out
of the ground, of a tooth, &c

To STUMP [stumper, Dan. stumpa, Su.] 1. To cut off a stump. 2.
To brag or boast.

STU’MPY [from stump] full of stumps, hard, stiff, strong.

To STUN [etonner, Fr. or gestun, Sax. a noise, stumpa, Su.] to ren­
der stupid or hard of hearing, by a blow or noise.

STUNG, the pret. of to sting. See To STING.

To STUNT [q. d. to stint] to hinder in growth.

STUPE [stupa, Lat.] cloth, &c. dipped in warm medicaments, and
applied to a hurt or sore.

To STUPE [from the noun] to foment, to dress with stupes.

STUPEFA’CTION [stupefazione, It.] 1. Insensibility, stupidness. 2.
An extraordinary or great astonishment.

STUPEFA’CTIVE, or STU’PEFYING [stupefiante, O. Fr. stupefacio,
Lat.] of stupefying quality.

STUPEFA’CTIVENESS [of stupefacio, Lat.] a stupifying quality.

STU’PEFIERS, stupifying medicines, the same as narcotics.

STUPE’NDIOUS [stupendo, It. of stupere, Lat.] prodigious, wonderful,
astonishing.

STUPE’NDIOUSLY, in a manner prodigious.

STUPE’NDIOUSNESS [of stupendiosus, Lat.] astonishingness.

STU’PID [stupide, Fr. stupido, It. estúpido, Sp. stupidus, Lat.] 1.
Blockish, dull, senseless. 2. Performed without skill or genius.

STUPI’DITY [stupiditas, Lat. stupidité, Fr. stupidità, It.] stupidness.

STU’PIDLY [from stupid] dully, without apprehension or genius.

To STU’PIFY [stupifier, O. Fr. stupefare, It. of stupificare, Lat.] 1.
To make or render stupid, dull or senseless. 2. To benumb. 3. To
astonish or dismay.

STU’POR, Lat. [stupeur, O. Fr. stupore, It.] 1. State of being stupi­
fied, astonishment. 2. A numbness occasioned by any accidental ban­
dage, which stops the motion of the blood and nervous fluids, or by a
decay of the nerves, as in the palsy.

To STU’PRATE [stuprare, It. and Lat.] to ravish a woman.

STUPRA’TION [stupro, Lat.] ravishing or deflowring a woman, com­
mitting a rape.

STU’RDILY [from sturdy] stoutly, hardily, resolutely, obstinately.

STU’RDINESS. 1. Lustiness. 2. Resoluteness.

STU’RDY [of στιβαρος, Gr. corpulent, Mer. Casaub. or rather of storr,
Teut. stuer, Dan. stoor, Su. great, large] 1. Strong, lusty, bold, reso­
lute. 2. A disease in cattle.

STU’RGION [sturio, Lat. estourgion, Fr. stohr, Ger.] a sea-fish.

STURK [styrc, Sax.] a young ox or heifer.

To STU’TTER [stutzen, Teut.] to speak hastily and brokenly, to he­
sitate, to stammer.

STU’TTERER [from stutter] one that hesitates in his speech, a stam­
merer.


STY

STY [stige, Sax. stig, Dan] 1. A hovel for a hog. 2. [Mer. Ca­
saub derives it of στια, Gr. but Skinner of stigan, Sax.] a kind of swel­
ling upon the eyelid.

STY’GIAN [Stygius, of styx, Lat.] 1. Of or pertaining to the river
Styx, which the poets feign to be the river of hell. 2. Infernal, hel­
lish. And Stygian discord fled. Ode on Sculpture.

STYGIAN Liquors [in chemistry] acid spirits, so called from their ef­
ficacy in destroying or dissolving mixt bodies.

STYLE [style, Fr. stilo, It. estàlo, Sp. stylus, Lat. στυλος, Gr.] See
STILE.

STY’LET, or STYLE’TTO, a little dangerous poniard, which is hid in
the hand, and chiefly used in treacherous assassinations.

STY’LITES [so called of Simon Stylite, a famous anchorite in the fifth
century, who first took up his abode on a column 2 cubits high, then on
a second of 12 cubits, then on a third of 26 cubits, and at last on one
of 36 cubits, where he lived several years] a kind of solitaries, who spent
their lives on the tops of columns, to be the better disposed for medita­
tion.
The reader will find a more correct description of these and the like su­
perstitious practices, in Bower's history: But if he desires to trace them
up to their true source, he may consult the words CREED, BRANDEUM,
ICONOLATER, HOMOÜSIANS, &c.

STYLOBA’TA [στυλοβατης, Gr.] the pedestal of a column or pillar, the
base on which it stands.

STYLOCERATOHY’OIDES [of στυλος, a pillar or pencil, χερας a horn,
and υοειδες, Gr.] certain muscles of the os hyoides, which draw the
tongue and larynx upwards, and also the jaws in deglutition or the act of
swallowing.

STYLOCHONDROHYOIDÆ’US [of στυλος, a pillar or pencil, χονδρος, a
cartilage, and υοειδες, Gr. the bone hyoides] a muscle of the os hyoides
arising from the styloid process, and is inserted into the cartilaginous ap­
pendix of the os hyoides. See HYOIDES.

STYLOGLO’SSUM [of στυλος, a pillar or pencil, and γλοσσα, Gr. the
tongue] that pair of muscles which lift up the tongue; they take their
rise from the os styliforme, and are implanted about the middle of the
tongue.

STYLOI’DES [στυλοειδες, Gr. pencil-shaped] certain processes of bones,
which are shaped backwards like a pencil, and fixed in the basis or root
of the scull.

STYLOHYOI’DÆUS [of στυλος, a pillar or pencil, and υοειδες, Gr.] a
muscle of the os hyoides, that arises by a round tendon, from near the
middle of the processus styliformis, and is inserted into the basis
of the os hyoides, the use of which is to put the bone of the tongue
on one side, and a little upwards.

STYLOPHARY’NGÆUS [of στυλος, and φαρυγξ, Gr.] a pair of muscles
which dilate the gullet, and draw the fauces upwards.

STY’MMA [στυμμα, of στυφω, Gr. to constringe] a thick composition
that is of a binding quality; the gross or thick matter of any ointment;
also the thick mass that remains after the steeping of herbs, flowers, &c.
and pressing out the oil.

STY’PTIC [stypticus, Lat. στυπτιχος, Gr.] that is of a binding quality
or nature. See STIPTIC and STYMMA.

STY’PTICNESS [stypticus, Lat. of στυπτιχος, Gr.] an astringent or bind­
ing quality.

SUA’SIBLE [suasibilis, Lat.] that may be persuaded.

SUA’SION, Lat. persuasion.

SUASIVE, of a persuading nature.

SUA’SIVENESS [of suasorius, Lat.] aptness to persuade.

SU’ASORY [suasorius, Lat.] tending to persuade.

SUA’VITY [suavité, O. Fr. soavità, It. suavidàd, Sp. of suavitas,
Lat.] sweetness, pleasantness.


SUB

SUB, Lat. is an inseparable preposition, used as a prefixum in compo­
sition, signifying under.

SUBA’CID [of sub and acidus, Lat.] sour in a small degree.

SUBA’CRID [of sub and acrid] sharp and pungent in a small degree.

To SUBA’CT [subactus, Lat.] to reduce, to subdue.

SUBA’CTION. 1. A kneading or working two bodies together. 2. A
bringing under or subduing. 3. [In pharmacy] the working or soften­
ing of plasters.

To SUBA’GITATE [subagitare, Lat.] 1. To sollicit. 2. To have to
do with a woman.

SUBALA’RIS [of sub, under, and ala, Lat. a wing, or an armpit] a
vein, so called from its situation.

SUBA’LBID [subalbidus, Lat.] whitish.

SUBA’LPINE [sub. under, and Alpes, Lat.] that lives or grows under
the mountains, called the Alps.

SUB-AL’MONER, an almoner appointed under another.

SUBA’LTERN [subalterne, Fr. subalterno, It. subaltérno, Sp. of subalter­
nus, Lat.] that succeeds by turns, that is appointed or placed under ano­
ther; as, “his subalterns, i. e. his under-agents.”

SUBA’LTERN Propositions [with logicians] are such as differ only in
quantity, and agree in quality.

SUBA’LTERNS, inferior judges or officers, those who discharge their
posts under the command and direction of another.

SUBALTE’RNATE [of subalternus, Lat.] succeeding by turns.

SUBALTE’RNATELY, successively.

SUBASTRI’NGENT [of sub and astringent] something astringent, or but
a little astringent. See SUBACID.

SUB-BRI’GADIER, or SUB-LIEUTE’NANT, &c. are under-officers in an
army, appointed for the ease of those over them of the same name.

SUB-BOIS, Fr. [in old records] under-wood.

SUBCARTILA’GINEOUS [subcartilagineus, Lat.] under the gristles.

SUBCARTILA’GINEUM [in anatomy] the upper cartilage of the belly,
under the cartilages of the chest; the same as hypochondria.

SUBCELE’STIAL [of sub and celestial] placed beneath the heavens.

SUBCHA’NTER [succentor, Lat.] the deputy of the precentor of a ca­
thedral.

SUBCLA’VIAN [in anatomy] a term applied to any thing under the
armpit or shoulder, whether artery, muscle, nerve or vein.

SUBCLAVIAN Vein [in anatomy] a branch of the vena cava, which
runs under the neck bone.

SUBCLAVIAN Vessels [in anatomy] the arteries and veins that pass un­
der the clavicles.

SUBCLAVI’CULAR Vein [with anatomists] a branch of the vena cava
or hollow vein, which runs under the neck bone.

SUBCLA’VIUS [in anatomy] a muscle arising from the lower side of
the clavicula, near the acronium, and descends obliquely to be inserted
into the upper part of the first rib, near the sternum.

SUBCONSEQUE’NTIALLY, by way of consequence from a former con­
sequence.

SUBCONSTELLA’TION [with astronomers] a lesser constellation.

SUBCO’NTRARY Propositions [with logicians] are such as agree in
quantity and differ in quality; as, some man is a creature; some man is
not a creature.

SUBCONTRARY Position [in geometry] is when two similar triangles
are so placed, as to have one common angle at the vertex.

SUBCUTA’NEOUS [subcutaneus, Lat.] lying under the skin.

SUCCUTA’NEOUSNESS [subcutaneus, Lat.] the lying under the skin.

SUBCUTA’NEUS [in anatomy] a branch of the basilic vein, that runs
towards the inward condyle or joint of the arm, and spreads itself into the
ramus anterior and posterior.

SUBDEA’CON, an under deacon.

SUBDEA’CONSHIP, the office of an under deacon.

SUBDEA’N, a dignified clergyman next to a dean.

SUBDECU’PLE Proportion [in the mathematics] is the reverse of decu­
ple proportion.

To SUBDE’LEGATE [subdeleguer, Fr. subdelegàr, Sp. of subdelegare,
Lat.] to substitute or appoint another to act under one's self.

SUBDE’LEGATE, adj. and subst. [subdelegué, Fr. subdelegádo, Sp. of sub­
delegatus, Lat.] appointed under another.

SUBDELEGATE Judge, a judge appointed under another.

SUBDELEGA’TION, appointment under another.

SUBDERISO’RIUS [of sub and derisor, Lat.] scoffing or ridiculing with
tenderness and delicacy.

SUBDITI’TIOUS [subdititius, Lat.] that is put in the stead or place of
another; that is not what it is pretended to be; foisted in, forged.

To SUBDIVI’DE [of sub and dividere, It. and Lat.] is to divide the
parts of any thing that has already been divided.

SUBDIVI’NE [sub-divinus, Lat.] that which is divine, but in an infe­
rior degree, as angels, the soul, &c.

SUBDIVI’SION, Fr. [subdivisione, It.] 1. The act of dividing the parts of
a thing already divided. 2. The parts distinguished by a second division.
3. [In military affairs] the lesser parcels into which a regiment is divided
in marching, being half the greater divisions.

SU’BDOLOUS [of sub-dolosus, Lat.] deceitful.

To SUBDU’CT [subducere, Lat.] to draw away.

SUBDU’CTION. 1. A taking privately from. 2. A subtraction, an
abatement.

To SUBDU’E [subdere, Lat.] to bring under, to master, to conquer,
to mortify.

SUBDU’ER [of subdue] a conqueror, a tamer.








SUBDU’PLE, or SUBDU’PLICATE Proportion [in mathematics] is when
any number or quantity is contained in another twice; thus, 3 is said to be
the subduple of 6, and 6 the duple of 3.

SU’BER, Lat. [with botanists] the cork-tree.

SUBFU’LGENT [subfulgens, Lat.] shining a little.

SUBHASTA’TION [among the Romans] a particular way of selling
confiscated goods under a spear or pike, set up for that purpose; a port­
sale or outcry. See SIGNIFIER, and read sighifer.

SUBJA’CENT [subjacens, Lat.] lying under.

To SU’BJECT [subjectus, Lat.] 1. To put under, to reduce to sub­
mission. 2. To enslave, to make obnoxious. 3. To make liable, to
make accountable. 4. To make subservient.

SU’BJECT, adj. [subjet, Fr. soggetto, It. subjectus, Lat.] 1. Bound,
obliged to some dependence. 2. Liable, apt, inclinable. 3. That on
which any action depends; as, the subject matter of a discourse.

SUBJECT, subst. [sujet, Fr. soggetto, It. subjectus, Lat.] 1. One who is
under the dominion of a sovereign prince. 2. A matter treated of, or
that which a science is conversant about. 3. That in which any thing
inheres or exists. 4. [In logic] one of the terms of a proposition, the
other being called the attribute. 5. [In poetry] is the matter treated of,
the event related or set in a fine view, and inrich'd with ornaments. 6.
[In Physics] the substance or matter to which accidents or qualities are
joined.

SUBJE’CTION [subjection, Fr. seggezione, It. sujeción, Sp. of subjectio,
Lat.] 1. The being subject, obedience to a superior. 2. A great depen­
dance, slavery. 3. Obligation, necessity.

SUBJE’CTIVE [subjectivus, Lat.] of or relating to the subject.

SUBGRE’SSION [of sub and ingressus, Lat.] secret entrance.

To SUBJOI’N [subjungere, Lat. or of sub and joindre, Fr. soggiognere,
It.] to join or add a thing, next to another.

SUBITA’NEOUS [subit, Fr. subitaneo, It. subitáneo, Sp. of subitaneus,
Lat.] sudden, hasty.

To SU’BJUGATE [soggiogare, It. subjugo, Lat.] to bring under the
yoke, to conquer, to subdue.

SUBJUGA’TION, a bringing under a yoke, a subduing, a taming.

SUBJU’NCTION, a joining underneath, the state of being joined.

SUBJUNCTION [with rhetoricians] a figure, otherwise called sub­
nexion and subinsertion; and by the Greeks hypozeuxis.

SUBJU’NCTIVE Mood [with grammarians] a mood thus named, be­
cause commonly joined to some other verb.

SUBLAPSA’RIANS [of sub, under, and lapsus, Lat. the fall] those who
hold that God's decree of reprobation was not founded on his foresight
of men's evil conduct; but that, considering all men as fallen in Adam,
He, out of this corrupt mass (for so they represent the human species)
did, by an act of sovereignty, elect some to happiness; and reprobate,
i. e. reject, and allot the rest (which are, by the way, the far greater part)
to a state of unavoidable perdition. See PELAGIANS, GNOSTIGS, and
DÆMONIST, compared.

SUBLA’PSARY, of or belonging to the principles of the Sublapsa­
rians.

SUBLA’TION [sublatio, Lat.] a lifting up.

SUBELEVA’TION. 1. A lifting up, easing, or succouring. 2. [In
surgery] an imperfect dislocating or putting out of joint, when a bone is
got but little or half out of its place.

SUBLIEUTE’NANT [of sub and lieutenant, holding place] an under­
lieutenant; an officer in regiments of fusileers, where there are no en­
signs, having a commission as youngest lieutenant, and pay only as en­
sign, but takes place of all ensigns, except those of the guards.

SUBLIGA’CULUM, Lat. a sort of truss used in ruptures.

SUBLI’MABLE, that may be sublimed.

To SU’BLIMATE [sublimer, Fr. sublimare, It. sublimàr, Sp. of subli­
mare, Lat.] 1. To raise any volatile or light matter chemically, or by
the means of fire, to the top of the cucurbit, or into its head. 2. To
exalt, to heighten, to elevate.

SU’BLIMATE [sublimé, Fr. sublimato, It. sublimado, Sp. of sublimatum,
Lat.] mercury sublimated.

Corrosive SUBLIMATE [in chemistry] a strong corrosive powder made
of quicksilver, impregnated with acids, and then sublimated up to the
top of the vessel.

Sweet SUBLIMATE [with chemists] the corrosive sublimate of quick­
silver corrected and reduced to a white mass, called also aquila alba, and
calomelas.

SU’BLIMATED [sublimatus, Lat. sublimé, Fr. sublimato, It. sublimàdo,
Sp.] raised to an height.

SUBLIMA’TION, Fr. [sublimazione, It. of Lat.] 1. A chemical ope­
ration of subliming; or when the finer and more subtile parts of a mixt
body are separated from the mass, and carried up in the form of a very
fine powder to the top of the vessel. It dissers not much from distillation,
except that, in distillation, the fluid parts of bodies are raised, but in
this, the solid and dry; and only solid substances are sublimed. 2. Ex­
altation.

SUBLI’MATORIES, subliming-pots.

SUBLI’ME, adj. [sublimis, Lat.] 1. Lofty. 2. An adjective, but is
sometimes used with the article the as a substantive for sublimity; as to
the stile of writing we say, such a piece has much of the sublime in it. The
best standard of *As to the falle species of sublime, see BOMBAST. this kind of writing is Homer among the ancients,
and Milton among the moderns; and as this latter (by the way) had
access to those copious fountains of sublime, I mean the SACRED WRI-
TINGS; 'tis no wonder if, considering his strength of genius, we should
meet with some descriptions in his works that by far surpass all that
Longinus, or any other critic has produced from Pagan antiquity—Such,
for instance, is the Expedition of the SON of GOD against the apostate an­
gels, with their ensuing overthrow and expulsion out of heaven; as re­
presented in the 6th book of Paradise Lost, and beginning with that
line;
“So said, HE o'er his sceptre BOWING, rose——
This for the sublime in poetry; and would the learned reader entertain
himself with something no less grand in prose, he may consult that no­
ble portraiture which Eusebius has given us of the SCALE OF BEING, in
his Præparatio Evangelic. Ed. Rob. Stephan. p. 191, 192, 193. compa­
red with what we have already cited from the same excellent writer, un­
der the word MONARCHY of the Universe; and with St. Irenæus Adv.
Hæreses, Ed. Grabe, p. 192, 193. See GLORY.

To SUBLI’ME [sublimer, Fr. sublimare, Lat.] to raise, to refine; the
same as to sublimate. Sublim'd with mineral fury. Milton.

SUBLI’MELY, in a lofty manner.

SUBLI’MING Pots, vessels used in subliming mixt bodies; called also
alludels.

SUBLI’MIS [in anatomy] the name of one of the muscles that bends
the fingers.

SUBLI’MITY, or SUBLI’MENESS [sublimité, Fr. sublimità, It. sublimi­
dàd, Sp. of sublimitas, Lat.] height or lostiness of expression, stile, &c.

SUBLINGUA’LES [in anatomy] certain glands which run on each side
the tongue, near the tip of it.

SUBLI’NGUIUM, Lat. [with anatomists] the cover of the windpipe;
the same as epiglottis.

SUBLI’TION, a plaistering, dawbing, smearing, or anointing.

SUBLITION [with painters] the laying the ground colour under the
perfect colour.

SUBLU’NAR, or SUBLU’NARY [sublunaire, Fr. sublunare, It. sublunàr,
Sp. of sublunis, or sub and luna, Lat.] under the orb of the moon.

SUBLU’NARINESS [sublunis, Lat, sublunaire, Fr.] the being under the
moon.

To SUBME’RGE [sulmerger, Fr. of submergere, Lat.] to bend a thing
very low, to plunge, dip, or drown, under water, &c.

SUB-MA’RSHAL, an under mashal, an officer in the Marshalsea who is
deputy to the chief marshal of the king's house, commonly called the
knight marshal, and has the keeping of the prisoners there.

SUBMA’RINE, under the sea.

SUBME’RSED [submergé, Fr. of submersus, Lat.] plunged under wa­
ter, &c.

SUBME’RSION, Fr. [sommersione, It. of submersio, Lat.] a plunging un­
der water, a dipping, sinking, or drowning.

To SUBMI’NISTER [subministrer, O. Fr. somministrare, It. submini­
strár, Sp. of subministrare, Lat.] to provide, furnish, or supply with.

SUBMINISTRA’TION, O. Fr. [somministrazione, It. subministración, Sp.
of subministratio, Lat.] providing or supplying with.

SUBMI’SSION [soumission, Fr. sommissione, It. sumissiòn, Sp. of submissio,
Lat.] a yielding to, respect, humbleness.

SUBMI’SSIVE [submissus, Lat.] humble, yielding.

SUBMI’SSIVELY, humbly, &c.

SUBMI’SSIVENESS [of submissus, Lat.] lowliness, humbleness.

To SUBMI’T [soumettre, Fr. sommettere or sottomettere, It. sometér, Sp.
of submittere, Lat.] to be subject, to humble one's self, to yield; to leave
or refer to another.

SUBMU’LTIPLE Number or Quantity [in arithmetic and geometry] is
that which is contained in another number or quantity, a certain number
of times exactly; thus 3 is the submultiple of 21, being contained in it
just 7 times.

SUBMULTIPLE Proportion, is the reverse of the multiple proportion;
thus the ratio of 3 to 21 is submultiple.

SUBNA’SCENT [of sub, under, and nascens, Lat. growing] growing or
springing out underneath.

SUBNO’RMAL [of sub and norma, Lat. a rule] a line determining the
point of the axis in any curve where a normal or perpendicular, raised
from the point of contact of a tangent to the curve, cuts the axis.

SUBO’RDINATE [of sub and ordinatus, Lat.] inferior, placed under
another. See CO-ORDINATION.

To SUBO’RDINATE [subordonner, Fr. subordinare, It. subordinàr, Sp.
of subordinare, Lat.] to place or set under another.

SUBORDINA’TION, Fr. [subordinazione, It. of subordinatio, Lat.] a
relative term expressing the degree of superiority or inferiority between
one thing and another.

SUBORDINATION [in divinity] that arrangement thro' a gradation in the
scale of being, by which the celestial personages of a lower rank are sub­
jected to those of a higher, and all without exception to the ONE SU-
PREME. “Who would not wonder (says Athenagoras) to find us
[Christians] charged with Atheism, who prosess GOD the FATHER, and
the Son a God, and the Holy Spirit; and shew withal, αυτων χαι την εν
τη ενωσει δυναμιν, χαι την εν τη ταξει διαιρεσιν, i. e. both, their power in
[or in consequence of] the UNION [meaning of the third and second with
the first;] and their distinction in RANK or GRADATION. Nor does that
part of our doctrine which relates to GODHEAD [το θεολογιχον μερος] stop
here; but we do also affirm a multitude of angels, and ministring Spirits,
which GOD the maker and builder of the universe, has by that word (who
is from him) distributed and arranged about the elements, &c.—Athenag.
Legatio Pro Christianis, Ed. Colon. p. 11. Would the reader enter into
the whole force and spirit of this noble paragraph, he may consult the
words GOD, DEITY, First CAUSE, MONARCHY of the Universe, and
ORDER [in divinity] compared.

To SUBO’RN [suborner, Fr. subornare, It. sobornár, Sp. of subornare,
Lat.] 1. To hire or put upon bearing false witness, or any other mis­
chievous design. 2. To send privily, and instruct what to say or do.

SUBORNA’TION, Fr. [subornazione, It. soborno, Sp. of subornatio, Lat.]
a secret or underhand preparing, instructing, or bringing in false wit­
ness, or the corrupting or alluring a person to do such a false act.

SUBORNATION of Perjury, the inticing or hiring to swear falsely.

SUB-POE’NA, Lat. i. e. under the penalty, sc. centum librarum, i. e.
of an 100 pounds; the penalty a person is liable to pay, for not appear­
ing upon a sub-pœna.

SUB-POENA [in law] a writ whereby all persons, under the degree of
peerage, are called in chancery, in such a case only whereon the com­
mon law hath made no provision, so that the party can have no remedy
by the ordinary course of law; also a writ for the summoning of witnes­
ses, to testify in other courts.

SUB-QUADRU’PLE Proportion [in mathematics] is the reverse of qua­
druple proportion.

SUB-REA’DER [in the inns of court] an under reader, who reads the
text of the law the reader is to discourse upon, and assists him in the read­
ing.

SUBRE’PTION, the action of obtaining a favour from a superior by
surprize, or by a false representation.

SUBREPTI’TIOUS, or SURREPTI’TIOUS [surreptitius, Lat.] a term
applied to a letter, license, patent, or other act, fraudulently obtained
of a superior, by concealing some truth, which, had it been known,
would have prevented the concession or grant.

To SU’BROGATE. See To SURROGATE.

SUBROGA’TION, Fr. of Lat. [in the civil law] a putting another per­
son into the place and right of him who is the proper creditor.

Conventional SUBROGATION [in the civil law] a contract whereby a
creditor transfers his debt, with all the appurtenances of it, to the profit
of a third person.








Legal SUBROGA’TION [in the civil law] is that which the law makes
in favour of a person, who discharges an antecedent creditor, in which
case there is a legal translation of all rights of the ancient creditor to the
person of the new one.

SUBROTU’NDUS, [in botanic writings] roundish.

SUBSCAPULA’RIS [with anatomists] a muscle of the arm, so called on
account of its being situated so as to fill up the hollow part of the sca­
pula; it arises from its whole base in the upper and lower rib, and is in
a semicircular manner inserted to the neck of the os humeri. This is
called infra scapularis, and immersus.

To SUBSCRI’BE [souscrire, Fr. soscrivere, or sottoscrivere, It. of sub­
scribere, Lat. or of sub and striben, O. Ger. schryben, Du. schrieben, L.
Ger. or schreiben, H. Ger.] to under-write, to set one's hand to a wri­
ting, to consent, to submit to.

SUBSCRI’BER, subst. [to a book or any undertaking] one who contri­
butes to the advancement of it by prænumeration, or any other engage­
ment.

SUBSCRI’PTION [souscreption, Fr. soscrizione, or sottoscrizione, It. sub­
scription, Sp. of subscriptio, Lat.] a signing or setting one's hand at the
bottom of a writing.

SUBSCRIPTION [with divines] the signing propositions relative to di­
vinity. On what plan subscriptions of this kind, if judged necessary,
are with most safety admitted, has been suggested under the word LUCI­
FERIANS; otherwise there is a great danger of violence being offered to
conscience, and much dissimulation being introduced into the church of
God. To illustrate this by one single instance: though both the ancient
and modern Consubstantialists could with equal sincerity give their assent
to that proposition, which affirms, “the Son to be of one substance with
the Father;” this phraseology, as it stands in our language, expressing
either (with the moderns) “ONE IN NUMBER;” or (with the ancient Consub­
stantialists) “ONE IN KIND, or SPECIES) not so he, who thinks diffe­
rently from both, and fears, that Sabellianism will be introcuced upon
the one construction, and Ditheism [or Tritheism] on the other. And on
this foot, no doubt it was, that the old Eufebians, when retracting their
subscription to this very clause, addressed Constantine in the following words,
“IMPII, imperator, in eô fuimus, quod tui metu perculsi impietati subscripse­
rimus,” i. e. “We have acted an ungodly [or IMPIOUS] part O em­
peror, by having subscribed, thro' fear of thee, to an IMPIETY.” Gotho­
fred Dissertat. in Philostorg. p. 44. See CREED, Oecumenical COUNCILS,
with Free and Candid DISQUISITIONS, compared. See also EUSEBIANS;
and add there, “or rather with another bishop of the same name, viz.
Eusebius of Nicomedia; whom the former, by way of distinction and
honour, calls, “THE GREAT EUSEBIUS.”

SUBSCRIPTION [among Booksellers] is when the undertakers for
printing a large book propose advantages to those that take so many
books at a certain price, and lay down part of the money before the im­
pression is finished.

SUB-SECTION, a section of a larger section.

SUBSE’QUENT [sussequente, It. subsequente, Sp. of subsequens, Lat.] fol­
lowing immediately, or coming next after another.

To SUBSE’RVE [subservire, Lat.] to promote, or help forward.

SUBSE’RVIENT [subserviens, Lat.] servicable, helpful.

SUBSE’RVIENCY, or SUBSE’RVIENTNESS [of subserviens, Lat.] ser­
viceableness, usefulness.

SUBSE’RVIENTLY, serviceably.

SUBSESQUIA’LTERAL Proportion [with mathematicians] is when
any number, line, or other quantity, contains another once with the ad­
dition of its moiety, or half; and the number or quantity so contained in
the greater, is said to be to it in a subsesquialteral proportion; as 6, 9, 8,
12, 20, 30, &c.

To SUBSI’DE [subsidere] to sink or become lower.

SUBSI’DENCE [subsidentia, Lat.] a settling to the bottom, a settle­
ment in urine or any other liquid.

SUBSI’DIARY [subsidiare, Fr. of subsidiarius, Lat.] that is given or
sent to the aid or assistance of another; helping.

SU’BSIDY [subside, Fr. sussidio, It. subsidio, Sp. of subsidium, Lat.] an
aid, tax, or tribute, granted by the parliament to the king, on pressing
occasions of the state, levied either on persons, lands, or goods, ac­
cording to a certain rate.

To SUBSI’ST [subsister, Fr. sussistere, It. subsister, Sp. of subsistere,
Lat.] to stand or be, to have a being, to live, to hold out, to con­
tinue.

SUBSI’STENCE, Fr. [sussistenza, It. subsisténcia, Sp. of subsistentia, Lat.]
being, abiding, continuance; also food; also livelihood.

SUBSISTENCE [in divinity] the same as hypostasis. See HYPOSTASIS
and SABELLIANS compared.

SUBSISTENCE Money, half pay, given to officers for their present sup­
port.

SUBSI’STENT [subsistens, Lat.] subsisting; also settling to the bot­
tom; as the sediment of urine, by Hippocrates is called the subsistance or
hypostasis.

SUBSOLA’NUS, Lat. the east-wind, so called, because it seems to arise
from under the sun, and was therefore reckoned the most parching of all
the winds.

SU’BSTANCE, Fr. [sostanza, It. sostáncia, Sp. of substancia, Lat.] 1.
Essence or being. 2. Matter, reality. 3. Estate, goods, or wealth.
4. The most material points of a discourse. 5. The best and most
nourishing parts of any thing. See ESSENSE and HOMOÜSIANS com­
pared.

SUBSTANCE [in physics] is a thing which is conceived in the mind,
as subsisting by itself, and as the subject of every thing that is conceived
of it.

Compleat SUBSTANCE [in metaphysics] is a substance that is bounded
in itself, and is not ordained to the intrinsical perfection of any thing else,
as God, an angel, a man, &c.

Incompleat SUBSTANCE [in metaphysics] is a substance that is ordain­
ed to make another being perfect, and is a part of some compound; as
the soul, a hand, a vein, &c.

Material SUBSTANCE [in metaphsics] is a body that is composed of
matter and form, and is the object of a particular science; as natural
philosophy.

Immaterial SUBSTANCE [in metaphysics] is a substance void of matter
and form, and is the object of pneumatics.

SUBSTA’NTIAL [substantiel, Fr. substanziale, It. sustanciàl, Sp. of sub­
stantialis, Lat.] 1. Something belonging to the nature of substance, essen­
tial, real. 2. Strong, solid, pithy. 3. Wealthy, rich.

SUBSTANTIA’LITY, or SUBSTA’NTIALNESS [of substantialis, Lat.
sustanciel, Fr.] solidness, firmness, wealthiness, serviceableness.

SUBSTA’NTIALLY, essentially, solidly, &c.

SU’BSTANTIVE [with grammarians] a quality ascribed to a noun or
name, when the object is considered simply in itself, and without any
regard to its qualities; as a noun substantive, which being joined to a
verb, serves to make a compleat sentence; as, an horse runs.

To SU’BSTITUTE [substituer, Fr. substituire, It. sostituìr, Sp. of sub­
stituere, Lat.] to put in the room of another, in speaking either of a per­
son or thing.

SUBSTITUTE [in divinity] See Angel of God's PRESENCE, To PER­
SONATE, and SYMBOLIC Representation, compared.

SUBSTITUTE [substitut, Fr. sustitvto, It. sostitút, Sp. of substitutus,
Lat.] a deputy, one that supplies the place of another.

SUBSTITUTE [in pharmacy] is a drug or medicine that may be used
in the stead of another, or that will supply the place of another of like
virtue not to be had.

SUBSTITU’TION, Fr. [sostituzione, It. sostitucion, Sp. of substitutio, Lat.]
the placing of a person or thing in the room of another.

SUBSTITUTION [with grammarians] is the using of one word for an­
other, or a mode, state, person, or number of a word, for that of an­
other.

SUBSTITUTION [in the civil law] is the disposal of a testator, where­
by he substitutes one heir to another, who has only the usus fructuarius,
but not the property of the thing left him.

SUBSTITUTION [in algebra, fractions, &c.] is the putting some
other quantity in the room of any quantity in an equation, which quan­
tity put in is equal, but expressed after another manner.

To SUBSTRA’CT. See SUBTRACT.

SUBSTRA’TUM, Lat. an under-lay, any layer of earth or any other
thing that lies under another.

SUBSTRU’CTION, Lat. an under pinning, groundselling, or laying
the foundation of an house.

SUBSTY’LAR Line [in dialling] a right line, whereon the gnomon or
style of a dial is erected at right angles with the plane.

SUBSU’LTORY, Lat. leaping under or up and down.

SUB-SU’PRA-particular Proportion [in geometry] the contrary or op­
posite to super particular proportion.

SUBTA’NGENT of a Curve [in geometry] is the line that determines
the interfection of the tangent with the axis.

To SUBTE’ND [subtendere, Lat.] to extend or draw underneath.

SUBTE’NSE [in geometry] a right line opposite to an angle, supposed
to be drawn between the two extremities of the arch which measure their
angle; or, it is a right line drawn within a circle at each end, and
bounded by the circumference, cutting the circle into two unequal parts,
to both which it is subtended.

SU’BTER, Lat. an inseperable preposition, which as a præfixum, sig­
nifies under.

SUBTE’RFLUOUS [subterfluus, Lat.] flowing or running under.

SU’BTERFUGE, Fr. [sotterfugio, It. of subterfugium, Lat.] an evasion,
escape, shift, a hole to creep out at.

SUBTERRA’NEAN, or SUBTERRA’NEOUS [souterrain, Fr. sotterroneo,
It. soterrano, Sp. of subterraneus, Lat.] being under the earth, or inclosed
within the surface, bowels, or hollow parts of the earth.

SUBTERRA’NE [of sub and terra, Lat.] subterraneous.

SUBTERRA’NEOUSNOUS, the quality of being underneath the earth.

SU’BTILE, or SU’BTLE [subtil, Fr. sottile, It. sutil, Sp. sotil, Port. of
subtilis, Lat.] 1. Cunning, crafty. 2. Sharp, ready, quick. 3. Small,
thin, fine. 4. Light in weight. 5. Pure, separated from its grosser
parts.

SUBTILE [in physics] signifies exceeding small, fine, and delicate,
such as the animal spirits, &c. the effluvia of odorous bodies, &c. are
supposed to be.

SU’BTILLY, craftily.

SUBTILIZA’TION [subtilisation, Fr. sottigliamento, It.] dissolving.

SUBTILIZATION [in chemistry] the dissolving or changing a mixed
body into a pure liquor, or into a fine powder.

To SU’BTILIZE [subtiliser, Fr. sottigliare, It. sutilizàr, Sp. of subtilis,
Lat.] 1. To make subtile or thin. 2. To use subtilties, tricks, or
quirks.

SU’BTILENESS [subtilité, Fr. sottigliezza, It. sotiléza, Sp. of subtilitas,
Lat.] subtility. See SCOLASTIC Divinity.

SUBTI’LITY, or SU’BTLETY. 1. Thinness, fineness, exility of parts.
2. Refinement, too much acuteness. 3. Cunning artifice, slyness.

To SUBTR’ACT [soustraire, Fr. sottrars, It. of subtractum, sup. of sub­
traho, of sub, from, and traho, Lat. to draw] to deduct or take from.

SUBTRA’CTION [soustraction, Fr. sottrazione, It. of subtractio. Lat.] a
subtracting, or taking off or from.

Simple SUBTRACTION [of integers] is the method of taking one num­
ber out of another of the same kind; as pounds, ounces, yards, &c. out
of pounds, ounces, yards, &c.

Compound SUBTRACTION [in arithmetic] a method of taking a sum
compounded of several different species, from another sum compounded
of the same sort of species; as pounds, shillings, and pence, out of
pounds, shillings, and pence.

SUBTRAHE’ND [quod est subtrahendum, Lat.] a less number to be sub­
tracted or taken out of a greater.

SUBTRI’PLE Ratio [in arithmetic, geometry, &c.] is when one num­
ber or quantity is contained in another three times: thus 2 is said to be
the subtriple of 6, as 6 is the treple of 2.

SUBVENTA’NEOUS [subventaneus, Lat.] addle, windy. Brown.

SUBVE’RSION, Fr. [sovversione, It. subvercion, Sp. of subversio, Lat.]
a turning upside-down or overthrowing, destruction, ruin.

SUBVE’RSIVE [from subvert] having a tendency to overcome.

To SUBVE’RT [souvertire, It. subvertir, Sp. of subvertere, Lat.] 1.
To overturn, to overthrow, to ruin. 2. To corrupt, to confound.

SUBVE’RTER, an overturner, a perverter.

SUB-VI’CAR, an under vicar.

SUB-VI’CARSHIP, the office of an under vicar.

SU’BURB [suburbia, Lat.] 1. Building, &c. belonging to a city, but
without the walls. 2. The confines, the outparts.

SUBURBI’CARY [of suburbia, Lat.] a term applied to those provinces
of Italy, which composed the ancient diocese of Rome. See BISHOP,
EXARCH, and PRESBYTERIANS, compared.








SUB-WO’RKER [of sub and worker] underworker, subordinate helper.

SUBU’RBIAN [suburbanus, Lat.] of, or pertaining to the suburbs, in­
habiting the suburbs.


SUC

SUCCA’GO [with apothecaries] any juice boiled or thickened with
honey or sugar into a kind of hard consistence, otherwise called rob, and
apochylisma.

SUCCEDA’NEOUS [succedaneus, Lat.] succeeding or coming in the
room of another; as a succedaneous medicine, a medicine used instead of
another.

SUCCEDA’NEUM [in pharmacy] a medicine substituted in the place of
another first prescribed, upon account of the difficulty of getting some of
the ingredients.

SUCCE’DENT [succedens, Lat.] succeeding, coming or following af­
ter.

To SUCCEE’D [succeder, Fr. succedere It. sucedér, Sp. of succedo, Lat.]
1. To follow next after. 2. To come in the place of another. 3. To
speed, to prosper. 4. To fall out or come to pass, according to wish.
5. To go under cover.

SUCCE’EDER [from succeed] one who follows, one who comes in the
place of another.

SUCCE’NTOR, Lat. he that sings the bass or lowest part.

SUCCENTURIA’TÆ. See RENES Succenturiatæ.

SUCCENTURIA’TIO, Lat. [among the Romans] the filling up the num­
ber of soldiers that are wanting in a company or troop.

SUCCENTURIA’TION, Lat. the act of substituting.

SUCCE’SS [succés, Fr. successo, It. sucésso, Sp. of successus, Lat.] 1. The
event or issue of an affair or business, whether happy or not. 2. Suc­
cession: obsolete.

SUCCE’SSFUL, fortunate, prosperous, lucky.

SUCCE’SSFULLY, fortunately, prosperously.

SUCCE’SSFULNESS [of successus, Lat. succez, Fr. and fulnes, Sax.]
fortunateness, series of good fortune.

SUCCE’SSION, Fr. [successione, It. successiòn, Sp. of successio, Lat.] 1.
A succeeding or coming after. 2. A series or continued order of time.
3. An inheritance or estate come to a person by succession. 4. Linage,
an order of descendants. 5. [With philosophers] an idea, gained by
reflecting on that train of ideas constantly following one another in our
minds, when awake. 6. [in law] signifies a right to the universality
of the effects left by a person deceased.

SUCCESSION ab intestato [in law] is the succession a person has a right
to, by being next of kin.

Testamentary SUCCESSION [in law] is that which a person comes to by
virtue of a will.

SUCCESSION in the direct Line [in the law] is that which comes from
ascendants or descendants.

Collateral SUCCESSION [in law] is a succession that comes by uncles,
aunts, cousins, or other collaterals.

SUCCESSION of the Signs [in astronomy] is that order in which they
are commonly reckoned; as Aries, Taurus, Gemini, &c. otherwise
called the consequence of them.

SUCCE’SSIVE [successif, Fr. successivo, It. sucèssivo, Sp. of successivus,
Lat.] 1. That succeeds or follows one after another. 2. Inherited by
succession.

SUCCE’SSIVELY, following one another.

SUCCE’SSIVENESS [of successif, Fr. successivus Lat.] the coming one
after another.

SUCC’ESSLESS [from success] unlucky, unfortunate.

SUCCE’SSOR [successeur, Fr. successore, It. successòr, Sp. of successor,
Lat.] one who succeeds another in his place or estate.

SUCCI’NCT [succint, Fr. succinto, It. sucinto, Sp. of succinctus, Lat.]
1. Brief or short, comprehended in a few words. 2. Tucked or girded
up, having the cloths drawn up to disengage the legs. His vest succinct,
then girding round his waste. Pope.

SU’CCINCTLY, briefly, concisely.

SUCCI’NCTNESS [of succinctus, Lat. succint, Fr.] brevity, &c.

SUCCI’NUM, Lat, amber. See AMBER.

SU’CCORY [chicorée, Fr. cicorea, It. chicorium, Lat. χιχωριον, Gr.] an
herb, called also wild endive.

SUCCO’SITY [succositas, Lat.] fullness of juice.

SUCCOTRI’NE Aloes [so called of Succotra, an island on the coast of
America, where it grows] the finest sort of aloes, called aloes hepatica,
from its being of a liver colour.

To SU’CCOUR [secourir, Fr. soccurrere, It. socorrèr, Sp. of succurere,
Lat.] 1. To assist, help, or relieve. 2. [in sea language] to strengthen
a thing and make it more firm; as, to succour a mast, cable, &c. 3.
[In war] to raise the siege of a place, by driving the enemy from be­
fore it.

SUCCOUR [secours, Fr. soccorso, It. socorro, Lat.] help, relief, a sup­
ply.

SU’CCOURER. 1. A helper, assistant, a reliever. 2. [In military af­
fairs] is an enterprize made to relieve a place; that is, to raise the siege
and force the enemy from it.

SU’CCOURLESS [of secours, Fr. of succurrere, Lat.] without succour,
help, or relief, See LOVELESS,

SUCCU’BA, or SUCCU’BUS [succube, Fr. succubo, It. of Lat.] a dæmon,
which, assuming the shape of a woman, is lain with by a man.

SU’CCULA [in mechanics] a bare axis or cylinder, with staves in it,
to move it round without any tympanum.

SU’CCULENCY, or SU’CCULENTNESS [of succulentus, Lat.] juici­
ness.

SU’CCULENT, Fr. [of succulentus, Lat.] full of juice, juicy. See AU­
RULENT, TURBULENT, &c.

To SUCCU’MB [succumbere, Lat.] to fall down, sink, or faint un­
der.

SUCCU’MBENCY [of succumbere, Lat.] a sinking or fainting under.

SU’CCUS, Lat. juice, moisture, sap.

SUCCUS Pancreaticus [with physicians] the pancreatic juice.

SUCCU’SA, Lat. [with botanists] the plant devil's bit.

SUCCUSSA’TION. 1. The trotting of a horse. 2. [In physic] a sha­
king of the nervous parts, procured by strong stimulatories, friction,
and the like, such as are commonly used in apoplectic affections.

SUCCU’SSION, Lat. [in physic] a violent jolting or shaking.

SUCH [swylc, swylcne, Sax. sulk, Du. solcb, Ger.] like this.

To SUCK [succan, sugian, Sax. suygen, Du. sangen, Ger. sugan,
Teut. sucer, Fr succiare, It. sugere, Lat.] 1. To draw in with the the
mouth. 2. To draw, as several inanimate things do. 3. To empty by
sucking. 4. To draw the teat of a female.

SUCK [from the verb] 1. The act of sucking. 2. Milk given by
females.

SU’CKER [from suck] 1. Any thing that draws. 2. The embolus of
a pump. 3. A round piece of leather laid wet on a stone, and drawn
up by the middle. 4. A pipe, through which any thing is sucked. 5.
A young twig shooting from the stock; this was, perhap, originally,
surcle [surculus, Lat.]

SU’CKETS, a sort of sweet-meats.

SU’CKING-BOTTLE, to put milk in for children, who are brought up
by hand.

To SU’CCLE [of succan, Sax. suga, Su. suygen, Du. saugen, Ger.] to
give suck.

SU’CKLING [of succan, Sax.] 1. A sucking child. 2. Giving suck.
3. A sucking lamb.

SU’CK-STONE, a fish called a lamprey.

SU’CTION [suctio, Lat.] the act of sucking.

SUD [with mariners] the south wind.

SUDA’MINA, Lat. [in medicine] little pimples in the skin, like millet­
seeds, in the shoulders, neck, breast, &c.

SUDA’TION [sudatio, Lat.] sweating.

SU’DATORY, subst. [from sudo, Lat. to sweat] a sweating house.

SUDATORY, adj. [sudatorius, Lat.] of, or pertaining to sweating.

SU’DBURY, a borough-town of Suffolk, on the river Stour, 54 miles
from London; it sends two members to parliament.

SU’DDEN, adj. [soden, Sax. soudain, Fr.] 1. Coming unexpectedly.
2. Hasty, violent, precipitate, rash.

SUDDEN, subst. 1. Any unexpected occurrence or surprize; not in
use. 2. On a sudden; sooner than was expected.

SU’DDENLY, hastily, in an unexpected manner.

SU’DDENNESS [sodennes, Sax.] hastiness, unexpectedness.

SU’DOR, Lat. sweat; a watery humour in the body, compounded of
a moderate quantity of salt and sulpher.

SUDORI’FIC, adj. [from sudor, and facio, Lat.] provoking or causing
sweat.

SUDORI’FICA, or SUDORI’FERA, Lat. subst. [with physicians] medi­
cines that provoke or cause sweating.

SUDORI’FEROUSNESS [of sudorifer, Lat.] aptness to cause sweat.

SUDORI’FICS [sudorifiques, Fr. sudorifici, It. of sudorifica, Lat.] pro­
voking or causing sweat. See DIAPHORETIC.

SUDS [prob. of gesoden, or sodden, of seodan, Sax. to boil] a soa­
py liquor wherein cloths are washed.

To be in the SUDS [of gesoden, Sax. to boil] to be embarrassed in
some unsuccessful transaction or affair.

To SUE [prob. of suivre, Fr. and that of sequi, Lat. to follow; or
perhaps of soecken, Du. or sucken, Ger.] 1. To prosecute at law. 2.
To entreat earnestly. 3. To press, to labour hard to get an office, &c.
4. [In falconry] a term used of a hawk; who is said to sue, when she
whets her beat.

SU’ET [suif, Fr.] a kind of fat found in sheep, oxen, &c. particu­
larly about the kidnies.

SU’ETY [from suet] consisting of suet, resembling suit.


SUF

To SU’FFER, verb act. [suffero, Lat. soufrir, Fr. soffrire, It. sufrir,
Sp.] 1. To undergo, to bear, to feel with sense of pain. 2. To en­
dure, to support, not to sink under. 3. To allow, to permit, not to
hinder. 4. To pass through, to be affected by. The air now must
suffer change. Milton.

To SUFFER, verb neut. 1. To undergo pain, or inconveniency. 2.
To undergo punishment. 3. To be injured.

SU’FFERABLE, that may be borne, endured, or suffered.

SU’FFERABLENESS [of souffrir, Fr.] capableness of being endured.

SU’FFERABLY, tolerably, so as to be endured.

SU’FFERANCE [sufferentia, Lat. souffrance, Fr. sofferanza, It. sufri­
miénto, Sp.] 1. Allowance, permission, leave, forbearance. 2. Af­
fliction, pain, inconvenience. 3. Patience, moderation. 4. [In an­
cient customs] a delay or respite of time the lord granted his vassal, for
the performance of fealty and homage, so as to secure him from any
feodal seizure. 5. [At the Custom house] a permit or licence granted
by the commissioners to passengers, coming from abroad, to bring their
trunk, &c. on shore to be examined.

SU’FFERER [celui qui soufré, Fr.] 1. One who bears an inconveni­
ence, loss, pain, or punishment. 2. One who allows, one who per­
mits.

SU’FFERING [from suffer] 1. Pain suffered. 2. [With logicians]
the fifth of the categories; as, to be beaten, to be broken, to be warmed,
&c.

SUFFERSU’RÆ [in medicine] certain pustules or wheals in children,
caused by heat.

SUFFE’TES [or SUFFETIM] in the Hebrew [i. e. the Cananite]
tongue, shofetim, Judges] the title of the supreme magistrates in Carthage,
which was a colony from Tyre. “The Carthaginians had their kings,
called suffetes; and a senate, which had the power of nobles; and the
people had a share in the establishment. Swift. As to the literate, or
critical use of this etymology, see CHARYBDIS, SIRENE, and CIMME­
RIANS, compared.

To SUFFI’CE, verb neut. [sufficere, Lat. suffir, Fr.] to be enough, to
be sufficient.

To SUFFICE, verb act. 1. To afford, to supply. 2. To satisfy.

SUFFICIENCY [sufficientia, Lat. suffisance, Fr. sufficienza, It. suficién­
tia, Sp.] 1. Being sufficient; ability, capacity. 2. Competency,
enough. 3. Pride, conceit, or presumption. Sir William Temple. 4.
Qualification for any purpose.

SUFFI’CIENT [suffisant, Fr. sofficiente, It. suficiente, Sp. sufficiens, Lat.]
that suffices or is enough to satisfy necessity: able, capable.

SUFFI’CIENTLY, enough, to a sufficient degree.

SUFIME’NTUM, or SU’FFITUS, a perfume which is burned or smoak­
ed; a powder compounded of odoriferous plants, gums, &c. which
thrown upon coals sends forth a grateful smell.

To SUFFOCATE [suffoquer, Fr. suffocare, It. sufocar, Sp. of suffocare,
Lat.] to stop the breath, to smother, to stifle, or choak.

SUFFOCA’TIO Uterina, Lat. [with physicians] a disease in women,
commonly called fits of the mother, and thought to be caused by vapours
violently arising from those parts.

SUFFOCA’TION, Fr. [suffocazione, It. sufocacion, Sp. of suffocatio, Lat.]
a stifling, stopping of the breath, a choaking.








SU’FFRAGAN [suffragant, Fr. suffraganeo, It of suffraganeus, Lat.]
a term applied to a bishop, in respect to his archbishop, on whom
he depends, and to whom appeals are made from the bishop's offi­
cial. See BISHOP, and EXARCH, compared.

To SU’FFRAGATE [suffragor, Lat.] to vote with, to agree in voice
with. Hale.

SU’FFRAGE, Fr. [suffragio, It. sufragio, Sp. of suffragium, Lat.] 1.
A vote at an election in favour of any person. 2. Approbation or allow­
ance in the general.

SUFFRA’GINOUS [from suffrago, Lat.] belonging to the knee joint of
beasts.

SUFFRU’TEX [in botany] a low, woody plant, that sends out leaves
from its root, and begins to be branched from the bottom of its stalk; as
lavender, rue, sage, &c.

To SUFFU’MIGATE [suffumicare, It. of suffumigare, Lat.] to smoak
underneath.

SUFFUMIGA’TION [suffumicazione, It. of Lat.] an external medicine
made of a decoction of roots, herbs, flowers, seeds, &c. the smoak of
which is conveyed into the body, by means of a close-stool, for diseases
of the bowels, fundament, and womb.

To SUFFU’SE [suffusus, Lat.] to spread over with something ex­
pansible.

SUFFU’SION, Fr. [suffusione, It. of suffusio, Lat.] 1. The act of pour­
ing upon or overspreading. 2. [With oculists] a distemper in the eye,
called a pin and web; and from hence, 2dly, that dim hue, or aspect
which belongs to the sight of a dying person.
A pale suffusion shades his eyes. Ode on Sculpture.

SUG, an insect, a sea-flea.

To SUG [sugere, Lat.] to soak in water.

SU’GAR [suwgr, C. Br. socker, Dan. suycker, Du. zucker, Ger. sucre,
Fr. zucchero, It. azucar, Sp. and Port. saccharum, Lat. σαχχαρον, Gr.]
1. The native salt of the sugar canes growing in the West-Indies, which
being bruised and pressed, are put into vessels, where the liquor is boiled
seven times, till it is brought to a consistence. 2. Any thing proverbially
sweet. 3. [With chemists] dry crystallization; as, sugar of lead.

To SUGAR, to sweeten with sugar.

To SUGGE’ST [suggerer, Fr. suggerire, It. of suggestum, sup. of sugge­
rere, Lat.] 1. To prompt, to put in one's mind. 2. To seduce, to
draw to ill by insinuation.

SUGGE’STION. 1. An insinuation. 2. A supposition or guess.

SUGILLA’NA, Lat. [with oculists] a black and blue spot with a blow;
a black or blood-shot eye.

To SUGI’LLATE [sugillare, Lat.] to beat black and blue.

SUGILLA’TION. 1. Black and blue spots, the marks of stripes or
blows. 2. Red spots in malignant and pestilential fevers, like those
which appear in the skin after beating.

SU’ICIDE [suicidium, Lat.] self murther, the crime of destroying one's
self.

SUIT [suite, Fr.] 1. A prosecuting at law, being the same as an
action, either real or personal. 2. A petition, request, or motion,
especially to some great person. 3. [Of suite, Fr.] a series or sequel of
cards. 4. A compleat habit or set of garments. 5. Courtship.

SUIT of Court, or SUIT Service [in law] attendance which tenants
owe to the court of their lord.

SUIT Covenant [in law] is where the ancester of one man has cove­
nanted with the ancester of another to sue to his court.

SUIT Custom [in law] is when I and my ancesters have been possessed of
our own and our ancesters suit, time out of mind.

SUIT Real, or SUIT Regal [in law] is when a man comes to the
court, called the sheriff's turn or leet.

SUIT of the King's Peace, is the pursuing a man for the breach of
the king's peace, by treason, insurrection, or trespass.

SUIT-Silver [in the honour of Clun, in Shropshire] a rent paid by the
free-holders, to excuse them from appearance at the court-baron.

To SUIT, or To SUTE [of suite, Fr. a series, or coherency] 1. To
fit, match, or to agree with. 2. To dress, to clothe. 3. To woo or
court a woman.

SUI’TABLE [of suite, Fr.] suiting with, agreeable to.

SUI’TABLENESS [of suivre, Fr. sequi, Lat. to follow] agreeableness.

SUI’TABLY, agreeably, according to.

SUI’TOR. 1. One who courts a woman. 2. One who sues for any
place or office.

SUI’TRESS, a female supplicant. Rowe.


SUL

SU’LCATED [from sulcus, Lat.] surrowed. Woodward.

SU’LLEN [prob. of solaneus, Lat. i. e. affecting solitude] 1. Dogged,
stubborn, peevish, discontented. 2. Mischievous, malignant. 3. In­
tractable, obstinate. 4. Gloomy, dark, cloudy. No cheerful breeze
this sullen region knows. Pope. 5. Heavy, dull, sorrowful.

SULLE’NLY, gloomily, malignantly, intractably.

SU’LLENNESS, a resentful or angry silence.

SU’LLENS [without a singular] morose temper, gloominess of mind.
A burlesque word.

SU’LLIAGE [from sully] pollution, filth.

To SULLY [of souiller, Fr. or sylian, Sax. saulian, Teut.] 1. To de­
file, to dirty, to dawb, to foul. 2. To blemish a man's reputa­
tion.

SULLY, subst. soil, tarnish, spot.

SU’LPHER [soufre, Fr. solfo, It.] brimstone, a fat, unctuous, mineral
substance, fusible, and inflammable by fire, and not dissolvable or capa­
ble of being mixed with water. The chemists call it the second hypo­
statical or active principle.

SU’LPHUR Vivum, Lat. is so called as it is taken out of the mine, a
kind of greyish, argillous clay, which easily takes fire. &c.

Flower of SULPHUR, is the purest and finest part of sulphur, gained by
evaporating sulphur of antimony.

Mineral SULPHUR, a kind of hard, earthy bitumen, of a shining yel­
low colour, a strong stinking smell, easily taking fire and dissolving.

Magistery, Milk, or Balm of SULPHUR, is sulphur dissolved in a suf­
ficient quantity of water, with salt of tarter, and precipitated by means
of the spirit of vinegar, or some other acid.

SULPHU’REOUS, or SULPHU’ROUS [sulphuré, Fr. sulfureo, It. of sul­
phureus, Lat.] of, or pertaining to, or full of sulphur.

SULPHU’REOUS Spirit of Vitriol [with chemists] is the spirit that rises
with a very gentle heat, after the spirit and oil of vitriol, (after the distil­
lation of vitriol) by a most violent fire, are forced into the receiver, the
matter being commonly rectified in a glass vessel.

SULPHU’REOUSNESS [of sulphureus, Lat.] a sulphureous quality.

SULPHU’RINE, of or pertaining to, like, or of the quality of sulphur.

SU’LPHUR-WORT, the plant hog's-fennel.

SU’LPHURY [from sulpbur] partaking of sulphur.

SU’LTAN, the grand seignior, the Turkish emperor.

SULTAN, or SOLDAN, Arab. “Potestas pecul. absoluta. Golius. i. e.
power, especially absolute. See SOLDAN and DESPOTE.

SULTA’NA, or SULTA’NESS, the grand seignior's consort, or rather,
any one of his numerous concubines, which has been so happy as to bring
forth a male child.

SULTANE’ [in confectionary] a sugar-work made of eggs, sugar, and
fine flour.

SULTANI’N, a Turkish gold coin, in value about 8s. English mo­
ney.

SU’LTANRY, an eastern empire. Bacon.

SU’LTRINESS [q. d. sweltriness] excessive heat.

SU’LTRY [q. d. sweltry, of swol or swole, Sax. swohl, Teut. schweul,
Ger.] excessive hot and close; spoken of the weather.

SUM [somme, Fr. somma, It. suma, Sp. of summa, Lat.] 1. A certain
quantity of money. 2. Substance, abridgment, compendium. 3. The
whole of any thing, many particulars aggregrated to a total. 4. Heighr,
completion. 5. [With mathematicians] the quantity arising from the
addition of 2 or more magnitudes, numbers or quantities together.

SUM of an Equation [in algebra] is when the absolute number being
brought over to the other side, with a contrary sign, the whole becomes
equal to nothing.

To SUM [sommare, It. sumar, Sp.] 1. To compute, to reckon, to re­
duce several sums into one. 2. To comprise, to comprehend, to collect
into a narrow compass.

SUMBRIE’RO [in Spain, &c.] a canopy of state held over princes or
great persons, when they walk abroad, to skreen them from the sun.

SU’MMA, Lat. [in old deeds] a horse-load, as summa ligni, a horse­
load of wood.

SUMMA Frumenti, Lat. [in old records] eight bushels or a quarter of
wheat, still called a seam in Kent, &c.

SU’MACH, or SU’MMAGE, a rank smelling shrub, that bears a black
berry, used by curriers in dressing of leather.

SU’MMARILY [sommairement, Fr. sommariamente, It. sumariamente,
Sp. of summariè, Lat.] briefly, in a summary manner.

SU’MMARY, subst. [summarium, Lat.] a brief collecting or gathering
up a matter in a few words, a compendium.

SU’MMARY, adj. [sommaire, Fr. sommario, It. sumario, Sp. of summa­
rius, Lat.] concise, short, brief, abridged.

SUMMATO’RIUS Calculus, Lat. the method of summing differential
quantities, viz. from any differential given to find the quantity, from
whose differencing the given differential results.

SU’MMATORY Arithmetic, is the art of finding the flowing quantity
from the fluxion, and so is the same with the calculus integralis.

SUMMED [in falconry] a hawk is said to be summed, when she has
her feathers, and is fit to be taken from the eyrie or mew.

SU’MMER [sumer, Sax. sommer, Dan. and Ger. somer, Du.] 1. That
season of the year when the sun arrives at the northern solstice or tropic
of Cancer. 2. [In architecture] a large stone, the first that is laid over
columns and pilasters in beginning to make a cross vault, or that stone
which, being laid over a piedroit or column, is made hollow to receive
the first haunce of a plat-band. 3. [In carpentry] a large piece of tim­
ber, which, being supported on two stone peers or on posts, serves as a
lintel to a door, window, &c.

SU’MMER-HOUSE, a pleasure-house or arbour in a garden.

SU’MMER-SAULT [soubresaulte, Fr.] a feat of activity show'd by a
tumbler.

SU’MMER-TREE [in architecture] a beam full of mortises for the ends
of joists to lie.

To SUMMER-STIR, to fallow or till land in the summer time.

SU’MMIT [sommet, Fr. sommita, It. sumidàd, Sp. of summitas, Lat.]
the top, vertex, or point of a thing. N. B. Swift uses the word sum­
mity, “the lower summity,” [i. e. of Parnassus.] Battle of the Books.

SU’MMITS [with florists] are those little bodies which hang upon
slender threads in the middle of the flower: they contain a prolific dust,
which is analogous to the male in animals.

To SU’MMON [summonere, Lat.] 1. To call or cite one to appear before
a judge or magistrate. 2. [In war] to demand the surrender of a place.
3. To excite, to call up, to raise.

SU’MMONER, a petty officer who calls a man to any court, especially
to the ecclesiastical court, an apparitor.

SU’MMONING [summonitio, Lat.] a calling to appear or to surren­
der.

SUMMO’NITOR, an apparitor, who is to cite offenders to appear at a
certain time and place, to answer to the charge exhibited against them.

SU’MMONS, a citation, by virtue of which a man is called to appear
before a judge, magistrate, or assembly.

SUMMONS [in terra petita] a summons made upon the land which the
party, sending the summons, seeks to have.

SU’MMUM Bonum, the chief good of human nature, or that which by
its enjoyment, renders truly or completely happy.

SU’MPTER-HORSE [saumpferd, or rather saumthier, Teut. which sig­
nifies either a horse, ass or mule of burden, from saum, Teut. which
signifies equally a burden or an hindrance, sommier, Fr. somiere, It.] a
horse which carries necessaries for a journey.

SU’MPTER-SADDLE [saum-sattel, Ger.] a pack-saddle or pannel.

SU’MPTION [from sumptus, Lat.] the act of taking.

SU’MPTUARY [suntuario, It. sumptuarius, Lat.] of or pertaining to
expences.

SUMPTUARY Laws, laws made to restrain excess in diet and apparel,
which were repealed anno 1 Jac. I.

SUMPTUO’SITY [sumptuositas, Lat.] sumptuousness, costliness, state­
liness, magnificence.

SU’MPTUOUS [sumptueux, Fr. suntuoso, It. and Sp. of sumptuosus, Lat.]
rich, costly, stately, magnificent.

SUM’PTUOUSLY [from sumptuous] expensively.

SU’MPTUOUSNESS [sumptuositas, Lat. sumptuosité, Fr. suntuosita, It.
sumtiosidad, Sp.] costliness, stateliness, magnificence.

SU’MPTUOUSLY, costly, magnificently.


SUN

SUN [sunna, Sax. and Teut. soune, Du. and Ger.] 1. The efficient,
illuminator, and ruler of the day, a glorious planet, the spring of light and
heat. 2. A sunny place, a place eminently warmed by the sun. This







place has choice of sun and shade. Milton. 3. Any thing eminently
splendid. 4. Under the sun; in this world; a proverbial expression.
There is no new thing under the sun. Eccles.

The SUN of Righteousness, a scripture phrase for Jesus Christ, Rev. xii.
1. Malachi iv. 2. and, as such, it is most happily applied to the second
person by Eusebius, in that noble description of the scale of being, which
we have referred to under the word SUBLIME.

To SUN, to lie, bask or dry in the sun, to insolate.

SUN-BEAM [sun-beame, Sax.] a ray of the sun.

SU’NBEAT [of sun and beat] shone on by the sun.

SU’NBRIGHT [of sun and bright] resembling the sun in splendor.

SU’NBURNING [of sun and burn] the effect of the sun upon the face.

SU’NBURNT, tanned by the sun.

SU’NCLAD [of sun and clad] bright, clothed in radiance.

SU’NDAY [Sunnandeg, Sax. sonday, Dan. sondaegh, Du. sontag,
Ger.] the first day of the week, so called, as being set apart by our
Saxon ancesters for worshipping the idol of the sun.

SUNDAY-LETTER, the dominical letter.

To SU’NDER [sundrian, or syndrian, Sax. sondra, Su. sondern, Du.
and Ger. of sundron, Teut.] to divide or part asunder.

SU’NDER [sunder, Sax.] two, two parts.

SUN-DEW, a plant, otherwise called lust-wort, moor-grass, and red­
root.

SU’NDRY [sundrig, or syndrig, Sax. sundro, Teut.] divers.

SU’NDIAL, a plate marked to shew the hour of the shadow. See
DIAL.

SU’NDERLAND, a sea-port of Durham, at the mouth of the river
Were, 263 miles from London.

SUN-FOILS, sun-flowers.

SUN-FLOWER, a plant bearing a fine, large, yellow flower with ra­
diated leaves, or spreading like the rays of the sun.

SUNG, the pret. of to sing. See To SING.

SUNK, the pret. of to sink. See To SINK.

SU’NLESS, wanting sun, destitute of warmth. See LOVELESS.

SU’NLIKE, resembling the sun.

SU’NNINESS [sunnicgnesse, Sax.] a being exposed, or lying open
to the sun-beams.

SU’NNY [from sun] 1. Resembling the sun, bright. 2. Exposed to
the sun. 3. Coloured by the sun.

SU’NRISE, or SUNRI’SING, the appearance of the sun above the ho­
rizon in the morning.

SU’NSET, or SUNSE’TTING, close of the day, evening.

SU’NSHINE [sunscin, Sax.] the radiant light of the sun.

SU’NSHINY [it was formerly accented on the second syllable] 1. Bright
with the sun. 2. Bright like the sun.

SUOVETAURI’LIA, or SOLITAURI’LIA [among the Romans] a sacri­
fice, wherein they offered three victims of different kinds, a bull, a ram,
and a boar. See LUSTRUM and LUSTRATION.


SUP

SUP [suyp, or suypken, Du.] a taste, or small portion of any liquid, a
mouthful.

To SUP. 1. [Souper, Fr.] to eat a supper, an evening meal. 2.
[Suppan, Sax. supa, Su. suppen, Du. saussen, Gr.] to drink by little and
little.

SU’PER, a Latin preposition, used as an inseparable præfixum, in com­
position, and signifies above, upon, or over and above.

SU’PERABLE, Fr. [superabile, It. of superabilis, Lat.] that may be
overcome or surpassed.

SU’PERABLENESS [of superabilis, Lat.] capableness of being overcome
or surmounted.

To SU’PERABOUND [surabonder, Fr. soprabondare, It. sobreabundar, Sp.
of superabundare, Lat.] to be over and above, to be superfluous.

SUPERABU’NDANCE [surabondance, Fr. soprabondanza, It. superabun­
dantia, Lat.] very great plenty, superfluity, excess.

SUPERABU’NDANT [surabondant, Fr. soprabbondante, It. sobreabun­
dante, Sp. of superabundans, Lat.] overflowing in plenty, more than
enough.

SUPERABU’NDANTLY [of superabundare, Lat.] plentifully, more than
sufficiently.

To SUPERA’DD [superaddere, Lat.] to add over and above, to give an
advantage.

SUPERADDI’TION. 1. The act of adding to something else. 2. That
which is added.

SUPERVE’NIENT [superadveniens, Lat.] 1. Coming to the increase,
or assistance of something. 2. Coming unexpectedly. 3. [In physic]
such symptoms as do not belong to the proper body of the disease; but are
superinduced upon it. Galen, in Aphor. 15. Lib. 7.

To SUPERA’NNUATE [superannuo, from super, and annus, Lat. a year]
to admit into the number of superannuated persons, to disqualify by age.

SUPERA’NNUATED [suranné, Fr. of superannuatus, Lat.] worn out
with age, grown out of date, past the best.

SUPERANNUA’TION [superannuatio, Lat.] the state of being grown
out of date or superannuated.

SUPERBIPA’RTIENT Number [in arithmetic] a number which divides
another number, but not exactly in two parts, but leaves something over
and above.

SUPE’RB [superbe, Fr. superbo, It. subervio, Sp. superbus, Lat.] grand,
stately, magnificent.

SUPERBI’LOQUENCE [superbiloquentia, Lat.] a speaking proudly.

SUPE’RBLY, proudly, &c.

SUPE’RBUS Musculus, Lat. [with anatomists] the proud muscle, one
of the six pairs of muscles belonging to the eye, which turns it upwards.
This muscle is so called, because it is one of the marks of a haughty dis­
position to look high.

SUPERCA’RGO [of super and carga, Sp. and cargason, Fr. or carico,
the lading] a person employed by the owners of ships to go a voyage,
to oversee the cargo or lading, and to dispose of it to their best advan­
tage, for which service he is allowed good provision, because the trust re­
posed in him is 'very considerable.

SUPERCELE’STIAL [of super and celeste, Fr. and It. celestial, Sp. super­
cælestis, Lat.] above the heavens or heavenly bodies.

SUPERCHA’RGED [in heraldry] signifies one figure charged or borne
upon another, as a rose upon a lion, a lion upon an ordinary.

SUPE’RCHERY [supercherie, Fr.] superfluity; also a sudden assault.

SUPERCI’LIOUS. [superciliosus, Lat.] of an affected lofty carriage,
proud, haughty, arrogant.

SUPERCI’LIOUSLY, haughtily, dogmatically, contemptuously.

SUPERCI’LIOUSNESS [of superciliosus, Lat.] affectedness of carriage,
sourness, or severity of countenance. See MYSTERIES in Religion.

SUPERCI’LIUM, Lat. the brow or eye-brow.

SUPERCI’LIUM [in anatomy] the lip or side of a cavity, at the end of
a bone; particularly the cartilage or gristle of the coxendix.

SUPERCILIUM [in architecture] a square member under 'the upper
tore in some pedestals.

SUPERCONCE’PTION [of super and conception] a conception made after
another.

SUPERCO’NSEQUENCE [of super and consequence] remote consequence.

SUPERCRE’SCENCE [of super and crescence] that which grows upon
another growing thing.

SUPERE’MINENCE [supereminentia, Lat.] 1. Singular excellence. 2.
Authority or prerogative above others. See DIVINITY.

SUPERE’MINENT [supereminens, Lat.] excelling above other.

SUPERE’MINENTLY [sur eminemment, Fr. of supereminentia, Lat.] very
excellently, much above others.

To SUPERE’ROGATE [supererogare, Lat.] to give or do more than is
required. There can be no such thing as supererogation with God. Bur­
net.

Works of SUPEREROGATION [among catholics] are voluntary works
by them supposed to be over and above God's commandments, and, as
a consequence of that, meritorious.
Had no more been intended by all this, than (as some Romanists tell
us) “that a good man may do more than is commanded,” I suppose
there would no room for controversy on this head: or, if there was, it
might soon be decided in their favour, from 1 Cor. vii. 25, 38. 1 Cor.
ix. 16, &c. But 'tis a goodly superstructure indeed, (if we may credit
Bishop Burnet) which the church of Rome has raised upon it. For, af­
ter having observ'd, “that a man must first clear his own score, before
he can imagine that any thing upon his account can be forgiven or impu­
ted to another.” He adds, “that, upon this theory of a communication
of merits, and TREASURE OF THE CHURCH, that [spiritual] BANK has
been founded, of which the pope was the keeper; and that he could
grant such bills and assignments upon it as he pleas'd;” alluding to the ar­
ticle of deliverance from purgatory, and indulgence: And then concludes
with observing, “that the use all this was put to, was as bad as the for­
gery itself;” and in proof thereof appeals to our croisades, and holy wars,
and those most infamous sales of pardon, which gave first rise to the re­
formation. Burnet's Exposition of the 39 Articles, p. 136, 137. See
BRANDEUM, GASTROMYTH, and EUNOMIANS, compared with Rev. ix.
20, 21, and c. xviii. 11. &c.

SUPERERO’GATORY, of or pertaining to supererogation.

SUPER-EX’CELLENCY [from superexcellent] extraordinary excellence.

SUPEREX’CELLENT [from super and excellent] excellent beyond the
common degree of excellence.

SUPEREXCRE’SCENCE [of super and excrescence] something super­
fluously growing.

To SUPERFE’TUATE [of super and fœtus, Lat.] to conceive after
conception.

SUPERFETA’TION, an after conception or a second generation, hap­
pening when the mother, already pregnant, conceives of a latter coition,
so that she bears at once two fœtus's of unequal age and bulk, and is de­
livered of them at different times; or, a breeding young upon young, as
hares, conies, &c. do.

SUPERFI’CIAL [superficiel, Fr. superficiale, It. superficial, Sp.] 1. Of,
or pertaining to a superficies or surface. 2. External. 3. Slight, im­
perfect, not profound.

SUPERFICIAL Content, the measure of any thing on the superficies or
outside.

SUPERFICIAL Fourneau [in fortification] a wooden chest or box with
bombs in it, and sometimes filled only wlth powder buried under ground,
to blow up a lodgment, rather than an enemy shall advance; the same
as caisson.

SUPERFICIAL, Wound [in surgery] a wound that is no deeper than
the skin, or, at least, not very deep in the flesh.

SUPERFI’CIALLY. 1. Slightly, imperfectly. 2. Not below the sur­
face.

SUPERFI’CIARY [superficiarius, Lat.] a person who pays a quit-rent
for his house built upon another's ground.

SUPERFI’CIALIST, one who does what he does superficially, or who
has but a superficial knowledge of things.

SUPERFI’CIALNESS [of superficiel, Fr. of superficies, Lat.] the being
done on the outside, slightness.

SU’PERFICIES, the surface or outermost part of a thing, the outside,

SUPERFICIES [with geometricians] is a magnitude bounded by lines,
or an extension which has length and breadth, but no depth or thickness.

SUPERFI’NE [super-fin, Fr.] very fine or thin.

To SUPERFINE Upon, to be very critical upon.

SUPERFI’NENESS [of superfin, Fr.] the greatest fineness.

SUPERFLU’ITANT [superfluitans, from super and fluito, Lat.] floating
on the surface.

SUPERFLU’ITY [superfluitas, Lat. superflu, and superfluité, Fr. super­
fluità, It. superfluidad, Sp.] superfluous, more than enough, the over­
plus, excess.

SUPE’RFLUOUS [superflu, Fr. superfluo, It. and Sp. of superfluus, Lat.]
1. Over-much, more than needs; enough and to spare. 2. Unneces­
sary, idle, needless. 3. Unprofitable.

SUPE’RFLUOUSLY, needlesly, &c.

SUPERFLU’X [of super and fluxus, Lat.] more than is wanted.

SUPERGEMINA’LIS [in anatomy] a winding vessel joined to the testi­
cles; the same as epididymis.

SUPERHU’MAN [of super and humanus, Lat. soprumano, It.] more than
human, above man's capacity and reach.

SUPER-HUMERA’LIS [with anatomists] the superior part of the shoul­
der.

SUPERIMPREGNA’TION [of super and impregnation] a second concep­
tion, after one has conceived before.

SUPERINCU’MBENT [of super and incumbens, Lat.] lying or leaning on
the top of something else.

To SUPERINDU’CE [of superinduco, Lat.] 1. To bring in over and
above, 2. To draw a thing over another. 3. To lay upon, to cover.

SUPERINDU’CTION [from super and inductio, Lat.] any adding or
bringing in a thing over and above.

SUPERINJE’CTION [of super and injection] an injection upon or after a
former injection.

SUPERINSTITU’TION [in law] is one institution upon another, as if
A be instituted and admitted to a benefice upon a title, and B be admit­
ted, instituted, &c. by the presentation of another.








To SUPERINTE’ND [of super and intendere, Lat. soprantendere, It.] to
oversee or have the chief management of affairs.

SUPERINTE’NDANT [surintendant, Fr. soprantendente, It. superenten­
dente, Sp. of superintendens, Lat.] 1. A chief overseer or surveyer. 2. [In
the Lutheran churches of Germany] much the same as a bishop, saving
that his power is something more restrained than our bishops, they in
particular not having the power of ordination. 3. [Of the French
customs] the prime manager and director of the finances.

SUPERINTE’NDENCE, or SUPERINTE’NDENCY [surintendance, Fr. so­
prantendenza, It.] the place, office, or dignity of a superintendant.

SUPERIO’RITY [superiorité Fr. superiorità, It. superioridàd, Sp. supe­
rioritas, Lat.] pre-eminence, excellence above others in authority,
dignity, power, strength, knowledge, &c.

SUPE’RIOR, Lat. [superieur, Fr. superiore, It. superior, Sp.] upper or
uppermost, prevailing above others, one who is above others in autho­
rity, &c.

SUPE’RIORS [superiores, Lat.] 1. Our betters, governors, magistrates,
&c. 2. [With printers] small letters or figures placed over a word,
which, by a like letter or figure, direct to a citation in the margin. 3.
[With astronomers] the planets Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars, so called,
because their orbs include that of the earth.

SUPE’RLATIVE [superlatif, Fr. superlativo, It. and Sp. of superlativus,
Lat.] 1. Of the highest degree, very eminent or extraordinary. 2. Ri­
sing to the highest degree.

SUPERLATIVE Degree [With grammarians] the highest degree in
comparison; usually expressed in English, by putting the particle est at
the end, or most before the adjective; as, hardest, most high, &c. But
if so, what shall we make of that phraseology which so often occurs in
our public forms “the most highest”? Is it not similar to the title which
some ancient writers gave to the First Cause and Father of the Universe,
υψιστος εν υψιστοις, i. e. MOST HIGH amongst the most high? or shall we
compare it to that stroke of Milton,
High thron'd above all hight?

SUPE’RLATIVELY. 1. Very eminently. 2. In the highest degree.

SUPE’RLATIVENESS [of superlativus, Lat.] the highest degree.

SUPERLI’GAMENT [with surgeons] a tying of swathes or bands un­
derneath.

SUPERLI’GULA [in anatomy] the cover of the wind-pipe.

SUPERLU’NAR [of super, and luna, Lat. the moon] placed above the
moon; not in this world. Pope.

SUPE’RNAL [supernel, Fr. supernale, It. supernus, Lat.] 1. Coming
from above. 2. Having an higher position.

SUPE’RNALLY, with a supernal power.

SUPE’RNATANT [supernatans, Lat.] swimming above.

SUPERNATA’TION [in physic] a floating or swimming at top.

SUPERNA’TURAL [of super and naturalis, Lat. surnaturel, Fr. soprana­
turale, It. sobre-naturel, Sp.] which is above the course, strength, or
reach of human nature.

SUPERNA’TURALLY, with a supernatural power.

SUPERNA’TURALNESS, the being above the course of nature.

SUPE’RNE, a term used of our manufactures, to express the superla­
tive fineness of a stuff.

SUPERNU’MERARY [surnumeraire, Fr. supernumerario, It. and Sp. of
supernumerarius, Lat.] 1. Above the limited or usual number. 2. An
officer in the excise, ready to fill up a vacancy.

SUPERNU’MERARINESS [of super and numerarius, Lat.] the exceeding
the number fixed.

SUPER-PARTI’CULAR Proportion [with mathematicians] is when one
number or quantity contains another once, and a certain part whose
number is one; so that the number, which is so contained in the greater,
is said to be to it in a super-particular proportion.

SUPERPA’RTIENT Proportion [with mathematicians] is when one
number or quantity contains another once, and some number of aliquot
parts remaining; as, one ⅔, one ¾, &c.

SU’PER-PLANT [of super and plant] a plant growing upon another
plant.

To SUPERPO’NDERATE [superponderare, Lat.] to weigh over and
above.

SUPERPROPO’RTION [of super and proportion] overplus of propor­
tion.

SUPERPU’RGATION [with physicians] an excessive or over violent
purging.

SUPERREFLE’XION [of super and reflexion] reflexion of an image re­
flected.

SUPERSCAPULA’RIS Inferior [in anatomy] a muscle which helps to
draw the arm backwards; it covers all the space that is between the
spine and the teres minor, and is inserted into the neck of the humerus;
it is also called infra spinatus.

SUPERSCAPULÁRIS Superior [with anatomists] a muscle so called,
from its being placed above the spine of the shoulder-blade; it takes its
rise from the spine, and also from the costa superior of the shoulder­
blade; and having joined its tendons with the infra spinatus, is inserted
into the head of the shoulder-blade: the use of this muscle is to lift the
arm upwards towards the hinder part of the head.

To SUPERSCRI’BE [soprascrivere, It. of superscribere, Lat.] to write
over or on the outside of a letter, deed, writing, &c.

SUPERSCRI’PTION [suscription, Fr. soprascrizione, It. sobrescrito, Sp. of
superscriptio, Lat.] 1. A writing, or that which is subscribed on the out­
side of a letter; a direction. 2. The act of superscribing.

To SUPER’DE [supersedere, Lat. soprassedere, It.] to omit the doing
of a thing; to suspend, to put off or put a stop to an affair or proceed­
ing; also to countermand.

SUPERSE’DEAS [in law] a writ to stay or forbear the doing of that
which ought not to be done, but which, in appearance of law
ought to be done, where it not for that cause whereon the writ is
granted.

SUPERSE’SSION, the action of superseding.

SUPERSTI’TION, Fr. [superstizione, It. supersticion, Sp. of superstitio,
Lat.] 1. A vain fear of the deity. 2. Idolatrous worship, an idle or
silly opinion about divine worship, or about omens or signs of bad luck.
3. Overniceness, scrupulousness. See RITES.

SUPERSTI’TIOUS [superstitiosus, Lat. superstitieux, Fr. superstioso, It.
supersticioso, Sp.] addicted to superstition, begotted, over-nice.

SUPERSTI’TIOUSLY, in a superstitious manner.

SUPERSTI’TIOUSNESS [of superstitiosus, Lat.] of a superstitious hu­
mour or quality.

To SUPERSTRAI’N [of super and strain] to overstrain.

SUPERSTRU’CTION [from superstruct] an edifice raised upon any
thing.

SUPERSTRU’CTIVE [from superstruct] built upon something else.

To SUPERSTRU’CT [superstructum, Lat.] to build upon, or one thing
upon another,

SUPERSTRU’CTURE [of super and structura, Lat.] that which is built
or raised upon some foundation.

SUPERSUBSTA’NTIAL, over and above substantial.

SUPERTRIPA’RTIENT Number or Quantity [with mathematicians] is
that which divides another number or quantity into three parts, leaving
no remainder.

SUPERVACA’NEOUS [supervacaneus Lat.] superfluous, unprofitable,
needless, serving to no use or purpose, unnecessary.

SUPERVACA’NEOUSLY, superfluously.

SUPERVACA’NEOUSNESS [of supervacaneus, Lat.] needlesness.

To SUPERVE’NE [sopravenire, It. supervenire, Lat.] to come unlook'd
for, to come upon of a sudden, to come in unlook'd for, or unsuspect­
edly.

SUPERVE’NIENT [superveniens, Lat.] coming unlook'd for.

SUPERVENIENT Signs [with physicians] such as arise at the declension
of a distemper.

SUPERVE’NTION [of supervenire, Lat.] a coming upon one of a sud­
den.

To SUPERVI’SE, verb act. [of super and visum, sup. of videre, Lat.
to see] to oversee.

SUPERVI’SOR, an overseer or surveyor.

SUPERVISOR of a Will, a person who is appointed to assist the execu­
tor, and see that the will is duly performed.

To SUPERVI’VE, verb neut. [of super and vivus, Lat.] to outlive.

SUPINA’TION, Fr. [from supino, Lat.] the act of laying with the face
upward.

SUPINATION [with anatomists] the action of the supinator muscle, or
the motion whereby it turns the hand, so that the palm is lifted up to­
wards heaven.

SUPINA’TOR Radii brevis [with anatomists] a muscle of the bone of
the arm, called radius, arising from the superior and external part of
the ulna, and passing obliquely cross the bone, is inserted into the supe­
rior part, below the knob of the radius.

SUPINATOR Radii longis [with anatomists] a muscle of the radius,
taking its rise from the superior and exterior part of the shoulder-bone,
below the end of the deltoides, and is implanted into the exterior and
inferior part of the radius, near the carpus; this, with the former,
serves to move the radius outwards.

SUPINATO’RES Musculi, Lat. [in anatomy] muscles, so called from
their use; because they make the hand supine, or with its palm up­
wards.

SUPI’NE, adj. [supino, It. of supinus, Lat.] 1. Lying with the face
upward. 2. Looking backwards with exposure to the sun. Hills supine.
Dryden. 3. Indolent, drowsy, careless, negligent.

SUPINE, subst. [supin, Fr. supinum, Lat.] a term in grammer, signify­
ing a particular kind of verbal noun. Supines, with Latin gramma­
rians, are certain terminations of verbs, which have the signification of
the infinitive mood; that ending in um, has the signification of an active
infinitive; and that in u, of a passive.

SUPI’NELY, adv. [of supine] 1. With the face upward. 2. Care­
lesly, negligently, drowsily, thoughtlesly.

SUPI’NENESS, subst. [from supine, or supinitas, Lat.] 1. Posture of ly­
ing with the face upward. 2. Drowsiness, negligence, carelesness.

SUPPEDA’NEA [with physicians] plaisters applied to the feet, called
also supplantalia.

SUPPEDA’NEOUS, adj. [of sub, and pes, Lat. foot] placed under the
feet. Suppedaneous stability. Brown.

To SUPPE’DIATE [suppeditàr, Sp. suppeditare, It. and Lat.] to find,
furnish, supply, &c.

SU’PPER, subst. [souper, Fr.] the evening meal.

SU’PPER-TIME, time to go to supper.

The Lord's SUPPER, the holy communion.

SU’PPERLESS, adj. [of supper] without a supper, fasting at night.

To SUPPLA’NT, verb act. [supplanto, Lat. supplanter, Fr. soppiantare,
It.] 1. To trip up the heels. 2. To displace by stratagem, to turn out.
3. To displace in general, to force away, to overpower with fear. If
better reasons can supplant. Shakespeare.

SUPPLANTA’LIA [in physic] plaisters applied to the soles of the
feet.

SUPPLA’NTER, subst. [of supplant] one who supplants or displaces.

To SU’PPLE, verb act. [from the adj.] 1. To make soft or pliant.
2. To make compliant or yielding.

To SUPPLE, verb neut. to become soft or pliant.

SU’PPLE, adj. [souple, Fr.] 1. Limber, pliant. 2. Yielding, not
obstinate. 3. Submissive, flattering, bending. 4. That which makes
supple. Each part depriv'd of supple government. Shakespeare.

SU’PPLEMENT, subst. [supplimento. It. suplemento, Sp. of supplementum,
Lat.] any addition that is made to supply something that was deficient
before, especially an addition to a treatise or discourse. See REGENE­
RATION;  and, by way of supplement [or note] add, Query, if in St.
Justin's use of the word “Regeneration”, it should not signify something
more than a change of heart and life, viz. our being receiv'd into a state
or relation, by which we become sons of God, and heirs of the future in­
heritance? See also St. Irenæus Ed. Grabe, p. 160, 262, compared with
Mat. c. 19, v. 28, in which place it seems to signify the future state.

SUPPLEMENT of an Arch [with geometricians] is the number of de­
grees which it wants of a semi-circle; as a complement signifies what an
arch wants of being a quadrant.

SUPPLEME’NTAL, or SUPPLEME’NTARY, adj. [of supplement] per­
taining to a supplement, supplying what is lost or wanting.

SU’PPLENESS, subst. [souplesse, Fr.] 1. Pliantness, softness, limber­
ness. 2. Readiness of compliance, facility.

SUPPLE’TORY, adj. that supplies or makes up any deficiency.

SUPPLETORY, subst. [suppletorium, Lat.] that which fills up defi­
ciency.

SUPPLI’ANT, adj. Fr. entreating, submissive.

SUPPLI’ANT, or SU’PPLICANT, subst. [suppliant, Fr. supplicans. Lat.]
a submissive petitioner or humble suitor.

SU’PPLIANTNESS [of suppliant] the act of petitioning humbly.








To SUPPLICA’TE, verb neut. [supplier. Fr. supplicare, It. and Lat.]
to make a humble request; to beg, intreat, or beseech submissively.

SUPPLICA’TION, subst. Fr. 1. A humble suit, petition. 2. An ear­
nest, submissive and humble prayer, the worship of a suppliant or peti­
tioner.

SUPPLICA’VIT, Lat. [out of chancery] a writ for taking the surety of
peace against a man, the same which was formerly called breve de mi­
nimis.

SUPPLI’CE [supplice, Fr. supplicio, It. suplicio, Sp. supplicium, Lat.]
punishment.

To SUPPLY’, verb act. [supplier, Fr. supplire, It. suplir, Sp. suppleo,
Lat.] 1. To make up what was wanting. 2. To give something
wanted, to afford. 3. To fill up a vacant place, 4. To relieve. 5.
To serve instead of. 6. To give or bring in general, whether good or
bad. 7. To accommodate, to furnish.

SUPPLY’, subst. [from the verb] aid, relief; the furnishing what was
wanting, or with necessaries.

SUPPLI’ES [in military affairs] recruits of soldiers, the furnishing an
army with fresh men.

To SUPPO’RT, verb act. [supporter Fr sopportare, It. sopportar, Sp. of
supporto, Lat.] 1. To bear or prop up, to uphold. 2. To endure any
thing painful without being overcome. 3. To endure in general. 4.
To sustain, to keep from fainting.

SUPPO’RTER, subst. Fr. 1. Act or power of sustaining. 2. That which
bears up or sustains a burthen or weight, a prop. 3. Necessaries of life.
4. Maintenance, supply,

SUPPO’RTABLE, adj. Fr. [sopportevolo, It.] 1. that may be endured.
2. Tolerable. Shakespeare accents the first syllable.

SUPPO’RTABLENESS [of supportable] capableness of being supported,
state of being tolerable.

SUPPO’RTANCE, or SUPPORTA’TION, subst. [of support] maintenance,
support. Both obsolete.

SUPPO’RTED of the Pale [in heraldry] is when any beast is drawn upon
the pale in an escutcheon.

SUPPO’RTER, subst. [of support] 1. One that supports. 2. Prop,
that which bears up any thing from falling. 3. One that sustains, a
comforter. 4. One that maintains, a defender.

SUPPO’RTERS [of coat-armour] are those animals which noblemen
carry to support their shields; as quadrupedes, birds, or reptiles; as
lions, leopards, dogs, unicorns, eagles, griffins, and dragons. To per­
sons under the degree of baronets, it is not permitted to bear their arms
supported.

SUPPORTERS [in architecture] images to bear up posts, &c. in a
building.

SUPPO’SABLE, adj. [of suppose] that may be supposed.

SUPPO’SABLENESS, subst. [of supposable] capableness of being sup­
posed.

SUPPO’SAL, subst. [of suppose] a supposition, imagination, belief.

To SUPPO’SE, verb act. [suppono, Lat. supposer, Fr. suppone, It. suppo­
ner, Sp.] 1. To imagine, to take for granted, to believe without exa­
mination. 2. To lay down without proof. 3. To admit without
proof. 4. To require as previous to itself.

SUPPO’SE, subst. [from the verb] supposition, position without proof.

SUPPO’SER, subst. [of suppose] one that supposes.

SUPPOSI’TION, subst. Fr. of Lat. [suppositizione, It. supposicion, Sp.]
a thing taken for granted; an imagination; an uncertain allegation; an
hypothesis.

SUPPOSITION [in music] is the using two successive notes of the same
value, as to time, the one of which being a discord, supposes the other
a concord.

SUPPOSITI’TIOUS, adj. [supposititius, Lat.] put, by a trick, instead,
in the room or character of another: counterfeit, not genuine. Thus
Dr. Whitby, in his preface to Disquisitiones modestæ, has proved the
creed which St. John and the Holy Virgin (if we may credit an Atha­
nasian of the fourth century) communicated by revelation to St. Gregory
Thaumaturgus, to be supposititious, an arrant forgery, and which Sculte­
tus, before him, called “somnium somnirum,” i. e. “the dream of
dreams.” And yet no inconsiderable author of the last century says of it,
“Nescio sane an ad ejusmodi traditionem aliquam confirmandam quicquam
amplius desiderari possit. Bull. Defens. Fid. Nicen. Ed. Oxon. p. 250.
See RITES, INTERPOLATION, and GASTROMYTH, compared with 2
Thess. c. 2. v. 8—12.

SUPPOSITI’TIOUSNESS, subst. [of supposititious] state of being counter­
feit.

SUPPO’SITIVELY, adv. [of suppose] upon supposition.

SUPPO’SITARY, subst. [suppositoire, Fr. suppositorium, Lat.] a kind of
solid clyster, or medicament.

To SUPPRE’SS, verb act. [supprimer, Fr. sopprimere, It. suppressum,
sup. of supprimo, Lat.] 1. To keep under, to put a stop to, to over­
power, to reduce from any state of activity or commotion. 2. To con­
ceal, not to tell. 3. To keep in, not to let out. To suppress thy voice.
Shakespeare.

SUPPRE’SSION, Fr. of Lat. [soppressione, It.] 1. The act of putting a
stop to, a crushng. 2. A concealing, not publication.

SUPPRESSION of the Courses [in women] is when they are obstructed or
stopped, and have not a free passage.

SUPPRESSION [of urine] a stoppage of it, or a difficulty in making
water.

SUPPRESSION [in the customs] the extinction or annihilation of an of­
fice, right, rent, &c.

SUPPRESSION [with grammarians] any omission of certain words
in a sentence, which yet are necessary to a full and perfect construc­
tion.

SUPPRESSIO’NIS Ignis, Lat. [with chemists] a fire made above the
sand.

SUPPRE’SSOR, subst. [of suppress] one that suppresses or crushes; also a
concealer.

To S’UPPURATE [suppurer, Fr. of suppurare, Lat.] to generate pus or
matter, as a sore does.

To SUPPURATE, verb neut. to grow to pus.

SUPPURA’TION, Fr. from Lat. 1. The action whereby extravasated
blood, or other humours in the body, are changed into pus; a ripening
of a boil or imposthume; a gathering into matter. 2. The matter sup­
purated.

SUPPU’RATIVE, adj. [suppuratif, Fr.] bringing or tending to suppu­
ration; digestive.

SUPPURA’TIVENESS, subst. [spoken of swellings] a ripening qua­
lity.

SUPPURGA’TION, subst. a too much, or frequent purging or use of
purging medicines.

SUPPUTA’TION, subst. Fr. from Lat. account, a reckoning, compu­
tation.

To SU’PPUTE, verb act. [supputer, Fr. of supputo, Lat.] to com­
pute.

SU’PRA, Lat. in composition, signifies above or before; as,

SUPRALA’PSARIAN, adj. [of supra, above, and lapsus, Lat. a fall] an­
tecedent to man's fall. In divinity, a supralapsarian is one who holds that
God, by an eternal decree, and prior to all consideration of the admission
of sin amongst mankind by the fall of Adam, predestinated some to ever­
lasting happiness; and others to eternal perdition; the states of either,
being alike ascertained by an act of sovereignty (horresco referens—) and
God's predetermination, not depending on his foresight of their respective
conduct upon the stage of life. See JABARII, and SUBLAPSARIANS,
compared with MYSTERIES in Religion, and Jude, v. 15.

SUPRA-MU’NDANE, adj. [of supra, above, and mundus, Lat. the world]
above or over the world.

SUPRASCAPULA’RIS Inferior, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the
arm which moves it directly backwards, and takes its name from being
placed below the spine, under which it arises from the root of the shoul­
der-blade, and is (like the supra spinatus) inserted into the head of the
shoulder-bone.

SUPRA-SPINA’TUS. See SUPRASCAPULARIS.

SUPRAVU’LGAR, adj. [of supra and vulgar] being above the vul­
gar.

SUPRE’MACY, subst. [supremacie, Fr. of supremus, Lat.] highest place,
state of being supreme; as, the pope's supremacy; the most transcendent
height of power and authority; more especially the chief power of the
king, &c. of Great-Britain, in ecclesiastical affairs.

SUPRE’ME, adj. Fr. [supremo, It. supremus, Lat.] 1. Highest, ad­
vanced to the highest degree of dignity and authority: it may be ob­
served, that superiour is used often of local elevation, but supreme of in­
tellectual or political. 2. Highest, most excellent. Supreme degree.
Dryden.

SUPRE’MELY, adv. [of supreme] in the highest degree.

SUPRE’MENESS, or SUPRE’MACY [of supreme] the greatest height,
in point of authority and power. Whether the legislative power be ab­
solute, and lodged solely in one; or (like ours) of the mixed and tem­
pered kind.

SUPREMACY [in divinity] that authority and power which extends
over all things and persons, without exception; a power which all anti­
quity appropriated to the FIRST CAUSE and FATHER of the universe;
and which the reader will find portray'd in the strongest colours by St.
Cyprian, in his fourth tract de Idolorum Vanitate, “Unus igitur OMNIUM
DOMINUS DEUS, &c.” compared with what we have produced from him,
and other ancients, under the words MARCIONISTS, First CAUSE, GOD,
DEITY, DIVINITY, DITHEISM, &c.


SUR

SUR, Fr. a preposition, which, as an inseparable præfixum, signifies
over, above, or upon.

SU’RA [with anatomists] the lesser bone of the calf of the leg.

SURADDI’TION, subst. [of sur and addition] something added to one's
name.

SU’RAL, adj. [sura, Lat.] being in the calf of the leg; as,

SURAL Vein [in anatomy] a vein which runs down the calf of the
leg.

SURA’LIS [with anatomists] a branch of the sural vein, which
spreads itself into two branches, the one external, and the other in­
ternal.

SU’RANCE, subst. [of sure] warrant, surety, assurance: obsolete.
Shakespeare.

SURA’NTLER, the upper antler of a deer's head.

To SURBA’TE, verb act. [solbatir, Fr.] to batter with travel, to fa­
tigue, to harrass.

SURBA’TE, or SURBA’TING [solbature, Fr. with farriers] is when the
sole of a horse's foot is worn, bruised, or spoiled, by travelling without
shoes.

SU’RBET, participle passive of surbate. Feet surbate. Spenser.

To SURCEA’SE, verb neut. [surçeoir, or surcessor, Fr. of super and
cesso, Lat.] 1. To give over, to leave off doing a thing, to cease, to be
at an end, to be no longer in use or being. 2. To leave off, to refrain
finally.

To SURCEASE, verb act. to put to an end: obsolete.

SURCEASE, subst. stop, cessation. Hooker.

To SURCHA’RGE, verb act. [surcharger, Fr. sopraccaricare, It. sobre­
cargar, Sp.] to over charge, to over-load, or over-burthen.

SURCHARGE, subst. over-burthen, more than can be borne.

SURCHA’RGER, subst. [of surcharge] one that overburthens.

SURCHARGER [of the forest] is one who is a commoner, and puts
more beasts into the forest than he has a right to do.

SURCHA’RGED [surchargé, Fr.] over-charged.

SUR ANCRE’E [in heraldry] as a cross sur ancrée, i. e. double an­
chor, is a cross with double anchor flukes at each end.

SU’RCINGLE, subst. [sur, q. d. super cingulum, Lat.] a clergyman's
girdle; also a horse girth, with which the burthen or saddle is bound fast
on his back.

SU’RCLE, subst. [surculus, Lat.] a shoot, a sucker. Not in general
use. Brown.

SU’RCOAT, subst. [surcot, O. F. q. d. superior coat, of sur, Fr. and
coat] 1. A short upper coat, worn over the rest of the dress. 2. A coat
of arms to be worn over other armour.

SUR cui in Vitâ [in law] a writ which lies for the heir of a woman,
whose husband has alienated her lands in fee, and she does not bring the
writ cui in vitâ for the recovery of it; in which case the heir may have
this writ against the tenant after her disease.

SURCULA’TION, subst. [surculus, Lat.] the act of pruning or lopping
of trees.

SURCULO’SE, adj. [surculosus, Lat.] full of shoots, slips or twigs.

SU’RCULUS, Lat. [in horticulture] a shoot, slip, cyon, or young twig
of a tree.

SURD, adj. [sourd, Fr. surdo, It. surdus, Lat.] 1. Deaf, not having
the sense of hearing. 2 Not heard by the ear. 3. Not expressed by
any term. 4. [With mathematicians] an irrational number or quantity;
or a number, &c. that is incommensurable to unity.








SURD Root, a root, whether square, cubic, &c. that cannot be ex­
tracted perfectly out of a rational number.

SURE, adj. [securus, Lat. seur, Fr. sicura, It. seguro, Sp. and Port.]
1. Safe, secure. 2 Firm, stable, not liable to failure. 3. Certain,
infallible. 4. Certainly doomed. The weightiest is sure to go. Locke.
5. Certainly knowing, confident. 6. To be sure, certainly. This is a
vitious expression. More properly be sure.

SURE, adv. [surement, Fr.] with certainty, without doubt.

SUREFOO’TED, adj. [of sure and foot] treading firmly, not stum­
bling.

SU’RELY, adv. [of sure] 1. Safely, firmly, without hazard. 2. Cer­
tainly, without doubt.

SU’RENESS, subst. [of sure] certainly.

SU’RETISHIP [of surety] the act of being bound for another person,
the office of a bondsman.

SU’RETY [suréte, Fr.] 1. Safety, security against damage or loss,
security for payment. 2. Certainty. 3. Support, foundation of stabi­
lity. 4. Evidence, confirmation. 5. Bondsman, one that gives secu­
rity for another, hostage.

SU’RETY of the Peace [in law] is an acknowledging of a bond to
the king, taken by a competent judge of record, for the keeping of the
king's peace.

SURETY of good Abearing [in law] is different from the security of the
peace in this respect, that as the peace is not broken without any affray
or assault, yet the good abearing may be violated by the number of a man's
company, or by his and their weapons and harness.

SU’RENESS [of seur, Fr. securus, Lat.] certainty.

SU’RFACE, Fr. [q. d. super faciem, Lat. i. e. upon the face] the bare
outside of a body, which, considered by itself, is a quantity extended in
length and breadth, without thickness, and is the same as superficies. Ac­
cented by Milton on the last syllable.

Plain SURFACE [with geometricians] is made by the motion of a
right line, always keeping in the same plane, whether it be a square or a
circle.

Curved SURFACE, is one that is convex above or on the outside, and
concave below or on the inside; which surface may be produced either
by the motion of a right line on a curve, or of a curved line on a right
one.

To SU’RFEIT, verb act. [prob. of sursaire, Fr. suprafacio, Lat. to do
more than enough, to over-do, or sopraffare, It. to oppress] to cause an
indisposition in the body, by over-charging the stomach with meat or
drink, to cram too much, to feed to satiety.

To SURFEIT, verb neut. to be fed to satiety and sickness.

SU’RFEIT, subst. [from the verb] an indisposition of the body, caused
by excess in eating and drinking, that is, by over-charging the sto­
mach, satiety.

SU’RFEITER, subst. [of surfeit] a glutton, one who over-crams.

SU’RFEIT-WATER, subst. [of surfeit and water] simple water which
cures surfeits.

SURGE, subst. [of surgo, Lat. to rise] a billow or wave of the sea, rol­
ling above the general surface of the water, a swelling sea.

To SURGE, verb neut. [surgo, Lat.] to rise up in surges and waves,
to swell.

To SURGE [a sea phrase] is when men heave at the capstan, and the
cable happens to slip back a little; then they say, the cable surges.

SU’RGEON, subst. [a corruption of chirurgeon, from chirurgien, Fr. of
chirurgus, Lat. χειρουργος, Gr.] one who is skilled in or professes surgery,
one who cures by manual operation.

SU’RGEONRY, subst. [chirurgerie, Fr. χειρουργια, Gr.] the practice of
surgery.

SU’RGERY [from chirurgery, from chirurgie, Fr. chirurga, Lat. χει­
ρουργια, of χειρ, a hand, and εργον, Gr. a work or manual operation] the
art of performing cures on the external parts of the body, with the
hands, proper instruments, and medicaments. The parts of this art are
anaplerosis, diæresis, diorthosis, exæresis, and synthesis; which see.

SURGERY, a room where surgeon's keep their instruments and me­
dicines.

SU’RGY, adj. [of surge] rising in billows.

SU’RKNEY, a sort of white garment something like a rochet.

SU’RLILY, adv. [of surly] morosely, churlishly, in a sullen manner.

SU’RLINESS [surlicnesse, Sax.] gloomy moroseness, sour anger.

SU’RLING, subst. [of surly] a sour morose fellow: not used.

SURLOI’N, a loin of beef. This should be written Sirloin, as having
been knighted, on account of its excellence, by king James I.

SU’RLY [sur, surlic, Sax. sorl, Su. suyrlick, Dan. suurlích, L. Ger.
sâuerlich, H. Ger. all which signify sourish] gloomily, morose, churlish,
crabbed, dogged, silently angry.

To SURMI’SE, verb act. [of surmis, from surmettre, O. Fr. to set upon]
1. To imagine, suppose or think, without certain knowledge. 2. To
have a suspicion of.

SURMI’SE, subst. [surmise, Fr.] an imagination not supported by cer­
tain knowledge, a supposition, a suspicion.

SURMONTE’ [in heraldry] is a chief that has another very small
chief over it of a different colour or metal, and therefore is said to be
surmounted, as having another over it.

SURMONTE’, is also used for a bearing of one ordinary upon ano­
ther.

To SURMOU’NT, verb act. [surmonter, Fr. surmontare, It.] 1. To
raise above. 2. To overcome or get the better of. 3. To surpass or
out-do, to exceed.

SURMOU’NTABLE, adj. [of surmount] conquerable, that can or may
be surmounted.

SURMU’LET, subst. [mugil, Lat.] a sort of sea fish.

SU’RNAME, subst. [of sur, Fr. over and above, nam, Su. name, sur­
nom, Fr. sopranome, It.] 1. A name added to the proper or baptismal
name, to denominate the person of such a family. 2. An appellation added
to the original name. See To SURNAME.

To SURNA’ME, verb act. [surnommer, Fr. sopranomare, It.] to name
over and above the original appellation. How he surnam'd of Africa—
i. e. Scipio, surnamed Africanus, from his victories obtained in that coun­
try. Milton. See Cæsar AUGUSTUS, Antoninus PIUS, &c.

To SURPA’SS, verb act. [surpasser, Fr.] to go beyond in excellence,
to exceed or excel.

SURPA’SSABLE, adj. [of surpass] that can or may be exceeded.

SURPA’SSING, part. adj. [of surpass] excellent in a high degree.

SURPA’SSINGLY, adv. [of surpassing] in an extraordinary manner.

SU’RPLICE, subst. [surplis, Fr. q. d. super pellicium, Lat. the Spa­
niards from thence call it sobrepeliz] a white vestment worn by the clergy,
when they officiate at divine service. See EPHOD.

SU’RPLUS, or SU’RPLUSAGE [surplus, Fr.] that which is over and
above, overplus.

SURPLUSAGE [in common law] a superfluity or addition more than
needful, which sometimes causeth the writ to abate.

SURPRI’SAL, SURPRI’SE, or SURPRI’ZE [surprise, Fr. sorpresa, It.]
1. The act of taking unawares, state of being taken unawares. 2. A
dish, I suppose, that has nothing in it. That fantastic dish, some call
surprize. King. 3. Sudden confusion or perplexity, amazement, asto­
nishment.

To SURPRI’SE, or SURPRI’ZE, verb act. [of surpris, from surprenare,
Fr.] 1. To take napping or unawares, to fall upon unexpectedly. 2.
To astonish by something wonderful. 3. To perplex or confound by
something unexpected.

SURPRI’SING, part. adj. [of surprise] raising sudden wonder or concern.

SURPRI’SINGLY, adv. [of surprising] to a degree that raises wonder,
in an astonishing manner.

SURPRI’SINGNESS [of surprising] the surprizing nature or quality of
any thing: not used.

SU’RQUEDRY [of sur and cuider, O. Fr. to think] pride, presump­
tion, an over-weening conceit, insolence: obsolete.

SURREBU’TTER, subst. [a law term] a second rebutter, answer to a
rebutter.

SURREJOI’NDER, subst. [surrejoindre, Fr. in law] a second defence of
the plaintiff's action, opposite to the rejoinder of the defendant, which
the civilians call triplicatio.

SURRE’NDER, subst. [of sur, upon, and rendre, Fr. to give up, q. d.
given upon some conditions] 1. The act of yielding. 2. The act of
resigning or giving up to another.

SURRENDER [in law] is a tenant's yielding up his lands to him who
has the next remainder or reversion.

To SURRENDER, verb act. [of surrendre, O. Fr. of superreddo, Lat.]
1. To yield or deliver up to another in general. 2. To give up to an
enemy.

SURRE’NDRY, subst. [of surrender] 1. Act of yielding. 2. Act of
delivering up to another.

SURRE’PTION, subst. [surreptum, sup. of surripio, Lat.] sudden inva­
sion, surprize.

SURREPTI’TIOUS, adj. [subreptice, Fr. law term, surrettizo, It. of sur­
reptitius, Lat.] done by stealth, fraudulently come by, got by stealth or
surprize.

SURREPTI’TIOUSLY, adv. [of surreptitious] by stealth or fraud.

SU’RROGATE, subst. [surrogatus, Lat.] one that is appointed to supply
the place of another, the deputy of an ecclesiastic judge.

SU’RROGATE, adj. substituted, or appointed in the room of another.

To SU’RROGATE, verb act. [subroger, Fr. surrogar, It. surrogo, Lat.]
to depute or appoint in the room of another.

SURROGA’TION [subrogation, Fr.] the act of appointing a deputy in
one's place, most commonly said of a bishop or bishop's chancellor.

To SURROU’ND, verb act. [surrender, obsolete, of rond, Fr. round] to
encompass, to enclose on all sides.

SURRO’YAL [with sportsmen] the broad top of a stag's horn, with the
branches or small horns shooting out of it.

SURSI’SE, such penalties as are laid upon those who do not pay their
duties or rent for castleward at the day.

SU’RSENGLE [of sursaix, Fr. or of sur, Fr. and cinghia, It.] a long up­
per girth to come over a pad or saddle, especially such as are used by
carriers to fasten their packs on their horses.

SURSO’LID [in algebra] is the fifth power of any given root.

SURSO’LID Place [in conic sections] is when the point is within the
circumference of a curve of an higher gender than conic sections.

SURSOLID Problem [with mathematicians] is one which cannot be re­
solved but by curves of a higher gender than the conic sections.

SURTOU’T [of surtout, Fr. above all] a man's great upper coat, or
garment, to slip over another.

SURTOUT [with confectioners] as pistachoes in surtout, is the kernels
of pistachoes, prepared after the same manner as almonds.

To SURVE’NE, verb act. to come as an addition, to supervene.

To SURVE’Y, verb act. [survoir, Fr.] 1. To over-look, to view as
from a higher place. 2. To over-see as one in authority. 3. To view
as examining. 4. To measure land.

SURVE’Y, subst. [from the verb] 1. View or prospect. 2. A draught
of lands described on paper.

SURVE’YER, or SURVE’YOR, subst. [of survey] 1. A measurer of
land. 2. One placed to superintend others, an overseer of customs, lands,
buildings, &c.

SURVEYOR of the Navy, an officer who takes knowledge of the state
of all stores, and takes care that the wants be supply'd, also observes the
hulls, masts, and yards of ships, and audits the account of boat-swains,
&c.

SURVEYOR of the Ordnance, an officer who takes knowledge of all the
king's ordnance, stores, and provisions of war in the custody of the store­
keeper, in the Tower of London, allows all bills of debt, and also keeps
a check upon the works of all artificers and labourers of the office.

SURVE’YING of Land, is the art or act of measuring lands, i. e. of ta­
king the dimensions of any tract of ground, laying them down in a
draught or map, and finding the content or area thereof.
There are various instruments used in surveying, but the principal are
the plain table, the theodolite, the compass, and the semi-circle, which
are described under their respective articles. But when a piece of ground
is surveyed by a proper instrument, that is, when the quantities of the
angles are taken, and the distances measured by a chain, the work must
be plotted, or a map drawn of it: for doing which there are several me­
thods; but the following will be sufficient for our purpose.
Suppose B, A, K, H, G, F, E, D, C, B, (Plate V. Fig. 21.) to re­
present an inclosure survey'd with the theodolite, and the quantity of
each angle found by subtraction. An indefinite line is drawn at random,
as A K, and on this the measured distance, e. gr. 8 chains, 22 links,
set off. If now the quantity of the angle A have been found 140°, the
diameter of the protractor is to be laid on the line A K, with the centre
over A; and against the number of degrees, viz. 140, a mark made,
an indeterminate dry line drawn thro' it, and the distance of the line
A B laid down from the scale thereupon.
Thus we gain the point B; upon which laying the centre of the pro­







tractor, the diameter, along the line A B, the angle B is protracted, by
making a mark against its number of degrees, drawing a dry line, and
setting off the distance B C, as before.
Then proceed to C; laying the diameter of the protractor on B C, the
centre on C protracts the angle C, and draw the line C D: Thus pro­
ceeding, orderly, to all the angles and sides, you will have the plot of
the whole inclosure A B C, &c.

Compass SURVEYING. In order to take the plot of a field, &c. with
the compass, the bearings of the several sides or hedges must be taken
with the instrument, and the length of each measured with the chain;
after which the work is to be plotted in the same manner as we have
first described.—Suppose, for instance, that Fig. 10. Plate V. repre­
sents a mountainous piece of land, to be surveyed by the compass. Place
the instrument at A, and observe the bearing of the line A B, which
suppose to be 30° from the north towards the east, and also bearing of
the line A E. and the angle formed by the lines A B and A E, which
suppose to 90°. Then measure the lines A B and A E, with the chain
or line adopted to the purpose. Remove the instrument to B, taking the
bearing B C, and consequently A B C, and measure the length of the
line B C. Proceed in the same manner at C, D, and E, and you will
have the several angles, bearings and distances of the sides, A B, B C,
C D and D E; after which it may be easily plotted in the same manner
as the inclosure in the preceeding article.

SURVE’YORSHIP, subst. [of surveyor] the office of a surveyor.

To SURVIE’W, verb act. [surveoir, O. Fr.] to overlook, to have in
view: not used.

To SURVI’VE, verb act. [survivre, sopravivere, It. q. d. of supra vi­
vo, Lat. to live beyond] to outlive a person.

To SURVIVE, verb neut. 1. To live after the death of another. 2. To
live after any thing. 3. To remain alive.

SURVI’VER, or SURVI’VOR, subst. [of survive] 1. One that outlives
another. 2. [In law] the longest liver of two joint tenants.

SURVI’VORSHIP [of survivor] the state or quality of one who outlives
others.


SUS

SUSCEPTIBI’LITY, or SUSCE’PTIBLENESS, subst. [of susceptible] ca­
pableness of receiving an impression, &c.

SUSCE’PTIBLE, adj. Fr. and Sp. [sucettibile, It. of suscipere, Lat.] ca­
pable of receiving any impression or form, capable of admitting, quality
of admitting. Prior has accented this improperly on the first syllable.

SUSCE’PTIBLY, adv. [of susceptible] in a manner capable of receiving
any impression or form: not used.

SUSCE’PTION, subst. [susceptum, of suscipio, Lat.] the act of taking or
capacity of a thing.

SUSCE’PTIVE, adj. [susceptus, Lat.] This word is more analogical,
tho' less used than susceptible. See SUSCEPTIBLE.

SUSCI’PIENCY, subst. [of suscipiens, Lat.] capacity of receiving admis­
sion.

SUSCI’PIENT, adj. [suscipiens, Lat.] capable of receiving or undertaking.

SUSCI’PIENT, subst. [from the adj.] one who admits or receives.

To SU’SCITATE, verb act. [susciter, Fr. of suscitare, It. and Lat.] to
rouse up, excite, or quicken.

SUSCITA’TION, Fr. of Lat. the act of rousing up or quickening.

To SUSPE’CT, verb act. [of suspectus, Lat. sospettare, It. sospechar,
Sp. sospeitar, Port.] 1. To fear, to mistrust, to surmise what is not
known. 2. To imagine guilty without proof; with for or of before the
thing suspected. 3. To hold uncertain. I have no reason to suspect the
truth. Addison.

To SUSPECT, verb neut. to imagine guilt.

SUSPE’CT, part. adj. Fr. doubtful.

SUSPECT, subst. [from the verb] suspicion, imagination without proof:
obsolete.

SUSPE’NSE, subst. [suspens, Fr. sospeso, It. suspencion, Sp.] 1. Doubt,
uncertainty of mind. 2. Act of withholding the judgment. 3. Priva­
tion or impediment for a time. 4. Stop or pause in the midst of two op­
posites.

SUSPENSE, or SUSPE’NSION [in common law] is a temporal stop of a
man's right; as when a seigniory or rent, &c. lies dormant for some
time, by reason of the unity of possession, or otherwise, but may be re­
vived, and in that respect differs from extinguishment, which is, when the
right is quite taken away or lost for ever.

SUSPENSE, adj. [suspensus, Lat.] 1. Held from proceeding. 2. Held
in doubt or expectation.

To SUSPE’ND, verb act. [suspendre, Fr. suspender, Sp. suspendere, It. and
Lat.] 1. To delay, to hinder from proceeding. 2. To deprive of an
office or enjoyment of a revenue for a time. 3. To hang, to make to
hang to any thing. 4. To make to depend on. 5. To interrupt, to
make to stop for a time.

SUSPE’NSION. subst. Fr. from Lat. 1. The act of interrupting the effect
or course of any thing for a certain time. 2. Act of making to hang on
any thing. 3. Act of making to depend on any thing. 4. Act of de­
laying. 5. Act of withholding or balancing the judgment.

SUSPENSION [in canon law] the lesser excommunication, a censure
inflicted by way of punishment on an ecclesiastic for some fault. See ANA­
THEMA.

SUSPENSION ab Officio, is that whereby a minister is, for a time, de­
clared unfit to execute the office of a minister.

SUSPENSION a Beneficio, is when a minister, for a time, is deprived of
the profits of his benefice.

SUSPENSION of Arms [in war] is a short truce, the contending parties
agree on, for the burying of the dead, the waiting for succours, or their
masters orders, &c.

SUSPENSION [in mechanics] as the points of suspension in a balance,
are those points in the axis or beam whereon the weights are applied, or
from which they are suspended.

SUSPE’NSOR Testiculi, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle, called also cre­
master.

SUSPENSO’RIUM, Lat. [with anatomists] a ligament of the penis
which arises from the fore part of the os pubis, and is fixed to the upper
part of the dorsum penis, on each side of its great vein.

SUSPE’NSORY, adj. [suspensoire, Fr. suspensus, Lat.] that by which any
thing hangs; as, suspensory muscle.

SUSPENSORY, subst. [suspensorium, Lat.] 1. A sort of truss or bandage
used by surgeons. 2. A cord or such conveniency hung up to a bed,
for the ease of a sick person in turning himself.

SUSPI’CION, subst. Fr. [sospezione, It. of suspicio, Lat.] the act of sus­
pecting, jealousy, fear, conjecture, distrust; imagination of something
ill, without proof.

SUSPI’CIOUS, adj. [suspiciosus, Lat.] sull of suspicion or jealousy, di­
strustful, jealous, inclined to imagine ill without proof; also that may be
suspected or feared, giving reason to imagine ill.

SUSPI’CIOUSLY, adv. [of suspicious] 1. With suspicion. 2. So as to
raise suspicion.

SUSPI’CIOUSNESS, subst. suspicious, tendency to suspicion, a suspi­
cious temper.

SUSPI’RAL, subst. [soupirail, Fr. spiraglio, It.] a spring of water, that
passes under ground towards a conduit or cistern; also a breathing-hole,
vent-hole, or air-hole.

SUSPIRA’TION [suspiratio, Lat.] act of sighing or setching the breath
deep.

To SUSPI’RE, verb neut. [suspiro, Lat.] 1. To sigh, to fetch the
breath deep. 2. It seems, in Shakespeare, to mean only to begin to
breathe: Perhaps mistaken for respire. To him that did but yesterday
suspire. Shakespeare.

To SUSTAI’N, verb act. [soustenir, Fr. sostenere, It. sostener, Sp. of
sustineo, Lat.] 1. To uphold, to support, to bear or keep up. 2. To
support, to keep from finking under evil. 3. To maintain, to keep. 4.
To help, to relieve, to assist. 5. To bear, to endure, to bear without
yielding. 6. To suffer, to bear as inflicted.

SUSTAI’NABLE, adj. [of sustain] that may be upheld or sustained.

SUSTAI’NER, subst. [of sustain] 1. One that props or supports. 2.
One that suffers.

SU’STENANCE, or SUSTENTA’TION [soustenance, Fr. sostenenza, It.
sustento, Sp. of the verb. See above] support, maintenance in general,
subsistence, support of life, victuals, use of victuals.

SUSURRA’TION, Lat. act of whispering, soft murmur.

To SUTE, or To SUIT, verb act. See To SUIT.

SUTE, subst. [from suit] sort. Hooker. See SUIT.

SU’TTLER, subst. [soteler, Du. sudier, Ger.] one who sells victuals and
liquor to soldiers in a camp.

SU’TTLE Weight [with tradesmen] the pure weight of commodities,
after the allowance for tare or weight of the cask, &c. is deducted.

SUTU’RA Ossium, Lat. [in anatomy] a suture in the juncture of the
bones of the skull, like the teeth of saws meeting together.

SU’TURE, Fr. [cucitura, It. of sutura, Lat.] a seam or stitch; a man­
ner of sewing up the lips of a wound; also the closing of the skull-bones,
like the teeth of a saw, let one into another. Suture is a particular reti­
culation.

SU’TURES, joining the parts of the skull to the bones of the upper jaw,
are of three sorts, viz. the transversalis, the ethmoidalis, and the sphenoi­
dalis; those that join the parts of the skull are four, viz. the coronalis,
the lambdoidalis, the sagittalis, and the squamosa.

SUTURES [in natural history] are the closures with which the shells of
fishes are joined one to another.

Bastard, or False SUTURES [with antaomists] are those seams of the
skull, the figures of which bear a resemblance to the scales of fish, and
are joined together by going one over another.


SWA

SWAB. 1. A cod of beans, peas, &c. 2. [Among seamen] a mop
made of oakam to cleanse a ship's deck with.

To SWAB, verb act. [swebban, Sax. a sea term] to cleanse a ship's
deck with a mop.

SWA’BBER, subst. Du. [in a ship of war] one whose business it is to
take care that the ship be kept clean.

SWA’BBERS [at the game of whist and swabbers] are the ace of hearts,
the ace of trumps, the deuce of trumps, and the knave of clubs.

To SWA’DDLE, verb act. [of swedan, Sax. swachtelen, Du.] 1. To wrap
up with swathing or swaddling bands; generally used of binding new­
born infants. 2. To bang, to drub, to cudgel: a low ludicrous
word.

SWA’DDLE, subst. [from the verb] swathe, clothes bound round the
body.

SWA’DDLING-BAG, SWA’DDLING-CLOTH, or SWA’DDLING-CLOUT
[from swaddle] cloth wrapt round a new born child.

To SWAG, verb neut. [sigan, Sax. sweigia, Island. Some derive it of
suerger, Dan. a pendulum, others of swancken, schwâncken, Ger. to va­
cillate] to bear downwards as a weight does, to hang down, to lay
heavy.

To SWAGE, verb act. to ease, to soften. See To ASSWAGE.

To SWA’GGER, verb neut. [swadderen, Du. swagan, Sax. to make a
noise] to play the hector, to vaunt, to huff, to bluster insolently.

SWA’GGER, adj. [of swag] hanging down by its weight. Brown.

SWA’GGERERER [of swagger] a hectoring, vaunting person, a bully.

SWAIN [swein, Sax. and Run. swan, of swæcan, Sax. to labour] 1.
A young man. Unfit for warlike swain. Spenser, 2. A country servant
employed in husbandry, a clown, a pastoral youth.

SWAI’NMOTE, or SWA’NIMOTE, subst. [swainmotus, law Lat.] a court
held for the adjusting of the affairs of a forest three times a year. This
court of swainmote is as incident to a forest, as the court of piepowder is
to a fair. The swainmote is a court of freeholders within the forest.
Cowel.

To SWALE, or To SWEAL [of swelan, Sax.] to waste, to blare, to
melt away, as a candle.

SWA’LLET [at the tin mines] water breaking in upon the miners at
their work.

SWA’LLOW, subst. [selewe, Sax. swala, Su. swaluwe, Du. schwalbe,
Ger.] a bird which, as some say, lies hid and sleeps all winter; a small
bird of passage.

SWALLOW, subst. [from the verb] 1. The throat, voracity. 2. A
flying sea-fish. 3. A whirl-pool or gulph.

To SWA’LLOW, verb act. [swelgian or swelgan, Sax. swelgzen, Du.
schwelgen, Ger. all which signify to devour greedily] 1. To take down
the throat. 2. To receive without examination, 3. To engross, to ap­
propriate. He has swallowed up the honour of those who succeeded
him. Pope. 4. To absorb, to engulph, to take in. 5. To devour, to
destroy. 6. To be lost in any thing, to be given up or addicted to. The
priest and prophet are swallowed up of wine. Isaiah.

SWA’LLOW-TAIL [in fortification] is a single tenail, narrower to­
wards the fortified place, than towards the country. See QUEUE D'HI­
RONDE.

SWALLOW-TAIL [with carpenters, &c.] a particular way of fastening
two pieces of timber, so that they cannot fall asunder.

SWALLOW-TAIL, a sort of willow. Bacon.

SWA’LLOW-WORT, an herb, accounted a good antidote against poi­
son.








SWAM, pret. of swim. See To SWIM.

SWAMP, or SWOMP, subst. [swamms, Goth. swam, Sax. swamm, Isl.
swamme, Du. swomp, Dan. swamp, Su. schwamp, Ger.] a fen, a bog,
or marshy place, such as are common in the West Indies.

SWA’MPINESS, subst. [of swampy] bogginess, marshiness.

SWA’MPY, adj. [of swamp] pertaining to, or abounding with swamps,
boggy.

SWAN [swan or swon, Sax. swaan, Su. swaen, Du. schwan, H. and
L. Ger.] a large water-fowl that has a long and very straight neck, and
is very white, excepting when it is young. Its legs and feet are black,
as is its bill, which is like that of a goose, but something rounder, and
a little hooked at the lower end. The two sides below its eyes are black
and shining like ebony. They feed upon herbs, and some sort of grain,
like a goose. Calmet.

SWANG, pret. of swing. See To SWING.

SWA’NKING [prob. of swancan, Sax. to labour] great, lusty, tall;
as, a swanking lass: a low word.

SWAN'S-SKIN, subst. a sort of fine thick flannel, so named by reason of
its extraordinary whiteness, and imitating for warmth the down of the
swan.

SWA’NNIMOTE [of swang, a swain, and gemote, Sax. an assembly]
a court held about forest affairs, three times a year. See SWAIN­
MOTE.

To SWAP, or To SWOP, verb act. [perhaps of swæp, Sax. allure­
ment] to exchange one thing for another, to barter, to truck.

SWAP, subst. an exchanging, a trucking or bartering. See To SWOP.

SWAP, adv. [ad suipa, Island.] to do at a snatch, hastily.

SWARD [in agriculture] the ground is said to have a sward or be
swarded, when it is well covered with grass or other greens.

SWARD, subst. Su. [stheard, Sax. swaerd, O. and L. Ger.] 1. The
skin of bacon. 2. The surface of the ground.

SWARE, pret. of swear. See To SWEAR.

To SWARM, verb neut. [[sthearman, Sax. swerma, Su. swermen, Du.
and L. Ger. schwaermen, Ger.] 1. To rise in a company or cluster, and
quit the hive, as bees do. 2. To appear in multitudes, to throng. 3.
To be crowded, to be over-run. 4. To breed multitudes, to abound;
spoken of vermin.

SWARM [sthearm, Sax. swerm, Su. Du. and L. Ger. schwarn, H.
Ger.] 1. A multitude of bees, flies, or any kind of winged vermin, parti­
cularly the former, when they migrate from the hive. 2. A multitude or
crowd in general.

SWART, or SWARTH, adj. [swarts, Goth. stheart, Sax. swart, Du.]
1. Black, darkly brown, tawny. 2. In Milton it seems to signify black,
gloomy, malignant: The swart star sparely looks. Milton.

To SWART, verb act. [from the subst.] to blacken, to make dusky.

SWA’RTHILY, adv. [from swarthy] blackly, duskily.

SWA’RTHINESS [of stheorticgnesse, Sax.] blackishness, tawniness.

SWA’RTHY, adj. [of stheart, stheard, black, sthearticg, Sax. black­
ish, swart, Su. and Du. swaert, L. Ger. schwartz, H. Ger.] blackish,
tawny, dark of complexion. Thus our English Cebes, when describing,
in his picturesque way, the ill consequence of vice:
Swarthy and foul their shrivell'd skin behold. Table of Cebes.
See SWART.

SWASH, subst. [a cant word] 1. A figure whose circumference is not
round, but oval; and whose mouldings lie not at right angles, but oblique
to the axis of the work. Moxon. 2. A puddle of water.

To SWASH, verb neut. 1. To make a great clutter or noise. 2. To
dash swords one against another: whence,

SWASH-BUCKLER [some derive it of swadderen, Du. to make a noise
and brawling, and buckler] a vain-glorious, bragging sword-fighter, a
vapouring fellow, a mere braggadochio.

SWA’SHER, subst. [from swash] one who makes a show of valour or
force of arms. Shakespeare.

SWASH, subst. a swathe. Not in use. Tusser.

To SWATHE, verb act. [of sthedan, Sax.] to bind up with swathes,
to swaddle children.

SWATH, SWATHE, or SWATHING-BAND [of sthedan, Sax. to bind]
a band to swathe or roll up a young child, a long and broad band for
binding up any diseased part with a surgeon's dressings. 2. [Swade,
Du.] a line of grass cut down by the mower. 3. A continued quantity.
Utters it by great swaths. Shakespeare.

To SWAY, verb act. [prob. of sweben, L. Ger. schweven, H. Ger. to
move, wave or hover over] 1. To wave in the hand, to move or wield
easily; as, to sway the scepter. 2. To bias, to direct to either side.
3. To govern, to influence, to overpower.

To SWAY, verb neut. 1. To hang heavy, to be drawn by weight.
2. To have weight or influence. 3. To bear rule or govern.

To SWAY with one, to have a great influence over him.

SWAY, subst. [from the verb] 1. Command, power, rule. 2. The
swing or sweep of a weapon. 3. Any thing moving with bulk and power.
4. Influence, direction.

SWA’YING of the Back [in horses] a hollow sinking down of the
back-bone.


SWE

To SWEAL [of sthælan, Sax. to inflame] to melt away wastefully, as
bad candles do; also to singe a hog. See SWALE.

SWEAP. See SWIPE.

To SWEAR, verb neut. pret. swore, sware, part. pass. swore, sworn
[stherian, Sax. sweren, Du. and L. Ger. schweren, H. Ger. swere or
sware, Dan. swaeria Su.] 1. To utter a solemn oath, to obtest some su­
perior power. 2. To declare or promise upon oath. 3. To give evi­
dence upon oath. 4. To obtest the great name profanely, to curse, to
blaspheme.

To SWEAR, verb act. 1. To put to an oath, to tender an oath. 2. To
declare upon oath. 3. To obtest by an oath.

SWEA’RER, subst. [of swear] one who obtests the great name wan­
tonly and profanely.

To SWEAT, verb neut. pret. swet, swetted; part. pass. sweaten [sthe­
tan, Sax. svede, Dan. swetta, Su] 1. To be moist on the body by rea­
son of heat or labour. 2. To toil, to drudge. 3. To emit moisture.

To SWEAT, verb act. to emit as sweat, to cause to sweat.

SWEAT [sweet, Du. and L. Ger, schweisz, H. Ger. sthæte, stheat,
Sax.] 1. Moisture perspired at the pores by heat or labour. 2. Labour,
drudgery. 3. Evaporation of moisture.

SWEA’TER, subst. [of sweat] one who sweats.

SWEA’TINESS, subst. [sthatignesse, Sax.] wetness with sweat.

SWEA’TING, part. adj. [sthetan, Sax.] perspiring through the pores.

SWEATING Sickness, a disease in the year 1551, which, beginning at
Shrewsbury, ran through the whole kingdom.

SWEA’TY, adj. [sthatig, Sax.] 1. Wet with sweat, covered with
sweat. 2. Consisting of sweat. 3. Laborious, toilsome.

To SWEEP, verb act. pret. and part. pass. swept [sthapan, stheopan,
Sax. soopa, Su.] 1. To drive away with a besom, to cleanse with a
broom, brush, &c. 3. To carry with pomp. 4. To drive or carry off
quickly and violently. 5. To pass over quickly and forcibly. 6. To
rub over. 7. To strike with long strokes.

To SWEEP, verh neut. 1. To pass with violence. 2. To pass with
pomp, to pass with an equal motion. 3. To move with a long reach.
4. [With falconers] a term used of a hawk, who is said to sweep, when
she wipes her beak after feeding.

SWEEP, subst. 1. The act of sweeping. 2. The compass of any vio­
lent or continued motion. 3. Violent destruction. 4. [Of a ship] the
mould where she begins to compass at the rung-heads. 5. A semi-circu­
lar or oval line made by the motion of the hand, compasses, or any other
vibration. 6. Direction of any motion, not rectilinear. 7. [With al­
chymists] a refining furnace, called also an almond-surnace.

SWEEP-NET, subst. [of sweep and net] a sort of fishing-net that takes
in a great compass.

SWEE’PAGE, a crop of hay in a meadow.

SWEE’PING [in sea language] signifies dragging along the ground, at
the bottom of the sea, or a channel, with a grapnel of three flukes, to
find a hawfer or cable that has flipped from an anchor.

SWEE’PINGS, subst. [of sweep] that which is swept away.

SWEE’PSTAKES, subst. [of sweep and stakes] one who sweeps or takes
up all the money at play.

SWEE’PY, adj. [of sweep] passing speedily and violently over a great
compass at once.

SWEET, adj. [sthete, Sax. sot, Dan. suet, Du. soet, L. Ger. susz, H.
Ger. suavis, Lat.] 1. Pleasing to any sense. 2. Luscious or pleasant in
taste. 3. Mild, soft, gentle in disposition. 4. Fragrant to the smell.
5. Melodious to the ear. 6. Pleasing to the eye. 7. Not falt. 8. Not
sour. 9. Grateful, pleasing. 10. Not stale, not stinking; as, the
meat is sweet.

SWEET, subst. 1. Sweetness, something pleasing. 2. A word of en­
dearment. 3. A perfume.

SWEE’TBREAD, subst. the calf's pancreas.

SWEE’TBRAIN, subst. [of sweet and brain] a fragrant shrub.

SWEE’TBROOM, subst. an herb.

SWEETCI’CELY, subst. a plant.

To SWEE’TEN, verb act. [soeten, Du.] 1. To make sweet. 2. To
make mild or kind. 3. To soften, to make delicate. 4. To make less
painful, to alleviate. 5. To palliate, to reconcile. 6. To make grate­
ful or pleasing.

To SWEETEN, verb neut. to grow sweet.

SWEE’TENER, subst. [of sweeten] 1. One that palliates or represents
things tenderly. 2. That which contemperates acrimony. 3. A cant
word for one who decoys persons to game.

SWEET-HEART [sthete-heort, Sax.] a lover or mistress.

SWEE’TING, subst. [of sweet] 1. A sort of sweet luscious apple. 2.
A word of endearment.

SWEE’TISH, adj. [of sweet] somewhat sweet.

SWEE’TLY, adv. [of sweet] agreeably to the taste, smell, &c. with
sweetness.

SWEE’TMEATS, preserves, confits, made of fruits preserved with su­
gar.

SWEE’TNESS [sthetenesse, Sax.] a sweet quality.

SWEE’TSCENTED, perfumed.

SWEE’TWILLIAM, the flower of a plant; a species of gilliflower.

SWEE’TWILLOW, subst. gale, or Dutch myrtle.

To SWELL, verb neut. part. pass. swoln [swellen, Du. and L. Ger.
sthellan, Sax. swelle, Dan. swella, Su schwellen, H. Ger.] 1. To rise
up as a tumour, to grow bigger, to extend the parts. 2. To tumify by
obstruction. 3. To be exasperated. 4. To look big. 5. To protube­
rate. 6. To be elated, to rise into arrogance. 7. To be inflated with
anger. 8. To grow upon the view. 9. It commonly implies a notion
of something wrong; as in that line:
And arrogate the swelling stile of wise.—Tab. of Cebes.
Whereas in sculpture 'tis used to express the bare protuberance, or bolt­
ing forth of the object to meet the eye; as, “Swell the bust.” Ode on
Sculpture.

To SWELL, verb act. 1. To cause to rise, to increase, to make tu­
mid. 2. To Heighten or aggravate. To swell the charge. Atterbury.
3. To raise to arrogance.

SWELL, subst. [from the verb] 1. Extension of bulk. 2. [A sea term]
rising of the sea.

SWE’LLING, subst. [of swell; sthell or sthile, Sax. swellinge, Du.] 1.
A morbid tumour or rising in any part of the body. 2. Prominence, as
opposed to plane. See To SWELL. 3. Effort for a vent. The swel­
lings of his grief. Tatler.

To SWELT, verb. neut. to puff in sweat, if that be the meaning.
Johnson. Which like a fever fit thro' all his body swelt. Spenser.

To SWE’LTER, verb neut. [of stholeth or sthole, heat, or sthælan. Sax.
to inflame. This is supposed to be corrupted from sultry] to be pained
with heat, to be as it were broiled with excessive heat.

To SWELTER, verb act. to dry up with heat.

SWE’LTRY, adj. [of swelter] suffocating with heat; as; sweltry hot,
extremely hot. See SULTRY.

SWEPE, or SWIPE, an engine or machine, having cross beams, to
draw water with.

SWEPT, pret. and part. pass. of sweep. See To SWEEP.

To SWERD, verb neut. to breed a green turf. See To SWARD.

SWERD, subst. the superficies of grassy ground. See SWARD.

To SWERVE, verb neut. [of swarfwa, Su. swerwen, Du. and Sax. to
wander] 1. To rove, to wander. 2. To deviate or turn aside from that
which is right or custom. 3. To ply, to bend. 4. To climb on a
narrow body.


SWI

SWIFT, adj. [sthift, Sax.] 1. Quick, nimble, fleet. 2. Ready.

SWIPT of Course [with astronomers] is when a planet moves in twenty­
four hours more than its mean motion.

SWIFT, subst. [from the quickness of its flight] 1. bird like a swal­
low, a martinet. 2. The current of a stream.








SWI’FTERS [on ship-board] are ropes belonging to the main or
fore-masts, which serve to strengthen the shrouds and keep the masts
stiff.

SWI’FTING a Ship [sea term] is when the gun is encompassed with
a good rope, and the chest-rope is made fast thereto, in order to keep
the boat from swinging to and again in a stiff gale of wind.

SWI’FTING of the Capstan Bars, is the straining a rope all round the
outer end of the capstan bars, in order to strengthen and make them
bear all alike and together, when the men heave or work at them.

SWI’FTING a Mast [sea term] is a particular manner of easing and
strengthening it, when a ship is either brought a-ground or on a ca­
reen.

SWI’FTLY, adv. [of swift] fleetly, rapidly.

SWI’FTNESS [swiftnesse, Sax.] velocity, speed, nimbleness.

SWIFTNESS of the Sun [hieroglyphically] was represented by the E­
gyptians by a round discus in the hand of their god Osyris.

To SWIG, verb neut. [swigan, Sax. swiga, Isl.] to drink by large
draughts.

To SWILL [swilgan, Sax. swelgen, Du. and L. Ger. schwelgen, H.
Ger.] 1. To gulp, or swallow down greedily. 2. To wash, to drench.
3. To intoxicate, to inebriate.

SWILL, subst. [from the verb] 1. Hog-wash. 2. Drink luxuriously
swallowed down.

SWI’LL-BOWL, a stout toper, a great drinker.

SWI’LLER, subst [of swill] a luxurious and gross drinker.

To SWIM, verb neut. [swimman, Sax. swummen, Dan. swemmen, Du.
and L. Ger. schwemmen, H. Ger. SWUM, SWAM, SWOM, pret. and
part. pass. these irregularities are all derived from the same in Sax. and
Ger.] 1. To float on the water, not to sink. 2. To move progressive­
ly in the water by the motion of the limbs. 3. To be conveyed by the
force of the stream. 4. To glide along with a smooth or dizzy motion.
5. To be dizzy, to have a virtigo. 6. To be floated. 7. To flow in
any thing, to have abundance of any quality.

To SWIM, verb act. to pass by swimming.
To SWIM with the stream.
That is, to do, think, or say, as the rest of the world does, however
our opinion be, lest the torrent hurry us down against our will.

SWIM, subst [from the verb] the bladder of fishes, by the dilitation
or contraction of which they can raise, lower, or support themselves in
the water.

SWI’MMER, subst. [of swim] 1. One who swims. 2. The swimmer
is situated in the fore legs of an horse, above the knees and upon the in­
side, and almost upon the back parts of the hind legs, a little below the
ham: this part is without hair, and resembles a piece of hard dry horn.
Farrier's Dictionary.

SWI’MMING in the Head, a vertigo or giddidess.

SWIMMING-Bladder, a vesicle of air inclosed in the bodies of fishes,
by means whereof they are enabled to sustain themselves at any depth of
water. See SWIM.

SWI’MMINGLY, adv. [of swimming] smoothly and without obstruc­
tion.

SWI’NDON, a market-town of Wilts, 73 miles from London.

SWINE, subst. [swin. Sax. svin, Dan. swyn, Su. Du. and L. Ger.
schwein, H. Ger. swein, Teut. It is probably the plural of some old
word; and is now the same in both numbers] a hog, a pig, either boar
or sow, remarkable for stupidity and nastiness.

Herd of SWINE [swin-heort. Sax.] a flock or company of swine.

SWI’NE-BREAD, a kind of plant, troufles.

SWI’NE-HERD [swyn hyrt, Sax.] a feeder or keeper of swine.

SWI’NE-PIPE, a bird of the thrush kind.

A Sea SWINE, a porpoise.

A Wild SWINE, a wild beast, differing from the tame of this species
in size as well as colour, of which there is great plenty in the woods of
Germany.

To SWING, verb neut. [swingan, Sax. swinger, Dan. swinga, Su.
swingen, L. Ger. schwingen, H. Ger. SWUNG, SWANG, pret. and part.
pass.] 1. To move to and fro, to hang loosely, to vibrate. 2. To fly
backward and forward on a rope.

To SWING verb act. 1. To make to play loosely on a string. 2. To
whirl round in the air. 3. To wave loosely.

SWING [from the verb] 1. Motion of a thing hanging loosely, vibra­
tion. 2. A line on which any thing hangs loose. 3. Influence or
power of a body put in motion 4. Course, unrestrained liberty, aban­
donment to any impulse or motive. 5. Unrestrained tendency. 6. An
instrument to swing children in, to advance-their growth.

SWING Wheel [in a royal pendulum clock] a wheel which drives the
pendulum; the same is called a crown-wheel in a watch.

To SWINGE, verb act. [swingan, Sax.] 1. To beat, bang, or whip
soundly, to punish. 2. To move, as a lash or whip: not used.

SWINGE, subst. [from the verb] sway or sweep of any thing in mo­
tion: not in use.

SWI’NGE-BUCKLER, subst. [of swinge and buckler] a bully, one who
pretends to feats of arms, a huffer.

SWI’NGER, subst. [of swing] 1. He who swings, one who hurls. 2.
Any thing that is large of the sort: a low word.

SWI’NGING, part. adj. [of swing; swengan, Sax.] huge, exceeding,
great: a low word.

SWINGING, part. act. [of swing; sthengan, Sax.] vibrating to and
fro.

SWI’NGINGLY, adv. [of swinge] hugely, greatly.

To SWI’NGLE, verb neut. [of swing] 1. To wave hanging loose, to
dangle. 2. To swing in pleasure, to be under no restraint.

To SWINGLE, verb act. to beat flax, &c.

SWINGLE Staff [swingle, Sax. swingl, Du.] a stick for beating of flax,
hemp, &c.

SWI’NISH, adj. [of sthinlic, of sthin, Sax. swynisch, Du. and L. Ger.
schweinisch, H. Ger.] befitting or resembling swine, gross. beastly.

To SWINK, verb neut. [sthincan, Sax.] to toil, to drudge: obso­
lete.

To SWINK, verb act. to overlabour. It seems only used as a partici­
ple passive.

SWINK, subst. [sthinc, Sax.] labour, toil, drudgery: obsolete.

SWI’NKER, subst. [of swink] a laborious man, a drudge.

SWIPE, subst. [for sweep] a machine for drawing up water; also an­
other for throwing granadoes.

SWITCH, subst. a small, taper, flexible twig, or sprig of a tree.

To SWITCH, verb act. to strike with such a sprig or stick, to lash, to
jerk.

SWI’VEL, subst. a sort of ring of metal that turns about any way, used
at the ends of handles of whips, and several other things; also an iron
which turns round, or something fixed in another body, so as to turn
round in it.

SWI’VELS, steel hooks with springs at the end of watch chains, to
hang the key and seals upon.

SWO’BBER, subst. See SWABBER. 1. A deck-sweeper. 2. Four
privileged cards that are only incidentally used in betting at the game of
whist.

A SWO’LING of Land, is as much as one plough can till in a year; a
hide of land; or some say, an uncertain quantity.

SWOLN, or SWO’LLEN, part. pass. of swell. See To SWELL.

SWOM, pret. of swim. See To SWIM.

To SWOON, verb neut. [sthunan, sthunnan, Sax. svinder, Dan. swin­
den, L. Ger. schwinden, H. Ger. to vanish] to saint away, to suffer a de­
liquium of the spirits, to suffer a suspension of thought and sensation.

SWOON, subst. [from the verb] a sainting fit, a lypothymy, a deli­
quium.

SWOO’NING, part. act. [of swoon; of sthunien, Sax.] fainting away,
wherein the patient loses all his strength and understanding for some
time.

To SWOOP, verb act. [Johnson supposes it formed from the sound;
with fowlers; commonly used with up] 1. To fly down hastily, as a
hawk on its prey. 2. To catch up with the talons, as birds of prey do,
to prey upon.

SWOOP, subst. [from the verb] fall of a bird of prey on its quarry.

To SWOP, verb act. [of uncertain derivation] to exchange one thing
for another, to change: a low word among horse-coupers. See To
SWAY and SWAP.

SWORD [stheord, swurd, Sax. sverd, Dan. sweard, Su. swaerd, Du.
swerd, L. Ger. schwerd, H. Ger.] 1. A weapon used for cutting or
thrusting with, generally in fights hand to hand. 2. Devastation or de­
struction by war. 3. Vengeance of justice. 4. Emblem of authority;
as, sword-bearer.

SWORD Bearer [to the lord-mayor of London] an officer who carries
the sword before the lord-mayor.

SWORD of Bacon [of sward, sweard, Sax.] the rind or skin of ba­
con.

SWO’RDED, adj. [of sword] girt or armed with a sword.

SWO’RDER, subst. [of sword] a cut-throat; a soldier, in contempt.

SWORD Fish, a sea fish, so called from its having a bone four or five
feet long, like the blade of a sword, with teeth on either side, at the end
of the upper jaw; and who is at perpetual enmity with the whale, whom
it often wounds to death.

SWO’RD-MAN, or SWO’RD'S-MAN [Sweord-man, Sax.] a fencer, a
fighting-man, a soldier.

SWO’RD-GRASS, a kind of sedge, glader.

SWO’RD-KNOT, subst. [of sword and knot] a ribband tied to a sword­
hilt.

SWORD-LAW, subst. [of sword and law] violence; the law by which
all is yielded to the stronger.

SWO’RD-PLAYER, subst. [of sword and player] a gladiator, a sencer,
one who shows his skill at the weapons by fighting prizes in public.

SWORE, pret. of swear. See To SWEAR.

SWORN, part. pass. of swear. See To SWEAR.

SWORN Brothers, soldiers of fortune who were wont to engage them­
selves, by mutual oaths, to share the reward of their services.

SWUM, pret. and part. pass. of swim. See To SWIM.

SWUNG, pret. and part. pass. of swing. See To SWING.

SYB, adj. [properly sib; sib, Sax.] related by blood. The Scots still
use it. Spenser.

SY’BSHIP [sib-scip, Sax. sibschaft, Ger.] parentage, relation by
blood.

SYBARA’TICAL, adj. [of the inhabitants of the city Sybaris, a people
so addicted to luxury and voluptuousness, that they taught their horses to
dance to the sound of a pipe; upon which, the Crotonians, waging war
with them, brought a great number of pipers with them into the field of
battle, which set their horses a dancing, and so broke their ranks, and
were the cause of their being utterly overthrown] effeminate, wanton,
luxurious.

SY’CAMIN, SY’CAMINE, SY’CAMORE [sycaminus, sycamorus, Lat. of
συχομορος, of συχη, a fig, and μορεα, Gr. a mulberry tree] a great tree
like a fig tree, that may be called the mulberry fig-tree. Sycamore is our
acer majus, one of the kinds of maples. It it a quick grower.

SYCO’MA, or SYCO’SIS, [συχωμα, or συχωσις, Gr.] a fleshy substance,
wart or ulcer, growing about the fundament, so called from its likeness
to a fig.

SY’COPHANCY [of συχοφαντια, Gr.] false dealing, false accusation,
tale-bearing; also flattery.

SY’COPHANT [sycophanta, Lat. συχοφαντης, of το τα συχαφαινειν, Gr.
those among the Athenians who gave information of the exportation of
figs, contrary to law, were called sycophants] a false accuser, a tale-bear­
er, a pick-thank; also a flatterer, a parasite. Accusing sycophants, of
all men, did best suit to his nature; but therefore not seeming sycophants,
because of no evil they said, they could bring any new or doubtful thing
unto him. Sidney.

To SYCOPHANT, verb nent. [συχοφαντεω, Gr.] to play the sycophant:
a low bad word. Government of the Tongue.

SYCOPHA’NTIC, or SYCOPHA’NTICAL, adj. [of sycophant] pertaining
to parasites, parasitical, flattering.

SYCOPHANTIC Plants. See PARASITICAL Plants.

To SY’COPHANTIZE, verb neut. [συχοφαντιζειν, Gr.] to accuse to slan­
der falsely, to deal deceitfully; also to play the flatterer.

SY’DER [for CYDER, which see; cydre, Fr. sidro, It.] wine of apples.

SYDERA’TION, subst. the blasting of trees or plants with an easterly
wind, or with excessive heat and drought; also a being planet struck or
a benumming, when one is deprived of the use of his limbs and all sense
by that means.

SYDERATION [with surgeons] an intire mortification of any part of the
body.

SY’DEROUS [siderosus, Lat.] planet struck.


SYL

SYLLA’BICAL, or SYLLA’BIC, adj. [syllabique, Fr. syllabicus, Lat.
συλλαβιχος, Gr.] pertaining to syllables, consisting of syllables.








SYLLABA’TICALLY, adv. [of syllabical] by syllables.

SY’LLABLE, [syllabe, Fr. sillaba, It. sylaba, Sp. syllobus, Lat. συλλαβη]
1. An articulate or compleat sound, made either by one or several letters,
always having one vowel; one articulation. 2. Any thing proverbially
concise. Before any syllable of the law of God was written. Hooker.

To SYLLABLE, *A syllable (according to Aristotle's definition) is “φωνη ασημος,
&c. i. e. a sound void of signification, composed of a mute, and
vowel.” Aristot. de Poetic. Cap. 20. verb act. [from the subst.] to utter, to articulate.
Not in use.

SY’LLABUB [for SILLABUB, which see] milk, with wine or ale, and
some other ingredients.

SY’LLABUS, subst. [συλλαβος, Gr.] an abstract, a compendium, con­
taining the heads of any thing.

SYLLI’PSIS [συλληψις, Gr.] a grammatical figure, where two nomi­
native cases singular of different persons are joined to a verb plural;
as, thou and he, ye are in safety.

SY’LLOGISM [syllogisme, Fr. sillogismo, It. silogismo, Sp. συλλογισμος,
Gr.] a logical argument, consisting of three propositions, called the ma­
jor, minor, and consequence; as, Every animal has life, George is an ani­
mal; therefore George has life.

Categorical SYLLOGISM, is such, in which both the propositions are
positive; as, Every man is an animal, &c.

Hypothetical SYLLOGISM, is when one or both the syllogisms are hy­
pothetical or conditional; as, If the sun shines, it is day, &c.

Conditional SYLLOGISMS [among rhetoricians] do not all consist of
propositions that are conjunctive or compounded; but are those whose
major is so compounded, that it includes all the conclusion. They are
reducible to three kinds, conjunctive, disjunctive, and copulative.

Conjuctive SYLLOGISMS [in logic] are those, the major of which is a
conditional proposition, containing all the conclusion; as,
If there is a God, he ought to be loved;
There is a God;
Therefore he must be loved.

Copulative SYLLOGISMS, are such, in which a negative proposition is
taken, part of which is afterwards laid down as a truth to take off the
other part; as, A man cannot be at the same time a servant of God, and a
worshipper of money;
A miser is a worshipper of money;
Therefore a miser is no servant of God.

Disjunctive SYLLOGISMS, are such, the first proposition of which is
disjunctive: that is, whose parts are joined by or; as,
Those who killed Cæsar are parricides, or
Defenders of liberty;
Now they are not parricides;
Therefore they are defenders of liberty.

SYLLOGI’STIC, or SYLLOGI’STICAL, adj. [sylogisticus, Lat. of συλλο­
γιστιχος, Gr.] pertaining to a syllogism, consisting of a syllogism; or one
who deals much in syllables; as,
Fierce syllogistic tribes, a wrangling race. Table ef Cebes.

SYLLOGI’STICALLY, adv. [of syllogistical] by way of syllogism, in
the form of one.

To SY’LLOGIZE, verb neut. [syllogiser, Fr. συλλογιζω, Gr.] to argue
by syllogisms.

SYLPHS, a kind of fairy nymph, elves.

SY’LVA [in poetry] a poetical piece, composed, as it were, at a
start, in a kind of rapture and transport, without much thought or medi­
tation.

SYLVA Cædua [in old statutes] a wood under 20 year's growth, an
under-wood.

SY’LVAN, better SI’LVAN, or SYLVA’TIC [silva, Lat.] pertaining to
woods and forests, shady, woody.

SYLVAN, subst. [sylvain, Fr.] a wood god, a satyr.

SYLVI’COLIST [sylvicola, Lat.] a dweller in a wood.


SYM

SY’MBOL [symbole, Fr. simbolo, It. and Sp. symbolum, Lat. of συμβολον,
Gr.] a sign, type, mark, emblem, or representation of some moral
things by the images or properties of natural things; a mystical sentence,
a motto or divice; as a lion is a symbol of courage; and two hands
joined or clasped together, is a symbol of union or fidelity. And thus
under the Mosaic constitution the offering of incense was a symbol [or
symbolical representation] of something relative to the acceptance of
prayer. See Luke, c. 1. v. 10, compared with Revelat. c. 8. v. 9, 10;
and the pouring out the blood of the victim at the foot of the altar, seems
to have signified our obligation to sacrifice even life itself in the cause
and service of God. See Revelat. c. 6. v. 9, 10.

SYMBO’LICAL Representation, or The SYMBOL of Divine Presence, in
the Old Testament, was (according to Maimonides) a certain created
glory, light, or splendor shining thro' the cloud; More Nevochim, p. 1.
c. 23, and 64. According to Abarbinel, it was that very primagenial
light, which God created before the sun, moon, and stars. But with
the ancient Christians in general, it was something higher still; I mean
God's first and only begotten Son, or *Some very judicious divines have affirmed, that the form of God,
which St. Paul ascribes to Christ in his preexistent state, Philip.
c. 2. v. 6. was designed to express the honour conferred upon
him of personating [or representing] the one Supreme. But if the
reader would supply himself with materials to form a judgment
on this head, he may consult the words, Angel of God's PRESENCE,
To PERSONATE, and SEMI-ARIANS, compared with that obser­
vation of Justin Martyr, near the close of his dialogue with
Trypho “That GOD HIMSELF could not with reason be supposed
to make these appearances, when the Jews at Mount Sinai were
not able to bear the glory even of a person acting by commission
from him.” Ed. Rob. Steph. p. 119. angel of his presence, who made
those divine appearances under various forms; I said “in general,” be­
cause St. Athanasius, and, I think, also Eusebius, affirm the angel
which appeared to Moses in a flame of fire in the bush, to have been,
not the divine logos; but a common angel; and because St. Origen sup­
posed the two seraphs, which flank'd that glory, or symbolic representation
of the divine presence, which Isaiah beheld, c. 6. v. 1—3. to have
been the two chief attendants of the SUPREME MAJESTY, viz. the Son,
and Holy Ghost.—But see John, c. 12, v. 41. I shall only add, from
Maimonides, that the ancient shechinah (for of that we are now speaking)
took its name from hence; viz. from the commoration, or abiding of
this visible glory in any place; for such is the true import of the word
[shekinah.]

SYMBOL [in theology] a comprehensive form, an abstract, a com­
pend; as the Apostles Creed, or symbol, is the sum of Christian be­
lief.

SYMBOLS [in algebra] are letters, characters, signs or marks, by
which any quantity is represented, or which denote addition, substrac­
tion, multiplication, or division.

SYMBOLS [with medalists] certain marks or attributes peculiar to cer­
tain persons or deities; as a thunder-bolt with the head of an emperor,
is a symbol of sovereign authority and power equal to the gods; the tri­
dent is the symbol of Neptune, and a peacock of Juno.

SYMBO’LICAL, adj. [symbolique, Fr. simbolico, It. symbolicus, Lat. of
αυμβολιχος, Gr.] pertaining to, or of the nature of a symbol; mystical,
typical representation, expressing by signs.

SYMBO’LICALLY, adv. [of symbolical; of symbolicus, Lat. of συμβο­
λιχος, Gr.] emblematically, typically, representatively, by symbols,
devices, &c.

SY’MBOLISM, or SY’MBOLE [in anatomy] is a term used either in re­
lation to the fitness of the parts one with another, or to the consent be­
tween them, by the intermediation of the nerves.

SYMBOLIZA’TION, subst. [of symbolize] the act of symbolizing, re­
presentation, resemblance.

To SY’MBOLIZE, verb act. to signify or intimate some secret or hid­
den thing by certain outward signs; as, the ear symbolizes hearing; the
eye, watchfulness.

To SYMBOLIZE, verb neut. commonly having with before the thing
representative [symboliser, Fr. simbolizzare, It. simbolizar, Sp.] to have
something in common with another by representative qualities, to agree
in a thing with, to partake of each other's qualities; as air and fire are
symbolizing elements.

SYMBOLO’GRAPHY, subst. [of συμβολον, and γραφω, Gr. to write] a
description or treatise of symbols.

SYMBOLO’GRAPHIST, subst. [of συμβολον, and γραφω, Gr. to write]
one who writes or treats of symbols.

SY’MMACHY, subst. [συμμαχια, Gr.] aid or assistance in war.

SYME’TRIAN, subst. [of symmetry] one remarkably studious of exact
proportion. Sidney.

SYMME’TRICAL, adj. [symmetrus, Lat. of συμμετρος, Gr.] propor­
tionate, having parts well adapted to each other.

SYMME’TRICALLY, adv. [of symmetrical] proportionally.

SY’MMETRIST, subst, [of symmetry] one very observant or studious
of symmetry, or exact proportion. Wotton.

SY’MMETRY, subst. [symmetrie, Fr. simmetria, It. simetria, Sp. sym­
metria, Lat. of συμμετρια, of συν, with, and μετρον, Gr. measure] a due
proportion or relation of equality in the height, length, and breadth of
the parts necessary to compose a beautiful whole, or an uniformity of
the parts in respect to the whole; harmony, correspondence of one part
to another.

SYMMETRY [in medicine] a good temper of body.

SYMPATHE’TIC, or SYMPATHE’TICAL [sympathique, Fr. simpatico,
It. of sympatheticus, Lat. of συν, with, and παθος, Gr. passion] pertain­
ing to, or partaking of sympathy, feeling in consequence of what an­
other feels.

SYMPATHE’TICAL Inks, certain inks, that are as well surprizing as cu­
rious and diverting, in that they may be made to appear or disappear
very suddenly, by the application of something to the paper, that seems
to operate upon the inks by simpathy.

SYMPATHE’TICALLY, adv. [of sympathetical] by sympathy.

SYMPATHE’TIC Powder, a certain powder made of Roman or green
vitriol, either chymically prepared, or else only opened by the piercing
of the sun-beams into it, and calcining it; which, by Sir Kenelm Dig­
by, and others, is celebrated as having the great virtue of curing wounds,
by only spreading it on the cloth, &c. that first received the blood of the
wound; so that though the cloth be kept many miles distant from the
person wounded, yet the person shall be healed.

To SYMPATHI’ZE, verb neut. [sympathiser, Fr. simpatizzare, It. sim­
patizar, Sp. συμπαθεω, Gr.] to be affected with what another feels, to
have a mutual fellow-feeling.

SY’MPATHY [sympathie, Fr. simpatia, It and Sp. sympathia, Lat.
συμπυθεια, of συν, with, and παθος, Gr. suffering, &c.] an agreea­
bleness of natural qualities, affections, inclinations, humours, tempera­
tures, &c. which make two persons pleased and delighted with each
other, a fellow-feeling, compassion.

SYMPATHY [with physicians] is an ill disposition of one part of the
body, caused by the disease of another.

SYMPE’PSIS [συμπεψις, Gr.] a concoction or ripening of such tumours
as are growing to an inflammation.

SYMPHONI’ACA [with botanists] the herb hen-bane.

SYMPHO’NIOUS, pertaining to symphony, musical, agreeing in sound.
Milton.

SY’MPHONY [symphonie. Fr. sinfonia, It. symfonia, Sp. of Lat. συμφω­
νια, of συμφωνεω, Gr. to agree in one sound] a consonance or concert of
several sounds agreeable to the ear, whether they be vocal or instru­
mental, or both; also called harmony.

SY’MPHYSIS [in surgery] is one of the manners of articulating or joint­
ing of bones, or a natural union whereby two separate bones are rendered
contiguous and become one, so that neither has any proper and distinct
motion. Symphysis, in its original signification, denotes a connascency
or growing together: and perhaps is meant of those bones which in
young children are distinct; but after some years unite and consolidate
into one bone. Wiseman.

SYMPHYSIS [with a medium] is of three kinds, called syneurosis, sisar­
chosis, and synchondrosis; which see.

SYMPHYSIS [without a medium] is where two bones unite and grow
together of themselves, without the intervention of any third thing; as
a cartilage, gristle, &c.

SY’MPHYTON, Lat. [συμφυτον, Gr.] the herb wall-wort or comfrey.

SY’MPLE-GADES. See CYANEÆ PETRÆ.

SYMPLO’CE [συμπλοχη, Gr.] a rhetorical figure, when several sen­
tences or clauses have the same beginning and ending.

SYMPO’SIAC, adj. [simposiaque, Fr. συμποσιαχος, of συμποσιον, Gr. a
banquet] relating to merry-makings, happening where company are
drinking together.

SY’MPTOM [symptome, Fr. sintomo, It. symtoma, Sp. symptoma, Lat.
συμπτωπα, of συμπιπτω, Gr. to happen; in physic] every preterna­
tural thing arising from a disease, as its cause, in such a manner as that it
may be distinguished from the disease itself, and from its immediate cause;







as a difficulty of breathing in the inflammation of the lungs. And be­
cause things are indicated by their concomitant circumstances, hence, 2d.
the word [symptom] signifies a sign or token in general. Boerhaave.

SYMPTOMA’TIC, or SYMPTOMA’TICAL [symptomatique, Fr. sympto­
maticus, Lat. συμπτωματιχος, Gr.] pertaining to some symptom, hap­
pening concurrently or occasionally.

SYMPTOMATICAL [in physic] a term frequently used to denote the
difference between primary and secondary diseases; as, a fever from
pain is said to be symptomatical, because it arises from pain only, and is
not itself the primary original disease; but which stands or falls with the
other.

SYMPTOMA’TICALLY, adv. [of symptomatical] in the nature or man­
ner of a symptom.


SYN

SYN [συν, Gr.] an inseparable preposition, signifying with, toge­
ther.

SYNA’CTICKS [συναχτιχα, Gr. q. d. that bring together] medicines
which contract any part.

SYNÆ’RESIS [συναιρεσις, Gr.] a grammatical figure, by which two
vowels are contracted into one; as alvaria for alvearia.

SYNAGO’GICAL, adj. [of synagogue] pertaining to a synagogue.

SY’NAGOGUE, Fr. [sinagoga, It. Sp. and Lat. of συναγωγη, of συναγειν,
Gr. to gather together] a congregation or particular religious assembly
of the Jews, to perform the offices of their religion; also the place
where they assemble.

SYNALOE’PHA [συναλοιφη, Gr. a contracting into one] a contraction,
or the joining together of two vowels in the scanning of Greek *I said Greek, as well as Latin; because Virgil [I am persuaded]
in this liberty did not copy his great master, Homer; several of
whose lines come under the same common rule. or Latin
verse; or the cutting off the ending vowel of a word, when the next be­
gins with a vowel; as, ill' ego. Virgil, tho' smooth, is far from af­
fecting it: he frequently uses synalepha's, and concludes his sense in the
middle of a verse. Dryden.

SYNA’NCHE [συναγχη, Gr.] a kind of squinansy, wherein the inter­
nal muscles of the fauces, or pharynx, are attacked, which quite stops
the breath. Gorræus.

SYNA’RTHROSIS [συναρθρωσις, Gr.] a close joining of bones that are
void of any sensible motion, as in the skull, teeth, &c. There is a
conspicuous motion where the conjunction is called diarthrosis, as in the
elbow; an obscure one, where the conjunction is called synarthrosis, as
in the joining of the carpus to the metacarpus. Wiseman.

SYNA’RTHROESMUS [σιναθροισμος, Gr. q. d. accumulation] a figure
in rhetoric, when several matters of a different nature are heaped up to­
gether.

SYNAU’LIA, Lat. [in ancient music] a contest of pipes, performing
alternately without singing.

SYNA’XIS, Lat. [συναξις, Gr. q. d. a bringing together] a gathering
together, a congregation, an assembly; also the holy communion, the
sacrament of the Lord's supper.

SYNCA’MPE [of συν and χαμπη, Gr.] a bending or bowing.

SYNCAMPE, Lat. of Gr. [with anatomists] the flexure or bent of the
arm, where the lower part of it is joined to the upper.

SYNCATEGO’REMA [with logicians] is used for a word that signifies
little or nothing of itself, yet when joined with others, adds sorce to
them; as, all, none, some, certain, &c.

SYNTATEGOREMA’TICAL, adj. that has no predicamental or self-sig­
nification.

SYNCATEGOREMA’TICALLY, after the manner of a syncategorema,
or signifying together with.

SYNCHO’NDROSIS [of συν, with, and χονδρος, Gr. cartilage] that part
of the bones where their extremities are joined to one another, by means
of an intervening cartilage. Synchondrosis, is an union by the gristles of
the sternon to the ribs. Wiseman.

SYNCHORE’SIS [συγχωρησις, Gr. a granting or allowing; with rheto­
ricians] is a figure, wherein an argument is scoffingly yielded unto, and
then marred by a retortion upon the objector.

SY’NCHRISM, subst. [συγχρισμα, Gr.] a kind of liquid or spreading
ointment.

SYNCHRO’NICAL, adj. [of συνχρονος, Gr.] being or done together at
the same time; contemporary, of the same time or standing.

SYNCHRO’NISM [συγχρονισμος, Gr.] concurrence of things, or re­
markable transactions happening at the same time.

SYNCHRO’NOUS, adj. [of συν and χρονος, Gr.] happening at the same
time.

SY’NCHYSIS [συγχυσις, Gr.] confusion, a confused mingling together,
disorder.

SY’NCHYSIS [in grammar] a confused and disorderly placing of words
in a sentence.

SYNCHYSIS [with oculists] a preternatural confusion of the blood or
humours of the eyes.

SYNCHYSIS [in rhetoric] a fault in speech, when the order of things
is disturbed.

SYNCOPA’LIS Febris [with physicians] the swooning fever; a fever in
which the patient often swoons or faints away.

To SY’NCOPATE, verb neut. [sincopizzare, It. sincopàr, Sp. syncopo,
Lat. of συνχοπτω, Gr.] to cut off, take away, or shorten; also to swoon:
an unusual word.

SYNCOPA’TION [in music] a term used when the note of one part ends
or breaks off upon the middle of the note of another part.

SY’NCOPE, Fr. It. and Lat. [syncopa, Sp. συνχοπη, Gr. a cutting off]
a grammatical figure, whereby one or more letters are taken out of a
word; as amârunt, for amaverunt.

SYNCOPE [in music] is the driving a note, as when an odd crotchet
comes before two or three minims, or an odd quaver between two, three
or more crotchets.

SYNCOPE [in physic] a deep and sudden swooning. See LIPOTHY­
MY.

SYNE’CHES [of συνεχω, Gr. to hold together] a continued fever, but
that admits of some remission or abatement of its fervor. See SYNOCHUS.

SY’NCOPIST, subst. [of syncope] a contractor of words. Spectator.

SYNDE’SMUS, Lat. [συνδεσμος, Gr.] a joining together, a band or
tie.

SYNDESMUS [with anatomists] a ligament for the tying together of
bones and other parts.

SYNDESMUS [with grammarians] a part of speech, otherwise called
a conjunction.

To SY’NDICATE, verb act. [syndiquer, Fr. of συν and διχη, Gr.] to
pass sentence on, to censure: an unusual word. Hakewill.

SYNDICATE. or SYN’DICKSHIP, Fr. [sindicato, It. sindicado, Sp.] the
place, office, or dignity of a syndic; also the time of being in it.

SY’NDIC, subst. [syndic, Fr. sindaco, It. syndico, Sp. syndicus, Lat. of
συνδιχος, Gr.] a person or magistrate, appointed to act for any corpora­
tion or community.

SYNDIC [in Switzerland, &c.] a magistrate, learned in the law, of
which there are more or less in the composition of different senates.

SYNDRO’ME, Lat. [of συνδρομη, Gr.] a concurrence, concomitant ac­
tion. Glanville.

SYNDROME [in medicine] the concurrence or appearing together of
several symptoms in the same disease.

SYNE’CDOCHE, Fr. and Lat. [συνεχδοχη, of συνεχδεχομαι, Gr. to re­
ceive together with] a figure by which the whole is put for the part; or,
when a part is put for the whole. This figure is also used when we
take a liberty to make use of a certain number for an uncertain, as when
we say there are 1000 holes in a thing, when there are many.

SYNECDOCHE [in grammar] a figure when an ablative case of the
part or the adjunct is changed into an accusative; as, Deiphobum vidi
lacerum crudeliter ora. Virg.

SYNECDOCHE [in rhetoric] a figure wherein the name of a part is put
for the whole, as England for Europe; or, on the contrary, the name of
the whole for a part, as Europe for England,

SYNECDOCHE [with logicians] is when the genus is put for the spe­
cies, i. e. the matter of which a thing is made, for the thing itself, as
iron for a sword; or, on the contrary, sword for iron.

SYNECDO’CHICAL, adj. [of synecdoche] expressed by a synecdoche, im­
plying a synecdoche. Many souls narrowly lodged in synecdochical bo­
dies. Boyle.

SYNECHPHONE’SIS, or SYMPHONE’SIS [συνεχφωνησις, Gr. q. d. a pro­
nouncing together] a figure in grammar, being a collision or excision of
vowels, when two syllables are pronounced as one; as, Seu lento fuerint
alvearia vimina texta, where the e a in alvearia are contracted into one
vowel or syllable.

SYNEDREVO’NTA [συνεδρευω, Gr.] the common symptoms in a disease,
which do neither take their rise from the nature of it, nor do neces­
sarily accompany it; yet signify the greatness, continuation, &c. of
it.

SY’NGRAPHA, Lat. [of συγγραφη, Gr.] a deed or writing under the
hand and seal of both parties.

SYNGU’LTUS, Lat. [in medicine] the hiccough, which is a depraved,
convulsive motion of the stomach, which by it endeavours to expel some­
thing that is hurtful or offensive.

SYNIME’NSIS, Lat. the uniting of bones together by a membrane, as
the bones of the sinciput with those of the os frontis in infants.

SYNEURO’SIS [συνευροσις, Gr.] an articulation of bones by a ligament.
Sineurosis is when the connexion is made by a ligament. Of this in sym­
physis we find instances in the connexion of a pubis together, especially
in women, by a ligamentous substance. In articulations, it is either
round, as that which unites the head of the os femoris to the coxa; or
broad, as the tendon of the patella, which unites it to the os tibiæ.
Wiseman.

SYNO’CHA, or SYNO’CHUS [συνεχω, Gr. to continue, q. d. a making
to dwell together] a fever without any remission. Boerhaave.

SY’NOD [synode, Fr. sinodo, It. and Sp. synodus, Lat. συνοδος, Gr.] a
council, meeting, or assembly of ecclesiastics, to consult about matters of
religion and church-affairs.

Diocesan SYNOD, is one where none but the ecclesiastics of one diocess
meet.

General SYNOD, is an assembly where bishops, priests, &c. of all na­
tions meet. See COUNCILS Oecumenical.

National SYNOD, is one whereby the bishops and clergy of one nation
only meet. See DORT.

Provincial SYNOD, is one where the ecclesiastics of one province only
meet.

SYNOD [with astronomers] a conjunction of heavenly bodies, a con­
course of two stars or planets in the same optical place of the heavens.

SYNO’DAL, SYNO’DIC, or SYNO’DICAL [synodique, synodal, Fr. sino­
dale, It. sinodal, Sp. synodus, Lat. συνοδος, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to a sy­
nod, transacted in a synod. 2. [Synodique, Fr.] reckoned from one
conjunction of the moon with the sun to another.

SYNODAL Instrument, a solemn oath taken by a synodal witness.

SYNODAL Witnesses [with ecclesiastics] were the urban and rural
deans, so termed from their giving information of and attesting the dis­
orders both of clergy and laity in an episcopal synod; this authority is
now devolved upon church-wardens.

SY’NODALS, the pecuniary rents paid to a bishop, at the time of the
annual synod, by every parish priest.

Provincial SYNODALS, the canons or constitutions of a provincial sy­
nod.

SYNO’DIC, or SYNO’DICAL Month [in astronomy] is the period or
interval of time, wherein the moon departing from the sun, at a synod
or conjunction, returns to him again.

SYNODICAL Revolution [with astronomers] is that motion by which
the whole body is carried round with the earth along with the sun.

SYNO’DICALLY, adv. [of synodical] by the authority of a synod, or
according to the appointment of a synod.

SYNO’DUS [with astrologers] a conjunction of two or more planets, or
their meeting by beams in other aspects.

SYNOE’SIA, a festival celebrated at Athens, in commemoration of The­
seus's having united the petty communities of Asia.

SYNOICE OSIS [συνοιχειωσις, Gr.] a rhetorical figure, whereby contrary
qualities are united and attributed to the same person or thing.

SYNO’NYMA, Lat. [synonymes, Fr. sinonimi, It. and Sp. of συνωνυμα,
Gr.] words of one and the same signification.

SYNO’NYMAL, or SYNO’NIMOUS, adj. [synonime, Fr. sinonimo, It. syno­
nimus, Lat. συνωνυμος, Gr.] pertaining to the same name or signification,
having the same import or signification with another.

To SYNO’NYMISE, verb act. [of synonima] to express the same thing
in different words: unusual. Camden.

SYNO’NYMY, subst. [synonymia, Lat. of συνωνυμια, of συν, with, and
ονομα, Gr. a name] a figure in rhetoric, whereby we express the same
thing by several words that have the same signification: So Cicero, con­
cerning Cataline, says, Abiit, evafit, erupit, He's gone, he's fled, he's







escaped; this is when a person's mouth is not sufficient for his heart; in
that case, he uses all the words he can think of to express his thoughts.

SYNO’PSIS, Lat. [συνοψις, Gr. q. d. a taking several things in one
view] a short view or epitome, an abstract or abridgment, a general view.

SYNO’PTICAL, adj. [of synopsis] affording a view of many parts at
once. Evelyn.

SYNO’VIA, Lat. [in anatomy] the glewy matter between the joints.

SINO’VIA [in medicine] the nutricious juice proper to each part.

SYNTA’CTICAL, adj. [of syntaxis] 1. Conjoined, adapted to each
other. 2. Pertaining to the construction of speech, relating to syntax.

SYNTA’CTICALLY, adv. [of syntactical] according to the rules of syn­
tax.

SY’NTAGMA, Lat. [συνταγμα, Gr.] the act of disposing or placing
things in an orderly manner; also a treatise or large discourse upon a
subject.

SY’NTASIS, Lat. [συντασις, Gr.] a preternatural distension of the
parts.

SY’NTAX, or SY’NTAXIS [syntaxe, Fr. sintosse, It. of syntaxis, Lat.
συνταξις, Gr.] 1. System, number of things joined together. Syntax of
beings. Glanville. 2. That part of grammar teaching the construction
or connection of the words of a language into sentences and phrases.

SYNTE’NOSIS, Lat. [of συντεινω, Gr. to stretch together] the union of
two bones which is joined by a tendon, as the knee-pan to the thigh­
bone and tibia.

SYNTE’RESIS, Lat [συψτηρησις, Gr.] remorse or sting of conscience.

SYNTERE’TICA, Lat. [of συψτηρεω, Gr. to keep together] that part of
physic that gives rules for the preservation of health.

SRNTE’XIS [συντηξις, Gr.] a great or deep consumption, a lingering
sickness, q. d. a melting away.

SYNTHE’SIS [συνθεσις, Gr.] the act of joining together; opposed to
analysis. The synthesis consists in assuming the causes discovered and
established as principles, and by them explaining the phænomena proceed­
ing from them, and proving the explanations. Newton.

SYNTHESIS [in grammar] a figure by which a noun collective singu­
lar is joined to a verb or participle plural, and of a different gender.

SYNTHESIS [in pharmacy] the composition or putting of several
things together, as the making a compound medicine of several simple
ingredients.

SYNTHESIS [with logicians] is the method of convincing others of a
truth already found out.

SYNTHESIS [with surgeons] an operation by which several divided
parts are united.

SYNTHE’TIC, or SYNTHE’TICAL [συνθετιχος, Gr.] pertaining to
synthesis, conjoining, compounding. Synthetic method is that which
begins with the parts, and leads onward to the knowlede of the whole.
It begins with the most simple principles and general truths, and pro­
ceeds by degrees to that which is drawn from them or compounded of
them; and therefore it is called the method of composition. Watts.

SYNTHETIC Method [with mathematicians] is a method of pur­
suing the truth by reasons drawn from principles before established or
assumed, and propositions formerly proved, thus proceeding by a regu­
lar chain till they come to the conclusion, as it is done in the elements of
Euclid, and the demonstrations of the ancients; this is called synthesis
or composition, and is opposed to the analytical method, called analysis or
resolution.

SYNULO’TICS [medicamenta synulotica, Lat.] such medicines as bring
wounds or sores to an escar.

SYNU’SIASTS, a sect who maintained that there was but one sin­
gle nature, and one single substance, in Jesus Christ. See INCARNATION,
and MONOTHELITES.

SY’PHILIS, Lat. [of συν, with, and φιλια Gr. love] the venereal dis­
ease.

SY’PHON [σιφων for siphon] See SIPHON.


SYR

To SY’RINGE, verb act. [sciringare, It. exeringuear, Sp. of syrinx,
Lat. siringuer, Fr.] 1. To squirt liquors into some parts of the body, as
into the ears, sores, &c. to spurt with a syringe. 2. To wash with a
syringe.

SY’RINGE [seringue, Fr. sciringa, It. xeringa, Sp. syrinx, Lat. συριγξ,
Gr.] an instrument used to squirt or inject liquors.

SYRINGATO’MATA, Lat. [of σρυγξ, a pipe, and τομη, Gr. a cutting] sur­
geons knives for opening fistula's, &c.

SYRINGOTO’MIA, Lat. [of συριγξ, and τεμνω, Gr. to cut] the cutting
of a fistula.

SYRINGO’TOMY, subst. [of συριγξ, a pipe and τεμνω, Gr. to cut] the
art or practice of cutting fistula's or hollow ulcers.

SYRI’TES, Lat. [συριτης, Gr.] a stone found in the bladder of a wolf.

SYRO’NES, Lat. [in physic] wheals; also a sort of worms that breed in
the skin.

SYRO’NES, SIRONES, or SIRENES, pustules of the hands and feet. Bruno.

SY’RTES, plur. of SY’RTIS [συρτεις, of του συρειν, Gr.] two dangerous
gulphs in the farthest part of Africa, full of quick sands, called the
Greater and Lesser Syrtes; whence any quick sands or shelves in the wa­
ter, made by the drift of sands, are called Syrtes.

SY’RTIS, Lat. a quick sand, a bog in general. Milton.

SY’RUP [sirop, Fr. sciroppo, It. syrupus, Lat. συραπιον, Gr.] a compo­
sition of a thick consistence, made of the juice of herbs, flowers, or fruits,
boiled up with sugar. See SIROP.

SYSSARCO’SIS, Lat. [συσσαρχωσις, Gr. q. d. a uniting by flesh] a par­
ticular species of the genus of articulation, being a connexion of bones
by the means of flesh.

SY’STEM [systeme, Fr. systema, It. and Lat. of συστημα, of συνιστημι Gr.
to put or connect together] in the general is a regular or orderly collec­
tion or composition of many things together, or an assemblage or chain
of principles, the several parts whereof follow and depend on each other.
A scheme which unites many things in order. The best way to learn
any science, is to begin with a regular system. Watts. 2. Any combin­
tion of many things acting together. 3. A scheme which reduces many
things to regular dependence or co-operation.

SYSTEM of the World [in astronomy] an hypothesis or supposition of
a certain order and arrangement of the several parts of the universe;
whereby they explain all the phænomena or appearances of the heavenly
bodies, their motions, changes, &c. The most celebrated are the Co­
pernican, the Ptolemaick, and the Tychonic.

The SYSTEM of Tycho Brahe, a nobleman of Denmark [with astrono­
mers] in most respects coincides with the Copernican system, excepting
in this, that supposing the earth to be fixed, its orbit is omitted, and in
the stead thereof the sun's orbit is drawn round the earth, and made to in­
tersect the orbit of Mars; that Mars may be nearer the earth than the
sun.

Solar SYSTEM [according to the new astronomy] is the joint union or
orderly disposition of all the planets, which move round the sun as their
center, in determined orbits. See COPERNICAN System.

SYSTEM [in music] a compound interval, or an interval composed of
several lesser intervals, such as is the octave, &c. or it is an extent of a
certain number of chords, having its bounds towards the grave and
acute; which has been differently determined by the different progress
made in music, and according to the different divisions of the mono­
chord.

SYSTEM of Musick, is sometimes used for a treatise of music, or a book
which treats of music in all its several parts, both practical and mathema­
tical.

Concinnous SYSTEMS [in music] are those which consist of such parts
as are fit for music, and those parts placed in such an order between the
extremes, as that the succession of sounds from one extreme to the other
may have a good effect.

Inconcinnous SYSTEMS [in music] are those where the simple intervals
are inconcinnous or badly disposed betwixt the extremes.

SYSTEMA’TICAL [systematique, Fr. συστηματιχος, Gr. systematicus,
Lat.] pertaining to, or reduced to a system, methodical.

SYSTEMA’TICALLY, adv. [of systematical] in the manner of a system.

SY’STOLE, Fr. [συστολη, Gr.] a contraction, drawing, straightening,
or pressing together.

SYSTOLE [with grammarians] a figure of prosody, whereby a long
syllable is made short, as tulérunt fastidia menses. Virg.

SYSTOLE [with anatomists] the contraction of the heart and arteries
of an animal, whereby the blood is forcibly driven into the great artery;
as the dilatation of those parts is called the diastole.

SY’STYLE [συστνλη, Gr. in architecture] a building, whereof the pil­
lars stand thick, the distance between them being no more than two dia­
meters of the column.

SYXHE’NDEMEN [syxhendemen, Sax.] men worth 600 shillings; in
the time of the Saxons, all men in Britain were ranked into three classes,
the lowest, the middle, and the highest, and were valued according to
their class, that, if any injury were done, satisfaction might be made,
according to the value of the person it was done to. The lowest were
called Twihindemen, i. e. valued at 200 shillings, the middlemost Sixhin­
demen, i. e. valued at 600 shillings, and the highest Twelfhindemen, i. e.
valued at 1200 shillings.


SYZ

SYZY’GIA [συζυγια, Gr.] a joining, yoking, or coupling toge­
ther.

SYZYGIA [in grammar] the coupling or clapping of different feet to­
gether in verse, either Greek or Latin.

SYZYGIA [with anatomists] those pairs of nerves which convey sense
from the brain to the rest of the body.

SYZYGIA [with astronomers] is the same as the conjunction of any two
planets or stars; or when they are both supposed to be in the same point
in the heavens; or when they are referred to the same degree of the eclip­
tic, by a circle of longitude passing through them both.

SYZYGIA, or SY’ZIGY [in divinity] was that part of the old Gnostic
or Valentinian scheme, which assigned a collateral, underived, and joint­
partner to the supreme Father, by mixing with whom he produced the
whole system of Æons, or consubstantial divine Personages; and these too
in their respective births or productions one from another, were (accord­
ing to this system) brought forth as twins, male and female. See HE­
RESY, and BASILIDIANS compared.













T

T t Roman, T t Italic, T t English, T t Saxon, are the 19th
letter in order of the alphabet; T Τ is the 24th letter of the
Greek, and ט the 9th, and ח the 22d of the Hebrew,
T is a consonant, which at the beginning and end of
words has the same invariable sound nearly approaching to
the d. T with an i, before a vowel, generally sounds like si, as in
action, creation, inclination; except when s preceeds t, as Christian, in­
cestuous, righteous.

T retains its natural sound before a vowel; (1.) If an s, or æ, go be­
fore the t. (2.) In the derivatives of nouns and verbs ending in ty,
when the y is changed into i.

T, in the titles of books, stands for Theologiæ, as T. D. Theologiæ
Doctor, i. e. Doctor of Divinity.

T is the mark of a branding-iron, set on any malefactound
guilty of manslaughter, bigamy, &c.

T [in music books] is used to denote the tenor.

T. 1. [In music books] stands for Tutti, It. and signifies all, or all
together. 2. [Among the ancients] was used as a numeral letter signi­
fying 160.

T, with a dash at top, signified 160,000.

TAB

TABA’CCA, subst. commonly TOBACCO; which see [takes its name
from the island Tabago, is the West-Indies] being from thence brought
into England by Sir Francis Drake, in the year 1585; Tabac, Fr. ta­
bacco, It. Tabaco, Sp. and Port. taback, Du. and Ger.

TA’BARD, or TA’BERD, subst. [tabaert, Du. tabarda, low Lat. tabard,
Fr. tabbert, Ger.] 1. A sort of gown reaching to the middle of the leg.
2. A herald's coat. 3. A sort of jacket or sleeveless coat.

TA’BY, or TA’BBY, subst. [tabis, Fr. tabi or tabino, It.] a kind of
silk taffety watered or waved.

TA’BBY, adj. brindled, variegated.

TA’BBYING, part. adj. is the passing a sort of silk or stuff under the
calendar, to make a representation of waves on it.

TABEFA’CTION, subst. [tabefacio, of tabes, consumption, and facio,
Lat. to make] the act of consuming or wasting away.

To TA’BEFY, verb neut. [tubefacio, Lat.] to waste, to be extenuated.
Harvey improperly uses it as an active verb.

TABE’LLA, or TABLE’TTE [in pharmacy] a solid electuary or com­
position of several drugs made up into little squares, more commonly
called lozenges.

TABELLION, Fr. of Lat. [in ancient deeds] a notary public or
scrivener, allowed by authority to engross and register private acts and
contracts.

TA’BER, or TA’BOUR, subst. [tambour de basque, or tambourin, Fr. ta­
bour, tabourin, O. Fr. tamboril, Sp.] a small drum, beaten with one
stick, and accompanying a pipe. See To TABOUR.

TA’BERER, or TA’BOURER, subst. [un tabourineur, Fr. tamborinero, Sp.]
one that plays upon a small drum, called a tabour. Shakespeare.

TA’BARDER, or TA’BERDER, subst. [of tabard or taberd] a batchelor
in Queen's College, Oxford; one who wears a gown called a tabard,
being a kind of jacket or sleeveless coat, whole before, and open on
both sides, with a square collar, winged at the shoulders, and such as
heralds wear when on service.

TA’BERN, subst. N. C. [taberna, Lat.] a booth, a cellar.

TA’BERNACLE, subst. Fr. [tabernacolo, It. tabernaculo, Sp. of taberna­
culum, Lat.] 1. A temporary or casual dwelling, a tent or pavilion.
Milton. 2. A place for divine service, a sacred place.

TABERNACLE [with the ancient Jews] a kind of tent to move up and
down, as occasion required, and wherein the ark of the covenant was
kept; but afterwards fixed in the temple of Jerusalem.

TABERNACLE, a sort of temporary church or chapel for the use of pa­
rishioners, while their church is repairing, rebuilding, &c.

TABERNACLE [with Roman catholics] a little vessel in which the pix
is put on the altar.

The Feast of TABERNACLES, a feast observed by the Jews for seven
days, beginning the fifth day of the 7th month, eating and abiding in
tabernacles or tents, in commemoration of their fathers dwelling in tents,
after their going out of Egypt.

To TA’BERNACLE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to enshrine, to
house.

TABERNA’CULUM, Lat. [in old records] a public inn or house of en­
tertainment.

Tres TABE’RNÆ, i. e. the three taverns, a place between Rome and
Capua, upon the great road called the Appian Way, where travellers
usually stopped to refresh themselves; and of which Paul makes men­
tion in the 28th of the Acts.

TA’BES, Lat. [with physicians] a pining away for want of natural
moisture.

TABES, is also taken for an ulcer in the lungs, causing the whole body
to decay and waste by degrees.

TABES, Lat. gore-blood, the matter or corruption that issues out of
a wound.

TABES Dorsalis, Lat. [with physicians] a consumption of the marrow
of the back-bone, which happens to such as are too propense to ve­
nery.

TA’BID, adj. [tabide, Fr. tabidus, Lat.] consumptive, wasted by dis­
ease. Arbuthnot.

TA’BIDNESS, subst. [of tabid] state of being wasted, decay, consump­
tiveness.

TABI’FIC, adj. [tabisicus, Lat.] consumptive, bringing into a con­
sumption wasting.

TA’BITERS, or TABERDEE’RS. See TABARDER.

TA’BLATURE, Fr. [intavolatura, It. of tabula, Lat.] a music-book
giving directions for playing upon the lute, viol, &c. by letters, cy­
phers, &c.

TABLATURE [with anatomists] a division or parting of the skull­
bones.

TABLATURE [with painters] painting on the wall or ceiling; or ra­
ther, a tablature, according to Lord Shaftsbury's definition, “is a single
piece comprehended in one view, and formed according to one single in­
telligence, meaning or design, which constitutes a real whole, by a mu­
tural and necessary relation of its parts, the same as of the members in
a natural body.” Shaftsbury's Judgment of Hercules.

TABLE [tæble, Sax. tafel, Du. and Ger. table, Fr. tavola, It. tabu­
la, Lat.] 1. A level surface raised above the ground, of various forms,
and used for meals and several other purposes. 2. The persons sitting
at table or partaking of entertainment. 3. The fare or entertainment
itself; as, To keep a good table; to live plentifully. 4. A tablet or level
surface on which any thing is drawn, written, or engraved. The wri­
ter of them in the tables of their hearts. Hooker. 5. To keep an open
table; to entertain all comers. 6. To come to the Lord's table; to re­
ceive the sacrament. 7. A synopsis, many particulars brought into
one view. Tables of long descents. B. Johnson. 8. The palm of the
hand. B. Johnson. 9. Draughts, small pieces of wood shifted on
squares. Johnson. This seems to be the whole machine called the back­
gammon table, together with the dice with which they play. 10. To
turn the tables; to change the condition or fortune of two contending
parties. A metaphor taken from the vicissitude at gaming tables.

To TA’BLE, verb act. to board or take boarders.

To TABLE, verb neut. [from the noun] to be at board, to live at the
table of another.

To TABLE, verb act. to set down, to make into a table or catalogue.
Shakespeare.

TABLE [with architects] 1. Any flat level or surface. Pav'd with
fair tables of marble. Sandys. 2. A smooth, simple member or orna­
ment of various forms, but most usually in that of a long square.

TABLE-BEER, subst. [of table and beer] small beer for the table, beer
used for victuals.

TABLE-BOOK, subst. [of table and book] a book on which any thing is
graved or written without ink.

TABLE-CLOTH, subst. [of table and cloth] linen spread on a table.

TABLE-MAN, subst. [of table and man] a piece or man at draughts,
In colleges they use to line the table-men. Bacon.

TABLE-DIAMOND, or other precious stone [with jewellers] one
whose upper surface is quite flat, and only the sides cut in angles.

TABLE of a Book, an index or repertory at the beginning or end of a
book, to direct the reader to any passage in a book; a syllabus, a col­
lection of particulars, a catalogue.

Plain TABLE, an instrument used in surveying land. See its use un­
der THEODOLITE.

Knights of the round TABLE, a military order of 24 in number, all
picked from among the bravest of the nation, supposed to have been in­
stituted by Arthur, first king of the Britons, A. C. 1016, who, it is
said, had such a table made to avoid disputes about the upper and lower
end of it, and to take away all emulation as to places; from this table
they are supposed to take their title.

Projecting TABLE [in architecture] is such as stands out from the na­
ked of a wall, pedestal, or other matter, which it adorns.

Raking TABLE [with architects] is one that is hollowed in the dye or
square of the pedestal, and elsewhere, and which is usually encompassed
with a moulding.

Apelles's TABLE, a pictured table, representing the excellency of so­
briety on the one side, and the deformity of intemperance on the
other.

Pythagoras's TABLE, is the common multiplication table, formed of
an hundred lesser squares or cells, containing the products of the several
digits, multiplied by each other.

Razed TABLE [in architecture] an embossment in a frontispiece, for
the putting an inscription or other ornament in sculpture.

Crowned TABLE [in architecture] one which is covered with a cor­
nice, and in which is cut a basso relievo, or a piece of black marble in­
crustated for an inscription.

Rusticated TABLE [in architecture] one which is picked, and whose
surface seems rough, as in grotto's.

A Side [or Side-Board] TABLE, a buffet or table in the corner or
side of a room, to pnt plate, glasses, &c. upon.

TABLEA’U, Fr. a picture, or whatever exhibits a view of any
thing; as, the table of contents.

TABLER, subst. [of table] a boarder, or one that diets with ano­
ther.

TABLES [tavoliere, It. tablas, Sp.] a certain game played on a table­
board.

TA’BLES [in astronomy] are those wherein the motions of the planets
are calculated.

TABLES [in perspective] plain surfaces supposed to be transparent and
perpendicular to the horizon.

TABLES [in heraldry] coats or efcutcheons, containing nothing but
the mere colour of the field, and not charged with figure, bearing,
&c.

Loxodromic TABLES [in navigation] are tables of traverses, for the
easy and ready solution of problems in navigation.








TA’BLES of Houses [with astrologers] tables ready calculated for the
help of practitioners in that art, in setting a figure.

The Twelve TABLES, the tables of the Roman laws, engraved on
brass, brought from Athens to Rome, for the Decemviri.

TABLES of Sines and Tangents, are proportional numbers calculated
from, and depending on the given quantity of the radius, whence any
fine or tangent may be found.

TA’BLET, subst. [diminutive of table] 1. A small table: or, 2d. a
piece of painting, the same with tablature.
A pictur'd tablet o'er the portal rais'd. Table of Cebes.
See TABLATURE and TABLE.

TABLET [in pharmacy] 1. A solid electuary, much the same as lo­
zenges. 2. A medicine in a square form. 3. A level surface, written
on or painted.

TA’BLING of Fines [in law] the making a table with the contents
of any fine past in one term, for every county where the king's writ
runs.

TA’BOUR, or TA’BORET, subst. the same as TABOR. Spectator. Also
a low stool.

To TA’BOR, or To TA’BOUR, verb neut. [taborer, O. Fr.] to play
upon the tabor, to strike lightly and frequently, to tap gently.

TABOURE'T [as the privilege of the tabouret] is a privilege some
great ladies in France have to sit in the queen's presence.

TA’BOURINE, subst. Fr. a small drum or tabour. Shakespeare.

TABRE’RE, subst. a tabourer. Obsolete.

TA’BRET, subst. a tabour. Genesis.

TA’BULA, Lat. a table or board.

TA’BULA [in old records] a prescribed form or directory for cathedral
churches; which the officer, called an hebdomedary, draws up at the be­
ginning of every week, and appoints the several persons and their parts
in the offices of the week following.

TA’BULAR, adj. [tabularis, Lat.] 1. Set down in the form of tables
or synopses. 2. Formed into laminæ, made into squares.

To TA’BULATE, verb act. [tabula, Lat.] to reduce to tables or sy­
nopses.

TA’BULATED, adj. [tabula, Lat.] having a flat surface, plain.
Grew.

TABULATU’RA [in music] the old way of setting down tunes, with
letters instead of notes.

TA’BUM, Lat. corrupt, black, gore-blood; also a thin sort of matter
issuing from an ulcer.


TAC

TACAMAHA’CY, or TACAMACA, a kind of resinous gum brought from
New-Spain.

TA’CES, subst. [perhaps for tasties, or tapes] armour for the things.

TA’CHE, subst. [of attacher, Fr. Johnson derives it from tack] a sort
of clasp or button, any thing taken hold of.

TA’CHYGRAPHY, or TACHEO’GRAPHY, subst. [tachigraphia, Lat. ta­
chygraphie, Fr. of ΤΑχυΓρΑφΙΑ, of ΤΑχυΣ, quick, and ΓρΑφΗ, Gr. writing]
the art or practice of swift writing, short-hand.

TA’CIT, adj. [tacite, Fr. tacito, It. and Sp. tacitus, Lat.] silent; im­
plied or meant, tho' not expressed by words.

TA’CITA, a goddess among the Romans, who was first worshipped by
Numa Pompilius, as the goddess of silence.

TA’CITLY, adv. [of tacit] silently, without expressing by words.

TACITU’RNITY [taciturnité Fr. taciturnita, It. taciturnidad, Sp. taci­
turnitas, Lat.] habitual silence; closeness, or reservedness in speech,
not loquacity.

TACITU’RNOUS [taciturnus, Lat.] silent, saying nothing, making no
noise.

TACK [prob. of attache, Fr. or tachuela, Sp. See the verb] 1. A
small nail. 2. [With sailors] the act of turning ships at sea. 3. To
hold or bear tack; to last, to hold out. Tack is still retained in Scot­
land, and denotes hold, or persevering, cohesion, to stand firm or fast to
any thing.

To TACK, verb act. [of attacher, Fr. attaccare, It. tacholear, Sp.]
1. To fasten together with small nails. 2. To fasten to any thing in
general. 3. [From the substantive] to join to by slightly sewing, to
unite, to stitch together.

TACKS [in a ship] ropes for carrying forward the clews of the sails, to
make them stand close by the wind.

To TACK about, verb neut. [in sea language] to turn a ship, to bring
a ship's head about, so as to lie a contrary way.

To TACK about, to take other measures, to change party.

To stand close upon a TACK, or To sail close upon a TACK [sea phrases]
signify that the ship sails close by the wind.

To hale aboard the TACKS [sea phrase] means to bring the tack down
close to the chess-trees.

Ease the TACK [sea-phrase] signifies to slacken it, or let it go or run
out.

Let rise the TACK, i. e. let it all go out.

The Ship sails upon a TACK, or The ship stands close to a TACK, i. e.
she sails close by a wind.

TA’CKER, subst. one who binds or fixes one thing to another by tacks
or by sewing, &c.

TA’CLE, or TA’CKLING, subst. [tacl, Wel. an arrow] 1. An arrow.
The takil smote, and in it went. Chaucer. 2. Weapons, instruments of
action. He resolved to take up his tackle and be gone. L'Estrange. 3.
[Of taeckel,, or taeckeling, Du. a rope] the ropes and furniture of a
ship; and also of several machines or engines.

To TACKLE [or rig] a Boat or Ship [taeckle en, Du.]

Winding TACKLE [in a ship] a tackle that serves as a pendant, with
a great double block and three shivers in each, in order to hoist in
goods.

TAC’KLED, adj. [of tackle] made of ropes tacked together. Cords
made like a tackled stair. Shakespeare.

TA’CKLES [in a ship] are small ropes running in three parts, having
at one end a pendant, with a block fastened to them, or else a launcer,
and at the other end a block and hook, to hang goods that are to be
heaved into or out of the ship.

TA’CKLES of a Boat, tackles for hoising a boat in or out of a ship.

Gunner's TACKLES [on ship board] the ropes wherewith the ordnance
is haled in and out.

TA’CKLING, subst. [of tackle; which see] 1. The furniture of a mast;
as sails and cordage. 2. Instruments of action; as fishing tackling;
the necessary implyments for fishing.

TA’CTIC, or TA’CTICAL, adj. [ΤΑχΤΙχΟΣ, ΤΑΤΤΟυ, Gr. to range, tac­
tique, Fr.] pertaining to martial array.

TA’CTICS, subst. [ΤΑχΤΙχΗ, Gr.] the art of disposing any number of
men into a proper form of battle. The Greeks were very skilful in this
part of the art military, having public professors of it, called tactici
[or ΤΑχΤΙχΟΙ] who were to teach and instruct the youth in this affair.

TA’CTILE, adj. Fr. [tactilis, tactum, Lat.] that may fall under the
sense of feeling, susceptible of touch.

TACTILE Qualities [with naturalists] are such as have a relation to
our feeling; of which the chief are, heat, cold, dryness, moisture, and
hardness.

TACTI’LITY [of tactile] susceptibility of the touch.

TA’DCASTER, a market town in the West-riding of Yorkshire, 182
miles from London.

TA’CTION, Fr. [of tactio, Lat.] act of touching.

TA’DDY, a pleasant liquor issuing out of a spungy tree in Ame­
rica.

TA’DPOLE [of tade, tad, a toad, and pola, Sax. a young one] a
young frog or toad, before it is perfectly formed, consisting only of a
body without feet, and a tail; a porwiggle.

TA’EN, the poetical contraction of taken, the preterite and participle
passive of take

TÆ’NIA, Lat. a ribbon, fillet, or tape.

TÆNIA [in medicine] a broad worm like a piece of tape, whence it
is called the tape-worm.

TÆNIA [with architects] a member of the Doric architecture resem­
bling a square fillet or ruler, and serving in lieu of a cymatium, being
made fast, as it were, by a capital below the triglyphs, of which it seems
the base.

TA’FFEREL [in a ship] the uppermost part, frame, or rail, abaft over
the poop.

TA’FFATA, or TA’FFETY, subst. [taffetas, Fr. taffeta, It. taffetar,
Sp.] a sort of thick silk.

TAG [prob. of attache, Fr. to bind, &c. tag, Islandic, the point of
a lance] 1. A point of metal put to the end of a string; as to fix tags or
points to laces. 2. Any thing mean and paltry.

To TAG, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To fit any thing with an end
or point. 2. To append or adjoin one thing to another. 'Tis tagg'd
with rhyme. Dryden. 3. To join: properly to tack. Swift.

TA’GGE, a sheep of a year old.

TA’G-RAG, a pitiful ragged fellow, &c.

TA’G-TAIL, subst. [of tag and tail] a worm which has the tail of an
other colour.


TAI

TAIL [tægl, Sax.] 1. The train of a beast, fowl or fish, that which
terminates an animal behind, the continuation of the vertebræ of the
back hanging loose behind. 2. The lower part of any thing. 3. Any
thing hanging long, a catkin. Tails that hang on willow trees. Har
vey. 4. Ludicrously, the hinder part of any thing. With the helm
they turn and steer the tail. Hudibras. 5. To turn tail; to run away,
to fly

TAIL [in law] a tally or piece of wood, cut in notches, used by bakers
and others.

The TAIL, the lower part or tail of a gown.

TAIL [in law] is fee opposed to fee simple, and which is not in a
man's power to dispose of, called also fee tail.

TAIL, Fee TAIL, or TAILLE [in law] is an inheritance opposite to fee
simple, and is so named, because it is parted after such a manner, that
the owner has not free power to dispose of it; being cut or divided by
the first giver from all others, and tied to the issue of the donee. This
limitation of tail is either general or special.

General TAIL [in law] is such by which lands or tenements are limit­
ed to a man, and the legitimate heirs of his body; so that he who holds
by this title, let him have never so many lawful wives, one after an­
another, his issue by all of them have a possibility to inherit succes­
sively.

Special TAIL [in law] is when lands or tenements are made over to
a man and his wife, and to the legitimate heirs of their bodies; but so
that if the man bury his wife before issue, and take another, the issue
by the second wife cannot inherit the land; and also if land be given to
a man and his wife, and to their son Thomas, it is tail special. Cowel.

TAIL after Possibility of Issue extinct [in law] is when land is given
to a man and his wife, and to the heirs of both their bodies, and
one of them outlives the other, they having no issue. In which case,
the survivor is to hold the land for term of life, as tenant in tail,
&c.

TAIL of the Trenches [in fortification] is the first work the besiegers
make at the opening of the trenches, as the head of the attack is carried
on towards the place.

TAIL [with anatomists] that tendon of a muscle which is fixed to the
moveable part; and that fixed to the immoveable part is called the
head.

TAIL [with botanists] the pedicle of the plant.

Dove-TAIL [with joiners, &c.] one of the strongest manners of
jointing, by letting one piece of wood into another in a particular man­
ner.

Peacock's TAIL, a term applied to all circular compartments, which
go enlarging from the centre to the circumference, imitating the feathers
of a peacock's tail.

Dragon's-TAIL [in astronomy] the descending node of a planet.

Plough-TAIL, the handle of the plough.

To Stave and TAIL. See To STAVE.

Swallow-TAIL [in fortification] See Queue d' hironde.

To TAIL, verb act. to pull by the tail. Hudibras.

TAI’LED, adj. [of tail] having a tail.

TAI’LLAGE, subst. [taille, Fr.] Taillage originally signifies a piece cut
out of the whole; and metaphorically, a share of a man's substance
paid by way of tribute. In law it signifies a toll or tax. Cowel.

TAILLE, subst. See TAIL in Law.

TAILLE’ [in heraldry] the same as Parte per bend sinister.

TAILLE’ Douce, a term in paining, which, Mr. Evelyn says, signi­
fies the art of sculpture, or calcography itself; whether done with the
burin, or graver, or with aquafortis, which is called etching.

TAILLE’ [in music] the same as tenor.

TAI’LLIOR [in architecture] is the flat, square stone on the capital of a
pillar.








TAI’LOR, subst. [un tailleur, tailler, Fr. to cut] a maker of clothes.

To TAILOR, verb act. [of tailler, Fr. to cut out] to make garments:
a bad word.

TAILS of Lions, are borne in coat-armour, who are said to have very
great strength in them, and to slap them about their back and sides
when they are in anger, and also to sweep the ground with them, when
pursued, to wipe out their foot-steps, that they may not be followed by
the track.

TAINCT, subst. a small red spider, that infests cattle in the summer
time.

TAINT, subst. [teinte, of teint, Fr. dried or coloured] 1. Tincture,
spot or stain. 2. The same as tainct; an insect. There is found in the
summer, a spider called a taint, of a red colour, and so little, that ten
of the largest will hardly outweigh a grain. Brown. 3. Infection. 4.
A spot, soil, blemish, or sully.

To TAINT, verb act. [teindre, teint, Fr.] 1. To imbue or impreg­
nate with something. The tainted gale. Thomson. 2. To sully, to
stain. 3. To infect. 4. To corrupt. 5. [Of atteint, attainted, a cor­
rupt contraction of attaint] to convict of a crime, &c.

To TAINT, verb neut. to be infected or touched with infection. I
cannot taint with fear. Shakespeare.

TAI’NTLESS, adj. [of taint] free from being infected, untainted.

TAI’NTURE, subst. [teinture, Fr. tinctura, Lat.] tinge, taint, defile­
ment. Shakespeare.


TAK

To TAKE, verb act. [tag (e) Dan. tag (a) Su. pret. took, part, pass.
taken, sometimes, took, taka, Island. ey tek, I take, ey took, I took]
1. To receive from another what is offered. Then took I the cup at the
Lord's hand. Jeremiah, 2. To lay hold on, to catch by surprize; as
to take advantage, or use artifice. 3. To snatch, to seize in general.
To take up any occasion. Hale. 4. To seize what is not given. 5.
To receive in general. 6. To receive with good or ill will. 7. To make
prisoner. 8. To delight, to engage, to captivate with pleasure. 9.
To surprize, to catch. Taken at a disadvantage. Collier. 10. To en­
trap, to catch in a snare. 11. To understand in any particular sense.
12. To exact. Take no usury. Leviticus. 13. To get, to appropriate,
to have. Take the goods to thyself. Genesis. 14. To use, to employ.
This man takes time. Watts. 15. To blast, to infect. 16. To judge
in favour of. What side to take. Dryden. 17. To admit any thing
bad from without. To keep my wounds from taking air. Hudibras.
18. To get, to procure. 19. To turn to, to practise. 20. To comply
with, to close in with. 21. To form, to fix. 22. To catch in the
hand, to seize. 23. To admit, to suffer any stamp or impression. 24.
To perform any action in general. 25. To receive into the mind. 26.
To go into. To take ship. Camden. 27. To go along, to follow, to
pursue. Took the same train or course. Dryden. 28. To swallow, to
receive in general. 29. To swallow as a medicine. 30. To choose
one out of more. 31. To copy. Beauty alone could beauty take off
right. Dryden. 32. To convey, to transport, to carry. 33. To fasten
on, to seize. 34. Not to refuse, to accept. 35. To adopt. 36. To
change with respect to place. He took out two-pence. Luke. 37.
 To separate. 38. To admit, to receive. 39. To pursue, to go in.
Take the way. Dryden. 40. To receive any disposition or temper of
mind, good or bad. 41. To endure, to bear. Take a jest. Spectator.
42. To draw, to derive. 43. To leap, to jump over. Make you
take the hatch. Shakespeare. 44. To assume. 45. To allow, to ad­
mit. 46. To receive with fondness. 47. To carry out for use. They
should take nothing for their journey. St. Mark. 48. To suppose, to
receive in thought, to entertain in opinion. 49. To direct, to steer a
course. Takes his airy course. Dryden. 50. To separate for one's self
from any quantity, to remove for one's self from any place. God took
him. Genesis. 51. Not to leave, not to omit. To take along with
them a clear idea. Arbuthnot. 52. To receive payments. 53. To ob­
tain by mensuration. He took the dimensions, Swift. 54. To with­
draw. Took me aside. Spectator. 55. To effect so as not to last, to
seize with a transitory impulse. 56. To comprise, to comprehend. 57.
To have recourse to, to repair to. 58. To produce, or suffer to be pro­
duced. Take good effect. Spenser. 59. To catch in the mind. 60.
To hire, to rent. 61. To engage in, to be active in. Taking your
part. Shakespeare. 62. To suffer, to support. Take thy chance. Ad­
dison. 63. To admit in copulation. 64. To catch eagerly. Took the
word. Dryden. 65. To use as an oath or expression. 66. To seize,
as a disease. 67. To take away; to deprive of, to divest. 68. To take
away; to set aside, to remove. 69. To take care; to be careful for, to
superintend. 70. To take care; to be cautious or vigilant. 71. To
take course; to have recourse to measures. 72. To take down; to crush,
to humble, to suppress, to reduce. 73. To take down; to swallow, to
take by the mouth. 74. To take from; to detract, to derogate. 75.
To take from; to divest, to deprive of. 76. To take heed; to beware, to
be cautious. 77. To take heed to; to attend. 78. To take in; to com­
prise, to comprehend. 79. To take in; to admit, to receive. 80. To
take in; to win. 81. To take in; to receive. 82. To take in; to re­
ceive into the mind. 83. To take oath; to swear. 84. To take off; to
invalidate, to destroy, to remove. 85. To take off; to withhold, to
withdraw. 86. To take off; to swallow. 87. To take off; to purchase.
88. To take off; to copy. 89. To take off; to find place for. 90. To
take off; to remove. 91. To take order with; to take course with, to
check, to restrain. 92. To take out; to remove from within any place.
93. To take part; to share. 94. To take place; to prevail, to have ef­
fect. 95. To take up; to borrow upon credit or interest. 96. To take up;
to be ready for, to engage with in battle. 97. To take up; to apply to
the use of. We took up arms. Addison. 98. To take up; to begin.
99. To take up; to fasten with a ligature passed under. 100. To take up;
to engross, to engage. 101. To take up; to seize, to catch, to arrest,
to imprison, 102. To take up; to have final recourse to. Took up their
rest in the Christian religion. Addison. 103. To take up; to admit.
104. To take up; to reprimand, to answer by chiding or reproving. 105.
To take up; to begin where the former left off. 106. To take up; to
lift. 107. To take up; to occupy, to employ. 108. To take up; to ad­
just, to accommodate; as, to take up a quarrel. 109. To take up; to
comprize. 110. To take up; to adopt, to assume. 111. To take up; to
collect, to exact a tax. 112. To take on, or upon; to appropriate to, to
assume, to admit to be imputed to. 113. To take upon; to assume, to
arrogate, to claim authority. 114. To take root [in plants] to sprout or
push downwards. 115. To take in marriage; to marry. 116. To take
in writing; to write down. 117. To take a walk; to go a walking.
118. To take coach, water, or horse; to go by coach, water, or an
horse-back. 119. To take the field [war term] to begin the campaign.

To TAKE, verb neut. 1. To direct the course, to have a tendency to.
Some took towards the park. Dryden. 2. To please, to gain reception.
3. To have the natural or intended effect. The impression taketh. Ba­
con. 4. To catch, to fix. Flame taketh. Bacon. 5. To take after;
to learn of, to resemble, to imitate. 6. To take in; to inclose. 7. To
take in; to cheat, to gull; a low vulgar phrase. 8. To take in; to con­
tract, to bring into a narrower compass, to lessen; as, to take in the
sails. 9. To take in hand; to undertake. 10. To take in with; to resort
to. Take in with the contrary faction. Bacon. 11. To take notice; to
observe. 12. To take notice; to shew by any act that observation is
made. 13. To take on; to be violently affected. 14. To take on; to
grieve, to pine. 15. To take on; to assume, to arrogate. I take not
here on me as a physician. Shakespeare. 16. To take to; to apply to,
to be fond of. 17. To take to; to betake, to have recourse. 18. To
take up; to stop. Sinners at last take up and settle in a contempt of re­
ligion. Tillotson. 19. To take up; to reform. 20. To take up with;
to be contented with. 21. To take up with; to lodge, to dwell. 22.
To take with; to please.

To TAKE and Leave [in sea language] a phrase used of a ship when
she sails so well, that she can come up with another, or out-sail her at
pleasure; then they say, the ship can take and leave upon her, if she
will.

TA’KEN, part. pass. of take. See To TAKE.

TA’KER, subst. [of take] one that takes.

TA’KING, subst. [of take] seizure, distress, calamity.


TAL

TALA’RIA, Lat. the winged shoes of Mercury.

TALARIA [with physicians] gouty swellings in the ankles.

TA’LBOT, subst. [prob. of tagl, a tail, and bufan, Sax. above] a dog
with his tail turned up, noted for his quick scent, in finding out the
tracks, lodgings, and forms of beasts, and pursuing them with open
mouth, and a continual cry, with such eagerness, that, if not taken off
by the huntsman, he is spoiled.

TALE, subst. [talu, tæle, of tellan, Sax. to tell or relate, tale, Dan.
taal, Su. a discourse] 1. A narrative, a story; commonly a slight or
petty account of some trifling or fabulous incident; as, a tale of a tub.
2. Oral relation. 3. [talan, Sax.] to count, number reckoned.

TALE [of getæl, Sax. tal, Dan. getal, Du. zahn, Ger.] 1. A com­
putation, reckoning, numeral accounts. 2. Information, disclosure of
any thing secret. To tell tales what they find. Bacon.

TA’LE-BEARER, subst. [of tale and bear] one who gives officious or
malignant intelligence, a tell-tale.

TA’LE-BEARING, subst. [of tale and bear] the act of informing offi­
ciously and malignantly.

TA’LENT, Fr. [talento, It. and Sp. talentum, Lat. ΤΑΛΑΝΤΟΝ, Gr.] 1. A
talent signified so much weight, or a sum of money, the value differing
according to the different ages and countries. Arbuthnot. 2. Faculty,
power, gift of nature. A metaphor borrowed from the talents men­
tioned in the Gospel. 3. Quality, nature. An improper and mistaken
use. Without any ill talent to the church. Clarendon and Swift.

TALENT [among the Jews] of silver, value 342l. 3s. 9d. of gold,
4574l. sterling; but according to Dr. Cumberland, a talent of silver
weighed 3000 shekels, and was in our money 353l. 11s. 10d. the talent
of gold was of the same weight, and in our money, 5075l. 15s. 7d.
and in the tables of the Grecian, Roman, &c. a Grecian talent is equal
to 60 minæ; and in our money, 193l. 15s. And if there be any mis­
take in what follows, the reader must rectify it for himself.

TALENT [among the Greeks] of silver, in value 193l. 15s.

TALENT [a Jewish weight] which being reduced to English weight,
troy, contains 189 pounds, 8 ounces, 15 penny-weights, and 17 grains.

TALENT [common Attic] is 56 pounds, 11 ounces, 17 grains, troy
weight.

TALENT [Egyptian] 75 pounds, 10 ounces, 14 penny-weights, and
6 grains.

TALENT [of Alexandria] contains 91 pounds, 15 penny-weights,
troy.

TALENT [of Antioch] contains 341 pounds, 6 ounces, 4 penny­
weights, 6 grains, troy.

Great TALENT of Silver [among the Romans] 99l. 6s. 8d. ster­
ling.

TALENT the Lesser [of silver] worth 75l. sterling.

TALENT the Greater [of gold] worth 1125l. sterling.

TA’LENTS. 1. Parts or endowments. 2. Desire or inclination See
TALENT.

TA’LES, Lat. such, like.

TALES, Lat. [in law] a supply of jury-men for them that do not ap­
pear, or who have been challenged as not indifferent persons.

TA’LESMAN, the author of a story; as, I tell you my tale and my
talesman.

TALIATU’RA [in old records] talshide or talwood, longwood, made
into billets.

TA’LION Law [lex talionis, Lat.] a retribution or punishment, where
by an evil is returned perfectly like that committed against us by another;
as an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, &c.

TA’LISMAN [ΤΕΛΕΣΜΑ, Gr.] a magical character, supposed to be certain
figures or images, engraved or carved under several superstitious obser­
vations of the characters and dispositions of the heavens, to which some
astrologers, &c. attribute wonderful virtues, as calling down the in­
fluence of the celestial bodies; some say it is a seal, figure, character or
image of a heavenly sign, constellation or planet, engraved on a sym­
pathetic stone, or on a metal corresponding to the star or planet, in or­
der to receive *Thus Abulpharagius having, in the Life of Almamun, related the
story of the magic ring and pen, says “that the chaliph's astrolo­
gers ranked them amongst the species of talismans,” and adds,
“that the inventor of both made talismans against beetles in many
houses of Bagdad.” Hist. Dynast. p. 250. Vers. Pocock, p.
162, 163. Telism, Arab. its influence; they are some of them fondly believed to
be preservatives against all kinds of evil; or to have the power of de­
stroying vermin: some again are fancied to have mischievous effects,
and that according as the talisman is preserved or wasted, the person
whom it represents is preserved or wasted away.

TALISMA’NIC, or TALISMA’NICAL, adj. [of talisman] pertaining to a
talisman, magical. The former Addison uses.

TALI’SMANIST [talismaniste, Fr.] 1. A maker of talismans. 2. One
who gives credit to them.








To TALK, verb neut. [taelen, Du. tellan, Sax.] 1. To speak, to
discourse fluently and familiarly, not to converse in set speeches. 2. To
prattle idly, to speak impertinently. 3. To give account. 4. To speak,
to reason, to confer.

TALK, subst. [talu, of tellan, Sax.] 1. Discourse, fluent and familiar
speech, oral conversation. 2. Report, rumour. 3, Subject of dis­
course. And be their talk. Milton.

TALC, or TALK, subst. Fr. [talcum, Lat.] stones composed of plates
are generally parallel, flexible, and elastic; as talk, catsilver, or glim­
mer, of which there are three sorts; the yellow or golden, the white or
silvery, and the black. Woodward.

TA’LKATIVE [of talk] full of talk, prating much.

TA’LKATIVENESS [of talkative] fulness of prate, quality of being
given to talk much.

TA’LKER, subst. [of talk] 1. One who talks. 2. A pratling person,
one who talks too much. 3. A braggadochio, a boaster. Taylor.

TA’LKY, adj. [of talk] consisting of talc, resembling talc. Wood­
ward.

TALL adj. [tal, Brit. Prob. of ללח, Heb. he elevated, or of taille, Fr.
flature, or tall, Su. a pine] 1. High in stature. 2. High, lofty in ge­
neral. Tallest pines. Milton. 3. Sturdy, lusty.

TA’LLA, Lat. [with physicians] a swelling of the gout about the
ancles.

TA’LLAGE, subst. [taillage, Fr. taglia, It.] custom or impost.

TA’LLAGE [in old records] a certain rate, according to which barons
and knights were taxed by the king, towards the expences of the state,
and inferiour tenants by their lords on certain occasions.

TALLA’GIUM Facere [in old records] to give up accounts in the Ex­
chequer.

TA’LLATIO [in an university] a keeping an account, as by tallies, of
the bottles, and delivery of meat and drink in a college.

TA’LLIA, the set allowance in meat and drink for every canon and
prebendary in our old cathedral churches.

TALLIA’RI de Certo, &c. [in old records] to be assessed at a certain
rate towards the tallage or tax formerly laid by the king on his barons
and knights.

TA’LLOW, subst. [talge, Dan. and Su. talch, L. Ger.] the fat of beasts
melted, suet.

To TA’LLOW, verb act. [from the subst.] to do over with tallow, to
grease.

TA’LLOW-CHANDLER, subst. [of tallow and chandelier, Fr.] a maker
and vender of tallow candles; not a wax chandler.

TA’LLOW-CHANDLERS, were incorporated anno 1461, and by several
kings afterwards confirmed. They consist of a master, four wardens,
about 40 assistants, and 148 livery-men, &c, The livery fine is 15 l.
8s. Their armorial ensigns are party per fess azure and argent, a pale
counterchanged; on every piece of the first a turtle dove; of the second,
with each an olive branch in its mouth, or. Their hall is on Dowgate-
Hill.

TALLOW-TREE, a certain tree which produces a sort of unctuous
juice, of which candles are made.

TA’LLOWISH, adj. [of tallow] greasy, having the nature of tal­
low.

TALL-WOOD, a long sort of shive riven out of trees, which is cut
shorter into billets.

TA’LLY [bois taillé, of tailler, Fr. to cut, taglia, It. taja, Sp.] 1. A
cut, or cleft piece of wood or stick in conformity to another, to score up
an account upon by notches; such as is given at the king's exchequer
to those who pay in money there upon loans. 2. Any thing in general
made to suit another.

To TALLY, verb neut. [tailler, Fr. tagliare, It.] to answer exactly
as one tally does to another, or the tally to the stock; to be fitted, to be
conformable or suitable.

To TA’LLY, verb act. 1. To fit, to suit, to cut out for any thing.
2. To mark or score upon a tally.

To TALLY the Sheets [sea phrase] a word of command, ordering the
sheats of the main-sail or fore-sail to be haled off.

TA’LLYMAN, one who sells clothes, linen, and other necessaries on
credit, to be paid by weekly payments.

TA’LMUD, or THALMUD, subst. [דומלח, of דמל, Heb. he learned]
seven folio volumes of the Jewish oral law or ceremonies, and comments
of their rabbins thereupon, in great esteem with them. See MISHNA,
and SONNITES, compared.

TALMU’DICAL, adj. [of talmud] pertaining to the Talmud.

TA’LMUDIST, one well versed or studious in the Talmud.

TA’LNESS, subst. [of tall] height of stature.

TA’LON, Fr. [i. e. a heel] the claw of a bird of prey.

TALON [with architects] a small member made of square fillets, and a
strait cymatium: it is different from an astragal, the latter being a round
member; whereas the talon consists of two portions of a circle, one on
the outside, and the other within.

Reversed TALON, is a talon with the concave part uppermost.

TA’LONED, adj. [of talon] having talons.

TA’LONS, plur. [of talon] the claws of a bird of prey.

TA’LPA, Lat. a mole [with surgeons] a swelling that is soft and
pretty large, usually arising in the head and face, which takes its name
from its preying upon the scull under the skin, as a mole creeps under the
ground.

TA’IPES [in chirurgery] tumours on the head, commonly the conse­
quence of the venerial disease. They raise the skin from the pericra­
nium, and generally indicate the foulness of the bone underneath.

TA’LUS [with anatomists] a bone of the heel with a convex
head.

TALUS [in architecture] is the sensible inclination or slope of a work;
as of the outside of a wall, when its thickness is diminished by degrees,
as it rises in height, to make it firmer.

TALUS Exterior, is the slope on the outside, towards the country.

TALUS Interior [in fortification] is the steepness of a work on the in­
side towards the place.

TALUS, Lat. [in fortification] is the slope given to the rampart or
wall, that it may stand the faster.

TALUS Superior, of a parapet, is the slope on the top of the parapet,
that allows the soldiers to defend the covert-way with small shot, which
they could not do were it level.

TA’LSHIDE [in old statutes] fire-wood.

TA’MARIND, or TAMARIND-TREE, subst. [tamarin, Fr. tamarindo, It.
and Sp. tamarindus, Lat.] 1. An Indian fruit. Lenitives are cassia;
tamarinds. Wiseman. 2. The tree.

TA’MARISK [tamaris, Fr. and Sp. tamarisco, It. tamariscus, Lat.] a
kind of tree that grows tall, and its wood is medicinal. Mortimer.

TA’MBAC, or TAMBA’QUA, a mixture of gold and copper, which the
Siamese account more beautiful, and set a greater value on than on gold
itself.

TA’MBARINE [tambourin, Fr.] a small drum, a tabor. Spenser.

TA’MBOUR, Fr. [tanbor, Arab.] 1. A drum. 2. A fine sieve. Abul­
pharagius represents it as a musical instrument of a lower kind, in use
among the Arabians; and yet (if I'm not mistaken) in process of time
came into so much repute, as to be struck, or play'd upon, before the
Sultans of the house of Ottoman; and when Sultan Aladin sent to Oth­
man-beg, the royal banner, sword, and robe, he sent withal the tambour
[or tympanum]; as the learned Pocock in his specimen tells us; who adds,
that while the tambour was struck, Othman (who was then a dependant
on Sultan Aladin) did, in honour of that prince, arise, and stand upon
his feet; and, that from hence the custom flow'd, that the Turkish sol­
diery always stand, while the royal tambours are plying.”—Pocock's
Specimen, p. 42.

TAMBOUR [in architecture] a term used of the Corinthian and Com­
posite Capitals, of a member that bears some resemblance to a drum;
also a little box of timber-work, covered with a cieling within side the
porch of some churches, to keep out the wind by folding doors.

TAMBOUR [in masonry] a round stone or course of stones, several
whereof form a section of the shaft of a column not so high as a diame­
ter.

TAME, adj. [tame, Sax. tam, Dan. tamd, Su. tem, Du. taem, L.
Ger. zahm, H. Ger.] 1. Not wild, gentle, domestic. 2. Crushed, sub­
dued, spiritless, heartless. 3. Unanimated, spiritless; as, a tame poem:
a low phrase.

To TAME, verb act. [gatamgan, Goth. tame, temean, Sax. temm
(en) Du. taem (en) L. Ger. zahm (en) H. Ger. domare, It. and Lat. do­
mar, Sp.] 1. To make that which was wild, unruly or disobedient, gen­
tle, governable and obedient; to reclaim. 2. To subdue, to conquer,
to crush.

To TAME [or suppress] the passions.

TAME. See THAME.

TA’MEABLE, adj. [of tame] that may be tamed.

TA’MELY, adv. [tamelice, Sax.] after a gentle manner, not wildly,
meanly, spiritlesly.

TA’MENESS, subst. [tamenesse, Sax.] 1. Gentleness, not wildness.
2. Want of spirits.

TA’MER, subst. [of tame] one that tames or conquers, a subduer.

TA’MMY, or TA’MY, subst. a sort of worsted stuff, which lies cock­
led.

TA’MPION, or TA’MKIN, subst. 1. A kind of plug or stopple for clo­
sing of a vessel. 2. [In gunnery] the stopple of the mouth of a great
gun.

To TA’MPER, verb neut. [of tempero, Lat. Skinner. Of uncertain
etymology] 1. To be busy with physic. 2. To meddle, to have to
do without fitness or necessity. 3. To deal with, to practise upon, to
endeavour to draw in, or bring to one's purpose.

TA’MWORTH, a borough town, 107 measured miles from London.
It is so equally divided by the river Tame, that one half, viz. The west
part, stands in Staffordshire, and the east in Warwickshire; and each
chuses a member of parliament.


TAN

To TAN, verb act. [tannan, Sax. tannen, Du. tanner, Fr.] 1. To
prepare the hides of beasts by impregnating or imbuing them with bark,
so as to make them into leather. 2. [Prob. a corruption of tawney, and
that of tane, It. tawney, or of tané, Fr.] to embrown or scorch by the
sun, to burn as the sun does.

To TAN, verb neut. To become tawney by being burnt in the sun.

TAN, subst. [tan, Sax.] the bark of the oak, or other tree, ground or
chopt, used in tanning or dressing of skins.

TANA’CETUM, Lat. [with botanists] tansey.

TA’NACLES [perhaps of tanailles, Fr.] certain instruments of torture
like pincers.

TANE for TAKEN, ta'en. May.

TAN-HOUSE [tanerie, Fr. teneria, Sp.] the place for tanning.

TANG, subst. [prob. of tanghe, Du. sharp, acrid] 1. A rank taste, a
strong taste left in the mouth. 2. Relish, taste: a low word. Not the
least tang of religion. Atterbury. 3. Something that leaves a sting or
pain behind it. A tongue with a tang. Shakespeare. 4. Sound, tone.
Mistaken for tone or twang. Holder.

To TANG, verb act. [mistaken for twang. Johnson] to ring with.
Let thy tongue tang arguments of state. Shakespeare.

TA’NGENT, subst. Fr. [of tangens, Lat. touching; with mathematicians]
a right line drawn on the outside of a circle perpendicular to some radius
or semi-diameter. A plane is said to be tangent to a cone when it is
coincident with two lines, one of which is drawn on the surface of the
cone, and thro' its vertex; and the other a tangent to the circle of the
base, meeting the former line in the point of contact.

TANGENT of a Curve, is a right line drawn so as to touch it, but, if
continued, will not cut it.

TANGENT [in geometry] a right line which touches a circle, i. e.
that meets it in such a manner, that, if infinitely produced, it would ne­
ver cut the same, i. e. never come within the circle.

TANGENT of an Arch [in trigonometry] is a right line raised perpen­
dicularly on the extreme of the diameter, and continued to a point,
where it is cut by a secant, i. e. by a line drawn from the center, thro'
the extremity of the arch, whereof it is a tangent.

TANGENT of a Conic Section, as of a parabola, or other algebraic
curve, is a right line drawn cutting the axis produced.

Artificial TANGENTS, are the logarithms of the tangents of arches.

Line of TANGENTS, a line usually placed on the sector and Gunter's
scale.

Method of TANGENTS, a method of determining the quantity of the
tangent of any algebraic curve, the equation defining that curve being
given.

TANGENT of a Circle [in geometry] is a right line drawn without the
circle, perpendicular to some radius, and which touches the circle but in
one point.








TANGIBI’LITY [of tangible] the quality of being felt by the touch.

TA’NGIBLE, adj. [tangibile, Fr. It. and Sp. tangibilis, Lat.] that may
be touched, sensible to the touch.

TA’NGLE, subst. 1. A knot of things mingled in one another, a com­
plication of things. 2. [Among the Scots] a sea-weed, such as adheres
to oysters, and grows on rocks by the sea-side, between high water and
low water mark.

To TA’NGLE, verb act. [prob. of tangl, Sax. a small twig of which
snares were made for birds] 1. To implicate or knit together. 2. To
ensnare, to entrap. 3. To embroil, to embarrass. Crashaw. See To
ENTANGLE.

To TANGLE, verb neut. to be entangled, or intricate, as thread, &c.

TA’NIST, subst. [of 'dane, Sax. a nobleman, taanisther, Irish and
Erse] elected to a chieftainry or captainry. After the death of any of
their captains (meaning chiefs) they assemble to choose another in his
stead, and nominate commonly the next brother, and then next to him
do they chuse next of the blood to be tanist, who shall next succeed him
in the said captainry. Spenser.

TA’NISTRY [from tanist] an ancient municipal law or tenure of Eng­
land, which allotted the tenure of lands, castles, &c. held by this te­
nure, to the oldest and most worthy and capable person of the name or
blood of the person deceased, without any regard to proximity.

TANISTRY [in the kingdom of Ireland] an ancient custom of prefer­
ring a man of ripe age before a child, an uncle before a nephew, &c.
See TANIST. By the Irish custom of tanistry, the chieftains of every
country, and the chief of every sect, had no longer the estate than for life
in their chieferies: And when their chieftains were dead, their sons, or
next heirs did not succeed them, but their tanists, who were elective, and
purchased their elections by strong hand. Davies.

TANK, subst. [tanque, O. Fr.] a sort of large bason, cistern or pond
in the ground, to keep water in.

TA’NKARD, subst. [tanquard, Fr. not improbably of cantharus, Lat.
but Dr. J. H. derives it of twang, or noise the lid makes] a large vessel
with a cover, for strong drink, a drinking-pot.

TA’NNER [of tannan, Sax. or taneur, Fr.] one that prepares hides
and skins by tanning them so as to make them into leather.

TAN-PIT, a pit or cave into which the hides are put to be tanned.

TA’NQUAM, Lat. as it were, as tho' or if.

A TANQUAM [in the universities] is used of a person of worth and
learning, who is fit company for the fellows of colleges, &c.

TA’NSY [tanacetum, Lat. tanaisé, Fr. tanaceto, It. athanasia, Sp.] an
herb; also a sort of pancake or pudding made with it.

TANTA’LIDES, so were the descendants of Tantalus called. See TAN­
TALIZE.

TA’NTALISM, subst. [of tantalise] a punishment like that of Tantulus.
Addison.

To TA’NTALIZE, verb act. [of Tantalus, a king of Phrygia, whose
punishment was to starve among fruits and water, which he could not
reach, by their continally receding whenever he attempted to take
them] to torment by the shew of pleasures which cannot be reach'd.
Addison.

TA’NTAMOUNT, adj. Fr. [of tantum, Lat. or tant, so much, and mon­
tant, of monter, Fr. to amount] equivalent or that amounts or comes to
so much.

TANTI’VY, adv. [from the note of a hunting horn, so expressed in ar­
ticulate sounds; of tanta, with so much, and vi, Lat. force. Skinner] a
full gallop. or full speed.

To Ride TANTIVY, to ride with full speed.

TANTIVY, a nick-name given to a worldly-minded clergyman, who
bestirs himself for preferment.

TA’NTLING, subst. [of Tantalus] one seized or tormented with hopes
of pleasure inattainable. Shakespeare.


TAP

To TAP [tæppan, Sax. tapper, Fr. tappen, Du. tap, Su. and L. Ger.
zapzen, H. Ger.] 1. To broach a cask or vessel, to pierce a vessel. It
is likewise used of the liquor. 2. To touch lightly, to strike gently.

To TAP, verb neut. [with hunters] as, a hare is said to tap or beat,
when he makes a noise.

To TAP a Tree [in horticulture] is to open it round about the root,
also to bore a hole in trees for letting out a liquor, as beech, firs, pines,
&c.

TAP [tæppe, Sax. tap, Dan. and Du. tapp, Su.] a fosset and spiggot
for drawing liquors out of a vessel; also a gentle blow.

TA’PHOUSE, an alehouse, especially belonging to an inn.

TA’PROOT, subst. [of tap and root] the principal stem of the root.
Mortimer.

TAP-TO. See TATTOO.

TAPA’SSANT [a hunting term] lurking or squatting.

TAPE, subst. [tæppan, Sax. of estoupe, Fr. coarse flax. Skinner] a sort
of ribbon made of linen yarn, &c. a narrow fillet or band.

TA’PER [taper, Sax.] a long wax candle or light.

TAPER, or TA’PERING, adj. [from the form of a taper] broad at the
bottom, and growing less and less, till it comes to or near to a point at
the top, pyramidal, conical.

To TA’PER, verb neut. to become smaller from the one end to the
other.

TAPER-BORED [with gunners] a piece of ordnance is said so to be,
when it is wider at the mouth than towards the breech.

TA’PERING [with sailors] is when a rope or any thing is considera­
bly bigger at one end, and grows lesser towards the other.

TA’PESTRY, or TA’PISTRY, subst. [tapes, tapetum, Lat. tapesterie, ta­
pis, tapisserie Fr. tapezzeria, It. tapices, Sp. teppisch, or tapet, Ger.] a
curious sort of manufacture, being cloth woven in regular figures, for
hangings of rooms, &c.

TAPEI’NOSIS [ΤΑΠΕΙΝΩΣΙΣ, Gr. humiliation] a figure in rhetorie, when
the orator speaks less than the truth.

TA’PET, subst. [tapetia, Lat. tapet, Ger.] worked or figured stuff.
Spenser.

TA’PHIUS, Lat. one of the sons of Neptune, by Hippothoë,

TA’PPING, subst. [in chirurgery] an operation in which any of the
venters are pierced, to let out matter, as in a dropsy.

To TA’PPY, verb neut. [of se tapir, Fr.] to lie concealed; spoken of
deer.

TA’PSTER, subst. [tæppestre, Sax. tapster, Du.] a drawer of beer at
an alehouse.

TA’PSUS [with botanists] the herb white-mullein.


TAR

TAR, subst. [tare, tera, teor, Sax. tarre, Du. tiara, Su. tier, Dan.]
liquid pitch, turpentine, or a sort of gross, fatty liquor, drained out by
fire from the trunks of pine or fir-trees.

TAR, subst. [from tar, used in ships] a sailor, a seaman; in con­
tempt.

To TAR, verb act. [teeren, Du.] 1. To do over with tar. 2. To
teaze, to provoke; with on. Shakespeare.

TARA’NTÆUS [ΤΑΣΑΝΤΑΙΟΣ, Gr.] a name given Jupiter, from the city
of Taranta in Bithynia.

TARA’NTARA, the sound of a trumpet, in calling to battle.

TARANTA’TI, Lat. persons bitten by the insect, called a tarantula.

TARA’NTISM, a distemper that arises from the bite of a tarantula.

TARA’NTULA, It. [tarentula, Fr. So named of Tarentum in Apulia]
a venomous ash-coloured spider, speckled with little white and black,
or red and green spots, about the size of an acorn, and having eight
feet, and as many eyes; it is hairy, and from it mouth proceed two
sorts of horns or trunks, with exceeding sharp tops, through which it
conveys its poison, whose bite is of such a nature, that it is to be cured
only by music,

TARA’XACON, Lat. [with botanists] the herb dandelion.

TARA’XIS [ΤΑρΑξΙΣ, of ΤΑΣΑΣΣΩ, Gr.] a perturbation of the humours
of the eye, stomach, or the entrails.

TA’RCHON [ΤΑρχΩΝ, Gr.] the herb tarragon.

TA’RDANT, adj. [tardans, Lat.] lingering, delaying, &c.

TARDA’TION, subst. [tardo, Lat.] the act of hindering or delay­
ing.

TA’RDIGRADE, or TARDI’GRADOUS, adj. [tardigradus, Lat.] slow­
paced, going slowly. Brown.

TARDI’LOQUENCE, subst. [tardiloquentia, Lat.] slowness of speech.

TARDILO’QUIOUS, adj. [tardiloquus, Lat.] slow of speech.

TA’RDILY, adv. [of tardy] slowly, sluggishly.

TA’RDINESS [of tardy] 1. Slowness, unwillingness to motion or action:
a low word. 2. Guiltiness of a fault.

TA’RDITY, subst. [tarditas, from tardus, Lat. tardivité, Fr.] slowness,
want of swiftness. Digby.

TA’RDY, adj. [tardus, Lat. tartif, Fr. tardo, It.] 1. Slow, not swift.
2. Loitering, sluggish, unwilling to act or move. 3. Dilatory, late, te­
dious. 4. Unwary: a low word. I took thee tardy. Hudibras. 5.
Criminal, offending: also a low word. Collier. 6. Guilty.

To TA’RDY, verb act. [tarder, Fr.] to delay, to hinder. Shake­
speare.

TA’RDO, It. [in music books] signifies slow, much the same as lar­
go, It.

TARE, pret. of tear. See To TEAR.

TARE, subst. Fr. [tara, of tarare, It. to substract] 1. The weight.
2. The allowance made to the buyer for weight of the cask, box, frail,
chest, wrapper, bag, or any thing containing any merchandize or com­
modity sold by weight.

To TARE, verb act. [tarare, It.] to mark a cask, &c. with such
weight.

TARE of Flax, the finest dress'd part.

TARE, subst. [teeren, Du. Skinner. or tehren, L. Ger. zehren, H. Ger.
to consume, because they rob or consume the corn] a weed growing
among corn.

TARGE, or TA’RGET [targa, Sax. targa, It. taria, Sp. targe, Fr.
tarian, Wel. which, as Johnson says, seems to be the original of the
rest; taargett, Erse] a kind of shield or buckler, borne on the left arm.
It was commonly used for a defensive weapon, and less in circumference
than a shield.

TA’RGUM, subst. Chald. [i. e. the interpretation] a paraphrase on the
Pentateuch, &c. in the Chaldee language.

TA’RIFF, subst. [Perhaps a Spanish word. Johnson. tarif, Fr. tariffa,
It.] the rates agreed upon between princes and states, to be laid upon
their respective merchandizes; a cartel of commerce. A tariff or decla­
ration of the duties of import and export. Addison.

TARIFF [with arithmeticians] a proportional table, contrived for the
speedy resolving questions in the rule of fellowship, when the stocks,
losses and gains are very numerous: Also a table framed to shew, at first
sight, any multiple or divisor, taken any number of times under ten, for
the more easy and speedy division of a large sum.

TARN, subst. [tiorn, Isl.] a bog, a fen, a pool, a quagmire.

To TA’RNISH, verb act. [ternir, se ternir, Fr.] to sully, to soil, to
make not bright.

To TARNISH, verb neut. to lose its lustre or brightness, to grow dull,
to become sullied.

TA’RNISHED, part, adj. [of terni, Fr.] having lost its lustre or bright­
ness, as silver-plate does; sullied, grown dull.

TARPA’WLING [of tare, Sax. tar, and pallium, Lat. a cloke] 1. A
piece of canvas well tarred. 2. A downright seaman; in contempt.

TARPE’IUS, Lat. a name given Jupiter, from mons Tarpeius in
Rome.

TA’RRAGON [so called from Tarragona in Spain] the herb dragon­
wort, or herb-dragon.

TARR. See TAR.

TA’RRAS, subst. [of terras, Du. Skinner] a sort of pliaster or strong
mortar that water cannot soak through.

TA’RRACE, or TE’RRASS, subst. [in architecture] 1. An open walk or
gallery. 2. A flat roof of an house.

TA’RRIANCE, subst. [of tarry] stay, delay; perhaps sojourn. Shake­
speare.

TA’RRIER, subst. [of tarry] 1. One that tarries. 2. [From terre, Fr.
the earth, and therefore should be terrier] a small dog that hunts the
fox or other animal out of his hole. See TERRIER.

To TA’RRY, verb neut. [targir, tardir, Fr. tardare, It. tario, Brit.]
1. To stay, lag, loiter or abide in a place. 2. To delay, to be long in
coming,

To TARRY, verb act. [unless it be the verb neut. elliptically] to wait
for. Tarry dinner (instead of for dinner). Shakespeare.

TA’RRYING, part. adj. [of tarry] loitering or lagging, abiding or
continuing.

TA’RSEL, subst. a kind of hawk.

TA’RSUS, Lat. [with oculists] a certain skin in the eyelid.

TARSUS, Lat. [with anatomists] the space betwixt the lower end of
the two focil bones of the leg, and the beginning of the five long bones
that are joined with and bear up the toes. It comprises seven bones, viz.







astragalus, the os calcis, the os scaphoides, the naviculare, the os cunei­
forme, and three other bones, called ossa cuneiformia.

TA’RSUS [with some anatomical writers] the gristly end of the eye­
lids, where the hairs grow, otherwise called cilium.

TART, subst. [tarte, Fr. tarta, It. and Sp. taart, Dan. taert, Du. tart,
Ger.] a small fruit-pye.

TART, adj. [teart, Sax. taertig, Du.] 1. Sour, acid, sharp of taste.
2. Sharp, eager, pungent, severe. His humours grew tart. Wotton.

TA’RTANE, subst. Fr. [tartana, It.] a Mediterranean ship of great
bulk; it carries but one mast, and generally a three-cornered sail.

TA’RTAR, subst. [tartarus, Lat.] 1. Hell. A word used by the old
poets: now obsolete. 2. [tartarum, Lat. tartre, Fr. tartaro, It.] a
kind of salt which sticks to wine-casks like a hard stone, either white or
red, according to the colour of the wine whence it comes. The best
tartar comes from Germany, and is that of the Rhenish wine. Quincy.

TARTAR Emetick [with chemists] is cream or crystal of tartar, mixed
with a fourth part of crocus metallorum; and this mixture, boiled for
eight or nine hours in a sufficient quantity of water, in an earthen vessel,
and strained through a woollen cloth, which having been gently evapo­
rated to the quantity of one half, and set to cool, will strike into crystals.

TARTAR Soluble [with chemists] a kind of salt, prepared by boiling a
pound of cream of tartar, and half a pound of fixed salt of tartar in three
quarts of water, for the space of half an hour, in an earthen unglazed
vessel, and straining it when it is cold, and evaporating the moisture;
which when done, the salt will remain at the bottom.

TARTAR Vitriolate [with chemists] is prepared by pouring spirit of vi­
triol on oil of tartar per deliquium; and after the effervescence or bubbling
is over, by setting the glass in sand, and drawing out the vapours with a
gentle heat, till a very white salt remains at the bottom.

To catch a TARTAR, to meet with one's match; also to be disap­
pointed.

Cream of TARTAR [with chemists] tartar purified by boiling, and re­
crystallization.

Salt of TARTAR, is prepared by tartar washed, purified and calcined
in a chymical furnace.

Oil of TARTAR, is prepared by dissolving salt of tartar, and setting
it in a glass vessel in a cellar.

The TARTARS, or (as the Asiatic historians read the word) Tatars,
are either, 1. Those which lie on the back of the lake Mæotis, called
Crim-Tartars, and who are in perpetual confederacy, and most close
connexion with the Ottoman Turks; as their princes, it is said, expect

to succeed to the Turkish throne, whenever the race of Ottoman becomes
extinct: Or, 2. All those northern nations which occupy the vast tract
of land which extends north and north-east of Persia and the East Indies,
to the utmost bounds. One part of these Tartars (as is well known) did,
in process of time break thro' the frontier-wall, between them and
China, and made themselves masters of that country: But, long before
this, there were very considerable irruptions of the Mogol, or Mogul-
Tartars, into the south: First, under Jingiz-Chan, which commenced,
according to Abulpharagius, in the year of the Hegirah 610, and which,
according to Pocock's tables, answers to A. C. 1213. By this irruption
was many a Mahometan state (which had raised itself upon the decline
of the Saracen empire) overthrown, and by the taking of Bagdad, the
Abasside Caliphate itself. “This dynasty of the tartars lasted, according
to D'Herbelot, till about A. C. 1369; when Tamerlane [or Timur-chan]
who headed the next great irruption, despoiled Soiourgatmish, the last
sultan of the Mogul race in Persia, and laid the foundation of another
empire. However the Moguls, tho' fallen and divested of their great
empire, did not fail to appear under the name of Uzbegbs; for Shaibeg
Khan in his turn overthrew the power of the successors of Tamerlane in
Persia, and in the provinces beyond the river Oxus; and Babor, flying
from him into India, did, in A. H. 937 [i. e. about A. C. 1529.] esta­
blish a new dynasty, which (tho' descended from Tamerlane) bears the
name of Mogul, and reigns to this day in India; best known to us by the
title of the Great Mogul.” D'Herbelot Bibliothec. Oriental. See ABAS­
SIDES, LOCUSTS, OTTOMAN, TURK, and UZBEGH, compared.

TARTA’REOUS, adj. [of tartar] 1. Consisting of tartar. Grew. 2.
Hellish. Milton.

TARTA’REAN, adj. [tartareus, Lat.] pertaining to Tartarum, i. e.
a deep place in hell; also Hellish. Milton.

TA’RTARINE, adj. [tartarinus, Lat.] the same as tartareous.

To TA’RTARIZE, to impregnate, to imbue with tartar.

TA’RTARIZED, part. adj. [tartarisé, Fr.] refined or purified by the
help of salt of tartar.

TA’RTAROUS [of tartareus, Lat.] having a tartarous quality, con­
taining or consisting of tartar.

TA’RTISH, adj. [of tart] somewhat tart.

TA’RTLY, adv. [teartlice, Sax.] 1. Eagerly in taste, sharply, sourly.
2. Sharply in speech, with poignancy or severity. 3. With sourness of
aspect.

TA’RTNESS [teartness, Sax.] 1. Eagerness in taste, sharpness,
sourness. 2. Sourness of disposition, sharpness in speech.

TA’RTRE, Fr. hard less of wine. See TARTAR.

TARTRE, or A la TARTRE, Fr. [in cookery] a particular way of
dressing chickens, they having been first breaded and broiled on a grid­
iron.

TA’RTUFFE, Fr. a counterfeit pretender to devotion.


TAS

TA’SCO, a sort of clay for making melting-pots.

TA’SCONY, a sort of white earth like chalk, the only earth that en­
dures the blast of the bellows, the heat of the fire, and running metal.

TASK, subst. [tasck, tascu, Brit.] a tribute, and thence probably is de­
rived

TASK [of taerk, or tarse, Du. tasche, tache, Fr.] 1. A determinate
portion of work required of a person, something to be done imposed by
another. 2. Employment, business. 3. To take one to task; to repri­
mand, to call to account, to reprove.

To TASK, verb act. [from the subst.] to impose or burthen with
something to be done.

TA’SKER, or TA’SKMASTER, subst. [from task and master] one who
assigns tasks, an imposer of tasks.

TA’SSEL, subst. for TARSEL [tiercelet, Fr.] a male hawk.

TASSEL [tasse, Fr. a sort of purse or pouch, tassellus, low Lat.] an
ornamental bunch of silk, glittering substances, and the like.

TASSEL, or TA’ZEL, subst. an herb.

TA’SSELED, adj. [of tassel] adorned with tassels.

TA’SSELS [with clothiers] a sort of hard prickly burrs, used in dres­
sing cloth.

TASSELS [with architects] pieces of boards which lie under the end
of a mantle-piece.

TA’SSES, subst. See TACES.

TA’SSUM [in old records] a mow or heap of corn.

TA’STABLE, adj. [of taste] that may be tasted, relishing, savoury.

TASTATU’RA, the keys of organs or harpsichords.

To TASTE [tast, Du. and Ger. tâter, Fr. tastare, It. all which sig­
nify to feel, handle or touch lightly; but the Dutch and French some­
times use this verb in the same sense as we, and, as the French formerly
wrote it taster, it is most probable we had it from them] 1. To prove or
try the relish of any thing by the palate. 2. To try by the mouth, to
eat at least in a small quantity. 3. To essay fruit. 4. To have per­
ception of, to feel. He should taste death. Hebrews. 5. To relish or
approve intellectually. Thou, Adam, will taste no pleasure. Milton.

To TASTE, verb neut. 1. To try by the mouth to eat; commonly
with of. 2. To have a taste or smack, to produce on the palate a parti­
cular sensation. 3. To distinguish mentally. 4. To be tinctured, or
receive some quality or character; with of. 5. To try the relish of any
thing. The tasting power. Davies. 6. To have perception of; with
of. The tasting of death. Wisdom. 7. To take enjoyment; with of.
For age but tastes of pleasures youth devours. Dryden.

TASTE [of tast, Du.] 1. One of the five external senses by which the
savour or relish of any thing is perceived. It probably is effected by the
salts that are in bodies, which affect the tongue (according to their va­
rious configurations) as differently as they differ one from another; and
by tickling, or otherwise moving those small nerves lying in the papillæ
of the tongue, communicate a sensation to the brain, that is either plea­
sant or unpleasant. 2. The act of tasting. 3. Sensibility, perception
in general. Taste of fears. Shakespeare. 4. That sensation which all
things, taken into the mouth, give, particularly to the tongue, the pa­
pillæ of which are the principal instruments hereof. Quincy. 5. A fa­
culty of discering, intellectual relish. 6. An essay, trial, experiment;
not in use. Shakespeare, 7. A small portion given as a specimen.

To have a good TASTE for any thing, to discern and judge well of a
thing.

TA’STED, adj. [of taste] having a particular relish.

TASTES [by Doctor Grew] are distinguished into simple and com­
pound.

Simple TASTES, are single modes of tastes, altho' mingled with others
in the same; as for instance, the taste of a pippin is aci-dulcid; of rhu­
barb, amarastringent, and therefore compounded with both; but yet in
the pippin the acid is one simple taste, and the sweet another, as distinct
as the bitter and astringent are in rhubarb.

Simple TASTES, are bitter, sweet, salt, sour, hot, as in cloves, pep­
per, &c. and cold, as in sal prunellæ, aromatic [spicy] nauseous;
and some add to these, soft tastes; either vapid, as in water, the whites
of eggs, &c. or unctuous, as in oils, fat, &c. or hard.

Hard TASTES are, 1. Penetrant, such as work themselves into the
tongue without any pungency; as is experienced in the root and leaves
of wild cucumber, 2. Stupefacient, as in the root of black helebore,
which, if chewed, and kept some time upon the tongue, affects it with a
numbness or paralytic stupor. 3. Astringent, as in galls. 4. Pungent,
as in the spirit of sal armoniac.

Compounded TASTES are, 1. Austere, which is astringent and bitter, as
in the green and soft stones of grapes. 2. Acerb, which is astringent
and acid, as in the juice of unripe grapes. 3. Acrid, which is pungent
and hot. 4. Muriatic, which is salt and pungent, as in common salt.
5. Lixivious, which is saltness joined with some pungency and heat. 6.
Nitrous, which is saltness joined with pungency and cold. There are also
several other compounded tastes, but we want words to express them.

TA’STEFUL, adj. [of taste and full] having a large relish, savoury.

TA’STEFULNESS, subst. [of tasteful] palatableness.

TA’STELESS, adj. [of taste] 1. Having no power to perceive taste.
2. Insipid, unrelishable, having no taste. 3. Having no power of gi­
ving pleasure, insipid. 4. Having no intellectual relish. He is heavy
and tasteless. Addison.

TA’STELESNESS, subst. [of tasteless] 1. Insipidness, unrelishableness.
2. Want of preception of taste. 3. Want of intellectual relish.

TA’STER, subst. [tasteur, Fr.] 1. One who takes the first essay of food.
2. A little dram cup to taste liquor with.

TA’STING, subst. [tastinge, Du.] the sense of tasting.

TA’STO, It. [in music books] denotes that the notes must not be held
out their full length, but only just touched; this more especially is used
in playing a thorough bass on the harpsichord or organ.


TAT

TATCH [of attacher, Fr. to fasten to] a sort of fastening for a gar­
ment, a button or loop.

TATH, an ancient privilege that some lords of the manors had, of ha­
ving their tenants sheep folded on their ground at night, for the benefit
of their dung.

TA’TIANISTS, or TA’TIANITES, heretics of the second century, so
called from Tatian, a disciple of Justin Martyr, “who kept sound
enough, whilst conversant with him; but after St. Justin's decease, re­
volted (as St. Irenæus tells us) from the church, OΙΗΜΑΤΙ ΔΙΔΑΣχΑΛΟυ
ΕΠΑρΘΕΙΣ χΑΙ ΤψφΩΘΕΙΣ, i. e. being raised and *Methinks there is something of this very air and complexion in
Tatian's writings, which St. Irenæus ascribes to him; not that
philosophic gravity which appears in Justin; but something of the
haughty and supercilious; tho', in many things, he agrees with
his good predecessor; in particular, when resolving the original
production of the Son into the Father's will; whom, by the way,
he calls “ΠρΩΤΟΓΟΝΟΝ ΕρΓΟΝ, &c. i. e. the first-begotten work”; and
when styling the Spirit, “ΔΙΑχΟΝΟΣ ΤΟυ ΠΕΩΟΝΘΟΤΟΣ ΘΕΟυ, i. e. the mi­
nister, [or deacon] of the God that suffered.” See First CAUSE,
CERINTHIANS, and ORDER in Divinity, compared. and puffed up with the pre­
sumption of a teacher, as tho' he was more excellent than others, and for­
med a new scheme or system of his own: For he advanced the notion of
certain invisible Æons, in like manner with the Valentinians; and bran­
ded marriage with the name of corruption and fornication, after the same
manner with Marcion and Saturninus; and, what was peculiar to him­
self, he denied the salvation of Adam.” Iren. adv. Hereses, Ed. Grabe,
p. 105, 106, and 262, &c. compared.

TA’TOUS, a wild beast in America, covered with scales like ar­
mour.

TA’TTER, subst. [tatteran, Sax.] a rag, a fluttering rag.

TA’TTERED, adj. [of tatteran, Sax.] ragged, hanging in tatters.








TA’TTERDEMALLION, subst. [of tatteran, Sax. rags, and malkin, for
sweeping of an oven] a ragged fellow.

TA’TTERSHALL, a market town of Lincolnshire, on the river Bane,
118 miles from London.

To TA’TTLE, verb neut. [of tateren, Du. to stammer or speak quick,
or of tavelen, Ger. to reprove or cavil] to prate, prattle, or talk imper­
tinently, to use many words with little meaning.

TA’TTLE, or TA’TTLING, subst. [from the verb] prate, impertinent
discourse, trifling talk.

TA’TTLER, subst. [of taterer, Du. or tadler, Ger.] one given to
prate or prattle, an idle talker.

The TA’TLERS, the well-known lucubrations of Mr. Bickerstaff, or Sir
R. Steele, and others. A paper of the same nature, under the title of the
Tadlerinn, or She-Tatler, is now published at Hall in Saxony.

TATTOO’, subst. [Perhaps from tapetez tous, taper, Fr. to strike or
beat] a certain beat on a drum in a garrison or a camp at night, as a
warning for the soldiers to repair to their quarters or tents.

TAU [in heraldry] called the St. Anthony's Cross, because St. An­
thony, the monk and hermit, is always painted with it upon his habit.
It takes its name from the Greek letter T, which it exactly resembles.
Some are of opinion it is an old hieroglyphic of security, and refer it to
the charge given to the angel in Ezekiel, not to kill them upon whom
was the letter ת Tan, Heb.

T Tau, Gr. [ת, Heb.] a figure of the cross of Christ, and in Hebrew
is interpreted a sign or mark, which Ezekiel saw in spirit, of which it
was spoken to the angel, “Go thy way, and set a mark upon the fore­
“heads of them that mourn, and are sorry for all the abominations that
“are done therein.” This mark was in order to their being preserved in
the midst of them that were to be slain for their idolatry, in the wrathful
displeasure of the Lord. See Revel. vii. 1—3. compared with CREED,
GAIANITES, and EUNOMIANS.

TAU’DRY. See TAWDRY.

To TAVE, to rave, as people do being delirious in a fever.

TA’VERN [taberna, Lat. taverne, Fr. taverna, It. and Sp.] an house
or place where wine is sold, and drinkers entertained for their money.

TA’VERNER, TA’VERNKEEPER, or TA’VERNMAN, subst. [from ta­
vern, keep, or man; tavernier, Fr. taverniere, It. tavernero, Sp. taberna­
rius, Lat.] one who keeps a tavern.

TAUGHT, pret. and part. pass. of teach. See To TEACH.

TAUGHT, adj. [prob. of teonan, Sax. to draw, or a corruption of
tight; a sea term] tight, stiff, or fast.

To TAUNT, verb act. [of tanser, O. Fr. to scold at. Skinner. tanden,
Du. or of tento, Lat. to tempt, &c. Minshew.] 1. To revile, to re­
proach, to insult, to treat with contumely and insolence. 2. To rail at,
to mention with upbraiding. And taunt my faults. Shakespeare.

TAUNT [in sea language] a term used when the masts of a ship are too
tall for her; who then say, she is taunt-masted.

TAUNT, subst. [from the verb] a reproachful, abusive, or nipping
jest; a scoff or flout and insult.

TAU’NTER, subst. [of taunt] one who taunts or insults.

TAU’NTING, part. adj. [of taunt] speaking reproachfully, biting,
insulting.

TAU’NTINGLY, adv. [of taunting] in an insolent reproachful man­
ner.

TA’VISTOCK, an ancient borough, by prescription, in Devonshire,
standing on the Tave, near the Tamar, 201 miles from London. It
sends two members to parliament.

TAU’NTON, a borough in Somersetshire, seated on the river Thone,
made navigable by barges from hence to Bridgwater, 147 miles
from London, and sends two members to parliament, for whom every
pot-walloner, i. e. that dresses his own victuals, is entitled to vote.

TAURICO’RNOUS, adj. [tauricornis, of taurus, a bull, and cornu, Lat.]
having horns like a bull. Brown.

TAURI’FEROUS, adj. [taurifer, Lat. ΤΑΝρΟφΟρΟΣ, Gr.] bearing, breed­
ing or nourishing bulls.

TA’URIFORM, adj. [tauriformis, Lat.] having the shape of a bull.

TAUTOLO’GICAL, adj. [tautologique, Fr.] repeating the same thing.

TAUTOLOGICAL Echoes, are such echoes as repeat the same sound or
syllable many times.

TAUTOLO’GICALLY, adv. [of tautological] by way of tautology.

TAUTO’LOGIST [ΤΑΝΤΟΛΟΓΟΣ, of ΤΑ ΑΝΤΑ ΛΕΓΕΙΝ, Gr.] one who repeats te­
diously.

TAUTO’LOGY [tautologie, Fr. tautologia, Lat. of ΤΑΝΤΟΛΟΓΙΑ, Gr.] the
act of repeating or saying the same words or the same sense in different
words; except where some passion is expressed, or beauty intended by a
repetition; as
ΗΜβρΟΤΕΣ, Ουχ ΕΤΝχΕΣ— Homer.

To TAW, verb act. [tawian, Sax. touwen, Du. tauw, L. Ger.] to
dress white leather, commonly called alum leather, in contradistinction
from tan leather, which is done with bark.

TAW, subst. a marble for children to play with.

TA’WDRINESS, subst. [of tawdry] tinsel finery, finery too ostenta­
tious. Clarissa.

TA’WDRY [as Dr. Tho. Henshaw and Skinner suppose, of knots and
ribbons bought at a fair, anciently held in the chapel of Stawdrey,
St. Audrey, or Etheldred] ridiculously or flauntingly gay, meanly
shewy, fine without grace or elegance. It is used both of things and
persons wearing them.

TA’WER [of tawian, Sax. tauwer, L. Ger. touwer, Du.] a dresser of
white leather.

TA’WNINESS [of tawny; or getan, Sax. to tan, whence getannesse,
Sax. i. e. tannedness] the quality of the colour of tanned leather.

TA’WNY, adj. [tane, It. tanne, Fr. tanet, Du.] of a tanned yellowish
or dusky colour.

TAWNY [in heraldry] the same as tenne; which see.


TAX

To TAX, verb act. [taxer, Fr. tassare, It. tasser, Sp. of ΤΑξΩ, Gr. as
Salmasius suposes] 1. To lay a tax upon, to load with imposts. 2.
[Taxo, Lat.] to censure, to charge one with a thing, to accuse. It has
of or will before the fault imputed, and is used both of persons and
things.

TAX, subst. [tasg, Wel. taxe, Fr. taxe, Du. tassa, It. and Sp. taxatio,
Lat. of ΤΑξΙΣ, Gr.] 1. A tribute or duty rated on land, &c. or a tribute
settled on every town after a settled rate, and paid annually towards the
expence of the government; an impost, an excise. 2. [Taxo, Lat.]
charge, censure.

TA’XABLE, adj. [of tax] that may be taxed.

TAXA’TION, Fr. of Lat. [tassagione, It.] 1. The act of laying on
taxes; impost, tax. 2. Accusation, censure, scandal. Shakespeare.

TA’XER [of tax] an imposer of taxes.

TA’XIS [in architecture] the same with the ancients that ordonnance
is with the moderns, and Vetruvious describes it to be that which gives
every part of a building its just dimensions, according to its uses.

TA’XUS, Lat. [with botanists] 1. The yew-tree. 2. A badger.

TAYL [in heraldry] is commonly used for the tail of an heart; but
those of other creatures have peculiar and distinct names.

TEA, subst. [a word derived from the Chinese; thé, Fr.] 1. The
leaf of a Chinese shrub, of which the infusion has lately been much
used in Europe for making a potable liquor. 2. The liquer made
thereof.

To TEACH, verb act. pret. and part. pass. taught, sometimes teached,
which is now obsolete [tæcan, Sax.] 1. To instruct in literature, trade,
mystery, &c. to inform. 2. To deliver any doctrine or art, or words
to be learned. 3. To show, to exhibit so as to impress upon the mind.
4. To tell, to give intelligence. Tusser.

To TEACH, verb neut. to perform the office of an instructor.

TEA’CHABLE, adj. [of teach] capable of learning or instruction, do­
cile.

TEA’CHABLENESS [of teachable] capacity and readiness to be taught,
docility.

TEA’CHER, subst. [of teach] 1. One who teaches, a preceptor, tu­
tor, or instructor. 2. One who without regular or episcopal ordination
assumes the ministry. In contempt applied to the instructors among dis­
senters. 3. A preacher, one who is to deliver doctrine to the people.

TEAD, or TEDE, subst. [tæda, Lat.] a torch, a flambeau: not in use.
Spenser.

TEAGUE, a nick-name for an Irishman.

TEAL, subst. [teclingth, Du.] a kind of wild fowl, in form much like
a duck, but not so big.

TEAM, subst. [of team, tema, or tyme, Sax. a yoke, temo, Lat. the
team of a carriage] 1. Any number of horses, oxen, or other beasts
drawing at once a cart, waggon, or carriage of burthen. 2. Any num­
ber passing in a line; as, a team of wild geese, &c.

TEAM and Theam [in old records] a royalty granted by the king's
charter to the lord of the manor, for the having, restraining, and judg­
ing bondmen, niess, and villains, with their children goods and chat­
tels, in his court.

To TEAR, verb act. pret. tore, anciently tare part. pass. torn [tæ­
ran, Sax. torren, Teut, zerren, H. Ger. tara, Su.] 1. To rend, to pull
in pieces, to separate by violent pulling. 2. To wound or lacerate with
any sharp point drawn alone. 3. To break by violence. And torrents
tear the ground. Dryden. 4. To shatter, to divide violently. 5. To
pull with violence, to drive violently. 6. To take away by sudden vio­
lence.

To TEAR and Roar, verb neut. [tieren, Du.] to make a great noise in
crying, to fume, to rave, to rant turbulently.

TEA’RING, fine show, a more than ordinary fine one. A low
phrase.

TEAR, subst. ea in this word is pronounced ee [tear, tær, Sax, taare,
Dan. tara, Su.] 1. Water issuing out of the eyes thro' violent passion.
Tears are the effects of compression of the moisture of the brain upon dili­
tation of the spirits. Bacon. 2. Any moisture trickling in drops. Her
trees with precious tears. Dryden.

TEAR, subst. [from the verb] rent, fissure.

TEA’RER, subst. [of tear] one who rends or tears.

TEA’R-FALLING, adj. [of tear and falling] shedding tears, ten­
der.

TEA’RFUL, adj. [of tear and full] weeping, full of tears.

To TEASE, or To TEAZE, verb act. [of tesan, to pluck, draw, or
twitch, or of tysan, Sax. to provoke] 1. To comb or unravel wool, or
flax. 2. To scratch cloth in order to level the nap. 3. To trouble a
person continually, to vex with assiduous importunity.

TEA’SELS, or TEA’ZELS, subst. [tæsel, tæslen, Sax. dipsacus, Lat.]
fullers thistles; a plant.

TEA’SER, subst. [of tease] any thing that torments by incessant im­
portunity.

TEAT, subst. [teth, Brit. tette, Teut. and Du. titte. L. Ger. tetta, It.
teta, Sp. teton, Fr.] the dug of a beast, anciently the pap of a wo­
man.

TEC’MARSIS [ΤΕχΜΑρΣΙΣ, Gr.] that which relates to the cause of dis­
eases.

TE’CHINESS [of techy] captiousness, aptness to be offended, froward­
ness, peevishness.

TE’CHNICAL, adj. [technicus, Lat. ΤΕχΝΟχΟΣ, of ΤΕχΝΗ, Gr. technique,
Fr.] pertaining to arts and sciences: not in common or popular use.

TECHNICAL Words, terms of art.

TECHNICAL Verses, are such as include the substance or particular parts
of an art or science, or contain the rules and precepts of them, so di­
gested, for the help of the memory.

TE’CHNICALLY, adv. [of technical] after the manner of techno­
logy.

TECHNO’LOGY [technologia, Lat. technologie, Fr. of ΤΕχΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ, of ΤΕχΗ,
art, and ΛΟΓΟΣ, or ΛΕΓΩ, Gr. to speak, say, or tell, &c.] a description of
arts, especially mechanical ones.

TE’CHY, adj. [prob. of toucher, Fr. to touch, q. d. touchy] captious,
froward, peevish.

TECOLY’THOS [of ΤΗχΩ, and ΛΙΘΟΣ, Gr. a stone] the Judaic stone,
so called, “quia lapides frangit, & quasi liquefactus expellit.” PAUL ÆGIN.

TECTO’NICK, adj. [tectonicus, Lat. ΤΕχΤΟΝΙχΟΣ, Gr.] pertaining to build­
ing.

TECTONICK Art. [tectonice, Lat. of ΤΕχΤΟΝΙχΗ, Gr.] the art of build­
ing.

TECTONICK Nature [natura tectonica, Lat. of ΤΕχΤΟΝΙχΗ, Gr. the art of
building] formative nature.


TED

To TED, or TEDE Grass, verb act [teadan, Sax. to prepare] to cast
or spread new mown grass abroad.

TE’DDER, or TE’THER, subst. tindt, Isla. tudder, Du.] 1. A rope
with which a horse or cow is tied in the field, that they may not pasture
too wide. 2. [teigher, Erse] any thing in general by which one is re­
strained.

TE DE’UM, a hymn frequently sung in church on thanksgiving days,
for victories gained, deliverances from dangers, &c. so called from the
Latin beginning of it, te Deum laudamus, &c. i. e. we praise thee, the







God or Lord. And a noble remnant it is of primitive Christianity, that
which is preserved to this day in the te deum ascribed to St. Ambrose,
“Thee, the Father of infinite majesty; also thy true, only, and honourable
Son.” And we have another public form, which carries with it much
the same air and aspect of genuine antiquity, in the Roman Missal, “Dig­
num & justum est, &c. Messale Roman. Ed. Antwerp. Plautin. 265.
See COMMENSE and MESSIAH. compared.

TEDI’FERA DEA, Lat. [i. e. the torch-bearing goddess] a name
given to Ceres (the goddess of bread-corn) by the poets, on account of
her seeking her daughter Proserpine with a torch; and thence they sa­
crificed to her in the night with torches.

TE’DIOUS, adj. [tedieux, Fr. tedioso, It. tœdiosus, Lat.] 1. Over-long,
long-winded, wearisome by prolixity. 2. Troublesome, wearisome by
continuauce, irksome. 3. Slow.

TE’DIOUSLY, adv. [of tedious] in such a manner as to tire or
weary.

TE’DIOUSNESS [of tedious] 1. Too great length of time, prolixity.
2. Wearisomeness, irksomeness by continuance. 3. Wearisomeness by
prolixity. 4. Quality of wearying, tiresomeness, uneasiness.

To TEEM, verb neut. [team, Sax. an offering] 1. To bring young.
2. To be pregnant, to engender young. 3. To be full, to be charged,
as a breeding animal.

To TEEM, verb act. 1. To bring forth, to produce. 2. To pour
[of tæman, teaman, Sax. or, according to Skinner, of tommen, Dan. to
draw out, to pour: the Scots only retain it; as, teem the water out.
Hence Swift took this word] to pour out.

TEE’MFUL, adj. [teamful, Sax.] 1. Prolific, pregnant. 2. Full up
to the top.

TEE’MER, subst. [of teem] one that brings young.

TEE’MING, adj. pregnant, bearing young, fruitful.

TEE’MLESS, adj. [of teem] unfruitful, not prolific.

TEEN, subst. [tinan, Sax. to kindle, tenen, Flem. to vex, teonan,
Sax. injuries] sorrow, grief. Doleful teen. Spenser.

To TEEN, verb act. [tinan, Sax. to kindle] to excite, to provoke to
do a thing. Spenser.

TEENS, subst. [from teen, for ten] the years reckoned by the termina­
tion teen; as, thirteen, fourteen, &c.

TEE’NAGE, subst. brush-wood for hedges.

TEER, for TIER [of guns in a ship] a row of guns on the same
deck.

TEETH, irr. pl. of tooth [tooths, ted, Sax.] either of a man or beast.
See TOOTH.

To TEETH, verb neut. [from the subst.] to breed teeth, to be at the
time of dentition. It is only used in the Scottish dialect, from which
Arbuthnot seems to have taken it.

TE’GUMENT [tegumentum, Lat.] cover, the outward part. It is sel­
dom used but in anatomy or natural philosophy.

TE’GUMENTS of a human Body [in anatomy] are reckoned five, viz.
the epidermis, or scarf-skin, the derma, or true skin, the panniculus adi­
posus, the membrana carnosa, and the common membrane of the muscles.

To TEH-HE, verb neut. [a cant word made from the sound] to
laugh with a loud noise, to titter. Hudibras.

TEI’L-TREE, subst. [teglio, It. tilia, Lat.] the same as the linden­
tree.

TEINE, subst. [in falconry] a disease in hawks, which makes them
pant and lose their breath.

TEINT, subst. [teinte, Fr. of tinctura, Lat. a dye; in painting] the
colour or touch of the pencil, an artificial or compound colour, or the
several colours used in a picture, considered as more or less high or
bright, or deep or thin, or weakened, &c. to give the proper relievo,
softness, or distance, &c. to the several objects.

TIERS, the third part of a pipe, or a measure of 42 gallons.

TEKU’PHÆ [in the Jewish chronology] are the times wherein the
fun proceeds from one cardinal point to the next.


TEL

TE’LAMONIES, subst. [ΤΕΛΑΜΩΝ, from ΤΕΛΑΜΩ, Gr. to support: in Ro­
man architecture] images of men seeming to support or bear up the
out-jettings of cornices.

TE’LARY, adj. [tela, Lat. a web] spinning webs. Brown.

TELECA’RDIOS [of χΑΣΔΙΑ, the heart, and ΤΕΛΕΩ, Gr. to perfect] a pre­
cious stone, like, or of the colour of a heart.

TELE’PHION, or TELE’PHIUM, Lat. [with botanists] an herb, a kind
of orpine, first found out by king Telephus, good for wounds, ulcers,
&c.

TELEPHIUM, Lat. [in surgery] a great ulcer of difficult cure, so na­
med of Telephus, a king of Mysia, who was for long time troubled with
such an one.

TE’LESCOPE, subst. Fr. [telescopio, It. of ΤΕΛΟΣ, the end, and ΣχΟΠΗ, of
ΣχΟΠΕΩ, Gr. to view] is a dioptric instrument composed of lenses, by
means of which, remote objects appear as if they were near, or a per­
spective glass made of two or more glasses placed in the tube or pipe of
several lengths, to view objects at a distance.

TELESCOPE, with a convex and concave Lens, represents objects,
that are at a vast distance, distinct, and erect, and magnifies them ac­
cording to the proportion of the focal distance of the convex lens, to the
focal distance of the concave lens.

TELESCOPE, with two convex Lenses, represents objects, that are
vastly distant, distinct, but inverted, and magnifies them according to
the proportion of the focal distance of the exterior, to the focal distance
of the interior lens.

Aëriel TELESCOPE, is a telescope to be used in the night, and so has
no close tube, there being no need of one at that time.

Reflecting TELESCOPE, consists of a large tube that is open at the end
next to the object, and closed at the other, where is placed a metalline
speculum, and having a flat oval speculum near the open end, inclined
towards the upper part of the tube, where there is a little hole furnished
with a small, plain, convex eye-glass.

TELESCO’PICAL, adj. [of telescope] pertaining to a telescope, seeing
at a distance.

TELESCOPICAL Stars, are such as are not visible to the naked eye,
which cannot be discovered without the help of a telescope.

TELI’TEROUS [telifer, Lat.] bearing a dart or darts.

TE’LIS [with botanists] the herb fenugreek.

To TELL [tællan, or tyllan, Sax. tellen, Du. and L. Ger. zehllen,
H. Ger. zellan, Teut.] to count, to number or reckon.

To TELL, verb act. TOLD, pret. and part. pass. [tællan, Sax. talen,
Dan. tala, Su. tellen, or et, Du. and L. Ger. zehllen, H. Ger. zellen,
Teut.] 1. To utter, to express, to speak. 2. To rehearse, to relate,
to say or declare. 3. To teach, to inform. 4. To discover, to betray.
5. To count, to number. 6. To make excuses: a low word. Shake­
speare.

To TELL, verb neut. 1. To give an account, to make report:
generally with of. 2. To Tell on; to inform of: a doubtful phrase.
The Scots use it as if implying a sort of complaint; as, I'll tell on you
to your master.

TE’LLER, subst. 1. One who tells or relates. 2. [Of tællen; or ty­
lean, to count] one who numbers.

TE’LLERS [in the exchequer] are four officers, whose business is to
receive all monies due to the crown, and to throw down a bill through a
pipe into the tally court, where it is received by the auditor's clerks,
who write the words of the bill upon the tally: they also pay all persons
any money papable to them by the king, by warrant from the auditor of
the receipt: they also make books of receipts and payments which they
deliver to the lord treasurer.

TE’LLUS, Lat. the goddess of the earth.

TELO’NIUM, Lat. of Gr. a toll-booth or custom-house.

TE’MENTAILE [in old records] a tax of two shillings on every
ploughed land.

TAMERA’RIOUS, adj. [tameraire, Fr. temerario, It. and Sp. temerarius,
Lat.] 1. Rash, hasty, unadvised, heady. L'Estrange. 2. Careless,
heedless. Ray.


TEM

TEME’RITY, or TEME’ROUSNESS [temeritas, Lat. temereté, Fr. teme­
rità, It. temeridad, Sp.] rashness, unadvisedness, unreasonable contempt
of danger. Cowley.

TEME’RITY, is emblematically represented by Icarus, of whom fable
reports, that attempting to fly with wings fastened with wax, which, as
he approached too near the sun, melted, and so he fell into the sea.

TEMO’INS [with military men] pieces of earth left standing, as
marks or witnesses, in the fosses of places the workmen are emptying,
that they may know exactly how many cubical fathoms of earth have
been carried away, in order to pay the workmen their due for it.

To TE’MPER, verb act. [tempero, Lat. temperer, Fr. temprare, It. tem­
plar, Sp.] 1. To moderate, to mix so as that one part qualifies the other.
2. To compound, to form by mixture. 3. To mingle in general. 4.
To beat together to a proper consistence. 5. To accommodate, to mo­
dify. 6. To soften, to assuage, to calm. 7. To form metals to a pro­
per degree of hardness. 8. To govern: a Latinism, but little used.
Spenser.

TEMPER, subst [from the verb] 1. Due mixture of contrary quali­
ties. 2. Middle course, mean or medium. 3. Humour, natural dis­
position, constitutional frame of mind. 4. Disposition of mind. 5.
Constitution of body. 6. Calmness of mind, moderation. 7. State to
which metals are reduced, particularly as to hardness or toughness; or
due texture of parts in general.
— His pond'rous shield,
Etherial temper, massy, large, and round— Milton.

TEMPE’RAMENT, [temperament, Fr. tempra, or temperamento, It. and
Sp. temperamentum, Lat.] 1. A proper and proportional mixture of the
elements, but more especially of the humours of the body. 2. The
usual complexion, constitution or habit of the body. 3. A due mixture
of opposites. 4. A medium or means found out in business or contro­
versy.

TEMPERAMENT [in physic] the natural habitude and constitution of
the body of man, or the disposition of the animal humours.

TEMPERAMENT, or TEMPERING [in music] a rectifying or amend­
ing the false or imperfect concords, by transferring to them part of the
beauty of the perfect ones.

TEMPERAME’NTAL, adj. [of temperament] constitutional.

TE’MPERANCE, subst. Fr. [temperanza, It. templança, Sp. temperança,
Port. temperantia, Lat.] 1. Moderation, as opposed to gluttony and
drunkenness. 2. A restraining of our passions; patience, calmness, se­
dateness. Temperance is one of the four cardinal virtues; and is with
an elegance, not unfamiliar to our English Cebes, thus described by him,
The florid hue of temperance, her side
Adorn'd by health, a nymph in blooming pride. Table of Cebes.

TEMPERA’NTIA, adj. plur. [of temperans, Lat. in physic] such medi­
cines as allay sharp humours; such as sweeten and correct, or such as
bring the body to a due temperament.

TE’MPERATE, adj. [temperé, Fr. temperato, It. templado, Sp. tempera­
tus, Lat.] 1. That is in midling temper, as neither too hot nor too cold.
moderate in degree of any quality, not excessive. 2. Moderat,e sober
in eating and drinking. 3. Free from ardent passion, calm, cool.

TE’MPERATELY, adv. [of temperate] 1. Moderately, not excessive­
ly. 2. Calmly, without violence of passion. 3. Without gluttony or
luxury.

TE’MPERATENESS, subst. [of temperate] 1. Moderation, freedom
from excesses, mediocrity. 2. Calmness, coolness of mind.

TE’MPERATURE, subst. Fr. [temperatura, tempero, Lat.] 1. Consti­
tution of nature, degree of any qualities. 2. Spoken of the air, is its
temper or constitution according the diversity of seasons, or the different
situations of countries, or its qualities as to heat and cold, moisture and
dryness 3. Mediocrity, due balance of contrarieties. 4. Moderation,
freedom from predominant passions.

TE’MPERED, adj. [of temper] disposed with regard to the passions.

TE’MPEST [tempestas, Lat. tempeste, Fr. tempesta, It. tempestad, Sp.
tempestade, Port.] a most violent storm, or a degree beyond a storm, a
violent commotion of the air, either with or without rain, hail, snow,
&c. The different names by which the wind is called, according to
the gradual increase of its force, seems to be, a breeze, a gale, a gust, a
storm, a tempest.

To TEMPEST, verb act. [from the subst.] to disturb, as by a tempest,
to make stormy. Milton.
— Part huge of bulk
Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait,
Tempest the ocean. Paradise Lost.

TEMPE’STAS, was worshipped by the Romans as a deity, insomuch
that L. Scipio, being in a great storm, in the Corsican sea, made a vow
to build her a temple at Rome; though some think M. Marcellus was
the founder of it.

TEMPEST-Beaten, adj. [of tempest and beat] shattered with storms.

TEMPEST-Tost, adj. [of tempest and tost] driven about by storms.

TEMPE’STIVE, adj. [tempestivus, Lat.] seasonable, timely, done in
time: not used.








TEMPE’STIVELY, adv. [of tempestive] seasonably: not used.

TEMPESTI’VITY, subst. [tempestivus, Lat.] seasonableness. Brown.

TEMPE’STUOUS, adj. [tempesiueux, Fr. tempestuosus, Lat.] stormy,
boisterous; as, a tempestuous sea, i. e. a rough sea.

TEMPE’STUOUSLY, adv. [of tempestuous] after a stormy, turbulent
manner.

TEMPE’STUOUSNESS [of tempestuous] storminess.

TE’MPLAR, subst. [from the temple, a house near the Thames, an­
ciently belonging to the Knights Templars, originally from the temple
of Jerusalem; templier, Fr.] a student in the law.

TE’MPLARS, or Knights TEMPLARS, said to have been instituted in
the year 1113, by Hugh, of Rayennes, and confirmed by pope Euge­
nious. Their habit was a white cloak or upper garment, with a red cross
on the back, and a sword girt about them; and thence they were, by
the common people called cross-backs, or crouched backs. These knights
at first dwelt in part of the building that belonged to the temple in Jeru­
salem, not far from the sepulchre of our Saviour, where they charitably
entertained strangers and pilgrims, and in their armour led them through
the Holy Land, to view such things as were to be seen there, defending
them from the infidels. These knights had in all provinces of Europe
their subordinate governors, in which they possessed no less than 16000
lordships, a vast revenue! Their governor in England was stiled Master
of the Temple, and was summoned to parliament; and the Temple in
Fleet-street, now the house of our law students, in London, being their
house, the minister of the Temple church still bears the title of Master
of the Temple. This order continued for about the space of two hundred
years; but at length being both rich and powerful, and also grown vi­
cious, the whole order was abolished by pope Clement V. in the year
1309, as also by the council of Vienna in 1312, and their possessions
were given to the knights of St. John of Jerusalem, whose mansion was
near Smithfield. The chief cause of their extirpation, was their im­
mense riches, which the king of France, and other European princes
desired to sieze. See CROISADES, and ACRE, or ACRA, compared with
Works of SUPEREROGATION.

TE’MPLE, subst. [Fr. templo, It. Sp. and Port. templum, Lat.] 1. A
place appropriated for the performance of divine service. The temples
that the heathens built to their gods were very stately; for princes and
nations employed their riches and ingenious inventions of architecture
in building them. In their temples there were generally three altars:
the first at the entry, where the victims were offered and burnt, the se­
cond in the middle, and the third at the end, within an inclosure. Up­
on the two last, only perfumes and sweetmeats were burnt, and there the
people eat in their festivals to their gods. 2. [Tempora, Lat.] the
upper part of the sides of the head where the pulse is felt.

TE’MPLES of Antœ, such which had only antœ or angular pillars at
the corners, and two Tuscan columns on each side the doors.

Tetrastyle TEMPLES, such as had four columns in front, and as many
behind.

Amphiprostyle TEMPLES, such as had columns before and behind,
which also were tetrastyle.

Prostyle TEMPLES, were such as had columns only on the fore-side.

Diptere TEMPLES, such as had eight rows of columns around, or were
oxastyle, or had eight columns in front.

Periptere TEMPLES, such as had four rows of insulated columns
around, and were hexastyle, i. e. as had six columns in front.

TEMPLES, certain jewels which great ladies anciently wore on their
temples and foreheads, and fastened to their hair with bodkins.

TE’MPLET, subst. a piece of timber in a building, particularly that
under girders.

TE’MPORAL, adj. [temporel, Fr. temporale, It. temporal, Sp. of tempo­
ralis, low Lat.] 1. Continuing but for a time, measured by time, not
eternal. [See TIME] 2. Secular, not ecclesiastical. 3. Not spiritual:
in this sense it is sometimes used in the plural as if a substantive; as,
temporals. 4. Pertaining to the temples of the head, placed at the up­
per part of the head; as, temporal arteries.

TEMPORA’LE Augmentum, Lat. [with grammarians] an increase or
alteration of the quantity of the first vowel or dipthong in several tenses
of a Greek verb. See TENSE.

TEMPORA’LIS, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the upper jaw,
which, together with its partner, draws the lower jaw upwards, called
also crotaphites.

TEMPORA’LITIES, or TEMPORALS, subst. [temporalitée, or biens tem­
porels, Fr. temporalità, It. temporalidad, Sp.] the temporal revenues of
bishops, not ecclesiastic rights. They are particularly such revenues,
lands, or tenements, as have been granted them, as they are lords and
barons of parliament.

TE’MPORALLY, adv. [of temporal] with regard to this life.

TE’MPORALNESS [of temporalis, Lat. temporel, Fr.] a secular quality;
also temporariness, or the being for a time.

TE’MPORALTY, subst. [le temporel, Fr.] 1. The laity, secular people.
2. Secular possessions.

TEMPORA’NEOUS, adj. [of temporaris, Lat.] temporary.

TEMPORA’NEOUSNESS, or TE’MPORARINESS, subst. [of temporary, or
temporaneous] quality of lasting only for a time: not much used.

TE’MPORARY, adj. [temporarius, Lat.] lasting but for a limited
time.

To TE’MPORIZE, verb neut. [temporiser, Fr. temporeggiare, It. tempo­
rizar, Sp. temporis, Lat.] 1. To comply with the times or occasions. 2.
To delay, to procrastinate. 3. To comply in general: improper.
Shakespeare.

TE’MPORIZER, subst. [of temporize; temporiseur, Fr. temporizador,
Sp.] a time server, one who alters his principles or practice according
to the times, one who complies with the times, a trimmer.

TE’MPORUM Ossa, Lat. [with anatomists] the bones of the temples
situated in the lower part of the sides of the cranium. The upper part
of them, being thin, consists only of one table of a circular figure, which
is joined to the ossa parietalia by the squamose futures; but the lower
part, which is thick, hollow, and uneven, is united to the os occipitis,
and os sphenoides.

TE’MSE-BREAD, or TE’MSED-BREAD. subst. [tems, Du. tamis, Fr.
tamiso, It. a sieve; temsen, Du. tamiser, Fr. tamisare, It. to sift] bread
made of flower better sifted than common.

To TEMPT, verb act. [tenter, Fr. tentane, It. tentar, Sp. of tento,
Lat.] 1. To allure or intice by presenting some pleasure or advantage
to the mind, to sollicit to ill. 2. To provoke, to incense, to irritate.
3. Sometimes used without any notion of evil; to sollicit, to draw. 4.
To try, to attempt: only used in poetry, unless contracted for attempt.

TE’MPTABLE, adj. [of tempt] liable to temptation, obnoxious to bad
influence. Swift.

TEMPTA’TION, subst. [tentation, F. tentazione, It. tentacion, Sp. tenta­
tio, Lat.] 1. The act of tempting and allurement or enticement to ill. 2. The
state of being tempted. 3. That which is offered to the mind as a mo­
tive to ill.

TE’MPTER [tentator, Lat. tentateur, Fr. tentatore, It. tentador, Sp.]
1. One who allures or entices to evil. 2. The infernal sollicitor to evil,
the devil.

TE’MPTING, part. adj. [of tempt] alluring, enticing.

TE’MPTINGLY, adv. [of tempting] alluringly.

TE’MPTINGNESS [of tempting] alluringness: not used.

TE’MULENCY, subst. [temulentia, Lat.] drunkenness, intoxication by
liquor.

TE’MULENT, adj. [temulentus, Lat.] drunken, intoxicated, as by
strong liquors.


TEN

TEN, adj. [tien or tin, Sax. tien, Du. tein, L. Ger. zehn, H. Ger.] the
decimal number 10, in figures, is composed of the first figure and (o) a
cypher. It conjoins the virtue of all numbers, which it holds, as it were,
bound in itself, either simply, or by multiplication. Secondly, as,
among geometricians, a line is the joining in one of divers points, so the
10 makes the line of numbers, neither can there be any going farther.
We may add 1 to 9, and 2 to 8, and, by multiplication and redoubling
of 10, set down a number greater than the sands of the sea. Ten hath been
extolled as containing even, odd, long and plain, quadrate and cubical
numbers. And Aristotle observed, that Barbarians, as well as Greeks,
used a numeration unto ten.

TE’NABLE, adj. Fr. that may be held against opposition or attacks.

TENABLE [in military affairs] is said of a town, &c. that may be
kept or defended against assailants.

TE’NABLENESS [of tenable] quality of being held: not used.

TENA’CIOUS, adj. [tenace, It. tenaz, Sp. tenax, Lat.] 1. Holding
fast, grasping hard, not willing to let go; with of before the thing held.
2. Retentive. 3. Close fisted, covetous, meanly parsimonious. 4. Co­
hesive, having parts disposed to adhere to each other; spoken of liquids,
such as stick fast, or are clammy.

TENA’CIOUSLY [of tenacious] 1. After a close-fisted covetous manner.
2. Stiffly in maintaining an argument, &c. 3. With disposition to hold
fast.

TENA’CIOUSNESS [of tenacious] 1. Niggardliness. 2. Stiffness in
holding or maintaining an opinion, &c. 3. Unwillingness to resign or
let go.

TENA’CITY [tenacité, Fr. tenacitas, Lat.] tenaciousness, adhesion of
one part to another, glutinousness.

TENA’CULA, Lat. a chirurgical instrument, much like the forceps.

TENAI’LLE, Fr. [in fortification] is an out-work that resembles a
horn-work; but generally somewhat different, in regard that, instead of
two demi-bastions, it bears only in front a re-entring angle between the
same wings, without flanks, and the sides are parallel. All tenailles are
defective in this respect, that they are not flanked or defended towards
their inward or dead angle, because the height of the parapet hinders
from seeing down before the angle, so that the enemy can make a lodg­
ment there under covert; and therefore tenailles are never made, but
when there is not time to make a horn-work.

Simple TENAILLE, or Single TENAILLE [in fortification] a large
out-work cansisting of two faces or sides, including a re-entring angle.

Double TENAILLE, or Flanked TENAILLE [in fortification] a large
outwork consisting of two tenailles, or two re-entring angles.

TENAILLE in the Foss [in fortification] is a low work raised before
the curtine, in the middle of the foss or ditch.

TENAILLE of the Place [in fortification] is the face of the place, raised
between the point of the two neighbouring bastions, including the cur­
tine, two flanks raised on the curtine, and the two sides of the bastions
which face one another.

TE’NANCY, subst. [tenanche, O. Fr. tenentia, law Lat.] any temporary
possession of what belongs to another, in consideration of rent, &c. paid
yearly; dwelling-houses held of others.

TE’NANT, or TENENT, subst. Fr. [of tenens, Lat. holding] 1. One
who, on certain conditions, possesses lands or houses for a time, which,
in reality, are the property of another, correlative to landlord. 2. One
who resides in any place. Tenant of these shades. Thomson.

TENANT by Charter, one who holds lands by feoffment or donation in
writing.

TENANT by Court Roll, or TENANT by Copy, one admitted tenant of
lands, &c. in a manour, demised according to the custom of that ma­
nour.

TENANT of the King, one who holds of the king's person, or as some
honour.

TENANT by the Venge in ancient Demesn, one who is admitted by the
rod in ancient demesn.

TENANT in Chief, is a tenant that holds of the king in right of his
crown.

TENANT by the Courtesy of England, a tenant that holds for his life, by
means of a child begotten by him on his wife, she being an heiress, and
the child being born alive.

TENANT in Frank Marriage, a tenant who holds lands or tenements
by a gift of them, made to him upon marriage between him and his
wife.

TENANT in Mortgage, is a tenant that holds by means of a mort­
gage.

TENANT at Will, a tenant who holds at the will of the lord, accord­
ing to the custom of the manour.

Particular TENANT, a tenant who holds lands, &c. only for a term of
time.

Sole TENANT, a tenant who has no other joined with him.

Joint TENANTS, are tenants that have an equal right in lands or te­
nements, by virtue of one title.

TENANTS in Common, are such as have equal right, but hold by divers
titles.

Very TENANT, a tenant who holds immediately of his lord; so that if
there be a lord mesne, and a tenant, the tenant is very tenant of the mesne,
but not to the lord above.

To TE’NANT, verb act. [from the subst.] to hold on certain condi­
tions.








TE’NANTABLE, adj. [of tenant] that is fit to be occupied by a tenant,
in good repair.

TE’NANTABLENESS, subst. [of tenantable] fitness to be held by a te­
nant: not used.

TE’NANTLESS, adj. [of tenant] unoccupied, not possessed by a te­
nant.

TE’NANT-SAW, subst. [corrupted from tenon-saw] See TENON.

TE’NAR [with anatomists] a muscle whose office is to draw the thumb
from the forefingers.

TE’NBURY, a market town of Worcestershire, on the river Temd or
Teme, 128 miles from London.

TENA’SMUS, Lat. [ΤΕΝΕΣΜΟΣ, Gr.] a continual desire to go to stool,
attended with an inability of voiding any thing, but sometimes bloody,
flimy matter.

TENCH, subst. [tince, Sax. tenche, Fr. tinca, It. and Lat. tenca, Sp.]
a river or pond fish.

To TEND, verb neut. [of tendo, Lat. tendre, Fr. or attendere It. atten­
der, Sp. to tend, &c.] 1. To move towards a certain point or place. 2.
[Tendre, Fr.] to watch, to guard as an assistant or defender. 3. To aim
at, to be directed to any purpose; with to or towards. 4. To contri­
bute; with to. 5. [From attend] to wait, to expect: out of use.
Shakespeare. 6. To wait as dependents or servants; with upon. 7. To
attend as something inseparable; with upon.

To TEND, verb act. [contracted from attend] 1. To look to, to wait
upon, to take care of. 2. To attend, to accompany. 3. To be atten­
tive to. That tend their play. Milton.

TE’NDENCE [from tend] 1. Attendance, state of expectation. Spen­
ser. 2. Person, attendant: not in use. Shakespeare. 3. Act of wait­
ting, attendance. 4. Care, act of tending; with to before the thing
tended.

TE’NDENCE, or TE’NDENCY, subst. [of tendens, of tendo, Lat. to
make towards, &c.] 1. Inclination, direction or course towards any
place or object; with to or towards. 2. Aim, drift, direction or course
towards any inference or result.

TE’NDER, adj. [tendre, Fr. tencro, It. tierno, Sp. tenro, Port. tener,
Lat.] 1. Soft, easily impressed or injured. 2. Sensible, easily pained,
soon sore. 3. Effeminate, delicate, emasculate. 4. Exciting kind con­
cern. 5. Compassionate, anxious for another's good. 6. Susceptible
of soft passions. 7. Amorous, lascivious. 8. Expressive of the softer
passions. 9. Careful not to hurt: with of. 10. Gentle, mild, unwil­
ing to pain. 11. Apt to give pain or uneasiness. 12. Young, weak;
as, tender age. 13. Nice, scrupulous. 14. Good-natur'd, kind.

TENDER, subst. [from the verb] 1. An offer of payment, &c. propo­
sal to acceptance. 2. [Of attendre, Fr. attendere, Lat.] one who waits
on another. 3. [From the adj.] regard, kind concern. Shakespeare.

TE’NDERLY, adv. [of tender] 1. Softly, scrupulously. 2. Kindly,
&c.

To TE’NDER, verb act. [from the adj. or tendresse, Fr. tenderness]
1. To use tenderly or kindly, to regard with kindness: not in use. Shake­
speare. 2. [tendre, Fr.] to make an offer of the payment of money, &c.
to exhibit to acceptance. 3. To esteem, to hold.

To TENDER an Averment [in law] to offer a proof or evidence in
court.

TE’NDERS [a sea term] ships in a fleet, which carry provisions, am­
munition, aud other necessaries, and tend or attend for that purpose.

TE’NDERHEARTED [of tender and hearted] being of a tender, com­
miserating, and kind disposition. It is also used by Hudibras for amo­
rous, lascivious. See TENDER, adj.

TENDERHEA’RTEDLY, adv. [of tenderhearted] in a kind, commise­
rating manner.

TENDERHEA’RTEDNESS, subst. [of tenderhearted] a kind and commi­
serating temper or disposition.

TE’NDERLING, subst. [of tender] one tenderly brought up, a fond­
ling.

TE’NDERLINGS [with hunters] the soft tops of a deer's horns, when
they first begin to shoot forth.

TE’NDERLY, adv. [of tender] in a tender manner, mildly, not
harshly.

TE’NDERNESS [tendresse, Fr.] 1. State of being tender, susceptible of
impressions, softness. 2. State of being easily hurt, soreness. 3. Sus­
ceptibility of the softer passions. 4. Kind attention or anxiety for ano­
ther's good. 5. Scrupulousness, caution. 6. Cautious care. A great
tenderness of reputation. Gov. of the Tongue. 7. Soft pathos of expres­
sion, endearing carriage.

TE’NDERMENT, Fr. [in music books] tenderly or gently; as much
as to say, sing or play, after a sweet, gentle, or affecting manner.

TE’NDICLE, subst. [tendicula, Lat.] a gin or snare to take birds or
beasts, &c. not used.

TE’NDINOUS, adj. [of tendo, Lat. tendineux, Fr.] full of tendons, con­
sisting of tendons, sinewy.

TE’NDINOUSNESS, fulness of tendons, or the nature or quality of ten­
dons.

TE’NDON, subst. Fr. [tendine, It. of tendo, Lat. tendre, Fr. to stretch
out] the extremity of a muscle, where its fibres run into a strong, springy
chord; a sinew, a ligature by which the joints are moved.

TE’NDRIL, subst. [tendrillon, Fr. with botanists] a clasper, or that little
curling part of plants by which, in climbing, they take hold of a prop
for their support.

TENEA’TES, a name by which Apollo had a temple and oracle at
Teneus, in the territories of Corinth.

TE’NEBRÆ, or TE’NEBRES, Lat. [in the Roman church] a service used
on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday before Easter, in representation of
Christ's agony in the garden. The manner is thus: There are fifteen
lamps or candles lighted, which is just the number of psalms or canticles
that are in the office. These being lighted on a triangular sconce, at the
end of every psalm that the priest repeats, one of the candles is put out,
till at the end the congregation is left in darkness.

TENE’BRICOSE, adj. [tenebricosus, Lat] dark, gloomy.

TE’NEBROSE, or TE’NEBROUS, adj. [tenebreux, Fr. tenebroso, It. and
Sp. of tenebrosus, Lat.] dark, gloomy.

TENE’BROSENESS, or TENEBBRO’SITY, subst. [tenebrosità, It. of tene­
brositas, Lat.] darkness, gloominess.

TE’NEMENT, subst. Fr. [tenementum, of teneo, Lat. to hold] a house,
habitation, or any thing that a person holds of another by paying rent,
&c.

TENEME’NTARY Lands, such lands as the Saxon thanes or noblemen
let out to tenants for arbitrary rents and services.

TENEME’NTIS Legatis [in law] a writ for a corporation to hear con­
troversies, touching tenements devised by will.

TENMENTA’LE, or TEMA’NTALE [in ancient customs] the number
of ten men, which, in the days of our English Saxon ancestors, was also
called a decennary, and ten decennaries made what we call an hundred.

TE’NENT, subst. See TENET.

TE’NENT [in heraldry] a term used for something that sustains or
holds up the shield or coat-armour, and is generally synonimous with
the supporter.

TENE’RITY [tenerezza, It. teneritas, Lat.] tenderness.

TE’NET, subst. [tenet, Lat. he holdeth] it is sometimes an opinion or
doctrine professedly held by some divine, philosopher, &c. position,
principle.

TENE’SMUS [of teneo, Lat. ΤΕΙΝΩ, Gr. to stretch out] a continual de­
sire of going to stool. See TENASMUS.

TENNE’ [in heraldry] is what is commonly in English called tawny,
and some call it brusk: The colour is made of red and yellow mixed to­
gether, and is expressed in engraving by lines diagonal from the sinister
chief and traverse. In blazoning by celestial things, it is called the dra­
gon's head, and by precious stones, the hyacinth.

TE’NNIS, subst. [Skinner supposes this play to be so named from the
word tenez, take it, hold it, or there it goes, used by the French when
they drive the ball] a sort of play at ball, which is driven with a racket.
The place where this play is used, they call a tennis-court.

To TE’NNIS, verb act. [from the subst.] to drive one as a ball. Spenser.

TE’NON, subst. Fr. the square end of a piece of timber, diminished by
one third part of its thickness, fitted into the hole of another piece, cal­
led a mortise.

TENONTRO’TOTUS [of ΤΕΙΝΩ, to stretch out, and ΤρΩΤΟΣ, Gr. wounded]
one that is wounded in a tendon.

TE’NOR, or TE’NOUR, subst. [teneur, Fr. tenore, It. tenoro, Sp. of te­
nor, Lat.] manner of continuity, constant mode, general currency, ge­
neral drift or course, sense contain'd.

TENOR [in music] the first, mean, or middle part, or that which is
the ordinary pitch of the voice, when neither raised to the treble, nor
lowered to the bass.

TENOR [in law] the purport or content of a writing or instrument.

TENO’RE Indictamenti, &c. Lat. [in law] a writ whereby the record,
&c. of an indictment is called out of another court into chancery.

TENORI’STA, It. a person who has a tenor-voice.

TENSA’RE [in old deeds] to sence, or hedge in.

TENSE, adj. [tensus, Lat.] stretched, stiff, not lax.

TENSE, subst. [of temps, Fr. tempi, It. tempus, Lat. in grammar] in
strict speaking, is only a variation of the verb to signify time. Tenses
are times of action, and they are three, past, present, and future, though
grammarians make five. The past may be divided, as the Latins do,
into imperfect, as, I did love, and the preterperfect, as, I have loved;
the present tense is, I love or do love, the future, I shall or will love.
Note, Dr. Clarke has most judiciously observed, that every tense admits
of the distinction of perfect or imperfect; as, first, with reference to the
time past, “he was going; or “was gone.” Secondly, with reference
to the time present, “he is going;” or, he is gone.” Third; with re­
ference to the future, “he will be going;” or, “he will be gone,”
and so in the learned languages.—Homeri Ilias, Ed. Londin. p. 6.

TE’NSIBLE, adj. [tensibilis, Lat.] that may be extended.

TE’NSION, subst. Fr. [tensine, It.] the state of a thing that is bent, or
the effort made to bend it.

TE’NSENESS, subst. [of tense] tension; the contrary to laxity.

TE’NSIBLENESS, subst. [of tensible] susceptibility of extension.

TE’NSILE, adj. [tensilis, Lat.] capable of extension.

TE’NSIVE, adj. [tensivus, Lat.] belonging to extension, giving a sense
of stiffness or contraction.

TE’NSORS, Lat. [q. d. extensores, i. e. stretchers out] those muscles
which serve to extend the toes.

TENT [with lapidaries] that which they put under table-diamonds,
when they set them in work.

TE’NSURE, subst. [tensus, Lat.] the same with tension. Bacon.

TENT, subst. [tentorium, Lat. tente, Fr. tenda, It. tienda, Sp. tent,
Du. telt, L. Ger. zelt, H. Ger.] 1. A soldiers moveable lodging-place,
made of canvas or other cloth extended on poles. 2. Any temporary
habitation in general, a pavilion. 3. [Tente, Fr.] a roll of lint, &c. to
be put into a wound to keep it open. 4. [Vino tinto, Sp.] a sort of Spa­
nish wine of a deep red, which is brought from Alicant, but chiefly from
Gallicia in Spain.

To TENT, verb neut. [from the subst.] to lodge as in a tent, to taber­
nacle.

To TENT, verb act. to search or fill up with a medical tent.

TENTA’TION, subst. Fr. [tentatio, Lat.] trial, temptation.

TENTA’TIVE, adj. [of tento, Lat. to try] pertaining to an essay or
tryal, trying, essaying.

TENTA’TIVE, subst. an essay or effort whereby persons try their
strength, or sound an affair, &c. to see whether or no it will suc­
ceed.

TENTATIVE [in French universities] the first thesis or act that a stu­
dent in the theology school holds to shew his capacity, to obtain the
degree of batchelor.

TE’NTED, adj. [of tent] covered with tents.

TE’NTERS, or TE’LTERS [either of tendere, Lat. to stretch out, or
teltre, Sax.] a frame or stretcher set with hooks to stretch cloth on,
used by clothiers and cloth-workers.

TE’NTER, or TE’NTER-HOOK, subst. [tendo, tentus, Lat.] 1. A hook
on which things are stretched. 2. To be on the tenters; to be in difficul­
ties or distress, to be on the stretch.

TE’NTER-GROUNDS, the fields in which such tenters or frames are set
up.

To TE’NTER, verb act. [from the subst.] to stretch by tenterhooks.

To TENTER, verb neut. to stretch, to admit extension.

TE’NTERDEN, a borough in Kent, by the river Rother, 60 measured
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

TENTH, adj. [teawa, tien, Sax. tiende, Du. teinte, L. Ger. zehnte,
H. Ger.] the ordinal of ten, the first after the ninth.

TENTH, subst. [from the adj.] 1. The tenth part. 2. Tithe in ge­
neral.








TE’NTHLY, adj. [of tenth] in the tenth place or order.

TENTHS, an annual tribute which all ecclesiastical livings pay to the
king. The bishop of Rome pretended right to this revenue by example
of the high priest of the Jews, who had tenths from the Levites, till,
by Henry VIII. they were perpetually annexed to the crown.

TE’NT-WORT, a plant.

TENTI’GINOUS, adj. [tentiginosus, Lat.] stiff, stretched, troubled with
the tentigo or satyriasis.

TE’NTIGO, Lat. [with surgeons] an involuntary erection, the same as
satyriasis.

TENUIFO’LIOUS, adj. [of tenuis, thin, and folium, Lat. a leaf; in bo­
tanic writers] that has thin leaves, as the leaves of some sorts of the fi­
coides.

TE’NUOUSNESS, or TENU’ITY, subst. [of tenuitas, Lat. tenuité, Fr.
tenuità, It.] slenderness, thinness, smallness, not grossness.

TE’NUOUS, adj. [tenu, Fr. tenue, It. of tenuis, Lat.] small, thin, mi­
nute. Brown.

TE’NURE, subst. Fr. [tenura, law Lat. of teneo, Lat.] the manner by
which tenants hold lands or tenements of their lords, or the services per­
formed to the lord, in consideration of the use and occupancy of his
lands. In Scotland are four tenures, the first is pura eleemosyna, which
is proper to spiritual men, paying nothing for it but devota animarum
suffragia: The second they call feu, which holds of the king, church,
barons, or others, paying a certain duty called feudi firma: The third
is a holding in blanch by payment of a penny, rose, pair of gilt spurs,
or some such thing, if asked: The fourth is by service of ward and re­
lief, where the heir being minor, is in the custody of his lord, together
with his lands, &c. And land holden in this manner is called feudum de
hauberk or haubert, feudum militare or loricatum. Tenure in gross is the
tenure in capite: For the crown is called a seignior in gross, because a
corporation of and by itself.

TEPEFA’CTION, subst. [tepefacio, Lat.] the act of making warm to a
small degree.

TE’PHRIAS [ΤΕφρΟΣ, Gr. of an ash-colour] a kind of marble of an ash­
colour.

TEPHRI’TES [ΤΕφρΙΤΙΣ, Gr.] a stone having the figure of a new
moon.

TE’PHROMANCY [ΤΕφρΟΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, of ΤΕφρΑ, ashes, and ΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, Gr. divi­
nation] divination by ashes, which was performed in the following man­
ner: They wrote the things they had a mind to be resolved about in
ashes upon a plank, or any such thing; and this they exposed to the
open air, where it was to continue for some time; and those letters that
remained whole, and were no way defaced by the winds or other acci­
dents, were thought to contain in them a solution of the question.

TE’PID, adj. [tepidus, Lat. tiepedo, It.] lukewarm, warm in a small
degree.

TEPI’DITY [tiepedità, It. tepiditas, Lat.] lukewarmness.

TE’POR, subst. Lat. lukewarmness, gentle heat. Arbuthnot.


TER

TE’RAPHIM [םיפרת, Heb.] some have imagin'd that the teraphims,
mentioned, Judges xvii. 5. were the houshold gods of the heathens:
others rather think they were Talismanical representations, consecrated
by devilish ceremonies, to engage some evil spirit to answer in them the
demands of their worshippers, and give oracles. But N. B. This (like
some other Hebrew words) is sometimes singular in SENSE, tho' plural
in FORM; as I infer from 1. Sam. xix. 13—16. and from the same pas­
sage it should seem to have been the statue, or at least the bust, of a man.
Idola Teraphim fere semper formâ fasciis involuti pueri. & ad portandum
idoneâ parabantur. Hinc sine manibus & pedibus fere videntur constructa.
—Cujusmodi figuram quoque habuisse SERAPES. Kircher, Oedip. Egypt.
T. I. Syntag. 4. c. 3. See PERSONS in Divinity, ICONOLATER, ORA­
CLES, and URIM.

TERATO’LOGY [of ΤΕρΑΤΑ, wonderful things, and ΛΕΓΩ, Gr.] is when
bold writers, fond of the sublime, intermix something great and prodi­
gious in every thing they write, whether there be foundation for it in
reason, or not; affectation of false sublimity.

TERCE, subst. [tiers, tierce, Fr. triens, Lat.] a wine-vessel, containing
eighty-four gallons, a third part of a butt or pipe.

TE’RCET [in music] a third

TEREBE’LLUM, Lat. [the diminutive of terebrum] an augur or piercer
for boring.

TE’REBINTH, subst. [terebinthia, Lat.] turpentine.

TEREBINTH [terebinthus, Lat. ΤΕρΕβΙΝΘΟΣ, Gr.] the turpentine-tree.

TEREBI’NTHINATE, or TEREBI’NTHINE, adj. [ΤΕρΕβΙΝΘΙΝΟΣ, Gr.] con­
taining turpentine, mixed with turpentine; used subantively by Floyer.

TEREBINTHIZU’SA [of ΤΕρΕβΙΝΘΙζΩ, Gr.] a precious stone, a sort of
jasper.

TERE’BRA, Lat. [with surgeons] a trepan.

To TE’REBRATE, verb act. [terebro, Lat.] to bore, to pierce.
Brown.

TEREBRA’TION, subst. [of terebrate] the act of boring or piercing.

TERE’DUM, Lat. [with surgeons] the corrupting or rotting of a
bone.

TE’RES Major, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle arising from the lower an­
gle of the basis of the scapula, and ascending obliquely upwards, under
the head of the longus, is inserted into the neck of the os humeri, called
also rotundus major.

TERES Minor, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle arising from the inferior
angle of the scapula, which, ascending obliquely, passes over the head
of the longus, and is inserted below the os humeri, and is called also
tranversalis.

TERGE’MINOUS, adj. [tergeminus, Lat.] three-sold.

TERGIFOE’TOUS, adj. [tergifœtus, Lat.] bearing their young on their
backs; as, tergifœtous plants are such as bear their seeds on the back­
sides of ther leaves.

TERGIVERSA’TION, Fr. [tergiversazione, It. tergiversacion, Sp. of ter­
giversatio, Lat.] 1. Shuffling, change, fickleness. 2. Fetch, shift, eva­
sion, subterfuge.

TERGIVERSA’TOR, Lat. a fickle person, one that shuffles and shifts.

TERM, subst. [terme, F. termino, It. and Sp. of terminus, Lat. ΤΕρΜΑ,
Ger.] 1. Words, language. In this sense mostly used in the plural. 2.
A boundary or limit. 3. [Termine, O. Fr.] time for which any thing
lasts, a limited or set time. 4. [Terme, Fr.] the word by which a thing
is expressed. A word of art. 5. Stipulation, condition.

TERM [in law] a fixed and limited time, when the courts of judica­
ture are open for all lawsuits, of which there are four in the year, set
apart for the hearing and determining of all controversies and suits in the
courts at Westminster and elsewhere, the rest of the year being called va­
cation time.

TERM [in grammar] a particular word, diction, or expression in a
language.

To TERM, verb act. [from the subst.] to name or call a thing.

Little Term [in logic] is that idea which makes the subject, because
the subject is commonly of less extent than the attribute.

Great TERM [in logic] is the idea of the attribute.

Milliary TERMS [among the ancient Greeks] the heads of certain
deities, placed on square land marks of stone, &c. to mark the several
stadia, &c. in the roads.

TERMS of an Equation [with algebraists] are the several names or
members of which it is composed, and such as have the same unknown
letter, but in different powers or degrees; for if the same unknown let­
ter be found in the same degree or power, they must pass but for one
term.

TERMS of Proportion [with mathematicians] are such numbers, let­
ters, or quantities, as are compared one with another; as if 3: 6:: c,
d. a: b:: 12 : 24. then a, b, c, d, or 3: 6. 12: 24. are called the
terms, a being the first term, b the second.

TERM [in architecture] a kind of statue or column, adorned at the
top with the figure of a man's, woman's, or satyr's head, as a capital,
and the lower part ending as a sheath or scabbard.

TERM [in geometry] is sometimes used for a point, and sometimes a
line, &c. a line is the term of a superficies, and a superficies of a
solid.

TERM of Progression [in mathematics] is every member of that pro­
gression.

TERMS [with astrologers] certain degrees of the signs, wherein
the planets are observed to have their strength and virtues increased.

TERMS [with physicians] the menses or monthly courses of wo­
men.

TERMS, or Articles [termini, Lat.] articles and conditions; also the
state of an affair.

TERMS of Art, words, which, besides their literal and popular mean­
ing, which they either have or may have in common language, bear a
further and peculiar meaning in some art or science.

TE’RMAGANCY, subst. [of termagant] turbulence, loud noise, tumul­
tuousness. Barker.

TE’RMAGANT [tyr and magan, Sax. eminently powerful. Johnson.
ter magnitudo, Lat, i. e. three times magnitude] 1. Turbulent, tumul­
tuous. 2. Quarelsome, furious. 3. Scolding, brawling [in women].

TERMAGANT, subst. a scolding brawling woman. Both this and the
adjective appear in Shakespeare to have been anciently used of men.

TE’RMER, subst. [of term] one who travels up from the country to the
term. B. Johnson,

TE’RMINABLE, adj. [terminabilis, Lat.] admitting of bounds and li­
mits, limitable.

TERMINA’LIA [among the Romans] a feast of land-marks, observed
in honour of Terminus, the deity of bounds, for adjusting and distinguish­
ing the limits of fields, and every man's estate.

To TERMINATE, verb act. [terminer, Fr. terminare, It. and Lat. ter­
minar, Sp.] 1. To limit or bound. 2. To determine, to end, to put
an end to; as, to terminate differences.

To TERMINATE, verb neut. to be limited, to attain its end, to end,
to have an end.

TERMINA’TION, subst. [of terminate] 1. The act of bounding or li­
miting. 2. Bound, limit. 3. End, conclusion. 4. [In grammar,
terminaison, Fr. terminazione, It. terminacion, Sp. of terminatio, Lat.] the
end of a word, as in some languages varied by its significations. 5.
Word, term: not used. Shakespeare.

TE’RMINER [as a commission of oyer and terminer, i. e. to hear and
determine] a commission for trying and clearing the innocent, and con­
demning malefactors.

TE’RMINISTS, a sect or branch of the Calvinists, who hold five par­
ticular tenets, as to the term or time of grace. See CALVINISM.

TERMI’NTHUS, Lat. [ΤΕρΜΙΝΘΟΣ, Gr.] a swelling or tumour with a
black rising at the top, as big as the fruit of the turpentine tree. Ter­
minthus is of a blackish colour; it breaks, and within a day the pustule
comes away in a slough. Wiseman.

TE’RMINUS Deus [among the Romans] the god of bounds and limits.
The people of Rome were commanded to set stones on the confines of
their ground, which were called terminalia: and upon them they offered
sacrifices to Jupiter, to whom they were consecrated; these stones were
every year crowned with flowers, and milk was poured upon them to the
god Terminus.

TE’RMLESS, adj. [of term] boundless unlimited. Raleigh.

TE’RMLY, adv. [of term] every term, as often as the terms of law
return.

TE’RMON Land, glebe-land, or land belonging to the church.

TERNA’RIOUS, or TE’RNARY, adj. [ternaire, Fr. ternario, It. terna­
rius, Lat.] proceeding by three, consisting of three.

TE’RNARY, or TE’RNION, subst. [ternarius, or ternio, Lat.] the num­
ber three.

TERPSI’CHORE [ΤΕρψΙχΟρΗ, of ΤΕρψΙΣ, delectation, and χΟρΕΙΑ, Gr. a
dance] one of the nine muses, to whom is attributed the invention of
dancing and balls. She was the daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne,
and the mother of the Sirenes by Achelous. See SIRENS.

TE’RRA, Lat. the earth, land, ground. See TELLUS.

TERRA [in doomsday-book] arable or ploughed land.

Damnata TERRA, or Mortua TERRA [with chemists] that earthly
part or thick drossy matter which remains after the distillation of mi­
nerals.

Firma TERRA, Lat. [in geography] the continent or main land.

TERRA Lemnia, Lat. a sort of red earth dug out of a hill in the island
of Lemnos; the same with terra sigillata.

Sigillata TERRA, Lat. earth of the island of Lemnos, so called, be­
cause it comes to us sealed; much used in physic.

TERRA Samia, Lat. a white, stiff, tough earth, brought from the
island of Samos.

TERRA à Terra [in horsemanship] is a series of low leaps made by
the horse forward, bearing sideways, and working upon two treads. In
which motion the horse moves both his fore legs at once, and when they
are upon the point of descending to the ground, the hinder legs bear
them company with a short and quick cadence, always bearing and stay­
ing upon his haunches; so that the motions of the hinder quarters are







short and quick, and the horse being always well pressed and coupled,
he lifts his fore legs pretty high, and his hind legs keep always low and
near the ground.

TERRA à terra, Lat. Gallies, and other vessels, are said to go terra
à terra, when they never go far from the coasts.

TE’RRACE, subst. Fr. [terraccia, It.] a small mount of earth com­
monly covered over with grass.

TERRACE [in architecture] 1. The roof of a house that is flat, and
whereon one may walk. 2. A balcony which projects.

To TERRACE, verb act. [from the subst.] to make a terrace. Wot­
ton.

TE’RRÆ-FILIUS [i. e. the son of the earth] a scholar in the univer­
sity of Oxford, appointed to make jesting and satyrical speeches; as the
prevaricator does at the commencement at Cambridge.

TE’RRAGE, a service, in which a tenant or vassal was bound to his
lord in ploughing, reaping, &c. his ground for him; also a freedom
from that service, and from all land-taxes.

TERRAI’GNOL [with horsemen] is a horse who cleaves to the ground,
that cannot be made light upon the hand, that cannot be put upon his
haunches, that raises his fore quarters with difficulty, that is charged
with shoulders; and, in general, one whose motions are all short, and
too near the ground.

TERRAI’N [with horsemen] is the manage-ground upon which the
horse makes his pist or tread.

TERRA’RIUS [in old law] a land holder or tenant.

TERRARIUS Cœnobialis, an officer in a religious house, whose business
was to keep a terrar or terrer, i. e. a roll, of all their estates.

TERRA’QUEOUS, adj. [of terra, earth, and aqua, Lat. water] as, the
terraqueous globe, i. e. the globe of the earth, consisting of land and
water.

TE’RRAS, or TERRACE [terrazzo, It. terrasse, Fr. prob. of turris, Lat.
a tower, of terra, Lat. the earth] a walk, or gallery, raised above the
rest of the garden. See TERRACE.

TERREBLUE’, Fr. a light, loose, friable kind of lapis armenus.
Woodward.

The TERRE’LLA [of terra, q. d. a little earth] when a loadstone is
made spherical, and is placed so that its poles, equator, &c. do exactly
correspond to the poles of the equator of the world, it is called a ter­
rella.

TERRE’NE, adj. [terrenus, Lat.] terrestrial, earthly. Milton uses it
substantively, or rather elliptically, for terrene globe.

TERRE’NENESS [of terrenus, Lat.] earthiness.

TERRE Plain [in fortification] is a platform or horizontal surface of
the rampart lying level, only with a little slope on the outside for the re­
coil of the cannon. It is terminated by the parapet on that side toward
the field, and by the inner talus on the other side toward the body of the
place.

TERRE Tenant, a tenant that holds land; as when a lord of a manor
has a freeholder, who lets out his freehold to another, to be occupied,
this occupier is called the terre tenant.

TE’RREOUS, adj. [terreus, Lat.] earthy, consisting of earth.

TE’RRER, or TE’RRIER [of terra, Lat. land] a book or roll, where­
in the several lands, either of a private person, or of a town, college,
or church, &c. are described; and this ought to contain the number of
acres, the site, boundaries, tenants names, &c.

TERRE’STRIAL, or TERRE’STRIOUS, adj. [terrestre, Fr. and It. of
terrestris, Lat.] 1. Earthly, pertaining to the earth, not cœlestial. 2.
Consisting of earth, earthy; improper. Woodward.

TERRESTRIAL Line [in perspective] is a right line, in which the geo­
metrical place, and that of the picture or draught, intersect one an­
other.

TERRE’STRIALNESS, or TERRESTRE’ITY, subst. [of terrestreitas, Lat.]
earthiness, the quality of being earthly: a school term.

To TERRE’STRIFY, verb act. [of terrestris, and facio, Lat.] to re­
duce to the state of earth. Brown.

TERRE’STRIOUS, adj. [terrestris, Lat. terrestre, Fr.] earthy, consist­
ing of earth, terreous. Brown.

TE’RRE-VIRTE, subst. Fr. a sort of earth which owes its green colour
to a slight admixture of copper. Woodward.

TE’RRIBLE, adj. Fr. and Sp. [terribel, It. and Port. of terribilis, Lat.]
dreadful, frightful, causing terror, great, so as to offend. A colloquial
hyperbole. Clarendon.

TE’RRIBLENESS, subst. [of terrible] quality of being terrible, dread­
fulness.

TE’RRIBLY, adv. [of terrible] 1. Dreadfully, so as to raise fear,
formidably, violently, very much. Swift.

TERRI’COLIST [terricola, Lat.] one who inhabits or dwells upon the
earth.

TE’RRIER, Fr. [terra, Lat.] 1. A kind of dog that hunts under­
ground. 2. [terrier, Fr.] a survey or regester of lands; the same with
terrer. 3. [Terebro, Lat.] a sort of auger, borer, or wimble.

TERRIER, or TE’RRAR [in ancient customs] a collection of acknow­
ledgments of vassals or tenants of a lordship, containing the rents, ser­
vices, &c. they owe to their lord, and serving as a title or claim for de­
manding and executing the payments thereof.

TE’RRIER [with hunters] the lodge or hole which foxes, badgers,
rabbets, &c. dig for themselves under-ground, to save themselves from
the hunters; and hence terrier, a little hound, who hunts those animals,
creeps into the ground like a ferret, and either affrights and bites them,
or drags them out at the holes.

TERRI’FIC, adj. [terrificus, Lat,] dreadful, causing terror.

To TE’RRIFY, verb act. [terrifacio, Lat.] to affright, to shock with
fear.

TERRI’GENOUS, adj. [terrigena, Lat.] born of the earth.

TE’RRING, a market-town of Sussex, 35 miles from London.

TERRI’SONOUS, adj. [terrisonus, Lat.] sounding terribly.

TERRITO’RIAL, adj. [of territory] belonging to a territory; as, a
territorial jurisdiction.

TE’RRITORY, subst. [territoire, Fr. territorio, It. and Sp. territorium,
law Lat.] a certain tract of land lying within the bounds or pertaining
to the jurisdiction of any state, dominion.

TE’RROUR, subst. [terror, Lat. and Sp. terreur, Fr. terrore, It] 1.
Fear or fright communicated. 2. Fear received. 3, Cause of fear.

TE’RRULENTLY [terrulentia, Lat.] earthiness, a fulness of earth.

TE’RSE, adj. [ters, Fr. tersus, Lat.] 1. Smooth. 2. Cleanly written,
elegant without pompousness, neat, exact.

TE’RSION, Lat. the act of wiping or rubbing a thing.

TE’RSOR, Lat. [in anatomy] the muscle called also latissimus dorsi.

TE’RTHRA, the parts about the throat, the middle and lateral parts of
the neck.

TE’RTIAN, subst. [tertiana, sc. febris, Lat. tierce, Fr. terzana, It. ter­
tizana, Sp.] an ague intermitting but one day, so that there are two fits
in three days.

To TE’RTIATE, verb act. [tertio, tertius, Lat. to do a thing the third
time; in husbandry] to till the ground a third time.

TE’RTIATED, part. adj. [tertiatus, Lat.] a term in gunnery, signify­
ing that a cannon has been rounded, as to the thickness of the metal at
the touch-hole, trunnions and muzze; also done the third time.

TERTIA’TION, a doing a thing the third time.

TERTIO’LA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb clowns all-heal.

TE’RTIUM Quid, Lat. [in chymistry] the result of the mixture of some
two things, which forms something very different from both.

TE’RZA, It. 1. [in music books] signifies a third. 2. The num­
ber 3.

In TERZA, It. [in music books] signifies songs or tunes in parts.

TERZE’TTO [in music books] lettle airs in three parts.


TES

TESSELLA’TA Pavimenta, Lat. [among the Romans] were the pave­
ments in the tents of the generals, of rich mosaic work, made of curious,
small, square marbles, bricks, or tiles, called tessellæ, from the form of
dice.

TE’SSELLATED, adj. [tessellatus, Lat.] chequered with inlaid pieces
of wood, stone, or any other thing, a pavement of mosaic work, made
of curious, small, square marbles, bricks, or tiles, called tessellæ, from
the form of dice.

TESSERACO’STE [ΤΕΣΣΑρΑχΟΣΤΗ, Gr. i. e. forty days] the forty days
between Easter and Holy Thursday; also the time of Lent.

TEST, subst. Fr. [testa, It.] 1. The copel by which refiners try their
metals; an instrument or vessel made of bone ashes, hooped with iron;
or a furnace for melting down iron, &c. 2. [Testimonium, Lat.] an oath
for renouncing the pope's supremacy, and transubstantiation. 3. Assay,
proof, trial, or examination; as by the copel. 4. Applied to means of
trial. 5. That with which any thing is compared in order to prove its
genuineness. 6. Distinguishing characteristic. Our test excludes your
tribe from benefit. Dryden. 7. Judgment, distinction. 8. It seems
to signify any vessel that holds fire. You toss your 'censing test and fume
the room. Dryden.

TE’STA [in botanic writings] a thin, hard, brittle covering of some
seeds.

TESTA de Nevil [so called, because it is said to have been compiled
by Jolland Nevil, an itinerant justice in the time of King Henry III] an
authentic record kept in the king's remembrancer's office in the Exche­
quer, containing an account of all lands held in grand or petty sergeantry,
with fees and escheats to the king.

TE’STABLE [testabilis, Lat.] that by the law may bear witness.

TESTA’CEOUS, adj. [testaceus, Lat. testacée, Fr.] 1. Consisting or com­
posed of shells. 1. Having continuous, not jointed shells. Opposed to
crustaceous. With naturalists, testaceous is a term given only to such fish
whose strong and thick shells are entire and of a piece, because those
which are jointed, as the lobsters, are crustaceous. But in medicine, all
preparations of shells, and the like substances, are so called.

TE’STAMENT, subst. Fr. [testamento, It. Sp. and Port. testamentum,
Lat.] 1. A solemn and authentic act, whereby a person declares his
will, as to the disposal of his estate after his decease. 2. Each of the
volumes of the scriptures; as, the Old and New Testament.

TESTAMENT Nuncupative, a last will made by word of mouth before
sufficient witnesses.

TESTAMENTA’RIOUS, or TESTAME’NTARY, adj. [testamentoire, Fr.
testamentario, It. and Sp. testamentarius, Lat.] pertaining to a testament,
given by will, contained in wills.

TESTA’TOR, subst. Lat. [testateur, Fr. testatore, It.] a man that makes
a testament or last will.

TESTA’TRIX, subst. Lat. [testatrice, Fr. and It.] a woman that makes
a testament or last will.

TESTA’TUM [in law] a writ after capias, when a man is not found in
the county where the action was laid.

TE’STATE, adj. [testatus, Lat.] having made a will.

TE’STER, subst. [of teste, tête, Fr. an head] 1. A coin, in value six­
pence. 2. [of testiera, Sp. or téte, Fr. a head] the upper part of a
bed.

TE’STED, part. adj. [of test] tried by a test.

TE’STES, Lat. the testicles.

TESTES [with anatomists] certain eminent parts behind the psalloides
in the extreme part of the brain toward the cerebellum; so called by
anatomists, on account of their resembling the testicles.

TE’STICLE, subst. [testiculus Lat. testicule, Fr.] stone.

TESTI’CULAR, adj. [testiculaire, Fr. testicularis, Lat.] pertaining to the
testicles.

TESTI’CULATED Root [with botanists] a kind of tuberous root, which
consists of two nobs, resembling a pair of testicles, as in some species of
orchis.

TESTI’CULOSE [testiculosus, Lat.] that hath large cods.

TESTI’CULUS Venereus, Lat. [with surgeons] a swelling of the cods
after venereal copulation.

TESTIFICA’TION, subst. [testificatio, Lat. testificazione, It. testificacion,
Sp.] the act of bearing witness.

TESTIFICA’TORS, subst. [testificor, Lat.] he that testifies.

TE’STIFIER, subst. [of testify] one who testifies.

To TE’STIFY, verb neut. [testificor, Lat. testificar, Sp.] to witness or
certify, to make appear or known.

To TESTIFY, verb act. to witness, to give evidence of any point.

TE’STILY, adv. [of testy] peevishly, fretfully.

TESTIMO’NIAL, adj. [testimonialis, Lat. testimoniale, It.] pertaining to
witnessing or testimony.

TESTIMONIAL, subst. [testimoniale, It. and Lat.] a written certificate
under the hand of a magistrate, the master and fellows of a college, or
some person in authority, and produced by any one as an evidence for
himself.

TE’STIMONY [testimonium, Lat. temoignage, Fr. testimonio, It. and Sp.
testimunha, Port.] 1. Evidence, proof. 2. [In holy writ] a law or or­
dinance, public evidences. In his ark his testimony. Milton. 3. Open
attestation, profession. Testimony of truth. Milton.

To TE’STIMONY, verb act. to witness. A word not used. Shake­
speare.








TE’STINESS, subst. [of testy] peevishness, disposition or aptness to be
angry, moroseness.

TE’STO [in music books] the text or words of a song.

TE’STONS [so called from their having an head; of testa, It. or Tête,
Fr. upon them, whence they are called by us testors, or testers] they
were either coined here or in France, in the time of Henry VIII. and
went in France for eighteen-pence; and probably they went for the
same here. They were made of brass, covered with silver. They went
in England, in the time of Henry VIII. for twelve-pence, and sunk in
Edward VI's time to nine-pence, and afterwards to six-pence, which
still retains the name of tester, which see.

TESTU’DINATED, adj. [testudinatus, Lat.] vaulted, made like the
shell of a tortoise, roofed, arched.

TESTUDINE’OUS, adj. [testudineus, testudo, Lat.] belonging to a tor­
toise, resembling the shell of a tortoise; also vaulted.

TESTU’DO, Lat. a tortoise; also a vaulted roof.

TESTUDO [with poets] a lyre, because it is said to have been made
by Mercury, its inventor, of the back or hollow shell of a sea tor­
toise.

TESTUDO Veliformis Quadrabilis [in architecture] an hemispherical
vault or ceiling of a church, &c. wherein there are four windows, so
contrived, that the rest of the vault is quadrable or may be squared.

TESTUDO [with the ancients] a kind of cover or skreen made
by the soldiers bucklers, held over their heads, they being in close
order.

TESTUDO [in physic] a soft broad tumour or gathering of impure
humours between the skull and the skin, called also talpa, &c.

TE’STY, adj. [testie, Fr. of tête, Fr. head, q. d. headiness, or of te­
stardo, It. headstrong, stubborn] apt to take pet, fretful.

TE’STILY, peevishly.


TET

TETA’NIC [tetanicus, Lat. of ΤΕΤΑΝΙχΟΣ, Gr.] having a creek in the
neck, or cramp in it, that holdeth it so stiff that it cannot bow.

TETA’NOTHRUM, Lat. a medicine for taking away wrinkles in the
skin, and smoothing it.

TE’TANUS, Lat. [ΤΕΤΑΝΟΣ, Gr.] a contraction, whereby a limb, or
rather any part of the body, or the whole body itself, becomes rigid and
inflexible.

TETARTÆ’US, Lat. [ΤΕΤΑρΤΑΙΟΣ, Gr.] a quartan ague.

TE’TBURY, a populous town in Gloucestershire, 93 miles from Lon­
don.

TE’TCHY, adj. froward, peevish. A corruption of testy, or touchy.

TÊTE à TÊTE, Fr. cheek by jowl.

TE’THER, subst. a rope or chain fixed in the ground, to which a horse
is tied, to keep him from pasturing too wide. See TEDDER.

To TETHER, verb act. [from the subst.] to tie up.

To TETHER a Horse, to tie him so in a pasture that he may eat all
round him the length of the line, but no farther.

TE’THYS, according to the poets, the daughter of Cœlus and Vesta,
or Tellus, the sister of Saturn, the wife of Oceanus, and goddess of the
sea.

TE’TRACHORD, subst. [tetrachordo, It. tetrachordus, Lat. of ΤΕΤρΑχΟρΔΟΝ,
Gr.] an instrument with four strings; also an interval of three tones,
accounting the tetrachord for one tone, as it is often taken in mu­
sick.

TETRACHO’RDO, It. a tetrachord.

TETRACHYMA’GOGON [of ΤΕΤρΑΣ, four, χυΜΟΣ, an humour, and ΑΓΩ­
ΓΕΙΝ, Gr. to lead] a medicine which purges four sorts of humours.

TETRA’COLON [ΤΕΤρΑχΩΛΟΝ, Gr.] a stanza or division in lyric poetry,
consisting of four verses.

TETRA’CTIS [in ancient geometry] a point, a line, a surface, and a
solid.

TETRADIAPA’SON [in music] i. e. a four-fold diapason, a musical
chord, otherwise called a quadruple 8th or 29th.

TETRADI’TES, a name given to several sects of heretics, on account of
the respect they bore to the ΤΕΤρΑΣ, or number four.

TETRÆ’DRON [of
ΤΕΤρΜΕΔρΟΝ, Gr.] one of the five regular bodies, con­
tained under four equal and equilateral triangles, which, being folded
up, will each of them represent the tetrædron.

TETRÆ’TERIS, or TETRÆTE’RIO [ΤΕΤρΑΕΤΗρΙΣ, Gr.] the space of four
years

TETRAGLO’TTIC, adj. [of ΤΕΤρΑΣ, four, and ΓΛΩΤΤΑ, Gr. the tongue]
consisting of four tongues or languages.

TE’TRAGON [tetragonus, Lat. of ΤΕΤρΑΓΩΝΟΣ, of ΤΕΤρΑΣ, four, and ΓΩΝΙΑ,
Gr. a corner] a figure having four corners, a square.

TETRAGON [in astrology] an aspect of two planets with regard to
the earth, when they are distant from each other a fourth part of the
circle, or 90 degrees.

TETRA’GONAL, adj. [tetragonus, Lat. of ΤΕΤρΑΓΩΝΟΣ, of ΤΕΤρΑΣ, and ΓΩ­
ΝΙΑ, Gr. an angle] pertaining to a tetragon, four-square. The moon
will be in a tetragonal or quadrate aspect, that is four signs removed from
that wherein the disease began. Brown.

TETRA’GONALNESS, the having four corners, squareness.

TETRAGO’NIA, Lat. [with botanists] prick-wood or spindle tree.

TETRAGO’NIAS [with astrologers] a comet, the head of which is of
a quadrangular form, and its tail or train long, thick, and uniform, and
not much different from the meteor called trabs.

TETRA’GONISM, subst. [tetragonismus, Lat. ΤΕΤρΑΓΟΝΙΣΜΟΣ, Gr.] the act of
bringing of a figure to a triangle.

TETRAGONI’STICAL Calculus, is the same with the summatory or dif­
ferential calculus of Leibnitz, or summatory arithmetic, i. e. the art of
finding the flowing quantity from the fluxion.

TETRAGO’NUS, Lat. [ΤΕΤρΑΓΩΝΟΝ, Gr.]
a four-square or four cornered
figure, a quadrangle.

TETRA’GONUS [with anatomists] a large square muscle, called qua­
dratus genæ.

TETRAGRA’MMATON [ΤΕΤρΑΓρΑΜΜΑΤΟΝ, Gr. q. d. consisting of four let­
ters] the characteristic of the word Jehovah, as consisting in Hebrew of
four letters; for which reason the Jews call it “shem ben arbang othioth.
and from them the Greeks tetragrammaton, i. e. a name consisting of
four letters.” And as to its etymology [I'm speaking of the word JEHO­
VAH] it is derived from the verb havah, to exist, Heb. But Rab. Bechai,
reasoning, I suppose, more distinctly upon the nature of its derivation,
and the constituent letters of the word [Jehovah] says that, “it includes
THREE TIMES, past, present, and future.” And it is not improbable,
St. John had much the same etymology and criticism in view, in that
description which he gives of the FIRST CAUSE and FATHER OF THE
UNIVERSE, Revel. i. 4. But after all, something more may have been in­
tended by this word, than mere existence; as may be inferred from that
construction, which GOD HIMSELF puts upon it, Exodus vi. 3—8. I
mean, as it relates to the accomplishment of his promises; tho' grounded,
without all dispute, on the immutability of his existence and nature; and
perhaps for this reason, amongst others, the Jews tell us that the word
Jehovah is “a Name of Grace.” And tho', as being the name by
which the God of their Fathers has characteriz'd Himself, they call it the
shem meyuchad, i. e. *It has been supposed to be incommunicable to any other person, as
being a proper name which God assumed to himself: But as (ac­
cording to Plutarch) the name of Apollo, or of Jupiter, was given
to inferior and subordinate beings, who were supposed to mediate
between us and those respective deities, whose names they bear;
so may the name Jehovah with equal [or still greater] propriety
be applied to the Angel of God's Presence, for more reasons than
one. See PRESENCE, To PERSONATE, and First CAUSE, com­
pared. the appropriated name, yet do they not scruple to
own that, in a subordinate sense, it may be applied to the Messiah [“the
Lord [or Jehovah] our righteousness”] “Because (say they) he is the
mediator of God, and the person thro' whose hands we shall receive righ­
teousness from Him.” Lib. Iccharim. Orat. II. c. 28. compared with
PLUTARCH de Defect. Orac. and MEDE'S Works, Ed. Oxon. p. 630,
631.

TETRA’LOGY, subst. [ΤΕΤρΑΛΟΓΙΑ, Gr.] a discourse in four parts.

TETRA’METRUM, Lat. [ΓΕΤρΑΜΕΤρΟΝ, of ΤΕΤρΑΣ, and ΜΕΤρΟΝ, Gr. measure]
a measure in verse consisting of four metres or eight foot.

TETRAPHA’RMACUM, Lat. [ΤΕΤρΑφΑρΜΑχΟΝ, Gr.] a medicine com­
pounded of four ingredients.

TETRA’PTOTON, Lat. [ΤΕΤρΑΠΤΩΤΟΝ, of ΤΕΤρΑΣ, and ΠΤΩΣΙΣ, Gr. a case;
in grammar] a noun that has no more than four cases.

TETRAPENTÆ’TERIS [ΤΕΤρΑΠΕΝΤΑΕΤΗρΙΣ, Gr.] an olympiad, the space
of four years, and the beginning of the fifth. See OLYMPIADS, and
add there; But, according to Sir Isaac Newton, “in the year before
Christ 776, Iphitus RESTOR'D the Olympiads; and from this Æra the
Olympiads are now reckoned.” Newton's Chronology.

TETRAPE’TALOUS, adj. [of ΤΕΤρΑΣ, and ΠΕΤΑΛΟΝ, Gr. a tetrapetalous
flower; with botanists] is one that consists of but four single, colour'd
leaves, called petala, set round the stylus to compose the flower. Plants
having such a flower, constitute a distinct kind. And Mr. Ray divides
them into,
1. Such as have an uniform, tetrapetalous flower, and their seed­
vessels a little oblong, which he therefore calls siliquose, as the leucoium,
dentaria, alysson, viola lunaris, paronychia, hesperis, alliaria, rapa, na­
pus, sinapis, rapistrum, erysimium, eruca spuria, cardamin, turritis, pilo­
solla siliquosa, and the raphanus rusticanus, and aquatics.
2. Such as have their seed-case or vessel shorter, which he calls capsu­
latæ and siliculosæ, as the myagrium, draha, leucoium, siliqua rotunda,
lepidium vulgare, nasturtium, cochlearia, thlaspi, glastum, brassica marina,
erucæ marinæ, &c.
3. Such as have a kind of, or seeming tetrapetalous flower, i. e. a
monopetalous one deeply divided into four partitions, as the papaver,
argemone, tythiamallus, veronica, coronopus, plantago, lysimachia siliquosa,
psilium, alsine spuria, &c.

TETRAPETALOI’DES, Lat. [with botanists] is when the flower is
deeply cut into four parts, as the flowers of vermilion, speedwel, &c.

TETRAPHY’LLOUS, adj. [ΤΕΤρΑφυΛΛΟΣ, of ΤΕΤρΑΣ, four, and φυΛΛΟΝ, Gr. a
leaf] consisting of four leaves.

TETRA’PLA, Lat. [of ΤΕΤρΑΠΛΟυΣ, Gr. i. e. that is four-fold] a bible
disposed by Origen under four columns, with each a different Greek ver­
sion, viz. that of Aquila, that of Symmachus, that of the Septuagint,
and that of Theodotion.
The reader will find a more full account both of this, and of another
still more elaborate work, called the Hexapla, in Euseb. Hist. Lib. VI.
c. 16. and Spanheim. Hist. p. 774. This was that St. Origen, who, after
all his labours and sufferings in the cause of Christ, had the honour, about
the close of the 4th century, of being singled out from all the Antenicenes
by the Consubstantialists, as *This second attack (made on St. Origen, so long after his head was
laid in the grave) must not be confounded with another of a far
more ancient date; of which we have given some account under
the words ORIGENISM, SECONDARY Sense, and PURGATORY:
And as to his sentiments on the article of the Trinity, see PROBOLE,
DIVINITY, SYMBOLICAL Representation, and COETERNAL. See
also BIBLIOTAPHIST, and EXPURGATORY Index compared. the chief object of their resentment; and
(as they had now got the secular arm on their side) his writings were at
length condemed, after much the same manner as M. Bucer and P. Fa­
gius were with us; which I the rather mention, as it serves to account for
what otherwise would seem a paradox; I mean, that so little of this great
man should have been transmitted to us. Tantum Relligio potuit suadere
malorum.

TETRA’PTOTE [ΤΕΤρΑΠΤΩΤΟΝ, Gr.] a defective noun, having no more
than four cases.

TETRAPHYRE’NOUS, adj. [with botanists] having four seeds or kernels,
as agrifolium, holly, &c.

TE’TRARCH, subst. [tetrarque, Fr. tetrarcha, Lat. ΤΕΤρΑρχΗΣ, Gr.] a Ro­
man governor of the fourth part of a country or province.

TE’TRARCHATE, or TE’TRARCHY, subst. [tetrarcha, Lat. ΤΕΤρΑρχΙΑ,
Gr. of ΤΕΤρΑΣ, and ΑρχΗ, Gr. dominion] the jurisdiction or government of
a tetrarch.

TRETRASPA’STUS [ΤΕΤρΑΣΠΑΣΟΝ, Gr. four drawing] a machine wherein
there are four pullies.

TETRASPE’RMOS [with botanists] that bears four seeds, as borage,
sage, rosemary, &c.

TETRA’STICH, subst. [ΤΕΤρΑΣυΣ, of ΤΕΤρΑs, four, and ΣΙχΟΣ, Gr. a verse] a
stanza, epigram or poem, consisting of four verses.

TE’TRASTYLE [ΤΕΤρΑΣυΛΟΣ, of ΤΕΤρΑΣ four, and ΣυΛΟΣ, Gr. a pillar] a
building with four columns, both before and behind, i. e. in front and
rear.

TETRASYLLA’BICAL, adj. [ΤΕΤρΑΣυΛΛΑβΟΣ, of ΤΕΤρΑΣ, four, and ΣυΛΛΑ­
βΟΣ, Gr. a syllable] consisting of four syllables.

TE’TRICAL, or TE’TRICOUS, adj. [tetricus, Lat. tetrique, Fr.] four,
crabbed, morose, froward. Tetrical bass. Knolles.

TETRO’NYMAL, adj. [ΤΕΤρΟΝυΜΟΣ, Gr.] having four names.

TE’TTER, subst. [teter or tetra, Sax. titter, Teut. zieter, H. Ger.]
a scab accompanied with redness and itching, a ring-worm, a scurf.








TETTER [with farriers] a disease called a flying worm.

TE’TTER-BERRIES, the berries of the white briony.

TE’TTER-WORM, an insect.

TEUTHOMA’LACHE [with botanists] the herb spinage.

TEU’THRION [ΤΕυχξΙΟΝ, Gr.] the herb poly.

TEUTHA’LIS [ΤΕυΘΑΛΙΣ, Gr.] the herb knot-grass.

TEUTO’NIC, adj. [of Teutones, as some think of Tuisco the son of
Mercury] belonging to the Teutones, an ancient people of Germany,
now called Teutsch, or Dutch people.

TEUTONIC Order, an order of knighthood instituted in the year 1190,
by Henry, king of Jerusalem, and other princes, in favour of the Ger­
mans. Their institution was under the walls of Acon, or Ptolemais, in
the Holy Land, and confirmed in a church dedicated to the Virgin
Mary, whence they were called Marian knights. The order is now little
known, though there is still a great-master of it kept up in Germany.

TEUTO’NES [so called of Teuta or Tuisco, their God, whom they
esteemed to have been in Germany, and born of the earth] a people of
Germany called Almains. Aventinus will have this Tuisco to be the son
of Noah, who was sent by his father into Germany 131 years after the
flood.

TEW, subst. [towe, Du. a hempen rope] 1. Materials for any thing.
Skinner. 2. An iron chain.

To TEW, verb act. [tawian or teon, Sax. tichen, Du. and L. Ger.
tuihan, Teut.] to tug or pull. They still retain this word in the nor­
thern provinces, and by it they mean to tire or fatigue by doing any
thing; as, I was much tewed with that.

To TEW Mortar, to beat mortar, to work so as to soften it.

TEW-TOW, a tool to break or beat flax with.

To TE’W-TOW, or To TEW-TAW, verb act. [formed from tew and
tow, flax] to beat, to break. Breaking and tew-tawing of hemp and
flax. Mortimer.

TE’WKSBURY, a town in Gloucestershire, 96 miles from London.
It stands at the conflux of the Severn and Avon, which, with the little
rivers Carron and Swallyate, encompass it.

TEXT, subst. [texte, Fr. textus, Lat.] 1. The very words of an author,
without any exposition; that on which a comment is writ. 2. [In the­
ology] a particular passage in scripture, chosen by a preacher to be the
subject of his sermon.

TEXT-BOOK [in universities] is a classic author written very wide by
the students, to give room for an interpretation dictated by the master,
&c. to be inserted in the interlines.

TE’XTILE, adj. [texilis, Lat.] woven, capable of being woven.
Sometimes used substantively or rather elliptically.

TE’XTMAN, subst. [of text and man] a man ready in quotation of
texts. Sanderson.

TE’XTRINE, adj. [textrinus, Lat.] pertaining to weavers or weaving.
Textrine art. Derham.

TE’XTUARIST, or TE’XTUARY, subst. [textuaire, Fr. text] one ready
in the text of scripture, a divine well versed in scripture.

TE’XTUARY, adj. [textuaire, Fr. of textus, Lat.] 1. Contained in the
text. Textuary sense. Brown. 2. Serving as a text, authoritative.
His reason should be textuary to ours. Glanville. 3. One skilled in
texts of scripture, &c.

TE’XTURE, subst. [textus, Lat.] 1. The art of weaving. Before the
invention of texture. Brown. 2. A web, a thing woven. Thomson. 3.
Manner of weaving, with respect either to matter or form. A veil of
richest texture. Pope. 4. [Textura, Lat. of a natural body] that parti­
cular disposition of its constituent particles, which makes it have such a
form, or be of such a nature, or endowed with such qualities. 5. [In
physics] the arrangement or cohesion of several slender bodies of threads,
interwoven or entangled among each other, as in cloths, stuffs, the
webs of spiders, &c.


THA

TH, in English is, properly speaking, but one letter, or a litera aspi­
rata, peculiar to us alone, among the moderns, (excepting a very few
words in Swedish, and in Islandic) and derived from our ancestors the
Anglo-Saxons. It has two different powers; which may be properly
distinguished into soft and hard, and differ in proportion as D and T.
The Saxons had two different characters to express these two powers,
which we express promiscuously by TH, viz. the w, which expresses the
D aspirata, or softer sound, as our Th in the, thou, this, and at the begin­
ning of all other pronouns and participles, excepting only the preposi­
tion, thro', through, thorough, and its compounds; which however in
Anglo-Saxon were written theuwh, with the D aspirata, th th, which ex­
presses the T aspirata, or harder sound (propriè reor pronuncianda ut ΘΕΟΣ,
says Spelman) or as our Th, in thought, thatch, thing, thaw, thieve,
thrive, and at the beginning of all other nouns and verbs. Spelman
adds, sed confunduntur hi characteres à scriptoribus: However, as well in
Spelman, as Junius his Anglo-Saxon Gospels, and several other authors,
and likewise in the ancientest manuscripts, this distinction is punctually
observed, and we keep close to it in the pronunciation.

THA’BORITES, a branch of the ancient Hussites.

THACK-TILE, subst. a sort of tile that is laid upon the side of an
house.

THALA’SSIARCH, subst. [ΘΑΛΑΣΣΙΑρχΗΣ, Gr. q. d. sea-ruler] an admi­
ral of a fleet.

THALA’SSIARCHY [thalassiarchia, Lat. of ΘΑΛΑΣΣΙΑρχΙΑ, of ΘΑΛΑΣΣΑ,
the sea, and ΑρχΟΣ, Gr. a ruler] the admiralship, or the office of the ad­
miral.

THALA’MI Nervorum, Lat. [in anatomy] two oblong prominences of
the lateral ventricles of the brain, medullary without, but somewhat ci­
meritious within.

THA’LIA [ΘΑΛΙΑ, of ΤΟυ ΘΑΛΛΕΙΝ, Gr. i. e. to be green or flourish, be­
cause the fame of learning will flourish for ever] one of the nine muses,
to whom the poets ascribe the invention of geometry and husbandry.

THALY’SIA, Lat. [of ΤΟυ ΘΑΛΛΕΙΝ, Gr. to flourish] festivals among the
Athenians, on which they offered sacrifices, that their fruits might have
a prosperous growth.

THAN, adv. [wan or wanne, Sax. dann, Du. and Ger.] a particle used
in comparison, after the comparative adj. or adv. as, he's greater than
you, he lov'd her more than plunder.

THAME, or TAME, a town in Oxfordshire, on the river Tame, navi­
gable here by barges, 45 miles from London.

THA’NAGE of the King, subst. [of thane] a part of the king's land, of
which the governor was anciently stiled a thane.

THANE, subst. [thegn, or thane, of thenian, Sax. thanne, thegan,
Teut.] an old title of honour; perhaps equivalent to baron. A noble­
man or earl. It was anciently used for a magistrate, and sometimes for
a freeman; but it most properly signifies an officer or minister of the king.

THANE-LANDS, lands granted by the English Saxon kings to their
thanes.

To THANK, verb act. [thancgian, Sax. tacke, Dan. tacka, Su. danck­
en, Du. and Ger.] 1. To return acknowledgements for any favour or
kindness. 2. It is often used in a contrary or ironical sense.

THANK, or THANKS, subst. [thancas, Sax. danck, Du. and Ger.]
grateful acknowledgements paid for favour or kindness. Thanks is com­
monly used of verbal acknowledgment, gratitude of real repayment.
Johnson. It is seldom used in the singular.

THA’NKFUL, adj. [thancful, Sax.] full of thanks, grateful.

THA’NKFULLY, adv. [of thankful] gratefully.

THA’NKFULNESS [thancfulnesse, Sax.] a thankful or grateful dis­
position.

THA’NKLESS, adj [of thank] 1. Undeserving of thanks, not likely to
gain thanks. 2. Ungrateful, making no acknowledgment.

THANKSGI’VING, subst. [of thanks and give] celebration of mercy.

THA’NKLESNESS, subst. [thancleasnesse, Sax.] an unthankful tem­
per, ungratefulness, failure to acknowledge good received. Donne.

THANKO’FFERING, subst. [of thank and offering] offering paid in ac­
knowledgment of mercy.

THA’NKWORTHY, adj. [of thank and worthy] deserving gratitude,
meritorious.

THA’PSIA [ΘΑΠψΙΑ, Gr.] the herb called slinking carrots.

THARGE’LIA, Athenian festivals, observed in honour of Appollo and
Diana. In this festival, the first fruits of the earth were offered up, as an
earnest of her fertility, being boiled in a pot called thargelos.

THARM, suhst. [thearm, Sax. darm, Du. and L. Ger.] intestines
twisted for various uses.

THAT, pron. [thata, Goth. wat or wæt, Sax. at, det, Dan. dat, Du.
and L. Ger. dat, H. Ger.] 1. Not this, but the other. 2. Which, re­
lating to an antecedent thing. 3. Who, relating to an antecent person.
4. It sometimes serves to save the repetition of a word or words fore­
going. I'll know your business, that I will. Shakespeare. 5. Opposed
to this; as, the other to one. 6. When this and that relate to fore­
going words, this is referred like hic or cecy to the latter, and that like
ille or cela to the former. 7. Such as. A living up to those principles,
that is, to act conformably. Tillotson. 8. That which, that. That meat
wants that I have. Shakespeare. 9. The thing. Besides that that his
hand shall get. Numbers. 10. The thing which then was. And dreamt,
vain man, of that day's barbarous sport. Cowley. 11. By way of emi­
nence. This is that Jonathan. Cowley. 12. In that; as being.

THAT, conjunct. 1. Because. 2. Signifying a consequence, 3. No­
ting indication. 4. Implying a final end.

To THATCH, verb act. [thaccian, Sax. dacken, Du. thaz, Teut.] to
cover barns or houses, as with straw.

THATCH, subst. [thace, Sax. straw. Skinner. from thac, Sax. a roof,
in Islandic thak. Mr. Lye. dack, Du.] straw, reeds, &c. laid on the
tops of houses, to keep out the rain and weather.

THA’TCHER, subst. [of thatch] one whose business is to cover houses
with straw.

THAUMATU’RGUS [ΘΑυΜΑΤΟυρΓΟΣ, Gr.] a worker of miracles, a title
which the Roman Catholicks give to several of their saints.

THAU’MATURGY [of ΘΑυΜΑ, a wonder, and ΑυΤΟυρΓΕΩ, Gr. I myself
work] any art that does, or seems to do wonders, or, as it is defined by
Dr. Dee, a mathematical science, which gives certain rules for the ma­
king of strange works to be perceiv'd by the sense, yet to be greatly won­
der'd at.

To THAW, verb neut. [of thawan, Sax. or thau, thuen, thie, Ger.
thauen, Teut. the, Su. degen, Du.] to melt as snow or ice after a
frost.

To THAW, verb act. 1. To melt what was congealed. 2. To re­
mit the cold which had caused frost.

THAW, subst. [from the verb] the resolution of ice or snow into its
former fluid state, by the warmth of the air.

THA’XTED, in Essex, anciently a borough, on the Chelmer, near its
source, 42 miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.


THE

THE, article [the, Sax. de, Dan. Du. and L. Ger. die, H. Ger.] 1. The
demonstrative article in both numbers, and every case, signifying a par­
ticular thing. 2. Before a vowel e is commonly cut off in verse. 3.
Sometimes he is cut; as, t'other 4. In the following passage the is used
according to the French idiom le. A constitution the most adapted of
any. Addison.
N. B. Two things are remarkable with reference to this article of our
language, in which it most perfectly agrees with the so much-celebrated
Greek article [O]; first, as 'tis barely designative of some particular
thing or person; as, e. g. “the lance, with which Achilles slew Hector:”
or, 2dly, as 'tis expressive of something by way of eminence, as, “THE
orator,” or, “THE poet,” or, “THE light,”—so called by way of emi­
nence above all other orators, poets, lights, and teachers which God has
sent into the world. And as to the use of this criticism in religious con­
troversies, the reader may consult the words ABSOLUTE Construction, and
SEMI-ARIANS, compared with that sense, which St. Origen, Eusebius,
and indeed all adepts in the Greek tongue, have assigned to the first
verse of the gospel according to St. John.

THE’A, festivals to Bacchus, in whose temple three empty vessels are
related to be miraculously replenished with wine in the night-time, al­
though the doors were secured under locks and bars.

THEA’NDRIC, adj. [of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and ΑΝΗρ, Gr. man] divine and
human under one, or God-man.

THEA’NTHROPOS [ΘΕΑΝΘρΩΠΟΣ, of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and ΑΝΘρΩΠΟΣ, Gr.
man] a title given to our Saviour Jesus Christ, as being both God and
man; or, a God animating a human body. See GOD, MANHOOD, IN­
CARNATION, and DIMERITÆ, in conjunction with that remark of
St. Athanasius, “the whole creation [at the crucifixion] confessed Him,
that was made known and suffer'd in the body, to be Εχ ΑΠΛΩΣ ΑΝΘρΩΠΟΣ,
not simply a man, not (as he explains himself) like in nature to men
[meaning as to his intellectual part or substance;] but the SON OF GOD,
and SAVIOUR OF ALL. Athanas. de Incarnat. Ed. Paris, p. 72, 90, 87,
compar'd.

THEATI’NS, a religious order of regular Roman-Catholic priests.

THEATI’NES, a congregation of nuns under the direction of the Thea­
tins.

THEA’TRAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [theatris, Lat.] belonging to the thea­
tre.








THE’ATRE, subst. [theatrum, Lat. theatre, Fr. teatro, It. and Sp. of
ΘΕΑΤρΟΝ, of ΘΕΑΣΘΑΙ, Gr. to see or behold] 1. Any place for the exhibit­
ing public shews or sights, a stage, a playhouse, a building for the re­
presenting and beholding comedies, tragedies, &c. 2. A place rising
by steps like a theatre. Shade above shade, a woody theatre. Milton.

The THEATRE of War, the country or place where a war is carried on.

THEATRE [in architecture] is by the Italians used for an assemblage
of several buildings, which by a happy disposition and elevation repre­
sents an agreeable scene to the eye.

THEA’TRIC, or THEA’TRICAL, adj. [theatricus, Lat.] pertaining to
a theatre or stage, suiting a theatre.

THEA’TRICALLY, adv. [of theatrical] after the manner or usage of
the theatre.

THEAVE, subst. an ewe lamb of the first year.

THEE [the or theah, Sax. thith, or thie, Teut. te, Fr. ti, It. Sp. and
Port.] thou, in an oblique case.

THEFT, subst. [theofthe, Sax.] 1. The art of stealing. Theft is an
unlawful felonious taking away of another man's goods against the own­
ers knowledge or will. 2. The thing stolen. It the theft be certainly
found in his hand. Exodus.

THE’FT-BOTE [theofthe-bote, Sax.] the maintaining or abetting a
thief, by receiving stolen goods from him.

THEFT-HOLD, the receiving goods from a thief, to favour and main­
tain him, the punishment of which was anciently imprisonment, now
transportation.

THE’ISM [of ΘΕΟΣ, Gr. God] natural religion, or belief of a God.

THE’IST, subst. [ΘΕΟΣ, Gr. God] one who owns but one person in
the Deity: in contradistinction to a trinitarian.

THEIR, pron. poss. [hiora or hsra, Sax. of them, dere, Dan. thera,
Su. haer, Du. and H. Ger.] of them.

THELY’PTERIS [ΘΗΛΝΠΤΕρΙΣ, Gr.] female fern, or sea-fern.

THELY’GONUM, Lat. [ΘΗΛΝΓΟΝΟΝ, of ΘΗΛΝ, a female, and ΓΟΝΟΣ, Gr.
production] an herb, called also the Grace of God, which is said to cause
women to conceive of a girl.

THELY’PHONON [ΘΗΛΝφΟΝΟΝ, of ΘΗΛΝ, a female, and φΟΝΕΩ, Gr. to kill]
a herb that is said to destroy animals of the female sex.

THEM [theam or heom, Sax. dem, Dan. them, Su.] the pronoun they
in an oblique case.

THE’MATISM [ΘΕΜΑΤΙΣΜΟΣ, Gr.] the decorum and graceful appear­
ance of any pile of buildings: It is the making the whole aspect of a fa­
bric so correct, that nothing shall appear but what is approved and war­
ranted by some authority.

THEME, subst. [thema, Lat. theme, Fr. tema, It. and Sp. of ΘΕΜΑ, Gr.]
1. A subject to be spoken or written upon. High as his theme his great
conceptions rose. Tab. of Cebes. 2. A short dissertation written by boys
on any topic. 3. The root, the original word whence others are de­
rived.

THEME [in astrology] a figure which they construct, when they draw
the horoscope; it represents the state of the heavens for a certain point
or moment of time.

THE’MIS [ΘΕΜΙΣ, Gr. i. e. that which is right] a moral deity or god­
dess, whom the poets feign to have first taught men right and justice,
and thence is taken frequently for Justice itself; the daughter of Cœlus
and Terra, she had an oracle in Bæotia, near Cæphisus; she is also cal­
led Carmenta, the mother ef Evander, and said to have lived anno mundi
2998.

THEMSE’LVES [heom-silfas, Sax.] 1. These very persons. Themselves
have made themselves worthy to suffer it. Hooker. 2. The oblique case
of they and selves. See THEY and SELF.

THE’NAR [ΘΕΝΑρ, Gr.] an abducent muscle, which draws away the
thumb.

THEN, adv. [thenne, thanor, theunne, Sax. Dan. and Du.] 1. At that
time. 2. Afterwards, soon afterwards, immediately afterwards. 3. In
that case, in consequence. 4. Therefore, for this reason. 5. At ano­
ther time; as, now and then, at one time and another. 6. That time.
It has here the effect of a noun.

THENCE, adv. [thennes, or thanon, Sax. dan, Du. denn, Ger. thana­
na, Teut. Contracted, according to Minshew, from there hence] 1.
From that place. 2. From that time. There shall be no more thence
an infant of days. Isaiah. 3. For that reason, therefore. A gift use­
less, and thence ridiculous about him. Milton. 4. From thence is a bar­
barous expression, thence implying the same.

THE’NCEFORTH, adv. [thennas-forth, Sax.] 1. From that time.
2. From thenceforth is a barbarous corruption crept into letter books.

THE’NCEFORWARD [thennas-forweard, Sax.] from that time, and
so on.

THEOCATAGNO’STES [of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and χΑΤΑΓΙΝΩΣχΩ, Gr. to repre­
hend] a sect of heretics who presumed to find fault with certain words
and actions of God, and to blame many things in the scriptures.

THEO’CRACY, or THEO’CRASY [theacratie, Fr. ΘΕΟχρΑΤΙΑ, of ΘΕΟΣ,
God, and χρΑΤΟΣ, Gr. power or government] a government where God
himself is immediately king, as that of the Jews, before they were go­
verned by king Saul.

THEOCRA’TICAL, adj. [theocratique, Fr.] pertaining to theocracy.

THEO’DEN, subst. [theoden, Sax.] an ancient thane; also a husband­
man or inferior tenant.

THEO’DOLITE, subst. a mathematical instrument used in surveying,
taking heights and distances, &c.
There are various kinds of theodolites; but that represented on Plate
V. Fig. 14 and 15, is most us'd. It consists of a brass circle, about a foot
diameter, as represented fig. 14, and its limb divided into 360 degrees,
each of which are subdivided, either diagonally or otherwise, into 60
minutes. Underneath at c, c, are fixed two little pillars b, b, (fig. 15.)
which support an axis, whereon a telescope is fixed in a square brass tube,
for veiwing remote objects. On the center of the circle moves the index,
on a circular plate, in the middle of which is a compass, whose meridian
line answers to the fiducial line a a. Most theodolites have no telescopes,
but only plain sights, like the plain table, and other instruments. The
whole instrument is mounted with a ball and a socket, on a three-legged
staff.
The use of the theodolite is almost the same with that of the compass,
(See Compass SURVEYING) viz. to find the bearings of places, and the
angle intercepted between two lines. Thus if the distance between D C
and B A (fig. 19. 20) were required; the instrument must be planted
at D, and angles B C D, and A D C taken, after which, the base
A C must be measured, and the instrument removed to C, where the an­
gle A C D, B C D, must be taken as before, and the distance required
found either by calculation, or measuring it with the compass, after plot­
ting the observations. See PLOTTING.——The distance may also be
found by the plain-table in the following manner: Place the instrument
at C, and direct the index, by looking through the sights, to D, B,
and A, drawing by the fiducial edge the lines c d, c b, c a, and measure
the distance C D, which set off by a proper scale, on c d, remove the
table to D, placing it so, that the d may be perpendicular to that at D,
and the index applied to the line c d, you may see the object at C. thro'
the sights. Direct the sights to A and B, and draw the right lines d a,
and d b. Lastly, measure the distance a b, on the scale, which will be
the distance required.

THEO’DOM, subst. [thedom, Sax.] servitude.

THEODORUS [of Antioch, and Bishop of Mopsuestia] We should not
have borrow'd this name, from that Bibliotheque, which the learned pa­
triarch of Constantinople compiled, had it not served to explain the senti­
ments of the Greek church on two material points, viz. St. Jerom's Ver­
sion, and St. Jerom's Doctrine of Original Sin.

THEODORUS, bishop of Mopsuestia, flourished, according to Cave, about
the year 407; and died, according to Theodoret's account, Anno
Christi 429. A bishop of so great repute in those days, that our Greek
historian does not scruple to stile him ΠΑΣΗΣ ΜΕΝ ΕχχΛΗΣΙΑΣ ΔΙΔΑΣχΑΛΟΣ, &c.
i. e. the master [or teacher] of the whole church; and whose zeal for
the consubstantiality swelled so high, that he wrote no less than five and
twenty books against the opposers; all which the patriarch of Constanti­
nople, in his Bibliotheca, mentions with terms of great respect; and he
does as much with reference to five more, which the same bishop wrote
“against those who affirm that men sin, φυΣΕΙ χΑΙ Ου ΓΝΩΜΗ, i. e. by na­
nature, and not in virtue of their own will [or choice.”] And, “the
persons (says the patriarch) against whom he writes as labouring under
this disease, are those of the west; for such (says he) was the first­
broacher of this heresy [meaning St. Jerome, as appears from the ac­
count given of his *He rejected (says the patriarch) those versions of the sacred wri­
tings which the Septuagint, and Symmachus, and Aquila, and others
gave; and had the presumption to give us a new one of his own;
tho' neither from his childhood was he like them versed in the
Hebrew tongue, nor well instructed in the sense of Holy Writ; but
having given up [or abandon'd] himself to some low groveling
Jews, he had the boldness from thence to publish his own trans­
lation.” Photii Bibliothec. Ed. August, p. 205. We are not re­
sponsible for these strictures; but if the reader would see this ex­
tract continued, he may consult the word WESTERN Heresy. See
also VULGATE, and MASORITES compared. works, &c.] who came from thence, and, while re­
siding in the eastern parts, composed treatises in support of his new-coin'd
heresy, and then sent them to his own native country; by which means
(says the patriarch) he drew over many to his own opinion; so that
whole churches were filled with the absurdity.

THEOGO’NIA, or THEO’GONY, Lat. [ΘΕΟΓΟΝΙΑ, of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and ΓΟΝΗ,
Gr. an offspring] the generation of the gods, or a treatise concerning it,
as that of Hesiod.

THEOLO’GIAN, subst. [thoologien, Fr. theologus, Lat.] a divine, a pro­
fessor of divinity. Milton.

THEOLO’GICAL, adj. [theologique, Fr. teologico, It. and Sp. of theole­
gicus, Lat. of ΘΕΟΛΟΓΙχΟΣ, Gr.] pertaining to theology or divinity.

THEOLO’GICALLY, adv. [of theological] in a theological manner.

THEOLO’GIUM, Lat. a stage or little place in the theatres, where the
ordinary actors appeared; also the place where the gods appeared, in­
cluding the machines whereon they descended, and from which they
spoke.

THEO’LIGIST, or THEO’LOGUE, subst. [theologus, Lat. theologien, Fr.
of ΘΕΟΛΟΓΟΣ, of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and ΛΟΓΟΣ, Gr. a word] a divine, one stu­
dious in divinity.

THEO’LOGY [theologie, Fr. teologia, It. and Sp. theologia, Lat. ΘΕΟΛΟ­
ΓΙΑ, of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and ΛΟΓΟΣ, Gr. a word or treatise] a science which
instructs us in the knowledge of God and divine things, divinity. The­
ology, what is it but the science of things divine? Hooker. See GOD.

Natural THEOLOGY, is the knowledge persons have of God by the
sole light of nature and reason.

Supernatural THEOLOGY, is the knowledge we obtain by revelation.
See MYSTERY in Religion.

THEOMA’GICAL, adj. [of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and ΜΑΓΙχΗ, Gr. magic] pertain­
ing to divine magic or the wisdom of God.

THEO’MACHIST [ΘΕΟΜΑχΟΣ, of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and ΜΑχΗ, Gr. of ΜΑχΟ­
ΜΑΙ, Gr. to fight] one who fights against or resists God.

THEO’MACHY [ΘΕΟΜΑχΙΑ, Gr.] a fighting against God.

THEOMA’GI [of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and ΜΑΓΟΙ, Gr. wise-men] persons skilled
in divine wisdom.

THEOMA’NCY [ΘΕΟΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and ΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, Gr. prophecy]
is different from artificial divination, which, though in some sense, it
may be said to be given by the gods, yet does not immediately proceed
from them, being the effect of experience and observation. And ΜΑΝ­
ΤΕΙΑ, opposed to oracular divination, i. e. that which is delivered by in­
terpreters, as at Delphi, because that was confined usually to a fixed and
stated time, and always to a certain place; for the Pythia could not be
inspir'd in any place but Apollo's temple, and upon the sacred Tripos,
whereas the Theomantists were free and unconfined, being able (after the
offering of sacrifices and performance of the usual rites) to prophecy at
any time, or in any part of the world. See ORACLE.

THEOPA’SCHITES [of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and ΩΑΣχΩ, Gr. to suffer] a sect
of heretics who held that the whole Trinity suffered in the person of Je­
sus Christ: Whereas, in the judgment of the church, it was only the
second person, that was made man, and suffered for us. See THEANTHRO­
POS, TATIANISTS, CERINTHIANS, NESTORIANS, and GAIANITES
compared.

THEOMBRO’TIOS, a certain herb that the kings of Persia used to take
as a preservative against all indispositions of body and mind.

THEOME’NIA [ΘΕΟΜΗΝΙΑ, Gr.] the divine anger.

THEONO’MANTISTS [of ΘΕΟΣ, ΟΝΟΜΑ, and ΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, Gr. divination] a
sort of divination, by invocating the names of God.

THEO’RBO [tuorbe, Fr. tiorba, It. and Sp.] a musical instrument, a
large lute for playing a thorough bass, used by the Italians. Butler.

THEO’REM [theorema, Lat. theoreme, Fr. teorema, It. and Sp. of ΘΕΩ­
ρΗΜΑ, Gr.] a position laid down as an established truth.








An Universal THEOREM [with mathematicians] is one that extends
universally to any quantity without restriction; as, that the rectangle of
the sum, and difference of any two quantities, is equal to the difference
of their squares.

A Particular THEOREM, is when it extends only to a particular quan­
tity.

A Negative THEOREM, is one that demonstrates the impossibility of an
assertion; as, that the sum of two biquadrate numbers cannot make a
square.

A Local THEOREM, which relates to a surface; as, that triangles of
the same base and altitude are equal.

A Plain THEOREM, is one which relates to either a rectilineal surface,
or to one terminated by the circumference of a circle; as, that all angles
in the same segment are equal.

A Solid THEOREM, is such an one as treats about a space terminated
by a solid line, i. e. by any of three conic sections; as, if a right line
cut two asymptotic parabola's, its two parts terminated by them shall be
equal.

A Reciprocal THEOREM, is such an one whose converse is true; as, if
a triangle have two equal sides, it must have two equal angles, the con­
verse of which is true, that, if it have two equal angles, it must have two
equal sides.

THEOREMA’TIC, THEOREMA’TICAL, or THEORE’MIC, adj. [ΘΕΩρΗ­
ΜΑΤΙχΟΣ, Gr.] comprising theorems, consisting of theorems. Theoremic
truth, or that which lies in the conceptions we have of things. Grew.

THEORE’MATIST [ΘΕΩρΗΜΑΤΙχΟΣ, Gr.] a finder out or producer of
theorems.

THEORE’TIC, THEORE’TICAL, THEO’RIC, or THEO’RICAL [theori­
cus, Lat. theorique, Fr. teorico, It. and Sp. ΘΕΩρΗΤΙχΟΣ, of ΘΕΩρΙΑ, of ΘΕΩ­
ρΕΩ, Gr. to contemplate] pertaining to theory, speculative, not practi­
cal.

THEORE’TICS, the same as theoretica.

THEORE’TICALLY, or THEO’RICALLY, adv. in a speculative manner,
not practically.

THEO’RIC, subst. [from the adj.] a speculatist, one who knows only
speculation, not practice. Shakespeare.

THEO’RIST, subst. [from theory] one who forms or maintains a parti­
cular theory, a speculatist, one given to speculation. Addison.

THE’ORY, subst. [theorie, Fr. ΘΕΩρΙΑ, of ΘΕΩρΕΩ, Gr. to contemplate]
a doctrine which terminates in the sole speculation or consideration of its
subject, without any view to the practice or application of it; scheme,
plan, or system yet subsisting only in the mind.

THEOXE’NIA [ΘΕΟξΗΝΙΑ, Gr. q. d. divine hospitality] sacrifices that
were offered to all the gods, observed chiefly by the Athenians, and by
the Romans stiled Dies Pandicularis and Communicarius. The Athenians
consecrated them to the honour of foreign gods, or the gods or genii of
hospitality.

THERAPEU’TIC, adj. [ΘΕρΑΠΕυΤΙχΟΣ, Gr.] teaching or endeavouring
the cure of diseases. Therapeutic or curative physic restoreth the patient
into sanity, and taketh away diseases actually affecting. Brown.

THERAPEU’TES [of ΘΕρΑΠΕυΕΙΝ, Gr. to serve or minister to] a servant
wholly employed in the service of God.

THERAPEU’TICE, or THERAPE’UTICA [therapeutica ars, Lat. thera­
peutique, Fr. of ΘΕρΑΠΕυΤΙχΗ, of ΘΕρΑΠΕυΕΙΝ, Gr. to heal] that part of phy­
sic that teaches the method of curing diseases, or that is employed in find­
ding out remedies against them, and prescribing and applying them.

THERAPEU’TICS, the same as therapeutice.

THERE, adv. [thær, Sax. der, Dan. ther, Su. daer, Du. and L. Ger.]
1. In that place. 2. It is opposed to here. 3. An exclamation direct­
ing something at a distance. A guard there; seize her. Dryden. 4. It is
used at the beginning of a sentence with the appearance of a nominative
case; but serves only to throw the nominative behind the verb; as, a
man came, there came a man. It adds however some emphasis, which,
like many other idioms in every language, must be learned by custom,
and can hardly be explained. It cannot always be omitted without harsh­
ness; as, in old times there was a great king. Johnson. 5. In composi­
tion it means that; as, thereby, by that.

THEREABOU’T, or THEREABOU’TS, adv. [of there and about: There­
abouts is therefore less proper] 1. Near that place. 2. Near that num­
ber, quantity, or state, nearly. 3. Concerning that matter. As they
were much perplexed thereabout, two men stood by. St. Luke.

THEREA’FTER, adv. [of there and after] according to that, accord­
ingly.

THEREA’T, adv. [of there and at] 1. At that, on that account. 2.
At that place.

THEREBY’, adv. [of there and by] by that, by means of that, in con­
sequence of that.

THE’REFORE [wærfor, Sax. derefore, Dan.] 1. For that, for this, in
consequence, for that cause. 2. In return for this, in recompense for
this or that. We have forsaken all and follow'd thee, what shall we
have therefore. St. Matthew.

THEREFRO’M, adv. [of there and from] from that, from this.

THEREI’N, adv. [of there and in] in that, in this.

THEREINTO’, adv. [of there and into] into that.

THEREO’F, adv. [of wærof, Sax.] of that, of this.

THEREO’N, or THEREUPO’N, adv. [of there and on; thæron, Sax.]
on that.

THEREOU’T, adv. [of there and out] out of that.

THERETO’, or THEREUNTO’, adv. [of there, to, or unto] unto that.

THEREUPO’N, adv. [of there and upon] 1. Upon that, in consequence
of that. 2. Immediately.

THEREU’NDER, adv. [of there and under] under that.

THEREWI’TH, adv. [of there and with; wær-with, Sax.] 1. With
that. 2. Immediately.

THEREWITHA’L, adv. [of there and withal] 1. Over and above.
2. At the same time. 3. With that.

TRE’RIACA [ΘΕΑρΙχΗ, of ΘΗρ, a wild beast, and ΑχΕΟΜΑΙ, Gr. to cure]
treacle, any medicine against poison, or the cure of the bites of poi­
sonous animals.

THERI’ACAL, adj. [theriaca, Lat. of ΘΗρΙΑχΗ, of ΤΩΝ ΘΗρΙΩΝ, Gr. nox­
ious animals] belonging to the medicine called theriaca, or treacle, &c.
good against the bites of venomous creatures; also medicinal, physi­
cal.

THERICA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] dyer's-weed.

THERI’OMA, Lat. a sore of the privy members, whereby all the parts
thereabouts are corrupted.

THE’RMÆ [of ΘΕρΜΑΙΝΩ, Gr. to warm] hot baths.

THERMA’NTICA, Lat. [ΘΕρΜΑΝΤΙχΑ, of ΘΕρΜΑΙΝΕΙΝ, Gr. to warm] such
medicines as cause heat.

THE’RMES, or TE’RMES [so called from terminus, the Roman god of
boundaries or land-marks] certain representations of human figures,
with half bodies, as if they proceeded out of a sheath or case, which was
anciently fixed in the earth as land-marks. In architecture they are used
as a kind of symbolical column.

THERMO’METER, subst. [thermometre, Fr. of ΘΕρΜΗ, warmth, of ΘΕρ­
ΜΑΙΝΩ, to warm, and ΜΕΤρΟΝ, Gr. measure] a philosophical instrument,
commonly made of glass and filled with tinged spirit of wine, or some
other proper liquor, which by its rising and falling serves to measure or
shew the several degrees of heat and cold of the air in any particular
place, or on the same place at different seasons; a weather glass.

THERMOME’TRICAL, adj. [of thermometer] relating to the measure of
heat.

THERMO’METRON, Lat. [of ΘΕρΜΗ, warmth, and ΜΕΤρΟΝ, Gr. measure]
a term used by physicians for that natural heat that is measured or per­
ceived by the pulse.

THE’RMOPOTE, subst. [thermopota, Lat. of ΘΕρΜΟΠΟΤΑ, of ΘΕρΜΟΝ, and
ΠΙΝΩ, Gr.] a drinker of hot liquors.

THE’RMOSCOPE [of ΘΕρΜΗ, and ΣχΟΠΕΩ, Gr.] an instrument for the
same use as the thermometer; but some make this difference, that the
thermoscope shews the increase and decrease of heat and cold in the air,
but by the thermometer the heat and cold of the air can be mea­
sured.

THESE [of this, Sax. disse, Dan. dese, Du. and L. Ger. diese, H.
Ger.] 1. The plural of the pronoun demonstrative this, opposed to
those. 2. These relates to the persons or things last mentioned, and those,
to the first.

THE’SIS [Lat. these, Fr. tese, It. and Sp. ΘΕΣΙΣ, of ΤΙΘΗΜΙ, Gr. to lay
down or propose] any position laid down, or proposition advanced, af­
firmatively or negatively, and to be proved or made good; a subject to
be disputed upon.

THESMOPHO’RIA [among the Athenians] festivals, in which, after
the manner of the Egyptians, the women fasted; so denominated of
Ceres, called ΘΕΣΜΟφΟρΟΣ, or the law-giver, because, before she had in­
vented bread-corn, men roved about without law.

THESMO’PHORY [thesmophoria, Lat. of ΘΕΣΜΟφΟρΙΑ, Gr.] the act of
law-giving, or making law.

THE’SMOTHETE, subst. Fr. [thesmotheta, Lat. ΘΕΣΜΟΘΕΤΗΣ, of ΘΕΣΜΟΣ, and
ΤΙΘΗΜΙ, Gr.] a law-giver.

THE’TFORD, a town in Norfolk and Suffolk. It stands on the two
navigable rivers Thet and Ouse, the first of which runs through it; and
lies 80 miles from London.

THETH [Θ Θ, Gr.] this being the first letter of ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ, Gr. death,
was, by the antients, used to signify death; for judges set this letter on
their names or heads who were condemned to die; as likewise did cap­
tains in their briefs, wherein were contained the names of the soldiers,
by which a certain account could be given to their sovereign how many
were slain.

THE’TIS, the daughter of Nereus, whom when Jupiter was about to
have married, being told by Prometheus, that the son born of her would
be greater than the father, he broke off his suit, and she was afterwards
married to Peleus, and bare him Achilles.

THEU’RGY [theurgia, Lat. of ΘΕΟυρΓΙΑ, of ΘΕΟΣ, God, and ΕρΓΟΝ, Gr.
work] magic operating by divine or celestial means, or the power of do­
ing extraordinary and supernatural things by lawful means, as prayer,
invocation of God, &c. called by some white magic.

THEW, subst. [theaw, Sax.] 1. Quality, manners, customs, habit of
life, form of behaviour. To be upbrought in gentle thewes. Spenser,
2. In Shakespeare it seems to signify brawn or bulk, from the Sax. theow,
the thigh, or some such meaning. In thews and bulk. Shakespeare.

THE’WED, adj. [of thew] educated, habituated. Yet would not
seem so rude and thewed in ill. Spenser.

THEY, subst. plural of he or she, in the oblique case them [hi, or
hihe, Sax. de, Dan. the Su. thie, Teut. hi, Lat.] 1. The men, the
women, the persons. 2. Those persons; opposed to some others. It
is remarkable, that they talk most who have the least to say. Prior. 3.
It is used indefinitely, as the French on dit. There, as they say.
Dryden.

THE’THINGA [thethinga, Sax.] tithing.

THE’THINGA Mannus [thething-man, Sax.] a tithing-man.


THI

THI’BLE, subst. a slice, a scummer, a spatula. Ainsworth.

THICK [thicce, Sax. tick, dyck, Dan. tiock, Teut. dick, Du. and Ger.
thickur, Isl.] 1. The opposite of thix. 2. Dense, not rare, crass.
Thick vapours. Raleigh. 3. Not clear, not transparent, muddy, fecu­
lent. 4. Great in circumference or bulk, not slender. 5. Frequent,
with little intermission. Favours came thick upon him. Wotton. 6.
Close, crowded, not divided by much space. 7. Not easily pervious,
set with things close to each other. Thick of bars. Dryden. 8. Coarse,
not thin. Thick coated fruit. Bacon. 9. Hard, not sharp, not quick
of hearing: a colloquial use.

To Speak THICK, to speak quick and confused, without proper inter­
vals of articulation.

THICK, subst. [from the adj.] 1. The thickest part, the time when
any thing is thickest. The thick of the dust and smoke. Knolles. 2.
Thick and thin; whatever is in the way.

THICK, adv. [it is not always easy to distinguish the adverb from the
adjective] 1. Frequently, fast. 2. Closely. 3. To a great depth. 4.
Thick and Threefold; in quick succession, in great numbers.

To THI’CKEN, verb act. [of thiccian, Sax. tickener, Dan. tioekna,
Su. diehen, Du.] 1. To make thick. 2. To make close, to fill up in­
terstices. 3. To condense, to concrete. 4. To strengthen, to confirm.
This may help to thicken other proofs. Shakespeare.

To THICKEN, verb neut. 1. To grow thick. 2. To grow dense or
muddy. 3. To concrete, to be consolidated. 4. To grow close or nu­
merous. 5. To grow quick. The combat thickens. Addison.

THICK-SCU’LLED, adj. [of thick and scull] hard of apprehension, dull,
stupid.

THICK-SET, adj. [of thick and set; in gardening] set or planted
close.

THI’CKET, subst. [of thicceta, Sax.] a place full of, or set thick with
bushes or brambles, a close tuft of trees.

THI’CKISH, adj. [of thick] somewhat thick.

THI’CKLY, adv. [of thick] deeply, to a great quantity.








THI’CKNESS, subst. [of thick; thiccenesse, Sax.] 1. A thick quality,
density, the state of being thick. 2. Quantity of matter interposed,
space taken up by matter interposed. Thro' the whole thickness of my
hand. Boyle. 3. Quantity laid on quantity to some considerable depth.
Cover it some thickness with clay. Bacon. 4. Consistence, grossness,
not rareness, spissitude. 5. Closeness, imperviousness. The thickness
of the shades. Addison. 6. Want of sharpness or quickness: a popular
use. As thickness of hearing. Swift.

THI’CK-SKIN, subst. [of thick and skin] a numskul, a coarse gross
man. The shallowest thickskin. Shakespeare.

THIEF, subst. irregular plural thieves [theof, theif, Sax. tyfue, Dan.
teuf, Su. dief, Du. deef, L. Ger. dieb, H. Ger. thiob and thiobe, Teut.
thiubs, Goth. It was anciently written thieof, and so appeareth to have
been of two syllables: thie was wont to be taken for thrift, so that thie
of is he that takes of or from a man his thie, that is his thrift. Johnson.]
1. One who takes what belongs to another, a stealer. The thief steals
by secrecy, and the robber by violence. But these senses are confounded.
2. In popular language, applied to an excrescence about the snuff of a
candle. Thieves about the snuff do grow. May.

THIE’F-CATCHER, THIE’F-LEADER, or THIE’F-TAKER, subst. [of
thief, catch, lead, and take] one whose business is to detect thieves.

To THIEVE, verb neut. [of thief; theofian, Sax.] to steal, to practise
theft.

THIE’VERY, subst. [of thieve; tyfveri, Dan.] 1. The practice of steal­
ing. 2. That which is stolen.

THIE’VISH, adj. 1. Given or addicted to stealing, practising thief.
2. Secret, sly. The thievish minutes how they pass. Shakespeare.

THIE’VISHLY, adv. [of thievish] in a thievish manner.

THIE’VISHNESS, subst. [of thievish] addicted to stealing, habit of
stealing, disposition to thieve.

THIGH, subst. [thioh, Sax. thieo, Island. dy, or dige, Du.] a limb of
the body, that part from the groin to the knee, including all between
the buttocks and the knee.

To THIGH, verb act. [with carvers] to cut up a pidgeon or wood­
cock.

THILK, pronoun, [hilk, Sax.] that same: obsolete. See ILK.

THILL, subst. [thille, Sax. a piece of timber cut] the beams or
draught-trees of a cart or waggon, the shafts of a waggon, between
which the last horse is placed.

THI’LLER, or THILL-HORSE, subst. [of thill and horse] the horse
that is placed under the thill of a cart, &c. the last horse in the shafts.

THI’MBLE, subst. [supposed by Minshew to be corrupted from thumb­
bell] a metal cover to defend females fingers from the needle when they
sew.

THIME, subst. [thym, Fr. thymus, Lat. This should be written thyme]
a fragrant herb.

THIN, adj. [thin, Sax. tunn, Su. dunn, Dan. dunner, Islan.] 1. Not
thick, having but little depth. 2. Rare, not dense, not of a thick con­
sistence. 3. Not close, separated by large spaces. 4. Not closely com­
parted or accumulated. Thin-leaved. Dryden. 5. Small, exile. Thin
hollow sounds. Dryden. 6. Not coarse, not gross in substance. 7.
Not abounding. Thin of people. Addison. 8. Not fat, not bulky,
lean, slim, slender. A slim thin gutted fee. L'Estrange.

THIN, adv. [from the adj.] not thickly. Thin clad. Locke.

To THIN, verb act. [thinnan, Sax. dunnen, Du. and Ger.] 1. To
make thin or rare, to diminish thickness. 2. To make less close or
numerous. 3. To attenuate.

THINE, pronoun [thin, hine, Sax. din, Dan. dyn, Du. and L. Ger.
dein, H. Ger. thein, Goth.] the pronoun possessive of thou. It is used
for thy, when the substantive is divided from it. As this is thy house,
thine is this house, this house is thine, appertaining to thee.

THING, subst. [thing, Sax. ting, Dan. and Su. ding, Du. and Ger.] 1.
Matter, whatever is, not a person; a general word. 2. In contempt.
I have a thing in prose, Swift. 3. It is used of persons, in contempt,
or sometimes with pity. The poor thing sighed. Addison. 4. It is
used by Shakespeare in a sense of honour. Thou noble thing! Shake­
speare.

THI’NGUM, a silly low word, frequently made use of, when we can't
think of a name; as, Mr. Thingum. The Fr. say, Mons. Chose.

THI’NGUS [thingus, Sax.] a Saxon thane, or nobleman.

To THINK, verb neut. pret. thought [thankgan, Goth. of dincan,
Sax. tencke, Dan. dencken, Du. and Goth. thin, Teut.] 1. To have
ideas, to compare terms or things, to cogitate, to perform any mental
operation. Thinking, in the propriety of the English tongue, signifies
that sort of operation of the mind about its ideas, wherein the mind is
active, and with some degree of voluntary attention, considers any
thing. Locke. 2. To judge, to determine, to conclude in general.
3. To intend, to mean. 4. To imagine, to fancy, to suppose, or be
of an opinion; commonly with of. 5. To muse, to meditate. 6. To
consider, to doubt. Any one may think with himself how. Bentley.

To THINK, verb act. 1. To conceive, to imagine in the mind.
Charity thinketh no evil. 1 Cor. 2. To believe, to esteem. Me thought.
Sidney. 3. To Think much; to grudge, to begrudge. 4. To Think scorn;
to disdain.

THI’NKER, subst. [of think] one who thinks.

THI’NKING, subst. [of think] imagination, cogitation, judgment. It
is a general name for an act or operation of the mind.

THINKING [used as an adjective] judicious, rational.

THI’NLY, adv. [of thin] 1. Not thickly. 2. Not closely, not
densely, not numerously.

THI’NNESS, subst. [of thin] 1. The contrary to thickness, tenuity.
2. Penurity, scarcity. 3. Rarity, not spissitude. The thinnest of a po­
pular breath. South.

THIRD, adj. [thridd, thri, ththra, Sax. tredie, Dan. daerde, Du.
derde, L. Ger. dritte, H. Ger.] the ordinal of three: the first after the
second.

THIRD, subst. [from the adj.] 1. The third part, the sixtieth part of
a second. Divide the natural day into twenty-four equal parts, an hour
into sixty minutes, a minute into sixty seconds, a second into sixty
thirds. Holder. 3. [In music] a concord resulting from a mixture of
two sounds, containing an interval of two degrees.

THIRD-Borough, subst. [thrid-burah, Sax.] an under constable, a
head-borough.

THIRD Earing [in agriculture] the tilling or ploughing of ground a
third time.

THIRD-Point [in architecture] the point of section in the vertex of an
equilateral triangle.

THIRD-Night-Awn-hynd [in antient laws] a guest who had lain three
nights in an inn, who was afterwards accounted a domestick, and
his host or landlord was answerable for whatsoever offences he should
commit.

THI’RDENDEAL, subst. a liquid measure containing about three
pints.

THI’RDINGS [in old law] the third part of the grain growing in
the ground at the death of a tenant, and due to the lord as an he­
riot.

THIRD-Penny [in law] the third part of the fines, &c. arising from
law-suits, of old time allowed to the sheriff or to the king.

THI’RDLY, adv. [of third; thridlic, Sax] in the third place.

To THIRL, verb act.. [thirlian, Sax.] to pierce, to bore.

THIRSK. See THRUSK.

THIRST [of thyrst, Sax. torst, Dan. and Su. dorst, Du. durst, Ger.
thurst, Teut. all of thaurs, Teut. dry] 1. A dryness of the throat for
want of drink, a painful sensation occasioned by a preternatural vellifi­
cation of the nerves of the throat or fauces, and producing a desire of
drinking; want of drink. 2. Eagerness, vehement desire after any
thing; as riches, &c. 3. Draught. Milton.

To THIRST, verb neut. [thrystan, Sax. torste, Dan. torsta, Su. dor­
sted, Du. dursten, Ger.] 1. To be affected with a dryness in the throat,
to feel want of drink, to be thirsty. 2. To have a vehement desire for
any thing; with for or after.

To THIRST, verb act. to want to drink. He seeks his keeper's flesh
and thirsts his blood. Prior.

THI’RSTILY, adv. [of thirst; thurstiglic, Sax.] with thirst.

THI’RSTINESS [thyrstignesse, Sax.] drought, dryness, the state of
being thirsty.

THI’RSTING, part. act. [of thirst] being thirsty.

THI’RSTY [thurstig, or thyrstig, Sax. dorstigh, Du. durstig, Ger.]
1. Troubled with thirst, suffering want of drink. 2. Possessed with any
vehement desire; as, blood-thirsty.

THI’RTEEN, adj. [threottyne, Sax. derthien, Du. tretton, Su. der­
tein, L. Ger. dreyzehin, H. Ger.] three and ten.

THI’RTEENTH, adj. [of thirteen; threoteotha, Sax.] the third after
the tenth; the ordinal of thirteen,

THI’RTIETH, adj. [of thirty; thrittegotha, Sax.] the tenth thrice
told; the ordinal of thirty.

THI’RTY, adj. [thrittig, Sax. dertig, Du. and L. Ger. droyseig, H.
Ger.] thrice ten.

THIS, pronoun [his, Sax. dit, Du. and L. Ger. dis, H. Ger. thefs,
Su. thes, Teut.] 1. That which is present, what is now mentioned.
2. The next future. I will speak yet but this once. Genesis. 3. This
is used for this time. By this. Dryden. 4. The last past. This forty
years. Dryden. 5. It is often opposed to that. 6. When this and that
respect a former sentence, this relates to the latter, that to the former
member, 7. Sometimes it is opposed to the other. Consider the argu­
ments which the author had to write this or to design the other. Dry­
den.

THI’STLE, subst. [thistle, Sax. tidsel, Dan. tistel, Su. distel, Du.
and Ger. carduus, Lat.] a prickly weed growing in corn-fields.

The Knights of the THISTLE, a French order of knights of the family
of Bourbon, who bear this motto, Nemo me impune lacessit, i. e. None that
provokes me passes unpunished. The same order, with the like motto,
is also among the Scots. The knights were a St. Andrew hanging by a
green ribbon, and the motto is round a thistle.

THISTLE, Golden, subst. a plant, having the appearance of a thistle.

THI’STLY, adv. [of thistle] full of, or overgrown with thistles.

THI’THER, adv. [hiher, or hider, Sax.] 1. To that place. It is
opposed to hither. 2. To that end or point.

THI’THERTO, adv. [hiherto, Sax. of thither and to] to that end, so
far.

THI’THERWARD, adv. [of thither and ward] towards that place.

THLA’SPI [ΘΛΑΣΠΙ Gr.] the herb called country mustard, or treacle
mustard.

THLI’PSIS [ΘΛΙψΙΣ, Gr.] a squeezing or crushing; also trouble or af­
fliction.

THLIPSIS [with anatomists] a pressing or squeezing together of the
vessels of a human body.

THNETO’PSYCHITES [of ΘΝΗΤΟΣ, mortal, and ψυχΗ, Gr. the soul] a
sect who held that the soul of man died with the body. See RESURREC­
TION, and BEATIFIC Vision, compared.


THO

THO' adv. [theah, thonne, Sax.] 1. Then. Spenser. 2. For altho'.
3. Tho', contracted for though.

To THOLE, verb neut. to wait a while. Ainsworth.

THO’LUS [in architecture] the roof of a temple or church, the centre,
scutcheon, or knot in the middle of an arched roof, the lanthorn or cu­
pola of a publick hall.

THOLUS Diocletis, Lat. [with surgeons] a sort of bandage.

THO’MEANS, a certain sect among the Indians, in the East-Indies,
who, according to tradition, received the gospel from St. Thomas the
apostle.

THO’MISM, the doctrine of Thomas Aquinas, and his followers,
but chiefly with respect to his opinions, as to predestination and
grace.

THO’MISTS, divines who follow the doctrines of Thomas Aquinas, a
school divine, whom the papists stile, the angelic doctor. See SCHO­
LASTIC Divinity.

THONG, subst. [thrang, throng, Sax. tuang, Dan.] a slip, string, or
strap of leather.

THOR [thor, Sax.] an idol among the Teutons, and other Northerns.
They represented him as a king. The Laplanders represent him by the
stump of a tree, and offer sacrifice to him, which sacrifice is usually a
rain deer. From him Thursday trkes its name, q. d. Thor's-day.

THO’RA [with botanists] the herb wolf's-bane.

THORA’IC, adj. [thoracis, Lat.] belonging to the breast.

THORA’CICA, Lat. [tharacicus, of thorax, Lat. the breast] medicines
good in diseases of the breast.

THORA’CICA Inferior, Lat. [with anatomists] a branch of the sub­
clavian vein which spreads itself on the sides of the breast by several
branches, which communicate with those of the azygos, under the
muscle of the breast.








THORACICA Superior, Lat. [with anatomists] another branch of the
subclavian vein, which arises from the basilica, and passes to the paps
and muscles of the breast.

THORACICUS Ductus, Lat. [with anatomists] a vessel that arises
about the kidney of the left side, and ascends along the chest near the
great artery, ending at the subclavian vein on the left side. The use of
it is to convey the juices, called chyle and lympha, from the lower part
to the heart. This duct is also called, ductus communis lympharum,
because the lymphatic vessels discharge themselves into it; and also duc0
tus chyliferus.

THO’RAL, adj. [of thorus, Lat. a bed] belonging to the bed. Ay­
liffe.

THORAL Line [in palmistry] a mark or line in the hand, called the
lines of Venus.

THO’RAX [ΘΩρΑξ, Gr.] the chest; all that cavity circumscribed above
by the bone of the neck, below by the diaphragm, before by the breast­
bone, behind by the back-bones, and on the sides by the ribs.

THORN, a town in the West-riding of Yorkshire, 161 miles from
London; it stands in the marsh-land on the river Dun.

THORN, subst. [thaurns, Goth. thorn, Sax. torn, Dan. and Su. dorn,
Ger. doorn, Du.] 1. A prickly tree of several kinds. 2. A prickle
growing on the thorn-bush. A thorn hedge. Micah. 3. Any prickle
in general. And without thorn the rose. Milton. 4. Any thing trou­
blesome. The guilt of empire, all its thorns and cares. Southerne,

THORN-APPLE, subst. a plant, which is of two sorts; the greater,
which rises up with a strong round stalk; and the lesser, which differs
from the other in the smallness of the leaves. Mortimer.

THO’RN-BACK, subst. [thornig-bac, Sax.] a sea fish.

THO’RNBURY, a town in Gloucestershire, 105 miles and a half from
London.

THO’RNBUT, subst. a sort of sea-fish, which Ainsworth distinguishes
from thorn-back; a birt, a turbot.

THO’RNY, adj. [thornig, Sax.] 1. Full of thorns, prickly, rough,
spiny. 2. Pricking, vexatious. The sharp, thorny point of my al­
ledged reasons. Shakespeare. 3. Difficult, perplexing. Spenser.

THO’ROUGH [wruh, or turh, Sax.] the word through, or, as it is ab­
breviated, thro', extended into two syllables, is a separable preposition,
which denotes either the medium, thro' which a thing passes or pene­
trates, or the efficient cause, motive, or means.

THOROUGH, adj. [the adjective is always written thorough, the prepo­
sition always through] 1. Complete, full. 2. Passing through. With­
out thorough lights on the sides. Bacon.

THO’ROUGHLY, adv. [of thorough; wruhlicg, Sax. door, Du. doer,
L. Ger. durch, H. Ger. thurn, Teut.] after a thorough manner, fully,
completely.

THO’ROUGH-FARE, subst. [of thorough and fare; thruh-fare, Sax.] a
passage thro' a place from one street or place to another, a passage with­
out any stop or let.

THO’ROUGH-LIGHTED, adj. [of thorough and light; in architecture]
a term used of rooms, which are said to be so, when they have windows
at both ends.

THO’ROUGH-STITCH, adv. [of thorough and stitch; thrugh-stice,
Sax.] fully, completely: a low word; as, to go thorough-stitch, i. e.
to pursue a matter entirely to the end.

THO’ROUGH-WAX, subst. an herb good in ruptures.

THO’ROUGH-BASS [in music] that which goes quite thro' the compo­
sition.

THO’ROUGH-PACED, adj. [of thorough and pace] perfect in what is un­
dertaken, complete, thorough-sped: generally in a bad sense.

THO’ROUGH-SPED, adj. [of thorough and sped] finished in principles,
thorough-paced, complete.

THO’ROUGH-TOLL, a duty paid in ancient times to the earls of Rich­
mond.

THORP, THROP, THREP, TREP, TROP, are all from the Saxon
thorp, which signifies a village. Gibson's Camden.

THOSE, pronoun [wis, Sax.] the plural of that; relating to persons or
things in the antecedent member of a sentence. The fibres of this mus­
cle act as those (namely the fibres) of others. Cheyne.

THOU, subst. [wu, Sax. du, Dan. Du. and Ger. tu. Fr. Sp. Port. and
Lat. thu, Teut. In the oblique cases singular thee, we, Saxon; in the
plural ye, ge, Sax. In the oblique cases plur. you, eow, Sax.] 1. A pro­
noun of the second person. 2. It is used only in very familiar or very
solemn language. When we speak to equals or superiors, we say you;
but in solemn language, and in addresses of worship, we say thou.

To THOU a Person, verb act. to treat with familiarity. Shakespeare.
Also to speak to one in the second person singular, as the quakers do.

THOUGH, conjunct. [thaugh, Goth. theah, Sax.] 1. Although, not­
withstanding that. 2. To make as THOUGH; to feign, as if, like as if.
3. It is used in the end of a sentence in familiar language; however,
yet. 4. Now commonly contracted to tho'.

THOUGHT, pret. and part. pass. [of think; thaht, Sax. dachte, Ger.]
See To THINK.

THOUGHT, subst. [from the preterite of think; thaht, Sax.] 1. The
act of thinking, the operation of the mind. 2. Idea, image formed in
the mind. 3. Judgment, opinion. 4. Sentiment, fancy, imagery. 5.
Reflection, particular consideration.
Using those thoughts which should indeed have dy'd
With them they think on. Shakespeare.
6. Preconceived notion, conception. 7. Meditation, serious considera­
tion. 8. Solicitude, concern, care; as, to take thought. 9. Purpose,
aim. The thoughts I think towards you, are thoughts of peace. Jere­
miah. 10. Silent contemplation.
All will come to nought,
When such ill dealing must be seen in thought. Shakespeare.
11. Expectation. Stands on the hourly thought. Shakespeare. 12. A
small degree, a small quantity. A thought longer. Sidney.

TH’OUGHTFUL, adj. [of thought and full; thahtful, Sax.] full of
thought, meditation or reflection, contemplative. 2. Attentive, care­
ful; with of before the object. 3. Promoting meditation, favourable to
musing. Your thoughtful walks. Pope. 4. Anxious, solicitous.

THO’UGHTFULLY, adv. [of thoughtful] after a thoughtful manner,
with consideration, with solicitude.

THOU’GHTFULNESS [of thoughtful] 1. Deep consideration. 2. Anxie­
ty, solicitude.

THO’UGHTLESS, adj. [of thought] 1. Airy, gay, dissipated. 2. Neg­
ligent, careless; with of before the object. 3. Stupid, dull. Thought­
less as monarch oak. Dryden,

THOU’GHTLESSLY, adv. [of thoughtless] after a careless manner, un­
thinkingly, stupidly.

THOU’GHTLESNESS [of thoughtless] want of thought, absence of
thought.

THOU’GHTSICK, adj. [of thought and sick] uneasy with reflection.
Shakespeare.

THOUGHTS, subst. the seats of rowers in a boat, thwarts.

THOU’SAND, adj. or subst. [thusend, Sax. tusende, Dan. tusend, Su.
dusent, L. Ger. tausend, H. Ger. thusunt, Teut. of thiustin, tio, ten,
and hund, Teut. hundred] 1. The number of ten hundred. 2. Pro­
verbially a great number.

THOU’SANTH, adj. [of thousand; of tien, ten, and send, Sax. hun­
dred] the hundredth ten times told, the ordinal of a thousand.

THOWLS, subst. [prob. of ΘΩΛΟΣ, Gr.] wooden pins in the gunnel of
a boat, thro' which the rowers put their oars when they row.


THR

THRA’CKSCAT [with chemists] the metal which is yet in the mine.

THRALL, subst. [thræl, Sax.] 1. A slave, one in the power of an­
other. 2. Bondage, state of slavery or confinement. Hudibras.

To THRALL, verb act. [from the subst.] to enslave, to bring into
the power of another.

THRA’LLDOM [thrœl-dom, Sax. traaldom, Su.] a state of bondage
or servitude.

THRA’PPLE, subst. the thropple, the wind-pipe of a horse or other
animal. They still retain it in the Scottish dialect.

THRA’PSTON, a market-town of Northamptonshire, 65 miles from
London.

To THRASH, verb act. [tharscan, Sax. derschen, Du.] 1. To beat
corn, to clear it from the straw and chaff. This is written variously,
thrash or thresh; but thrash is agreeable to etymology. 2. To beat, to
drub. Shakespeare.

To THRASH, verb neut. to labour, to drudge.

THRA’SHER, subst. [of thrash] one who thrashes corn.

THRA’SHING-FLOOR, subst. an area or floor on which corn is
beaten.

THRASO’NICAL, adj. [of Thraso, a noted braggadochio in Terence's
commedies] boasting, vain-glorious, ostentatious.

THRAVE of Corn [of dresa, Brit. twenty-four, or threav, threaf,
Sax. a bundle] 1. Twenty-four sheaves of corn, or four shocks of six
sheaves to the shock. 2. A herd, a drove; out of use.

THREAD [thread, Sax. draat, Dan. traedh, Su. draet, Du. and L.
Ger.] 1. A small line, twist, or twine for sewing, made of flax, silk,
worsted, &c. 2. Any thing continued in a course, uniform tenour.
Thread of discourse. Burnet.

THREA’D-BARE, adj. [of thread and bare] 1. Deprived of the nap,
worn so that the threads appear. 2. Worn out, trite. Thread-bare
quotations. Swift.

To THREAD, or To THRE’DDLE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To
put thread in the eye of a needle. 2. To pass thro', to pierce thro' in
general. They would not thread the gates. Shakespeare. Threddle does
not seem to be much used but in conversation.

To THREAP, or To THREAP down, verb act. [threapian, Sax.] to
argue much, or contend, to affirm positively. A country word.

THREAT, subst. [from the verb] menace, denunciation of ill. Com­
monly used only in the plural.

To THREAT, or To THREA’TEN, verb act. [threatian, Sax. Threat
is seldom used but in poetry] 1. To menace, to denounce evil. 2. To
terrify, or attempt to terrify by denouncing evil. 3. To menace by
action. Rowling from afar they threat the shore. Dryden.

THREA’TENER, subst. [of threaten] one that threatens.

THREA’TENINGLY, adv. [of threaten] in a threatening manner.
Shakespeare.

THREA’TFUL, adj. [of threat and full] full of threats.

THREE, adj. [trie, Brit. and Erse, thrie, or thry, Sax. tre, Dan.
tree, Su. drez, Du. drey, Ger. tret, Lat. and Sp. trois, Fr. treo, It. ΤρΕΙΣ,
Gr.] 1. Two and one, 3. Proverbially a small number. Thou three­
inch'd fool. Shakespeare.

THREE-FOLD, adj. [threofeald, Sax. trefaldig, Su. dreyfaitig, Ger.]
thrice repeated, consisting of three.

THREE-LEGGED Staff, an instrument composed of wooden legs,
made with joints to shut altogether, and to take off in the middle, for
the more convenient carriage, on the top of which, a ball and socket
are commonly fixed, to support and adjust the instruments for surveying,
astronomy, &c.

THREE-PENCE, subst. [of three and pence] a small silver coin, valued
at thrice a penny.

THREE-PENNY, adj. [triobolaris, Lat.] mean or vulgar.

THREE-PILE, subst. [of three and pile] an old name for good velvet.
Shakespeare.

THREE-PILED, adj. [from the subst.] 1. Set with a thick pile. Thou
art good velvet, thou'rt a three-pil'd piece. Shakespeare. 2. In another
place it seems to mean piled one on another. Three-piled hyperboles.
Shakespeare.

THREE-SCORE, adj. [of three and score] thrice twenty, sixty.

THRENO’DIA [ΘρΗΝΩΔΙΑ, Gr. ode of lamentation] a mournful or fune­
ral song.

THRE’NODY [the same with threnodia] a song of lamentation.

To THRESH [threscan, Sax. troeska, Su. dorschen, Du. and L. Ger.
dreschen, H. Ger. treschen, Teut.] to beat the grain of corn out of the
ear; also to beat or bang.

THRES’HER, subst. [thræsere, Sax. Properly thrasher; which see]
1. One who beats corn out of the ear with a flail. 2. A fish having a
broad and thick tail, with which he beats the head of a whale.

THRE’SHOLD, subst. [threswold, Sax.] the ground-timber of a door­
way, entrance, gate, door.

THREW, preterite of throw. See To THROW.

THRICE, adv. [from three; thriwa, Sax. trois fois, Fr. ΤρΙΣ, Gr.] 1.
Three times. 2. A word of amplification. Thrice noble lord. Shake­
speare.

To THRID, verb act. [this is corrupted from thread, in Fr. enfiler]
to slide thro' a narrow passage. Pope.

THRIFT, subst. [of thrive] 1. Profit, gain, riches gotten, state of
prospering. 2. Parcimony, good husbandry. 3. A plant. See STRIFT,
DRIFT, RIFT, &c.








Spend-THRIFT, subst. a prodigal person.

THRI’FTILY, adv. [of thrifty] sparingly, frugally.

THRI’FTINESS, subst. [of thrifty] parcimonious, good husbandry.

THRI’FTLESS, adj. [of thrift] profuse, extravagant.

THRI’FTY [of thriftig, Sax.] 1. Sparing, parcimonious, not lavish.
2. Well husbanded. The thrifty hire I sav'd. Shakespeare.

THRILL, subst. a drill or boring tool.

To THRILL, verb act. [thirlian, Sax. drillen, Du. and Ger. drilla, Su.]
to drill, to bore, to pierce, to penetrate.

To THRILL, verb neut. 1. To have the quality of piercing. In this
sense it is commonly used. 2. To pierce or wound the ear with a sharp
sound. Thrilling shrieks. Spenser. 3. To feel a sharp tingling sensa­
tion. To thrill and shake. Shakespeare. 4. To run, as the blood
does in the heart or veins, to pass with a tingling sensation. A faint,
cold fear thrills thro' my veins. Shakespeare.

THRI’MSA, an ancient piece of coin, in value three shillings.

THRI’PPLES, subst. the same in ox-team as cart-ladders are in horse­
teams.

THRIPS, subst. a little worm that breeds in timber.

THRI’THING, or TRI’THING, subst. [thrithing, Sax.] the third part
of a county or shire, containing three or more hundreds or wapentakes,
such as are the divisions called laths in Kent, rapes in Suffex, and ridings
in Yorkshire.

THRITHING, a court held within the forementioned circuit, the same
as our court-leet.

THRITING Reeve [thrithing gerefa, Sax.] the governor of a thrith­
ing, before whom all causes used to be brought, that could not be deter­
mined in the wapentakes or hundreds.

To THRIVE, verb neut. pret. throve, and sometimes, less properly,
thrived (which Pope uses) part. thriven. [There is found no satisfactory
etymology of this word: in the Northern dialect they use throdden, to
make grow: perhaps throve was the original word, from throa, Island.
to encrease, q. d. drive on, i. e. succeed in affairs; or rather of thuyan,
Teut. which is used in the same sense] to grow or increase in substance,
to prosper in the world.

THRI’VEN. See To THRIVE.

THRO', a preposition in our language, of much the same import
with ΔΙΑ in Greek; and per in Latin. It seems to be a contraction of
through.
Thro' Paris' shield the forceful weapon went. Pope.
See THROUGH.

THROAT, subst. [throte, throta, Sax.] 1. The fore-part of the neck,
the passages of nutriment and respiration. 2. The main road of any
place. Intreped in the very throat of sulphurous war. Dryden. 3. To
cut the Throat; to murder, to kill by violence.

THROAT-PIPE, subst. [of throat and pipe] the wind-pipe, or wea­
son.

THROAT-WORT, an herb good against ulcers in the the throat and
mouth.

To THROB, verb neut. [from ΘΟρυβΕΙΝ, Gr. Minshew and Junius;
formed in imitation, Skinner; perhaps contracted from throw up. John­
son] 1. To heave, to beat, to rise, as the breast, with sorrow or distress,
to pant, as the heart does. 2. To beat, to palpitate in general. A
throbbing of the arterial blood. Wisemen.

THROB, subst. [from the verb] heave, beat, stroke of palpita­
tion.

THROE, subst. [from throwian, Sax. to suffer] 1. The pain of travail,
the anguish of bringing children. It is likewise written throw. 2. Any
extreme agony; the final and mortal struggle. Their pangs of love,
with other incident throes. Shakespeare.

To THROE, verb act. [from the subst.] to put in anguish or agony.

THRO’MBOSIS [ΘρΟΜβΩΣΙΣ, Gr.] a disease in the breast, when the milk
grows to curds, or turns grumous, q. d. a clotting or curdling.

THRO’MBOS [ΘρΟΜβΟΣ, Gr.] a lump, clot, or cluster of any thing, as
of congealed blood, curdled milk, &c.

THROMBOS [with surgeons] a small swelling which arises after blood­
letting, when the orifice is either made too small, or larger than the ca­
paciousness of the vessels will admit.

THRONE [trone, Fr. trono, It. Sp. and Port. of thronus, Lat. ΘρΟΝΟΣ, Gr.]
1. A chair of state, of some rich matter, raised two or three steps from
the ground, richly adorned and covered with a canopy, for kings and
princes to sit on at times of public ceremonies. 2. The seat of a bishop.
Ayliffe.

To THRONE, verb act. [from the subst.] to enthrone, to set on a
royal seat. High-thron'd. Milton.

THRONES [in theology] the third rank of angels in the celestial hierar­
chy. But see Coloss. c. 1. v. 16, and c. 2. v. 18.

THRONG [thrang, from thringan, Sax. to press traeng, Su. dreng,
or gedreng, Du. gedrang, Ger.] a crowd or press of people.

To THRONG, verb neut. [from the subst.] to crowd, to press close to­
gether, to come in tumultuous numbers.

To THRONG, verb act. to oppress with crowds, to incommode with
tumultuous numbers.

To THRO’PPLE, verb. act. [a corruption of throttle, from throat] to
throttle or strangle, by squeezing the wind-pipe. A country word, par­
ticularly in Scotland.

THRO’STLE [throstel, Sax.] a bird, called also a thrush.

THRO’TTLE, subst. [from throat] the wind-pipe.

To THROTTLE, verb act. [of throt or throttlian, Sax.] to choke or
stop the breath, to kill by holding or pressing the throat.

THRO’TTLING, part. act. [of throttle] choaking.

THROVE, pret. of thrive. See To THRIVE.

THROUGH, prep. [wruh, Sax. door, Du. durch, Ger. See THO­
ROUGH] 1. From end to end of. 2. Noting passage. 3. By transmis­
sion. 4. By means of. [See THRO'.] Above all, that sense of the
word through [or by] should not be overlook'd, which relates to mediate
agency; as “GOD created all things through [or by] Jesus Christ;” in
which situation the word ΔΙΑ, in Greek, and thro' [or by] in our lan­
guage, express a subordinate character, or the medium and channel thro'
which GOD exerts his power. See THRO', BY, OF, FROM, First
CAUSE, and CERINTHIANS, compared; and under the last word read,
“And p. 330 and 304, He calls, &c.

THROUGH, adv. 1. From one end or side to the other; as, through
and through. 2. To the end of any thing; as, quite through.

THROU’GHLY, adv. [of through; thrulic, Sax. It is commonly writ­
ten thoroughly, as coming from thorough] 1. Completely, wholly, en­
tirely. 2. Without reserve, sincerely.

THROU’GHOUT, prep. [of through and out; thru-ute, Sax.] thorough
the whole, quite through.

THROUGHOUT, adv. [of through and out] every where, in every
part.

THROU’GH-PACED, adj. [of through and pace] complete, perfect.

THRO’W-BRED, adj. [of through and bred, commonly thorough-bred]
completely educated or taught.

THROU’GH-LIGHTED, adj. [of through and light] lighted on both
sides.

THROU’GHWAX, a plant.

To THROW, verb act. pret. threw, part. pass. thrown [thrawan, Sax.]
1. To cast or sling, to send to any distant place by a projectile force.
2. To toss, to put with any violence or tumult. It always comprises
the idea of haste, force, or negligence. 3. To lay carelesly or in haste;
with the reciprocal pronoun. 4. To venture at dice. 5. To cast, to
strip off. 6. To emit in any manner. 7. To spread in haste. 8. To
overturn in wrestling. 9. To drive, to send by force. 10. To make
to act at a distance. Throw out our eyes for brave Othello. Shakespeare.
11. To repose. Throw yourself upon God. Taylor. 12. To change
by any kind of violence. An unsuspected success throws us out of our­
selves. Addison. 13. To turn [tornare, Lat. Ainswworth] 14. To throw
a thing in one's dish; to reflect upon one for any thing; a low phrase.
15. To work silk-twist, &c. as throwsters do. 16. To Throw away;
to lose, to spend in vain. 17. To Throw away; to reject. 18. To Throw
by; to reject, to lay aside, as of no use. 19. To Throw down; to sub­
vert, to overturn. 20. To Throw off; to expel. 21. To Throw off; to
reject, to renounce; as, to throw off an acquaintance. 22. To Throw
out; to exert, to bring forth into act. 23. To Throw out; to distance,
to leave behind. 24. To Throw out; to eject, to expel. 25. To Throw
out; to reject, to exclude. The bill was thrown out. 26. To Throw up;
to resign; sometimes angrily. 27. To Throw up; to emit, to eject, to
bring up.

To THROW, verb neut. 1. To perform the act of flinging or casting.
2. To cast dice. 3. To Throw about; to cast about, to try expedients.
For better wind about to throw. Spenser.

THROW, subst. [from the verb] 1. The act of casting or throwing.
2. A cast of dice, the manner in which the dice fall when they are cast.
3. The space to which any thing is thrown. About a stone's throw.
Addison. 4. Stroke, blow. Ne shield defend the thunder of his throws.
Spenser. 5. Effort, violent sally. The Throws and swellings of a Ro­
man soul. Addison. 6. The Agony of child-birth: in this sense it is
written throe. See THROE.

THROWN. See To THROW.

THRO’WER, subst. [of throw] one that throws.

THRO’WSTER [of thrawan, Sax.] one that twists silk, thread, &c.
See SILK.

The Silk THRO’WERS were incorporated April 23, in the 5th year of
the reign of king Charles I. Their arms are a throwing-mill and reel,
and three bales of silk.
To THROW the helbe after the hatcher.
That is, when we have spent or lost the greatest part of what we had,
to be careless, and set light of the remainder.

THROWS of Women [of throwian, Sax. to suffer] the pains of child­
bearing. See THROE and THROW.

THRUM, subst. [thraum, Island. the end of any thing, trumæn, Sax.]
1. The ends of weavers warps. 2. Any course yarn. Her thrum hat.
Shakespeare.

To THRUM, verb neut. 1. To grate, to play coarsely. The thrum­
ming of a guitar. Dryden. 2. In vulgar language, to beat.

THRUSH [thrise, Sax.] 1. A small singing bird, a throstle. 2.
[From thrust: as we say a push, a breaking out. Johnson. However
thrush may be derived, push seems to be a contraction or corruption of
pustule] a distemper children are liable to in the mouth. By this name
are called small round, superficial ulcerations, which appear first in the
mouth. But as they proceed from the obstruction of the emissaries of the
saliva, by the lentor and viscosity of the humour, they may affect every
part of the alimentary duct, except the thick guts. They are just the
same in the inward parts as scabs in the skin, and fall off from the inside
of the bowels like a crust. The nearer they approach to a white colour
the less dangerous. Arbuthnot.

THRUSK, or THRISK, a borough town of the North-riding of York­
shire, 199 miles from London; it sends two members to parliament.

THRUST, subst. [from the verb] 1. Hostile attack with any pointed
weapon. 2. Assault, attack in general. There is one thrust at your
pure pretended mechanism. More.

To THRUST, verb act. THRUST, pret. and part. pass. [prob. of tru­
sito, Lat. or perhaps of thrastan, Sax. to wrest] 1. To push any thing
into matter, or between close bodies; with in. 2. To push, to remove
with violence, to drive. It is used of persons or things; generally having
out. 3. To stab; with through. 4. To compress. He thrust the
fleece together. Judges. 5. To urge, to impel; with on. 6. To ob­
trude, to intrude; with into.

To THRUST, verb neut. 1. To make a hostile push, to attack with
a pointed weapon. 2. To squeeze in, to put one's self into any place
by violence. And thrust between my father and the God. Dryden. 3.
To intrude. 4. To push forwards, to come violently, to throng, to
press.

THRU’STER, subst. [of thrust] one that thrusts.

THRU’STLE, subst. [of thrush] thrush, throstle. See THROSTLE.

THRYA’LLIS [ΘρυΑΛΛΙΣ, Gr.] the herb called rose-campion.

To THRY’FALLOW, verb neut. [of thrice and fallow] to give the
third plowing in summer. Tusser.

THRY’ON [ΘρυΟΝ, Gr.] the herb furious or raging solanum, or night­
shade.


THU

THULE, accounted by the ancient poets, as Virgil, &c. to be the
farthest island or part of the world; some take it to be Iceland, lying
beyond the Orknies, and belonging to Norway. Cambden will have it
to be Schetland, still by seamen called Hyleusel.

THUMB, subst. [puma, Sax. tumma, Su. duym, Du. duum, L. Ger.
daum, H. Ger.] the strongest, first, and shortest of the five fingers.

THU’MB-BAND, subst. [of thumb and band] a twist of any materials
made thick as a man's thumb. Johnson.

To THUMB, verb neut. to handle awkwardly.








THUMMIM [םימת, Heb. perfections] a part of the ornaments of
Aaron, the Jewish high priest. See URIM.

THU’MBSTAL, subst. [of thumb and stall] a thimble.

THUMP, subst. [thombo, It.] a hard, heavy, dull, dead blow with
something blunt.

To THUMP, verb act. to beat or strike with dull, heavy blows.

To THUMP, verb neut. to fall or strike with a dull, heavy blow.

THU’MPER, subst. [of thump] the person or thing that thumps.

THURI’BULUM, or TURI’BULUM, Lat. a censer or pot to burn in­
cense in.

To THU’NDER, verb act. [thunran or thundran, Sax. torne, Dan.
donderen, Du. donnern, Ger. tonare, Lat.] 1. To make thunder. 2.
To make a loud rolling or terrible noise.

To THU’NDER, verb neut. 1. To emit with noise and terror. 2. To
publish any denunciation or threat; with out.

THU’NDER [thunder, thunor, or thunre, Sax. dundee, Du. donner,
Ger.] 1. A noise in the lowest region of the air, excited by a sudden kin­
dling of sulphurous exhalations; a rattling noise which seems as if it
passed through arches. Thunder is a most bright flame rising on a sud­
den, moving with great violence and with a very rapid velosity thro'
the air, according to any determination upwards, horizontally, obliquely,
downwards, in a right line, or in several right lines, as it were in ser­
pentine tracts joined at various angles, and commonly ending with a
loud noise or rattling. Muschenbroeck. 2. In popular and poetic lan­
guage, thunder is commonly the noise, and lightning the flash; tho'
thunder is sometimes taken for both. 3. Any loud noise or tumultuous
violence.

THU’NDERBOLT, subst. [of thunderbolt, Sax. bolt, as it signifies an ar­
row] 1. Lightning, the arrows of heaven. When any thing is broken
or shattered by lightning, acting with extraordinary violence, it is called
a thunder-bolt, and people imagine it to be a hard body, and even a
stone; but the learned rather attribute it to the subtilty, force, and pe­
netrativeness of the sulphureous matter. 2. Fulmination, enunciation,
properly ecclesiastical.

THU’NDERCLAP, subst. [of thunder and clap] explosion of thunder.

THU’NDERER, subst. [of thunder] the power that thunders.

THU’NDERING, part. [of thunder] making a loud noise: also great;
in low language.

THUNDERING-BARRELS, are such as are filled with bombs, grenades,
and other fireworks, to be rolled down a breach.

THU’NDEROUS, adj. [of thunder] producing thunder. Milton.

THU’NDERINGLY, adv. [of thunder] after the manner of thunder, very
noisily.

THU’NDERSHOWER, subst. a rain accompanied with thunder.

THU’NDERSTONE, subst [of thunder and stone] a stone fabulously sup­
posed to be emitted by thunder; thunderbolt.

To THU’NDERSTRIKE, verb act. [of thunder and strike] to blast or
hurt with lightning.

THURI’FEROUS, adj. [thurifer, Lat.] bearing frankincense.

THURI’LEGOUS, adj. [thurilegus, Lat.] gathering frankincense.

THU’RSDAY, subst. [Thorsgday, Dan. Dhundræsdæg, Sax. Don­
nerdaegh, Du. Donnerstag, Ger.] the fifth day of the week, so called of
Thor, an idol of the ancient Saxons and Teutones, which is supposed to
be the same as Jupiter with the Romans. Thor was the son of Odin; yet,
in some of the northern parts they worshipped the supreme deity under
his name, attributing the power over all things, even the inferior deities,
to him. Stillingfleet.

THUS, adj. [thus, Sax. dus, Du.] 1. After this manner, in this
wise. 2. To this degree, to this quantity. Commonly added to far or
much.

THUS-Far, or THUS-Much, adv. hitherto, to this degree, to this
quantity.

THWART, adj. [of thwyr, Sax. dwars, Du. tuert, Dan.] 1. Cross to
something else, transverse. 2. Perverse, mischievous, inconvenient.

THWART, subst. [a sea term] the boards or benches laid across boats
and gallies, upon which the rowers sit.

To THWART, verb act. [of tuert, Dan. across] 1. To cross, to lie or
come cross any thing. 2. To cross, oppose, contravene or oppose.

THWA’RTINGLY, adv. [of thwarting] oppositely, with opposition.

THWACK [from the verb; probably of the sound made by a whip,
thwick-thwack] a heavy, hard stroke or blow.

To THWACK, verb act. [thaccian, Sax.] to strike with something
blunt and heavy, to belabour, to bang.

To THWART, verb neut. to be opposite; having with before the thing
opposed.

THWICK-THWACK, words invented to express the noise made by
smacking a whip; taken from the sound.


THY

THY, pron. [thin, Sax.] of thee, relating or belonging to thee. See
THINE.

THY’A [ΘΝΑ, Gr.] a kind of wild cypress-tree, whose wood is very
sweet and lasting, the life-tree.

THY’INE-WOOD, subst. a precious wood.

THY’MERA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb savoury.

THYME, subst. [thymus, Lat. ΘΝΜΟΣ, Gr.] an herb. See THIME.

THYME’LIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb spurge-flax.

THYMIA’MA, Lat. [ΘΝΜΙΑΜΑ, Gr.] incense, perfume.

THYMIC Vein, a branch of the subclavian vein.

THY’MION, or THY’MIUM, Lat. a kind of wart, ragged at the top
like a thyme-leaf, or, as others will have it, of the colour of thyme­
flowers.

THYMI’TES [ΘΝΜΙΤΗΣ, Gr.] wine made of thyme.

THY’MUS, Lat. [with anatomists] a conglobated glandule or kernel
in the throat, sticking to the upper part of the mediastinum, and lying
between the divisions of the subclavian veins and arteries. It is whitish,
soft and spungy, and larger id children than in women and men.

THYROARYTÆNOI’DES, Lat. [with anatomists] a pair of large mus­
cles which proceed from the cartilage, called scutiformis, and extend
themselves forward to the sides of the arytenoides, the fourth and fifth
part of the larynx, serving to contract and close the opening of the la­
rynx.

THYROI’DEÆ Glandulæ, Lat. [with anatomists] are two glandules
of a viscous solid substance, wonderfully adorned with vessels of all sorts,
and hard membranes, almost to the bigness and shape of an hen's egg,
situated at the lower part of the larynx, at the sides of the cartilages,
called scutiformes. The use of these seems to be to separate a liquor for
the lubrication of the larynx, by which means the voice is render'd firm,
smooth, and sweet; and they also contribute to the roundness of the
neck, by their filling up the empty spaces about the larynx,

THYROI’DES, Lat. [ΘΝρΟ ΕΙΔΗΣ, of ΘΝρΑ, a door, and ΕΙΔΟΣ, Gr. form;
with anotomists] is a cartilage of the larynx, called scutiformis; also
some call by this name the hole of the os pubis.

THY’RSUS, Lat. [with botanists] an upright and tapering stalk or
stem of any herb; also the spica, which is an ear or blade of corn.

THYSE’LF, pron. recip. 1. It is commonly used in the oblique cases, or
following the verb. 2. In poetical or solemn language it is sometimes
used in the nominative. These goods thyself can on thyself bestow. Dry­
den.

TI’AR. See TIA’RA.
A tiar wreath'd with every flow'r that blows,
Of loveliest tints around her temples glows. Tab. of Cebes.

TI’AR, or TIA’RA [tiare, Fr. tiara, It. Sp. and Lat.] a dress for the
head, a diadem. It was a high sharp-pointed cap, anciently worn by
sovereign princes, and those of the blood royal among the Persians; also
the pope's triple crown.

TI’BIA, Lat. [with anatomists] the bone between the knee and the
ankle; called also focile majus.

TIBIA’LIS Anticus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the tarsus, situated
at the back part of the tibia, arising from the lower part of the upper ap­
pendage of that bone, and inserted into the inside of the os cuneiforme
majus; its office is to pull the foot upwards and directly forwards.

TIBIALIS Posticus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle of the foot, situated
at the back part of the tibia, taking its rise from the upper and back
parts of the fibula, as also from the ligament contained between the said
bone and the tibia, and is inserted into the os naviculare internally and
sideways; it draws the foot upwards and inwards.

To TICE, verb act. for ENTICE; to allure, to draw. Herbert.

TICK, subst. 1. This word seems a contraction of ticket, a tally on
which debts are marked. 2. [Teke, Du. tique, Fr.] an insect, the
louse of dogs or sheep. See TYKE. 3. [Contracted from ticking] the
case which holds the feathers of a bed.

To TICK, or To go on TICK, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To run
on score; that is, to take up goods on trust or credit. 2. To trust, to
score. Council w'on't tick. Arbuthnot.

The TICK [in horses] a habit that they take of pressing their teeth
against the manger, or all along the halter or collar, as if they would
bite it.

TI’CKET, subst. [etiquette, O. L. Fr.] 1. A token of any right or
debt, upon the delivery of which, admission is granted, or a claim ac­
knowledged; as in a lottery. 2. A note for the payment of a seaman's
wages; also for going to a feast, a funeral, a play, &c.

To TI’CKET, verb act. [etiquetter, O. L. Fr.] to put a ticket upon
any thing.

TI’CKING, a sort of strong linnen for bedding. See TICK.

To TI’CKLE, verb act. [of tinclan or titelan, Sax. as Skinner con­
jectures; kittein, Du. and L. Ger. kitzel, H. Ger. titillo, Lat.] 1. To
cause to laugh, &c. by titillation, to affect with a prurient sensation by
slight touches. 2. To please by slight gratifications. The tickling of
his palate with a glass of wine. Locke.

To TICKLE, verb neut. to feel titillation.

TICKLE, adj. tottering, unfixed, unstable, easily overthrown. Spenser
and Shakespeare.

TI’CKLER, subst. [of tickle] 1. One who tickles. 2. By way of irony,
that which causes trouble or pain. A low word.

TI’CKLISH, adj. [of tickle] 1. Apt to be affected with titillation,
sensible to titillation. 2. Tottering, unfixed, uncertain. 3. Difficult,
nice. Ticklish times. Swift.

TICKLISH [with horsemen] a horse is said to be ticklish, that is, too
tender upon the spur, and too sensible, that does not freely fly the spur,
but in some measure resists them, throwing himself up, when they come
near and prick his skin.

TI’CKLISHLY, adv. [from ticklish] with nicety, with difficulty.

TI’CKLISHNESS [of ticklish] 1. The state of being ticklish, aptness to
be tickled. 2. Hazardousness.

TI’CKTACK [trictrac, Fr. and It.] a game at tables.


TID

TID, adj. [tidder, Sax.] tender, soft, nice, delicate; as, a tid-bit.

To TI’DDLE, or To TI’DDER, verb act. [from tid] to use tenderly,
to indulge, to fondle, to make much of.

TIDE, subst. [teid, Dan. tydh, Su. tyde, Du. and L. Ger. tid, tyd,
Sax.] 1. The flux and reflux of the sea. That motion of the water cal­
led tides, is a rising and falling of the sea: The cause of this is the at­
traction of the moon, whereby the part of the water in the great ocean,
which is nearest the moon, being most strongly attracted, is raised higher
than the rest: and the part opposite to it, being least attracted, is also
higher than the rest: And these two opposite rises of the surface of the
water in the great ocean, following the motion of the moon from
East to West, and striking against the large coasts of the continents,
from thence rebounds back again, and so makes floods and ebbs in
in narrow seas and rivers. Locke. 2. The being be agitated with the tide.
The tiding Humber. J. Philips. 3. Time, season, as Whitsun-tide,
evening-tide. 4. Flood, great concourse. In the tides of people once
up. Bacon. 5. Stream, course in general. The tide of times. Shake­
speare.

To TIDE, verb act. [from the subst.] to drive with the stream. Ti­
deà back. Dryden.

To TIDE, verb neut. to pour a flood.

Half TIDE and Half-quarter [a sea phrase] is when it flows more than
tide and half tide, i. e. five points.

TI’DEGATE, subst. [of tide and gate] a gate through which the tide
passes into a bason.

TI’DESMAN, subst. [of tide and man] a tide-waiter, a custom-house
officer, who watches on board of ships, till the custom of the goods be
paid, and the ship unloaded.

TI’DEWAITER, subst. [of tide and wait] an officer of the customs who
watches the landing of goods at the custom-house.

TI’DILY, adv. [of tidy, q. d. tightly] neatly, readily, not slatternly,
not aukwardly.

TI’DINESS, subst. [from tidy] neatness, handiness, readiness.

TI’DINGS [of betid or tidan, Sax. to happen, q. d. things happen­
ing; titende, Isl. tydinge, Du. tydung, L. Ger. zeitung, H. Ger.] an ac­
count or relation of what has happened, news or occurrences at a distance:
generally used in the plural.








TI’DY, adj. [tidt, Isl.] 1. Clever, neat, ready, transacting houshold
affairs or business with cleverness and address. Before my eyes will trip
the tidy lass. Gay. 2. Seasonable. If weather be fine and tidy.
Tusser.

TIE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Knot, fastening. 2. A bond or obli­
gation; as, marriage is a sacred tie.

To TIE, verb act. [of tian, tigan, Sax.] 1. To bind or join together
by a knot. 2. To knit, to complicate. We do not tie this knot with
an intention to puzzle. Burnet. 3. To hold, to fasten. The interme­
diate ideas tie the extremes firmly together. Locke. 4. To hinder to ob­
struct. Honour and good nature may tie up his hands. Addison. 5. To
lay an obligation upon, to constrain, to restrain, to confine.

TIER, subst. [tiere, tieire, O. Fr. tuyer, Du.] a row, a rank. As a
tier of great ordnance. Knolles.

TIERCE, subst. [tiers, tiercier, Fr. terzu, It. tercia, Sp.] a vessel con­
taining forty-two gallons, or the third part of a pipe.

TIERCE [with Roman catholics] one of the canonical hours, i. e.
eight o'clock prayers in the summer, and ten in the winter. 2. [At
cards] a sequence of three cards of the same colour. 3. [In heraldry]
signifies, that the shield is divided into three equal parts, when those
are of many different colours or metals; or if the chief and base are both
of the same colour, when they are divided by a fesse, then the colour of
the field is only to be express'd, and the fesse mentioned. But if other­
wise, it is proper to say tierce en fesse, and to mention the first, second, or
third colours of metals; and if it be divided in pale, to say tierce en pale.
5. A thrust in fencing.

TIE’RCEL, subst. [with falconers] a male hawk, so called, because it
is a third part less than the female in bigness and strength.

TIE’RCET, subst. [of tierce, Fr. a third] a triplet, three lines.

TIES [in a ship] are those ropes by which the yards hang, and that
carry them up when the halliards are strained.

TIFF, subst. [a low word] 1. Liquor, drink. Small acid tiff. J. Phi­
lips. 2. A small quantity of potable liquors; as, a tiff of punch, &c.
3. A fit of peevishness or sullenness, a pet.

To TIFF, or To TIFT, verb neut. to be peevish, to be in a pet, to
quarrel: a low word.

TI’FFANY, subst. [tiffer, O. Fr. to dress up. Skinner] a sort of very
thin silk, or fine gawze.

TIGE [in architecture] the shaft of a column from the astragal to the
capital.

TI’GER, subst. [tigris, Lat. tigre, Fr. It. and Sp. tiger, Du. and Ger.
of ΤΙΓρΙΣ, Gr.] a very fierce beast of prey, of the lion kind.

TIGHT, adj. [of dickt, Du. dicht, Ger.] 1. Not slatternly in dress,
free from fluttering rags. Less than tight. 2. Tense, not loose, close,
that will hold liquor without leaking. 3. Straight, as a line or rope pul­
led hard.

To TIGHTEN, verb act. [of tight] 1. To make strait, as a line or cord,
to make close, &c. 2. To dress after a tight manner.

TI’GHTER, subst. [of tighten] a ribband or string by which women
straighten their clothes.

TI’GHTLY, adv. [of tight] 1. Closely, straitly, not loosely. 2.
Neatly, not idly. Go tightly to your business. Dryden.

TI’GHTNESS, subst. [of tight] straightness, closeness, not looseness.
The firmness and tightness of their union. Woodward.

To TI’GHY, verb neut. [a word framed from the sound in laughing,
as Té hé hé hé] to laugh loudly. See TEH-HE.

TI’GRESS, subst. [tigris, Lat. tigresse, Fr.] a female tiger.

TIGRI’NE [tigrinus, Lat. of ΤΙΓρΙΝΟΣ, Gr.] of or like a tiger.

TIKE, subst. [tik, Su. tique, Fr. teke, Du. See TICK] 1. The louse
of a dog or sheep. 2. It is in Shakespeare the name of a small dog or
cur, in which sense it is used in Scotland. 3. In contempt, applied to
a man both in the north and in Scotland: as, a Yorkshire tike, a York­
shire man.


TIL

TILE, subst. [tigle, Dan. tegel, Su. tiegl or tigle, Sax. tichel, Du.
teegel, L. Ger. ziegel, H. Ger. tuile, Fr. tegola, It. tejilla, Sp. tijolo,
Port.] a square plate made of earth, and baked for the covering of
houses, laying ground-floors, &c.

To TILE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To cover with tiles. 2.
To cover as tiles do.

TI’LEKILN, a furnace for baking tiles.

TI’LER, subst. [of tile] one whose business is to cover houses with
tiles.

TI’LIA, Lat. [with botanists] the teil-tree.

TI’LING, subst. [of tile] the roof covered with tiles.

TILL, subst. [thille, Sax.] 1. A little money-drawer or box, &c. in
a desk, counter, chest, cabinet. &c. 2. The shelf of a printer's press.

TILL, prep. [til, Sax. til, Dan. and Su.] to the time of, until.

TILL, conjun. 1. To the time. 2. To the degree that.

TILL and Untill, denote the time in which an action ends

To TILL, verb act. [tilian, Sax. tenlen, Du.] to plow, dig, or la­
bour the ground.

TI’LLABLE, adj. [of till] arable, fit for the plough.

TI’LLAGE, subst. [of till] husbandry, the art or practice of plowing,
the culture of the ground.

TI’LLER, subst. [of till] 1. A husbandman. 2. A till, a small
drawer. Dryden. 3. A plough-man. 4. A small tree left to grow big­
ger. 5. A piece of wood pertaining to the helm of a boat, or rudder
of a ship.

TILLS [a contraction or corruption] lentils, a sort of pulse.

TI’LLY-TALLY, or TI’LLY-VALLEY, adj. a word used formerly,
when any thing said was rejected, as trifling or impertinent.

TI’LMAN, subst. [of till and man] one who tills, an husbandman.

TILT. 1. A tent, any covering over head. 2. The cloth that co­
vers the boat. 3. A military exercise or game, at which the combatants
run against each other with lances on horseback. 4. A thrust. Put to
death with the tilt of his lance. Addison. 5. The stooping posture of a
cask of liquor, when it runs low.

To TILT, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To cover like a tilt of a
boat. 2. To carry as in tilts or tournaments. With tilted spears. Phil­
lips. 3. To point as in tilts. Sons against fathers tilt the fatal lance.
Phillips. 4. To fight or engage at the martial exercise of tilting, i. e.
armed men running at tilts, or at one another, with spears on horse­
back.

To TILT, verb neut. 1. To run in tilts. Or tilting furniture. Mil­
ton. 2. To fight with rapiers; commonly with at. 3. To rush as in
combat. Some say that the spirits tilt so violently, that they make
holes. Collier. 4. To play unsteadily. Rode tilting o'er the waves.
Milton. 5. To fall on one side. Kept from tilting forward. Grew.

To TILT Beer [prob. of tillen, Du. to heave or raise up] to raise a
cask that is near out, to set it stooping that it may run.

TI’LTBOAT, a boat covered with a tilt, to keep off rain, &c.

TI’LTER, subst. [of tilt] one who tilts or fights with a lance on horse­
back.

TILTH [of till] tillage, husbandry, culture.

TILTH, adj. [of till] arable, tilled. A field part arable and tilth.
Milton.


TIM

TI’MAR [in the grand signior's dominions] a lordship or tract of
ground, which the grand signior gives the spahi's to enjoy, during life,
for their subsistence.

TIMA’RIOTS [among the Turks] those who out of conquered lands
have a portion allowed them, to serve on horseback, and find arms,
ammunition, &c. at their own charge, as often and as long as it shall
be required. See SPAHI.

TI’MBER [timbre, of tymbrian, Sax to build] 1. Wood fit for
building; all those kind of trees which, being cut down and seasoned,
are useful for the carpenter, joiner, or other workman to work upon.
2. The main trunk of a tree. From every tree top, bark, and part of
the timber. Shakespeare. 3. The main beams of a fabric. 4. [Of skins
or furr] the number of forty. 5. Ironically, materials. They are the fit­
test timber to make politics of. Bacon. 6. Belly-timber, victuals: a low
word.

TIMBER-Measure, forty-three solid feet in measure make a tun, and
fifty feet a load.

To TI’MBER, verb neut. to furnish with beams.

To TIMBER [timbrian, Sax. timmeren, Du. and L. Ger. zimmern,
H. Ger. zimbron, Teut.] 1. To build or frame with timber. 2. [In
falconry] to nestle or make a nest, as birds of prey do.

TI’MBERS of Ermin [in heraldry] the ranks or rows of ermin in the
robes of noblemen.

Rising TIMBERS [in a ship] are those thick planks that go both be­
fore and behind on both sides, under the ends of the beams and timber
of the second deck, to the third deck, half deck, and quarter-deck, so
that the timbers of the deck bear on them both at the ship's sides.

Floor-TIMBERS, or Ground-TIMBERS [in a ship] are those which
form the floor of it, that lie on the keel, and are fastened to it with bolts
through the keelson.

TIMBRE’ [in heraldry] the crest which in any atchievement stands
on the top of the helmet.

TI’MBRED, adj. [timber, timbré, Fr.] built, formed, contrived, fra­
med, made; as, light-timbred, made light; not heavy and bulky in
body, but fit for activity and nimbleness. He thought him the best tim­
bered to support it. Wotton.

TI’MBERSOW, subst. a worm in wood. Bacon.

TI’MBREL, subst. [timbre, tabourin, Fr. tympanum, Lat. of ΤΟΜΠΑΝΟΝ,
Gr.] a musical instrument played on by pulsation. See TAMBOUR.

TIME, subst. [tima, Sax. tym, Erse, time, Dan. timma, Su. an
hour; tempus, Lat. tems, Fr. tempo, It. and Port. tiempo, Sp.] a certain
measure or portion of eternity, distinguished by the motion of the sun,
&c. or heavenly luminaries, by which the distances and duration of
sublunary affairs are measured. The measure of duration, as set out by
certain periods, and marked by certain measures or epocha's, and this
is what most properly we call time. Locke.
However, it may not be unworthy of our notice, that many of the
ancients conceived of time [χρΟΝΟΣ] as something measur'd by, and con­
sequently not existing before the motion of the sun, moon, and stars; and
they applied the word age [ΑΙΩΝ] to beings of a higher order, to beings
which existed long before our system commenced: Thus St. Eusebius calls
the angelic world “ΑχρΟΝΟΙ ΑΙΩΝΕΣ, i. e. æons [or ages] whose duration is
not measured by time.” De Laudib. Constantin. p. 606. And after much
the same manner Clemens Alexand, having stiled the Son of God, “ΤΟ
ΠρΕΣβΝΤΕρΟΝ ΕΝ ΓΕΝΕΣΕΙ, that which is older in point of production; and also the
beginning and first Fruits of all things,” [as being, according to his own
explication, “that wisdom, which was first created by GOD;”] still to pre­
clude all measure of duration, as set out by certain periods, &c. he
adds in the same breath, that he was “ΑχρΟΝΟΣ,” i. e. intemporal, or of a
duration not measured by time; and “ΑΝΑρχΟΣ,” i. e. without beginning;
not meaning, in that sense of the word which signifies “underived;” for
this were to make him contradict both himself and all antiquity: But as
it implies indefinite existence, without any assignable point of duration,
of which it might be affirm'd, that he then began to exist, and was not
produced before. Stromat. L. VII. Ed. Paris, p. 700, and Lib. V.
p. 591, 615. But see more of this head, under the words GENESIS,
ETERNITY, COETERNAL, MEDIATE Agency, and STROMATICS com­
pared. See also ISOCHRONAL, and NECESSARY Existence.

TIME. 1. Space of time. 2. Interval. At times. 3. Proper time,
leisure, season, occasion. 4. A considerable space of duration, con­
tinuance, process of time. 5. Age, particular part of time. 6.
Past time. When time was. Shakespeare. 7. Early time; as, time
enough. 8. Time considered as affording opportunity. 9. Particular
quality of the present. The times and manners of men. South. 10.
Particular time. From time to time. Addison. 11. Hour of child-birth.
12. Repetition of any thing, or mention with reference to repetition; as,
four times, five times, 13. [In fencing] is of three kinds, that of the
sword, that of the foot, and that of the whole body. 14. [With horse­
men] is sometimes taken for the motion of a horse, that observes mea­
sure and justness in the manage; and sometimes it signifies the time be­
tween two of his motions; also the effect of one of the aids. 15. [In
music] the measure separated in writing by strokes or bars.
Take TIME by the forelock. And,
TIME and tide will stay for no man.
Lat. Dum loquimur fugit hora: Or, Volat irrevocabile tempus.

Astronomical, Mathematical, or Absolute TIME, is that which flows
equally in itself, without relation to any outward thing, and by another
word is called duration.

Relative, Apparent, or Vulgar TIME, is the sensible and outward
measure of any duration or continuance, estimated by motion; and this
is commonly used instead of true time.

Double TIME [in music] or a semi-breve, is generally called common
because most used, and is when all the notes are increased by two.

Triple TIME [in music] is that whereby the measure is counted by
three.








To TIME a Thing well or ill, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To do or
transact it at a proper or improper time. 2. To regulate as to time.
Who overlook'd the hours, and tim'd the stroke. Addison. 3. To mea­
sure harmonically.

To beat TIME [in music] to give or distinguish such time by a blow
or motion of the hand or foot.

TI’MEFUL, adj. [of time and full] seasonable, timely, early. Ra­
leigh.

TI’MELESS, adj. [of time] 1. Unseasonable, done at an improper
time. 2. Untimely, immature, done before the proper time.

TI’MELINESS, subst. [of timely] earliness, fitness of time, opportune­
ness.

TI’MELY, adj. [of time; timlice, Sax.] seasonable, sufficiently early.

TI’MELY, adv. early, soon.

TI’MEPLEASER, subst. [of time and please] one who complies with
prevailing notions or fashions whatever.

TI’MESERVING, adj. [of time and serve] meanly complying with pre­
sent power.

TI’MID, adj. [timide, Fr. timidus, Lat.] fearful, wanting courage or
boldness.

TIMI’DITY [timiditas, Lat. timidité, Fr. timidità, It.] fearfulness,
timorousness, habitual cowardice.

TIMORO’SO, It. [in music books] signifies to play with fear, care or
caution.

TI’MOROUS, adj. [timoroso, It. and Sp. timorosus, timor, Lat.] fearful,
full of fear and scruple.

TI’MOROUSLY, adv. [of timorous] with much fear, fearfully.

TI’MOROUSNESS [of timorous] fearfulness.

TIMO’THEANS, certain Christians, who held that Christ was incar­
nate only for the benefit of our bodies.

TI’MOUS, adj. [of time] early, timely, not innate.


TIN

TIN [tin, Dan. ten, L. Ger. tenn, Su. zinn, H. Ger. etain, Fr. stan­
num, Lat. stagno, It. estano, Sp. estanho, Port.] 1. One of the primitive
metals; a white metal. Chemists account tin a middle metal be­
tween silver and lead, giving it the name of defender of metals, because
that vessels tinned over resist the fire better than others. Tin calcined is
heavier than it is uncalcined, which is contrary to all other bodies. 2.
Thin plates of iron tinned over.

To TIN, verb act. [from the subst.] to cover over with tin.

TIN-GLASS, a metallic substance, smooth and like tin, called bis­
muth.

TIN-PENNY, a certain customary duty anciently paid to the tithing­
men.

Salt of TIN [with chemists] is tin calcined and distilled, with vinegar
poured upon it, from which afterwards passing through an operation by
fire, and being set in a cool place, a very white salt is drawn.

Flower of TIN [in chemistry] a kind of white cosmetic or paint for
the complexion, drawn with sal armoniac by sublimation.

Diaphoretic TIN [in chemistry] is fine tin and regulus of antimony
melted twice, first together, and afterwards with salt-petre, after which,
having passed under various lotions or washings, a powder is pro­
cured.

Ceruss of TIN, a white powder made of tin, of which a fucus is made,
called Spanish white.

Calx of TIN, the same as bezoardicum joviale.

TI’NCAR, subst. Arab. a sort of mineral. The tincar of the Persians
seems to be the chrysocalla of the ancients, and what our borax is made
of. Woodward.

TI’NCKER-MEN, fishermen who used to destroy the young fry of fish
in the river of Thames, by nets and unlawful engines.

To TINCT, verb act. [tinctus, Lat. teint, Fr.] 1. To colour, to dye,
to spot. 2. To imbue with a taste. Bacon.

TINCT, subst. [teint, Fr. tintura, It.] colour, stain, spot. Shakespeare.

TI’NCTILE, adj. [tinctilis, Lat.] that wherewith a thing is dyed.

TI’NCTURE, subst. [teinture, Fr. tintura, It. and Sp. tinctura, tinctus,
Lat.] 1. Colour or taste superadded by something. 2. Extract of some
drug made in spirits, an infusion.

TINCTURE 1. [In chemistry] a dissolution of the most fine and vola­
tile parts of silver made in spirits of wine. 2. [In heraldry] means only
the hue or colour of any thing; and the two metals or and argent may
be comprehended under this denomination, because they are often re­
presented by yellow and white.

To TINCTURE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To colour, to stain,
to dye. 2. To imbue or impregnate with some taste. 3. To imbue
the mind. Our minds tinctured. Atterbury.

TINA’REA, Lat. [with botanists] mother-wort or golden-flower.

To TIND, verb act. [tendgan, Goth. tender, Dan. tynan, tendan,
Sax. tunden, Du. tuenden, L. Ger. zünden, H. Ger. zentan or tandilan,
Tent.] to kindle, to set on fire, to light, as a candle, fire, &c.

TI’NDER [tyndre, tendre, Sax. tunder, Su. tuender, L. Ger. zuen­
der, H. Ger. zuntrun, Teut. all which, as well as the words in the fore­
going article, are probably derived from tan, Celt. thenn, Erse, fire] any
thing eminently inflammable, as linen burnt to a coal, and then extin­
guished by covering it close down, in order to prepare it for the more
ready receiving the least spark of fire.

TI’NDERBOX, subst. [of tinder and box] the box for holding tinder.

TI’NEA, Lat. [with surgeons] a crusty, stinking ulcer in the head,
that gnaws and consumes the skin. See SYNOCHUS, and erasing the
false etymology there assigned, add as follows:
Gorrœus observes (from Galen, 9 Methodi) “that Synochus is no
Greek word; but savours of solœcism; a word coined and applied by
some writers to this species of fevers, that it might not be left without a
name.” N. B. Both the Syneches and Synochus are continued fevers, but
with this difference, that the former [i. e. the Syneches] admits of certain
distinct accesssions, and reduplications; not so the latter, which admts of
no remission, “holds (says Gorrœus) one [uninterrupted] accession from
the beginning to the end, not distinguished by any exacerbations.”
See SYNOICEOSIS, and restore there the true etymology, which, by an
error of the press, was placed under the word Synochus, by adding, q. d.
“a making to dwell together.”

TINE, subst. [tinne, Isl.] 1. The spike of a fork, the tooth of a har­
row. 2. Trouble, distress. Wailful tine. Spenser.

To TINE, verb act. [tynan, Sax.] 1. To kindle, to set on fire, to
light. 2. [Tinan, Sax.] to shut.

To TINE, verb neut. 1. To rage, to smart. Spenser. 2. To fight.
Scots and English both that tined on his strand. Spenser.

TI’NEMAN, an officer of the forest, who looked after vert and venison
in the night.

TING, subst. [formed from the sound; tintin, It.] the sound of a
bell.

To TINGE, verb act. [of tingo, Lat.] to colour, to give a tincture or
taste to, to dye lightly.

TI’NGENT, adj. [tingens, Lat.] having the power to tinge. Tingent
property. Boyle.

To TI’NGLE, verb neut. [tincian, C. Brit. triglen. Teut. tingeien, Du.
tinter, Fr. tinnio, Lat.] 1. To make a noise or ring, as the ears, to feel a
sound or the continuance of a sound in them; or as a small bell or vessel
of metal. This perhaps is rather tinkle. 2. To feel a sharp quick pain,
with a sensation of motion. The pale boy senator yet tingling stands.
Pope. 2. To feel either pain or pleasure, with a sensation of motion.
They suck pollution through their tingling veins. Tickel.

TI’NGLING, subst. [of tingle] a jingling noise, as of bells, or some
vessel made of metal, being struck; also a sort of pricking pain in the
ears, toes, &c.

TING-TANG, an imitative expression for the sound of a bell, &c.

To TINK, verb neut. [tinnio, Lat. tincian, Wel.] to make a sharp
shrill noise. See To TINGLE.

TI’NKAR [with chemists] borax or gold solder.

TI’NKER, subst. [from tink, because their way of proclaiming their
trade is to beat a kettle, or because in their trade they make a tinkling
noise] a mender of vessels of brass, copper, &c.

To TI’NKER, verb act. [from the subst.] to mend vessels of brass,
copper, &c.

To TI’NKLE, verb neut. [tinter, Fr. tinnio, Lat.] 1. To make a sharp
quick noise, to clink. 2. It seems to have been improperly used by
Pope. The grots that echo to the tinkling rills. Pope. 3. To hear a
low quick noise. His ears tinkled. Dryden.

TI’NMAN, subst. [of tin and man] a manufacturer of tin.

TI’NNER, subst. [tin, Sax.] one who works in the tin mines.

TI’NNITUS Aurium, Lat. a buzzing or tingling in the ears, proceed­
ing from an obstruction of the ear; for the air that is shut up is conti­
nually moved by the beating of the arteries, and the drum of the ear
lightly verberated, whence arises a buzzing or noise.

TI’NSEL, subst. [prob. of etincelle, Fr. a spark] 1. A sort of shining
silk or cloth, &c. By Thetis' tinsel slipper'd feet. Milton. 2. Any
thing shining with false lustre, any thing showy and of little value. Glit­
tering tinsel of May-fair. Swift.

To TI’NSEL verb act. [from the subst.] to decorate with cheap orna­
ments, to adorn with lustre that has no value.

TI’NSELLING, a border of silver.

TINT, subst. [teinte, Fr. tinta, It.] 1. A dye, a colour. 2. A mea­
sure.

TINTAMA’R [prob. q. d. tinnitus Martis, i. e. the tinkling of Mars,
the god of war] a confused noise, a hideous outcry.

TIN-WORM, a small red worm, round, and having many legs, resem­
bling a hog-louse, that creeps in the grass, and poisons those beasts that
happen to eat it.

TI’NY, adj. [tint, tune, Dan. prob. of tenuis, Lat.] little, small, puny:
a burlesque word.

TIP, subst. [tip, Su. tipkin, Du. tipp, Teut.] 1. The extremity or
point of a thing, the top, as the tip of the ear, &c. 2. A small draught;
a contraction or corruption of tipple. 3. One part of the play at nine­
pins, &c. The two last senses seem to be used only in low language.

To TIP, verb act. [tippen, Du. and Teut.] 1. To top, to end; to put
on tips at the ends of horns, brims of drinking-vessels, &c. 2. To strike
down some nine-pins, &c. by a cast of the bowl: in low language. 3.
To strike slightly, to tap. 4. To tip one, or one's hand; to bribe. Swift.
5. To tip one a wink; to make a sign, or give a signal of any thing, by
the eye. 6. To tip off; to fall off; likewise to die: a low phrase.

TI’PPET, subst. [tæppet, Sax.] something worn about the neck of
women; also a doctor of divinity's scarf.

To TI’PPLE, verb neut. to drink luxuriously, to be continually drink­
ing.

To TIPPLE, verb act. to drink in luxury and excess.

TI’PPLE, subst. [from the verb; tepel, O. Teut. a dug] drink, liquor.
L'Estrange.

TI’PPLED, adj. [of tipple] tipsy, drunk. Dryden.

TI’PPLER [from tipple; prob. q. d. sippler, or sipper, of sip] a sottish
drinker, a fuddle-cap, an idle drunken fellow.

TI’PPLING, part. adj. [q. d. sippling or sipping] frequently drinking,
fuddling.

TI’PSTAFF, subst. [so named from the staff which they carry, tipp'd
with silver] 1. An officer who takes into custody such persons who are
committed by a court of judicature. 2. The staff itself so tipp'd. Ba­
con.

TI’PSY, adj. [of tipple] drunk, muddled, fuddled, overpower'd with
excess of drink.

TI’PTOE, subst. [of tip and toe] the end of the toe.

TIRE, or TEER, subst. [tayr, Du.] 1. Rank, row, a range of guns.
2. [Tour, Fr. order; or of atours, O. Fr. a lady's attire; corrupted from
tiar or tiara, or attire. Johnson] a dress or ornament for the head. 3.
Furniture, apparatus in general. The tire of war. J. Philips.

TI’REWOMAN, subst. [of tire and woman] a head-dresser, or one who
makes dresses for the head.

To TIRE, verb act. [from tire, tiara, or attire; of atour, O. Fr.] 1.
To dress the head. 2. [Tirian, Sax.] to weary or fatigue, to wear out
with labour or tediousness.

To TIRE, verb neut. [teorian, Sax.] to fail with weariness, to be­
come weary.

TI’REDNESS, subst. [of tired] state of being tired, weariness.

TI’RESOME, adj. [of tire] wearisome, fatiguing, tedious.

TI’RESOMENESS, subst. [of tiresome] the act or quality of being tire­
some.

TI’RING, part. adj. [in falconry] the act of giving a hawk a leg or a
wing of a pullet to pluck.

TI’RINGHOUSE, or TI’RINGROOM, subst. [of tire, house, and room] the
room in which players dress for the stage.

TE’RWIT, or TE’RWITH, subst. a bird, otherwise called a lapwing.


TIS

'TIS, contracted for it is.

TI’SICK, subst. [corrupted from phthisick] consumption, morbid state;
an ulceration of the lungs, accompanied with an hectic fever, and cau­
sing a consumption of the whole body.








TI’SICAL, or TI’SICKY, adj. for PHTHI’SICAL, troubled with the
phthisick, consumptive.

TI’SSUE [prob. of tissu, or tissure, Fr. tisico, It. and Sp. a web or
weft; tisan, Norman Sax. to weave] a rich sort of stuff, made of silk
and gold or silver, interwoven.

To TI’SSUE, verb act. [from the subst.] to interweave, to varie­
gate.


TIT

TIT, subst. 1. A little horse: generally in contempt. Ambling tit.
Denham. 2. A little woman: in contempt. Dryden. 3. A tomtit, a
titmouse, a little bird. See TITMOUSE.

TITBI’T, sub. [properly tidbit, from tid, tender, and bit] nice bit,
delicate food.

TITE [a sea term] a ship is said to be tite or tight, when she is so
stanch as to let in but very little water.

To TITHE, verb act. [teothian, Sax.] to tax, to lay on a tenth part
to be paid.

To TITHE, verb neut. to pay tithe, or the tenth part.

TITHE [teotha, Sax. tenth] the tenth part of all fruits, &c. the re­
venue generally due to the parson of the parish, and in general assigned
to the maintenance of the ministry. [See DISMES.] 2. The tenth part
of any thing. 3. Small part, small portion. Bacon.

TI’THEABLE, adj. [of tithe] liable to pay tithes, that of which tithes
may be taken. Swift.

TI’THER, subst. [of tithe] a tithe gatherer.

TITHES, were first established in England about the year 786.

Personal TITHES, those which are due, accruing from the profits of la­
bour, art, trade, navigation, and industry of man.

Prædial TITHES, are such as arise from the fruits of the ground, as
corn, hay, hemp, fruits.

Mixt TITHES, are such as arise from beasts and other animals, fed
with the fruits of the earth, as cheese, wool, lambs, calves, fowls, &c.

Great TITHES, are those of corn, hay, wood, &c.

Small TITHES, are those of flax, &c. which are prædial, and those
of wool, milk, cheese, lambs, &c. which are mixt.

TI’THING, subst. [teothung, Sax. tithinga, Law Lat.] the number of
ten house-keepers and their families, bound to the king for the peacea­
ble behaviour of each other. Of these there was one chief person, who,
from his office, was called a toothingman, tithingman; but now he's no­
thing but a constable. 2. Tithe, tenth part due to the priest.

TI’THINGMAN, subst. [of tithing and man] 1. A petty peace officer,
an under constable. 2. A man out of every ten families. In the time
of the English Saxons every hundred in England was divided into ten
districts of tithings; every tithing was made up of ten friburgs, and
each friburg of ten families; and within every such tithing there were
tithing-men to examine and determine all lesser causes between villages
and neighbours, but they were to refer all greater matters to superier
courts.

TITHING-PENNY, a customary duty paid to the sheriff by the tithing­
courts.

TITHYMA’LLUS, or TI’THYMAL, Lat. [with botanists; tithy malle,
Fr.] the plant called spurge.

To TITU’LLATE, verb neut. [titullo, Lat.] to tickle. Pope.

TITILLA’TION, subst. Fr. [titulatio, Lat.] 1. The act of tickling.
2. A sensation of pleasure upon the soft touch or rubbing of some parts,
the state of being tickled. 3. Any slight or petty pleasure. Those titu­
lations that reach no higher than the senses. Glanville.

TI’TLARK, subst. a small bird.

TITLE, subst. [titelle, O. Fr. titre, Fr. titolo, It. titulo, Sp. and Port.
titulus, Lat.] 1. A general head comprising particulars. Titles and ta­
bles. Bacon. 2. A name of honour, an appellation of dignity, distinc­
tion and pre eminence. 3. A name or appellation in general. 4. The
first page of a book, telling its name, and generally its subject; an in­
scription. 5. [In law] a right, a claim, a just cause for possessing or
enjoying any thing; also writings or records to prove a person's right.

TITLE of Entry [in law] is when a person makes a feoffment of land
upon a certain condition, and the condition is broken; after which the
feoffer has a title to enter upon the land again.

To TI’TLE, verb act. [from the subst.] to give a title, to name, to
call.

TI’TLELESS, adj. [of title] wanting a name or appellation: not in
use. Shakespeare.

TI’TLEPAGE, subst. [of title and page] the page, generally the first,
containing the title of a book.

TI’TMOUSE, subst. [tyt, Du. a chick or small bird; titlingier, Isl. a lit­
tle bird. Tit signifies little in the Teutonic dialects] a small bird. See
TIT.

TITS [some derive it of ΤΝχΘΟΣ, Gr. small] small cattle.

To TI’TTER, verb act. [prob. formed from the sound; or of zittern,
Teut. to tremble] to giggle, to laugh without noise, to laugh with re­
straint.

TI’TTER, subst. [from the verb] 1. A restrained laugh. 2. I know
not what it signifies in Tusser.
From wheat go and rake out the titters and tine,
If care be not forth, it will rise again fine.
Probably some weed among the wheat.

TI’TTLE, subst. [prob. from tit] 1. The small point put upon the top
of the letter i and elsewhere. 2. A dot, a small particle.

TITTLE-TATTLE, subst. [a word formed from tattle, by a ludicrous
reduplication] prattle, empty discourse, idle talk.

To TI’TTLE-TATTLE, or To TWI’TTLE-TWATTLE, verb neut. [from
tattle] to prate or talk idly. Sidney.

TI’TUBANCY, subst. [titubantia, Lat.] the act of stuttering, stammer­
ing, or missing in one's words.

TITUBA’TION, subst. [titubo, Lat.] 1. The act of staggering, reeling,
waving to and fro, or stumbling. 2. [In astronomy] a kind of vibra­
tion or shaking, which the antients attributed to the crystalline heaven,
to account for certain irregularities they observed in the motion of the
planets.

TI’TULAR, adj. [titulaire, Fr. titolare, It. titular, Sp. titularis, of
titulus, Lat.] having only or conferring the title, nominal, belonging to
a title.

TI’TULAR, or TI’TULARY, subst. [from the adj.] a person invested
with a title, by virtue whereof he holds an office or benefice, whether
he performs the functions thereof, or not.

TITULA’RITY [of titular] the state of being titular. Brown.

TI’TULARY, adj. [titulaire, Fr. titulus, Lat.] 1. Consisting in a title.
2. Relating to a title.

TITULARY, subst. one having a title or right. See TITULAR.

TI’VY, adv. a word expressing speed, from tantivy, the note of a
hunting horn. Dryden.

TME’SIS [ΤΜΗΣΙΣ, Gr. a section] a figure in grammar, by which a
compound word is divided into two parts, by some other word that is
put between; as in Virgil, Septem subjecta trioni, for Subjecta septen­
trioni.

To, adv. [to, Sax. tot, te, toe, Du. to, toe, L. Ger. zu, H. Ger.]
1. A particle coming between two verbs, and noting the second as the
object of the first, and is the sign of the infinitive mood. 2. It denotes
the use for which a thing is design'd, and the intention. I have done
my utmost to lead my life. Pope. 3. After an adj. it notes its object.
Born to beg. Sandys. 4. It notes futurity. We are still to seek. Bentley.

To and Again, or To and Fro, backward and forward.

To, prep. 1. Noting motion towards; opposed to from. 2. Noting
accord or adaptation. Mov'd on in silence to soft pipes. Milton. 3. No­
ting address or compellation. Here's to you all. Denham. 4. Noting
attention or application. 5. Noting addition or accumulation. 6. No­
ting a state or place whither any one goes. 7. Noting opposition. 8.
noting amount. 9. Noting proportion, noting amount. 10. Noting
possession or appropriation. 11. Noting perception. 12. Noting the
subject of an affirmation. I have the king's oath to the contrary. Shake­
speare. 13. In comparison of. 14. As far as. 15. Noting intention.
16. After an adj. it notes the object. 17. Noting obligation. What
tie has he on him to the contrary. Bacon. 18. Respecting. 19. Noting
consequence. 20. Towards. 21. Noting presence. 22. Noting ef­
fect. 23. After a verb to notes the object. 24. Noting the degree,
25. Before day to notes the present day: before morrow, the day next
coming: before night, either the present night or night next coming.
26. To day, to night, to morrow, are used, not very properly, as substan­
tives and other cases.

TOAD, subst. [tade, Sax. and Scottish] an animal resembling a frog;
but the frog leaps, the toad crawls. The toad is accounted venomous,
and justly.

TOA’DFISH, subst. [of toad and fish] a kind of sea-fish.

TOA’DFLAX, subst. a plant.

TOA’DSTONE, subst. [of toad and stone] a concretion supposed to be
found in the head of a toad.

TOA’DSTOOL, subst. [of toad and stool] a plant like a mushroom.
Another imperfect plant like a mushroom, but as broad as a hat, called
toadstool, is not esculent. Bacon.

To TOAST, verb act. [tostum, of torrere, Lat.] 1. To make a toast of
bread, to dry or heat at the fire. 2. To propose a health, to name when
a health is drank: commonly when women are named.

TOA’STER, subst. [of toast] he who toasts.

TOAST, subst. [from the verb] 1. A slice of bread held before the fire
till it is brown. 2. Bread dried and put into liquor. A toast in sack.
Pope. 3. A celebrated woman whose health is often drank.

TOBA’CCO [of Tobago, an island in America, whence Sir Francis
Drake brought it into England] a plant.

TOBA’CCONIST, subst. [of tobacco] one who deals in tobacco.

TO’CKAWAUGH, a wholesome and savoury root, growing in Virginia,
&c.

TOD, subst. [tod, Sax. totte haar, Ger. a lock of hair. Skinner] 1. A
bush, a thick shrub. 2. A quantity of wool of 28 pounds.

TOE, subst. [ta, tah, or teah, Sax. taea, Su. teen, Du. zehe, H, Ger.]
a finger of the foot.

TOE [of a horse] the stay of the hoof upon the forepart of the foot,
comprehended between the quarters.

From Top to TOE, from head to foot.

TOFO’RE, adv. [toforan, Sax.] before: obsolete.

TOFT, subst. [toft, Sax. toftum, Law Lat.] a messuage or house, or
rather the place where a messuage once stood, that is now fallen or pul­
led down; also a grove of trees.

TO’FTMAN, the owner of a toft.

TO’GA, It. Sp. and Lat. a large woollen mantle without slees, of di­
vers colours, set off with various ornaments, worn by the Romans, both
men and women.

TO’GATED, adj. [togatus, Lat.] clothed with, or wearing a gown.

TO’GED, adj. [togatus, Lat.] gowned, dressed in a gown. Shake­
speare.

TOGE’THER, adv. [togathere, Sax.] 1. In company. 2. By one
another, in the same place. 3. Not apart, not in speculation. 4. In
the same time. 5. Without intermission. 6. In concert. 7. In conti­
nuity. 8. Together with; in union with, in a state of mixture with.

To TOIL, verb neut. [tibian, Sax. to tire; tuylen, Du.] to labour,
perhaps originally to labour in tillage, to do drudgery.

To TOIL, verb act. 1. to work at, to labour. 2. To weary, to
over-labour.

TOIL, subst. [from the verb] 1. Labour, pains, drudgery, fatigue.
2. [Toile, toiles, Fr. tela, Lat.]

TOILS [toiles, Fr.] snares, traps, or nets, woven or meshed, for
catching wild beasts.

TOI’LET [toilette, Fr.] a fine cloth spread upon a table in a bed­
chamber, &c. or in a lady's dressing-room.

TOI’LSOME, adj. [of toil] laborious, weary.

TOI’LSOMENESS [of toilsome] laboriousness, &c.

TOISE, Fr. a fathom.

TOI’SON, D'or [in heraldry] a golden fleece.

TO’KEN, subst. [taikns, tacn, Sax. tegen, Dan. tekn, Su. teecken, Du.
and L. Ger. zeichen, H. Ger.] 1. A mark. 2. A sign. 3. A memo­
rial of friendship, an evidence of remembrance, a gift sent.

In TOKEN of, in sign of.

To TO’KEN, verb act. [tacnian, Sax.] to make known, to betoken,
to shew some sign or token of a thing: not in use.


TOL

TOLD, pret. and part. pass. of tell; related, mentioned. See To
TELL.

TO’LEDO, a sword, the blade of which was made in Toledo, in
Spain.

TOLERABI’LITY [tolerabilitas, Lat.] tolerableness, bearableness.

TO’LERABLE, adj. Fr. [tolerabilis, Lat.] 1. Supportable, that may
be endured. 2. Not excellent, not contemptible, passable. A tolera­
ble translation. Dryden.








TO’LERABLENESS [of tolerable] the state of being tolerable; also pas­
sableness, indifferentness.

TO’LERABLY, adv. [of tolerable] 1. Supportable, in a manner that may
be endured, sufferably. 2. Passably, neither well nor ill, moderately
well.

TO’LERANCE, subst. Fr. [tolerantia, Lat.] power of enduring, act of
enduring.

To TO’LERATE, verb act. [tolerer, Fr. tollerare, It. tolerat, Sp. tole­
ro, Lat.] to suffer, bear with, permit, or connive at; to allow so as not
to hinder.

TOLERA’TION, Lat. a sufferance, permission, or allowance given to
that which is not approved.

To TOLL, verb act., [of tollo, Lat. to take away] in law, signifies
to defeat or take away; as, to toll the entry, is to take away the right of
entry.

TOLL, subst. [this word seems derived from tollo, Lat. toll, Brit. tol,
Sax. told. Dan. tull, Su. toll, Du. and L. Ger. zoll, H. Ger.] 1. Ex­
cise of goods, a seisure of some part for permission of the rest, a tribute
paid for passage through a place. 2. An allowance for grinding corn.
3. Liberty to buy and sell within the precincts of a manor; which seems
to import as much as a fair or market.

TOLL, sound of a bell, giving notice of a death or funeral.

To TOLL, verb neut. [tollan, Sax. tolled, Du. and L. Ger. zollen,
H. Ger.] 1. To pay a toll or duty. 2. To take toll or tallage. 3. To
sound as a single bell.

To TOLL, verb act. [tollo, Lat.] 1. To ring a bell. 2. To bar, an­
nul, defeat, or take away; law term; in this sense the o is short, in the
former long. 3. To take away in general: obsolete.

TOLL-CORN, corn taken at a mill for grinding corn.

TOLL-HOP, subst. a small measure by which toll was formerly taken
for corn in an open market.

TOLL-BOOTH, subst. [of toll and booth] 1. A place in a city where
goods are weighed, to ascertain the duties or imposts on them. 2. [In
Scotland] the town prison, or place where the town court, sheriff court,
and justiciary court sit.

To TOLL-BOOTH, verb act. to imprison in a toll-booth. Bishop
Corbet.

TOLL-GATHERER, subst. [of toll and gather] the officer that takes
toll.

TO’LSASTER, or TOLSESTER, a tribute anciently paid to the lord of
the manor, for liberty to brew and sell ale.

TO’LSEY, 1. A kind of exchange formerly at Bristol. 2. Prison;
the same with toll-booth.

TOLT [q. tollere loquelam, Lat.] a writ, whereby a cause, depending
in a court-baron, is removed to the county court.

TOLUTA’TION, subst. the act of pacing or ambling of a horse.
Butler.

TOMB, subst. [tombe, tombeau, Fr. tomba, It. tambo, Sp. of tumulus,
Lat. an heap, or of ΤυΜβΟΣ, Gr.] a sepulchre, a monument in which
the dead are inclosed.

To TOMB, verb act. [from the subst.] to bury, to entomb. May.

TO’MBLESS, adj. [of tomb] wanting a tomb.

TO’MBSTONE, subst. [of tomb and stone] a stone, generally carved with
inscriptions and ornaments, to cover a sepulchre.

TO’M-BOY, subst. [of Tom, for Thomas, and boy, or of tomban, Teut.
to dance] a mean fellow; sometimes a ramping, frolicksome rude
girl.

TOME, subst. Fr. [tomo, It. and Sp. tomus, Lat. ΤΟΜΟΣ, a dissection or
separation, of ΤΕΜΝΩ, Gr. to cut or divide] 1. A distinct volume of a
large book, one volume of many. 2. A book in general.

TOMENTI’TIOUS, or TOME’NTOUS [tomentitius, Lat.] made of flocks
of wool.

TOME’NTUM [with botanists] that thick, woolly substance or down,
with which the leaves and stalks of many plants are covered.

TOME’TICA, Lat. [of ΤΟΜΙχΑ, of ΤΕΜΝΩ, Gr. to cut] medicines, which
opening the pores of the body, with their sharp particles, cut the thick
and slimy humours. The same that are called attenuantia and inci­
dentia.

TOMI’CE [ΤΟΜΙχΗ, Gr.] the art of carving in wood or ivory.

TOMI’CI Dentes, Lat. [with anatomists] the cutting teeth, i. e. the
fore-teeth.

TO’MIN [with jewellers] a weight of about three carats.

TOMINE’SO, the American humming bird.

TO’MKIN, or TO’MPION [in gunnery] the stopple of a great gun or
mortar, made to keep out rain.

TOMOTO’CIA, Lat. [of ΤΟΜΟΣ, a section, and ΤΟχΟΣ, Gr. a birth] the
cutting of a child out of the womb; otherwise called sectio cæsaria and hy­
sterotomotocia.

TO’M-TIT, subst. a titmouse, a small bird. See TITMOUSE.

TOM-T—D-MAN, an emptier of houses of office, or privies.


TON

TON, It. a tone.

TON, or TUN, subst. [tonne, Fr.] a liquid measure containing four
hogsheads; also twenty hundred weight. See TUN.

TON, or TUN, in the names of places, are derived from the Saxon
tun, a hedge or wall, and this seems to be from dun, a hill; towns be­
ing anciently built on hills for the sake of defence and protection in times
of war. Gibson's Cambden.

TONDI’NO [in architecture] a member, a round moulding like a ring,
that incircles the bases, cornices, or architraves of pillars, according to
the several orders; the same as astragal.

TONE, subst. [ton, Fr. tuono, It. tono, Sp. tom, Port. of tonus, Lat. ΤΟ­
ΝΟΣ, of ΤΕΙΝΩ, Gr. to stretch] 1. A certain degree of elevation or depres­
sion of the voice; as high, or low, deep, or shrill, note, sound.
2. Accent, the sound of the voice. 3. A whine, a mournful cry. 4.
A particular or affected sound in speaking. 5. Elasticity, power of ex­
tension and contraction. 6. State, frame, or disposition; as, the tone of
the nerves, &c.

TONE [in music] is a certain degree of raising or sinking the voice or
sound, and is usually defined to be the sixth part of an octave, said to be
composed of five tones and two semi-tones: A tone, or whole note, is
also divided into nine small parts, called comma's; five of which are ap­
propriated to the greater semi-tone, and four to the lesser.

To TONE, verb neut. [thoenen, Teut.] to sound, as an instrument
does.

TONG, subst. the catch of a buckle. This word is usually written
tongue; but as its office is to hold, it has probably the same original with
tongs, and should therefore have the same orthography See TONGS.

TONGS, subst. [tong, Dan. toang, Su. tange, Du. and L. Ger. zang,
H. Ger. tang, tangan, Sax.] an utensil by which hold is taken of
any thing, as for taking up of fire-coals, &c. It is only used in the
plural.

TONGUE, subst. [tonghe, Dan. tunga, Su. tunge, Sax. tonghe, Du.
and L. Ger. zung, H. Ger.] 1. The instrument of speech in human be­
ings. 2. The organ of taste, &c. in animals. 3. Speech, fluency of
words. 4. Speech, as well or ill used. 5. A language. 6. Speech,
as opposed to thought. 7. A nation, as distinguished by their language:
a scriptural term. 8. A small point; as, the tongue of a ballance. 9.
A neat's Tongue; a bullock's tongue.

Dog's-TONGUE, an herb.

To TONGUE, verb act. [from the subst.] to chide, to scold. Shake­
speare.

To TONGUE, verb neut. to talk, to prate.

TO’NGUELESS, adj. [of tongue] 1. Wanting a tongue, speechless.
2. Unnamed, not spoken of. Shakespeare.

TONGUE-TIED, adj. [of tongue and tie] 1. Having an impediment of
speech. 2. One who cannot, or has not courage to speak.
Keep your TONGUE within your teeth.
That is, be cautious what you say. Or rather, when silence is requisite,
to say nothing at all. This proverbial expression of our language is some­
thing similar to a phraseology not unfamiliar to Homer.
———ΠΟΙΟΝ ΤΟΙ ΕΠΟΣ φυΓΕΝ ΕρχΟΣ ΟΔΟΝΤΩΝ?
See SYNOETEPHA, and read, did but copy his great master Homer.

To Swallow the TONGUE [with horsemen] is said of a horse when he
turns it down his throat, which makes him wheeze as if he was short­
winded.

Aid of the TONGUE [with horsemen] is a sort of agreeable clacking,
or a certain sound made by the rider, &c. by striking the tongue against
the roof of the mouth, when he would animate the horse, sustain him,
and make him work well in the manage.

TO’NGUING [with gardeners] a particular method of grafting, by
making a slit with a knife in the bare part of the stock downwards;
this some call slipping.

TO’NGUED, adj. [of tongue] having a tongue.

Long TONGUED, apt to talk too much.

Evil TONGUED, given to slandering.

Double TONGUED, deceitful.

TONGUE-PAD, subst. [of tongue and pad] a great talker.

TO’NIC, or TO’NICAL, adj. [tonique, Fr. tonicus, of ΤΟΝΙχΟΣ, of ΤΕΙΝΩ,
Gr.] 1. Being extended, elastic. 2. Belonging to tones or sounds.

TO’NIC [in medicine] is applied to a certain motion of the muscles,
wherein the fibres, being extended, continue their extension in such a
manner, as that the part seems immoveable, tho' in reality it is in mo­
tion.

TONIC [with anatomists] that tremulous motion or vibration of the
nerves and fibres in a human body, which is much altered by their dif­
ferent tension.

TO’NICA [ΤΟΝΙχΑ, Gr.] such things, which, being outwardly applied
to the limbs, strengthen the neves and tendons.

TO’NNAGE, or TU’NNAGE, subst. [of tun or ton] a duty paid to the
king for goods exported or imported in Great-Britain, in ships, &c. at
a certain rate for every tun-weight.

TO’NSIL, subst. [tonsille, Fr. tonsillæ, Lat.] tonsils or almonds are two
round glans placed on the sides of the basis of the tongue, under the
common membrane of the fauces; each of them hath a large oval sinus,
which opens into the fauces; and in it there are a great number of lesser
ones, which discharge themselves thro' the great sinus, of a mucous and
slippery matter, into the fauces, larynx, and œsophagus, for the moist­
ening and lubricating these parts. Quincy.

TO’NSIL, adj. [tonsilis, Lat.] that may be shorn, clipped, &c.

TONSI’LLÆ [with anatomists] two glans or kernels, commonly cal­
led the almonds of the ears; they are situated at the root of the tongue,
on each side the mouth. See TONSIL.

TONSO’RIOUS, adj. [tonsorius, Lat.] belonging to a barber.

TO’NSURE, subst. Fr. [tonsura, Lat.] the act of clipping hair; also
the state of being shorn.


TOO

TOO, adv. [to, Sax. toe, te, Du. to, L. Ger. zu, H. Ger.] 1. Over
and above, more than enough. It is used to augment the signification
of an adjective or adverb, to a vicious degree. 2. It is sometimes
doubled to encrease its emphasis; but this reduplication always seems
harsh, and is therefore laid aside. 3. Likewise.
Too much of one thing is good for nothing.
This proverb is an apothegm of one of the seven wise men of Greece.
Some attribute it to Thales, and some to Solon; ΜΗΔΕΝ ΑΓΑΝ, Gr.

TOOK, the pret. and sometimes part. pass. of take. See To TAKE.

TOOL [tool, tole or tohl, Sax.] 1. An instrument of any kind. 2.
A hireling, a wretch who acts at the command of another.

To TOOT, verb neut. [Of this word, in this sense, I know not the
derivation; perhaps totan, contracted from topetan, Sax. to know, to
examine] 1. To pry, to peep, to search narrowly and slily. It is still
used in the provinces; otherwise obsolete. Johnson. For birds and
bushes tooting, Spenser. 2. To blow a horn, &c.

TOOTH, subst. TEETH, irr. pl. [of toth, Sax. and Ger. tunth, Teut.]
1. The teeth are the hardest and smoothest bones of the body. They
are formed in the cavities of the jaws, and about the seventh or eighth
month after birth they begin to pierce the edge of the jaw, tear the pe­
riosteum and gums, which being very sensible, create a violent pain.
The dentes incisivi, or fore-teeth of the upper jaw, appear first, and
then those of the lower jaw; after them come out the canini, or eye­
teeth, and last of all the molares, or grinders. About the seventh year
of age they are thrust out by new teeth. About the 21st year, the two
last of the molares spring up, and they are called dentes sapientiæ. Quin­
cy. 2. Taste, palate. Thy dainty tooth. Dryden. 3. The prong or
tine; as, the tooth of a saw, rake, comb, &c. 4. The prominent part
of wheels, by which they catch upon corrrespondent parts of other bo­
dies. 5. Tooth and nail; with utmost violence, with every means of
attack and defence. 6. To the Teeth; in open opposition. 7. To cast
in the Teeth; to insult by open exprobation. 8. In spite, or despite of
the Teeth; notwithstanding threats expressed by shewing the teeth; not­
withstanding any power of injury or defence.








To laugh from the TEETH outwards; that is, with an aking heart.

To make one's TEETH water; to make one long for any thing.

To set one's TEETH an edge; to excite desire in one after any thing.

To TOOTH, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To furnish with teeth, to
indent. 2. To lock in each other; a mechanical term. Moxon.

TOOTH-Ach [to thace, Sax.] aching or pain of the teeth.

TOOTH-DRAWER, subst. [of tooth and draw] one who extracts teeth.

TOOTHED, adj. [of tooth] having teeth.

TOO’THING, subst. [in architecture] a corner-stone left for more
building.

TOO’THLESS, adj. [totthleas, Sax.] without teeth, deprived of teeth.

TOOTH-PICK, or TOOTH-PICKER, subst. [of tooth and pick] an instru­
ment for cleansing the teeth from any thing sticking between them.

TOO’THSOME, adj. [of tothrume, Sax.] pleasant to the taste, pala­
table.

TOO’THSOMENESS [of toothsome] pleasantness to the taste.

TOOTH-Wort [tothas-pyrt, Sax. dentaria, Lat.] an herb.

TOOTH Wrest, an instrument for drawing of teeth.


TOP

TOP, subst. [toppe, Brit. top, Sax. topper, Island. a crest, topp, Su.
rep, Du. and Dan.] 1. The uppermost end or height of a thing. 2. The
surface, the superficies. The top of the ground. Bacon. 3. The highest
place or station. 4. The highest person. Shakespeare. 5. The utmost
degree. 6. The highest rank. 7. Crown of the head. 8. The hair
on the crown of the head, the forelock. 9. The head of a plant. 10.
[Top, Dan.] an inverted conoid which children set to turn on the point,
continuing its motion with a whip. 11. Top is sometimes used as an
adjective, to express lying on the top, or being at the top.

To TOP, verb neut. 1. To rise aloft, to be eminent. 2. To predo­
minate, to exceed or be higher than. 3. To do his best. But write
thy best and top. Dryden.

To TOP, verb act. 1. To put a top on a thing, to tip, to decorate
with something extrinsick on the upper part. 2. To rise above. It
top'd and covered the tree. L’Estrange. 3. To outgo, to surpass. 4.
To crop. 5. To rise to the top of. 6. To perform eminently; as, he
tops his part, This word, in this sense, is seldom used but on a light
or ludicrous occasion.

TOP-FUL, adj. [of top and full] full to the top or brim.

TOP-GA’LLANT, subst. [of top and gallant] 1. The highest fail. 2.
Proverbially applied to any thing elevated. A rose grew out of another,
like honey-suckles, called top and top-gallants. Bacon.

TOP-HEA’VY, adj. [of top and heavy] having the upper part too
weighty for the lower; in low language applied to one who is drunk.

TOP of a Ship, is a round frame of boards lying upon the cross-trees
near the head of a mast.

TOP-MASTS [in a ship] are four; the main-top-mast, the fore-top­
mast, the misen-top-mast, and the sprit-sail-top-mast; which are made
fast and settled into the heads of the main-mast, fore-mast, misen-mast,
and bow-sprit, repectively.

TOP the Yard-Arm [sea phrase] signifies, make the ends of the yards
hang higher or lower.

TOP Armings [in a ship] are a sort of clothes hung about the round
tops of the masts, for show.

TOP-Ropes [in a ship] are those ropes which the mariners use in
striking the main and fore-top-masts.

TOP-KNOT, subst. [of top and knot] ribbons worn in a knot up a wo­
man's head-clothes.

TOP-MAN, subst. [of top and man] the sawer at the top, not the sawer
in the pit.

TOP-MOST [an irregular superlative formed from top] uppermost,
highest.

TOP-PROUD, adj. [of top and proud] proud in the highest degree.

TOP-SAIL, subst. [of top and sail] the highest sail.

TOPA’RCH, subst. [toparcha, Lat. ΤΟΠΑρχΗΣ, of ΤΟΠΟΣ, a place, and
ΑρχΟΣ, Gr. a governor] a governor of any place.

TOPA’RCHY, subst. [ΤΟΩΑρχΙΑ, Gr.] a small state or signiory, consist­
ing of a few cities or towns, or a petty county governed by a toparch.

TO’PAZ, subst. [topase, Fr. topasius, Lat. ΤΟΠΑζΙΟΣ, Gr.] a precious
stone resembling the colour of gold, a yellow gem. The golden stone
is the yellow topaz. Bacon. See SMARAGDUS.

TOPAZ [in heraldry] the golden colour in the coats of nobility.

To TOPE, verb neut. [topff, Ger. an earthen pot, toppen, Du. to be
mad; Skinner prefers the latter etymology; toper, Fr.] to drink stoutly,
to drink to excess.

TO’PER, subst. [of tope] a hard drinker, a drunkard.

TOPH, subst. [in surgery] a kind of swelling in the bones.

TOPHA’CEOUS, adj. [of tophus, Lat. ΤΟφΟΣ, Gr.] gritty, sandy, stony.

TO’PHET [תפת, Heb. a playing upon a timbrel] a valley near Jeru­
salem, in which they made their children pass thro' fire to Moloch; whe­
ther by that act was intended merely a consecration of them to that false
god: or as Milton and many others understood it, a real sacrifice.
Tho' for the noise of drums and tymbrels loud,
Their childrens cries unhear'd, that pass'd thro' fire
To his grim idol.— Paridise Lost. Book I.
For which reason the good king Josiah threw therein dead bodies, or­
dure, and all manner of unclean things, 2 Kings, c. 23, v. 10, 11. &c.
with design to preclude (as Rab. Kimchi observes) all further application
of the place to a religious use. Nor was this valley less noted for the
destruction of Sennacherib's army therein. Isaiah, c. 30, v. 31—33.
I shall only add, that the same place was also called Ge-hinnom and Ge­
hen Hinnom, i. e. the valley of Hinnom, or of the son of Hinnom;—
from whence ΓΕΕΝΝΑ, in Greek, and from them gehenna with us is de­
rived; and because a perpetual fire was kept there (as R. Kimchi informs
us) to burn up and consume the dead bodies, bones, and all manner of filth,
ordure, &c. which from the city were cast therein; hence the term ge­
henna was applied by the Jews to express the future destruction of wicked
men. See GEHENNA. But if the reader would perceive, of what im­
portance this criticism is in a certain religious controversy, he may con­
sult the book referr'd to under the word DIVORCE.

TO’PHUS, Lat. [ΤΟφΟΣ, Gr.] any gritty or earthy matter abounding in
some mineral waters, and concreting on the sides or bottom of the ves­
sels; or on hard bones which have laid long in them; and, on the ac­
count of the resemblance it bears to chalk, it is applied to a chalky sub­
stance or a stony concretion in any part of an animal body.

TOPIA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the garden brank-ursin.

TO’PING, subst. hard drinking.

TO’PIC [with physicians] that which is outwardly applied to some
particular limb or part of the diseased body in order to a cure; this topic
or topical application is contradistinguished from what is administered in­
ternally, or rather applied to the whole.

TO’PICA, Lat. [in logic] the art of inventing and managing all kinds
of probable argumentations.

TO’PICAL, adj. [of ΤΟΠΟΣ, Gr.] 1. Relaing to some general head or
common place of argument. 2. Local, confined to some particular
place. 3. In medicine [topicus, Lat. topique, Fr. topico, It. of ΤΟΠΙχΟΣ,
Gr.] applied to some particular part of the body.

TO’PICALLY, adv. [of topical] with application to some particular
part.

TO’PICS, plur. [of topic; topici, It. topica, Lat. ΤΟΠΙχΑ, of ΤΟΠΟΣ, Gr.
a place] common places or heads of discourse to which other things are
referred. All arts and sciences have some general subjects, called topics,
or common places; because middle terms are borrowed and arguments
derived from them for the proof of their various propositions. Watts.

TOPI’CE [ΝΟΠΙχΗ, Gr.] the invention or finding of arguments.

TO’PLESS, adj. [of top] having no top. Chapman.

TOPO’GRAPHER, subst. [of ΤΟΠΟΣ and ΓρΑφΩ, Gr.] one who writes de­
scriptions of particular places.

TOPOGRA’PHIC, or TOPOGRA’PHICAL [topographicus, Lat. topogra­
phique, Fr. topographico, It. of ΤΟΠΟΓρΑφΙχΟΣ, Gr.] pertaining to the art of
topography.

TOPOGRA’PHIC Charts, are draughts of some small parts of the earth,
or of some particular place, without regard to its relative situation; as of
London, Amsterdam, Paris, &c.

TOPO’GRAPHY [topographia, Lat. and Sp. topographie, Fr. topographia,
It. of ΤΟΠΟΓρΑφΙΑ, of ΤΟΠΟΣ, a place, and ΓρΑφΩ, Gr. to describe] the
art of describing particular places, or some small quantities of land, &c.
as a parish, town, manor, &c.

TO’PPING, part. adj. [of top] 1. Eminent, chief, noted, &c. 2.
Fine, noble, gallant. A low word.

TO’PPINGLY, adv. [of topping] fine, gallant, gay: obsolete. Tus­
ser.

To TO’PPLE, verb neut. to fall forward, to tumble down. Shake­
speare.

TOPO’THESY [of ΤΟΠΟΘΕΣΙΑ, Gr.] the description of a place.

TO’PSHAM, in Devonshire, the port of Exeter, is almost encompassed
with the Clift and the Ex, 175 miles from London.

TO’PSY-TURVY, adv. [toper in turfes, Sax. q. d. tops in turfs, i. e.
heads on the turfs or on the ground. This Skinner fancies. Perhaps it
may be a corruption of top-side-turned, i. e. that part which was the top
turned down, and so becoming the bottom] turned upside down. We
shall o'erturn it topsy-turvy down. Shakespeare.


TOR

TOR, subst. [tor, torra, Sax.] 1. A tower, a turret. 2. A high
pointed hill. Whence tor, in the initial syllable of some local names.

TORCE, Fr. [in heraldry] a wreath.

TORCH [torche, Fr. torcia, It. torcha, or antorcha, intortitium, Low
Lat. prob. of torris, Lat. or torrsch, Teut.] a flambeau, link, a wax­
light, generally supposed to be bigger than a candle.

TO’RCH-BEARER, subst. [of torch and bear] one who carries a
torch.

TORCH-LIGHT, subst. [of torch and light] light kindled to supply the
absence of the sun.

TO’RCHER, subst. [of torch] one that gives light. Shakespeare.

TORCH-Royal [in hunting] that start on the stag's head which grows
next above the royal.

TORCH-WEED, an herb.

TO’RCULAR Herophili, Lat. [in anatomy] that part in the duplica­
tures of the dura mater, formed of the concourse of a branch of the
longitudinal sinus with the lateral sinus's.

TORCULA’RIS, Lat. [with surgeons] a contrivance for stopping the flux
of blood in amputations.

TORCULARIS Vena [in anatomy] a vein which goes up by the inside
of the skull to the brain.

TO’RCHENES [with horsemen] a long stick with a hole at the end of
it, thro' which runs a strap of leather, the two ends of which being tied
together, serve to straiten and closely tie up a horse's nose, as long as
the stick is staid upon the halter or snaffle.

TO’RDYLON [ΤΟρΔΝΛΟΝ, Gr.] the herb heart-wort.

TORE, or TO’RUS [in architecture] a thick round moulding, used in
the bases of columns.

TORE, subst. [of this word I cannot guess the meaning] proportion
according to rowen or tore upon the ground; the more tore the less hay
will do. Mortimer.

TOREU’MA [of ΤΟρΕΝΜΑ, Gr.] embossed work.

TOREUMATO’GRAPHY, subst. [of ΤΟρΕΝΜΑ and ΓρΑφΩ, Gr.] the descrip­
tion or knowledge of ancient sculptures and basso relievos.

TOREU’TICE, Lat. [ΤΟρΕΝΤΙχΗ, Gr.] the art of embossing, &c.

To TORME’NT, verb act. [of tormento, Lat. tourmenter, Fr. tormen­
tare, It. tormentar, Sp.] 1. To put to pain or torture, to harrass with
anguish. 2. To afflict or disquiet, to teaze, to vex with importunity.
3. [Tormente, Fr. a great storm] to put into great agitation. Tormented
all the air. Milton.

TO’RMENT, subst. [tourment, Fr. tormento, It. and Sp. tormentum, Lat.]
1. Any thing that gives or causes pain. Divers diseases and torments.
St. Matthew. 2. Penal anguish, torture; a violent pain suffered by the
body. 3. Anguish, misery, great grief or trouble of mind.

TORME’NTER, or TORME’NTOR, subst. [of torment] 1. One who
torments, one who gives pain in general. 2. One who inflicts penal
tortures.

TORME’NTIL, subst. [tormentille, Fr. tormentilla, Lat.] septsoil; a
plant. The root has been used for tanning of leather, and accounted
the best astringent in the whole vegetable kingdom. Miller.

TORMENTI’LLA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb tormentil.

TORME’NTINGNESS, a tormenting quality or faculty.

TO’RMINA Alva, Lat. [with physicians] the griping of the guts, or
wind cholic.

TORMINA Hysterica, Lat. the womb-cholic, a disease to which wo­
men of a lax and ill habit of body are subject.

TORMINA post Partum, Lat. the after pains of women after de­
livery.

TORE, pret. and sometimes part. pass. of tear. See To TEAR.

TORNA’DO, subst. Sp. a sudden and violent gust of wind, a hurricane,
a whirl-wind, a storm.








TO’RNATILE, adj. [tornatilis, Lat.] turned or made with a wheel.

TO’RNISOL [tournesol, Fr.] the sun-flower.

TORPE’DO, subst. Lat. a sea-fish, famed for a remarkable numbness,
wherewith it is said to strike the arm of those that touch it, or, while
alive, even with a long stick; but when dead it is eaten safely.

TO’RPENT, adj. [torpens, Lat.] benumbed, struck motionless, not ac­
tive, incapable of motion. Torpent memory. Evelyn.

TO’RPID, adj. [torpidus, Lat.] benumbed, motionless, heavy, not ac­
tive. Ray.

TO’RPIDNESS, subst. [of torpid] numbness. Hale.

TO’RPITUDE, subst. [of torpid] state of being torpid, numbness. Tor­
pitude or sleeping state. Derham.

TO’RPOR, subst. Lat. dullness, numbness, inability to move. Ba­
con.

TORQUE [in heraldry] a round roll of cloth twisted, such as is the
bandage frequently seen in armories about the heads of moors, sa­
vages, &c.

TORREFA’CTION, subst. the act of scorching, drying, or parching by
the fire. Boyle.

TORREFA’CTION [in pharmacy] the laying of a drug or other thing
on a plate of metal, placed over coals, till it become pliable to the
fingers.

To TO’RREFY, verb act. [torefier, Fr. torrefacio, Lat.] to dry by the
fire. Boyle, Brown, and Arbuthnot.

TO’RRENT, subst. Fr. [torrente, It. of torrens, Lat.] 1. A sudden
stream raised by summer showers. 2. A strong and violent stream of wa­
ter, a tumultuous current.

TORRENT [in a figurative sense] a great heat, a violence of passion, a
swift stream of eloquence, &c.

TORRENT, adj. [torrens, Lat.] rolling in a rapid, tumultuous stream.
Milton.

TORRICE’LLIAN Instrument [of Torricellius, an Italian, the inventor of
it] a glass tube or pipe of about three feet long, and a quarter of an inch
bore, sealed or closed by fire at one end, and quite filled at the other
with quick-silver; which unsealed end, being stopped with the finger,
is thrust down into some quick-silver contained in a vessel; and then the
finger being taken away, and the tube set upright, the quick-silver will
run out or descend till it remains in the tube of the height between
twenty-eight and thirty-one inches, leaving an empty space in the upper­
part.
The quick-silver being thus suspended or hanged up, will increase or
lessen its height in the tube, according as the weather altars for dry or
wet; and being put into a frame, with a plate of divisions, shewing the
several degrees, it is called a mercurial barometer, or quick-silver wea­
ther-glass.

TO’RRID, adj. [torride, Fr. torrido, It. and Sp. of torridus, Lat.] 1.
Burning violently, hot and scorched, or parched. 2. Dried with heat.
3. It is particularly applied to the regions or zone between the tro­
pics.

TO’RRINGTON, Great, in Devonshire, is an ancient populous bo­
rough, 192 measured miles from London.

TORRID Zone. See ZONE.

TO’RRIDNESS, or TORRI’DITY [of torriditas, Lat.] scorchedness,
scorchingness, parchedness, parchingness, dryness.

To TO’RRIFY [torrefacere, Lat.] to roast, toast, parch, or dry up.

TO’RSIL, subst. [torse, Fr.] any thing twisted; a mechanical word.
Moxon.

TO’RSION, subst. [torsio, Lat.] the act of turning, winding, writhing
or twisting.

TORT, Fr. [torto, It. tortum, Law Lat.] an injury, wrong, &c. mis­
chief, calamity: obsolete. Spenser.

TORT [spoken of a rope, &c.] stretched out tight.

TORTEAU’XES, Fr. [in heraldry] are small rounds, which some
take to be cakes, others bowls, others wounds, especially when they
are red.

TO’RTILE, adj. [tortilis, Lat.] bent, bowed, twisted, wreathed,
wrinkled.

TO’RTION, subst. [tortus, Lat.] torment, pain: not in use. Bacon.

TO’RTIOUS, adj. [of tort] injurious, doing wrong. Spenser.

TO’RTIVE, adj. [tortivus, tortus, Lat.] twisted, wreathed. Shake­
speare.

TO’RTNESS [spoken of a rope, &c.] straitness, tightness, by being
hard pulled; also writhedness, wrinkledness.

TO’RTOISE [tortue, Fr. tortuga, Sp. tartaruga, Port.] 1. An animal
covered with a hard shell; there are tortoises both on the land and in the
water. 2. A form into which the ancient soldiers used to throw their
troops, by bending down and holding their bucklers above their heads,
so that no darts could hurt them. Their targets in a tortoise cast.
Dryden.

TORTOISE Shell, the shell or scale on the back of this animal, of use
for making snuff-boxes, combs, and sundry other things.

TORTUO’SITY, subst. [of tortuous] wreathe, flexure.

TO’RTUOUS, adj. [tortueux, Fr. tortuoso, It. and Sp. tortuosus, tortusus,
Lat.] 1. Winding or turning many ways, wreathed, twisted. 2. Mis­
chievous, injurious, calamitous. [Thus I explain it, on supposition
that it is derived from tort, wrong: but it may mean crooked; as we say
crooked ways, for bad practices. Crooked being regularly enough opposed
to right. This, in some copies, is tortious, and therefore from tort.
Johnson] By tortuous wrong. Spenser.

TO’RTUOUSNESS [of tortuosus, Lat. tortueux, Fr. and ness] winding­
ness, or the turning in and out.

TO’RTURABLE, adj. [of torture] capable of being tortured.

To TO’RTURE, verb act. [of torturer, Fr.] 1. To punish with tor­
tures. 2. To vex, to excrutiate, to torment. 3. To keep on the
stretch. The bow tortureth the string. Bacon.

TO’RTURE, Fr. [tortura, It.] 1. Judicial torments, a grievous pain
inflicted on a criminal or person accused, by way of punishment, or in
order to make him confess the truth. 2. Pain, anguish, pang in gene­
ral. Torture of the mind. Shakespeare.

TO’RTURER, subst. [of torture] he who tortures, a tormentor.

TO’RVITY, subst. [torvitas, Lat.] sourness, crabbedness of counte­
nance.

TO’RVOUS, adj. [torvus, Lat.] sour of aspect, stern. Derham.

TO’RUS, Lat. a bed, a cord for a bed, a wreath.

TORUS [in architecture; called also tore, or thore] is a round mem­
ber which encompasses the base of a pillar, between the plinth and the
list, resembling the shape of a large ring, or round cushion, as it were,
swelling out with the weight of the pillar lying on it.

TO’RY, subst. [a cant term, probably derived from an Irish word sig­
nifying a savage] a name which the protestants in Ireland gave to those
Irish robbers, &c. that were outlawed for robbery and murther; also
the enemies of king Charles I. accusing him of favouring the rebellion
and massacre of the protestants in Ireland, gave his partisans the name
of tories; but of late the name has been transferred to those that affect
the style of High-church-men, and since the death of king James II. to
the partizans of the Chevalier de St. George. But, with submission, not
with much propriety to either; for a man may be high in CHURCH, and
yet low with reference to the STATE; and he must know little of the
world, who should affirm, that a Jacobite and Tory are convertible
terms.

To TOSE, verb neut. [of the same original with teize] to comb wool.
See TOZED.

To TOSS, verb act. incert. etym. [tassen, Du. tasser, Fr. to accumu­
late. Minshew. ΘΕΩΣΑΙ, Gr. to dance. M. Casaubon. Perhaps from to us,
a word used by those who would have any thing thrown to them. John­
son] 1. To throw with the hand, as a ball at play. 2. To throw with
violence. 3. To lift with a sudden and violent motion. 4. To agitate,
to put into violent motion. Tossed in storms. Addison. 5. To make
restless, to disquiet. Many troubles her did toss. Spenser. 6. To keep
in play, to tumble over. Tossing all the rules of grammar in common
schools. Ascham. 7. To discuss, to canvass a matter.

To TOSS, verb neut. 1. To fling, to winch, to be in violent commo­
tion. 2. To be tossed, to be moved or agitated backwards and for­
wards. 3. To Toss up; to throw a piece of coin into the air, and wa­
ger on what side it shall fall.

TOSS, subst. [from the verb] 1. The act of tossing. 2. A throwing
up, an affected manner of raising the head.

TO’SSEL, subst. any thing appendant; generally as an ornament.
Mortimer. See TASSEL.

TO’SSER, subst. [of toss] one who throws, tosses, writhes.

TOSS-POT, subst. [of toss and pot] a drinker, a drunkard, a toper.

TOST, pret. and part. pass. of toss. See To TOSS,

TOST, subst. for TOAST [panistostus, Lat. tostada, Sp.] 1. Bread tosted
at the fire. 2. A person, generally a female, whose health is to be
drank.

To TOST, verb act. [tostum, sup. torreo, Lat. tostar, Sp.] to harden
by holding before the fire; also to nominate a person whose health they
would have drank.

TO’TAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [totale, It. totalis, totus, Lat.] 1. Whole,
complete, full. 2. Whole, not divided, intire.

TO’TALLY, adv. [of total] wholly, intirely, completely.

TOTA’LITY, subst. [totalité, Fr. totalitas, Lat.] whole sum, complete
sum.

T'O’THER, contracted for the other.

TO’TNESS, in Devonshire, a borough town by prescription, is 195
measured miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

TO’TTED, adj. [in the Exchequer] a term used of those debts, &c.
due to the king, which the foreign opposer, &c. notes with the word
tot, Lat. q. d. so many or much.

To TO’TTER, verb neut. [touteren, tateren, Du. or tealtrian, Sax.]
to shake, stagger, or reel, so as to threaten a fall.

TO’TTY, or TO’TTERY, adj. shaking, dizzy, unsteady. Neither is
in use.

TO’TUM, a whirl-box, a kind of die that is turned round.

TOTUM, Lat. [with logicians] i. e. the whole, is used to signify such
a whole as is composed of several parts really distinct, whose parts are
termed integral parts; as the apartments of a house, the precincts of a
city, or the provinces of a kingdom; and this they distinguish from an­
other whole, which in Latin is called omne.


TOU

TOU’CAN [in astronomy] a constellation in the southern hemis­
phere.

To TOUCH, verb act. [toucher, Fr. tætsen, Du. torcar, It. tocar, Sp.
and Port.] 1. To put or reach the hand, &c. to a thing, so that there
is no space left between the thing reached and the thing brought to it.
2. To come, to attain. That the wicked one toucheth him not. 1 John.
3. To delineate, to mark out. 4. To try metals, as gold, by rubbing
them on a touch-stone. 5. To censure, to animadvert. 6. To affect,
to relate to. 7. To strike mentally, to melt, to move. 8. To infect.
to sieze slightly. 9. To bite, to wear, to have effect on. A mechanic
term. A file will not touch it; as smiths say, when a sile will not eat or
race it. Moxon. 10. To strike or play upon a musical instrument.
11. To influence by impulse, to impel forcibly. 12. To treat of overly
or perfunctorily. 13. Touch up; to repair or improve by slight strokes
or little emendations.

To TOUCH, verb neut. [sea term] to come or stop at a place without
staying.

TOUCH [in music] an organ is said to have a good touch, when the
keys close and lye down well, being neither too loose nor too stiff.

To TOUCH upon a thing; to speak of it by the by, to mention slight­
ly; also passively.

To TOUCH on or upon; to go for a very short time. He touched upon
the Moluccoes. Abbot.

TOUCH, subst. [from the verb] 1. Reach of any thing, so that there
is no space between the thing reaching and reached. 2. The sense of
feeling. 3. The act of touching. 4. Proof or trial of metals, examina­
tion, as by a stone. 5. Test, that by which any thing is examined.
Equity, the true touch of all laws. Carew. 6. Proof, tried qualities.
My friends of noble touch. Shakespeare. 7. [Touche, Fr. single act
of a pencil, or stroke] in painting or drawing. 8. Feature, lineament.
9. Act of the hand on a musical instrument. 10. Power of exciting the
affections. 11. Something of passion or affection. With a true, na­
tural, and sensible touch of mercy. Hooker. 12. Particular relation,
sensible relation. Speech of touch towards others should be sparingly
used. Bacon. 13. [Touche, Fr.] stroke. Nice touches of raillery. Ad­
dison. 14. Animadversion, censure. Touch of conscience. K. Charles.
15. Exact performance of agreement; as, to keep touch with one; to be
as good as one's word. 16. A small quantity intermingled, a tincture.
A touch of it may perhaps be an ingredient. Holder. 17. A hint, a
slight notice given. A small touch will put him in mind. Bacon. 18.
A slight essay: a cant word. A sixpenny touch. Swift.

TOU’CHABLE, adj. [of touch] that may be touched.








TOUCH-HOLE of a Gun, subst. [of touch and hole] the hole at the
breech by which fire is communicated to the loading.

TOU’CHING, prep. [touchant, Fr. This word is originally the parti­
ciple active of touch] concerning, with respect to.

TOU’CHMENOT, subst. an herb.

TOU’CHED, part. adj. as, a little touched, or tainted. See TOUCH.

TOU’CHINESS, subst. [of touch] aptness to be offended with or angry
at, peevishness.

TOU’CHING, subst. [of toucher, Fr.] the sense of feeling.

TOUCHING, adj. near, contiguous; also moving, affecting, pa­
thetic.

TOU’CHINGLY, adv. [of touch] 1. Pathetically, with feeling motion.
2. Easily provoked.

TOUCH-STONE, subst. [of touch and stone; pierre de touche, Fr.] a
stone to try gold, silver, and other metals on; any test or criterion in
general. We should use it as a touch-stone to try the orders. Hooker.

TOUCH-WOOD, subst. [of touch and wood] a sort of old, rotten, dry
wood, that will take fire struck from the flint.

TOU’CHY, adj. [of touché, Fr.] apt to be offended with, peevish.

TOUGH [toh, Sax. taey, Du. tagh, L. Ger. zag, H. Ger.] 1. Yield­
ing without failure. 2. Not brittle or apt to break. 3. Stiff, not easily
flexible. 4. Hard, strong, not easily injured or broken. 5. Viscous,
clammy, ropy; as, tough phlegm.

To TOU’GHEN, verb neut. [of tough] to grow tough.

TOU’GHLY, adv. [of tough] with strength, not brittly.

TOU’GHNESS [tohnesse, Sax.] 1. Unaptness to be broken or dis­
jointed; the opposite to brittleness. 2. Viscosity, clamminess. 3. Firm­
ness against injury. Cables of perdurable toughness. Shakespeare.

TOUPEE’, or TOUPE’T, subst. Fr. a peruke of a particular make,
worn by smarts and beaus; also a curl or artificial lock of hair.

TOUR, subst. 1. A roving journey about a country, a ramble. 2. Turn,
revolution. In both these senses it is rather French than English. 3.
A lofty flight, in Milton; it is probably for tow'r, soar, elevation. The
bird of Jove stoop'd from his airy tour. Milton. 4. A false head of
hair.

TOU’RNAMENT, or TOU’RNEY, subst. [tournamentum, low Lat. tor­
neamento, It. tournois, Fr.] 1. Tilt, military sport, mock encounter. A
martial exercise formerly used by persons of note, who desired to gain
reputation by feats of arms, even from the king himself to the private
gentleman. They encountered one another on horse-back with spears
or lances. See JUSTS. Milton uses it simply for encounter, shock of
battle.

To TOU’RNEY, verb act. [from the subst.] to tilt in the lists Spen­
ser.

TOU’RNIQUET, Fr. a turnstile.

TOURNIQUET, subst. Fr. [with surgeons] a gripe-stick used in stop­
ping the flux of blood in amputations; also a bandage used in amputa­
tations, straitened or relaxed by the turn of a handle. Sharp.

TOURTAU’XES [in heraldry] are small rounds, which some will
have to be cakes, others bowls, and others wounds; they being al­
ways red in English coat armour; but the French have them of other
colours.

To TOUZE, or To TOU’ZLE, verb act. [probably of the same origi­
nal with taw, teize, tose. Johnson] towzle is a corruption, among the
vulgar, of touze. See TOUZE] to haul, to drag. Whence touser, or
towzer, the name of a mastiff.


TOW

TOW [tow, Sax.] 1. The hard or coarser part of hemp or flax. 2.
A small boat in a ship.

To TOW, verb act. [teon, teohan, Sax. toghen, Du. touer, Fr.] to
drag or hale along the water by a rope.

TO’WAGE [touage, Fr.] money paid to the owner of ground adjoining
to a river, for towing barges, &c. thro' his ground; also the act of
towing.

TO’WARD, or TO’WARDS, prep. [toweard, Sax.] 1. A direction to.
2. Near to; as, the storm is towards London. 3. With respect to,
touching, &c. relating to. 4. With tendency to. 5. Nearly, little
less than.

TOWARD, or TOWARDS, adv. [it is doubtful whether in this sense
the word be adverb or adjective] near at hand, in a state of prepara­
tion.
What might be to'ard, that this sweaty haste
Doth make the night joint labourer with the day. Shakespeare.

TOWARD, adj. ready to do or learn, not froward.

TO’WARDLINESS [of towardly] inclinableness to that which is laud­
able, compliance with duty, orderliness, &c.

TO’WARDLY, adj. [of toward; toweardlice, Sax.] orderly, obedient,
inclinable to that which is good and commendable; docile.

TO’WARDNESS, subst. [of toward] docility.

TO’WCESTER, a town in Northamptonshire, near 61 measured miles
from London.

TO’WEL, subst. [not improbably of tow, Sax. the coarser part of flax;
towels being usually made of coarse linen; but more immediately of
touaille, Fr. tovaglia, It. toalla, Sp. toalha, Port.] a cloth to wipe hands
on, &c.

TO’WER, subst. [towr, tor, or torra, Sax. turris, Lat. tour, Fr. tor­
re, It. and Sp.] 1. A high building, a builing raised above the main
edifice. 2. A fortress, a citadel, a place of defence. 3. A high head­
dress. In towers and curls and perriwigs. Hudibras. 4. High flight,
elevation. See TOUR.

Hollow TOWER [in fortification] a rounding made of the remainder
of a brisure, to join the courtin to the orillon.

To TOWER, verb neut. to soar, to fly or rise high.

TO’WERING long sought [in cattle] a disease which proceeds from lean­
ness.

TOWER Mustard, subst. [turritis, Lat.] a plant.

TO’WERED, adj. [of tower] adorned or defended by towers. Mil­
ton.

TO’WERY, adj. [of tower] adorned or guarded with towers. Pope.

TOWN, subst. [tun, Sax. tuyn, Du. from tinan, Sax. shut] 1. Any
walled space or division of ground, whereon houses are built. The
town-wall. Joshua. 2. Any collection of houses larger than a village.
The town-crier. Shakespeare. 3. In England, any number of houses
to which belongs a regular market, and which is not a city or see of a
bishop. 4. The court end of London; as, the court end of the town.
5. The people who live in the capital. 6. It is used by the inhabitants
of every city and town; as, my lord is come to town.

TOWN Clerk, subst. [of town and clerk] an officer who manages the
publick business of a town.

TOWN House, subst. [of town and house] the hall where the publick
business of a town is transacted.

TO’WNSHIP, subst. the privileges or district appertaining to a town
corporate, the corporation of a town.

TOWNS-Man, subst. [of town and man; tunes-man, Sax.] 1. One born
in the same town. 2. An inhabitant of a place.

TOWN-TALK, subst. [of town and talk] common tattle of a place.

TOWR [probably of tor, Sax. or tower, on account of towers being
usually high built] a high or lofty flight.

To TOWR, verb neut. [for tower, which see] to soar aloft, to fly
high; to aim at high things.

TOW’RING, part. adj. [of towr] soaring aloft, aspiring.

TO’WRINGNESS, a lofty soaring, high aim; also lofty carriage,
haughtiness.

TO’WRUS [hunting term] a roebuck, eager for copulation, is said to
go to his towrus.

To TOWZE [incert. etym. or prob. of toze] to tug or pull about, to
rumple, ruffle, or tumble; also to card wool. See TOUSE.

TO’XICA [prob. of ΤΟξΟΣ, Gr. a bow] a particular sort of poison used
by the Indians to their arrows, in order to render wounds made by them
incurable.

TO’XICAL, adj. [toxicum, Lat. ΤΟξΙχΟΣ, Gr.] venomous, poisonous.

TOY, subst. [toyen, tooghen, Du. to dress with ornaments] 1. A bau­
ble. Precious toys. Addison. 2. A play-thing, a trifle, a petty com­
modity, a thing of no value. For that toy a woman. Dryden. 3. Mat­
ter of no importance, A knack, a toy. Shakespeare. 4. Folly, trifling
practice, silly opinion. To condemn as follies and toys. Hooker. 5.
Play, sport, amorous dalliance. Glance or toy. Milton. 6. Odd story,
silly tale. These fairy toys. Shakespeare. 7. Frolic, humour, odd fan­
cy. Disguised with a toy of novelty. Hooker.

To TOY, verb neut. [from the subst.] to play, to dally with amo­
rously, to trifle.

TO’YISH, adj. [of toy] apt or given to toy with, caress, or use dal­
liance; trifling, wanton.

TO’YISHNESS, subst. [of toyish] wantonness, nugacity.

TOY-SHOP, subst. [of toy and shop] a shop where play things and little
nice manufactures are sold.

To TOZE, verb act. [See TOUSE, TOWZE, TEAZE] to pull by vio­
lence or impetuosity; to pull asunder, in order to make soft, I toze from
thee thy business. Shakespeare.

TO’ZYNESS, softness, like tozed wool.


TRA

TRA’BAL, adj. [trabalis, Lat.] belonging to a beam.

TRA’BEATED, adj. [trabeatus, Lat.] having an entablature, viz. a
projecture on the top of the wall, which supports the timber-work of the
roof.

TRABEA’TION [in architecture] the same as entablature, viz. the
projecture on the top of the walls of edifices, which supports the timber­
work of roofs.

TRABS [with meteorologists] an impression or meteor in the air, like
a beam.

TRACE, subst. Fr. [traccia, It.] 1. A foot step, track, or print left by
any thing passing. 2. Remains, appearance of what has been. Not the
least traces of it to be met. Addison. 3. [Trace, Fr.] harness for beasts
of draught.

To TRACE, verb act. [tracer, Fr. tracciare, It.] 1. To follow by the
foot-steps or remaining marks. 2. To discover, to look back into the
original of things; sometimes with over before the thing traced. 3. To
draw a draught by lines on paper, to mark out. To trace images on the
brain. Locke. 4. To follow with exactness. Tracing word by word.
Denham. 5. To Walk over. We do trace this alley. Shakespeare.

TRA’CER, subst. [of trace] one that follows the trace or footsteps;
also that traces out lines in a draught.

TRA’CES, plur. [of trace] harness of draught-horses, &c. See
TRACE.

TRA’CHEA [with anatomists] the weasand or wind-pipe.

TRACHELA’GRA [of ΤρΑχΗΛΟΣ, the neck, and ΑΓρΑ, Gr. a capture] the
gout in the neck.

TRACHE’LIUM [of ΤρΑχΗΛΟΣ, Gr.] the herb throat-wort.

TRA’CHOMA [ΤρΑχΩΜΑ, Gr. q. d. roughness] a scab or roughness of the
inner part of the eye.

TRACHOMA’TICUM [of ΤρΑχΩΜΑ, Gr.] a sort of medicine for the
eyes.

TRACK [trac, O. Fr. trace, Fr. traccia, It.] 1. A footstep, the mark
of a wheel, the run of a ship, or other remaining mark of any thing. 2.
A road, a beaten path. 3. A row of hills.

To TRACK, verb act. [of tracer, Fr. tracciare, It. of tractus, Lat.] to
follow by the trace, footsteps, or mark that any thing leaves behind it in
passing.

TRA’CKLESS, adj. [of track] not trodden, marked with no foot­
steps.

TRACT, subst. [traht, Sax. tractatus, Lat. traité, Fr. trattato, It.
tratado, Sp.] 1. A treatise or discourse printed, an essay. 2. A re­
gion, a quantity of land. 3. Any kind of extended substance in gene­
ral. 4. Continuity, any thing drawn out to length. Tract of time.
Milton. 5. Course, manner of process. Unless it means in this place
rather discourse, explanation.
The Tract of ev'ry thing
Would by a good discourser, lose some life. Shakespeare.
6. It seems to be used by Shakespeare for track. The bright tract of his
fiery car. Shakespeare.

TRA’CTABLE, adj. [tractabilis, Lat. traitable, Fr. trattabile, It. tra­
table, Sp.] 1. Easily managed or ordered; docile, obsequious. 2. Pal­
pable, such as may be handled. Holder.

TRA’CTABLENESS, subst. [of tractable] 1. A tractable disposition. 2.
The state of being tractable. Locke.

TRA’CTABLY, adv. [of tractable] gently, obsequiously.

TRA’CTATE, subst. [tractatus, Lat.] a treatise, tract, or small book.

TRA’CTILE, adj. [tractus, Lat.] ductile, capable of being drawn out
or extended. Bacon.

TRACTIBI’LITY, subst. [of tractile] the quality of being tractile.
Derham.

TRA’CTION, Lat. subst. 1. The act of drawing. 2. The state of be­
ing drawn.








TRA’CTRIX [in geometry] a curve line, called also catenaria.

TRADE [of traite, Fr. tratta, It. trato Sp.] 1. A mechanic art, em­
ployment, handicraft, whether manual or mercantile, as contradistin­
guished from the liberal arts or learned professions. 2. Traffic, com­
merce, buying and selling, exchange of goods for other goods or for mo­
ney. 3. Instruments or tools of any occupation. His trade of war.
Dryden. 4. Any employment not manual, habitual exercise. To train
them up in that trade, and so fit them for weighty affairs. Bacon.
All TRADES must live,
Is a saying when any thing is broken, as a comfort for the loss, found­
ed upon the reasonableness of letting every man live by his profession,
which could not be if nothing was to be destroyed.

TRA’DESMAN, subst. [of trade and man] a buyer or seller by retail, a
shopkeeper. A merchant is called a trader; but not a tradesman: And
it seems distinguished in Shakespeare from a man that labours with his
hands. I live by the awl, I meddle with no tradesmen's matters. Shake­
speare.

TRA’DEFUL, adj. [of trade and full] commercial, busy in traffic.
Spenser.

To TRADE, verb neut. [of trade; of traiter, Fr. trattare, It. tratar,
Sp. to deal, handle, manage, &c.] 1. To merchandize or traffic, to
deal. 2. To act merely for money. To trade and traffic with Mac­
beth. Shakespeare. 3. Having a trade wind or tide. The trading flood.
Milton.

To TRADE, verb act. to sell or exchange in commerce. They tra­
ded the persons of men. Ezekiel.

TRA’DED, adj. [of trade] versed, practised. Shakespeare.

TRA’DER, subst. [of trade] 1. One engaged in commerce, a mer­
chant. 2. One long used in the methods of getting money, a practi­
tioner.

TRA’DESFOLK, subst. [of trade and folk] people employed in trades.

TRA’DEWIND, subst. [of trade and wind] a wind which, at certain
times, blows regularly one way at sea, between the tropics; of very
great service in trading voyages.

TRA’DING, subst. [of trade] buying, selling, traffic either at home or
abroad.

TRADI’TION, subst. Fr. of Lat. [tradizione, It. tradicion, Sp.] 1. The
successive transmitting of opinions or doctrines, &c. to posterity; the act
of delivering accounts from mouth to mouth, without written memorials.
2. Any thing delivered orally from age to age. With superstitions and
traditions taint. Milton.

TRADITION [in theology] those laws, doctrines, relations, &c.
which have been handed down to us from our forefathers, without be­
ing written.

Apostolical TRADITION [with the Romans] the unwritten word of
God, which descended from the apostles to us, through a continual suc­
cession of the faithful.
Had no more been intended by all this, than (as some Romanists insi­
nuate) that the apostles delivered some doctrines and rules for the regu­
lation of the church by word of mouth, and some by writing, there
would be no room for controversy on this head; St. Paul himself having
affirmed as much 2 Thess. ii. 15. And accordingly St. Irenæus observes,
“that if the apostles had left us no written word at all, we ought to fol­
low that order of tradition, which they delivered to those, to whom they
committed the churches.” Ed. Grabe, p. 205. But as 'tis one thing
to allow, that Moses might deliver some things to the Jews by mere
word of mouth; and another thing to admit for a tradition of Moses,
every thing which the Scribes and Pharisees father'd upon him; so in the
case before us;—and would the reader see, of what consequence it is
to make such distinction, he may supply himself with sufficient materials,
by consulting the words, RITES, SONNITES, MYSTERIES in Religion, and
Apostolic CONSTITUTIONS, compared with that goodly inference which
St. Chrysostom (so late as the close of the fourth century) made from all
this, “'Tis Tradition, SEEK NO FARTHER.” Hom. IV. in Ep. 2. ad
Thess. See also CREED, and Oecumenical COUNCILS compared.

Ecclesiastical TRADITIONS, are certain statutes, ordinances, or regula­
tions concerning the rites and circumstances of religion, instituted since
the time of the apostles, by councils, popes, &c. and that have conti­
nued to the present time, through a constant observance of the church.

Written TRADITION [with the Romans] that of which there are
some traces in the ancient fathers and doctors.

Unwritten TRADITION, is that of which no signs or footsteps are to
be found in any of the fathers which are now extant.

TRADI’TIONAL, or TRADI’TIONARY, adj. [of tradition] 1. Deli­
vered by tradition, descending by oral communication. 2. Observant
of traditions or idle rites. Neither used, nor proper. Too ceremonious
and traditional. Shakespeare.

TRADI’TIONALLY, adv. [of traditional] 1. By transmission from age
to age. 2. From tradition, without evidence of written memorials.

TRADI’TIONISTS [traditionaires, Fr.] those who stand up for or follow
tradition.

TRADI’TIVE, adj. Fr. [trado, Lat.] transmitted or transmissible from
age to age. Dryden.

TRA’DITORES, traitors, a title given by the primitive Christians to
those who delivered up their bibles in the time of persecution.

To TRADU’CE, verb act. [traduco, Lat. traduire, Fr.] 1. To defame,
to slander, to censure, to represent as blameable. 2. To propagate, to
increase, by deriving one from another.

TRADU’CENT, adj. [traducens, Lat.] traducing. Shakespeare.

TRADU’CEMENT, subst. [of traduce] censure, calumny. Shakespeare.

TRADU’CER, subst. [of traduce] a calumniator, one that falsely cen­
sures.

TRADU’CIANS, such who held that original sin was transmitted from
fathers to children, or was communicated by way of generarion from
the father to the child.

TRADU’CIBLE, adj. [of traduce] such as may be derived. Orally tra­
ducible. Hale.

TRADU’CTION, subst. Fr. of Lat. [traduzione, It. traducion, Sp.] 1.
Propagation, derivation from one of the same kind. 2. Tradition,
transmission from one to another. Hale. 3. Conveyance. The traduc­
tion of brutes could only be by shipping. Hale. 4. Transition. The
figures in rhetoric of repetition and traduction. Bacon.

TRAFFICK, or TRA’FFICKING, subst. [trafique. Fr. traffico, It. trafa­
go, Sp.] 1. The act or practice of buying and selling, dealing as a mer­
chant, exchange of commodities, large trade, commodities, subject to
traffic. Her fishy traffick. Gay.

To TRA’FFICK, verb neut. [trafficare, It. traffiquer, Fr. trafagar, Sp.]
1. To buy and sell, to deal as a merchant, to practise commerce. 2.
To trade meanly or mercenarily. And traffic with thee for a prince's
ruin. Rowe.

TRA’FFICKER, subst. [trafiquer, Fr.] trader, merchant. Addison.

TRAFI’NE [with surgeons] an instrument the same as a trepan.

TRA’GACANTH, subst. [tragacantha, Lat. ΤρΑΓΟυ ΑχΑΝΘΑ, Gr. i. e.
goat's thorn] gum-dragon, a sort of gum to which this name has been
given, as proceeding from the incision of the root or trunk of a plant so
called. Trevoux.

TRAGE’DIAN, subst. [tragœdus, Lat. poete tragique, Fr. ΤρΑΓΩΔΟΣ, of
ΤρΑΓΟΣ, a goat, and ΩΔΗ, Gr. a song, because in ancient time the actors of
tragedies had a goat given them for their reward] 1. An actor. 2. A
writer of tragedies.

TRA’GEDY, subst. [tragœdia, Lat. tragedie, Fr. tragedia, It. and Sp.
ΤρΑΓΩΔΙΑ, Gr.] 1. A dramatic representation of a serious action. An an­
them to their God Dionysius, whilst the goat stood at his aftar to be sa­
crificed, was called the goat-song or tragedy. Rymer. 2. Any mourn­
ful or dreadful event in general.
Aristotle's definition of a tragedy, is as follows: “Tragedy, says he,
is an imitation of a grave, and perfect action, containing its proper mag­
nitude, in a stile sweetened partly by verse alone, and partly by verse ac­
companied with song; an action, I say, exibited not (like heroic poetry)
in the form of narration; but which by fear and pity effects the purgation
of those passions.” De Arte Poetic. Ed. Cantab. p. 16. See DRAMA,
and RHYME.

TRAGE’LAPHUS [ΤρΑΓΕΛΑφΟΣ, of ΤρΑΓΟΣ, a goat, and ΕΛΑφΟΣ, Gr. a hart]
a goat-hart, or great deer; a certain beast found in the forests of Bohe­
mia, and elsewhere, that has a breast and shaggy hair like a goat, but
otherwise like a stag.

TRA’GIC, or TRA’GICAL, adj. [tragicus, Lat. tragique, Fr. tragico,
It. and Lat. ΤρΑΓΙχΟΣ, Gr.] 1. Pertaining to tragedy. 2. Mournful,
disasterous, fatal, dreadful.

TRA’GICALLY, adv. [of tragical] 1. In a tragical manner, in a man­
ner befitting tragedy. 2. Mournfully, sorrowfully, dreadfully.

TRA’GICALNESS, subst. [of tragical] mournfulness, calamitousness.
Decay of Piety.

TRA’GI-COMEDY, subst. [of tragedy and comedy; tragi-comædia, Lat.
tragi-comedie, Fr.] a drama or play, in part tragedy, and in part co­
medy.

TRA’GI-COMICAL, adj. [tragicus-comicus, Lat. tragique-comique, Fr.]
1. Partly tragical and partly comical, relating to tragi-comedy. 2.
Consisting of a mixture of mirth with sorrow.

TRA’GI-COMICALLY, adv. [of tragi-comical] in a tragi-comical man­
ner.

TRA’GIUM, Lat. [ΤρΑΓΙΟΝ, of ΤρΑΓΟΣ, Gr. a goat] the herb white dit­
tany; also a certain shrub, resembling Juniper, the leaves of which in
autumn smell like a goat.

TRAGONA’TUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb wild campion.

TRAGO’NIA, Lat. [ΤρΑΓΟΝΙΑ, Gr.] the herb tarragon.

TRAGOPO’GON [ΤρΑΓΟΠΩΓΟΝ, Gr.] the plant goat's beard.

TRAGO’PYRUM, Lat. [ΤρΑΓΟΠΝρΟΝ, Gr.] a kind of buck-wheat or bol­
limong.

TRAGO’RCHIS, Lat. [with botanists] the herb rag-wort.

TRAGORI’GANUM [ΤρΑΓΟρΙΓΑΝΟΝ, Gr.] the herb goat's-origany.

TRA’GOS, Lat. [ΤρΑΓΟΣ, Gr. a goat; with botanists] the shrub wood­
bind or honey suckle.

TRA’GUS [ΤρΑΓΟΣ, Gr. a goat] the protuberance of the auricula next
the temple, so called, because it is sometimes hairy.

To TRAJE’CT, verb act. [trajectum, from trajicio, Lat.] to throw, to
cast through.

TRAJE’CT, subst. [trajet, Fr. trajectus, Lat.] a ferry, a passage for a
water-carriage. Shakespeare.

TRAJE’CTION, subst. [trajectio, Lat.] 1. The act of darting through
2. Emission. The trajections of such an object. Brown.

TRAJE’CTORY of a Comet, &c. [in astronomy] is its path or orbit, or
the line which it describes in its motion.

To TRAIL, verb act. [trailler, Fr.] 1. To draw or drag along the
ground 2. To hunt by the track. 3. To draw after in a long floating
or waving body. 4. [Tregien, Du.] to draw, to drag in general.

To TRAIL, verb neut, to be drawn out in length. Trailing smoke
Dryden.

TRAIL, subst. [from the verb] 1. Track followed by the hunter, scent
left on the ground by the animal pursued. The false trail. Shake­
speare. 2. Any thing drawn out to length. The fuming trail. Dryden.
3. Any thing drawn behind in long waves or undulations. A radiant
trail of hair. Pope. This sense the Scots retain.

To TRAIN, verb act. [trainer, Fr.] 1. To draw along. Milton. 2. 
To draw, to entice, to invite in general. Shakespeare. 3. To draw by
stratagem. Shakespeare. 4. To draw from act to act by persuasion or
promise; commonly with on. 5. To bring up, to instruct; commonly
with up. 6. To bend or form to any thing in general; sometimes with
on, emphatical. Trained on to the warfare. Locke.

TRAIN, subst. Fr. 1. A long part of a garment that drags behind on
the ground. 2. A retinue, a company of attendants of a great person.
3. A long row, order, or line, an orderly company, a procession. The
train of ladies. Dryden. 4. A stratagem of enticement, an artifice, a
wheedle or trap. Venereal trains. Milton. 5. Train of artillery; the
great guns and warlike stores which belong to an army in the field. 6.
Train of gunpowder; a line of powder, so laid, as to convey the fire to
a greater quantity in a mine. 7. A series, a consecution. Ideas always
passing in train. Locke. 8. Process, method, state of procedure. If
things were once in this train. Swift.

TRAIN [in watch-work] the number of beats which a watch makes in
an hour.

TRAIN [in falconry] the tail of a hawk, or other bird

TRAIN-BANDS, subst. for TRAI’NED-BANDS [of train and band] the
militia or armed soldiers of a city, county, &c. that are or should be
trained up or instructed in marshal exercise.

TRAI’NER, subst. [of train] one who trains up, instructs, &c.

TRAI’NING a Load [in the mines] is the searching for and pursuing a
vein of ore.








TRAIN-OIL, subst. [of train and oil] oil drawn by coction from the fat
of the whale.

TRAI’NY, adj. [of train] belonging to train oil: a bad word. Gay.

To TRAIPSE, verb neut. [a low word] to walk in a careless, slovenly
or sluttish manner. Pope.

TRAIT, subst. Fr. a stroke, a touch: scarce English. Broome.

TRAI’TOR, subst. [traditor, Lat. traditre, Fr. traditore, It. traidor,
Sp. of trado, Lat. to deliver up] a betrayer of his country, or one false
to his prince; one, who being trusted, betrays.

TRAI’TORLY, adj. [of traitor] treacherous, perfidious. Shake­
speare.

TRAI’TEROUS, adj. [of traitor] treacherous, treasonable, faithless.

TRAI’TOROUSLY, adv. [of traitorous] treasonably, in a manner suit­
ing a traitor.

TRAI’TOROUSNESS, subst. [of traitorous] treasonableness, persidious­
ness.

TRAI’TRESS, subst. [of traitor] a woman who betrays. Dryden and
Pope.

TRALATI’TIOUS, adj. [tralatitius, translatus, Lat.] not literal, meta­
phorical.

TRALATI’TIOUSLY, adv. [of tralatitious] not according to the first
intention of the word, not literally, metaphorically. Holder.

To TRALI’NEATE, verb neut. [of trans and linea. Lat.] to deviate
from any direction. Dryden.

TRA’MBLING of Tin Oar [with tin-workers] is the stirring and wash­
ing away the filth with a shovel in a frame of boards.

TRALU’CENT, adj. [tralucens, Lat.] shining through, transparent.

TRA’MMEL, subst. [tramaul, Fr. trama, tragula, Lat.] 1. A device
in a chimney for hanging a pot over the fire. 2. A net in which birds
or fish are caught. Carew. 3. Any kind of net, In braided trammels.
Spenser. 4. [Tramaglio, It.] a kind of shackles in which horses are
taught to pace. Dryden.

To TRA’MMEL, verb act. [from the subst.] to catch, to intercept:
with up. Shakespeare.

TRA’MMELED [with horsemen] a horse is said to be so, that has
blazes or white marks upon the fore and hind foot on one side, before
and behind.

Cross-TRAMMELLED [with horsemen] is said of a horse that has white
marks in two of-his feet, that stand cross-ways like St. Andrew's cross,
as in the far fore-foot and the near hind-foot, or in the near fore-foot and
the far hind-foot.

TRAMONTA’NE [tramontano, It. q. d. trans montes, i. e. beyond the
mountains] a name which the Italians give the north-wind, because it
comes from beyond the mountains.

To TRA’MPLE, verb act. [trampe, Dan. trampeln, Du. and L. Ger.
trampa, Su.] to tread under the feet, through pride or contempt.

To TRAMPLE, verb neut. 1. To tread, in contempt: with on before
the thing trampled. 2. To tread quickly and loudly. Trampling feet.
Dryden.

TRA’MPLER, subst. [of trample] one that tramples.

TRANA’TION, subst. [of trano, Lat.] the act of swimming over.

TRANCE [transe, Fr. transitus, Lat. a passing, q. d. transitus, or tran­
sportatio animi, a departure of the mind. It might therefore be written
transe] an extasy, a state in which the soul is wrapt into visions of future
or distant things, a temporary absence of the soul from the body.

TRA’NCED, adj. [of trance] lying in an extasy. Shakespeare.

TRANCHE’, by English heralds, is thus blazoned; he bears per pale,
argent and azure, per bend counterchang'd.

TRANE, subst. [trane oil] oil boiled out of the blubber of whales and
sea-dogs. See TRAIN.

TRA’NGLE [in heraldry] is the diminutive of a fess, and what English
heralds commonly call a bar.

TRA’NGRAM, subst. [a cant word] an odd or intricately contriv'd
thing. Arbuthnot,

TRA’NNEL, subst. [a term among mechanics] a sharp pin. Moxon.

TRA’NQUIL, adj. [tranquille, Fr. tranquillus, Lat.] quiet, undistur­
bed. Shakespeare.

TRANQUI’LLITY, or TRANQUI’LLOUSNES [tranquillité, Fr. tranquil­
lità, It. tranquillidad, Sp. tranquillitas, of tranquillus, Lat.] quiet, still­
ness, peace of mind or condition.

TRANS, Lat. an inseparable præfixum, which signifies beyond or over,
as likewise change of place or condition.

To TRANSA’CT, verb act. [transactum, of transago, Lat.] 1. To ne­
gotiate, to manage, to conduct a treaty or affairs. 2. To perform, to
dispatch, to do, to carry on.

TRANSA’CTOR, subst. [of transact] one that negotiates or manages an
affair.

TRANSA’CTION, Fr. [trasazione, It. transacion, Sp.] negotiation, deal­
ing between man and man, affairs in hand, management.

TRANSA’LPINE [transalpin, Fr. transalpino, It. of transalpinus, of
trans, beyond, and Alpes, certain mountains in Italy] that is beyond the
Alps.

TRANSANIMA’TION, subst. [of trans and anima, Lat.] the passing of a
soul out of one body into another. Brown.

To TRANSCE’ND, verb act. [trascendere, It. trascendar, Sp. of tran­
scendo, Lat.] 1. To pass, to overpass, to go beyond. Popes as shall tran­
scend their limits. Bacon. 2. To surpass, to outgo, to exceed, to excel.
3. To rise above, to surmount. Transcending the upper region.
Howel.

To TRANSCEND, verb neut. to climb: not in use. And transcend
from one into another. Brown.

TRANSCE’NDENCE, or TRANSCE’NDENCY, subst. [transcendentia, Lat.]
1. Surpassing worth, excellence, supereminence. 2. Exaggeration, ele­
vation beyond the truth. Bacon.

TRANSCE’NDENT, adj. [transcendant, Fr. transcendente, It. and Sp.
transcendens, Lat.] 1. Going beyond others, supremely excellent. 2.
[Among logicians] passing the predicaments.

TRANSCENDE’NTAL, adj. [transcendentalis, low Lat.] 1. General, pas­
sing through many particulars. 2. Exceeding, going beyond others,
surpassing. A perfect and transcendental perception. Grew.

TRANSCENDENTAL Curves [in the higher geometry] are such as cannot
be defined by algebraical equations, or which, when expressed by equa­
tions, one of their terms is a variable or flowing quantity.

TRANSCE’NDENTLY, adv. [of transcendent] excellently.

TRANSCE’NDENTNESS, subst. [of transcendent] surpassingness.

To TRA’NSCOLATE, verb act. [transcolatus, Lat.] to strain through a
sieve or colander. To imbibe and translocate the air. Harvey.

To TRANSCRI’BE, verb act. [transcrire, Fr. trascrivere, It. transcribo,
Lat.] to write out or copy from another.

TRANSCRI’BER, sub. [of transcribe] a writer out or copier.

TRA’NSCRIPT, subst. Fr. [transcriptum, Lat.] that which is written
from an original, a copy.

TRANSCRI’PTION, subst. Fr. the act of transcribing or copying.

TRANSCRI’PTIVELY, adv. [of transcript] in the manner of a copy.
Brown.

To TRANSCU’R, verb neut. [trascurro, Lat.] to run, rove, or pass
from one place to another. It doth not spatiate and transcur. Bacon.

TRANSCU’RRENCE, or TRANSCU’RSION, subst. [of transcurrus, of trans­
curro, Lat.] the act of running from one place to another, ramble, pas­
age beyond certain limits. Transcurrence is little used.

TRANSE, subst. a temporary absence of the soul, extasy. See TRANCE.

TRANSELEMENTA’TION, subst. [of trans, and element; with school­
men] a change of the elements or principles of one body into another.
Burnet.

TRANSE’XION, subst. [of trans and sexus] change from one sex to ano­
ther. Brown.

TRA’NSFER, subst. [from the verb; among dealers in stocks] a con­
veyance or making over of stock from the seller to the buyer.

To TRANSFE’R, verb act. [transferer, Fr. transferire, It. transferir,
Sp. of transfero, Lat.] 1. To pass, make over, or convey from one to
another. 2. To remove, to transport. Bacon and Dryden.

TRANSFIGURA’TION, Fr. [transfigurazione, It. transfiguracion, Sp.
transfiguratio, Lat.] 1. A change of one figure or shape into another.
Brown. 2. The miraculous change of our blessed Saviour's appearance
on the mount. See FORM.

To TRANSFI’GURE, verb act. [transfigurer, Fr. trasfigurare, It. trans­
figurar, Sp. transfiguro, of trans, and figura, Lat.] to change the form or
shape.

To TRANSFI’X, verb act. [trafiggere, It. transfixum, Lat.] to pierce
through.

To TRA’NSFORATE, verb act. [transforatum, Lat.] to make a hole
through.

To TRANSFO’RM, verb act. [transformo, of trans and forma, Lat. trans­
former, Fr. transformare, It. transformar, Sp.] to change from one form
or shape into another, to metamorphose.

To TRANSFORM, verb neut. to be metamorphosed. Addison.

TRANSFORMA’TION, Fr. [transformazione, It. transformacion, Sp. of
transformatio, Lat.] change out of one form into another, act of chang­
ing the form, state of being changed with regard to form.

TRANSFORMA’TION of an Equation [with algebraists] is the changing
any equation into another that is more easy.

TRANSFRETA’TION, subst. [of trans and fretum, Lat.] passage over
the sea. Davies.

TRANSFU’LGID, adj. [transfulgidus, Lat.] shining through.

To TRANSFU’SE, verb act. [tranfusum, Lat.] to pour out of one ves­
sel into another.

TRANSFU’SION, subst. Fr. of Lat. the act of pouring out.

To TRA’NSGRESS, verb act. [transgresser, Fr. traszgredire, It. trans­
gredir, Sp. of transgredior, Port. transgressus, Lat.] 1. To pass over, to
pass beyond. Dryden. 2. To trespass against, to violate, or break a law
or order.

To TRANSGRE’SS, verb neut. to offend by violating a law.

TRANSGRE’SSION, subst. Fr. and Sp. [trasgressione, It. of transgressio,
Lat. 1. The act of going beyond the bounds of, the violation or break­
ing of a law. 2. Offence, crime, fault.

TRANSGRE’SSIVE, adj. [of transgress] apt to break laws, faulty,
blameable. Brown.

TRANSGRE’SSOR, subst. [transgresseur, Fr.] a law-breaker, a violator
of command, an offender.

TRA’NSIENT, adj. [of transiens, Lat.] quickly passing, soon past, not
lasting.

TRA’NSIENTLY, adv. [of transient] in a fleeting manner in passage,
not extensively, after a transient manner.

TRA’NSIENTNESS, subst. [of transient] a transient or fleeting nature or
quality, shortness of continuance, speedy passage. Decay of Piety.

TRANSI’LIENCE, or TRANSI’LIENCY, subst. [transilio, Lat.] leap from
one thing to another. Glanville.

TRA’NSIT, subst. [transitus, Lat. a passage] 1. A pass or liberty of
passing. 2. [With astronomers] is the passing of any planet just by or
under any fixed star, or the moon's passing by or covering any other pla­
net.

TRA’NSITS [in astrology] are certain familiarities gained by the mo­
tions of the stars, through the radical figure of a person's nativity. See
TALISMAN, and read there, telsim, Arab.

TRANSI’TION, subst. 1. Removal, passage. The transitions and re­
moves of metals. Woodward. 2. Change. Immediate transition from
white to black. Woodward. 3. A passing, in writing or conversation,
from one thing to another, or from one subject or point of discourse to
another. 4. [With musicians] is when a greater note is broken into a
lesser, to make smooth the roughness of a leap, by a gradual passage to
the note next following. 5. [With rhetoricians] a figure, the same as
metabasis, that consists in the passing from one subject to another.

TRA’NSITIVE, adj. [transitivus, Lat.] 1. Having the power of pas­
sing. Cold is active and transitive into bodies. Bacon. 2. An epithet
given by grammarians to such verbs, as signify an action which passes
from the doer to or upon the sufferer, or the subject that receives it; as,
ferio tabulum, I strike the table.

TRA’NSITIVELY, adv. [of transitive] after a transitive or transient
manner.

TRA’NSITIVENESS, subst. [of transitive] transientness, or a transitive
nature.

TRA’NSITORILY, adv. [of transitory] transiently, with short conti­
nuance.

TRA’NSITORINESS [of transitory] fleetingness, a transitory or quickly
passing nature or quality.

TRA’NSITORY, adj. [transitoire, Fr. transitorio, It. and Sp. of transito­
rius, transeo, Lat.] passing away speedily, continuing but a short time.

To TRANSLA’TE, verb act. [translater, O. Fr. traslatare, It. transla­
dor, Sp. translatum, Lat.] 1. To turn out of one language into another,
to interpret in another language, retaining the sense. 2. To transport,







to remove from one place to another. Enoch was translated. Hebrews.
3. It is particularly used of the removal of a bishop from one see to ano­
ther. 4. To transfer from one to another, to convey. 5. To change.
Shakespeare. 6. To explain: a low colloquial use. Shakespeare.

TRANSLA’TION, subst. Fr. [traslazione, It. translacion, Sp. of transla­
tio, Lat.] 1. The act of turning out of one language into another, in­
terpretation. 2. Act of removing from one place to another, removal.
3. A version, any thing translated from one language to another; as,
Dryden's translation of Virgil. 4. [In the sense of the law] the remo­
val of a bishop from one diocess to another, and accordingly such a bishop
does not write anno consecrationis, but anno translationis nostræ.

TRANSLA’TOR, subst. [translateur, O. Fr. of translate] 1. One that
turns out of one language into another. 2. One that removes a person or
thing out of one place into another. 3. [In cant language] a cobler, a
new vamper of old shoes, &c.

TRANSLA’TORY, adj. [of translate] transferring. Arbuthnot.

TRANSLOCA’TION, subst. [of trans, and locus, Lat. place] removal of
things reciprocally to one another's places. Woodward.

TRANSLU’CENCY, subst. [of translucent] the quality of shining through
or permitting light to shine through, transparency. Boyle.

TRANSLU’CENT, adj. [translucens, Lat.] shining thorough, giving a
passage to the light, transparent, clear. Milton.

TRANSMARI’NE, adj. [transmarinus, Lat.] foreign, from the parts be
yond sea, lying on the other side of the sea. Howel.

TRANSME’ABLE, adj. [transmeabilis, Lat.] that may be passed through.

TRANSME’ATED, part. adj. [transmeatus, Lat.] passed through.

To TRANSME’W, verb act. [transmuer, Fr. transmuto, Lat.] to trans­
mute, to metamorphose, to change: obsolete. Spenser.

TRA’NSMIGRANT, adj. [transmigrans, Lat.] passing into another
country or state. Bacon uses it substantively.

To TRA’NSMIGRATE, verb act. [transmigrare, Lat.] to pass from one
place or body to another.

TRA’NSMIGRATED [transmigratus, Lat.] having removed one's habi­
tation from one place to another.

TRANSMIGRA’TION, subst. Fr. [trasmigrazione, It. transmigracion,
Sp. of transmigratio, Lat.] passage from one place or state to another.

TRANSMIGRA’TION of Souls, the passing of souls departed out of one
body into another. A doctrine ascribed to Pythagoras, who flourished
(according to Petavius] about the 60th Olympiad, and consequently
long before Socrates and the philosophic sects which followed upon him.
The reader will find many a curious remark on the Pythagorean system in
the Stromata of Clemens Alex. and in particular, p. 522. [Ed. Paris]
where he tells us that Theano, a lady of this sect, having that pretty
extraordinary question put to her, ΠΟΣΤΑΙΑ ΓυΝΗ, &c. i. e. How many days
after cohabiting with our sex, a woman might enter the temple of Ceres? gave
this reply: “If from her own husband, immediately; if from another's, ne­
ver. No less just was his explication of the divine unity and government
of the universe, “Ο ΜΕΝ ΘΕΟΣ ΕΙΣ, &c. i. e. God is one; not, as some sup­
pose, an extra-mundane principle; but present to the whole,——chief­
mover and FATHER of all things.” P. 47. And the learned Kircher is of
opinion, that the sacred Tetractys of Pythagoras was no less than the Je­
hovah or Tetragrammaton of the Jews, which he learnt in Egypt. Oedip.
Ægypt. Tom. 2. Vol. I. p. 283. But as to his notion of Transmigration,
it is not to be wonder'd, if, before life and immortality were brought to
light by the gospel, men conceiv'd not so correctly of the future state. See
HIEROME, DITHEISM, TETRAGRAMMATON, and TETRACTYS com­
pared.

TRANSMI’SSIBLE, adj. [transmissus, Lat.] capable of being con­
veyed.

TRANSMI’SSION, subst. Fr. [transmissio, Lat.] the act of sending from
one place to another, delivering over, or coveying from one person to
another. 2. [In opitics, &c.] the act of a transparent body, passing
the rays of light through it substance, or suffering them to pass.

TRANSMI’SSIVE, adj. [transmissus, Lat.] transmitted, derived or con­
veyed from one to another. Pope.

To TRANSMI’T, verb act. [transmitto, Lat. transmettre, Fr. trasmet­
tere, It.] to convey or send from one place to another, to deliver or
make over from one person to another.

TRANSMI’TTABLE, subst. [of transmit] the act of transmitting, trans­
mission. Swift.

To TRANSMO’GRAPHY, verb act. [a barbarous vulgar word] to trans­
form or metamorphose.

TRANSMO’NTANE. adj. [transmontanus, Lat.] dwelling or growing
beyond the mountains.

TRANSMO’TIO, Lat. [with rhetoricians] a figure whereby the orator
removes the imputation of any thing from himself. This figure is also
called transitus and variatio, metabasis and metastasis.

TRANSMU’TABLE, adj. [transmuable, Fr, transmutabile, It. of trans
and mutabilis. Lat.] capable of being changed into another nature or
substance.

TRANSMU’TABLENESS [of transmutable] capableness of being chan­
ged, susceptibility of change.

TRANSMU’TABLY, adv. [of transmutable] in a manner capable of
being changed.

TRANSMUTA’TION, Fr. [trasmittacione, It. transmutacion, Sp. trans­
mutatio, Lat.] the act of changing into another nature or substance.

TRANSMUTATION of Metals [with alchemists] or the Grand Operation,
is the finding the philosopher's stone.

TRANSMUTATION [with geometricians] the reduction or change of
one figure or body into another of the same area or solidity, but of a dif­
ferent form, as of a triangle into a square, &c.

To TRANSMU’TE, verb act. [transmuer, Fr. transmudar, Sp. transmu­
tare, It. and Lat.] to change one matter or substance into another.

TRANSMU’TER, subst. [of transmute] one that transmutes.

TRA’NSOM, subst. [transenna, Lat.] 1. An over-thwart beam, brow­
post, or lintel over a window. 2. [With mathematicians] the vane of
an instrument called a cross-staff, a wooden member to be fixed across it,
with a square socket upon which it slides. 3, [In a ship] a piece of
timber lying athwart the stern, between the two fashion-pieces, directly
under the gun-room port.

TRANSPA’RENCY, subst. [trasparence, Fr. transparenza, It. of trans­
parens, Lat.] 1. Power of affording a thorough passage to the rays of
light, clearness, transfluency. 2. [In heraldry] the same as adumbra­
tion.

TRANSPA’RENT, Fr. [trasparente, It. and Sp. transparens, Lat.] that
may be seen through, clear, not opaque.

TRANSPA’RENTNESS, subst. [of transparent] a transparent nature or
quality, i. e. that may be seen through.

To TRANSPE’CIATE, verb act. [of trans and species, Lat.] to change
from one species to another.

TRANSPI’CUOUS, adj. [of trans and specio, Lat.] transparent, per­
vious to the sight.

To TRANSPIE’RCE, verb act. [transpercer, Fr.] to pierce or bore
through, to penetrate. Raleigh and Dryden.

TRANSPIRA’TION, subst. Fr. [traspirazione, It.] the emission in va­
pour, the insensible passage or excrementitious matter through the pores
of the skin; also some authors use it for the entrance of the air, vapours,
&c. through the pores of the skin into the body.

To TRANSPI’RE, verb neut. [transpirer, Fr. of trans, through, and
spiro, Lat.] to breathe out in vapour.

To TRANSPIRE, verb neut. 1. To be emitted by insensible vapour.
2. To escape from secrecy to notice. A sense, says Johnson, lately in­
novated from France, without necessity.

TRANSPI’RING, part. adj. [of transpire] breathing through, exhaling
in vapours.

To TRANSPLA’CE, verb act. [of trans, and place] to put into a new
place, to remove from another place. Wilkins.

To TRANSPLA’NT, verb. act. [transplanter, Fr. traspianztare, It.
trasplantar, Sp. of transplanto, Lat.] 1. To take up from one place and
to plant in another, to remove (as a colony) from one place to another.
2. To remove in general. Transplanted out of his cold barren diocese.
Clarendon.

TRANSPLA’NTER, subst. [of transplant] one that transplants.

TRANSPLANTA’TION, subst. Fr. 1. The act of removing plants or
trees to another soil. 2. The removal of people from one place to ano­
ther. 3. Conveyance from one to another. 4. [In natural magic] the
method of curing diseases by transferring them from one subject to another.

To TRANSPO’RT, verb act. [transporter, Fr. trasportare, It. trasportar,
Sp. of transporto, Lat.] 1. To convey or carry over from one place to
another. 2. To carry into banishment as a felon. 3. To sentence as a
felon to banishment. 4. To hurry by violence of passion. 5. To ravish
with pleasure, to put into extasy. Milton.

TRA’NSPORT, subst. Fr. 1. Extasy, a rapture. 2. A violent motion
of the passions of the mind, a sudden sally. 3. Transportation, car­
riage, conveyance. Ships for transport. Arbuthnot. 4. A vessel of car­
riage; particularly a vessel in which soldiers are conveyed; as,

TRANSPORT-SHIP, a sea vessel for the conveyance of soldiers, provi­
sions, warlike stores, &c.

TRANSPO’RTANCE, subst. [of transport] conveyance, carriage, remo­
val. Shakespeare.

TRANSPORTA’TION, subst. Lat. [trasportazione, It. of transport] 1.
The carriage from one place to another. 2. [In law] the banishment
of a criminal for felony. 3. Extatic violence of passion. South.

TRANSPO’RTABLE, adj. [of transportabilis, Lat.] capable of being
transported.

TRANSPO’RTER, subst. [of transport] he who transports. Carew.

TRANSPO’SAL, subst. [of transpose] the act of putting things in each
other's place. Swift.

To TRANSPO’SE, verb act. [transposer, Fr. trasporre, It. trasponer, Sp.
transpositum, Lat.] 1. To put out of its proper place. 2. To change as
to order, to put each in the place of other.

TRANSPOSI’TION, subst. Fr. [trasposizione, It. transposicion, Sp. of trans­
positio, Lat.] 1. The act of transposing or changing the order of things.
2. The state of being put out of one place into another.

To TRANSHA’PE, verb act. [of trans and shape] to transform, to
bring into another shape. Shakespeare.

To TRANSUBSTA’NTIATE, verb act. [transubstantier, Fr. transubstan­
ziare, It. of trans and substantia, Lat. q. transire in substantiam] to change
to another substance.

TRANSUBSTANTIA’TION [in theology] the conversion or change of
the substance of the sacramental bread and wine (according to the notions
of the Roman Catholics) into the real body and blood of Christ.
We have already given St. Irenæus's sentiments on this head, under
the word OBLATION; who, in the places there referred to, expresses no
more change in the bread and wine, from this connexion with the body
of Christ, than there is now made in the present state or natural substance
of our bodies from their connexion with the gospel promise of eternal
life. But his predecessor St. Justin, is (if possible) still more express:
For he illustrates the point before us by the article of our Saviour's incar­
nation; where a UNION there is indeed of something divine with something
human. But no CHANGE [or conversion] of either into the respective
substance, to which they are join'd. Justin. Apolog. 2. Ed. R. Steph.
p. 162. See EUCHARIST, OBLATION of Christ, and MASS, LATERAN
Council and MYSTERIES compared. See also TETRACTYS, and add
there, “the sacred number of Pythagoras, so called.”

TRANSUBSTA’NTIATOR, one who transubstantiates or holds the doc­
trine of transubstantiation. See LATERAN Council.

TRANSUDA’TION, subst. [of transude] the act of passing in sweat or
perspirable vapour, through any integument. Boyle.

To TRANSU’DE, verb neut. [of trans and sudo, Lat.] to sweat through,
to pass through in vapour. Harvey.

TRANSVE’RSAL, adj. Fr. [of trans and versalis, Lat.] running cross­
wise. Hale.

TRANSVERSA’LIS Abdominis, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the
abdomen lying under the obliqui, arising from the cartilago xiphoides,
from the extremity of the false ribs, and from the transverse apophyses
of the vertebræ of the loins, and fixed to the side of the spine of the
ilium, and inserted into the os pubis, and linea alba. So called, because
its fibres run across the belly; the use of it is to press it exactly inwards
in respirarion.

TRANSVERSALIS Colli, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the neck,
arising from all the transverse processes of the vertebræ of the loins, back,
and neck, the two first being excepted, and is inserted by so many di­
stinct tendons into all their superior spines; this moves the whole spine
obliquely backwards, as when we look over the shoulder.

TRANSVERSALIS Dorsi, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle that seems to
arise fleshy from all the transverse processes of the vertebræ of the thorax,
and marching obliquely upwards, is inserted into the superior spines of
the said vertebræ. These, with the quadratus lumborum sacer and trans­
versalis colli, acting, move the whole spine or vertebræ of the neck,
back and loins, obliquely backward, as when we endeavour to look







very much behind us. If they all act together on each side, they assist in
erecting the trunk of the body.

TRANSVERSALIS Lumborum, Lat. [with anatomists] the muscle that
lies under the tendinous part of the longissimus dorsi: It arises fleshy,
not only from the os sacrum, but also from the transverse processes of the
vertebræ of the loins, and is inserted into their superior spines.

TRANSVERSALIS Pedis, &c. Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle that
proceeds from the bone of the metatarsus, which sustains the toe next
the little toe, and passing across the other bones, is inserted into the os
sesamoides of the great toe; the office of it is to bring all the toes close
together.

TRANSVERSALIS Penis, Lat. [in anatomy] a pair of muscles arising
from the ischium, just by the erectores, and running obliquely to the
upper part of the bulb of the urethra; these assist in the erection of the
penis.

TRANSVERSALIS Sutura, Lat. [in anatomy] a future of the cranium,
so called on account of its crossing and traversing the face from one side
to the other.

TRANSVE’RSALLY, adv. [of transversal] in a transverse or cross di­
rection. Wilkins.

TRANSVE’RSE, adj. [transversus, Lat. qui traverse, Fr. trasverso, It.]
being in a cross direction.

TRANSVE’RSELY, adv. [of tranverse] overthwart, across, crosswise.

TRANSVE’RSE Muscles [in anatomy] certain muscles which arise from
the transverse processes of the vertebræ of the loins, &c. as those before
mentioned, called transversales, &c.

TRANSVERSE Axis [in conic sections] is a third proportional to the
line called abscissa, and any ordinate of a parabola.

TRANSVERSE Diameters [in geometry] the longest of diameter, an el­
lipsis and parabola.

TRANSU’MPTIO, Lat. [with schoolmen] a syllogism by concession or
agreement, used where a question proposed is transferred to another,
with this condition, that the proof of this latter shall be admitted for a
proof of the former.

TRANSU’MPTION, subst. [of trans and sumo, Lat.] the act of taking
from one place to another.

TRANSVOLA’TION, subst. Lat. the act of flying beyond.

TRANSU’MPTIVE, adj. [transumptivus, Lat.] taking from one place
to another.

TRA’NTERS, subst. a sort of fishermen, who carry fish from the sea­
coasts to sell in the inland countries. See RIPIERS.

TRA’NTERY, subst. the money that arises from fines imposed upon
alehouse-keepers.

TRAP, subst. [trap or trappe, Sax. trappe, Fr. trappola, It. trampo,
Sp. trappe, Teut.] 1. A machine or device to take thieves, fowls, wild
beasts, vermin, &c. 2. A snare, train, or stratagem to betray or catch
uawares, an ambush. 3. A play at which a ball is striven with a stick
or club. Locke.

TRAP-DOOR, subst. [of trap and door; trape, Fr.] a falling door, that
opens and shuts unexpectedly.

To TRAP, verb act. [trappan, Sax. attrapper, Fr. trappolare, It.]
1. To catch in a trap, to ensnare, to take by stratagem. 2. [See
TRAPPING] to adorn, to decorate. Spenser and Shakespeare.

To TRAPE, verb neut. [commonly written traipse, and perhaps of the
same original with drab; prob. of traben or draven, Du. traben, Ger. to
trot] to go idly and sluttishly up and down: It is used only of wo­
men.

TRAPES, subst. [of trape; prob. of drabbe, Du. mud or mire] an idle
slattern. Hudibras.

TRA’PSTICK, subst. [of trap and stick] 1. A stick with which boys
drive a wooden ball. 2. In contempt, applied to any thing long and
slender. Spectator.

TRAPEZOI’D, subst. [of ΤρΑΠΕζΙΟΝ, and ΕΙΔΟΣ, Gr. shape, trapesoide, Fr.
with geometricians] an irregular quadrilateral figure that has all its four
sides and angles unequal, and no sides parallel.

TRAPE’ZIUM, subst. Lat. [ΤρΑΠΕζΙΟΝ, Gr. trapese, Fr.] a quadrilateral
figure, whose four sides and angles are not equal, nor any two of its
sides parallel.

TRAPE’ZIUS, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the shoulder-blade,
so called from its shape, and serving to move it upwards, backwards,
and downwards.

TRA’PPINGS, subst. [This word Minshew derives from drap, Fr. cloth]
ornaments appendant to a saddle, external embellishments, superficial
and trifling decoration.

TRASH, subst. [tros, Isl. drusen, Ger. drech, Du. and Ger. traesch or
traesk, Teut. the husks and what is left of grapes, when the wine is
pressed out] 1. Any thing worthless, dregs, dross. 2. A worthless per­
son. Shakespeare. 3. Any matter improper for food, as bad, sorry
fruits, &c. frequently eaten by girls in the green sickness. O that in­
stead of trash thou'dst taken steel. Garth. 4. I believe, says Johnson,
that the original signification of trash is the loppings of trees, from the
verb

To TRASH, verb act. 1. To lop, to crop. Shakespeare. 2. To crush,
to humble. To encumber and trash them. Hammond.

TRA’SHY, adj. [of trash] worthless, vile, useless. Trashy stuff. Dry­
den.

TRAVA’DO [travade, Fr.] a kind of whirlwind, or a very sudden and
most tempestuous storm at sea, such as frequently happens on the coast
of Guinea, Portugal, &c.

TRAVA’LLY, or TRAVE’LLY [a corruption of reveiller, Fr. to awake]
a beat of drum in the morning, that summons the soldiers from their
beds.

To TRA’VAIL, verb neut. [travailler, Fr.] 1. To labour, to toil.
2. To suffer the pains of childbirth, to be in labour.

To TRAVAIL, verb act. to harrass, to tire. To travail the realm.
Hayward. Milton uses it participially.

TRA’VAIL, subst. [from the verb] 1. Labour, toil, fatigue. 2. La­
bour in childbirth.

To TRA’VAS, verb act. to traverse a piece of ordnance. See TRA­
VERSE.

TRAVE, TRA’VEL, or TRA’VISE [travail, Fr. travaglio, It. with
farriers] a wooden frame, a place inclosed for shoeing an unruly horse.
See TRAVES.

TRAVEE’, Fr. [in architecture] a bay of joists, the space between
two beams.

To TRA’VEL, verb neut. [travailler, Fr. travagliare, It. travajar,
Sp. trabalhar, Port. This word is generally supposed to be originally
the same with travail, and to differ only as particular from general. In
some writers the word is written alike in all its senses: but it is more
convenient to write travail for labour, and travel for journey] 1. To
make journeys. It is used for sea as well as land; tho' sometimes we
distinguish it from voyage, a word appropriated to the sea. 2. To pass,
to go, to move in general. News travell'd with increase. Pope. 3.
To make journeys of curiosity or instruction. 4. To labour, to toil.
This, for distinction, should rather be travail.

To TRAVEL, verb act. 1. To pass, to jourey over. 2. To force to
journey. They shall not be travelled forth of their own franchises.
Spenser.

TRAVEL, subst. [of travail, Fr. travaglio, It. trabaio, Sp. trabalho,
Port. trafoal and trafod, C. Br.] 1. Journey: this should be written tra­
vail. 2. Labour in child-birth: this sense belongs rather to travail.
3. Travels, account of occurrences and observatious in a journey into
foreign parts.

TRA’VELLER, subst. [travailleu, Fr.] 1. One that journeys, a way­
faring person in general. 2. One who visits foreign countries for cu­
riosity or instruction.

TRA’VELLER'S-JOY, an herb.

TTA’VELLING, subst. the act of going journies or voyages.

TRA’VEL-TAINTED, adj. [of travel and taint] fatigued with travel.
Shakespeare.

TRA’VERS, adv. [transversus, Lat. à travers, Fr.] a-cross, a-thwart.
Not used. Shakespeare.

TRAVERSE, adv. [à travers, Fr.] cross-wise, a-thwart. Bacon.

TRAVERSE, prep. through, cross-wise. Milton.

TRAVERSE, subst. 1. Any thing laid or built across. Bacon. 2. Some­
thing that thwarts, crosses, or obstructs. This is a sense rather French
than English. Traverses of fortune. Dryden. 3. [In navigation] the
variation or alteration of the ship's course, upon the shifting of the
winds, &c.

TRAVERSE [in heraldry] is a partition of an escutcheon, called parted
per pale traverse.

TRAVERSE [in carpentry] a piece of wood or iron placed transversely
to strengthen another.

To TRAVERSE, verb act. [traverser, Fr. traversare, It. atraversar,
Sp. transversim ire, &c. Lat.] 1. To cross, to lay a-thwart. 2. [In
joinery] a term used for plaining a board, or the like, cross the grain.
3. To cross or thwart any one's designs 4. [With gunners] is to turn
or point a piece of ordnance which way one pleases upon the plat­
form. 5. [In law] signifies to oppose, overthrow, or quash, so as to
annul; to deny any part of the matter one is charged with; to put the
proof of it upon the plaintiff. 6. To wander over, to cross in general.
Traverses the plain. Prior. 7. To survey, to examine thoroughly.
South.

To TRAVERSE [in horsemanship] a horse is said to traverse when he
cuts his tread cross-wise, throwing his croup to one side, and his head to
another.

To TRAVERSE an Indictment, is to take issue upon the chief matter,
and to contradict or deny some point of it.

To TRAVERSE an Office [in law] is to prove that an inquisition made
of lands, &c. by the escheator, is defective and unduly made.

To TRAVERSE one's Ground [in military exercise] to go this way and
that way.

To TRAVERSE, verb neut. to use a posture of opposition in fencing.
To see thee fight, to see the traverse. Shakespeare.

TRAVERSE Table [in navigation] a paper on which the traverses, or
various courses of the ship, are set down, with the points of the compass,
distances, alterations of the wind, &c. so as to pass a judgment on the
way she makes.

TRAVERSES [in fortification] are lines which return back from the
ends of the trenches, and run almost parallel with the place attacked;
also coudees.

TRA’VERSING a Piece [in sea language] is the removing and laying a
piece of ordnance or great gun, in order to bring it to bear, or lie level
with the mark.

TRAVES, subst. [of travas, Sp.] shackles with which horses are tied,
to teach them to amble or pace.

TRA’VESTY, a poem, such as Virgil's, &c. turned into burlisque
verse.

TRAVERSED, adj. [travestié Fr. travestito, It. disguised, q. trans­
vestitus, Lat.] dressed so as to be made ridiculous, burlesqued. A term
applied to the disfiguring of an author, or the translating him into a style
different from his own; a burlesque.

TRAULI’SMUS, Lat. [of ΤρΑΝΛΙζΩ, Gr.] a stammering repetition of the
first syllable or letter of a word; as, tu, tu, tu, tu, tu, tutor, for tutor.
But Galen gives us a more correct account of a traulismus, when observ­
ing “that this imperfection of speech consists in the not being able to
pronounce distinctly such words as contain the letters t and r; of which
class are tracbys, trochos, and traulismus itself; all which require the
tongue's extending itself, and resting against the fore-teeth. And as this
impotence of the tongue may arise either from a natural contraction, or
from too moist a temperament of the body, he observes, judiciously
enough, that the latter circumstance contains the best solution of this
Hippocratism, aphorism, “ΤρΑΝΛΟΙ ΝΠΟ ΔΙΑρρΟΙΗΣ, &c. i. e. stammerers are
subject to to be siezed with a long diarrhea”

TRAULO’TES [ΤρΑΝΛΟΣ, Gr.] a stammering in speech, when a person
cannot pronounce some letters, especially l and r.

TRAU’MA, Lat. [ΤρΑΝΜΑ, Gr.] a wound.

TRAUMA’TIC, adj. [ΤρΑΝΜΑΤΙχΟΣ, from ΤρΑΝΩ, Gr. to wound] vulne­
rary, good for wounds. A traumatic decoction. Wiseman.

TRAUMA’TICÆ, Lat. [ΤρΑΝΜΑΤΙχΑ, of ΤρΑΝΜΑΤΙζΩ, Gr. to wound] de­
coctions and potions proper for fetching the serous and sharp humours
out of the body, and by that means to thin the blood, so that it may be
the more easily brought to the wounded, broken or bruised parts; also
herbs or drugs proper for the curing of wounds, called vulneraries.

TRAW’LER-Men, a sort of fishermen who practised unlawful methods
of destroying the fish in the river Thames.

TRAY, subst. [tray, Su. traeg, or trog, Du.] a sort of vessel or trough,
hollowed out of a piece of wood; used by butchers, &c. for carrying
meat.

TRAYL-Basion, or TRAYL-Boston [prob so called of trailler, to draw,







and baston, Fr. a staff, because they had a staff delivered to them as a
badge of their office] justices of tryal boston, were judges impowered by
king Edward I. to make inquisition thro' the realm upon all officers; as
sheriffs, mayors, escheators, &c. touching extorsion, bribery, and in­
trusion into other mens lands; as also barretors, breakers of the peace,
and other offenders.

TRA’YTRIP, subst. a kind of play. I know not of what kind. Shall
I play my freedom at traytrip, and become thy bond-slave. Shake­
speare.


TRE

TREA, or TREY [trois, Fr. three] a three at dice.

TREA’CHEROUS, adj [tricher, Fr. to cheat, &c.] deceitful, perfidious,
guilty of deserting or betraying.

TREA’CHEROUSLY, adv. [of treacherous] perfidiously, by treason.

TREA’CHEROUSNESS, or TREACHERY [from treacherous and tricherie,
Fr. cheating] perfidiousness, fraudulence, breach of faith,

TREA’CHETOUR, or TREA’CHOUR, subst. [tricher, tricheur, Fr.] a
traitor, one who violates his faith and allegiance: obsolete. Both used
in Spenser.

TREA’CLE [theriaca, Lat. theriaque, Fr. traicle, triackle, Du. teriaca, It.
of ΘΕρΙΑχΗ, of ΘΗρΙΟΝ, Gr. a noxious creature] 1. A medicinal composition,
in which, among other ingredients, reckoned sixty odd, there is a pretty
large quantity of viper's flesh. 2. Molosses, the scum of sugar.

TREAD, subst. [from the verb] 1. Footing, step with the foot. 2.
Way, track, path. 3. A gait, or manner of walking. 4. [In an egg]
the cock's part in the egg, the opaque speck in the white of an egg.

To TREAD, verb neut. TROD, irr. pret. [traade, Dan. trate, Ger.
TROD, TRODDEN, irr. part. pass. troedio, or troed, Brit. a foot, trudan,
Goth. traeder, Dan. tredan, Sax. treden, L. Ger. treten, H. Ger.] 1.
To set the foot or feet on, to step, to walk. 2. To trample, to set the
feet in scorn or malice; with upon before the thing trampled. 3. To
walk with formality or state. Ye that stately tread. Milton. 4. To
couple, or copulate, as birds.

To TREAD, verb act. 1. To walk on, to feel under the feet. 2.
To press under the foot. Tread the snuff out on the floor. Swift. 3.
To beat, to track. In the trodden paths. Shakespeare. 4. To walk on
in a formal and stately manner. 5. To trample in contempt, hatred, or
malice, to crush under foot. To be trod out by Cæsar. Shakespeare. 6.
To put in action by the feet. They tread their wine-presses. Job. 7.
To compress, to love as the male bird does the female.
TREAD upon a worm, and she'll turn her head:
Or,
TREAD upon a snail, and she'll shoot out her horns.
The meaning of both these proverbs is, that there is hardly a creature so
mean or despicable in nature, but what, if highly injured, will shew its
utmost, tho' never so weak, resentment.

TREA’DER [of tread] one that treads or tramples on.

TREA’DING, subst. [of tread; with hunters] the footsteps or track of a
boar.

TREA’DLE, subst. [of tread] 1. The sperm of the cock. 2. The
dung or ordure of a sheep. 3. The part of any engine on which the
feet act to put it in motion; as, the treadles of a weaver's loom, which
they move with their feet.

TREA’SON, subst. [trahison, Fr. traycion, Sp. traisam, Port.] an act of
infidelity to one's lawful sovereign; disloyalty, treachery, perfidious
dealing towards him.

High TREASON, or TREASON Paramount. 1. Is an offence committed
against the security of the king or kingdom, whether by imagination,
word, or deed, as to compass or imagine the death of the king, the
queen consort, or his son and heir apparent; to deflour the king's wife,
or eldest daughter unmaried, or his eldest son's wife; to levy war against
the king in his realm, or to adhere to his enemies by aiding them; or
to counterfeit the king's great seal or privy seal; or knowingly to bring
false money into this realm counterfeited like the money of England,
and to utter the same; to kill his chancellor, treasurer, justice of the one
bench or of the other, justices in ire, justices of assize, justices of oyer
and terminer, when in their place and doing their duty; or forging the
king's seal manual or privy signet; to counterfeit, diminish, or impair
his money. And it is called treason paramount. In such treason a man
forfeits his lands and goods to the king.

Petty TREASON, is the killing or murder of a husband by a wife; of
a master by a servant; a bishop, &c. by a priest. This treason gives
forfeiture to every lord within his own fee. Both treasons are capital.
Cowel.

TREA’SONABLE, adj. [of treason] having the nature or guilt of trea­
son.

TREA’SONABLY, adv. [of treasonable] after a disloyal, treacherous,
perfidious manner towards the prince or state.

TREA’SONABLENESS, subst. [of treasonable] disloyalty, treacherousness,
either by imagination, word, or deed; as compassing or imagining the
death of the king, &c. See TREASON.

TREA’SONOUS, adj. the same with treasanable. Out of use. Shake­
speare and Milton.

TREA’SURE [tresor, Fr. tesoro, It. and Sp. thesaurus, Lat. of ΘΗΣΑΝρΟΣ,
Gr.] store of gold, silver, jewels, or riches hoarded up; also a thing of
great price and excellence.

To TREASURE, verb act. 1. To hoard, to repofit. 2. To lay up
choicely, as a treasure, or in treasury; commonly with up.

TREA’SURER, subst. [of treasure; thesaurarius, Lat. thesorier, Fr. te­
sorier, It. tesorero, Sp.] an officer, who has the keeping of the treasure
of a prince, state or corporation.

Lord High TTEASURER [of England] is the third great officer of the
crown; he receives the office by the delivery of a white staff; he has
the charge and management of all the king's money, &c. in the Ex­
chequer; also the check of all officers employed in collecting imposts,
tributes, or any other revenues belonging to the crown. This office is
now in commission.

TREASURER [of the king's houshold] an officer, who, in the absence
of the lord steward, has power, with the comptroller and other officers
of the green-cloth, &c. to hear and determine felonies and other crimes
committed within the king's palace.

TREASURER [of the navy] an officer who receives money out of the
Exchequer, by a warrant from the lord high treasurer, &c. and pays
all the charges of the navy, by a warrant from the lord high trea­
surer.

TREASURER [of collegiate churches] a dignitary who anciently had
charge of the vestments, plate, jewels, reliques, and other treasure be­
longing to such churches.

TREASURE-HOUSE, subst. [of treasure and house] a place where hoarded
wealth is kept.

TREA’SURERSHIP, subst. [of treasurer] the office or dignity of a trea­
surer.

TREASURE-TROVE [in law] money which being found and not own­
ed belongs to the king, but by the civil law to the finder.

TREA’SURY, subst. [thesaurarium, Lat. tresorerie, Fr. tesoreria, It. and
Sp.] 1. A place in general in which riches are hoarded. 2. In particu­
cular, the treasurer's office, or place where the publick money is depo­
sited.

Clerk of the TREASURY [in the court of Common Pleas] an officer
who has the charge of keeping the records of that court, and makes out
all the copies of records in the treasury.

Lords of the TREASURY, certain persons appointed as commissioners
to execute the office of treasurer of England, when it is not committed
to a single person.

To TREAT, verb act. [of traiter, Fr. trattare, It. tratar, Sp. trac­
tare, Lat.] 1. To feast, to entertain with expence. 2. To negociate,
to settle. To treat the peace. Dryden. 3. [Tracto, Lat.] to discourse
on. 4. To use in any means, good or bad. 5. To handle, to manage,
to carry on. Treated their subjects. Dryden.

To TREAT, verb neut. 1. To discourse of, to make discussions; with
of. 2. To practise negociation, to deal with: commonly having with
before the person dealt with. 3. To come to terms of accommodation.
Will the emperor treat. Swift. 4. To make gratuitous entertainments;
as, my friend treats this time.

To TREAT [or confir] about any business or concern.

TREAT, subst. [from the verb; traitement, Fr.] 1. A feast or entertain­
ment given. 2. Something given at an entertainment. T'enlarge the
little treat. Dryden.

TREAT, or TREATE [tractus, of traho, Lat.] signifying taken out, or
withdrawn; as, the juror was challenged, because he could not dispend
40l. and therefore he was treate.

TRE’ATABLE, adj. [traitable, Fr.] moderate, not violent. Hooker.

TREA’TING, subst. [of treat] the act of giving a feast or entertainment.
See TREAT.

TREA’TING-HOUSE, subst. an ordinary, or house of entertainment.

TREA’TISE [traht, Sax. tractatus, Lat. traité, Fr. trattato, It. tra­
tado, Sp. trattaer, Du. trattaar, Ger.] a treatise upon some particular
subject, a written tract.

TREA’TMENT, subst. [traitement, Fr.] usage, manner of using, good
or bad.

TREA’TY, subst. [traite, Fr.] 1. Act of treating; negociation in ge­
neral. Spenser. 2. A compact of accommodation relating to publick
affairs. 3. Agreement between two or more distinct nations, concerning
peace, commerce, navigation, &c. 4. For entreaty, petition, solici­
tation. Spenser and Shakespeare.

TREBELLIA’NICA, Lat. [in the Roman jurisprudence] a trebellian
fourth, a right belonging to an heir instituted by testament. If the tes­
tator, after appointing a full and general heir, spent and disposed of all
his effects in legacies, or above three fourths thereof, in that case the heir
was allowed to retrench and detain one fourth part of the legacies to his
own use.

TRE’BLE, adj. [triplus, triplex, Lat. triple, Fr. triplice, It. in music]
1. Sharp of sound. The more treble. 2. The highest, or last of the
four parts in musical proportion. 3. Triple, three-fold.

To TREBLE, verb act. [tripler, Fr. triplicare, Lat. and It.] to render
three-fold, to multiply by three, to make thrice as much.

To TREBLE, verb neut. to become three-fold.

TREBLE, subst. [in musick] a sharp found.

TRE’BLENESS, subst. [of treble] the state of being treble, quality of
being a sharp sound. Bacon.

TREBLY, adv. in a three-fold number or quantity, thrice told.

TREDE’CILE [with astronomers] an aspect when two planets are di­
stant three deciles, or 180 degrees, one from another; invented by
Kepler.

TRE’DDLES, plur. See TREADLE.

TREE, subst. [trie, Island. troe, Dan. tra, Su. treo, trew, Sax. trin,
Teut.] by botanists, is defined to be a plant with a single, woody, pe­
rennial stalk or trunk. The trees shoot up in one great stem, and at a
great distance from the earth, spread into branches. Thus gooseberries
are shrubs, and oaks trees. Locke.

TREES [in a ship] are timbers of several sorts.

Chess TREES, are the timbers on each side of the ship, for the main
tack to run thro' and hale it down.

Cross TREES, are pieces of timber bolted and let into one another
a-cross at the head of a mast, the use of which is to keep the top-mast
up.

Tressel-TREES, are those timbers of the cross-trees that stand along
ships, or fore and aft at the top of the mast.

Waste-TREES, are those timbers of the ship that lie in the waste.

TREES [or bow] of a saddle.

TREE’-GERMANDER, subst. a plant.

TREE of Life [lignum vitæ, Lat.] an ever-green. The wood is esteem­
ed by turners.

TREEKS of a Cart, the iron hoops about the naves.

TREEN, the old plural of tree. B. Johnson.

TREEN, adj. wooden, made of timber: obsolete. Camden.

TREE’NELS, or TRE’NELS [in a ship] long wooden pins with which
the planks are fastened into the timbers.

TREE-PRI’MROSE, subst. a plant.

TREET [triticum, Lat.] wheat.

TRE’-FOIL [trifolium, Lat. treffle, Fr. trifoglio, It. trebol, Sp. tre­
folbo, Port. of ΤρΙφΝΛΛΟΝ, Gr.] the herb three-leav'd grass.

TR’EFFLE [in heraldry] as a cross-trefflè, is a cross whose arms end
in three semi-circles, each representing the three-leaved grass or trefoll.
This is by some called St. Lazarus's-cross.

TRE’FOILS [in heraldry] called in French treffles, are frequently borne
in coat-armour, and represent three-leaved grass, and are accounted next
to the fleurs-de-lis, or lillies.

TRE’GONY, in Cornwal, 256 measured miles from London, is a cor­
poration which sends two members to parliament. It stands on the river
Falle, which is navigable to it by boats from Falmouth.








TREI’LLAGE, subst. Fr. a contexture of pales to support espaliers,
making a distinct inclosure of any part of a garden. Trevoux.

TRE’LLIS, subst. Fr. 1. A lattice or grate. Treillis is a structure of
iron, wood, or osier; the parts crossing each other like a lattice. Tre­
voux. 2. A grated wooden frame for wall trees to be tied to. 3. [Trel­
lis, Fr. traliccio, It.] a sort of stiff or gummed linen cloth.

To TRELLIS, verb act. [treilliser, Fr.] to furnish with a trellis, i. e.
a sort of lattice grate, or wooden frame, for supporting wall trees.

TREMA’GIUM, or TREMI’SIUM [old records] the season for sowing
summer-corn or barley.

To TRE’MBLE, verb neut. [trembler, Fr. tremare, It. tremblar, Sp.
tremer, Port. tremo, Lat.] 1. To shake or quiver for fear or cold, to
shudder. 2. To quiver, to totter in general. A trembling jelly. Bur­
net. 3. To quaver, to shake as a sound. Bacon.

TRE’MBLINGLY, adv. [of trembling] with trembling so as to quiver.
Pope.

TREME’LLA, or TREME’NTA, the hopper of a mill, into which the
corn is put to fall thence between the grinding stones.

TREME’NDOUS, adj. [tremendo, It. and Sp. tremendous, Lat.] that is
much to be feared, dreadful, horrible.

TREME’NDOUSNESS [of tremendous] a tremendous quality, such as is
to be feared or dreaded.

TRE’MOR, subst. the state of trembling or shaking, as in an ague, a
disease nearly a kin to a convulsion, being partly convulsive and partly
natural; also quivering or vibratory motion. Newton.

TRE’MULOUS, adj. [tremulus, Lat.] 1. Fearful, trembling, quaking.
Decay of Piety. 2. Quivering, vibratory. A swift tremulous motion in
the lips. Holder.

TRE’MULOUSNESS, subst. [of tremulous] the state of trembling or qui­
vering.

TRE’MULOUSLY, adv. [of tremulous] with trembling, quiveringly.

TREN, subst. a spear with which they strike fish at sea.

TRENCH [tranche, Fr. trincea, It. trinchea, Sp.] 1. Any ditch or pit
made in the earth, to drain off the water in a meadow, morass, &c. 2.
Earth thrown up to defend soldiers in their approach to a town, or to
guard a camp.

To TRENCH, verb act. [of trancher, Fr. to cut] 1. To cut in gene­
ral. Shakespeare. 2. To cut, to dig into a trench, to fence or inclose
with a trench or ditch.

To TRENCH [the ballast] is to divide the ballast into several trenches
in the hold of a ship.

TRE’NCHANT, adj. [trenchant, Fr. cutting] sharp for cutting. Hudi­
bras.

TRE’NCHEATOR [old records] a carver.

TRE’NCHER [tranchoir, of trancher, Fr. to cut] 1. An utensil of wood
for cutting and eating meat on at table. 2. The table. Fed from my
trencher. Shakespeare. 3. Food, pleasures of the table. To place
their summum bonum upon their trenchers. South.
He that waits for another's TRENCHER, eats many a late dinner.
This proverb alludes to the deplorable state of those who depend upon
the promises of great men for advancement.
If I'd curse the man I hate,
Let attendance and dependance be his fate. Dryden.

TRENCHER-FLY, subst. [of trencher and fly] a parasite, one that
haunts tables. L'Estrange.

TRENCHER-MAN, subst. [of trencher and man] a feeder, a hearty
eater. Sidney and Shakespeare.

TRENCHER-MATE, subst. [of trencher and mate] a table com­
panion, a parasite. Hooker.

TRE’NCHIA [in old deeds] a trench or dike newly cut.

TRE’NCHING, part act. [of trench; tranchant, Fr.] digging or cutting
a ditch or trench in the earth.

TRE’NCHES, plur. [of trench; in the military art] are a way hollowed
in the earth in form of a foss, having a parapet towards the place be­
sieged, called lines of approach, or lines of attack; or a work raised
with fascines, gabions, wool-packs, bavins, &c. which can cover the
men; these lines or trenches are cut to defend and cover and army in the
field.

To open the TRENCHES, is to begin to dig or work upon the line of
approaches.

To carry on the TRENCHES, is to advance them or bring them forwards
near the place.

To TRENCH about, is to fence with trenches.

TRE’NCHING Plough, an instrument for cutting out the sides of trenches,
drains, &c.

TRE’NCHING Spade, a tool for cutting trenches in watery or clayey
ground.

To TREND, verb neut. to lie in any particular direction. It seems a
corruption of tend. Dryden.

TRE’NDEL, or TRE’NDLE, subst. [prob. of trendel, Sax.] 1. A weight
or post in a mill. 2. A vessel called a keever.

TRE’NNELS, long wooden pins, with which the planks are fastened
to the timbers of a ship.

TRE’NTAL, subst. [of trente, Fr.] a Romish office for the dead, con­
sisting of thirty masses, rehearsed for thirty days after the person's death.
Trentals, or trigentals, were a number of masses, to the tale of thirty.
Ayliffe.

TREPA’N [trepanum, Lat. un trepan, Fr. trepano, It. of ΤρΝΠΑΝΟΝ, Gr. a
borer] 1. An instrument wherewith surgeons cut out round pieces of
a skull. 2. Any thing turned round: now improperly written trundle.
3. A snare, a stratagem by which one is ensnared [of this signification
Skinner assigns the reason, that some English ships, in queen Elizabeth's
reign, being, in stress of weather, invited, with great show of friendship,
into Trepani, a port of Sicily, was there detained, contrary to assurances
they had given them] Snares, hooks and trepans. South.

To TREPAN, verb act. [trepaner, Fr. trapanare, It. of trepanum, Lat.]
1. To perforate with the trepan. 2. To ensnare or decoy, to catch.

TREPA’NNER. 1. One that trepans. 2. One that ensnares or de­
coys.

TREPA’NNING, part act. [of trepan] 1. Perforation the skull. 2.
Ensnaring, decoying.

TREPHI’NE, subst. a small trepan or instrument of perforating ma­
naged by one hand. Wiseman.

TREPIDA’TION, subst. Lat. [trapidazione, It.] 1. The state of trem­
bling. Bacon. 2. State of terror. Wotton.

TREPI’DITY, or TRE’PIDNESS [trepiditas, Lat.] trepidity, fearful­
ness.

To TRE’SPASS, verb neut. [trespasser, Fr. to die; old law] 1. To
commit an offence against, to trasgress. 2. To enter unlawfully on ano­
ther's ground.

TRE’SPASS, subst. [of trepas, O. Fr. death] 1. Offence, transgression.
2. Unlawful entrance on another's ground.

General TRESPASS, is where force or violence is used, otherwise called
Trespass vi & armis.

Special TRESPASS, one done without force, called also Trespass upon
the case.

TRESPASS [in law] any transgression of the law less than felony, trea­
son, or misprission of treason.

Local TRESPASS [in law] is that which is so annexed to the place
certain, that if the defendant join issue upon the place, and traverse the
place mentioned in the declaration and aver it, it is enough to defeat the
action.

Transitory TRESPASS [in law] is that which cannot be defeated by the
defendant's traverse of the place, because the place is not material.

TRE’SPASSER, subst. [of trespass] 1. One who commits a trespass, an
offender. 2. One who enters unlawfully on another's grounds.

TRE’SSED, adj. [tressé, Fr.] knotted, plaited, curled. Spenser.

TRE’SSEL, or TRE’STLE, subst. [un treteau, Fr.] a sort of three-footed
supporter for a table, board, &c. Also a moveable form, by which any
thing is supported.

TRESSEL-TREES [in a ship] are those timbers of the cross-trees which
stand along at the head of the mast.

TRE’SSES, subst. [without a singular; tresses, Fr. treccia, It.] knots or
curls of hair, locks of hair hanging down loosely.

TRE’SSURE [in heraldry] is the diminutive of an orle, and is usually
accounted to be only one half of it, and is commonly born flory and
counterflory, and it is also often double, and sometimes treble.

TRET [probably of tritus, Lat. worn] allowance made by merchants
to retailers, which is four pound in every hundred, and four pound for
the waste or refuse of any commodity.

TRE’THINGS, subst. [trethingi, low Lat. from trethu, Wel. to tax]
taxes, imposts.

TRE’TLES, subst. the dung of a rabbit.

TRE’VE de Dieu, Fr. when the disorders and licences of private wars
in France, between private lords and families, obliged the bishops to
forbid such violence within certain times, under canonical penalties, those
intervals were called Treve de Dieu, i. e. the truce of God. Happy for
mankind, if ecclesiastic authority had never been worse employ'd. See
INQUISITION, CELICOLI, and DIMERITÆ compared.

TRE’VIA, or TREU’VIA, Law Lat. [in ancient deeds] a truce or
treaty of peace.

TRE’VET, or TRI’VET [driefet, Sax. q. d. three feet, tripus, Lat.
trepide, Fr. treppiede, It. trevede, Sp. treeft or drievoet, Du. and L. Ger.
drey fusz, H. Ger. of ΤρΙΠΟυΣ, Gr.] an utensil of iron to set a pot, &c.
over the fire, any thing that stands on three legs.

TREY, subst. [trois, Fr. tres, Lat.] the three at dice or cards. Shake­
speare.


TRI

TRI’A, It. [in music books] a name given to the three parts of music,
either for voices or instruments.

TRI’ABLE, adj. [of try] 1. Capable of trial, that may be experi­
mented. 2. Such as may be judicially examined.

TRI’AD, subst. [trias, triadis, Lat. triade, Fr. ΤρΙΑΣ, Gr.] the trinity.
“The ablution of baptism (says St. Origen) is not only a symbolic re­
presentation of the purification of a soul, washed [or cleansed] from all
moral impurity; but is also by itself the rise and foundation of divine
gifts to him who offers [or presents] himself to that Divinity of Power
[ΤΗ ΘΕΙΟΤΗΤΙ ΤΗΣ ΔΝΝΑΜΕΩΣ] which belongs to the invocations of the ado­
rable Triad.” Orig. Comment. in Johann. Ed. Rothomag. p. 124. I have
the rather inserted this passage, as it exhibits that religious homage, which
(according to this writer's judgment) is paid in the ordinance of baptism
to each of these Divine Personages; tho' whoever well weighs what we
have elsewhere produced from the same author's most genuine works,
will easily infer, what little stress can be laid on these and the like phraseo­
logies, if produced with design to shew, that these ancient writers intended
by them a strict and proper COEQUALITY. See ORIGENISM, DIVINITY,
SYMBOLIC Representation, CO-IMMENSE, SABELLIANS, TATIANISTS,
SUBORDINATION, and HOMOÜSIANS: Above all, see ISOCHRONAL, and
Huet. Origenian, L. II. c. 2. No. 25. compared with TRINITY.

TRI’AL [of try] 1. Test, examination. With trial fire. Shakespeare.
2. Experience, act of examining by experience. Make trial of the seeds.
Bacon. 3. Experiment, experimental knowledge. Others had trial
mockings. Hebrews. 4. Test of virtue, a temptation. Every station
is exposed to some trials. Rogers. 5. State of being tried. All purity,
all trial. Shakespeare. 6. [In law] the examination of causes, criminal
or civil, before a proper judge, of which there are three sorts; as, mat­
ters of fact are to be tried by jurors, matters of law by the judges, and
matters of record by the record itself. The trial is the issue, which is
tried upon the indictment, not the indictment itself.

TRI’ANGLE [trianglum, Lat. triangle, Fr. triangulo, It. and Sp.] a
figure that has three angles and as many sides, and is either plain or sphe­
rical.

A Plain TRIANGLE, is one that is contained under three right
lines.

A Spherical TRIANGLE, is a triangle that is contained under three
arches of a great circle or sphere.

A Right-angled TRIANGLE, is one which has one right angle.

An Acute-angled TRIANGLE, is one that has all its angles acute.

An Obtuse-angled TRIANGLE, is one that has one obtuse angle.

An Oblique-angled TRIANGLE, is a triangle that is not right angled.

Equilateral TRIANGLE, is one, all whose sides are equal.

Isoseeles TRIANGLE, or Equilegged TRIANGLE, a triangle that has only
two legs or sides equal.

Scalenus TRIANGLE, one that has not two sides equal.

TRIA’NGULAR, adj. [triangularis, Lat. triangulaire, Fr.] having
three angles.

TRIANGULAR Compasses, an instrument with three legs or feet, to take
off any triangle at once, used on maps, globes, &c.

Similar TRIANGLES, are such as have all their three angles respec­
tively equal to one another.








Ossiculum TRIANGULA’RE, Lat. [with anatomists] a small triangular
bone, situated between the lambdoidal and sagittal sutures of the skull.

TRIANGULA’RIS, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the breast, ly­
ing on each side the gristle, called cartilago ensiformis.

TRIANGULARIS Musculus, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle that arises from
the top of the cubitus, and ends narrow about the middle of the same.

TRIANGULARIS Pectoris, Lat. [in anatomy] has sometimes the ap­
pearance of three or four distinct muscles, arising from the inside of the
sternum, and is implanted into the cartilages which join the four lowest
ribs to the sternum.

TRIA’NGULARLY, adv. [of triangular] after the form of a tri­
angle.

TRIA’NGULARNESS [of triangularitas, Lat. and ness] a triangular
form.

TRIA’NGULATOR, Lat. [in astrology] a planet that lies in the tripli­
city.

TRIA’RII, Lat. [among the Romans] one of the four orders of sol­
diers, who were posted in the rear of the army, and were to assist in time
of danger, so called, because they made the third line of battle in the
Roman army, a sort of infantry armed with a pike and a shield, a hel­
met and a cuirass.

TRIBE, subst. [tribus, Lat. triba, It. tribu, Fr. and Sp. from trev, b
and v being labials of promiscuous use in the ancient British words; trev,
from ter ef, his lands, is supposed to be Celtic, and used before the Ro­
mans had any thing to do with the British government. To prove which,
Mr. Rowland offers many reasons, which he mentions, by imagining
that centuriœ is derived from trev, supposing it to be the same with our
centrev, importing a hundred trevs or tribes] 1. A dictinct body of the
people as divided by family or fortune, or any other characteristic. 2.
It is often used in contempt. Our scribbling tribe. Roscommon. 3. A
family. 4. A certain number of people, when a division is made of
them into quarters or districts.

TRI’BLET, or TRI’BOULET, subst. a tool used by goldsmiths for ma­
king rings.

TRIBRA’CHUS, or TRIBRACHYS [ΤρΙβρΑχΝΣ, Gr. q. d. thrice short] a
foot in Greek and Latin verse, which consists of three short syllables, as
populus.
What is it, that gives us so sensible a pleasure when we read these
lines [in Paradise Lost, Book I. v. 446] that relate to Thammuz, or Ado­
nis? 'Tis because the melting story is told all in liquids———in well­
vowell'd syllables; in numbers that are as soft and gentle as the subject;
in the smoothest spondees, I mean temper'd with the Pyrrichius, or enli­
vened with the Tribrachys, the Dactyle, or the Anapœst, in which push­
ing Number the wound seems to be given, &c. Say's Essay on Numbers,
p. 130. A criticism which bespeaks a most delicate ear; but which may
possibly admit of debate with respect to some of these numbers. If the
reader would perceive the full force of the Tribrachys, he may consult
HOMER. Ilias, Lib. XII. v. 26. And for the other feet, see PYRRICHIUS,
JAMBIC, SPONDEE, and TROCHÆUS compared.

TRIBULA’TION, subst. Fr. [tribulatione, It. tribulacion, Sp. either of
tribulus, a threshing instrument, tribulus, a prickly brier, or tribulus, Lat.
a sort of caltrop] persecution, vexation, distress, disturbance of life.

TRI’BULUS [ΤρΙβΟΛΟΣ, Gr.] a thistle or bramble.

TRIBU’NAL, subst. Fr. and Sp. [tribunale, It.] 1. A seat of judgment.
2. A court of judicature.
Summoning archangels to proclaim
Thy dread tribunal. Milton.

TRI’BUNE, subst. [tribun, Fr. tribuno, It. tribunus, Lat.] two great of­
ficers among the Romans; the first of the people, and chosen by them,
whose business was to defend their liberties; the other of the soldiers,
who was the commander of a Roman legion, and to see them well armed
and ordered.

TRI’BUNESHIP, subst. [of tribune] the office or dignity of a tribune.

TRIBUNI’TIAL, or TRIBUNI’TIOUS, adj. [tribunitius, Lat.] suiting a
tribune, belonging to a tribune. The former Dryden uses, and the latter
Bacon.

TRI’BUTARY, adj. [tributarius, Lat. tributaire, Fr. tributario, It. and
Sp.] 1. Paying tribute as an acknowledgment of submission to a master.
2. Subject, subordinate in general. To grace his tributary gods. Milton.
3. Paid in tribute. Nor flatt'ry tunes these tributary lays. Concanen.

TRIBUTARY, subst. [of tribute] one who pays tribute, or a stated sum
in acknowledgment of subjection. Davies.

TRI’BUTE, subst. [tributum, Lat. tribut, Fr. tributo, It. and Sp.]
what a prince or state pays to another as a token of dependance, or by
vertue of a treaty; and as a purchase of peace; also a tax or contribution,
hevy'd by princes on their subjects.

To Pay TRIBUTE to Nature, to die.

TRIBUTO’RIOUS, adj. [tributorius, Lat.] pertaining to distribution.

TRICA’PSULAR, adj. [of tres and capsula, Lat. in botanic writers] di­
vided into three partitions, as in hypericum or St. John's wort.

TRI’CA Incuborum, or PLICA Polonica, Lat. a disease among the Po­
landers. See PLICA Polonica.

TRICE [probably of tricean, Sax. to give a thrust, q. d. in the time
that a thrust may be given, or rather of tris, Sp. which is used just in the
same signification. I believe, says Johnson, this word comes from trait,
Fr. corrupted by pronunciation] an instant, a short time.

TRICE’NNIAL [tricennalis, Lat.] pertaining to the term of thirty
years.

TRI’CEPS, Lat. having three heads; as,

TRICEPS Auris, Lat. [with anatomists] a muscle of the ear, so called
because it has three beginnings. It takes its rise from the upper and
fore-part of the apophysis mastoides, and is inserted into the middle of the
concha auriculæ, called also retrahens auriculam.

TRICHI’ASIS, or TRICHO’SIS, Lat. [ΤρΙχΙΑΣΙΣ, or ΤρΙχΩΣΙΣ, of ΘρΙξ, Gr.
hair] 1. The growth of much hair. 2. A fault in the eyelids, when
there is a double row of hairs. 3. A filamentous or hairy urine, so that
hairs seem to swim in it. See HIPPOCRAT. Aphorism. L. IV. Aph. 76.
with Galen's Note.

TRICHI’SMUS, Lat. [ΤρΙχΙΣΜΟΣ, Gr.] a very small fracture of a bone
like a hair.

TRICHOMA’NES, Lat. [ΤρΙχΟΜΑΝΕΣ, Gr.] the herb maiden-hair.

TRICHOPHY’LLON, Lat. [ΤρΙχΟφΝΛΛΟΝ, Gr.] an herb whose leaves are
like hairs, resembling fennel, coralline.

TRI’CHORON [ΤρΙχΩρΟΝ, Gr.] a building with three lodgings or sto­
ries.

TRICHO’TOMY, subst. [of ΤρΙχΑ, in three parts, and ΤΕΜΝΩ, Gr. to
cut] division into three parts. Watts.

TRICK, subst. [tricherie, Fr. treck, Du.] 1. A crafty wile, fly fraud
or deceit, a dexterous artifice or expedient. On one nice trick depends
the general fate. Pope. 3. A vicious practice. The tricks of youth.
Dryden. 4. A juggle, an antic, any thing done to divert or cheat in
jest. Andrew's tricks. Prior. 5. An unexpected effect. Some trick
not worth an egg. Shakespeare. 6. A practice, a manner, a habit.
The trick of that voice. Shakespeare. 7. [Prob. of trecken, Du. and
Teut. to draw, or take up what one wins] a number of cards laid re­
gularly up, a lift at cards.

To TRICK, verb act. [tricher, Fr. treccare, It. trecken, Du. be­
trücken, Ger.] 1. To defraud, cheat or deceive by a wile. 2. To
dress, to adorn properly, to knot.

TRI’CA, low Lat. [signifies a knot of hair; treccia, It. hence trace.
Matt. Westmonensis says of Godiva of Coventry, that she rode tricas
capitis & crines dissolvens. Johnson] 1. Commonly with up emphatical.
2. To perform by slight of hand, or with a slight touch. Trick her off
in air. Pope. 3. [From trecken, Du. in painting] to take the first
draught or form of a thing.

To TRICK, verb neut. to live by fraud. Dryden.
An old dog will learn no TRICKS.
This proverb intimates, that old age is indocile and untractable; that
if ancient persons have been put into a wrong way at first, the force of a
long contracted habit is so strong, and their indisposition to learn, and
aversion to be taught, so violent, that there is no hopes of reducing them
to the right. Senex Psittacus negligit ferulam, say the Romans: ΝΕχρΟΝ
ΙΑΤρΝΕΙΝ χΑΙ ΓΕρΟΝΤΑ ΝΟυΘΕΤΕΙΝ ΤΑΝΤΟΝ ΕΣΤΙ, the Greeks: And the Germans,
Einen alten hund ist nicht gut bandigen. (Old dogs are not easily
curb'd.)

TRI’CKED Up, part. pass. of trick [prob. of intricatus, Lat. as Skin­
ner conjectures, or of ΘρΙξ, Gr. hair, according to Minshew] trimly
dressed, handsomely set off.

TRI’CKER, subst. [this is often written trigger] the catch, which be­
ing pulled, disengages the cock of the gun that it may give fire.

TRI’CKING, subst. [of trick] 1. Dress, ornament. Shakespeare. 2.
[A cant word with vintners] the transmutation and sophistication of
wine.

TRI’CKISH, adj. [of trick] knavishly, guileful, crafty or wily, mis­
chievously subtle. Pope.

TRI’CKLE, subst. [from the verb] a drop.

To TRI’CKLE, verb neut. [of treekelen, Du. according to Skinner, or
of ΤρΕχΩ, Gr. to run, according to Minshew] to run down in drops, as
tears from the eyes; to flow in a gentle stream.

TRI’CKSTER, subst. [of trick] one who tricks, defrauds or cheats, a
sharper, a bite.

TRI’CKSY, adj. [of trick] pretty: a word of endearment. Shake­
speare.

TRICORNI’GEROUS, adj. [tricorniger, Lat.] bearing, or having three
thorns.

TRICO’CCOUS, adj. [ΤρΙχΟχχΟΣ, of ΤρΙΣ, three, and χΟχχΟΣ, Gr. a grain]
spoken of the fruits of plants, containing three grains or kernels.

TRICU’SPIDES [with anatomists] three valves of a triangalar shape,
situated at the mouth of the right ventricle of the heart, being composed
of a thin membrane or skin, so as to give passage to the blood in that
part, but to hinder it from returning the same way that it came in.

TRIDE, adj. Fr. [with horsemen or hunters] short, swift, ready.

To work TRIDE [in horsemanship] upon volts, is to mark his time
with his haunches short and ready.

TRI’DENT, subst. Fr. [tridens, Lat.] the three-pronged mace, which
the poets feign that Neptune, the fabulous God of the sea, bears; also
any tool, fork, or instrument that has three fangs or prongs. Sandys.

TRIDENT [so called by Sir Isaac Newton] that kind of parabola, by
which des Cartes constructed equations of six dimensions. This figure
hath four infinite legs, two of which are hyperbolical, tending contrary
ways; but placed about an asymptote; and the other two are paraboli­
cal and converging, and which, with the other two, form the figure of
the trident.

TRIDENT, adj. [of tres, three, and dens, Lat. tooth] having three
teeth.

TRIDENTI’FEROUS, adj. [tridentifer, Lat.] that bears a trident.

TRI’DING, subst. [trithinga, Sax.] the third part of a county or shire.

TRIDU’AN, adj. [triduanus, triduum, Lat.] 1. Being of three days
continuance. 2. Happening every 3d day.

TRI’DINGMOT [trithinga-gemot, Sax.] a court held for a triding, a
court-leet.

TRIE’NNIAL, adj. [of triennis, Lat. triennal, Fr. triennio, It. and Sp.]
1. Lasting three years. 2. Happening every third year.

TRIEMI’MERIS, Lat. from Gr. [in prosody] a kind of cœsura of
a Latin verse, wherein, after the first foot of the verse, there remains
an odd syllable which helps to made up the next foot.

TRIE’NNALS, festivals of Bacchus, so called, because celebrated every
three years. See BACCHUS, &c. and EGYPTIAN Empire, compared.

TRI’ER, subst. [of try] 1. One that tries or proves experimentally.
2. One who examines judicially. 3. Test, one who brings to the test.
Extremity was the trier of spirits. Shakespeare.

TRIETE’RICA, Lat. [ΤρΙΕΤΗρΙχΑ, Gr.] certain feasts of Bacchus obser­
ved every third year. See TRIENNALS.

To TRIFA’LLOW [of ter or tres, Lat. three or thrice, and fealga,
Sax. an harrow] to plow land the third time before sowing.

TRI’FEROUS, adj. [of trifer, Lat.] bearing fruit three times a year.

TRI’FID, adj. [in botany] cut or divided into three parts.

TRIFI’STULARY, adj. [of tres, and fistula, Lat. a pipe] having three
pipes. Trifistulary pipe or cranny. Brown.

To TRI’FLE, verb neut. [treyfelen, Du.] 1. To act or talk idly, to
act or talk without weight or dignity. They trifle and they beat the air.
Hooker. 2. To play the fool, to mock. Shakespeare. 3. To indulge
light amusement. 4. To be of no importance. Every trifling debt.
Spenser.

To TRIFLE, verb act. to make of no importance. Not in use.
Shakespeare.

TRI’FLE, subst. [from the verb] a thing of no moment. Generally
used in the plural.

TRI’FLER, subst. [of trifle; trifelaar, Du.] one who acts or talks idly
or with levity.








TRI’FLES, plur. of TRI’FLE [of trifœ, Lat. as Minshew supposes]
gewgaws, things of small value.

TRI’FLING, adj. [of trifle] wanting worth, unimportant, of no mo­
ment.

TRI’FLINGLY, adv. [of trifling] without weight or importance.
Locke.

TRIFOL’IATED Leaf [with botanists] is a kind of digitated leaf, con­
sisting of three leaves, as in clover-grass.

TRIFO’LIUM, Lat. [with botanists] three leaved grass.

TRIFO’LIUM Palustre, Lat. marsh-trefoil.

TRI’FORM, adj. [triformis, Lat.] having three forms or shapes. Milton.

TRIFO’RMITY, subst. [of triformis, Lat.] the quality of having three
forms or shapes.

TRIFU’RCATED, adj. [trifurcatus, Lat.] three-forked.

TRI’GAMY, subst. [ΤρΙΓΑΜΙΑ, of ΤρΙΣ, thrice, and ΓΑΜΟΣ, Gr. marriage]
the state of having three husbands or three wives, either at the same, or
at different times.

To TRIG, verb act. [or stop] a wheel; also to set a mark to stand at
in playing at nine-pins.

TRI’GGED, part. adj. [of tricker, Dan. drucken, Du. and Ger. to press.
Skinner] having a mark set to stand, in playing at nine-pins; also catched
or stopped, as a wheel.

TRI’GGER, subst. [derived by Junius from trigue, Fr. from intrico,
Lat.] 1. A hook that holds the spring of a gun-lock, and when loosed
lets the shot off. 2. An iron to stay the wheel of waggon, &c.

TRIGI’TTALS, subst. [triginta, Lat. thirty] the same with trentals.

TRI’GLYPH [ΤρΙΓΛΝφΟΣ, of ΤρΕΙΣ, three, and ΓΛΝφΙΣ, Gr. sculpture] a
triangular gutter, which seems to have been design'd to convey the gut­
tæ or drops that hang a little under them.

TRIGLYPH, subst. [in architecture] a member of the frize of the Do­
ric order, set directly over every pillar, and in certain spaces in the in­
tercoluminations. Triglyphs and metopes always in the frize. Wotton.

TRI’GON, subst. [trigone, Fr. ΤρΙΓΩΝΟΣ, Gr.] a figure consisting of three
angles, a triangle. A term of astronomy. Passus ibidis, or the trigon
that the Ibis makes at every step, consisting of three latera. Hale.

TRIGON [in natural magic] signifies a four-fold change of the starry
spirits, according to the number of the four elements, each reigning and
lasting two hundred years.

The Airy TRIGON [in astrology] the airy triplicity, Gemini, Libra,
and Aquarius, beholding one another in a trine aspect.

The Earthy TRIGON [in astrology] the earthy triplicity, Taurus,
Virgo, and Capricornus, beholding one another in a trine aspect.

Fiery TRIGON [with astrologers] the fiery triplicity, Aries, Leo, and
Sagittarius, beholding one another in a trine aspect.

The Watery TRIGON [with astrologers] the watery triplicity, Cancer,
Scorpio, and Pisces, beholding one another in a trine aspect.

TRI’GONAL, adj. [of trigon] triangular, having three corners. Wood­
ward.

TRIGONO’CRATORIES [of ΤρΙΓΩΝΟΣ, and χρΑΤΟΣ, Gr. dominion or
power] a name of the planets, on account of their being lords or gover­
nors of trigons, as Saturn and Mercury of the airy trigon, Venus and the
Moon of the earthy, the Sun and Jupiter of the fiery, and Mars of the
watery.

TRIGONOME’TRICAL, adj. [of trigonometry] belonging to trigonome­
try.

TRIGONOME’TRICALLY, adj. [of trigonometrical] by trigonometry.

TRIGONO’METRY [trigonometria, Lat. trigonometrie, Fr. trigonometria,
It. and Sp. of ΤρΙΓΩΝΟΣ, and ΜΕΤρΕΩ, Gr. to measure] an art that teaches the
mensuration and use of triangles, or calculating the sides of any triangle
sought; and this is plain or spherical.

Plain TRIGONOMETRY treats of rectilinear triangles, and teaches from
three given parts of a plain triangle to find the rest.

Spherical TRIGONOMETRY, is an art that teaches from three given
parts of a spherical triangle to find the rest.

TRILA’TERAL, adj. Fr. [of tres and lateralis, Lat.] having three
sides.

TRILA’TERALNESS [of tres or tris lateralis, Lat. and ness] the having
three sides.

TRILL, subst. [trillo, It. with musicians] a quavering or shaking of
the voice, tremulousness of music. Addison.

To TRILL, verb neut. 1. To quaver or shake with the voice, or an
instrument. Dryden. 2. To Trill down [trilder, Dan. of trillo, It.] to
drop or trickle down in slender streams. Shakespeare.

To TRILL, verb act. to utter quavering. Songstress trills her lay.
Thomson.

TRI’LION, or TRI’LLON, subst. [trilion, Fr. in arithmetic] the num­
ber of a million of millions of millions, a million twice multiplied by a
million.

TRILLS, plur. of trill [in a cart] the sides of it that a horse is to stand
between.

TRILU’MINAR, or TRILU’MINOUS, adj. [triluminaris, Lat.] having
three lights.

TRIM, subst. 1. Dress, ornaments. Dryden. 2. [Of a ship] the best
posture, proportion of her ballast, and hanging of her mast, &c. for
sailing.

To find the TRIM [of a ship] is to find the best way of making any
ship sail swiftly, or how she will sail best.

TRIM, adj. neat in clothes, spruce, smug.

TRI’MED, part. pass. of trim [getrimmed, Sax. compleated] 1.
Neat, or adorned with clothes. 2. Having the beard shaved. See To
TRIM.

To TRIM, verb act. [trimman, Sax. to build] 1. To fit out.
As rav'nous fishes do a vessel follow,
That is new trim'd. Shakespeare.
2. To dress up, to set off. To dress and trim her. Wotton. 3. To
clip, to shave the beard. 4. To make neat, to adjust. 5. It has often
up emphatical.

To TRIM, verb neut. to balance, to fluctuate, to carry it fair between
two parties. Trimming and time-serving are but two words for the same
thing. South.

To TRIM a Suit of Clothes, to adorn it with silver, gold, &c.

To TRIM [or mend] old Clothes; a vulgar phrase.

To TRIM a Boat [with watermen] is to set the passengers so as to
keep the boat upright; to balance.

To TRIM a Piece [in carpentry, &c.] signifies to fit a piece into
other work. Moxon.

TRI’MLY, adv. [of trim] neatly, sprucely. Ascham.

TRIMA’CRUS, Lat. [ΤρΙΜΑχρΟΣ, Gr. q. d. thrice-long] a foot in verse,
consisting of three long syllables, as Tro-ge-te.

TRI’METER, Lat. [with grammarians] a verse consisting of three
measures.

TRIMI’LCHI [tri-milci, Sax.] the month of May, so called by the
English Saxons, because they then milked their cattle three times a
day.

TRI’MMER, subst. [of trim] 1. One who carries it with two parties,
one who changes sides to balance parties, a time-server, a turn-coat.
2. A setter off. 3. [In vulgar language] a shaver. 4. [In architec­
ture] pieces of timber framed at right angles with the joists against the
wall, for chimnies and well-holes for stairs.

TRI’MMING, part. act. of trim. 1. Shaving the beard. 2. Carrying
it fair between two parties. See To TRIM.

TRIMMING, subst. [of trim] ornamental appendages, as laces, fringes,
&c. the ornaments of garments. Garth.

TRIMO’RION, or TRIMOE’RION, Lat. [ΤρΙΜΟρΙΟΝ, Gr.] the joining toge­
ther of three signs that are very near one another, whereby a sqare as­
pect is made to the apheta or giver of life in the figure, which, when it
comes to that direction, is imagined commonly to cut off the thread of
life.

TRI’MNESS, subst. [of trim] neatness, gayness, spruceness in dress.

TRI’NAL, adj. [trinus, Lat.] threefold. Trinal triplicity. Spenser.

TRINE, adj. [trinus, Lat. trin, Fr. trino, It. and Sp. ΤρΙΩΝ, of ΤρΕΙΣ,
Gr. three] pertaining to the number three.

TRINE Aspect of the Planets [in astrology] an aspect of planets placed
in three angles or a trigon, in which they are supposed by astrologers to
be eminently benign. It is represented by the characteristic Δ. Milton.

TRINE Dimension [in geometry] length, breadth and thickness.

To TRINE, verb act. [from the subst.] to put in a trine aspect. Dry­
den.

TRINE’RVIA Plantago, Lat. [with botanists] the least sort of plantane,
so denominated from its having three fibres or strings.

TRING, a pretty town in Hartfordshire, 33 measured miles from
London.

TRI’NGLE, Fr. a curtain-rod; also a lath that reaches from one bed­
post to another.

TRINGLE [in architecture] a small member fixed exactly upon every
triglyph, under the plat-band of the architrave, from whence hang down
the guttæ or pendant-drops, in the Doric order, called a riglet, listel,
&c.

TRINITA’RIANS, subst. [from Trinity] those persons who strenuously
contend for three distinct persons in the Trinity; and (in the modern ac­
ceptation of the word) do also hold, that ALL THREE constitute that ONE
Being, which we commonly call GOD. See DIMERITÆ, and First
CAUSE compared.

TRINITARIANS, an order of monks, who hold, that all their churches
ought to be dedicated to the Holy Trinity.

TRI’NITY, subst. [Trinitas, Lat. Trinité, Fr. Trimità, It. Trinidad, Sp.
drie-eenigheyt, Du. dreyeinigkeit, Ger. of ΤρΙΑΣ, Gr.] the incomprehen­
sible union of the three Divine Persons, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit:
The same as Triad; both words signify a threefold number, whether of
things or persons. See TRIAD, UNITY, CO-IMMENSE, and SUBORDI­
NATION in Divinity, with their respective references; above all, TE
DEUM, and read there, “The holy church, throughout all the world,
doth acknowledge THEE, the FATHER, of an INFINITE MAJESTY;
thine honourable, true, and only Son; also the Holy Ghost, the *“Who maketh his angels spirits, &c.” But not one of them
(says St. Eusebius) can be equalized to that spirit, who is stiled
the Comforter; ΔΙΟ, for which cause [observe his phraseology]
this [this Spirit] only is received within the Holy, and Thrice-
Blessed Trinity.” De Eccles. Theolog. Ed. Colon. p. 172. Tho',
p. 175. He says of this very Spirit, that he is, “ΕΝ ΤΩΝ ΔΙΑ ΤΕ ΝΙΕ
ΓΕΝΟΜΕΝΩΝ, one of those beings that came into existence thro' the
Son; and that this was the doctrine of the holy Catholic Church,
delivered in the sacred writings.” Comfor­
ter.”

TRINITY, the herb hart's-ease.

TRINITY-HOUSE, a kind of college at Debtford, pertaining to a com­
pany or corporation of ancient masters of ships, &c. who have a power,
by the king's charter, to take cognisance of all those who destroy sea­
marks, and redress their doings, and also to correct the faults of sailors,
&c. and to take care of several other matters belonging to navigation;
to examine young officers, &c.

TRINITY-SU’NDAY, the first sunday after Whitsunday.

TRI’NIUMGELD [thrini-dongild, Sax.] an ancient compensation for
crimes which were not absolved, but by paying a fine thrice three times
or nine times.

TRI’NKET, subst. [this Skinner derives somewhat harshly, from trin­
guet, Fr. trinchetto, It. a topsail. I, says Johnson, rather imagine it cor­
rupted from tricket, some petty finery or decoration] 1. A gew-gaw, a
toy, ornaments of dress, superfluities of decoration. 2. A play-thing,
a thing of no value, tackle, tool. Have storehouse for trinkets and tools.
Tusser. 3. [Sea term] the top-gallant, or highest sail of any mast in a
ship.

TRINO’CTIAL, adj. [trinoctialis, Lat.] pertaining to the space of three
nights.

TRINO’CTILE, adj. [with astrologers] an aspect or situation of two
planets, with regard to the earth, when they are three octaves or eight
parts of a circle distant from each other.

TRINO’DIA Necessitas, Lat. [in old customs] a three-fold imposition, to
which all lands were subject, in the time of the English Saxons, viz. to­
wards repairing of bridges, maintaining of castles, and repelling of in­
vading enemies.

TRINODIA Terrœ, Lat. [in old records] a quantity of land containing
three perches.

TRINO’MIAL, adj. [trinomius, Lat. of ΤρΙΩΝΝΜΟΣ, of ΤρΕΙΣ, three, and
ΟΝΟΜΑ, Gr. a name] that which has three names or denominations.

TRI’O, It. [in music] a part of a concert, where only three persons
sing, or a musical composition of three parts.

TRIO’BOLAR, adj. [triobolaris, Lat.] vile, mean, worthless. A trio­
bolar ballad. Cheyne.

TRIO’NES [in astronomy] a constellation of seven stars in Ursa Major,
commonly called Charles Wane.

TRI’OURS [in law] such persons as are chosen by a court of justice, to
examine whether a challenge made to any of the pannel of the jurymen
be just, or not.








TRIO’RCHUS, Lat. [of ΤρΙΟρχΗΣ, Gr.] a medlar with three kernels.

TRIO’CCUS, Lat. [with botanists] a kind of marygold, a sun-flower.

To TRIP, verb act. [treper, Fr. tripadiare, Lat. hence, trippen, Du.]
1. To supplant, to throw by striking the feet from the ground by a sud­
den motion. Trip'd me behind. Shakespeare. 2. To strike the feet
from under the body; with up. 3. To catch, to detect in general.
These women
Can trip me if I err. Shakespeare.

To TRIP, verb neut. 1. To fall by losing the hold of the feet. He
pretends sometimes to trip. Dryden. 2. To fail, to err, to be defi­
cient. It will trip and fail them. South. 3. To walk nimbly, to run
light upon the toes. 4. To stumble with the feet. 5. To faulter with
the tongue. His tongue trips. Locke. 6. To take a short voyage.

TRIP [with hunters] a herd or company of goats.

A-TRIP, [in sea language] as to bear the top-sails a-trip, is when a
ship carries them hoisted up to the highest.

TRIP, subst. [from the verb] 1. A short journey or voyage. I took
a trip to London, Pope. 2. A stroke or catch by which a wrestler
supplants his antagonist. Addison. 3. A stumble by which the hold of
the feet is lost. 4. A failure, a mistake. Dryden.

To TRIP one up, or To TRIP up one's Heels, to cause one to fall or
stumble backwards, by putting one's leg before his.

TRIPA’RTIENT, adj. [tripartiens, of tripartio, Lat.] dividing into three
parts, without leaving any remainder.

TRIPARTI’TE, adj. Fr. [tripartito, It. and Sp. tripartitus, of tripar­
tior, Lat.] divided into three parts, or made or done by three parties;
as, a tripartite deed, that made by three parties. Shakespeare.

TRIPARTI’TION, a dividing or parting into three parts, or the taking
the third part of any number or quantity.

TRIPE, subst. Fr. [trippa, It. tripa, Sp.] 1. The entrails or guts of a
cow or ox, cleansed and boiled fit for eating. 2. It is used in ludicrous
language for the human belly.

TRIPE’DAL, adj. [tripedalis, of tres and pes, Lat.] being three feet
in length, &c.

TRI’PERY, subst. [triperie, Fr.] a tripe house or market; also the
various sorts of tripe.

TRIPETALO’DES, Lat. [with botanists] deeply cut into three parts,
which seem to be three distinct leaves, but are all joined at the bot­
tom.

TRIPE’TALOUS, adj. [of tres, Lat. three, and ΠΕΤΑΛΟΝ, Gr. a leaf]
composed of three leaves; as in the phalangium ephemerum Virgini­
anum, &c.

TRIPETALOUS Flower [with botanists] is that which has three petals;
as in water plantane.

TRI’PHTHONG [triphthongue, Fr. tritongo, It. tres, Lat. three, and
φΘΟΓΓΗ, Gr.] a coalition of three vowels to form one sound; as, eye,
beau.

TRIPHTHO’NGUS, Lat. [ΤρΙφΘΟΓΓΟΣ, Gr.] the joining together of three
vowels; as, aou, eau, iau, iea, which is common with the French, and
sometimes used with the English, especially in those words they borrow
from the French; but never with the Latin.

TRI’PHYLLON, Lat. [ΤρΙφυΛΛΟΝ, Gr.] the herb trefoil.

TRIPHY’LLOS [in botanic writings] whose leaf consists of three
parts.

TRI’PLICATE, adj. [triplicato, It. triplicado, Sp. triplicatus, triplex,
Lat.] tripled, made thrice as much.

TRI’PLET, subst. [of treple] 1. Three of a kind. Swift. 2. Three
verses rhyming together; as,
Waller was smooth, but Dryden taught to join
The varying verse, the full resounding line,
The long majestic march and energy divine. Pope.

TRI’PLICATED, adj. [triplicato, It. triplicado, Sp. triplicatus, Lat.
treplé, Fr.] made or done three times.

To TRI’PLE, verb act. [triplicare, It. and Lat. tripler, Fr.] 1. To
make three-fold. His tripled unity. Dryden. 2. To make three times
the same quantity, to make thrice as many. His doubled and tripled
prayers. Hooker.

TRIPLE, adj. [triplex, triplus, Lat. triplé, Fr. ΤρΙΠΛΟυΣ, Gr.] 1. Three­
fold, consisting of three conjoined. 2. Three times repeated, treble.
The TRI’PLED coloured Bow, the rain-bow. Milton.

The TRIPLE Crown, the pope's tiara or crown.

The TRIPLE-Tree [in cant language] the gallows.

TRIPLICA’TION, subst. [of triplicate; triplicacion, Sp.] 1. The act
of making three-fold. 2. The act of trebbling or adding three together.
Glanville. 3. [In the civil law] is the same as surjoinder in the common
law.

TRIPLI’CITY, subst. [triplicità, It. triplicidad, Sp. triplicité Fr. tripli­
citas, Lat.] 1. The state or quality of that which is three-fold; treble­
ness. Bacon. 2. [With astrologers] the division of the signs according
to the number of the elements. See TRIGON.

TRI’PMADAM, subst. an herb used in falads. Mortimer.

TRI’POLA, It. [in music] a triple, one of the kinds of time or move­
ments, of which there are several.

TRIPO’LIUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb star-wort.

TRIPLOI’DES [of ΤρΙΠΛΟυΣ, Gr. three-fold] a surgeon's instrument with
a three-fold basis, used in operations where there has been a great de­
pression of the skull.

TRI’POLY, subst. the herb called turbith or blue camomile.

TRIPOLY [prob of ter & polio, Lat. i. e. to polish three times; if
not from the place whence it is brought] a stone finely powdered, used
in polishing.

TRI’POD, or TRIPOS, subst. [tripus, Lat. ΤρΙΠΟυΣ, of ΤρΕΙΣ, three, and ΠΟυΣ,
Gr. a foot] a three footed stool, on which a priestess of Apollo, at Del­
phos, used to fit, when she gave forth her oracles. See ORACLES.

TRIPOS [at Cambridge] the prævaricator at the university, the same
as terræ fiilius at Oxford.

TRI’PPANT, adj. Fr. [in heraldry] tripping.

TRI’PPER, subst. [of trip] 1. One who trips. 2. Quick, nimble.
Tripping ebb. Milton.

TRI’PPING, adj. [from trip] 1. Walking nimbly or lightly upon the
toes. 2. Stumbling with the feet. 3. Faltering with the tongue. See
To TRIP.

TRI’PPING, subst. [of trip] light dance. Milton.

TRI’PPINGLY, adv. [of tripping] with agility, with quick motion.
Shakespeare.

TRI’PTHONG [ΤρΙφΘΩΝΓΟΣ, Gr.] an assemblage or concourse of three
vowels in the same syllable; as, e, a, u. See TRIPHTHONG.

TRI’PTOTE [triptoton, Lat. of ΤρΙΠΤΩΤΟΝ, Gr.] a defective noun which
has but three cases.

TRIPU’DIARY, adj. [tripudium, Lat.] performed by dancing. Brown.

TRIPUDIA’TION, subst. [tripudium, Lat.] the act of dancing.

TRIPYRE’NOUS, adj. [in botanic writings] that has three seeds or ker­
nels, as berberis, alaternus, &c.

TRIRE’ME, subst. [triremis, Lat.] a galley having three ranks or
benches of oars on a side.

TRISACRAMENTA’LES, those who admit of three sacraments in the
Christian religion, and no more.

TRISA’GIUM, Lat. [ΤρΙΣΑΓΙΟΝ, of ΤρΙΣ, thrice, and ΑΓΙΟΣ, Gr. holy] the
name of a particular hymn used in the Greek church, where the word
ΑΓΙΟΣ is repeated three times.

To TRISE, verb act. [in sea-language] to hale up any thing by a
dead rope, that is, a rope that does not run in a pulley.

TRISE’CTION, subst. [of tres, three, and sectio, Lat.] a division of a
thing into three equal parts. The trisection of an angle is one of the de­
siderata of geometry.

TRISMEGI’STUS [ΤρΙΣΜΕΓΙΣΤΟΣ, i. e. thrice greatest, so called, because
he was the greatest philosopher, the chiefest priest, and most prudent
prince] a ruler in Egypt in the time of Moses and Pharaoh, who is said
to have invented characters to write by; not letters, but certain shapes
and postures of beasts, trees, &c. whereby, in brief, they might ex­
press their minds; which characters are called hieroglyphics. Some
Jews are of opinion, that Moses was the man so called, and that those
broken relations are but the heathen report of him.

TRI’SMUS, or TRI’GMUS, Lat. [of ΤρΙζΩ, Gr.] the grinding of the
teeth, or the convulsion of the muscles of the temples, which causes an
involuntary gnashing of the teeth.

TRISOLYMPIO’NICES, Lat. [of ΤρΙΣ and ΟΛυΜΠΙΟΝΙχΗΣ, Gr.] a person
who had three times bore away the prize at the Olympic games.

TRI’SPAST, subst. [ΤρΙΣΠΑΣΤΟΣ, Gr.] an engine that consists of three
pullies.

TRISPE’RMOS, Lat. [in botanic writings] bearing three seeds, as na­
sturtium indicum.

TRISPHE’RICAL, adj. [of tres and sphera, Lat.] composed of three
spheres.

TRISSA’CO, Lat. [ΤρΙΣΑΓΙΟΝ, Gr.] the herb germander.

TRI’STFUL, adj. [tristus, Lat.] melancholy, gloomy. A bad word.
Shakespeare.

TRI’STA [in old records] a station or post in hunting.

TRI’STAL, or TRI’STRIL, Lat. [in old records] an immunity or pri­
vilege, whereby a man was freed from his attendance on a lord of a fo­
rest, when he went a hunting, so as not to be obliged to hold a dog,
follow the chace, or stand at a place appointed.

TRI’SULE, subst. [trisulcus, Lat.] a thing of three points. Jupiter's
trisule. Brown.

TRISTI’SONOUS, adj. [tristisonus, Lat.] sounding sorrowfully.

TRISYLLA’BICAL, adj. [tresyllabé, Fr.] consisting of, or pertaining
to a trisyllable.

TRISY’LLABLE [trisyllaba, Lat. ΤρΝΣυΛΛΑβΟΣΤ, Gr.] a word consisting
of three syllables.

TRITÆOPHY’E,, or TRITÆ’US, Lat. ΤρΙΤΑΙΑ, Gr.] an ague that comes
every third day, a tertian.

TRITE, adj. [trito, It. and Sp. tritus, Lat.] worn out, stale, thread­
bare, common, not new.

TRI’TENESS, subst. [of trite] commonness, staleness.

TRI’THEISM, subst [of ΤρΕΙΣ, three, and ΘΕΟΣ, Gr. God] the doctrine
or belief of three absolutely supreme and coequal rulers of the universe.
“If a person baptised by hereticks, (says St. Cyprian) obtains remission
of sins, and becomes the temple of God, quœro, CUJUS DEI? i. e. I
ask, of WHAT GOD? If you reply, of the Creator, [meaning the First
Cause and Maker of all things;] it cannot be; because he has not be­
lieved in Him: if of Christ; neither can he become his temple, who
denies the Lord Christ: if of the Holy Spirit; how can He [i. e. the
Holy Spirit] be reconciled to that man, who is an enemy either of the
Father or of the son”? Cyp. ad Jubaian Ed. Erasm. p. 321. From this
phraseology of St. Cyprian, it is most apparent, that he judged each of
these three divine persons to be a God. And yet St. Cyprian was no
Tritheist: because he does most uniformly throughout this whole tract,
and indeed in all his writings, maintain, that only ONE of the three is
the Supreme Lord and Governor of all; but one, who is (absolutely speak­
ing) OMNIUM DEUS, God over all, not his first and greatest production
excepted, p. 176, 177, 323, &c. But if the reader would see more of
St. Cyprian, or rather of all antiquity on this head; he may consult the
words GOD, DEITY, SUPREMACY, MARCIONISTS, DITHEISM, and
Subordination in DIVINITY compared.

TRITHE’IST, one who maintains the doctrine of Tritheism. See TRI­
THEISM, and SUBSCRIPTION in Divinity compared. See also THEIST,
and instead of that most preposterous account there given, read, one
who professes the belief of a God, or of natural religion. “To be­
lieve every thing is governed, ordered, or regulated for the best by a
designing principle or mind, is to be a perfect Theist.” Shafisbury's
Characteristics, vol. II, p. 11.

TRITHE’ITES [ΤρΙΘΕΙΤΑΙ, Gr.] those who hold the opinions called
Tritheism. See DITHEISM and SUBSCRIPTION.

TRI’TIANA Brassaca, Lat. a kind of large coleworts.

TRI’TON [according to the poets] the son of Neptune and the nymph
Calais; Neptune's trumpeter, whom they feign to have been a man
upwards, as far as to the middle, a dolphin below, and his fore-feet like
those of a horse, and two circular tails.

TRI’TON, a vane or weather-cock.

TRI’TONE [in music] a false concord consisting of three tones, or a
greater third and a greater tone.

TRI’TURABLE, adj. Fr. [from triturate] that may be triturated.

TRITURA’TION, subst. Fr. [trituro, Lat.] 1. [In pharmacy] the act
of beating or pounding in a mortar, the reduction of any substance to
powder upon a stone with a muller, as colours are ground; levigation.
Brown. 2. [In physic] the action of the stomach on the food, as being
supposed to act by grinding; but our later and more correct anatomists
have found out other causes of far greater efficacy to digestion, than mere
muscular contraction. “Even common currant berries, says Monroe,







cannot be broke by this pressure; its little pellicle passes entire”. And
in an idiot's stomach were found, brass, iron nails, &c. the iron a little
rusty and tending to dissolution; but not one bit of the stomach hurt by
the sharp points of the nails. Phil. Trans.

TRI’VET, subst. See TREVET.

TRI’VIAL, adj. Fr. [triviale, It of trivialis, Lat.] 1. Vile, vulgar,
such as may be picked up in the highway. 2. Light, inconsiderable,
trifling: this is more frequent, tho' less just.

TRI’VIALLY, adv. [of trivial] 1. Commonly, vulgarly. 2. Tri­
flingly, insignificantly.

TRI’VIALNESS [of trivial] 1. Commonness, vulgarity. 2. Insignifi­
cantness, lightness.

To TRI’UMPH, verb neut. [triomfer, Fr. trionfare, It. triumfar, Sp.
of triumpho, Lat.] 1. To make a solemn and pompous entry, on account
of a victory or some noble atchievement; to rejoice for victory: Dry­
den accents it on the second syllable. 2. To obtain victory, to subdue
or get the mastery over one's passions, or any thing else: with over.
Over whom he had sufficiently triumphed. Knolles. 3. To glory or
take pride in, to insult upon an advantage gained.

TRI’UMPH, subst. [triomfe, Fr. trionfo, It. triumfo, Sp. of triumphus,
Lat.] 1. A solemn pomp or public show at the return of a victorious
general from the wars. 2. State of being victorious. In triumph if­
suing. Milton. 3. Conquest; a victory. Arcs of triumph. Pope. 4.
Joy for success. Great triumph and rejoicing was in heaven. Milton.
5. A conquering card, one of the same sute with that turned up at whist,
now called trump. See TRUMP.

TRIUMPH was the highest honour the Romans granted their generals,
to encourage them to serve their country with the utmost bravery.
They were mounted on a chariot glittering with gold and adorned
with precious stones, themselves armed cap-a-pee, holding a general's
staff in their hand, resting on their thigh, and the triumphal crown, or
garland, on their head; the chariot drawn by the finest horses that could
be had; and sometimes by lions, as that of Mark Antony; or by ele­
phants, as that of Pompey, when he triumphed over Afric.
Kings, princes, generals of armies and other captive commanders,
chained two and two, their hands bound behind their backs, and hang­
ing down their heads, following the triumphal chariot.
Attended by the Roman cohorts and legions richly adorned, abun­
dance of trophies lying at their feet; as crowns of gold, costly vessels
full of gold and silver medals, arms and colours of the vanquished, or
conquered nations.

TRIU’MPHAL, adj. [triumphalis, Lat. triomfal, Fr. trionfale, It. tri­
umfal, Sp.] pertaining to a triumph, used in celebrating a triumph or
victory.

TRIU’MPHAL Crown [among the Romans] was a garland of laurel,
granted to be worn by generals that had vanquished their enemies; and
on that account, to whom the senate granted a triumph.

TRIUMPHA’LIS, Lat. a name given Hercules.

TRIU’MPHAL, subst. [triumphalia, Lat. triumphal ornaments] a to­
ken of victory: not in use. Milton.

TRIU’MPHANT, adj. [triomfant, Fr. trionfante, It. triumfante, Sp.
triumphans, Lat.] 1. Triumphing, celebrating a victory. 2. Rejoicing
as for victory. 3. Victorious, graced with conquests. Intends to pass
triumphant. Milton.

TRIU’MPHANTLY, adv. [of triumphant] 1. With triumph, joyfully,
as for a victory, in token of victory. 2. Victoriously, with success.
Triumphantly tread on thy country's ruin. Shakespeare. 3. With inso­
lent exultation.

TRIU’MPHER, subst. [of triumph] he that triumphs. Shakespeare.

TRI’UMPHING, part. pass. [of triumph; triumphans, Lat. trionfant,
Fr.] making a triumphant procession, also glorying. See To TRI­
UMPH.

TRIU’MVIR, subst. Fr. It. Sp. of Lat. one of the three magistrates of
the triumvirate, who governed the Roman empire with equal authority,
and in conjunction called triumviri.

TRIU’MVIRATE, subst. [triumvirat, Fr. triumvirato, It. triumviral
Sp. of triumviratus, Lat.] the government of the triumviri, wherein
three great men shared the sovereign power of the Romans; as that of
Augustus, Marcus Antonius, and Lepidus.

TRIU’NE, adj. [q. d. tres in uno, Lat. i. e. three in one] a term by
some applied to God, to signify the unity of the god-head in a trinity of
persons. A triune deity. Burnet.

TRIXA’GO, Lat. [with botanists] a kind of vervain.


TRO

To TROAT, verb neut. [with hunters] to cry, as a buck does at rut­
ting-time.

TROCHA’IC, adj. [ΤρΟχΑΙχΟΣ, belonging to a trochœus] 1. Consisting
of the foot so called; as, trochaic verse, i. e. a verse consisting of the
foot trochœus: or, 2d. Simply belonging to that foot. Thus the Scho­
liast on Sophoc Ajax, v. 930, informs us, “that the Atticks, when using
the Greek word [ΑρΑ, ara] by way of question, write it after the trochaic
manner; but when used as a conjuctive, they write it indifferently, some­
times after the trochaic, and somtimes after the pyrrichian manner.” Ap­
pendix ad. Thesaur. H. Steph. Constantin, &c. See TROCHÆUS and
PYRRICHIUS.

TRO’CAR, subst. [corrupted from trois quart, Fr. in surgery] a pipe
made of metal, silver, or steel, with a sharp-pointed end, used in tap­
ping dropsical persons.

TROCHA’NTERS [ΤρΟχΑΝΤΗρΕΣ, Gr.] two processes in the upper part of
the thigh-bone, otherwise called rotator major & minor, in which the
tendons of many muscles terminate.

TROCHA’ICAL [trochaique, Fr. trochaicus, Lat.] consisting of trochees.
See TROCHA’IC.

TROCHEE, subst. [trocheé Fr. trochœus, in Latin poetry; ΤρΟχΑΙΟΣ, Gr.]
a foot which consists of two syllables, the first long and the other short.
It is the reverse of the jambic, and styl'd by Longinus, in his treatise of the
Sublime, ΜΕΤρΟΝ ΟρχΗΣΤρΙχΟΝ, i. e. the dancing measure. And would the
reader perceive what different effects these opposite numbers have on the
ear, he need only compare that couplet of Dryden, which consists of the
trochaic foot,
Softly sweet, in Lydian measures,
Soon he sooth'd his soul to pleasures—
with that line of Milton, which consists of the jambic,
He call'd so loud, that all the hollow deep
Of hell resounded——
See JAMBIC, PYRRICHIUS, TRIBRACHYS, and BLANK Verse com­
pared.

TRO’CHILUS, or TRO’CHILE [ΤρΟχΙΛΟΣ, or ΝρΟχΙΛΗΣ, Gr.] that hollow,
ring, or cavity, that surrounds a column next to the tore, commonly
called the casemate, and oftentimes the scotia, on account of its shady,
dark appearance.

TROCHI’LICE, or TROCHI’LICS, subst. [of ΤρΟχΙΛΙΟΝ, of ΤρΟχΟΣ, Gr. a
wheel] the art of wheel-work, or a mechanical science which demon­
strates the properties of all circular motions. Trochilics, or the art of
wheel instruments. Wilkins.

TRO’CHINGS, subst. [with hunters] the small branches on the top of a
deer's head.

TRO’CHISCS, subst [trochisque, Fr. trocischo, It. trochisco, Sp. trochis­
cus, Lat. ΤρΟχΙΣχΟΣ, Gr.] a kind of tablet or lozenge made out of a soft
paste, and then dried, to be held in the mouth to melt there. Trochises
of vipers. Bacon.

TROCHI’TÆ, Lat. a sort of figured fossil stones, resembling plants,
vulgarly called St. Cuthbert's-beard.

TRO’CHLEA, Lat. [of ΤρΟχΟΣ, of ΤρΕχΩ, Gr. to run] one of the six me­
chanical powers, commonly called the pulley.

TROCHLEA’RES, Lat. [with anatomists] the oblique muscles of the
eye, so named because they serve to pull the eye obliquely upwards or
downwards, as if turned like a pulley.

TRO’CHUS [of ΤρΟχΟΣ, of ΤρΕχΩ, Gr. to run round] 1. A wheel. 2.
A small round lump of any thing.

TROCHOI’D [with geometricians] a figure made by the upper end of
the diameter of a circle, turned about a right line.

TROCHO’LICS [of ΤρΟχΟΣ, Gr. a wheel] the art of wheel-work, or a
mathematical science that demonstrates the properties of all circular mo­
tion.

TRODE [of tredan, Sax.] the preterite of tread. See To TREAD.

TRODE, subst. [from trode, pret. of tread] footing. Obsolete. Spen­
ser.

TROD, or TRO’DDEN, part. pass. of tread,

TRO’GLODITE, subst. [ΤρΩΓΛΟΔυΤΗΣ, Gr.] 1. One who inhabits caves of
the earth. Arbuthnot and Pope. 2. A little bird, a wren, a hedge
sparrow.

TROGLO’DITES [of ΤρΩΓΛΟΔυΝΩ, of ΤρΩΓΛΗ, a cave, and ΔυΝΩ, to pene­
trate] a people of Ethiopia, who are said to have lived in caves under
ground.

TRO’JAN, adj. belonging to the state or city of Troy.

TROJAN War. The right adjusting the ÆRA of the taking of Troy
is of great importance in chronology; Jackson, in his Chronologic Anti­
quities, vol. III. p. 332. says, “from what has been observed we may
with great exactness fix the famous æra of the destruction of Troy to the
year before Christ 1183, which was the computation of Eratosthenes and
others; or to the proceeding year 1184, which was the computation of
Apollodorus, the learned Athenian chronologer, and others.” But Sir
Isaac Newton brings it somewhat lower down, and places it about the
year 904 before Christ. We have already assigned his reasons in part
for so considerable a variation, under the word chronology; and shall
now subjoin something which has occured to me in the course of my
reading, and which seems to favour his opinion; Plutarch [in his life
of Cimon] observes, that he removed the bones of Theseus from the
isle of Scyros to Athens about four hundred years after Theseus first left
that country. Now this fact of Cimon's [by comparing Plutarch and
Petavius, Ration. p. 88, together] may be placed about the year 471
before Christ; and Theseus (as is *Nestor, in the first book of the Iliad, tells us, that he had con­
versed with Theseus in his younger days; and in the 12th book
we find Polypoetes, the son of his good friend Pirithoüs, signali­
zing him self in the action. Iliad, lib. 12. v. 128, 129, 182. well known) flourished in the age
preceding the Trojan war. But see CHRONOLOGY and DISK com­
pared.

To TROLL, verb act. [trollen, Du. to roll; perhaps from trochea,
Lat. a thing to turn round. Johnson] to move circularly, to drive
about. Troll about the bridal bowl. Shakespeare.

To TROLL, verb neut. 1. To roll, to run round. 2. To ramble up
and down idly. To troll it in a coach. Swift. 3. To fish for a pike
towards the bottom, with a rod whose line runs on a reel or pulley;
which I suppose, says Johnson, gives occasion to the term.

TROLL-Flower, a flower otherwise called crow-foot or butter-flower.

TROLL-Madam, subst. [trou madame, Fr.] a game usually called pi­
geon-holes.

TRO’LLOP, subst. a slattern, a loose woman careless in dress.

TRO’LMADAME, or TROU’-MADAM, subst. [of this word I know not
the meaning] A fellow I have known to go about with trolmadames.
Shakespeare.

TRO’MA, Lat. [ΤρΩΜΑ, Gr.] a wound proceeding from any outward
cause.

TROMO’ESIS, or TRO’MOS, Lat [ΤρΟΜΟΣ, Gr.] a trembling, or depra­
vation of the voluntary motion of the senses.

TRO’NAGE, subst. [of trona, old Eng. a beam to weight with] an an­
tient custom or toll taken for the weighing of wool; also the act of
weighing wool in a publick market.

TRO’NATOR, an officer, who in former times weighed the wool that
was brought into the city of London.

TRONCONNEE’ [in heraldry] signifies a cross or some other thing cut
in pieces; yet so, that all the pieces are so placed, as to keep up the
form, tho' set at a small distance one from the other.

TRONE-Weight, troy-weight. O.

TROOP [troupe, Fr. truppa, It. tropa, Sp. troope, Du. trop, Su. troppa,
low Lat.] a noun collective, which signifies; 1. Several persons gather­
ed together or going in a company. 2. A body of soldiers: in this sense
only used in the plural. See TROOPS. 3. A small body of cavalry; as,
a troop of horse, a small body of horse under the command of a cap­
tain.

Independent TROOP, a troop that is not imbodied into or joined to any
regiment.

To TROOP, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To march in a body. 2.
To march in company.
All the large effects,
That troop with majesty. Shakespeare.

To TROOP away, To TROOP off, or To TROOP up, to get away, to
march off hastily.

To TROOP together [s'attrouper, Fr.] to assemble or go together in
troops or multitudes.








TROO’PER, subst. [of troop] a horse soldier. A trooper fights only
on horse-back; a dragoon marches on horse-back, but fights either as a
horseman or footman.

TROOPS [troupes, Fr. truppe, It.] soldiers in general, under whatever
denomination.

TROP, THORP, or THROP [of troppe, throppe, Sax. dorp, Du. and
L. Ger. dorff, H. Ger. a village] at the end of proper names of places,
denotes a village; as Cracanthorp.

TROPE, subst. Fr. [tropo, It. and Sp. tropus, Lat. ΤρΟΠΟΣ, ΤρΕΠΩ, Gr.
to turn; in rhetoric] a change of a word from its original signification.
A trope is included in a single word, ahd a figure in a sentence. A trope
signifies the thing to which it is applied, only on account of the con­
nection and relation it has to that whose proper name it is; or it is, when
a word is transferred from a thing, which it signifies properly, to some­
thing else. And tho' we may reckon as many sorts of tropes, as we
can denote different relations, yet rhetoricians have established but a few;
as, metonomy, synechdoche, metanomasia, a metaphor, an allegory, a litotes,
an hyperbole, an irony and catachresis. See SIMILE.

TRO’PHIED, adj. [of trophy] adorned with trophies.

TRO’PITES [of ΤρΕΠΩ, Gr. to turn] a sect who maintained that the
word was made flesh or man.

TRO’PHY [topæum, tropheum, Lat. trophée, Fr. trofeo, It. and Sp. ΤρΟ­
ΠΑΙΟΝ, of ΤρΟΠΗ, of ΤρΕΠΩ, Gr. to turn, which signifies the flight of ene­
mies] an enemy's spoils shewn or hung up as a token of victory.

TROPHY [in painting, carving, &c.] the representation of pikes,
halberts, drums, colours, croslets, and other weapons and instruments
of war.

TROPHY [in architecture] an ornament representing the trunk of a
tree, charged or encompassed all round about with arms or military wea­
pons, both offensive and defensive.

TROPHY-Money, a duty of four-pence, paid annually by house­
keepers, or their landlords, for the drums, colours, &c. of the com­
panies or regiments of militia.

TRO’PICAL, adj. [of trope; ΤρΟΠΙχΟΣ, Gr.] 1. Rhetorically changed
from the original meaning, relating to a trope. 2. [From tropic] pla­
ced near the tropic, pertaining to the tropics.

TRO’PICI Morbi, Lat. such diseases as those inhabitants are most liable
to, who live under the tropics.

TRO’PIC, subst. [tripique, Fr. tropico, It. and Sp. tropicus, Lat. ΤρΟΠΙ­
χΟΣ, scil. χυχΛΟΣ, of ΤρΕΠΩ, Gr. to turn] a circle supposed to be drawn
parallel to the equinoctial, at 23° 30′ from it; of which there are two,
one towards the north, which is called the tropic of Cancer, which, when
the sun comes to about the 22d of June, he makes our longest day;
and the other towards the south, which is called the tropic of Capricorn,
to which the sun arriving on the 21st of December, makes our shortest
day. See HELIOTROPE.

TRO’PISTS, subst. [of trope] such as explain the scripture altogether
by tropes and figures.

TROPOLO’GICAL, adj. [tropologique, Fr. tropologico, It. and Sp. of tro­
pologicus, Lat. ΤρΟΠΟΛΟΓΙχΟΣ, of ΤρΟΠΟΣ, a trope, and ΛΟΓΟΣ, Gr. a word or
speech] pertaining to tropology, changed from the original import of the
words.

TROPOLO’GICALLY, adv. [of tropological] with variation by tropes,
in a tropological manner.

TROPO’LOGY [tropologia, Lat. ΤρΟΠΟΛΟΓΙΑ, of ΤρΕΠΩ, Gr. to turn] a rhe­
torical mode of speech, including tropes; the change of a word from its
original meaning. Brown.

TROPOSCHEMATO’LOGY, subst. [of ΤρΟΠΟΣ, a manner, ΣχΗΜΑ, a scheme,
and ΛΕΓΩ, Gr. to treat of] a treatise or discourse of the method of draw­
ing schemes.

TRO’SSERS, subst. [trousses, Fr.] breeches, hose. See TROUSE.
Shakespeare.

To TROT, verb neut. [trotter, aller le trot, Fr. trottare, trotar, Sp.
trotten, Du.] to go a high jolting pace, as a horse; also to run up and
down; to walk fast. In a ludicrous or contemptuous sense.

TROT, subst. Fr. [trotto, It. trote, Sp.] 1. [With horsemen] is the
high jolting pace or going of a horse, in which the motion is two legs in
the air, and two upon the ground, cross-wise; continuing alternately
to raise at once the hind-leg of one side, and fore-leg of the other; leav­
ing the other hind and fore-leg upon the ground till the former come
down. 2. An old woman; in contempt.

TROT-Town, a gadder, a vagabond.

TROTH, subst. [trouth, O. English and Scottish, treowthe, Sax.] truth,
fidelity, faith.

In (or by my) TROTH, verily. Addison.

TRO’THLESS, adj. [of troth] faithless, treacherous. Fairfax.

TROTH-PLIGHT, adj. [of troth and plight] betrothed, affianced.
Shakespeare.

TRO’TTER [troteur, O. Fr. trottatore, It. trotador, Sp.] 1. A trotting
horse. 2. A sheep's foot; in cant language.

To TROU’BLE, verb act. [troubler, Fr. tribolare, It. tribular, Sp. tur­
bare, Lat.] 1. To cause pain or uneasiness to, to distress. Sore troubled
in mind. 1 Maccabees. 2. To embroil, to put into confusion, to disturb,
to perplex. Never trouble yourself about those faults. Locke. 3. To
afflict, to grieve. It would not trouble me to be slain for thee. Sidney.
4. To busy, to engage over-much. Careful and troubled about many
things. 5. To give occasion of labour to: a word of civility or slight
regard. I will not trouble myself to prove. Locke. 6. To teize, to vex.
7. To disorder. 8. To make waters thick or muddy by agitation or
commotion. 9. To mind with anxiety. 10. [In low language] To
sue for a debt; as, my landlord threatens to trouble me.

TROU’BLE, subst. Fr. [tribolo, It. tribulo, Sp. turbatio, Lat.] 1. Per­
plexity, embarrassment, disturbance, disquietness, embroilment of mind,
on account of some cross accident, misfortune, &c. 2. Inconvenience,
molestation, obstruction. Some new trouble raise. Milton. 3. Pain,
uneasiness, vexation. 4. Affliction, calamity. Toil and trouble. Shake­
speare. 5. [In low language] to give one trouble; to sue one for a
debt.

TRO’UBLER, subst. [of trouble] one that causes trouble, disturber,
confounder. The great troubler of our peace. Atterbury.

TROU’BLESOME, adj. [of trouble] 1. Troubling, perplexing, disturb­
ing, uneasy, afflictive. 2. Wearisome, burthensome. 3. Full of teazing
business. So troublesome an idleness. B. Johnson. 4. Slightly harrassing.
These troublesome disguises. Milton. 5. Improperly importuning, un­
seasonably engaging. Her to see should be but troublesome. Spenser.
6. Importune, teazing.

TROU’BLESOMELY, adv. [of troublesome] vexatiously, wearisomely,
unseasonably, importunately. Locke.

TROU’BLESOMENESS, subst. [of troublesome] 1. A troublesome quality,
vexatiousness, uneasiness. Troublesomeness of the place. Bacon. 2.
Importunity, unseasonableness.

TROU’BLE-STATE, subst. [of trouble and state] disturber of a commu­
nity, publick makebate. Daniel Civil War.

TROU’BLOUS, adj. [of trouble] tumultuous, confused, disordered,
put into commotion: an elegant word, but disused. Troublous wind.
Spenser.

TRO’VER [of trouver, Fr. to find; in the common law] an action a
man hath against one, who, having found any of his goods, refuses to
deliver them upon demand. Cowel.

TROUGH [trog, or troh, Sax. trog, Su and Ger. rroeh, Du. trou,
Dan. troug, Islan. truogo, It.] a hollow wooden vessel, open longitudi­
nally on the upper-side; as a hog-trough, kneading-trough, &c.

TROUGH of the Sea [sea language] the hollow made between any two
waves in a rolling sea; as, the ship lies down in the trough of the sea, i. e.
she lies down between two waves.

To TROUL, verb act. [trollen, Du. to roll] 1. To move volubly.
To troul the tongue. Milton. 2. To utter volubly. Will you troul the
catch. Shakespeare. See TROLL.

To TROUNCE, verb act. [trontor, tronson, Fr. a club. Skinner] to sue
at law, to punish by an indictment or information.

TROUSE, or TROU’SERS, subst. [trousse, Fr. truish, Erse. See TROUS­
SERS.] hose, breeches. Spenser.

TROU’SEQUEVE, subst. [trousse, Fr. with horsemen] a large case of
leather as long as the dock of a horse's tail, which serves for a covering
for the tails of leaping horses.

TROU’SSIQUIN [with horsemen] a piece of wood cut archwise, raised
above the hinder-bow of a great saddle, which serves to keep the bolsters
tight.

TROUT [trut, truht, Sax. truite, Fr. trota, It. trocta, truta, trut­
ta, Lat. trucha, Sp. truita, Port.] a sort of delicate spotted fish, in brooks
and quick streams.

Salmon-TROUT, a larger sort of trouts, the brood of salmon.

TROUT-Coloured [spoken of horses] is white speckled with spots of
black, bay, or sorrel, particularly about the head and neck.

To TROW, verb neut. [of truwian, treothian, Sax. troe, Dan. trou­
wen, Du. trouen, Ger.] to imagine, to think, to conceive; a word
now disused, and rarely used in ancient writings but in familiar lan­
guage.

TROW, interj. for I trow, or trow you; an exclamation of enquiry.
Shakespeare.

TROU’BRIDGE, a market-town of Wilts, near 99 measured miles from
London, and has a stone bridge over the river Were.

TRO’WEL [truweel, Du. trulla, Lat. truelle, Fr.] a bricklayer's tool
to take up mortar with and spread it on the bricks; with which also they
cut the bricks to such lengths as they have occasion, and also stop the
joints. Moxon.

To TROWL Away [prob. of troller, O. Fr. or dwaalen, Du.] to rove
or wander about.

TRO’WLING [of trollet, Fr.] moving or wandering about.

TROY-Weight [of Troyes, a city of Champaigne in France] a weight
of 12 ounces to the pound, 20 pennyweights to the ounce, and 24
grains to the pennyweight; for weighing of gold, silver, and bread.
The English physicians make use of troy-weight after the manner fol­
lowing; 20 grains = a scruple, 3 scruples = a drachm, 8 drachms
= an ounce, 12 ounces = a pound. The Romans left their ounce in
Britain, now our averdupois ounce; for our troy ounce we had else­
where. Arbuthnot.


TRU

TRU’ANT, subst. [truando, Fr. treuwant, Du. a vagabond] an idler,
a loiterer, one who wanders about idly, neglecting his duty or employ­
ment, a sturdy beggar; thence it is used for one that absents himself
from school.

To Play the TRUANT, is, in schools, to stay from school without
leave.

TRUANT, adj. idle, loitering, wandering from business. Dryden.

To TRUANT, verb neut. [of truander, Fr. to beg about a country,
trowandten, Du. and O. Ger.] to loiter about, to idle at a distance from
duty; to absent from school. Shakespeare.

TRU’ANTDISE, subst. Fr. the act of truanting, or playing truant.
In Chaucer, truandise is beggery.

TRU’ANTSHIP, subst. [trualte, O. Fr. from truant. See TRUANDISE]
idleness, neglect of study or business. Ascham.

TRUBS, subst. a kind of herb.

TRUCE, subst. [treve, Fr. tereves, Du. truga, low Lat. tregua, It. and
Sp. trew, Teut. trouw, Du. trow, L. Ger. treu, H. Ger. faith] 1. A
cessation of arms agreed upon for a time, between two parties in a state
of war, a temporary peace. 2. Cessation, intermission, short quiet in
general. Truce to his restless thoughts. Milton.

TRUCIDA’TION, subst. [trucido, Lat.] the act of killing or murder­
ing.

TRO’UCHMAN, subst. [troucheman, Fr.] an interpreter to a traveller,
a linguist.

TRUCK [troc, Fr. truéco, Sp.] 1. Exchange, bartering of one thing
for another. 2. [ΤρΟχΟΣ, Gr.] wooden wheels for the carriage of can­
non.

To TRUCK, verb act. [troquer, Fr.] trocar, Sp. to barter or exchange
one commodity for another.

TRUCK [in a ship] a square piece of wood on the top of a mast, to
put a flag-staff in.

TRU’CKLE-Bed [of trochea, Lat. a pulley or wheel] a low bed with
wheels to run under another bed.

To TRUCKLE, verb neut. [of trochlea, Lat. of ΤρΟχΙΛΟΝ, Gr. as some
conjecture, or rather of truggelen, Du. to go a begging. This word is,
I believe, says Johnson, from truckle-bed, which is always under an­
other bed] to submit, yield, or buckle to, to be in a state of inferiority
or subjection.

TRU’CKING, part act. [of truck; troquant, of troquer, Fr.] bartering
or exchanging.

TRUCKS [trucca, It. prob. of ΤρΟχΟΣ, Gr.] an Italian game, a kind
of billiards.

TRUCKS [in gunnery] round pieces of wood, like wheels, fixed on the
axle-trees of carriages, to move the ordnance at sea.








TO TRUDGE, verb neut. [of truggiolare, as Skinner supposes] to trot
up and down, to toil and moil about a business, to travel laboriously.

TRU’DMOULDY, or TRU’GMOULDY, subst. a dirty drab, a nasty slat­
ternly woman. A cant word.

TRU’CULENCE, or TRU’CULENTNESS, subst. [truculentia, Lat.] 1.
Cruelty, savageness of manners. 2. Sternness, terribleness of aspect.

TRU’CULENT, adj. [truculentus, Lat.] 1. Having a cruel or fierce look.
2. Barbarous, having a savage disposition. Ray. 3. Destructive, cruel.
Truculent plagues. Harvey.

TRUE, adj. [triwe, treowe or trua, Sax. troe, tro, Dan. tro, Su.
trouw, Du. trow, L. Ger. treu, H. Ger. triwo, Teut.] 1. Genuine, un­
feigned, not counterfeit. What harmony or true delight. Milton. 2.
Trusty, faithful. not persidious, steady. True to the party. Temple. 3.
Truly conformable to a rule, exact, correct. They had made things
more regularly true. Dryden. 4. Not false, not erroneous, agreeing
with fact or the nature of things. If the rest be true which I have heard.
Shakespeare. 5. Not false, agreeing with our thoughts. 6. Pure from
the crime of falshood, veracious. 7. Honest, not fraudulent. The
thieves have bound the true man. Shakespeare. 8. Rightful.
The true
Anointed King, Messiah. Milton.

TRU’EBORN, adj. [of true and born] having a right by birth.

TRU’EBRED, adj. [of true and bred] that is of a right breed.

TRU’E-HEARTED, adj. [treow-hartig, Sax. trow-herrigh, Du. and
L. Ger. treu-hertzig, H. Ger.] sincere, honest, faithful.

TRUE-HEARTEDNESS, subst. [of true-hearted] faithfulness, sincerity.

TRU’ELOVE, subst. the herb, called also herb à Paris.

TRUELOVE-KNOT, or TRUELOVER'S-KNOT, subst. [of true, love or
lover, and knot] lines drawn through each other in many involutions,
considered as the emblem of interwoven love.

TRU’ENESS, subst. [of true] faithfulness, trustiness, sincerity. Bacon.

TRU’EPENNY, subst. [of true and penny] a familiar phrase for an ho­
nest fellow. Shakespeare.

TRUEPENNY [Mer. Casaub. derives it of ΛρυΠΑΝΟΝ, Gr. a crafty fellow
a name given by way of taunt to some sorry fellow, &c. as, an old true­
penny. Art thou there, truepenny. Shakespeare.

TRUE Place of a Planet [in astronomy] a place of the heavens shown
by a right line, drawn from the centre of the earth thro' the centre of a
planet or star.

TRU’FFLES, subst. [trufle, truffe, Fr.] a kind of vegetable productions,
not unlike mushrooms, covered with a blackish skin, without stalk or
root, and growing within the ground. In July, the usual method for
the finding of truffles, or subterraneous mushrooms, called by the Italians
tartufali, and in Latin tubera terræ, is by tying a cord to the hind leg of
a pig, and driving him, observing where he begins to root. Ray.

TRUGG, subst. a mason's hod or trough for mortar.

TRULL, subst. [trulla, It. a fart. Mer. Casaub.] 1. A sorry baggage,
a pitiful wench, a camp whore, a vagrant, a strumpet. Some suburb
trull. Swift. 2. It seems to have had first, at least, a neutral sense. A
girl, a lass, a wench. A white-hair'd trull. Turburville.

TRULLIZA’TION, subst. [in ancient architecture] all kinds of couches
or layers of mortar wrought with the trowel in the inside of vaults; or
the hatches made on the layers of mortar, to retain the lining of the
striæ.

TRU’LY, adv. [of true; trowlice, Sax. trowlick, Du. trowlig, L. Ger.
treulich, H. Ger.] 1. In truth, sincerely, not falsely, faithfully. Things
most truly are most behoovefully spoken. Hooker. 2. Really, without de­
ceit or fallacy. 3. Exactly, justly. Judging of things truly. South. 4.
Indeed.

TRUMP, subst. [trompe, Du. trompe, Fr. tromba, It.] 1. A trumpet,
an instrument of martial music. Commonly used in poetry. 2. [Corrup­
ted from triumph] Latimer, in a Christmas, exhibited a game at cards,
and made the ace of harts triumph. Fox. 3. [Trionfe, Fr. trionfo, It.] a
winning or victorious card, a card that has particular privileges in a
game, as being one of the suit turned up last by the dealer.

To put to or upon the TRUMPS, to reduce to the last extremity. Dry­
den.

TO TRUMP, verb act. [from the noun; prendre, avec un trionfe, Fr.]
to win with a trump card.

TO TRUMP, verb neut. to play a trump card.

TO TRUMP up [tromper, Fr. to cheat] to devise, to forge, to invent a
story falsely.

TRU’MPING, part. act. of trump; playing a trump-card.

TRU’MPERY, subst. [of tromperie, Fr. a cheat. Skinner] 1. Something
of less value than it seems, something fallaciously showy or splendid. The
trumpery in my house. Shakespeare. 2. Falshood, empty idle talk.
Mixed with other their own trumpery, they have sought to obscure the
truth. Raleigh. 3. Something of no value, trifles, sorry, pitiful, paul­
try stuff. Pricked dances and other trumpery. Addison.

TRU’MPET, subst. [trompette, Fr. tromba, trombetto, It. trompeta, Sp.
trombeto, Port.] 1. A warlike musical instrument, sounded by the breath.
2. In military stile, for trumpeter. Demanded by a trumpet. Addison.
3. One who praises. To be the trumpet of his praises. Dryden. 4. One
who publishes abroad, one who proclaims. Every man is the maker of
his own fortune, and must be in some measure the trumpet of his fame.
Tatler.

Marine TRUMPET [trompetté marine, Fr. tromba marina, It.] an instru­
ment with one string, which, being struck with a hair bow, sounds like
a trumpet.

Speaking TRUMPET, a sort of large trumpet used at sea, which mag­
nifies the voice so much, or makes it sound so loud, that a man, speak­
ing in it, may be heard above a mile.

TO TRU’MPET, verb act. [trompetter, Fr.] to publish by sound of
trumpet, to proclaim, to spread abroad, to publish in general. Bacon.

TO TRUMPET, verb neut.  to blow a trumpet.

TRU’MPETER, subst. [of trumpet; trompetero, Sp. trombeteiro, Port.]
1. One who sounds a trumpet. 2. One who proclaims, publishes or
denounces in general. These men are good trumpeters. Bacon. 3. A
kind of fish.

TRU’MPET-FLOWER, subst. [bignonia, Lat.] a plant.

TRU’MPET-TONGUED, adj. [of trumpet and tongue] having a tongue as
loud and vociferous as a trumpet. Shakespeare.

TO TRU’NCATE, verb act. [truncatus, Lat.] to cut short, to main, to
lop.

TRU’NCATED Pyramid [with geometricians] one whose top is cut off
by a plane parallel to its base.

TRUNCA’TION, subst. [from the verb] the act of cutting, chopping
off, or maiming.

TRU’NCHEON, subst. [tronçon, Fr. a short or broken lance, of truncus,
Lat. Skinner] 1. A battoon, a staff of command. The marshal's trun­
cheon. Shakespeare. 2. A short staff, a club, a cudgel. Plummets of
lead tied to a truncheon or staff. Hayward.

To TRUNCHEON, verb act. [from the subst.] to beat with a truncheon.
Shakespeare.

TRUNCHEONEE’R, subst. [of truncheon] one armed with a truncheo.
Shakespeare.

TRU’NCHEONS [with farriers] short, thick worms that breed in the
maws of horses, which in time will eat their way through, if not kil­
led.

TRU’NCUS, Lat. 1. The main stem or stock of a tree, in distinction from
the limbs and branches. 2. [With anatomists] that part of the great ar­
tery and vena cava, which descends from the heart to the iliac vessels.
3. [In architecture] part of the pedestal of a pillar.

To TRU’NDLE, verb neut. [trondeler, dicard, Fr. or of trendel, Sax.
a circle or bowl] 1. To roll along, as a hoop, to bowl along. Addison.
2. To turn round as a mop.

TRU’NDLE, subst. [trendel, Sax. a circle] any round rolling thing, a
carriage with low wheels to draw heavy burdens on.

TRU’NDLE BED. See TRU’CKLE-BED.

TRU’NDLE-SHOT, a sort of iron shot about 17 inches long, sharp
pointed at both ends, with a round bowl of lead cast upon it, at a hand's
breadth from each end.

TRU’NDLE-TAIL, subst. 1. A round tail. Applied to a species of dogs.
Shakespeare. 2. [In vulgar language] a draggle-tail'd wench.

TRUNK, subst. [tronc, Fr. tronco, It. Sp. and Port. the stem or body of
a tree, &c. of truncus, Lat.] 1. A sort of chest or box for clothes, co­
vered with leather, and lined with paper. 2. The main stem or body
of a tree. A perfect plant, with a trunk, branches and leaves. Bentley.
3. The body of a man, the head, arms and legs being cut off; the body,
without the limbs, of an aimal. This bare wither'd trunk. Shakespeare.
4. The main body of any thing. The large trunks of the veins. Ray.
5. [Trompe, Fr.] the proboscis of an elephant or other animal. 6. A
hollow pipe to shoot pellets with. 7. A wooden pipe for the convey­
ance of water. 8. [In architecture] the fust or shaft of a column.

To TRUNK, verb act. [trunco, Lat.] to truncate, maim or lop: obso­
lete. Passively used by Spenser.

TRU’NKED, adj. [of trunk] 1. In heraldry, applied to such trees, as
are cut off at each end. See TRUNK, the verb. 2. Having a trunk or
stem. Howel.

TRU’NKHOSEN, subst. plur. TRUNKHOSE [of trunk and hose] old­
fashion'd wide breeches. The short trunkhose shall shone thy foot and
knee. Prior.

TRUNK-ROOTS [with botanists] small roots breaking or growing out
of the trunks of plants, which are of two sorts.
1. Roots growing by a downright descent, sometimes all along the
trunk, as in mint, &c. sometimes only at the ends or points, as in bram­
bles.
2. Such roots as neither descend nor ascend, but shoot forth at right
angles with the trunk.

TRU’NNIONS, subst. [trognons, Fr.] the knobs or bunchings out of the
metal of a gun, which bear it upon the cheeks of the carriage.

TRU’NNION-RING, the ring about a great gun that is next before the
trunnions. See ORDNANCE.

TRU’RO, a corporation in Cornwal, and a branch of the port of Fal­
mouth. It stands on the conflux of two rivers, that almost encompass it,
and form a large wharf, with a commodious quay for vessels of about
100 tons. It is 274 measured miles from London.

To TRUSS, verb act. [troussee, Fr. or trossen, Du.] 1. To tie or gird
up, to pack up close together. Truss up bag and baggage. Hooker. 2.
[In vulgar language] to hang upon a tree. to tie up a person at the gal­
lows. 3. To snatch up, as a bird of prey.

TRUSS [of trousse, Fr. tross, Du. trosz, Ger.] 1. A bundle, any
thing thrust or packed close together. Trusses of hay. Carew. 2. A
sort of bandage worn by persons that have a rupture, to keep it from fal­
ling down, 3. Trouse, trousers, breeches: obsolete.

TRUSS of Flowers [with botanists] many flowers growing together on
the head of a stalk.

TRU’SSED [spoken of horses] a horse is said to be well trussed when
his thighs are large and proportioned to the roundness of the croup.

TRUSS’D, part. pass. of truss; which see [trousse, Fr.] 1. Tied or
girded up. 2. Hanged on a tree. 3. Snatched up (spoken of a leveret)
by an eagle or bird of prey.

TRU’SSES [in a ship] are ropes fastened to the parels of the yards, to
bind the yard to the mast, when the ship rolls, and to hale down the yard
in a storm or gust of wind.

TRU’SSING, part. act. of truss [with falconers] is a hawk's raising any
fowl or prey aloft, soaring up, and then descending with it to the
ground.

To TRUST [of triste, Dan.] 1. To put one in trust with, to place
confidence in. I'd trust a woman. Otway. 2. To give credit to, to sell
upon credit. 3. To believe, to credit. Trust me you look well. Shake­
speare. 4. To commit confidence to the power over any thing. Trust him
with yourself. Taylor. 5. To commit with confidence. This much the
rogue to public ears will trust. Dryden. 6. To venture confidently. To
trust thee from my side. Milton.

To TRUST, verb neut. 1. To be confident of something future. I
trust to come unto you. 2. John. 2. To rely upon, to have confidence,
to depend without doubt. A buckler to all that trust in him. 2 Samuel.
3. To be credulous, to be won to confidence. Safer than trust too far-
Shakespeare. 4. To expect. What an honest man is to trust to. L'E­
strange.

TRUST, subst. [traust, Run. treowa, Sax, trist, Dan.] 1. Assurance, con­
fidence, reliance on another. Too much trust in deceitful men. Swift.
2. Charge received in confidence. 3. Confident opinion of any event.
4. Credit given without any examination. Most take things upon trust.
Locke. 5. Credit without payment, tick. 6. Something committed to
one's faith, fidelity or honesty. They must commit many great trusts to
their ministers. Bacon. 7. Deposit, something committed to charge, of
which an account must be given. 8. Fidelity, supposed honesty. I com­
mit my daughter unto thee of special trust. Tobit. 9. State of him to
whom something is entrusted. He was left in that great trust with the
king. Clarendon.








TRUSTEE', subst. [of trust; of truwa, of truwian, Sax. triste, Dan.]
1. One entrusted with any thing in general. He is a trustee from God.
Taylor. 2. One into whose hands an estate or money is put for the use
of another.

TRUSTEE’SHIP, subst. [of trustee] the office of a trustee.

TRU’STER, subst. [of trust] one who trusts. Shakespeare.

TRU’STILY, adv. [of trust; treowlice, Sax.] faithfully, with fide­
lity.

TRU’STINESS, subst. [of trusty] fidelity, faithfulness, honesty. Trusti­
ness in a dog. Grew.

TRU’STLESS, adj. [of trust] unfaithful, not to be trusted, unconstant.
A word elegant, but out of use. Spenser.

TRU’STY, adj. [of trust; treothe, Sax.] 1. Honest, true, faithful,
that may be depended upon, fit to be trusted. 2. Strong, such as will
not fail. The trusty weapon. Dryden.

TRUTH, subst. [treowthe or trythe, Sax.] 1. The contrary to false­
hood, conformity of notions to things. 2. Fidelity, faithfulness, con­
stancy.
The thoughts of past pleasure and truth,
The best of all blessings below. Song.
3. Conformity of words to thoughts. And lend a lie the confidence of
truth. Anonymous. 4. Purity from falshood.
—So young, my lord, and true.
—Let it be so, thy truth then be thy dower. Shakespeare.
5. Honesty, virtue. Malice bears down truth. Shakespeare. 6. Some­
times it is used by way of concession. She said truth, Lord. St. Mat­
thew. 7. Exactness, conformity to rule. The truth of the iron work.
Mortimer. 8. In or of a truth; reality. 9. [According to Mr. Locke]
truth consists in the joining or separating of signs, as the things signified
by them do agree or disagree one with another.

TRUTINA’TION, subst. [trutina, Lat.] the act of weighing or balan­
cing in the mind or considering a thing seriously. Brown.

To TRY [trier, Fr. trewan, Sax. to justify or make true] 1. To
examine, to make experiment of. Doth not the ear try words? Job.
2. To attempt, to essay. Let us try advent'rous work. Milton. 3. To
experience, to assay, to have knowledge or experience of. Or try the
Lybian heat. Dryden. 4. To examine judicially. 5. To bring before
a judicial tribunal. 6. To bring to a decision. Sometimes with out
emphatical. 7. To act on as a test. The fire sev'n times tried this.
Shakespeare. 8. To bring as to a test. The trying of your faith. St.
James. 9. To purify, to refine. Try'd in sharp tribulation and refin'd.
Milton.

To TRY, verb neut. 1. To endeavour, to attempt. 2. [With sailors]
a phrase used of a ship which is said to try, when having no more sails
abroad, but her main-sail, she is let alone to lie in the sea.

TRY’CHNOS [ΤρυχΝΟΣ, Gr.] the herb nightshade.

TU’ANT, killing, a mere French word; as, a tuant jest is a sharp
biting jest. Not deserving to be adopted.

TUB, subst. [of tobbe, tubbe, Du.] 1. A large, open, wooden vessel.
2. A state of salivation. The tub-fast. Shakespeare.

TUB of Vermilion, from three to four hundred weight.

TUB of Tea, about 60lb. weight.

TUB of Camphire, from 56 to 80lb. weight.

A Tale of a TUB, an old woman's story. The French and German
translators of D. S. Tale of a Tub, for want of knowing this Anglicism,
have, ridiculously enough, translated it literally.

TU’BA Eustathiana, Lat. [with anatomists] the canal of communion
between the mouth and the barrel of the ear.

TU’BÆ Fallopianœ, Lat. [in anatomy] two slender passages proceed­
ing from the womb, which receive the ova or eggs, and convey them to
the womb; so named of Fallopius, an eminent physician, who first dis­
covered them.

TUBE, subst, Fr. [tubus, Lat.] a pipe, any long hollow body, a si­
phon.

TU’BERCLE, subst. [tubercule, Fr. tuberculum, Lat.] a small swelling
or excrescence on the body, particularly in the lungs, a pimple. Har­
vey.

TU’BER, Lat. 1. A knob or knot in a tree. 2. [In surgery] a
bunching out, tumour, or swelling in an animal body. 3. [In botany]
the round bunching out of the roots of some plants.

TUBE’RCULA, or TUBE’RCULES, L. [with surgeons] small tumours
which suppurate and discharge pus, frequently found in the lungs; or
lie dormant for many years, without coming to any suppuration at all.

TURERCULA, Lat. [in palmistry] the more eminent muscles or knobby
parts under the fingers, which they also call montes.

TU’BEROSE, subst. [tubereuse, Fr. tuberosa, It. and Sp. tuber, Lat.] a
kind of white sweet-smelling flower. Garth.

TU’BEROUS, adj. [tuberosus, Lat. tubereux, Fr. from tuber, Lat.] full
of bunches, knots, or swellings, having excrescences. Woodward.

TUBEROUS Roots [by botanists] are defined such as consist of an uni­
form fleshy substance, and are of a roundish figure, as in a turnip, &c.

TUBEROUS Plants [tubereux, Fr. of tuberos, It. of tuberosus, Lat. with
botanists] plants full of bunches or knots.

TU’BEROUSNESS [of tuberous] knottiness, quality of being full of
knots and bunches; also the bunching out of some parts of the body.

TUBERO’SITY, subst. [tuberositas, Lat. tuberosite, Fr. with surgeons]
a knot or tumour growing naturally on any part, in opposition to tu­
mours that rise accidentally, or from a disease.

TU’BI Lactiferi, Lat. [with anatomists] small pipes through which the
milk flows to the nipples of a woman's breasts

TUBILU’STRIUM [among the Romans] a ceremony or festival at the
purification of their sacred trumpets.

TU’BULAR, adj. [tubus, Lat.] resembling a pipe or trunk, long and
hollow, consisting of a pipe, fistular. A tubular or pipe like snout.
Grew.

TU’BULATED, adj. [tubulatus, tubulus, tubus, Lat.] hollow like a pipe,
fistular, longitudinally hollow. Derham.

TU’BULE, subst. [tubulus, Lat.] a small pipe or fistular body. Wood­
ward.

TU’BULI Vermiculares [in physics] small winding cavities on the out­
sides of the shells of sea shell-fish, in which some small worms inhabit and
breed.

TU’BULOUS, adj. [tubulus, Lat.] hollow like a pipe.


TUC

TUCK [prob. of trucca, Brit. a knife, estoc, Fr. stocco, It.] 1. A sort
of rapier or long narrow sword. 2. A kind of net. The tuck is nar­
rower meshed, with a long bunt in the midst. Carew.

TUCK of a Ship, the trussing or gathering up of a ship's quarter under
water.

To TUCK, verb neut. [trucken, Ger. to press. Skinner] 1. To gather
up, to hinder from spreading, to crush together: commonly with up.
Addison. 2. To inclose by putting clothes close round one. Locke.

To TUCK, verb neut. to contract. A bad word. Sharp.

TU’CKER, subst. [prob. of tucking, or of tuck, Teut. cloth] a slip of
fine linen, muslin, or lace, pinned or running along in a ruffle on the
top of women's stays or gowns, about the neck. Addison. 2. A fuller
of cloth, or, in Exon and adjacent parts, one who buys up woollen
goods, and gets them dress'd, press'd and pack'd, to send abroad.

TUCKETSO’NANCE, subst. a word apparently French, but which I do
not certainly understand Tucquet is a hat, and toquer, to strike. Johnson.
Let the trumpets sound,
The tucketsonance and the note to mount. Shakespeare.

TU’CKSELS, subst. the teeth of an horse, &c. called also grinders.

TU’DDINGTON, in Bedfordshire, is 39 measured miles from London.

TU’EL, subst. [tuyeau, Fr.] the anus. Skinner.

TU’ESDAY [Tuesdæg or Tivesdæg, Sax. which Skinner derives of
Tun, Mars, and Dæg, q. d. Dies Martis, Lat. Mars's day; but Verste­
gan of Tuisco, and Dæg; which Tuisco was the most ancient idol of the
Teutones or ancient Germans and Saxons. And indeed they only differ
as to the name, the Tun of Skinner being the Tuisco of Verstegan] the
third day of our week.

TUFT, subst. [touffe, Fr.] 1. A lock of hair, a bunch or number of
threads, feathers, ribbons, flowery leaves, or any small bodies joined
together. A fine tuft or brush of moss. Bacon. 2. [With botanists] a
thicket, cluster or plump of trees, bunch of grass, &c.

TUFT of a Tree, the thick top of a tree.

To TUFT, verb act. [from the subst.] to adorn with a tuft. A doubt­
ful word, and not authorized, says Johnson, by any competent writer.
Solemn oaks, that tuft the swelling mounts. Thomson.

TU’FTED, adj. [of tuft; touffé, Fr.] having tufts growing in clus­
ters.

TU’FTY, adj. [of tuft] adorned or trimmed with tufts. A word of
no authority. Let me strip thee of thy tufty coat. Thomson.

TUG [togund, Sax. tog, Du. and L. Ger. zieg, H. Ger. a draught]
1. A hard pull, a pull performed with the utmost effort. 2. A waggon
to carry timber.

To TUG [togan, or tugan, Sax. tugga, Su. togcan, Teut.] 1. To
pull hard and with strength long continued, to draw. 2. To pull, to
pluck in general. Shakespeare.

To TUG, verb act. 1. To pull, to draw. 2. To labour hard for any
thing, to contend, to struggle.

TU’GGER, subst. [of tug] one that tugs or pulls hard.

TUISCO, the most ancient and peculiar idol, or rather deify'd great
ancestor of the Teutones or ancient Germans and Saxons, is by some
supposed to have been one of Noah's sons, but by others, with more
probability, the son of Ascenas, who was great grandson of Noah, and
grandson of Japhet. He settled in Germany, and, after his decease,
was adored by all his posterity. The inhabitants of that country are still
called Teutsch or Deutsch, or, according to the more ancient orthogra­
phy, Tuytsch or Duytsch, and the whole country of Germany, Teutsch­
land or Deutschland. Hence likewise the proper name Dutch, which we
misapply to the Netherlanders. The Italians to this day call a German,
Todesco, and the third day of our week is named Tuesday, because it was
appointed for the adoration of that idol, as Verstegan says; but others
say it was called after Thesa, a certain goddess, the wife of the god
Thor; which Thesa was looked upon to be the goddess of justice.

TUI’LLERIES [of tuile, Fr. a tile, because tiles were formerly made
there] a stately pile of buildings and gardens, near the Louvre at Paris,
built all of free-stone, the portal being of marble pillars and jasper.

TUITI’ON, subst. [tuitio, from tueor, Lat.] guardianship, the care of
a guardian or tutor, protection, superintendent care.

TU’LIP [tulipano, It. tulipan, Sp. tulipe, Fr. tulipa, Lat.] a flower.

TU’LIPANT, subst. a sash or wreathe worn by the Indians instead of a
hat.

TULIPEMA’NIA, or TULIPE’MANY, tulip-madness, a name given to
the extravagancy of some persons formerly of giving excessive prices, as
five, ten, or more pounds, for a tulip-root.

TULIP-TREE, subst. a tree.


TUM

To TUM Wool, verb act, to mix together wool of divers colours.

To TU’MBLE [of tumier, Dan. or perhaps of tumbian, Sax. to dance,
or of taymeien, tommelen, Du. tudmelen, L. Ger. taumeln, H. Ger. to
reel, to stagger, or fall down; tombolare, It.] 1. To roll about. 2. To
fall, to come suddenly to the ground. 3. To fall in great quantities tu­
multuously. They come tumbling upon a man. Bacon. 4. To play
tricks by various librations of the body.

To TU’MBLE, verb act. 1. To throw down. 2. To rowze, rumple,
or put out of order, as clothes, &c. 3. To turn over, to throw about
by way of examination. Tumbling it over and over in his thoughts. Ba­
con. 4. To throw by chance or violence. They are rouzed and tumbled
out of their dark cells into open daylight, by some turbulent passions.
Locke.

The Ship TUMBLES [a sea phrase] rolls or labours in the sea.

TU’MBLE, subst. [from the verb] a fall.

TU’MBLER, subst. [of tumble; tumber, Sax. a dancer, or tuymelaer,
Du.] 1. One who makes profession of tumbling, or shewing the agility
of the body by various postures. 2. A sort of hunting dog, so called
from his turning and winding his body about, before he attacks and fas­
tens on the prey.

TU’MBREL, subst. [tombereau, Fr.] 1. A dung-cart. 2. In contempt,
applied to a sot or drunkard. This beastly tumbrel. Congreve. 3. A
ducking-stool for scolds, &c.

TUMEFA’CTION, subst. [tumefacio, Lat.] swelling and rising into a
tumour. Arbuthnot.

TU’MEFIED, part. adj. [of tumefy; tumefactus, Lat.] swelled, raised
by a swelling.

To TU’MEFY, verb act. [tumefacio, Lat. to make to swell] to swell.
It is commonly used passively.

TU’MID [tumidus, Lat.] 1. Swoln, puffed up. 2. Protuberant, rai­
sed up above the level. Tumid hills. Milton. 3. Turgidly, lofty, pom­
pous, boastful, falsely sublime. Such expressions may seem tumid and
aspiring. Boyle.

TU’MOUR [tumor, Lat. and Sp. tumeur, Fr. tumore, It.] a rising or
morbid swelling caused by a settling of humours in some parts of the body,







which are enlarged and stretched out beyond their natural state. 2. Af­
fected pomp, false magnificence, unsubstantial greatness. Wotton.

TU’MOROUS, adj. [of tumour] 1. Swelling, protuberant, Wotton. 2.
Vainly pompous, falsely magnificent. B. Johnson and Wotton.

To TUMP, verb act. [with gardeners] to fence trees about with
earth.

To TU’MULATE, verb neut. [tumulo, Lat.] to swell. This seems to
be the sense here; but I, says Johnson, suspect the word to be wrong.
As soon as they are put together, they tumulate and grow hot, and con­
tinue to fight till they have disarmed or mortified each other. Boyle.

TU’MULOSE, adj. [tumulosus, Lat.] full of little hills or knobs.

TUMULO’SITY, subst. [tumulositas, tumulus, Lat.] hilliness.

TU’MULT, subst. [tumulte, Fr. tumulto, It. and Sp. tumultus, Lat.]
1. A promiscuous commotion in a multitude. In loud tumult all the
Greeks arose. Pope. 2. A multitude put into wild commotion, an up­
roar, hurlyburly, riot, mutiny. 3. Stir, irregular violence, great bustle,
a wild commotion. Raising a tumult among the elements, and recover­
ing them out of their confusion. Addison.

TUMU’LTUARILY, adv. [of tumultuary] in a tumultuary manner.

TUMU’LTUARINESS, subst. [of tumultuary] a tumultuous quality or
state, turbulence, inclination to tumults. King Charles.

TUMU’LTUARY, adj. [tumultuaire, Fr. tumultuario, It. of tumultua­
rius, Lat.] 1. Disorderly promiscuous, confused. Bacon. 2. Restless,
put into irregular agitation. In a tumultuary and restless state. Atter­
bury.

To TUMU’LTUATE, verb neut. [tumultuor, Lat.] to make a tumult.

TUMULTUA’TION, subst. [of tumultuate] irregular and confused agi­
tation. Boyle.

TUMU’LTUOUS, adj. [tumultueux, Fr. tumultuoso, It. of tumultuosus,
Lat.] 1. Put into violent commotion, confusedly agitated. Some tu­
multuous clouds. Milton. 2. Violently carried on by disorderly multi­
tudes. Tumultuous rebellions. Spenser. 3. Turbulent, violent in gene­
ral. With tumultuous speech. Knolles. 4. Full of tumults. In a tumul­
tuous kingdom. Sidney. See TUMULTUARY.

TUMU’LTUOUSLY, adv. [of tumultuous] in a disorderly confused
manner, by act of the multitude. Bacon.

TUMU’LTUOUSNESS, subst. [of tumultuous] a disordered, confused,
troubled state or condition.


TUN

To TUN, verb act. [entonner, Fr.] to put up liquors into a vessel, to
barrel.

TUN [tunne, Sax. tonne, Du. and Ger. tonne, un tonneau, Fr. ton­
nel, Port.] 1. A vessel containing 252 gallons, the measure of two hogs­
heads, a pipe. 2. A large cask. Milton. 3. Any large quantity pro­
verbially. Drawn tuns of blood out of thy country's breast. Shakespeare.
4. A drunkard: in burlesque. Here's a tun of midnight work to come.
Dryden. 6. Twenty hundred weight, or the weight of 2000lb. 7. A
cubic space in a ship, supposed to contain a tun. 8. Dryden has used
it for a circular measure, I believe without precedent or propriety. John­
son. A tun about was every pillar. Dryden. 9. Forty solid feet of tim­
ber.

TUN, or TON [of tun, Sax. tuyn, Du. tuen, L. Ger. zaun, H. Ger.
a hedge or ditch, or any thing of that kind surrounding a place, to de­
fend it] at the end of names or places, by a metaphor, signifies a village,
town, or habitation. Nor is it improbable but that the Saxon tun
might originally come from the British dun, which signifies a mountain,
because antiently towns were generally built upon hills.

TU’NA, an American tree, on which is said to grow or breed those
insects called cocheneal.

TU’NABLE, adj. [of tune] that may be tuned or put in tune; also
harmonious, musical.

TU’NABLENESS ]of tunable] melodiousness, harmoniousness; also ca­
pableness of being put into tune.

TU’NABLY, adv. [of tunable] harmoniously, melodiously.

TUN-BELLIED, adj. [of tun and belly] having a great belly like a tun,
gor-bellied.

TU’NBRIDGE, or the town of bridges, in Kent, is so called from the
rivern Tun, and four other little streams here of the Medway, over each
of which there is a stone bridge. It is 29 measured miles from Lon­
don.

TU’NHOOF, ground-ivy.

TUNE, subst. [toon, Du. tonus, Lat. ton, Fr. and Su. tuono, It. tono,
Sp. of ΤΟΝΟΣ, Gr.] 1. Tune is a diversity of notes put together. Locke.
2. Sound, note in general. As loud and to as many tunes. Shakespeare.
3. Agreeableness of sound, harmonious, musical composition, air, or
song, concert of parts. Keep the commonweal in tune. K. Charles. 4.
State of giving the due sounds; as, the fiddle is in or out of tune. 5.
Proper state for use or application, right disposition, fit temper. When
he is in tune. Locke. 6. State in general, with respect to order. Di­
stressed Lear, in his better tune. Shakespeare.

Out of TUNE, out of order, frame, or temper.

To TUNE, verb act. 1. To put into such a state as to produce the
proper sounds on an instrument. 2. To sing harmoniously. Tune his
praise. Milton.

To TUNE, verb neut. 1. To form one sound to another. Tuning to
the waters fall. Drayton. 2. To utter inarticulate harmony with the
voice.

TU’NEFUL, adj. [of tune and full] musical, harmonious.

TU’NELESS, adj. [of tune] unmusical, unharmonious. Thy tuneless
ferenade. Cowley.

TU’NER, subst. [of tune] one who tunes. Shakespeare.

TU’NGRAVE, subst. [tungeræfa, of ton, a town, and geræfa, Sax.
a greve] a bailiff of a town or manour.

TU’NIC, subst. [tunican, Sax. tunica, Lat. tunique, Fr. tunica, It. and
Sp.] 1. Part of the Roman dress, a sort of coat answering to our waist­
coats, without ornaments, and with very short sleeves. Arbuthnot. 2.
Covering, integument, tunicle.

TU’NICA [among the Romans] 1. A garment worn under the toga.
2. [With botanists] the herb betony or a kind of gilliflower. 3. [With
anatomists] a tunic, membrane or thin skin.

TU’NICA Retiformis, Lat. [with anatomists] one of the tunicles or
coats of the eye, which resembles the figure of a net, and is the princi­
pal instrument of sight, called also the retina.

TUNICA Cornea, Lat. the horny tunic or coat of the eye.

TU’NICLE, Fr. [tunicula, Lat.] a little membrane or membranous
coat of an animal body, a cover, an integument.

TUNICLE, subst. [with anatomists] a little coat, membrane or skin,
covering any part of the body.

The TUNICLES of the Eye, are four noted ones, viz. the corneous,
the crystalline, the vitreous, and uveous, which are answered by as
many humours.

The TUNICLES of the Testes, are four, viz. the scrotum, the ery­
throides, the epidydimis, and the dartos.

TUNI’CULATED Root [with botanists] is that kind of bulbous root,
which consists of several coats involving one another, as in an onion.

TUNI’SIAN Falcon [so called of Tunis in Barbary] a certain kind of
hawk, who makes he eyrie there.

TU’NNAGE, subst. [of tun] 1. A duty of so much per tun, to be
paid for merchandize imported or exported. 2. The content of a vessel
measured by the tun. Arbuthnot.

TU’NNEL, subst. [tonnelle, Fr.] 1. A funnel for pouring liquors into a
cask. 2. The shaft of a chimney, the passage for the smoke. Wotton.
3. A net wide at the mouth and ending in a point, and so resembling a
funnel or tunnel. It is for catching partridges.

To TUNNEL, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To form like a tunnel.
Generally used passively. Derham. 2. To catch in a net. 3. Derham
uses the word for to make net-work, to reticulate. And curiously tunnel
them into nests.

TU’NNELLING [of tunnel] a sort of fowling with a tunnel net. See
the verb.

TU’NNY [thon, Fr. tonno, It. tun or tonina, Sp. thynnus, Lat. ΘυΝΝΟΣ,
Gr.] a kind of sea-fish.

TUP, subst. a ram or male sheep. This word is still used in some
provinces.

To TUP, verb neut. to but like a ram; also to copulate as a ram.

TU’PPING, part. adj. [of tup] a ram's covering an ewe.


TUR

TU’RBAN, TU’RBAND, or TU’RBANT, subst. [turban, Fr. turbante, It.
and Sp. A Turkish word] an ornament that Turks wear on their
heads, made of fine linen wreathed into a rundle.

TU’RBARY, subst. [turbaria, low Lat. turfe, Sax. torf, Du. and L.
Ger. turf, H. Ger. tourbe, Fr.] a right of digging turf.

Common of TURBARY, a liberty which some tenants have of digging
turf in the lord's waste.

TU’RBID, adj. [turbidus, Lat.] troubled, muddy, not clear. Wood­
ward.

TU’RBIDNESS, subst. [of turbid] thickness, muddiness.

TU’RBINATED, adj. [turbinatus, Lat.] 1. Twisted, spiral. Boyle.
2. [With botanists] such plants which, in some parts of them, resem­
ble a turbant in shape, and are of a conical figure.

TURBINA’TION, subst. [of turbinated] the act of spinning like a top:
also the act of fashioning like a top, act of sharpening at one end.

TU’RBITH Mineral, subst. [turpethus, Lat.] the yellow precipitate of
Mercury.

TU’RBITA, Lat. an herb of a violent purging quality.

TU’RBIDNESS [turbiditas, Lat.] troublesomeness.

TU’RBOT, subst. Fr. and Du. a delicate sea-fish.

TU’RBULENCE, or TU’RBULENCY, subst. [turbulence, Fr. turbulentia,
Lat.] 1. Tumult, confusion, a blustering state, condition, or temper.
Dryden. 2. Tumultuousness, liableness to confusion. Turbulence of
blood. Swift.

TU’RBULENT, adj. Fr. [torbolenta, It. turbulenta, Sp. turbulentus, Lat.]
1. Raising commotion. Turbulent liquor. Milton. 2. Exposed to com­
motion, liable to agitation. Now tost and turbulent. Milton. 3. Tu­
multuous, violent. The turbulent mirth of wine. Dryden.

TU’RBULENTLY, boisterously, violently tumultuously.

TU’RCISM, subst. [turcismus, Lat.] the religion, principles, or opi­
nions of the Turks. Atterbury. See MAHOMETISM and SHIITES.

TURCOI’S, or TURCOI’SE, subst. Du. [turquise, Fr. turchina, It. so
called, because coming from Turky] a precious stone of an azure co­
lour. See TURKOIS.

TURD [tord, turd, Sax.] ordure.

TURF [turfe, Sax. torfwa, Su. torf, Du. and L. Ger. turf, H. Ger.]
a sort of earth that serves for fuel, also a green clod, a part of the sur­
face of the ground.

To TURF, verb act. [from the noun] to cover with turf. Com­
monly used passively. Mortimer.

TU’RFINESS, subst. [of turfy] the state of abounding with turf.

TU’RFING-SPADE, a tool for undercutting the turf, after it has been
marked out with the trenching-plough.

TU’RFY, adj. [of turf] full of turfs.

TU’RGENT, adj. [turgens, Lat.] swelling, tumid, protuberant. Go­
vernment of the tongue.

TURGE’SCENCE, or TURGE’SCENCY, subst. [turgescens, Lat.] the act of
swelling, the state of being swoln. Brown.

TURGE’SCENT, adj. [turgescens, Lat.] swelling or growing big.

TU’RGID, adj. [turgido, It. turgidus, Lat.] 1. Swoln, puffed up, bloated.
Boyle. 2. Pompous, tumid, vainly magnificent. Watts.

TURGI’DITY [of turgid] state of being swoln or puffed up. Arbuth­
not.

TURIO’NES, Lat. [with botanists] the first young tender shoots, which
any plants annually put forth out of the ground.

TURK [Turc, Fr. Turco, It. and Sp.] a native of Turky.
“Turkestan, or the land of Turks (says Dherbelot) in the more gene­
ral acceptation of the word, signifies all those countries which lie beyond
the river Gihon (or Oxus) with respect to Persia: But, in its more re­
strained sense, only the country beyond the river Sihon [or Jaxartes;]
what lies between the two rivers, being called by the Arabians, Ma­
waralnahar, and by us, Transoxana.” Now from these countries the
two chief families of the Turks, and which have founded the greatest
states, viz. the Seljuc, and Ottoman, are deriv'd. But long before ei­
ther of their irruptions, we find the Turks, who had broke into Persia,
concurring with the Saracens, about A. C. 643, in the overthrow of
Yerdegird, the last of the Persian kings. About A. C. 800, they made
great incursions thro' the Portæ Caspiæ, and possessed themselves of the
northern parts of Armenia, called perhaps from them Turcomania; and
some of them becoming stipendiaries to the Saracenic Chaliphs, ob­
tain'd in process of time great power at Bagdad. But all this was slight,
compar'd with what follows. Togrulbeg (or as we call him corruptly
enough, Tangrolipix) the great founder of the Seljuc dynasty, leaving
Turkestan, conquer'd Chorasan and Persia; and added (as Sir Isaac New­
ton observes) Bagdad to his empire, A. C. 1055. His successors Olub-







Arslan, and Melecshaw, conquered the regions upon Euphrates; and
these conquests, after the death of Melecshaw, broke into the four king­
doms, which Sir Isacc supposes St. John refers to in Apocalypse, c. ix.
v. 13, 14. Newton's Observat. on Daniel, &c. p. 305, 307. Nor
should it be overlook'd, that one of these four principalities held its regal
seat at Iconium, and was called, from this settlement in the Roman terri­
tory, the Seljuc-Roum, or Roman Seljuc; as also that Aladin, the ninth
prince or sultan of this house, was he, under whose wing the house of
Ottoman grew; (as we have shewn more at large under the words OT­
TOMAN and TAMBOUR) and *If we compute from A. C. 1063, when Olub-Arslan began to
conquer the nations on the Euphrates, to A. C. 1453; when the
incorporated force of the Seljuc, and Ottoman Turks took Con­
stantinople; the interval (as Sir Isaac Newton observes) will be
391 prophetic days, which are years, i. e. the date assigned by
St. John for the fall of the Greek empire. Apocalypse, c. ix.
v. 15. See ROMAN Empire, OTTOMAN, CONSTANTINOPLE,
LOCUSTS, ABBASSIDES, and MAMALUCKS compared. compleated what the former begun, viz.
the overthrow of the Greek empire. But after all, there was another
Turkish family, and which makes no small figure in our histories of the
Holy War; I mean that which under Saladin took Egypt from the Sara­
cenic Chalifs, about A. C. 1169; where the Turkish and Circassian Mam­
lucks bore sway for about 275 years, as Pocock in his supplement ob­
serves; till their state was overthrown by sultan Selim, the ninth prince
of the house of Ottoman.

TURKE’STAN, a country so called. [See TURK.]
From this country, which lies north-east of Persia, came first the Seljuc,
and after them the Ottoman Turk.
—The sultan in Byzance,
Turkestan-born— Milton.

TU’RKEY, subst. [of Turky; gallina turcica, Lat.] a large domestic
fowl.

TU’RKEY-POUT, a young turkey. Turkies were first brought into
England in the 14th year of king Henry VIII.

TU’RKISH [of Turky] belonging to the Turks.

TU’RKOIS, subst. a blue stone, numbered among the meaner precious
stones. Those bony bodies found among copper ores, are tinged with
green. The Turkois-stone, as it is commonly stiled by lapidaries, is
part of a bone so tinged. Woodward.

TU’RKS-CAP, subst. an herb, the flower called martagon.

TURLUPI’NES, O. Fr. a sect or sort of people, who made a public pro­
fession of impudence, going naked, and were not ashamed to have to do
with women in the open market.

TURM, subst. [turmæ, Lat.] a troop: not in use. Milton.

TU’RMERIC, an Indian root, which makes a yellow die.

To TURMOI’L, to toil, to bustle, to make a heavy to do.

TURMOI’L, or TURMOI’LING, subst. [of tire, to weary and moil, O.
W. a mule, q. d. to tire one's self by labouring like a mule; derived by
Skinner from tremouille, Fr. a mill-hopper; more probably derived
from moil, to labour] trouble, disturbance, harrassing uneasiness. Little
in use. Spenser.

To TURMOI’L, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To harrass with mo­
lestation or commotion. Out of use. Spenser. 2. To weary, to keep in
unquietness. Milton.

To TURN [turnan, Sax. tournir, Fr. tornare, Lat. and It. tornar, Sp.
ΤΟξΝΟΩ, Gr.] 1. To put into a circular or virtiginous motion, to move
round, to revolve. 2. To put the upper side downwards, to shift with
regard to the sides. 3. To change with respect to position. Turn ascawse
the poles. Milton. 4. To bring the inside out. 5. To change the state
of the balance. 6. To change as to the posture of the body or direction
of the look, 7. To form on a lathe by turning round as turners do.
8. [Torno, Lat.] to form, to shape. 9. To transform, to metamorphose.
10. To make of another colour. 11. To change, to alter. 12. To
make a reverse of fortune. 13. To translate out of one language into
another. 14. To change to another opinion or party better or worse,
to convert, to pervert. 15. To change with regard to inclination or
temper. 16. To alter from one effect or purpose to another. 17. To
betake. It seems indifferent which of these two were most turned to.
Temple. 18. To transfer. 19. To fall upon. 20. To make to nau­
seate. 21. To make giddy. 22. To infatuate, to make mad. 23.
To direct to or from any point. 24. To direct to a certain purpose or
propension. 25. To double in. 26. To revolve, to agitate in the mind.
27. To drive from a perpendicular edge, to blunt. 28. To drive by
violence, to expel. 29. To apply. Land will be turned most to great
cattle. Temple. 30. To reverse, to repeal. 31. To keep passing in a
course of exchange or traffic. 32. To adapt the mind. Turned for trade.
Addison. 33. To put towards another. And make all thine enemies
turn their backs unto thee. Exodus. 34. To retort, to throw back. 35.
To Turn away; to dismiss from service, to discard. 36. To Turn back;
to return to the hand from which it was received. 37. To Turn off; to
dismiss contemptuously. 38. To Turn off; to give over, to resign. 39.
To Turn off; to deflect. 40. To Turn off or from; to avert. 41. To
be Turned of; to advance to an age beyond. An old ungrammatical
phrase. Johnson. Turn'd of forty. Addison. 42. To Turn over; to
transfer. 43. To Turn over; to refer. 44. To Turn over; to examine
one leaf of a book after another. 45. To Turn over; to throw off the
ladder. 46. To Turn to; to have recourse to a book.

To TURN, verb neut. 1. To recoil, to return. 2. To wind round
any thing. 3. To move or go round, to have a circular or virtiginous
motion. 4. To shew regard or anger by directing the look towards any
thing. 5. To move the body round. 6. To move from its place. The
ankle bone is apt to turn out on either side. Wiseman. 7. To change
posture. These dice could turn upon no other side. Cheyne. 8. To have
a tendency or direction. His cares all turned upon Astyanax. A. Philips.
9. To move the face to another quarter. 10. To depart from the way,
to deviate. Turns short on the sudden into some similitude. Dryden. 11.
To alter, to be changed, to be transformed. 12. To become by a
change. 13. To change sides. A man in a fever turns often. Swift.
14. To change the mind, conduct or determination. Turn at my re­
proof. Proverbs. 15. To become four, as milk or wine may. 16. To
be brought eventually. Every thing we do may turn to account. Addi­
son. 17. To depend on as the chief point. The question turns upon
this point. Swift. 18. To grow giddy. 19. To be directed to or from
any point, From dance to sweet repast they turn. Milton. 20. To
have an unexpected consequence or tendency. Afflictions shall turn to
our advantage. Watts. 21. To Turn away; to deviate from a proper
course. The turning away of the simple shall slay him. Proverbs. 22.
To Turn off; to divert one's course. Turn off with care. Norris.

To TURN Tail; to shuffle, to shift; also to run away.

To TURN [or bend] one's thoughts to any thing.

TURN, subst. [tour, Fr.] 1. A walk or course two and fro; as, to take
a turn. 2. The act of turning; gyration. 3. Meander, winding way.
4. Change, vicissitude, alteration. 5. Manner of proceeding, change
from the original intention or first appearance. The wise turn they
thought to give the matter. Swift. 6. Chance, hap. 7. Occasion,
incidental opportunity. Loaded at every turn with blows. L'Estrange.
8. Time at which any thing is to be had or done. Your turn to speak.
Bacon. 9. Actions of kindness or malice, good or bad office. 10.
Reigning inclination. The turn and fashion of the age. Swift. 11. A
step of the ladder at the gallows. Or take a turn for it at the session.
Butler. 12. Convenience. Served their turns. Clarendon. 13. The
form, cast, shape, manner. Female virtues are of a domestick turn.
Addison. 14. The manner of adjusting the words of a sentence. The
same short turn of expression. Addison. 15. A wind which upon some
coasts blows all night from the shore. 16. [With watchmakers] a term
used of the movement of a watch, and signifies the intire revolution or
going about of any wheel or pinion. 17. [In law] is the county-court
or king's leet, where the sheriff sits judge; which court is held twice
every year; about a month after Easter, and a month after Michaelmas.
From this court are exempted only peers of the realm, clergymen, and
such as have hundreds of their own. 18. By turns; alternately, one
after another.

TURN-BENCH, subst. [of turn and bench] a term among turners.
Small work in metal is turned in an iron lathe called a turn-bench, which
they screw in a vice; and having fitted their work upon a small iron axle,
with a drill barrel, fitted upon a square shank, at the end of the axis
next the left hand, they, with a drill bow and drill string, carry it about.
Moxon.

TURN-COAT, subst. [of turn and coat] one who changes his religion,
or goes over to a party, contrary in principles, &c. to what he professed
before; a renegade.

TURN-PIKE, subst. [of turn and pike, or pique] 1. A cross of two
bars, armed with pikes at the end, and turning on a pin, fixed to hin­
der horses from entering. 2. Any gate set up in a road, in order to
stop travellers, carts, waggons, coaches, cattle, &c. who there pay a
toll for keeping the roads in repair.

TURN-PIKE [in the military art] a spar of wood about fourteen feet
long, and about eight inches in diameter, cut in the form of a hexagon,
every side being bored full of holes, thro' which short pikes are run
about six feet long, pointed with iron; which standing out every way,
being set in a breach, are of use to stop an enemy's entrance into a
camp.

TURN-SICK, adj. [of turn and sick] vertiginous, giddy. Bacon.

TURN-SPIT, subst. [of turn and spit] he that anciently turned a spit,
instead of which jacks are now generally used. Swift. Also applied to
a dog to go in a wheel for the same end.

TU’RNAMENT [torneamento, It. tournois, Fr. torneo, Sp.] a justing or
tilting. See TOURNAMENT.

TU’RNER, subst. [tourneur, Fr. torniero, Sp.] one who turns vessels or
utensils in wood or metals in a lathe.

TU’RNERS, were incorporate anno 1603, they are a master, two war­
dens, 24 assistants, and 118 on the livery. Their livery fine is 8 l. and
12 l. the stewards. Their armorial ensigns are sable, a Catherine-wheel
or.

TU’RNING [of turn] flexure, winding, meander. Milton.

TU’RNING-Strait [in the manage] an artificial motion taught to a
horse.

TURNING Evil, a disease in cattle; also called the sturdy.

TU’RNIT [prob. of turnan, Sax. to turn, because of its roundness]
a white, esculent, roundish root.

TURN-SOL, subst. [heliotropium, Lat. tourne sol, Fr.] the sun-flower.

TU’RN-STYLE, subst. [of turn and style] a turnpike.

TU’RPENTINE [terebentine, Fr. trementina, It. and Sp. termentina,
Port. terebinthus, Lat. of ΤΕρΕβΙΝΘΟΣ, Gr.] a kind of clear, resinous gum,
issuing out of the pine, juniper, and other trees.

TU’RPETUDE, Fr. [turpitudine, It. of turpitudo, Lat.] badness, base­
ness, inherent vileness, essential deformity of thoughts, words or actions.
South.

TURQUOI’SE, a precious stone of an azure or bluish colour, so called,
because frequently brought to us from the Turks. See TURKOIS.

TU’RREL, a sort of tool used by coopers.

TU’RRET [turricula, turris, Lat. tourette, Fr.] a little tower, a small
eminence raised above the rest of the building. Pope.

TU’RRETED, adj. [of turret] formed or rising like a tower. Bacon.

TURRI’FEROUS, adj. [turrifer, Lat.] bearing towers.

TU’RRIGIS, Lat. [with botanists] an herb, a sort of cresses.

TU’RTLE, or TURTLE Dove [turtla-duva, Sax. turtei-due, Dan.
tortel-duyve, Du. turtel-duve, L. Ger. turtel-taube, H. Ger. tourterelle,
tourte, Fr. tortorelle, It. tortola, Sp. turter, Lat.] 1. a kind of dove, re­
markable for its kind disposition and chastity, living a single life after the
death of its mate. 2. A fish, called a sea-tortoise.

TURU’NDA, Lat. [in surgery] a tent or any thing to be thrust into an
orifice or ulcer.

TURU’NDULA, a small pellet or tent.


TUS

TU’SCAN Order [so called, because used in Tuscany in Italy] an or­
der of architecture, in which the column or pillar, with the base and
chapiter, is to be seven modules in length, the thickness of which is to
be diminished gradually to a fourth part. The pedestal is one module in
height, and the base of the column is to be of the height of half its
thickness. Its capital, base, and entablement have no ornaments, and
but few mouldings.

TUSCAN Work, is the most simple and rude of the five ancient orders
of pillars, so that it is rarely used, except in vaults, in some rustick edi­
fices, and huge piles of building, such as the amphitheatres, &c.

TUSH, an interjection of contempt and displeasure. Shakespeare.

TU’SHES, or TUSKS, plural of tush or tusk [tuxas, Sax. tosken, O
Frisick] the great standing-out teeth of a boar; also the four teeth of
a horse, seated beyond the corner teeth upon the bars, where they shoot
forth on each side of the jaws, two above and two below, about the
age of three, or three and an half, &c. and no milk or foal-teeth ever
come forth in the place where they grow.

TUSK. See TUSHES.








TUSK [in carpentry] a bevel shoulder made to strengthen the tenon
of a joist, which is let into the girder.

TU’SKED, or TU’SKY, adj. [of tusk] furnished with tusks. Dryden.
and Grew.

TUSSILA’GO [with botanists] the herb foal's-foot or colt's-foot.

TU’SSUCK, subst. the diminutive of tuzz; a tuft of twigs or grass, a
bunch. Several tussucks or bundles of thorns. Grew.

TU’STLE, subst. a bustle, a striving with a person: a low word.

TUT, intecj. this seems to be the same with tush: a particle noting
contempt. Shakespeare.

TUT, subst. an imperial ensign, being a golden globe with a cross
on it; a mound.

TUTA’NAGE, subst. The Chinese name for spelter, which we erro­
neously apply to the metal of which canisters are made that are brought
over with the tea from China: it being a coarse pewter made with the
lead carried from England, and tin got in the kingdom of Quintang.
Woodward.

TU’TELAGE, subst. [tutelle, tutellage, Fr. tutela, Lat.] guardianship,
state of being under a guardian. Bacon.

TU’TELAR, or TU’TELARY, adj. [tutelaris, Lat. tutelaire, Fr. tute­
laris, It. tutelar, Sp.] that protects, or performs the office of a guardian;
defensive. Dryden.

TU’TELARY Angels, certain angels which are supposed to have the
guardianship or protection of kingdoms, cities, and persons. Dan. c. 10.
v. 13. and c. 12. v. 1.

TUTILI’NA, a goddess whom the Romans in particular invoked to
watch their grain, when it was gathered into the barns; she had an altar
or chapel on Monte Aventino.

To TU’TOR, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To instruct, to teach.
Shakespeare. 2. To treat with superiority and severity. Little girls
tutering their babies. Addison.

TUTOR, subst. Sp. and Lat. [tuteur, Fr. tutore, It.] one who teaches
or instructs another, one who has the care of his learning and morals.

TU’TON [in an university] a member of a college or hall, who takes
on him the instructing of young students in the arts and faculties.

TU’TORAGE, or TU’TORSHIP, subst. [of tutor; in the civil law] the
same as guardianship in the common-law; the office of a tutor, the au­
thority or solemnity of a tutor. Government of the Tongue.

TU’TORESS, subst. [of tutor; tutrice, Fr.] a woman that teaches or
instructs, a governess. Moore.

TU’TSAN, subst. an herb, called also tusan, or park-leaves.

TU’TTY [tutie, Fr. tuzia, It. tutia, Sp. and Lat.] the heavier foil
of brass, that cleaves and sticks to the higher places of furnaces or melt­
ing-houses, a sublimate of zinc and calamine collected in the fur­
naces.

TUZ, subst. [I know not, whether it is not a word merely from
cant] a lock or tuft of hair. Dryden.

TWAIN, adj. [twgen, batwa, Sax. both, twain] two: an old word,
now used ludicrously.

To TWANG, verb neut. [a word formed from the sound] to give a
sound like the string of a musical instrument, or a whip. Twangs the
quiv'ring string. Pope.

To TWANG, verb act. to make to sound sharply. Shakespeare.

TWANG, subst. [of ango, Lat. to touch. Minshew] 1. A sharp, quick
sound; as the sound of a bow-string. 2. An affected modulation of the
voice. He has such a twang in his discourse. Arbuthnot. 3. The sound
of a bow-string. 4. A root or forked branch at the bottom of a great
tooth.

TWANG, interj. a word making a quick action accompanied with a
sharp sound. Little used, and little deserving to be used. Prior.

TWA’NGLING, adj. [of twang] contemptibly noisy. Shakespeare.

To TWANK, verb neut. [corrupted from twang] to make to sound.
With twanking of a brass kettle. Addison.

'TWAS, contracted from it was.

To TWA’TTLE, verb neut. [schvatzen, Ger. tatteren, Du.] to prate,
to gabble, to chatter. L'Estrange.

TWA’TTLE-Basket, one who is continually prating: a cant word.

TWAY, for TWAIN. Spenser.

TWAY-Blade, subst. [ophris, Lat.] an herb.


TWE

TWEAG, or TWEAGUE, subst. [from the verb] vexation, ludicrous
perplexity, trouble: a low word. Arbuthnot.

To TWEAG, or To TWEAK, verb act. [it is written tweag by Skinner,
but tweak by other writers.] to pinch, to squeeze betwixt the fingers;
as, to tweak, or pull hard by the nose.

To TWEE’DLE, verb act. to handle lightly, to play on a fiddle or bag­
pipe. In seems in the following passage, says Johnson, misprinted for
wheedle, unless it be a word formed from the sound. A fidler brought
in with him a body of lusty young fellows, whom he had tweedled into
the service. Addison.

TWEE’ZERS, subst. [etny, Fr.] a sort of small pincers to pluck off hair,
and other instruments in a pocket case. Pope.

TWEHE’NDEMEN [in Saxon law] the ceorles, or husbandmen of the
lower order, who were valued at 200 shillings: if such an one was killed
the fine was 30 shillings.

TWELFTH, adj. [twelftig, twalfta, Sax. twaelfte, Du. twolfte, L.
Ger. zwolfte, H. Ger.] the ordinal of 12, the 2d after the tenth.

TWELFTH Day, or TWELFTH Tide [twelftan-dæg, Sax.] the festi­
val of the Epiphany, or the manifestation of our Saviour to the Gentiles,
so named, as being the twelfth day exclusively from Christmas-day.
Tusser.

TWELVE, adj. [twelf, Sax. tolf, Dan. and Su. twaelft, Du. twolf,
L. Ger. zwolf, H. Ger. twalif, Teut.] two and ten, twice six.

TWELVE Men [in law] a jury or inquest, is the number of twelve per­
sons, by whose oath, as to matters of fact, all trials pass, both in civil
and criminal cases, in all the courts of the common-law in this realm.

TWELVE-MONTH, subst. [of twelve and month] the space of a year ac­
cording to the kalendar months.

TWELVE-PENCE, subst. [of twelve and pence] a shilling.

TWELVE-PENNY, adj. [of twelve and penny] sold for a shilling.
Dryden.

A Book in TWELVES [duodecimo, Lat.] i. e. twelve leaves in a sheet.

TWELVE-SCORE, subst. [of twelve and score] twelve times twenty, two
hundred and forty. Dryden.

TWE’NTIETH, adj. [of twentigtha, Sax.] the ordinal of twenty, twice
ten.

TWE’NTY, adj. [twentig, or tweontig, Sax. twentih, Du. twent,
L. Ger. zwantzig, H. Ger.] 1. Twice ten. 2. A proverbial or indefi­
nite word. Bacon.


TWI

TWI’BILL, subst. [of twy; or two, and bill, bipennis, Lat.] a halbert;
also an iron tool used by paviors.

TWICE [twytith, Sax. twees, Du.] 1. Two times. 2. Doubly.
Twice the loss. Dryden. 3. It is often used in composition.

To TWI’DLE, verb act. to touch lightly: a low word. I twidled it
in, first one side than another. Wiseman.

To TWIFA’LLOW, verb act. [of twy, twice, and fealga, Sax. an har­
row] to till or plow ground a second time before sowing.

TWIG [twig or twiga, Sax. twieg, L. Ger. zweig, H. Ger.] a small
shoot of the branch of a tree, a switch, tough and long.

TWI’GGEN, adj. [of twig] made of twigs. Grew.

TWI’GGY, adj. full of twigs.

TWI’LIGHT, subst. [tweelicht, Du. twy-leoht, Sax.] that dubious or
half light in the dawning of the morning and close of the evening, a lit­
tle before the rising, and after the setting of the sun. It is occasioned by
the earth's atmosphere refracting the rays of the sun, and reflecting them
from the particles thereof; obscure light, uncertain view.

TWILIGHT, adj. 1. Not clearly illuminated, deeply shaded, obscure.
Twilight groves. Milton and Pope. 2. Seen by twilight. Trip no
more in twilight ranks. Milton.

TWIN, subst. [twin, Sax. tweelingen, Du.] 1. Children born at a
birth. It is therefore seldom used in the singular; tho' sometimes it is
used for one of twins. 2. Gemini, the sign of the zodiac. Creech.

To TWIN, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To be born at the same
birth. 2. To bring two at once. 3. To be paired, to be suited. The
twinned stones. Shakespeare.

TWIN-BORN, adj. [of twin and born] born at the same birth.

To TWINE, verb act. [twinan. Sax. twinen, Teut. twyiten, Du.] 1.
To twist so as to unite or form one complicated substance out of two or
more. 2. I know not whether this is from twine or twin.
By original lapse, true liberty
Is lost, which always with right reason dwells
Twin'd, and from her hath no dividual being. Milton.
3. To unite itself. Crashaw.

To TWINE, verb neut. 1. To wrap itself closely about, to convulve
itself. 2. To unite by interposition of parts. 3. To wind, to make
flexures.

TWINE, subst. [twin, Sax. twin, Teut.] 1. Twisted thread. 2. Twist,
convolution. With rosy twine. Milton. 3. Embrace, act of convul­
ving itself round.
With am'rous twine,
Clasps the tall elm. Phillips.

TWINGE, subst. [from the verb] a violent pungent pain; a short,
sudden, sharp pain, a tweak, a pinch.

To TWINGE, verb act. [twinge, Dan. twingen, Ger.] 1. To give
a gripe, to cause pain by a wring or squeeze, to pinch, to tweak. 2.
To torment with sudden and short pain.

TWI’NGING, part. adj. [of twinge] griping, pinching.

TWI’NING, part. act. [of twine; of twinung, Sax.] twisting, or cling­
ing about. See To TWINE.

TWINING Stalk [with botanists] a stalk that twists about any prop
without the help of tendrils; as the kidney-bean.

TWINK, subst. the motion of an eye; a moment: not in use. Shake­
speare. See TWINKLE.

To TWI’NKLE, verb neut. [twinclian, Sax.] 1. To flash irregularly,
to shine faintly, to sparkle, as stars do. 2. To open and shut the eye
by turns. The owl fell a moping and twinkling. L'Estrange. 3. To
play irregularly. His eyes will twinkle and his tongue will roll. Donne.

TWINKLE, subst. [from the verb] a sparkling, intermitting light; as
the motion with one's eye. Dryden.

TWI’NKLING, subst. [of twinkle] as, the twinkling of an eye; in an
an instant, in a moment, such as is taken up by the motion of the
eye.

TWI’NLING, subst. [diminutive of twin] a twin lamb, one of two
brought at a birth. Tusser.

TWI’NNER, subst. [of twin] a breeder or bringer of twins. Tusser.

TWINS, twin, in the singular [twin, getwin, Sax. tweeling, Du. and
L. Ger. zwilling, H. Ger. twyling, Teut.] two children born at the same
birth; also the sign Gemini. See TWIN.

To TWIRL, verb act. [from whirl] to turn any thing swiftly round
about.

TWIRL, subst. [from the verb] 1. Rotation, circular motion. 2.
Twist, wreathe, convulation. The twirl on this is different. Wood­
word.

TWI’RLING, part. act. [of twirl; prob. q. d. whirling, of dwyrfan,
Sax.] turning swiftly about.

TWIST, subst. [from the verb] 1. Any thing made by winding two
or more bodies together. A twist of twining ofiers. Addison. 2. [With
horsemen] the inside or flat part of a man's thigh, upon which a true
horseman rests on horseback. 3. A single string or wreathe of a rope or
cord. 4. A piece of timber, otherwise called a girder. 5. A cord, a
string. Dryden. 6. Contortion, writh in general. Addison. 7. The
manner of twisting. He found fault with the length, the thickness and
the twist. Arbuthnot. 8. A mixture of tea and coffee together: mere
cant.

To TWIST, verb act. [getwisan, Sax. twisten, Du.] 1. To form by
convolution, to complicate several lines or threads together; as in a cord
or rope. 2. To contort, to writhe, to wring round. Twist it into a
serpentine form. Pope. 3. To wreathe, to wind, to encircle with
something round about. 4. To form, to weave. To twist so fine a
story. Shakespeare. 5. To unite by intertexture of parts; with the re­
ciprocal pronoun.

To TWIST, verb neut. to be contorted, convolved, or complicated.
Her twisting volumes. Pope.

TWI’STER, subst. [of twist] one who twists, a rope-maker; also an
instrument with which one twists.

TWI’STING [with horsemen] is the reducing a horse to the same
state of impotence with a gelding, by the violent wringing or twisting of
his testicles twice about, which dries them up and deprives them of
nourishment.

To TWIST, verb act. [edwitan, twitan, Sax. verwyten, Du. and L.







Ger. derweiten, H. Ger. idweitan, Teut.] to sneer, to flout, to upbraid
one with any thing.

TWI’TTING, part. act. [of twit] [of gethwitan, Sax.] upbraiding,
hitting in the teeth.

To TWITCH, verb act. [twiccian, Sax.] to pinch or pluck with a
quick motion, to snatch hastily.

To TWITCH with red hot Pinchers, a punishment inflicted for murder
and other atrocious crimes, in several places abroad, and particularly in
Germany, where such malefactors, immediately before their execution,
have pieces of flesh torn out of their arms or breasts, with monstrous large
and sharp pincers, which cut and fear the wound at the same time.

TWITCH, subst. [from the verb] 1. A sudden pinch or pluck, a quick
pull. 2. A painful contraction of the fibres; as, convulsive twitches.

TWITCH Grass, (or quick-grass) subst. a weed that keeps some land
loose and hollow, and draws away the virtue of the ground. Mor­
timer.

TWI’TCHING, part. act. [of twitch; of twiccian, Sax.] pinching or
giving pinches, sudden pulls, or twinges.

To TWI’TTER, verb neut. 1. To make a sharp, tremulous, inter­
mitted noise; and hence applied to quake or shiver. 2. To sneer or
laugh scornfully. 3. To be suddenly moved with any inclination: a low
word. L'Estrange.

TWI’TTER, subst. any violent motion or disorder of passion; such as
a forcible fit of laughing or fretting.

TWI’TTERING, part. [of twitter] sneering or laughing scornfully;
also shaking or quivering violently. See To TWITTER.

TWI’TTLE-TWATTLE, subst. [a ludicrous reduplication of twattle]
tattle, gabble; silly, childish prating. A vile word.

To TWITTLE-TWATTLE, verb neut. to prate or chatter idly. See
the substantive.

TWI’VEL, subst. a carpenter's tool, for making mortise-holes.

'TWIXT, a contraction of betwixt.

TWO, adj. [tu, tua, twa, or twu, Sax. tu, Dan. tw or twao, Su.
twee, Du. and L. Ger. zwey, H. Ger twa, Teut. duo, Lat. deux, Fr.
due, It. dos, Sp. dous, Port.] one and one. It is used in composition.

TWO-EDGED, adj. [of two and edge] having an edge on either
side.

TWO-FOLD, adj. [of two and fold; twefeald, Sax. twefaldig, Su.
tweebondigh, Du. tweefoldig, L. Ger. ztweyfaltig, H. Ger.] double.

TWO-FOLD, adv. doubly. St. Mattthew.

TWO-HANDED, adj. [of two and hand] large, bulky, that is of enor­
mous size.

TWO-PENCE, subst. a small silver coin valued at twice a penny.

To TYE, verb act. to bind. See To TIE.

TYE, subst. 1. A knot. 2. A bond or obligation. See TIE.

TY’GER, subst. See TIGER.

TYCHO’NIC System [in astronomy] so called, of Tycho Brahe, a noble­
man of Denmark; this system, like that of Ptolomy, has the earth
placed in the middle, and is supposed to be immoveable, the sun and
moon revolving in orbits respecting the same as a centre; but according
to Copernicus, the other five planets are supposed to revolve round the
sun as their center.

TYLO’MA, Lat. [of ΤΝΛΟΣ, Gr. a callous] callous or hard flesh, or that
substance that grows about fractured bones.

TY’LUS, Lat. of Gr. [in anatomy] the brawn or hardness of the skin,
by reason of much labour.

TY’LWITH [in heraldry] a tribe or family branching out of another,
which the moral heralds call the second or third house.

TYKE, subst. See TIKE. Tyke, in Scottish, still denotes a dog, or
one as contemptible and vile; and from thence perhaps comes teague.
Shakespeare.


TYM

TY’MBAL, subst. Fr. a kind of kettle-drum.

TY’MPAN [tympanum, Lat. ΤΝΜΠΑΝΟΝ, Gr.] 1. A timbrel or drum. 2.
[In anatomy] the drum of the ear. 3. [In joinery] a term used of the
pannels of doors, and also of the square or die of pedestals. 4. [In ar­
chitecture] is that part of the bottom of the frontons which is inclosed
between the cornices, and answers the naked freeze. 5. [With prin­
ters] a frame of wood belonging to a printing press, having a parchment
stretched over it, on which they place the sheets of paper, one after
another, in the printing them off.

TYMPAN of an Arch, is a triangular table placed in its corners, usually
hollowed, and sometimes enriched with branches of laurel, oak, tro­
phies, or flying figures; as Fame, &c.

TYMPA’NIAS [in physic] the tympany, a hard swelling of the belly,
being a kind of dry windy dropsy, the same as tympany.

TY’MPANO [in music books] a pair of kettle drums frequently used in
concert as a bass to a trumpet.

TYMPANI’TES, subst. [ΤΝΜΠΑΝΙΤΗΣ, from ΤΝΜΠΑΝΙζΩ, Gr. to sound like a
drum] See TYMPANY.

TYMPA’NUM [ΤΝΜΠΑΝΟΝ, Gr.] a drum, which among the ancients was
a thin piece of leather or skin, stretched upon a hoop or circle, and beaten
with the hand. See TAMBOUR.

TYMPANUM [in mechanics] a kind of wheel placed on an axis or cy­
lindrical beam, on the top of which are placed leaves or fixed staves,
for the more easy turning the axis about to raise the weight required;
and it differs not from the peritrochium, excepting that the cylinder or
axis of the peritrochium is much shorter and lesser than the cylinder of
the tympanum.

TYMPANUM [with anatomists] the drum, or skin of the drum of the
ear, the same that is named membrana tympani, which is a small, round,
thin, transparent, dry, and nervous membrane of most exquisite sense,
which lies over the hollow of the inner part of the ear, and is the organ
or instrument of hearing.

TY’MPANY [tympanites, Lat. ΤΝΜΠΑΝΙΤΗΣ, of ΤΝΜΠΑΝΙζΩ, Gr. to beat or
sound like a drum] Galen (in his Comment on the 11th Aphorism of the
4th book) observes, “that it is so called, because the lower belly, when
struck, yields much the same sound as a drum.” He adds, “that it is
not of the humid kind, like the ascites, but which may be resolved into
a statulent spirit [or vapour] and an habitual intemperature of those parts.”
I shall leave the reader to compare this with Dr. Mead's account, Moni­
ta, &c. p. 124. See ASCITE, HYDROPS, and DROPSY.

TY’NY, adj. small. Shakespeare.

TYPE, subst. Fr. [typus, Lat. ΤΝΠΟΣ, Gr.] 1. An emblem, a mark of
something. 2. A stamp, a mark: not in use. Thy father bears the
type of king of Naples. Shakespeare. 3. A copy of a model, a figure or
character, either engraved or printed; something designed to presigure.
“Who [i. e Adam] is a type of him that was to come.” Paul. See
FÆDERAL Head, Original SIN, and THEODORUS of Mopsuestia; above
all, SECONDARY Sense, compared with those lines of Addison in his
poem to Sir Godfrey Kneller.
Great Pan who wont to chace the fair,
And lov'd the spreading oak was there, &c.
4. [In theology] a symbol, sign, or figure of something to come.

TYPHO’DES [ΤΝφΩΔΗΣ, Gr.] a continual burning fever; but, as Gorræus
adds, of the symptomatic kind, and occasioned by an erysipelas of the
liver; as a fever raised by an erisipelas of the stomach is called a lipuria;
and from an erysipelas of the lungs, a crymodes; all not primary dis­
eases, but of the symptomatic kind; as Galen himself suggests in his
Comment on Aphorism 42, Book 7. and Ætius, lib. 5. c. 89.

TY’PHA, Lat. Typh Wheat, a sort of grain much like our rye.

TYPHA Aquatica, Lat. [in botany] the herb water-torch, cat's tail, or
reed-mace.

TY’PIC, or TY’PICAL, adj. [typicus, Lat. typique, Fr. ΤΟΠΙχΟΣ, Gr.]
pertaining to a type or figure, emblematical, figurative, or representative
of something else. Typic glory. Prior.

TY’PICALLY, adv. [of typical] in a typical sense.

TY’PICALNESS, subst. [of typical] the state of being figurative, a typi­
cal quality.

To TY’PIFY, verb act. [of type] to figure, to shew in emblem.

TYPOCO’SMY, subst. [of ΤΝΠΟΣ, a type, and χΟρΜΟΣ, Gr. the world]
a figure of the world.

TYPO’GRAPHER, subst. [typograpbus, Lat. ΤΝΠΟΓρΑφΟΣ, Gr. of ΤΝΠΟΣ
and ΓρΑΔΩ, Gr.] a printer.

TYPOGRA’PHICAL, adj. [of typographicus, Lat. of ΤΝΠΟΓρΑφΙχΟΣ, of
ΤΝΠΟΣ, a type or letter, and ΓρΑΔΩ, Gr. to describe] 1. Figurative, em­
blematical. 2. Belonging to typography, or the art of printing.

TYPOGRA’PHICALLY, adv. [of typographic] 1. By way of figure or
emblem. 2. In the manner of printers.

TYPO’GRAPHY, subst. [typographie, Fr. typographia, Lat. of ΤΝΠΟΓρΑ­
ΔΙΑ, Gr.] 1. Figurative or hieroglyphical representation. Brown. 2.
The art of printing.


TYR

TY’RANNESS, subst. [of tyrant] a female tyrant. Spenser.

TYRA’NNIC, or TYRA’NNICAL, adj. [tyrannique, Fr. tyrannus, Lat.
ΤΝρΑΝΝΙχΟΣ, Gr. tirannico, It.] pertaining to a tyrant, suiting to, or acting
like a tyrant, despotic, imperious, cruel.

TYRA’NNICALLY, adv. [of tyrannical] after the manner of a tyrant,
imperiously, arbitrarily.

TYRA’NNICALNESS, subst. [of tyrannical] a tyrannical nature, dispo­
sition, or behaviour.

TYRA’NNICIDE, subst. Fr. [tyrannicida, Lat. tyranicide It. of tyrannus
and cædo, Lat.] 1. A slayer or killer of tyrants 2. [Tyrannicidium, Lat.]
the act of killing of tyrants.

To TY’RANNIZE, verb neut. [tyraniser, Fr. tiranizzare, It. tiranizar,
Sp. tyrannizare, Lat. of ΤΝρΑΝΝΙζΕΙΝ, Gr.] to play the tyrant, to oppress,
to lord it over-imperiously, to act with rigour.

TYR’ANNOUS, adj. [of tyrant] tyrannical, cruel, imperious, severe:
not in use now, tho' found in good writers.

TY’RANNY [tyrannie, Fr. tyrannia, It. tyrannis, Lat. ΤυρΑΝΝΙΣ, Gr.] 1.
Absolute monarchy severely and imperiously administered. 2. Unresisted
and cruel power.
Boundless intemperance
In nature is a tyranny. Shakespeare.
3. Cruel government, rigorous command. Suspicions dispose kings to
tyranny. Bacon. 4. Severity, rigour, inclemency in general. The ty­
ranny o'er the open night. Shakespeare.

TY’RANT, subst. [ΤυρΑΝΝΟΣ, Gr. tyrannus, Lat.] the name tyrant was
at first used in a good sense; and the Greeks in old time called the su­
preme governor of every city a tyrant, or king. Rowland pretends that
this word is derived of ter, a territory (and it imports the same thing in
the Erse) and rhanner, Welch, to share, q. d. tirhanner, a sharer or di­
vider of and among his vassals, and hence teyrn, a king, tyrnes, a king­
dom, teyrnasan, to reign, all Celtic words, which yet remain, with very
little alteration, in the C. Br. But now it is generally used in a bad
sense for one who governs with cruelty and injustice] 1. A severe master,
an oppressor. 2. An absolute monarch governing imperiously.

TYRE, subst. properly tire; which see.

TY’RETS, a kind of ornament for horse harnesses.

TY’RIASIS, Lat. a leprosy. Bruno says it is the same disease with sa­
tyriasis, or lepra Arabum, or elephantiasis. See ELEPHANTIASIS Arabum.

TY’RO, subst. Lat. [properly tiro, as in the Latin] one in his rudi­
ments, a novice in any art or science.

TY’ROCINY [tyrocinium, Lat.] the first exercise or new beginning into
any art or faculty; apprenticeship; also unskilfulness.

TY’ROSIS [of ΤΝρΟΣ, Gr. cheese] a curdling of milk in the stomach into
a substance something resembling cheese.

TY’RUS, Lat. [in physic] the order which intermitting fevers observe
in their increasing and decreasing.













V

V U, v u, Roman, VU, v u, Italic, V u, English, V U, v u,
Saxon, are the nineteenth letters in order of their respective
alphabets, Γ υ, in Greek, generally written by a Y y, in En­
glish, the twentieth of the Greek alphabet, and ו, Hebrew,
the sixth of that.

V has two powers, expressed in modern English by two characters.
The V consonant and U vowel ought to be considered as two letters, and
be carefully distinguished in reading; as, Vulgar, Union, University, &c.
but as they were long confounded, while the two uses were annexed to
one form, the old custom still continues to be followed. The U vowel is
not heard in the words guards, guinea, &c. and it very seldom ends any
English words.

U vowel, in its pronunciation, is either long or short, according to
which it has different sounds.
The short U has an obscure sound not easily defined, it is something
inclining to O, or a middle sound between O and U, not unlike the
French eu, in eur. The long U has two very different sounds, observed
by few, and defined hitherto perhaps by none. The first as in brute,
flute, rude, &c. and the second as in muse, huge, fury, &c. These two
pronunciations, though very different, are generally confounded, and by
the best grammarians promiscuously explained by the French U; tho' we
have no such sound as the French U in the whole English tongue; as
they who learn French of a good master soon find our U, in the examples
of the first pronunciation, is the downright long German U, or the French
dipthong OU; and in those of the latter is a proper dipthong, which
might be explained by IU, for the short I is very distinctly heard before
the long U. To fix these two sounds by rule to the words in which they
are so pronounced has, I think, not hitherto been attempted. They that
use the first after d, l, n, r, and t, and the latter after b, c, f, g, h, j, m,
p, and s, may perhaps be not far from the mark. I know of no objections
but s, when, in the first, another vowel immediately follows the U, and
even then either pronunciation is equally good and in use; and, 2d. in
some few words after s. U, at the beginning of words, when long, has
always the latter sound.

U, is at the end of no English word, excepting thou and you.

V consonant we pronounce as the French and other southern nations,
but nothing near so much approaching to the French, as the Germans
and other northerns, it is never at the end of a word having a mute e after
it, nor is it ever doubled, unless we call W two V.

V is by the Spaniards and Gascons always confounded with b; and in
the Runic alphabet is expressed by the same character with f, distinguish­
ed only by a diacritical point. Its sound in English is uniform. It is
never mute.

V, in Latin numbers, stands for five.

V̄, with a dash at the top, stands for 5000.

V. frequently stands for vide, i. e. see; also for verse.

V, in the western parts of Great-Britain, is, by corruption, frequently
pronounced for f; as, vather, for father.

V. D. M. Verbi, Dei, Minister, a minister of the word of God.

V. R. [with the Romans] was frequently used for the phrase uti rogas,
i. e. as thou askest or desirest; and was a mark for a vote or suffrage in the
passing of a law.

VAC

VA’CANCY, subst. [vacance, Fr. vacanza, It.] 1. An empty space,
vacuity in general. Sbakespeare. 2. Chasm, space unfilled. 3. Va­
cancies, time of leisure, relaxation, intermission, time unengaged. 4.
Listlessness, emptiness of thought. Dispositions to idleness or vacancy.
Wotton. 5. [In physics] an empty interval or space void of matter. 6.
[Vacance, Fr.] state of a post or employment when it is unfilled. 7. [In
law] a post or benefice wanting a regular officer or incumbent..

VA’CANT, adj. Fr. [vacante, It. and Sp. vacans, Lat.] 1. Empty,
void, that is not filled up. 2. Free, unencumbered, uncrouded. Com­
monly with from. 3. Not filled by an incumbent or possessor. 4. Be­
ing at leisure, disengaged. 5. Thoughtless, empty of thought, not
busy.

VACANT Effects [in law] are such as are abandoned for want of an
heir, after the death or flight of their former owner.

To VA’CATE, verb act. [vacatum, Lat.] 1. To annul or make void,
to make of no authority. 2. To make vacant, to quit possession of. 3.
To defeat, to put an end to. He vacates my revenge. Dryden.

VACA’TION, subst. Fr. [vacazione, It. vacacions Sp. of vacatio, Lat.]
1. Leisure, freedom from trouble or perplexity. 2. Intermission of ju­
ridical proceedings, recess of courts or senates, ceasing from stated busi­
ness or employments. 3. The time between one term and another in
London.

VACATION [in civil law] the time from the death of a bishop or
other spiritual person, till the bishopric or other spiritual benefices are
supplied by another.

VACATION Barristers, are such as are newly called to the bar, who
are obliged to attend the exercise of the house for the six next long vaca­
tions, viz. in Lent and Summer, and are therefore so stiled during these
years.

VACATION [in common law] the time between the end of one term
and the beginning of another.

VACCA’RIA [of vacca, Lat. a cow; with botanists] the herb cow­
basil or thorough wax.

VA’CCARY, or VA’CCHARY. 1. A cow-house. 2. A dairy-house.
3. A certain compass of ground within the forest of Ashdown, Stat. 37
H. VIII. 4. A cow-pasture.

VACCI’NIUM, Lat. a blackberry, bilberry, or hurtleberry; also a
violet-flower.

VACCI’NIUM, Lat. [with botanists] the flower of the plant hyacin­
thus or crows-toes.

VACI’LLANCY, or VACI’LLATING, subst. [vacillans, vacilla, Lat.
vacillant, Fr. vagillante, It. vacilante, Sp.] state of wavering, incon­
stancy. Not much in use. More.

VACILLA’TION, subst. Fr. of Lat. [vagillazione, It. vacilacia, Sp.]
the act or state of staggering or wavering; also irresolution, quan­
dary. Derham.

VACUA’TION, Lat. the act of emptying.

VA’CUIST, subst. [vacuum, Lat.] one who holds a vacuum, in contra­
distinction to a plenist. Boyle.

VACU’ITY, subst. [vacuitÉ, Fr. vacuità, It. vacuitas, vacuus, Lat.]
1. Voidness, emptiness, state of being unfilled. 2. Space unfilled or
unoccupied. 3. Want of reality, inanity. Their expectations will meet
with vacuity and emptiness. Glanville.

VACU’NA [so called of vacando, i. e. being at leisure, supposed to
preside over them that are at leisure] the Roman goddess of rest, to
whom the husbandmen sacrificed after harvest.

VA’CUOUS, adj. [vacuus, Lat. vacue, Fr.] empty, void, unfilled.
Milton.

VA’CUUM, subst. Lat. [with physiologists] is supposed to be a space
devoid or empty of all matter or body; and is distinguished by them into
vacuum disseminatum, or interspersum, and vacuum coacervatum.

VACUUM Boyleanum, Lat. that approach to a real vacuum which is
arrived at by means of an air pump.

To VADE, verb neut. [vado, Lat. to go] to decay, fade, or wax
weak; also to vanish, to pass away. Spenser. A word useful, says John­
son, in poetry, but not received. The hills in smoke shall vade. Wot­
ton.

VADE Mecum, Lat. [i. e. go with me] a pocket-book, or any little
useful book fit and necessary to be carried in the pooket.

VADIA’RE Duellum, Lat. [in ancient writers] signifies to wage a com­
bat; as, when a person gave another a challenge to decide a controversy
by a camp-fight or duel, and threw a gauntlet or the like sign of defi­
ance, if the other took it up, that was vadiare duellum, i. e. both to give
and take mutual pledges of fighting.

VA’DIUM, Lat. wages, a salary or other reward of service upon cove­
nant or agreement.

VA’DIUM Mortuum, Lat. [in law] a mortgage, lands or goods so
pawned or engaged to the creditor, that he has a right to the main pro­
fits for the use of his loan or debt.

VA’GABOND, subst. Fr. [vagabonde, It. and Port. vagamundo, Sp. va­
gabundus, low Lat.] 1. A vagabond, a wanderer; commonly in a sense
of reproach. We call those people wanderers and vagabonds that have
no dwelling-place. Raleigh. 2. A wandering beggar, &c. one that
wanders illegally, without a settled habitation.

VAGABOND, or VAGABUND, adj. Fr. [vagabundus, Lat.] 1. Wan­
dering, roaming about, wanting a home, having no settled habitation.
2. Vagrant, wandering in general. A vagabond flag upon the stream.
Shakespeare.

VA’GA Arthritis [with physicians] the wandering gout, that flies or
moves about, causing pain, sometimes in one limb, and sometimes in
another.

VAGA’RY, subst. [of vagus, Lat.] a wild freak, a frolicksome prank,
a caprice, a whimsey.

VAGI’NA, Lat. a scabbard, sheath, or case.

VAGINA Uteri, Lat. [in anatomy] the sheath or neck of the womb.

VAGINA’LIS [with anatomists] the vaginal tunicle, the second pro­
per coat, which immediately wraps up or covers the testicles.

VAGINALIS Gulæ [with anatomists] the musculous coat of the gulæ,
it being supposed to be a proper muscle conspiring with the œsophagus in
thrusting down the aliment, when enter'd.

VAGINALIS Tunica, the same as Elythyroides.

VAGINIPE’NNOUS Animals [vaginipennes, Lat.] such as have their
wings in sheaths or hard cases, as the beetle hath.

VA’GRANCY, or VA’GRANTNESS, subst. [of vagrant] a state of ram­
bling to and fro, an unsettled course of life.

VA’GRANT, adj. [prob. q. d. vagè errans, Lat.] wandering, strolling,
or roving up and down, unfixed in place.

VAGRANT, subst. [vagant, Fr.] a sturdy beggar, a vagabond, a strol­
ler, an idle person who rambles from place to place. In a bad sense.

VAGUE, adj. Fr. [vago, It. and Sp. vagus, Lat.] 1. Wandering,
rambling, living at random, vagrant. 2. Unfixed, indefinite, loose,
without due order or fixed intent.

VA’GUM [with anatomists] the eighth pair of nerves of the medulla
oblongata, called the par vagum, because dispersed to divers parts of
the body.


VAI

VAIL [velum, Lat. voile, Fr. velo, It. and Sp. This word is now
frequently written veil, both substantive and verb, from velum or velo,;
but the old orthography commonly derived it, I believe, says Johnson,
rightly from the French] 1. A curtain or any thing that covers or hides
another from being seen. 2. A part of female dress, by which the face
particularly is concealed. 3. Money given to servants. See VALE. It
is commonly used.

To VAIL [voiler, Fr. velare, It. and Lat.] to cover with a vail.

VAILS, in the plur. [unde derivatur incertum, unless prob. of vale­
dictio, q. d. money given to servants by guests for salutations] gifts or
profits given or allowed to servants above their wages.

To VAIL, verb act. to cover. See To VEIL.








To VAIL the Bonnet, verb act. [avaller le bonnet, Fr.] 1. To take off
one's hat, to let fall, to suffer to descend. Carew. 2. [In sea lan­
guage] to strike sail in token of respect or submission. 3. To fall,
to let sink for fear or any other motive or interest. Shakespeare. 'Gan
vail his stomach. Shakespeare.

To VAIL, verb neut. to yield, to show respect by yielding, to give
place to. In this sense, says Johnson, the modern writers have igno­
rantly written veil. South uses it.

VAIN, adj. Fr. [vano, It. and Sp. vain, Port. vanus, Lat. probably
all of wan, Teut. deficient] 1. Ineffectual, fruitless. 2. Shadowy, un­
real, empty. Vain chimæra. Dryden. 3. Idle, unimportant, frivolous,
foolish, or useless. 4. Meanly proud, proud of petty matters. 5.
Showy, ostentatious. Some vain church. Pope. 6. False. Opposed
to true. 7. In vain; to no purpose, without effect.

VAINGLO’RIOUS, adj. [of vanus and gloriosus, Lat.] full of vain-glory,
boasting without performances, proud in disproportion to merit.

VAINGLO’RIOUSNESS, subst. [of vainglorious] state of being vainglo­
rious, empty boasting, &c.

VAINGLO’RY [vana gloria, Lat.] pride above desert, boasting in vain,
to no benefit or purpose, empty pride, pride in petty things.

VAI’NLY, adv. [of vain] 1. To no purpose, uneffectually. 2. With
pride or arrogance. 3. Idly, foolishly, frivolously.

VAI’NNESS, subst. [of vain] emptiness, the state of being vain; pride,
falshood.

VAIR, or VAI’RY [either of variÉ, of variis coloribus, Lat. i. e. va­
rious colours, or, as some say, of varius, the name of an animal, whose
back is a blue grey, and its belly white] it is the second sort of furr or
doubling, formerly used for lining of the garments of great men and
knights of renown; it is when a field of a coat of arms is chequered into
two colours by the figures of little bells; and if these two colours are ar­
gent and azure, it is vairy or proper, and you need say no more but
vairy; but if the colours are any other, they must be expresly named in
blazoning the coat. See VERRY.

Contre-VAI’RE, is when the metals and colours are so ranged, that
the figure, which is azure, touches either with its edge or foot another
azure figure, being placed and joined together, breech to breech, one
upon another, the point of the one tending towards the chief of the
escutcheon, and that of the other towards the base.

VAIRE en Pale, is when the figures stand exactly one upon another,
flat upon the points.

VAI’VODE, subst. [waiwod, Sclav. a governor] a prince of the ducian
provinces.


VAL

VA’LANCE, or VA’LENCE, subst. [from Valencia in Spain, whence the
use of them came. Skinner] the fringes hanging round the tester and
stead of a bed. Shakespeare.

To VA’LENCE, verb act. [from the subst.] to decorate with fringes
or drapery. Not in use. Shakespeare has it passively.

VALE of a Pump [in a ship] a trough by which the water runs from
the pump along the sides of the ship to the scupperholes.

VALE, subst. [vallée, Fr. val, O. Fr, valle, It. and Sp. vallis, Lat.]
1. A valley, a low ground, a hollow place or space of ground sur­
rounded with hills. Vale is used in poetry. 2. [From avail, profit, or
vale, Lat. farewell. If from vail, it must be written vail, as Dryden
does: If from vale, which I think, says Johnson, right, it must be
vale] money given to servants. See VAIL.

VA’LECT. See VALET.

VALEDI’CTION, Lat. a farewel. Donne.

VALEDI’CTORY, adj. [valedico, Lat.] pertaining to valediction or
bidding farewel.

VA’LENCES, or VA’LLENS, short curtains to the upper part of the fur­
niture of a bed, window, &c. See VALANCE.

VA’LENTINE, subst. a sweet-heart chosen on St. Valentine's day.

VA’LENTINES [in England] probably take their name of Valentine, a
bishop of Rome, whose festival is observed on the fourteenth of February;
and because about this time of the year the birds match or choose their
mates, probably thence the young men and maids choose Valentines or
sweet-hearts on that day.

VALENTINES [in the Romish church] saints chosen on St. Valentine's
day as patron's for the ensuing year.

VALENTI’NIANS, an ancient sect of Gnostics, so called from Valen­
tinian their leader.
We have already given a slight sketch of their system under the words
PROBOLE, and SYZYGIE; and must now refer our readers for the com­
pleat portraiture to the first book of St. Irenæus against heresies. But one
or two things are too material to be overlook'd: The Valentinians, in
order to make up the number 30, did in that number include the First
Cause and Father himself. Now this arrangement of theirs, St. Irenæus
would by no means admit: “Pater enim omnium enumerari non debet,
&c. i. e. For the FATHER OF ALL must not be number'd in conjunction
with beings produced from him; He who is not SENT FORTH, with that
which is sent forth; He, who is NOT BEGOTTEN, with that which is be­
gotten; and He whom [for his absolute immensity] no one contains, with
that which is contained by him.——Secundum enim id quod MELIOR quam
reliqui, non debet cum eis annumerari.” Iren. adv. Hæreses. Ed. Grabe,
Lib. II. p. 132. But this is not all; the Valentinians were (so far as I
can find) the first of all the ancient writers, who ventured to affirm, that
God's Only-begotten was “ΙΣΟΣ χΑΙ ΟΜΟΙΟΣ ΑυΤΩ, i. e. similar and equal to
Him:” Iren. p. 7. tho' it has been question'd by some learned men,
whether by that phrase they intended a strict and proper Coequality; but
supposing it for once; St. Irenæus sufficiently explains himself on this
head; he does so in many a place, and in particular in what follows;
for having occasion, p. 178, to remind us of those words, of that day
and hour knoweth no one, &c, “Should any one enquire (says he) for what
reason the Father, who communicates in all things to the Son, is declared
by our Lord, to be the only person who knoweth that day and hour;
He'll not find out at present a more fit, more decent, or more safe reason
[or reply] than this, that we might learn by our Lord Himself, (who is
the only true Master,) that the Father is over all. For the Father, says
He, is GREATER THAN I. And in knowledge therefore is he described
to have the preheminence, &c. So just was that remark of Erasmus;
“Videtur sentire quod solus Pater sciverit diem & horam, ignorante Filio”—
See COIMMENSE, SIMILE, CERINTHIANS, ISOCHRONAL, and INCAR­
NATION compared

VALE’RIAN, subst. Fr. [valeriana, Lat.] a physical herb, called also
set-wall and capon's tail.

VALE’SIANS [so called of Valens, their leader] a sect of Christians,
who admitted none into their society but eunuchs.

VA’LET, Fr. a man servant.

VALET de Chambre, Fr. one who waits upon a person of quality in his
bed-chamber.

VALET [with horsemen] is a stick armed at one end with a blunted
point of iron, to prick and aid a leaping horse.

VALET, VALE’CT, or VA’DELECT [un valet, Fr.] in ancient times
was used to signify a young gentleman of good descent or quality; and
afterwards it was applied to the rank of yeomen; and, in the account
of the Inner-Temple, it is understood of a bencher's clerk or servant,
which in old French is called varlet, the butler of the house.

VALE’NTIA, Lat. a Roman goddess, supposed to be the same as the
Grecian Hygiea.

VALETUDINA’RIAN, subst. [valetudinarius, Lat.] a sickly person, one
infirm of health. Swift.

VALETUDINARIAN, or VALETU’DINARY, adj. [valetudinarius, Lat.]
Sickly, being of a weak, sickly constitution, frequently out of order.

VALETU’DINARY, subst. [valetudinarium, Lat.] an hospital for sick
people.

VA’LIANCE [vaillance, Fr.] valour, bravery, fierceness. Spenser.

VA’LIANT, adj. [vaillant, Fr. valente, Port.] bold and daring in
fight, couragious, stout.

VA’LIANTLY, adv. [of valiant] courageously, stoutly.

VA’LIANTNESS, subst. [of valiant] prowess, stoutness, courage, fierce­
ness.

VA’LID, adj. Fr. [valido, It. and Sp. of validus, Lat.] 1. Strong,
mighty, efficacious, prevalent. 2. Having force, weighty, conclusive.
Valid argument. Stephens.

VALID, authentic, binding, done in due form, good in law.

VALI’DITY, or VA’LIDNESS [validitas, Lat. validitÉ, Fr. validità,
It.] 1. Certainty, weight, force to convince, authenticity. 2. Value.
A sense not used. Shakespeare.

VA’LLANCY, subst. [of the same original with valance] a large wig
which shades the face. Dryden.

VA’LLAR Crown [in heraldry] was a crown given by the general of
an army, to him who first broke into an enemy's fortified camp, or forced
any place pallisaded; it represented pallisadoes standing up above the
circle.

VA’LLEY, subst. [vealle, Sax. vallis, Lat. vallée, Fr. valle, It. and
Sp.] a vale or low ground encompassed with hills. Vallies are the inter­
vals betwixt mountains. Woodward.

VA’LLIES [in architecture] the gutters over the sleepers in the roof
of a building.

VALO’MBREUX, a certain order of monks.

VA’LOROUS, adj. [valeureux, O. Fr. valoroso, It. valeroso, Sp.] va­
liant, stout, brave.

VA’LOROUSLY, adv. [of valorous] valiantly.

VA’LOROUSNESS, subst. [of valorous] valiantness, stoutness, bra­
very.

VA’LOUR [valeur, Fr. valore, It. valor, Sp. and Lat. Ainsworth]
courage, stoutness, prowess, bravery.

VA’LUABLE, adj. [valable, Fr.] 1. Precious, being of great value.
2. Weighty, important, worthy, deserving regard.

VA’LUABLENESS, subst. [of valuable] preciousness; also worthiness,
&c.

VA’LVASOUR. See VA’VASOUR.

VALUA’TION [evaluation, Fr.] 1. Price, value set upon a thing. 2.
The act of appraising or setting a value on a thing. Ray.

VALUA’TOR, subst. [of value] an appraiser, one who sets a price on a
thing. Swift.

VA’LUE [value, valeur, Fr. valuta and valore, It. valor, Sp. from
valor, Lat.] 1. Price, worth in general. 2. High rate. Addison. 3.
Price equal to the worth of a thing bought. Dryden.

To VA’LUE, verb act. [valoir, Fr.] 1. To rate at a certain price. 2.
To esteem or prize highly. 3. To appraise, to estimate. 4. To be
worth, to be equal in worth to. Shakespeare. 5. To take account of.
Bacon. 6. To reckon at with respect to power or number. 7. To hold
as important, to consider with regard to importance. 8. To equal in va­
lue, to countervail. 9. To raise to estimation. Sometimes with the
reciprocal pronoun.

VA’LUELESS, adj. [of value] being of no value. Shakespeare.

VA’LUER, subst. [of value] one that values.

VALVE [in hydraulics, &c.] a kind of lid or cover of a tube, &c.
opening one way, which, the more forcibly it is pressed the other, the
more closely it shuts the aperture.

VALVE, subst. [valva, Lat.] a folding door. Pope.

VALVES [with anatomists] thin membranes applied like doors or shut­
ters on divers cavities and vessels of the body, to afford a passage to
some humour or matter going one way, and to prevent its reflux towards
the part whence it came.

VA’LVULA, Lat. [in anatomy] a valve or fold in the vessels; as,

VALVULA Major, Lat. [with anatomists] the upper part or cover of the
isthmus, lying between the testes and foremost worm-like process of the
cerebellum. It is of a marrowy substance, and the use of it is to keep
the lympha from falling out about the nerves in the basis of the skull.

VA’LVULÆ Conniventes, Lat. [with anatomists] the wrinkles found in
the guts ileum and jejunum; for the inner coat of those guts being longer
than the middle of the outward one, it wrinkles or bags out in many
places; so that, the passages being straitened, the matter contained in
them descends more slowly, and the lacteal vessels have the more time to
draw in the chyle.

VA’LVULE. subst. Fr. a small valve.


VAM

VA’MARACE. subst. [avant bras, Fr.] armour for the arm. See
VANBRASS.

VAMP, subst. the upper-leather of a shoe.

To VAMP, verb act. [this is supposed, probably enough, by Skinner, to
be derived from avant, Fr. before, and to mean laying on a new out­
side] to mend or furbish up an old thing with something new.

VA’MPE, or VA’MPAYS, a sort of short hose which covered the feet,
and reached only to the ancles, the breeches reaching as low as the calf
of the leg; and from thence to graft a new footing on an old hose, was
called vamping.

VAMPER, subst. [of vamp] one who vamps or pieces out an old thing
with some new part.








VA’MPLATE, or VA’MPLET, a piece of steel sometimes in the shape of
a tunnel, used in tilting-spears, just before the hand, to secure and defend
it; it was made to be taken off and put on at pleasure; also a gauntlet,
or iron glove.

VAN [of avant, Fr. before] 1. The front of an army, the first line.
2. [Van, Fr. of vannus, Lat.] any thing spread wide by which a wind
is raised, a winnowing-fan, a crible for corn. A corn van. Broome.
3. A wing with which the air is beaten. Milton.

To VAN, verb act. [vannus, vanno, Lat. vanner, Fr.] to sift or win­
now corn: not in use. Bacon.

VANCOURIE’R, Fr. a harbinger, a precursor or forerunner,

VANCOURIE’RS [in war] were lighs armed soldiers sent before to beat
the road upon the approach of an enemy.

VA’NDALS, a barbarous and fierce people of a part of Sweden, after­
wards from the Goths, their successors, called Gothland, who leaving
their native soil, took pleasure in ranging to and fro and ravaging coun­
tries: One of those northern nations, which broke in upon the Roman
empire, about the close of the fourth century, and settled themselves first
in Spain, and afterwards on the coast of Barbary. Both the Goths and
Vandals were Unitarians, and (as Salvian, tho' an enemy, bears them
witness) of great sobriety of manners. Justinian, by his general Belisa­
rius, overthrew the Vandal state in Africa, A. C. 534, about 108 years
(says Petavius) after their first entrance into that country. He adds, that
Gilimer, their last king, upon being carried prisoner to Constantinople,
had a portion of land assigned him in Cappadocia, and would have been
made a patrician, but for his refusing to renounce his religious principles.
N. B. One or two of the Vandal princes are said to have practised great
severities on the catholic clergy, that dwelt among them: But things of
this nature have been too often exaggerated beyond the truth by our
church-writers; and that lying wonder, which they published, of men's
speaking after their tongue's were cut out, throws an air of suspicion
upon the whole affair.—Not to observe, how the principles of religious
liberty were no where better understood and practised than by the unita­
rian states; as we have shewn under the word [GOTHS:] And indeed,
for more reasons than one, I'm inclined to think, that if the catholic
priests in Afric suffered some hardships there; it was upon much the
same foot, as the Jesuits are regarded with a jealous eye by us; I mean,
upon political views; and as being in a foreign interest, and no friends
to the present establishment; a thing which the Goths in Italy, a few
years after found, to their cost, to be too true——after all the moderation
which they had shewn to the Italic clergy; who chose rather to become
subjects of the perfidious and most profligate Greeks, than to enjoy all
the blessings of the best and mildest government in the hands of unitarian
princes. See GOTHS, and CROISADES compared.

VANE, subst. [fana, Sax. vaen, Du. faen, L. Ger. fahn, H. Ger.] 1.
A weather-cock, a device to shew which way the wind blows; being
commonly a thin plate hung on a pin to turn with the wind.

VANES [of mathematical instruments] are sights made to move and
slide upon them.

VA’NFOSS, subst. [in fortification] a ditch dug without the counter­
scarp, and running all along the glacis, usually full of water.

VANGE [in ancient writings] a spade or mattoc.

VANGUA’RD, or VANTGUA’RD, subst. [avant garde, Fr.] the first line,
the front of an army drawn up in battle array.

VANI’LLA, or VANI’LLIO, subst. [vanille, Fr.] a little seed growing in
longish pods, being an ingredient in the composition of chocolate, to
give it strength and an agreeable flavour.

To VA’NISH, verb neut. [vanesco, Lat. s'evanouir, Fr. vanire, It.] 1.
To disappear, to go out of sight. 2. To lose perceptible existence. 3.
To pass away, to be lost, to come to nothing.

VA’NITY [vanitas, Lat. vanitÉ, Fr. vanità, It. vanidad, Sp.] 1.
Emptiness, unprofitableness, uncertainty. 2. Fruitless desire, ineffec­
tual endeavour. Sidney. 3. Trifling labour. Raleigh. 4. Falshood,
untruth. Sir J. Davies. 5. Empty pleasure, idle show, unsubstantial
enjoyment, petty object of pride. Pope. 6. Ostentation, arrogance,
pride. Raleigh. 7. Petty pride, pride shown on slight grounds. Va­
nity's the food of fools. Swift.

VA’NNED, part. pass. [vannatus, Lat.] fanned or winnowed. See To
VAN.

VA’NNUS, Lat. [in old records] a vane or weather-cock.

To VA’NQUISH, verb act. [vaincre, Fr. vincere, It. and Lat. vencer,
Sp.] 1. To overcome, subdue or conquer. 2. To confute. Atter­
bury.

VA’NQUISHER, subst. [of vanquish; vainqueur, Fr.] a conqueror, one
who subdues.

VA’NTAGE, subst. [avantage, Fr.] 1. Gain, profit. Sidney. 2. Su­
periority, state in which one has better means of action than another.
He had them at vantage. Bacon. 3. Conveniency, opportunity. Shake­
speare. 4. That which is given or allowed over-weight or over-measure.
5. [For advantage, avantage, Fr.] See ADVANTAGE. It seems to be
going into difuse in all its senses.

To VA’NTAGE, verb act. for Advantage; to profit. Spenser.

VA’NTBRASS, subst. sometimes Vantbrace, Vambrace, but improperly
[avant bras, Fr.] armour for the arm.


VAP

VA’PID, adj. [vapidus, Lat.] palled, dead, or flat, having the spirit
evaporated; spoken of liquors.

VA’PIDNESS, subst. [of vapid] deadness, flatness, palledness of liquors,
maukishness.

VA’PORARY, subst. [vaporarium, Lat.] 1. An hot-house, a stow, a
bagnio. 2. [With physicians] a decoction of herbs, &c. poured hot
into a vessel, so that the patient sitting over it may receive its fumes.

VAPORA’TION, subst. Fr. [vaporazione, lt. of Lat.] the act or state of
sending forth vapours or fumes.

VAPORI’FEROUS, adj. [vaporifer, Lat.] causing or producing va­
pours.

VAPORI’FEROUSNESS [of vaporifer, Lat. and ness] an exhaling or va­
pour-producing quality.

VA’PORER, subst. [of vapour] one who boasts or brags. Gov. of the
Tongue.

VA’POROUS, adj. [vaporeux, Fr. vaporoso, It. and Sp. vaporosus, Lat.]
1. Full of vapours of exhalations, fumy. 2. Windy, flatulent. Ba­
con.

VAPORO’SUM Balneum, Lat. [with physicians] a vaporous bath,
when the vessel that contains the matter is set in another half full of wa­
ter, and is heated by the vapours or steams that arise from the hot or
boiling water.

To VA’POUR, verb neut. [vaporo, Lat.] 1. To brag, crack, or boast,
to bully. 2. To evaporate, to pass in a vapour or fume.

To VAPOUR, verb act. 1. To effuse or scatter in fumes or vapours.
2. To huff. Not be vapoured down by insignificant testimonies. Glan­
ville. Passively used, but seems improper.

VA’POURING, part. act. of vapour [vaporans, Lat.] huffing, hector­
ing, bragging or boasting.

VA’POUR, subst. [vapeur, Fr. vapore, It. vaporo, Sp. and Port. vapor,
Lat.] 1. Any thing exhalable, that ascends into and mingles with the
air. Vapours are those watery particles which are sever'd from others by
the heat of the sun and motion of the air, and are carried about in seve­
ral directions, according to the wind or warmness of the air. 2. Wind,
flatulency in general. Ointments, if laid on any thing thick, by stop­
ping of the pores, shut in the vapour. Bacon. 3. Fume, steam in gene­
ral. The vapour which ascends out of the still. Newton. 4. Mental
fume, vain fancy or imagination. Hope, tho' it be clouded over with a
melancholy vapour. Hammond.

VA’POURS [in medicine] a disease, called popularly the hyp, or hy­
pochondriac malady, caused by flatulence or diseased nerves, melan­
choly, spleen. Addison.

VA’PPID, adj. [vapidus, Lat.] dead, flat of taste; spoken of potable
liquors. This should be vapid; which see.

VAPPI’DITY, subst. [vappiditas, Lat.] deadness, flatness, or insipidity
of taste of potable liquors.


VAR

VA’RDINGAL, subst. [vertugadin, Fr. It is commonly pronounced far­
dingal] a whalebone circle that ladies formerly wore, and upon which
they tied their petticoats, a hoop-petticoat, a fardingal.

VA’RI, Lat. [with physicians] small, hard ruddy tumours, about the
size of an hemp-seed, on the face and neck of young people, especially
such as are addicted to venery.

VA’RIABLE, adj. Fr. and Sp. [variabile, It. variabilis, Lat.] apt to
change, inconstant, mutable.

VARIABLE [in the new doctrine of infinites] is a term applied to such
quantities as either increase or diminish, according as some other quanti­
ties increase or diminish.

VA’RIABLENESS, subst. [of variable] 1. Changeableness, liableness to
change, mutability. Addison. 2. Inconstancy, levity, fickleness. Cla­
rissa.

VA’RIABLY, adv. [of variable] changeably, inconstantly, with uncer­
tainty.

VA’RIANCE, subst. [of vary] discord, diagreement; also diversifica­
tion in form or colours.

VARIANCE [in law] an alteration or change of condition in a person
or thing, after some former concern or transaction therewith.

VARIA’TION, subst. Fr. [variazione, It. variacion, Sp. of variatio,
Lat.] 1. Change, alteration, difference from itself. Much variation
of opinions. Hayward. 2. Difference, change from one to another,
The same variation of soils. Woodward. 3. Successive change. Stain'd
with the variation of each soil. Shakespeare. 4. [In grammar] the
change of termination of nouns. 5. Change in physical phænomena.
Wotton. 6. Deviation. Dryden. 7. [In astronomy] a term used by
Tycho Brache for the third inequality in the motion of the moon, arising
from her apogæums being changed, as her system is carried round the
sun by the earth.

VARIATION. 1. [In geography] the deviation of the magnetical
needle or compass from the true north point, either towards the east or
west. 2. [In navigation] is the variation of the needle or mariner's
compass; so called, because it is not always the same in the same place,
but varies in process of time from what it was.

VARIATION-Chart, a chart having the lines of variation on it, de­
signed by Dr. Halley: The projection of which is according to Merca­
tor's; and the situation and form of the surface of the terraqueous globe,
as to its principal parts, and the dimensions of the several oceans are
therein ascertained with the utmost accuracy.

VARIA’ZONE, It. [in the Italian music] is the different manner of
playing or singing a tune or song, either by dividing the notes into seve­
ral others, or by adding of graces, &c.

VARICIFO’RMES Prostatœ [with anatomists] two vessels near the blad­
der, so called, because they have many turnings and windings, serving
to prepare the semen the better.

VA’RICES, Lat. [with anatomists] the greater veins of the hips,
thighs, testes, &c.

VA’RICOLOUR'D, adj. [of various and colour] of many colours: a bad
word.

VA’RICOSE, or VA’RICOUS, adj. [varicosus, Lat.] that hath the veins
puffed up and swoln more than ordinary with corrupt blood, diseased
with distention or dilatation.

VARICO’SUM Corpus, Lat. [in anatomy] a contexture or net-work of
seed-vessels which is let into the testes.

To VA’RIEGATE, verb act. [variegatus, school Lat.] to diversify, to
make of different colours.

VARIEGA’TION, subst. [of variegate; with florists] diversity of co­
lours, the state of being streaked or diversified, as in the leaves of
flowers or plants, with several colours.

VARI’ETY [varietas, Lat. varietÉ, Fr. varieta, It. variedad, Sp.]
1. Change, intermixture of one thing with another: succession of one
thing with another. Variety is nothing else but a continued novelty.
South. 2. Difference, dissimilitude, diversity. Atterbury. 3. One thing
of many by which variety is made. It has a plural in this sense. Va­
rieties which the earth bringeth forth. Raleigh. 4. Variation from a for­
mer state, deviation. Hale.

VARIO’LÆ, Lat. the small pox.

VARIO’RUM, Lat as notis variorum; a term used of those Latin au­
thors printed with the notes or comments of various grammarians or cri­
tics.

VA’RIOUS, adj. [vari, It. vario, Sp. varius, Lat.] 1. Different,
several, manifold. Milton. 2. Changeable, unlike itself, uncertain.
Locke. 3. Unlike each other. 4. Variegated, diversified. Milton.

VA’RIOUSLY, adv. [of various] after a various manner.

VARI’SSE [with farriers] an imperfection upon the inside of the ham
of an horse, a little distant from the curb.

VA’RIX, Lat. [varice, Fr.] a crooked vein swelled with blood, espe­
cially in the legs; also a small dilatation of the veins, where the blood
turns in a kind of eddy, and makes a knot upon the part. Galen call it
a dilated vein; and Castell. Renov. defines it more at large to be “a
soft, indolent, unequal, and knotty tumour, in the lower belly, serotum,







or testicle; but most frequently in the legs; arising from a distension
and contortion of the subcutaneous veins by a feculent and serous blood
there collected.”

VA’RLET, subst. O. Fr. [in ancient statutes] 1. A yeoman, or yeo­
man's servant, a footman. Spenser. 2. [Now Valet, Fr.] a sorry fellow,
a rascally fellow, tho' anciently no opprobrious name, but as in the
foregoing sense, and as fur in Latin.

VA’RLETRY, subst. [of varlet] rabble, rascally croud. Shakespeare.

VA’RNISH, subst. [vernis, Fr. vernice, It. varniz, Sp. of vernix, Lat.]
1. A compound of gums and other ingredients, for setting a gloss upon
cabinets, pictures, &c. 2. [With medallists] a colour or sort of gloss
that medals have got by lying in the earth. Pope. 3. Cover, palliation
in general.

To VA’RNISH, verb act. [vernisser, or vernir, Fr. vernicare, It. of
vernix, Lat.] 1. To do over with varnish, to cover over with some­
thing glossy or shining. 2. To cover, to conceal with something orna­
mental. 3. To hide with colour of rhetoric, to palliate. To varnish
crimes. Addison.

VA’RNISHER, subst. [of varnish] 1. One whose business is to varnish.
2. One who disguises, adorns or sets off with the colours of rhetoric.
Pope.

VA’RVELS [varvelles, Fr.] silver rings about the leg of a hawk, on
which the name of the owner is engraved.

To VA’RY, verb act. [varier, Fr. variare, It. of vario, Lat.] 1. To
alter, to change, to make unlike itself. Milton. 2. To change to some­
thing else. 3. To variegate, to diversify. 4. To make of different
kinds. Brown.

To VARY, verb neut. 1. To be changeable, to appear in different
forms. 2. To be unlike each other. The public constitutions of na­
tions vary. Collier. 3. To alter, to become unlike itself. He varies
from himself. Pope. 4. To deviate, to depart from. Locke. 5. To
succeed each other. Addison. 6. To disagree, to be at variance. 7. To
shift colours. Varying plumage. Pope.

VA’RY, subst. [from the verb] change, alteration. Not in use.
Shakespeare.

VAS, Lat. a vessel.

Breve VAS, Lat. [with anatomists] a short vein which passes from the
stomach to the spleen.

VA’SA, Lat. [in anatomy] those cavities and tubes in an animal
body through which the humours or liquors of the body pass, as a vein
or artery.

VA’SCULAR, adj. [vasculum, Lat.] by anatomists applied to any thing
consisting of divers veins, vessels, arteries, &c.

VASCULI’FEROUS Plants [of vasculum and fero, Lat.] are those plants,
which, besides the common calix or flower-cup, have a peculiar vessel
or case to hold their seed, one belonging to each flower, but sometimes
divided into distinct cells; and these have always a monopetalous flower,
either uniform or difform. Quincey.

VASE, subst. Fr. [vaso, It. Sp. and Port. of vasa, Lat.] 1. A vessel;
generally a vessel more for show than use. 2. [With florists] the
calix or cup; as, the vase of a tulip, &c. 3. [Of a church candlestic]
the middle of it, which is usually of a round figure.

VA’SES [in architecture] are naments placed on cornices, socles, or
pedestals, representing such vessels as the ancients used in sacrifices, as
incense-pots, &c. often inriched with basso relievo's; also the body of a
Corinthian and composite capital, called the tambour.

VA’SSAL, subst. Fr. [vassallo, It. and Sp. of vasal, wesel, Teut. ver,
weser, H. Ger. a substitute. Spelman chuses to derive it of vas, Lat. a
surety or pledge; vassallus, law Lat. a slave] 1. One who holds lands
of another by homage and fealty, one who holds by the will of a supe­
rior lord. 2. A subject, a dependant in general. 3. A servant, one
who acts by the will of another. Shakespeare. 4. A slave, a mean, low
wretch. Shakespeare.

Rere VASSAL, one who holds of a lord who himself is vassal of ano­
ther lord.

VA’SSALAGE, subst. [vasselage, Fr. vassalaggio, It. vassalagium, law
Lat.] the condition of a vassal, slave, or mean servant, tenure at will,
dependance.

VAST, adj. [vaste, Fr. vasto, It. vastus, Lat.] 1. Large, great. 2.
Viciously great, huge, enormously extensive or capacious. The vicious
language is vast gaping. B. Johnson.

VAST, subst. [vastum, Lat.] an empty waste. Shakespeare, Milton,
and Pope.

VASTA’TION, subst. [vastatio, vasto, Lat.] waste, depopulation, de­
vastation. Decay of Piety.

VA’STI Musculi, Lat. [with anatomists] certain muscles which help to
stretch out the leg, and are either externus or internus.

VA’STNESS, subst. [vastitas, Lat. or vast] excedive bigness, largeness,
hugeness, bigness, wideness. Vastity is a barbarous word, and Shake­
speare more barbarously calls it vastidity.

VA’STLY, adv. [of vast] largely, hugely, to a great degree.

VA’STLY, adj. [of vast] large, enormously great, immense. Shake­
speare.

Externus VA’STUS, Lat. [in anatomy] a muscle which springs from
the root of the great trochanter, and from the linea aspera externally ten­
dinous and internally fleshy, and descends obliquely forwards, till it meet
the tendon of the rectus, and is inserted with it.

Internus VASTUS, Lat. [with anatomists] is a muscle that arises partly
tendinous and partly fleshy from the linea aspera, immediately below the
lesser trochanter, till within three fingers breadth of the lower appendix
of the thigh bone, and at last its tendons join those of the rectus vastus
externus and crureus, and is inserted with them.


VAT

VAT [fat, Sax. vat, Du. and L. Ger. vasz, H. Ger.] a large tub, a
vessel used for holding liquors; generally in their immature state.

Cheese-VAT, a wicker basket to press cheese in.

VA’TICAN, the name of a hill in Rome, so called of Vaticinia, the
responses of oracles, anciently there received from the deity called Vatici­
nius, on which stands a famous palace of the same name: At the foot of
this hill is the magnificent church of St. Peter.

VATICAN Library, is one of the most celebrated libraries in the
world; it was founded by pope Sixtus IV. who stored it with the choicest
books that could be picked up in Europe, ancient manuscripts, &c.

VA’TICIDE, subst. [of vates, a prophet, and cædo, Lat. to kill] a mur­
derer of prophets. Pope.

To VATI’CINATE, verb neut. [of vaticinatus, of vates, Lat.] to pro­
phesy, to practise prediction. Howel.

VA’VASORY, subst. [of vavasour] the quality of the lands or see held
by the vavasour.

VA’VASOUR, subst. [vavasseur, Fr.] one who himself holding of a su­
preme lord, has others holding under him; a nobleman, anciently next
in dignity to a baron.

VAU’DEVIL, subst. [vaudeville, Fr.] a song common among the vul­
gar, and sung about the streets. Trevoux. A ballad, a trivial strain.

To VAULT, verb act. [vouter, Fr. voltare, It.] 1. To arch, to make
in the shape of a vault. 2. To cover with an arch.

To VAULT a Shoe [with horsemen] is to forge it hollow for the horses
that have high and round soles, to the end that the shoe may not bear
upon the sole that is then higher than the hoof.

To VAULT, verb neut. [in horsemanship; voltiger, Fr. volteggiare,
It. boltear, Sp.] 1. To leap or go cleaverly over a wooden horse, or over
any thing by laying one hand on it, and throwing over the body. 2. To
leap, to jump in general. 3. To play the tumbler or posture-master.

VAULT, subst. [from the verb] a leap, a jump.

VAULT [volta, It. voulte, voute, Fr. voluta, low Lat.] 1. An arched
building, a round roof built like an arch, a continued arch. 2. A
vaulted cellar for laying in wines. 3. A vaulted place under ground, in
a church-yard or church, for laying dead bodies in. 4. A cave, a ca­
vern in general. The silent vaults of death. Sandys.

VAULT [in architecture] a piece of masonry arched on the outside,
and supported in the air by the artful placing of the stones which form it;
the principal use of which is for a cover or shelter.

Master-VAULT, the chief vault in a building, is called the chief vault,
to distinguish it from others that are less vaults, which serve only to co­
ver gates, windows, passages, &c.

Double VAULTS, are such as are built over other vaults, to make the
beauty and decoration of the inside consistent with that on the outside, a
chasm or vacancy being left between the convexity of the one and the
concavity of the other, as it is in the cathedral of St. Paul's at London.

The Key of a VAULT, is a stone or brick in the middle of a vault, in
the form of a truncated cone, serving to bind or fasten all the rest.

The Reins of a VAULT, or the fillings up, are the sides which sustain
it.

The Pendentive of a VAULT, is the part suspended between the arches
or ogives.

The Impost of a VAULT, is the stone whereon the first voussoir or stone
of the vault is laid.

VAU’LTAGE, subst. [of vault] arched cellar. Not in use. Shake­
speare.

VAU’LTER, subst. [of vault] one who vaults, jumps or tumbles.

VAU’LTY, adj. [of vault] arched, concave. A bad word. Shake­
speare.

VAU’NMURE, VA’NMURE, or VAU’NTMURE, subst. [avant mur, Fr.]
a false wall, a work raised before the main wall. Camden.

To VAUNT, verb act. [vantare, It. vanter, Fr.] to boast, to display
with ostentation. Spenser.

To VAUNT, verb neut. 1. To brag, glory, or vapour, to make vain
show. 2. I scarcely know in what sense Dryden has used this word, un­
less it be miswritten for vaults.
'Tis he: I feel him now in every part;
Like a new world he vaunts about my heart. Dryden.

VAUNT, subst. [avant, Fr.] the first part: Not in use. Shakespeare.

VAUNT, subst. [from the verb] boast, vain ostentation.

VAU’NTER, subst. [of vaunt; vanteur, Fr.] a boaster, one given to
vain ostentation.

VAU’NTFUL, adj. [of vaunt and full] boastful. Spenser.

VAU’NTING, subst. [vanterie, Fr.] boasting, bragging, glorying, &c.

VAU’NTINGLY, adv. [of vaunting] with boasting or bragging. Shake­
speare.

VAU’NTLAY [among hunters] a setting of hounds in a readiness
where the chase is to pass, and to be cast off before the kennel come in.

VAWMU’RE, subst. for VAU’NMURE, which see; a bulwark, out­
work, or defence against an enemy.

VA’WARD, subst. [of van and ward] the forepart. Shakespeare.

VA’YVODE, subst. a prince or ruler in chief in Transilvania, Valachia,
&c. who are tributaries to the grand seignior. Knolles.

U’BERTY, subst. [ubertà, It. ubertas, Lat.] plentifulness, fruitfulness.

UBICA’TION [of ubi, Lat. where] the where, local relation of a
thing; the state of being in a place: a school word. Glanville.

UBI’ETY [in metaphysics] the presence of any thing in the Ubi or
place, local relation.

UBIQUITA’RIAN, subst. [of ubiquitary; ubiquitaire, Fr. ubiquitario, Sp.]
one whose opinion is, that the body of Christ is every where present, as
well as his divinity.

UBI’QUITARY, adj. [ubiquitaire, Fr. of ubique, Lat.] existing, being
every where. Howel.

UBIQUITARY, subst. [from the adj.] one existing every where. Hall.

U’BIQUIST, subst. [ubique. Lat.] a doctor of divinity in France, who
belongs to no particular college in the university of Paris.

UBI’QUITY, subst. [ubiquitÉ, Fr. ubiquidad, Sp. of ubique, Lat. every
where] omnipresence, a quality of being every where or in all places at
the same time; an attribute of God, whereby he is always intimately
present to all things. See TRANSMIGRATION of Souls, CO-IMMENSE,
and ATTRIBUTES Incommunicable. Above all, consult the word TRI­
NITY, and read there, after [Gr.] In theology; it imports three divine
persons, the Father, &c.

U’DDER [uder, Sax. huyder or uyer, Du. euter, Ger. uber, Lat.] the
milk-bag of a cow or other four-footed animals, the dugs or breast of a
cow or other large animal.

U’DDERED, adj. [of udder] furnished with udders. Gay.

UE, the dipthong ue at the end of English words, being put in the
place of u, is always pronounced like the long u, and liable to the same
difference of sound. See U. It is never in the middle of English
words, excepting in Tuesday, and after g, as in guess, &c. but in the
latter it should be h. Ue after g, at the end of words, is often quiescent,
as in rogue, plague, &c.


VEA

VEAL, subst. [veel, veelen, Du. vesler, O. Fr. to bring forth a calf;
chair de veau, Fr. vitella, It. vitela, Port. vitellus, caro vitulina, Lat.]
calf's flesh for the table.

VEAL Money [in the manour of Bradford in Wiltshire] a yearly rent
paid by the tenants to their lord, instead of a quantity of veal, anciently
given in kind, called Veal-noble-money.








VE’CTIBLE [vectibilis, Lat.] that may be carried.

VE’CTION, or VECTITA’TION, subst. [vectio, vectito, Lat.] the act
of carrying, or being carried. Gay uses the latter.

VE’CTIS, Lat. [in mechanics] a lever, is reckoned the first of the six
mechanic powers, and is supposed to be a perfect inflexible right line of
no weight at all, to which three weights or powers are applied at diffe­
rent distances for raising or sustaining heavy bodies.

VE’CTOR [in astronomy] a line supposed to be drawn from any pla­
net(moving round a center or focus of an ellipsis) to that center or focus.

VE’CTURE, subst. [vectura, Lat.] carriage. Bacon.

VEDE’TTE [in the military art] a centinel on horseback, detached
from the main body of an army, to discover and give notice of the de­
signs of an enemy, or to guard an advanced post.

To VEER, verb neut. [virer, Fr. isberen, Du.] 1. To traverse, to
turn about. 2. [A sea phrase] as, the wind veers, is said, when the
wind chops about and changes often, sometimes to one point, and some­
times to another.

To VEER, verb act. 1. As, to Veer out a rope or sail [a sea phrase]
to let it go by hand, or to let it run out of itself. 2. To turn, to change.
Veer the main sheet. Spenser.

VEGETABI’LITY, subst. [of vegetable] the quality of growth with­
out sensation, vegetable nature. Browne.

VEE’RING [with sailors] a ship is said to go loft veering, i. e. at large,
neither by a wind, nor directly before the wind, but betwixt both, when
she sails with the sheet veered out; the same that is termed quartering.

VE’GETABLE, subst. [vegetabilis, school Lat. vegetabile, Fr.] an orga­
nized body without sensation, generated out of the earth, or something
rising out of the earth, to which it adheres or is connected by parts called
roots; through which it receives the matter of its nourishment, and in­
creases, consisting of juices and vessels distinct from each other.

VEGETABLE, adj. Fr. and Sp. [vegetabile, It. vegetabilis, Lat.] 1.
Capable of living after the manner of trees, plants, &c. endowed with
moisture, vigour, growth, &c. belonging to a plant. 2. Having the
nature of plants.

VE’GETABLES, plur. of Vegetable [vegetaux, Fr. vegetabili, It. vege­
tabiles, Lat.] are such natural bodies as grow and increase from parts or­
ganically formed, but have no proper life nor sensation. Other anima­
ted substances are called vegetables, which have within themselves the
principle of another sort of life and growth, and of various productions of
leaves, flowers, and fruit, such as we see in plants, herbs, trees. Watts.

To VE’GETATE, verb act. [vegeto, Lat.] to grow as plants, to shoot
out.

VEGETA’TION, subst. Fr. [vegetazione, It. of vegetatio, Lat.] 1. The
power of producing the growth of plants. 2. The power whereby
plants receive nourishment and grow.

VE’GETATIVE, adj. [vegetatif, Fr. vegetativo, It. and Sp. of vegeta­
tivus, Lat.] 1. Having the quality of growing without life; a term ap­
plied to that principle or part in plants, by virtue whereof they receive
nourishment and grow or vegetate. 2. Having the power to produce
growth in plants.

VEGETATIVE Soul, that principle whereby trees and plants grow, pro­
duce their kind, &c.

VE’GETATIVENESS [of vegetative] vegetative quality, the quality of
producing growth.

VEGE’TE, adj. [vegetus, Lat.] vigorous, sprightly, lively, quick.
South and Wallis.

VE’GETIVE, adj. [vegeso, Lat.] that has a growth like plants, vege­
table. Sandys uses it substantively. Dryden.

VE’HEMENCE, or VE’HEMENCY, subst. [vehementia, Lat. vehemence,
Fr. veemenza, It. vehemencia, Sp.] 1. Violence, force in general. 2.
Eagerness, great warmth of spirit, heat, passionateness, boisterousness,
terror.

VE’HEMENT, adj. Fr. [veemento, It. vehemente, Sp. of vehemens, Lat.]
1. Violent, forcible in general. 2. Eager, hot, passionate, servent.

VE’HEMENTLY, adv. [of vehement] 1. Forcibly. 2. Eagerly, pas­
sionately, &c.

VE’HICLE, subst. [vehicule, Fr. veicolo, It. vehiculum, Lat.] 1. Any
thing that serves to carry or bear any thing along. So the Platonists,
and others, hold, that even the purest angels have bodily vehicles. 2.
[With physicians] that part of a medicine which serves to make the prin­
cipal ingredient potable. 3. That by means of which any thing is con­
veyed. A diverting word serves as a vehicle to convey the force and
meaning of a thing. L'Estrange.

VEHICLE [with anatomists] the serum or watery humour is said to
be the vehicle that conveys the small parts of the blood, and disperses
them all over the body.


VEI

To VEIL, verb act. [velo, Lat.] 1. To cover with a veil, or any
thing which conceals the face. 2. To cover, to invest. 3. To hide,
to conceal. Pope. See VAIL.

VEIL, subst. [velum, Lat.] 1. A cover to conceal the face. 2. A
cover in general, a disguise.

VEI’NINESS [of veiny] fulness of veins, quality of being veiny.

VEIN, or VEINS [vean, Sax. veine, Fr. vena, It. and Lat. with ana­
tomists] 1. Are long and round pipes or canals consisting of four coats, viz.
a nervous, a glandulous, a muscular, and a membranous one. Their
office is to receive the blood that remains after nourishment is taken, and
to carry it back to the heart to be revived and improved. These veins
are distinguished by several names, according to the different parts they
pass through, as the axillary, the basilic, the cephalic, the pulmo­
nary, &c. The veins are only a continuation of the extreme capillary
arteries reflected back again towards the heart, and uniting their chan­
nels as they approach it, till at last they all form 3 large veins; the
cava descendens, which brings the blood back from all the parts
above
the heart; the cava ascendens, which brings the blood from all the parts
below the heart; and the porta, which carries the blood to the liver.
In the veins there is no pulse, because the blood is thrown in them with
a continued stream, and because it moves from a narrow channel to a
wider. In all the veins perpendicular to the horizon, excepting those of
the uterus and porta, are small valves, like so many half thimbles stuck
to the sides of the veins, with their mouths towards the heart. In the
motion of the blood towards the heart, they are pressed close to the side
of the veins; but if blood should fall back, it must fill the valves; and
they being distended, stop up the channel, so that no blood can repass
them. Quincy. See the veins as they are represented in plate III.
Figure 6. 2. Cavity, hollow The veins of earth. Milton. 3.
The grain in timber. 4. The turn or tendency of the mind. A poe­
tical vein, or genius. 5. [With miners] the particular nature or qua­
lity of any bed of earth which is digged in mines; in which sense they
say they meet with a vein of lead, silver, gold, &c. or it is the same
with stratum, or the different disposition or kind of earth met with in
digging. 6. Favourable moment, time when any inclination is predo­
minent. Wotton. 7. Humour, temper in general. In pleasant vein.
Milton. 8. Continued disposition. Temple. 9. Current, continued
production. Swift. 10. Strain, quality. Spenser. 11. Streak, varie­
gation; as, the veins in marble.

To open [or breathe] a VEIN, to let blood.

VEI’NED, or VEI’NY, adj. [of wæan, Sax. venosus, Lat. veneux, Fr.
venoso, It.] full of veins; also streaked, variegated, or painted in
veins.

VEJOU’RS [in law] are persons sent by a court to take a view of any
place in question, for the better decision of the right; or such as are sent
to see those who essoin themselves de malo lecti, whether they are really
sick or not, &c.

VELA’MEN, or VELAME’NTUM, Lat. a covering, carpet, or cover­
let.

VELAMEN [with surgeons] the bag, skin, or bladder of an impost­
hume or swelling.

VALEME’NTUM Bombycinum [with anatomists] the velvet-membrane or
skin of the intestines.

VELI’FIC [velificus, Lat.] done or performed with sails.

VE’LLAN, or VE’LLUM [of velamen, a covering, or rather of vitu­
linus, of a calf, velin, Fr.] the finest sort of parchment, the skin of a calf
made fit for writing.

VELLE’ITY, subst. [velleite, Fr. velleitas, school Lat. from velle,
Lat.] a wishing or woulding, a laoguishing, cold, and remiss will.
Velleity is the school term used to signify the lowest degree of desire.
Locke.

To VE’LLICATE, verb act. [vellico, Lat.] to twitch or pluck, to act
by stimulation. Bacon.

VE’LLICATING, part. act. [of vellicate; vellicans, Lat.] twitching,
plucking, nipping.

VELLICA’TION [vellicatio, Lat.] the act of plucking, twitching, or
giving a sudden pull.

VELLICA’TIONS [in surgery] certain convulsions that happen in the
fibres of the muscles.

VELO’CITY, subst. [velocitÉ, Fr. velocità, It. velocidad, Sp. velocitas,
Lat.] swiftness, speed.

VELO’CITY [in mechanics] that affection of motion, whereby a
moveable is disposed to run over a certain space in a certain time.

VE’LLING [in husbandry] a ploughing up by the turf.

VELTRA’RIA, Lat. [in old records] the office of a dog leader or
courser.

VELTRA’RIUS, law Lat. a leader of grey-hounds or hunting dogs.

VE’LVET, subst. [velours, Fr. velluto, It. villus, Lat.] a sort of silk
with a short pile, a shagged manufacture of silk.

VELVET, adj. 1. Like velvet, soft as velvet, delicate. The velvet
leaves. Shakespeare. 2. Made of velvet.

To VELVET, verb neut. to paint velvet. Peacham.

VELVET-FLOWER. See FLORAMO.

VELVET-RUNNER, a kind of water-sowl whose feathers are black and
smooth as velvet.

VELU’RE, subst. [velours, Fr.] velvet; an obsolete word. Shake­
speare.


VEN

VE’NA, Lat. a vein.

VENA Cava [with anatomists] the hollow vein, the largest vein in the
body, so called from its great cavity or hollow space, into which, as in­
to a common channel, all the lesser veins except the pulmonaris empty
themselves. It is divided into two thick branches, called the ascending
and descending trunks. This vein receives the blood from the liver and
other parts, and carries it to the right ventricle of the heart, that it may
be new improved and inspirited there. See Plate III. Fig. 5.

VENA Portæ, Lat. [in anatomy] the port-vein, so named from the
eminences which Hippocrates calls ΠυΛΑΙ, Gr. i. e. portæ, Lat. gates,
between which it enters the liver. See Plate III. Fig. 4.

VENA Pulmonica, Lat. [in anatomy] a little vein which creeps along
upon the bronchia of the aspera arteria in the lungs. See Plate III. Fig. 9.

VENÆ Lacteo, Lat. [with anatomists] so named from the white colour
of the chyle which they carry. They take their rise from the inner­
most membranes of the bowels, and pass into the glandules of the me­
sentery.

VENÆ Præputii, Lat. [in anatomy] certain veins arising from the ca­
pillary ends of the artery of the penis, called pudenda, that pass into
those which spring from the corpora cavernosa penis.

VENÆ Sectio, Lat. the opening of a vein, a letting of blood.

VENÆ Lymphaticæ, Lat. [in anatomy] certain veins which receive the
lympha from the conglobated glandules.

VE’NAL, adj. [of vena, Lat.] pertaining to a vein, contained in the
veins. A term of art.

VENAL, Fr. [venale, It. of venalis, Lat.] that may be'fold; doing any
thing for gain; mean, base, prostitute, mercenary.

VENA’LITY, subst. [venalitè, Fr. venalità, It. venalitas, Lat.] mer­
cenariness, prostitution.

VENA’TIC, adj. [venaticus, Lat.] pertaining to hunting, used in hunt­
ing.

VENA’TION, subst. [venatio, Lat.] the act or practice of hunting.
Brown.

To VEND, verb act. [vendre, Fr. vendere, It. and Lat. vender, Sp.]
to sell, to set to sale, to put off commodities.

VENDEE’, subst. [in law] the person to whom any thing is sold. Ay­
lisse.

VE’NDER, subst. [of vend; vendeur, Fr.] one who vends or sells.

VE’NDIBLE, adj. Sp. [vendibile, It. of vendibilis, Lat.] saleable, that
is to be sold, marketable.

VE’NDIBLENESS, subst. [of vendible] saleableness.

To VE’NDICATE, verb act. [vendiquer, Fr. vendicare, It. from ven­
dico, Lat.] to challenge or claim

VENDICA’TION, subst. Fr. of Lat. the act of challenging or claim­
ing.

VENDITA’TION [venditatio, vendito, Lat.] boastful display, brag, bra­
vado. B. Johnson.

VENDI’TION, subst. Fr. [venditio, Lat.] the act of selling, or putting
up to sale; sale.








VENEE’RING, or VANEE’RING [with the cabinet-makers, &c.] a
kind of marquetry or inlaid work, whereby several thin slices or leaves
of fine woods of different sorts are fastened or glued on a ground of some
common wood.

VE’NEFICE, subst. [veneficium, Lat.] sorcery, the art or practice of
poisoning.

VENE’FICAL, VENEFI’CIAL, or VENE’FIC, adj. [veneficus, Lat.] veno­
mous, poisoning; also bewitching. The 2d Brown uses.

VENE’FICIOUSLY, adv. [of veneficium, Lat.] by witchcraft, by poi­
son. Brown.

VE’NEMOUS, adj. [venim, Fr.] poisonous. It is commonly written
venomous, tho' not better. Acts.

To VE’NENATE, verb act. [venenatus, Lat.] to poison, to envenom,
to infect with poison. Harvey. It is used passively venenate by Wood­
ward.

VENENA’TION, subst. [venenate] the act of poisoning.

VENE’NE, adj. See VENENOSE [veneneux. Fr. venetium, Lat.] poi­
sonous, venemous. Harvey.

VENENI’FEROUSNESS [of venenifer, Lat. and ness] a poison-bearing
quality or nature.

VENENO’SE, or VENE’NOUS, adj. [venenosus, Lat. veneneux, O. Fr.
venenoso, It.] full of venom or poison. Ray uses the former.

VENENO’SITY, or VENE’NOUSNESS [venenositas, Lat.] fulness of poi­
son.

VE’NERABLE, Fr. and Sp. [venerabile, It. venerabilis, Lat.] to be
treated with reverence, to be regarded with awe.

VE’NERABLY, adv. [of venerable] in a manner that excites reve­
rence.

VE’NERABLENESS [of venerable] quality of meriting reverence, wor­
shipfulness.

To VE’NERATE, verb act. [venerari, Lat. venerer, Fr. venerare, It.
venerar, Sp.] to reverence, to regard with awe.

VENERA’TION, Fr. of Lat. [venerazione, It. veneracion, Sp.] wor­
shipping; also honour and reverence, awful regard, reverend respect.

VENERA’TOR, subst. [of venerate] one who venerates or reverences.
Hale.

VENE’REALNESS, or VENE’REOUSNESS [of venereus, Lat. and ness]
a venereal, lustful, leacherous quality or constitution; or being infected
with the venereal disease or French pox.

VENE’REAL, adj. [venerien, Fr. venereo, It. and Sp. venereus, Lat.
of Venus] 1. Pertaining to love. 2. Consisting of copper, which che­
mists call Venus. Boyle

VENEREAL Disease, a virulent distemper commonly called the French
pox.

VENE’ROUS [of venery] libidinous, lustful. Derham.

VE’NERY [plaisir venerien, Fr. piacere, It. appetitus venereus, Lat.]
lustfulness; also coition, or carnal copulation.

VENERY, subst. [venerie, vener, Fr. veneria, It. venatura, Lat.] 1.
The act or exercise of hunting. 2. [of Venus] the pleasures of the
bed.

Beasts of VENERY, are of five kinds; the hart, the hind, the hare,
the boar, and the wolf; which are properly beasts of the forest, where
they keep their shelter, avoiding as much as possible the coming into the
plains.

VE’NEW, or VE’NUE [in law] a neighbouring place; probably from
avenuë, Fr. a passage or walk.

VE’NEY, subst. a turn, a bout.

VENESE’CTION, subst. [of vena, a vein, and sectio, Lat. cutting] the
act of opening a vein, blood-letting.

To VENGE, verb act. [venger, Fr.] to avenge, to punish. Shake­
speare.

VE’NGEABLE, adj. [of venge] revengeful, malicious. Spenser.

VE’NGEANCE, subst. Fr. [vengenza, Sp.] 1. Avengement, punish­
ment, penal retribution. 2. In familiar language, to do with a ven­
geance, is to do with vehemence. What a vengeance, emphatically
what?

VE’NGEFUL, adj. [of vengeance and full] revengeful, prone to take
revenge, vindictive.

VE’NGEFULLY, adv. [of vengeful] in a vindictive manner.

VE’NGEFULNESS [of vengeful] a vindictive or revengeful temper.

VE’NIABLE, or VE’NIAL, adj. Sp. [veniel, Fr. veniale, It. of venialis,
Lat.] 1. Pardonable, or which may be forgiven, excusable. Brown
uses the former; as, a venial sin 2. Allowed, permitted. Milton.

VE’NIALNESS, subst. [of venial] pardonable, state of being ex­
cuseable.

VE’NISON, subst. [venaison, Fr. of venari, Lat. to hunt] game, beasts
of chace, the flesh of bucks, deers, &c. and other beasts of chace.

VE’NOM, subst. [venin, Fr. veneno, It. and Sp. of venenum, Lat.]
poison.

To VENOM, verb act. to infect with venom.

VE’NOMOUS, adj. See VENEMOUS [of venom] 1. Poisonous. 2.
Malignant, mischievous. Addison.

VE’NOMOUSLY, adv. [of venomous] poisonously, mischievously.

VE’NOMOUSNESS, subst. [of venomous] a poisonous nature or quality;
malignity.

VENI’RE Facias, Lat. [in law] a judicial writ, lying where two parties
plead and come to issue; for then the party, plaintiff or defendant, shall
have this writ directed to the sheriff, to cause twelve men of the same
county to say the truth upon the issue taken.

VENITA’RIUM [so named of venite exultemus domino, Lat. O come, and
let us sing unto the Lord, &c. which was antiently written with musical
notes, as it was to be sung in cathedral churches at the beginning of the
mattins] a hymn-book or psalter.

VE’NOUSNESS [of venosus, Lat. and ness] fulness of or having veins.

VENT, subst. [of vent, air, or fente, Fr. vente, It. a cleft, or of ven­
lus, Lat. wind] 1. A hole, a small aperture, the passage out of a vessel
at which any thing is let out. 2. Passage out of secrecy to publick no­
tice. Wotton. 3. The act of opening. J. Philips. 4. Emission, pas­
sage in general; as, to give vent (or ease) to one's passion. Addison.
5. Discharge, means of discharge. 6. [Vente, Fr. vendita, It. venta,
Sp. venditio, of vendo, Lat.] the sale or utterance of commodities. 7.
[With gunners] the difference between the diameter of a bullet and the
diameter of the bore of a cannon.

To VENT [eventer, Fr. sventare, It. of ventus, Lat. the wind, or of
fente, Fr. a chink] to give vent or air to a cask of liquor.

To VENT, verb act. [of vendo, Lat. of vendre, venter, Fr. sventare,
It.] 1. To let out at a small aperture. 2. To let out, to give way to.
3. To utter, to report, to spread abroad. 4. To carry to sale.

To VENT, verb neut. [with hunters] 1. To snuff. Spenser. 2. To
wind, or catch the scent, as a spaniel-dog does; also to take breath like
an otter.

VE’NTAIL, subst. [vantail, Fr.] that part of the helmet made to lift
up. Spenser.

VENTA’NNE, subst. Sp. a window. Dryden.

VE’NTER, Lat. the belly or paunch.

VENTER [with anatomists] a cavity in the body of an animal, con­
taining the viscera, or other organs, necessary for the performance of
divers functions. This they divide into three regions or cavities; the first
is the head, which contains the brain; the second the breast, as far as
the diaphragm, which contains the organs of respiration; the third is
properly that which is called the venter or belly, which contains the in­
testines and organs of digestion, called the abdomen.

VENTER [in our customs] is used for the partition of the effects of a
father and mother, among children born or accruing from different mar­
riages.

VENTER, is also used for the children whereof a woman is delivered at
one pregnancy.

Infimus VENTER, Lat. [in anatomy] the lower part of the belly.

VENTER, one of the four stomachs of ruminant animals.

VENTER [in law] womb, mother, as a brother or sister by the same
venter, i. e. by the same mother.

VENTS [with essayers, glass-makers, &c.] is a term applied to the
covers of wind furnaces, by which the air enters, which serve for bel­
lows, and are stopped with registers or flues according to the degree of
heat required.

VENTS [in architecture] pipes of lead or potters ware, one end of
which opens into a cell of a necessary-house, the other reaching to the roof
of it, for the convenience of the fetid air; also apertures made in those
walls that sustain terrasses, to furnish air, and give a passage for the
waters.

VE’NTIDUCT, subst. [ventiductus, of ventus, wind, and ductus, Lat.
duct] a channel, passage, or conveyance for wind.

VE’NTIDUCTS, spiracles, or subterraneous passages, where fresh cool
winds being kept, are made to communicate by means of ducts, funnels,
or vaults, with the chambers or other apartments of a house, to cool
them in sultry weather.

To VE’NTILATE, verb act. [ventilare, It. and Lat.] 1. To fan with
wind. 2. To fan, to winnow. 3. To examine, to discuss. Ayliffe.

VENTILA’TION [ventilazione, It. of ventilatio, Lat.] 1. The act of
fanning or winnowing corn; the state of being fanned. 2. Vent, utte­
rance: not in use. Wotton. 3. Refrigeration, cooling. Harvey.

VE’NTILATOR, subst. [of ventilate] an instrument contrived by Dr.
Hales for supplying close places with fresh air and evacuating the foul.

VENTO’RIUM [old law Lat.] a wind-fan for winno wing of corn.

VENTO’SE, subst. a cupping-glass.

VENTO’SENESS, or VENTO’SITY [ventosità, It. of ventouse, Fr. ventosi­
tas, Lat.] windiness, windy quality, &c.

VE’NTRICLE, subst. [ventricule, Fr. ventricolo, It. ventriculo, Sp. of
ventriculus, Lat. the lower belly] 1. The stomach, a skinny bowel, seat­
ed in the lower belly under the midriff, between the liver and the spleen.
It is constituted of four tunicles, viz. a nervous, a sibrous, a glandu­
lous, and a membranous one; the office of which is to ferment and di­
gest the meat. 2. Any small cavity in an animal body, particularly
those of the heart.

VENTRI’CULI Cerebri, Lat. [with anatomists] the ventricles of the
brain, or four certain folds in that part, which are the partitions or sub­
divisions of the fornix: the office of these is to receive the serous hu­
mours, and convey them to the nostrils; they being, as it were, a sink,
to drain away the excrementitious matter of the brain.

VENTRICULI Cordis, Lat. [with anatomists] the ventricles of the
heart; these are two large holes, the one on the right, and the other on
the left side of the heart; the former receives the blood from the vena
cava, and sends it to the lungs; and the latter receives the blood from
the lungs, and distributes it thro' the whole body by the aorta.

VE’NTRICULUS, Lat. [with anatomists] a ventricle, the stomach.

VENTRICULUS, Lat. [with surgeons] a core in a botch or boil that
is broken.

VENTRI’LOQUIST, subst. [ventriloquus, of venter, the belly, and lo­
quor, Lat. to speak. Ventrilogue, Fr.] one who speaks inwardly, or, as
it were, from his belly.

VENTRILO’QUOUS, adj. a term applied to a person who forms his
speech by drawing the air into the lungs, so that the voice comes
out of the thorax, and to a by-stander seems to come from a di­
stance.

VE’NTURE, subst. [aventure, Fr. ventura, It.] 1. An undertaking of
chance and danger, a hazard. 2. The thing put to hazard; as a cargo
hazarded at sea. 3. A stake. 4. Hap, chance. Bacon. 5. At a ven­
ture; at hazard, without much consideration, without any thing more
than the hope of a lucky chance.

To VENTURE, verb neut. [aventurar, Sp. venturare, It. avanturer,
Fr.] 1. To dare. 2. To hazard, to run a risque.

To VENTURE at, or To VENTURE on, or upon; to engage in, to
make attempts upon mere hopes, without any security of success.

To VENTURE, verb act. 1. To expose, to hazard. 2. To put or
send on a venture. Carew.

VE’NTURER, subst. [of venture; aventurier, Fr. venturiere, It.] one
who hazards.

VE’NTURINE, or ADVE’NTURINE, powder made of fine gold-wire,
used by japanners for strewing upon the first layer or varnish; also the
finest gold wire used by embroiderers.

VENTURINE Stone, is a transparent stone or glass, full of such pow­
der, which comes out of Italy, and is used for snuff-boxes, cane-heads,
&c.

VE’NTUROUS, or VE’NTURESOME, adj. [aventureux, Fr. venturoso,
Sp.] daring, bold, fearless, ready to run hazards.

VE’NTUROUSLY, adv. [of venturous] with hazard, boldly, fear­
lesly.

VE’NTURESOMENESS, or VE’NTUROUSNESS [of venturesome and ven­
turous] adventurousness, boldness, daringness, hardiness, willingness to
hazard. Boyle.








VE’NUE, or VE’NEW [in law] a neighbouring place or plain, near
that where any thing that comes to be tried in law happens to be
done.

VE’NUE, or VE’NY [in fencing] a thrust or push. See VENEY.

VE’NUS, a name by which several pagan goddesses were called.——
For neither [says Baron Herbert] does the Venus Aphrodite, i. e. she
that sprung out of the foam of the sea; and was mother of the second
Cupid by Mercury; nor she that was the offspring of Jupiter and Dione,
and who became wife to Vulcan; nor she that was conceived in Syria
and Tyre, called Astarte, and who is said to have married Adonis; seems
to agree with the celestial [or Urania] Venus. For what could have
been more aptly feigned by the mystic interpreters of nature, that she
should be the offspring of Heaven and of Day, who now precedes and
now follows the day? [meaning the morning and evening star] Herb. de
Relig. Gentil. See BACCHUS.

VENUS [with astronomers] is one of the seven planets, the brightest
of all the stars, except the sun and moon: it performs its periodical mo­
tion in 224 days, 17 hours; and its motion round its axis is performed
in 23 hours. The diameter of it is almost equal to the diameter of the
earth.

VENUS [with chymists] is taken for copper; and the character
is ♀.

VENUS [with heralds] the green colour in the coat-armour of kings
or sovereign princes.

VENUS’S Basin, Comb, Hair, Looking-glass, and Navel-wort, are se­
veral sorts of herbs.


VER

VERA’CITY, subst. [veracità, It. verax, veracitas, Lat.] 1. Moral
truth, honesty of report. 2. Physical truth, consistency of report with
fact. This is less proper. Addison.

VERA’CIOUS, adj. [veracis, of vorax, Lat.] observant of truth, ho­
nest in report.

VERA’TRUM, Lat. [with botanists] hellebore.

VERB, subst. [verbe, Fr. verbo, It. and Sp. of verbum, Lat.] a part
of speech signifying existence, or some modification thereof; as action,
passion; and withal some disposition or intention of the mind relating
thereto; as of affirming, denying, interrogating, commanding. Clarke.

Active VERB, is such an one as expresses an action that passes on to
another subject or object; as, to love God, to write a letter, &c.

Passive VERB, is one which expresses passion or suffering, or receives
the action of some agent; as, I am loved.

Neuter VERB, is such as expresses an action that has no particular
object on which to fall; as, I run, I sleep, &c.

Substantive VERB, is such an one as expresses the being or substance
which the mind forms to itself or supposes to be in the object, whether it
be there or not; as, I am, thou art, &c.

Auxiliary VERBS, are such as serve in conjugating active and passive
verbs; as, am, was, have, had, &c.

Regular VERBS, are such as are conjugated after some one manner,
rule, or analogy.

Irregular VERBS, are such as have something singular in their termi­
nation, or the formation of their tenses.

Impersonal VERBS, are such as have only the third person; as, it
becometh, &c.

VE’RBAL, adj. Sp. and Fr. [verbale, It. of verbalis, Lat.] 1. [In
grammar] that which appertains to verbs. 2. Spoken, not written.
3. Oral, spoken with the mouth; as a verbal contract 4. Consisting in
mere words. 5. Verbose, full of words: not in use. Shakespeare. 6.
Minutely exact in words. 7. Literal, having word answering to
word.

VERBAL Adjectives [with grammarians] are such adjectives as are
formed from a verb; as possible, from possum, &c.

VERBAL Substantives [with grammarians] are such substantives as are
formed of verbs; as government, from to govern: gifts, from to give:
apprehension, from to apprehend, &c.

VERBA’LITY, subst. [of verbal] mere, bare words. Brown.

To VE’RBALIZE [verbaliser, Fr. verbalizar, Sp.] to use many words,
to be tedious in discourse.

VE’RBALLY, adv. [of verbal] 1. In words, by word of mouth. 2.
Word for word.

VERBA’SCULUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb cowslip, oxlip, or
primrose.

VERBA’SCUM, Lat. [with botanists] the herb petty-mullein, wool­
blade, hig-taper, and long-wort.

VERBA’TIM, adv. Lat. word for word.

VERBE’NA, Lat. [in botany] the herb vervain.

To VE’RBERATE, verb act. [verbero, Lat.] to beat or strike.

VERBERA’TION, subst. Fr. [of verberate] the act of beating or strik­
ing; blows. Arbuthnot.

VERBERA’TION [in physics] a term used to express the cause of sound,
which arises from a collision of the air, when struck in divers manners
by the several parts of the sonorous body, first put into a vibratory mo­
tion.

VE’RBOSE, adj. [verboso, It. verbosus, Lat.] loquacious, talkative,
prolix.

VERBO’SELY, adv. [of verbose] loquaciously.

VERBO’SITY [verbositÉ, Fr. verbosidad, Sp. verbosus, Lat.] the using
many words, fulness of words, prolixity in discourse, much empty talk.
Brown.

VE’RDANT [viridans, Lat. verdoyant, Fr. verdiggiante, It. verde, Sp.]
green. This word is so lately naturalized, that Skinner could only find
it in a dictionary. Milton.

VE’RDANTNESS [of verdoyant, q. d. viridans, Fr. and ness] a flourish­
ing, bright, or lively greenness.

VERDEE’ [verdea, It.] a pleasant sort of Italian white wine made at
Florence.

VE’RDEGREASE, subst. [verdegris, æruga svert de gris, Fr. the hoary
green, q. d. viror, or viriditas, Lat. the greenness æris of brass] the
rust of brass gathered by laying plates of that metal in beds, with the
husks of pressed grapes, and then scraping off the rust of the plates made
by so lying. The rust of brass, which in time being consumed and eaten
with tallow, turneth into green. Peacham. Also a sort of magistery of
the common verdegrease, which is dissolved in distilled vinegar, and then
crystallized in a cool place.

VERDE’BLIO, It. a kind of greenish marble, used as a touch-stone to
try gold and other metals.

VE’RDERER, subst. [of verdier, of verdure, Fr. greenness, viridarius,
low Lat.] a forest-officer, that takes care of the vert, and sees that it is
well maintained.

VE’RDICT [q. verum, a true, and dictum, Lat. saying] 1. The an­
swer or determination of a jury upon any cause, in a court of judicature,
committed to their examination; also judgment or opinion in other cases;
declaration, decision in general.

General VERDICT, is a verdict that is brought in by a jury to the
court in general terms as guilty of the indictment.

Special VERDICT, is one where the jury find such or such facts to be
done, and as to the law upon the facts, leave it to the judgment of the
court.

VE’RDIGRISE. See VERDEGREASE.

VE’RDITURE, subst. [verd de terre, or verd d' iris, Fr. verdiporro, It.]
a green colour used in painting. Verditure ground with a weak gum­
arabic water, is the faintest and palest green. Peacham.

VE’RDOUR, or VE’RDURE [verdeur, Fr. verdura, It. verdor, Sp.] the
greenness of vegetables, as leaves, &c. of herbs, trees, &c. green co­
lour.

VERDOY’ [in heraldry] the border of a coat of arms, charged with
any kinds or parts of flowers, fruits, &c.

VE’RDUROUS, adj. [of verdure] full of verdure, green, decked with
green.

VERE-adeptus, one who is entered into the fraternity of the Rosycru­
sians.
In Rosy-Crucian lore as learned,
As he that Vere-adeptus earned. Hud. C. S L. 545-6.

VERE’CTUM, low Lat. [in doom's-day book] fallow ground.

VE’RECUND, adj. [verecond, Fr. verecundus, Lat.] modest, shame­
faced, bashful.

VERECU’NDUM [in old law] an injury, trespass, damage.

VERGE, Fr. [verga, It. of virga, Lat.] 1. A wand, rod, or serjeant's
mace. 2. Something in the form of a rod, carried as an emblem of au­
thority, the mace of a dean. 3. [In law; of vergo, Lat. to bend or
incline downward] the compass or extent of judicature, &c. 4. [Ver­
go, Lat.] the edge, brink, or utmost bordure.
Down from the verge of Heav'n.——— Milton.

VERGE of the King's Court, the compass or extent, which formerly
was twelve miles round, within the jurisdiction of the lord steward of the
king's houshold, and of the coroner of the king's houshold.

Court of VERGE, is a court or tribunal in the manner of a king's bench,
which takes cognisance of all crimes and misdemeanors committed within
the verge of the king's court.

Tenant of the VERGE, a tenant so called, because he held a stick or
rod in his hand, when he was admitted a tenant and swore fealty to the
lord of the manor.

To VERGE, verb neut. [vergo, Lat.] to bend, to tend from or to, to
incline downwards.

VE’RGER [porte verge, Fr.] one that carries a white wand before a
lord chief justice, &c. also before a bishop, dean, &c.

VERGER of a Cathedral or Collegiate Church, a waiter who opens the
pews, &c. and generally carries a silver rod.

VERGE’TTE, Fr. [in heraldry] is the same that the English heralds
call paly, i. e. several small pales or pallets dividing the shield into so
many parts.

VERGI’LIÆ, Lat. [in astronomy] constellations, the appearance of
which denotes the approach of the Spring. See PLEIADES.

VERI’DICAL [veridique, Fr. veridico, It. of veridicus, Lat.] speaking
truth.

VE’RIEST [superl. of very] as, he is the veriest (greatest) rogue that
ever lived.

VE’RIFIED, part. adj. [verificatus, Lat. verifiÉ, Fr.] proved to be
true, made good by argument or evidence.

To VE’RIFY, verb neut. [verificare, It. and Lat. verifier, Fr. verificar,
Sp.] to make good, to prove to be true, to justify against charge of false­
hood.

To VERIFY [in law] to record edicts or decrees in parliament.

VERIFICA’TION, subst. Fr. [verificazione, It. of verificatio, Lat.] the
act of making good, or proving to be true by argument or evidence.
Boyle.

VE’RILY, adv. [of very. Johnson; vere, Lat. or of waarlick, Teut.
waerlyck, Du. wahrlich, H. Ger.] 1. Truly, indeed, certainly. 2.
With great confidence.

VERISI’MILER, adj. [verisimilis, Lat. vraysemblable, Fr. verisimile, It.]
likely, probable.

VERISIMI’LITUDE, or VERISIMI’LITY, subst. [verisimilitudine, It. of
verisimilitude, Lat.] probability or likelihood, resemblance to truth.
Brown and Dryden.

VE’RITABLE, adj. Fr. true, agreeable to fact.

VE’RITY, subst. [veritas, Lat. veritÉ, Fr. verità It. veridad, Sp.] 1.
Truth, consonance to the reality of things. 2. A true assertion, a true
tenet. Sidney. 3. Moral truth, agreement of the words with the
thoughts.

VE’RJUICE, subst. [verius, Fr.] the expressed juice of unripe and sour
grapes, crab-apples, &c. This word is commonly pronounced as if
written verges.

VERMICE’LLI, subst. It. paste made up into threads like small worms,
by means of an engine pressing it thro' small holes; also an Italian soop
made with such paste.

VERMI’CULAR, adj. [vermicularis, veranculus, Lat.] pertaining to,
or bearing a resemblance to a worm, acting like a worm, continued
from one part to another of the same body.

VERMICULAR Work [in sculpture] a sort of ornament used in rustic
work, consisting of frets or knobs, cut with points representing in some
sort the track of a worm.

VERMICULA’RIS, Lat. [with botanists] worm glass; the lesser house­
leek; the herb stone-crop, mouse-tail, or wall-pepper.

To VERMI’CULATE, verb act. [vermiculatum, Lat. vermiculÉ, Fr.] to
in-lay, to work in chequer-work, or pieces of divers colours.

VERMICULA’TION, subst. [of vermiculate] continuation of motion
from one part to another. Hale.

VERMICULATION [with physicians] the griping of the guts.

VERMICULATION [in botany] the breeding of worms in herbs, &c.
also worm eaten.

VE’RMICULE, subst. [vermiculus, vermis, Lat.] a little grub, a small
worm. Derham.








VERMI’CULOSE, or VERMI’CULOUS, adj. [vermiculosus, Lat:] full of
worms or grubs.

VE’RMIFORM, adj. [vermiforme, Fr. vermiformis, Lat.] shaped like a
worm.

VERMIFO’RMIS Processus, Lat. [in anatomy] a prominence or bunch­
ing knob of the cerebellum, so called from its form and shape.

VE’RMIFUGE, subst. [of vermis, a worm, and fugo, Lat. to drive
away] any medicine that destroys or expels worms.

VERMIFU’GOUS, adj. [of vermes, and fugo, Lat. to chace or drive
away] expelling worms.

VERMI’L, or VERMI’LION, subst. [vermeil, vermilion, Fr. minium,
Lat. vermiglio, It. vermillon, Sp. vermelhum, Port. Spenser uses both
words] 1. The cochineal, an insect bred on a particular plant. 2. Facti­
tious or native cinnabar; sulphur mixed with mercury. This is the usual,
tho' not primitive signification. 3. A sort of fine scarlet-coloured paint.
Mercury is made into vermilion by solution or calcination. Bacon. The
fairest and most principal red is vermilion. It is a poison, and found
where great store of quicksilver is. Peacham. 4. Any beautiful red co­
lour.

To VERMI’LION, verb act. [from the noun] to dye red. Granville.

VE’RMIN [vermes, Lat. vermine, Fr. and It.] any kind of insects or
other small animals of a noxious nature to men, beasts, or fruits; as
mice, rats, lice, fleas, bugs, caterpillars, ants, flies, &c. Also rascally
people.

To VE’RMINATE, verb neut. [vermino, Lat.] to breed worms or ver­
mine.

To VERMINATE [in medicine] to be troubled with the gripes in the
bowels or wringing of the belly.

VERMINA’TION, subst. [of verminate] the act of breeding worms in
animal bodies, cattle, or vegetables; generation of vermine. Derham.

VE’RMINOUS, adj. [verminosus, Lat.] full of worms or vermine, tend­
ing or disposed to breed vermine. Harvey.

VE’RMINOUSNESS [of verminosus, Lat. and ness] fulness of worms,
wormeateness.

VERMI’PAROUS, adj. [of vermes and pario, Lat.] breeding worms.
Brown.

VERMI’PAROUSNESS [of vermes, worms, and pario, Lat. to bring
forth young] a worm-breeding quality.

VERMI’VOROUS, adj. [of vermis and vorax, Lat.] devouring or feed­
ing on worms.

VERNA’CULAR, adj. [vernacola, It. vernaculus, Lat.] proper and pe­
culiar to the country one was born in, native; as, the vernacular (pro­
per or peculiar) tongue of a country. Addison.

VERNA’CULARNESS [of vernaculus, Lat. and ness] properness or pe­
culiarness to one's own country.

VE’RNAL, adj. [vernus, vernalis, Lat.] pertaining to the spring.

VERNAL Signs [in astronomy] those signs the sun is in, during the
spring season, viz. Aries, Taurus, and Gemini.

VERNAL Equinox [in astronomy] is that which happens when the sun
is ascending from the equator towards the north pole.

VE’RNANT, adj. [vernans, Lat.] springing, growing green, flourishing
as in the spring. Milton.

VE’RNISH. See VARNISH.

VE’RNICLE. See VERONICA.

VERNI’LITY, subst. [vernilitas, verna, Lat.] servile carriage, the sub­
missive, fawning behaviour of a slave.

VERO’NICA [an abbreviation of Vericonica, q. vera icon, a true
image] those portraits or representations of the face of our Saviour on
handkerchiefs, which are said to be impressed by Christ's wiping his face,
as he carried the cross, with the handkerchief of St. Veronica, or laid over
it in the sepulchre.

VERONICA, Lat. [in botany] the herb fluellin.

VE’RREL, or VE’RRIL [virole, Fr.] a ferrel, a little, small brass or
iron ring at the end of a walking-cane, or the handle of some working­
tool. See FERRULE.

VERRI’CULAR Tunic [with anatomists] a coat of the eye, the same as
amphiblestroides.

VE’RRUCA, Lat. [in surgery] a wart, a small, hard, brawny swel­
ling, breaking out of the skin in any part of the body.

VERRUCA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb wart-wort or turn­
sole.

VERRUCO’SENESS [of verrucosus, Lat. and ness] fulness of warts.

VE’RRY, or VA’RY [in heraldry] a sort of chequer-work, in the shape
of little bells; and if it be argent and azure, it is enough to say verry
alone; but, if the colours are any other, they must be express'd.

VE’RSABLE, adj. [versabilis, Lat.] that may be turned.

VERSABI’LITY, or VE’RSABLENESS [versabilitas, Lat.] aptness to be
turned, or wound any way.

VE’RSAL, adj. [a cant word for universal] whole. Hudibras.

VERSA’TILE, adj. [versatilis, Lat.] 1. Turning easily, apt to be
turned or wound any way. 2. Changeable, variable. Glanville.

VERSA’TILENESS, or VERSATI’LITY, subst. [of versatile] aptness to
be turned or wound any way.

VERSE [vers, Fr. verso, It. versus, Lat.] a line, in poetry, consisting
of a certain number of long and short syllables, which run with an agree­
able cadence. See RHYME and BLANK Verse.

VERSE [verset, Fr. versetto, It. versus, Lat.] 1. A clause of a sen­
tence, a small portion of a chapter in the bible. 2. Poetry, lays, me­
trical language. Virtue was taught in verse. Prior. 3. A piece of poe­
try. This verse be thine, my friend. Pope.

To VERSE, verb act. [from the subst.] to tell in verse, to relate poe­
tically. And versing love. Shakespeare.

VE’RSED [versato, It. versado, Sp. of versatus, Lat.] well skilled,
instructed, &c. in any art or science, acquainted with.

VERSED Sine [in mathematics] is a segment of the diameter of a cir­
cle, lying between the right fine and the lower extremity of the arch.

VE’RSEMAN, subst. [of verse and man] a writer in verse, a poet.
Prior.

VE’RSICLE [versiculus, Lat. petit verset, Fr.] a little verse.

VERSICO’LOURED, adj. [versicolor, Lat.] being of sundry or change­
able colours.

VERSIFICA’TION, Fr. [versificazione, It. of Lat.] the art or practice of
making verses. Dryden.

VERSIFICA’TOR, subst. Lat. [versificateur, Fr.] a maker of verses,
with or without the spirit of poetry. Dryden.

VE’RSIFIER [versificator, Lat. versificateur, Fr. versificatore, It.] a
maker of verses; the same with versificator. Watts.

VE’RSIFORM, adj. [versifiormis, Lat.] that changes its shape.

To VE’RSIFY [versifier, Fr. versificar, Sp. versificare, It. versificor,
Lat.] to make verses.

To VERSIFY, verb act. to relate in verse. Daniel.

VE’RSION, Fr. [versione, It. of versio, Lat.] 1. Change, transforma­
tion. Bacon. 2. Change of direction. Version of the beams. Bacon.
3. A translation out of one language into another. 4. The act of trans­
lating.
There have been several versions of the sacred writings, as the Greek,
the Arabic, the Caldee, the Coptic, the Vulgate, the Gothic, the Syriac,
&c. And whoever is acquainted with these respective languages, may
find it well worth his while to consult them; were it only to adjust the
true reading of the original, which is not always to be found in the pre­
sent Hebrew text, for the Old Testament; or in the Greek text for the
New. And indeed, considering through what hands these books have
been transmitted to us, there is so much the more room for caution.
Marshal, in the beginning of his observations, when speaking of Ul­
philas, bishop of the Goths, in the fourth century; and of that version
which is ascribed to him, says, “Omnium Gravaminum, &c. i. e. of
all the embarrasments he had to encounter, nothing distressed him more
than the MANY INSTANCES, in which the Gothic version differs from the
Greek manuscripts, which have reach'd our hands.” And no wonder,
since even the most eminent of them are suspected to have been of a much
later date than the first rise of those religious controversies which rent in
pieces the Christian world. But if the reader would supply himself with
some further materials on this topic, he may consult the words, INTER­
POLATION, Apostolic CONSTITUTIONS, BIBLIOTAPHIST, and EXPURGA­
TORY Index, compared with 2 Thess. c. ii. v. 10. and Apocalypse, c. xxii.
v. 18, 19. See also MASORITES, compared with the present reading of
the Hebrew text, in that most remarkable place, “They have pierced my
hands and my feet.”

VERT [of verd, vert, Fr. verde, It. viridis, Lat.] every thing that
grows and bears a green leaf within a forest, capable of hiding or cover­
ing a deer.

VERT [in heraldry] signifies the green, and, in engraving, is ex­
pressed by diagonal lines, drawn from the dexter chief corner to the sini­
ster base.
A green colour is called vert, in the blazon of the coats of all under
the degree of noble; but, in the coats of noblemen, it is called eme­
rauld, and in those of kings, Venus.

Overt VERT, great woods.

Nether VERT, under-woods.

Special VERT [in forest law] all trees which grow in the king's
wood within the forest, that are capable of covering a deer, called green
hue.

VERTA’GUS, Lat. a hound that will hunt by himself, and bring home
his game; a tumbler.

VERTE’BRA, Lat. [with anatomists] any turning joint in the body; a
joint of the back-bone.

VERTE’BRAL, adj. [vertebra, Lat.] belonging to the vertebræ or
joints of the spine. Ray.

VERTE’BRÆ, or VERTE’BRES, Lat. [vertebre, Fr. and It. in anatomy]
a chain of little bones reaching from the neck down the back to the os
sacrum, and forming the third part of a human skeleton, called the spina
dorsi. Ray uses the latter.

VERTEBRA’LES, Lat. [in anatomy] a pair of muscles that serve to
stretch out all the vertebres of the back.

VE’RTEX, Lat. [vertice, It.] 1. The top of any thing, the top of
a hill. Derham. 2. [In anatomy] the crown of the head, or that part
of it where the hairs turn, as it were, round a point. 3. [In astronomy]
that point of the heavens which is just over our heads, and is otherwise
called the zenith.

VERTEX of a Cone, Pyramid, &c. the point of the upper extremity
or end of the axis or top of the figure.

VERTEX of a Conic Section, the point of the curve where the axis cuts
it, also called the zenith.

VERTEX of a Glass [in optics] the same with the pole.

VERTEX of a Figure [in geometry] the point opposite to the base.

VE’RTIBLENESS [of vertibilis, Lat. and ness] aptness or easiness to
turn.

VE’RTICAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [verticale, It. of verticalis, Lat.] 1.
Pertaining to the vertex, placed in the zenith. 2. Placed in a direction
perpendicular to the horizon. Cheyne.

VERTICAL Point [with astronomers] the same as vertex; so that a
star is said to be vertical, when it happens to be in that point which is
just over any place.

VERTICAL Angles [in geometry] are those which, being opposite to
one another, touch only in the angular point.

VERTICAL Circles [in astronomy] are great circles of the heavens in­
tersecting one another in the zenith and nadir, and of consequence are
at right angles with the horizon.

VERTICAL Line [in conics] is a right line drawn on the vertical
plane, and passing through the vertex of the cone.

VERTICAL Plane [in dialling] is a plane perpendicular to the hori­
zon.

VERTICAL Plane [in perspective] is a plane perpendicular to the geo­
metrical plane, passing through the eye, and cutting the perspective plane
at right angles.

Prime VERTICAL [in astronomy] is that vertical circle or azimuth
which passes through the poles of the meridian, or which is perpendicu­
lar to the meridian, and passes through the equinoctial points.

VERTICA’LITY, or VE’RTICALNESS [of vertical, Fr. verticalis, Lat.
and ness] the state of being right over one's head, or in the zenith,
Brown uses the former.

VE’RTICALLY, adv. [of vertical] in the vertex or zenith.

VERTICALU’RE [with astronomers] the meridian circle, so called, be­
cause it passes through the zenith or vertical point.

VERTICI’LLATED [verticillatus, Lat.] knit together as a joint; apt to
turn.

VERTICI’LLATE Plants [verticillum, Lat. with botanists] are such as
have their flowers intermixed with small leaves, growing in a kind of
whirls about the joints of the stalk, as penny-royal, horehound, &c.








VERTI’CITY, subst. [of vertex; of vertere, Lat. to turn] the power
of turning, rotation perticularly observable in the loadstone, or a
touched needle, so called from pointing towards the north and south.

VERTI’GINOUS, adj. [vertigineux, Fr. vertiginoso, It. vertiginosus,
Lat.] 1. Turning round, rotatory. Bentley. 2. Giddy.

VERTI’GINOUSNESS [of vertiginosus, Lat. vertigineux, Fr. and ness]
giddiness.

VE’RTIGE, or VE’RTIGO, Lat. a giddiness or swimming in the head,
an indisposition of the brain, wherein the patient sees the objects about
him as if they turned round, and fancies he turns round himself, tho' he
is all the while at rest; attended with a fear of falling, and a dimness of
sight.

VE’RTILLAGE [of vertere, Lat. to turn] a preparing of ground to re­
ceive seed, by stirring or turning it.

VE’RTUE, subst. [This and its derivatives are now more usually writ­
ten virtue; which see: vertus, Lat. vertu, Fr. virtù, It. virtad, Sp.]
is defined to be a firm purpose of doing those things which reason tells
us is best; or, as others define it, a habit of the soul, by which a man
is inclined to do good, and to shun evil; moral honesty, good principles.

The Cardinal VERTUES [with moralists] are prudence, justice, forti­
tude, and temperance.

VERTUO’SO [virtuoso, It. of Lat.] one well versed in any science, &c.
See VIRTUOSO.

VE’RTUOUS, adj. [vertueux, Fr. virtuoso, It. and Sp. of virtuosus,
Lat.] inclined or disposed to virtue. See VIRTUOUS Also full power
and efficacy, in a medicinal sense.
Like him, who of some vertuous drug possest,
Grasps the fell viper coil'd within her nest. Tab. of CEBES.

VE’RTUOUSNESS [of virtuosus, Lat. virtueux, Fr. and ness] inclining­
ness to virtue, a virtuous disposition.

VERTUO’SI [virtuosi, It. and Lat.] accomplished, ingenious, enter­
prizing persons.

VE’RU, Lat. [with meteorologists] a comet that resembles a spit, be­
ing pretty much of the same kind with the lonchites, only its head is
rounder, and its tail longer, and sharper pointed.

VERU Montanum, Lat. [with anatomists] a sort of little valve in the
place where the ejaculatory ducts enter the urethra.

VERVA’CTUM, land that has been fallow and is ploughed in the
spring, in order to be sown the next year.

VE’RVAIN, or VE’RVINE, subst. [verbena, Sp. It. and Lat. verveine,
Fr.] an herb anciently used about sacred rites and ceremonies, called
also holy-herb, pigeons-grass, and Juno's-tears.

VERVAIN Mallow, subst. a plant which hath the whole habit of the
mallow or althæa, but differs from it in the deep indenting of its
leaves.

VERVE’LES, subst. [vervelle, Fr.] labels tied to a hawk. Ainsworth.

VERVILA’GO, Lat. [with botanists] the black chameleon-thistle.

VE’RVISE, subst. a sort of coarse woolen cloth, otherwise called plon­
kets.

VE’RY, adj. [veray or vrai, Fr. whence veray in old English; verè,
of verus, Lat. or wasr, Teut. waer, Du. wahr, H. Ger. true] 1. True,
real. 2. Having any qualities, commonly bad, in an eminent de­
gree, arrant. 3. Noting a thing emphatically or eminently. 4. Same,
identical.

VERY, adv. in a great or eminent degree, much.

VERY Lord and VERY Tenant [a law phrase] used of such persons as
are immediate lord and tenant one to the other.


VES

VE’SICA, Lat. [with anatomists] the bladder, a membranous or
skinny part in which any humour is contained.

VESICA Bilaria, Lat. [in anatomy] the gall-bladder, an hollow bag
placed in the under or hollow side of the liver, being somewhat in the
shape of a pear.

VESICA Distillatoria, Lat. [with chemists] a large copper vessel, tin­
ned on the inside, used in the distillation of ardent spirits; so named,
because the shape of it is like a blown bladder.

VESICA Uninaria, Lat. the urine bladder.

VESICA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the plant alkakengi or winter­
cherry.

VESICARIA Nux, Lat. the bladder nut.

To VE’SICATE, verb act. to blister. Wiseman. It is chiefly used pas­
sively.

VESICA’TION, subst. [of vesicate] blistering, separation of the cuticle.
Wiseman.

VESI’CATORY, subst. [vesicatoire, Fr. vescicatorio, It. of vesicatorium,
Lat.] an external medicine which serves to raise blisters.

VE’SICLE, subst. [vesicula, Lat.] a little bladder, a small cuticle filled
or inflated.

VESI’CULA Fellis, Lat. the gall-bladder.

VESI’CULÆ Adiposæ, Lat. [with anatomists] certain bladders of fat
about the skin, and in the spaces between the muscles.

VESICULA Seminalis, Lat. [with anatomists] the seed-bladder, which
consists of one thin membrane, divided into many little cells, like those
in a pomegranate, or somewhat resembling a bunch of grapes. They
are in number two, and, by a peculiar passage, send forth the semen
contained in them into the urethra.

VESI’CULAR, adj. [vesicula, Lat.] hollow, full of small interstices.
Cheyne.

VESICULA’RIS, Lat. [with anatomists] the lowest part of the wind­
pipe,

VE’SPER, Lat. the evening; the evening-star. Shakespeare.

VE’SPERIES [in the Sorbonne at Paris] the last act or exercise for
taking the degree of doctor.

VE’SPERS, subst. without the singular [vepres, Fr. vespero, It. vispe­
ras, Sp. of vesper or vesperus, Lat. In the Popish service] evening-song,
or evening-prayers, the evening service of the Romish church.

Sicilian VESPERS, vespers so called on account of a general massacre
of the French, by the inhabitants of the island of Sicily, in the year
1582.

VESPERTI’LIO, Lat. a bat, a rere-mouse, a kind of bird; as,

VESPERTILIO’NUM Alæ, Lat. [in anatomy] two broad membranous
ligaments, by which the bottom of the womb is tied to the bones of the
flank, so named from their resemblance to the wings of a bat.

VE’SPERTINE, adj. [vespertinus, Lat.] pertaining to the evening, hap­
pening or coming in the evening.

VESPERTINE [with astronomers] a term used of a planet, which is
said to be vespertine, when it sets after the sun.

VE’SSEL, subst. [vas, Lat. vasselle, vase, or vaisseau, Fr. vaso, It. and
Sp.] 1. Any sort of utensil to contain liquids or any thing else within it.
2. [Vaisseau, Fr. vascello, It.] a ship, barque, hoy, lighter, &c. to
carry men or goods on the water. 3. [With anatomists] a little con­
duit or pipe for conveying the blood or other humours of the body, the
containing parts of an animal body. 4. Any capacity, any thing con­
taining in general. What this vessel can contain. Milton.

VESSEL of Election [a scripture term] an elect person, Acts, c. ix.
v. 15. and Gal. c. i. v, 15, 16. compared with DECREE of Election,
INFRA-LAPSARIANS, and above all, the book referr'd to under the word
DIVORCE.

To VESSEL, verb neut. [from the subst.] to barrel, to put into any
vessel. Bacon.

VE’SSELS [in architecture] certain ornaments usually set over cornices,
and so called, because they represent several sorts of utensils, which were
in use among the antients, as barks, hoys, ships, &c.

VE’SSES, or VE’SSETS, subst. a sort of cloth, commonly made in the
county of Suffolk.

VE’SSIGNON [with horsemen] a wind-gall or soft swelling on the in
and outside of a horse's hough, that is, both on the right and on the left
of it.

VEST, subst. [vestis, Lat. veste, Fr.] any outer garment.

To VEST, verb act. [revétir, Fr. rivestire, It. vestio, Lat. to clothe]
1. To dress, to deck, to enrobe. 2. To dress in a long garment. Ge­
nerally used passively. 3. To invest, to make possessor of. 4. To be­
stow upon, to admit to the possession of; as, to vest a person with the su­
preme authority. 5. To place in the possession of. 6. [In law] to in­
feoff, give seisin, or put into full possession of lands or tenements.

VESTA’LIA, feasts held on the 5th of June, in honour of the goddess
Vesta.

VE’STAL, subst. [vestalis, vesta, Lat.] a virgin consecrated to Vesta,
a pure virgin. Vestal virgins were chosen out of the noblest families of
Rome, for the keeping of the vestal fire in, which, if it happened to go
out, it was not to be lighted again by any fire, but the beams of the
sun.

VESTAL, adj. [vestalis, Lat.] denoting pure virginity. Shakespeare.

VE’STIARY [vestiarium, Lat. vestiaire, Fr. vestiaria, It. vestuario, Sp.]
a dressing-room, a place in a monastery where the monks clothes are
laid up, a friar's wardrobe.

VE’STIBLE [vestibule, Fr. vestibulo, It. and Sp. of vestibulum, Lat.]
a porch, a large open space before the door, or at the entry of a house,
which the Romans called atrium populorum and vestibulum.

VESTIBLE is also used for a kind of anti-chamber before the entrance
of an ordinary apartment.

VESTI’BULUM, Lat. [with anatomists] a cavity or hollow bone in
the part called os petrosum, which is situated behind the fenestrella ova­
lis, in the barrel of the ear, and covered with a thin membrane.

VESTI’GIA of Tendons [in natural history] little hollows in the shells
formed for fastening or rooting the tendons of the muscles.

VE’STIGES, or VESTI'GIA, subst. plur. of Vestige [vestiges, Fr. vestigi,
It. of vestigium, Lat.] footsteps, traces left behind in passing.

VESTITU’RA, Law Lat. [with feudists] a delivery of possession by a
spear or staff.

VE’STMENTS, subst. plur. of Vestment [vestimenta, Lat. vétemens, Fr.
vestimenti, It. vestimento, Sp.] clothes, raiments, part of dress.

VE’STRY [vestiarium, Lat. vestiaire, Fr. vestiaria, It. vestuario, Sp.]
an apartment joining to a church, where the priests vestments and
holy utensils are kept; also an assembly of the heads of a parish, gene­
rally held in that room.

VESTRY-Clerk, a scrivener who keeps the parish accounts.

VESTRY-Keeper, a sexton whose office is to look after the vestry.

VESTRY-Men, a select number of the principal inhabitants of a parish,
who annually chuse officers in the parish, and manage the affairs of it;
so named from the custom of meeting in the vestry of the church.

VE’STU [in heraldry] is when there is in an ordinary some division
only by lines, and signifies clothed, as tho' some garment were laid
upon it.

VESTU a Dextra [with heralds] i. e. clothed on the right side, and
Vestu a sinistra, i. e. clothed on the left side.

VE’STURE, subst. [véture, Fr. vesture, O. Fr. vestura, It. of vestitus,
Lat.] 1. Garment, robe, dress, habit, external form in general; com­
monly investiture. 2. [Investiture, Fr. investitura, It. and Lat. In law]
an admittance to a possession or the profits of it.

VESTURE of an Acre of Land [in old statutes] the profits arising from
it.

VETCH, subst. [vicia, Lat. vesse, Fr. veccia, It.] a kind of pulse,
chich-pease, having a papilionaceous flower.

Kidney-VETCH, a plant.

VE’TCHY, adj. [of vetch] consisting of vetch or pease-straw. Spenser.
Also abounding in vetches, made of vetches.

VE’TERAN, subst. Fr. [veterano, It. and Sp. veteranus, Lat.] an old
soldier, one long practised in any thing.

VETERAN, adj. long practised in war, long experienced; as,

VETERAN Soldiers, old soldiers who have served long in the wars: In
France, officers of 20 years standing.

VETERINA’RIA Medicina, Lat. physic for cattle.

VETERINA’RIAN, subst. [veterinarius, Lat.] one skilled in the diseases
of cattle, a horse-leech. Brown.

VETERINA’RIUS, Lat. a farrier or horse-leech; also a letter-out of
horses to hire; a horse courser.

VETE’RNUS [with physicians] a lethargy or drowsy disease, a conti­
nual desire of sleep; also drowsiness, sluggishness, slothfulness.

VETI’TUM Namium [in Law Lat.] a forbidden distress, as when the
bailiff of a lord distrains beasts or goods, and the lord forbids his bailiff
to deliver them, when the sheriff comes to replevy them, but drives them
to places unknown, &c.

VETO’NICA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb betony.

VETURI’NO, It. a hirer of horses in Italy, who is also a guide to tra­
vellers, and brings back their horses.

VETU’STNESS [vetustas, Lat.] ancientness, antiquity.

V. G. [for verbi gratiâ, Lat. i. e. to instance in a word] as for in­
stance, namely.


VEX

To VEX, verb act. [vexo, Lat.] 1. To plague, to harrass, to torment.
2. To disturb, to disquiet 3. To trouble with slight provocations, to
teaze.








VEXA’TION, subst. [of vex] 1. The act of troubling. 2. The state
of being troubled, uneasiness, disquiet or trouble of mind, disturbance.
3. The cause of trouble or uneasiness. 4. An act of harrassing by law.
Bacon. 5. A slight teazing trouble.

VEXA’TIOUS, adj. [of vexation] 1. Causing trouble or grief, trouble­
some, afflictive. 2. Full of trouble or uneasiness. 3. Teazing, slightly
troublesome.

VEXA’TIOUSLY, adv. [of vexatious] in a troublesome perplexing
manner.

VEXA’TIOUSNESS, subst. [of vexatious] troublesomeness, uneasiness.

VE’XER, subst. [of vex] one who vexes.

VEXI’LLUM, Lat. a banner.

VEXILLUM, Lat. [in botanic writers] the banner of the broad single
leaf, which stands upright.

U’GLY, adj. [This word was anciently written ougly, and the Scots
still pronounce it so: whence Mr. Dyer ingeniously deduces it from ouph­
like, that is like an ouph, elf or goblin. Skinner derives it of oga, Sax.
horror, q. d. ogelic, Sax. horrible; and in Gothic, ogan is to fear]
that is of an ill or deformed countenance or shape, offensive to the sight;
the opposite to beautiful: Also unbecoming, naughty, base.

U’GLILY, adv. [of ogelic, Sax. horrible] deformedly, &c.

U’GLINESS [prob. of oga, horror, whence ogelicness, Sax. J 1. De­
formedness, mishapedness of countenance, body, &c. contrariety to
beauty. 2. Loathsomeness, moral depravity, turpitude.

UI, the dipthong UI in the middle of English words is pronounced
like the long U, and liable to the same difference of sound, V. U. Ex­
cepting sometimes like I short, as in build, conduit, &c. and (2.) like I
long, as in guile, guide. See APHÆRESIS, and remove from thence the
whole of the last clause, and place it under the word APHONY.

VIA, Lat. a way, passage, road, or high-way.

VIA Regia, Lat. the king's high-way, which is always open, and
which nobody may shut, as leading to a city, town, or port; which
ought to be wide enough for two carts to go a-breast, or sixteen horsemen
armed.

VIA Solis, Lat. [with astronomers] the ecliptic line, so called, be­
cause the sun never goes out of it.

Primæ VIÆ, Lat. [with physicians] are the stomach and guts, inclu­
ding the whole length of the alimentary duct from the mouth to the
sphincter ani.

VI’AL, subst. [phiala, Lat. pbiole, Fr. fiala, It. of φΙΑΛΗ, Gr.] a small
glass bottle.

To VI’AL, verb act. to inclose in a vial. Milton uses it passively.

VIA’LES, Lat. [with mythologists] a name which the Romans gave
to those deities who, as they imagined had the care and guardianship of
the roads and high-ways.

VI’AND, subst. [It is mostly used in the plural; viande, Fr. vivanda, It.
and Sp.] victuals, meat, food.

VIA’TIC [viaticus, Lat.] pertaining to a journey.

VIA’TICATED [viaticatus, Lat.] furnished with things necessary for a
journey.

VIA’TICUM, Lat. [viatique, Fr. viatico, It. of via, Lat. a way] 1.
Necessaries or provisions for a journey. 2. [With the Romanists] the
holy sacrament given to dying persons by Popish priests, being the last
rites used to prepare the passing soul for its departure.

VI’BEX, Lat. 1. A mark or print of a stripe or blow. 2. [In medi­
cine] a black, blue spot, occasioned by a flux of blood.

VI’BO, Lat. the flower of the herb Britannica.

To VI’BRATE, verb act. [vibrar, Sp. vibrare, It. and Lat.] 1. To
shake, to brandish, to swing to and fro with quick motion. 2. To
make to quiver.

To VIBRATE, verb neut. 1. To play up and down or to and fro.
2. To quiver. Pope.

VIBRA’TION, subst. [of vibratio, Lat.] 1. The act of quivering, the
act of moving or being moved with quick returns. 2. [In mechanics]
a regular, reciprocal motion of a body, i. e. of a pendulum, which be­
ing suspended at freedom, swings this way and then that. The regular
motion of a pendulum in a clock is 3600 vibrations in an hour.

VIBRI’SSÆ, Lat. [with anatomists] the hairs that grow in the no­
strils.


VIC

VI’CAR, subst. [vicaire, Fr. vicario, It. and Sp. vicarius, Lat.] a
substitute, a deputy, a person appointed to perform the functions of ano­
ther person in his absence and under his authority; the parson of a pa­
rish, who supplied the place of a rector, where the predial tithes are im­
propriated; also the incumbent of an appropriated benefice.

VICAR General, a title given by king Henry VIII. to Thomas Crom­
well, earl of Essex, to overlook the clergy, and regulate matters relating
to church affairs.

Grand VICAR [of the Pope] a cardinal, who has jurisdiction over all
secular and regular priests, and over all offenders against the church of
Rome, &c.

VI’CARAGE, subst. [vicariatus, Lat. vicariat, Fr. vicariato, vicaria,
Sp.] the spiritual cure, or the benefice of a vicar.

VICARAGE endowed, is where a sufficient portion is set out or severed
for the maintenance of the vicar, when the benefice is appropriated.

VICA’RIAL, adj. [vicarial, Fr.] pertaining to a vicar.

VACA’RIOUS [vicarius, Lat] subordinate, in the place of another;
deputed.

VI’CARSHIP, subst. [of vicar] the office of a vicar.

VICE, Fr. [vitio, It. vicio, Sp. and Port. of vitium, Lat.] 1. Course
of action contrary to virtue, depravity of manners, inordinate life. 2.
A fault, an offence. It is generally used for an habitual fault, not for
a single enormity. See ETHICS and SWARTHY, and read there, conse­
quences of vice. 3. The fool or punchinello of old shows, a jester in a
play. Shakespeare. 4. Gripe, grasp. Shakespeare. 5. [Vis, Fr. of
vices, Lat. i. e. course, stead, a turn] an iron instrument used by
smiths and many other artificers; that used by glaziers, is an instrument
with two wheels, for drawing lead for window-lights.

The VICE-Pin, or key of the vice.

VICE, Lat. [in composition as a prefixum] implies a subordina­
tion,, or the supplying of another's place; as, vice-roy, vice, or vis­
count, &c.

To VICE, verb act. [from the subst.] to draw. Shakespeare.

VICE-Admiral, subst. [of vice and admiral] the second commander
of of a fleet; also one of the three principal officers of the royal navy,
who commands the second squadron, and has his flag set up in the fore­
top of his ship.

VICE-Admiralty, subst. [of vice-admiral] the office of a vice-admira

VICE-Agent, subst. [of vice and agent] one who acts in the stead of
another.

VICE-Chamberlain [in a king's court] a great officer under the lord
chamberlain, who in his absence has the command and controul of all
officers belonging to that part of the house called the chamber, or above
stairs.

VICE-Chancellor of an University, subst. [vice-cancellarius, Lat] a
member who is chosen annually to perform the office of the chancellor,
the second officer in it.

VI’CED, adj. [of vice] vitious, corrupt. Shakespeare.

VICE-Dominus-Episcopi, Lat. [in canon law] is the official, commissary
or vicar-general of a bishop.

VICE-GERENT, subst. Fr. [vicem-gerens, Lat.] one who acts for, ma­
nages, governs for or under another.

VICE-GERENT, adj. [vice-gerens, Lat.] acting by substitution. Mil­
ton.

VICE-GERENCY subst. [of vice-gerent] the office of a vice-gerent;
delegated power.

VICE’NARY, adj. [vicenarius, Lat.] belonging to twenty.

VI’CETY, subst. [of this word I know not well the meaning. A nice
thing is now called in vulgar language point vice, from the French per­
haps point de vice: whence the barbarous word vicety may be derived]
exactness: now out of use. B. Johnson.

VICE-ROY, subst. Fr. [vice-rÉ, It. viso-rey, Sp. vice-rey, Port.] a de­
puty-king, one who governs a state with royal authority, instead of a
king.

VICE-ROYALTY, subst. [vice-royaute, Fr.] the place and dignity of a
vice roy.

VICE VERSA, Lat. on the contrary, the side being turned or changed.

To VI’CIATE, and comp. See To VITIATE.

VICIE’TUM [in law] the same as venue.

VI’CINAGE, subst. neighbourhood, places adjoining.

VICI’NITY, subst. [vicinitas, Lat. voisinage, Fr. vicinita, It. vecindad,
Sp.] neighbourhood; also the state of being near, nearness.

VICI’NAL, or VI’CINE. adj. [vicinalis, Lat.] neighbouring, near,
Glanville uses the latter.

VI’CIOUS [vicieux, Fr. vizioso, It. vicioso, Sp. vitiosus, Lat.] devoted
to vice, not virtuous. See VITIOUS.

VI’CIOUSLY, adv. [of vicious] lewdly, corruptly, &c. See VI­
TIOUSLY.

VI’CIOUSNESS [of vicious] a vicious nature, &c.

VI’CIS & venellis, &c. [in law] a writ against a mayor, bailiff, &c.
for not taking care that the streets be well cleaned.

VICISSI’TUDE, subst. Fr. [vicissitudine, It. of vicissitudo, Lat.] the re­
gular succeeding of one thing after another in the same manner; also
change or revolution in general.

VICI’SSITY [vicissitas, Lat.] a changing or succeeding by course, an
interchangeable course.

VICO’NTIELS [in law] vicontiel rents, certain farms, for which the
sheriff pays a rent to the king, and makes what profit he can of
them.

VICONTIELS, or VICO’WNTIELS [in law] as, writs vicontiel, i. e.
of, or pertaining to the sheriff, i. e. such as are triable in the county-court
before the sheriff.

VI’COUNT, subst. [vicecomes, Lat. vicomte, Fr. viconto, It. viconde,
Sp.] a nobleman next in dignity to an earl. See VISCOUNT.

VICOU’NTESS, subst. [vicomtesse, Fr. vicontesse, It. vicecomitissa, Lat.]
a viscount's consort.

VICOU’NTY, subst. [vicecomitis ditio, Lat.] the jurisdiction of a vis­
count.

VI’CTIM, subst. [victima, Sp. and Lat. victime, Fr. vittima, It. of
victoria, Lat.] a sacrifice, something slain for a sacrifice, properly such
as the ancient Romans offered to their gods after a victory; and thence
it is figuratively applied to a person that suffers persecution or death, to
satisfy the revenge of some great men; something destroyed.

VI’CTOR, subst. Lat. [vittore, It.] a conqueror, a vanquisher, he
that gains the advantage in any contest. Victor is seldom used with a
genitive, and never but with regard to some single action or person. We
rarely say, Alexander was victor of Darius, tho' we say he was victor
at Arabella; but we never say he was victor of Persia. Johnson.

VI’CTORY, subst. [victoria, Lat. victoire, Fr. vittoria, It. vitoria,
Sp. victoria, Port.] conquest, triumph, success in contest.

VICTORIO’LA, Lat. [in botany] the laurel of Alexandria, tongue­
laurel.

VICTO’RIOUS, adj. [victorieux, Fr. vittorioso, It. victorioso, Sp. of vic­
toriosus, Lat.] 1. Conquering, having gotten a victory. 2. Causing
victory. 3. Betokening conquest.

VICTO’RIOUSLY, adv. [of victorious] successfully.

VICTO’RIOUSNESS, subst. [of victorious] successfulness in arms, state
of being victorious.

VI’CTRESS, subst. [of victor] a female who conquers. Shakespeare.

VICTRI’ACUS, a Roman coin, so named, on account of its being
stamped with the image of Victory; in value three-pence three farthings
English money.

To VI’CTUAL [avitailler, Fr. vettovagliosa It. evituallar, Sp. of vic­
tus, Lat.] to furnish or store, &c. with victuals or provisions. Shake­
speare.

VI’CTUALLER [avitailleur, Fr. vituallero, Sp.] 1. One who fur­
nishes with, or provides victuals. 2. A small vessel or ship which car­
ries provisions to a fleet. 3. An alehouse-keeper.

VI’CTUAL, or VI’CTUALS, subst. [victuailles, Fr. vettovaglie, It. vi­
tuallas, Sp.] all manner of food. It is now chiefly used in the plu­
ral.

VI’CTUS, Lat. food; as,

Ratio VICTUS, Lat. [in physic] a particular manner of living for the
preservation of health.

VI’DAM [in France] the judge of a bishop's temporal jurisdiction.

VIDE’LICET, adv. Lat. [generally written viz.] to wit, that is.

VIDU’ITY [viduitas, Lat. viduitÉ, Fr.] widowhood.


VIE

To VIE, verb act. [of this word the etymology is very uncertain]
1. To show, to practise in competition. L'Estrange. 2. In this passage
the meaning seems to be to add, to accumulate.
She hung about my neck, and kiss on kiss
She vied so fast. Shakespeare.

To VIE, verb neut. to strive for the superiority, to contend.








VIE [at cards] a challenge or invitation.

To VIE [at cards] to challenge or invite.

VIEW, subst. [veue, Fr.] 1. The sight, the power of beholding. 2.
The act of seeing. 3. Prospect. 4. Survey, a review by the eye. 5.
Sight, eye. 6. Intellectual survey. 7. Reach of sight, space that may
be taken in by the eye. 8. Appearance, show. 9. Exhibition to the
sight or mind. 10. Prospect of interest. 11. Intention, purpose, de­
sign.

VIEW [in law] the act of viewers; as when an action is brought, and
the tenant does not know what land the demander asks, then the tenant
shall pray the view.

VIEW [with hunters] the print of the feet of fallow deer in ground.

VIEW of Frank Pledge [in law] the office of the sheriff in looking to
the king's peace, and seeing that every man be in some pledge.

To VIEW, verb act. [veü, veoir, or voir, Fr.] 1. To see or per­
ceive by the eye. 2. To survey, to look upon, to examine any place or
person in question.
While Saturn's fane with solemn step we trod,
And veiw'd the votive honours of the god. Table of Cebes.

VIE’WERS, are such persons as are sent by a court to examine as to the
situation of a place where a fact was committed, or the case of a person
in sickness, &c.

VIE’WLESS, invisible, not to be discerned by the sight. Milton.

VIGE’SSIMAL [vigesimalis, Lat.] the twentieth.

VIGESIMA’TION, subst. [vigesimus, Lat. among the Romans] the act
of putting to death every twentieth man.

VI’GILANCE, or VI’GILANCY, subst. [vigilantia, Lat. vigilance, Fr.
vigilanza, It. vigilancia, Sp.] 1. Forbearance of sleep. 2. Circum­
spection, incessant care, watchfulness. 3. Guard, watch.
In at this gate
None pass the vigilance here plac'd. Milton.

VI’GILANT, Fr. [vigilante, It. and Sp.] vigilans, Lat.] watchful,
circumspect, diligent, attentive.

VI’GILANTLY, adv. [of vigilant] watchfully, circumspectly, atten­
tively.

VI’GIL [vigilia, Lat.] 1. Watch, devotions performed in the usual
hours of rest. 2. A fast kept before a holy-day. 3. Service used on
the night before a holy-day. 4. Watch, forbearance of sleep.

VI’GILS [vigiliæ, Lat. vigiles, Fr. vigilla, It. and Sp.] certain fasts
preceding festivals, so called, because in ancient times the Christians
used to watch at nights; established by the church, as preparatory to
the due observation of the following day's solemnities.

VIGINTIVI’RATE, subst. [of vigenti, twenty, and vir, Lat. men] a
dignity among the Romans, consisting of twenty men, whereof three
judged all criminal cases, three others had the inspection of coins and
coinage, four took care of the streets of Rome, and the others were
judges in civil affairs.

VIGO’NE [vigogne, Fr. vigogna, It.] a sort of Spanish wool, or a hat
made of that wool.

VI’GOROUS, adj. [vigoureux, Fr. vigoroso, It. and Sp. of vigor, Lat.]
forcible, full of strength and life, not weakened.

VI’GOROUSLY, adv. [of vigorous] with vigour, without weakness.

VI’GOROUSNESS, subst. [of vigorous] force, strength, not weak­
ness.

VI’GOUR, subst. [vigueur, Fr. vigore, It. vigor, Sp. Port. and Lat.]
1. Force, strength. 2. Mental vigour, or ability. 3. Energy, ef­
ficacy. The earth's attractive vigour to explain. Blackmore.


VIL

VILE, adj. [vil, Fr. and Sp. vile, It. of vilis, Lat.] that is of no ac­
count, despicable, mean, sordid, paultry; also wicked, base, filthy,
lewd.

VI’LED, adj. [of vile, whence revile] abusive, defamatory, scurri­
lous: not in use. Viled speeches. Hayward.

VI’LENESS, subst. [of vile] meanness, worthlessness, baseness; also
wickedness, moral or intellectual baseness.

VI’LELY, adv. [of vile] basely, &c.

To VI’LLIFY, verb act. [vilificare, It.] to set light by, to set at
nought, to abuse, to despise, to defame.

VILL, subst. [ville, Fr. villa, Lat.] a village, or small collection of
houses. Hale.

VILL [in law] sometimes is understood of a manor, and sometimes
for a parish or part of it.

VI’LLA, Lat. a country seat, a manor-house out of a city or town; as,

VI’LLA Regis [in old records] any country village where the king of
England had a royal seat or palace, and held the manor in his own de­
mesn, and commonly had a free chapel, not subject to ordinary eccle­
siastical jurisdiction.

VI’LLAGE, subst. Fr. [villagio, It.] a certain number of country
houses or cottages, less than a town.

VI’LLAGER, subst. [of villageois, Fr.] an inhabitant of a village.

VI’LLAGERY, subst. [of village] district of villages. Sbakespeare.

VI’LLAIN, subst. [villanus, low Lat. either of vilain, Fr. mean or
vile, or villa, Lat. a country farm, whereto they were appointed to do
service] anciently a man of a servile and base degree, who was a mere
bond-slave to the lord of the manor; but it is now commonly used in a
bad sense, for a wicked wretch, a base fellow, or errant rogue.

VILLAIN in Gross [in law] one who was immediately bound to the
person of the lord and his heirs.

Pure VILLAIN, one whom his lord might put out of his lands, tene­
menst, goods and chattels at pleasure; and also might take redemption
of to marry his daughter, or to make him free: this law, tho' unre­
pealed, is grown obsolete.

VILLAIN Regardant, &c. [in law] one who was bound to his lord, as
a member belonging and joined to a manor of which the lord was owner;
the same as pure villain.

VILLAIN-Fleece [in old statutes] a fleece of wool shorn from a scab­
bed sheep.

VI’LLANOUS, adj. [of villain; villanus, Lat. villano, It. a peasant,
vilis, Lat. vile] 1. Base, sordid, knavish, vile, wicked. 2. Sorry. A
villanous trick of thine eye doth warrant me. Shakespeare. 3. It is used
by Shakepeare to exaggerate any thing detestable.

VILLANOUS Judgment [in law] is that which casts the reproach and
shame of villany upon him against whom it is given.

VI’LLAINOUSLY, adv. [of villainous] basely, knavishly, wickedly.

VI’LLAINOUSNESS, subst. [of villainous] baseness, wickedness.

VI’LLANAGE, or VILLENAGE, subst. [of villain] 1. The state of a
villain. 2. an ancient tenure of land, &c. whereby the tenant was
bound to do all manner of servile work for his lord. 2. Baseness, infa­
my. Dryden.

VILLA’NI, low Lat. 1. Farmers or villagers. 2. [In old records]
a sort of servile tenants, so stiled, because they were villæ & glebæ ad­
scripti, i. e. held some cottages and lands, for which they were charged
with certain stated servile offices, and which were conveyed as an appur­
tenance of the manor or estate to which they belonged.

VILLA’NIS Regis, &c. Lat. [in law] a writ which lay for the bringing
back of the king's bond-men, who had been carried away by others out
of his royal manors.

To VI’LLANIZE, verb act. [of villain] to debase, to degrade, to de­
fame. Dryden.

VI’LLANY, subst. [vilenie, Fr, villannie, O. F. villania, It. and Sp.]
1. Baseness, wickedness, depravity. 2. A wicked action or crime.

VILLA’TIC, adj. [villaticus, Lat.] belonging to villages. Milton.

VI’LLENAGE [in old law] a servile kind of tenure of lands and tene­
ments, by which the tenant was bound to do all such services as the lord
commanded, or were fit for a villain to do; although every one who
held in villenage was not a villain or bondman.

Tenants in VILLENAGE [in law] those which are now called copy­
holders, who were bound to perform certain services agreed on between
both parties; as to plough the lord's ground at certain times, to carry
the lord's dung, to plash his hedges, reap his corn, &c.

VI’LLI, Lat. 1. Coarse hairs 2. Wool. 3. The hair or nap of cloth,
&c.

VILLI [in anatomy] the same with fibres.

VILLI [with botanists] small hairs, like the grain of plush or shag,
with which some trees abound; of which kind is the usnea officinarum, or
moss that grows on human skulls.

VI’LLOSE, or VI’LLOUS, adj. [villosus, Lat.] hairy, beset with long
hair, rough, shaggy.

VIMI’NEOUS, adj. [vimineus, Lat.] made of twigs. Prior.


VIN

VINA’CEOUS [of vinum, Lat. wine] pertaining to, or like wine; as,
of a vinaceous flavour.

VINA’LIA, Lat. [with the Romans] feasts held at the first broaching
or tasting of their wines.

VI’NCIBLE, adj. Fr. [vincibile, It. vincibilis, vinca, Lat.] that may be
vanquished or overcome, superable.

VI’NCIBLENESS, subst. [of vincible] liableness to be conquered or
overcome.

VI’NCA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb periwinkle, so called be­
cause it binds or entangles every thing that is near it with its sprigs.

VI’NCTURE, subst. [vinctura, Lat.] a binding.

VI’NCULUM [in fluxions] denotes some compound surd quantity be­
ing multiplied into a fluxion, &c.

VINDE’MIAL, adj. [vindemialis, Lat.] pertaining to a vintage.

To VINDE’MIATE, verb act. [vendemiare, It. vindemiare, Lat.] to ga­
ther grapes. Evelyn.

VINDEMIA’TION [vindemia, Lat.] a grape-gathering.

VINDEMIA’TRIX, Lat. a she vintager, or grape gatherer.

VINDEMIA’TRIX [with astronomers] a fixed star of the third magni­
tude in the constellation VirGO, whose longitude is 185 degrees, 23 mi­
nutes, and latitude 16 deg. 15 min.

To VI’NDICATE, verb act. [vindicare, It. vindicar, Sp. vindico, Lat.]
1. To defend, to maintain, to justify. 2. To revenge, to avenge.
Tillotson. 3. To assert, to claim with efficacy. Dryden. 4. To protect,
to clear. Milton.

VINDI’CATIVE, adj. [of vindicate] revengeful, given to revenge. Ba­
con.

VINDICA’TION, subst. act of clearing or justifying; defence, asser­
tion.

VINDICATION [in civil law] the act of claiming.

VI’NDICATOR, subst. [of vindicate] one who vindicates or asserts.
Dryden.

VINDI’CATORY, adj. [of vindicator] 1. Performing the office of ven­
geance, punitory. Bramhall. 2. Defensory, justificatory.

VINDI’CTA, Lat. 1. Vengeance or punishment. 2. [Among the Ro­
mans] a rod or switch, with which the Roman prætor touched the head
of a slave, when he was made free; and thence it was taken to signify
liberty or freedom itself.

VINDI’CTIVE, adj. [of vindicatif, Fr. vendicativo, It. vindicativo, Sp.
of vindicta, Lat.] revengeful, given to revenge.

VINDI’CTIVELY, adv. [of vindictive] revengefully.

VINDI’CTIVENESS [of vindictive] a revengeful temper.

VINE [vigne, Fr. vigna, It. vina, Sp. vinea, Lat.] the plant bearing
grapes. Miller enumerates 34 different species; and adds, that the late
duke of Tuscany, who was very curious in collecting all the sorts of
Italian and Greek grapes into his own vineyards, was possessed of 300
several varieties.

A VINE twining round a pyramid, is a symbol of a tow'ring, aspiring
genius.

VINE-Dresser, a manager of a vineyard.

VINE-Fretter [q. d. a vine devourer, from freten, O. and L. Ger. to
devour] an insect that gnaws vines, called also a vine-grub.

VINE-Pear, an October pear.

VI’NEGAR [vinaigre, vinagro, It. vinagre, Sp. and Port.] 1. Acid
wine, wine grown sour. Vinegar is made by setting the vessel of wine
against the hot sun; and therefore vinegar will not burn, much of the
finer parts being exhaled. Bacon. 2. Any thing really or metaphorically
sour. Vinegar aspect. Shakespeare. 3. By chemical writers, is expressed
by this character × or +.

VINEGAR, a fellow that makes a ring for cudgel-players and wrestlers,
and keeps a sort of order among them.

VI’NEYARD [vingaerd, Dan. wyngeard, Su. wyngaert, Du. weingar­
ten, Ger. pinzeard, Sax.] a plot of ground planted with vines.

VI’NEWY, VI’NNEWED, or VI’NNY [prob. of evanidus, Lat.] mouldy,
hoary, musty.

VI’NEWINESS, subst. [of vinewy] mouldiness, hoariness, mustiness.

VI’NNET [vignette, Fr. With printers] a kind of border, flower, or
flourish, used at the beginning of a book, chapter, &c.

VINO’SE, or VI’NOUS, adj. [vineux, Fr. vinoso, It. vinosus, Lat.]
that has the smell or taste of wine, consisting of wine.

VI’NOUSNESS, or VINO’SITY [of vinosus, Lat. vineux, Fr. and ness]
a vinous quality, taste or smell.

VI’NTAGE, subst. [vendange, vinage, Fr.] the wine-lease or harvest,
the produce of the vine for the year.








VI’NTAGER, subst. [vendanger, Fr.] a grape-gatherer.

VI’NTNER, subst. [vinarius, vinum, Lat. vinattiere, It.] a tavern­
keeper, one who sells wine.

VI’NTNERS, were incorporated anno 1340. They are 1 master, 3
wardens, 62 assistants, 253 liverymen. The livery fine is 25 l. They
are the 12th of the twelve companies. There have been 13 mayors of
this company. They bear for their arms sable, 3 tuns argent, with a
Bacchus for their crest. Their hall is in Thames-street.

VI’NTRY [vinaria, Lat.] a wine-vault or place for the selling of wine.

VI’NUM, Lat. wine made of the juice of grapes; as,

Hippocraticum VINUM, Lat. [so named of Hippocrates's sleeve, thro'
which it is strained] hippocras, a spiced wine in which spice, sugar, &c.
have been steeped.

Medicatum VINUM, Lat. [with physicians] wine for sick people; into
which medicinal plants, drugs, &c. have been infused.

VI’OL, subst. [viole, Fr. vihuela, Sp. viola, It.] a musical stringed in­
strument.

VIOL [with mariners] a term used of a three-strond-rope, when it is
bound fast with nippers to the cable, and brought to the jeer capstan, for
the better and more commodious weighing of the anchor.

VI’OLA, It. a viol, a musical instrument of several sorts and sizes, the
neck of which is divided into half notes by frets, and is usually strung
with six strings, and sometimes with seven.

VIOLA Tenora, It. a tenor viol.

VIOLA Basso, It. a bass viol.

VIOLA d'Amour, It. a sort of treble viol, strung with wire, and so
called, because of its soft and sweet tone.

VIOLA Bastardo, It. a bastard viol, i. e. a bass-violin, strung and
fretted like a bass viol.

VIOLA di Gamba, [of gamba, It. the leg] a viol, so called, because
the common way of playing upon it, is by holding it between the legs.

VIOLA Matronalis, Lat. [with botanists] dames violet.

VI’OLABLE, adj. [violabilis, Lat.] that may be violated or hurt.

VIOLA’CEOUS, adj. [violaceus, Lat.] that is of a violet colour, or like
a violet.

To VI’OLATE, verb act. [violer, Fr. violare, It. violar, Sp.] 1. To
injure, to hurt in general. Pope. 2. To infringe, to break any thing
venerable. Hooker. 3. To injure by irreverence; as, To violate churches,
is to commit profane or wicked actions there. 4. To force, to deflower
or ravish a woman.

VIOLA’TION, subst. Fr. [violazione, It. violacion, Sp. of violatio, Lat.]
1. The act of violating or injuring something sacred. 2. Rape, the act
of deflowering. Shakespeare.

VIOLA’TOR, subst. [violateur, Fr. violatore, It. violador, Sp. of Lat.]
1. One who infringes or injures something sacred. South. 2. One who
deflowers or ravishes. Shakespeare.

VI’OLENCE, subst. Fr. [violenza, It. violencia, Sp. of violentia, Lat.]
1. vehemency, eagerness, earnestness. 2. Force, strength applied to
any purpose. 3. Constraint that is illegal, outrage, oppression, unjust
force. 4. An attack, an assault, a murder. Shakespeare. 5. Injury,
infringement. Burnet. 6. Forcible defloration.

VI’OLENT, adj. Fr. [violento, It. and Sp. of violentus, Lat.] 1. For­
cible, acting with strength. 2. Produced or continued by force. 3. Not
natural, but brought on by force. 4. Unjustly assailant, murderous;
as, to lay violent hands on (or kill) one's self. 5. Unseasonably, vehement,
extorted, not voluntary.

VIOLENT Signs [with astrologers] are those signs in which the male­
fic and ill boding planets, Saturn and Mars, have any notable dignities,
as a house or exaltation, such as Aries, Libra, Virgo, Capricornus,
Aquarius, &c.

VIOLE’NTIA, Lat. as an allegorical deity, had a chapel at Corinth,
in the castle, into which however no one was allowed to enter.

VI’OLENTNESS, subst. [of violent] violence, forcibleness, vehemence,
outrageousness.

VI’OLENTLY, adv. [of violent] with violence, with force, vehe­
mently.

VI’OLET [violette, Fr. viola, It. violeto, Sp. and Port. of viola, Lat.]
a plant bearing a sweet-scented flower, of which there are nine sorts.

VIOLET Marian, the plant called Canterbury bells.

VIOLET Colour, purple.

A VIOLET [which tho' now is fragrant and beautiful] is an emblem of
humility.

VIOLE’TTA, It. a small treble violin.

VIOLI’N, subst. [from viol; violon, Fr. violino, It. vihuela, Sp.] a
fiddle, a stringed instrument of music.

VIOLI’NO, It. a violin or fiddle.

VIOLINO Concertante, Concertini, or di Concerto, It. those violins, ei­
ther first or second, which play throughout, in contradistinction to

VIOLINO Ripieno, It. violins of the full parts.

VI’OLIST, subst. [of viol] a player upon the viol.

VIOLONCE’LLO, It. a small bass violin, just half as big as a common
bass violin, whose strings, being also but half the length of the bass,
make them just an octave lower than the bass.

VIOLO’NE, It. a large bass violin or double bass, every way as big
again as a common bass violin, and the strings twice as long and thick,
which renders the sound just an octave higher than the bass violin.

VIO’RNA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb called traveller's joy.

VI’PER [vipre, Fr. vipera, It. bivora, Sp. vibora, Port. vipera, Lat.]
1. A reptile of the serpent kind, generally poisonous. 2. Any thing
mischievous. Shakespeare.

VIPERA’LIS, Lat. [with botanists] the herb rue or herb-grace.

VIPERA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb viper's-grass.

VIPERI’NA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb viper's-bugloss.

VI’PERINE, adj. [viperinus, Lat.] pertaining to a viper.

VI’BEROUS [vipereus, Lat.] having the qualities of a viper.

VIPER's-Bugloss [echium, Lat.] a plant with seeds, in the form of a
viper's head.

VIPER's-Grass [scorzonera, Lat.] a plant.


VIR

VIRA’GO, subst. Lat. 1. A female warrior, a woman with the quali­
ties of a man. Peacham. 2. Commonly in detestation applied to a ter­
migant, turbulent woman, who with the mien and air of a man, per­
forms the actions and exercises of one.

VI’RALAY, subst. [virelay, virelai, Fr.] a sort of little ancient French
poem, consisting only of two rhymes, and short verses with stops. Spenser
and Dryden use it.

VI’RENT, adj. [virens, Lat.] green, not faded. Brown.

VI’RGA Pastoris, Lat. [with botanists] the herb teasel or fuller's this­
tle.

VIRGA [in old records] a rod or white staff, such as sheriffs, &c.
carry as a badge of their office.

Ulnaria VIRGA, Lat. [in old records] a yard measured according to
the legal ell or true standard.

Ferrea VIRGA, Lat. a yard anciently made of iron, kept in the exche­
quer, according to the king's standard; but now it is made of brass.

VIRGÆ [in meteorology] a meteor bearing a resemblance to a bun­
dle of rods, which is caused by the beams of the sun passing obliquely
through the more loose and open parts of a watery cloud, and commonly
bespeaks rain.

VI’RGATE, was anciently no more than a certain extent or compass of
ground, surrounded with such bounds and limits; the same that was cal­
led a yard-land, the quantity of which was uncertain, according to the
difference of places and customs.

VIRGE, subst. [virga, Lat. It is more usually verge, from verge, Fr.]
a dean's mace.

VI’RGIN, subst. [virgo, Lat. vierge, Fr. vergine, It. virgen, Sp. and
Port.] 1. A maiden, a maid or woman unacquainted with men. 2. A
woman not a mother. An unusual sense. Milton. 3. The sign of the
zodiac in which the sun is in August. Milton.

To VI’RGIN, verb neut. [from the subst.] to play the virgin: A cant
word.

VIRGIN, adj. [virgineus, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to a virgin, suiting a
virgin, maidenly. Shakespeare. 2. Applied to any thing untouched,
pure and unmingled; as in the following examples:

VIRGIN-Parchment, a sort of fine parchment made of the skin of a
young lamb.

VIRGIN-Oil, is that which oozes spontaneously out of the olive, &c.
without pressing.

VIRGIN-Gold, is gold that is gotten out of the ore without any mix­
ture or alloy, in which state it is so soft, that it will take the impression
of a seal.

VIRGIN-Copper, is that which has never been melted down.

VIRGIN-Wax, is that which has never been wrought, but remains
as it came out of the hive.

VIRGIN-Mercury, is that which is found perfectly formed and fluid
in the veins of mines, or that is gotten from the mineral earth by lotion
without fire.

VIRGIN's-Bower, an herb or plant used in covering arbours, which
spreads itself into wooden branches.

VIRGIN's-Milk, a sort of chemical composition, called also Benjamin­
water.

VIRGIN's-Thread, a ropy dew which fles in the air, like untwisted
silk.

Knights of the Order of the VIRGIN Mary, in mount Carmel, a French
order, instituted by king Henry IV. in 1607, and consisting of one hun­
dred French gentlemen.

VI’RGINAL, adj. [of virgin] belonging to a virgin, maidenly. Shake­
speare.

To VI’RGINAL, verb neut. to pat, to strike as on a virginal: A cant
word. Shakespeare.

VI’RGINALS, subst. plur. more usually than Virginal [virginalia, Lat.]
a musical instrument, so called, because commonly used by young la­
dies.

VIRGI’NEUS Morbus, Lat. the green sickness.

VIRGI’NIAN Climber, a plant that has claspers like the vine.

VIRGI’NIAN Frog, a frog reported to be ten or twelve times as big as
those of England, whose croaking is like the bellowing of a bull.

VIRGINIAN Nightingale, a bird of a scarlet colour, with a tuft on the
head.

VIRGINIAN Silk, a plant which bears purplish flowers and long pods,
in which are flat seeds, containing fine soft silk.

VIRGINAL Milk, a chemical composition, made by dissolving saccha­
rum saturni in a great deal of water, till it turns as white as milk.

VIRGI’NITY, subst. [virginitas, Lat. virginitÉ, Fr. virginità, It. vir­
ginidàd, Sp.] a maidenhead, the state or condition of a virgin unac­
quainted with man; as, to vows of virginity.
Query, if the term has not been promiscuously applied to either sex?
Mr. Voltaire, in his Le Siecle de Louis XIV. observes concerning Holland,
that a country which wanted for inhabitants, could by no means admit
of those who by oath engage themselves, that the human species (so far
as lies in them) shall perish.” But this is not the only evil which has
been connected with the abjuration of marriage. The learned Chemni­
tius, in his Examen Concilii Trident. (as quoted by Mr. Mede) observes,
“that about A. C. 370, by Basil, Nyssen, and Nazianzen [all saints of
the virgin or monastic order] was the invocation of saints begun to be
brought into the church; and it seems, that this was rather a part, or an
appendix of monkery,” &c. And again, speaking of St. Ambrose, when
he had once turned monk, “Non tamen nego, &c. I deny not but Am­
brose, at length, when he had once borrow'd monkery from Basil, began
also to incline to the invocation of saints; as appears from his book de
Viduis.” Mede's Works, Ed. Lond. p. 690. Nor did their influence stop
here;——for waving that new form of doxology, which Philostorgius,
Lib. III. c. 13. tells us was now introduced in Antioch by Flavian, at
the head of his monks, 'tis pretty remarkable that both Gothofred, in
his notes on that fact; and, I think, after him Mr. Bower, have repre­
sented these associated bodies (whose zeal ran high for the orthodoxy of
the times) as a kind of ecclesiastic posse, or spiritual dragoons, that were
ever within call, and ready to march out of their retreats, for the towns
and cities; “and scarce any thing of moment (says Gothofred) that re­
quired a bold stroke, but which was transacted chiefly by them.” Gotho­
fred. Dissertat. in Philostorg. p. 149, 150. See BRANDEUM, HIEROM,
CREED, GAIANITES, DOXOLOGY, and HERMIT, and under the last
word, read “about the year 370 [instead of 730.]”

VI’RGO, Lat. 1. A maid or virgin. 2. [Among astrologers] one of
the 12 signs of the zodiac, the 6th according to order, and marked thus
♍, and is reputed to be the house and exaltation of Mercury, of an
earthy, cold and dry quality.

VIRGO. See VICTORIA.

VI’RGULA [with grammarians] a point in writing, the same that we
usually call a comma (,).

VIRGULA Divina, a forked branch in the form of a Y, cut off a ha­
zle-tree, by means whereof, some pretend to discover mines, springs, &c.
under ground.








VIRGULA Divinatoria, a hazel-rod, shaped into two branches, in the
form of the letter Y, which being cut at the time of some planetary as­
pect, and held in both hands by the two forked ends (some writers af­
firm) will serve to direct the bearer where to find a vein of rich metal or
valuable ore in the earth. Others again tie a hazel wand to another strait
stick, and walk over the hills and places where they expect to find metals,
holding it in their hands.

VI’RGULTUM [in ancient law books] an holt or plantation of twigs
and oziers.

VIRIDA’RIO Eligendo, Lat. [in law] a writ for the election of a ver­
derer in a forest.

VI’RILE, adj. [viril, Fr. and Sp. virile, It. virilis, Lat.] manly, be­
longing to man; not puerile, not feminine.

VI’RILENESS [virilitas, Lat. virilitÉ, Fr. virilità, It. virilidàd, Sp.]
manhood, manliness.

VIRI’LIA, Lat. the private parts of a man, the cutting off of which
was felony by the common law, whether the person consented or not.

VIRI’POTENT [of viripotens, Lat.] marriageable, fit for marriage.

VIRI’LITY, subst. [virilitas, Lat.] man's estate, character of a man,
manhood; also ability to perform the part of a man in procreation.

VIRIPLA’CA [from vir, and placo, Lat. q. d. the reconciler] a god­
dess of the Romans, whose chapel or temple stood on the Palatium,
unto which men and their wives used to resort to reconcile their broils.

VIRMI’LION, for VERMILION; which see.

VIROLLE’ [in French heraldry] a term used of the mouth of a hunt­
ting-horn, or such other like instruments to be applied to a man's mouth,
to be set with some metal or colour different from the horn itself.

VIRTSUNGIA’NUS Ductus, Lat. [so named after Virtsungus, who first
discover'd it] a canal, called also ductus pancreaticus.

VI’RTUAL, adj. [virtuel, Fr. virtuale, It. of virtus, Lat.] effectual,
potential, having the efficacy without the material or sensible part.

VIRTUAL Focus [in dioptrics] the point of divergence, on a particu­
lar point in a concave glass.

VIRTUA’LITY, subst. [of virtual] 1. Efficacy. Brown. 2. It is by the
schoolmen defined to be some mode or analogy in an object, which in
reality is the same with some other mode, but out of regard to contra­
dictory predicates, is looked on, as if really distinct therefrom. See
SCHOLASTIC Divinity.
———Dat inania verba,
Dat sine mente Sonum.—

VI’RTUALLY, adv. [of virtual] effectually, tho' not formally.

To VI’RTUATE, verb act. [of virtue] to make efficacious. Passively
used. Harvey.

VI’RTUE, subst. [virtus, Lat. vertu, Fr. virtù, It. virtud, Sp.] 1. A
firm purpose of doing those things that reason tells us are best, moral
goodness. 2. A particular moral excellence. 3. Medicinal quality. 4.
Medicinal efficacy. 5. Efficacy, power, force in general. 6. Acting
power. Virtue had gone out of him. St. Mark. 7. Secret agency, effi­
cacy without visible or material action. Yet no part toucheth, but by
virtue's touch. Davies. 8. Bravery, valour. Raleigh. 9. Excellence,
that which gives excellence. The sole grace and virtue of their fable,
the sticking in of sentences. B. Johnson. 10. [In scripture] one of the
orders of angels, of the third rank or choir. Milton.

Cardinal VIRTUES [with moralists] prudence, justice, fortitude, and
temperance.

VI’RTUELESS. adj. [of virtue] 1. Being without virtue, deprived of
virtue. 2. Not efficacious, being without operating qualities. Ra­
leigh.

VIRTUO’SO, It. subst. plur. Virtuosi or Virtuoso's; one skilled in antique
or natural curiosities; a man studious of painting, statuary or architec­
ture; also a collector of rarities, as metals, minerals, vegetables, &c.
Virtuoso the Italians call a man who loves the noble arts, and is a critic
in them: And, amongst our French painters, the word vertueux is under­
stood in the same signification. Dryden.

VI’RTUOUS adj. [virtueux, Fr. virtuoso, It. Sp. and Port.] 1. Endued
with, or having the habit of virtue, morally good. 2. [Applied to wo­
men] chaste. 3. Performed in consequence of virtue or moral goodness.
Virtuous acts. Dryden. 4. Efficacious, powerful. With one virtuous
touch. Milton. 5. Having eminent or wonderful properties. That vir­
tuous steel. Spenser. 6. Having medicinal qualities. Bacon.

VI’RTUOUSLY, adv. [of virtuous] in the practice of virtue, accord­
ing to the rules of virtue.

VI’RULENCE, or VI’RULENCY, subst. [of virulent] malignity, bitter­
ness of temper, mental poison.

VI’RTUOUSNESS [of virtuous] state or character of being virtuous.
Spenser.

VI’RULENT, adj. [virulens, Lat.] 1. Venomous, poisonous. 2. Poi­
son'd in the mind, spiteful, malicious, bitter, sharp, biting.

VI’RULENTLY, adv. [of virulent] spitefully, with malignity, with
mental bitterness.

VI’RULENTNESS [of virulent] poisonous nature; also maliciousness,
&c.

VIRTU’TE Officii, Lat. [in law] a good and justifiable act, such as is
done by virtue of an office or in pursuance of it, and is the opposite of
colore officii, i. e. under colour of office.

VI’RUS, Lat. 1. Poison, venom. 2. [In a medicinal sense] a kind
of watery, stinking matter, which issues out of ulcers, of a malignant
and corroding quality.


VIS

VIS, Lat. might, power, force. See STRENGTH and FORCE.

VIS [as a præfixum] for vice. See VICE.

VI’SAGE, subst Fr. and Sp. [visaggio, It.] face, countenance, look.
It is now rarely used but with some ideas of dislike or horror.

VI’SARD [visiere, Fr.] a mask. See VIZARD.

VISCA’TA. See VISCO’SA.

VI’SCERA, Lat. [visceres, Fr. viscere, It.] the entrails or bowels.

To VI’SCERATE, verb act. [viscera, viscero, Lat.] to embowel, to
exentrate, to take out the bowels. Mostly used in the part. pass.

VI’SCERATED [visceratus, Lat.] having the bowels taken out.

VISCERA’TION, subst. [viscera, Lat.] the act of embowelling; also the
entrails which huntsmen give their dogs.

VI’SCERAL, or VI’SCEROUS, adj. pertaining to the bowels or en­
trails.

VI’SCEROUS Flesh [in anatomy] such as is that of the stomach and
guts.

VI’SCID, adj. [viscidus, Lat.] tenacious, glutinous.

VISCI’DITY, subst. [of viscid] 1. Ropiness, tenacity, glutinousness.
2. Glutinous concretion. Floyer.

VISCO’SA, a name by which Fortune was worshipped at Rome, said to
be derived from viscum (bird lime.)

VISCO’SITY, or VI’SCOUSNESS, subst. [viscositas, Lat. viscosite, Fr. vis­
cosità, It. viscosidad, Sp.] 1. Clamminess, a sticky or glewy quality, ropi­
ness, tenacity. 2. A glutinous substance, ropy matter. Brown.

VI’SCOUS, adj. [visqueux, Fr. viscoso, It. and Sp. viscosus, Lat.]
clammy, sticky, glewy, tenacious.

VI’SCOUNT, subst. [vicecomes, Lat. vicomte, Fr. visconte, It. visconde,
Sp. and Port.] Viscount signifies as much as sheriff: between which two
words there is no other difference, but that the one comes from our con­
querors, the Normans, and the other from our ancestors, the Saxons.
Viscount also signifies a nobleman, next in degree to a count or earl,
which is an old name of office, but a new one of dignity. There were
no viscounts in England before the reign of king Henry VI.

VISCOUNT's Coronet has neither flowers nor points raised above the
circle, like those of the other superior degrees, but only pearls placed on
the circle itself, without any limited number, which is the prerogative
of a viscount beyond a baron, who is limited to four.

VISCOU’NTESS, subst. [of viscount; vice-cometissa, Lat. vicomtesse, Fr.
viscontessa, It. viscondessa, Sp. viscondesa, Port. Viscount and viscountess
are pronounced vicount and vicountess] the lady of a viscount, a peeress
of the fourth order, and next to a countess.

VISCOU’NTY, subst. [vicomte, Fr. vice comitatus, Lat.] the territory
of a viscount.

VI’SER [visiere, Fr. visiera, It. and Sp.] the sight of an head piece
or helmet; also a mask. See VISOR.

VISIBI’LITY, or VI’SIBLENESS, subst. [visibilitas, Lat.] 1. State or
quality of being seen. 2. State of being apparent or openly discovera­
ble, conspicuousness.

VI’SIBLE, adj. Fr. and Sp. [visibile, It. visibilis, Lat.] 1. That may
be seen or discerned by the eye. 2. Discovered to the eye. Shakespeare.
3. Apparent, conspicuous, open.

VI’SIBLY, adv. in a manner perceptible by the eye; also openly.

VI’SIER, or VI’ZIER [among the Turks] a principal officer and
statesman. See VIZIER.

Prime VISIER, or Grand VIZIER, a principal officer next to the
grand signior, who governs the whole Turkish empire.

VI’SION, subst. Fr. [visione, It. and Sp. of visio, Lat.] 1. Sight, the
faculty of seeing: it is a sensation in the brain, which proceeds from a
due and various motion along the fibres of the optic nerves, produced in
the bottom of the eye, by the rays of light coming from any object. 2.
The act of seeing. 3. An apparition, a supernatural appearance, a
spectre, phantom or ghost. 4. A divine revelation in a dream;
something shewn in a dream: a dream happens to a sleeping person; a
vision may happen to a waking one: a dream is supposed natural; a vi­
sion miraculous: but they are confounded.

VISION [in optics] the physical cause of vision or sight seems to be
that the rays of light, striking on the bottom of the eye, there excite
certain vibrations in the tunica retina; which vibrations being propaga­
ted as far as the brain by the solid fibres of the optic nerves, do there
cause the sense of seeing. See Common SENSORY.

VI’SIONARY, adj. [visionaire, Fr. visionaria, Sp.] 1. Affected by
phantoms, disposed to receive impressions on the imagination. 2. Per­
taining to visions, imaginary, not real, seen in a dream; perceived by
the imagination only.

VI’SIONARY, or VI’SIONIST, subst. [visionaire, Fr.] a person that
pretends to visions, one whose imagination is disturbed.

VI’SIT, subst. [visite, Fr. visita, It. and Sp.] an act of civility and
friendship, performed by friends going to each other's houses.

To VISIT, verb act. [visiter, Fr. visitare, It. and Lat. visitar, Sp.]
1. To go to see. 2. [In scripture] to send evil or good judicially, par­
ticularly to afflict or visit by affliction. 3. To salute with a present.
Judges.

To VISIT, verb neut. 1. To keep intercourse of ceremonial saluta­
tions at the houses of each other. 2. To go about to see whether things
be as they should be; to come to survey with judicial authority.

VI’SITABLE, adj. liable to be judicially visited. Ayliffe.

VI’SITANT, subst. [of visit] one who visits or goes to see another.

VISITA’TION, Fr. [visitazione, It. visitacion, Sp.] 1. The act of vi­
siting. Shakespeare. 2. Object of visits. Milton. 3. Judicial evil sent
by God, state of suffering judicial evil; as any epidemical sickness or
pestilence, that sweeps away many people; pestilential and epidemical
diseases being called a visitation, upon a supposition of their being sent
immediately from heaven, as tokens of divine wrath. Thus Homer
ascribes the pestilence which raged in the Greek camp, to Apollo's re­
sentment for the wrong done to his priest. And indeed all sudden deaths
of males were by the ancients ascribed to Apollo's shafts, as the like
deaths of females were assigned to Diana; and the Greeks had the more
reason to suspect Apollo on this occasion, as he was the tutelary god of
Troy. But after all, the learned Dr. Mead, in his Præcepta & Monita
Medica, when treating of epidemic diseases, observes, “that their causes
arise chiefly out of the earth; as Lucretius wisely said,
Putrorem humida nacta est
Intempestivis pluviis, & solibus icta.”
Essay on Homer, in blank verse, with notes.
I had scarce troubled the reader with this quotation, but for the sake of
expressing that judicial proceeding of the god, in a manner more agree­
able to the spirit of the original, as follows,
Down sat the power; swift flies th' unerring shaft,
Commission'd thro' mid air, all air appall'd
With the fierce twang of that proud silver bow.
See SYNOELEPHA, and read there—” did but copy his great master,
Homer.

The VISITATION, the great sickness A. D. 1665 and 1666, when the
people of this kingdom were sore afflicted with a pestilential distem­
per.

VISITATION, Fr. [with the clergy] 1. An act of jurisdiction, whereby
a superior or proper officer visits some corporation, college, church, or
other public or private house, to see that the regulations thereof are du­
ly observed. 2. Judicial visit or perambulation. 3. Communication of
divine love. Hooker.

The VISITATION of Manners, the regarder's office, so called in ancient
times.








The Feast of the VISITATION of our Lady, a festival observed in the
church of Rome, in commemoration of the visit made to Elizabeth by
the Virgin Mary.

VISITATO’RIAL, adj. [of visitor] pertaining to a judicial visitor. Ay­
liffe.

VI’SITER, subst. [of visit] 1. One who is making a visit among
friends. 2. One who comes to see another.

VI’SITOR, subst. Lat. [visiteur, Fr. visitatore, It. visitador, Sp.] 1. One
who visits a monastery or religious house. 2. An occasional judge, one
who regulates the disorders of any society.

VI’SIVE, adj. [visif, Fr. visus, Lat.] formed in the act of seeing.
Brown.

VI’SNE, tent-wine mixed with brandy.

VISNE, a fine sort of cherry-brandy brought from Turky.

VISNE [in law] a neighbouring place, or a place near at hand. See
VENUE.

VI’SNOMY, subst. [corrupted from physiognomy] face, countenance:
not in use. Spenser.

VI’SOR, subst. [This word is variously written visard, visar, visor,
vizard, vizor. I prefer vizor, as nearest the visus, and concurring with
visage, a kindred word] 1. A mask used to disguise and disfigure. 2.
[Visiere, Fr.] the sight of an head-piece or helmet.

VI’SORED, adj. [of visor] masked. Milton.

VISO’RIUM [with printers] a hook or device, into which a leaf of
copy is fixed, for the compositor's more convenient seeing it.

VI’STA, or VISTO [vista, It.] a view, a prospect thro' an avenue,
or strait walk thro' trees.

VISTAME’NTE, It. [in music books] very fast or quick; much the same
as presto.

VI’STO [in music books] the same as vistamente.

VI’SU Franki Plegii [in law] a writ to exempt one from coming to the
view of frank pledge, who is not resident in the hundred; for men are
bound to this view by reason of their habitation, and not upon account
of lands held where they do not dwell.

VI’SUAL, adj. [of visus, Lat. visuel, Fr. visuale, It. visual, Sp.] per­
taining to the sight, exercising the power of sight, instrumental to
sight.

VISUAL Point [in perspective] is a point in the horizontal line where­
in the ocular rays unite.

VISUAL Rays [in perspective] are lines of light imagined to come from
the object to the eye.

VI’SUS. Lat. the sense of seeing, the sight.

VI’SUS [in old records] an inspection or view.


VIT

VI’TA, Lat. life, i. e. a kind of active, operative existence, and is
therefore conceived to consist in motion.

VITA Corporis, Lat. i. e. the life of the body, consists in an uninter­
rupted motion therein.

VITA Mentis, Lat. i. e. the life of the mind, is supposed, by the Car­
tesians, to consist in a perpetual cogitation or an uninterrupted course of
thinking.

VITA Hominis, Lat. [according to Mr. Locke] the life of man consists
in a continued communication of body and mind, or in the operations to
which both the motions of the body and the ideas of the mind contri­
bute.

VI’TAL, Fr. and Sp. [vitale, It. vitalis, Lat.] 1. Belonging to life.
Vital thread. Shakespeare. 2. Contributing to life, necessary to life,
supporting life, that preserves life. Vital air. Pope. 3. Containing
life. Vital in every part. Milton. 4. Being the seat of life. The
dart flew on and pierc'd a vital part. Pope. 5. So disposed as to live:
little used, and rather Latin than English. Brown. 6. Essential, chiefly
necessary. Grief's vital part. Bishop Corbet.

VITAL Functions or Actions, are such actions of the vital parts, where­
by life is affected, such as it cannot subsist without; of these are the
musculous actions of the heart; the secretory action of the cerebellum;
the respiratory action of the lungs; and the circulation of the blood and
spirits through the arteries, veins and nerves. See NERVES, ANIMAL
Functions, and CEREBRUM compared.

VITAL Spirits, are the finest and most volatile parts of the blood.

VITA’LITY, subst. [from vital; vitalitas, Lat.] the spirit of life
whereby we live, power of subsisting in life. Raleigh.

VI’TALLY, adv. [of vital] in such a manner as to give life.

VI’TALS, subst. without the singular [partes vitales, Lat.] those parts
of the body that are the principal seat of life, parts essential to life; as
the heart, brain, lungs, and liver.

VITE’LLARY, subst. [vitellus, Lat.] the place where the yolk of the
egg swims in the white. Brown.

VITELLIA’NI, a kind of pocket or table-book, in which the antients
wrote down their ingenious conceits, wanton fancies, and impertinancies;
what we call a trifle book.

To VI’TIATE, verb act. [viziare, It. vitio, Lat.] to corrupt or spoil
one's morals; to deprave, to make less pure.

VITIA’TION, subst. [of vitiate] act of corrupting or spoiling; depra­
vation. Harvey.

VITI’FEROUS, adj. [vitifer, Lat.] bearing vines.

VITI’LIGO, Lat. a kind of leprosy, morphew, &c.

To VITILI’TIGATE, verb neut. [vitilitigo, of vitiosus and litigo,
Lat.] to contend in law.

VITILITIGA’TION, subst. [of vitilitigate] contention at law, cavil­
lation. Hudibras.

VITIGI’NEOUS [vitigeneus, Lat.] that comes of a vine.

VITIO’SITY, subst. [vitiosus, Lat.] depravity, corruption. South.

VI’TIOUS, adj. [vicieux, Fr. vitiosus, Lat.] 1. Wicked, corrupt; as
having ill qualities; opposite to virtuous. It is rather applied to habi­
tual faults than criminal actions. 2. Corrupt; as having physical ill
qualities, Vitious language. B. Johnson. See VICIOUS.

VI’TIOUSLY. adv. [of vitious] not virtuously, corruptly. See VI­
CIOUSLY.

VI’TIOUSNESS, or VITIO’SITY [of vitious; or vitiositas, Lat.] state of
being vitious; corruptness.

VI’TREAL, VI’TREAN, or VI’TREOUS, adj. [vitreus, Lat. vitrÉ, Fr.
vitreo, It.] consisting of glass, glassy, resembling glass. Vitreal and
vitrean are seldom if ever used.

VITREOUS Tunicle, a thin film or coat which is said to separate the
vitreous or glassy humour from the crystalline; but it is denied by others
that there is any such coat, before the humours are taken out and ex­
posed to the air.

VITREOUS Humour [with oculists] the glassy humour of the eye, be­
ing the third humour of it, so called from its resemblance to melted glass:
it is thicker than the aqueous humour, but not so solid as the crystalline:
it is round or convex behind, and somewhat plain before, only hollowed
a little in the middle, where it receives the crystalline. It exceeds both
the humours in quantity.

VI’TREOUSNESS, subst. [of vitreous] glassiness, resemblance of glass.

VITRI’FICABLE, adj. [of vitrificate] susceptibility of being turned
into glass.

To VI’TRIFICARE, verb act. [of vitrum, glass, and facio, Lat. to
make] to convert or change into glass. Passively used by Bacon.

VITRIFICA’TION, Fr. [with chemists] the art of changing any natu­
ral body into glass by the means of fire; which they account to be the
last action of fire. So that (generally speaking) bodies which have once
gained the form of glass, continue in it, and are not capable of putting
on any other form; also the state of being changed into glass. Bacon.

To VI’TRIFY [vitrifier, Fr. of vitrum, and facio, Lat.] to turn or
change a thing into glass: it is passively used by Bacon and Wood­
ward.

To VITRIFY, verb neut. to be changed into glass, to become glass.

VI’TRIOL, Fr. [vitriuolo, It. vitriolo, Sp. vitriolum, Lat.] a kind of
fossil or mineral salt, compounded of an acid salt and sulphureous earth;
of which there are four sorts; the white, the blue, the green, and the
red. Vitriol is produced by addition of a metallic matter with the fossil
and salt. Woodward.

VITRIOL of Iron [with chemists] a preparation made by dissolving
iron or steel in some proper acid menstruum, thence evaporating or draw­
ing off the moisture, and reducing the matter to crystals, by setting it in
a cool place; this is also called salt of steel.

VITRIOL of Silver [in chemistry] is the body of silver chemically
opened, and reduced into the form of salt by the sharp points of the spirit
of nitre.

VITRIOL of Copper [with chemists] a preparation made by the solu­
tion of copper in spirit of nitre, evaporated and crystallized to gain the
salt; called also the vitriol of Venus.

VITRIO’LIC, or VITRIOLUS, adj. [vitriolique, Fr. vitriolum, Lat.]
pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of vitriol, containing or re­
sembling vitriol. Brown uses vitriolus.

VI’TRIOLATE, or VITRIOLATED, adj. [of vitriolÉ, Fr. vitriolum,
Lat.] impregnated with vitriol, compounded of vitriol, or having vitriol
infused into it. The former is used by Boyle, and the latter by Ba­
con.

VITRO’SE [vitrosus, Lat.] glassy, full of glass.

VI’TRUM, Lat. the plant called woad.

VI’TTA, Lat. 1. A fillet or hair-lace. 2. [In anatomy] that part of
the coat, called amnion, which sticks to an infant's head, when 'tis just
born.

VITULI’NE, adj. [vitulinus, Lat.] pertaining to a calf or veal.

VITU’PERABLE, adj. Sp. [vituperabile, It. vituperabilis, Lat.] that
may be blamed, blame-worthy.

To VITU’PERATE, verb act. [vituperer, O. Fr. vituperar, Sp. vitu­
perare, It. and Lat.] to blame, to find fault with, to censure.

VITUPERA’TION [vituperazione, It. vituperacion, Sp. of vituperatio,
Lat.] act of blaming or finding fault with; censure. Ayliffe.

St. VITUS'S Dance [in medicine] a kind of phrenzy or madness pro­
ceeding from a madignant humour; near of kin to the tarantula. I
should have called it a nervous disease, accompanied with involuntary
(but very odd) gesticulations; and which is cured by evacuations and
cold bathing.


VIV

VI’VA Pecunia, Lat. [in old records] live cattle.

VIVA voce, Lat. by word of mouth.

VIVA’CE, It. [in music books] i. e. with life and spirit, i. e. a degree
of movement between largo and allegro, but nearer to allegro than
largo.

VIVACEME’NTE, or VIVAME’NTE [in music books] the same as vi­
vace.

VIVA’CIOUS, adj. [vivax, vivacis, Lat.] 1. Long-lived. Bentley. 2.
Gay, springhtly, lively, brisk.

VIVA’CIOUSNESS, subst. [of vivacious] liveliness, briskness; also length
of life, longivity.

VIVACI’SSIMO, It. [in music books] a degree or two quicker than vi­
vace, and denotes a movement near as quick as allegro.

VIVA’CITY, subst. [vivacitÉ, Fr. vivacita, It. viveza, Sp. of vivaci­
tas, Lat.] sprightliness of temper, mettle, fire; also length of life, lon­
gevity. Brown.

VI’VARY [vivier, Fr. vivajo, It. of vivarium, Lat.] a place either of
land or water, where living creatures are kept; a park, a warren; also
a fish-pond.

VIVE, adj. [vif, Fr. vivus, Lat.] lively, pressing, forcible Bacon.

VI’VENCY, subst. [vivo, Lat.] manner of containing or supporting
either life or vegetation. Brown.

VI’VER, a fish, called a sea-dragon.

The VI’VES [avives, Fr.] a disease in horses, a swelling under the
ears in the glandules or kernels on the sides of the throat. Vives is
much like the strangles; and the chief difference is, that for the most
part the strangles happen to colts and young horses while they are at
grass, by feeding with their heads downwards; by which means the
swelling inclines more to the jaws; but the vives happen to horses at
any age and time. Farrier's Dictionary.

VI’VID, adj. [vividus, Lat.] lively in colour; quick, striking; also
sprightly, active.

VI’VIDLY, adv. [of vivid] with life, with briskness, with vigour.
South.

VI’VIDNESS, subst. [of vivid] liveliness in colour, vigour, quick­
ness.

VIVI’FIC, adj. [vivificus, Lat.] giving life, making alive. Ray.

To VIVI’FICATE, verb neut. [vivifier, Fr. vivificar, Sp. vivificare,
It. and Lat.] to vivify, to quicken, to enliven.

To VIVI’FICATE, verb act. 1. To make alive, to animate, to inform
with life. 2. To recover from such a change of form as seems to de­
stroy the essential properties.

VIVIFICA’TION, subst. Fr. [from vivificate] the act of giving life.
Bacon.

VIVIFICA’TIVE, or VI’VIFYING, adj. [vivificans, Lat. vivifiant,
Fr.] quickening, making alive.








To VI’VIFY, verb act. [of vivus, living, and facio, Lat. to make]
to make alive, to endue with life.

VIVI’PAROUS, adj. [of viviparus, of vivis, living, and pario, Lat. to
bring forth] bringing forth its young alive and perfect, and that does
not spawn and lay eggs, in contradistinction to oviparous.

VI’VO [in architecture] the shaft or fust of a column; also the naked
of a column or other part.

VI’XEN, subst. [Skinner supposes it to be properly biren, q. bitching,
of a bitch, that having puppies is curst and snarling; but others fetch
it from fox, q. foxin, i. e. a little fox; vizen or fixen is the name of a
she fox: otherwise applied to a woman, whose nature and condition is
thereby compared to a she fox. Verstegan.] a froward child, or a scold­
ing woman.

VI’XENING [prob. of verieren, Teut. teuchschen, H. Ger. to jeer or
scoff] scolding, raving, or brawling frowardly.

VIZ. [for videlicet, Lat.] that is to say, to wit; a barbarous form
of an unnecessary word.

VI’ZARD, subst. [vizera, Sp. visiere, Fr. See VISOR] a mask or false
face put on for disguise.

To VIZARD, verb act. [from the subst.] to mask. Passively used by
Shakespeare.

VI’ZIER, subst. [properly wazir] the prime minister of the Turkish
empire. He made him vizier, which is chief of all the bassas. Knolles.

U’LCER, subst. [ulcus, ulceris, Lat. ulcere, Fr. ulcera, It. and Sp. ΕΛ­
χΟΣ, Gr.] a sore of continuance, not a new wound, a running sore.
N. B. Homer frequently applies it to that state of body which arises from
a wound received in battle; and therefore Bruno does not define it amiss
when saying, “notat omnem solutionem continui in partibus carnosis & mot­
tibus factam.”

To U’LCERATE, verb act. [ulcerer, Fr. ulcerar, Sp. ulcerare, It. and
Lat.] to disease with sores. It is generally used as a participle pas­
sive.

ULCERA’TION, subst. Fr. [ulcerazione, It. ulceracion, Sp. ulcero, Lat.]
1. The act of breaking out into ulcers. 2. A sore, an ulcer. 3. A
little aperture or hole in the skin caused by an ulcer. Arbuthnot.

U’LCEROUS, adj. [ulceroso, It. and Sp. ulcerosus, Lat.] belonging to or
full of ulcers, afflicted with ulcers.

U’LCEROUSNESS [of ulcerous] an ulcerous state or quality,

U’LCERED, adj. [ulcerÉ, Fr. from ulcer] grown by time from a hurt
to an ulcer. Temple.

ULE, subst. [prob. of gehul, Sax. Christmas, or of yule, Ger. or noel,
Fr.] Christmas. Only used in Scotland.

ULE-Games, Christmas games or sports,

ULE’GINOUS, adj. [uliginoso, It. uliginosus, Lat.] slimy, muddy,
Woodward.

U’LLAGE [with gaugers] what a cask or vessel wants of being
full.

ULMA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb meadow-sweet, or moon­
wort.

U’LMUS, Lat. [with botanists] the elm-tree.

U’LNA, Lat. 1. An ell in measure. 2. [With anatomists] the greater
bone of the elbow, which lies between the arm and the wrist; also
called focile majus.

Ferrea ULNA, Lat. [in old law] the standard iron ell kept at the Ex­
chequer.

ULOME’LIA, Lat. [ΟυΛΟΜΕΛΙΑ, Gr. the soundness of a whole member;
or, in general, a soundness and compleat formation of all the members.
Bruno. And as to its etymology, ΟυΛΟΣ (for ΟΛΟΣ in the Ionick dialect)
signifies whole, and ΜΕΛΟΣ, a member. But Bruno observes, that Galen
in particular applies the term to the glands.

ULO’PHONON, Lat. [ΟυΛΟφΟΝΟΝ, Gr.] the black chameleon-thistle.

U’LPICUM, Lat. [with botanists] great or wild garlic.

ULTA’GIUM, Lat. [in old records] outrage, violence.

ULTE’RIOR, adj. [Ulterieur, Fr. ulteriore, It. ulterior, Sp. and Lat.]
that is on the farther side.

ULTE’RIOR [in geography] is said of those parts of a country, pro­
vince, &c. situated on the farther side of a river, mountain, or other
boundary which divides the country.

U’LTIMA Basia, Lat. [in painting] q. d. the last kisses, the last touches
of the pencil.

U’LTIMATE, adj. [ultimato, It. ultimado, Sp. ultimus, Lat.] final, last,
or utmost, intended in the last resort; being the last in the train of con­
sequences.

U’LTIMATELY, adv. [of ultimate] in the last resort, in the last con­
sequence.

ULTI’MITY, subst. [ultimus, Lat.] the last stage; the last consequence.
A word very convenient, but not in use. The ultimity of that process.
Bacon.

U’LTION, Lat. a revenging, revenge.

ULTRAMARI’NE, adj. [of ultramarinus, of ultra and mare, Lat. beyond
the sea] brought from beyond sea, foreign, being beyond sea.

ULTRAMARINE, subst. [ultra marinus, Lat.] a sort of rich blue paint;
one of the noblest blue colours used in painting, produced by calcina­
tion from the stone called lapis lazuli. Hill.

U’LTRAMONTANE, adj. [ultramontain, Fr. of ultra, beyond, and mon­
tanus, Lat. mountainous] being beyond the mountains.

ULTRAMONTA’NES, subst. [of ultra, beyond, and montes Lat. moun­
tains] a name the Italians give to all people which dwell on this side the
Alps.

ULTRAMUNDA’NE, adj. [ultramundanus, of ultra and mundus, Lat.]
being beyond the world, or that part of it that is visible to us.

ULTRO’NEOUS, adj. [ultroneus, Lat.] willing, spontaneous.

U’LVA, Lat. [with botanists] a reed or weed of the sea, sea-grass.

U’LVERTON, a market-town in Lancashire, 197 computed miles and
23. measured miles from London.

ULVO’SE [ulvosus, Lat.] full of reeds or weeds.


UMB

U’MBEL [with batanists] is the extremity of a stalk or branch divided
into several pedicles or rays, beginning from the same point, and open­
ing in such a manner as to form a kind of inverted cone; as in a parsnip:
when the pedicles, into which a stalk is divided, are again divided into
others of the same form, upon which the flowers are disposed, the first
order is called rays, and the second pedicles.

UMBE’LLA, a little shadow; also an umbrella, a bongrance, a skreen
which women wear over their heads to shadow them.

U’MBELLATED [umbellatus, Lat. bossed; in botanic writings] is said
of flowers when many of them grow together, disposed somewhat like
an umbrella, growing upon many footstalks proceeding from the same
centre, and chiefly appropriated to the tribe of plants; whose flowers,
generally growing in the manner mentioned, are composed of five
leaves, and each flower produces two seeds joined close together, as fen­
nel, parsnips, &c.

U’MBER, subst. [thymallus, Lat. umbrette, umbre, Fr. ombrina, It.]
1. A fish. The umber and grayling differ as the herring and pilcher do:
But tho' they may do so in other nations, those in England differ no­
thing but in their names. Walton. 2. [Umbra, Lat. with painters] a
dark and yellowish colour, so called from a shadow. Umber is very sen­
sible and earthy. There is nothing but pure black which can dispute
with it. Dryden.

U’MBERED, adj. [from umber, or umbra, Lat.] shaded, clouded.
Shakespeare.

UMBI’LICAL. adj. [umbilicalis, umbilicale, umbilicus, Lat.] belonging
to the navel.

UMBILICAL Points [with mathematicians] the same as foci.

UMBILICAL Region [in anatomy] that part of the abdomen lying round
about the umbilicus or navel.

UNBILICAL Vein [in anatomy] is that vein which nourishes the in­
fant in the womb, and after the birth closeth itself.

UMBILICAL Vessels [in anatomy] are two arteries, a vein and the
urachus, which belong to the navel, or are wrapped in the navel
string.

UMBILICA’LIS Ductus, Lat. [with anatomists] the navel passage be­
longing to a child in the womb.

UMBI’LICATED [in botanic writers] navelled, i. e. when the top of
the fruit sinks in a little, and there appear in it some remains of the calix
of the flower, as in apples, pomegranates.

UMBI’LICUS, Lat. the navel, the middle of the lower venter. whereto
the navel-string of a young child in the womb is joined, and which is cut
off after delivery.

UMBILICUS Marinus, Lat. [with botanists] sea navel-wort.

UMBILICUS Veneris, Lat. [with botanists] navel-wort.

UMBILICUS in an Ellipsis, is that focus about which the motion of any
revolving body is made, and which it respects as its centre; so that ei­
ther the focus or centre-point may be called umbilicus.

U’MBLES, or HU’MBLES [umbles, Fr.] part of the entrails of a
deer.

U’MBO, Lat. the prominent part of a buckler. Swift.

UMBO’NE [with florists] any pointed style or pistil in the middle of a
flower.

U’MBRA, Lat. 1. A shadow or shade. 2. A person whom one who
is invited to a feast, carries along with him. See PENUMBRA.

U’MBRAGE, subst. 1. Shadow of trees, shade. Milton. 2. Shadow, ap­
pearance, a pretence or colour. 3. Resentment, offence, distrust, sus­
picion of injury. The king should take no umbrage of his arming. Ba­
con.

UMBRA’GEOUS, adj. [ombragieux, Fr.] shady, yielding shade. Milton.

UMBRA’GEOUSNESS, subst. [of umbrageous] shadiness. Raleigh.

UMBRATI’LE, adj. [umbratilis, Lat.] being in the shade.

UMBRE’L, UMBRE’LLA, or UMBRE’LLO, subst. [umbraculum, um­
bella, or umbra, Lat. ombrello, It.] a sort of wooden frame covered
with cloth, put over a window to keep out the sun; also a skreen car­
ried over the head to defend from the sun or rain.

UMBRIE’RE, subst. the visor of the helmet. Spenser.

UMBRO’SITY [umbrosus, Lat.] thick shadow of trees, shadiness, exclu­
sion of light. Brown.

U’MPIRAGE, subst. [of umpire] arbitration, friendly decision of a con­
troversy; also the power of deciding a controversy left to the determina­
tion of two arbitrators, in case they should not come to an agreement
about the matter.

U’MPIRE, subst. [un pere, Fr. a father. Minshew. This derivation
Skinner very much applauds] an arbitrator, one who as a common
friend decides disputes; a prudent person, a third man, chosen to put a
final end to a difference or controversy left to the determination of two
arbitrators, in case they should not come to an agreement about the mat­
ter.


UNA

UN [un, Sax. Teut. and Ger.] a negative or privative particle answer­
ing to in, Lat. and Fr. Α of the Greeks, and on, Dutch; which being
joined to the beginning of many English words, takes from them their
native sense, making them signify quite the contrary. It is placed almost
at will before adjectives and adverbs.
N. B. For such words as are not to be found in Un, see in In; the
derivation and affinity of these compound words being already given in
their simples.

UNABA’SHED, adj. [of abashed] not ashamed, not confused by mo­
desty.

UNA’BLE, adj. [from able; inabile, It. of in, neg. and habilis, Lat.]
wanting ability, incapable; also weak, impotent.

UNABI’LITY, subst. [inabilita, It. of in and habilitas, Lat.] inability,
incapableness, &c.

UNABO’LISHED, adj. [of abolished] not repealed, remaining in force.

UNACCE’NDABLE, or UNACCE’NSIBLE, adj. [of accensibilis, Lat.] that
cannot be kindled or lighted.

UNACCE’PTABLE, adj. [of acceptabilis, Lat.] unpleasing, ungrateful,
not such as is well received.

UNACCE’PTABLY, adv. [of unacceptable] unpleasingly.

UNACCE’PTABLENESS [of unacceptable] displeasingness, state of not
pleasing. Collier.

UNACCE’PTED, adj. [of accepted] not accepted.

UNACCE’SSIBLE, adj. [inaccessibilis, Lat.] not to be approached or
gone to.

UNACCE’SSIBLENESS, subst. [of unaccessible] state of not being to be
approached or attained. Hale.

UNACCO’MMODATED, adj. [of accommodated] unfurnished with exter­
nal convenience.

UNACCO’MPANIABLE, adj. [of un and campagnon, Fr.] that cannot be
kept company with, unsociable.

UNACCO’MPANIED, adj. [of accompanied] not attended.

UNACCO’MPLISHED, adj. [of accomplished] unfinished, incomplete.

UNACCOU’NTABLE, adj. [of accountable] 1. Not to be accounted for,
not to be solved by reason, not reducible by rule, inexplicable. 2. Not
subject, not controlled.

UNACCO’UNTABLY, adv. [of unaccountable] strangely.

UNACCOU’NTABLENESS, subst. [of unaccountable] strangeness.








UNA’CCURATE, adj. [of accurate] not exact.

UNA’CCURATENESS, subst. [of unaccurate] 1. Want of exactness. Boyle.
2. New, not usual.

UNACKNO’WLEDGED, adj. [of acknowledge] not owned.

UNACQUAI’NTANCE, subst. [of acquaintance] want of knowledge or
want of familiarity.

UNACCU’STOMED, adj. [of accustomed] not accustomed to, not
used, not habituated.

UNACQUAI’NTED, adj. [of acquainted] 1. Not known, unusual, not
familiarly known. 2. Not having familiar knowledge.

UNACQUAI’NTEDNESS, want of knowledge, ignorance of any person
or thing.

UNA’CTIVE, adj. [of active] 1. Not brisk, not lively, idle, sluggish.
2. Having no employment. 3. Not busy, not diligent. 4. Having no
efficacy.

UNA’CTIVENESS, subst. [of unactive] inactivity, idleness, &c.

UNA’CTUATED, adj. not actuated. Glanville.

UNADDI’CTED, adj. [of addicted] not addicted or inclined to.

UNADMI’RED, adj. [of admired] not regarded with honour.

UNADO’RED, adj. [of adored] not worshipped.

UNADMO’NISHED, adj. [of admonish] not admonished, informed or
warned of. Milton.

UNADO’RNED, adj, [of adorned] not embellished, not adorned.

UNADVE’NTUROUS, adj. [of adventurous] not adventurous.

UNADVI’SABLE, adj. [of advisable] that is not advisable, nor to be
advised, not proper to be done.

UNADVI’SED, adj. [of advised] 1. Imprudent, indiscreet. 2. Rash,
done without mature deliberation or advice.

UNADVI’SEDNESS, subst. [of unadvised] inconsiderateness, rashness;
also indiscretion.

UNADVI’SEDLY, adv. [of unadvised] rashly, without thought, indis­
creetly.

UNADU’LTERATED, adj. [of adulterated] not spoiled by spurious mix­
tures, genuine.

UNAFFE’CTED [of affected] 1. Real, not hypocritical. 2. That is
without affectation, open, candid, sincere. 3. Not formed by too ri­
gid observation of rules, not labour'd, natural. 4. Not moved, not
touched.

UNAFFE’CTEDNESS, freeness from affectation, simplicity.

UNAFFE’CTEDLY, adv. [of unaffected] really, without any attempt to
produce false appearances.

UNAFFE’CTING [non afficiens, Lat.] that does not move the affections,
not pathetic.

UNAFFLI’CTED, adj. free from trouble.

UNAGREE’ABLE, adj. inconsistent, unsuitable.

UNAGREEA’BLENESS, subst. insuitableness to, inconsistency with. De­
cay of Piety.

UNAI’DABLE, adj. not to be helped. Shakespeare.

UNAI’DED, adj. not helped or assisted.

UNAI’MING, adj. having no particular direction.

UNA’KING, adj. not feeling or causing pain.

UNA’LIENABLE [inalienable, Fr. inalienabile, It.] that cannot be
alienated or transferred.

UNA’LIENABLENESS, subst. uncapableness of being alienated.

UNA’LIENATED, adj. that is not alienated.

UNALLAY’ED, adj. not impaired nor spoiled by bad mixtures.

UNALLI’ED, adj. 1. Having no powerful relation. 2. Not conge­
nial, not having any common nature. Collier.

UNALO’WABLE, adj. that ought not to be allowed.

UNALLO’WABLY, adv. in a manner not allowable.

UNALLO’WED, adj. disallowed.

UNA’LTERABLE, adj. [inalterable, Fr.] that cannot or may not be al­
tered, unchangeable, immutable.

UNA’LTERABLENESS, unchangeableness, immutability.

UNA’LTERABLY, adv. unchangeably.

UNA’LTERED, adj. not changed, the same.

UNAMA’ZED, adj. not amazed, free from astonishment.

UNAMBI’TIOUS, adj. free from ambition.

UNAME’NDABLE, adj. [inamendabilis, Lat.] that cannot be amended
for the better. Pope.

UNA’MIABLE, adj. that is not lovely, disagreeable, not raising love.
Addison.

UNA’NALYZED, adj. not resolved into simple parts. Boyle.

UNA’NCHORED, adj. not anchored. Pope.

UNANE’LED, adj. [of un and knell] not having the bell rung for one.
This sense I doubt. Shakespeare. See UNANNEALED.

UNA’NIMATED, adj. not enlivened, not vivisied.

UNANI’MITY, or UNA’NIMOUSNESS, subst. [unanimitas, Lat. unani­
mitÉ, Fr.] an agreement in mind and design.

UNA’NIMOUS, adj. [unanime, Fr. of unanimis, Lat.] being of one ac­
cord or consent, agreeing in design or opinion.

UNA’NIMOUSLY, adv. [of unaminous] with one mind or consent.

UNANNEA’LED, adj. unprepared by confession, absolution, &c. for
death. Shakespeare. To Anneal [or Neal] is to prepare glass or metals,
for the manufacturer's use, by fire; and therefore unannealed (in a sigu­
rative use) is unprepared. Hanmer.

UNANOI’NTED, adj. 1. Not anointed. 2. Not prepared for death by
extreme unction. Shakespeare.

UNA’NSWERABLE, adj. that cannot be answered, not to be refuted.

UNA’NSWERABLENESS [of unanswerable] uncapableness of being an­
swered.

UNA’NSWERABLY, adv. incontestably, beyond confutation.

UNA’NSWERED, adj. 1. Not answered to, not opposed by a reply.
2. Not confuted. 3. Not suitably returned.

UNAPPA’LLED, adj. not daunted, not impressed by fear.

UNAPPA’RELLED, adj. not dressed, not clothed. Bacon.

UNAPPA’RENT, adj. not visible, obscure. Milton.

UNAPPEA’SABLE, adj. that cannot be appeased, implacable.

UNAPPEA’SABLENESS, implacableness, &c.

UNAPPEA’SED, adj. not pacified.

UNA’PPLICABLE, adj, [of apply] that cannot be applied.

UNAPPREHE’NDEN, adj. not understood. Hooker.

UNAPPREHE’NSIVE, adj. [of apprehend] 1. Not intelligent; not ready
of conception. South, 2. Not suspecting.

UNAPPROA’CHABLE, adj. inaccessible, that cannot be approached.

UNAPPROA’CHABLENESS, subst. [of unapproachable] inaccessible­
ness.

UNAPPROA’CHED, adj. inaccessible. Milton.

UNAPPRO’VED, adj. [of approve] not approved.

UNA’PT, adj. [ineptus, Lat.] 1. Unready, not disposed to, not pro­
pense. 2. Dull, not apprehensive. 3. Unfit, not qualified. 4. Im­
proper, not suitable.

UNA’PTLY, adv. [of unapt] unfitly.

UNA’PTNESS [of unapt] 1. Unfitness, unsuitableness. 2. Dulness,
want of apprehension. Shakespeare. 3. Unreadiness, disqualification,
want of propension, indisposition.

UNA’RGUED, adj. [of argue] 1. Not argued, reasoned, or disputed.
2. Not censured. B. Johnson.

To UNA’RM, verb act. [of arm] to disarm, to deprive or strip of
arms.

UNA’RMED, adj. [of unarm] having no armour or weapons.

UNARRAI’GNED, adj. not brought to a trial.

UNARRA’YED, adj. [of un and arroyÉ, O. Fr.] not ranged in order of
battle; also unclothed, not dressed. Dryden.

UNARRE’STED, adj. not siezed in order to be imprisoned.

UNA’RTFUL, adj. 1. Having no art or cunning. 2. Wanting skill.

UNA’RTFULLY, adv. in an unartful manner.

UNARTIFI’CIALLY, adv. contrarily to art.

UNA’SKED, adj. without being asked or invited, not sought by solici­
tation.

UNASPI’RING, adj. not ambitious.

UNASSAI’LED, adj. not attacked, not assaulted.

UNASSAI’LABLE, adj. exempt from assault. Shakespeare.

UNASSA’YED, adj. [of un and assayÉ, Fr.] unproved, untried.

UNASSI’STED [of un and assistÉ, Fr.] that is without assistance.

UNASSI’STING, adj. giving no help.

UNASSU’MING, adj. not arrogant.

UNASSU’RED, adj. [of un and asseurÉ, Fr.] 1. Not assured, not confi­
dent. 2. Not to be trusted. Spenser.

UNASSWA’GED, adj. [prob. of un and suadeo, Lat.] unappeased.

UNATTAI’NABLE, adj. [of un and attineo, Lat.] not to be attained,
being out of reach.

UNATTAI’NABLENESS, subst. state of being out of reach. Lock.

UNATTAI’NED, adj. that is not attained or got.

UNATTE’MPTED, adj. untried, not assayed.

UNATTE’NDANT, adj. not in waiting.

UNATTE’NDED, adj. having no attendants or retinue.

UNATTE’NDING, adj. negligent, not attending.

UNATTE’NTIVE, adj. not attentive, not giving ear to.

UNATTO’NED, adj. not expiated.

UNAVAI’LABLE, adj. that cannot avail, useless, vain as to any pur­
pose.

UNAVAI’LABLENESS, subst. the state of being not conducive, successful,
or prevailing, unprofitableness.

UNAVAI’LING, adj. useless, vain.

UNAUGME’NTED, adj. not increased.

UNAVOI’DABLE, adj. 1. Inevitable, not to shunned. 2. Not to be
missed in reasoning. Tillotson.

UNAVOI’DABLENESS, subst. impossibility of being avoided. Glanville.

UNAVOI’DABLY, adv. inevitably.

UNAVOI’DED, adj. inevitable. B. Johnson.

UNAU’THORISED, adj. not supported by authority, not properly com­
missioned.

UNAWA’KEABLE, adj. that cannot be awaked.

UNAWA’KED, adj. not awaked.

UNAWA’RE, or UNAWA’RES, adv. [of aware] 1. Unexpectedly,
when it is not thought of, suddenly. 2. Without thought, without pre­
vious meditation, through oversight.

UNA’WED, adj. unrestrained by fear or reverence.


UNB

UNBA’CKED, adj. 1. Not taught to bear the rider, not tamed. 2.
Not countenanced, aided nor supported. Daniel's C. War.

UNBA’LANCED, adj. not poised, not in equipoise.

UNBA’LLASTED, adj. not kept steady by ballast; unsteady. Addison
uses unballast.

UNBA’NDED, adj. wanting a band or string. Shakespeare.

To UNBA’R, verb act. [of bar] to take away a bar, to unbolt.

To UNBA’RB a Horse [of un, neg. and barba, Lat. a beard] to take
off his harness or trappings.

UNBA’RBED, adj. [barba, Lat.] not shaved: Out of use. Shakespeare.

UNBA’RKED, adj. [of bark] stripped of the bark.

UNBA’SHFUL, adj. impudent, shameless. Shakespeare.

UNBA’TED, adj. [of bate] not repressed or blunted. Shakespeare.

UNBA’TTERED, adj. not injured by blows.

UNBEA’RING, adj. bringing no fruit.

To UNBA’Y, verb act. to set open; to free from the restraint of
mounds. Norris.

UNBEA’TEN, adj. 1. Not maltreated with blows. 2. Not trodden.

UNBECO’MING, adj. [of un, and bequamen, Ger. to be, and cweman,
Sax.] unseemly, indecent, indecorous.

UNBECO’MINGLY, adv. indecently.

UNBECO’MINGNESS, indecency, indecorum. Locke.

To UNBE’D, verb act. to raise from a bed. Walton uses it recipro­
cally.

UNBEFI’TTING, adj. not becoming, not suitable.

UNBEFRIE’NDED [of un and freond, Sax.] not dealt with friendly,
not having friends.

To UNBEGE’T, verb act. to deprive of existence. Dryden.

UNBEGO’T, or UNBEGO’TTEN, adj. [of un, and begetten, Sax.] 1.
Eternal, without generation. 2. Not yet generated
This is that so much celebrated term [ΑΓΕΝΝΗΤΟΣ in Greek] by which
the ancients characterized the FIRST CAUSE and FATHER of all things,
and which answers to the word self-existent with us. “The Hebrews
(says Eusebius, when giving the scale of being) tell us, “that after the first
Cause, after the unoriginated and unbegotten ESSENCE of that God whose
kingdom extends over all, there is another [ΑρχΗ] beginning [or origin]
of things, viz. that which was begotten from the Father, and is his First­
born”——this he calls, a few lines after, ΔΕυΤΕρΑ ΟυΣΙΑ, i. e. a SECOND
ESSENCE,” and again, “ a person whom we affirm ΔΕυΤΕρΕυΕΙΝ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΩ­
ΤΑΤΩ χΑΙ ΑΓΕΝΝΗΤΟυ φυΣΕΩΣ ΤΟυ ΠΑΜβΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΘΕΟυ, i. e. to be next after the
supreme and unbegotten NATURE of that God whose kingdom extends
over all. Prœparat. Evang. Ed. Rob. Steph. p. 191. And Clemens







Alexand. long before him, says, “ΕΝ ΜΕΝ ΤΟ ΑΓΕΝΝΗΤΟΝ, Ο ΠΑΝΤΟχρΑΤΩρ ΘΕΟΙ,
&c. i. e. there is one thing [or being] that is unbegotten, viz. GOD
ALMIGHTY; and one thing afore-begotten, through whom all things
came into being [referring to John, c. i. v. 2, 3.] for of a truth (says
Peter) there is one God, who made the origin [or beginning] of all
things, meaning his first-begotten Son.” Stromat. Ed. Paris, p. 644.
See ESSENCE, SABELLIANS, NECESSARY Existence, MEDIATE Agency,
GHOST, POSITIVE, UNION of Divinity, and STROMATIC, compared.

To UNBEGUI’LE, verb act. to undeceive.

UNBEGU’N [of un, and beginnan, Sax.] not begun.

UNBEHE’LD [of un, and behealdian, Sax.] unseen, not discernable to
the sight.

UNBELIE’F, subst. [of un, and geleafa, Sax.] 1. Incredulity, unbe­
lief, i. e. a readiness to deny every thing at first hearing. Watts. 2. In­
fidelity, irreligion.

To UNBELIE’VE, verb act. 1. Not to trust, to discredit. 2. Not to
think real or true. Dryden.

UNBELIE’VER, subst. [of un, and geleafan, Sax. to believe] an infi­
del, one who believes not the scripture of God.

UNBELIE’VING, adj. infidel.

UNBELO’VED, adj. not loved.

To UNBE’ND, verb act. [of un, and bendan, Sax.] to ease or refresh,
to remit; also to slacken, to relax, to reduce a crooked or bent thing to
straitness.

UNBE’NDING, adj. 1. Not suffering flexure. Pope. 2. Devoted to
relaxation. An unbending hour. Rowe.

UNBENE’VOLENT, adj. not kind, cruel.

UNBE’NEFICED, adj. not preferred to a benefice.

UNBENI’GHTED, adj. not overtaken with night or darkness, not dar­
kened or obscured, never visited by darkness. Milton.

UNBENI’GN, adj. [of un and benignus, Lat.] unfavourable, not boun­
tiful, malignant, malevolent. Milton.

UNBE’NT, adj. 1. Slackened, not strained by the string. 2. Having
the bow unstrung. 3. Not subdued, not crushed. Unbent with woes.
Dryden. 4. Relaxed, not intent. Let thy thoughts be easy and unbent.
Denham. 5. Made strait, &c.

To UNBESEE’M, verb act. not to become; as, it may not unbeseem me so
to do.

UNBESEE’MING, adj. unbecoming.

UNBESEE’MINGNESS, subst. indecency.

UNBESEE’MINGLY, adv. indecently.

To UNBENU’M, verb act. [of un, and benyman, Sax.] to dispel or
take away numness.

UNBESOU’GHT, adj. [of un, and secan, Sax.] without being be­
seeched or sought to, not intreated. Milton.

UNBESTO’WED, adj. not given, not disposed of. Bacon.

UNBETRA’YED, adj. not betrayed.

UNBEWAI’LED, adj. not lamented.

To UNBEWI’TCH, verb act. [of un, be, and wicce, Sax.] to deliver
from witchcraft, to free from fascination.

To UNBI’ASS, verb act. to free from any external motive, to disen­
tangle from prejudice. It is mostly used passively.

UNBI’ASSED, or UNBI’AST [of un and biaser, Fr.] impartial.

UNBI’ASSEDLY, adv. without external influence, without prejudice.
Locke.

UNBI’D, or UNBI’DDEN, adj. [of un, and beodan, Sax.] 1. Un­
commanded, spontaneous. 2. Uninvited; as, an unbidden guest must
bring his stool with him.

UNBIGO’TTED, adj. free from bigottry. Addison.

To UNBI’ND, verb act. [of un, and bindan, Sax.] to loosen what is
bound, to untie.

To UNBI’SHOP, verb act. [of bishop] to deprive of episcopal orders.
South.

UNBI’TTED, adj. [of bit] unbridled, unrestrained. Shakespeare.

UNBLA’MEABLE, adj. [of un and blamable, Fr.] not to be found fault
with, innocent, not culpable.

UNBLA’MEABLENESS [of unblameable] undeservingness of blame, in­
nocence.

UNBLA’MEABLY, adv. irreprehensibly, without taint or fault.

UNBLA’MED, adj. blameless, free from thought.

UNBLE’MISHED, adj. free from reproach or deformity, free from tur­
pitude.

UNBLE’NDED, adj. not mingled.

UNBLE’NCHED, adj. not injured by any soil, not defiled, not dis­
graced. Milton.

UNBLE’SSED, or UNBLE’ST, adj. [of un, and bletsian, Sax.] 1. Not
blest, excluded from benediction, accursed. 2. Wretched, unhappy.
Milton.

To UNBLI’ND, verb act. [of un, and blindan, Sax.] to restore sight,
to open the eyes.

UNBLI’NDED, adj. with open eyes.

UNBLOO’DED, adj. not stained with blood. Shakespeare.

UNBLOO’DY, adj. [of un, and blodig, Sax.] not bloody, not cruel,
not shedding blood, not stained with blood.

The UNBLOODY Sacrifice [with Romanists] the mass.

UNBLO’WN, adj. having the bud yet unexpanded.

UNBLU’NTED, adj. not becoming obtuse. Cowley.

UNBO’DIED, adj. [of un, and bodige, Sax.] 1. Incorporeal, imma­
terial. 2. Freed from the body. Dryden.

UNBOI’LED, adj. [of un and bouillÉ, Fr.] not boiled, not sodden.

To UNBO’LT, verb act. [of un, and boltan, Sax.] to draw back a
bolt, to open, to unbar.

UNBO’LTED, adj. coarse, gross, not refined, as flour is by bolting and
sifting. Shakespeare.

To UNBO’NE, subst. [of un, and ban, Sax. in cookery] to take out
the bones.

UNBO’NED, adj. [of un, and ban, Sax. or been, Dan.] having the
bones taken out, without bones.

UNBO’NNETTED, adj. wanting a hat or bonnet. Shakespeare.

UNBOO’KISH, adj. 1. Not studious of books. 2. Not improved by
learning. Shakespeare.

UNBOO’TED, adj. [of un and botÉ, or debotÉ, Fr.] without boots.

UNBO’RN, adj. [of un, and bearn, Sax.] not born, future, not yet
brought into life.

UNBO’RDERED, adj. [debordÉ, Fr.] having no border, or the border
taken off, &c.

UNBO’RROWED, adj. genuine, native, one's own.

To UNBO’SOM, verb act. [of un, and bosm, Sax.] 1. To open or de­
clare the mind freely, to reveal in confidence. 2. To open, to disclose
in general.

UNBO’TTOMED, adj. 1. Bottomless, without any bottom. Milton.
2. Having no solid foundation. 3. To be taken off from any founda­
tion or bottom. Hammond.

UNBOU’GHT, adj. [of un, and boht, of bycgean, Sax. to buy] 1. Not
bought, obtained without money. 2. Not finding any purchaser.

UNBOU’ND, adj. [of un, and prob. bonden, of bindan, Sax.] 1.
Loose, not tied. 2. Wanting a cover, as books. 3. Preterite of un­
bind.

UNBOU’NDED, adj. 1. Unlimited, unrestrained, 2. Infinite, inter­
minable.

UNBOU’NDEDLY, adv. without bounds or limits. Gov. of the Tongue.

UNBOU’NDEDNESS, subst. exemption from limits. Cheyne.

UNBO’WED, adj. not bent.

To UNBO’WEL, verb act. [of un and boyeaux, Fr.] to take out the
bowels, to eviscerate; also to open one's mind, to disclose.

UNBO’WELLED, adj. [of un and boyeaux, Fr.] having the bowels ta­
ken out.

UNBO’WERED, adj. [of un, and bure, Sax.] divested of, or not in a
bower or shade.

To UNBRA’CE, verb act. [of un and embrasser, Fr.] 1. To undo or
slacken braces, to untie, to loose, to relax. 2. To make the clothes
loose.

To UNBRACE a Mallard [in carving] means to cut it up.

UNBREA’THED, adj. not exercised. Shakespeare.

UNBREA’THING, adj. unanimated. Shakespeare.

UNBRE’D, adj. 1. Ill educated, not instructed in civility. 2. Not
taught in general. Dryden.

UNBREE’CHED, adj. having no breeches.

UNBRI’BED, adj. [of un and bribe, Fr.] that is not corrupted with
brides, not influenced by money or gifts, not hired.

To UNBRI’DLE, verb act. [of un and brider, Fr. or of bridlian, Sax.]
to take off a bridle.

UNBRI’DLED, adj. not restrained, licentious.

UNBRO’KE, or UNBRO’KEN, adj. [of un, and brecan, Sax.] 1. Whole,
not violated. 2. Not subdued, not weakened. 3. Not tamed; as, an
unbroken horse, a horse that has not been rid.

UNBRO’THERLIKE, or UNBRO’THERLY, adj. ill suiting the character
of a brother. The author of Decay of Piety uses unbrotherlike.

UNBRUI’SED, adj. not bruised, not hurt.

To UNBU’CKLE, verb act. to loose a buckle, to untie from buckles.

To UNBUI’LD, verb act. to raze, to destroy.

UNBUI’LT, adj. [of un and bytlian, Sax.] not yet erected.

To UNBU’NG [bung, Sax. debondonner, Fr.] to take out a bung.

UNBU’RIED, adj. [of un, and byrigean, Sax.] not buried, not inter­
red, not honoured with the rites of funeral.

UNBU’RNED, or UNBU’RNT, adj. 1. Not consumed, not wasted, not
injured by fire. 2. Not heated with fire.

UNBU’RNING, adj. not wasting by heat.

To UNBU’RTHEN, verb act. [of un, and byrthen, Sax.] 1. To ease
of a burden, to rid of a load. 2. To throw off. 3. To disclose what
lies heavy on the mind.

To UNBU’TTON [deboutonner, Fr.] to undo buttons, to loose any thing
button'd.


UNC

UNCA’LCINED, adj. free from calcination.

UNCA’LLED [of un, and kalder, Dan.] not called, not sent for, not
demanded.

To UNCA’LM, verb act. to disturb. Dryden.

UNCA’NCELLED, adj. not erased, not abrogated.

UNCANO’NICAL, adj. [of un and canonique, Fr. canonicus, Lat.] not
conformable to the canons.

UNCANO’NICALNESS [of uncanonical] the state of not being canonical
or conformable to the canons; also the quality of being destitute of pub­
lic approbation.

UNCA’PABLE, adj. [incapax, Lat. incapable, Fr.] not capable.

UNCA’PABLENESS, subst. [of uncapable] incapacity.

UNCA’RED for, adj. not regarded, not attended to.

UNCA’RNATE, adj. not fleshly. Brown.

To UNCA’SE, verb act. [of un and casse, Fr.] 1. To take out of the
case, to disengage from any covering. 2. To flay. Spenser.

To UNCASE [or strip] a person of his clothes. A cant phrase.

UNCA’SING of a Fox [with sportsmen] is the cutting it up or flaying it.

UNCAU’GHT, adj. not yet catched.

UNCAU’SED, adj. having no first cause.

UNCAU’TIOUS, adj. not wary; heedless.

UNCE’LEBRATED, adj. not solemnized.

UNCE’NSURED, adj. [of un and censurÉ, Fr.] that is not criticised, ex­
empt from public reproach.

UNCE’RTAIN, adj. [incertus, Lat. incertain, Fr.] 1. Not certainly
known, doubtful. 2. Doubtful, not having certain knowledge. 3.
Not sure in the consequence. 4. Unsettled, irregular.

UNCE’RTAINED, adj. made uncertain. A word not used. Raleigh.

UNCE’RTAINLY, adv. not surely, not certainly.

UNCE’RTAINTY, or UNCE’RTAINESS, subst. [incertitude, Fr. of Lat.]
1. Dubiousness, want of knowledge. 2. Contingency, want of cer­
tainty. 3. Something unknown, &c.

UNCE’SSANT, adj. [incessans, Lat.] without giving over.

UNCE’SSANTLY, adv. [incessanter, Lat. incessamment, Fr.] conti­
nually.

To UNCHAI’N, verb act. [dechainer, Fr.] to take off a chain, to free
from chains.

UNCHA’NGEABLE, adj. immutable, not subject to variation.

UNCHA’NGEABLENESS, subst. [of unchangeable] immutability. Newton.

UNCHA’NGEABLY, immutably.

UNCHA’NGED, adj. 1. Not altered. 2. Not alterable. Dryden.

UNCHA’NGING, adj. suffering no alteration.

To UNCHA’RGE, verb act. to retract an accusation. Shakespeare.

UNCHA’RITABLE, adj. [of un and charitable, Fr.] not charitable,
contrary to the universal love prescribed by Christianity.

UNCHA’RITABLENESS [of uncharitable] an uncharitable disposition,
want of charity.

UNCHA’RITABLY, adv. without regard to, or in a manner contrary
to charity.








To UNCHA’RM [decharmer, Fr.] to undo or take away a charm.

UNCHA’RY, adj. not wary, not cautious.

UNCHA’STE [of un and chaste, Fr. of incastus, Lat.] not endued with
chastity, leacherous, not continent, not pure, lewd.

UNCHA’STNESS, subst. [of unchaste] incontinency, lewdness.

UNCHA’STITY, subst. lewdness, incontinence.

UNCHA’STLY, adv. lewdly.

UNCHEE’RFULNESS, subst. melancholy, gloominess of temper. Addis.

UNCHE’CKED, adj. unrestrained.

UNCHE’WED, adj. [of un, and ceowan, Sax.] not chewed.

To UNCHI’LD, verb act. to deprive of children. Shakespeare.

UNCHRI’STENED, adj. [of un and Christian] not baptized.

UNCHRI’STIAN, adj. 1. Not becoming a Christian, contrary to the
laws of Christianity. 2. Infidel, unconverted.

UNCHRI’STIANLY, adv. in a manner not becoming a Christian.

UNCHRI’STIANNESS, subst. contrariety to Christianity. K. Charles.

To UNCHU’RCH, verb act. [of un, und ciric, Sax. a church] to ex­
communicate.

UNCHU’RCHED, adj. [of un, and kerche, Teut. cyric, Sax.] dissolved
from being a church, excommunicated; also not churched, as a woman
that has lain in.

U’NCIA, Lat. 1. An ounce, the 12th part of a Roman pound. 2.
[In pharmacy] the 12th part of a pound, containing eight drams.

U’NCIÆ [in algebra] are the numbers prefixed to the letters of the
numbers of any power produced from a binomial, residual, or multino­
mial root. Thus in the fourth power of a+b that is aaaa+4 aaab
+6 aabb+4 abbb, the unciæ are 4, 6, 4.

U’NCIAL [with antiquaries] an epithet given to certain large-sized
letters or characters, anciently used in inscriptions, epitaphs, &c.

UNCI’RCUMCISED, adj. [of un and circoncis, Fr. incircumcisus, Lat.]
not circumcised, not a Jew.

UNCIRCUMCI’SION, subst. an uncircumcised state, omission of circum­
cision.

UNCIRCUMSCRI’BED, adj. unbounded, unlimited.

UNCIRCUMSPE’CT, adj. [of un and circumspectus, Lat.] unwary, not
vigilant.

UNCIRCUMSPE’CTION, subst. want of due care and caution.

UNCIRCUMSTA’NTIAL, adj. unimportant. A bad word. Browne.

UNCI’VIL, adj. [incivilis, incivil, Fr.] not courteous, unpolite, not
agreeable to rules of elegance or complaisance.

UNCIVI’LITY, or UNCI’VILNESS, subst. [incivilitas, Lat. incivilitÉ,
Fr.] uncourteousness, rudeness..

UNCI’VILIZED, adj. 1. Not reclaimed from barbarity. 2. Coarse,
indecent. Addison.

UNCI’VILLY, adv. in an uncourteous manner.

UNCLA’D, adj. [of un. and clath, or clathian, Sax.] without clothes.

UNCLA’RIFIED, adj. not purged, not purified.

To UNCLA’SP, verb act. [of un, and cleowian, Sax.] to unloose
clasps.

UNCLA’SSIC, adj. not classic. Pope.

U’NCLE, subst. [avunculus, Lat. oncle, Fr.] a father's or mother's bro­
ther.

UNCLEA’N, adj. [of un, and clæne, Sax.] 1. Foul, polluted, dirty,
filthy. 2. Not purified by ritual practices. 3. Foul with sin. 4. Lewd,
unchaste.

UNCLEA’NLINESS, subst. want of cleanliness. Clarendon.

UNCLEA’NLY, adj. 1. Fowl, filthy, nasty. 2. Indecent, unchaste,
given to impurity.

UNCLEA’NNESS, subst. [of un, and clænnesse, Sax.] 1. Filthiness,
want of cleanliness, lewdness, incontinence, impurity. 3. Sin, wicked­
ness. 4. Want of ritual purity.

UNCLEA’NSED, adj. [of un, and clænsian, Sax.] not cleansed.

UNCLE’FT [of un, and cleofan, Sax.] not cleaved or split.

To UNCLE’NCH, verb act. to open the closed hand.

To UNCLE’W, verb act. to undo. Shakespeare.

UNCLI’PPED, adj. whole, not cut.

To UNCLOA’TH, verb act. [of un, and clæthian, Sax.] to divest one
of his clothes, to strip, to make naked.

To UNCLO’Y, verb act. 1. To disencumber, to exonerate. Shake­
speare. 2. To set at liberty. Dryden.

To UNCLOI’STER, verb act. to set at liberty. Norris.

To UNCLO’SE, verb act. [of un, and clysan, Sax.] to open.

UNCLO’SED, adj. not separated by inclosures. Clarendon.

UNCLOU’DED, adj. free from clouds, not darkened, clear from ob­
scurity.

UNCLOU’DEDNESS, subst. openness, freedom from gloom. Boyle.

UNCLOU’DY, adj. free from a cloud.

UNCLO’YED [of un and enclouer, Fr.] not cloyed or glutted with
meat, &c. unstopped, as a piece of ordnance that has been nailed up.

To UNCLU’TCH, verb act. to open.

To UNCOI’F a Woman [of un and coiffer, Fr.] to pull or take off her
head-clothes, to pull off her cap.

UNCOI’FED [decoiffÉ, Fr.] having the coif pulled off, without a
coif.

To UNCOI’L, verb act. [of un, and coil] to open from being coiled
or wrapped one part upon another.

UNCOI’NED, adj. not coined.

UNCOLLE’CTED, adj. [of un and collectus, Lat.] not gathered toge­
ther, not collected; not recollected. Prior.

UNCO’LOURED, adj. not stained with any colour or die.

UNCO’MBED, adj. [of un, and cæmban, Sax.] not combed.

UN-COME-A’T-ABLE, adj. not to be come at or gotten. A low cor­
rupt word, with its derivatives.

UN-COME-A’T-ABLY, adv. in a manner not to be come at.

UN-COME-A’T-ABLENESS, subst. uncapableness of being come at or
attained to.

UNCO’MELINESS, subst. unbeseemingness, undecentness, unbeautiful­
ness, want of grace, want of beauty.

UNCO’MELY, adj. unseemly, unhandsome, wanting grace.

UNCO’MFORTABLE, adj. 1. Being without comfort, ease, pleasure, or
satisfaction of mind, gloomy, dismal, miserable. 2. Receiving no com­
fort, melancholy.

UNCO’MFORTABLENESS [of uncomfortable] unsatisfiedness, want of
cheerfulness. Taylor.

UNCO’MFORTABLY, adv. without cheerfulness.

UNCOMMA’NDED, adj. not commanded.

UNCO’MMOM, adj. [incommune, Fr. of un and communis, Lat.] unusual,
rare, not often found or known.

UNCO’MMONLY, adv. not frequently; to an uncommon degree.

UNCO’MMONNESS, subst. extraordinariness, infrequency.

UNCOMPA’CT, adj. not compact; not closely cohering.

UNCOMMU’NICABLE [incommunicable, Fr. of incommunicabilis, Lat.]
that cannot be communicated. See ATTRIBUTES Incommunicable.

UNCOMMU’NICATED, adj. not communicated.

UNCO’MPANIED, adj. having no companion. Fairfax.

UNCOMPA’SSIONATE, adj. having no pity. Shakespeare.

UNCOMPE’LLED, adj. [of compello, Lat.] voluntary, being under no
force, free from compulsion.

UNCOMPLAISA’NT, adj. not civil, not obliging. Locke.

UNCOMPOU’NDED, adj. 1. Simple, not mixed. 2. Simple, not intri­
cate. Hammond.

UNCOMPLE’TE, adj. [of completus, Lat.] not finished, imperfect.

UNCOMPOU’NDEDNESS, subst. [of uncompounded] simple nature or qua­
lity, a being without mixture.

UNCOMPRE’SSED, adj. free from compression.

UNCOMPREHE’NSIVE, adj. 1. Unable to comprehend. 2. In Shake­
speare it seems to signify incomprehensible. Th'incomprehensive deep.

UNCONCEI’TED, adj. not self opinionated.

UNCONCEI’TED, adj. [inconcevable, Fr.] not to be conceived or ima­
gined, not to be understood.

UNCONCEI’VABLY, adv. incomprehensively.

UNCONCEI’VABLENESS, subst. incomprehensibility. Locke.

UNCONCEI’VED, adj. not thought or imagined. Creech.

UNCONCE’RN, subst. negligence, want of interest, freedom from
anxiety. Swift.

UNCONCE’RNED, adj. [of un and concernÉ, Fr.] 1. Not concerned,
having no interest. 2. Not anxious, not disturbed, not affected.

UNCONCE’RNEDLY, adv. in a manner without concern, without in­
terest or affection, without anxiety or perturbation, with indifference.

UNCONCE’RNEDNESS, subst. indifference, regardlesness, freedom from
anxiety or perturbation.

UNCONCE’RNING, adj. not interesting, not affecting, not belonging
to one. Addison.

UNCONCE’RNMENT, subst. the state of having no share. South.

UNCONCLU’DENT, or UNCONCLU’DING, adj. not decisive, inferring
no plain or certain consequence. Hale uses the former, and Locke the
latter.

UNCONCLU’DINGNESS, subst. quality of being unconcluding. Boyle.

UNCONCLU’SIVE, adj. that is not conclusive. See SIMILE, and GE­
NIUS of Language.

UNCONCO’CTED, adj. crude, that is not digested or matured.

UNCONDE’MNABLE, adj. not deserving to be condemned.

UNCONDE’MNED, adj. not condemned. Locke.

UNCONDI’TIONAL, adj. absolute, not limited by any terms.

UNCONFI’NED, adj. unlimited, unbounded, also free from restraint.

UNCONFI’NABLE, adj. unbounded. Shakespeare.

UNCONFI’RMED, adj. 1. Not fortified by resolution, not strengthened,
weak, raw. 2. Not strengthened by additional testimony, not confirmed,
uncertain. 3. Not settled in the church by the right of confirmation.

UNCONFO’RM, adj. unlike, not analogous, dissimilar. Milton.

UNCONFO’RMABLE, adj. that does not conform, inconsistent.

UNCONFO’RMITY, subst. the state of not conforming to, state of disa­
greeing, incongruity, inconsistency.

UNCONFO’RMED, adj. that has not conformed.

UNCONFU’SED, adj. free from confusion; distinct. Locke.

UNCONFU’SEDLY, adv. without confusion; distinctly. Locke.

UNCONFU’TABLE, adj. not to be convicted of error; irrefragable.
Sprat.

UNCONGE’ALED, adj. not concreted by cold. Brown.

UNCO’NJUGAL, adj. not consistent with matrimonial faith, not befit­
ting a wife or husband. Milton.

UNCONNE’CTED, adj. not coherent, lax, loose, vague.

UNCONNI’VING, adj. not forbearing penal notice. Milton.

UNCO’NQUERABLE, adj. not to be subdued, invincible.

UNCO’NQUERABLENESS, subst. invincibleness.

UNCO’NQUERABLY, adv. invincibly.

UNCO’NQUERED, adj. 1. Unsubdued, not overcome. 2. Invincible.

UNCO’NSCIONABLE, adj. 1. Unreasonable, unjust, exceeding the limits
of any just claim or expectation. 2. Forming unreasonable expecta­
tions. 3. Enormous, vast: A low word. Milton. 4. Not influenced
or guided by conscience.

UNCO’NSCIONABLENESS, subst. want of conscience, unreasonableness
of hope or claim.

UNCO’NSCIONABLY, adv. without conscience, unreasonably.

UNCO’NSCIOUS, adj. having no mental perception.

UNCO’NSECRATED, adj. that is not consecrated, not sacred, not devo­
ted. South uses it actively.

UNCONFE’ATED, adj. not yielded. Wake.

UNCONSI’DERED, adj. not considered or attended to. Shakespeare.

UNCO’NSONANT, adj. uncongruous, inconsistent. Hooker.

UNCO’NSTANT, adj. [inconstant, Fr. inconstans, Lat.] fickle, not
steady. See INCONSTANT.

UNCONSTRAI’NABLE, adj. that cannot be constrained, &c.

UNCONSTRAI’NED, adj. uncompelled.

UNCONSTRAI’NEDLY, adv. voluntary, without force suffered. South.

UNCONSTRAI’NT, subst. freedom from constraint; ease. Felton.

UNCONSU’LTING, adj. [inconsultus, Lat.] heady, rash, improvident.
Sidney.

UNCONSU’MABLE, adj. that cannot be consumed.

UNCONSU’MED, adj. [inconsumptus, Lat.] not wasted, or spent.

UNCONSU’MMATE, adj. not consummated. Dryden.

UNCONTA’MINATED, adj. [incontaminatus, Lat.] undefiled, pure.

UNCONTE’MNED, adj. [non contemptus, Lat.] not dispised.

UNCONTE’NTED, adj. not contented, not satisfied. Dryden.

UNCONTE’NTINGNESS, subst. want of power to satisfy. Boyle.

UNCONTE’STABLE, adj. [inconstable, Fr.] being without dispute.

UNCONTE’STABLY, adv. indisputably.

UNCONTE’STED, adj. not disputed, certain.

UNCONTRI’TE, adj. not religiously penitent. Hammond.

UNCONTROVE’RTED, adj. not disputed.

UNCONTROU’LABLE, adj. 1. That cannot be controuled, resistless.
2. Irrefragable, not to be disputed.








UNCONTROU’LABLY, adv. 1. In a manner not to be controuled. 2.
Without danger of refutation.

UNCONTROU’LED, adj. 1. That is without controul, unopposed, not
to be overruled. 2. Not convinced, not refuted. Hayward.

UNCONTROU’LEDLY, adv. without controul or opposition. Decay of
Piety.

UNCONVE’RSABLE, adj. unsociable, not suitable to conversation. Ro­
gers.

UNCONVE’RTED, adj. not persuaded to the truth of Christianity.

UNCONVI’NCED, adj. not convinced.

To UNCO’RD, verb act. to loose a thing bound with cords.

UNCO’RE Prist, or UNQUES Prist, Law Lat. and Fr. [in law] q. d.
still ready; a plea for a defendant, being sued for a debt due on a day
past, to save the forfeiture of his bond, &c. by affirming that he ten­
der'd the debt at the time and place, and that there was none to receive
it, and also that he is yet ready to pay the same.

UNCORRE’CT, adj. faulty, full of blunders and mistakes.

UNCORRE’CTLY, adv. blunderingly.

UNCORRE’CTED [incorrectus, Lat.] 1. Inaccurate, not polished to ex­
actness. Dryden. 2. Unpunished, unchastifed.

UNCORRU’PT, adj. honest, upright, not tainted with wickedness, not
influenced by iniquitous interest. Hooker.

UNCORRU’PTED, adj. that is not to be corrupted, depraved or vi­
tiated.

UNCORRU’PTNESS, subst. integrity, uprightness.

To UNCO’VER, verb act. 1. To take off a cover, &c. 2. To deprive
of clothes. 3. To strip of the roof. 4. To shew openly, to strip of a
veil or concealment. Pope. 5. To bare the head as in the presence of a
superior.

UNCOU’NSELLABLE, adj. not to be advised. Clarendon.

UNCOU’NTABLE, adj. innumerable. Raleigh.

UNCOU’NTERFEIT, adj. genuine, not spurious. Sprat.

To UNCOU’PLE, verb act. to separate, to loose dogs from their cou­
ples. Shakespeare.

UNCOU’RTEOUS, adj. uncivil, unpolite. Sidney.

UNCOU’RTEOUSLY, adv. uncivilly.

UNCOU’RTEOUSNESS, incivility.

UNCOU’RTLINESS, subst. unsuitableness of manners to a court; inele­
gance. Addison.

UNCOU’RTLY, adj. uncivil, inelegant of manners.

UNCOU’TH, adj. [uncuth, Sax. unknown] strange, odd, unusual, harsh,
barbarous. Dryden.

UNCOU’THLY, adv. oddly, strangely.

UNCOU’THNESS [of uneuthnesse, Sax.] oddness, unusualness, strange­
ness, roughness, harshness, barbarousness. Decay of Piety.

To UNCREA’TE, verb act. to reduce to nothing, to deprive of ex­
istence. Pope.

UNCREA’TED, adj. [increatus, Lat. incrée, Fr.] 1. Not yet created.
Milton. 2. Not produced by creation.

UNCREA’TEDNESS, subst. self-existence, the state or condition of not
having been created.

UNCRE’DITABLENESS, subst. want of reputation. Decay of Piety.

UNCRO’PPED, adj. not cropped; not gathered. Milton.

UNCRO’SSED, adj. uncancelled. Shakespeare.

UNCROU’DED, adj. not straitened for want of room. Addison.

To UNCRO’WN, verb act. to dethrone, to deprive of a crown or sove­
reignty.

UNCRO’WNED, adj. not crowned; also deprived of the crown, de­
posed.

To UNCRU’MPLE, verb act. [of un, and crompeht, Sax.] to make
plain, smooth and even that which was crumpled.

U’NCTION, Fr. 1. The act of anointing. 2. Unguent, ointment.
Dryden. 3. The act of anointing medically. Arbuthnot. 4. Any
thing softening or lenitive. Shakespeare. 5. The rite of anointing in the
last moments. 6. Any thing that excites piety and devotion.

U’NCTUOUS, adj. [of unctus, Lat.] oily, greasy, fat, clammy.

U’NCTUOUSNESS, or UNCTUO’SITY, subst. [of unctuous; onctuositÉ, Fr.]
oiliness, greasiness, fatness, clamminess. The former used by Boyle,
and the latter by Brown.

UNCU’LLED, adj. not gathered. Milton.

UNCU’LPABLE, adj. not blameable. Hooker.

UNCU’CKOLDED, adj. not made a cuckold. Shakespeare.

UNCU’LTIVATED, adj. [incultus, Lat. incultÉ, Fr.] 1. Not tilled, not
improved by tillage. 2. Not instructed, not civilized.

UNCU’MBERED, adj. not burthened, not embarrassed. Dryden.

UNCU’RABLE, adj. [incurable, Fr.] that cannot be cured: More
usually written incurable.

UNCU’RABLENESS, subst. uncapableness of being cured.

UNCU’RBABLE, adj. that cannot be curbed or checked. Shakespeare.

UNCU’RBED, adj. not restrained; licentious. Shakespeare.

UNCU’RED, adj. unhealed.

UNCU’RIOUS, adj. being without curiosity: Rather incurious.

To UNCU’RL, verb act. to loose from ringlets or convolutions. Dryd.

UNCU’RLED, adj. not gathered into ringlets. Pope.

UNCU’RRENT, adj. not current, not passing in common payment.
Shakespeare.

To UNCU’RSE, verb act. to free from any execration. Shakespeare.

UNCU’RST, adj. not execrated. K. Charles.

U’NCUS, Lat. 1. A hook. 2. [With surgeons] a hook to draw a
dead child out of the womb.

UNCU’STOMABLE, adj. not liable to pay custom.

UNCU’STOMED, adj. that has not paid custom.

UNCU’T, adj. whole, not cut.


UND

To UNDA’M, verb act. to open, to free from the restraint of mounds.
Dryden.

UNDA’MAGED, adj. not impaired nor made worse. J. Philips.

UNDAU’NTED, adj. [indormitus, Lat. indomte, Fr.] not disheartened;
intrepid.

UNDAU’NTEDNESS, subst. intrepidity, courageousness. Atterbury.

UNDAU’NTEDLY, adv. intrepidly, &c. South.

UNDA’ZZLED, adj. not dimmed, not confused by splendor.

To UNDEA’F, verb act. to free from deasness. Shakespeare.

UNDEBAU’CHED, adj. not corrupted by debauchery. Dryden.

UNDECA’GON, Fr. [ΕΝΔΕΑΓΩΝΟΣ, Gr.] a regular polygon of eleven an­
gles or sides.

UNDECA’YING, adj. not suffering decay or declension. Blackmore.

UNDECA’YED, adj. not liable to be diminished or impaired. Dryden.

To UNDECEI’VE, verb act. to set free from the influence of a fallacy.

UNDECEI’VABLE, adj. not liable to deceive. Holder.

UNDECEI’VED, adj. not cheated, not imposed on. Dryden.

UNDE’CENT, adj. [indecent, Fr. of Lat.] unbecoming: Rather inde­
cent.

UNDE’CENTLY, adv. unbecomingly.

UNDE’CENTNESS [indecentia, Lat.] unbecomingness.

UNDECI’DED, adj. [indecis, Fr. decisus, Lat.] not determined.

To UNDE’CK, verb act. to deprive of ornaments. Shakespeare.

UNDE’CKED, adj. not adorned.

UNDECI’SIVE, adj. not decisive, not conclusive. Glanville.

UNDECLI’NABLE, adj. In grammar, applied to a word that cannot be
declined.

UNDECLI’NED, adj. 1. Not declined, not grammatically varied by
termination. 2. Not deviating, not turned from the right way. Sandys.

UNDE’DICATED, adj. 1. Not consecrated, not devoted. 2. Not in­
scribed to a patron. Boyle.

UNDEE’ [undÉ, Fr. in heraldry] waved, resembling waves.

UNDEE’DED, adj. not signalized by action. Shakespeare.

UNDEFA’CEABLE, adj. that cannot be defaced or disfigured.

UNDEFA’CED, adj. not disfigured, not deprived of its form. Granville.

UNDEFEA’SIBLE, adj. not to be vacated or annulled.

UNDEFE’NDED, adj. [indefensus, Lat.] not defended.

UNDEFI’LED, adj. not vitiated, not corrupted, unpolluted.

UNDEFI’ED, adj. not set at defiance, not challenged. Dryden.

UNDEFI’NABLE, adj. not to be marked or circumscribed by a defini­
tion. Grew.

UNDEFI’NED, adj. not circumscribed, not explained by a definition.

UNDEFO’RMED, adj. not deformed, not disfigured. Pope.

UNDEFRA’YED, adj. not payed.

UNDEJE’CTED, adj. intrepid, not cast down.

UNDELI’BERATED, adj. not carefully considered. Clarendon.

UNDELI’GHTED, adj. not pleased, not touched with pleasure. Milton.

UNDELI’GHTFUL, adj. not giving pleasure. Clarendon.

UNDEMO’LISHED, adj. not razed, not thrown down. J. Philips.

UNDEMO’NSTRABLE, adj. not capable of fuller evidence. Hooker.

UNDENI’ABLE, adj. that cannot be gainsaid, incontestable.

UNDENI’ABLY, adv. in a manner not to be denied, so plainly as to
admit no contradiction.

UNDEPLO’RED, adj. not lamented. Dryden.

UNDEPRA’VED, adj. not corrupted. Glanville.

UNDEPRI’VED, adj. not stripped of any possession, not divested by au­
thority. Dryden.

U’NDER, prep. [under, Sax. under, Dan. and Su. onder, Du. unter,
Ger. undar, Goth. and untar, Teut.] 1. Beneath, so as to be covered
or hidden. 2. In a state of subjection to. 3. In the state of pupillage
to. 4. With regard to place, it denotes a lower situation, below in place,
not above. This is the sense of under sail; that is, having the sails
spread aloft. 5. In a less degree than. 6. For less than. 7. Less than,
below. 8. By the show of. 9. With less than. 10. In the state of
inferiority to: Noting rank or order of precedence. 11. In a state of
being loaded with. 12. In a state of oppression by or subjection to. 13.
In a state in which one is seized or overborn. Under no less mazement.
Pope. 14. In a state of being liable to or limited by. 15. In a state of
depression or dejection by. 16. In the state of bearing or being known
by. 17. In the state of. 18. Not having reached or arrived to: No­
ting time. 19. Represented by. 20. In a state of protection. 21.
With respect to. Under the double capacity. Felton. 22. Attested by.
23. Subjected to; being the subject of. 24. In the next stage of subor­
dination. The only safe guard under the spirit of God. Locke. 25. In
a state of relation that claims protection. 26. With respect to time; at
the time of.

UNDER, adv. 1. In a state of subjection. 2. Less: Opposed to over
or more. 3. It has a signification resembling that of an adjective: infe­
rior, subject, subordinate. But perhaps in this sense it should be consi­
dered as united to the following word. All the under fiends. Shakespeare.
4. It is much used in composition in several senses.

UNDERA’CTION, subst. subordinate action; action not essential to the
main story.

To UNDERBE’AR, verb act. [of under and bear] 1. To support, to
endure. Shakespeare. 2. To line, to guard: Out of use. Passively used
by Shakespeare.

UNDERBEA’RER, subst. [of under and bearer] in funerals, those that
sustain the weight of the body, distinct from those who are bearers of
ceremony, and only hold up the pall.

To UNDERBI’D, verb act. [of under-biddan, Sax.] to bid less than
the value.

To UNDERBI’ND, verb act. [of under-bindan, Sax.] to bind under­
neath.

UNDER-CHA’MBERLAIN [of the exchequer] an officer who cleaves
the tallies written by the clerk, and reads the same, that the clerks and
comptrollers of the pell may see that their entrance be true.

UNDER-CLERK, subst. [of under and clerk] a clerk subordinate to the
principal clerk.

To UNDERDO’, verb neut. [of under and do] 1. To act below one's
abilities. B. Johnson. 2. To do less than is requisite. Grew.

UNDER-FA’CTION, subst. [of under and faction] subordinate faction;
subdivision of a faction. Decay of Piety.

UNDER-FE’LLOW, subst. [of under and fellow] a mean man; a sorry
wretch. Sidney.

UNDERFI’LLING, subst. [of under and fill] lower part of an edifice.
Wotton.

To UNDERFO’NG, verb act. [of under, and fangan, Sax.] to take in
hand. Spenser.

UNDERFOO’T [of under-fot, Sax.] under one's tread.

To UNDERFU’RNISH, verb act. [of under and furnish] to supply with
less than enough. Collier.

To UNDERGI’RD, verb act. [of under-gyrdan, Sax.] to bind below,
to round below. Acts.

To UNDERGO’, verb act. [of under-gan, Sax. underga, Su.] 1. To
bear or suffer, to endure evil. 2. To support, to hazard: Not in use.
Shakespeare. 3. To sustain; to be the bearer of; to possess: Not in
use. Shakespeare. 4. To sustain, to endure without fainting. Shakespeare.







5. To pass thro'. 6. To be subject to. Claudio undergoes my chal­
lenge. Shakespeare.

U’NDERGROUND, subst. [of under and ground] subterraneous space.
Milton.

U’NDERGROWTH, subst. [of under and growth] that which grows un­
der the tall wood. Milton.

UNDER-HAND, adv. [under-hand, Sax.] 1. Clandestinely, with frau­
dulent secrecy. 2. By means not apparent, secretly. Hooker.

UNDER-HAND, adj. secret, clandestine, sly. Addison.

UNDERI’VED [with grammarians] what has no grammatical deriva­
tion, an original word: with divines, the same as unoriginated, self-exist­
ent, or unbegotten. See UNBEGOTTEN, ESSENCE, NECESSARY Exist­
ence, MARCELLIANS, SABELLIANS, and TETRAGRAMMATON, compa­
red with Cor. c. 8. v. 6. Eph. c. 3. v. 14, 15. and Eph. c. 4. v. 4—6.

UNDERIVED, adj. [of derived] not borrowed.

UNDER-LA’BOURER [of under and labourer] a subordinate work­
man.

To UNDER-LA’Y, verb act. [of under lecgan, Sax.] to put under, to
strengthen by something laid under.

UNDERLA’YER, subst. a piece of wood to bear up any thing.

U’NDERLEAF [of under and leaf] a species of apple. See APPLE.
Mortimer.

To UNDERLI’NE, verb act. [of under and line] to mark with lines
under the words. Wotton.

U’NDERLING, subst. [of under, Sax. and dimin. termination ling] a
mean person, an inferior agent. Pope.

To UNDERMI’NE, verb act. [of under, Sax. and miner, Fr.] 1. To
hollow under ground. Addison. 2. To dig cavities under any thing so
that it may fall or be blown up; to sap. 3. To injure by clandestine
means, to endeavour to supplant.

UNDERMI’NER, subst. 1. One that saps or undermines. 2. A clan­
destine enemy.

U’NDERMOST, adj. [under-mæst, Sax. This is a kind of superlative
anomalously formed from under] the lowest in place; also lowest in state
or condition. Addison.

UNDERNE’ATH, adv. [of under-beneow, Sax. compounded from un­
der and neath; of which we still retain the comparative nether; but in an
adverbial sense use beneath] 1. In the lower place, 2. Below.

UNDERNEATH, prep. under.

UNDER-OFFICER, subst. [of under and officer] an inferior officer, one
in subordinate authority.

To UNDER-PI’N, verb act. [of under and pin; under-pindan, Sax.]
to put pins in below, to prop, to support. Hale.

UNDER-PI’NNING [in architecture] a term used to express the bringing
up a building with stone under the groundsel.

UNDERO’GATORY, adj. not derogatory. Boyle.

U’NDERPART, subst. [of under and part] subordinate or unessential
part. Dryden.

UNDER-PE’TTICOAT, sub. [of under and petticoat] the petticoat worn
next the body.

UNDER-PLO’T, subst. [of under and plot] 1. A series of events pro­
ceeding collaterally with the main story of a play, and subservient to it.
2. A clandestine scheme. Addison. See UNITY.

To UNDER-PRAI’SE, verb act. [of under and praise] to praise below
desert. Dryden.

To UNDER-PRI’ZE [of under and prize] to value at less than the worth.
Shakespeare.

To UNDER-PROP, verb act. [of under and prop; under-proppen, Du.]
to support with a prop, to sustain.

UNDER-PROPO’RTIONED, adj. [of under and proportion] having too lit­
tle proportion. Collier.

U’NDER-PULLER, subst. [of under and puller] inferior or subordinate
puller. Collier.

UNDER-RA’TE, subst. [from the verb] a low price, beneath the value,
or less than usual.

To UNDER-RATE, verb act. [of under and rate] to undervalue, to
rate too low.

To UNDER-SA’Y, verb neut. [of under and say] to say by way of de­
rogation. Not in use. Spenser.

UNDER-SL’CRETARY, subst. [of under and secretary] an inferior or
subordinate secretary.

To UNDER-SE’LL, verb act. [of under and sellan, Sax.] to sell
cheaper than another, to defeat by selling for less.

UNDER the Sea [sea phrase] a ship is said to be so, when she lies
still, or waits for some other ship, with her helm lashed or tied up
a-lee.

UNDER the Sun Beams [in astrology] is when a planet is not full se­
venteen degrees distant from the body of the sun, either before or
after it.

U’NDER-SERVANT, subst. [of under and servant] a servant of the lower
class.

To UNDER-SE’T, verb act. [of under and set] to prop; to support.
Passively used by Bacon.

UNDER-SE’TTER, subst. [of underset] prop, support, pedestal. 1 Kings.

UNDER-SE’TTING, subst. [of underset] lower part, pedestal. Wot­
ton.

UNDER-SHE’RIFF, subst. [of under and sheriff] the deputy of the sheriff.
Cleveland has it under-shrieve.

UNDER-SHE’RIFFRY, subst. [of under-sheriff] the business or office of
an under-sheriff. Bacon.

U’NDER-SHOOT, part. adj. [of under and shoot] moved by water passing
under it. Carew.

U’NDER-SONG, subst. [of under and song] chorus; burthen of a song.

U’NDER SORT (or dregs) of the people.

To UNDERSTA’ND, verb act. pret. understood [of understandan, Sax.]
1. To comprehend, fully to perceive in mind, to have knowledge of.
2. To think, to conceive.

To UNDERSTAND, verb neut. 1. To be an intelligent or conscious
being, to have use of intellectual faculties. 2. To be informed.

UNDERSTA’NDING, subst. [of understand] 1. Intellectual powers, espe­
cially those of judgment, apprehension, knowledge. 2. Skill. 3. In­
telligence, correspondence, terms of communication.

UNDERSTANDING [in ethics] is defined to be a faculty of the rea­
sonable soul, conversant about intelligible things, considered as intelli­
gible.

UNDERSTANDING, adj. knowing, skilful. Addison.

UNDERSTA’NDINGLY, adv. [of understand] with knowledge. Mil­
ton.

UNDERSTOO’D, pret. and part. pass. of understand.

UN’DERSTRAPPER, subst. [of under and strap] a petty fellow; an in­
ferior agent. Swift.

To UNDERTA’KE, verb act. [of under, Sax. tager, Dan.] 1. To
take upon one, to assume a character. Not in use. Shakespeare. 2.
To take in hand, to attempt, to endeavour to do, to enterprize. 3. To
engage with, to attack. Shakespeare. 4. To have the charge of, to
be bail or surety for, to answer for.

To UNDERTAKE, verb neut. 1. To assume any business or province.
Undertake for me. Isaiah. 2. To venture, to hazard. Shakespeare. 3.
To promise, to stand bound to some condition.

UNDERTA’KEN, part. pass. of undertake.

UNDERTA’KER [of under, Sax. and tager, Dan.] 1. One who en­
gages in projects and affairs. 2. One who engages to build for another
at a certain price, especially some great work.

UNDERTAKERS [of the king] the deputies of the purveyors.

UNDERTAKERS, persons who provide all necessaries for the decent in­
terment of the dead.

UNDERTA’KING, subst. [of undertake] attempt, enterprize, engage­
ment.

U’NDER-TENANT, subst. [of under and tenant] a secondary tenant;
one who holds from him who holds from the owner,

UNDERTOO’K, pret. of undertake.

UNDERVALUA’TION, subst. [of under and value] rate not equal to the
worth.

To UNDERVA’LUE, verb act. [of under and value] 1. To esteem or ac­
count less than the value, to treat as of little worth. 2. To depress, to
despise; to make low in estimation.

UNDERVALUE, subst. [from the verb] a disparagement, low rate,
vile price.

UNDERVA’LUER, subst. [of undervalue] one who esteems lightly.
Walton.

UNDERWE’NT, pret. of undergo.

UNDERWOO’D [under-wudu, Sax.] coppice, or any wood that is not
reckoned as timber.

UNDERWO’RK, subst. [of under and work] subordinate business, petty
affairs. Addison.

To UNDERWORK, verb act. pret. and part. pass. underworked or un­
derwrought [of under-weorcan, Sax] 1. To destroy by clandestine mea­
sures. Shakespeare. 2. To labour less than enough,

To UNDERWORK, verb neut. to work for an under price.

UNDERWO’RKMAN, subst. [of under and workman] an inferior or su­
bordinate labourer.

To UNDERWRI’TE, verb act. [of under and writan, Sax.] to sub­
scribe, to write under something else.

UNDERWRI’TTEN [of under-writan, Sax.] subscribed.

UNDERWRI’TER, subst. [of underwrite] an insurer, so called from writ­
ing his name under the conditions.

UNDESCRI’BED, adj. not described.

UNDESCRI’ED, adj. not seen, undiscovered.

UNDESE’RVED, adj. 1. Unmerited, not obtained by merit. 2. Not
incurred through fault.

UNDESE’RVEDLY, adv. [of undeserved] without desert, either good or
ill. Dryden.

UNDESE’RVER, subst. one of no merit. Shakespeare.

UNDESE’RVING, adj. 1. Not having merit or worth. 2. Not meriting
any particular advantage or hurt; with of.

UNDESI’GNED, adj. done without design, accidental, not purposed.

UNDESI’GNEDLY, adv. accidentally, without intention.

UNDESI’GNING. 1. Upright, sincere, having no artful or fraudulent
schemes. 2. Not acting with any set purpose, having no design.

UNDESI’RABLE, adj. not to be wished, not pleased. Milton.

UNDESI’RED, adj. not wished, not sollicited.

UNDESI’RING, adj. negligent, not wishing. Dryden.

UNDESTRO’YABLE, adj. not susceptive of destruction. Boyle.

UNDESTRO’YED, adj. not destroyed. Locke.

UNDETE’RMINABLE, adj. that cannot be determined, impossible to
be decided. Locke.

UNDETE’RMINATE, adj. 1. Not settled, not decided, contingent.
South. 2. Not fixed. More.

UNDETER’MINATENESS, or UNDETERMINA’TION [of undeterminate]
1. Uncertainty, indecision. The latter Hale uses. 2. The state of not
being fixed or invincibly directed. More uses the former word.

UNDETE’RMINED, adj. [indeterminÉ, Fr.] 1. Not determined, uncer­
tain, undecided. 2. Not limited, not regulated. Hale.

UNDEVO’TED, adj. not devoted. Clarendon.

UNDEVOU’T, adj. [indevot, Fr.] irreverent.

UNDEVOU’TLY, adv. irreverently.

UNDIAPHA’NOUS, adj. not pellucid, not transparent. Boyle.

UNDI’D, pret. of undo. Roscommon.

UNDIGE’STED, adj. not concocted.

UNDIGE’STIBLE, adj. that cannot be digested.

UNDI’GHT, pret. put off. It is questionable whether it have a present
tense. Spenser.

UNDI’LIGENT [indiligens, Lat.] negligent.

UNDIMI’NISHABLE, adj. that cannot be diminished.

UNDIMI’NISHED, adj. not impaired, not lessened.

UNDI’NTED, adj. not impressed by a blow. Shakespeare.

UNDI’PPED, adj. [of un and dip] not dipped, not plunged.

UNDIRE’CTED, adj. not directed.

UNDISCE’RNIBLE, adj. that cannot be discerned, invisible.

UNDISCE’RNIBLY, adv. invisibly, imperceptibly.

UNDISCE’RNED, adj. not observed, not discovered.

UNDISCE’RNEDLY, adv. so as not to be undiscovered. Boyle.

UNDISCE’RNING, adj. wanting discernment, injudicious.

UNDISCHA’RGEABLE, adj. that cannot be discharged.

UNDISCHA’RGED, adj. not discharged.

UNDI’SCIPLINED, adj. 1. Uninstructed or untaught. 2. Not subdued
to regularity and order. Taylor.

UNDISCO’VERABLE, adj. not to be found out. Rogers.

UNDISCO’VERED, adj. not seen, not found out.

UNDISCREE’T, adj. not wise, imprudent.








UNDISGUI’SED, adj. open, artless, exposed to view.

UNDISHO’NOURED, adj. not dishonoured. Shakespeare.

UNDISMA’YED, adj. not discouraged, not depressed with fear.

UNDISOBLI’GING, adj. inoffensive. Broome.

UNDISPE’RSED, adj. not scattered. Boyle.

UNDISPO’SED of, adj. unsold, not bestowed.

UNDISPRO’VABLE, adj. that cannot be disproved.

UNDISPU’TED, adj. that is not contested, evident.

UNDISSE’MBLED, adj. 1. Openly declared. 2. Honest, not feigned.
Atterbury.

UNDI’SSIPATED, adj. not scattered, not dispersed. Boyle.

UNDISSO’LVED, adj. that is not dissolved.

UNDISSO’LVING, adj. never melting. Addison.

UNDISTE’MPERED, adj. 1. Free from disease. 2. Free from pertur­
bation. Temple.

UNDISTI’NGUISHABLE, adj. 1. That cannot be distinctly seen. 2.
Not to be known by any peculiar property.

UNDISTI’NGUISHED, adj. 1. Not to be discerned from others, not to
be seen otherwise than confusedly. 2. Not marked out by objects or in­
tervals. 3. Admitting nothing between, having no intervenient space.
Shakespeare. 4. Not marked by any particular property. Denham. 5.
Not treated with any particular respect. Pope.

UNDISTI’NGUISHING, adj. 1. Making no difference. 2. Not to be
plainly discerned.

UNDISTRA’CTED, adj. not perplexed by contrariety of thoughts or de­
sires. Boyle.

UNDISTRA’CTEDLY, adv. without disturbance from contrariety of sen­
timents. Boyle.

UNDISTRA’CTEDNESS, subst. freedom from interruption by contrary
thoughts. Boyle.

UNDISTU’RBED, adj. 1. Uninterrupted by any hindrance or molesta­
tion. 2. Quiet, free from perturbation. 3. Not agitated. Bacon.

UNDISTU’RBEDLY, adv. without any interruption, calmly. Locke.

UNDIVI’DABLE, adj. not separable. Shakespeare.

UNDIVI’DED, adj. [indivisus, Lat.] whole, intire, not parted.

UNDIVI’NABLE, adj. that cannot be known before-hand by divi­
nation.

UNDIVI’SIBLE, adj. that cannot be divided or separated.

UNDIVU’LGED, adj. secret, not promulgated.

To UNDO’, pret. undid, part. pass. undone [of undoen, Sax.] 1. To
take to pieces what was put together; to loose, to unravel. 2. To
change any thing done to its former state, to recal or annual any action. 3
To bring to destruction, to ruin.

To UNDO a Boar [with hunters] is to dress it.

UNDO’ING, adj. ruining, destructive.

UNDOING, subst. ruin, fatal mischief. Addison.

UNDO’NE, adj. [of undoen, Sax.] 1. Not wrought, not performed,
&c. 2. Ruined, brought to destruction.

UNDOU’BTED, adj. [indubitatus, Lat.] certain, indisputable.

UNDOU’BTEDLY, adv. without question or doubt.

UNDOU’BTING, adj, admitting no doubt, certain.

UNDRAI’NABLE, adj. that cannot be drained or dried up.

To UNDRA’W, verb act. [of un, and dragan, Sax.] to draw back;
as, to undraw the curtains.

UNDRA’WN, adj. not pulled by any external force. Milton.

UNDREA’DED, adj. not greatly feared.

UNDREA’MED, adj. not thought on. Shakespeare.

To UNDRE’SS, verb act. 1. To pull off one's clothes, to strip off clothes.
2. To divest of ornaments.

UNDRE’SS, a dishabille, a loose or neglected dress.

UNDRE’SSED, adj. 1. Not regulated. 2. Not prepared for use.

UNDRI’ED, adj. [drigan, Sax.] not dried.

UNDRI’VEN, adj. not impelled either way.

UNDRO’SSY, adj. free from recrement. J. Phillips.

UNDU’BITABLE, adj. unquestionable, not admitting doubt.

UNDU’E [indue, Fr.] 1. Not right, not legal. 2. Not agreeable to
duty.

UNDUE’LY, adv. illegally, by indirect means, not properly.

UNDUE’NESS, subst. unjustness, unmeetness, unfitness.

U’NDULARY, adj. [undulo, Lat.] playing like waves; playing with
intermission. Brown.

To U’NDULATE, verb act. [undulo, Lat.] to drive backwards and
forwards, to make to play as waves. Mostly used as a passive. Hol­
der.

To UNDULATE, verb neut. to play as waves in curls. Pope.

UNDULA’TED, adj. [indulatus, Lat.] made after the manner of waves;
as watered silks and stuffs, and the grain of wainscot.

UNDULA’TION, Lat. a motion like that of waves.

UNDULATION of the Air, the waving of the air to and fro.

UNDULATION [in physics] a kind of tremulous motion or vibration
in a liquid, or a sort of wavy motion whereby a liquid alternately rises
and falls like the waves of the sea.

UNDULATION [in surgery] a motion ensuing in the matter contained
in an abscess upon squeezing it.

U’NDULATORY, adj. [of undulate] moving in the manner of waves:
the same as undulation.

UNDU’TEOUS, adj. not performing duty, irreverent, disobedient.

UNDU’TIFUL, adj. disobedient, irreverent.

UNDU’TIFULLY, adv. disobedient, not according to duty.

UNDU’TIFULNESS, subst. disobedience to parents, want of respect, ir­
reverence.

UNDY’ING, adj. immortal, not destroyed, not perishing. Milton.


UNE

UNEA’RNED, adj. not obtained by labour or merit.

UNEA’RTHED, adj. driven from the hold.

UNEA’RTHLY, adj. not terrestrial. Shakespeare.

UNEA’SILY, adv. not without pain.

UNEA’SINESS, subst. unquietness of mind, state of being in pain.

UNEA’SY [mal-aise, Fr.] 1. Pained, disturbed in mind. 2. Painful,
giving disturbance. 3. Constraining, cramping. 4. Not unconstrained,
not disengaged. 5. Peevish, difficult to please. 6. Difficult. Out of
use. Shakespeare.

UNEA’TABLE, adj. that cannot be eaten.

UNEA’TEN, adj. not devoured.

UNEA’TH, adv. [from eath, Sax. easy] 1. Not easily. Out of use.
Shakespeare. 2. [In Spenser it seems to signify the same as beneath] un­
der, below. And seem'd uneath to shake the stedfast ground. Spen­
ser.

UNE’DIFYING, adj. not improving in good life.

UNELA’STIC, adj. not having a spungy or elastic quality.

UNELE’CTED, adj. not chosen. Shakespeare.

UNE’LIGIBLE, adj. not worthy to be chosen. Rogers.

UNE’LOQUENT, adj. not eloquent.

UNE’LOQUENTNESS [of un, eloquens, Lat. and ness] want of eloquence.

UNEMPLO’YED, adj. 1. Not used or employed in any particular works.
2. Not busy.

UNE’MPTIABLE, adj. not to be emptied, inexhaustible. Hooker.

UNENCU’MBERING, adj. being without encumbrance.

UNENDO’WED, adj. 1. Having no dowry. 2. Not invested, not
graced. Clarendon.

UNENGA’GED, adj. not engaged, not appropriated.

UNENJO’YED, adj. not obtained, not possessed.

UNENJO’YING, adj. that has no enjoyment, that does not enjoy.

UNENLI’GHTENED, adj. not illuminated.

UNENLA’RGED, adj. not enlarged, narrow, contracted.

UNENSLA’VED, adj. free, not enthralled. Addison.

UNENTERTA’INING, adj. giving no delight, nor entertainment.

UNE’NVIED, adj. not envied, exempt from envy.

UNENTO’MBED, adj. unburied, uninterred. Dryden.

UNE’QUABLE, adj. different from itself, diverse. Bentley.

UNE’QUAL, adj. 1. Not even. 2. Not equal, inferior. 3. Partial,
not bestowing on both the same advantages. 4. [Inegal, Fr.] ill matched,
diproportionate. 5. Not regular, not uniform.

UNE’QUALABLE, adj. not to be equalled, not to be paralleled.
Boyle.

UNE’QUALLED, adj. Unparalleled, unrivaled in excellence. Boyle.

UNE’QUALLY, adv. not in equal proportions, in different degrees.

UNE’QUALNESS, subst. state of being unequal, inequality.

UNE’QUITABLE, adj. not impartial, not just. Decay of Piety.

UNEQUI’VOCAL, adj. not equivocal. Brown.

UNE’RRABLENESS, subst. incapacity of error. Decay of Piety.

UNE’RRING, adj. [inerrans, Lat.] 1. Committing no mistake. 2.
Uncapable of failure, certain, infallible. See SPIRIT, TETIANISTS,
and To BAPTIZE compared.

UNE’RRINGLY, adv. without mistake. Glanville.

UNESCHE’WABLE, adj. not to be escaped, inevitable. Carew.

UNESPI’ED, adj. not espied, not seen, not discovered.

UNESSE’NTIAL, adj. 1. Not being of the last importance, not consti­
tuting essence. Addison. 2. Void of real being. Milton.

UNESTA’BLISHED, adj. not established.

UNE’VEN, adj. 1. Not even, not level. 2. Unequal, not suiting each
other.

UNE’VENNESS, subst. 1. Unequalness of surface. 2. State of not
having plainness or smoothness. 3. Turbulence, changeable state.

UNE’VITABLE [inevitable, Fr. inevitabilis, Lat.] not to be escaped.

UNEXA’CTED, adj. not exacted, not taken by force.

UNEXA’MINED, adj. not tried, not discussed, not enquired into.

UNEXA’MPLED, adj. being without example, not known by any pre­
cedent.

UNEXCE’PTIONABLE, adj. against which no exception can be taken,
not liable to any objection.

UNEXCE’PTIONABLY, adv. in a manner not to be excepted against.

UNEXCO’GITABLE, adj. not to found out. Raleigh.

UNEXCI’SED, adj. not subject to the payment of the excise.

UNEXCU’SABLE, adj. that is not to be excused.

UNE’XECUTED, adj. not executed, not done.

UNEXE’MPLIFIED, adj. not made known by example.

UNE’XERCISED, adj. not practised, not experienced.

UNEXE’MPT, adj. not free by peculiar privilege. Milton.

UNEXE’RTED, adj. not exerted or put forth.

UNEXHAU’STED, adj. not drawn out, not consumed, not spent, not
drained.

UNEXPA’NDED, adj. not spread out.

UNEXPE’CTED, adj. not looked for, sudden.

UNEXPE’CTEDLY, adv. in a manner not expected, suddenly.

UNEXPE’CTEDNESS, subst. not looked for, time or manner, sudden­
ness.

UNEXPE’RIENCED, adj. not having tried, not versed, not acquainted
by practice.

UNEXPE’DIENT, adj. inconvenient, not fit.

UNEXPE’RT, adj. [inexpertus, Lat.] unexperienced, wanting know­
ledge or skill.

UNEXPE’RTNESS, subst unskilfulness.

UNEXPLO’RED, adj. 1. Not searched out. 2. Not tried, not known.

UNEXPO’SED, adj. not laid open to censure.

UNEXPOU’NDABLE, adj. that cannot be explained.

UNEXPRE’SSIBLE, adj. not to be uttered, ineffable.

UNEXPRE’SSIVE, adj. 1. Not having the power of uttering or expres­
sing. This is the natural and analogical signification. 2. Unutterable,
not to be expressed. Out of use and improper. Milton.

UNEXPRE’SSIBLENESS, subst. unutterableness.

UNEXPU’GNABLE, adj. [inexpugnabilis, Lat.] that cannot be conquered
or won by fighting.

UNEXTE’NDED, adj. that is not extended, having no dimensions.

UNEXTE’RMINABLE, adj. that cannot be rooted out.

UNEXTI’NGUISHABLE, adj. [of inextinguibilis, Lat. inextinguible, Fr.]
unquenchable, not to be put out.

UNEXTI’NGUISHED, adj. [inextinatus, Lat.] 1. Unquenched, not put
out. 2. Not extinguishable. Dryden.

UNEXTI’RPATED, adj. not rooted out.


UNF

UNFA’DED, adj. not withered.

UNFA’DING, adj. not liable to wither.

UNFAI’LING, adj. not missing, certain.

UNFAI’R, adj. disingenuous, not honest.

UNFAI’RLY, adv. disingenuously, dishonestly.

UNFAI’RNESS, subst. dishonesty.

UNFAI’THFUL, adj. 1. False, perfidious. 2. Impious, infidel.

UNFAI’THFULNESS, subst. treachery; also infidelity.

UNFAI’THFULLY, adv. treacherously.

UNFA’LLOWED, adj. not fallowed.

UNFA’LSIFIED, adj. genuine.








UNFA’MED [infamatus, Lat.] not famous; also infamous.

UNFAMI’LIAR, adj. unaccustomed, such as is not common.

UNFA’SHIONABLE, adj. being out of fashion, not modish.

UNFA’SHIONABLENESS, deviation from the reigning custom. Locke.

UNFA’SHIONABLY, adv. [of unfashionable] 1. Not according to the
fashion. 2. Unartfully. Shakespeare.

UNFA’SHIONED, adj. [façonne, Fr.] 1. Not modified by art. 2.
Having no regular form.

To UNFA’STEN, verb act. to loose or undo what was fast. Sidney.

UNFA’THERED, adj. having no father, fatherless. Shakespeare.

UNFA’THOMABLE, adj. that cannot be fathomed or sounded by a line;
also that cannot be comprehended, that of which the end or extent can­
not be found.

UNFA’THOMABLY, adv. so as not to be sounded. Thomson.

UNFA’THOMED, adj. not to be sounded.

UNFATI’GUED, adj. unweared, untired.

UNFA’VOURABLY, adv. 1. Unkindly, unpropitiously. 2. So as not
to countenance or support.

UNFEA’RED, adj. 1. Not frighted, not terrified. B. Johnson. 2. Not
dreaded.

UNFEA’SABLE, adj. [faisable, Fr.] that cannot be done.

UNFEA’THERED, adj. not fledged, or covered with feathers.

UNFEA’TURED, adj. deformed, wanting regularity of features Dry­
den.

UNFE’D, adj. not supplied with food, not fed.

UNFEE’D, adj. unpaid.

UNFEE’LING, adj. insensible.

UNFEI’GNED, adj. sincere, not counterfeited.

UNFEI’GNEDLY, adv. sincerely, without hypocrisy, really.

UNFEI’GNEDNESS, subst. sincerity, reality.

UNFE’LT, adj. not felt, not perceived.

UNFE’NCED, adj. 1. Naked of fortification. Shakespeare. 2. Not sur­
rounded by any inclosure, having no fence.

UNFERME’NTED, adj. not fermented.

UNFE’RTILE, adj. [infertilis, Lat.] unfruitful, not prolific. Decay of
Piety.

To UNFE’TTER, verb act. to unchain, to free from shackles.

UNFI’GURED, representing no animal form. Wotton.

UNFI’LLED, adj. not filled, not supplied.

UNFI’RM. 1. Weak, feble. 2. Not stable. Dryden.

UNFI’LIABLE, adj. unsuitable to a son. Shakespeare.

UNFI’NISHED, adj. incomplete, not ended.

UNFI’T, adj. 1. Unapt, unqualified. 2. Unsuitable, improper.

To UNFIT, verb act. to disqualify. Government of the Tongue.

UNFI’TTING, adj. not proper. Camden.

UNFI’TLY, adv. improperly, not suitably.

UNFI’TNESS, subst. 1. Unmeetness, want of qualifications. 2. Want
of propriety.

To UNFI’X, verb act. 1. To loosen, to make less fast. 2. To make
fluid. Dryden.

UNFI’XED, adj. [fixÉ, Fr.] 1. Unsettled, wandering, inconstant, va­
grant. 2. Not determined.

UNFI’XEDNESS, subst. an unfixed state or temper, unsettledness.

UNFLE’DGED, adj. [viegaet, Dan. flown] that has not yet got feathers;
young, not having attained full growth.

UNFLE’SHED, adj. not fleshed, not seasoned to blood, raw. Cow­
ley.

UNFOO’LED, adj. unsubdued, not worsted.

To UNFO’LD, verb act. [fealdan, Sax.] 1. To lay open, to spread.
2. To tell, to declare. 3. To discover, to reveal. 4. To display, to
set to view.

UNFO’LDING, adj. directing to unfold. Shakespeare.

To UNFOO’L, verb act. to restore from folly. Shakespeare.

UNFORBI’D, or UNFORBI’DDEN, adj. [forbeodin, Sax.] not prohi­
bited.

UNFORBI’DDENNESS, the state of being unforbidden. Boyle.

UNFO’RCED, adj. [forcÉ, Fr.] 1. Unconstrained, not compelled. 2.
Not impelled. Donne. 3. Not feigned. Hayward. 4. Not violent.
Denham. 5. Not contrary to ease. Dryden.

UNFO’RCIBLE, adj. wanting force.

UNFOREBO’DING, giving no omens. Pope.

UNFOREKNO’WN, adj. not known beforehand, not foreseen by pres­
cience.

UNFORESEE’N, adj. not seen beforehand, not known before it hap­
pened.

UNFORESKI’NNED, adj. circimcied. Milton.

UNFO’RFEITED, adj. not forfeited.

UNFORGO’TTEN, not lost to memory. Knolles.

UNFORGI’VING, adj. relentless, implacable.

UNFO’RMED, adj. [informis, Lat.] not put into form, not modified in­
to regular shape.

UNFO’RMED Stars [with astronomers] are those stars which are also
called nebulous or cloudy, and are scarce to be seen by the bare eye, or
even by a telescope.

UNFORSA’KEN, adj. not deserted. Hammond.

UNFO’RTIFIED, adj. [fortifiÉ, Fr.] 1. Not fortified, not secured by
walls or bulwarks. 2. Not strengthened, weak, infirm. 3. Wanting
security.

UNFO’RTUNATE, adj. [infortunÉ, Fr. of infortunatus, Lat.] unlucky,
unhappy, not successful.

UNFO’RTUNATELY, adv. unluckily, unhappily.

UNFO’RTUNATENESS, subst. [of unfortunate] unhappiness, unluckiness.
Not in use. Sidney.

UNFOU’GHT, adj. [of fought] not fought. Knolles.

UNFOU’LED, adj. not soiled, unpolluted. More.

UNFOU’ND, adj. [findan, Sax.] not found, not met with.

UNFRA’MEABLE, adj. not to be moulded. Hooker.

UNFRA’MED, adj. not formed, not fashioned.

UNFRE’QUENT, adj. uncommon, not happening often.

To UNFRE’QUENT, verb act. to leave, to cease to frequent. A bad
word. J. Phillips.

UNFREQUE’NTED, adj. [frequentatus, Lat. frequentÉ, Fr.] not often
gone to, rarely visited, seldom entered.

UNFRE’QUENTLY, adv. not commonly. Brown.

UNFRIE’NDED, adj. wanting friends, uncountenanced, unsupported.

UNFRE’QUENTNESS [infrequentia, Lat.] seldomness.

UNFRIE’NDLINESS [of unfriendly] an unfriendly disposition or treat­
ment, want of kindness. Boyle.

UNFRIE’NDLY, adj. unkindly, not benevolent.

UNFRO’ZEN, adj. not congealed to ice. Boyle.

UNFRUI’TFUL. 1. Barren, not prolific. 2. Not fructiferous. 3.
Not fertile. 4. Not producing good effects,

UNFRUI’TFULNESS, subst. [of unfruitful] sterility, barrenness.

UNFULFI’LLED, adj. not fulfilled.

UNFU’MED, adj. [fumÉ, Fr.] not smoked.

To UNFU’RL, verb act. to unfold, to open.

To UNFU’RNISH, verb act. 1. To deprive, to strip, to divest. 2.
To leave naked.

UNFU’RNISHED, adj. [of un, and fourni, Fr.] 1. Being without furni­
ture, or undecorated with ornaments. 2. Unsupplied.


UNG

UNGAI’N, or UNGAI’NLY, adj. [ungeng, Sax.] awkward, unhandy
in doing any thing; uncouth. Swift.

UNGAI’NLY, adv. awkwardly.

UNGA’LLED, adj. unhurt, unwounded.

UNGA’RTERED, adj. being without garters.

UNGA’THERED, adj. not cropped, not picked.

UNGE’NERATED, adj. unbegotten, having no beginning. Raleigh.

UNGE’NERATIVE, adj. beginning by nothing. Shakespeare.

UNGAI’NFUL, adj. not producing gain.

UNGE’NEROUS, adj. 1. Not generous, not bountiful, sparing. 2.
Ignominious. Addison.

UNGE’NEROUSLY, adv. not freely or liberally, unhandsomely.

UNGA’RNISHED, adj. [of un, and garni, Fr.] not set off with garniture.

UNGE’LD [ungeld, Sax.] i. e. not to be redeemed by a pecuniary
compensation; as, if a man was killed in committing of a selony, he
was to lie in the field unburied, and no pecuniary compensation should
be made for his death.

UNGE’NIAL, adj. not kind or favourable to nature. Swift.

UNGENTEE’L, adj. clownish, not gentleman-like.

UNGENTEE’LY, adv. in a clownish manner.

UNGENTEE’LNESS, subst. [gentilitas, Lat. gentilesse, Fr.] ungentility,
behaviour not becoming a gentleman.

UNGE’NTLE, adj. [gentil, Fr.] untractable, harsh, rugged.

UNGE’NTLEMANLY, adj. illiteral, not becoming a gentleman. Cla­
rendon.

UNGE’NTLENESS, subst. untameness, rudeness, the opposite to mild­
ness; also unkindness, incivility.

UNGE’NTLY, adv. untractably, harshly, ruggedly.

UNGEOME’TRICAL, adj. not agreeable to the laws of geometry.

UNGI’LDED, adj. not overlaid with gold.

To UNGI’RD, verb act. [gyrdan, Sax.] to loosen or untie a girdle, to
loose any thing tied with a girdle.

UNGI’RT, adj. [gyrdan, Sax.] ungirded, loosely dressed.

UNGLO’RIFIED, adj. not honoured, not exalted with praise and adora­
tion. Hooker.

UNGLO’VED, adj. having the hand naked.

UNGI’VING, adj. not bringing gifts. Dryden.

To UNGLU’E, verb act. to unfasten what glued, to loose any thing
cemented.

To UNGO’D, verb act. to divest of divinity. Donne. Dryden uses it
passively.

UNGO’DLILY, adv. impiously, wickedly.

UNGO’DLINESS, subst. impiety, neglect of God.

UNGO’DLY, adj. 1. Not fearing God or his laws. 2. Polluted by
wickedness. Shakespeare.

UNGO’RED, adj. unwounded, unhurt. Shakespeare.

UNGO’RGED, adj. not sated, not filled.

UNGO’VERNABLE, adj. 1. Not to be governed, not to be restrained.
2. Licentious, wild, unbridled.

UNGO’VERNABLENESS, subst. an ungovernable temper.

UNGO’VERNED, adj. 1. Being without government. 2. Licentious,
wild, unbridled.

UNGO’T, adj. 1. Not gained, not acquired. 2. Not begotten.
Waller.

UNGRA’CEFUL, adj. not having a good or becoming aspect, mien or
air, wanting elegance.

UNGRA’CEFULLY, unhandsomely, unelegantly.

UNGRA’CEFULNESS, subst. inelegance, awkwardness.

UNGRA’CIOUS [gracieux, Fr. of gratiosus, Lat.] 1. Void of grace,
wicked, odious, hateful. 2. Offensive, unpleasing. Dryden. 3. Un­
acceptable, not favoured. Clarendon.

UNGRA’CIOUSLY, in an unlucky untoward manner.

UNGRA’CIOUSNES, subst. voidness of grace, wickedness.

UNGRA’NTED, adj. [o fun, and garanti, Fr. warranted] not given,
not bestowed.

UNGRAMMA’TICAL, adj. [grammaticalis, Lat.] not according to the
rules of grammar.

To UNGRA’PPLE, verb act. [krappelen, Teut.] to disingage what was
grappled.

UNGRA’TEFUL, adj. [ingratus, Lat. ingrat, Fr.] 1. Unthankful, ma­
king no returns, or ill returns for kindness. 2. Making no returns for
culture. Dryden. 3. Unpleasing, unacceptable. Clarendon.

UNGRA’TEFULLY, adv. 1. Unthankfully. 2. Unpleasingly.

UNGRA’TEFULNESS, subst. ingratitude; also unpleasing quality, un­
acceptableness.

UNGRA’VELY, adv. without seriousness.

UNGROU’NDED, adj. having no foundation.

UNGRU’DGINGLY, adv. without ill-will, heartily, willingly.

UNGUA’RDED, adj. [garde, Fr.] 1. Not defended or kept by a guard.
2. Careless, negligent. 3. Not upon one's guard. 4. Unwary, heed­
less.

U’NGUENT [unguentum, Lat.] ointment.

UNGUENTA’RIA, Lat. the art of compounding and making oint­
ments.

UNGUE’NTUM, Lat. a sweet ointment, a perfume, a salve; as,

UNGUENTUM Armarium, Lat. weapon-salve.

UNGUE’SSED, adj. not attained by conjecture. Spenser.

UNGUI’DED, adj. not directed, not regulated.

U’NGUIS, Lat. the nail of a finger or toe, a similar white and hard
part which secures the ends of them from external injuries, and is also
an ornament to them.

U’NGUIS Os, Lat. [with anatomists] a little thin bone in the great







corner of the orbit of the eye, in which is a hole, where the lacrymal
gland lies.

U’NGULA, Lat. 1. The hoof of a beast. 2. [With geometricians]
is the section of a cylinder cut off by a plane, passing obliquely thro'
the plane of the base and part of the cylindric surface. 3. [With sur­
geons] a sort of hooked instrument for extracting a dead fætus out of
the womb.

U’NGULUS, or UNGUI’CULUS, Lat. [with botanists] a little speck of
a different colour from the rest of the petala or flower-leaves.


UNH

UNHA’BITABLE, adj. [inhabitable, Fr. of inhabitabilis, Lat.] not ca­
pable or fit to be inhabited, uninhabitable. Holder and Ray.

UNHA’BITABLENESS, an uninhabitable quality, &c.

To UNHA’FT, verb act. [haft, Sax.] to take off the hast of a knife.
&c.

UNHA’CKED, adj. not cut, not hewn nor notched with cuts.

To UNH’ALLOW, verb act. [halgian, Sax.] to prophane, to deprive
of holiness.

UNHA’LLOWED, adj. [halgian Sax.] unsanctified, profane.

UNHA’LLOWING, subst. act of profanation.

To UNHA’LTER, verb act. [halter, Du. and L. Ger. halster, H. Ger.
halftre, Sax.] to take off the halter from a horse, to take off a
halter.

UNHA’LTERED, adj. freed from or being without a halter.

To UNHA’ND, verb act. to let go, to loose from the hand; as, unhand
me, i. e. let me go.

UNHA’NDINESS, subst. [handig, Du.] awkwardness.

UNHA’NDLED, adj. not handled, not touched.

UNHA’NDY, adj. awkward, not cleaver nor dextrous.

UNHA’NDILY, adv. awkwardly.

UNHA’NDSOME, adj. [handsam, Teut.] 1. Ungraceful, not beautiful.
2. Illiberal, disingenuous. 3. Indecent, unbecoming.

UNHA’NDSOMENESS, subst. 1. Want of beauty. 2. Want of elegance.
3. Illiberalness, disingenuity. 3. Indecency, rudeness.

UNHA’NDSOMELY, adv. 1. Inelegantly, ungracefully. 2. Disin­
genuously, illiberally. 3. In an indecent, uncivil manner.

UNHA’NGED, adj. not put to death by the gallows.

UNHA’P, subst. misluck, ill-fortune. Sidney.

UNHA’PPIED [this word seems a participle from unhappy, which yet
is never used as a verb] made happy. Shakespeare.

UNHA’PPINESS, subst. 1. Misery, infelicity. 2. Calamity, distress.
Shakespeare. 3. Misfortune, ill-luck.

UNHA’PPILY, adv. in an unfortunate manner, miserably, wretch­
edly.

UNHA’PPY, unfortunate, unlucky, miserable, distressed.

To UNHA’RBOUR, verb act. [hereberga, Sax.] to dislodge, to drive
from shelter.

UNHA’RBOURED, adj. affording no shelter. Milton.

UNHA’RDENED, adj. not confirmed, not made hard. Shakespeare.

UNHA’RDY, adj. feeble, timorous, tender.

UNHA’RMED, adj. unhurt, not injured.

UNHA’RMFUL, adj. innocent, innoxious.

UNHARMO’NIOUS, adj. [harmonieux, Fr. of harmonia, Lat.] 1. Dis­
proportionate, not symmetrical. 2. Unmusical, ill-founding, discor­
dant, jarring.

To UNHA’RNESS, verb act. [desharnacher, Fr.] 1. To take off the
harness, to loose from the traces. 2. To disarm, to divest of ar­
mour.

To UNHA’SP, verb act. [hæpsan, Sax.] to undo a hasp.

UNHA’ZARDED, adj. not put in danger, not adventured.

UNHA’TCHED. 1. Not disclosed from the eggs. 2. Not brought to
light. Shakespeare.

UNHEA’LTHFUL, adj. [of hæl and full, Sax.] sickly, unwholsome.

UNHEA’LTHFULNESS, or UNHEA’LTHINESS, subst. [of hæl and full­
nesse, Sax.] sickliness, and unhealthful quality, state or condition.

UNHEA’LTHFUL [the same with unhealthy] wanting health.

UNHEA’RD, adj. [hyran, Sax. to hear] 1. Not heard, not perceived
by the ear. 2. Not vouchsafed an audience. 3. Unknown in cele­
bration. Milton. 4. Unheard of; obscure, not known by same. 5.
Unheard of; unprecedented.

To UNHEA’RT, verb act. to discourage, to depress. Shakespeare.

UNHEA’RTY, adj. [heorta, Sax.] insincere.

UNHEE’DED, adj. [behedet, Sax.] unregarded, not thought worthy of
notice.

UNHEE’DFUL, adj. careless, regardless.

UNHEE’DFULNESS, subst. [of hetan and fullnesse, Sax.] carelesness,
regardlessness.

UNHEE’DING, adj. negligent, careless.

UNHEE’DY, adj. precipitate, sudden. Milton.

To UNHE’LE, verb act. to uncover, to expose to view. Spenser.

UNHE’LPED, adj. unassisted, having no auxiliary, unsupported.

UNHE’LPFUL, adj. giving no assistance.

UNHE’WN, adj. not hewn.

UNHI’DEBOUND, adj. lax of maw, capacious. Milton.

To UNHI’NGE, verb act. [of heng, or hangsel, Du.] 1. To take off
the hinges. 2. To displace by violence. 3. To confuse, to disorder.

To UNHO’ARD, verb act. [hord, Sax.] to take out of a hoard, to
disclose, to steal. Milton.

UNHO’LINESS, subst. [of halig and nesse, Sax.] wickedness, profane­
ness.

UNHO’LY, adj. [halig, Sax.] 1. Prophane, not hallowed. 2. Im­
pious, wicked.

UNHO’NEST [inhonestas, Lat.] dishonest.

UNHO’NOURED, adj. 1. Not regarded with veneration, not celebrated.
2. Not treated with respect.

To UNHOO’DWINK, verb act. [of hod and wincian, Sax.] to remove
any thing that obstructs the sight.

To UNHOO’K, verb act. [hoce, Sax.] to take off from a hook.

UNHO’PED, or UNHOPED for adj. [gehapet, Sax.] unexpected,
greater than hope had promised.

UNHO’PEFUL, adj. [of hopa and full, Sax.] from which no good is to
be expected, leaving no room to hope.

UNHO’PEFULNESS, subst. [of hope-full and nesse, Sax.] quality of
yielding no hope of good.

To UNHO’RSE, verb act. [horse, Sax.] to pull off a horse, to throw
from the saddle.

To UNHO’SE, verb act. [hosa, Sax.] to pull off the hose or stock­
ings.

UNHO’SPITABLE, adj. [inhospitalis, Lat.] affording no kindness or en­
tertainment to strangers; cruel, barbarous.

UNHO’STILE, adj. not belonging to an enemy. J Phillips.

To UNHOU’SE, verb act. to drive from the habitation. Mostly used
passively.

UNHOU’SED, adj. 1. homeless, wanting a house. 2. Having no set­
tled habitation.

UNHOU’SELLED, adj. without having received the sacrament. Shake­
speare. Housel is a Saxon word, for the eucharist, which seems de­
rived from the Latin hostiola. Hanmer.

UNHU’MAN, adj. [inhumanus, Lat.] unkind, barbarous, cruel.

UNHU’MBLED, adj. not humbled, not touched with shame or con­
fusion.

UNHU’RT, adj. [hyrt, Sax.] having received no injury, free from
harm.

UNHU’RTFUL, adj. harmless, doing no harm.

UNHU’RTFULLY, adv. without harm, innoxiously.

UNHU’SBANDED, adj. [of hus, an house, and bonda, Sax. a husband]
not managing with good husbandry.

To UNHU’SK, verb act. [husche, Du.] to take off the husk or shell.


UNI

UNICA’PSULAR, adj. [of unicapsularis, Lat.] having but one single
seed-vessel.

U’NICORN [unicornis, of unus, one, and cornu, Lat. a horn] is by
some supposed to be a very rare and beautiful beast, like a horse, having
one long horn in the middle of the forehead twisted. But this creature
not being well attested to have been seen, may well be thought to exist
rather from its being mentioned in scripture. But Taylor, in his Concor­
dance, refers us to Shaw's Travels, Supplement, p. 91. and subjoins,
“that it has a horn upon its nose—that there is one, in Dr. Mead's
musæum, about 37 inches; and another in Sir Hans Sloan's 32 inches
long; where also are seen two horns about 25 inches long, which grew
on the nose of the same animal; which shews that the rhinoceros has some­
times two horns. Dr. Parson's Dissertat. on this animal. Philosophical
Transactions, No. 470. See also Kollen's account of the Dutch settlement
at the Cape of Good-hope.” Tho' after all, the learned Bochart supposes
the Scripture-rÉém (which the Septuagint render ΜΟΝΟχΕρΩs, or unicorn)
to have been a two horned animal, and of the buffalo kind. See MAN­
Tyger, and read, not from man and tyger; but from the Greek ΜΑΝΤΙχΩρΑΣ,
mantichora. See ÆLIAN and PLINY.

UNICORN, a bird. Grew.

Sea-UNICORN, a fish about 18 or 20 feet in length, having a head like
a horse, and a white horn in the middle of the forehead about five hand­
fuls long: its scales are as big as a crown piece, and it has six large sins
like the end of a galley oar. The horn of this fish is supposed to be
what is believed to be the horn of the creature before mentioned.

UNICO’RNOUS, adj. [unicornus, Lat.] having but one horn.

U’NIFORM, adj. [uniforme, Fr. Sp. and It. uniformis, Lat.] 1. Of one form
or fashion, regular, having all parts alike, keeping its tenour, similar to
itself. 2. Conforming to one rule, agreeing with each other.

UNIFORM Flowers, or UNIFORM Plants, are such as are all round of
the same figure, having the fore and back parts, as also the right and
left parts exactly alike.

UNIFORM Motions [of bodies] are the same with equable or equal
motions.

UNIFO’RMITY, subst. [uniformitÉ Fr. uniformità, It. uniformitas, Lat.]
1. Resembling itself, even tenour. 2. Regularity, a similitude or re­
semblance, as in figures of many sides and angles respectively equal and
answerable one to another.

U’NIFORMLY, adv. [uniformiter, Lat. uniformement, Fr.] after an
uniform manner.

To U’NIFY [unificare, Lat.] to make one, to reconcile.

Bull UNIGENITUS, was, according to Voltaire, given at Rome in the
month of September, A. C. 1713, in which 103 propositions of father
Quesnel (who had espoused the cause of Jansenism) were condemned.
“The king of France (says he) had demanded this bull in order to pre­
vent a schism in the Gallican church; and yet when arrived in France,
it raised almost all France against it.” Nor was that grand monarque with
all his power able to quench the flame, which it occasioned there; no,
nor all the ensuing artifice and management of the duke of Orleans in
the next reign; for tho' a body of doctrine was composed which almost
contented both parties; and tho' [after the great council] the parliament
itself being somewhat humbled, *They did so; but not without the wonted reserve of usage [says
Voltaire] i. e. the maintaining the liberties of the Gallican
church and the laws of the realm. Le siecle de Louis XIV. tome
II. p. 297. enregistered the edict, which ordained
the acceptation of the bull and suppression of appeals; and the whole
controversy was thought to be at an end: yet Voltaire has lived to find
himself mistaken in his prediction about the fall of Jansenism; and the
contest seems now revived in France with as much warmth as ever. See
JANSENISM, and read there 1713 instead of 1705.

UNILA’BIATED [of unus, one, and labium, Lat. a lip] spoken of
flowers that have but one flower-cup.

UNIMA’GINABLE, adj. [of imaginable, Fr.] not to be imagined by the
fancy, not to be conceived.

UNIMA’GINABLY, adv. to a degree so as not to be imagined.

UNI’MITABLE, adj. [inimitable, Fr. inimitabilis, Lat.] not to be imi­
tated.

UNIMMO’RTAL [of un and immortalis, Lat.] not immortal, mortal.
Milton.

UNEMPLO’YED, adj. [of employÉ, Fr. not made use of, &c.

UNIMPRE’GNATED, adj. [of impregnatus, Lat.] not impregnated.

UNIMPAI’RABLE, adj. not liable to waste or diminution.

UNIMPAI’RED, adj. not diminished, not worn out.

UNIMPLO’RED, adj. not solicited.

UNIMPO’RTANT, adj. assuming no airs of dignity. Pope.

UNIMPORTU’NED, adj. not solicited, not teazed to compliance.

UNIMPRO’VABLE, adj. incapable of melioration.

UNIMPRO’VEABLENESS, subst. [of unimprovable] quality of not being
improveable.

UNIMPRO’VED, adj. 1. Not made more knowing. Pope. 2. Not
taught, not meliorated by instruction.

UNINCRE’ASABLE, adj. admitting no increase. Boyle.








UNINDEA’RED, adj. not having gained affection.

UNINDI’FFERENT, partial, leaning to a side. Hooker.

UNINDU’STRIOUS, adj. not diligent, not laborious. Decay of Piety.

UNINFLA’MED, adj. not set on fire. Bacon.

UNINFO’RMED, adj. 1. Untaught, uninstructed. 2. Unanimated,
not enlivened.

UNINFLA’MMABLE, adj. [inflammer, Fr.] that cannot be made to flame
or be set on fire. Boyle.

UNINGE’NUOUS, adj. illiberal, disingenuous. Decay of Piety.

UNINHA’BITABLE, adj. unfit to be inhabited.

UNINHA’BITABLENESS, subst. incapacity of being inhabited. Boyle.

UNINHA’BITED, adj. [inhabitatus, Lat.] having no inhabitant.

UNI’NJURED, adj. unhurt, suffering no harm.

UNINSCRI’BED, adj. having no inscription.

UNINSPI’RED, adj. not having received any supernatural instruction
or illumination.

UNINSTRU’CTED, adj. not helped by institution.

UNINSTRU’CTED, adj. not conferring any improvement.

UNINTE’LLIGENT, adj. not knowing, not skilful, not having con­
sciousness.

UNINTELLIGIBI’LITY, subst. quality of not being intelligible. Burnet.

UNINTE’LLIGIBLE, adj. [of intelligible, Fr. of Lat.] that cannot be
understood.

UNINTE’LLIGIBLY, adv. in a manner not to be understood.

UNINTE’LLIGIBLENESS, subst. [intelligible, Fr.] uncapableness of be­
ing understood.

UNINTE’NTIONAL, adj. not designed, happening without design.
Boyle.

UNI’NTERESSED, or UNI’NTERESTED, adj. [interesse, Fr.] disinterested,
not having interest. Dryden uses the former word.

UNINTERMI’TTED, adj. [of intermissus, Lat.] continued, not discon­
tinued, not interrupted.

UNINTERMI’XED, adj. not mingled.

UNINTERRU’PTED, adj. [interruptus, Lat.] continued, not broken,
not interrupted.

UNITERRU’PTEDLY, adv. without interruption.

UNINTHRA’LLED, adj. [of thræl, Sax.] not enslaved or brought into
thrall.

UNINTRE’NCHED, adj. not intrenched.

UNINVE’STIGABLE, adj. not to be searched out.

UNINVI’TED, adj. [invitÉ, Fr. of Lat.] not invited.


UNJ

UNJO’INED, adj. [jointe, Fr.] not joined together.

To UNJOI’NT, verb act. [dejoindre, Fr.] to put out of joint.

UNJOI’NTED, adj. 1. Disjointed, separated. 2. Having no articula­
tion. Grew.

U’NION, Fr. and Sp. [unione, It. of unio, Lat.] 1. The act of combi­
ning or joining several things into one, especially that concord or agree­
ment which arises from solemn leagues, offensive and defensive, made by
sovereign princes and states. 2. Concord, conjunction of mind or in­
terests. Union with God. Taylor. 3. A pearl: not in use. Shakespeare.
4. [In an ecclesiastical sense] a combining or consolidating of two churches
into one.

UNION of Accession, is when the united benefice becomes a member and
accessory of the principal.

UNION by Confusion, is that where the two titles are suppressed and a
new one created including both.

UNION Philosophical [according to Dr. Grew] is used for one of the
three ways of mixture, being the joining together of atoms or insensible
particles so as to touch in a plane, as is supposed to be the case in the
crystallization of salts, &c.

UNION [in architecture] is the harmony between the colours in the
materials of building.

UNION [in metaphysics] is the concourse of many beings in order to
make one individual.

The UNION of Divine Persons———The Scripture-doctrine on this head
[which never amuses us with metaphysic speculations] is clearly enough
laid down in the following texts; Col. c. 1. v. 19. c. 2. v. 9. and John
c. 10. v. 29, 30. compared with c. v. ver. 19, 26, 30. c. 17. v. 11, 21.
and 1 Cor. c. 3. v. 8. Nor are the sentiments of antiquity less apparent.
Thus St. Justin, who constantly resolves the production of the Son into
the Father's will and power, says of Him, that he is ΕΤΕρΟΣ ΑρΙΘΜΩ, Ου
ΓΝΩΜΗ, i. e. is different from him in number, but not in sentiment or will;
and again, ΑχΩρΙΣΣΤ ΩΝ ΔυΝΑΜΕΙ, i. e. that he is inseparable from him
in point of power; the meaning of all which is, that the Son is not to be
considered as an independent agent [for so St. Justin explains himself]
but as one who receives all his power and authority from his Father,
and employs it in strictest conformity to his will. Justin. Diclog. cum Tryph.
Ed. R. Steph. p. 69. And as to the main body of the Antenicenes, we
have produced their sentiments on this head, under the words DIVINE,
SUBORDINATION, TRITHEISM, and MONARCHY of the Universe, CE­
RINTHIANS, &c. Not to observe how much the same portraiture of this
divine union is given us by both the Dionysii, and Gregory Thaumaturgus,
as quoted by Bishop Bull in his Defence of the Nicene Creed, Ed. Oxon, p.
231. 232, 236, and 253. And if we descend lower down, we find the
sense of the Greek church comprized in a few words, by the great
council of Antioch, held in the fourth century, and whose canons make
so considerable a part of the ecclesiastic code; for, after having con­
demned those who should affirm “there was a time when the Son of God
was not,” she adds, “that by maintaining three divine persons, she did
not advance the doctrine of THREE GODS; for we know [say they] but
ONE SELF-PERFECT, and UNBEGOTTEN, UNORIGINATED, and INVISI­
BLE GOD, viz. the GOD and FATHER of the Only-begotten, who alone
exists of himself; and who alone, of his unbounded goodness, communi­
cates existence to all others.” — And then explaining herself on the ar­
ticle of union, she subjoins, “We believe therefore in the all perfect
most holy triad. And when affirming the Father to be God, and the
Son; we do not acknowledge them to be two Gods, but one, *They are so in effect, and in a moral estimate; tho', who in
strictness of speech is the one God, the council sufficiently de­
clares both before, and after. We find the same kind of phra­
seology, and the same solution of this scripture problem in St. Ori­
gen. adv. Celf. Ed. Cantab. p. 383, 386, 388. As also in Lac­
tantius, Lib. IV. c. 29. Above all, see DITHEISM, HYPOSTA­
SIS, and Christian WORSHIP. But if the reader is desirous to
amuse himself with some Hypotheses, which approach nearer to
our modern way of thinking; he may consult the words DIMERI­
TÆ, CIRCUMINCESSION, NOETIANS, PROBOLE, REVULSION,
and SCHOLASTIC Divinity, compared. ac­
cording to the dignity of godhead, and the one CLOSE [or accurate]
CONNEXION of the kingdom; ΠΑΝΤΑρχΟυΝΤΟΣ ΜΕΝ χΑΘΟΛΟυ ΤΟυ ΠΑΤρΟΣ ΠΑΝΤΩΝ,
χΑΙ ΑυΤΟυ ΤΟυ υΙΟυ, &c. i. e. the Father having the absolutely supreme
command over all, and over the SON himself; and the Son being subjected
to the Father; but reigning over those beings that came into existence
thro' Him, and bestowing the grace of the Holy Spirit on the saints, ac­
cording to the Father's will. Socrat. Hist. Ed. Rob. Steph. p. 197,
198.

Personal UNION, or Union hypostatical [with modern divines] is the
union of the divine Logos, or 2d person of the Trinity, with a rational
soul and human body; but with St. Irenæus, and Novatian, and the main
body of the Antenicenes, it is the union of that divine Person with a hu­
man *With Apollinarius (and I think also with his friend St. Athanasius;
in his tract against the Sabellians) it was the union of that divine
person, with a human body, attended with its vital principle, or
that kind of soul, which is common to the whole animal creation;
which induced St. Austin (who loved his joke) to say, “that
Apollinarius had denied Christ the soul of a MAN, and given him
that of a brute.” But see APOLLINARIUS, DIMERITÆ, HOMO­
NICOLÆ, PASSIBLE, PERFECT Man, and THEANTHROPOS com­
pared. body. “As the ark, says he, was covered with pure gold both
within and without: so the body of Christ was pure and splendid; being
adorned by the Logos from within; and guarded by the Spirit from with­
out, [meaning that Spirit which descended and rested upon our Saviour's
person at his baptism] ΙΝΑ Εξ ΑΜφΟΤΕρΩΝ ΤΟ ΠΕρΙφΑΝΕΣ ΤΩΝ φυΣΕΩΝ ΠΑρΑΔΕΙχΘΗ,
i. e. (if I understand him aright) that from both, the TWO natures might
be evidenced; the divine from the indwelling Logos; and the human [or
corporeal] from that attendant Spirit, by which our Saviour's body, was
flanked and guarded from without.” Iren. Ed. Grabe, p. 468. But the
reader will see more of antiquity on this head, under the words, INCAR­
NATION, CERINTHIANS, MANHOOD of Christ, and ORIGENISM, com­
pared. See also the word TRINITY, and read there [after Gr.] In the­
ology, it imports three divine persons, the Father, &c. “for a Trinity
(as archbishop Tillotson well observes) is nothing but three of any thing.”
So a Trinity of Persons is three persons. Tho', N. B. It may admit a
query, Whether either of these terms was as yet imported into the church,
at the time when St. Irenæus flourished. See VALENTINIANS.


UNION [in painting] is the symmetry or agreement between the se­
veral parts of a piece of painting, so that they apparently conspire to
form one thing.

UNION Pearls, those pearls which grow in couples, the best sort of
pearls.

UNI’PAROUS, adj. [of unus, one. and pario, Lat. to beget] bringing
one at a birth.

U’NISON, adj. [unisson, Fr. unisuono, It. unisonus, Lat.] sounding
alone.

UNISON, subst. 1. One and the same sound, a single unvaried note,
whether by one voice, or divers voices sounding in the same tone. Pope.
2. The agreement of two notes or strings of an instrument in one and
the same tone.

U’NIT, subst. [unus, unitas, Lat. unitÉ, Fr. unità, It. uno, Sp.] 1. One,
the least number, or the root of numbers; the significant figure of a num­
ber. 2. [In arithmetic] the last figure on the right hand is the unit or
place of units.

UNITA’RIANS, are all such, who affirm, that He, and He only, is
(in strictness of speech) the one God, whose *I take this to be the true definition of an Unitarian, whether an­
cient or modern; and whether he does, or does not hold those
particular tenets that were condemned by the council of Nice;
nor should it be dissembled, that some things are now decry'd
under the name of Arianism, which were formerly common truths,
and allowed on all hands; not those excepted, which distin­
guished themselves by the warmest zeal against the Arian cause.
Amongst which we may place that great and fundamental doctrine
of ALL religion, whether natural or revealed, which is above de­
scribed; as appears from many a citation from antiquity there
referred to. And as to this confusion of characters, the reader
will find it to have been an artifice, as old as the fourth century;
if we may credit bishop Bull's report, in his Defence of the Ni­
cene Faith, Ed. Oxon. p. 517. Godhead or dominion ex­
tends over all things, and persons without exception; and that to make
an exception in favour of any person or persons whatsoever, is in effect to
overthrow the doctrine of a one God: Because absolute supremacy will not
admit of number; and consequently whoever denies the one God and Fa­
ther of all to be ALONE the one God, denies him to be AT ALL the one
God; and whoever denies him to be ALONE the most High, denies
him to be AT ALL the most High. How far this sentiment agrees
both with antiquity, and the scripture-doctrine of the Son's, and
Spirit's divinity, the reader will best judge for himself, by comparing
what has been offered under the words GOD, DEITY, DITHEISM,
PAULIANISTS, First CAUSE, SUPREMACY, SUBORDINATION, UNION
of Divinity, GHOST, DOVE, SABELLIANS, CIRCUMINCESSION, GRACE;
and, above all, MONARCHY of the Universe, together with their respec­
tive notes and references.

To UNI’TE, verb act. [unitus, Lat.] 1. To join two or more into one.
2. To make to agree. 3. To make to adhere. Wiseman. 4. To join.
Dryden. 5. To join in interest. Genesis.

To UNITE, verb neut. 1. To join in an act, to concur, to act in con­
cert. 2. To coalesce, to be cemented or consolidated, to grow into one,
to become one.

UNI’TEDLY, adv. with union; so as to join. Dryden.

UNI’TER, subst. the person or thing that unites. Glanville.

UNI’TION [in surgery] the act or power of the uniting disjointed
parts, conjunction, coalition. A word proper, but little used. Wiseman.

UNI’TIVE. adj. [of unite] that is of an uniting quality. Norris.

U’NITY, subst. [unitas, Lat. unitÉ, Fr. unita, It. unidad, Sp.] 1. The
state of being one, oneness. 2. Conjunction, concord, union, unifor­
mity. Hooker. 4. Agreement.

UNITY [in God] is an incommunicable attribute by which he is one
and no more. See GOD.

UNITY [in arithmetic] the first principle of number.

UNITY of Possession [in law] a joint possession of two rights by seve­
ral titles; as when a man, holding land by lease, afterwards buys the







fee simple. which extinguishes his lease, and he is now become lord of
the same.

UNITY [in dramatic performances] the principle by which the tenor of
the story and propriety of representation is preserved, is three-fold, of ac­
tion, time, and place. These unities have been established by critics,
to bring the drama as near to nature as is possible.
But N. B. The unity of place the ancients did not intend the keeping
to one scene throughout the whole play: For in the Ajax of Sophocles, the
first scene opens at the outside of Ajax' tent; from whence the scene af­
terwards shifts into a wood at some distance from the Greek camp;
where the chorus, consisting of his marines, wanders in search of him;
and where he falls upon his sword. Had Mr. Addison been avised of
this, he would scarce have made the governor's hall in Utica the place
in which every thing, both of the political and amorous kind, is trans­
acted.

UNITY of Action, is the first of the three unities appropriated to the
drama: Two actions that are independent will distract the attention and
concernment of the auditors, and preclude that beauty and excellence of
composition which we have already given from lord Shaftsbury, under
the word TABLATURE. And as to the other two unities, I'm inclined
to think, that the not violating the PROBABLE, is a far better rule and
standard, than a rigid attachment to one single scene, or to that quantity
of time which is measured by one revolution of the sun's diurnal motion.
Nor do I remember that Aristotle, in his Arte Poetica, where he treats
in so diffuse a manner on dramatic composition, makes any mention of
either.

UNJU’DGED, adj. not judged or tried, not determined judicially.
Prior.

UNIVE’RSAL, adj. Fr. [universale, It. of universalis, Lat.] 1. Ge­
ueral, belonging or extending to all, common. 2. Total, whole. Dry­
den. 3. Not particular; comprising all particulars.

UNIVE’RSAL, subst. the whole; the general system of the universe.
Not in use. Raleigh.

UNIVERSAL Propositions and Expressions. “ALL universal expressions,
says a late judicious writer, even in their utmost universality, are, in the
nature of language, necessarily and always understood to extend only to
all of the kind spoken of, and in the sense spoken of, whatsoever it be.”
From whence he infers, justly enough, “that general exclusive terms not
only sometimes, but always and necessarily leave room for such tacit ex­
ceptions, as every (even the meanest) man's common sense is always sup­
posed to know, that (of necessity) they cannot but be excepted even
out of the most universal expressions.” And indeed St. Paul himself has
suggested this rule of interpretation, 1 Cor. c. xv. v. 27. When he sayeth,
ALL THINGS are put under him, it is manifest that HE must be excepted,
who did put all things under him. And by parity of argument, should it
be affirmed, that “ALL MEN are derived from Adam; I suppose we
should scarce think any one in earnest, who would infer from hence,
that Adam did not belong to the human species; because if so—he must
have been derived from himself. And yet we have seen a reasoning no less
*'Tis ridiculous in Dr. W——d to ask; because no one knoweth
the Father, but the Son, does it therefore follow, that the Father
himself does not know the Father? And because one had a name
written, which no one knew but he himself; and to another was
given a new name written, which no one knoweth save He that
receiveth it, (Revel. c. xix. v. 12. and c. ii. v. 17.) does it there­
fore follow, that HE who gave this name, was ignorant of it him­
self? Observations on Dr. Waterland's Second Defence of his Que­
ries, p. 12, 13. ridiculous than this, advanced in a certain religious controversy. See
GENIUS of Language, compared with John, c. i. v. 2, 3. Coloss. c. i.
v. 15, 16. and Revel. c. iii. v. 14.

UNIVERSAL Equinoctial Dial, a mathematical instrument to find the
latitude, the hour of the day, and most propositions on the globe.

An UNIVERSAL [with logicians] that which is common in several
things, a predicable.

UNIVERSAL Incomplex [in logic] is such as produces one only con­
ception in the mind, and is a simple thing which respects many, as hu­
man nature.

UNIVERSAL Complex [in logic] is either an universal proposition, as
every whole is greater than its parts; or else whatever raises a manifold
conception in the mind, as the definition of a rational creature.

UNIVE’RSALISTS [in divinity] Arminians, Remonstrants, those per­
sons who hold universal redemption.

UNIVERSA’LITY, subst. [universalitÉ, Fr. of universalitas, school Lat.]
generality, not particularity; extension to the whole. A special conclu­
sion cannot be inferred from a moral universality, nor always from a
physical one; tho' it may always be inferred from an universality that is
metaphysical. Watts.

UNIVE’RSALLY, adv. [of universal] generally, every where, and of
every one without exception.

U’NIVERSE, subst. [univers, Fr. universum, mundus universus, Lat.]
the whole frame of material beings, the whole world, the general system
of things.

UNIVE’RSITY, subst. [universitÉ, Fr. università, It. universidad, Sp.
of universitas, Lat.] a nursery for learning, where youth are instructed in
the languages, arts, and sciences.

UNIVERSITY [in civil law] a body politic or corporation.

UNI’VOCAL, adj. [univoque, Fr. univoco, It. and Sp. univocus, Lat.]
1. Having one meaning, not equivocal. 2. Certain, regular, pursuing
always one tenor. Brown.

UNIVOCAL Terms [with logicians] are such as signify but one idea, or
but one sort of thing. Watts.

UNIVOCAL Signs [in surgery] are signs of the fractures of the skull,
viz. dimness of sight, loss of understanding, &c.

UNIVOCAL Generation [in physics] the ancients held that all perfect
animals were produced by univocal generation, i. e. by the sole union or
copulation of male and female of the same species; and that insects were
produced by equivocal generation without any seeds, and merely by the
corruption of the earth exalted and, as it were, impregnated by the rays
of the sun.

UNI’VOCALLY, adv. [of univocal] 1. In an univocal manner, in one
term, in one sense. Hall. 2. In one tenor. Ray.

UNIVOCA’TION [in metaphysics] agreement in the same manner and
the same sense.

UNJO’YOUS, adj. not cheerful, not gay. Thomson.

UNJU’ST, adj. [injustus, Lat. injuste, Fr. ingiusto, It. injusto, Sp.] ini­
quitous, contrary to equity or justice: Applied both to persons and
things.

UNJU’STIFIABLE, adj. that cannot be justified, not to be defended.

UNJUSTIFI’ABLY, illicitely.

UNJU’STIFIABLENESS, subst. the state or quality of not being justi­
fiable. Clarendon.

UNJU’STIFIABLY, adv. in a manner not to be justified.

UNJU’STLY, adv. [injustÉ, Lat. injustement, Fr.] in a manner con­
trary to justice.

UNJU’STNESS [injustitia, Lat. injustice, Fr.] injustice.

U’NKARDNESS, solitariness, loathsomeness.

UNKE’MBED, or UNKE’MPT, adj. [of un, and cæmban, Sax. incomp­
tus, Lat.] not combed. Spenser applies them to rhymes; meaning rug­
ged, rough, or unpolished. The Scots also retain it.

To UNKE’NNEL, verb act. [of un, and chenil, Fr. canile, Lat.] 1. To
put or rouze out of his kennel, to drive from his hole. 2. To rouze
from its secrecy or retreat. Shakespeare uses it reciprocally.

UNKE’NT, adj. [of un and kent] unknown: Obsolete. Spenser.

UNKE’PT, adj. 1. Not kept, not retained. 2. Unobserved, un­
obeyed. Hooker.

UNKI’ND, adj. [of un, and cyn, Sax. or kind, Ger.] unfriendly, not
benevolent, not favourable.

UNKI’NDLY, adj. [of un and kind] 1. Unnatural, contrary to nature.
Milton. 2. Unfavourable, malignant. Milton.

UNKI’NDLY, adv. in an unfavourable manner, without kindness or
affection.

UNKI’NDNESS [of unkind] ill will, malignity, want of affection.

To UNKI’NG, verb act. to deprive of royalty. Shakespeare uses it pas­
sively.

UNKI’SSED, or UNKI’ST, adj. not kissed. Shakespeare.

U’NKLE, subst. usually written Uncle [oncle, Fr.] the brother of a fa­
ther or mother.

To UNKNI’T, verb act. [of un, and cnittan, Sax.] 1. To undo a
knot or knitting, to unweave; to separate. Shakespeare. 2. To open in
general. Shakespeare.

UNKNI’T, part. pass. [of un, and cnittan, Sax.] not knitted.

To UNKNO’W, verb act. to cease to know. Smith.

UNKNO’WABLE, adj. not to be known. Used as a noun substantive
by Watts.

UNKNO’WING, adj. [of un, and cnawan, Sax.] 1. Ignorant, not
knowing: Commonly with of. 2. Not practised, not qualified.

UNKNO’WINGLY, adv. ignorantly, without knowledge. Addison.

UNKNO’WN, adj. 1. Not known. 2. Greater than is imagined. Ba­
con. 3. Not having cohabitation.

UNKNOWN to one, without his knowledge or participation, without
communication. Addison.


UNL

UNLA’BOURED, adj. 1. Not produced by labour. 2. Not cultivated
by labour, untilled. 3. Spontaneous; voluntary. Unlaboured beauties
rise. Tickel.

To UNLA’CE, verb neut. 1. To loosen any thing fastened with strings.
2. To take off a lace, to loose a lady's dress. 3. To make loose; to
put in danger of being lost: Not in use. You unlace your reputation.
Shakespeare.

To UNLACE a Coney [in carving] is to cut it up.

To UNLA’DE, verb neut. 1. To unload, to exonerate that which car­
ries. 2. To remove from the vessel which carries. 3. To put out:
Used of a ship. To unlade her burthen. Acts.

UNLAI’D, adj. 1. Not placed, not fixed. 2. Not pacified, not stil­
led. Unlaid ghost. Milton.

UNLA’GE, subst. [unlage, Sax.] a wicked or unjust law.

UNLAME’NTED, adj. not bewailed nor deplored.

To UNLA’TCH, verb act. to open by lifting a latch.

UNLAU’DABLE, adj. not commendable.

UNLAU’DABLY, adv. in a manner not commendable.

UNLA’WFUL, adj. [of unlaga and full, Sax.] contrary to law, not
permitted by the law.

UNLAWFUL Assembly [in law] is the meeting of three or more persons
together by force, to commit some unlawful act, as to assault any person,
&c. tho' they do not commit it.

UNLA’WFULLY, adv. 1. Illegally, in a manner contrary to law or
right. 2. Illegitimately; not by marriage. Addison.

UNLA’WFULNESS, subst. contrariety to law; state of not being per­
mitted.

To UNLEA’RN, verb act. to forget or disuse what one has learnt.

UNLEA’RNED, or UNLEAR’NT, adj. 1. That is without learning, il­
literate, ignorant, not instructed, not informed. 2. Not gained by
study, not known. Milton. 3. Not suitable to a learned man. Shake­
speare.

UNLEA’RNEDLY, adv. in an illiterate manner, ignorantly, grossly.
Brown.

UNLEA’RNEDNESS, subst. want of erudition or learning.

To UNLEA’SH [a hunting phrase] is to loose the leash or line, in or­
der to let the dogs go after the game.

UNLEA’VENED, adj. not fermented with leaven.

UNLEI’SUREDNESS, subst. business; want of leisure time. Boyle.

UNLE’SS, conj. except; if not; supposing that not.

UNLE’SSONED, adj. not taught. Shakespeare.

UNLE’TTERED, adj. 1. Illiterate, unlearned, untaught. 2. Not
having letters on the back, as books.

UNLE’VELLED, adj. not cut down, not levelled. Tickel.

UNLIBI’DINOUS, adj. not lustful, free from lust. Milton.

UNLI’CENSED, adj. not having regular allowance or permission. Mil­
ton.

UNLI’CKED, adj. shapeless, not formed. This is derived from the
notion that the bear licks her cubs to form.

UNLI’GHTED, adj. not kindled, not set on fire.

UNLI’GHTSOME, adj. obscure, dark, gloomy, wanting light. Milton.

UNLI’KE, adj. 1. Not like, dissimilar, having no resemblance. 2.
Improbable, not likely. Bacon.

UNLI’KELIHOOD, or UNLI’KELINESS, subst. [The former South uses,
and the latter Locke] improbability.

UNLI’KELY, adj. 1. Improbable, not such as can be reasonably ex­
pected. 2. Not promising any particular event. Hooker.

UNLIKELY, adv. improbably.

UNLI’KELINESS, subst. want of resemblance, dissimilitude.

UNLI’MITABLE, adj. admitting no bounds. Locke.

UNLI’MITED, adj. 1. Not bounded, having no bounds nor limits. 2.







Undefined, not bounded by proper exceptions. Hooker. 3. Unconfi­
ned, not restrained.

UNLI’MITED Problem [in geometry] is such as is capable of infinite
solutions; as to divide a triangle given into two equal parts; to make a
circle pass through two points assigned, &c.

UNLI’MITEDLY, adv. boundlesly; without bounds. Decay of Piety.

UNLI’NEAL, adj. not coming in the order of succession. Shakespeare.

To UNLI’NE, verb act. to take out the lining.

To UNLI’NK, verb act. to untwist, to open. Shakespeare uses it reci­
procally.

UNLI’QUIFIED, adj. unmelted, undissolved. Addison.

To UNLOA’D, verb act. 1. To disburthen, to exonerate. 2. To put
off any thing burthensome. Shakespeare.

To UNLO’CK, verb act. [loc, of belucan, Sax. to fasten with a lock]
1. To open what is shut with a lock, to undo a lock. 2. To open in
general; as, to unlock one's bosom, to open one's mind freely.

UNLO’CKED, adj. not fastened or secured with a lock.

UNLOO’KED, or UNLOO’KED for, adj. unexpected, not foreseen.

UNLOO’SEABLE, adj. [a word rarely used] not to be loosed. Boyle.

To UNLOO’SE, verb act. to loosen. A word perhaps barbarous and
ungrammatical, the particle prefixed implying negation; so that to un­
loose is properly to bind.

To UNLOOSE [or resolve] a question.

To UNLOOSE, verb neut. to fall in pieces, to lose all union and con­
nection. Collier.

UNLO’VED, adj. not loved. Clarendon.

UNLO’VELY, adj. unamiable; that cannot excite love. There seems
by this word generally more intended than barely negation. See UN­
LOVELINESS.

UNLO’VELINESS, subst. unamiableness, inability to create love; un­
handsomeness. Large promises and each thing else that might help to
countervail his own unloveliness. Sidney.

UNLO’VING, adj. unkind, not fond. Shakespeare.

UNLU’CKILY, adv. unfortunately; by ill luck.

UNLU’CKINESS, subst. unfortunateness.

UNLU’CKY, adj. 1. Unfortunate, producing unhappiness. This word
is generally used of accidents slightly vexatious. Boyle. 2. Unhappy,
miserable, subject to frequent misfortunes. Spenser. 3. Slightly mischie­
vous, mischievously waggish. 4. Ill-omen'd, unauspicious. Dryden.

UNLU’STROUS, adj. wanting splendour or lustre. Shakespeare

To UNLU’TE, verb act. [lutum, Lat. clay] to take off the lute, loam,
or clay, from some chemical vessel that has been luted.


UNM

UNMA’DE, adj. 1. Not made, not yet formed, not created. 2. De­
prived of former qualities. Woodward. 3. Omitted to be made. Black­
more.
This is one of the titles by which the FIRST CAUSE and FATHER of
the universe was characterized, with the Antenicences; as appears not
only from that passage in *Hermogenus had assirmed matter to have been absolutely eternal:
to which Tertullian replies, “How can any thing be more an­
cient than God's first and only-begotten, EXCEPT THE FATHER?
Not to observe, that which is unbegotten is stronger than that
which is begotten; and that which is UNMADE superior in power
to that which is made; and that which stood in need of no au­
thor, in order to its existency, is MUCH SUBLIMER than that,
which in order to its existing, stood in need of an author.” Tertullian, “Quod infectum factó validius.”
Tertull. adv. Hermog. Ed. Colon. p. 297. But also from the “Infectus
Pater, i. e. the UNMADE FATHER,” which so often occurs in St. Irenæus.
And to the same effect Clemens Alexand. cites with approbation a still
more ancient writer than himself, who expresses it as follows: “Know
therefore that there is one God, who MADE the beginning of all things,
[meaning, as Clemens elsewhere comments upon it, his first-begotten
Son;] invisible, but seeing all things;—Who containeth all things, but
who [for his absolute immensity] is contained by none;——Unmade [ΑΠΟ­
ΙΗΤΟΣ, Gr.] who made all things by the word of his power, i. e. by the
Son.” Clement. Stromat. Ed. Paris, Lib. VI. p. 635, and 644. 'Tis
no less remarkable, that when Trypho the Jew had observed to Justin
Martyr, “that we [Jews] who are worshippers of that God, who
MADE this very Lord, and God of yours [meaning CHRIST] have no
need of the profession and worship of Him.” St. Justin not only suffers
that expression to pass without any censure; but does also himself most
uniformly, throughout the whole conference, apply to the first Person,
the title of MAKER and SUPREME RULER of all, in such a manner, as
leaves no room to doubt, that He understood it of all without exception.
Dial. cum Tryph. Ed. R. Steph. p. 76, 42, &c. And Dionysius of Alexandria
did the same; as appears by his own confession, in that very tract,
which Bp. Bull [Defens. Fid. Nicen.] has cited; tho' produced by him
for a very different purpose. So much truth there is in that remark
which was passed on St. Justin, and other ancient writers, concerning
their promiscuous use of the terms begetting, creating, &c. under the
words FIRSTBORN, and GENIUS of Language compared. See UNBE­
GOTTEN, VALENTINIANS, SIMILE, COIMMENSE, CREATION, and
REVULSION compared.

UNMAI’MED, adj. not deprived of any essential part. Pope.

UNMA’KABLE, adj. not possible to be made. Grew.

To UNMA’KE, verb act. to deprive of qualities before possessed; to
deprive of form or being.

To UNMA’N, verb act. 1. To deprive of manhood. 2. To deprive
of the constituent qualities of a human being, as reason. South. 3. To
break into irresolution, to deject.

To UNMAN [or disarm] a ship.

UNMA’NAGEABLE, adj. 1. Not easily governed, difficult, or not at
all, to be managed. Glanville. 2. Not easily wielded.

UNMA’NAGED, adj. 1. Not broken by horsemanship. 2. Not tutor'd,
not educated.

UNMA’NLIKE, or UNMA’NLY, adj. 1. Unworthy of a man, unbe­
coming a human being. 2. Unsuitable to a man; effeminate.

UNMA’NLINESS, subst. behaviour unbecoming a man.

UNMA’NNERED, adj. rude, brutal, uncivil. Dryden.

UNMA’NNERLINESS, subst. undecent behaviour, breach of civility, ill
behaviour. Locke.

UNMA’NNERLY, adj. ill bred, not civil, not complaisant.

UNMANNERLY, adv. indecently, uncivilly. Shakespeare.

UNMANU’RED, adj. uncultivated, undunged.

UNMA’RKED, adj. [remarquÉ, Fr. ungemerckt, Ger.] not taken notice
of or observed. Milton.

UNMA’RRIED, adj. not married, having no husband or no wife.

To UNMA’RRY, verb act. [demarier, Fr.] to dissolve the matrimonial
contract.

To UNMA’SK, verb act. to take off a mask; also to expose openly,
to strip of any disguise.

To UNMA’SK, verb neut. to put off the mask. Shakespeare.

UNMA’SKED, adj. naked, open to the view. Dryden.

To UNMA’ST a Ship, verb act. to take off the masts.

UNMA’STED [demâtÉ, Fr.] being without masts.

UNMA’STERABLE, adj. unconquerable, not to be subdued. Brown.

UNMAS’TERED, adj. 1. Not overcome, not subdued. 2. Not con­
querable. Dryden.

UNMA’TCHABLE, adj. unparallel'd, unequalled. Hooker.

UNMA’TCHED, adj. not coupled, not paired, not equalled, matchless.
Dryden.

UNMA’TTED, adj. not matted.

UNMEA’NING, adj. being without meaning.

UNMEA’NT, adj. not intended. Dryden.

UNMEA’SURABLE, adj. that cannot be measured, boundless, un­
bounded. Swift.

UNMEA’SURABLENESS, subst. immenseness, incapacity of being mea­
sured.

UNMEA’SURABLY, adv. immensely.

UNMEA’SURED, adj. 1. Immense, infinite. 2. Plentiful, not mea­
sured.

UNME’DITATED, adj. not meditated, not formed by previous thought.
Milton.

UNME’DLED with, adj. not touched, not altered. Carew.

UNMEE’T, adj. unfit, unbecoming, not worthy, not proper.

UNMEE’TNESS, subst. unfitness.

UNME’LLOWED, adj. not fully ripened. Shakespeare.

UNME’LTED, adj. not made fluid, undissolved by heat.

UNME’NTIONED, adj. not named, not told. Clarendon.

UNME’RCHANTABLE, adj. unsaleable, not vendible. Carew.

UNME’RCIFUL, adj. 1. Cruel, severe, inclement. 2. Unconsciona­
ble, exorbitant. Pope.

UNME’RCIFULLY, adv. cruelly, without mercy or tenderness.

UNME’RCIFULNESS, subst. cruelty, want of tenderness. Taylor.

UNME’RITED, adj. not deserved; not obtained otherwise than by fa­
vour. Milton.

UNME’RITABLE, adj. having no merit or desert: Not in use. Shake­
speare.

UNME’RITEDNESS, subst. the state of not deserving. Boyle.

UNMI’LKED, adj. not milked. Pope.

UNMI’NDED, adj. unregarded, unheeded. Shakespeare.

UNMI’NDFUL, adj. inattentive, heedless, careless.

UNMI’NDFULLY, adv. carelesly.

UNMI’NDFULNESS, subst. heedlesness, regardlesness.

To UNMI’NGLE, verb act. to separate things mixed. Bacon.

UNMI’NGLED, adj. unmixed, pure, not vitiated by any thing mixed.
Bacon.

UNMI’NGLEABLE, adj. not susceptive of mixture: A word not used.
Boyle.

UNMI’RY, adj. not fouled with dirt. Gay.

UNMI’TIGATED, adj. not softened. Shakespeare.

UNMI’XED, or UNMI’XT, adj. pure, not mingled with any additions.
Pope.

UNMOA’NED, adj. not lamented. Shakespeare.

UNMOI’ST, adj. not wet. J. Philips.

UNMOI’STENED, adj. not made wet. Boyle.

UNMOLE’STED, adj. not disturbed, free from disturbance or external
troubles. Pope.

To UNMOO’R, verb act. [demarer, Fr.] 1. To weigh anchor, to loose
from land by taking up the anchor. 2. Prior seems to have taken it for
casting anchor.
Soon as the British ships unmoor,
And jolly long-boat rows to shore.

UNMOO’RED, adj. not at anchor, with the anchors weighed.

UNMO’RALIZED, adj. untutored by morality. Norris.

UNMO’RTGAGED, adj. not mortgaged. Addison.

UNMO’RTIFIED, adj. not subdued by sorrow and severities.

UNMO’VEABLE, adj. not to be moved, such as cannot be altered.

UNMO’VEABLENESS, subst. fixedness, stedfastness.

UNMO’VEABLY, adv. stedfastly.

UNMO’VED, adj. 1. Not put out of one place into another. Dryden.
2. Not changed in resolution. Milton. 3. Not moved, not affected with
any passion. Pope. 4. Unaltered by passion. Dryden.

UNMO’VING, adj. 1. Having no motion. Cheyne. 2. Having no
power to raise the passions; unaffecting.

To UNMOU’LD, verb act. to change as to the form. Milton.

UNMOU’RNED, adj. not lamented, not deplored. Southerne.

To UNMU’FFLE, verb act. [of muth, a mouth, and fealdian, Sax. to
hide] to take off a muffler, to put off a covering from the face. Milton.

To UNMU’ZZLE, verb act. to loose from a muzzle. Shakespeare.

UNMU’SICAL, adj. not harmonious, not pleasing by sound.


UNN

To UNNAI’L, verb act. to draw the nails out of any thing.

UNNA’MED, adj. not mentioned. Milton.

UNNA’TURAL, adj. 1. Contrary to nature. 2. Inhuman, void of
natural affection, contrary to the common instincts. 3. Acting without
the affections, implanted by nature, 4. Forced, not agreeable to the
real state of persons or things. Addison.

UNNA’TURALLY, adv. after an unnatural manner, against nature.

UNNA’TURALNESS, subst. repugnancy to nature; an unnatural or in­
human behaviour or disposition. Sidney.

UNNA’VIGABLE, adj. that cannot be sailed upon, not to be passed by
ships.

UNNE’CESSARILY, adv. without necessity, without need, needlesly.

UNNE’CESSARINESS, subst. the state of not being necessary; needlesness.
Decay of Piety.

UNNE’CESSARY, adj. not needful, not wanted; useless.

UNNEE’DFUL, adj. unnecessary.

UNNEI’GHBOURLY, adj. Not suitable to the duties of a neighbour, not
kind. Garth.

UNNEI’GHBOURLY, adv. in a manner not suitable to a neighbour;
with mutual mischief, with malevolence. Shakespeare.

UNNE’RVATE, adj. weak, feeble: A bad word. Broome.








To UNNE’RVE, verb act. to weaken, to enfeeble. Addison.

UNNE’RVED, adj. weak, feeble. Shakespeare.

UNNE’TH, or UNNE’THES, adv. [this is from un, and eath, Sax. easy,
and ought therefore to be written uneath] scarcely, hardly, not without
difficulty: Obsolete. Spenser uses both.

UNNO’BLE, adj. mean, ignominious, Shakespeare. See IGNOBLE.

UNNO’TED, adj. not regarded, not heeded, not celebrated. Pope.

UNNU’MBERED, adj. not numbered, innumerical. Dryden.

UNOBE’YED, adj. not obeyed. Milton.

UNOBJE’CTED, adj. not charged as a fault or contrary argument. At­
terbury.

UNOBNO’XIOUS, adj. not liable or exposed to.

UNOBSE’QUIOUSNESS, subst. incompliance; disobedience. Brown.

UNOBSE’RVABLE, adj. not to be observable, not discoverable. Boyle.

UNOBSE’RVANT, adj. 1. Not obsequious. 2. Not attentive. Glan­
ville.

UNOBSE’RVED, adj. not regarded, not attended to, not minded. Ad­
dison.

UNOBSE’RVING, adj. inattentive, not heedful. Dryden.

UNOBSTRU’CTED, adj. not hindered, not stopped. Blackmore.

UNOBSTRU’CTIVE, adj. not raising any obstacle. Blackmore.

UNOBTAI’NED, adj. not gained, not acquired. Hooker.

UNO’BVIOUS, adj. not readily concurring. Boyle.

UNO’CCUPIED, adj. unemployed, unpossessed. Grew.

UNO’FFERED, adj. not proposed to acceptance. Clarendon.

UNOFFE’NDING, adj. 1. Harmless, innocent. Drydren. 2. Sinless,
pure from fault. Rogers.

To UNOI’L, verb act. to free from oil. Dryden.

UNO’PENING, adj. not opening. Pope.

UNO’PERATIVE, adj. producing no effects. South.

UNOPPO’SED, adj. being without opposition, not encountered by any
hostility or obstruction. Milton.

UNO’RDERLY, adj. disordered, irregular. Sanderson.

UNO’RDINARY, adj. uncommon, unusual. Locke.

UNO’RGANIZED, adj. having no parts instrumental to the nourishment
of the rest. Grew.

UNORI’GINAL, or UNORI’GINATED, adj. having no birth, ungenera­
ted. The former is used by Milton, and the latter by Stephens.

UNO’RTHODOX, adj. not holding pure doctrine. Decay of Piety.

UNO’WED, adj. having no owner. Shakespeare.

UNOWNED, adj. 1. Having no owner. 2. Not acknowledged. Mil­
ton.


UNP

To UNPA’CK, verb act. 1. To open and empty a bale, pack or trunk,
or any thing else bound together. Boyle. 2. To disburthen, to exone­
rate. Shakespeare.

UNPA’CKED, adj. not collected by unlawful artifices. Hudibras.

UNPAI’D, adj. 1. Not paid, not receiving dues or debts. 2. Not
discharged. Milton. 3. Unpaid for; that for which the price is not yet
given; taken on trust.

UNPAI’NED, adj. suffering no pain. Milton.

UNPAI’NFUL, adj. giving no pain.

UNPAI’NTED, adj. not painted.

UNPAI’RED, adj. uncoupled.

UNPA’LATABLE, adj. nauseous, digusting. Dryden.

UNPA’RAGONED, adj. unequalled, unmatched. Shakespeare.

UNPA’RALLEL'D, adj. unequalled, unmatched, not to be matched,
having no equal. Addison.

UNPA’RDONABLE, adj. [impardonnable, Fr.] not to be forgiven.

UNPA’RDONABLENESS, uncapableness to be forgiven.

UNPA’RDONABLY, adv. in a way not to be forgiven, beyond forgive­
ness.

UNPA’RDONED, adj. 1. Not forgiven. 2. Not discharged, not can­
celled by a legal pardon. Raleigh.

UNPA’RDONING, adj. not forgiving. Dryden.

UNPARLIAME’NTARINESS, subst. contrariety to the usage or constitu­
tion of parliament. Clarendon.

UNPARLIAME’NTARY, adj. contrary to the rules of parliament.
Swift.

To UNPA’RREL a Yard [a sea phrase] is to take away the frames,
called parrels, which go round the masts.

UNPA’RTED, adj. not separated, not divided. Prior.

UNPA’RTIAL, adj. equal, honest: Not in use. Sanderson.

UNPA’RTIALLY, adv. equally, indifferently. Hooker.

UNPA’SSABLE, adj. admitting no passage. Locke.

UNPA’SSIONATE, or UNPA’SSIONATED, adj. free from passion, calm,
impartial. Wotton.

UNPA’SSIONATELY, adv. without passion. K. Charles.

UNPA’THED, adj. unmarked by passage, untracked. Shakespeare.

UNPA’TTERNED, adj. that is without its like.

To UNPA’VE, verb act. to take up a pavement.

UNPA’VED, adj. that is without pavement.

UNPA’WNED, adj. not given to pledge. Pope.

To UNPA’Y, verb act. to undo. A low ludicrous word. Shakespeare.

UNPEA’CEABLE, adj. unquiet, troublesome, quarrelsome, inclined to
disturb the tranquility of others. Tillotson.

UNPEA’CEABLENESS, subst. unquietness.

UNPEA’CEABLY, adv. unquietly.

To UNPE’G, verb act. to open any thing closed with a peg. Shake­
speare.

UNPE’NSIONED, adj. not kept in dependance by a pension. Pope.

To UNPEO’PLE, verb act. to depopulate, to render uninhabited, as
war and sickness frequently does.

UNPERCEI’VABLE, adj. not to be perceived or understood.

UNPERCEI’VABLY, adv. in a manner not to be perceived.

UNPERCEI’VED, adj. not observed, not sensibly discovered, not
known.

UNPERCEI’VEDLY, adv. so as not to be perceived. Boyle.

UNPE’RFECT, adj. [imperfait, Fr. imperfectus, Lat.] incomplete.
Peacham.

UNPE’RFECTNESS, subst. incompleteness, imperfection. Ascham.

UNPERFO’RMABLE, adj. that cannot be executed.

UNPERFO’RMED, adj. not done or executed. Taylor.

UNPE’RISHABLE, adj. [perissable, Fr.] incorruptible, exempt from de­
cay, Hammond.

UNPE’RJURED, adj. free from perjury. Dryden.

UNPERPLE’XED, adj. disentangled, not embarrassed. Locke.

UNPERSPI’RABLE, adj. not to be emitted through the pores of the
skin. Arbuthnot.

UNPERSUA’DABLE, adj. not to be persuaded, inexorable. Sidney.

UNPE’TRIFIED, adj. not turned to stone. Brown.

UNPHILOSO’PHICAL, adj. unsuitable to the rules of philosophy or right
reason.

UNPHILOSO’PHICALLY, adv. in a manner contrary to the rules of
right reason. South.

UNPHILOSO’PHICALNESS, subst. incongruity with philosophy. Norris.

To UNPHILO’SOPHIZE, verb act. to degrade from the character of a
philosopher. A word coined by Pope.

UNPIE’RCED, adj. not pierced, not penetrated. Milton.

UNPI’LLARED, adj. divested of pillars. Pope.

UNPI’LLOWED, adj. wanting a pillow. Milton.

To UNPI’N, verb act. to loosen any thing by taking the pins out.

UNPI’NKED, adj. not marked with eyelet holes. Shakespeare.

UNPI’TED, adj. not compassionated, not regarded with sympathetical
sorrow.

UNPI’TIFULLY, adv. unmercifully, without mercy. Shakespeare.

UNPI’TYING, adj. having no compassion. Granville.

UNPLA’CED, adj. having no place of dependence. Pope.

UNPLA’GUED, adj. not tormented. Shakespeare.

To UNPLAI’T, verb act. to unfold.

UNPLA’NTED, adj. not planted; spontaeous. Waller.

UNPLAU’SIBLE, adj. not plausible, not such as has a fair appearance.
Clarendon.

UNPLAU’SIVE, adj. not approving. Shakespeare.

UNPLEA’SANT, adj, not pleasing, troublesome, uneasy.

UNPLEA’SANTLY, adv. displeasingly, uneasily.

UNPLEA’SANTNESS, subst. unpleasingness, want of qualities to give de­
light. Hooker.

UNPLEA’SED, adj. not pleased, not delighted.

UNPLEA’SING, adj. offensive, disgusting, giving no delight.

UNPLI’ANT, adj. not easily bent, not conforming to the will. Wotton.

UNPLO’WED, or UNPLOUGHED, adj. not ploughed.

To UNPLU’ME, verb act. to strip of plumes, to degrade. Glanville.

UNPOE’TIC, or UNPOE’TICAL, adj. not such as becomes a poet. Bp.
Corbet.

UNPO’LISHED, adj. 1. Not smoothed, not brightened by attrition.
2. Rough, rude, unpolite; not civilized, not refined.

UNPO’LISHEDNESS, subst. roughness.

UNPOLI’TE, adj. [impoli, impolitus, Lat.] not elegant, not refined, not
civil.

UNPO’LLED, adj. having the hair uncut.

UNPOLLU’TED, adj. [impollutus, Lat.] undefiled, not corrupted.

UNPO’PULAR, adj. not fitted to please the people. Addison.

UNPO’RTABLE, adj. not to be carried. Raleigh.

UNPOSSE’SSED, adj. not had, not obtained.

UNPOSSE’SSING, adj. having no possession. Shakespeare.

UNPRA’CTICABLE, adj. not feasible. Boyle.

UNPRA’CTISED, adj. unskilful, want of use and experience, raw.

UNPRAI’SED, adj. not celebrated, not praised.

UNPRECA’RIOUS, adj. not dependent on another. Blackmore.

UNPRE’CEDENTED, adj. having no precedent or example.

To UNPREDI’CT, verb act. to retract prediction. Milton.

UNPREFE’RRED, adj. not advanced.

UNPRE’GRANT, adj. not prolific. Shakespeare.

UNPRE’JUDICED, adj. free from prejudice, void of preconceived no­
tions.

UNPREJU’DICATE, UNPREJU’DICATED, or UNPRE’JUDICED, adj.
not prepossessed in opinion, not preoccupied by any settled notions. Tay­
lor uses the first word, and Addison the last.

UNPRELA’TURAL, adj. unsuitable to a prelate. Clarendon.

UNPREME’DITATED, adj. not prepared in the mind beforehand.

UNPREPA’RED, adj. 1. Unready, not fitted by previous measures.
2. Not made fit for the dreadful moment of departure.

UNPREPA’REDNESS, subst. unreadiness, the state of being unprepared.
K. Charles.

UNPREPOSSE’SSED, adj. unprejuiced, not prepossessed with notions.

UNPRE’SSED, adj. 1. Not pressed. 2. Not inforced. Clarendon.

UNPRETE’NDING, adj. not claiming any distinction. Pope.

UNPREVAI’LING, adj. being of no force. Shakespeare.

UNPREVE’NTED, adj. 1. Not prevented, not previously hindered.
Shakespeare. 2. Not preceded by any thing. Milton.

UNPRI’NCELY, adj. unsuitable to a prince.

UNPRI’NTED, adj. not printed.

UNPRI’NCIPLED, adj. not settled in tenets or opinions. Milton.

UNPRI’SABLE, adj. not valued, not of estimation. Shakespeare.

UNPROCLAI’MED, adj. not notified by a public declaration. Milton.

UNPROFA’NED, adj. not violated. Dryden.

UNPRO’FITABLE, adj. yielding no profit, useless, serving no purpose.

UNPRO’FITABLENESS, subst. uselesness, quality of not serving any
purpose. Addison.

UNPRO’FITABLY, adv. to no profit, purpose, or use.

UNPRI’SONED, adj. set free from imprisonment. Donne.

UNPRI’ZED, adj. not valued. Shakespeare.

UNPRO’FITED, adj. having no gain. Shakespeare.

UNPROLI’FIC, adj. barren, not productive. Hale.

UNPRO’MISING, adj. giving no promise of excellence, having no ap­
pearance of value.

UNPRONO’UNCED, adj. not pronounced, spoken or published.

UNPRO’PER, adj. not peculiar. Shakespeare.

UNPRO’PERLY, adv. contrarily to propriety, improperly. Shake­
speare.

UNPROPI’TIOUS, adj. not favourable, inauspicious.

UNPROPO’RTIONABLE, adj. that cannot be brought to a proportion.

UNPROPO’RTIONABLY, adv. in a manner that cannot be made pro­
portional.

UNPROPO’RTIONATE, adj. not proportional.

UNPROPO’RTIONED, adj. not suited to something else.

UNPRO’PPED, adj. not supported, not upheld.

UNPROPO’SED, adj. not proposed. Dryden.

UNPRO’SPEROUS, adj. [improsper, Lat.] unfortunate, not prosperous.

UNPRO’SPEROUSLY, adv. unsuccessfully.








UNPROTE’CTED, adj. not protected, not supported.

UNPRO’VED, adj. not proved, not evinced by argument.

To UNPROVI’DE, verb act. to divest of resolution or qualifications.
Shakespeare.

UNPROVI’DED, adj. 1. Not furnished with. 2. Not secured or quali­
fied by previous measures, unready.

UNPRO’VIDENT, adj. [improvidus, Lat.] not thrifty.

UNPRO’VIDENTLY, adv. not thriftily.

UNPROVO’KED, adj. that is without provocation, not provoked. Addi­
son.

UNPRU’NED, adj. not cut, not lopped. Shakespeare.

UNPU’NISHED, adj. [impunis, Lat. impuni, Fr.] not punished.

UNPU’RCHASED, adj. unbought. Denham.

UNPU’RGED, adj. not purged, not cleansed. Milton.

UNPU’RPOSED, adj. not designed. Shakespeare.

UNPU’BLIC, adj. private, not generally known. Taylor.

UNPU’BLISHED, adj. 1. Secret, unknown. Shakespeare. 2. Not gi­
ven to the public.

UNPU’RIFIED, adj. 1. Not freed from recrement. 2. Not cleansed
from sin. Decay of Piety.

UNPURSU’ED, adj. not pursued.

UNPU’TRIFIED, adj. not corrupted by rottenness.

UNQUA’LIFIED, adj. not fit, not having the qualities required.

To UNQUA’LIFY, verb act. to disqualify, to divest of qualification.
Addison.

UNQUA’RRELABLE, adj. such as cannot be impugned. Brown.

To UNQUEE’N, verb act. to divest of the dignity of queen. Shake­
speare.

UNQUE’NCHABLE, adj. that cannot be quenched. See PURGATORIAL
Fire.

UNQUE’NCHED, adj. 1. Not extinguished. 2. Not extinguishable.
Arbuthnot.

UNQUE’NCHABLENESS, subst. unextinguishableness. Hakewell.

UNQUE’STIONABLE, adj. 1. Undoubted, indubitable. 2. Such as
cannot bear to be questioned without impatience. This seems to be the
meaning. An unquestionable spirit, which you have not. Shakespeare.

UNQUE’STIONABLENESS, subst. certainty, indubitableness.

UNQUE’STIONABLY, adv. indubitably, without doubt, certainly.

UNQUE’STIONED, adj. 1. Not doubted, passed without doubt. 2.
Indisputable, not to be opposed. B. Johnson. 3. Not interrogated, not
examined. Dryden.

UNQUI’CK, adj. motionless. Dan. Civil War.

UNQUI’CKENED, adj. not animated, not ripened to vitalitye

U’NQUES Prist, Fr. [in law] i. e. ever ready; a plea whereby a man
professes himself always ready to perform or do what the demandant re­
quires: as, if a woman sue the tenant for her dower, and he coming in
at a day, offers to prove, that he was always ready, and still is, to per­
form it; in which case the demandant shall recover no damage.

UNQUI’ET [inquiet, Fr. of inquietus, Lat.] 1. Moved with perpetual
agitation; not clam, not still. Milton. 2. Disturbed, full of perturba­
tion, not at peace. Milton. 3. Restless, unsatisfied, disquieted, uneasy.

UNQUI’ETLY, adv. restlesly.

UNQUI’ETNESS, subst. 1. Want of tranquillity. 2. Want of peace.
3. Restlesness, turbulence. 4. Disturbance, perturbation, uneasiness.
Shakespeare.


UNR

UNRA’CKED, adj. not poured from the lees.

UNRA’KED, adj. not thrown together and covered. Used only of
fires.

UNRA’NSACKED, adj. not pillaged. Knolles.

UNRA’NSOMED, adj. not set free by payment for liberty.

To UNRA’VEL [of un, and ravelen, Du.] to disentangle, to undo any
thing that is knit; also to clear up a difficulty.

To UNRAVEL, verb act. [ravelen, Du.] 1. To disentangle, to clear,
to extricate, to undo what has been done. 2. To disorder, to throw out
of the present constitution. Tillotson. 3. To clear up the intrigue of a
play.

UNRA’ZORED, adj. unshaven. Milton.

UNREA’CHED, adj. not attained.

UNREA’D, adj. 1. Not read, not publickly pronounced. 2. Un­
taught, not learned in books. Dryden.

UNREA’DINESS, subst. 1. Want of readiness, or promptness. Hooker.
2. Unpreparedness, want of preparation.

UNREA’DY, adj. 1. Not fit, unprepared. 2. Not prompt, not quick.
Brown. 3. Awkward, ungain. Bacon.

UNRE’AL, adj. unsubstantial. Milton.

UNREA’SONABLE, adj. 1. Contrary to reason, not agreeable to reason.
2. Exorbitant, claiming or insisting on more than is fit. Dryden. 3.
Greater than is fit, immoderate. Atterbury.

UNREA’SONABLY, adv. 1. Without or beyond reason. 2. Exces­
sively, more than enough. Shakespeare.

UNREA’SONABLENESS, subst. 1. Contrariety to reason, inconsistency
with reason. 2. Exorbitance, excessive demand. Addison.

To UNREA’VE, verb act. [now Unravel, from un and reave, or ravel;
perhaps the same with rive, to tear or break asunder. Johnson] to un­
wind, to disentangle. Spenser.

UNREBA’TED, adj. not blunted.

UNREBU’KABLE, adj. not obnoxious to censure, not deserving repre­
hension. Timothy.

UNREBU’KED, adj. not being rebuked.

UNRECA’LLABLE, adj. irrevocable.

UNRECA’LLABLY, adv. irrevocably.

UNRECEI’VED, adj. not received. Hooker.

UNRECLAI’MED, adj. 1. Not turned. Shakespeare. 2. Not called off
from. 3. Not reformed from ill habits, vices, &c.

UNRECLAI’MED [in falconry] wild, as an unreclaimed hawk.

UNRECONCI’LEABLE, adj. 1. Not to be appeased, implacable. 2.
Not to be made consistent with. Shakespeare.

UNRECO’RDED, adj. not kept in remembrance by public monu­
ments.

UNRECO’UNTED, adj. not told, not related.

UNRECRUI’TABLE, adj. incapable of repairing the deficiencies of an
army. Milton.

UNRECU’RING, adj. irremediable. Shakespeare.

UNREDU’CED, adj. not reduced.

UNRE’COMPENSED, adj. unrewarded, not made amends for.

UNRE’CONCILED, that is not reconciled.

UNRECO’VERED [of un, and recouvert, or recouvrÉ, Fr.] not reco­
vered.

UNREDEE’MABLE, adj. that cannot be redeemed.

UNREDEE’MED, adj. not redeemed.

To UNREE’VE a Rope [a sea phrase] to pull a rope out of a block or
pulley.

UNREFO’RMABLE, adj. not to be reformed, not to be put into a new
form.

UNREFO’RMED, adj. 1. That is not reformed, not amended, not cor­
rected. 2. Not brought to newness of life.

UNREFRA’CTED, adj. not refracted.

UNREFRE’SHED, adj. not cheered, not relieved. Arbuthnot.

UNREGA’RDED, adj. not heeded, not regarded, slighted.

UNREGA’RDFUL, adj. heedless, negligent, careless.

UNREGA’RDFULLY, adv. negligently.

UNRE’GISTERED, adj. not recorded. Shakespeare.

UNREGE’NERATE, adj. not brought to a new life.

UNREI’NED, adj. not restrained by the reins or bridle. Milton.

UNRELE’NTED, adj. [of un and rallenti, Fr.] not repented of.

UNRELE’NTING, adj. hard, cruel, feeling no pity.

UNRELIE’VABLE, adj. admitting no succour. Boyle.

UNRELIE’VED, adj. 1. Not assisted, not succoured. 2. Not eased.
Boyle.

UNREMA’RKABLE, adj. 1. Not capable of being observed. Digby. 2.
Not worthy of notice.

UNRE’MEDIABLE, adj. [irremediable, Fr.] not to be remedied. Sidney.

UNREME’MBERING, adj. having no memory. Dryden.

UNREME’MBERED, adj. not retained in the mind, not recollected.
Wotton.

UNREME’MBRANCE, subst. want of remembrance, forgetfulness. Watts.

UNREMI’TTED, adj. not remitted or forgiven; also not returned or
sent back.

UNREMO’VEABLE, adj. not to be taken away. Sidney.

UNREMO’VEABLY, adv. in a manner that admits no removal. Shake­
speare.

UNREMO’VED, adj. 1. Not taken out of its place. 2. Not capable of
being removed. Milton.

UNREPAI’D, adj. not recompensed, not compensated. Dryden.

UNREPAI’RED, adj. not put into repair.

UNREPEA’LED, adj. not revoked, not abrogated.

UNREPE’NTANT, or UNREPE’NTING, adj. not repenting, not peni­
tent, not sorrowful for sin. Milton uses the former, and Dryden the
latter.

UNREPE’NTED, adj. not regarded with penitential sorrow.

UNREPI’NING, adj. not peevishly complaining.

UNREPLE’NISHED, adj. not filled. Boyle.

UNREPRIE’VABLE, adj. not to be respited from penal death. Shake­
speare.

UNREPROA’CHED, adj. not upbraided, not censured.

UNREPRO’VEABLE, adj. unblameable. Colossians.

UNREPRO’VED, adj. 1. Not blamed, not censured. Sandys. 2. Not
liable to censure.

UNREPU’GNANT, adj. not opposite. Hooker.

UNREPU’TABLE, adj. not creditable. Rogers.

UNREQUE’STED, adj. not asked. Knolles.

UNREQUI’TABLE, adj. not to be retaliated or requited. Brown.

UNRESE’NTED, adj. not regarded with anger. Rogers.

UNRESE’RVED, adj. 1. Not limited by any private convenience. Ro­
gers. 2. Open, frank, concealing nothing.

UNRESE’RVEDLY, adv. 1. Without limitations. 2. Without conceal­
ment, openly. Pope.

UNRESE’RVEDNESS, subst. 1. Unlimitedness, frankness, largeness.
Boyle. 2. Openness. Pope.

UNRESI’STED, adj. 1. Not opposed. 2. Resistless, such as cannot be
opposed. Dryden.

UNRESI’STING, adj. not opposing, not making resistance.

UNRESO’LVABLE, adj. not to be solved, insoluble. South.

UNRESO’LVED, adj. [irresolu, Fr.] 1. Not determined, having made
no resolution. 2. Not solved, not cleared.

UNRESO’LVING, adj. not resolving.

UNRESI’STED, adj. not opposed.

UNRESPE’CTIVE, adj. inattentive, taking little notice. Shakespeare.

UNRESPE’CTFUL, adj. disrespectful.

UNRESPE’CTFULLY, adv. in a disrespectful manner,

UNRESPE’CTFULNESS, subst. disrespect.

UNRE’ST, subst. disquiet, want of tranquility. Milton.

UNRESTO’RED, adj. 1. Not restored. 2. Not cleared from an at­
tainder. Collier.

UNRESTRAI’NED, adj. 1. Not limited. Brown. 2. Not confined,
not hindered. 3. Licentious, loose. Shakespeare.

UNRETRA’CTED, adj. not revoked, not recalled. Collier.

UNRETU’RNABLE, adj. that cannot be returned.

UNRETU’RNED, adj. not returned.

UNREVEA’LED, adj. undiscovered, not made known, not told. Pope.

UNREVE’NGED, adj. not revenged. Addison.

UNRE’VEREND, adj. irreverent, disrespectful. Shakespeare.

UNRE’VERENTLY, adv. disrespectfully. B. Johnson.

UNREVE’RSED, adj. not revoked, not repealed. Shakespeare.

UNREVO’RED, adj. not recalled. Milton.

UNREWA’RDED, adj. not recompensed, not rewarded. Pope.

To UNRI’DDLE, verb act. to unfold a mystery, to solve an ænigma,
to explain a poblem. Addison.

UNRIDI’CULOUS, adj. not ridiculous. Brown.

To UNRI’G, verb act. [of rig; a sea phrase] to undress. A cant word.

To UNRIG a Ship, to take down her rigging, to strip off the tackle
or furniture of a ship.

UNRI’GHT, adj. wrong. In Spenser this word should perhaps be un­
tight. What, in most English writers, useth to be loose, and as it were
unright, in this author is well grounded, timely framed, and strongly
trussed up together. Spenser.

UNRI’GHTEOUS, adj. unjust, wicked, sinful, bad.

UNRI’GHTEOUSLY, adv. unjustly, wickedly, sinfully.

UNRI’GHTEOUSNESS, subst. injustice, iniquity, wickedness.

UNRI’GHTFUL, adj. not rightful, not just. Shakespeare.








To UNRI’NG, verb act. to deprive of a ring. Hudibras.

To UNRI’P, verb act. [this word is improper; there being no dif­
ference between rip and unrip, therefore the negative particle is of no
force: yet it is well authorised] to cut or tear open what is sewn.

UNRI’PE, adj. 1. Immature, not fully concocted. Dryden. 2. Too
early. Sidney.

UNRI’PED, adj. not ripened or matured. Addison.

UNRI’PENESS, subst. immaturity, want of ripeness. Bacon.

UNRI’VALED, adj. 1. Having no competitor or rival. Pope. 2. Hav­
ing no peer or equal.

To UNRO’LL, verb act. to open or unwind a roll, to open what is con­
vulved or rolled. Dryden.

UNRO’LLED, adj. opened from a roll.

UNROMA’NTIC, adj. contrary to romance, not conformable to ro­
mance. Swift.

To UNROO’F, verb act. to strip the roof or covering off houses. Shake­
speare,

To UNROO’ST a bird [of un, and hrast, Sax. among fowlers] to
drive a bird from its nest.

UNROO’STED, adj. driven from the roost. Shakespeare.

UNROU’GH, adj. smooth. Shakespeare.

To UNROO’T, verb act. to tear from the roots, to eradicate, to extir­
pate. Dryden.

UNROU’NDED, adj. not cut to a round, not shaped. Donne.

UNRO’YAL, adj. unprincely, not royal. Sidney.

To UNRU’FFLE, verb neut. to cease from commotion or agitation.
Dryden.

UNRU’FFLED, adj. calm, not tumultuous. Addison.

UNRU’LED, adj. not directed by any superior power. Spenser.

UNRU’LILY, adj. [of unruly] in an ungovernable manner.

UNRU’LINESS, subst. ungovernableness, turbulence, licentiousness.
South.

UNRU’LY, adj. not to be ruled, turbulent, licentious. Roscommon.


UNS

To UNSA’DDLE, verb act. to take off a saddle.

UNSA’FE, adj. liable to danger, not secure, hazardous.

UNSA’FELY, adv. dangerously.

UNSA’ID, adj. not spoken, not uttered.

UNSA’LEABLE [of un, and sellan, Sax.] not fit for sale.

UNSA’LTED, adj. not salted, not pickled with salt.

UNSALU’TED, adj. [insalutatus, Lat.] not saluted. Shakespeare.

UNSA’NCTIFIED, adj. unholy, not consecrated.

UNSA’TIABLE, adj. [insatiabilis, Lat.] not to be satisfied, greedy
without bounds. Hooker.

UNSATISFA’CTORINESS, subst. an unsatisfying quality, failure of giv­
ing satisfaction. Boyle.

UNSATISFA’CTORY, adj. that does not give satisfaction, not clearing
the difficulty.

UNSATISFA’CTORILY, adv. in a manner not to give satisfaction.

UNSA’TISFIABLE, adj. insatiable.

UNSA’TISFIED, adj. 1. Dissatisfied, not pleased, not contented. Bacon.
2. Not filled, not gratified to the full, unsatiated. Rogers.

UNSA’TISFYING, adj. unable to gratify to the full. Addison.

UNSA’VORILY, adv. [of unsavory] insipidly.

UNSA’VORINESS. subst. [of unsavory] 1. Insipidness, bad taste. 2.
Bad smell. Brown.

UNSA’VORY, adj. 1. Insipid, tasteless. 2. Having a bad taste. Mil­
ton. 3. Having an ill smell, fœtid. Brown. 4. Unpleasing, disgust­
ing, distastful. Hooker.

To UNSA’Y, verb act. to say to the contrary of what one has said, to
retract, to deny what has been said. Milton.

To UNSCA’LE, verb act. to scrape the scales off.

UNSCA’LED, adj. having no scales. Gay.

UNSCA’RRED, adj. not marked with wounds. Shakespeare.

UNSCOLA’STIC, adj. not bred to literature. Locke.

UNSCHOOLED, adj. uneducated, not learned. Hooker.

UNSCO’RCHED, adj. not touched by fire. Shakespeare.

UNSCOU’RED, adj. not cleaned by rubbing. Shakespeare.

UNSCRA’TCHED, adj. not torn. Shakespeare.

UNSCREE’NED, adj. not covered, not protected. Boyle.

To UNSKRE’W, verb act. to loosen the screw, to take out the screw.

UNSCRI’PTURAL, adj. not founded on the scripture, not defensible by
it. Hooker. See BERÆANS, RITES, TRADITION, and MYSTERIES in
Religion, compared.

To UNSEA’L, verb act. to take off or break up a seal, to open any
thing sealed. Dryden.

UNSEA’LED, adj. 1. Having no seal, wanting a seal. 2. Having the
seal broken.

To UNSEE’M, verb act. to rip, to cut open. Shakespeare.

UNSEA’RCHABLE, adj. not to be explored, inscrutable.

UNSEA’RCHABLENESS, subst. impossibility to be explored. Bramhall.

UNSEA’SONABLE, adj. 1. Not suitable to time or occasion, unfit, ill­
timed, that is at an improper time. 2. Not agreeable to the time of the
year. Shakespeare. 3. Late; as, unseasonable time of night.

UNSEA’SONABLENESS, subst. disagreement with time or place. Hale.

UNSEA’SONABLY, adv. out of season, not agreeably to time.

UNSEA’SONED, adj. 1. Unseasonable, ill timed: out of use. Shake­
speare. 2. Unformed, not qualified by use. Shakespeare. 3. Irregular,
inordinate. Hayward. 4. Not kept till fit for use. 5. Not salted, not
seasoned with salt; as, unseasoned meat.

UNSE’CONDED, adj. 1. Not supported. 2. Not exemplified a second
time. Brown.

To UNSE’CRET, verb act. to disclose, to divulge. Bacon.

UNSECRET, adj. not close, not trusty. Shakespeare.

UNSECU’RE, adj. [unsecker, Du. unsicehr, H. Ger.] not safe, in
danger.

UNSEDU’CED, adj. not drawn to ill. Milton.

UNSEE’ING, adj. wanting the power of sight. Shakespeare.

UNSEE’LING [with falconers] a taking away the thread which runs
through the eyelids of a hawk and hinders her sight.

To UNSEE’M, verb neut. not to seem: out of use. Shakespeare.

UNSEE’MLINESS, subst. unbecomingness, indecency, indecorum.
Hooker.

UNSEE’MLY, adj. unbecoming, indecent, uncomely. Hooker.

UNSEE’MLY, adv. indecently, unbecomingly. J. Philips.

UNSEE’N, adj. 1. Not seen, not discovered. 2. Invisible, undisco­
verable. Hooker. 3. Unskilled, unexperienced. Clarendon.

UNSE’LFISH, adj. not addicted to private interest. Spectator.

UNSE’NT, adj. 1. Not sent. 2. Unsent for; not sent for by letter or
messenger. Dryden.

UNSE’PARABLE, adj. [of inseparabilis, Lat.] not to be divided, not to
be parted.

UNSE’PARABLENESS, subst. quality not to be parted.

UNSE’PARATED, adj. not parted. Pope.

UNSE’RVICEABLE, adj. that is of no use, bringing no advantage or
convenience.

UNSE’RVICEABLY, adv. without use, without advantage. Wood­
ward.

UNSE’RVICEABLENESS [of unserviceable] unprofitableness.

UNSE’T, adj. not planted, not set, not placed. Hooker.

To UNSE’TTLE, verb act. 1. To make incertain. Arbuthnot. 2. To
move from a place. L'Estrange. 3. To overthrow.

UNSE’TTLED, adj. 1. Unfixed in resolution, inconstant, fickle. 2.
Unequable, not regular, changeable. Bentley. 3. Not established.
Dryden. 4. Not fixed in a place or abode, 5. Spoken of liquors not
clear; muddy.

UNSE’TTLEDNESS, subst. 1. Irresolution, undetermined state of mind.
2. An unsettled state, uncertainty, fluctuation. Dryden. 3. Want of
fixity. South.

UNSE’VERED, adj. not parted, not divided. Shakespeare.

To UNSE’W, verb act. to undo what was sewn.

To UNSE’X, verb act. to make otherwise than the sex commonly is.
Shakespeare.

To UNSHA’CKLE, verb act. to take off shackles, to loose from
bonds.

UNSHA’DED, adj. not shaded.

UNSHA’DOWED, adj. not clouded, not darkened. Glanville.

UNSHA’DY, adj. having no shade, open.

UNSHA’KEABLE, adj. not subject to concussion. Out of use. Shake­
speare.

UNSHA’KED, adj. not shaken. Out of use. Shakespeare.

UNSHA’KEN, adj. 1. Not shaken, not to be moved or agitated. 2.
Not subject to concussion. 3. Not weakened in resolution, not moved.
Addison.

UNSHA’MED, adj. not shamed. Dryden.

UNSHAMEFA’CED, adj. impudent.

UNSHA’PEN, adj. deformed, mishapen.

UNSHA’RED, adj. not partaken, not had in common. Milton.

UNSHA’VEN, adj. not shaven.

To UNSHEA’TH, verb act. to draw out of the sheath or scabbard.
Addison.

UNSHE’D, adj. not spilt. Milton.

UNSHE’LTERED, adj. wanting a screen, wanting protection. Decay of
Piety.

UNSHIE’LDED, adj. not guarded by the shield. Dryden.

To UNSHI’P, verb act. to take out of a ship. Swift.

UNSHO’CKED, adj. not disgusted, not offended. Tickell.

UNSHO’D, adj. not having the shoes on. Clarendon.

To UNSHOE’ a Horse, verb act. to take off his shoes.

UNSHOO’K, part. adj. not shaken. Pope.

UNSHO’RN, adj. not having the wool clipped off.

UNSHO’T, part. adj. not hit by shot. Waller.

To UNSHOU’T, verb act. to annihilate or retract a shout. Shake­
speare.

UNSHO’WERED, adj. not watered by showers. Milton.

UNSHRI’NKING, adj. not recoiling, not shunning danger or pain.
Shakespeare.

UNSHU’NABLE, adj. inevitable. Shakespeare.

UNSHU’T, adj. not closed up.

UNSI’FTED, adj. 1. Not parted by a fieve. May. 2. Not tried.
Shakespeare.

UNSI’GHT, adj. not seeing: a low word, used only with unseen. Hu­
dibras.

UNSI’GHTED, adj. invisible, not seen. Suckling.

UNSI’GHTLINESS, subst. [of unsightly] deformity, disagreeableness to
the eye. Wiseman.

UNSI’GHTLY, adj. disagreeableness to the sight. Milton.

UNSINCE’RE, adj. 1. False-hearted, not hearty, not faithful. 2. Not
genuine, impure, adulterated. Boyle. 3. Not sound, not solid. Dryden.

UNSINCE’RELY, adv. false-heartedly.

UNSINCE’RITY, subst. adulteration, sophistication, cheat. Boyle.

To UNSI’NEW, verb act. to deprive of strength. Dryden.

UNSI’NGED, adj. not scorched, not touched with fire. Brown.

UNSI’NKING, adj. not sinking. Addison.

UNSI’NEWED, adj. nerveless, weak. Shakespeare.

UNSI’NNING, adj. impeccable. Rogers.

UNSKA’NNED, adj. not measured, not computed. Shakespeare.

UNSKI’LLED, or UNSKI’LFUL, wanting skill, wantingz knowledge,
being without experience. Milton and Pope.

UNSKI’LFULLY, adv. ignorantly, without art or knowledge.

UNSKI’LFULNESS, subst. ignorance, unexperience, want of art. Sid­
ney.

UNSLA’IN, adj. not killed.

UNSLA’KED, adj. not quenched. Dryden.

UNSLEE’PING, adj. ever wakeful. Milton.

UNSLI’PPING, adj. not liable to slip, fast. Shakespeare.

To UNSLOU’GH a wild Boar, to drive him out of his recess.

UNSMI’RCHED, adj. unpolluted, not stained. Shakespeare.

UNSMO’KED, adj. not smoked.

UNSMOO’TH, adj. rough, not even, not level. Not used. Milton.

UNSNA’RED, adj. not entangled in a snare.

UNSO’CIABLE [insociabilis, Lat.] not kind, not communicative of
good. Addison.

UNSO’CIABLENESS, subst. an insociable humour.

UNSO’CIABLY, adv. in an unfriendly manner, not kindly.

UNSO’DDEN, adj. not boiled.

UNSOI’LED, adj. not polluted, not tainted, not stained. Dryden.

UNSO’LD, adj. not disposed of, not exchanged for money.

To UNSO’LDER, verb act. to take off solder.

UNSO’LDIER-LIKE, adj. unbecoming a soldier. Broome.

To UNSO’LE, verb act. to take off the soles.

UNSO’LID, adj. fluid, not coherent. Locke.

UNSOLLI’CITED, adj. not sollicited.








UNSOO’T, adj. for unsweet. Obsolete. Spenser.

UNSOPHI’STICATED, adj. not adulterated. Boyle.

UNSO’LVED, adj. not explicated. Dryden.

UNSO’RTED, adj. not distributed by proper separation. Watts.

UNSOU’GHT, adj. 1. Had without seeking. Milton. 2. Not searched.
Shakespeare.

UNSOU’ND, adj. 1. Not solid, not consisting of matter. Spenser, 2.
Unhealthful, sickly. Denham. 3. Corrupted, rotten. 4. Not free
from cracks. 5. Not orthodox. Hooker. 6. Not honest, not upright.
Shakespeare. 7. Not true, not certain. Spenser. 8. Not calm, not fast.
Sleeps unsound. Daniel's Civil War. 9. Not close, not compact. Un­
sound cheese. Mortimer. 10. Not sincere, not faithful. Gay. 11. Er­
roneous, wrong. Milton. 12. Not fast under foot.

UNSOU’NDED, adj. not tried by the plummet. Shakespeare.

UNSOU’NDNESS, subst. 1. Unhealthiness. 2. Erroneousness of belief,
want of orthodoxy. Hooker. 3. Corruptness of any kind. Hooker. 4.
Want of solidity or strength. Addison.

UNSOU’RED, adj. 1. Not made sour. Bacon. 2. Not made morose.
Dryden.

UNSO’WN, adj. not propagated by scattering seed.

UNSPA’RED, not spared. Milton.

UNSPA’RING, adj. not sparing, not parsimonious. Milton.

To UNSPE’AK, verb act. to retract, to recant. Shakespeare.

UNSPEA’KABLE, adj. unutterable, not to be expressed. Addison.

UNSPEA’KABLY, adv. unutterably, inexpressibly.

UNSPE’CIFIED, adj. not particularly mentioned. Brown.

UNSPE’CULATIVE, adj. not theoretical. Government of the Tongue.

UNSPE’D, adj. not dispatched, not performed. Garth.

UNSPE’NT, adj. not spent or expended, not weakened, not exhausted.
Dryden.

To UNSPHE’RE, verb act. to remove from its orb. Milton.

UNSPI’ED, adj. not discovered, not seen. Milton.

UNSPI’LT, adj. 1. Not shed, Denham. 2. Not spoiled, not marred.
Tusser.

To UNSPI’RIT, verb act. to dispirit, to depress. Norris.

UNSPOI’LED, adj. 1. Not plundered, not pillaged. Spenser. 2. Not
marred.

UNSPO’KEN of, adj. not taken notice of.

UNSPO’TTED, adj. 1. Having no spots, not marked with any stain.
Dryden. 2. Not tainted with guilt, immaculate. Milton.

UNSQUA’RED, adj. not formed, irregular. Shakespeare.

UNSTA’BLE, adj. [instabilis, Lat.] 1. Unfirm, unfixed, not fast. Dry­
den. 2. Inconstant, irresolute. St. James.

UNSTA’ID, adj. not settled into discretion, not cool, not steady, muta­
ble. Shakespeare.

UNSTAI’DNESS, subst. want of sedateness or gravity; levity, indis­
cretion. Sidney.

UNSTAI’NED, adj. having no stain, not died, not coloured. Dryden.

UNSTA’NCHED, or UNSTAU’NCHED, adj. not stopped.

To UNSTA’TE, verb act. to put out of state. Shakespeare.

UNSTEA’DILY, adv. 1. Without any certainty. 2. Irresolutely, in­
constantly, not consistently. Locke.

UNSTEA’DINESS, or UNSTE’DFASTNESS, subst. unconstancy, want of
fixedness and resolution; mutability. Addison.

UNSTEA’DY, adj. 1. Unfixed, irresolute, inconstant. Denham. 2.
Mutable, variable. Locke.

UNSTE’DFAST, adj. not fixed, not fast. Shakespeare.

UNSTEE’PED, adj. not soaked. Bacon.

To UNSTI’NG, verb act. to disarm of a sting. South.

UNSTI’NTED, adj. not limited. Skelton.

UNSTI’RRED, adj. unmoved, not stirred, not agitated. Boyle.

To UNSTI’TCH, verb act. to pick out stitches, to open by picking the
stitches. Collier.

To UNSTO’CK a Gun, is to take off the stock from the barrel.

UNSTOO’PING, adj. not bending, not yielding. Shakespeare.

To UNSTO’P, verb act. to open a passage, to free from stop or ob­
struction. Addison.

UNSTO’PPED, adj. meeting no resistance. Dryden.

UNSTRAI’NED, adj. easy, not forced. Hakewill.

UNSTRAI’TENED, adj. not contracted. Glanville.

UNSTRE’NGTHENED, adj. not supported, not assisted. Hooker.

To UNSTRI’KE the Hood [with falconers] is to draw the strings of a
hawk's hood, that it may be in readiness to be pulled off.

UNSTRI’CKEN, adj. not smitten.

To UNSTRI’NG, verb act. pret. unstrung, part. pass. unstringed,
Shakespeare, and unstrung, Prior] 1. To relax any thing strung, to deprive
of strings, as, to take strings from a musical instrument. 2. To loose,
to untie in general. Dryden. 3. To draw beads from a string.

UNSTRU’CK, adj. not moved, not affected.

UNSTRU’NG, pret. and part pass. [of unstring] not furnished with
strings; also drawn off a string, as beads.

UNSTU’DIED, adj. not premeditated, not laboured. Dryden.

UNSTU’FFED, or UNSTU’FT, adj. unfilled, unfurnished. Shake­
speare.

UNSUBDU’ED, adj. not brought under, not conquered.

UNSUBSTA’NTIAL, adj. 1. Not solid, not palpable. Shakespeare. 2.
Not real. Addison.

UNSUCCEE’DED, not succeeded. Milton.

UNSUCCE’SSFUL, adj. not succeeding well, not having the wished
event, not fortunate, not well received. Addison.

UNSUCCE’SSFULLY, adv. without success, unfortunately.

UNSUCCE’SSFULNESS, the want of success, event contrary to wish.
Hammond.

UNSUCCE’SSIVE, adj. not produced by flux of parts. Brown and
Hale.

UNSU’CKED, adj. not having the breasts drawn. Milton.

UNSU’FFERABLE, adj. intolerable, insupportable, not to be borne or
endured. Milton.

UNSU’FFERABLY, adv. intolerably.

UNSUFFI’CIENCE, subst. [insuffisance, Fr.] inability to answer the end
proposed. Hooker.

UNSUFFI’CIENT, adj. [insuffisant, Fr.] unable, inadequate. Locke.

UNSU’GERED, adj. not sweetened with sugar. Bacon.

UNSUI’TABLE, adj. not congruous, not proportionate, not equal.
Atterbury.

UNSUI’TABLENESS, subst. unfitness, incongruity. South.

UNSUI’TING, adj. not fitting, not becoming. Dryden.

UNSU’LLIED, adj. not soiled, not fouled, the lustre not impaired.
Sprat. Also of an unspotted reputation.

UNSU’NG, adj. not recited in verse, not celebrated in verse.

UNSU’MMED, adj. [in falconry] a hawk is said to be unsummed, when
her feathers are not at their full length.

UNSU’NNED, adj. not exposed to the sun. Milton.

UNSU’PERABLE, adj. [insuperabilis, Lat.] not to be overcome.

UNSUPE’RFLUOUS, not more than enough. Milton.

UNSUPPLA’NTED, adj. 1. Not forced or thrown from under that
which supports it. J. Philips. 2. Not defeated by stratagem.

UNSUPPLI’ED, adj. not supplied, not accommodated with something
necessary. Dryden.

UNSUPPO’RTABLE, adj. [insupportable, Fr.] intolerable, such as can­
not be endured. Woodward.

UNSUPPO’RTABLY, adv. intolerably. South.

UNSUPPO’RTED, adj. 1. Not sustained, not held up. Milton. 2.
Not assisted. Brown.

UNSU’RE, adj. uncertain, not fixed. Pope.

UNSU’RENESS, subst. incertitude, not fixedness.

UNSURMOU’NTABLE, adj. [of insurmontable, Fr.] insuperable, not to
be overcome.

UNSURPA’SSABLE, adj. that is not to be exceeded or gone beyond.

UNSUSCE’PTIBLE, adj. incapable, not liable to admit. Swift.

UNSUSPE’CT, or UNSUSPE’CTED, adj. not suspected as likely to do
or mean ill: Milton uses both.

UNSUSPE’CTING, adj. not imagining that any ill is designed. Pope.

UNSUSPI’CIOUS, adj. having no suspicion. Milton.

UNSUSTAI’NED, adj. not born up, not held up, not supported.
Milton.

To UNSWA’DDLE, verb act. to unloose swaddling cloths.

To UNSWA’THE, verb act. to undo swathes or childrens rollers, to
free from folds or convolutions.

UNSWA’YABLE, adj. not to be swayed or influenced by another.
Shakespeare.

UNSWA’YED, adj. not wielded, not held in the hand. Shakespeare.

To UNSWEA’R, verb neut. not to swear; to recant any thing sworn.
Spenser.

To UNSWEA’T, verb act. to cool after exercise, to ease after fatigue.
Milton uses it reciprocally.

UNSWEA’TING, adj. not sweating. Dryden.

UNSWEE’T, adj. not sweet, disagreeable. Spenser.

UNSWE’PT, adj. not cleaned by sweeping, not brushed away. Shake­
speare.

UNSWO’RN, adj. not deposed upon oath, not bound by an oath.
Shakespeare.


UNT

To UNTA’CK a Curlew, verb act. [with carvers] is to cut it up.

UNTAI’NTED, adj. 1. Not corrupt by mixture. Smith. 2. Not sul­
lied, not polluted, unspotted. South. 3. Not charged with any crime.
Shakespeare.

UNTA’KEN, adj. 1. Not apprehended, not taken. Pope. 2. Untaken
up; not filled. Boyle.

UNTA’LKED of, adj. not mentioned in the world. Dryden.

UNTA’MEABLE, adj. not to be made gentle, not to be subdued.
Grew.

UNTA’MEABLENESS, the state of not being made gentle.

UNTA’MED, adj. not made gentle, not suppressed, not subdued.
Dryden.

To UNTA’NGLE, verb act. to difintangle, to loose from intricacy or
convolution. Shakespeare.

UNTA’NNED, adj. not tanned.

UNTA’STED, adj. not tasted of, not tried by the palate. Addison.

UNTA’STING, adj. 1. Not perceiving any taste. Smith, 2. not trying
by the palate.

UNTAU’GHT, adj. 1. Uninstructed, ignorant, unlettered. Young. 2.
Debarred from instruction. Locke. 3. Unskilled, new, not having use
or practice. Shakespeare.

To UNTEA’CH, verb act. to make to quit or forget what has been
inculcated. Dryden.

UNTEA’CHABLE, adj. not capable of being taught.

UNTEA’CHABLENESS, subst. uncapableness of being taught.

To UNTEA’M, verb act. to take horses from before a cart or plough.

UNTE’MPERATE, for INTEMPERATE, adj. [intemperatus, Lat.] not
using temperance.

UNTE’MPERED, adj. not tempered. Ezekiel.

UNTE’MPTED, adj. 1. Not embarrassed by temptation. Taylor. 2.
Not invited by any thing alluring. Cotton, on the Peak.

UNTE’NABLE, adj. 1. That cannot be held or kept in possession. 2.
Not capable of defence. Clarendon.

UNTE’NANTED, adj. having no tenant. Temple.

UNTE’NDED, adj. not having any attendance. Thomson.

UNTE’NDER, adj. wanting softness, wanting affection. Shakespeare.

UNTE’NDERED, adj. not offered. Shakespeare.

UNTE’RRIFIED, adj. not dismayed, not struck with fear. Milton.

UNTHA’NKED, adj. 1. Not repaid with acknowledgment of a kind­
ness. Milton. 2. Not received with thankfulness. Dryden.

UNTHA’NKFUL, adj. ungrateful, returning no acknowledgment for
good received.

UNTHA’NKFULLY, adv. [unthancfullic, Sax.] after an unthankful
manner, without gratitude.

UNTHA’NKFULNESS, subst. ingratitude, want of sense of benefits,
neglect or omission of acknowledgments for good received. South.

UNTHA’WED, adj. not dissolved after froft. Pope.

To UNTHI’NK, verb act. to recal, or dismiss a thought. Shake­
speare.

UNTHI’NKING, adj. thoughtless, not given to reflection, being with­
out thought.

UNTHI’NKINGNESS, subst. thoughtlesness.

UNTHO’RNY, adj. not obstructed by prickles. Brown.

UNTHOU’GHT of, adj. not thought of, not regarded, not heeded.
Shakespeare.

To UNTHREA’D, verb act. to take the thread out of a needle; also to
loose. Can unthread thy joints. Milton.

UNTHRE’ATENED, adj. not menaced. K. Charles.

UNTHRI’FT, subst. an extravagant, a prodigal. Dryden.

UNTHRIFT, adj. profuse, extravagant, wasteful. Shakespeare.








UNTHRI’FTILY, adv. wastefully, without frugality. Collier.

UNTHRI’FTINESS, subst. wastefulness, prodigality, bad œconomy.
Haywara.

UNTHRI’FTY, adj. 1. Lavishly, expensive, wasteful, prodigal. Sidney.
2. Not easily made to thrive or fatten. A low word. A hide-bound
or unthrifty horse. Mortimer.

UNTHRI’VING, adj. that does not thrive, not prospering, not grow­
ing rich. Government of the Tongue.

To UNTHRO’NE, verb act. to deprive of the throne, to pull down from
a throne. Milton.

To UNTI’E, verb act. 1. To unbind, to free from bonds. Shake­
speare. 2. To set free from any obstruction. Untied tongue. Taylor. 3.
To resolve, to clear. Denham. 4. To loosen from knot or convolution,
to loosen what was tied.

UNTI’ED, adj. 1. Not bound, not gathered in a knot. Prior. 2.
Not fastened by any binding or knot. Your shoe untied. Shakespeare.

UNTI’L, adv. [indril, Dan.] 1. Till, to the time that. Denham. 2.
To the place that. Dryden.

UNTIL, prep. to: used of time. The other use, as to place, is ob­
solete. Spenser.

To UNTI’LE, verb act. [to take the tiles from] a House, to uncover a
house by taking the tiles off.

UNTI’LLED, adj. uncultivated. Pope.

UNTI’MBERED, adj. not furnished with timber, weak. Shakespeare.

UNTI’MED, adj. done out of time.

UNTI’MELINESS, subst. the state of being out of proper time.

UNTI’MELY, adj. 1. Unseasonably, hastily before the time. Shake­
speare. 2. Happening before the natural time. Pope.

UNTI’MELY, adv. before the natual time.

UNTI’NGED, adj. 1. Not stained, not discoloured. Boyle. 2. Not
infected. Swift.

UNTI’REABLE, adj. that cannot be wearied or tired, indefatigable.
Shakespeare.

UNTI’RED, adj. unwearied, not made weary.

UNTI’TLED, adj. having no title. Shakespeare.

UNTO’, prep. [unto, Sax. It was the old word for to: now obsolete]
to. Temple.

UNTO’LD, adj. 1. Not said or numbered, unrelated. 2. Not re­
vealed.

UNTO’LERABLE, adj. [intolerabilis, Lat.] not to be born or suf­
fered.

UNTOO’THSOME, adj. distasteful.

UNTOU’CHED, adj. 1. Not touched, not medled with. 2. Not
moved, not affected. Sidney.

UNTO’WARD, adj. 1. Obstinate, not easily guided or taught. 2. Un­
graceful. Creech.

UNTO’WARDLINESS, subst. stubbornness.

UNTO’WARDLY, adj. awkward, perverse, froward, Locke.

UNTOWARDLY, adv. ungainly, stubbornly, awkwardly. Tillotson.

UNTRA’CEABLE, adj. not to be traced. South.

UNTRA’CED, adj. not traced, not marked by any footsteps. Dryden.

UNTRA’CTABLE, adj. [intraitable, Fr. intractabilis, Lat.] 1. Not yield­
ing to common measures nor management; stubborn, not manageable.
2. Rough, difficult. Milton.

UNTRA’CTABLENESS, subst. want of inclination to be managed, stub­
bornness. Locke.

UNTRA’DING, adj. not ingaged in commerce. Locke.

UNTRAI’NED, adj. 1. Not educated, not disciplined. Milton. 2. Ir­
regular, ungovernable. Herbert.

UNTRANSFE’RRABLE, adj. incapable of being given from one to ano­
ther. Howel.

UNTRANSPA’RENT, adj. opaque, not diaphanous. Boyle.

UNTRA’VELLED, adj. 1. Never trodden by passengers. Brown. 2.
Having never seen foreign countries. Addison.

To UNTREA’D, verb act. to tread back, to go back in the same steps.
Shakespeare.

UNTREA’SURED, adj. not laid up, not reposited. Shakespeare.

UNTREA’TABLE, adj. not treatable, not practicable. Decay of Piety.

UNTRI’ED, adj. 1. Not assayed, not yet attempted. Milton. 2. Not
yet experienced. Milton. 3. Not having passed trial. Milton.

UNTRI’MMED, adj. not adorned; also unshaven.

UNTRIU’MPHABLE, adj. which allows no triumph. Hudibras.

UNTRO’D, or UNTRO’DDEN, adj. not trodden upon, not marked by
the foot. Milton and Addison.

UNTRO’LLED, adj. not bowled, not rolled along. Dryden.

UNTROU’BLED, adj. 1. Not concerned, not disturbed by care, sorrow,
or guilt. 2. Not agitated, not confused. Milton. 3. Not interrupted
in the natural course. Spenser. 4. Transparent, clear. Bacon.

UNTRU’E, adj. 1. False, contrary to reality. Bacon. 2. False, not
faithful, treacherous. Dryden.

UNTRU’LY, adv. falsely, not according to truth. Hooker.

To UNTRU’SS, verb act. [trousser, Fr.] to untie a truss or bundle, to
ungird.

To UNTRUSS a Point, is to untie or unbutton the breeches in order to
ease the body. A low phrase.

UNTRU’STINESS, subst. unfaithfulness. Hayward.

UNTRU’TH, subst. 1. Falshood, contrariety to reality. 2. Moral
falshood, not veracity. Sandys. 3. Treachery, want of fidelity. Shake­
speare. 4. False assertion, falsity. Atterbury.

To UNTU’CK, verb act. to undo or loosen that which was tucked
up.

UNTU’NABLE, adj. not melodious, not musical, unharmonious. Tat­
ler.

To UNTU’NE, verb act. 1. To make incapable of harmony. Dryden.
2. To disorder in general. Shakespeare.

UNTU’RNED, adj. not turned; as, to leave no stone unturned, to use all
possible means.

UNTU’TORED, adj. uninstructed, untaught. Prior.

To UNTWI’NE, verb act. 1. To unravel that which was twisted or
twined, to open that which is held together by convolution. Waller. 2.
To open what is wrapped on itself. Bacon. 3. To separate that which
elasps round any thing. All the syren songs of Italy could never untwine
from the mast. Ascham.

To UNTWI’ST, verb act. to undo what is twisted, to untwine. Dryden.

To UNTY’. See To UNTIE.

To UNVAI’L, verb act. [this word is unvail or unveil, according to
its etymology. See VAIL and VEIL] to strip of a vail, to uncover.
Pope.

UNVA’LUABLE, adj. inestimable, being above price. Atterbury.

UNVA’LUED, adj. 1. Not prized; neglected. Shakespeare. 2. Inesti­
mable, above price. Shakespeare.

UNVA’NQUISHED, adj. unconquered. Milton.

UNVA’RIABLE, adj. [invariable, Fr. of invariabilis, Lat.] unchange­
able, not mutable. Norris.

UNVA’RIABLENESS, subst. unchangeableness.

UNVA’RIABLY, adv. unchangeably.

UNVA’RIED, adj. not changed, not diversified. Pope.

UNVA’RNISHED, adj. 1. Not overlaid with varnish. 2. Not adorned,
not decorated. Shakespeare.

UNVA’RYING, adj. not liable to change. Locke.

To UNVEI’L, verb act. [See VEIL and VAIL] 1. To divest of a
veil, to uncover. Pope. 2. To disclose, to show in general. Shake­
speare.

UNVEI’LEDLY, adv. plainly, without disguise. Boyle.

UNVE’NTILATED, adj. not fanned by the wind. Blackmore.

UNVE’RSED, or UNVE’RST, adj. not conversant with, not skilled in.
Blackmore.

UNVE’XED, adj. untroubled, undisturbed. Dryden.

UNVI’NCIBLE [invincibilis, Lat.] unconquerable, not to be over­
come.

UNVI’OLABLE [inviolabilis, Lat.] not to be violated or broken.

UNVI’OLATED, adj. not injured, not broken. Clarendon.

UNVI’RTUOUS, adj. wanting virtue. Shakespeare.

UNVI’SITED, adj. not visited, not resorted to. Milton.

UNU’NIFORM, adj. not uniform. Decay of Piety.

UNVO’YAGEABLE, adj. that cannot be sailed in, not to be passed over.
Milton.

UNU’RGED, adj. not incited, not pressed. Shakespeare.

UNU’SED, adj. 1. Unemployed, not put to use. Sidney. 2. Not ac­
customed. Sidney.

UNU’SEFUL, adj. of no use, serving no purpose. Dryden.

UNU’SUAL, adj. uncommon, not frequent; rare.

UNU’SUALLY, adv. rarely, uncommonly.

UNU’SUALNESS, subst. [of unusual] rareness, uncommonness. Broome.

UNU’TTERABLE, adj. unspeakable, ineffable. Milton.

UNVU’LNERABLE, adj. not vulnerable, exempt from wound. Shake­
speare.

UNAWA’KENED, adj. not awakened, not rouzed from sleep. Milton.


UNW

UNWA’LLED, adj. that is without walls. Knolles.

UNWA’RES, adv. unexpectedly, before any caution or expectation.
Spenser.

UNWA’RINESS [of unwary] uncautiousness, imprudence, carelesness.
Spectator.

UNWA’RILY, adv. without caution, carelesly. Addison.

UNWA’RLIKE, adj. not like a warrior, not fit for war, not used to
war. Dryden.

UNWA’RMED, adj. not made warm.

UNWA’RNED, adj. not having had warning, not cautioned. Locke.

UNWA’RRANTABLE, adj. unjustifiable, not defensible, not allowed.
South.

UNWA’RRANTABLY, adv. unjustifiably. Wake.

UNWA’RRANTED, adj. not secured by authority, not ascertained; un­
certain. Bacon.

UNWA’RY, adj. [ungiware, Teut.] 1. Inconsiderate, wanting cau­
tion, imprudent, hasty. Milton. 2. Unexpected: Obsolete. Spenser.

UNWA’SHED, or UNWA’SHEN, adj. not washed.

UNWA’STED, adj. not consumed, spent, or laid waste, not dimi­
nished.

UNWA’STING, adj. not growing less, not decaying. Pope.

UNWA’TCHED, adj. not guarded by a watch.

UNWA’TERED, adj. not moistened with water.

UNWA’VERING, adj. firm, staunch, sted fast.

UNWA’YED, adj. not used to the road, not used to travel. Suckling

UNWEA’KENED, adj. not weakened. Boyle.

UNWEA’NED, adj. not taken from the breast.

UNWEA’PONED, adj. not furnished with offensive arms. Raleigh.

UNWEA’RABLE, adj. that cannot be worn.

UNWEA’RIABLE, adj. that cannot be wearied or tired. Hooker.

UNWEA’RIED, adj. 1. Untired, not fatigued. Milton. 2. Indefati­
gable, continual, not sinking under fatigue. Rogers.

UNWEA’RIEDNESS, subst. the state of not being tired.

To UNWEA’RY, verb act. to refresh after weariness. Temple.

UNWEA’THER, subst. [unweder, Sax.] a tempest or storm: Not an
usual word.

To UNWEA’VE, verb act. [of un, and weafan, Sax.] to undo what was
woven.

UNWE’D, or UNWE’DDED, adj. unmarried. Shakespeare uses the for­
mer.

UNWE’DGEABLE, adj. not to be cloven. Shakespeare.

UNWEE’DED, adj. not cleared from weeds. Shakespeare.

UNWEE’PING, or UNWEE’PT, adj. not lamented. Now Unwept.
Milton.

UNWEE’TING, adj. unwitting, not knowing, ignorant. Milton.

UNWEI’GHED, adj. 1. Not examined by the balance. Kings. 2. Not
considered; negligent. Pope.

UNWEI’GHING, adj. inconsiderate, thoughtless. Shakespeare.

UNWE’LCOME, adj. not welcome, unacceptable, not pleasing.

UNWE’LCOMENESS, subst. disagreeableness to.

UNWE’PT, adj. not lamented, not bemoaned. Dryden.

UNWE’T, adj. not moist. Dryden.

UNWHI’PT, adj. not corrected with the rod, not punished. Pope.

UNWHO’LESOME, adj. 1. Unhealthy, mischievous to health. Addison.
2. Corrupt, tainted. Shakespeare.

UNWHO’LESOMENESS, subst. unhealthiness, insalubrity.

UNWEI’LDILY, adv. heavily, with difficult motion. Dryden.

UNWEI’LDINESS, subst. unmanageableness by reason of great bulk;
heaviness. Granville.

UNWEI’LDY, adj. unmanageable, unhandy, not easily moving or mo­
ved. Addison.

UNWI’LLING, adj. not inclined, loath, not contented, not comply­
ing by inclination.








UNWI’LLINGLY, adv. not with good will, not without loathness.
Denham.

UNWI’LLINGNESS, subst. an unwilling temper, loathness, disinclination.
Swift.

To UNWI’ND, verb act. 1. To separate any thing convolved, to un­
do what was wound. 2. To disentangle, to loose from entanglement.
Hooker uses it reciprocally.

To UNWIND, verb neut. to admit evolution. Mortimer.

UNWI’PED, adj. not wiped, not cleaned. Shakespeare.

UNWI’SE, adj. void of wisdom, foolish, weak.

UNWI’SELY, adv. foolishly, weakly, not prudently. Hooker.

To UNWI’SH, to wish that which is, not to be. Shakespeare and
Brown.

UNWI’SHED, adj. sometimes with for; without being wished, not
sought, not desired. Pope.

UNWI’ST, adj. unthought of; not known. Spenser.

To UNWI’T, verb act. to deprive of understanding: Not used. Shake­
speare.

UNWITHDRA’WING, adj. continually liberal. Milton.

UNWI’THERABLE, adj. that cannot wither.

UNWITHSTOO’D, adj. not opposed. J. Philips.

UNWI’TNESSED, adj. wanting evidence, wanting notice. Hooker.

UNWI’TTY [of un, and wittig, Sax.] silly, foolish.

UNWI’TTING, adj. properly UNWEE’TING, not knowing.

UNWI’TTINGLY, adv. properly UNWEE’TINGLY [from unweeting]
not knowingly, without consciousness. Bentley.

UNWO’NTED, adj. 1. Uncommon, unusual, rare, unfrequent. Dryden.
2. Unused, unaccustomed. Milton. See To WON.

UNWO’NTEDNESS, subst. unaccustomedness.

UNWO’RKING, adj. living without labour. Locke.

UNWO’RKMANLIKE, adj. bungling, not artificial.

UNWO’RN, adj. not worn.

UNWO’RSHIPPED, adj. not adored. Milton.

UNWO’RTHILY, adv. in an undeserving manner, not according to de­
sert, either above or below merit

UNWO’RTHINESS, subst. undeservingness, want of merit, want of
worth.

UNWO’RTHY, adj. 1. Undeserving. Hooker. 2. Wanting merit.
Shakespeare. 3. Mean, base. Sidney. 4. Not adequate, not suitable.
Pope. 5. Unbecoming, vile. Dryden.

UNWO’VEN, adj. not weaved; also unravelled.

UNWOU’ND, pret. and part. pass. of Unwind; not wound up. Mor­
timer.

UNWOU’NDABLE, adj. [of un, wund, Sax. and able] uncapable of be­
ing wounded.

UNWOU’NDED, adj. 1. Having received no wound. Milton. 2. Not
hurt. With unwounded ear. Pope.

To UNWREA’TH, verb act. to untwine, to untwist. Boyle has it with
the reciprocal pronoun.

UNWREA’THED, adj. having the wreath untwisted; also without a
wreath.

To UNWRA’P, to take out of the fold.

UNWRI’TING, adj. not assuming the character of an author. Arbuth­
not.

To UNWRI’NKLE, verb act. to smooth out wrinkles.

UNWRI’THEN, adj. unwreathed, untwisted, straitened.

UNWRI’TTEN, adj. not written, not conveyed by writing, oral, tra­
ditional. Locke.

UNWROU’GHT, adj. unworked, not worked, not manufactured.
Dryen.

UNWRU’NG, adj. not pinched. Shakespeare.

UNYIE’LDED, adj. not given up. Dryden.

UNYIE’LDING, adj. inflexible.

To UNYO’KE, verb act. 1. To set free from the yoke. 2. To part,
to disjoin. Shakespearo.

UNYO’KING, adj. 1. Having never worn a yoke. Dryden. 2. Licen­
tious, unrestrained. Shakespeare.

UNZO’NED, adj. not bound with a girdle. Prior.


VOC

VOCA’BULARY, subst. [vocabulaire, Fr. vocabolario, It. vocabulario,
Sp. of vocabularium, Lat.] a word-book, a little dictionary containing a
collection of words, a lexicon.

VO’CAL, adj. Fr. and Sp. [vocale, It. vocalis, Lat.] 1. Pertaining to
the voice, having a voice. Milton. 2. Uttered or modulated by the
voice. Milton.

VOCAL Music, that music which is performed by the voice only;
singing.

VOCAL Nerves [in anatomy] the recurrent nerves, those which sup­
ple the muscles of the larynx.

VOCA’LE, It. vocal music.

VOCA’LITY [vocalitas, Lat.] a vocal quality, the power of utterance,
quality of being utterable by the voice. Holder.

To VO’CALIZE, verb act. [of vocal] to form into voice. Holder.

VO’CALLY, adv. [of vocal; vocaliter, Lat.] with the voice, in
words.

VO’CALNESS [vocalitas, Lat.] a vocal quality.

VOCA’TIO in Jus [in the civil law] is the same as a summons in the
common law.

VOCA’TION, subst. Fr. of Lat. [vocazione, It. vocacion, Sp.] 1. A
calling by the will of God. Hooker. 2. Summons. Not having the
vocation of poverty to scribble. Dryden. 3. A trade, an employ, a
course of life to which one is appointed.

VOCATION [in theology] the grace or favour which God does any
one in calling him out of the way of sin and death, and putting him into
the way of salvation. In the scripture-use of the word, it signifies that
divine call, or invitation, which by the promulgation of Christianity was
given both to Jews and Gentiles, to come in and partake of the blessings
of the Messiah's kingdom; as is done on our part, by repentance toward
God, and by faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. This seems to be the sub­
stance of the following texts; Ephes. c. i. v. 18. c. iv. v. 1—4. Philip.
c. iii. v. 14. Heb. c. iii. v. 1. 1. Thess. c. ii. v. 12. and Math. c. 20.
v. 16. But as to some later [or modern] ideas, which have been af­
fixed to (or connected with) this word; such as irresistible grace, par­
ticular redemption, and absolute election of individuals to eternal life.
&c. See FÆDERAL Head, INFRA-LAPSARIANS, SIN, PELAGIANS, and
THEODORUS of Mopsuestia, compared.

VO’CATIVE, subst. as the vocative case [in grammar] the fifth case or
state of nouns, used in calling or speaking to.

VO’CE, It. signifies, in general, a sound or noise; but in music more
particularly a human voice.

VOCIFERA’TIO, Lat. [in old law] a hue and cry, an outcry raised
against a malefactor.

VOCIFERA’TION, subst. [vociferazione, It. vociferacion, Sp. of vocife­
ratio, Lat.] a bawling or crying out aloud, clamour. Arbuthnot.

VOCI’FEROUS, adj. [vocifero, Lat.] clamorous, noisy. Pope.

VOGUE, subst. Fr. [from voguer, to float or fly at large; voga, It.]
fashion, mode, popular applause. Addison.

VOI’CE, subst. [vox, Lat. voix, Fr. voce, It. voz, Sp.] 1. Sound
proceeding out of the mouth. 2. Sound of the mouth as distinguished
from that uttered by another mouth, as that of a beast; a cry. Bacon.
3. Any sound made by breath. Trumpet's voice. Addison. 4. Vote,
opinion expressed, suffrage. 5. The right of voting upon any occa­
sion.

VOICE of God [in a seriptural sense] the divine command. As “to­
day if ye will hear his voice.” 2. The voice of the LORD signifies thun­
der, as, “the voice of the Lord breaketh the cedars of Lebanon.” 3.
An articulate sound, as that heard by Christ and three of his disciples in
the mount, “This is my beloved Son.” a voice which St. Peter, Ep. 2.
c. i. v. 17. tells us, came ΑΠΟ ΤΗΣ *We have much the same phraseology in Homer, when describing
the lordly bull [or master of the herd] at the head of his inferior
train.
ΗΝΤΕ βΟυΣ ΑΓΕΛΗφΙ ΜΕΓ' ΕξΟχΟΣΕΠΛΕΤΟ ΠΑΝΤΩΝ
ΤΑυρΟΣ; Ο ΓΑρ ΤΕ βΟΕΣΣΙ ΜΕΤΑΠρΕΠΕΙ ΑΓρΟΜΕΝΗΣΙ.
Iliad, Lib. II. l. 480, 481. ΜΕΓΑΛΟΠρΕΠΟυΣ ΔΟξΗΣ, i. e. from the
GREATLY EXCELLING glory; referring, I suppose, to that peerless ma­
jesty and preheminence which belongs to the one God and Father of all;
that sublimity (as St. Cyprian well expressed it) which has no compeer.
See GOD, DEITY, DIVINITY, SUPREMACY, COIMMENSE, and REGE­
NERATION compared.

Articulate VOI’CES, are such, several of which conspire together to
form some assemblage or little system of sounds, as in expressing the let­
ters of the alphabet, several of which joined together, form words.

Inarticulate VOICES, are such as are not organized or assembled into
words, as the barking of dogs, the braying of asses, the lowing of oxen,
the singing of birds, the hissing of serpents, &c.

To VOICE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To rumour, to report: Out
of use. Bacon. 2. To vote. Shakespeare.

To VOICE, verb neut. to clamour, to make outcries: Obsolete.
South.

VOI’CED, adj. [from the subst.] furnished with a voice. Denham.

VOID, adj. [vuide, Fr. voto, It. prob. of oede or oete, Teut.] 1.
Empty, vacant. 2. Vain, ineffectual, null, of no force or effect, vaca­
ted. 3. Unsupplied, unoccupied. Camden. 4. Wanting, unfurnished,
empty; with of. 5. Unsubstantial, unreal. Pope.

VOID, subst. [vuide, Fr. voto, It. vacuum, Lat.] an empty space, va­
cuum, vacancy. Pope.

To VOID, verb act. [vuider, Fr. votare, It. vaziar, Sp] 1. To quit,
to leave empty. 2. To emit, to pour out. Wilkins. 3. To emit as ex­
crement. 4. To vacate, to nullify, to annul. Clarendon. 5. To eva­
cuate by stool, vomit, &c.

VOID of Course [in astrology] a planet is said to be so, when it is se­
parated from one planet, and during its stay in that sign does not apply
to any other, either by body or aspect.

VOI’DABLE, adj. [of void] that may be voided, that may be annul­
led. Ayliffe.

VOI’DANCE [in the canon law] the want of an incumbent upon a be­
nefice; and it is two-fold, either de jure, as when one holds several be­
nefices, which are incompatible, or de facto, when the incumbent is
dead or actually deprived.

VOI’DED [in heraldry] is when an ordinary has nothing to shew its
form, but an edge, all the inward part being supposed to be evacuated or
cut out, so that the field appears through it, as a cross voided.

VOI’DER, subst. 1. A table-basket for plates, knives, and broken
meat carried from the table. Cleveland. 2. A painted or japanned ves­
sel to hold services of sweetmeats.

VOI’DER [in heraldry] one of the ordinaries, whose figure is much
like that of the flask or flanch, only that it doth not bend so much.

VOI’DING, part. adj. [vuidant, Fr.] discharging or throwing out by
stool, urine, or vomit.

VOI’DNESS, subst. [of void] 1. Emptiness, vacuity. 2. Nullity, inef­
ficacy. 3. Want of substantiality. Hakewill.

VOI’RE Dire, Fr. [a law phrase] is when, upon a trial at law, it is
pray'd that a witness may be sworn upon a voire dire; the meaning is,
that he shall upon his oath speak or declare the truth, whether he shall
get or lose by the matter in controversy.

VOI’SINAGE, Fr. neighbourhood, nearness.

VOI’TURE, subst. Fr. carriage, transportation by carriage. Not in
use. Arbuthnot.


VOL

VOL [in heraldry] signifies both the wings of a fowl.

Un Demi VOL [in heraldry] signifies one wing.

VO’LANT, adj. Fr. [volante, It. volando, Sp. volans, Lat.] 1. Fly­
ing, passing through the air. Wilkins. 2. Nimble, active. Milton.

Camp VOLANT, Fr. a flying camp.

VOLANT [in heraldry] is when a bird is drawn in a coat of arms fly­
ing, or having its wings spread out.

VO’LARY, subst. a large bird-cage, so capacious that the birds have
room to fly about in it.

VOLA’TICA, a witch or hag that is said to fly in the air.

VOLATICA [in surgery] a tetter or ring-worm, a sort of swelling at­
tended with a roughness of the skin and much itching.

VOLA’TIC [volaticus, Lat.] flying, fleeting, unconstant.

VO’LATILE, adj. Fr. and It. [of volatilis, Lat.] 1. That flies or can
fly through the air. Bacon. 2. [With chemists] apt to fly or steam out
in vapours, having the power to pass off by spontaneous evaporation.
Newton. 3. Lively, sickle, changeable of mind, full of spirit. Swift.

VOLATILE, subst. Fr. It. and Lat. living creatures that fly in the air
as birds do, a winged animal. Brown.

VOLATILE Spirit, a salt dissolved in a sufficient quantity of phlegm or
water.








VOLATILE Spirit [of sal armoniac] is a composition of quick-lime or
salt of tartar with sal armoniac.

VO’LATILENESS, or VOLATI’LITY, subst. [volatilitÉ, Fr. volatilità,
It.] 1. A property of bodies, whose particles are apt to evaporate with
heat; not fixity. Bacon uses the latter word, and Hale the former,
which perhaps is not so usual. 2. Mutability of mind.

To VOLA’TILIZE, verb act. [volatilizer, Fr. of Lat.] to make vola­
tile, to subtilize to the highest degree. Newton.

VOLATILIZA’TION, subst. [of volatilize; in chemistry] the act of
rendering fixed bodies volatile, or of resolving them by fire into a fine,
subtile vapour or spirit, which easily dissipates and flies away. Boyle.

VO’LENS Nolens, Lat. whether one will or no.

VOLE, subst. Fr. a deal at cards that draws the whole tricks. Swift.

VOLCA’NO, subst. It. [from Vulcan] a burning mountain. Bentley.

VO’LERY, subst. [volerie, Fr.] a flight of birds. Locke. See VOLARY.

VOLGI’VAGANT [volgivagus, Lat.] passing among the common peo­
ple.

To VO’LITATE [voleter, Fr. volito, Lat.] to flutter.

VOLITA’TION, subst. the act or power of flying or fluttering about.
Brown.

VOLI’TION, subst. [of volitio, Lat. in philosophy] the act of willing,
the power of choice exerted; an act of the mind, when it knowingly
exercises that dominion it takes to itself over any part of the man, by
employing such a faculty in or withholding it from any particular
action. Locke. See LIBERTY, NECESSITY, and MONOTHELITES.

VO’LITIVE, adj. having the power to will. Hale.

VO’LLEY, subst. [volée, Fr. a great shout; prob. of voluntarius, Lat.
willing, free] 1. A flight of shot, a discharge of musquets by a party at
once, 2. A burst, an emission at once. Pope.

To VO’LLEY, verb neut. to throw out. Shakespeare.

VO’LLIED, adj. [of volley] disploded, discharged with a volley. Mil­
ton.

VOLSE’LLA, or VULSE’LLA, Lat. a pair of nippers or tweezers, to
pluck up hair by the roots.

VOLTE [in horsemanship] signifies a round or circular tread.

Renvers'd VOLT [with horsemen] is a tract of two treads, which a
horse makes with his head to the centre, and his croup out; so that he
goes sideways upon a walk, trot, or gallop, and traces out a small cir­
cumference with his shoulders, and a larger one with his croup.

Demi VOLT, is a demi-round of one tread or two, made by a horse at
one of the angles of the volt, or else at the end of the line of the passade;
so that being near the end of this line, or else one of the corners of the
volt, he changes hands to return by a semi-circle, to regain the same
line.

VOLU’BILIS, Lat. [in botany] the herb with-wind, bind-weed, or
rope-weed.

VOLUBI’LITY, or VO’LUBLENESS, subst. [of voluble. The latter word
is hardly used] 1. The power or act of rolling. Volubility, or aptness to
roll, is the property of a bowl, and is derived from it roundness.
Watts. 2. [VolubilitÉ, It. and Sp. of volubilitas, Lat.] a quick and easy
utterance or delivery in spceeh or pronunciation; glibness of tongue, acti
vity of tongue, fluency of speech. Addison. 3. Mutability, liableness to
revolution. L'Estrange.

VO’LUBLE, adj. [volubilÉ, Fr. volubile, It. volubilis, Lat.] 1. Speak­
ing with great fluency, nimble in speech, having a rolling or round pro­
nunciation: Applied to speech or the speaker. Shakespeare. 2. Formed
so as to roll easily; made so as to be easily put in motion. Hammond.
3. Rolling, having quick motion. Milton. 4. Nimble, active: Applied
to the tongue. Addison.

VO’LUBLY, adv. [volubiliter, Lat.] after a rolling easy manner.

VO’LUME, subst. Fr. and Sp. [volumen, Sp. and Lat. of volvo, Lat. to
roll; because the ancients used to write on rolls] 1. A book fit to be
bound up by itself; a part of a larger work. 2. Something rolled or
convolved. 3. As much as seems convolved; as a fold of a serpent, a
wave of water. Dryden.

VOLUME of a Body [with philosophers] is that space which is inclosed
within its superficies.

VOLU’MINOUS, adj. [of volume; voluminoso, It.] 1. That is of a large
volume, bulky. 2. Consisting of several volumes or books. Milton.
3. Consisting of many complications. Milton. 4. Copious, diffusive in
general. Clarendon.

VOLU’MINOUSLY, adv. [of voluminous] in many volumes or books.
Granville.

VOLU’MINOUSNESS [of voluminous] bulkiness, largeness: Hardly
used.

VOLU’MUS, Lat. [i. e. we will] the first word of a clause in the
king's letters patent and writs of protection.

VO’LUNT [a contraction of voluntas, Lat. in law] is when the tenant
holds lands or tenements at the will of the lessor or lord of the manor.

VO’LUNTARILY, adv. [of voluntiers, Fr.] of one's free will, of one's
own accord.

VO’LUNTARY, adj. [volontaire, Fr. volontario, It. voluntario, Sp. of
voluntarius, Lat.] 1. Free, acting without compulsion, acting by choice.
A voluntary agent. Hooker. 2. Willing, acting with willingness. To
lust a voluntary prey. Pope. 3. Acting of its own accord; spontaneous,
that is done or suffered without compulsion or force.

VO’LUNTARY, subst. [from the adj.] 1. A volunteer, one who en­
gages in any affair of his own accord. 2. [In music] that which a mu­
sician plays extempore, according to his fancy and without any setted rule.
Spectator.

VO’LUNTARINESS [of voluntary] the doing of a thing voluntarily, or
without constraint: hardly used.

VOLUNTEE’R, or VOLUNTI’ER [voluntaire, Fr. voluntario, It. volun­
turio, Sp. miles voluntarius, Lat.] one that lists himself for a soldier, or
serves voluntarily. Collier.

To VOLUNTEE’R, verb neut. to go for a soldier: a cant word.
Dryden.

VOLUNTEE’RS, gentlemen, who without having any certain post or
employ in the army, go upon warlike expeditions, and run into dangers
only to gain honour and preferment.

VOLU’PTABLE [voluptabilis, Lat.] delightful, pleasureable.

VOLU’PTABLENESS [of voluptabilis, Lat. and ness] delightfulness.

VOLU’PTUARY, subst. [voluptuaire, Fr. voluptuarius, Lat.] a volup­
tuous person, or one given up to sensual pleasures and luxury. Atter­
bury.

VOLUPTI’FIC [voluptificus, Lat.] making or causing pleasure or de­
light.

VOLU’PTUOUS, adj. [voluptueux, Fr. voluttuoso, It. voluptuoso, Sp. vo­
luptuosus, Lat.] sensual, given up to excess of pleasures, luxurious.
Milton.

VOLU’PTUOUSLY, adv. [of voluptuous] sensually, luxuriously, with
indulgence of excessive pleasure. South.

VOLU’PTUOUSNESS, subst. [of voluptuous] sensuality, a giving one's
self up to excessive pleasures, luxuriousness. South.

VOLU’TA [volute, Fr. of volvendo, Lat. rolling] an ornament of a pil­
lar in architecture, one of the principal ornaments of Ionic and Com­
posite capitals, representing a kind of bark, wreathed or twisted into a
spiral scroll, or (as some will have it) the head dresses of virgins in their
long hair. According to Vitruvius, those that appear above the stems,
in the Corinthian capital, are eight angular volutas, and these are ac­
companied with eight other little ones, called helices; four in the Ionic,
and eight in the Composite. These eight as are more especially remark­
able in the Ionic capital, representing a pillow or cushion, laid between
the abicus and echinus, whence the ancient architects calls the voluta,
pulvinar.

VOLUTA’TION, Lat. the act of rolling, tumbling, or wallowing.

VOLU’TE, subst. Fr. See VOLUTA. Addison.

VO’LVULUS, Lat. [with physicians] a disease called the twisting of
the guts; called also the iliac passion and meserere mei. See ULCER, and
read there “mollibus”.

VO’MER, Lat. 1. A plough-share or coulter. 2. [In anatomy] a bone
seated in the middle of the lower part of the nose, and having flesh in
the upper side, in which it receives the lower edge of the septum na­
rium.

VO’MIC Nut. the nucleus of a fruit of an East Indian tree, the wood
of which is the lignum colubrinum, or snakewood, of the shops. It is
flat, compressed and round.

VO’MICA, Lat. [in surgery] an imposthume or boil; as in the lungs
for instance; and if not yet broke, it is called a vomica tecta, i. e. a
covered vomica.

VO’MICA, Lat. the vomiting-nut, a certain poison for animals, whom
it kills by excessive vomiting; and taken internally in small doses, it
disturbs the whole human frame, and brings on convulsions. See VO­
MIC.

To VO’MIT, verb act. [vomir, Fr. vomitare, It. and Lat. vomo, Lat.
vomitàr, Sp.] 1. To bring up from the stomach. 2. To throw up
with violence from any hollow.

VO’MIT, or VO’MITIVE, subst. [vomitiff, Fr. vomito, It. and Sp. of
vomitus and vomitivum, Lat.] 1. A potion to cause a person to vomit,
an emetic medicine: the latter is rarely used. 2. The matter vomited
or cast up from the stomach. Sandys.

VOMI’TION, subst. [vomo, Lat.] the act or power of vomiting. Grew.

VOMITIVE, adj. [vomitif, Fr.] causing vomits, emetic. Brown.

VO’MITIVENESS [of vimitif, Fr. and ness] a quality causing vomit­
ing.

VO’MITORY, adj. [vomitoire, Fr. vomitorius, Lat.] causing or pro­
voking vomits, emetic. Harvey.

VOMITORY, subst. a medicine taken inwardly to provoke vomiting.

VOPI’SCUS, Lat. of twins in the womb, that which comes to perfect
birth.

VORA’CIOUS, adj. [vorace, Fr. and It. voraz, Sp. of vorax, Lat.]
ravenous, feeding greedily, eating immoderately, gluttonous. Govern­
ment of the Tongue.

VORA’CIOUSLY, adv. [of voracious] ravenously, greedily.

VORA’CIOUSNESS, or VORA’CITY [voracità, It. voracitÉ, Fr. vora­
citas, Lat.] voracious, greediness, ravenousness: the latter is not au­
thenticated.

VORA’GINOUS, adj. [voraginosus, Lat.] full of gulphs and swallowing
pits: scarcely used.

VO’RTEX, subst. [vortices, plur. Lat.] 1. Any thing whirled round.
Newton. 2. [According to the Cartesian philosophy] it is a system of
particles of air or celestial matter, moving round like a whirl-pool, and
having no void interstices or vacuities between the particles, and which
carries the planets about the sun, either swifter or slower, according as
they are farther off, or nearer to its center.

VO’RTEX, Lat. [in meteorology] a sudden, rapid, violent motion of
the air in gyres or circles.

VO’RTICAL, adj. [of vortex] having a whirling motion. Newton.

VO’TARESS, subst. fem. of votary [une devote, Fr. una devota, It. of
votum, Lat. a vow] one who hath bound herself to the performance of
some religious vow. Pope.

VO’TARIST, subst. [devotus, Lat.] one devoted to any person or thing;
votary, one given up by a vow to any service or worship. Milton.

VO’TARY [un devot, Fr. una devota, It. of votum, Lat.] one who has
bound himself to the performance of a religious vow; one devoted or
wholly given up to learning, worship, study, or any state of life.

VOTARY, adj. consequent to a vow. Bacon.

To VOTE, verb act. [voter, Fr.] 1. To chuse by suffrage, to re­
solve by the greater number of votes. 2. To give by vote. Swift.

To VOTE, verb neut. to give one's voice.

VOTE, subst. [voto, It. and Lat. votum or vox, Lat.] suffrage, a voice
given and numbered, opinion in matters of debate.

VO’TER, subst. [of vote] one who has the right of giving his voice or
suffrage. Swift.

VO’TING, part adj. [of vote; votant, Fr.] giving vote or suffrage at
the election of a magistrate, or making a law, &c.

VO’TIVE, adj. [votivus, Lat.] belonging to a vow, given by vow.
Votive tablets. Dryden. See STATOR.

VOTIVE Medals [with antiquaries] those whereon the vows of the
people for the emperors or empresses are expressed.


VOU

To VOUCH, verb act. [voucher, Norman, or O. Fr.] 1. To call to
witness, to obtest. Dryden. 2. To attest, to avouch, to maintain, to
affirm, to warrant. Atterbury.

To VOUCH [in law] is to call one into court to make good his war­
rantry.

To VOUCH, verb neut. to bear witness, to appear as a witness, to give
testimony; as, to vouch for one, is to pass one's word for his veracity.
Swift.

VOUCH, subst. [from the verb] warrant, attestation. Shakespeare.

VOU’CHER, subst. [of vouch] one who gives witness to any thing, a
person at law who is to warrant or vouch for another, and in respect
hereof is called a voucher. Pope.








VOUCHER [in law] the tenant who calls another person into court,
bound to warranty him, and either to defend the right against the de­
mandant, or to yield him other lands, &c. to the value.

Foreign VOUCHER [in law] is when the tenant being impleaded in a
particular jurisdiction, as at London or elsewhere, vouches one to war­
ranty, and prays he may be summoned in some other county out of the
jurisdiction of that court.

VOU’CHER, a ledger-book, or book of accounts, wherein are entered
the warrants for the accomptant's discharge.

VOU’CHING, part. adj. [vouchant, Fr.] affirming, warranting.

To VOUCHSA’FE, verb act. [of vouch and safe] 1. To permit any
thing to be done without danger. 2. To condescend, to grant, or do
a thing. South.

To VOUCHSAFE, verb neut. to design, to yield, to condescend in ge­
neral. Dryden.

To VOUCHSAFE [with divines] to grant graciously.

VOUCHSA’FEMENT, subst [of vouchsafe] the act of vouchsafing; con­
descension. Boyle.

VOUCHSA’FING, part. adj. [of vouchant, of voucher and sauf, Fr.]
condescending, graciously granting.

VOUSSOI’RS, Fr. [in architecture] the stones that form the arch.

To VOW, verb act. [vouer, Fr. voveo, Lat.] to consecrate by a so­
lemn dedication, to give to a divine power. Dryden.

To VOW, verb neut. to make a vow or solemn promise. Suckling.

VOW [voeu, Fr. voto, It. and Sp. votum, Lat.] 1. A religious pro­
mise, a solemn protestation, an act of devotion by which some part of
life, or some part of possessions, is consecrated to a particular purpose.
2. A solemn promise, commonly used for a promise of love or matri­
mony. Dryden.

VO’WEL, subst [voyelle, Fr. vocale, It. vocal, Sp. vocalis, Lat.] a let­
ter that hath a sound of itself without a consonant. Would the reader
see what different powers belong to these in poetry, let him consult his
ear upon comparing the following lines of Milton, in his description of
the animal creation.
——Half appear'd
The tawny lion, pawing to get free
His hinder parts; then springs as broke from bonds,
And rampant shakes his brinded mane——with
——Fleec'd the flocks, and bleating rose.
Or when describing the movements of beings of a higher order,
Light, as the lightning's glimpse they ran, they flew —— with
——And the orbs
Of his fierce chariot roll'd, as with the sound
Of TORRENT-FLOODS, or of a numerous HOST.
See TRIBRACHUS.

VOW-FELLOW, subst. [of vow and fellow] one bound by the same
vow. Shakespeare.

VOY, the tripthong Uoy is no where found in the English tongue but
in the word buoy and its derivatives, in which it is pronounced little dif­
fering from oy.

VOY’AGE, subst. Fr. [viaggio, It. viage, Sp. viagem, Port.] 1. Tra­
vel by sea, the act of passing by sea from one country or place to an­
other. 2. Course, attempt, undertaking: a low phrase. Shakespeare.
3. The practice of travelling. Bacon.

To VOYAGE, verb neut. [voyager, Fr. viaggiare, It.] to travel by
sea. Pope.

To VOYAGE, verb act. to travel, to pass over. Milton.

VOY’AGER, subst. [voyageur, Fr. viaggiatore, It. viagero, Sp.] a tra­
veller, one who goes by sea. Pope.

VOY’AGING, part. act. [voyageant, Fr.] travelling or going by sea.

UP, adv. [up, Sax. op, Dan. op, Du. and L. Ger. auff, H. Ger.] 1.
Aloft, on high, above, not down. 2. Not in bed, in the state of being
risen from rest. 3. In the state of being risen from a seat. Addison. 4.
From a state of decumbiture or concealment. Dryden. 5. In a state of
being built. 6. Above the horizon. 7. To a state of advancement.
8. In a state of climbing. 9. In a state of insurrection. 10. in a state
of being increased or raised. 11. From a remoter place coming to any
person or place. 12. From younger to elder years. 13. Up and down;
dispersedly, here and there. 14. Up and down; backward and forward.
15. Up to; to an unequal height with. Addison. 16. Up to; adequately
to. Addison. 17. Up with; a phrase that signifies the act of raising any
thing to give a blow. Sidney. 18. It is added to verbs, implying some
accumulation or increase. Addison.

UP UP, interj. rise, get up; a word exhorting to rise from bed.

UP, prep. from a higher to a lower part; not down. Bacon.

To UPBE’AR, verb act. pret. upbore, part. pass. upborn. [of up and
bear] 1. To sustain aloft, to support in elevation. Pope. 2. To raise
aloft. Pope. 3. To support from falling. Spenser.

To UPBRAI’D, verb act. [up-gebrædan, Sax.] 1. To twit or hit in
the teeth, to charge contemptuously with any thing disgraceful. 2.
To object as matter of reproach. 3. To urge with reproach, to reproach,
to revile. 4. To reproach on account of a benefit received from the
reproacher. 5. To bring Reproach upon; to shew faults by being in a
state of comparison. Addison. 6. To treat with contempt: not in use.
Spenser.

UPBRAI’DINGLY, adv. by way of reproach. B. Johnson.

To UPBRA’Y, verb act. a word formed from upbraid by Spenser, for
the sake of a rhyming termination.

UPBROU’GHT, part. pass. of upbring; educated, nurtured. Spenser.


UPH

UPHA’ND, adj. [of up and hand] lifted by the hand: a mechanical
term. Moxon.

UPCA’ST, part. pass. of upcast, tho' the verb upcast is not used.
Dryden.

UPCAST, subst. a term of bowling; a throw, a cast. Shakespeare.

To UPGA’THER, verb act. [of up and gather] to contract. Spenser.

UPHI’LL, adj. [of up and hill] difficult, like the labour of climbing
a hill. Clarissa.

To UPHOA’RD, verb act. [of up and hoard] to store, to accumulate in
private places. Spenser.

UPHE’LD, pret. and part. pass. of uphold.

To UPHO’LD, verb act. pret. upheld, part. pass. upheld and upholden
[of up and hold; upholder, Dan.] 1. To lift on high. 2. To support
or maintain, to keep fast from falling. 3. To keep from declension.
4. To support in any state of life. 5. To continue, to keep from de­
feat. To uphold opposition against bishops. Hooker. 6. To keep from
being lost. Shakespeare 7. To continue without failing. 8. To con­
tinue in being.

UPHO’LDEN, part. pass. of uphold.

UPHO’LDER, subst. [of uphold; of up and holder, Dan.] 1. Main­
tainer, patron, or supporter. 2. A sustainer in being. Hale. 3. An
undertaker, one who provides for funerals. Arbuthnot.

UPHOLDER, or UPHO’LSTERER, a corruption of upholder [prob. of
bolsterer, q. d. a maker of bolsters] one who makes beds and chamber
furniture.

UPHOLDERS were incorporated a master, three wardens, thirty-one
assistants, and 121 on the livery; for which the fine is 4l. 10s. and the
stewards 11l. There arms are on a chevron between three tents, as
many roses, their hall is in Leadenhall-street.

U’PLAND, subst. [of up and land] high ground; in opposition to such
as is marshy or low. Burnet.

UPLAND, adj. higher in situation. Carew.

UPLA’NDER, subst. [of upland] a highlander, one who dwells in the
higher parts of a country, a mountaineer.

UPLA’NDISH, adj. [of up and land] belonging to the uplands or
high grounds, mountainous, inhabiting mountains. Chapman.

To UPLA’Y, verb act. [of up and lay] to hoard, to lay up. Donne.

To UPLI’FT, verb act. [of up and lift] to raise aloft. Addison.

U’PMOST, adj. [an irregular superlative from up. Johnson] unless it is
from uppermost; which see. Highest, topmost. Dryden.

UPO’N, prep. [of up and on; uppan, Sax.] 1. Over, not under; it
notes being on the top or outside. 2. Thrown over the body, as
cloaths. 3. By way of imprecation or infliction. My blood upon your
heads. Shakespeare. 4. It expresses obtestation or protestation. Shake­
speare. 5. It is used to express any hardship or mischief. Burnet. 6.
In consequence of: now little in use, tho' a multitude of the best au­
thorities is adduced for it. 7. In immediate consequence of. 8. In a
state of view; as upon record. Shakespeare. 9. Supposing a thing grant­
ed. 10. Relating to a subject. 11. With respect to. 12. In consi­
deration of. 13. In noting a particular day. Addison. 14. Noting re­
liance on trust. 15. Noting situation. 16. next, near to, about, to­
wards. 17. On pain of. Upon our lives we should do. Sidney. 18.
At the time of, on occasion of. 19. By inference from. 20. Noting
attention. 21. Noting particular pace. 22. Exactly, according to.
Upon or near the rate of thirty thousand. Shakespeare. 23. By. Noting
the means of support. Bodies lying on the sea shores upon which they
live. Woodward.

U’PPER, a comparative from up [ufer, Sax.] 1. Superior, or higher
in place, not lower. 2. Higher in power.

The UPPER [or right] Hand; as, the upper-hand of right reason.
Hooker.

U’PPERMOST, adj. superl. from upper [ufermost, Sax. upperste, Dan.
opperste, Du. and L. Ger.] 1. The highest in place. 2. Highest in
power or authority. 3. Predominant, the most powerful. Dryden.

U’PPISH, adj. [of up; of uppan, Sax.] elated, proud, arrogant: a
low word.

U’PPISHNESS, subst. [of uppish] elatedness.

To UPRAI’SE, verb act. [of up and raise] to raise up, to exalt.
Milton.

To UPREA’R, verb act. [of up and rear] to rear on high. Gay.

UPRI’GHT [uprietig, Dan. oprecht, Du. oprichtig, L. Ger. aufrichtig,
H. Ger.] 1. Set or standing up strait: contrary to lying down. 2. Per­
pendicularly erect. 3. Erected, pricked up. All have their ears up­
right. Spenser. 4. Sincere, honest, just, not declining from the right.

UPRIGHT [with architects] having a representation or draught of the
front of a building.

UPRIGHT [with heralds] is a term used of shell fishes, when they
stand so in a coat of arms; for as they want fins, they cannot properly
be said to be hauriant, that term belonging to scaly fishes.

UPRI’GHTLY, adv. [of upright] 1. After an honest, sincere manner,
without deviating from the right. 2. Perpendicularly to the hori­
zon.

UPRI’GHTNESS, subst. [of upright] 1. Sincerity, honest heartedness.
2. Perpendicular erection. Waller.

To UPRI’SE, verb neut. [of up and rise] 1. To rise from decumbi­
ture. 2. To rise from below the horizon. 3. To rise with acclivity.
The steep uprising of the hill. Shakespeare.

UPRI’SE, subst. appearance above the horizon. Shakespeare.

UP-RI’SING [of up, and arisan, Sax.] a first getting up.

U’PROAR, subst. [of oproer, Du. and L. Ger. opror, Dan. upror, Su.
aufruhr, H. Ger. This word is accented on the first syllable in prose,
but in verse indifferently on either] a great noise, tumult, riot, distur­
bance and confusion.

To UPROAR, verb act. [from the subst.] to throw into confusion:
not in use. Shakespeare.

UPROO’TED, part. pass. the verb seems never to be used [of up and
roed, Dan.] pulled up by the roots. Dryden.

To UPROU’SE, verb act. [of up and rouse] to wake from sleep; to
excite to action. Shakespeare. This seems to be used only as a partici­
ple passive.


UPS

U’PSHOT [q. d. the shot is up, i. e. all is in, and all is paid; as the
reckoning at a tavern] the end, success, or issue of an affair, the last
amount.

U’PSIDE, subst. [of up and side, Sax.] the higher side.

UPSIDE down, an adverbial form of speech, with total renversement,
in complete disorder, with the lower part above the higher, topsy­
turvy.

UPSI’TTING [of up and sit] the act of sitting up, the time of a lying­
in woman's sitting up.

To UPSPRI’NG, verb neut. [of up and spring] to spring up.

UPSPRI’NG, subst. [of up and spring] this word seems to signify up­
start, a man suddenly exalted. The swagg'ring upstart reels. Shake­
speare.

UPSTAI’D [of up and stayed] supported or borne up. Milton.

To UPSTA’ND, verb neut. [of up and stand] to be erected. May.

To UPSTA’Y, verb act. [of up and stay] to sustain, to support.

UPSTA’RT [of up and start] one raised to wealth, power, or honour
on a sudden; what suddenly rises and appears.

To UPSTART. verb neut. [of up and start] to spring up suddenly.
Dryden.








To UPSWA’RM, verb act. [of up and swarm] to raise in a swarm:
out of use. Shakespeare.

To UPTA’KE, verb act. [of up and take] to take into the hands
Spenser.

To UPTRAI’N, verb. act. [of up and train] to bring up, to educate:
not in use. Spenser.

To UPTU’RN, verb act. [of up and turn] to throw up, to furrow.
Milton.

U’PWARD, adj. [of up and weard, Sax.] directed to a higher part.
Dryden.

UPWARD, subst. not in use. Shakespeare.

UPWARD, or U’PWARDS, adv. [up-weard, Sax. opwaerts, Du. and
L. Ger. aufwerts, H. Ger.] 1. Towards the upper parts. 2. Towards
God and heaven. 3. With respect to the higher part. Milton. 4. More
than, spoken of time, quantity, &c. 5. Towards the source. And
trace the muses upward to their spring. Pope.

UPWHI’RL [of up and whirl] whirled upwards.

To UPWI’ND, verb act. pret. and part pass. upwound [of up and wind]
to convulve. Spenser. It seems to be used passively only.

URA’NIA, the muse that presides over astronomy.

URA’CHUS, Lat. [in anatomy] a membranous canal in a fœtus, pro­
ceeding from the bottom of the urinary bladder, thro' the navel to the
placenta, along with the umbilical vessels, of which it is accounted
one.

URANO’SCOPIST, one who observes the course of the heavenly bo­
dies, an astronomer.

URANO’SCOPY [ΟυρΑΝΟΣχΟΠΙΑ, of ΟυρΑΝΟΣ, the heavens, and ΣχΟΠΕΩ,
Gr. to view] astronomy, a contemplating the heavenly bodies.

URBA’NITY [urbanitÉ, Fr. urbanità, It. urbanidad, Sp. of urbanitas,
Lat.] courtesy, civility, civil behaviour, good manners or breeding,
merriment, facetiousness. Dryden.

U’RBANISTS, a sort of nuns.

To U’RBANIZE, to become, or be rendered courteous, civil, &c.

URCEOLA’RIS Herba [with botanists] the herb feverfew, or pellitory
of the wall.

U’RCHIN [ricing, Sax. heureuchin, Armoric. erinaceus, Lat.] 1. A
hedge. 2. A word of slight anger to a little boy or girl. Prior.

Sea-U’RCHIN, a fish so called, because it is round and full of prickles,
like a land hedge-hog rolled up.

U’RCHIN-LIKE Rind [in botany] the outward husk of the chesnut, so
called because all set with prickles.

U’RDÆ [in heraldry] as a cross urdæ, is a cross that terminates in the
manner of a lozenge.

URE, subst. [of usura, Lat. use] use, custom, habit: obsolete.

URE Ox [oer-os, L. Ger. aur-ochs, H. Ger.] a wild ox or buffle.

URE’DO, Lat. 1. The blasting of trees, &c. 2. [In medicine] the
itch or burning in the skin.

URE’NTIA, Lat. [with physicians] medicines of a burning quality.

U’RETERS, subst. plural of ureter [ureteres, Fr. uretere, It. of ΟυρΗΤΕρΕΣ,
Gr.] vessels, being two conduits or pipes, that convey the urine from
the reins to the bladder.

URE’THRA [urethre, Fr. ΟυρΗΘρΑ, Gr.] the urinary passage or pipe
thro' which the urine passes away.

URE’TICS, the same as diuretics.

To URGE, verb act. [urgeo, Lat.] 1. To move or press earnestly, to
push. 2. To exasperate, to provoke to anger, to vex. Shakespeare. 3.
To follow close, so as to empel. Pope. 4. To labour vehemently. 5.
To press, to enforce. Dryden. 6. To press as an argument. 7. To
importune, to solicit. Spenser. 8. To press in opposition, by way of
objection. 9. To insist upon in discourse, to follow a person close in
dispute. Tillotson.

To U’RGE, verb neut. to press forward. Donne.

U’RGENCY, subst. [of urgent] pressure of difficulty or necessity. Swift.

U’RGENT, adj. Fr. [urgente, It. and Sp. of urgens, Lat] 1. Pressing,
cogent, violent; as, upon urgent business. 2. Importunate, vehement
in solicitation. Exodus.

U’RGENTLY, adv. [of urgent] with urgency, importunately.

U’RGER, subst. [of urge] one who presses or importunes. Swift.

U’RGE-WONDER, subst. a sort of grain. This barley is by some called
urge-wonder. Mortimer.


URI

U’RIM and Thummim [םימתו םירוא, i. e. lights and perfections,
Heb] were something placed within the duplicatures of the breast-plate,
which the high-priest wore; and thro' which the divine oracle (upon
his consulting) was delivered; as appears sufficiently from what Spenser
has collected both from the texts of scripture relative to this matter, and
from the comments of Rab. Levi Ben Gerson, and other learned Jews.
Nor is his conjecture (founded on Hoseah, c. 3. v. 4. and Judges c. 17.
v. 4. 5.) improbable, viz. that they were two images of much the same
kind with the teraphim; and that in this, as well as in other appendages
of the sacerdotal vesture, there is a GREAT ANALOGY between the Jewish
and Egyption Customs. God having thought fit (as in many other in­
stances) to condescend to the infirmity of the Jews; tho' he thinks
withal here was something typical of the GREAT HIGH PRIEST of our
profession; and so did Clemens Alexand. Stromat. Ed. Paris, p. 565.
where he tells us, that both the *And, if not too great a digression, I would add, that in p. 563,
he cites with approbation a sentiment of much the same kind,
with reference to the golden candlestic and its seven branches.
“It was, says he, an emblematic representation of Christ's en­
lightening those who believe on him, thro' the ministration of the
first-created things [meaning the first things which God created
by him] and which [they say] are the seven eyes of the Lord,
the seven spirits which rest upon the rod, which grows out of the
root of Jesse” See TYPE, STOICKS, UNBEGOTTEN, and TRI­
NITY compared. prophetic and judicial character of
Christ is indicated by it. The word thummim signifies moral rectitude
or perfection.

U’RINAL, subst. Fr. [orinale, It. urinalè Sp. of urina, Lat.] a glass or
vessel to receive or contain urine for inspection.

URINA’RIA Fistula, Lat. the urinary pipe.

U’RINARY, adj. [urinarius, Lat. d'l'urine, Fr.] pertaining to urine.

U’RINATIVE, adj. working by urine, provoking urine. Bacon.

URINA’TOR [urinateur, Fr. of urinator, Lat.] a diver, one who
searches under water. Wilkins.

U’RINE, Fr. [orina, It. and Sp. ourina, Port, of urina, Lat. of ΕρΟΝ,
Gr.] a serous excrement of the body, discharged from it; animal
water.

To URINE, verb neut. [uriner, Fr. orinare, It. orinar, Sp.] to make
water. Bacon.

U’RINES [in falconry] nets for the catching of hawks.

U’RINOUS, adj. [of urine; urinosus, Lat.] belonging to, or pertaking
of the nature of urine. Arbuthnot.

URINOUS Salts [with chemists] all sorts of volatile salts drawn from
animals, or any other substances which are contrary to acids.

URN, subst. [urne, Fr. urna, It. and Lat.] 1. Any vessel of which the
mouth is narrower than the body. 2. A water pitcher, particularly
that in the sign of Aquarius. Creech. 3. A vessel used among the Ro­
mans to draw out of it the names of those who were first to engage at
the public plays; and likewise a vessel into which they threw notes,
whereby they gave their votes in publick assemblies and courts of
justice.

URN, a Roman measure containing about eight gallons and a half;
also a sort of vase, to preserve the ashes or bones of the dead.

UROCRI’TICA, Lat. [with physicians] signs which are observed from
urine.

UROCRITE’RIUM [of ΟυρΟΝ, urine, and χρΙΤΗρΙΟΝ, Gr. a mark or sign]
a casting of waters, a giving a judgment on the diseases by the sight of
the urine.

U’ROMANCY [ΟΗρΟΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, of ΟυρΟΝ, urine, and ΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ, Gr. divination]
the guessing at the nature of a disease by the urine.

URO’SCOPY [of ΟυρΟΝ, urine, and ΣχΟΠΕΩ, Gr. to view] an inspection
of urine, commonly called a casting of waters. Brown.

U’RRAY [in coal-mines] a sort of blue or black clay, which lies next
the coals, and is an unripe coal; it is used in dunging land, and is very
proper for hot lands, especially pasture ground.

U’RSA, Lat. a she bear.

URSA Minor [in astronomy] the lesser bear, a northern constellation,
consisting of eight stars; but according to Mr. Flamstead of fourteen.

URSA Major [in astronomy] the great bear, a constellation in the
northern hemisphere, containing, some say, 35, others 56, but ac­
cording to the Britannic catalogue 215 stars.

U’RSULINES, Fr. [orsoline, It.] an order of nuns, which observe the
rule of St. Augustine.

U’RTICA, Lat. [in botany] a nettle.

URTICO’SE [urticosus, Lat.] full of nettles.

US, the oblique case of we, See WE.

U’SAGE, subst. Fr. 1. Manners, behaviour: Obsolete. Spenser. 2.
Custom, common practice, fashion, way, habit. Hooker. 3. Treat­
ment, entertainment.

USAGE [in a law sense] the same as prescription.

U’SAGER, subst. Fr. [from usage] one who has the use of any thing in
trust for another. Daniel's Civil War.

U’SANCE. 1. Use, proper employment. Spenser. 2. Usury, interest
paid for money. Shakespeare. 3. [Fr. uso or usanza, It. In commerce]
the space of time between any day of one month, and the same day of
the next following, which time is generally allowed among merchants
for the payment of a sum of money expressed in a bill of exchange, after
it has been accepted.

USANCE double [in commerce] is the space of two such months al­
lowed on the same account.

To USE, verb act. [user, Fr. usare, It. usar, Sp. usus, Lat.] 1. To
employ to any purpose, to make use of. 2. To treat. Dryden. 3. To
habituate, to accustom. 4. To practise. 1 Peter. 5. To behave: Not
in use. Shakespeare. With the reciprocal pronoun.

To USE, verb neut. 1. To frequent: Obsolete. Milton. The Scots
dialect also retains it. 2. To practise customarily, to be accustomed.
3. To be customarily in any manner, to be wont. Bacon.

USE, subst. [uso, It and Sp. usus, Lat.] 1. The act of employing any
thing to any purpose, the enjoyment of a thing. 2. Qualities that make
a thing proper for any purpose. 3. Need of; occasion on which a thing
can be employed. 4. Custom, common occurrence. These things are
beyond all use. Shakespeare. 5. Habit, practice, exercise. 6. Advan­
tage, service, received utility, power of receiving advantage. 7. Con­
venience, help. 8. Usage, customary act. 9. Practice, habit. 10.
The interest of money, money paid for the use of money.

USE [in a law sense] the profit of lands and tenements, especially that
part of the habendum of a deed or conveyance, which expresses to what
benefit the person shall have the estate.

USE and Custom [in ancient law] is the ordinary method of acting or
proceeding in any case, which by length of time has obtained the force
of a law.

U’SEFUL, adj. [of use and full] necessary for use, commodious, con­
ducive to any end or purpose.

U’SEFULLY, adv. [of useful] in such a manner as to help forward
any purpose; profitably.

US’EFULNESS, subst. profitableness, or conduciveness to some end.

U’SELESS, adj. [of use] answering no purpose, having no end.

U’SELESLY, adv. [of useless] without the quality of answering any
end.

U’SELESSNESS [of useless] unfitness for any purpose. South.

U’SER, subst. [of use] one who uses. Sidney.

U’SER de Action [in law] is the pursuing of an action in the proper
county.

U’SHER, subst. [huissier, Fr.] 1. An officer that attends on great per­
sons, and walks before them; one whose business is to introduce stran­
gers. 2. An under-master of a school, one who introduces young scho­
lars to higher learning.

Gentleman USHER, an officer who waits upon a lady or person of qua­
lity.

USHER [of the black rod] is a gentleman usher to the king, the house
of lords, and the knights of the garter; and keeps the door of the chap­
ter-house, when a chapter of the order is sitting.

USHERS [of the exchequer] are four persons who attend the chief of­
ficers and barons of the court at Westminster; as also juries, sheriffs, ac­
comptants, &c. at the pleasure of the court.

To USHER in, verb act. [from the subst. In is emphatical] is to in­
troduce or bring in, as an usher or harbinger.

U’SHERSHIP, the office of an usher.


USN

U’SNEA [with physicians] a kind of green moss, which grows upon
human skulls that have lain in the open air for many years.








USQUEBAU’GH, subst. [in Lat. aqua vitæ. An Irish and Erse word,
which signifies the water of life] an Irish and Scottish distilled spirit or
cordial, being drawn from aromatics: And the Irish sort is particularly
distinguished for its pleasant and mild flavour. The Scottish and High­
land sort is much hotter, Jamaica pepper and ginger, &c. being some
of the chief ingredients. By corruption the Scots call it whisky.

U’STION, subst. [ustus, Lat.] the act of burning, the state of being
burned.

USTION [in pharmacy] the act of preparing certain substances or in­
gredients by burning them.

USTION [with surgeons] the act of burning or searing with a hot
iron.

USTO’RIOUS, adj. [ustus, Lat.] having the quality of burning. Watts.

U’SUAL, adj. [usuel, Fr.] common, frequent, customary.

U’SUALLY, adv. [of usual] commonly, customarily.

U’SUALNESS, subst. [of usual] frequency, commonness.

USUCA’PTION [of usus and capio, Lat. in the civil law] an acquisition
of the property of a thing by possession and enjoyment thereof, for a cer­
tain term of years prescribed by law.

U’SUFRUCT, subst. [usufruit, Fr. of usus and fructus, Lat.] the tempo­
rary use or enjoyment of the profits without power to alienate. Ayliffe.

USUFRU’CTUARY, subst. [usu fructuarius, Lat.] one who has the use
and temporary profit of a thing, but not the property and right. Ayliffe.

USUFRU’CTUS, or U’SUFRUIT, Lat. and Fr. [in the civil law] is the
enjoyment or possession of any effects, or the right of receiving the fruits
and profits of an inheritance or other thing, without the faculty of aliena­
ting or damaging the property thereof.

U’SUN-CHASAN (or, as the true reading is, Uzun-Hasan, i. e. Hasan
the tall, in Turkish, of the same import with Hasan al-tawil in Arabic)
was the sixth and greatest prince of that Turcoman family, which is distin­
guished by the name of Ak Koyunli, i. e. Turcomans of the white sheep; as
another clan, was stiled Karah-Koyunli, i. e. Turcomans of the black sheep;
the black or white sheep being borne (I suppose) in their respective stan­
dards. These Turcumans, as Pocock tells us, first left their native
country Turkestan in the reign of Argun, a descendant of Jingiz chan;
and settled, the former in Dyar Bekir; the latter in the parts of Arzengan
and Siwas; forming two very considerable states; but the former was by
far the greatest, as being invested by Tamerlane, whose cause they espou­
sed, with large additions to what themselves had acquired; and which
in process of time swallowed up the other. But what makes this branch
of history the more worthy of our notice, is, that under the wing of this
Turcoman house first arose, and on its ruins was founded a far more cele­
brated state; I mean that of the Persian *Both Dherbelot and Golius leave the etymology of this word [So­
phy] undetermined. Whether to derive it from a word in Ara­
bic, which signifies clothed in woollen, or from the word ΣΟφΟΣ in
Greek, which signifies a wise man or philosopher. But if what
the learned Pocock in his specimen, p. 64. relates, be true, the
first etymology bids the fairest; wool being the usual dress of the
poor religious among the Asiatics; and these, by the way, are ex­
pressed by the same term, i. e. sufi or sofi. For he tell us, “that
shah Ismael, who claimed descent from Aly, and was the founder
of the Sophy race of kings, that he, I say, and his brother, when
set at liberty by Rustam Myrza [the grandson of Hasan the tall]
did by his command reside near their father's sepulchre in the
HABIT of POOR MEN.” He adds, “that Ismael having escaped
by flight, did, by the assistance of the Shiites, or followers of
Aly, take up arms, and laid the foundation of his ensuing em­
pire, A. Heg. 904, i. e. A. C. 1499.” And I think the crown
has ever since contiued in his family, till its compleat overthrow
and extirpation by the late celebrated Kuli chan. See SHIITES,
DERVICE, and SOFI, and if any thing is defective there, it may
be supplied from hence. Sophies. For the mother of
Shah Haidar (says Dherbelot) was the daughter of Hasan the tall; and
Shah Ismael, a descendant of Haidar, reduced the chief part of this Tur­
coman dynasty under his power, A. C. 1508, and drove from Bagdad
Morad, the son of Jacub shaw; “who, says Pocock, was the last of the
kings of that family, which reigned in Erak.”

To U’SURE, verb neut. [usura, Lat.] to practise usury, to take interest
for money. Shakespeare.

U’SURER, subst. [usurier, Fr. usurario, It. and Sp. usura, Lat.] a len­
der upon usury, one who puts money out at interest; commonly used for
one who takes exorbitant interest.

USU’RIOUS, adj. [usuarius, Lat. usuaire, Fr.] pertaining to or practi­
sing usury, exorbitantly greedy of profit. Donne.

USU’RIOUSNESS [of usuarius, Lat. and ness] an usurious or extortion­
ing quality or disposition.

USURIOUS Contract [in law] a bargain or contract whereby a man is
obliged to pay more interest for money than the statute allows.

To USU’RP, verb act. [usurper, Fr. usurpar, Sp. usurpare, It. and Lat.]
to take or seize upon violently, to possess by intrusion and without
right.

USURPA’TION, Fr. [usurpazione, It. usurpacion, Sp. of usurpatio, Lat.]
the act of usurping, the unjust possession or seizure of another man's pro­
perty, gained by violence against right, equity, and law.

USURPATION [in law] the enjoyment of a thing for continuance of
time, or receiving the profits thereof illegally.

USU’RPER, subst. [of usurp] one who wrongfully seizes that which is
the right of another. It is generally used of one who excludes the right
heir from the throne.

USU’RPINGLY, adv. [of usurp] without just claim, wrongful, by a
taking that which is another's right. Shakespeare.

U’SURY, subst. [usure, Fr. of usura, q. d. usus æris, Sp. It. and Lat.]
1. The money, &c. taken more than the principal lent, the interest,
gain, or profit in general, which a person makes of his money or effects
by lending the same; or it is an increase of the principal exacted for the
loan thereof. Spenser. 2. Commonly in an ill sense, the practice of
taking interest, an exorbitant interest for money lent, and more than the
law allows.

U’TAS [in law] the eighth day following any term or festival; as,
the utas of St. Hilary, &c.


UTE

UTE’NSIL, subst. [utensile, Fr. and low Lat. utensilio, Sp.] any thing
that serves for use, a necessary implement, such as the vessels of the
kitchen or tools of any trade.

UTENSILS [in military affairs] are such necessaries which every land­
lord is to furnish a soldier whom he quarters, viz. a bed with sheets, a
pot, glass or cup, a dish, a place at the fire, and a candle.

UTERI Ascensio, Lat. [in medicine] the rising of the mother.

UTERI Procidentia, Lat. [in medicine] a disease, the falling of the
womb.

UTERI’NE, adj. [uterin, Fr. uterino, It. of uterinus, Lat.] pertaining
to the womb. Brown and Ray.

UTERINE Brother, a brother or sister by the same venter, but not by
the same father.

UTERINE Fury [in physic] a kind of madness, attended with lasci­
vious speeches and gestures, and an invincible inclination to venery.

U’TERUS [in anatomy] the matrix or womb, wherein the embryo or
fætus is lodged, fed, and grows, during the time of gestation, till its
delivery.

UTFA’NGTHEFE [ut fang-theof, Sax.] an ancient privilege a lord of
a manor had of punishing a thief who had committed theft out of his li­
berty, if taken within his fee.

UTI’LITY, subst. [utilitÉ, Fr. utilità, It. utilidad, Sp. utilitas, Lat.]
usefulness, benefit, advantage, profit, convenience.

U’TIS, subst. [A word which probably is corrupted, at least is not now
understood. Johnson] Then here will be old Utis: it will be an excellent
stratagem.

UTLAGA’TIO, Lat. [in old law] an outlawry.

UTLAGATIO Capiendo, Lat. [in law] a writ for the apprehending a
man who is outlawed in one county and flies into another, &c.

U’TLAGH [utlaga, Sax.] an outlawed person.

U’TLAWRY, or OU’TLAWRY, subst. a punishment for such as, being
legally called, do contemptuously refuse to appear, after several writs
issued out against them, with an exigent and a proclamation thereupon
awarded.

U’TLEPE [in law] a flight or escape made by thieves or robbers.

U’TMOST, adj. [utmœst, or ytemest, from utter, Sax.] 1. Ex­
treme, placed at the extremity or at the farthest distance. 2. Being in
the highest degree. To his utmost peril. Shakespeare.

UTMOST, subst. the most that can be, the greatest power, the greatest
degree. Addison.

UTO’PIA [ΕυΤΟΠΙΑ, Gr. q. d. a fine place] a fictitious well governed
country, described by Sir Thomas More.

UTO’PIAN, adj. chimerical, impracticable, and what has no existence
but in a fanciful kind of theory; as, an utopian scheme or project, &c.

U’TTER, adj. [utter, Sax. uyter, Du. ueter, L. Ger.] 1. Outward,
situate on the outside or remote from the centre. Through utter and
through middle darkness. Milton. 2. Placed without any compass; out
of any place. Into the utter deep. Milton. 3. Extreme, excessive, ut­
most. This seems to be Milton's meaning in this passage:
Here their prison ordain'd
In utter darkness.
4. Complete; irrevocable. Clarendon. 5. Absolute, intire.

To U’TTER [of utter, Sax. oetern or autern, Du. and L. Ger. aus­
sern, H. Ger. from the adj. to make public or let out, palam facere] 1.
To pronounce or speak forth, to express. 2. To vend or sell wares.
3. To tell, to discover, to publish, to disclose. 4. To disperse, to emit
at large. To utter this fatal coin. Swift.

UTTER-BA’RRISTERS, outer barristers, are such candidates as by rea­
son of their long study and great industry bestowed upon the knowledge
of the common law, are called out of their contemplation to practice,
and into the view of the world, to take upon them the protection and de­
fence of clients.

U’TTERABLE, adj. [of utter] capable of being uttered, expressible.

U’TTEREST [utterert, Sax. uyterste, Du.] the most outward, the
most distant or farthest off. A word hardly used.

U’TTERANCE, subst. [of utter] 1. Delivery, manner of speaking.
With utterance grave. Spenser. 2. [Outrance, Fr.] extremity, terms
of extreme hostility. Shakespeare. 3. Vocal expression; emission from
the mouth. Milton.

U’TTERER, subst. 1. One who pronounces. 2. A discloser, a di­
vulger. Spenser. 3. A seller, a vender.

U’TTERLY, adv. [utteslic, of utter, Sax] totally, to all intents
and purposes, completely.

U’TTERMOST [uttermest, Sax. uyterste, Du. ueterst, L. Ger.] 1.
The farthest, the most extreme. Abbot. 2. Extreme, being the highest
degree. Milton.

UTTERMOST, subst. the greatest degree. Sidney.

U’VEA Membrana, or UVEA Tunica, Lat. [in anatomy] the third tu­
nic or membrance of the eye, thus called, as resembling a grape-stone;
a skin or coat of the eye having a hole in the fore part, so as to leave a
space for the apple of the eye; the outward surface of it is of divers co­
lours, and is named iris, and this causes the difference in persons eyes,
as to colours, black, grey, &c. The reader will find the most curious
draughts both of this, and other parts of the human body, in BOERHAV.
Oeconom. Animal. Ed. Londin. TYPIS ÆREIS Illustrat.

UVE’OUS, adj. [uva, Lat.] the uveous coat or iris of the eye hath a
musculous power, and can dilate and contract that round hole in it cal­
led the pupil. Ray.

UVI’GENA, or UVI’GERA, Lat. [in anatomy] the same as uvula.


VUL

VULCA’NIAN, adj. [Vulcanius, Lat.] pertaining to Vulcan.

VULCA’NO, subst. It. a burning mountain, volcano, the name given to
those mountains that belch or vomit out fire, flame, ashes, cinders,
stones, &c. so called after Vulcan the poetical god of fire.

VU’LGAR, adj. [vulgaire, Fr. volgare, It. vulgar, Sp vulgaris, Lat.]
1. Common, suiting to or practised among the common people, plebeian.
In low and vulgar life. Addison. 2. General, public, commonly
bruited. Shakespeare. 3. Being of the common rate. South. 4. Low,
base, mean, vile.

VULGAR, subst. [vulgus, Lat. la vulgaire, Fr. il volgo, It.] the com­
mon people, the mob, the rabble.

VULGAR Translation of the Bible, called also the vulgate, an ancient
Latin translation of the bible, and the only one the church of Rome ac­
knowledges authentic: it was translated verbatim from the Septuagint.

“The VULGATE, or vulgar version of the Old and New Testament,
says Spanheim, is that which the Occidentals originally used in the Latin
and Roman church; and Tertullian also about the close of the second
century.” He adds, “that by collating the writings of Tertullian, Cy­
prian, Arnobius, &c. there should seem to have been several versions, but
all from the Greek version, called the common; and not from the He­







brew; the most celebrated of which was that which went by the name
of the old, or common, or Italic version.” An invaluable treasure, had it
been without any alteration transmitted to us. But “St. Jerome, it seems,
revised and corrected this from a purer copy of the Septuagint, and is
thought by the learned to have inserted an entire new version of the
Psalms, Job, and the books of Solomon.” He did so, before he either
undertook that entire translation of the Old Testament from the Hebrew',
which we have mentioned under the word, Theodorus; or corrected the
old Latin version of the New Testament, by comparing it with the Greek;
“a work, says Dupin, much better received than the former; and hardly
any body was offended at it: Because the Greek tongue being easily un­
derstood, it was not difficult to discover the ALTERATIONS that might be
made in the Greek text; which could not be done in the Hebrew, which
was understood by the Jews only.” He adds, “that St. Jerome's ver­
sion at first was not welcome to the Latins; they kept for the most part to
the antient vulgar version.——But that since pope Gregory's time, Je­
rome's version got the upper hand, and was read publickly in the churches
of the West, excepting the translation of the Psalms, and some mixtures
of the ancient vulgar translation; some passages whereof have been pre­
served in the vulgar Latin.” On all which it is observed yet farther by
way of note, “That 'tis certain that our vulgar is not the ancient transla­
tion that was made from the Septuagint; and that the main body of it
cannot be attributed to any one except St. Jerome.”

VU’LGAR Fractions [in arithmetic] ordinary or common fractions, so
called in contradistinctin from decimal fractions.

VULGA’RITY, subst. [of vulgar] 1. Meanness, state of the lowest
people. Brown. 2. Particular instance or specimen of meanness. Dryden.

VU’LGARLY, adv. [vulgariter, Fr.] ordinarily, among the common
people.

VU’LGARNESS [vulgaritas, Lat.] commonness, meanness, lowness.

VU’LNERABLE, adj. Fr. [vulnerabilis, vulnero, Lat.] that may be
wounded, liable to external injuries. Shakespeare.

VU’LNERABLENESS [of vulnerare, Lat. able and ness] capableness of
being wounded.

VU’LNERARY, adj. [vulneraire, Fr. vulnerario, It. vulnerarius, Lat.]
pertaining to wounds; also good to heal wounds.

VU’LNERARY, subst. [medicamentum vulnerarium, Lat.] a medicine
proper for healing wounds.

To VU’LNERATE, verb act. [vulnero, Lat.] to wound, to hurt. Glan­
ville.

VULNERO’SE [vulnerosus, Lat.] full of wounds.

VULNI’FIC [vulnificus, Lat.] making or causing wounds.

VU’LNING [in heraldry] wounding, a term used of a pelican.

VU’LPINARY [vulpinaris, Lat.] crafty, subtle, wily.

VU’LPINE, adj. [vulpinus, Lat.] pertaining to a fox.

VU’LTURE, subst. [vautour, Fr. vultur, Lat.] a large bird of prey,
remarkable for voracity.

VULTURI’NE, adj. [vulturinus, Lat.] pertaining to a vulture, having
the nature of a vulture, rapacious.

VU’LVA, Lat. [with physicians] the uterus, the womb or matrix;
also the passage, or neck of the womb, &c. Bruno observes,
that 'tis more commonly understood of the great think, or pudendum mu­
liebre.

VULVA Cerebri, Lat. [in anatomy] an oblong furrow between the
eminences or bunching out parts of the brain.

U’VULA, Lat. [in anatomy] a round, soft, spongeous body, like the
end of a child's finger, suspended from the palate near the foramina of
the nostrils, perpendicularly over the glottis.

U’VULA Spoon [in surgery] an instrument to be held just under the
uvula with pepper and salt in it, to be blown up into the hollow behind
the same.

UVULA’RIA, Lat. [with botanists] the herb horse-tongue.

UXO’RIOUS, adj. [uxoriosus, of uxor, Lat. a wife] submissively fond of
or doting upon a wife, infected with connubial dotage. Milton.

UXO’RIOUSLY, adv. [of uxorious] with fond submission to a wife.
Dryden.

UXO’RIOUSNESS [of uxorious] over submission or fondness of a wife,
connubial dotage.

UXO’RIUM, Lat. [among the Romans] a mulct or forfeit paid for
not marrying; also money exacted by way of fine from those who had
no wives.

UY, the dipthong uy in buy, guy, &c. is pronounced as the long I.
See I.

To VYE, verb neut. [prob. of envier, Fr.] to strive to equal or out-do
another. See VIE.

U’ZBEG, or U’ZBEK, a prince or sultan of the race of lingiz chan,
and who reigned (according to Dherbelot's Bibliotheque) over that vast
tract of lands, which extends above the Caspian sea, andvancing far
westward and northward; and from whom the Uzbekian dynasty receives
its name: Tho' this family having been dispossessed of their power by
Tamerlane and his successors, it was not Uzbeg himself, but one of his
descendants called Shaibeg chan, that was, strictly speaking, the founder
of the dynasty by his victories over Tamerlane's posterity, and who ad­
ded Chorasan, and the countries beyond Oxus, to his territories; as we
have shewn under the word Tartars: And tho' he was afterwards de­
feated and slain near the city of Merou by Shah Ismael Sofi, A. C. 1510;
yet his successors have been always at war, and are still (says Dherbelot)
*Dherbelot published his Bibliotheque Orientale, A. C. 1697. at the present time with the kings of Persia. See USUN CHASAN,
TARTAR, and TURK; and add to the note there affixed as follows:
Or should it be true (what the learned Jackson affirms) that from the
most correct Turkish chronicles, and accurate historians, the taking of
Constantinople must (by their reckoning) have happened, A. C. 1454, and
near the beginning of that year; “If this (says he) be the true account,
then from A. C. 1063 inclusive, to A. C. 1454, is 391 years, and a
part of a year represented by an hour in this prophecy.” Address to the
Deists, &c. p. 107, 108. See TUTELARY Angels.


UZI

U’ZIFUR [with chemists] cinnabar made of sulphur and mercury.













W

W w, the 21st letter of the alphabet; it is a letter not used
by the ancients, either Asiatics, Grecians, or Romans;
tho' it is not improbable that by w is expressed the sound
of the Roman v and the Æolic f. Both the form and
sound are excluded from the languages derived from the
Latin. Yet it was used by the northern nations, the Teutones, Germans,
Saxons, &c. and at this day is not used by the French, Spaniards, Por­
tuguese or Italians. It is compounded of two V consonants. Tho' in­
stead of becoming harder by being doubled, as all other consonants do,
it is grown softer; and therefore might perhaps be more properly com­
pounded of two U vowels, as the Franks used to express this power.
W is sometimes improperly used in diphthongs as a vowel for u, as
threw, shew, blew. The sound of w consonant is uniform.

To WA’BBLE, verb neut. [either of waekeln, Ger. waggelen, Du. or
picelian, Sax. Johnson says it is a low barbarous word] to shake, to
move from side to side, to totter as a top almost spent in spinning; also
to wriggle as an arrow flying. It is a word used among mechanics.
Moxon.

WAD

WAD, or WOAD, subst. [wad, Sax. hay] an herb or plant used in dy­
ing.

WAD [weot, Sax. ouate, Fr.] a handful of hay, straw, or peas; also
a sort of flocks of silk, coarse flanel or cotton.

WAD, or WA’DDING [with gunners] a stopple of hay, paper, old
clouts, &c. forced into a gun upon the powder, to keep it close in the
chamber; or put up close to the shot to keep it from rolling out.

WADD, subst. or black lead, is a mineral of great use and value.
Woodward.

WA’DHOOK [with gunners] is a rod or staff, with an iron turned ser­
pent-wise, or like a screw, to draw the wad or okam out of a gun, when
it is to be unloaded.

WA’DABLE [of wadan, Sax. and able] that may be waded.

WA’DDEMOLE, WO’DDEMEL, or WO’DDENEL, coarse stuff used for
covering the collars of cart horses.

WA’DDING, subst. [from wad; vad, Isl.] a kind of soft stuff loosely
woven, with which the skirts of coats are stuffed out.

To WA’DDLE, verb neut. [waddeln, Teut. wagghelen, Du. to waggle;
whence by a casual corruption, waddle. Johnson] to shake in walking
from side to side, to go sideling as a duck does. Pope.

WA’DDLES, the stones of a cock.

WADDLES of a Hog, a sort of wattles, not unlike testicles, hanging
under his throat.

To WADE, verb neut. [wadan, Sax. wadden, Du. waden, Ger. gua­
dare, It. of vadare or vadum, Lat. a ford; pronounced wadum] 1. To
walk or pass through water without swimming. 2. To pass difficultly
and laboriously. Addison.

WA’FER, subst. [waeffel, waffel, Ger. wafel, Du. gaufre, Fr.] 1. A
thin sort of cake. Pope. 2. Paste dried for sealing letters. 3. [With
Romanists] the consecrated bread given at the sacrament of the Lord's
body; the bread in the eucharist.

WAFT, subst. [of wagian, Sax.] 1. A floating body. Thomson. 2.
Motion of a streamer: Used as a token or mean of information at sea;
any thing of a garment hung on the main shrouds of a ship, as a signal of
distress.

To WAFT, verb act. [prob. of wachten, Ger. to watch, or wagian,
Sax. It is probably, says Johnson, from wave] 1. To convey a ship
to sea, to carry on water or through the air. Dryden. 2. To beckon,
to inform by a sign of any thing moving.

To WAFT, verb neut. to float. Dryden.

WA’FTAGE, subst. [of waft] carriage by water or air. Shakespeare.

WA’FTER, subst. [of waft] a frigate to waft or convey, a passage­
boat. Ainsworth.

WAFTERS [in the time of king Edward IV.] three officers constitu­
ted with naval power, appointed to guard fishermen on the coasts of
Norfolk and Suffolk.

WA’FTURE, subst. [of waft] the act of waving: Not in use. Shake­
speare.


WAG

WAG [wæg, of wogan, to play; wægan, Sax. to cheat] a merry fel­
low, a droll, any one ludicrously mischievous. Addison.

To WAG, verb act. [wagian, Sax. or waggelen, waggen, Du. waglan,
Teut.] to move lightly, to shake slightly.

To WAG, verb neut. 1. To be in quick or ludicrous motion. Shake­
speare. 2. To go; to be moved.

WA’GTAIL, subst. [of wagian and tegl, Sax.] a bird, &c.

WA’GA, barb. Lat. a weight, a quantity of cheese, wool, &c. of 256lb.
Averdupoise.

WAGE, subst. See WAGES.

To WAGE, verb act. [the origination of this word, which is now only
used in the phrase to wage war, is not easily discovered: Waegen in







Ger. is to attempt any thing dangerous: wagen, Ger. waegen, Du. to
hazard, gager, Fr.] 1. To attempt, to venture. To wake and wage a
danger. Shakespeare. 2. To enter upon, to carry on a war. 3. [From
wage, wages] to set to hire. Spenser. 4. To take hire, to hire for pay,
to employ for wages. Raleigh. 5. [In law] signifies the giving security
for the performance of any thing. Thus to wage law, is to put in secu­
rity that you will make law at the day assigned; that is, that you will
prosecute and carry on the suit.

WA’GER [gageure, of gager, Fr. or of waegen, Du. or wagen, Ger. to
hazard] a bett; any thing pledged upon a chance or performance; a
contract between two or more persons, to pay a certain sum of money
agreed on, upon condition a thing in dispute be or be not as asserted.

To lay a WAGER [wagen, Ger. waegen, Du. gager, Fr.] to enter into
such a contract.

To WAGER, verb act. [from the subst.] to lay, to pledge as a bett,
to pledge upon some casualty or performance.

WA’GES, plur. which is only used now [wegen or wagen, Ger. gages,
Fr.] 1. Hire, reward for service, salary, stipend. 2. Gage, pledge.
Ainsworth.

WA’GGERY, or WA’GGISHNESS, subst. [of wag; prob. of wægan, Sax,
to play] roguish wantonness, frolicksome or merry pranks. Locke uses
the former, and Bacon the latter.

WA’GGISH, adj. [of wag] knavishly wanton, merrily mischievous,
frolicksome. Dryden.

To WA’GGLE, verb neut. [of waggelen, Du. wackeln, Ger. or wagian,
Sax.] to joggle or move from side to side, to waddle. Sidney.

WA’GGON, subst. [of wegan, Sax. wagn, Su. wagens, Du. wagan,
Teut. vagn, Isl.] 1. A sort of long cart for burthen, and commonly
with four wheels. 2. A chariot: Not in use. Spenser.

WA’GGONAGE, waggon-money, money paid for the hire or driving of
waggons.

WA’GGONER, subst. [wagner, Teut. prob. of wægener, Sax.] 1. The
driver of a waggon. 2. A northern constellation, called king Charles's
wain. Spenser.

WA’GTAIL, subst. a bird.


WAI

WAID, adj. [I suppose for weighed] crushed. His horse waid in the
back. Shakespeare.

WAIF, subst. [of wafian, Sax. to float up and down, or chose guave,
Fr. wavium, waivium, Law Lat. from wave] 1. Goods found, but
claimed by no body; that of which every one waves the claim. Com­
monly written weif. Ainsworth. 2. Goods dropt by a thief being close
pursued or over loaded. 3. Cattle lost, which being found, are to be
proclaimed several market days, and if challenged within a year and a
day, are to be restored to the owner; especially if he sue an appeal
against the felon, or give evidence against him at his trial; otherwise
they belong to the lord of the manour, in whose jurisdiction they were
left; who has the franchise of the waif granted him by the king.

WAI’FARING, adj. [of wæg, a way, and faran, Sax. to go] travel­
ling.

To WAIL, verb act. [prob. of wenian, Sax. or of guajolire, of guai,
It. woe] to lament, to bewail, to moan.

To WAIL, verb neut. to grieve audibly, to express sorrow.

WAIL, subst. audible sorrow. Thomson.

WAI’LING, subst. [of wail] lamentation, audible sorrow, moan.
Spenser.

WAI’LFUL, adj. [of wail and full] sorrowful, mournful, loudly be­
moaning. Shakespeare.

WAIN, subst. [wæn or wægn, Sax. Johnson says it is a contraction of
waggon] a cart or waggon drawn by oxen, and having a waincope.

Charles's WAIN. See WAGGONER.

WAI’NABLE, adj. [in old deeds] that may be manured or ploughed,
tillable.

WAI’NAGE, the furniture of a wain or cart.

WAI’NCOPE, that part to which the hinder oxen are yoked to draw
the wain, or a long piece that comes from the body of the wain.

WAI’NROPE, subst. [of wain and rope] a large cord with which the
load is tied on the waggon. Shakespeare.

WAI’NSCOT [wagenschott, Du.] the timber work that lines the walls
of a room, being usually in pannels, to serve instead of hangings.

To WAI’NSCOT, verb act. [wagenschotten, Du.] 1. To line walls
with boards. Generally used as a participle. Bacon. 2. To line in ge­
neral: Also participially. Grew.

WAI’NSCOTTING [of waenschot, Du.] wainscot-work, a wooden
lining of rooms.

WAIR [in carpentry] a piece of timber two yards long, and a
foot broad.

WAIST, subst. [gwase, Wel. from the verb gwasen, to press or bind]
1. The part below the ribs, the smallest part of the body, and most re­
markably so in young women. 2. [In a ship] the middle deck or floor.
Dryden.

To WAIT, verb act. [of wachten, Du. or warten, Ger.] 1. To stay
for, to expect. 2. To attend upon, to accompany with submission or
respect. 3. To attend as a consequence of something. Heaviness of
heart shall wait thee. Rowe. 4. To watch as an enemy: Used pas­
sively. He is waited for of the sword. Job.

To WAIT, verb neut. 1. To expect, to stay in expectation. 2. To
pay servile or submissive attendance. 3. To attend: A word of cere­
mony. 4. To stay, not to depart from. 5. To stay by reason of some
hindrance. 6. To look watchfully. Bacon. 7. To lie in ambush as an
enemy. Milton. 8. To follow as a consequence. Decay of Piety.

WAIT, subst. ambush, insidious and secret attempts. Commonly ex­
pressed by the phrase to lie in wait.

WAI’TER, subst. [wachter, Du.] one who attends on a person or affair,
an attendant for the accommodation of others.

WAITERS; officers belonging to his majesty, whose business it is to
wait and observe that no goods be clandestinely conveyed out of ships be­
fore the duty be paid, also that no counterband goods be unloaded.

Tide-WAITERS, such of those officers who are put on board ships by
their superior officers before a ship comes quite up a river, as in the
Thames at Gravesend; also that take the advantage of the tide, and go
down to meet ships coming out of the sea.

Land-WAITERS, those who attend that business on shoar.

WAITES [prob. q. d. guettas, of guetter, O. Fr. to watch, or of wait­
ing on magistrates at pomps and processions] a sort of music or musi­
cians.

WAI’TING, to be in waiting, as an officer at court, or elsewhere,
whose turn it is to attend.

WAITING-GE’NTLEWOMAN, WAI’TING-MAID, or WAI’TING-WO­
MAM [from wait] a lady's upper servant, whose business is more imme­
diately to attend her person in her chamber.

WAINE’ [of wafan, Sax. to quit or forsake] a woman forsaken of the
law or outlawed, for contemptuously refusing to appear when sued in law.
She is not called an outlaw, as a man is; because women, not being
sworn in leets to the king, nor in courts as men are, cannot be out­
lawed.

WAI’VED Goods. See WAIF.

WAI’WARD, adj. [prob. of weg, away, and weard, Sax. towards, q. d.
inclining this way and that way] froward, cross, peevish, cross-grained,
unruly. See WAYWARD.

WAI’WARDNESS, subst. [of waiward] frowardness, peevishness, mo­
roseness.

To WAKE, verb neut. [wakan, Goth. wæcian, Sax. vacke, Dan. wecken,
Du. wecken or auswathen, H. Ger.] 1. To be awake, to watch, not to
sleep. 2. To be roused from sleep. Milton. 3. To cease to sleep. Lest
he should sleep and never wake. Denbam. 4. To be put in action, to
be excited. Airs to fan the earth now wak'd. Milton.

To WAKE, verb act. [weccian, Sax. wecken, Du. waage, Dan. waka,
Su. wacken, Gr.] 1. To rouse from sleep. 2. To excite, to put in mo­
rion or action. To wake the soul. Pope. 3. To bring to life again, as
if from the sleep of death, to excite or rouze from sleep. Milton.

WAKE [a sea term] 1. The smooth water that a ship's stern leaves
when she is under sail. 2. [From the verb; of wacian, Sax. to keep
awake, because on the vigils of those feasts the people were wont to
awake from sleep, at the several vigils of the night, and go to prayers.
But Spelman rather derives them of sac, Sax. drunkenness, because in
celebrating them, they generally ended in drunkenness] the feast of the
dedication of the church, formerly kept by watching all night; they are
vigils or country feasts, usually observed on the Sunday after the saint's
day to whom the parish-church was dedicated, in which they used to
feast and dance all night. They took their origin from a letter that Gre­
gory the Great sent to Melitus the abbot, who came into England with
St. Austin, in these words: “It may therefore be permitted them on the
“dedication days, or other solemn days of martyrs, to make them
“bowers about the churches, and refreshing themselves, and seasting
“together after a good religious sort; kill their oxen now to the praise
“of God and increase of charity, which before they were wont to sacri­
“fice to the devil, &c.” But now the feasting part is all that is re­
tained.
Doctor Middleton (I think, in his letter from Italy) has produced
many instances of a much greater analogy between the RITES of ancient
and modern Rome: and indeed so strong is the resemblance, that one
would be inclined to think the latter is little else than the former revived
under another name. I had almost said with the poet;
——Simillima proles
Indiscreta suis, gratusque PARENTIBUS error.
See BRANDEUM, DEMON, CATAPHRYGIANS, EUNOMIANS, VIRGI­
NITY, and WESTERN Empire compared.

WA’KEFIELD, a town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 133 compu­
ted, and 172 measured miles from London.

WA’KEFUL, adj. [of wacian and full, Sax.] apt to awake or be awa­
ked, not sleeping, vigilant. Wakeful woe. Crashaw.

WA’KEFULNESS, subst. [of wakeful] 1. Want of sleep, aptness to
awake or keep from sleeping, a disorder whereby a person is disabled
from going to sleep. Bacon. It is occasioned by a continual and exces­
sive motion of the animal spirits in the organs of the body, whereby
those organs are prepared to receive readily any impressions from exter­
nal objects, which they propagate to the brain; and furnish the soul
with divers occasions of thinking. 2. Forbearance of sleep.

To WA’KEN, verb neut. [of wake] to wake, to cease from sleep, to
be roused from sleep. Dryden.

To WAKEN, verb act. 1. To rouse from sleep. 2. To excite to
action. Roscommon. 3. To produce, to bring forth. Milton.

WA’KE-ROBIN, an herb.


WAL

WALD [walda, Sax. wald, Ger.] a wood, a wild woody ground.

WA’LDEN, a town in Essex, or Saffron Walden, from its fields of saf­
fron; is 35 computed and 42 measured miles from London.

WALE, subst. [well, Sax. a web] a rising part in the surface of
cloth.

WALES, or WAILS [of ships] the outward timbers in a ship's sides,
on which men set their feet when they clamber up.

Chain WALES [of ships] are those wales that lie out farther than any
of the rest, and serve to spread out the ropes called shrouds.

WALE-Knot [with sailors] a round knot, so made with the lays of a
rope that it cannot slip.

WALE-Reared Ship, one which is built strait up after she comes to her
bearing.

Gun-WALE [of a ship] a wale which goes about the uttermost strake
or seam of the uppermost deck in a ship's wake.

WALI’SCUS [in ancient deeds] a servant or any military officer.

To WALK, verb neut. [some derive it of wealcan, Sax. to roll, or of
wallen, Ger. to ramble or wander] 1. To go on foot, to move by lei­
surely steps, so that one foot is set down before the other is taken up.
2. It is used in the ceremonious language of invitation for come or go.
3. To move for exercise or amusement. Milton. 4. To move the slow­
est pace; not to trot, gallop or amble: Applied to a horse. 5. To ap­
pear as a spectre. 6. To act on any occasion. B. Johnson. 7. To be
in motion: Applied to a clamorous or abusive female tongue: And is
still retained in low language. 8. To act in sleep. Shakespeare. 9. To
range, to move about. Shakespeare. 10. To move off. He will make
their cows and garrans walk. Spenser. 11. To act in any particular
manner: A scriptural phrase. 12. To travel. He knoweth thy walk­
ing through this wilderness. Deuteronomy.

To WALK, verb act. 1. To pass through. 2. To lead out for the
sake of air or exercise.

To WALK, verb act. [walken, Ger.] to full or thicken cloth. Scot­
tish word.

WALK, subst. [from the verb] 1. A short journey on foot. 2. Act of
walking for air or exercise. 3. Gait, step, manner of moving. Dryden.
4. A length of space or circuit through which one walks, a path to walk
in. 5. An avenue set with trees. 6. Way, road, range, place of wan­







dering. Dryden. 7. [Turbo, Lat.] a fish. Ainsworth. 8. [With horse­
men] is the slowest and least raised goings of a horse; which the duke of
Newcastle describes, by the two legs diametrically opposite in the air,
and two upon the ground at the same time, in the form of St. Andrew's
cross; but other authors say, it is a motion of two legs of a side, one
after the other, beginning with the far hind leg first.

Cock WALK, a place where fighting cocks are kept separate from
others.

WA’LKER, subst. [of walk] one that walks.

WALKER [walcker, Ger. of walcken, G. to mill or thicken cloth] a
fuller; this is a Scottish word.

Night WALKER, a common strumpet.

WA’LKERS [in forest law] certain officers appointed to walk about a
space of ground committed to their care.

WA’LKING Cane [or staff] a stick to walk with, and which supports
one.

WALKING Staff, subst. a stick which a man holds to support him in
walking.

WALL [wal, Du. wal, Wel. wall, Teut. and Ger. thall, Sax.] 1. A
partition or enclosure of stone, brick, earth, &c. a series of brick or
stone carried upwards and cemented with mortar; the sides of a build­
ing. 2. Fortification, works built for defence: in this sense it is com­
monly used in the plural. 3. To take the wall; to take the upper place;
not to give place. 4. To give one the wall; a compliment paid to the
female sex, or those to whom one would show respect, by letting them
go nearest the wall or houses, upon a supposition of its being the cleanest.
This custom is chiefly peculiar to England, for in most parts abroad they
will give them the right hand, tho' at the same time they thrust them
into the kennel.

To WALL, verb act. [from the noun] 1. To inclose with walls. 2.
To defend by walls.

WA’LL-CREEPER, a bird.

WA’LLET, subst. [theallian, Sax. to travel] 1. A bag in which the
necessaries of a traveller are put; a knapsack. Addison. 2. Any thing
protuberant and swagging. Wallets of flesh. Shakespeare.

WA’LL-EYE, a defect in the eye of an horse.

WALL-FLOWER, a sweet seented flower. See STOCKGILLIFLOWER,
of which it is a species.

WA’LL-FRUIT, subst. fruit, which to be ripened must be planted
against a wall.

To WA’LLOP, verb neut. [thealan, Sax. to boil] to boil.

WA’LLING, subst. [of wall] a wall or wall-work.

WA’LL-LOUSE, subst. [cimex, Lat.] an insect, a bug.

WA’LL-WORT, an herb, the same with dwarf elder, or dovewort.

WALM, or WAULM, a diminutive or moderate boiling or seething.

WALL-Eyed [of wall and eye; of hwale, Sax. a whale, q. d. having
an eye like a whale] having white or blemished eyes. Wall-ey'd slave.
Shakespeare.

WA’LLINFORD, a borough in Berks, 38 computed, and 46 measured
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

WA’LLOON Language, is supposed to be that of the ancient Gauls.
The language spoken by the Walloons, the inhabitants of a considerable
part of the Spanish low countries, viz. those of Artois, Hainault, Na­
mur, Luxemburg, and part of Flanders and Brabant.

WA’LLOP, subst. a roll, as of fat: a low cant word.

To WA’LLOW, verb neut. [of walwian, Sax. walugan, Goth. wuhlen,
Ger.] 1. To move heavily and clumsily. Milton. 2. To roll or tum­
ble in mire or any thing filthy. 3. To live in any state of filth or gross
vice.

WALLOW, subst. [from the verb] a kind of rolling walk. The French
new wallow. Dryden.

WALL-Rue, subst. an herb. Ainsworth.

WA’LLOWISH [of walgen, Sax. to loath, and ish, an English diminu­
tive termination, added to adjectives, inclining or beginning to be of
their quality, nature, colour, &c.] unsavory, insipid.

WA’LLOWISHNESS [of walghe, Du. loathing, ish and ness] unsavouri­
ness.

WALM [of walmen, Du. to steam in coddleing] a little boil over the
fire.

WA’LNUT [wahl hnutu, walp-nutta, Sax. walnot, L. Ger. q. walsche
nut, i. e. Italian nut, for so all the Northerns call the Italians, as they
do Italy Welshland, nux juglans, Lat.] a sort of large nut, of which
Miller reckons ten species.

WA’LSHAM, North, a town in Norfolk, 100 computed, and 121
measured miles from London.

WA’LSINGHAM, a town in Norfolk, famous once for a monastery,
92 computed, and 116 measured miles from London.

To WALT [in sea language] a ship is said to walt, when she has not
her due quantity of ballast, i. e. not enough to enable her to bear her
sails to keep her stiff.

WALL-PE’PPER, subst. a species of house-leek.

WA’LTRON, subst. The morse, or Waltron, is called the sea-horse.
Woodward.

WA’LTHAM, a town in Hampshire, 54 computed, and 65 measured
miles from London.

WALTHAM West, or WALTHAM Cross, a town in Middlesex and
Hartfordshire, 10 computed, and 12 measured miles from London.

WALVIA’RIA Mulieris [in law] the waving of a woman, which an­
swers to the utlagatio viri, or the out-lawing of a man.

To WA’MBLE, verb neut. [wemmelcu, Du. of wamb, Sax. the belly]
to move or stir, as the guts do sometimes with wind, or as water that
boils gently; also to roll with nausea and sickness. It is used of the
stomach. L'Estrange.


WAN

WAN, old pret. of win. See to WIN. Spenser and Bacon.

WAN, adj. [wanu, Sax. gwan, Welsh, weakly] pale-saeed, as with
sickness, faint coloured, languid of countenance.

WAND, subst. [of wand Sax. vaand, Dan.] 1. A long slender staff,
a twig, a small stick. 2. Any staff of authority or use. Milton. 3. A
rod used in charming.

Mercury's WAND. See CADUCEUS.

WA’NDED Chair [of wenden, Ger. to turn, because of the implication
of the twigs; rather of wand, as being made of wands or twigs] a
wicker or twiggy chair.

To WA’NDER, verb neut. [wandrian, Sax. vandre, Dan. wandra, Su.
wandein, Du. and L. Ger. wandern, H. Ger.] 1. To wander about, to
straggle here and there, to go without any certain course, to rove, to go
ont of the way, to stray or travel in unknown places; it has always an
ill sense. 2. To deviate, to go astray, to turn aside.

To WANDER, verb act. to travel over without a certain course.
Milton.

WA’NDERER, subst. [of wander] a stroller, a vagabond, a rover, a
rambler.

WA’NDERING [temper or humour] unstable.

WANDERING, subst. [of wander] 1. Uncertain peregriuation, roving,
rambling. Addison. 2. Mistaken way, aberration. Decay of Piety. 3.
Incertainty, want of being fixed. Locke.

WANE of the Moon, subst. [wana, Sax. wanting; or from the verb] 1. 
The decrease which is said to be in the wane, when she has past the se­
cond quarter. 2. Decline, diminution, declension in general South.

To WANE, verb neut. [wanian, Sax. to grow less] 1. To decrease, to
grow less; applied to the moon. Addison. 2. To decline, to sink in
general. Dryden.

WA’NG-TEETH [wongtothos, of wangas and tothas, Sax.] the check
or jaw-teeth, dog-teeth.

WA’NGA [wong, Sax. a jaw-bone with teeth] an iron instrument with
teeth.

WA’NGER [wangere, Sax.] a mail or budget.

WA’NNED, adj. [of wan] turned pale, faint coloured.

WA’NNESS, subst. [of wan] pale-faced, languor.

WA’NLASS [hunting term] as, driving the wanlass, is driving a deer
to the stand.

WANNA’GIUM, Lat. [old writ.] wainage, furniture for a wane or
cart; wain-houses for husbandry tools.

WANT, subst. [wana, Sax. wan, Teut.] 1. Deficiency, lack. 2.
Need. 3. The state of not having. Pope. 4. Penury, indigence, po­
verty. 5. [wand, of wendan, Sax. to turn up, because it turns up the
earth] a mole.

WANT-Louse [wandluys, Du. i. e. a wall-louse] an insect, a bug.

To WANT, verb act. [of wana, Sax.] 1. To lack or need, to have
need of. 2. To be without something fit or necessary. 3. To be de­
fective in something. 4. To fall short of, not to contain. Milton. 5.
To be without, not to have. Milton. 6. To wish for, to long for.
Addison.

To WANT, verb neut. 1. To be wanted, to be improperly absent,
not to be in sufficient quantity. Addison. 2. To fail, to be deficient;
generally in the participle active. 3. To be missing, to be not had.
Twelve wanting one. Dryden.

WA’NTON, adj. [this word is derived by Minshew from want one, a
man or woman that wants a companion. This etymology, however
odd, Junius silently adopts. Skinner, who had more acuteness, cannot
forbear to doubt it; but offers nothing better. Johnson] 1. Frolicksome,
airy, full of waggery, light. 2. Leacherous, lustful, lascivious. 3.
Dissolute, licentious. Roscommon. 4. loose, unrestrained. Addison. 5.
Quick and iregular of motion. 6. Luxuriant, superfluous. Milton. 7.
Not regular, turned fortuitously. Mazes in the wanton green. Milton.

WANTON [or Epieurean] Pallate.

WANTON, subst. 1. A lascivious person, a whoremonger, a strumpet.
South. 2. A trifler, an insignificant flatterer. Shakespeare. 3. A word
of slight endearment. B. Johnson.

To play the WANTON, to jest or be merry; also to affect lascivious
postures.

To WANTON, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To play lasciviously.
Prior. 2. To revel, to play. Where Horace wantons at your spring.
Fenton. 3. To move nimbly and irregularly.

WA’NTONLY, adv. [of wanton] lewdly, lasciviously, gaily, frolick­
somely, carelesly.

WA’NTONNESS, subst. 1. Waggishness, friskiness, frolic humour. 2.
Lasciviousness, letchery. South. 3. Licentiousness, negligence of re­
straint. Milton.

WA’NT-WIT, subst. [of want and wit] an idiot, a fool. Shake­
speare.

WA’PED, adj. [of this word I know not the original, except that to
whape, to shock or deject, is found in Spenser, from which the meaning
may be gathered] dejected, crushed by misery. Shakespeare.

WA’PENTAKE [wapentakium, wapentagium, low Lat. papen, Sax.
armour, and tager, Dan. to take, it being a custom for the inhabitants
to present their weapons to their lord, in token of subjection; or a custom,
that when he that came to take the government of a hundred, was met
by the better sort of people, they touched his weapon or lance with
their spears, by which ceremony they were united together, and entered
into a mutual association] the same as an hundred or division of a
county.

WAPP [in a Ship] a rope with which the shrouds are set taught with
walc knots; one end being made fast to the shrouds, and the laniards
brought to the other.


WAR

WAR, subst. [werre, O. Du. wær, or werian, Sax. guerre, Fr. guerra,
It. and Sp.] 1. A state of hostility between two nations, states, pro­
vinces or parties. War may be defined the exercise of violence under
sovereign command against withstanders; force, authority and resistance
being the essential parts thereof. Violence limited by authority is suf­
ficiently distinguished from robbery and the like outrages: yet consisting
in relation towards others, it necessarily requires a supposition of resist­
ance, whereby the force of war becomes different from the violence in­
flicted upon slaves or yielding malefactors. Raleigh. 2. The instruments
of war in poetical language. Prior. 3. Forces, army; poetically.
Milton. 4. Hostility, state of opposition, act of opposition. 5. The
profession of arms; as,

A Man of WAR. 1. A soldier. 2. A ship of force appeartaining to the
government.

To WAR, verb neut. [from the subst.] to make war, to be in a state
of hostility.

To WAR, verb act. to make war upon. A word not any longer used.
To war the Scot. Daniel's Civil War.

Holy WAR, a war anciently maintained by leagues and croisades, for
the recovery of the Holy-land. See CROISADE.

Civil WAR, or Intestine WAR, is that between subjects of the same
realm, or parties in the same state.

Place of WAR, is a place fortified on purpose to cover and defend a
country, and stop the incursion of an enemy's army; also a place where­
in are the magazines of provisions or stores of war, for an army en­
camped in the neighbourhood, or to repair to for winter quarters.








Council of WAR, is an assembly of great officers called by a general
or commander, to deliberate with him on enterprizes and attempts to be
made.

To WA’RBLE, verb act. [werben, O. Teut. werbelen, Ger. to twirl or
turn round] 1. To quaver a sound. 2. To cause to quaver; used pas­
sively. Warbled string. Milton. 3. To utter musically; also passively
used. Warbled song. Milton.

To WARBLE, verb neut. 1. To be quavered. Gay. 2. To be ut­
tered melodiously. Warbling notes. Sidney. 3. To sing as birds, to
sing in a quavering or trilling manner. Birds on the branches warbling.
Milton. 4. To purl as a brook or stream.

WA’RBLER, subst. [of warble] a singer, a songster. Tickel.

To WARCH, or To WARK [of thark, Sax. pain] to ache; also to
work.

WARD, a Sax. termination, weard signifying the same as toward
[waerd, Du. wert, Ger. waird, Teut.] it ought to be joined to other
words with a hyphen; as heaven-ward, with tendency to heaven; hi­
ther-ward, this way. From her-ward. Sidney.

WARD [weard, Sax. ward, Su.] 1. Watch, act of guarding. Dryden.
2. [Warda, law Lat.] a district or portion of a city, committed to the
ward or special charge of one of the aldermen. 3. A division in a forest.
4. A garrison, those who are intrusted to keep a place. Spenser. 5.
Guard made by a weapon in fencing. Dryden. 6. Fortress, strong hold.
I could drive her from the ward of her purity. Shakespeare. 7. Custody,
confinement. Hooker. 8. [In law] one in the hands of a guardian,
an heir of the king's tenant, holding by knights service during his non­
age. Dryden. 9. The state of a child under a guardian. Bacon. 10.
Guardianship, right over orphans. Spenser.

WA’RDAGE, subst. [of ward] ward-money, or money for keeping
watch and ward.

WARD-Hook [with gunners] a rod or staff with an iron end turned in
a serpentine manner, to draw the wads or oakam out of a gun when it is
to be unloaded. Rather wad-hook.

To WARD, verb act. [theardian, Sax. waren, Du. garder, Fr.] 1.
To guard, to watch. Spenser. 2. To defend, to protect in general.

To WARD, verb neut. 1. to be vigilant, to keep guard or watch. 2.
To act upon the defensive with a weapon. Dryden. 3. [In fencing] to
parry or keep off a pass or thrust.

WARDA’GIUM, or WA’RDA, [in ancient writings] the custody of a
town or castle, which the tenants or inhabitants were bound to keep at
their own charge.

WARDS of a Lock [gardes, Fr. guardie, It. q. securities] the part of a
a lock which corresponding to the key hinders any other from open­
ing it.

WA’RDA Ecclesiarum [in old writings] the guardianship of churches,
which is in the king during the vacancy, by reason of the regalia or
temporalities.

WA’RDBRIDGE, or WAA’DBRIDGE, a town in Cornwall, 195 com­
puted and 248 measured miles from London.

WA’RDECORN [of theard, Sax. and cornu, Lat. an horn] an antient
duty of watching and warding at a castle, on blowing an horn upon a
surprize; called cornage.

Court of WARDS, &c. a court first erected by king Henry VIII. for
determining matters relating to heirs of the king's tenants, holding by
knights service; but now quite abolished.

WA’RDEN, subst. [waerden, Du. gardien, Fr. or of theardian, or
theardman, Sax. or of bewaerder, Du. to watch] 1. A guardian or
keeper. 2. [In an university] the head of a college; answering to the
master.

WARDEN of the Mint, an officer who receives the gold and silver bul­
lion brought in by the merchants, pays them for it, and oversees the
other officers.

WARDEN [or goaler] of the Fleet, or other prisons.

WA’RDENS of a Company or Guild, the head officers, next to the mas­
ters, of the several companies of the citizens in London.

Church-WARDENS, the chief parish officers.

Lord WARDEN of the Cinque-Ports, the governor of those noted ha­
vens in the east part of England, who has the same authority as an ad­
miral of England in parts not exempt, and sends out writs in his own
name. The reason why one magistrate should be assigned to these ha­
vens, seems to be, because in respect of their situation, they formerly
required a more vigilant care than other havens, being in greater danger
of invasion by our enemies.

WARDEN Pear [pyrum volemum, Lat.] a sort of delicious large baking
pear. King.

WA’RDENSHIP, subst. [of warden] the office of warden of a com­
pany, &c.

WA’RDER, subst. [of ward, gardeur, Fr.] 1. A keeper, a guard, a
beadle or staff-man who keeps guard or watch in the day-time; one
who keeps guard in a prince's palace, the tower, &c. 2. A truncheon
by which an officer of arms forbad fight. Shakespeare.

WA’RDERS of the Tower of London, called yeomen warders, are officers
whose duty it is to wait at the gate of the Tower, and to take an ac­
count of all persons who come into it; and to attend prisoners of state,
&c.

WA’RDFEGA, or WA’RDFEOH [of theard and feoh, Sax.] the value
of a ward or heir under age, or the money paid to the lord of the fee for
his redemption.

WA’RDMOTE [weard gemot, of theard, a ward, and mot, or ge­
mot, a meeting, of metan, or gemetan, Sax. to assemble, wardemo­
tus, low Lat.] a certain court held in every ward or district of the city
of London, for managing the affairs of it.

WA’RD-PENNY, money due to the sheriff and officers, for maintaining
watch and ward.

WA’RDROBE, subst. [garderobe, of garder, to keep, and robe, Fr. a gar­
ment, guardaroba, It. guardaropa, Sp. garderoba, low Lat.] a place for
keeping cloaths, &c.

Clerk of the WRRDROBE to the King, an officer who keeps an inventory
of all things belonging to the king's wardrobe.

WA’RDSHIP, subst. [of ward] 1. Guardianship. Bacon. 2. Pupil­
lage, state of being under ward. K. Charles.

WA’RD-STAFF, in ancient times was a name of a constable's staff.

WA’RDWIT [of theard and thite, Sax. a fine] a privilege or being
quit of giving money for keeping of watches, or a duty paid towards the
charge of it.

WARE, a town in Hartfordshire, 20 computed, and 22 measured
miles from London.

WARE, old pret. of wear, now wore.

WARE, adj. [for this we commonly say aware] 1. Being in expecta­
tion of, being provided against; with off. St. Mathew. 2. Cautious,
wary. Milton.

To WARE, verb neut. to take heed of, to beware. Then ware a
rising tempest. Dryden.

WARE subst. [were, Teut.] grates set before the sluice of a pond to
keep the fish from going out with the water.

WARE [thare, Sax. ware, Du. waare, Ger. wara, Su.] commodities,
goods, merchandizes; commonly something to be sold; also a dam in
a river.

WA’REFUL, adj. [of ware and full] cautious, timorously prudent.

WA’REFULNESS, subst. [of wareful] cautiously; obsolete. Sidney.

WA’RE-HOUSE, subst. [of ware and house; of tharas and hus, Sax.]
a magazine or place to keep goods.

WA’RE-HOUSE-KEEPER, or WA’RE-HOUSE-MAN, one who sells goods
out of a warehouse by wholesale; in opposition to a shop-keeper, who
sells by retail.

Small WARES, sundry sorts of trifling commodities.

Haberdasher of Small WARES, one who sells such commodities by re­
tail.

WA’RELESS, adj. [of ware] uncautious, unwary. Spenser.

WA’RELY, adv. [of ware] warily, cautiously, timorously. Spenser.

WA’RFARE, subst. [of war and fare; of thær, war, and faran, Sax.
to go] a military expedition, military service, military life.

To WARFARE, verb neut. [from the subst.] to lead a military life.
Camden.

WA’RHABLE, adj. [of war and habile, from habelis, Lat. or able]
able for war. Spenser.

WA’RIANGLES [in Staffordshire and Shropshire] a kind of noisy, ra­
venous birds, preying upon other birds, which when taken they hang
upon a thorn or prickle, and tear them in pieces and devour them.

WA’RILY, adv. [of wary] with timorous prudence.

WA’RINESS, subst. [of wary] caution, prudent forethought, timorous
scrupulousness. Addison.

WARK, or WERK [theorc, Sax. anciently used for work; hence bul­
wark] a building. Spenser.

WA’RLIKE, adj. [of war and like; thærlice, Sax.] 1. Pertaining to
war, military. Milton. 2. Fit for war, disposed to war, stout, va­
liant.

WA’RLING, subst. [of war] this word is, I believe, says Johnson,
only found in the following adage, and seems to mean one often quar­
rel'd with. Better be an old man's darling, than a young man's war­
ling. Camden.

WA’RLOCK, or WA’RLUCK, subst. [vardlookr, Island. a charm, ther­
log, Sax. an evil spirit. This etymology wes communicated by Mr.
Wife] a male witch, a wizzard.

WA’RLUCK, in Scotland, is applied to a man whom the vulgar suppose
to be conversant with spirits; as a woman who carries on the same com­
merce is called a witch: he is supposed to have the invulnerable quality
which Dryden mentions, who did not understand the word. He was no
warluck, as the Scots commonly call such men who they say are iron free
or lead free.

To WARM [thearmian, Sax. verme, Dan. waerma, Su. warmen, Du.
and Ger.] to make warm, to heat.

WARM, adj. Goth. [thearm, Sax. warm, Du.] 1. Not cold, tho' not
hot, heated to a small degree. 2. Eager, zealous, ardent. Pope. 3.
Violent, furious, vehement. Dryden. 4. Busy in action. Dryden. 5.
Fanciful, enthusiastic; as, warm-headed. Locke.

To WARM, verb act. [from the adjective] 1. To free from cold, to
heat in a gentle degree. 2. To heat mentally, to make vehement.
Dryden.

WA’RMSTER, a town in Wilts, 80 computed, and 99 measured miles
from London.

WA’RMNESS, warmth, &c. See WARMTH.

WA’RMING-PAN [thearminge-panne, Sax.] a chamber utensil, being
a covered brass pan for warming a bed by means of hot coals.

WARMING Stone, subst. [of warm and stone] the warming-stone digged
in Cornwall, being once well heated at the fire, retains its warmth a
great while; and hath been found to give ease in the internal hemorr­
hoids. Ray.

WA’RMLY, adv. [of warm] 1. With gentle heat. 2. With heat,
passion or eagerness.

WARMTH, subst. [thearmthe, Sax. warme, Su. warmte, Du. and L.
Ger. waerme, H. Ger.] 1. Moderate heat. 2. Zeal, passion, fervour
of mind. 3. Fancifulness, enthusiasm. Temple. Warmness is not authen­
ticated in any of rhe senses.

To WARN, verb act. [thærnian, Sax. warns, Su. warnen, Ger. and Du.
varna, Island.] 1. To caution against any fault or danger, to give pre­
vious notice of ill. Dryden. 2. To give notice of a thing, good or bad,
before-hand. 3. To admonish of any duty to be performed, or prac­
tice or place to be forsaken or avoided. 4. To bid one to provide for
himself elsewhere. Dryden. 5. [In law] to summon to appear in a
court of justice.

WA’RNEL-Worms, worms within the skin on the backs of cattle.

WA’RNING, subst. [of warn] 1. Caution against faults or dangers,
previous notice of ill. Dryden. 2. Previous notice in a sense indifferent,
as given to a servant or landlord, or from them to the master or tenant,
to provide otherwise.

WARNING Wheel [of a clock] is the third or fourth wheel, accord­
ing to its distance from the first wheel.

WA’RNOTH [at Dover Castle] a custom among the tenants holding of
it, that he who failed in the payment at a set day, was obliged to pay
double, and for the second failure triple.

WARP, subst. [wearp, Sax. werp, Du.] that order of thread in a thing
woven that crosses the woof. Bacon.

To WARP, verb act. [theorpan, Sax.] to draw out or wind the warps
in length, into which the wool is woven.

To WARP, verb neut. [theorpan, Sax. werpen, Du. to throw; whence
we sometimes say the work casts] 1. To cast or bend, as boards do when
they are cut before they are thoroughly dry, and also by means of fire.
2. To change from the true situation by intestine motion; to change







the position of one part to another. Moxon. 2. To lose its proper
course or direction. 3. To turn. Locusts warping on the eastern wind.
Milton.

To WARP, verb act. 1. To contract, to shrivel. 2. To turn aside
from the true direction. Addison. 3. It is used by Shakespeare to express
the effect of frost. Tho'thou the waters warp.

WARP [with sailors] a hauser, or any rope used in fastening a
ship.

To WARP a Ship [sea phrase] is to hale her to a place by means of a
hawser, or other rope laid out for that purpose, and fastened to an anchor
when wind is wanting.

WA’RPED [getherped, of theorpan, Sax. werpen, Du. and L. Ger.
wersten, H. Ger.] cast or bent, as boards not well dried; also drawn
out as a weaver's warp.

WARPS, hawsers, or any other ropes used in the warping of ships in
such a manner.

WA’RPEN [of thar and pennig, Sax.] a contribution, in the Saxon
times, towards war, or for providing arms.

To WA’RRANT [therian Sax. garantir, Fr. geweran, Teut.] 1. To
secure, to exempt to privilege. Sidney. 2. To support, to attest. Rea­
son warrants it. Locke. 3. To declare upon surety, to maintain. I
warrant him for one. Dryden. 4. To give authority. Our warranted
quarrel. Shakespeare. 5. To justify. Addison. 6. To assure or pro­
mise.

WARRANT, subst. [guarant, C. Brit. garand, Fr.] 1. A written order,
an authentic power, permission, or allowance, conferring some right or
authority, Clarendon. 2. A writ giving the officer of justice the power
of caption. Dryden. 3. A justificatory commission or testimony. Hooker.
4. Right, legality. Obsolete. There's warrant in that theft. Shake­
speare.

WARRANT of Attorney, is that whereby a man authorises another to
do something in his name, and warrants his action.

Clerk of the WARRANTS [in the common pleas] an officer who en­
ters all warrants of attorney for plaintiff and defendant.

WARRANT [with horsemen] a jockey that sells an horse is by an in­
violable custom to warrant him, and in case he sold him under such in­
firmities that are not obviously discovered and so may escape the view of
the buyer, as pursiness, glanders, unsoundness, &c. he is obliged, in
nine days, to refund the money, and take back the horse; but he does
not warrant him clear of such infirmities as may be seen and discerned.

WA’RRANTABLE, adj. [of warrant] that may be warranted, defend­
ed, &c. South.

WA’RRANTABLENESS [of warrantable] justifiableness. Sidney.

WA’RRANTABLY, adv. [of warrantable] 1. Justifiably. Wake. 2.
In a justifiable manner.

WA’RRANTER, subst. [of warrant] 1. One who gives authority. 2.
One who gives security.

WA’RRANTERS those that promise or covenant to secure a thing pur­
chased to the purchaser.

WARRA’NTIA Custodiæ [in law] a writ judicial, which lay for him
who was challenged to be ward to another in respect of land, said to be
holden in knights service, which when it was bought by the ancestors of
the ward, was warranted to be free from such service.

WARRANTIA Diei [in law] a writ which lies in case, where a man
having a day assigned personally to appear in court to an action where­
in he is sued, is, in the mean time, by commandment employed in the
king's service, so that he cannot come at the day assigned.

WA’RRANTISE, or WA’RRANTIZE, subst. [warrantiso, law Lat. from
warrant] authority, security. Shakespeare.

WA’RRANTIZING, adj. [garantir, Fr. &c.] promising or covenant­
ing in a deed, by the bargainer to the bargainee, to secure him in the
possession of a thing purchased; against all men for the enjoying the
thing agreed on between them.

WA’RRANTY, subst. [warrantia, law Lat. garantie, garant, Fr.] 1.
[In the common law] the same as warrantizing, security by warrantize
or authority. 2. Authority, justificatory mandate. Shakespeare. 3.
Security in general. Locke

To WA’RRAY, verb act. [of war] to make war upon. Spenser.

WARRE, adj. [thærr, Sax.] worse. Obsolete. The Scots have it in
their dialect. Spenser.

WA’RREN, subst. [warande, Du. garene, guerenne, Fr.] a franchise or
place privileged by the king, a kind of park for keeping rabbits, hares,
partridges, pheasants, &c.

WARREN, a device for preserving and storing fish in the midst of a
river, for the fish to retreat to, to the end that you may take them when
you please.

WA’RRENER, subst. [of warren; un garennier, Fr.] a keeper of a
warren.

WA’RRIER, or WA’RRIOUR [of thær, of therian, or therigean, Sax.
guerrier, Fr. guerriero, It. guerreador, Sp.] a military man.

WA’RMISTER, a town in Wilts, 80 computed, and 99 measured miles
from London.

WA’RSCOT [in the time of the English Saxons] a contribution towards
war or armour.

WART, subst. [theart, Sax. warta, Su. wratte, werte, Du. wart, Dan.
and L. Ger. wartz, H. Ger.] a small, hard or spungy excrescence in the
skin and flesh.

WART [in horses] a spungy substance growing near the eye.

WART-WORT, subst. an herb, the juice of which is used to take off
warts.

WARTH, subst. a customary payment towards castle guard, or keeping
watch and ward.

WA’RTY, adj. [of wart] full of warts, grown over with warts.

WA’RWITE, or WA’RDWITE [theardthite, Sax.] state of being quit of
paying money for keeping watch or ward.

WA’RWORN, adj. [of war and worn] worn with war. Shakespeare.

WA’RWICK, a fine town in Warwickshire, 67 computed, and 88
measured miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

WA’RY, adj. [thær or thærig, Sax. war, Teut.] cautious, scrupulous,
timourously prudent. Addison.

WA’RY-Angle. See WARIANGLES. Also a bird, a kind of mag-pie.


WAS

WAS, pret. imperf. of to be.

WASTE, a wreath of cloth, &c. to be laid under any vessel or burden
that is borne on the head.

To WASH [thæscan, Sax. waschen, Du. wasken, Teut.] 1. To cleanse
by ablution. 2. To moisten. 3. To affect by ablution. And wash
away thy sins. Acts. 4. To colour by washing. Collier.

To WASH, verb neut. 1. To perform the act of ablution. Pope. 2.
To cleanse cloaths. Shakespeare.

WASH, subst. [from the verb; thæcse, Sax. wasch, Ger. and Du.] 1.
Any thing collected by water; alluvion. The wash of pastures. Morti­
mer. 2. A bog, a wash, a quagmire. Neptune's salt wash. Shake­
spear. 3. A medicinel or cosmetic lotion. 4. A superficial stain or
colour. Collier. 5. Hog-wash, the liquor after washing of dishes. 6.
The act of washing the cloaths of a family, the linen washed at once.

WASH-BREW, ground oatmeal, with the bran steeped in water, and
then cleansed, afterwards boiled to a stiff and thick jelly; also called
flummery.

WASH of Oisters, is ten strikes.

WASH-BALL, subst. [of wash and ball] a ball for washing the hands
or shaving, made of soap and other ingredients, worked up into a hard
consistence and the form of a ball.

WASH-BOWL [thecse-bolla, Sax.] a vessel to wash in.

WA’SHER, subst. [of wash] one that washes.

WA’SHER-WOMAN, a laundress.

WA’SHES [of a cart, &c.] the rings on the ends of the axle-tree.

WASHES [in Norfolk] are so called, because washed by the tides
dashing against it, and therefore dangerous as quicksands.

WASH-HOUSE [thæsc hus, Sax.] an out house for washing in.

WA’SHING [of a ship] is when they heave the guns over to one side
of the ship, the men get upon her yards and wash and scrape her other
side.

WASHING [with goldsmiths, &c.] are the lotions whereby they draw
the particles of gold and silver out of the ashes, earth, sweepings, &c.

WASHING [in painting] is when a design, drawn with a pencil or
crayon, has some one colour laid over it with a pencil, as Indian ink,
bistre, or the like, to make it appear the more natural, by adding the
shadows of prominences, apertures, &c.

WA’SHUM, Lat. [in old records] a shallow or fordable part of a river,
or arm of the sea, as the washes in Lincolnshire.

WA’SHY. adj. [of wash] 1. Watery, damp. Milton. 2. Weak,
not solid. Wotton.

WA’SKITE [prob. q. vast kite] a kind of hawk of Virginia.

WASP, subst. [thæsp thæpr, Sax. wespe, Du. and L. Ger. wesp, H. Ger.
guêpe, Fr. abispa, Sp. vaspa, It. vespa, Lat. bespam, Port. guespe, Fr.] a
brisk stinging fly in form like a bee.

WA’SPISH, adj. [of wasp] peevish, fretful, irritable. Pope.

WA’SHPISHLY, adv. [of waspish] fretfully, peevishly.

WA’SPISHNESS, adj. [of waspish] peevishness, fretfulness, irrita­
bility.

WA’SSAIL, or WA’SSEL, [thæs hæl, Sax. i. e. health to you] 1. A
liquor made of apples, sugar, and ale, anciently much used by English
good fellows. 2. A drunken bout. Shakespeare. 3. Among the pro­
vincials used for a going about at Christmass, or Twelfth-tide, with a
bowl, singing a Christmass carol, begging good chear or money.

WA’SSEL-Bowl, or WA’STEL-Bowl, a large cup or bowl, either of sil­
ver or wood, out of which the Anglo-Saxons, at their publick entertain­
ments, drank healths to one another.

WA’SSEL Bread, cakes of white bread that were sopped in the wassel­
bowl of wine that used to be set by the Abbots of St. Albans, to drink
an health to his fraternity.

WA’SSELER, subst. [of wassel] 1. A toaper, a drunkard. Milton. 2.
In the country, applied to wenches, &c. that go about singing and beg­
ging at Christmass or Twelfth-tide.

WAST, the second person singular of was, from to be.

WA’STCOAT, subst. a vest or under garment.

WASTE, [prob. of thestin, Sax. or wanst, Ger.] the middle of a hu­
man body. See WAIST.

WASTE [thæste, Sax. woest, Du. wüst, Ger. guasto, It. gasto, Sp.] 1.
Wanton or luxurious destruction, the act of squandering, loss. 2. Use­
less expence. Dryden. 3. lands which are not in any man's possession,
but lie in common, desolate, or uncultivated ground. Land that is left
wholly to nature, that hath no improvement of pasturage, tillage, or
planting, is called waste. Locke. 4. Ground, place, or space unoccu­
pied, Pope. 5. Region ruined and deserted. Dryden. 6. Mischief,
destruction. Shakespeare.

To WASTE, verb act. [thestan athestan, Sax. verwoesten, wocsten,
Du. vasto, Lat. gâter, Fr. guastare, It. gastar, Sp. verwusten, Ger.] 1.
To diminish. Dryden. 2. To destroy wantonly and luxuriously, to
squander. Hooker. 3. To destroy, to desolate, to spoil, to make ha­
vock of. Dryden. 4. To spend, to consume. Milton. 5. To wear
out. Milton.

To WASTE, verb neut. to diminish, to become less, to dwindle.
Dryden.

WASTE, adj. [from the verb] 1. Destroyed, ruined; as, to lay woste
a country, is to desolate or ruin it. 2. Desolate, uncultivated. Deutero­
nomy. 3. Superfluous, exuberant, lost for want of occupiers. Milton.
4. Worthless, that of which none but vile uses may be made. 5. That
of which no account is taken or value sound. Waste paper. Dryden.

WASTE [in law] destruction of woods, houses, lands, &c. made by
a tenant to the prejudice of an heir.

WASTE of the Forest, is when a man cuts down woods within the fo­
rest without licence.

WASTE of a Ship, is that part of her between the two masts, i. e. be­
tween the main-mast and the fore-mast; the middle part.

WASTE Boards [with sailors] boards to be placed on the sides of boats
to keep the sea from breaking in.

WASTE Cloths [in a ship] cloths hung about the cage-work of her hull,
to skreen or defend the men from the enemy in a fight.

WASTE Trees [in a ship] those timbers which lie in her waste.

WA’STFFUL, adj. [of thaste and full, Sax.] 1. Spoiling, making ha­
vock, destructive, ruinous. Milton. 2. Wantonly and dissolutely con­
sumptive. Bacon. 3. Lavish, prodigal, luxuriously liberal. Addison.
4. Desolate, uncultivated, unoccupied. Milton.

WA’STEFULLY, adv. [of wasteful] prodigally, with vain and disso­
lute consumption.

WA’STEFULNESS, subst. [of wasteful] the act of wasting, aptness or
disposition to spoil, or consume extravagantly, prodigality.

WA’STEL Bread, the finest sort of white bread, cake.

WA’STENESS, subst. [of waste] Desolation, solitude. Spenser.








WA’STER, subst. [of waste] a squanderer, a vain consumer. Locke.

WA’STORS [vastatores, Lat.] a sort of theives or robbers.

WA’STREL, subst. [of waste] Their works, both stream and load, lie
in serveral or in wastrel, that is, in inclosed grounds or in commons.
Carew.


WAT

To WATCH, verb neut. [thaccian or thæcian, Sax. wachten, Du. wach­
en, Ger.] 1. To keep awake, not to sleep, to wake. 2. To keep
guard, to set up of nights. 3. To look with expectation. Psalms. 4.
To be attentive, to be vigilant. 2 Timothy. 5. To be cautiously obser­
vant; with over. Taylor. 6. To be insidiously attentive. Milton.

To WATCH, verb act. 1. To have in keeping, to guard. Milton. 2.
To observe in ambush. Milton. 3. To tend. Broome. 4. To observe
in order to detect or prevent.

WATCH, subst. [of wacht, Du. and Ger. wast, Dan. of thæcce, Sax.]
1. Forbearance of sleep. 2. Attendance without sleep. Addison. 3. At­
tention, close observation. Shakespeare. 4. Guard, vigilant keeping.
Bacon. 5. Watchman; men fet to guard. It is used in a collective sense.
Milton. 6. Place where a guard is set. Shakespeare. 7. Post or office of
a watchman. Shakespeare. 8. A period of the night, &c. a pocket­
clock, a small clock moved by a spring. 10. A set portion of time for
keeping watch.

WATCH [on shipboard] is the space of four hours, during which time
one half of the ship's company watch in their turns, and are relieved by
the other half for four hours more.

Quarter WATCH [in a ship] is when one quarter of the crew watch
together.

WATCH-Glass [on shipboard] a four hour-glass, whose sand is four
hours running out, used in determining the sailors watches.

WA’TCH-WORK, the inner parts of any watch or movement, which is
designed to shew the hours without striking.

WATCH and Ward, the custom of keeping watch and ward in the
night, in towns and cities, was first appointed in the reign of Henry III.
in the 13th century.

WA’TCHER, subst. [of watch] 1. One who watches. Shakespeare. 2.
Diligent overlooker or observer. More.

WA’TCHET, adj. [wace, wecced, Sax. weak, q. d. a faint colour] a
kind of pale blue. Dryden.

WA’TCHFUL, adj. [of watch and full] wakeful, heedful, cautious;
nicely observant.

WA’TCHFULLY, adv. [of watchful] carefully, vigilantly.

WA’TCHPULNESS, subst. [of watchful] 1. Inability to sleep. Arbuthnot.
2. Aptness to wake. 3. Heedfulness, carefulness to look out against
dangers, cautious regard. Prior.

WA’TCHHOUSE, subst. [of watch and house] place where the watch is
set.

WA’TCHING, subst. [of watch] inability to sleep.

WA’TCH-LIGHT [at sea] a lanthorn fet up on the poop, stern or mast
of a ship (according to agreement) for a signal, or in a fleet, to prevent
ships from falling foul on one another.

WA’TCHMAN, subst. [of watch and man] guard, sentinel, one to keep
ward, the night-watch.

WA’TCHMAKER, subst. [of watch and maker] a maker of pocket­
clocks, one whose business is to make watches.

WA’TCHTOWER, subst. [of watch and tower] tower on which a sen­
tinel was placed for the sake of prospect. Milton.

WA’TCHWORD, subst. [of watch and word] the word given to senti­
nels to know their friends. Spenser.

WA’TER, subst. [wæter, Sax. water, Du. and L. Ger. wasser, H. Ger.
wate, Teut.] 1. One of the four elements, a congested mass of particles
which are very thin, smooth, and very flexible, disposed to bend and
yield every way. Sir Isaac Newton defines water, which is pure, to be a
very fluid salt, volatile and void of all favour or taste: And it seems to
consist of small, smooth, hard, porous, spherical particles of equal dia­
meters and of equal specific quantities; and also that there are between
them spaces so large, and ranged in such a manner, as to be pervious on
all sides. Quincy. 2. The sea. Abbot. 3. Urine. Shakespeare. 4. To
hold water; to be sound, to be tight. Borrowed from a vessel that does
not leak. L'Estrange. 5. A certain lustre on silks, &c. imitating waves.
6. [With jewellers] a certain lustre of diamonds, pearls, and other pre­
cious stones; thus called because they were supposed by the ancients to
be formed or concreted of water. Shakespeare.

WATER [with calenders, dyers, &c.] a certain lustre in imitation of
waves, set on silks, mohairs, &c.

WATER [with chemists] more usually called phlegm, is the fourth of
the five chemical principles, and one of the passive ones.

To WA’TER, verb neut. [from the subst. wætran, Sax. woteren, Du.
and L. Ger. waestern, H. Ger.] 1. To moisten, to wet, to soak in wa­
ter, to sprinkle with water, to supply with moisture. 2. To diversify
with waves, to put a wavy gloss upon silks. Locke. 3. To fertilize or
accommodate with streams. Addison. 4. To supply with water for drink;
as, to give a horse water to drink.

To WATER, verb neut. 1. To shed moisture. South. 2. To get or
take in fresh water in a ship, &c. to be used in supplying water.
Knolles. 3. The mouth waters; the man longs; there is a vehement
desire. From dogs, according to Johnson, who drop their slaver when
the see meat which they cannot get. This may or may not be; but it
might as well be borrowed from the human species, as there is hardly
any but some time or other perceives this involuntary water in his
mouth.

WA’TERAGE, money paid for passage by water.

WA’TER-ARCHER, an herb.

WA’TER-BUDGET [in heraldry] a sort of budget anciently used by
soldiers to fetch water to the camp.

WA’TER-BAILIFF [of the city of London] an officer who has the
oversight and search of fish brought to Billingsgate; and also the collect­
ing of the toll arising from the river of Thames.

WATER-BAILIFES [in sea-port towns] certain officers formerly ap­
pointed for searching of ships.

WA’TER-BEARS, bears at Spitberg, that live by what they catch in
the sea.

WA’TER-BORNE [a sea term] a ship is said to be water-borne, when
she is where there is no more water than will just bear her from the
ground; or, lying even with the ground, she first begins to float or
swim.

Dead WATER [in sea language] the water that follows the stem of a
ship, that does not pass away so fast as that which slides by her sides.

WATER-BE’TONY, subst. an herb.

WA’TER-COLOURS, subst. [of water and colour] Painters make colours
into a soft consistence with water or oil; those they call water-colours, and
these they term oil-colours. Boyle.

WA’TER-CRESSES, an herb, of which there are five species.

WA’TER-FARCIN [in horses] a disease.

WA’TER-FOWLS, birds who naturally take to the water, at ducks,
geese, &c.

WA’TER-DOG, a dog that takes the water after sowls on that ele­
ment.

WA’TERER, subst. [of water] one who waters. Carew.

WA’TERFALL, subst. [of water and fall] a cataract or cascade, of
which the most noted natural ones are the cataracts of the Nile in Egypt;
the fall of which (according to Mr. Lucas) is 200 feet, and the breadth
a French league or miles. I have seen in the Indies far greater waterfalls
than those of Nilus. Raleigh.

WA’TER-FOWL, fowl that live or get their food in the water.

WA’TER-GAGE, an instrument for measuring the quantity and depth of
any water.

WATER-GAGE, a sea-wall or bank to keep off the current or over­
flowing of the water.

WA’TER-GANG [weter-gang, Sax.] a trench to carry a stream of
water, such as is usually made in sea-walls, to discharge and drain water
out of the marshes.

WA’TER-GAVEL, a rent anciently paid for fishing in, or other benefit
received from fome river or water.

WA’TER-GERMANDER, an herb.

WATERGRU’EL, subst. [of water and gruel] food made with oatmeal
and water.

WA’TERINESS, subst. [of watery] humidity, moisture, fulness of wa­
ter. Arbuthnot.

WA’TERISH, adj. [of water; wæterlic, Sax.] 1. Resembling water.
Dryden. 2. Moist; insipid. Hale.

WA’TERISHNESS, subst. [of waterish] thinness, resemblance of water.
Floyer.

WA’TERLEAF, subst. a plant.

WA’TER-LILLY, subst. [nymphæa, Lat.] a plant.

WA’TER-LINE [of a ship] is that line which distinguishes that part of
it that is under water, from that which is above, when she has her due
loading.

WA’TER-LOCK, a senced watering place.

WA’TERMAN, subst. [of water and man] a ferriman, one who plies
with a boat upon a river.

WA’TERMARK, subst. [of water and mark] the utmost limit of the
rise of the flood.

WA’TER-MELON, subst. a plant.

WA’TER-MEASURE, a dry measure, which exceeds the Winchester­
measure by about three gallons in a bushel; used for selling coals in the
pool, &c.

WA’TERMEN; this company is very ancient, tho' we find it not incor­
porated till the reign of Philip and Mary: To these the lightermen have
been added. They are governed by eight rulers for the former, and
three for the latter; three auditors of accounts, and 60 assistants, but no
livery; this company having no freedom in the city. Their hall is in
Cole-Harbour. Their arms are barry wavy, of 6 argent and azure, a
boat or, on a chief of the 2d, a pair of oars saltire ways of the 3d, be­
tween two cushions of the 1st; the crest a hand proper, holding an oar, as
the former; the supporters two dolphins proper; the motto, At Com­
mand of our Superiors.

WA’TERMILL, subst. a mill turned by water. There are a great va­
riety of watermills; but the following, invented by Dr. Baker, is of the
most simple structure of any yet made, performing its effect without
any wheel, trundle, cog, or round. A B C D (Plate 12. fig. 16.) is an
upright frame standing upon an upright hollow pipe or tube, fixed at the
bottom of a horizontal square trunk I R; which trunk, together with
the tube, is fixed to an upright spindle, or axis R S, by means of a not
and screw at S. The lower end of the axis moves on a fine point in a
pivot-hole, in the part of the frame at T; on the upper part of the
frame at T, is a hole through which the spindle passes, as also
through the round circular piece P, fixed on the said frame; on the
upper part of the spindle is fixed another round circular piece O, which
represents the upper and moveable stone of the mill. Q is a spout of
water filling the tube or trunk, and giving motion thereto, and,
consequently to the axis and upper stone, by the horizontal jets of water
from each end of the trunk I K, through holes made on each end and
contrary sides.

WA’TER MINT, subst. a plant.

WATER-MU’RRAIN, a disease in black cattle.

WATER-O’RDEAL, an ancient Saxon way of trial or purgation, when
suspected of a crime, by putting their hands in scalding water.

WA’TER-PEPPER, an herb.

WA’TERPOISE, an instrument for trying the strength of liquors.

WA’TER-RADISH, subst. a species of water-cresses.

WA’TER-RAT, subst. a rat that make holes in banks.

WA’TER-ROCKET, subst. a species of water-cresses.

WA’TERSCAPE [wæter-schap, Sax.] an aquaduct or water-course.

WA’TERSHOOT [with gardeners] a young sprig, which shoots out of
the root or stock of a tree.

WA’TERSHOT [with sailors] a term used of a ship when she rides at
anchor, being moored, neither cross the tide nor right up and down,
but quartered betwixt both.

WATER of Separation, or WATER of Depart [with refiners] aqua for­
tis, fo nominated, becaused it separates gold from silver.

WA’TER-TABLE [in architecture] a sort of ledge left in stone or
brick walls, about eighteen or twenty inches from the ground, from
which place the thickness of the wall begins to abate.

WATER-VI’OLET, subst. [hottonia, Lat.] a plant.

WA’TER-SAPHIRE, subst. a sort of stone. It is the occidental saphire,
and is neither of so bright a blue, nor so hard as the oriental. Wood­
ward.

WA’TER-WAY [in a ship] is a small ledge of timber lying on the
deck close by the sides, to keep the water from running down there.

WA’TERWITH, subst. [of water and with] a plant. The waterwith
of Jamaica, grows on dry hills in the woods, where no water is to be
met with; its trunk, if cut into pieces two or three yards long, and held
by either end to the mouth, affords so plentifully a limpid, innocent,







and refreshing water or sap, as gives new life to the droughty traveller.
Derham.

WA’TER-WHEEL, an engine for raising water in great quantity out of
a deep well.

WA’TER-WILLOW, an herb.

WA’TER-WORK, subst. [of water and work] play of fountains; arti­
ficial spouts of water; any hydraulic performance, any artificial repre­
sentations of water for pleasure or ornament.

Holy (or Consecrated) WATER, esteemed of great efficacy among the
Romanists; Peter's universal pickle. See Tale of a Tub.

WA’TERY, adj. [of water; wæteric, Sax.] 1. Thin, liquid, like
water. 2. Tasteless, vapid, spiritless. Shakespeare. 3. Wet, full of
water. Prior. 4. Relating to the water. Dryden. 5. Consisting of
water.

WATERY Sores, a distemper in horses.

WATERY Triplicity [in astrology] are the three signs of the zodiac,
Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces.

WA’TERING, a term used for the laying the rungs (which are bundles
of hemp stalks) in water with a weight upon them. to keep them from
swimming.

WATERING [of manufactures] is the giving silks, tabbies, mohairs,
stuffs, &c. a wavy lustre, by wetting them lightly, and then passing them
through a press or calendar, whether hot or cold.

WA’TFORD, a town in Hertfordshire, 15 computed, and 17 measured
miles from London.

WA’TTLED, adj. [thetelas, Sax. twigs] made with wattles or hur­
dles.

WA’TTLES, subst. [wetelas, or wetlas, Sax.] spleeted grates or hur­
dles; also folds for sheep made with split wood in the manner of
grates.

WATTLES of a Cock [Skinner derives them either of wedein, Teut. or
waggelen, Du. waghelen, Ger. to shake] 1. The gills of a cock, the
barbs or loose red flesh that hangs below the cock's bill. 2. The red,
puggered flesh that hangs under a turkey cock's neck.

To WA’TTLE, verb act. [watelas, Sax. twigs] to form by plaiting
twigs one within another, to cover with hurdles or grates. Milton.

WA’TLINGTON, a market town of Oxfordshire, 37 computed and 43
measured miles from London.

WA’TTON, a market-town of Norfolk 74 computed and 89 measured
miles from London.

To WAVE, verb neut. [from the subst. of thagian, Sax.] 1. To rise
and fall like waves, to play loosely, to float. Dryden. 2. To be moved
as a signal. B. Johnson. 3. To be in an unsettled state, to fluctuate.
Hooker.

To WAVE, verb act. 1. To fashion or make like waves of the sea,
to raise into inequalities of surface. Horns welk'd and wav'd like the
enridged sea. Shakespeare. 2. To turn to and fro, to move loosely.
Addison. To waft, to remove any thing floating. Brown. 4. To
beckon, to direct by a waft or motion of any thing. Shakespeare. 5.
[Guesver, Fr Skinner; thafian, Sax.] to decline or put off a business,
to omit the doing of it. Dryden. 6. To put aside for the present 7. To
put by a discourse. Dryden. 8. [Among fowlers] to beat the wings.
9. [At sea] is to make signs by waving a garment on a pole, for a ship
or boat to come near or to keep off.

WAVE, subst. [in physics] 1. Water raised above the level of the sur­
face, a billow. 2. Inequality, unevenness in general. Newton.

WA’VE-LOAVES [in the Jewish œconomy] loaves of bread, offered as
the first fruits of every year's increase.

To WA’VER, verb neut. [of thafian, Sax.] 1. To play to and fro, to
move loosely. Boyle. 2. To fluctuate, not to be determined, to be in­
constant, to be irresolute or uncertain what to do.

WA’VERER, subst. [of waver] one unsettled, one irresolute. Shake­
speare.

WA’VERING, part. adj. [thaferig, of thafian, Sax.] being in uncer­
tainty or unresolved, fluctuating in mind.

WA’VERINGLY, adv. [of wavering] in an uncertain, irresolute man­
ner.

WA’VY, adj. [of wave] 1. Like waves of the sea, rising in waves.
Dryden. 2. Playing to and fro as in undulations. Wavy corn. Prior.

WAVY [in heraldry] signifies representing the waves rolling, which
the French call Ondée.

WA’VESON [maritime law] such goods as after a shipwreck appear
floating or swimming on the waves of the sea.

WA’WES, or WAES, subst. [a word used by Spenser, according to the
Saxon pronunciation] 1. For waves. Spenser. 2. In the following pas­
sage it seems to be for woes [tha, Sax. and Scottish; as, waes me] Sunk
in helpless wawes. Spenser.

WAU’MISH, or WA’LMISH, adj. [prob. q. d. qualmish, or of baemmis,
Dan. loathing] sick or sickish at the stomach.

To WAWL, verb neut. [tha, Sax. grief. Johnson] to cry or howl as
cats do in the night, to catterwawl, prob. of the sound, or a corruption
of bowl.

WAX, subst. [theax, Sax. vaex, wex, Dan. wax, Su. wacks, Du. and
L. Ger. wachs, H. Ger.] 1. A soft, yellowish, tenacious matter, where­
with the bees form cells to receive their honey. 2. Any tenacious
mass, such as is used to fasten letters. The artificial wax is of several
sorts, as sealing-wax, shoemakers-wax, &c. 3. A kind of connection
in the flesh; as, wax-kernels. Wiseman.

WA’X-CHANDLERS, were incorporated the 2d of Richard III. in the
year 1484. They are a master, two wardens, 23 assistants, 71 livery­
men, and about 150 the whole company. Their hall is in Maiden-lane.
Their arms are azure on a chevron argent, between 3 lamps or, as many
roses gules.

To WAX, verb act. [from the subst.] to smear, to join with wax, to
cover, do over, or dress with wax.

To WAX, verb neut. pret. wox, waxed, part pass. waxed, waxen
[theaxan, Sax. boxer, Dan. wassen, Du. wachsen, Ger.] 1. To grow or
become bigger or more, to increase: used of the moon, in opposition to
wane; and figuratively of things which grow by turns bigger and less.
2. To pass into any state, to become, to grow. It is in either sense now
almost disused. Atterbury.

WAXEN, adj. [of wax] made of wax.

WA’XSHOT, or WA’XSCOT, a duty anciently paid towards the defray­
ing the charge of wax candles in churches.


WAY

WAY [thæg, Sax. vy, Dan. waeg, Su. wegh, Du. weg, Ger. via, It.
and Lat. voye, Fr. all prob. of weg, Teut. motion, from whence like­
wise the Sax. atheg, away, the German bewegen, to move, and a grt
many other compounds] 1. A road, a path in general in which one tra­
vels. 2. Broad road made for passengers. 3. A length of journey.
L'Estrange. 4. Course, direction of motion. I took the way. Dryden.
5. Advance in life. He was to make his way by his own industry. Spec­
tator. 6. Passage, power of progression made or given. To his speed
gave way. Milton. 7. Vacancy made by timorous or respectful reces­
sion. Atterbury. 8. Local tendency. Come a little nearer this way.
Shakespeare. 9. Course, regular progression. Dryden. 10. Situation
where a thing may probably be sound. Counsels and secrets out of their
way. Taylor. 11. A situation or course obstructive and obviating.
Duppa. 12. Tendency to any meanig or act. Atterbury. 13. Access,
means of admittance. Raleigh. 14. Sphere of observation. Temple. 15.
An expedient, means, medicate instrument, intermediate step. Locke.
16. Scheme of management, method. South. 17. Private determina­
tion. Bacon. 18. Manner, mode. His way of expressing. Addison.
19. Method, manner of practice. Milton. 20. Method or plan of life,
conduct or action. Instructed in the right way. Addison. 21. Right
method to act or know. We are quite out of the way. Locke. 22. Ge­
neral scheme of acting. Clarissa. 23. By the way; without any neces­
sary connection with the main design. En passant. Spectator. 24. To
go or come one's way or ways; to come along or depart. A familiar
phrase. Shakespeare. 25. Way and ways are now often used corruptly
for wise. Pope.

The High WAY, the great road leading from one city or place to ano­
ther,

High-WAY-Man, a robber upon the great or high road.

WAY of a Ship [in sea language] is sometimes used for the rake or
run of it forward or aftward on; but is more usually said of her sailing,
for when she goes apace, they say, she has good way; it is also used
of the smooth water she makes a-stern when under sail.

WAY of the Rounds [in fortification] is a space left for the passage of
the rounds, between the wall and the rampart of a fortified town; but is
not now much in use.

To WAY a Horse, to teach him to travel in the way.

WA’Y-BREAD [theg-bræde, Sax.] the herb plantain.

WA’Y-BIT, a little or small space of ground, a little way: A provin­
cial word; as, a mile and a way-bit, i. e. a mile and something more.

WA’YFARER, subst. [of way and fare, to go] passenger, traveller.
Carew.

WA’YFARING, adj. [of thæg, a way, and faran, Sax. to go] travel­
ling, passing, being on a journey.

WAYFARING Tree [viburnum, Lat.] a plant, otherwise called the
wild-vine or hedge-plan.

To WA’Y-LAY, verb act. [of way and lay; of thæg, and lecgan, Sax.
to lay] to lie in wait for one by the way, to watch insidiously in the
way. Dryden.

WA’YLAYER, subst. [of way and lay] a layer in wait for another.

WA’YLESS, adj. [of way] pathless, untracked. Drayton.

WA’YMARK, subst. [of way and mark] mark to guide in travelling.
Jeremiah.

To WA’YMENT, verb neut. [tha, Sax.] to lament, to grieve. Spenser.

WA’YWARD, adj. [tha, woe, and theard, Sax. of Waghern, Teut. wei­
vern, Du. and Ger. to refuse, and aerd, Du. art, Ger. nature] froward,
peevish, morose; vexatious. Dryden.

WAYWARD Sisters, witches. Shakespeare.

WA’YWARDLY, adv. [of wayward] frowardly, perversely. Sidney.

WA’YWARDNESS, subst. [of wayward] peevishness, frowardness. Sid­
ney.

WA’Y-WISER [weg-wyser, L. Ger. weg-weiser, H. Ger. a way-dial]
a movement like a watch for counting one's steps or paces, in order to
know how far a person walks in a day.

WA’Y-WISER [with mathematicians] an instrument fixed to the great
wheel of a chariot, to shew how far it travels in a day.

WA’YWOD, a governor of a chief place in the dominions of the czar
of Muscovy, and the king of Poland.

WA’YT-FEE [in old law] ward-penny, or a fee anciently paid for
keeping watch and ward.


WEA

WE [the, Sax. vi, Dan. vy, Du. and L. Ger. wir, H. Ger.] 1. The
nominative plural of I. 2. Improperly and ungrammatically for the
oblique case us. Shakespeare.

WEAK, adj. [thace, Sax. swag, Su. swack, Du. schwach, Ger. feeble.
week, Su. weeck, Du. and L. Ger. weich, H. Ger. soft] 1. Feeble, not
strong. 2. Infirm, not healthy. Shakespeare. 3. Soft, pliant, not stiff.
4. Low of sound. Ascham. 5. Feeble of mind, wanting spirit, wanting
discernment. Weak of brain. Hooker. 6. Not much impregnated with
any ingredient; as, weak beer. 7. Not powerful, not potent. South.
8. Not well supported by argument. Hooker. 9. Unfortified. Addison.
10. Simple, &c.

To WEA’KEN, verb act. [of thacnian or thace, Sax. weak, weekna,
suaga, Su. weecken, swacken, Du. and L. Ger. weichen, schwache, H.
Ger.] to render weak or fecble, to deprive of strength. Addison.

WEA’KLING, subst. a weak, feeble child. Shakespeare.

WEA’KLY, adv. [of weak] 1. Feebly, with want of strength. 2. In­
discreetly, timorously, with feebleness of mind. Milton.

WEAKLY, adj. [of weak] not strog, not healthy. Raleigh.

WEA’KNESS, subst. [of weak] 1. Feebleness, want of strength, want
of force. 2. Unhealthiness, infirmity. Temple. 3. Want of cogency.
Tillotson. 4. Want of judgment, want of resolution; foolishness of
mind. Milton. 5. Defect; failing. Addison.

WEAKSI’DE, subst. [of weak and side] deficience, infirmity, foible.

WEAL, subst. [of thelan, health, or thel, Sax. welust, Du. whel, Ger.
well] 1. Happiness, prosperity, flourishing state: Milton. 2. Republic,
state, public interest, common wealth. Pope.

WEAL, subst. [thalan, Sax.] the mark of a stripe. Donne.

WEA’LAWAY, interj. alas. Obsolete. Spenser.

WEALD, WALD, or WALT [thealt, Sax.] either singly or in compo­
sition, signify wood, forest or grave, and that the places either are or
were formerly stored with wood.

WEA’LREAF [theal-reaf, Sax.] the robbing a dead man in his grave.

WEALTH [thæleth, Sax. rich] riches, substance, money or preciou
goods.

Common-WEALTH, a republic.

Common WEALTH-Man, a republican.

WEA’LTHILY, adv. [of wealthy] richly. Shakespeare.

WEA’LTHINESS, subst. [of wealthy] richness.























WEA’LTHY, adj. [of wealth; thælig, or thælthig, Sax.] rich, opulent,
abundant.

To WEAN, verb act. [of thenian, Sax. wehnen, Ger.] 1. To take or
put from the breast, to ablactate. 2. To withdraw from any habit or
desire. Dryden.

To WEAN one's self from any thing, to withdraw from it.

WEANEL, or WEA’NLING, subst. [thænan, Sax. to wean, and ling, a
dimin.] 1. A young beast newly taken from sucking its dam. The for­
mer Spenser uses, and the latter Milton. 2. A child newly weaned.

WEA’PON [thæpen or thepna, Sax. vabn, or vaezben, Dan. wapn, Su.
wapen, Du. and L. Ger. waffen, H. Ger.] an instrument offensive,
something with which one is armed to hurt another, as a sword, club,
&c.

WEA’PONED, adj. [of thepent, Sax. wapnet or gewapnet, O. L. Ger.
gewasnet, H. Ger.] armed for offence, provided with arms; as, well or
ill-weaponed. Sidney.

WEA’PONLESS, adj. [of thæpen and leas, Sax.] having no weapon,
unarmed. Milton.

WEA’PON-SALVE, subst. [of weapon and salve] a sort of ointment
which the ancients pretended (and also some moderns) would cure a
wound by the sword or other weapon that made the wound, being dres­
sed with it. Boyle.

WEAR, or WARE, subst. [thær, Sax. a fen, war, Ger. a mound] 1. A
stank or great dam in a river to shut up and raise the water, and fitted for
taking of fish; also for conveying the stream to a mill. Often written
weir or wier. Walton. 2. The act of wearing, a thing worn. Wear
and tear. Hudibras.

To WEAR, verb act. [theran and theoran, Sax. pret. wore, part. worn]
1. To waste with use or time. 2. To consume tediously. Dryden. 3.
To carry appendant to the body, to be clothed with; as, to wear clothes.
4. To exhibit in appearance. Dryden. 5. To affect by degrees. Wears
himself into the same manner. Addison. 6. To wear out; to harrass.
Daniel. 7. To wear out; to waste or destroy by use. Dryden.

To WEAR, verb neut. [of theornian, Sax.] 1. To decay, to be wasted
with use or time. Locke. 2. To be tediously spent. Thus wore out
night. Milton. 3. [Prob. of waehten, Du.] to last, to hold out, to en­
dure; as, to wear well. 4. To pass by degrees. It soon wears off.
Locke. 5. [With sailors] a term used in bringing a ship to a different
tack, when they say she wears.

To WEAR out one's Patience, to tire one, to put one out of patience.

WEARD [of theardan, Sax. to guard or keep] in composition of pro­
per names, initial or final, signifies watchfulness or care.

WEA’RER, subst. [of wear] one who has any thing appendant to his
person. Addison.

WEA’RINESS, subst. [of weary; therignesse, Sax.] 1. State of being
fatigued or tired with labour. South. 2. Cause of fatigue. Clarendon.
3. Impatience of any thing. 4. Tediousness.

WEA’RING, subst. [of wear] clothes. Shakespeare.

WEA’RISH, adj. [I believe from thær, Sax. a quagmire] boggy, wa­
tery. See WEERISH. A garment over rich for many of their wearish
and ill disposed bodies. Carew.

WEA’RISOME, adj. [of weary; of therig and som, Sax.] fatiguing,
tiresome, causing weariness. Milton.

WEA’RISOMELY, adv. [of wearisome] tediously, so as to cause weari­
ness. Raleigh.

WEA’RISOMENESS, subst. [of wearisome] 1. The quality of tiring,
tiresomeness. 2. The state of being easily tired. Ascham.

WEA’RY, adj. [werig or thœrig, Sax. wscren, Du. to be tired] 1.
Tired, fatigued with labour. Dryden. 2. Disgusted with, impatient of
the continuance of any thing painful or irksome; with of. Clarendon. 3.
Desirous to discontinue; with of. Shakespeare. 4. Causing weariness,
tiresome. Shakespeare.

To WEA’RY, verb act. [wærian, Sax.] 1. To fatigue, to subdue by
labour, to tire. Addison. 2. To make impatient of continuance. Addison.
3. To incommode, to subdue or harrass by any thing irksome. Milton.

WEA’SAND, subst. [ethsend, Sax. This word is very variously written;
but this orthography is nearest to the original word] the windpipe or
gullet, the passage through which the breath is drawn or emitted. Dryden.

WEA’SEL, subst. [thesel, Sax. wesel, Du. mustela, Lat.] a small ani­
mal that eats corn and kills mice.

WEA’THER, subst. [veder, Dan. weder, Su. Du. and L. Ger. wetter,
H. Ger. theder, Sax.] 1. The disposition of the air or season; the state
and disposition of the atmosphere, with respect to moisture or drought,
heat or cold, wind or calm, rain, hail, snow, fog, frost, &c. 2. The
change of the state of the air. The waves and weathers of time. Bacon.
3. Tempest, storm. Dryden.

To WEA’THER, verb neut. [from the subst.] 1. To expose to the air.
Spenser. 2. To pass with difficulty. Hale.

To WEATHER a Point [a sea term] to double or go to the windward
of a place, to gain a point against the wind. Addison.

To WEATHER a Point [metaphorically] is to overcome a difficulty.

To WEATHER out, to endure. Addison.

WEA’THER-BOARDING [in carpentry] is the nailing of boards against
the outside of a building; also the boards themselves.

Bell-WEATHER, a sheep which, having a bell tied round his neck,
all the flock follows.

WEA’THER-BOARD, or WEA’THER-BOW [in sea language] that side
of a ship that is to the windward.

WEA’THER-Beaten [of weder-betan, Sax.] worn, or having lost its
beauty by being exposed to the weather, harrassed and seasoned by hard
weather. Addison.

WEA’THER-COCK, subst. [theder-coce, Sax.] 1. An artificial cock, or
a vane on the top of a steeple, &c. to shew which way the wind blows.
2. Any thing fickle or unconstant. Dryden.

WEATHER-COCK is a symbol of inconstancy.

WEATHER Coiling of a Ship [a sea term] is when being a hull, her
head is brought the contrary way to that she lay before, without loosing
of any fail, and only by bearing up the helm.

WEA’THER-DRIVEN, adj. forced by storms or contrary winds.

WEA’THER-GAGE, subst. [of theder, Sax. and jauge, Fr.] the advan­
tage of the wind: any thing that shews the weather. Hudibras.

WEA’THER-GLASS, subst. [of weather and glass] a barometer, a glass
that shows the change of weather, with the degrees of heat and cold.

To WEATHER a Hawk [with falconers] is to set her abroad to take
the air.

WEA’THERING [a sea term] is the doubling or getting to the wind­
ward of a point or place.

WEA’THER-MAN [with archers] one who carefully observes the wind
and weather in shooting.

WEA’THER-SPY, subst. [of weather and spy] a star-gazer, and astro­
loger, one that foretels the weather. Donne.

WEA’THER-SHEEP [weder-sceap, Sax. weer, Du. widder, Ger.] a
male sheep gelded: this should be wether.

WEA’THER-TILING, is the covering the upright sides of a house with
tiles.

WEA’THERWISE [of weather and wise; of theder-thise, Sax.] skilled
in foretelling the change of weather.

WEA’THERWISER, subst. [of weather, and wisen, Du. to show] any
thing that foreshews the weather. Derham.

To WEAVE, verb act. irreg. pret. wove, weaved, irreg. part. pass.
wove, woven [theafan or weofian, Sax. befter, Dan. warfwa, Su. we­
ven, Du. and L. Ger. weben, H. Ger. weffen, Teut.] 1. To work a web of cloth, silk, stuff, linen, &c. in a loom with a shuttle; to form by in­
serting one part of the materials within another. 2. To unite by inter­
mixture. Addison. 3. To interpose, to insert. Reciprocally used by
Shakespeare.

To WEAVE, verb neut. to work with a loom.

WEA’VER, subst. [weber, Dan. waefware, Su. wever, Du. and L. Ger.
weber, H. Ger. thebba, Sax.] a maker of cloth, silk, &c. in a loom, one
who makes threads into cloth.

WEAVERS, were incorporated in the time of Henry II. they are 2
bailiffs, 2 wardens, 16 (more) assistants, and 186 on the livery, &c.
the fine is 6l. 8 s. 4 d. Their hall is in Basinghall-steret. They bear for
their arms azure on a chevron argent, between 3 leopards heads, having
each a shuttle in his mouth or, as many roses gules, seeded proper; their
crest a leopard's head crowned with a ducal coronet and a shuttle as be­
fore; the supporters two weeverns ermin, winged or, membered gules;
the motto, Weave Truth with Trust.

WEA’VERFISH, subst. [araneus pisces, Lat.] a fish. Ainsworth.

Silk WEA’VING, the devising and bringing to perfection, the making
all manner of tufted cloth of tissue, velvets, branched sactins, and other
kinds of curious silks, was first performed by an Englishman, John Tyce,
in Shoreditch.

WEB, subst. [thæbbe, Sax.] 1. Texture, any thing woven. 2. Cloth
while weaving in the loom. 3. A spider's web. 4. [Among mecha­
nics] a sheet of lead. 5. A spot or pearl in the eye, a kind of dusky
film that hinders the sight. Shakespeare. 6. Some part of a sword: Obso­
lete. Fairfax.

WE’BBED, adj. [of web] joined by a film. Derham.

WEB-FOO’TED, adj. [of web and foot] having films between the toes;
palmipedous. Ray.

WE’BSTER, subst. [thebstre, Sax. a woman weaver] a weaver: Ob­
solete. Camden.

To WED, verb act. [of wedder, Dan. theddian, Sax.] 1. To marry,
to take for husband or wife. 2. To join in marriage. Milton. 3. To
unite for ever. Shakespeare. 4. To take for ever. Wedded his cause.
Clarendon. 5. To unite by love or fondness. Wedded to their lusts. Til­
lotson.

To WED, verb neut. to contract matrimony. Dryden.

WE’DBEDFIP [of thed, a covenant or agreement, beddan, to bid or
desire, and thippan, Sax. to reap or mow] as it were, a covenant of the
tenant to reap, &c. for his lord, when he should require him.

WE’DDED, part adj. [or firm] to one's opinion or interest. See To
WED.

WE’DDING, subst. [of wed; bethedding, Sax.] marriage, the nuptial
ceremony.

WEDGE, subst. [wedg, Sax. wigg, Su. wegg, Du. begge, Dan.] 1. An
instrument, which, having a sharp edge, continually growing thicker,
is used for splitting wood. The powers of the wedge ACBH (Plate
XII. fig. 17.) is evident from its consisting of two equal inclined planes
AHC, and BHC; and if we suppose the power of cohesion in the wood
ADEB, to be uniform and equally resist the wedge ABC, dividing its
parts AF, and BG, the power of the wedge, will be to the resistance of
the wood, as their velocities inversely, that is, as the spaces moved
through in the same time, namely, as the height of the wedge HC to
half its width AH. 2. One of the mechanical powers. 3. A bar or
ingot of metal. Joshua. 3. Anything in the form of a wedge. Milton.

To WEDGE, verb act. [thedgan, Sax. wiggin, Su.] to drive in a wedge,
to fasten or straiten with wedges; to stop, to obstruct.

WE’DLOCK [thedloc, of theddian, to marry, &c. and loc, Sax. a lock,
q. d. the lock of fastening of marriage. According to Johnson, thed,
marriage, and lac, Sax. gift.] marriage, matrimonial tie. Addison.

WE’DNESDAY, subst. [Odensday, Su. Woensday, Du. Wensday, Isl. and
Scot. thodnes-dæg, of thoden, Sax. the name of an idol, supposed to be
the Mars of the Saxons, or, according to others, Mercury, the Dies
Mercuris, or day appointed to Mercury, being the same with the Saxon
thodnes-deg, by them and the Gothic nations set apart for the worship
of their idol Woden or Odin] the fourth day of the week.


WEE

WEE, adj. [a Saxon word of the same root with weing, Ger.] little,
small; whence the word weasle or weesel is used for little; as, a weesel
face. In Scotland it denotes small or little; as, wee ane, a little one or
child; wee bit, a little bit. He hath but a little wee face. Shakespeare.

WEE’CHELM, subst. [Thls is often written witchelm] a species of elm.
Bacon.

WEED [theod, Sax. tares, wiede, Du.] 1. A noxious or useless herb.
2. [Woeda, gewede or wade, Sax. waed, Du.] 1. A garment, clothes,
dress: Now scarce in use, except in widow's weeds, the mouring dress
of a widow. 3. [Among miners] the degeneracy of a load or vein of
fine metal into an useless marcasite.

To WEED, verb. act. [from the subst. theodian, Sax. wieden, Ger.]
1. To pull up weeds in a garden, to rid of noxious plants. 2. To take
away noxious plants. Shakespeare. 3. To free from any thing hurtful or
offensive. Howel. 4. To root out vice. Locke.

Choke WEED, an herb.

Rope WEED, or Sea WEED, plants.

WEE’DER, subst. [of weed] one that takes away weeds or any thing
noxious. Shakespeare.

WEE’DHOOK, subst. [of weed und hook] a hook by which weeds are
cut out or extirpated. Tusser.

WEE’DLESS, adj. [of weed] free from weeds or any thing noxious or
useless. Dryden.

WEEDY, adj. [of weed] 1. Consisting of weeds. Shakespeare. 2.
Abounding with weeds. Dryden.








WEEK [theoc or theca, Sax. weke, Du. uge, Dan. veka, Su. weke, Du.
and L. Ger. woche, H. Ger.] the space or compass of seven days.

WEEK, or WICK [of a candle; theoc, Sax.] the cotton or rush, &c.

WEE’KDAY, subst. [of week and day] any day but Sunday. Pope.

WEE’KLY, adj. [theoclice, of theoc, Sax. a week] happening, pro­
duced or done once a week; hebdomedary, every week, week by
week.

WEE’KLY, adv. [of week] once a week.

WEEL, subst. [pœl, Sax.] 1. Whirlpool. 2. [Wiel, Du. Perhaps
from willow] a twiggen snare or trap, a bow net to catch fish in.

To WEEN, verb neut. [of wenan, Sax. to know, waenen, Du.] 1. To
imagine, to think, to be of opinion: Obsolete. Milton.

WEE’NING, part. adj. [of wenan, Sax.] thinking, supposing, &c.

To WEEP, verb neut. irreg. pret. and part. pass. wept; pret. and part.
weeped [weopan, Sax.] 1. To show sorrow by tears. 2. To shed
tears from any passion. Shakespeare. 3. To lament, to complain.

To WEEP, verb act. 1. To bewail, to bemoan, to lament with tears.
Pope. 2. To shed moisture. Pope. 3. To abound with wet. Weeping
grounds. Mortimer.

WEE’PER, subst. [of weep] one who sheds tears, a bewailer, a
moaner. Taylor.

WEE’PERS, pieces of cambric or cuffs sewed upon the sleeves of men's
mourning coats.

WEPT. See To WEEP.

WEE’RISH, adj. See WEARISH. [This old word is used by Ascham in
a sense which the lexicographers seem not to have known. Applied to
tastes, it means infipid: Applied to the body, weak and washy. Here it
seems to mean sour and surly. Johnson] A countenance not weerish and
crabbed; but fair and comely. Ascham.

WEE’SEL, or WEE’ZEL [vesel, Dan. vella, Su. thesle, Sax.] a dome­
stic creature that kills mice, of the same species as the ermin. See WEA­
SEL.

To WEET, verb neut. pret. wot or wote [witan, Sax. weten, Du.] to
know, to be informed: Obsolete. Prior.

WEE’TLESS, adj. [of weet] unknowing. Spenser.

WEE’VIL, subst. [veval, Du. wivel, Dan. wefl, Sax.] a sort of worm
breeding in corn, a grub. Bentley.

WEFT, the old pret. and part. pass. from to weave. Spenser.

WEFT, subst. [thefta, Sax. weff, Dan.] 1. A thing woven, the woof
of cloth. 2. A tress of hair. 3. [Guaive, Fr. vofa, Isl. to wander, va­
gus, Lat.] that of which the claim is generally waved; any thing wan­
dering without an owner and seized by the lord of the manour. B. John­
son. 4. It is in Bacon for vaft, a gentle blast. Smells are best in a weft
afar off.

WE’FTAGE, subst. [of weft] texture. Grew.

To WEIGH, verb act. [wegan, Sax. waega, Su. wegen, Du. wâgen,
Ger. wagan, Teut.] 1. To ponderate or try the weight of any thing, to
examine by the balance. 2. To be equivalent to in weight. Weighing
divers ounces. Boyle. 3. To pay, allot, or take by weight. Shakespeare.
4. To raise; to take up the anchor. 5. To examine, to balance or con­
sider in mind. 6. To weigh down; to overbalance. 7. To weigh down;
to overburthen, to oppress with weight. Addison.

To WEIGH, verb neut. 1. To have weight, 2. To be considered
as important; to have weight in the intellectual balance. Addison. 3.
To have the anchor raised. Dryden. 4. To bear heavily, to pass hard.
Shakespeare.

WEI’GHED, adj. [of weigh] experienced. Bacon.

WEI’GHER, subst. [of weigh] one who weighs.

WEIGHT, subst. [wiht, Sax. wicht, Su. gewicht, Du. and Ger.] 1.
Quantity measured by the balance. 2. A mass by which, as the stan­
dard, other bodies are examined, a piece of stone, brass or lead, to
weigh with. 3. Ponderous mass. No ponderous weight. Bp. Corbet.
4. The gravity or heaviness of a thing; a quality in natural bodies,
whereby they tend downwards towards the earth. 'Tis always (at
equal distances from the earth) proportion'd to the quantity of matter.
Bentley. 5. Importance, efficacy, influence, the momentousness or
worth of a thing. Addison.

WEIGHT [in mechanics] any thing that is to be sustained, raised or
moved by a machine, or any thing that in any manner resists the motion
that is to be produced.

WEI’GHTILY, adv. [of weighty] 1. Heavily, ponderously. 2. So­
lidly, importantly. Broome.

WEI’GHTINESS, subst. [of weighty] 1. Heaviness, gravity, ponde­
rosity. 2. Solidity, force. Locke. 3. Importance. Hayward.

WEI’GHTLESS, adj. [of weight] 1. Light, having no gravity. San­
dys. 2. Not possible to be weighed. Improper. Dryden.

WEIGHTS [or a pair of weights] scales.

WEI’GHTY, adj. [of wiht or wihtig, Sax. wichtig, Su. wichtigh, Ger.]
1. Heavy, ponderous. 2. That is of a great concern or moment, effi­
cacious. Prior. 3. Severe, rigorous: Not in use. Weightier judgment.
Shakespeare.


WEL

WE’LAWAY, interj. [This I once believed, a corruption of weal
away, that is, happiness is gone: So Junius explained it. But the Saxon
exclamation is palapa, woe on me. From welaway is formed by cor­
ruption weladay] alas. Spenser.

To WEI’LD [of wealdan, Sax.] to manage, govern, &c. as, to weild
a sword, sceptre, &c. See WIELD.

WE’LCOME, adj. [wilcume, Sax. welkom, Du. bien venue, Fr.] 1. Re­
ceived with gladness; admitted willingly to any place or employment;
grateful, pleasing. 2. To bid welcome; to receive with professions of
kindness. Bacon. 3. A form of salutation used to a new comer; ellip­
tically used for you are welcome. Dryden.

WELCOME, subst. [wilcoma, Sax.] 1. A salutation frequently used to
a customer, to an acceptable guest at table, to a new comer, &c. Shake­
speare. 2. Kind reception of a new comer. South.

To WE’LCOME, verb act. to salute a new comer with kindness. Dry-

WELCOME to our House, subst. an herb. Ainsworth.

WE’LCOMENESS, subst. [of welcome] gratefulness. Boyle.

WELD, or WOULD, subst. [luteola, Lat.] a sort of herb, yellow weed,
or dyers weed, the stalk and root of which is used in dying bright yellow
and lemon colours; and this is supposed by some to be the plant used by
the ancient Picts in painting their bodies. Miller.

To WELD, verb act. 1. For to Wield, Spenser. 2. [In smithery] to
forge iron, to beat one mass into another so as to incorporate them.
Moxon.

WE’LDER, subst. A term perhaps merely Irish: Tho' it may be de­
rived from to wield, to turn or manage: whence wielder, welder. Such
immediate tenants have others under them; and so a 3d and 4th in sub­
ordination, till it comes to the welder, as they call him, who sits at a
rack rent and lives miserably. Swift.

WE’LDING-HEAT [with smiths] a degree of heat that they give their
iron in the forge, when they have occasion to double up the iron.

WE’LFARE, subst. [of well and fare; wel and faran, Sax.] well-be­
ing, success, prosperity.

To WELK, verb act. [Of this word in Spenser I know not well
the meaning: wealcan in Saxon is to roll, wolcken in German and
welcen in Sax. are clouds. Whence I suppose welk, wilk or whilk, is an
undulation or corrugation, or a corrugated or convolved body. Wilk
or whilck is in Scotland used for a small shell-fish, a periwinkle] to cloud,
to obscure. Sad winter welked hath the day. Spenser.

WELK, or WILK, a sort of shell-fish.

WE’LKED, adj. wrinkled, wreathed. Shakespeare.

WE’LKIN, subst. [welcn, of welcan, to roll about, or of welcen, Sax.
wolcken, Du. and Ger. wolken, Teut. the clouds] 1. The sky or sirma­
ment, the visible regions of the air: Out of use, except in poetry. Chau­
cer and Milton. 2. Welkin-eye is, I suppose, blue-eye, sky-coloured
eye. Shakespeare.

WELL, subst. [welle, wœll, or wealle, of weallan, Sax. to spring forth
as water] 1. A dark narrow pit of springing water. Well buckets.
Dryden. 2. A fountain, a spring, a source. 3. [Among mechanics]
the cavity in which stairs are placed. The well-hole. Moxon.

To WELL, verb neut. [theallan, Sax.] to spring, to issue as from a
spring. Dryden.

To WELL, verb act. to pour any thing forth. Spenser.

WELL, adj. [wel, Sax. vel, Dan. wuel, Su. wel, Du. wohl, Ger.
Well seems to be sometimes an adj. tho' it is not always easy to deter­
mine its relations] 1. Not sick, healthy, not unhappy. 2. Successful,
prosperous, convenient, happy. Addison. 3. Being in favour. Dryden.
4. Recovered from any sickness or misfortune. All will be well. Shake­
speare and Collier.

WELL, adv. [wíl, Goth. thell, Sax. wel, Du. vel, Isl.] 1. Not ill,
not unhappily. 2. Not ill, not wickedly. 3. Skilfully, properly. 4.
Not amiss; not unsuccessfully; not erroneously. 5. Not insufficiently,
not defectively. 6. To a degree that gives pleasure. 7. With praise;
favourably. Pope. 8. Well is sometimes like the French bien, a term of
concession. The knot might well be cut. Sidney. 9. It is a word by
which something is admitted as the ground for a conclusion. 10. As
well as; together with; not less than. 11. Well is him or me. Bene est,
he is happy. Ecclesiasticus. 12. Well nigh; nearly, almost. 13. It is
used much in composition, to express any thing right, laudable or not
defective. 14. Much; as, well-beloved, &c.

WELL [in military art] is a depth which the miner sinks into the
ground, to prepare a mine, or to find out and ruin an enemy's mine.

WE’LLAWAY, or WE’LLADAY [This is a corruption of welaway;
which see: thelatha, of thelan, wealth, and tha, Sax. sorrow, O the sorrow
of riches! or, as Dr. Henshaw imagines, q. d. wail the day] an inter­
jection of grief; alas. Shakespeare and Gay.

WELL-BE’ING, subst. [of well and be] happiness, prosperity.

WE’LL-BORN [thel-geboren, Sax. wohl-gebohren, Ger.] not meanly
descended; that is of a good family; a gentleman born.

WE’LL-BRED, adj. [of well and bred] elegant of manners; polite.

WE’LL-DONE, interj. a word of praise. St. Matthew.

WE’LL-HOLE [in a building] the hole left for the stairs to come up.

WE’LL-NATURED, adj. [of well and nature] good natured, kind.

WE’LL-FAVOURED, adj. [of well and favour] beautiful; pleasing to the
eye; handsome; as, well-affected, well-disposed, well-meant, well­
tasted, &c.

WE’LLINGBOROUGH, a market-town in Northamptonshire, 52 com­
puted and 65 measured miles from London.

WE’LLINGTON, a town in Somersetshire, 124 computed and 151 mea­
sured miles from London.

WE’LL-MET, interj. [of well and met] a term of salutation. Shakesp.

WE’LL-NIGH, adv. [of well and nigh] almost. Bentley.

WE’LL-NEAR, not far off.

WELLS, a city in Somersetshire, sending 2 members to parliament;
it is 102 computed and 127 measured miles from London.

WE’LL-SET, adj. that is of a strong make of body.

WE’LL-SPENT, adj. passed with virtue. Pope.

WE’LL-SPRING [thell-gespring, Sax.] a fountain, source, or spring.

WE’LL-WILLER, subst. [of well and willer] one who means kindly.
Hooker.

WE’LL-WISH, subst. [of well and wish] a wish of happiness. Addison.

WELL-WI’SHER, subst. [of wellwish] one who wishes the good of ano­
ther. Addison.

WELT [of theltan, Sax. to roll] a fold or doubling down of cloth in
making a garment; an edging; a guard. B. Johnson.

To WELT, verb act. [from the noun] to sew any thing with a bor­
der.

To WE’LTER, verb act. [of theltan, Sax. velte, Dan. waltra, Su.
weltzen, H. Ger. welteren, Du.] 1. To roll in water or mire. Dryden.
2. To roll voluntarily, to wallow in; as, to welter in blood, mire,
&c.

WEM, subst. [them, Sax.] 1. A spot, a scar. Brerewood. 2. A ble­
mish in cloth.

WEMB, subst. [thamb, Sax. The Scots retain it] the belly or guts.


WEN

WEN, subst. [then, Sax.] a sort of hard swelling or extuberance in the
flesh, consisting of a tough, phlegmatic matter.

WENCE [in Kent] a place where four roads meet and cross one ano­
ther.

WENCH, subst. [thencle, Sax.] 1. A young woman. Shakespeare. 2.
A contemptuous name for a girl or maiden. Prior. 3. A whore, a
strumpet. Spectator.

To WENCH, verb neut. to follow wenches.

WE’NCHER, subst. [of wench] a whore-master, one who keeps wenches
company, a fornicator. Grew.

WE’NCHING, part. act. [of wench] following wenches, whoring.

WEND, subst. [thend, Sax.] a large tract of land containing many
acres.

To WEND [thendan, Sax. wenden, Ger. and Teut. to turn] 1. To go,
to pass to or from: this word is now obsolete; but its preterite, went, is
still in use. Shakespeare and Arbuthnot. 2. To turn round. It seems to
be an old sea term. Raleigh,

WENT, irr. pret. of go [vendre, Dan. gethendt, Sax. gewandt, Ger.]
N. B. The verb to wend having become obsolete in all its other tenses,







this preterite is used as the preterite to the verb to go, which has lost its
original preterite.

WE’NDING, part. act. [of wend; in sea language] is the turning a
ship about, especially when at anchor.

WE’NNEL, subst. [a corrupted word for weanling] an animal newly
taken from the dam. Tusser.

WE’NNY, adj. [of wen] having the nature of a wen. Wiseman.

WE’NDOVER, a borough in Bucks, 30 computed, and 39 measured
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

WEOLD [theold, Sax.] a forest.

WEPT, pret. and part. pass. of weep.

WERE. See To BE.

WERE, subst. a dam. See WEAR. Sidney.

WERE, or WERRE, the same as wergild,

WE’RÆ, or WERTÆ, [there, Sax.] so much as was paid in ancient
times for killing a man, when such crimes were punished with mulcts
and fines in money.

WERE [wærd, Sax. vir, Lat. wair, Tuet.] a man,

WERE Wolf [of therd, a man, and thulf, Sax. a wolf] one who by
forcery invests himself with the nature and form of a wolf.

WE’RE-GELT Thef [of thera, a price, gild, a mulct or fine, and theof,
Sax. a thief] a thief that might be redeemed.

WE’RGILD [thergild, Sax. were-gildum, Teut.] the price or fine set
upon the head of him who had murdered a man.

WE’RRISH, unsavoury.

WERT, the second person singular of the preterite to be.

WERTH, WEORTH, or WYRTH [of theorth, Sax. a farm, road, vil­
lage or court] at the beginning or end of compound names, are to be
taken in some of the senses of theordig.

WERVA’GIUM, Lat. [in old deeds] wharfage, or money paid at a
wharf for lading or unlading of goods.

WE’RWANCE [in the West-Indies] a title the natives give to a great
lord.


WES

WE’SAND, or WE’SIL, subst. See WEASAND. Bacon.

WEST, subst. [thest, Sax. veste, Dan. westa, Su. west, D. and Ger.
ouest, Fr. oeste, Port.] that quarter or place of the globe where the sun
sets at the equinoxes.

WEST, adj. being towards or coming from the region of the setting
sun.

WEST, adv. to the west of any place.

WE’STBURY, a burough in Wilts, 80 computed, and 95 measured
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

WE’STERING, adj. passing to the west Milton.

WE’STERLINESS, subst. [of westerly] the state of being towards the west.

WE’STMINSTER, a famous city in Middlesex, is contignous to Lon­
don, and sends two members to parliament.

WE’STRAM, in Kent, 20 computed and 23 measured miles from
London.

WE’STERLY, or WESTERN, adj. [of westewardlice, Sax.] tending
or being towards the west, on the west part, &c.

WE’STERN Empire. It has been shewn under the word [ROMAN] how
Theodosius the Great, at his death, divided the empire between his two
sons, assigning the east to Arcadius, and the west to Honorius; and this
latter, i. e. the western division, constituting the far greater state of the
two, and consequently the then greatest power upon earth, will serve to
explain that passage in the prophetic writings, Apocalypse, c. 13. v. 2—4.
And by the way, as it is agreed by Mede, Newton, and other judicious
writers, that this western empire was that BEAST, or secular power, un­
der whose wing the great apostacy should (according to St. John's pre­
diction) spread, and be supported for 1260 years; it may not be amiss
to propose a few queries, which (if true) may possibly throw some further
light upon this whole affair. St. Paul tells us, that “the mystery of ini­
quity was already working in his days:” It was so in those first seeds of
the great apostacy, which the Gnosticks and other ancient heretics dis­
persed. Now it is well known that several of the first leaders in heresy
flocked to Rome; and tho' meeting with some check from the writings
of Justin Martyr, Irenæus, and others; yet there is much ground to fear
they left an ill teint behind them; and the matter became still worse,
when the writings of Tertullian the Montanist had acquired no small re­
putation in the western churches. Not to observe how that spirit of do­
mination, for which the Roman bishops have been so famed in history,
began to discover itself very early; it did so, as early as the second cen­
tury; when pope Victor ventured to excommunicate all that part of the
Asiatic churches, who would not consent to keep the festival of Easter
on the same day with him. And if we descend a little lower down, we
find Dionysius of Rome, at the head of his clergy, in the third century,
espousing [if we may credit St. Athanasius] the CONSUBSTANTIALITY,
in the west; whilst the whole orthodox council of Antioch rejected it in
the east. Athanas. Ap. Ed. Paris, p. 561 and 919. Nor is it unworthy
of our enquiry, what bishops [in the next century] got the first posses­
sion of Constantine's ear: or of his son Constans after him, to whom the
western division fell; or of Gratian, and Theodosius after both; under the
former of whose reigns, what was at first little more than a metaphysic
problem, began now to shew itself in a far more dangerous form; and
pope Damasus, by one and the same council held at Rome, gave us a
new set of principles, which alike subverted the scripture doctrine of the
INCARNATION, and the most fundamental article of all religion, whether
natural or revealed, the absolute supremacy and unity of God. See Theo­
doret. Hist. Relig. p. 340. And I need not say by what means the Ro­
man faith was, before the close of that century, ratified and confirmed
in the east. But to proceed. — It has been already shewn, under the
word [DECRETALS] that at this time the Pope's jurisdiction over the
western churches was by the same secular arm established. And tho' this
new system of religion, together with that persecuting power, by which it
was supported, received some check by the irruption of the northern na­
tions; who founded several kingdoms within the pale of the western
empire, of different religions from the church of Rome: “Yet these
kingdoms [as Sir Isaac Newton well observes] by degrees embraced the
Roman faith, and at the same time submitted to the pope's authority.
The Franks, in Gaul, submitted at the end of the fifth century; the
Goths, in Spain, [tho' originally UNITARIANS] at the end of the sixth.
The Lombards, in Italy, were conquered by Charles the Great, A. C.
774. And the same prince extended the pope's authority over all Ger­
many and Hungary, as far as the river Theysse and the Baltic sea. He
then set him above all human judicature; and at the same time assisted
him in subduing the city and dutchy of Rome.” I shall only add, that
from these conquests and donations of Charles, the bishop of Rome be­
came a temporal prince; and that from this reduction of the ten horns or
kingdoms into one compact body, formed in support of the great apostacy,
with the now princely bishop of Rome [i. e. the eleventh horn] at their
head, does that judicious writer begin the “time, times, and half a time,”
i. e. the 1260 solar years, which in the prophecies of Daniel and St. John
are assigned for the reign of this antichristian power.
If the reader would supply himself with materials on these several
heads, he may consult the following words, in the same order in which
they here stand; GNOSTICS, CERINTHIANS, CATAPHRYGIANS, PRO­
BOLE, UNMADE, NICENE Council, UNION of Divinity, DONATISTS,
DIMERITÆ, GAIANITES, EUNOMIANS, MACEDONIANS, CELICOLI,
and CROISADES; and compare the whole with Newton's Observat. on
Daniel, &c. cap. 8. and with Opus Imperfect. in Mathæum [as bound up
in the works of St. Chrysostom, Ed. Basil, tom 3.] Hom. 48.

WESTERN Heresy, is [in the style of the Greeks] the doctrine of St.
Jerome, and the western churches, concerning original sin; as we have
already observed from Photius' Bibliothec. in part under the word [THEO­
DORUS] which the reader is desired to review; what follows being only
a continuation of one and the same citation from him. “And now to give
you [says he] a compendious draught of this heresy, 'tis as follows: that
men sin by nature; not in virtue of their own will [or choice;] meaning
by the word nature, not that in which Adam was originally created; for
that nature [say they] was good; but according to that nature, which
was allotted him after he had sinned; an evil nature succeeding [upon
his transgression] to that which was before good, and a mortal nature
to that which was before immortal. And thus we come into the world
BY NATURE EVIL——and did not acquire sin in consequence of our own
CHOICE. Another notion which they advance, consistently enough
with the former, is, that even new born babes are not clear of sin; be­
cause [it seems] in consequence of Adam's transgression, nature subsists
[or comes into existence] in sin; and this sinful nature [as they call it]
extends to all his race. And they produce, in support of this opinion,
these words, I was born in sins; and, there is none righteous; and, no
flesh living shall be justified in his sight, and the like.” All which texts
[says the patriarch] Theodorus rescues from thir perversion, by giving
them a more consistent sense; and [waving the profaneness and impiety
of the doctrine] he has proved them to be even of the most consummate
ignorance with respect to scripture.” Photius in Bibliothec. Edit. Græc.
Augusta Vindelic. p. 205, 206. Let the reader compare all this with the
note subjoined at the end of the word Pelagians *But N. B. our conjecture with reference to St. Austin's Manichæan
teint, should be examined in conjunction, partly with this spread
which is here ascribed to St. Jerome's doctrine; and partly with
that remark which Dupin makes on St. Austin's book of the two
souls, viz. that he there affirms in opposition to the Manichees,
“that there is no nature or substance naturally evil; and ad­
vances some things which may NOT AGREE with the doctrine of
Grace and original sin; and which he [i. e. St. Austin] corrected
in his retractions.” Eccles. Hist. vol. III. p. 192. For tho' ex­
cepting the invocation of the dead [which arose first in the east]
the western bishops had the chief hand in corrupting the faith
once delivered to the saints: yet we should give [as the saying is]
every one his due; and a friend of truth would not willingly sup­
press any thing necessary to form a right judgment either of facts,
or characters.; and then judge if the
Greek church, even so late as the fourth century, did not regard these
doctrines as an INNOVATION; and what both the Greeks and Latins
thought in preceding centuries, may be gathered from the word SIN.

WE’STWARD, adv. [thertheard, Sax.] towards the west.

WE’STWARDLY, adv. [of westward] with tendency to the west.
Donne.

WEST-SA’XONLAGE [west seax-laga, Sax.] the law of the western
Saxons, which obtained in nine counties, viz. Kent, Surry, Sussex,
Berkshire, Hampshire, Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, and De­
vonshire.

To WET, verb act. [wætan, Sax. væde, Dan.] 1. To moisten, to
make to have moisture adherent. 2. To drench with drink. To wet
our whistles. Walton. 3. To moisten with liquor.

WE’THER, subst. [theder, Sax. weder, Du.] a ram castrated. See
WEATHER.

WET, adj. [wæt, Sax. vædske, Dan. wast, Su.] 1. Moist with water
or other liquor, humid, having some moisture adhering. 2. Rainy,
watery. Dryden.

WET, subst. water, humidity, moisture, rainy weather.

WET Nurse, a nurse that gives suck, in opposition to a dry nurse,
that only tends upon children.

To do a thing with a WET Finger, that is without difficulty. A cant
phrase.

WE’TNESS, subst. the state of being wet, humidity.

WE’TTISH, adj. [of wet, Sax.] somewhat wet.

WE’TSHOD, adj. [thet-sceod, Sax.] having shoes that take in water.

WET Glover, one who dresses sheep, lambs, goat-skins, &c. which
are thin, gentle and pliable.

WE’THERBY, a town in the west-riding of Yorkshire, 145 computed
and 178 measured miles from London.

To WEX, verb act. [corrupted from wax by Spenser, for a rhyme, and
imitated by Dryden.] to grow, to encrease.

WE’ZAND, subst. the wind-pipe, Brown. See WEASAND.

WEY [of thihg, Sax. a weight] the quantity of five chaldron.

WE’YDE-MONTH [theyde monat, Sax. of weyde, a meadow, and mo­
nat, Sax. a month] the month of June, because then the beasts pasture
in the meadows.

WH, has a power peculiar to us, the Swedes, and Danes alone,
among the moderns, and derived from the Anglo-Saxons, tho' they
placed the h before the w, as the Swedes do now, which is more pro­
per, and so we always pronounce it, when the w is not quiescent. The
Danes use hv, instead of hw, the Teutones used both hu, and hw.


WHA

WHALE, subst. [hthale, Sax. hval, Dan. hwal, Su. wal-visch, Du.
walfisch, Ger.] the largest of fish; the largest of the animals that inhabit
this globe.

WHALE-BONE, subst. the sins, &c. of a whale.

WHA’LY, adj. marked in streaks. Whaly eyes. Spenser. See WEAL.

WHAME, subst. The whame, or burrel-fly, is vexatious to horses in







summer; not by stinging them, but by their bombylious noise, or tick­
ling them in sticking their nits on the hair. Derham.

WHARF, subst. [warf, Su. worfen, of werf, Du. perhaps of Ger. to
cast] a broad plain place, a bank or mole for landing and laying of com­
modities that are brought to or from the water.

WHA’RFAGE, subst. [of wharf] the due for landing goods at a wharf,
or for the shipping them off, &c.

WA’RFINGER, subst. [of wharf] one who keeps a wharf, boats, ligh­
ters, &c. for the landing or shipping off merchandises.

To WHARL, to stutter.

To WHARR, verb neut. to pronounce the letter r with two much
force.

WHARLES of Flowers [with florists] rows of lesser flowers set at cer­
tain distances about the main stock or spike.

WHA’RROW [htheorsa, Sax.] a spindle.

WHAT, pronoun [hvad, Dan. hwadly, Su. hthæt, Sax. hwad, Teut.
wat, Du. and L. Ger. was, H. Ger.] 1. That which. 2. Which part.
3. Something that is in one's mind indefinitely. I tell thee what, cor­
poral, I could tear her. Shakespeare. 4. Which of several. 5. An in­
terjection by way of surprize or question. What! canst thou not for­
bear. Shakespeare. 6. What though; what imports it though? notwith­
standing; an elliptical mode of speech. 7. What time, what day; at
the time when, on the day when. 8. [Pronoun Interrogative] which of
many? interrogatively. 9. To how great a degree; used either inter­
rogatively or demonstratively. What partial judges are our love and
hate? Dryden. 10. It is used adverbially for partly; in part. 11.
What ho, an interjection of calling.

WHATE’VER, WHATSO’ or WHATSOE’VER, pronouns [from what
and soever; whatso is not now in use; of hwætæfre, hthætsthaæfre,
Sax.] 1. Having one nature or another, being one or another, either
generally, specifically or numerically. 2. Any thing let it be what it
will. 3. The same, be it this or that. 4. All that, the whole that,
all particulars that.

WHAY. See WHEY.


WHE

WHEAL, or WHELK [hthele, Sax.] a push or pimple, a pustule, a
small swelling filled with matter. See WEAL. Wiseman.

WHEAT [huaede, Dan. hwete, Su. weyte, Du. wehte, L. Ger. weitzen,
H. Ger. hwæte. Sax.] that grain of which the finest and whitest o bread
is made. The species are, 1. White or red wheat, without awn. 2.
Red wheat, in some places called Kentish wheat. 3. White wheat. 4.
Red-eared bearded wheat. 5. Cone wheat. 6. Gray wheat, and in
some places duck-bill wheat and gray pollard. 7. Polomon wheat. 8.
Many eared wheat. 9. Summer wheat. 10. Naked barly. 11. Long­
grained wheat. 12. Six rowed wheat. 13. White eared wheat with
long awns. Of all these sorts cultivated in this country, the cone wheat
is chiely preferred, as it has a long ear and a fuller grain than any
other; but the seeds of all should be annually changed: For if they are
sown on the same farm, they will not succeed so well as when the seed
is brought from a distant country. Miller.

WHEA’TEN, adj. [of wheat] made of wheat.

WHEAT-Ear, a very small delicate bird. Swift.

WHEAT-Plumb, subst. a sort of plum. Ainsworth.

To WHEE’DLE, verb act. [of wedeln, which in Ger. signifies pro­
perly the wagging of a dog's tail, when he creeps and cringes, from
wedal, a fan, but metaphorically as in English wheedle. Of this word,
says Johnson, I can find no etymology, tho' used by good writers: and
Locke seems to mention it as a cant word] to entice by soft words, to
flatter, to persuade by kind words, to draw in caftily, to coax or
sooth.

WHEEDLE, subst. [from the verb] a flattering, cajoling expression.

WHEEL [huel, Dan. hweol, hweopel, or hweogul, Sax. wiel, Du. and
Teut.] 1. A round utensil that turns upon an axis. 2. A circular body.
Let go thy hold when a great wheel runs down a hill. Shakespeare. 3.
A Carriage that runs upon wheels. 4. An instrument on which crimi­
nals are tortured, a punishment which is inflicted on great criminals, and
especially on assassines, parricides, and robbers on the highway, in
France, Holland, Germany, &c. they have their bones first broken
with an iron bar on a scaffold, and then are placed on the circumference
of a wheel, and left there to expire; sometimes their bones are broken on
the wheel, &c. and in Germany with a wheel. 5. The instrument of
spinning. Giffard. 6. Rotation, revolution. These turning wheels of
vicissitude. Bacon. 7. A compass about; a tract approaching to circu­
larity. This flight in many an airy wheel. Milton.

Measuring WHEEL, a mathematical instrument for measuring lenghts
upon the ground; also called a way-wiser.

To WHEEL, verb neut. 1. To move on wheels. 2. To turn on an
axis. Bentley. 3. To revolve, to have a rotatory motion. 4. To turn,
to have vicissitudes. 5. To fetch a compass, to turn about, as in the
military art, to make a motion that brings a battalion or squadron to
front that side which before was the flank. 6. To roll forward.
Thunder
Must wheel on the earth, devouring where it rolls. Milton.

To WHEEL, verb act. to make to whirl round, to put into a rotatory
motion. Milton.

WHEE’LAGE, subst. [of wheel] a duty anciently paid for the passages
of carts and waggons.

WHEE’L-BARROW, subst. [of htheol and berewe, Sax.] a sort of small
cart with one wheel.

WHEE’LER, subst. [of wheel] a wheelwright, a maker of wheels.
Camden.

WHEEL-Fire [in chemistry] a fire for the melting of metals, &c.
where the crucible, coppel or melting pot is entirely covered over on the
top, as well as round the sides; the same as ignis rotæ.

WHEE’LWRIGHT, subst. [of hweol and wryhta, Sax.] a maker of
wheels of carts, waggons, &c.

WHEE’LY, adj. [of wheel] circular, suitable to rotation. J. Philips.

To WHEEZE, verb neut. [of hweosan, Sax.] to make a noise in the
throat, to breathe with noise.

WHELK, subst. See To WELK. [prob. of hthele, Sax. putrefaction]
1. A pustule, the same as wheal. See WEAL. 2. A kind of shell fish or
sea-snail. 3. An inequality, a protuberance. Whelks and knobs.
Shakespeare.

To WHELM, or to WHELVE, verb act. [hthylfan, Sax. wilma, Islan.]
1. To turn the open side of a vessel downwards. 2. To cover with
something not to be thrown off, to bury. Whelm'd under seas. Addison.
3. To throw upon something so as to cover or bury it. Milton.

To WHELP, verb neut. [of hthelp, Sax. hwelp, weolp and welp, Teut.
prob. of vulpecula, of vulpes, Lat. a fox] to bring forth whelps or young,
as a bitch, fox, bear; generally applied to beasts of prey.

WHELP, subst. [hthelp or thelp, Sax. hwelp, welp, Teut. welp, Du. hu­
olpar, Island. hwalp, Su.] 1. The young of any beast of prey. Shake­
speare. 2. The young of a dog, puppy. 3. An opprobrious appel­
lation of a boy or son. Shakespeare. 4. A young man in contempt.

WHE’LPISH, adj. [of whelp] like or pertaining to a whelp.

WHELPS [on shipboard] are brackets or small pieces of wood fastened
to the main body of the capstan or draw-beam, which give the sweep to
it, and keep the cable from surging or rising up too high, when it is
wound about them.

WHEN, adv. [hthenne, Sax. whan, Goth. and Su. wanner, Du. and
L. Ger. wenn, H. Ger.] 1. At what time? by way of interrogation.
2. At, or in the time that. 3. Which time. 4. At which time. 5.
After the time that. 6. At what time. 7. At what particular time.
8. When as; at the time when, what time. Milton.

WNEN [among logicians] is the eighth of the categories, and is what
answers to questions relating to time; as, when did he? did he do it
twenty years ago? When was that done? yesterday.

WHENCE, adv. [hthanon, Sax. huden, Dan. Formed, says Johnson,
from where, by the same analogy as hence from here] 1. from what
place. 2. From what person. Prior. 3. From which premises; as,
whence I conclude. 4. From which place or person. Milton. 5. For
which cause. Arbuthnot. 6. From what source. 7. From whence. A
vitious mode of speech. Shakespeare. 8. Of whence. Another barba­
rism. Dryden.

WHENCESOE’VER, adv. [of whence and ever] from what place soever.
Locke.

WHENE’VER, or WHENSOEVER, adv. [hthænne, afre, Sax.] at
whatsoever time.

WHERE, adv. [hther, Sax. hvor, Dan. waer, Du. hwar. Teut.] 1.
At which place or places. 2. At what place. 3. At the place in which.
4. Any where; at any place. 5. Where, like here, has in composition
a kind of pronominal signification; as, whereof, of which. 6. It has
the nature of a substantive: not now in use. Shakespeare.

WHERE [with logicians] is the seventh of the categories, and is what
answers to questions that relate to place; as to be at Rome, at Vienna,
at Paris; in the closet, in a chair, &c.

WHEREABOU’T, or WHEREABOU’TS, adv. [of where and about] 1.
About, in, or near to what place. 2. Near which place. 3. Concern­
ing which. Hooker.

WHEREA’S, adv. [of hthær, and as, Sax.] 1. When on the con­
trary. Sprat. 2. At which place: obsolete. Shakespeare. 3. Seeing
that. 4. The thing being so that; always referred to somethieg diffe­
rent.

WHEREA’T, adv. [of hthear, Sax. and at, Dan.] at or upon which.

WHEREBY’ [of hthœr and bi, Sax. waer, Du.] by or with which.

WHERE’VER, WHERESO’, or WHERESOE’VER, adv. [of hthær, stha,
and æfre, Sax.] in any place soever, at whatsoever place.

WHE’REFORE, adv. [of hthœr and for, Sax. hvorfore, Dan. hwar­
foere, Su.] 1. For which cause or reason. 2. For what reason; by
way of interrogation.

WHEREI’N, adv. [hwœor and in, Sax.] in which.

WHEREINTO’, adv. [of hwærinto, Sax.] into which.

WHE’RENESS, subst. [of where] ubiety. Grew.

WHEREO’F, adv. [of hwær and of, Sax.] of which.

WHEREO’N, adv. [of where and on] on which.

WHERESO’. See WHEREVER.

WHERESOE’VER. See WHEREVER.

WHERETO’, or WHEREUNTO’, adv. [of hwær and to, Sax. waertoe,
Du.] to which.

WHEREUP’N, adv. [of hwær and upon, Sax.] upon or after which.

WHEREWI’TH, or WHEREWITHA’L [of hwær and with, Sax.] with
which.

WHE’RLICOATS, a sort of open chariots, used by persons of quality
before the invention of coaches.

WHE’RRET, subst. a box on the ear, or slap on the chops.

To WHE’RRET, 1. To give a box on the ear or slap on the chops.
2. [Corrupted, I suppose, from ferret. Johnson] to hurry, to trouble, to
teaze: a low colloquial word.

WHE’RRY, subst. [prob. of veho, Lat. to carry, or of faran, Sax. to
pass] a small light boat for carrying passengers on a river. Drayton.

WHET, subst. [of hwettan, Sax. to sharpen] 1. The act of sharpen­
ing. 2. Any thing that makes hungry; as a dram. Spectator.

To WHET [wettan, Sax. wetten, Du. and Ger. wetzen, H. Ger.] 1.
To sharpen by attrition. 2. To edge, to make angry or acrimonius.
3. To whet, sharpen or provoke an appetite by drinking before dinner.

WHE’THER, adv. [hwether, Sax.] a particle expressing one part of a
disjunctive question, in opposition to the other.

WHETHER, pronoun, which of two.

WHE’TSTONE [hwætrtan, Sax] a stone for sharpening edge tools.

WHE’TTER, subst. [of whet] one that whets or sharpens. More.

WHEY, subst. [hwæg, Sax. wey, Du.] 1. The waterish part of milk,
from which the oleose or grumous part is separated. 2. It is used of any
thing white or thin. What soldiers whey face. Shakespeare.


WHI

WHICH, pronoun, [hvilick, Dan. hwilic, Sax. welck, Du. welch, Ger.]
1. The pronoun relative: relating to things. 2. It formerly was used
for who, and related likewise to persons; as in the words of the *But see CÆSURA. Lord's
prayer. 3. The genitive of which as well as of who is whose; but
whose, as derived from which, is scarcely used but in poetry. 4. It is
sometimes a demonstrative; as, take which you will. 5. It is some­
times an interrogative; as, which is the man? who? whether of the
two.

WHICHE’VER, or WHICHSOE’VER [hwilcæfre, hwilcswaæfre, Sax.]
let it be which it will, whether the one or the other. Locke uses the
latter.

WHIF, subst. [prob. of ghwyth, Brit.] an expulsion of the breath, a
blast, a puff of wind.

To WHI’FFLE, verb neut. [of whiff, prob. of wefan, Sax. to babble,
or weyfelen, Du. to wave or fluctuate] to play on a pipe; also to stand
triffling, to move inconstantly, as if driven by a puff of wind. Rowe.

WHI’FFLER [wæfler, Sax. weyfeler, Du.] 1. One that plays on a
whiffle of fife. 2. A young freeman that goes before the companies of
London on publick processions. 3. One that blows strongly. A mighty







whiffier 'fore the king. Spenser. 4. One of no consequence, one moved
with a whiff or puff. Spectator.

WHI’FFLING, adj. mean, inconsiderable, as if moved with every
whiff.

WHIG, subst. [hthaeg, Sax.] 1. Whey. 2. One of a party opposite to
the tories. The southwest counties of Scotland have seldom corn enough
to serve them round the year; and the northern parts producing more
than they used, those in the west came in the summer to buy at Leith
the stores that came from the north: and from the word whiggam, used
in driving their horses, all that drove was called the whiggamors, and
shorter, the whigs. Now in that year before the news came down of
duke Hamilton's defeat, the ministers animated their people to rise and
march to Edinburgh; and they came up marching on the head of their
parishes with an unheard of fury, praying and preaching all the way as
they came. The marquis of Argyle and his party came and headed them,
they being about 6000. This was called the whiggamors' inroad: and
ever after that, all that opposed the court came in contempt to be called
whigs: and from Scotland the word was brought into England, where it
is now one of our unhappy terms of disunion. Bishop Burnet. I see no
reason why it should be called “unhappy”, so long as this body act up
to their avowed principles of LIBERTY, both civil and ecclesiastic. Tho'
possibly what has been observed (under the word ATHANASIANS) of our
religious disputes, may sometimes hold good in our political ones; I mean,
that a great noise and zeal shall be expressed for names, at the very time
in which we are giving up the thing.

WHI’GGISM, adj. [of whig; hthaeg, Sax. whey, because (as some say)
the name whig was first given to the field-meeters in Scotland, whose
chief diet was sour whey. See WHIG] a nick name, the opposite to that
of tory, and is applied to those that were against the court interest, in
the time of king Charles II. king James II. &c. and for it, in the
reign of king William and king George. Swift.

WHILE WHILES, or WHILST, adv. [hthile, Sax. wyle, Du. and L. Ger.
weil, L. Ger.] 1. During the time that. 2. As long as. 3. At the
same time that. 2 Corinthians. Whiles is now out of use.

WHILE, subst. [hwile, Sax. hvile, Dan. hwyla, Su. thel, L. Ger. wiel,
H. Ger.] time, space of time.

To WHILE, verb neut. [hwilan, Sax. wielen, L. Ger. weilen, H. Ger.]
to delay, to put off, to loiter, The whiling time. Spectator.

WHILE’RE, adv. [of while and ere or before] a little while ago.
Milton.

WHI’LOM, adv. [hwilon, Sax. that is, once on a time] some time ago,
formerly, once, of old.

WHIM, subst. [this word is derived by Skinner from a thing turning
round: nor can I find any etymology more probable] a freak, an odd
fancy, an irregular motion of desire, a whimsey.

To WHI’MPER, verb neut. [of wimmern, Ger.] to begin to cry, as a
child, to cry without any loud noise. Locke.

WHI’MPLED, adj. [prob. from whimper] This word seems to mean
distorted with crying. Johnson. This whimpled, whining, purblind,
wayward boy. Shakespeare.

WHI’MSICAL, adj. [of whimsey] full of whimsies, freakish, fantasti­
cal, oddly fanciful.

WHI’MSICALLY, adv. [of whimsical] in a fantastical manner.

WHI’MSICALNESS, subst. [of whimsical] quality of being whimsical,
freakishness, fantastical.

WHI’MSY, subst. [only another form of the word whim] a maggotty
fancy or conceit, a freakish humour, a caprice, a whim.

WHI’M-WAM, subst. [prob. of whimsey; a reduplication of whim,
and a low word] a gew-gaw, a bauble, a toy to play withal.

WHIN, subst. [chwyn, Wel. genista spinosa, Lat.] a kind of prickly
shrub called kneeholm. Bacon.

To WHINE, verb neut. [thanian, Sax. weenen, Du. chwyno, Wel.]
to lament in low murmurs, to moan meanly and effeminately, to speak
in a crying tone.

WHINE, subst. [from the verb] 1. Plaintive noise, mean or effimi­
nate complaint. 2. [with hunters] the cry of an otter.

To WHI’NDLE, verb neut. a corruption of whine. See WHINE.

WHI’NIARD, or WHI’NYARD [prob. of winnian, to win, and are,
Sax. honour. Skinner. I know not, says Johnson, whether this word
was ever used seriously: and therefore perhaps it might be denominated
in contempt for whin, a tool to cut whins] 1. A sword in contempt. He
snatched his whinyard up. Hudibras. 2. A sort of back-sword

WHI’NING, part. adj. [of whine; of thanian, Sax.] making a mourn­
ful, complaining noise, speaking in a crying tone.

To WHI’NNY [prob. of wihi, Brit. or hinno, Lat.] to neigh, as a
horse or young colt.

WAINS, subst. the furz or furz-bush.

WHIP, subst. [htheop, gesthipa, and sthapa, Sax. svobe, Dan. sweep,
Du.] 1. A scourge, an instrument of correction, tough and pliant 2.
[Among semstresses] A sort of round stitch.

To WHIP [htheopan, Sax. wippen, Du.] 1. To scourge or lash with
a whip, to strike with any thing tough or flexible. 2. To sow after a
particular manner, in a round seam, or slightly. Gay. 3. To drive
with lashes. 4. To correct with lashes. 5. To lash with sarcasm.
Shakespeare. 6. To enwrap: a mechanical term. Moxon.

To WHIP up or off, verb act. to take any thing nimbly; also to drink
up suddenly.

To WHIP up and down, verb act. to be active, or in continual mo­
tions, to move nimbly. Tatler.

WHI’PCORD, subst. [of whip and cord] cord of which lashes are made.
Dryden.

WHI’P-GRAFTING, subst. [in gardening] Whipgrafting is done two
ways: first cut off the head of the stock, and smooth it, then cut the
graft from a knot or bud on one side sloping, about an inch and a half
long, with a shoulder, but not deep, that it may rest on the top of the
stock. The graft must be cut from the shouldering smooth and even,
sloping by degrees, that the lower end may be thin. Place the shoulder
on the head of the stock, and mark the length of the cut part of the
graft, and with your knife cut away so much of the stock as the graft
did cover, but not any of the wood of the stock: place both together
that the cut part of both may join, and the sap unite the one to the
other; and bind them close together, and defend them from the rain
with tempered clay or wax, as before. The other way of whip-grafting
is, where the grafts and the stocks are of an equal size. The stock must
be cut sloping upwards from one side to the other, and the graft after
the same manner from the shoulder downwards, that the graft may ex­
actly join with the stock in every part, and so bind and clay or wax them
as before. Mortimer.

WHI’PHAND, subst. [of whip and hand] advantage over. Dryden.

WHI’PLASH, subst. [of whip and lash] the lash or small end of a whip.

WHI’PPER, subst. [of whip] one who punishes with whipping. Shake­
speare.

WHI’PPING [in angling] A fastening the line to the hook or rod.
2. A casting in a hook and drawing it gently on the water.

It may cost him a WHIPPING, he may chance to be whipped for it.

WHI’PPINGPOST, subst. [of whip and post] a pillar or post to tie felons
to in order to their being whipped.

WHI’PSAW, subst. [of whip and saw] The whipsaw is used by joiners
to saw such great pieces of stuff that the handsaw will not easily reach
through. Moxon.

WHI’PSTAFF [on shipboard] a piece of wood or staff fastened to the
helm, which the steersman holds in his hand to move the helm, and go­
vern or turn the ship.

WHI’PSTER [prob. of geswipe, Sax. a whip] a shuffling fellow, a
sharper, a trickster; also a nimble fellow. Shakespeare.

WHIPT for WHI’PPED. See To WHIP.

WHIRL, subst. [huerel, Dan. wirbel, Ger.] 1. Quick rotation, cir­
cular motion, rapid circumvolution. Dryden. 2. Any thing moved with
rapid rotation. Addison. 3. A vortex. Dryden.

To WHIRL, verb neut. to run round swiftly.

To WHIRL, verb act. [of hwyrlian, Sax. hverele, Dan. wierlen, Teut.
wirveln, Ger.] to turn swiftly round, as the wind of a whirl-wind, or
water of a whirl-pool.

WHI’RLING, adj. [of hverele, Dan. wirveln, Ger.] turning swiftly
about with the hand, &c.

WHI’RL, subst. [prob. of wirvel, Ger.] a piece of wood put on the
spindle of a spinning-wheel.

WHI’RLBAT, subst. [of whirl and bat] any thing moved rapidly round
to give a blow. It is frequently used by the poets for the ancient cestus.

WHI’RL-BONE, subst. the round bone of the knee, the patella.

WHI’RLIGIG, a play-thing to turn round.

WHI’RLWIND [of hverelz-wind, Dan. werbel-wind, Ger. and Teut.]
a hurricane, a stormy wind that blows circularly.

WHI’RL-WORM, a little worm, which twists itself about the roots of
plants, and is called in Latin spondyle.

WHI’RLPIT, or WHI’RLPOOL, subst. [hwirf, and pul, Sax.] a gulf
in the sea or river, where the water continually turns round; a vortex.

WHI’RRING, or WHU’RRING, adj. [a word formed in imitation of
the sound expressed by it] the fluttering of partridges or pheasants when
they rise. Pope.

WHISK, subst. [prob. of visfte, Dan. wisch, Teut. wischen, Ger. to
wipe; but Skinner inclines to derive it of hwita, Sax. white] 1. A brush
made of osier twigs. Boyle. 2. A sort of neck dress, formerly worn by
women. 3. A quick motion of a twig, &c.

To WHISK, verb act. [prob. of vischer, Dan. wiska, Su. or wischen,
Ger.] 1. To brush or cleanse with a whisk. 2. To give a slight brush
by a swift motion, as a fox with her tail, a woman with her petticoats,
&c. 3. To pass by in great haste.

WHISK [or rather whist, from the interjection whist, silence!] a
game at cards, at which silence is above all things required.

WHI’SKER, subst. [of whisk] little tufts of hair at the corners of the
mouth on the upper lip; the mustachio. Addison.

To WHI’SPER, verb neut. [huister, Dan. wisperen, Ger. and Du.] to
speak softly, or in the ear.

To WHISPER, verb act. 1. To address in a low voice. 2. To utter
in a low voice. 3. To prompt secretly. Shakespeare. 4. To murmur or
report any thing.

WHISPER, subst. a low soft voice heard only in the ear.

WHI’SPERER, subst. [of whisper] 1. One that speaks low. 2. A pri­
vate talker. Bacon.

WHI’SPERING Places depend on this principle, that the voice being
applied to one end of an arch, easily rolls to the other. All the contri­
vance in a whispering-place, is, that near the person who whispers there
be a smooth wall arched either cylindrically, or elliptically; a circular
arch will do, but not so well. This will be very plain from Plate XII.
fig. 15. For let A B C represent the segment of a sphere; and suppose a
low voice uttered at A, the vibrations expanding themselves every way,
some will impinge upon the points E, E, &c. and from thence be re­
flected to the points F, from thence to G, and so on, t'll they all meet
in C; and by their union there cause a much stronger sound, than in any
other part of the segment whatever, even at A, the point from whence
they came.

WHIST [of huiste, Dan. This word is called by Skinner, who seldom
errs, an interjection requiring silence, and so it is commonly used. But
Shakespeare uses it as a verb, and Milton as an adjective] 1. Are silent.
Shakespeare. 2. Still, silent. Milton. 3. Be still.

WHIST, subst. a game at cards, requiring close attention and silence.
See WHISK.

WHI’STLE, subst. [hwistle, Sax. hwisl, Su.] 1. A sort of small wind­
wipe. 2. A sound made by the modulation of the breath in the mouth.
3. A sound made by a small wind instrument. 4. The mouth, the organ
of whistling. Walton. 5. The noise of winds. 6. A call, such as sports­
men use to their dogs. Shakespeare.

To WH’ISTLE, verb act. [of hwislan, Sax. hwisla, Su. fistulo, Lat.]
1. To play tunes with the lips and breath, a sort of singing without
speaking. 2. To make a sound with a small wind instrument. 3. To
sound shrill. And mountains whistle. Dryden.

To WHISTLE, verb act. to call by a whistle.

WHI’STLER, subst. [of whistle] one who whistles.

WHIT, subst. [thhit, a thing, athiht, Sax. any thing. Addison] a small
part.

Not a WHIT, not at all.

Every-WHIT, altogether.

WHI’TBY, a town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, 185 computed
and 227 measured miles from London.

WHI’TCHURCH, a borough in Hampshire, sends 2 members to parlia­
ment, 49 computed and 58 measured miles from London.

WHI’TCHURCH, in Salop, 126 computed and 150 measured miles
from London.

WHITE, adj. [hthita, or hvite, Sax, hbite, Dan. hwyt, Su. wit, Du.
weisz, Ger.] 1. The colour contrary to black, having such an appear­
ance as is produced from the mixture of all colours; snowy. 2. Having







the colour of fear; pale. Shakespeare. 3. Having the colour appro­
priated to happines and innocence. Milton and Pope. 4. Gray with
age. Shakespeare. 5. Pure, unblemished. Pope.

WHITE, subst. 1. Whiteness, any thing white, white colour. 2. The
mark at which an arrow is shot; as, you have hit the white. 3. The
albugineous part of eggs. 4. The white part of the eye.

To WHITE, verb act. [from the adj.] to make white.

WHI’TELEAD, subst. Whitelead is made by taking sheetlead, and
having cut it into long and narrow slips, they make it up into rolls; but
so that a small distance may remain between every spiral convolution.
These rolls are put into earthen pots, so ordered that the lead may not
sink down above half way, or some small matter more in them: These
pots having each of them very sharp vinegar in the bottom, so full as al­
most to touch the lead. When the vinegar and lead have both been put
into the pot, it is covered up close; and so left for a certain time, in
which space the corrosive fumes of the vinegar will reduce the surface of
the lead into a mere white call, which they separate with knocking it
with a hammer. There are two sorts of this sold at the colour-shops;
the one called ceruse, which is the most pure part, and the other is called
white-lead. Quincey.

WHI’TE-COB [hthita-cop, Sax.] a mew, a sea-bird.

Knights of the Order of the WHITE-Eagle, an order of Polish knights
instituted by king Ladislaus V. A. D. 1325.

WHI’TEHAVEN, a town in Cumberland 227 computed and 250 mea­
sured miles from London.

WHI’TE-HART Silver, a mulct paid into the exchequer out of the fo­
rest of White-hart, certain lands in Dorsetshire, which was first imposed
by king Henry III. on Thomas de Linde, for killing a beautiful white
hart, contrary to his order.

WHI’TE-HEAT [with smiths] a degree of heat less than a welding heat,
given to iron in the forge, when it hath not got its form and size.

To WHI’TEN, verb act. [hthitian, Sax. hwytna, Su.] to make white.

To WHITEN, verb neut. to grow white.

WHI’TENER, subst. [of whiten] one who makes any thing white.

WHI’TENER, subst. [of white] 1. A substance made of chalk. 2. [Al­
burnus, Lat. wittingh, Du.] a sea fish.

WHI’TISH, adj. [of white; hwita, Sax.] inclining to white. Boyle.

WHI’TISHNESS, subst. [of whitish] the quality of being somewhat
white. Boyle.

WHI’T-LEATHER, subst. [of white and leather] leather dressed with
alum, remarkable for toughness.

WHI’TE-LINE [in anatomy] the linea alba.

WHI’TELY, adj. [of white] coming near to white. Shakespeare.

WHI’TE-LIVERED, adj. envious.

WHI’TE-MEAT, subst. [of white and meat] such as milk, whitepots,
custards, cheesecakes, butter, cheese.

WHITE-OA’KAM, a sort of tow or flax to drive into the seams of
ships.


WIH

WI’HTEPOT, subst. [of white and pot] milk and eggs, white bread,
sugar and spice, baked in a pot.

WHI’TE-THORN, subst. a species of thorn.

WHI’TLOW [thite, Sax. a pain, and loup, Fr. a wolf. Skinner; hthit,
Sax. a flame, and low. Mr. Lye] a swelling at the end of the finger, a
swelling between the cuticle and cutis, called the mild whitlow; or be­
tween the periosteum and the bone, called the malignant whitlow. By
the vulgar people generally called whitflow.

WHI’TLOW-GRASS, an herb good for whitlows.

WHI’TENESS, subst. 1. The state of being white, freedom from co­
lour. 2. [Hthitanesse, Sax.] according to the hypothesis of Sir Isaac
Newton, is what is the result of the mixture of all sorts of rays together.
But the opinion of Mr. Boyle is, that it chiefly depends upon this, that
the surfaces of white bodies are separated into innumerable superficies,
which being of a nature merely specular, are so placed, that some look­
ing one way, and some another, to reflect the rays of light falling on
them, not towards one another, but outwards, towards the spectators
eye. 3. Paleness. Shakespeare. 4. Purity, cleanness. Dryden.

WHITES [fluor albus, Lat.] a female distemper, arising from a lax­
ness of the glands of the uterus and a cold pituitous blood. Quincy.

WHI’TE-WINING, a small white apple of a pleasant juice.

WHI’TE-WORT, an herb.

WHI’TE-WASH, subst. [of white and wash] a wash to make the skin
seem fair. Addison.

WHITE-WINE, subst. [of white and wine] a species of wine produced
from the white grapes.

To WHI’TE-WASH, verb act. to whiten the walls or cielings of a
house.

WHI’TFUL, subst. A provincial word. Their meat was whitful as they
call it, namely milk, sour milk, cheese, curds, butter.

WHI’THER, adj. [hthæter Sax.] 1. To what place: Interrogatively.
2. To what place: Absolutely. Milton. 3. To which place: Rela­
tively. 4. To what degree? Obsolete. Perhaps never in general use.
B. Johnson.

WHITHERSOE’VER, adv. [hthader-spa, æfer, Sax.] to what place
soever.

WHI’TSOUR, subst. a species of apple.

WHI’TSTER, or WHI’TER, subst. [of white] a whitener a linen cloth.
Shakespeare.

WHI’TSUN Farthings, offerings anciently made at Whitsuntide to the
parish priest by the parishioners.

WHI’TSUNDAY [hwita-sundæg, Sax.] i. e. White Sunday, because
on the eve of this festival, the catechumens were anciently clothed in
white robes, and admitted to the sacrament of baptism. Because the
converts newly baptised appeared from easter to Whitsuntide in white.
Skinner. See PENTECOSTE, and CATECHUMENS; and to the note
there subjoined, add, “Thus in the apostolic constitutions, when the ca­
techumens were dismissed, as they were constantly before the administra­
tion of the Lord's supper: This order was at the same time given, ΠρΟΣ­
ΛΑβΕΤΕ ΤΑ ΠΑΙΔΙΑ ΜΗΤΕρΕΣ, i. e. Ye mothers take to you your children;”
I suppose, in order to their communicating with them. Tho' I find,
St. Augustin in his childhood was placed among the catechumens; he was
so by his pious mother, as Dupin observes. Query, Whether this pro­
ceeded from what is immediately subjoined, “that his Father wanted
that true sense of religion, which his mother had”? or because PÆDO­
BAPTISM (as some learned men have suggested) was not as yet the general
practice of the church? It had obtained long before St. Augustin's time
in the African churches; as appears from St. Cyprian's writings; and
yet seems to have been disowned in the East by the 6th cannon of the
council of Neocæsaria; a council held within a few years of that of
Nice. See REGENERATION and RITES compared.

WHI’TSUNTIDE, subst. the Whitsun-holydays.

WHI’TTAIL, a bird.

WHI’TTEN-TREE, a shrub, a sort of tree.

To WHI’TTLE, verb act. [hthettan, Sax.] to cut sticks with a knife
into small pieces; to edge, to sharpen: Not in use but in Scotland.
Hakewell.

WHI’TTLE [wital, Sax. white] 1. A sort of child's blanket, or one
worn by women over their shoulders; a white dress for a woman: Not
in use. 2. [Of hwitel, Sax.] a little knife. Betterton. 3. A sort of
basket.

To WHIZ, verb neut. or hiss [of hiscean, Sax. or from the sound it
expresses. Johnson] to make a noise as water when a hot iron is put upon
it, to make a loud humming noise. Dryden.

WHO, pron. [hwa, Sax. hvo, Dan. wie, Du.] 1. A pronoun relative.
Applied to persons; what person. 2. As who should say, elliptically for
as one should say. Collier. 3. WHOSE [hthæs, Sax. hvis, Dan.] is the
genitive of which, as well as of who, and is applied to things. Addison.
4. It has sometimes a disjunctive sense. Who fall, who rise. Dan.
Civ. War. See WHICH.

WHOE’VER, or WHO’SOEVER [from hthaæfer, or hthasthaæfer, Sax.]
any one without limitation or exception, be it who it will.

WHOLE [ΟΛΟΣ, Gr. thhilig, or hwal, Sax. heal, Du. and Scot.] 1. In­
tire, not broken, unimpaired, uninjured. 2 Samuel. 2. Total, con­
taining all of any thing. 3. Sound, well of any hurt or sickness.

To make WHOLE, to heal.

WHOLE, subst. totality, that which is made up of parts united in due
order or disposition, the complex of all the parts.

WHOLE chas'd Boots, winter riding boots, hunting boots.

WHO’LESALE, subst. [of whole and sale] as, to sell by wholesale, that
is, by the piece, or in large quantities, in opposition to retail or small
parcels.

WHO’LESOME, adj. [heelsam, Du. heylsam, Teut. both of hæl, Sax.
health] 1. Healthful, good for health; contributing to health. Addison.
2. Sound: Opposite to unfound in doctrine. Atterbury. 3. Preserving,
salutary: Obsolete. The wholesome strength of his right hand. Old
Psalms. 4. Kindly, pleasing: A burlesque use. Shakespeare.

WHOLESOME Ship [in sea language] a ship which will hull, try and
ride well, without rolling or labouring.

WHO’LESOMELY, adv. [of wholesome] in a wholesome manner.

WHO’LESOMENESS, subst. [of wholesome] 1. Soundness, aptness to
procure health. Addison. 2. Salutariness, conduciveness to good.

WHO’LELY, adv. [of whole] 1. Entirely, completly. Addison. 2.
Totally, in all the parts or kinds. Bacon.

WHOM, sing. and plur. [hwæm, Sax. wem, Dan.] the accusative of
who. See WHO.

WHOMSOE’VER, pron. [hwa swa æfer, Sax.] any without exception.

WHOO’BUB. subst. hubbub. See HUBBUB. Shakespeare.

WHOO’DINGS [prob. q. d. hoodings] those planks in a ship, which are
joined and fastened along the sides of her upon the stern.

To WHOOP, verb neut. [from the subst.] to shout with malignity.
Shakespeare. See HOOP.

To WHOOP, verb act. to insult with shouts. Dryden.

WHOOP, subst. [upupa, Lat.] a pewet; a bird.

WHOOP, or WHOO’POO. 1. A shout of pursuit. Addison. 2. [In the
provinces] the cry which a shepherd makes to call his sheep together.

WHORE, subst. [hure, of hyrian, Sax. to hire, q. d. a hired woman;
hoere, Du. and L. Ger. hure, H. Ger.] 1. A woman who converses
unlawfully with men; a fornicatress, an adultress. 2. A harlot, an in­
continent woman, a prostitute, a woman who receives men for money.
Dryden.

To WHORE, verb neut. [of hyrian, Sax. to hire] to commit whore­
dom, to converse unlawfully with the other sex, to follow whores.

To WHORE, verb act. to corrupt with regard to chastity. Johnson.

WHO’REDOM, subst. [of huredom, Sax.] incontinency, fornication.

WHO’REMASTER, or WHO’REMONGER, subst. [of whore and master or
monger; of hure and mangere, Sax. a merchant or trader] one who
keeps whores, or converses with a fornicatress.

WHO’RESON, subst. [of whore and son] an opprobrious name, a son
of a whore, a bastard. It is generally used in a ludicrous dislike.

WHO’RISH, adj. [of whore] inclinable to play the whore, lascivious,
incontinent.

WHO’RISHNESS, whorish inclinations and practices.

WHO’RTLE [heort, Sax. a heart] a kind of shrub.

WHO’RTLE-BERRY, subst. [heort-berian, of heort, an heart, and
berian, Sax.] the berries of a shrub called whortle or hurtle.

WHOSE, genitive of who and which. See WHO and WHICH.

WHO’SO, or WHOSOE’VER [hthæss wafer, Sax.] any without restric­
tion.

WHUR, or WHUZ [in falconry] the fluttering of partridges and phea­
sants as they rise.

To WHUR, verb neut. [from the sound] to snarl as a dog does.

WHURT, subst. a wortle-berry; a bilberry. Carew.

WHY [hthi, forhwi, Sax. hvi, Dan.] 1. For what reason or cause:
Interrogatively. 2. For which reason: Relatively. 3. For what rea­
son: Relatively. 4. Sometimes used emphatically.

WHYNO’T, adv. a cant word for violent or peremptory proceedure.
Hudibras.

WI [thi, Sax.] in composition in proper names, signifies holy, as Wi­
mund, holy peace; Wibert, eminent for sanctity; Alwi, altogether holy;
as Hierocles, Hieronymus, Hosius, &c. Gibson.


WIC

WIC [thich comes from wic, of thician, Sax. to dwell] which, ac­
cording to the different nature and condition of places, hath a threefold
signification, implying either a borough or village, or a bay made by the winding banks of a river, or a castle. Gibson.

WICHA’CAN, a Virginian root, of great efficacy in healing all man­
ner of wounds.

WIC, WIE, or WICK, subst. [theoc, Sax. wiecke, Du.] the cotton of
a candle, lamp. &c. any substance round which is applied the wax or
tallow of a torch or candle.

WI’CKED [incertæ etymologiæ, prob. of theced, Sax. full of guile.
Camden. Or, as others, of wigand, a soldier, because they are generally







wicked; or, as others, of wicce, a witch, wicca, an enchanter, of thiccian,
q. d. bewitched; thæccan is to oppress; thirian to curse; wiced is
crooked. All these however Skinner rejects for vitiatus, Lat. Perhaps,
says Johnson, it is a compound of wic, vile, bad, and head, malum ca­
put] 1. Given to vice, flagitious, morally bad, not good. 2. It is a
word of ludicrous or slight blame. That same wicked bastard of Venus.
Shakespeare. 3. Cursed, baneful, bad in effect. The wicked weed.
Spenser.

WI’CKEDLY, adv. [of wicked] impiously, criminally, badly. Pope.

WI’CKEDNESS, subst. [of wicked] corruption of manners, guilt, mo­
ral ill.

WI’CKER, adj. [of bigre, Dan. a twig, twiggen, Du.] made of a vine
or osier twig, made of small sticks. Milton.

WI’CKET, subst. Du. [wicked, Wel. of guighet, Fr.] a small door in a
larger. Milton.

WI’CKLIFFITES, the followers of John Wickliff, the first English pro­
testant reformer, who so mauled the pope, that he got the title of arch­
heretic.

To WI’DDLE-WADDLE, verb neut. a cant word by reduplication of
waddle [wickel wackel=gehen, Ger.] to go sideling toward first one side
and then the other.

WIE, or WICK. See WICK.

WIDE, adj. [vid, Dan. Wydth, Su. wide or wyde, Sax. wybt, Du. and
L. Ger. weit, H. Ger.] 1. Broad, extended far each way. Pope. 2.
Broad to a certain degree; as, 12 inches wide. 3. Deviating, remote.
Milton.

WIDE, adv. 1. At a distance. In this sense wide seems to be some­
times an adverb. Spenser and Temple. 2. With great extent. Pope.

WI’DELY, adv. [of wide] 1. With great extent each way. Bentley.
2. Far, remotely. Locke.

To WI’DEN, verb act. [of thidenan, Sax. or Weitern, Ger.] to make
wider.

To WI’DEN, verb neut. to grow wide, to extend itself.

WI’DENESS, subst. [of wide] 1. Breadth, large extent each way.
Dryden. 2. Comparative breadth. Bentley.

WI’DGEON, or WI’DGIN [prob. of wiggend, Sax. fighting] a water­
fowl not unlike a wild duck, but not so large; a silly kind of bird:
Hence applied also to a silly fellow.

WI’DOW, subst. [widtha, or weodthe, Sax. widve, Dan. weddw, Wel.
weduwe, Du. witwe, H. Ger. widuwo, or witua, Teut. vidua, Lat.] a
woman whose husband is dead.

To WI’DOW, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To deprive of a husband.
Mostly used as a participle pass. Shakespeare and Dryden. 2. To endow
with a widow-right. Shakespeare. 3. To strip of any thing good. Dry­
den.

WI’DOW-BENCH [in the county of Sussex] is that share which a wi­
dow is allowed out or her husband's estate besides her jointure.

WI’DOWER, subst. [thudether, Sax. weduwer, Du. witwer, H. Ger.] a
man whose wife is dead.

WI’DOWHOOD, subst. [wudethand-hade, Sax.] 1. The state of a widow.
2. Estate settled on a widow. Shakespeare.

King's WIDOW, one who after the death of her husband, being the
king's tenant in capite, was forced to recover her dower by the writ de
dote assignanda, and could not marry again without the king's consent.

WI’DOW-MAKER, subst. [of widow and maker]  one who deprives wo­
men of their husbands. Shakespeare.

WI’DOW-WAIL, a plant having the appearance of a shrub.

WIDTH, subst. [of wide] breadth, wideness. A low word, says John­
son. However it is used among mechanics. Moxon.

To WIELD, verb act. [of thealdan and thildan, Sax. to manage in the
hand] to handle, to manage, to sway; to use with full command, as a
thing not too heavy for the holder.

WIE’LDY, adj. [of wield] easy to be managed or governed by the
hand.

WI’ERY, adj. [of wire. It were better written wiry] 1. Made of
wire. Donne. 2. Drawn into wire. Peacham. 3. [From thær, Sax. a
pool] wet, wearish, moist: obsolete. Shakespeare.

WIFE, subst. [vif, Dan. wif, Sax. wyf, Du. and L. Ger. weib, H. Ger.
wib, Teut.] 1. A married woman, whose will, in the judgment of the
law, is subject to the will of her husband; for which reason a wife is said
to have no will; but fulget radiis mariti, i. e. shines with the lustre of
her husband. 2. It is used for a woman of low employment. Bacon.

WIG, being a termination in the names of men, signifies war, or else
a hero, from wiga, a word of that signification. Gibson.

WIG [an abbreviation of periwig] 1. A cap of hair for the head,
false hair worn on the head. 2. A sort of bun or cake.

WI’GHTON, a town in the east riding of Yorkshire, 146 computed and
181 measured miles from London.

WI’GTON, a town in Cumberland, 229 computed and 288 measured
miles from London.

WI’GREVE [of thæg, a way, and gerefa, Sax.] an overseer or sur­
veyor of the highways.

WIGHT, subst. [thiht, Sax. wicht, Teut.] a living man or woman, a
person, a being: Obsolete. Addison.

WIGHT, adj. swift, nimble: Out of use. Spenser.

WI’GHTLY, adv. [of wight] swiftly, nimbly.

WIHT, an initial in the names of men, signifies strong, nimble, lusty:
being purely Saxon. Gibson.


WIL

WILD, adj. [thild, or thud, Sax. vild, Dan. wild, Su. and Ger. wildt,
Du.] 1. Untamed, not domestic. 2. Propagated by nature, not culti­
vated, desert. 3. Uninhabited. Milton. 4. Savage, uncivilized. Da­
vies. 5. Turbulent, tempestuous, irregular. In so wild a tumult. Ad­
dison. 6. Licentious, ungoverned. Milton. 7. Inconstant, mutable,
sickle. The wild are constant. Pope. 8. Extravagant, inordinate,
loose. Dryden. 9. Uncouth, strange. Shakespeare. 10. Done or made
without any consistent order or plan. Woodward. 11. Merely imagi­
nary. A wild speculative project. Swift.

WI’LDERNESS, subst. [of wild] 1. A large place uncultivated and un­
frequented, a tract of solitude, a desert. 2. The state of being wild or
disorderly: Not in use. Milton.

WILD, subst. [from the adj.] a desert, a tract uncultivated and unin­
habited.

WILD Basil, subst. [acinus, Lat.] a plant.

A WILD Boar is the emblem of warlike fury and merciless brutality,
as making havock wheresoever it comes: It is often used in heraldry in
several postures, and its head singly.

WILD Cucumber, subst. [elaterium, Lat.] a plant.

To WI’LDER, verb act. [of wild] to lose or puzzle in an unknown
or pathless tract. Pope.

WI’LDFIRE, subst. 1. A composition of inflammable materials, easy to
take fire, and hard to be extinguished; a sort of fire first invented by the
Grecians, A. C. 777. 2. Gunpowder wetted, made into a paste, rol­
led up and set on fire. Addison. 3. An evil in sheep; the running worm,
a disease.

WI’LDFIRE-Arrows, arrows trimmed with wild-fire, and shot burning
to stick in the sails or rigging of ships in a fight.

To lead one a WILD-Goose Chace, to amuse one with fair hopes, to put
one upon the pursuit of what is impracticable.

WILD-Goose Chace, subst. a pursuit of something as unlikely to be
caught as the wild goose.

WILD Olive, subst. [eleagnus, Lat. from ΕΛΑΙΑ, an olive, and ΑΓΝΟΣ,
Gr. vitex.] a plant.

WI’LDNESS, subst. [of wild] 1. Untamedness. 2. Rudeness, disor­
der like that of uncultivated land. 3. Inordinate vivacity, irregularity
of manners. Shakespeare. 4. Savageness, brutality. Sidney. 5. Devia­
tion from a settled state; irregularity. Watts. 6. Alienation of mind,
furiousness. Shakespeare. 7. Uncultivated state, uninhabitedness. Dry­
den.

WI’LDING, subst. [of wild] a wild apple, a crab-apple, a wild sour
apple.

WI’LDLY, adv. [of wild] 1. Without cultivation. 2. With disorder,
with perturbation. 3. Fiercely, furiously. 4. Without attention, with­
out judgment. Shakespeare. 5. Irregularly. Dryden.

WILDS, plur. of WILD, subst. wild or barren country, unfrequented,
uninhabited places.

WI’LD-SERVICE, subst. [cratægus, Lat.] a plant.

WILD Vegetables, such as grow of themselves without culture.

WILD Water-Cresses, a plant also called Lady's-Smock and Cuckoe-
Flower.

WILD-Williams, a plant.

WILE, subst. [thile, of geal, Sax. fraud, wiel, Isl.] a cunning shift, a
subtle trick, a fraud. Addison.

WI’LFUL, adj. [wilful, Sax.] 1. Obstinate, perverse, headstrong,
stubborn, inflexible. 2. Done or suffered by design. Dryden.

WI’LFULLY, adv. [of wilful] 1. Obstinately, stubbornly. 2. On
set purpose, by design. Hammond.

WI’LFULNESS, subst. [of wilful] obstinacy, inflexibility, &c.

WI’LILY, adv. [of wily] craftily, by stratagem. Joshua.

WI’LINESS, adj. [of wily] craftiness, sliness, guile. Old Psalms.

WI’LY, adj. [of gealice, of geal, fraud, or galian, Sax. to enchant]
crafty, fraudulent. South.

WILL [thilla, Sax. villie, Dan. wiliw, Su. wille, Du. and Ger.] 1.
A certain faculty of the soul, choice, arbitrary determination. Will is
the power which the mind has to order the consideration of any idea, or
the *The word [willing] says Dr. Clarke, has great ambiguity in it,
and signifies two distinct things; sometimes it signifies the last
perception or approbation of the UNDERSTANDING; and sometimes
the first exertion of the SELF-MOVING, or ACTIVE FACULTY.
To the question, “Whether we can suspend Willing or no;” (in
which the learned and judicious Mr. Locke was indeed much per­
plexed) the answer is, that in the former sense of the word Wil­
ling, we cannot suspend; in the latter we can; and to the question,
“Whether we are at liberty to will or choose one or the other of two
or more objects,” the answer is still the same; in the former sense of
the word, we are not at liberty; in the latter we are. Remarks
upon a book entituled, A Philosophical enquiry concerning human li­
berty, p. 22, 23. I was the more desirous to insert this distinc­
tion, as the not attending to it has occasioned much confusion in
our reasonings on this subject. See MORAL Influence, &c. forbearing to consider it, or to prefer the motion of any part of the
body to its rest, and vice versa. Locke. 2. Discretion, choice. 3. Com­
mand, direction. 4. Disposition, inclination, desire. 5. Power, go­
vernment. Psalms. 6. Divine determination. Thy will be done.
Lord's Prayer. 7. Testament, disposition of a dying man's effects. 8.
Good-will; favour, kindness. Shakespeare. 9. Good-will; right inten­
tion. Philippians. 10. Ill-will; malice, malignity. 11. [Contracted
from William.] a christian name abreviated.

WILL with a Wisp, or WILL in a Wisp, a meteor better known
among authors by the name of ignis fatuus, an exhalation that appears
in the night; Jack with a lanthorn. Will with a wisp is of a round fi­
gure, in bigness like the flame of a candle, but sometimes broader, and
like a bundle of twigs set on fire; sometimes brighter, at other times
more obscure, and of a purple colour. It wanders about in the air, and
is generally about 6 feet from the ground, commonly haunting marshy
and fenny places and church-yards, as being evaporated out of a fat soil;
it also flies about rivers, hedges, &c. and frequently misleads travellers
in a dark night, by reason of their making towards it, and not taking a
due care to keep the way. It commonly appears in summer, and at the
beginning of autumn; but it burns nothing. Some that have been
catched were observed to consist of a shining, viscous and gelatinous
matter like the spawn of frogs; so that the matter seems to be phospho­
rous, prepared and raised from putrefied plants or carcasses by the sun;
which is condensed by the cold of the evening, and then shines. Mus­
chenbroeck.

To WILL, verb act. WILT, irreg. 2 pers. sing. thou wilt. See To
WILL. WOULD, irreg. imperf. tholde, Sax. wotte, Ger. vilde, Dan.
wilt, L. Ger. wolte, H. Ger. desired, &c. [wilgan, Goth. willen, Du. thil­
lan, Sax. wilia, Su.] 1. to desire that any thing should be, or not be done.
To will is to bend our souls to the having or doing of that which they see
to be good. Hooker. 2. To be inclined to resolve or purpose to have.
Shakespeare. 3. To direct, to require, to command. Clarendon. 4. It
has a loose and slight signification. Let the circumstances of life be what
or where they will, a man should never neglect improvement. Watts.
5. Will is one of the signs of [or, according to grammarians, the auxi­
liary verb which helps to form] the future tense: it is different as well in
its use as sense from the verb to will. It is difficult to shew or limit the sig­
nification. I will come; I am determined to come: Importing choice.
Thou wilt come; it must be so that thou must come: Importing ne­
cessity. Wilt thou go? Hast thou determined to go? Importing choice.
He will go; he is resolved to go; or, it must be that he must go: Import­
ing either choice or necessity. It will do; it must be so that it must do:
Importing necessity. The plural follows the analogy of the singular.








WILL, a diminutive of William.

WILL he, Nill he, whether he will or no, nolens volens.

WI’LLI and VI’LI, among the English Saxons, as viele at this day
among the Germans signified many: So Willielmus is the defender of
many; Wilfred, peace to many: which are answered in sense and signi­
fication by Polymachus, Polycrates and Polyphilus. Gibson's Camden.

Sweet WILLIAM, a flower.

WI’LLING, adj. [of will] 1. Disposed or inclined to any thing. 2.
Pleased; desirous. 3. Favourable; well disposed to any thing. Exodus.
4. Ready; complying. Milton. 5. Chosen. Milton. 6. Spontaneous.
Dryden. 7. Consenting. Milton.

God-WILLING, if it please God.

WI’LLINGLY, adv. [of willing] 1. With one's own consent, without
dislike or reluctance, readily. 2. By one's own desire. Addison.

WI’LLINGNESS, subst. [of willing] consent, readiness or disposition of
mind. Dryden.

WI’LLOW [thelige, thelie, Sax. gwilon, Wel. salix, Lat.] a kind of
tree worn by forlorn lovers.

WI’LLOWISH, adj. [of willow] that is of the nature of a willow tree,
resembling the colour of willow. Walton.

Spiked-WILLOW, a shrub.

WI’LL-JILL, a sorry, pitiful, inconsiderable person, an hermaphra­
dite: A cant word.

WILL Nuncupative, or WILL Parole, a will only by word of mouth,
which being proved by three or more witnesses, may be of as good force
or as valid as one in writing, except for lands which are only devisable
by testament in writing, during the life of the testator.

WI’LLOW-PLAT, a place where willows grow.

WI’LLOW-WEED, a plant.

WI’LLOW-WORT, subst. a plant.

WILT. See To WILL.

WI’LTON, a borough in Wiltshire, is 72 computed and 87 measured
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

WILY, adj. [of wile] sly, cunning, full of intrigue. Dryden.

WI’MBLE, subst. [wimple, O. Du. from wemelen, to bore] an instru­
ment to bore holes with.

WIMBLE, adj. active, nimble, shifting to and fro. Such seems to be
the meaning in the following lines:
He was so wimble and so wight,
From bough to bough he leaped light. Spenser.

WI’MBORN Minster, a town in Dorsetshire, 82 computed and 98 mea­
sured miles from London.

WI’MOTE, a plant.

WI’MPLE subst. [wimpel, Du. and Ger. guimple, Fr. a hood, a veil]
1. A muffler or plaited linen cloth which nuns wear about their necks.
It is printed in Spenser's Fairy Queen, perhaps by mistake, wimble.
2. A streamer or flag.

To WI’MPLE, verb act. [from the subst.] to draw down as a hood or
veil. Spenser.


WIN

To WIN, verb act. wan and won, pret. won, part. pass. [winnan, Sax.
vinder, Dan. winna, Su. winnen, gewinnen, Ger. prob. of vinco, Lat.]
1. To get or gain by play; as, win it and wear it. 2. To obtain or
make one's self master of, to gain by conquest. 3. To get by conquest,
to get the better, to gain the victory in a contest. 4. To persuade or
prevail with a person by persuasion. Milton. 5. To gain something
withheld. Pope. 6. To obtain in general. Shakespeare. 7. To gain by
courtship. Shakespeare.

To WIN, verb neut. 1. To gain the victory. Milton. 2. To gain
influence or favour; with upon. 3. To gain ground; with upon. 4. To
be gainer or conqueror at play; generally with of.

WIN, or WINE [thin, war, strength, or thine, Sax. beloved, dear] the
names of men beginning or ending with these syllables, signify, either
from win, the martial temper of the man, or from wine, that they were
the favourites of the people, &c.

WINCAU’NTON, a town in Somersetshire, 93 computed and 112 mea­
sured miles from London.

WINCE, or WINCH. See WINCH.

To WINCE, or To WINCH, verb neut. [gwingo, Wel. guincher, Fr.
to twist; winch signifying sometimes to writhe or contort the body: Some
derive it of wancken, Teut. to vacillate] to kick or spurn, to throw out
the hinder feet as a horse does, as if impatient of the rider or of pain,
to shrink from any uneasiness. Hudibras uses both.

WINCH, subst. [guincher, Fr. to twist] a windlace; something held in
the hand by which a wheel or cylinder is turned; an iron instrument to
turn screws with, to wind up a jack; a reel.

To WINCH, verb act. [prob. of thindan, Sax. to turn and wind, or
guincher, Fr.] to wind round or skrew with a winch.

WI’NCHCOMB, a town in Gloucestershire, 72 computed and 87 mea­
sured miles from London.

WI’NCHELSEA, a cinque port in Sussex, is 60 computed and 71 mea­
sured miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

WI’NCHESTER, a city in Hampshire, 54 computed and 67 measured
miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

WI’NCHESTER Goose, a pocky swelling in the groin: So called from
the brothels licensed in Southwark by the Bp. of Winchester in the Ro­
mish times: And the venereal infection was called the brenning or burn­
ing the Winchester goose. Phil. Trans.

WI’NCOPIPE, subst. a small red flower in the stubble fields, which
country people call the wincopipe; which if it open in the morning, you
may be sure a fair day will follow. Bacon.

WIND, subst. [vind, Dan. wind, Sax. windt, Du. wind, Ger. vent,
Fr. vento, It. Sp. and Port. ventus, Lat.] 1. The current or stream of
the air, together with such vapours as the air carries along with it; or
wind may be defined to be a vapour agitated and rarified, which passing
from a narrow place, wherein it was pent into one more large and wide,
drives the air before it: if it chance that there be a meeting of many va­
pours together, then, according to the quantity of the matter, this wind
is so much the greater. 2. Direction of the blast from any particular
point, as eastward, westward. Shakespeare. 3. Breath, power or act of
respiration. 4. Air caused by any action. 5. Breath modulated by an
instrument. 6. Air impregnated with scent. A pack of dog-fish had
him in the wind. Swift. 7. Windiness, flatulence. Milton. 8. Any thing
insignificant or light as wind. Milton. 9. Down the wind; to decay.
He went down the wind still. L'Estrange. 10. To take or have the wind;
to gain or have the upper hand. Bacon.

To have the WIND of a Ship [a sea phrase] is to be to the windward
of her.

To WIND, verb act. wound, pret. [thindan, Sax. vinder, Dan. winden,
Du. and Ger.] 1. To sound by inflation as dogs do. 2. To turn round,
twist or roll about. 3. To regulate in action. Shakespeare. 4. To turn
by shifts or expedients. The means to turn and wind a trade. Hudibras.
5. To introduce by insinuation; commonly with into: As, to wind (or
screw) one's self into favour, or out of trouble. 6. To change. Addison.
7. To blow a horn. 8. To entwist, to encircle. Shakespeare. 9. To
wind one in; to ensnare one. 10. To wind out; to extricate, to disen­
tangle. Clarendon. 11. To wind up; to bring to a small compass, as a
bottom of thread. Locke. 12. To wind up: used of a watch. To con­
volve the spring; to put in order to a certain end. 13. To wind up; to
raise by degrees. Atterbury. 14. To wind up; to straiten a string by
turning that on which it is rolled; to put in tune. Waller. 15. To put
in order for regular action; from a watch. Shakespeare.

N. B. This verb is used both as a verb transitive and intransitive;
The former by Milton in those lines;
——— And winds with ease
Thro' the pure marble air his oblique way.
And the latter by the learned and judicious translator of Cebes,
Yet higher still around the mountain's brow
Winds yon huge rock——

To WIND, verb neut. 1. To turn, to change. Dryden. 2 To turn,
to be convolved. Bacon. 3. To move round; with about. Denham. 4.
To proceed in flexures. Milton. 5. To be disintangled or extricated;
with out of. Milton.

To WIND [with hunters] to nose, to follow by scent, to scent the
game.

WI’NDED; as, short-winded, short-breathed; long-winded, tedious in
a discourse or sermon.

Broken-WINDED, that breathes with difficulty.

WIND-Berry, a bill-berry or whortle-berry.

WIND-Beam [in carpentry] the same as collar-beam.

WIND-Bound, adj. [of wind and bound; sea term] hindered, stopped,
or kept back from sailing by a contrary wind.

WIND-Broken, a disease in horses.

WIND-Cholic, a painful disease in the stomach, &c.

WIND-Egg, subst. an addled egg, one that has taken wind. Johnson
says it is an egg not impregnated, an egg that does not contain the prin­
ciples of life. However that be, it seems to have all the parts necessary,
only by its being hastily excluded, commonly from too much fluttering
or chasing the animal, the outer crustaceous shell is not quite indurated.
So that it may be something analogous to an untimely birth.

Large WIND, a fair wind.

To carry in the WIND [with horsemen] is said of a horse that carries
his nose as high as his ears, and does not carry handsomely.

WI’NDAGE [of a gun] the difference between the diameter of the
bore and the diameter of the ball.

WI’NDER, subst. [of wind] 1. An instrument or person by which any
thing is turned round. Swift. 2. A plant that twists itself round others.
Bacon.

WI’NDFALL, subst. [of wind and fall] fruit that is blown down by
the wind; also something coming to one by the death of a person, or
unexpectedly: this seems cant.

WI’ND-GALL, subst. [of wind and gall] is a soft swelling full of cor­
rupt jelly, occasioned by violent straining, by a horse's standing on a
sloping floor, or from heat, or by blows, or by over working; it
arises just by the horse's fetlock, about as big as half a pigeons's egg,
and at first full of water.

WIND-Gun, subst. [of wind and gun] an instrument to discharge a
bullet only by the means of air close pent within it.

WI’NDINESS, subst. [of windy] 1. Fulness of wind, flatulence, as in
the stomach. 2. Tendency to generate wind. Bacon. 3. Tumour, puf­
finess. Brerewood.

WI’NDING, subst. [of wind] flexure, meander. Addison.

WINDING, adj. [of wind] serpentine; as, a winding river.

WI’NDING-Sheet, subst. [of wind and sheet] the clothing of a dead
corpse.

WIND-Flower, subst. the flower anemony.

WI’NDLASS, or WI’NDLESS, [in small ships] a draw-beam or machine
placed on the deck, just abast the fore mast.

WINDLASS, or WINDLESS, subst. [of wind and lace] 1. A handle by
which a rope or lace is wrapped round; a cylinder. It is commonly
a machine used to raise huge weights withal, as guns, stones, anchors,
&c. also to wind up or draw things out of a well. It is a roller of wood
square at each end, through which is either cross holes for hand spikes
or staves a-cross, to turn it round; by this means it draws a cord, one
end of which is fastened to some weight which it raises up. They are
used for guns, and about Dutch mortars, to help to elevate them. 2.
A handle by which any thing in general is turned round. Shakespeare.

WI’NDLE, subst. [from to wind] 1. A spindle. Ainsworth. 2. A­
mong the Scots, blades to wind yarn on.

WIND-MILL, subst. a mill, which by means of sails is set on work by
the wind: not a water mill.

WIND-MONTH, subst. [wind-monat, Sax.] the month of November,
in which the westerly winds are very boisterous on the coast of Frise­
land, Holstein and Jutland.

WIND-PIPE, subst. [of wind and pipe] that passage of the throat
thro' which we breathe; the aspera arteria.

WIND-ROW, hay or grass raked up into rows, in order to be dried by
the wind before it is cocked up.

The Ship WINDS up [in sea language] is said of a ship when she comes
to ride at an anchor.

Trade WINDS, are winds which blow constantly from the east, be­
tween the latitude of 30 degrees north and south, in the Atlantic, Ethio­
pic, and Pacific oceans.

WIND Tackle-Blocks [in a ship] are the main double blocks or pullies,
which being made fast to the end of a small cable, serve for the hoisting
goods into a ship.

WIND-TAUGHT [in sea language] stiff in the wind, a term applied to
any thing which holds or catches the wind alost, or stooping too much
in a stiff gale of wind.

WIND-THRUSH, a bird so called, because it comes into England in
high winds in the beginning of winter.








To WIND a Ship, or To WEND, is to bring her head about.

How WINDS the Ship, or how WENDS [in sea language] is, upon
what point of the compass does a ship that is under sail, lie with her
head.

WI’NDHAM, or WI’MUNDHAM, a town in Norfolk, 85 computed,
and 99 measured miles from London.

WI’NDOW, subst. [vindue, Dan. Skinner thinks it originally wind-door]
1. A place or aperture in a building, to let air or light into it. 2. The
frame of glass or any other materials that cover the aperture. 3. Lines
crossing each other. He has windows on his bread and butter. 4. An
aperture resembling a window.

To WINDOW, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To furnish with win­
dows. Pope. 2. To place at a window. Shakespeare. 3. To break in­
to openings. Your loop'd and window'd raggedness. Shakespeare.

WI’NDSOR, a town in Berks, sending two members to parliament;
near which is Windsor-castle and St. George's chapel. It is 20 com­
puted, and 23 measured miles from London.

WI’NDWARD, adv. [of wind; of thind and thard, Sax.] towards the
wind.

WINDWARD-Tide, a tide that runs against the wind.

WI’NDY, adj. [of wind] 1. Next the wind. 2. Empty, airy. 3.
Consisting of wind. 4. Subject or exposed to the wind, tempestuous;
molested with wind. 5. Flatulent, spoken of any thing that causes wind
in the body. 6. Flashy in expressions, full of talk.

WINE, subst. [of vun, Dan. wyn, Du. and L. Ger. wein, H. Ger.
vin, Fr. vino, It. and Sp. vinho, Port. vinum, Lat. thin, Sax.] 1. A po­
table liquor, the fermented juice of the grape. 2. Preparations of ve­
getables by fermentations, called by the general name of wines, have
quite different qualities from the plant. For no fruit taken crude, has
the intoxicating quality of wine. Arbuthnot.

WINE-Bibber, a great lover of wine.

WINE-Cooper, properly one who makes and looks after the casks,
which contain wine; also a curer, or finer down of wine.

Natural WINE, is such as comes from the grape without any mixture
or sophistication.

Adulterated WINE, is that wherein something is added to give it
strength, fineness, flavour, briskness, &c.

Prick'd or Eager WINE, is that turned sourish.

Sulphured WINE, is that put in casks wherein sulphur has been burnt,
in order to fit it for keeping, or for carriage by sea.

Coloured WINE, is wine of a very deep colour, serving to dye those
wines that are too pale.

Chip WINE, is that poured on chips of beech wood to fine or sof­
ten it.

Rape WINE, is wine put into a cask of fresh grapes picked, in order
to recover the strength, briskness, &c. that it had lost.

Spirit of WINE [in chemistry] the oily part of wine, rarified by acid
salts; distilled from brandy.

WINE-Month [thynmonat, Sax.] the month of October, the vintage
month.

WING, subst. [gething, Sax. vinge, Dan. winge, Su.] 1. that part of
a bird used in flying. 2. A fan to winnow. Tusser. 3. Flight, pas­
sage by the wing. Dryden. 4. The motive of flight. Then fiery ex­
pedition be my wing. Shakespeare.

The WING of a Rabbet, the fore-leg, improperly so called.

The WING [any side-piece] of an House.

WING of an Army, is the horse at the flanks or at the end of each line
on the right and left; the side bodies of on army.

WING of a Batallion, or WING of a Squadron, are the right and left
hand files that make up each side or flank.

WING [in botany] the angle which the leaves of a plant, or the pedi­
cles of the leaves, form with the stem or a branch of the plant.

To WING, verb act. 1. To furnish with wings, to enable to fly.
Pope. 2. To supply with side bodies. Shakespeare.

To WING, verb neut. To pass by flight. He wing'd his upward
flight. Dryden.

To WING a Partridge, &c. [in carving] is to cut it up.

To take WING, to fly away.

To be upon the WING, to be in haste.

To clip one's WING, to diminish the fame, credit, or power of any
thing.

WI’NGED, adj. [gethinged, Sax.] having wings, flying. Swift.

WINGED Pea, subst. [ochrus, Lat.] a plant.

WINGED Seeds [in botany] are such as have down or hairs on them,
whereby the wind taking hold, blows them at a distance.

WINGED Plants [with botanists] a term applied to such stems of
plants, as are furnished all their length with a sort of membranous
leaves.

WINGS [in fortification] are the large sides of horn works, crown­
works, tenailles, and the like out-works; including the ramparts and
parapets, with which they are bounded on the right and left, from their
gorge to the front.

WINGS [in heraldry] are borne without the body of the fowl, and
sometimes single and sometimes double; when they are double, they are
called conjoined; when the tips are upwards, they are called elevated;
when downwards, inverted.

WINGS [with gardeners] are such branches of trees or other plants
as grow up aside of each other.

WING-Shell, subst. [of wing and shell] the shell that covers the wings
of insects. Grew.

WI’NGY, adj. [of wing] having wings. Wingy speed. Addison.

WINK [thinc, Sax. winck, Ger.] 1. Act of closing the eye, a twinkle
of the eye, a motion of the eye-lid closing the eye. 2. A sign to any
one by motion of the eye.

To give [or tip] one the WINK, to give a token or sign by the eye.
I did not sleep a WINK, that is, not at all.

To WINK, verb neut. [thincian, Sax. wincken, H. Ger. wincka, Su.
wencken, Du. and L. Ger.] 1. To close or shut the eye. 2. To hint or
direct by the motion of the eye-lids: commonly with at. 3. To close
and exclude the light. Dryden. 4. To be dim. Walking by a wink­
ing light. Dryden. 5. To seem not to see. Addison.

To WINK at, to connive at, to tolerate.

WI’NKER, subst. [of wink] one who winks. Pope.

WI’NKINGLY, adv. [of winking] with the eye almost closed. Peacham.

WI’NNER, subst. [of win] one who wins.

WI’NNING, part. adj. [of win] attractive, charming. Milton.

WINNING, subst. [of win] the sum won. Addison.

To WI’NNOW, verb act. [windrian, Sax. wennen, Ger. and Du. van­
nare, Lat.] 1. To fan, to beat, as with wings. Milton. 2. To separate
corn from chaff by the wind. 3. To sift, to examine. Dryden. 4. To
separate, to part in general. Shakespeare.

To WINNOW, verb neut. to part corn from chaff.

WI’NNOWER, subst. [of winnow] he who winnows.

WI’NTER, subst. [thinter or thintra, Sax. vinter, Dan. winter, Su. Du.
and Ger.] one of the seasons of the year, namely the cold season. Win­
ter is that season of the year wherein the days are shortest. Watts.

WINTER [with printers] a certain part of a printing press.

To WINTER, verb act. [winteren, Du. wentern, Ger.] to feed or ma­
nage in the winter. Temple.

To WINTER, verb neut. to abide in a place during the winter sea­
son.

WINTER is often used in composition; as, winter-bouse, winter-fal­
lowing, &c.

WINTER-Beaten, adj. [of winter and beat] harrassed by severe wea­
ther. Spenser.

WINTER-Cherry, subst. [alkakenge] a plant.

WINTER-Citron, subst. a sort of pear.

WINTER-Cresses, subst. an herb.

WINTER-Finer, a pear of a roundish form and yellowish colour
speckled.

WINTER-Green, subst. [pyrola, Lat.] a plant or herb so named on ac­
count of its flourishing in winter.

WINTER-Heyning, a season which is excepted from the liberty of com­
moning in the forest of Dean.

WINTER-Lemon, Marvel, Thorn, kinds of pears.

WI’NTERLY [or winterish] Weather, such as is suitable to winter;
that is of a wintery kind. Shakespeare.

WINTER-Month [thinter-monat, Sax.] the month of December.

WINTER Solstice [with astronomers] happens on the 22d of Decem­
ber, when the sun comes to the tropic of Capricorn, the day being at
that time shortest, and the night longest, that is to say in northern coun­
tries.

To WINTER rig [with husbandmen] is to fallow or till the land in
winter.

WI’NTRY, adj. [of winter] hyemal, brumal. Dryden.

WI’NY, adj. [vineux, Fr. vinoso, It. and Sp.] having the taste or qua­
lities of wine; as, a winy smell. Bacon.

To WIPE, verb act. [thipan, Sax.] 1. To cleanse by rubbing with
something soft. 2. To take away by rubbing, with away. 3. To
strike or wipe off gently any dust, filth, &c. generally with off. 4. To
clear away. Shakespeare. 5. To cheat, to couzin, to defraud; with
out before the thing cheated of. Spenser. 6. To wipe out; to efface.

WIPE, subst. [from the verb] 1. The act of cleansing by wiping. 2.
Reflection or close rub upon a person, a jeer. 3. A blow, a stroke.
Swift. 4. A bird. Ainsworth.

WI’PER, subst. [of wipe] an instrument or person by which any thing
is wiped. B. Johnson.

WIRE [prob. of giro, Lat. to wind round, or virer, Fr. to draw
round. Skinner. or rather of wier or wierdraet, L. Ger.] gold, silver,
copper, or other metals, drawn out into long threads.

To WI’RE DRAW, verb act. [of wire and draw] 1. To draw or spin
out gold or silver into wire, 2. To draw out into length. Arbuthnot. 3.
To spin out a business. 4. To get something out of a person by art or
violence. Dryden.

WI’RE-DRAWER, subst. [of wire and draw] one who spins wire.

WIRES [in botany] the long threads which run from strawberries and
other plants, and fix in the earth and propagate other plants.

WIRES, formerly of great use to support the ladies head-cloths, now
used in several parts abroad to support womens veils from pressing upon
the head.


WIS

To WIS, verb act. pret. and part. pass. wist [wissen, Ger. wysen, Du.]
to know: obsolete. Sidney and Waller.

WI’RY, adj. See WIERY.

WI’SEACRE, subst. It was anciently written wisesegger, wisegger [waer­
seggher, Du. a diviner] 1. A wise or sententious man: obsolete. 2. It
is used ironically to signify an half-witted person, a fool, a dunce. Ad­
dison.

WI’SARD. See WI’ZARD.

WI’SDOM, subst. [thisdom, Sax. vusdom, Dan.] knowledge of high
matters, discretion, judgment, the power of judging rightly.

WISDOM [with divines] All antiquity [except the Sabellians and Sa­
bellianizers] understood that wisdom which is mentioned in the Proverbs,
c. 8. v. 22. of a divine person, i. e. of a really substantially existing
spirit; and not a mere power or attribute of God the Father. “They
[says Athanasius, speaking of his Sabellianizing cotemporaries] regard
the logos [i. e. the word or reason] of God, as something similar to that
logos [or reason] which belongs to the heart of man; and the wisdom as
something similar to that which is in the soul; and for this cause they
say that God, together with his logos, is one person, as man with his lo­
gos [or reason] is one man.” In opposition to all which, he observes,
that St. John upon this hypothesis could never have affirmed [as he does
in the beginning of his Gospel] that the logos was WITH GOD; that
phraseology implying a distinct vital [and personal] existence of his own:
and not a mere power or attribute of another. “He is a living power,
says he, and the cause of life to others; not like the power of a man,
by means of which a man is powerful; for the power of a man is not
his production or son.” Again, “The son is also the wisdom of the Fa­
ther; not as the wisdom of a man, by which a man is wise; [not a mere
property or attribute so called] but wisdom deriving its existence from a
wise being; and concerning which being it is said, “To the only wise
God, thro' Jesus Christ, to whom be glory, &c.” Athanos. contra Sabell.
Ed. Paris, p. 651, 655. This two-fold sense of the term wisdom, I
mean as it signifies either the attribute so called, or a person possessed of
it, has made way for a certain *I mean, that of making the term wisdom signify ONE THING in
the major proposition of the syllogism, and ANOTHER THING in
the minor. And the same liberty [if I am not mistaken] often
occurs in St. Athanasius himself. false kind of reasoning, [not to call it
chicanery] in some ancient writers; of which bishop Bull has produced a
pretty remarkable instance from Dionysius of Rome. Bull. Defens. Fid. Ni­
cen. p. 327. See FIRST-BORN, Eternal GENERATION, UNMADE, PAULI­
ANISTS, SABELLIANS, and WESTERN Empire. See also UNBEGOTTEN,
and read there “Ο ΠΑΝΤΟχρΑΤΩρ ΘΕΟΣ.”








WISE, adj. [thise, Sax. vise, Dan. wys, Su. and Du. wuse, L. Ger.
wees, H. Ger.] 1. Judging rightly, particularly matters of life; having
practical knowledge. 2. Discreet, skilful, dexterous. Tillotson. 3.
Skilled in hidden arts. Shakespeare. 4. Grave, becoming a wise man.
Milton.

WISE, subst. [wise, Sax. wyse, Du. weise, Ger. guise, Fr. guisa, It.]
manner, way of being or acting. This word in the modern dialect is
often corrupted into ways.

WI’SELY, adv. [of wise] discreetly, judiciously, prudently.

WI’SENESS, subst. [of wise] wisdom: obsolete. Spenser.

WISH, subst. [thise, Sax. wensch, Du. wunsch, Ger.] 1. A longing
desire, a craving. 2. Thing desired. Milton. 3. Desire expressed.
Pope.

To WISH, verb neut. [thiscian, Sax. wenschen, Du. wünschen, Ger.]
1. To have strong desire, to long. 2. To be disposed or inclined. Ad­
dison. 3. It has a slight signification of hope. Sidney.

To WISH, verb act. 1. To long for, to crave ardently after. 2.
To recommend by wishing. Shakespeare. 3. To imprecate. Shakespeare.
4. To ask. Clarendon.

WI’SHEDLY, adv. [of wished] eagerly, desiringly, according to de­
sire: not used. Knolles.

WI’SHER, subst. [of wish] 1. One who longs. 2. One who ex­
presses wishes. Shakespeare.

WI’SHFUL, adj. [of wish and full] longing, showing desire. Shake­
speare.

WI’SHFULLY, adv. [of wishful] with longing, earnestly.

WI’SKET, subst. a basket. Ainsworth.

WISP, subst. [wisp, Su. and O. Du.] a small bundle of hay, straw,
&c.

To WISP [or rub down] a horse with straw.

WIST, pret. and part. of wis [of thistan, Sax. to know] known; as,
had I wist, i. e. had I known.

WI’STA [in old records] a wist, or half an hide of land.

WI’STFUL, adj. [thistful, Sax.] 1. Attentive, earnest, full of thought.
Gay. 2. It is used by Swift, as it seems, for wishful. I cast many a
wistful melancholy look towards the sea.

WI’STFULLY, adv. [of wistful] attentively, earnestly. Hudibras.

WI’STLY, adv. [of wis] attentively, earnestly. Shakespeare.


WIT

To WIT, verb neut. [thitan, Sax. weten, Du. and L. Ger.] to know.
This word is now only used in the phrase, to wit, that is to say.

WIT ye, [a law term, common in deeds] know ye.

WIT, subst. [thit, sgethit, Sax. gewit, Du.] 1. The powers of the
mind, the intellects. This is the original signification. 2. Imagina­
tion, quickness of fancy. 3. Sentiments produced by quickness of fan­
cy. 4. A man of genius. 5. A man of fancy, sense, and judgment.
Dryden. 6. A person who is endued with wit. 7. [In the plural]
sound mind, intellect not crazed. 8. Contrivance, stratagem, power of
expedients. At their wits ends L'Estrange.

N. B. Wit, [according to Mr. Locke] consists in the quick and ready
assembling of two or more things that agree; and the province of judg­
ment lies chiefly in the careful enquiry wherein they differ; and this cir­
cumstance is assigned as the reason why these two characters are seldom
found in one and the same subject. But be that as it will, 'tis certain,
we are too often deceived with the first appearance of things; and the not
taking care to enquire wherein they AGREE, and wherein they DIFFER,
has occasioned much confusion of ideas, and consequently much false rea­
soning and error. See DIFFÉRENCE [with logicians] WISDOM, WORD,
CIRCUMINCESSION, and Christian WORSHIP, compared.

WITCH, subst. [thicce, of thiglian, to enchant, or wicnian, Sax. to di­
vine] 1. An enchantress or sorceress, a woman given to unlawful arts.
2. [thic, Sax.] a winding sinuous bank. Spenser.

To WITCH, verb act. [from the subst.] to bewitch, to enchant.
Shakespeare.

WITCH-CRAFT [of thicce, a witch, and cræft, Sax. art.] the art of
bewitching, the practices of witches.

WITCH Elm, a kind of elm.

WI’TCHERY, subst. [of witch] enchantment. Raleigh and Milton.

WITCH Hazle-tree, a shrub.

WI’TCRAFT, subst. [of wit and craft] contrivance, invention. Ob­
solete.

WI’T-CRACKER, subst. [of wit and cracker] a joker, one who breaks
a jest. Shakespeare.

WI’TWORM, subst. [of wit and worn] one that feeds on wit, a canker
of wit. B. Johnson.

To WITE, verb act. [thitan, Sax.] to blame, to reproach. Spenser.

WITE, subst. [thite, Sax.] blame, reproach. Spenser.

WITH, prep. [thid, Sax. ved, Dan.] 1. A particle denoting in company
of. 2. By; noting the cause. 3. Noting the means. 4. Noting the
instrument. 5. On the side of, for. 6. In opposition to, in competition
or contest. 7. Noting comparison. 8. In society or union. 9. In ap­
pendage; noting consequence or concomitance. 10. In mutual dealing.
11. Noting confidence; as, I trust you with all my secrets; or, I trust
all my secrets with you. 12. In partnership. 13. Noting connexion.
14. Immediately after. 15. Amongst. 16. Upon. Addison. 17. In
consent; noting parity of state.

WITH, inseparable in composition as a præfix, denotes an opposition
or privation; as in withstand, &c.

WITHA’L, adv. [of with and all; thithal, Sax.] 1. Along with the
rest, likewise, at the same time. 2. It is sometimes used by writers
where we now use with. Tillotson.

WITH-THAT, thereupon.

WITH-Child, teeming, breeding.

To WITHDRA’W, verb act. [of thid and dragan, Sax.] 1. To draw
away from, to withhold, to take back, to deprive of. 2. To call away,
to make to retire.

To WITHDRAW, verb neut. to retreat, to retire.

WITHDRA’WING-ROOM, subst. [of withdraw and room] room behind
another room for retirement.

WI’THE, subst. 1. A willow twig. 2. A band, properly a band of
twigs [withe: Sax. signifies a band.]

To WI’THER, verb neut. [gethitherod, Sax. dry, faded] 1. To fade,
to grow sapless, to be dried up. 2. To waste, to pine away. Temple.
3. To lose or want animal moisture. Dryden.

To WITHER, verb act. 1. To make to fade. 2 To make to shrink,
decay, or wrinkle, for want of animal moisture.

WI’THER-BAND, subst. a piece of iron or band, laid underneath a sad­
dle, about four fingers above the withers of a horse, to keep the two
pieces of wood that form the bow tight.

WI’THEREDNESS, subst. [of withered] the state of being faded, shri­
velled, or dried. Mortimer.

WI’THERS [of a horse] is the juncture or joining of the shoulder­
bones, at the bottom of the neck and mane, towards the upper part of
the shoulders.

WI’THERNAM [in some old statutes] seems to signify an unlawful
distress, made by one who has no right to distrain.

WI’THERSAKE, or WYTHERSAKE [in the laws of king Canutus] an
apostate, a perfidious renegado.

WI’THERRUNG, or WITHER-WRUNG [with horsemen] a horse is
said to be wither-wrung, when he has gotten a hurt in the withers, which
is caused sometimes by a bite of a horse, or by a saddle being unfit, espe­
cially when the bows are too wide.

To WITH-HO’LD, verb act. pret. with-held, part. pass. with-holden
[of thid-healdan, Sax.] 1. To restrain, to keep from action, to hold
back. 2. To refuse, to keep back, to stop, to detain what is an­
other's.

WITH-HO’LDEN, part. pass. of with-hold [of thid-healdan, Sax.] kept
back, stopped, stayed.

WITH-HO’LDER, subst. [of with-hold] one who with-holds.

WITHI’N, prep. [thithinan, Sax.] 1. In the inside or inner part of, at
home. 2. Determines the place or time in which any thing is done,
not beyond. 3. Not longer ago than. 4. Into the reach of. The
desperate savage rush'd within my force. Otway. 5. In the reach of.
6. Into the heart or confidence of. 7. Not exceeding. 8. In the in­
closure of.

WITHIN, adv. 1. In the inner parts, inwardly. 2. In the mind.

WITHIN-BO’ARD [sea term] within a ship.

WITHINSI’DE, adv. [of within and side] in the interior parts.
Sharpe.

WITHOU’T, prep. [thid-outan, Sax.] 1. On the outside. 2. Not
with. 3. In a state of absence from. 4. In the state of not having. 5.
Beyond, not within the compass of. 6. In the negation or omission of.
7. Not by the use or help of. 8. To learn without book; to learn by
heart. 9. With exemption from.

WITHOUT, adv. 1. Not on the inside. 2. Out of doors. 3. Ex­
ternally, not in the mind.

WITHOUT, conjuction, unless, if not, except: not in use. Sidney.

WITHOUT-BOARD [sea-term] without or out of a ship.

WITHOU’TEN, prep. [withutan, Sax.] without: obsolete. Spenser.

To WITHSA’Y [of thid-secgan, Sax.] to gainsay, to contradict.

To WITHSTA’ND, verb act. [of with and stand; of thid-standan, Sax.]
to oppose, to resist, to gainstand.

WITHSTA’NDER, subst. [of withstand] an opponent, a resisting power.
Raleigh.

WI’THWIND, subst. the herb bind-weed.

WI’THY, subst. [widig, Sax.] an osier, a willow.

WI’TLESS, adj. [of wit] being without wit, wanting understanding.

WI’TLING, subst. [diminitive of wit] a pretender to wit, a person of
petty smartness.

WI’TNESS, subst. [thitnesse, Sax. vidnes, Dan. witne, Su.] 1. At­
testation, testimony. 2. One who gives testimony, one who testifies a
thing. 3. With a Witness; effectually, to a great degree, so as to leave
some lasting mark or testimony behind; a low phrase. Johnson.

The Two WITNESSES [in divinity] should seem to be from St. John's
description of them in Revelat. c. 11. v. 3. &c. that part of the Chris­
tian professors, which still adhered to the good old apostolic doctrine un­
der the great apostacy; and of whom it is there foretold, that they should
prophecy in Sackcloth, i. e. bear their testimony against the errors and
corruptions of the times, but in a distressed and afflicted state, for 1260
years. But it is not so easy to determine whether called two by way of
allusion (as some have thought) to those ancient pairs, of Moses and
Aaron, or Elijah and Elisha; add if you will, Zerubbabel and Joshua:
or from their original distribution correspondent to the Eastern and Western
churches: for BOTH went hand in hand in corrupting the faith once deli­
vered to the saints, and under both God had still a remnant. See Revel.
c. 12. v. 17, and c. 11. v. 4—6. compared with Zacariah, c. 4. v. 1—
14. This distinction [or prophetic sealing] was made in the 4th cen­
tury, between the fall of paganism, and the irruption of the Northern
nations; as appears from Rev. c. 6, 7, and 8, compared. But as by
this irruption a considerable check [not to say suspension] was given to
that persecuting power, by which the court-religion was established and
supported, for this reason I suppose the witnesses are not said as yet to
enter on their sackcloth-state, a state which should endure for 1260 years;
the commencement of which we have assigned from Sir Isaac Newton
under the word WESTERN Empire. I shall only add, that Will. Whiston
and some other modern writers have supposed what St. John in the same
chapter further predicts concerning these witnesses, to have been fulfilled
in the Waldenses; who were indeed expell'd by the court of Savoy from
the vallies of Piedmont, and did repossess themselves of their native
country [sword in hand] about three years and a half after their ex­
pulsion. But not to observe that it will admit of a debate, how far this
people can be said to have retained the primitive faith, whose chief
knowledge of antiquity ran no higher than the Austins, Jeromes, and
Chrysostoms; for these are the only church writers which they quote. And
tho' in justice to them it must be own'd, they kept clear of several cor­
ruptions of the Romish church; yet even this restoration itself [as a cer­
tain judicious writer observes] comes so much short of what may be
justly thought to be meant by the resurrection here foretold; that I cannot
[says he] look upon it, but as a providential congruity, if I may so call it,
and a pledge or earnest of a much greater life, and that of a more spiri­
tual nature, than what has yet happened to them.” And elsewhere he
applies much the same remark to the imperfection of the protestant refor­
mation in general. Book of the Revelat. paraphrazed, Ed. 1694, p. 243.
See WESTERN Empire, CREED, CELICOLI, EUNOMIANS, and CROI­
SADES and JACOBITES compared.

Eye WITNESS, a person who testifies upon the evidence of his
sight.

Ear WITNESS, a person who testifies upon the evidence of his
hearing.








To WI’TNESS, verb act. [witan, Sax. witna, Su.] to attest, to sub­
scribe a writing as a witness.

To WITNESS, verb neut. to bear witness.

WITNESS, interj. an exclamation signifying that a person or thing
may attest it.

To bear WITNESS [of thitneste, of thitan, Sax.] to bear a testimo­
ny to.

To be WITNESS [or god-father] to a child.

WITNESS my Hand, in testimony of which I sign my hand.

WI’TSNAPPER, [of wit and snap] one who affects repartee. Shake­
speare.

WI’TNEY, a town in Oxfordshire, 54 computed, and 63 measured
miles from London.

WI’TTAL, or WI’TTOL, subst. [thittol, conscious to himself, of thitan,
Sax. to know] one who knows himself to be a cuckold and is contented.
Shakespeare.

WI’TTED, adj. [of wit] endued with wit; as half-witted, of a slen­
der wit; dull-witted, stupid; quick-witted, of an acute genius.

WITTE’NA-Gemotes [thittena-gemots, Sax.] the council or assembly
of the Saxon nobility, in assistance to the king.

WI’TTICISM, subst. [of witty] a quaint silly saying, a mean attempt
at wit. Addison.

WI’TTILY, adv. [of witty] 1. Artfully, acutely, ingeniously, cun­
ningly. 2. With flight of imagination.

WI’TTINESS, subst. [of witty] the quality of being witty. Spenser.

WI’TTINGLY, adv. [of witting, knowing, thiting, to weet or know,
thitendlic, Sax.] knowingly, not ignorantly; by design. West.

WI’TTY, adj. [thittig, Sax. witzig, H. Ger.] 1. Full of wit, judi­
cious, ingenious. 2. Full of imagination. 3. Sarcastic, full of taunts.

WI’TTOL. See WITTAL.

WI’TTOLLY, adj. [of wittol] cuckoldy. Shakespeare.

WI’TWAL, a bird.

To WIVE, verb neut. [thifian, Sax.] to take to wife, to marry.
Shakespeare.

To WIVE, verb act. 1. To marry to a wife. Shakespeare. 2. To
take for a wife. Shakespeare.

WI’VELY, adj. [of wive] belonging to a wife. Sidney.

WI’VERN [in heraldry] an animal with wings and feet like a bird,
but the tail, &c. like a serpent; or a sort of flying serpent, the upper
part resembling a dragon, and the lower a serpent.

WI’VELSCOMB, a town in Somershire, 128 computed, and 153 mea­
sured miles from London.

WIVES, the plural of WIFE; which see.

WI’ZARD, subst. [of thise, Sax. and aerd, Du. nature, from wise.
Johnson] a sorcerer, a conjurer, an enchanter. It had probably at first
a laudable meaning.

WOAD, subst. [thod, or thad, Sax. fierce or furious] an herb used in
dying blue, and with which the ancient Britons painted their bodies,
especially their faces, with frightful figures, to make them look terrible
to their enemies.

To WOAD, verb neut. [from the subst.] to dye blue with woad.

WO’BURN, a town in Bedfordshire, 37 computed, and 44 measured
miles from London.

WOE, or WO [tho, wa, or thæ, Sax. woe, Du. vee, Dan. vœ, Lat. ΟυΑΙ,
Gr.] 1. Grief, misery, sorrow. 2. It is often used in denunciations, wo
be; or in exclamations of sorrow, wo is; anciently wo warth, wa, thurf,
Sax. 3. A denunciation of calamity; a curse. 4. Wo seems, in phrases
of denunciation or imprecation, to be a substantive; and in exclamation,
an adjective, as particularly in the following lines:
Woe are we, Sir! you may not live to wear
All your true followers out. Shakespeare.
5. Wo is used by Shakespeare for a stop or cessation; from the particle
wo, pronounced by carters to their horses when they would have them
stop.

WO’BEGONE, adj. [of wo and begone] lost in wo, distracted or over­
whelmed with wo. Shakespeare.

WO’DEN [of thoden, Sax. i. e. fierce or furious] was the first or chief
god of the ancient Teutones, Germans, Saxons, and other northern na­
tions; but more particularly of the Goths, Teutones, Germans, and
Saxons. He was, according to their notions, to be appeased with sa­
crifices no less than human, and to be made propitious by many barba­
rous rites. To him they made their prayers before a battle; and when
they had obtained victory, they sacrificed such prisoners to him as they
had taken in battle. From this idol the fourth day of the week received
its name of Wodens-dæg, which we now call Wednesday. This Woden
was the father of Thor, or Jupiter (according to some) and the Mars,
or as others say, the Mercury of the Romans.

WOFT, the obsolete part. pass. from to waft. Shakespeare.

WO’FUL, adj. [of thoful, Sax.] 1. Sorrowful, sad, afflicted, mourn­
ing, unhappy. 2. Calamitous, afflictive. 3. Wretched, paltry; sorry.
What woful stuff! Pope.

WO’FULLY, adv. [of woful] 1. Dolefully, sorrowfully. 2. Wretch­
edly. In a sense of contempt. South.

WO’FULNESS, wretchedness.

WO’KING, a town in Surry, 20 computed, and 24 measured miles
from London.


WOL

WOLD [thold, Sax.] a champain land free from wood, a down.
Hence, in composition in proper names, it denotes a prefect or gover­
nor; as, Bert-wold, Bert-wold, an illustrious governor, &c. also an
herb.

WOLF, subst. irr. plur. WOLVES [wulf, Sax. ulff, Dan. and Su. wolf,
Du. and Ger. wolv, Teut. of wilworn, Celt. to devour] 1. A kind of
wild dog that devours sheep; a beast of prey so called. 2. [With sur­
geons] a sort of eating ulcer. Brown.

WO’LF-DOG, subst. [of wolf and dog] 1. A dog of a very large breed,
kept to guard sheep. 2. A dog bred between a dog and a wolf.

WO’LF-MAN. See WERE-WOLF.

WO’LF-MONTH [tholf-monat, Sax.] the month of January, in which
the wolves are most ravenous.

WO’LF'S-BANE, subst. [thulf-bana, Sax.] a poisonous herb.; aconite.

WO’LF'S-MILK, subst. an herb. Arbutbnot.

WO’LF'S-TOOTH [with horsemen] is a name given to the excessive
height of some of the grinders, which shoot out points as they increase
in length, and not only prick the tongue, but hurt the lips in feed­
ing.

WO’LSINGHAM, a town in the bishoprick of Durham, 190 computed,
and 226 measured miles from London.

WO’LVISH, adj. [of wolf. Wolfish is more proper. Johnson] the na­
ture and form of a wolf, ravenous.

WO’LVISHLY, adv. [of wolvish] ravenously.

WO’LVISHNESS, subst. [of wolvish] ravenousness.

WO’LLER, in Northumberland, 237 computed, and 327 measured
miles from London.

WO’LVERHAMPTON, a town in Staffordshire, 98 computed, and 117
measured miles from London.

WO’LWICH, a town in Kent, 7 computed and 9 measured miles from
London.

WO’MAN, irreg. plur. WOMEN [thyfman, thymman, Sax. whence we
yet pronounce women in the plural wimmen. Skinner. The distinguish­
ing name for the male sex was in Sax. wer, were, or therd, of were, weh­
tawair, Celt. from whence likewife the Latin vir] 1. The female of the
human race. 2. A female attendant on a person of rank; as, a lady's
woman, or waiting woman.

A WOMAN of the Town, a courtezan.

To WOMAN, verb act. [from the subst.] to make pliant like a woman.
Shakespeare.

WO’MANED, adj. [of woman] united or accompanied with a woman.
Shakespeare.

WOMAN-HA’TER, subst. [of woman and hater] one that has an aver­
sion for the female sex.

WO’MANHEAD, or WO’MANHOOD, subst. [of woman] the state, cha­
racter or collective qualities of a woman: Obsolete.

To WO’MANIZE, verb act. [of woman] to sosten, to emasculate, to
effeminate. It is proper, but used seldom.

WO’MANKIND, subst. [of woman and kind] the female sex, the race of
women. Addison.

WO’MANLY, adj. [of woman] 1. Becoming a woman, feminine; not
masculine. Arbuthnot and Pope. 2. Not girlish. Arbuthnot,

WO’MANLY, adv. [of woman] in the manner of a woman; effemi­
nately.

WO’MANISH, adj. [thimmane, Sax.] like or suitable to a woman, ef­
feminate.

WOMB, subst. [wamba, Goth. wæmb, Isl. thamb, Sax.] 1. The ma­
trix of a woman, the place where the fœtus is produced in the mother.
2. The place whence any thing in general is produced. Dryden.

To WOMB, verb act. [from the subst.] to inclose, to breed in secret.
Shakespeare.

WO’MBY, adj. [of womb] capacious. Shakespeare.

WO’MEN, plur. of WOMAN. See WOMAN.

WON [of innan, Sax.] pret. and part. pass. of to win.

To WON, verb neut. [wunian, Sax. wohnen, Ger.] to dwell, to have
abode: Not in use. Milton.

WON, subst. [from the verb] dwelling, habitation: Obsolete. Spenser.

WO’NDER, subst. [thunder, of thundrian, Sax. wonder, Du. wunder,
Ger. wuntar, Teut.] 1. Admiration, astonishment; surprize caused by
something unusual or unexpected. 2. Cause of wonder, an admirable
or strange thing, something more or greater than can be expected. 3
Any thing mentioned with wonder. The wonder of all tongues. Milton.

To WO’NDER, verb neut. [thundrian, Sax. undrer, Dan. undra, Su.
wonderen, Du. wundern, Ger. wuntarn, Teut.] to admire at, to be
struck with admiration, to be pleased or surprised so as to be astonished:
Commonly with at, sometimes after, and sometimes without either.

WO’NDERFUL, adj. [of wonder and full] astonishing, surprizing, ad­
mirable.

WONDERFUL, adv. to a wonderful degree: Improperly used in
2 Chronicles.

WO’NDERFULLY, adv. [of wonderful] surprisingly.

WO’NDERFULNESS, the surprising quality of any thing.

WO’NDERMENT, subst. [of wonder] amazement, astonishment. Not in
use, except in low language. Spenser and Bacon.

WO’NDEROUS, or WO’NDROUS, adj. [of wonder. The latter is con­
tracted from the former] 1. Admirable, strange, surprising. 2. [It is
barbarously used for an adverb. Johnson.] In a strange degree. Dryden.
See WONDERFUL.

WO’NDEROUSLY, or WO’NDROUSLY, adv. [of wonderous or wondrous]
to a strange degree. Dryden.

WONT, subst. [from the verb; of gewuna, of gewunian, Sax. wond,
Su. to be accustomed to] use, custom, habit: Out of use. Mil­
ton.

To WONT, or To be WONT, verb neut. pret. and part. WONT [ge­
>woonen, gewohnt, Du. from gewahnen, Ger. thunian or gewunian, Sax.]
to be used or accustomed to, to use. Spenser and Locke.

WO’NDERSTRUCK, adj. [of wonder and struck] amazed.

WONG, or WANG, Sax. a field or meadow.

WON'T, subst. an abbreviation of will not.

WONT [thand, Sax.] a mole.

WO’NTED, part. adj. [from wont] accustomed, used, usual.

WO’NTEDNESS, subst. [of wonted] state of being accustomed to: Not
in use. K. Charles.

WO’NTLESS, adj. [of wont] unaccustomed, unusual. Spenser.

WO’NTLINGS, the young of cattle: A provincial word.


WOO

To WOO, verb act. [wogan, awogod, Sax. courted] 1. To love, to
court. 2. To court solicitously, to invite with importunity. Milton.

To WOO, verb neut. to court, to make love to. Dryden.

WOO’ER, subst. [wogere, Sax.] a sweetheart.

WOOD, adj. [wods, Goth. wuht, Ger. wod, Teut and Sax. rage, fury,
woed, Du.] mad, furious, raging: Obsolete. Spenser.

WOOD, subst. [wudu, Sax. wodh, Su. hout, timber, woudt, Du. and
O. Ger. a forest] 1. A large and thick plantation of trees, a spot of
ground beset with trees and shrubs that grow spontaneously. 2. The
substance of trees; timber.

WOODANE’MONE, subst. a plant.

WOOD and Wood [with mariners] is when two pieces are let into each
other, so that the wood of one joins close to the other.

WOO’DBIND, or WOODBINE, subst. [wod-bind, Sax.] honey-suckle.

WOO’DCASE, subst. [with gunners] a case made of two pieces of hol­
low wood, so that the wood of the one joins close to the other, like two
half cartridges to put into the bore of a cannon.

WOO’DCOCK, subst. [thudu coc, Sax.] 1. A wild fowl, being a bird of
passage with a long bill, whose food is not known. 2. A word ludi­
crously used for a dunce. Shakespeare.

WOODCOCK Soil [in husbandry] ground that hath a soil under the
turf, which is of a woodcock colour, and is not good.








WOO’DED, adj. [of wood] supplied with wood. Arbuthnot.

WOO’D-CORN, a certain quantity of oats or other grain, in ancient
times given by customary tenants to their lord, for liberty to pick up
dead and broken wood.

WOO’DMONGER, subst. [of thudu, and mangere, Sax.] a timber-mer­
chant, a woodseller.

WOO’DCULVER, or WOO’DPIDGEON, subst. a kind of wild pigeon.

WOO’D-DRINK, subst. [of wood and drink] a decoction or infusion of
medicinal woods, as sassafras and the like. Floyer.

WOO’DFRETTER, subst. [thudu, Sax. and freter, L. Ger. a devourer]
an infect, a kind of wood-worm.

WOO’DLAND, subst. a place incountries where are many woods;
ground covered with woods.

WOO’DLARK, subst. a singing bird, a sort of wild lark.

WOO’DLOUSE, subst. the millepes, an insect.

WOO’DMAN, subst. [of wood and man] 1. A sportsman, a hunter.
Pope. 2. Woodmen are officers of a forest, who have the charge of look­
ing after the king's woods.

WOO’DMOTE, an ancient name of the forest court, now called the
court of attachments.

WOO’DNOTE, subst. wild music. Milton.

WOO’DNYMPH, subst. [of wood and nymph] Dryad. Milton.

WOOD-O’FFERING, subst. wood burnt on the altar.

WOO’DPECKER, subst. [of wood and peck; picus martius, Lat.] a bird
that picks and hollows trees with its bill.

WOO’DPIDGEON. See WOODCULVER.

WOOD-PLEA Court [in the forest of Clun in Shropshire] a court there
held for determining all matters of wood, and feeding of cattle.

WOO’DROOF, subst. an herb. Ainsworth.

WOO’DSAGE, an herb.

WOO’DSARE, subst. The froth called woodsare, being like a kind of
spittle, is found upon herbs, as lavender and sage. Bacon.

WOO’DSERE, subst. [of wood and sere] the time when there is no sap
in the tree. Tusser.

WOO’DSNIPE [thutu-snipe, Sax.] a fowl.

WOOD Sorrel [oxys, Lat.] a plant.

WOO’DWARD, subst. [of wood and ward] a forester; an officer of a
forest who walks with a forest bill and takes cognizance of all offences
committed, at the next swainmote or court of attachments.

WOO’DWAX, an herb.

WOO’DBRIDGE, a town in Suffolk, 62 computed and 75 measured
miles from London.

WOO’DEN, adj. [of wood] 1. Made of wood, ligneous. 2. Clumsy,
awkward. Shakespeare and Collier.

WOO’DGELD [in old law] 1. The gathering or cutting wood within
a forest. 2. Money paid for the same to the foresters. 3. An immu­
nity or freedom from this payment by the king's grant.

WOO’DHOLE, subst. [of wood and hole] a place where wood is laid up.
J. Philips.

WOO’DINESS [of woody] the state of having wood, fulness of wood.

WOO’DY, adj. [thudig, Sax.] 1. Full of woods or trees. 2. Consist­
ing of wood, ligneous. 3. Relating to woods.

WOO’ER, subst. [of woo] a sweetheart, one who courts a woman.

WOOF, subst. [of wove; thefta, Sax.] 1. The thread interwoven cross
the warp, the west. 2. Texture; cloth in general. Pope.

WOO’INGLY, adv. [of wooing] pleasingly, so as to invite stay. Shake­
speare.

WOOL, subst. [thulle, Sax. ulle, Su. woll, Du. and Ger.] 1. A matter
for clothing, which grows on sheep; the fleece of sheep. 2. Any short
thick hair. Shakespeare.

WOO’L-COMBER [thul-camber, Sax.] one whose profession it is to comb
wool.

WOO’LLEN, adj. [of wullen, Sax. ullen, Su. wollen, Du. and Ger.
wool] made of wool, not finely dressed: and thence used likewise for
any thing coarse. Shakespeare.

WOO’LLEN, subst. cloth made of wool. Pope.

WOO’LLEN-DRAPER, one who retails all manner of woollen manu­
factures, especially cloth.

WOO’LFELL, subst. [of wool and fell] skin not stripped of the wool.

WOO’LLY, adj. [of thullig, Sax.] 1. Made of wool, clothed with
wool. 2. Resembling wool.

WOOLLI’NESS, subst. [of woolly] woolly quality.

WOO’L-DRIVERS, those persons who buy wool in the country, and
carry it to the clothers or market towns to sell it again.

WOO’L-PACK, or WOO’L-SACK, subst. [of wool, pack and sack] 1. A
bag of wool, a bundle of wool. 2. The seat of the judges in the house
of lords. 3. Any thing bulky without weight. The tame woolpack
clergy. Cleaveland.

WOO’L-STAPLE, a city, town, or any place appointed for the sale of
wool.

WOO’LWARD, adv. [of wool and ward] in wool: Not used. Shake­
speare.

WOO’L-WINDERS, those persons who wind up the fleeces of wool, in
order to be packed and sold, into a bundle, it being cleansed according
to statute.

WOO’STED. See WORSTED.


WOR

WO’RCESTER, a city in Worcestershire, is 85 computed and 112 mea­
sured miles from London. It sends two members to parliament.

WORD, subst [thord, thordes, Sax. oede, Dan. woordte, Du. worte,
Ger. waurdast, Teut.] 1. A distinct articulate sound agreed on by men
to convey their thoughts and sentiments by; a single part of speech. 2.
A short discourse. 3. Talk, discourse: Commonly used in the plural.
4. Dispute, verbal contention. 5. Language. 6. Promise. 7. Sig­
nal, token. 8. Account, tidings, message. 9. Declaration. 10. Af­
firmation. 11. Scripture, word of God. 12. The second person of the
ever adorable trinity: A scriptural term.

WORD [in an army. &c.] is some word that is given to be the token
or mark of distinction, by which spies or treacherous persons are known;
it serves likewise to prevent surprizes.

The WORD, or WORD of God [Logos in Greek] one of those titles by
which the Son of God is characterised in scripture, John, c. i. v. 1.
compared with Apocalypse, c. xix. v. 13. so called, I suppose, from
his being (as St. Athanasius, and St. Irenœus long before him well ex­
pressed it) the ΕρΜΗΝΕυΣ, or Interpreter of God the Father, i. e. the chief
agent by whom his will is conveyed to other beings. Et ipse autem Pa­
tris interpretator verbum.—Iren. Ed. Grabe. p. 335. Tho', as the
same term in the Greek language does also signify reason; this sense *It was so by Justin Martyr; who considered the Son as being (un­
der God) the source or fountain from whence all that reason,
which is found in men or angels, is derived. Apolog. I. Ed.
R. Steph. p. 134. On this foot it was that St. Justin elsewhere
advanced that truly generous and most catholic sentiment, “that
Socrates and all who (in all ages of the world) have lived like
him, according to reason, were MEN OF CHRIST.” And to the
same effect with St. Justin, his disciple Tatian stiles the Son,
“ΑΟΓΟΣ ΑΠΟ ΛΟΓΙχΗΣ ΔυΝΑΜΕΩΣ, i. e. a reason [or intelligent be­
ing] derived from the rational [or intellectual] power of God.”
The like use of this term occurred in St. Origen, Tertullian, and
many others: Not to add, in Philo the Jew, who observes, that
God has many words [or intelligent beings:] but there is one
so called by way of eminence above all the rest; whom Philo
calls, “his most ancient word;” and affirms of him that he is
ΠρΕΣβυΤΑΤΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΓΕΝΕΣΕΙ, i. e. the oldest of things that came into
being.” I could have wish'd to have carry'd this critical enquiry
somewhat further, viz. into the Chaldee paraphrase: But of all
the numerous citations, which Dr. Allix has produced from
thence, I fear, not one is sufficient to prove his point; not one,
but which may be accounted for, by a particular idiom of the
Chaldee tongue, by which the word of any being, whether divine
or human, signifies that BEING HIMSELF. See WISDOM, TIME,
TATIANISTS, and FIRST CAUSE compared.
was also included: and reason signifying either the power and faculty so
called, or (as in the case before us) an intelligent divine person; this di­
stinction should be kept in view; otherwise we may sometimes be misled,
when conversing with antiquity: If, for instance, we consult Irenœus,
Ed. Grabe, p. 138.—Immo magis IPSE DEUS, cum sit verbum, &c. Here
it signifies a power or attribute in GOD THE FATHER; and so also, p. 136.
Not so in that passage of Clemens Alexandrinus; where addressing himself
to a Gentile in terms borrowed from their own rites, he says, “If wil­
ling, be thou also initiated, and thou shalt perform the sacred dance with
angels, around the UNBEGOTTEN, and unperishable, and only true God
[meaning the FIRST CAUSE and FATHER of the universe] GOD THE
WORD joining in the hymn [or to express it still closer to the original,
hymning together] with us.” For in this place it manifestly signifies a
divine Person so called; and whom a few lines after he stiles, “the one
High Priest of the one God and Father; whose praises he accordingly ce­
lebrates; as being at the head of all that worship which is pay'd both by
men and angels to the ONE SUPREME. Clem. Alex. Admonitio ad Gentes,
Ed. Paris, p. 74, 75. See MESSIAH and WISDOM compared.

To send WORD, or a message.

To leave WORD, or an answer for any one.

By WORD of Mouth, expressed in words.

WORD for WORD, conceived, expressed or copied in the very same
words without any alteration.

WORD-BOOK, a nomenclator, or dictionary.

To WORD, verb neut. [from the subst.] to dispute. L'Estange.

To WORD, verb act. to express or indite in proper terms.

WO’RDINESS [of wordy] talkativeness, verboseness.

WO’RDY, adj. [thordig, Sax.] abounding in words, verbose.

WORE, pret. of wear. See To WEAR.

To WORK, verb neut. worked, wrought, irreg. pret. and part. pass.
[thorht, thoeorht, or throgd, Sax. weorcan, Sax. wercken, Du. wercken,
würeken, Ger.] 1. To labour, to toil, to travel. 2. To be in action,
to be in motion. 3. To act, to carry on operations. 4. To act as a
manusacturer. 5. To ferment. 6. To operate, to have effect. 7. To
obtain by diligence. 8. To operate as a purge or other physic. 9. To
act as on an object; with on or upon. 10. To make way. Body shall
up to spirit work. Milton. 11. To be tossed or agitated.

To WORK, verb act. 1. To make by degrees. 2. To labour, to
manufacture. 3. To bring by action into any state. 4. To influence
by successive impulses. 5. To produce, to effect. 6. To manage. 7.
To put to labour; to exert. 8. To embroider with a needle. 9. To
work out; to effect by toil. 10. To work out; to eraze, to efface. 11.
To work up; to raise.

To WORK a Horse [in horsemanship] upon volts, or head, and
haunches, in or between two heels, is to passage him, or make him go
side ways upon two parallel lines.

WORK, subst. [therc, weorc, or thorc, Sax. weark, Su. werck, Du. Ger.
and Teut.] 1. Labour, pains in doing any thing. 2. A state of la­
bour. 3. Bungling attempt. 4. Flowers or embroidery of the needle.
5. Any fabric or compages of art. 6. Action, feat. 7. Any thing
made. 8. Management, treatment. 9. To set on work; to employ, to
engage. 10. Deeds.

WO’RKER, subst. [of work] one that works.

WO’RK-DAY, every day in the week, excepting Sunday and holy­
days.

WO’RK-FELLOW, subst. [of work and fellow] one engaged in the same
work with another.

WO’RK-HOUSE, or WO’RKING-HOUSE, subst. [of work and house] in
general is any house or place set apart for carrying on any manufacture;
but is more particularly applied to certain houses built in most towns and
corporations appropriated for the employment and maintenance of the
poor; or where idlers and vagabonds are condemned to labour.

WO’RKING-DAY, subst. [of work and day] day on which labour is per­
mitted; not the sabbath. Shakespeare.

WO’RKMAN, subst. [therc-man, Sax.] an artificer or maker of any
thing.

WO’RKMANLIKE, adj. [of werc-man and gelice, Sax.] artificial.

WO’RKMANLY, adj. [of workman] skilful, well performed; work­
manlike.

WO’RKMANLY, adv. skilfully, in a manner becoming a workman.
Shakespeare.

WO’RKMANSHIP [of therc-man and scype, Sax.] 1. The thing pro­
duced by the artificer. 2. The skill of a worker; the degree of skill dis­
covered in any manufacture. 3. Art of working.

WO’RKMASTER, subst. [of work and master] the performer of any
work.

WORKS, plur. of WORK [in military affairs] all the fortifications about
the body of any place; as, outworks are those without the first inclo­
sure.

WO’RKSOP, a town in Nottinghamshire, 110 computed and 133 mea­
sured miles from London.








WO’RKWOMAN, subst. [of work and woman] 1. A woman skilled in
needle-work. 2. A woman that works for hire.

WO’RKY-DAY, subst. [corrupted from working-day. Johnson] the day
not the sabbath.

WORLD, subst. [thorld, Sax.] 1. The universe. World is the great
collective idea of all bodies whatever. Locke. 2. System of beings. 3. The
earth; the terraqueous globe. 4. Present state of existence. 5. Business
of life; trouble of life. 6. Public life. 7. Mankind, the generality of
the people: An hyperbolical expression for many. 8. A secular life, in
opposition to a religious life. 9. The World to come; a future life. 10.
World is often made use of as an expletive term, e. g. I know not in the
world what to do. He minds nothing in the world. 11. A great deal or
a great number; as, a world of riches, a world of company. 12.
Course of life. To begin the world. Clarissa. 13. Universal empire.
14. The manners of men. 15. A collection of wonders; a wonder:
Obsolete. It was a world to see. Knolles. 16. Time. A sense origi­
nally Saxon. Johnson. Now only used in world without end. 17. In the
world; in possibility. 18. For all the world; exactly: A ludicrous
sense. Now little used. Sidney.

To have the WORLD in a String, or To drive the WORLD before one
[cant phrases] to be fortunate in all one's undertakings.

WO’RLDLINESS, subst. [worldlicnesse, Sax.] worldly mindedness,
addictedness to gain.

WO’RLDLING, subst. [of world] a worldly minded man or woman, a
mortal set upon gain.

WO’RLDLY, adj. 1. Secular, relating to this life, in contradistinction
to the life to come. 2. Bent upon this world; not attentive to a future
state. Milton. 3. Human, common, belonging to the world.

WO’RLDLY, adv. [of world] with relation to the present life. Ra­
leigh.

WO’RLDLY-MINDED, adj. [of thorld and geminde, Sax. the mind]
having the mind fixed on the profits or pleasures of the world; co­
vetous.

WORM, subst. [wyrm or thorm, Sax. worm, Du. and Ger. orm, Dan.
vers, Fr. verme, It. vermis, Lat.] 1. A creeping insect, a small harm­
less serpent living in the earth. 2. A poisonous serpent. The mortal
worm. Shakespeare. 3. An animal bred in the body. 4. The animal
that spins silk. Shakespeare. 5. Grubs that gnaw wood and furniture.
6. Something tormenting. 7. In contempt; a wretched creature.
Worm is variously compounded according to the different species of
worms; as, belly-worm, book-worm, chur-worm, earth-worm, glow­
worm, hand-worm, ring-worm, silk-worm, wood-worm, &c. 8. Any
thing vermiculated or turned round; any thing spiral; as, a worm or
screw wire for a gun.

WORM [with distillers] along spirally winding pewter pipe, placed in
a tub of water, to cool and thicken the vapours in distilling of spirits.

To WORM, verb neut. [from the subst.] to work slowly, secretly and
gradually.

To WORM one, verb act. with out. 1. To work a person out of a
place, benefit, &c. to drive by slow and secret means: Mostly used pas­
sively. Swift. 2. To deprive a dog of something under his tongue,
which is said to prevent him from running mad.

WO’RM-EATEN, adj. [of thorm and ætan, Sax.] 1. Gnawed by
worms. 2. Old, worthless.

WO’RMGRASS, an herb good to kill worms in human bodies.

WO’RMSEED, the seed of a plant called Holy Wormwood.

WO’RMWOOD [wermod, Brit. theremod, or thymthyrt, Sax. wermuht,
Ger. all of wearmde, Teut. heat, and so the Misnians now call it, from
its virtue to kill worms in the body] a plant, of which Miller says there
are 32 species.

To WORM a Cable [with mariners] is to strengthen it by winding a
small rope all along between the strands.

WO’RMY, adj. [of worm] full of worms.

WORN, part. pass. of wear.

WO’RMIL, subst. In the backs of cows in the Summer are maggots ge­
nerated, which in Essex we call wormils, being first only a small knot in
the skin. Derham.

To WO’RRY [thorian, to run to and fro, or of therigean, Sax. to pro­
voke, thorigen: whence probably the word warray; or worgen, Du.
wurgen, Ger. to strangle] 1. To touze or tug, io pull or tear in pieces,
as wild beasts do. 2. To teaze or vex, to harrass or persecute brutally.

WORSE, irreg. compar. of bad; bad, worse, worst [wierse, or thyrse,
Sax.] more bad, more ill.

WORSE, adv. in a manner more bad. Shakespeare.

The WORSE, subst. [from the adj.] 1. The loss, not the advantage,
not the better. 2. Something less good. Clarissa.

To WORSE, verb act. [from the adj.] to put to disadvantage. This
word, tho' analogical enough, is not now used. Milton.

WO’RSER, adj. a babarous word, formed by corrupting worse with the
usual comparative termination. Shakespeare and Dryden.

WO’RSHIP, subst. [theorth-scype, Sax.] 1. Excellence, eminence, dig­
nity. 2. Religious act of reverence, adoration. 3. A title of honour,
q. d. worth-ship. 4. A term of ironical respect. 5. Honour, respect,
civil deference. St. Luke. 6. Idolatry of lovers. Shakespeare.

Christian WORSHIP. Would the reader see what was meant by Chri­
stian worship in St. Justin's times, he may consult the words EUCHARIST,
DOXOLOGY, and ORDER in Divinity compared. And now, partly in
further explication of this most important article, and partly to shew in
how lax a way the term [WORSHIP] is used by ancient writers, we shall
produce one or two citations more. For 'tis well known that worship,
in the most high and absolute sense of the word, was by antiquity [Cle­
ment. Stromat. Ed. Paris, * p. 700.] appropriated to the FIRST CAUSE
and FATHER of the universe; and yet they do not scruple to apply it in
a subordinate sense to other beings. “A truely devout man, says Justin
Martyr, will honour no other God; and he would also honour THAT AN­
GEL [meaning the angel of God's Presence] ΘΕΟυ βΟυΛΟΜΕΝΟυ, i. e. God hav­
ing WILLED it to be so.” See Genesis, c. xlviii. v. 15. Accordingly
St. Justin having observ'd that the Logos (when he became man) taught
us the same doctrine which Socrates had taught before Him, viz. that the
Gods of the Heathen were evil dæmons; and, having also observed, that
the Christians for maintaining this very doctrine were called Atheists,
immediately subjoins as follows: “We do confess indeed, that we are
Atheists with reference to such imaginary deities as these: not so with
reference to the most true, and absolutely perfect GOD and FATHER of
rectitude, sobriety, and every virtue: But both HIM; and his Son who
came from him, and has TAUGHT us these things [meaning the vanity
of the Pagan worship, as above described;] and the Host of OTHER
good angels, that follow and resemble him; and the prophetic spirit, do
we [we Christians] revere and worship, honouring them with truth and
reason.” Justin Apolog. 2. Ed. R. Steph. p. 137. and Dialog. cum Try­
phon, p. 97, compared. Who does not see that the terms HONOUR,
REVERENCE, and WORSHIP, are here applied promiscuously to them
all? But St. Origen, in his eighth book against Celsus, Ed. Cantab.
p. 385, gives us the true key to the whole. That philosopher had char­
ged the Christians with something in their worship, similar to what they
condemned in the Heathens, viz. that by worshipping Christ, they wor­
shipped not only the SUPREME GOD himself, but also his Minister in
conjunction with him. To which St. Origen replies; “Had Celsus at­
tended to those words, I and my Father are one, and to what the Son
of God says in his prayer, as I and Thou are one, he would not
have imagined, that we worship another besides the GOD OVER ALL,”
[meaning the FIRST CAUSE and FATHER of the universe; for by that
title is He constantly characterized throughout all St. Origen's works.]
“For the FATHER, says Christ, is in me, and I in Him. But least any
one should infer from hence, that we go over to them, who deny the Fa­
ther and Son to be two Hypostases or substances, [meaning the Sabellians or
Noetians] let him consider that text, And of all that believed, there was
one heart, and one soul; that from hence he may understand the true im­
port of those words, I and my Father are one; we therefore worship one
God, (as we have explained it) the Father, and the Son——being two
things in substance [or distinct substantial existence] but one thing in AGREE­
MENT, HARMONY, and sameness of WILL.” See HYPOSTASIS. He then
proceeds to observe, “that if Celsus meant the TRUE MINISTERS of God,
after his Only-begotten; such as Gabriel, Michael, and other good an­
gels; and should affirm, that we ought (by parity of argument) to wor­
ship these; we might possibly have something to offer on this head; after
having purged [or cleared] the term [Worship] of some ideas belonging
to its proper import, and also of certain actions in the worshipper;
[meaning I suppose prayer, doxology, prostration of the body, and the like]
But since Celsus, by the word Ministers, intends these Dæmons which Pa­
gans worship; these we are taught to regard not as ministers of that GOD
WHO IS OVER ALL; but of that evil one, and ruler of this world, who has
apostatized from God; and consequently we cannot pay any worship to
these: But on the contrary we do worship ΙχΕΣΙΑΙΣ χΑΙ ΑξΙΩΣΕΣΙ, the ONE
GOD; and the ONE SON, Logos, and Image of God; offering our prayers
to the GOD of the UNIVERSE, thro' his Only-begotten; to whom we first
present them, counting him worthy (as being a propitiation for our sins)
to offer, in the capacity of our High-Priest, our prayers, sacrifices, and
intercessions to the GOD OVER ALL.” Origen. adv. Cels. Ed. Cantab.
p. 385, 386. See UNION of Divine Persons, SUBORDINATION, TRIAD,
EUCHARIST, DOXOLOGY, BAPTISM, and GHOST, compared with John,
c. xvi. v. 23. and Revelat. c. v. ver. 9—14. and Clarke's Scripture-
Doctrine, Ed. 3. p. 379, 380, &c.

To WO’RSHIP, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To adore, to reverence,
to venerate with religious rites. 2. To pay obeisance or submission to,
to treat with civil respect. Shakespeare.

To WORSHIP, verb neut. to perform acts of devotion.

WO’RSHIPFUL, adj. [weorth-scype-full, Sax.] 1. Worthy of de­
ference, claiming respect by any character or dignity. 2. A term of iro­
nical respect. Shakespeare.

WO’RSHIPFULLY, adv. [of worshipful] respectfully. Shakespeare.

WO’RSHIPFULNESS, deservingness of worship.

WO’RSHIPPER, subst. one who pays adoration, reverence or worship.

WORST, adj. irreg. superl. of bad [wyrst or thierst, Sax.] most bad,
most ill.

WORST, subst. the most calamitous or wicked state; the utmost height
or degree of any thing ill.

To WORST one, verb act. to have the better of one, to defeat.

WO’RSTED, part. adj. vanquished, overcome.

WO’RSTED, subst. [worthsted, of worth, a hall, and stedda, Sax. a
place; from a town of that name in Norfolk, anciently famous for spin­
ning of wool] a sort of woollen yarn, so denominated from the place.

WORT, subst. Du. [wurtz, Ger. wyrt or theort, Sax. a root] 1. Origi­
nally an herb in general; whence it still continues in many, as spleen­
wort, liverwort, colewort. 2. A plant of the cabbage kind. 3. [Wyrt,
Sax.] new drink, either ale or beer unfermented, or in the act of fer­
mentation.

WORTH, or WURTH, verb neut. [theorthan, Sax. to be] This word
is now only retained in wo worth or wurth, wo be. Spenser.

WORTH, subst. [gwert, C. Brit. theorth, Sax. warde, Su. waerdt, Du.
wehrt, Ger.] 1. Price or value. 2. Excellence, virtue. 3. Impor­
tance, valuable quality, desert or merit.

WORTH, adj. 1. That is equal in price or value to 2. Deserving of.
3. Equal in possessions to. And now worth nothing. Shakespeare.

WORTH [of thorth, a court or farm; thorthige, Sax. a way, a street, a
field] a termination joined to the names of many places, as Walworth,
Thistleworth, &c.

WO’RTHILY, adv. [of worthy; worthlic, of worth, and gelic, Sax.]
1. Accordingly, not below the rate; with of. 2. Deservedly, accord­
ing to merit. 3. Justly, not without cause.

WO’RTHINESS, subst. [of worthy] 1. Desert. 2. Valuableness, ex­
cellence, virtue. 3. State of being worthy; quality of deserving.

WO’RTHIES, subst. men of great worth or merit, illustrious personages.
See WORTHY.

WO’RTHINE of Land [in Hertfordshire] a particular quantity or mea­
sure of ground.

WO’RTHLESS, adj. [of worth and leas, Sax.] 1. Having no virtues,
dignity or excellence. 2. Having no value, good for nothing.

WO’RTHLESNESS, subst. [of worthless] the state of being of no value,
want of excellence or dignity.

WO’RTHY adj. [wyrth or thyrthig, Sax. værdig, Dan. waerdig, Su.
waerdigh, Du.] 1. Deserving, such as merits; with of. 2. Valuable,
having excellence or dignity. 3. Having worth, having virtue. 4. Not
good: A term of ironical celebration. Dryden. 5. Suitable for any qua­
lity, good or bad; equal in value; equal in dignity; with of. 6. Suit­
able to any thing bad. Shakespeare. 7. Deserving of ill. Deuteronomy.

WORTHY, subst. a man laudable for any eminent quality, particularly
for valour. See WORTHIES.

To WO’RTHY, verb act. [from the adj.] to render worthy, to aggran­
dize, to exalt: Not used. Shakespeare.


WOT

To WOT, verb neut. [of thitan, Sax. whence weet, to know; of
which the preterite was wot, knew; which. by degrees, was mistaken for
the present tense; as, God-wot, of the obsolete verb, to wit] to know,
to be aware.








WO’TTON under Edge, a town in Gloucestershire, 83 computed and 99
measured miles from London.

WOVE, or WO’VEN, pret. and part. pass. See To WEAVE.

WOULD, pret. See To WILL. 1. It is generally used as an auxiliary
verb with an infinitive, to which it gives the force of the subjunctive
mood. 2. I would do it; my resolution is that it should be done by me.
Thou wouldst do it; such must be the consequence to thee. He or it
would; this must be the consequence to him or it. 3. The plural as the
singular. 4. Was or am resolved; wish or wished to. 5. It is a familiar
term for wish to do or to have. 6. Should wish. 7. It is used in old au­
thors for should. Bacon. 8. It has the signification of I wish, or I pray.
This, I believe, is improper, and formed by a gradual corruption of the
phrase would God; which originally imported that God would, might God
will, might God decree. From this phrase, ill understood, came would
to God; thence I would to God: and thence I would, or, elliptically,
would came to signify I wish: And so it is used even in good authors,
but ought not to be imitated.

WOU’LDING, subst. [of would] 1. Motion of desire, disposition or
propension to any thing; incipient purpose. Hammond. 2. [In sea lan­
guage] the winding of ropes hard about a yard or mast, after it has been
strengthened by nailing a piece of timber to it.

To WOUND, verb act. [thundian, Sax. wonden, Du. wunden or ver­
wunden, Ger.] to cause a hurt by violence.

WOUND, subst. [thund, Sax. wonde, Du. wunde, Ger.] a hurt given
by violence; a cutting or breaking the continuity of the parts of the
body; or a bloody rupture or solution of the natural union of the soft
parts of the body by a pricking, cutting or bruising instrument.

WOUND [thunded, Sax.] pret. and part. pass. See To WIND.

WOU’NDLESS, adj. [of wound] exempt from wounds, that is without
wounds.

WOU’ND-WORT [wund-thyrt, Sax. vulneraria, Lat.] a plant.

WOU’NDY, adj. extreme, very great, exorbitant: A low bad word.

WOX, or WOXE, the pret. of wax. Obsolete. Spenser.

WO’XEN, part. of to wax. Obsolete. Spenser.

WR. w before r, in the English tongue, is little or not at all heard,
only a kind of gentle aspiration seems to precede the sound of the r.

WRACK, subst. a sea weed. Only used in the Scot's dialect.

WRACK, WRECK, or Ship-WRACK [thræce, Sax. a wretch, wrack,
Du. The poets use wrack or wreck indifferently as rhyme requires;
the latter writers of prose commonly wreck. See WRECK.] 1. It is
when a ship perishes at sea by winds or rocks, and no man escapes alive
out of it; which, when it so happens, if any of the goods that were in it
are thrown on shore by the waves, they belong to the king, or to such
person to whom the king has granted wreck; but if a man, dog or cat
escape alive, so that the owner come within a year and a day, and prove
the goods to be his, he shall have them again. 2. A ship that so pe­
rishes. 3. Ruin, destruction in general. This is the true Saxon mean­
ing. Johnson. Devote to universal wrack. Milton.

To WRACK, verb act. 1. To destroy in the water, to wreck. See
WRECK. 2. In Milton, it seems to mean to rock, to shake; as, wrack­
ing whirlwinds. 3. To torture, to torment. This is commonly written
rack; and the instrument of torture always rack.

To WRACK, verb neut. to suffer shipwreck.

WRA’CKED, part. pass. [of thræc, Sax. a wreck] ship-wrecked.

To WRA’NGLE, verb neut. [of wrong, q. d. wronging. Skinner. Or
perhaps of wraecken, Du. to reject, or of wrangan, Du. to be sharp, wran­
geseur. Minshew] to brawl peevishly, to quarrel perversely, to squab­
ble.

WRA’NGLE, subst. [from the verb] a perverse dispute, a quarrel.

WRA’NGLER, subst. [of wrangle] a peevish, perverse, disputative
man.

To WRAP, verb act. wrapped or wrapt, pret. and part. pass. [prob. of
htheorfian, Sax. Skinner. Or perhaps of werren, Teut. to fold, and op,
q. d. werrop, fold up or wrap, wrassler, Dan.] 1. To roll together, to
complicate. 2. To infold or close in, to wind about. 3. To comprise,
to contain in general; with up. Addison. 4. To wrap up; to involve en­
tirely. 5. It is often corruptly written for rap or rapt, from rapio, Lat. to
snatch up miraculously. 6. To transport, to put in ecstacy. 7. Per­
haps the following passage should properly be rap'd; tho' wrapped is
now frequently used in this sense. Johnson. Wrapt in amaze. Dryden.
The three last senses are commonly used in the passive.

WRA’PPER, subst. [of wrap] 1. One that wraps. 2. Any thing in
general that involves, as a course cloth in which bale goods are wrapped.

WRATH [thrath, hrath, or thath, Sax. vred, Dan. wred, Su. wreed, Du.
cruel] extreme anger, indignation, fury, rage.

WRA’THFUL, adj. [of thrath and full, Sax.] full of indignation, ra­
ging.

WRA’THFULLY, adv. [of wathful] very angrily, furiously.

WRA’THFULNESS, subst. [of wrathful] extreme anger.

WRA’THLESS, adj. [of wrath] free from anger. Waller.


WRE

To WREAK, verb act. old pret. and part. pass. wroke. Spenser. [thræ­
can, Sax. wraecken, Du. recken, Ger.] 1. To revenge. 2. To discharge,
to vent, to execute any violent design. This is the sense in which it is
now used; as, to wreak one's anger upon. 3. It is corruptly written
for reck, to heed, to care. Shakespeare.

WREAK, subst. [from the verb] 1. Revenge, vengeance. Shake­
speare. 2. Furious fit, rage. Shakespeare.

WREA’KFUL, adj. [of wreak] revengeful, angry. Shakespeare.

WREA’KLESS, adj. [I know not whether this word be miswritten for
reckless, careless; or comes from wreak, revenge, and means unreveng­
ing. Johnson] So flies the wreackless shepherd from the wolf. Shakespeare.

WREATH, subst [threothe, Sax.] 1. A garland, a chaplet. 2. [thre­
othe, Sax.] any thing twisted or curled; a roll, such as women wear on
their heads in carrying a pail. 3. [With architects] a torce or twisted
work. 4. [With hunters] the tail of a boar. 5. [In heraldry] the re­
presentation of a roll of fine linen or silk, like that of a Turkish turbant,
consisting of the colours borne in the escutcheon placed in atchievements
between the helmet and the crest, and immediately supporting the crest.

To WREATHE, verb act. pret. wreathed, part. pass. wreathed,
wreathen [threothian, Sax. wryda, Su.] 1. To twist or twine about, to
curl. 2. For to writhe. He rolls and wreath's his shining body round.
Gay. 3. To interweave, to entwine one in another. 4. To encircle as
a garland. 5. To encircle as with a garland.

WREA’THY, adj. [of wreath] spiral, curled, twisted. Brown.

WRE’CFRY, wrack-free, exempted from the forfeiture of ship-wrack'd
goods and vessels to the king; a privilege granted to the Cinque-Ports by
K. Edward III.

WRECK, subst. [ræcce, Sax. a miserable person, wracke, Du. a ship
broken. See WRACK] 1. Destruction by sea, from being driven by
winds on rocks or shallows at sea. 2. Dissolution by violence. 3. Ruin,
destruction in general. His country's wreck. Shakespeare. 4. Misprin­
ted for wreak. When wintery storm his wrathful wreck doth threat.
Spenser.

To WRECK, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To destroy by dashing on
rocks or shallows. 2. To ruin in general. It is used reciprocally. Dan.
Civ. War. 3. Shakespeare and Prior ignorantly use it for wreak, in its
different senses of revenge and execute. Johnson.

To WRECK, verb neut. to suffer wreck. Milton.

WREN [threnna, Sax.] a small bird.

WRENCH, subst. [from the verb] 1. A sprain or strain. 2. A vio­
lent pull or twitch. 3. Wrenches in Chaucer signify means, sleights,
subtilties: which is, I believe, the sense here. A wrench and mean for
peace. Bacon.

To WRENCH, verb act. [wringan, Sax. rencken, or verencken, Ger.
wrenghen, Du.] 1. To sprain, to dislocate, to distort. 2. To pull by
violence, to wrest, to force.

WREST, subst. [from the verb] 1. Distortion, violence. 2. It is used
in Spenser and Shakespeare for an active or moving power. I suppose,
from the force of a tilter acting with his lance in the rest. 3. A sort of
bow to tune musical instruments with.

To WREST, verb act. [threstan, Sax.] 1. To twist or turn about,
to wring, pull or snatch, to force or extort by writhing. 2. To distort,
to writhe, to force. 3. To pervert the sense of an author or passage.
See SIMILE, FIRST-BORN, NESTORIANISM, WISDOM, WORD of God,
FÆDERAL Head, RANSOM, PROPITIATION, &c.

WRE’STER, subst. [of wrest] he who wrests.

To WRE’STLE, verb neut. [of wrest; thræstlian, Sax. worstelen, Du.]
1. To contend who shall throw the other down. 2. To contend, to
struggle earnestly; to strive in general.

WRESTLER, subst. [wræstlere, of threstlian, Sax. worstelaer, Du.]
1. One who wrestles, one who professes the athletic art. 2. One who
contends in wrestling.

WRE’STLING, subst. [wræstlung, Sax. worstelinge, Du.] a kind of
combat or engagement between two persons unarmed, body to body, to
prove their strength and dexterity, and try which can throw the other to
the ground.

WRETCH [prob. of thsecca, Sax. a banished man, or miserable person,
or of wrack, Du. a cast away, or of wreccan, Sax. to take vengeance]
1. A miserable, wretched, forlorn person. 2. A worthless sorry crea­
ture. 3. It is used by way of slight or ironical pity, or contempt. 4.
It is sometimes a word of tenderness, as we now say poor thing. Sidney.

WRE’TCHED, adj. [of wretch] 1. Miserable, unfortunate. 2. Cala­
mitous, afflictive. 3. Pitiful, vile, sorry, scurvy, worthless. 4. Des­
picable; hatefully contemptible.

WRE’TCHEDLY, adv. [of wretched] 1. Miserably, uhhappily, sor­
rily, scurvily, meanly, despicably.

WRE’TCHEDNESS, subst. [of wretched] 1. Unhappiness, miserable
state. 2. Despicableness, pitifulness.

WRE’TCHLESS, adj. [This is by I know not whose corruption written
for reckless] careless heedless. Hammond.


WRI

To WRI’GGLE, verb neut. [wrigan, or thicelian, Sax. to wag, rugge­
len, Du.] 1. To turn here and there as a snake does. 2. To screw or
insinuate into favour.

To WRIGGLE, verb act. to put in a quick reciprocating motion; to
introduce by shifting motion.

WRI’GGLETAIL, subst. for WRI’GGLINGTAIL. See WRIGGLE. Spen­
ser.

WRIGHT [thryta, wrytta, or thryncan, Sax. to work or labour] an
artificer in wood, as wheelwright, millwright, shipwright.

To WRING, verb act. wringed or wrung, irreg. pret. and part. pass.
wrungen, Sax. [thringan, Sax. wringen, Du. and Ger.] 1. To twist, to
turn round with violence. 2. To force out of any body by contortion.
3. To press or squeeze hard. 4. To writhe. Wrings his hapless hands.
Shakespeare. 5. To force by violence, to extort. 6. To pinch or
gripe. 7. To harrass, to distress, to put to pain. 8. To distort, to turn
to a wrong purpose. 9. To persecute with extortion. Wronged and
wringed to the quick. Hayward.

To WRING, verb neut. to writhe with anguish.

WRI’NGER, subst. [of wring] one who squeezes the water out of
clothes.

To WRI’NKLE, verb act. [thrinclian, Sax. wrinckelen, Du.] 1. To
make creases or figures, to corrugate. 2. To make rough or uneven.
Milton.

WRINKLE, subst. [thrincle, Sax. wrinckel, Du.] 1. A crease or fold
as in a garment, the skin, &c. a corrugation of the face. 2. Any rough­
ness in general.

WRI’NTON, in Somersetshire, 103 computed and 125 measured miles
from London.

WRIST, subst. [thrist, Sax.] the part of the arm adjoining to the hand,
that joint by which the arm and hand are connected.

WRI’STBAND, of a sleeve [wrist-band, Sax.] the fastening of the
shirt at the hand.

WRIT, subst. [thrit, of writan, Sax.] 1. Any thing written, scrpiture.
This sense is now chiefly used in speaking of the bible. 2. A legal in­
strument. 3. A judicial process; an order from the king or court of ju­
dicature for appehending a person, &c. a written precept or order, by
which any thing is commanded to be done relating to a suit or action, as
the defendant or tenant to be summoned, a distress to be taken, a dissei­
sin to be redressed, &c. and they are either original or judicial.

Holy WRIT, the scriptures of the Old and New Testament. “The BI­
BLE, I say, the BIBLE is the religion of protestants.——I see plainly,
and with my own eyes, that there are popes against popes, councils
against councils, some fathers against others, the same fathers against
themselves; the church of one age against the church of another age.
Traditive Interpretations of scripture are pretended, but there are few or
none to be found. No tradition, but only of SCRIPTURE, can derive it­
self from the fountain; but may be plainly proved either to have been
brought in on such an age after Christ, or that in such an age it was not
in. In a word, there is no sufficient certainty but of SCRIPTURE only [meaning







[meaning with reference to the specific doctrines of revelation, as contra­
distinguished from natural religion] for any considering man to build
upon.”——Chillingworth, c. vi. sect. 56. And the the whole church
of England, in her articles, declares, “that even general councils, foras­
much as they be an assembly of men, whereof all be not governed by the
Spirit and Word of God, may err, and sometimes have erred, even in
things pertaining to God. Wherefore things ordained by them, as ne­
cessary to salvation, have neither strengh or authority, unless it may be
declared [i. e proved] that they be taken out of Holy Scripture.” See
BERÆANS, CREED, COUNCILS Oecumenical, RITES, TRADITION,
WESTERN Empire; above all, NICENE Council, REVULSION, UNMADE,
PROBOLE, and FIRST-BORN compared.

WRIT of Assistance, issues out of the exchequer to authorize any per­
son to take a constable, of other public officer, to seize goods prohibited
or unaccustomed.

WRIT of Privilege, is a writ which a privileged person brings to a
court for exemption, upon account of some privilege.

WRIT of Rebellion. See COMMISSION of Rebellion.

WRIT, pret. of to write. See To WRITE.

WRITS Original, are writs sent out of the high court of chancery to
summon the defendant in a personal, or a tenant in a real action, either
before the suit begins, or to begin the suit thereby.

WRITS Judicial, are distinguished in that their teste bears the name of
the chief justice of that court whence they come; whereas the original
says teste me ipso, in the name of, or relating to the king.

WRITA’TIVE, adj. writing much. A word of Pope's coining. Not to
be imitated.

To WRITE, verb act. pret. writ or wrote, part. pass. written, writ,
or wrote [athrisan, thritan, Sax. adrita, Isl. wreta, Goth. a letter, wruta,
Celt. the points or accents over letters] 1. To enter any thing down in
writing, to express by means of letters. 2. To engrave, to impress. 3.
To tell by letter. 4. To produce as an author, to compose.

To WRITE, verb neut. 1. To perform the act of writing; with upon.
2. To play the author. 3. To tell in books; with of. 4. To send let­
ters. 5. To call one's self, to be entitled, to use the title of. 6. To
compose, to form compositions.

WRI’TER, subst. [writere, Sax.] 1. A penman. 2. An author.

WRITER of Tallies [in the exchequer] an officer or clerk to the audi­
tor of receipts, who writes upon the tallies the whole of the tellers bills.

To WRITHE, verb act. [thrithan, Sax.] 1. To distort, to deform
with distortion. 2. To wring, to twist with violence. 3. To wrest, to
force by violence. 4. To twist. His writhen bolt. Dryden.

To WRITHE, verb neut. to be convolved with agony or torture.

WRI’THEN, part. pass. [of writhan, Sax.] wrung, twisted, wrested.

To WRI’THLE, verb act. [of writhe] to wrinkle, to corrugate: Used
passively. Spenser.

WRI’TING, subst. [from write] 1. The art or act of signifying and
conveying ideas to others, by letters or characters visible to the eye. 2.
A legal instrument. 3. A composure, a book; as, papers containing
any thing written, deeds, &c.

WRITINGS [or works] of an author, a written paper of any kind.
Shakespeare.

WRI’TING-MASTER, subst. one who teaches to write.

WRI’TTEN, part. pass. See To WRITE.

WRI’ZLED, wrinkled.
This weak and wrizled shrimp
Should strike such terror. Shakespeare. Hen. VI. Act. II. Sc. 4.

WRO’KEN, part. pass. of to wreak. Spenser. See To WREAK.

WRONG, subst. [thrange, Sax. wraeng, Su.] 1. Injustice, injury, a de­
signed, a known detriment. 2. Error, not right.

WRONG, adj. [from the subst.] 1. Not morally right, not agreeable
to propriety or truth. 2. Not physically right; unfit, unsuitable.

WRONG, adv. amiss, not rightly.

To WRONG, verb act. [thringan, Sax. wraenga, Su.] to do injury or
injustice.

WRONG-DO’ER [of wrong and doer] an injurious person. Sidney.

WRO’NGER, subst. [of wrong] one that wrongs or injures. Raleigh.

WRO’NGFUL, adj. [of thrang and full, Sax.] unjust, injurious.

WRO’NGFULLY, adv. [of wrongful] unjustly.

WRO’NGHEAD, or WRONGHEA’DED, adj. [of wrong and head] per­
verse in understanding. Pope.

WRO’NGLY, adv. [of wrong] amiss, unjusty.

WRO’NGLESSLY, adj. without injury to any. Sidney.

WROTE, pret. and part. pass. See To WRITE.

WROTH, adj. [thrath, Sax. vrod, Du.] very angry: Not in use. See
WRATH.

WRO’THAM, or WO’RTHAM, a town in Kent, 20 computed and 25
measured miles from London.

WROUGHT, the pret. and part. pass. as it seems, of work, as the
Dutch wercken makes gervcht. See To WORK. [throgd, Sax.] 1. Ef­
fected, performed. 2. Influenced, prevailed on. 3. Caused, produced.
4. Worked, laboured. 5. Gained, attained. 6. Operated. 7. Worked.
8. Actuated. By his own rashness wrought. Dryden. 9. Manufactured.
10. Formed. 12. Excited by degrees. 12. Guided, managed. 13.
Agitated, disturbed.

WRUNG [thringan, Sax.] pret. and part. pass. See To WRING.

WRY, adj. [of writhe. Johnson. of wrydan, Sax. to twist, or perhaps
from wrea, Su. a corner] 1. That is on one side, distorted. 2. Crooked,
deviating from the right direction. 3. Wrung, wrested, perverted. A
wry sense. Atterbury.

To WRY, verb act. [from the adj.] to distort, to make to deviate:
Used passively by Sidney.

WRY-NECK, a little-bird.

WU’LFESHEFED [thul-fesheofad, Sax.] i. e. wolf's head. The con­
dition of an out-law'd person, who, if he could not be taken alive,
might be killed, and his head brought to the king; his head being ac­
counted of no more value than the head of a wolf.

WUN. See To WIN.

WU’RSTED, or WO’RSTED, a town in Norfolk, 98 computed and
117 measured miles from London.

WYCHE, a salt spring.

WY’CHE-HOUSE, a salt-house, or place wherein salt is boiled.

WY’DRAUGHT, a water-course, a sink or common-shore.

WYE, a town in Kent, 49 computed and 57 measured miles from
London.

WYRD, or WYRT [wyrt, Sax.] signifies a plant, and so in names,
in composition.

WY’TA, or WI’TA [thita, Sax.] a fine paid in ancient times, to make
satisfaction for several kinds of offences.


WYV

WY’VER [in heraldry] a sort of ferret, or a kind of flying serpent;
which, as Guillim says, is a flying serpent, little, if at all, known,
otherwise than as it is painted on coat-armour, and described by he­
ralds.













X.

X x, Roman; X x, Italic; X x, English, is the twenty-second
letter of the alphabet; and the Χ ξ, fourteenth of the Greek,
and the Hebrews have it not; it is a compound letter of c
and s, and so it is pronounced, only in the terminations
xion and xious, it sounds like sh. Tho＇ this letter be found
in Saxon words, it begins no word in the English language.

X, in numbers, stands for ten.

X̅, with a dash over it, signified 10000.

XA＇N-CA, XA-CA, or FOE, the great Indian philosopher, born, says
Jackson, according to the Chinese accounts, in the 27th year of the reign
of their fourth emperor of the third dynasty, i. e. in the year before
Christ 1007. He introduced the sect of bonzees, and taught the worship
of idols, and the doctrine of transmigation of souls, and was worshipped
as the principal God among the Indians.——He declared at his death,
that after this life there is no existence; but all things end in nothing or
annihilation, which the Chinese call Cumhiu. This occasion＇d his fol­
lowers to distinguish his interior from his exterior doctrine, the former of
which was atheism, the latter idolatry.” Jackson＇s Chronolog. Antiq.
Vol. II. p. 455. See WESTERN Heresy, and read “has prov＇d them to
be men of the most consummate ignorance.

XA＇NGI [among the Chinese] the supreme governor of heaven and
earth; which is the only name they have for God.

XA＇NTHENES, Lat. [of ξανθος, Gr.] a precious stone of an amber co­
lour.

XA＇NTHIUM, Lat. [ξανθιον, Gr.] the lesser burr-dock, the clot-burr
or ditch-burr.

XA＇NTHUS, a river of Troy, so* Xanthus (says the poet) was the name by which the Gods called the river; it went by the name of Scamander amongst men. called, and immortalized by Homer
for the entire defeat which his hero gave to the Trojan troops, one half
of which he pushed into the stream, as our duke of Marlborough drove
the French, at the battle of Blenheim, into the Danube.

XA＇NTUM, one of the provinces or kingdoms belonging to the empire
of China, anciently called Lu, and which we the rather insert, as it was
the native country of the great Confucius, whose birth M. Riccius placeth
in the year before Christ 551. “He was of the royal family, and descended
from Hoang-ti, whom Jackson supposes [and not Yau] to have been the
first emperor of China. He seems to have been the greatest moral, as
well as political philosopher that ever lived; and his works are of so great
authority amongst the Chinese and Japanese; that to make the least al­
teration in them would be punished with death; and whenever any dis­
pute arises in a point of doctrine, a citation out of his works decides it
at once.——His posterity are still in being, and enjoy the greatest pri­
vileges. His whole doctrine tended to restore human nature to its ori­
ginal dignity, and that first purity and lustre which it had received from
heaven, and which had been sullied and corrupted with ignorance, and
the contagion of vice. The means he proposed to attain this end, was
to obey the Lord of heaven; to honour and fear him; to love our neigh­
bour as ourselves; to subdue irregular inclinations; never to make our
passions the rule of conduct; but to submit to reason; to listen to it in
all things, to do nothing, to say nothing, to think of nothing con­
trary to it. He had the justest notions of the deity, whom he por­
trays as the ONE, supremely holy, supremely intelligent, invisible, infi­
nite and eternal being, who produced and sustaineth all things;” he seems
also, from some things he dropt, to have entertained, with So-
Ον Ξανθον καλεουσι θεοι, ανδρες δε Σκαμανδρον. Iliad, Lib. XX. l. 74.







crates, the hope of some* According to a tradition universally received among the Chinese, Confucius was often heard to say “that in the west the HOLY ONE will appear.” Sinis autem Judea occidentalis est. Martin. Siu. Hist. lib. 4. p. 149-152. greater Guide and Teacher, that perfectly holy
man, which God would in process of time raise up, for the reformation
of mankind; tho＇ after all, it should not be dissembled, “that in confor­
mity to the original institution of the Chinese religion, he worshipped
with inferior rites and sacrifices the celestial spirits, who were believed
from the most ancient tradition to be the ministers of the divine provi­
dence, and appointed by the SUPREME GOD to preside over the several
parts of the creation, and to be, under God, the dispensers of rewards
and punishments in this life to good and evil men. Not that he admitted
the worship of the dead, or of representing the DEITY by images or simi­
litudes of any creature.” Jackson＇s Chronolog. Antiq. p. 486-491. See
YAU, MAHOMETISM, TRANSMIGRATION of Souls, Christian WORSHIP,
compared with Clark＇s Scripture Doctrine, Ed. 3. p. 379-381.

XENI＇A, [ξενια, Gr. belonging to hospitality and friendship] presents
bestowed upon friends, guests, and strangers, for the renewing of friend­
ship.

XENODO＇CHY, subst. [ξενοδοχια, Gr. q. d. the reception of strangers]
hospitality, kindness to strangers.

XENODO＇CHIUM [ξενοδοχιον, Gr.] an inn for the entertainment of stran­
gers; also an hospital. See XENODOCHY.

XERA＇NTICA [ξεραντικα, Gr. q. d. things that make dry] drugs or
other things of a drying quality.

XERA＇PHIUM [ξηραϕιον, Gr.] a medicine proper against the breakings
out of the head or chin.

XERA＇SIA [ξηρασια, Gr. q. d. a dryness] a fault in the hairs, when
they appear like down, and as it were sprinkled with dust. Bruno. Who
adds, that ＇tis a species of the alopecia. See ALOPECIA.

XE＇RIFF, the title of a prince or chief ruler in Barbary. See SHERIF.

XEROCOLLY＇RIUM [ξηροκολλυριον, of ξηρος, dry, and κολλυριον, Gr.]
ointment for the eyes; a dry plaister for sore eyes.

XERO＇DES [ξηρωδης, Gr.] any tumour attended with dryness.

XEROMY＇RUM [ξηρομυρον, Gr.] a drying ointment.

XEROPHA＇GY [ξηροϕαγια, of ξηρος, dry, and ϕαγια, Gr. eating] a
diet used by wrestlers; the eating of dry things; also a sort of fast among
the primitive Christians. I suspect it should have been said, not among
primitive Chistians; but the Montanists, and other corrupters of primitive
Christianity. See what we have produced from Sir Isaac Newton on
this head, under the word CATAPHRYGIANS, compared with the follow­
ing remark of Dallee de Usu Patrum. Where having occasion to observe
how the works of Melito, Dionysius Alexand. and some other Antenicene
writers, once in so great a repute, would never have been lost, if they
had not been designedly suppressed; he adds, “Why (for instance) is
Tertullian＇s book concerning fasts, which he wrote [after he turned Mon­
tanist] against the Catholics, still in being: and his book against the
Montanists, lost? No reason occurs more probable than this, that after
those laws of fastings and xerophagies, which the ancients had condemned
in Montanus, were now received and incorporated into the church, pos­
terity suffered the works of Apollonius, wrote in defence of the ancients,
to perish; but took all imaginable care of Tertullian, upon account of
his conformity to the now present superstitious practices. And indeed so
great is the agreement of Tertullian＇s discipline with the modern Romish;
that no inconsiderable Romish authors, Piverius and Turrianus, were of
opinion, that his book against the Psychici [a nick-name by which the
old Gnosticks and their successors the Montanists, branded the true catho­
lic church] was wrote by him in defence of the Catholics.” See GNOS­
TICS, EXPURGATORY Index, BIBLIOTAPHISTS, INTERPOLATION,
RITES, and Apostolic TRADITION compared.

XEROPHTHA＇LMY [ξηροϕθαλμια, Gr.] a dry, red soreness, or itching
in the eyes, without any dropping or swelling, q. d. a dryness of eyes.

XERO＇TES [ξηρυτης, Gr.] a dry habit of body.

XE＇STA [ξηστης, Gr.] an ancient Greek measure that held 20 or 24
ounces of water.

XE＇STES, an Attick measure, both liquid and dry, containing two
cotylæ, or 12 cyathi; in liquid measure equal to 1 pint, 5, 636 fol. inch.
dec. In dry measure, to 1 pint, 0, 48 fol. inch. N. B. In liquid mea­
sure it as the 72d part of a metretes; and in dry, the 72d part of the
medimnus. Tables of the Grecian, &c. weights and coins.

XIPHI＇ON [ξιϕιον, Gr.] the herb stinking-gladden or spurge-wort.

XIPHI＇AS [ξιϕιας, of ξιϕος, Gr. a sword] a comet shaped like a
sword.

XIPHOI＇DES [ξιϕοειδης, Gr. q. d. of the form of a sword] the pointed
sword-like cartilage or gristle of the breast bone.

XOA＇NA [ξοανον, Gr.] graven images, statues carved out of wood or
stone.

XOCHAITO＇TOTLE, a bird in America like a sparrow, having fea­
thers of several colours, called the hang-nest.

XYLA＇LOES [ξυλαλον, of ξυλον, wood, and αλοη, Gr.] the wood of
the aloe.

XYLI＇NUM [ξυλινον, Gr.] a sort of wool or flax growing in little balls;
cotton, sustian, bumbast.

XYLORA＇LSAMUM [ξυλοβαλσαμον, Gr. q. d. wood-Balsam] the wood
of the balsam-tree.

XYLOCA＇SSIA [ξυλοκασσια, Gr.] a sort of shrub or wood called
cassia.

XYLOCI＇NNAMON [ξυλοκινναμωμον, Gr. q. d. wood-cinnamon] cinna­
mon-tree wood.

XYLOCO＇LLA [ξυλοκολλα, Gr.] wood-glue, or glue for the joining of
wood.

XYLO＇N [ξυλον, Gr.] wood; also the cotton tree, a shrub.

XYNOE＇CIA [of ξυνδω, Gr. to unite, or to form into a community] an
Athenian festival, observed in commemoration of Theseus＇s uniting all
the petty communities of Attica into one common-wealth.

XYPHOI＇DES [of ξιϕος, a sword, and ειδος, Gr. form] a cartilage at
the bottom of the sternum, called also ensiformis.

XYSTA＇RCHA [ξυσταρχης, Gr.] the master of a fencing or wrestling-
school, or the xystos. See XYSTOS.

XY＇STER [ξυστρα, Gr.] an instrument used by surgeons in scraping
or shaving bones.

XY＇STOS [of ξυστος, Gr.] an Indian precious stone of the jasper
kind.

XYSTOS [ξυστοςι, of ξυω, Gr. to smooth or polish, it being their custom
to anoint their bodies with oil before the encounter, to prevent their an­
tagonist from taking hold of them] a large portico or gallery, were the
Greek wrestlers used to exercise in winter time.

XY＇STUS, or XY＇STUM [ξυστος, Gr.] a walking place, sometimes
roofed over, and sometimes open, where the Romans made entertain­
ments; a knot, garden, or parterre.


Y.

Y y, Roman; Y y, Italic; Y y, English; and Y y, Saxon, is
the 23d letter of the alphabet; Υ υ, Gr. 23d, and the He­
brews have not this letter. Y has the found of i or ie, and
at the beginning of a word is a consonant before a vowel,
as year, youth, &c. and a vowel after a consonant, as physic,
synagogue, &c. and is used in words of a Greek derivation to express the
v, and in the end of English ones, as by, cry, sly; where it also is a
vowel, and whenever two i i＇s would come together. Y was much used
by the Saxons, whence y is found for i in the old English writers.

Y was a numeral letter with the ancients, and signified 150.

Y̅, with a dash at top, signified 150,000.

Y is pronounced softer than J consonant, by most people. It is best
explained by a long j, spoken very quick, as a separate syllable before
another vowel, as ye, yard. As a vowel it has two sounds; as a long
i, when long, and as a short i, when short. It is generally long, 1. At
the end of monosyllables. 2. At the end of verbs, though of more syl­
lables, and 3. At the end of accentuated syllables, when a vowel fol­
lows. It is otherwise generally short: but these rules have their excep­
tions.

YACHT, Fr. a pleasure boat or small ship, with one deck, carrying
four, eight, or twelve guns, and thirty or forty men; they are in burden
from 30 to 60 tuns; contrived and adorned, both within side and with­
out, for the carrying state passengers, and for swiftness and pleasure.

YA＇MAN, Arabia selix. See YFMEN.

YARD [geard, Dan. gard, Sax. gaert, Du. gard, Teut. properly a
place inclosed, of garden, Teut. to inclose] a piece of inclosed ground
belonging to a house.

YARD [gerd, gyrg, Sax.] a measure of three feet.

YARD [with sailors] the support of the sails.

YARD-ARM [in a ship] is that half of the yard that is on either side of
the mast, when it lies athwart the ship.

YARD-Falling, a disease in horses.

YARD-Mattering, a disease in horses.

YARD-Land, a quantity of land, containing in some countries 20, in
others 24, 30 and 40 acres; but at Wimbleton in Surry, no more
than 15.

YA＇RDWAND, subst. [of yard and wand] a measure of a yard. Collier.

YARE, adj. [gearþe, Sax.] ready, dexterous, eager. Shakespeare.

YARE [in sea language] nimble, ready, quick, expeditious.

Be YARE at the Helm, signifies, set a fresh man at the helm.

YA＇RELY, adv. [of yare] skilfully, readily. Shakespeare.

YA＇RMOUTH, Great, a borough, slanding at the mouth of the Yare,
which is navigable from hence to Norwich; it is 92 computed, and 122
measured miles from London; and sends two members to parliament.

YARN, subst. [gearn, Sax. garen, Du. garn, Ger.] wool spun into a
thread.

To YARR, verb neut. [from the sound; hivvio, Lat.] to growl or
snarl like a dog. Ainsworth.

YA＇RRINGLES, or YA＇RRINGLE-Blades, a kind of reel or instrument
with which hanks of yarn are wound into clews or balls.

YA＇RRISH, adj. [of garw, C. Br. rough] of a dry taste; a provincial
word.

YA＇RROW [gearewe, Sax.] the herb milfoil, used in medicine.

YATCH. See YACHT.

YA＇RUM, a town in the North-riding of Yorkshire, 176 computed,
and 212 measured miles from London.

YAWL, subst. [jol, Du.] a small ship-boat for convenience of passing
to and from a vessel; the best sort of which are built in England at Deal
and Dover, but better in Norway.

To YAWL, verb neut. to bawl; a Scottish word for yell.

To YAWN, 1. To gape, to oscitate, to have the mouth opened in­
voluntarily, by fumes, as in sleepiness. 2. To open wide. Shakespeare.
3. To express desire by yawning. Hooker.








YAWN, subst. [from the verb] 1. Oscitation. 2. Gape, hiatus. Ad-
dison.

YAW＇NING, adj. [of yawn] sleepy, slumbering. Shakespeare.

YAW＇NING, subst. gaping, oscitation, an involuntary opening of the
mouth, occasioned by a vapour or ventosity, and endeavouring to escape,
and indicating an irksome weariness or inclination to sleep.

YAWS [in sea language] a ship is said to make yaws, when by the
fault of the man at the helm she is not kept steddy, but makes angles in
and out.

YA＇XLEY, a town in Huntingdonshire, 59 computed, and 72 mea­
sured miles from London.

YCLAD [obsolete part. for clad] cloathed. Shakespeare.

YCLE＇PED, adj. [the part. pass. of clepe, to call, clepan, Sax. with the
increasing particle y, which was used in the old English in the preterites
and participles, from the Sax. ge] called, named. Milton.
There is a tall, long-sided dame,
(But wondrous light) ycleped Fame.
Hud. P. II. Cant. I. L. 45-6.

YAU, the first emperor of China that is mentioned in the Xu-king, or
most ancient established royal history of that country, and who began his
reign in the forty-first year of the sexagenary cycle, i. e. according to
Jackson＇s Chronologic. Antiq. 2338 year before the Christian æra; which
is 19 years later than Martusius and Couplet place it. I was the more
willing to insert this piece of history, partly, as it shews the antiquity of
the Chinese state, and partly for the sake of the following remark, which
that learned and judicious writer makes upon it. “If we admit, says he,
with some Chinese writers, that the empire of China began with Yau, who
is the 7th emperor in the annals, but the first mentioned in Zu-king, Con­
fucius, and Mensius, as whose time and the acts of his reign were un­
questionable; his reign, according to the present Hebrew chronology of
Scripture, reaches within about ten years to the flood of Noah; and
therefore is an irrefragable evidence against the truth of that chronology.
For as the Chinese chronology, from the reign of this emperor, is fixed
with great and undeniable certainty, both by the forementioned eclipse,
and the annals of Xu-king, and by a period or cycle of 60 years, con­
tinued from his reign without interruption to this day, this computation
can no more be doubted of, than the reckoning of the Greeks by their
Olympiads. Therefore the Chinese chronology is a great confirmation of
the truth of the chronology of Scripture, preserved in the Greek version of
the Septuagint, with which alone it agrees; and it is the greater con­
firmation, because there is no room to suspect or imagine it could be ever
accommodated to it.” Jackson＇s Chronolog. Antiq. Vol. II. p. 418.
See MASORITE, VERSION, and SHILOH compared.

YDRAD, the old pret. of to dread, Spenser.

YE, the nominative plural of thou. See YOU.

YE, as a dipthong, is now very little in use, ie, or y alone, being ge­
nerally put instead of it.

YEA [ea, 1a, or gea, Sax. Ia, Dan. Du. and Ger.] yes, a particle
of affirmation.

To YEAD, or YEDE, verb neut. pret. yode [this word seems to have
been corruptly formed from geod, the Sax. pret. of gan] to go, to
march: obsolete. Spenser.

To YEAN, verb neut. [eaman, Sax.] to bring young. Used of
sheep. See to EAN.

YEA＇NLING, subst. [of yean] the young of sheep. Shakespeare.

YEAR, subst. [gear, Sax. aar, Dan. irer, Du. iahr, Ger.] 1. The
time the sun takes to go thro＇ the twelve signs of the zodiac: this is what
is properly called the natural or tropical year, and contains 365 days,
5 hours, and 12 minutes, or 48 minutes, 15 seconds (according to Sir
Isaac Newton) 2. It is often used plurally without a plural termination.
3. In the plural, old age.

Natural Solar YEAR, or Tropical Solar YEAR, is the interval of time
wherein the sun finishes his course through the zodiack, or wherein he
returns to the same point thereof, from whence he had departed, which
is 365 days, 5 hours and 12 minutes.

The Civil YEAR, is that which each nation has contrived to compute
time by, and is very various, both as to its beginning and to its length;
according as they follow either the course of the sun or moon, or
both.

The Lunar YEAR, contains 12 lunations or synodical months, and is
less than the solar by 11 days; the exact duration of it being 354 days,
8 hours, and 48 minutes, so that its head in about 33 years will run thro＇
all the months and seasons of the year: this kind of year is now in use
among the Turks.

The Sydereal YEAR, is that time in which the sun, departing from any
fixed star, comes to it again; and this is in 365 days, 6 hours, and al­
most 10 minutes, or (according to Sir Isaac Newton) 365 days, 6 hours,
9 minutes, and 14 seconds.

YEAR and Day [in law] is a time that determines right in many cases;
as in some usucaption, in others prescription. Thus, in the case of an
astray, if the owner, proclamation being made, challenge it not within
that time, it is forfeited. So the year and day is given in case of an ap­
peal, and also for the recovery of a person who has been wounded or
bruised by another.

YEAR and Day and Waste [law phrase] is a part of the king＇s prero­
gative, whereby he challenges the profits of the lands and tenements of
persons attainted for petty treason or felony, for the space of a year and
a day. And may at last lay waste the tenements, root up the woods,
pastures and gardens, plough up the meadows; except the lord of the
manor compound or agree with him for the redemption of such
waste.

YEA＇RLING, adj. [of year] being one year old. Pope.

YEA＇RLY, adj. [gearlic, Sax.] annual, happening every year, lasting
a year.

YEARLY, adv. annually, once a year.

To YEARN, or To EARN, verb neut. [of earnian, Sax.] to feel great
internal uneasiness, to be moved with compassion. Spenser sometimes
uses the latter.

To YEARN, verb act. to vex, to grieve. Shakespeare.

To YEARN [with hunters] is to bark as beagles do at their prey.

YEAST or YEST, subst. [gest, Sax.] 1. The froth or spume pro­
ceeding from the fermentation of new ale; barm. 2. The spume on
a troubled sea. Shakespeare.

YE＇STY, adj. [of yest] frothy, spumy. Shakespeare.

YELK [gealewe, or gealu, Sax. yellow] the middle or yellow part of
an egg. It is commonly pronounced, and often written yolk.

To YELL, verb neut. to cry out with horror or agony, to make a hi­
deous, howling noise.

YELL, subst. [from the verb] a cry of horror.

YE＇LLOW [gealw, of gealla, Sax. the gall, giallo, It. geel, Du. and
gelb, H. Ger.] being of a bright colour, as gold; reflecting the most
light of any, except white.

YE＇LLOW-BOY, subst. a gold coin. A very low word. Arbuthnot.

YE＇LLOW-HAMMER, subst. a bird.

YE＇LLOWISH, adj. [of yellow] somewhat yellow. Woodward.

YE＇LLOWISHNESS, subst. [of yellowish] the quality of approaching to
yellow. Boyle.

YE＇LLOWNESS, 1. Yellow colour, the quality of being yellow. Ba-
con. 2. Shakespeare uses it for jealousy.

YE＇LLOWS [with farriers] a disease in horses, the same as the jaundice
in men; it owes its original to obstructions in the gall pipe, by slimy or
gritty obstructions; or to the stoppage of the roots of those little ducts
opening into that pipe; or to a compression of them by a plenitude of the
blood-vessels that lie near them, whence that matter that should be
turned into gall is taken up by the vein and carried back again into the
mass of blood, and tinctures it yellow; so that the eyes, inside of the lips,
slaver, and all the parts of the horse that are capable of shewing the
colour, appear yellow. Farrier＇s Dictionary.

To YELP, verb neut. [of yelpen, Teut. gealpan, Sax. or glapir, Fr.
to cry like a fox, &c.] to bark or howl like a beagle-hound after hi­
prey.

YE＇MEN, or YA＇MAN [and (with the article) al-yaman, Arab.] Arabia
Felix; so called either from its being situated on the right-hand; or from
its felicity: its etymology admits of both. The kings of the race which
the Arabians distinguished by the name of Hemyarites, or Homerites,
reign＇d, according to their account, over this country 2020 years; and
then it came under the power of the Ethiopians for two generations;
after which, by the assistance of Noushervan king of Persia, the Hemya­
rite house was reestablished, but with this circumstance of being depen­
dant on the Persian state. They embraced the Mahometan religion in
Mahomet＇s life-time; and thenceforward both this and other provinces
of Arabia continued in subjection to the chaliphs either of Bagdad or
Egypt, as long as the chaliphate endured. Dherbelot adds, that the A-
youbite princes of the posterity of Saladin possessed Yemin for a long time
after they were dispossessed of Egypt by the Mamalucs; and that this
grand province has had since that time several petty princes; and who,
tho＇ for the most part absolute and perpetual, are stiled only by the name
of Bashaws, since the conquest of this country by sultan Selem the first,
and his son Soliman the first. A historic circumstance which is the more
worthy of our notice, as Arabia Felix does not fall within the class or
detail of these countries, which [according to Sir Isaac Newton] are by
the prediction of the prophet Daniel, exempted from the jurisdiction of
his king of the North; which Sir Isaac, not without good reason, sup­
poses to be the Turkish state. Daniel, c. 11. v. 41-42. See TURK,
MAMALUC, CHALIF [or CALIF] ABBASIDES, and LOCUSTS, with
their respective references.

YEO＇MAN, subst. [some derive it of gemana, fellowship or company,
or geong man, a young man; others of gemæne, a commoner; others
of eoman, Sax. a shepherd: but others define a yeoman to be a free-born
Englishman, who may lay out of his own free land in yearly revenue to
the sum of 40 s. The true etymology seems to be that of Junius, who
derives it from geman, Frisic, a villager] a free-holder who has land of
his own; the first degree of commoners; a farmer, a gentleman far­
mer.

YEO＇MANRY, subst. [of yeoman] 1. The collective body of of yeomen.
Bacon. 2. It seems to have been anciently a kind of ceremonious title
given to soldiers.

YEOMEN of the Guard 1. A sort of foot guards to the king＇s person, of
larger stature than ordinary, every one being required to be six feet high;
they are in number 100 on constant duty, and 70 not on duty; the one
half wear harquebuses, and the other partuisans; their attendance is on
the sovereign＇s person both at home and abroad; they are clad after the
manner of king Henry VIII＇s time. 2. It was probably a free-holder
not advanced to the degree of a gentleman. Crestless yeomen. Shakespeare.
3. It seems to have had likewise the notion of a gentleman servant. A
jolly yeoman, marshal of the hall. Spenser.

YEOMEN [in the king＇s court] a title of office in the king＇s houshold,
of a middle place or rank, between an usher and a groom; as, yeomen
of the Stirrup, yeoman of the chandry, &c.

YEO＇VIL, a town in Somersetshire, 104 computed, and 123 measured
miles from London.

YE＇RKING [Minshew supposes it to be from gercaen, Goth.] throwing
out the hind-legs, as a horse. A term used in the academy, of a leaping
horse, when he flings and kicks with his whole hind quarters, stretch­
ing out the two hinder legs near together and even, to their full ex­
tent.

YERK, subst. [from the verb] a quick motion.

To YERN. See To YEARN.

YES [gise, Sax.] yea, an adverb, which answers in the affirmative
opposed to.

YEST [gist, Sax. gischt, Ger.] the barm or workings of ale or beer,
generally made use of in England to make the dough rise. See YEAST.

YE＇STER, adj. [ghister, Du. hesternus, Lat.] being next before the
present day. Dryden. It is not often used but in composition with an­
other word, as day or night.

YE＇STERDAY, subst. [geostern-dæg, Sax.] the day before the pre­
sent.

YESTERDAY, adv. on the day last past.

YE＇STER-NIGHT, subst. [geostern-niht, Sax.] the night before the
present day.

YESTER-NIGHT, adv. on the night last past.

YET, conjunct. [get, gyst, or geot, Sax.] however, nevertheless,
notwithstanding.

YET, adv. 1. Beside, over and above. 2. Still; the state still re­
maining the same. 3. Once again. 4. At this time, so soon, hitherto;
with a negative before it. 5. At least, at all; noting uncertainty or un­
determination. 6. It notes increase or extension of the sense of the
words to which it is joined. Yet a few days. Dryden. 7. Still, in a
new degree. 8. Even, after all; a kind of emphatical addition to a
negative. Nor yet amidst this joy. Milton. 9. Hitherto. Hooker.

YE＇VEN, for given. Spenser.








YEW, subst. [yew, Brit. iþ, Sax. This is often written eugh, but the
former orthography is at once nearer to the sound and the derivation.
See EUGH] a tree of tough wood.

YEW＇EN, adj. [of yew] made of the wood of yew. Spenser.

To YEX, to hickup, or hiccough, to fob.

YEZDEGI＇RDIAN [or JEZDEGIRDIAN] Æra, a chronologic æra, the
commencement of which falls on the eleventh year of the hegrah [or he­
girah] of the Arabians, and on the 632 of the Christian. It takes its
name from Yezdegird, the third of that name, and who was the last mo­
narch of the house of Sassan, or Chosroes; and who, by the victory
which the Arabs obtained over him at Cadesia, A. C. 636, was also the
last king of Persia. Dherbelot, in his Bibliotheque, fixes the commence­
ment of this æra at the beginning of this prince＇s reign; tho＇ he observes
that the Orientals seem rather to date it from that fall of the Persian em­
pire which ensued a few years after.* Chosreu, or Chosrou [Chosroes with the Grecks] was the cognomentum, or title of the Persian kings of the fourth dynasty, as Pharaoh and Ptolomèe were for those of Egypt. See LOCUSTS.

To YIELD, verb act. [of gildan, Sax. to pay, &c. gelden, Du. gelt­
en, Ger.] 1. To produce, to bring forth, to give in return for cultiva­
tion or labour. 2. To produce in general. 3. To afford, to exhibit.
4. To give as claimed of right. 5. To allow, to permit. 6. To emit,
to expire. To yield the Ghost. Shakespeare. 7. To resign, to give up.
8. To surrender, to submit. 9. To give up the conquest. 10. To
comply with any person, to consent. 11. To comply with things.
12. To allow, to admit, not to deny. 13. To give place as inferior in
excellence or any other quality.

To YIELD [with horsemen] is to slack the hand, i. e. to slack the
bridle, and to give the horse head.

YIE＇LDER, subst. [of yield] one who yields. Shakespeare.

YOI＇DES, or HYOI＇DES [υοειδες, Gr.] a bone situated at the root of the
tongue; so called from its resembling in form the Greek letter, υ. See
HYOIDES and YPSILOIDES.

To YOKE, verb act. [from the subst.] 1. To bind by a yoke to a car­
riage. 2. To join or couple with another, to bind or fasten together.
3. To enslave, to subdue. Shakespeare. 4. To restrain, to confine.
Yoked in marriage. Bacon.

YOKE, or YOAK [geoc, Sax. jock, Du. and Ger. juk, or gaiuk, Teut.
joug, Fr. jugum, Lat.] 1. A frame of wood, a bandage put on the necks
of oxen, to couple them for drawing. 2. Metaphorically, it signifies
bondage or slavery. 3. A chain, a link, a bond. 4. A couple, two,
a pair.

YOKE Elm, a sort of tree.

YO＇KE-FELLOW, or YO＇KE-MATE, subst. [of yoke, fellow, or mate] 1.
Companion in labour. Shakespeare. 2. One engaged or tied to another,
in the same band of union or fellowship; a husband or wife; mate-fellow
in general. Addison.

Sea YOKE [with sailors] is a term used when the sea is so rough, that
the men cannot govern the helm with their hands, and then they sieze
two blocks to the end of the helm, one on each side, and reeving two
small ropes thro＇ them, which are made fast to the sides of the ship, by
having some men at each tackle, they govern the ship according to di­
rection.

YOLD, for YIELDED. Obsolete. Spenser.

YOLK. See YELK.

YON, or YOND, adj. [geond, Sax. jen, Ger.] that is at a distance
within view. Shakespeare uses the former, and B. Johnson the latter.

YON, YOND, or YO＇NDER, adv. at a distance within view. It is used
when we direct the eye from another thing to the object.

YOND, adj. [derivation unknown] mad, furious; perhaps, transpor­
ted with rage, under alienation of mind; in which sense it concurs with
the rest. Spenser and Fairfax.

YO＇NKER, a youngster. See YOUNGSTER.

YORE, or Of YORE, adv. [geogara, Sax.] 1. Long. Spenser. 2.
Of old time, long ago. Milton and Pope.

YORK City, in Yorkshire, 150 computed, and 192 measured miles
from London. It sends two members to parliament.

YOU [eow, or uh, the accusative of ge, ye, Sax. juw, yuw, gy, O.
and L. Ger. ghy, Du. jii, Teut.] 1. The oblique case of ye. 2. It is
used in the nominative: and tho＇ first introduced by corruption, is now
established. Shakespeare. 3. It is the ceremonial word for the second
person singular; and is always used, except in solemn language. Pope.
4. It is used indefinitely, as the French on. Addison.

YOU, is properly the second person plural, tho＇ now, by a custom com­
mon in most modern tongues, used when we speak to a single person;
in which we more particularly follow the French idiom. The Germans
and Italians account it unmannerly to speak to our equals in the second
person, either singular or plural: the former use the third person singu­
lar, or, as a mark of greater respect, the third person plural; and the
latter, the third person singular; and, as a distinguishing mark of respect,
in the feminine gender. Some will pretend to limit our you to the sin­
gular, and ye, ge, Sax. to the plural. Others again will have ye the
nominative, and you in the oblique cases: but very few modern authors
observe either of these distinctions. See PLURALITY.

To YOUK [in falconry] to sleep, as they say, the hawk yowks.

YOUNG [geong, Sax. jung, Dan. Su. and Ger. jonge, Du.] 1. Being
in the first part of life, not old. 2. Ignorant, weak. Shakespeare. 3.
It is sometimes applied to vegetable life. Bacon.

YOUNG, subst. the offspring of animals collectively.

YOU＇NGER, comp. of young [geonger, Sax. junior. Lat.] more
young.

YOUNGER Regiment, or Officer, that which was last raised; and that
officer whose commission is of the latest date, tho＇ he be ever so old, and
have served ever so long in other capacities.

YOU＇NGISH, adj. [of young] somewhat young. Tatler.

YOU＇NGLING, subst. [of young; yeongling, geongling, Sax.] a young
creature, any creature in the first part of life. Dryden.

YOU＇NGLY, adv. [of young] 1. Early in life. Shakespeare. 2. Igno­
rantly, weakly.

YOU＇NGSTER, or YOU＇NKER, subst. [of young; of geonger, Sax.] a
young man, a youth, a novice; generally in contempt. Shakespeare.
and Creech.

YOUNGTH, subst. [of young] youth. Obsolete. Spenser.

YOUNKERS [with sailors] are the young men, fore-mast-men, whose
business is to take in the top-sails, or top and yard, for furling the sail,
slinging the yards, &c. and to take their turns at the helm.

YOUR, pron. [eoþer, or iuer, Sax. euer, H. Ger.] 1. Belonging to
you. It is used properly when we speak to more than one, and cere­
moniously and customarily when to only one. 2. Your is used in an in­
determinate sense. 3. Yours is used when the substantive goes before,
or is understood; as, this is your sword, this sword is yours. Whose is
this hat? yours.

YOURSE＇LF, subst. [of your and self] you, even you. In the plural,
yourselves. Ye, not others,

YOUTH, subst. [geoguð, ioguð, Sax. jeught, Du. jugend, Ger.] 1.
The part of life succeeding to childhood and adolescence; the time from
14 to 28* With Hippocrates it reached to 35. Aphorism. L. 3. Aph. 30.. 2. A young man; youthful state. 3. Young men, collec­
tively.

YOU＇THFUL, adj. [geogðful, Sax.] 1. Young. 2. Suitable to the
first part of life. 3. Vigorous, as in youth.

YOU＇THFULLY, adv. [of youthful] in a youthful manner.

YOU＇THFULNESS, subst. [of geoguð and fyllnesse, Sax.] youthful
state, &c.

YOU＇THLY, adv. [of youth] young, early in life. Obsolete. Spenser.

YOU＇TH-WORT, an herb.

YOU＇THY, adj. [youth] young, youthful. A bad word. Affecting
a youthier turn than is consistent with my time of day. Spectator.

YPIGHT, part. part. [of y and pight; from pitch] fixed. Spenser.

YPSILOI＇DES [on account of its resemblance of the Greek upsilon, i. e.
υ] the third genuine future of the cranium; also a certain bone at the
root of the tongue. See YOIDES.

YU＇BA, an Indian herb, of which the natives make bread.

YUCK, subst. [jocken, Du.] itch.

YULE, subst. [gehol, yeol, yehul, Sax.] Christmass time; so called
in Scotland,

YULE-Games, Christmas gambols, such sports as are used on that
festival.

YULE of August, the first day of August, called Lammas day.

YUX, subst. [yeox, Sax.] the hiccough. See YEX.


Z.

Z z, Roman and Saxon; Z z, Italic; Z z, English, is the last
letter of the alphabet; Ζ ζ, Greek, is the sixth, and ז, the
eighth of the Hebrew. Z is found in the Saxon alphabets set
down by grammarians; but is read in no word originally
Teutonic: it has uniformly the sound of an s, but very soft,
and something hissing, not as if it had a d before it. As it is generally
defined, it is seldom used.

Z, was a numeral letter signifying 2000.

Z̅, with a dash at the top, signified 2000 times 2000.

Z [in physicians bills] signifies a dram.

ZA＇CCHO [with architects] the lowest part of the pedestal of a co­
lumn.

ZA＇FFAR, ZA＇FFIR, ZA＇FFREN, or ZA＇FREN, any thing of a yellow
colour, anciently, for that reason, applied chiefly to oker; now only
used for a particular composition. Powder the calx of cobalt very
fine, and mix it with three times its weight of powdered flints, this
being wetted with common water, the whole concretes into a solid mass
called zaffre; which, from its hardness, has been mistaken for a native
mineral. Hill.

ZA＇GAYE, or HA＇SSAGAYE, a sort of javelin used by the Moors.

ZAIRA＇GIAH [with the Arabs] a kind of divination, performed by
divers wheels or circles concentric to each other, and noted with divers
letters, which are brought to answer to each other by moving the circles
according to certain rules. Dherbelot.

ZA＇NY [prob. of zanei, It. the contraction of Giovanui, or of sanna,
a scoff, according to Skinner] one who makes it his business to move
laughter by his gestures, actions and speeches; a merry Andrew, a
buffoon. Pope.

ZA＇MORIN, a title of sovereign princes in Malabar, in the East-In­
dies.

ZAMPO＇GNI, a common flute or whistle.

ZA＇PHARA, a mineral used by potters to make a sky colour.

ZA＇RNICH, subst. a solid substance in which orpiment is frequently







found, approaching to its nature, but without its lustre and foliated
texture. The common kinds of zarnich are green and yellow. Hill.

ZAU＇RA, another name for the city of Bagdad, so called from the ob­
lique position of its gates, not regarding in a direct line the streets which
terminate in them; or, as others affirm, because the* See KEBLEH, and add there, this word kebleh is also used for that niche in the walls of the Mahometan churches, which so contrived as look directly towards the temple of Mecca. Kebleh of its
mosques does not regard [as it ought] the temple of Mecca. Dherbe­
lot＇s Bibliotheque. Orientale.
Fema-licamati be Zaura.—i. e. Why should I reside in Zaura?
Carmen Tograi.

ZE＇A [ζεα, Gr.] spelt; also barley.

ZEAL, subst. [zele, Fr. zelo, It. and Sp. from zelus, Lat. ζηλος, Gr.]
earnest passion for any person or thing, but especially for one＇s religion
and the welfare of one＇s country.

ZEAL, may be properly represented by a Jesuit holding in one hand a
scourge, and in the other a burning lamp.

ZEA＇LOT, subst. [zeloteur, Fr. zelatore, It. zelador, Sp. of zelotes,
Lat. ζηλωτης, Gr.] a zealous person, a great stickler for a party, prin­
ciple, or opinion. Commonly used in dispraise.

ZEA＇LOUS, adj. [of zeal] vehemently, passionate in any thing.

ZEA＇LOUSLY, adv. [of zealous] after a zealous manner, with vehe­
ment ardour.

ZEA＇LOUSNESS [of zealous] quality of being zealous.

ZE＇BRA, an Indian beast like a mule.

ZE＇CHIN [so named from zecha, a place in Venice where the mint is
settled for coinage] a gold coin worth about 9 s. sterling.

ZED, subst. the name of the letter z. Shakespeare.

ZE＇DOARY, subst. [zedoairé, Fr. zedoario, It. and Lat.] a spicy plant
somewhat like ginger in its leaves, but of a sweet scent, and not so
biting.

ZE＇MZEM, or BIR-ZEMZEM, the well Zemzem, Arab. a well so called
by the Mahometans, belonging to the Beit-olloh, or house of God at
Mecca. “Whose sacred water, says Reland, the pilgrims drink, and in
which they dip their cloaths, and also bring some of it home with them.”
he adds, that, according to their traditionary account, this well was
produced by God, that Hagar and her son Ismael might from thence
slake their thirst.” Reland. de Relig. Mohammedic. p. 121. So far this
learned writer, by report: but our countryman, Mr. Pitts [who was
upon the spot] tells us, in his Faithful Account, p. 133, more distinctly,
“that about 12 paces from the beat [or beit-ollah] is [as they say] the
sepulchre of Abraham, who by God＇s command built this house.—And
a small distance from it, on the left hand, is a well, which they call
Beer-il-zemzem: they report, that ＇tis as sweet as milk; but for my part
I could perceive no other taste in it than common water, except that it
was somewhat brackish. The hagges [i. e. pilgrims] when they come
first to Mecca, drink of it unreasonably; by which means they are not
only much purged, but their flesh breaks out all over in pimples.——
Nor do they only drink this water, but oft bathe themselves with it;
at which time they take off their clothes, only covering their lower
parts with a thin wrapper; and one of the drawers pours on each per­
sons head five or six buckets of water.”—And he concludes, by ob­
serving, that the hagges carry it home, and present it to their friends,
half a spoonful [it may be] to each, who receive it in the hollow of their
hand, sipping a little of it, and bestowing the rest on their faces and
naked head; at the same time holding up their hands, and desiring of
God, that they also may be so happy as to go on pilgrimage to Mecca.
See BEIT-OLLAH and MAHOMETISM.

ZEND, Arab. a certain wood which the Arabians applied to the same
use with our steel and flint, i. e. for striking fire; and hence [in part at
least) it constitutes the title of several books in that language; as Secth
al-zend, &c. “But the same term in Persic [says Dherbelot＇s Bibliotheque]
signifies, living: and accordingly is the title given to the first book of
* What pity is it, that our taste for oriental learning should run so low, as to have discouraged every effort which has yet been made to import the works of so great a writer [not to say reformer of antiquity] amongst us! “Pythagoram aiunt, &c. i. e. it is said that Pythagoras [the great Pythagoras himself] when carried amongst other captives of Cambyses, from Egypt to Babylon, had for his teachers the Persian Magi; and chiefly Zoroaster, omnis divini Arcani Antistitem, i. e. the high priest, or chief master and professor of every divine secret.” Apuleius. See TRANSMI-GRATION of Souls, ZOROASTRIAN Doctrine, BRACHMANS, and Christian WORSHIP compared. Zoroaster, q. d. the book of life, and is the bible of the Zoroastrian ma­
gians.”

ZE＇NITH, the vertical point of the heavens, being 90 degrees distant
from the horizon, that opposite to the nadir. Its etymology, according
to Golius, is as follows; the word samt or semt in Arabic, signifies a
a way, or tract which a man, when moving forward, holds. And from
hence, with the word ràs, i. e. head, annexed to it, it signifies that
tract of the heavens, which is directly over the head; and from hence,
says he, the word zenith (by* This corruption of Asiatic words is no unfamiliar thing with us Europeans; Sir Isaac Newton, in his chronology, has given us several instances of it; and in particular, in the words Sardanapalus and Xerxes, of the former he says “the name Sardanapalus, is derived from Asserhadon-pul.” And of the latter, Xerxes, the son of Darius. “Xerxes (says he) Achschirosh, Achsweros, or Oxyares, succeeded his father Darius.” Chronolog. p. 353. corruption from sempt or zempt) has crept
into the schools. Gol. Lexicon. Arab. p. 1210. See NADIR.

ZENITH [with astronomers] the vertex or point in the heavens, di­
rectly over one＇s head. If we conceive a line drawn thro＇ the observer＇s
eye and the centre of the earth, which must necessarily be perpendicular
to the horizon, it will reach to a point among the fixed stars, called the
zenith.

ZENITH Distance [in astronomy] is the compliment of the sun or stars
meridian altitude; or what the meridian altitude wants of 90 degrees.

ZE＇NSUS [with arithmeticians] a square number or the second power.

ZENO＇BIA, a heroine of the 3d century, and widow of Oedenatus,
who whilst endeavouring to support those most ample acquisitions
from the Persians which her husband had made, A. C. 264 [not to say
also an independency from the Roman state] was overthrown by the
emperor Aurelian, and led captive to Rome. Her seat royal was the
city of Palmyra, or Tadmor, as both Jews and Arabians [if I am not
mistaken]* This is not the only instance of Asiatic places being restored to their original names by the Arabians, when that people had now made themselves masters of them“Tadmor, Palmyra, urbs Syriæ,” says Golius, in his Arabic Lexicon. See BALBEC, and ACRA. called it; a city whose most magnificent ruins and inscrip­
tions are the wonder and study of the present age. As to the latter, I
mean the inscriptions; several of which I have seen; they contain both
Greek and Syrian names; but I do not remember to have met with one
single word that is taken from the Arabic; which, if true, shews evi­
dently enough, that this city had reached its acmè, before the Arabian
conquests commenced. But this is not all: Zenobia was of the Jewish
religion; and it has been surmized by our church-writers, that in com­
pliment to her, Paulus, Bishop of Samosata, who was her subject, made
those infringements on the scripture doctrine of the trinity, which the
reader will find described under the words PAULIANISTS and PROBOLE.
A circumstance which I the rather mention; not that insinuations of this
sort are always to be regarded; but as there seems to have been but little
temptation or room for this false kind of complaisance in a court where
the spirit of liberty so much reigned, and with a queen, who admitted
the great and good Longinus to her most intimate counsels.

ZEOPY＇RUM [of ζεα and πυρω, Gr. spelt and wheat] a sort of grain
between spelt and wheat.

ZE＇PHYR, subst. [zephyrus, Lat.] the west wind; and poetically any
calm soft wind. Milton.

ZEPHY＇RUS [ζεϕυρος, Gr.] the west wind; so named by the Greeks;
and Favonius by the Latins.

ZERAH, a king of Ethiopia, and conqueror of Egypt. Ethiopia
[says Sir Isaac Newton] served Egypt till the death of Sesostris, and no
longer; for Herodotus tells us, that he alone enjoyed the empire of Ethiopia:
then the Ethiopians became free, and after ten years became lords of
Egypt and Libya, under Zerah and Amenophis. But on Zerah＇s invading
Judea, and receiving a considerable overthrow there, in the fifth year
of the reign of Asa, i. e. about 946 years before Christ, the people of
Lower Egypt revolted from the Ethiopians, and called in both Jews and
Canaanites to their aid, and caused the Ethiopians, now under the con­
duct of Amenophis [or Memnon] to retire to Memphis: [and at this
time, by the way, Sir Isaac places the Argonautic expedition, intended
by the Greeks to notify this distraction of Egypt, and induce the nor­
thern nations to shake off her yoke.] But after thirteen years the Ethio­
pians returned under Amenophis, reconquered the lower Egypt, and
drove out the Jews and Phœnicians. And this action the Egyptian
writers, and their followers, call the second expulsion of the sheperds.
Amenophis was succeeded by his son Ramses or Rameses; from the pro­
digious extent of whose empire [says Sir Isaac] it appears that the As­
syrian monarchy was not yet risen. But in the reign of Asychis, the
second in succession from him, anno 788, the Ethiopians, assyrians, and
others revolted, and Egypt not only lost all her dominions abroad,
but became again divided into several kingdoms; and being thus
weakened by divisions, was, in the year 751 before Christ, invaded
afresh, and conquered by the Ethiopians under Sabacon [or So] who
slew Boccheris and Nechus, and made Anysis to fly.—But Sabacon, af­
ter a long reign [if we may credit Herodotus] having voluntarily re­
linquished Egypt, Anysis returned, and reigned in the lower Egypt after
him. In the mean while the Assyrian state was upon the growth, and
in process of time both Egyptians and Ethiopians were overcome by the
Assyrians under Asserhadon. And thus ended the reign of the Ethiopians
over Egypt. All which is the more remarkable, as it seems, in Sir
Isaac＇s opinion, to have been a fulfilment of that prophecy in Isaiah,
c. 19. v. 2.—23. Newton＇s Chronology, p. 257, &c. See EGYPTIAN
and ASSYRIAN Empires; and under the latter read Pul, instead of Paul.

ZE＇RETH, an Hebrew measure, a span. The longer span was half a
cubit, almost eleven inches: the lesser span was a third part of a cubit,
i. e. something more than seven inches and a quarter. Taylor＇s Hebrew
Concordance.

ZE＇RNA [in medicine] a tetter or ring word.

ZERO, a name given to a cypher or [o] especially by the French.

ZE＇ROS [ζειρα, Gr.] a sort of crystal.

ZEST, subst. 1. The woody thick skin quartering the kernel of a wal­
nut. 2. A chip of orange or lemon peel, such as is used to be squeezed
into ale, &c. to give them a flavour. 3. A relish, a taste added.

To ZEST, verb act. 1. To heighten by an additional relish. 2.
[With confectioners] to cut the peel of oranges or lemons from the top
to the bottom into small chips, as thin as possible.

ZE＇TA [Z or ζ, Gr.] the name of the sixth letter in the Greek al­
phabet.

ZETA, or ZETE＇CULA, a little withdrawing room, with pipes run­
ning along the walls, to receive from below either the cool air, or the
heat of warm water.

ZETE＇TIC, adj. [ζετεω, Gr. to seek] proceeding by enquiry.

ZETETIC Method [with mathematicians] is the algebraical or analyti­
cal method of resolving problems, whereby the nature and reason of the
thing is principally sought for and discovered.

ZETE＇TICE [ζετητικη, of ζητεω, Gr. to seek] the method used to in­
vestigate or find out the solution of a problem.

ZEU＇GMA [ζευγμα, of ζευγνυω, Gr. to join] a figure in grammar,
when a verb agreeing with divers nouns, or an adjective with divers
substantives, is referred to one expresly, and to the other by suppliment:
as, lust overcame shame, boldness fear, and madness reason. If the verb be
expressed in the beginning, it is called protozeugma; as, we went, both I
and he; and if in the middle, mesozeugma; as, he went, and I; and if in
the end, hypozeugma; as, I and he went. And the like is to be under­
stood, of the adjective zeugma; which is also made three ways: 1. In
person; as, I and you learn. 2. In gender; as, herus, & hera est irata.
3. In number; as, hic illius arma, hic currus fuit.

ZIBELLI＇NA, a sable, a small wild creature, somewhat less than
a martern, breeding in the woods of Muscovy, bearing a very rich sur.

ZIBE＇THUM, Lat. [of zobad, Arab. the froth of milk, water, &c. and
thence civet (says Golius in his Lexicon) so called because resembling bu­
tyr] civet, a perfume like musk, contained in kernelly bladders in the
groin of a civet cat.

ZINK [zink, Ger.] a sort of semi-metal, it resembles bismuth in most
things, only that it is less friable, and even yields a little under the
hammer. Being mingled with turmeric and melted copper, it gives the
metal a gold colour. A metallic marcasite, which some call spelter,
others bismuth.








ZI＇ZIPHU [in pharmacy] a kind of fruit called jujubes.

ZOCK, a mineral also called spelter.

ZO＇CCO, ZOCLE, or SO＇CLE [in architecture] a small sort of stand or
pedestal, being a low square piece or member, serving to support a busto,
statue, or the like, that needs to be raised; also a low, square member,
serving to support a column, &c. instead of a pedestal, base or plinth.

Continued ZOCLE, a continued pedestal on which a structure is raised;
but has no base nor cornice.

ZO＇DIAC [zodiaque, Fr. zodiaco, It. and Sp. of zodiacus, Lat. ζωδια­
κος, εκ των ζωων, Gr. the living creatures, the figures of which are painted
in it on globes, or which possibly some have imagined to be in it] a zone
or belt which is imagined in the heavens, which the ecliptic line divides
into two equal parts, and which on either side is terminated by a circle
parallel to the ecliptic line, and eight degrees distant from it, on account
of the small inclinations of the orbits of the planets to the plane of the
ecliptic; or it is one of the greatest imaginary circles of the heavens,
passing obliquely between the two poles of the world: It is cut into two
equal parts by the equator; one of which comprehends the six northern
signs towards the arctic pole, and the other the six southern signs towards
the antarctic pole. It is furnished with twelve constellations, represented
by the figures of twelve living creatures. The Sun appears to move
through this circle every year, and the moon once a month: and in the
middle of it is the ecliptic line, from which the sun never departs; but
the moon and planets wander up and down for the space of eight degrees,
and sometimes more, on both sides.

ZODIAC of the Comets. Mr. Cassini has observed a certain tract in
the heavens, within the bounds of which (by many observations) he has
discovered that most comets keep, but not all of them. This zodiac he
makes of the same breadth with the other zodiac, and marks it with signs
or constellations like that; which are Antinous, Pegasus, Andromeda,
Taurus, Orion, the Lesser Dog, Hydra, the Centaur, Scorpio, and Sa­
gittary.

ZOI＇LUS, an envious person, or snarling critic; so called from one of
that name, well known for an attack of this kind on the works of Ho­
mer. He was the reverse of his cotemporary* Aristarchus flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Philometor, and was appointed by him tutor to his son Energetes. See CRITICISM, and DIFFERENCE, with logicians, compared. Aristarchus, to that de­
gree, that, as Mr. Pope well observes, “we call a man an ARISTAR­
CHUS, when we mean to say a candid, judicious critic, in the same man­
ner as we call the contrary a ZOILUS.” Essay on Homer, &c.

ZO＇NA, Lat. [in medicine] a kind of herpes that runs round the body.

ZONE, Fr. [zona, It. Sp. and Lat. ζωνη, Gr.] 1. A belt, a girdle,
such as virgins anciently wore about their middle, when they were espou­
sed or married, and which the bridegroom untied the first night. 2. Cir­
cuit, circumference in general. His other half in the great zone of hea­
ven. Milton. 3. [In physic] a disease, a kind of shingles called ignis
sacer. 4. [In geography] a division of the earth, a space contained be­
tween two parallels. The whole surface of the earth is divided into five
zones. The first is contained between the two tropics, and is called the
torrid zone. There are two temperate zones and two frigid zones: The no­
thern temperate zone is terminated by the tropic of Cancer and the arctic
polar circle: The southern temperate zone is contained between the tro­
pic of Capricorn and the polar circle. The frigid zones are circumscribed
by the polar circles, and the poles are in the centres of them.

Torrid ZONE [zona torrida, Lat. so called, q. d. parching or scorching
zone; because, being directly under the sun＇s rays (the sun beams fal­
ling directly on it) they continually cause such an excess of heat, that,
by the ancients, it was thought uninhabitable] is a fascia or band sur­
rounding the terraqueous globe, and terminated by the two tropics of
Cancer and Capricorn, lying in the middle of the two temperate zones,
and terminated by the equator into two equal parts, its breadth being 47
degrees, or about 2820 miles.

Temperate ZONES, are so called because of their temperate situation
between the torrid zone and the two frigid zones, the one on the north
side of the equator, between the arctic polar circle and the tropic of Can­
cer, which is called the northern; and the other between the antarctic
polar circle and the tropic of Capricorn, which is called the southern;
each of them taking in 42 degrees or about 2580 miles in breadth.

The Frigid or Frozen ZONES [so named of frigidus, Lat. exceeding cold;
because they being far remote from the course of the sun in the ecliptic,
they can partake of but little of its heat] are segments of the surface
of the earth terminated, the one by the antarctic, and the other by the
arctic circle, comprehended between the poles and the polar circles: that
towards the south is not yet known whether it be land or water; that to­
wards the north contains part of Iceland and Norway, Lapland, Fin­
mark, Samoseda, Nova Zembla, Greenland, and some other parts of
North America.

ZOOGO＇NIA, Lat. [ζωογονια, of ζωος, alive, and γονη, Gr, an offspring]
a breeding or bringing forth of animals or living creatures.

ZOO＇GRAPHER, or ZOO＇GRAPHIST, subst. [of ζωη, life, and γραϕευς,
Gr. a describer] one who describes the nature, properties, forms, &c.
of animals of any kind. Brown uses the former; but it is a question
whether the other can be found any where.

ZOO＇GRAPHY, subst. [ζωογραϕια, ζωη, life, and γραϕη, Gr. description]
a description of the forms, natures, &c. of any kind of living creatures,
either birds, beasts, or fishes, &c.

ZOO＇LOGY, subst. [of ζωον, an animal, and λογια, Gr. a discourse] a
discourse or treatise concerning living creatures.

ZOO＇PHTHALMON, Lat. [ζωοϕθαλμος, Gr, q. d. what preserves the
eye] the herb sengreen or housleek.

ZOO＇PHYTE, subst. [ζωοϕυτον, of ζωος and ϕυτον, Gr.] certain vegeta­
bles or substances which partake of the nature both of vegetables and
animals.

ZOO＇TOMIST [of ζωοτομια, Gr. q. d. the dissection of animals] an ar­
tist at dissecting the bodies of brute beasts.

ZOO＇PHYTES [of ζωοϕυτον, Gr. q. d. the animal plant] certain vegeta­
bles or substances which partake of the nature both of vegetables and
animals, as spurges.

ZOO＇PHORIC Column [in architecture] a statuary column, or a column
which bears or supports the figure of an animal.

ZOO＇PHORUS, Lat. [ζωοϕορος, Gr. q. d. that bears or sustains animals]
a part between the architraves and cornice, so called on account of the
ornaments carved on it, among which were the figures of animals.

ZOO＇TOMIST [of ζωος, living, and τεμνω, Gr. to cut] one who dissects
the bodies of brute beasts.

ZOO＇TOMY, subst. [ζωοτομια, of ζωον, and τομη, Gr. a cutting] an ar­
tificial dissection of the bodies of brute beasts, or any animal except man.

ZOPA＇TA [of zapada, Sp. a shoe] a festival or ceremony observed in
Italy, in the courts of certain princes on St. Nicholas＇s day, wherein per­
sons hide presents in the shoes or slippers of those they would do honour
to, in such a manner as may surprize them on the morrow, when they
come to dress.
This is done in imitation of the practice of St. Nicholas, who used in
the night-time to throw purses in at windows of poor maids, to be mar­
riage portions for them.

ZOPY＇RUM [ζωπυρον, Gr.] the herb puleal of the mountain.

ZOPI＇SSA, Lat. [ζωπισσα, Gr.] the best sort of pitch, scraped off from
the sides of ships and tempered with wax and salt.

ZOROA＇STRIAN Doctrine, is described by Sir Isaac Newton as follows:
“After the death of Smerdis and slaughter of the magi [or ancient
priests of Persia, and who were slain with Smerdis, that fraudulent usur­
per of the crown, as being supposed confederate with him] reigned Ma­
raphus, and Artaphernes a few days; and after them Darius the son of
Hystaspes; who seems, on this occasion to have reformed the constitution
of the magi, making his father Hystaspes their master, or Archimagus;
and Hystaspes in this reformation was assisted by Zoroastres.” He adds
that “This [new] religion of the Persian empire, was composed partly
of the institutions of the Chaldæans, in which Zoroastres was well skilled;
and partly of the institutions of the ancient Brachmans; who are suppo­
sed to derive even their name from the Abrahamans, or sons of Abraham,
born of his second wife Keturah, instructed by their father in the worship
of the ONE GOD, without images, and sent by him into the East; where
Hystaspes was instructed by their successors.”
This ONE GOD, whom Zoroastres (as cited by Eusebius, Præp. Evang.
Lib. I. c. ult.) styled the first, eternal, underived, &c. was the ancient
God of the Persian magi; and they worshipped him (says Sir Isaacc) by
keeping a perpetual fire for sacrifices, upon an altar in the center of a round
area, compassed with a ditch,* This disregard, which the followers of Zoroastres had for temples and images, and worship of dead men, will account for that havoc, which Xerxes, in his expedition against ths Greeks, made of their temples and images. A fact, to which, I suppose, the oracle of Delphi alludes, when introducing Minerva as interceding with Jupiter in favour of Attica (tho＇ in vain) for the preservation of the many temples; which, in consequence of that expedition, would be consumed in flames; and who, to enforce her pleas, very artfully portrays the Gods, to whom those temples belonged, as already streaming with sweat, upon their apprehension of this approaching ruin.Πολλους δ᾿ αθανατων νηους μαλερω πυρι δωσει;Οι που νυν ιδρωτι ρεευμενοι εστηκασιν,Δειματι παλλομενοι——Clem. Alexand. Stromat. Ed. Paris, p. 611. without any temple in the place, and
without paying any worship to the dead, or any images. But in a short
time they declined from the worship of this eternal, invisible God, to
worship the sun, and the fire, and dead men, and images, as the Egyp­
tians, Phœniciaus and Chaldæans had done before them.” Newton＇s
Chronolog. p. 347—352. To all which we may add from Dherbelot＇s
Bibliothec. Oriental. “that the chief Pyræums or fire temples in which
the magians preserved and adored their sacred fire, were in Adherbijan,
i. e. in Media upon mount Alborz; and that Shah Abbas demolished
some of them, which still subsisted in his time, and transported the Ghe­
bres [for so are these Adorers of Fire called by the Persians, and from
thence Gaurs by the Turks] to Hispahan, where they reside to this day
in one of the suburbs, named from them Ghebrabad or Giaurabad, i. e.
to say, the abode of the worshippers of fire. Bibliothec. p. 528. See
GAUR; and if there be any defect in the etymology of the word, it may
be rectified from hence.

ZORONY＇SUS, Lat. [ζωρονυσος, Gr.] a precious stone found in the river
Indus, which magicians make use of.

ZO＇TICA, Lat. [ζωτικη, Gr.] the vital faculty.

ZUI＇NGLIANS [so called of Huldric Zuinglius] a branch of reformers
or protestants. See the two WITNESSES, and REFORMATION; and un­
der the last word, instead of primitive state, read, a somewhat better or
purer state.

ZUPA＇LIUM, Lat. [in medicine] a sort of physical potion, a julep.

ZYGIA＇LI [of ζυγος, Gr. Libra] such persons as are born under the
sign Libra; q. d. born under the yoke, i. e. of the ballance.

ZYGO＇MA, Lat. [ζυγωμα, Gr.] one of the bones of the upper jaw,
which on the upper part joins to the os sphenoides, and on the lower to the
o maxillare, its outward part having a long process or knob, called Pro­
cessus Zygomaticus; q. d. resembling a yoke.

ZYGOMA＇TIC [in anatomy] a muscle of the face, so named by Riola­
nus, because it rises from the zygoma; but is inserted near the corner of
the lips: when this muscle and its partner act, they draw both lips up­
wards, and make a pleasant countenance.

ZYGOSTA＇TES [ζυγοστατης, Gr. q. d. the yoke-placer] a clerk of the
market, an officer who oversees the weights.

ZYMOSI＇METER [of ζυμωσις and μετρον, Gr. a measure] an instrument
for measuring the degree of fermentation arising from the mixture of di­
vers liquors; or the temperament or degree of heat in the blood of ani­
mals, &c. See ZYMOSIS.

ZYMO＇SIS [ζυμωσις, Gr.] fermentation; and, with Hippocrates, a tu­
mour in the liver, as tho＇ distended with wind. Castell. Renov.

ZYTHOGA＇LA [ζυθογαλα, of ζυθος, ale, and γαλα, Gr. milk] posset
drink.

ZY＇THUM [ζυθος, Gr.] a drink made of corn or malt, either ale or
beer.

ZZ, these two letters were used by the ancients to signify myrrh, but
they are used by later writers for zinziber, ginger.

FINIS.